bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COLD COAGULATION THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF HISTOLOGICALLY DIAGNOSED SUBCLINICAL HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) INFECTION OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Mohanty K C , Lowe J W
Published: April 2023

The efficacy of cold coagulation therapy in the treatment of histologically diagnosed subclinical human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the cervix, was studied among 65 patients who also had genital warts. This therapy was found to be successful as the failure rate was only 8%. There were no serious side‐effects. The treatment can be administered easily in an out‐patient setting after histological confirmation.

This study also showed that if, on the other hand, a subclinical HPV infection is not treated, it may develop into a clinical disease (genital warts) within two years. Therefore long‐term follow‐up of this condition may be necessary in untreated cases.
CORONARY ARTERY SPASM
Authors: Rothman M T , Khan B
Published: April 2023

INTRODUCTION

It is now well over 100 years since Latham1 postulated coronary artery spasm as a mechanism for angina pectoris. In 1889, Huchard2 suggested that coronary spasm, superimposed on organic lesions, might explain some aspects of ischaemic heart disease. However, in the 1930s and 40s demonstration of coronary atherosclerosis in pathological specimens led to the concept of obstructive atheroma as the basis for anginal syndromes. In the late 1950s Prinzmetal repopularised Huchard's concept of spasm superimposed on an organic lesion as a basis for angina in some clinical settings (Prinzmetal's variant angina).3 He reported that pain only came on with the subject at rest, or during routine daily activity, rather than with effort. This form of angina is associated with ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram, rather than with the more usually noted ST depression. Three decades after Prinzmetal described this variant form of angina, there are still doubts about its causation and prevalence.
BLEEDING INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM? PITUITARY APOPLEXY!
Authors: Oliver R M , Craft T M , Shaw K M
Published: April 2023

Pituitary apoplexy describes the clinical syndrome characterised by headache, visual impairment and ophthalmoplegia caused by sudden enlargement of a pituitary adenoma. This is usually due to extensive tumour infarction or haemorrhage. Pituitary apoplexy is rare, mimics spontaneous intracranial bleeding, and thus may be easily mistaken for acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. Urgent surgical intervention and hormone replacement therapy are required.
SLEEP APNOEA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND TREATMENT
Authors: Nasser S , Rees P J
Published: April 2023

An awakening has taken place over the last 25 years to the science of sleep disorders. Foremost amongst these, both in the medical world and the public eye, has been Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (SAS).

The prevalence is thought to be of the order of 1–2%.1,2 Males are eight times more commonly affected than females, although after the menopause the gap narrows considerably. Sleep apnoea occurs in children, usually in relation to large tonsils and adenoids, but in adult life patients usually present between the age of 40 and 60 and the prevalence increases with age. Numerous apnoeas or hypopnoeas during the night's sleep result in disordered sleep architecture and unrefreshing sleep. This is usually accompanied by night‐long snoring which may lead to marital discord and even complaints from neighbours. Symptoms on waking may be a headache and a feeling of not being refreshed by sleep. Sleepiness during the day can interfere with work and social activities and may produce risks to the patient and others if it occurs while operating dangerous machinery or driving.

Over a longer time scale SAS results in intellectual and memory deterioration, a higher incidence of ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension. Right heart failure is particularly likely if there is chronic airflow obstruction contributing to a low arterial oxygen level. Asystolic periods and tachyarrhythmias may occur during apnoeic periods. The increased mortality of SAS relates to coronary and cerebrovascular disease and arrhythmias. Sudden death occurs with greater frequency in patients with SAS, mainly at night.3
QUALITY OF SLEEP IN THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
Authors: Yinnon A M , Ilan Y , Tadmor B , Altarescu G , Hershko C
Published: April 2023

The quality of sleep in 134 patients admitted to two medical departments and an intensive coronary care unit was studied by comparing pre‐ and post‐admission sleeping scores. Four aspects of sleep have been evaluated: duration of sleep; number of awakenings; personal assessment of quality of sleep; and the need for using sleeping pills. Results were expressed in scores ranging from 1 (worst) to 4 (best). A significant reduction in the mean quality of sleep for the entire group was found for all scores employed (P<0.01–P<0.001).

Of the 134 patients, 51% had a reduction in post‐admission total sleep score (23 ± 3%, mean ± SE); 31% had no change or mixed trends in the various scores, with a change in total sleep score not exceeding 3 ± 3%; and 18% had an improved total sleep score (16 ± 2%). Of the individual scores, a deterioration was found in the following order of frequency: number of awakenings (37%); personal assessment of quality of sleep (32%); duration of sleep (31%); and the need for using sleeping pills (26%). Of the reasons specified for impaired quality of sleep, the most important were noise made by other patients or by the medical staff (47%), and the patient's own disease (30%).

