bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance, and Intimacy, and T. S. Eliot’s Self-Critical Laughter
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Eliot’s humor frequently resembles the superiority-based models of Freud and Bergson. His humor in letters is often racist, misogynist, and homophobic. But he also uses laughter to examine failed communication and the limits of sympathy among reader, speaker, and subject. From depictions of laughing characters in Prufrock and Other Observations to the merriment in Old Possum’s Practical Cats, Eliot treats laughter itself, rather than the joke provoking it, as a form of communication conveying truths language cannot. Eliot’s laughter comes from doubt. His comedy is both superiority-based and empathic: amusement reminds Eliot of his own failures. Eliot’s self-conscious laughter becomes a unique vehicle for communication between artist and audience, if not between individuals. In The Waste Land, tragicomic moments teach readers to be skeptical of their own satirical impulses, and almost bridge the abysmal distance between subjectivities.
Elizabeth Bishop’s Equivocal Communions
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Bishop’s poems experiment with combinations of empathy and judgment. Such combinations are possible because Bishop rejects the Bergsonian self/other dichotomy as the basis for humor. Bishop returns to a more Romantic model of intersubjectivity, suggesting that experience can be continuous between observer and observed, and her laughter marks that continuity. Bishop’s empathic humor is partial, however, because speculation about another’s interiority always misses something, and self-criticism often falls short of full self-awareness. Bishop suggests that for intersubjective insight to work, all subjects must participate. The “joking voice” in “One Art” shows how pain and joy, joker and audience, lover and beloved are mutually constitutive. But Bishop does not think communion lasts, and her jokes highlight the discontinuities they overcome. For Bishop, humor comes from the tension between empathy and distance, the partial nature of friendship, marking the moment of revelation and the inevitability of that moment’s passing.
Laughter and Knowledge in Contemporary Poetry
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Twenty-first-century poets use humor to examine and convey different kinds of knowledge—cultural, scientific, and emotional. Laughter in the work of poets like Raymond McDaniel, Stephanie Burt, Cathy Park Hong, Albert Goldbarth, Kim Rosenfield, Jamaal May, Patricia Lockwood, and Lucille Clifton prompts us to examine competing epistemologies. These poets examine how we exchange the material of laughter, and expose the ways that affective responses can determine what we think we know. They show how laughter can re-shape our sense of canons and render unfamiliar material accessible, expanding our literary knowledge and the sympathetic capacities that knowledge carries with it. They demonstrate how laughter breaks down categories like “science” and “literature,” expanding the kinds of knowledge that we value as “fact.” At the same time, they warn that laughter’s power to heal trauma or mediate other minds is limited, and that we should not trust humorous insights too far.
Dreams of a Final Theory T
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2021

The grander metaphysical schemes popular in Hertz’s era often suppressed conceptual innovation in manifestly unhelpful ways. In counterreaction, Hertz and his colleagues stressed the raw pragmatic advantages of “good theory” considered as a functional whole and rejected the armchair meditations upon individual words characteristic of the metaphysical imperatives they spurned. Rudolf Carnap’s later rejection of all forms of “metaphysics” attempts to broaden these methodological tenets to a wider canvas. In doing so, the notion of an integrated, axiomatizable “theory” became the shaping tenet within our most conception of how the enterprise of “rigorous conceptual analysis” should be prosecuted. Although Carnap hoped to suppress all forms of metaphysics, large and small, through these means, in more recent times, closely allied veins of “theory T thinking” have instead encouraged a revival of grand metaphysical speculation that embodies many of the suppressive doctrines that Hertz’s generation rightly resisted (I have in mind the school of “analytic metaphysics” founded by David Lewis). The proper corrective to these inflated ambitions lies in directly examining the proper sources of descriptive effectiveness in the liberal manner of a multiscalar architecture.
Truth in a Multiscalar Landscape
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2021

Closely aligned with the considerations of the previous chapter are a variety of erroneous presumptions with respect to the evaluative utilities of the word “true” in our linguistic life. These misconceptions also stem from a failure to recognize the contextual architectures that commonly underlie effective discourse. The frequent utilization of these entangled reasoning schemes suggests an intriguing linkage between “true”’s practical utilities and the “homogenization message” evaluations that are crucial to the implementation of a multiscalar architecture. Overlooking these non-trivial relationships in the single-leveled manner characteristic of theory T thinking encourages the “deflationist” doctrine in which holding that “S is true” conveys no new information beyond what “S” itself says. But the corrective feedback loops characteristic of our richer architectures assign locutions like “S is true” more substantive tasks, those of implementing the “homogenization messages” correctives central to the operations of a multiscalar scheme.
Educational Mobility in the Developing World
Authors: Torche Florencia
Published: December 2021

