bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of core stabilization exercises on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with substance use disorder: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mustafaoglu Rustem , Demir Rengin , Demirci Arzu Ciftci , Yigit Zerrin
Published: April 2019

Background

Adolescent substance abuse is a serious and growing problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of core stabilization exercises on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD).

Methods

This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. A total of 49 adolescent male patients with SUD were randomly assigned to either the exercise group (n = 25; mean age 16.6 years) or the control group (n = 24; mean age 16.7 years), for 6 weeks. All participants underwent a medical and behavioral therapy program 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The exercise group received five core stabilization exercises combined with deep breathing as a group training for 45 to 60 minutes, twice a week for 6 weeks, and the control group received recreational activities in addition to the usual care for 45 to 60 minutes, twice a week for 6 weeks. Spirometry, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and the 6‐minute walk test were performed and measured at baseline and after training.

Results

There were significant improvements in maximal inspiratory pressure (24.16 cm H2O; P < 0.0001), maximal expiratory pressure (30.28 cm H2O; P < 0.0001), forced vital capacity (5.80% predicted, P < 0.0001), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (7.34% predicted; P = 0.002), peak expiratory flow (13.32% predicted; P = 0.0003), forced expiratory flow 25%‐75% (11.84% predicted; P = 0.027), and the 6‐minute walking distance (65.84 m; P < 0.0001) in the exercise group compared with the control group.

Conclusions

Core stabilization exercise can improve pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity in adolescents with SUD.
Investigation on Transition Diode Properties of rGO‐GO/n‐Si Heterojunction
Authors: Abdullah Mohd Faizol , Abd Rahman Shaharin Fadzli , Hashim Abdul Manaf
Published: April 2019

Thermal annealing in the range of 100–700 °C is applied to reduce the graphene oxide (GO) film into reduced‐GO (rGO). Raman spectrum analysis and film conductivity analysis via Hall measurement confirms the advancement of reduction degree at higher annealing temperature (AT). The film conductivity is 19.7 S cm−1 after annealing at 700 °C. Hall measurement also reveals the sudden appearance of electron conduction around 300 °C. The type of attached oxygen functional groups determines the type of majority carrier in the film and modulate the work function of conductive crystalline sp2 carbon. Then, the effect of AT to the current‐voltage characteristics of n‐type silicon/GO junction are discussed. The fabricated junction is analyzed based on Schottky junction operation using Rhoderick and Cheung methods. The higher reduction degree leads to lower series resistance. Schottky barrier height is found to increase to 0.92 eV for AT around 300 °C, before it decreases at higher AT. Correlation between the barrier height and the hole concentration from Hall measurement can be noticed. Schottky junction with AT of 400 °C gives the highest rectification ratio of 149, owing to moderate value of series resistance as well as high barrier height.
Motional and Spin Dynamics of Individual Neutral Impurities in an Ultracold Gas
Authors: Schmidt Felix , Mayer Daniel , Lausch Tobias , Adam Daniel , Bouton Quentin , Hohmann Michael , Kindermann Farina , Koch Jennifer , Nettersheim Jens , Widera Artur
Published: April 2019

Recent studies on the dynamics of single, neutral impurities immersed in an ultracold gas are reviewed. This paradigmatic model system is realized by the controlled doping of single Caesium atoms into an ultracold Rubidium gas. Interaction between the impurity and the gas in both the motional and internal degrees of freedom is studied for a broad range of bath temperatures in the thermal and quantum‐degenerate regime. Tracing single‐atom diffusion it is found that, even for a granular bath, where the assumption of a continuous medium is not fulfilled, a modified Langevin equation yields excellent predictions for tracer diffusion. Numerical modeling of impurity dynamics in a three‐dimensional superfluid bath shows the emergence of a prethermalized state for intermediate times due to the existence of a superfluid critical momentum, while for lower dimensions the effect of thermal phonons dominates and obstructs the formation of such nonthermal states. Finally, unleashing the quasi‐spin degree of freedom, the authors observe and control spin‐exchange dynamics between individual impurities and the bath. Moreover, a regime of sympathetic impurity cooling is realized, where the internal‐state coherence of the impurity is preserved. In the future, control over the motional and spin‐degree of freedom will enable using individual impurities as thermalized, localized, minimally invasive quantum probes for a quantum fluid.
Variable selection in semiparametric nonmixture cure model with interval‐censored failure time data: An application to the prostate cancer screening study
Authors: Sun Liuquan , Li Shuwei , Wang Lianming , Song Xinyuan
Published: April 2019

