bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commercially important characteristics of Turkish origin domestic strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus
Authors: AYHAN KAMURAN , DURLU‐ÖZKAYA FÜGEN , TUNAIL NEZIHE
Published: July 2005

Thirty native (Turkish origin) strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and 24 strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus were isolated and identified. These strains were examined for their technologically important properties such as acidification, proteolysis, acetaldehyde production and antimicrobial activity. By taking into consideration their phage resistant properties, two strains of S. thermophilus (St.7.7, and St.26.2) and one of L. bulgaricus, numbered as 2004, were found to have the potential to be starters for yogurt production.
Disruption of fat globules during concentration of whole milk in a pilot scale multiple‐effect evaporator
Authors: YE AIQIAN , SINGH HARJINDER , TAYLOR MICHAEL , ANEMA SKELTE
Published: July 2005

The effects of heat treatment by direct steam injection (DSI) and concentration of whole milk using a pilot scale multiple‐effect evaporator on fat globule size and the total milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were examined. In both nonpreheated and preheated whole milk, the size of milk fat globules decreased while the surface protein concentration of the fat globules increased as the milk passed through each effect of the evaporator. These results indicate that the fat globules were disrupted during DSI heating and evaporation and the proteins from the skim milk were adsorbed onto the fat globule surface.
Bioavailability of calcium and physicochemical properties of calcium‐fortified buffalo milk
Authors: RANJAN PRIYA , ARORA SUMIT , SHARMA GHANSHYAM S , SINDHU JAGVEER S , KANSAL VINOD K , SANGWAN RAM B
Published: July 2005

Buffalo milk was fortified with calcium at the rate of 50 mg calcium/100 ml milk using calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium gluconate, and the resulting decrease in pH was restored to its original value by adding disodium phosphate. The maximum heat stability of calcium‐fortified buffalo milk remained slightly lower than that of unfortified milk. Calcium gluconate‐fortified milk had the highest heat stability, bioavailability of calcium, partitioning of calcium in the dissolved state and viscosity, and the least curd tension compared to other fortified milk, without any adverse impact on sensory properties. The bioavailability of calcium and heat stability was lowest in the case of buffalo milk fortified with calcium chloride.
Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: ANORLU Rose I. , IWUALA Nnamdi C. , ODUM Celestine U.
Published: July 2005

Background:  Pre‐eclampsia is an important cause of maternal mortality. Although there have been many studies worldwide on pre‐eclampsia, not many have come from black Africa.

Study design:  A case‐control study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria (the black African nation with the highest population) between February 2001 and August 2002 to determine the risk factors for eclampsia. Information on socio‐demographic characteristics, pre‐pregnancy weight, medical history and previous obstetric history, and level of stress at home and at work was obtained by face‐to‐face interviews.

Analysis:  Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for pre‐eclampsia.

Results:  One hundred and thirty seven (7.6%) of the 1803 women who delivered during the period had pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia. Of these, 128 (93.4%) were analysed. Ninety‐one (71.1%) women were primigravidae. Age ≤ 19 years was not considered a risk factor. The risk factors that were associated with increased risk of pre‐eclampsia were: nulliparity (OR 4.77; 95% CI 2.90–7.78), stressful work during pregnancy (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.20–3.71), stressful home environment (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.27–3.69), previous pre‐eclampsia (OR 11.68; CI 3.81–37.61), history of chronic hypertension (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.17–6.20), a body weight greater than 80 kg (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.05–3.87); and multiple pregnancy (OR 2.71; 95% CI 1.27–6.13).

Conclusions:  Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia among Nigerian women are not different from those that have been reported in other studies. Weight reduction, good control of chronic hypertension, and reduction of stressful conditions at home and in pregnancy could be steps towards the primary prevention of this disorder.
Screening for pre‐eclampsia by using maternal serum inhibin A, activin A, human chorionic gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and alpha‐fetoprotein levels and uterine artery Doppler in the second trimester of pregnancy
Authors: AY Emine , KAVAK Zehra Nese , ELTER Koray , GOKASLAN Husnu , PEKIN Tanju
Published: July 2005

Aims:  To analyse the predictive power of maternal serum inhibin A, activin A, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels and uterine artery Doppler in the second trimester of pregnancy in screening for pre‐eclampsia.

Methods:  Maternal serum inhibin A, activin A, hCG, uE3, and AFP levels and uterine artery Doppler were determined in 178 healthy, pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Serum samples were collected between the 16th and 18th weeks of gestation, and Doppler investigation was performed between the 24th and 26th weeks of gestation. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created to analyse the predictive powers of the above parameters in screening for pre‐eclampsia. Different combinations also were analysed.

Results:  The rate of pre‐eclampsia was 7.9% (14/178). Maternal serum inhibin A, activin A, hCG, AFP levels, the rate of presence of the prediastolic notch and uterine artery resistance index (RI) values in pre‐eclamptic pregnancies were significantly higher than those in healthy pregnancies. Presence of the prediastolic notch, uterine artery RI, maternal serum activin A and inhibin A levels had high predictive efficacy, and each had a sensitivity between 70 and 93% and a specificity between 87% and 98%. The addition of inhibin A or activin A measurement to the Doppler velocimetry improved the specificity to 99–100%.

