bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Repair Using Direct Leaflet and Chordal Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: WILLIAMS JEFFREY L. , TOYODA YOSHIYA , OTA TAKEYOSHI , GUTKIN DMITRY , KATZ WILLIAM , ZENATI MARCO , SCHWARTZMAN DAVID
Published: November 2008

Objective: Minimally invasive repair of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) causing severe mitral regurgitation (MR) should reduce MR and have chronic durability. Our ex vivo, acute in vivo, and chronic in vivo studies suggest that direct application of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to mitral leaflets and chordae can effect these repair goals to decrease MR.

Methods: A total of seven canines were studied to assess the effects of RFA on mitral valve structure and function. RFA was applied ex vivo (n = 1), acutely in vivo using a right lateral thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 3), and chronically in vivo using percutaneous access to the heart (n = 3). RFA was applied to the mitral valve and its associated chordae. Mitral valve structure and function (in vivo preparations) were then assessed.

Results: Ex vivo application of RFA resulted in qualitative reduction in mitral leaflet surface area and chordal length. Acute in vivo application of RFA to canines found to have MVP causing severe MR demonstrated a 43.7–60.7% statistically significant (P = 0.039) reduction in postablation MR. Chronic, in vivo, percutaneous application of RFA was found to be feasible and the engendered alterations durable.

Conclusion: These data suggest that myxomatous mitral valve repair using radiofrequency energy delivered via catheter is feasible.
Clinical Verification of a Theory for Predicting Side Branch Stenosis after Main Vessel Stenting in Coronary Bifurcation Lesions
Authors: VASSILEV DOBRIN , GIL ROBERT
Published: November 2008

Objectives: To verify in a clinical scenario a theory for predicting side branch (SB) stenosis after main vessel stent implantation in coronary bifurcation lesions.

Background: Many unresolved issues remain regarding SB compromise when the parent vessel is stented.

Methods: Bifurcation lesions (all Medina types) were subjected to angiographic analysis to determine the angle, defined as α, between the axes of the parent vessel and the SB. Using the prediction that the percent diameter stenosis (%DS) is equal to the cosine of angle α and relating it to a formula to determine the minimal lumen diameter (MLD) led to the following equation: MLD = ds · (1 –cos α); ds refers to the diameter of the SB. The predicted and observed SB stenosis values following angiography were compared.

Results: Fifty‐two patients with 57 lesions were included in the analysis. Patient demographics and characteristics were similar to those in previous studies. There was a high coefficient of determination between the predicted and observed values of %DS (r2= 0.82, P < 0.001) and MLD (r2= 0.86, P < 0.001). We determined a cutoff value of 70% for predicted %DS for SB closure. When using multivariate regression analysis, the only predictor of SB ostial stenosis after stenting was α angle, whereas the predictors of MLD included the angle α and the RVD of the SB.

Conclusions: Our analysis shows that the most powerful independent predictor of SB compromise is a new variable angle α.
A Bayesian Meta‐Analysis Comparing AngioJet® Thrombectomy to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Alone in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: GRINES CINDY L. , NELSON TERESA R. , SAFIAN ROBERT D. , HANZEL GEORGE , GOLDSTEIN JAMES A. , DIXON SIMON
Published: November 2008

Objective: The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to compare outcomes for AngioJet thrombectomy versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) without thrombectomy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.

Background: PCI is the preferred treatment for revascularizing the infarct‐related artery in patients with AMI. There is controversy about the benefits of thrombectomy as an adjunct to PCI.

Methods: AMI studies published between January 1, 1999, and March 1, 2007, were used to compare AngioJet thrombectomy plus PCI to PCI alone. Bayesian meta‐analytic estimates were used to estimate the odds ratios (95% CI) for short‐term mortality, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and final TIMI 3 flow.

Results: The AngioJet data included 11 studies and 1,018 patients. The PCI data included 81 studies and 24,076 patients. The AngioJet group included more patients with large thrombus burden, rescue PCI after failed thrombolytic therapy, and longer symptom duration compared to the PCI group. Despite the higher risk profile of AngioJet patients, the groups had similar odds of short‐term mortality, 0.98 (0.53, 1.50), MACE, 1.25 (0.54, 2.40), and final TIMI 3 flow, 1.12 (0.70, 2.27).

Conclusion: AngioJet thrombectomy results in clinical and angiographic outcomes that are similar to PCI in lower risk AMI patients. These observations suggest that AngioJet thrombectomy may reduce the additional risk associated with visible thrombus in the infarct‐related lesion.
Monodispersed and Well‐Crystallized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Fabricated by Microemulsion Method
Authors: Inoguchi Masashi , Suzuki Keigo , Kageyama Keisuke , Takagi Hiroshi , Sakabe Yukio
Published: November 2008

