bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping New Homelands: Environmental Production, Natural Resource Management, and the Dynamics of Indigenous State Practice in the Cherokee Nation
Authors: Carroll Clint
Published: February 2014

Natural resource management in Indian country today must continually address colonial histories. In the Cherokee Nation, tribal resource managers are acutely familiar with this history because they deal with its current manifestations daily. This situation reflects both structural issues that stem from the imposed land management programs of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and practical issues in which the results of federal policies like allotment inhibit tribal access to and control over resources within Cherokee Nation boundaries. In this article, I trace the origins of contemporary obstacles to tribal natural resource management in the Cherokee Nation, emphasizing the process of environmental production to explain how myriad actors and forces shaped the western Cherokee landscape. Additionally, I frame tribal resource control and management as an identifiable modern state practice. As such, I explore the dynamics of the Cherokee Nation as a uniquely indigenous state—one that is struggling to balance its ability to assert indigenous approaches toward environmental management with its power to regulate its own citizens' access to sparse lands and resources.
The Sciences of the Spirit
Authors: Ophir Adi
Published: February 2014

The faculty of the humanities has recently come under attack. Responding to criticism, many of those who care for the faculty insist on the social benefits of the academic disciplines and modes of inquiry that find shelter under its aegis. This article takes the opposite view. Rejecting the instrumentalist assumptions and economistic logic that many supporters share with their critics, the author seeks to redefine and defend the humanities by going back to the “sciences of the spirit,” Geisteswissenschaften, while understanding spirit less as an intangible element than as the paradigm of the in-fungible. Spirit is that which has no value in any market of fungibles. The value of the products that workers of the spirit produce has nothing to do with their value in the market; from the point of view of the capitalist market, the labor of these workers is a sheer waste of time. The capitalist market is allergic to the very existence of spirit because it cannot “economize” it. Therefore, to the extent that this kind of intellectual labor persists, the sciences of the spirit provide loci of resistance to the reign of capitalist markets and sites in which the contingency and limitedness of its logic are exposed.
Validity of the Point Source Assumption of a Rotor for Farfield Acoustic Measurements with Shielding
Authors: Turkdogru Nurkan , Ahuja Krishan K. , Gaeta Richard J.
Published: February 2014

Many theoretical models of shielding by hard surfaces assume the source to be a point monopole source. If one is interested in shielding the noise of a rotor system by interposing a hard surface between the rotor and the observer, can the rotor system really be considered to be a monopole? If rotating noise sources are under consideration what is the effect of configuration and de- sign parameters? Exploring the validity of point source assumption alluded to above for a rotor for far field acoustic measurements with and without shielding forms the backbone of the present work. This paper will investigate the validity of acoustic shielding models that are developed under the assumption that the source is a monopole, compared with the shielding of real rotor noise sources. To the author's knowledge, the present research is the first ever work that seeks to answer the question of whether rotor noise from a propeller or a fan can really be approximated by a point source (monopole) as is done in theoretical calculations when characterizing the effectiveness of acoustic shields. The effect of sound scattered and diffracted by the shield placed around or near the actual source of rotor noise is investigated and compared with data acquired using a point source. Shielding configurations consist of rectangular plates and ducts of various dimensions.
Vulnerability Assessment of Conventional and Base-Isolated Nuclear Power Plants to Blast Loadings
Authors: Huang Yin-Nan , Whittaker Andrew S.
Published: February 2014

A blast assessment of a sample power reactor building is performed for an assumed threat of 2000 kg of TNT explosive detonated on hard rock at a standoff distance to the reactor building of 10 m. The air- and ground-shock waves produced by the design threat are generated and used for performance assessment. The air-blast loading on the sample reactor building is computed using a Computational Fluid Dynamics code, Air3D, and the ground-shock time series is generated using an attenuation model for rock response. Response-history analysis of the sample conventional and base-isolated reactor buildings to external blast loadings is performed using LS-DYNA. The structural responses, including acceleration, drift and peak floor acceleration demands on key secondary systems attached to the internal structure of the reactor building are identified for both the conventional and base-isolated sample reactor buildings. The results show the installation of a base isolation system does not increase the vulnerability of either the containment vessel or internal structure to air-blast loading and reduces the ground-shock response by orders of magnitude.
Police Gifts and Benefits Scandals: Addressing Deficits in Policy, Leadership and Enforcement
Authors: Prenzler Tim , Beckley Alan , Bronitt Simon
Published: February 2014

This paper examines three recent high-profile cases involving gifts and benefits to police. The cases, two from Australia and one from England, involved both frontline officers and senior managers. The analyses track the unfolding scandals, and how they were investigated and evaluated by official inquiries. In two of the cases, gifts and hospitality were enmeshed with wider forms of corruption. The official inquiries identified how gratuities undermined public confidence in the impartiality of police, and how inappropriate gifts and benefits were facilitated by liberal policies and deficient leadership. The paper concludes by arguing that police need to adopt a highly restrictive policy on gratuities, and follow through with effective forms of compliance management.
Radio with pictures: Radio visualization in BBC national radio
Authors: Berry Richard
Published: February 2014

