bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Hepatitis A Infection in Immature Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Lankas G. R. , Jensen R. D.
Published: January 2017

Forty immature (< 2 years old) rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) with marked increases in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were examined. Serological and histopathological evaluations were done to determine if affected animals were infected with hepatitis A virus. Although no clinical signs of illness were noted in any of the monkeys, an excellent correlation was found between the increased serum aminotransferase values and seropositivity with the acute phase (IgM) HAVAB-M antibody. Histopathological evaluations of livers of selected animals revealed hepatic lesions consistent with those in chimpanzees and marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus: generalized activation of sinusoidal lining cells, focal hepatocellular necrosis with occasional acidophilic bodies, and cuffs of mononuclear cells in the portal areas. Although no animals were seropositive for HAVAB upon receipt from the breeding colony, a total of ten of 18 animals for which serological data were available had seroconverted to HAVAB positivity during the 4-month observation period. These results are consistent with hepatitis A infection in immature rhesus monkeys and indicate the potential significance of serological testing in animals in which hepatic function is being evaluated.
The Pathogenesis of Experimental Bluetongue Virus Infection of Calves
Authors: MacLachlan N. J. , Jagels G. , Rossitto P. V. , Moore P. F. , Heidner H. W.
Published: January 2017

Eleven seronegative calves were intravenously inoculated with bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 10, and two calves were inoculated with a placebo. Cellular association of BTV during viremia was investigated in three of the calves by titrating virus present in plasma and different blood cell fractions at weekly intervals after infection. Viremia persisted 35 to 49 days in individual calves. Virus was transiently isolated from blood mononuclear cells and plasma collected from two of the calves but was consistently isolated from erythrocytes throughout infection of all three animals. Titers of BTV present in the erythrocyte fraction were comparable to those of the unseparated blood cell fraction. Tissue tropism of BTV was determined by viral isolation from tissues collected from calves euthanatized at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 (2 calves) days after inoculation with BTV. Tropism was also determined by immunohistochemical staining of selected tissues with an avidinbiotin complex immunoperoxidase staining procedure using three BTV-specific monoclonal antibodies. The BTV infected calves remained healthy throughout the study. Virus was isolated from at least one tissue collected from calves euthanatized at 1 through 28 days after inoculation, but not thereafter. High titers of BTV were present in the lungs, prescapular and mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen of calves euthanatized at 1 to 4 days after inoculation, whereas BTV was either not isolated or isolated in low titer from bone marrow collected from these animals. Very low numbers of infected cells were detected by immunohistochemical staining of sections of spleen (days 1 and 2 after inoculation), prescapular lymph nodes (days 1, 2, 3, and 4), lung (day 3), thymus (day 4), lip (day 5), and trapezius muscle (day 7). The morphology and anatomic location of at least some of the infected cells in sections of lymph node, spleen, and thymus were most consistent with their being mononuclear phagocytes, whereas the infected cells in the sections of lip and trapezius muscle were located within or immediately adjacent to arterioles and probably were endothelial cells. It is proposed that after intravenous inoculation of calves with BTV, viral replication initially occurs in mononuclear phagocytic cells and subsequently in vascular endothelium. The intimate association of BTV with circulating blood cells, especially erythrocytes, apparently impedes prompt clearance resulting in prolonged viremia. The data suggest that although BTV infection of cattle is characterized by prolonged viremia, viral replication in tissues is transient, and a truly persistent infection does not occur in BTV infected calves.
Experimental Transmission of a Dermal Sarcoma in Fingerling Walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)
Authors: Martineau D. , Bowser P. R. , Wooster G. A. , Armstrong L. D.
Published: January 2017

Dermal sarcoma is a benign skin tumor of adult walleyes ( Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) with a suspected viral etiology. A laboratory study was initiated to determine if the tumor could be experimentally transmitted by inoculating young walleyes with materials prepared from tumors from adult fish. Eighty walleye fingerlings were divided into four groups of 20 fish each. Two groups were inoculated intramuscularly at 4 months of age either with live tumor cells or with cell-free filtrates of sonicated tumor cells. The two other groups were used as controls and were inoculated either with cultured cells from normal walleye fry or with tissue culture media. Neoplasms, similar to the dermal sarcoma affecting adult walleyes, were observed after 4 months only in fingerlings inoculated with cell-free filtrates of sonicated tumor cells. Like the tumor affecting wild adult walleyes, the transmitted tumors were restricted to the dermis and originated from the superficial surface of scales. They never invaded locally and never metastasized. The transmitted tumors differed from tumors of adult walleyes in their severity and the absence of osteoid. The multicentric origin of transmitted walleye dermal sarcoma suggests that the virus spreads systemically and that tumor cells are polyclonal. This successful transmission of the lesion, along with the presence of C-type virus particles budding from tumor cells in two of seven tumor-bearing fingerlings, supports a retroviral etiology.
Experimental Primary Postnatal Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral Infections in Six-month-old Calves
Authors: Wilhelmsen C. L. , Bolin S. R. , Ridpath J. F. , Cheville N. F. , Kluge J. P.
Published: January 2017