Censored failure time data with a cured subgroup is frequently encountered in many scientific areas including the cancer screening research, tumorigenicity studies, and sociological surveys. Meanwhile, one may also encounter an extraordinary large number of risk factors in practice, such as patient's demographic characteristics, clinical measurements, and medical history, which makes variable selection an emerging need in the data analysis. Motivated by a medical study on prostate cancer screening, we develop a variable selection method in the semiparametric nonmixture or promotion time cure model when interval‐censored data with a cured subgroup are present. Specifically, we propose a penalized likelihood approach with the use of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, or smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalties, which can be easily accomplished via a novel penalized expectation‐maximization algorithm. We assess the finite‐sample performance of the proposed methodology through extensive simulations and analyze the prostate cancer screening data for illustration.
Electrochemically Exfoliated High‐Quality 2H‐MoS2 for Multiflake Thin Film Flexible Biosensors
Authors: Zhang Panpan , Yang Sheng , Pineda‐Gómez Roberto , Ibarlucea Bergoi , Ma Ji , Lohe Martin R. , Akbar Teuku Fawzul , Baraban Larysa , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Feng Xinliang
Published: April 2019

2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) gives a new inspiration for the field of nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, and sensorics. However, the most common processing technology, e.g., liquid‐phase based scalable exfoliation used for device fabrication, leads to the number of shortcomings that impede their large area production and integration. Major challenges are associated with the small size and low concentration of MoS2 flakes, as well as insufficient control over their physical properties, e.g., internal heterogeneity of the metallic and semiconducting phases. Here it is demonstrated that large semiconducting MoS2 sheets (with dimensions up to 50 µm) can be obtained by a facile cathodic exfoliation approach in nonaqueous electrolyte. The synthetic process avoids surface oxidation thus preserving the MoS2 sheets with intact crystalline structure. It is further demonstrated at the proof‐of‐concept level, a solution‐processed large area (60 × 60 µm) flexible Ebola biosensor, based on a MoS2 thin film (6 µm thickness) fabricated via restacking of the multiple flakes on the polyimide substrate. The experimental results reveal a low detection limit (in femtomolar–picomolar range) of the fabricated sensor devices. The presented exfoliation method opens up new opportunities for fabrication of large arrays of multifunctional biomedical devices based on novel 2D materials.
SNAP and Paycheck Cycles
Authors: Beatty Timothy K. M. , Bitler Marianne P. , Cheng Xinzhe Huang , van der Werf Cynthia
Published: April 2019

It is well documented that individuals do not spend the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits smoothly over the month after receipt. Rather, recipients spend a disproportionate share of benefits at the beginning of the benefit month. This has costs for recipients and stores. There is also evidence that other income streams, such as Social Security and paychecks, are not spent smoothly. The presence of these other income streams may bias estimates of the effects of this SNAP cycle on consumption for working SNAP beneficiaries and those who receive other government benefits. We use data from United States Department of Agriculture's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey to explore how the SNAP cycle is affected by accounting for these other income streams. We find suggestive evidence that the cycle is more pronounced for workers who are paid on a weekly or monthly basis, but little evidence that cycles in other income streams mitigate or exacerbate the SNAP cycle.
Listening Stations in Content Area Learning
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy
Published: April 2019

Literacy instruction does not just happen during the language arts block, as students can learn more about reading and writing during science, social studies, and mathematics. This department features examples of how teachers can teach literacy across various content areas.
Fabrication of a double‐helical photocatalytic module for disinfection and antibiotics degradation
Authors: Yu Hongtao , Wang Shi , Zhang Zhenhua , Chen Shuo , Quan Xie , Liang Heng
Published: April 2019

A double‐helical photocatalytic module was fabricated via an annealing process following an anodic oxidation procedure, and installed into a commercial UV sterilizer to structure continuous‐flow photocatalytic device. Benefiting from the superior mass transfer of double‐helical structure to common flat plate or corrugated plate, as well as the improved adhesion between Ti support and TiO2 layer, the photocatalytic device displayed potential in practical disinfection and degradation of organics. During photocatalytic disinfection process with 21 mJ/cm2 of UV dose, the concentration of Escherichia coli decreased from 1.71 × 107 CFU/L (typical for municipal wastewater) in influent to 2,720 CFU/L in effluent water, which met the wastewater discharged standard of China. Escherichia coli reactivation ratio for the photocatalytic device was only one‐tenth of that for UV sterilizer. Furthermore, taking phenol, bisphenol A, and four antibiotics as targets, the device was demonstrated to promote the degradation of photodegradable pollutants via photocatalysis. These results highlight a feasibility of photocatalytic technology as a supporting role in practical wastewater treatment.

Practitioner points

TiO2 nanotube array was embedded in the surface of double‐helical Ti support to avoid detachment.

This double‐helical photocatalytic module was installed into a commercial UV sterilizer to structure a continuous‐flow device.

The continuous‐flow device was effective in sterilizing bacteria and decomposing photodegradable organic pollutants in wastewater.

