bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wellbore Cleanout in Inclined and Horizontal Wellbores: The Effects of Flow Rate, Fluid Rheology, and Solids Density
Authors: Pandya Soham , Ahmed Ramadan , Shah Subhash
Published: September 2019

Coiled tubing (CT) is extensively used in wellbore-cleanout operations to remove solid particles such as drilled solids or residual proppant from hydraulic-fracturing treatments. The cleanout operation is often associated with nonproductive time and significantly adds to the operational cost. This study is aimed at developing a model to predict the required fluid-circulation rate and time to efficiently remove solids from the wellbore and optimize the cleanout operation.

To study the hole-cleaning mechanism, solids-bed-erosion experiments were conducted using a flow loop that has a 10.4-m-long annular test section. The effects of solid density, flow rate, inclination angle, and fluid type (Fluids 1, 2, and 3) on the cleanout operation were investigated by measuring bed erosion and hole-cleaning efficiency. During the experiment, a stable bed was initially formed in the annular test section. Then, the bed was eroded and the amount of solids removed was measured to determine cleanout efficiency. In addition, bed height was measured at different locations in the test section as a function of circulation time. The measurements resulted in the generation of a bed-erosion curve (plot of average bed height vs. circulation time) for each test. The erosion curves obtained from this study are consistent with previously reported measurements.

This study indicates that flow velocity, inclination, and fluid rheology are the primary factors in determining hole-cleaning efficiency. Bed erosion is highly prominent at high flow velocities, especially with low-viscosity fluids, because the increase in velocity results in strong turbulence and the lifting of bed particles. Alternatively, an increase in viscosity reduces particle settling and maintains particles in suspension once they enter the flow stream. This is attributed to a greater drag-force generation, which facilitates particle transport by hindering redeposition. However, an increase in viscosity limits the particle-lifting capacity of the fluids by affecting the near-bed velocity profile, which is critical for lifting bed particles. Therefore, it is recommended to use low-viscosity fluids in cleanout operations at high-inclination well sections, and vice versa. Solids density has a moderate (up to 30%) effect on cleanout efficiency compared with fluid velocity and rheology. For different solid densities at a constant flow rate, high-density solids make hole cleaning much more challenging, especially in nearly horizontal well sections. There is a critical angle of inclination between 64 and 69° at which the cleanout efficiencies of all fluids are approximately equal, irrespective of the flow rate. The outcomes of this investigation can be applied in the field to optimize cleanout operations in horizontal and highly deviated wells.
Determinants of Perinatal Mortality in Tercha General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia; Facility Based Case Control Study.
Authors: Tebeje Firehiwot , Addis Animut , Basher Muktar , Hialu Chernet
Published: September 2019

Background: Ethiopia meets the target millennium development goal 4 on child survival three years ahead of time. However, there were high perinatal deaths in the country and the reduction was not impressive. Identifying determinants and implement evidence based interventions is crucial to reduce perinatal death. However, there were no clear evidences on determinants of perinatal mortality in Tercha General Hospital.Objective: To assess determinants of perinatal mortality in Tercha general hospital, Southern Ethiopia, January 1, 2014 and December 30, 2017.Method: An unmatched case control study using secondary data as a source of information was conducted in Tercha general hospital. Cases were stillbirths and early neonatal deaths. Controls were those newborns live till 7th days. Randomly selected 366 (183 cases and 183 controls) study subjects were constituted for this study. The data were collected from March 1-20/2018. Epi-Data version 3.1 and SPSS Version 23 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population in relation to study variables. Logistic regressions were employed to identify determinants of perinatal death.Results: In multivariable logistic analysis, rural in residence of the mother [AOR=1.82; 95%CI:(1.04-3.19)], ANC booking [AOR=0.47; 95%CI:(0.27,0.83)], prolonged labour [AOR=2.75; 95%CI: (1.58-4.78)], low birth weight [AOR=1.78; 95%CI (1.06-2.97)], presence of obstetrics complication [AOR=2.15; 95%CI: (1.28-3.62)], using partograph [AOR=0.5; 95%CI: 0.25-0.9]. Using safe child birth checklist [AOR=0.52; 95%CI: 0.30-0.91], and coming with referral [(AOR=2.69; 95% CI: (1.51-4.8)] were significantly associated with perinatal mortality. Conclusion and Recommendation: Being rural in residence, coming with referral, low birth weight, prolonged labour and presence of obstetric complication were associated with elevated the risk of perinatal mortality, and antenatal care booking, using partograph and using safe childbirthchecklist were associated with reduced risk of perinatal mortality. We therefore, recommend strengthening maternal health and newborn care servicesby taking into account these factors to reduce perinatal death.
High-throughput transcriptomic analysis reveals new players in popcorn (Zea mays) aluminum resistance
Authors: Pinto Vitor Batista , Ferreira Priscila Gonçalves , Vidigal Pedro Marcus Pereira , Mendes Tiago Antônio de Oliveira , Dal-Bianco Maximiller , Viana José Marcelo Soriano
Published: September 2019

