bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Anaerobes Isolated from Various Clinical Samples: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chhakchhuak Zobiakhlui , Mahajan Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2023

Introduction: Anaerobes are an important cause of infections but are often neglected. These infections can range from simple abscesses to life-threatening infections. The isolation of anaerobes is crucial for administering appropriate antibiotic therapy. Aim: To investigate the profile of anaerobes in various clinical samples, including deep-seated skin and tissue infections, aspirated body fluids, and tissue biopsies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 100 samples at the Department of Microbiology, ABVIMS and Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, from November 2019 to March 2021. Aspirations from deep-seated abscesses, body fluids, intraoperative samples, and tissue biopsies meeting the criteria for anaerobic culture were included. Simultaneous processing for the detection of aerobes was also performed. Anoxomat III anaerobic culture system was used to create an anaerobic environment. Robertson Cooked Meat (RCM) broth was used, and subculture was conducted on 10% Blood Agar (BA). Presumptive identification was performed using gram stain, catalase test (15% hydrogen peroxide), metronidazole disc (5 µg), special potency disc (vancomycin 5 µg, kanamycin 1000 µg, colistin 10 µg), and aerotolerance test. The Vitek 2 compact ID system was used for the final identification of anaerobes. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, IBM manufacturer, Chicago, USA, ver 21.0, was utilised. Results: The isolation rate of anaerobes was 17 (17%), with Bacteroides fragilis being the predominant organism (6; 35.29%), followed by Actinomyces (2; 11.76%), Clostridium (2; 11.76%), Peptostreptococcus (2; 11.76%), and Prevotella species (2; 11.76%). Isolation was observed from diverse anatomic sites, with pus aspirates constituting the majority of the isolates (9; 52.94%), followed by brain abscesses (3; 17.65%), liver abscesses, peritoneal fluid (2; 11.76%), and tonsillar abscess (1; 5.89%). Five (29.41%) infections were polymicrobial, while 12 (70.59%) were monomicrobial in nature. Conclusion: Anaerobes are emerging as an important causative agents in a variety of diverse and heterogeneous pyogenic infections. This study demonstrates their isolation from various infection sites. Therefore, routine anaerobic cultures should be conducted alongside aerobic cultures, and the importance of anaerobes in clinical infections should not be underestimated.
Nano Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Remediation: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Sharma Om Prakash , Singh Dheerendra , Kushwah Nishita , Chauhan Aman Pratap Singh
Published: November 2023

To safeguard soil, water, and air throughout intensive agricultural operations as well as significant industrial and transportation endeavors, it is imperative that the environment and agriculture are managed sustainably. Application of biochar might be a potential approach to solve these issues. The use of biochar (BC) in agricultural techniques and for environmental remediation has shown to offer a variety of benefits, despite certain drawbacks. Superior physicochemical characteristics of nanobiochar include strong catalytic activity, distinctive nanostructure, large specific surface area, and excellent mobility in soil environments. Nanobiochar is a prime contender for sustainable agriculture to pollution remediation and catalytic reactions. Despite growing interest in biochar research for agricultural and environmental uses, it is unclear how important nanobiochar is. So, in this study, we identified several fundamental uses of nanobiochar with an emphasis on its efficacy for environmentally and agriculturally sustainable practices.
Response of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen Application in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop
Authors: Patel Vipin , Yadaw Ashok Kumar , Kumar Anil , Dwarka  , Singh Rupali
Published: November 2023

An experiment conducted at Agriculture Research Farm, Shri Durga Ji Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh during winter session of 2019-20. Among the initial plant population per square meter was not influenced significantly due to various treatments. All the growth characters viz. plant height (cm), no. of shoots per meter row length and accumulation of dry matter, increased significantly at all the stages of crop growth with the application of 100% nitrogen through inorganic source except 30 DAS regarding to number of shoots.
My Loved One Has Cancer—What Does This Mean for Me?
Authors: Warrier Govind , Breininger Allison , Gupta Arjun
Published: January 2025

This JAMA Internal Medicine Patient Page describes the role and challenges of caring for a loved one with cancer.
Firearm-Related Injury Hospital Admissions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jean Raymond A. , Sinha Aayushi , Diaz Sarah D. , Jou Katerina , Aubry Staci T. , Hemmila Mark R. , Ibrahim Andrew M.
Published: January 2025

This cohort study examines expected vs observed rates of firearm-related injury hospitalizations in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Framework to Optimize Primary Care of Older Surgical Patients
Authors: Leonard Molly E. , Williamson Andrea J. H. , Weiss Roxanne , Kaphingst Kimberly A. , Supiano Mark A. , Cohan Jessica N.
Published: January 2025

Importance

An increasing number of older adults are undergoing surgery. Older adults face significant challenges throughout the spectrum of perioperative care. No frameworks exist to support primary care clinicians in helping older adults navigate perioperative care beyond preoperative medical clearance.

Objective

We aimed to develop a framework to assist primary care clinicians in surgical care navigation for older patients.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This qualitative study used semistructured interviews with a sample of geriatricians from across the US between January and June 2022. Interviews were conducted one on one via an online video conferencing platform without observers present. Demographics of participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Main Outcome and Measures

Directed content analysis of interview data was used to examine how primary care clinicians can optimally support older patients throughout the perioperative process.

