bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Mastery Scores When Instructional Units Are Linearly Related
Authors: Huynh Huynh , Perney Jan
Published: March 2007

A procedure is described for the determination of individual mastery scores when instructional units are sequenced in a linear hierarchy. It is deemed appropriate when test data for these units have already been collected. Based on an overall evaluation for the whole sequence, a mastery score for the last unit is determined first. Using the resulting mastery classification for the last unit, a mastery score is then computed for the preceeding unit. The process is continued until a mastery score is finally obtained for the first unit. By determining the mastery scores in the manner described above, one is provided with an objective way to make (future) decisions on which students to advance to the next unit in the said sequence of instructional units.
The Utility of Multiple-Choice Test Formats With Mildly Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Reynolds William M.
Published: March 2007

The major concern of this study was to determine if mildly mentally retarded secondary school students could respond to a verbally presented multiple-choice test of social and personal knowledge. This was of concern due to the lack of standardized group tests to measure classroom learning within the area of special education. The results indicated that the students were capable of responding appropriately to verbally presented two and three alternative multiple-choice tests. The obtained reliability estimates were considered moderately high given the number of test items. Validity coefficients were low although statistically significant. Conclusions were drawn as to the applicability of multiple-choice test formats for assessing educational achievement of mildly retarded students.
Graduate Record Examinations Aptitude Test Scores as a Predictor of Graduate Grade Point Average
Authors: Hebert David J. , Holmes Alan F.
Published: March 2007

A literature review was carried out to determine existing knowledge regarding the relationship of Graduate Record Examinations Aptitude Test (GRE) scores and graduate grade point average (GGPA). Building upon this information, a study was undertaken in which data were gathered for 67 M.Ed. candidates admitted into and graduating from the University of New Hampshire Department of Education during a given three year period. Nonparametric measures of association and of difference were employed. The findings supported the conclusion that a significant correlation exists between GRE-Verbal scores and GGPA for the sample studied. A significant difference in GGPA was supported, as well, for those within the sample earning scores categorized as high, middle, and low on the GRE-Verbal measure. The results were discussed, and conclusions were drawn.
Testing the Hypothesis That RHO = 0 in Selected Samples (Case 1
Authors: Elshout Jan , Van Overbeek Henny , Roe Robert , Vijn Piet
Published: March 2007

Gullickson and Hopkins (1976) have shown that trying to take the degree of restriction of range into account in testing the hypothesis that p = 0, entails unacceptable risks of incorrect inferences. It is argued that a better alternative is to disregard the restriction of range and to make use of the common t-statistics proposed by regression theory.
A Fortran IV Program for Configural Frequency Analysis
Authors: Schlattmann Hartmut , Wildgrube Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a program, which performs a Configural Frequency Analysis for dichotomous data. The aim of the method is to identify types of persons with equal or similar patterns (configurations) in the values of the variables. The method uses dependencies among the variables not only of the usual correlation type, but also of simultaneous higher order interaction type. The program is of special use for analysing large samples of persons in relation to the number of variables.
A Fortran IV Program for Quantitative Content Analysis
Authors: Wildgrube Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper was to describe a computer program named TEXT-1 that is intended for quantitative content analysis. Any text (even if written in different languages and even if it includes segments in sequences of any length) may be taken as input either on cards or on tape or disc (80 positions per record). The program provides a variety of different measures such as (a) frequencies of words, syllables, or letters in alphabetical order; (b) frequencies of sentences, subordinate clauses (insertions), or quotations; and (c) measures used in information theory—e.g., total information, type token ratio, or redundance.
Alternatives to Goodman and Kruskal's Lambda
Authors: Stavig Gordon R.
Published: March 2007

Lambda and kappa coefficients of nominal scale association are developed for research hypotheses that involve predictions of modality, agreement, or some theoretically specified configuration. The κλ coefficient is offered as an alternative to Goodman and Kruskal's λ.
A Comparison of Three Methods of Scoring True-False Tests
Authors: Hsu Louis M.
Published: March 2007

