bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emil Kraepelin's 'Self-Assessment': clinical autography in historical context
Authors: Engstrom Eric J. , Burgmair Wolfgang , Weber Matthias M.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary psychiatrists and historians know very little about the life of Emil Kraepelin. Until recently they had to glean what information they could from his memoirs, which had more to say about his travels to far-flung corners of the world than about his own mental life. Now, however, a unique historical document has been uncovered which opens a window on Kraepelin's own psyche. In a manuscript written shortly after World War I, Kraepelin turned his diagnostic methods on himself and clinically documented his own state of mind. This paper reproduces a translation of Kraepelin's 'Self-Assessment' and places it in its historical context.
The Changing Italian Welfare State
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Negri Nicola
Published: March 2007

Starting in 1990, a series of legislative measures have been re-shaping the Italian wel fare state, as judged by the aims behind the reforms of the 1970s, which had defined social rights in the field of social and health services. At the same time, these changes have been redefining the roles, rights and duties of the different actors involved: not only citizens, but also state, local government, service workers, trade unions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and families. Behind these changes lie financial constraints and increasing social dis satisfaction with the unfilfilled promises of the 1970s. However, the main legitimizing force has been the requirements of the Maastricht Treaty, in terms of national budget deficits. Rather than being a mere 'retrenchment' of the state, this process may be interpreted as an attempt to change the balance within the Ita lian welfare mix. As a consequence of these changes, both universalist social rights and particularist vested interests are being affected in complicated and interrelated ways.
Minimum Wages and Wage Flexibilty in the European Union
Authors: Dearden Stephen J. H.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the national minimum wage legislation that exists in the E U and asks what contribution a Union wide minimum wage policy might make to overcoming the threat of 'social dumping' in the single market. The available empirical evidence suggests that the adoption of such a policy is likely to have only a limited adverse impact upon employ ment, confined principally to the young.
Towards a National Health Service in Spain: the Search for Equity and Efficiency
Authors: Guillén Ana M. , Cabiedes Laura
Published: March 2007

All Southern European countries have enacted reform laws during the last decade with the in tention of turning their traditional social- security health-care systems into national health services. Spain was no exception to this reform thrust and the General Health Law of 1986 brought about a significant institutional change. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it assesses the decision-making process that led to the approval of the 1986 reform law by contemplating the roles played by the main social and political actors. Moreover, the influence of policy legacies and the impact of regime change are considered. Second, the article evaluates the implementation process of the reform law as regards the coverage criteria and span, the financial sources and the services provided. The analysis of these indicators leads to the conclusion that the health-care system in Spain has been transformed into a national health service, although some minor characteristics of the previous model persist.
Women and Poverty Dynamics: the Case of Germany and Britain
Authors: Ruspini Elisabetta
Published: March 2007

Using household panel data, this article analy ses women's poverty in (West) Germany and Britain comparatively, dynamically and with a gender-friendly perspective. It explores pov erty dynamics, in terms of characteristics and duration of poverty spells; it underlines the in teraction between critical events and changes in resource distribution (family, labour market and welfare) in determining the gender charac teristics of poverty trajectories; and it verifies the different combination of entry and exit events. The results show that women's greater vulnerability to economic poverty lies in two different elements: on the one hand, women's poverty spells are longer, and on the other hand they are particularly exposed to econ omic fluctuations. Moreover, the different demographic structures, labour market characteristics and welfare systems mean that there are substantial differences in the events causing the beginning or the end of poverty trajectories for women and men. From a com parison of the various regressions, it is clear that German women are more vulnerable to marital disruptions, while British female pov erty spells are more strongly related to unemployment and women's burden of care and domestic work, which have a profound effect on their ability to take up paid employ ment outside the home. The facilitation of women's integration/reintegration into the labour market (especially after family critical events such as divorce/separation) is an im portant event influencing the probability of leaving poverty in both settings.
Culture as a Factor in Causal Understanding of Illness : A Study of Cancer Patients
Authors: Kohli Neena , Dalal Ajit K.
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this study is to examine the explanatory models which Indian women use to understand their life threatening diseases. Tbepaper also examines the linkages between these causal explanations and their psychological recovery. Earlier work has shown that in the Indian cultural setting, hospitalised patients attributed their illness more often to metaphysical beliefs. A sample of 132 adult cervical cancer patients from rural background was divided into three groups according to the stage of treat ment (first week of radiation therapy, last week of radiation therapy, and subsequent check-up) and interviewed. The findings reveal thatpatients more often attributed their illness to metaphysical beliefs: fate, God's will, karma than to other factors. These fac tors, however, showed no clear linkages with psychological recovery, which was nega tively correlated with attributions to family conditions, physical weakness and mental stress. Implications of these findings for providing better care to cancer patients are discussed.
Dairy Cattle Rearing by Landless Rural Women in Pondicherry: A Path to Empowerment
Authors: Ramkumar S. , Rao S.V.N. , Waldie Kevin
Published: March 2007

