bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning, Time, and Self-Governance
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

Our human capacity for planning agency plays central roles in the cross-temporal organization of our agency, in our acting and thinking together, and in our self-governance. Intentions can be understood as states in such a planning system. The practical thinking essential to this planning capacity is guided by norms that enjoin synchronic plan consistency and coherence as well as forms of plan stability over time. This book’s essays aim to deepen our understanding of these norms and defend their status as norms of practical rationality for planning agents. General guidance by these planning norms has many pragmatic benefits, especially given our cognitive and epistemic limits. But appeal to these pragmatic benefits does not fully explain the normative force of these norms in application to the particular case. In response, some think these norms are norms of theoretical rationality on belief; or are constitutive of agency; or are just a myth. These essays chart an alternative path, which sees these planning norms as tracking conditions of a planning agent’s self-governance, both at a time and over time. This path articulates associated models of self-governance; it appeals to the agent’s end of her self-governance over time; and it argues that this end is rationally self-sustaining. This end is thereby in a position to play a role in our planning framework that is analogous to the role of a concern with quality of will within the framework of the reactive attitudes, as understood by Peter Strawson.
Intention, Practical Rationality, and Self-Governance
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

Planning agency involves characteristic norms of practical rationality—in particular, norms of consistency and of means-end coherence of intentions. This essay defends the idea that there is normally a normative reason of self-governance in favor of conformity to these norms in the particular case. I contrast this self-governance-based view of these norms of plan rationality with the myth theories of Joseph Raz and Niko Kolodny, and with the cognitivism of Kieran Setiya. I explain how this view responds to concerns (including an argument from Setiya that focuses on nonmodifiable intentions) about the inappropriate bootstrapping of normative reasons. And I explore relations between this view and related work of John Broome, and between this view and Harry Frankfurt’s work on volitional necessity.
Consistency and Coherence in Plan
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay focuses on the reflections of a planning agent on her distinctive synchronic norms of practical thinking. It develops the idea of planning agency that is self-reinforcing by way of considerations of self-governance: given that one is a planning agent whose practical thinking is guided by basic planning norms—something for which there is good reason—one’s self-governance will be such that conforming to those norms is partly constitutive of that self-governance. This helps articulate a framework within which (a) pragmatic grounds for planning agency quite generally, combine with (b) normative reasons of self-governance for conformity to basic norms in the particular case. This framework can be brought to bear by a reflective planning agent in support of basic norms of synchronic plan rationality. And this supports an interpretation of the idea that these norms are peremptory.
Rational Planning Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay appeals to self-governance to explain why basic planning norms—both synchronic and diachronic—are norms of practical rationality. The best rationale of her own plan-infused practical thinking that is available to a reflective planning agent who has the capacity for self-governance involves a tight connection between plan rationality and conditions of self-governance, both synchronic and diachronic. This leads to the idea that there is rational pressure not only in the direction of forms of coherence involved in a planning agent’s self-governance, both at a time and over time, but also in the direction of an end of one’s diachronic (and so, synchronic) self-governance. This is because that end is central to a planning agent’s diachronic self-governance, given the role of that end in willpower that coheres with such diachronic self-governance. While this end is not essential to agency per se, it is a rationally self-sustaining element of a stable reflective equilibrium that involves basic planning norms.
Contemporary Accounts of Moral Progress
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter lays out several alternative understandings of moral progress found in the contemporary literature of analytical moral and political philosophy. None of these amounts to a theory of moral progress, but each is suggestive of some of the building blocks for constructing such a theory. Among the accounts considered are those offered by Peter Singer, Ruth Macklin, Philip Kitcher, and Peter Railton. A taxonomy of types of views is provided, utilizing the following distinctions: monistic (reductionist) versus pluralistic, static versus dynamic, and better norm compliance versus functionalist, where the latter are grounded in the idea that managing problems of cooperation is constitutive of morality. Each of these understandings is shown to be inadequate because it is unable to accommodate the full range of types of moral progress or, in the case of functionalist views, because it betrays an impoverished conception of what morality has come to encompass.
Toward a Naturalistic Theory of Inclusivist Moral Progress
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents the evolutionary core of a naturalistic theory that can account for the “inclusivist anomaly” discussed in the previous chapter. It draws upon a wide range of evidence suggesting that evolution has produced “adaptively plastic” moral psychological mechanisms that are configured to prevent inclusivist moral norms and dispositions from developing in certain environments, while allowing them to flourish in others. This evolutionary model of moral psychological development unifies a wide range of observations in disciplines as diverse as anthropology, psychology, sociology, history, and economics. Crucially, the specific environmental cues that we hypothesize guide human moral psychological development—in particular, cues that are indicative of out-group threat—are within the powers of human beings to modify.
Improvements in Moral Concepts and the Human Rights Movement
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines several momentous improvements in moral understanding, all of which represent impressive gains in inclusiveness. These changes—all of which are embodied in the modern human rights movement—include expansions in understandings of the domain of justice (the class of beings to whom justice is owed) and in the territory of justice (the kinds of actions and states of affairs that can be just or unjust), a redrawing of the distinction between justice and charity, the extension of a broad set of rights to all human beings, the recognition that some basic rights cannot be forfeited, and a profound change in how morality itself is conceived.
Conclusion
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

