bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art Theft in New York City
Authors: Ho Truc-Nhu
Published: May 2005

This exploratory study was conducted to examine the extent of art theft in New York City. The study includes secondary analyses of 229 police complaint reports and twelve completed investigative cases of the NYPD's Art and Antique Investigation Unit collected during the period from January 1985 to December 1988, and personal interviews with a randomly selected sample of forty-five art dealers in New York City. Results from the analysis of police data and the survey were compared, leading to the conclusion that contrary to popular belief, the majority of art theft losses are not substantial and that official records greatly underestimate the extent of this crime.
Recent Suicide Rates among Ten Ojibwa Indian Bands in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Spaulding John M.
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to investigate the rate of completed suicides for ten Ojibwa Indian bands in Northwestern Ontario for the years 1975 to 1982. Records from Medical Services, Health and Welfare Canada [1], were reviewed for suicide data and individual interviews were conducted with nine native health workers to corroborate these data. Results indicated an overall rate of 61.7 suicides per 100,000 population. Suicide victims tended to be young males who used firearms as a method. Alcohol or drug use was directly involved in over half of the suicides.
Improving Vaccination Completion Rates in Liberia: Evaluation of an Intervention Trial
Authors: Jallah-Macauley Rose , Bender Deborah E.
Published: May 2005

Reported are findings from an evaluation of a community-based strategy employing local chiefs and traditional midwives as extenders of the Ministry vaccination team for the purpose of increasing vaccination completion in Liberia, West Africa. The intervention strategy—a training workshop and two subsequent supervisory visits—was selected from among those generated in Stage 1 of a three-stage operational research design. Evaluation of the intervention was carried out after an eight-month follow-up period. Visits to intervention and control villages, for the purpose of interviewing chiefs, traditional midwives (TMs) nand mothers of children under one year of age, were the means by which data were gathered. Both process and outcome indicators were identified as means of assessing the effectiveness of the strategy. Vaccination rosters and holding of a town meeting were used as evidence of the former. A vaccination coverage survey using a cluster sample methodology was used to evaluate differences in vaccination coverage. Results showed that knowledge about vaccination, treatment of side effects and the importance of the RTH Card was greater among chiefs/TMs and mothers in the intervention districts than in control districts. Coverage rates for fully immunized children were greater in the intervention districts (56% intervention vs. 45% control). When stratified by type of leadership, coverage rates were higher in intervention districts where TMs rather than chiefs served as vaccination team extenders, although chiefs were more effective than controls. As a result of this study, the Ministry of Health has decided to extend this activity into other counties and to add additional information on other PHC messages.
Explorations in Virtual Reality: Absorption, Cognition and Altered State of Consciousness
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph , Avnon Michal
Published: May 2005

In this exploratory study, we investigated whether Virtual Reality (VR) has the potential to be a research tool for studying consciousness and cognition. We took into consideration both individual differences in absorption (leading to varying degrees of interaction and experience in VR), and the specific cognitive set with which the participant enters the VR (instructions emphasizing either introspective sensitization or metaphoric-symbolic cognition). High absorption was found to predispose subjects to experience an altered state of consciousness. Furthermore, this susceptibility was moderated by the cognitive set employed. Unfortunately, the particular VR game was rather violent, and tended to make our subjects “turn off” the focus on their own subjective experience. We speculate regarding future developments in this domain.
Teaching Medical Students How to Talk with Patients about Cardiovascular Risk Factor Modification
Authors: Henderson J. Gibson , Merkel William T. , Cohen Jerome D.
Published: May 2005

Although medical students are increasingly taught about the nature and importance of cardiovascular risk factors, they are less often taught how to talk about them with patients and how to encourage patients to modify certain behaviors (e.g., smoking), which are associated with high risk for cardiovascular disease. The authors describe a short educational module designed to help third year psychiatry clerks learn some practical, patient-oriented aspects of preventive cardiology. From a small group discussion that encourages active participation, students learn to assess and explore environmental factors, skill deficits, cognitive distortions and emotions that may prevent patients from changing high-risk behavior. Strategies for change are then suggested, discussed and assessed for effectiveness in sample situations. This type of module is readily adoptable into most medical school psychiatry curricula and, if widely used, could promote the necessary skills to effectively change high-risk behaviors and lead to a further reduction in cardiovascular disease.
Personal Reflections on Terminal Illness after Twenty Years of Teaching a Death and Dying Course
Authors: Thomas L. Eugene , Thomas Susanna M.
Published: May 2005