Eakin and Long (1977) have recently proposed a scoring technique for True-False tests which they indicate "offset(s) some disadvantages in the two standard scoring techniques—percentage right scoring and the right minus wrong scoring" (p. 659). The present paper notes that the advantages of the Eakin and Long technique over the standard techniques, are attained at the cost of a larger risk of misranking the examinees.
Predicting College Performance From a Bivariate Grid: Analysis and Discussion of the Grid's Practical Utility, Accuracy, and Multivariate Logic
Authors: Smith Gene M. , Fogg Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Studies of academic achievement at the College of Basic Studies (CBS) of Boston University have consistently shown high school grade point average (HSGPA) and the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test—Verbal score (SAT-V) to be the most useful predictors among numerous predictor variables studied. This finding led to use of double-entry expectancy tables to study relations between performance at CBS and scores on SAT-V and HSGPA in a sample of 2,093 students. The efficiency of an 11 × 11 double-entry expectancy table, called the CBS Grid, was compared with that of multiple regression using each of three criteria: Semester 1 grade point average (GPA), Year 1 GPA, and a dichotomous variable based on the Semester 1 GPA. With all three criteria, the CBS Grid was very nearly as efficient as multiple regression. Structural factors in the data that might account for the near-equivalent performance of the two procedures are mentioned; the potential usefulness of the approach exemplified by the CBS Grid is discussed; and methods of extending this approach to include more than two predictor variables are described. In addition to combining the predictive power of SAT-V and HSGPA efficiently, the CBS Grid eliminates the unreliability inherent in combining those predictors by subjective judgment ; it avoids the technical complexity and potential ambiguity
Dissimilarities in Grade-Equivalent Scores on Different Standardized Tests of Achievement: a Threat to Criterion-Related Validity
Authors: Weiner Max , Zibrin Mara
Published: March 2007

Five standardized tests of reading achievement were administered to community college freshmen. Each student took two different tests on two consecutive days. Grade-equivalent scores earned on tests were compared. Differences were found between tests based on the number of students who reached the criterion score of grade-equivalent 11 or 12. These differences would pose a threat to the criterion-related validity of the scores when they are used for selection and placement purposes.
Item Analysis Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS
Authors: Pascale Pietro J. , Pascale Jean S.
Published: March 2007

This note describes how the SPSS can be used to generate an item analysis.
The Efficiency of Various Estimations of Reliability of Rating Scales
Authors: Bintig Arnfried
Published: March 2007

Twelve variance-analytical and non-parametrical coefficients of reliability for rating scales designed for rating persons, are being compared to each other theoretically and empirically. The empirical comparison is produced with the help of over 20.000 ratings, which 54 subjects delivered in two, antagonistical as far as their reliability was concerned, test instructions. The preference for two coefficients ( rkrand and rkfix') has been established. The ICC appears to be useful for the estimation of reliability as well.
Commonality Analysis: Partitioning Variance for Multivariate Prediction
Authors: Jernstedt G. Christian
Published: March 2007

Commonality analysis partitions the proportion of explained variance in the dependent variable or variables that is accounted for by the independent variables. Both variances unique to independent variables and variances common to sets of independent variables are obtained. An algorithm is described for computing these variance components for both the single and multiple dependent variable case. An associated program selects the proper procedure, multiple regression or canonical correlation, and provides a table of all variance components.
A Computerized System for the Classification of Developmental, Learning, and Adjustment Disorders in School Children
Authors: McDermott Paul A.
Published: March 2007

A computer program entitled Program MAC is presented which applies series of statistical decision rules for the differential diagnosis and classification of mental retardation, academic under- and over-achievement, social maladjustment, learning disabilities, and other problems found in school-age children.
WHIDD, a Fortran IV Program for Whidd Analysis
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

The computer program WHIDD makes the WHIDD analysis available for computer users. The input and output of the program are described. A presentation of the details of the method will be found elsewhere.
On an Indicator of Good Prediction
Authors: Motoyama Tetsuro , Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

A high correlation between predicted and criterion values in cross-validation may not always be a sufficient indicator of goodness of prediction. An alternative indicator of goodness of prediction is reviewed in terms of what kind of prediction is sought.
Temperament Inventory: an Instrument To Empirically Verify the Four-Factor Hypothesis
Authors: Cruise Robert J. , Blitchington W. Peter , Futcher W.G.A.
Published: March 2007

The four temperament theory appears, from a psychometric per spective, to be one of the soundest theories of personality in exis tence. Factor analyses of several existing personality tests, such as those conducted by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969), generally have re vealed that two dimensions of personality, together yielding four temperaments, provide the most straightforward and parsimonious explanation of temperament. However, the most popular four-tem perament test, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), yields tem perament scores that are mutually exclusive. Following the lead of Buss and Plomin (1975), the researchers hypothesized that a four temperament test that allowed scores on all four temperaments to be presented would be more useful and conceptually sound. The results of this study support that hypothesis. A temperament test, called the Temperament Inventory (TI), was constructed and administered to a nonprobability purposive sample of 3409 subjects. Factor analysis of the test data yielded four orthogonal factors, as hypothesized. In ad dition, 1533 of the original subjects were selected at random and ad ministered the EPI. Validity studies of TI with EPI as criterion yielded statistically and practically significant coefficients.
The Effects of Skipping Over More Difficult Items On Time-Limited Tests: Implications for Test Validity
Authors: Rindler Susan Ellerin
Published: March 2007

