bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIALOGANDO COM OS CONCEITOS LUTAS, ARTES MARCIAIS, ESPORTES DE COMBATE (E DEMAIS VARIAÇÕES) NA PERSPECTIVA DA BNCC
Authors: Júnior Ivo Lopes , Mendes Capraro Andre
Published: February 2024

A BNCC foi promulgada no intuito de garantir aos estudantes de todo o país o direito de aprender de forma igualitária os mesmos conteúdos, dentre vários, as Lutas e os esportes de combate. No entanto, a unidade temática Lutas apresenta dificuldades para se consolidar como um conteúdo da educação física escolar, devido à compreensão conceitual e metodológica de tais práticas. Este artigo visa aprofundar o debate conceitual sobre os termos lutas, artes marciais, esportes de combate, defesa pessoal, confronto intermodalidades, luta performática e briga. Após mapear as produções científicas que abordavam os conceitos na plataforma SciELO, realizou-se um grupo focal com especialistas. Verificou-se a necessidade de compreensão e exemplificação de cada um desses conceitos, analisando o contexto sócio-histórico-político envolvido, pois ao longo dos anos as lutas foram se ressignificando, possibilitando novas abordagens, enriquecendo o debate crítico sobre a violência, exercitando o senso de justiça, o diálogo e a alteridade.
ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Viviane Andrade Silva Leticia , José Abrantes Farias Mayrhon , Lopes de Souza Adriano
Published: February 2024

O presente trabalho objetivou relatar as experiências vivenciadas por uma acadêmica do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física durante o Estágio Supervisionado em uma escola pública no município de Tocantinópolis-TO, cujo formato adotado foi o ensino remoto. utilizaremos a narrativa autobiográfica não apenas como método, mas também como fonte dos dados. Constata-se que o fato de estagiar em um momento em que o mundo inteiro parou diante da pandemia da COVID-19, foi algo desafiador, no sentido de se adaptar a uma nova modalidade de ensino, cuja ausência do contato presencial com a comunidade escolar limitou o trato pedagógico dos conteúdos de ensino. Todavia, como aspectos positivos, sublinha-se a experiência/necessidade de articular conhecimentos científicos, tecnológicos e didáticos por meio do planejamento e elaboração de roteiros e vídeos, objetivando um processo de ensino e aprendizagem qualitativa em um momento atípico.
Intradural disc herniation: case report
Authors: Pasqualli Aline Lourdes , Leite Amanda Nassur Corrêa , Graciano Ana Carolina , Steclan Chelin Auswaldt , Lang Michael Ricardo , Anders Junior Ivo Knut , Brito Leonard R F
Published: February 2024

This article presents and discusses the diagnostic (neuroimaging) and therapeutic (neurosurgical) procedures associated with the uncommon and rare epidemiological picture of lumbar intradural hernia in an elderly male patient. Which underwent an arthrodesis and laminectomy procedure, confirming the intraoperative diagnosis, but which later evolved into spondylodiscitis that culminated in myelopathy. Studies like this one aim to enrich the literature and the medical discussion regarding the clinical presentation of the rare condition of intradural disc herniation.
atuação profissional e educativa com pessoas idosas na EJA articulada à defesa dos interesses das classes populares
Authors: Farias Eduardo Augusto , Furlan Marta Regina , Souza Ravelli Henrique de
Published: February 2024

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo principal discutir a atuação profissional e educativa com pessoas idosas na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) em favor dos interesses das classes populares. De modo específico, caracterizar a sociedade contemporânea e o processo formativo de pessoas idosas que estudam ou estudaram na EJA à luz dos conceitos de cidadania e humanização, principalmente por considerar que na sociedade capitalista há um processo que caminha para a formação desumana, desigual e preconceituosa. Há, ainda, a situação permeada por sentimentos de angústia diante o “fracasso escolar”, consideravelmente no que tange o processo de rompimento das barreiras para “vencer” o “cotidiano” que impõe toda a espécie de obstáculos e estigmatizações. Por este motivo, faz-se necessária a intervenção do Estado, primeiramente, com políticas educacionais capazes de proporcionar uma vida digna a todos, de forma a promover o acesso a uma educação inclusiva, a partir da relação estabelecida entre equipe escolar e educandos, de maneira efetiva à luz dos direitos sobre os educandos, conforme previsto na Constituição Federal (1988), na Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (1996), no Estatuto da Pessoa Idosa, e na Declaração dos Direitos Humanos.
Dyskurs internetowy osób bezdzietnych z wyboru – o wykluczeniu i wykluczaniu
Authors: Załęska Olga
Published: February 2024