The late L. Eugene Thomas applies his personal experience of facing a terminal illness to the teaching of courses in Death and Dying. He realized that the content of the courses as he taught them had emphasized the human search for meaning in Death. The other part of the course covered the anticipation of severing relationships and the meaning of the loss to those left behind. He found that the first part was easy; the second part was the more difficult for him. The surge of creativity that often accompanies the acknowledgment of limited time to live brought with it an urgent need to make relationships right, and to ease the loneliness of dying. The author urges the continuation of introducing students to the philosophical concepts that lead to an authentic life, particularly the honest awareness of death in life and the search for ultimate meaning. He would emphasize also the importance of leaving relationships as part of the process of dying, and its role in creativity.
Earliest Memories: Sex Differences and the Meaning of Experience
Authors: Schwartz Adria E.
Published: May 2005

Sex-related differences in earliest memories are examined using the method of phenomenological inquiry. Six categories which describe thematic content were generated. These are earliest memories involving: positive interpersonal interaction, physical illness or injury, frustration, fear and anxiety, mastery and performance, and sibling rivalry. Significant sex differences were found although the effects differed between graduate student and undergraduate respondents. In general, males reported more earliest memories involving positive interpersonal interactions as well as experiences of mastery. Females reported more memories involving fear and anxiety, frustration, and sibling rivalry. Data are discussed in terms of gender stereotypes and their effect on selection of various aspects of the psychic repertoire.
Rhetoric and Sociobiology
Authors: Journet Debra
Published: May 2005

Although science and scientific communication have traditionally been considered objective and non-rhetorical, current thinking suggests that science is, to some degree, dependent on perception and belief, and that scientific communication reflects the values of its author. Sociobiology, a subset of evolutionary theory, considers the degree to which animal behavior is genetically determined. The question of the applicability of sociobiology to human behavior was brought to public attention by E. O. Wilson in Sociobiology [1], initiating a prolonged argument between Wilson and other scientists. This series of exchanges demonstrates a good deal of subjectivity on the part of the writers, and provides one example of a scientific debate that relies on traditional rhetorical techniques of persuasion.
The Clinical Applications of Mini-Mental State Examination in Geropsychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Yang Cheng-Hung , Hwang Jen-Ping , Tsai Shih-Jen , Liu Chin-Ming
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study investigated the association between Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and diagnosis, computerized tomographic scans or electroencephalogram findings in geropsychiatric inpatients (age 65).

Method:

We analyzed the MMSE records of patients sixty-five and older who had been hospitalized in our psychiatric ward during a nine-year period. Case data were collected by review of chart records.

Results:

In these patients, MMSE scores were significantly different among the seven diagnostic groups included. Demented patients had the lowest MMSE scores. Patients who had abnormal findings on computerized tomographic scans or electroencephalogram had lower MMSE than patients with normal findings.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the MMSE is a useful screening instrument for organicity in the geropsychiatric inpatients. However, because of the lower average MMSE score in geropsychiatric inpatients, the optimal cut-off point of MMSE for dementia should be lower than those used in other populations.
Grief as a Disease Process
Authors: Fredrick Jerome F.
Published: May 2005

Many years ago, Engel pointed out that grief fulfills all the requirements of a disease process. Despite the current interest in grief, most studies have concentrated on the psychological results of grief and the dysfunction associated with it; the physiological consequences have been largely ignored. The persistent reports of infection and neoplasia following shortly after a grief experience, makes it mandatory that the relationship between grief as a stress mechanism and its consequences via the pituitary-adrenal axis on the depression of the immune response, be explored on a physiological level.
Can Adolescents Be Motivated to Learn about Birth Control?
Authors: De Pietro Rocco
Published: May 2005

A field experiment designed to test a social comparison model for delivery information on human sexuality and birth control to adolescents is discussed. The model addresses the difficult issue of motivation for communication and learning in peer groups. The results of the field experiment have some important implications for the design of informational and educational programs in schools and community settings.
The Interactive Effect of Health Status on Work Patterns among Urban Puerto Rican Women
Authors: Zambrana Ruth E. , Hurst Marsha
Published: May 2005

This paper aims to integrate two existing bodies of literature on the sociology of work and health. Using data from a study conducted in New York City in 1980 of 40 Puerto Rican women, a conceptual model is proposed for additional research in the area. The findings are discussed within the context of the larger structural and socioeconomic status of this particular racial/ethnic group. The findings clearly indicate that health status is related to work patterns and economic as well as social resources. Of the respondents who reported a major health event in their lives, 80 percent had a discontinuous work history. Children's health was also a major determinant of work status. The results of this study clearly reveal the need for research that will take into account the interplay between economic conditions, structural work factors, and the process by which women evaluate their roles and fulfill their function as economic and health caretakers of the family.
Situating Learning in Technology: The Case of Computer-Mediated Reading Supports
Authors: Aweiss Salem
Published: May 2005

