bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interviewer feedback in repeated interviews involving forced confabulation
Authors: Hanba Jessica M. , Zaragoza Maria S.
Published: August 2006

The effects of confirmatory interviewer feedback on eyewitness testimony following forcibly confabulated and accurate responses to repeated interview questions were investigated in two experiments. The first experiment showed that, relative to neutral feedback, confirmatory feedback provided after a forcibly confabulated response greatly increased the likelihood that participants would provide the same confabulated response when re‐interviewed 2 days later, led participants to report these repeated confabulations with greater speed and fewer expressions of doubt, and increased the prevalence of false memories. Confirmatory interviewer feedback provided following accurate responses appeared to have more modest consequences for consistency and confidence, but ceiling effects provided little opportunity for observing potential effects. A second experiment showed that these effects of confirmatory feedback are of considerable practical significance, in that, regardless of their accuracy, responses that had earlier been reinforced with confirmatory feedback were much more likely to be judged by others as credible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's prepared and unprepared lies: can adults see through their strategies?
Authors: Strömwall Leif A. , Granhag Pär Anders , Landström Sara
Published: August 2006

We investigated adults' ability to detect children's prepared and unprepared lies and truths. Furthermore, we examined children's strategies when lying. Thirty children (11–13 years) were interviewed about one self‐experienced and one invented event each. Half had prepared their statements, the other half not. Sixty adult observers assessed the veracity of 10 videotaped statements each. Overall deception detection accuracy (51.5%) was not better than chance. The adults showed higher accuracy for unprepared statements (56.6%), than prepared statements (46.1%). The adults reported to have used more verbal than nonverbal cues to deception, especially the Detail criterion. The most frequent verbal strategy reported by the children was to use real‐life components (e.g. own or others' experiences); the most frequent nonverbal strategy was to stay calm. Arguably, the low accuracy is due to adults' failure to see through the lying children's strategies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the movement of beads by the DEM with respect to the wet grinding process
Authors: Gudin Dariusz , Turczyn Roman , Mio Hiroshi , Kano Junya , Saito Fumio
Published: August 2006

This work has shown a method for simulating the motion of beads in a bead mill based on the discrete element method (DEM) under wet grinding of a gibbsite powder, in correlation with the experimental work. The beads' motion was simulated under a wet condition and compared with the real motion observed and recorded by a video camera. At the base of the simulation the specific impact energy of beads was calculated. In the experiment, the gibbsite powder, suspended in water at 5.0 wt %, was subjected to grinding by the bead mill at different operating conditions. Particle‐size distribution of the product was measured and the grinding rate constant of the sample was determined as a change in the mean particle size of the ground product with time. Then, the specific impact energy was correlated with the grinding rate constant determined experimentally. It was found that good correlation between the two was achieved and by the proposed method the particle size reduction of the sample can be predicted. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Mass transfer across the turbulent gas–water interface
Authors: Xu Z. F. , Khoo B. C. , Carpenter K.
Published: August 2006

Mass transfer across the gas–water interface is important in many fields, but the present understanding of the scalar transport as mediated by the complex near‐surface turbulence is still far from complete. In this work, an innovative particle image velocimetry (PIV)–based measurement method was used to investigate the near surface turbulence. Turbulence measurement with respect to the fluctuating interface was performed and the gradient of the vertical fluctuating velocity (Hanratty's β) deemed as a critical controlling parameter was quantified. Several distinctly different but typical flow conditions were investigated and the associated mass‐transfer velocity was measured. Based on these experimental works, an empirical relation, very similar to that proposed earlier by Law and Khoo, relating the mass transport across the turbulent interface to the turbulence parameter β, was determined in the midst of vastly different flow conditions where turbulence is induced simultaneously from above and beneath the gas–water interface. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Estimation of kinetic and mass‐transfer parameters for cellulose nitration
Authors: Barbosa I. V. M. , Merquior D. M. , Peixoto F. C.
Published: August 2006

When nitrocellulose is used in the production of gun powders and rocket/missile propellants, rigid control of the cellulose nitration reaction is necessary. Nitrogen content is, by far, the most important parameter to be controlled and only off‐line measurements can be performed for that. Although cellulose is a natural polymer whose characteristics may vary, the final product must have its nonuniformities compensated by blending of different batches. In this work, kinetic and mass‐transfer parameters are nonlinearly fitted using typical nitration experiments. The required mathematical modeling is carried out using a continuous mixtures approach, which depends only on structural descriptions of the cellulose. The model leads to an algebraic‐integro‐differential population balance system of equations, solved with an approximant built with block‐pulse functions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Fault detection and diagnosis based on modified independent component analysis
Authors: Lee Jong‐Min , Qin S. Joe , Lee In‐Beum
Published: August 2006