Eight clinically healthy calves were inoculated intranasally, four with either noncytopathic or four with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus, and were necropsied 5 or 12 days post-inoculation. The most frequent gross lesion associated with noncytopathic or cytopathic viral infection was proximal colonic mural edema. Consistent microscopic findings were acute to subacute tracheitis, mild enterocolitis with edema, petechial hemorrhages of mesenteric lymph nodes with mild follicular lymphocytic depletion, and paracortical lymphocytic hyperplasia. At necropsy, cytopathic virus was recovered from 4/4 calves and noncytopathic virus was isolated from 2/4 calves. Neutralizing antibodies to noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus were detected in the two calves from which noncytopathic virus was not recovered. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid tissues demonstrated a small, randomly distributed population of mononuclear cells that contained bovine viral diarrhea viral antigen in 7/8 calves.
Acidophilic Macrophage Pneumonia in Laboratory Mice
Authors: Murray A. B. , Luz A.
Published: January 2017

Acidophilic macrophage pneumonia, characterized by an accumulation of characteristic crystalloid-laden alveolar macrophages, was seen in 30/7,500 NMRI, 7/600 T x HT, 2/100 C57BL and in no cases of 1,500 CBA and 1,100 BALB/c mice. Histologically, there was a focal accumulation of large numbers of eosinophilic macrophages, generally associated with granulocytes. Macrophages could be mononucleate or multinucleate and had a crystalline cytoplasm. Free-lying crystals were sometimes observed. Ultrastructurally, macrophages had a cytoplasmic accumulation of needle-shaped and rhomboidal crystals, often showing a clear lattice structure with a repeat of 3–5 nm. The crystalloid inclusions may be derived from the breakdown products of granulocytes and appear similar to inclusions in macrophages in other parts of the hematopoetic system. That these inclusions are probably derived from eosinophils is based on the appearance within macrophages of structures resembling eosinophil granules at various stages of degradation and the similarity between the lattice repeat of the crystalloids and that of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. The crystalloid inclusions may be related to the Charcot-Leyden crystals found in human beings.
What can science and technology studies learn from art and design? Reflections on ‘Synthetic Aesthetics’
Authors: Calvert Jane , Schyfter Pablo
Published: January 2017

In this paper we reflect on a project called ‘Synthetic Aesthetics’, which brought together synthetic biologists with artists and designers in paired exchanges. We – the STS researchers on the project – were quickly struck by the similarities between our objectives and those of the artists and designers. We shared interests in forging new collaborations with synthetic biologists, ‘opening up’ the science by exploring implicit assumptions, and interrogating dominant research agendas. But there were also differences between us, the most important being that the artists and designers made tangible artefacts, which had an immediacy and an ability to travel, and which seemed to allow different types of discussions from those initiated by our academic texts. The artists and designers also appeared to have the freedom to be more playful, challenging and perhaps subversive in their interactions with synthetic biology. In this paper we reflect on what we learned from working with the artists and designers on the project, and we argue that engaging more closely with art and design can enrich STS work by enabling an emergent form of critique.
It’s not just about speed: Reviewing the recumbent bicycle once more
Authors: Wieser Bernhard
Published: January 2017

Why did the recumbent bicycle never become a dominant design, despite the fact that it was faster than the safety bicycle on the racetrack? Hassaan Ahmed et al. argue in their recently published paper that the main reason for the marginalization of the recumbent bicycle was semiotic power deployed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). Here, I demonstrate that the authors drew their conclusions from an incomplete application of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) framework. Understanding the diffusion of alternative bicycle designs requires considering more than speed, and more than the UCI as a powerful actor. The recumbent bicycle was fast, but rather tricky to ride, and was not really feasible for the transport needs of the working classes, which constituted the most relevant social group of bicycle users during the 1930s.
A Note on Hezekiah's Tunnel and the Siloam Inscription
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: January 2017

This paper is an attempt to solve the problems concerning Hazekiah's tunnel by suggesting that the tunnel was excavated mainly from the spring down. The workers worked down-stream until they reached a point where they realized that they could save precious time by working from both ends, and only then a second team started work. According to the presented scenario the meeting between the two groups of workers took place at the spot where the Siloam inscription, which describes this meeting, was inscribed. This scenario explains, among other things, the location and content of the inscription, the-height of the ceiling at the lower part of the tunnel, the existence of two other rock tablets (without inscriptions) and their location. The markings on the tunnel wall, which according to the prevalent opinion indicate the location of the meeting place, should be seen as a result of a final ‘finish’ conducted only after the course was clear.
The Song of Protest: Reassessing the Song of Songs
Authors: Hunter Jannie H.
Published: January 2017