Results

This qualitative study included 24 geriatricians, 16 (67%) women, with median time in practice of 12.4 years (IQR, 5.0-24.5 years). Of those, 11 (46%) worked at an academic or tertiary referral center. Qualitative analysis identified 7 actions that geriatricians perform when caring for patients through the surgical continuum: conduct risk-benefit analysis of surgical referral, elicit and communicate patient goals, prepare patient and family for surgical consultation, set realistic expectations, assist with decision about surgery, advocate for patient and family, and coordinate postoperative care.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this qualitative study of geriatricians, 7 key domains of perioperative care for older adults were identified. The resulting framework can be used by primary care clinicians as they help their older patients navigate surgical care.
Sandwich‐Like CNTs/Carbon@Si3N4 Porous Foam for Temperature‐Insensitive Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Xu Hailong , Zhan Haoyang , Xu Zhijian , Jing Chenyang , Chen Qiang , Zhu Meng , Kong Luo , Fan Xiaomeng , Qing Yuchang , Wen Shifeng , Wang Chunhai , Luo Fa
Published: January 2025

Despite considerable efforts to tune the morphology and composition from the macroscopic level to the nanoscale level of electromagnetic wave‐absorbing materials (EWMs), achieving strong and wide‐bandwidth absorption under a temperature‐variant environment remains extremely difficult due to the temperature‐sensitive electromagnetic‐absorbing mechanisms that involve dipole polarization and conductive loss. Here, by integrating the highly conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks and the temperature‐stable silicon nitride (Si3N4) protective layer, a CNTs/amorphous carbon@Si3N4 (C‐CNT‐Si3N4) porous foam composed of sandwich‐like Si3N4/C‐CNT/Si3N4 strut, which exhibits excellent temperature‐insensitive electromagnetic‐absorbing properties from room temperature to 600 °C, is demonstrated. To be specific, the value of the minimum reflection loss is always lower than −50 dB, and a temperature‐insensitive effective absorbing bandwidth covering the whole X band throughout a thickness range of 4.8–6.1 mm is achieved. The superior temperature‐insensitive electromagnetic‐absorbing property is due to the synergistic effects of irregular polarization loss derived from lattice vacancies and heterogeneous interface, slightly increased conductive loss derived from decreasing carrier mobility, and increasing carrier concentration under a rising temperature environment.
Over 19.2% Efficiency of Layer‐By‐Layer Organic Photovoltaics by Ameliorating Exciton Dissociation and Charge Transport
Authors: Tian Hongyue , Zhou Hang , Zhang Lu , Xu Wenjing , Gong Ruifeng , Ni Yuheng , Jeong Sang Young , Zhu Xixiang , Woo Han Young , Ma Xiaoling , Lu Lifang , Zhang Fujun
Published: January 2025

Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are fabricated with polymer PM1 as donor and small molecule L8‐BO as acceptor by employing sequential spin‐coating technology. The small molecule BTP‐eC9 and polymer PTAA are deliberately selected for individually incorporating into PM1 layer and L8‐BO layer, resulting in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 18.22% to 19.23%. The improvement of performance is attributed to the synergistically increased short circuit current density (JSC) of 27.78 mA cm−2 and fill factor (FF) of 78.23%. The introduction of BTP‐eC9 into PM1 layer can promote the photogenerated exciton dissociation, especially for the excitons near the anode. Meanwhile, molecular crystallinity of PM1 is also enhanced by incorporating appropriate BTP‐eC9 into PM1 layer. The incorporation of PTAA into L8‐BO layer can provide hole transport channels to effectively improve the transport of holes generated by the self‐dissociation of L8‐BO, resulting in the enhanced FFs from 77.40% to 78.23%. The synergistic effects of BTP‐eC9 and PTAA incorporation in donor and acceptor layers result in a 19.23% PCE of the optimized LbL‐OPVs. This work demonstrates that there is great room to hierarchically optimize donor and acceptor layers for achieving highly efficient LbL‐OPVs.
Unlocking the Potential: Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) Supporting the Innovation of Commercial Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Cong , Zhang Zhi , Liao Huanyi , Jiang Yumeng , Zheng Yifan , Li Zhongxi , Gao Yihua
Published: January 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are highly anticipated as an efficient energy storage solution in addressing contemporary energy challenges. The pursuit of high‐performance cathode materials is critical for the commercialization of SIBs. Among the contenders, Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) (NFPP) is one of the most promising commercial cathode materials due to its stable structure framework and excellent sodium storage capability. Although the research on NFPP has achieved great progress, especially in the last 10 years, the timely and dedicated summary of the research progress and prospect of this rising star of cathode materials for SIBs has not been reported. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancement and prospect of NFPP as commercial cathode material in SIBs. In this review, the crystal structure and sodium storage mechanism of NFPP are examined first. Then, different proposed preparation methods of NFPP have been elaborated in the following section. After that, the optimization strategies are discussed to enhance the sodium storage performance of NFPP cathode material in detail. At last, the gap between current research and the practical application of NFPP is highlighted, and possible future research directions for the commercialization of NFPP cathode material in SIBs are proposed.
A Biomimetic Sweeping Microrobot for Active Therapy of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Liang Haiying , Jiang Jiamiao , Miao Jiajun , Sun Jia , Qin Hanfeng , Zhang Xiaoting , Zhang Lishan , Tian Hao , Ye Yicheng , Gao Junbin , Wang Fei , Han Shuai , Peng Fei , Tu Yingfeng
Published: January 2025

