bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes IL-10 Production by NK Cells
Authors: Wagage Sagie , John Beena , Krock Bryan L. , Hall Aisling O’Hara , Randall Louise M. , Karp Christopher L. , Simon M. Celeste , Hunter Christopher A.
Published: January 2014

The cytokine IL-10 has an important role in limiting inflammation in many settings, including toxoplasmosis. In the present studies, an IL-10 reporter mouse was used to identify the sources of this cytokine following challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. During infection, multiple cell types expressed the IL-10 reporter but NK cells were a major early source of this cytokine. These IL-10 reporter+ NK cells expressed high levels of the IL-12 target genes T-bet, KLRG1, and IFN-γ, and IL-12 depletion abrogated reporter expression. However, IL-12 signaling alone was not sufficient to promote NK cell IL-10, and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was also required for maximal IL-10 production. NK cells basally expressed the AHR, relevant chaperone proteins, and the AHR nuclear translocator, which heterodimerizes with the AHR to form a competent transcription factor. In vitro studies revealed that IL-12 stimulation increased NK cell AHR levels, and the AHR and AHR nuclear translocator were required for optimal production of IL-10. Additionally, NK cells isolated from T. gondii–infected Ahr−/− mice had impaired expression of IL-10, which was associated with increased resistance to this infection. Taken together, these data identify the AHR as a critical cofactor involved in NK cell production of IL-10.
Improved Synthesis and Characterization of 2-(Dinitromethylene)-1- nitro-1,3-diazacyclopentane
Authors: Zhibin Xu , Kejian Cui , Peng Wang , Zhihui Lin , Zihui Meng , Bozhou Wang , Zhongxue Ge , Guangmin Qin , Tao Yu , Guangrui Xu , Pan Liu
Published: January 2014

A new approach is described to synthesize 2-(dinitromethylene)-l-nitro-1,3-diazacyclopentane (4). 2-(Dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane (1) was synthesized first by the nucleophilic substitution of ethylenediamine and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) catalyzed by Mg(OAc)2, then 1 was transformed to 4 through nitration, reduction and hydrolysis. The crystal morphology of 4 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compound 4 was also characterized by IR, NMR, MS and elemental analysis, and by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which revealed that 4 decomposes at 126 °C. The explosive performance of 4 was calculated using the VLW equation. The crystal density of 4 was determined as 1.79 g ·cm-3. The experimental results indicate that 4 is sensitive towards impact and spark stimuli, but insensitive to friction.
Two New Diterpenoids from the Beibu Gulf Gorgonian Anthogorgia caerulea
Authors: Gao Cheng-Hai , He Bi-Juan , Chen Yin-Ning , Ke Ke , Lin Lin , Long Bin , Huang Ri-Ming
Published: January 2014

Two new diterpenoids, anthogonoid A and antsimplexin A (1-2), as well as a known diterpenoid, klysimplexin G (3), were isolated from a Beibu Gulf gorgonian coral, Anthogorgia caerulea. The structures of these compounds have been established by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with spectral data of related known compounds. Compounds 1-3 showed significant antifouling activity against the larval settlement of Balanus amphitrite.
Single-Crystal Structures and Vibrational Spectra of Li[SCN] and Li[SCN] · 2H2O
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Schulz Armin , Blaschkowski Björn , Schleid Thomas , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: January 2014

The crystal structure of Li[SCN] · 2 H2O has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction on commercially available material. Crystals of this compound are colorless, transparent and hygroscopic. Li[SCN] · 2H2O adopts the orthorhombic space group Pnma with the cell parameters a = 572.1(3), b = 809.3(4) and c = 966.9(4) pm and Z = 4. Li[SCN] was obtained by dehydration of the afore-mentioned dihydrate and also crystallizes orthorhombically in Pnma with the lattice parameters a = 1215.1(3), b = 373.6(1) and c = 529:9(2) pm (Z = 4). Both compounds contain Li+ cations in sixfold coordination. Four water molecules and two nitrogen-attached thiocyanate anions [SCN]- arrange as trans-octahedra [Li(OH2)4(NCS)2]- in the case of Li[SCN] · 2 H2O. Anhydrous Li[SCN] displays fac-octahedra [Li(NCS)3(SCN)3]5- with six thiocyanate anions grafting via both nitrogen and sulfur atoms, three each. Infrared and Raman spectra of both compounds were recorded and a DSC=TG measurement was performed on Li[SCN] · 2 H2O.
Fluorodinitroethyl Ortho-carbonate and -formate as Potential High Energy Dense Oxidizers
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Moll Richard , Rest Sebastian F. , Sućeska Muhamed
Published: January 2014

