bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AJEDI in Science: Leveraging Instructor Communities to Create Antiracist Curricula
Authors: Miller Sarah , Kerr Jennifer E. , Handelsman Jo
Published: April 2022

Gateway college science courses continue to exclude students from science, disproportionately discriminating against students of color. As the higher education system strives to reduce discrimination, we need a deliberate, iterative process to modify, supplement, or replace current modalities.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccines Elicit Strong Protective Immune Responses
Authors: Kong Xiang-Wei , Zhang Xiao , Bu Guo-Long , Xu Hui-Qin , Kang Yin-Feng , Sun Cong , Zhu Qian-Ying , Ma Run-Bo , Liu Zheng , Zeng Yi-Xin , Zeng Mu-Sheng , Hu Zhu-Long
Published: April 2022

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses and the first identified human oncogenic virus, accounted for 265,000 cancer incident cases and 164,000 cancer deaths in 2017 as well as millions of nonmalignant disease cases. So far, no prophylactic vaccine is available to prevent EBV infection.
Neuronal miR-138 Represses HSV-2 Lytic Infection by Regulating Viral and Host Genes with Mechanistic Differences from HSV-1
Authors: Chen Siyu , Deng Yue , Chen Hongjia , Lin Yuqi , Yang Xuewei , Sun Boqiang , Pan Dongli
Published: April 2022

HSV-1 and HSV-2 are closely related viruses with major differences. Both viruses establish latency in neurons from which they reactivate to cause disease.
Hydrophobic Residues at the Intracellular Domain of the M2 Protein Play an Important Role in Budding and Membrane Integrity of Influenza Virus
Authors: Bao Danqi , Lu Chenyang , Ma Tianxin , Xu Guanlong , Mao Yaqing , Xin Lingxiang , Niu Shiqi , Wu Zihua , Li Xuesong , Teng Qiaoyang , Li Zejun , Liu Qinfang
Published: April 2022

M2 plays a crucial role in the influenza virus life cycle. However, the function of the C-terminal intracellular domain of M2 protein remains largely unclear.
Inferring Species Compositions of Complex Fungal Communities from Long- and Short-Read Sequence Data
Authors: Hu Yiheng , Irinyi Laszlo , Hoang Minh Thuy Vi , Eenjes Tavish , Graetz Abigail , Stone Eric A. , Meyer Wieland , Schwessinger Benjamin , Rathjen John P.
Published: April 2022

Our study is unique in that it provides an in-depth comparative study of a real-life complex fungal community analyzed with multiple long- and short-read sequencing approaches. These technologies and their application are currently of great interest to diverse biologists as they seek to characterize the community compositions of microbiomes.
A Putative Lipoprotein Mediates Cell-Cell Contact for Type VI Secretion System-Dependent Killing of Specific Competitors
Authors: Speare Lauren , Woo Madison , Dunn Anne K. , Septer Alecia N.
Published: April 2022

T6SSs are broadly distributed interbacterial weapons that share an evolutionary history with bacteriophage. Because the T6SS can be used to kill neighboring cells, it can impact the spatial distribution and biological function of both free-living and host-associated microbial communities.
Entamoeba histolytica EHD1 Is Involved in Mitosome-Endosome Contact
Authors: Santos Herbert J. , Hanadate Yuki , Imai Kenichiro , Watanabe Haruo , Nozaki Tomoyoshi
Published: April 2022

Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are key regulators of interorganellar communication and have been widely demonstrated between various organelles. However, studies on MCSs involving mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs), present in some anaerobic parasitic protozoans, remain scarce.
Entamoeba histolytica
, the etiological agent of amoebiasis, possesses an MRO called the mitosome.
Neuromyotonia: a skin-deep problem
Authors: Maurier François , Michaud Maud , Reviron Roxane , Lipsker Dan
Published: April 2022

A 45-year-old woman was evaluated for right-sided hemicorporal scar-like skin lesions on her arm and thoracic and inguinal areas that appeared shortly after reduction mammoplasty. Five years later, she developed spontaneous cramps and involuntary abnormal, painful, twitching movements in the same areas. With time, the cramps worsened and disabled the patient. The use of her right arm triggered contractures of muscles and abnormal movements. A diagnosis of neuromyotonia (NMT) was established on the basis of clinical findings and on electromyographic findings of a burst of high-frequency motor unit potentials recorded in the right triceps in the area of skin lesions. The results of medullary, encephalic MRI as well as a comprehensive metabolic panel were normal. She was positive for antinuclear antibodies without specificity. Neither antineural antibodies nor antivoltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies (specifically, leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 and contactin-associated protein-like-2) were detected. Her skin lesions were diagnosed as morphea. Two combined strategies of treatment were initiated: antiepileptic drugs for NMT and corticosteroids and methotrexate for morphea. NMT is a rare, debilitating neurological complication of morphea.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypoglossal schwannoma
Authors: Dabhi Nisha , Pikis Stylianos , Sheehan Jason
Published: April 2022