This chapter reviews the small but growing literature on intergenerational educational mobility in the developing world. Education is a critical determinant of economic wellbeing, and it predicts a range of nonpecuniary outcomes such as marriage, fertility, health, crime, and political attitudes. We show that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades. We consider variations in mobility across gender and region, and discuss the macro-level correlates of educational mobility in developing countries. The chapter also discusses the literatures on concepts and measurement of educational mobility, theoretical perspectives to understand educational mobility across generations, and the role that education plays in the economic mobility process, and it applies these literatures to understand educational mobility in the developing world.
Ethnography and Social Mobility
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: December 2021

The ethnographic approach has much to contribute to our understanding of social mobility. This chapter provides a discussion on ethnography as a method and approach to writing and description, and reviews some ways in which themes related to social mobility and inequality in the developing world have been explored ethnographically. It discusses the themes that these studies cover in terms of two frames: the social construction of mobility and the fields within which mobility plays out. Social mobility is explored in relation to themes such as the family, labour, class, caste, race, gender, migration, and inequality. These are considered in relation to the value of ethnography in underscoring everyday lived experiences of individuals and collectives.
Social Mobility and Human Capital in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Behrman Jere R.
Published: December 2021

Parental human capital and endowments may affect children’s human capital, which in turn may affect children’s income and thus social mobility. This chapter focuses on what we know about these links in low- and middle-income countries. It starts with definitions of human capital and endowments and simple frameworks for guiding summaries of what we know and do not know about these links. It discusses determinants of children’s human capital in the form of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills and health, which pertain directly to some indicators of social mobility; reviews estimates of impacts of these forms of human capital, which pertain to some other indicators of social mobility, such as income; and concludes with a summary suggesting some positive impacts of parental human capital and endowments on social mobility in low- and middle-income countries, policy implications, and gaps in the literature pertaining to both data and methodology.
Gender and Social Mobility
Authors: Luke Nancy
Published: December 2021

Women have historically been overlooked in research on social mobility. In contrast, new research focuses on the intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes and norms as determinants of women’s labour force participation in industrialized countries. This chapter discusses the measurement of gender attitudes and reviews research findings. Studies reveal that gender attitudes are a key transmission mechanism for intergenerational economic mobility beyond wealth and other economic factors. Mothers’ egalitarian views and less-restrictive gender norms promote greater labour force participation for daughters and daughters-in-law. There are few investigations in the Global South, where restrictive gender attitudes and norms are more pervasive and could potentially have greater impact in shaping women’s labour force participation. The chapter concludes with a brief case study of women’s labour force participation in India, where the direct link between gender attitudes and women’s labour market engagement could provide a further explanation for its recent decline.
Social Mobility and Horizontal Inequality
Authors: Funjika Patricia , Gisselquist Rachel M.
Published: December 2021

Research on social mobility has paid considerable attention to links with inequality. The vast majority of this work, however, has focused on ‘vertical’ inequality between individuals or households, rather than ‘horizontal’ inequality between groups in society. This chapter speaks to the latter, with focus on the persistence over time of horizontal inequalities between ethnic and culturally defined groups. Not only is such persistence due to low intergenerational mobility overall, we argue, it also is due to lower mobility for disadvantaged as compared with advantaged groups in many societies. Group-based discrimination, among other factors, contributes. We posit further that the relationship between low mobility and persistent horizontal inequality is a comparatively larger problem for Global South as compared to Global North countries, because they are, on average, contexts with lower intergenerational mobility, higher horizontal inequality, and weaker state capability and the rule of law.
The Common Good and the Egalitarian Research Imperative
Authors: London Alex John
Published: December 2021

This chapter distinguishes two conceptions of the common good and argues that reluctance to embrace a research imperative grounded in the corporate conception of the common good is sound. In contrast, it is argued that the basic or generic interest conception of the common good grounds an imperative with two requirements: to carry out research that produces the information necessary to enable a community’s basic social systems to efficiently and equitably advance the basic interests of its members and to ensure that this activity is organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects the moral claim of its constituent members to be treated as free and equal. A central claim of this chapter is that an imperative to improve the capacity of social institutions to secure the interests of community members can be reconciled with fundamental moral respect for the status of the individuals who make such progress possible.
After the Candles Were Extinguished
Authors: Seo Hyunjin
Published: December 2021

