bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las fuentes literarias de Cómo ha de ser el privado de Don Francisco de Quevedo
Authors: Iglesias Rafael
Published: January 2014

No es ningún secreto que Quevedo con frecuencia leía e imitaba los escritos de muchos otros autores, incluidos, por supuesto, los de los hombres de letras que formaban parte, como él, de los círculos literarios madrileños del momento. De todas formas, una de las obras quevedianas en las que puede documentarse de forma más clara y reveladora esa costumbre de Francisco de Quevedo es, sin duda, la comedia de 1629 titulada Cómo ha de ser el privado . De hecho, en la práctica esta comedia puede describirse como un verdadero collage de elementos tomados prestados de un sinnúmero de obras literarias y no literarias de todo tipo. En este trabajo se hace un repaso de forma bastante exhaustiva de tales fuentes y, lo que es más importante, se sacan a luz una serie de importantes ejemplos que en gran medida son desconocidos por la crítica. (RI)
Towards a Positive Image of the Jew in the Comedia
Authors: Herskovits Andrew
Published: January 2014

The image of the Jew in the comedia has been considered negative because Golden-Age dramatists were understood to be serious in propagating anti-Jewishness, which was part of the ruling ideology. This point of view does not recognize the irony in many anti-Jewish scenes; the presence of irony suggests that these dramatists did not share the official anti-Jewishness, and that they may have been using dissimulation: overtly reproducing official policy while, covertly, to protect themselves, subverting it. It is not surprising that these apparently anti-Jewish scenes are ironic, after all, these dramatists lived in an authoritarian society that turned life into theatre, and they belonged to a converso -humanist intellectual tradition of dissimulation. These two factors influenced their dramatic techniques, which may be described as double language. The above considerations indicate that the image of the Jew in the comedia is ironic and capable of a more positive interpretation than previously thought.
Un misterio virgiliano en El príncipe constante , de Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Authors: Jiménez Antonio Sánchez
Published: January 2014

El príncipe constante , una de las obras maestras de Pedro Calderón de la Barca, ha sido cuidadosamente editado varias veces por prestigiosos eruditos. Asimismo, la crítica también ha prestado una merecida atención a la cuestión de las fuentes de la obra. Sin embargo, ninguno de los editores o estudiosos ha localizado en la tercera jornada del drama calderoniano una clara paráfrasis de ciertos versos del Libro II de la Eneida de Publio Virgilio Marón. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es demostrar que Calderón parafrasea a Virgilio en un parlamento incluido en los versos 2663-70. Además, también estudiamos el misterioso sentido de la cita. En efecto, Calderón usa el pasaje virgiliano en un contexto radicalmente diferente del que tenía en la Eneida . Para explicar el significado de este cambio, que parece contradecir el mensaje general de El príncipe constante , llevamos a cabo un estudio de la historia de la recepción del pasaje virgiliano del Caballo de Troya en la Edad Media y Siglos de Oro. Asimismo, pasamos revista a otras apariciones del pasaje en autores áureos españoles, y en la emblemática de la época. Gracias a este contexto, insertamos la cita virgiliana en el ambiente neoestoico que estaba en boga en el momento de representación de la comedia, e interpretamos la paráfrasis desde un punto de vista moralizante muy a tono con el mensaje central de El príncipe constante . La influencia de los neoestoicos y, particularmente, de Justo Lipsio, aclara el sentido de la cita, al tiempo que saca a la luz otra serie de referencias morales muy semejantes que se encuentran en diferentes puntos de la obra. Además, el estilo esotérico de la alusión virgiliana nos permite reflexionar sobre los métodos retóricos y didácticos de los artistas del Siglo de Oro, concretamente sobre el paralelismo del estilo calderoniano y el de ciertos cuadros morales de la época, como las famosas vanitates de Holbein o Valdés Leal.
Funciones del sueño en un auto de Calderón: Sueños hay que verdad son (1610)
Authors: Gilbert Françoise
Published: January 2014

El presente trabajo pretende analizar las diversas funciones del sueño en el auto de Calderón, Sueños hay que verdad son (1670), basado en varios episodios oníricos de la historia de José, referida en el Génesis. Partiendo de la función estructurante del sueño en los relates bíblicos, estudio el funcionamiento dramático del motivo en el auto , en el marco sacramental de una doble lectura historial y alegórica. Empezando por destacar la estructura de la obra a partir de su organización métrica, analizo luego las diferentes unidades dramáticas del auto , y, en ellas, el propio proceso onírico, intentando mostrar cómo se articulan en torno a un esquema sueño/relato del sueño/interpretación del sueño/premio del intérprete, que informa las diferentes secuencias del desarrollo dramático. Sobresalen entonces la trayectoria ascencional—tanto política como familial—del personaje de José en tanto que intérprete de sueños ajenos y propios, y la multiplicidad de niveles de lectura que implica el funcionamiento específico del sueño: no sólo vertebra la progresión dramática de las diferentes secuencias, sino que también implica una reinterpretación retrasada global del auto , a otro nivel alegórico, eucarístico éste. Sentadas estas bases, propongo una interpretación del título del auto , y por consiguiente de su sentido general, bastante alejada de las lecturas platónicas habituales.
Girolamo Parabosco: Fuente de Los muertos vivos de Lope
Authors: McGrady Donald
Published: January 2014

