bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prolonged slow release of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate employing polyurea microcapsules
Authors: Mihou A. P. , Michaelakis A. , Krokos F. D. , Mazomenos B. E. , Couladouros E. A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The potential use of polyurea microcapsules, as ‘release carriers’ for insect pheromones, has been demonstrated. (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:Ac), the major sex pheromone component of several Noctuidae species, was used as the model molecule. The coating material's ability to release the pheromone was initially studied by the solid‐phase micro‐extraction technique. Polyurea microcapsules released Z11‐16:Ac relatively slowly, with a duration of approximately 1 month, as it was determined under both laboratory and semi‐field conditions. Preliminary laboratory bioassays revealed a satisfactory attraction of Sesamia males, at doses of 50 and 500 mg of dried microcapsules containing the aforementioned pheromone. Almost all male insects tested initiated flight and among them 40.2–49.4% successfully contacted the pheromone source. The preparation of polyurea microcapsules needs further refinement as to increase release duration; nevertheless, these results demonstrate strong potential for the future use of polyurea microcapsules as part of integrated insect control programmes.
Comparison of pitfall traps and litter bags for sampling ground‐dwelling arthropods
Authors: Prasifka J. R. , Lopez M. D. , Hellmich R. L. , Lewis L. C. , Dively G. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: For their simplicity and effectiveness, pitfall traps have become a standard technique to measure the activity and relative abundance of ground‐dwelling arthropods. Permeable screen or mesh bags filled with plant material, referred to as litter bags, have also recently been employed as a complementary sampling technique for epigeal taxa. The anticipated need for increased field research on arthropod populations, particularly in transgenic crops with insecticidal properties, suggests that a relative assessment of both sampling methods could contribute to the design of future studies. Comparisons among pitfall traps, and litter bags placed above‐ or below‐ground indicated that above‐ground litter bags most frequently succeeded in collecting certain groups of arthropods associated with moisture and sheltered areas, including centipedes (Chilopoda) and beetle larvae (Carabidae, Staphylinidae). Conversely, pitfall traps most often captured taxa considered active at ground level, such as adult carabids or harvestmen (Opiliones). For taxa collected in >40% of all three trap types, bootstrap confidence intervals for the coefficient of variation (CV; used to assess precision or sampling efficiency) showed that above‐ground litter bags were significantly more precise than pitfall traps for sampling elongate springtails (Collembola) and adult rove beetles (Staphylinidae), but only during the first year of sampling. While below‐ground litter bags often appeared similar to one or both of the other trap types, in no case were below‐ground litter bags best based on frequency of collection or CV. Though differences were not always consistent between years, results suggest that the additional effort required to sample using litter bags may be justified for the collection of some ground‐dwelling taxa.
Slab melt as metasomatic agent in island arc magma mantle sources, Negros and Batan (Philippines)
Authors: Sajona Fernando G. , Maury Rene C. , Prouteau Gaëlle , Cotten Joseph , Schiano Pieree , Bellon Hervé , Fontaine Laure
Published: August 2010

Abstract Two new cases of association of adakites with ‘normal’ island arc lavas and transitional adakites are recognized in the islands of Batan and Negros in northern and central Philippines, respectively. The Batan lavas are related to the subduction of the middle Miocene portion of the South China Sea basin along the Manila trench; those of Negros come from the almost aseismic subduction of the middle Miocene Sulu Sea crust along the Negros trench. The occurrence of the Batan adakites is consistent with previous findings showing adakitic glass inclusions within minerals of mantle xenoliths associated with Batan arc lavas. The similarity of adakite ages (1.09 Ma) and that of the metasomatized xenoliths (1 Ma) suggests that both are linked to the same slab‐melting and metasomatic event. Earlier Sr, Pb and Nd‐isotopic studies, however, also reveal the presence of an important sediment contribution to the Batan lava geochemistry. Thus, the role played by slab melts, assumed to have mid‐ocean ridge basalts‐like (MORB) isotopic characteristics, in enriching the Batan subarc mantle is largely masked by the sediment input. The Negros adakites are present only in Mount Cuernos, the volcanic center nearest to the Negros trench. Batch partial melting calculations show that the Negros adakites could be derived from a garnet amphibolitic source with normal‐MORB (N‐MORB) geochemistry. This is supported by the MORB‐like isotopic characteristics of the Mount Cuernos lavas. The volcanic rocks from the other volcanoes consist of normal arc and transitional adakitic lavas that have slightly higher Sr‐ and Pb‐isotopic ratios, probably due to slight sediment input. Mixing of adakites and normal arc lavas to produce transitional adakites is only partly supported by trace element geochemistry and not by field evidence. The transitional adakites can be modeled as partial melts of an adakite‐enriched mantle. Trace element enrichment of non‐adakitic lavas could reflect the interaction of their mantle source with uprising slab melts, as metasomatic mantle minerals scavenge certain trace elements from the adakitic fluids. Therefore, in arcs beneath which thick (up to 2 km) continent‐derived detrital sediments are involved in subduction, like in Batan, the sediment signature can overwhelm the slab melt input. In arcs like Negros where slow subduction could cause a more efficient scraping of thinner (approximately 1 km) detrital sediments, the contribution of slab melts is easier to detect.
The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption and Eastern South China Sea foraminifera: occurrence, composition and recovery
Authors: Marquez Edanjarlo Joson
Published: August 2010

