bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsteady chemically reactive heat and mass transfer during Darcy Forchheimer radiative nanofluid flow with slip conditions: Application to nano‐lubrications and cutting process
Authors: Ullah Zia , Alam Md. Mahbub , El‐Zahar Essam R. , Seddek Laila F. , Altohamy Ahmed A. , Kolsi Lioua
Published: September 2024

The novelty of this study is to develop the oscillation, amplitude and periodical behavior of thermal and concentration boundary layers of transient Darcian nanofluid flow over stationary circular cylinder. For the improvement of cutting forces, lubrication and cooling in machining operations, workpiece cutting temperature and tool durability, the nanofluids have significant role with the effects of thermophoretic nanoparticles and rate of reactions. The aim of current work is to deduce the oscillations, amplitude, and frequency analysis of mass and heat transmission of Darcian nanoparticles motion around porous stretchable cylinder with thermal radiation and heat generation effects. For physical and thermo parameters, the governing mathematical equations are transformed into convenient equations. The smooth and similar programing algorithm is developed in FORTRAN language (Lahey‐95) by using primitive and oscillatory stokes transformations. The primitive steady and oscillating model is solved numerically by using Gaussian elimination and implicit finite difference techniques. The steady outcomes of velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are plotted for various physical parameters within defined boundary values. The range of parameters such as , , , , , and is used. The steady results are again used to display the oscillatory skin friction, oscillating heating rate, and oscillating mass transport around and positions of stretching porous cylinder. The increasing amplitude of velocity and temperature slip distribution grows well as diffusion‐convection parameter and thermal radiation increases at both angles. The slip temperature and slip concentration grows significantly as convective parameter increases. The impact of thermophoresis and rate of reactions enhances the oscillations and amplitudes of mass and heat transmission around stretchable cylinder as porous effect decreases. It is very important in nanofluid lubrications, drilling, rotating, milling, and cutting tools machines.
Froggatt-Nielsen ALP
Authors: Greljo Admir , Smolkovič Aleks , Valenti Alessandro
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism, a prominent framework for explaining the observed flavor hierarchies, generically predicts the existence of an axion-like particle (ALP). This work examines a class of FN models based on ℤN discrete symmetries. We chart the allowed parameter space from a set of theoretical considerations and construct explicit renormalizable completions with minimal field content necessary to generate consistent textures. We then conduct comprehensive phenomenological analyses of two particularly elegant ℤ4 and ℤ8 models, highlighting the interplay between the effects of the ALP and the associated UV fields. We find that the FN scale can be as low as a few TeV.
Commutative families in DIM algebra, integrable many-body systems and q, t matrix models
Authors: Mironov A. , Morozov A. , Popolitov A.
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We extend our consideration of commutative subalgebras (rays) in different representations of the W1+∞ algebra to the elliptic Hall algebra (or, equivalently, to the Ding-Iohara-Miki (DIM) algebra $$ {U}_{q,t}\left({\hat{\hat{\mathfrak{gl}}}}_1\right) $$

U

q
,
t

gl
̂

̂

1

). Its advantage is that it possesses the Miki automorphism, which makes all commutative rays equivalent. Integrable systems associated with these rays become finite-difference and, apart from the trigonometric Ruijsenaars system not too much familiar. We concentrate on the simplest many-body and Fock representations, and derive explicit formulas for all generators of the elliptic Hall algebra en,m. In the one-body representation, they differ just by normalization from $$ {z}^n{q}^{m\hat{D}} $$

z
n

q

m

D
̂

of the W1+∞ Lie algebra, and, in the N -body case, they are non-trivially generalized to monomials of the Cherednik operators with action restricted to symmetric polynomials. In the Fock representation, the resulting operators are expressed through auxiliary polynomials of n variables, which define weights in the residues formulas. We also discuss q, t-deformation of matrix models associated with constructed commutative subalgebras.
Thoracolumbar injuries: non operative treatment: indications, management
Authors: Nau Christoph , Pape Hans Christoph , Jug Marko , Wendt Klaus , Komadina Radko , Bloemers Frank
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Thoracolumbar spine injuries can result from various traumatic events such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, and sports injuries. While surgical intervention is often indicated for complex fractures and in case of neurological deficits, non-operative treatment remains a viable option for certain types of injuries.

