bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Vitruvius: New Insight in the Technology of Egyptian Blue and Green Frits
Authors: Grifa Celestino , Cavassa Laetitia , De Bonis Alberto , Germinario Chiara , Guarino Vincenza , Izzo Francesco , Kakoulli Ioanna , Langella Alessio , Mercurio Mariano , Morra Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

Archeological campaigns along the track of the Domitian road in Cuma resulted in the recovery of a large amount of potshards and crucible fragments (both open and closed forms), covered with residues of blue and green frits, respectively. Typological analysis of the crucibles combined with mineralogical and petrological analyses on the ceramic body and frit residues revealed that the forms are intimately related to the technological data. Newly formed calcium silicates indicate high firing treatments of crucibles during pigment making (not lower than 950°C). In particular, different working temperatures for the two types of crucibles have been estimated by the presence/absence of sodalite‐nosean feldspathoid. This mineral formed after the reaction of Si‐Al‐rich material (the sintered ceramic body) and alkalis transferred to ceramics via chemical diffusion during the pigment synthesis. Thus, the estimated working temperatures are higher for closed forms (>1100°C) and lower for the open ones (950–1050°C). This different thermal treatment perfectly fits with the temperatures of green and blue pigment synthesis; higher temperatures for green pigments allowed the formation of abundant Cu‐bearing glassy phase, whereas, blue pigment is prone to the formation and thermal stability of cuprorivaite crystals (950–1050°C). Moreover, the two frits showed similar recipes (quartz‐feldspar‐calcite‐rich sand) with the exception of more abundant Cu‐bearing colorant agent in blue hue and higher proportion of alkaline flux in green frit. The obtained data suggested that crucibles were a fundamental tool for pigment manufacturing, likely one of the best example of ancient technical ceramics, as they permitted controlling the temperatures along with the fuel and the treatment time. Combining analytical and archeological data, the production and the technology of the two colored compounds identified as Egyptian Blue and Green frits in ancient Cuma has been inferred. Finally, considering the Vitruvius excerpt that identified an Egyptian Blue production in Puteoli, the area of production can be widen up to the northern Phlegraean Fields, also including Cumae and Liternum.
Use of high‐density SNP data to identify patterns of diversity and signatures of selection in broiler chickens
Authors: Stainton J.J. , Charlesworth B. , Haley C.S. , Kranis A. , Watson K. , Wiener P.
Published: June 2016

The development of broiler chickens over the last 70 years has been accompanied by large phenotypic changes, so that the resulting genomic signatures of selection should be detectable by current statistical techniques with sufficiently dense genetic markers. Using two approaches, this study analysed high‐density SNP data from a broiler chicken line to detect low‐diversity genomic regions characteristic of past selection. Seven regions with zero diversity were identified across the genome. Most of these were very small and did not contain many genes. In addition, fifteen regions were identified with diversity increasing asymptotically from a low level. These regions were larger and thus generally included more genes. Several candidate genes for broiler traits were found within these ‘regression regions’, including IGF1, GPD2 and MTNR1AI. The results suggest that the identification of zero‐diversity regions is too restrictive for characterizing regions under selection, but that regions showing patterns of diversity along the chromosome that are consistent with selective sweeps contain a number of genes that are functional candidates for involvement in broiler development. Many regions identified in this study overlap or are close to regions identified in layer chicken populations, possibly due to their shared precommercialization history or to shared selection pressures between broilers and layers.
3D Facial Effects of a Simulated Dental Build‐up
Authors: Sterenborg Bernadette A. M. M. , Maal Thomas J.J. , Vreeken Rinaldo D. , Loomans Bas A.C. , Huysmans Marie‐Charlotte D. N. J. M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 3D‐stereophotogrammetry technique to detect differences in facial appearance after a simulated rehabilitation.

Materials and Methods

Eleven volunteers without tooth wear participated. A 3D‐stereophotograph was taken in five different situations: resting position, teeth in occlusion, and teeth in occlusion with a 1 mm‐, 3 mm‐ or 5 mm resin block between the first molars. Cephalometric measurements were performed on the 3D‐stereophotographs using the software program Maxilim® (Medicim NV Mechelen, Belgium). Four anatomical parameters were analyzed: (1) Subnasale–Gnathion, (2) Subnasale–Stomion, (3) Stomion–Gnathion, and (4) Masseter right–Masseter left. A paired Student's T‐test was applied to detect significant differences (p < 0.05).

Results

Statistically significant changes in facial appearance of the lower facial height were detected in all measured positions, teeth in occlusion, 1 mm‐, 3 mm‐, and 5 mm block (p < 0.05). For the main distance (Subnasale–Gnathion) the mean measured differences were, respectively, 3.2 mm; 5.2 mm; and 6.7 mm.

Conclusions

With 3D‐stereophotograph imaging technology, it was possible to detect changes in facial appearance after an artificial increase of vertical dimension of occlusion. This finding implies that reconstruction of loss of tooth substance may cause a visible change in facial appearance of the patient.

