bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elemental Analysis of Soils Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) with Multivariate Discrimination: Tape Mounting as an Alternative to Pellets for Small Forensic Transfer Specimens
Authors: Jantzi Sarah C. , Almirall José R.
Published: August 2014

Elemental analysis of soil is a useful application of both laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in geological, agricultural, environmental, archeological, planetary, and forensic sciences. In forensic science, the question to be answered is often whether soil specimens found on objects (e.g., shoes, tires, or tools) originated from the crime scene or other location of interest. Elemental analysis of the soil from the object and the locations of interest results in a characteristic elemental profile of each specimen, consisting of the amount of each element present. Because multiple elements are measured, multivariate statistics can be used to compare the elemental profiles in order to determine whether the specimen from the object is similar to one of the locations of interest. Previous work involved milling and pressing 0.5 g of soil into pellets before analysis using LA-ICP-MS and LIBS. However, forensic examiners prefer techniques that require smaller samples, are less time consuming, and are less destructive, allowing for future analysis by other techniques. An alternative sample introduction method was developed to meet these needs while still providing quantitative results suitable for multivariate comparisons. The tape-mounting method involved deposition of a thin layer of soil onto double-sided adhesive tape. A comparison of tape-mounting and pellet method performance is reported for both LA-ICP-MS and LIBS. Calibration standards and reference materials, prepared using the tape method, were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS and LIBS. As with the pellet method, linear calibration curves were achieved with the tape method, as well as good precision and low bias. Soil specimens from Miami–Dade County were prepared by both the pellet and tape methods and analyzed by LA-ICP-MS and LIBS. Principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis were applied to the multivariate data. Results from both the tape method and the pellet method were nearly identical, with clear groupings and correct classification rates of >94%.
Planetary Geochemical Investigations Using Raman and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Clegg Samuel M. , Wiens Roger , Misra Anupam K. , Sharma Shiv K. , Lambert James , Bender Steven , Newell Raymond , Nowak-Lovato Kristy , Smrekar Sue , Dyar M. Darby , Maurice Sylvestre
Published: August 2014

An integrated Raman spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument is a valuable geoanalytical tool for future planetary missions to Mars, Venus, and elsewhere. The ChemCam instrument operating on the Mars Curiosity rover includes a remote LIBS instrument. An integrated Raman-LIBS spectrometer (RLS) based on the ChemCam architecture could be used as a reconnaissance tool for other contact instruments as well as a primary science instrument capable of quantitative mineralogical and geochemical analyses. Replacing one of the ChemCam spectrometers with a miniature transmission spectrometer enables a Raman spectroscopy mineralogical analysis to be performed, complementing the LIBS chemical analysis while retaining an overall architecture resembling ChemCam. A prototype transmission spectrometer was used to record Raman spectra under both Martian and Venus conditions. Two different high-pressure and high-temperature cells were used to collect the Raman and LIBS spectra to simulate surface conditions on Venus. The resulting LIBS spectra were used to generate a limited partial least squares Venus calibration model for the major elements. These experiments demonstrate the utility and feasibility of a combined RLS instrument.
Plasma Dynamics in Double-Pulse LIBS on Dicarboxylic Acids Using Combined 532 nm Nd:YAG and Carbon Dioxide Laser Pulses
Authors: Brown Staci R. , Akpovo Charlemagne A. , Martinez Jorge , Johnson Lewis
Published: August 2014

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used as a method to monitor the evolution of C, hydrogen-α, carbon–carbon, and carbon–nitrogen spectral emissions from atmospheric recombination in a specific set of organic materials. Ablated samples were composed of a series of linear chain dicarboxylic acids with two to seven C atoms. Accumulated pulses of a focused neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) Q-switched laser beam operated at 532 nm generate a plasma in air at the sample surface. In this work, a dual-pulse LIBS technique was used to improve signal strength by enhancing the nanosecond LIBS plasma with CO2 transverse-excited breakdown in atmosphere laser pulses with an operating wavelength of 10.6 μm. Through a time-resolved analysis, we demonstrate the correlation between the signal strength of selected emissions and the number of C atoms in the linear chain. We also illustrate the effects that these constraints, along with the presence of a chiral C in the chain, have on the peak intensities of the individual lines with respect to each other by comparing the increase or nonexistence of certain spectral lines as we increase the number of C atoms in the linear chain.
Quantitative Determination of Manganese in Aqueous Solutions and Seawater by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Using Paper Substrates
Authors: Xiu Junshan , Zhong Shilei , Hou Huaming , Lu Yuan , Zheng Ronger
Published: August 2014

