bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INCIDENCE OF GASTRIC ULCER IN ALBINO RATS FED DIETS DEFICIENT IN VITAMIN B (B1)
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Kellogg Minerva
Published: June 2004

73 per cent of a group of albino rats whose diet was deficient in vitamin B have been found to have ulcerations of the gastric mucosa. A control group was found to be free from gastric lesions.

Of 74 observed lesions eight were chronic, indurated ulcers resembling chronic peptic ulcer in man.

The chronicity of the ulcers seems to be related to the duration rather than the degree of the deficiency.

The lesions were generally located along the lesser curvature of the stomach, as is true in man.

The size of the lesions in rat and man are comparable if adjustment is made for differences in the sizes of the organs.
MARROW HYPERPLASIA AND HEMOGLOBIN RESERVE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA DUE TO BLEEDING
Authors: Oehlbeck L. W. F. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

In long continued severe anemia due to bleeding in dogs we may observe all degrees of red marrow spread. The maximal red marrow spread takes in the total marrow area in ribs, vertebrae and long bones. The minimal red marrow spread may involve but 10 to 20 per cent of this maximal area. All gradations between these extremes are observed in this series.

The extent of the red marrow spread is not dependent upon the length of the anemia period nor is it related to the capacity of the dog to produce new hemoglobin and red cells on standard diets.

Evidence points to the liver as concerned with this hemoglobin production and liver function may set the limits for hemoglobin production on these standard diets. This in turn may determine the needful red marrow spread.

During favorable diet periods there is a storage of hemoglobin or hemoglobin precursors which come out later in the control periods as finished red cells. This reserve of hemoglobin producing material is not stored as mature red cells in the marrow or elsewhere but as intermediates stored probably in the liver and red marrow but also perhaps in the kidney and spleen.

Red marrow very rarely gives evidence of exhaustion even after many years of continuous severe anemia (Dog 18-114). This would seem to consist of a shrinkage of the red marrow area rather than a degenerative change of the red marrow cells.

The spleen shows some evidence of erythrogenesis in these dogs. Megakaryocytes in some instances are conspicuous (Fig. 6) and nests of nucleated red cells are found in the spleen pulp but it is unlikely that the spleen contributes any large amount of red cells to the anemic circulation in these experiments.

There is no evidence that erythrogenesis occurs in the liver or lymphatic tissue in these dogs.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE SECOND PROTEIN (LIVETIN) OF HEN'S EGG YOLK
Authors: Jukes T. H. , Kay H. D.
Published: June 2004

A comparison of the livetin of egg yolk and serum globulin of the common fowl using (a) anaphylactic and (b) precipitin reactions, indicates that the two proteins are very closely related, if not identical.

The complement fixation test does not give the same result but indicates a difference between the two proteins. The complement fixation test also shows differences between serum euglobulin and serum pseudoglobulin when these proteins, prepared with considerable care, cannot be distinguished either by anaphylactic or precipitin tests.
A STUDY OF THE THERAPEUTIC MECHANISM OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM ON THE EXPERIMENTAL DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

1. Antipneumococcic serum contains in addition to the antibodies against the various bacterial constituents, a non-antibacterial therapeutic factor.

2. The non-antibacterial factor has been separated from the antibacterial antibodies by absorption with homologous, heat-killed, virulent pneumococci.

3. The non-antibacterial factor is not type-specific; it is probably species-specific; it is not neutralized by concentrated pneumococcus broth culture filtrate.

4. The therapeutic effect of the non-antibacterial factor was demonstrated on the experimental, dermal pneumococcus infection of rabbits; this effect is demonstrable when it is administered per seor in conjunction with a certain subeffective dose of serum.

5. Evidence is presented for the assumption that the ultimate outcome of pneumococcus infection depends to a considerable extent upon this non-antibacterial factor.
STUDIES ON THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Klein Herbert M.
Published: June 2004

Formalin induces a considerable change in meningococcus culture filtrates. This consists of a marked decrease in toxidty as concerns both the Shwartzman phenomenon and the lethal effect, with relative preservation of the antibody-combining capacity and antigenicity.

A similar modification occurs spontaneously in meningococcus culture filtrates on standing.

Inasmuch as these changes parallel those occurring in the conversion of diphtheria toxin into toxoid, it is justifiable to consider such altered meningococcus toxin as meningococcus toxoid.
THE MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF VACCINIAL IMMUNITY IN SWINE
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The introduction of vaccinia virus into the skin of swine calls forth a typical vesicular reaction which may be followed by a solid immunity. This acquired state of resistance was utilized in determining the route of immunity transmission from sow to young. The suckling young of immune sows, vaccinated on the 7th day or earlier, showed no reaction to the virus. Their hand-fed litter mates, however, were susceptible and reacted with the formation of vesicles. These observations indicate that the porcine placenta is largely impermeable to protective substances and establish the fact that colostrum functions as the vehicle for their transmission as it does for antibodies.
LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
Authors: Zimmerman H. M.
Published: June 2004

Under the conditions of these experiments, which consisted essentially of maintaining rats on a ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except vitamin A, the following changes were produced in the nervous system.

1. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the brachial plexuses and sciatic nerves, and less often of the vagus nerves. Such lesions were not found in the optic nerves.

2. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the sensory tracts on the periphery of the spinal cord and in the posterior columns. Much less frequently similar lesions were found in both the crossed and uncrossed pyramidal tracts.

3. Changes of the same nature in the posterior nerve roots and less frequently in the anterior nerve roots of the spinal cord. Evidence was adduced to indicate that the changes in the sensory tracts of the spinal cord followed those in the posterior nerve roots.

With the onset of muscular weakness and incoordination in these animals anatomic changes like those just described were found at necropsy, but they were not present for any appreciable period preceding the onset of these clinical signs.

For a short but undetermined period following clinical signs of recovery from the nervous disease, marked lesions were still present in the nervous system at necropsy.

These lesions in the nervous system were produced by a ration containing no cereals which might have contributed a "toxic" substance to account for the degeneration of the myelin sheaths. Neither does a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids appear to have played a rôle in their development.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

1. Vaccines consisting of formalinized Rickettsiae of Mexican typhus fever, obtained by our X-ray rat method, produce definite resistance in guinea pigs to subsequent infection with the virus of this disease.

2. The resistance so produced amounts to complete immunity when the subsequent infectious dose is moderate—that is, consists of typhus blood or of tunica material in reasonable amounts (not more than one-quarter of a tunica—i.e., roughly 100 to 250 infectious doses). When, as in the first experiment, excessive doses of infectious material were given, the vaccination protection was, in two of the three animals, incomplete.

3. Subcutaneous vaccination is fully as effective as intraperitoneal —even when the subsequent infection is intraperitoneal.

4. As in previously reported experiments, the vaccines made with the Mexican organisms conferred only partial and feeble protection against the European virus (Breinl strain).
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

The production of monovalent sera for agglutinin or precipitin reactions with freshly isolated strains of meningococci is described. Agglutination reactions with such sera can be carried out more rapidly, at lower temperatures and in lower dilutions, than with the standard monovalent sera prepared from stock cultures, while the results so obtained are more satisfactory owing to the relative absence of cross-agglutination.
THE EFFECT OF RESTRICTION OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON THE SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L.
Published: June 2004

Rats placed on a low protein diet for 21 weeks, in spite of marked loss of body weight, showed no significant decrease of serum protein concentration aside from an initial (physiological ?) drop.
CHANGES IN BACTERIAL VOLUME AS THE RESULT OF SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Measurements indicate that bacterial antigens increase in volume as the result of specific agglutination. There is a general parallelism between the increase in antigenic volume and the concentration of the immune serum. The phenomenon is specific. There is no increase with normal serum; with absorbed serum the increase is slight and it can be correlated with the presence of unabsorbed antibody. The effect is enduring as shown by volumetric determinations upon repeatedly washed, agglutinated bacteria.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Dawson M. H.
Published: June 2004

The foregoing comparative study on the subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis is presented as part of an investigation which has been conducted in this clinic on the relationship of the two clinical entities, rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis. It is believed that the present study has shown that these lesions are highly characteristic of the two diseases and that they represent different phases of the same, fundamental, pathological process. However, it should be pointed out that the presence of closely related or even identical lesions in two, separate, clinical entities cannot be considered as valid evidence in support of the hypothesis that the two diseases are etiologically related. Comparative clinical studies on the relationship of rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis will be presented in a succeeding communication. These studies, as well as serological investigations on the two diseases which have been reported elsewhere (23, 24), lend further support to the conception that rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis are intimately related and possibly different responses of affected individuals to the same etiological agent.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Syverton Jerome T. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

In the bacteriological study here reported, we undertook an investigation of the flora associated with spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis. Following the plan of Noguchi (2), monkeys and chimpanzees were inoculated with the different organisms recovered from affected tissues. By this means, we disclosed among the bacteria a new species, Bacterium simiae, which was found to be specifically active, in that it induced follicular reactions in the conjunctiva apparently indistinguishable from the disease as it occurs in nature.

