bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les expressions déictiques en théorie des modèles et en théorie de la vérité
Authors: Laurier Daniel
Published: October 2010

Daniel Laurier: Indexical Expressions in Model Theory and in Truth Theory. 1 defend Davidson's truth-theoretic approach to the semantics of natural language as against the form of model-theoretic semantics exemplified in Kaplan (1979b). First 1 question Kaplan's assumption that the actuality operator is an indexical, on the ground that it · is irnproper to speak of the world of the utterance. 1 then point out sorne properties of genuinely indexical utterances that Kaplan's logic of demonstrative seems unable to account for. It turns out that these properties, as weIl as Kaplan's basic insights, can be captured in a truth-theoretic framework without assuming an ontology of possible worlds.
La sémantique des situations
Authors: Gochet Paul
Published: October 2010

Paul Gochet: Situation Semantics. Situation semantics is set off against the historical background provided by former important contributions to formai semantics such as Frege's, Russell ' s, Camap's, Hintikka's, Kanger's and Montague's. Føllesdal's distinction between opacity and intensionality is brought to bear on the issue. The traditional problem raised by the search for identification criteria for propositions is examined in the light of recent work done in model theory.
Grammaire, Logique, Sémantique, deux positions opposées au XIIème siècle : Roger Bacon et les modistes
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène
Published: October 2010

IRÈNE ROSIER: Grammar, Logic, Semantic. Two Conflicting Doctrines in the Thirteenth Century: Roger Bacon and the Modistae

The complex interplay between grammar and logic in the 12th and 13th centuries is an important element in understanding the development of these two disciplines. Two 13th century doctrines (the Modistae's and Roger Bacon's) show a strong coherence in their logico-semantic and grammatical theories, but rely on diametrically opposed assumptions about language: the Modistae seek to base themselves on the universal and stable (logical and grammatical) properties of a timeless language, Bacon on the variability of language and the freedom of the speaker to change the meaning of words as of constructions, thus enabling mm to take into account the evolution of language. The differences between the two conceptions explain the contradictory answers of the Modistae and Roger Bacon to the important linguistic questions of the latter half of the 13th century.
La notion grammaticale du sujet au XIXe siècle
Authors: Stéfanini Jean
Published: October 2010

JEAN STÉFANINI: The Grammatical Notion of Subject in the Nineteenth Century.

Of the simplified theoretical, rationalist and logical framework of Port-Royal, the assimilation of the grammatical subject and predicate to the logical subject and predicate was to hold sway for a long time. It was put to question oruy in the 18th century during the dispute on the order of words and was dealt its fmal blow by Condillac's «psychology» and its rejection of the notion of substance. Slowly elaborated and inseparable from human progress, language involved man as a whole, body and soul, action and reflection. Emphasis was laid on the unity of the gesture and the cry, of perception-judgment on the analytical role of language. Linguistics was founded on a sensualist and associationist phychology (Herbert) to which Humboldt gave its historical and social dimension and which his disciple Steinthal placed in a framework defmed by individual collective and logical psychology. In this new, psychology-based, general grammar (of which Wundt was the last avatar), psychological subject and predicate play an essential role along with the grammatical subject and predicate and their logical counterparts.
Sujet, prédicat, objet, concept chez Frege
Authors: de Rouilhan Philippe
Published: October 2010

PHILIPPE DE RODILHAN: Subject, Predicate, Object, Concept in Frege Sentences refer ordinarily to truth values; proper names (or subjects), to objects; concept words (or predicates), to «concepts». It should be possible for a proper name and a concept word to be joined together in the unitYof a sentence; and for their senses, in the unitYof a thought; but also, Frege maintains, for their reference, in the unitYof a truth value. The difference between subject and predicate oruy reflects within language a similar difference occurring within the things themselves, beyond their modes of donation. This is why, the object being «complete», the concept has to be «incomplete»; this also explains why concepts, although extensionnal, cannot be identified with their extensions; and this finally explains why a proper name such as «. the concept of a horse» fails, paradoxically enough, to refer to the concept of a horse (what it actually refers to is an object). But this paradox is the price to pay for a metaphysical difference. In Frege's horizon, the difference between subject and predicate had to be thought of in relation to a similar difference in the realm of sense and not of reference.
Le problème de Ramsey
Authors: Bouveresse Jacques
Published: October 2010

JACQUES BOUVERESSE: Ramsey ' s Problem

One of the fundamental principles underlying aIl of Frege's logic and ontology is the idea of the existence of a constitutive and radical asymmetry between subject and predicate such that, and inspite of what the superficial grammar of sentences might suggest, they can never really exchange roles. Ramsey, however, maintained that the distinction between subject and predicate in a sentence had no significance other than a pragmatic or rhetorical one, and corresponded to a simple difference of point ofveiw, emphasis or interest. The origins of the present controversy between fol1owers of Ramsey and Frege are traced here in detail through an in-depth examination of the arguments Ramsey himselfused.
Adrianus Schrieckius : de la langue des Scythes à l'Europe linguistique
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: October 2010