This chapter covers several issues South Korea has dealt with following President Park’s removal from office: the election of Moon Jae-in as president in May 2017, pro-Park groups’ anti-government rallies, and a public divide on potentially pardoning Park in 2021. In addition, it considers citizens’ evaluations of the impeachment candlelight vigils three years after Park’s impeachment. There is now a growing sense that the momentum for change ignited by the vigils may have been lost and that real systemic change has not been achieved. This chapter looks at how some actors within society are striving to sustain momentum for social change. While political parties and civic organizations in South Korea are experimenting with different strategies to engage citizens, some people are already demanding new forms of participatory democracy. Grass-roots organizations such as WAGL and Parti Co-op have emerged to design and implement alternative ways of incorporating citizens’ direct participation in policy decision-making processes.
Debating Democracy
Authors: Brennan Jason , Landemore Hélène
Published: December 2021

Around the world, faith in democracy is falling. Partisanship and mutual distrust are increasing. What, if anything, should we do about these problems? In this accessible work, leading philosophers Jason Brennan and Hélène Landemore debate whether the solution lies in having less democracy or more. Brennan argues that democracy has systematic flaws, and that democracy does not and cannot work the way most of us commonly assume. He argues the best solution is to limit democracy’s scope and to experiment with certain voting systems that can overcome democracy’s problems. Landemore argues that democracy’s virtues, which stem, at an ideal level, from its inclusiveness and egalitarian distribution of power, are not properly manifested in the historical regime form that we call “representative democracy.” Whereas representative democracy centers on an oligarchic form of representation by elected officials, Landemore defends a more authentic paradigm of popular rule—open democracy—in which legislative power is open to all on an equal basis, including via lottery-based mechanisms.
Illness and Immortality
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Illness and Immortality examines the role of ritual elements in rites to alleviate illness and death in medieval Śaiva Tantric practices. This includes analysis of the various forms of the deity Amṛteśa or Mṛtyuñjaya, the nature of mantra, and the relationship between the tantric practitioner and the patient. This work explores what is meant by immortality within the medieval context and how one goes about attaining it. It asks how ritual alleviates illness, what role the deity plays in health and healing, and finally who has access to the rites described within the text. Central to this study is the conception of a body vulnerable to demons and reliant on deities for continued existence, and how the three yogic bodies (sthūla, sūkṣma, and para) play a role in physical and spiritual well-being. The intention is to offer readers various points of entry into the text so that today’s tantric practitioners and scholars alike can access the influential and important concepts and practices found within this long-revered but under-studied work.
Identity and Purity
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 examines the interrelationship between religion and society for followers of the non-dual Tantric Śaiva tradition. It explores the new Tantric identities created through initiation and asks how these new identities impact the larger social experience of practitioners. It then reflects on the origin of Tantric practice and maps how Tantra seeks to subvert the social caste paradigm. The chapter examines the theories about the historical spread of Tantric practice by consulting textual descriptions of practices that are prescribed for members of different castes. This offers a humanizing look at the individual needs and actions of practitioners. It makes the argument that caste erasure was limited to the ritual sphere and was therefore symbolic. The philosophical ideal of the vanquishment of caste distinction is compared with the social necessity for hierarchy. The chapter also explores the nature of auspicious and inauspicious symbols related to initiation.
Democracy Lives in Darkness
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Republicans and Democrats increasingly distrust, avoid, and wish harm upon those from the other party. To make matters worse, they also increasingly reside among like-minded others and are part of social groups that share their political beliefs. All of this can make expressing a dissenting political opinion hard. Yet digital and social media have given people new spaces for political discourse and community, and more control over who knows their political beliefs and who does not. With Democracy Lives in Darkness, Van Duyn looks at what these changes in the political and media landscape mean for democracy. She uncovers and follows a secret political organization in rural Texas over the entire Trump presidency. The group, which organized out of fear of their conservative community in 2016, has a confidentiality agreement, an email listserv and secret Facebook group, and meets in secret every month. By building relationships with members, she explores how and why they hide their beliefs and what this does for their own political behavior and for their community. Drawing on research from communication, political science, and sociology along with survey data on secret political expression, Van Duyn finds that polarization has led even average partisans to hide their political beliefs from others. And although intensifying polarization will likely make political secrecy more common, she argues that this secrecy is not just evidence that democracy is hurting, but that it is still alive, that people persist in the face of opposition, and that this matters if democracy is to survive.
Studying Political Secrecy
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 describes the book’s approach to studying networked silence and how people strategically hide their beliefs in some contexts and not in others. It provides details about how the author found CWG, how she gained access to individual members and their meetings, and how she built relationships with members and earned their trust. This chapter lays out the author’s positionality within the group, which of her traits afforded her their trust, and how, over time, she sought to maintain the group’s confidentiality in her own work. This chapter also describes CWG’s local community and how it compares to the state as a whole. In addition, it outlines the details and value of the certain data for assessing the depth and scope of political secrecy across Texas and the United States more broadly.
