bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulating the Response Criterion in Visual Monitoring
Authors: Williges Robert C.
Published: January 2017

Forty-eight subjects were required to detect long-duration brightness changes (signals) and ignore short-duration changes (nonsignals) occurring on an electroluminescent panel during a 60-min. monitoring session. Signal-to-nonsignal ratios (constant 1/9, changing 1/9 to 1/1, or constant 1/1) and signal detectability (0.3 or 0.6 sec. difference between signal and nonsignal duration) were combined factorially in a between-subject design. The changing signal-to-nonsignal ratio resulted in an intermediate level of signals correctly detected. The classical decrease in percent of signals detected over time occurred in the constant 1/9 ratio condition under both levels of signal detectability. Signal detection theory analyses were restricted to low detectable signals. A marked increase in β over the monitoring session occurred in the constant 1/9 ratio condition, whereas β remained low and relatively constant in the other signal-to-nonsignal ratio conditions. Both the limitations of a decision-theory interpretation and the implications of using changing signal-to-nonsignal ratios for manipulating the observer's effective response criterion were discussed.
Studies in Interactive Communication: II. The Effects of Four Communication Modes on the Linguistic Performance of Teams during Cooperative Problem Solving
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse , Parrish Robert N. , Ochsman Robert B. , Weeks Gerald D.
Published: January 2017

Two-man teams solved credible, “real world” problems for which computer assistance has been or could be useful. Conversations were carried on in one of four modes of communication: (1) typewriting, (2) handwriting, (3) voice, and (4) natural, unrestricted communication. Both experienced and inexperienced typists were tested in the typewriting mode. Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and linguistic measures. Significant differences among the communication modes were found in each of the three classes of dependent variable. This paper is concerned mainly with the results of the linguistic analyses. Linguistic performance was assessed with 182 measures, most of which turned out to be redundant and some of which were useless or meaningless. Those that remain show that although problems can be solved faster in the oral modes than in the hard-copy modes, the oral modes are characterized by many more messages, sentences, words, and unique words; much higher communication rates; but lower type-token ratios. Although a number of significant problem and job role effects were found, there were relatively few significant interactions of modes with these variables. It appears, therefore, that the mode effects hold for both problems and for both job roles assigned to the subjects.
Design of Maps and Map-Related Research
Authors: Potash Lawrence M.
Published: January 2017

Three characteristics of hardcopy maps, scale, interrelatedness of symbols, and standardized symbology, are reviewed. Their implications for future map-related research and design are discussed. Research on types of coding used in visual displays is discussed in terms of its applicability to hardcopy maps. Specific suggestions for hardcopy map design are based on the literature comparing different kinds of map products.
Minimizing Cost and Effort in Performing a Link Analysis
Authors: Cullinane Thomas P.
Published: January 2017

For several years link analysis techniques have proven to be very useful tools in human-machine systems planning. The primary drawback found in the application of these methodologies is that the time and manual effort required is often prohibitive in terms of the cost of analysis. Within the context of this paper methods for reducing the time required to perform a link analysis are introduced. The application of a relationship chart and the attendant procedures are shown to provide a systematic approach to the establishment of the link values for a human-machine system. A computer program is employed to develop a block plan layout. The feasibility and computational efficiency of these techniques are demonstrated through an example problem.
The Semantic Differential as an Index of Traffic Sign Perception and Comprehension
Authors: Dewar Robert E. , Ells Jerry G.
Published: January 2017

There is a need to develop and validate simple, inexpensive techniques for the evaluation of traffic sign messages. This paper examines the semantic differential (a paper-and-pencil test which measures psychological meaning) as a potential instrument for such evaluation. Two experiments are described, one relating semantic differential scores to comprehension and the other relating this index to glance legibility. The data indicate that semantic differential scores on all four factors (evaluative, activity, potency, and understandability) were highly correlated with comprehension of symbolic messages. These scores were unrelated to glance legibility of verbal messages, but two factors (evaluative and understandability) did correlate with glance legibility of symbolic messages. It was concluded that the semantic differential is a valid instrument for evaluating comprehension of symbolic sign messages and that it has advantages over other techniques.
Influence of Ethyl Alcohol in Moderate Levels on Visual Stimulus Tracking
Authors: Dott Andrew B. , Mckelvy Robert K.
Published: January 2017

This report describes an investigation which evaluated the ability of subjects, with or without alcohol, to perform a visual stimulus tracking task as presented by the Mark IV “Critical Task Tester,” a device developed by the Systems Technology Corporation, Hawthorne, California. Analysis of error responses showed a statistically significant impairment of performance at a blood alcohol level (BAL) as low as 50 mg%. The operator's effective time delay also was affected at a BAL of 50 mg%. It was concluded that the Critical Task Tester has good potential for further use in evaluating human visual motor performance where small differences as a function of CNS depressants and other agents are of interest.
Computer Entry of Product Information by Housewives
Authors: Miller Irwin
Published: January 2017