The conclusion summarizes the main lines of thought in each of the three parts of the book: Part I: What Is Moral Progress?, Part II: Evolution and the Possibility of Moral Progress, and Part III: The Path Traveled and the Way Forward. It recapitulates the explanation of why the book’s main focus has been on moral improvement in the form of greater inclusiveness. Next, the Conclusion revisits the distinction between global and local moral progress assessments in light of the preceding chapters, and it argues that it is implausible that the current state of affairs is overall morally worse than that of preceding eras. Finally, the authors sketch the kind of meta-ethical view that is not only consistent with the theory of moral progress presented in this book but actually suggested by it.
The Argument
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 lays out the book’s main argument on the importance of power asymmetry. It draws from three strands in the literature. From the literature on democratization, this chapter borrows the notion of constitutions as pact-making. From bargaining theory is borrowed the notion of self-dealing: Incumbents will seek to advance the powers of the office that they hold. And from the literature on elite theories of regime formation, the chapter develops the argument that power asymmetries among elite actors are the fundamental drivers of balanced constitutions. This book also seeks to explain the origins of an important institution: constitutions. It takes seriously the insight from institutionalists that institutions emerge from actors’ de facto power and bargaining outcomes. Yet, this book does not assume that actors’ preferences are exogenous, or exclusively ideological, and partisan; rather, those who negotiate a constitution have preferences that depend on whether they are Incumbents or Opposition forces, often regardless of their ideologies and partisan orientation.
Venezuela
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This first case study offers more proof of the book’s argument for power asymmetry by controlling for country (while testing the argument across time). Three major constituent assemblies and an aborted case in Venezuela are compared. In all, the best predictor of resulting presidential powers is power asymmetry. Furthermore, this chapter draws on the Venezuelan experience to offer two additional insights about the politics of constitution-making. First, inclusionary processes are crucial for constitutional legitimacy. Second, refined measurements of inclusion are needed to determine the effects of power asymmetry on stability. It is important to measure not just how much the Incumbent wins in terms of formal presidential powers, but also whether the Opposition’s pivotal issues are accommodated. The Opposition can accept a high degree of presidentialism if some of its pivotal issues are accommodated. However, the Opposition will feel threatened if formal presidential powers expand and pivotal issues are rejected.
Introduction
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

The introduction lays necessary factual and theoretical groundwork for the chapters to follow by describing the social contexts of the ancient wedding and love affair. The wedding is a markedly erotic moment, but love affairs, while often sharing or borrowing the discourse of the wedding, are unlikely to end in marriage. Greek and Roman norms differ at times, but the literary tradition provides continuity across cultures. In both societies, the wedding is more eroticized than the marriage. The poems associated with the wedding and the affair can be classified as types of occasional verse, deeply connected with specific social contexts. They frequently allude to details of the wedding ritual or of the symposium and its aftermath to suggest verisimilitude. Interaction between poetic discourses therefore implies interaction between social occasions.
Allusive Superstars
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