Clinical Significance

This study reveals a new 3D imaging technique that may be used for a better and more comprehensive treatment planning in patients with severe tooth wear. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:397–404, 2016)
Vulnerability to longline fisheries of three hammerhead shark Sphyrna species in the south‐western and equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Bezerra N. P. A. , Travassos P. , Hazin F. H. V.
Published: June 2016

Catch and effort data from 29 418 longline sets from Brazilian tuna longline vessels operating in the south‐western and equatorial Atlantic Ocean between 2004 and 2011 were analysed to investigate the distribution, catch rate and size of three species of hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna mokarran and Sphyrna zygaena). During that period, 6172 hammerhead sharks were caught. Among the elasmobranchs, the highest percentage of hammerhead sharks were caught in 2007, when they accounted for 3·90% of the group, while the lowest value of 0·40% was recorded in 2010. In general, the spatial distribution of the mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) by years and quarters showed a trend of higher catches near the equatorial region and in southern Brazil. The nominal mean CPUE was 0·12 Sphyrna spp. 1000−1 hooks, with the highest value being recorded in 2007 (0·30 Sphyrna spp. 1000−1 hooks). The standardized yearly CPUE estimated by a generalized linear model assuming a zero inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distribution were not much different from nominal values. Of the 205 sexed specimens, 117 were females and 88 were males, resulting in a sex ratio with a predominance of females (1·30:1·00), although not statistically significant. The total length of females ranged from 1200 to 2800 mm and of males from 1100 to 3100 mm. Juvenile hammerhead sharks represented 82 and 54% of the sexed female and male specimens, respectively.
Echoendoscopic ethanol ablation of tumor combined with celiac plexus neurolysis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Facciorusso Antonio , Di Maso Marianna , Serviddio Gaetano , Larghi Alberto , Costamagna Guido , Muscatiello Nicola
Published: June 2016

Background and Aim

Endoscopic ultrasonography guided‐celiac plexus neurolysis relieves pain in patients with pancreatic cancer but with often suboptimal and transient results. The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tumor ethanol ablation combined with celiac plexus neurolysis with respect to celiac plexus neurolysis alone for pain management in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Among 123 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer referred to our Institution between 2006 and 2014, 58 treated with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided celiac plexus neurolysis (Group 1) and 65 with the combined approach (Group 2) were compared. Logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of pain relief.

Results

The two groups presented similar baseline clinical and tumoral parameters. Pre‐procedural visual analog scale score was 7 in both groups (P = 0.8), and tumor max diameter was 38 mm (range 25–59) in Group 1 and 43 mm (22–59) in Group 2 (P = 0.4). The combined treatment increased pain relief and complete pain response rate (P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). Median duration of pain relief was 10 (7–14) and 18 (13–20) weeks in the two groups, respectively (P = 0.004). At multivariate regression, initial visual analog scale score and endoscopic technique adopted resulted significantly associated with pain relief. No severe treatment‐related adverse events were reported. Median overall survival was 6.5 months (5.1–8.6) in Group 1 and 8.3 months (6–11.4) in Group 2 (P = 0.05).

Conclusions

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tumor ablation combined with celiac plexus neurolysis appears to be superior to celiac plexus neurolysis alone in terms of pain control and overall survival.
Factors Influencing Outcomes of Older Adults After Undergoing Rehabilitation for Hip Fracture
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. , Chu Charlene H. , Naglie Gary , van Wyk Paula M. , Stewart Steven , Davis Aileen M.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To determine the contribution of cognitive impairment, prefracture functional impairment, and treatment as predictors of functional status and mobility 6 months after discharge from rehabilitation for older adults with hip fracture.

Design

Longitudinal.

Setting

Inpatient rehabilitation units of two community hospitals.

Participants

Adults with hip fractures aged 65 and older who were discharged from a rehabilitation unit and had been living in the community before the fracture (N = 133).

Measurements

Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at discharge from rehabilitation was used to identify the presence and severity of cognitive impairment. Outcomes were measured using questions from two subscales of the Functional Independence Measure (Self‐Care Function and Functional Mobility) and the New Mobility Scale (NMS). Measurements were made at discharge from a rehabilitation setting and 3 and 6 months after discharge.

Results

Prefracture functional impairment was associated with worse outcomes throughout the 6 months after discharge and with lower rates of improvement, or in some cases decline, after discharge. Cognitive impairment was associated with worse outcomes throughout the 6 months after discharge but was only weakly associated with lower rates of improvement or decline. The Patient Centered Rehabilitation Model of care targeting persons with cognitive impairment (PCRM‐CI) intervention group had higher NMS scores after discharge than a usual care group.

Conclusion

Although cognitive impairment and prefracture functional impairment contribute to poor outcomes, prefracture functional impairment was more strongly associated with poor outcomes than cognitive impairment. There is evidence to show that individuals with cognitive impairment are able to regain their mobility, which suggests a need for postdischarge targeted interventions that include a focus on activities of daily living for older adults with cognitive impairment and functional impairment to stabilize gains from inpatient rehabilitation.
Topical injury evaluation of the murine colorectal mucosa using confocal endomicrosopy: a valuable method for assessing mucosal injuries associated with risk of pathogen transmission
Authors: VARGAS GRACIE , VINCENT KATHLEEN LISTIAK , WEI JINGNA , BOURNE NIGEL , MOTAMEDI MASSOUD
Published: June 2016

Background: Concern regarding the effect of epithelial damage to the colorectal surface and possible impact on sexually transmitted infection transmission prompts the need for methods to evaluate the mucosal microscopic surface in preclinical studies examining such injury. This includes determining the effect of topical HIV prevention products on mucosal barrier integrity. In vivo imaging with high‐resolution endomicroscopy could reveal defects in the mucosal barrier resulting from injury/surface trauma.