This report describes an exploratory study of a technique which permits descriptions of household purchases (or sales orders) to be transmitted from the home directly to a remote computer. Descriptive entries were first encoded numerically and then subsequently transmitted using a 12-key telephone hand set. For transmissions representing 10 product categories, 98.9% of the data entries were accurate, after one opportunity was given to re-key any entry rejected by the system; for transmission of 20 product categories the corresponding value was 97.9%.
Emergency Decision Making in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: FLIN RHONA , SLAVEN GEORGINA , STEWART KEITH
Published: January 2017

In July 1988, Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.'s North Sea oil platform, Piper Alpha, exploded with the loss of 167 lives. Although rare, such industrial disasters demonstrate that the task facing managers at high-hazard sites in an emergency is complex and characterized by time pressure, uncertainty, and danger. In this paper we examine the decision making required in a crisis by the offshore installation manager (OIM) and his or her emergency response team on an offshore oil installation. The paper summarizes the findings of a study in which we examined the selection and training of OIMs for crisis management and interviewed OIMs who had dealt with a real offshore emergency. The characteristics of the decision making that the on-scene commander requires in an offshore crisis are discussed in terms of recent developments in theories of naturalistic decision making, with particular reference to recognition-primed decision making.
A Paired-Comparison Method for Interval Scaling
Authors: TURNER ARIC D.
Published: January 2017

A new method of analyzing paired-comparison data is presented: the linear paired-comparison (LPC) method. The LPC solves some deficiencies in the implementation of the eigenvector and geometric mean ratio hierarchy paired-comparison methods proposed by T. L. Saaty. In addition to formats typically used to collect paired-comparison data, an alternative format for collecting data is presented. Levels of significance with regard to rater consistency were evaluated for both the geometric mean and LPC methods, and it was found that levels of significance were not an adequate predictor of the proper ordinal ranking of the scale values for either method. A constant value for a consistency criterion is more appropriate. Saaty's criterion of an acceptable consistency index (CI) to judge a rater's consistency of CI ≤ 0.10 is defended. In addition, an appropriate value for the geometric mean method's rater consistency criterion, the residual mean square ( S2), was found to be S2 ≤ 0.27. For the LPC method, an acceptable criterion for the standard deviation from consistency (σc) was found to be σc ≤ 2.25.
Using kaizen to improve employee well-being: Results from two organizational intervention studies
Authors: von Thiele Schwarz Ulrica , Nielsen Karina M , Stenfors-Hayes Terese , Hasson Henna
Published: January 2017

Participatory intervention approaches that are embedded in existing organizational structures may improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational interventions, but concrete tools are lacking. In the present article, we use a realist evaluation approach to explore the role of kaizen, a lean tool for participatory continuous improvement, in improving employee well-being in two cluster-randomized, controlled participatory intervention studies. Case 1 is from the Danish Postal Service, where kaizen boards were used to implement action plans. The results of multi-group structural equation modeling showed that kaizen served as a mechanism that increased the level of awareness of and capacity to manage psychosocial issues, which, in turn, predicted increased job satisfaction and mental health. Case 2 is from a regional hospital in Sweden that integrated occupational health processes with a pre-existing kaizen system. Multi-group structural equation modeling revealed that, in the intervention group, kaizen work predicted better integration of organizational and employee objectives after 12 months, which, in turn, predicted increased job satisfaction and decreased discomfort at 24 months. The findings suggest that participatory and structured problem-solving approaches that are familiar and visual to employees can facilitate organizational interventions.
A metatheoretical framework of diversity in teams
Authors: Mayo Margarita , Kakarika Maria , Mainemelis Charalampos , Deuschel Nicolas Till
Published: January 2017

In the last 22 years, research on diversity in teams has been propelled by information processing and social categorization theories, and more recently, by theories of disparity/(in)justice and access to external networks. These theories stress different diversity processes, treating team diversity respectively as variety of information, as separation, as disparity, and as variety of access. We appraise this literature by identifying major problems in the way these four foundational theories are used either alone or in combination, arguing that the related theoretical models are inherently incomplete and static. In an attempt to resolve these problems, we introduce a metatheoretical framework that relates these four foundational theories according to the metadimensions of group boundary and diversity mindset. We also propose a metatheoretical model that identifies interactions among the four diversity processes and specifies diversity response patterns to team success or failure over time. Our metatheoretical approach resolves significant omissions in the literature and penetrates into the dynamic nature of team diversity in more complex, temporally sensitive and synthetic ways.
Towards Realism in Electrical Engineering Education
Authors: Greene J. R.
Published: January 2017

