bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights for R&D Managers
Authors: Norling Parry M
Published: November 2023

There is nothing more difficult . . . more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things. Because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions, and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under the new. This coolness arises partly from fear of opponents who have the laws on their side, and partly from the in- credulity of men, who do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them. (Machia- velli: The Prince, Chapter VI: 1515) To create competitive advantage, growth, and value for their firms, R&D managers must do more than develop strategies, manage budgets, deal with difficult scientists, prepare reviews and reports, and act as all-knowing scientists.
Overview of the book
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

In the Introduction, I stated that the purpose of this book is to provide a more socialized account of firm behavior. By applying a social network perspective to some of the key questions associated with interorganizational ties, I hope to provide new insights on important social factors that may influence both firm behavior and performance. An important goal of this book is to make salient the concept of network resources, which refers to valuable resources based in the multitude of ties a firm may have with key constituents outside its formal boundaries, including partners, suppliers, and customers. As I have suggested in the Introduction, network resources can benefit participating firms by serving as conduits of not only valuable material resources but also information. Such resources can benefit firms by reducing their search costs for new ties. They can also mitigate uncertainty by providing access to timely information and creating reputational circuits that limit moral hazards. In some instances, a firm’s network resources also provide signals to critical third parties that offer potential benefits to those firms.
Network resources and the proclivity of firms to enter into alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

While there are numerous theoretical and empirical accounts of the formation of alliances, their primary focus is on understanding the intra-organizational resource-based considerations that promote alliance formation (e.g. Berg, Duncan, and Friedman 1982; Mariti and Smiley 1983; Hagedoorn 1993). By focusing on the existing material means and competence (or lack thereof) that may propel firms to enter into new alliances, scholars approaching alliance formation from a resource-based perspective have generally paid less attention to important social factors that could influence the availability of and access to alliance opportunities in the first place. That is to say, they have overlooked the role of network resources in determining the opportunity set firms may perceive.
The contingent role of network resources emanating from board interlocks in alliance formation
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

While the last two chapters focused on prior alliance networks as a source of network resources, this chapter considers how additional interorganizational networks may also provide network resources that in turn influence the formation of strategic alliances by selectively channeling information and resultant opportunities to organizations. This additional source of network resources may not only shape the alliance behavior of firms but also beget more network resources by increasing firms’ proclivities for alliances. One such source is the network of board interlocks, whose influence on firm behavior has been considered in a wide variety of settings, none of which include the formation of alliances. Director boards are unique formal mechanisms that create network resources by providing an opportunity for corporation leaders to exchange information and observe the leadership practices and style of their peers, along with the consequences of those practices. Thus, board ties to other firms have a strong influence over corporate policy and strategy decisions. Because of this influence, the board interlock network can be considered an important element of network resources and an ideal arena in which to develop and test the role of such resources in shaping firm behavior.
The effects of network resources arising from upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige and performance
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

Research on entrepreneurship in technology-intensive settings is closely linked with research on alliances because partnering is a critical activity for high-tech start-ups. As in other arenas, interorganizational networks and the resources they create are a key factor in determining both the success of start-ups and the antecedent conditions that enable these firms to attract partners in the first place. Start-up enterprises in technology-intensive settings operate amidst considerable uncertainty and information scarcity. As a result, social networks in which such firms are embedded create valuable network resources that can provide information and thus influence both behavior and economic outcomes.
Conclusions and future directions
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

The study of interorganizational networks has broadened significantly in the last decade, extending and building on past research that focused primarily on interpersonal networks. While early studies in this area helped to establish the role of networks in shaping organizational behavior and outcomes, recent research has explored nuances of the mechanisms underlying this inter- action, delving into the contingencies around network effects. Along with this growth has come an explosion of new terminology, which, while seemingly related, often refers to somewhat distinct network constructs, making the accumulation of knowledge a greater challenge. The excessive use of jargon has now diluted the network metaphor almost to the point of irrelevance.
Robbery
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

Robbery was a common law offence and was never defined in the Larceny Acts. A definition is now contained in s 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968:

A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force.

Both robbery and assault with intent to rob, contrary to s 8(2), are punishable with life imprisonment.
Offences of Temporary Deprivation of Property
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

It has been seen that an intention permanently to deprive is an essential constituent of theft, as it was of larceny. The CLRC considered the matter and came down against either extending theft to include temporary deprivation, or (ii) creating a general offence of temporary deprivation of property.