Hypoglossal schwannomas (HS) are extremely rare neoplasms. Surgical resection has historically been the treatment of choice but carries a significant risk of postoperative neurological deficits and mortality. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a minimally invasive approach that may afford long-term tumour growth. However, literature to determine the safety and effectiveness of SRS in the treatment of HS is scarce. We report on a patient who presented with progressive headache and dysphagia as well as tongue deviation to the left, due to a space-occupying lesion, consistent on brain MRI with a left HS. Primary SRS using a prescription dose of 12 Gy in a single fraction was used to treat the tumour without complications. By last follow-up, the tumour regressed, and the patient’s symptoms improved. Our case shows that radiosurgery can be safe and effective for the management of HS.
Data flow within global clinical trials: a scoping review
Authors: Kwok Kaitlyn , Sati Neha , Dron Louis , Murthy Srinivas
Published: April 2022

Objective

To document clinical trial data flow in global clinical trials published in major journals between 2013 and 2021 from Global South to Global North.

Design

Scoping analysis

Methods

We performed a search in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to retrieve randomised clinical trials published between 2013 and 2021 fromThe BMJ, BMJ Global Health, the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Lancet, Lancet Global Health and the New England Journal of Medicine. Studies were included if they involved recruitment and author affiliation across different country income groupings using World Bank definitions. The direction of data flow was extracted with a data collection tool using sites of trial recruitment as the starting point and the location of authors conducting statistical analysis as the ending point.

Results

Of 1993 records initially retrieved, 517 studies underwent abstract screening, 348 studies underwent full-text screening and 305 studies were included. Funders from high-income countries were the sole funders of the majority (82%) of clinical trials that recruited across income groupings. In 224 (73.4%) of all assessable studies, data flowed exclusively to authors affiliated with high-income countries or to a majority of authors affiliated with high-income countries for statistical analysis. Only six (3.2%) studies demonstrated data flow to lower middle-income countries and upper middle-income countries for analysis, with only one with data flow to a lower middle-income country.

Conclusions

Global clinical trial data flow demonstrates a Global South to Global North trajectory. Policies should be re-examined to assess how data sharing across country income groupings can move towards a more equitable model.
Understanding factors affecting 30-day unplanned readmissions for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA): the ACT Transition from Hospital to Home Orthopaedics Survey
Authors: Chhabra Madhur , Perriman Diana , Phillips Christine , Parkinson Anne , Glasgow Nicholas , Douglas Kirsty , Cox Darlene , Smith Paul , Desborough Jane
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with unplanned 30-day readmissions following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including association with post-hospital syndrome, patient enablement and transition from hospital to home.

Design, setting and participants

A cross-sectional written survey of public and private patients attending a 6-week follow-up appointment after TKA at one of four clinical services in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) between 1 February 2018 and 31 January 2019. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to measure associations between patient, hospital and transitional care factors with unplanned 30-day readmissions, while controlling for known confounders.

Results

Of the 380 participants who completed the survey (n=380, 54% of TKAs undertaken over the study period), 3.4% (n=13; 95% CI: 1.8 to 5.8) were subsequently readmitted within 30 days of discharge after a primary hospitalisation. Public patients were significantly more likely to be readmitted within 30 days compared with private patients (adjusted OR=6.31, 95% CI: 1.59 to 25.14, p=0.009), and patients who attended rehabilitation were significantly less likely to be readmitted within 30 days of discharge than those who did not (adjusted OR=0.16, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.57, p=0.005). There were no associations between post-hospital syndrome or patient enablement and 30-day readmissions in this study.

Conclusion

Reasons underlying the difference in unplanned readmission rates for public versus private patients need to be explored, including differences in surgical waiting times and the consequences for impairment and disease complexity. Strategies to foster increased participation post-surgical rehabilitation programmes need to be developed as an avenue to mitigate the burden of unplanned 30-day readmissions on individuals and health systems.
A cross-sectional examination of conflict-of-interest disclosures of physician-authors publishing in high-impact US medical journals
Authors: Baraldi James H , Picozzo Steven A , Arnold Jacob C , Volarich Kathryn , Gionfriddo Michael R , Piper Brian J
Published: April 2022

Objective

To assess the accuracy of self-reported financial conflict-of-interest (COI) disclosures in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) within the requisite disclosure period prior to article submission.

Design

Cross-sectional investigation.

Data sources

Original clinical-trial research articles published in NEJM (n=206) or JAMA (n=188) from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017; self-reported COI disclosure forms submitted to NEJM or JAMA with the authors’ published articles; Open Payments website (from database inception; latest search: August 2019).

Main outcome measures

Financial data reported to Open Payments from 2014 to 2016 (a time period that included all subjects’ requisite disclosure windows) were compared with self-reported disclosure forms submitted to the journals. Payments selected for analysis were defined by Open Payments as ‘general payments.’ Payment types were categorised as ‘disclosed,’ ‘undisclosed,’ ‘indeterminate’ or ‘unrelated’.