Conclusions:  Maternal serum inhibin A and activin A levels and uterine artery Doppler appear to be useful screening tests during the second trimester for pre‐eclampsia. However, addition of these hormonal markers to Doppler velocimetry only slightly improves the predictive efficacy, which appears clinically insignificant.
Office ultrasound should be the first‐line investigation for confirmation of correct ESSURE placement
Authors: WESTON Gareth , BOWDITCH John
Published: July 2005

Background:  Hysteroscopic options for permanent birth control (PBC), such as the ESSURE device, are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to laparoscopic tubal ligation. The success of the technique hinges upon correct device placement within the intramural portion of the fallopian tube.

Objective:  To determine the utility of office ultrasound for confirming correct ESSURE PBC device placement at the 3‐month check in a general gynaecology practice.

Study population:  The first 99 patients in a single centre following ESSURE PBC device placement.

Type of study:  Prospective cohort study.

Methods:  Clinical data was reviewed from patient records, both from the time of the initial procedure and from the follow‐up at 3 months. All women underwent an ultrasound at the 3‐month check.

Results:  The ESSURE PBC devices were placed successfully in 84.8% of cases. Of those cases with apparently successful placement, office ultrasound alone confirmed correct device placement at the 3‐month check in 94% of cases. Further imaging was needed in only 6% of cases.

Discussion:  Office ultrasound performed by the general gynaecologist at the 3‐month check is more convenient for the patient, and is sufficient to confirm ESSURE PBC device placement in the vast majority of cases. We propose that the protocol for ESSURE PBC device follow‐up should be altered to replace X‐ray with ultrasound as the first‐line investigation.
Prevalence of family violence amongst women attending an abortion clinic in New Zealand
Authors: WHITEHEAD Anna , FANSLOW Janet
Published: July 2005

Aims:  To measure the prevalence of family violence reported by women seeking a termination of pregnancy (TOP).

Methods:  A cross sectional survey involving consecutive women at one Health Waikato abortion clinic. Participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire in private counselling rooms.

Results:  Sixty‐two of the 125 women invited to participate did so (response rate: 49.6%). The reported lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual abuse was 50.8%. The reported lifetime prevalence of physical abuse was 43.3% and that of sexual abuse was 32.2%. The reported prevalence of physical abuse within the last year was 13.3%, and of sexual abuse within the last year was 8.5%. Of women reporting a lifetime history of physical abuse, 69% reported that her partner was the perpetrator/one of the perpetrators of abuse.

Conclusions:  The study demonstrated a high prevalence of family violence amongst women attending an abortion clinic. Consideration should be given to screening for family violence in abortion clinics in New Zealand. Screening should be accompanied by the provision of appropriate information and support for women with family violence issues.
VITAMIN D IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Vitamin D and the Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Schwartz Gary G.
Published: July 2005

Mortality rates from prostate cancer are significantly higher among African Americans than Caucasian Americans and are inversely related to the availability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These findings support the hypothesis, originally proposed in 1990, that prostate cancer may be caused by vitamin D deficiency. In 1992, specific receptors for 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] were demonstrated in human prostate cells. We and others have shown that 1,25(OH)2D exerts prodifferentiating, antiproliferative, and antimetastatic effects on these cells. In 1998 we demonstrated that normal prostate cells express 1α‐hydroxylase and synthesize their own 1,25(OH)2D. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D is an autocrine hormone in the prostate. The consensus emerging from analytic epidemiologic studies is that low levels of UV radiation/vitamin D are indeed associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in individual men. The evolution of our understanding of the role of vitamin D in the epidemiology of prostate cancer parallels our understanding of the role of vitamin D in the epidemiology of rickets. In both diseases, ecologic observations about UV radiation preceded experimental observations and were subsequently validated by them.
VITAMIN D IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Beyond Minerals and Parathyroid Hormone: Role of Active Vitamin D in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Wolf Myles , Thadhani Ravi
Published: July 2005

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) that is often treated with activated forms of intravenous vitamin D. The natural course and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients is punctuated by episodes of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased calcium‐phosphate product, which in previous studies were linked to increased mortality. Historically these episodes have been attributed to vitamin D, leading some authorities to favor decreased vitamin D use. However, the studies that examined the impact of mineral levels and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on survival did not consistently account for vitamin D therapy itself on hemodialysis patient survival. The current review examines in detail two recent large‐scale studies of hemodialysis patients: one that demonstrated a survival advantage of paricalcitol over calcitriol and a second that demonstrated a significant survival advantage of any intravenous vitamin D formulation versus none. In both studies, the effects were independent of mineral and PTH levels, suggesting “nontraditional” actions of vitamin D contributed to the observed survival advantage. Several of these nontraditional actions are reviewed with an emphasis on those that might impact hemodialysis outcomes.
VITAMIN D IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: The Role of Vitamin D in Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wolisi Godwin O. , Moe Sharon M.
Published: July 2005