The evening star and its counterpart, the morning star, play important roles as generic markers in wedding poetry and love poetry. Poetic appearances of the stars commonly allude to at least one previous example, creating a chain of literary references across antiquity. These stars exert a powerful influence on human activities. In weddings, the evening star brings the bride to the groom, separates her from her family, and arouses mixed emotions of delight and fear. In love poetry, the evening star may unite lovers, but they are unavoidably separated by the morning star, herald of the dawn. The cyclical return of the stars is echoed by the tradition of refrains in wedding and love poetry. More commonly found in nuptial poetry, they can indicate allusions to the wedding song in erotic compositions and contain overtones of magic spells, particularly in the Latin tradition.
Cultivating Romance
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter demonstrates the nuances of plant metaphors in wedding and love poetry. Plant metaphors in love poetry praise beautiful youths by equating them with flowers threatened by the passage of time. Such threats are meant to be warnings to recalcitrant lovers. In the wedding discourse, flowers risk being violently destroyed and symbolize peaceful independence for female speakers. While floral metaphors do not permit safe interaction beyond aesthetic appreciation, vine metaphors emphasize physical entanglement and fruitful productivity. Accounts of nuptial productivity use imagery and terminology connected with fruit, not grain crops, which further distinguishes the discourse of the wedding ritual from the agricultural language of the marriage. Plant imagery at times alludes to specific literary predecessors, but may also refer to generally recognizable commonplaces that are part of a larger cultural matrix of natural symbols.
Wild Horses and Beasts of Burden
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter analyzes ancient animal metaphors according to interactive dynamics as well as species. Erotic praise of elite maidens presents them as proud racehorses and should be distinguished from metaphors of tamed or yoked hetairai that focus on the lover’s desired role as rider or driver. The marital yoke is a common metaphor in some genres, but yoking language found in the wedding discourse focuses on the unity of the couple rather than the control of the bride by the groom. Hunting metaphors that feature fearful or endangered animals are more common in erotic poetry or in tragic weddings, rather than in the wedding song. The chapter concludes with a series of Horatian odes that purposefully blur the lines between nuptial and erotic animals.
Divine Reciprocity
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the love affair and the wedding through lenses of the related dynamics of charis and makarismos. The Greek word charis (grace, favor) designates both desired beauty and agreeable reciprocity in Greek love and wedding poetry. Such harmony is a hallmark of the wedding, but its absence haunts the love affair. Reciprocity has similar ramifications in Latin poetry. The presence of reciprocity may be indicated by the makarismos (blessing). This topos raises mortals to a godlike level, and is commonly combined with praise of female beauty. A generic marker of the wedding discourse, it appears in erotic verse to symbolize brief but thrilling unions. Such heights can never last, however, and both the wedding and the love affair see time as threatening the brief blessed moment.
Introduction
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the concept of the “archaeomodern” and its connection to the aging of the quintessential modern medium of film. It sketches the historical and cultural background of the archaeomodern turn in the late twentieth century, including the development of an obsession with the past in the heritage industry and the rise of postmodernism. It then discusses two phenomena from the 1980s and 1990s—a mannerist or baroque revival, and the development of media archaeology—that complicate the habitual association between tradition and the past or modernity and the future. The introduction suggests that archaeomodern cinema was characterized by the return to failed or abandoned modern experiments and other relics from the modern past.
The Hauntology of the Cinematic Image
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

Beginning with the belated rediscovery and canonization of the work of Walter Benjamin, this chapter considers the close relationship between his writing from the 1920s and 1930s, when he was most active as a critic, and the late twentieth century. It suggests that Benjamin’s standard position in film theory—as one of the most forceful advocates for a radical modernism closely allied with cinema—corresponds to just one of many positions he adopted throughout his career and contradicts the argument that the ruins of modernity remain a source of utopian potential even after their apparent obsolescence, a position advanced in his book on the Baroque mourning play, his fragmentary Arcades Project, and elsewhere. This chapter suggests that Benjamin’s work on the mourning play and allegory constitute the basis for his continued relevance to media studies in the late twentieth century, especially as a belated but prophetic contributor to debates about the end of history or cinema.
Old Haunts
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

Agnès Varda’s Vagabond (1985) begins and frequently returns to images of the French landscape, and it constructs an allegory that binds the stories and images of its main character, the nation, and the land. At the heart of this and Varda’s subsequent films is an engagement with the significance of the land as a fragile part of an ecosystem, a gendered space, and a powerful symbol of the nation and its patrimony. Rather than view the landscape as an unbreakable link between the nation and the national past preserved in nature, she frames the natural world as a modern phenomenon in a state of ruin and develops an aesthetic of the landscape attuned to this condition. In Vagabond and her later digital documentaries Varda imagines her relationship to the land and history as a process of gleaning from the vibrant possibilities left behind after the process of modernization has run its course.
Introduction
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

For the stone shall cry out of the wall and the beam out of the timber shall answer it.

—Habakkuk 2:11.