Towards realism in electrical engineering education

Arguing that engineering educators may be prey to various kinds of self-delusion, the paper challenges some of the tacit assumptions we make. It makes a plea for greater realism in engineering education, and makes some suggestions for expanding the range and scope of practical work in the laboratory.
Effective Examining Using Short Questions
Authors: Hanrahan H. E.
Published: January 2017

Effective examining using short questions

A method of posing short questions for tutorials, tests and examinations is presented. Short questions test a wide range of knowledge, reasoning and judgemental ability. Short questions supplement traditional problems and are quicker to mark by hand than full problems. Examples from circuit theory illustrate the approach.
Teaching Systems and Control Using Matlab
Authors: Rodgerson J. L. , Anderson J. H.
Published: January 2017

Teaching systems and control using MATLAB

The paper describes how the software package MATLAB has been used to remove the burden of numerical calculation from tutorial and laboratory work in the Systems and Control courses at the University of Natal. The package has been enhanced through the addition of two simple commands to enable it to be used to implement real-time control in a laboratory environment.
Electrodynamics in Formulae
Authors: Potolea E.
Published: January 2017

I have revised the general theory of physical quantities and I have demonstrated that the system of primary quantities of electrodynamics is as unique as the system of the general laws of physics. I have identified three principles of electrodynamics with which help I have generalized the laws on the assumption of mobile conductors. I have demonstrated that Maxwell's and Lorentz's postulates are theorems of electrodynamics.
Virtual Analogue Simulation of Control Systems
Authors: Cheung W. N.
Published: January 2017

This article describes the method of virtual analogue simulation (VAS) using PSpice for learning.control systems. Examples are included to demonstrate the application of VAS in studying system transient responses. The effects of controller compensation, component nonlinearity, and transport delays on system performance can be observed readily with VAS.
A Direct Approach to Digital Angle Modulation Yields a Lower Bound for the Probability of Error of Binary FSK
Authors: Al-Alaoui Mohamad Adnan
Published: January 2017

The paper presents a new formulation of the narrow-band digital angle modulation problem. The direct modelling approach, in terms of angles or frequencies, yields maximum likelihood detectors. Using a not widely known asymptotic expression for the noise instantaneous frequency, a lower bound for the probability of error of binary FSK is obtained.
An Integrated Environment for Practical Control Engineering Courses
Authors: Etxebarria V. , Lizarraga I. , Alcaide J. M.
Published: January 2017

A flexible control laboratory suitable for teaching the practical aspects arising in the real-time implementation of control systems is presented. The laboratory integrates standard modelling and simulation software with powerful hardware and is designed to experiment control on virtually any system connected to a digital controller via AD/DA converters.
Learning Semiconductor Laser Characteristics Using Virtual Analogue Simulation
Authors: Cheung W. N.
Published: January 2017

This article describes a simple method for simulating typical characteristics of semiconductor lasers based on the rate equations of the device. The method being implemented in PSpice may be used to demonstrate the light-current characteristics, charge number clamping, modulation response, transient and nonlinear behaviour of semiconductor laser diodes.
A Method for Stress Determination in Plane Anisotropic Elastic Bodies
Authors: Rizzo F.J. , Shippy D.J.
Published: January 2017

Using a fundamental solution to the appropriate field equations of linear anisotropic elasticity, a real variable integral formula of the Somigliana type is derived. The formula relates an elastic displace ment field to boundary traction and displacement vectors; all refer to an arbitrary equilibrated stress state present in an orthotropic body of arbitrary shape and connectivity. A fundamental relation between boundary traction and displacement is then derived which is a mechanism for determining (numerically in practice) that part of such boundary data not initially given from a knowledge of that part which is given. Once all boundary quantities are known, the field solution is given by the integral formula and its first derivatives. Finally, the body may be composite; i.e., it may contain inclusions or inhomogeneities which may be isotropic or rigid as special cases. Numerical techniques are indicated and several problems are solved for illustration.
Compression Strength of Polyester Resin Reinforced with Steel Wires
Authors: Moncunill de Ferran E. , Harris B.
Published: January 2017

The behaviour of polyester resin reinforced with hard-drawn steel wires and with fully-softened wires of the same steel has been studied in compression tests on free-standing cylinders in which the wires are parallel with the direction of the applied load. Despite the predictions of various theories of the compressive strength of composites, the two materials behave dissimilarly, and their strengths fall well below values predicted by models based on treatments of the fibres as col umns on an elastic foundation. Fibres appear to buckle into helical shapes rather than into the planar forms usually postulated, and it is likely that the lower elastic energy required for this deformation could be the factor responsible for the disagreement between theory and experiment.
Structural Analysis of Transaction Systems
Authors: Christopherson Jon A.
Published: January 2017

