bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Heterogeneity of Mammalian Galactose Dehydrogenase
Authors: Cuatrecasas Pedro , Segal Stanton
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretically distinct forms of galactose dehydrogenase were demonstrated in various tissues of the rat. Phylogenetic comparisons revealed considerable variation with species in mammalian liver zymograms; virtually no activity was demonstrable in fish, pigeon, and frog liver. Ontogenetic studies of the rat revealed sequential appearance of liver isoenzymes.
Polymorphism of Heavy-Chain Genes in Immunoglobulins of Wild Mice
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Potter Michael
Published: October 2006

The serums of 123 wild mice from six different geographic locations in the United States contain five of the six known heavy-chain antigenic determinants that have been identified in immunoglobulin of inbred laboratory strains of mice. On the basis of the distribution of determinants in inbred strains, 44 of the mice were judged to be heterozygotes of various combinations and two had combinations of determinants that were unusual and could only have occurred in laboratory inbred mice by recombination.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Germinal Vesicles of Oocytes of
Rana pipiens
Authors: Haggis Alex J.
Published: October 2006

The amount of DNA isolated from germinal vesicles of
Rana pipiens
oocytes is similar to that isolated from whole unfertilized eggs, and this suggests that oocyte nuclei are the source of much of the DNA obtained from whole eggs. Fluorometric determinations of the isolated DNA show the presence of 0.004 microgram of DNA equivalents per germinal vesicle. Similar values were obtained by estimations from comparisons of the cesium chloride density-gradient profiles of sample DNA and a known amount of reference DNA from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. The buoyant density of DNA prepared from isolated germinal vesicles is the same as that of frog-liver DNA, 1.706 grams per cubic centimeter, as determined by equilibrium sedimentation in a cesium chloride density gradient.
Airflow Control by Auditory Feedback: Respiratory Mechanics and Wind Instruments
Authors: Bouhuys Arend
Published: October 2006

The auditory signal provided by a soprano recorder in a breathing circuit can help human subjects to regulate inspiratory and expiratory airflow rates at constant preset levels. This method of airflow control is useful in studies of the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the lungs and may have additional applications in human respiration physiology.
Subacute Sclerosing Leukoencephalitis: Ultrastructure of Intranuclear and Intracytoplasmic Inclusions
Authors: Tellez-Nagel Isabel , Harter Donald H.
Published: October 2006

Intranuclear inclusions found in glial cells of two cases of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis have been examined in the electron microscope. The inclusions are composed of filamentous tubules 170 to 230 angstroms in diameter, which bear a general resemblance to the intranuclear structures observed in cells infected with measles virus. This finding provides further suggestive evidence that a virus may be involved in the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis.
Parathyroid Hormone in Plasma in Adenomatous Hyperparathyroidism, Uremia, and Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Authors: Berson Soloman A. , Yalow Rosalyn S.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of parathyroid hormone (measured by radioimmunoassay) in plasma of patients with severe chronic uremia is frequently much higher than it is in the majority of cases having adenomatous hyperparathyroidism. Higher-than-normal concentrations of parathyroid hormone in plasma are found in a significant percentage of unselected patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
Photochemical Evolution of Oxygen from Certain Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Behar Bracha , Stein Gabriel
Published: October 2006

Illumination of aqueous solutions containing ferric ions and hydrogen peroxide leads to evolution of O
2
by way of a chain reaction. The photochemically active intermediate is the complex between Fe
3
and HO
2
-. The effects of
p
H and concentration of the reagent on the quantum yield (chain length) are reported.
Inactive Alkaline Phosphatase in Duodenum of Nursling Mouse: Immunological Evidence
Authors: Etzler Marilynn E. , Moog Florence
Published: October 2006

A preparation of duodenal alkaline phosphatase from 11-day-old mice contains an enzymatically inactive material that cross reacts with antiserum prepared against one isozyme of 20-day alkaline phosphatase. After precipitation of this material from solution, the antiserum cannot precipitate the 20-day enzyme.
Genetically Determined Antigen of the Ne Subgroup of Gamma-Globulin: Detection by Precipitin Analysis
Authors: Kunkel H. G. , Yount W. J. , Litwin S. D.
Published: October 2006

A genetic antigen, Gm(n), has been described for the Ne subgroup of gamma-globulin previously devoid of Gm factors. It was detected by precipitin tests with a primate antiserum to Ne-type heavy chains. A relation to the Gm(b) antigens of the Vi subgroup and the Gm(f) and Gm(y) antigens of the We subgroup was apparent. The availability of genetic antigens for the heavy chains of three subgroups of gamma-globulin with varying relationships in different populations offers an approach to the mapping of the genes concerned.
Electrophoretic Variation of Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase
Authors: Mathai Claramma K. , Beutler Ernest
Published: October 2006

A specific method for starch-gel electrophoresis of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase has been developed. Electrophoresis of red-cell hemolyzate from normal subjects and subjects homozygous for the Duarte variant has shown that the Duarte variant has a slightly faster electrophoretic mobility than the normal enzyme under the various conditions used. Molecular-weight estimation on Sephadex G-200 indicates that this observed difference in electrophoretic mobility of the Duarte variant is not due to difference in molecular size. Both enzymes have a molecular weight of approximately 85,000.
Electron Microscopy of Living Insects
Authors: Pease R. F. W. , Hayes T. L. , Camp A. S. , Amer N. M.
Published: October 2006