Los muertos vivos (1599-1602) es una de las innumerables comedias secundarias de Lope de Vega que no ha merecido un solo estudio, a pesar de sus considerables méritos. Su acción consiste en los amores de dos jóvenes cuyas familias son enemigos encarizados; ellos consuman su pasión, y el padre de ella los sorprende y manda matar al joven; su hija, creyendo difunto al novio, pide la muerte al padre de él; finalmente se aclara la situación, y se reúnen los enamorados. Hace ya cien años que Arthur Stiefel señaló escuetamente que la fuente de inspiración de Los muertos vivos fue la novela 10 de Girolamo Parabosco (ca. 1523-57), un novelliere poco conocido y poco apreciado, pero esta importante noticia (repetida en 1927 por Antonio Gasparetti) ha permanecido olvidada en nuestras bibliotecas.
El juego didascálico en las obras teatrales de Lope de Vega
Authors: Johnson Jerelyn
Published: January 2014

En el teatro del Siglo de Oro español, las acotaciones escénicas explícitas en el texto—o sea, las que el diálogo mismo no comunica—son escasas. A pesar de varias explicaciones prácticas, veremos que la escasez de acotaciones se debe también a la manera de que los dramaturgos, y, en especial, Lope de Vega, creaban una producción dinámica y activa sin la necesidad de marcas escénicas excesivas: se debe a la abundancia de didascalias implícitas dentro del diálogo mismo. Este estudio examina cómo el empleo mesurado de didascalias en cuatro obras del Fénix— Fuente Ovejuna, El Caballero de Olmedo, El perro del hortelano y El castigo sin venganza —ilumina estos matices de su teatralidad. Específicamente, la distribución, aplicación y supresión de las acotaciones nos revelan una técnica que enriquece la teatralidad de la obra, no sólo para un espectáculo, sino también para los posibles lectores. La compleja técnica a través de la cual brota la acción de las palabras mismas hace que el diálogo y la acción sean inextricablemente unidos. En la obra de Lope de Vega, las didascalias explícitas son escasas e incluso poco informativas; por eso, las implícitas adquieren un valor comunicativo predominante. (JJ)
La palabra vengada , Attributed to Zárate: More Evidence that It Is a Lost Play of Lope de Vega
Authors: Wooldridge John B.
Published: January 2014

In 1925, Manuel Machado published a previously unedited plan of a play by Lope de Vega called La palabra vengada . Written in Lope's own hand and totaling some 1700 words, it is quite detailed. Based on its location within Durán's codex of Lopean autographs, Machado believes the plan was composed in late 1628 or early 1629, and the comedia itself written shortly thereafter. A half century later, a play entitled La palabra vengada was included in Parte 44 of the Comedias escogidas (Madrid, 1678), where it bears the name of Fernando de Zárate, the alias assumed by Antonio Enríquez Gómez upon his clandestine return to Spain from exile in France around 1649. Except for the denouement and a few other minor differences, the play follows Lope's plan closely. This study examines features of Parte 44 that appear in Lope's works but not Enríquez's, features that indicate that it is indeed Lope's lost play. Among these features are 1) the large number of verse forms and the use of specific meters; 2) references to four historical and quasi-historical figures; and 3) the laudatory reference to the Fénix himself. (JBW)
Northern Irish Rhyming Slang—: A Lexicographical Lacuna
Authors: Lillo Antonio
Published: January 2014

For a long time now students of rhyming slang have been well served by a number of dictionaries. British lexicographers have nonetheless focussed mostly on the English English variety of this slang and have given scant or no attention to other less productive regional varieties in the British Isles. While it has long been known that this form of slang is used in Northern Ireland, lexicographers have not hitherto noticed the vernacular specimens it has yielded there. This article treads new ground by scrutinizing the evidence available for Northern Irish rhyming slang and analysing its distinctive features. The last part of the article unearths a rich subset of the slang lexicon that has largely remained hidden to compilers of dictionaries.
The Spirit of Place: Five Rooms and the OED
Authors: Simpson John
Published: January 2014

The OED has seen many changes since the 1970s, when John Simpson joined the editorial staff of the dictionary. In this article, published soon after his retirement as Chief Editor, John looks back at how the dictionary has grown over the past four decades, reviewing briefly the dictionary’s principal milestones: the completion of the Supplement in 1986 and the publication of the Second Edition in 1989; planning for and editing the Third Edition (2000-) and the emergence of the OED Online . The unfolding story is recounted from the Editor’s Desk in each of the five offices John occupied, to the backdrop of the changing lexical and technological environment of the period.
Make, put, run : Writing and rewriting three big verbs in the OED
Authors: Gilliver Peter
Published: January 2014