The former course seems to the Committee wrong because in their view an intention to return the property, even after a long time, makes the conduct essentially different from stealing.
Finance and Property
Authors: Dunbabin J P D
Published: November 2023

In 1753 Sir William Blackstone wrote proudly of the All Souls accounts that they made it impossible for the manciple ‘to wrong the College even to the Amount of forty shillings, without being immediately detected’; indeed, two minor instances apart, ‘I cannot conceive that any Alteration can possibly be made in them for the better. . .’. But in 1869 his successors had to report ‘that up to this time no regular account has been furnished to the College of its gross annual income and expenditure’. Something indeed was audited each year, but the rents actually received were some 19 per cent above those there shown. ‘In the absence of any account of the sinking fund, the committee are unable to state what has become of ... [this] difference ... but they presume that it was regularly paid into the College bankers, and ... formed a fund from which sums were from time to time taken as required, to compensate fellows for fines lost by the non-renewal of leases.”
Medical Education
Authors: Robb-smith A h. T
Published: November 2023

The succession of new endowments which the University received in the late eighteenth century to support medical teaching-posts were the first such benefactions for over a century, and offered the hope that Oxford might reemerge as a major centre of medical education.’ As an immediate result, the number of medical graduates increased threefold in the last two decades of the eighteenth century. By the will of Dr Matthew Lee, who died in 1755, Christ Church received a benefaction to establish an anatomy lectureship. The first lecturer was appointed in 1767 and an anatomy school was opened in Christ Church in the following year. In 1770 the Radcliffe Infirmary was opened and, by a bequest of the Chancellor of the University, Lord Lichfield, who died in 1772, a clinical professorship was established. The establishment of facilities for clinical teaching provided the foundation for later developments and represented an early example of the practice of clinical teaching of medical students in hospital wards. And finally, the will of Dr George Aldrich, a graduate of Merton and practitioner in Nottingham, who died in 1797, endowed professorships in anatomy and physiology, the practice of medicine, and chemistry.
The Bodleian Library
Authors: PHILIP I G
Published: November 2023

In his novel Crotchet Castle ( r 83 r) Thomas Love Peacock describes how a party of visitors walked about Oxford on a fine July day ‘to see the curiosities of architecture, painted windows, and undisturbed libraries’, and how the Reverend Doctor Folliottlaid a wager ‘that in all their perlustrations they would not find a man reading’. In reality the reverend doctor would not have run any risk in making such a wager on a fine day in the depth of long vacation, at least as far as the Bodleian was concerned, for the Library’s archives show that in r 83 r no books were ordered by any readers in that library between 29 June and 2 August, and the records of bookorders for the month of May, that is, in full term, do not evidence any great activity.1 The Bodleian ‘entry-books’, in which all requests for books were entered day by day, show that in May r 83 r books were ordered by readers on only eighteen days in the month, that on these eighteen days the average attendance of readers was between two and three, and that books ordered amounted, in total, to about three or four a day.
Reform and Expansion, 1854-1871
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1859 Thomas Henry Huxley visited Oxford, courted by his friend George Rolleston. He had refused the new Linacre chair of Physiology, which he had helped to create, despite Rolleston’s blandishments; and he now wrote of Oxford, ‘I see much to admire and like; but I am more and more convinced that it would not suit me as a residence.
An Overview of Chinese Lexicographical Culture During The Period Of Exploration And Cultivation
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