This paper compares Galtung's theory of imperialism with the more complex global network views of Dominguez. Galtung's theory states that economic, political, military, and cultural transactions are vertically fused into a “feudal structure” such that the center nations dominate all facets of transactions. Moreover, since vertical fusions on one dimension spill over and structure other dimensions, high degrees of system isomorphisms should be observed. Dominguez, on the other hand, suggests that actors will be found in different networks on different dimensions of interaction. Data on trade and diplomatic visits are analyzed. The findings tend to support Dominguez's views of network structure and challenge the imperialism theory of Galtung. Although the networks are similar, they are not highly isomorphic, and transactions occurred where Galtung's theory predicted they would not.
Toward a Unified Strategy for Peace Education
Authors: Vasquez John A.
Published: January 2017

Peace studies have tended to bifurcate into two groups, the normative and the scientific. While such a division of labor is useful for scholarship, it results in a two cultures problem when employed in teaching. This paper presents a strategy that would make students sensitive to both the normative and scientific aspects of peace studies and the relationship between the two. The paper identifies the goals of peace education, derives specific educational objectives to meet the goals, and suggests exercises that could be employed to implement the educational objectives.
Catastrophe Theory and the Study of War
Authors: Holt Robert T. , Job Brian L. , Markus Lawrence
Published: January 2017

The methodologies and conceptual frameworks employed by contemporary scholars do not satisfactorily account for the outbreak of international violence. Particularly frustrating to the analyst are the facts: (1) Some wars start and escalate suddenly while others begin and gradually build in intensity; yet in either case assumed causal factors are seen to vary smoothly and continuously through time. (2) The international system may be either at war or at peace at two separate time points even though the causal factors exhibit similar configurations. What is required is a framework that can deal with continuous and discontinuous dependent variables and continuous independent variables. Catastrophe theory provides the necessary classifactory structure in which to construct a systemic-level theory of the occurrence of international violence. Changes in the level of violence in World War I and World War II and the differences between these two conflicts are interpreted in the context of a particular catastrophe model—the butterfly. Catastrophe theory is discussed in light of the problems of description, classification, and empirical generalization in the construction of social science theory.
The Public Sector Mediation Process
Authors: Kochan Thomas A. , Jick Todd
Published: January 2017

This paper develops and tests a model of the labor mediation process using data from a sample of negotiations involving municipal governments and police and firefighter unions in the State of New York. The test of the model also incorporates an estimate of the impact of a change in the statutory impasse procedures governing these groups. The model examines the impact of (1) alternative sources of impasse, (2) situational characteristics, (3) strategies of the mediators, and (4) personal characteristics of the mediators on the probability of settlement, percentage of issues resolved in mediation, movement or compromising behavior, and the tendency to hold back concessions in mediation. The results indicate that the change in the impasse procedure had a marginal affect on the probability of settlement in the small to medium cities in the sample but little or no effect on the larger cities. Furthermore, a number of other measures of the sources of impasse and mediator strategies and characteristics had a stronger impact on the effectiveness of the mediation process than the nature of the impasse procedure.
Reactions to Procedural Models for Adjudicative Conflict Resolution
Authors: Lind E. Allan , Erickson Bonnie E. , Friedland Nehemia , Dickenberger Michael
Published: January 2017

A cross-national experimental study examining perceptions of four procedural models for adjudicative conflict resolution was conducted in four countries—the United States, Britain, France, and West Germany—whose legal procedures are based on differing adjudicative models. One hundred seventy-eight subjects rated the four models on a number of dimensions, including their preference for using the model for settling a conflict, the fairness of the model, and the amount of control over the resolution of the conflict vested in each of several roles. Approximately half of the subjects at each site were asked to assume the role of defendant in the adjudicated conflict, and half were asked to assume the role of plaintiff. The results showed a general preference for more “adversary” (disputant-controlled) models over more “inquisitorial” (adjudicator-controlled) models. This preference was not limited to subjects from nations (the United States and Britain) whose legal systems are based on adversary models. The conclusions of the study focused on the relationship between subjects' model preferences and the distribution of control over the adjudicative process among roles, and on the generality of this relationship in the nations studied.
Alliance Formation and War Behavior
Authors: Levy Jack S.
Published: January 2017