Methods: Confocal endomicroscopy was investigated to assess the ability to image surface injury resulting from topical application of a chemical used in lubricants and microbial products. Mice treated with a 50 μL rectal dose of 0.2% benzalkonium chloride solution, 1% benzalkonium chloride or phosphate‐buffered saline control for 20 min were imaged in vivo using confocal endomicroscopy for assessment of epithelial disruption. Following imaging, mice were sacrificed and rectal tissue evaluated by histology. Confocal images were graded based on degree of disruption to crypt and epithelial microstructure. Histology was graded based on percent of epithelial disruption observed in stained sections. Confocal image features were confirmed by high‐resolution two‐photon microscopy.

Results: Based on quantitative grading of in vivo confocal endomicroscopy images, disruption at the microscopic scale was observed following treatment with benzalkonium chloride, with increased injury occurring with higher dose. Epithelial disruption at the lumen surface, evident between crypts and alteration in crypt structure on the luminal side were observed in confocal endomicroscopy and confirmed by histology.

Conclusions: High‐resolution imaging by confocal endomicroscopy can be used as a noninvasive tool for rapid visual assessment of rectal epithelial integrity following surface injury, potentially providing valuable indication of epithelial injury or trauma.
Miniaturized modules for light sheet microscopy with low chromatic aberration
Authors: BRUNS T. , BAUER M. , BRUNS S. , MEYER H. , KUBIN D. , SCHNECKENBURGER H.
Published: June 2016

Two miniaturized fibre‐coupled modules for light sheet‐based microscopy are described and compared with respect to image quality, chromatic aberration and beam alignment. Whereas in one module the light sheet is created by an achromatic cylindrical lens, reflection by a spherical mirror and concomitant astigmatic distortion are used to create the light sheet in the second module. Test experiments with fluorescent dyes in solution and multicellular tumour spheroids are reported, and some details on construction are given for both systems. Both modules are optimized for imaging individual cell layers of 3D biological samples and can be adapted to fit commercial microscopes.
Differences in Obesity Rates Among Minority and White Women: The Latent Role of Maternal Stress
Authors: Patchen Loral , Rebok George , Astone Nan M.
Published: June 2016

White and minority women experience different rates of obesity in the United States. Yet our understanding of the dynamics that give rise to this gap remains limited. This article presents a conceptual framework that considers pathways leading to these different rates. It draws upon the life‐course perspective, allostatic load, and the weathering hypothesis to identify pathways linking childbearing, stress, and obesity. This conceptual framework extends prior work by identifying age at first birth as an important parameter that influences these pathways. Empirical evidence to test these pathways is needed.
Volunteer Service and Service Learning: Opportunities, Partnerships, and United Nations Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Dalmida Safiya George , Amerson Roxanne , Foster Jennifer , McWhinney‐Dehaney Leila , Magowe Mabel , Nicholas Patrice K. , Pehrson Karen , Leffers Jeanne
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This article explores approaches to service involvement and provides direction to nurse leaders and others who wish to begin or further develop global (local and international) service or service learning projects.

Approach

We review types of service involvement, analyze service‐related data from a recent survey of nearly 500 chapters of the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), make recommendations to guide collaborative partnerships and to model engagement in global and local service and service learning.

Findings

This article offers a literature review and describes results of a survey conducted by the STTI International Service Learning Task Force. Results describe the types of service currently conducted by STTI nursing members and chapters, including disaster response, service learning, and service‐related responses relative to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The needs of chapter members for information about international service are explored and recommendations for promoting global service and sustainability goals for STTI chapters are examined.

Conclusions

Before engaging in service, volunteers should consider the types of service engagement, as well as the design of projects to include collaboration, bidirectionality, sustainability, equitable partnerships, and inclusion of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Clinical Relevance

STTI supports the learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses worldwide. International service and collaboration are key to the advancement of the nursing profession. Culturally relevant approaches to international service and service learning are essential to our global organization, as it aims to impact the health status of people globally.
Long‐term results in low‐fluence 1064‐nm Q‐Switched Nd:YAG laser for melasma: Is it effective?
Authors: Gokalp Hilal , Akkaya Ayse Deniz , Oram Yasemin
Published: June 2016

Objective

This study assessed the safety and clinical efficacy of a low‐fluence 1064‐nm Q‐switched neodymium‐doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (QS‐Nd:YAG) laser in the treatment of patients with melasma.

Methods

The study evaluated 34 melasma patients treated at a single institution using a 1064‐nm QS‐Nd:YAG laser. The laser parameters were 6 mm spot size and 2.5 J/cm2 fluence with multiple passes for 6–10 (median 8) sessions at 2‐week intervals. Outcomes were evaluated using photography, the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) score, and patient satisfaction interviews after the last treatment and 1 year after the last treatment.