Monodispersed and spherically shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with particle sizes of <5 nm were successfully fabricated by the microemulsion (ME) method. In this process, ZnO nanoparticles were formed at room temperature by the hydrolysis reaction of zinc diethoxide in the small water droplets in reverse micelles. Electron diffraction patterns and lattice images demonstrated that the obtained ZnO nanoparticles were composed of well‐crystallized single crystallites having a wurtzite structure. Further, we succeeded in controlling the average particle sizes in the range of 3.9–2.4 nm by changing the surfactants. The bandgap energies of the ZnO nanoparticles estimated from the derivative curve of the optical absorption spectra were 3.65 eV (3.9 nm), 3.66 eV (2.9 nm), 3.69 eV (2.7 nm), and 3.72 eV (2.4 nm). The bandgap energies were found to be considerably higher than the bandgap energy of the ZnO bulk (=3.37 eV). Thus, the quantum size effect in the ME‐derived ZnO nanoparticles was successfully observed in this study. The photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO nanoparticles exhibited intense green luminescence at an energy of around 2.5 eV.
Densification, Mechanical Properties, and Oxidation Resistance of TaC–TaB2 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Hilmas Gregory E. , Fahrenholtz William G.
Published: November 2008

The densification of tantalum carbide (TaC) was enhanced by adding 10 wt% (11 vol%) TaB2, reaching 98.6% relative density by hot pressing at 2100° or 2200°C using a 30 MPa applied pressure. X‐ray diffraction analysis identified two phases, TaC and tantalum diboride (TaB2), with no peak shifts, indicating a solid solubility was not significant at these temperatures. Mechanical properties were measured for TaC–10 wt% (11 vol%) TaB2 hot pressed at 2100°C and compared with monolithic TaC hot pressed at 2300°C. The Young's modulus increased from 472 GPa for monolithic TaC to 543 GPa for TaC with 10 wt% (11 vol%) TaB2 additions. Vickers' hardness increased from 14.1 to 19.4 GPa. Fracture toughness values were comparable, in the range of 3.4–3.5 MPa·m1/2. The average flexure strength was 600 MPa, comparable to the flexure strength of monolithic TaC (686 MPa). Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that the TaC–10 wt% (11 vol%) TaB2 oxidized at a slightly higher temperature than monolithic TaC. Together, the results indicate that TaB2 is an effective sintering aid for the densification of TaC.
Influence of Activation Temperature on Reaction Kinetics in Recycled Clay Waste–Calcium Hydroxide Systems
Authors: Frías Moisés , Rodríguez Largo Olga , García Jiménez Rosario , Vegas Iñigo
Published: November 2008

Obtaining pozzolanic materials from recycling of industrial waste and byproducts is a priority action of environmental policy all over the world. This paper describes the effect of activation conditions on the reaction kinetics in calcined clay waste (CCW)/calcium hydroxide systems. The CCW used in this work shows excellent qualities for use as supplementary cementing material in the manufacture of commercial blended cements. This research work presents an exhaustive study about the kinetics of a pozzolanic reaction in this cementing system. The results obtained by different techniques (DTA/TG, X‐ray diffraction, and SEM/EDAX) confirm that the activation conditions (in the range 700°–800°C and 2–5 h of retention) have a direct effect on the formation and evolution of hydrated phases. Low activation temperatures favor the CSH gels' formation, while at higher temperatures aluminates (C4AH13) and aluminum silicate hydrates (C4ASH8, hydrotalcites) are predominant.
Formation of Homo‐Template Grains in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 Prepared by the Reactive‐Templated Grain Growth Process
Authors: Motohashi Takao , Kimura Toshio
Published: November 2008

The effects of chemical composition on texture development have been examined for Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 prepared by the reactive‐templated grain growth method, using stoichiometric, Na‐excess, and Na‐deficient specimens. The highly textured material is obtained by heating the stoichiometric specimen at about 1100°C. Texture development is enhanced in the Na‐excess specimen, and the highly textured specimen is hardly obtained for the Na‐deficient specimen. The chemical composition affects the formation and growth stages of homo‐template grains. Large homo‐template grains form in the Na‐excess specimen and grow at the expense of small matrix grains. These conditions of the preferential growth of homo‐template grains are lost in the Na‐deficient specimen because of the small size of homo‐template grains and a high growth rate of matrix grains. The dependence of microstructure development on chemical composition is discussed based on the structure of the grain surface on an atomic scale.
Tau dephosphorylation and microfilaments disruption are upstream events of the anti‐proliferative effects of DADS in SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Aquilano Katia , Vigilanza Paola , Filomeni Giuseppe , Rotilio Giuseppe , Ciriolo Maria R.
Published: November 2008

