bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying Shallow Depth Sedimentation Theory
Authors: Hansen Sigurd P. , Culp Gordon I.
Published: February 2018

Tests were begun in 1964 to evaluate the efficiency of tube configurations as sedimentation devices and to evaluate means of sludge removal. Preliminary tests with single tubes of various sizes quickly demonstrated that they were efficient sedimentation devices. During these preliminary tests, it was found that the accumulated sludge could be readily removed by periodically draining the tubes, if they were inclined slightly in the direction of flow. An angle of inclination of 5 degrees was found to be adequate for sludge removal by gravity. The potential merits demonstrated in the preliminary tests resulted in the detailed studies that are described in this paper.
New England Water Supply
Authors: Cassidy William F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Northeastern Water Supply Study, whose objective was creating a long‐range, regional plan of development that would assure the future availability of adequate water supplies throughout the northeastern area of the U.S. This mandate was carried out by an integrated effort that involved all interested agencies on the federal, state, and local levels, in addition to private interests.
New York Metropolitan Area Water Resources
Authors: Hazen Richard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how the drought in the Northeastern U.S., together with predictions of population growth in the area, demonstrated the need for larger water supplies in the New York Metropolitan area. Water supply conditions of the surrounding areas, including Connecticut, Suffolk County and Nassau County, are discussed.
Iodine for the Disinfection of Water
Authors: Black A. P. , Thomas W. C. , Kinman R. N. , Bonner W. P. , Keirn M. A. , Smith J. J. , Jabero A. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several studies on the use of iodine for the disinfection of water: the 1958 study of the effectiveness of iodine for the disinfection of swimming pools at the University of Florida; the 1963 study of two water systems serving three prisons at Lowell, Florida; and, the 1964 study of the presence of pollution and the role that iodine might play as a viricide in the water system of Gainesville, Florida. The article briefly discusses a sensitive and reproducible colorimetric method for the determination of iodine, iodide, and iodate ion residuals in water. The method allows for the accurate determination of iodine in the presence of a coexisting free or combined chlorine residual. With simple modification, a free chlorine residual may be rapidly and accurately determined without interference from high concentrations of combined chlorine, at relatively high water temperatures. Total chlorine is determined by the addition of iodide and the combined chlorine is obtained by the difference.
Wastewater Reclamation as a Water Resource
Authors: Metzler Dwight F. , Russelmann Heinz B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses various fundamental philosophies of water reuse. The national problem of water supply is examined and suggestions are made for using water reuse with careful attention to protecting the consumer. The article addresses the problems of water supply needs and the inescapable fact that water reclamation will increasingly serve as the method for meeting water supply needs.
Removal of Poliovirus 1 From Secondary Effluents by Lime Flocculation and Rapid Sand Filtration
Authors: Berg Gerald , Dean Robert B. , Dahling Daniel R.
Published: February 2018

Flocculation with lime followed by settling and sand filtration effectively removes suspended matter and phosphates from secondary effluents. Preliminary studies to determine the degree to which flocculation with lime, settling, and rapid sand filtration remove viruses from such effluents have been completed. The results of this work are reported in this article.
Financial Management of a Water Utility
Authors: Bogue Stuart H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the financial management of a water utility by presenting examples of proper planning, good record keeping, and thoughtful budgeting at three separate water utilities. Program developing and budget planning are specifically discussed.
Analysis of Yellow Organic Matter From Fresh Water
Authors: Midwood R. B. , Felbeck G. T.
Published: February 2018