The detection of manganese (Mn) in industrial wastewater and seawater plays an important role in pollution monitoring and the investigation of geochemical and biological processes in the ocean. An approach has been introduced in this work to improve the detection sensitivity of Mn in liquids by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a filter paper as solid substrate. The calibration curves of Mn in aqueous solutions were obtained with the detection of a Czerny–Turner spectrometer and an echelle spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the Czerny–Turner spectrometer equipped with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) had a more sensitive detection of Mn in aqueous solution with this approach. The limit of detection (LOD) for Mn was down to 0.11 mg/L with laser pulse energy of 90 mJ. With the same approach, the compact echelle spectrometer equipped with an ICCD was used to verify the feasibility for rapid onsite detection. The calibration curves for Mn in simulated industrial wastewater and seawater were constructed to calculate relevant LODs. The LODs of Mn were 2.78 mg/L in mixed solutions and 2.73 mg/L in seawater by calculation. Both the calibration curves and LODs were affected slightly by the matrix effect in the experiment. In order to assess the accuracy, a mixed solution including Mn, Cr, Cd, and Cu with known concentrations was determined, and good agreement between the measured and real values were achieved. It demonstrated that this approach has significant potential for rapid onsite detection of Mn and other metal elements in industrial wastewater and seawater.
Automatic Classification of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Data of Protein Biomarker Solutions
Authors: Pokrajac David , Lazarevic Aleksandar , Kecman Vojislav , Marcano Aristides , Markushin Yuri , Vance Tia , Reljin Natasa , McDaniel Samantha , Melikechi Noureddine
Published: August 2014

We perform multi-class classification of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data of four commercial samples of proteins diluted in phosphate-buffered saline solution at different concentrations: bovine serum albumin, osteopontin, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor II. We achieve this by using principal component analysis as a method for dimensionality reduction. In addition, we apply several different classification algorithms ( K-nearest neighbor, classification and regression trees, neural networks, support vector machines, adaptive local hyperplane, and linear discriminant classifiers) to perform multi-class classification. We achieve classification accuracies above 98% by using the linear classifier with 21–31 principal components. We obtain the best detection performance for neural networks, support vector machines, and adaptive local hyperplanes for a range of the number of principal components with no significant differences in performance except for that of the linear classifier. With the optimal number of principal components, a simplistic K-nearest classifier still provided acceptable results. Our proposed approach demonstrates that highly accurate automatic classification of complex protein samples from laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data can be successfully achieved using principal component analysis with a sufficiently large number of extracted features, followed by a wrapper technique to determine the optimal number of principal components.
Aging Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of New Groove T92/Super 304H Dissimilar Steel Joints
Authors: Deng Jianguo , Liang Zhiyuan , Hui Shi’en , Zhao Qinxin
Published: August 2014

The effect of aging treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of new groove T92/Super 304H dissimilar steel joints is studied in this paper. The experimental results show that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of T92 is mainly composed of coarse-grained and fine-grained martensitic, whereas the microstructure of Super 304H HAZ and weld seam exhibit an austenitic structure. Aging treatment increases the nucleation and growth of second phase particles of the weld joints, especially at T92 side. The weld joints have a low tensile strength (<700 Mpa) and a high tensile strength (>700 Mpa) when the tensile fractures are located at weld seam and T92 base metal, respectively. With increasing aging time, the hardness and tensile strength of the weld joints initially decrease, then increase, and finally stabilize. Moreover, the weld joints have a maximum hardness value at the T92 heat-affected zone. At room temperature condition, the impact absorbed energy reaches the minimum value, which is related to the coarse grain containing equiaxed dendrites in the weld seam.
Genomic Characterization of the LEED..PEEDs, a Gene Family Unique to the Medicago Lineage
Authors: Trujillo Diana I , Silverstein Kevin A T , Young Nevin D
Published: August 2014

The LEED..PEED (LP) gene family in Medicago truncatula (A17) is composed of 13 genes coding small putatively secreted peptides with one to two conserved domains of negatively charged residues. This family is not present in the genomes of Glycine max, Lotus japonicus, or the IRLC species Cicer arietinum. LP genes were also not detected in a Trifolium pratense draft genome or Pisum sativum nodule transcriptome, which were sequenced de novo in this study, suggesting that the LP gene family arose within the past 25 million years. M. truncatula accession HM056 has 13 LP genes with high similarity to those in A17, whereas M. truncatula ssp. tricycla (R108) and M. sativa have 11 and 10 LP gene copies, respectively. In M. truncatula A17, 12 LP genes are located on chromosome 7 within a 93-kb window, whereas one LP gene copy is located on chromosome 4. A phylogenetic analysis of the gene family is consistent with most gene duplications occurring prior to Medicago speciation events, mainly through local tandem duplications and one distant duplication across chromosomes. Synteny comparisons between R108 and A17 confirm that gene order is conserved between the two subspecies, although a further duplication occurred solely in A17. In M. truncatula A17, all 13 LPs are exclusively transcribed in nodules and absent from other plant tissues, including roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, seed shells, and pods. The recent expansion of LP genes in Medicago spp. and their timing and location of expression suggest a novel function in nodulation, possibly as an aftermath of the evolution of bacteroid terminal differentiation or potentially associated with rhizobial–host specificity.
Complete Plastome Sequences from Glycine syndetika and Six Additional Perennial Wild Relatives of Soybean
Authors: Sherman-Broyles Sue , Bombarely Aureliano , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Doyle Jeff
Published: August 2014