Results

After the low‐fluence 1064‐nm QS‐Nd:YAG laser treatments, the mean mMASI score decreased from 6.7 ± 3.3 to 3.2 ± 1.6 (P < 0.01). After treatment completion, 20 of 34 patients (58.8%) rated themselves as having at least a 50% reduction in melasma severity. One year after the last treatment, recurrence was observed in 20 patients (58.8%) and the mean mMASI score increased from 3.2 ± 1.6 to 5.8 ± 1.9 in all patients.

Conclusion

The recurrence of low‐fluence 1064‐nm QS‐Nd:YAG laser rates in melasma was high when the long‐term results were considered. This result may be attributed to certain patient and treatment‐related factors.
Learning Curve Assessment for Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure With the WATCHMAN Occluder
Authors: Ledwoch Jakob , Krollmann Christine , Staubach Stephan , Hug Martin , Strohm Henning , Mudra Harald
Published: June 2016

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the effect of increasing experience with left atrial appendage (LAA) closure on short‐term outcome.

Background

Data regarding the impact of the learning curve of LAA closure—particularly regarding technical aspects of the procedure—are lacking.

Methods

The present analysis represents first data from a single‐center all‐comer registry. The population was divided into 3 groups according to treatment time (group 1: patients 1–30; group 2: patients 31–60; group 3: patients 61–90).

Results

The mean age of the population was 77 years. Median CHA2DS2VASC Score and HAS‐BLED were 5 (IQR 3–5) and 3 (IQR 3–4), respectively. Implantation success was 90% with a slight but not statistically significant increase during the course of the registry. Procedure time (75 [62–108] vs. 50 [43–66] vs. 47 [41–61] minutes; P < 0.0001), fluoroscopy time (20 [15–30] vs. 11 [8−19] vs. 11 [9–18] minutes; P = 0.002), and contrast volume (105 [70–170] vs. 60 [50–75] vs. 50 [50–73] ml; P < 0.0001) were reduced across the 3 groups. In‐hospital complications decreased significantly (20 vs. 7% vs. 0%; P = 0.021). The compression grade of the occluder was chosen higher with increasing learning curve (15 [11–25] vs. 25 [17–29] vs. 21 [14–26] %; P = 0.05).

Conclusions

With increasing operator experience the performance and safety of percutaneous LAA closure improved continuously.
MALAT1 induces tongue cancer cells' EMT and inhibits apoptosis through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Liang Jun , Liang Lizhong , Ouyang Kexiong , Li Zhiqiang , Yi Xianping
Published: June 2016

Background

MALAT1 is recognized as an oncogenic lncRNA in various malignancies. However, its expression and function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma are still unknown. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of MALAT1 in TSCC tissues and cells.

Materials and Methods

qPCR was performed to detect the expression of MALAT1. MALAT1 was suppressed and upregulated by plasmid transfection in TSCC cells, and then cell migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis were analyzed.

Results

LncRNA MALAT1 was upregulated in TSCC tissues and correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Moreover, MALAT1 induced cell migration, invasion, EMT, and inhibited apoptosis by modulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Finally, inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway attenuated the effect of exogenous MALAT1.

Conclusion

In summary, upregulated MALAT1 in TSCC promoted EMT and inhibited cell apoptosis by modulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
Implementation of an in‐house quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction method for Hepatitis B virus quantification in West African countries
Authors: Ghosh S. , Sow A. , Guillot C. , Jeng A. , Ndow G. , Njie R. , Toure S. , Diop M. , Mboup S. , Kane C. T. , Lemoine M. , Thursz M. , Zoulim F. , Mendy M. , Chemin I.
Published: June 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HBV infection is diagnosed by serological tests, while real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assays are used to quantify viral load, which is a crucial parameter to determine viral replication and to monitor antiviral treatments. However, measuring viral load in resource‐limited countries remains nonsystematic, due to the high cost of commercial kits. Here, we describe the development, validation and implementation of a low‐cost, in‐house qRT‐PCR assay to monitor HBV viral load in chronic carriers enrolled in the PROLIFICA programme in the Gambia and Senegal. Over 1500 HBsAg‐positive patients, including 210 chronically infected HBV patients, who were given antiviral treatment (tenofovir), were monitored by qRT‐PCR using the SYBR Green‐ and HBV‐specific primers. Twenty‐four tenofovir‐treated patients were followed up and their viral load was tested every 3 months over the 12‐month experimental time course. Compared to commercial assays, our in‐house assay was shown to be (i) highly reliable, with good intra‐ and interassay reproducibility over a wide range (45–4.5 × 108 copies mL−1), (ii) very similar in the viral loads detected (R2 = .90), (iii) highly sensitive, as it detected loads as low as 30 copies mL−1 (~5 IU mL−1), (iv) cheaper (2‐ to 3‐fold), (v) easier to implement and (vi) more rapid. Based on our experience, we recommend this assay as a reliable alternative to commercial assays, for monitoring HBV viraemia in resource‐limited, highly endemic countries to reduce the cost and technical obstacles associated with commercial kits.
Endothelin‐1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs
Authors: Mayer D. , Oevermann A. , Seuberlich T. , Vandevelde M. , Casanova‐Nakayama A. , Selimovic‐Hamza S. , Forterre F. , Henke D.
Published: June 2016

Background

The pathophysiology of ascending/descending myelomalacia (ADMM) after canine intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion remains poorly understood. Vasoactive molecules might contribute.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the immunoreactivity of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in the uninjured and injured spinal cord of dogs and its potential association with intramedullary hemorrhage and extension of myelomalacia.