AMONG THE PAGAN CITIES THAT WENT THROUGH “CONVERSION” TO Christianity in the fourth century, two were linked to Jerusalem by witness of stone and wood: Aelia Capitolina and Rome. The pagan identity of Aelia Capitolina—the Roman city founded by Hadrian in 135 CE on the ruins of Jerusalem—was exposed by the sanctuaries and statues of Roman deities erected in central places, notably, the Temple Mount. During the fourth century, however, the city was defined less and less by the presence of Jupiter’s temple and more and more by the absence of the Jewish Temple. This lack of a Jewish visual frame and physical medium was made more palpable by the looming constructions that now began to mark the sites of Christ’s Crucifixion and Resurrection. It was time to remember the Jewish past in order to construct a meaningful configuration of the New Jerusalem. But Rome itself had laid claim to Jerusalem’s Jewish past. It was home to the Temple spoils, transferred, or better, “translated” to the city by Titus in 71 CE. Whether they were kept in the city or later taken away, the Temple cult vessels were sculpted in stone, for all to see, on the Arch of Titus. Sometime in the fourth century, a relic of the True Cross was also translated from Jerusalem to Rome, turning Rome into the home of relics of both Old and New Jerusalem....
From Jerusalemite Spoils to Roman Relics
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

This chapter, composed in three sections that complete one another, deals with the direct and indirect impact of the nonexistence of the Temple in Jerusalem on the art and architecture in fourth-century Rome. The first section brings together the translation of sacred objects from old (Jewish) and new (Christian) Jerusalem to Rome. The second illustrates how the visual initiative of Dominus legem dat (The Lord gives the Law) was conceivable through the absence of the Temple in Jerusalem and the presence of its relics in Rome. The third section describes the visual correspondence between the scene of Dominus legem dat and the representative Jewish composition of the ark between two menorot, as an outcome of Emperor Julian’s failed attempt to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.
Conceptual Framework
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, the author specifies production functions that allow for working hours to enter a firm’s production function in flexible ways. This helps an evaluation of hypotheses that have been used in the literature on working hours. These production functions include an extension to the familiar function associated with Cobb and Douglas. A second production function relates absolute differences in working hours to proportional differences in output. Work effort figures in the development of these production functions. Drawing upon research that investigates the consequences of paying workers by piece-rate methods, the author argues that work effort is an important dimension of the input of labor services.
Nanosyntax
Authors: Baunaz Lena , Lander Eric
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a thorough introduction to nanosyntactic theory, a development of the cartographic program in generative grammar. It discusses the foundations on which nanosyntax was conceived, such as the “one feature–one head” maxim and the universal functional sequence (fseq). It also provides a brief comparison of theoretical and terminological issues in nanosyntax vs. the competing framework of Distributed Morphology. It is seen that the syntactic component according to nanosyntax unifies aspects of (what are traditionally called) syntax, morphology, and formal semantics. This is reflected in the tools used to probe linguistic structure in the nanosyntactic approach, such as morphological decomposition, syncretism, and containment. The chapter also discusses the technical details of the syntax–lexicon relation, detailing the matching or spellout process and Starke’s view of spellout-driven movement. This chapter is meant to provide readers with the necessary background to understand and navigate the rest of the chapters in this volume.
A Note on Kim’s Korean Question Particles Seen as Pronouns
Authors: Starke Michal
Published: June 2018

Kim (2011) observes that particles marking Korean clauses as interrogatives have the same shape as second person pronouns and proposes that this is because the particles are the addressee of a performative projection at the top of interrogative clauses. This chapter shows that this neat generalization is naturally implemented by phrasal spellout (and its Superset Theorem), including the fact that in some dialects the shape of some particles drift away from pronouns.
Institutional Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