Organelle sequences have a long history of utility in phylogenetic analyses. Chloroplast sequences when combined with nuclear data can help resolve relationships among flowering plant genera, and within genera incongruence can point to reticulate evolution. Plastome sequences are becoming plentiful because they are increasingly easier to obtain. Complete plastome sequences allow us to detect rare rearrangements and test the tempo of sequence evolution. Chloroplast sequences are generally considered a nuisance to be kept to a minimum in bacterial artificial chromosome libraries. Here, we sequenced two bacterial artificial chromosomes per species to generate complete plastome sequences from seven species. The plastome sequences from Glycine syndetika and six other perennial Glycine species are similar in arrangement and gene content to the previously published soybean plastome. Repetitive sequences were detected in high frequencies as in soybean, but further analysis showed that repeat sequence numbers are inflated. Previous chloroplast-based phylogenetic trees for perennial Glycine were incongruent with nuclear gene–based phylogenetic trees. We tested whether the hypothesis of introgression was supported by the complete plastomes. Alignment of complete plastome sequences and Bayesian analysis allowed us to date putative hybridization events supporting the hypothesis of introgression and chloroplast “capture.”
Bayesian Genomic-Enabled Prediction as an Inverse Problem
Authors: Cuevas Jaime , Pérez-Elizalde Sergio , Soberanis Victor , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Gianola Daniel , Crossa José
Published: August 2014

Genomic-enabled prediction in plant and animal breeding has become an active area of research. Many prediction models address the collinearity that arises when the number (p) of molecular markers (e.g. single-nucleotide polymorphisms) is larger than the sample size (n). Here we propose four Bayesian approaches to the problem based on commonly used data reduction methods. Specifically, we use a Gaussian linear model for an orthogonal transformation of both the observed data and the matrix of molecular markers. Because shrinkage of estimates is affected by the prior variance of transformed effects, we propose four structures of the prior variance as a way of potentially increasing the prediction accuracy of the models fitted. To evaluate our methods, maize and wheat data previously used with standard Bayesian regression models were employed for measuring prediction accuracy using the proposed models. Results indicate that, for the maize and wheat data sets, our Bayesian models yielded, on average, a prediction accuracy that is 3% greater than that of standard Bayesian regression models, with less computational effort.
De Novo Assembly and Annotation of the Transcriptome of the Agricultural Weed Ipomoea purpurea Uncovers Gene Expression Changes Associated with Herbicide Resistance
Authors: Leslie Trent , Baucom Regina S
Published: August 2014

Human-mediated selection can lead to rapid evolution in very short time scales, and the evolution of herbicide resistance in agricultural weeds is an excellent example of this phenomenon. The common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, is resistant to the herbicide glyphosate, but genetic investigations of this trait have been hampered by the lack of genomic resources for this species. Here, we present the annotated transcriptome of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, along with an examination of whole genome expression profiling to assess potential gene expression differences between three artificially selected herbicide resistant lines and three susceptible lines. The assembled Ipomoea transcriptome reported in this work contains 65,459 assembled transcripts, ~28,000 of which were functionally annotated by assignment to Gene Ontology categories. Our RNA-seq survey using this reference transcriptome identified 19 differentially expressed genes associated with resistance—one of which, a cytochrome P450, belongs to a large plant family of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification. The differentially expressed genes also broadly implicated receptor-like kinases, which were down-regulated in the resistant lines, and other growth and defense genes, which were up-regulated in resistant lines. Interestingly, the target of glyphosate—EPSP synthase—was not overexpressed in the resistant Ipomoea lines as in other glyphosate resistant weeds. Overall, this work identifies potential candidate resistance loci for future investigations and dramatically increases genomic resources for this species. The assembled transcriptome presented herein will also provide a valuable resource to the Ipomoea community, as well as to those interested in utilizing the close relationship between the Convolvulaceae and the Solanaceae for phylogenetic and comparative genomics examinations.
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
Authors: Fatima Ayesha , Gibson Donald Paul
Published: August 2014