This study examined various techniques of soil analysis and organic chemistry to gain information on yellow organic compounds, particularly fulvic acid, in water. The yellow color from organic matter in a pond surrounded by muckpeat soil was reduced from 55 units to 38 units by filtration through a 10 mµ filter. In an unfiltered sample, a sediment formed on the bottom of a flask over a 12 month period, reducing the color to 45 units. A large portion of the yellow organic matter, however, was soluble or colloidal material that appeared to be resistant to both biologic and chemical degradation. A water sample was filtered through a 100 mµ filter, and the water was evaporated leaving a material of which 27.18 per cent was lost on ignition at 600ºC. This material contained four free amino acids, and acid hydrolysis released ten more amino acids. The material lost by ignition contained 0.644 per cent amino acids and 6.48 per cent carbohydrates. Various treatments of the original material produced many fractions that were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen. Infrared absorption spectra of these fractions were also recorded. Over 80 per cent of the carbon was found to be in the fulvic acid fraction, and infrared absorption spectra indicated this material to be aromatic carboxylic acids with aliphatic side groups containing alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl groups.
Precise Chemical Control of Algae in Ponds
Authors: Toth S. J. , Riemer D. N.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of copper sulfate in ponds, especially when applied in granulated form, for the control of algae. The study used the atomic absorption technique for direct, rapid analysis of water. Study results indicate that present dosages of copper sulfate are adequate for algae control. The concentration obtained by use of these dosages, however, may not reach recommended levels in some ponds. This is because copper sulfate goes out of solution very rapidly in some ponds, and much more precise and in some cases higher dosage rates may have to be used.
Gas Chromatographic Studies on Taste and Odor in Water
Authors: Silvey J. K. G. , Glaze W. H. , Hendricks Albert , Henley Don , Matlock Jim
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to demonstrate that gas liquid chromatography could be used in the investigation of actinomycete taste and odor compounds in water. Throughout, a gas chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame detector was used. A second objective was to determine which liquid phase or phases were best suited for the study of actinomycete taste and odor compounds in aqueous samples. In order to have adequate concentrations of taste and odor components from actinomycetes, various types of laboratory culture techniques were used. In this investigation, a number of liquid phases were studied to find one that would give the best possible separation of the compounds in the aqueous odor samples. The liquid phases that gave indefinite results were Tricresyl Phosphate, Silicon Oil, Tergitol, and B,b' ‐Oxydipropionitrile. Those that gave definite results were polyethylene glycol, polybutene, and FFAP.
Determination of Free Residual Chlorine in Water by Para‐Aminodiethlaniline
Authors: Bjorklund John G. , Rand M. C.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a specific analytic method for free residual chlorine with minimum sensitivity or, ideally, no response whatever to combined residual chlorine. The ability of the method to distinguish between the two forms of residual chlorine was particularly important, because in many cases both forms are present but only the free residual is effective as a disinfectant to assure that the water supply is safe. In addition, impurities interfere in one or more of the other methods for residual chlorine determinations. These include: dissolved oxygen, copper, nitrite, iron and manganese. As susceptibility to interferences of this kind seriously limits the application of any method under field conditions, their effect upon the p‐amino diethylaniline or N,N‐diethyl‐p‐phenylene diamine (DPD) method were evaluated as a part of this study.
Eriochrome Cyanine R Method for Aluminum Determination
Authors: Chaudhuri M. , Engelbrecht R. S.
Published: February 2018

This article comments on the Shull & Guthan Journal AWWA article, “Rapid Modified Eriochrome Cyanine R Method for Determination of Aluminum in Water,” 59 :1456 (Nov. 1967).
Perfromance of Ductile‐Iron Pipe in Soils
Authors: Romanoff Melvin
Published: February 2018

Field investigations on underground corrosion, conducted for many years by the National Bureau of Standards, have contributed significantly to the present understanding of the behavior of metals in soil. During the 30 years preceding 1952, data were obtained on 37,000 specimens representing many varieties of metals, alloys, and protective coatings, some of which had been exposed up to 17 years at the 128 test locations throughout the United States. In 1958, new specimens were buried at six test sites to obtain additional information on metals and alloys not completely investigated in the earlier tests. Included were specimens of ductile cast‐iron pipe. Carbon steel pipe was used as a reference material to correlate the corrosiveness of the soil at the six test sites with that of the soil at the 128 locations at which corrosion investigations were previously conducted. Data presented in a progress report indicated that ductile cast iron corrodes at nearly the same rate after a 4‐yr. exposure, with respect to weight loss and pitting, as gray cast iron in the same soil environment, and that the graphite corrosion products of ductile‐iron specimens have the same general characteristics and adhesive properties as those of gray cast iron. This article provides data that presents another point on the corrosion‐time curves after exposure for 8 years in soil at five of the six test sites where specimens of ductile iron were exposed. There are additional specimens, still exposed, awaiting later removal. The article briefly reviews data on the performance of gray iron in the earlier tests.
High‐Rate Sedimentation in Water Treatment Works
Authors: Culp Gordon , Hansen Sigurd , Richardson Gordon
Published: February 2018

Shallow tubes are very efficient sedimentation devices. Two basic tube configurations have been used: essentially horizontal, and steeply inclined. Sludge is removed from the essentially horizontal tubes by automatically draining them each time the filter backwashes and refilling them with filter backwash water. Over 20 water treatment plants using these horizontal tubes with sedimentation detention times of less than 10 minutes with capacities of 20‐2,000 gpm are now in operation. In tests described in this paper, a plant providing flocculation, tube sedimentation, and mixed media filtration, produced potable water (0.1 JU turbidity) from a raw water turbidity of 1,000 JU with an overall plant detention time of 16 minutes. Flow distribution analyses demonstrate that the shallow horizontal tubes enable good flow distribution to be readily achieved.
Removal of Trace Metals by Foam Separation Processes
Authors: Rubin Alan J.
Published: February 2018

This article describes research on the use of foam separation processes for removing metal ions from water. Whether the removal process is a foam fractionation, precipitate flotation, or ion flotation depends primarily on the nature of the metal‐collector product, the sublate. Factors affecting the solubility of the sublate, and therefore the mechanism, include the coordination behavior of the metal toward the collector surfactant, the nature of the collector, and the pH of the solution. Other variables that may significantly affect the removal process include the rate of gas flow, the concentrations of metal and collector, and the ionic strength of the solution.
Simultaneous Plant‐Scale Tests of Mixed Media and Rapid Sand Filters
Authors: Laughlin James E. , Duvall T. E.
Published: February 2018