The Song of Songs presents us with an interesting collection of ideas which are offered in the delightful form of poetry. Many of these ideas are seen to take an opposing position to that which is taken in the rest of Old Testament. There is much to suggest that these ideas might have-carried protest against prevailing attitudes in a patriarchally controlled society. This protest was presented as a playful alternative to dominant views, thereby constituting a positive ‘song of protest’ within the corpus of Old Testament literature.
Single and Married Women in Vila Rica, Brazil, 1754-1838
Authors: Ramos Donald
Published: January 2017

The essay examines the female population of Vila Rica do Ouro Preto, Brazil, during the period from 1754–1838 within the context of the family, both formally and informally defined. During this period, relatively few women married, and those who did bore children at a younger age than single mothers and had more children. A significant number of free children were born outside of wedlock. Economics affected the family directly: poor mothers had fewer children than rich ones and the average number of children reflected broad economic patterns. The economic situation also impacted on the practice of abandoning children, which became an important social problem.
The European Family and Economy: Central Themes and Issues
Authors: Rudolph Richard L.
Published: January 2017

This article explores ways in which recent work on the European peasant household by economic historians, demographers, anthropologists, sociologists and women's historians fits together. The main underlying thread is the interworking of economic factors with various aspects of family structure and household strategies. It examines the effects of institutional and economic factors on family structure. It then examines the effects of family structure on inheritance strategies, demographic strategies, and economic strategies within the household. It traces the growth of protoindustrialization theory and evaluates its utility in a revised form. It explores the effects of the protoindustrial household on the broader economy and on family power and affective relationships such as patriarchy, gender roles, attitudes toward children, and sibling relationships.
The Adolescent Apprentice/Worker in Medieval Montpellier
Authors: Reyerson Kathryn L.
Published: January 2017

This study explores the experiential dimensions of apprenticeship and work as part of the adolescent life phase in fourteenth-century Montpellier on the basis of approximately two hundred surviving notarial contracts. The strong role of family in apprenticeship of young men and women, the acquisition of specific occupational skills, character formation, and the well-being of the apprentice/worker are discussed. Apprenticeship for Montpellier youth represented a lengthy (early teens to late twenties) and elaborate transition between childhood and adulthood.
Adolescent Sexuality and Social Identity in French and German Lower-Class Autobiography
Authors: Maynes Mary Jo
Published: January 2017

Although sexuality has become a subject of interest to historians, sexuality among the lower classes has too often served as a ‘natural’ foil for the more explicitly historicized sexuality of the propertied classes. This study of the adolescent sexual experiences portrayed in nineteenth-century European workers' autobiographies suggests important variations in popular sexuality that followed the contours of gender, chronology, and milieu. Moreover, the sexual identity that was established in adolescence was linked to other aspects of social identity and life trajectory.
Shaping Adolescence in the Popular Milieu: Social Policy, Reformers, and French Youth, 1870–1920
Authors: Alaimo Kathleen
Published: January 2017

This article examines the emergence of a modern concept of adolescence in France during the early Third Republic and its influence on social reform policies designed for youths from the popular classes. The author looks at reforms in the areas of general education, labor, vocational education, and juvenile corrections in order to demonstrate the growing official awareness of adolescence as a distinct and unique stage of life. The author suggests that vigilant adult supervision, institutional representation, as well as expert articulation of a psychology of adolescence characterize the modern notion of adolescence that developed in the decades around 1900.
Working-Class “Adolescence” in Austria, 1890–1930
Authors: Wegs J. Robert
Published: January 2017

Building on previous work of John Gillis, Joseph Kett, Harry Hendrick and others, this article examines evidence from a country-Austria-included only minimally in the debate concerning adolescence and focuses on the conceptual aspects of the debate as reflected in the attitudes and actions of those authorities responsible for “creating” or “discovering” an adolescent life phase at the turn of the century. The argument is that the modern adolescent image was created as a result of authorities' attempts to institutionalize the offspring of the poor initially to remove a “threat” to society and later as a result of new social-scientific theories about youth development.
The Development of Leisure and the Transformation of Working-Class Adolescence, Paris 1830–1940
Authors: Haine W. Scott
Published: January 2017