Three of the longest entries in the Oxford English Dictionary —those for the verbs make, put , and run —have now been revised, in the course of the current revision programme. Because the three entries were originally edited for the first edition of the Dictionary by three different editors (respectively Henry Bradley, James Murray, and William Craigie), they provide the basis for a comparative study of the lexicographical approach and methods adopted by these three men, and by those other individuals who collaborated with them on these exceptionally large and challenging entries. Comparison of the original entries with the revised versions now published in OED Online also sheds light on the lexicography practised by the current generation of OED lexicographers.
The Living Archive: Preserving the Papers of the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: McCulloch Beverley
Published: January 2014

In this paper, Beverley McCulloch looks back on a decade as custodian of the Oxford English Dictionary archive, held at Oxford University Press Archives. The paper discusses the key duties and day to day responsibilities of the OED Archivist, as well as some of the challenges faced. Interesting items from within the collection are highlighted, as are some of the fascinating enquiries that are received. The work of the OUP Museum, run by the Archives Department, is also touched upon. Whilst reflecting on the past, the paper additionally considers the prospects for the future of the OED archive, and the Press archive as a whole, focusing on issues such as the impact of technology.
Acts of Representation: Writing the Woman Question in the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: Mugglestone Lynda
Published: January 2014

Using archival resources on the data assembled in making the first edition of the OED , as well relevant revisions introduced across later editions, this chapter examines the representation of gender across a period of conspicuous ideological, lexical, and semantic shift. Focussing on the ‘Woman Question’, a topic which, across the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, encompassed a range of key issues in gender terms (such as education, political representation, and equality), it explores the cross-currents of dominant ideologies, definition, editorial omissions, and acts of reading as they come to affect the making of the Dictionary . As for newly introduced forms such as the new woman or suffragette , the same terms can be strikingly polysemous, depending on one’s point of view. Lexicographers, as Murray had stressed in his ‘General Explanations’, have, however, ‘to draw the line somewhere’. The chapter explores the difficulty of that ‘line’, as well as the ways in which it can drawn (and redrawn) by different editors across the Dictionary ’s history.
Reinstating the Authority of the Five Punishments: A New Perspective on Legal Privilege for Bannermen
Authors: Hu Xiangyu
Published: January 2014

This article delineates the process through which the Qing ruling house reinstated the five punishments in the Ming and Qing codes. The Qing court restored the five punishments from the Ming code in the provinces after failing to impose the Manchu penal system on the Han people in 1645. In Beijing, the Qing court maintained its Manchu penal system until 1653. The Qing court gradually abolished the Manchu penal system and reinstated the five punishments among civilians in 1653 and among bannermen in 1656. As a compromise, the Qing court granted bannermen the privilege of commutation in 1656, but this privilege implicitly recognized the authority of the five punishments in the Qing code.
The Contradictions of Legacy: Reimagining the Zheng Family in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Hang Xing
Published: January 2014

The four generations of the Zheng family — Zheng Zhilong, Zheng Chenggong, Zheng Jing, and Zheng Keshuang — controlled maritime trade in East Asia during the seventeenth century, and opened up the island of Taiwan for Chinese settlement. This paper traces the evolving interpretations of their legacy in the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to the present day. It argues that every new interpretation brings with it fresh disagreements and negotiations among the official government view, older historical narratives based on the Confucian value system, and the regional sentiments of the Zhengs’native southern Fujian, or Minnan.
The Transformation of Historical Material in Religious Storytelling: The Story of Huang Chao (d. 884) in the Baojuan of Mulian Rescuing his Mother in Three Rebirths
Authors: Berezkin Rostislav
Published: January 2014

This paper deals with the portrayal of a historical figure, the rebel leader Huang Chao(d. 884),in a Qing religious text in the baojuan (precious scroll) genre. This study considers the Baojuanof Mulian Rescuing His Mother in Three Rebirths (ca. nineteenth century)as a representative example of the practice of embedding historical events and figures in popular literature of the late imperial period. The study also takes into account other related materials, most notably novels and plays that also portray the failed Huang Chao rebellion. It demonstrates how different literary and religious traditions contributed to Huang Chao’s image in this baojuan text. The main aims of this project include tracing the literary sources of the Huang Chao image in the baojuan text; the identification of similar features shared by Huang Chao and another figure from popular and religious literature, the demon-queller, Zhong Kui; an analysis of the portrayal of Huang Chao in the role of an exorcist; and an interpretation of the baojuan text in the context of popular ritual traditions. An exploration of the literary and historical sources of this text illustrates the interaction of elite and popular values in Chinese popular literature of the late imperial period, and the paper seeks to reevaluate baojuan texts in the context of this interaction.
Mind the Gap: Integrating Special Collections Teaching
Authors: Samuelson Todd , Coker Cait
Published: January 2014