Given the importance of institutions for the morality of war-making, a sound just war theory must rely on theory as to what makes institutions legitimate and an understanding of the distinctive practical role of the concept of legitimacy. This chapter provides both by developing the “Metacoordination” view of institutional legitimacy. This theory of legitimacy is designed to apply to individual states and to multilateral institutions; it also seeks to explain how the legitimacy of states can be enhanced by their participation in multilateral institutions and how the legitimacy of multilateral institutions can depend on the character of the participating states.
Reciprocal Institutional Legitimation
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter develops the idea, advanced in the preceding chapter, that the legitimacy of institutions is ecological—that whether one institution is legitimate can depend upon its connections to other institutions. It shows how a state’s participation in the right sort of multilateral institution can enhance its legitimacy and improve the moral quality of its decisions regarding war-making, and how the legitimacy of multilateral institutions can be enhanced if the right sort of states participate in them. An important implication is that whether an institution is legitimate may not be determined solely by how it treats or relates to those under its jurisdiction, but rather on how it relates to other institutions.
Reforming the Law of Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines key relationships between law, morality, and morally progressive changes in the law. It first documents that in some important cases improvements in international law have come about through processes that involved the violation of existing international law. Then it makes the case that illegal acts can be morally permissible if they are credibly directed toward significant improvement in the law and if they are undertaken in a way that exhibits a public commitment to lawfulness. The 1999 NATO intervention in Serbia for the sake of protecting ethnic Albanians in Kosovo is employed as a concrete example to illustrate the issues and distinctions.
Zhu Xi’s Critique of Buddhism
Authors: Tiwald Justin
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines Zhu Xi’s criticisms of Buddhism in order to identify the positions Zhu developed in opposition to Buddhist doctrines. Zhu’s letters, essays, and discussions with students show that Zhu tended to think that regardless of how subtle and defensible the Buddhists’ explicit views may have been in principle, in practice these views amount to something very different. Zhu developed three sets of criticisms in opposition to Buddhist views. The first set has to do with Buddhist soteriology, the fundamental priority of Buddhist salvation; the second concerns Buddhist meditation; and the third concerns the Buddhist doctrine of emptiness. The chapter concludes that Zhu was not engaged merely with a fictional notion of Buddhism. Rather, Zhu’s views and the arguments he advanced in support of them were developed in direct response to Buddhist thought, revealing that Zhu participated in a genuine, shared dialogue with his Buddhist adversaries.
Buddhism and Zhu Xi’s Epistemology of Discernment
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on Zhu Xi’s theory of knowing in order to show how Zhu consciously appropriated Buddhist ideas to develop his own thought. Zhu repurposed the Buddhist term zhijue (perceptual awareness) to become a general term for the mind’s various kinds of knowing activity. Zhu’s epistemology was a conscious rejection of radical approach associated with the Song dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163). Two parallel lines of argument are presented. First, the main reason that key aspects of Zhu’s thought resemble Buddhist ideas and modes of thought is due to the deep-rooted cultural embeddedness of those Buddhist ideas and modes of thought. Second, despite the fact that Zhu’s epistemic theorizing is replete with terms and phrases that are strongly associated with, and in some cases originate from, Buddhist writing, the similarities in terminology or structure actually mask deep differences.
Introduction
Authors: Kutz Christopher
Published: June 2018

Based on two case studies, one of accusation of incest in the Trobriand Islands, the other of suspicion of theft in the Bronx, the prologue questions the foundational relationship between crime and punishment. Fassin’s approach to the social world—not as it ought to be but as it actually is—opens the way to a critical engagement with moral philosophy and legal theory. It is all the more necessary since contemporary societies are going through an unprecedented punitive moment.
Why Does One Punish?
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

Why do we punish? Two major justifications are generally provided. Utilitarianism aims at promoting social welfare by reducing crime. Retributivism seeks to inflict a pain equivalent to the offense committed. Empirical observations conducted in the street with the police, in court with judges, and in prison at disciplinary boards establish that there are many more actual reasons why punishment is inflicted on a person. However, these multiple rationales do not exhaust the explanation. As we are reminded by Nietzsche, there is a form of collective or individual pleasure in the act of punishing, which can account for ordinary as well as extraordinary forms of cruelty.
Conclusion: Rethinking Punishment
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

If punishment is not what we say it is, if it is not justified by the reasons we invoke, if it facilitates repeat offenses instead of preventing them, if it punishes in excess of the seriousness of the act, if it sanctions according to the status of the offender rather than to the gravity of the offense, if it targets social groups defined beforehand as punishable, and if it contributes to producing and reproducing disparities, then does it not itself precisely undermine the social order? And must we not start to rethink punishment, not only in the ideal language of philosophy and law but also in the uncomfortable reality of social inequality and political violence?
Violence, Poverty, Values, and the Will to Punish
Authors: Western Bruce
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that Fassin’s analysis should be expanded in three ways. First, Fassin should take greater account of how the unlawful state violence he rightly deplores is nonetheless frequently produced in response to violent criminal acts. Losing sight of the underlying problem of criminal violence in poor and marginal communities can make it harder to see how reform might be possible, by reducing the problem to one of arbitrary labeling (and subsequent punishment) of certain kinds of conduct. Second, while Fassin notes the connections between vulnerability to state violence and poverty, it would be worth paying more attention to the way economic inequality dehumanizes certain subjects and makes them more vulnerable objects of state abuse. Social analysis should be humanizing, in response. Third, Fassin should express positive value commitments to those latent in his critique as a guide to reform.
Behavioral Studies
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