The evolution of the pastimes of Parisian working-class youth between 1830 and 1940 reveals the interconnection between the rise of modern leisure and the development of modern adolesence. Two striking images halfway between literature and sociology, the gamin and the apache, illuminate the transformation of working-class adolescence from social and spatial exclusion during the 1830s to exclusivity by the 1900s. By the Belle Epoque, working-class adolescents had articulated their own subculture through the abundant and varied diversions of “the city of light”: dance halls, cafés, cinemas, sports, and newspapers. The growing sense of exclusivity among working-class adolescents, however, undermined a wider sense of class consciousness. Working-class youth, especially after 1900, increasingly identified more with leisure and youth than with work and class. In general, the workplace ceased to be a site where expression and creativity could be exercised and instead became an instrument, a means to an end: the wage.
Frontier Patterns of Marriage, Family, and Ethnicity: Central Wisconsin in the 1880S
Authors: Coombs Jan
Published: January 2017

This essay examines ethnicity, nuptuality, and fertility in four central Wisconsin counties which typified newly opened areas in the North Central Region during the late nineteenth century. Frontier settlement was largely a family affair involving far more immigrants than native-born migrants. Central Wisconsin settlers had higher child-woman ratios than their national counterparts because they were more likely to be married, and their children were more apt to survive infancy. Interrelated factors involving marriage patterns, religious beliefs, residence, and husbands occupation were responsible for the fertility differentials among the ethnic groups within the region.
Cardiovascular Effects of an Immunosuppressive Agent Cyclosporin A
Authors: Sakamoto H. , Kurabayashi M.
Published: January 2017

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is now routinely used for transplantation of all solid organs, bone marrow transplantation, and for an increasing number of immunological diseases. However, treatment with CsA is an important iatrogenic cause of post-transplant hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, which may contribute to the high cardiovascular morbidity in transplant recipients. Recently, the calcineurin inhibitor CsA has been employed in vivo and in vitro to examine the role of calcineurin in the signal transduction leading to cardiac hypertrophy. A cell culture study demonstrated the inhibitory effect of CsA on cytokine production by cardiac myxoma cells, the most common primary tumor of the heart. This review discusses recent data on the cardiovascular effects of CsA.
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Macrì M.A. , di Luzio  , di Luzio S.
Published: January 2017

Nowadays, concerns about hazards from electromagnetic fields represent an alarming source for human lives in technologically developed countries. We are surrounded by electromagnetic fields everywhere we spend our working hours, rest or recreational activities. The aim of this review is to summarize the biological effects due to these fields arising from power and transmission lines, electrical cable splices, electronic devices inside our homes and work-places, distribution networks and associated devices such as cellular telephones and wireless communication tower, etc. Special care has been reserved to study the biological effects of electromagnetic fields on cell lines of the mammalian immune system about which our research group has been working for several years.
An Exploratory Survey of Older Women’s Post-Fall Decisions
Authors: Bergeron Caroline D. , Friedman Daniela B. , Spencer S. Melinda , Miller Susan C. , Hilfinger Messias DeAnne K. , McKeever Robert
Published: January 2017

This research examined factors influencing older women’s post-fall decision making. We surveyed 130 independent older women from continuing care retirement communities and non-institutional homes. We categorized women’s post-fall decisions as medical, corrective, and social decisions, and examined the associations between post-fall decision categories, decisional conflict, number of post-fall changes, self-rated health, frequency of falls, severity of falls, health literacy, awareness and openness to long-term care institutional options, and demographics. Older women experienced greater decisional conflict when making medical decisions versus social ( p = .012) and corrective ( p = .047) decisions. Significant predictors of post-fall decisional conflict were awareness of institutional care options ( p = .001) and health literacy ( p = .001). Future educational interventions should address knowledge deficits and provide resources to enhance collaborative efforts to lower women’s post-fall decisional conflict and increase satisfaction in the decisions they make after a fall.
Practical Care Support During the Early Recovery Period After Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Hajduk Alexandra M. , Hyde Jacquelyn E. , Waring Molly E. , Lessard Darleen M. , McManus David D. , Fauth Elizabeth B. , Lemon Stephenie C. , Saczynski Jane S.
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe the prevalence and predictors of receipt of practical support among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) survivors during the early post-discharge period. Method: 406 ACS patients were interviewed about receipt of practical (instrumental and informational) support during the week after discharge. Demographic, clinical, functional, and psychosocial predictors of instrumental and informational practical support were examined. Results: 81% of participants reported receiving practical support during the early post-discharge period: 75% reported receipt of instrumental support and 51% reported receipt of informational support. Men were less likely to report receiving certain types of practical support, whereas married participants and those with higher education, impaired health literacy, impaired activities of daily living, and in-hospital complications were more likely to report receiving certain types of practical support. Conclusion: Receipt of practical support is very common among ACS survivors during the early post-discharge period, and type of support received differs according to patient characteristics.
Implementing Sustainable Evidence-Based Interventions in the Community: A Fidelity-Focused Training Framework for the Savvy Caregiver Program
Authors: Sherman Carey Wexler , Steiner Sally C.
Published: January 2017