Rearing one or two cows for milk is an important source of livelihood for landless women in Pondicherry in south Indin.1 Possession of dairy animals means more than increased income for them: it means financial security, status, self-confidence and an opportunity to liave some control over their lives. Preferring this alternative to exhnusting agricultural labour, the women are self-employed, with flexible work ing hours and maintain better health as a result. Recognition of the importance of this resource for rural women should be the first step towards improving service delivery to poor landless women rearing dairy cattle.
Games, Socialization and Parental Values: Social Class Differences in Parental Evaluation of Little League Baseball
Authors: Watson Geoffrey G.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the evaluation made by a sample of middle- and working-class parents of the socialization functions of Little League Baseball was undertaken. The evaluation was based on a model of game socialization which identifies three basic interpretations: the interactionist, psycho-social conflict, and spontaneous in volvement models. Each model is considered to vary in its interpretation of (1) game attraction: (2) game impact: and (3) game training effect. Hypotheses generated were only partially supported. It was hypothesized that middle class parents would evaluate the attraction of the game as an end in itself, while working class parents would evaluate the attraction as a means toward the attainment of community integration. It was found from a factor analysis of responses to selected variables that both classes evaluate the attraction of Little League as a means toward the attainment of valued goals: for middle class parents, as training in cooperation and adaptation to middle class values; for working class parents as training in learning to respond to authority and as a means toward attaining social integration. It was concluded that Little League represents an integrally important family environment reflecting fundamental social class differences in parental values.
The Persistence and Salience of Small Group Structures Within a Successful Athletic Team: A Case Study Over Time
Authors: Woodman William F. , Grant Marc R.
Published: March 2007

Working out of a survey, observation, and sociometric research design, the authors attempted to establish the degree to which small groups existed and nor matively guided the behavior of their members in the context of the larger team environment. Sociometric measurement demonstrated the existence of several groups each apparently serving different constituencies. Further analysis of survery data and athletic performance suggested either that the individual members aligned their attitudinal orientations with their respective group affiliation, or the selec tion process included attitudinal and ideologcal criteria. Finally, it appeared that the athletic performance of the athlete was consistent with the performance expec tations of the group of identification. The implications of these findings for athletic contexts are discussed.
On a Humanistic Value of Sport
Authors: Stoljarov V.I.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the significance and role of sport for the human being and for mankind. The author analyzes opinions and arguments in this respect of people who noticed the humanistic values of sport as well as of those who deny the existence of such values. He also presents the outlines of a correct approach to the solution of this problem. In accordance with the author's opinions it is necessary to give an all- round evaluation of the influence of sport on people. He maintains that it is im possible in an abstract manner to discuss the humanistic or antihumanistic influence exerted by sport on human beings, since this depends on various historical situations. the socio-political system in which sport develops as well as on the conscious activity of people who organize sport and make use of it for certain purposes.
Media Sport: Hot and Cool1
Authors: Birrell Susan , Loy John W.
Published: March 2007

Marshall McLuhan's revolutionary ideas about the role of media in society established him as the prophet of what he terms "the electric age" and had a major impact upon the field of communication. According to McLuhan, understanding media means understanding society, for the two are so closely related that societies can in fact be characterized by the media form most prevalent in them. McLuhan's books are packed with fascinating contentions about the effects of media upon other as pects of society. However, McLuhan's expansive style ultimately leaves the thought ful reader unsatisfied. In the course of his books, he briefly touches on a wide range of exciting ideas, yet he never attempts to develop any one particular subject nor does he offer testable assertions.