Significant differences in the quality of sleep between the two medical departments located in different hospitals have been encountered (P<0.01). In the department with a greater impairment in sleep score, about twice as many patients were housed per room as in the other department and complaints about noise made by other patients were significantly more common (P<0.05). These findings indicate that the quality of sleep is impaired by hospital admission in the majority of patients and this is attributed mainly to environmental factors. Our findings suggest that increased awareness of the patient's needs for rest and privacy on the part of hospital staff and planners may result in significant improvement in the quality of sleep.
DYSPEPSIA IN THE COMMUNITY: A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY
Authors: Jones R , Lydeard S
Published: April 2023

We have repeated a population‐based survey of the pattern and prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms in 2460 subjects two years after the original survey, in order to document the changes in dyspeptic symptoms and consultation behaviour.

A validated postal questionnaire was sent to 2460 subjects randomly selected in ten‐year age bands from the lists of eight general practitioners working in the south of England. A total of 1417 individuals (58%) responded to both questionnaires. The overall six month prevalence of dyspepsia was unchanged (38%), but while 74% of dyspeptic patients were still getting symptoms, 13% became symptom‐free each year. Over half of those who had reported dyspepsia before, but not at the time of, the first survey had experienced recurrence of their symptoms. In the two‐year study period 113 individuals experienced dyspepsia for the first time, giving an annual incidence of 11.5%. One in four patients consulted their general practitioner, and 75% of those who had not consulted in the first survey still had not done so two years later. Resolution of symptoms appeared independent of consulting behaviour. Peptic ulcers were identified in 14 patients, mostly those with new dyspepsia, during the study period.
QUININE‐INDUCED CUTANEOUS VASCULITIS
Authors: Price E J , Bevan J S , Rees A
Published: April 2023

We report a 60‐year‐old woman who developed severe cutaneous vasculitis three weeks after commencing quinine sulphate (300 mg at night) for nocturnal cramps. The patient died despite immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. We review three previous cases and conclude that cutaneous vasculitis is a rare but life‐threatening complication of treatment with this widely‐prescribed drug.

Quinine sulphate is prescribed frequently for nocturnal cramps, although its efficacy is unsupported by stringently controlled clinical trials. Adverse reactions to the drug are unusual. We describe a 60‐year‐old woman with fatal cutaneous vasculitis related to quinine treatment.
APPARENT ELEVATION OF SERUM CK‐MB NOT DUE TO ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Dickey W , Carson C A , Andrews W J , Crowe P F
Published: April 2023

An increased serum level of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK‐MB) is a useful marker for acute myocardial infarction. Although described extensively in clinical chemistry literature, there is little information in standard medical references about false positives for this test. We report two cases where high levels of measured CK‐MB activity were in fact due to another form of CK, associated with internal malignancy.
CYCLICAL BREAST PAIN — SOME OBSERVATIONS AND THE DIFFICULTIES IN TREATMENT
Authors: McFayden I J , Forrest A P M F , Chetty U , Raab G
Published: April 2023

This paper describes a retrospective study of the clinical aspects and treatment of 566 women with cyclical breast pain over a seven‐year period. Figures for the effectiveness of simple treatments including some homeopathic drugs are reported. The article concludes that reassurance is the fundamental treatment. Good responses are obtained from simple and safe drugs (oil of evening primrose, vitamin B6) with minimal side‐effects. The use of stronger hormone drugs such as tamoxifen and danazol was only necessary in a small proportion of patients and resulted in a higher incidence of side‐effects.
NICOTINAMIDE TREATMENT IN SUBJECTS AT HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING IDDM IMPROVES INSULIN SECRETION
Authors: Manna R , Migliore A , Martin L S , Ferrara E , Ponte E , Marietti G , Scuderi F , Cristiano G , Ghirlanda G , Gambassi G
Published: April 2023

Nicotinamide (NCT) has been shown to be effective in preventing the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in mice with non‐obese diabetic (NOD) and beta cell damage, mediated by the diabetogenic agents including streptozotocin. NCT therapy in man has been shown to have a beneficial effect on the remission phase of IDDM, and its use is safe. In this open pilot trial we therefore studied the effect of oral NCT administration on insulin secretion rate and islet‐cell antibody (ICA) titres in IDDM high risk subjects. NCT (25 mg/10 kg bw) was administered in 6/13 high risk patients identified by a family screening programme. Those subjects tested after eight months without treatment showed a decreasing secretion in comparison to onset baseline (56,1 ± 37.8 versus 35,5 ± 12.2), whereas the treated subjects showed an increasing insulin secretion after treatment (26 ± 10 versus 50.2 ± 26.6), in spite of ICA persistence. Statistical analysis shows an increased insulin secretion in the treated group versus the untreated group (χ2= 3.899, P= 0.048). No side‐effects were observed. We conclude that NCT may repair beta‐cell function in high risk subjects too if damage is not too severe; furthermore, the effect seems not to be mediated by an immune mechanism.
AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA WITH SEVERE MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Authors: Radhamanohar M
Published: April 2023

An 83‐year‐old woman suddenly developed profound weakness of proximal and distal muscles in both upper limbs. Electromyography revealed abnormal changes but serum creatine kinase was normal. The weakness responded dramatically to steroid therapy. These unusual features of polymyalgia rheumatica are discussed.
THE ROLE OF EARLY SURGERY FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors:   European Coronary Surgery Bypass Group, Lorimer A R , Karlsson T , Varnauskas E
Published: April 2023

This co‐operative study was a prospective randomised study to evaluate the role of coronary bypass surgery following acute myocardial infarction. The criterion for entry was an early positive exercise tolerance test. All patients who satisfied the clinical criteria of acute myocardial infarction but who were excluded had information on survival obtained after two years. A total of 4658 patients were assessed, with 3334 (71 %) having a modified exercise test. This test was positive in 728 patients, of whom 598 then underwent coronary angiography. Three hundred and forty‐eight patients were randomised (surgery 168, continuing medical treatment 180).