Introduction

Material and methods

Results

Discussion

Garlic organosulphur compounds have been successfully used as redox anti‐proliferative agents. In this work, we dissect the effects of diallyl disulphide (DADS) focusing on the events upstream of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced in neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. We demonstrate that DADS is able to cause early morphological changes, cytoskeleton oxidation, microfilaments reduction and depolymerization of microtubules. These events are attenuated in cells stably overexpressing the antioxidant enzyme SOD1, suggesting that superoxide plays a crucial role in destabilizing cytoskeleton. Moreover, we evidence that the main microtubules‐associated protein Tau undergoes PP1‐mediated dephosphorylation as demonstrated by treatment with okadaic acid as well as by immunoreaction with anti‐Tau‐1 antibody, which specifically recognizes its dephosphorylated forms. Tau dephosphorylation is inhibited by the two‐electron reductants NAC and GSH ester but not by SOD1. The inability of DADS to induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma‐differentiated cells gives emphasis to the anti‐proliferative activity of DADS, which can be regarded as a promising potent anti‐neuroblastoma drug by virtue of its widespread cytoskeleton disrupting action on proliferating cells.
P53 apoptosis mediator PERP: localization, function and caspase activation in uveal melanoma
Authors: Davies Lyndsay , Gray Donna , Spiller Dave , White Mike R. H. , Damato Bertil , Grierson Ian , Paraoan Luminita
Published: November 2008

p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP‐22 (PERP) is a transcriptional target gene of p53 tumour suppressor that is specifically induced during apoptosis and not during cell cycle arrest. In primary uveal melanoma (UM), the most common intraocular malignancy in adults that has a reportedly unaffected signalling pathway upstream of and including p53, PERP expression is down‐regulated in the metastatic monosomy 3‐type tumours, compared with the less aggressive disomy 3‐type tumours. Here, we demonstrate experimentally, by the use of full‐length PERP‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions and real‐time confocal microscopy, the intracellular targeting and plasma membrane localization of PERP in living UM cells and show that expression of PERP induces caspase‐mediated apoptosis in UM cells. Induction of PERP expression in GFP‐PERP‐transfected UM cells leads to increased levels of cleaved caspase‐8 forms, as well as to reduction of its full‐length substrate Bid, but not to detectable processing of caspase‐9. The levels of mature caspase‐8, ‐9 and ‐3 proteins significantly correlate with PERP expression levels in primary UMs. Transcriptional profiling of PERP and caspase‐8 in tumour specimens indicates that the positive association of PERP and caspase‐8 proteins is a consequence of post‐translational processing, most likely at the level of caspase‐8 cleavage, and not of increased transcription of pro‐caspase‐8. We conclude that PERP expression leads to activation of an extrinsic receptor‐mediated apoptotic pathway, with a possible subsequent engagement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The findings underline the apoptotic pathway mediated by PERP as a critical mechanism employed by UM tumours to modulate susceptibility to apoptosis.
Analysis of molecular determinants of PRL‐3
Authors: Pascaru Mihaela , Tanase Carmen , Vacaru Andrei M. , Boeti Patricia , Neagu Elena , Popescu Irinel , Szedlacsek Stefan E.
Published: November 2008

In order to analyse whether a C‐terminal polybasic sequence represents a nuclear localization signal (NLS) we obtained several truncated and mutant forms of protein of regerating liver (PRL)‐3 and evaluated their subcellular localization as compared to the wild‐type form. Our results invalidate the hypothesis that this is an NLS. We also analysed the influence of the C‐ and N‐terminal residues on the phosphatase activity of PRL‐3. Our results provide in vitro evidence that the C‐terminal CAAX motif, besides directing the protein farnesylation, plays an additional regulatory role by inhibiting the catalytic efficiency of PRL‐3. Taking into account the results we obtained, as well as reported data, we propose a hypothetical molecular mechanism for the nucleocytoplasmic localization and transfer of PRL‐3.
The Feminine (Ob)scene of Cruelty
Authors: Selnes Gisle
Published: November 2008

