bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Fecal Sources in a Selected Catchment Reach Using Multiple Source‐Tracking Tools
Authors: Vogel Jason R. , Stoeckel Donald M. , Lamendella Regina , Zelt Ronald B. , Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Walker Steven R. , Oerther Daniel B.
Published: April 2007

Given known limitations of current microbial source‐tracking (MST) tools, emphasis on small, simple study areas may enhance interpretations of fecal contamination sources in streams. In this study, three MST tools—Escherichia coli repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep‐PCR), coliphage typing, and Bacteroidales 16S rDNA host‐associated markers—were evaluated in a selected reach of Plum Creek in south‐central Nebraska. Water‐quality samples were collected from six sites. One reach was selected for MST evaluation based on observed patterns of E. coli contamination. Despite high E. coli concentrations, coliphages were detected only once among water samples, precluding their use as a MST tool in this setting. Rep‐PCR classification of E. coli isolates from both water and sediment samples supported the hypothesis that cattle and wildlife were dominant sources of fecal contamination, with minor contributions by horses and humans. Conversely, neither ruminant nor human sources were detected by Bacteroidales markers in most water samples. In bed sediment, ruminant‐ and human‐associated Bacteroidales markers were detected throughout the interval from 0 to 0.3 m, with detections independent of E. coli concentrations in the sediment. Although results by E. coli‐based and Bacteroidales‐based MST methods led to similar interpretations, detection of Bacteroidales markers in sediment more commonly than in water indicates that different tools to track fecal contamination (in this case, tools based on Bacteroidales DNA and E. coli isolates) may have varying relevance to the more specific goal of tracking the sources of E. coli in watersheds. This is the first report of simultaneous, toolbox approach application of a library‐based and marker‐based MST analyses to flowing surface water.
Measuring Flux of Soil Fumigants Using the Aerodynamic and Dynamic Flux Chamber Methods
Authors: van Wesenbeeck I. J. , Knuteson J. A. , Barnekow D. E. , Phillips A. M.
Published: April 2007

Methods for measuring and estimating flux density of soil fumigants under field conditions are important for the purpose of providing inputs to air dispersion models and for comparing the effects of management practices on emission reduction. The objective of this study was to measure the flux of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and chloropicrin at a site in Georgia (GA) using the aerodynamic method and the dynamic flux chamber (FC) method. A secondary objective was to compare the effects of high density polyethylene (HDPE), and virtually impermeable film (VIF) tarps on fumigant flux at a site in Florida (FL). Chloropicrin and 1,3‐D were applied by surface drip application of In‐Line soil fumigant on vegetable beds covered by low density polyethylene (LDPE), HDPE, or VIF. The surface drip fumigation using In‐Line and LDPE tarp employed in this study resulted in volatilization of 26.5% of applied 1,3‐D and 11.2% of the applied chloropicrin at the GA site, as determined using the aerodynamic method. Estimates of mass loss obtained from dynamic FCs were 23.6% for 1,3‐D and 18.0% for chloropicrin at the GA site. Flux chamber trials at the FL site indicate significant additional reduction in flux density, and cumulative mass loss when VIF tarp is used. This study supports the use of dynamic FCs as a valuable tool for estimating gas flux density from agricultural soils, and evaluating best management practices for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere.
Phosphorus Losses in Simulated Rainfall Runoff from Manured Soils of Alberta
Authors: Volf Callie A. , Ontkean Gerald R. , Bennett D. Rodney , Chanasyk David S. , Miller Jim J.
Published: April 2007

Manure applied to agricultural land at rates that exceed annual crop nutrient requirements can be a source of phosphorus in runoff. Manure incorporation is often recommended to reduce phosphorus losses in runoff. A small plot rainfall simulation study was conducted at three sites in Alberta to evaluate the effects of manure rate and incorporation on phosphorus losses. Treatments consisted of three solid beef cattle manure application rates (50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1total phosphorus), an unmanured control, and two incorporation methods (nonincorporated and incorporated with one pass of a double disk). Simulated rain was applied to soils with freshly applied and residual (1 yr after application) manure at 70 mm h−1to produce 30 min of runoff. Soil test phosphorus (STP), total phosphorus (TP), and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations in runoff increased with manure rate for fresh and residual manure. Initial abstraction and runoff volumes did not change with manure rate. Initial abstraction, runoff volumes, and phosphorus concentrations did not change with manure incorporation at Lacombe and Wilson, but initial abstraction volumes increased and runoff volumes and phosphorus concentrations decreased with incorporation of fresh manure at Beaverlodge. Phosphorus losses in runoff were directly related to phosphorus additions. Extraction coefficients (slopes of the regression lines) for the linear relationships between residual manure STP and phosphorus in runoff were 0.007 to 0.015 for runoff TP and 0.006 to 0.013 for runoff DRP. While incorporation of manure with a double disk had no significant effect on phosphorus losses in runoff from manure‐amended soils 1 yr after application, incorporation of manure is still recommended to control nitrogen losses, improve crop nutrient uptake, and potentially reduce odor concerns.
Zinc Accumulation in Plant Species Indigenous to a Portuguese Polluted Site
Authors: Marques Ana P. G. C. , Rangel António O. S. S. , Castro Paula M. L.
Published: April 2007