McLuhan's comments on sport furnish an excellent example of his lack of spe cifity. He makes several provocative observations about sport yet one is left to wonder: exactly what would McLuhan predict about sport? The objectives of this paper are to summarize McLuhan's basic contentions about the media in society, to suggest applications of McLuhan's ideas to sport, and to examine critically McLuhan's ideas in the specific context of sport.
On the Ethnicity of Ethnic1 Minorities in Sport
Authors: Allison Maria T.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a discussion of the way in which ethnicity has been viewed in the sporting context. It is suggested that the assimilation-acculturation paradigm which is often utilized to discuss ethnic minority participation is insufficient. Speci fically, the paradigm as it is now formulated oversimplifies the dynamics of the ethnic factor in sport. The author attempts to reformulate the nature of the questions asked and presents alternate conceptualizations of the role of ethnicity in sport.
Top-level Athletes and Idols
Authors: Nöcker Guido , Klein Michael
Published: March 2007

As a rule identification processes are being interpreted within psychological theoretical concepts. This contribution presents such a psychological attempt to give a critical explanation of the course of identification. It is shown that these conceptions are insufficient to explain the identification with these idols for the formation of a stable role as an athlete. Empirical findings presented, rather point to the fact that these identification processes on the one hand belong to the more complex sphere of the entire aspect of life and on the other hand are related to specific fields of action. Thus, significant differences make their appearance in identification with idols, depending on the various stages of life, on differences of sex, the type of sport practiced and the intensity of practicing sport. Therefore it is suggested in this paper to choose for the explanation of the course of identification the more restricted conception of the reference group, where the social formation of perspectives for orientation and activity can to some extent be established.
Football Hooliganism in England
Authors: Carroll R.
Published: March 2007

Hooliganism is once again part of the football scene in England this season. Recently there have been a number of publications which give social scientific explanations for the phenomena which is known as "football hooliganism". The purpose of this essay is to critically review this literature under the headings of: 1) the context of cultural change, 2) the structure of the subculture, 3) theories of aggression, 4) the amplification of hooliganism, 5) measuring and predicting the conditions. Finally, what to do about the problem is considered under containment or societal change. The author suggests that there is no simple explanation for the hooliganism and no simple solution for dealing with the problem either. It is concluded that a synthesis of some of the explanations, without divorcing football hooliganism from society more generally, is required, and that both a number of short term preventive measures and longer term societal changes need to be carried out.
Factors Affecting Active Participation in Sport by the Working Class
Authors: Sleap Mike , Duffy Pat
Published: March 2007

A survey consisting of 585 structured, personal interviews was undertaken in the Republic of Ireland. The survey population was comprised of individuals deemed to be of a particular sub-culture within Irish society — namely the work ing class. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the factors affecting active participation in sport by the interviewees. Of the total sample only 10.9% took an active and regular part in sport as defined by the study. It was found that the main prohibitive factor was a perceived lack of facilities whilst family and work commitments were also significant in the extent to which they affected participation.

A full analysis of the findings revealed certain inconsistencies in responses given and thus it was concluded that sport was still perceived by the working class as a middle class activity and that this was possibly the real cause of the low participation rate. On these grounds recommendations are made to increase working class participation in sport. These include the promotion of a sporting ethos that accords with the values of the working class sub-culture and the de velopment of localized facilities which cater to the special needs of a working class community.
Sport Clubs and Parents as Socializing Agents in Sport
Authors: Seppänen Paavo
Published: March 2007

As a by-product of a larger survey this study does not penetrate to the most essential problems of socialization in sport. It explains, however, the extent to which children are exposed to the influence of sport clubs in modern society, and what is the role of parents to get their children under the influence of sport clubs and associations.

The main findings of the study can be classified into four categories. First, the role of sport clubs in socialization of children is evidently greater than any other voluntary organization. About 45 per cent of all boys and 29 per cent of all girls are members of sport clubs. Second, the appreciation what sport clubs as socializing agent enjoy is, however, considerably more common than the actual membership of children. Parents' attitudes toward children's participation are favourable even among those whose own sport activity is very low or non- existent. Third, systematic training of children — one of the most visible activi ties of modern sport club socialization — is, however, an activity whose role in socialization is dispensable. The most enthusiastic upholders of competitive sport approve it without any reserve but there is also a great number of parents who consider this kind of activity a matter of great concern or at least are am bivalent in their attitudes. This kind of dispersion in attitudes toward one essential aspect of modern sport may also be a symptom of growing concern on present sport in general. Fourth, there is a great evidence that the role of parents is central in socialization of children into sport. Child's membership in sport club correlates highly with his or her parents' sport activity. The choice of ideological type of sport club depends almost solely on the choice his or her parents have made.
Qualitative Research Methods in the Analysis of Identity of Top-class Women Athletes
Authors: Klein Michael
Published: March 2007