Vascular calcification is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Disorders of mineral metabolism are likely involved in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Calcitriol and its analogs are effective in suppressing parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and CKD, but experimental studies demonstrate that these drugs can act directly on vascular smooth muscle cells. In some in vitro studies and in animal models of CKD, calcitriol has induced vascular calcification. Newer analogs of vitamin D appear to be less likely to induce vascular calcification, although published data are scarce. However, there is really no clear evidence in dialysis patients that calcitriol or analog administration is directly responsible for the induction of vascular calcification. However, indirectly, by oversuppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and induction of a low‐turnover bone disease state, or by increased calcium‐phosphorus product, the administration of calcitriol or its analogs may contribute to vascular calcification in patients with CKD. However, prospective randomized trials in CKD patients are necessary to fully understand the impact of calcitriol and analog therapy on vascular calcification.
Usefulness of Seismocardiography for the Diagnosis of Ischemia in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Korzeniowska‐Kubacka Iwona , Bilińska Maria , Piotrowicz Ryszard
Published: July 2005

Background: Seismocardiography (SCG) is a useful method for the detection of exercise‐induced changes in cardiac muscle contractility which may occur during myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of SCG with electrocardiographic exercise test (ETT) for diagnosis of ischemia in patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: Seventy‐seven male patients with CAD without myocardial infarction (MI), mean age 51 ± 9 years, were subjected to SCG and ETT. A gender‐matched control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers aged 34 ± 7 years. SCG was done simultaneously with resting supine 12‐lead electrocardiography before and immediately after a symptom‐limited ETT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) of SCG were compared with ETT. Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of both the methods was compared, with coronary angiography being the reference for the analysis.

Results: SCG was more sensitive (61.1% vs 44.2%, P < 0.05) and accurate (70% vs 61%, P < 0.05) method for detecting ischemia caused by coronary stenosis ≥50%, at least in one coronary artery compared to the ETT. However, ETT had better specificity than SCG (82.4% vs 76%, P < 0.05). The PPV and NPV of SCG were significantly better than those obtained with ETT (77.9% vs 76%, P < 0.05 and 63.4% vs 53.8%, P < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the concordant results of SCG and ETT improved the diagnostic accuracy of both methods.

Conclusions: SCG appeared to be more sensitive for detecting ischemia caused by more than ≥50% stenosis of the main coronary artery compared to an electrocardiographic stress test. SCG was a useful ETT adjunct for selecting patients requiring coronary angiography.
Response of the ECG to Short‐Term Diuresis in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Madias John E. , Song Jessica , White C. Michael , Kalus James S. , Kluger Jeffrey
Published: July 2005

Background: Increase in the amplitude of electrocardiogram (ECG) QRS complexes has been observed in patients treated for heart failure (HF), but the underlying mechanism has not been delineated. Also, correlation of augmentation of the QRS potentials with loss of weight has been noted in patients recovering from anasarca of varying etiology, or after hemodialysis. We assessed the effect of diuresis‐based fluid loss in patients treated for HF on the amplitude of ECG QRS complexes.

Methods: This is a cohort study based on ECG and other data from a previously published investigation of patients with HF conducted at a university affiliated hospital, which used new measurements and analysis, performed by a totally blinded investigator based at another institution. Twenty‐one patients (10 men) aged 70.5 ± 12.7 years, 13 with ischemic, and 8 with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, were admitted to the hospital for management of exacerbated HF and were observed for 48 hours. The patients received diuresis, and had routine laboratory testing, documentation of the net fluid lost, and recording of ECGs prior to the initiation of therapy and at 24 and 48 hours. Percent change (%Δ) over the course of observation in the sums of the amplitude of QRS complexes from 12 leads (ΣQRS12), 6‐limb leads (ΣQRS6), and leads 1 + 2 (ΣQRS2) in mm of standard ECGs were correlated with net fluid loss corrected for admission weight in mL/kg.

Results: Fluid loss amounted to 3204.9 ± 1399.5 mL in the course of 40 ± 23 hours of diuresis. ΣQRS12 was 160.9 ± 42.3 mm before and 170.0 ± 50.7 mm after diuresis (P = 0. 024). Percent change in ΣQRS12, ΣQRS6, and ΣQRS2 correlated well with the net fluid loss (r =−0.70, −0.82, −0.61, and P = 0.002, 0.0005, 0.001) correspondingly.

