bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Confidence of Choice: Evidence for an Augmentation Effect on Self-Perceived Performance
Authors: Tafarodi Romin W. , Milne Alan B. , Smith Alyson J.
Published: June 2007

Past research suggests that choice in deciding the features of a task can enhance performance. Independent of the quality of performance, choice may also increase the actor’s confidence by providing a secondary source of subjective control during the task. In two studies designed to examine this augmentation hypothesis, college students were asked to read and understand a short story. Study 1 revealed that those who selected names to be used in the story felt more confident about their performance than did those who were assigned names, although the groups in fact performed equally. Study 2 revealed that the enhancement was not due to anticipatory confidence, arguing against the possibility that choice was operating as a performance cue. The findings are interpreted in relation to perceived control and implications for motivation and competence are discussed.
The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy: The Role of Informational Complexity
Authors: Quinn Kimberly A. , Roese Neal J. , Pennington Ginger L. , Olson James M.
Published: June 2007

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) refers to the tendency of disadvantaged group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of that group. In two studies, the authors examined the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the PGDD. In Experiment 1, the authors demonstrated that the PGDD emerges from a divergence in the comparison standards on which personal and group judgments are made and that specifying that the same standards be used for both types of judgments eliminates or reduces the PGDD. In Experiment 2, the authors demonstrated that the magnitude of the PGDD was a function of the degree of informational complexity in the comparison targets. Implications for conceptualizations of the PGDD are discussed.
The Impact of Television News on the Northern Ireland Peace Negotiations
Authors: Spencer Graham
Published: June 2007

This article is an analysis of the influences and pressures that television news has brought to bear on the Northern Ireland peace process. Discussed from the viewpoints and perspectives of senior journalists who have covered the peace process, it describes a complex range of uses by the participants and highlights problems which reporting has brought to bear on communications and dialogue about peace. Using studies about the relationship between news and foreign policy as a basis for thinking about the role of television in political diplomacy, the article underlines the importance of television news as part of that process, and presents television reporting, through its varying communicative influences, as itself a key participant in the developments and exchanges which have come to shape peace politics in Northern Ireland.
Formatting Participation within Broadcast Media Production
Authors: Ytreberg Espen
Published: June 2007

The article proceeds from a basic assumption that participation in the broadcast media is about mastering a set of performance roles that are given by the production context and by the requirements of the format. It discusses how a media production team is able routinely and systematically to manage the process of formatting participation; that is, the process whereby production teams prepare non-professional participants for the programme’s performance requirements. It elaborates on the various roles allotted to participants and introduces the concepts of ‘format consonance’, ‘format dissonance’ and ‘format incarnation’ to account for the formatting process. It also aims to demonstrate the way that formatting mechanisms operate in production where the professionals emphasize informality, everydayness and making participants ‘feel good’. The article draws for concrete examples on an ethnographic study of the production of Mamarazzi, a daily popular journalism format on the Norwegian public service youth channel P3.
Making Feminist Sense of Neoliberalism: The Institutionalization of Women’s Struggles for Survival in Ecuador and Bolivia
Authors: Lind Amy
Published: June 2007

Since the early 1980s, community-based women’s organizations have emerged throughout Ecuador and Bolivia in response to persistent poverty, economic crisis, neoliberal-development policies and related political and cultural crises. In Ecuador, women and men currently face an unprecedented financial crisis, the “dollarization,” and the new 1998 Constitution. In Bolivia, various sectors of women have addressed the harsh economic measures implemented since 1985, growing tensions surrounding migration, rising home-lessness and poverty rates, and the “War on Drugs.” In both countries, women have been among the first to make connections among everyday life and development policies. In this article I examine the contradictions organized women face as they struggle for economic and political empowerment in the context of neoliberal development. I argue that development policies that rely upon women’s unpaid labor sometimes contribute to institutionalizing women’s struggles for survival rather than merely empowering them, as they hope to do, through their community participation.
Population Growth and Economic Growth in Africa
Authors: Ukpolo Victor
Published: June 2007

There is a lack of consensus on the impact that population growth has on economic growth, even though this issue continues to be of utmost importance for policymaking, particularly in developing economies. This paper examines the causality between population growth and economic growth in Africa, using Johansen and Granger-causality models. Our results show that the variables are cointegrated, implying the existence of a long run relationship in Nigeria but not in Cote d’Ivoire. We also found a negative, long run causal relationship between the two variables in Nigeria: population growth negatively affects economic growth in the long term. In Cote d’Ivoire, our results show that population growth causes economic growth in the short run.
Aids, Orphans, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Dilemma of Public Health and Development
Authors: Lugalla Joe L.P
Published: June 2007