This article starts out with a panoramic exposition of Latin American fantastic literature, arguing that the fantastic mode has become mainstream rather than a marginalized exception. However, something important is missing from the canonized program for the fantastic, namely a sensation of the fantastic object as well as of the desire that accompanies the dreams or fantasies that give reality its coherence. This article argues that authors like Alejandra Pizarnik and Silvina Ocampo represent a “real” response to the canon of artful metaphysical fictionalizations: an excessive enjoyment that cannot be accounted for in terms of the symbolic but approaches the Lacanian realm of the Real. It is often maintained that the subversive potential of fantastic literature resides in its interrogation of the (unconscious) limits between the real and the unreal that define the social, symbolic order. Yet the fascination of the “feminine (ob)scene of cruelty” resides in what exceeds symbolization, what is left after the categorical operations of culture have been performed, and never ceases to exert a horrifying fascination from beyond the frontiers of socially accepted values.
Use of customized fiber posts for the aesthetic treatment of severely compromised teeth: a case report
Authors: Savi Andrea , Manfredi Maddalena , Tamani Marco , Fazzi Mario , Pizzi Silvia
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The introduction of fiber posts has improved the treatment of endodontically treated teeth, increasing retention, and distributing the stress along the root in order to reduce the risk of fracture. This clinical case describes the use of posts during the prosthetic rehabilitation of severely compromised teeth in the anterior segment.
Conservative management of a dentigerous cyst secondary to primary tooth trauma
Authors: Gondim Juliana Oliveira , Neto José Jeová Siebra Moreira , Nogueira Renato Luís Maia , Giro Elisa Maria Aparecida
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Pulp necrosis is a commonly observed sequela in traumatized primary teeth and is one of the possible etiologic factors for the development of dentigerous teeth. This article reports the case of a dentigerous cyst associated with the germ of a permanent maxillary central incisor that developed secondary to trauma to the predecessor primary incisor. The therapeutic approach included endodontic treatment of the primary tooth and marsupialization of the lesion. After 36 months of follow up, the permanent incisor presented with normal physiologic conditions, absence of dental anomalies and erupted in its correct position in the oral cavity. In conclusion, with proper case selection, marsupialization might be a good treatment option for conservative management of dentigerous cysts.
Use of a cyanoacrylate ester adhesive for splinting of replanted teeth
Authors: Negri Márcia Regina , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Poi Wilson Roberto , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Manfrin Thais Mara , Vendrame dos Santos Claudia Letícia
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This paper reports a case of tooth replantation in which the splinting was performed with stainless steel orthodontic wire and a widely marketed brand of quick‐setting cyanoacrylate ester adhesive (Super Bonder®). The long‐term clinical and radiographic success of the case reported in this paper indicates that the splinting technique using a quick‐setting cyanoacrylate ester adhesive may be a feasible option for making a rapid, simple and efficient contention of replanted teeth in situations where the routinely used materials are not readily available.
Algorithm of first‐aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen
Authors: Zadik Yehuda
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  In order to fill the discrepancy between the necessity of providing prompt and proper treatment to dental trauma patients, and the inadequate knowledge among medics and corpsmen, as well as the lack of instructions in first‐aid textbook and manuals, and after reviewing the dental literature, a simple algorithm for non‐professional first‐aid management for various injuries to hard (teeth) and soft oral tissues, is presented. The recommended management of tooth avulsion, subluxation and luxation, crown fracture and lip, tongue or gingival laceration included in the algorithm. Along with a list of after‐hour dental clinics, this symptoms‐ and clinical‐appearance‐based algorithm is suited to tuck easily into a pocket for quick utilization by medics/corpsmen in an emergency situation. Although the algorithm was developed for the usage of military non‐dental health‐care providers, this method could be adjusted and employed in the civilian environment as well.
Sequelae to trauma to immature maxillary central incisors: a case report
Authors: Kahler Bill , Heithersay Geoffrey S
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This case report highlights (i) a rare example of spontaneous apexification despite pulp necrosis and periradicular pathosis, and (ii) pulpal necrosis and periapical pathosis following secondary trauma. The initial trauma occurred in a seven‐year‐old female who received secondary trauma 4 years later. The diagnosis and management of both maxillary central incisors as well as follow‐up assessments for both immature and mature teeth subjected to trauma is discussed.
Intrusive luxation of permanent incisors in Norwegians aged 6–17 years: a retrospective study of treatment and outcome
Authors: Wigen Tove Irene , Agnalt Reidun , Jacobsen Ingeborg
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  External replacement resorption (ankylosis‐related) is a severe complication leading eventually to tooth loss. Little information exists regarding the influence of variables such as degree of intrusion or treatment method on the development of replacement resolution in intruded permanent incisors. The aim of this study was to report the most frequently involved age group, the preferred type of treatment, and the type and frequency of healing complications. Special attention was paid to the effect of treatment on the occurrence of replacement resorption.

Material and Methods:  Fifty‐one intruded permanent incisors were studied in 20 boys and 19 girls aged 6 to 17 years. Only three patients were over 12 years of age. Complete intrusion had occurred in 21 teeth, and 31 teeth were classified as immature. Re‐eruption was awaited for 37 teeth. The remaining teeth were repositioned orthodontically (7 teeth) or surgically (7 teeth).

Results:  Re‐eruption occurred in 35 out of 37 teeth over a period of 3–12 months. After a mean observation period of 4 years ranging from 1–12 years, retained pulp vitality was recorded in 22 teeth (43%). Pulp necrosis had developed in 57%, inflammatory resorption in 26% and replacement resorption in 12%. Whereas all inflammatory resorptions were arrested after long‐term calcium hydroxide treatment, replacement resorption always led to complete root resorption. In the analysis all orthodontic and surgical repositioned teeth were combined into an active treatment group. The non‐active treatment group consisted of teeth allowed to re‐erupt. The distribution of replacement resorption was significantly lower in teeth allowed to re‐erupt than in teeth repositioned actively.

Conclusions:  The best treatment of intruded incisors in 6–12 year‐old children is to await re‐eruption. Should endodontic treatment be required before re‐eruption has occurred, a gingivectomy can be performed to gain access to the root canal.
Pulp and periodontal healing of laterally luxated permanent teeth: results after 4 years
Authors: Ferrazzini Pozzi Elena C. , Von Arx Thomas
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Aim:  To evaluate the pulp and periodontal healing of laterally luxated permanent teeth.

Material and methods:  Patients presenting with lateral luxation of permanent teeth during 2001–2002 were enrolled in this clinical study. Laterally luxated teeth were repositioned and splinted with a TTS/composite resin splint for 4 weeks. Immediate (prophylactic) root‐canal treatment was performed in severely luxated teeth with radiographically closed apices. All patients received tetracycline for 10 days. Re‐examinations were performed after 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 48 months.