Tematem artykułu są zaobserwowane w dyskursie internetowym poglądy osób bezdzietnych z wyboru (BzW) na kwestie wykluczenia. Zwracają one uwagę na wykluczenia kulturowe, których doznają, nie wpisując się w normatywny wzorzec rodziny nuklearnej. Równocześnie przejawiają silnie dyskryminacyjne postawy wobec osób dzietnych – zwłaszcza tych w gorszej sytuacji finansowej. Tekst powstał na podstawie badań prowadzonych w 2019 i 2020 roku w internetowej strefie publicznej (komentarze na blogu Bezdzietnik.pl) oraz prywatnej (facebookowe grupy dedykowane osobom bezdzietnych z wyboru). Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zawarty w wypowiedziach podtekst ideologiczny i światopoglądowy, wskazujący na bliskie związki wypowiadających się osób z ideologią liberalną.
Isolation of Phenolic Acids from Land Kale (Ipomoea reptans Poir) and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Fachriyah Enny , Aziiza Sofiana Nur , Ismiyarto Ismiyarto , Sarjono Purbowatiningrum Ria , Hudiyanti Dwi , Sumariyah Sumariyah
Published: February 2024

Land kale or Ipomoea reptans Poir is widely consumed by Indonesian people. Land kale plants can be used as natural antioxidants because they contain polyphenolic compounds, one of which is phenolic acid. This research was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity and isolate phenolic acid compounds contained in land kale plants (Ipomoea reptans Poir). The sample used was an ethanol extract of land kale. The total phenolics were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Phenolic acids were isolated using alkaline hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis and without hydrolysis methods. Separation of isolates was carried out using the TLC method. The structure was identified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. The total phenolics of land kale ethanol extract were 71.2420 ± 0.0791 mg/g GAE. TLC showed that the HB, HA, and TH fractions contained caffeic acid and ferulic acid compounds. Separation of the (HB) fraction produced three isolates: B2 with a yellow color, B3 with a slightly yellowish color, and B4 which is colorless. Isolate B2 was identified as potentially containing caffeic acid, while isolate B3 was indicated to potentially contain ferulic acid through analysis using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Isolate B4 was thought to have a hydroxybenzoic acid framework after being determined using LC-MS/MS. The ethanol extract of land kale has strong antioxidant activity because it produces an IC50 value of 94.83 mg/L.
Impact of Fermentation on Hyptolide and Phytochemical Composition of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit
Authors: Nugraha Arie Adhi , Aulia Lanni Rahma , Suzery Meiny , Aminin Agustina L. N.
Published: February 2024

Solid State Fermentation has been employed for the biotransformation of the herbal plant Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit is widely distributed in tropical regions of Brazil and is also present in Indonesia. The plant has been used to treat anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, bacterial infection, and wound healing. This study aims to investigate the effects of using a solid-state fermentation method to ferment the leaves of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit towards the composition of phytochemicals and hyptolides. This study was carried out in several stages, including fermentation of Aspergillus niger leaves, sample extraction with methanol, determination of total phenolic and total triterpenoid content, phytochemical screening, and analysis of hyptolide using HPLC. The research results showed the growth of Aspergillus niger on the leaves of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit got into the logarithmic phase at 36 hours. Triterpenes and phenolics were present in the phytochemical profile, while alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids were absent. The total phenolic and triterpenoid content increased by 33.68% and 17.78% respectively. HPLC analysis showed a decrease in hyptolide content in the fermented product. These results indicate the potential of fermented Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit as an additional cancer therapy.
Extraction of pectin from jelly fig shell using microwave heating extraction: pectin physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities
Authors: Tsai Shu-Hsien , Fan Chih-Hsuan , Chung Cheng-Pei , Lu Shih-Ting , Lee Ming-Yi
Published: February 2024

Jelly fig is a crop of high economic value; however, the processing by-product of jelly fig, “jelly fig shell”, is not well utilized. In this study, jelly fig shell pectin was extracted through the microwave extraction technique. Then, galacturonic acid content, degree of esterification, molecular weight, functional group properties, and antioxidant activity were determined. The highest pectin yield (21.6 ± 0.1 %) was obtained at 200 mM citric acid and microwave power of 800 W, with extraction time of 4 min. The content of galacturonic acid in pectin was greater than 65 %, which meets the specifications of food-grade pectin. In terms of antioxidant ability, the IC50 of 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate of jelly fig shell pectin was 175.1 μg/mL. These results suggest that, comparing to the extracted jelly fig seed pectin, jelly fig shell has stable quality under more desirable extraction conditions, and has better physicochemical properties.
Structure, dielectric and magnetic properties of hydrothermally synthesized Sn1−x
Fe
x
O2 nanoparticles
Authors: Saleh S. A. , Abdel Latif Ihab A. , Ibrahim A. A. , Al-Hajry A. , Ibrahim E. M. M.
Published: February 2024