Results

Thirty-one articles from NEJM and 31 articles from JAMA met inclusion criteria. The physician-authors (n=118) received a combined total of US$7.48 million. Of the 106 authors (89.8%) who received payments, 86 (81.1%) received undisclosed payments. The top 23 most highly compensated received US$6.32 million, of which US$3.00 million (47.6%) was undisclosed.

Conclusions

High payment amounts, as well as high proportions of undisclosed financial compensation, regardless of amount received, comprised potential COIs for two influential US medical journals. Further research is needed to explain why such high proportions of general payments were undisclosed and whether journals that rely on self-reported COI disclosure need to reconsider their policies.
Mindfulness-based programmes for mental health promotion in adults in non-clinical settings: protocol of an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Galante Julieta , Friedrich Claire , Dalgleish Tim , White Ian R , Jones Peter B
Published: April 2022

Introduction

With mental ill health listed as a top cause of global disease burden, there is an urgent need to prioritise mental health promotion programmes. Mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) are being widely implemented to reduce stress in non-clinical settings. In a recent aggregate-level meta-analysis we found that, compared with no intervention, these MBPs reduce average psychological distress. However, heterogeneity between studies impedes generalisation of effects across every setting. Study-level effect modifiers were insufficient to reduce heterogeneity; studying individual-level effect modifiers is warranted. This requires individual participant data (IPD) and larger samples than those found in existing individual trials.

Methods and analysis

We propose an IPD meta-analysis. Our primary aim is to see if, and how, baseline psychological distress, gender, age, education and dispositional mindfulness moderate the effect of MBPs on distress. We will search 13 databases for good-quality randomised controlled trials comparing in-person, expert-defined MBPs in non-clinical settings with passive controls. Two researchers will independently select, extract and appraise trials using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Anonymised IPD of eligible trials will be sought from authors, who will be invited to collaborate.

The primary outcome will be psychological distress measured using psychometrically validated questionnaires at 1–6 months after programme completion. Pairwise random-effects two-stage IPD meta-analyses will be conducted. Moderator analyses will follow a ‘deft’ approach. We will estimate subgroup-specific intervention effects. Secondary outcomes and sensitivity analyses are prespecified. Multiple imputation strategies will be applied to missing data.

Ethics and dissemination

The findings will refine our knowledge on the effectiveness of MBPs and help improve the targeting of MBPs in non-clinical settings. They will be shared in accessible formats with a range of stakeholders. Public and professional stakeholders are being involved in the planning, conduct and dissemination of this project.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020200117.
Management and outcomes over time of acute coronary syndrome patients at particularly high cardiovascular risk : the ACSIS registry-based retrospective study
Authors: Grinberg Tzlil , Hammer Yoav , Wiessman Maya , Perl Leor , Ovdat Tal , Tsafrir Or , Kogan Yoni , Beigel Roy , Orvin Katia , Kornowski Ran , Eisen Alon
Published: April 2022

Objective

Some patients following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at particularly increased risk for recurrent cardiovascular events. We aimed to examine temporal trends in the management and outcomes across the spectrum of these particularly high-risk patients.

Design and setting

A retrospective study based on the ACS Israeli survey (ACSIS) registry, a multicentre prospective national registry, taking place biennially in 25 cardiology departments in Israel. Temporal trends were examined in the early (2002–2008) and late (2010–2018) time periods.

Participants

Consecutive patients with ACS enrolled in the ACSIS registry were stratified according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Risk Score for secondary prevention (TRS2°P) to high (TRS2°p=3), very high (TRS2°p=4) or extremely high risk (TRS2°p=5–9). Patients with TRS2°p<3 were excluded. From the initial 15 196 patients enrolled, 5359 patients were eventually included.

Clinical outcome measures included 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and 1-year mortality.

Results

Among 5359 patients (50% high risk, 30% very high risk and 20% extremely high risk), those with a higher risk were older, had more comorbidities, presented more with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and were treated less often with guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy and percutaneous coronary intervention. Over time, treatment has improved in all risk strata, and the rate of 30-day MACE has significantly decreased in all risk groups (from 21% to 10%, from 22% to 15%, and from 26% to 16%, in high, very high and extremely high-risk groups, respectively, p<0.001 for each). However, 1-year mortality decreased only among high and very high-risk patients, and not among extremely high-risk patients in whom 1-year mortality rates remained very high (28.7% vs 28.9%, p=1).

Conclusion

Within a particularly high-risk cohort of patients with ACS, treatment has significantly progressed over almost 2 decades. While short-term outcomes have improved in all risk groups, 1-year mortality has remained unchanged in extremely high-risk patients with ACS.
Turnover intention and related factors among resident physicians in China under the standardised residency training programme: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Sun Xiaoting , Zhang Mengmeng , Lu Zhanghong , Zhang Zhaoyu , Zheng Jialin Charlie , Cheng Liming , Zeng Lianhua , Qian Yingli , Huang Lei
Published: April 2022

Objectives

This study aimed at examining the extent of turnover intention among the Chinese resident physicians who entered the newly established national standardised residency training programme (SRTP), and exploring factors associated with their turnover intention.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Ten institutions from five geographical areas in China.