Pierre SWIGGERS: Adrianus Schrieckius De la langue des Scythes à l'Europe linguistique. Le but de cet article est d'examiner en détail l'argumentation d'un auteur de l'école flamande Adrian von Schrieck, ou Schrieckius (1560-1621). Schrieckius procède en historien de la civilisation indo-européenne; il s'efforce de montrer que la langue scytho-celtique ou belge a été la première langue après la confusion de Babel. Il opère une segmentation des formes des mots originaires; la liste des segments ainsi obtenus est alors comparée aux éléments des différentes langues. Les segments sont donc des formes universellement récurrentes.
Quelques repères pour l'histoire de la notion de vocabulaire de base dans le précomparatisme
Authors: Muller J.-C.
Published: October 2010

Jean-Claude MULLER: Quelques repères pour l'histoire de la notion de vocabulaire de base dans le précomparatisme. Dès 1643 J. de Laet critique la comparaison des langues par permutation de lettres, et lui oppose des listes de mots choisis (parties du corps, noms de nombre, de parenté, de lieux). De nombreux auteurs ont adopté cette dernière méthode (Schulze, Bayer, Coeurdoux, Monboddo, etc.). Les similitudes toutefois sont généralement expliquées par l'emprunt, et la méthode ne portera véritablement ses fruits que lorsque l'on adoptera le modèle généalogique.
Adrien Reland à la recherche d'une méthode comparative
Authors: Bastiaensen Michel
Published: October 2010

Michel BASTIAENSEN: Adrien Reland à la recherche d'une méthode comparative. A partir du vocabulaire utilisé par l'orientaliste Adrien Reland (1676-1718) pour désigner l'analogie, la convenientia

entre éléments de différentes langues ou d'un même parler, on montre comment s'ébauche une méthode critique visant à déterminer les rapprochements pertinents. Si la correspondance peut être enregistrée de manière neutre, des critères permettent de supposer une cognatio (entre mots plutôt qu'entre langues), un rapport d'identité ou d'apparentement: proximité géographique, attention aux réalités spécifiques qui sont désignées, primat d'un certain type de vocabulaire de base, respect des relations qui inscrivent tel mot à l'intérieur de telle langu, e, etc. La référence à l'hébreu-langue mère (même formelle) et la timidité des règles phonétiques proposées limitent l'entreprise. Le sentiment qui domine est celui d'un langage tissé d'occultes correspondances. Mais un souci de rigueur, commandé par un solide bon sens, se fait jour, dans les incertitudes et l'évolution de l'expression. L'oeuvre de Reland prend place parmi les préliminaires indispensables à la constitution d'un comparatisme scientifique.
Linéaments d'une linguistique historique et comparée en Russie au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Berezin F.M.
Published: October 2010

The potentialities of the general Eighteenth-Century trend which tended towards the historical and comparative study of languages appears in Russia inworks of V. N. Tatiscev (1686-1750) and M. N. Lomonossov (1711-1765). The former emphasizes the relevance of linguistic studies for the inquiry about the origine of peoples. Thus, the unity of an already correctly identified slavic family is established on the grounds of lexical kindship (especially in his Dialogue de deux amis sur l'utilité des sciences et des écoles

de 1733). Tatiscev evaluates the role of various differentiating factors for one basic language: geographicai spreading, cultural contacts forced by ware or political domination, trading relationships. He endevears to delineate the concept of borrowing. Con cerning the largedomains he deals with, he distinguishes the mother-nations which gave rise to as many language families: the Scythians (the Tartar group), the Sarmatians (yielding in particular the Finno-ougric languages) and the Slaves. To these is added a group of «stranges languages». Lomonossov tackles the problem from a more general view point. He inserts language into the domain of social activities and amphatizes the reflection in language of natural, evolving environment. We have ms notes and the draft of a Lettre sur la similitude et l'évolution des langues

(1755), a work which, through the comparison of Latin, Greeck, German and Russian equivalents, testified to his consciousness of the historical identity of the european languages.
Sir William Jones, Persian, Sanskrit and the Asiatic Society
Authors: Cannon Garland
Published: October 2010

Cet article commence par examiner la Grammaire of the Persian Language (1771) de William Jones dont le propos pédagogique était la formation linguistique et culturelle des administrateurs et militaires européens dans l'Inde. Offrant un autoenseignement, elle suggérait aussi le recours aux informateurs indigènes. Bien que Jones ne pût obtenir l'aide financière de la

East India Company, sa grammaire devint un modèle pour des travaux systématiques sur des grammaires d'autres langues orientales (Arabe, Hindi, Persan). On décrit ensuite les buts et le travail de la Asiatic Society (fondée en 1784) liés à ses projets de recherche sur l'Asie, généralement inexplorée à l'époque. La politique coloniale britannique conduisit Jones à apprendre le Sanscrit pour constituer un condensé des lois rassemblées dans les Vedas.