Sn1−x
Fe
x
O2 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 %) of the diamagnetic/ferromagnetic phase were synthesized by the conventional hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction spectra confirm that all the samples have a tetragonal structure. Electronic distribution over the unit cell of Sn1−x
Fe
x
O2 showed the dependence of electronic density on the x. The crystallite size of the obtained samples was in the range of 42–72 nm. Impedance spectroscopy was employed to investigate the variation of the electrical impedance and some related parameters as frequency functions in the range of 75 k Hz–10 MHz at room temperature. The dielectric behavior was explained using the Maxwell–Wagner model of interfacial polarization. The ac conductivity results were used to evaluate the maximum barrier height, the minimum hopping distance, and the density of the localized states at the Fermi level. The effect of adding the iron ion into the tin dioxide compound was apparent, as the electrical and magnetic properties as well as the morphology were affected, although the crystal structure phase still has the same tetragonal crystal system for the different iron concentration (Fe from x = 0 up to x = 0.04) with slight variation in the lattice constants. The magnetic measurements illustrated that the Fe-doped SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit ferromagnetic ordering at room temperature. Variation of the Fe content affects the ferromagnetic characteristics of the samples.
Detecting surface defects of heritage buildings based on deep learning
Authors: Fu Xiaoli , Angkawisittpan Niwat
Published: February 2024

The present study examined the usage of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for the classification, segmentation, and detection of the images of surface defects in heritage buildings. A survey was conducted on the building surface defects in Gulang Island (a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site), which were subsequently classified into six categories according to relevant standards. A Swin Transformer- and YOLOv5-based model was built for the automated detection of surface defects. Experimental results suggested that the proposed model was 99.2% accurate at classifying plant penetration and achieved a mean intersection-over-union (mIoU) of over 92% in relation to moss, cracking, alkalization, staining, and deterioration, outperforming CNN-based semantic segmentation networks such as FCN, PSPNet, and DeepLabv3plus. The Swin Transformer-based approach for the segmentation of building surface defect images achieved the highest accuracy regardless of the evaluation metric (with an mIoU of 90.96% and an mAcc of 95.78%), when contrasted to mainstream DCNNs such as SegFormer, PSPNet, and DANet.
High speed broadband light spatial laser system with hybrid linear/parabolic/measured indexed multimode optical fibers performance signature
Authors: Prabu Ramachandran Thandaiah , Sundar Suvitha , Mary Merlin Livingston Louis , Arumugam Arunya Revathi , Devi Perumal Kalpana , Subha Thankamony Devakhi , Anwer Karem Tarek
Published: February 2024

This work clarified various multimode fiber configurations with spatial continuous wave lasers based different coding configurations for high speed fiber systems. The optimum lighted power form after linear index multimode fibers versus spectral wavelength is clarified. The optimum lighted form power after parabolic index multimode fibers versus spectral wavelength is demonstrated. The max lighted form power after measured index multimode fibers versus spectral wavelength is illustrated. Optimum lighted form signal power variations after linear index multimode fibers versus time are demonstrated. The max optimum form signal band form power after parabolic index multimode fibers versus time is indicated. The max optimum lighted signal power after measured index multimode fibers versus time is clarified. Total lighted signal power form after linear index multimode fibers is demonstrated. The total lighted signal power form after parabolic index multimode fibers is clarified. Total lighted power signal form after measured index multimode fibers is clarified. Max optimum signal electrical power form amplitude after PIN photodetector based various index multimode fibers is simulated and studied. Total lighted base form power against MMF length for different proposed optical multimode fibers is studied. Signal base band per noise form ratio against MMF length for different base proposed band optical multimode fibers is demonstrated. Total signal form electrical band power against MMF length for different proposed optical multimode fibers is observed. Max Q base band factor form against MMF length for different base band proposed lighted multimode fibers is clarified.
An infant developing hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia due to the use of exclusively almond milk
Authors: Salama Mostafa , Tebben Peter J. , Al Nofal Alaa
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Plant-based milk alternatives are increasingly utilized in children with cow milk allergy, lactose intolerance, and personal preference. However, notable differences exist in mineral content between cow milk and plant-based alternatives. Almond milk, in particular, varies in mineral and caloric content across different brands. This case report highlights a toddler who developed hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia attributed to almond milk consumption.

Case presentation

A fourteen-month-old girl with a history of biliary atresia underwent liver transplant at seven months of age. She was exclusively consuming almond milk for two months prior to presentation. She was admitted to the hospital for severe hypercalcemia (14.6 mg/dL) and hypophosphatemia (1.6 mg/dL). She had elevated random urine calcium to creatinine ratio (2.56 mg/g) and low urine phosphorus to creatinine ratio (<0.44 mg/g) were noted. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was appropriately suppressed (<6 pg/mL), while 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D level was slightly elevated at 88 pg/mL. Initial management included intravenous fluids, followed by a switch to a formula with higher phosphorus and lower calcium concentrations. The patient was discharged after six days with normalized calcium and phosphorus levels, which remained within the normal range.