In sociological research on sport exists a predominance of questionnaire and quantifying methods, inquiry techniques aimed at establishing representative fea tures. Not enough attention is paid to the question whether the method adopted is at all in accordance with the questions asked and the subject matter. If based on the methodology of symbolical interactionism this methodology deals with the entire course of research and if, in accordance with Merton and Kendall (1955), data is to present not only the reaction to a situation about which questions are asked, but should rather show the empirical reality of "genuine life", then attention should be also paid to phenomenological connections. It is necessary above all to arrange those connections in a certain order, according to their significance, so that the social relations, which determine processes of social life, as one process follows the other and one influences the other, would become interrelated. Taken into account in this respect should be the fact that the responses, such as opinions, attitudes and motivations arise within social relations and their sense depends exclusively on these relations. This dependence on the context requires, of course, procedures of interpretation in methodology, because in general interviews of in dividuals are not in accordance with reality which requires dialogue. This is true especially when one examines the mode of life of certain groups of people, because one should take into account the fact that identities, according to Meads, take shape as a result of social processes and depict the individual reflections of organized relations of human exchange of experience and behavioural patterns.

On the basis of an empirical analysis of the formation of identity in the case of top-class women athletes in the F.R.G. evidence is provided of the fact that qualitative methods (sociobiographical methods, in-depth interviews) and inductive procedures are more to the point for this type of subject matter than deductive research and quantifying methods.
Practical Orientation and Function of Sport Sociology
Authors: Heinemann Klaus
Published: March 2007

It is demanded time and again that the sociology of sport should serve the praxis. This contribution examines if sport sociology is able to serve the praxis in this expected manner and which functions sport sociology is able to accomplish over and above those problems which are directly related to the praxis functions which at the same time can serve as a justification.

This contribution shows that the idea, that science has to directly serve the praxis, is based on a false concept of science. Science is an independent social system formed according to its own rules and norms. Problems, which result from the relationship of science to other social spheres of existence that need scientific knowledge which result from these facts will be examined in detail. requirements. It should therefore not be a question of diminishing the differences, but of bridging these discrepancies without the application of knowledge being initially a case of coincidence. Those problems concerning the application of scientific knowledge which result from these facts will be examined in detail.

The second part of this contribution examines the functions which can be made available by sport sociology.

In addition to the enlargement of our information on our immediate field of action, the following functions can also be named: the relativization of our con ceptions and knowledge on the phenomenon of sport; the control and the re gulation of social conflicts and contradictory interests; the development of the social identity of sport organizations; the subdual of prejudice, idealization and tabus that sport often is confronted with.
Gender and Sport in Norwegian Mass Media
Authors: Fasting Kari , Tangen Jan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the article is to analyse how female sports are presented in television and newspapers in Norway. This is done in order to clarify whether or not the mass media lend support to a traditional inhibiting image to female sport participation.

The results of the content analysis show that stereotyping masculine and feminine language were seldom used in describing female and male sport per formers.

The quantitative image of gender and sport was on the other hand, not in accordance with the real extent of female and male sports events. This biased image may be a result of the male sports editorial staff's own attitudes towards female sport participation, together with the influence from the male part of the public. The consequences of these facts may be very severe. It may be that the mass media rather inhibit than stimulate women's further development and in volvement in sports.
Minding the Team: A Meadian Aproach to Competitive Team Coaching
Authors: Teitge Dennis W.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the concept of group mind. While there has been a modest degree of acceptance in the concept of the mind as it exists on the indi vidual level, to date there has been little attention given to the notion that there can exist a "mind" on the group or collective level. Thus, I will endeavor to define the characteristics of the group mind, discuss the presentation of the group mind in terms of a specific example, and address the ramifications that such a model can have for a team coach/captain in the sports arena.

For the purposes of this discussion, a case study approach will be used to identify the naturally occurring, processual development of a group/team. I will use "team" in the Goffmanesque sense and draw upon the dramaturgical ap proach to studying symbolic interaction in order to exemplify the presentation of the group/team mind. My experiences and inherent problems as a team cap tain/coach of a competitive pistol unit will serve as my frame of reference for discussing research implications.
Polarization of the Sexes in Sport and the Andro gynous Yearning of Human Beings
Authors: Klein Michael
Published: March 2007

It is stated in this article the proclaimed principle of equal rights for sexes, there can actually be observed a polarization of woman and men in the entire social life.