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis in children. It is a disorder of the inflammatory cascade leading to immunoglobulin A deposition and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels of skin, kidneys, joints, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A wide variety of GI manifestations are seen in ∼50% to 75% of patients with HSP. Diffuse colicky abdominal pain is the most common GI symptom. The small bowel is the most frequently involved GI site. Intussusception is rare but is the most common surgical complication. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with a 5-day history of abdominal pain followed by a palpable purpuric rash. Her urinalysis, complete blood cell count, and tests of renal function were normal. An acute abdominal series was unremarkable initially, and abdominal ultrasound imaging showed ascites and thickened small bowel loops. She was diagnosed with HSP. The abdominal pain worsened, and an abdominal computed tomography scan demonstrated distal small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis intestinalis in the descending colon. She was started on total parenteral nutrition and antibiotics and placed on bowel rest. She was given 2 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. Her abdominal pain gradually improved over the next week, and a repeat computed tomography scan showed significant improvement of the small bowel wall thickening and pneumatosis. The purpuric rash improved, and her abdominal pain resolved. We report a case of HSP and pneumatosis intestinalis, an association that has not been reported previously.
Characteristics of a Pediatric Hospice Palliative Care Program Over 15 Years
Authors: Siden Harold , Chavoshi Negar , Harvey Barbara , Parker Alyson , Miller Tanice
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVES:

Pediatric palliative care has seen the adoption of several service provision models, yet there is minimal literature describing them. Canuck Place Children’s Hospice (CPCH) is North America’s first freestanding pediatric hospice. This study describes the characteristics of and services delivered to all children on the CPCH program from 1996 to 2010.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of all patient medical records CPCH was conducted. Analyses examined trends and correlations between 40 selected data points: linear regression modeling was used to assess trends over time; t tests were used to examine significant associations between independent means; and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to measure survival probabilities.

RESULTS:

The study cohort included 649 children. The majority of diagnoses belonged to cancers (30%), and diseases of the neuromuscular (20%), and central nervous systems (18%). The majority of deaths occurred among the cancer (45%), central nervous system (15%), and metabolic disease groups (14%). By study end date, 24% of children were still alive, 61% died, and 15% transitioned to adult services (more than half of whom were cognitively competent). On average, 1024 days were spent on the CPCH program (median = 301). The majority of inpatient hospice discharges were for respite (82%); only 7% were for end-of-life care. Location of death was shared between CPCH (61%), hospital (22%), and home (16%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Diagnostic groups largely determine the nature and magnitude of services used, and our involvement with pediatric life-threatening conditions is increasing. Reviews of pediatric palliative programs can help evaluate the services needed by the population served.
Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants
Authors: Fyfe Karinna L. , Yiallourou Stephanie R. , Wong Flora Y. , Odoi Alexsandria , Walker Adrian M. , Horne Rosemary S.C.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Prone sleeping is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and preterm infants are at significantly increased risk. In term infants, prone sleeping is associated with reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI). However, little is known about the effects of sleeping position on TOI and MAP in preterm infants. We aimed to examine TOI and MAP in preterm infants after term-equivalent age, during the period of greatest SIDS risk.

METHODS:

Thirty-five preterm and 17 term infants underwent daytime polysomnography, including measurement of TOI (NIRO-200 spectrophotometer, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Japan) and MAP (Finapress Medical Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands) at 2 to 4 weeks, 2 to 3 months, and 5 to 6 months postterm age. Infants slept prone and supine in active and quiet sleep. The effects of sleep state and position were determined by using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance and of preterm birth by using 2-way analysis of variance.

RESULTS:

In preterm infants, TOI was significantly lower when prone compared with supine in both sleep states at all ages (P < .05). Notably, TOI was significantly lower in preterm compared with term infants at 2 to 4 weeks, in both positions (P < .05), and at 2 to 3 months when prone (P < .001), in both sleep states. MAP was also lower in preterm infants in the prone position at 2 to 3 months (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Cerebral oxygenation is reduced in the prone position in preterm infants and is lower compared with age-matched term infants, predominantly in the prone position when MAP is also reduced. This may contribute to their increased SIDS risk.
Strength and Body Weight in US Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ervin R. Bethene , Fryar Cheryl D. , Wang Chia-Yih , Miller Ivey M. , Ogden Cynthia L.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Regular aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity in youth has been positively associated with health and may help prevent obesity. The purpose of this study is to provide reference values on 4 core, upper, and lower body measures of muscle strength among US children and adolescents and to investigate the association between these measures of strength and weight status.

METHODS:

We assessed muscular strength using 4 different tests (plank, modified pull-up, knee extension, and grip strength) in 1224 youth aged 6 to 15 years collected during the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Mean and median estimates are provided by gender, age, and weight status. Weight status was defined based on standard categories of obesity, overweight, normal weight, and underweight using the gender-specific BMI-for-age Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts.