A novel multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) method based on modified independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed. ICA is a multivariate statistical tool to extract statistically independent components from observed data, which has drawn considerable attention in research fields such as neural networks, signal processing, and blind source separation. In this article, some drawbacks of the original ICA algorithm are analyzed and a modified ICA algorithm is developed for the purpose of MSPM. The basic idea of the approach is to use the modified ICA to extract some dominant independent components from normal operating process data and to combine them with statistical process monitoring techniques. Variable contribution plots to the monitoring statistics (T2 and SPE) are also developed for fault diagnosis. The proposed monitoring method is applied to fault detection and diagnosis in a wastewater treatment process, the Tennessee Eastman process, and a semiconductor etch process and is compared with conventional PCA monitoring methods. The monitoring results clearly illustrate the superiority of the proposed method. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Copolymerization of n‐butylacrylate with styrene by a novel photoinitiator, 1‐(bromoacetyl)pyrene
Authors: Mishra Anuradha , Daswal Swati
Published: August 2006

A comparative study on photoinitiated solution copolymerization of n‐butylacrylate (BA) with styrene (Sty) using pyrene (Py), 1‐acetylpyrene (AP), and 1‐(bromoacetyl)pyrene (BP) as initiators showed that the introduction of a chromophoric moiety, bromoacetyl (COCH2Br), significantly increased the photoinitiating ability of pyrene. The kinetics and mechanism of copolymerization of BA with Sty using BP as photoinitiator have been studied in detail. The system follows nonideal kinetics (Rp ∝ [BP]0.34 [BA]1.07 [Sty]0.97). The nonideality was attributed to both primary radical termination and degradative initiator transfer. The monomer reactivity ratios of Sty and BA have been estimated by the Finemann–Ross and Kelen–Tudos methods, by analyzing copolymer compositions determined by 1H NMR spectra. The values of r1 (Sty) and r2 (BA) were found to be 0.78 and 0.25, respectively, which suggested the high concentration of alternating sequences in the random copolymers obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3233–3239, 2006
Synthesis of Some Oxime Ether Derivatives of 1‐(2‐Naphthyl)‐2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethanone and Their Anticonvulsant and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Karakurt Arzu , Aytemir Mutlu D. , Stables James P. , Özalp Meral , Betül Kaynak F. , Özbey Süheyla , Dalkara Sevim
Published: August 2006

In this study, oxime and oxime ether derivatives of [1‐(2‐naphthyl)‐2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethanone] were prepared as potential anticonvulsant and antimicrobial compounds. The oxime was synthesized by the reaction of ketone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. O‐Alkylation of the oxime by various alkyl halides gave the oxime ether derivatives. Anticonvulsant activity of the compounds was determined by maximal electroshock and subcutaneous metrazole tests in mice and rats according to procedures of the Anticonvulsant Screening Program of National Institutes of Health. Neurotoxicity was determined by the rotorod test in mice and the positional sense test, gait and stance test in rats. In addition to anticonvulsant tests, all compounds were also evaluated against the following microorganisms: S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei using microdilution broth method for possible antibacterial and antifungal activities. Although most of the O‐alkyl substituted oxime ethers 2‐6 exhibited both anticonvulsant and antimicrobial activities, the O‐arylalkyl substituted compounds 7–10 were found to be inactive in both screening paradigms.
Toward an understanding of Web‐based subscription database acceptance
Authors: Kim Jong‐Ae
Published: August 2006

Underutilization of Web‐based subscription databases and the importance of promoting them have been recognized in previous research. To determine the factors affecting user acceptance of Web‐based subscription databases, this study tests an integrated model of the antecedents and consequences of user beliefs about intended use by extending the technology acceptance model. The research employs a cross‐sectional field study using a Web survey method targeting undergraduate students who have experience with Web‐based subscription databases. Overall, the research model performs well in explaining user acceptance of Web‐based subscription databases. The effects of the cognitive instrumental determinants of usefulness perceptions are examined. Terminology clarity and accessibility were found to be important determinants for ease of use of the databases. The results indicate that user training has no impact on either perceptions of usefulness or ease of use, and that there is a need to reexamine the effectiveness of user training in the context of Web‐based subscription databases. The results suggest that user acceptance of the databases depends largely on the utility they offer. The findings also suggest that although a subjective norm does not directly affect intended use, it exerts a positive influence on user beliefs about the utility of the databases.
Energetic aspects of locked nucleic acids quadruplex association and dissociation
Authors: Petraccone Luigi , Erra Eva , Randazzo Antonio , Giancola Concetta
Published: August 2006