Polarization which has been going on for centuries has at present adopted the form of a scientific theory, reducing women to an exclusively biological role; women are being adapted to norms an principles of the male world. All this also finds its reflection in sport.

Under cover of "objective" comparison women's sport is being adjusted to men's sport. Thus participation of women in sport is rather approached with tonque in cheek and there exists the danger that in this way women may lose their own identity. In sciences of sport an approach based on natural and techni cal sciences is getting more and more frequent which is characterized by collec tion of allegedly objective data which actually bypass whatever is subjective, bio graphical what is an experience of the individual and what finds the reflection in social science. One could define this as reign of "rationalism" which dismem hers man's life, separating what is subjective from what is objective, what can be measured technically from what is the outcome of certain social relations.

Approached from this point of view the very essence of female features is being treated as deviation from the norm, which takes its origin from male indi viduals. Sexuality is treated as a certain disease of women. This is especially clearly evident in the case androgyny, understood not only in the biological sense but the psychic sense as well. This can be observed in sport, too. Here the ideo logy of formal equal rights becomes, transformed into placing women's sport on an equal level with men's sport, without perceiving any need for separate fea tures and individualization of in women's sport.

It can be clearly seen in the entire history of the development of contem porary sport. One may actually state that women's sport does not exist in reality, though it is sport for woman and more and more women are practicing sport.

In conclusion of his reflections the author emphasizes that androgyny and the liberation of women should not be understood as making women fit into the world of values created by men but a broadening of the sphere of humanity by adding to this world the element of female features. In the past this has already been stressed by the working class sport movement. Unfortunately so far these matters found expression only in discussion of a few scientific spheres.
Marriage Chances and Social Status of Top Female Athletes in Hungary
Authors: Földesi Tamásné
Published: March 2007

The significance of the study of marriage chances of top female ahtletes extends beyond the private sphere. Marriage chances may influence the probability of reaching the status of top athlete, the early conclusion of sports careers and the course of life subsequent to such careers. They may indirectly affect even the quality of top female sport in a given country.

The marriage chances of top female ahtletes were analyzed on the basis of a complex empirical study carried out among Hungarian participants in the Olympic Games between 1948 and 1976. This analysis concludes with a comparison of the marriage opportunities for top female and male ahtletes.
A Comparative Study of Adolescent Socialization into Sport: The Case of Japan and Canada
Authors: Yamaguchi Yasuo
Published: March 2007

This paper compares the process of adolescent socialization into sport in Japan and Canada, focussing on the structural and cultural differences and similarities. Results from national survey data indicate that the school is a strong socializing agent in Japan, while the sport system within the community has more influence on sport involvement in Canada. It is suggested that sport socialization in Japan is unique in that it arises from a closed structure, as compared to the open structure in Canada.
The Bureaucratization of a Voluntary Sport Organization
Authors: Slack Trevor
Published: March 2007

In most western industrialized societies voluntary organizations play a large role in the delivery of amateur sport programs. Despite their importance in this area, sport sociologists still know little about the structure and processes of these organizations. One process that is being increasingly used to describe the development of this type of organization is that of bureaucratization. This paper examines the process of bureaucratization and the emergence of its corresponding organizational form, bureaucracy, in a Canadian voluntary sport organization. The paper provides a chronological account and analysis of the emergence of bureaucratic characteristics.
Sport in the Peace Movement — A Challenge for the Sport Science
Authors: Güldenpfennig Sven
Published: March 2007

Sport stands in ambivalent relation to war and peace. The actual peace movement has shown that, in its new dimensions, the total threat to mankind by nuclear armament requires a "Copernican turning point" in political thinking and acting in all social spheres. Some aspects of the responsibility of sport for peace are described. In sport politics and science this responsibility is discussed controversially between the concepts "proprium" and "political mandate" of sport. They reflect general obligations of sport science to political counselling. Peace-political and -pedagogical meanings and margins of action of sport are illustrated.