Evidence-based (EB) programs provide a tested means for addressing serious public health concerns. While establishing and maintaining fidelity to these programs is critical for high-quality outcomes, unfortunately, implementation reports rarely describe the strategies used to train and monitor fidelity in community-based implementations. Thus, an essential translational ingredient is a clearly articulated model for establishing a systemic, sustainable fidelity framework. This article provides a detailed description of the fidelity-focused framework developed for Michigan’s statewide implementation of the Savvy Caregiver Program. This framework, titled Creating Confident Caregivers® (CCC), instilled conceptual understanding of fidelity, practice adherence, and competence via ongoing progressive practitioner training, peer observation, participant evaluation, and experiential assessments. Practitioners maintained very high evaluations from participants, and a select cadre of practitioners achieved master trainer status to monitor regional fidelity. This framework promotes sustainable fidelity to EB interventions and provides a replicable platform for other community-based implementations.
Hospital Transfers of Nursing Home Residents: A Vignette Experiment on Nurses’ Decision Making
Authors: Kada Olivia
Published: January 2017

Nursing home (NH) nurses play a key role in hospital transfer decisions. In case of unavailability of physicians, they have to decide alone. In doing so, they consider potential threats to residents’ quality of life (QoL), but they also fear the consequences of wrong decisions. The present study examines the causal influence of these deliberations on nurses’ transfer decisions and emotional strain. In all, 241 NH nurses participated in the experiment. The vignette describing a resident with deteriorating health state elicited either thoughts on residents’ QoL, on legal consequences, or on QoL and legal consequences. In the QoL condition, the likelihood of a hospital transfer was lower compared with all other conditions. Emotional strain was stable across experimental conditions. When thoughts on QoL and legal consequences were induced at the same time, strain was positively correlated with the inclination to transfer the resident. Promoting QoL considerations can help to reduce avoidable transfers.
Microwave-assisted surface modification for the separation of polycarbonate from polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinyl chloride waste plastics by flotation
Authors: Huang Luoluo , Wang Hui , Wang Chongqing , Zhao Junyao , Zhang Bo
Published: January 2017

Microwave-assisted potassium permanganate modification (MPPM) was used for the flotation separation of polycarbonate (PC) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) waste plastics. The separation process was optimized by investigating the potassium permanganate concentration, treatment time, flotation time and frother concentration. MPPM selectively reduced the flotation recovery of PC. The optimum conditions were determined to be: potassium permanganate concentration, 2 mM/L; treatment time, 1 min; frother concentration, 17.57 g/L; and flotation time, 1 min. PC was efficiently separated from PVC and PMMA under the optimum conditions. The purity of the separated PC was 97.71%. The purity and recovery of PVC and PMMA were both >95%. The modification mechanism was investigated using the water contact angles, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. This work provides technical insights into the industrial recycling of waste plastics.
Olympic Transport Legacies: Rio de Janeiro’s Bus Rapid Transit System
Authors: Kassens-Noor Eva , Gaffney Christopher , Messina Joe , Phillips Eric
Published: January 2017

Since the International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Olympic Games, large-scale transportation infrastructures have been transforming the city. We examine the transportation planning process and consequences of implementation in the run-up to the 2016 Olympic Games by triangulating qualitative and quantitative methods. We argue that because of the low cost, speed of implementation, best-practice knowledge, existing political coalitions, ease of land acquisition, and flexibility in planning, BRTs emerged as the dominant Olympic transport solution. We find that the transport planning process has undermined the public interest and placed the burdens of implementation disproportionally on the urban poor.
Source Diversity Increases Credibility of Risk Stories
Authors: Cozma Raluca
Published: January 2017

Those who read risk stories containing multiple sources perceived the stories as more credible and more interesting than did the readers of stories that did not go beyond government sources.
Disaster Coverage Does Little to Promote Call for Change
Authors: Priest Susanna Hornig , Leu Jrhuey Jessica , Duhé Sonya , Klipstine Thomas , Fisher Douglas
Published: January 2017

In comparing coverage of a 2005 train wreck in South Carolina, which resulted in nine deaths, neither the Aiken Standard nor the Augusta Chronicle did much to foster advocacy for change.
Story Genre Influences Whether Women are Sources
Authors: Armstrong Cory L.
Published: January 2017

When male professionals and public officials appear in news stories, female sources of the same genre are more likely to appear. Overall, however, male sources are still more likely to appear.
The Categorization of Ethnic Stereotypes by University Counselors
Authors: Casas J. Manuel , Wampold Bruce E. , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of cognitive organizational factors on stereotyping. Using a free-sort task, it was found that university counselors tend to form constellations of stereotypes that correspond to specific ethnic groups. Although there was a tendency not to differentiate Anglo and Asian American stereotypes, Chicano stereotypes were well differentiated from the other two groups. Implications for research and the provision of mental health services are discussed.
Surgical Creation of a Chin Dimple
Authors: Moses Jeffrey J. , Lee Jeffrey , Arredondo Antonio
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

The purpose of this case report is to present the methods used to surgically create a chin dimple in a 23-year-old man and to document the results of the surgical technique.