Animals

Eleven normal control and 34 dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusion.

Methods

Spinal cord tissue of dogs retrospectively selected from our histopathologic database was examined histologically at the level of the extrusion (center) and in segments remote from the center. Endothelin‐1 immunoreactivity was examined immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization. Associations between the immunoreactivity for ET‐1 and the severity of intramedullary hemorrhage or the extension of myelomalacia were examined.

Results

Endothelin‐1 was expressed by astrocytes, macrophages, and neurons and only rarely by endothelial cells in all dogs. At the center, ET‐1 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in astrocytes (median score 4.02) and lower in neurons (3.21) than in control dogs (3.0 and 4.54) (P < .001; P = .004) irrespective of the grade of hemorrhage or myelomalacia. In both astrocytes and neurons, there was a higher ET‐1 immunoreactivity in spinal cord regions remote from the center (4.58 and 4.15) than in the center itself (P = .013; P = .001). ET‐1 mRNA was present in nearly all neurons with variable intensity, but not in astrocytes.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Enhanced ET‐1 immunoreactivity over multiple spinal cord segments after IVD extrusion might play a role in the pathogenesis of ADMM. More effective quantitative techniques are required.
Cod Larviculture Using High‐density Rotifer Production with Different Enrichments
Authors: Haché Rémy , Plante Sébastien , Forward Benjamin S. , Pernet Fabrice
Published: June 2016

High‐density (HD) rotifer culture systems have been recently commercialized, but are not commonly used by the aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to determine if HD systems could be used in cod hatcheries. An enrichment strategy using the commercial products, ArteMac and Protein Selco Plus (Com), was compared with the manufacturer's suggested enrichment, using Pavlova‐DHA (Pav). The Pav enrichment increased the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in rotifers, but reduced the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 22:5n‐6 (n‐6DPA, docosapentaenoic acid) levels. Larvae EPA levels in both polar and neutral lipids were relatively stable in the larvae fed with Com‐rotifers; while they were higher in early stages, they were progressively reduced through ontogeny in the Pav‐rotifers fed‐larvae. DHA levels in polar lipids decreased in larvae, particularly when fed with HD‐Pav rotifers. In all larvae, arachidonic acid (ARA) levels increased in the polar and neutral lipids, regardless of treatments. In both lipid fractions, the levels of ARA were quite stable in time, but still higher in larvae fed with Com‐rotifers. Bacterial load was lower in larvae fed with Pav‐rotifers. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bacterial profiles of larvae and rotifers were all similar. This study shows the potential of using HD systems to produce rotifers, but highlights the necessity of adjusting the nutritional composition of rotifers prior to being fed to larvae.
Impact of the Community‐based Fish Culture System on Expenditure and Inequality: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Haque A. B. M. Mahfuzul , Dey Madan Mohan
Published: June 2016

This study investigated the impact of a Community‐based Fish Culture (CBFC) system on household expenditure and how expenditure inequality in the fish‐producing communities has changed due to involvement in the CBFC system. Six floodplains, comprising three project sites and three controls, were chosen from three river basin areas of Bangladesh; data for this study were collected for a period of 3 yr. A propensity score matching method was used to evaluate the impact of CBFC on household expenditure; while a Gini coefficient and Gini decomposition were used to estimate inequality. The results show that the CBFC system has a positive and significant impact on fish culture community household expenditure. Results also reveal that the CBFC system has an equalization effect on food, clothing, and healthcare expenditure. Furthermore, this management system helps to distribute total expenditure 15% more equally among the fish culture communities.
Use of Microsatellite DNA Profiling to Identify Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus of Hatchery Origin
Authors: Liu Yongxin , Yang Runqing , Liu Yi , Si Fei
Published: June 2016

Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, is an economically important marine fish species in Asia. A suite of 18 microsatellite markers chosen from published genetic linkage maps was used to carry out parentage assignments of 188 hatchery‐reared juveniles from a small number of breeders. The probabilities of exclusion for the 18 microsatellite markers were 0.604–0.913, and the effectiveness of combined probability of exclusion reached 100% when using the eight microsatellite markers with higher Excl 1 probabilities. The cultured and wild stocks (WSs) were differentiated in a release‐recapture population based on these markers. Of the 321 recaptured offspring, 28.34% were assigned to their parental pairs in our broodstock, whereas the remaining offspring could not be traced back to a possible sire or dam. Significant reduction in genetic diversity of the cultured stock (CS) had not been found compared with that of the WS. The results suggest that CSs released into the wild will not adversely affect the genetic structure of natural populations. Our results demonstrate that these markers provide an efficient tool for parentage assignments and genetic analysis of Japanese flounder.
Resisting Dignity Takings in China
Authors: Pils Eva
Published: June 2016

