bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youngsters’ Use of Other People as an Information-Seeking Method
Authors: Shenton Andrew K. , Dixon Pat
Published: May 2004

Use of other people has often been found to be the most frequently employed and most successful method by which youngsters obtain information. Nevertheless, significant questions remain largely unanswered, especially with regard to the types of information need that are met via this action, the sorts of people typically approached in order to satisfy needs of particular types, the actions taken by adults in response to youngsters’ approaches to them and the problems that youngsters face when using other people. In an attempt to shed more light on these outstanding issues, this paper draws on the findings of an essentially qualitative project devoted more generally to the information needs and information-seeking action of young people. The article closes by offering recommendations, based on the project’s results, for future practice in the teaching of Information Skills.
The Provision of Library Services for Visually Impaired Students in UK Further Education Libraries in Response to the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA)
Authors: Harris Clare , Oppenheim Charles
Published: May 2004

The provision of library resources for visually impaired students in the further education sector was investigated, and the effect the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 had on this was explored. Questionnaires were sent to library professionals in 230 further education colleges, in England, Scotland and Wales, in order to examine the general level of awareness and implications of the Act. Five respondents were interviewed to discover in more depth how the Act had affected libraries and the provision of resources for visually impaired students. Advice was also sought from the RNIB and others and a conference about ‘Enabling ILT to Include All Learners’ was attended. It was found that the Act had affected each library differently. Some were better equipped to implement the requirements of the Act due to the resources already in place, the positive attitudes of senior management encouraging advancements in this area and previous experience in assisting visually impaired students. Other libraries had more work to do and concerns surrounding training and funding were raised as possible problems that could prevent the successful implementation of the Act. Senior management need to put financial resources aside for physical alterations, equipment and training. Library managers need to evaluate services and conduct physical access audits. Library staff need to continue being helpful and liaise with other colleges and relevant organizations to establish methods of best practice, to make library services accessible to visually impaired students in order to comply with the legislation.
Information Literacy
Authors: Lloyd Annemaree
Published: May 2004

Information literacy is a meta-competency that encapsulates the generic skills of defining, locating and accessing information. It is an essential and integral competency for both the knowledge worker and effective knowledge management. Librarians need to realign their roles from providers and organizers of information, to facilitators and educators of clients’ information access and process. This requires librarians to develop partnerships with workplace communities so as to understand the role that information plays in the knowledge economy; and to develop a new language that is relevant to workplace communities and ties information literacy instruction to the authentic situations of the workplace. Information literacy is a meta-competency: it is the currency of the knowledge economy. The themes introduced in this paper are drawn from the current doctoral research of the author. The research examines what it means to individuals to be information literate in a workplace context, and how information literacy manifests and transfers in to workplace practice.
Little Book, Big Book
Authors: Furner Jonathan
Published: May 2004

A bibliometric analysis, updating Garfield’s previous study of 1985, shows that Derek Price’s Little science, big science (LSBS) has been cited on more than 1,500 occasions since its publication in 1963. Content analysis of these citations shows that Price’s work has inspired the formation and subsequent development of several distinct communities of scholarly practice, including the history, sociology, politics and ‘science’ of science. In library and information science, LSBS is best remembered for its model of the exponential growth of scientific literature. Recent scientometric work has demonstrated that other mathematical models may prove a better fit to data on the actual growth of the literature in various fields; of these alternatives, the power model is most commonly invoked as an all-purpose descriptor of growth processes in electronic communication systems such as the Web. Price’s work thus retains its relevance, 40 years on, for the webometricians of today.
The metres of ‘Dover Beach’
Authors: Fabb Nigel
Published: May 2004

‘Dover Beach’ is an iambic text which has four different lengths of line. I apply the Bracketed Grid theory of metrical form to the text and show that the four lengths of line can all be generated by a variant form of the iambic pentameter rules, and thus are all related at a more abstract level. I then show that the text is organized in a way which, in relevance theoretic terms, implicates that it is iambic pentameter in the conventional sense, and that this implicated form partially competes with the determinate metrical form generated by the metrical rules. I conclude that the possibility of competition between two distinct kinds of literary form, as illustrated by ‘Dover Beach’, can be a characteristic source of complexity in a literary text.
It’s about this: Lesbians, Prison, Desire
Authors: Millbank Jenni
Published: May 2004