THE period from the wei Dynasty (220–265) to the Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368) is a period of exploration and construction for Chinese lexicography. Prior to the western Han Dynasty, the prototype of lexicographical culture had already taken its form – major types of dictionary had appeared and the general styles and formats of dictionary compilation had begun to take shape and established. It is over the next span of about one millennium, that is, from the wei to the Yuan Dynasty, that dictionary making in China came into its of in in almost all its major respects, particularly in style and format, methodology, theorization and practice, and technological development; the preliminary foundations were laid for the formation and evolution of Chinese lexicographical culture with a strong Eastern flavour. From the FIei Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, China experienced dramatic changes in social, political, economical, and cultural life.
The Development of Chinese Character Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Fihether verified from a functional perspective and from the angle of dictionary format and style, Chinese character dictionaries under front an important stage of exploration and cultivation during the period from the FIei to the Yuan Dynasty. Nefi types of dictionaries emerged, new theories concerning dictionary compilation appeared, and new incentives for development materialized. All this formed a strong driving force for Chinese lexicography to progress and prosper. 11.1 the historical background In the period of the wei to the Southern and Northern Dynasty, what lay behind the development of Chinese character dictionaries was the codification of character variants, which was instrumental in the birth of ‘character model’ dictionaries. During the period of the wei to the Southern and Northern Dynasty, separatist regimes were set up nation wide, and Southern China was cut off from the North. The Social script was dropping out of use and the regular and running scripts were becoming more and more popular instead. Consequently, it was not uncommon for single characters to be written with wrong strokes or with several variants being used simultaneously, especially by ordinary people.
The Development of Chinese Fiord Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Betfieen the FIei and Yuan Dynasties, the Confucian classics and their studies continued to hold a uniquely significant position in China’s academic world. Consequently, Chinese dictionary compilation over this period still attached great importance to the exegetic explanations of Confucian classics, represented by such fiord dictionaries as The RectiFIed Interpretation of Five Classics, The Exegetic Interpretation of Classics, and The Broad Ready Guide. Starting from the time of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism had become widespread within the Chinese territories, and the exegesis of Buddhist scriptures turned out to be another focus of dictionary compilation during this period, represented by Sounds and Meanings of All the Buddhist Scriptures and its sequel.
Rhyme Dictionaries – A Special Dictionary Type In Ancient China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

IN the field of lexicographical studies in China, rhyme books are likely to be considered book-like in characters, thus overlooking the features they share in common with language dictionaries. As the investigation into the attributes of rhyme books goes further, more and more scholars have come to the consensus that rhyme books, which later develop into rhyme dictionaries, should fall into the ‘dictionary’ category and be classified as one type of special dictionary. The most representative view of this school is expressed in the definition of 韵书 (rhyme dictionaries) in The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (2002): ‘dictionaries of characters with the same rhymes or with the same pronunciations for writing literary composition in rhyme, such as The Dictionary of Rhymes, The Rhyme Dictionary, and The Central Plains Dictionary of Sounds and Rhymes, etc.’ Yong Heming (2003), according to the ‘subject domains’, classifies dictionaries into types – ‘general dictionary’ (普通词典) and ‘special dictionary’ (专门词 典 ). The latter can be further classified into ‘specialized dictionary’ (also ‘special-subject dictionary’) and ‘special-aspect dictionary’.
An Insight Into Chinese Lexicographical Culture In The Ming And Qing Dynasties
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a special period in China’s social development, during which China saw great economic prosperity and weakness, political stability and turbulence, and domestic military troubles and foreign aggressions. During these two dynasties, Chinese lexicography also took on a new lease of life, having witnessed a surprisingly great variation in the type, scale, content, function, and compilation levels of dictionaries and an increasingly evident expansion in the social, cultural, and academic influence dictionaries exerted. All this highlights the distinctively conspicuous features of the evolution in dictionary compilation, research and style.
The Formation Of Chinese Fiord Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

