bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From active imagination to active life: at the roots of Jungian social activism
Authors: Donati Marialuisa
Published: March 2019

Our traditional Western worldview is often unconsciously based on a polarized, dichotomous perspective. However, many of Jung's ideas hint at a deep interrelation between opposites, such as inside and outside, which are, as the principle of synchronicity shows, rooted in a conceptualization of psyche and matter conceived as intertwined. Another pair of philosophical concepts, traditionally considered as opposites, needs further investigation: that between imagination and reality. If we are lucky in our daily practice as analysts, we can use imagination as a powerful tool to help people discover themselves as individuals and to get in deeper, more lively and responsible touch with reality. This paper explores the difference that Jung outlined between ‘active imagination’ and ‘passive fantasies’, and the transformative power of taking an active part in what imaginatively happens – he called it ‘active participation’ – rather than being passively overwhelmed by invasive fantasies. It is argued that it makes a great difference whether we become the actors and not just the spectators of our lives, and this is linked with the core of the individuation process in which, if individuals discover their particular place and meaning in the universe, they can live an ‘active life’, playing a heartfelt and responsible role in the collective world to which they belong. These ideas are at the heart of Jung's work, and they represent one of the roots of Jungian social activism.
Diabetes in developing countries
Authors: Misra Anoop , Gopalan Hema , Jayawardena Ranil , Hills Andrew P. , Soares Mario , Reza‐Albarrán Alfredo A. , Ramaiya Kaushik L.
Published: March 2019

There has been a rapid escalation of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in developing countries, with varied prevalence according to rural vs urban habitat and degree of urbanization. Some ethnic groups (eg, South Asians, other Asians, and Africans), develop diabetes a decade earlier and at a lower body mass index than Whites, have prominent abdominal obesity, and accelerated the conversion from prediabetes to diabetes. The burden of complications, both macro‐ and microvascular, is substantial, but also varies according to populations. The syndemics of diabetes with HIV or tuberculosis are prevalent in many developing countries and predispose to each other. Screening for diabetes in large populations living in diverse habitats may not be cost‐effective, but targeted high‐risk screening may have a place. The cost of diagnostic tests and scarcity of health manpower pose substantial hurdles in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients. Efforts for prevention remain rudimentary in most developing countries. The quality of care is largely poor; hence, a substantial number of patients do not achieve treatment goals. This is further amplified by a delay in seeking treatment, “fatalistic attitudes”, high cost and non‐availability of drugs and insulins. To counter these numerous challenges, a renewed political commitment and mandate for health promotion and disease prevention are urgently needed. Several low‐cost innovative approaches have been trialed with encouraging outcomes, including training and deployment of non‐medical allied health professionals and the use of mobile phones and telemedicine to deliver simple health messages for the prevention and management of T2D.
Inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) attenuates podocyte apoptosis and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition by regulating autophagy flux
Authors: Jin Juan , Gong Jianguang , Zhao Li , Zhang Hongjuan , He Qiang , Jiang Xinxin
Published: March 2019

Background

Podocyte injury, characterized by podocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), is the major causative factor of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Autophagy dysfunction is regarded as the major risk factor for podocyte injury including EMT and apoptosis. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in the progression of DN through the induction of autophagy. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown.

Methods

Plasma HMGB1 concentrations were determined in DN patients using ELISA. Apoptosis of DN serum‐treated podocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry. Podocyte autophagy flux was measured using immunofluorescence. Western blotting analysis was used to investigate HMGB1 expression, EMT, and autophagy‐related signaling pathways.

Results

Upregulation of HMGB1 was found in DN patients and DN serum‐treated podocytes. Removal of HMGB1 inhibited DN serum‐mediated podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy and activating AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. In addition, HMGB1 depletion repressed the progression of podocyte EMT by inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β/smad1 signaling in vitro and in vivo. The combination of HMGB1 short interference (si) RNA and the autophagy activator rapamycin protected against podocyte apoptosis and EMT progression by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR and TGF‐β/smad signaling pathway, respectively.

Conclusions

Although HMGB1 siRNA and rapamycin treatment had opposite effects on autophagy and AKT/mTOR signaling, there was no contradiction about the role of HMGB1 siRNA and rapamycin on AKT/mTOR pathway because autophagy and AKT/mTOR signaling play dual roles in intracellular biological processes. Based on the findings of this study, we may assume that HMGB1‐initiated autophagy is harmful, whereas rapamycin is beneficial to podocyte survival. Possibly combined treatment with HMGB1 siRNA and rapamycin improved podocyte damage and EMT by regulating autophagy homeostasis.
Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: A retrospective analysis of clinical features, management, and survival of 76 patients
Authors: Wang Xuan , Kong Yan , Chi Zhihong , Sheng Xinan , Cui Chuanliang , Mao Lili , Lian Bin , Tang Bixia , Yan Xieqiao , Si Lu , Guo Jun
Published: March 2019

Background

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is rare. Patients with advanced melanoma of esophageal origin tend to have lower response rates to traditional therapies than those with other melanomas. We report our experience of 12 patients with PMME administered PD‐1 inhibitors.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 76 patients with PMME who attended Peking University Cancer Hospital between January 2008 and September 2017. Objective response rates (ORRs) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were assessed.