HIV/AIDS is having devastating consequences on families, young children, and other vulnerable social groups. In this paper, I review the impact of HIV/AIDS on families and development in sub-Saharan Africa. I begin by showing the magnitude of the problem and the factors that have led to rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in this sub-continent. I discuss gender inequality, poverty, social inequality, and globalization, and show how these facilitate the rapid spread of the epidemic. I show how AIDS is creating a mass of orphans on the one hand, and how it is impacting development and creating new public health contradictions on the other. By orphans I mean all those children who have lost either a mother or father or both parents due to AIDS. I argue that AIDS is destroying families and communities and is also manufacturing a great number of orphaned children who are powerless and vulnerable. In order to solve this problem, I suggest the adoption of appropriate, pragmatic, and realistic short-and long-term strategies of dealing with the problem. I conclude by suggesting that the long-term strategy aimed at reducing the number of orphaned children will involve the adoption of appropriate strategies that seek to control HIV/AIDS once and for all.
The Free Trade Area of the Americas in the Context of U.S.-Latin American Relations
Authors: Prevost Gary , Weber Robert
Published: June 2007

The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) is an international trade agreement that aims to eliminate the remaining barriers to the free flow of money, goods, and services across borders in the Western hemisphere (excluding Cuba) to create one large, open, and integrated market. The FTAA falls within the wider free trade and free markets approach promoted by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to be part of a solution to poverty and inequality. In reality, the rules and practices of liberalized trade are designed primarily to create a stable and profitable environment for corporations and investors. Like other previous economic integration projects, the primary backers are the business community and the politicians over whom they have the most influence. Not surprisingly, the opponents of the FTAA can be found among groups concerned with labor rights, human rights, the environment, and indigenous concerns. The authors detail how the administration of George W. Bush succeeded in overcoming opposition to the FTAA within the U.S. Congress by regaining “fast track” negotiating authority in the wake of the September 11 attacks on the United States. In the process of gaining that authority the United States placed renewed pressure on the Latin American nations to complete the FTAA by its scheduled start date of 2005.
Globalization in a Time of Neoliberalism: Politicized Social Movements and the Latin American Response
Authors: Vanden Harry E.
Published: June 2007

This article examines the emergence of new, highly politicized social movements in Latin America as a response to deteriorating economic and social conditions and the related growth of neoliberal economic policies advocated by International Financial Institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and by national political elites. It argues that the decline of bureaucratic authoritarianism and the growing democratization in the region have helped to move the struggle for more equitable societies and the empowerment of popular sectors away from armed struggle toward new repertoires of action conducted in civil society by new social and political movements. An overview of the phenomenon, examines the Zapatistas in Mexico, the National Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), the breakdown of traditional parties and the rise of the Chávez movement in Venezuela, recent political movements in Bolivia, the rise of neo-populism in Peru, and the political and economic crisis that delegitimized governments and politics in Argentina and led to popular assemblies and demonstrations that removed successive governments from power in 2001 and 2002. Finally, a case study of the Landless movement in Brazil (the MST) is offered as an example of how such movements develop and contest power.
“Turning Waste into Things of Value”: Marketing Fern, Kudzu, and Osmunda in Enshi Prefecture, China
Authors: Wu Xu
Published: June 2007

This paper is a study in the hermeneutics of the local wild food plants and identity politics in Enshi Prefecture. It examines the meanings that have been constructed around these wild foods and endeavors to connect these meanings to larger cultural issues, specifically how these foods and their various meanings relate to the construction of the local ethnic identity. The analysis suggests that efforts to rebuild the positive image and meanings associated with these foods will enable sustainable development, improve local economies, and facilitate biodiversity conservation.
Corporate Amazons or Empowerment Spice Girls?: Elite Black Businesswomen and Transformation in South Africa
Authors: Iheduru Okechukwu C.
Published: June 2007

This study attempts to map the consequences of elite black women’s mobilization for capitalism in South Africa in the context of the literature dealing with the role of women in post-revolutionary politics. Although a scion of the on-going quest for “black economic empowerment,” elite black businesswomen also see corporate entrepreneurship as a platform for fighting gender inequalities and white racial privilege. Five of the most successful black women-owned businesses were evaluated based on on-site research conducted between January and June 2001. Although some pioneer activist women went into corporate business following the transition from apartheid to black majority rule on their own initiative, their ascent owes much to the government with occasional cooperation from white business. A preliminary review shows evidence of achievements that qualify these businesswomen as “corporate Amazons.” However, their strategic partnerships with corporate South Africa, their fields of accumulation, and their familial attachments appear to have exposed them to charges of “empowerment Spice Girls,” facilitators of wealth accumulation by captains of industry and beneficiaries of patriarchal institutions. Suggestions for further research, fleshing out the implications for women’s movements are made.
“There’s No Race On The Playing Field”
Authors: Brown Tony N. , Jackson James S. , Brown Kendrick T. , Sellers Robert M. , Keiper Shelley , Manuel Warde J.
Published: June 2007