The character dictionaries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties occupy a significant position in the history of Chinese dictionary making. The period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is also reckoned to be a crucial time for the development of Chinese fiord dictionaries. It is no exaggeration to say that Chinese lexicography in the twentieth century would not be as glorious and thriving without the attainments of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. fiord dictionaries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties consist of four major extensions – the derivatives of The Ready Guide, those of The Dictionary of Dialectal Fiords, dictionaries of exegetic interpretations and explanations, and special-aspect dictionaries (mainly dictionaries of function fiords and dictionaries of lexical expressions).
The Evolution And Formation Of Rhyme Dictionaries In The Ming And Qing Dynasties
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Like pronouncing dictionaries, rhyme dictionaries fall into the special-aspect dictionary type in the ‘special dictionary’ category. Over the Ming and Qing Dynasties, rhyme dictionaries formed a relatively independent system, thus dealt with here in a separate chapter rather than together with other special dictionary types in the previous chapter. 19.1 the historical background in the ming and qing dynasties Since The Dictionary of Initial Consonants was compiled by Li Deng in the Three Kingdoms period, rhyme dictionaries have been compiled to standardize and discriminate speech sounds, and to assist literati in composing poems or fupoems. At the very beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Hong FIu Dictionary of Standard Rhymes was compiled. In the Preface, the author, Song Lian, mentioned his motivation for compilation:
The Origin And Emergence of Chinese Bilingual Lexicography
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Language is often assumed to be the carrier of a nation’s culture, and in a sense the dictionary can be said to be the carrier of language, as the dictionary describes and records language, which makes it possible for language elements to be preserved and transmitted from generation to generation. Modern linguists have to resort to ancient glossaries, wordbooks, vocabularies, dictionaries, and relevant literature to conduct research on ancient languages and their writing systems. The dictionary is traditionally considered the reference tool that provides information concerning fiord history, grammar, pragmatics, sense relations, and sense differentiation, in addition to the phonetics, orthography, and signification of language. All this reflects the main features most dictionaries share and is the epitome of the linguistic nature of the dictionary.
The Archetype And Evolution Of Chinese Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Simultaneous with The One Thousand Sanskrit Character Glossary was a glossary of a simlar nature, which was entitled A Miscellaneous Collection of Sanskrit Terms (<梵语杂名>). It was written by a monk called Li Yan (利言), and the version currently available was made in 1732. Li Yan was born in the Kingdom of Guici (approximately present-day Xinjiang in Northwest China) and followed the Indian monk Fa Yue ( 法 月 ) to become a monk in his early years. He had a good memory and was familiar with mid-Asian languages, apart from Chinese and Sanskrit. He died sometime between 789 and 795. A Miscellaneous Collection of Sanskrit Terms was completed during his late years in Chang’an. It collected 1,221 headwords, and most of them were monosyllabic character entry fiords, with occasional bisyllabic headwords like 眼睫 (eyelid) and 指节(finger joints). It even included verb phrases like 上 马 (mount a horse) and 何 处 去 (where to go), which made it somewhat different from The One Thousand Sanskrit Character Glossary in style.
The Characteristics And Influence Of Early Chinese Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

THE preaching of Buddhism is the main force behind the earliest Chinese bilingual dictionaries. Buddhist culture is a special part of Chinese culture, and Buddhism has exercised extensive and profound influence upon China and its neighbouring countries. Many Buddhist terms, such as 世 (fiorld), 实 际(reality), 平等(equality), 相对(relativity), and 绝对(absoluteness) have been in daily circulation in Chinese life, and many Sanskrit fiords and expressions, such as 魔(devil), 觉悟 (consciousness), 境界(vision), 大千世界(Great Chiliocosm, the boundless universe), 本来面目 (true nature), and 芸芸众生 (all living things) have come down to the present day through Buddhist glossaries and dictionaries, which in turn help to transmit Buddhist culture and forge exchanges and communication ties between nations.
Psychiatric Assisted Suicide
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider a class of cases not very often mentioned in the context of euthanasia, namely requests for assisted death from those who suffer severe and recurrent mental illness. Such cases may present acute moral dilemmas for doctors and carers who have responsibility for the mentally ill. We hold that the problems raised should be acknowledged. But we do not believe that any solution to them is likely until there is greater clarity about the nature of mental illness, and about the suffering that some psychiatric patients may endure.
Human Life is Sacred
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

In his evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Professor Jonathan Glover, of the Centre of Medical Law and Ethics at King ‘s College London, said in his opening remarks: ‘The central argument against the Bill at the level of moral principle [is] the sanctity of human life, sometimes defended on religious grounds, but sometimes supported for quite secular reasons. ‘1 This remark can be generalized to cover not just Lord Joffe ‘s Bill, but any proposal for assisted dying of whatever kind.
Medical Views
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

The next two chapters will draw together a range of attitudes found among the medical and nursing professions in response to the complex issues at the end of patients ‘ lives. We will examine the concepts of killing and letting die, the doctrine of double effect, futility, and the role of training and conscience. In the next chapter we will look in greater clinical detail at assisted suicide, self-denial of food and ﬂuids, and euthanasia, and assess the position of palliative sedation in the ethical spectrum. We will also explore the emotional effect on physicians of participating in the ending of life. We will ﬁnally summarize our own conclusions for appropriate measures now.
Insulin: A force of magical activity
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

After the horrors of the First World War, the early 1920s were, as the historian E. H. Carr said, a time for ‘reconstruction, restoration and recovery’. A striking symbol of this new optimism was the long-awaited isolation of the internal secretion of the pancreas, described in a letter to The Times as ‘a force of magical activity’. The story of how insulin was discovered in Toronto in 1921 is well known, at least in a simplified outline. A young orthopaedic surgeon, Frederick Banting, reads an article on diabetes and has the idea that others have missed the anti-diabetic principle of the pancreas because it was digested by enzymes during the extraction process.
Adult-Onset Diabetes and Tablets at Last
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