BackgroundAt the date, the investigation of genes involved in Al resistance has focused mainly in gene expression profiles based on microarray and in short periods of exposure to Al. Under a long term of Al exposure, such as 72 h, resistance maintenance mechanisms might be created in which several metabolic processes are working simultaneously. To investigate new players involved in defense response under Al stress, we tracked the expression profile of two Al-contrasting popcorn inbreed lines during 72 h under Al-stress using Illumina high-throughput mRNA sequencing technology.ResultsA total of 1,121 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the Al-sensitive line and 2,872 DEGs in the Al-resistant line, of which 384 were shared in both lines. Genes categorized in lipid metabolic process and oxidation-reduction were present in both lines, but lipid metabolic process was up-regulated in the Al-resistant line but down-regulated in the Al-sensitive line. The biological process category revealed that the down-regulated genes on the Al-resistant line were involved in signaling. The most significant GO modules were clustered in response to a stimulus. Differentially expressed transporters were also found in both lines, including ABC transporters, Nramp, aquaporins, SWEET transporters, Al-activated malate transporter (ALMT), and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE). Several transcription factors and genes involved in cell wall modifications were also detected.ConclusionsThe Al-resistant line presented genes that play a role in an efficient oxidative system against ROS, involved in cell wall stiffening and dynamic changes of the cell wall to prevent the Al ion transport via the symplast. Also, we detected transporters belonging to families already known to perform a role in Al-detoxification and organic acid exclusion, and we proposed a class of SWEET transporters that might be involved in regulation of vacuolar sugar storage under Al-stress. Although the exact functions of these genes remain to be investigated, these results provide a platform for functional analysis of the defense response against Al-stress in maize.
Academic Achievement and Associated Factors Among Students In Mizan Aman College Of Health Science, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Toru Tigistu , Beyene Bereket , Adraro Wasihun , Sahilu Degemu , Anmut Walellign
Published: September 2019

Background College students’ academic performance plays an important role in producing the best quality graduates who was become great leaders and manpower for the country contributing to the nation’s economic and social development . From our best knowledge there is information gap that shows students academic achievement and associated factors in study area.Objective To assess college students academic achievement and associated factors among level 3 and 4 students at Mizan Aman College of health science Bench Maji Zone, South west Ethiopia.Methods Institution based cross sectional study design was employed. 265 students were randomly selected from different departments of college. Interviewer administrated Structured questionnaires adopted from tools used by other studies was used to collect data. Ethical clearance was obtained from Ethical review committee of Mizan Aman College of health science research and publication office. Objective of the study explained to participants and informed consent was obtained before conducting interview.Result: - From a total of 265 sample size, 250 were completed interview and giving 94% response rate. Student’s academic performance which is measured based on whether the students have passed or not the center of competency examination in Mizan Aman collage of health science. Those who passed was found to be 53.3%. In multivariate logistic regression analysis three variables were statistically significant with low student’s academic performance. Those who had habit of reading in library (AOR=3.13, 95% CI: 2.02, 9.27), Attending class regularly (AOR=2.20, 95% CI: 1.28-3.80) and having no history of substance use (AOR=4.14 95% CI 1.65, 22.79) were found to be significantly associated with students academic performance. Conclusion and recommendation According to this study, student’s academic achievement was low which needs further attention to work on reading habits of students, behavioral changes such as restraining from substance use. Regular class attendance is significant factor to influence students’ academic achievement positively or negatively. Therefore, college deans department co-coordinators as well as instructors should focus on students class attendance regularly.
The impact of coexisting diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Xie Zhiyong , Li Zhilian , Dong Wei , Chen Yuanhan , Li Ruizhao , Wu Yanhua , Liang Huaban , Ye Zhiming , Liu Shuangxin , Shi Wei , Liang Xinling
Published: September 2019

Background Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is frequently coexisted with diabetes mellitus (DM). We performed this study to investigate the impact of coexisting DM on clinical outcomes in patients with IMN. Methods 206 adult hospitalized patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven IMN were retrospectively studied, including 42 patients coexisted with DM. Clinical outcomes including remission rates, renal outcome and complications were compared between groups. Impact of cyclophosphamide and ciclosporin on metabolism and complications were analyzed in IMN patients coexisting DM. Results IMN patients coexisted with DM were presented with advanced age, lower level of eGFR and hemoglobin. Patients coexisted with DM experienced worse renal function deterioration and higher incidence of infection. COX regression analysis showed that DM was an independent risk factor for renal function deterioration in IMN patients. There was no significant difference in remission rates and incidence of venous thromboembolism between two groups. Further exploration on the impact of therapeutic regimens on complications and metabolism showed that cyclophosphamide and ciclosporin had no significant difference in incidence of complications including infection and venous thromboembolism, and posed comparable influences on blood glucose, uric acid and blood lipids in IMN patients coexisted with DM. Conclusion Coexisting with DM was an independent risk factor for renal function deterioration in IMN patients but didn't influence the remission of proteinuria. There was no difference in the impact of cyclophosphamide and ciclosporin on complications and metabolism including blood glucose, uric acid and blood lipids in IMN patients coexisted with DM.
Prevalence of Modern Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Married Women at Quante Town, Gurage Zone Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Asfaw Sahle Jabo , Asfaw Kelemua Bereda
Published: September 2019