The present study investigated a theoretical connection between computer technology and reading comprehension. Current models of reading emphasize the interactive nature of reading and constructive nature of comprehension. It is hypothesized that situating learning in technology creates favorable environments for beginning foreign language readers that permit them to explore the opportunities available for skilled readers and helps them overcome various text-based and knowledge-based comprehension problems. The findings indicate that of the three computer-mediated reading supports chosen for the study, the glossary support was the primary contributors to comprehension enhancement. Recommendations for future research are given as well as theoretical and pedagogical implications for second language instruction.
Dermatologic Manifestations of Lithium: A Review
Authors: Bakris George L. , Smith Donald W. , Tiwari Subash
Published: May 2005

This paper summarizes the major dermatologic and immunologic complications associated with lithium carbonate ingestion. This drug has demonstrated proven efficacy in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. This fact, the authors believe, outweighs its dermatologic complications, and only exacerbation of psoriasis warrants termination of therapy.
Phenomenology, Metaphor, and Computer Documentation: A Move toward a More Self Conscious Approach in Technical Writing
Authors: Rubens Brenda
Published: May 2005

Traditionally, technical writing has been characterized by impersonal, mechanical, objective prose. However, this attempt to deanthropomorphize reality must ultimately fail because science cannot escape metaphorical language. There is a move in technical writing today toward a personalized, sometimes called “friendly,” writing style which is strikingly evident in many computer textbooks and instructional manuals.
Closing the Performance Gap: CAI and Secondary Education for the Mildly Handicapped
Authors: Woodward John , Carnine Douglas , Collins Maria
Published: May 2005

Secondary mildly handicapped students are frequently expected to pass a set of academic competencies in order to graduate from high school along with their non-handicapped peers. Typically, resource room instruction for these mildly handicapped students involves considerable practice on elementary facts and concepts and relatively little time devoted to more complex information and problem-solving activities. Well designed computer assisted instruction can not only teach the latter, but it can lead students to perform at skill levels commensurate with their non-handicapped peers. This article describes three studies involving the use of CAI with secondary mildly handicapped students. Experimental comparisons were conducted between mildly handicapped groups and quasi-experimental comparisons were made between the experimental group in each study and non-handicapped peers. The studies consistently indicate that well designed CAI can have a significant effect on learning.
The Influence of Depressed and Elated Mood on Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Authors: Palfai Tibor P. , Salovey Peter
Published: May 2005

Depressed and elated mood states may produce distinct information processing styles that can affect performance on deductive and inductive reasoning tasks differentially. Seventy-two undergraduates were asked to view a set of two film clips designed to induce either elated, neutral or depressed moods. One clip preceded each of two reasoning tasks, a deduction task and an induction task. We predicted that subjects in a depressed mood would exhibit impoverished performance relative to the other two conditions on the inductive reasoning problems but enhanced performance on those that involved deductive reasoning. Conversely, we expected subjects in an elated mood to perform worse than those in depressed and neutral moods on the deductive reasoning task, but better on the inductive reasoning task. Response times provided partial support for these hypotheses. Subjects in the elated mood condition performed significantly slower than those in both the neutral and depressed conditions on deductive reasoning problems, whereas subjects in the depressed mood condition performed significantly slower than those in the neutral condition on inductive reasoning problems. Implications for understanding mood-influenced cognitive styles are discussed.
What Are Students being Taught about the Ethics of Technical Communication?: An Analysis of the Ethical Discussions Presented in Four Textbooks
Authors: Hartung Kris K.
Published: May 2005

This article analyzes the ethical perspectives of four technical communication textbooks. It argues that the authors do not engage in ethical inquiry as it is defined traditionally. Instead, they engage in the ethics-related activities known as moral casuistry, which deduces moral judgements, and moralism, which prescribes moral principles. The authors deduce and prescribe, but they do not justify or critically examine the underlying principles of morality. The analysis also suggests that at least two of the textbooks introduce ideas that are either inconsistent with traditional ethical theories or are subject to the objections that philosophers have raised against them in previous ethical inquiries. Finally, the article recommends that authors avoid approaches that are either strictly rhetorical or provide no ethical guidelines for students. They should avoid resorting to cursory accounts of traditional ethical theories because briefly mentioning philosophers' ethical approaches has very little practical value. They should also treat moral principles, not as objective and self-evident statements of fact, but as evaluative assumptions whose truth-values and meaning are both tentative and lacking universal agreement.
Modifiable Letterforms for Teaching Reading: The Graphophonic Alphabet
Authors: Sanocki Thomas , Rose Virginia
Published: May 2005