Ceci conduisit à la célèbre formulation de 1786, fondatrice du comparatisme, et aussi indirectement au système de translitération élaboré par Jones, qui ouvrait la voie à l'API. La Grammaire de Jones exerça une influence primordiale dans le travail linguistique de l'Asiatic Society, dans lequel le Sanscrit avait rejoint le Persan. L'accent · mis sur le Persan favorisa la formation de la tradition Persanne dans l'Inde. L'insistance sur le Sanscrit eut pour conséquence que la Société négligea les vernaculaires comme l'Indi ou le Bengali et fit peu pour répandre l'usage de l'Anglais. Une bonne partie du travail révèle une conception humaniste et philosophique de la linguistique appliquée. La place des membres de la Société

dans l'Administration Anglaise leur permit d'exercer une influence considérable sur la politique linguistique dans l'Inde.
Etymology against grammar in the early 19th century
Authors: Hoenigswald Henry M.
Published: October 2010

Cet article discute de la véritable place de W. Jones dans l'histoire de la grammaire comparée, en s'opposant à la manie des précurseurs. C'est la réputation de Jones comme traducteur et comme champion de l'indianisme qui a donné une grande autorité aux quelques pages qu'il rédige sur l'origine des langues indo-européennes. Mais les discussions techniques qui ont été poursuivies par A. W. Schlegel et W. von Humboldt sont d'une tout autre importance.
Adelung discovers the languages of Asia
Authors: Metcalf George J.
Published: October 2010

George J. METCALF: Adelung Discovers the Languages of Asia. Adelung provides an excellent example of how theories can influence the interpretation of factual evidence. Adelung did not follow his proclamed pragmatic approach to the linguistic material he was dealing with. His theory of the origin and development of human speech is related to variation in language, both in time and place. The application of his theory to the languages of Asia, enabled him to locate the original Paradise and to find the «Ursprache» itself. Finally, some remarks are made on his evaluation of Sanskrit and his relations to Sir William Jones.
La scholie de Stéphanos. Quelques remarques sur la théorie des temps du verbe attribuée aux Stoïciens
Authors: Caujolle-Zaslawsky Françoise
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: Although this testimony is isolated, the historians of ancient grammar, who are aware of the part played by the Stoïcs in the formation of an independent grammatical field, unreluctantly take for granted the indications ofa scholium by Stephanos -the commentator on Dionysios Thrax which imply the existence of stoÏc theory of verbal tenses; yet none of the reconstructions of this theory as the hasis of the scholium can he taken as conclusive, for want of complementary documents. This paper offers neither a new reconstruction nor a critical survey of former ones, hut tries to follow another path; it investigates whether elements which, in the scholium, are undouhtedly of stoic origin, did not stand up to the scholiast's skill in his attempt to integrate them within a framework which may he foreign to them.
Mode verbal et diathesis chez Apollonius Dyscole
Authors: Julien Jacques
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The claim' of this paper is that diathesis tēs psukhēs (<< mental disposition») as applied to verbal mood is neither a mere substitute for the morphological concept of enklisis, according to Hahn 1951, nor a specific

concept, for modal meaning, i. e. modality, the thesis not only of the German philologists of the XIXth century, but also, though slightly renewed in terms of illocutionary mood, of Householder 1981.

Diathesis tēs psukhēs has to be related to the nuclear meaning of diathesis: an oriented relation between persons, either grammatical or real, which appears in transitivity and voice, as weIl as in diathesis somatikē vs. diathesis psukhikē,

describing the physical or mental character of the lexical meaning of the verbe. In this light, mood could simply be the implicit version of this semanticalsyntactic relation, and has to be referred to Apollonius attempt towards a generalization'of syntactic processes.
Le « way of ideas » et le langage moral
Authors: Formigari Lia
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The first reactions to Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding

immediately grasped the revolutionary consequences that Locke's semiotics could have if applied to theologîcal and moral questions. Edward Stillingfleet, John Norris, Henry Lee, John Sergeant and others opposed to Locke's «ideism» a «way of reason» guiding the conduct of men in establishing universals. In the XVIIIth century, the debates on the «standard of taste» aIso moved from the need to identify the principles of moral and aesthetical evaluati6n avoiding the consequences of Locke's nominalism, without resorting to innate ideas. The same holds true for Th. Reid's philosophical reconstruction. But utterly new is Reid's concem for ordinary language, founded on the belief that spontaneous linguistic practices better than philosophical use of language may ascertain the existence of undemonstrable principIes ruling human behaviour, both theoretical and practical.
Universal language schemes in 17th-century Britain
Authors: Cram David
Published: October 2010

Resumé: Au dix-septième siècle en Grande Bretagne, la construction d'une langue universelle sur des principes philosophiques était davantage perçue comme une tâche empirique et pratique que comme une entreprise théorique.