Typically, standardized aptitude and achievement tests are accom panied by directions which suggest that examinees skip over more difficult items and return to them if time permits. The purpose of this investigation was to validate this recommendation by determin ing whether individuals who employ the strategy of skipping are, in fact, more successful than those who do not, when other factors con tributing to success are controlled. A short verbal aptitude test was administered under varying time limits with answer sheets specially designed to allow items that had been skipped to be identified. On the basis of grade point averages, post-hoc blocks on ability were formed. Scores obtained by examinees who skipped and by those who did not skip in each ability group and time condition were en tered in a 2 × 3 x 3 analysis of variance. This analysis indicated that it is to the advantage of the more able but to the disadvantage of the less able to skip items. Since this differential reflects possible bias in directions, further experimental investigations of effects of skipping are strongly recommended. In their absence, consideration should be given to more tentative wording of test directions regarding skipping, particularly if a test is to exhibit comparable validity for individuals differing in ability.
The Emotional Climate for Children as Inferred From Parental Attitudes: a Preliminary Validation of Three Scales
Authors: Falender Carol Ann , Mehrabian Albert
Published: March 2007

The present paper sets forth a theoretical rationale for the mea surement of parental child-rearing attitudes when these attitudes are viewed as creating an emotional climate for children. Studies of emotional states have shown that the three orthogonal dimensions of pleasure, arousal, and dominance are both necessary and suf ficient to describe any emotional state. Drawing upon this frame work, a succinct description of parental attitudes can be devised with reference to their hypothesized emotional impact upon chil dren. Three questionnaire studies were done with mothers of chil dren three months to eight years of age. Progressive development of the measures of pleasure-, arousal-, and dominance-inducing quali ties of parental attitudes yielded an 18-item pleasure scale, a 12-item arousal scale, and a 16-item dominance scale. These scales exhibited satisfactory internal consistency reliabilities and, as expected, yielded small (in two instances, nonsignificant) intercorrelations. Only preliminary validational data were obtained. When further validated, the three scales should provide a parsimonious descriptive base for parental attitudes and for the investigation of currently available attitudinal measures.
The McCarthy Scales: Predictive Validity and Stability of Scores for Urban Black Children
Authors: Ernhart Claire B. , Landa Beth , Callahan Rita
Published: March 2007

The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) was admin istered to 80 urban black children when they were preschoolers. Five years later, 68 of these children were retested with this scale. Scores on these two administrations were interrelated and were also corre lated with reading test scores, IQ scores of parents, and amount of parental education. The summary MSCA score, called the General Cognitive Index, proved valid in the five-year predictive correlation. Both preschool and school year scores on the MSCA were related to parent IQ scores and standing on reading scales. Although less con sistent, each of the five scale scores demonstrated validity in the cor- relational analysis. The data supported the conclusion that the MSCA demonstrated predictive and concurrent validity with dis advantaged urban children.
A Test for Differential Response Patterns in 2-Treatment Studies
Authors: Ross Donald C.
Published: March 2007

A method is presented for testing whether a pair of pre-treatment by post-treatment data matrices from a drug vs. placebo study can be partitioned into drug-typical and placebo-typical regions. A large sample Chi square test is derived for testing a specific partition posited a priori and a generalized Chi square test over a set of searched partitions is also derived. Some Monte Carlo tests are reported for the generalized test which confirm that the upper tails of the Chi square distribution provide appropriate probability levels for testing the null hypothesis that both samples are drawn from the same population. When the samples are drawn from different populations whose differences are well described by traditional parametric models, ANOCOVA or a test for differences in slope were more powerful in rejecting the null hypothesis. When two populations were chosen whose difference was not well described by these models, the newly derived test was more powerful.
Integrating the Study of Shine's Actualized and Pure Single-Subject Behavior Functions
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present paper is to illustrate how an integrated study of Shine's actualized and pure single-subject behavior functions can produce more information than studying only one behavior function would. After summarizing the mathematics behind Shine's viewpoint, an actual experimental example is used to illustrate such an integrated study. The results of an ordinary regression analysis approach to the actualized behavior function are integrated with the results of a time-series analysis approach to the pure behavior function. This integration provides an estimate of the degree of experimental control over sources of systematic variation for the experiment. The estimate indicates an apparent poor degree of control. Further analysis leads to the tentative identification of a major contributor to the apparent poor degree of control over sources of systematic variation.
A Comparison of the Nedelsky and Modified Angoff Standard-Setting Procedure On Evaluation Outcome
Authors: Harasym P.H.
Published: March 2007