Forming a Secret Group
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 addresses how people keep their politics a secret by detailing how CWG developed. First, it attends to how digital media is at the heart of the group’s formation, allowing members to coordinate away from disagreeable spouses and neighbors, and to discuss, engage, and grapple with politics in secret both online and offline. This chapter also focuses on the role of traditional media—what media members tended to consume as well as the unique role of the local newspaper in constructing perceptions of disagreement within their community. This chapter helps to establish the role of digital media in facilitating political secrecy and the role of traditional media in conveying to partisans whether they are in the majority or minority of their community.
Fearing the Other Side
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 turns to the reasons why people may hide their political beliefs by looking at the reasons for CWG’s secrecy. This chapter addresses the sociological components of fear—including power and social and economic interdependence—that were at play in the women’s decision to keep their politics a secret. It outlines three types of fear in response to partisan hostility: social, economic, and physical. It recounts the women’s stories of actual retaliation within these categories, as well as the role of personal narrative in fueling fear and building camaraderie. This chapter provides evidence that intensifying polarization has made political identity a source of not only social persecution, but of economic and physical persecution as well.
Negotiating Identity and Secrecy
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 5 emphasizes the group’s internal fissures and negotiations over time, including their decision to remain only women as well as their choice to align themselves with the Democratic Party, avoid discussions with conservatives, and remain confidential. This chapter highlights the unique characteristics and decisions of secret organizations whose private nature can create turmoil and insulate members, and that face unique challenges and decisions about how to exist and take political action. This chapter also addresses the confluence of identities such as partisanship, gender, and race/ethnicity, and how people negotiate these identities with one another.
2020
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 provides a look into CWG prior to and after the 2020 election, as well as interviews with several group members prior to the election results. Through this data, this chapter explores how CWG and its members grappled with a global pandemic, a national reckoning around racial injustice, and the gear-up to an unprecedented presidential election. The women of CWG had closed out 2019 with optimism. In looking to their efforts for the 2020 election, the women promised to make “voter education” a priority—continuing their outreach and exploring new ways of reaching possible Democrats in the area. This chapter considers how 2020 reflects the same realities as the years before it and how it presents new challenges regarding if and how people express their political beliefs.
Democracy Through Darkness
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 8 reviews the focus of this book—how and why people keep their politics a secret—based on observations of CWG and the survey data. This chapter argues that the existence of political secrecy says that the democracy in the United States is dark. That the fear laid bare in the women’s experiences and the sizeable number of people who engage in secret political expression are evidence that liberal democratic norms are being threatened. But it also considers how political secrecy might tell us that democracy is alive. That people continue in the face of opposition and that secrecy can be a tool to help people engage in politics when they feel it is risky. Finally, this chapter addresses the implications for practitioners, asking them to consider the ways in which they privilege public expression, and encouraging them to consider this an inaccurate picture of the public itself.
An Archive of Diaspora at the “Jerusalem on the Ohio”
Authors: Lustig Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter introduces another model of total archives, Jacob Rader Marcus’s American Jewish Archives, founded in 1947 at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. The AJA offers a counterpart to the Jerusalem archives considered in chapter 2. In the course of his time directing the AJA, from 1947 to 1995, Marcus developed another type of total archive, but one that represented an ideal of diaspora and dispersion as Jewish values and archival virtues. The process of gathering archives to Cincinnati reflected Marcus’s personal perspective on the history of America’s Jews, in particular by looking at it from a western-hemisphere perspective, through his efforts to gather materials from the earliest Jewish settlements in the Caribbean and South America. In addition, he created an archive of copies, looking to gather as much as he could in duplicate rather than in the original.
Conclusion
Authors: Lustig Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers the overall impact of the twentieth-century proliferation of archive activities in Jewish life and the rising paradigm of total archives in particular. By looking at the development of Jewish archiving in Germany, the United States, and Israel/Palestine, we see the concrete manifestation of the impulses of a “time to gather” in Jewish cultures around the world. These efforts represent a kind of community-based archives, but also the internal tensions: What happens when there is a widespread understanding of the value of archives, and they represent resources of cultural capital worth fighting for? This conclusion also places the history of Jewish archives and the struggles to “own” the past in the broader context of the emerging information society. Altogether, this history indicates contentious struggles over what it means to have control over history in its most practical terms.
Social Practices and Cultural Contexts
Authors: Ammerman Nancy T.
Published: December 2021