The debate described in Chapter 4 about whether good control prevented complications was understood to refer to those who developed diabetes in youth and were on insulin. They were greatly outnumbered by people who became diabetic after the age of 40, who until 1976 were called adult-onset or maturity-onset diabetics. They did get retinopathy and nephropathy, but their main problem was atherosclerosis. Two-thirds would die prematurely of heart attacks, and a striking finding was that women were equally affected; among non-diabetics heart attacks were four or five times more common in men, but in diabetes the sex ratio was equal.
At the Laboratory Bench
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s many countries including England, Germany, the USA, the Netherlands, and Canada had indigenous manufacturing industries producing the two most popular modified insulins, NPH and Lente. Most doctors thought these were satisfactory, and in 1954 a well-known American specialist begged the manufacturers to be cautious about adding more ‘to the present ample market’. No doctor asked for purer insulin preparations, but purification was the goal of insulin chemists, and became the Danish manufacturers’ trump card in increasing their market share.
The Pharmaceutical Era
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

have called this chapter ‘the pharmaceutical era’, because after 1980 treatment of diabetes came to be dominated by increasingly powerful drug companies. Between 1960 and 1980 no new insulins or drugs had been introduced, and the pharmaceutical industry seemed disinterested in diabetes. However, an increasing target population, especially in the USA, the largest and most profitable market, made them keen for a slice of the action. They also came to realize that they could set the agenda by advertising to, or ingratiating themselves with, prescribers. The concept of drug companies targeting opinion leaders was not new but became increasingly important in the last two decades of the twentieth century.
The Path to Commoditization
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

A running theme of this book is that a pair of related forces will fundamentally transform legal service in the coming decade and beyond. The first of the pair will be a market demand for increasing commoditization of legal services, while the second will be widespread uptake of information technology (IT). I explore the former in this chapter and turn to the latter in Chapters 3 and 4.

A word about terminology is needed at the outset. When most lawyers speak today about ‘commoditization’, they generally do so reluctantly and frequently do so through gritted teeth.
The Future for In-house Lawyers
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

It is tempting to believe that law firms live at the centre of the legal universe: in most jurisdictions, the great majority of lawyers are indeed in private practice; many of the best known brands in the legal profession do belong to law firms; the largest of the firms undoubtedly receive considerable media attention; and it is law firms that tend to be the first port of call when serious legal advice is needed. But where do clients sit in the legal pecking order?
Access to Law and to Justice
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

Much of this book is devoted to the transformation of legal services that are delivered to a particular type of client—the substantial enterprise that is of sufficient scale and complexity to merit its own in-house legal department. But what about citizens, individuals, voters, consumers, regular people, who have no special access today to lawyers and legal services? Forget, for a while, the General Counsel with his or her team of perhaps hundreds of in-house lawyers.
Deliberative Turning from a Law-Science Cul-de-Sac: Speculations regarding Community Transgenic Regulation
Authors: Thayyil* Naveen
Published: November 2023

Lawyers and scientists have at least this much in common: Both harbor the intellectual conceit that a well defined problem is not only a necessary, but almost a sufficient, condition for a successful solution. GMO regulation in the European Community (EC) has often been charecterized as illustrative of the difficult and vexed relationship between law, politics, and science. Effective regulation of transgenic agriculture, food, and feed is sought in furtherance of a plethora of objectives including Community harmonization in pursuit of the internal market, the non-discrimination principle in international trade law,
Rehabilitating the Definition of Waste: Is it Fully Recovered?
Authors: Lee* Robert G , Stokes** Elen
Published: November 2023

In the words of Stephen Tromans, ‘waste policy should be simple ‘. Yet, questions surrounding the scope and implementation of the European Community (EC) waste regime rarely have straightforward answers. :is is particularly evident in the interpretation of Directive 2006/12/EC on Waste Framework (Waste Framework Directive). :e principal aim of the Waste Framework Directive in its original format in 1975 was to establish coherence amongst approaches to waste control across Member States. :e need to achieve consistency continues to underpin waste policy, and the amendment and consolidation of the Directive has only confirmed the importance of securing uniform understandings of ‘waste ‘ and waste management.
Export Credits for Sustainable Development?
Authors: Gehring* Markus W , Price** Kristin
Published: November 2023