Results

The 76 PMMEs were classified as unresectable or metastatic. The patients were allocated to three cohorts according to their treatment: chemotherapy (C: 46 patients), targeted therapy (T: 2 patients), and PD‐1 inhibitors (IT: 12 patients). The PFS in the C cohort was three months with a limited ORR of 10.9%. In the IT cohort, seven patients (75.0%) achieved a partial response and three had stable disease for 4+ months. The median PFS in the IT cohort was not reached and the mean was 15.6 months, which was much longer than in cohort C (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Although this cohort of patients was small, it is the largest series investigated thus far. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the outcomes of advanced PMMEs treated with PD‐1 inhibitors. Dramatic responses can occur in patients with advanced PMMEs.
FREE VERSUS SECOND‐BEST ENTRY IN COURNOT OLIGOPOLIES WITH FIRM‐SPECIFIC NETWORKS
Authors: Gama Adriana
Published: March 2019

This paper endogenizes the number of firms in an industry with positive network effects, complete incompatibility, and firms that compete in quantity. To this end, we compare two possibilities: free entry and second‐best number of firms (the one that maximizes social welfare). We show that with business‐stealing competition, free entry yields, in general, more firms than the socially optimal solution. In addition, we find that by the nature of the industry with firm‐specific networks, total production may be greater or lower under free entry than with a regulator; moreover, some industries attain their maximum social welfare with a monopoly.
Structure‐guided identification of antimicrobial peptides in the spathe transcriptome of the non‐model plant, arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica)
Authors: Pires Állan S. , Rigueiras Pietra O. , Dohms Stephan M. , Porto William F. , Franco Octavio L.
Published: March 2019

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules present in all living beings. Despite their huge sequence variability, AMPs present great structural conservation, mainly in cysteine‐stabilized families. Moreover, in non‐model plants, it is possible to detect cysteine‐stabilized AMPs (cs‐AMPs) with different sequences not covered by conventional searches. Here, we described a threading application for cs‐AMP identification in the non‐model arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) plant, exploring the spathe transcriptome. By using the predicted proteins from the Z. aethiopica transcriptome as our primary source of sequences, we have filtered by using structural alignments of 12 putative cs‐AMP sequences. The two unreported sequences were submitted to PCR validation, and ZaLTP7 gene was confirmed. By using the structure alignments, we classified ZaLTP7 as an LTP type 2‐like. The successful threading application for cs‐AMP identification is an important advance in transcriptomic and proteomic data mining. Besides, the same approach could be applied to the use of NGS public data to discover molecules to combat multidrug‐resistant bacteria.
Effects of empagliflozin on metabolic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Javed Zeeshan , Papageorgiou Maria , Deshmukh Harshal , Rigby Alan S. , Qamar Unaiza , Abbas Jehangir , Khan Amer Y. , Kilpatrick Eric S. , Atkin Stephen L. , Sathyapalan Thozhukat
Published: March 2019

Background

Empagliflozin is a sodium‐glucose‐cotransporter‐2 inhibitor that improves cardiovascular risk and promotes weight loss in patients with type‐2 diabetes. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity and increased cardiovascular risk; therefore, empagliflozin may be of benefit for these women. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of empagliflozin vs metformin on anthropometric and body composition, hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS.

Materials and methods

A randomized open‐label study was conducted in women with PCOS who were randomized to either empagliflozin 25 mg (n = 19) or metformin 1500 mg (n = 20) daily for 12 weeks. The main outcomes assessed were changes in anthropometric and body composition, hormonal and metabolic parameters.

Results

Univariate analysis showed significant differences in weight (empagliflozin: −1.4 ± 3.2% vs metformin: 1.2 ± 2.3%; P = 0.006), body mass index (empagliflozin: −1.4 ± 3.2% vs metformin: 1.1 ± 2.2%; P = 0.006), waist circumference (empagliflozin: −1.6 ± 2.8% vs metformin: 0.2 ± 2.1%; P = 0.029) and hip circumference (empagliflozin: −2.0 ± 3.0% vs metformin: 1.1 ± 1.9%; P = 0.001), basal metabolic rate (empagliflozin: −1.8 ± 2.9% vs metformin: 0.1 ± 1.9%, P = 0.024) and fat mass (empagliflozin: −0.7 ± 4.9% vs metformin, 3.2 ± 5.0%; P = 0.023) between the empagliflozin and the metformin groups. These differences were confirmed in linear regression analysis after adjustment for relevant covariates. There were no significant changes in hormonal or metabolic parameters between both groups.