The specific action of the bacterium in animals is the more striking when it is compared with the innocuousness of other organisms isolated from cases of folliculosis, and also when considered in relation to the behavior of quarantined animals. While the disease arises spontaneously in stock animals, of some 300 normal rhesus monkeys— these being isolated in lots of ten to twenty and quarantined from 6 to 14 weeks—not one has as yet shown folliculosis. With the insignificant exception already mentioned (1), the experimental disease was produced only when the inoculum contained either folliculosis tissue or cultures of the simian organism.

Apart from these findings, the experimental results indicate that (a) the bacterium has thus far been recovered only from folliculosis cases and not from other forms of conjunctivitis nor from normal tissues; (b) the microorganism has been isolated not only from affected conjunctivae of stock monkeys but also from the tissue of animals— macaques and apes—experimentally infected with the bacterium, and (c) such recovered cultures have, in turn, been found to be specifically pathogenic in normal rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees.

We may therefore postulate from this experimental study that an intimate relation exists between Bacterium simiae and spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis of simians.
THE EFFECTS OF BLOOD LOSS AND BLOOD DESTRUCTION UPON THE ERYTHROID CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW OF RABBITS
Authors: Steele Brandt F.
Published: June 2004

The relative proportion of the various sorts of erythroid cells of the bone marrow has been determined after acute and chronic hemorrhage and after damage to the marrow with acetyl phenylhydrazine. The normal erythroid pattern shows megaloblasts and erythroblasts in the lowest percentage, then normoblasts, reticulocytes, and mature erythrocytes respectively, in increasing proportions. All three states studied show an increasing "shift to the left" up to a condition after acetyl phenylhydrazine, in which the erythroblasts and megaloblasts exceed the mature erythrocytes. The marrow pattern finds direct expression in terms of the cells of the blood.
THE TITRATION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN STEGOMYIA MOSQUITOES
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Frobisher Martin , Lloyd Wray
Published: June 2004

Titrations were made of yellow fever virus in stegomyia mosquitoes, using rhesus monkeys as test animals. It was found that:

(a) The average mosquito immediately after engorging on highly infectious blood contained between 1 and 2 million lethal doses of virus. The titer of freshly ingested blood was as high as 1 billion lethal doses of virus per cubic centimeter.

(b) During the fortnight succeeding a meal on infectious blood there occurred a reduction of titratable virus to not more than 1 per cent of that present in the freshly fed insects.

(c) The titer was somewhat higher at later periods. This rise in titer signified possibly not a multiplication, but merely an increase of extracellular virus and of that easily freed by grinding to a titratable form.

(d) At no later stage did the quantity of titratable virus equal that demonstrable in freshly fed insects.
VACCINATION WITH HEAT-KILLED AND FORMALINIZED TUBERCLE BACILLI IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Thomas Robert M.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli killed by exposure to formalin (0.4 per cent) did not show any acquired resistance to subsequent infection with bovine tubercle bacilli, while rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli which had been killed by heating to 70° for 1 hour survived more than half as long again as their controls.

2. Intraperitoneal injection of either the formalin-killed vaccine or the heat-killed vaccine into guinea pigs made them skin-sensitive to tuberculoprotein MA-100.

3. The rate of absorption of the formalin-killed vaccine when introduced beneath the the skin was similar to that of the heat-killed vaccine.

4. Following the intravenous injection of heat-killed tubercle bacilli, it was found that rabbits developed a massive tubercular pneumonia. A study of the production and ultimate absorption of the cellular exudate showed that these processes were similar to those found after the injection of living bacilli. The lesions which followed the injection of heat-killed bacilli differed from the lesions found in active tuberculosis in that in any one animal they showed a striking uniformity in appearance, while in the active disease the lungs showed a great diversity in type of lesion. Studies of the blood cells during the period of injection of dead organisms showed that the changes which are characteristic of the period during which a tuberculous pneumonia develops in rabbits (30 to 40 days after inoculation) were faithfully reproduced. It is suggested that the process of regression described may be similar to that which occurs in childhood tuberculosis, in which rather extensive pulmonary lesions resolve without leaving evidence of damage to the parenchyma of the lung.
CHANGES IN THE TITER OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCAL HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN ADULT HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Graeser James B. , Harrison M. Cornwell
Published: June 2004

Fifty-five individuals were tested to determine the pneumococcidal promoting activity of their serum against Types I and II pneumococci. By repeated tests an attempt was made to study the constancy of the degree of their immunity over intervals of 2 to 6 months. In this group were included nine persons with common colds and twelve cases of a severe influenza-like infection. Fifteen of the fifty-five cases showed a change in titer of their humoral immunity against either Type I or Type II or both. Three of these showed an increase, and twelve a decrease. This reaction in most instances was a specific one in that the altered reaction toward one type was not associated with a similar change toward the other type pneumococcus. Colds and influenza-like infections apparently exerted no effect upon the titer of humoral immune substances.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