Contrary to patterns in the public opinion literature, the authors predicted White and Black athletes would agree at similar levels that racial and ethnic discrimination is no longer a problem. Using survey data collected from 533 intercollegiate student athletes as part of the 1996 Progress in College/Social and Group Experiences study, they found White and Black athletes did not differ significantly in their perceptions of discrimination. The authors investigated interrelationships among perceptions of discrimination and athletic and racial identity centrality, proposing that athletic identity dampens racial identity and perceptions of discrimination. They found Black student athletes strongly identified with athletics reported low levels of racial identity centrality. In contrast, White student athletes strongly identified with athletics reported high levels of racial identity centrality. Finally, among Black student athletes, high levels of athletic identity centrality were positively associated with the perception that racial and ethnic discrimination is no longer a problem.
The Fusing of Sport and Politics
Authors: Delgado Fernando
Published: June 2007

The World Cup is a site for political discourses and national symbols. In an environment in which global print and electronic media blanket the tournament, it is not surprising that political and national elements are structured by the mass media. This study of U.S. print media coverage of the Iran-United States match at the 1998 World Cup examines how media frames are complex and overlapping. While endeavoring to focus on the athletic dimensions of the match, the print media nevertheless turned to the familiar political and ideological frames for the relationship and interactions between the two nations. The match was, therefore, framed largely in political terms. However, the complications of those very political parameters also generated layers of constructs related to sport, national identity, fans, and participants.
Privilege at Play
Authors: Staurowsky Ellen J.
Published: June 2007

Using legal scholar Felix Cohen’s philosophy of Indian rights, this article provides a broad interpretive analysis of the American Indian sport imagery issue. The article begins with an introduction to Cohen’s work and then elaborates on howWhite privilege operates within the culture. An analysis of various aspects of American Indian sport imagery follows, using a concept Cohen called “transcendental nonsense.” Finally, the article concludes with recommendations for how teachers, corporate executives, and government leaders canmove beyond the transcendental nonsense that American Indian mascots and team names represent to a better and more meaningful understanding for both American Indians and non–American Indians.
The Mascot Slot
Authors: Strong Pauline Turner
Published: June 2007

Caricatures of American Indians that would not now be tolerated if they portrayed other racial or ethnic groups are institutionalized in school, university, and professional sport teams and disseminated by local, national, and internationalmedia outlets. Drawing on Aihwa Ong’s concept of cultural citizenship and adapting Michael-Rolph Trouillot’s notion of the “savage slot,” this article argues that the “mascot slot” assigned to Native Americans is an allegorical form of cultural citizenship that offers a significant obstacle to full participatory citizenship. Demolishing the mascot slot is a prerequisite for full cultural recognition and participatory citizenship for Native Americans.
African American Beliefs About Diabetes
Authors: Skelly Anne H. , Dougherty Molly , Gesler Wilbert M. , Soward April C. M. , Burns Dorothy , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: June 2007

In this presentation, a diabetes explanatory model of rural, African American adults at high risk for diabetes is described. Kleinman’s explanatory model of illness was used as the organizing framework. African American men and women ( N = 42), between the ages of 18 and 51, participated. Participants described their knowledge and beliefs about diabetes, preventing diabetes, and whether diabetes could be cured or controlled. A common explanatory model of diabetes was not shared among the participants, and gender and age differences were apparent. Common themes included diabetes “running in families,” “eating too much sugar,” and “not taking care of yourself” as causes of diabetes. Weight and physical activity or exercise were not seen as contributing to the development of diabetes. Participants were not sure if diabetes could be prevented. These results provide information to address primary prevention of diabetes in this at-risk group.
Factors Related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Readmission in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yea-Jyh , Narsavage Georgia L.
Published: June 2007

This study examines the relationships among physiological, psychological, and social factors and hospital readmission to develop a model predicting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) readmission for 145 patients with COPD following hospital discharge at 14 days and 90 days in Taiwan. Daily functioning, comorbidity, severity of illness, self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and perceived informal support were regressed on hospital readmission. Daily functioning was the only significant variable to predict COPD readmission at 90 days in the Taiwan population living in a rural area. Age was significantly correlated with 14 days readmission. Post hoc analyses examined differences in three ethnic groups. Mainlanders perceived less family support, had higher depressive symptoms and lower daily functioning than the majority culture Fukiens and Hakkas, or the Aborigines. The study reinforced the need for identification of cultural differences and low functioning as risk factors for early readmission so they can be addressed in discharge planning.
Divine Madness and Cultural Otherness: Diwānas and Faqīrs in Northern Pakistan
Authors: Frembgen Jürgen Wasim
Published: June 2007