An unusual opportunity for water filtration research occurred recently in Greenville, Texas. Two of four filter beds at the municipal plant were converted to mixed‐media units; the other two beds remained as conventional rapid sand filters. Additional control and monitoring equipment was added at the time of the changeover, making it possible to operate both filter systems simultaneously and in parallel, and to examine relative performance in detail. A series of plant‐scale investigations were undertaken during 1966‐67. Some results and pertinent conclusions are presented in this article.
Taxation as a Source of Water Utility Income
Authors: Hazen Richard
Published: February 2018

In allocating the cost of major new water supply facilities, especially those serving a number of systems, a familiar problem arises, that of water demand as opposed to water use. In most instances, the problem involves future estimated demands, not immediate requirements. Agreement on the procedures to be followed is hard to come by; therefore, the author makes several suggestions for dealing with this issue.
Effect of Coagulation on the Microflotation of Bacillus cereus
Authors: Rubin Alan J. , Lackey Stephan C.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to: investigate the microflotation of Bacillus cereus, which is larger and more hydrophobic than the other bacteria studied; determine the effect of coagulant concentration on the pH range of efficient microflotation; and, examine the relative effectiveness of soluble and insoluble cationic and anionic collectors. The foam separation of Bacillus cereus was investigated using the microflotation technique. The removal of the organisms was examined as a function of pH at several coagulant doses, and different types of collectors were used. These two factors determined the pH range that achieved good removals. In general, aggregation of the organisms improved the removals. Removals were most efficient when using CTAB, a strongly ionized cationic surfactant. Although NaLS was the least effective of the collectors, these studies with CTAB and NaLS indicate that soluble surfactants may be used with the microflotation technique. The results of this study suggest that bacteria are slowly coagulated at low pH by hydrogen ion or soluble aluminum species.
An Eye to the Future
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

This is a convocation address presented on Apr. 29, 1968, at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. The occasion was a memorial ceremony marking the founding of AWWA and held in conjunction with the Missouri Section Meeting. Abel Wolman pays tribute to the founding members of AWWA by envisioning the future of AWWA. Wolman provides statistical evidence of progress since 1881, and discusses topics including water resources management, water quality, controlled reuse, utility management, sources of funding, skilled personnel, seawater desalination, and water supply for developing countries.
Meeting the Peak Hour Demand in a Small Water System
Authors: Allen Harry S.
Published: February 2018

In response to chronic water shortages, the Matawan Township (New Jersey) Municipal Utilities Authority implemented improvements that insured a positive solution to water shortages created by peak hour demands. The solution was economical and provided the additional benefit of water system reliability. The improvements were financed under the authority's existing bond program, and the additional revenues resulting from increased water production will provide for debt service. This article discusses the approach to the problem, the studies required in defining the nature of the problem, and the technology required in the solution of the problem.
Effects of Metering Urban Water
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Flack J. Ernest
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a discussion on flat rates, and how the recent emphasis on metering and pricing of water reflects current changing attitudes toward hydrologic and economic conditions. Two residential water use studies are discussed: the Residential Water Use Research Project of Johns Hopkins University, under the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, in cooperation with sixteen water companies; and, the study by Howe, C.W. and Linaweaver, F.P., JR., “The Impact of Price on Residential Water Demand and Its Relation to System Design and Price Structure.”
GLACIERS AND WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Meier Mark F.
Published: February 2018

Glaciers are one of the few large sources of water supply that remain unexploited. With the advance of civilization into the subpolar regions, a better understanding of glacier hydrology becomes increasingly important.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA FILTERS
Authors: Conley Walter R. , Hsiung Kou‐ying
Published: February 2018

In the design method proposed, say the authors, the effect of changing any of the variables pertaining to filtration efficiency can be evaluated with satisfactory precision. Data on filters of various designs, treating different kinds of raw supplies, are presented and discussed.
IMPROVING RETIREMENT PLANS FOR UTILITIES
Authors: Hathaway Dorr
Published: February 2018

Pension plans have two basic purposes—to attract and hold good workers, and to provide for retired, faithful employees. Employers may be able to afford the addition of benefits to pension plans by taking advantage of current investment possibilities.
WATER QUALITY IN HAWAII
Authors: Burbank Nathan C.
Published: February 2018

Befitting an island paradise, Hawaii enjoys an abundance of high‐quality water. With its accession to statehood, Federal standards were imposed for maintaining the quality, an action the author feels has improved an already good situation.
TASTE QUALITY OF MINERALIZED WATER
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

Tests were conducted to determine mineral content levels in drinking water as they affect the taste. Based on test results, a grading schedule is offered which codifies water taste acceptability as a factor of mineral content.
ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

As America's water needs and problems become more complex, more complex methods for coping with them must be assessed. A hierarchy of water quality is proposed as one of many possible changes in water supply practice, a hierarchy which would lessen the need to squander expensive, finely treated waters on rough usage.
CONTROLLING ACCIDENT COMPENSATION COSTS
Authors: Gleason James F.
Published: February 2018