Tetrakis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) ortho-carbonate (1) and tris(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) orthoformate (2) were synthesized by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride, respectively chloroform, with 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethanol and catalytic amounts of anhydrous iron(III) chloride. The compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and multi-temperature DSC measurements. The suitability of the compounds as potential oxidizers in energetic formulations has been investigated and discussed. The heats of formation of the products were determined experimentally using bomb calorimetric methods. With this value and the experimental (X-ray) density, several detonation parameters such as the detonation pressure, velocity, energy, and temperature were computed using the EXPLO5 code. The sensitivity towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge was tested using the BAM drop hammer, a friction tester and a small-scale electrostatic discharge device.
Fotografia, realismo e ética: a manipulação digital no jornalismo e na publicidade
Authors:   Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (Brasil), Freitas Cardoso João Batista
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical implications in the fields of advertising and journalism that have arisen from the development of digital image editing. Supported by perception theorists, cognitivists and semioticians we present a brief review of the main ideas about the realism in photographs and then review the main ethical concepts that are the basis for understanding the object of study. Besides, we observe how, in Brazil, organizations related to the fields of advertising and journalism see this practice. Assuming that even if the belief in the natural bond of photographic representation with reality cannot be sustained, we must consider that the common person is not in a permanent state of readiness to question the images found on the pages of newspapers or magazines.
Usos sociales de la telenovela por familias cubanas de diferentes posiciones socioeconómicas
Authors:   Instituto Cubano de Investigación Cultural “Juan Marinello”, La Habana (Cuba), Drake Tapia Beatriz , Machado Pérez Yilian ,   Universidad de La Habana (Cuba)
Published: January 2014

Este estudio constituye un análisis de los usos sociales de la telenovela brasileña por parte de tres familias cubanas, residentes en La Habana, de diferentes posiciones socioeconómicas (alta, media y baja). Descansa en la perspectiva cualitativa y en el método etnográfico de investigación. Utiliza técnicas tales como la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad, el completamiento de frases y el grupo de discusión. Da cuenta de los procesos de apropiación y asignación de sentidos en torno a la telenovela. En las tres familias, el melodrama se erige como espacio promotor de entretenimiento, escape de la realidad y de interacciones comunicativas. Las principales diferencias se derivan de factores asociados a la ubicación de las familias en el contexto más amplio que las contiene, así como de los procesos subjetivos que generan estrategias y significaciones singulares por parte de los miembros.
Dirigentas de campamento y actividad mediática: más allá de Internet
Authors:   Universidad Erasmus de Rotterdam (Holanda), Awad Isabel , Domínguez María ,   Universidad Erasmus de Rotterdam (Holanda), Bulnes Angélica ,   Universidad Alberto Hurtado (Chile)
Published: January 2014

El debate en torno al carácter activo de las audiencias contemporáneas tiende a centrarse en las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación y en las posibilidades de producción de contenido que ellas ofrecen. Este artículo propone, en cambio, atender al carácter político de ciertas actividades mediáticas y a factores no-tecnológicos. Específicamente, identificamos la llamada cultura promocional como un impulso importante para influir —y no directamente producir— los contenidos en los medios. Ilustramos este enfoque a través de un caso de estudio sobre la relación entre dirigentas de campamentos y los medios de comunicación en Chile. Estas mujeres interactúan con los medios tradicionales, no digitales, motivadas por la necesidad de reivindicar su imagen y promocionar sus demandas. Argumentamos que el estudio de las actividades de las audiencias en una sociedad neoliberal como la chilena debe considerar que las estrategias promocionales no son el privilegio de ciertos grupos sociales, sino que están presentes de un modo cada vez más generalizado en la sociedad.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia
Authors: Edafe O , Antakia R , Laskar N , Uttley L , Balasubramanian S P
Published: January 2014

Background

Hypocalcaemia is common after thyroidectomy. Accurate prediction and appropriate management may help reduce morbidity and hospital stay. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases was undertaken, and the quality of manuscripts assessed using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Results

Some 115 observational studies were included. The median (i.q.r.) incidence of transient and permanent hypocalcaemia was 27 (19–38) and 1 (0–3) per cent respectively. Independent predictors of transient hypocalcaemia included levels of preoperative calcium, perioperative parathyroid hormone (PTH), preoperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D and postoperative magnesium. Clinical predictors included surgery for recurrent goitre and reoperation for bleeding. A calcium level lower than 1·88 mmol/l at 24 h after surgery, identification of fewer than two parathyroid glands (PTGs) at surgery, reoperation for bleeding, Graves' disease and heavier thyroid specimens were identified as independent predictors of permanent hypocalcaemia in multivariable analysis. Factors associated with transient hypocalcaemia in meta-analyses were inadvertent PTG excision (odds ratio (OR) 1·90, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·31 to 2·74), PTG autotransplantation (OR 2·03, 1·44 to 2·86), Graves' disease (OR 1·75, 1·34 to 2·28) and female sex (OR 2·28, 1·53 to 3·40).