In the course of urbanization in the People's Republic of China, tens of millions of citizens have experienced expropriations of collectively owned land, expropriations of privately owned buildings, and evictions from urban land in state ownership. Summarily characterizing these measures as takings, I argue, first, that some takings observed have denied evictees dignity, understood as respect for their intrinsic moral worth and moral autonomy, in addition to dispossessing them of their land and homes. Second, in dignity takings, monetary compensation and resettlement schemes may fail to reflect the harm done to evictees by framing disputes over takings as (forced) economic bargains. Third, some victims unable to seek redress through judicial avenues have been driven into extrajudicial protest and resistance. In some cases, resistance can be restorative of dignity, but where repressive state responses to resistance prevent this potential from being realized, the injustice of dignity takings can be further aggravated.
Negotiating Social Norms and Relations in the Micromobilization of Human Rights: The Case of Burmese Lesbian Activism
Authors: Chua Lynette J.
Published: June 2016

This article provides the first sociolegal analysis of lesbian rights activism in Myanmar. It elucidates the processes through which a group of lesbian activists navigate sexual and gender norms that oppress lesbians as sexual minorities and as women while they use human rights discourse to carry out micromobilization work, organizing constituents and building up grassroots participation in Myanmar. It analyzes how the collective deployment of human rights encompasses resistance against social norms that pose organizing obstacles for activists and the negotiations of social relations to counter them. These micromobilization processes shape whether and how activists adopt human-rights-based strategies and tactics. Bringing together law and society scholarship and social movement studies, the article highlights the importance of understanding human rights mobilization by marginalized populations who face multiple, overlapping forms of oppression and contend with plural sources of power.
Litigation Dilemmas: Lessons from the Marcos Human Rights Class Action
Authors: Ela Nate
Published: June 2016

How do activist plaintiffs experience the process of human rights litigation under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS)? Answering this question is key to understanding the impact on transnational legal mobilization ofKiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., in which the US Supreme Court sharply limited the scope of the ATS. Yet sociolegal scholars know remarkably little about the experiences of ATS litigants, before or after Kiobel. This article describes how activist litigants in a landmark ATS class action against former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos faced a series of strategic dilemmas, and how disagreements over how to resolve those dilemmas played into divisions between activists and organizations on the Philippine left. The article develops an analytical framework focused on litigation dilemmas to explain how and why activists who pursue ATS litigation as an opportunity for legal mobilization may also encounter strategic dilemmas that contribute to dissension within a social movement.
Transgenic potato plants expressing the cold‐inducible transcription factor SCOF‐1 display enhanced tolerance to freezing stress
Authors: Kim Yun‐Hee , Kim Myoung Duck , Park Sung‐Chul , Jeong Jae Cheol , Kwak Sang‐Soo , Lee Haeng‐Soon
Published: June 2016

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a frost‐sensitive species that is incapable of cold acclimation. Brief exposure to frost can significantly reduce yield, and hard frost can completely destroy entire crops. Thus, enhancing freezing tolerance by even a few degrees would considerably improve crop hardiness to frost damage. Transgenic potato plants expressing the soybean cold‐inducible zinc finger transcription factor (SCOF‐1) under control of the oxidative stress‐inducible sweet potato peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter (designated as SF plants) were generated, and leaf discs and whole plants were evaluated for enhanced tolerance to cold and freezing conditions. SF plants were treated with 4°C for 5 days, and SCOF‐1 expression positively correlated with tolerance to cold stress. SF plants treated with cold stress exhibited greater photosynthetic activity and total chlorophyll levels than those in cold‐stressed non‐transformed (NT) plants. During freeze–thaw treatment, lipid peroxidation levels in SF plants recovered to approximately prestress levels after 12 h of recovery at 25°C, whereas lipid peroxidation remained at an increased level in NT plants after the same recovery period. The results of our study indicate that freezing stress can be efficiently enhanced in potato by overexpressing SCOF‐1.
Effect of induced tolerance toBttoxin on the egg size ofHelicoverpa armigeraand parasitism byTrichogramma pretiosum
Authors: Anantanawat Kay J. , Glatz Richard , Keller Michael A.
Published: June 2016