Improving the performance of UV technology was proposed as a feasible approach for the practical application of photocatalysis.
Introduction
Authors: Oppl Stefan , Stary Christian
Published: April 2019

This chapter motivates the objective for introducing support measures and instruments for articulating, aligning, and enacting performative aspects of organizational work. It provides background information on supporting organizational actors to actively design their collaborative work processes. Of main interest are individual conceptualizations of work while ensuring syntactically correct and semantically valid work models to be processed by digital means. The chapter presents relevant framework constituents, namely humans, technology, and organization of work, while referring to the articulation and alignment processes by socio-technical means. From a dynamic system development perspective, learning support and human-centered representation of knowledge play a crucial role. Their major characteristics are discussed as common ground for the instruments presented in the subsequent chapters.
Elicitation Requirements
Authors: Oppl Stefan , Stary Christian
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses elicitation of knowledge in work process design and its requirements on socio-technical support instruments. It provides the conceptual underpinnings of the articulation and alignment processes of work process elicitation. We detail relevant insights from different disciplines such as social psychology, cognitive sciences, knowledge management, and computer-supported collaborative work. The individual mental model of accomplishing work tasks, as well as role awareness, is crucial for capturing situated and thus contextual work behavior. For aligning individual mental models, intangible information exchange, and implicit work knowledge needs to be externalized and combined with existing encoded work representations. Such an endeavor lays the ground for co-creating digital work settings and meta-cognitive potential for further developments, in particular, organization learning steps. This chapter provides a corresponding theory-based synthesis. It reflects on methodologically grounded designs of work support and organizational development processes.
Towards a classification of two-character rational conformal field theories
Authors: Chandra A. Ramesh , Mukhi Sunil
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We provide a simple and complete construction of infinite families of consistent, modular-covariant pairs of characters satisfying the basic requirements to describe twocharacter RCFT. These correspond to solutions of generic second-order modular linear differential equations. To find these solutions, we first construct “quasi-characters” from the Kaneko-Zagier equation and subsequent works by Kaneko and collaborators, together with coset dual generalisations that we provide in this paper. We relate our construction to the Hecke images recently discussed by Harvey and Wu.
Determination of αs from static QCD potential: OPE with renormalon subtraction and lattice QCD
Authors: Takaura Hiromasa , Kaneko Takashi , Kiyo Yuichiro , Sumino Yukinari
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We determine the strong coupling constant α

s
from the static QCD potential by matching a theoretical calculation with a lattice QCD computation. We employ a new theoretical formulation based on the operator product expansion, in which renormalons are subtracted from the leading Wilson coefficient. We remove not only the leading renormalon uncertainty of

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(ΛQCD) but also the first r-dependent uncertainty of

$$ \mathcal{O}\left({\Lambda}_{\mathrm{QCD}}^3{r}^2\right) $$

O

Λ

Q
C
D

3

r
2

. The theoretical prediction for the potential turns out to be valid at the static color charge distance

$$ {\Lambda}_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}r\lesssim 0.8 $$

Λ

M
S

¯

r
≲
0.8

(r ≲ 0.4 fm), which is significantly larger than ordinary perturbation theory. With lattice data down to

$$ {\Lambda}_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}r\sim 0.09 $$

Λ

M
S

¯

r
∼
0.09

(r ∼ 0.05 fm), we perform the matching in a wide region of r, which has been difficult in previous determinations of α

s
from the potential. Our final result is α

s
(M

Z

2
) = 0.1179
− 0.0014
+ 0.0015
with 1.3% accuracy. The dominant uncertainty comes from higher order corrections to the perturbative prediction and can be straightforwardly reduced by simulating finer lattices.
Holographic four-point functions in Toda field theories in AdS2
Authors: Ouyang Hao
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We consider Toda field theories in a classical Euclidean AdS
2 background. We compute the four-point functions of boundary operators in the a
1, a
2 and b
2 Toda field theories. They take the same form as the four-point functions of generators in the corresponding

$$ \mathcal{W} $$

W

-algebras. Therefore we conjecture that the boundary operators are in one-to-one correspondence with the generators in the

$$ \mathcal{W} $$

W

-algebras.
Feeling Confident and Smart with Webrooming: Understanding the Consumer's Path to Satisfaction
Authors: Flavián Carlos , Gurrea Raquel , Orús Carlos
Published: April 2019

The multichannel marketing literature consistently shows that consumers who use multiple channels in their purchase journeys are more satisfied, loyal, and can be more profitable, than single-channel consumers. However, there is little research investigating how specific channel combinations affect the customer experience. Recognizing that webrooming (research products online, purchase offline) is the prevalent form of cross-channel shopping, this paper examines its influence on the consumer's search process satisfaction. The results of three studies combining qualitative, survey, and experimental methods show that webrooming leads to more satisfaction than showrooming behaviors. Furthermore, we find that webrooming makes consumers feel more confident and like “smart shoppers.” Both factors subsequently determine satisfaction. Perceptions of money savings also affect search process satisfaction. Importantly, saving time and/or effort during the purchase process (convenience) has no influence on satisfaction with cross-channel shopping. The results are robust across shopping motivations and product categories. Theoretical implications and proposals for effective channel integration are offered.
Sexual Quality of Life in Homosexual and Bisexual Men: The Relative Role of Minority Stress
Authors: Grabski Bartosz , Kasparek Krzysztof , Müldner-Nieckowski Łukasz , Iniewicz Grzegorz
Published: April 2019

Background

Minority stress is an important risk factor for sexual problems in gay and bisexual men. It remains unclear whether and to what extent this stress is associated with the sexual quality of life in these groups.

Aim

To investigate the significance of minority stress as a factor explaining the sexual quality of life in gay and bisexual men.