The design of modified nucleic acid aptamers is improved by considering thermodynamics and kinetics of their association/dissociation processes. Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) is a promising class of nucleic acid analogs. In this work the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a LNA quadruplex formed by the TGGGT sequence, containing only conformationally restricted LNA residues, are reported and compared to those of 2′‐OMe‐RNA (O‐RNA) and DNA quadruplexes. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the sugar‐modified quadruplexes (LNA and O‐RNA) are stabilized by entropic effects. The kinetic analysis shows that LNA and O‐RNA quadruplexes are characterized by a slower dissociation and a faster association with respect to DNA quadruplex. Interestingly, the LNA quadruplex formation process shows a second‐order kinetics with respect to single strand concentration and has a negative activation energy. To explain these data, a mechanism for tetramer formation with two intermediate states was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 584–594, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Landmarks for the identification of the cutaneous nerves of the occiput and nuchal regions
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Salter E. George , Wellons John C. , Blount Jeffrey P. , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: August 2006

Although surgical procedures are often performed over the posterior head and neck, surgical landmarks for avoiding the cutaneous nerves in this region are surprisingly lacking in the literature. Twelve adult cadaveric specimens underwent dissection of the cutaneous nerves overlying the posterior head and neck, and mensuration was made between these structures and easily identifiable surrounding bony landmarks. All specimens were found to have a third occipital nerve (TON), lesser occipital nerve (LON), and greater occipital nerve (GON), and we found that the TON was, on average, 3 mm lateral to the external occipital protuberance (EOP). Small branches were found to cross the midline and communicate with the contralateral TON inferior to the EOP in the majority of sides. The mean diameter of the main TON trunk was 1.3 mm. This trunk became subcutaneous at a mean of 6 cm inferior to the EOP. The GON was found to lie at a mean distance of 4 cm lateral to the EOP. On all but three sides, a small medial branch was found that ran medially from the GON to the TON ∼1 cm superior to a horizontal line drawn through the EOP. The GON was found to pierce the semispinalis capitis muscle on average 2 cm superior to the intermastoid line. The mean diameter of the GON was 3.5 mm. The GON was found to branch into medial and lateral branches on average 0.5 cm superior to the EOP. The LON was found to branch into a medial and lateral component at approximately the midpoint between a horizontal line drawn through the EOP and the intermastoid line. The main LON trunk was found on average 7 cm lateral to the EOP. In specimens with a mastoid branch of the great auricular nerve (GAN), this branch was found at a mean of 9 cm lateral to the EOP. The main trunk of this branch of the GAN was found to lie on average 1 cm superior to the mastoid tip. Easily identifiable bony landmarks for identification of the cutaneous nerves over the posterior head and neck can aid the surgeon in more precisely identifying these structures and avoiding complications. Although the occipital nerves were found to freely communicate with one another, avoiding the main nerve trunks could lessen postoperative or postprocedural morbidity. Moreover, clinicians who need to localize the occipital nerves for the treatment of occipital neuralgia could do so more reliably with better external landmarks. Clin. Anat. 20:235–238, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep fascia on the dorsum of the ankle and foot: Extensor retinacula revisited
Authors: Abu‐Hijleh Marwan F. , Harris Philip F.
Published: August 2006

This study revisits the anatomy of the deep fascia over the distal leg, ankle, and dorsum of the foot. The arrangement of the deep fascia in these regions was recorded in 14 lower limbs of adult cadavers using photographs and drawings. The fascial layer from all three sites was subsequently removed in toto, and serial thickness measurements were made along its entire length. In addition, fiber disposition was studied under polarized light, and sections were stained to demonstrate collagen. The arrangement of deep fascia is complex. A common and novel finding at all levels is a crisscross, lattice‐like arrangement of fibers. There was little evidence of the clearly defined sturdy band of the superior extensor retinaculum (SER) or of the Y‐shaped inferior retinaculum (IER) commonly illustrated in topographical anatomy texts. The SER is a complex area with several thickenings commencing about 3 cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus and gradually increasing to reach a maximum of 270 μm about 5 cm above the malleolus, then gradually returning to original thickness, about 9 cm above the malleolus. Fibers crossing diagonally to each other are a feature of the region. The IER characteristically has two forms: either a cross‐shaped band (9 specimens) or a thickened “node” with small extensions radiating toward the malleoli (5 specimens), located about 1–2 cm distal to the lateral malleolus and centred over the common tendon of extensor digitorum where it has maximum thickness (430 μm). The deep fascia is thickened and firmly attached over both malleoli and to the tarsals and metatarsals along both borders of the foot. In general, the deep fascial structures were thicker in males than those in females. Clin. Anat. 20:186–195, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tuberculosis of the spine presenting with a cold abscess through the lumbar triangle of Petit
Authors: Millar Tim M.S. , McGrath Patrick , McConnachie Charles C.P.
Published: August 2006

The increasing incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has resulted in an increase in the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infections worldwide. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis often involves the spine. Due to HIV, patients may present atypically and, as a result, a high clinical suspicion is necessary to avoid the catastrophic consequences of untreated Pott's disease of the spine. A cold abscess as a result of tuberculosis can emerge in a number of anatomical regions, and perhaps most notably as a psoas abscess. We report a less common anatomical location of a cold abscess, presenting as a mass in the inferior lumbar region through the lumbar triangle of Jean‐Louis Petit. We consider the route that the pus had followed and highlight the need for vigilance when dealing with an abscess in this region, particularly in communities with a high incidence of HIV infection. Clin. Anat. 20:329–331, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The keloid phenomenon: Progress toward a solution
Authors: Louw Louise
Published: August 2006