By a method combining filtration and cultivation an unidentified Gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the nasal exudate of fowl experimentally infected with an uncomplicated coryza. Isolation was accomplished by cultivation on sealed blood agar plates after unsuccessful attempts to produce colonies on open plates. Injection of the organism into the palatine cleft of normal birds was regularly followed by an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and a discharge from the nares. A para-influenza bacillus which was also recovered from the nasal tract of affected fowl was innocuous. Certain cultural characters of the bacillus, bearing on its classification, are discussed.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , Scherp Henry W.
Published: June 2004

Three fractions have been isolated from autolysates of the meningococcus. Of these, one, the type-specific substance, has been described in detail. The same type-specific substance appears to be present in Type I and Type III organisms, but a substance differing at least serologically has been obtained from Type II strains. Detailed chemical analysis of both of the type-specific substances thus far isolated is being carried out and will be the subject of a later paper.
THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. , Garner R. L.
Published: June 2004

Broth cultures of hemolytic streptococci derived from patients are capable of rapidly liquefying normal human fibrin clot.

The active fibrinolytic principle is also contained in sterile, cell-free filtrates of broth cultures. The degree of activity of filtrates parallels the activity of whole broth cultures sufficiently closely to indicate that large amounts of the fibrinolytic substance are freely excreted into the surrounding medium and pass readily through Berkefeld V, Seitz, and Chamberland filters.

The occurrence of fibrinolysis is most strikingly observed when plasma or fibrinogen is mixed with active cultural material before clot formation is effected. Under the standard experimental conditions described, complete dissolution of human plasma clot (whole oxalated plasma + CaCl2) occurs in about 10 minutes; complete dissolution of human fibrinogen clot (chemically isolated fibrinogen + thrombin) takes place in about 2 minutes. Titration of filtrate activity is recorded in Table IV.

Twenty-eight strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus, isolated from patients suffering from various manifestations of streptococcus infection, have been tested for the capacity to liquefy fibrin clot. Broth cultures of all of the strains induced fibrinolysis.

Of 18 strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus of animal origin, only three were capable of causing dissolution of clot.

Completely negative results were obtained with 38 strains of other bacterial species. The list is presented on pages 492 and 493.

The plasma of many patients recovered from acute hemolytic streptococcus infections, when clotted in the presence of active cultures, is highly resistant to fibrinolysis. Furthermore, serum, derived from patients whose plasma clot is resistant, often confers on normal plasma clot an antifibrinolytic property. One example of the resistance possessed by the blood of convalescent patients is presented in this report. A second paper, now in preparation, will give in detail a large number of observations on the relation of infection to the development of resistance to the fibrinolytic activity of hemolytic streptococci.

In contrast to the susceptibility of normal human fibrin clot to liquefaction by active culture, normal rabbit fibrin clot is totally resistant to dissolution when tested under comparable conditions. The insusceptibility of rabbit fibrin clot is manifest provided the coagulum is composed of rabbit constituents. When human thrombin is used to clot rabbit plasma or fibrinogen in the presence of active cultures, fibrinolysis is not prohibited. The rôle of thrombin in determining the resistance or susceptibility of rabbit fibrin to dissolution offers a suggestive approach to problems relating to the underiving mechanism.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECENTLY ISOLATED HUMAN STRAINS AND A PASSAGE STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D.
Published: June 2004

1. Confirmation of the qualitative differences which exist between so called human and passage strains of poliomyelitis virus has been established by the following observations.

(a) The experimental disease induced by two human strains usually failed to protect monkeys against a subsequent infection by a passage strain, and in the few instances in which the reverse experiment could be tried a similar lack of protection was observed.

(b) In some human sera the neutralizing power for a human strain differed qualitatively from the neutralizing power for a passage strain.

2. The time interval between the intracerebral inoculation of heterologous strains has been found to be an important factor bearing upon the results of the reinoculation experiments reported. Within the intervals used, the greater the period between the original infection and the reinoculation with a heterologous strain, the less was the degree of cross-immunity observed.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

A strain of swine influenza has been observed to change from a condition of full contagiousness, in which both H. influenzae suis and the swine influenza virus were transferred by pen contact, to one of only partial contagiousness, in which the virus alone was transferred, resulting in the mild filtrate disease instead of swine influenza in animals infected by contact. Swine that had been experimentally converted into carriers of H. influenzae suis developed swine influenza following contact with animals infected with the altered strain of the disease. Experiments in which the etiological components of a freshly obtained and fully contagious strain of swine influenza were substituted for the corresponding components of the altered strain of the disease revealed the fact that the change in the contagious character of the latter was due to an alteration in the bacterial component of the etiological complex and that the virus component was in no way responsible.
RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN MAN
Authors: Schwentker Francis F. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