Conclusions

Although plant-derived milk serves as a viable alternative to cow milk, careful consideration of mineral content, particularly in infants and toddlers, is imperative. Sole reliance on almond milk for nutritional needs in this population is not recommended. Caregivers should be informed about the potential risks associated with almond milk consumption in infants and toddlers.
Clinical usefulness of the “GeneSoC® SARS-CoV-2 N2 Detection Kit”
Authors: Sato Yuki , Kondo Takashi , Katayama Yuki , Narumi Natsuki , Togashi Atsuo , Fujiya Yoshihiro , Kuronuma Koji , Takahashi Satoshi
Published: February 2024

Objectives

The GeneSoC® that launched recently enables the quantitative detection of target genes (in approximately 15 min) using microfluidic thermal cycling technology. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of the “GeneSoC® SARS-CoV-2 N2 Detection Kit” (Kyorin assay) and conventional severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection assays to verify the clinical usefulness of the Kyorin assay.

Methods

Two hundred samples (100 nasopharyngeal and 100 saliva specimens) were collected from patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and August 2021. Conventional SARS-CoV-2 detection assays were performed using the Japanese National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) assay, Ampdirect™ 2019-nCoV Detection Kit (SHIMADZU assay), and Lumipulse Presto SARS-CoV-2 Ag (FUJIREBIO assay), according to each manufacturer’s instructions.

Results

Using the NIID and SHIMADZU assays as references, the positive and negative concordance rates and the kappa coefficient in the Kyorin assay were 96.9–97.9 %, 99.0–100.0 %, and 0.96–0.98, respectively. The positivity rate of the FUJIREBIO assay was slightly lower than that of the reference assay (p<0.05).

Conclusions

The Kyorin assay showed a favorable concordance rate with conventional SARS-CoV-2 detection assays, making it a useful, rapid, and high-performance assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Cellular senescence and nanoparticle-based therapies: Current developments and perspectives
Authors: Henschke Agata , Mielcarek Angelika , Grześkowiak Bartosz , Perrigue Patrick M. , Jaskot Kaja , Coy Emerson , Moya Sergio
Published: February 2024

The timing and location of senescent cells in vivo is a leading candidate explanation for human aging. A rapidly developing scientific field with the potential to slow the aging process is the creation of pharmacologically active medicines that target senescent cells. Senotherapeutics have been developed to selectively or preferentially target and eliminate senescent cells. Senolytic compounds that delay aging in animal models are being explored in humans with great hope. Nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery strategies for targeting senescent cells are in their infancy, but advancements have been made, and preliminary anti-aging applications are promising. However, using nanomedicine effectively requires an understanding of how NPs behave in senescent cells. Senescence theranostics could offer a variety of information, including a prognostic predictor in cancer patients after treatment. The NPs have a much better outlook for translating it to the clinic for aging. Reversing aging pathologies may only require a percentage reduction in senescent cells to achieve therapeutic success, in contrast to cancer, where it is essential to eradicate the tumor. This review provides an overview of the factors that lead to senescence and different therapeutic approaches, focusing on the use of nanocarriers/particles in senotherapy.
A study on the effect of microspheres on the freeze–thaw resistance of EPS concrete
Authors: He Haijie , Gao Lidan , Xu Ke , Yuan Ji , Ge Wei , Lin Caiyuan , He Chuang , Wang Xiaogang , Liu Junding , Yang Jie
Published: February 2024

This study investigated the influence of microbead dosages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on the frost resistance of expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete. Five groups of EPS concrete specimens were prepared and subjected to rapid freeze–thaw tests. The freeze–thaw deterioration of EPS concrete was assessed using macroscopic indicators, including mass loss, strength loss, and dynamic elastic modulus loss. The underlying deterioration mechanism was revealed through the analysis of the EPS particle–matrix interface. A concrete damage plasticity model of EPS concrete based on damage mechanics theory was established. The results indicate that the addition of microbeads increased the strength of EPS concrete by 38–53%, reduced the strength attenuation after freeze–thaw damage by 8.1%, and improved the frost resistance level by 10–60 grades. The optimal dosage of microbeads is 15% of the cementitious material. The interfacial transition zone gaps in EPS concrete with added microbeads after freeze–thaw cycles are smaller, contributing to a more complete hydration reaction. The freeze–thaw damage model established in this study accurately reflects the freeze–thaw damage law of EPS concrete and provides a reference for studying the mechanical properties of EPS concrete under freeze–thaw cycles. The research findings of this study can enhance the strength and service life of EPS concrete, expanding its application scope as a structural material. The study provides valuable insights for future research and engineering applications related to the frost resistance of EPS concrete.
X-Ray and Absorption Wavelengths and Two-Theta Tables
Authors: White E. W. , Johnson G. G.
Published: February 2024