At two years the survival in the medical group was 96% and in the surgical group was 93%. At five years the corresponding figures were 88% and 91%. Sub group analyses in terms of age, ejection fraction and extent of vessel disease failed to show any significant differences between those randomised to medicine or surgery. A positive exercise test early after infarction does help to delineate those more likely to require intervention, but a negative exercise test is not an indication for complacency.
RANDOMISED CROSS‐OVER COMPARISON OF FIVE INHALER SYSTEMS FOR BRONCHODILATOR THERAPY
Authors: Harvey J , Williams J G
Published: April 2023

The pharmacological efficacy of β‐2 agonists such as bronchodilators is well established, yet many patients fail to obtain optimum benefit from conventional metered‐dose inhalers. This is usually because of difficulty in achieving adequate co‐ordination between activation of the aerosol and inhalation.1 To some extent this problem can be alleviated by detailed personal instruction and re‐instruction, but the medical or paramedical staff needed to do this may be unavailable and in any case their time is expensive.

To increase the benefit obtained from bronchodilators, therefore, pharmaceutical companies have produced a variety of devices, eg, large‐volume (750 ml) spacers (Nebuhaler, Volumatic) which enclose a cloud of aerosol, obviating the need for actuation‐inhalation co‐ordination, and breath actuated dry‐power inhalers with (Rotahaler, Diskhaler) or without (Turbohaler) carrier powders. Subsequent compliance with treatment is dependent upon the acceptability of the inhaler device to the patient.
THE INCOMPETENT CERVIX — A REVIEW
Authors: Edozien L C
Published: April 2023

Repeated midtrimester pregnancy loss due to incompetence of the cervical os has long been recognised as a treatable condition, but the aetiology, diagnosis and management of this condition remain controversial. Some women have clinically obvious cervical incompetence and may benefit from a cerclage operation, but criteria for early diagnosis are not universally agreed upon. Universal agreement on the aetiology and diagnostic criteria is a prerequisite for determining which women may benefit from surgical management.
VARIANT ANGINA IN THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: Phull P S , Collins C E , Norell M S , THOMAS D J B
Published: April 2023

Thyrotoxicosis may exacerbate angina pectoris in patients with coronary artery disease but angina also occurs in thyrotoxic patients with normal coronary arteries. Four female severely thyrotoxic patients presented with apparent angina pectoris as a manifestation of their thyrotoxicosis. Two of them had transiently abnormal ECGs during pain. Treatment for thyrotoxicosis immediately stopped the chest pain, which did not recur. All patients had negative exercise ECGs, and one had a normal coronary angiogram.

The possible mechanisms to explain this phenomenon are discussed. Coronary artery spasm has been demonstrated in thyrotoxic patients previously and may explain the features in these patients. An alternative hypothesis is that myocardial metabolism is fundamentally changed by thyrotoxicosis. We would recommend that thyroid function assessment should be considered in young female patients with atypical angina.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF NON‐PENETRATING CARDIOTHORACIC TRAUMA
Authors: Anderson D R
Published: April 2023

The management of trauma to any organ system follows a clearly defined pattern of five steps. For convenience these are known as the 5 Rs and are resuscitation, review, repair, recovery and finally rehabilitation. It is unusual for a single system to be injured in isolation and therefore in the management of trauma it is important to consider the patient as a whole and to direct attention to the vital systems first before moving on to consider non‐life threatening injuries. The management of cardiothoracic trauma is no exception to this dictum.
IS THERE ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PICA AND LIVER FAILURE ?
Authors: Ergün Y , Paydas S , Seyrek N , Seyrek E
Published: April 2023

Pica is defined as the compulsive eating of anything and has been known for more than a hundred years. It is a worldwide problem which can be seen in every race, age, sex and geographic region. Its true incidence is not known and may be greater than expected. Although it is a widespread phenomenon, the causes and risk factors of pica are not well established. Clinical signs and symptoms of pica syndrome are numerous but liver disorder associated with this syndrome is not widely reported. We reported here liver disorder possibly related with pica.
PERIORBITAL NECROTIZING FASCIITIS: TRIVIAL FACIAL INJURY RESULTING IN CARDIAC ARREST
Authors: Kiely P D W , Gilvarry A
Published: April 2023

Facial injuries in the context of alcohol abuse are a common presentation to casualty departments. While the majority are self limiting, the presence of periorbital or facial oedema should alert physicians to the development of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis. Here, a case illustrates this unusual manifestation of streptococcal infection, and emphasises the rapid onset and devastating systemic and local cosmetic consequences of this condition.
Stressful experiences and coping strategies of parents of young children with Down syndrome: A qualitative study
Authors: Celik Pelin , Kara Uzun Aysun
Published: April 2023

Background

Previous studies have focused mostly on the negative experiences of parents of children with Down syndrome. We aimed to explore both the stressful experiences and coping strategies of parents from a non‐Western country.