Abstract Analysis of the 12 samples taken from two horizons (the pre‐1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption and the post‐1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption layers) of the six deep water cores that were collected along the Eastern South China Sea shows that the absolute abundance of Recent benthic foraminifera (total assemblage) in the post‐eruption layer is much lower compared to the pre‐eruption layer. The post‐eruption layer also shows lower diversity with relative high abundance of Quinqueloculina spp., which probably form part of the recolonization fauna. These observations suggest that environmental stability plays a vital role in the distribution of foraminifera in the eastern margin of the South China Sea. The disturbance created by the immense amount of pyroclastic materials that originated from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo has resulted in the dilution and, eventually, the decimation of most of the benthic foraminifera. The species that were able to survive might have taken advantage of the small amounts of available nutrient supply. These might also be the species that were able to adapt quickly to the changes in the environmental conditions.
Contrasting morphological trends of islands in Central Philippines: Speculation on their origin
Authors: Yumul Graciano P. , Dimalanta Carla B. , Tamayo Rodolfo A. , Barretto Jenny Anne L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Palawan microcontinental block collided with the Philippine Mobile Belt in the Central Philippine region resulting in the counterclockwise rotation of Mindoro– Marinduque and clockwise rotation of Panay. The collision also brought about the clockwise rotation of north‐east Negros, Cebu, north‐west Masbate and Bohol (collectively called the Western Visayan block), resulting into their present‐day northeast–southwest trend. This suggests a far more dramatic role of the collision than was previously recognized. Furthermore, the south‐east Sulu Sea sub‐basin is inferred to have also undergone collision‐related clockwise rotation which can account for the observed east‐west trending magnetic lineations in the basin. Aside from explaining the contrasting morphological trends of the different islands in Central Philippines, the rotation can also explain, albeit in a different way, how the belts of sedimentary basins, ophiolites and arcs in Panay and Negros can extend to Northern Luzon. Published paleomagnetic data suggest that the collision‐related rotation commenced during the early to middle Miocene and had ceased by the late Miocene.
Variations of magnetic susceptibility and fine quartz accumulation rate in Daisen loam over the past 200 000 years: Interaction between winter and summer monsoons in south‐west Japan
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Okada Yuji , Nakayama Katsuhiro , Okada Shomei
Published: August 2010

Abstract A loam section near Daisen volcano, South‐west Japan, has been examined for low‐field magnetic susceptibility (MS) and fine quartz accumulation rate. Fission track dating of tephra layers interbedded in the deposit shows that the loam age ranges from about 200 ka to the Present. The MS was measured for both bulk sample and the < 63 μm fine fraction. Fine quartz contents in the < 63 μm fraction were also determined using acid‐alkali digestions and recalculated to derive fine quartz accumulation rate (Rqz). Grain size analysis was then carried out on the separated fine quartz. Low‐field MS varies from low frequency magnetic suspectibility (χ(LF)) 5 to 100 (× 10−6 m3/kg) for bulk samples and from 1 to 30 for fine fractions. The fine fraction χ(LF) variation correlated with Chinese loess MS stratigraphy, which indicated changes in pedogenic enhancement of the MS and is reflected by summer monsoon intensity. The Rqz are high in cool climate stages, with volumes between 0.2 and 0.4 (× 10−2 kg/m2 per yr), whereas in warm stages the rate falls to about 0.1. These values compare well with those reported from the Hokkaido and Kanto areas, suggesting the fine quartz originates from tropospheric dust. The strong winter monsoons during glacial stages alternated with weak summer monsoons as a result of a southward shift of the jet stream. In interglacials, summer monsoons were stronger. Seasonal alternating monsoons appear to have operated in South‐west Japan through the past 200 000 years.
Outline of the fault zone drilling project by NIED in the vicinity of the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake, Japan
Authors: Ikeda Ryuji
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three boreholes, 1001 m, 1313 m and 1838 m deep, were drilled by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) in the vicinity of the epicenter of the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake to investigate tectonic and material characteristics near and in active faults. Using these boreholes, an integrated study of the in situ stress, heat flow, and material properties of drill cores and crustal resistivity was conducted. In particular, the Nojima–Hirabayashi borehole was drilled to a depth of 1838 m and directly intersected the Nojima Fault, and three possible fault strands were detected at depths of 1140 m, 1313 m and 1800 m. Major results obtained from this study include the following: (i) shear stress around the fault zone is very small, and the orientation of the maximum horizontal compression is perpendicular to the surface trace of faults; (ii) from the results of a heat flow study, the lower cut‐off depth of the aftershocks was estimated to be roughly 300°C; (iii) cores were classified into five types of fault rocks, and an asymmetric distribution pattern of these fault rocks in the fracture zones was identified; (iv) country rock is characterized by a very low permeability and high strength; and (v) resistivity structure can be explained by a model of a fault extending to greater depths but with low resistivity.
Seismicity changes related to a water injection experiment in the Nojima Fault Zone
Authors: Tadokoro Keiichi , Nishigami Kin’Ya , Ando Masataka , Hirata Naoshi , Iidaka Takashi , Hashida Yukihiro , Shimazaki Kunihiko , Ohmi Shiro , Kano Yasuyuki , Koizumi Makoto , Matsuo Shigemitsu , Wada Hiroo
Published: August 2010