Conclusion: Changes in sums of the amplitude of QRS complexes of the standard ECG correlates well with net fluid loss in response to short‐term diuresis in patients with HF. Change in the ΣQRS12, ΣQRS6, and ΣQRS2 from ECGs before and after diuresis can be used as an easily obtainable and universally available bedside index of the net fluid loss experienced by bedridden patients with HF undergoing therapy.
Clinical, Genetic, and Electrophysiologic Characteristics of a New Pas‐Domain HERG Mutation (M124R) Causing Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Shushi Liat , Kerem Batsheva , Goldmit Maya , Peretz Asher , Attali Bernard , Medina Aron , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Kurokawa Junko , Kass Robert S. , Benhorin Jesaia
Published: July 2005

Objectives: To describe the clinical, genetic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of a new PAS‐domain HERG mutation (M124R) that has been identified in a single large Jewish family with Long QT syndrome (LQTS).

Background: Many previously reported HERG mutations causing LQTS are located either in the C‐terminus, or in the pore region. Relatively fewer clinical data are available on N‐terminus (PAS‐domain) mutation carriers.

Methods: Clinical data were available in 76 family members (aged 1–93 years, 69 alive) over 18 years of follow‐up, while electrocardiographic data were available in 57, and genetic data in 45 family members. Cellular electrophysiology was assessed in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.

Results: Thirty‐six family members were phenotypically categorized as nonaffected, 3 as equivocal, and 20 as affected. Mean QTc was 410 ± 23, 440 ± 10, and 498 ± 41 ms, respectively, in these three subgroups. Eight out of 20 affected family members were symptomatic: five had only syncope, two had aborted cardiac arrest, and one sudden death. Genetic analyses identified the M124R point mutation in all affected members tested (n = 16), while all those tested with nonaffected (n = 26) and equivocal (n = 3) phenotype did not carry the mutation. The M124R mutation reduced the HERG tail‐current density by 65%, significantly accelerated the deactivation kinetics, and caused a negative shift in the voltage dependence of activation.

Conclusions: A new PAS‐domain HERG mutation (M124R) was identified as causing LQTS in a large Jewish family, with high penetrance and frequent disease‐related symptoms. This mutation markedly decreased the tail‐current density and accelerated the deactivation kinetics of the HERG channel in transfected CHO cells.
Mortality dynamics and population regulation inBemisia tabaci
Authors: Naranjo Steven E. , Ellsworth Peter C.
Published: July 2005

Natural mortality is an important determinant of the population dynamics of a species, and an understanding of mortality forces should aid in the development of better management strategies for insect pests. An in situ, observational method was used to construct cohort‐based life tables forBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) over 14 generations on cotton in central Arizona, USA, from 1997 to 1999. In descending order, median marginal rates of mortality were highest for predation, dislodgment, unknown causes, egg inviability, and parasitism. The highest mortality occurred during the 4th nymphal stadium, and the median rate of immature survival over 14 generations was 6.6%. Predation during the 4th nymphal stadium was the primary key factor. Irreplaceable mortality was highest for predation and dislodgment, with the absence of these mortality factors leading to the greatest increases in estimated net reproduction. There was little evidence of direct or delayed density‐dependence for any mortality factor. Wind, rainfall, and predator densities were associated with dislodgment, and rates of predation were related to densities ofGeocorisspp.,Orius tristicolor(White),Chrysoperla carneas.l. Stephens, andLygus hesperusKnight. Simulations suggest that immigration and emigration play important roles in site‐specific dynamics by explaining departures from observed population trajectories based solely on endogenous reproduction and mortality. By a direct measurement of these mortality factors and indirect evidence of adult movement, we conclude that efficient pest management may be best accomplished by fostering greater mortality during the 4th stadium, largely through a conservation of predators and by managing immigrating adult populations at their sources.
Diapause strategy in the parasitoid Psyllaephagus pistaciae
Authors: Mehrnejad M. Reza , Copland Michael J.W.
Published: July 2005

The processes involved in the induction and termination of diapause in the parasitoid Psyllaephagus pistaciae Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Results indicated that the parasitoid P. pistaciae is able to overwinter successfully as a pupa within the mummified psyllid host Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Homoptera: Psylloidea), and the parasitoid clearly responded to a short photoperiod by entering diapause. The incidence of diapause increased significantly with decreasing temperature, indicating the existence of an interaction between low temperature and short‐day photoperiod that resulted in a 100% diapause. However, low temperature alone partly stimulated P. pistaciae to enter diapause. The incidence of diapause was likely to be independent from psyllid nymphal instar and the condition of its mother. This investigation showed that the termination of diapause in the overwintering parasitoid pupae and the duration of diapause completion or adult emergence is photoperiod independent, but dependent on temperature. However, chilling treatment was found to be unnecessary for diapause termination in P. pistaciae, although it decreased the duration of diapause maturation. The positive responses of parasitoids to environmental factors appears to act as a basic strategy to induce diapause in the parasitoid P. pistaciae against extreme climatic conditions.
Non‐arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) in patients under 50 years of age
Authors: Janáky Márta , Fülöp Zsuzsanna , Pálffy Andrea , Benedek Krisztina , Benedek György
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  The goal of our study was to compare the case histories and clinical findings in three young patients (aged < 50 years) who had undergone their first attack of non‐arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION). We intended to consider whether NAION at a relatively young age might comprise a separate pathological and diagnostic entity.