This article portrays several little-known examples of unusual and eccentric individuals embodying different forms of divine ‘madness’ and representing cultural otherness among local people in the high mountain areas of Northern Pakistan. The precise position of these men as more or less ‘holy’ ( diwāna and faqīr) or simply ‘crazy’ ( pāgal) remains evidently contested. The article argues that ultimately, through their marginal state, the various forms of divine madmen can be seen to embody the potency of disorder in a local Islamic environment as a necessary element and completion of an all-encompassing divine order.
Assessment of text reading comprehension by Spanish-speaking blind persons
Authors: Garcia Luis Gonzalez
Published: June 2007

An assessment is presented of the current situation of text reading comprehension research with Spanish-speaking blind persons. An overall view is offered on the operativity and evaluation of text reading comprehension processes, presented in a number of different media, such as braille, recordings and speech synthesis. A programme of future research is outlined.
On the Dimensionality of the Attachment Style Questionnaire in Italian Clinical and Nonclinical Participants
Authors: Fossati Andrea , Feeney Judith A. , Donati Deborah , Donini Michela , Novella Liliana , Bagnato Maria , Acquarini Elena , Maffei Cesare
Published: June 2007

This study examined the utility of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) in an Italian sample of 487 consecutively admitted psychiatric participants and an independent sample of 605 nonclinical participants. Minimum average partial analysis of data from the psychiatric sample supported the hypothesized five-factor structure of the items; furthermore, multiple-group component analysis showed that this fivefactor structure was not an artifact of differences in item distributions. The five-factor structure of the ASQ was largely replicated in the nonclinical sample. Furthermore, in both psychiatric and nonclinical samples, a two-factor higher order structure of the ASQ scales was observed. The higher order factors of Avoidance and Anxious Attachment showed meaningful relations with scales assessing parental bonding, but were not redundant with these scales. Multivariate normal mixture analysis supported the hypothesis that adult attachment patterns, as measured by the ASQ, are best considered as dimensional constructs.
Relationship Styles of Self-Focused Autonomy, Other-Focused Connectedness, and Mutuality across Multiple Relationship Contexts
Authors: Neff Kristin D. , Harter Susan
Published: June 2007

This study examined relationship styles of self-focused autonomy, other-focused connectedness, or mutuality with mothers, fathers, best friends, and romantic partners to determine if styles would be used consistently or would vary across relationships. Participants included 257 college students ( M= 21.6 years). Mutuality was the most commonly reported relationship style in all relationship contexts, and no sex differences in style were found. Most participants reported using more than one relationship style across contexts, however, and styles were linked to perceptions of power within relationships: autonomy was associated with dominance, connectedness to subordinance, and mutuality to equality. Autonomy was linked to the worst psychological outcomes with parents (in terms of relationship satisfaction, self-worth, and depression), and mutuality was linked to the best outcomes with romantic partners and best friends. Findings caution against the dichotomization of autonomy and connectedness into bipolar opposites, because the integration of these two concerns is more typical in relationships. They also support the contention that orientations towards autonomy and connectedness are best conceptualized as responses to contextual features of relationships–including circumstances of power–rather than stable, fundamental aspects of self.
The Effect of School Racial Composition on Hispanic Intergroup Relations
Authors: Carlson Cindy I. , Wilson Kimberly D. , Hargrave Jennifer L.
Published: June 2007

The present study examined how intergroup attitudes and behavior among Hispanic middle school students varied as a function of school racial/ethniccomposition. Data were derived from a survey of all students present in thesixth to eighth grades of three public middle schools ( N= 1,837). The schools represented three distinctive racial compositions: Hispanic/Black, Hispanic/White, and Hispanic majority. Attitudes, as measured by other-group orientation, varied across the three school settings, but not behavior, as measured by reported number of cross-race close friendships. Differences between the Hispanic/Black and Hispanic/White schools in perceived comfort of close friends with cross-race social interaction suggested a social norms or cultural distance interpretation of the results. The revised contact hypothesis was partially supported in that Hispanic students’ other-group orientation was predicted by both school racial proportion and reported number of cross-race close friends; however, contrary to theory, cross-race friendships did not contribute more of the variance. A key finding of the study was the importance of perceived comfort level of close friends with cross-race social interaction as a predictor of other-group orientation.The study offers preliminary evidence that there may be important differences in the intergroup relations of Hispanic students in multi-ethnic schoolswhen these are compared with previous studies of Black/White relations.
Youth Perceptions of Interparental Conflict, Ineffective Parenting, and Youth Problem Behaviors in European-American and African-American Families
Authors: Krishnakumar Ambika , Buehler Cheryl , Barber Brian K.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the spillover of youth perceptions of interparental conflict (IPC) into ineffective parenting and youth problem behaviors in a sample of 542 European-American (EA) and 150 African-American (AA) youth. Data were collected from youth aged 10 through 18 yearsusing a school-based survey. The findings indicated that IPC was associatedpositively with youth problem behaviors in both European-American and African-American samples. For EA families, IPC was linked with youth externalizing problem behaviors through lower levels of parental monitoring, maternal acceptance, and higher levels of parent–youth conflict, and with internalizing problem behaviors through higher levels of maternal psychologicalcontrol and parent–youth conflict. Although IPC was associated with higher levels of parent–youth conflict and maternal psychological control and lower levels of parental monitoring in AA families, the spillover model received minimal support because parenting measures were not associated systematically with youth problem behaviors.
Extrinsic Goals and Time Tradeoff
Authors: van der Pol Marjon , Shiell Alan
Published: June 2007