Abstract A water injection experiment was carried out by the scientific drilling program named the ‘Nojima Fault Zone Probe’ during the two periods 9–13 February and 16–25 March 1997. The pumping pressure at the surface was approximately 4 MPa. The total amount of injected water was 258 m3. The injection was made between depths of 1480 m and 1670 m in the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (DPRI) 1800 m borehole drilled into the Nojima Fault zone. A seismic observation network was deployed to monitor seismic activity related to the water injections. Seismicity suddenly increased in the region not far from the injection hole 4 or 5 days after the beginning of each water injection. These earthquakes were likely to be induced by the water injections. Most of the earthquakes had magnitudes ranging from −2 to +1. Numerous earthquakes occurred during the first injection, but only one could be reliably located and it was approximately 2 km north of the injection site. Between the two injection periods, earthquakes concentrated in the region approximately 1 km northwest of the injection site. During and after the second injection experiment, earthquakes were located approximately 1.5 km west of the injection site. Those earthquakes were located approximately 3 km or 4 km from the injection point and between 2 km and 4 km in depth. Values of intrinsic permeability of 10−14–10−15 m2 were estimated from the time lapse of the induced seismic activity. The coefficient of friction in the area where the induced earthquakes occurred was estimated to be less than 0.3.
Terrestrial heat flow at Hirabayashi on Awaji Island, south‐west Japan
Authors: Kitajima Taku , Kobayashi Yoji , Ikeda Ryuji , Iio Yoshihisa , Omura Kentaro
Published: August 2010

Abstract Terrestrial heat flow at Hirabayashi in Awaji Island, south‐west Japan, was investigated using the deep borehole penetrating through the Nojima Fault, which was activated during the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake, by measuring the thermal conductivity of basement rocks. Using the temperature logging data, the value of terrestrial heat flow in Hirabayashi was found to be 56.6 ± 5.2 mW/m2. The relationship between cut‐off depth of aftershocks of the Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake in Hirabayashi and terrestrial heat flow are discussed. The cut‐off depth roughly corresponds to isotherms of 300°C.
Quaternary vertical offset and average slip rate of the Nojima Fault on Awaji Island, Japan
Authors: Murata Akihiro , Takemura Keiji , Miyata Takao , Lin Aiming
Published: August 2010

Abstract Drilling was carried out to penetrate the Nojima Fault where the surface rupture occurred associated with the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake. Two 500 m boreholes were successfully drilled through the fault zone at a depth of 389.4 m. The drilling data show that the relative uplift of the south‐east side of the Nojima Fault (south‐west segment) was approximately 230 m. The Nojima branch fault, which branches from the Nojima Fault, is inferred to extend to the Asano Fault. From the structural contour map of basal unconformity of the Kobe Group, the vertical component of displacement of the Nojima branch–Asano Fault is estimated to be 260–310 m. Because the vertical component of displacement on the Nojima Fault of the north‐east segment is a total of those of the Nojima Fault of the south‐west segment and of the Nojima branch–Asano Fault, it is estimated to total to 490–540 m. From this, the average vertical component of the slip rate on the Nojima Fault is estimated to be 0.4–0.45 m/103 years for the past 1.2 million years.
Behavior of gases in the Nojima Fault Zone revealed from the chemical composition and carbon isotope ratio of gases extracted from DPRI 1800 m drill core
Authors: Arai Takashi , Okusawa Tamotsu , Tsukahara Hiroaki
Published: August 2010