Results:  All 47 laterally luxated permanent teeth that could be followed over the entire study period survived. In 10 teeth (21.3%), a prophylactic root‐canal treatment was performed within 2 weeks following injury. The remaining 37 teeth showed the following characteristics at the 4‐year re‐examination: 19 teeth (51.4%) had pulp survival (no clinical or radiographic signs or symptoms), nine teeth (24.3%) presented with pulp canal calcification, and pulp necrosis was seen in another nine teeth (24.3%), within the first year after trauma. None of the teeth with a radiographically open apex at the time of lateral luxation showed complications. External root resorption was only seen in one tooth.

Conclusions:  Laterally luxated permanent teeth with incomplete root formation have a good prognosis, with all teeth surviving in this study. The most frequent complication was pulp necrosis that was only seen in teeth with closed apices.
Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre
Authors: Lam Raymond , Abbott Paul , Lloyd Christopher , Lloyd Carmel , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  There is little epidemiological research regarding dental trauma in Australia. Previous research has largely focused on specific sub‐populations with data not necessarily applicable to a general rural Australian population. Studies from other countries have presented variable data and the relevance of their findings to the Australian setting is questionable. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, causes and presentation of dental trauma in a large rural centre in Australia.

Materials and methods:  A retrospective analysis was performed of the dental records of 323 consecutive patients who had attended a private general dental practice in Bunbury, Western Australia following an injury to their teeth and/or mouths during the period from May 2000 to December 2005 (inclusive). Injuries were classified using the Andreasen system (1994). Data analysis was carried out using spss software and Chi‐Square tests were performed with the level of significance set at 5%.

Results:  There were 528 teeth injured and eight patients had only soft tissue injuries. Males (68.1%) significantly outnumbered females (31.9%) and the ages ranged from 10 months to 78 years. The highest number of injuries occurred in children and adolescents, specifically the 0‐ to 4‐year age group followed by the 5‐ to 9‐year age and 10‐ to 14‐year age groups. Trauma was most frequently the result of falls, accidents while playing and participating in sports activities.

Conclusions:  The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly injured teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Uncomplicated crown fractures were the most common injury followed by luxations and subluxations. No significant differences in frequency were reported for the different days of the week, the different months or seasons of the year. Only one‐third of the patients presented for dental treatment within 24 h of the injury while the remainder delayed seeking treatment for varying times up to 1 year.
Paediatric mandibular fractures: report of a case
Authors: Qadri Ghalib Walid , Mokhtar Sarimah Mohd
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The conservative approach in the treatment of maxillofacial trauma in children has been widely adopted. The type of fracture and its presence within the growing facial skeleton along with the presence of tooth buds may result in different management strategies to that employed in adults. An understanding of conservative treatment options is essential to make informed choices which will best manage these injuries, and an example is presented in this paper. This case report describes a 14‐year‐old boy who sustained trauma to the chin as a result of a fall, causing a mandibular symphyseal fracture. He was successfully treated by the means of applying direct interdental wiring combined with an acrylic splint.
Multidiciplinary treatment of complicated subgingivally fractured permanent central incisors: two case reports
Authors: Ertugrul Fahinur , Eden Ece , İlgenli Tunç
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Subgingival crown fractures with pulp exposure in permanent teeth present both endodontic and restorative problems with unfavorable prognosis. Numerous restorative techniques such as resin composite restorations with and without pins, crowns and reattachment of the fractured dental fragment could be listed as the treatment options. There are several successful cases in the literature where advantages of less microleakage and proper gingival biocompatibility in cases with reattachment of the tooth fragment were reported. Two cases of palatinal subgingival crown fractures are reported. Both had been restored by reattachment of the fragment and composite with the help of the flap surgery. Follow up visits (Case 1 for 4 years and Case 2 for 1 year) revealed satisfactory esthetics and function.
The RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management Program: A Follow‐Up Validation Study*
Authors: Fetsch Robert J. , Yang Raymond K. , Pettit Matthew J.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This study is the first follow‐up assessment of the RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management Program. Parent participants (N = 168) reduced their anger, violence, and family conflict levels from posttest to follow‐up, on average, at 2.5 months on 13 of 15 dependent variables. Current findings are consistent with a small, albeit growing body of literature supporting the efficacy of RETHINK in improving anger management and parenting skills. When mothers and fathers participate in 6 or 7 weekly RETHINK sessions, they appear to learn the verbal reasoning skills they need to lower their anger, conflict, and violence levels and the changes persist for at least 2.5 months.
Processes of Change in Self‐Directed Couple Relationship Education
Authors: Wilson Keithia L. , Halford W. Kim
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The current study examined the learning processes involved in professionally supported self‐directed couple relationship education (CRE). Fifty‐nine couples completed Couple CARE, a systematic, self‐directed CRE program designed in flexible delivery mode to be completed at home. Couples watched a DVD introducing key relationship ideas and skills and then completed a structured guidebook. The learning process was supported by telephone‐based coaching sessions from a professional relationship educator. Couples completed the learning tasks associated with the programe and successfully implemented a wide range of relationship self‐change, and most reported continuing implementation of program learning at 6 months follow‐up. These findings suggest that Couple CARE is readily accessible and results in effective skill acquisition for couples.
American Attitudes toward Guest Worker Policies
Authors: Ilias Shayerah , Fennelly Katherine , Federico Christopher M.
Published: November 2008