Aims

This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the specific indications and treatment options of non-operative thoracolumbar spine injuries. It seeks to provide evidence-based recommendations for selecting patients suitable for conservative management based on fracture type and stability, absence of neurological deficits, spine deformity, integrity of the posterior ligament complex and patient specific factors.
The use of multi-task learning in cybersecurity applications: a systematic literature review
Authors: Ibrahim Shimaa , Catal Cagatay , Kacem Thabet
Published: September 2024

Cybersecurity is crucial in today’s interconnected world, as digital technologies are increasingly used in various sectors. The risk of cyberattacks targeting financial, military, and political systems has increased due to the wide use of technology. Cybersecurity has become vital in information technology, with data protection being a major priority. Despite government and corporate efforts, cybersecurity remains a significant concern. The application of multi-task learning (MTL) in cybersecurity is a promising solution, allowing security systems to simultaneously address various tasks and adapt in real-time to emerging threats. While researchers have applied MTL techniques for different purposes, a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art on the role of MTL in cybersecurity is lacking. Therefore, we carried out a systematic literature review (SLR) on the use of MTL in cybersecurity applications and explored its potential applications and effectiveness in developing security measures. Five critical applications, such as network intrusion detection and malware detection, were identified, and several tasks used in these applications were observed. Most of the studies used supervised learning algorithms, and there were very limited studies that focused on other types of machine learning. This paper outlines various models utilized in the context of multi-task learning within cybersecurity and presents several challenges in this field.
Anticoagulation strategies in patients with coexisting traumatic intracranial hematomas and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: an observational cohort study
Authors: Antonsson Julia , Tatter Charles , Ågren Anna , Alpkvist Peter , Thelin Eric Peter , Fletcher-Sandersjöö Alexander
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Post-traumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (ptCVT) is a rare but serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Managing ptCVT is challenging due to the concurrent risk of traumatic intracranial hematoma (ICH) expansion. Limited data exists on the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy (ACT) in these cases.

Methods

This single-center observational cohort study included adult TBI patients with concurrent ICH and ptCVT. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or heparin infusion was used to treat all ptCVTs based on institutional protocols. The outcomes of interest were hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications.

Results

Out of 1,039 TBI-patients admitted between 2006 and 2020, 32 met the inclusion criteria. The median time from injury to ptCVT diagnosis was 24 h. ACT was initiated at a median of 9 h after ptCVT diagnosis. Patients were administered either heparin infusion (n = 8) or LMWH at dosages ranging from 28 to 72% of the therapeutic level (n = 24). There were no hemorrhagic complications, even in patients receiving LMWH at ≥ 50% of the therapeutic dose. Thrombotic complications occurred in 3 patients (9.4%) – two cases of thrombus progression and one venous infarct. The patients who developed thrombotic complications differed from those who did not by having a 17-h delay in ACT initiation after diagnosis or by receiving an initial LMWH dose at 28% of the therapeutic level.

Conclusion

LMWH at approximately 50% of the therapeutic level was effective for managing ptCVT associated with TBI in our retrospective dataset, with no risk of hematoma expansion. Prospective trials are warranted to confirm these results.
Is “real” effort more real?
Authors: Dutcher E. Glenn , Salmon Timothy C. , Saral Krista J.
Published: September 2024

A growing number of studies use “real” effort designs for laboratory experiments where subjects complete an actual task to exert effort rather than using a stylized effort design where subjects simply choose an effort level from a predefined set. The commonly argued reason for real effort is that it makes the results more generalizable and field relevant. We investigate the nature of modeling effort provision by first trying to provide a clear theoretical understanding of the nature of effort costs. We then empirically examine claims about the differences between real effort and stylized effort. A key to our examination is ensuring that we compare the two modes of effort provision keeping effort costs constant, which is a point overlooked in many past examinations. In our data, when controlling for effort costs, we find no differences in behavior between real and stylized effort. Given the importance of effort costs and the lack of a generally accepted way to include them in real effort designs, we provide a simple add-on that any researcher can use with their real effort experiments to incorporate a theoretically appropriate and controlled cost of effort even in a real effort setting. We also discuss ways to better approach modeling effort costs in experiments, whether one is conducting real or stylized designs, to improve inference on research questions.
Population pharmacokinetics and exposure–response relationships of maribavir in transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Song Ivy H. , Chen Grace , Hayes Siobhan , Farrell Colm , Jomphe Claudia , Gosselin Nathalie H. , Sun Kefeng
Published: September 2024

Maribavir is approved for management of post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections refractory and/or resistant to CMV therapies at a dose of 400 mg twice daily (BID). Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and exposure–response analyses were conducted to support the appropriateness of 400 mg BID dosing. A PopPK model was developed using non-linear mixed-effects modeling with pooled maribavir plasma concentration–time data from phase 1 and 2 studies (from 100 mg up to 1200 mg as single or repeated doses) and the phase 3 SOLSTICE study (400 mg BID). Exposure–response analyses were performed for efficacy, safety, and viral resistance based on data collected in the SOLSTICE study. Maribavir PK after oral administration was adequately described by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination, first-order absorption, and an absorption lag-time. There was no evidence that maribavir PK was affected by age, sex, race, diarrhea, vomiting, disease characteristics, or concomitant use of histamine H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors. In the SOLSTICE study, higher maribavir exposure was not associated with increased probability of achieving CMV DNA viremia clearance, nor with reduced probability of treatment-emergent maribavir-resistant CMV mutations. A statistically significant association with maribavir exposure was identified for taste disturbance, fatigue, and treatment-emergent serious adverse events, while transplant type, enrollment region, CMV DNA level at baseline, and/or CMV resistance at baseline were identified as additional risk factors for these safety outcomes. In conclusion, the findings of these PopPK and exposure–response analyses provide further support for the recommended maribavir dose of 400 mg BID.
Untangling horsehair fungi in Australia: Marasmius crinis-equi (Marasmiaceae) and related taxa
Authors: Guard F. E. , Dearnaley J. , May T. W. , Lebel T.
Published: September 2024