This chapter builds on the assertion that spirituality is best understood as one dimension of the larger phenomenon of lived religious practice, rather than as a phenomenon separate from or opposed to religion. Spirituality is situated in a multidimensional analysis that also includes embodiment, materiality, emotion, aesthetics, morality, and narrative. By analyzing spirituality as a distinct dimension of religious practice, we can see the internal dynamics among all the dimensions. Understanding spirituality and religion at this micro level is incomplete, however, without attention to the distinct legal and cultural contexts around the world. This chapter elaborates on four ideal-typical macrosocial contexts that each shape quite differently the practice of religion and its spiritual dimensions: entangled, established, institutionalized, and interstitial contexts. These contexts identify differences in modal expectations for the fields within which religious practices will be found and the modes of regulation that will constrain religious action.
Trumping the Devil!
Authors: Adogame Afe
Published: December 2021

African spiritualities are hardly static or unchanging. They are dynamic and constantly in flux. African spiritualities are usually not thought out in the agora of desk theology but lived out in the spiritual marketplace, imbuing every life facet in ways that cannot be separated from quotidian, mundane thought. How do African spiritualities contrast with other social dimensions of spirituality? This chapter explores African spiritualities as spiritualities of the marketplace, concerned with the pursuit of cosmic balance, harmony, and human flourishing via a matrix of worldviews and ritual praxis. Through exploring the diversity of African spirituality and cosmologies: the forms, meanings, and expressions that link them, I demonstrate how and to what extent the religious, moral values and imaginaries pervading indigenous worldviews in Africa and the African diaspora are continually contested and negotiated.
Designing for Democracy
Authors: Forestal Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Designing for Democracy addresses the question of how to “fix” digital technologies for democracy by examining how the design of the built environment (whether streets, sidewalks, or social media platforms) informs how, and whether, citizens can engage in democratic practices. “Democratic spaces”—built environments that support democratic politics—must have three characteristics: they must be clearly bounded, durable, and flexible. Each corresponds to a necessary democratic practice. Clearly bounded spaces make it easier to recognize what we share and with whom we share; they help us form communities. Durable spaces facilitate our attachments to the communities they house and the other members within them; they help us sustain communities. And flexible spaces facilitate the experimental habits required for democratic politics; they help us improve our communities. These three practices—recognition, attachment, and experimentalism—are the affordances a built environment must provide in order to be a “democratic space”; they are the criteria to which designers and users should be attentive when building and inhabiting the spaces of the built environment, both physical and digital. Using this theoretical framework, Designing for Democracy provides new insights into the democratic potential of digital technologies. Through extended discussions of examples like Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, it suggests architectural responses to problems often associated with digital technologies—loose networks, the “personalization of politics,” and “echo chambers.” In connecting the built environment, digital technologies, and democratic theory, Designing Democracy provides blueprints for democracy in a digital age.
The Roots and Rationalizations of U.S. Torture in Vietnam
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the twin tales of the CIA’s and the U.S. military’s use of torture during the Vietnam War. The CIA’s interrogation program was rooted in the early days of the Cold War, when the agency was founded. U.S. foreign policy elites like Dwight Eisenhower and Allen Dulles were convinced that the Soviet Union’s freedom from norms and laws gave it an edge. As a result, the CIA began researching and practicing behavioral control techniques, using drugs and sensory deprivation to compete with Soviet programs. The agency’s KUBARK interrogation manual (1963) considered physical torture off-limits and ineffective, but recommended “maxim[izing] mental discomfort.” Likewise, CIA interrogators in Vietnam such as Frank Snepp believed isolation and sensory deprivation were both ethically and efficaciously superior to harsher alternatives. While racism and exasperation explain much of the U.S. military’s use of torture, soldiers also used water and electricity because the techniques were “unpleasant” but not “injurious.”
Origins of Varying Understandings of Democracy
Authors: Lu Jie
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses mixed-effect models to examine the origins of varying conceptions of democracy. Due to data limitations, we are only able to account for some key individual demographic, cognitive, and psychological features as we explore the impact of surrounding economic, political, and cultural contexts. Overall, our findings demonstrate the salience of surrounding economic, political, and cultural contexts in shaping popular conceptions of democracy. Short-term fluctuations (like economic growth vs. recession), mid-term changes (like democratic practices gauged by Freedom House ratings and economic development measured by per capita GDP), and long-term evolutions (like the history of personal dictatorships and Confucian political traditions) all play important roles in this regard.
Political Participation and Varying Understandings of Democracy
Authors: Lu Jie
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the behavioral implications of popular conceptions of democracy, that is, the attitude-to-behavior connections and in particular, conventional and unconventional political participation. The chapter shows that overall, compared to their fellow citizens emphasizing the instrumental values of democracy, people embracing the procedural understanding of democracy are significantly more likely to cast ballots, help with electoral campaigns, contact political and government agencies or agents, join a demonstration, march in a protest, or use violence for a political cause. Meanwhile, this impact varies significantly, depending on the features of the regime in a society: it is much stronger in authoritarian regimes than in democracies. In some cases, the impact even reverses as we move from autocracies to democracies. The chapter argues that such patterns are primarily driven by the expressive values served by political participation, which people embracing the procedural conception of democracy are more sensitive to.
Conclusions
Authors: Lu Jie
Published: December 2021