The levels of zinc accumulated by roots, stems, and leaves of two plant species,Rubus ulmifoliusandPhragmites australis, indigenous to the banks of a stream in a Portuguese contaminated site were investigated in field conditions.R. ulmifolius,a plant for which studies on phytoremediation potential are scarce, dominated on the right side of the stream, whileP. australisproliferated on the other bank. Heterogeneous Zn concentrations were found along the banks of the stream. Zn accumulation in both species occurred mainly in the roots, with poor translocation to the aboveground sections.R. ulmifoliuspresented Zn levels in the roots ranging from 142 to 563 mg kg−1, in the stems from 35 to 110 mg kg−1, and in the leaves from 45 to 91 mg kg−1, vs. average soil total Zn concentrations varying from 526 to 957 mg kg−1P. australisshowed Zn concentrations in the roots from 39 to 130 mg kg−1, in the stems from 31 to 63 mg kg−1, and in the leaves from 37 to 83 mg kg−1, for the lower average soil total Zn levels of 138 to 452 mg kg−1found on the banks where they proliferated. Positive correlations were found between the soil total, available and extractable Zn fractions, and metal accumulation in the roots and leaves ofR. ulmifoliusand in the roots and stems ofP. australisThe use ofR. ulmifoliusandP. australisfor phytoextraction purposes does not appear as an effective method of metal removing, but these native metal tolerant plant species may be used to reduce the effects of soil contamination, avoiding further Zn transfer to other environmental compartments.
Biosolids Impact Soil Phosphorus Accountability, Fractionation, and Potential Environmental Risk
Authors: Ippolito J. A. , Barbarick K. A. , Norvell K. L.
Published: April 2007

Biosolids land application rates are typically based on crop N requirements but can lead to soil P accumulation. The Littleton/Englewood, Colorado, wastewater treatment facility has supported biosolids beneficial‐use on a dryland wheat‐fallow agroecosystem site since 1982, with observable soil P concentration increases as biyearly repeated biosolids applications increased from 0, 6.7, 13, 27, to 40 Mg ha−1 The final study year was 2003, after which P accountability, fractionation, and potential environmental risk were assessed. Between 93 and 128% of biosolids‐P added was accounted for when considering conventional tillage soil displacement, grain removal, and soil adsorption. The Fe‐P fraction dominated all soil surface P fractions, likely due to an increase in amorphous Fe‐oxide because Fe2(SO4)3 was added at the wastewater treatment facility inflow for digester H2S reduction. The Ca‐P phase dominated all soil subsurface P fractions due to calcareous soil conditions. A combination of conventional tillage, drought from 1999 to 2003, and repeated and increasing biosolids application rates may have forced soil surface microorganism dormancy, reduction, or mortality; thus, biomass P reduction was evident. Subsurface biomass P was greater than surface biomass, possibly due to protection against environmental and anthropogenic variables or to increased dissolved organic carbon inputs. Even given years of biosolids application, the soil surface had the ability to sorb additional P as determined by shaking the soil in an excessive P solution. Biosolids‐application regulations based on the Colorado Phosphorus Index would not impede current site practices. Proper monitoring, management, and addition of other best management practices are needed for continued assurance that P movement off‐site does not become a major issue.
Bacterial Reduction of Selenium in Coal Mine Tailings Pond Sediment
Authors: Siddique Tariq , Arocena Joselito M. , Thring Ronald W. , Zhang Yiqiang
Published: April 2007

Sediment from a storage facility for coal tailings solids was assessed for its capacity to reduce selenium (Se) by native bacterial community. One Se6+–reducing bacterium Enterobacter hormaechei (Tar11) and four Se4+–reducing bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Tar1), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Tar3), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Tar6), and Enterobacter amnigenus (Tar8) were isolated from the sediment. Enterobacter hormaechei removed 96% of the added Se6+ (0.92 mg L−1) from the effluents when Se6+ was determined after 5 d of incubation. Analysis of the red precipitates showed that Se6+ reduction resulted in the formation of spherical particles (<1.0 μm) of Se0 as observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confirmed by EDAX. Selenium speciation was performed to examine the fate of the added Se6+ in the sediment with or without addition of Enterobacter hormaechei cells. More than 99% of the added Se6+ (∼2.5 mg L−1) was transformed in the nonsterilized sediment (without Enterobacter hormaechei cells) as well as in the sterilized (heat‐killed) sediment (with Enterobacter hormaechei cells). The results of this study suggest that the lagoon sediments at the mine site harbor Se6+– and Se4+–reducing bacteria and may be important sinks for soluble Se (Se6+ and Se4+). Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from metal‐contaminated sediment may have potential application in removing Se from industrial effluents.
Flow‐Through Rates and Evaluation of Solids Separation of Compost Filter Socks versus Silt Fence in Sediment Control Applications
Authors: Keener Harold M. , Faucette Britt , Klingman Michael H.
Published: April 2007