Electron micrographs of living specimens of the various developmental stages of the insect
Tribolium confusum
have been obtained with a scanning electron microscope. In most cases the specimens resumed their normal activity after being examined with the electron microscope and underwent metamorphosis into the next stage.
Low-Noise, Interference-Resistant Amplifier Suitable for Biological Signals
Authors: Schuler Graham , Park Gordon , Ertl John P.
Published: October 2006

Minor changes in conventional low-noise amplifier circuits decrease circuit noise and attenuate the unwanted effects of varying impedances and potentials which exist between commonly employed electrodes and the tissues of biological subjects. The resulting reduction of intrinsic amplifier noise and reduced susceptibility to external interference is helpful in the study of low-frequency signals of microvolt level.
Kodiak Seamount Not Flat-Topped
Authors: Hamilton E. L. , von Huene R. E.
Published: October 2006

Earlier surveys in the Aleutian Trench southeast of Kodiak Island, Alaska, indicated that Kodiak Seamount had a flat top and was a tablemount or guyot. This seamount is of special significance because it has been supposed that its surface was eroded at the same time as those of a line of guyots to the southeast. If so, its present position in the axis of the Aleutian Trench indicates that the line of guyots was formed before the trench. A two-part survey in 1965 showed that Kodiak Seamount is not flat-topped, and should be eliminated from the category of guyots. Reflection profiling records indicate that the seamount was formed before the adjacent sediments were deposited, and that the small trough, or moat, on the south side is a depositional feature probably formed by a scouring effect or by the acceleration of turbidity currents around the base of the mount.
Suggested Revision for West Mexican Archeological Sequences
Authors: Long S. V. , Taylor R. E.
Published: October 2006

A review of the radiocarbon dates and published and unpublished archeological data from the West Mexican states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima has resulted in a revised tentative chronology for West Mexico.
Visual Adaptation: Increased Efficiency Resulting from Spectrally Distributed Mixtures of Stimuli
Authors: Boynton Robert M. , DAS S. R.
Published: October 2006

Visual adapting stimuli having different spectral distributions are used alone and then mixed together. It is found that the mixture is more effective, as an adapting field, than either component when used alone. This experiment, along with others, supports the following: although the most efficient stimulus for eliciting a visual sensation is "compact" in space, time, and wavelength, the most efficient adapting stimulus tends to be dispersed in each of these dimensions.
Level-Surface Profiles across the Puerto Rico Trench
Authors: von Arx William S.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary observations have been made from a ship of the warping of the geoid across the Puerto Rico Trench. Astrogeodetic and gravimetric measurements of the deflections of vertical and the corresponding level-surface profiles are compared for this site. The accuracies at which level-surface topography would provide a useful datum at sea are mentioned with reference to oceanographic requirements.
Crystal Structure of Amylose Triacetate: A Nonintegral Helix
Authors: Sarko A. , Marchessault R. H.
Published: October 2006

The x-ray diffraction diagram of an oriented fiber of amylose triacetate I, presenting evidence for a nonintegral helical structure, was analyzed by a model and by Fourier transform calculation. The results suggest a helical structure with 4.67 ± 0.02 residues per one turn of the helix, which appears to be left-handed.
Clostridium botulinum
Type F: Seasonal Inhibition by
Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: Wentz Myron W. , Scott Richard A. , Vennes John W.
Published: October 2006

Clostridium botulinum
type F has been identified during the summer months in mud samples from a small stream. Its absence during the period from October to April in these mud samples is attributed to the presence of
Bacillus licheniformis
.
Hexokinase Isoenzymes in Liver and Adipose Tissue of Man and Dog
Authors: Brown Josiah , Miller Donald M. , Holloway Mary T. , Leve Gerald D.
Published: October 2006

A hexokinase, with a low Michaelis constant, not previously described, has been found in extracts of human and dog liver but not of rat liver. Earlier reports are contradicted in that glucokinase occurs in extracts of liver from well-nourished humans and dogs; it is absent, or almost so, during states of poor nutrition.
Diphenamid Metabolism in Plants
Authors: Kesner C. D. , Ries S. K.
Published: October 2006

Diphenamid, a herbicide, is metabolized to
N
-methyl 2,2-diphenylacetamide and 2,2-diphenylacetamide by the common soil fungi
Trichoderma viride
and
Aspergillus candidus
within 48 hours. The two metabolites are more toxic than diphenamid to both tomato and barnyard-grass seedlings under sterile conditions. This finding indicates that the phytotoxic moiety is not diphenamid but one of its metabolites—probably the
N
-methyl derivative.
Mars: Influence of Topography on Formation of Temporary Bright Patches
Authors: O'Leary B. T. , Rea D. G.
Published: October 2006

The Mountains of Mitchel and other temporary bright patches observed on the Martian disk may be carbon-dioxide condensations in depressions rather than a water-ice mixture on mountains as previously thought. This interpretation supports the hypothesis that the Martian deserts, that is, the light areas, are lower than their surroundings.
Iodide Transport: Inhibition by Agents Reacting at the Membrane
Authors: Larsen P. Reed , Wolff J.
Published: October 2006