Overproduction of pathogenic cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays crucial roles in the onset and perpetuation of ulcerative colitis (UC). Inspired by sweeping robots, a magnesium@polylactic acid‐glycolic acid copolymer@polyethylenimine (Mg@PLGA@PEI) microswimmer capable of cleaning off deleterious disease triggers along its path of progress is designed. Mg@PLGA@PEI is successfully synthesized by adopting a core‐shell structure with a small opening which allows for Mg‐water reaction. The distinctive motility performance resulting from sustained detachment of the produced hydrogen not only contributes to strengthened hydrogen diffusion concomitant with potentiated ROS neutralization, but also facilitates the contacting probability with microenvironmental cfDNA and thus enhances the DNA binding efficiency. By integrating these merits, the developed Mg@PLGA@PEI confers desirable curative efficacy in a classical DSS‐induced acute colitis mouse model. Enema administration of Mg@PLGA@PEI microswimmers substantially alleviates the manifestations related to UC, as evidenced by the body weight recovery, colon length retention, colon tissue protection, and attenuated intestinal inflammation, which is attributed to the active scavenging of cfDNA and ROS. This work provides a paradigm for a drug‐free strategy competent in spontaneously eliminating causative triggers with minimal side effects, which presents a promising alternative for the active therapy of UC or other cfDNA‐ and ROS‐related diseases in the clinic.
Heterodimeric Photosensitizer as Radical Generators to Promoting Type I Photodynamic Conversion for Hypoxic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Xiong Tao , Chen Yingchao , Peng Qiang , Zhou Xiao , Li Mingle , Lu Sheng , Chen Xiaoqiang , Fan Jiangli , Wang Lei , Peng Xiaojun
Published: January 2025

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using traditional type II photosensitizers (PSs) has been limited in hypoxic tumors due to excessive oxygen consumption. The conversion from type II into a less oxygen‐dependent type I PDT pathway has shown the potential to combat hypoxic tumors. Herein, the design of a heterodimeric PS, NBSSe, by conjugating a widely used type I PS NBS and a type II PS NBSe via molecular dimerization, achieving the aggregation‐regulated efficient type I photodynamic conversion for the first time is reported. Electrochemistry characterizations and theoretical calculations elucidate that NBSSe tends to form a S+·/Se−· radical pair via intramolecular electron transfer in the co‐excited NBSSe* aggregate, realizing 7.25‐fold O2−· generation compared to NBS and 80% suppression of 1O2 generation compared to NBSe. The enhanced O2−· generation of NBSSe enables excellent anti‐hypoxia PDT efficiency and inhibition of pulmonary metastasis. Additionally, the incorporation of electron‐rich bovine serum albumin accelerates the recycling of cationic PS radical NBSSe+·, further boosting photostability and O2−· generation. The resultant BSA@NBSSe nanoparticles demonstrate successful tumor‐targeting PDT capability. This work provides an appealing avenue to convert ROS generation from the type II pathway to the type I pathway for efficient cancer phototherapy in hypoxia.
PerC B‐Cells Activation via Thermogenetics‐Based CXCL12 Generator for Intraperitoneal Immunity Against Metastatic Disseminated Tumor Cells
Authors: Yin Zhiwei , Li Ling , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Xiaoshen , Shi Rui , Xia Xin , Wang Zhaoxin , Li Shengkai , Ye Mao , Liu Yanlan , Tan Weihong , Chen Zhuo
Published: January 2025

During cancer peritoneal metastasis (PM), conventional antigen‐presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages) promote tumorigenesis and immunosuppression in peritoneal cavity. While intraperitoneal immunotherapy (IPIT) has been used in clinical investigations to relieve PM, the limited knowledge of peritoneal immunocytes has hindered the development of therapeutic IPIT. Here, a dendritic cell‐independent, next‐generation IPIT is described that activates peritoneal cavity B (PerC B) cell subsets for intraperitoneal anti‐tumor immunity via exogenous antigen presentation. The PerC B‐cell‐involved IPIT framework consists of an isotropic‐porous, cell‐fitting, thermogenetics‐based CXCL12 generator. Such nanoscale thermal‐confined generator can programmatically fine‐tune the expression of CXCL12 to recruit disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) through CXCL12‐CXCR4 axis while avoiding cytokine storm, subsequently release DTC‐derived antigen to trigger PerC B‐cell‐involved immunity. Notably, antigen‐presenting B‐cell cluster, expressing the regulatory signaling molecules Ptpn6, Ms4a1, and Cd52, is identified playing the key role in the IPIT via single‐cell RNA sequencing. Moreover, such IPIT availably assuages peritoneal effusion and PM in an orthotopic gastric cancer and metastatic model. Overall, this work offers a perspective on PerC B‐cell‐involved antigen‐presenting in intraperitoneal immunity and provides a configurable strategy for activating anti‐DTC immunity for next‐generation IPIT.
Structural Control of Photoconductivity in a Flexible Titanium‐Organic Framework
Authors: Chinchilla‐Garzón Clara , Galbiati Marta , Misturini Alechania , Gimeno‐Fonquernie Pol , Almora‐Barrios Neyvis , Padial Natalia M. , Martí‐Gastaldo Carlos
Published: January 2025