This article explores three narratives of violently transgressive lesbians in a prison setting. The stories are two English novels, Nights at the Circus by Angela Carter (1985), Affinity by Sarah Waters (1999) and an English TV series, Bad Girls (1999-ongoing). A number of disruptive and counter-hegemonic aspects run through these stories including their portrayal of violence as a reasonable response to oppressive social conditions, a distinct problematizing of heterosexuality and the metaphor of a prison panopticon to explore the constraints imposed on all women’s lives. The article argues that the representation of lesbian desire in all three tales is truly radical in that it acts to dissolve unequal power dyads, although it also comes to question the extent to which it is possible, even in fiction, to sustain such rupture in the face of dominant cultural imperatives to ‘re-capture’ and ‘domesticate’ homo-normative images.
War, Lies, and Videotape: Public Diplomacy and the USA’s War on Terrorism
Authors: van Ham Peter
Published: May 2004

This article argues that the United States is not only fighting a war against international terrorism by classical, military means, but is also engaged in a battle over the ‘hearts and minds’ of the Muslim world. It examines the USA’s public diplomacy efforts to manage the after-shocks of 9/11, and identifies the key concepts that underlie public diplomacy. The article presents a brief overview of the main points of criticism that these policies have provoked. It concludes that although the USA’s public diplomacy is an essential (and still underdeveloped and undervalued) component of its overall policy towards the Middle East, it will take more than better communications to address the USA’s credibility and image problems in that region.
Networks of Effective Action: Implementing an Integrated Approach to Peacebuilding
Authors: Ricigliano Robert
Published: May 2004

Organizations in the peacebuilding field face the imperative of taking a holistic, integrated approach to peacebuilding that combines traditionally distinct disciplines such as human rights, humanitarian assistance, sustainable development, environment, conflict resolution, security, and the rule of law in order to be effective in today’s complex conflicts. The concept of a Network of Effective Action is proposed as a set of practices for collaboration that is capable of facilitating integrated approaches to peacebuilding both on the ground and in terms of the theoretical development of the field.
The European Union: Towards a Strategic Culture?
Authors: Rynning Sten
Published: May 2004

The vigorous debate addressing the potential of the European Union’s security and defence policy is indicative of high hopes and severe policy problems. This article examines the likelihood that EU member-states will develop the strategic culture - reflecting common interests and views of the world - that can be said to be a precondition for a successful security and defence policy. The article first investigates the EU’s predominant values and the reigning conception of the legitimate use of military force, and it then weighs this political potential of the security and defence policy against obstacles to unity: the ‘post-modern’ complexity of multilevel governance coupled with the necessity of ‘modern’ executive authority to undertake military coercion, as illustrated by the recent fight against global terrorism. In the light of the conclusion that the EU does not have the potential to construct a strong strategic culture, the article suggests steps the EU could take to safeguard liberal achievements in its history of integration while also enabling strategic military action by groups of countries sharing a particular view of the world, an interest in a particular conflict, or both.
The USA’s Role in Mediating the Cyprus Conflict: A Story of Success or Failure?
Authors: Güney Aylin
Published: May 2004

This article is an attempt to assess the role played by the United States in the search for a solution to the Cyprus conflict both during and after the Cold War. The USA’s role in mediating the Cyprus conflict during crisis episodes is crucial for understanding the evolution of this 48-year-old stalemate. It was the superpower politics and containment strategy during the Cold War years that determined the course of action in US crisis mediation and determined its success or failure. In the post-Cold War period, on the other hand, the success or failure of the USA’s crisis mediation in Cyprus has been determined by the fact that it remained the sole hegemonic power in world politics. This article aims to sort out the implications of success and failure in the USA’s role in mediating the crises of 1963, 1967, 1974 and 1998, to account for the variation in the outcomes and speculate on the possible US role to be played regarding a probable major crisis in 2004 when Cyprus joins the EU as a divided island.
The Business of Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Kemp Walter A.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the ingredients and effects of the explosive cocktail of crime, corruption, politics, and ethnic extremism. It argues that a number of contemporary conflicts seem intractable because in each case at least one of the parties has a vested interest in perpetuating and profiting from instability. The article suggests that attempts should be made to decouple ethnic issues from criminal ones in order to have a better chance of resolving conflict and preventing extremists from becoming spoilers. It looks at the crime–conflict relationship in conflict and post-conflict situations, particularly in Europe, and concludes by advocating a paradigm shift in order to bring new thinking and fresh policy approaches to a recurrent and persistent problem.
Regions, Spaces of Economic Practice and Diverse Economies in the ‘New Europe’
Authors: Smith Adrian
Published: May 2004

This paper considers some alternative readings of ‘the region’ in contemporary Europe. It does so through examining cities and regions as moments in webs of connections and through considering the diversity of economic practices that constitute regional economic life. Drawing inspiration from non-essentialist political economy, the paper charts several debates over how European regions are conceived in the mainstream, and emphasizes the limits of seeing regional spaces as bounded, centred on capitalist social relations and fixed in their identities. The paper explores alternative readings that emphasize the relational and open nature of regional spaces through a consideration of the economic practices found in the European garment industry.
International Labour Mobility and Uneven Regional Development in Europe
Authors: Williams Allan M. , Baláž Vladimir , Wallace Claire
Published: May 2004