RESULTS:

There were significant positive trends with age for each of the strength tests (P < .001) except the modified pull-up among girls. The length of time the plank was held decreased as weight status increased for both girls and boys (P < .001). As weight status increased the number of modified pull-ups decreased (P < .001 boys and girls). Scores on the knee extension increased as weight status increased (P < .01). Grip strength increased as weight status increased (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Increasing weight status had a negative association with measures of strength that involved lifting the body, but was associated with improved performances on tests that did not involve lifting the body.
Hydroxyurea and Growth in Young Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Rana Sohail , Houston Patricia E. , Wang Winfred C. , Iyer Rathi V. , Goldsmith Jonathan , Casella James F. , Reed Caroline K. , Rogers Zora R. , Waclawiw Myron A. , Thompson Bruce
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND:

Growth impairment is a known complication of sickle cell disease. Effects of hydroxyurea (HU) on growth in very young children are not known.

METHODS:

Height, weight, BMI, and head circumference (HC) were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards in BABY HUG, a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 2-year clinical trial of HU in 193 children 9 to 18 months of age. Anthropometric data were closely monitored and converted to z scores by using WHO standardized algorithms for descriptive analyses. The treatment and placebo groups were compared longitudinally by using a mixed model analysis.

RESULTS:

At entry, the z scores of BABY HUG children were higher than WHO norms. After 2 years of HU or placebo treatment, there were no significant differences between the groups, except for the mean HC z scores at study exit (HU: +0.8 versus placebo: +1.0, P = .05). Baseline z scores were the best predictors of z scores at study exit. The absolute neutrophil count, absolute reticulocyte count, and total white blood cell count had significant negative correlations with growth measures.

CONCLUSIONS:

Both groups had normal or near normal anthropometric measures during the study. The HC z scores at study entry and exit were slightly greater than WHO norms. Higher baseline white blood cell count, absolute reticulocyte count, and absolute neutrophil count were associated with poorer growth. The significance of the slightly lower HC in the treatment group at study exit is not clear. Trends toward normalization of weight and height and effects on HC will be monitored in ongoing BABY HUG follow-up studies.
Smart-Phone Obesity Prevention Trial for Adolescent Boys in Low-Income Communities: The ATLAS RCT
Authors: Smith Jordan J. , Morgan Philip J. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Dally Kerry A. , Salmon Jo , Okely Anthony D. , Finn Tara L. , Lubans David R.
Published: August 2014

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) intervention for adolescent boys, an obesity prevention intervention using smartphone technology.

METHODS:

ATLAS was a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in 14 secondary schools in low-income communities in New South Wales, Australia. Participants were 361 adolescent boys (aged 12–14 years) considered at risk of obesity. The 20-week intervention was guided by self-determination theory and social cognitive theory and involved: teacher professional development, provision of fitness equipment to schools, face-to-face physical activity sessions, lunchtime student mentoring sessions, researcher-led seminars, a smartphone application and Web site, and parental strategies for reducing screen-time. Outcome measures included BMI and waist circumference, percent body fat, physical activity (accelerometers), screen-time, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, muscular fitness, and resistance training skill competency.

RESULTS:

Overall, there were no significant intervention effects for BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, or physical activity. Significant intervention effects were found for screen-time (mean ± SE: –30 ± 10.08 min/d; P = .03), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (mean: –0.6 ± 0.26 glass/d; P = .01), muscular fitness (mean: 0.9 ± 0.49 repetition; P = .04), and resistance training skills (mean: 5.7 ± 0.67 units; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

This school-based intervention targeting low-income adolescent boys did not result in significant effects on body composition, perhaps due to an insufficient activity dose. However, the intervention was successful in improving muscular fitness, movement skills, and key weight-related behaviors.
Equipment for Ground Ambulances
Authors:   AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS,   AMERICAN COLLEGE OF EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS,   AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS COMMITTEE ON TRAUMA,   EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN,   EMERGENCY NURSES ASSOCIATION,   NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EMS PHYSICIANS,   NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE EMS OFFICIALS
Published: August 2014

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed January 2020.
Dosing method of physical activity in aerobics classes for students
Authors: Beliak Yu.I. , Zinchenko N.M.
Published: August 2014

Purpose : reasons for the method of dosing of physical activity in aerobics classes for students. The basis of the method is the evaluation of the metabolic cost of funds used in them. Material : experiment involved the assessment of the pulse response of students to load complexes classical and step aerobics (n = 47, age 20-23 years). In complexes used various factors regulating the intensity: perform combinations of basic steps, involvement of movements with his hands, holding in hands dumbbells weighing 1kg increase in the rate of musical accompaniment, varying heights step platform. Results . on the basis of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption was determined by the energy cost of each admission control load intensity. This indicator has been used to justify the intensity and duration of multiplicity aerobics. Figure correspond to the level of physical condition and motor activity deficits students. Conclusions : the estimated component of this method of dosing load makes it convenient for use in automated computer programs. Also it can be easily modified to dispense load other types of recreational fitness.
THE COMPARISON OF THREE TYPE OF EXERCISE SEQUENCE ON MAXIMUM STRENGTH IN UNTRAINED YOUNG MEN
Authors: Kazem Sotoodeh , Aliakbar Alizadeh , Bahman Mirzaei
Published: August 2014