Conclusion

Perioperative PTH, preoperative vitamin D and postoperative changes in calcium are biochemical predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. Clinical predictors include female sex, Graves' disease, need for parathyroid autotransplantation and inadvertent excision of PTGs.
Processing Conditions Effect on Dispersion Evolution in a Twin‐Screw Extruder: Polypropylene‐Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Barbas Joana M. , Machado Ana V. , Covas José A.
Published: January 2014

Polymer‐clay nanocomposites are often manufactured using twin‐screw extruders. Processing conditions, namely screw speed and feed rate, are known to strongly influence the final dispersion levels attained. The effect of these parameters on the evolution of dispersion along the extruder for a system consisting of polypropylene, polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride, and an organoclay is investigated. Inline near‐infrared measurements were performed at various axial locations plus die outlet. At the same positions, local average mass temperature and minimum residence time were also monitored. In addition, samples were quickly removed from the extruder for subsequent offline characterization. Regardless of the processing conditions, dispersion develops rapidly upon melting, with a much slower pace downstream.
TCAD‐based DLTS simulation for analysis of extended defects
Authors: Scheinemann Artur , Schenk Andreas
Published: January 2014

The fabrication technology of extra‐functionality CMOS devices involves process steps which lead to high damage in the silicon lattice. Amorphizing implants and simultaneous reduction of thermal budgets to gain better control of the formation of ultra‐shallow junctions render the presence of extended defects in active regions unavoidable. In particular, dislocation loops (DLs) have proven to be stable under thermal treatment. To better understand the electrical properties of DLs and their impact on the leakage current we developed an analytical tool to extract defect parameters from measured Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) signals and capacitance transients. Commercial process and device simulators are used to test the plausibility of applied defect models and the basic assumptions about the electrical activity of DLs.

Simulation of DLTS peak broadening caused by the broadening of a defect level distribution in the band gap of silicon.
Dimorphism in La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3? How Exploratory Syntheses Led to Surprising New Finds in the La–Ge and Ce–Ge Binary Phase Diagrams
Authors: Suen Nian‐Tzu , Bobev Svilen
Published: January 2014

Reported are the synthesis, the crystal structures, and the electronic structures of two new tetragonal phases, La5Ge3 and Ce5Ge3. Both title compounds crystallize in the Pu5Rh3 (P4/ncc) structure type, which has close structural relationship with the W5Si3 (I4/mcm) structure type. The synthetic results, supported by thermal analysis suggest that this tetragonal phase is only stable at relatively low temperature and it transforms to the hexagonal form (Mn5Si3 structure type, P63/mcm) at above 850 °C. The structural relationship between La5Ge3 (Pu5Rh3 type) and La5Sn3 (W5Si3 type) is discussed as well. Temperature dependent DC magnetization and resistivity measurements indicate that the tetragonal phase La5Ge3 exhibits Pauli‐like paramagnetism and is a good metallic conductor. For the tetragonal phase Ce5Ge3, the magnetic behavior obeys the Curie–Weiss law in the high‐temperature regime, while it deviates from the Curie–Weiss law at low temperature. No long‐range magnetic ordering was observed down to 5 K, although short‐range correlations can be inferred below ca. 50 K. The resistivity measurements of Ce5Ge3 also show metallic‐like temperature dependence, although the low‐temperature behavior resembling a T2 law could signify anomalous electron‐scattering (e.g., Kondo‐like effect). The electronic structures of multiple phases with the same nominal compositions, computed by the TB‐LMTO‐ASA method, are compared and discussed.
Preferences Regarding Targeted Education and Risk Assessment in People with a Family History of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Quinn Veronica , Meiser Bettina , Wilde Alex , Cousins Zoe , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Mitchell Philip B. , Schofield Peter R.
Published: January 2014

Genetic testing for susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD) is not available for clinical use at present. Given this, family history remains the best predictor for development of MDD, and family‐history‐based risk assessment and information about familial aspects of MDD may be useful to clients at increased risk for MDD attending for genetic counseling. This study uses a mixed‐methods design to assess the information needs and preferences of people at increased familial risk for MDD. Telephone interviews were conducted with 23 individuals, who had at least one first‐degree relative with MDD and were recruited through advertisements placed on depression education websites. The most preferred way to access depression information was via the internet (87 % of participants), although this preference may have been due to the internet‐based recruitment method. The second most preferred dissemination strategy (56 %) was face‐to‐face delivery through a health professional, including genetic counselors. Individuals reported a need for information about etiology and development of MDD, reproductive decision‐making, early detection of symptoms and risk‐reducing strategies. Nearly all participants expressed an interest in risk assessment. The present study found evidence of a high level of interest for information targeted to people at increased familial risk for MDD. Genetic counselors are likely to be called upon increasingly to provide supportive counseling to assist clients at increased familial risk in interpreting and contextualizing such information once it becomes available.
Surgical revisions and mechanical support of the failing Fontan
Authors: Fuller Stephanie
Published: January 2014