Larvae ofHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) can develop a form ofBttolerance after exposure to sub‐lethal doses ofBt‐toxin subclassCry1Ac. Increasing levels of tolerance are produced over generations of larval exposure, which are not related toDNAsequence changes, and are largely maternally transmitted. The characteristic of maternal transmission, combined with the importance of egg parasitoids to cotton pest management, raises questions about the effects ofBttolerance/exposure on the eggs ofH. armigeraand on some key metrics of egg parasitism. In the present study, the effect of inducible tolerance on eggs ofH. armigeraand parasitism byTrichogramma pretiosum(Riley) is investigated. First, the volumes of eggs laid by susceptible and tolerantH. armigerafemales are compared. In addition, the effect of inducible tolerance on egg parasitism is determined by comparing parasitism success, the number of adult wasps emerged per host egg, and the proportion of male and female offspring emerged per host egg. The results obtained suggest thatCry1Ac‐tolerance is associated with increased egg volume, even after just one generation of sub‐lethal exposure. When tolerantH. armigeraare freed from ongoing sub‐lethal exposure, a corresponding decrease in egg volume is not detected. Although there is no difference in the percentage of eggs parasitized, there is an increase in the number of emergent parasitoids, especially males, from eggs laid by tolerantH. armigera. These results confirm that maternally‐transmittedBttolerance is reflected in the phenotype of the eggs of tolerant offspring, which affects egg parasitism.
Malnutrition coupled with diarrheal and respiratory infections among children in Asia: A systematic review
Authors: Brennhofer Stephanie , Reifsnider Elizabeth , Bruening Meg
Published: June 2016

Objective

The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess the relationship between malnutrition and respiratory and diarrheal infections among children aged five and under living in Asian countries.

Design and Sample

The design was adapted from the PRISMA method to include case‐control, cross‐sectional, ecological, and experimental studies. A review of electronic databases identified 144 articles of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were studies of malnourished children under the age of five with respiratory and/or diarrheal infections, admitted to hospitals or residing in villages throughout countries in Asia, and published between 2005 and 2015.

Measures

Infection was defined as the presence of a respiratory or diarrheal illness. Malnutrition was predominantly measured by WHO standards.

Results

Malnutrition is associated with respiratory and diarrheal infections. Children have higher rates of mortality when both malnourished and experiencing a respiratory infection.

Conclusion

Further research needs to examine the synergetic effect of diarrheal and respiratory infections in malnourished children and rates of mortality. Public health nurses (PHNs) play a critical role in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition and infections in community and national systems. Obtaining better data will allow PHNs to provide critical care in the most underserved areas throughout Asia.
Conditioning of amitriptyline‐induced REM sleep suppression in healthy participants: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Winkler Alexander , Rheker Julia , Doering Bettina K. , Rief Winfried
Published: June 2016

Clinical trials in sleep disorders report substantial improvement in symptoms in their placebo groups. Behavioral conditioning is one of the underlying mechanisms of the placebo response. However, we do not know whether, and if so, the extent to which sleep architecture is influenced by behavioral conditioning, similarly to other physiological responses (i.e., those in the immune system). We therefore applied a conditioning paradigm to 39 healthy adults pairing a novel‐tasting drink (conditioned stimulus, CS) with the REM sleep suppressing tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline as unconditioned stimulus during the acquisition phase. Subsequent sole presentation of the CS (together with a placebo pill) in an evocation night led to significantly more REM sleep in the amitriptyline group. Instead of the expected REM sleep suppression in the evocation night, we observed more REM sleep, indicating a rebound that interferes with the conditioned response.
U–Pb Dating of Hydrothermal Zircons from the Neoproterozoic Liushanyan VMS Cu–Zn Deposit, Central China: Evidence for a Triassic Deformation Event
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Peng Sanguo , Peng Lianhong
Published: June 2016

The Liushanyan deposit is an important volcanic‐host massive sulfide (VMS) Cu–Zn deposit in the Qinling‐Tongbai‐Dabie orogenic belt, central China, with reserve of 2.38 Mt Cu and 16.11 Mt Zn. Orebodies occur in the meta‐quartz keratophyre of the Liushanyan formation. In this paper, we present textural features and laser ablation ICP‐MS U–Pb dating results of zircons from the ore‐bearing mylonitized meta‐quartz keratophyre. The hydrothermal zircons are distinct from metamorphic zircons in this rock, showing low cathodoluminescence (CL) response and hydrothermal rims (black in CL images). They have relatively flat light rare earth element patterns and high La content and low (Sm/La)Nand Ce/Ce* values. These features are typical of hydrothermal zircons. The cores of metamorphic zircons yield a weighted mean206Pb/238U age of 900 ± 26 Ma, interpreted as the volcanic and related VMS mineralizing age. Two much younger events are also recorded by zircons in this rock: (i) the Early Silurian amphibolites–greenschist facies metamorphism at 435 ± 26 Ma; and (ii) the growth of hydrothermal zircons atca.241 ± 1 Ma, associated with the ductile shear deformation. The Silurian metamorphic event is probably associated with the arc–continent collision, while the Triassic ductile deformation event formed in the final continent–continent collision setting.
Spatial signatures for geographic feature types: examining gazetteer ontologies using spatial statistics
Authors: Zhu Rui , Hu Yingjie , Janowicz Krzysztof , McKenzie Grant
Published: June 2016