Aim: The purpose of this study is comparison of three type of exercise sequence on maximum strength in untrained young men after 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods : Prior to the training program, participants were randomly assigned to three groups. One group began with upper to lower body (G1) while another performed lower to upper body (G2) or one exercise in upper body and one exercise in lower body order (G3). Training frequency was three sessions per week with at least 48 h of rest between sessions for a total of 24 sessions in the 8-week period. One repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed for all exercises at baseline and after 8 weeks of training. Results : The results indicate that the maximum strength increased after all sessions, but the increase was not significantly difference between groups (p < 0.05). These results indicate that performing exercises first in upper-body/lower-body or alternate in a bout of resistance exercise was not to leads difference in maximum strength. Conclusions : These results indicate that one exercise in upper body and one exercise in lower body order not provided greater strength gains than both muscle group upper and lower body exercises (p < 0.05).
Environmental flows for natural, hybrid, and novel riverine ecosystems in a changing world
Authors: Acreman Mike , Arthington Angela H , Colloff Matthew J , Couch Carol , Crossman Neville D , Dyer Fiona , Overton Ian , Pollino Carmel A , Stewardson Michael J , Young William
Published: August 2014

The term “environmental flows” describes the quantities, quality, and patterns of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Environmental flows may be achieved in a number of different ways, most of which are based on either (1) limiting alterations from the natural flow baseline to maintain biodiversity and ecological integrity or (2) designing flow regimes to achieve specific ecological and ecosystem service outcomes. We argue that the former practice is more applicable to natural and semi‐natural rivers where the primary objective and opportunity is ecological conservation. The latter “designer” approach is better suited to modified and managed rivers where return to natural conditions is no longer feasible and the objective is to maximize natural capital as well as support economic growth, recreation, or cultural history. This permits elements of ecosystem design and adaptation to environmental change. In a future characterized by altered climates and intensive regulation, where hybrid and novel aquatic ecosystems predominate, the designer approach may be the only feasible option. This conclusion stems from a lack of natural ecosystems from which to draw analogs and the need to support broader socioeconomic benefits and valuable configurations of natural and social capital.
The negative relationship between mammal host diversity and Lyme disease incidence strengthens through time
Authors: Turney Shaun , Gonzalez Andrew , Millien Virginie
Published: August 2014

Since its discovery in 1975, Lyme disease has spread and increased in much of central and eastern United States. Host diversity is thought to play a role in Lyme disease risk, and it has been suggested that the direction of the relationship between host diversity and disease risk may vary depending on the spatial scale of observation. Here we modelled the effect of mammal host species richness on the incidence of Lyme disease from 1992 to 2011 across all states in the United States with reported or established black‐legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) populations. We tested two contrasting hypotheses: a positive vs. a negative relationship between host species richness and Lyme disease incidence. We also tested the hypothesis that the strength of the diversity–disease‐risk relationship increased over time, as Lyme disease spread. We observed a strong negative relationship between mammal host species richness and Lyme disease incidence, and this relationship became more negative over time. Lyme disease increased over time more rapidly in host species‐poor states than host species‐rich states. Our findings support the importance of mammal host richness on Lyme disease risk at large spatial scales, and the importance of spatial and temporal scales on the diversity–disease relationship.
Ebstein Anomaly: A Review
Authors: Galea Joseph , Ellul Sarah , Schembri Aaron , Schembri-Wismayer Pierre , Calleja-Agius Jean
Published: August 2014

Cardiac congenital abnormalities are a leading cause in neonatal mortality occurring in up to 1 in 200 of live births. Ebstein anomaly, also known as Kassamali anomaly, accounts for 1 percent of all congenital cardiac anomalies. This congenital abnormality involves malformation of the tricuspid valve and of the right ventricle. In this review, the causes of the anomaly are outlined and the pathophysiology is discussed, with a focus on the symptoms, management, and treatments available to date.
Induced Fracture Modelling and Its Integration with Pressure Transient Analysis: Study for a Shallow-Water Offshore Field, South-East Asia – Part 2
Authors: Anand A.. , Subrahmanyam S. G.
Published: August 2014

This paper is a continuation of the paper 1 (SPE-171882-MS, ADIPEC 2014) and addresses the second aspect of the study: "forward fracture modelling". The paper demonstrates the integration between the Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) of the field data discussed in paper 1 and the fracture simulation to validate the forward fracture modelling results.