Soil loss rates from construction sites can be 1000 times the average of natural soil erosion rates and 20 times that from agricultural lands. Silt fence (SF) is the current industry standard used to control sediment originating from construction activities. Silt fences are designed to act as miniature detention ponds. Research has indicated that SF sediment filtering efficiency is related to its ability to detain and pond water, not necessarily the filtration ability of the fabric. Design capacity and spacing is based on flow‐through rate and design height. In addition, increased detention of runoff and pressure from ponding may increase the likelihood of overtopping or failure of SF in field application. Testing was conducted on compost silt socks (SS) and SF to determine sediment filtering efficiency, flow‐through rate, ponding depth, overtopping point, design height, and design capacity. Results indicate flow‐through rate changes with time, as does ponding depth, due to the accumulation of solids on/in the sediment filters. Changes in depth with time were a linear function of flow rate after 10 min of flow, up to the time the sediment filter is overtopped. Predicting the capacity of SF and SS to handle runoff without the filter being overtopped requires consideration of both runoff rate and length of runoff time. Data show SS half the heights of SF were less likely to overtop than SF when sediment‐laden runoff water flow rates are less than 1.03 L−1 s−1 m−1 (5 gpm/ft, gal per minute per lineal foot). Ponded depth behind a 61.0‐cm (24 in) SF increased more rapidly than behind a 30.5‐cm diam. (12 in) SS, and at the end of the thirty minutes, the depth behind the SF was 75% greater than that behind the SS. Removal of solids by the SF and the SS were not shown to be statistically different. Results were used to create a Microsoft Excel‐based interactive design tool to assist engineers and erosion and sediment control planners on how to specify compost SS relative to SF in perimeter sediment control applications.
Influence of Thymol and a Urease Inhibitor on Coliform Bacteria, Odor, Urea, and Methane from a Swine Production Manure Pit
Authors: Varel Vincent H. , Wells James E.
Published: April 2007

Pathogens, ammonia, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions are serious environmental concerns associated with swine production. This study was conducted in two manure pits (33 000 L each) to determine the influence of 1.5 or 3.0 g thymol L−1 and 80 mg L−1 urease inhibitor amendments on urea accumulation, coliform bacteria, odor, and methane emission. Each experiment lasted 18 or 19 d, during which time 30 to 36 250‐mL samples (six per day) were withdrawn from underneath each pit and analyzed for urea, thymol, volatile fatty acids, coliform bacteria, and Campylobacter At the end of each experiment, six 50‐g samples from each pit were placed in serum bottles, and gas volume and composition were determined periodically for 28 d. Compared with the control pit, volatile fatty acids production was reduced 64 and 100% for the thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L−1, respectively. Viable coliform cells were reduced 4.68 and 5.88 log10 colony‐forming units kg−1 of slurry for the 1.5 and 3.0 g thymol L−1, respectively, and Escherichia coli were reduced 4.67 and 5.01 log10 colony‐forming units kg−1 of slurry, respectively. Campylobacter was not detected in the pits treated with thymol, in contrast to 63% of the samples being positive for the untreated pit. Urea accumulated in the treated pits from Day 3 to 6. Total gas production from serum bottles was reduced 65 and 76% for thymol amendments of 1.5 and 3.0 g L−1, respectively, and methane was reduced 78 and 93%, respectively. These results suggest that thymol markedly reduces pathogens, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from a swine production facility. The urease inhibitor produced a temporary response in conserving urea.
Collaborate to Learn, Learn to Collaborate: Examining the Roles of Context, Community, and Cognition in Asynchronous Discussion
Authors: Han Seung Yeon , Hill Janette R.
Published: April 2007

This study explored how asynchronous discussion supported by a Web-based learning system facilitated collaborative learning. The participants in this study consisted of the instructor, facilitators, and the students in a master's level course at a university in the south. Different sources of evidence were used in the study (individual/group interviews, and discussion board transcripts), and various methods were used to analyze the data (inductive analysis and discourse analysis). Three main categories with multiple themes emerged from the data as important for facilitating collaborative learning in online environments: context (i.e., structural support, active participation), community (i.e., a formation of membership, generation of social dialogue), and cognition (i.e., a social process of learning, communal facilitation). Implications for research and practice are described at the conclusion of the article.
The Differential Learning Achievements of Constructivist Technology-Intensive Learning Environments as Compared with Traditional Ones: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rosen Yigal , Salomon Gavriel
Published: April 2007

Different learning environments provide different learning experiences and ought to serve different achievement goals. We hypothesized that constructivist learning environments lead to the attainment of achievements that are consistent with the experiences that such settings provide and that more traditional settings lead to the attainments of other kinds of achievement in accordance with the experiences they provide. A meta-analytic study was carried out on 32 methodologically-appropriate experiments in which these 2 settings were compared. Results supported 1 of our hypotheses showing that overall constructivist learning environments are more effective than traditional ones (ES = .460) and that their superiority increases when tested against constructivist-appropriate measures (ES = .902). However, contrary to expectations, traditional settings did not differ from constructivist ones when traditionally-appropriate measures were used. A number of possible interpretations are offered among them the possibility that traditional settings have come to incorporate some constructivist elements. This possibility is supported by other findings of ours such as smaller effect sizes for more recent studies and for longer lasting periods of instruction.
Identifying the Impact of Domain Knowledge and Cognitive Style on Web-Based Information Search Behavior
Authors: Park Young , Black John B.
Published: April 2007