Background: - Using contraceptive method has a number of positive impacts for the health of the public. It reduces unplanned pregnancies as well as minimizes diseases and death of children and mothers . Despite its benefit, very little research has been done concerning the extent of contraceptive use and its contributing factors in women at Quante Town. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess prevalence of modern contraceptives use and associated factors among married women at Quante Town, Gurage Zone Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study design was conducted among 388 married women of reproductive age from January to February 2019. A random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data was collected using pretested and structured questionnaire by trained data collectors. The data was entered using Epi info version 7. Data analysis was done by using STATA version 14. Strength of association was measured using odds ratio and 95% CI. Statistical significance was declared at p value <0.05. Table was used to present results. Result : The magnitude of current utilization of modern contraceptive was 65.93% among married reproductive age women at the town. Women’s education level (AOR 3.67 95% CI (1.29 – 46.65)), monthly income (AOR 3.71(95 CI 1.74-7.92)), knowledge (AOR 11.01(95 CI 2.80-43.41)) and attitude towards contraceptive method (AOR 5.63(95 CI 2.40-13.21)) showed independent significant association with current use of modern contraceptives. Conclusion: In this study, more than half of married women were currently using modern contraception methods. Women’s education status, income, knowledge and attitude towards contraception were identified as significant determinants of current utilization of contraceptive methods. Increasing women’s knowledge as well as their attitude towards contraception are important strategies to improve contraceptive methods use.
Liver Cirrhosis, Etiology and Clinical Characteristics Disparities among Minority Population
Authors: Tailakh Muhammad Abu , Poupko Liat , Kayyal Najwan , Ali Alsana , Etzion Ohad , Abu-Kaf Heba , Fich Alexander , Yardni David , Nevo-Shor Anat , Ganim Abed Abu , Abu-Freha Naim
Published: September 2019

Background Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a common disease with varied primary causes and ethnic disparities. We aimed to determine the frequency, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of liver cirrhosis among the Arabs population in southern Israel.Methods This retrospective and follow-up study enrolled all patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis at the gastroenterology and hepatology department or the internal medicine ward. Patient records were reviewed for demographic, clinical data, and mortality. Clinical primary outcomes were defined as death, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver transplantation.Results We included 820 patients 69 (8.4%) Arabs and 752 (91.6%) Jewish patients. Incidence of cirrhosis was much lower among Arabs patients, 5-10/100,000/year, compared with 20-40/100,000 per year in Jewish patients. Age at diagnosis was 42.6±16.9 years among Bedouins compared to 61±13 years (p<0.001) among Jews. The study included 25 (36.2%) male Bedouins and 472 (63%) male Jews (p<0.001). The most frequent causes of liver cirrhosis among Arabs were cryptogenic (24.6%), hepatitis B (18.8%) and autoimmune hepatitis (17.4%), while hepatitis C (41.7%), fatty liver (16.5%) and alcoholic liver disease (15.5%) were most common among Jewish patients. An all-cause mortality of 41.8% was found in Arabs patients, compared to 63.4% in Jewish patients (p<0.001). Primary clinical outcomes were found by 34 (49%) Arabs patients and by 510 (67.9%) Jewish patients (p=0.002), with 46 and 608 events, retrospectively.Conclusions The incidence of liver cirrhosis among Arabs is lower than that in the Jewish population, with disparities in etiology, age at diagnosis, presence of complications and mortality.
Is geographical isolation associated with poorer outcomes for Northern Manitoba First Nation communities?
Authors: Lavoie Josée Gabrielle , Philips-Beck Wanda , Kinew Kathi Avery , Sinclair Stephanie , Kyoon-Achan Grace , Katz Alan
Published: September 2019