- "One has to bring the habitual terms into a new frame of reference. They have to be rethought with regard to the logic of political thinking in the nuclear age. In the history of science, revaluations of the whole terminology repeatedly took place. Each time, the transition to a new way of thinking, which extended over decades or centuries, was accompanied by a merciless struggle. But this time there is no time available to mankind. The logic of thinking in the nuclear age must be comprehended as quickly as possible." (G. Ch. Schachnasarow)—
The Status of Muslim Women in Sport: Conflict between Cultural Tradition and Modernization
Authors: Sfeir Leila
Published: March 2007

Published data on Muslim women's participation in sport in 29 predominantly Islamic countries and personal observations in Middle East sport were used. The situation varies from country to country, from rural to urban areas, and depends on impact of Islamic resurgence, secularism, nationalism, Westernization and socialism. Physical education is officially compulsory in schools but, partly due to traditional attitudes and lack of facilities for segregation of the sexes, often neglected in practice. If at all, women are prepared for teaching of rather than for active participation in sport. The original teachings of Islam, actually favoring physical and spiritual development of both sexes, were overshadowed by other restrictive cultural influences. A change is taking place, but very slowly.
Olympic Television Rights
Authors: Alaszkiewicz Richard K. , McPhail Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

Since 1960, the escalation in the price of exclusive U.S. television rights for the Olympic Games reflects a geometric progression. The U.S. rights for the 1988 Games alone total $ 609 million. This paper discusses the scope and impact of U.S. television revenue on the Olympics. The analysis is comprised of the following four major sections: 1. history of Olympic television rights; 2. major factors implicated in the geometric expansion of U.S. rights; 3. reaction of Olympic organizations in response to U.S. television revenue; and 4. evaluation of future Olympic television rights given past and current trends. The authors conclude by suggesting that the entire fiscal picture surrounding the Games is in a state of major transition.
Managerial Succession and Team Effectiveness: A Case Study of Japanese Professional Baseball
Authors: Curtis James E. , Loy John W. , Hillen James M.
Published: March 2007

Data from major league professional baseball teams in Japan, for the period 1950 to 1975, were employed to test the generality of findings on managerial succession and team effectiveness from the North American case. The results show little support for the most common pattern from North American studies, that there is a negative relationship between managerial succession and team effectiveness. The strongest pattern in the results was that of a regression to the mean for team performance over time. The finding of no significant relationship between managerial succession and team effectiveness is discussed in terms of possible cross-cultural differences in performance criteria.
The Situation and Developmental Tendencies of Marxist-Leninist Sport Sociology in the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Authors: Gras Fred , Reinhardt Brigitte
Published: March 2007

This contribution presents an overview on essential contents and organsiational forms of marxist Sport Sociology in the GDR in its prozess of development. Without separating the various stages or periods, these presentations provide insights into the variety of teaching and research work achieved during the past years up to the present time standpoints on the development of sience as a theoretical and methodological reqierement are offered as well as the close relations and their dependence on sport science and general sociology. The unity of science and practice as a principle of its effeciency is explained by the social requirements of the sozialist development in the GDR. Particular stress is placed upon the contributive capacity and responsibility to scientifically analyse complex social prozesses and phenomena to efficiently improve planning and management by the sport authorities of this country.
Ethnicity, Identity, and Sport: The Persistence of Power
Authors: Cheska Alyce Taylor
Published: March 2007

Indians of the Western Hemisphere have resisted assimilation, in spite of the Euro- American Anglos who invaded and requisitioned their lands, from the 1500s to today. To accomplish this, Indian peoples stress differences through ascribed characteristics of race, language, territorial or political independence, education and religion, as well as aesthetic cultural patterns in clothing and decoration, art, food and sporting activities. Indian groups communicate their power of persistence and their persistence of power in several ways: first, by social negotiations with other groups; second, by synergistic relationships with each other and nature; and third, by continual revitalization, redefinition and reconstruction of ethnicity. Sporting events provide excellent contexts through which these assumptions of power are played out.
Female Chinese Textile Workers: Their Attitude towards and Actual Participation in Physical Activities
Authors: Zhen Wang , An-Huai Chen , Yao-Ting Qian
Published: March 2007

Purpose of this study was to provide the necessary information for an improved physical education of female workers in the Chinese textile industry. 1035 women at 52 textile factories were furnished with questionnaires. The findings of the survey show that the respondents are interested and hope to participate in a broad range of physical activities. However, the extent of actual involvement in the various activities does not match the interest expressed, as it only amounts to 4.44%. Seven factors were ascertained that negatively affect involvement in physical activities.
The Brixton Recreation Centre: An Analysis of a Political Institution
Authors: Murray Karl
Published: March 2007