Le mouvement se développa' entre environ 1650 et 1680, puis déclina. Cet article présente un · rapide examen, des' études que ce domaine a récemment inspirées, en cherchant à mettre en reliefle contexte intellectuel qui a favorisé la croissance et le déclin de l'intérêt pour les projets de langue universelle.
Prosing, transposition and other linguistic exercises
Authors: Michael Ian
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: Social and economic changes during the second half of the eighteenth century created a demand for forms of linguistic competence which could not easily bemet · within the conventions of traditional rhetoric. Teachers therefore relied on exercises based on popular assumptions about lan · guage which were being slowly questioned at a more sophisticated level. These exercises are discussed.
Des notions de signe et de verbe substantif à la notion d'auxiliaire
Authors: Verrac Monique
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: AIl grammatical studies are founded on a division of language into categories and classes whose origins can generally be traced back to Ancient grammatical theories. One of the most traditional of these categories, however, that of auxiliary, first appeared in English grammar in the XVIlth century. only. The aim of this paper is to provide a short sketch of the circumstances that surrounded and detennined its introduction and the various stages of its development, from the twofold notion of auxiliary prompted by the evolution of the various notions of sign used in humanistic and early universal English grammar, to the single notion that soon prevailed, owing mainly to the progress of the rival notion of verb substantive in the universal grammar of the XVIIIth century. In the course of that investigation, the limits imposed from the start upon the chances that new notion stood of being duly operative will be examined, leading to a questioning of the validity of that category suspected of impeding any coherent description of the English language..
Temps et verbe dans les grammaires anglaises de l'époque classique
Authors: Joly André
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The · relationship between time · and the verb was not thoroughly investigated before the second half of the eighteenth century. After a survey of the various approaches existing at the end of the seventeenth century, particularly that of Port-Royal, the author examines the decisivecontributions of James Harris (1751), James Beattie (1783) and James Pickboum (1789) in their analysis of the way time is represented and expressed.
Les deux grammaires de Condillac
Authors: Ricken Ulrich
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The reference text for Condillac's Grammaire is that of the

Cours d'Etude published in 1775 with the false localisation «A Parme, de l'Imprimerie Royale». It appears however that: a) the Palatine Library in Parma contains an autograph ms. including «notes for the printer»

(<< Avis à l'imprimeur.»); this ms. is noticeably shorter than the 1775 edition. b) a first printing of the Cours d'Etude, prepared in Parma (1769-1772) was censored and only published in 1782 with the false localisation «Aux deux Ponts»; it contains a grammar witch follows the Parma ms. It foHows that this ms. corresponds to an earlier stage of the grammar. This paper offers a first study of the differences between the two versions, the second one (1775) offerring significants insights into Condillac philosophical choices (among others, his rejection of the arbitrary nature of language).
Langage, oubli, vérité dans la philosophie de Nietzsche
Authors: Di Cesare Donatella
Published: October 2010

AB8TRACT: The criticism that M. Bréal addresses to the etymological method used by Nietzsche in his Genealogy of Morals -a criticism which is a symptom of the separation that had come about between linguistics and philosophy of lang-Jagemakes it possible for us not only to show the disagreement between Bréal and Nietzsche, but also, and mainly, to sketch out the figure of Nietzsche as philosopher of language. Nietzsche is a radical supporter of the well-known humboldtian thesis of linguistic relativisme But Nietzsche's criticism of language throws light on the negative aspect of this thesis: language, which should open up for the individual the only way of accessing to reality, on the contrary conceals reality, making him believe that the vision of the world that it contains is the only possible one, or rather, that it is the world itself. Nietzsche thus destroys the myth of an «objective reality», that language should reflect, unmasking the impulse immanent in every human being to hypostatize a stable and unchanging world of objects behind the words.
Arsène Darmesteter (1846-1888)
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to reconstruct on the one hand the

sociallogic in the career of Arsene Darmesteter, the French linguist who was relegated to a marginal position because of his religious status and his education, and on the other hand the scientific logic of his work, which is close to the neo-grammarian theses and prefigures Bréal's semantics. This study relates biography and research to the market of linguistics and, using the theories of P. Bourdieu, attempts to demonstrate both the richness and the limits of Arsene Darmesteter's work within the historical context of the European romanistics and phonetics of the late XIXth century.
Jespersen et l'imposture des parties du discours
Authors: Laurendeau Paul
Published: October 2010

Résumé: Pour Otto Jespersen (1860-1943), l'utilisation des classes de mots sous forme de «parties du discours» est une imposture... mais il

s'en sert dans la plupart de ses importants travaux descriptifs sur l'anglais et d'autres langues. Cette contradiction dialectique atteint ses sommets dans The Philosophy of · grammar où on le voit justifier et critiquer la classification traditionnelle en parties du discours dans le même temps. Après une très brève description. du système des parties du discours