Fungi with prominent hairlike rhizomorphs, aerial habit, sparse small sporophores, and usually saprotrophic biology are commonly known as ‘horsehair or spider fungi’. The earliest descriptions of them, from the mid-late 1800s, were published from Australian material under the names Marasmius crinis-equi and M. equicrinis. For the original ‘horsehair fungus’, we review this early historical material, briefly explore the changes in the species concept over time, and investigate the nomenclatural tangle of potentially competing names. Our analysis of morphological and molecular data for over 60 collections across eastern Australia shows that material labelled as M. crinis-equi forms part of a complex of at least three closely related species and that this name has been misapplied both within Australia and internationally. An epitype is nominated for an updated concept of M. crinis-equi, and the closely related taxa, M. tropicus sp. nov. and M. kabakada sp. nov., are described. Two more distantly related Australian taxa to which the name M. crinis-equi has been misapplied, M. perumbilicatus sp. nov. and M. argillaceus sp. nov., are also described to further stabilise the concept of the authentic horsehair fungus M. crinis-equi.
High bone fracture risk in a large modern cohort of liver transplant recipients
Authors: Zavatta Guido , Vitale Giovanni , Morelli Maria Cristina , Pianta Paolo , Turco Laura , Cappa Federica Mirici , Ravaioli Matteo , Cescon Matteo , Piscaglia Fabio , Altieri Paola , Pagotto Uberto ,   BOLTBO study group ,   Francesca Caputo,   Luca Vizioli,   Sonia Berardi,   Vittoria Vero,   Anna Baldan,   Roberto Di Donato,   Letizia Anna Marcantoni,   Mariachiara Corrado
Published: September 2024

Liver transplantation (LT) has historically been associated with a high prevalence of osteoporosis, but most of the available data date back to late 1990s–early 2000s with limited sample size. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of bone fragility fractures and contributing factors in a large modern cohort of liver transplant recipients. Retrospective study of 429 consecutive patients receiving liver transplantation from 1/1/2010 to 31/12/2015. Final cohort included 366 patients. Electronic radiological images (lateral views of spine X-rays or Scout CT abdominal scans) performed within 6 months from LT, were blinded reviewed to screen for morphometric vertebral fractures. Symptomatic clinical fragility fractures were recorded from the medical records. Patients with fragility fractures in the cohort were 155/366 (42.3%), with no significant differences between sexes. Most sustained vertebral fractures (145/155, 93.5%), mild or moderate wedges, with severe fractures more frequently observed in women. Multiple vertebral fractures were common (41.3%). Fracture rates were similar across different etiologies of cirrhosis and independent of diabetes or glucocorticoids exposure. Kidney function was significantly worse in women with fractures. Independently of age, sex, alcohol use, eGFR, and etiology of liver disease, low BMI was significantly associated with an increased risk for fractures (adjusted OR 1.058, 95%CI 1.001–1.118, P = 0.046). Our study shows a considerable fracture burden in a large and modern cohort of liver transplant recipients. Given the very high prevalence of bone fractures, a metabolic bone disease screening should be implemented in patients awaiting liver transplantation.
Religion logic and family firms’ ethical behavior towards employees
Authors: Brunner-Kirchmair T. M. , Hiebl M. R. W. , Thaller J. , Wolf T. , Feldbauer-Durstmüller B. , Pernsteiner H. , Dick M. , Mayr S. , Wagner E.
Published: September 2024