The soft nature of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) sets them apart from other non‐synthetic porous materials. Their flexibility allows the framework components to rearrange in response to environmental changes, leading to different states and properties. The work extends this concept to titanium frameworks, demonstrating control over charge transport in porous molecular crystals. MUV‐35 is a two‐fold catenated framework composed of heterometallic TiMn2 trimers and electron donor 4,4′,4″‐(benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b’:5,6‐b″]trithiophene‐2,5,8‐triyl)tribenzoic acid (H3BTTTB) linkers, forming a rare sit‐c net topology that can fold to reduce its volume by ≈40% through a single‐crystal transformation controlled by linker conformation in open, intermediate, and closed states. This process, driven by a free energy difference of ≈300 kJ mol−1, originates from the formation of a continuous network of non‐covalent interactions that force the spontaneous loss of the solvent in the pores of the framework to establish charge transport pathways that afford photocurrents of 2.5 × 10−3 S m−1 under visible light for an ON/OFF ratio (∆R) of four orders of magnitude. This photoconductivity rivals the best conductivity values described for though‐transport conductive MOFs while maintaining a porosity of ≈1.000 m2 g−1.
Influence of Free Space on Lithium Growth Behavior at Open Surfaces and Internal Cracks of Sulfide‐Based Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Ren Shuaiyang , Su Yi , Jiang Weining , Su Yipeng , Zhang Yuegang
Published: January 2025

Lithium dendrite penetration through solid electrolyte has been the major obstacle for practical sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Herein, a series of tailored model solid cells are designed to investigate the intrinsic lithium growth behavior at open surfaces and internal cracks of sulfide solid electrolyte. It is shown that when plating lithium on the open surface of electrolyte (free space), the lithium exhibits an intrinsic columnar growth behavior perpendicular to the electrolyte surface, preferentially along the (110) crystal axis. When plating lithium within the internal cracks (confined free space), the growth of lithium follows two major modes: 1) Diffusion creep enabled infiltration along the crack side‐wall surface toward the counter electrode, allowing the deposited lithium to cause short circuit without fully filling the crack; 2) Columnar growth perpendicular to the crack side‐wall surface toward the confined free space inside the crack. The extent of lithium ingress into electrolyte under external pressure in the initial state is found to determine the rate of lithium infiltration after applying the current. As a further validation, intact sintered electrolytes with 99% relative density minimize initial lithium ingress, enabling lithium plating at 6.37 mA cm−2 with an areal capacity exceeding 76 mAh cm−2 without short circuit.
Building a Highly Stable Red/Near Infrared Afterglow Library with Highly Branched Structures
Authors: Wang Meng , Liu Xiuxing , Yuan Wentao , Yang Yujie , Zhong Cheng , Wu Boxi , Li Zhen , Li Qianqian
Published: January 2025

Achieving organic red/near infrared (NIR) phosphorescence at high temperatures is theoretically challenging because of the severe nonradiative transitions of excited triplet states with low energy gaps. This study realizes bright and persistent red/NIR afterglow with excellent high‐temperature resistance up to 413 K via highly efficient (≈100%) phosphorescence resonance energy transfer (PRET) from rationally designed branched phosphorescence luminogens as energy donors to red/NIR dyes as acceptors, coupled with optimized aggregated structures. According to systematic investigations, the abundant internal cavities formed by the highly branched luminogens in solid states ensure dye loading and space limitation, which can considerably suppress nonradiative transitions at high temperatures, promoting a persistent red/NIR afterglow with excellent stability. Moreover, 16 types of host–guest systems with varied topological structures of branched luminogens and different red/NIR dyes of various sizes confirm the universality of the strategy. This study provides an efficient approach to achieve a highly stable red/NIR afterglow.
Coaxial Direct Ink Writing of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers in 3D Architectures
Authors: Ng Alicia , Telles Rodrigo , Riley Katherine S. , Lewis Jennifer A. , Cook Caitlyn C. , Lee Elaine , Yang Shu
Published: January 2025

Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) hold great promise for mechanochromic applications in anti‐counterfeiting, smart textiles, and soft robotics, thanks to the structural color and elasticity. While CLCEs are printed via direct ink writing (DIW) to fabricate free‐standing films, complex 3D structures are not fabricated due to the opposing rheological properties necessary for cholesteric alignment and multilayer stacking. Here, 3D CLCE structures are realized by utilizing coaxial DIW to print a CLC ink within a silicone ink. By tailoring the ink compositions, and thus, the rheological properties, the cholesteric phase rapidly forms without an annealing step, while the silicone shell provides encapsulation and support to the CLCE core, allowing for layer‐by‐layer printing of self‐supported 3D structures. As a demonstration, free‐standing bistable thin‐shell domes are printed. Color changes due to compressive and tensile stresses can be witnessed from the top and bottom of the inverted domes, respectively. When the domes are arranged in an array and inverted, they can snap back to their base state by uniaxial stretching, thereby functioning as mechanical sensors with memory. The additive manufacturing platform enables the rapid fabrication of 3D mechanochromic sensors thereby expanding the realm of potential applications for CLCEs.
Constructing Anion Solvation Microenvironment Toward Durable High‐Voltage Sodium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Zhou Rui , Xu Yan‐Song , Han Chong , Li Yun‐Nuo , Wang Jun , Liang Xiongyi , Jing Tian‐Tian , Liu Rui , Chen Guanhua , Cao Fei‐Fei
Published: January 2025