Conclusion

There was a significant improvement in anthropometric parameters and body composition, in overweight and obese women with PCOS after 12 weeks of treatment with empagliflozin compared to metformin, although no changes were seen in hormonal or metabolic parameters.
Conservation practitioners’ understanding of how to manage evolutionary processes
Authors: Cook Carly N. , Sgrò Carla M.
Published: March 2019

Both academics and practitioners consider a lack of knowledge about evolutionary theory to be a general barrier to effectively managing genetic diversity. However, it is challenging to judge practitioners’ level of understanding and how this influences their management decisions. Knowledge built through experience may be difficult for practitioners to articulate, but could nonetheless result in appropriate management strategies. To date, researchers have assessed only the explicit (formal) knowledge practitioners have of evolutionary concepts. To explore practitioners’ understanding of evolutionary concepts, it is necessary to consider how they might apply explicit and implicit knowledge to their management decisions. Using an online survey, we asked Australian practitioners to respond to 2 common management scenarios in which there is strong evidence that managing genetic diversity can improve outcomes: managing small, isolated populations and sourcing seeds for restoration projects. In describing their approach to these scenarios, practitioners demonstrated a stronger understanding of the effective management of genetic diversity than the definitions of the relevant concepts. However, their management of genetic diversity within small populations was closer to best practice than for restoration projects. Moreover, the risks practitioners described in implementing best practice management were more likely to affect their approach to restoration than translocation projects. These findings provide evidence that strategies to build the capacity of practitioners to manage genetic diversity should focus on realistic management scenarios. Given that practitioners recognize the importance of adapting their practices and the strong evidence for the benefits of actively managing genetic diversity, there is hope that better engagement by evolutionary biologists with practitioners could facilitate significant shifts toward evolutionarily enlightened management.
Individual and contextual factors associated with traumatic dental injuries in a population of Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Fonseca Rejane Cristina Leite da , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Cascaes Andreia Morales , Bomfim Rafael Aiello
Published: March 2019

Background/Aims

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) stand out as one of the major public health problems worldwide, characterized by a high prevalence in children and adolescents. However, their association with the 15‐19 years age group has not been fully described. The aim of this study was to evaluate TDIs in a population of Brazilian adolescents.

Methods

An association study was performed with 5558 adolescents attending the São Paulo State Oral Health Survey (SBSP‐15). Individual predisposing variables (gender, age, schooling, ethnic, overjet, and molar relationship); contextual predisposing (city size and Municipal Human Development Index); individual enabling (per capita income and type of service used); contextual enabling (number of dentists, family health team coverage, and family median income); individual need (satisfaction and perception regarding treatment) and contextual needs (average supervised brushing, number of visits, and dental extractions per city), as well as health behaviors were analyzed. Andersen's behavioral model was used for the data analysis. A multilevel logistic regression with fixed effects was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The prevalence of TDIs in adolescents was 1.42% (95% CI: 0.94‐2.13). Individual and contextual factors of need, predisposing factors, facilitators, and health behaviors were associated with TDIs. In the adjusted analysis, gender (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18‐0.53), mean family income (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.35‐4.69), number of dental visits (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19‐0.84), and time of last visit (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.46‐4.77) remained significant concerning trauma.

Conclusion

At least one variable of the individual and contextual predisposing, enabling, and need factors (except for individual enabling variables) were associated with dental trauma in Brazilian adolescents aged 15‐19 years. This information may help with the planning of preventive actions and dental treatment, especially in mid‐sized and large cities.
Prevalence and severity of traumatic dental injuries among young amateur soccer players: A screening investigation
Authors: Qudeimat Muawia A. , AlHasan Abdulaziz A. , AlHasan Mohammad A. , Al‐Khayat Khaled , Andersson Lars
Published: March 2019

Background/Aims

Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are prevalent among soccer players. In Kuwait, no studies of TDI among soccer players have been carried out. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, type and causes of soccer‐related traumatic dental injuries among 7‐18‐year‐old amateur soccer players.

Methods

All amateur soccer players who were registered in the 14 sports clubs in the country were invited to participate in this screening study. Players who were present in the club on the assigned examination day were included. The players were examined by two trained and calibrated paediatric dentists for signs of injury to the oral tissues. Injury diagnosis was made according to the Andreasen (2007) epidemiological dental injury classification. The history of any dental injury present at the time of examination was recorded. The timing and nature of any dental advice or treatment sought was also noted.