Modifying the alphabet for beginning readers is discussed. Despite problems with previous, radical modifications, recent advances in psychology, education, and computer technology support new types of modifications that emphasize properties of the alphabet known to be important in the development of reading skills. An example of a modified alphabet is described. It makes use of computer desk-top publishing technology to ease the “transition period” from the modified alphabet to the traditional alphabet, and to individualize the alphabet for individual classrooms or students.
Late Prehistoric Interaction Spheres in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Sutton Mark Q.
Published: May 2005

The delineation of ethnic units using archaeological data is always difficult. Material culture, settlement, and trade data are used to define three interaction spheres in the Mojave Desert. These units are not directly equated to ethnic groups but their boundaries roughly follow those of the ethnographic groups claiming the region. The results suggest that there may be definable archaeological differences between linguistic groups in the Mojave Desert and that such groups can be traced in antiquity.
The British National Health Service: Professional Determinants of Administrative Structure
Authors: Gill D. G.
Published: May 2005

It is contended that divisions within the medical profession and conflict between the various branches of the profession and the government have had a stronger influence on modifying the pattern of medical care in Great Britain today than the adoption and extension of the principle of social insurance. A fully integrated and free system of medical care was envisaged but the strength and power of two branches of the profession forced the government to accept certain modifications. Primary and secondary medical care and public health activities were all organized separately at the operational level, giving rise to a “tripartite” structure, and a limited amount of private practice persists.
The Role Dilemma of Safety Representatives in the UK Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Spaven Malcolm , Wright Chris
Published: May 2005

The tension is noted between trade union activism and involvement in employee participation schemes. It is shown why, in the United Kingdom's offshore oil and gas industry, a participation scheme—the safety representative system—may be expected to promote union activism in an industry which has resisted union encroachment. It is explained why and how safety representatives have, nevertheless, tended to deny unions a role in the system by reference to the conditions in which representatives acquire their definition of their function. This leads to a categorization of safety representative motivation and role performance and a clarification of how those definitions which associate the representative with management functions rather than union activism receive institutional support.
Health Care in the Spanish Social Security System: Public-Private Relationships
Authors: Kelley Joseph B.
Published: May 2005

The Spanish socialist regime is faced with the decision of whether to operate its own health facilities or to pay private entrepreneurs for this function. This paper analyzes four policy areas of the Spanish social security system: contracting arrangements, primary care, pharmaceuticals, and methods of financing. The implications of the public-private question in Spain for the United States are discussed.
Back to Europe: Back to Bismarck?
Authors: Deppe Hans-Ulrich , Oreskovic Stjepan
Published: May 2005

Since 1989 there have been enormous changes in all aspects of health policy, and the Former Socialist Economies (FSEs) are facing similar challenges. The general restructuring of politics and economies has resulted in two leading orientations in the transformation of health care systems: the separation of funding and service provision from the state, and the separation of funding and service provision from each other. Many FSEs have already passed legislation establishing a sickness insurance system under a single national funding institution, or a combination of compulsory and voluntary insurance, or a system involving private sector insurance companies in generating compulsory or voluntary health care funding. Due to the peculiarities and specific features of the German health care system, the uncritical intention to implement the “Bismarck model” in the FSEs faces several problems. These can be summarized in one main point: the relative stability of the German health care system, which may be attractive to the FSEs, is based on economic prosperity and on a strong ability to assert the will of the central state institutions; these preconditions are not present in the FSEs.
Projected Image and Observed Behavior of Physicians in Terminal Cancer Care
Authors: Family Gilla
Published: May 2005

This article reports on an abandoned study, yet the data consist of authentic observations. The analysis unfortunately remains conjecture. In an effort to study the potential benefits of psychotherapy to terminal cancer patients, a preliminary feasibility study was carried out which portrayed the physicians' attitudes toward their dying patients as reformed and progressive. In addition they expressed enthusiasm for participating in such a study. However the keen interest originally shown by the physicians did not translate into a tangible research effort in spite of an active pursuit by the investigator over a period of more than three years. The inevitable issue became the analysis of the underlying dynamics of the discrepancy between asserted intent and actual behavior. The issue is approached from a psychological perspective, examining repercussions of working conditions, defense mechanisms, social pressures, and status hybris. No conclusions are offered other than caveats for possible successors.
Diagnostic Errors in Emergency Room Medicine: Physical Illness in Patients Labeled “Psychiatric” and Vice Versa
Authors: Leeman Cavin P.
Published: May 2005