It is popular to claim that radio has always had pictures – the ones listeners created in their own minds – and this is often seen as one of the medium’s greatest strengths. The process of visualization of radio in the digital age has most often focused on how producers can fill the screen of the various devices through which we receive radio today. This article focuses on the other ways in which radio is visualized online, in a process that deploys transmedia storytelling techniques. It looks at specific examples and explores the way in which these transmedia techniques build relationships with the audience, strengthen brands and create opportunities for broadcasters to tell stories in ways never before possible.
What attracts listeners to Web radio? A case study from Germany
Authors: Stark Birgit , Weichselbaum Philipp
Published: February 2014

With the advent of Web radio in a changing media environment, radio has once more reinvented itself in terms of both scope (emerging new forms such as online-only radio) and listening experience (interactivity, personalization and content modularization). Scholars have identified these technological changes as evidence for an evolving radio. The audience perspective, however, has been researched far less. We go beyond existing studies and are interested in the role signature features of Web radio play for its listeners. We answer two research questions: (1) What do users expect from listening to Web radio as an interactive medium? (2) What are the gratifications sought when tuning in to Web radio in comparison to offline radio? The research is based on an exploratory online survey among Web radio listeners in Germany. Our findings show that interactive Web radio features play only a minor role for listeners. Instead, they focus on music. When compared to other online media, listening to Web radio is ranked highest among affective gratification items. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings, as well as Web radio’s potential impact on traditional radio.
Relevance of SGK1 in structural, functional and molecular alterations produced by aldosterone in heart
Authors: Martín-Fernández Beatriz , Muñoz María Valero , de las Heras Natalia , Ballesteros Sandra , Lahera Vicente
Published: February 2014

Aldosterone regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) transports in epithelial cells. Besides, aldosterone participates in cardiac alterations associated with hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and other pathological alterations. One of the main cardiac alterations induced by aldosterone is cardiac hypertrophy in which different mechanisms are involved such as increased cardiomyocyte, calcium concentration, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and fibrotic mediators stimulation. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with significantly increased risk of heart failure and malignant arrhythmias. SGK1 is a member of the serine/threonine kinase gene family that plays an important role in the absorption of Na+ and water through the Na+ channel in the apical membrane of tubular epithelial cells. SGK1 has been related to fibrotic mediator increase such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as well as inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β] and oxidative (NADPH oxidase) species. It has been shown that aldosterone induces SGK1 gene expression not only in kidneys but also in the heart. Supporting the central role of SGK1 in cardiac alterations induced by aldosterone, treatment with the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone is able to reduce the gene expression of SGK1 in aldosterone-treated rats. Taken together, data suggest the involvement of SGK1 in a complex intracellular signaling, involving fibrotic, inflammatory, and oxidative pathways, which lead to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by aldosterone.
An Emotion Theory Approach to Artificial Emotion Systems for Robots and Intelligent Systems: Survey and Classification
Authors: Scheuring Sylvia Tidwell , Agah Arvin
Published: February 2014

To assist in the evaluation process when determining architectures for new robots and intelligent systems equipped with artificial emotions, it is beneficial to understand the systems that have been built previously. Other surveys have classified these systems on the basis of their technological features. In this survey paper, we present a classification system based on a model similar to that used in psychology and philosophy for theories of emotion. This makes possible a connection to thousands of years of discourse on the topic of emotion. Five theories of emotion are described based on an emotion theory model proposed by Power and Dalgleish. The paper provides classifications using a model of 10 new questions, for 14 major research projects that describe implementations or designs for systems that use artificial emotions for either robotics or general artificial intelligence. We also analyze the trends in the usage of various theories and complexity changes over time.
Echtzeitfähige Parameternachführung
zur modellbasierten Zustandsbestimmung automobiler
Abgasnachbehandlungssysteme
Authors: Schödel Sebastian , Fischerauer Gerhard
Published: February 2014

Moderne Verfahren zur Regelung von Ottomotoren berücksichtigen,
zusätzlich zu den gemessenen Luftzahlen im Abgas, den
Sauerstofffüllstand in Drei-Wege-Katalysatoren. Auf Grund dessen, dass
die Rechenleistung der im Fahrzeug verfügbaren Steuergeräte
eingeschränkt ist, werden für diese modellbasierte
Füllstandsschätzung stark vereinfachende Annahmen getroffen. Mit
Hilfe einer hochfrequenzbasierten Zustandsüberwachung, woraus sich der
Sauerstofffüllstand direkt bestimmen lässt, kann die Genauigkeit
bestehender Katalysatormodelle jedoch verbessert werden. Neben der
hochfrequenzbasierten Zustandsüberwachung stellen wir ein Verfahren vor,
welches die Parameter des Katalysatormodells im Betrieb nachführt, um
trotz alterungsbedingter Änderungen der Systemeigenschaften die
gewünschte Genauigkeit zu gewährleisten.
Abstandsensorsystem basierend auf dem Prinzip der optischen Reflektion
für Anwendungen im Bereich Weiße Ware: Intensitätsreferenzierung
und Linearisierung des Ausgnagssignals
Authors: Baumer Johannes , Shamonin Mikhail
Published: February 2014