Religiosity holds significant influence over organizational and entrepreneurial decision-making processes, yet its impact remains scarcely researched in existing business research. By conducting a qualitative field study involving 23 family firms we aim to investigate how religiosity shapes the ethical behavior of family firms towards their employees in a secularized context in Western Europe. Drawing on the institutional logics perspective and a qualitative field study of 23 family firms, we contribute a nuanced typology of how religiosity impacts these firms. We establish Integrator family firms, where religiosity is deeply embedded in both personal and professional lives; Separator family firms, where religiosity is considered to be a private matter (i.e., kept separate from the business); and Secular family firms, where religiosity does not influence business practices. While these three types of family firms exhibit similar ethical behavior towards employees, they differ markedly in how they motivate and justify their decision-making processes. Comparing these types of family firms, we not only identify complementarity (business and family logics) and conflict (business vs. religion logic) between institutional logics but also observe substitution. Specifically, in family firms where religion holds utmost prominence (i.e., Integrator family firms), the ubiquitous family logic is substituted by religion logic. Conflicts between logics are managed through various strategies. Integrator family firms employ a compromise strategy between business and religion logics, while Separator family firms use an avoidance strategy to address this issue. Finally, our results indicate secularization trends over recent decades, suggesting that the mobilization of logics may evolve over time.
A Strategy to Minimize the Chlorophyll Content in the Phenolic Extract of Sugar Beet Leaves: Can this Extract Work as a Natural Antioxidant in Vegetable Oils?
Authors: Ebrahimi Peyman , Bayram Ipek , Mihaylova Dasha , Lante Anna
Published: September 2024

The presence of chlorophylls in phenolic extracts may limit their use in food products due to undesirable coloration. This project seeks to minimize the co-extraction of chlorophylls during the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from sugar beet leaves (SBLs) by optimizing the extraction condition using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimization aimed to minimize the chlorophyll yield (CY) of the extraction while maximizing the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) with the lowest possible amount of sample. Optimized extraction parameters were 25% ethanol as solvent, 8 min extraction time, and 3.98% (w/v) solid:liquid ratio. The experimental values at optimized condition were 11.49 ± 0.66 mmol gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L TPC, 2.09 ± 0.06 mmol quercetin equivalent/L TFC, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/g CY. In the optimized extract, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was 3.16 ± 0.25 mmol trolox equivalent/L, and trans-ferulic acid had the highest concentration (123.39 ± 4.13 µmol/L) among the detected phenolic compounds. The optimized extract, at a phenolic concentration of 300 µmol GAE/L, chelated cupric and ferrous ions by 48.95 ± 1.06%, and 66.18 ± 1.31%, respectively. Adding the optimized extract to vegetable oils increased their oxidative stability significantly (p < 0.05). The antioxidant activity index of the optimized extract in all the cases was comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), confirming that the obtained extract could be a reliable substitute for synthetic antioxidants. The results of this study are important in enhancing the utilization of extracts recovered from food by-products in the food industry.

Graphical Abstract
Implementeren van een rookvrij ziekenhuisterrein: vanzelfsprekend, maar niet vanzelf
Authors: Breunis Leonieke J. , Garritsen Heike H. , Rozema Andrea D. , Been Jasper V.
Published: September 2024

Samenvatting

Rookvrije buitenterreinen beschermen tegen meeroken en kunnen (beginnen met) roken ontmoedigen. Gezien de voorbeeldrol van ziekenhuizen is het logisch dat zij een rookvrij buitenterrein hebben. De implementatie en borging hiervan brengen echter uitdagingen met zich mee. Het Amsterdam UMC en Erasmus MC Rotterdam hebben in 2019 een rookvrij buitenterrein gelanceerd. Implementatie was deels succesvol: rond de ziekenhuizen werd significant minder gerookt. Belangrijke succesfactoren waren een goede voorbereidingsstrategie om draagvlak te creëren, een uitgebreide communicatiestrategie, een positieve benadering, effectieve handhaving en ondersteuning bij stoppen met roken. In dit artikel bespreken we resterende uitdagingen op het gebied van naleving.
Position statement of Italian Society of Obesity (SIO): Gestational Obesity
Authors: Barrea Luigi , Camastra Stefania , Garelli Silvia , Guglielmi Valeria , Manco Melania , Velluzzi Fernanda , Barazzoni Rocco , Verde Ludovica , Muscogiuri Giovanna
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Gestational obesity (GO) presents a multifaceted challenge to maternal and fetal health, with an escalating prevalence and far-reaching consequences extending beyond pregnancy. This perspective statement by the Italian Society of Obesity (SIO) provides current insights into the diagnosis, maternal and fetal impacts, and treatment strategies for managing this pressing condition.

Methods

This article provides a comprehensive review of the maternal and fetal effects of GO and provides suggestions on strategies for management. Comprehensive review was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases.

Results

The diagnosis of GO primarily relies on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), although standardized criteria remain contentious. Anthropometric measures and body composition assessments offer valuable insights into the metabolic implications of GO. Women with GO are predisposed to several health complications, which are attributed to mechanisms such as inflammation and insulin resistance. Offspring of women with GO face heightened risks of perinatal complications and long-term metabolic disorders, indicating intergenerational transmission of obesity-related effects. While nutritional interventions are a cornerstone of management, their efficacy in mitigating complications warrants further investigation. Additionally, while pharmacological interventions have been explored in other contexts, evidence on their safety and efficacy specifically for GO remains lacking, necessitating further investigation.