Results:  All three cases revealed some common characteristics. All of them experienced recurrent attacks with bilateral manifestations that led to severe loss of vision and visual field defects. The patients had also suffered from diabetes mellitus for a long time, but none of them had diabetic retinopathy.

Conclusion:  The case histories of these relatively young patients showed some differences, including recurrences and more severe loss of vision, to those of elderly patients. However, all the signs we found had been reported previously, although much less frequently, in NAION cases among elderly patients. The clinical and laboratory findings definitely exclude the possibility of an alternative diagnosis. Hence, our results do not support the notion of a different pathomechanism of NAION at a young age and its existence as a separate disease entity.
Cross‐linking of scleral collagen in the rabbit using riboflavin and UVA
Authors: Wollensak Gregor , Iomdina Elena , Dittert Dag‐Daniel , Salamatina Olga , Stoltenburg Gisela
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  Scleral biomechanical weakness and thinning is known to be one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of progressive myopia. We tried to strengthen rabbit sclera by cross‐linking scleral collagen using ultraviolet A (UVA) and the photosensitizer riboflavin.

Methods:  Circumscribed 10 × 10 mm sectors of the posterior − equatorial sclera of six chinchilla rabbit eyes were treated in vivo using a UVA double diode with 4.2  mW/cm2 UVA at 370 nm and applying 0.1% riboflavin‐5‐phosphate drops as photosensitizer for 30 min. 1 day postoperatively biomechanical stress−strain measurements of three treated scleral strips were performed using a microcomputer‐controlled biomaterial testing device and compared to non‐treated contralateral control sclera. In addition, three treated eyes were examined histologically by light microscopy, TUNEL staining and electron microscopy to evaluate side‐effects.

Results:  Following the cross‐linking treatment, the ultimate stress was 11.87 ± 1.8 MPa versus 3.63 ± 0.40 in the controls (increase of 227.9%, p = 0.014), Young's modulus 27.67 ± 4.16 MPa versus 4.9 ± 2.15 MPa in the controls (increase of 464.7%, p = 0.021) and ultimate strain 92.2 ± 7.43% versus 165.63 ± 19.09% in the controls (decrease of 54.52%, p = 0.012). Histologically, serious side‐effects were found in the entire posterior globe with almost complete loss of the photoreceptors, the outer nuclear layer and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

Conclusions:  Our new method of scleral collagen cross‐linking proved very effective in increasing the scleral mechanical strength; the new treatment may represent an option for strengthening scleral tissue in progressive myopia. However, serious side‐effects were observed in the outer retina. In future studies these side‐effects could be avoided by reducing the irradiation dose below the cytotoxic level of the retina. Before its clinical application, the new method should be tested in a myopia animal model.
Effect of different irrigating solutions on aqueous humour pH changes, intraocular pressure and histological findings after induced alkali burns
Authors: Kompa Sirpa , Redbrake Claudia , Hilgers Christoph , Wüstemeyer Henrike , Schrage Norbert , Remky Andreas
Published: July 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of hypo‐osmolar tap water and isotonic saline solution on the intracameral pH, intraocular pressure and histological changes in alkali burned rabbit eyes.

Methods: Four groups of four rabbit corneas each were burned with 2 Nsodium hydroxide, and then rinsed with 0.5 l or 1.5 l of saline solution or tap water, respectively. Changes in pH were monitored with an intracameral microelectrode. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored by a transducer placed in the vitreous cavity. After enucleation, histology was performed.

Results: The pH increased after 1.5 min following alkali application. Irrigation with different solutions affected the maximum pH levels reached. Following the tap water rinse, the maximum rise was significantly lower than after the saline solution rinse. The maximum rise following rinsing with 1.5 l of tap water showed a significant delay. The increase in IOP was 23 ± 10 mmHg without differences between the groups; the original pressure was recovered after 18 ± 9 min. Histology of the eyes revealed a significant oedema in all corneas. Other ocular structures appeared unchanged.

Conclusions: The hypo‐osmolarity of tap water led to remarkable corneal oedema. Enlargement of the diffusion barrier and intracorneal dilution inhibit elevated intracameral pH levels. The difference in maximum pH levels reached may influence the degree of subsequent intraocular structure injury. Therefore, the use of iso‐osmolar saline solution proves to be less efficacious than tap water as an irrigation agent for ocular burns.
Retinal haemorrhages in premature infants: a pathogenetic alternative diagnosis to child abuse
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  To present the occasional observation of retinal haemorrhages in premature babies, as a diagnostic alternative to those observed as part of shaken baby syndrome.

Methods:  We carried out an observational study on 11 infants in whom retinal and/or vitreous haemorrhages had been observed within their first months of life. Ten infants were under surveillance for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), with gestational ages and birth weights in the ranges of 27–34 weeks and 790–1665 g, respectively. One infant was diagnosed with Zellweger's syndrome and one received substitution therapy for coagulation factor II deficiency. The last child had been delivered at 38 weeks, weighing 2070 g; he died on day 5 from severe brain oedema with incarceration and extensive bilateral fundus bleeding.