Background. The aim of this article is to investigate the extrinsic goals hypothesis in time tradeoff (TTO). The extrinsic goal of interest here is seeing children through to maturity. In TTO, the time it takes to attain this goal becomes a target life expectancy, with no trades happening below the critical value implied by the target, no matter how severe the health state. Methods. A combined quantitative and qualitative approach was used to elicit values for 4 EQ-5D states from 30 recent mothers. The qualitative analysis allowed the researchers to explore with participants whether a target life expectancy was being used. Results. The differences in the visual analogue scale and TTO scores of the mothers compared with the general population suggest that the mothers value life-years differently than the general population does. The finding was also consistent with the target life expectancy hypothesis. However, the interview data were not so strongly supportive of the target life expectancy hypothesis. Although some women suggested this had motivated their responses to the TTO, the interviews paint a more complicated and nuanced picture of what drives a person's responses to health valuation surveys. Conclusions. A higher value was assigned to life-years relative to quality of life by recent parents, but there was no reduction in the willingness to trade per se. Parenthood affects how much one will trade for better health but not whether one will trade in the 1st place. This conclusion became apparent only when the qualitative and quantitative data were combined.
Communication Regimes in Competition
Authors: Bohlin Ingemar
Published: June 2007

Recent advances in information technology have enabled new ways of communicating research reports. A significant innovation in this area is that of ‘eprint’ archives: online repositories in which researchers make their papers freely available to their colleagues. This practice, which is known as self-archiving, poses a serious challenge to traditional academic journals. Publishers have responded with several strategies for remodelling journals in order to make them more attractive to authors and readers. New services, products and initiatives are constantly being launched in this market, and the outcome of the present disruption is uncertain. The present paper employs the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) methodology to analyse the current transformation in scholarly communication. The analysis defines the functions long served by academic publishing, examines the extent to which newly introduced technologies fulfil these functions and explains the dynamics of the stabilization process now underway. A key element of the analysis is the principle of interpretative flexibility. In the present case, interpretative flexibility brings into relief disciplinary variation in the needs and interests of potential users.
Sexual evaluation of "female" athletes
Authors: Francois J. , Matton-Van Leuwen M. Th
Published: June 2007

In this article prepared especially for The Journal of Sports Medicine, Professor Jules François, Director of the Division of Medical Genetics at the University of Ghent Ophthalmological Clinic, Belgium, and Professor M. Th. Matton-Van Leuven describe the cytogenetic meth ods used in sex typing of female athletes, together with a discussion of the moral, medical and athletic implications of sex typing as prac ticed today. Since the May 1967 ruling of the International Olympics Committee, sex determination tests have been required of all female athletes, in an attempt to prevent male athletes from competing as women. At present, determination of sex is accomplished by means of analysis of sex chromatin granules obtained from swabs of oral mucosa. In their pioneer study, "Male and Female Sex Determination in Hair Roots," which received international acclaim when published in 1971 ( Clin Gen 2), Dr. François and Dr. Matton-Van Leuven re ported their clinical findings on a new, more effective method of sex determination, discussed here in this first original study of the total effect of sexual evaluation on the female athlete.
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog
Authors: Meyers John F. , Grana William A. , Lesker Peggy A.
Published: June 2007

The anterior cruciate ligaments in 17 knees of 12 mongrel dogs were replaced with one of three porous minimally reactive prosthetic (synthetic) materials. The results show that while the porous materials support the ingrowth of fibrous tissue from the bone of the dog's knee, fatigue failure occurred before sufficient fibrous tissue was incorporated to reconstitute a functional ligament. Further laboratory investigation is neces sary before prosthetic materials, currently available, can be used in the unstable human knee.
Physiologic performance of women compared to men
Authors: Protzman Robert R. , Colonel Lieutenant , Corps Army Medical
Published: June 2007