Results

Six hundred sixty‐seven (48% inclusion rate) male players were included (mean age of 13.4 ± 2.6 years). In total, 213 injured teeth were observed among 169 (25%) players. The prevalence of soccer‐related injuries was 11%, and a greater number of injuries were observed in older players. Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently injured teeth (91%), and enamel‐only fractures represented 60% of all injured teeth. Slightly more TDIs were soccer‐related (44%) compared to non‐soccer‐related injuries (39%), and a large number of TDIs (39%) occurred inside the sports clubs. The prevalence of reported soft‐tissue injuries was 18%. The majority of the players (75%) did not receive dental care for their injuries.

Conclusions

A significant number of young Kuwaiti amateur soccer players suffered TDIs. In addition, a high percentage of traumatic injuries were not treated, and there was a lack of the use of protective mouthguards.
Transcriptome analysis of a powdery mildew pathogen (Podosphaera pannosa) infecting Eucalyptus urophylla: De novo assembly, expression profiling and secretome prediction
Authors: Fonseca Natália R. , Ibarra Caballero Jorge , Kim Mee‐Sook , Stewart Jane E. , Guimarães Lúcio M. S. , Alfenas Acelino C. , Klopfenstein Ned B.
Published: March 2019

Podosphaera pannosa is the causal agent of powdery mildew on eucalypt in Brazil. This powdery mildew disease is important in nurseries causing leaf and shoot distortion, shoot discoloration and reduction in growth, which decreases mini‐cutting production. Improved RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) technologies have allowed increased information about the transcriptome of several pathogens and hosts, enabling a better understanding of their interaction at the gene level. For this study, we analysed the transcriptome of P. pannosa during leaf infection of Eucalyptus urophylla leaves using RNA‐Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly. The transcriptome was Illumina sequenced and assembled de novo, generating over 178 million RNA‐Seq reads assembled onto 200,473 contigs. After filtering steps, the resulting 12,106 (6%) transcripts were identified as the P. pannosa transcriptome data set. The 10 most abundant transcripts included genes encoding enzymes likely involved in fungal establishment and growth, such as dihydrofolate reductase, putative methyltransferases, acyl‐desaturase, glycoside hydrolase and dehydrogenases. In addition, genes putatively encoding an aquaporin and an orthologue to the effector protein, GoEC2 of Golovinomyces orontii were identified. The predicted secretome consisted of 1,899 translated transcripts, of which 310 exhibited homology to proteins described in the PHI database, 144 of these showing homology to fungal PHI accessions that affected pathogenicity or that are described as effectors. In addition, 81 transcripts encoded secreted proteins homologous to effectors described in the Erysiphales. These results provide a basis for continued studies to better understand the P. pannosa‐eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) pathosystem and could parallel studies of the eucalypt transcriptome to help determine host resistance mechanisms.
Standard area diagram set to assess rust severity on eucalyptus leaves
Authors: Borges Luísa Salvador , Rios Jonas Alberto , Aucique‐Pérez Carlos Eduardo , Belisário Renata , Duarte Henrique da Silva Silveira , Furtado Gleiber Quintão
Published: March 2019

This study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) to help assess rust severity caused by Austropuccinia psidii on eucalyptus leaves. The SADs has eight colour images of leaves with severity values ranging from 0.97% to 37.3%. The SADs were validated by 16 raters, who assessed the same set of 50 images twice: the first without the SADs and the second using it as an aid. Accuracy and precision of the estimates were determined based on Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and the inter‐rater reliability was measured using the coefficient of determination (R2) and intraclass correlation. The estimates of severity of eucalyptus rust were more accurate, precise and reliable using SADs. These results demonstrate the value of SADs for several activities, including epidemiological studies, treatments comparison, disease monitoring, decision‐making in eucalyptus rust management measures, and in breeding programs.
Clinical features of sleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy in relation to the seizure‐onset zone: A review of 135 surgically treated cases
Authors: Gibbs Steve A. , Proserpio Paola , Francione Stefano , Mai Roberto , Cardinale Francesco , Sartori Ivana , Castana Laura , Plazzi Giuseppe , Tinuper Paolo , Cossu Massimo , Russo Giorgio Lo , Tassi Laura , Nobili Lino
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Sleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), formerly nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, is characterized by abrupt and typically sleep‐related seizures with motor patterns of variable complexity and duration. They seizures arise more frequently in the frontal lobe than in the extrafrontal regions but identifying the seizure onset‐zone (SOZ) may be challenging. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical features of both frontal and extrafrontalSHE, focusing on ictal semiologic patterns in order to increase diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of patients with drug‐resistantSHEseen in our center for epilepsy surgery. Patients were divided into frontal and extrafrontalSHE(temporal, operculoinsular, and posteriorSHE). We classified seizure semiology according to four semiology patterns (SPs): elementary motor signs (SP1), unnatural hypermotor movements (SP2), integrated hypermotor movements (SP3), and gestural behaviors with high emotional content (SP4). Early nonmotor manifestations were also assessed.