Ein auf optischer Reflektion basierendes Abstandssensorsystem für die
„Weiße Ware“ wird hier vorgestellt. Die technische Lösung greift
auf ein allseits bekanntes Intensitätsreferenzierungsprinzip – die
optische Brücke – zurück. Der Einfluss der Umgebungstemperatur kann
kompensiert werden. Störeffekte wie alterungsbedingte Drift der
optischen Elemente oder Systemvariationen der Empfindlichkeit verursacht
durch die Streuung der einzelnen Komponenten können erfolgreich
gehandhabt werden. Ein Algorithmus zur Ausgangslinearisierung und dessen
Optimierung in Hinblick auf einen kostengünstigen Mikrokontroller wird
beschrieben. Zum Schluss wird ein Prototyp eines Fertigungsautomaten, der
zur Herstellung dieses Sensors dient, und dessen grundlegende Funktion
vorgestellt.
Current views on cell metabolism in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Vicha Ales , Taieb David , Pacak Karel
Published: February 2014

Warburg's metabolic hypothesis is based on the assumption that a cancer cell's respiration must be under attack, leading to its damage, in order to obtain increased glycolysis. Although this may not apply to all cancers, there is some evidence proving that primarily abnormally functioning mitochondrial complexes are indeed related to cancer development. Thus, mutations in complex II (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)) lead to the formation of pheochromocytoma (PHEO)/paraganglioma (PGL). Mutations in one of theSDHgenes (SDHxmutations) lead to succinate accumulation associated with very low fumarate levels, increased glutaminolysis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and pseudohypoxia. This results in significant changes in signaling pathways (many of them dependent on the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor), including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, specific expression profiles, as well as genomic instability and increased mutability resulting in tumor development. Although there is currently no very effective therapy forSDHx-related metastatic PHEOs/PGLs, targeting their fundamental metabolic abnormalities may provide a unique opportunity for the development of novel and more effective forms of therapy for these tumors.
Nanostructured LB Films Developed from Ferrocenylthioamide and Ferrocenylselenoamide Compounds
Authors: Lazo-Jiménez Rosa E. , Ortega-Alfaro María C. , López- Cortés José G. , Chávez-Carvayar José A. , Ignés-Mullol Jordi , Sagués Francesc , Álvarez-Venicio Violeta , Carreón-Castro María P.
Published: February 2014

In this work, the synthesis of two amphiphilic π-conjugated compounds such as ferrocenylthioamide and ferrocenylselenoamide, with the general formula FcC=MNH(CH2)15CH3 with M = S or Se, are reported. The ferrocenyl group is a donor moiety forming a π-conjugated system with the amides of sulfur and selenium; both elements have also bioactivity with pharmacological interest. These two compounds formed Langmuir (L) monolayers at the air-water interface, which were characterized by isotherms of surface pressure versus molecular area (π-A) and compression/expansion cycles (hysteresis curves); Brewster angle microscopic images were also obtained. By using the Langmuir-Blodgett method molecular monolayers were transferred onto glass substrates. These nanostructures, in form of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, were characterized through atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Eficácia da descontaminação de resíduos biológicos infectantes de laboratórios de microbiologia após tratamento térmico por autoclavação
Authors: Galvão Maria Aparecida , Silva João Cesar da , Teixeira Mônica Cristina
Published: February 2014

A pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais com o objetivo de validar o processo de descontaminação de resíduos infectantes do subgrupo A1 e identificar possíveis falhas no procedimento preliminar à sua disposição final. Foram avaliados tanto a descontaminação dos resíduos totalmente descartáveis acondicionados em sacos plásticos termorresistentes quanto o processo de descontaminação dos resíduos reutilizáveis provenientes do Laboratório de Tuberculose, acondicionados em caixas metálicas. Enquanto os resultados obtidos no primeiro estudo indicaram uma deficiência considerável no tratamento dos resíduos, no segundo caso a eficácia foi comprovada. Medidas preventivas e corretivas foram propostas e adotadas como consequência deste trabalho, e são aqui descritas
Tratamento de efluente sintético de laticínio em reatores em batelada inoculados com Aspergillus niger AN400
Authors: Silva Luana Viana Costa e , Andrade Marcus Vinícius , Rodrigues Kelly , Marinho Glória
Published: February 2014