The question of whether alliance formation contributes to peace or to war is analyzed for the modern Great Power system over the last 500 years. It is found that for none of the last five centuries has alliance formation been correlated (tau-b) with war involving the Great Powers, and has often been correlated with peace. Furthermore, disproportionately few wars have been preceded by alliance formation (compared to random probability models), suggesting that alliances are not among the more important general causes of war-involving the Great Powers. Except for the nineteenth century, alliances have frequently been followed by war. This observed association is probably spurious, however, particularly in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries: Alliances have often been formed in response to unstable conditions, rising tensions, and the anticipation of a probable war. These patterns are interpreted in terms of the nature of military technology and organization, the polarization of the alliance system and other balance of power considerations, and the motivations underlying alliance formation.
Expert assessments of war casualties
Authors: Hrvoje Lalić
Published: January 2017

By describing three different war casualty cases, this paper highlights the harshness of current legal regulations in Croatia, and the possible consequences of their strict implementation. In two of the three cases the second instance expert witness has ultimately found that, due to legal procedures being followed too strictly, the expert witness initially assessing the cases had exceeded the legal framework and actually assessed patients, that is, individuals claiming disability benefits, inadequately. However, in the third case the expert witnesses employed by the Disability Pension Insurance Institute were right in deciding that the claimant was not entitled to a higher category of disability. Assessment of ability to work thus continues to be a subject of disagreement between experts of various profiles in legal and medical circles. Similar assessment issues appear not to be uncommon in other countries also. Therefore, the time has perhaps come for the existing rules and regulations to be re-evaluated. In fact, this may apply not only to those countries that share the same values and interests, such as EU member states, but also further abroad, particularly within a wider context of international recognition of basic human rights.
Disclosing the Bewitched by Serological Methods
Authors: Lincoln Patrick J.
Published: January 2017

The paper illustrates by means of 3 cases the ability of serological investigations to disclose the origin of materials used in witchcraft.
The Differentiation of Toothed Marks: Report of a Case of Special Forensic Interest
Authors: Goodbody R. A. , Turner C. H. , Turner J. L.
Published: January 2017

The first case reported in the literature where a toothed weapon was found in the murder room and therefore suspected of causing injuries is described. Detailed dental examination showed conclusively that the toothed marks were bites, which proved important in differentiating between a sadistic attack with a saw and an attempted drunken sexual arousal.

The case demonstrates that a full dental evaluation, as described, is mandatory in any case of wounding where a toothed cause is suspected.

The value of the acetate film technique for speedy and accurate reproduction of bite marks is illustrated.
Traffic-Crash Fatalities (1968–73): Injury Patterns and other Factors
Authors: Tonge J. I. , O'Reilly M. J. J. , Davison A. , Johnston N. G. , Wilkey I. S.
Published: January 2017

The injury patterns found in 1004 traffic-crash fatalities are described. The deaths occurred in Brisbane, Queensland, between July, 1968 and June, 1973. The injury patterns, multiplicity of injuries and other factors are compared with previous studies in this city. Other factors such as time of the crash, age of fatalities, duration of survival, use of seat belts and crash helmets are discussed.
Iatrogenic Injury Compensation
Authors: Taylor J. Leahy
Published: January 2017

The Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury is expected to report early in 1977. The injuries suffered at the hands of doctors constitute a very small proportion of the total number of injuries, but, by their very nature, have features that distinguish them from accidents on the road, in the factory and in the home. There is an obvious danger that iatrogenic injury, being such a comparatively small issue, may not receive from the Royal Commission and from any subsequent legislation adequate recognition of its unique features. The New Zealand Accident Compensation Act came into operation on 1 April, 1974, but the difficulties of handling cases of medical misadventure are only now becoming apparent.

This paper outlines the various methods by which iatrogenic injury might be compensated, considers their pros and cons, and emphasizes the need for individual treatment of this particular facet of injury compensation.
Toxicology: Quantitative Aspects
Authors: Horncastle D. C. J.
Published: January 2017

Amounts of drugs found in body fluids and tissues at death are related to the time since ingestion and, within the limits of experimental error, obey Fick's law.
Who is the Psychopath?
Authors: Treves-Brown Christopher
Published: January 2017

This paper describes different approaches to the problem of the classification of psychopathy. It thus draws attention to a paradox in the approach of professional workers to patients suffering from the disorder. This is that, although psychopathy is often considered, by definition, to be untreatable, professional staff often continue to treat psychopaths. This in turn means either that those with experience of the condition do not regard it as untreatable, or that the professional staff are displaying psychopathic characteristics themselves by giving treatment knowing it to be ineffective.
Haptoglobins in the Maltese Population
Authors: Grech Joseph L.
Published: January 2017

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotyping was carried out on 535 healthy blood donors, 467 patients hospitalized in Malta and on 53 hospital patients from Gozo. The frequencies in the three groups were compared. No statistical differences were observed between these three groups.