Although information searching in hypermedia environments has become a new important problem solving capability, there is not much known about what types of individual characteristics constitute a successful information search behavior. This study mainly investigated which of the 2 factors, 1) natural characteristics (cognitive style), and 2) acquired knowledge (domain knowledge) had a stronger influence on search behavior, and what types of impact these had on search activities. To examine search behavior, the search outcome precision, the searching time, the number of URL nodes, and the number of keywords were analyzed and the demographic backgrounds including the searching experience and gender were also measured to discover any correlation with the major variables. The study findings suggest that domain knowledge was not associated with any other search activities but affected only the search precision. Cognitive style meanwhile did not affect search precision but interacted with the searching experience and this interaction affected the total length of searching time. Finally, there was no correlation found between 2 variables: domain knowledge and cognitive style.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED CARTOGRAPHY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT / A CASE STUDY FROM KENYA
Authors: TAYLOR D R F
Published: April 2007

Rural development is of considerable importance in developing nations today and this paper examines the utility of computer-assisted cartography in analysing rural development in Kenya. The application of this technique reveals relationships not easily discerned by other methodologies. This is illustrated by applying various techniques such as GIMMS and PREVU to rural development data for Murang'a District, Kenya. The result clearly demonstrates the utility of computer-assisted cartographic analysis both in an academic and an applied sense.
Some aspects of the cartography of russia of the pre-petrine period (16th-17th centuries) and the role of s. Yu. Remezov in the history of russian cartography
Authors: SHIBANOV F. A.
Published: April 2007

The author, a longtime and leading Soviet specialist on the history of cartography, discusses Russian cartography before Peter the Great, when maps were crude representations of localities without any mathematical foundation; Russian cartography was an art, not a science, and cartographic works were not even maps but "chertyozhes" (drawings). He also contends that, contrary to the opinion of some scholars, the cartographic works of the Remezovs, while rich in geographical information, do not represent any scientific-technical advance in the development of Russian cartography. L'auteur, spécialiste soviétique réputé en histoire de la cartographie, traite de la cartographie russe avant Pierre le Grand, époque à laquelle les cartes n'étaient de grossières représentations sans fondement mathématique; la cartographie russe était alors un art, non une science, et les cartes plutôt des dessins (chertyozhes). L'auteur déclare que contrairement à l'opinion de certains spécialistes la cartographie des Rémézof, quoique riche en données géographiques, ne constituait pas un progrès technique ou scientifique dans l'évolution de la cartographie russe.
CADASTRAL MAPPING FOR DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 1960–1980
Authors: KENT ROBERT B
Published: April 2007

Cadastral mapping and land registration activities in Central America and the Caribbean between 1960 and 1980 are examined in this study. It evaluates them as development tools, focusing particularly on their contribution towards the improvement of property tax systems. In most cases, the countries studied sucessfully executed the cadastral mapping and land registration projects they embarked upon, although lengthy delays in execution occurred frequently. While technically successful, the projects commonly were ineffective in realizing improvements in the property tax system because of subsequent political and administrative decisions. Policy makers and mapping scientists involved in the planning of cadasters in developing countries should evaluate realistically the time required for their execution, the degree of planimetric accuracy needed, and their immediate potential for contributing to the development process prior to the initiation of a cadaster.
The Relationship Between Physician Hours of Work, Service Volume and Service Intensity
Authors: Jeon Sung-Hee , Hurley Jeremiah
Published: April 2007

Problems of access to physician services have arisen in Canada at a time when physician hours of work have been undergoing important changes. This study investigates the relationship between physicians' hours of direct patient care and physicians' service supply using individual-level data from a random sample of Ontario general/family physicians. The empirical findings reveal that the variation across physicians in total billing is dominated by the variation in physicians' billings per hour rather than by the variation in physicians' working hours. There is also negative correlation between average billing per hour and average number of hours of patient care. This pattern is shown in analyses of subgroups defined by the gender of the physician, by practice location, by practice type, and by years since graduation.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE CARTOGRAPHY OF RUSSIA OF THE PRE-PETRINE PERIOD (16TH–17TH CENTURIES) AND THE ROLE OF S. YU. REMEZOV IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: SHIBANOV F. A.
Published: April 2007