Methods

The analysis is based on data collected in an Internet study on the sexuality of Polish gay, bisexual, and straight men. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the importance of minority stress in explaining the sexual quality of life in a group of 1,486 non-heterosexual men in the context of other predictors, including demographics, the level of current sexual function, sexual patterns and experiences, and mental and physical health. We used the Sexual Minority Stress Scale based on Ilan Meyer’s Minority Stress Model, with its subscales relating to internalized homophobia, expectation of rejection, concealment, and sexual minority negative events. The level of sexual functioning was evaluated using 2 scales, the International Index of Erectile Functioning and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool. Data on the remaining predictors were obtained using a survey that we developed.

Main Outcome Measures

The men’s sexual quality of life as rated on the Sexual Quality of Life Scale for Men was a dependent variable.

Results

Internalized homophobia (β = −0.28; P < .001) and sexual minority negative events (β = −0.09; P < .001) were statistically significant predictors of sexual quality of life in non-heterosexual men. Internalized homophobia (β = −0.28; P < .001) and erectile function (β = 0.29, P < .001) turned out to be the strongest predictors. Sexual orientation (gay vs bisexual) and its interactions with individual processes of minority stress were statistically nonsignificant.

Clinical Implications

To evaluate and improve the sexual quality of life of non-heterosexual men, it is necessary to consider not only their sexual function, but also the minority stress they experience, particularly internalized homophobia.

Strengths & Limitations

The major strengths of the study include a large sample size, a comprehensive assessment of minority stress, and the previously understudied Central European cultural context. The major limitations are the nonrepresentative sampling, retrospective data collection, and cross-sectional design.

Conclusion

Internalized homophobia predicts poorer sexual quality of life in gay and bisexual men in Poland.
Nonideal Justice as Nonideal Fairness
Authors: ARVAN MARCUS
Published: April 2019

This article argues that diverse theorists have reasons to theorize about fairness in nonideal conditions, including theorists who reject fairness in ideal theory. It then develops a new all-purpose model of ‘nonideal fairness’. Section 1 argues that fairness is central to nonideal theory across diverse ideological and methodological frameworks. Section 2 then argues that ‘nonideal fairness’ is best modeled by anonideal original positionadaptable to different nonideal conditions and background normative frameworks (including anti-Rawlsian ones). Section 3 argues that the parties to the model have grounds to seek a variety of remedial social, legal, cultural, and economic ‘nonideal primary goods’ for combating injustice as well as grounds to distribute these goods in an equitable and inclusive manner. Finally, I illustrate how the model indexes the nonideal primary goods it justifies to different nonideal contexts and background normative frameworks, illustrating why diverse theorists should find the model and its output principles attractive.
Annual 14C Tree-Ring Data Around 400 AD: Mid- and High-Latitude Records
Authors: Friedrich Ronny , Kromer Bernd , Sirocko Frank , Esper Jan , Lindauer Susanne , Nievergelt Daniel , Heussner Karl Uwe , Westphal Thorsten
Published: April 2019

Two tree-ring series, one from a high-latitude pine tree (located in northern Scandinavia) and one from a mid-latitude oak tree (located in eastern Germany) were analyzed for radiocarbon (14C) at annual resolution. The new records cover the calendar date ranges 290–460 AD and 382–486 AD, respectively, overlapping by 79 yr. The series show similar trends as IntCal13. However, some significant deviations around 400 AD are present with lower Δ14C (higher 14C ages). An average offset between the two new series and IntCal13 of about 20 years in conventional 14C age is observed. A latitudinal 14C offset between the tree sites in central and northern Europe, as would be expected due to the relatively large spatial distance, is not recorded, however. Periodic changes in the 14C records are resolved that can be attributed to the “11-year” solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) with cycle length from 9 to 11 years. The magnitude of changes in Δ14C due to the solar cycle is between 1.5 and 3‰. Since solar cyclicity is only partially synchronous between the two new series, reasons for asynchronicity are explored.
Why Culture Matters in International Institutions: The Marginality of Human Rights at the World Bank
Authors: Sarfaty Galit A.
Published: April 2019

Why do international institutions behave as they do? International organizations (IOs) have emerged as significant actors in global governance, whether they are overseeing monetary policy, setting trade or labor standards, or resolving a humanitarian crisis. They often execute international agreements between states and markedly influence domestic law, which makes it important to analyze how international institutions behave and make policy. Conducting an ethnographic analysis of the internal dynamics of IOs, including their formal and informal norms, incentive systems, and decision-making processes, can usefully aid in understanding institutional behavior and change. This article analyzes the organizational culture of one particularly powerful international institution—the World Bank (the Bank)—and explores why the Bank has not adopted a human rights policy or agenda.
RECOGNISING A PRIVACY-INVASION TORT: THE CONCEPTUAL UNITY OF INFORMATIONAL AND INTRUSION CLAIMS
Authors: Wragg Paul
Published: April 2019