Instruction is a vital part of the academic librarian’s public services mission, but the teaching efforts of special collections librarians can be overlooked due to the culture and particularities of teaching in an archival setting. This article documents the challenges special collections librarians face in integrating their teaching program into that of general library instruction, and details several approaches taken at our institution to achieve effective collaboration while retaining the value of our individual strengths and differences.
Student-Selected Journals: An Emerging Resource
Authors: Weber Roberta K. , Allen Ethan J.
Published: January 2014

This longitudinal study investigates the journal selections of 367 graduate students as they worked to fulfill a commonly assigned, criteria-based literature search on educational topics. The criteria called for evidence-based studies, published within the current ten years of course enrollment, within peer-reviewed journals. Student references were evaluated, but investigation revealed that students succeeded only partially in meeting the criteria. Two hundred ninety-nine journal titles used most commonly have resulted in a list that identified peer review status and research content characteristics for each title. The findings suggest new opportunities to improve library resources, instruction, and student achievement.
Reconsidering the Checklist in Teaching Internet Source Evaluation
Authors: Ostenson Jonathan
Published: January 2014

The growing importance of the Internet in our society requires that university graduates be skilled in critical evaluation of the messages and sources present in the online world. Traditional efforts to teach these skills have relied on specific, checklist-like tools; recently, these approaches have rightly come under criticism for being ill-suited to authentic, modern Internet tasks. This article proposes that such specific tools still have a place, however, and suggests a new version of such a tool that better addresses a changing Internet and the evolving ways we use this medium for information-seeking tasks.
Information Literacy: The Battle We Won That We Lost?
Authors: Cowan Susanna M.
Published: January 2014

As we continue to revise our formal definitions of “information literacy” and to hone our delivery of information literacy across higher education, have we failed to see that information literacy as a programmatic aim, for all of its successes to date, is no longer relevant? The essay charts how the institutionalization of information literacy arose naturally from the first calls in the 1970s to create a national program in support of an information-literate population—and how that focus became single-minded even as what had once taken place only in research contexts became the activity of our daily lives.
Citation Analysis and Authorship Patterns of Two Linguistics Journals
Authors: Ezema Ifeanyi J. , Asogwa Brendan E.
Published: January 2014

This article analyzes the sources cited in articles published in two linguistics journals, Applied Linguistics and Journal of Linguistics , from 2001 to 2010. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using bibliometric indicators, such as types of cited sources, timeliness of cited sources, authorship patterns, rank lists of the most frequently cited journals and authors, degree of research collaboration, and yearly distribution of articles in the journals. A total of 884 papers were reviewed. The papers analyzed provided a total of 15,283 bibliographic references, with an average of 17.2 citations per paper. References to books and monographs dominated, making up 53.3 percent of citations, while references to journals accounted for 35.9 percent. More than 70 percent of the cited sources exceeded ten years old. Findings also revealed that sole authorship dominated reports on linguistics research. Single-authored sources constituted 63.2 percent of the cited works, while 36.8 percent had multiple authors. The degree of collaboration in linguistics research was very low, with joint research projects making up only 0.37 percent of the articles. Twenty-three most frequently cited journals were identified, with Applied Linguistics and Linguistic Inquiry ranking first and second, respectively. Similarly, twenty-eight frequently cited authors were identified, with Noam Chomsky ranking first. This study would be useful for linguistics research and for collection development of libraries, particularly academic libraries that need to support researchers in linguistics.
Modernism, “Tradition,” and History in the Postcolony: Vijay Tendulkar’s Ghashiram kotwal (1972)
Authors: Dharwadker Aparna
Published: January 2014

Indian-language theatre of the second half of the twentieth century contains the largest clustering of “modernist,” as well as “postcolonial” drama outside the circuits of euro-American textuality and performance, but the qualities that make this body of writing a notable formation also contribute to its virtual exclusion from discussions of postcolonial and global modernisms because the new modernist studies has dealt very sparingly with non-european languages. In this essay, a method of “representative reading” is suggested that connects a major post-independence play—Vijay Tendulkar’s Ghashiram kotwal (Constable Ghashiram [1972])—to the conceptual, aesthetic, and linguistic frameworks of Indian modernisms, with particular attention to three sets of paradoxical relations: between an intensely personal authorial self and an impersonal social art; between the simultaneous representation and de-historicization of history; and between modernism and its ostensible opposite, “tradition.” Tendulkar’s singular turn toward tradition, it is argued, brings the latter unexpectedly, and transformatively, into the fold of the postcolonial modern. This reading also asserts that an Indian-language play like Ghashiram kotwal is not a “vernacular” work addressed from the ex-colonial periphery to the ex-imperial metropolitan center, but is a self-possessed immersion in expressive and cultural systems that are also metropolitan and complete in themselves.
A Modernist Audience: The Kawakami Troupe, Matsuki Bunkio, and Boston Japonisme
Authors: Rodman Tara
Published: January 2014