Abstract An 1800 m borehole was drilled into the Nojima Fault Zone at Ogura, Awaji Island, Hyogo prefecture, Japan. The chemical compositions and isotope ratios of gases extracted from the drill core were investigated. Major components were carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Microcracks in granodiorite outside the fracture zone were occupied mainly by CO2, and this CO2 is interpreted to have generated biogenically at shallow depths based on the measured δ13C value of –17 to –22. The CO2 gas was probably transported with underground water to deeper portions to fill microcracks in the basement granodiorite with CO2. However, the pores in the fracture zone are occupied predominantly by CH4. The ratio of CH4 to ethane (C2H6), 80 to100, and δ13C of CH4, –40 to –52, suggest that CH4 and C2H6 formed by the thermal decomposition of organic materials at temperatures above 75°C. We interpret that they originated at depths from organic materials and migrated upwards through the fault zone. It is interpreted that the concentration of CO2 in the fracture zone has decreased by the replacement with CH4 and/or by the consumption of CO2 in fault clay minerals. Although hydrogen (H2) and helium (He) were minor components of the gases from cores, they increased in quantity in the fracture zone. High concentration of H2 in the fracture zones is consistent with the idea that H2 was generated by radical reactions on the fresh surface of fractured rocks during the earthquake. The 3He/4He ratio of 0.723 Ra in the fracture zones suggests that He is of radiogenic origin; that is, it is not from the mantle.
Thermal anomaly around the Nojima Fault as detected by fission‐track analysis of Ogura 500 m borehole samples
Authors: Tagami Takahiro , Hasebe Noriko , Kamohara Hidenori , Takemura Keiji
Published: August 2010

Abstract To better understand heat generation and transfer along earthquake faults, this paper presents preliminary zircon fission‐track (FT) length data from the Nojima Fault, Awaji Island, Japan, which was activated during the 1995 Kobe earthquake (Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake). Samples were collected of Cretaceous granitic rocks from the Ogura 500 m borehole as well as at outcrops adjacent to the borehole site. The Nojima Fault plane was drilled at a depth of 389.4 m (borehole apparent depth). Fission‐track lengths in zircons from localities > 60 m distance from the fault plane, as well as those from outcrops, are characterized by the mean values of ≈10–11 μm and unimodal distributions with positive skewness, which show no signs of an appreciable reduction in FT length. In contrast, those from nearby the fault at depths show significantly reduced mean track lengths of ≈6–8 μm and distributions having a peak around 6–7 μm with rather negative skewness. In conjunction with other geological constraints, these results are best interpreted by a recent thermal anomaly around the fault, which is attributable to heat transfer via focused fluids from the deep interior of the crust and/or heat dispersion via fluids associated with frictional heating by fault motion.
Influence of shear angle on hangingwall deformation during tectonic inversion
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , McClay Ken
Published: August 2010

Tectonic inversion is a common phenomenon in island arc settings, especially in back‐arc basins. The reactivation of normal faults as thrusts, triggered by tectonic inversion, produces typical inversion fault‐related folds and thrusts in the hangingwall. These hangingwall inversion geometries are affected by two factors: the geometry of the underlying master fault and the angle of inclined simple shear relative to the regional dip of strata, in the case that the deformation is approximated by simple shear. This study employed numerical simulations to analyse the influence of the antithetic shear angle on the geometry of the hangingwall and displacement along the master fault. The simulation results reveal that a steeply inclined shear vector during extension produces a narrow, steep‐sided half‐graben, whereas a gently inclined shear produces a wide, open basin. After tectonic inversion, a tight anticline is formed under steeply inclined shear, whereas an open anticline is formed under gently inclined shear. Antithetic shear results in reduced total displacement along the master fault, and the greater the angle between the shear direction and the regional dip, the greater the displacement along the master fault. Because the deformation geometry of syn‐extension layers is affected by extension followed by contraction, a change in the shear angle during tectonic inversion produces a wide variety of deformation geometries. Comparison of the simulation results with the results of analogue modelling suggests that the shear angle decreases by 5° during the transition from extension to tectonic inversion and that such a change may be commonly observed in natural geological structures. These results highlight the benefits of numerical simulations, which can be used to readily examine a variety of constraining parameters and thereby lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of hangingwall deformation, avoiding erroneous estimates of the amount of fault displacement.
Features and formation processes of multiple deposition layers from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami at Ban Nam Kem, southern Thailand
Authors: Naruse Hajime , Fujino Shigehiro , Suphawajruksakul Apichart , Jarupongsakul Thanawat
Published: August 2010

Multiple‐layered tsunami deposits have been frequently reported from coastal stratigraphic sequences, but the formation processes of these layers remain uncertain. A terrestrial sandy deposit formed by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was investigated at Ban Nam Kem, southern Thailand. Four internal layers induced by two tsunami waves were identified in the tsunami deposit. Sedimentary structures indicated that two units were formed by run‐up currents caused by the tsunami and the other two units were deposited by the backwash flows. Graded bedding was common in the layers, but inverse grading was observed at limited intervals on the surveyed transects. The characteristics of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit vary remarkably over a very short distance (<1 m) in response to the local topography. Remarkable asymmetries in thickness and grain‐size distribution are recognized between the run‐up and backwash flow deposits. On the basis of the interpretation of sedimentary structures, the formation process of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit observed in this study can be explained in a schematic model as the modification of the ideal tsunami sequence by local erosion and the asymmetric hydraulic properties of tsunami waves, such as the maximum shear velocity and the heterogeneity of the flow velocity field.
Parentage of low‐grade metasediments in the Sanbagawa belt, eastern Shikoku, Southwest Japan, and its geotectonic implications
Authors: Kiminami Kazuo
Published: August 2010