This article presents the novel view that “inclusion into seclusion” and “public disclosure of embarrassing facts” (“misuse of private information” (“MOPI”) in the UK), which both the academic commentary and US case law treat as two separate legal actions, occupy the same conceptual space. This claim has important practical ramifications. No further development of the law is required to realise an actionable intrusion tort as part of the UK's MOPI tort. The argument is defended in doctrinal and theoretical terms and by reference to both UK and US law. It is presented in three forms: first, in negative terms, that the orthodox distinction between the two claims (informational privacy and intrusion) is unsustainable; second, in positive terms, that both guard against the same wrong (unwarranted privacy invasion) and the same harm (mental distress), in a way that is distinctive from other privacy actions and legal claims based upon the autonomy value; finally, in pragmatic terms, that MOPI's mature jurisprudence is sufficiently flexible and dynamic to recognise intrusion-only claims using its existing legal framework.
Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions
Authors: Massie Justin
Published: April 2019

Canada has taken part in six wars since 1945, all of which have been conducted under US leadership. Despite such military interventionism, there have been no systematic comparative analyses of Canada's decisions to take part in US-led wars. The objective of this article is to develop and test a theoretical framework about why Canada goes to war. More specifically, it seeks to account for variations in Canada's provision of combat forces to multinational interventions led by the United States. It assesses leading theoretical explanations by examining five post–Cold War cases: the wars in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Libya; the war against ISIS; and the refusal to take part in the invasion of Iraq. The article concludes that Canada's willingness to go to war is shaped primarily by a desire to maintain transatlantic alliance unity and enhance Canada's alliance credibility. Threats to national security, the legitimacy of the intervention, government ideology and public opinion are not found to consistently or meaningfully shape Canadian decisions to take part in US-led wars.
Participatory plant breeding: Who did it, who does it and where?
Authors: Ceccarelli Salvatore , Grando Stefania
Published: April 2019

The paper provides an overview of institutions, scientists, and practitioners involved over the years in the various ways in which participatory plant breeding (PPB) is implemented, with indication of the crops involved and the countries in which it took place, or is still taking place. This might help creating a better awareness of the scope (both geographical and crop wise) of the different methodologies as well as of their advantages, disadvantages, applicability, and limitations. Through a literature survey, we found 254 publications showing that over a period of 36 years participatory approaches in plant breeding have been used in 69 countries (10 developed and 59 developing) with 47 crops including self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops, by several Institutions including CGIAR centers, universities, and NGOs. We argue that there are no obvious scientific or technical reasons limiting the use of PPB, and we interpret the limited institutionalization as a difficulty to accept the paradigm shift that participation implies.
A rapid HPLC method for the determination of lactoferrin in milk of various species
Authors: Tsakali Efstathia , Chatzilazarou Arhontoula , Houhoula Dimitra , Koulouris Spiridon , Tsaknis John , Van Impe Jan
Published: April 2019

This Research Communication describes the adaptation and testing of an RP-HPLC method, previously tested for the determination of lactoferrin (LF) in whey, for its applicability to determine milk lactoferrin content. Milk samples of various species, namely, ovine, caprine, bovine, donkey and human milk, were tested. The advantage of this RP-HPLC method includes speed and convenience, as it does not include extensive pretreatment or separation steps. A simple pre-treatment step was added in order to remove fat and proteins of the casein family and the samples were tested. The results varied in terms of elution of the LF peak both between the milk of the different species as well as from the initial application on whey. The peak resolution was satisfactory in the cases of ovine, bovine and donkey milk samples while for caprine and human milk an interference with other peaks was observed. Nevertheless, quantification of LF was found possible for all samples. This new application of the modified method will allow the determination of LF in milk samples of the tested species either for everyday analysis or as a useful qualitative screening for presence or absence of LF.
Wh-movement and the syntax of sluicing
Authors: TOOSARVANDANI MAZIAR
Published: April 2019

Sluicing – the elliptical construction in which all of a constituent question goes missing except for the interrogative phrase – is commonly analyzed as involving movement of the interrogative phrase to Spec-CP followed by deletion of TP (Ross 1969, Merchant 2001). In this paper, I examine how well the movement-plus-deletion analysis extends to Farsi, awh-in situ language that, surprisingly, has a sluicing construction nearly identical to its English counterpart. I argue that the interrogative phrase in Farsi sluicing escapes deletion not bywh-movement as in English but by a type of focus movement. This operation, which normally applies very generally and is optional, is restricted in sluicing contexts in two ways: (i) it is obligatory, and (ii) it only applies to interrogative phrases. I propose a formal implementation that integrates these two properties into the licensing requirement on deletion, advancing the current understanding of the syntax of sluicing.
A high-energy electron density modulator driven by an intense laser standing wave
Authors: Zhou Shiyi , Zhang Zhijun , Zhou Chuliang , Li Zhongpeng , Tian Ye , Liu Jiansheng
Published: April 2019