Patients coming to general hospital emergency rooms often present mixed physical and psychological problems. An unfortunate tendency of physicians caring for these patients to “label” them as either “organic” or “psychiatric,” based on initial impressions, may lead to inadequate diagnosis and improper treatment. Four case examples are discussed, in which diagnostic errors resulted either from ignoring psychological and social factors, or by focusing on emotional factors to the exclusion of organic disease. The provision of quality medical care in a hospital emergency room requires that attention be directed coordinately to both physical and emotional factors in each patient's illness.
The Relationship between Sex Role Identity and a Widow's Adjustment to the Loss of a Spouse
Authors: Solie Linda J. , Fielder Lois J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a widow's sex role identity and adjustment to the loss of a spouse. Two hypotheses were set forth: 1) Androgynous widows experience a more positive adjustment than feminine, masculine, or undifferentiated widows, and 2) Undifferentiated widows experience the most difficult adjustment of the four sex role groups. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was used to categorize widows ( N=45) into sex role groups, and the Health Adjustment, Social Adjustment, and Emotional Adjustment scales of the Bell Adjustment Inventory and the Carey Adjustment/Depression Scale for Widows were used to measure adjustment levels. Significant between group differences were found on the Health and Social Adjustment scales ( p<.05), with all sex role group means generally falling in the direction hypothesized. Results of this study suggest a relationship between behavioral flexibility as reflected in sex role identity and loss adjustment.
Locus of Control and Death Anxiety: A Reexamination
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Davis Stephen F. , Loftus-Vergari M. Cynthia
Published: May 2005

The relationship between locus of control and death anxiety was reexamined in an attempt to reconcile inconsistencies in the literature. The Reid-Ware Three Factor Locus of Control Scale and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale were administered to 164 males and 211 female college students who ranged from seventeen to forty-nine years of age. Separate regression analyses indicated that death anxiety loaded significantly on the Fatalism dimension for males and on the Social System Control dimension for females. The Self-Control dimension was significantly related to death anxiety for both genders, and accounted for more of the explained death anxiety variance than either of the other locus of control factors.
Technical Writing, Stylistics, and TG Grammar
Authors: Ramsey Richard David
Published: May 2005

Modern technical writing often suffers from its tendency toward jargon. Technical writing courses should include units on grammar as it relates to stylistics in technical writing. Transformational-generative grammar offers an effective and useful approach to train technical writers to communicate more effectively and to avoid the problems inherent in an impersonal style. One way of organizing a discussion of transformational-generative grammar is to consider its application to sentences and clauses, phrases, and individual words.
Consultation between Child Psychiatry and Otolaryngology: A Case of Esophageal Stenosis
Authors: Barcai Avner , Dreman S. B. , Gilad Oded
Published: May 2005

In contrast to traditional “interdisciplinary” methods of consultation where independent assessment and treatment are carried out by different treating agencies, the “ecological” approach involves continuing cooperation between all systems affecting the maintenance of the symptom in the patient-biological, psychological, individual, familial, social and community. The present case demonstrates how such an ecological approach resulted in the effective removal of symptoms in a 9-year-old child with intermittent esophageal stenosis. While there had been earlier consultations in the “interdisciplinary” sense by both the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat and the Department of Child Psychiatry, it was only when the family and all disciplines working with them were brought together on the same physical premises face to face that directives became fused and united. This enabled the family to mobilize its resources and effectively deal with its problems, resulting in the alleviation of the manifest symptoms.
Death Threat, Concern, Anxiety, Fear and Acceptance in Death-Involved and ‘At-Risk’ Groups
Authors: Warren William G.
Published: May 2005

The Death Threat Index and four scales focussed on death concern, anxiety, fear and acceptance were applied to three groups: a death-involved group comprised of funeral directors, mortuary attendants and nurses; an ‘at-risk’ group comprised of parachutists and hang-gliders; and a control group whose contact with death was no more than a past and not recent bereavement. Consideration of the data focussed on the performance of the Index and the four scales in the Australian context, and on the effects of ‘proximity’ to death and dying on scores of the five measures. The Index was found to be problematic, though three of the four scales proved to have satisfactory reliability and validity. There were no significant differences on any measure across the three groups (though trends were in three cases as predicted), and only minor variations on the measures for ad hoc groups defined in terms of choices of options for questions concerning religious belief and belief in an afterlife; while self-report of death orientation was appropriately related to each measure.
On Mussels: Mytilus Californianus as a Prehistoric Resource
Authors: Jones Terry L. , Richman Jennifer R.
Published: May 2005