For centuries, keloids have been an enigma and despite considerable research to unravel this phenomenon no universally accepted treatment protocol currently exists. Historically, the etiology of keloids has been hypothesized by multiple different theories; however, a more contemporary view postulates a multifactoral basis for this disorder involving nutritional, biochemical, immunological, and genetic factors that play a role in this abnormal wound healing. Critical to the process of preventing or managing keloids is the need to locally control fibroblasts and their activities at the wound site. In recent years, considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating the importance of fatty acids and bioactive lipids in health and disease, especially those involving inflammatory disorders or immune dysfunction. If hypertrophic scarring and keloid formation can be argued to have significant inflammatory histories, then it is possible to postulate a role for lipids in their etiology and potentially in their treatment. This report briefly visits past views and theories on keloid formation and treatment, and offers a theoretical rationale for considering adjuvant fatty acid therapy for keloid management. Sufficient scientific evidence in support of fatty acid strategies for the prevention and treatment of keloids currently exists, which offer opportunities to bridge the gap between the laboratory and the clinic. The intent of this paper is to serve as a basic guideline for researchers, nutritionists, and clinicians interested in keloids and to propose new directions for keloid management. Clin. Anat. 20:3–14, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural parameters of the vastus medialis muscle and its relationship to patellofemoral joint deterioration
Authors: Peeler J. , Anderson J.E.
Published: August 2006

Vastus medialis (VM) muscle dysfunction and abnormal limb alignment are commonly observed in patients who experience changes in patellofemoral joint (PFJ) function, leading many clinicians to assume that there is a direct relationship between VM structural parameters, leg alignment, and PFJ dysfunction. This study tested the hypothesis that there is a relationship between structural parameters of the VM muscle, limb alignment, and the location and severity of patellofemoral joint deterioration (PFJD). The dissection study used 32 limbs from 24 intact cadavers. Data were collected on limb alignment, angle of VM muscle fibers below the superior aspect of the patella, length of VM inserting on the medial aspect of the patella, and severity and location of PFJD. Parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses illustrated that PFJD was most commonly located on the middle third of the medial half of the patellar articular surface. The severity of PFJD did not vary with location. There was no significant correlation between any of VM insertion length, VM fiber angle, limb alignment, and PFJD location and severity lpar;r2 < 0.34). The results of this study did not support the hypothesis of a relationship between structural parameters of the VM muscle, limb alignment, and the location and severity of PFJD in this subject group. Future research should examine the relationship between functional parameters of the entire quadriceps muscle group and PFJ dysfunction. Clin. Anat. 20:307–314, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posterior approach technique for accessory‐suprascapular nerve transfer: A cadaveric study of the anatomical landmarks and number of myelinated axons
Authors: Pruksakorn D. , Sananpanich K. , Khunamornpong S. , Phudhichareonrat S. , Chalidapong P.
Published: August 2006

Accessory‐suprascapular nerve transfer by the anterior supraclavicular approach technique was suggested to ensure transferrance of the spinal accessory nerve to healthy recipients. However, a double crush lesion of the suprascapular nerve might not be sufficiently demonstrated. In that case, accessory‐suprascapular nerve transfer by the posterior approach would probably solve the problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical landmarks and histomorphometry of the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve in the posterior approach. Dissection of fresh cadaveric shoulder in a prone position identified the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve by the trapezius muscle splitting technique. After that, nerves were taken for histomorphometric evaluation. The spinal accessory nerve was located approximately halfway between the spinous process and conoid tubercle. The average distance from the conoid tubercle to the suprascapular nerve (medial edge of the suprascapular notch) is 3.3 cm. The mean number of myelinated axons of the spinal accessory and suprascapular nerve was 1,603 and 6,004 axons, respectively. The results of this study supported the brachial plexus reconstructive surgeons, who carry out accessory‐suprascapular nerve transfer by using the posterior approach technique. This technique is an alternative for patients who have severe crushed injury of the shoulder or suspected double crush lesion of the suprascapular nerve. Clin. Anat. 20:140–143, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Middle meningeal artery hemorrhage: An incorrect name
Authors: Fishpool Samuel J.C. , Suren Nathalie , Roncaroli Federico , Ellis Harold
Published: August 2006