Methods

Twenty‐six parents of children aged 8–48 months with Down syndrome were included. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The main themes of the stressful experiences were emotional burdens, caregiving burdens, struggle against stigma and discrimination, concerns about the future, challenges related to health, education, and financial issues. Parents used a variety of coping strategies to overcome the challenges by seeking support and help, searching for information, accepting and adapting, and adopting optimistic attitudes.

Conclusion

Although being a parent of a child with Down syndrome has many challenges, most parents effectively used coping strategies and adapted their lives to their new parental roles in their child's early years.
Model and experiment of shrinkage effect during hypobaric storage of Agaricus bisporus
Authors: Dai Bin , Kan Ankang , Xie Jing , Wang Ning , Song Liji
Published: April 2023

This study presents a comprehensive multiphase porous media model with thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) bi‐directional coupling for hypobaric storage of porous food. Agaricus bisporus is used as a case study, and the proposed model is compared to the thermo‐hydro (TH) coupling model, which does not consider product shrinkage. The results indicate that the THM model is more sensitive to pressure changes, accurately simulates the development of the evaporation front, and considers the edge gradient effect. The model is validated through experiments and provides a deeper understanding of the mechanism of heat and mass transfer of porous food under low pressure. Increasing humidity reduces product shrinkage. The model's average relative errors for pressure, temperature, weight loss, and shrinkage are 3.64%, 0.06%, 6.07%, and 4.76%, respectively. This model can be used to optimize the hypobaric storage process and improve product quality.

Practical applications

In this manuscript, a multiphase porous media model with THM bi‐directional coupling for the process of hypobaric storage was developed. Taking A. bisporus as an example, pressure, temperature, weight loss, and shrinkage were predicted. In addition, the effect of humidity on shrinkage of porous food during hypobaric storage has also been studied. In engineering practice, the model can be used to optimize the hypobaric storage process and evaluate product quality.
Associations between abdominal obesity indices and pathological features of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Chinese visceral adiposity index
Authors: Li Ruifang , Liu Jie , Han Ping , Shi Ruifang , Zhao Lili , Li Jia
Published: April 2023

Background and Aim

Many abdominal obesity indices such as waist circumference (WC), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral obesity index (VAI), and Chinese VAI (CVAI) have been considered to be associated with the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the association between abdominal obesity indices and the pathological features of NAFLD is uncertain. This study aims to explore the associations between these indices and the pathological features of NAFLD.

Methods

A total of 147 patients with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD were enrolled in the final analysis. General information, biochemical tests, and pathological information of patients were collected. VAI, LAP, and CVAI were calculated. Spearman's correlation analysis and logistics regression analysis were applied to assess the relationship between abdominal obesity indices and the pathological features of NAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to assess the value of abdominal obesity indices in predicting liver fibrosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Results

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) ≥ 5 significantly correlated with WC, LAP, VAI, and CVAI both in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.05). Fibrosis was significantly and positively correlated with WC, LAP, and CVAI (P < 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, fibrosis remained associated with CVAI (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

CVAI is significantly associated with the pathological features of NAFLD, and CVAI shows the most superior efficacy in diagnosing fibrosis among these indices.
PrabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines in adults, 65 years of age and older: The fourth in a series of post hoc analyses of the phase III clinical study data
Authors: Cox Sue Ellen , Ascher Benjamin , Avelar Rui L. , Beer Kenneth R. , Carruthers Jean , Cartier Hugues , Fagien Steven , Solish Nowell
Published: April 2023

Background

Despite the absence of Phase III clinical trial data to support their use, 3.4% of all neurotoxin treatments performed internationally for esthetic purposes in 2020 were performed in patients 65 years of age and older.

Objectives

To investigate the efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines in the subset of Phase III clinical trial participants who were 65 years of age and older.

Methods

Post hoc analyses were performed on all patients who had been treated with a single dose of 20 U prabotulinumtoxinA in the three 150‐day, placebo‐controlled Phase III glabellar line clinical studies. Patients were grouped by age: ≥65 years (n = 70) versus <65 years (n = 667). The endpoints of primary interest were the proportion of responders with a ≥1‐point improvement from baseline at maximum frown on the 4‐point Glabellar Line Scale and treatment‐related adverse events.

Results

For the efficacy endpoint of primary interest, responder rates among patients 65 years of age and older were numerically less than those of patients less than 65 years by an absolute mean difference of just −2.7% across all visits; none of the differences at any visit were statistically significant. The most common treatment‐related adverse event was headache, occurring in 5.7% of those 65 years of age and older and in 9.7% of those less than 65 years.

Conclusions

20 U prabotulinumtoxinA administered for the treatment of glabellar lines was efficacious in patients 65 years of age and older; it was also well tolerated by this cohort.
Longitudinal trends in temporomandibular joint disorder symptoms, the impact of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment: A 20‐year prospective study
Authors: Myllymäki Emmi , Heikinheimo Kaisa , Suominen Auli , Evälahti Marjut , Michelotti Ambrosina , Svedström‐Oristo Anna‐Liisa , Rice David P.
Published: April 2023

Background

Studies on the association between malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) have reported conflicting results.