The Kawakami troupe, which helped to pioneer Japan’s modern theatre, toured across the United states during 1899–1900 en route to the 1900 Paris exposition. Although they were viewed as exotic orientalia in much of the country, they enjoyed a two-month run of commercial and critical success in boston. This essay examines the Kawakami troupe’s boston run with respect to the city’s preexisting status as a center of Japonisme, as well as the troupe’s semi-realist style and alliance with the boston-based Japanese merchant Matsuki Bunkio, suggesting that these factors together allowed for the formation of a modernist audience that received the Kawakamis as examples of modernist theatre.
“An Advance to New”: Interstitial Modernism and Toronto’s Theatre of Action, 1936–40
Authors: Filewod Alan
Published: January 2014

This case study of shifting modernisms in Toronto’s Theatre of Action (1936–40) argues that the canonizing tendency to refer to modernism as a singularity plasters over its multiple, contradictory, and contested origins, and maps a genealogical narrative onto the capitals of imperial colonialism. The Theatre of Action’s negotiations, from its origins in the revolutionary modernism of agit-prop and workers’ theatre, through its promotion of disciplinary modernism as modeled on New York theatrical productions, to its final exhausted stage of social realism, can be understood as the improvisatory stances of “rough” modernism in the interstices of metropolitan and imperial cultural dominance.
Negotiating Theatrical Modernism in the Arab World
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: January 2014

Although unquestionably profoundly influenced by European discussions and experiments in theatrical modernism, the Arab world of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries reacted to these discussions and experiments within the context of its own internal tensions and concerns, among them the introduction into that world of theatre practice in the European mode in general. The pioneers of a European-style theatre in Lebanon and Egypt prepared the way for the Arab dramatists who are generally considered to be the major representatives of dramatic modernism, Tawfiq al-Hakim and Alfred Farag of Egypt and Sa’dallah Wannous of Syria. The implications of theatrical modernism, especially in Egypt as the leading force in modern Arabic theatre, are suggested through the contributions of such authors.
Waiting for Godot in New Orleans : Modernist Autonomy and Transnational Performance in Paul Chan’s Beckett
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: January 2014

In 2007, Paul Chan mounted a project, Waiting for Godot in New Orleans , that took as its centerpiece the performance of Samuel Beckett’s modernist play Waiting for Godot in the devastated streets of post-Katrina New Orleans. This essay argues that this transnational, community-based performance of a quintessentially modernist play offers a way of reconceptualizing transnational modernism in light of the dynamics of performance, and intercultural and community-based theatre practices in light of the pressures of modernist autonomy. Read in this light, Chan’s project emerges as a provocative attempt to redeploy the autonomous, decontextualizing impulses of Beckett’s play, putting them to work as the basis for new community formations and forms of social and political engagement.
Comparative Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Inorganic and Organic Iron Compounds in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Dimitrova Dimitrichka , Arnaudova-Matey Anna , Dilov Petar , Angelov Geno , Mehmedov Tandju , Todorov Toni , Kushvalieva Denka , Nikolova Dimitrina , Dilova Valija
Published: January 2014

The pharmacokinetics of ferrous methionate and ferrous sulphate was investigated in broiler chickens after intravenous injection and crop intubation. The iron compounds were injected intravenously in v. brachialis. After a 20-day “wash-out” period the ferrous methionate and ferrous sulphate were administered again by an elastic silicone tube into the crop. The serum concentrations of the iron were determined using a bioanalyser. Two pharmacokinetic approaches were used - compartmental and non-compartmental analysis. After i.v. injection we found statistically significantly longer and better distribution of the iron contained in the ferrous methionate compared to the ferrous sulphate. The АUC0→∞ was statistically significantly higher in the ferrous methionate. In the alimentary tract of broiler chickens, ferrous methionate was absorbed more rapidly than ferrous sulfate. It was also distributed at a higher volume as compared to the ferrous sulfate
Repeated prescribed fires decrease stocks and change attributes of coarse woody debris in a temperate eucalypt forest
Authors: Aponte Cristina , Tolhurst Kevin G. , Bennett Lauren T.
Published: January 2014

Previous studies have found negligible effects of single prescribed fires on coarse woody debris (CWD), but the cumulative effects of repeated low‐intensity prescribed fires are unknown. This represents a knowledge gap for environmental management because repeated prescribed fires are a key tool for mitigating wildfire risk, and because CWD is recognized as critical to forest biodiversity and functioning. We examined the effects of repeated low‐intensity prescribed fires on the attributes and stocks of (fallen) CWD in a mixed‐species eucalypt forest of temperate Australia. Prescribed fire treatments were a factorial combination of two seasons (Autumn, Spring) and two frequencies (three yearly High, 10 yearly Low), were replicated over five study areas, and involved two to seven low‐intensity fires over 27 years. Charring due to prescribed fires variously changed carbon and nitrogen concentrations and C to N ratios of CWD pieces depending on decay class, but did not affect mean wood density. CWD biomass and C and N stocks were significantly less in Fire than Control treatments. Decreases in total CWD C stocks of ∼8 Mg/ha in Fire treatments were not balanced by minor increases in pyrogenic (char) C (∼0.3 Mg/ha). Effects of prescribed fire frequency and season included significantly less C and N stocks in rotten CWD in High than Low frequency treatments, and in the largest CWD pieces in Autumn than Spring treatments. Our study demonstrates that repeated low‐intensity prescribed fires have the potential to significantly decrease CWD stocks, in pieces of all sizes and particularly decayed pieces, and to change CWD chemical attributes. CWD is at best a minor stock of pyrogenic C under such fire regimes. These findings suggest a potential trade‐off in the management of temperate eucalypt forests between sustained reduction of wildfire risk, and the consequences of decreased CWD C stocks, and of changes in CWD as a habitat and biogeochemical substrate. Nonetheless, negative impacts on CWD of repeated low‐intensity prescribed fires could be lessened by fire intervals of 10 rather than three years (to decrease losses of decayed CWD), and fires in moist rather than dry conditions (to conserve large CWD).
Tree hole aquatic habitat: a model for ecological experiments
Authors: Das KS Anoop , Nishadh KA
Published: January 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.9582 Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 36-38
Wheat gene pool and its conservation in Nepal
Authors: Joshi Bal K , Mudwari Ashok , Bhatta Madan R
Published: January 2014