X-ray emission spectrography (X-ray fluorescence) and the electron microprobe are two basic techniques for elemental chemical analysis. X-ray fluorescence instruments are now used routinely for the determination of all elements fluorine and heavier. The more efficient X-ray excitation by electrons used in the microprobe makes it feasible to work with all elements boron and heavier. Lithium and beryllium also can be detected in the microprobe although not as readily as the heavier elements. Fundamental to the successful use of these techniques is the proper application of X-ray emission line and absorption edge wavelength data, together with calculated values for the Bragg diffraction angles of the analyzing crystals. The trend is toward the analysis of specimens having increasing complex chemistry as well as toward utilization of X-ray emission line shifts (soft X-ray spectroscopy) to determine how elements are chemically bonded in a given specimen. These developments have created a need for reference tables in convenient form. This volume is the second edition of such tables. It provides a listing of all X-ray emission lines (160 Å* and shorter), incorporating some 3400 first order lines, absorption edges, and the calculated two-theta values for 23 commonly used analyzing crystals.
Generalized Equations for Determination of Cooling Time for Bodies of Any Shape during Quenching
Authors: Kobasko N. I.
Published: February 2024

The generalized equation for cooling time calculation, based on regular thermal condition theory, was achieved and used in thermal engineering in [1] and is presented in this introduction below. It has been widely used in the heat-treating industry in the countries of the former Soviet Union to develop two-step quenching processes [1]. An analytical equation for cooling time calculation is also needed to develop a method for calculating ideal critical diameter, which is based on accurate CCT (continuous cooling transformation) diagram. The ideal critical diameter is used for optimization of the intensive quenching processes. In the last decade, the generalized equation has been used in the United States to develop recipes for intensive quenching—so-called IQ-3 technology—which explores direct intensive turbulent convection [2].
Regular Thermal Process and Kondratjev Form Factors
Authors: Kobasko N. I.
Published: February 2024

In the previous chapter, regularities of heating and cooling bodies of various geometrical configurations were discussed and a generalized equation for the determination of cooling time for bodies of any shape was presented. A key parameter in this equation is the Kondratjev form factor (coefficient K). This coefficient is also one of the key parameters in the equation for the determination of the duration of nonstationary nucleate boiling. Therefore, it is important to be able to determine Kondratjev form coefficients for use in these calculations. In this chapter, the focus will be on the thermal process and determination of Kondratjev form coefficients. The availability of Kondratjev form coefficients and knowledge of the basic regularities of the thermal process will provide for sufficiently accurate and rapid calculations suitable for use with manufacturing process design.
Design of Industrial Quenching Systems
Authors: Kobasko N. I. , Totten G. E.
Published: February 2024

Previous chapters described methods for designing industrial quenching processes for steel, including intensive quenching processes. This chapter provides detailed descriptions, with specific examples, of the use of generalized equations and the new steel quenching methods. It will also be shown that the generalized equation is applicable to any quenching process. This approach is the first step in the creation of modern automated quenching processes. The second step is computer simulation of these processes, including rigorous experimental validation. Using this methodology, it is possible to estimate the conveyor speed.
Chapter 3 | Hose
Authors: Moreiras Luis
Published: February 2024

This chapter has been written to provide information on hose materials, designs, testing, applications, industry relevant hose standards, and the safe use of hose products. Included are generally used rubber polymers for hose, detailed design fundamentals, formulas, and the associated manufacturing processes. There are detailed reviews for the testing of hose products and rubber compounds that make up a hose. The information contained herein is intended for general reference and general applicability only. This chapter reflects the current state of the art in the design, manufacture and testing of hose products at the time of publication. While a given application may call for a hose of special characteristics, certain common standards have been established by the hose industry and are included in this chapter. These common standards, when properly used, provide both the hose user and the hose manufacturer with a common “language” which can be used to describe, develop, produce, and purchase hose of desired quality and suitability. This chapter is not intended to cause or promote the selection or use of any type, construction or application of a particular hose product. With respect to specific hose products, their uses and applications, the reader should rely upon and closely follow the manufacturer's instructions as to the capability and limitations, as well as the proper use of the product. Wherever particular skills are required, only specially trained persons should engage in those applications or testing procedures. Failure to do so may result in damage to the hose product or to other property and, more importantly, may also result in serious bodily injury.
Chapter 2 | Tires
Authors: Veas Nina
Published: February 2024

The transportation of people and goods on the world's roadways depends on rubber. In this review, the tires are discussed in terms of the relationships between rubber properties and tire performance. The tire not only carries a load, but also transmits forces to steer, accelerate, and brake. This functionality is accomplished by a range of components in the tire that ensures the final product meets the intended performance requirements. The specialized composite that is the tire is constructed from polymeric materials and functional chemicals, as well as textile and metallic components assembled through a complex manufacturing process. Tire performance requirements include traction, wear resistance, and fuel efficiency, in addition to noise, comfort, handling, aging, and tire endurance. A summary of available ASTM standards related to tires and tire performance evaluation is provided at the end of the chapter.
Prologue
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: February 2024

Opinions about rolling bearing steel metallurgical relationships and bearing steel specification limits are well established and have become entrenched with time. Updating and revising the specifications and ideas pertaining to bearing steel technologies is a gigantic task.