Indústrias de laticínios contêm elevada concentração de matéria orgânica que podem causar poluição. Este trabalho propôs estudar a remoção de matéria orgânica e de nutrientes de um efluente sintético de laticínio, disposto em reatores em bateladas repetidas inoculados com Aspergillus niger AN400. O sistema foi composto por reatores com diferentes configurações e, para cada tipo de montagem, variou-se o material-suporte. O estudo foi realizado em quatro ciclos de cinco dias, com retiradas diárias de alíquotas. A análise dos resultados mostrou eficiência de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio com picos de até 71,7%, concluindo-se que a tecnologia mostrou-se viável na remoção de matéria orgânica. Em relação aos nutrientes, o sistema pôde remover satisfatoriamente nitrato; contudo, para remoção de amônia, não se apresentou promissor.
Desenvolvimento de projetos de produtos utilizando resíduos pétreos de rochas ornamentais
Authors: Barreto Neto Aurélio Azevedo , Melo Andler Magno Vieira de
Published: February 2014

O estado do Espírito Santo, devido ao grande destaque na área de produção e exportação de Rochas Ornamentais, enfrenta sérios problemas com os resíduos provenientes dessa atividade, os quais, uma vez dispostos de forma inadequada, causam danos ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de projetos de produtos a partir dos resíduos pétreos de pequeno, médio e grande porte, gerados no beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais, visando melhor destinação desses resíduos e a geração de renda para os trabalhadores de cantaria. A metodologia utilizada foi (i) diagnóstico do setor de cantaria com visitas e aplicação de questionário; (ii) análise do diagnóstico; (iii) desenvolvimento de projetos de novos produtos; e (iv) estudo de viabilidade econômica. O trabalho sugere alternativas de utilização dos resíduos com incremento no valor agregado dos produtos desenvolvidos pelos canteiros.
A Therapist's Self-Disclosure and Its Impact on the Therapy Process in Cross-Cultural Encounters: Disclosure of Personal Self, Professional Self, and/or Cultural Self?
Authors: Lee Eunjung
Published: February 2014

Although controversial, a therapist's self-disclosure has been increasingly considered to have a positive effect in therapy. However, there has been little discussion around disclosing therapists’ culturally embedded values and their impact on assessing, assimilating, and changing culturally diverse clients. Due to the implicit nature of culture within the self, it is challenging for social workers to bracket a powerful cultural influence in their practice. Using critical theories of language and discourse, this article analyzes two case examples from recorded therapy sessions between White therapists and clients of color to illustrate how therapists disclose their personal, professional, or cultural self in assessing clients’ presenting issues and selecting interventions. The case examples suggest that self-disclosure can involve problematic therapy interactions based on cultural assumptions.
Context‐dependent effects of nutrient loading on the coral–algal mutualism
Authors: Shantz Andrew A. , Burkepile Deron E.
Published: February 2014

Human‐mediated increases in nutrient availability alter patterns of primary production, impact species diversity, and threaten ecosystem function. Nutrients can also alter community structure by disrupting the relationships between nutrient‐sharing mutualists that form the foundation of communities. Given their oligotrophic nature and the dependence of reef‐building corals on symbiotic relationships, coral reefs may be particularly vulnerable to excess nutrients. However, individual studies suggest complex, even contradictory, relationships among nutrient availability, coral physiology, and coral growth. Here, we used meta‐analysis to establish general patterns of the impact of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on coral growth and photobiology. Overall, we found that over a wide range of concentrations, N reduced coral calcification 11%, on average, but enhanced metrics of coral photobiology, such as photosynthetic rate. In contrast, P enrichment increased average calcification rates by 9%, likely through direct impacts on the calcification process, but minimally impacted coral photobiology. There were few synergistic impacts of combined N and P on corals, as the nutrients impact corals via different pathways. Additionally, the response of corals to increasing nutrient availability was context dependent, varying with coral taxa and morphology, enrichment source, and nutrient identity. For example, naturally occurring enrichment from fish excretion increased coral growth, while human‐mediated enrichment tended to decrease coral growth. Understanding the nuances of the relationship between nutrients and corals may allow for more targeted remediation strategies and suggest how other global change drivers such as overfishing and climate change will shape how nutrient availability impacts corals.
Association Between Obesity and Periodontitis in Pregnant Females
Authors: Lee Hyo‐Jin , Jun Jong‐Kwan , Lee Seung‐Mi , Ha Jung‐Eun , Paik Dai‐Il , Bae Kwang‐Hak
Published: February 2014

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether overweight and obesity before pregnancy are associated with periodontitis during pregnancy.

Methods: This study examined a total of 315 pregnant females at 21 to 24 weeks of gestation. Overweight and obesity were defined based on criteria proposed by the World Health Organization Expert Consultation. Periodontal conditions were assessed by measuring clinical periodontal attachment loss (AL). To investigate whether obese pregnant females have increased risk according to the extent of periodontitis, the data were divided into two groups: 1) generalized periodontitis and 2) localized periodontitis. A comparison among underweight, normal‐weight, and overweight/obese groups for explanatory variables was analyzed using the χ2 test for categorical variables and an analysis of variance for continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustments for age, health and oral health behaviors, and obstetric information.