True, the very best way to lower the cost of compensation to employees for accidents is to lower the accident rate. But other procedures—administrative, political, financial—must not be overlooked.
EUTROPHICATION—CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Authors: Borchardt J. A.
Published: February 2018

Lakes die like other living things. When ecologic imbalances caused by man hasten their death, the process is called accelerated eutrophication. And such eutrophication is called trouble.
PREDICTION OF PITTING RATES IN FERROUS METALS FROM SOIL PARAMETERS
Authors: Rossum John R.
Published: February 2018

From a consideration of pit formation chemistry, equations have been derived that correspond to empirical equations developed by the NBS corrosion group. The theoretical equations' derivations show how soil resistivity and pH affect corrosion rates.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE USING ZIRCONIUM‐XYLENOL ORANGE
Authors: Macejunas Anthony G.
Published: February 2018

Spectrophotometric determination of fluoride, using zirconium with xylenol orange for positive color development, is presented as the first practical catalytic method for assaying fluoride content in water, with extreme sensitivity as its major advantage over older methods.
AUXILIARY WATER SUPPLIES AND CROSSCONNECTION CONTROL
Authors: West William E.
Published: February 2018

Many people served by a public water utility also have auxiliary water supplies which can create problems for the utility. Rolling with the punch, Contra Costa County water authorities, in California, developed a program for regulating second supplies to keep them from becoming hazardous to public health.
SOIL BACTERIA AND COLOR PROBLEM IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Victoreen Hugo T.
Published: February 2018

A genus of bacteria that can cause water discoloration within a distribution system is the soil Arthrobacter group, hitherto unrecognized as a quality problem. It needs little nutrient and is possibly symbiotic with other organisms.
TAILORING WATER TREATMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL USE
Authors: Guthrie J. L.
Published: February 2018

Three pulp and paper mills have taken large quantities of surface water with variable characteristics and treated them to uniform quality suitable for the paper‐making process.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL TASTE IN DOMESTIC WATER
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Ongerth Henry J. , Dillehay Ronald C.
Published: February 2018

Californians rated their own mineralized water supplies as to taste quality, from which investigators recommended standards limiting mineral content.
NONIONIC POLYMER FLOCCULATION OF DILUTE CLAY SUSPENSION
Authors: Birkner Francis B. , Edzwald J. K.
Published: February 2018

Continuing the search for more efficient floes, this investigation examined the chemical and physical mechanisms which are involved in the destabilization of kaolinite clay suspensions with a nonionic polymer, specifically polyethylene oxide.
AUTOMATION OF WATER ANALYSIS AND ANALYTICAL PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Authors: Babcock R. H.
Published: February 2018

Often when techniques are transferred from laboratory to plant, accuracy is lost. A few guidelines help the plant operator to maintain lab standards.
REVERSE OSMOSIS AT COALINGA, CALIFORNIA
Authors: McCutchan Joseph W. , Johnson James S.
Published: February 2018

The authors have summarized the effectiveness of a pilot desalination plant; its operational costs; and explored the feasibility of a large scale operation.
WATERSHED HUMAN‐USE LEVEL AND WATER QUALITY
Authors: Lee Roger D. , Symons James M. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

The Washington State Department of Health, because of a lack of information relating to the effect of recreational activities on the quality of water flowing from protected watersheds, asked the USPHS to study this problem. In this study, a comparison is made between protected and unprotected watershed areas, and the effect of increasing human use in a heretofore protected area is researched.
TRAINING—HOW TO DO IT
Authors: Austin John H.
Published: February 2018

With the increase in financial, technical, and other administrative problems, the need for a management training course presents itself. One such training course, at Clemson University, is explained in part of a joint discussion given on May 20, 1969, at the Annual Conference, San Diego, by John H. Austin, A. E. Knutson, K. W. Cosens, and F. M. Clinton.
IMPOUNDMENT BIOLOGY OF WILSON RESERVOIR, KANSAS
Authors: Thomas Nelson A.
Published: February 2018

Impounded water undergoes chemical and bacteriological change. This affects not only the water and life forms in the reservoir, but those downstream. Here is a report of studies from a Kansas reservoir.
NATURAL RESOURCE GRADUATES AS MANAGERS OF MUNICIPAL WATERSHEDS
Authors: Hart George E.
Published: February 2018

Because few utilities are aware of the value of natural resource graduates to watershed managment, a major supply of well‐trained, valuable, personnel is being neglected. The author has pointed out the value of these people to the municipal water utility.
PILOT STUDIES FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN TERMINAL RESERVOIR
Authors: Klassen Edwin H. , Rempel George , Pick Archie R.
Published: February 2018

Potential problems in a shallow reservoir, and a growing demand for improved water quality, led to the testing of methods of taste and odor removal from metropolitan Winnipeg's water.
CHLORIDE INTERFERENCE IN NITRATE NITROGEN DETERMINATION
Authors: Malhotra S. K. , Zanoni A. E.
Published: February 2018

Analytical procedures for the determination of nitrate nitrogen are necessary for the effective production of pure water. The authors discuss problems that may occur when carrying out these procedures and variations of them.
TAILORING WATER TREATMENT FOR PROCESS PLANTS
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: February 2018