A high energy electron density modulator from a high-intensity laser standing wave field is studied herein by investigating the ultrafast motion of electrons in the field. Electrons converge at the electric field antinodes, and the discrete electron density peaks modulated by the field located at the corresponding laser phases of kx = nπ, (n = 0, 1, 2, …), that is, the modulation period is 1/2 the wavelength of the individual laser. We also discussed the influence of the laser parameters such as laser intensity and waist size on the beam modulator. It is shown that a long interaction length (waist) or sufficiently high field intensity is essential for relativistic electron density modulation.
Forevacuum plasma source of continuous electron beam
Authors: Klimov Aleksandr , Bakeev Ilya , Oks Efim , Zenin Aleksey
Published: April 2019

We describe here the design, main parameters, and characteristics of a forevacuum-pressure plasma-cathode electron source based on a hollow-cathode discharge. The source generates a continuous focused electron beam with energy up to 30 keV and current up to 300 mA at a pressure of 10–50 Pa. The focused electron beam reaches a maximum power density of 106 W/cm2. The source utility has been demonstrated by its application for processing and cutting of ceramic.
Écrire la nature
Authors: Ingold Alice
Published: April 2019

Cet article analyse comment s’élabore le gouvernement des eaux courantes dans la première moitié du XIXesiècle, en combinant leur inscription dans la catégorie des choses communes, une extension du droit de police de l’administration et des garanties nouvelles apportées aux usages. L’enquête porte sur la tentative des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées de concevoir une « gestion intégrée » des eaux d’une vallée. Comment cette politique ouvret- elle une réflexion sur ledroitqui pourrait la soutenir, sur le rôle de l’administrationdans sa mise en oeuvre et sur lessavoirsqui pourraient la fonder ? La conflictualité de cette politique est observée à partir de l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique et technique qui se déploie en Roussillon puis enrôle l’Académie des sciences et la Société centrale d’agriculture. On y observe comment l’administration tente de faire prévaloir une définition unifiée du cours d’eau, visant à la fois à hiérarchiser les différents acteurs d’un bassin, particulièrement lesanciens usagerset lesnouveaux entrants, et à défendre un espace d’intervention indépendant de celui de la justice. La mesure des eaux occupe une place centrale, au travers de la discussion de la notion depénurie, et engage des conflits entre administration et justice pour la régulation des eaux. Les savoirs déployés par les ingénieurs, savoirs naturalistes et savoirs de la mesure, renvoient à leur capacité à rendre compatibles des usages, des pratiques et des savoirs concurrents de la rivière. Ils se heurtent en même temps à la capacité pratique du droit à trancher des conflits.
Sur la formation des prix dans l’économie du haut Moyen Âge
Authors: Feller Laurent
Published: April 2019

Durant le haut Moyen Âge, l’échange marchand coexiste avec l’échange non marchand. Le but de cet article est d’examiner la présence de ces deux grandes modalités de l’échange au sein de la vie économique durant une période où l’existence même de surplus fait question. Les déficiences supposées des moyens de production, leur éventuelle inadéquation avec le développement, l’incompétence – elle aussi postulée – des Élites font que l’échange par le marché et la possibilité qu’il existe un secteur de profit sont le plus souvent sous-évalués, voire niés. Les Élites sociales tout comme les agriculteurs ou les commerçants ont à l’égard de la production, de la consommation et de l’échange des attitudes très nuancées et complexes. Les moines savent, au VIesiècle, comment se forment les prix et comment il faut jouer avec les règles pour assurer son salut, tout comme au IXesiècle et la comparaison entre les pratiques d’Adalhard de Corbie et la règle de saint Benoît (ou celle du maître) livre l’explication de leur attitude à l’égard des prix : pour eux, les choses ont une valeur qu’il est possible de mesurer et de modifier. L’attitude des Élites carolingiennes et post-carolingiennes lors des famines permet d’établir comment les autorités ont compris les règles de l’échange marchand à l’intérieur d’un monde chrétien. Il y a, au bout du compte, un savoir partagé mais tacite sur le fonctionnement des échanges et une conscience de ce que, en fonction des buts poursuivis, ceux-ci peuvent prendre plusieurs formes.
L’esclavage et la logique constitutionnelle des empires
Authors: Fradera Josep M.
Published: April 2019

L’histoire des empires atlantiques montre bien la difficulté de concilier les systèmes représentatifs et les institutions libérales avec l’esclavage ou avec les tensions propres aux sociétés post-esclavagistes. L’article explore les contradictions entre le développement du libéralisme dans les métropoles et leurs conséquences problématiques dans les colonies. L’analyse est centrée sur trois cas emblématiques : les Antilles françaises à l’époque de la Révolution, Cuba pendant la révolution libérale espagnole des années 1830-1840 et la Jamaïque britannique en 1865, au moment de l’apogée de l’empire victorien. Nous cherchons à mieux comprendre la question des « régimes spéciaux » dans le cadre des systèmes constitutionnels des empires européens pendant les XIXeet XXesiècles.
Historiens et économistes face à l ‘émergence des institutions du marché
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: April 2019