«amendé» retenu-par Jespersen, je m'efforce de démontrer en quoi les justifications qu'il donne pour un tel choix sont une aporie.
Le traitement des catégories dans la théorie transformationnelle
Authors: Huot Hélène
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an assessment of the way transformational grammar dealt with categories (the parts of speech and grammatical categories) in the course of its various formalized systems. One first shows how the main parts of speech (N, V, A, Prep) have been analysed and represented (§ 1), and then examines the benefits but also the problems resulting from the increasingly systematic use of a system of representation in termes of features (§ 2). § 3 shows how the categories can be defined according to their properties, thanks to a presentation which constitutes the most original and fruitful contribution of the transformational approach.
Actes de pensée et actes linguistiques dans la grammaire générale
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : In so far as general grammar belongs to the class of language-translation theories, it does not have a semantic theory that enables it to define enunciative phenomena. However, it has made possible various analyses of the phenomena, either by referring to acts of thought (Port-Royal), or by using the indication of the act of speech (Beauzée), or by reducing the assertion to the linguistic act of pronunciation (Condillac). But, because it is unable to conceive self-reference, it cannot define the concept of performaticity.
Dialogue et supposition des E.S. de Gamaches
Authors: Sermain Jean-Paul
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The work of Gamaches (1718), belongs to the rhetorical tradition. He analyses the "tours brillants" and shows that they are founded upon a "supposition". This simplification of the utterance by an implicit dimension enables the speaker to confront two conceptual spaces, two interests and two evaluations, and, by multiplying speech acts, enables him to exhibit two fictitious subjects of enunciation. This polemical integration of "the other" and of his point of view thus creates a sort of dialogism within the discourse. However, Gamaches has not attained a linguistic theory of enunciation for two reasons: he analyses semantic relations that the utterances organize, and he only considers their underlying logic.
Laharpe et Fontanier : l'énoncé dans le commentaire littéraire
Authors: Branca-Rosoff Sonia
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Towards the end of the classical period, the place of the subject of enunciation in a sentence is fixed by rules which allow little latitude for departure. The theoreticians of literature have to admit the literary quality of certain non-typical expressions ; sometimes they refer them to the characteristics of the person who speaks and thus justify metaphors, infringements on the hierarchy of styles and inappropriate vocabulary of an "exotic speaker". Essentially, however, in favouring adornments at the expense of persuasion, they try to establish a code which allows a twisting of grammatical rules only in the name of literary necessity.
L'énonciation de Benveniste à Weinrich
Authors: Fontaine Jacqueline
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Le propos n'est pas d'évaluer la réalité de l'influence que la lecture d'E. Benveniste a pu avoir sur H. Weinrich, mais plutôt de situer le déplacement épistémologique subi par renonciation en passant de la vision théorique du premier à celle du second.

On s'efforcera de montrer comment le champ d'exploration ouvert par H. Weinrich, caractérisé essentiellement par la primauté accordée à l'axe syntagmatique sur l'axe paradigmatique, permet au linguiste d'échapper à l'impasse théorique où conduit la pensée d'E. Benveniste en réinstallant la réflexion linguistique dans la réalité de la multiplicité des grammaires ou, plus justement, en activant le jeu de va-et-vient entre l'instance hypothétique et l'instance empirique où le chercheur se retrouve disponible pour la découverte de faits nouveaux.
Z. Harris, ou l'énonciation esquivée
Authors: Fuchs Catherine
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: The treatment of enunciation in Harris's Grammar of English on Mathematical Principles (1982) is examined here. First, as an example, one looks at the modalities of assertion: performative metaoperators reconstructed, and then reduced; indirect speech reduced to direct speech; several enunciative facts thus described. Light is then shed on the theoretical reasons why in this model of language enunciation is both present (in a categorial grammar, as metalinguistic predications) and absent (treated as a mere syntactic process among others, in the general framework of a structuralist model of linguistic information).
De l'énonciation à l'événement discursif en analyse de discours
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques , Maldidier Denise
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L'inondation fournit un fil directeur pour aborder l'histoire du champ français de l'analyse de discours (AD) (1970-86). De la position naïve du sujet repérable à ses traces, on passe à un sujet idéologique : mais renonciation est ainsi renvoyée à un métadiscours (marxisme). Le colloque de Mexico (1977) marque un tournant. L'AD dès lors est marquée par la recherche de l'hétérogène, la mise en évidence, dans la description, de places de sujets, l'importance de l'événement discursif. Cette notion, essentielle pour une AD tournée vers l'histoire, renvoie, dans la dispersion des énoncés, à la construction d'un sujet singulier et implique la prise en compte de la conscience linguistique de l'époque.
Indexicalité et indicialité : pragmatique formelle et théorie de l'énonciation
Authors: Nef Frédéric
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The systematic comparison between formal pragmatics (Tl) and "théorie de renonciation" (theory of uttering) (T2) shows the persistence of a bundle of difficulties in the treatment of indexicals. Do we need a clear cut distinction between first degree and second degree pragmatics? Is it necessary to equate indexical semantics with first degree pragmatics? How can we limit the multiplication of coordinates in side indices? Why is the definition of "enunciation" circular? Problems of reference are not peripheral to T2. The very difference between these theoretical frames is expressed by the distinction between index and indice. In his comparison the Author restricts Tl to an intensional form and T2 to the presentation of the standard theory of uttering as given by the late E. Benveniste.
Les grammaires des langues finno-ougriennes : esquisse historique
Authors: Korhonen Mikko
Published: October 2010

The first grammars of Finno-Ugrian languages appeared in the 16th century in the context of the Reformation. This article focuses primarily on Finnish and examines in particular the grammar of Petraeus (1649) and Vhael (1733). It then deals with Stahl (1637), who produced the first grammar of Estonian, the main works on Hungarian then survens from Sylvester's grammar (1539) to Gyrmathi's work (1794), which was inspired by the Port Royal's Grammaire Générale et Raisonnée. The paper finally briefly considers works on Lappish, Mordvin, Cheremis, Zyrian and Votyak.
Les premières grammaires vernaculaires de l'italien, de l'espagnol et du portugais
Authors: Swiggers Pierre , Vanvolsem Serge
Published: October 2010