Economic geographers have tended to neglect human mobility, and yet international labour migration constitutes significant flows that shape and are shaped by institutionally specific economic spaces. Three underlying themes run through the paper. First, the role of social networks in mediating relationships between flows and spaces. Second, the recomposition of the spatiality and temporality of flows in response to Europeanization and globalization, evident especially in the emergence of increased but differentiated skilled labour mobility. And, third, the locking into space - however temporarily - of inherently ‘sticky’ flows of labour mobility. These themes are investigated through an exploration of how the human capital, knowledge and financial capital embedded in migrants are created and articulated by migrants’ local and trans-local relationships in their spaces of origin and destination. Finally, the paper reflects on some of the ways in which the intersection of migration flows and spaces mediate patterns of uneven regional development in Europe.
Measuring Regional Economic Development in Russia: The Case of the Kaliningrad Oblast
Authors: Lamande Vincent , Samson Ivan , Vinokurov Evgeny
Published: May 2004

Economic indicators are essential for policy making. In transition economies and in Russia in particular, both the quality of data and their comparability are subject to criticism. This phenomenon is particularly observable for the Kaliningrad region, which is currently at the centre of discussions between the European Union and the Russian Federation. At present, many observers and policy makers are dissatisfied with the existing figures. The objective of this paper is to fill part of the gap and to give an economic image of the Russian enclave, on the basis of five years of fieldwork. We concentrate on the assessment of Kaliningrad’s trading openness and its economic development level. In a first section, we reassess the trading position of the region taking into account its geographical location. Second, we give an appraisal of the unrecorded economy of the enclave and reassess regional production. Finally, we make Gross Regional Product comparable with other countries and reassess the region’s GRP in purchasing power parity.
An Institutionalist Approach to Redundancies in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Greco Lidia
Published: May 2004

The paper explores the relevance of an institutionalist approach to industrial unemployment by examining the transformations that have occurred in the chemical industry of two industrial areas: Teesside (UK) and Brindisi (Italy). It assumes that processes of industrial restructuring and redundancies are shaped by (and shape) a complex matrix of institutions that affect corporate definitions of economic rationality and mediate their employment strategies. These institutions also explain the spatial heterogeneity of restructuring responses to common restructuring problems. The emphasis of this approach lies therefore less in the claim that organizational action adapts to the conditions of the market or is independent of it, but rather that organizations behave as part of specific institutional systems.
Bending the Rules
Authors: Wensing Emma H. , Bruce Toni
Published: May 2004

Extensive qualitative research shows that, even at its best, media coverage of women athletes tends to be ambivalent, meaning that it juxtaposes positive descriptions and images with descriptions and images that undermine and trivialize women’s efforts and successes. However, researchers have rarely explored the implications of nationalism — in particular during global sports events — for coverage of women’s sport. This analysis of media coverage of Cathy Freeman during the Sydney 2000 Olympics points to an instance in which gender lost its place as the primary media framing device because of Freeman’s importance as a symbol of national reconciliation.
‘The Public Gets what the Public Wants’
Authors: Crabbe Tim
Published: May 2004

For at least two decades prior to the 2002 World Cup Finals there had been a widespread tendency for England fans to be castigated by the full spectrum of media vehicles as the embodiment of an unrepentant nationalistic ‘Englishness’. These supporters have systematically been negatively associated with aggressive masculinity, drunkenness, open displays of nationalism, xenophobia and racism. Rather than assessing the extent to which these representations distort ‘the truth’ about ‘England fans’, drawing on popular cultural theory this article is concerned with the ways in which ‘regimes of truth’ (Foucault, 1980), deployed in contingent and situation-specific ways, have been constituted through an interplay between media reporting and wider cultural practice. The article utilizes media content analysis, interview material and participant observations collected before, during and after England’s games against Germany in Charleroi on 17 June 2000, in Munich on 1 September 2001 and during the finals of the 2002 World Cup staged in Japan and Korea. This material is underpinned by the researcher’s ongoing ethnographies among supporters of the England national team.
The Over-Production of US Sports and the New International Division of Cultural Labor
Authors: Miller Toby , Rowe David , McKay Jim , Lawrence Geoffrey
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on how US professional sports utilize the New International Division of Cultural Labor to supplement an overly costly local labor pool and over-supplied local market. We argue that while the classic problem of over-production is slowly eroding the sealed-off nature of US culture, the forces of its hyper-protectionist capitalism continue to characterize sports, precluding equal exchange.
Gay/Lesbian Sport Clubs and Events
Authors: Elling Agnes , de Knop Paul , Knoppers Annelies
Published: May 2004