This study examines the geology of low‐grade (chlorite zone) metamorphic rocks in the Sanbagawa belt and of a Jurassic accretionary complex in the Northern Chichibu belt, eastern Shikoku, Japan. The bulk chemistries of metasandstones and metapelites in the Sanbagawa belt of eastern Shikoku are examined in order to determine their parentage. The Sanbagawa belt can be divided into northern and southern parts based on lithology and geologic structure. Geochemical data indicate that metasediments in the northern and southern parts are the metamorphic equivalents of the KS‐II (Coniacian–Campanian) and KS‐I (late Albian–early Coniacian) units of the Shimanto belt, respectively. The depositional ages of the parent sediments of low‐grade metamorphic rocks found in the Sanbagawa belt and the Jurassic Northern Chichibu belt, indicate a north‐younging polarity. In contrast, sedimentological evidence indicates younging to the south. These observations suggest that a tectonic event has resulted in a change from a northerly to southerly dip direction for schistosity and bedding in the Sanbagawa and Northern Chichibu belts of eastern Shikoku. The younging polarity observed in the Sanbagawa and Northern Chichibu belts, together with previously reported data on vitrinite reflectance and geological structure, indicate that the Northern Chichibu belt was part of the overburden formerly lying on top of the Sanbagawa low‐grade metamorphic rocks.
Effects of Attention and Background Verbal Stimuli on Event‐Related Potentials to Tone Pips in Humans
Authors: Nakahara Daiichiro , Ikeda Terutika
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The effects of attention and background verbal stimuli on event‐related potentials (ERPs) following tone pips were assessed under four conditions: tone pips presented alone when attending and ignoring the tones and tone pips plus verbal stimuli when attending the tones and attending the verbal stimuli. The data were quantified in terms of the N1‐P2 amplitude and the similarity (correlation) between ERPs in corresponding placements over the two hemispheres. The main results were that attention influenced the ERP amplitude only with the verbal stimuli, that interhemispheric similarity was greatest with the tones only, and that similarity was greater under the tone plus verbal stimuli condition during tone‐attention instructions.
Intraneuronal Polyglucosan Bodies and Peculiar Inclusions in the Midbrain‐Tegmentum of the Aged
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Kosaka Kenji , Hori Akira
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A small number of intraneuronal polyglucosan bodies, the so‐called Lafora bodies, is occasionally found in the tegmental areas of the midbrain in aged cases with no metabolic or degenerative diseases. The occasional appearance of peculiar bodies, which Kato et al.1982 reported in a case of presenile dementia, is also observed during the examination of the inclusions. The ultrastructure of the bodies reveals an amorphous, electron‐dense central core and a peripheral zone of radially oriented 100 A wide filaments.
Progressive Dementia Associated with Sheehan's Syndrome –An Autopsied Case–
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Kogoh Hiroshi , Fujimoto Shoichi , Sumiyoshi Akinobu
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This is a report of the study of progressive dementia associated with Sheehan's syndrome in a 61‐year‐old woman who had a 13‐year history of insidious progressive decline in g'obal cognitive abilities. At the onset, there were only slight difficulties with abstract thoughts, and a shortened attention span, but the symptoms gradually increased in severity until death at the age of 61. The clinical deficits fluctuated in severity. During the last years of life she was at all times confused, apathetic, and incapable of self‐care. A necropsy revealed a moderately severe neuronal loss in the central nervous system with marked destruction of the anterior pituitary lobe, and severe atrophy of the thyroid and adrenal glands. No senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles were observed in the cerebral cortex. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms, which may have been present in this case, could be the hypometabolic effects on the central nervous system, mediated through a multiendocrine system malfunction, caused by postpartum uterine hemorrhage and a marked disappearance of the pituitary anterior lobe cells.
Cytosol Estradiol Receptor Content in the Adult Rat Brain after Neonatal Treatment with Estradiol Benzoate or Testosterone Propionate
Authors: Takeshita Hisayoshi , Shimizu Kyutaro , Hazama Hidebumi
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The effects of neonatal treatment with estrogen or androgen on the development of cytosol estradiol (E2) receptors were examined in the rat pituitary, hypothalamus and amygdala. The treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB, 100 μg) significantly reduced the E2 receptor content in all of these regions in both sexes. But the treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 1 mg) to the female rats significantly decreased the E2 receptor content in the pituitary and hypothalamus but not in the amygdala. The TP treatment to the male rats decreased the E2 receptor content in the hypothalamus and amygdala but not in the pituitary. The decreased cytosol E2 receptors in the hypothalamus and amygdala seem to be implicated in preventing the normal sexual development.
Quantitative Electron Microscopic Investigation on Changes of Mitochondria in Long‐Term CPZ Administration in Rat Brain, Liver and Heart
Authors: Takeichi Masashi , Sato Takeshi
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The effect of chronic administration of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on mitochondria (MT) in the rat brain (striatum), liver and heart was quantitatively examined with both the electron microscope and computer‐assisted PICTURE ANALYSIS OA‐1. The specimens were taken from six female rats, three controls and three experimentals to which 20 mg/kg body weight of CPZ was administered orally for 15 months from 5 weeks after birth. Thus the quantitative electron microscopic study was made on the mitochondrial sizes (cross‐sectional areas) and cristal densities and the following results were obtained:

1) The sizes of MT from the striatal nerve cells and axo‐dendritic spine postsynapses and liver parenchymal cells were larger in the CPZ‐administered rats than in the controls, whereas there were no statistically significant changes in the sizes of MT from the striatal axo‐dendritic spine presynapses and heart papillary muscle cells to which the influence of long‐term CPZ administration could be well expected.

2) In contrast, with the mitochondrial sizes, the cristal densities represented by the number of cristae per unit area (μ2) of MT have decreased in the striatal nerve cells and axo‐dendritic spine pre‐ and postsynapses, liver parenchymal cells and heart papillary muscle cells of the CPZ‐administered rats than in those of the controls.

3) From the above‐mentioned findings it was concluded that the changes of MT following a long‐term CPZ administration were the ubiquitous ones evolved not only in the brain cells but also in other somatic cells and that the enlargement of MT revealed by the quantity of organellar sizes was the compensatory change to the decrease of cristae suggesting the disintegration of the inner membrane system of the organelle.
Clinical predictors of response to pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: TÜKEL RAŞIT , BOZKURT OYA , POLAT ASLIHAN , GENÇ AYSUN , ATLI HATICE
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical predictors of response to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in a sample of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). A total of 55 patients diagnosed as OCD according to revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria underwent a 12‐week standardized SSRI treatment. According to ‘treatment response’, defined as at least a 35% drop in the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale total score, OCD patients were divided into two groups. A total of 32 (58.2%) patients who responded to treatment and 23 (41.8%) who did not, were compared in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The authors’ findings demonstrated that the severity of obsession–compulsions and disability in work, social and family lives at the beginning of treatment were significantly higher in OCD patients who did not respond to treatment in comparison to those who did. Linear regression analysis, however, revealed that Sheehan Disability Scale‐work score at baseline was a predictor of response to SSRI treatment. The higher levels of disability at the beginning of treatment in patients with OCD are associated with a poorer response to SSRI.
Toll‐like receptor 3 mediated hyperphosphorylation of tau in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: NESSA BEGUM NURUN , TANAKA TOSHIHISA , KAMINO KOUZIN , SADIK GOLAM , ANSAR ASHIK BIN , KIMURA RYO , TANII HISASHI , OKOCHI MASAYASU , MORIHARA TAKASHI , TAGAMI SHINJI , KUDO TAKASHI , TAKEDA MASATOSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Neurofibrillary tangles of abnormally phosphorylated tau are one of the characteristic pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, immunological and inflammatory changes including complements and activated microglia are also common phenomena in AD. However, these pathological changes are yet to be interlinked in a common explainable background. In this study, the relevant mechanism of phosphorylation of tau protein and an innate immune signal transduction system were investigated. Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor working in the innate immune system and its expression in the brain has already been reported. Total RNA was isolated from SH‐SY5Y cells and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was done to see endogenous expression of TLR3 in SH‐SY5Y cells that was further confirmed at protein level by Western blot analysis. Cells were treated with 50 µg/mL of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (pIpC), a synthetic analog of dsRNA and the changes of phosphorylation of tau protein were investigated. Further the level of phosphorylation of tau protein was investigated after the cells had been previously treated with 10 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h to induce over‐expression of TLR3. Increased phosphorylation of tau protein at PHF‐1 site (Ser396/404), activation of Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 MAPK were observed in cells treated with pIpC. These effects were enhanced when cells were pretreated with LPS, a known transducer of TLR3. These data suggest that toll‐like receptor 3, an innate immune molecule, might be a potential link to mediate hyperphosphorylation of tau in neurodegenerative processes of AD.
Use of low‐dose topiramate in substance use disorder and bodyweight control