Les traditions grammaticales examinées ici ont en commun deux caractéristiques : une préoccupation normative (la grammatico- graphie se doublant de propositions orthographiques stipulatives) et le désir de montrer que la langue vulgaire, susceptible d'être mise en règles, a droit à des titres de noblesse. Nées dans le contexte de l'humanisme et marquées par la situation sociolinguistique du pays, ces trois traditions témoignent d'une relation ambivalente à l'égard des modèles classiques : les grammairiens italiens, espagnols et portugais adoptent en général le schéma de la grammaire latine, mais le modifient en fonction de leurs points de vue descriptifs ou en fonction des matériaux que fournissent les langues vernaculaires. La part de la réflexion théorique y est encore réduite, vu qu'il s'agit avant tout de codifier un usage : c'est sur le choix de cet usage que roulent les discussions théoriques, surtout en Italie.
Teaching Materials in Pedro Simón Abril (1530-1600)
Authors: Breva Claramonte Manuel
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Abril's production included grammars for learning Greek and Latin, translations of classical works, reading and writing primers, and notes for the improvement of teaching. He disseminated ideas about classical language instructions, originating in Italy, and sought to provide handbooks for Spanish universities, towns and villages, where he taught. He was a Spanish representative of the Renaissance bilingual approach. His teaching materials were designed to teach the usage of classical authors through translation, parallel texts, and constrastive grammar.
Renaissance Methodologies for Teaching Spanish as a Foreign Language
Authors: Sanchez Aquilino
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The history of Spanish teaching is not only limited to the teaching of grammar in the xvi Century, as we might.be tempted to believe in our days. Brilliant scholars such as Erasmus and Vives were in favour of a "degrammaticalized" pedagogy. And materials for teaching Spanish following a conversational, learn-through-practice approach are printed and used quite extensively from the first part of the century. Materials of that kind are recorded much earlier (xiii C), for teaching other "vulgar" languages (French, Flemish, English). Spanish is incorporated into this methodology rather late, almost two centuries afterwards, exactly when the «Spanish Empire» reaches the Low Countries and the need for learning Spanish is felt abroad. Books and manuals for teaching Spanish are rare in Spain, except grammars (more specifically "theoretical grammars"). Books of dialogues, representative of a non-grammatical methodology, appear only in foreign countries, where the need for this kind of materials increases. The conclusion is that the elaboration- of materials by Spaniards in Spain will not influence the teaching of their language to foreigners, in spite of the fact that famous grammarians (Nebrija, Villalôn) refer in their works to the expansion of Spanish outside Spain. The reason might be that the feeling and understanding of the methodological requirements for teaching Spanish to non-native speakers of the language were notoriously absent. Very much as it was going to be the case until nowadays.
Three Physicians of the Spanish Renaissance on Language
Authors: Torre Esteban
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : No survey of the linguistic theory in the Spanish Renaissance can be conclusive without considering the important contribution of the scientists of that period. Particularly significant are the works of Gomez Pereira, Juan Huarte de San Juan, and Francisco Sanchez el Escéptico, three physicians cum philosophers who have been justly considered as Bacon's and Descartes' predecessors. This paper comments in particular on Pereira's observations on sound waves and syllabic articulation, Huarte's preocupation with the root mechanisms at the base of the creative aspect of language use, and Sanchez' opinions about the origin of ideas.
Las lenguas amerindias : una tradición española olvidada
Authors: Bustamante Jesus
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Ce que nous avons conservé de l'énorme production concernant les langues amérindiennes donne difficilement prise à un traitement global. La documentation est hétérogène variant selon les époques, les lieux et les langues, si bien qu'elle permettrait de distinguer différentes traditions locales, possédant des niveaux différents de productivité et d'élaboration. Dans le cas du nahuatl la tradition correspond à trois étapes : 1) la description lexicographique (1547-1595) ; 2) la description morphosyntaxique (1595-1673) ; 3) un approfondissement synthétique (1673-1810). Cette dernière étape a été achevée en Europe par les jésuites expulsés d'Amérique par la couronne espagnole et souvent réfugiés en Italie, comme Hervâs.
La notion de langue dans le Catálogo de las lenguas
Authors: Val-Alvaro José Francisco
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L'objet de cet article est de relever quelques notions fondamentales concernant les rapports entre langue et peuple, tirées surtout du Catâlogo de las lenguas de L. Hervâs. On analyse les concepts essentiels sur lesquels L. Hervâs fonde sa méthode, notamment le « mode de construction » et la façon de pensée propre à chaque peuple. On étudie, de même, les procédés qui lui permettent de reconstruire l'histoire des peuples à travers leurs langues.
Naissance et développement de la notion de phrase composée dans les grammaires espagnoles (1771-1851)
Authors: Gomez-Asencio José Jesús
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The theoretical postulates underlying traditional syntactic analyses hindered the birth and development of the concept of « complex sentence (with co-ordinate or subordinate clauses) ». The set clause- conjunction-clause is seen as a) two sentences ; b) one unit « sentence », of a semantic character, containing two clauses ; c) an « oraciôn compuesta », a category of recent creation, in which it is always possible to perceive a relation of subordination or dependency between the component parts. With the exception of J. Calderôn, who specifically treats coordinating conjunctions from a syntactic view point, no author has dealt with coordination
Auguste Ferdinand Bernhardi (1770-1820)
Authors: Schlieben-lange Brigitte , Weydt Harold
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: A.F. Bernhardi a écrit deux grands ouvrages linguistiques, la Sprachlehre (1801/1803) et les Anfangsgrûnde des Sprachwissenschaft (1805). L'article se propose de rendre accessible la Sprachlehre (presque 700 pages), livre méconnu durant tout le 19' siècle et aujourd'hui encore, qui se situe néanmoins à un point crucial du développement de la linguistique. Héritier des Lumières, véritable connaisseur de la tradition de la Grammaire Générale, de la logique et de la rhétorique, disciple de Wolf, le célèbre philosophe de Halle, Bemhardi entreprend la tâche difficile de reformuler la Grammaire Générale et la rhétorique en termes d'idéalisme allemand (Kant, Fichte). Il élabore une théorie linguistique encore séduisante de nos jours (ou de nouveau), basée sur les concepts d' activité et de dialogue. Avec cela il s'avère être un précurseur de Wilhem de Humboldt.
The Concept of Syntax in Anton Marty's Philosophy of Language
Authors: Spinicci Paolo
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: Aim of this article is to bring to light the connection between Marty's concept of syntax and his theory of language as a communicative tool. Tools have to be both handly and adequate for the ends they aim; in the first paragraph, we point out these two aspects which characterize the nature of the syntactical instrument. The same duality is find out in Marty's project of a general grammar (§2) and at the root of the distinction between the two different kinds of synsemantic terms (§ 3).
La linguistique textuelle en fenno-scandie
Authors: Fernandez-Vest Jocelyne
Published: October 2010