Observations about the physiologic factors which affected per formance were made on the first women (total 119) admitted to the United States Military Academy, West Point, during their first 8-week training period. The physical requirements during 16½-hr (average) days were essentially the same as required of the men (total 1,366). Results obtained from observations of the women compared to the men were tabulated in the following categories: hospital admissions (3.6 to 2.5%, injuries; 21 to 7.7%, medical conditions); stress fractures (10 to 1%); and loss of duty time (26 to 5% not capable of full duty at end of the 8 weeks). Also measurements were compared for hematocrits, body composition, major muscle groups of the upper and lower extremities, and maximum oxygen consumption. These short- term observations on women and men in an environment of equal physical training show there is a measureable difference in physical performance and that men have the advantage in accomplishing the tasks with fewer injuries or diseases and less apparent stress. Women may be capable of equal efficiency in aerobic metabolism.
Psychlogic factors in competitive failures in athletes
Authors: Rosenblum Stephen
Published: June 2007

To compete successfully, one must be able to act aggressively in controlled, nondestructive, goal-oriented ways. Conflicts af fecting aggressive behavior tend to interfere with competitive success. Depression, fear of success/competitive inhibition, and guilt are among the psychopathologic entities that affect the athlete's performance, whether he be a professional athlete or an amateur to whom athletic competition is a source of recre ation and pleasure. It is important that all of those involved in the training and care of athletes be aware of emotional condi tions that lead to injuries, both physical and psychologic, as well as those conditions that interfere with performance and effectiveness.
Bladder trauma in the long-distance runner
Authors: Blacklock N.J.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of hematuria as a short-lived and occasional event in a number of long-distance runners appears to be secondary to bladder contusions caused by a combination of exertional forces and intraabdominal pressure producing re peated impact of the flaccid wall of the bladder against the bladder base. The bladder may be empty or nearly empty while the runner is in action. This permits apposition of the surfaces of the bladder. The variability of the state of filling of one's bladder from one occasion to another may therefore account for the inconsistency of occurrence of hematuria in the same runner.
Sports for the physically disabled
Authors: Jackson Robert W. , Fredrickson Alix
Published: June 2007

The 1976 Olympiad for the Physically Disabled was the first olympiad with full competition for blind, paralyzed, and ampu tee athletes. More than 1,500 from 38 countries took part in wheelchair (12 events), blind (8 events), and amputee (11 events) games. Participants were classified by an international team of doctors. The athletes were accommodated in university residences with small infirmaries. A school near the games site was used as a field hospital. Rest areas were also set up. Volunteers served on the medical staff (three doctors, three nurses, three receptionists, and three physical therapists on each of two shifts per day). In addition doctors, nurses, trainers, and physical therapists rotated around various venues at the games site. Physicians treated 285 patients (184 were athletes; others were spectators) for a variety of problems, physical therapists treated 119 athletes, and trainers treated 114 ath letes. Contingency plans in case of mass disaster were made but were not needed. Disabled athletes are slightly more vul nerable to stress and fatigue than able-bodied athletes. The Toronto games will probably be remembered as the turning point in the emergence of sports for the disabled from a purely rehabilitation measure to a true sporting event in its own right.
Limited arthrography in acute knee injuries
Authors: Tongue John R. , Larson Robert L.
Published: June 2007

Fifty consecutive limited arthrograms in acute knee injuries are reported with operative findings in 27 knees. The arthrograms were completely accurate regarding cruciate and medial collat eral ligament integrity in 82% of all of the cases. Improvements in technique and recognition of superimposed anatomical struc tures led to fewer errors in interpretation as the series pro gressed. Limited arthrography is recommended as a useful office procedure in the early evaluation of knee ligament integ rity in acute painful knee injuries.
Cyclic loading in knee ligament injuries
Authors: Weisman Gerald , Pope Malcolm H. , Johnson Robert J.
Published: June 2007

The effect of cyclic loading on knee ligaments was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The compliance of the medial collateral ligaments of athletes participating in hockey, basketball, soc cer, and downhill skiing was determined by using a specially built machine. Tests were conducted before and after partici pation in the various sports. Most subjects tested showed an increased compliance after their respective sporting activities. This observation was confirmed in the laboratory by imparting cyclic loading to 10 people under controlled conditions. The in vitro studies were conducted on the medial collateral ligaments of rats. These were tested to determine the effect of cyclic loading on the strength and stiffness of the ligaments. Results show a clear relationship between decreased stiffness or soften ing and a reduction in strength of the ligament. The amount of softening was related to the cyclic stress in the ligament.
A modified cast brace: its use in nonoperative and postoperative management of serious knee ligament injuries
Authors: Bassett Frank H. , Beck John L. , Weiker Garron
Published: June 2007