Aim This paper explores diversity of wheat gene pool present in the Nepalese bread wheat cultivars and landraces, and discusses their conservation initiatives. Location Nepal. Material and Methods This study is carried out using an extensive literature survey on distribution of landraces and wild relatives of wheat in Nepal. Key findings The results showed that there were 35 improved wheat cultivars, 540 landraces and 10 wild relatives of wheat in Nepal. Mexico, India and Nepal were the countries of origin for 35 cultivars. A total of 89 ancestors of wheat originated from 22 countries were used to develop 35 cultivars. The highest number of ancestors was from India. Ancestors of both aestivum and durum species having winter, spring and intermediate growth habit indicated that these species were of wide gene pool. The genetic erosion in wheat gene pool is the main conservation challenge of landraces due to introduction of improved varieties. Conservation implications Genetic diversity of wheat is indispensible for sustainable wheat production. Therefore, on-farm and ex-situ conservations of cultivars, landraces and wild varieties of wheat and their use in breeding programs are necessary for maintaining existing genetic diversity.    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.9584   Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 39-46
Flagship species approach: are we heading on the right track?
Authors: Thapa Kanchan
Published: January 2014

Aim The paper aims to evaluate the usefulness of the Flagship Species Approach (FSA) as a conservation strategy. Location The study was conducted primarily among the conservation practitioners working with the flagship species in Nepal. Material and Methods Using a structured questionnaire, a total of 89 conservationists from three different categories of conservation agencies: government, nongovernmental organizations, and intellectuals (academics and researchers), were asked about their views regarding the FSA in bringing conservation benefits and reducing the biodiversity threats. I used non-parametric tests for analyzing the data. Key findings A majority of respondents shared the view that the FSA is being used effectively in raising funds for conservation and in bringing awareness to people and enhancing conservation of other species. Level of satisfaction pertaining to FSA, however, differed among the governmental / nongovernmental organizations and the intellectual agencies. Conservation implications This study found that FSA had been instrumental in raising the funds for biodiversity conservation and keeping the science in the forerunner. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.9585 Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 47-52
The new journal for conservationists worldwide
Authors: Paudel Prakash Kumar , Shrestha Uttam Babu , Ameixa Olga MCC , Bontzorlos Vasileios
Published: January 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.9586Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 53-54
Conservation Biology of the Himalayas
Authors: Paudel Prakash Kumar
Published: January 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.9587   Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 55-57
Message from the Editorial Desk
Authors: Neupane Harish Chandra
Published: January 2014

Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); i DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9543
Prevalence Of Current Tobacco Use Among Secondary Students In Nepal: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dhungana Raja Ram , Khanal MK , Baniya A
Published: January 2014

Tobacco use continues to rise among young people in middle and low income countries, causing high premature death and disability. Most importantly, its initiation starts mainly during adolescence and persists for whole life. We conducted this meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of current tobacco use among lower secondary to higher secondary students in Ne­pal. We searched and identified the studies which were published between 2003 and 2013 using MEDLINE, Google Scholar and NEPJOL. From five selected studies, total 7,832 eligible students were included in analysis. Considering the high degree of variability (Q = 82.6, I2 = 95%) among selected studies, we used random effects model to estimate the weighted prevalence of current tobacco use and found as 13.9 % (10.2-17.5). This result shows that current tobacco use among lower secondary to higher secondary students still remains high, which compels an effective implementation of tobacco control programs and policies. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 1-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9544
Oral Health Related Knowledge And Attitude Of Anganwadi of Mangalore City, India
Authors: Shakya Ajay , Rao A , Shenoy R , Shrestha M
Published: January 2014