Despite its many anatomic modifications, Fontan failure remains prevalent in adult patients living with single-ventricle physiology. Although the Fontan operation has created a generation of survivors of complex single-ventricle disease, recognition of the limitation of this circulation is increasing. Most commonly, survivors suffer from ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis and arrhythmias. Although several medical therapies exist to palliate these long-term complications, surgical treatments are becoming increasingly useful, including the introduction of mechanical devices and cardiac transplantation. Currently, there are a variety of options available for mechanical support of the failing Fontan. Further developments in mechanical support technology will be required to tailor-make specific devices for this unique population. Owing to the fact that availability of donor hearts for transplantation is limited, mechanical support will play an increasingly important role in the management of complications of the Fontan circulation.
Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart – Fourth Edition - Robert H. Anderson, Diane E. Spicer, Anthony M. Hlavacek, Andrew C. Cook, Carl L. Backer (eds) with illustrations by Gemma PriceCambridge University Press, 2013, 382 pp, 654 illustration ISBN 978-1-107-01448-0; list price: $250.00
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2014

Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart – Fourth Edition is the classic textbook of cardiac anatomy and morphology. This book is required reading for all who care for patients with paediatric and congenital cardiac disease as well as all who have interest in the congenitally malformed heart. It is mandatory to include this Fourth Edition in all libraries, both personal and academic, that cater to the needs of those who care for patients with congenitally malformed hearts. This book will have value to surgeons, cardiologists, anaesthesiologists, intensivists, neonatologists, maternal fetal specialists, advanced practice nurses, operating room nurses, catheterization lab nurses, bedside nurses, sonographers, physician assistants, respiratory therapists, perfusionists, pathologists, pathologists' assistants, and administrators. This value of book truly spans conventional subspecialty, geographic, and temporal boundaries. Indeed, the Fourth Edition of Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart is a classic textbook and “must-do” reading!!
Mesomorphic ionic hyperbranched polymers: effect of structural parameters on liquid-crystalline properties and on the formation of gold nanohybrids
Authors: Nguyen Hong Hanh , Serrano Clara Valverde , Lavedan Pierre , Goudounèche Dominique , Mingotaud Anne-Françoise , Viguerie Nancy Lauth-de , Marty Jean-Daniel
Published: January 2014

Mesomorphic hyperbranched polymers comprising ionic functionalities interacting with inorganic precursors allow the formation of controlled-size nanoparticles.
A hydrophilic monodisperse conjugated starburst macromolecule with multidimensional topology as electron transport/injection layer for organic electronics
Authors: Xu Wei-Dong , Lai Wen-Yong , Hu Qi , Teng Xiao-Yun , Zhang Xin-Wen , Huang Wei
Published: January 2014

A hydrophilic monodisperse conjugated starburst macromolecule and its excellent function as efficient electron injection layer have been demonstrated.
SIG 12 Perspectives Vol. 22, No. 1, April 2013
Authors: Hickey Ellen M. , McKenna Monica , Woods Celeste , Archibald Carmen
Published: January 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 12 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
Low‐Temperature Tolerance and Critical Thermal Minimum of the Invasive Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in Idaho, USA
Authors: Urquhart Alexander N. , Koetsier Peter
Published: January 2014

The Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is invasive to many countries around the world, but very little is known about the life history or environmental tolerances of this cryptic fish. As part of a larger study of its life history, we conducted an experiment designed to determine the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) of Oriental Weatherfish collected from water bodies near Boise, Idaho, USA. In each of three experimental trials, 16 fish were placed into individual tanks in an environmental chamber where over the course of 20 d the ambient air temperature was lowered to 0°C. Air temperature was then held at 0°C for 102–134 h. Individual tank temperatures decreased over the course of each trial such that fish were exposed to temperatures ranging from 20°C to −3.64°C. Tank temperatures reaching below the ambient air temperature set‐point were attributed to cold air currents within the environmental chamber. Six of 48 fish died due to temperature‐related factors. Thirty‐eight of the remaining 42 fish survived exposure below the freezing point of freshwater, and 2 fish survived full enclosure in ice with direct contact between skin and ice. In the absence of an observed lethal temperature at which 50% of fish died (LT50), we used logistic regression and observational data to extrapolate a CTmin of −1.8°C. The ability of Oriental Weatherfish to survive at subfreezing temperatures and being embedded in ice indicates a physiological adaptation to cold that may include systemic antifreeze proteins. Tolerance for low temperature and resistance to freezing add to a growing list of characteristics that make the Oriental Weatherfish a highly successful invasive species.
Effects of Small Dams on Sunfish Assemblages in North Carolina Piedmont and Coastal Plain Streams
Authors: Thoni Ryan , Holcomb Jordan , Nichols Robert , Gangloff Michael M.
Published: January 2014