Only 7·5 per cent of cord blood samples could be phenotyped.

Hp phenotyping can be carried out with a high degree of confidence after the early post-natal period and independently of the physical state of the subject.

The frequency of the Hp phenotypes in the Maltese population fits well within the range of other European populations.
Further Information on the Use of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate to Quantitate Acid Phosphatase on Vaginal Swabs Examined in Cases of Sexual Assault
Authors: Allard Julie , Davies Anne
Published: January 2017

A simple test for screening swabs for the presence of semen has now been used on over 1000 vaginal swabs. The preliminary conclusions reached in a previous paper (Davies, 1978) are discussed and these have subsequently been shown to be correct: however, more information is now available. Despite the limitations of the method, the results can give a clear indication of the presence of semen. The test also continues to be of use on some occasions when the time interval between sexual intercourse and the swab being taken is contentious. Some modifications to the method arc also described.
Autokabalesis: An Account of Mentally III People Who Jump from Buildings
Authors: Sims Andrew , O'Brien Kenneth
Published: January 2017

This is a descriptive account of 22 psychiatric patients who precipitated themselves out of high buildings, usually the window of a psychiatric ward. The clinical characteristics of these subjects and the circumstances of the jump are studied. Some recommendations are made to try and prevent the severe consequences of this behaviour.
Serious Complications of Laparoscopy
Authors: Parewijck W. , Thiery M. , Timperman J.
Published: January 2017

The authors report a case of fatal carbon dioxide embolism in a woman who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, during which the insufflation needle punctured a major pelvic vein. The risks of coelioscopy are discussed.
Long Term Survival following Firearm Injury to the Head
Authors: Goonetilleke U. K. D. A.
Published: January 2017

A case is reported of long term survival following extensive frontal lobe damage caused by firearm injury in 1941. The deceased lived until December 1975 with only epileptic-type fits involving the right upper arm only and no recorded personality changes. Sudden death in 1975 and autopsy examination revealed that she had died of myocardial infarction caused by coronary arterial thrombosis. In the brain there was a large cylindrical defect involving both frontal lobes.
Road Traffic Accidents and the Prevention of Injury and Death of Vehicle Occupants
Authors: Plueckhahn Vernon D.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses some of the human factors involved in the occurrence of road traffic accidents, and in particular those which are related to the drivers of the motor vehicles concerned. The occurrence of injury and death among persons involved in such accidents now ranks among the major public health tragedies of modern living. The paper discusses also the results and circumstances surrounding the various legislative measures which have been introduced in the State of Victoria since 1965 in an attempt to reduce and prevent injury and death among motor vehicle occupants, including children under eight years of age.
Late Inhalation Toxicology and Pathology Produced by Exposure to a Single Dose of 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) in Rats and Hamsters
Authors: Marrs T. C. , Clifford E. , Colgrave H. F.
Published: January 2017

Hamsters and rats exposed to single doses of CS were retained for up to 32 months, together with appropriate controls. Survival was unaffected and in no case was the incidence of histological changes significantly higher in the test animals than corresponding control animals. The overall incidence of neoplastic disease was similar in test and control animals. A high incidence of pituitary acidophil adenomas was detected in the female rats: these tumours were present both in control and test rats and it was concluded that they were probably the result of ad libitum feeding.

It was concluded that single doses of CS of 28 800 mg min m−3 administered during 1 hour or 18 000 mg min m−3 administered over 2 hours produced no long-term adverse effects in the two species studied.
A Study of Criminal Behaviour in Discharged Male Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Cook D. A. G.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study was carried out on 78 men without previous convictions, who had had at least one admission to a psychiatric hospital of not less than 3 months before the age of 30. The subsequent conviction rate of these men was determined and found to be comparable to that of men of the same age in the general population. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Gerontophilia — A Case Report
Authors: Kaul Adersh , Duffy Stephen
Published: January 2017

Gerontophilia describes a specific sexual inclination towards the elderly and may at times explain the sadistic attacks made upon them. The case of a homosexual gerontophile who was engaging in assaulting old men is reported here. An attempt has been made at understanding his offending behaviour and possible treatment options proposed.
Elderly Suicides in the Lothian and Borders Region of Scotland, 1983–1988
Authors: Squires T J , Busuttil A
Published: January 2017