Dental caries is a common childhood disease. Its prevalence can be reduced by integrating dental strategies into primary health care approach. Knowledge, attitude and practice of anganwadi workers in the subject of oral health is imperative in achieving this goal. This study was therefore conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards oral health among anganwadi workers of Mangalore city. A questionnaire study, using convenience samples was conducted among 159 angan­wadi workers of Mangalore city. A close ended questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was used. Details of age and quali­fication were recorded. The data was analyzed using SPSS 11.5. Only 45.9% of the anganwadi workers knew that dental caries was a disease, 57.2% knew that the best time to eat sweets was during meal time, 58.5% workers stated dentists as their source of oral health information. Almost all of the Anganwadi workers were positive towards the importance of oral health education and expressed their willingness to teach children how to brush properly and obliged to advise a child need­ing dental care to go to dentist. An anganwadi worker can be a vital link in the health care delivery system. There is a need to educate them on oral health in order to reach children at an early and receptive age. It is very important on the part of the health department to carry out effective programmes on oral health for anganwadi workers. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 6-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9545
Evaluation of CT Scan Findings In Patients Presenting With Headache
Authors: Nepal Pankaj , Shrestha A , Ghimire N
Published: January 2014

Headache is one of the most common medical complaint however, the secondary causes of headache are unusual. Neu­roimaging in headache is both expensive and has a low yield. Most patients with intracranial pathology have alarming clinical features raising “ red flag” signs. Thus appropriate selection of patients with headache for neuroimaging to look for secondary cause is important. Red flags act as screening tool to help in identifying those who get benefit from neuroimag­ing. These steps not only increase yield, but also limit cost as well as burden in health care system. The aim of our study was to evaluate all the CT scan findings in patients presenting with headache in Chitwan Medical College who underwent CT scan of head from February 2013 to September 2013 for period of seven months. Prospective observational study was performed in 256 patients, who underwent CT scan of head in this duration. Out of 256 patients, only 26 patients (10.1%) showed some form of brain parenchymal pathology. Other associated findings were sinusitis in 28 (11%), bone related in 10 (3.9%), and mastoiditis in 6 (2.3%) patients. The most prevalent pathology found was sinusitis, which was located in the maxillary sinus. The findings were significant in headache associated with other neurological findings, 16 out of 24 patients (67%) as compared to chronic headache in which only 10 cases out of 232 (4.3%) patients were positive (p<0.05). Cases referred from neurosurgery department and emergency yielded more positive results as compared to case referred from other outpatient departments. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 9-12 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9546
Profile Of Neonatal Admission At Chitwan Medical College
Authors: Shrestha SP , Shah AK , Prajapati R , Sharma YR
Published: January 2014

In Nepal, three most common causes of newborn (NB) admission in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are birth asphyxia, neonatal sepsis and prematurity and they are the leading causes of death too. A study previously done in Nepal shows asphyxia as a leading cause of hospital admission accounting 22% followed by prematurity 20% and neonatal sepsis 17% with mortality due to these three causes being 7%, 3% and 5% respectively. Reasons of NICU admission in Chitwan Medical College (CMC) are clinical sepsis in 50% of cases followed by birth asphyxia 17.6%, and prematurity in 6.7% cases. Respiratory distress syndromes (RDS), neonatal jaundice, congenital hydrocephalus, meningitis are other reasons of NICU admission. Most of the babies were delivered by normal vaginal delivery at health facility 53%, and 47% of NB was delivered through lower section Caesarean section (LSCS). Only 6% of NB was having birth weight of less than 1.5 kg and majority of them were above that. There were 65% NB who was born at term and remaining 35% were preterm. Majority of NB were admitted within 72 hours of birth with 79% of the total admission. Hypoglycemia was observed in 83 out of 202 newborns accounting 41% neonatal hypoglycemia at birth. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 13-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9547
Clinicomorphological Study Of Ovarian Lesions
Authors: Maharjan Sushna
Published: January 2014

This prospective study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (CMS-TH) during December 2008 to May 2010. One hundred and fifty cases were analyzed. Age of the patients, parity, presenting symptoms, types of sur­gery, clinical diagnosis and complications were retrieved from case sheets. Surface epithelial tumors were more frequently observed above 30 years of age, (62.07%) cases. During 1st to 3rd decades of life, 62.8% germ cell tumors were seen; and sex cord tumors were seen in age group 41-60 years only. For all age groups, benign tumors were common than malignant tumors. There were 10.7% unmarried patients, 5.33% nulliparous, 35.55% of parity 1 to 2; 4% pregnant and 20 % postmeno­pausal women. There were 86.67% cases neoplastic, and 13.33% non-neoplastic ovarian lesions; 93.85% benign, 5.38% malignant and 0.77% borderline tumors. Surface epithelial tumors were the most common tumors (53.84%) followed by germ cell tumors (43.85%), constituted 46.7% and 38% among all ovarian lesions. The commonest benign tumors were serous cystadenomas and mature cystic teratomas, constituted 40% cases each. Dysgerminoma was the common malignant neoplasm (2.31%), all were seen in adolescents. Most of the other malignant neoplasms were observed above 40 years of age. Seventy percent (70%) of non-neoplastic lesions were hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts. The commonest presenting symptom was pain in the lower abdomen (82%) followed by abdominal mass/ or distension (48.7%). Constitutional symp­toms were observed in malignant cases only. Grossly, majority of the ovarian lesions were of size ranging 5 to 15 cm; and 89.93% cystic lesions. There were 48.7% lesions in the right ovary and 45.3% in the left ovary; 6% bilateral ovarian lesions, all of which were observed in benign and non-neoplastic lesions. The common complication observed was torsion (6.7%) followed by rupture of the cysts (6%). Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 17-24 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9549
Complementary Feeding Practices Among The Caretakers Of The Young Children At Kathmandu
Authors: Sapkota Sochana , Shrestha S
Published: January 2014