Over the past century dams have played a major role in restructuring North American stream communities. Effects of large dams on fish assemblages are well studied; however, effects of small dams are relatively unstudied. Sunfishes (family Centrarchidae) include many meso‐ and apex predators that are key components of North American lotic and lentic ecosystems. Additionally, centrarchids are widely introduced into impoundments well beyond their native ranges. Here, we examine sunfish assemblages at 75 sites associated with small dams in the Neuse, Tar, and Roanoke drainages in North Carolina. We predicted that streams with intact dams would have more introduced centrarchids than streams with breached or relict dams in response to dam‐induced shifts in assemblage structure. Contrary to our predictions, streams with breached dams had significantly higher numbers of introduced centrarchids, but total and native centrarchid richness were not significantly different from streams with intact dams. Streams with relict dams had significantly lower total and native centrarchid richness; exotic centrarchids did not differ between streams with intact and relict dams. Abundance of the most frequently encountered native taxon (Redbreast Sunfish Lepomis auritus) did not differ across dam types, and the abundance of the most frequently encountered exotic taxon (Bluegill L. macrochirus) was only significantly different (lower) in streams with relict dams. These data suggest that low‐head–small dams have unanticipated and potentially long‐lasting effects on stream fish communities. Moreover, they suggest a need to (1) reevaluate current views of breached dams as benign structures, and (2) develop a more holistic approach to prioritizing dams for removal.
Westslope Cutthroat Trout Movements through Restored Habitat and Coanda Diversions in the Nevada Spring Creek Complex, Blackfoot Basin, Montana
Authors: Pierce Ron , Podner Craig , Wendt Tracy , Shields Ron , Carim Kellie
Published: January 2014

In the Blackfoot basin of western Montana, the recovery of migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi requires landscape conservation as well as restoration of spawning tributaries. Westslope Cutthroat Trout are now increasing in the Blackfoot River and several streams, including Nevada Spring Creek, where natural channel, flow, and temperature regimes have reestablished aquatic habitat and migration corridors. To examine whether restoration has improved corridors for migration, we tracked the movements of 14 adult Westslope Cutthroat Trout from wintering areas in lower Nevada Creek (downstream of Nevada Spring Creek) to spawning and summering areas. Ten fish moved through Nevada Spring Creek upstream a median distance of 7.7 km (range, 7.6–16.9) to spawning sites at the headwaters of Wasson Creek through stream reaches where channels were reconstructed, instream flows enhanced, and grazing practices improved. Eight of the 10 fish that entered Wasson Creek spawned in a concentrated area upstream of two experimental diversion–fish screen structures located in the main channel of Wasson Creek. Prespawning movements of the remaining four radio‐tagged fish were much farther than those of Wasson Creek spawners (median, 51.8 km; range, 44.9–63.1). These four fish moved downstream through Nevada Creek into the Blackfoot River and then ascended upper Blackfoot River before entering two separate spawning tributaries. This telemetry study indicates that restoration can improve migration corridors which, in turn, promote the recovery of migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout, and that spring‐influenced tributaries like Nevada Spring Creek provide important overwinter habitat for Westslope Cutthroat Trout that spawn and summer elsewhere in the basin.
Response of Estuarine Fish to Large‐Scale Oyster Reef Restoration
Authors: Pierson Katherine J. , Eggleston David B.
Published: January 2014

Restoration of oyster reefs is increasing worldwide due to oyster populations reaching historic lows and recognition of the many ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs, such as essential fish habitat. This study took advantage of an existing network of subtidal oyster reefs and a large‐scale oyster reef restoration effort in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, to (1) compare estuarine fish assemblages on oyster reefs with those on unstructured bottom, (2) identify the short‐term change in fish abundance and richness in response to reef creation, and (3) identify spatiotemporal trends in fish abundance and richness. We quantified transient and reef fish using gill nets and fish traps, respectively. Oyster reefs harbored more unique species than unstructured bottom, thereby enhancing the overall diversity of estuarine fish assemblages. Fish abundance on recently created experimental reefs (6–8 months postconstruction) was similar to that on control reefs that were 4–6 years old, suggesting rapid colonization of new reefs. Fish diversity at 1 of 2 sites actually decreased on control reefs after reef construction, suggesting that rapid colonization of new reefs was due, in part, to the movement of fish from old to new reefs. Information on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of estuarine fish in relation to restored oyster reefs will improve our understanding of oyster reefs as essential fish habitat.
Higher Levels of Spontaneous Breathing Induce Lung Recruitment and Reduce Global Stress/Strain in Experimental Lung Injury
Authors: Güldner Andreas , Braune Anja , Carvalho Nadja , Beda Alessandro , Zeidler Stefan , Wiedemann Bärbel , Wunderlich Gerd , Andreeff Michael , Uhlig Christopher , Spieth Peter M. , Koch Thea , Pelosi Paolo , Kotzerke Jörg , de Abreu Marcelo Gama
Published: January 2014

Background:

Spontaneous breathing (SB) in the early phase of the acute respiratory distress syndrome is controversial. Biphasic positive airway pressure/airway pressure release ventilation (BIPAP/APRV) is commonly used, but the level of SB necessary to maximize potential beneficial effects is unknown.