A small scale survey (N = 328) was carried out at the Brixton Recreation Centre against a background of youth unemployment and of the effect on young people's socio-cultural life style. An aspect of this concern centred on the role of recreation, sport and leisure easing a depressed environment. This is a précis of the conclusion of a 60 page report on six months findings. The main tenet challenged in this paper is the questioning of the function and role of recreation, sport and leisure in dealing with questions of the effect of unemployment and disillusionment, the questioning of politically motivated initiatives that hold hard and fast to ideological principles at any cost. Can sport, recreative and leisure facilities compensate for social disadvantage and inequalities in any real sense?
Challenging the Hegemony: New Zealand Women's Opposition to Rugby and the Reproduction of a Capitalist Patriarchy
Authors: Thompson Shona M.
Published: March 2007

In 1981, women were very prominent in the organised opposition to a South African rugby team touring New Zealand. While overtly opposing racial discrimination, it is argued their protest action was motivated by anger at the exclusively male sport of rugby. They challenged the values, gender relations and power which are symbolised and reproduced by the sport. Such power, with a base in patriarchy, agriculturally based capitalism and white supremacy has excluded and oppressed women. Events since 1981 suggest that such protests made a substantial contribution to an emerging hegemony in New Zealand whereby previous power concentrations shifted considerably.
A Critical Analysis of Korfball as a "Non-Sexist Sport"
Authors: Crum Bart
Published: March 2007

Sex equality in sport will always remain an illusion as long as the macho character of modern competitive sport dominates. Against this background the claim of the International Korfball Federation that they are promoting a competitive sport as "the passport to coeducation" can be considered interesting and challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent korfball, as it is institutionalized and played in The Netherlands, does, in fact, substantiate this claim. The division of power between male and female players was estimated by a systematic observation of 26 matches at the highest competitive level and by ascertaining the number of male and female presidents and secretaries throughout Dutch korfball clubs. In addition, a questionnaire served to compare the perceptions of male and female korfball players with those of male and female basketball and handball players with regard to sex stereotypes and instrumental aggression. The evaluation of the data showed on the one hand that the equal division of power between males and females in korfball leaves much to be desired and on the other hand that korfball could contribute towards reducing macho perceptions in competitive sport.
Towards a New Structural Analysis — the Present State and the Prospects of the International Sociology of Sport
Authors: Lüschen Günther
Published: March 2007

There is now expansion of sociology of sport in countries of the Third World at the same time that there is overall saturation on a level of continued high productivity. Major national centers reflect in topical areas problems of their society or their form of sport organization. Theoretical sophistication is limited. It is suggested that sociology of sport not only continue to emphasize topics genuine to the field of sport such as conflict, stratification, non-utility and the body. Future orientation should focus on a new form of structuralism (Stegmüller). Non-statement structural theory will go beyond hypothesis-testing and the D-N-model. The action theory of von Wright is suggested as a respective approach for that level understanding sport action as determined by intention, institutional norms, capability and situative context.
The Situation of Sport Sociology in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Heinemaniv Klaus
Published: March 2007

After a giving a summary of the development of sport sociology and the present research situation in Germany, selected foci of research are outlined. Topics dealt with include the discussion on issues to be tackled by sport sociology, research in the sociology of organizations, social roles and social processes in sport and contributions that examine the future development of sport in the Federal Republic.
Differences in Coaching Philosophies Between Male Coaches of Male and Female Basketball Teams
Authors: Pratt Stephen R. , Eitzen D. Stanley
Published: March 2007

Within the universal set of constraints placed on coaches, there is variation in their beliefs, philosophies, and coaching procedures. Some coaches are especially autocratic and demanding while others are more democratic and humane in their relationship with players. This paper examines the question of whether there are significant differences in the coaching philosophies between male coaches of male basketball and male coaches of female basketball teams. Questionnaires were mailed to the head coach of boys' and girls' basketball teams in 600 randomly selected high schools. One hundred items were examined to determine the similarities and differences in philosophical beliefs and behaviors between male coaches of male teams and male coaches of female teams. For the thirty-two (32) items where there was a statistically significant difference, a distinct pattern emerged, male coaches of male teams were more traditional, autocratic, and demanding when compared to the male coaches of female teams.
The Sociological Study of Sport Organizations: Some Observations on the Situation in Canada
Authors: Slack Trevor , Kikulis Lisa M.
Published: March 2007