Objectives

To determine the impact of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on symptoms of TMD.

Methods

At 12 years, 195 subjects fulfilled a questionnaire regarding TMD symptoms and participated in an oral examination including preparation of dental casts. The study was repeated at ages 15 and 32. The occlusions were assessed by applying the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index. Associations between the changes in PAR scores and TMD symptoms were analysed with the chi‐square test. A multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of TMD symptoms at 32 years predicted by sex, occlusal traits and orthodontic treatment history.

Results

One in three subjects (29%) was orthodontically treated. Sex was associated with more self‐reported headaches by females at 32 years (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.05–5.4; p = .038). At all time points, any crossbite was significantly associated with greater odds for self‐reported temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds at 32 years (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1–11.6; p = .037). More specifically, association occurred with posterior crossbite (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1–9.9; p = .030). At 12 and 15 years, boys whose PAR score increased were more likely to develop TMD symptoms (p = .039). Orthodontic treatment had no impact on the number of symptoms.

Conclusions

Presence of crossbite may increase the risk of self‐reported TMJ sounds. Also, longitudinal changes in occlusion may have an association with TMD symptoms while orthodontic treatment is not associated with the number of symptoms.
Association between neonatal phototherapy and sleep: The Japan Environment and Children's Study
Authors: Hotta Masashi , Ueda Kimiko , Ikehara Satoyo , Tanigawa Kanami , Nakayama Hirofumi , Wada Kazuko , Kimura Tadashi , Ozono Keiichi , Sobue Tomotaka , Iso Hiroyasu ,   Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: April 2023

This observational cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between the duration of neonatal phototherapy and sleep‐and‐wakefulness states at 1 month, 1.5 years, and 3 years of age. We analysed data from 77,876 infants using the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide birth cohort study. The participants were divided into three groups: no phototherapy, short phototherapy (1–24 h), and long phototherapy (>24 h). Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of phototherapy duration on infant sleep at each age after adjusting for potential risk factors. A longer duration of phototherapy was associated with a shorter sleep time over 24 h at 1 month of age (β, −0.62; SE, −0.77 to −0.47) when compared with a shorter duration of, or no, phototherapy, following the adjustment of confounding factors. Contrastingly, the short duration group, when compared with the no phototherapy group, was associated with later sleep onset (β, 0.04; SE, 0.00–0.08) and later sleep offset (β, 0.05; SE, 0.01–0.09) at 1.5 years of age. We concluded that the duration of phototherapy may be transiently associated with sleep duration in infants, as emphasised by the shortening of the total sleep time per 24 h at 1 month of age.
Value chains and market access for aquaculture products
Authors: Ababouch Lahsen , Nguyen Kim Anh Thi , Castro de Souza Marcio , Fernandez‐Polanco Jose
Published: April 2023

Aquaculture contributes significantly to global food security, poverty alleviation, and international fish trade. Aquaculture products have become some of the most globalized food commodities, attracting the interest of diverse stakeholders that scrutinize industry developments, through the lenses of the global value chain (GVC) approach to analyze and understand the dynamics and roles at value chain nodes of key players, economic costs and benefits, value addition and value creation and to develop policy options and suitable market instruments for the promotion of sustainable aquaculture. Key characteristics of the aquaculture GVC are that most of the production takes place in developing countries, involving mostly small‐scale operators, while 60 to 70% of the demand (in value) occurs in Europe, North America, and Japan. As a consequence, the institutional and operational capacity of the producing countries is challenged to comply with increasingly demanding regulations and standards for consumer protection, social, and environmental requirements in order to participate actively in the aquaculture GVC. This article reviews the current status and the issues facing aquaculture value chains. It focuses on the challenges and perspectives for aquaculture value chain development, their main drivers, implications, and opportunities for the future of the aquaculture GVC.
Dietary monosodium glutamate increases visceral hypersensitivity in a mouse model of visceral pain
Authors: Brant Bailey J. A. , Yu Yang , Omar Amal Abu , Jaramillo Polanco Josue O. , Lopez Lopez Cintya D. , Jiménez Vargas Nestor N. , Tsang Quentin , McDonell Abby , Takami Kaede , Reed David E. , Lomax Alan E. , Vanner Stephen J. , Tuck Caroline J.
Published: April 2023

Background

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been identified as a trigger of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the mechanism is unknown. This study examined whether MSG causes visceral hypersensitivity using a water‐avoidance stress (WAS) mouse model of visceral pain.

Methods

Mice were divided into four groups receiving treatment for 6 days: WAS + MSG gavage, WAS + saline gavage, sham‐WAS + MSG gavage, and sham‐WAS + saline gavage. The acute effects of intraluminal administration of 10 μM MSG on jejunal extrinsic afferent nerve sensitivity to distension (0–60 mmHg) were examined using ex vivo extracellular recordings. MSG was also applied directly to jejunal afferents from untreated mice. Glutamate concentration was measured in serum, and in the serosal compartment of Ussing chambers following apical administration.