Les outils de la theorie des jeux permettent-ils d’ouvrir un nouveau programme de recherche en histoire economique en montrant comment les institutions du marche ont emerge des strategies rationnelles des marchands eux-meme ? L’ouvrage d’Avner Greif constitue a ce jour le plaidoyer le plus meticuleux, mais aussi le plus ambitieux, en faveur d’une telle approche. Il allie en effet des recherches proprement historiques avec un usage virtuose de toute une serie de jeux repetes. L’auteur s’adresse plus a ses collegues theoriciens economistes qu’aux historiens, car il postule, meme s’il ne cesse de s’en defendre, que les marchands du Xeau XIVesiecle ont les cartes cognitives comportant les notions d’actualisation, de calcul des probabilite, d’equilibre parfait d’un jeu et bien d’autres notions encore plus sophistiquees. Le rapport aux archives se distend et l’auteur ne s’inquiete pas des contre-exemples qu’il fournit lui-meme et qui soulignent la fragilite d’une superbe construction intellectuelle sur des bases documentaires lacunaires. De ce fait, la narration analytique vient enrichir la boite a outils de l’historien sans constituer pour autant la revolution attendue par A. Greif.
«Temporalisation» et modernité politique: penser avec Koselleck
Authors: Escudier Alexandre
Published: April 2019

La catégorie de « temporalisation » est omniprésente dans les textes fondateurs de laBegriffsgeschichtekoselleckienne. Elle renvoie à la question générale de la temporalité humaine et au problème épistémologique des temporalités historiques en particulier. Elle constitue en outre, pour Koselleck, un cadre interprétatif fondamental de notre modernité politique. Ce texte revient sur ces différents problèmes en reconstruisant la « théorie générale de l’expérience historique » qui se trouve à l’arrière-plan. Un inventaire des usages analytiques de la catégorie de «temporalisation » est ensuite proposé. Par là même, le schème de la « temporalisation » apparaît comme un processus global traversant notre modernité politique, en interaction avec d’autres processus englobants, qu’il s’agit aujourd’hui de tenter de typologiser dans la continuité certes, mais au-delà du cadre koselleckien initial. Soucieux de faire apparaître, en les distinguant et articulant ensemble, les différents niveaux d’analyse mis en œuvre par l’entreprise même de l’histoire des langages politiques modernes, cet article tente de réengager le dialogue entre l’histoire (structurelle, culturelle et événementielle) et les sciences politiques en reconnaissant un statut causal propre aux idées politiques et religieuses modernes, à la philosophie politique et juridique moderne, à l’inertie des sémantiques historiques sur la longue durée: toutes choses qui ne peuvent être causalement, et partant disciplinairement, disqualifiées que parce que l’on part d’une vision étriquée et pauvre de ce qu’est l’expérience de l’histoire.
L’histoire qui revient La forme cinématographique de l’histoire dans Caché et La Question humaine
Authors: de Baecque Antoine
Published: April 2019

Parfois, l’histoire passe dans un film, et ce passage le transforme, conditionnant des « formes cinématographiques de l’histoire ». Nous prenons deux exemples récents où l’histoire revient dans un film pour le bouleverser: Caché (2005), film français du cinéaste autrichien Michael Haneke, et La Question humaine, réalisé par Nicolas Klotz et Élisabeth Perceval en 2007. Dans le premier, remonte une violence aux racines historiques, à travers les événements du 17 octobre 1961 et le sort fait aux Français musulmans d’Algérie en métropole. Dans La Question humaine, qui se déroule également à Paris de nos jours, l’histoire, celle du système d’extermination nazi, s’infiltre peu à peu dans l’enquête interne que mène dans son entreprise un responsable des ressources humaines, remettant en cause sa personnalité et sa fonction. Ni Caché ni La Question humaine ne sont à proprement parler des « films historiques ». Pourtant, ce sont bien deux films d’histoire. Car, dans un contexte polémique, ils sont déterminés par certaines formes cinématographiques de l’histoire (le palimpseste, l’effet spectral, le récit policier) que nous tentons ici d’analyser.
AT WATER'S EDGE: RITUAL MAYA ANIMAL USE IN AQUATIC CONTEXTS AT CANCUEN, GUATEMALA
Authors: Thornton Erin Kennedy , Demarest Arthur A.
Published: April 2019

Excavations at the Late Classic Maya site of Cancuen (Petén Department, Guatemala) uncovered a small-scale hydraulic system including stone-lined canals and reservoirs within the architectural core of the site. The abundance of other nearby potable water sources along with the elaborate form of the system demonstrate that it served an ideological rather than practical function. Artifacts deposited in the reservoirs support this interpretation. Moreover, the reservoir located in front of the site's royal palace contained the remains of at least 30 individuals who may represent members of the royal court massacred during the site's collapse. This paper reports the animal remains found within the site's reservoirs to further explore the nature and extent of ritual and disposal activities within these aquatic contexts. Inter- and intrasite comparisons are used to contextualize the results within broader discussions of how we identify ritual activity in the zooarchaeological record, and the role of water in ancient Maya ideological and political systems.
Multimodality imaging for no contrast trans-catheter closure of an arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Góreczny Sebastian , Podgórski Michał , Moszura Tomasz
Published: April 2019

A 6-year-old patient was diagnosed with an arteriovenous fistula in the neck region. Non-invasive three-dimensional imaging, including computed tomography and ultrasonography, was used for guidance of percutaneous closure of the fistula and evaluation of the final outcome.
Clinical Experience and Practical Skills: Results from Mexico City's Paramedic Registry
Authors: Peralta Luis M. Pinet , Fraga Juan M. , Asensio Enrique
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in Mexico. Unintentional injuries, along with diabetes and heart disease, contribute to >35% of the country's total mortality. Effective and efficient prehospital care of the conditions may improve outcomes.