It has been well-proven that prolonged immobilization is detri mental to synovial joints. For the past 5 years, in an effort to minimize these undesirable sequelae, we have treated 94 pa tients with major knee trauma by early protected motion. Acute ligament injuries not requiring surgery were placed in the cast brace immediately, while operated cases were started about the 10th postoperative day. Our method of cast bracing stresses proper alignment of the joints, security of limb position, pre vention of swelling complications, and economy of physician time. A special feature is a modified single axis joint that restricts the arc of motion to safe limits, generally 30 to 90 degrees. Functionally, our results compare quite favorably with our previous traditionally treated experience. Rehabilitation times were markedly shortened, patient acceptance was high, and complications were rare. Early motion was extremely well- tolerated with only one cast removed because of discomfort. Postoperative effusion rapidly disappeared with commence ment of motion. Rapid return of motion did not correlate with a poor result, and the stability of operated knees did not loosen with time. Although lack of controls precludes definitive com parisons, we conclude that early protected motion is safe and provides significant benefits.
Posterior cruciate ligament injuries
Authors: Moore Howard A. , Larson Robert L.
Published: June 2007

A retrospective study of 20 patients (19 men and one woman) with clinical diagnosis of posterior cruciate ligament injuries (seen between December 1969 and September 1977) was con ducted. Eighteen patients underwent surgery an average of 2.6 days after injury. Tears of the posterior cruciate ligament were confirmed in all patients and a high incidence of associated ligamentous injuries was noted. No cases of truly isolated posterior cruciate injury were found. The posterior drawer sign was the most accurate test for posterior cruciate disruption. Torn posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as associated liga mentous injuries, were repaired to bone when possible. Irrepa rable disruptions or unstable repairs were reinforced with dy namic tendon transfers. We prefer to use as a tendon transfer the medial one-third of the medial head of the gastrocnemius because it provides static posterior drawer resistance and functions dynamically.

The average follow-up period was 30.8 months. A comparison of preoperative and follow-up stability was made and it revealed that all patients exhibited mild residual instability. A functional rating showed that seven patients had excellent results, seven had good, three had fair, and one patient had poor results among those surgically treated. One patient treated conserva tively rated good. The other one was lost to followup. The results of our study demonstrate that early surgical repair with dynamic augmentation, as indicated, can lead to acceptable functional results in the majority of knees with posterior cru ciate ligament injury.
Meniscectomies in children
Authors: Medlar Robert C. , Mandiberg Joseph J. , Lyne E. Dennis
Published: June 2007

Controversy exists over the management of the pediatric pa tient with a suspected tear of the meniscus. Twenty-six patients who underwent uncomplicated meniscectomy during a period of open epiphyseal plates were reviewed by personal followup. The average followup of these 26 patients was 8.3 years. Ligamentous laxity, early degenerative arthritis, and sympto matic knee pain were found; only 42% demonstrated an excel lent or good result. Intensive preoperative evaluation and con servative management of selected meniscal lesions in children are recommended.
Women's injuries in collegiate sports
Authors: Clarke Kenneth S. , Buckley William E.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this article was to provide a preliminary over view of the injury experiences among collegiate women athletes which were reported to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) during its first 3 operational years (1975 to 1978). More dissimilarities in injury patterns were observed between women's sports than between comparable men and women's sports. The results thereby are interpreted that injuries to women athletes are essentially sport-related, not sex-related. Further investigative reports on women athletic injuries should be delimited to respective sports and over a period of time. Attention should be given to the patterns of injury within a sport, including shifts in patterns, so that practicable preventive measures can be perceived, imple mented, and subsequently evaluated.
Cardiologic assessment in participants of Pop Warner Junior League football
Authors: Wolff Grace S. , Farina Matthew , Rinaldi Robert
Published: June 2007

Physical examinations and electrocardiograms were performed on 50 young men in preseason training for Pop Warner Foot ball. Functional murmurs were found in 52%. The majority of electrocardiographic findings were within the accepted normal range for nonathletes but some were consistent with findings in trained athletes. Awareness of these normal variations is im portant for proper assessment of prospective and participating athletes.
Ankle sprains: surgical treatment for recurrent sprains
Authors: Savastano A.A. , Lowe Ernest B.
Published: June 2007