Over the last two decades the founding of sport clubs and organization of sport events specifically for gays and lesbians has increased in the Netherlands and most other western countries. For many policy-makers the popularity of playing sport ‘apart’ seems to be in contradiction to current liberal legislation concerning homosexuality and gay and lesbian rights. Gay/lesbian sport clubs and events like the Gay Games, which took place in Amsterdam in 1998 and Sydney in 2002, raise questions about the social integrative meanings and functions of sport. In this article different, often tenuous and ambiguous, integrative meanings are discussed in relation to mainstream and gay and lesbian sport clubs and events.
‘We Do Not Engage in Promotional Journalism’
Authors: Knoppers Annelies , Elling Agnes
Published: May 2004

Although the results of content analyses of television and newspaper sport coverage have shown quantitative and qualitative gender differences, such analyses do not reveal why some texts are selected and others not. Although this selection process is constrained by structural factors, there is room for agency since journalists decide what to include and how to write about that. Little scholarly attention has been paid to the ways in which agency is used in the discourses of sport journalists to describe the gendering of the selection process. The purpose of this study is to explore the discursive strategies and their gendered subtexts employed by Dutch sports journalists in explaining the selection process, especially the exclusion of women’s sports coverage. The results show that the journalists conceal issues of gendered dynamics of power by using an ideology of neutrality. This strategy allows them to be misogynist and resistant to the coverage of women’s sport while simultaneously allowing them to claim neutrality and fairness for themselves. We explore how their discourse is linked to a broader societal discourse and how it simultaneously strengthens that discourse.
Reflexive Modernization and the Disembedding of Jūdō from 1946 to the 2000 Sydney Olympics
Authors: Villamón Miguel , Brown David , Espartero Julián , Gutiérrez Carlos
Published: May 2004

This article considers some of the sociologically significant changes to jūdō in its process of transformation from a Budō based martial art into a modern competitive spectator sport. Taking the period of time from 1946 until the Sydney Olympics, an examination is undertaken using Giddens’s notion of reflexive modernization in which key aspects of the original jūdō are disembedded or ‘lifted out’ of the practice. They are then re-embedded with western structures, practices and meanings. Central themes to emerge from this analysis are the social forces of internationalization, institutionalization and commodification of jūdō over this period, each of which contributes to a reflexive modernization process. It is concluded that the evolution of this activity in its now dominant sporting form is taking jūdō further and further away from the aims, methods and ideas derived from the philosophical principles on which it was originally conceived. Ironically, in spite of this, it appears that many western practitioners are attempting to re-embed the very aspects of eastern movement forms, such as Budō, that have been disembedded, a situation that prompts us to call for further work in this area.
Portraying the United States vs Portraying a Champion
Authors: Billings Andrew C. , Tambosi Fabio
Published: May 2004

Two key factors often influence the shaping of broadcast commentary: (a) if one of the teams portrayed is considered the sportscasters’ ‘home’ team and (b) if one of the teams is viewed to be the superior or ‘superstar’ team. This analysis compares and contrasts these two factors by analyzing sportscaster portrayals of the United States 2002 World Cup team (‘home’ team) and the Brazilian 2002 World Cup team (champion/‘superstar’ team). Analysis of the preliminary games of both teams indicated that, while Brazil received a greater share of the comments about personality and creativity, the US team received the bulk of the overall commentary. Additionally, the US team was often portrayed as failing because of ‘bad luck’ rather than lack of athletic skill or other more immediate factors. Discussion and directions for further research are articulated.
Sport Policy Development in New Zealand
Authors: Sam Michael P. , Jackson Steven J.
Published: May 2004

Sport policies are underpinned by particular interpretive frameworks or paradigms . These paradigms shape: a) the construction of policy problems, b) the alternative approaches to resolving these problems and c) what is considered to be an acceptable government intervention. This article investigates how a policy paradigm shaped the findings and recommendations of New Zealand’s Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness and Leisure. Using empirical data gathered from observations of the Taskforce’s consultations, interviews with Taskforce members and a review of public submissions, it is argued that a paradigm (stressing rationalization and integration) served as the basis for recommendations to reduce the number of regional sports trusts, to centralize control over the sector and to coordinate the administration of sport. Two fundamental contradictions and paradoxes arising from this paradigm shift are discussed. The first notes the historical contingencies that gave rise to the problem of fragmented sport delivery structures, including government’s preference for contractual agreements and decentralized control. The second examines the appropriateness of centralizing powers given the inherent need for specialized (and autonomous) delivery mechanisms. This study’s focus on paradigms helps to explain how policies can alter institutional relations and the lived world of actors with respect to their identities, opportunities and capacities to act.
Creating Trust through Narrative Strategy
Authors: Gabbay Shaul M. , Leenders Roger Th. A. J.
Published: May 2004