In criterion-referenced evaluation, several procedures for setting absolute standards of performance are available. However, it is not known if a given standard-setting procedure will yield consistent evaluation outcomes. To determine this, one of three parallel certifying examinations was administered to three classes of second year medical students. The examinations contained two item types and the standards were set by two procedures. The student responses to both item types were analyzed by the Rasch latent trait model. The results indicated that the standard-setting procedure is a significant factor in the determination of the evaluation outcome.
Data Collection Effects on Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling Solutions
Authors: Humphreys Marie Adele
Published: March 2007

This study investigates four widely used methods of collecting direct similarity judgments for nonmetric multidimensional scaling: Rating Scale, Triads, Rank Order of Pairs, and Conditional Rank Order. The results indicate that: (1) when class structure is very striking in the attributes to be scaled, respondents under the Rating Scale method place significantly more weight on class structure than on continuously varying attributes in determining similarity; (2) nonmetric multidimensional scaling solutions account for a greater proportion of the variance in Rank Order of Pairs data than in data collected by the other methods studied, although the differences are so small that they would have little operational impact; and (3) the four methods do not differ significantly in test-retest reliability.
An Illustration of how the Effects of Serial Dependencies are Handled in Analyses of Shine's Pure and Actualized Single-Subject Behavior Functions
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

Separate analyses of Shine's pure and actualized single-subject behavior functions are presented for two simple artificially generated data examples, the purpose being to illustrate how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are handled. The first example involves a first order moving averages time-series model. The second example involves a first order autoregressive time-series model. Both examples involve level effects only. In the analyses of the pure behavior function, it is demonstrated how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are carried in the sample autocorrelations of the resulting estimated residual function. In the analyses of the actualized behavior function, it is demonstrated how the effects of serial dependencies in the data are carried as direct effects in the resulting estimated actualized behavior function.
A Unit-Free Index of Individual Consistency
Authors: Jones Marshall B.
Published: March 2007

Individual consistency on a trait across situations and over temporal occasions is necessary if that trait is to be considered an aspect of personality. The correlation coefficient, however, between the trait in two situations or over two temporal occasions tells us only how closely the two measurements are associated "on the average." It does not tell us how consistent or inconsistent a particular individual is. The present paper concerns a unit-free index of trait consistency at the individual level. The index is comparable across traits and compares directly with the correlation coefficient.
The Factorial Validity for the Ideal Child Checklist
Authors: Paguio Ligaya Palang
Published: March 2007

Responses of 522 middle-class parents to Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist were factor analyzed. Four dimensions were found to underly the 66 items that originally comprised the scale, namely: Factor I, Confident, Aggressive, Well Adjusted; Factor II, Socially Virtuous; Factor III, Negativistic, Critical; and Factor IV, Creative-Intuitive. These dimensions exhibit little overlap and varying internal consistency.
Dimensions of Family Attitudes among Female Medical Students
Authors: Duszynski Karen Rose , Shaffer John Whitcomb , Thomas Caroline Bedell
Published: March 2007

Factor analyses of a 65-item Family Attitudes Questionnaire were performed using data from 77 female medical students, and the results compared with those derived from parallel analyses previously carried out on 913 males. The first unrotated principal component appeared to be highly similar in both male and female groups, in that family closeness is the construct apparently measured. Further analyses, however, revealed the first principal component to be a function of good overall family relationships in women, but primarily a function of good father-son relationships in men.
The RAM Scale: Development and Validation of the Revised Scale in Likert Format
Authors: Wright Claudia R. , Michael William B. , Brown Gordon F.
Published: March 2007

The development and validation of a revised form of the RAM Scale in Likert format, a measure of student philosophical orientations in terms of relative, absolute, or mixed biases or preferences toward issues of knowledge, methods, and values, are described. As part of a larger investigation, a sample of 125 community college students was administered the Likert version of the RAM Scale. An obtained coefficient alpha for the total scale was equal to .79, with coefficients of .38, .71, and .76 for the Knowledge, Methods, and Values subscales, respectively. An item analysis involving the correlation between the response of each subject to an item and his or her classification as relative or absolute was also conducted. Statistically significant phi coefficients were observed for 26 out of the 36 items. Also completed was a principal factors analysis of intercorrelations of 12 RAM subtests comprising 3 sets of 4 subtests, with each set representing an hypothesized content factor of knowledge, methods, or values. At least one factor (Factor II) contained clusters of items consistent with a content area related to methodological issues and assumptions.
The Relationship of Adolescents' Perceptions of Family Environments to Earlier Measures of Environmental Characteristics and Academic Achievement
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: March 2007