Against the background of rational choice theory, this chapter provides an overview of the behavioral sub-disciplines informing behavioral law and economics—including judgment and decision-making studies, parts of social psychology, moral psychology, experimental game theory, and behavioral ethics. The chapter discusses deviations from cognitive and motivational rationality, including studies of people’s moral judgments. It begins with probability assessments and related issues. It critically describes phenomena related to prospect theory, phenomena associated with motivated reasoning and egocentrism, and those related to reference-dependence. It also summarizes studies of bounded willpower. Some attention is given to studies that show that most people do not share the consequentialist outlook that prioritizes the maximization of human welfare over all other values. Finally, the chapter discusses several issues that cut across various phenomena: individual differences in judgment and decision-making; the significance of professional training, experience, and expertise; deciding for others; group decision-making; cultural differences; and debiasing.
Tax Law and Redistribution
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the implications of behavioral insights for tax design, taxpayers’ decision-making, and tax compliance. With regard to tax design, the chapter discusses policymakers’ own heuristics and biases, and their catering to (or exploitation of) the biased judgments of the public at large. Regarding economic decision-making, the chapter explores the dark and bright sides of tax saliency. With regard to compliance, it explains why people pay taxes, and how this compliance might be further enhanced. Finally, the chapter explains how cognitive factors affect taxpayers’ inclination to challenge tax liability. Additionally, the chapter describes the behavioral contribution to positive and normative analyses of redistribution, by shedding new light on how people form judgments about tax progressivity; the cognitive ramifications of poverty; wealth and subjective well-being; and the choice between methods and objects of redistribution. The chapter also comments on the use of taxes as a means of modifying human behavior.
Judicial Decision-Making
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the rich behavioral research on judicial decision-making. It opens with general theories of the cognitive process of judicial decision-making, focusing on the story model and coherence-based reasoning. It examines how various heuristics and biases—such as the compromise and contrast effects, hindsight bias, omission bias, and anchoring—are reflected in judicial decision-making. Special attention is given to the limited ability of fact-finders to disregard inadmissible evidence, the interactions between race and judicial decision-making, the role of non-consequentialist moral judgments in judicial decision-making, and the impact of the choice between rules and standards on the predictability of judgments. Finally, the chapter discusses two fundamental questions in the behavioral analysis of judicial decision-making: group decision-making, and decision-making by judges (as opposed to laypersons).
Perceptual Imagination and Perceptual Memory
Authors: Macpherson Fiona
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the philosophical questions about perceptual imagination and perceptual memory discussed in this volume. There are two central questions. The first is: How do perceptual imagination and memory resemble and differ from each other and from other kinds of sensory experience? These experiences seem alike in their apparent presentation of external objects or events, their perspectival nature, and their connection to one (or more) of the sense modalities. Yet, they are different with respect to their sense of immediacy: arguably, only when we perceive objects, do they seem to be present directly before us in our environment. The second question is: What role does each play in perception and in the acquisition of knowledge? Imagination, memory, and perception are typically taken to play different motivational and justificatory roles. This introductory discussion also outlines the structure of the volume and the contribution of the subsequent chapters.
Aristotle on Distinguishing Phantasia and Memory
Authors: King R. A. H.
Published: June 2018

Aristotle is the first philosopher to give an account of memory based on phantasia, a very broad, non-cognitive power of the soul. But how he distinguishes phantasia when not used in memory, from memory, is not easy to say. Two fundamental strategies for making this contrast may be crudely distinguished—we may call their proponents ‘the Activist’ and ‘the Phenomenalist’. An Activist will say that Aristotle will say: imagining is doing something different from remembering. A Phenomenalist will say that memories and imaginings appear different to their subject. The aim of this chapter is to show that neither Phenomenalist nor Activist can stand alone in an account of memory such as Aristotle’s. For, to put it in a slogan, remembering is an activity involving appearances.
Sensory Memories and Recollective Images
Authors: Gregory Dominic
Published: June 2018

‘Sensory memories’ revolve around sensory mental images that seem to us to correspond to how things were on specific occasions during our own lives. Many of our sensory memories seem to reflect the ways that things once were for us in the course of sensory experiences that we ourselves underwent. But our sensory memories seem sometimes to have a less subjective cast, as some of them seem simply to capture what the world was once like. This chapter develops an account of the representational functions of sensory mental imagery in sensory memories that accounts for both of those different sorts of cases, and which also meets a range of additional constraints.
Memory, Imagination, and Narrative
Authors: Debus Dorothea
Published: June 2018