In the rational model of trust, an actor's level of trust is a function of the expected gain and loss involved. As a consequence, if A can influence the gain and loss perceived by B, A can influence B's level of trust. In this article we study how A can do this through the strategic use of narrative. In particular, we show how actors who attempt to recruit others into network marketing employ narrative in manipulating the recruit's expectations. For example, we show how the costs involved in recruiting friends and family into network marketing are transformed into benefit through narrative strategies. Through the strategic use of narrative, recruiters change the recruit's perception of the evidence underlying the trust decision and make perfectly rational behavior that was not considered rational before. In addition, we argue that recruiters use similar narrative on themselves in reconfirming the validity of their own previous decision to trust.
Community-Based, Culturally Sensitive HIV/AIDS Education for Aboriginal Adolescents: Implications for Nursing Practice
Authors: Majumdar Basanti B. , Chambers Tracey L. , Roberts Jacqueline
Published: May 2004

Research is an essential component of effective, evidence-based nursing practice. Limited scientific data have been published on Canadian Aboriginals, and even less information is available on HIV prevention efforts aimed at Aboriginal youth. The need for more research on HIV and AIDS among Aboriginals, and especially Aboriginal youth, is highlighted throughout the article as a means to improving prevention interventions for this vulnerable population. At the same time, insights gained from a culture-sensitive, HIV/AIDS educational program that targeted a group of Aboriginal adolescents from a local First Nations community in Ontario are discussed. Implications for future HIV/AIDS peer-based prevention efforts using the train-the-trainer technique are also considered.
Postpartum Practices and Depression Prevalences: Technocentric and Ethnokinship Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Posmontier Barbara , Horowitz June Andrews
Published: May 2004

Reports of non-Western prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) are highly variable. This variation may indicate that the label of PPD may be unacceptable in some groups or not used, that manifestations may vary by culture, or that cross-cultural diagnostic standards do not match Western clinical criteria. These factors complicate efforts to explore the relationship of postpartum traditional practices to PPD between Western and non-Western cultures. Although Stern and Kruckman viewed PPD as a culture-bound phenomenon of Western culture, an expanding international literature has demonstrated that PPD occurs in a variety of countries. To address these issues, the authors examined the literature to describe cultural postpartum traditions, to explore possible relationships among practices and PPD prevalence, to critique the culture-bound theory, and to discuss clinical practice implications.
The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Organ Donation and Transplantation in Korea: Findings From Key Informant Interviews
Authors: Kim Jung Ran (Theresa) , Elliott Doug , Hyde Cheryl
Published: May 2004

Although brain death was formally recognized in Korea in 2000 for the purpose of organ donation, traditional Confucian-based thought still prevails. The aim of this study was to explore sociocultural perspectives that influence health professionals’ attitudes and perceptions regarding organ donation. Semistructured interviews were conducted with nine key informants from three major hospitals providing transplant services in South Korea. Several themes were identified as barriers to organ donation: Confucianism, misunderstandings and myths, organs as spare for selling, lack of clarity in the definition of death in the new legislation, and limited medical insurance coverage. It remains difficult for brain death to be accepted as true death, and there is currently a poor rate of organ procurement. Findings of the study will help identify socioculturally appropriate strategies to promote acceptance and accessibility of organ transplantation among South Koreans.
Assessing Instruments in a Cuban American Population With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Morgan Barbara S. , Buscemi Charles P. , Fajardo Vivian P.
Published: May 2004

The purposes of this pilot study were to identify and adapt instruments for future use in assessing diabetes self-management in a sample of Cuban Americans with Type 2 diabetes. Eight instruments were selected from the literature, translated into Spanish, and administered to a sample of 20 Cuban Americans with Type 2 diabetes. Psychometric properties were examined along with clarity of wording, cultural appropriateness, and ease of use. Reliability data were compared, when possible, with original scores generated with non-Cuban populations. Results indicated that reliability scores among populations were similar. Support for using these instruments in clinical practice to assess initial knowledge and beliefs about aspects of diabetes management and to monitor changes is provided.
The Model of Cultural Competence Through an Evolutionary Concept Analysis
Authors: Suh Eunyoung Eunice
Published: May 2004