A growing debate has emerged in recent years regarding the relationship between Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) and the global promotion of sustainable development principles and practices. As central components of the global finance architecture, ECAs provide a significant source of public finance and support for private investors conducting business abroad. :rough the granting of export credits, guaranteed loans, and various forms of risk insurance, ECAs promote the export of capital, goods, and services, notably to developing countries. In this More countries are becoming active in this area, see on the Chinese ECA, E. Suzuk, ‘Bi-Lateral Policy Orientation in the Multilateral Development Policy: A Challenge for the China Exim Bank
V.Nature Conservation
Authors: Molyneux* Candido Garcia
Published: November 2023

:e year 2006 brought several interesting developments in the field of nature protection. Firstly, the European Commission (Commission) adopted a Decision on the completion of the biogeographical regions in which the Natura 2000 network is divided, even though this should have been done by 2004 at the latest. Secondly, it delivered a Communication on halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010. Despite the number of initiatives enshrined in the Communication, it is doubtful whether that objective will be attained bearing in mind the progressive loss of species and of habitats confirmed by successive reports delivered by almost all Community institutions. :e discussion regarding the adoption of the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) also led to contentious debates in the European Parliament (EP).
The Organization of Policing In England And Wales, and the Regulation of Police Forces
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

Regulation of the police is most readily understood at the level of failures by individual police officers. There are different regulations to address misconduct and performance, respectively, which are considered in detail in subsequent chapters of this book. Necessarily, however, there are layers of regulation above these, which are directed at controlling the conduct and performance of police forces, and those that act as chief officers of individual police forces. This involves considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, and the setting and achievement of strategic priorities.
The Suspension and Removal of Chief Officers by Police Authorities and the Secretary of State
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

The powers of removal and suspension reflected in this chapter relate to chief constables, deputy chief constables, and assistant chief constables of police areas listed in Sch 1 of the Police Act 1996, and the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioners, and Commanders of the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS).
The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 are reproduced as Appendix C and came into force on 1 April 2004. They revoked equivalent predecessor provisions as set out in reg 2—in particular, the Police (Conduct) Regulations 1999 and the Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) Regulations 1999. The 2004 Conduct Regulations are supplemented by detailed Home Office Guidance on Police Unsatisfactory Performance Complaints and Misconduct Procedures issued under s 87 of the Police Act 1996. The interrelationship between the 2004 Regulations and the Guidance is set out in Table 9.1.
Chief Officer Reviews, Internal Appeals, and Police Appeals Tribunals
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

It is relatively straightforward to identify the right of review or appeal under any particular set of Conduct or Performance Regulations. Less straightforward is the nature of discretion exercised by a particular review or appellate body, which varies, and is less easy to define than the appellate jurisdiction exercised in civil or criminal proceedings. The nature of the discretion differs significantly for the police appeals tribunals as between matters determined under the Police Appeals Tribunals Rules (PAT Rules) 1999 from those under the PAT Rules 2008.
Probationers
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

As has been set out, there are only a limited number of bases on which a police constable of any rank may be compelled to lose office. Not every police recruit will pass the training programme and graduate to the office. Subject to that type of failure, the chief officer has discretion to dispense with the services of a proba-tioner for reasons not restricted to proven acts of misconduct or incompetence.
Choler a Goes into Analysis, and Dies
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

̎It might be presumed that the contest against epidemics is waged on scientific principles… but unfortunately this is not universally the case; and especially with regard to cholera such a firm basis is wanting. So wrote Robert Koch in 1884.1 When cholera struck Egypt in 1883, he sought to change that. When he looked down the barrel of his microscope, Koch knew what he was looking for and quickly found it: the comma bacillus, since relabeled (in honor of an earlier observer) Vibrio cholerae.
choler a’s Last Laugh
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1991 cholera popped up in the western hemisphere for the first time in more than a century. Beginning in coastal Peru, it overspread most of the continent, and moved northward into Mexico. A handful of food-borne or travellers’ cases occurred in the USA. In most places the response was rapid and effective. And yet the familiar pattern of spread was proof that scientific sophistication and extraordinary technical power were ill-matched where the problems were poverty or even racism. Cholera can now be cured and prevented. One may ask why it is not always prevented and why rates of cure are uneven. Such questions take us back to earlier eras; they are central themes of cholera’s history.
Epilepsy in women
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Women with epilepsy have different needs to men with epilepsy, especially at various stages in their life cycle. Epilepsy and its treatment can affect or compromise the menstrual cycle, contraception, fertility and pregnancy, child development in the womb, child care and the menopause. Conversely the menstrual cycle, contraception, pregnancy and the menopause can all affect epilepsy and its management. Epilepsy in Women: The Facts adopts the female perspective and describes in detail the special problems that epilepsy can cause. It offers information and practical advice on the symptoms, diagnosis and management of the different types of epilepsy, providing an invaluable resource that will empower women with the knowledge that they need to take control of their health and to cope with their condition. The book contains numerous case histories, which provide surprising insights into the experiences of women with epilepsy, and 'Myths' and 'Facts' boxes which help the reader sort the valuable information from the misleading.
The management of epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