Sometimes we experientially (or ‘recollectively’) remember, and sometimes we sensorily imagine things. Recollective memories (or ‘R-memories’) and sensory imaginations (or ‘S-imaginations’) characteristically correspond to our use of the distinct senses, and from the experiencing subject’s own point of view, S-imaginations and R-memories are phenomenologically rather similar. At the same time, however, R-memories and S-imaginations play very different roles in a subject’s mental life. How is this possible? How can subjects (rightly) treat those different kinds of mental episodes in relevantly different ways? This chapter is centred around the observation that R-memories (usually) have a characteristic relational property—they are ‘embedded’ in a context of relevant beliefs, on the basis of which a subject can tell a relevant story (or narrative)—which S-imaginations usually lack. With the help of this observation we can explain a subject’s ability to treat S-imaginations and R-memories in relevantly different ways.
Christina Rossetti
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

Christina Rossetti: Poetry, Ecology, Faith suggests that the life and works of Christina Rossetti offer a commentary on the relationship between Christianity and ecology. It counters readings of her as a withdrawn or apolitical poet by reading her Anglo-Catholic faith in the context of her commitment to the nonhuman. Rossetti considered the doctrines and ideas associated with the Catholic Revival to be revelatory of an ecology of creation in which all things, material and immaterial, human and nonhuman, divine and embodied, are interconnected. The book focuses on her close attention to the Bible, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi to show how her poetry, prose, and letters refused the nineteenth-century commodification of creation and declared it as a new and shared reality kept in eternal flux by the nondual love of the Trinity. In chapters on her early involvement in the Oxford Movement, her relationship to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Franciscan commitment to the diversity of plant and animal life through her anti-vivisection activism, and green reading of the apocalypse as transformative rather than destructive, the book traces an ecological love command in her writing, one she considered it a Christian duty to fulfil. It illuminates Rossetti’s at once sensitive and keenly ethical readings of the place of flora and fauna, stars and planets, humans and angels in creation, and is also the first study of its kind to argue for the centrality of spiritual materialism in her work, one driven by a prevenient and green grace.
Green Grace and the End of Time, 1885–1894
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

The final chapter of the book focuses on Rossetti’s development of her ecological reading of grace into a loving eschatology. With reference to her late prose writings, and her popular cycle of poems, Verses (1893), the chapter outlines her reading of John’s vision in Revelation, not as one of destruction, but as a promise that God would enter into creation in order to renew it from within. For Rossetti, God’s re-entry was driven by a prevenient and green grace through which creation’s diversity is gathered dynamically into his being. The conclusion to the chapter argues that Rossetti’s ecological reading of Revelation is dependent on a theology of kenōsis and weakness, one in which the human and nonhuman are gentled into a preparatory anticipation of the Second Advent. Rossetti’s end of time is one renewed into eternity through tenderness, kindness, and love, the repeated touchstones of her poetry and prose.
The School of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

The chapter begins with an account of the lives and works of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti, the key thinkers of the so-called ‘logico-epistemological school’. Following sections discuss the most important themes of their philosophy: epistemology, metaphysics, inference, and language. The discussion then turns to two specific epistemological problems, the status of scriptural authority and the role of meditatively trained, ‘yogic’ perception. The next section deals with the complex issue of how the school of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti relates to the other Buddhist schools, followed by a discussion of its debate with Mīmāṃsā, with particular emphasis on Mīmāṃsā epistemology, theory of language, and historiography. A final section treats the end of Buddhist scholastic philosophy in India, looking at two important thinkers from the times after Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti, Śāntideva and Atiśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna.
Fiction during the Second World War
Authors: Feigel Lara
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on home front literature and concentrates particularly on literature portraying the wartime experience in London. The majority of war literature was produced by authors who had remained in London. These tended to be non-combatants, but played an often major role in the ARP (Air Raid Protection) services, defending their city. Henry Green, William Sansom, and Stephen Spender worked as firemen; Elizabeth Bowen and Graham Greene as ARP wardens; and Rose Macaulay as an ambulance driver. This was a community of writers who were facing danger and defending their city, rather like the soldier poets in the trenches in the First World War. These authors had direct experience of the various periods of bombing, as well as of the peculiar hiatus when the war carried on elsewhere.
Women’s Fiction after the War
Authors: Sage Liz
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at the complexities of post-war women’s writing. Women’s fiction after the Second World War not only kept the feminist agenda alive (amid claims that pre-war feminism had fulfilled its aims), it also saw women authors engage with a diverse range of genres and styles to produce a rich and varied critique of society, politics, and culture. Indeed, the scope of material that could feasibly be labelled as ‘women’s fiction’ is so broad during this period that even using the author’s gender as a means for categorization becomes problematic. Moreover, the 1950s and 1960s saw a generation of women beginning to publish who have been uncomfortable with the very concept of ‘women’s fiction’ or ‘women’s writing’. This means that even considering their work under this heading is not straightforward.
Comedy, Class, and Nation
Authors: Tew Philip
Published: June 2018