Results

Our case series consisted of 91 frontalSHEand 44 extrafrontalSHE cases. Frontal and extrafrontalSHEshared many features such as young age at onset, high seizure‐frequency rate, high rate of scalpelectroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)abnormalities, similar histopathologic substrates, and good postsurgical outcome. Within the frontal lobe,SPs were organized in a posteroanterior gradient (SP1‐4) with respect to theSOZ. In temporalSHE,SP1 was rare andSP3‐4 frequent, whereas in operculoinsular and posteriorSHE,SP4 was absent. Nonmotor manifestations were frequent (70%) and some could provide valuable localizing information.

Significance

Our study shows that the presence of certainSPand nonmotor manifestations may provide helpful information to localize seizure onset in patients withSHE.
Key attributes related to fishery improvement project (FIP) effectiveness in promoting improvements towards sustainability
Authors: Thomas Travaille Kendra L. , Crowder Larry B. , Kendrick Gary A. , Clifton Julian
Published: March 2019

Fishery improvement projects (FIPs) are emerging as a popular market‐based means to improve fisheries sustainability and have been employed in scores of fisheries around the world; however, project ability to realize improvements has been highly variable, and little is known about how fishery and project conditions affect improvement efforts. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the FIP model as a tool for improving diverse fisheries around the world, we compile a unique dataset of social, ecological and economic characteristics for over 60 FIPs globally, which we use to identify key attributes correlated with improvements in fishing practices, management and/or on‐the‐water outcomes. Using a random forest classifier, we identify three important attributes related to FIP effectiveness in demonstrating improvements. Specifically, FIPs are more likely to have achieved improvements with increased cumulative project time, when regional‐level management arrangements are present and when the target species has a moderate inherent vulnerability to fishing. Interestingly, improvements were not correlated with a number of expected features, including a fishery's socio‐economic setting or baseline performance against the desired sustainability standard (e.g. the Marine Stewardship Council fisheries standard). This study improves our understanding of factors related to FIP effectiveness in improving fisheries practices and management and provides key insights for practitioners into important attributes to consider when implementing the FIP model to promote fisheries sustainability.
Outpatient treatment for haemophilic arthropathy with radiosynovectomy: Radiation dose to family members
Authors: Oliveira Susie , Thomas Sylvia , dos Santos Clara Lorena Glória , Berdeguez Mirta Barbara Torres , de Sa Lidia Vasconcellos , de Souza Sergio Augusto Lopes
Published: March 2019

One of the key features of good practice in medicine is the doctor‐patient communication. Radiation protection standards for radiosynovectomy (RS) is limited. Yttrium‐90 is a beta‐emitting radioisotope used in RS to treat joint pain from haemophilic arthritis. ICRP 94 states that if a patient is treated with up to 200 MBq, there is no need for further precautions when it comes to public exposure, however, activities can go up to 370 MBq in RS for the knee. This study analysed 119 family members’ safety (16.7% pregnant women). The ambient dose equivalent rate was measured within four distances. A survey was carried analysing risk groups and time spent next to patients. Results showed that family members should be advised to remain at 1.0 m from the patient to decrease accumulated dose by 97.6%. The dose per activity factors estimated in this study is also a useful tool during the risk assessment and doctor/patient communication. Pamphlets were distributed with radiation protection recommendations. Ambient dose equivalent was low enough to show that RS is a safe procedure for family members, which is essential to promote adherence to RS in countries where it is needed but not performed due to lack of information on radiation safety.
Scope of practice of haemophilia physiotherapists: A European survey
Authors: Stephensen David , de Kleijn Piet , Matlary Ruth Elise D. , Katzerova Marie , McLaughlin Paul , Ryan Aislin , Lobet Sebastien ,   the EAHAD Physiotherapists Committee
Published: March 2019

Introduction

European guidelines on the care of haemophilia recommend ready access to a range of services provided by a multidisciplinary team of specialists including physiotherapy. However, the scope of physiotherapy provided is unknown.

Methods

The Physiotherapists Committee of the European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD) conducted a web‐based survey to quantify the role and scope of practice of physiotherapists involved in haemophilia care. The survey was sent to more than 200 physiotherapists registered on the EAHAD database. Questions concerned their work practices including assessment and treatment activities and level of autonomy.

Results

Eighty physiotherapists from twenty‐four European countries responded. Considerable heterogeneity exists in roles, responsibilities, and clinical practice of physiotherapists, particularly in access to and type of physiotherapy treatment provided, as well as the skill set and autonomy of physiotherapists to make independent assessment and treatment decisions.