Methods:

Experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced by saline lung lavage in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs (n = 12). By using a Latin square and crossover design, animals were ventilated with BIPAP/APRV at four different levels of SB in total minute ventilation (60 min each): (1) 0% (BIPAP/APRV0%); (2) greater than 0 to 30% (BIPAP/APRV>0–30%); (3) greater than 30 to 60% (BIPAP/APRV>30–60%); and (4) greater than 60% (BIPAP/APRV>60%). Gas exchange, hemodynamics, and respiratory variables were measured. Lung aeration was assessed by high-resolution computed tomography. The distribution of perfusion was marked with 68Ga-labeled microspheres and evaluated by positron emission tomography.

Results:

The authors found that higher levels of SB during BIPAP/APRV (1) improved oxygenation; (2) decreased mean transpulmonary pressure (stress) despite increased inspiratory effort; (3) reduced nonaerated lung tissue, with minimal changes in the distribution of perfusion, resulting in decreased low aeration/perfusion zones; and (4) decreased global strain (mean ± SD) (BIPAP/APRV0%: 1.39 ± 0.08; BIPAP/APRV0–30%: 1.33 ± 0.03; BIPAP/APRV30–60%: 1.27 ± 0.06; BIPAP/APRV>60%: 1.25 ± 0.04, P < 0.05 all vs. BIPAP/APRV0%, and BIPAP/APRV>60%
vs. BIPAP/APRV0–30%).

Conclusions:

In a saline lung lavage model of experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome in pigs, levels of SB during BIPAP/APRV higher than currently recommended for clinical practice, that is, 10 to 30%, improve oxygenation by increasing aeration in dependent lung zones without relevant redistribution of perfusion. In presence of lung recruitment, higher levels of SB reduce global stress and strain despite an increase in inspiratory effort.
List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the followingeffectivelypublished new names and new combinations under the procedure described in theBacteriological Code(1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should sendthree copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper to the IJSEM Editorial Officefor confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met.It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.
Analysis of community- and hospital-acquired bacteraemia during a recent 5-year period
Authors: Moon Hee-Won , Ko Young Jin , Park Seungman , Hur Mina , Yun Yeo-Min
Published: January 2014

There are sparse data concerning sex- and age-specific characteristics of community-acquired bacteraemia (CAB) and hospital-acquired bacteraemia (HAB). Between January 2008 and December 2012, we identified 2956 bacteraemia cases, which we classified as CAB, HAB or healthcare-associated bacteraemia (HCAB). Almost half of the pathogens wereEscherichia coliin CAB patients. By contrast,Staphylococcus aureuswas most frequent (16.2 %) in HAB patients. HCAB showed mixed features of CAB and HAB. In CAB,E. coliwas significantly more abundant in females than in males (56.9  vs 24.3 %, respectively). This trend was most striking in young adults (20–39 years) (77.2 % in females vs 11.4 % in males). HAB cases showed greater heterogeneity in their associated pathogens. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive rates ofE. coliandKlebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, were 31.3 and 33.8 % in HAB and 8.8 and 8.4 % in CAB. The non-susceptibility rates ofS. aureusto oxacillin were 37.4 % in CAB and 73.0 % in HAB. In conclusion, CAB and HAB showed different distributions of micro-organisms, and these distributions also differed with patient age and sex. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility needs to be monitored separately.
Two novel trimethylsulfonium salts with polymeric {[SbCl4]−}nor {[CdCl3]−}nanions
Authors: Liu Ming-Liang , Kong Li-Hui
Published: January 2014

The title organic–inorganic hybrid salts poly[trimethylsulfonium [[dichloridoantimony(III)]-di-μ-chlorido]], {(C3H9S)[SbCl4]}n, (I), andcatena-poly[trimethylsulfonium [cadmium(II)-tri-μ-chlorido]], {(C3H9S)[CdCl3]}n, (II), consist of trimethylsulfonium cations and polymeric {[SbCl4]−}nor {[CdCl3]−}nanions. The central metal atoms are coordinated by six Cl atoms, forming an anionic {[SbCl4]−}nthree-dimensional framework (two of the four bridging chloride anions are located on two different centres of inversion) or anionic {[CdCl3]−}none-dimensional chains. The trimethylsulfonium cation of (II) is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.791 (4):0.209 (4) ratio. All the anions are linked by trimethylsulfonium cations through weak C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds to form three-dimensional structures.
Photochemical dimerization of a fluorinated dibenzylideneacetone in chloroform solution
Authors: Schwarzer Anke , Weber Edwin
Published: January 2014

(1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one, C17H10F4O, (I), dimerizes under sunlight in chloroform solution to form the corresponding cyclobutane derivative, (2E,2′E)-1,1′-[2,4-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)cyclobutane-1,3-diyl]bis[3-(2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one], C34H20F8O2, (II). The crystal structure of (I) explains why no topochemical dimerization can occur in the solid state. In the solid, molecules of dimer (II) show the `truxillic acid'-type arrangement of crystallographic centres of inversion, with half a molecule per asymmetric unit and cell dimensions closely related to those of the monomer. Intermolecular interactions in both solids are dominated by C—H...O and C—H...F contacts and also comprise interactions with aromatic systems (C—H...π and π–π).
Founder mutation for Huntington disease in Caucasus Jews
Authors: Melamed O. , Behar D. M. , Bram C. , Magal N. , Pras E. , Reznik‐Wolf H. , Borochowitz Z. U. , Davidov B. , Mor‐Cohen R. , Baris H. N.
Published: January 2014