Becoming a culturally competent health professional is a demanding prerequisite in this multicultural society. Cultural competence is explored and abstracted as a conceptual framework through a concept analysis using the evolutionary method. Its model is constructed from a systemic, comprehensive literature review and analysis. Taking into account how cultural competence is viewed by other disciplines (medicine, psychology, education, and social work), a comprehensive definition, antecedents, and consequences of cultural competence in nursing are described and diagrammed. Additionally, two model cases and future implications are discussed. The broader American society is composed of a mosaic of discrete cultural groups existing within the context of their values and identities. Those distinct cultures affect each patient’s ways of thinking and his or her perceptions on health care and health behaviors. The proposed model of cultural competence provides a theoretical guide for developing strategies to achieve culturally competent care in nursing practice and research.
Finding a Way: Afghan Women’s Experience in Community Participation
Authors: Lindgren Teri , Lipson Juliene G.
Published: May 2004

Community participation is embedded in primary health care and is key to improving the health and well-being of communities. The concept has not, however, been well studied particularly from the perspective of community members who participate. This article describes findings from qualitative interviews with five Afghan refugee women to explore their experience and the meaning of community participation. From data analysis, two themes emerged: Becoming active encompasses their stories of home, flight, resettlement, learning, and coming together; and being active reflects what they are doing and why they are doing it. Nascent themes and questions that need further elucidation are also discussed.
Contrasting Experiences With Child Health Care Services by Mothers and Professional Caregivers in Transitional Housing
Authors: Amen Maisha M. , Pacquiao Dula F.
Published: May 2004

The study examined experiences of mothers and health care providers with preventive child health care services using qualitative methods at a primary care clinic located in transitional housing for homeless families in an urban community with predominantly Black American residents. Participants were 20 mothers and 4 health care professionals. Three major domains emerged: (a) the infrastructure of the clinic and health care delivery poses barriers to mothers’ access and use of services for their children; (b) specialized, biomedical-driven care produces fragmented care delivery not responsive to the comprehensive nature of problems of mothers and their children; and (c) organizational strategies for improving access and use of health care services are directed by health care providers’ value orientations. Findings support existence of infrastructural characteristics of the health care system that maintains differential value orientations and power structure, and care delivery processes that are non responsive to racially diverse and poor mothers.
School-Based Asthma: A Study in an African American Elementary School
Authors: Boyle Joyceen S. , Baker R. Randall , Kemp Virginia H.
Published: May 2004

Issues and purpose: Chronic illnesses, such as asthma experienced by children, are difficult for families and school professionals to manage. This study explored beliefs about asthma and asthma management among schoolchildren, parents, and teachers in an African American school. Design and methods: Focus groups were conducted with schoolchildren, parents, and teachers. Data were analyzed by content analysis; segments of information were categorized into groups that were later abstracted into themes illustrating beliefs and behaviors about asthma. Results: The children reported fear of not being able to breathe and the limitations of living with asthma. The teachers were concerned that they did not have a sufficient understanding of asthma to manage children’s asthma during the school day. Parents described complex lifestyles and the challenges of asthma management.
Native American Nurse Leadership
Authors: Nichols Lee Anne
Published: May 2004

Purpose: To identify which characteristics, wisdom, and skills are essential in becoming an effective Native American nurse leader. This will lead to the development of a curriculum suitable for Native American nurses. Design: A qualitative, descriptive design was used for this study. Focus groups were conducted in Polson, Montana. A total of 67 Native and non-Native nurses participated. Sixty-seven percent of them were members of Indian tribes. Data were content analyzed using Spradley’s ethnographic methodology. Findings: Three domains of analysis emerged: point of reference for the leader (individual, family, community), what a leader is (self-actualized, wise, experienced, political, bicultural, recognized, quiet presence, humble, spiritual, and visionary), and what a leader does (mentors, role models, communicates, listens, demonstrates values, mobilizes, and inspires). Discussion: Native nurse leaders lead differently. Thus, a leadership curriculum suitable for Native nurses may lead to increased work productivity and therefore improved patient care for Native Americans.
Development of a Multilingual Resource Manual
Authors: Ridley Renee T. , Naber Jessica Leigh , Florea Felecia A. , Guminski Danielle
Published: May 2004

Providing culturally competent health care is a growing need as the population of culturally diverse women continues to rise. Compilation of a multilingual resource manual about maternal-child and women’s health topics that can be used by health educators to provide care to non-English-speaking and limited English proficiency (LEP) clients was achieved to address this need. In this article, significant details of this process are described allowing the reader to produce a similar version of the manual.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Crime Control Policies in Knoxville’s Public Housing
Authors: Barbrey John W.
Published: May 2004