Results:  Four of the 11 infants had some evidence of ROP, and two later received retinal ablation therapy. Contrary to the quick absorption (< 1–2 weeks only) usually seen in most newborn term infants, the ocular bleeding in preterms was generally longstanding. A quick increase in intracranial pressure probably played a role in the lethal case with delivery near term, and one infant received lung physiotherapy for pneumonia at the age of 6 months. Some bleeding appeared to be truly postnatal (i.e. it was observed as a new occurrence during the course of surveillance).

Conclusions:  In the series under study there was no suspicion of child abuse. In term infants, retinal haemorrhages are extremely rare except when due to shaking, but other diseases should be ruled out, coagulopathies in particular. We suggest that prematurity as such is added to the list of possibly underlying causes when retinal bleedings are evaluated in very small infants and shaken baby mechanisms are suspected.
The effect of parental history of myopia on eye size of pre‐school children: a pilot study
Authors: Fan Dorothy S. P. , Lam Dennis S. C. , Wong Tien Yin , Islam Maksudul , Saw Seang Mei , Cheung Albert Y. K. , Chew Sekjin
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate parental history of myopia as a predictor of refractive error and eye size in Chinese pre‐school children.

Methods:  A total of 514 pre‐school children (aged 2.3–6.4 years) were examined. Parental history of myopia, amount of near work performed, refractive status and ocular biometry were recorded.

Results:  There was no significant difference in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) among children with no myopic parents (mean + 0.94 ± 0.05 D), one myopic parent (mean + 0.77 ± 0.07 D) and two myopic parents (mean + 0.79 ± 0.12 D) (p = 0.102) after controlling for age and amount of near work. Further, children with more myopic parents did not have longer eyeballs (p = 0.335).

Conclusions:  In this study in Chinese pre‐school children, parental history of myopia was not found to be associated with a myopic refractive error or increased eyeball length. Further studies with larger sample sizes would help to confirm these results.
Risk factors for age‐related maculopathy in a 14‐year follow‐up study: the Copenhagen City Eye Study
Authors: Buch Helena , Vinding Troels , La Cour Morten , Jensen Gorm B. , Prause Jan U. , Nielsen Niels V.
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  To examine the association between potential risk factors and the 14‐year incidence of age‐related maculopathy (ARM).

Design:  Population‐based cohort study.

Participants:  At baseline, 946 volunteers participated in the study during 1986−88. These subjects were between 60 and 80 years of age and lived in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen. Excluding participants who had died since baseline, 359 subjects (97.3% of survivors) were re‐examined 14 years later, during 2000−2002. A total of 31.8% (301/946) of the original material was included in the risk factor analyses.

Methods:  Participants underwent an ophthalmological examination at Rigshos‐pitalet, the National University Hospital of Copenhagen. Similar standardized protocols for physical examination were used at the baseline and follow‐up examinations. Age‐related maculopathy lesions were determined by the same grader grading colour fundus photographs from both examinations using a modification of the Wisconsin Age‐related Maculopathy Grading System protocol.

Results:  Of the 359 participants, 94 had incident early ARM and 52 had incident late ARM at follow‐up in either eye. In logistic regression, the risk factors for early ARM or worse were as follows: cataract (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–6.2); family history of ARM (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.3–15.5), and alcohol consumption > 250 g/week (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.1–19.2). High levels of apolipoprotein B (> 100 mg/l) decreased the risk of development of early ARM or worse (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8), while high levels of apolipoprotein A1 (≥ 150 mg/l) increased the risk of late ARM (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.3). Advanced age at baseline was also associated with the incidence of late ARM (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.9).

Conclusions:  These findings indicate a direct correlation between age, cataract, family history, alcohol consumption, the apolipoproteins A1 and B and the 14‐year incidence of ARM.
Normal visual acuity in 17–18 year olds
Authors: Ohlsson Josefin , Villarreal Gerardo
Published: July 2005

Purpose:  The aim of this work was to establish visual acuity norms in 17–18‐year‐olds.

Methods:  In a previous, population‐based study carried out in 1998, a total of 1046 12–13‐year‐old children were examined with a full eye examination. In 2003, 25% (n = 262) of these children were randomly selected and invited to a re‐examination; 147 subjects agreed to participate and 116 attended. The examined group did not significantly differ from the original sample in terms of the prevalence of ocular and visual disorders. Best corrected monocular visual acuity (VA) was assessed with the revised 2000 ETDRS logMAR chart.

Results:  Mean best corrected VA was −0.10 logMAR across the examined group. There was no significant difference between right and left eyes. By excluding nine subjects who had significant ametropia and/or ocular or visual pathology, mean VA increased to −0.12 logMAR (SD 0.07). The mean interocular difference in VA among normal subjects was 0.04 logMAR.