Accumulation of iodide by thyroid tissue is inhibited by two phospholipase A-free proteins from cobra venom, filipin, crude phospholipase C, and lysolecithin. The venom proteins decrease K
+
in tissue but do not significantly affect incorporation of phosphorus-32 into phospholipid or stimulation of this process by thyrotropin. However, filipin and crude phospholipase C, like thyrotropin, do increase phospholipid formation.
Lunar Transient Phenomena: Topographical Distribution
Authors: Middlehurst Barbara M. , Moore Patrick A.
Published: October 2006

The sites named in nearly 400 reports of lunar transient phenomena fall into three classes: (i) sites peripheral to the maria, (ii) ray craters, and (iii) ring plains with dark or partially dark floors; none are known in the rugged highland area of the southeast (International Astronomical Union, 1964; classically southwest) quadrant. Permanent records are few; the sites where known are consistent with the visual records.
Protein Uptake in Multivesicular Bodies in the Molt-Intermolt Cycle of an Insect
Authors: Locke Michael , Collins J. V.
Published: October 2006

Plant peroxidase injected into the hemocoel is taken up in granules by almost all tissues. These granules may become multivesicular bodies or isolation bodies which later breakdown. There is most uptake and breakdown at times in the molt-intermolt cycle when cells are engaged in active syntheses.
Weight Loss in Men in Space
Authors: Webb Paul
Published: October 2006

Men returning from orbital flights have lost from 2 to 6 percent of their body weights. Similar losses occur during simulated weightlessness; blood normally pooled in dependent parts returns to the circulation, increasing central blood volume and causing excretion of water which is not replaced during flight.
Siliceous Urinary Calculi in Calves: Prevention by Addition of Sodium Chloride to the Diet
Authors: Bailey C. B.
Published: October 2006

Urinary calculi were found in all but one of 14 calves given a ration associated with the formation of siliceous calculi. No calculi were found in a similar group of 14 calves given the same ration with sodium chloride added (4 percent). It is suggested that sodium chloride prevented calculus formation by increasing water intake and urine volume, with a consequent reduction in the concentration of silicic acid in the urine.
Synaptic Noise as a Source of Variability in the Interval between Action Potentials
Authors: Calvin William H. , Stevens Charles F.
Published: October 2006

The source of variability in the interval between action potentials has been identified in a class of cat spinal motoneurons. The observed random fluctuations in membrane potential (synaptic noise) together with an empirical description of spike generation accurately predict the statistical structure of variability observed to occur in the neuron's discharge.
Honey Bees: Do They Use the Distance Information Contained in Their Dance Maneuver?
Authors: Wenner Adrian M.
Published: October 2006

Regular visitors at one site (experimental) in a linear series of sites normally recruit inexperienced hive mates to or near that site. If bees from a second hive were allowed to forage at both control sites, however, recruits from the experimental hive, while orienting to these sites, exhibited no evidence of having used any distance information they might have received before leaving their parent hive.
Equilibration Temperatures of Iron and Magnesium in Chondritic Meteorites
Authors: Van Schmus W. R. , Koffman D. M.
Published: October 2006

The distribution coefficients for Fe
++
and Mg
++
were calculated from new microprobe analyses of coexisting olivine, orthopyroxene, and calcic pyroxene in chondritic meteorites. Interpretation of the data shows that (i) the equilibration temperatures were of the order of 850°C, and (ii) the olivine-orthopyroxene partition does not reflect ideal behavior. This equilibration temperature is much lower than previous estimates.
Infrared Images of Tycho on Dark Moon
Authors: Salisbury John W. , Hunt Graham R.
Published: October 2006

Infrared images of the thermal anomaly associated with the lunar crater Tycho were obtained during the lunar night after Tycho had ceased to be illuminated by the Sun for as long as 97 hours. In agreement with results of previous studies, these measurements show that the crater is warmer than its surroundings during the lunar night, and that the temperature of the thermal anomaly gradually decreases with time, being no longer detectable after new moon. This work provides strong evidence that the steeper crater walls facing the Sun before local sunset are warmer throughout the cooling phase, and that the Tycho anomaly is thus produced by solar, rather than internal, heat.
Martian Relief and the Coming Opposition
Authors: Harris D. H.
Published: October 2006

Ground-based observations of Martian relief may be possible when the Earth-Mars geometry is optimum and the observing conditions are near perfect. There is some evidence that detectable relief is present. Ground-based observations of Martian relief during the coming opposition will be optimum between 1 February and 1 March and between 1 June and 15 August 1967.
Loss of Thymus-Distinctive Serological Characteristics in Mice under Certain Conditions
Authors: Schlesinger M. , Golakai V. K.
Published: October 2006

The serological properties of thymus cells of inbred mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumors and treated with cortisol were investigated. Thymus-distinctive antigenicity and sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of guinea pig serum and rabbit serum were significantly decreased, without change in reactivity to H-2 isoantibodies.
Dating and Authenticating Works of Art by Measurement of Natural Alpha Emitters
Authors: Keisch Bernard , Feller R. L. , Levine A. S. , Edwards R. R.
Published: October 2006

A method for distinguishing between modern and old samples of lead has been used to analyze certain works of art. The basis of the method is the detection of radioactive lead-210, which decays with a 22-year half-life when it is unsupported by its long-lived precursor, radium-226. The latter is separated chemically from lead when lead and lead products are prepared from the ore.
Anodic Oxidation and Molecular Structure: Influence on Performance of Normal Saturated Hydrocarbons in Fuel Cells
Authors: Cairns Elton J.
Published: October 2006