In this study we use data from a 2004 New York Times/CBS News national survey to analyze public opinion toward a guest worker program and to compare predictors of support for guest worker and general immigration policies. In general, Americans tend to be divided in their attitudes toward a guest worker program, although support for temporary worker policies is stronger when legalization for unauthorized immigrants is conditioned on certain requirements, and when the program is coupled with enhanced border security. The results of the bivariate probit analysis indicate that individuals who favor reducing the immigration level also tend to oppose instituting a guest worker program. Perceptions of the “costs” of immigration emerged as the most important determinant of individuals' attitudes toward immigration policies; such beliefs contributed to opposition to a guest worker policy and support for reducing the immigration level. We also found that residents of high-immigration states and Latinos were more likely to support a temporary worker program. However, these characteristics do not appear to influence individuals' judgments about the number of immigrants who should be admitted to the United States. Findings regarding the impact of political partisanship and ideology on attitudes toward the two policies were more ambiguous.
The U.S. Destinations of Contemporary Mexican Immigrants
Authors: McConnell Eileen Diaz
Published: November 2008

Although U.S. Latinos continue to be concentrated in particular places, many have shifted to “new” locations around the country. This study employs data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP107) to examine the relationship between individual-level characteristics and diverse U.S. destinations chosen by post-1965 Mexican immigrants. Multinomial logistic regression analyses confirm the importance of human capital, social networks, and temporal context in directing immigrants to particular U.S. sites. The findings also suggest that employing a typology of U.S. destinations is useful for understanding the spatial distributions of contemporary Mexican immigrants.
Predictions of Migration from the New Member States after Their Accession into the European Union: Successes and Failures
Authors: Bahna Miloslav
Published: November 2008

This article evaluates predictions of the level of migration from Central and Eastern European countries which joined the European Union in 2004. It does so by comparing observed levels of migration from the new Member States with predictions based on a 2002 Eurobarometer survey. This comparison demonstrates that the failures of previous approaches were due mainly to underestimating the complex relationship between regional and international migration. In contrast to the situation in EU 15, the propensity to migrate regionally within the accession states does not imply a greater potential for international migration. This article shows that GDP was a strong predictor of migration from the new Member States during the 2004 to 2006 period. Equally important, the research presented demonstrates that well-chosen survey variables have the potential to provide accurate measurements of migration intentions.
Post‐flood field investigations in upland catchments after major flash floods: proposal of a methodology and illustrations
Authors: Gaume E. , Borga M.
Published: November 2008

Post‐event survey and investigation is one way to gain experience on natural hazards. The importance of the systematisation and standardisation of such investigations and re‐analysis is progressively recognised in all the geophysical sciences as shown by the growing number of scientific papers and programs on the subject. But how to proceed in the case of a flash floods, what type of data should be collected for what type of analyses and to explore which particular issues? To give a first answer to these questions, a methodology for post‐flash flood field investigations has been developed under the EC FLOODsite project and tested under the EC HYDRATE project. This paper presents shortly the principles of this methodology and illustrates its application for the study of two major flash floods that occurred in November 1999 and September 2002 in the South of France.
Helping Children in the Child Welfare Systems Heal from Trauma: A Systems Integration Approach
Authors: Kletzka Nicole Taylor , Siegfried Christine
Published: November 2008

Numerous organizations touch the lives of children and their families following incidents of maltreatment, including family/dependency courts, child welfare agencies, foster parent associations, foster care agencies or substitute care facilities, mental health agencies, and others. The way these organizations work together is critically important. They have the potential to promote child safety and reduce the harmful impact of maltreatment on children, but also, unfortunately, at times their actions may worsen the traumatic experience for children and their families. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network conducted a survey of 53 child‐serving organizations in 10 states, to assess the ways the organizations gather and share trauma‐related information and the basic training about child trauma their staffs receive. The goal was to determine how the various service systems, including the courts, communicate with each other about trauma and the extent to which, alone or in combination, they promote children's healing following traumatic events. The survey results point to a need to improve collaboration on issues associated with child maltreatment and trauma. Judges can be important leaders in bringing about necessary changes. Recommendations for judges and courts are included.
Children Who Have Been Traumatized: One Court's Response
Authors: Howard Judge Michael L. , Tener Robin R.
Published: November 2008

A court that is trauma‐informed can assist with the process of identifying children in need of trauma‐focused services and can provide education and direction to families frustrated by prior treatment failures. The unique role of the juvenile court judge as a community convener offers an opportunity to increase community awareness about the impact of trauma, and to promote the adoption of evidence‐based treatment for trauma victims. This article outlines the way that increased trauma awareness and trauma screening within a family court system mobilized the development of effective resources for children and families affected by trauma.
Children with Sexual Behavior Problems
Authors: Swisher Lisa M. , Silovsky Jane F. , Stuart Judge Roger H. , Pierce Keri
Published: November 2008