This chapter summarizes the empirical findings presented in the book, revisiting the theoretical framework developed throughout the book for understanding democracy’s contemporary crisis by focusing on popular conceptions of democracy. The chapter highlights the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions to pertinent literature regarding the key questions: Why is it that democracy, despite its documented popularity in societies around the world and supremacy in contemporary political discourse, appears to be in trouble. After reviewing the research findings presented in the book, the chapter draws some conclusions and presents some suggestions for future research.
Defining Manhood for Ourselves
Authors: Braxton Gordon
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 provides practical tips for starting conversations with boys about how they can help fight sexual violence. As a backdrop to this lesson, the author provides his own backstory and identifies protective factors that led him to reconsider his stance toward sexual violence. Readers are invited to consider which of these factors can be replicated for the boys they know, such as providing them with a community, a space to practice, and a personal invitation to help. Some common defenses held by boys are also identified so that readers can consider how to overcome them as they craft their own personalized methods of reaching out to boys.
Examining Media Representations of Black Manhood
Authors: Braxton Gordon
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 considers the “heroes” of Black boys and identifies some of the current and historical messages from entertainment media, with a particular focus on hip-hop and R&B music. The film industry is also discussed as a potential site where positive messaging can occur. The need to defend these heroes is examined, and discussion of their faults is presented as a window for having difficult conversations with boys. Informed by the social-ecological model, the chapter closes by asking about the appropriate standards to which celebrities should be held and challenging the reader to fill the moral voids vacated by media figures.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Simon
Published: December 2021

This chapter introduces the idea of the subtle body and frames the problematics in the treating the concept in a rigorous way. It treats popular ontological, epistemological, and methodological frameworks that are commonly used to address it before proposing the utility of an historical genealogy. It introduces the reader to the broad philosophical and historical scope of the rest of the book.
Crowley, the Orient, and the Occult
Authors: Cox Simon
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the life and work of the British magus Aleister Crowley, focusing on the place of Orientalism and the subtle body in the development of his magical system. After a short biographical section where the chapter traces his life to the age of thirty when his occult vocation began in earnest, the chapter shifts to Crowley’s interest in the Orient, analyzing his engagement with Kabbalah, Daoism, yoga, and Islamic mysticism. The chapter then zeroes in on Crowley’s presentation of the subtle body in his magnum opus before moving on to theoretical analysis of the basic philosophical tenets of Crowley’s system, interrogating his skepticism and inductive method in engaging with occult and Astral phenomena. The chapter ends with a brief discussion on the process of cultural transformation, following the subtle body as it moves from a term of translation to a creolized fusion (ala Blavatsky) where Oriental terminology forms a sort of veneer over a Neoplatonic concept, to a fully hybrid concept (as in Crowley) that is neither fully a Neoplatonic idea nor an Oriental import, but something in between.
Controls on Exports of Nuclear Commodities and on Assistance to Foreign Nuclear Activities
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 covers two related sets of U.S. government controls on nuclear-related items that flow from the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978. One, administered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), covers exports of nuclear hardware and nuclear materials. The other, called “Part 810” and administered by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy, covers assistance by U.S. persons (including transfers of nuclear-related technology) to foreign nuclear activities. The chapter explains: which items and activities are subject to the NRC and NNSA regulations; the basis and criteria for their restrictions; how to determine whether your commodity or activity is covered and, if so, whether you will need a license to export or reexport it; how to get a license if one is required; and the potential penalties for violating the rules. The chapter also explains how the NRC and NNSA rules relate to the regulatory regimes covered in other parts of the book.
On Life
Authors: Harold Franklin M.
Published: December 2021