The author, a longtime and leading Soviet specialist on the history of cartography, discusses Russian cartography before Peter the Great, when maps were crude representations of localities without any mathematical foundation; Russian cartography was an art, not a science, and cartographic works were not even maps but “chertyozhes” (drawings). He also contends that, contrary to the opinion of some scholars, the cartographic works of the Remezovs, while rich in geographical information, do not represent any scientific-technical advance in the development of Russian cartography. L'auteur, spécialiste soviétique réputé en histoire de la cartographie, traite de la cartographie russe avant Pierre le Grand, époque à laquelle les cartes n'étaient de grossières représentations sans fondement mathématique; la cartographie russe était alors un art, non une science, et les cartes plutôt des dessins (chertyozhes). L'auteur déclare que contrairement à l'opinion de certains spécialistes la cartographie des Rémézof, quoique riche en données géographiques, ne constituait pas un progrès technique ou scientifique dans l'évolution de la cartographie russe.
Distortions on Sixteenth-century Maps of America
Authors: KELLEY JR. JAMES E.
Published: April 2007

Distortions in early-sixteenth-century maps make it difficult to match place names and landforms to real places. This paper seeks to improve interpretation of these maps by discussing and illustrating the major causes of distortion. Errors in scale, caused by using inconsistent or incorrect units of measure, are probably the worst. Building maps with uncorrected magnetic compass courses placed landforms at incorrect latitudes. Unmeasured swift currents (e.g., the Gulf Stream) biased estimates of distance travelled, and led to maps with stretched or compressed coastal lengths. Flat maps constructed from course data on the sphere led to the invention of false coasts in order to close circuits. The paper also traces the scaling errors back to the early fourteenth century.
Environmental Justice, GIS, and Pedagogy
Authors: ESNARD ANN-MARGARET , GELOBTER MICHEL , MORALES XAVIER
Published: April 2007

Planning and public policy faculty are important players in framing and advancing PPGIScience. Parallel and complementary participatory models and dilemmas embodied in universityâ€“community partnerships can elucidate pedagogical issues that are key to such framing. The multiple modes of knowledge transfer, the lessons learned from partnering with community-based organizations, and efforts to implement GIS projects that best couple local knowledge with widely available digital data provide important insights for faculty and students. This article draws on lessons from one consortium's preliminary efforts to design Web GISystems that can support the environmental justice work of four community groups in New York City and New Jersey.
THE POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF PHOTOMAPS AT SCALES OF 1:250,000 AND SMALLER
Authors: FLEMING E A
Published: April 2007

Photomaps at scales of 1:250,000 and smaller place restrictions on both the map maker and the map user if the photomap is to have the semblance of a single photograph. The requirements of the photography, the tonal variations in the photograph, and the methods used to obtain tone-matched detail are discussed together with the restrictions these methods impose on the use of the map for photo-interpretation.
MAPS AND METEOROLOGY
Authors: JOHNS PAUL
Published: April 2007

The graphic or chart form of presentation is essential to the practice of meteorology, and many different types of maps, charts, and diagrams are used to depict the 3-dimensional characteristics of the atmosphere. This paper concerns base maps required for synoptic meteorology, that is, for the plotting of daily weather data so that they may be analysed and organized into patterns from which a weather forecast may be derived. For this purpose a new series of base maps has been designed for the Canadian Weather Service, in several different scales, and in polar stereographic projection. On the large-scale maps land-water relationships and topography are shown by tints of tan and blue, designed so that differences between tints are perceptible but unobtrusive. A section of a 1:5M. base map is included with this paper to illustrate the design characteristics. La présentation en forme graphique ou diagrammique est essentielle à la pratique de la météorologic et l'on se sert de beaucoup de genres de cartes, de graphiques et de diagrammes pour représenter les caractéristiques, à trois dimensions, de l'atmosphère. Ce document traite de graphiques-base, exigés pour la météorologie synoptique, c'est-à-dire, servant à l'établissement de données sur la température de tous les jours. Ces données servent à l'analyse et à l'arrangement des dessins, par moyen desquels on peut dériver les prévisions atmosphériques. Dans cette intention on a tracé une nouvelle série de cartes-base en plusieurs échelles différentes et en projection polaire-stéréographique pour le service météorologique canadien. Sur les cartes à grande échelle, les connexités eau-terre ainsi que la topographie sont données en nuances jaune et bleu et dessinées de manière à faire voir les différences entre les tintes sans être obstructives. Une section d'une carte-base 1:5M est jointe à ce document pour illustrer les caractéristiques du dessin.
THE REQUIREMENTS OF AN INTERACTIVE DISPLAY AND EDIT FACILITY FOR CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: BOYLE A R
Published: April 2007

The recently increased appreciation of the advantages of map data in digital form is accelerating the application of automated cartography. Research projects are changing to production and larger databanks are now being considered and even generated. One of the most important entities in any such system is an interactive display and edit facility. The need for display and interaction within a time scale of seconds is stressed if the cartographer is to be able to do his work in an efficient manner. Many systems at present being built up either have no interactive capability or do not appreciate the importance or the possibility of such speeds of operation. The system designed by the University of Saskatchewan has always been orientated to the very fast data handling of large bulks of cartographic data; the requirements of display and edit leading to this system are described. L'intérêt accru qu'ont suscité récemment les avantages des données cartographiques sous forme numérique accélère l'application de la cartographie automatisée. Des projets de recherche deviennent des méthodes de production, on envisage l'élaboration de banques de données plus grosses et on passe même à la création ces banques. Un des éléments les plus importants de n'importe quel système de ce genre est une unité conversationnelle de visualisation et d'édition. La nécessité de visualiser et de dialoguer dans un intervalle de quelques secondes est d'importance si le cartographe doit être capable de faire son travail d'une manière efficace. Beaucoup de systèmes qui sont mis au point à l'heure actuelle ne permettent pas le dialogue ou ne tiennent pas compte de l'importance ou de la possibilité de telles vitesses de fonctionnement. Le système conçu par l'université de la Saskatchewan a toujours été orienté vers le traitement très rapide de masses considérables de données cartographiques; les besoins d'affichage et d'édition qui ont mené à la mise au point de ce système sont décrits.
Scale-Dependence And Self-Similarity In Cartographic Lines
Authors: BUTTENFIELD BARBARA P
Published: April 2007