A case of Rift Valley fever following an accidental laboratory infection, and believed to be the first instance of the disease in the Western hemisphere, is reported. Although the course of illness was otherwise quite typical, it was complicated by thrombophlebitis—a condition not previously described in association with this disease in man. Death was caused by a pulmonary embolus.
FAILURE TO NEUTRALIZE THE POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS WITH SERA OF ADULT MACACUS RHESUS AND OF YOUNG FEMALE RHESUS TREATED WITH ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Lennette Edwin H. , King Ernest Q.
Published: June 2004

1. Twelve specimens of serum from nine adult male monkeys failed to neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis.

2. Ten samples of serum obtained from three adult female monkeys at various phases of the menstrual cycle likewise proved incapable of neutralizing the virus. An eleventh serum, drawn from a fourth female 32 days postpartum, gave irregular results. It neutralized once and failed to do so on second test. This is the only suggestion in our experiments that a physiological factor may play a part in poliomyelitis immunity.

3. Fourteen sera from ten immature monkeys caused to menstruate by treatment with anterior pituitary extract were devoid of virucidal property. This treatment failed also to induce a systemic resistance to intracerebral injections of virus in the nine monkeys of the same group available for test.

4. We were unable to demonstrate in our monkeys a correlation between virucidal capacity of the serum and maturity or physiological variations as exemplified by menstruation.
EPIDEMIC TREMOR, AN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AFFECTING YOUNG CHICKENS
Authors: Jones E. Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

A new disease having a characteristic and well defined symptom complex is described as occurring in young chickens in four New England states. Tremor, principally of the head and neck, and progressive ataxia are the characteristic symptoms, either or both of which may be present in a single bird. Age at onset in field epidemics ranges from 3 days to 6 weeks, with a majority of cases reported at 3 weeks. Morbidity in commercial flocks ranges from 5 to 50 per cent; mortality in affected hatches may be 50 per cent. The disease may or may not recur in successive hatches, and in the same flock in successive years. Although birds may survive an attack of the disease, nervous symptoms persist in a majority of cases.

There is no evidence that nutritional factors are involved. Normal chickens have not contracted the disease by contact with affected birds. The disease has been reproduced in normal chickens by intracerebral inoculation of brain and spinal cord from affected birds. Twenty brain-to-brain passages have been made up to the present time. The incubation period in laboratory passages ranges from 6 to 44 days with symptoms appearing usually between 21 and 28 days. The proportion of inoculated birds developing symptoms has increased with successive passages.

The infective agent in the brain has survived in 50 per cent glycerine for 69 days. No organism has been cultivated. The disease has been reproduced after inoculation with bacteriologically sterile filtrates obtained with Seitz and Berkefeld N filters.

Attempts to demonstrate the presence of the infective agent in the chicken embryo have been inconclusive. Chicks hatched from eggs laid by birds which had survived the disease were not infected, nor were they immune to inoculation at 6 weeks of age.

The characteristic lesion of the disease consists of microscopic focal collections of glia cells, perivascular infiltration, degeneration of Purkinje's cells, and degeneration of nerve cells. Foci of infiltration are present throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the viscera of birds from field epidemics, microscopic focal infiltrations of cells of the lymphoid series are often found. Their presence is most notable in the pancreas and heart. No cell inclusions have been demonstrated.
THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF LYMPH IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF EDEMA
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B.
Published: June 2004

1. The experimental observations have been summarized at the end of an earlier section. The more important facts only will be recapitulated here.

The capacity of the lymphatics for removing fluid from the tissues greatly exceeds the rate at which freshly formed tissue fluid can be made available for removal. Edematous regions can be rendered non-edematous by the application of measures, such as massage, passive motion, or normal exercise, which activate the lymphatics.

During continuous activity the rate of lymph flow is first variable and later relatively constant. Constant rates of flow must correspond to the production of fresh lymph. A study of the constant rates indicates that lymph formation in the edematous animal is certainly only slightly greater, and possibly not greater at all, than under conditions of normality.

When the protein of plasma decreases, the protein of lymph is also lowered. The loss of protein from lymph takes place at a faster rate than from plasma, so that the ratio of serum protein to lymph protein is greater in the edematous than in the normal animal.

In edematous animals the concentration of protein in lymph is of the same order of magnitude as the concentration in edema fluids. The two fluids are not, however, identical in composition. Minor fluctuations in the protein content of lymph always occur during a period of continuous collection.