Authors: CHIU YI‐HANG , LEE TING‐HUI , SHEN WINSTON W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  In recent years topiramate has been used for psychiatric patients, mainly for controlling substance use and food intake. A total of 46 patients who received topiramate treatment during the study period were identified from a computer database. Nineteen had received topiramate for at least 1 month. Twelve patients received topiramate for anticraving effects (alcohol, n = 9; heroin/amphetamine, n = 1; meperidine, n = 1; and nicotine, n = 1). On an average dosage of 112.5 mg/day, nine of the 12 patients (excluding three alcoholic patients) achieved complete or partial remission from the substance use disorders. The present results show that six of the nine patients achieved full or partial remission from alcohol use disorder on a dosage of 100 mg/day. Topiramate was also used to control seven patients' bodyweight (mean bodyweight change, 1.53 kg). Four of them achieved bodyweight loss in the 1‐month follow up, with an average change of 2.65 kg. Based on the present findings topiramate <100 mg/day may be effective in treating patient with alcohol use disorder, and that topiramate has not shown remarkable benefit of bodyweight loss.
Reliability and validity of Questionnaire for Neurobehavioral Disability following traumatic brain injury
Authors: YAMASATO MICHIHIKO , SATOH SHINJI , IKEJIMA CHIAKI , KOTANI IZUMI , SENZAKI AKIRA , ASADA TAKASHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The neurobehavioral disability recognized in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a severe sequela, but there is no appropriate classification due to its various manifestations. In the present study a questionnaire for a simple investigation of this disability was prepared, and its reliability and validity verified. The survey was conducted on 72 patients with TBI by the caregiver of each patient. As a result, good reliability was indicated by the split‐half method (coefficient of reliability: 0.95, obtained using Spearman–Brown correction formula). The total score of the questionnaire had a significant correlation with the total score of the simultaneously conducted Japanese version of Neuropsychiatry Inventory at the 0.01 level (Spearman's rank correlation, 0.47). It also had a significant correlation with the total score of the simultaneously conducted Japanese version of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire at the 0.05 level (Spearman's rank correlation, 0.36). Six factors constituting this neurobehavioral disability were extracted from a factor analysis of the questionnaire survey. These factors are angry outburst, avolition, deficits of sympathy, depressed mood, discourse deficits, and degradation of appearance. Each factor indicated good internal consistency (Cronbach α, 0.86–0.94). The present results indicate that this questionnaire has good reliability and validity, therefore it can be a significant indicator in TBI neurobehavioral disability study.
Effectiveness of comprehensive supports for schizophrenic women during pregnancy and puerperium: Preliminary study
Authors: NISHIZAWA OSAMU , SAKUMOTO KAORU , HIRAMATSU KEN‐ICHI , KONDO TSUYOSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The risks of deteriorated psychiatric symptoms/daily life functioning should be warned of in schizophrenic women during pregnancy and puerperium. The purpose of the present paper was to prospectively monitor mental status and functioning of pregnant women with schizophrenia, and investigate the effects of various supports. Subjects were 20 schizophrenic women who visited a clinic providing care and support for pregnant women with psychiatric diseases, consisting of 12 patients with psychotic deterioration (deterioration group) and eight remitted stable patients (stable group). Psychiatric assessments were performed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) at three time‐points: at the first examination, after fixed prescription during pregnancy, and after delivery. The types/doses of drugs and other non‐drug‐related supports (13 items) were recorded during the study period. Although a higher total PANSS score at the first examination (P = 0.004) and lower GAF scores at the first examination and even after fixed prescription (P = 0.0003) were observed in the deterioration group, those after delivery finally caught up with the levels in the stable group. Doses of antipsychotic drugs were gradually increased in the deterioration group although no significant differences in chlorpromazine equivalent doses were found between the two groups after fixed prescription. There was a positive correlation between the number of non‐drug‐related supports and amelioration score in PANSS (rs = 0.553, P = 0.012). These findings suggest that comprehensive intervention is a requisite in pregnant schizophrenic women, especially with psychotic deterioration, and that non‐drug‐related supports may also contribute to maintenance of good and stable mental status in these patients.
Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Validation of the Japanese version
Authors: KANEDA YASUHIRO , SUMIYOSHI TOMIKI , KEEFE RICHARD , ISHIMOTO YASUHITO , NUMATA SHUSUKE , OHMORI TETSURO
Published: August 2010