Variation in the rate of anodic oxidation of normal saturated hydrocarbons (at current densities of half the maximum value or higher) with the carbon number parallels the variation in the rate of diffusion (in electrochemical equivalents) of the hydrocarbon through the electrolyte. This parallelism, not previously recognized, is consistent with the concept of diffusion-influenced anode reactions. The conditions under which this behavior is expected are presented.
Functional Chloroplast Polyribosomes from Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Chen Jane L. , Wildman S. G.
Published: October 2006

Incubation of isolated tobacco chloroplasts with ingredients required for protein synthesis resulted in liberation of 70
S
ribosomes and polyribosomes that no longer sedimented with the chloroplasts. With increasing time of incubation, polyribosomes broke down to 70
S
monosomes. Similarly, microgram quantities of ribonuclease caused chloroplast polyribosomes to break down into monosomes. Both polyribosomes and 70
S
ribosomes that were isolated on sucrose density gradients and tested separately in cell-free systems were capable of protein synthesis; however, polyribosomes formed more protein per unit of RNA than monosomes did.
Prevention of Protein Denaturation during Exposure to Sterilization Temperatures
Authors: Chappelle Emmett W. , Rich Edward , MacLeod Norman H.
Published: October 2006

Firefly luciferase exposed to a temperature of 135°C for 36 hours retained up to 40 percent of its original activity. Prerequisites for heat stability were the use of a molecular sieve (Sephadex G-25 or Biogel P-300) and a high vacuum (5 × 10
-4
mm-Hg). These studies present a possible solution to the problem of sterilization for exobiological experiments.
Single Fallout Particles and Zirconium-95 from the Chinese Nuclear Explosion of 9 May 1966
Authors: Baugh James O. , Yoshikawa Kazuko , Kuroda P. K.
Published: October 2006

Daily fluctuations of the number of single fallout particles and activity of zirconium-95 in the ground-level air were measured at Fayetteville (94°W, 36°N), Arkansas, for a period of about 3 months after the Chinese nuclear explosion of 9 May 1966. We found a cyclic pattern of variations for both zirconium-95 and fallout particles; this indicated that they were airborne for a long period and traveled far. Apparently, some of the particles circled the world more than once.
Amino Acid Transport: Evidence for Genetic Control of Two Types in Human Kidney
Authors: Scriver C. R. , Wilson O. H.
Published: October 2006

A mutation affecting renal transport of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine occurs in man. In the presumed homozygote there is still significant residual transport of these compounds; however, this remaining function is saturated at normal concentrations of substrate in the plasma and is not inhibited by L-proline in the expected way. The presumed heterozygote has partial loss of a transport system common to the three substrates, which becomes saturated at high concentrations of substrate and is inhibited by L-proline. Two different types of transport systems are proposed: a common system and systems with lower capacity and greater specificity. The two types of transport appear to be controlled by separate genes.
Baja California: Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs
Authors: Morris William J.
Published: October 2006

Late Cretaceous dinosaurs have been discovered along the Pacific margin of Baja California. The presence of
Hypacrosaurus
sp. is suggestive of correlation with the Upper Edmonton Formation, Alberta. Dissimilarities between the Baja California fauna and those from contemporary units along the eastern trend of the Rocky Mountains suggest that Baja California was ecologically separated from mainland Mexico during late Campanian and early Maastrictian time.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: Effect on Ethylene Production by Fruits and Leaves of Fig Tree
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Crane J. C.
Published: October 2006

Production of ethylene by fruits and leaves of the fig tree was stimulated by the application of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (20 parts per million) to levels that apparently were responsible for hastened maturation of fruit, epinasty, and senescence of leaves.
Alpha-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Tissues of the Weddell Seal
Authors: Fried George H. , Ray Carleton , Hiller Jack , Rabinow Steve , Antopol William
Published: October 2006

High activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue of Weddell seals suggest that neutral fat may be assembled there from exogenous sources of fatty acids. Low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in other tissues tested precludes assignment of the function of fatty-acid synthesis to any specific tissue and emphasizes uniqueness of adipose mass in seals.
Adaptation of an Insect Cell Line (Grace's Antheraea Cells) to Medium Free of Insect Hemolymph
Authors: Yunker Conrad E. , Vaughn James L. , Cory Jack
Published: October 2006

Cultures of the insect cell line derived by Grace from
Antheraea eucalypti
Scott [
Austrocaligula eucalypti
(Scott)] were successfully adapted to medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, whole-egg ultrafiltrate, and bovine plasma albumin instead of insect hemolymph. Cells, now in their 37th passage, have a population doubling time of 2.5 days; those of unadapted cultures, 4.2 days.
Single Fibers of Cat Optic Nerve: "Thresholds" to Light
Authors: Heiss Wolf-Dieter , Milne David C.
Published: October 2006

Absolute thresholds of 39 single fibers of the optic nerves of 20 cats were determined by inspection of post-stimulus time histograms, each computed from the responses to 60 to 100 identical flashes of white light. The values found—from 1.1 × 10
-7
to 6.8 × 10
-6
candella per square meter (nits)—agree well with psychophysical thresholds found in previous investigations.
Tetrodotoxin Blocks a Graded Sensory Response in the Eye of
Limulus
Authors: Benolken R. M. , Russell C. J.
Published: October 2006