“A writer needs a strong passion to change things, not just to reflect or report them as they are.”1 The author's passion is to understand bearing steel physical metallurgy without being overly complicated. It is easy to make steel technologies complicated, but the real challenge is to make things understandable without sacrificing accuracy. Despite these lofty intentions, the author acknowledges that he is vulnerable to making mistakes because nobody can know everything.

The relationships of rolling bearing steel properties with microstructures need to be technology related and not, as all too often happens, commercially biased. Outrageous claims of property improvements because of minor composition and heat-treatment adjustments need to be confined to past practice. Hopefully, this book contributes to the understanding of rolling bearing steel metallurgy as a springboard to a new era of fact-based opinions.

ASTM International is known for supporting steel specification and standard test method development. The ASTM bearing steel symposia have created a legacy of knowledge for current and future bearing steel technologists. The primary reference sources for this book are the numerous ASTM selected technical publications on bearing steel technologies.
The Elastic Theory of Soil Dynamics
Authors: Quinlan Patrick M.
Published: February 2024

This paper is a counterpart to Bousinesque's equations that have so many successful applications in the soil mechanics of a medium at rest. In the main it is a simplification to the case of an isotropic medium of “Vibrations in an Aeolotropic Medium,” a theoretical contribution by the author to a project on “Compaction of Soil by Vibration” at the California Institute of Technology, 1948–1949. Solutions are obtained for the circular and the long rectangular vibrator under various assumptions as to contact pressure. E. Reissner (2), deals with the case of a circular vibrator when the contact pressure is assumed to be uniform; the present approach is easier to comprehend, and it also succeeds in replacing Reissner's Principal Value Integrals by Definite Integrals. Apart from this case, the results obtained in this paper are made available for the first time. An experimental method is developed for determining dynamic elastic constants in situ using a dynamic oscillator. Finally, predictions based on the above theory show a fair measure of agreement when compared with experimental results.
Loose Sands—Their Compaction by Vibroflotation
Authors: D'Appolonia Elio
Published: February 2024

Vibration and sudden shocks are known to change a sand deposit from a loose to a dense state. This change is accompanied by surface settlements that approach 1 in. per ft of depth of sand deposit. Compaction by vibroflotation is an effective method of overcoming the settlement prior to construction. The compaction of a loose sand by vibroflotation is a result of two motions: an impulsive radial movement that pushes the sand, and vibratory motions. Field density results are presented to show the effectiveness of the method. The amount of compaction denoted by relative density decreases exponentially as the radial distance from the vibroflot increases. Effect of compaction pattern and spacing of the vibroflot on the densification of sand is given. The maximum and minimum dry unit weights required for design and field control are discussed, as are standard test procedures for minimum and maximum dry unit weight, needed for good design and control.
Welded Ferritic Steel Construction for Intermediate Low-Temperature Service
Authors: Wells A. A.
Published: February 2024

Although ferritic steels can exhibit cleavage fractures at reduced temperatures, experience suggests that certain types may be used with safety at temperatures down to about −150 F provided that appropriate precautions are taken in design and fabrication. While common mild steels have been in use in ammonia refrigeration plants for upwards of a century, the employment of welded joints in modern construction, as compared with the earlier use of fully machined components with screwed and bolted joints, requires a qualification such as this. Early refrigeration engineers were familiar with cast iron, which is always brittle to a degree, and either disregarded or did not know of the existence of transition temperatures; their attitude was justified by the results achieved. It is perhaps curious that the present-day concern with transition temperatures owes more to failures outside the refrigeration industry. Nevertheless, transition temperatures are usefully, if indirectly, related to lowest safe temperatures for service. In the determination of transition temperature it is first necessary to consider quality control tests, such as the Charpy test with either the V or the U notch, whose primary purpose is to ensure uniformity of day-to-day steel production. The degree of success that has been additionally achieved with such tests in correlating a measured value of energy absorption, ductility, or appearance of fracture with the temperatures of brittle fracture casualties—notably ships—is tempered when the range of steels involved is diversified. Thus the 15 ft-lb energy absorption that arose as a criterion for transition temperature for war-built ships has had to be raised by international agreement with the inclusion of varied steels of postwar ship construction, mainly because the latter are equally brittle as far as the structure is concerned at higher energy absorptions, albeit at lower temperatures.
Fracture of High-Strength Sheet Steel Specimens Containing Small Cracks
Authors: Srawley J. E. , Beachem C. D.
Published: February 2024