Conclusions:  Visual acuity in teenagers is significantly better than 0.0 logMAR and the interocular difference is low in healthy eyes.
Influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics of sliding and slider surfaces on friction coefficient: in vivo human skin friction comparison
Authors: Elkhyat Ahmed , Courderot‐Masuyer Carol , Gharbi Tijani , Humbert Philippe
Published: July 2005

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate whether hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance (Hi/Ho) of the skin surface strongly modifies the friction coefficient (μ).

  The Hi/Ho balance is determined using the relationship between the critical surface tension γc (Zisman's principle: which delimits the wetting capacity) and the surface tension of water γH2O (water: reference element of Hi/Ho balance).

Method: Critical surface tension γc was determined (according to Zisman's principle) through the measurement of advancing contact angle θ of a series of ethanol/water dilutions.

  Friction coefficient depends on several parameters: types of probe motions (rotational vs. linear), surface roughness and physicochemical parameters of surfaces in contact).

  In this study, the wettability parameters for six surfaces (human skin forearm, Teflon®, silicone impression material ‘Silflo®’, vinyl polysiloxane impression material ‘resin’ steel and glass) were measured and their influences were compared to friction coefficient μ.

Results: This study shows that the higher hydrophobia tendency of the surfaces, the lower friction coefficient. The use of three sliding materials (Teflon®, steel and glass) of different Hi/Ho balance confirms the importance of these physicochemical parameters in μ. For example, Teflon® with high hydrophobia has a low μ. Friction coefficient increased when hydrophobia of sliding and slider surfaces decreased.

Conclusion: Friction coefficient value depends on the type of slider surface and its physicochemical properties. In vivo, the friction coefficient may quantify the influence of lubrificant/emolients/moisturizers. For example, the friction coefficient of hydrated skin (through the action of moisturizing products) is higher than the friction coefficient of dry skin. The relationship between the friction coefficient and the Hi/Ho balance can be reversed in the presence of water and sebum on forehead, for example.
Treatment of Pyoderma Gangrenosum With Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis
Authors: Kanekura Takuro , Kawahara Koichi , Maruyama Ikuro , Kanzaki Tamotsu
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Pyoderma gangrenosum is an intractable skin disorder characterized by the development of erythematous pustules or nodules that rapidly progress to destructive, necrotizing, non‐infective ulcers. We assessed the efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GCAP) therapy in two new patients, a 67‐year‐old man with ulcerations on his lower leg, and a 44‐year‐old man with turgid erythematous lesions with burrowing abscesses and sinus formation on his hip, groin, and thighs. Both patients received 10 GCAP treatments at 5‐day intervals. Their skin lesions responded well. The 9 cm × 6 cm ulcer on the lower right leg of the 67‐year‐old patient was completely covered by regenerated skin at the completion of therapy. The turgid skin lesions containing pustules and ulcers of the other patient showed amelioration and a marked decrease in the volume of exudate. Our results suggest that GCAP is a useful treatment modality for pyoderma gangrenosum.
Inhibition of Intestinal Sodium‐dependent Inorganic Phosphate Transport by Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
Authors: Miyamoto Ken‐ichi , Ito Mikiko , Kuwahata Masashi , Kato Shigeaki , Segawa Hiroko
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  The mechanisms by which fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) alters inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis is not entirely clear. In the present study, we examined the effect of FGF23 on intestinal sodium‐dependent Pi transport in mice. Injection of FGF23(R179Q) markedly reduced serum Pi and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels in normal mice. Those animals show the reduction of intestinal sodium‐dependent Pi transport activity and the amount of type IIb sodium‐dependent Pi cotransporter (type IIb NaPi) protein in the brush border membrane vesicles. In vitamin D receptor null mice (VDR−/−), FGF23(R179Q) had no effect on intestinal sodium‐dependent Pi transport activity and type IIb NaPi protein levels. The present study suggests that FGF23(R179Q) reduces intestinal sodium‐dependent Pi transport activity and type IIb NaPi protein levels by a mechanism that is dependent on VDR.
Management of Intra‐abdominal Hypertension in Patients With Severe Acute Pancreatitis With Continuous Hemodiafiltration Using a Polymethyl Methacrylate Membrane Hemofilter
Authors: Oda Shigeto , Hirasawa Hiroyuki , Shiga Hidetoshi , Matsuda Kenichi , Nakamura Masataka , Watanabe Eizo , Moriguchi Takeshi
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  To evaluate, with a prospective observational study, whether continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter (PMMA‐CHDF) is effective for prevention and treatment of  intra‐abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) on patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The study was carried out in the general intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Seventeen consecutive patients with SAP were treated in the intensive care unit and underwent PMMA‐CHDF whether or not they had renal failure. Blood level of interleukin (IL)‐6, as an indicator of cytokine network activation, and intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) were measured daily to investigate their time‐course of changes and the correlation between the two. The blood level of IL‐6 was high at 1350 ± 1540 pg/mL on admission to the ICU. However, it significantly decreased to 679 ± 594 pg/mL 24 h after initiation of PMMA‐CHDF (P < 0.05), and thereafter decreased rapidly. Mean intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) on admission was high, at 14.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg, with an IAP of 20 mm Hg or over in 2 of 17 patients, showing that they had already developed IAH. The IAP was significantly lower (P < 0.05) 24 h after initiation of PMMA‐CHDF, and subsequently decreased. There was a significant positive correlation between blood level of IL‐6 and IAP, suggesting that PMMA‐CHDF improved vascular permeability through elimination of cytokines, and that it thereby decreased interstitial edema to lower IAP. Sixteen of the 17 patients were discharged from the hospital in remission from SAP without development of complications. Continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter appears to be effective for prevention and treatment of IAH in patients with SAP through the removal of causative cytokines of hyperpermeability.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Novel Multistage Evacuated Solar Still
Authors: Abakr Yousif A. , Ismail Ahmad F.
Published: July 2005