Résumé: Une comparaison par-delà les frontières - nationales et surtout linguales - procure la distance nécessaire à l'explicitation des sources épistémologiques et des mouvements d'Écoles. D'une confrontation franco-nordique ressort ainsi l'usage préférentiel des termes de «discours» en France, de «texte» en Fenno-Scandie. La Linguistique Textuelle, s'insérant dans le contexte spécifique d'une indépendance bilingue et scientifique tardives, doit en Finlande son expansion à l'École créée autour d'un angliciste stylisticien, Nils Erik Enkvist, dans les années 70. Ses objectifs n'en recoupent pas moins les préoccupations majeures des théoriciens francophones du discours -voire de l'«énonciation», encore qu'à l'«énoncé» et à ses dérivés ne corresponde pas dans les langues concernées un ensemble terminologique fixé. Quelques exemples des processus pragmatico-énonciatifs mis en valeur par l'élaboration récente d'une Syntaxe moderne du finnois, dont plusieurs types de modalisation opérés par les particules enclitiques, empruntés à une recherche franco-nordique en Analyse Contrastive du Discours, seront fournis à l'appui de ce rapprochement.
Antoine Meillet et la sémantique
Authors: Delesalle Simone
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Cet article considère le rapport d'Antoine Meillet à la Sémantique, singulièrement à la lumière de son article « Comment les mots changent de sens » paru en 1906 dans Y Année Sociologique. On y confronte les positions de l'auteur avec les thèses de Darmesteter et de Bréal et on y évalue ses appréciations à leur sujet. On s'interroge sur la validité d'une vision sociologique des changements de sens et on analyse les divergences d'interprétation entre Meillet et Bréal en ce qui concerne l'ellipse, la contagion, la polysémie. Meillet ne s'est-il pas intéressé finalement aux causes des changements plus qu'à leurs modes, et au domaine lexical plus qu'au domaine sémantique ?
Fait social et fait linguistique : A. Meillet et F. de Saussure
Authors: Puech Christian , Radzynski Anne
Published: October 2010