Not just quality, but qualities—that is, the reactive or nonreactive properties of water—are important to process plants. These characteristics can be altered by removal and addition of chemicals, to fit water to process demands. Some important methods, and their applications, are concisely described by the author.
COAGULATION TESTING: A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES—PART 1
Authors: TeKippe Rudy J. , Ham Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Coagulation to remove particulate matter from turbid waters may be carried out by any of several techniques. This report attempts to discover which coagulation techniques yield comparable results, and which of these is preferable from the operator's standpoint. Because of its length, this report is divided in half. Part II, containing the results and a discussion, will appear in next month's issue.
CROSS‐CONNECTION CONTROL IN THE CITY OF DALLAS
Authors: Stacha John H.
Published: February 2018

Cross connections are a complex problem, and corrective steps require the joint efforts of many municipal departments. Here, with only slight editorial changes necessary to accommodate it to JOURNAL AWWA publication, is the Dallas, Texas, procedure manual, with an explanatory introduction by one of the many people who worked toward its completion.
RATE PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Hyle Robert C.
Published: February 2018

It is an inescapable fact that someone must pay for the water that is used—if not now, then later; if not by those benefited, then by the community as a whole. Yet without a safe and adequate water‐supply system, the modern community, as it is now known, would cease to exist.
TRACE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IN WATERS
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

The chemical constituents of drinking water are discussed from the standpoint of limits of standards and occurrence in US water supplies.
EMPHASIS—1970s
Authors: Larson T. E.
Published: February 2018

The President of AWWA shares with us some thoughts about today's growing problems and steps toward tomorrow's solutions.
HYPOLIMNION AERATION
Authors: Speece Richard E.
Published: February 2018

Aeration of the hypolimnion while maintaining stratified conditions is a desirable alternative to destratification, because good water quality can be maintained without destroying the cold‐water resource and stimulating algal productivity in the euphotic zone.
RAPID MIXING IN WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Vrale Lasse , Jorden Roger M.
Published: February 2018

The authors study test systems to determine relative efficiencies of rapid mixing techniques. Their findings are informative and valuable to water and wastewater operators alike.
SALINE ARTESIAN WATER AS A SUPPLEMENT
Authors: Meyer Frederick W.
Published: February 2018

The complexities and potential uses of the saline artesian aquifer system in southern Florida deserve further exploration in order to assist local governments in the proper management of the total water resources.
DISSOLVED–COPPER EFFECT ON IRON PIPE
Authors: Cruse Henry
Published: February 2018

When copper‐containing water flows through iron pipes, the results can be disastrous.
FREEZE CONCENTRATION OF VIRAL AGENTS FROM LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER*
Authors: Rubenstein S. H. , Orbach H. G. , Shuber N. , King E. , Zackler J.
Published: February 2018

This freeze‐concentration technique provides a simple, inexpensive method of quantitative concentration of heat‐labile viral agents present in water or other liquids having a freezing point within the range of 0 to –30C.
THE NITRATE SITUATION IN ILLINOIS
Authors: Harmeson Robert H. , Sollo F. W. , Larson T. E.
Published: February 2018

Recent studies by the Illinois State Water Survey indicate that nitrate concentrations in surface waters within the state are increasing.
EXPERIENCE WITH HIGHER FILTRATION RATES
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P.
Published: February 2018

Because the performance of mixed‐media filters varies with flow conditions and the nature of the raw water, this article should appeal to those readers faced with conditions similar to ones that are experienced by the Erie County Water Authority's water works—especially since effects involving several parameters, not ordinarily measured, are reported.
GAMMA‐RAY TREATMENT OF TASTES AND ODORS
Authors: Vajdic Ann H.
Published: February 2018

Plant and animal growths can impart an objectionable, musty odor to water containing them. The author discusses the practicality of gamma irradiation to raise the aesthetic standard of drinking water “contaminated” with an odorous compound produced by a species of actinomycete.
Water Supply From Estuarial Sources
Authors: Montanari F. W. , Brennan L. M.
Published: February 2018

Some communities may find it necessary to draw from brackish sources in order to balance supply with demand—even for brief, infrequent periods. Electrodialysis can be used to improve the dissolved solids makeup of the water. The authors report on a particular model for predicting the operating costs of an intermittently functioning electrodialysis plant.
Operating Experiences at Desalting Plants; Key West, Fla., Desalting Plant
Authors: Kennedy J. R. , Chillcott L. H.
Published: February 2018

Impressive studies have been made recently in desalting methods for converting sea water and brackish water into potable water at sharp reduction in costs. Advanced desalting techniques include electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, multistage flash distillation, and ion‐exchange techniques.

Located 150 mi from the US mainland, Key West was faced with the need to supply water to a military and civilian population. To supplement inadequate pipeline water, a 2.62‐mgd multistage flash evaporator was installed.