Methods

1414 residents were surveyed using paper-based questionnaires and scales regarding their demographics, work situation, attitudes towards SRTP, job satisfaction, psychological resilience, burnout and turnover intention in 2017. The turnover intention was described and compared between categorical groups. Linear regressions were used to select the factors associated with turnover intention. The structural equation model was used to capture the potential mediating effects.

Results

The mean turnover intention score was 12.45 (SD=4.47). Nearly half (47.87%) of the residents had a high and very high level of turnover intention. Psychological resilience (β=0.066), burnout (β=0.141) and job satisfaction (β=0.022) were positively associated with turnover intention, while specialty (β=−0.135), year of training (β=−0.687), career in medicine (β=−2.191), necessity of training (β=−0.695) and satisfaction with income (β=−1.215) had negative associations with turnover intention. Working hours and nightshift interval indirectly were associated with turnover intention through the mediating effects of burnout. Career in medicine, necessity of training, satisfaction with income, and psychological resilience showed direct effects and indirect effects on turnover intention through burnout and job satisfaction as mediators.

Conclusions

The turnover intention among Chinese residents was prevalent and unignorable. Burnout was the major contributing factor, while year of training and positive attitudes towards training were protective factors. Burnout and job satisfaction also served as mediators. Interventions targeting these factors should be incorporated in the training programmes to keep a prosperous physician workforce.
Buried bumper syndrome: improving patient outcomes using a structured multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to management
Authors: Kitchin Angus , Matull Wolf-Rudiger , Pearl Daniel
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Buried bumper syndrome (BBS) is a complication seen in 2.4% of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. We present a case series of 30 patients with BBS managed at a regional referral centre over 13 years.

Methods

The original pioneering service (2007–2013) involved sporadic management by various endoscopists or surgeons (group A). More recently (2014–2020), patients with endoscopic or clinically suspected BBS were referred to a specialist multidisciplinary team (MDT) clinic, facilitating a best interest approach to decision making (group B). The objective of this MDT clinic is to plan for an interventional endoscopic procedure under general anaesthesia (GA) with balloon assisted PEG manipulation±needle-knife excision aiming for successful endoscopic feeding tube (FT) replacement through the established tract.

Results

Results are expressed as group B (n=19) vs group A (n=11). Statistical analysis used Fisher’s exact and unpaired t-tests. In group B, less patients required surgery to replace their FT (1 (5.3 %) vs 4 (36.4 %), p<0.05), more FTs were replaced in the pre-existing tract (18 (94.7 %) vs 2 (18.2 %), p<0.001), mean length of stay (LOS) was shorter (4.2 vs 10.5 days, p<0.05) and there were fewer complications (2 (10.5 %) vs 4 (36.4 %), p=0.16). Overall, endoscopic versus surgical management was associated with a shorter LOS (5.3 vs 12 days, p<0.05).

Conclusion

Nuanced decision making as part of a dedicated BBS service, employing MDT decision making and a structured management approach, is associated with improved patient outcomes.
Mechanical and tribological properties of W/WC coating with C2H2 ionization-assisted deposition
Authors: Gao Guangdong , Yang Chi-Hsin , He Nankai , Gao Hao , Wang Kun-Chieh , Zou Wuhui , Xu Chao
Published: April 2022

In this paper, a wolfram with wolfram carbide (W/WC) coating, which deposited on a 304 stainless steel and Si wafers, is prepared through co-sputtering by unbalanced magnetron sputtering technology with added C2H2 ionization-assisted deposition. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the W/WC coating are characterized by the equipment of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman, nanoindenter, scratcher, and Rockwell. Besides, a UMT-3 ball-disk reciprocating friction machine is used to study the tribological properties in the environments of atmosphere, deionized water, and seawater. The experimental results show that the C2H2 ionization gains the deposition rate and the carbon content of the W/WC coating, but significantly reduces the density and the relative wolfram content. Moreover, the sp3 content is increased and the sp2 content and the graphitization degree of coating are decreased. Compared to the W/WC coating without the C2H2 ionization, the hardness and the elastic modulus of the prepared coating are increased from 12.02 GPa and 179.91 GPa to 19.37 GPa and 269.61 GPa, respectively. In addition, the adhesive strength is reduced from 19.31 N to 9.41 N. For the tribological properties, the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the prepared coating are increased. The prepared W/WC coating is mainly abrasive wear in dry friction and in water.
Photocatalytic performance under visible light of WS2/TiO2/Au synthesized by hydrothermal method
Authors: Wu Kejun , Koinkar Pankaj , Furube Akihiro
Published: April 2022