Background: For First Nations, geographical isolation is often simultaneously presented as protective (less direct exposure racism, colonial encroachment on land, dispossession, and colonial imposition) and as a risk factor (lack of opportunities to participate in the formal economy, poorer access to services including healthcare). Our study sought to test the assumption that geographical isolation is associated with poorer population health outcomes among First Nations in Manitoba. Methods: We conducted a population-based retrospective time-trend analysis using administrative data housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. The study included all Manitoba residents eligible under the Manitoba Health Services Plan (1984-2014). We measured premature mortality rates (PMR), and trends in hospitalization rates and length of stay (LOS) for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) in northern and southern First Nations (FN) communities in Manitoba.Results: The PMR was significantly higher in northern FN compared to southern FN. Hospitalization rates for mental health-related conditions were significantly higher in the northern First Nation communities compared to all Manitoba, and rising (southern, change=1.52%, P=0.015; northern, change=5.49%, P<0.0001), and significantly higher in northern compared to southern FN communities. The LOS for all ACSC increased significantly for all Manitoba (change=0.63%, P=0.0011) but not for FN communities. The LOS for mental health-related conditions increased only for the southern FN communities (% change=1.67, P=0.0032). Conclusions: Our results show higher PMR in northern communities, declining slower than for any other Manitoba communities. Our results also show lower hospitalization rate for ACSC in the north, suggesting barriers to prevention and early diagnosis. There remains a large gap in ACSC hospitalization rates between FN and all Manitobans. Further research is warranted to understand the relationship between the changes in the rates of ACSC and the difference in the rates between northern and southern communities.
Identifying a region-level ‘Knowledge Translation Signature’ in rectal cancer surgery – an observational pilot study
Authors: Simunovic Marko , Fahim Christine , Coates Angela , Urbach David , Earle Craig , Grubac Vanja , Brouwers Melissa , O'Brien Mary Ann , Baxter Nancy
Published: September 2019

Background Knowledge translation (KT) interventions can facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practice and help close quality gaps. Across Ontario, since approximately the year 2006, numerous KT interventions have been implemented by the provincial cancer agency or by individual researchers. Ontario is divided administratively into 14 Local Health Integrated Networks (LHINs). We piloted a methodology to summarize and score at the LHIN level all KT activities implemented to improve the quality of rectal surgery (i.e., a KT Signature score).Methods We interviewed stakeholders to identify KT interventions used in respective LHINs over years 2006 to 2014. Results were summarized into narrative and visual forms. KT experts reviewed and scored final summaries using a 20-item KT Signature Assessment Tool. Scores for each item ranged from 1 – 5. Thus scores could range from 20-100 for each LHIN.Results There were thirty interviews. KT experts produced KT Signature scores for each LHIN that were bimodally distributed with an average score for 2 LHINs of 78 (range 73-83) and for 12 LHINs of 30.5 (range 22-38).Conclusion Related to region level KT interventions to improve rectal cancer surgery quality, we identified two KT Signature types. Scores in 12 Ontario LHINs were low reflecting minimal efforts. Two LHINs had high scores reflecting implementation of numerous KT interventions in addition to those encouraged by the provincial cancer agency. Our methods and results require further validation. But they should be of interest to stakeholders implementing interventions designed to improve medical care at a population level.
Warfarin control in Hong Kong clinical practice
Authors: Lam Amy SM , Lee Isis MH , Mak Ka Shing , Yan Bryan PY , Lee Vivian WY
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) assesses safety and effectiveness of warfarin therapy using international normalized ratio (INR). This study aimed to investigate the status of TTR in Hong Kong and patients’ economic and clinical outcomes. Predictors of poor warfarin control and patient’s knowledge in warfarin therapy were assessed.
Methods: A five-month observational study was conducted in Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong. The TTRs calculated using Caucasian and Japanese therapeutic range were examined among patients on warfarin for at least one year. Patients’ knowledge was assessed using the Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge (OAK) test.
Results: A total of 259 patients were included in this study, with 174 of them completed the OAK test. Using Caucasian therapeutic range, calculated mean TTR was 40.2 ± 17.1%, compared that of 49.1 ± 16.1% with Japanese therapeutic range (P<0.001). Mean TTR in patients with atrial fibrillation was higher than those with prosthetic heart valve (p<0.001). Predictability of TTR on clinical outcomes and economic outcomes was comparable between Caucasian and Japanese therapeutic range. Patients with ideal TTR had fewer clinical complications and lower warfarin-related healthcare costs. Patients with younger age, concurrent use of aspirin, frusemide, famotidine, pantoprazole and simvastatin were associated with poorer TTR. Mean score of OAK test was 54.1%. Only 24 patients (13.8%) achieved the satisfactory overall score of ≥75% in the test.
Conclusion: Warfarin use in Hong Kong patients was poorly controlled regardless of indication. Patients’ knowledge towards warfarin use was suboptimal. More education to patients on warfarin use is warranted.
Genetic segregation for male body coloration and female mate preference in the guppy
Authors: Sato Aya , Kawata Masakado
Published: September 2019

Objective The purpose of this study was to segregate the genetic lines responsible for the orange area of coloration in males and the response to orange coloration exhibited by females in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) through artificial selection. This study is part of a project that uses QTL-seq to search for candidate genes involved in male orange coloration and female response to male coloration. We created two lines: high-selected lines of males having large areas of orange spots and of females with high response to male orange coloration; and low-selected lines of males having small areas of orange spots and of females with low response to male orange coloration.Results The male orange area and the female response became significantly different between high- and low-selected lines after three generations of artificial selection. This indicates that the differences in the frequencies of alleles at loci affecting the orange area and the female response between the lines increased over the generations through selection.
Process Evaluation of Decontamination, Cleaning and Sterilization of medical instruments at public health centers of Mekelle zone, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018
Authors: Gebremichael Byin Tewolde , Wuneh Alem Desta , Ashebr Mengistu Mitiku
Published: September 2019