This chapter studies the comic novel. If British and Irish culture in the post-war decades underwent some radical social and political upheavals, the novel registered and critiqued these transformations in part through the development of a particular comic mode. Comedy in British and Irish novels published from 1940 to 1973 often turned around the difficult intersection of class and nation. Alongside this overarching attention to class and nation, a number of other recurrent motifs can be traced in the comic novel of the period, such as the representation of cultural commodification, the decline of traditional values, and the emergence of new forms of youth culture. In the context of such widespread changes to the narratives that shaped public life, the comic novel expressed an ironic scepticism concerning the capacity of any cultural narrative to offer an adequate account of contemporary identities.
In the Wake of Joyce: Irish Writing after 1939
Authors: Cronin Michael G.
Published: June 2018

This chapter maps the mid-century period of the Irish novel in terms of the various aesthetic choices which Irish writers took as they contended imaginatively with the contradictions and conundrums of modernity, and the specific form which these took in a postcolonial society. After all, James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1939) destroyed the conventions of literary realism in a carnivalesque conflagration. He also dismantled the linguistic structures of intelligibility that uphold this mode of representation, yet he simultaneously produced an interfusion of Irish history with world history and of world history with global myth. Thus, this chapter conceives of a distinction between experimentation and realism as a performative rather than a constative assertion. The advantage of this model is that it not only recalibrates the distinction between realism and modernism in Irish writing, but also dissolves any clean division between Irish writers critically surveying the condition of modern Ireland.
The Children’s Novel
Authors: Hunt Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the development of the children’s novel throughout the twentieth century. This period represents a change from the protection of childhood to the commodification of childhood, and from essentially gentleman-amateur publishing to highly professional production and marketing. But for all its successes, the idea that the children’s novel is necessary inferior to its adult counterpart dies hard. This is the more illogical because novels for children do not have exact counterparts in the adult literary ‘system’. From an adult point of view, all children’s literature is necessarily ‘popular’ or ‘lowbrow’, or at its ‘best’ merely ‘middlebrow’. Equally, the term ‘literature’ is not useful or relevant in the criticism of children’s novels, and the most valued texts in children’s literature may be precisely those that have the least to offer the adult.
Queers, Gals, Chaps, Chicks, and Lads
Authors: Parker Emma
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines queer fiction. Although various in form, these stories share common concerns. They question the naturalness of binaries such as masculinity and femininity, maleness and femaleness, and heterosexuality and homosexuality. By emphasizing that identity has no essence or stable ground, and by presenting subjectivity as unfixed, multiple, and in process, queer fiction reflects the view that gender and sex are discursive constructs and that identity is performative — a matter of ‘doing’ rather than ‘being’, and an endless state of becoming. Further, queer fiction stresses discontinuities between sex, gender, and desire, and disputes heterosexual models of gender polarity and sexual difference. It privileges ambiguity, contradiction, illegibility, and incoherence.
Dystopian Science Fiction and the Return of the Gothic
Authors: Vint Sherryl
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the connections between dystopian science fiction and gothic fiction. It links science fiction to a tradition of European utopian and surrealist writing, situating the genre equally within discourses of science and the gothic. This perspective, the chapter argues, was perhaps more possible from the vantage point of 1973 than it would have been for earlier critics: the scientific romance tradition was rooted in a Victorian culture that believed in empire, technology, and progress, even if it was not always convinced by their contemporary instantiations. The dramatic shifts in British culture during the Blitz and in the immediate post-war period looked back on such optimism with a rather jaundiced eye: British global hegemony was distinctly at an end. It is little wonder, then, that the speculative fictions of this period turned toward darker tones of dystopia and the gothic.
Welsh Fiction in English: 1979, 1997, and After
Authors: Bohata Kirsti
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on Welsh fiction. Realism has dominated the Welsh novel, from the working-class novels of the 1930s onwards, and it remains an important, perhaps limiting form, although there has been a good deal of experimentation within this broad category. What is notable about the post-devolution wave of novels is the increasing number of fragmented or hybrid texts: novels which fuse fantasy and realism, fiction and autobiography, and novels which use place rather than plot to structure interlinked narratives. Fantastical narratives which could be described as magic realism are becoming more common and accomplished. Welsh myth in particular is reinvigorated and the palimpsest of Welsh topography is used to create narratives that unapologetically reimagine Wales as a place in which culture is generated rather than merely reflected or consumed.