What treatment shall we choose—almost invariably anticonvulsant drugs to start.

When shall we start (first seizure or wait until epilepsy has settled in)? There are compelling arguments on both sides.

For women, some commonly used drugs are best avoided.

New drugs are expensive—but may have advantages for women.
Epilepsy and sexuality
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy should not interfere with the sexual life of women.

Epilepsy related sexual feelings only seem to occur in women.

Orgasm related seizures are rare—though many women fear them.

If your seizures are induced by sexual activity you will usually have spontaneous ones as well.
Contraception, epilepsy, and epilepsy treatment
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Contraception is still (largely) a woman's issue.

Choice of contraceptive method should be reliable and suit you, but some methods are not advisable if you have epilepsy (e.g. 'safe period').

There are four questions for you (and your advisor) to consider (see below).

If you have epilepsy, every pregnancy should (as far as possible) be planned.
Childcare if you have epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Make sure, whatever the distractions, that you take your medication on time.

Make sure you have the right priorities (keep the baby clean, rather than the piano).

Mood swings are normal in the first week or two (nothing to do with the epilepsy).

Get enough sleep (if breastfeeding, express enough for your partner to do night feeds).

Make kitchens especially (but everywhere) childproof and safe.

Teach child from the age of 2 years what to do if you have a seizure (i.e. stay with you).

Teach child from about the age of 3 years how to summon help.
Canada
Authors: Finch1 Simon
Published: November 2023

Canadian law with respect to security over receivables is largely a function of statute. Accordingly, the question of what constitutes a ‘receivable’ can be answered quite simply by reference to the relevant governing legislation. For those familiar with the American model of the Uniform Commercial Code (the UCC), the Canadian landscape will be very recognizable. As a preliminary matter, it should be noted that Canada is comprised of 10 provinces and three territories, each of which has its own legislation with respect to security over personal property. This chapter will focus only upon the laws of the Province of Ontario, and its Personal Property Security Act (the Act). The other common law jurisdictions in Canada (ie the territories and every Province other than Quebec) have also each enacted a Personal Property Security Act, which for most purposes is substantively identical to the Act. The lone civil law jurisdiction is the Province of Quebec, and its treatment of receivables under its Civil Code can differ somewhat.
Chile
Authors: Armas Marcelo
Published: November 2023

The concept of a security on receivables appears as an attractive alternative of financing for companies (especially small and mid-size business) that have a relevant portfolio of collection accounts arising from their normal operations. In order to be effective, such security should cover not specific receivables but an inventory of such receivables, in the form of a floating charge. However, its implementation in Chile faces several obstacles created by restrictions that Chilean law imposes on the existing forms of security, which usually take the form of the traditional pledge on assets. These legal restrictions are currently being eliminated with the implementation of new regulations that permit the creation of pledges (including floating charges) on a wide variety of assets, without transferring the possession of such assets.
Denmark
Authors: Falbe-Hansen Niels Walther-Rasmussen anad Simon
Published: November 2023

Under Danish law, a receivable means any kind of claim that a creditor has against a debtor. A distinction is made between ordinary claims, which are not related to possession of an instrument, and negotiable claims which are related to possession of an instrument. This chapter deals only with ordinary claims that are transferable by nature, including but not limited to claims resulting from the sale of goods and services.
Israel
Authors: Shaw Keith
Published: November 2023

The concept of receivables in Israel is usually understood to mean book debts or accounts receivable, in keeping with the English precedent from which it derives. For example, section 178 of the Companies Ordinance 1983 (the Companies Ordinance), which lists assets over which fi xed charges can be created, includes in such list a charge over accounts receivable (literally ‘debts from customers’). While no defi nition is given in the statute itself, Lerner, in the leading text ‘Charging Corporate Assets’ explains the phrase to mean:
Italy
Authors: Curran Lisa
Published: November 2023