2. The factors involved in the circulation and accumulation of tissue fluid are discussed. Reasons are given for offering the following suggestions.

Significant differences in tissue pressure or tension exist between the states resulting from quiescence and activation of the lymphatics. The differences give rise to variations in the relative areas of capillary wall, functioning for filtration and reabsorption. When the lymphatics are activated it is possible that capillary reabsorption may be completely in abeyance.

A decline in the proteins of plasma may be associated with a diminished permeability of the capillaries. Such a lowering of capillary permeability would account for two features, both of which have been demonstrated: (1) failure to observe an appreciably increased rate of lymph formation in the edematous animal, and (2) the extremely low concentration of protein in lymph from edematous animals.

Although the difference between the protein concentrations of edema fluid and lymph from the same region is small, the conclusion is not yet justified that a similarly small difference exists between normal tissue fluid and normal lymph.
VACCINATION OF MONKEYS AND LABORATORY WORKERS AGAINST PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Schwentker Francis F.
Published: June 2004

Monkeys that have recovered from psittacosis pneumonia have an increased resistance to infection with the virus and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera.

Large amounts of active psittacosis virus can be introduced intravenously and intramuscularly into monkeys without the production of a serious infection such as pneumonia. Relatively small amounts of virus introduced intratracheally into monkeys usually lead to psittacosis pneumonia.

Monkeys vaccinated intramuscularly with unattenuated psittacosis virus have an increased resistance to the active agent and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera.

The intramuscular introduction of active psittacosis virus in moderate amounts into human beings is relatively harmless, and repeated inoculations lead to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of vaccinated individuals.
STUDIES ON ORGANOGENESIS
Authors: Parker Raymond C.
Published: June 2004

1. Isolated blood cells, when placed for incubation in a plasma substratum, are capable of constructing highly organized, tubular processes that project from the explanted cell mass into the surrounding medium.

2. The tubular structures have fibrillar walls that may be covered, eventually, by a membranous layer of leukocytes. Their lumina contain blood cells suspended in fluid.

3. The formation of the tubules is initiated by the red cells. The leukocytes, and more particularly the thrombocytes, are responsible for the construction of the walls.

4. The phenomenon occurs only in the presence of plasma, the coagulation of which has been slightly delayed. Once the surrounding medium has become firmly coagulated, no further change occurs either in the length of the tubules or in their diameter.

5. The development of the tubules is not suppressed by substances that enhance cellular activity unless they induce, at the same time, the immediate coagulation of the medium. The addition of embryo tissue juice prevents their formation by producing early coagulation.

6. The phenomenon as a whole is dependent upon the physicochemical nature of the medium, the character and thickness of the explanted fragment, and the physical and physiological peculiarities of the cells that comprise it. It is the expression of various physicochemical and physiological events that have occurred in a definite order, or sequence.
STUDIES UPON MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Bliss Eleanor A. , Walcott Charles F.
Published: June 2004

1. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found to occur from one-third to one-half as frequently in normal individuals as do ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.

2. They were rarely isolated from the rhinopharynges of individuals suffering from chronic disease.

3. In acute respiratory tract infection other than that due to the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococcus the incidence of minute streptococci was slightly higher than in normal individuals.

4. In acute streptococcal infections, scarlet fever and acute tonsillitis, for example, the incidence of minute hemolytic streptococci did not significantly vary from the incidence found in normal human beings.

5. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found in the throats of 33 out of 42 patients ill with glomerular nephritis and in 25 out of 59 patients who were suffering from the various manifestations of rheumatic fever.

6. In glomerular nephritis and rheumatic infection the minute beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of more patients than were the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.
A VIRUS-INDUCED MAMMALIAN GROWTH WITH THE CHARACTERS OF A TUMOR (THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA)
Authors: Beard J. W. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The injection of Scharlach R into the skin about rabbit papillomas resulting from virus inoculation causes them to invade the underlying tissue and form large, fleshy masses beneath the surface. Histologically these appear malignant, and they frequently invade the blood vessels. Covering young papillomas with a layer of collodion causes them to burrow downwards with result in discoid masses which enlarge progressively, both by expansive growth beneath the epidermis and by invasion. Such masses, like the nodules resulting from implantation, have the papillae turned toward their interior, the apparent reverse of the condition of affairs when the growth is situated on the skin surface. The reasons for this are analyzed. The peculiarities of the host influence skin papillomas not a little, as is plain from the forms they assume; but the epithelial changes induced by the virus take a single direction, and no significant variations from type have been encountered.