Discussion

This pan‐European survey establishes a context to support physiotherapy role development and professional identity. Key recommendations include the following: (a) establishing a pan‐European network to support collaboration and education for physiotherapists working in haemophilia, (b) developing a core skills and capability framework to ensure person‐centred approaches are central as well as working in partnership with those with the condition to maximize early recovery, support self‐management and enablement in remaining active and independent, (c) regular training, standardized validation and maintenance of competency for assessment tools, (d) well‐designed randomized clinical studies with larger numbers of participants from multiple sites should be the focus of future research.
Canal shaping with a reciprocating system is easy to learn
Authors: Muñoz E. , Forner L. , Garcet S. , Rodríguez‐Lozano F. J. , Llena C.
Published: March 2019

Aim

To assess progressive learning of root canal shaping in order to define the number of simulated canals in resin blocks needed to reach a level of learning beyond which no further improvement in performance is observed.

Methodology

A total of 216 simulated canals in resin blocks were instrumented by 18 operators without experience in Endodontics and by 18 Endodontists. The R25 file of the Reciproc system (VDW, Munich, Germany) was used to prepare the canals. The blocks were photographed before and after instrumentation. An analysis was made of the variations in the dimensions of the canals at 6 locations and of the instrumentation time. A Student's t‐test was used to analyse the data (P < 0.05).

Results

The group without experience were associated with significant differences in instrumentation time between the first canal and the subsequent canals (P < 0.05) but differences in canal dimensions were not significant (P > 0.05). In the group with experience, the instrumentation time did not differ significantly after the fifth canal, and no significant variations in canal dimensions were observed (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

When conducting studies on root canal shaping or educating students with new instruments, a simulated canal sample size of 6 was appropriate to achieve competence.
A closer look at response options: Is judgment in situational judgment tests a function of the desirability of response options?
Authors: Kaminski Katarina , Felfe Jörg , Schäpers Philipp , Krumm Stefan
Published: March 2019

The current study builds on the current scholarly debate about SJTs potentially being less situational than previously assumed. Specifically, we respond to recent calls to examine general (situation unspecific) information included in response options as a guide to SJT responses. Across three consecutive studies and three different forms of SJT administration (standard, without situation descriptions, under fake‐good instructions), the relevance of social desirability of response options on SJT responses was examined. Results suggest that social desirability of response options is significantly related to test takers’ response. This finding generalized across different forms of SJT administration. Across studies and together with the plausibility of response options, desirability explained about one‐third of reliable variance in test takers’ response to an SJT. Implications for SJT theory and development are discussed.
An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes
Authors: Popper Arthur N. , Hawkins Anthony D.
Published: March 2019

Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in providing information, often from great distances, from all around these animals. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of other senses such as vision, touch, taste and smell. Sound is used for communication between fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of prey and predators, orientation and migration and habitat selection. Thus, anything that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and respond to biologically relevant sounds can decrease survival and fitness of individuals and populations.

Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing increase in the noise that humans put into the water. These anthropogenic sounds are from a wide range of sources that include shipping, sonars, construction activities (e.g., wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and exploration for oil and gas. Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently intense to result in death or mortal injury. However, anthropogenic sounds at lower levels may result in temporary hearing impairment, physiological changes including stress effects, changes in behaviour or the masking of biologically important sounds.

The intent of this paper is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic sounds upon fishes, the potential consequences for populations and ecosystems and the need to develop sound exposure criteria and relevant regulations. However, assuming that many readers may not have a background in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides information on underwater acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very important concept of particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all fishes, including elasmobranchs. The paper then provides background material on fish hearing, sound production and acoustic behaviour. This is followed by an overview of what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and considers the current guidelines and criteria being used world‐wide to assess potential effects on fishes.

Most importantly, the paper provides the most complete summary of the effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes to date. It is also made clear that there are currently so many information gaps that it is almost impossible to reach clear conclusions on the nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds that have potential to cause changes in animal behaviour, or even result in physical harm. Further research is required on the responses of a range of fish species to different sound sources, under different conditions. There is a need both to examine the immediate effects of sound exposure and the longer‐term effects, in terms of fitness and likely impacts upon populations.
Implementation of good hygiene practices in food trucks with and without the intervention of a food safety expert
Authors: De Lima Danyele Precibicien , Medeiros Caroline Opolski , Dardin Francine Dolberth , Stangarlin‐Fiori Lize
Published: March 2019

This study evaluated the implementation of good hygiene practices in food trucks with and without the intervention of a food safety expert. Fifty‐three food trucks were divided into control group and intervention group. The study was carried out in three stages: (a) evaluation of good hygiene practices in both groups through a list of categories and development of an action plan; (b) participation of a food safety expert in the intervention group; and (c) second assessment of good hygiene practices in both groups. At the latter stage, both groups showed significant improvements on average. The intervention group presented greater progress in the last evaluation, with significantly higher adequacy percentages (p < 0.05) in all categories evaluated. The control group showed improvement in only 50% of the categories. These results revealed the importance of food safety experts in the implementation of hygiene practices in foodservices.