Background: In Ethiopia, the prevalence of health care associated infection is high. Thus, implementing infection prevention activities has an important role in minimizing those infections. One of the activities of infection prevention is proper decontamination, cleaning and sterilization of medical instruments. In order to improve the quality of this intervention, generating evidences through monitoring and evaluation is indispensible. Therefore the key stakeholders have reached an agreement to conduct this process evaluation. Objective: To assess the implementation status of decontamination, cleaning and sterilization process of medical instruments in the public health centers of Mekelle zone, Tigray. Method: Descriptive study design was employed in this evaluation study. The evaluation was conducted in public health centers of Mekelle zone from January, 2017 to June, 2017. For the quantitative part, observation of health care workers’ practice using pre tested questionnaire was conducted. As a complement, key informant interviews were also conducted. Collected quantitative data were checked, coded and entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Frequencies, Mean, percentage, tables were used for results presentation and qualitative data were coded, categorized and finally conceptualized/give meaning. Result: Availability, compliance and safety of health care workers were used to evaluate the implementation of the intervention. Accordingly, availability of resources in the studied health centers has been rated as good ( 74.2%). And compliance level of health care workers has found to be fair ( 66.1% ). However, health care workers had poor practice in separating soiled from clean instruments, immersing of contaminated instruments in 0.5% chlorine solution for the correct duration and using oldest packs first. About practice of safety by the health care workers has found to be poor ( 48% ). In general, the overall implementation status of the service had been judged as fair ( 63.4 ). Conclusion: According the judgment criteria, the overall implementation
Improvement of the water resources management system at the territorial level
Authors: Andriushchenko Kateryna , Datsii Oleksandr , Aleinikova Olena , Mohamed Abdulla Alebri , Mohammed Ali Alhemeiri
Published: September 2019

The article is devoted to the improvement of the water resources management system at the territorial level. The article covers problems in different countries of the world, which are described in the water supply with an increase in the population of a harsh climate. Today, the existing trend shows that about two-thirds of forests and wetlands have been lost or degraded since the early 20th century, the soil was destroyed and deteriorated in quality. These trends predict floods and droughts, which in turn affects our ability to adapt to climate change. The analysis of the literature on the peculiarities of determining the main elements of influence on the use of water resources in the world is carried out. The article used a dialectical method, which is due to the need for analysis and generalization of certain aspects of scientific knowledge that analyze the availability of water resources in different parts of the world. Structural-functional analysis of the principle of systematic study of phenomena and processes is applied. With the help of the system-analytical method, the maintenance of the territories (areas) of Ukraine by local water resources is calculated, on average, per year, this m3 per person, based on the resource of surface water, as well as the exploration and catchment of groundwater. The decomposition of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of water resources management at the territorial level based on the integral territorial index is developed. According to the numerical value of the integrated territorial efficiency index, it is proposed to combine regions into homogeneous groups depending on the proximity or distance from the average value of this index.
Quantification of the forecast uncertainty using conditional probability and updating models
Authors: Ba Huanhuan , Guo Shenglian , Zhong Yixuan , He Shaokun , Wu Xushu
Published: September 2019

Quantifying forecast uncertainty is of great importance for reservoir operation and flood control. However, deterministic hydrological forecasts do not consider forecast uncertainty. This study develops a conditional probability model based on copulas to quantify forecast uncertainty. Three updating models, namely auto-regressive (AR) model, AR exogenous input model, and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system model, are applied to update raw deterministic inflow forecasts of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the Yangtze River, China with lead times of 1d, 2d, and 3d. Results show that the conditional probability model provides a reasonable and reliable forecast interval. The updating models both enhance the forecast accuracy and improve the reliability of probabilistic forecasts. The conditional probability model based on copula functions is a useful tool to describe and quantify forecast uncertainty, and using an updating model is an effective measure to improve the accuracy and reliability of probabilistic forecast.
A systematic comparison of statistical and hydrological methods for design flood estimation
Authors: Okoli Kenechukwu , Mazzoleni Maurizio , Breinl Korbinian , Di Baldassarre Giuliano
Published: September 2019

We compare statistical and hydrological methods to estimate design floods by proposing a framework that is based on assuming a synthetic scenario considered as ‘truth’ and use it as a benchmark for analysing results. To illustrate the framework, we used probability model selection and model averaging as statistical methods, while continuous simulations made with a simple and relatively complex rainfall–runoff model are used as hydrological methods. The results of our numerical exercise show that design floods estimated by using a simple rainfall–runoff model have small parameter uncertainty and limited errors, even for high return periods. Statistical methods perform better than the linear reservoir model in terms of median errors for high return periods, but their uncertainty (i.e., variance of the error) is larger. Moreover, selecting the best fitting probability distribution is associated with numerous outliers. On the contrary, using multiple probability distributions, regardless of their capability in fitting the data, leads to significantly fewer outliers, while keeping a similar accuracy. Thus, we find that, among the statistical methods, model averaging is a better option than model selection. Our results also show the relevance of the precautionary principle in design flood estimation, and thus help develop general recommendations for practitioners and experts involved in flood risk reduction.
Highly effective removal of Cu(II) in aqueous solution by using mesoporous TiO2
Authors: Chen Daying , Tu Nasi , Si Changkun , Yin Meilin , Wang Xiaohui
Published: September 2019