The resource utility of Mytilus californianus, one of the most abundant bivalves found in the archaeological record of the west coast of North America and the most common among living intertidal populations has been characterized in variable terms. Experimental evaluation of alternative mussel collection techniques and review of mussel biology reveals that under ideal circumstances this mollusk produces caloric returns comparable to other commodities exploited by range-restricted foragers. Mussels are high in protein, low in carbohydrates, and could contribute to complete diets among highly mobile foragers. Mussels could not be overexploited to extinction, but resource value declines with frequent exploitation, rendering them of less dietary significance in intensified economies.
Factors Related to Attitudes Toward Death among American and Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Lin Amy Hui-Mei Huang
Published: May 2005

This study examines the relationship between five dimensions of attitude toward death (fear of death, death avoidance, neutral acceptance of death, approach acceptance of death, and escape acceptance of death) and three selected personal factors (spirituality, emotional support, and religiosity) among American and Chinese older adults. A total of 178 older adults consisting of 91 Americans living in Columbus, Ohio, and surrounding suburban areas, and 87 Chinese living in Taipei, Taiwan, participated in this study. Among Americans, the results reveal that spirituality influences both fear and avoidance of death attitudes, and that spirituality and religiosity contribute to both approach acceptance and escape acceptance of death attitudes. Among Chinese, spirituality influences fear of death attitudes and religiosity influences approach acceptance of death attitudes. For both American and Chinese subjects, neutral acceptance death attitude is not influenced by any selected personal factors and emotional support fails to demonstrate a significant relationship with any death attitude. American and Chinese older adults derive their spirituality in different ways, and their respective religious faiths contribute differently to their attitudes toward death. However, this study clearly indicates that, despite cultural differences, both populations demonstrate that spirituality factor influences the negative dimensions of death attitudes (fear of death and avoidance of death) and the religiosity factor influences the positive dimension of death attitude (acceptance of death).
Surface and Subsurface Patterns of Archaeological Materials at Fort Fillmore, New Mexico
Authors: Staski Edward
Published: May 2005

Since 1986 New Mexico State University has been conducting archaeology at the site of Fort Fillmore, a Civil War period outpost in southern New Mexico. Part of this project has been a systematic surface survey and collection to locate subsurface deposits on a large and threatened site. Results suggest that a number of natural and human impacts to the site have contributed to complex surface-subsurface relationships. These impacts can nevertheless be recognized and understood. Numerous subsurface features and deposits were located by reference to the surface data, and today the site of Fort Fillmore is protected better.
Philosophical Origins of the Concept Technical Writing
Authors: Strobos Semon
Published: May 2005

This article collects several examples of technical and creative writing in order to examine whether the differences which have been assumed to exist between the two genres do in fact exist. The formulation of such a dichotomy is traced from I. A. Richards' definition of “poetic vs scientific” writing through C. P. Snow's Two Cultures to Coleridge's Biographia Literaria (Richards' acknowledged source). Coleridge in turn has been shown to be heavily influenced by, in fact to have plagiarized, the work of German idealists, particularly the Schlegels. The German idealists, finally, were working with dichotomies which originate in Cartesian dualism and thus ultimately in the mind/body dichotomy with whose invention Nietzsche credits, or discredits, Plato. The differences and similarities discovered and discussed between the object texts turn out to be governed by Richards' elements of writing—“sense, feeling, tone and intention”—as these elements have been used to dichotomize technical and creative writing. Such previous formulations have attempted to show differences in what Aristotle termed “material cause.” The material causes—the tropes and devices of description—are in fact the same in technical and creative texts. The actual differences and similarities discovered between and among the object texts are, rather, differences governed by Aristotle's “final cause” ( telos).
Attributional Consistency in CAI Tutorials
Authors: Schloss Patrick J. , Schloss Cynthia N.
Published: May 2005

This article introduces the concept of attributional consistency in CAI tutorials. Attributional consistency insures that the major elements of a tutorial (e.g., presentation, interaction and correction/feedback screens) correspond with the performance attribute specified in the objective (e.g., discriminate, describe, demonstrate, and depict graphically). Guidelines for establishing attributional consistency for teacher-made tutorials are presented.
Gestalt Theory and Instructional Design
Authors: Moore Patrick , Fitz Chad
Published: May 2005

Research on the visual presentation of instructions (and other texts) tends to be repetitious, unsystematic, and overly complex. A simpler yet rich approach to analyzing the visual dimension of instructions is Gestalt theory. Gestalt principles of proximity, closure, symmetry, figure-ground segregation, good continuation, and similarity provide a powerful approach to making instructions more inviting and consistent, as well as easier to access, follow, and understand. This article applies six Gestalt principles to a badly designed instruction to show what improvements result when Gestalt theory is considered in instructional design.
Sociopolitical Factors That Affect Women's Health in Northern Ireland
Authors: Metress Eileen , Metress Seamus
Published: May 2005