Results: Age, age at first delivery, periodontitis, and periodontal conditions (two or more interproximal sites with AL ≥4 mm not on the same tooth) were significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (P <0.05). The adjusted odds ratio of periodontitis was 4.57 (95% confidence interval = 2.30 to 9.07) for overweight and obese females (BMI ≥23 kg/m2), after adjusting for all of the covariates.

Conclusion: There is a strong association between prepregnancy overweight/obesity and periodontitis in pregnant females.
Effects of Locally Administered Tiludronic Acid on Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Furlaneto Flávia A.C. , Nunes Nara L.T. , Oliveira Filho Ivan L. , Frota Nicolly P.R. , Yamamoto Kely O. , Lisboa Mario R.P. , Ervolino Edilson , Taba Mario , Rêgo Rodrigo Otávio , Messora Michel R.
Published: February 2014

Background: It appears there are no studies evaluating the influence of the bisphosphonate tiludronic acid (TIL) on periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate via microtomographic, histopathologic, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses the effects of local administration of TIL on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.

Methods: Forty‐eight rats were divided into six groups: C (control), EP (experimental periodontitis), EP‐Saline, EP‐TIL0.1, EP‐TIL0.3, and EP‐TIL1. In EP, a ligature was placed around maxillary second molars. In EP‐TIL0.1, EP‐TIL0.3, and EP‐TIL1, TIL solutions of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively, were injected into the subperiosteal palatal area adjacent to maxillary second molars every other day. EP‐Saline received 0.9% NaCl solution instead. Animals were euthanized at day 11. Bone changes were evaluated by microtomographic and histometric analyses. Histopathologic analysis and immunohistochemical detection of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were also performed. Data were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis, P <0.05).

Results: Histometric and microtomographic analyses (at buccal, interproximal, and furcation sites) demonstrated that EP‐TIL1 presented less alveolar bone loss (ABL) than EP (P <0.05), whereas EP‐TIL0.1 and EP‐TIL0.3 did not demonstrate significant differences in alveolar bone level compared to EP (P >0.05). Also, EP‐TIL1 showed significantly fewer TRAP‐positive multinucleated osteoclasts than EP and EP‐Saline (P <0.05).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that locally administered TIL solution (1 mg/kg body weight) reduced alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and the dosage of TIL may influence its anti‐inflammatory and antiresorptive properties.
Salivary Biomarkers Associated With Gingivitis and Response to Therapy
Authors: Syndergaard Ben , Al‐Sabbagh Mohanad , Kryscio Richard J. , Xi Jing , Ding Xiuhua , Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Miller Craig S.
Published: February 2014

Background: Salivary biomarkers are potentially important for determining the presence, risk, and progression of periodontal disease. However, clinical translation of biomarker technology from lab to chairside requires studies that identify biomarkers associated with the transitional phase between health and periodontal disease (i.e., gingivitis).

Methods: Eighty participants (40 with gingivitis, 40 healthy) provided saliva at baseline and 7 to 30 days later. An additional sample was collected from gingivitis participants 10 to 30 days after dental prophylaxis. Clinical parameters of gingival disease were recorded at baseline and the final visit. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured.

Results: Clinical features of health and gingivitis were stable at both baseline visits. Participants with gingivitis demonstrated significantly higher bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) (P ≤0.002) and a significant drop in BOP, PI, and GI post‐treatment (P ≤0.001). Concentrations of MIP‐1α and PGE2 were significantly higher (2.8 times) in the gingivitis group than the healthy group (P ≤0.02). After dental prophylaxis, mean biomarker concentrations did not decrease significantly from baseline in the gingivitis group, although concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and MMP‐8 approached healthy levels, whereas MIP‐1α and PGE2 concentrations remained significantly higher than in the healthy group (P ≤0.04). Odds ratio analyses showed that PGE2 concentrations, alone and in combination with MIP‐1α, readily discriminated gingivitis from health.

Conclusions: Salivary PGE2 and MIP‐1α discriminate gingivitis from health, and patients with gingivitis who return to clinical health continue to produce inflammatory mediators for weeks after dental prophylaxis.
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Cracking Problems in Soils
Authors: Juárez-Luna G. , Ayala G.
Published: February 2014

This paper analyzes the problem of fracture in soils using the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. Six cases
of practical interest are investigated where the soil is subjected to different critical conditions that may produce cracks. To
model the phenomenon of crack propagation, a two-dimensional fracture mechanics finite element program is used. In all
cases, the properties of clays in the Valley of Mexico was used. The self-weight of the soil is considered as the main cause
of geostatic stresses in the medium. Based on results from previous studies, the value of the critical stress intensity factor
is calculated and validated. It is assumed that, only mode I fracture occurs. The crack depths obtained with the numerical
models are congruent with the field data of existing geotechnical studies in the Valley of Mexico.
Discriminant and Criterion-Related Validity of a Relative Deprivation Scale in a Merger and Acquisition Context
Authors: Lee Dongseop , Cho Bongsoon , Seo Jeongil , Lee Khan-Pyo , Choi Jang-Ho
Published: February 2014