Crime in Knoxville’s public housing is an ongoing problem for the Knoxville Police Department and the Knoxville Community Development Corporation (KCDC). The purpose of this study is to determine whether public policies and programs that attempted to reduce crime in seven of Knoxville’s public-housing developments were effective. They include (a) a “One-Strike” eviction policy, (b) the demolition of one housing project with funding from the Department of Housing and Urban Development’sHOPEVI grant program, (c) a “team-based” approach to policing, and (d) a new residency-applicant-screening process. Descriptive statistics were generated by using Arcview mapping software to separate the yearly Part I serious crime incidents for 1996 to 2001 in two distinct geographical regions: (a) the area represented by the KCDC study sites where the policies were implemented and (b) the remainder of the City of Knoxville. Crimes of opportunity and property crimes were minimally affected by some of the policies at best, yet KCDC still has a more dangerous environment than the rest of Knoxville.
Perceptual Variations of Stressors Among Police Officers during an Era of Decreasing Crime
Authors: Garcia Luis , Nesbary Dale K. , Gu Joann
Published: May 2004

The historic decrease in the crime rate reported within many U.S. cities during the past decade provides an opportunity to determine if police officers would rank other stressors higher when the ubiquitous crime factor is proportionally minimized. This study tests the assumption that law enforcement officers would experience lower levels of stress during an extended period of relatively low crime rates and predominantly report external, non–crime related factors as primary stressors. Stressor sources were measured from a sample of 1,022 police officers within a major northeastern U.S. city during an era of significantly declining crime rates. A description and mean ranking of organizational, job-related, and external stressors were presented for the sample, as were representative ranges of job tenure, rank, gender, race, work shift, and assignment areas. The results indicated generally moderate levels of stress and some distinctions in the variable categories while affirming the significance of select stressors identified within the literature.
White-Collar Crime and Criminal Careers
Authors: Piquero Nicole Leeper , Benson Michael L.
Published: May 2004

The life course approach to the study of criminal careers has achieved a prominent place in criminology. Life course researchers have identified several distinct patterns in criminal offending and provided several provocative explanations to account for them. Noticeably lacking in the study of life course criminology, however, is any recognition of white-collar offenders. The typical whitecollar offender greatly differs from the typical street offender and does not appear to fit into the proposed explanations of life course offending patterns. Recently, some scholars have applied the techniques and terminology of the criminal career perspective to white-collar offending. This article reviews the current state of developmental theories as they apply to life course offending patterns, summarizes what is known about the intersection of white-collar crime and criminal careers, and suggests ways in which the current theoretical understandings of crime over the life course can be modified to account for white-collar crime patterns.
Desistance from Crime and Explanatory Style
Authors: Maruna Shadd
Published: May 2004

Research on offender verbalizations traditionally focuses on the degree to which offenders accept responsibility (or blame) for their mistakes. This small study expands this cognitive perspective in criminology by incorporating basic findings from the psychological literature on attributions. Additionally, offender attributions or neutralizations are framed within a life course perspective. It was found that active offenders and desisting ex-offenders differ in terms of explanatory style. Compared to desisting ex-offenders, active offenders tend to interpret negative events in their lives as being the product of internal, stable, and global forces. On the other hand, active offenders were more likely to believe that the good events in their lives were the product of external, unstable and specific causes. These other dimensions of offender cognitions may be useful in understanding the psychological aspects of desistance from crime.
Criminal Offending Frequency and Offense Switching
Authors: Brame Robert , Paternoster Raymond , Bushway Shawn D.
Published: May 2004

A basic function of criminal career research is to describe patterns of criminal offending. During the history of the criminal career framework, researchers have divided the conceptual terrain of criminal offending into different dimensions. Two such dimensions include offending frequency and offense switching. Although research on both of these dimensions is extensive, there has been little investigation of their relationship to each other. In this article, the authors use juvenile police contact data from the 1945 Philadelphia birth cohort study to address this issue. In so doing, they extend an existing analytical framework that will allowthem to examine the joint distribution of these two variables. Two specific models are compared. The first model hypothesizes that the probability of switching between two categories of offenses (serious violent and all other offenses) will vary with individual offense frequency. The second model hypothesizes that the probability of offense switching and offending frequency are independent of each other. Our analysis suggests that the process implicated by the second model is more consistent with the data.
Pseudoelastic SMA Spring Elements for Passive Vibration Isolation: Part I – Modeling
Authors: Khan Mughees M. , Lagoudas Dimitris C. , Mayes John J. , Henderson Benjamin K.
Published: May 2004