Abstract  This preliminary study was performed to test the reliability and validity of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) as an assessment tool in a Japanese‐language version (BACS‐J). The subjects for the present study were 30 outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Each subject gave written informed consent to participate in the research. Cronbach's alpha for the BACS‐J was 0.77. The BACS‐J composite score was significantly correlated with all primary measures of BACS‐J (verbal memory, working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency, attention, and executive function). All BACS‐J primary measures and the composite score were significantly correlated between two assessments. The mean score of the Digit Sequencing Task and composite score on the second assessment were significantly larger than those on the first assessment. All BACS‐J primary measures except the Symbol Coding Task were significantly correlated with relevant standard neurocognitive tests. Also, the BACS‐J composite score was significantly correlated with all standard neurocognitive tests except the Continuous Performance Test. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation resulted in a three‐factor solution (executive function and memory; motor speed and general cognitive functions; and working memory). This preliminary study indicates that the BACS‐J is a reliable and practical scale to evaluate cognitive function.
Dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disorder: Impact of PTSD symptoms
Authors: WINGENFELD KATJA , HILL ANDREAS , ADAM BETTINA , DRIESSEN MARTIN
Published: August 2010

Abstract  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis feedback regulation in 18 female patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 21 healthy controls. Reduced feedback sensitivity was found in BPD patients with a low number of PTSD symptoms, while findings in the BPD group with a high number of PTSD symptoms did not differ from those in controls. The results suggest a hypo‐suppression in the dexamethasone suppression test in BPD with few PTSD symptoms.
Two dimensions of anosognosia in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Anosognosia Questionnaire for Dementia (AQ‐D)
Authors: SATO JUNKO , NAKAAKI SHUTARO , MURATA YOSHIE , SHINAGAWA YOSHIHIRO , MATSUI TERUO , HONGO JIN , TATSUMI HIROSHI , AKECHI TATSUO , FURUKAWA TOSHI A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Although a number of studies have examined anosognosia of cognitive deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), not much is known about the anosognosia of behavioral symptoms in AD. The aims of the present study were to establish a Japanese version of the Anosognosia Questionnaire–Dementia (AQ‐D) and to examine its factor structure, reliability and validity, and to identify the effects of various variables on the AQ‐D. Factor structure, internal consistency, test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Japanese version of the AQ‐D were analyzed. Multiple regression was then done using the results of the AQ‐D as dependent variables and entering all relevant predictor variables. Both the internal consistency and the test–retest reliability of the AQ‐D were excellent. Factor analysis indicated four factors: anosognosia of basic and instrumental activities of daily living; that of episodic memory and orientation; that of disinhibited behaviors; and that of apathy and depression. The first two factors were regarded as anosognosia of cognitive deficits and were associated with Mini‐Mental State Examination scores, while the latter two factors were regarded as anosognosia of behavioral symptoms and were associated with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score. A dissociation between the two domains of anosognosia was confirmed, namely of cognitive deficits and of behavioral symptoms using the Japanese version of the AQ‐D. The knowledge that various factors may have different effects on different domains of anosognosia in patients with AD may serve as useful information for clinicians assessing anosognosia in AD.
Widespread cognitive impairment in psychogenic anterograde amnesia
Authors: KUMAR SANJAY , RAO SHOBINI L. , SUNNY BIJU , GANGADHAR BANGALORE N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  A 34‐year‐old man without a past history of any psychiatric or neurological disorder developed severe anterograde amnesia following a psychological trauma. Initial assessment of neuropsychological functions 3 months after the psychological trauma indicated severe memory deficits for acquiring new information in both verbal and visual modalities with widespread cognitive deficits in attention, executive functions, and intellectual ability. Importantly, working and remote memory were intact. The case illustrates that psychogenic anterograde amnesia might be associated with a wider range of cognitive deficits. Possible neurobiological explanations are discussed to explain large cognitive impairments associated with anterograde psychogenic amnesia.
Comparison of developmental/intellectual changes between autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified in preschool years
Authors: TAKEDA TOSHINOBU , KOYAMA TOMONORI , KURITA HIROSHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  This study is the first to compare the change in developmental quotient (DQ) or IQ between autistic disorder (AD) and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) in preschool years. Forty‐nine AD children and 77 PDDNOS children were evaluated at age 2 and at age ≥5. The AD children were significantly lower in DQ/IQ at initial evaluation and outcome evaluation (also with initial DQ being controlled for) than the PDDNOS children.
Auditory hallucination coping techniques and their relationship to psychotic symptomatology
Authors: HAYASHI NAOKI , IGARASHI YOSHITO , SUDA KIYOKO , NAKAGAWA SEISHU
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Use of coping techniques is of importance in the treatment for patients experiencing auditory hallucinations. Phenomenological features of auditory hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms are assumed to be factors influencing the coping activities. The aim of the present study was to determine psychotic symptoms including auditory hallucination phenomenological features that have effects on coping activities. The authors investigated 17 generally used coping techniques of 144 chronically psychotic patients who were currently experiencing auditory hallucination in DSM‐IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective psychosis. Using factor analysis, scales characterizing the styles of coping application and efficacy were constructed. To assess the phenomenological features, the authors used the Matsuzawa Assessment Schedule for Auditory Hallucination (MASAH), which had been devised to assess four basic phenomenological features: intractability, delusion, influence, and externality. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was also applied for the assessment of psychotic symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the features and symptoms that could have effects on coping activities. Constructed scales were those of distraction and counteraction styles for each of coping application and efficacy. It was found that MASAH influence and externality features had an activating effect on both distraction and counteraction coping application, and counteraction coping application, respectively, and that PANSS negative symptom clusters and MASAH delusion feature had an inhibiting effect on distraction and counteraction coping application, respectively. No salient factor for coping efficacy was recognized. The current study presents information on the relationship between coping activities and the psychotic experience features and symptoms, which can be of help for planning coping training programs.
REDESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES OF PSYLLA GEOFFROY (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY FROGGATT
Authors: YEN ALAN L.
Published: August 2010

The 11 species of Australian Psylla originally described by Froggatt are redescribed. A lectotype is designated for each species. The genitalia and fore wings of the lectotypes are figured. The species are retained in the genus Psylla, although future generic revision may be necessary.