A group of 10 patients (3 women and 7 men; 17 to 57 years old, average 23.9; mean, 21 years) was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively following surgical repair with a modification of the Elmslie procedure (i.e., by using one-half of the tendinous portion of the peroneus brevis ligament to reconstruct the anterior and middle fasciculi of the lateral ligament). The patients were athletes who participated in bicycling, boxing, tennis, hockey, basketball, football, soccer, or a combination of sports. Each patient gave a history of spraining the ankle numerous times. Stress films were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. The talar tilt was generally reduced in post operative films (average preoperatively, 12.4°; average post operatively, 5.6°). We conclude that the Elmslie procedure, as modified by Chrisman and Snook, is simpler to perform than the Watson-Jones procedure and has provided the majority of our patients with satisfactory results.
Iliotibial band friction syndrome in runners
Authors: Noble Clive A.
Published: June 2007

The iliotibial band friction syndrome is an overuse injury found in long-distance runners. It is characterized by pain on the outer aspect of the knee in close relation to the lateral femoral epicondyle. It is usually poorly localized, is aggravated by running long distances or excessive striding, and is more severe running downhill. It may be prevented by walking with a stiff knee. In a series of 100 consecutive knees, including 6 patients with the syndrome in both knees (age range, 19 to 48 years; average, 31 years), of which 73 were available for follow-up evaluation, only 30 patients were resolved on the initial regimen of a single injection of local steroid and reduction in the training program. Twenty-one patients had two injections and 8 patients required the third injection. The remaining 14 patients were placed on a regimen of total rest from running for 4 to 6 weeks. Nine patients returned to training and had no recurrence of pain. Five patients consented to surgery and returned to long- distance running between 2 and 7 weeks later. The syndrome apparently has a higher incidence in areas where long-distance running is the vogue, such as, South Africa, or where the climate is cool and running surfaces are slippery.
Relationship between exposure time and injury in football
Authors: Dagiau Robert F. , Dillman Charles J. , Milner E. Keith
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the relationship between exposure time and injury in football and the trends associated with these relationships. Data were collected at all practice sessions and games participated in by the University of Illinois varsity football team during the 1976 and 1977 seasons. Subjects consisted of the varsity football team at the University of Illinois. The 54 members of the traveling squad were the subjects used in the collection of game and injury data. Games were divided into three intervals and practice into five 25-min intervals in order to analyze the data. A likelihood ratio test was used to test the data for statistical significance. An inverse relationship was found between exposure time and injuries for game data for both years. A curvilinear relationship, slightly skewed to the right, was found between exposure time and injury for the practice data for both seasons.
Use of phenylbutazone in sports medicine: understanding the risks
Authors: Black Howard M. , Cox Jay S. , Straughn William Rex
Published: June 2007

Despite the widespread use of phenylbutazone, its safety is still a controversial issue. One example of its toxicity is the fact that phenylbutazone has now replaced chloramphenicol as the most common cause of fatal drug-related aplastic anemia. To evaluate the toxicity of phenylbutazone as it is commonly used in sports medicine, a group of 3,000 healthy young athletes was studied following 1-week courses of phenylbutazone for various sports-related inflammatory problems. No serious adverse re actions were encountered. Four percent of the patients expe rienced mild gastrointestinal disturbances with less than 1% of the patients being forced to discontinue the medication. Com piling the results of other studies, it is estimated that the risk of a serious reaction to phenylbutazone is less than 1 per 100,000 when the drug is used by healthy young individuals for periods of 1 week or less. This risk increases significantly in older patients and with longer periods of treatment. Although phenylbutazone is widely prescribed in sports medicine, there appears to be insufficient information regarding its possible effects on athletic performance. Its capacity to cause significant fluid retention with secondary dilutional anemia, for example, could, in certain instances, have an adverse effect on overall performance if the drug is continued after the athlete returns to competition. Further study in this area is urged.
Use of modified Boston brace for back injuries in athletes
Authors: Micheli Lyle J. , Hall John E. , Miller M.E.
Published: June 2007

The Boston Brace System was developed to attain functional realignment of the scoliotic spine. This system uses prefabri cated thermoplastic pelvic modules which can be rapidly fitted to an individual patient. These modules are available in 20 sizes and designed with a forward flexion of 30° on the anterior margin and 15° on the posterior surface. The resultant antilor dotic straightening of the lumbar spine is important in correct ing the scoliotic spine and has been found to be therapeutically effective in managing a number of other conditions of the spine, including back injuries in the young athlete.

A review of the results of treatment of 31 young athletes for back injuries over the past 3 years with the brace, with an average followup of 15 months, reveals good or excellent results in 28 of the 31, or 90%. Best results were attained in spondy lolysis. Therapy for discogenic back pain with the brace was effective in only 50%. Modifications of initial brace design included changing from a posterior opening to an anterior opening module and from polypropylene to polyethylene brace construction. Most patients have continued full athletic partic ipation while in the brace.