A procedure is described for introducing small surface cracks into high-strength steel sheet specimens. The effect of crack size on tensile strength of the specimens is illustrated for two high-strength steels with comparable yield strengths but different levels of fracture toughness at room temperature. The effect is also illustrated for one of the steels at lower temperatures, down to −280 F, covering a wide range of fracture toughness for this material. The results are also discussed in relation to an equation developed by G. R. Irwin which expresses the stress intensity factor for a semi-elliptical surface crack in terms of the length and depth of the crack. This is used to calculate a lower limit for the Kc fracture toughness value from the initial crack dimensions, Knom. The calculated values of Knom are almost independent of the crack dimensions over a wide range, indicating a relationship between initial crack dimensions and slow crack growth. It is shown that the effect of a small surface crack is more drastic than might be expected from the results of tests on centerslotted specimens, such as are used to determine Kc values of sheet materials. The results of tests in which water or india ink was introduced into the cracks showed that these fluids had a distinctly detrimental effect on the fracture strengths of the steels used.
Novel social stimulation ameliorates memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease model through activating α-secretase
Authors: Ren Qiaoyun , Wang Susu , Li Junru , Cao Kun , Zhuang Mei , Wu Miao , Geng Junhua , Jia Zhengping , Xie Wei , Liu An
Published: February 2024

As the most common form of dementia in the world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by cognitive and behavioral impairment. According to previous researches, abundant social connections shield against dementia. However, it is still unclear how exactly social interactions benefit cognitive abilities in people with AD and how this process is used to increase their general cognitive performance. In this study, we found that single novel social (SNS) stimulation promoted c-Fos expression, and increased the protein levels of mature ADAM10/17 and sAPPα in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of wild-type (WT) mice, which are hippocampal dorsal CA2 (dCA2) neuron activity and vHPC NMDAR dependent. Additionally, we discovered that SNS caused similar changes in an AD model, FAD4Tmice, and these alterations could be reversed by α-secretase inhibitor. Furthermore, we also found that multiple novel social (MNS) stimulation improved synaptic plasticity and memory impairments in both male and female FAD4Tmice, accompanied by α-secretase activation and Aβ reduction. These findings provide insight into the process underpinning how social interaction helps AD patients who are experiencing cognitive decline, and we also imply that novel social interaction and activation of the α-secretase may be preventative and therapeutic in the early stages of AD.

Significance StatementAlzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that endangers the health of humans all over the world, yet no effective treatment is available. Here, we propose that novel social communication is able to effectively alleviate synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in early AD model mice. The mechanism is related to the activation of vHPC α-secretase, which alters amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage pathways, leading to a decrease in Aβ generation. Our findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms by which social communication improves cognition in AD models or patients and emphasize the preventive and therapeutic potential of novel social communication and α-secretase activation in the early stages of AD.
Characterizing Human Habits in the Lab
Authors: Nebe Stephan , Kretzschmar André , Brandt Maike C. , Tobler Philippe N.
Published: February 2024

Habits pose a fundamental puzzle for those aiming to understand human behavior. They pervade our everyday lives and dominate some forms of psychopathology but are extremely hard to elicit in the lab. In this Registered Report, we developed novel experimental paradigms grounded in computational models, which suggest that habit strength should be proportional to the frequency of behavior and, in contrast to previous research, independent of value. Specifically, we manipulated how often participants performed responses in two tasks varying action repetition without, or separately from, variations in value. Moreover, we asked how this frequency-based habitization related to value-based operationalizations of habit and self-reported propensities for habitual behavior in real life. We find that choice frequency during training increases habit strength at test and that this form of habit shows little relation to value-based operationalizations of habit. Our findings empirically ground a novel perspective on the constituents of habits and suggest that habits may arise in the absence of external reinforcement. We further find no evidence for an overlap between different experimental approaches to measuring habits and no associations with self-reported real-life habits. Thus, our findings call for a rigorous reassessment of our understanding and measurement of human habitual behavior in the lab.
Thioredoxin 2 protects mice against experimental myocardial infarction
Authors: Medali Tania , Couchie Dominique , Mougenot Nathalie , Mihoc Maria , Bergmann Olaf , Derks Wouter , Santos Celio X , Friguet Bertrand , Rouis Mustapha
Published: February 2024

Graphical abstract

Experimental Myocardial infarction (MI) using ligation procedure induces cardiac dysfunction, high level of ROS, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis and cardiomyocyte (CM) loss. AAV overexpressing human Trx-2, specifically in CM mitochondria improves mouse cardiac function, reduces the size of cardiac infarct, increases the expression of cardiac anti-inflammatory markers, reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress. However, it does not increase CM proliferation.

Introduction and objective

Myocardial infarction (MI), which in general results from complications of atherosclerosis, is characterized by high inflammation and cardiomyocytes (CMs) apoptosis and by major loss of CMs. Regeneration of these lost CMs represents a major challenge for MI therapy. The increase of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in cell cycle arrest which can be restarted by hypoxia or in the presence of ROS scavengers. Among ROS scavengers, mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 (Trx-2), an important antioxidant protein, could play a role in the CMs renewal.