Key Results

Acute intraluminal MSG application increased distension responses of jejunal afferent nerves from mice exposed to WAS + MSG. This effect was mediated by wide dynamic range and high‐threshold units at both physiologic and noxious pressures (10–60 mmHg, p < 0.05). No effect of MSG was observed in the other groups, or when applied directly to the jejunal afferent nerves. Serum glutamate was increased in mice exposed to WAS + MSG compared to sham‐WAS + saline, and serosal glutamate increased using WAS tissue (p = 0.0433).

Conclusions and Inferences

These findings demonstrate that repeated exposure to MSG in mice leads to sensitization of jejunal afferent nerves to acute ex vivo exposure to MSG. This may contribute to visceral hypersensitivity reported in response to MSG in patients with IBS.
Endocarditis, invasive dental procedures, and antibiotic prophylaxis efficacy in US Medicaid patients
Authors: Thornhill Martin H. , Gibson Teresa B. , Yoon Frank , Dayer Mark J. , Prendergast Bernard D. , Lockhart Peter B. , O'Gara Patrick T. , Baddour Larry M.
Published: April 2023

Objective

Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended before invasive dental procedures to prevent endocarditis in those at high risk, but supporting data are sparse. We therefore investigated any association between invasive dental procedures and endocarditis, and any antibiotic prophylaxis effect on endocarditis incidence.

Subjects and Methods

Cohort and case‐crossover studies were performed on 1,678,190 Medicaid patients with linked medical, dental, and prescription data.

Results

The cohort study identified increased endocarditis incidence within 30 days of invasive dental procedures in those at high risk, particularly after extractions (OR 14.17, 95% CI 5.40–52.11, p < 0.0001) or oral surgery (OR 29.98, 95% CI 9.62–119.34, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduced endocarditis incidence following invasive dental procedures (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06–0.53, p < 0.0001). Case‐crossover analysis confirmed the association between invasive dental procedures and endocarditis in those at high risk, particularly following extractions (OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.65–5.27, p < 0.005) and oral surgery (OR 10.66, 95% CI 5.18–21.92, p < 0.0001). The number of invasive procedures, extractions, or surgical procedures needing antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent one endocarditis case was 244, 143 and 71, respectively.

Conclusions

Invasive dental procedures (particularly extractions and oral surgery) were significantly associated with endocarditis in high‐risk individuals, but AP significantly reduced endocarditis incidence following these procedures, thereby supporting current guideline recommendations.
Topical clobetasol treatment for oral lichen planus can cause adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Einarsdottir Margret J. , Bankvall Maria , Robledo‐Sierra Jairo , Rödström Per‐Olof , Bergthorsdottir Ragnhildur , Trimpou Penelope , Hasséus Bengt , Ragnarsson Oskar
Published: April 2023

Objective

Glucocorticoids suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which may lead to glucocorticoid‐induced adrenal insufficiency. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of this state in patients with oral lichen planus treated with topical clobetasol propionate.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 30 patients with oral lichen planus receiving long‐term (>6 weeks) clobetasol propionate gel 0.025% were invited to participate. Adrenal function was assessed by measuring morning plasma cortisol after a 48‐h withdrawal of clobetasol treatment. In patients with plasma cortisol <280 nmol/L, a cosyntropin stimulation test was performed.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were included. Twenty‐one (78%) patients presented with plasma cortisol ≥280 nmol/L (range 280–570 nmol/L), and six (22%) <280 nmol/L (range 13–260 nmol/L). Five of these six patients underwent cosyntropin stimulation that revealed severe adrenal insufficiency in two patients (cortisol peak 150 nmol/L and 210 nmol/L) and mild adrenal insufficiency in three patients (cortisol peak 350–388 nmol/L).

Conclusion

In this study, approximately 20% of patients receiving intermittent topical glucocorticoid treatment for oral lichen planus had glucocorticoid‐induced adrenal insufficiency. It is essential for clinicians to be aware of this risk and to inform patients about the potential need for glucocorticoid stress doses during intercurrent illness.
Calcium phytate reverses high glucose‐inhibited osteogenesis of BMSCs via the MAPK/JNK pathway
Authors: Lv Jiaxin , Wang Qiaona , Liu Dongyu , Chu Catherine Huihan , Zhou Heyang , Li Guoqing , Wu Jin , Cai Kunzhan , Tang Chunbo
Published: April 2023

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces oxidative tissue impairment and suppresses bone formation. Some studies have shown that phytic acid has antioxidant and anti‐diabetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential of calcium phytate (Ca‐phytate) to reverse inhibited osteogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in a high glucose (HG) environment and to determine the underlying mechanism.

Materials and Methods

hBMSCs were exposed to HG and palmitic acid to simulate DM in vitro. Osteogenic differentiation was measured using alkaline phosphatase staining and activity assay, alizarin red S staining, qRT‐PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. A critical‐size cranial defect model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats was established to evaluate bone regeneration. A specific pathway inhibitor was used to explore whether the MAPK/JNK pathway was involved.