This paper provides a typology of two classes of geometry for cartographic lines, based on the well-known Richardson plots. The first class contains objects having self-similar geometry, features whose structural characteristics are replicated either precisely or statistically with changes in scale. Self-similar features are currently described by fractal models, which some argue are appropriate for all cartographic objects. The fallacy of this statement will be demonstrated. The second class of features is fully scale-dependent, and contains cartographic objects whose geometry varies distinctly with changing scale. Both models are described and applied to examples of digital line features, to demonstrate their worth in encoding and preserving particular types of cartographic detail during automatic generalization. Cet article présente une typologie de deux classes de géométrie de lignes cartographiques, à partir des réputés tracés de Richardson. La première classe contient des objets qui conservent une géométrie identique, des éléments dont les caractéristiques structurelles sont copiées, soit précisément, soit statistiquement, lors de changements d'échelle. Ces éléments ayant une géométrie constante sont couramment décrits au moyen des fractales qui, comme le soutiennent certains, conviennent comme modèle pour tous les objets cartographiques. La fausseté de cet énoncé sera démontrée. La deuxième classe d'éléments est pleinement dépendante de l'échelle et renferme des objets cartographiques dont la géométrie change clairement lors de changements d'échelle. Les deux modèles sont décrits et accompagnes d'èxemples d'éléments linéaires numériques, afin de démontrer leur valeur pour encoder et préserver certains types particuliers de détails cartographiques lors de la généralisation automatisée.
AUTOMATION IN CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: GAJDA ROMAN T.
Published: April 2007

Au cours de la dernière décade, la cartographie a connu une époque de croissance rapide, croissance causée par le besoin urgent de carte topographiques nouvelles et précises, d'atlas et de cartes spéciales, et aussi par la nécessité de reviser les cartes actuelles. Des innovations technologiques spectaculaires réalisées dans les instruments et l'outillage ont accéléré l'automatisation des procédés cartographiques et permis de produir un nombre croissant de cartes sans nuire à leur qualité. Certaines innovations pourraient mener à de nouvelles conceptions en cartographie, et entraîner le remplacement des techniques cartographiques actuelles. Quoique en photogrammétrie l'automatisation ait avancé plus rapidement qu'en cartographie, les nouvelles techniques électroniques progressent rapidement dans ce dernier domaine. L'objet de la présente étude vise l'emploi des nouveaux dispositifs automatiques dans les disciplines relevant de la cartographie : 1) instruments de photogrammétrie ; 2) coordinatographes automatiques ; 3) outillage cartographique automatisé.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF CANADA IN GLACIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: HENOCH W. E. S.
Published: April 2007

The author reviews topographic maps published by Canadian federal and provincial government agencies in their role as research tools for the specialist in glaciological research. The demand for precise and systematic symbolization of ice features on topographic maps is emphasized by the current requirement to complete a World Inventory of Perennial Ice sponsored by the International Hydrological Decade (1965) The inadequacies of topographic maps in portraying ice features are detailed by the author, and certain recommendations for their improvement are discussed. It is suggested that orthophoto mapping would be wellsuited to delineate ice information, and that topographic maps should show the distribution of perennial snow and ice using a carefully selected symbolization, and be plotted from late-summer air photography.
The Utility of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis in the Study of Tuberculosis Incidences in an Urban Canadian Population
Authors: Dragioevio Suzana , Schuurman Nadine , Fitzgerald J.
Published: April 2007

Human health is a key determinant of individual quality of life and effective national economic development. Public health management and disease control are important responsibilities for governments and decision makers. In this study, a GIS-based exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) process is used to provide insights into the demographic factors associated with incidences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD), British Columbia, Canada. The data set is for the period 1995-1999 and includes variables on vital demographics and epidemiological information, together with postal code and genetic composition of TB. The missing observations in the data set and the issue of confidentiality limited the choice of analytical methods. The main objectives of this study were to (1) elaborate the GIS-based ESDA process to explore TB incidences in the GVRD, (2) integrate factor analysis and cluster analysis into the ESDA process to discover and interpret the underlying demographic factors associated with TB, and (3) highlight the shortcomings in data collection procedures for epidemiological and health research.
Effects of Technological Change on Relief Representation on USGS Topographic Maps
Authors: MAHONEY PATRICIA , CARSTENSEN L W , CAMPBELL J B
Published: April 2007