Conclusion

GO significantly impacts maternal and fetal health, contributing to both immediate and long-term complications. Effective management requires a multifaceted approach, including precise diagnostic criteria, personalized nutritional interventions, and potential pharmacological treatments. These findings underscore the need for individualized care strategies and further research to optimize outcomes for mothers and their offspring are needed. Enhanced understanding and management of GO can help mitigate its intergenerational effects, improving public health outcomes.

Level of evidence: Level V narrative review.
‘your brother’s blood cries out to me from the ground’ Ignacio Ellacuría, S.J. on the role of the Catholic university
Authors: McKinney Stephen
Published: September 2024

The assassination of Ignacio Ellacuría and seven others at the Universidad Centroamericana José Simeon Cañas (UCA) in San Salvador in 1989 has had a deep and profound impact on the world-wide Jesuit community and the Catholic Church. His philosophy and theology of liberation have been carefully studied, as has his vision and operation of the UCA which was rooted in the preferential option for the poor. This preferential option for the poor at UCA was practised at a time of extreme oppression of the ordinary people and during a brutal civil war in El Salvador. This article provides a concise examination of his life, work and vision for the university and the lasting influence of his ideas on Jesuit thinking on social justice, social outreach and the Catholic university.
Hijacking the hijacking thesis: the conceptualization of christianity in the New Right journal Sezession
Authors: Meister Wanda
Published: September 2024

Active for the past 20 years, Sezession is one of the most important journals of the German New Right intellectual milieu. Despite its longevity, and the importance of its contributors, Sezession has not garnered great attention in the study of the German New Right and its use of religious, namely Christian rhetoric. This article takes Sezession and its employment of religious references as a starting point to question the predominant scholarly thesis that the New Right, and the far right at large, instrumentalize Christianity. This study works through the method of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that considers both a quantitative data analysis of the number of references throughout the timeframe (2011–2018) and a qualitative analysis engaging with the portrayals of Islam and Christianity in the context of the texts. It is concluded that the conceptualization of Christianity allows its writers to present themselves as right-wing liberative Christians seeking to resist their victimization at the hands of the Church and socio-political leitkultur. Arguing that the New Right merely instrumentalize Christianity for a political purpose strengthens their theological self-portrait: being perceived as an illegitimate, inauthentic, and ousted minority—be that in the public sphere or the Church—is part of the infrastructure of their Christian and political character.
Durability performance of concrete incorporated with alkali-activated artificial aggregates
Authors: Bekkeri Gopal Bharamappa , Shetty Kiran K. , Nayak Gopinatha , Kumar K A Abhilash
Published: September 2024

The surge in infrastructure projects has spurred a surge in demand for concrete, putting pressure on the supply of key raw materials, notably aggregates. Innovative approaches have been devised to address this challenge, including developing alkali-activated artificial aggregates (AAAs). These aggregates were crafted from a blend of seashell powder, fly ash, and slag through an alkali-activation cold-bonding technique. The concrete containing up to 50% replacement of natural coarse aggregates with AAAs depicted optimum mechanical properties. As the studies on the durability perspective of concrete with artificial aggregates were limited, extensive studies on durability characteristics, such as resistance to elevated temperature, acid, sulfate, chloride, seawater intrusion, reinforcement corrosion, and others, were determined. Some prime results of alkali-activated artificial aggregate concrete (AAAC) mix after 90 days of curing depicted a water absorption of range 0.16–0.2% and sorptivity of 1.86–7.43 × 10− 5 mm/Sect. 0.5.When exposed to the sulphuric acid solution, the strength loss ranges between 41.66 and 43.89%, and the thermal conductivity was 1.08–1.98 W/m⁰C. Mass loss of steel bars embedded in concrete mixes exposed to accelerated corrosion test varied between 24.5 and 33.5 g for a cover of 40 mm. In addition, at an elevated temperature of 800⁰C, the concrete mixes presented a strength loss range of 15.38–20.4%. Overall, the comprehensive findings of this study underscore the viability of artificial aggregate-based concrete in meeting stringent durability standards. Moreover, by repurposing waste materials, this research significantly contributes to sustainable construction practices, curbing the environmental footprint of concrete production while enhancing its performance and longevity.
Evaluating production optimization strategies for carbon dioxide recovery: insights from a natural carbon dioxide processing plant
Authors: Monge Emmanuel , Kichonge Baraka
Published: September 2024