This study examined all the suicides in the over 60 age group in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland during the period 1983–1988. The data was analysed according to a number of variables, primarily with the intention of identifying the characteristics of the elderly suicide population. With the exception of those persons who exhibit a history of previous attempts, it is concluded that no characteristics unique to that cohort exist. Hence the problem of an accurate and precise diagnosis and assessment of suicide risk is difficult and complex. Cases exhibiting recent contact with the medical profession illustrate the problems of preventive procedures once a valid initial assessment has been made. Medico-legal issues raised by these cases are noted. It is suggested that prevention must be considered as a general function of the care of the elderly rather than as a process appropriate to a ‘high- risk’ group.
Suggestibility and Compliance among Alleged False Confessors and Resisters in Criminal Trials
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a study which compares the interrogative suggestibility and compliance scores of 20 alleged false confessors and 20 subjects who had persistently denied their involvement in the crime they were charged with in spite of forensic evidence against them (labelled ‘resisters’). The two groups were ‘matched’ for age, sex, intelligence, memory recall capacity, and the seriousness of the offence. It was hypothesized that the resisters would score significantly lower on tests of suggestibility and compliance than the alleged false confessors. The findings were confirmed at a high level of significance. A separate analysis of 14 resisters and 72 alleged false confessors, where IQ and memory were used as covariates rather than ‘matching’ the two groups on the relevant variables, gave almost identical results. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Response of Evidential Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments with Subjects Exposed to Organic Solvents and Gases
Authors: Gill R , Osselton M D , Broad J E , Ramsey J D
Published: January 2017

The concentration of white spirit vapour in the breathing zone of a volunteer engaged in domestic painting activities has been investigated. Air was continuously sampled and analysed using an infra-red gas analyser (Miran) during painting experiments. Both indoor and outdoor painting tasks were undertaken using commercial paints in a wide variety of situations. For each task the time weighted average (TWA) exposure has been determined. In no case did the TWA exposure exceed the Occupational Exposure Limit-Long Term Exposure Limit (OEL-LTEL) of 100ppm. The results have been used to discuss the significance of previous studies in which volunteers were exposed to white spirit vapour in an exposure chamber to test for possible interference in breath alcohol testing.
The Effect of Salbutamol on Breath Alcohol Testing in Asthmatics
Authors: Gomm P J , Osselton M D , Broster C G , Johnson N McI , Upton K
Published: January 2017

Subjects suffering from asthma can occasionally experience difficulty in providing adequate breath samples for evidential breath alcohol testing devices and may therefore resort to the use of bronchodilators such as salbutamol to improve their respiration. Experiments showed that although salbutamol caused bronchodilation it did not affect breath alcohol levels of asthmatics who have been drinking. The blood:breath alcohol ratios obtained from asthmatics were within the normally recorded range before and after use of salbutamol. We conclude that the use of salbutamol by asthmatics does not affect the reliability of measurements made by evidential breath alcohol testing devices.
Top Ten Defence Challenges among Drinking Drivers in Sweden
Authors: Jones A W
Published: January 2017

This paper gives a review and opinion about defence challenges arising during the prosecution of drinking drivers in Sweden. The statutory limit of blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) is two-tiered; 0.2mg/g (21mg/100 ml) and 1.5mg/g (159mg/100 ml). In rank order of occurrence, the top ten defence challenges are shown in Table I. The hip-flask defence occurs in more than 90% of all challenges. Because the burden of proof in Swedish law rests on the prosecution, the charge of driving under the influence of alcohol is often dropped when alleged drinking after the offence is an issue.
Duplicate Breath Alcohol Analysis: Some Further Parameters for Evaluation
Authors: Gullberg Rodney G.
Published: January 2017

An individual exhaling into a breath alcohol instrument produces a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) profile which is a continuous function of time. Microprocessor based breath alcohol instruments provide the capability to collect and store the BrAC profile data in discrete format.

The present study collected duplicate BrAC profile data arrays on 11 field tested subjects and 16 experimentally tested subjects.

The field subjects provided duplicate breath samples under normal field conditions. The experimental group provided one sample following normal breathing and one following breath holding. Each profile was subjected to ten different mathematical procedures. The duplicate results were then evaluated by a t-test for paired data. The experimental group showed statistical significance (P <0.01) for all but one mathematical parameter evaluated. The field group showed no statistical significance on any of the mathematical parameters.

The results showed that BrAC profiles can be evaluated in a variety of ways and provide an index for detecting differences in breathing pattern prior to breath exhalation. The field data showed remarkable reproducibility by all mathematical indices. The results have forensic as well as physiological implications.
Injuries Due to Violent Crimes: A Study of Police Reported Assaults during 1979, 1982 and 1985 in a Police District of a Suburb of Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: STRÖM Christer , Nordenram Åke , Johanson Gunnar
Published: January 2017

The study is based on a sample of 249 violent crimes reported to the police in Huddinge during 1979, 1982 and 1985. Throughout the period it was found that the violence increased not only in number but also in seriousness. Most of the cases took place during weekends and in the evenings. Different accommodations were the most common scene of the crime. The majority of victims and offenders were men. Many were foreign citizens.