Mesoporous TiO2 has been prepared by a brief and simple sol–gel processing and applied for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior of mesoporous TiO2 for Cu(II) was investigated using batch experiments. Results showed that the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm were more accurate to describe the kinetics process and adsorption isotherm. Mesoporous TiO2 adsorbent displayed excellent Cu(II) adsorption efficiency (195.52mg g−1). The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. It was also found that mesoporous TiO2 could be used at least seven times without obvious loss of its original adsorption efficiency. Therefore, the obtained mesoporous TiO2 could be employed as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) from contaminated effluents.
Cost-effective removal of COD in the pre-treatment of wastewater from the paper industry
Authors: Boguniewicz-Zablocka Joanna , Klosok-Bazan Iwona , Naddeo Vincenzo , Mozejko Clara A.
Published: September 2019

The present paper reveals results of research for cost-effective removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) contained in industrial paper mill effluent. Not only process efficiency but also wastewater treatment costs are discussed. Different pre-treatment processes are applied aiming to investigate the COD removal before discharge to the municipal sewage network. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal operating conditions for the coagulation process. The effects of key operational parameters, including the type of coagulant, initial pH, temperature and coagulant dose, on COD percentage removal were investigated. The laboratory experiments confirmed the high efficiency of chemically enhanced mechanical treatment towards COD. The data obtained show that even low dose of chemicals provides sufficient COD reduction. The initial pH of the wastewater had a significant impact on the COD removal. Under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 7.5, T = 18 °C) the treatment of wastewater from paper industries by coagulation has led to a reduction of 70% COD for wastewater discharged. In terms of the investigated paper industry wastewater, polyaluminium chloride appears to be most suitable for treatment of high COD concentration. However, in an economic evaluation of requirements for wastewater treatment, operating costs and associated saving were such that PAX was more favourable.
Nimodipine Reappraised: An Old Drug With a Future
Authors: Carlson Andrew P. , Hänggi Daniel , Macdonald Robert L. , Shuttleworth Claude W.
Published: September 2019

Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that blocks the flux of extracellular
calcium through L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels. While nimodipine is FDAapproved
for the prevention and treatment of neurological deficits in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid
hemorrhage (aSAH), it affects myriad cell types throughout the body, and thus, likely has
more complex mechanisms of action than simple inhibition of cerebral vasoconstriction. Newer
understanding of the pathophysiology of delayed ischemic injury after a variety of acute neurologic
injuries including aSAH, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke, coupled with advances in
the drug delivery method for nimodipine, have reignited interest in refining its potential therapeutic use.
In this context, this review seeks to establish a firm understanding of current data on nimodipine’s
role in the mechanisms of delayed injury in aSAH, TBI, and ischemic stroke, and assess the extensive
clinical data evaluating its use in these conditions. In addition, we will review pivotal trials using
locally administered, sustained release nimodipine and discuss why such an approach has evaded
demonstration of efficacy, while seemingly having the potential to significantly improve clinical care.
Formulation, Development and Scale-Up of Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets Containing Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine
Authors: Lavra Zênia Maria Maciel , de Medeiros Flávia Patrícia Morais , da Silva Rosali Maria Ferreira , Rosa Talita Atanazio , Wanderley Sales Victor de Albuquerque , Barros Silva Laysa Creusa Paes Barreto , de Sousa André Luiz Moreira Domingues , de Lima Leduar Guedes , Rolim Larissa Araújo , Neto Pedro José Rolim
Published: September 2019

Background:

The development of antiretroviral associations in a single dosage form aims
to ensure improved efficacy, low costs and better adherence to treatment.

Objective:

This work performed the pharmacotechnical development, coating, and stability studies
of fixed-dose combination tablets of zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine (300 + 200 + 150 mg,
respectively).

Methods:

Qualitative and quantitative planning of diluents (101 and 250 microcrystalline cellulose,
spray-dried monohydrate lactose and corn starch) and coating polymers (Opadry white II HP® and
Instacoat Aqua Moistshield II®) were analyzed, and direct compression (DC) and wet granulation
(WG) methods were tested aiming the development of the pharmaceutical form. Quality control was
carried out according to the specifications set by official compendia. The chosen formulation was
scaled-up and the industrial batches were submitted to accelerated and long-term stability studies.

Results:

The batches obtained by WG met the requirements, using 101 microcrystalline cellulose,
corn starch and Opadry white II HP®
as excipients. The DC trial was not possible due to the need of
a greater ratio of excipients to improve formulation properties.