In this work, the effect of pseudoelastic response of shape memory alloys (SMAs) on passive vibration isolation has been investigated. This study has been conducted by developing, modeling, and experimentally validating a SMA-based vibration isolation device. This device consists of layers of preconstrained SMA tubes undergoing pseudoelastic transformations under transverse dynamic loading. These SMA tubes are referred to as SMA spring elements in this study. To accurately model the nonlinear hysteretic response of SMA tubes present in this device, at first a Preisach model (an empirical model based on system identification) has been adapted to represent the structural response of a single SMA tube. The modified Preisach model has then been utilized to model the SMA-based vibration isolation device. Since this device also represents a nonlinear hysteretic dynamical system, a physically based simplified SMA model suitable for performing extensive parametric studies on such dynamical systems has also been developed. Both the simplified SMA model and the Preisach model have been used to perform experimental correlations with the results obtained from actual testing of the device. Based on the studies conducted, it has been shown that SMA based vibration isolation devices can overcome performance trade-offs inherent in typical softening spring-damper vibration isolation systems. This work is presented as a two-part paper. Part I of this study presents the modification of the Preisach model for representing SMA pseudoelastic tube response together with the implemented identification methodology. Part I also presents the development of a physically based simplified SMA model followed by model comparisons with the actual tube response. Part II of this work covers extensive parametric study of a pseudoelastic SMA spring-mass system using both models developed in Part I. Part II also presents numerical simulations of a dynamic system based on the prototype device, results of actual testing of the device and correlations of the experimental cases with the model predictions.
Pseudoelastic SMA Spring Elements for Passive Vibration Isolation: Part II – Simulations and Experimental Correlations
Authors: Lagoudas Dimitris C. , Khan Mughees M. , Mayes John J. , Henderson Benjamin K.
Published: May 2004

In Part II of this two-part study, system simulations and experimental correlations of a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) based vibration isolation device (briefly described in Part I) has been presented. This device consists of layers of preconstrained SMA tubes undergoing pseudoelastic transformations under transverse dynamical loading. In Part II, detailed description of the prototype vibration isolation device, its experimental setup, and actual experimental test results are presented. An extensive parametric study has been conducted on a nonlinear hysteretic dynamical system, representing this vibration isolation device utilizing a physically based simplified SMA model and a Preisach model (an empirical model based on system identification) developed in Part I. Both the physically based simplified SMA model and the modified Preisach model have been utilized to perform experimental correlations with the results obtained from actual testing of the device. Based on the investigations, it has been shown that variable damping and tunable isolation response are major benefits of SMA pseudoelasticity. Correlation of numerical simulations and experimental results has shown that large amplitude displacements causing phase transformations of SMA components present in such a device are necessary for effective reduction in the transmissibility of such dynamical systems. It has also been shown that SMA-based devices can overcome performance trade-offs inherent in typical softening spring-damper vibration isolation systems. In terms of numerically predicting the experimental results, it has been shown that the Preisach model gave relatively accurate results due to better modeling of the actual SMA tube behavior. However, for a generic parametric study, the physically based simplified SMA model has been found to be more useful as it is motivated from the constitutive response of SMAs and hence, could easily incorporate different changes in system conditions.
Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Virtual and Physical Environments
Authors: Hoyt Crystal L. , Blascovich Jim
Published: May 2004

Transformational and transactional leadership in both physical (i.e., face-to-face) and virtual settings were examined in a laboratory experiment. Leadership style (transformational or transactional) and group setting (face-to-face, immersive virtual environment, or intercom) were manipulated experimentally for three-person ad hoc work groups. Results indicated that, compared to transactional leadership, transformational leadership was associated with decreases in quantitative performance but increases in qualitative performance, leadership satisfaction, and group cohesiveness. Contrary to expectations, neither self- nor collective efficacy mediated the performance effects of leadership style; trust, however, appeared to play an important mediational role. Group performance and cohesiveness were similar across group settings; however, group members were most satisfied with their leader when interacting face-to-face. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Differential Effects of Task and Reward Interdependence on Perceived Helping Behavior, Effort, and Group Performance
Authors: Allen Belinda C. , Sargent Leisa D. , Bradley Lisa M.
Published: May 2004

The effects of task and reward interdependence on perceived effort, helping behavior, and group performance were investigated in a laboratory setting. Fifty-seven groups with 3 undergraduate students in each group completed two consecutive copyediting activities. Helping behavior was highest in groups with high task interdependence. However, no support was found for the interactive effects of task and reward interdependence. Differences across time were found for perceived effort, helping behavior, and performance. The implications of these findings suggest that the increased task complexity, introduced through the presence of high levels of task interdependence, can mitigate the positive performance effects of high levels of helping behavior and effort.