The study was a follow-up investigation of research previously reported in this journal. Data were collected from 16-year-old Australians (266 females, 250 males) to examine relationships between their perceptions of family learning environments and measures of social status, parental perception of family environment, and academic achievement, that had been assessed five years earlier. Regression surfaces were constructed from hierarchical models that examined possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear relationships among the variables. The findings indicated that the perceived family learning environments had negligible to moderate associations with the predictor measures. By constructing response surfaces, however, the study suggested the possible complexity of relationships of adolescents' perceptions of environments to earlier environmental and cognitive variables. Implications for the potential validity of self-report measures of student perception of parent support for learning relative to a criterion of academic attainment are discussed briefly.
Identifying and Adjusting for Biases in Student Evaluations of Instruction: Implications for Validity
Authors: Hanna Gerald S. , Hoyt Donald P. , Aubrecht Judith D.
Published: March 2007

Student evaluations of teaching effectiveness are widely used for improvement of instruction and for administrative decision-making. Several kinds of contaminating variables may influence these ratings. Criteria for identifying such contaminants are set forth. Results of a search for extraneous, biasing variables at the high school level are reported. Of the several potential extraneous influences studied, student motivation/preference and class size meet the criteria. It is concluded that student rating forms should make provisions for adjusting for these and similar unfair influences.
Cross-Validation with Gollob's Estimator: A Computational Simplification
Authors: Morris John D.
Published: March 2007

A computational simplification suggested by Allen (1971) for an index of multiple regression cross-validation proffered by Drehmer and Morris (1981) was introduced and compared to the Drehmer-Morris algorithm. Results showed the Allen algorithm to be much faster. Thus unnecessary computational expense was avoided and analyses could be undertaken that would otherwise probably not be possible. A computer program to calculate the cross-validation index by Allen's algorithm is described.
A Computer Program for Determining the Correlation between Categorized Variables from a Bivariate Normal Distribution with a given Correlation
Authors: O'Brien Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Data from underlying (unmeasured) continuous variables are often categorized in the process of measurement. The program described in this paper can be used to determine the correlation which results from categorizing two variables which follow a bivariate normal distribution. Different numbers of categories for each variable (e.g., 2 x 4 or 7 x 6) may be used, with different proportions of scores in each category and for different values of the correlation in the bivariate normal distribution.
The Relationship between Performance on the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test and Reading Achievement among Adolescents
Authors: Simpson Robert G. , Haynes Maureen D. , Haynes William O.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between auditory discrimination, as measured by the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test, and reading achievement, as measured by the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. Subjects were 136 adolescents ranging in age from 12 years 2 months to 17 years 9 months. Controlling for intelligence, partial correlation coefficients were calculated for the total sample, as well as for retarded and non-retarded subsamples. In addition, partial correlation coefficients were calculated for subsamples determined according to sex, race and age. Based on the low correlation coefficients obtained, the authors concluded that there is little more than a random relationship between performance on the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test and reading achievement when one controls for intelligence. Implications of the results were discussed.
Personal Reaction Scale for College and Noncollege Adults: Its Development and Factorial Validity
Authors: Galejs Irma , Pease Damaris , Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

The Personal Reaction Scale (PRS) was developed as a paper-and-pencil test for college and non-college adults to measure their locus of control perceptions. The 79-item PRS was administered to women college students (n = 150), their mothers (n = 105) and fathers (n = 88), and parents of 20 preschool-age children. Responses of 382 subjects were factor analysed to yield six factors: Fate, Social Self, Personal Self, Self-Determination, Luck, and Powerlessness. Reliability estimates based on use of the usual Spearman-Brown formula, were computed for each factor for total variance (range = .39 to .84) and for unique variance (range = .34 to .75). The low intercorrelations among factors (range = .36 to -.32) offer support for uniqueness of each factor, and suggest that the locus of control construct is not a single concept but rather multidimensional in nature. Furthermore, even though relationships were evident between the responses of parents and children, it seems that the locus of control construct is either related to age or correlated with developmental processes experienced during the individual's like span. Additional research is required to verify the different emphases of persons' perceptions of control over events.
Effects of Item Characteristics on Multiple-Choice Item Difficulty
Authors: Green Kathy
Published: March 2007

MULTIPLE-choice test item responses may be influenced by a number of factors other than knowledge of content. Two factors, language difficulty and option set convergence, were experimentally manipulated and their effects on item difficulty assessed. Option convergence was found to have a significant effect on item difficulty while the effect of language difficulty was not significant. Distracter selection patterns differed across levels of language difficulty for only 6% of the items. It was suggested that a model of task difficulty be developed through investigation of additional characteristics of multiple-choice items.
An Interactive Fortran Program to Compute Tukey's a Posteriori Comparisons
Authors: Kolm Paul
Published: March 2007