Local or generalized retrogression of the experimentally induced papilloma is not uncommon. The histological alterations that take place are identical with those attending retrogression of the epidermoid tumors, and the reactive changes taking place in the surrounding tissue are also like those about such tumors. The slowing and cessation of growth that occur secondarily in the case of virus-induced skin papillomas are associated with the formation under them of a dense layer of connective tissue, and to this their behavior is attributable. Similar findings have been often recorded for tumors, notably for the epidermoid cancers produced in rabbits by tarring.
DIAGNOSIS OF PSITTACOSIS IN MAN BY MEANS OF INJECTIONS OF SPUTUM INTO WHITE MICE
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Berry G. P.
Published: June 2004

By means of intraperitoneal injections in mice of unfiltered sputum or filtrates of sputum a large percentage of the cases of psittacosis in human beings can be successfully diagnosed in a relatively safe manner.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Intratracheal, intracloacal, and subcutaneous injection of living cultures of the fowl coryza bacillus had no demonstrable effect on the susceptibility of fowl to coryza.

Intraperitoneal injection was irregularly followed by a definitely altered susceptibility. Growth of the specific bacillus was inhibited in the nasal tract of approximately 70 per cent of 25 birds which had received an earlier intraperitoneal injection.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Wieghard C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. The carbohydrates derived from Staphylococcus are type specific.

2. The specific carbohydrates fail to induce formation of antibodies in rabbits.

3. Acetylation or adsorption of the carbohydrates on collodion particles does not render them antigenic.

4. The specific carbohydrates may be employed to elicit immediate, type specific, skin reactions in patients with Staphylococcus infection.

5. The protein of Staphylococcus is species specific.

6. The protein is antigenic and stimulates in rabbits species specific antibodies.

7. The protein causes in hypersensitive individuals a species specific, delayed, inflammatory skin reaction.
THE DEGREE OF DISPERSION OF THE BACILLUS AS A FACTOR IN INFECTION AND RESISTANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

1. The skin lesions in rabbits and guinea pigs following intradermal injection of tubercle bacilli (5 strains) were greatly increased in size and severity when testicle extract was added to the inoculum. Such enhancement was followed by a more widespread and rapidly progressing disease only when virulent strains were employed.

2. Attempts to suppress the development of skin lesions resulting from the injection of either normal or tuberculous rabbits with very small quantities of tubercle bacilli mixed with testicle extract were unsuccessful.

3. The skin reactions of tuberculous guinea pigs to tuberculo-protein MA 100 were greatly increased in size and markedly reduced in intensity by the addition of testicle extract to the protein solution. The toxic effect of larger quantities of tuberculo-protein was not altered by the addition of testicle extract.

4. The dispersion of tubercle bacilli through the skin of tuberculous rabbits resulted in a marked enhancement of the Koch phenomenon but was not followed by any extension of the new infection to the viscera. Tuberculous rabbits infected on two occasions with dead tubercle bacilli suspended in testicle extract showed an increased resistance to the disease when compared with controls receiving dead bacilli suspended in saline solution.

5. The resistance conferred upon tuberculous guinea pigs by superinfection was greatly increased when the bacilli employed were dispersed through the skin with testicle extract.

6. The parenteral administration of large quantities of testicle extract to recently infected guinea pigs did not result in any increase in the extent of the visceral lesions.

7. The partial immunity conferred upon guinea pigs and rabbits by vaccination with heat-killed tubercle bacilli was increased as a result of dispersion of the vaccine through the skin with testicle extract.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

1. A method for determining the antistreptolysin titer is described in detail.

2. The natural human level of antistreptolysin determined in this way is approximately 50 units.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

The observations presented in this paper may be summarized as follows:

A study has been made on an isolated group of children with heart disease.

All of these individuals, with one exception, were rheumatic subjects.

Many of them carried a strain of hemolytic streptococcus in the throat flora during the winter of 1934. The organism produced no detectible toxin and was not associated with respiratory disease.

Four patients contracted chicken pox during the winter months. None developed rheumatic recrudescences.

All of the individuals were in good health on March 1.

A severe epidemic of influenza began on March 22. All but six children contracted the disease. The filterable virus responsible for this outbreak was recovered.

This agent did not activate the rheumatic process. It was followed by an outbreak of streptococcus infection and appeared to facilitate its spread.

The source of these infections was not traced. They were due to a single type of hemolytic streptococcus which was a strong toxin producer. Its cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics were different from those of the carrier strain.

Of seventeen individuals proven bacteriologically to be infected with the epidemic strain, fourteen rheumatic subjects developed acute rheumatism, two rheumatic subjects and one patient with congenital heart disease escaped.

These fourteen rheumatic attacks were accompanied by a rise in antistreptolysin titer coincident with the onset of symptoms.

In four of these attacks it was possible to exclude influenza as a causative factor.