The generalization that tetrodotoxin selectively blocks all-or-none electrical activity of nerve and muscle but has negligible effect upon graded responses of sensory systems does not appear to be valid for the Limulus eye. Tetrodotoxin reversibly blocks the graded transient component of this visual response, while the steady-state component of the response is relatively unaffected by the drug.
Ratio of Blue to Red Light: A Brief Increase Following Sunset
Authors: Johnson Terrance B. , Salisbury Frank B. , Connor Gerald I.
Published: October 2006

Visible spectra of solar radiation were recorded during sunset. With the development of twilight, there was an expected decrease in the blue-to-red ratio; but directly upon setting of the sun there was a sharp rise in this ratio (due to the predominance of skylight) which attenuated rapidly to follow the pattern that it had previously taken.
Torsional Rigidity of Positively and Negatively Supercoiled DNA
Authors: Selvin Paul R. , Cook David N. , Pon Ning G. , Bauer William R. , Klein Melvin P. , Hearst John E.
Published: October 2006

Time-correlated single-photon counting of intercalated ethidium bromide was used to measure the torsion constants of positively supercoiled, relaxed, and negatively supercoiled pBR322 DNA, which range in superhelix density from +0.042 to -0.123. DNA behaves as coupled, nonlinear torsional pendulums under superhelical stress, and the anharmonic term in the Hamiltonian is approximately 15 percent for root-mean-square fluctuations in twist at room temperature. At the level of secondary structure, positively supercoiled DNA is significantly more flexible than negatively supercoiled DNA. These results exclude certain models that account for differential binding affinity of proteins to positively and negatively supercoiled DNA.
Testis-Specific and Sex-Associated Hexokinases in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Murray Robert F. , Ball Judith A.
Published: October 2006

Hexokinases of
Drosophila melanogaster
were investigated by starch-gel electrophoresis. A hexokinase is present in both sexes during earlier stages of development, but it persists only in male adults. In addition, in this species there is a testis-specific hexokinase which is first observed during the pupal period.
Creatine Phosphokinase in Thyroid: Isoenzyme Composition Compared with Other Tissues
Authors: Graig Frank A. , Smith J. Crispin
Published: October 2006

Considerable creatine phosphokinase activity was demonstrated in thyroid glands of several species. After starch gel electrophoresis, thyroid exhibited a creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme pattern different from that of muscle, heart, and brain. The isoenzyme repertory of various tissues and a hybrid enzyme produced from muscle and brain enzyme are consistent with the postulated dimeric structure of creatine phosphokinase.
Hemoglobin α
2
β
2
121 Lys
Chemical Identification in an Egyptian Family
Authors: Kamel K. A. , Hoerman K. C. , Awny A. Y.
Published: October 2006

Study of the amino acid composition and amino-terminal residue in the abnormal peptide of an electrophoretically slow hemoglobin revealed that the globin's structure was α
2
β
2
121 Lys
(Oβ). This hemoglobin had been provisionally classified as Hb E or as a new hemoglobin. The clinical significance of this abnormality is not yet defined.
Calcareous Septa Formed in Snail Shells by Larvae of Snail-Killing Flies
Authors: Knutson L. V. , Berg C. O. , Edwards L. J. , Bratt A. D. , Foote B. A.
Published: October 2006

Larvae of 13 species of
Pherbellia
and
Colobaea
that feed in exposed aquatic snails utilize a product of the Malpighian tubules before they pupate to form a plate-like structure within the shell or to reinforce the anterior end of the puparium. The substance is partly calcium carbonate, and carbonic anhydrase may be involved in its production.
Variation in Atmospheric Carbon-14 Activity Relative to a Sunspot-Auroral Solar Index
Authors: Bray J. Roger
Published: October 2006

Radiocarbon activity was negatively correlated (P<.01) with a sunspot-auroral index during 25 designated solar activity periods from 129 B.C. to A.D. 1964. Change in carbon-14 activity during these periods was inverse to change in solar activity in 22 of 24 instances (P<.001). Contamination from carbon-14 formed during previous solar cycles may lessen the value of carbon-14 as a climate or solar index.
Amino Acids and the Spikes from the Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Kishida Keiko , Naka K. I.
Published: October 2006

The effects of amino acids or mixtures of amino acids on the spike discharges from the optic ganglion cells were studied. Mixtures of amino acids have different effects than single amino acids. Proper composition of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids can enhance only the light-induced spikes without giving rise to any spontaneous discharges. It is implied that amino acids may play an important role in the regulation of the general sensitivity of cells in the central nervous system.
Plastic Films on Plants as Antitranspirants
Authors: Gale J. , Poljakoff-Mayber A.
Published: October 2006

Plastic-film-type antitranspirants are more permeable to water vapor than to carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis in treated plants is reduced to the same or greater extent than transpiration, except under conditions of stress, when photosynthesis in treated plants is greater than in controls. This exception is attributed to reduction of stress, as the selective permeability of the films to gases would tend to produce the reverse effect.
The National Standard Reference Data System
Authors: Brady Edward L. , Wallenstein Merrill B.
Published: October 2006

The National Standard Reference Data System is a government-wide effort to give to the technical community of the United States optimum access to the quantitative data of physical science, critically evaluated and compiled for convenience. This program was established in 1963 through action of the President's Office of science and Technology and the Federal Council for Science and Technology, acting upon the recommendation of the Council's Committee on Scientific and Technical Information. The National Bureau of Standards has been assigned responsibility for administering the effort. The general object of the system is to coordinate and integrate existing activities in data evaluation and compilation into a systematic comprehensive program, supplementing and expanding technical coverage when necessary, establishing and maintaining standards for the output of the participating groups, and providing mechanisms for dissemination of the output as required.