In 1882, the United States Geological Survey began its National Mapping Program to map the nation using a series of several thousand topographic quadrangles. Since that date, the program and the maps themselves have undergone many changes due mainly to technological advances in mapping methods. Though older maps are a fascinating source, the use of data collected from historic USGS topographic maps in modern applications necessitates a general knowledge of their potentials and limitations. This study compares representations of terrain features on historic maps compiled using plane table methods with the same features as represented on more accurate modern maps compiled using photogrammetry. Using the modern map as a standard, errors in the old maps are identified and defined. Measures of closed contour lines record the angularity of the line, the length of the line, the area within the contour, the shape of the feature and spatial relationships between contour pairs. The analysis relates errors to these geometric components of contour lines. Due to practices of smoothing and generalization of contour lines in plane table surveys, measures of both angularity and shape are significantly different between older and newer maps. Systematic errors, a consistent displacement of contour lines in a similar direction, are also identified on the historic maps.
LANDSCAPE VARIETY AND OTHER FACTORS IN THE CONTENT AND DESIGN OF BRITISH LAND USE MAPS
Authors: COLEMAN ALICE
Published: April 2007

Le premier levé britannique sur l'utilisation des terres, datant de la période de marasme économique entre les deux guerres, a été suivi d'un autre, plus détaillé, distinguant 64 genres d'utilisation. Soixante-dix pour cent de la superficie de l'Angleterre ont été cartographies et 60 coupures sont soit publiées, soit sous presse. Le levé sur le terrain est à 1'échelle du 1/10,560: quatre avantages de l'emploi de cette échelle pour la cartographie de l'utilisation des terres sont mentionnés ici. Pour la publication, les données sont réduites à l'échelle du 1/25,000, assez grande pour permettre de distinguer les 64 genres, et pourtant assez réduite pour que des aires antithétiques y figurent, répondant ainsi aux besoins des enseignants et des planificateurs ruraux. Ce levé ne bénéficie d'aucune aide financière gouvernementale. Les travaux sur le terrain sont en train d'être fait par 3,000 volontaires, mais le nombre des cartes qui seront publiées dépendra des subventions. Le besoin d'abaisser les frais influe sur le dessin des cartes. Les renseignements marginaux sont maintenus au minimum, mais les marges de taille relativement faible sont en proportion harmonieuse avec la carte elle-même.
Developing Rules for Map Design: A Functional Specification for a Cartographic-Design Expert System
Authors: Forrest David
Published: April 2007

Increasingly, maps are being produced with the aid of desktop mapping systems and GIS by users unfamiliar with cartographic design principles. In order to assist with producing satisfactory maps, it is essential that cartographic knowledge be built into such systems. In the present paper, the need for such "intelligent" systems is explored and a comprehensive functional specification for a cartographic design expert system is presented. The specification covers a wide range of map topics and cartographic representation methods, but focuses on maps in the scale range 1:2,000,000 to 1:15,000,000. This specification could be used either to develop an independent mapping system or to provide a cartographic design interface for existing systems. It is shown that, by examining the cartographic design process in detail and breaking it down into sub-processes, what initially may appear to be an insoluble problem can be largely automated.
State, Territorial Expansion, and the Meaning of Maps: Some Perspectives on the Eighteenth-Century Mapping of the Baltic Sea
Authors: KOKKONEN PELLERVO
Published: April 2007

The development of hydrographical cartography in the Baltic Sea in the eighteenth century provides a challenging case for contextualizing cartographic history. A framework is set up here for the interpretation of complex interrelationships between maps and society. This framework emphasizes spatial material practices and territoriality from a geopolitical perspective. Seen from the point of view of material practices, specifically, that is, expanding international maritime trade and changes in military strategy and navigational practice, major advances in cartographic production came to the Baltic Sea—in response not to new cartographical innovations but to an increased need for more detailed charts. Throughout the period under investigation, the development of maritime cartography in the region remained in the hands of officers of the navy and their superiors, not professional cartographers. Nevertheless, this period produced the first detailed printed hydrographic charts suitable for coastal navigation.
A COMPUTERIZED APPROACH TO INCREASED MAP LIBRARY UTILITY
Authors: DONKIN KATE , GOODCHILD MICHAEL
Published: April 2007