Judges are encountering more cases (both dependent and delinquent) involving juveniles under the age of 12 who have acted out sexually. The youth's own trauma history and protection issues often complicate the cases. This article reviews the research about treatment for children with sexual behavior problems (SBP) and discusses guidelines for making placement decisions in order to assist judges to determine an appropriate level of response in cases of children with SBP. To this end, information about typical sexual development with strategies for determining whether a sexual behavior is problematic or developmentally appropriate is provided. Children with SBP are contrasted with adolescent and adult sexual offenders. Assessment and treatment guidelines based on the current state of clinical research are provided, noting that a number of treatments have demonstrated efficacy with SBP in children. Information to facilitate decision making regarding residential placement, school participation, and family reunification is provided. Public policy should be based on scientific results and reflect the very low risk posed by children with SBP when making decisions about application of the Adam Walsh Act and national lifetime registries in general.
Adaptation of reactive and voluntary saccades: different patterns of adaptation revealed in the antisaccade task
Authors: Cotti Julien , Panouilleres Muriel , Munoz Douglas P. , Vercher Jean‐Louis , Pélisson Denis , Guillaume Alain
Published: November 2008

Sensorimotor adaptation restores and maintains the accuracy of goal‐directed movements. It remains unclear whether these adaptive mechanisms modify actions by controlling peripheral premotor stages that send commands to the effectors and/or earlier processing stages involved in registration of target location. Here, we studied the effect of adaptation of saccadic eye movements, a well‐established model of sensorimotor adaptation, in an antisaccade task. This task introduces a clear spatial dissociation between the actual target direction and the requested saccade direction because the correct movement direction is in the opposite direction from the target location. We used this requirement of a vector inversion to assess the level(s) of saccadic adaptation for two different types of adapted saccades. In two different experiments, we tested the transfer to antisaccades of the adaptation in one direction of reactive saccades to jumping targets and of scanning voluntary saccades within a target array. In the first experiment, we found that adaptation of reactive saccades transferred only to antisaccades in the adapted direction. In contrast, in the second experiment, adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades transferred to antisaccades in both the adapted and non‐adapted directions. We conclude that adaptation of reactive saccades acts only downstream of the vector inversion required in the antisaccade task, whereas adaptation of voluntary saccades has a distributed influence, acting both upstream and downstream of vector inversion.
The SNAT4 isoform of the system A amino acid transporter is functional in human placental microvillous plasma membrane
Authors: Desforges M. , Mynett K. J. , Jones R. L. , Greenwood S. L. , Westwood M. , Sibley C. P. , Glazier J. D.
Published: November 2008

Placental system A activity is important for the supply of neutral amino acids needed for fetal growth. There are three system A isoforms: SNAT1, SNAT2 and SNAT4, but the contribution of each to system A‐mediated transport is unknown. Here, we have used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that all three isoforms are present in the syncytiotrophoblast suggesting each plays a role in amino acid transport across the placenta. We next tested the hypothesis that the SNAT4 isoform is functional in microvillous plasma membrane vesicles (MVM) from normal human placenta using a method which exploits the unique property of SNAT4 to transport both cationic amino acids as well as the system A‐specific substrate MeAIB. The data show that SNAT4 contribution to system A‐specific amino acid transport across MVM is higher in first trimester placenta compared to term (approx. 70% and 33%, respectively, P < 0.01). Further experiments performed under more physiological conditions using intact placental villous fragments suggest a contribution of SNAT4 to system A activity in first trimester placenta but minimal contribution at term. In agreement, Western blotting revealed that SNAT4 protein expression is higher in first trimester MVM compared to term (P < 0.05). This study provides the first evidence of SNAT4 activity in human placenta and demonstrates the contribution of SNAT4 to system A‐mediated transport decreases between first trimester and term: our data lead us to speculate that at later stages of gestation SNAT1 and/or SNAT2 are more important for the supply of amino acids required for normal fetal growth.
Anoctamin/TMEM16 family members are Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels
Authors: Hartzell H. Criss , Yu Kuai , Xiao Qinhuan , Chien Li‐Ting , Qu Zhiqiang
Published: November 2008

Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels (CaCCs) perform many important functions in cell physiology including secretion of fluids from acinar cells of secretory glands, amplification of olfactory transduction, regulation of cardiac and neuronal excitability, mediation of the fast block to polyspermy in amphibian oocytes, and regulation of vascular tone. Although a number of proteins have been proposed to be responsible for CaCC currents, the anoctamin family (ANO, also known as TMEM16) exhibits characteristics most similar to those expected for the classical CaCC. Interestingly, this family of proteins has previously attracted the interest of both developmental and cancer biologists. Some members of this family are up‐regulated in a number of tumours and functional deficiency in others is linked to developmental defects.
Calcium‐ and myosin‐dependent changes in troponin structure during activation of heart muscle
Authors: Sun Yin‐Biao , Lou Fang , Irving Malcolm
Published: November 2008