A pulse‐type flow, ion‐exchange bed demineralizer, installed in a water‐treatment plant operated by the Smith Township Munic. Authority and processing raw water infused with mine drainage, has been providing water with less than 500mg/liter TDS. A history of its operation is presented.

The world's first municipally owned reverse‐osmosis water‐treatment plant has solved the water‐quality problem at Greenfield, Iowa, and met all expectations and performance guarantees since startup 1 yr ago. The product water has a TDS of less than 200 ppm—considerably less than the USPHS‐recommended 500‐ppm TDS standard.

The operating experience of the brackish‐water electrodialysis plant at Siesta Keys now totals more than 4 yr, and it is interesting for the problems encountered and the steps taken (and to be taken) to eliminate those problems during the most trying years.
Jacob Thomas Foster Founder & First President of AWWA
Authors: Fox Barbara
Published: February 2018

AWWA was founded on Mar. 29, 1881, by a small group of men under the leadership of Jacob Thomas Foster, who also served as president of the infant organization during its first 2 yr of existence. The life and times of this inspiring leader are detailed in an informative biography.
Virus Inactivation by Water Treatment
Authors: Sproul Otis J.
Published: February 2018

The recent research literature shows that nearly all of the water‐treatment processes in present use are under research investigation in order to define better their virus‐removal capacity. Although some recent efforts have defined the basic mechanisms of virus removal, greater research efforts are needed in this direction.
PLANKTONIC BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE: Growth and Odor‐Production Studies
Authors: Silvey J. K. , Henley D. E. , Wyatt J. T.
Published: February 2018

Planktonic blue‐green algae are aquatic microorganisms that form on or near the bottom of reservoirs. This article is concerned with nurient and biological influences on algal growth and its control by water‐utility facilities.
Recent Cases of Water‐Utility Liability
Authors: Rhyne Brice W.
Published: February 2018

Some of the important legal problems that have come up in the past, in relation to the tort liability of municipal governments, are presented in this article, generally along lines of court decisions that have been handed down for their interpretation of state and local laws.
Philosophy of Water Systems
Authors: Cedroni Ernest
Published: February 2018

Water utility is a service, and water managers are public servants. The author itemizes several points for running an efficient, but customer‐oriented, business.
The Engineering Computer
Authors: Bakken J. Darrell
Published: February 2018

Equipment, personnel, and programs for design by computer in water utilities are discussed from a practical standpoint
Throttling Valves: Testing & Selection
Authors: Winn W. Paul
Published: February 2018

Throttling valves play an important role in a distribution network. Whether they stand up to the flow conditions within the network depends on how appropriate a choice one makes with regard to matching design conditions of the water's flow and the valves’ dimensions.
Protecting Community Water Supplies
Authors: Lee R. D.
Published: February 2018

Frequent laxity of standards and slipshod practices by some water utilities have been revealed by the Community Water Supply Study. The author calls for better methods of quality surveillance and greater responsibility on the part of utilities.
Feasibility of Utility Tunnels
Authors: Corey John B. W.
Published: February 2018

There are advantages to be gained by installing water‐distribution pipes in tunnels shared by other utilities. There are also disadvantages and as yet unforeseen circumstances that may mitigate against their use. The author summarizes what is presently known about the ramifications of the technique.
Head‐Loss Theories Infiltration
Authors: Sakthivadivel R. , Thanikachalam V. , Seetharaman S.
Published: February 2018

All of the mathematical expressions derived for filter head loss as the filter progressively clogs are based on the Kozeny–Carman equation. Each experimenter, however, has adapted the equation to fit the results of his particular experiments. The authors review the suppositions and the applicability of the variants of the K–C equation.
Head‐Loss Theories Infiltration
Authors: Stokinger H. E.
Published: February 2018

How to achieve a realistic evaluation (in seven commandments).
Weather Modification Progress Report
Authors: Kahan Archie M.
Published: February 2018

After reviewing past progress with respect to “cajoling” rain from the clouds, the author details how weather management can be coalesced into an operational precipitation management system.
Effects of Road Salt on a Vermont Stream
Authors: Kunkle Samuel H.
Published: February 2018

Deicing roads by salting them may or may not reduce accidents, but salting roads definitely does raise the salt level of streams that flow nearby. The problem is not, according to the author, one that demands remedial measures by communities with large reservoirs, but it does deserve attention—especially by small‐community water suppliers in the northern states.
Identification and Location of Actinomycetes in the Southern End of Lake Michigan
Authors: McMillan Lilia M. , Karshen Steven P. , Willey Benjamin F.
Published: February 2018

Based on their studies, the authors hypothesize that the taste and odor problems at the southern end of Lake Michigan may be directly related to uncontrolled pollution factors of increasing severity in that general area.
Design Considerations in Use of Asbestos‐Cement Pressure Pipe
Authors: Denson F. Gordon
Published: February 2018

Any buried pipeline is subject to two loads: external and internal. The author describes how design factors can be applied to asbestos‐cementpipe to derive satisfactory performance.
Designing PVC Pipe for Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Robert T. Hucks
Published: February 2018