Solar desalination is an ideal source of fresh water for both drinking and agriculture. A lot of research was conducted on solar desalination systems, but most of the available systems have low production, are expensive, and are not reliable for long term use. In this work a new multistage evacuated solar desalination system was proposed and designed. The objective of this work is to increase the productivity and improve the low efficiency of the traditional solar desalination systems. The new system works by virtue of the higher evaporation rate under vacuum condition inside the solar still. A model for the system was developed and used to optimize the system design. The new model was subjected to a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) structural analysis using MSC/NASTRAN™ FEA software. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of the evaporation and condensation process inside one stage of the new solar still was conducted using FLUENT™ software. The system prototype was fabricated and tested at the actual outdoor ambient conditions for a period of 3 months. The productivity of this new system was found to be 14.2kg/m2/day, which is about threefold of the maximum productivity of the basin type solar still. The cost of produced still water is estimated as 0.20 US$/gal. The results show that the multi-stage evacuated solar still might be a good option as a solar desalination system.
Energy and Cost Minimal Control of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory
Authors: Henze Gregor P.
Published: July 2005

In contrast to building energy conversion equipment, less improvement has been achieved in thermal energy distribution, storage and control systems in terms of energy efficiency and peak load reduction potential. Cooling of commercial buildings contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid and time-of-use electricity rates are designed to encourage shifting of electrical loads to off-peak periods at night and on weekends. Buildings can respond to these pricing signals by shifting cooling-related thermal loads either by precooling the building’s massive structure (passive storage) or by using active thermal energy storage systems such as ice storage. Recent theoretical and experimental work showed that the simultaneous utilization of active and passive building thermal storage inventory can save significant amounts of utility costs to the building operator, yet increased electrical energy consumption may result. The article investigates the relationship between cost savings and energy consumption associated with conventional control, minimal cost and minimal energy control, while accounting for variations in fan power consumption, chiller capacity, chiller coefficient-of-performance, and part-load performance. The model-based predictive building controller is employed to either minimize electricity cost including a target demand charge or electrical energy consumption. This work shows that buildings can be operated in a demand-responsive fashion to substantially reduce utility costs with marginal increases in overall energy consumption. In the case of energy optimal control, the reference control was replicated, i.e., if only energy consumption is of concern, neither active nor passive building thermal storage should be utilized. On the other hand, cost optimal control suggests strongly utilizing both thermal storage inventories.
Effect of Water/Acetonitrile Ratio on Dye-Sensitized Photocatalytic H2 Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Abe Ryu , Sayama Kazuhiro , Sugihara Hideki
Published: July 2005

H 2 production in a water-acetonitrile solution containing iodide as an electron donor was investigated over dye-sensitized Pt∕TiO2 photocatalysts under visible light irradiation, as a potential water-splitting system based on an iodide redox mediator. The rates of H2 evolution decreased with increasing proportion of water in the solutions, because of a decrease in the energy gap between the redox potential of I3−∕I− and the highest occupied molecular orbital levels of the dyes, which decreases the efficiency of electron transfer from I− to dye.
Design Studies for a Solar Reactor Based on a Simple Radiative Heat Exchange Model
Authors: Wieckert C.
Published: July 2005

A high-temperature solar chemical reactor for the processing of solids is scaled up from a laboratory scale (5kW concentrated solar power input) to a pilot scale (200kW). The chosen design features two cavities in series: An upper cavity has a small aperture to let in concentrated solar power coming from the top. It serves as the solar receiver, radiant absorber, and radiant emitter to a lower cavity. The lower cavity is a well-insulated enclosure. It is subjected to thermal radiation from the upper cavity and serves in our application as the reaction chamber for a mixture of ZnO and carbon. Important insight for the definition of the geometrical parameters of the pilot reactor has been generated by a radiation heat transfer analysis based on the radiosity enclosure theory. The steady-state model accounts for radiation heat transfer within the solar reactor including reradiation losses through the reactor aperture, wall losses due to thermal conduction and heat consumption by the endothermic chemical reaction. Key results include temperatures of the different reactor walls and the thermal efficiency of the reactor as a function of the major geometrical and physical parameters. The model, hence, allows for a fast estimate of the influence of these parameters on the reactor performance.