Extradural hemorrhage is most commonly assumed to result from a middle meningeal artery rupture. This article challenges that assumption. The meningeal vasculature of 29 cadaveric specimens was examined macroscopically and microscopically at the level of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and foramen spinosum. It was observed that the middle meningeal artery is accompanied by a pair of dural sinuses throughout the majority of its course, thus making exclusively arterial rupture an anatomical improbability. Furthermore, as these dural sinuses pass caudally through the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery, they were seen to diverge to form a plexiform arrangement around the artery. This has not been reported before. Clin. Anat. 20:371–375, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gliding characteristics of flexor tendon and tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome: A pilot study
Authors: Ettema Anke M. , Zhao Chunfeng , Amadio Peter C. , O'Byrne Megan M. , An Kai‐Nan
Published: August 2006

The characteristic pathological finding in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is noninflammatory fibrosis of the synovium. How this fibrosis might affect tendon function, if at all, is unknown. The subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) lies between the flexor tendons and the visceral synovium (VS) of the ulnar tenosynovial bursa. Fibrosis of the SSCT may well affect its gliding characteristics. To investigate this possibility, the relative motion of the flexor tendon and VS was observed during finger flexion in patients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery, and for comparison in hands without CTS, in an in vitro cadaver model. We used a camera to document the gliding motion of the middle finger flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS III) tendon and SSCT in three patients with CTS during carpal tunnel release and compared this with simulated active flexion in three cadavers with no antemortem history of CTS. The data were digitized with the use of Analyze Software (Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). In the CTS patients, the SSCT moved en bloc with the tendon, whereas, in the controls the SSCT moved smoothly and separately from the tendon. The ratio of VS to tendon motion was higher for the patients than in the cadaver controls. These findings suggest that in patients with CTS the synovial fibrosis has altered the gliding characteristics of the SSCT. The alterations in the gliding characteristics of the SSCT may affect the ability of the tendons in the carpal tunnel to glide independently from each other, or from the nearby median nerve. These abnormal tendon mechanics may play a role in the etiology of CTS. Clin. Anat. 20:292–299, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wilhelm Erb and Erb's point
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: August 2006

Wilhelm Erb is well known for his early contributions to the field of neurology and was an eminent physician of his time. One area described by him and that still bears his name is Erb's point. This point located just superior to the clavicle was used by Erb to transcutaneously elicit contractions of various proximal arm muscles with electrical stimulation. Many have mistakenly interchanged the terms “Erb's point” and “nerve point” when describing the point of emergence of the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus near the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. We present a brief history of Erb's adult life and review his original description of his supraclavicular point and contrast this to the so called nerve point of the posterior cervical triangle. Clinicians and anatomists should be aware of the discrepancy often found in the literature between these two terms. Clin. Anat. 20:486–488, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corona mortis: An anatomical study with clinical implications in approaches to the pelvis and acetabulum
Authors: Darmanis S. , Lewis A. , Mansoor A. , Bircher M.
Published: August 2006

The “corona mortis” is an anatomical variant, an anastomosis between the obturator and the external iliac or inferior epigastric arteries or veins. It is located behind the superior pubic ramus at a variable distance from the symphysis pubis (range 40–96 mm). The name “corona mortis” or crown of death testifies to the importance of this feature, as significant hemorrhage may occur if accidentally cut and it is difficult to achieve subsequent hemostasis. It constitutes a hazard for orthopedic surgeons especially in the anterior approach to the acetabulum. We carried out forty cadaver dissections (80 hemi‐pelvises) through the ilioinguinal approach. A vascular anastomosis was found in 83% of specimens. Of these, 60% had a large diameter (>3 mm) channel along the posterior aspect of the superior pubic ramus. In clinical practice, however, 492 anterior approaches (to the best of our knowledge the largest series described) have been carried out over the last 15 years by the senior author (MB) and only five of these problematic vessels were discovered, and in only two cases was there troublesome bleeding. This study confirms a paradox: in anatomical dissections a large vessel was identified behind the superior pubic ramus, whereas in clinical practice this vessel does not seem to be as great a threat as initially perceived. Orthopedic surgeons planning an anterior approach to the acetabulum, such as the ilioinguinal or the intrapelvic approach (modified Stoppa), have to be cautious when dissecting near the superior pubic ramus. Despite the high prevalence of these large retropubic vessels in the dissecting room, surgeons should exercise caution but not alter their surgical approach for fear of excessive hemorrhage. Clin. Anat. 20:433–439, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral N‐Oxides in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Malkov Andrei V. , Kočovský Pavel
Published: August 2006

This microreview highlights the utilization of chiral amine N‐oxides in catalytic asymmetric transformations, which are discussed in a more general context of catalysis by chiral Lewis bases. Both metal‐free and metal‐mediated reactions are surveyed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Electrochemical Investigation of the Role of Reducing Agents in Copper‐Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Release from S‐Nitrosoglutathione
Authors: David‐Dufilho Monique , Brunet Annie , Bedioui Fethi
Published: August 2006