Digital gazetteers play a key role in modern information systems and infrastructures. They facilitate (spatial) search, deliver contextual information to recommended systems, enrich textual information with geographical references, and provide stable identifiers to interlink actors, events, and objects by the places they interact with. Hence, it is unsurprising that gazetteers, such as GeoNames, are among the most densely interlinked hubs on the Web of Linked Data. A wide variety of digital gazetteers have been developed over the years to serve different communities and needs. These gazetteers differ in their overall coverage, underlying data sources, provided functionality, and geographic feature type ontologies. Consequently, place types that share a common name may differ substantially between gazetteers, whereas types labeled differently may, in fact, specify the same or similar places. This makes data integration and federated queries challenging, if not impossible. To further complicate the situation, most popular and widely adopted geo‐ontologies are lightweight and thus under‐specific to a degree where their alignment and matching become nothing more than educated guesses. The most promising approach to addressing this problem, and thereby enabling the meaningful integration of gazetteer data across feature types, seems to be a combination of top‐down knowledge representation with bottom‐up data‐driven techniques such as feature engineering and machine learning. In this work, we propose to derive indicative spatial signatures for geographic feature types by using spatial statistics. We discuss how to create such signatures by feature engineering and demonstrate how the signatures can be applied to better understand the differences and commonalities of three major gazetteers, namely DBpedia Places, GeoNames, and TGN.
Motivations for donating and attitudes toward screening policies in US blood donors with viral infection
Authors: Vahidnia Farnaz , Stramer Susan L. , Kessler Debra , Gonçalez Thelma T. , Shaz Beth H. , Leparc German , Krysztof David E. , Dodd Roger Y. , Glynn Simone A. , Custer Brian ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II)
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Differences in motivating factors that contribute to the decision to donate blood between infected and uninfected donors may help to identify areas for improving donor education.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

As part of a risk factor study, confirmed‐positive donors (cases) based on serology‐only (human T‐lymphotropic virus [HTLV]) or serology and nucleic acid testing (NAT) or NAT‐only (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV]), and serology‐unconfirmed, NAT‐negative false‐positive donors (controls) were asked about motivations and opinions toward blood donation. “Test seeking” was inferred if a donor answered “yes” to “I wanted to get my test results” and one of the following: “blood center testing is confidential,” “free,” “more accurate than other test centers,” or “tests will identify problems with my blood.” Cases were compared to controls using descriptive and multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

Whether a case or control, the most common donation reason was “to help someone in need” (>90% in each group). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, test seeking was not significantly associated with infection status. Test seeking was more common in first‐time, younger males and nonwhite, non‐Hispanic donors. Of donors with HIV, 13% considered selection policies to be unfair, compared with 1, 2, 0.5, and 6% of donors with HBV, HCV, and HTLV and controls, respectively (adjusted odds ratio for HIV cases vs. controls, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.3‐6.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Most donors give to help those in need, including HIV‐positive donors. Our results establish a baseline from which additional studies can be compared focused on alternate ways to reduce noncompliance and improved messaging to ensure that high‐risk potential donors understand the reasons for blood donor screening policies.
Primary bilateral corneal nerve sheath neoplasm in a dog
Authors: Leis Marina L. , Salpeter M. Elyse , Bauer Bianca S. , Godson Dale L. , Grahn Bruce H.
Published: June 2016

A 15‐year‐old, neutered male, Shih Tzu cross developed progressive corneal stromal thickening and vascularization of the right eye, and 5 months later, of the left eye. Both eyes became blind due to extensive corneal opacification and were enucleated. Light microscopic examination revealed a diffuse corneal infiltrate of neoplastic mesenchymal cells, and immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse cytoplasmic vimentin immunoreactivity and variable cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity for S100 in the neoplastic cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed desmosomes between contiguous cells, thread‐like cytoplasmic processes coated with basement membrane, extracellular bundles of collagen, and axonal degeneration consistent with features of a nerve sheath neoplasm. This is the first report of primary, bilateral corneal nerve sheath sarcoma in a canine.
Calculation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) size and dioptric power for use in pet rabbits undergoing phacoemulsification
Authors: Sanchez Rick F. , Becker Ronald , Dawson Charlotte , Escanilla Natàlia , Lam Richard
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To calculate the size and dioptric power of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) to achieve emmetropia in adult rabbits and to compare the dioptric power calculation results using a proprietary predictive formula to a retinoscopy‐based method.

Animals studied

Three wild rabbit cadavers, seven pet rabbits with cataracts and ten healthy pet rabbits.

Materials and Methods

Implant size was calculated using a capsular tension ring (CTR) (Acrivet®, Berlin, Germany). Published and cadaveric biometric data were used in the predictive formula. AnIOLpower‐escalation study compared the predicted values to the refraction results of one pet rabbit (P1) fitted with a + 41D canineIOL(Acrivet®) and six pet rabbits (P2‐P7) fitted with prototypeIOLs (Acrivet®). Retinoscopy of 10 healthy pet rabbits served as controls.

Results

A 13.5 mmCTRfitted in all rabbits and permitted the use of a 13 mmIOL. The predictedIOLpower ranged between +24D and +25D. The +41DIOLresulted in a refraction error of +8D. Progressive recalculation through a calibration formula led to the insertion of three +49DIOLs in two pet rabbits and a refraction of +6D to +8D, followed by seven +58DIOLs in four pet rabbits and a refraction median of 0D (range: −1.5D to +1D).

Conclusions

A 13 mm prototypeIOLof +58D achieves emmetropia and is of adequate size for rabbits. The combined use of aCTRand retinoscopy is a useful method to calculate the size and refractive power of a new, species‐specific, veterinaryIOL.