Sodium‐based rechargeable batteries are some of the most promising candidates for electric energy storage with abundant sodium reserves, particularly, sodium‐based dual‐ion batteries (SDIBs) perform advantages in high work voltage (≈5.0 V), high‐power density, and potentially low cost. However, irreversible electrolyte decomposition and co‐intercalation of solvent molecules at the electrode interface under a high charge state are blocking their development. Herein, a high‐salt concentration microenvironment is created and proposed by tailoring the solvation structures of charge carriers including both cations and anions, which maintains highly oxidation‐resistant contact ion pairs and ion aggregates and provides a high ion conductivity. The tailored solvation structure makes a great contribution to protecting the graphite cathode from electrolyte oxidation, solvent co‐intercalation, and structural degradation by constructing a robust cathode‐electrolyte interphase with standout electrochemical stability. Based on this, the SDIBs achieved an excellent high‐voltage cycling stability with 81% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles and the battery showed an improved rate performance with 97.4 mAh g−1 maintained at 100 C. It is identified that regulating anion solvation structure is responsible for the stable interface chemistry and enhanced reaction kinetics, which provides deep insight into the compatibility design between the electrolyte and specialized charge storage in electrodes.
Observation of Real‐Time Spin‐Orbit Torque Driven Dynamics in Antiferromagnetic Thin Film
Authors: Cheng Yang , Huang Hanshen , Tang Junyu , Lanier Joseph , Lazareno Katelyn , Chang Hao‐Kai , Chui Shang‐Jui , Yang Chao‐Yao , Yang Fengyuan , Cheng Ran , Wang Kang L.
Published: January 2025

In the burgeoning field of spintronics, antiferromagnetic materials (AFMs) are attracting significant attention for their potential to enable ultra‐fast, energy‐efficient devices. Thin films of AFMs are particularly promising for practical applications due to their compatibility with spin‐orbit torque (SOT) mechanisms. However, studying these thin films presents challenges, primarily due to the weak signals they produce and the rapid dynamics driven by SOT, that are too fast for conventional electric transport or microwave techniques to capture. The time‐resolved magneto‐optical Kerr effect (TR‐MOKE) has been a successful tool for probing antiferromagnetic dynamics in bulk materials, thanks to its sub‐picosecond (sub‐ps) time resolution. Yet, its application to nanometer‐scale thin films has been limited by the difficulty of detecting weak signals in such small volumes. In this study, the first successful observation of antiferromagnetic dynamics are presented in nanometer‐thick orthoferrite films using the pump‐probe technique to detect TR‐MOKE signal. This paper report an exceptionally low damping constant of 1.5 × 10−4 and confirms the AFM magnonic nature of these dynamics through angular‐dependent measurements. Furthermore, it is observed that electrical currents can potentially modulate these dynamics via SOT. The findings lay the groundwork for developing tunable, energy‐efficient spintronic devices, paving the way for advancements in next‐generation spintronic applications.
Lattice‐Strain Engineering of High‐Entropy‐Oxide Nanoparticles: Regulation by Flame Spray Pyrolysis with Ultrafast Quenching
Authors: Luo Lingli , Ju Jie , Wu Yingjie , Wan Xiaowei , Li Wei , Li Yuhang , Jiang Hao , Hu Yanjie , Li Chunzhong
Published: January 2025

The lattice‐strain engineering of high‐entropy‐oxide nanoparticles (HEO‐NPs) is considered an effective strategy for achieving outstanding performance in various applications. However, lattice‐strain engineering independent of the composition variation still confronts significant challenges, with existing modulation techniques difficult to achieve mass production. Herein, a novel continuous‐flow synthesis strategy by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is proposed, which air varying flow rates is introduced for fast quenching to alter the cooling rate and control the lattice strain of HEO‐NPs. Experimental results demonstrate that as the flow rate of air increases from 0 L to 24 L min−1, the cooling rate has increased by more than ten times, and the tensile strain of the HEO‐NPs increases by 2.75%. Utilizing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity as an indicator, it is observed that the overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is reduced by 25 mV. Importantly, this approach enables the simple and efficient regulation of lattice strain in HEO‐NPs (110 mg min−1). Thus, this study provides a new approach for both the mass production and regulation of lattice strain in HEO‐NPs.
Size‐Controllable High‐Entropy Alloys Toward Stable Hydrogen Production at Industrial‐Scale Current Densities
Authors: Wang Qian , Qin Yao , Xie Jiacheng , Kong Yafen , Sun Qian , Wei Zengxi , Zhao Shuangliang
Published: January 2025