Practical applications

The aim of this work was to evaluate the implementation of good hygiene practices in food trucks with and without the intervention of a food safety expert. Compliance to hygiene practices increased significantly when food safety consultants participated in the program. The results presented here contribute to raising awareness among food truck owners and staff on the importance of investing in food safety experts to ensure an effective implementation of good hygiene practices and accordingly reduce contamination risks in these establishments.
Antioxidant effects of bioactive compounds isolated from cordyceps and their protective effects against UVB‐irradiated HaCaT cells
Authors: Tang Jie , Xiong Lidan , Shu Xiaohong , Chen Wei , Li Wenjia , Li Jing , Ma Lianzheng , Xiao Ying , Li Li
Published: March 2019

Background

Excessive free radicals, generated from the metabolic reaction in organisms, have been implicated in many human diseases as well as aging process. Nowadays, many synthetic substances have been developed as anti‐oxidation cosmetic ingredients. However, man‐made antioxidants often have certain toxicity and side effects, which make their application under strict control. Therefore, more and more researchers focus on natural antioxidants because of their advantages.

Aims

In this study, CE obtained from natural Chinese medicine was used to investigate whether it had antioxidant effect in vitro and repair effect on HaCaT cell damage caused by UVB.

Methods

UV‐Vis and HPLC were adopted for qualitative and quantitative analysis of CE. We investigated the antioxidant potential of CE by assessing its ABTS+, DPPH•, hydroxyl (OH•), and superoxide anions () free‐radical quenching ability. The safety of CE was studied by CCK‐8 assay. To evaluate the anti‐oxidation effect of CE on UVB‐induced damage on HaCaT cells, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were tested.

Results

Experiment data showed that the CE displayed high scavenging ability: ABTS+, DPPH•, OH•, and quenching rates were 88%, 64%, 94%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, after UVB radiation (30 mJ/cm2), adding CE (50‐500 μg/mL) could increase the SOD activity in HaCaT cells and reduce the MDA contents.

Conclusions

All results illustrate that the CE shows significant antioxidant effect on scavenging free radicals in vitro. Besides, the CE can repair UVB‐induced oxidant damage by improving SOD activity and reducing MDA content.
CENTRAL BANK POLICIES AND INCOME AND WEALTH INEQUALITY: A SURVEY
Authors: Colciago Andrea , Samarina Anna , de Haan Jakob
Published: March 2019

This paper reviews recent research on the relationship between central bank policies and inequality. A new paradigm which integrates sticky‐prices, incomplete markets, and heterogeneity among households is emerging, which allows for the joint study of how inequality shapes macroeconomic aggregates and how macroeconomic shocks and policies affect inequality. The new paradigm features multiple distributional channels of monetary policy. Most empirical studies, however, analyze each potential channel of redistribution in isolation. Our review suggests that empirical research on the effects of conventional monetary policy on income and wealth inequality yields mixed findings, although there seems to be a consensus that higher inflation, at least above some threshold, increases inequality. In contrast to common wisdom, conclusions concerning the impact of unconventional monetary policies on inequality are also not clear cut. To better understand policy effects on inequality, future research should focus on the estimation of General Equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents.
Heat shock protein 70 dampens the inflammatory response of human PDL cells to mechanical loading in vitro
Authors: Marciniak Jana , Lossdörfer Stefan , Kirschneck Christian , Deschner James , Jäger Andreas , Wolf Michael
Published: March 2019

Background and objective

Previously, we demonstrated an inflammatory response of human PDL (hPDL) cells to mechanical loading. The cellular reaction was dampened by heat pre‐treatment suggesting a protective role for heat shock proteins (HSP) during stress‐induced ischemia. Here we explored if HSP70, which has already been documented in the pressure zone of tooth movement, might be regulatorily involved in the attenuation of the inflammatory response.

Materials and methods

Fifth passage hPDL cells were mechanically loaded in the presence of the HSP70 inhibitor VER155008. Cell morphology, HSP70 expression, viability, IL‐6 and IL‐8 expression were determined by means of microscopy, realtime‐PCR and ELISA. The conditioned medium of mechanically loaded and pre‐treated hPDL cells was used to culture monocytes to identify a potential impact on adhesion and osteoclastic differentiation capacity.

Results

Mechanical cell stress resulted in a significant increase of pro‐inflammatory parameters. HSP70 inhibition led to a further enhancement of cytokine expression. The conditioned medium of mechanically loaded hPDL cells significantly increased monocyte adhesion and differentiation along the osteoclastic pathway. VER155008 pronounced this effect significantly.