Huntington disease (HD), an autosomal dominant disorder involving HTT, is characterized by chorea, psychiatric illness and cognitive decline. Diagnosis and age of onset depend on the degree of expansion of the trinucleotide CAG repeat within the gene. The prevalence of HD is known for Europeans but has not been studied in the Israeli population. Between 2006 and 2011 we diagnosed in our adult genetics clinic ten HD probands, nine of whom were Caucasus Jews (CJ) (Azerbaijani), and one Ashkenazi Jewish. We performed haplotype analysis to look for evidence of a founder mutation, and found that of the nine CJ, eight shared the same haplotype that was compatible with the A1 haplogroup. We calculated the coalescence age of the mutation to be between 80 and 150 years. Ninety percent of our HD patients are CJ, as are 27% of the HD patients in Israel, although the CJ comprise only 1.4% of the Israeli population. Our findings suggest a higher prevalence of HD among CJ compared to the general Israeli population and are consistent with a recent founder mutation. We recommend a higher degree of suspicion for HD in CJ with subtle clinical findings.
Steroid users and the unique challenge they pose to needle and syringe program workers
Authors: Dunn Matthew , McKay Fiona H. , Iversen Jenny
Published: January 2014

Introduction and Aims

Needle and syringe programs (NSP), which provide sterile injecting equipment, are a cornerstone of Australia's drug harm reduction strategy and assist in reducing the spread of blood‐borne virus infections, such as HIV and hepatitis C, among people who inject drugs. Some reports suggest that steroid users are an increasing proportion of clientele at NSPs. In this research, we investigate the experience of NSP workers who come into contact with people who use steroids and other performance‐ and image‐enhancing drugs (PIED).

Design and Method

Thirteen NSP workers were recruited using purposive sampling strategies. Participants were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview guide. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded for themes.

Results

There are three key findings of this study. Firstly, NSP workers do not feel well informed about the substances that PIED users are injecting. Secondly, they were unsure what equipment PIED users required. Thirdly, PIED users were perceived to differ from other client groups, and these differences impacted upon the level of rapport staff could build with this group.

Discussion and Conclusion

PIED users pose unique challenges for NSP workers compared with other NSP client groups. The PIEDs used and the way in which they are used are substantially different compared with other NSP clients, and there appears to be a lack of knowledge within the workforce about these substances. This study highlights the need to engage in workforce training, but also the need to more effectively engage with PIED users in relation to effective harm reduction strategies. [Dunn M, McKay FH, Iversen J. Steroid users and the unique challenge they pose to needle and syringe program workers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:71–77]
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is rare cause for thrombosis of the intra‐abdominal veins in the ethnic Indian population – results fromFLAER‐based flowcytometry screening
Authors: Ahluwalia Jasmina , Naseem Shano , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Bose Parveen , Bose Sunil Kumar , Kumar Narender , Thapa Babu Ram , Varma Neelam , Chawla Yogesh Kumar
Published: January 2014

Background

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) may present as cytopenia, hemolysis, or thrombosis at unusual sites including splanchnic vessels. Thrombosis of the portal veins and hepatic veins are associated with thrombophilic risk factors: deficiencies of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin, positivity for antiphospholipid antibodies, and factor V Leiden mutation. There is limited information regardingPNHpresenting primarily as a thrombotic event. We prospectively screened 142 consecutive patients with intrabdominal thrombosis and 106 controls with fluorescently labeled inactive toxin aerolysin (FLAER)‐based flowcytometry to assess the frequency ofPNHas a thrombophilic risk factor in patients with intra‐abdominal thrombosis.

Methods

Granulocytes of patients and controls were screened withCD24 andFLAERand monocytes withCD14 andFLAER. Dual negativity of >1% events in both lineages was interpreted as a positivePNHclone. Screening for thrombophilia risk factors was carried out.

Results

Two (1.4%) cases had largePNHclones.RBCalso demonstrated thePNHdefect. Thrombophilia risk factors were as follows: deficiency of protein S, protein C, and antithrombin in 13.4%, 4.9%, and 2.1%, respectively, and positivity for anti‐beta‐2 glycoprotein 1, anticardiolipin antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant in 9.2%, 1.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. Factor V Leiden mutation was seen in 1.4% patients.