Inert to chemical actions of natural waters and soils, PVC pipe should neither rust, corrode, pit, tuberculate, nor dissolve during water service. Moreover, PVC can be fabricated in long, smooth‐bore, lightweight sections that are easily joined. Because of these features, PVC pipe has potential in water‐distribution mains in the public‐works field. This article presents one viewpoint of PVC pipe's capabilities that may solicit contrary comments.
Basic Gas Chlorination Manual: III
Authors:   Ontario Water Resources Com.
Published: February 2018

The operator of a gas‐chlorination system should be thoroughly versed in the design and functioning of his equipment. He must know the correct procedures for starting, running, and stopping the chlorinator, and he must know what to do when operations don't function normally. Here is most of the needed information for the operator to perform effectively.
Influence of Temperature on Taste Intensity and Degree of Liking of Drinking Water
Authors: Pangborn Rose Marie , Bertolero Linda L.
Published: February 2018

The degree to which a person reacts to dissolved minerals in water varies with the temperature. The intensity of taste is greatest for water at body temperature and room temperature, and is significantly reduced by chilling or heating.
Environmental Impact & Water Development
Authors: Goldman Charles R.
Published: February 2018

There was a time when “face‐changing” a region was an acceptable adjunct to resource improvement. The current accent on ecology has discouraged this attitude of laissez‐faire. New methodologies exist and are being created for planning water‐quality environments; it remains to implement them.
Experiments in Drought Alleviation
Authors: Todd Clement J. , James R. C.
Published: February 2018

The theoretical and practical achievements of Project Skywater programs in drought alleviation by means of cloud seeding indicate that controlled precipitation management is not far off.
Effect of Buffer Intensity and Organic Matter on the Oxygenation of Ferrous Iron
Authors: Jobin Robert , Ghosh iganka M.
Published: February 2018

Two forms of iron are prevalent in water—the soluble ferrous variety and the insoluble ferric kind. The former can present problems with regard to removal. Moreover, iron can complex with many organic compounds—compounding the problems associated with its removal. This article relates to work performed to expose the extent of the problems and their solutions.
Value of Telemetering and Recording
Authors: Tart J. Sheldon
Published: February 2018

Today's water industry is in sore need of computer‐based supervisory control. In this article, past communication and control techniques are reviewed, providing a perspective that gives a clearer understanding of some future problems and their solutions.
Use of Telemetry and Remote Control in Naturally Occuring Disasters
Authors: Hegenbart Joseph L.
Published: February 2018

Natural disasters and emergencies present many problems for water operators. Telemetry and remote controls can be excellent tools—if their uses and limitations, discussed here, are fully understood.
Coagulation, Cake Filtration, and Filtrability
Authors: Regunathan P. , Cleasby J. L. , Cerwick J. A.
Published: February 2018

Results of this study indicate that the aggregation of clay particles can occur either by coagulation, or by flocculation, or by both, depending upon various factors. Two systems consisting of two different clay minerals and aluminum sulfate have been used to demonstrate the effect of the combined phenomena on cake‐forming filtration.
Effects of Watershed Development on Water Quality
Authors: Ruane Richard J. , Fruh E. Gus
Published: February 2018

Increased urbanization can have many deleterious effects on water quality, all of which must be overcome by water‐treatment plants. This article investigates the nature and probable causes of changes in water quality at a site that has been undergoing urbanization over the past few decades.
Water Quality and Public Opinion
Authors: Poll Gallup
Published: February 2018

The average US citizen is generally sanguine about the state of the water supplied to him. This is the conclusion reached as the result of a survey conducted for AWWA by the Gallup Poll. This report discusses attitudes toward water supply and pollution as well as many other aspects of the relationship between public and private water suppliers and their customers.
Iron and Manganese Studies of Nebraska Water Supplies
Authors: Andersen Dewey R. , Row Donald D. , Sindelar Gary E.
Published: February 2018

When iron and manganese deposits and stains became a problem in Nebraska, physical and chemical treatments of the water supply had to be examined and altered. The unexpected reasons for the problem are described and explained in this article.
Forest Management Watershed
Authors: Brady P. J. , Jones J. J.
Published: February 2018

While improving the general quality of the watershed, the authors, the Portsmouth Water Dept., and the Virginia Div. of Forestry also solved a pollution problem in water‐supply lakes. An extra bonus is a new lumber business.
Public Response to Desalted Sea Water for Domestic Supply
Authors: Chew Mary C. , Mitchell Raymond N. , Bruvold William H.
Published: February 2018

California householders reveal their need for thorough information and experiential evidence in a survey covering some salient variables.
Evaluation of Existing Field Test Kits for Determining Free Chlorine Residuals in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Guter K. J. , Cooper W. J. , Sorber C. A.
Published: February 2018

An evaluation of five commercially available test‐kit procedures that measure free available chlorine has been conducted on both synthetic water and five natural waters. Results indicate that the syringaldazine (liquid) procedure is the only test that exhibits absolute specificity for free available chlorine and the N,N‐diethyl‐p‐phenylene diamine procedure is the most accurate and precise.
Effect of pH on Quality of Calcium Carbonate Film Deposited From Moderately Hard and Hard Water
Authors: McClanahan Mark A. , Mancy Kalil H.
Published: February 2018