Conclusion

The results indicate a regulatory role for HSP70 in the control of the inflammatory hPDL cell response to mechanical loading and identify HSP70 as a target in the attempt to attenuate tissue damage during orthodontic tooth movement. Furthermore, the present findings point to the risk of increased periodontal destruction when medication targeting HSP70 is applied for severe medical conditions during orthodontic tooth movement.
Evidence of spreading vasodilation in the human gingiva evoked by nitric oxide
Authors: Gánti Bernadett , Molnár Eszter , Fazekas Réka , Mikecs Barbara , Lohinai Zsolt , Mikó Sándor , Vág János
Published: March 2019

Background and Objective

Spreading vasodilation is an important means of increasing local blood flow effectively during increased metabolic demands or in case of vascular injury. Our aim was to develop a technique proving the presence of spreading vasodilation in the human keratinized gingiva.

Methods

Local vasodilation was evoked by the application of nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroglycerin into a well, fixed 2 mm above the marginal gingiva, in 20 subjects with healthy periodontal tissue. Either 1 or 8 mg/mL nitroglycerin solutions were dropped into the test well at the upper right second incisor, and saline was applied into the control well at the upper left first incisor. The gingival blood flow (GBF) was recorded for 15 minutes by a laser speckle contrast imager below the well and in the surrounding area in the mesial, distal, apical and coronal directions. Gingival thickness was measured by an ultrasonic biometer.

Results

Peak GBF increase was similar after 1 mg/mL and after 8 mg/mL nitroglycerin application in the well (51% ± 12% vs 42% ± 8%) and in the apical region (33 ± 9% vs 55% ± 13%). While the lower dose of nitroglycerin increased GBF only in the apical region around the well, the higher dose induced significant elevations in all surrounding regions, with apical prominence. Hyperaemia lasted 10‐14 minutes in the low‐dose group whereas it extended beyond the observation period in the high‐dose group. Neither the baseline nor the NO‐induced peak GBF were correlated with gingival thickness.

Conclusion

The role of the direct effect of NO in the regulation of perfusion was demonstrated in the human gingiva as well as the propagation of local vasodilation to distant, especially apical areas, probably by the mechanism of flow‐mediated dilation. This mechanism may have a clinical importance for flap survival or wound healing.
Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili
Authors: Tomás‐Vidal Ana , Monge‐Ortiz Raquel , Jover‐Cerdá Miguel , Martínez‐Llorens Silvia
Published: March 2019

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and amino acids in fish, krill, squid, meat, defatted krill, soybean, wheat gluten, wheat, camilina, pea, sunflower, and fava bean meals were determined for juvenile Seriola dumerili. The results showed that the ADC of dry matter for yellowtail ranged from 57.7 to 87.2% for animal ingredients and from 42.2 to 82.2% for plant ingredients. An ADC of protein exceeding 90% was observed in fishmeal, while camilina meal and fava bean meal presented the lowest values. Pea meal presented the lowest lipid ADC (83.5%). The availabilities were generally higher in animal ingredients than those in vegetal ones. Except camilina and fava bean meal, the other ingredients appear to be favorable for S. dumerili diets, especially the ones from animal sources. Lower case chemical score values (minimum value from amino acid ratios [AARs]) were obtained in some vegetal ingredients (14–18%), while the highest ones were observed in marine ingredients (69–88%). According to Oser's Index, the most balanced protein for yellowtail with regard to essential amino acids was in krill, defatted krill, and fishmeal (92–96%). So, animal sources are suitable as protein ingredients, but they could be enhanced through some essential amino acid supplementation.
Characterization of the circulating microbiome in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhao Ruihong , Shi Ding , Sun Shanshan , Ren Haotang , Zhao Hong , Wu Wei , Jin Linfeng , Sheng Jifang , Shi Yu
Published: March 2019

Background

Patients with hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (HB‐ACLF) may have an increased circulating microbial burden. This study aimed to assess circulating microbial load and composition and to explore the association between the circulating microbiome and both systemic inflammation (SI) and clinical outcome in HB‐ACLF.

Methods

Plasma from 50 HB‐ACLF patients, 23 healthy controls and 25 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis (C‐LC) was analysed for chemokines/cytokines and bacterial DNA and further analysed by 16S rDNApyrosequencing. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and inferred metagenomics analyses were performed.

Results

The circulating bacterial DNA was significantly increased in HB‐ACLF patients compared to that in the control groups. The overall microbial diversity was significantly decreased in HB‐ACLF patients. HB‐ACLF patients were enriched with Moraxellaceae, Sulfurovum, Comamonas and Burkholderiaceae but were depleted in Actinobacteria, Deinococcus‐Thermus, Alphaproteobacteria, Xanthomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae compared to controls. Network analysis revealed a direct positive correlation between Burkholderiaceae and chemokine IP‐10 in HB‐ACLF patients. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae independently predicted 28‐day mortality. Inferred functional metagenomics predicted an enrichment of bacteria with genes related to methane, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, pyrimidine, purine and energy metabolism.

Conclusions

HB‐ACLF patients display increased circulating microbial burden, altered microbiome composition and a shift in microbiome functionality. The alteration in circulating microbiota is associated with SI and clinical outcome in HB‐ACLF.