Efficient and stable electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at high current densities is highly desirable for industrial‐scale hydrogen production, which is yet challenging, because of the electrocatalyst with short lifespans during the acidic HER process. Here, a controllable preparation technique is successfully developed to synthesize PdPtRuRhAu high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) of various sizes, within the 3.14 nm particles (HEA‐3.14) demonstrating exceptional catalytic performance and stable hydrogen production at current densities of −500 and −1000 mA·cm−2 with negligible activity loss over 100 h. Theoretical calculations indicate that the bridge adsorption site of Pd–Au serves as an ideal location for HER, with HEA‐3.14 possessing the highest proportion of such sites, reaching 18.97%. To further analyze the thermodynamic stability of HEAs, an element‐encoding machine learning model is developed from over 300 000 preprocessed dataset of HEAs that achieving an impressively low RMSE of 58.6 °C and a high R2 value of 0.98. By integrating thermodynamic modeling with machine learning methods, the melting point of the PdPtRuRhAu HEAs at 3.14 nm (366 °C) is predicted, which aligns well with the results obtained from differential scanning calorimetry tests. This work offers new insights and approaches for designing HEAs that reliably produce hydrogen at high current densities.
Manufacture of 3D Compact Graphene Oxide Macrostructures
Authors: Liu Siyu
Published: January 2025

Graphene oxide (GO) is an important candidate material in the 2D‐material family. A single GO nanosheet comprises a one‐atom‐thick graphene sheet with oxygen‐containing functional groups. The interaction of oxygen groups on GO can help assemble GO nanosheets into macroscopic structures as flat membranes or nonplanar 3D structures. The manufacturing of 3D GO‐based macrostructures is of great interest as many applications require nonplanar structures, but current reviews on fabricating 3D GO‐based macrostructures with compact morphology are limited. This article reviews available methods to manufacture 3D GO‐based compact macrostructures, including molding, origami and kirigami, stimuli‐responsive deformation, and 3D printing. With these methods, the manufactured 3D structures have compact layered morphology under scanning electron microscopy. The compact morphology makes the GO‐based structures achieve high mechanical stiffness and strength to satisfy applications that need excellent mechanical properties. These methods have their advantages and drawbacks, so it is needed to select them carefully for specific applications. The development of processing methods to manufacture 3D macrostructures will enable GO‐based materials to achieve wide real‐life applications.
Integrating Automated Electrochemistry and High‐Throughput Characterization with Machine Learning to Explore Si─Ge─Sn Thin‐Film Lithium Battery Anodes
Authors: Sanin Alexey , Flowers Jackson K. , Piotrowiak Tobias H. , Felsen Frederic , Merker Leon , Ludwig Alfred , Bresser Dominic , Stein Helge Sören
Published: January 2025

High‐performance batteries need accelerated discovery and optimization of new anode materials. Herein, we explore the Si─Ge─Sn ternary alloy system as a candidate fast‐charging anode materials system by utilizing a scanning droplet cell (SDC) as an autonomous electrochemical characterization tool with the goal of subsequent upscaling. As the SDC is performing experiments sequentially, an exploration of the entire ternary space is unfeasible due to time constraints. Thus, closed‐loop optimization, guided by real‐time data analysis and sequential learning algorithms, is utilized to direct experiments. The lead material identified is scaled up to a coin cell to validate the findings from the autonomous millimeter‐scale thin‐film electrochemical experimentation. Explainable machine learning (ML) models incorporating data from high‐throughput Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) are used to elucidate the effect of short and long‐range ordering on material performance.
Avoiding causal fraud in the evaluation of clinical benefits of treatments for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Liu Kathy Y. , Senn Stephen , Howard Robert
Published: January 2025

Recent regulatory approvals of three amyloid‐lowering monoclonal antibody therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have triggered a polarizing debate in the field on the clinical meaningfulness of their reported effects. The question of how to define clinical meaningfulness for any treatment that has a modest effect size is important and will likely be subject to influence from interested stakeholders. We warn of claims of evaluating meaningful within‐individual change from randomized parallel‐group trials of AD treatments, sometimes purportedly assessed by a commonly recognized “responder” analysis approach, and explain why it is likely to mislead and should simply be avoided. The average between‐group difference in score change is where the debate and research efforts should be focused to contextualize and evaluate the clinical meaningfulness of the true treatment effect. The statistical and communication principles we consider and would recommend are applicable to the evaluation of most interventions in medicine.

Highlights

Dichotomized outcome analysis approaches purporting to evaluate within‐individual meaningful change are highly likely to mislead.

In our view, the most valid statistical approach to understanding the true treatment effect is to analyze the average between‐group difference in outcome scores.

The average between‐group difference in score change is where the debate and research efforts should be focused to contextualize and evaluate the clinical meaningfulness of the true treatment effect.
A multi‐cohort study of longitudinal and cross‐sectional Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in cognitively unimpaired older adults
Authors: Xie Long , Das Sandhitsu R. , Li Yue , Wisse Laura E. M. , McGrew Emily , Lyu Xueying , DiCalogero Michael , Shah Ujashi , Ilesanmi Ademola , Denning Amanda E. , Brown Chris A. , Cohen Jesse , Sreepada Lasya , Dong Mengjin , Sadeghpour Niyousha , Khandelwal Pulkit , Ittyerah Ranjit , Ravikumar Sadhana , Sadaghiani Shokufeh , Hrybouski Stanislau , de Flores Robin , Gibson Eli , Yushkevich Paul A. , Wolk David A. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

The generalizability of neuroimaging and cognitive biomarkers in their sensitivity to detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) and power to predict progression in large, multisite cohorts remains unclear.