Materials and Methods:

The method used begins in a manner similar to a routine incision and dissection down the symphysis for a genioplasty. Then bur holes are created in the anterior portion of the symphysis at desired level for the chin dimple. The midline is dissected between the 2 mentalis muscles with a scissors to the subcutaneous tissue, and a defect is created by removing a tissue amount approximately 2 times the anticipated width of the desired dimple using sharp instrumentation or an electrocautery cutting unit. The dermis at the desired level for the chin dimple is sutured to the bony symphysis near the previously made bur holes.

Results:

The aesthetic results are stable and pleasing.

Conclusions:

Creation of the surgical chin dimple must take into account all the paired muscle origins and insertions that compose the anatomy of the lower perioral and neck tissue in the midline region at the desired level of the dimple. Anchoring this to the symphyseal prominence creates a resistance to the workings of the muscles and thus creates a more aesthetic and natural chin dimple during facial function.
Transumbilical Breast Augmentation with Adjustable Saline Breast Implants: A Novel Approach to Breast Asymmetry
Authors: Rosen Brent R. , Haiavy Jacob
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To investigate the novel use of adjustable saline breast implants via the transumbilical approach for breast asymmetry.

Methods:

A retrospective review of medical records of 8 patients who underwent breast augmentation via the transumbilical approach utilizing the adjustable saline implant. Variables reviewed included age of patients, reason for procedure selection, mean number of postimplantation volume changes, range of volume change, and follow-up time.

Results:

The patients' mean age was 26.3 years. The most common reason for selection of adjustable saline implants was breast and chest wall asymmetry. The mean number of postimplant volume adjustments was 1.33, with a mean addition of 32.5 mL (range of −20 mL to −150 mL). Mean follow-up time was 8 months.

Conclusion:

Transumbilical placement of adjustable saline breast implants is a reliable technique for use in cases of asymmetry, avoiding scars on the breast and maintaining a remote insertion site.
Mycobacterium Chelonae Infection following Abdominal Liposuction
Authors: Kampp Jeremy T. , Moy Ronald L.
Published: January 2017

Liposuction is a common cosmetic procedure with a low incidence of bacterial infection. Even more rare is the postoperative complication of infection with atypical mycobacteria. Months after the associated procedure is performed, atypical mycobacterial infection often presents with a variable clinical presentation. These characteristics often lead to misdiagnosis and delay in diagnosis. Presented here is a case of Mycobacteria chelonae infection following abdominal liposuction, along with information on diagnosis and management. To avoid a delay in diagnosis, it is essential to include atypical mycobacteria in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient with a rash with a history of an invasive cosmetic procedure.
Internet-Initiated Patient Characteristics
Authors: Spindle Jordan , Boohaker Louis , McGwin Gerald , Vicinanzo Matthew , Long John
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the differences between patients who access an oculoplastic practice via the Internet from patients who are referred by other physicians or patients. A retrospective chart review of sequential patients who accessed an oculoplastic practice via the Internet from July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2014, was reviewed. A comparison group of the next sequential chart number after each Internet patient was also reviewed. One hundred eighty-nine Internet patients and 165 non-Internet patients were identified. The average age of the Internet patients was 52 years (range, 19-82 years) and non-Internet patients was 51.8 years (range, 1-82 years). The Internet patients were more likely to be female. ( P < .0001). The average income per household of the Internet patients was $61,415 as compared with the non-Internet patients at $54,389 ( P = .003); they were also more likely to have private insurance (87% vs. 61%, respectively) ( P < .01). A surgical procedure was more likely to be performed in the Internet group (71%) versus the non-Internet group (58%) ( P = .003). Internet patients were more likely to have cosmetic and/or functional procedures ( P < .0001). Postoperative visits ( P = .001) and phone calls ( P = .03) were significantly higher for Internet patients. The patients who accessed the practice via Internet were most likely to be a middle-aged female and reside in zip codes with higher household incomes. They were more likely to undergo cosmetic surgery and averaged more postoperative visits and phone calls.
Herpes Ophthalmicus After Facial Augmentation With Fillers
Authors: Oberhelman Stephanie V.
Published: January 2017