Conclusion

PNHwas uncommon in patients with intra‐abdominal thrombosis in the ethnic Indian population. Despite low positivity, screening by flowcytometry forPNHis of value in this group of patients because it provides an opportunity to rapidly establish the diagnosis of this treatable disorder, which might otherwise be missed if the initial presentation is only thrombotic.
Aggregation kinetics of natural soil nanoparticles in different electrolytes
Authors: Zhu X. , Chen H. , Li W. , He Y. , Brookes P. C. , Xu J.
Published: January 2014

In the space of just a few years, nanotechnology has become a topical subject not only in academia, but also in the daily lives of people. In order to investigate the properties of natural nanoparticles (NNPs) and to obtain a better understanding of their environmental behaviour and impacts from a new perspective, transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potential analysis and time‐resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were used to examine the main properties and aggregation kinetics of NNPs extracted from Chinese soils added to various concentrations of the electrolytes NaCl, CaCl2 and LaCl3. The NNPs that were less than 100 nm remained stable for 100 days. The classic Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) model partially revealed the aggregation behaviour of NNPs, in which ionic strength, composition and size may play important roles. The influence of hematite and natural organic matter (NOM) was demonstrated by aggregation kinetics and critical coagulation concentrations (CCC). The size of NNPs could also change the maximum total potential energy of interactions in the systems (VT(h)). These factors make the aggregation of NNPs in electrolytes different from that of soil colloids and influence the environmental behaviour of NNPs.
Why households buy bottled water: a survey of household perceptions in the Philippines
Authors: Francisco Jamil Paolo S.
Published: January 2014

This study investigates the determinants of household buying decisions to purchase bottled water or purified water from refilling stations among households in Metro Cebu, Philippines. A survey of 360 households was conducted to obtain data on household sources of drinking water, household bottled water buying behaviour and perceptions of water quality. A binary probit model was used to examine the effects of socio‐economic and perception‐based variables on the likelihood that a household regularly bought bottled or purified water. Results show that households that perceived their primary source of water, whether from the tap or from other sources, to be unsafe were more likely to buy bottled or purified water. Education of household heads, the presence of children ages 0–5 years, household size and price were also found to have significant effects. Income, however, was not found to have influenced the decision to buy. Having piped access to the local water district and knowledge of government assurances about water safety were also not found to have a significant impact.
CenteringParenting: An Innovative Dyad Model for Group Mother‐Infant Care
Authors: Bloomfield Joanna , Rising Sharon Schindler
Published: January 2014

CenteringParenting is a group model that brings a cohort of 6 to 7 mothers and infants together for care during the first year of life. During 9 group sessions the clinician provides well‐baby care and also attends to the health, development, and safety issues of the mother. Ideally, CenteringParenting provides continuity of care for a cohort of women who have received care in CenteringPregnancy, group prenatal care that is 10 sessions throughout the entire pregnancy and that leads to community building, better health outcomes, and increased satisfaction with prenatal care. The postpartum year affects the entire family, but especially the mother, who is redefining herself and her own personal goals. Issues of weight/body image, breastfeeding, depression, contraception, and relationship issues all may surface. In traditional care, health resources for support and intervention are frequently lacking or unavailable. Women's health clinicians also note the loss of contact with women they have followed during the prenatal period, often not seeing a woman again until she returns for another pregnancy. CenteringParenting recognizes that the health of the mother is tied to the health of the infant and that assessment and interventions are more appropriate and efficient when done in a dyad context. Facilitative leadership, rather than didactic education, encourages women to fully engage in their care, to raise issues of importance to them, and to discuss concerns within an atmosphere that allows for the surfacing of culturally appropriate values and beliefs. Implementing the model calls for system changes that are often significant. It also requires the building of a substantial team relationship among care providers. This overview describes the CenteringParenting mother‐infant dyad care model with special focus on the mother and reviews the perspectives and experiences of staff from several practice sites.
Effect of Simulated Soil Solarization and Organic Amendments on Fusarium Wilt of Rocket and Basil Under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Gilardi Giovanna , Demarchi Stefano , Gullino Maria Lodovica , Garibaldi Angelo
Published: January 2014

Pot trials were carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the effectiveness against Fusarium wilt of rocket (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans) and basil (F. oxysporum f.sp. basilici) of soil amendments based on a patented formulation of Brassica carinata defatted seed meal and compost, combined or not with a simulation of soil solarization. The soil solarization treatment was carried out in a growth chamber by heating the soil for 7 and 14 days at optimal (55–52°C for 6 h, 50–48°C for 8 h and 47–45°C for 10 h/day) and sub‐optimal (50–48°C for 6 h, 45–43°C for 8 h and 40–38°C for 10 h/day) temperatures similar to those observed in summer in solarized soil in greenhouses in Northern Italy. Two subsequent cycles of plant cultivation were carried out in the same soil. Even at sub‐optimal temperature regimes, 7 days of thermal treatment provided very valuable results in terms of disease control on both rocket and basil. In general, the thermal treatment was more effective against F. oxysporum f.sp. basilici than against F. oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans. Control of Fusarium wilt of rocket is improved with 14 days of thermal treatment. The combination of organic amendments with a short period of soil solarization (7 or 14 days), although not providing any improvement to the level of disease management, did significantly increase biomass and positively affected yield.