Appropriate complementary feeding practices are very important for proper growth and development of children. The objec­tive of this study was to find out knowledge and practices of complementary feeding among caretakers of young children. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted by taking 195 caretakers of 6 to 24 months children of randomly selected wards of Ramkot, Sewchatar and Ichangunarayan VDC of Kathmandu district. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi square and McNemar test) were used for data analysis. Caretakers having adequate knowledge were 59.5%. Regarding prac­tices, 83.65% had continuing breastfeeding. Only 33.3% of caretakers had started complementary feeding at 6 months even though the72.3% had knowledge on it. Children having minimum meal frequency were 64.65%, minimum dietary diversity were 72.3% and minimum acceptable diet were 52.30%. Practice of feeding Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables was only 3.1%. In observation, most of the caretakers were doing as they said the interview showing no statistical significance by McNemar test. Occupation (p=0.015), literacy status (p=0.000) and economic status (p=0.000) have the association with the complementary feeding knowledge. Similarly economic status, literacy status and age of caretakers were significantly associated with most of the feeding practices. The knowledge levels as well as most of the feeding practices were found good in caretakers of young children. But the large gaps were found in the initiation of complementary feeding and feeding vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 25-29 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9550
The First Dental Visit
Authors: Ghimire Neeta , Kayastha B , Nepal P
Published: January 2014

Oral health is a vital part of overall infant health. An early dental visit is important in rendering prevention oriented inter­vention and parental counselling regarding the oral health. To assess the age and common chief complaint of the children in their first dental visit. This was a retrospective study done using case records of 842 children, who reported to the Depart­ment of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, chitwan medical college. The age groups were divided into four categories; less than 3 years, 3-6years, 7-11 years and 12-14 years. The various chief complaints of patient were categorized as follows; routine check up, dental caries, dental pain, deposits/bad breath, malocclusion, unerupted ,missing or extra tooth, oral habits, trauma, orientation to prevention and others (cleft lip, palate, natal/neonatal teeth, mobile teeth, soft tissue lesions and oth­ers). The age group and the most common complaint at the first dental visit were assessed. Majority of children who visited the dentist were of age 7-11 years with the most common reason for their visit being pain followed by dental caries. None of the children visited for regular check up within 6 months of eruption of first tooth, though few children of that age group visited the dentist for other reasons like cleft lip/palate, natal/ neonatal tooth etc. The reason behind the first dental visit is when there is a problem. The most common age group to visit dentist was 7-11years with the commonest reason for their visit being pain and dental caries. It can be concluded that awareness and knowledge regarding the first dental visit is almost nil among the parents of this region. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 30-33 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9551
A Descriptive Study On Contraceptive Practices Among Mothers In Belhara Vdc Of Dhankuta District, Nepal
Authors: Rayamajhi Rajam Bikram , Ghimire A , Niraula SR , Budhathoki SS , Khanal VK , Pokharel PK
Published: January 2014

Nepal, having a predominance of patriarchal society, contraceptive is used by of the females in most cases. Utilization of the family planning services is vital for reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in an underdeveloped country like ours. The objective of the study was to assess the awareness and practices of various modes of family planning methods present among the mothers in Belhara VDC of Dhankuta district. A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 291 mothers with door to door visit using random sampling. 92% of the participants were aware about the use of family plan­ning methods but only 87% of them were current family planning users and Depo (92.6%) was found to be the most popular mode of contraception among users. Despite vigorous social marketing about family planning methods, about 8% of the women weren’t aware about it and Depo (92.6%) was found to be the most popular mode of contraception with husband’s desire (84.7%) being the main reason behind the uptake of the service. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 34-37 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9552
Nutritional Status Of Under 5 Children And Associated Factors Of Kunchha Village Development Committee
Authors: Dhungana Govinda Prasad
Published: January 2014

The study was under taken to assess nutritional status of children and identify the associated factors. Nutritionalstatus of children age 12-59 month was assessed using anthropometric measurement namely weight, height and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) using standard procedure. To identify the factor, semi structural questionnaire was used for the mothers. Sixty percent of children had normal nutritional status and 40% followed by some malnutrition status by Gomez classification. No of ANC visit (odd ratio = 7.54 and 95% CI was 1.37 - 41.41), practice during the pregnancy period (P value < 0.021), and feeding practice of extra milk to the children (P value < 0.037) was significantly associated factors. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 38-42 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9553