METHOD

Longitudinal demographics, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cognitive scores of 3036 cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults (amyloid beta [Aβ]‐negative/positive [A–/A+]: 1270/1558) were included. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal cognition and medial temporal lobe (MTL) structural measures were extracted. Cross‐sectional MTL tau burden (T) was computed from tau positron emission tomography (N = 1095).

RESULTS

We found cross‐sectional tau and longitudinal structural biomarkers best separated A+ CU from A– CU. A–T+ CU had significantly faster neurodegeneration rate compared to A–T– CU. MTL tau was significantly correlated with MRI and cognitive biomarkers regardless of Aβ status. MTL tau, MRI, and cognition provided complementary information about disease progression.

DISCUSSION

This large multisite study replicates prior findings in CU older adults, supporting the utility of neuroimaging and cognitive biomarkers in preclinical AD clinical trials and normal aging studies.

Highlights

We investigated neuroimaging and cognitive biomarkers in 3036 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants.

Medial temporal lobe (MTL) tau and longitudinal MTL atrophy best separate amyloid beta positive (A+) CU from amyloid beta negative (A–) CU.

A– tau positive (T+) CU had a significantly faster neurodegeneration rate compared to A–T– CU.

MTL tau correlated with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognition regardless of amyloid beta status.

Combined baseline MTL tau, MRI, and cognition best predict Alzheimer's disease progression.
Offspring education and cognitive health: A comparison between Hispanic and White older adults in the United States
Authors: Meza Erika , Romero Karla Renata Flores , Allen Isabel E. , González Hector M. , Glymour M. Maria , Torres Jacqueline M.
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

We compared the relationship between offspring education and cognitive health outcomes among Hispanic and White adults.

METHODS

We used data from Hispanic and White (1998–2018) United States (US) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants (n = 17,484). We assessed cognitive function and decline using episodic memory scores in linear mixed models and incident cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) or probable dementia using the Langa‐Weir 27‐point‐scale in Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

Higher offspring education (> 12 years) was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores and faster cognitive decline. Higher offspring education was also linked to a reduced risk of CIND or probable dementia, particularly among Hispanic participants. Among Hispanic participants, associations with cognitive decline but not incident CIND or probable dementia were of larger magnitude for foreign‐born versus US‐born participants.

DISCUSSION

We found limited evidence of heterogeneity in the association between offspring education and cognitive aging by Hispanic ethnicity and nativity.

Highlights

Higher offspring education was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores regardless of ethnicity or nativity.

We found some evidence of an association between higher offspring education and faster cognitive decline, though this association varied by ethnicity and nativity.

Higher offspring education was associated with a reduced risk of incident CIND or dementia for Hispanic and White participants but of slightly larger magnitude for Hispanic participants.
HC‐A solution limb perfusion alleviates liver damage induced by limb ischemia–reperfusion injury in pigs
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Ni Weixiang , Cai Qinglong , Ji Huitao , Du Junhao , Hong Weixuan , Fang Junwei , Wang Lie , Qi Yafeng , Xiao Chunhong
Published: January 2025

Background

The aim of the study was to explore a feasible method for alleviating limb ischemia–reperfusion injury (LI/RI) through the use of a high‐concentration citrate solution (HC‐A solution) for limb perfusion (LP).

Methods

Eighteen pigs were divided into three groups: the Sham group, LI/RI group, and HCA group. The Sham group underwent exposure of the iliac artery and vein. The LI/RI group underwent tourniquet placement and clamping of the iliac artery and vein to simulate LI/RI. The HCA group received HC‐A solution LP for 30 min through the left iliac artery below the level of blood flow occlusion based on the LI/RI group. Oxidative stress markers and inflammatory response markers were compared among the three groups.

Results

Compared to the LI/RI group, the HCA group showed significantly lower levels of serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and significantly greater activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) or in muscle MDA, SOD, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 between the HCA group and the LI/RI group (p > 0.05). Compared to the LI/RI group, MDA, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 levels in the liver were significantly lower in the HCA group (p < 0.05), while SOD activities were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed reduced skeletal muscle and liver damage in the HCA group compared to the LI/RI group.

Conclusions

HC‐A solution LP can alleviate liver damage caused by LI/RI in pigs.
Effect of Ultrafine Cement Mineral Phase C4AF on the Properties of PVDF Composite Films
Authors: Guo Han , Zhang Zhaocai , Zhu Yu
Published: January 2025