Conclusion:

Thus, this study brings a new therapeutic alternative for HIV treatment, contributing to
the development of another possibility to simplify drug administration.
A Clinical Study to evaluate Pragbhakta and Adhobhakta Bhaishajya Kala in Janu Sandhigata Vata
Authors: Reddy Yamuna S. , Shenoy K Savitha R. , KA Sri Nagesh
Published: September 2019

Bhaishajya Kala is an important principle in our classics, which is to be considered while treating a disease. During treatment, success can be achieved only when there is proper combination of Desha, Kala, Pramana, Satmya, Asatmya, Pathya and Apathya. [1] Among these seven, Kala is given second position which reflects importance of Kala in Chikitsa. The relation between Aushadha and Kala is well established in classics. Acharya Charaka states that “medicine administered at appropriate Kala is more efficacious than one given in inappropriate Kala. ”[2] To highlight its role in Chikitsa, there is a necessity to analyze this concept which is the need of the hour. With the intention of practically validating this concept “Janu Sandhigatavata” has been taken up for the study. Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita which has been taken for the study is seen to have beneficial therapeutic effects on Sandhigatavata as evidently seen in the Phalashruti. [3] As Bhaishajya Kala is not specifically mentioned for any Vatavyadhi so also for Janu Sandhigatavata, this study intends to find the appropriate Bhaishajya Kala for the same. Among all the Bhaishajya Kalas, in the present study only two Kalas were taken up which were suitable for Janu Sandhigatavata. The clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients. They were divided into two groups Group A and Group B consisting of 20 patients each. The results were analyzed based on the signs and symptoms. Statistical analysis between Group A and Group B for the parameters Sandhi Shoola, Shotha, Prasaranaakunchanyo Vedana, ROM and VAS painscale found no significant changes in the group. Individually each Group had highly significant results. But in the observation parameter of Atopa there was a difference of value between the groups, Group A was higher than Group B.
Clinical response of Abhaya Ghrita and procedure based therapy on Gross Motor Functions in children with Cerebral Palsy : An Open Label, Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: . Sonam , Kumar Mahapatra Arun , Shrikrishna Rajagopala
Published: September 2019

Introduction - Cerebral Palsy (CP) being the leading cause of disability in children is a symptom complex, whichv has worldwide incidence of 2.1/1000 live births, and for India it is 3/1000 live births. In Ayurveda, the cerebral palsy can be correlated with various conditions due to Vata predominance. There is no satisfactory criterion in managing this condition is developed till date. The present study is planned with Abhaya Ghrita and procedure based therapy to provide possible improvement in gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy and thereby improving their quality of life. Material and Methods - A Trial was conducted at a tertiary health care setting to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Ayurvedic Intervention (Abhaya Ghrita and procedure based therapy Udvartana, Sarvanga Abhyanga, Nadi Sweda and Matra Basti). Diagnosed children of cerebral palsy, aged 1-12 years of either gender were selected. The scale gross motor function manual (GMFM) and Cerebral Palsy quality of life (CP-QOL) were used for assessment. Results - Total 20 patients were registered in the present study. 70% patients were below 8 years of age with clear male predominance comprised of 85% of the total sample size. As per the birth history of the patients 15% were preterm, home delivery was present in 20%. 45% and 10% were Low birth weight (LBW) and Very Low birth weight (VLBW) after birth respectively. History of delayed cry was present in 80% cases. 45% required Hospitalization and 65% were subjected to Resuscitation and need of incubator just after birth was present in 25% patients. Discussion - Gross Motor Function scale has shown significant improvement in motor activities like lying and rolling, sitting and total score with pandlt;0.001, on crawling and kneeling and standing with pandlt;0.01 and on walking and running with pandlt;0.02. The CP-QOL has also shown significant results on health and family and friends component. Conclusion - Thus, it may be concluded that the Ayurveda approach is effective in improving the gross motor function and quality of life of children with cerebral palsy.
A Clinical study on the efficacy of Udvartana and Nasya on Ovulatory functions w.s.r. to Female infertility in Moderate Obese (Sthula) individuals
Authors: Inamdar Sayeda Nikhat , S Prashanth A , H Anita
Published: September 2019

Childlessness and infertility are rising dramatically in cities. The increase may be due to many reasons like the way of living, coping with stress, job pressure, obesity, postponing parenthood, galloping urbanization, sexually transmitted infections and many others. Hence treating infertility is the challenging job for the doctors in present era. The failure to ovulate is the major problem in approximately 40% cases of female infertility. This can be anovulation or severe oligo ovulation. In the latter case even though the ovulation does occur, its relative infrequency decreases the womanand#39;s chance of pregnancy. Hence the infertility and especially ovarian factor induced female infertility needs an immediate attention from alternative medicines. Over last decades, fertility therapy has expanded more than any other field of medicine. Hormonal therapy, In vitro Fertilization (IVF), Embryo Transfer (ET), Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) etc., all these have a minimal success rate. Additionally these procedures are associated with adverse effects andamp; are not affordable to all. Ayurveda may give a promising hand to cure this condition with the various treatment modalities mentioned in the classics. For the present clinical study, an effort was made to study the efficacy of Udvartana and Nasya followed by Shamanaushadhis in reversing the pathology of this disease and giving a “Never-Ending Joy” of parenthood to the couples through the Ayurvedic treatment.
A comparative clinical study of classical and non-classical Siravyadha in Vipadika
Authors: Gaonkar Lalita , H Gururaja , O Jeejo Chandran
Published: September 2019