Studies of nitric oxide (NO) release from S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) decomposition by Cu2+ in the presence of reducing agents were performed using a nickel porphyrin and Nafion‐coated microsensor in order to compare the efficiency of sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to that of the most abundant endogenous reducer, glutathione (GSH). When it was mixed to Cu(NO3)2 and added to equimolar concentration of GSNO, each reducing agent caused a NO release (measured in terms of oxidation current) but only NaBH4 induced a proportional rise if its concentration doubled and that of Cu2+ remained constant. For Na2S2O4, there was a mild increase and for GSH, no change. Furthermore, when Cu2+ concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 μM were mixed with 2 μM reducing agent and added to 2 μM GSNO, the NO oxidation current linearly increased with NaBH4 and was constant with Na2S2O4. Concerning GSH, Cu2+ dose‐dependently increased the NO release from GSNO only if the Cu2+‐to‐reducer ratio was ≤1. However, GSH formed the catalytic species Cu+ even in excess of Cu2+ and GSNO as indicated by suppression of the Cu2+/GSH‐induced NO release when the Cu+ chelator neocuproine was added to GSNO. This work shows that, among the 3 reducing agents, only NaBH4 allows Cu2+ to dose‐dependently increase the NO release from GSNO for Cu2+‐to‐reducer ratios ranging from 0.25 to 2.5. Despite this good effectiveness, excess of NaBH4 compared to both Cu2+ and GSNO seems to be required for optimal NO release.
Investigation into Charge Transport Dynamics of [Os(bpy)2(picolinate)]Cl Nafion Films
Authors: Warren Susan , McCormac Timothy , Mihaylova Emilia Mitkova , Dempsey Eithne
Published: August 2006

This work examines the charge transport properties of redox films of the immobilized enzyme mediator [Os(bpy)2(picolinate)]Cl ([Os(bpy)2Pic]+). Chronoamperometry was used to calculate DCT values (typically of the order of 1.5×10−8 cm2 s−1) and the effect of %loading of redox material was determined for three electrolytes over a range of concentrations. The data obtained implies that charge transfer within the film occurs via a redox site diffusion mechanism. The concentration of redox sites was determined using an approximate film thickness of 7 μm, as determined from profilometry studies. Experiments were also performed using immobilized carbon nanotubes within the redox film in order to examine the impact of the increased surface area and conductivity. The presence of the carbon nanotubes had the effect of doubling the surface coverage values and enhancing DCT1/2 CM values from 1.9×10−9 to 16.1×10−9 mol cm−1 s−1.
Medium Exchange Stripping Potentiometry for the Measurement of Labile Copper in White Wine
Authors: Clark Andrew C. , Scollary Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2006

An efficient and effective procedure is described for the determination of the labile copper concentration in untreated white wine using medium exchange stripping potentiometry. Two rinse steps between the enrichment and stripping steps allowed measurement of labile concentration with good repeatability and reproducibility. The fraction of labile copper ranged from 13% to 91%, for 16 white wines, indicating the highly variable copper complexing character of the wine matrix. The methodology was applied to labile copper measurement during the oxidation of white wines.
Electrically Addressed Fabrication of Aptamer‐Based Array Electrodes
Authors: Xu Dawei , Han Huanhuan , He Wei , Liu Zhihong , Xu Danke , Liu Xijie
Published: August 2006

An aptamer immobilization method based electrically addressed fabrication has been developed for the preparation of aptamer‐modified arrayed electrodes, by which the human IgE aptamer was oriented and immobilized on the gold electrode surface. The optimization of the experimental conditions including the applied potential, time and scan rate of potential was investigated. The method was successfully used to immobilize the aptamer onto the desired electrodes, pixel by pixel, based on the electrically addressed approach. Compared to the control electrodes, the resulting aptamer‐modified electrodes showed their specific recognition for human IgE. The present method owns several advantages such as rapid and simple immobilization as well as its automatic addressed capability by the electric approach.
Preparation and Electrocatalytic Performance of Functionalized Copper‐Based Nanoparticles Supported on the Gold Surface
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Su Xiaodan , Tian Xuefei , Huang Zhen , Song Wenbo , Zhao Jingzhe
Published: August 2006

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) encapsulated by polymeric stabilizer of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (noted as PVP‐CuNPs) were simply prepared and used to construct an enzymeless glucose sensor on a solid substrate. Sensing and assay performance of the CuNPs‐based sensor to glucose were evaluated in detail. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (I–t) and flow injection amperometry (FIA) revealed a high sensitivity, excellent stability, and good reproducibility in the glucose determination at +0.45 V, which was 200 mV more negative than those in former reports. A detection limit as low as 1.0×10−8 M (signal‐to‐noise=3) and a linear range of 1.0×10−7 M to 5.0×10−3 M were obtained in this study.
Production rate of propionic acid in fermentation of cheese whey with enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Morales Jorge , Choi Joong‐So , Kim Dong‐Shik
Published: August 2006