In this article the authors examine a combination of poverty-producing characteristics that contribute to poor health standards in Northern Ireland, and profile some unique stressors posed by the military occupation. In so doing, the authors attempt to provide an overview of the social milieu in which women must function. It is an environment with the potential for exacting a great toll on women's physical and emotional well-being.
On Two Active-Reader Stimulants: Multiple Titles and Inverse Writing—Maximizing a Figure of Merit for Your Publication
Authors: Broer J. W.
Published: May 2005

For a professional paper a figure of merit is defined on the basis of an assumed Markov chain of “yes!” and “no!” responses from the individual reader. With one initial probability (for the response to the title of the paper) and two constant transition probabilities, the average figure of merit for a reader population is calculated. For an “active” reader population—readers appreciating the inverse order, at sentence level, of conclusion before reasoning—the model suggests to maximize the initial probability. A triple title composed of spatially distributed answers to what-instrument, what-construction, and why-performance questions is recommended. Triple title and “inverse writing” together induce a constant level of appreciation during reading, at a maximum average figure of merit. Illustrative examples of a triple title and inverse writing are given.
Drug Prevention with High Risk Families and Young Children
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Hall Lynne A. , Simpson Mary Rado
Published: May 2005

The effects of a school and home-based drug prevention program on risk factors for subsequent alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use among children were studied. Data on parent and child risk factors for ATOD use were collected from fifty-six low-income parents and their children, ages four to six years, using a pretest-posttest design. The parent-child intervention was conducted over a two-month period. The intervention had no effect on parent or child risk factors. However, the program was favorably received by parents and children. Almost two-thirds of the parents at the experimental school were involved in the program. Almost half of the parents had high depressive symptoms. The high rates of ATOD use and depressive symptoms among these parents are cause for concern.
The Longevity of Homosexuals: Before and after the Aids Epidemic
Authors: Cameron Paul , Playfair William L. , Wellum Stephen
Published: May 2005

Although the U.S. Surgeon General characterized homosexual sex as “normal” and “healthy,” homosexuals and IV drug abusers have suffered disproportionately from the AIDS epidemic. Longevity is often utilized as a measure of health. How long did homosexuals live before the AIDS epidemic and how long do they live today? We examined 6,737 obituaries/death notices from eighteen U.S. homosexual journals over the past thirteen years and compared them to obituaries from two conventional newspapers. The obituaries from the non-homosexual newspapers were similar to U.S. averages for longevity: the median age of death of married men was seventy-five, 80 percent died old (65 or older); for unmarried men it was fifty-seven, 32 percent died old; for married women it was seventy-nine, 85 percent died old; for unmarried women it was seventy-one, 60 percent died old. For the 6,574 homosexual deaths, the median age of death if AIDS was the cause was thirty-nine irrespective of whether or not the individual had a Long Time Sexual Partner [LTSP], 1 percent died old. For those 829 who died of non-AIDS causes the median age of death was forty-two (41 for those 315 with a LTSP and 43 for those 514 without) and <9 percent died old. Homosexuals more frequently met a violent end from accidental death, traffic death, suicide, and murder than men in general. The 163 lesbians registered a median age of death of forty-four (20% died old) and exhibited high rates of violent death and cancer as compared to women in general. Old homosexuals appear to have been proportionately less numerous than their non-homosexual counterparts in the scientific literature from 1858 to 1993. The pattern of early death evident in the homosexual obituaries is consistent with the pattern exhibited in the published surveys of homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers. Homosexuals may have experienced a short lifespan for the last 140 years; AIDS has apparently reduced it about 10 percent. Such an abbreviated lifespan puts the healthfulness of homosexuality in question.
Technology and New Directions in Professional Development: Applications of Digital Video, Peer Review, and Self-Reflection
Authors: Collins James L. , Cook-Cottone Catherine P. , Robinson Judith Schick , Sullivan Roberta R.
Published: May 2005

Pedagogical applications of technology—including digital video, course management systems, online discussion forums, and CD-ROM compilations—for development of professional skills were tested in three distinct professional graduate programs. Role-playing, peer review, and self-reflection instructional methods were technologically enhanced by creating customized interfaces for use in counseling, library science, and teacher education graduate programs. Implications for further iterations of integrating technology and professional development, potential uses in a variety of disciplines, and ways in which the process can be improved are also discussed.
A Fuzzy Student Modeling with Two Intelligent Agents
Authors: Huang Mu-Jung
Published: May 2005