This study examined the discriminant and criterion-related validity of the Relative Deprivation Scale. The data were collected from 151 Korean employees who had recently experienced a merger and acquisition. The results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the two dimensions of relative deprivation (egoistic and fraternal relative deprivation) are clearly distinguishable from other conceptually related variables, such as negative affectivity, resistance to change, overall job dissatisfaction, and distributive justice. In addition, egoistic relative deprivation made a unique incremental contribution to explaining employee turnover intention beyond the contribution of conceptually related variables, while fraternal relative deprivation did not.
Perceptual Frames in Frequency Estimation
Authors: Żyłowska Aleksandra , Kossek Marcin , Wawrzyniak Małgorzata
Published: February 2014

This study is an introductory investigation of cognitive frames, focused on perceptual frames divided into information and formal perceptual frames, which were studied based on sub-additivity of frequency estimations. It was postulated that different presentations of a response scale would result in different percentage estimates of time spent watching TV or using the Internet. The results supported the existence of perceptual frames that influence the perception process and indicated that information perceptual frames had a stronger effect than formal frames. The measures made possible the exploration of the operation of perceptual frames and also outlined the relations between heuristics and cognitive frames.
Teacher Self-Efficacy and Perceived Autonomy: Relations with Teacher Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Emotional Exhaustion
Authors: Skaalvik Einar M. , Skaalvik Sidsel
Published: February 2014

When studied separately, research shows that both teacher self-efficacy and teacher autonomy are associated with adaptive motivational and emotional outcomes. This study tested whether teacher self-efficacy and teacher autonomy are independently associated with engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. 2,569 Norwegian teachers in elementary school and middle school (719 men, 1,850 women; M age=45.0 yr., SD=11.5) were administered the Norwegian Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale, the Teacher Autonomy Scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The analysis revealed that both teacher autonomy and self-efficacy were independent predictors of engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. This study suggests that autonomy or decision latitude works positively but through different processes for teachers with high and low mastery expectations.
Determinants of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use Among the Women of Urban Areas of Nepal
Authors: Joshi R , Bhattarai S , Simkhada K , Thapa S
Published: February 2014

Aims: This study aimed to identify the determinants of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) use among the married women of reproductive age group living in urban areas of Nepal. Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study which aimed to compare different factors between 110 IUCD users and 110 non-users. Both groups were selected randomlyand interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to detect the difference between two groups and corresponding odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were also computed. Results: When the IUCD users were compared to non-users, religion, occupational status of women, occupational status of the husbands, total number of children, sources of information about IUCD, having wrong beliefs about IUCD, availability of IUCD services, reproductive intention and spousal communication were significantly associated with the use of IUCD.The main reason for using IUCD was due to the effectiveness for longer duration and for not using IUCD was due to the feeling of no need. Conclusions: Wrong beliefs about the device discouraged women from using IUCD, hence, awareness programs are strongly recommended.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 16-20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9760
Reference Values of Fetal Peak Systolic Velocity in the Middle Cerebral Artery at 19–40 Weeks of Gestation in Nepalese Population
Authors: Shrestha U , Shrestha I , Ghimire RK , Paudel S
Published: February 2014

Aims: The purpose of this study was to construct new reference range for fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) in uncomplicated pregnancy at 19-40 weeks of gestation. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 400 singleton pregnancies between 19 and 40 weeks of gestation without any known risk factors of adverse pregnancy outcome who were referred for routine obstetric examination. The protocol included the doppler examination of fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) within 2 mm after its origin from the internal carotid artery and data were used to construct the normograms and percentile fitted curves of each doppler parameter for different gestational age. Results: Among 400 singleton uncomplicated pregnancies between 19 and 40 weeks of gestation maximum number of pregnancies (10%) was at 19 weeks of gestation and minimum (2.5%) was at 31 weeks. The fetal peak systolic blood flow in the MCA showed significant correlation with period of gestation. Mean MCA-PSV was 22.35 ± 3.05 at 19 weeks of gestation which increased to 67.73 ± 9.92 at 40 weeks. The MCA-PSV showed continuous increment with increasing gestational age.Conclusions: Continuous increment in the peak systolic volume with advancing gestational age was obtained which was consistent with the previous studies done by various authors. The percentile fitted values and normograms will be valuable for the serial measurement of the peak systolic volume of the middle cerebral artery for complicated pregnancies.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 42-45 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9769
Overview of Eclampsia at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Shakya B , Vaidya A
Published: February 2014