In this study, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material WS2 and Au nanoparticles were combined with TiO2 to enhance the photocatalytic performance under visible light. The WS2 nanosheets were synthesized from bulk WS2 via ultrasonic process, and the Au nanoparticles were prepared through the reduction reaction from HAuCl4. The composite photocatalysts of WS2/TiO2/Au, TiO2/Au, and WS2/TiO2 were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal process. The light absorption property of the composites was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) photospectroscopy. Surface analysis of WS2 nanosheet, TiO2 nanoparticles, and Au nanoparticles was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical structure of composites and thickness of WS2 nanosheets were analyzed by Raman spectra. The photocatalytic activity was measured by methylene blue degradation reaction under visible light. These results revealed the photocatalytic behavior of WS2/TiO2/Au, TiO2/Au, and WS2/TiO2 composites, as well as WS2 nanosheets. The WS2/TiO2/Au composite showed improved photocatalytic behavior among all samples. It is believed that the WS2 nanosheet and Au nanoparticle extend the light absorption range from UV region to the visible region, as well as the WS2/TiO2/Au composite reduces the recombination of electrons. This study shows that the enhanced photocatalytic behavior of WS2/TiO2/Au composite can be used as photocatalytic applications in the future.
Identification of critical stations in multilayer railway networks based on evidence theory
Authors: Ma Junfeng , Ma Shan , Hu Wenfeng , Peng Tao , Gui Weihua
Published: April 2022

Multilayer networks have received considerable attention because a network with one layer cannot be used to describe a complex system with multiple relationships inside it. In this paper, we encapsulate the high-speed railway network into dynamic multilayer infrastructures based on the information of train operations and the railway network topology constrained by geographic factors. In our multilayer railway network, each station defines a node and each train route defines a layer. In order to identify key stations in a multilayer network, we first propose some performance metrics to evaluate the importance of stations. Then, an information fusion method based on the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is introduced. Through this method, the importance of each node in different layers can be fused, and the results of fusion are used to determine the importance of the stations in the whole multilayer network. Finally, some numerical experiments are discussed to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method. The results developed in this study could provide guidance for improving traffic managements under emergencies.
Narrowing the gap between combinatorial and hyperbolic knot invariants via deep learning
Authors: Grünbaum Daniel
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we present a statistical approach for the discovery of relationships between mathematical entities that is based on linear regression and deep learning with fully connected artificial neural networks. The strategy is applied to computational knot data and empirical connections between combinatorial and hyperbolic knot invariants are revealed.
Generalization of Classical Fuzzy Economic Order Quantity Model Based on Memory Dependency via Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equation Approach
Authors: Rahaman Mostafijur , Mondal Sankar Prasad , Chatterjee Banashree , Alam Shariful , Shaikh Ali Akbar
Published: April 2022

In this paper, an attempt to find a more generalized version of the classical EOQ model is made under the setup of fuzzy fractional calculus. Intuitively, the notions of fuzziness and fractional derivative represent the sense of uncertainty and memory, respectively. Thus, manipulating the classical EOQ model in terms of the fuzzy fractional differential equation (FFDE), the impacts of the uncertainty and system memory on the lot-sizing model are manifested here. The model describes the FFDE under Caputo gH derivative and Riemann–Liouville integration. A trapezoidal fuzzy environment is considered to find a better environment for the cost minimization perspectives. From the numerical simulation, memory introduction is established to be fruitful in favor of the cost minimization objective. Moreover, the discussed model contains the other versions (crisp integer order, fuzzy integer order, and crisp fractional order) of the classical EOQ model as particular cases.
Outcomes at 3 Months of a Place and Active Hold Method of Flexor Tendon Rehabilitation Following Zone II Injury
Authors: FARZAD Maryam , ABDOLRAZAGHI Hosseinali , SMAEEL BEYGI Amirreza , SHAFIEE Erfan , MACDERMID Joy C , LAYEGHI Fereydoun
Published: April 2022

Background: Previous studies have shown that outcomes following a place and active hold (PAH) are better than a passive flexion protocol after a two-strand core-suture repair of flexor tendons injuries in zone II. This study aims to determine the outcomes of a PAH protocol of flexor tendon rehabilitation following a four-strand core-suture plus an epitendinous suture repair of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) combined with a simple horizontal loop repair of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS).

Methods: This is a prospective study of patients with complete injury to both flexor tendons in zone II. All tendons were repaired with a simple horizontal loop for FDS and four-strand core-suture plus epitendinous suture for FDP. The PAH protocol was used postoperatively for 6 weeks. The outcome was evaluated using flexion contracture and total active motion (TAM), interpreted using Strickland criteria and categorised as excellent, good, fair and poor at 6 weeks and 3 months. The linear regression model was used to determine predictors of outcomes.

Results: The study included 32 patients with flexor tendon injury in 46 fingers. No repairs ruptured, and 24 (52%) digits achieved good or excellent motion 6 weeks after surgery using the Strickland criteria. According to the Strickland criteria, 41 (89%) digits ranked as excellent and good with no poor result at a 3-month follow-up. Four patients had 5–10° of flexion contracture. Age was the predictor of TAM at 6 weeks and accounted for 13% of its variation. Improvement of TAM from 6 weeks to 3 months was related to age and flexion contracture at 6 weeks.