Fracture modelling work performed pre-dominantly in two Shell in-house fracture simulators – standalone pseudo-three-dimensional fracture simulator and coupled reservoir-fracture simulator (also referred as dynamic fracture simulator in this paper), for a horizontal water injector in an offshore field in South-East Asia will be presented. A methodology will be discussed for setting-up a relatively simple fracture model in the standalone simulator as well as a sophisticated 3D model in the dynamic fracture simulator. Fracture prediction runs from the two simulators will be discussed with an emphasis on the consistency of results between them. Further, uncertainties in fracture growth have been characterized in this study with an extensive list of parameters pertaining to three major domains – reservoir properties, geomechanical properties and operating conditions. We will discuss these uncertainty/design parameters and their impact on the fracture growth using the two simulators. We will also illustrate the approach of "Design of Experiments" for fracture growth sensitivity analysis with the help of the dynamic fracture simulator coupled with an in-house stochastic uncertainty management tool. Finally, probability distribution function for the fracture dimensions will be shown as an outcome of the sensitivity analysis.

The paper will conclude with the significance of forward fracture modelling, its validation with the PTA, and the contributions it can make in understanding the waterflood performance in the field. The paper will demonstrate how the study can benefit an asset team in identifying the reasons behind pre-matured water breakthrough in producers, understanding the impact of operating variables on fracture growth and hence, sweep, redesigning water injection operating envelopes, and addressing the field issues which altogether lead to the top quartile performance of the waterflood in the field.
A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis on integrating safe water supply and sustainable sanitation systems
Authors: Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim , Li Zifu , Mang Heinz-Peter , Huba Elisabeth-Maria , Lapegue Jean
Published: August 2014

This paper applies a ‘comprehensive’ strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to compare the ‘before and after’ scenarios of integrating a safe water supply (SWS) into a sustainable sanitation system (SSS) in the peri-urban Ger areas of Ulaanbaatar. Qualitative field investigations, including interviews and focus group discussions, are conducted with stakeholders and key informants to collect data on the scenarios before the SSS and to develop a conceptual framework after the SSS implementation. The before-implementation scenario has one strength, that is, the interest of communities and NGOs toward the SWS–SSS integration, which facilitates the acceptance and up-scaling of sustainable technologies. The after-implementation scenario shows additional strengths, such as community acceptance and satisfaction with SSS. The identified weaknesses are attributed to the lack of community-based organizations, community participation, and inter-sector coordination. The marketing of SSS, the involvement of banks and micro-credit systems, and the reuse of treated greywater have been identified as opportunities. The before-implementation scenario identifies the use of pit latrines and the lack of political will as the primary threats, whereas the after-implementation scenario identifies technology innovations for the extreme cold as a primary threat. The application of the SWS–SSS integration in other cases must be investigated further.
Factors affecting slum sanitation projects in Dhaka City: learning from the dynamics of social-technological-governance systems
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Atkins Peter J. , McFarlane Colin
Published: August 2014

Historically, the Government of Bangladesh has faced serious challenges in urban sanitation while public policy continuously bypasses questions related to the overall condition of the urban slums and their complex and filthy neighbourhood environment. Considering the diverse local settings of the urban slums, this paper attempts to explore the varied dynamics of ‘social-technological-governance’ (STG) systems from different categories of government (GO) and non-governmental organisation-managed slums where sanitation projects have been implemented. The analysis of STG systems not only uncovers different factors that affect sanitation projects but also offers a guideline that could address the overwhelming slum sanitation agenda in the context of metropolitan cities. The paper adopts a qualitative stance to explore the STG system and compare dynamics across the study areas. As is widely understood, local contextual issues are important in implementing sanitation projects and first-hand qualitative information has therefore been gathered and analysed to make sense of on-the-ground realities.
Sustainability check: five-year annual sustainability audits of the water supply and open defecation free status in the ‘One Million Initiative’, Mozambique
Authors: Godfrey S. , van der Velden M. , Muianga A. , Xavier A. , Downs K. , Morgan C. , Bartram J.
Published: August 2014

UNICEF, the Government of Mozambique and the Government of the Netherlands co-financed a USD 48 million rural water supply and sanitation intervention termed the One Million Initiative between 2007 and 2013. This paper presents the methods applied and the results obtained from the annual audits carried out in the programme using a Sustainability Check (SC) tool. The SC was applied by external audit company and was designed to ensure ongoing sustainability of investments beyond the programme lifespan. It grades the status of rural water supplies and ‘open defecation free’ (ODF) communities based on a multivariate composite index comprising institutional, social, technical and financial indicators. The SC uses three data collection instruments: a semi-structured focus group with the district authorities, a facility audit of water points, and an audit of ODF villages with a semi-structured household survey. The paper notes a trend towards increased sustainability of both ODF communities and rural water supplies during the course of the five-year period. The study concluded that an 80% sustainability score provides the greatest statistical probability of achieving >90% of functioning water supplies. The paper notes that when the sustainability score is <80%, the probability of the water supply functioning drastically reduces to 50%.
The environmental burden of diarrhea in young children attributable to inadequate sanitation in Brazil
Authors: Sousa T. C. M. , Barcellos C. , Oliveira A. F. , Schramm J. , Garbayo L.
Published: August 2014