Three-quarters of the victims had some kind of injury, mostly haematomata and swellings. The left side of the face was the anatomical region mostly hit.
Scientific Fraud: The McBride Case
Authors: Humphrey G. F.
Published: January 2017

Scientific fraud has occasionally been reported in Australia. The most recent case involved Dr William McBride, a prominent Sydney obstetrician who became well known in medical research for his part in drawing attention to the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. It is still not clear how much of McBride's later activities were fraud and how much poor quality research. The findings of the Inquiry into the matter (Gibbs et al., 1988) have considerable importance for the conduct of private research organizations, publication procedures of research journals, the role of assistants in research projects, collaboration between laboratories, and methods for inquiring into allegations of malpractice. The present paper is based on the Inquiry report.
The Reasons Why Suspects Confess during Custodial Interrogation: Data for Northern Ireland
Authors: Gudjonsson G H , Bownes I
Published: January 2017

This study looks at the reasons offenders give for having confessed during police interrogation. A number of hypotheses were tested, following the work of Gudjonsson and Petursson (1991) on an Icelandic prison sample. The subjects were 80 offenders who were serving prison sentences in Northern Ireland for violence, sex or property offences. The subjects completed the Gudjonsson Confession Questionnaire. All of the hypotheses tested were supported, indicating that there are three primary factors associated with the reasons why criminals make confessions during interrogation. These factors are referred to as Internal Pressure, External Pressure and Proof. The factors were found to be associated with the type of offence committed and the attitude of the offender towards his confession.
Altered Collagen (Fibrinoid Change) at the Site of Post-Mortem Injuries
Authors: Ali T T
Published: January 2017

The terms fibrinoid degeneration and fibrinoid substance were first introduced by Neumann in 1880 to describe some alterations in the staining characteristics of collagen. Collagen fibres which have undergone this change are eosinophilic, homogeneous and take some of the tinctorial properties of fibrin.

Lendrum et al. (1962) developed Martius-Scarlet-Blue (MSB) stain, which is preferentially taken up by fibrin. The principle of the method described by Lendrum and his colleagues is the use of acid dyes of different molecular size (Martius yellow, Brilliant Crystal Scarlet 6R, methyl blue) in accordance with the alteration in structure of fibrin at different stages of development. The newest fibrin likely to be found in sections is presumably the fine network of post-mortem fibrin. Much of this takes a yellow stain with the MSB method, as do erythrocytes. Slightly older fibrin (16 hours) takes a bright red stain with the MSB. Complete validity of the method depends on prolonged fixation in formal-sublimate. It gives brilliant staining with acid dyes and enhances metachromasia.

In the Department of Forensic Medicine in Leeds it was noticed that an alteration in collagen staining with MSB stain was taking place in samples collected from different kinds of injuries, e.g. ligature marks, electrical injuries and burns. Similar changes were only occasionally seen in abrasions. It was therefore decided to inflict different kinds of injuries on the skins of rats and to fresh pieces of human skin in vitro, to observe any alterations in collagen staining with MSB and to assess the significance of these changes in relation to the timing of injuries. The experimental findings are presented, along with discussion and a review of the literature.
A Study of Child Homicide over Two Decades
Authors: Hargrave D R , Warner D P
Published: January 2017

The child homicides which were notified to the Leeds University Department of Forensic Medicine between 1970 and 1989 were studied. There were 131 cases, and information regarding age of victim, mode of death and post-mortem evidence of previous abuse was noted. The incidences of child homicide varied between 3 and 11 cases per year, the first three years of life providing the majority of cases. Blunt injury accounted for almost half of the deaths, whilst 34 per cent of cases showed evidence of previous physical or sexual abuse. In infant homicide (i.e. under one year of age) a pattern emerged which has previously been described as the ‘shaken baby syndrome’.
Epilepsy and Criminal Law: A Supplementary Comment
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: January 2017

In the context of a previous paper by Paul and Lange in this journal brief reference is made to recent significant changes in the law concerning insanity and unfitness to plead (being under disability in relation to the trial).
5. Body Packing Presenting as Sudden Collapse
Authors: Rouse D A , Fysh R
Published: January 2017

Cocaine is one of the most rapidly growing drugs of abuse and with it comes an ever-increasing sophistication in concealment from Customs and Police, and may even result in clinicians failing to detect the concealment of packages within the intestinal tract or other body orifices. We present one such case where death arose from rupture of a package of cocaine within the rectum.