Mental health of healthcare workers in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Lamb Danielle , Gafoor Rafael , Scott Hannah , Carr Ewan , Stevelink Sharon A.M , Raine Rosalind , Hotopf Matthew , Greenberg Neil , Hegarty Siobhan , Madan Ira , Moran Paul , Morriss Richard , Murphy Dominic , Rafferty Anne Marie , Weich Scott , Dorrington Sarah , Wessely Simon 
Published: June 2022

Objective

To examine variations in impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of all types of healthcare workers (HCWs) in England over the first 17 months of the pandemic.

Method

We undertook a prospective cohort study of 22,501 HCWs from 18 English acute and mental health NHS Trusts, collecting online survey data on common mental disorders (CMDs), depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and PTSD, from April 2020 to August 2021. We analysed these data cross-sectionally by time period (corresponding to periods the NHS was under most pressure), and longitudinally. Data were weighted to better represent Trust population demographics.

Results

The proportion of those with probable CMDs was greater during periods when the NHS was under most pressure (measured by average monthly deaths). For example, 55% (95%CI 53%, 58%) of participants reported symptoms of CMDs in April-June 2020 versus 47% (95%CI 46%, 48%) July-October 2020. Contrary to expectation, there were no major differences between professional groups (i.e. clinical and non-clinical staff). Younger, female, lower paid staff, who felt poorly supported by colleagues/managers, and who experienced potentially morally injurious events were most at risk of negative mental health outcomes.

Conclusion

Among HCWs, the prevalence of probable CMDs increased during periods of escalating pressure on the NHS, suggesting staff support should be increased at such points in the future, and staff should be better prepared for such situations via training. All staff, regardless of role, experienced poorer mental health during these periods, suggesting that support should be provided for all staff groups.

Key messages

What is already known on this topic

Existing evidence about the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) through the COVID-19 pandemic comes mainly from cross-sectional studies using unrepresentative convenience samples, typically focussing on clinical staff rather than all HCWs. Such studies show high prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders, but the strength of this evidence is uncertain.

What this study adds

Using a defined sampling frame, with longitudinal, weighted data, we show that during periods of greater pressure on the NHS (as indicated by average monthly national COVID-19 death rates), prevalence of mental disorder symptoms increased, and, importantly, that this effect was seen in non-clinical as well as clinical staff.

How this study might affect research, practice or policy

These findings indicate that provision of support for HCWs should not only focus on those providing clinical care, but also on non-clinical staff such as porters, cleaners, and administrative staff, and additional support should be provided during higher pressure periods. Better preparation of staff for such situations is also suggested.