Aims: The aim was to study about the morbidity and mortality of eclampsia cases at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: This is a retrospective study undertaken at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal on 45 eclampsia cases between14 April 2010 to 16 July 2011. Results: Out of 31,674 obstetric admissions, 45 (0.14%) were eclampsia cases of which 42.2% belonged to 20 - <25 years and 28.8% in 17- <20 years age group occurring mostly in primipara (71.1%). Antepartum and postpartum eclampsia were 77.7% and 22.2% respectively. Majority of them presented at 36-40 weeks’(46.6%), unbooked cases being 80% and 20% had antenatal check-up at this hospital. The diastolic blood pressure on admission recorded was 110-130 mmHg (55.5%), headache being the most common symptom(53.3%), blurred vision (22.2%), HELLP syndrome (4.4%) and urine albumin 3+ (46.6%) at the time of admission. Magnesium sulphate was used as anticonvulsant, loading and maintenance dose (40%) and only as loading dose (33.3%). Though fetal outcome was normal in 44.4% cases, rest were premature (24.4%), intrauterine growth restriction (17.7%) and intrauterine fetal demise (13.3%). Three (6.6%) cases were referred to multidisciplinary center. Maternal mortality occurred in two (4.4%) cases (cardiopulmonary arrest and prolonged hypoxia). Conclusions: When patients with eclampsia presented late, significant morbidity like HELLP syndrome, renal failure and central nervous disorder occurred and muti-organ damage leading to maternal mortality.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 46-49 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9770
Aggressive Angiomyxoma of Vulva
Authors: Iyengar RS , Padrasmi R
Published: February 2014

No abstract available.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 77-79 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9780
International Protest Events and the Hierarchy of Credibility: Media Frames Defining the Police and Protestors as Social Problems
Authors: Schulenberg Jennifer L. , Chenier Allison
Published: February 2014

The objective of the study is to contribute to the discourse about media by investigating frames and journalistic techniques used by the corporate mass media to establish boundaries for understanding police and protesters at the 2010 G20 Summit, any temporal changes, and the applicability of the hierarchy of credibility at this international protest event. Using data from 2009 to 2011 in two national and one local newspaper, a frame analysis seeks to uncover how the media frame behaviour and events, what are the primary and second definers of reality, and how the police and protesters are depicted as social problems. The findings suggest that media portrayals of the social actors are framed within an inferential structure that shifts from protester violence before the summits to police violence afterward. Episodic coverage and the decontextualization of people and events create the boundaries for discussion, through the use of the attribution-of-responsibility, conflict, economic-consequences, and human-interest generic frames in the areas of security, social problems, and controversy. We conclude that the results depart from previous research by suggesting a reconceptualization of the hierarchy of credibility. Within conflict and human interest frames, this crisis event destabilized the police as primary definers of crime in favour of citizens and protesters.
Numerical Model for Dynamic Compaction of Sand Reclamations
Authors: Mao Jia , Cai Xinyuan , Tian Hongqing
Published: February 2014

The dynamic compaction method was used to analyze the consolidation of the railway foundation. Based on the physical characteristics of sands, an extended model was proposed by soil tests. This model is powerful for investigations of mechanical behaviour of sands under the dynamic compactions. By comparing with the experimental results, it is indicated that the dynamic compaction was an effective method for understanding the consolidation of railway foundations, moreover, the numerical model based on the infinite element analysis was a powerful tool to find the practical conditions without boundary reflection under the dynamic compactions.
Time Out of Joint: Hamlet and the Pure Form of Time
Authors: Somers-Hall Henry
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to explore why Deleuze takes up Hamlet's claim that ‘time is out of joint’. In the first part of this paper, I explore this claim by looking at how Deleuze relates it to Plato's Timaeus and its conception of the relationship between movement and time. Once we have seen how time functions when it is ‘in joint’, I explore what it would mean for time to no longer be understood in terms of an underlying rational structure. The claim can be understood as about a relationship between time and action. In the second part of this paper, I want to relate this new understanding of time to Hamlet itself, in order to see how temporality operates within the play. I will conclude by relating these two different conceptions of time out of joint to one another through Nietzsche's eternal return.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling of Environmental Change
Authors: Rocchini Duccio
Published: February 2014

Geospatial modeling is an approach to apply analysis to monitor environmental change over time considering different fields of re-search, including computer science, remote sensing, ecology, environmental science, life science, geography (see [1,2] for a critique). The special issue was instigated to publish straightforward research on the matter in order to stimulate further discussion on the potential of geospatial modelling. Both theoretical and empirical papers are part of the issue with the support of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, promoting an advanced forum for the science and technology of geographic information. [...]
Simultaneous Optimization of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Thin Film Deposition Using Multiple Linear Regressions
Authors: Ebrahimiasl Saeideh , Zakaria Azmi
Published: February 2014