The TUKEY FORTRAN program was designed to facilitate pairwise comparisons among means following a significant F ratio in an analysis of variance. Intended for use on CMS, the program has been written to allow the user to obtain Tukey's HSD statistic by entering information regarding the design and the analysis of variance results. Two variations of Tukey's test, the Tukey-Kramer test and the Games-Howell test, are available as alternatives for designs in which the assumptions of the HSD test are not met.
Relationship of Interest Measurement from the Copsystem Interest Inventory (Form P) and the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII): Construct Validation of Two Measures of Interest at the College Level
Authors: Knapp-Lee Lisa , Michael William B. , Grutter Judith
Published: March 2007

The 1969 revision of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) introducted to that instrument the concept of homogeneously keyed scales presenting 23 Basic Interest scales, and the 1974 revision, the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) integrated the six Holland types into the scoring in terms of six Theme scales (Campbell and Hansen, 1981)-29 scales in all. These changes acknowledging the theoretical structures of occupational interests make comparisons between the SCII constructs and other homogeneously keyed instruments more meaningful. The purpose of the present study was to provide construct validity data by evaluating the relationship between results obtained from the college level form of the Carrer Occupational Preference System, Interest Inventory, Form P (COPS-P) (Knapp-Lee, Knapp, and Knapp, 1983) and those of the Theme and Basic Interest scales of the SCII. Correlations were computed between the COPS-P scales and both the SCII Theme and Basic Interest scales for a sample of 122 college students. The magnitude of correlations between conceptually similar COPS-P and SCII Theme scales ranged between .29 and .72 with the median being .60. In virtually every instance the COPS-P scale was more highly related to the theoretically consistent SCII Theme scale than to any other Theme scale in the array. In a comparison of the COPS-P scales with the SCII Basic Interest Scales, an examination of relationships between those scales which have identical, or nearly identical, names did show a range in magnitude of .37 to .81 with a median of .68. The highest correlation was between the COPS-P Communication, Written scale and the SCII Basic Interest scale, Writing.

The pattern of correlations between the COPS-P scales and the SCII Theme scales provided support for the theoretical constructs measured by the two instruments.
A Comparison of the Relative Validity of a Measure of Piagetian Cognitive Development and a Set of Conventional Prognostic Measures in the Prediction of the Future Success of Ninth- and Tenth-Grade Students in Algebra
Authors: Bloland Ruth Marian , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a total sample of 290 ninth- and tenth-grade students enrolled in the first-year algebra course at a suburban Los Angeles high school situated in a relatively affluent community, the major focus of this study was to compare the predictive validity of chronological age, a standardized algebra prognosis test, standardized scales of verbal and quantitative abilities derived from an achievement test battery, and an objective measure of formal or concrete stages of Piagetian cognitive development. Criterion variables included both final examination scores and course grades. It was concluded that chronological age, an algebra prognosis test, and mathematics subtests from a standardized achievement test battery appear to be the most promising predictors of success in algebra (with the relationship between age and the criterion measures being substantially negative). In addition, the conclusion was reached that when used in combination with readily available scores on several standardized tests of mathematics achievement and quantitative abilities, the developmental Piagetian measure can be expected to contribute very little to the strength of prediction of algebra success or to the accuracy of differentiation between successful and nonsuccessful students. On the other hand, if the developmental scale is employed as a single predictor or in combination with another predictor such as a standardized mathematics achievement test, then the Piagetian measure can be anticipated to afford a significant contribution to a valid forecast of performance in beginning algebra.
The Empirical Performance of Measures of Association in the 2×2 Table
Authors: Alexander Ralph A. , Alliger George M. , Carson Kenneth P. , Barrett Gerald V.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of various measures of association for 2 x 2 data was carried out by computer analysis. Bivariate normal population distributions of known p were generated and divided into quadrants, yielding a total of 1,539 2 x 2 tables. For each of these tables, 14 measures of association were calculated and evaluated against the underlying p. A recently developed measure of association based on the odds-ratio (Chambers, 1982) appeared to be the most accurate in capturing the p underlying a majority of 2×2 tables. The phi coefficient, despite its continuing popularity, was found to be relatively inaccurate under most conditions studied.
Cross-Racial Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R
Authors: Whitworth Randolph H. , Gibbons Ruth T.
Published: March 2007