Results

Treatment with 34 μM Ca‐phytate had the highest effect on osteogenic differentiation in HG. Ca‐phytate improved cranial bone defect healing in T2DM rats. The long‐term HG environment inhibited the activation of the MAPK/JNK signalling pathway, which was restored by Ca‐phytate. Blocking the JNK pathway reduced the Ca‐phytate‐mediated osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.

Conclusion

Ca‐phytate induced bone regeneration in vivo and reversed HG‐inhibited osteogenesis of hBMSCs in vitro via the MAPK/JNK signalling pathway.
Metabolome and transcriptome analyses of anthocyanin biosynthesis reveal key metabolites and candidate genes in purple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Liu Xiaoting , Liu Haifu , Tian Baoming , Shi Gongyao , Liu Cheng , Guo Jialin , Cao Gangqiang , Wei Fang
Published: April 2023

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is continuously subjected to genetic improvement to optimize grain quality. Purple wheat has recently gained attention because of its high anthocyanin and nutrient content. In this study, we performed an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the inbred wheat lines ZM152 (white wheat line) and ZM163 (purple wheat line) to elucidate molecular networks and identify potential genes regulating anthocyanin synthesis. A total of 564 metabolites were detected, of which 47 metabolite contents differed significantly between the two lines. Twenty‐five flavonoids, including four anthocyanins, were significantly higher in purple wheat. High contents of cyanidin 3‐rutinoside and malvidin 3‐glucoside might contribute to the purple coloration of the wheat grains. Consistently, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis were mostly enriched, and the expression of anthocyanin structural genes was specifically upregulated in purple wheat lines, while transcription factors (TFs) were mostly downregulated in purple wheat lines. Especially, the correlation analysis showed the anthocyanin synthesis‐related genes CHS (TraesCS2B02G048400) and UFGT (TraesCS7A02G155400) were likely regulated negatively by the TFs MYB4 (TraesCS1A02G268800, TraesCS1B02G279400), TT8 (TraesCS1D02G094200, TraesCS1B02G113100, and TraesCS1A02G102400), which thus could be considered important regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of purple wheat lines. In summary, these results offer new insights into anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation of purple wheat, and provide very useful candidate genes for future colored wheat breeding.
Farm to Food Bank: Exploring the Ties between Local Food Producers and Charitable Food Assistance☆
Authors: Haynes Stein Alana , Brinkley Catherine
Published: April 2023

This research explores the dependencies between community food security and local food movements. We use a mixed methods approach that includes: analysis of 2.97 million pounds of food bank donations from 296 organizations, network analysis of the local food system with 77 farms and 439 market connections, and 24 interviews with food bank donors and staff. We find strong ties between the food bank and local food producers, particularly producers that are organic and sell directly to the public. Nearly half the donating farms also sold to local markets; and together supplied the majority of locally produced food (296,090 pounds) distributed by the food bank. Yet, both movements operate within capitalist systems, even when the food is decommodified. Producer motivations for donating are not purely based on social responsibility to feed the hungry but also acknowledge the financial and marketing benefits of donating in terms of receiving tax credits, participating in procurement programs, and improving public relations. Our findings suggest that research and policy focused on local food systems or food security should consider such ties and their implications for growing or maintaining resulting practices.
Ambivalent toward life, ambivalent toward psychotherapy? An investigation of the helping alliance, motivation for treatment, and control expectancies in patients with suicidal ideation in inpatient psychotherapy
Authors: Ernst Mareike , Zwerenz Rüdiger , Michal Matthias , Wiltink Jörg , Tuin Inka , Beutel Manfred E.
Published: April 2023

Background

Research has found that patients with suicidal ideation (SI) are at high risk for unfavorable outcomes. The present work aimed to expand the knowledge about their characteristics and treatment success.

Methods

Data were drawn from a routine assessment of N = 460 inpatients. We used patients' self‐report data as well as therapists' reports covering baseline characteristics, depression and anxiety symptoms (at the start and end of therapy), psychosocial stress factors, helping alliance, treatment motivation, and treatment‐related control expectancies. In addition to group comparisons, we conducted tests of associations with treatment outcome.

Results

SI was reported by 232 patients (50.4% of the sample). It co‐occurred with higher symptom burden, more psychosocial stress factors, and negation of help. Patients reporting SI were more likely to be dissatisfied with the treatment outcome (although their therapists were not). SI was related to higher levels of anxiety symptoms after treatment. In regression models of depression and anxiety symptoms, interactions of SI with the external control expectancy powerful others were observed, suggesting that in patients with frequent SI, this control expectancy hindered recovery.

Discussion/Conclusion

Patients reporting SI are a vulnerable group. Therapists could support them by addressing (potentially conflicting) motivations and control expectancies.
Objective and automatic grading system of facial signs from smartphones’ pictures in South African men: Validation versus dermatologists and characterization of changes with age
Authors: Flament Frederic , Jiang Ruowei , Houghton Jeff , Cassier Matthieu , Amar David , Delaunay Caroline , Balooch Guive , Bouhadana Elisabeth , Aarabi Parham , Passeron Thierry
Published: April 2023

Objective

To evaluate the capacity of the automatic detection system to accurately grade, from selfie pictures, the severity of eight facial signs in South African men.