A new fuzzy student modeling method with two intelligent agents, a diagnosis agent and a learning agent, are suggested by this article for several aspects (problems) of student modeling in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Those problems are still difficult tasks for current student models to deal with, such as dynamic interaction, ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency. The diagnosis agent incorporates the classification tree concepts to identify the student's misconceptions and to do score assignment that includes the score assignment of partial correctness. The learning agent is used to learn the features of the student's inconsistent behaviors for the system to take effective strategies to prevent the happening of the student's inconsistent behaviors. This article also integrates fuzzy theories and Hasse diagrams for student modeling. The theories of fuzzy sets are developed to model imprecision of the real world. The Hasse diagram can be used to present the dynamic feature and to reason for overcoming the problem of incompleteness.
Forms as a Source of Communication Problems
Authors: Jansen Carel , Steehouder Michaël
Published: May 2005

The research described here examines the problems encountered by people when filling in forms. Subjects were required to complete forms on the basis of a situation sketch, while thinking aloud. From the completed forms, the observations, and the subjects' comments, conclusions could be drawn about the types of problems the subjects had encountered and about the strategies they had used. These conclusions, together with various suggestions found in the literature, provided a guideline for a thorough revision of seven forms. A test showed that, after revision, the number of forms completed unacceptably was reduced by about half.
Toward an Empirical Science of Literature
Authors: Hauptmeier Helmut
Published: May 2005

This article describes the general goals and results of a scientific approach which dissociates itself from scholarly studies of literature by organizing the field empirically. After remarks on the historical background of the so-called NIKOL conception of an empirical science of literature, I shall outline the three levels needed for the construction of an empirical science of literature: epistemology, metatheoretical presuppositions, and object-theories (i.e., theory consisting of four sub-theories). Value dimensions underlying these levels will be discussed together with practical application of the theory. Current and past projects as well as the future tasks of an empirical science of literature will be presented in the final section. Because the concepts and the structure of an empirical theory of literature are bound to the structure and function of scientific theories and to the notion of empirical knowledge, I shall first survey foundational issues in the hope that this mode of presentation will help the reader appreciate the scope of our approach.
Asbestos and Asbestos-Related Disease: The South African Case
Authors: Myers Jonny E. , Aron Janine , Macun Ian A.
Published: May 2005

The asbestos industry in South Africa has suffered a decline in production, employment, and sales over the last few years. This mirrors the state of the industry internationally. In South Africa this has more to do with the economic recession than with legislative restrictions on asbestos use. New information has become available on the extent of asbestos-related diseases in South Africa. In this article, we outline developments in labor organization in the asbestos industry, and discuss the marked lack of control of asbestos, the inadequate state compensation system, and the difficulties facing labor. After describing recent improvements won by trade unions, mainly in the transnational corporation sector, we discuss the implications for industry, labor, and control of the asbestos hazard.
Mapping Consciousness: Development of an Empirical-Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Pekala Ronald J. , Levine Ralph L.
Published: May 2005

A methodology for mapping the structure and organization of subjective experience via the retrospective completion of a self-report inventory, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire (PCQ), is presented. The development of the questionnaire is discussed along with its refinement by cluster and factor analyses. The usefulness of this approach for mapping subjective experience associated with various stimulus conditions is offered as an unobtrusive and reliable means to quantify states of consciousness phenomenologically.
Editing Technical Illustrations
Authors: Smith Frank R.
Published: May 2005

A technical editor does three things in editing technical illustrations: (1) he makes changes in the rough art sketched out by the originator; (2) he makes changes in the finished art prepared by the illustrator; and (3) he makes changes in the production art that is prepared for printing. The editor and illustrator are mutually dependent on each other in the task of producing clear graphical supplements to the text, and they should therefore cooperate closely with each other.
Labor Policy and Social Democracy: The Case of Saskatchewan, 1971–1982
Authors: Sass Robert
Published: May 2005

This article analyzes labor policy, especially that of occupational health and safety, initiated by the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP) from 1971 to 1982. The NDP was perceived by Canadian provincial labor federations and the Canadian Labour Congress as the government most approximating a European labor party. The provincial labor legislation was seen as exemplary, and the occupational health and safety legislation as a “beacon” for the rest of Canada. This article suggests that the advances in occupational health and safety statute and regulations were a direct response to the government's policy to develop uranium mining. In order to pursue a vigorous renewable and nonrenewable resource policy, the government maintained that uranium could be mined “safely.” This resulted in “progressive” health and safety legislation and the reinforcement of the colonial status of people of Indian ancestry. This policy of growth and development also resulted in joint venture relationships with multinational corporations and increasing investments in the north for nonrenewable resource development. Prior to the landslide defeat of the NDP in 1982 by the Conservative Party, the richest 5 percent of Saskatchewan people earned as much, in total, as the poorest 50 percent. Meanwhile, ordinary workers experienced declining real wages and increased employment insecurity.