Those organizations which make up the Canadian Sport delivery system have been somewhat neglected as a focus for researchers in the sociology of sport. This paper suggests a number of reasons as to why this situation has arisen. It also suggests that in Canada there are a number of issues about organizations that are implicit, if not explicit, within the sport literature. Focusing specifically on the issues of bureaucratization, gender, leadership. professionalization, dependence on government and organizational change, this paper highlights completed work and suggests how approaches found in organizational sociology and organizational theory could help inform further studies on these topics.
Body Image and Sports Participation of the Intellectual Elite
Authors: Guttmann Allen
Published: March 2007

Body image, either as an independent phenomenon or in relation to participation in sports or in fitness programs, has become a much discussed topic. The present study investigates the body image and sports participation of the American intellectual elite. The evidence is drawn from the "personals" of the New York Review. The data are also compared to those from the "personals" of Die Zeit.
25 Years of the INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT — A Content Analysis
Authors: Heinemann Klaus , Preuss Wiebke
Published: March 2007

The article is based on a content analysis of all 457 articles which have appeared in the INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT in the last 25 years. After a short description of the conception of the content analysis, it gives an overview of the structural peculiarities of international research into sport sociology, the object of research into the sociology of sport, the issues in sport sociological research and empirical and theoretical approaches and trends in sport sociological research.
When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in Sport
Authors: Messner Michael A.
Published: March 2007

This paper utilizes a feminist theoretical framework to explore the contemporary social meanings of sports violence. Two levels of meaning are explored: first, the broad, socio-cultural and ideological meanings of sports violence as mediated spectacle; second, the meanings which male athletes themselves construct. On the social/ideological level, the analysis draws on an emergent critical/feminist literature which theoretically and historically situates sports violence as a practice which helps to construct hegemonic masculinity. And drawing on my own in-depth interviews with male former athletes, a feminist theory of gender identity is utilized to examine the meanings which athletes themselves construct around their own participation in violent sports. Finally, the links between these two levels of analysis are tentatively explored: how does the athlete's construction of meaning surrounding his participation in violent sports connect with the larger social construction of masculinities and men's power relations with women?
Towards a sociological Theory of Sport and the Emotions: A figurational Perspective
Authors: Maguire Joe
Published: March 2007

The need for a sociological theory of sport, leisure and the emotions is advocated. The contribution of figurational sociology is critically reviewed. While this perspective has arguably advanced our understanding of sport and leisure, in this regard with respect to the emphasis placed on the principal function of sport and leisure being the quest for pleasurable forms of excitement, certain re-emphases are advocated. This involves reference to humanistic psychology and a greater probing of the issue of 'agency' and self identity in figurational dynamics. What is also required is a greater recognition that the modern quest for "exciting significance" is contoured by both interdependency chains inherited from the past and by contemporary cultural relations. Common ground is sought between figurational sociology and other 'critical' approaches to sport, culture and society.
Doping Games A Game Theoretical Exploration of Doping
Authors: Breivik Gunnar
Published: March 2007

This article will discuss the problem of doping from a game theoretical point of view. The first part of the of the article discusses typical 2-person games. The second part goes on to explore the most relevant n-person situations using graph illustrations. The game theoretical aspects are then related to some relevant sociological explanations of doping.
Sport, Political System and Sociology in Italy
Authors: Porro Nicola
Published: March 2007

Italian sport was for a long time considered by the liberal élites, the fascist regime and the pro-catholic or pro-left mass organizations themselves as a powerful means of social control. Only the growth of a self-managed sport movement during the last twenty years encouraged the sociological research to investigate the new social culture of body and game, the role of sport in a pervasive media-system, the Italian football hooliganism. The article draws a brief outline of these studies.
Institutionally Specific Design Archetypes: A Framework for Understanding Change in National Sport Organizations
Authors: Kikulis Lisa M. , Slack Trevor , Hinings Bob
Published: March 2007

The literature that has focused on the change in amateur sport organizations in Canada, has suggested an evolutionary movement toward a more professional and bureaucratic design. While this view of change in Canadian national sport organizations provides strong descriptive support for understanding these organizations, it neglects the differences between them. The central premise of this paper is that changes in these organizations should not simply be explained as system-wide trends toward increased professionalization and bureaucratization. Rather the variety in organizational design may be understood by identifying common design archetypes that exist within this institutionally specific set of organizations. It will then be possible to more precisely identify the nature of the change process that is occurring.