As the population ages, the incidence of herpes zoster otherwise known as shingles increases. The occurrence of zoster in facial cosmetic patients may be increasing. We experienced the complication of reactivation of the herpes virus presenting as herpes ophthalmicus after injection with dermal fillers. An extensive literature review was undertaken to identify other cases of zoster after facial procedures. We were able to identify only 1 other case similar to ours. The literature addressed viral prophylaxis for herpes simplex but there is little discussed about the need of prophylaxis for zoster. We were able to identify a potential for an increase in the incidence of zoster as the aging population is seeking more invasive corrective treatments. A subsequent rise in zoster is reported correlating with the use of childhood vaccination for varicella. It is postulated that low levels of exposure provide some protective effect through antigen exposure. Without that exposure, patients are at higher risk of reactivation as the varicella vaccination was not available at the time. Consensus appears to be lacking on how to appropriately prophylax patients for risk of zoster reactivation.
L'Analyse Longitudinale De Reseaux Sociaux Totaux Avec Siena—Methode, Discussion Et Application
Authors: de Federico de la Rúa(l) Ainhoa
Published: January 2017

Longitudinal Analysis of Total Social Networks with SIENA—Method, Discussion and Applications: This article explains the functional basis of the SIENA statistical model for the analysis of longitudinal total social networks. In the first part, we explain the specificity of statistical models for analyzing network structure and give a brief history of the major models proposed in the past which produced dynamic models such as SIENA. We then present the basis on which SIENA is constructed and we discuss the theoretical implications. Model specification follows with a presentation of the principal effects which can be studied with this model. We end with an example of application on a network of international friendships. Longitudinal analysis of social networks, SIENA.
Contact and Stereotyping in a Voluntary Association
Authors: Erickson Bonnie H. , Nosanchuk T. A.
Published: January 2017

Contact between social groups reduces prejudice and stereotyping - sometimes, depending on the nature of the contact and the setting. Voluntary association settings have been little explored. though they should often meet the contact hypothesis scope conditions. We analyze a large association in which the conditions can be checked unusually thoroughly and the conditions are met. We also use unusually refined measures of contact (derived from network analysis) and of age and gender stereotyping (derived from work on belief systems) and detailed hypotheses (derived from social cognition theory). No form of contact reduces stereotyping. Greater involvement in the subculture actually increases stereotyping. We argue that attention is a function of rank, so that our respondents notice the inequality of a tiny elite and ignore the equality of the far larger majority. These show results that the cognitive approach to social stereotyping should be combined with work on social structure and its implications for contact, inequality and attention. Stereotypes, Contact, Inequality, Social Networks.
Lives Less Ordinary? Crime, Communities and Policing in Northern Ireland
Authors: Geary Ray , McEvoy Kieran , Morison John
Published: January 2017

This article is drawn from data collected in the Community Crime Survey conducted in Northern Ireland in 1996.1 That survey was premised on the notion that the experience of crime, victimisation, policing and related matters varied considerably across different communities in Northern Ireland. These communities were distinguished on the grounds of religious segregation/integration, socio-economic deprivation and Greater Belfast/rural divides. The authors argue that the survey findings with regard to these variances offer a critique of the homogenised and ‘averaged up’ findings of previous surveys, underline the RUC's lack of credibility in working class Catholic communities and the development of alternative strategies of policing and social control in both working class Protestant and Catholic communities. Finally they suggest that this type of survey methodology offers the potential for a more nuanced account of the significance of community in criminological discourse on Northern Ireland.
Sex Offender Registration: Implications and Difficulties for Ireland
Authors: McAlinden Anne-Marie
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the implications and difficulties of a system of sex offender registration for the two jurisdictions of Ireland. From the orthodox perspective, registration appears justified. Sexual offending has increase and this is used by the media to generate a ‘moral panic’. However, in terms of Blumer's (1971) developmental perspective, sexual offenders in the community have been socially constructed in Ireland, as a problem requiring specific action. This perspective most adequately explains the formulation of legislation. Arguments expounded in favour of registration include the supposedly high recidivism among sex offenders, the inadequacy of supervision provisions and the resulting need to ‘track’ the offender for public protection. Yet a plethora of obstacles which were not considered at the time the legislation was being formulated, such as cost and inadequate policing resources, may impede its effectiveness in aiding law enforcement and reduce it to symbolic significance only. Given these difficulties, I argue that registration is not an appropriate response to the problem of released sexual offenders in Ireland. Rather, from the social constructionist perspective, I suggest that it is better to ‘treat’ the sex offender through less formal and stringent means in the community, away from the criminal justice process.
Christian Religion and the European Civilising Process: The Views of Norbert Elias and Max Weber Compared in the Context of the Augustinian and Lucretian Traditions
Authors: Goudsblom Johan
Published: January 2017