Conclusions: The PAH protocol can be considered a safe technique for flexor rehabilitation after four-strand core-suture repair of FDP in zone II.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Penlight versus Smartphone: Diagnostic Efficacy of Transillumination
Authors: AZAD Ali , DE TOLLA Jadie , AYALON Omri , HACQUEBORD Jacques H. , GLICKEL Steven Z. , CATALANO Louis W.
Published: April 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a smartphone flashlight to a conventional penlight with regards to transillumination of simulated soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist.

Methods: Eight participants performed transillumination assessments in a fresh frozen cadaver upper extremity model. Spheres measuring 9.5 mm were used to simulate fluid-filled or solid soft tissue masses. Two spheres were placed on the volar aspect and two on the dorsal aspect of the wrist. These were then evaluated with either a smartphone flashlight or penlight. Participants noted whether each sphere did or did not transilluminate. Each participant performed two evaluations at an interval of 3 weeks.

Results: The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the smartphone were 100%, 44% and 72%, respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the penlight were 100%, 75% and 88%, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the smartphone group and penlight group was statistically significant (p = 0.029). The kappa value, indicating intra-observer agreement, for the smartphone group and penlight group was 0.76 and 0.76, respectively.

Conclusion: In conclusion, transillumination with a penlight is a viable adjunct to the examination of soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist. The use of a smartphone flashlight, while convenient, is less accurate than a penlight and can lead the examiners to misinterpret the composition of soft tissue masses.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Diagnostic)
Is Carpal Tunnel Release an Effective Treatment for Patients with Suspected Concurrent Carpal Tunnel and Pronator Syndrome?
Authors: MOZAFFARIAN Kamran , AMINI Arash , FARPOUR Hamid Reza , MOZAFFARIAN Dordaneh
Published: April 2022

Background: Some patients with a confirmed diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) on clinical examination and electrodiagnostic testing (EDX) may also have one or more clinical features of pronator syndrome (PS). However, the EDX is negative for PS. We label these patients as suspected concurrent carpal tunnel and pronator syndrome (CCPS). We suspect that this is a presentation of reverse double crush syndrome that occurs when a symptomatic distal compression neuropathy converts an asymptomatic proximal compression into a symptomatic one. We believe both compressions can be relieved by decompressing the median nerve only at the wrist. The aim of our study is to determine whether carpal tunnel release (CTR) is an effective treatment for patients suffering from CCPS.

Methods: This is a prospective, cohort study of the outcomes of CTR in two matched groups with 37 patients in each group. Group A included patients with suspected CCPS and group B included patients with isolated CTS. All patients were evaluated pre-operatively and 1 year after surgery using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). At one year, patients were also assessed for residual symptoms and positive provocative tests.

Results: A significant improvement in the symptom and functional severity scales (SSS and FSS) of the BCTQ was noted in both groups. The degree of improvement in SSS was similar in both groups; however, group A showed a greater improvement in FSS. This could be attributed to higher pre-operative values in some items of FSS in group A. No patients in either group had residual symptoms severe enough to necessitate further treatment.

Conclusion: The outcomes of CTR are similar in patients with isolated CTS and suspected CCPS and a CTR may be sufficient to address symptoms of CTS and PS in patients with CCPS.

Level of Evidence: Level II (Therapeutic)
Accelerated Durability Testing of Fuel Cell Stacks for Commercial Automotive Applications: A Case Study
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Ikeda Takuya , Murata Kazuya , Hotaka Osamu , Shigeki Hasegawa  , Tachikawa Yuya , Nishihara Masamichi , Matsuda Junko , Kitahara Tatsumi , Lyth Stephen M. , Hayashi Akari , Sasaki Kazunari
Published: April 2022

System durability is crucially important for the successful commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Conventional accelerated durability testing protocols employ relatively high voltage to hasten carbon corrosion and/or platinum catalyst degradation. However, high voltages are strictly avoided in commercialized FCEVs such as the Toyota MIRAI to minimize these degradation modes. As such, conventional durability tests are not representative of real-world FCEV driving conditions. Here, modified start-stop and load cycle durability tests are conducted on prototype fuel cell stacks intended for incorporation into commercial FCEVs. Polarization curves are evaluated at beginning of test (BOT) and end of test (EOT), and the degradation mechanisms are elucidated by separating the overvoltages at both 0.2 and 2.2 A cm−2. Using our modified durability protocols with a maximum cell voltage of 0.9 V, the prototype fuel cell stacks easily meet durability targets for automotive applications, corresponding to 15-year operation and 200,000 km driving range. These findings have been applied successfully in the development of new fuel cell systems for FCEVs, in particular the second-generation Toyota MIRAI.
Experimental Activation Energy for Solid Phase Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Thin Films at Elevated Temperatures Using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser-Based Infrared Heating
Authors: Noh Youngsu , Il Lee Myeong , Park Seungho , Hwang Jin-Ha
Published: April 2022

Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) were applied to the rapid heating of amorphous Si (a-Si) thin films using high-power infrared illumination at a wavelength of 980 nm, allowing for a high heating rate of up to 200 °C s−1, temperature control of less than 0.1 °C and temporal resolution of 0.1 s. The refined temperature control enabled us to accurately investigate the rapidly evolving period of crystallization in a-Si at a fast speed. The crystallinity and surface morphology were probed using Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The temperature-dependent crystallinity was quantified by fitting the annealing duration time with a sigmoidal curve. Based on the crystallization times in association with the Arrhenius relation, the activation energy for crystallization was calculated to be 2.6 eV, which is in excellent agreement with those obtained for low-temperature solid-phase crystallization.
Exerkine apelin reverses obesity-associated placental dysfunction by accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis in mice
Authors: Chae Song Ah , Son Jun Seok , Zhao Liang , Gao Yao , Liu Xiangdong , Marie de Avila Jeanene , Zhu Mei-Jun , Du Min
Published: April 2022

Maternal exercise prevents metabolic disorders of mothers and offspring induced by high-fat diet. Exercise intervention enhances PRDM16 activation, oxidative metabolism, and vascularization of placenta, which are inhibited due to maternal obesity. Similar to maternal exercise, apelin administration improves placental function of obese dams.
Ghrelin deficiency sex-dependently affects food intake, locomotor activity, and adipose and hepatic gene expression in a binge-eating mouse model
Authors: Prins Karina , Huisman Martin , McLuskey Anke , Mies Rosinda , Karels Bas , Delhanty Patric J. D. , Visser Jenny A.
Published: April 2022

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from the gut, is involved in hunger and reward signaling, which are altered in binge-eating disorder. Although sex differences have been described in both binge-eating and ghrelin signaling, this interaction has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that ghrelin deficiency affects the behavior and metabolism of mice in a binge-like eating paradigm, and that the sex of the mice impacts the magnitude and direction of these effects.
Adsorption of SO2 on ZnO Nanowires Using Activated Carbon by Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
Authors: Natrayan L. , Swamy Nadh V. , Katubi Khadijah Mohammedsaleh , Ali Daoud , Lemu Dumesa Gudissa
Published: April 2022

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is one of the contaminants present in the environment. They are the by-product of combustion, industrial pollution, generation of electricity, etc. After some reactions in the atmosphere, SO2 changes its form and produces acid rain. The presence of SO2 needs to be detected to combat its effect. Many nanosensors are designed to detect the presence of SO2 in the environment. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire sensor is one of those sensors used for SO2 detection. The size, structure, cost-effectiveness, and unique properties made it a choice for sensing purposes. Activated carbon is another compound that has porous substances that helps the adsorbate to settle down on the large surface area of its adsorbent surfaces. Combining the nature of ZnO nanowire and activated carbon, the adsorption of SO2 can be increased. This paper proposes a novel technique involving the activated carbon in the ZnO nanowire sensor to increase its SO2 adsorption capacity and rate. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is used to find the adsorption efficiency between the solid adsorbent and gaseous adsorbate. MATLAB simulation was carried out for the proposed work in which it is seen that the novel method shows 33.34% efficiency in terms of SO2 adsorption capacity. The response of the proposed sensor shows 23% efficiency over time. The analysis shows that the usage of the activated carbon increases the adsorbent site for SO2 adsorbate to adsorb on the surfaces. According to the adsorption quantity, SO2 level has been obtained in the environment.
A Novel Three-Input Field Effect Transistor with Parallel Switching Function Using T-Shaped Channel
Authors: Mo Zening , Jiang Zhidi , Hu Jianping
Published: April 2022

In this article, a novel three-input field effect transistor with parallel switching function (PSF-TiFET) is proposed. The channels of the new device consist of a vertical subchannel and two horizontal subchannels. The two horizontal subchannels are manufactured over the vertical subchannel by using smart-cut process. The top gate is located above the two horizontal subchannels. The front gate and back gate below the two horizontal subchannels are located on the two sides of the vertical subchannel, respectively. Each of the all three gates has roughly the same control area on the channel, and thus, the all three gates have roughly the same effect on the device channel. Due to its special structure, the new device is logically equivalent to three conventional single-input transistors in parallel. Compared with the traditional field effect transistors with a single-input terminal, the new device can be used to simplify the circuit with the reduced transistor number. The impacts of body thickness, gate oxide thickness, and work function on device performance are investigated, and then the device optimizations are carried out. The current characteristic of the device is theoretically analyzed. Silvaco TCAD simulations show that the theoretical analysis agrees well with the TCAD simulation results. This work explores the feasibility of multi-input devices, which would facilitate its development.
Application of Adaptive PID Temperature Control Algorithm under Spatial Thermal Model of ALD Reaction Chamber
Authors: Liu Zhenqiang , Lei Jinhui , Chen Yan , Xia Yang , Feng Jiaheng , Ming Shuaiqiang , Mao Wa
Published: April 2022