Calcium carbonate deposits are a problem in cast‐iron water‐distribution systems. These deposits can be reduced by adjusting the pH of the water during treatment. The softness or hardness of the water is also significant regarding the amount and permeability of the calcium carbonate deposited.
Water Quality and Other Aspects of Ground‐Water Recharge in Southern California
Authors: Toups John M.
Published: February 2018

Ground‐water recharge became necessary in southern California during the 1950s because ground‐water levels along the coastline had dropped below sea level in many pfaces and sea water was intruding into the ground‐water basins. Various methods of recharge were tried to alleviate the problem. These methods and reasons for using them are presented in this article.
Chemical Pollution of Ground Waters
Authors: Kaufman Warren J.
Published: February 2018

As ground waters are increasingly used for water sources, contamination of ground water has become a problem in some areas. Among the contaminants are pesticides, trace elements, and nitrate—nitrogen. These contaminants are now being studied, and ways are being found to prevent or rectify their intrusion.
Renovating Municipal Wastewater by High‐Rate Infiltration for Ground‐Water Recharge
Authors: Bouwer Herman
Published: February 2018

A pilot project in the Salt River bed west of Phoenix, Ariz., has shown that secondary‐sewage effluent can be renovated effectively by ground‐water recharge with high‐rate infiltration basins. Essentially complete removal of BOD, suspended solids, and fecal coliforms was obtained, and nitrogen and phosphate were reduced.
ERTS‐1 Applications in Hydrology and Water Resources
Authors: Salomonson V. V. , Rango A.
Published: February 2018

After having been in orbit for less than one year, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS‐1) has shown that it provides applicable data for more effective monitoring and management of surface‐water features over the globe. In addition the Data Collection System (DCS) has proved to be a reliable tool for gathering hydrologic data from remote regions.
Operation and Maintenance of Wells
Authors: Arceneaux Willie
Published: February 2018

Incrustation and corrosion are common problems encountered in wells. There are several chemical means of reducing and removing incrustation and corrosion that well Operators should know. This article describes these means and then goes on to explain the best way to select a pump for a well.
CLOUDS IN THE CRYSTAL BALL
Authors: McKee Jack E. , Rice. Thomas R.
Published: February 2018

Population forecasting has become increasingly important in recent years. Planners of all types, including water‐utility planners, need to know what future populations will be in areas that they serve in order to be sure that the people will be provided with needed facilities of all kinds. Forecasting has become difficult, however, because of concern with the environment and overpopulation.
Methods and Problems of Estimating Water‐Quality Benefits
Authors: Abel Fred H. , Tihansky Dennis P.
Published: February 2018

The demand for water‐quality‐improvement programs necessitates the development of methods for estimating benefits of such programs against their costs. There are several methods in use that deal with both tangible and intangible benefits. In some cases these benefits outweigh any cost. All of these procedures are part of a benefit‐cost analysis.
Environmental Assessment of Water‐System Improvements
Authors: Larkin Donald G. , Anton Walter F.
Published: February 2018

For the first time, maintaining environmental quality is acknowledged to be of concern to every citizen, and public agnecies must assure that their projects are safe, healthful, productive, and esthetically pleasing. The East Bay Munic. Utility Dist. in California has adopted a policy and detailed procedures to provide environmental assessment of its programs and projects.
Loads On Underground Pipe Due To Frost Penetration
Authors: Monie William D. , Clark Curtis M.
Published: February 2018

Frost penetration during the winter seasons can have serious effects on underground pipelines. When live loads occur above ground, the problem is considerably enhanced. Presented here is a study of this particular situation during two winter seasons in Portland, Me.
Injecting Highly Treated Sewage Into a Deep‐Sand Aquifer
Authors: Faust Samuel D. , Vecchioli John
Published: February 2018

The growth in population in Nassau County, L.I., over the past twenty years has greatly increased the demand for water at the same time that urbanization has reduced the recharge capacity of the local aquifer. In an effort to solve the problem, a series of artificial‐recharge experiments are being carried out to examine the feasibility of injecting reclaimed water into a network of wells. The effect on the resultant water quality is the main factor of interest in this article.
Water‐Treatment‐Plant Wastes Disposal—Part 2
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P. , Daly Martin P.
Published: February 2018

In order to improve the Sturgeon Point Water‐Treatment Plant in accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, the available alum‐sludge treatment‐and‐disposal methods were evaluated by pilot plant studies. These evaluations are presented in this part of this report. Part 1 appeared last month and Part 3 will appear next month.
Notes & Comments
Authors: Gates William H.
Published: February 2018

The following observations are offered relative to previously published articles in the JOURNAL with regard to main cleaning.
Management and Training
Authors: Hudson H.E.
Published: February 2018

The AWWA education program is now an established functioning operation that still has room for further growth. Only recently, however, did the program come into its own. It was through the efforts and concerns of men such as those who are discussed in this article that the education program could be what it is today.