The Global Burden of Disease is the official metrics of World Health Organization in use to support public health evidence-based decision-making. It has been systematically used to assess environmental risk factors such as unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), as part of the measurement of Environmental Burden (EB). This article reports on the first study in Brazil that estimates the EB attributable to unsafe WASH associated with diarrhea for children under five years old for the country and macro-regions for 1998. The EB of diarrhea for this subgroup was estimated using the population attributable fraction (PAF) method for four scenarios of exposition to unsafe WASH. Results of PAF were multiplied by the EB obtained from the 1998 Brazilian GDB Study. The regions with higher EB for children below five years old were north and northeast, both predominantly rural. The EB attributable to unsafe WASH was 15% in 1998. The estimation of the EB of diarrhea contributes to the re-assessment of Brazil's attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in both health and environmental dimensions. Results obtained indicated that the country's precarious conditions of WASH in rural areas are below the goals of MDG, as well as in impoverished urban areas.
Open-source mobile water quality testing platform
Authors: Wijnen Bas , Anzalone G. C. , Pearce Joshua M.
Published: August 2014

The developing world remains plagued by lack of access to safe drinking water. Although many low-cost methods have been developed to treat contaminated water, low-cost methods for water-quality testing are necessary to determine if these appropriate technologies are needed, effective, and reliable. This paper provides a methodology for the design, development, and technical validation of a low-cost, open-source (OS) water testing platform. A case study is presented where the platform is developed to provide both the colorimetry for biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand and nephelometry to measure turbidity using method ISO 7027. This approach resulted in equipment that is as accurate, but costs between 7.5 and 15 times less than current commercially available tools. It is concluded that OS hardware development is a promising solution for the equipment necessary to perform water quality measurements in both developed and developing regions.
Fecal sludge management (FSM): analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities
Authors: Peal Andy , Evans Barbara , Blackett Isabel , Hawkins Peter , Heymans Chris
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the results of a research study which aimed in part to develop a method for rapidly assessing fecal sludge management (FSM) in low- and middle-income cities. The method uses innovative tools to assess both the institutional context and the outcome in terms of the amount of fecal sludge (FS) safely managed. To assess FSM outcomes, a FS matrix and accompanying flow diagram was developed to illustrate the different pathways FS takes from containment in water closets, pits and tanks, through to treatment and reuse/disposal. This was supplemented by an FSM service delivery assessment tool which measures the quality of the enabling environment, the level of service development and the level of commitment to service sustainability. The tools were developed through an iterative process of literature review, consultation and case studies. This paper considers previous work done on FSM, suggest reasons why it is often neglected in favor of sewerage, and highlights the importance of supporting the increasing focus on solving the FSM challenge. The tools are presented here as useful initial scoping instruments for use in advocacy around the need for a change in policy, funding, or indeed, a city's overall approach to urban sanitation.
Social and economic cost-benefit analysis of sanitation in Odisha State, India
Authors: Cronin Aidan A. , Ohikata Makito , Kumar Manish
Published: August 2014

This study estimates the social and economic impact of achieving full sanitation in Odisha State, the first time such a study has been conducted at a sub-national (entire State) level in India. The economic costs and associated social benefits to society via the elimination of open defecation by 2025 are estimated and compared to progress at the current pace. The findings show that net benefits of sanitation conservatively amount to at least 1.6% State GDP (range 0.4 to 2.7% under varying growth and discount rates). The benefit-cost ratio is estimated at 5.7 (range 3.1 to 7.7). These results provide strong evidence to planners and decision-makers that sanitation gives significant returns, both social and economic, on investment and gives ample evidence for the acceleration of the elimination of open defecation.
Why clean the toilet if others don't? Using a social dilemma approach to understand users of shared toilets' collective cleaning behaviour in urban slums: a review
Authors: Tumwebaze Innocent K. , Mosler Hans-Joachim
Published: August 2014

Shared toilets are a common good in urban slums, but need to be maintained and cleaned for users to positively benefit from having access to them. Collective participation of the shared toilet users is required to keep them clean and ensure adequate hygiene. However, users' decisions on whether to participate or not in the cleaning of the shared toilets are a social dilemma. If each of the shared toilets' users decided not to participate in their cleaning, the facilities could end up in a deteriorated unhygienic state and become a health risk to them and to the community at large. In this paper, we provide an overview of the social dilemma approach and highlight how the factors important in the management of social dilemmas can be relevant to understanding the cleaning behaviour of shared toilet users in urban slums.