Methods

Selfie pictures (obtained from frontal and back cameras) of 281 South African men differently aged (20–70 years) were obtained and analyzed by an automatic artificial intelligence (AI)‐based automatic grading system. Data were compared with the clinical gradings made by experts and dermatologists.

Results

In all facial signs, both series of gradings were found highly correlated with, however, different coefficients (0.59–0.95), those of marionette lines and cheek pores being of lower values. No differences were observed between data obtained by frontal and back cameras. With age, in most cases, gradings show up to the 50–59 year age‐class, linear‐like changes. When compared to men of other ancestries, South African men present lower wrinkles/texture, pigmentation, and ptosis/sagging scores till 50–59 years, albeit not much different in the cheek pores sign. The early onset (mean age) of visibility of wrinkles/texture for South African men were (i.e., reaching grade >1) 39 and 45 years for ptosis/sagging.

Conclusion

This study completes and enlarges the previous works conducted on men of other ancestries by showing some South African specificities and slight differences with men of comparable phototypes (Afro American).
Postoperative transfusion hemoglobin threshold and functional recovery after high‐risk oncologic surgery: A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Chapalain Xavier , Lasocki Sigismond , Gargadennec Thomas , Consigny Maëlys , Campfort Maeva , Cadic Anna , Léger Maxime , Dias Patricia , Le Niger Catherine , Sparrow Rosemary L. , Huet Olivier , Aubron Cécile
Published: April 2023

Background

Robust evidence to inform best transfusion management after major oncologic surgery, where postoperative recovery might impact treatment regimens for cancer, is lacking. We conducted a study to validate the feasibility of a larger trial comparing liberal versus restrictive red blood cells (RBC) transfusion strategies after major oncologic surgery.

Study Design and Methods

This was a two‐center, randomized, controlled, study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit after major oncologic surgery. Patients whose hemoglobin level dropped below 9.5 g/dL, were randomly assigned to immediately receive a 1‐unit RBC transfusion (liberal) or delayed until the hemoglobin level dropped below 7.5 g/dL (restrictive). The primary outcome was the median hemoglobin level between randomization to day 30 post‐surgery. Disability‐free survival was evaluated by the WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire.

Results

30 patients were randomized (15 patients/group) in 15 months with a mean recruitment rate of 1.8 patients per month. The median hemoglobin level was significantly higher in the liberal group than in the restrictive group: 10.1 g/dL (IQR 9.6–10.5) versus 8.8 g/dL (IQR 8.3–9.4), p < .001, and RBC transfusion rates were 100% versus 66.7%, p = .04. The disability‐free survival was similar between groups: 26.7% versus 20%, p = 1.

Discussion

Our results support the feasibility of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial comparing the impact of liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies on the functional recovery of critically ill patients following major oncologic surgery.
Detailed anatomic description of the lateral, transzygomatic approach to the middle fossa and rostral brainstem and its use in three dogs
Authors: Chen Sandy , Young Martin G. , Bush William W. , Shores Andy , Levine Chris
Published: April 2023

Objective

To describe a craniectomy using a lateral, transzygomatic approach to the middle fossa and rostral brainstem, and to report clinical outcomes and complications in three dogs.

Animals

Two cadaver dogs and three client‐owned dogs. Two of the client‐owned dogs with middle fossa lesions, and one with a rostral brainstem lesion.

Methods

Two cadavers were used to describe the lateral, transzygomatic surgical approach to the middle fossa and rostral brainstem. The medical records of three dogs undergoing this surgical approach were reviewed for data on signalment, preoperative and postoperative neurological status, diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, complications, and outcome.

Results

Indications for this surgical approach included incisional biopsy (n = 1) and debulking surgery for brain lesions (n = 2). Definitive diagnoses were achieved in two cases, and tumor volume reduction in all cases. Two of the three dogs developed postoperative facial nerve paralysis ipsilateral to the surgical site, which resolved within 2 and 12 weeks after surgery.

Conclusion

The lateral, transzygomatic approach provided useful access to ventrally located cerebral/skull base lesions in dogs without major complications.
Pointing Tasks Using Spatial Audio on Smartphones for People With Vision Impairments
Authors: Raina Abhijeet Singh , Mohanty Ronak R. , Bhuvanesh Abhirath , J Divya Prabha , Swaminathan Manohar , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R.
Published: April 2023

We present an experimental investigation of spatial audio feedback using smartphones to support direction localization in pointing tasks for people with visual impairments (PVIs). We do this using a mobile game based on a bow-and-arrow metaphor. Our game provides a combination of spatial and non-spatial (sound beacon) audio to help the user locate the direction of the target. Our experiments with sighted, sighted-blindfolded, and visually impaired users show that (a) the efficacy of spatial audio is relatively higher for PVIs than for blindfolded sighted users during the initial reaction time for direction localization, (b) the general behavior between PVIs and blindfolded individuals is statistically similar, and (c) the lack of spatial audio significantly reduces the localization performance even in sighted-blindfolded users. Based on our findings, we discuss the system and interaction design implications for making future mobile-based spatial interactions accessible to PVIs.