Living things are truly strange objects. They stand squarely within the material world, but at the same time flaunt capacities that far exceed those of inanimate matter. Life is in some sense a singular phenomenon: astonishingly, all creatures from bacteria to elephants, redwoods and humans belong to a single enormous family. What life is, how living things work, how they mesh with the realm of physics and chemistry, and how they came to be as we find them—these are the questions that define the science of biology. A rational sense of the world requires finding in it a place for life. Many of the answers are known, but as knowledge expands relentlessly it becomes ever harder to grasp the phenomenon of life whole. This book aims to make the phenomenon of life intelligible to serious readers who are not professional biologists by giving them a sense of the biological landscape: presenting the principles as currently understood and the major issues that remain unresolved, as simply and concisely as may be. What emerges is a biology that is internally consistent and buttressed by a wealth of factual knowledge, but also inescapably historical and complex. The hallmark of life is organization, order that has purpose; and that sets biology apart from the physical sciences. Despite a century of spectacular progress the phenomenon of life remains tantalizingly beyond our grasp, bracketed by two stubborn mysteries: the origin of life at one end, the nature of mind at the other.
Introduction
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

My deepest desire is for children everywhere to experience the wonder of their own artistry.

I invite you to join me in unveiling children’s artistry and enabling its brilliance. Giving voice to children’s artistry can transform every music class and children’s chorus into a community of artists making exciting music....
For Songs
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

Etude 3 offers a wide variety of songs that give voice to children’s artistry, clustered by difficulty, and guides the process of selecting songs for children. A Song Selection Guide helps in choosing songs that meet the musical needs of children through various levels of development. Comments about the musical, vocal, and expressive challenges of each song inform the process of choosing a comprehensive set of songs for each group of children that includes a variety of tonalities, meters, texts, expressions, and vocal challenges. Repertoire presented in this Etude serves like a song reading session for professional development. Songs selected in this Etude can be used in the classroom, children’s chorus, and concert, and can be used with a broad variety of ages and stages. Insights gained from this Etude can be applied to all levels of song literature for the music classroom and children’s chorus.
Shi'ism Revisited
Authors: Takim Liyakat
Published: December 2021

Contemporary Muslims face the challenge of how a legal system that was formulated in the classical period of Islam can respond to the multitudinous challenges that present-day Muslims encounter. Is there a need for reformation in Islam? If so, where should it begin and in which direction should it proceed? Addressing this gap in Western scholarship, and contributing to the ongoing debate in Islamic scholarship, Shi‘ism Revisited: Ijtihad and Reformation in Contemporary Times (1) explores how modernity has impinged on the classical formulation of Islamic law, and (2) analyzes how Shi‘i jurists have responded to the intersection of shari’a (Islamic law) and modernity. The study is original and groundbreaking in that it seeks to tackle issues such as how Islamic law is being revised by Shi‘i scholars on cases such as human rights, gender equality, the rights of non-Muslim minorities, and reconfiguring the rational and moral basis of Islamic law. Such questions have required scholars to apply ijtihad (independent reasoning) in providing solutions to the pressing questions in the religious and social fields. By examining the principles and application of Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh) and reformation in Shi‘ism, as well as the current discourse on juristic hermeneutics and the basis of a new ijtihad, this research addresses topics that have attracted much public attention. Since such issues have been largely neglected by Western scholarship, this book provides a unique analysis of ijtihad and reformation in the Shi‘i world.
Evidence and Sensibility
Authors: Doris John M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter derives from a book symposium on Doris’ (2002), Lack of Character, and responds to commentary by Annas, Arplay, and Solomon. The responses defend Doris’ situationist skepticism about character from a variety of objections. Among the topics considered are: standards of evidence in moral psychology, the role of empirical considerations in normative thought, the role of traits in psychological explanation, the appropriate conceptualization of character, the role of character in interpersonal relationships, and the relation of culture and character.
Out of Character
Authors: Doris John M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a critical appraisal of the “character theory of excuses” in legal philosophy, which maintains that an excuse is available to a defendant when their action is not a manifestation of their character. The essay argues, using a strategy derived from the skeptical position in the virtue ethics-situationism debate, that the moral psychology underlying the character theory of excuses is empirically inadequate. It is further suggested that yoking excuses to character assessment threatens to make determining excuses epistemically intractable in legal contexts, given the many practical obstacles to definitive character assessment.
Analysing African Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 spells out the analytic method used in Part II to evaluate theories of right action suggested by the African tradition. The central criteria invoked to ascertain whether a general moral principle counts as African and philosophically justified are the extent to which it entails and explains two classes of intuitions. One sort consists of particular moral judgements that are salient amongst sub-Saharan peoples or at least their philosophical exponents, for instance that reconciliation is the proper end of criminal justice and that consensus is apt in politics. The other sort comprises particular moral judgements widely accepted across the globe, especially as they figure into English-speaking philosophical discussions of morality, e.g., racial epithets are wrong. The (secular) moral theory that best entails and explains these two groups of intuitions is advanced as both African and justified in respect of a multicultural audience of moral philosophers.
Vital Force
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: December 2021