In Ayurveda all the skin diseases are described under single heading i.e. ‘Kushta’ which are further divided into Mahakushta and Kshudrakushta. Vipadika is among the 11 types of Kshudra Kushta involving Vata Kapha mentioned in classics characterized by ‘Panipada Sphutana’ (Fissures in Palms and Soles) and ‘Tivravedana’ (Severe Pain). On basis of its signs and symptoms it can be correlated with ‘Palmoplantar Psoriasis’. Kushtachikitsa is classified into Shodhanam, Shamanam and Nidanparivarjana amongst which Shodhana Chikitsa is of greater significance in skin diseases, and Raktamokshana is considered to be a shortest and effective treatment in the management of skin diseases. Siravyadha is a type of Panchashodhana described by Acharya’s as an effective remedy in number of disease conditions. Acharya Sushruta and Vagbhata has mentioned that Siravyadha is half treatment in Shalyatantra as Basti is the half treatment in Kayachikitsa. Diseases which do not get pacified so quickly by therapeutic measures like Snehana, Swedana etc. are pacified by Siravyadha.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) related to Pandu Roga (Iron Deficiency Anaemia) among Adolescent Girls attending Ayurveda Tertiary Care Hospital and Nearby Schools - A Survey
Authors: . Monika , Sharmila Patil , Kumar Mahapatra Arun , Rajagopala S
Published: September 2019

Introduction: According to Ayurveda, depletion of Rasa and Rakta Dhatu results in yellowish-white discoloration of body known as Pandu Roga. Its features resemble with IDA (Iron Deficiency Anaemia). It is very common among female adolescents. UNICEF observed that more than half of population of adolescent girls in India are anemic. Lack of knowledge is one of the most significant reason for nutritional problems like anaemia. Aim: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Pandu Roga (Iron Deficiency Anaemia) among female adolescents. Material and Methods: In this study 200 adolescent girls aged between 10 to 16 years visiting Kaumarabhritya OPD, A.I.I.A hospital and nearby government schools were assessed on the basis of a ‘Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) Questionnaire’ regarding Pandu Roga (IDA). Result: It was found that most of the screened adolescents had poor knowledge of Pandu Roga (IDA), its causes, prevention and management. Discussion: Pandu Roga (IDA) is a dangerous health problem globally, if not attended in time may result into grave outcomes, hence emphasis should be made on its prevention in addition to the cure. Conclusion: There is a need to focus on various health education programs for prevention of nutritional problems like IDA.
Pharmaceutico Analytical Study of Kanakbindvarishta prepared by two different methods
Authors: Yadav Shital S. , Dubewar Arati , Shete Ashwin
Published: September 2019

Kanakbindvarishta is a self generated alcoholic preparation of Ayurveda. It is described in Charak Samhita in the context of Kushta Roga (skin disorders). Khadir (Acacia catechu) is a main ingredient in this formulation. It is used in condition like Kushta (mainly used in Kaphaja Kushta), Asthma, Cough, Fistula and Diabetes. In present study Kanakbindvarishta was prepared by two different methods, Pharmaceutical study was done along with analytical study. Analytical test of finished product like pH, specific gravity, refractive index, total solid content, viscosity, density, reducing sugar and alcohol content were done, LOD%, total Ash, pH and extractive value (water extractive, alcohol extractive) of raw material were also done. Two different type of Kanakbindvarishta compared with pharmaceutical as well as analytical aspect. As a result, slight changes were observed in both the preparations.
Clinical evaluation of Nasya Karma and Vatagajankusha Rasa effect in the management of Pakshaghata
Authors: . Kuldeep , Prashanth A. S. , Chavan S. G.
Published: September 2019

Vata Vyadhi is considered one among the Ashta Maha Gada as told by Acharya’s. Out of all Nanatmaja Vata Vyadhis, the disease Pakshaghata is considered superior among the other Vataja disorders. In modern era, the Lakshana’s of Pakshaghata is closely resembles the disease Hemiplegia. In Hemiplegia, symptoms appears due to the Ischemia of Brain tissue which is an end result of improper blood supply to the brain either due to thrombus, embolism or may be due to rupture of any cerebral blood vessels. Acharya Bhela, has considered Pakshaghata as one among the Asthi Majjagata Roga’s. Acharya Sushruta also states that, the Mastulunga Majja is nothing but it is Majjadhara Kala. So, here an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of Brimhana Nasya along with Shamanoushadi’s for the management of Pakashaghata.