Method

In this study, we investigated the effect of Trx-2 on mouse heart after an experimental MI.

Results

Trx-2 improves mouse cardiac function, reduces cardiac infarction size and increases the expression of cardiac anti-inflammatory markers. In addition, it reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress in heart tissue of mice after MI but it does not increase CM proliferation in cell culture or in heart tissue.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial Trx-2 effectively protects against heart infarction, likely via the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis but not through CM renewal.

Significance statement

The current study unveils the complexities of MI and highlights mitochondrial Trx-2 role. Post-MI, marked by inflammation, CM apoptosis and significant CM loss. Trx-2 emerges as a vital protector. Its intervention improves mouse cardiac function, reduces infarction size and fosters an anti-inflammatory environment. By uncovering these mechanisms, the study suggests potential therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in MI, positioning Trx-2 as a promising candidate for future cardiac interventions.
Recent Trends of Machine Learning Techniques on The Growth of Agricultural Sector of Assam
Authors: Borthakur Smrita , Sahoo R.K. , Mahanta Supahi , Dahiya Shashi
Published: February 2024

The agricultural sector in Assam, India, holds immense potential for economic growth and rural development. However, harnessing this potential requires tackling challenges like low productivity, resource scarcity, and climate change. Machine learning (ML) emerges as a promising tool to address these hurdles and transform Assam’s agricultural sector. This review investigates the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques in driving agricultural growth within the specific context of the Assam’s economy. Utilizing comprehensive search within Scopus and Web of Science databases from 2015 to 2023, and following the PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 37 relevant articles. Our examination focuses on the multifaceted applications of ML across various agricultural domains in Assam, encompassing crop yield prediction, soil health analysis and economic growth. The review highlights successful ML- driven interventions in Assam’s agricultural sector, showcasing their ability to improve resource efficiency, optimize crop management, and enhance market access. This review provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking to leverage the power of ML for a more sustainable and prosperous Assam’s agricultural landscape.
Management of right posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a resource-limited country. case report and review
Authors: Vihotogbé Léon Samuel Boris Gogan Mahunakpon , Toualouth Lafia Koto , Codjo Serge Metchihoungbé , Aristide Médard Amoussou Codjo , Roland Goudou , Fatou Batchily , Gildas Yassegoungbé Monsoïa , Armand Fiogbé Michel
Published: February 2024

Congenital right diaphragmatic hernia is rare and often has a guarded prognosis when the liver is intrathoracic. The clinical case presented is that of a right posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia with the liver up, which highlights the importance of a chest X-ray in the face of neonatal respiratory distress and early management as soon as clinical stabilization is achieved.
Challenges and paradigms in the teaching of pain in Colombia
Authors: Serna Nora Marcela Mendoza
Published: February 2024

This article is a reflection, from the perspectives of both teachers and students, on the difficulties faced by the field of medical education in pain in Colombia. In this sense, a conceptual review is carried out, from the deficiencies in curricular structuring and time intensity, going through issues such as the positivist medical paradigm and its deleterious effects to educate in the approach to pain from a biopsychosocial perspective, to finally make an approach proposal to the current problem.
Reducing Physical Restraint Use in the Medical Behavioral Unit
Authors: Dalton Evan M. , Raymond Kathleen , Kovacs Brian , Vespe Kristin , Kaufmann Virginia , Lasoski Matthew , Gunnison Claire , Beauchamps Julie , Kane Emily , Andrade Gabriela
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES

Children with behavioral health conditions often experience agitation when admitted to children’s hospitals. Physical restraint should be used only as a last resort for patient agitation because it endangers the physical and psychological safety of patients and employees. At the medical behavioral unit (MBU) in our children’s hospital, we aimed to decrease the weekly rate of physical restraint events per 100 MBU patient-days, independent of patient race, ethnicity, or language, from a baseline mean of 14.0 to <10 within 12 months.

METHODS

Using quality improvement methodology, a multidisciplinary team designed, tested, and implemented interventions including a series of daily deescalation huddles led by a charge behavioral health clinician that facilitated individualized planning for MBU patients with the highest behavioral acuity. We tracked the weekly number of physical restraint events per 100 MBU patient-days as a primary outcome measure, weekly physical restraint event duration as a secondary outcome measure, and MBU employee injuries as a balancing measure.

RESULTS

Our cohort included 527 consecutive patients hospitalized in the MBU between January 2021 and January 2023. Our 2021 baseline mean of 14.0 weekly physical restraint events per 100 MBU patient-days decreased to 10.0 during our 2022 intervention period from January through July and 4.1 in August, which was sustained through December. Weekly physical restraint event duration also decreased from 112 to 67 minutes without a change in employee injuries.

CONCLUSIONS

Multidisciplinary huddles that facilitated daily deescalation planning safely reduced the frequency and duration of physical restraint events in the MBU.