The clinical observations, the bacteriological findings and the immunological evidence indicate that this severe outbreak of rheumatic fever was caused by Streptococcus hemolyticus, which appeared to be a single strain by type.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

Observations are reported which concern the nature of the infectious process resulting from the intraperitoneal injection of mice with virulent pneumococci.

The course of the infection has been figuratively reconstructed on the basis of the following data: The rate of bacterial multiplication, the numbers of cells present in the peritoneal cavity, the character of these cells at various stages, and the rate of phagocytosis.

The significant alterations in this infectious process brought about by the administration of type specific immune serum are described, and the general significance of the findings discussed with reference to the functions of the immune serum and the rôle of phagocytes in protection.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

The power of specific antipneumococcus serum to protect mice against infection with Type I Pneumococcus has been studied with reference to the capacity of the animal to utilize the specific antibodies. With a single strain of mice it was found that smaller animals and those with large numbers of white cells in the peritoneal cavity are much better able to utilize the passively conferred immune principles.

These two intrinsic factors were resolved into a single element; namely, the number of monocytes in the peritoneal cavity at the time of injection of culture and serum. The interrelation of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors participating in the process of protection have been discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUSES OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kuttner Ann G. , T'ung T'sun
Published: June 2004

1. It has not been possible to increase the virulence of the submaxillary gland viruses of guinea pigs and rats, either by reducing the resistance of the animals by exposure to X-ray, or by the addition of testicular extract (Duran-Reynals factor).

2. In guinea pigs and wild rats with spontaneously infected submaxillary glands, the kidney has been found to contain the virus in the absence of demonstrable pathological changes.

3. Direct injection of these viruses into the kidney produces only mild, circumscribed lesions.

4. The viruses, following subcutaneous injection into white rats and guinea pigs, are widely distributed 2 weeks after injection. They are present in the submaxillary glands, cervical lymph nodes, kidney, and lung. They were not demonstrable at this time in the blood, liver, or spleen.

5. By the intratracheal injection of large doses of virus in guinea pigs and rats, an interstitial bronchopneumonia with thickening of the alveolar and bronchial walls and the presence of acidophilic inclusion bodies, can be produced.

6. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the multiplication of bacteria in the lung is greatly enhanced by the injection of these viruses.
WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE BLOOD OF EXPERIMENTALLY INOCULATED CHICKENS
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Ann Thorpe, Rosemary Burroughs, and Angela Laurent
Published: June 2004

1. Chickens inoculated subcutaneously with 0.2 cc. of a 10–2 to 10–7 dilution of Western equine mouse brain virus had the virus in the blood serum between the 12th and the 48th hour in most instances. The fowls showed no signs of illness.

2. Viremia could be induced regularly in chickens by inoculating subcutaneously the least amount of virus which would produce encephalitis in the mouse when inoculated by the intracerebral route.

3. Even the minimal infecting dose for a chicken led to such multiplication of the virus that it was detectable in the serum in a 10–4 dilution. Moreover, a minimal infecting dose appeared to result in a longer period of viremia than was produced by a larger dose.

4. Virus has not been found to persist for more than 3 days after inoculation in any organ of the chicken tested for it and usually it did not persist over 2 days. Antibodies were present in the blood within at least 15 days after inoculation.

5. It is concluded that chickens may serve as sources of infection for mosquitoes or other blood-sucking ectoparasites for short periods of time after the infecting bite of a similar invertebrate vector. There is no evidence that the chicken serves as a latent carrier of the virus.

6. No virus could be found in the blood of 2 inoculated calves, and virus has not been demonstrated regularly or with the same case in the blood of horses or of men, as it has in that of chickens. It seems unlikely therefore that large mammals serve frequently as sources for mosquito infection.

7. These experimental data on fowls and mammals correlate well with other epidemiological and laboratory findings, in particular with the feeding preference of the mosquitoes found infected in epidemic areas.
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN THE BLOOD OF EXPERIMENTALLY INOCULATED FOWLS AND MAMMALS
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. , Izumi E. M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Ann Thorpe, Rosemary Burroughs, and Angela Laurent
Published: June 2004

1. Of three species of mammals tested by peripheral inoculation (guinea pig, cat, and horse) none showed viremia under conditions which suggested that any of these species would serve as a frequent source of mosquito infection.

2. Of the birds tested (chicken, duck, and dove) all developed viremia and might readily serve as natural sources of mosquito infection. Chickens were shown to be very highly susceptible to infection by minute amounts of virus inoculated subcutaneously.

3. Virus may appear in the blood of chickens within 16 hours after inoculation and it has persisted till at least the 120th hour. No fowl showed any sign of illness as a result of the infection.