The NSRDS is a decentralized operation of nationwide scope, with central coordination by the Bureau; it comprises a complex of data centers and other activities carried on in government agencies, academic institutions, and nongovernmental laboratories. The independent operational status of existing data projects is maintained and encouraged. Data centers that are components of NSRDS produce compilations of critically evaluated data, critical reviews of the state of quantitative knowledge in specialized areas, and computations of useful functions derived from standard reference data.
Cliftonite in Meteorites: A Proposed Origin
Authors: Brett Robin , Higgins G. T.
Published: October 2006

Cliftonite, a polycrystalline aggregate of graphite with cubic morphology, is known in ten meteorites. Some workers have considered it to be a pseudomorph after diamond, and have used the proposed diamond ancestry as evidence of a meteoritic parent body of at least lunar dimensions. We have synthesized cliftonite in Fe-Ni-C alloys in vacuum, as a product of decomposition of cohenite [(Fe,Ni)
3
C]. We therefore suggest that a high pressure origin is unnecessary for meteorites which contain cliftonite, and that these meteorites were formed at low pressures. This conclusion is in agreement with other recent evidence.
Industrial Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the United States: A Projection
Authors: Rohrman F. A. , Steigerwald B. J. , Ludwig J. H.
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide builds up in the earth's atmosphere principally from increased use of fossil fuels. Estimates of the escalating uses of fossil fuels in the United States, especially for the generation of electric power and in the internal combustion engine, show that by the year 2000 emissions will have increased approximately eighteenfold from 1890. In the period 1965 to 1985 an emission-rate increase of around 4.0 percent per year compounded is expected. The expected intrusion and expansion of nuclear power will tend to lower the rates of increase of emission after 1985. Increases in emission rates in the rest of the world will probably equal or exceed the values projected for the United States.
Limited Heterogeneity of Gamma Globulin in Hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: Hong Richard , Good Robert A.
Published: October 2006

When serums of 11 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia were examined by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis, combined with diffusion analysis, for the gamma chain of immunoglobulin G, the electrophoretic distribution of immunoglobulin G differed from that of normal individuals. The differences consisted of limited heterogeneity and bimodal distributions of the proteins at times. Isolated immunoglobulin G from four of the patients showed similar phenomena. The findings indicate a deficient gene population in these patients.
Alkaline Phosphatase and Leucine Aminopeptidase Association in Plasma of the Chicken
Authors: Law G. R. J.
Published: October 2006

Two electrophoretic variants of leucine aminopeptidase show direct association with two genetically controlled forms of alkaline phosphatase. Treatment of plasma with neuraminidase converted the faster-migrating form of both enzymes to slower-moving forms, but plasmas with slower-migrating forms were unaffected by this treatment. The two forms of the enzymes may be due to the presence or absence of a single gene controlling the attachment of sialic acid to the enzyme molecules.
Behavioral Compensation with Monocular Vision
Authors: Singer D. , Keen K.
Published: October 2006

If an object is arranged so that when viewed monocularly it appears centered in an aperture it is displaced from the position in which it appears binocularly centered. Before and after viewing the responding right hand with the left eye through a small aperture, observers were required manually to indicate a point in line with the center without visual guidance. Apparent displacement of the limb due to monocular viewing resulted in a change in the direction of responding. This change in response direction (termed behavioral compensation) is similar to that which occurs when the spatial properties of stimulation are modified with an optical system.
Living Relative of the Microfossil
Kakabekia
Authors: Siegel S. M. , Roberts Karen , Nathan Henry , Daly Olive
Published: October 2006

A living, ammonia-obligate, umbellate form, similar to the Precambrian microfossil
Kakabekia umbellata
Barghoorn, has been isolated from two soil specimens collected at Harlech, Wales. This organism is amenable to culture on agar and in broth. The two soil specimens are similar in that they differ from a typical clay loam in high content of carbon, hydrogen, and organic nitrogen and low levels of sodium, potassium, and titanium. In all other constituents, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, they are quite dissimilar.
Kakabekia
-like forms can be grown in glucose-ammonia media with the latter as the sole source of nitrogen, but they can also be grown on peptone and silicate in glucose-free media. Ammonia is necessary, and growth is always slow without glucose. The fission process was not observed, but the enlargement and differentiation of a preumbellate structure into its "mature" form, followed by disintegration (senescence) of this stage, was seen. An ontogeny is proposed in which the stalk and basal bulb of the complete umbellate structure are assumed to be part of the reproductive apparatus.
Photosynthetic System II: Racial Differentiation in
Typha latifolia
Authors: McNaughton S. J.
Published: October 2006