Italian law does not distinguish between book debts and other types of receivable. On the contrary, a receivable is understood to be simply the right to performance of an obligation owed to a party. The essential characteristics of a receivable are ‘relativity’ and that the performance owed must be ‘patrimonial’ in nature. ‘Relativity’ refers to the fact that a receivable embodies an in personam right as opposed to a right in rem. Notwithstanding this subjective quality, receivables are protected by Italian law against interference by third parties, as further described in this chapter. The ‘patrimonial’ nature of receivables refers to the fact that the claim in question must be capable of economic valuation, even in circumstances where it will protect a personal interest of the party to whom it is owed.
New York
Authors: Roff 1 Elizabeth A
Published: November 2023

In New York, like other states in the United States of America, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code is the primary source of law related to consensual security interests in personal property, including receivables. The Uniform Commercial Code provides that there are two key elements involved in taking a security interest over receivables: attachment and perfection. As an analytical matter, it is important to keep these elements separate. Attachment involves the creation of an effective lien over the debtor’s property in favour of the secured party. Perfection involves the taking of those steps that are necessary to ensure that the attached security interest has priority over subsequent judgment lien creditors. Perfection is important because, in a bankruptcy scenario, a secured party with a non-perfected security interest will be treated, through the operation of various Bankruptcy Code provisions, as if it does not have a secured claim.
New Zealand
Authors: Yarnell Matt , May Richard
Published: November 2023

New Zealand law has its roots in the laws of England, and it remains closely related to the laws of other jurisdictions with that heritage. Because of this, the concept of ‘receivables’ in New Zealand is closely linked to concepts used in such other jurisdictions, and is generally understood to mean book debts. However, in 1999 New Zealand enacted legislation that fundamentally reformed the law concerning security over (and certain other dealings with) personal property. The New Zealand Personal Property Securities Act 1999 (PPSA) provides a detailed set of rules governing the creation, priority, and enforcement of security interests in personal property. The PPSA is a code based on equivalent North American legislation—(loosely) Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) of the United States, and more particularly the equivalent Canadian provincial statutes. The PPSA governs all transactions that ‘in substance’ secure obligations by recourse to personal property. In this context, the ‘substance’ of a transaction is its practical or economic effect as distinct from its form, which may well be based on concepts of title or equitable interests. For example, a fl oating charge under a company debenture, and a supplier’s title retention arrangement will each create a ‘security interest’ for the purposes of the PPSA.
South Korea
Authors: Hong Suhn-Kyoung , Kim Jang-Ho
Published: November 2023

The term ‘receivable’ is not a legal term used in Korea. For the purposes of this article, the term ‘receivable’ is understood to refer to the ‘account receivable’ which is defi ned in the Uniform Commercial Code as ‘any right to payment for goods sold or leased or for services rendered which is not evidenced by an instrument or chattel paper, whether or not it has been earned by performance’. The concept of ‘receivable’ in Korea is subsumed under the broader concept of ‘claim’ (Chae Kwon). A claim can be either monetary or non-monetary. Monetary Chae Kwon refers to the right to payment, whether or not such right arises under a contract, in tort, or otherwise and whether or not such right is liquidated or unliquidated, contingent, matured, unmatured, secured or unsecured.
The structure and process of the medical interview
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

From very early in your undergraduate studies you will start to meet patients and talk with them about various aspects of their health. As you progress, you will start to take more formal records of what they tell you to help your learning. Eventually, you will learn to take structured medical histories, initially to help your learning. Later, as you become integrated into the healthcare team, you will ‘clerk’ your own patients, for example when they are first admitted to hospital.
Giving presentations
Authors: Woolf katherine , Kavanagh, Jayne , Gardner Melissa
Published: November 2023

Presenting information orally is a key professional skill for medical students and doctors. Throughout your career, you will present information in a number of different contexts and situations, from the very formal (Grand Round presentations) to the informal (presentation to a friendly junior doctor). As you become more experienced, you will also begin to teach more junior students and, later, other doctors and healthcare professionals. However, giving oral presentations can be a terrifying experience for some; research shows that public speaking is often people’s greatest fear (Cunningham et al., 2006). This chapter will begin by describing some general presentation tips and will then provide you with some strategies for dealing with presentation anxiety. Finally, you will learn how to give a case presentation to your colleagues based on the medical history you learned how to take and write up in the previous two chapters.