This research involved a cross-racial comparison of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with the revised version, the WAIS-R. Three groups of 25 Anglo, 25 Black, and 25 Mexican-American male college students were administered both versions of the WAIS on the same day, using a procedure that precluded the repetition of identical test items. The data were subjected to multivariate, then univariate, analyses of variance and correlational analysis. Significant differences were found among the racial groups, with the Anglos scoring higher than the Blacks or Mexican-Americans. The WAIS and WAIS-R scores were all highly correlated but the WAIS-R produced significantly lower scores than the WAIS for all three groups. Despite significant differences for ethnicity and test form, no significant interaction (form X race) was found, confirming that the WAIS/WAIS-R differences were consistent across racial groups. Results are discussed in terms of sociocultural and bilingual factors affecting test bias.
Predicting Grades in College from the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Gough Harrison G. , Lanning Kevin
Published: March 2007

To forecast four-year, two-year, and single-course grades in college, a California Psychological Inventory (CPI) equation (30.60 - .26Wb + .35Re -. l9Gi + .39Ai + .22Ie + .36Py) was developed. Cross-validational coefficients for scores on the equation were .38 for 326 males and .36 for 570 females.
Microcomputer Programs for the Rand Index of Cluster Similarity
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a set of four BASIC computer programs for computing the Rand (1971) index of cluster similarity. The routines calculate the unadjusted Rand index; the separate routines are designed to handle problems of different sizes and alternate methods of data storage.
Two Basic Programs to Compute Hotelling's T2 Statistic
Authors: Powers Stephen , Jones Patricia B.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes two BASIC computer programs that calculate Hotelling's T2 statistic either for one sample or for two samples. Output of the program includes the Mahalanobis distance D2, the F ratio associated with T2, and its probability level.
The High School and Beyond Cognitive Test: Evidence of Criterion-Related Validity
Authors: Yonker Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The HS&B study is a national large scale longitudinal survey of a representative sample of approximately 58,000 high school students. The base year survey was conducted in the Spring of 1980 with subsequent follow-up studies in 1982, 1984, and 1986. Information was collected on over 1500 variables including achievement in six different areas measured by a 126-item cognitive test. Previous analyses of the psychometric properties of the cog9itive test indicated minimal evidence of validity and acceptable internal consistency reliability. The purpose of this study was to collect additional evidence for the validity of the cognitive test. Criterionrelated validity evidence was investigated by correlating sophomore and senior year cognitive test results with senior year self-reported grades, class standing, and ACT/SAT standardized test scores. With the exception of the civics subtest, sophomore and senior year subtest scores correlated highly (.64-.83) with senior year ACT/SAT standardized test scores and moderately well (.35-.53) with senior year self-reported grades and class standing.
A Pascal Program for Implementing the Welch-James Procedure
Authors: Chenier Thomas C. , Seaman Samuel L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a computer program which calculates relevant test statistics enabling the user to apply Johansen's simplification of the Welch-James approximation in factorial designs.
Development and Factor Analysis of the Teacher Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (TJSQ)
Authors: Lester Paula E.
Published: March 2007

An instrument designed to measure teacher job satisfaction was developed using randomly selected elementary, junior high school, and senior high school teachers in New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties. Factor analysis was undertaken as an exploratory technique to help discover underlying factors and as a psychometric procedure for the development and refinement of the instrument (TJSQ). A terminal nine-factor orthogonal varimax solution was accepted using the criterion of Eigenvalues greater than or equal to unity. The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated (coefficient alpha) for each scale and for the total score (.93).
Personality Factor Structure among Hare Krishnas
Authors: Weiss Arnold S. , Comrey Andrew L.
Published: March 2007

The Comrey Personality Scales (CPS) were administered to 226 members of the Hare Krishna movement. Forty subscales defining the 8 CPS factors, 2 validation scale scores, age, and sex, were intercorrelated. A factor analysis of this matrix revealed that 7 of the 8 expected factors of personality, previously found in other groups, also were identified in the responses of Hare Krishnas. Seven expected factors appeared with reasonable clarity. The failure of one factor to emerge, Social Conformity vs Rebelliousness (C), was attributed to the much lower variance of Hare Krishna scores on this personality factor compared to that for other groups. It was concluded that Hare Krishnas may be reasonably described by employing the same CPS personality dimensions found to be appropriate for use with widely different cultural groups in the United States and other countries.
Measurement of the Type a Behavior Pattern by Self-Report Questionnaires: Several Perspectives on Validity
Authors: Lee David J. , King Daniel W. , King Lynda A.
Published: March 2007