The rate of reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol by illuminated chloroplasts isolated from ecological races of
Typha latifolia
was negatively correlated with length of growing season at the site of origin. Efficiency of the photochemical apparatus for this reaction was twice as high in a high-altitude population from Wyoming as in a maritime population from California.
Renal Erythropoietic Factor: Role of Ions and Vasoactive Agents in Erythropoietin Formation
Authors: Zanjani Esmail D. , Contrera Joseph F. , Cooper George W. , Gordon Albert S. , Wong Keith K.
Published: October 2006

Evidence is provided for the existence of a renal erythropoietic factor, devoid of vasopressor activity, which upon interaction in vitro with normal serum yields erythropoietin. When undialyzed serum is used, erythropoietin inactivation develops in the incubation mixtures, and this inactivation appears to be dependent on an enzymatic component in preparations of the factor and on ions in serum.
Yeast Transfer RNA: A Small-Angle X-Ray Study
Authors: Lake J. A. , Beeman W. W.
Published: October 2006

The intensity of x-ray scattering and the radius of gyration were measured for a mixture of yeast transfer RNA's in tenth molar potassium chloride. The experimentally observed radius of gyration eliminates single-stranded, hairpin, singly folded hairpin, triple-stranded, and linked double-hairpin models of tRNA but allows certain folded cloverleaf models. The measured intensities at larger angles, beyond the radius of gyration region, lend some support to the Holley's cloverleaf model, in which three arms are folded up tightly together and the fourth arm is extended in the opposite direction.
Failure of Cycloheximide To Induce Tyrosine Transaminase in the Anesthetized Rat
Authors: Mavrides C. , Lane E. A.
Published: October 2006

It was recently reported that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, induces tyrosine transaminase in the liver of adrenalectomized rats. We have been unable to confirm this effect in the anesthetized animal and our data show that cycloheximide inhibits the induction caused by hydrocortisone in adrenalectomized rats or by stress in intact rats.
Jupiter's Atmosphere: Its Structure and Composition
Authors: Greenspan Jack A. , Owen Tobias
Published: October 2006

Recent laboratory and observational data support the hypothesis that the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is consistent with the relative abundances of the elements found in the sun. A model based on this assumption provides a reasonable interpretation of abundances of hydrogen and other gases obtained from studies of various regions of the planet's spectrum. Two presently unidentified absorptions may be caused by organic molecules in the Jovian atmosphere.
Nonhormonal Basis of Maternal Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Rosenblatt J. S.
Published: October 2006

Rats were tested for induction of maternal behavior by exposing them to young pups continuously for 10 to 15 days. Nonpregnant intact, ovariectomized. and hypophysectomized females were studied, as well as intact and castrated males. Nearly all the animals exhibited the four main items of maternal behavior and there were only minor differences in the latencies for the onset of maternal behavior among the various groups. It is concluded that all rats have a basic level of maternal responsiveness which is independent of hormonal stimulation.
Ionic Mechanism of Cholinergic inhibition in Molluscan Neurons
Authors: Chiarandini D. J. , Gerschenfeld H. M.
Published: October 2006

Acetylcholine, the inhibitory transmitter to the so-called
H
-neurons of molluscs, produces its effect by increasing the permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to chloride ions. The change in permeability gives rise to a net influx of this anion, which hyperpolarizes the neuron. The presence of an outward pump of chloride ions is postulated to account for the required electrochemical gradient. The participation of potassium ions in this inhibitory phenomenon was not detected.
Ionic Mechanisms of Cholinergic Excitation in Molluscan Neurons
Authors: Chiarandini D. J. , Stefani E. , Gerschenfeld H. M.
Published: October 2006

Acetylcholine appears to be an excitatory transmitter at synapses on two different types of molluscan nerve cells: the so-called
D
- and
CILDA
neurons. The action of this substance is different in the two cases. In
D
-neurons, this compound increases the permeability of the subsynaptic or somatic membrane to chloride ions, and through a net efflux of this anion, depolarizes the cell. In
CILDA
neurons, on the other hand, acetylcholine depolarzies the cell by increasing its permeability to sodium ions.
Leukemogenic Activity of Ether-Extracted Rauscher Leukemia Virus
Authors: Shibley George P. , Durr Frederick E. , Schidlovsky George , Wright Bruce S. , Schmitter Rene
Published: October 2006

After rapid multiple extractions of mouse plasma virus with ether, the aqueous solution contained viral nucleoids that were infectious when inoculated intracranially into newborn BALB/c mice. The infectivity associated with the ether extract was not neutralized by the specific antibody prepared against the whole virus. No intact virus has been seen in these preparations. Treatment with ether completely removed the virus envelope from the particle and produced an apparently homogeneous preparation of viral nucleoids. After the extractions with ether, leukemogenic activity was inactivated by exposure to ribonuclease. The leukemogenic activity of the many-passaged Rauscher virus that has been propagated in tissue culture and that has low infectivity was also retained, and, in two experiments in which material was inoculated intracranially into mice, this activity appeared to have been enhanced by multiple extractions with ether.
Homology of Retractile Filaments of Vampire Squid
Authors: Young Richard E.
Published: October 2006