A nanocrystalline SnO2 thin film was synthesized by a chemical bath method. The parameters affecting the energy band gap and surface morphology of the deposited SnO2 thin film were optimized using a semi-empirical method. Four parameters, including deposition time, pH, bath temperature and tin chloride (SnCl2·2H2O) concentration were optimized by a factorial method. The factorial used a Taguchi OA (TOA) design method to estimate certain interactions and obtain the actual responses. Statistical evidences in analysis of variance including high F-value (4,112.2 and 20.27), very low P-value (<0.012 and 0.0478), non-significant lack of fit, the determination coefficient (R2 equal to 0.978 and 0.977) and the adequate precision (170.96 and 12.57) validated the suggested model. The optima of the suggested model were verified in the laboratory and results were quite close to the predicted values, indicating that the model successfully simulated the optimum conditions of SnO2 thin film synthesis.
Pretreatment of Mice with Oligonucleotide prop5 Protects Them from Influenza Virus Infections
Authors: Li Kang , Zhou Zhe , Wang Yu , Liu Juan , Zhao Hai , Yang Jing , Wang Sheng
Published: February 2014

Influenza A virus is a successful parasite and requires host factors to complete its life cycle. Prop5 is an antisense oligonucleotide, targeting programmed cell death protein 5 (PDCD5). In this study, we tested the antiviral activity of prop5 against mouse-adapted A/FM/1/47 strain of influenza A virus in a mouse model. Prop5 intranasally administered the mice at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg/d at 24 h and 30 min before infection, provided 80% and 100% survival rates and prolonged mean survival days in comparison with influenza virus-infected mice (both p < 0.01). Moreover, viral titres in mice pretreated with prop5, at dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg/d, had declined significantly on day two, four, and six post-infection compared with the yields in infected mice (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01); lung index in mice pretreated with prop5 (20 mg/kg/d) had been inhibited on day six post-infection (p < 0.05). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that prop5 could down-regulate the PDCD5 protein expression levels in lung tissues of infected mice. These data indicate that antisense oligonucleotide prop5 is a promising drug for prophylaxis and control influenza virus infections and provides an insight into the host-pathogen interaction.
Role of Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Proteins in Virion Assembly
Authors: Smith Rebecca , Kosuri Srivenkat , Kerry Julie
Published: February 2014

Like other herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) contains a unique proteinaceous layer between the virion envelope and capsid, termed the tegument. Upon infection, the contents of the tegument layer are delivered to the host cell, along with the capsid and the viral genome, where they facilitate the initial stages of virus replication. The tegument proteins also play important roles in virion assembly and this dual nature makes them attractive potential targets for antiviral therapies. While our knowledge regarding tegument protein function during the initiation of infection has been the subject of intense study, their roles in assembly are much less well understood. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that highlight the functions of HCMV tegument proteins during assembly, and pose key questions for further investigation.
Origin, timing, and gene expression profile of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis hypocotyls and stems
Authors: Welander Margareta , Geier Thomas , Smolka Anders , Ahlman Annelie , Fan Jing , Zhu Li‐Hua
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Adventitious root (AR) formation is indispensable for vegetative propagation, but difficult to achieve in many crops. Understanding its molecular mechanisms is thus important for such species. Here we aimed at developing a rooting protocol for direct AR formation in stems, locating cellular AR origins in stems and exploring molecular differences underlying adventitious rooting in hypocotyls and stems.

• Methods: In‐vitro‐grown hypocotyls or stems of wild‐type and transgenic ecotype Columbia (Col‐0) of Arabidopsis thaliana were rooted on rooting media. Anatomy of AR formation, qRT‐PCR of some rooting‐related genes and in situ GUS expression were carried out during rooting from hypocotyls and stems.

• Key results: We developed a rooting protocol for AR formation in stems and traced back root origins in stems by anatomical and in situ expression studies. Unlike rooting in hypocotyls, rooting in stems was slower, and AR origins were mainly from lateral parenchyma of vascular bundles and neighboring starch sheath cells as well as, to a lesser extent, from phloem cap and xylem parenchyma. Transcript levels of GH3‐3, LBD16, LBD29, and LRP1 in hypocotyls and stems were similar, but transcript accumulation was delayed in stems. In situ expression signals of DR5::GUS, LBD16::GUS, LBD29::GUS, and rolB::GUS reporters in stems mainly occurred at the root initiation sites, suggesting their involvement in AR formation.

• Conclusions: We have developed an efficient rooting protocol using half‐strength Lepoivre medium for studying AR formation in stems, traced back the cellular AR origins in stems, and correlated expression of rooting‐related genes with root initiation sites.
Deoxygenative gem-difluoroolefination of carbonyl compounds with (chlorodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane and triphenylphosphine
Authors: Wang Fei , Li Lingchun , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: February 2014

Background: 1,1-Difluoroalkenes cannot only be used as valuable precursors for organic synthesis, but also act as bioisosteres for enzyme inhibitors. Among various methods for their preparation, the carbonyl olefination with difluoromethylene phosphonium ylide represents one of the most straightforward methods.

Results: The combination of (chlorodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF2Cl) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) can be used for the synthesis of gem-difluoroolefins from carbonyl compounds. Comparative experiments demonstrate that TMSCF2Cl is superior to (bromodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF2Br) and (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3) in this reaction.

Conclusion: Similar to many other Wittig-type gem-difluoroolefination reactions in the presence of PPh3, the reaction of TMSCF2Cl with aldehydes and activated ketones is effective.