The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Type A behavior pattern as measured by paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Booklets containing the Jenkins Activity Survey, Framingham Type A Scale, Thurstone Activity Scale, a newly constructed bipolar adjective Type A measure, and measures of the needs for achievement and nurturance were completed by 418 students. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using LISREL VI. Convergent validity was supported by a common Type A construct represented by the covariation among different measures. Although all Type A measures shared common variance, there was consistent evidence that each measure reflects a unique aspect of the construct. Regarding discriminant validity, Type A was distinguished from the needs for achievement and nurturance. Regression analysis indicated that each of the three component factors of the Jenkins Activity Survey accounted for unique variance in Type A scores on this instrument. Results, generally, were comparable for both males and females.
The Validity of the Musical Aptitude Profile for Predicting Grades in Freshman Music Theory
Authors: Harrison Carole S.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 135 freshman music majors who completed one semester of music theory coursework, and for a sample of 104 freshman music majors who also completed a second semester of music theory coursework, the purpose of this study was to determine the criterion-related validity of the Musical Aptitude Profile (MAP) (Gordon, 1965) in relation to achievement in freshman music theory as determined by semester grades in the courses and by grades in the three components of the courses. It was concluded that the Tonal Imagery subtest of the MAP shows promise as a valid predictor of success in all three components of each of the two beginning music theory courses. In addition, the Rhythm Imagery subtest of the MAP is modestly valid in predicting grades in the sight-singing and ear-training components of the music theory courses, but not in the written work component. No statistically significant validity coefficients were obtained for Musical Sensitivity subtest scores as predictors of theory grades, and the Composite Score on the MAP afforded little or no increment in the degree of predictive validity over that provided by the Tonal Imagery or the Rhythm Imagery subtest.
Change of Ratings and Ratings of Change as Identified by Configural Frequency Analysis
Authors: Lienert Gustav A. , Oeveste Hans Zur
Published: March 2007

Configural frequency analysis (CFA) is suggested as a technique for longitudinal research in educational psychology. Assuming that N testees have been rated t times on an ordinal variable (e.g., grades in a subject), the emerging patterns, which are defined in the text, may be tested for changes in grades. By rating the N testees for change only, the resulting change ratings (-= +), which also are described in the text, may be tested for types of change and of complementary change patterns. Testing for types of change of ratings (grades) and for ratings of change is illustrated by data from three courses in statistics from a cohort of 128 students at Marburg University (FRG).
Construct Validity of the Oasis Interest Schedule: A Replication
Authors: Parker Randall M. , Green Donald
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Schedule (OA-SIS) by comparing interest and aptitude scores of a sample of 126 community college students majoring in different academic areas. Planned orthogonal comparisons revealed that science majors scored highest on the Scientific interest scale, mechanical majors scored highest on the Mechanical interest scale, business majors scored highest on the Business Detail interest scale, and humanitarian majors scored highest on the Humanitarian interest scale. These results replicate and extend the findings of Parker and Green (1987).
Determining the Number of Common Factors in Factor Analysis: A Review and Program
Authors: Coovert Michael D. , McNelis Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Determining the number of common factors is one of the most important decisions which must be made in the application of factor analysis. Several different approaches and techniques are reviewed here along with associated strengths and weaknesses. It is argued that a combination of approaches will lead to the best judgment regarding the number of factors to retain. A computer program is available which presents the number of factors to retain as suggested by both discontinuity and parallel analyses. Utilization of the program removes the negative aspect associated with the use of each technique.
Factor Structure of the Non-Cognitive Questionnaire-Revised Across Samples of Black and White College Students
Authors: Tracey Terence J. , Sedlacek William E.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the Non-Cognitive Questionnaire (Tracey and Sedlacek, 1984) has been demonstrated in past research; however, some of the scales of this instrument have been found to have relatively low reliabilities. In an effort to improve measurement, the NCQ was revised and the reliability and validity examined on black and white samples of college entrants. First, the fit of the revised NCQ to the eight hypothesized constructs was examined using confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 101 black students. It was found that the revised instrument adequately represented the data. Tests of the invariance of the factor structure obtained on the initial black sample to a second black sample ( N = 97) and a white sample ( N = 202) revealed that the factor structure held across samples. It was concluded that the NCQ-R was content valid and that the scales were stable and invariant across race.
Validation of a Group Assessment Procedure for the Selection of Teacher-Education Candidates
Authors: Shechtman Zipora , Sansbury David
Published: March 2007

The need to assess personality factors, beyond cognitive abilities, in teacher selection, is well recognized, yet there are few proven techniques for obtaining such evaluations. The current trend in business and other helping professions is to use group-assessment techniques in assessing qualities of personality most relevant to human interaction. This study examined the validity of a structured group assessment process for predicting success in a teacher-training program. The findings indicate that this procedure has predictive validity and may, therefore, enhance the procedure of selecting teacher-candidates.