This article investigates production optimization strategies for carbon dioxide recovery using a natural Carbon dioxide Processing Plant as a case study. The study assesses various optimization techniques including hydraulic fracturing, matrix acidizing, and drilling new wells based on productivity, optimal producing time, financial analysis, risk assessment, and environmental impact assessment. The analysis employs a least summation score ranking method to estimate the most suitable technique. Findings reveal that drilling a new carbon dioxide producing well emerges as the preferred option due to its favorable scores across all criteria, including high productivity, extended optimal producing time, low risk, minimal environmental impact, and positive incremental net present value, signifying its profitability and project viability. The study recommends a five year model verification, improvement and history matching program should be adopted in order to understand reservoir processes taking and detect operational issues together with identifying opportunities to improve reservoir description and data acquisition program.
Dynamic Modelling and Performance Analysis of Deployable Telescopic Tubular Mast
Authors: Sun Tongtong , Gasbarri Paolo , Du Lin , Deng Zichen
Published: September 2024

This work presents the longitudinal and transverse coupling vibrations of a deployable Telescopic Tubular Mast (TTM), a multi-stepped structure integrated into a spacecraft system, while considering the rigid-flexible coupling phenomenon. The model is derived using the principle of virtual work and discretized via the variable separation method. The von Kármán strain is employed to incorporate geometric nonlinear effects. Semi-analytical results for the shape functions and natural frequencies of the quasi-static multi-stepped boom are obtained using the extended transfer matrix method (ETMM). These natural frequencies are validated against results from Nastran, confirming the ETMM's accuracy. In addition, the model accounts for the continuously changing natural frequencies and shape functions during the deployment phase. Finally, the dynamic phenomena of the longitudinal and transverse displacements are analyzed at various deploying states, including locking and restart behaviors. The influence of the structural damping on the vibration evolution is also contained in the numerical analysis.
Biochar is a long-lived form of carbon removal, making evidence-based CDR projects possible
Authors: Chiaramonti David , Lehmann Johannes , Berruti Franco , Giudicianni Paola , Sanei Hamed , Masek Ondrej
Published: September 2024

Science should drive policies and regulations to ensure a sustainable (environmentally, socially, and economically) green transition to a Net-Zero / Net-Negative circular economy. Since 2015, which saw COP21 in Paris, Net Zero has been a global target that must be rapidly accompanied by a Net Negative strategy to mitigate climate change. Accordingly, biochar's role as a durable carbon removal method is gaining attention and increasing. In this work, we discuss the durability of the carbon in biochar and the need for analytical techniques to support stakeholders on a project level. The different ecologically relevant groups of carbon forms contained in biochar are presented, and possible project-based methods to assess the quality and durability of the product versus the regulatory requirements for the permanence of carbon removals are summarized. Biochar is today one of the CDR technologies with the highest technology readiness level (TRL 8–9) that can ensure permanent removals for time frames relevant to climate change mitigation projects, combined with co-benefits that are gaining relevance in terms of mitigating climate impacts in agricultural soils.

Graphical Abstract
Establishment of a genome‐editing system to create fragrant germplasm in sweet sorghum
Authors: Cheng Zixiang , Li Ke , Liu Hongxiu , Wei Xingen , Yin Tao , Xing Xin , Han Lida , Sui Yi
Published: September 2024

Sorghum, the fifth largest global cereal crop, comprises various types, such as grain, sweet, forage, and biomass sorghum, delineated by their designated end uses. Among these, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stands out for its unique versatility, exceptional abiotic stress tolerance and large biomass serving the multi-purpose of high-sugar forage, syrup, and biofuel production. Despite its significance, functional genomic research and biotechnological breeding in sweet sorghum are still in nascent stages, necessitating more efficient genetic transformation and genome-editing techniques. This study unveils Gaoliangzhe (GZ), an elite sweet sorghum variety for heightened resistance to salinity and drought. Through the establishment of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated genetic transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing system in GZ, a breakthrough is achieved. Using genome-editing technology, we first produced a fragrant sweet sorghum line by targeting the BETAINE ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 2 (SbBADH2) gene. Our results establish a strong foundation for further functional genomic research and biotechnological breeding of sweet-sorghum varieties.
Dear John: Letter Writing as a Narrative Therapy Intervention
Authors: Tadros Eman , Presley Sarah , Ramadan Abrea
Published: September 2024

Letter writing has been shown to be an effective intervention for individuals when navigating complex emotions, such as grief, guilt, or loss or shame. In navigating a romantic relationship, letter writing can be an effective tool to express one’s feelings in a healthy and productive manner. It is important that the individual understands the outline of writing and sending a letter, in order to clearly articulate their thoughts to the individual that they are in a romantic relationship with. An underlying humanistic counseling approach lays the framework for considering the whole person with an emphasis on strengths. Through narrative therapy, one is able to rewrite their own story and conceptualize alternative endings. Applying letter writing to couples as well as rules, procedures, and an example of a letter is included to demonstrate the potential efficacy of this intervention. Covid implications and future research directions are provided.
Methods in causal inference. Part 4: confounding in experiments
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph A.
Published: September 2024