Objective: The objective of this paper was to determine if prehospital field experience (PFE) correlated with higher passing rates among candidates for the paramedic registry in Mexico City.

Methods: This was a retrospective, cohort study using data from the Voluntary Registry of Prehospital Care Professionals (VRPHP) in Mexico City.

Results: The mean value for candidate age was 30.6 years and mean value for the years of PFE was 6.8 years (CI = 9–13 years). Most of the applicants were male and almost 90% were basic emergency medical services providers. Sixty-five percent of the candidates were from private, non-profit organizations, 73% were volunteers, and 19% had obtained a university degree. More than 57% had ≥5 years of PFE, but the experience level did not correlate significantly with higher passing rates for the registry evaluation (χ2 = 1.66, p = 0.43).The results differed between the two years that the examination was offered (χ2 = 32.98, df = 1, p <0.001, γ = 0.54), regardless of gender, education, and years of experience.

Conclusions: Previous field experience showed no correlation with passing rates, although the correlations improved between examination periods. The results may be used to support appropriate implementation of future health policies for prehospital emergency services.
Testing the Use of Symptom-Based Terrorism Triage Algorithms with Hospital-Based Providers
Authors: Bond William F. , Subbarao Italo , Kimmel Sharon R. , Kuklinski Jeffrey , Johnson Christopher , Eberhardt Mary , Vozenilek John
Published: April 2019

Introduction: A set of symptom-based, all-hazards, decision-making algorithms was designed to aid the first-contact provider during early patient presentations after a terrorist incident.

Objective: The primary objective was to assess the usability of these algorithms. A secondary objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the testing scenarios.

Methods: This was a written, usability assessment of the algorithms employing a convenience sample of hospital-based, healthcare providers who had not taken any specific training in the use of the algorithms. A series of 26 paragraph-length, moderately difficult scenarios was created to reflect possible agents, means of attack, and types of patients. Each of the 26 scenarios requires that one make a triage choice on the “attack” algorithm (the trunk algorithm), then proceed to one of four other branch algorithms (dirty resuscitation, chemical agents, biological agents, bomb/blast/radiation dispersal device) to make a final triage choice. Conditional scores based on getting both the attack and final card correct were calculated for each algorithm.

Results: Nineteen attending physicians, 50 emergency medicine residents, and 41 nurses took the assessment. The total score was 45% correct for all participants. The score on the attack algorithm was 66% correct. Dirty resuscitation, biological, chemical, and bomb/blast scores were 46%, 54%, 46%, and 51% respectively. The probability of guessing the correct answer on the attack algorithm was 1/7 or 14%. The conditional probability of guessing both the attack algorithm and the final card correct ranged from 4.7% for the biological, chemical, and bomb/blast algorithms to 2.4% for the dirty resuscitation algorithm. Item discrimination, item difficulty, and Cronbach's alpha were acceptable for the overall test. Certain individual items had item difficulty levels suggesting they were too difficult and should be replaced in future versions of the test.

Conclusions: Performance on the test suggests that participants did substantially better than would have been expected by chance alone. Future efforts will revise the algorithms with the goal of simplification. Revision of the testing instrument and testing algorithm use after instruction also are needed.
Organizational Description and Emergency Preparedness of Nationally Registered First Responders
Authors: Studnek Jonathan R. , Fernandez Antonio R.
Published: April 2019

Introduction: This study intended to describe the types of organizations and communities in which Nationally Registered First Responders (NRFR) perform their duties. Also, it aimed to estimate the number of NRFR who received disaster preparedness training. It was hypothesized that NRFR participation in disaster preparedness training was related to the types of organizations and communities in which they performed their duties.

Methods: The NRFR re-registering in 2006 were asked to report the organization type and community size in which they work. They also were asked to report the amount and content of preparedness training received during the last 24 months. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was utilized to describe the relationship between NRFR organizational characteristics and the receipt of disaster preparedness training.

Results: The analysis included 872 (59%) individuals who completed the survey and reported working for one or more emergency medical services (EMS) organizations. The majority of NRFR performed work in rural areas (75%) and more NRFR reported working for fire departments (61%) than for any other organization type. In all categories of service type, participants who reported working in urban areas had higher odds of receiving disaster preparedness training than those working in rural areas. Additionally, regardless of community size, individuals working in fire departments were more likely to receive disaster preparedness training.

Conclusions: This study indicated that the majority of NRFR perform EMS duties for fire departments and work in rural communities. In this sample of NRFR, more than one-quarter did not receive disaster preparedness training within a 24-month period. Finally, a statistical model was constructed that indicated a relationship between service type, community size, and the participation in disaster preparedness training.