Propionic acid is widely used in chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries as an important intermediate. Currently, almost all propionic acid is manufactured by chemical synthesis. In this research, propionic acid was produced through fermentation of cheese whey lactose by Propionibacterium acidipropionici. To increase propionic acid production and to decrease acetic acid production, enzyme inhibitors, such as calcium‐EGTA and o‐iodosobenzoate, were tested. These enzyme inhibitors, known to inhibit the particular enzymes in the acetic acid production pathway, were expected to divert the metabolic flux to the propionic acid pathway. Even at a low concentration of 0.01 mM, calcium‐EGTA was found to be effective in suppressing the overall cell growth, which resulted in decreasing the production rates of both acids compared to the uninhibited case. However, addition of 0.3 mM of o‐iodosobenzoate successfully resulted in an increase of cell growth and a 2.4‐fold increase in the propionic acid production rate, whereas the acetic acid production rate was reduced to 30% of the control. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Seismic reliability functions for multistorey frame and wall‐frame systems
Authors: Alamilla Jorge L. , Esteva Luis
Published: August 2006

Seismic reliability functions of multistorey frame systems are expressed as values of Cornell's βindex in terms of two alternative measures of the earthquake intensity, normalized with respect to the yield displacement or to the deformation capacity of a simplified model of the global behaviour of the system obtained by pushover analysis. The safety margin is defined as the difference of the natural logarithms of the intensity that leads to collapse and that assumed to act on the system. The problem of defining a deformation capacity for a multistorey system is circumvented in this manner. The method proposed is illustrated through its application to several reinforced concrete rigid frames, including both column‐and‐beam and wall‐frame systems. Ground motion excitations are representative of those recorded at soft soil sites in the Valley of Mexico. A comparison is made of the reliability functions obtained on the basis of the gross section or the cracked section of reinforced concrete members. The results show that the reliability functions do not only depend on the expected values of the normalized intensity, but also on its dispersion, which is sensitive to the ratio of the fundamental period of the system to the dominant period of the ground motion. Some comments are presented about the establishment of reliability‐based seismic design criteria for generic systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple models for estimating period‐shift and damping in soil
Authors: Tsang Hing‐Ho , Chandler Adrian M. , Lam Nelson T. K.
Published: August 2006

This study describes the development of a simple, heuristic manual calculation procedure for estimating the site period‐shift factor and soil damping ratio, with appropriate considerations for the level of shaking, impedance contrast between soil and bedrock interface and the plasticity of the soil layers. Essentially, the analogy of a building shear‐frame has been used to represent the seismic response behaviour of a soil column. The proposed procedure has been verified by comparing the predictions with results obtained directly from non‐linear shear wave analyses of soil column models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guidelines for seismic design of flexible buswork between substation equipment
Authors: Dastous Jean‐Bernard
Published: August 2006

During an earthquake, flexible buswork between interconnected equipment is stretched and compressed dynamically. This causes additional forces to be transmitted to the equipment. Design guidelines for flexible buswork have been determined through non‐linear finite element simulations on models of typical installations. For a proper design, the required amount of slack in the buswork is established using an estimation of the maximum horizontal relative displacement between equipment in a pair, with an additional length function of the buswork shape and its corresponding stiffness. To avoid multi‐connected equipment effects, all pairs of equipment within a given electrical phase must be designed in such way. Of utmost importance, equipment must be designed with an additional static load at its attachment point, to take account of the unavoidable forces transmitted by the buswork. From the previous criteria, a methodology for the design of universal flexible buswork has been established for use within Hydro‐Quebec and shown to be a simple way to cover most pairs of equipment within a given voltage level and for a given seismic demand. This methodology resulted in design tables specifying the required conductor length of possible shapes, for different distances between equipment. The guidelines described in this paper are proposed for possible adoption by other utilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing scheduling of post‐earthquake electric power restoration tasks
Authors: Xu Ningxiong , Guikema Seth D. , Davidson Rachel A. , Nozick Linda K. , Çağnan Zehra , Vaziri Kabeh
Published: August 2006

This paper presents a stochastic integer program developed to determine how to schedule inspection, damage assessment, and repair tasks so as to optimize the post‐earthquake restoration of the electric power system. The objective of the optimization is to minimize the average time each customer is without power, and a genetic algorithm is used to solve it. The effectiveness of the schedules recommended by the optimization are evaluated by running a detailed discrete event simulation model of the restoration process with both the optimization‐generated schedules and the power company's original schedules, and comparing the resulting restorations according to three measures—average time each customer is without power, time required to restore 90 of customers, and time required to restore 98 of customers. The optimization and simulation models both consider all the earthquakes that could affect the power system and represent the uncertainty surrounding expected restoration times. he models were developed through an application to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) electric power system, but the general approach is extendable to other electric power systems, other lifelines, and other hazards. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracellular ATP counteracts the ERK1/2‐mediated death‐promoting signaling cascades in astrocytes
Authors: Shinozaki Youichi , Koizumi Schuichi , Ohno Yasuo , Nagao Taku , Inoue Kazuhide
Published: August 2006