RESUME : La comparaison Saussure/Meillet à propos du caractère social des faits linguistiques met en évidence deux conceptions très différentes de la généralité en linguistique. Si chez Meillet la socialite de la langue renvoie à la diversité historique des causes externes et conduit à l'idéal d'une science « générale » du langage de type anthropologique et encyclopédique, chez Saussure, le caractère interne de la socialite linguistique, en focalisant le point de vue sur le principe de V arbitraire, conduit à une généralité sans généralisation et à l'inclusion paradoxale, complexe et prospective de la linguistique dans la sémiologie.
Le débat Schuchardt / Meillet sur la parenté des langues (1906-1928)
Authors: Baggioni Daniel
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The polemics that opposes H. Schuchardt and A. Meillet during the years before, after and during World War I, over the problem of relatedness between languages can be compared to that other dramatic "clash", when Schuchardt challenged the neo-grammarian positions in 1880. It was certainly impossible for all those who maintained that intercomprehension implied resistance to language diversity to comprehend his point of view. Surely, the great French specialist of historical comparatism sought to understand the "maître de Graz", but by placing the object of Schuchardt' s research within the domain of "la parole" and thus at the marge of the discipline, he reestablishes a division and re-creates just those problems that Schuchardt refused to recognize as being relevant in linguistics.
Meillet : langue et parole
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Meillet and Saussure, the creator of the two concepts studied in this article, have had quite different scientific interests. The former wanted to study languages and dialects, the latter wanted to clarify linguistic terminology. From about 1 894 onwards they pursued their research programs in some sort of tacite division of labour. It was only by 1928 that Meillet finally accepted the new conception of linguistics and of the two terms langue and parole introduced by Saussure.
Histoire et Structure
Authors: Saint-Gérand Jacques-Philippe
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper is an attempt to analyse the meaning of two lexical items in Meillet's linguistics works. "Structure" and "Histoire" are often misunderstood because of the unacurate acuteness of contemporary scholars. It should be an improvement of our knowledge of the development of linguistics ideas in earlier xxth century France to detail the ways of contextualizing these lexical items according to Meillet's conceptions.
Le problème du changement linguistique dans l'œuvre d'Antoine Meillet
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Although Meillet never formulated a comprehensive theory of language change, he provides interesting reflections on language evolution. Meillet's theoretical stand is rather ambiguous : he wavers between change as a correspondence between two chronological stages in the history of a language, change as a change in progress. This ambiguity (or tension) is resolved by a move towards a historical view of linguistic variation, as it is determined by tendencies that operate in a social context In this way Meillet's ideas on the nature of linguistic change - and we notice an evolution in his thought - have gradually moved away from the Neogrammairian theory, because of the increasing weight given to factors of heterogeneity within linguistic communities (e.g. bilingualism).
Antoine Meillet devant la formation des mots par composition
Authors: Klingebiel Kathryn
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Antoine Meillet fait preuve d'une attitude tout à fait sienne devant la formation des mots par composition. Il sait que certains compoés semblent être des phrases en raccourci, que d'autres composés continuent des états de syntaxe archaïques. Dans l'ensemble pourtant, il envisage la composition comme un procédé expressif, artificiel et peu usuel, typique de la poésie et des langues spéciales. Meillet est loin d'être générativiste avant l'heure ; il n'établit jamais de dépendance directe entre composition et syntaxe. Dans son œuvre se trouve l'intégration des optiques internes et externes, par un mélange d'éléments linguistiques et sociologiques qui permet de cerner les « comment » et les « pourquoi » de la composition.
L'étymologie
Authors: Malkiel Yakov
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Besides collaborating on the Dictionnaire Étymologique de la langue latine, Meillet produced numerous studies on etymology, which are widely dispersed, often in reports or notes. He conceived etymology as the history of words, and surely in this field influenced certains of his students, like Benveniste.
Antoine Meillet et Les langues du monde (1924)
Authors: Dessaint Michel
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : I have here tried to show that Le? langues du monde forms part of an ancient European tradition, beginning in the Renaissance, "catalogues of All the Languages of the Earth". Of these, to Meillet, the most remarkable from a linguistic point of view seems to be that of Lorenzo Hervâs y Panduro. Besides, in spite of Meillet's intentions, to base his work upon the historical method, we see the linguistic science is still unable to classify all the languages of the world according to this method alone and has often to be content with a less sophisticated presentation.
Langue et Nation
Authors: Caussat Pierre
Published: October 2010

RESUME : En abordant le problème des nations et des nationalités, Meillet rencontrait l'actualité, ce qui n'est pas sans péril. Pour le linguiste, la langue suppose la nation. Mais tous les cas de figure sont possibles dans l'histoire qui va d'un peuple naissant jusqu'à la nation constituée, ce qui conduit le praticien à des prises de position qui excèdent probablement les conclusions qu'il peut légitimement tirer de sa discipline.
Antoine Meillet et les langues romanes
Authors: Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot Hava
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : It is commonly agreed that Meillet was above all a comparative linguist. I show here that Meillet had unequivocal opinions concerning all major trends in Romance linguistics of his time even if his contribution to this field had not gone beyond closely following those trends and voicing his own unhesitant ideas regarding the problems under discussion, this contribution would have been far from negligible.
Meillet et l'Arménien
Authors: De Lamberterie Charles
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Meillet's favourite field of study, Armenian has a special position in this scientist's activity : contact with the contry, taking into account the most recent data, and studies of a purely philological nature, which enable him to interpret language facts precisely. I here propose to evaluate this vast work which is much greater than the incomplete compilations containing it would lead us to believe. I deal in detail with a problem in historical phonetics which is exemplary for the comparative method : the indo-european *dw- > arm. erk-, called Meillet's law, which we try to comfirm by restoring intermediate states and introducing new examples.
Meillet, Greek and the Aperçu
Authors: Morpurgo-Davies Anna
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Meillet n'était pas en premier lieu un philologue classique et son œuvre couvre un grand nombre de domaines inexplorés avant lui. L'un de ses ouvrages qui remportèrent le plus de succès est son Aperçu d'une histoire de la langue grecque (1913), bien qu'il traitât d'un sujet déjà ancien et n'ait pu que peu contribuer à présenter de nouveaux matériaux. Il y a là un paradoxe qu'on se doit d'expliquer. En fait, Y Aperçu est un ouvrage d'avant-garde : nonseulement il s'agit de la première histoire du grec qui ait quelque envergure, mais c'est aussi l'une des toutes premières histoires d'une langue. L'étude des innombrables comptes rendus rédigés par Meillet, comme celle de ses articles plus généraux, montre pareillement que Y Aperçu est une sorte de « roman à thèse » où l'on trouve une démonstration concrète des théories générales de Meillet, révélant à la fois leur force et leur faiblesse.