Both Norbert Elias and Max Weber were concerned with the ‘European civilising process’, in the sense of the strong shift in socially induced individual self-control observed from the Renaissance onwards. Religion does not play a prominent role in Elias's explanation of these changes. In contrast, it is argued that, despite his disclaimer, Weber in The Protestant Ethic veers towards ‘a one-sided spiritualistic interpretation of culture and history’. In that respect he followed the dominant intellectual tradition deriving from St Augustine, which singles out religion as a powerful force in the civilising process. Both Weber and Elias were concerned with the unintended consequences of long-term social processes. Weber, however, while acknowledging the importance of the dynamics generated by social interdependencies, confined his analysis to a religious ‘spirit’ that supposedly determined the course of human affairs. In so doing, he followed a tenacious tradition which can be traced to Augustine's The City of God. Elias, on the other hand, can be placed within what is here called the Lucretian tradition. Lucretius, in De rerum natura, anticipated the modern theory of evolution, and he attributed religious belief to people's ignorance of principles underlying life on earth. The dominance of the Augustinian tradition has promoted a persistent tendency to conceive of the European civilising process in terms of providence and teleology, and to give pride of place to religious beliefs as the driving force of the entire process.
Collision Culture: Road Traffic Accidents and the Experience of Accelerated Modernisation in Ireland
Authors: Keohane Kieran , Kuhling Carmen , Horgan Mervyn
Published: January 2017

This paper interprets the phenomenon of road traffic accidents in contemporary Irish society as a symptom of crisis arising from processes of social transformation. Empirical data from the National Roads Authority, from Local Authority Engineers, and from the Gardaí, showing the typical traffic accident pattern, is used to develop a more general hypothesis of the uneasy coexistence of traditional and modern forms of life in contemporary Ireland. This theme is developed by a discussion of ambiguity and ambivalence arising from the hazardous experiences of accelerated modernization coexisting with vestigial and reinstitutionalised forms of traditional culture. The paper concludes by considering the driving practices of Irish motorists in terms of improvisation in conditions of uncertainty as the artful reformation of habitus.
Researching Young People and Sex in Northern Ireland
Authors: Schubotz Dirk , Rolston Bill , Simpson Audrey
Published: January 2017

This paper reports on the first substantive attempt to accomplish in Northern Ireland what has been done in a number of other societies: namely, the investigation of the sexual attitudes and lifestyles of young people. Co-managed by the Family Planning Association Northern Ireland and the University of Ulster, the three-year research project focused on young people in Northern Ireland aged 14–25 years. In this paper we present some baseline results from the survey, which took place from May 2000 to March 2002 and achieved a quota sample of 1,013 respondents. They include the following: 53.3% of all respondents reported that they had sexual intercourse. Condom use at first sex was reported by 64% of sexually active respondents, 27.4% said they used no contraception. Peer pressure to engage in sex was more prevalent among males than females. Young people in Northern Ireland regarded friends as their most important source of sex education. School was the second most important source, but most respondents wanted more sex education in school. Beyond these baseline data, the findings of the research allow for an informed discussion of a number of key issues of concern regarding young people's sexual health, including the timing and circumstances of first sexual intercourse, and issues arising from sexual orientation. Finally, we suggest that an essential requirement for improved sexual health of young people would be to follow a more sex-positive approach, which encourages young people to discuss sexual matters openly with their peer and others.
Teenage Girls and Housework in Irish Society
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to examine girls' participation in domestic work in Irish households. The research supports other research in this field which demonstrates that girls' responsibility for domestic chores outweighs that of boys. However, the main thrust of the article is to examine girls' attitudes to the persistence of gender inequality in relation to domestic labour. In this regard, two key themes are addressed. The first is girls' attitudes to the domestic division of labour between their parents and their perceptions of fairness regarding how domestic tasks are allocated. The second is girls' attitudes to change, particularly the extent to which they feel that Irish society is beginning to challenge common taken-for-granted assumptions regarding male and female work in the household. The research suggests that while girls hold optimistic attitudes towards a dilution of the traditional gendered division of domestic labour in their future households, existing practices among themselves and their parents appear influenced by traditional gender expectations.
The Political Preferences and Value Orientations of Irish Journalists
Authors: Corcoran Mary P.
Published: January 2017

There is a dearth of sociologically informed literature on Irish journalists. In her seminal paper, Kelly (1983) laid out the factors influencing the production of news in a general context, acknowledging in her analysis the limited range of research on the Irish media. She highlighted the ideological and personal preferences of journalists on the one hand, and their professional values and practices on the other as key determinants of the news agenda. However, to date no systematic study of Irish journalists has addressed these twin concerns. Drawing on data obtained from a national survey of daily news journalists in the Republic of Ireland conducted in the late 1990s, this paper offers some insight into the class position, political orientation and value system of a key group of ‘meaning producers' in Irish society. In particular, the article seeks to provide insight into the professional culture of Irish journalists and their views on the relationship between the messenger, the message and the audience. This focus is apposite, given the central role played by Irish news journalists in bringing to public attention the variety of political, financial and religious scandals that engulfed Irish society in recent years. The paper concludes that Irish journalists are in the main more liberal in their views than either the professional organisations they work for or the audiences they serve.