Each heartbeat is triggered by a pulse of intracellular calcium ions which bind to troponin on the actin‐containing thin filaments of heart muscle cells, initiating a change in filament structure that allows myosin to bind and generate force. We investigated the molecular mechanism of calcium regulation in demembranated trabeculae from rat ventricle using polarized fluorescence from probes on troponin C (TnC). Native TnC was replaced by double‐cysteine mutants of human cardiac TnC with bifunctional rhodamine attached along either the C helix, adjacent to the regulatory Ca2+‐binding site, or the E helix in the IT arm of the troponin complex. Changes in the orientation of both troponin helices had the same steep Ca2+ dependence as active force production, with a Hill coefficient (nH) close to 3, consistent with a single co‐operative transition controlled by Ca2+ binding. Complete inhibition of active force by 25 μm blebbistatin had very little effect on the Ca2+‐dependent structural changes and in particular did not significantly reduce the value of nH. Binding of rigor myosin heads to thin filaments following MgATP depletion in the absence of Ca2+ also changed the orientation of the C and E helices, and addition of Ca2+ in rigor produced further changes characterized by increased Ca2+ affinity but with nH close to 1. These results show that, although myosin binding can switch on thin filaments in rigor conditions, it does not contribute significantly under physiological conditions. The physiological mechanism of co‐operative Ca2+ regulation of cardiac contractility must therefore be intrinsic to the thin filaments.
Soap bubbles in paintings: Art and science
Authors: Behroozi F.
Published: November 2008

Soap bubbles became popular in 17th century paintings and prints primarily as a metaphor for the impermanence and fragility of life. The Dancing Couple (1663) by the Dutch painter Jan Steen is a good example which, among many other symbols, shows a young boy blowing soap bubbles. In the 18th century the French painter Jean-Simeon Chardin used soap bubbles not only as metaphor but also to express a sense of play and wonder. In his most famous painting, Soap Bubbles (1733/1734) a translucent and quavering soap bubble takes center stage. Chardin’s contemporary Charles Van Loo painted his Soap Bubbles (1764) after seeing Chardin’s work. In both paintings the soap bubbles have a hint of color and show two bright reflection spots. We discuss the physics involved and explain how keenly the painters have observed the interaction of light and soap bubbles. We show that the two reflection spots on the soap bubbles are images of the light source, one real and one virtual, formed by the curved surface of the bubble. The faint colors are due to thin film interference effects.
A new constant of motion for an electric charge acted on by a point electric dipole
Authors: Gutiérrez-López Sergio , Castellanos-Moreno Arnulfo , Rosas-Burgos Rodrigo Arturo
Published: November 2008

A new constant of the motion is found for an electric charge acted on by an electric dipole. The relation of the constant of the motion to the energy of the particle is found. Some properties of the motion are studied and known results are reproduced more simply. We discuss conditions for the appearance of bounded and unbounded trajectories, motion on a sphere, and on a plane. Small angular oscillations around a stable circular trajectory are also studied.
Two experiments in physics based on electrospun polymer nanofibers
Authors: Pinto Nicholas J.
Published: November 2008

Two experiments related to nanoscience are described. These experiments are currently part of the undergraduate Physics program at the University of Puerto Rico. A simple to build and operate electrospinning apparatus produces conducting polymer nanofibers that are used to fabricate nanoresistors and Schottky nanodiodes. The properties of these devices are straightforward to study. A modification of the sample chamber can convert the nanoresistor experiment into a supersensitive alcohol vapor sensor.
Variation in
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi IncHI1 Plasmids during the Global Spread of Resistant Typhoid Fever
Authors: Phan Minh-Duy , Kidgell Claire , Nair Satheesh , Holt Kathryn E. , Turner Arthur K. , Hinds Jason , Butcher Philip , Cooke Fiona J. , Thomson Nicholas R. , Titball Richard , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Hasan Rumina , Dougan Gordon , Wain John
Published: November 2008

A global collection of plasmids of the IncHI1 incompatibility group from
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi were analyzed by using a combination of DNA sequencing, DNA sequence analysis, PCR, and microarrays. The IncHI1 resistance plasmids of serovar Typhi display a backbone of conserved gene content and arrangement, within which are embedded preferred acquisition sites for horizontal DNA transfer events. The variable regions appear to be preferred acquisition sites for DNA, most likely through composite transposition, which is presumably driven by the acquisition of resistance genes. Plasmid multilocus sequence typing, a molecular typing method for IncHI1 plasmids, was developed using variation in six conserved loci to trace the spread of these plasmids and to elucidate their evolutionary relationships. The application of this method to a collection of 36 IncHI1 plasmids revealed a chronological clustering of plasmids despite their difference in geographical origins. Our findings suggest that the predominant plasmid types present after 1993 have not evolved directly from the earlier predominant plasmid type but have displaced them. We propose that antibiotic selection acts to maintain resistance genes on the plasmid, but there is also competition between plasmids encoding the same resistance phenotype.