Confounding bias arises when a treatment and outcome share a common cause. In randomised controlled experiments (trials), treatment assignment is random, ostensibly eliminating confounding bias. Here, we use causal directed acyclic graphs to unveil eight structural sources of bias that nevertheless persist in these trials. This analysis highlights the crucial role of causal inference methods in the design and analysis of experiments, ensuring the validity of conclusions drawn from experimental data.
The complexity of opportunities to respond used by mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Elmquist Marianne , Ford Andrea L.B. , Sterling Audra
Published: September 2024

Caregiver-child interactions are commonly used to examine children’s language learning environment. However, few studies consider interaction configurations beyond dyadic interactions or explore the conceptual complexity of caregiver talk. Thus, we examined if the complexity of a caregiver’s opportunities to respond (OTR) varied when sampled across three interaction configurations. Our study included twelve preschool-aged children with Down syndrome and both of their biological parents. Our preliminary findings suggest no differences in mothers’ and fathers’ frequency of OTRs across complexity levels during dyadic interactions. However, caregivers produced fewer OTRs across complexity levels during family choice than dyadic interactions.
Heritage language development in Spanish–English-speaking preschoolers: Influences on growth and challenges in the first year of English-only instruction
Authors: Montanari Simona , Simon-Cereijido Gabriela , Bai Jieru , Subrahmanyam Kaveri
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the changes in the Spanish lexical and grammatical skills of 26 Spanish–English dual language learners during their first year of preschool. We also explore the impact of age, gender, and maternal cultural orientation on children’s language outcomes over time. The results show that, despite one year of English-only instruction, the children’s Spanish productions became more intelligible, lexically diverse, and grammatical between 3;7 and 4;7. However, Spanish productions were mostly limited to sentence fragments and contained errors in grammatical gender, verb morphology, object clitic pronouns, and prepositions. Girls had an advantage over boys, as attested by the higher lexical diversity, mean length of utterance, and grammaticality of their Spanish productions. Both maternal enculturation and acculturation predicted the grammaticality of children’s utterances, suggesting that mothers with high levels of orientation to both Latinx and American culture may be the most successful at promoting Spanish in the United States.
The international responsibility of a belligerent State in the event of transboundary environmental damage
Authors: Mingashang Ivon , Tshiamala Banungana Christian
Published: September 2024

The outbreak and continuation of armed hostilities can sometimes cause harm to bordering States not directly involved in the hostilities. This has occurred in many military operations conducted during the last few decades. The scope of the provisions relating to the protection of the environment during armed conflict appears to be strictly limited to the territory in which the operations are taking place. It is therefore important to determine the extent to which a belligerent State at the origin of acts that have had devastating consequences on the territory of one or more States not involved in the conflict can be held internationally responsible for those acts based on the principle of international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, which is still under discussion. The argument put forward in this article is based on the hypothesis that this principle is at least implicitly recognized when it comes to environmental damage caused in the context of an armed conflict. In our view, this is grounded both in the principle of the inviolability of neutral States and in the no-harm principle, whereby a State cannot use its territory in a way that is harmful to other States not involved in the armed conflict. These principles are based on the notions of fault and risk.
Magnetic Field in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Models Versus Observations
Authors: Vandas M. , Romashets E.
Published: September 2024

Magnetic field measurements in the Earth's magnetosheath are compared with four analytical models, namely Kobel and Flückiger (1994), (https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja01778), Romashets and Vandas (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026006), Vandas and Romashets (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.07.007), and Romashets et al. (2010), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.010). The bow shock and the magnetopause are modeled as paraboloids in all models except that of Vandas and Romashets (2019), (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.07.007), in which they are assumed to be spheroids. 34 magnetosheath crossings by spacecraft are analyzed in detail and it is concluded that the model by Kobel and Flückiger (1994), (https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja01778) performs the best.
Identifying Robust Decarbonization Pathways for the Western U.S. Electric Power System Under Deep Climate Uncertainty
Authors: Sundar Srihari , Lehner Flavio , Voisin Nathalie , Craig Michael T.
Published: September 2024

Climate change threatens the resource adequacy of future power systems. Existing research and practice lack frameworks for identifying decarbonization pathways that are robust to climate‐related uncertainty. We create such an analytical framework, then use it to assess the robustness of alternative pathways to achieving 60% emissions reductions from 2022 levels by 2040 for the Western U.S. power system. Our framework integrates power system planning and resource adequacy models with 100 climate realizations from a large climate ensemble. Climate realizations drive electricity demand; thermal plant availability; and wind, solar, and hydropower generation. Among five initial decarbonization pathways, all exhibit modest to significant resource adequacy failures under climate realizations in 2040, but certain pathways experience significantly less resource adequacy failures at little additional cost relative to other pathways. By identifying and planning for an extreme climate realization that drives the largest resource adequacy failures across our pathways, we produce a new decarbonization pathway that has no resource adequacy failures under any climate realizations. This new pathway is roughly 5% more expensive than other pathways due to greater capacity investment, and shifts investment from wind to solar and natural gas generators. Our analysis suggests modest increases in investment costs can add significant robustness against climate change in decarbonizing power systems. Our framework can help power system planners adapt to climate change by stress testing future plans to potential climate realizations, and offers a unique bridge between energy system and climate modeling.
On the Formation of Auroral Spirals
Authors: Haerendel Gerhard , Partamies Noora
Published: September 2024