The McMaster Map Library staff, in a search for a cataloguing system for a previously uncatalogued collection of maps, is currently putting into operation an automated system for the classification and retrieval of non-topographic maps. This classification occupies a standard IBM data card of 80 columns and will produce a sorted list for any of 13 fields. Each map requires only one card where 13 cards would be required to carry the same information on a standard card catalogue. Mechanical searching of these cards produces printed, sorted listings of any map under any of the 13 characteristics. This should greatly facilitate the rapid retrieval of maps for use in research and provide printed lists of holdings that could be made available to other libraries. It is hoped that this proposal will stimulate general interest in the problems of map classification and retrieval and any suggestions for the refinement of the system would be welcomed by the authors. Le personnel de la cartothèque McMaster, à la recherche d'une méthode de classement pour une collection de cartes qu n'avaient jamais été cataloguées, est à mettre sur pied un système automatisé de classement et de sélection de cartes topographiques. Ce classement utilise de fiches mécanographiques IBM à 80 colonnes et produira une liste répertoriée pour n'importe lequel de 13 domaines. Chaque carte n'exige qu'une seule fiche alors qu'il en faudrait 13 pour inscrire les même renseignements sur des fiches de catalogue ordinaire. Le traitement mécanographique de ces fiches produit des répertoires imprimés et ordonnés sous chacun des 13 titres. Cette méthode devrait faciliter grandement la sélection rapide de cartes pour les travaux de recherche et permet d'établir des listes imprimées des cartes existantes à l'intention d'autres cartothèques. Les auteurs espèrent que cette initiative stimulera l'intérêt général dans les problèmes de classement et de sélection des cartes et ils accueilleront avec plaisir toutes suggestions visant à perfectionner le système.
MODIFYING OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR MAXIMIZING VISUAL CORRESPONDENCE OF CHOROPLETHIC MAPS
Authors: MONMONIER MARK S
Published: April 2007

Class-interval selection is viewed as the problem of maximizing an objective function subject to one or more constraints on a feasible solution. A previously-developed method for optimizing the visual correlation between two choroplethic maps, one of which has its classintervals already specified, is extended to include weighting enumeration districts by land area, considering the internal homogeneity of mapping categories, placing a lower limit on class size, and using a regionalization as the pre-specified referent with which visual similarity is to be maximized. Examples presented for all of these elaborations suggest that, although the method must be used with caution when the intercorrelation is low, this optimization approach might be adapted to a variety of problems in statistical mapping. On estime que la difficulté de choisir l'intervalle de catégorie consiste à maximiser une fonction objective soumise à une ou plusieurs contraintes pour une solution possible. On avait déjà conçu une méthode pour optimiser la corrélation visuelle entre deux cartes choroplèthes, dont l'une possède des intervalles de catégories déjà spécifiés; on a donc adapté cette méthode afin de pouvoir pondérer les circonscriptions de recensement par zones, tenir compte de l'homogénéité interne des catégories cartographiques, attribuer une limite inférieure à la dimension des catégories et utiliser une régionalisation comme référence prédéterminée avec laquelle la similitude visuelle doit être maximisée. Les exemples présentés pour toutes ces études détaillées donnent à penser que cette méthode d'optimisation pourrait être adaptée à la solution de divers problèmes de cartorgaphie statistique, bien qu'elle doive être employée avec prudence quand l'intercorrélation est faible.
GLASS INTERVALS TO ENHANCE THE VISUAL CORRELATION OF CHOROPLETHIC MAPS
Authors: MONMONIER MARK S
Published: April 2007

The selection of class intervals for choroplethic maps is approached with the objective of maximizing the visual correspondence between the variable to be categorized and a referent variable with which it is associated. A measure of visual correlation is developed to serve as the objective function for an algorithm which locates breaks between classes, one at a time, and also tests each stage in the solution process for stability. A simple, ten-area example and a more comprehensive, five-variable application using forty-eight areal units are used in discussing the algorithm's operation and effectiveness. Possible modifications to the procedure are also considered. L'approche de l'auteur pour ce qui est du choix des intervalles de classe pour les cartes choroplèthes vise à maximiser la correspondance visuelle entre la variable à classer et une variable de référence à laquelle elle est associée. L'auteur établit une mesure de la corrélation visuelle, qui sert de fonction objective d'un algorithme qui situe les unes après les autres les coupures entre les classes et qui, de plus, vérifie chaque étape du processus de solution visant la stabilité. Pour l'étude du fonctionnement et de l'efficacité des algorithmes, l'auteur donne un exemple simple à dix régions, ainsi qu'une application plus poussée à cinq variables, à l'aide de quarante-huit unités régionales. L'auteur tient également compte de la possibilité d'apporter certaines modifications à cette façon de procéder.
WORLD MAP PROJECTIONS ON THE COMPUTER
Authors: STUTZ FREDERICK P
Published: April 2007

The author describes the characteristics of a new interactive software system of FORTRAN subroutines that is useful for most kinds of computer plotting. Of special interest is the system's capacity to plot map projections with areal distributions, while at the same time computing summary statistics about the distribution. Examples of six plotted projections and one three-dimensional surface are given.
Might there be a Suzuki Method in Cartographic Education?
Authors: Castner Henry W
Published: April 2007

Shinichi Suzuki and Carl Orff have developed methods for teaching music to young children that utilize the same perceptual skills they use in mastering their mother tongue. This paper examines a possible association between music and map design and suggests that in both there is a need in communication for a disciplined use of the basic components, be they notes or graphic elements. By improving the perceptual skills of children in vision more meaningful long-term results may be gained among map users than in remedial efforts at retraining adults in various map use skills.
Cartographic Curriculum and Trends in German Universities: What They Are, and What They Could Be
Authors: Müuller J.
Published: April 2007

In this paper, we describe the present state of higher cartographic education in Germany, add personal observations on present and future trends, and speculate on what new ingredients we think must be added to university cartographic curricula in the years to come.