The study aims to expand the application of the proportion integral derivative (PID) algorithm and improve the practical application of the PID algorithm to the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. First, the ALD process is analyzed, and the application method of the PID algorithm is determined. Second, the research conditions of the PID algorithm based on the ALD process are designed. Finally, the temperature control operation of the PID algorithm in the ALD reaction chamber is modeled and experimentally studied under different research conditions. The results show that temperature significantly impacts the reaction chambers of stainless steel and aluminum. When the heating temperature increases, the temperature of the stainless steel chamber will also change, and the maximum difference between the chamber and the heating temperature is about 33°C. In contrast, the temperature of the aluminum chamber varies little with the heating temperature. The maximum difference between the chamber temperature and heating temperature is about 350°C, which shows that the temperature of the stainless steel chamber is better controlled and is more practical under the same temperature conditions. The pressure change has little effect on the temperature change of the reaction chamber of the two materials. The temperature curves of the two chambers show that the PID temperature control system can be used normally and has strong practicability. The study provides technical support for improving the PID temperature control system and the rational use of the PID temperature control algorithm in the ALD process.
Allogeneic Expanded Human Peripheral NK Cells Control Prostate Cancer Growth in a Preclinical Mouse Model of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wang Fangming , Dong Xuejiao , Wang Jing , Yang Feiya , Liu Donghua , Ma Jianlin , Liu Shuai , Chang Dehua , Xing Nianzeng
Published: April 2022

Adoptive allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapy has shown promise in treating castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is the terminal stage of prostate cancer (PCa) and incurable. Thus, we employed an efficient manufacturing method for the large-scale ex vivo expansion of high-quality NK cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of NK cells against human PCa cell lines and in vivo antitumor activity in a preclinical mouse model of CRPC. CCK-8 results demonstrated that the NK cells exerted potent cytotoxicity against all PCa cell lines in vitro. The NK cells were activated when cocultured with PCa C4-2 cells, evidenced by upregulation of the degranulation marker CD107a and secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ). In a xenograft mouse model of CRPC, the caliper, CT, and ultrasonography examination results showed that the size of tumors treated with NK cells was significantly smaller than that in the control group. Moreover, ultrasonography examination also indicated that the NK cell treatment evidently reduced the blood supply of the tumors and HE staining results demonstrated that the NK treatment increased the proportion of necrosis in the tumor specimen compared to PBS treatment. Meanwhile, the NK cell treatment did not cause significant serum IL-6 elevation. Therefore, our study suggested that the expanded NK cells exhibited significant cytotoxicity against PCa cell lines in vitro and excellent therapeutic efficacy against CRPC in a xenograft mouse model, which was of great value for the clinical treatment of CRPC.
Optimization of Flash Extraction of Akebia trifoliata Seed Oil by the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology and Comparison of Oil Yields from Different Origins
Authors: Huang Rong-Rong , Fan Li-Ye , Li Qi-Zhao
Published: April 2022

The aim was to optimize the extraction process of Akebia trifoliata seed oil. Using Akebia trifoliata seed as raw material, the oil extraction rate was used as index. The effect of flash extraction on the yield of Akebia trifoliata seed oil was investigated. Taking the liquid-material ratio, extraction voltage, and extraction time as the investigation factors and the oil extraction rate of Akebia trifoliata seed as the response value and on the basis of the single-factor test, the extraction process of Akebia trifoliata seed oil was optimized by the Box-Behnken response surface method. The oil yields of Akebia trifoliata seeds from different origins in China were compared. The experimental results showed that the optimum technological conditions for flash extraction of Akebia trifoliata seed oil were as follows: liquid-material ratio, 12 : 1; extraction voltage, 150 V; extraction time, 90 s; and oil yield of Akebia trifoliata seed, 19.83%. For comparison, it is found that the oil yield of Akebia trifoliata seed produced in Qujing of Yunnan is relatively the highest, followed by Tongren of Guizhou and Zhangjiajie of Hunan; the oil yield of Akebia trifoliata seed produced in Shimian of Sichuan is the lowest. The flash extraction process of Akebia trifoliata seed oil is reasonable, and the oil yield of Akebia trifoliata seed produced in Qujing of Yunnan, China, is relatively the highest. It provides a theoretical and experimental reference for the research and development of Akebia trifoliata seed oil.
Identification of Geographical Origin of Milk by Amino Acid Profile Coupled with Chemometric Analysis
Authors: Kang Min , Yue Quanhong , Jia Shikuan , Wang Jiarong , Zheng Mengdan , Suo Ran
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to establish a method to identify the geographical origin of milk based on its amino acid profile. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to measure amino acid contents. The significant differences of amino acid profiles of milk samples from four regions in China (Hebei, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia) were analyzed by ANOVA. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated the feasibility of geographical origin identification using an amino acid profile, which the first 2 principal components account for 65.62% of total variance. The predictive model for the geographical origin of milk samples was established by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with a classification accuracy of 100% and the performance parameters of R2X 0.98, R2Y 0.82, and Q2 0.75. The excellent predictive ability of the model was validated using the validation data set. The analysis of variable importance in projection (VIP) showed that seven amino acids played a key role in the geographical origin identification. This method is a reliable strategy to identify the geographical origin of milk for protecting consumers against mislabeling fraud.