Chapter 5 addresses the moral theory suggested by the African tradition according to which one is obligated to promote (or honour) liveliness in oneself and others. This sort of principle has been advanced by philosophers such as Noah Dzobo, Bénézet Bujo, and Laurenti Magesa. Vitalism is a globally under-explored approach to right action that deserves much more consideration. However, the chapter concludes that it cannot account for some comparatively uncontroversial moral claims salient in the African tradition. Sometimes settling for majoritarian rule and avoiding reconciliation in respect of criminal justice would best promote (or honour) liveliness, and yet most African philosophers would judge these actions to be wrong to some degree. The chapter also argues that vitalism cannot account for certain intuitions with a global scope; forbidding interracial marriage and deceiving people might best promote (or honour) liveliness, but ethicists around the world would judge these actions to be pro tanto immoral.
Education Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: December 2021

Chapter 11 reflects on what educators owe students in higher education institutions and the broader society when it comes to which knowledge to teach. It points out how utilitarianism and Kantianism naturally ground a cosmopolitan approach to instructing matters of culture, whereas the communal ethic does not. Rightness as friendliness instead supports prioritizing local cultures, an implication that is defended. The chapter also notes how the relational moral theory probably entails that it is right to strive to develop students’ virtue, a view that is not salient in the works of those who adhere to the Western ethical principles. Finally, the chapter considers the question of whether it can be right to instruct some knowledge for its own sake. Doing so seems ruled out by utilitarianism and Kantianism, but the relational moral theory is shown to admit of an interpretation that would permit it.
Business Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: December 2021

Chapter 12, the last applied ethics chapter, considers some controversies in business. How should a firm’s owners, and related agents such as managers or state bank directors, engage with others, particularly workers and consumers? The chapter argues that the communal ethic does a better job of accounting for intuitions about who counts as a stakeholder and how to prioritize amongst competing stakeholder interests than does utilitarianism or Kantianism. Roughly, rightness as friendliness entails that not all duties of beneficence are a function of need or voluntary assumption of obligation to aid; a firm can also have pro tanto moral reason to help parties because it has related on friendly terms with them in the past. The chapter also takes up the question of how the production process ought to be structured, arguing that while the Western moral theories could well allow an unconstrained managerialism, the communal ethic probably does not.
French Strategies of Directed Internationalized Statism
Authors: Thatcher Mark , Vlandas Tim
Published: December 2021

France has a popular and academic reputation as a state-influenced economy that is suspicious of foreign private investors, especially in strategic sectors and ‘national firms’. Yet this chapter shows that it has followed a strategy of directed internationalized statism, focused on attracting selected Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) to specific ‘national champion’ firms and sectors. The political executive has welcomed SWFs, despite some parliamentary concerns over national security and a rhetoric of ‘economic patriotism’ that arose when private American firms sought to take over French ones. Although additional legislative powers for overseas investments have been created, they have not been used against SWFs. Instead, policy makers have used SWF investments to support domestic firms, notably by providing new sources of patient capital, supportive share owners, and export orders. The French case shows how policy makers can use overseas state investors as part of strategies to adapt longstanding policies of state-led industrial policies to liberalized and internationalized markets.