The development of intelligent buildings requires energy harvesting technology, especially smart piezoelectric materials. This paper mainly explores the possibility of applying polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a piezoelectric energy storage material in building structures. In order to make PVDF piezoelectric energy storage materials suitable for the cement‐based materials, the cement mineral phase tetracalcium aluminate (C4AF) as filler and PVDF as matrix are used to prepare ultrafine C4AF‐PVDF composite films. The mechanical properties, crystal structure, thermal behavior, electrochemical behavior, and morphology of C4AF‐PVDF composite films are characterized. The results show that a small amount of C4AF can be uniformly dispersed in the PVDF matrix and fill the pores, which not only maintains the good toughness of the PVDF film but also promotes the nucleation and crystallization of the film. Meanwhile, the conceptual model developed in this paper shows the mechanism of C4AF on PVDF film in macro and microstructures, explains, and analyzes the influence of C4AF on the PVDF film matrix from the level of nucleation and crystallization. This paper can provide reference value for the application of cement‐based mineral phase materials combined with PVDF in the field of intelligent buildings for piezoelectric energy harvesting.
Preparation and Properties of Fluorine‐Free and Organo‐Soluble Polyesterimides and the Films With Good Optical Transparency and Thermal Stability
Authors: Ren Xi , Li Duanyi , He Zhibin , Wang Ruixuan , Yang Changxu , Han Shujun , Yu Haifeng , Liu Jingang
Published: January 2025

Fluorine‐free, fully aromatic polyimide (PI) films, characterized by the excellent optical transparency and high‐temperature endurance, have been successfully synthesized through either homopolymerization or copolymerization of an ester‐containing diamine, 2‐(4‐aminobenzoate)‐5‐aminobiphenyl (ABABP) and two distinct dianhydrides: 2,2‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride (BPADA) and 9,9‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]fluorene dianhydride (BPFPA). Owing to the good solubility of the developed PI‐I to PI‐V resins in polar aprotic solvents, particularly in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), the synthesis process was performed through a two‐stage chemical imidization technique. The polymer solutions of PI‐I to PI‐V in DMAc were fabricated into films that showed exceptional optical clarity, featured with the ultraviolet cutoff wavelength (λ) below 375 nm, the light transmission at 450 nm (T450) surpassed 80%, the b* values (CIE indices) below 4.5, and the turbidity percentage (haze values) under 0.5%. Despite the fact that a higher molar concentration of BPFPA components in the dianhydride segments led to a decline in the optical characteristics of the films, the thermal resistance was concurrently enhanced. The resulting copolymerized PI films exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) over 264.9°C, along with the coefficients of linear thermal expansion (CTE) values of 56.7 ~ 65.9 ppm/K in temperature range of 50 ~ 200°C.
Genomic Insights Into a Strong Biofilm‐Forming Enterococcus faecalis MTR_EFS01 Strain Isolated From a Shrimp in Bangladesh
Authors: Ullah Md. Ashek , Islam Md. Saiful , Rana Md. Liton , Hassan Jayedul , Rahman Md. Tanvir
Published: January 2025

Enterococcus faecalis is known for its ability to form strong biofilms and its role as an opportunistic pathogen. In this study, we screened and characterized a multidrug‐resistant (MDR) and strong biofilm‐forming E. faecalis isolate obtained from a shrimp sample to determine its genetic diversity, molecular epidemiology, and underlying factors associated with antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs). The E. faecalis MTR_EFS01 strain was isolated using culturing, staining, and biochemical tests and MALDI‐TOF methods. The MDR profile of the strain was determined through the disk diffusion test. The complete genomic sequence of E. faecalis MTR_EFS01 was obtained using the Illumina NextSeq2000 platform. The de novo assembly of the E. faecalis MTR_EFS01 genome revealed a total length of 2,862,301 bp with 80.0 × coverage. This genome comprised 38 contigs, a G + C content of 37.4%, and identified two CRISPR arrays, seven prophages, and 55 RNA genes. The E. faecalis MTR_EFS01 strain was classified as ST862 with a high pathogenicity index of 0.896. The strain harbored eight ARGs conferring resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim, and MDR efflux pumps. Furthermore, 27 VFGs were identified in this strain, linked to antiphagocytosis, adherence, biofilm formation, enzymes, and immune invasion. Metabolic functional analysis revealed that our strain had 243 subsystems, with the most abundant genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism, amino acids and derivatives, and protein metabolism. The findings in this study underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, research, and collaborative efforts to address the growing threat of MDR and biofilm‐forming pathogens in diverse settings.
Graphene Oxide‐Assisted Tapered Microfiber Super‐Sensor for Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens
Authors: Liu Ren , Song Tianhuan , Chen Xiaolin , Yu Zhiheng , Yang Cunliang , Zhang Xianchao , Huang Fengli , Jia Hao , Feng Jijun , Wang Yujiong
Published: January 2025

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the most widespread infectious diseases, with nearly 2 billion people infected globally. We present an innovative approach for the real‐time detection of TB antigens Mpt64 and Ag85B using DNA aptamers in combination with a graphene oxide (GO)‐assisted optical microfiber super‐sensor. The high surface‐to‐volume ratio and superior properties of the GO layer significantly enhance the microfiber's fixation capabilities. To validate the clinical applicability of this sensing method, we employed the optical sensor to successfully detect Mpt64 and Ag85B in serum samples within 10 s, achieving limits of detection of 4.23 × 10⁻²⁰ M and 3.11 × 10⁻¹⁹ M, respectively. Due to the high conservation of Mpt64 and Ag85B in human and bovine MTB strains, our detection system can be used to identify MTB in both humans and bovine. These results demonstrate the sensor's high sensitivity for quantifying MTB particles, enabling rapid identification of infected individuals or bovine. Overall, the optical microfiber sensor system offers a promising platform for diagnosing MTB due to its straightforward detection scheme and potential for miniaturization.