The axial filament nerves of
Vampyroteuthis infernalis
are joined to two separate parts of the brain. One branch of the nerve, apparently efferent, arises from the anterior portion of the middle subesophageal mass, and the other, apparently afferent. enters the ventral magnocellular lobe. Since this innervation is entirely different from that of the arms, the filaments can no longer be considered homologous with the arms. The validity and primitive nature of the order Vampyromorpha, therefore, needs to be reexamined.
Synaptic Connections between a Transplanted Insect Ganglion and Muscles of the Host
Authors: Jacklet Jon W. , Cohen Melvin J.
Published: October 2006

When a metathoracic ganglion from one cockroach (
Periplaneta americana
) is transplanted into the coxa of another cockroach, it innervates only those leg muscles that have been previously denervated. The transplanted ganglion evokes hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials in the host muscles that it innervates. These potentials are correlated with twitching of the host limb.
Seed from the Upper Devonian
Authors: Pettitt John M. , Beck Charles B.
Published: October 2006

We present evidence proving the existence of seeds in the Upper Devonian and extending the known age of seed plants from the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) into the Upper Devonian.
Geostrophic Transport Through the Drake Passage
Authors: Gordon Arnold L.
Published: October 2006

Geostrophic velocity and transport of water in the Drake Passage relative to a newly defined zero reference layer indicate that the circumpolar current is basically north of 59°S, with its axis north 57°S, and that the total volume transport exceeds 200 × 10
6
cubic meters per second. The calculated geostrophic velocities are consistent with results of descriptive water-structure studies.
Genetic Mapping of Phenylalanyl-sRNA Synthetase in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Böck A. , Neidhardt F. C.
Published: October 2006

Genetic mapping of the structural gene for a phenylalanyl-sRNA synthetase in
Escherichia coli
was accomplished by the use of mutants with temperature-sensitive or
p
-fluorophenylalanine-resistant enzymes. The structural gene is located at minute 33 of the Taylor-Thoman map of the
E. coli
chromosome, closely linked to a structural gene (
aroD
) for one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids, and distant from the known locations of other aminoacyl-sRNA synthetase genes.
Sex Attractant of the Black Carpet Beetle
Authors: Silverstein Robert M. , Rodin J. Otto , Burkholder Wendell E. , Gorman John E.
Published: October 2006

The principal component of the sex attractant of the black carpet beetle
Attagenus megatoma
(Fabricius) is
trans
-3,
cis
-5-tetradecadienoic acid.
Pemoline and Magnesium Hydroxide: Lack of Effect on RNA and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Stein Herman H. , Yellin Tobias O.
Published: October 2006

Brain RNA polymerase isolated from rats treated with pemoline and magnesium hydroxide (Cylert) was not more active than enzyme from control animals. The drug did not increase enzymic activity in vitro. Pemoline did not significantly affect either RNA or protein synthesis in suspensions of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.
Inhibition of Banana Polyphenoloxidase by 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Authors: Palmer James K. , Roberts Jeremy B.
Published: October 2006

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole is an exceptionally potent inhibitor of banana polyphenoloxidase; it significantly delays the onset of substrate oxidation at concentrations as low as 10
-7
M
and causes prolonged inhibition at 2 × 10
-5
M
or higher. Inhibition results from formation of a dissociable, mixed complex between the enzyme and the inhibitor.
Thyrocalcitonin: Evidence for Release in a Spontaneous Hypocalcemic Disorder
Authors: Capen Charles C. , Young David M.
Published: October 2006

Thyrocalcitonin content of thyroid gland extracts from normal postparturient cows was 3.9 times greater than in cows with postparturient paresis. The parafollicular cells in diseased cows were less numerous and appeared to have discharged their secretory products. An abrupt release of thyrocalcitonin near parturition may be related to the development of the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in this disorder.
2-Dicyanomethylene-1,3-Indanedione: A New Electron Acceptor
Authors: Chatterjee Suprabhat
Published: October 2006

The electron affinity of 2-dicyanomethylene-1,3-indanedione (I) (1.33 ev), as computed from charge-transfer spectral analysis and from polarographic measurements of half-wave reduction potential, shows that the incorporation of the 2-dicyanomethylene moiety in 1,2,3-indanetrione (II) enhances its π-acid character. The electron spin resonance spectrum of the anion radical of I, generated electrolytically in solution, shows hyperfine structure that is due to two nitrogen atoms and four equivalent hydrogen atoms.
Lungfish
Neoceratodus forsteri
: Activities of Ornithine-Urea Cycle and Enzymes
Authors: Goldstein Leon , Janssens Peter A. , Forster Roy P.
Published: October 2006

The level of activity of the ornithine-urea cycle is low in the liver of the permanently aquatic Australian lungfish. The rate of incorporation of
14
C-bicarbonate into urea by liver slices was only 100th of that previously observed in the estivating African lungfish
Protopterus dolloi
. The activities of enzymes of the ornithine-urea cycle were similarly reduced. The low activity of this cycle in
Neoceratodus
is consistent with its exclusively aquatic nature.
Photography of the Earth's Cloud Satellites from an Aircraft
Authors: Wolff C. , Dunkelman L. , Haughney L. C.
Published: October 2006

Under astronomically favorable circumstances, photographs do not reveal excess light near the triangular libration points of the earth-moon system. We find that the visible surface brightness of anomalous dust populations, if these populations do exist, is less than 10
-9
candela per square centimeter.