Oxidative stress is the main cause of neuronal death in pathological conditions. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of the reactive oxygen species, activates many intracellular signaling cascades including src family and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), some of which are critically involved in the induction of cellular damage. We previously showed that H2O2‐induced cell death in astrocytes and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), acting on P2Y1 receptors, had a protective effect. Here, we examined the H2O2‐induced changes in intracellular signaling cascades that promote cell death in astrocytes, showing the molecular mechanisms by which the activation of P2Y1 receptors counteracts such signals. Although H2O2 activated three MAPKs including ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, only the activation of ERK1/2 participated in the H2O2‐evoked cell death. H2O2 induced a sustained activation of ERK1/2 mainly in the nucleus region, which was well in accordance with the H2O2‐induced cell death. H2O2 also activated the src tyrosine kinase family, which was an upstream signal for ERK1/2. Activation of P2Y1 receptors by 2methylthio‐ADP (2MeSADP) inhibited the H2O2‐evoked activation of src tyrosine kinase, resulting in the inhibition of the phosphorylated‐ERK1/2 accumulation in the nucleus. 2MeSADP enhanced the gene expression and activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which was responsible for the inhibition of src tyrosine kinase. Thioredoxin reductase, another cytoprotective gene we previously showed to be upregulated by 2MeSADP, also controlled the activity of PTP. Taken together, ATP, acting on P2Y1 receptors, upregulates the PTP expression and its activity, which counteracts the H2O2‐promoted death signaling cascades including ERK1/2 and its upstream signal src tyrosine kinase in astrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV‐1‐infected and/or immune activated macrophages regulate astrocyte SDF‐1 production through IL‐1β
Authors: Peng Hui , Erdmann Nathan , Whitney Nicholas , Dou Huangyu , Gorantla Santhi , Gendelman Howard E. , Ghorpade Anuja , Zheng Jialin
Published: August 2006

Stromal cell‐derived factor 1 alpha (SDF‐1α) and its receptor CXCR4 play important roles in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV‐1)‐associated dementia (HAD) by serving as a HIV‐1 co‐receptor and affecting cell migration, virus‐mediated neurotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating SDF‐1 production during disease are not completely understood. In this report we investigated the role of HIV‐1 infected and immune competent macrophage, the principal target cell and mediator of neuronal injury and death in HAD, in regulating SDF‐1 production by astrocytes. Our data demonstrated that astrocytes are the primary cell type expressing SDF‐1 in the brain. Immune‐activated or HIV‐1‐infected human monocyte‐derived‐macrophage (MDM) conditioned media (MCM) induced a substantial increase in SDF‐1 production by human astrocytes. This SDF‐1 production was directly dependent on MDM IL‐1β following both viral and immune activation. The MCM‐induced production of SDF‐1 was prevented by IL‐1β receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) and IL‐1β siRNA treatment of human MDM. These laboratory observations were confirmed in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with HIV‐1 encephalitis (HIVE). In these HIVE mice, reactive astrocytes showed a significant increase in SDF‐1 expression, as observed by immunocytochemical staining. Similarly, SDF‐1 mRNA levels were increased in the encephalitic region as measured by real time RT‐PCR, and correlated with IL‐1β mRNA expression. These observations provide direct evidence that IL‐1β, produced from HIV‐1‐infected and/or immune competent macrophage, induces production of SDF‐1 by astrocytes, and as such contribute to ongoing SDF‐1 mediated CNS regulation during HAD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schwann cell‐derived neuregulin‐2α can function as a cell‐attached activator of muscle acetylcholine receptor expression
Authors: Ponomareva Olga N. , Fischer Tobias M. , Lai Cary , Rimer Mendell
Published: August 2006

Here we show that neuregulin‐2 (Nrg‐2) α‐ and β‐isoforms can activate acetylcholine receptor (AChR) transcription as surface‐attached ligands. More importantly, we demonstrate that Schwann cells that express Nrg‐2α on their cell surface, the same Nrg‐2 isoform expressed by terminal Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction, can induce AChR expression if brought into cell‐to‐cell contact with myotubes specifically expressing ErbB4. These Schwann cells, the D6P2T cell line, induce AChR expression apparently as well as 293T cells transfected with Nrg‐2β, the isoform with the highest AChR‐inducing activity when presented in a soluble form. These results provide a potential role for the previously reported, paradoxical perisynaptic accumulation of Nrg‐2α, the isoform with the least AChR‐inducing activity when presented in a soluble form. They also raise the possibility that Schwann cell‐derived Nrg‐2 could activate ErbB receptors on the synaptic sarcolemma and that this could account, at least in part, for the Nrg‐mediated regulation of AChR expression. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.