The paper contains a detailed analysis of the formation of an auroral spiral based on hitherto not published observations by the all‐sky camera in Kilpisjärvi, Northern Finland. We conclude that spirals appearing during a substorm form by a modification of the interface between tail and magnetosphere, the location of the generator current of the westward electrojet. Driven by the arriving flow bursts, this current is subject to ruptures by the appearance of a sequence of hook‐like structures. These structures can move eastward with speeds up to 3 km/s. The propagation is attributed to a constructive magnetic fracture process driven from behind by the power of the arriving flow bursts. Poleward bending and extension of a hook‐like structure, followed by a turning to the west and then equatorward, is the first step in spiral formation. It becomes the primary spiral arm, if a poleward arm grows out of weaker auroral structures, poleward and eastward of it. We suggest that the upward field‐aligned currents related to the bright spiral arms are largely balanced by adjacent downward currents. The electric fields associated with the connecting Pedersen currents are consistent with the counter‐clockwise motion. An important additional ingredient in the observed configuration is an eastward directed flow field, which is the generator of an additional upward current and possibly crucial for the spiral formation. Electric field data from literature throw confusing light on the propagation of a spiral, whether like a vessel in the ocean or by incorporating the magnetic flux ahead of it.
Investigation of Co‐Seismic Ionospheric Perturbations Generated by Shallow Earthquakes in the Chile Subduction Zone
Authors: Kundu Subrata , Bagiya Mala S.
Published: September 2024

The Chile subduction zone is known to host megathrust earthquakes. This study investigates the near‐field co‐seismic ionospheric perturbations (CIP) associated with recent large to great, shallow depth (22–25 km) earthquakes that occurred in the Chile subduction zone. These earthquakes are (a) 16 September 2015, Mw 8.3 (EQ1) (b) 03 April 2014, Mw 7.7 (EQ2) (c) 01 April 2014, Mw 8.2 (EQ3) (d) 02 January 2011, Mw 7.1 (EQ4), and (e) 27 February 2010, Mw 8.8 (EQ5). Using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measured total electron content (TEC), we found that despite the lower magnitude of EQ3 than EQ1 and EQ5, the CIP observed during EQ3 had higher amplitudes than that of EQ5 and EQ1. The amplitude of CIP also depends on non‐seismic parameters in addition to the concerning earthquake magnitude. The comparison of relative CIP amplitudes, in light of the non‐seismic parameters of the geomagnetic field and satellite geometry indicates that background electron density (due to different local times of earthquake occurrence) might contributed to CIP amplitudes. We believe that this thorough analysis leads to a better understanding of non‐seismic factors that can largely influence the CIP amplitudes apart from the earthquake magnitudes.
A New Proton‐Hydrogen‐Electron Transport Model for Simulating Optical Emissions From Proton Aurora and Comparison With Ground Observations
Authors: Liang Jun , Fang X. , Spanswick E. , Donovan E. F. , Gillies D. M.
Published: September 2024

Energetic proton precipitation from the magnetosphere plays an important role in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling and energy transfer. Proton precipitation causes hydrogen emissions, such as Hβ (486.1 nm), and also triggers the excitation of other emission lines such as the blue‐line (427.8 nm) and the green‐line (557.7 nm). In light of the growing availability of ground‐based proton auroral measurements in recent years, we revisit the proton auroral modeling in this study, with more focus on the application for interpreting ground observations. An accurate simulation of these optical emissions requires a comprehensive understanding of particle transport and collisions in the upper atmosphere, where the simultaneous consideration of precipitating protons, newly generated energetic hydrogen atoms, and secondary electrons is critical. For this purpose, we couple a 3D Monte‐Carlo proton transport model and an electron transport model. The integrated model framework can compute the emission rates of most major auroral emission lines/bands resulting from proton precipitation, along with self‐consistent calculation of the ionospheric electron density variations. The model results show improved agreement with ground optical observations in terms of the Hβ yield and the green‐to‐Hβ ratio compared to previous model studies. Our new model is a valuable tool for quantifying excitation and ionization due to proton aurora. It has the potential to leverage ground observations to infer precipitating conditions at high altitudes and even for studying magnetospheric activity.