bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive oxygen species measured in the unprocessed semen samples of 715 infertile patients
Authors: Yumura Yasushi , Takeshima Teppei , Kawahara Takashi , Sanjo Hiroyuki , Kuroda Shin‐no‐suke , Asai Takuo , Mori Kohei , Kondou Takuya , Uemura Hiroji , Iwasaki Akira
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) in semen samples could be measured with the Monolight™ 3010 Luminometer.

Methods

Using the Monolight™ 3010 Luminometer, the ROS was measured in the unprocessed semen samples of infertile male patients, as well as the luminescence of 190 semen samples. The samples were classified as “luminescence‐detectable” (n = 89) and “luminescence‐undetectable” (n = 101). Thereafter, the luminescence of the semen samples that had been obtained from the 715 infertile patients was measured and compared by using Sperm Motility Analyzing System measurements. Moreover, in order to investigate the ROS measurement consistency, the chemiluminescence values of 84 samples were measured concurrently by using the Monolight™ 3010 Luminometer and the 1251 Luminometer™.

Results

The semen volume, sperm motility, and progressive motility of the samples were significantly higher in the luminescence‐undetectable samples. The sperm motility, straight‐line velocity, curvilinear velocity, mean amplitude head displacement, beat cross frequency, and progressive motility showed an inverse correlation with the logarithmic‐transformed luminescence level in the luminescence‐detected samples. The integrated chemiluminescence levels in the 84 samples were correlated.

Conclusion

The substance that was measured in the unprocessed semen with the Monolight™ 3010 Luminometer and stimulated chemiluminescence is ROS.
Multiobjective optimization–based fault‐tolerant flight control system design
Authors: Ossmann D. , Joos H.‐D.
Published: September 2017

The loss of measurements used for controller scheduling or envelope protection in modern flight control systems due to sensor failures leads to a challenging fault‐tolerant control law design problem. In this article, an approach to design such a robust fault‐tolerant control system, including full envelope protections using multiobjective optimization techniques, is proposed. The generic controller design and controller verification problems are derived and solved using novel multiobjective hybrid genetic optimization algorithms. These algorithms combine the multiobjective genetic search strategy with local, single‐objective optimization to improve convergence speed. The proposed strategies are applied to the design of a fault‐tolerant flight control system for a modern civil aircraft. The results of an industrial controller verification and validation campaign using an industrial benchmark simulator are reported.
Bayesian hierarchical model for analyzing multiresponse longitudinal pharmacokinetic data
Authors: Zhao Liping , Xia Zhiming
Published: September 2017

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a very complex mixture containing many different ingredients. Thus, statistical analysis of traditional Chinese medicine data becomes challenging, as one needs to handle the association among the observed data across different time points and across different ingredients of the multivariate response. This paper builds a 3‐stage Bayesian hierarchical model for analyzing multivariate response pharmacokinetic data. Usually, the dimensionality of the parameter space is very huge, which leads to the parameter‐estimation difficulty. So we take the hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to obtain the posterior Bayesian estimation of corresponding parameters in our model. Both simulation study and real‐data analysis show that our theoretical model and Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms perform well, and especially the correlation among different ingredients can be calculated very accurately.
Model‐Based Project‐Product Lifecycle Management and Gantt Chart Models: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sharon Amira , Dori Dov
Published: September 2017

Systems engineering (SE) and project management (PM) are two complementary disciplines that aim at achieving a common goal. In order for systems engineers and project managers to communicate efficiently, there is a need for a common language that balances system performance, quality, stakeholder expectations and needs, cost, and schedule. We use Object Process Methodology (OPM) as the basis for Project‐Product Lifecycle Management (PPLM), where SE and PM are complementary parts of an overarching system.

Since the project plan is one of the first artifacts that both SE and PM professionals should agree on, we compared Gantt chart, a commonly used method, and a PPLM project plan. We present a three‐stage comparative research, investigating how differences between a Gantt chart and an OPM model‐based PPLM project plan are perceived by mid‐career systems engineers, who were graduate students in systems engineering academic programs.

The outcomes indicate that the comprehension of information contained in the OPM model‐based PPLM project plan is more easily grasped than the same information presented via the Gantt chart. The results suggest that PPLM has the potential to better clarify the intricate relationships between SE and PM involved in developing systems through projects. It can enable better understanding and communication between systems engineers and project managers, thereby improving decision‐making, project outcomes, and product performance.
Role of the mass attenuation coefficient database in standardization of a silicon drift X‐ray detector for PIXE analysis
Authors: Flannigan Erin L. , Heirwegh Christopher M. , Campbell John L.
Published: September 2017

A simple, inexpensive procedure is described for calibrating a silicon drift detector‐based PIXE system for the analysis of geological and other “thick‐target” materials. It rests on the use of single element, chemical compound, and National Institute for Standards and Technology multielement standards. Much less effort has been focussed on the impact of mass attenuation coefficients on PIXE's analytical accuracy than on ionization cross sections and fluorescence yields. The calibrated system enables us to investigate the effects of inserting different mass attenuation coefficient datasets into the GUPIX database. For the K X‐rays of light elements, accuracy is significantly improved by replacing the formerly used XCOM self‐attenuation coefficients by the corresponding FFAST values; this effect decreases rapidly with increasing atomic number. Similar improvement was found for L X‐rays of medium‐Z, but not for high‐Z atoms.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Luminescent Properties of Silver(I) Complexes based on Diphosphine Ligands and 6,7‐Dicyanodipyridoquinoxaline
Authors: Wang Yu , Cui Yang‐Zhe , Li Zhong‐Feng , Liu Min , Yang Yu‐Ping , Zhang Zhen‐Wei , Xin Xiu‐Lan , Jin Qiong‐Hua
Published: September 2017

Five mono‐nuclear silver (I) complexes with 6,7‐dicyanodipyridoquinoxaline ligand, namely {[Ag(DPEphos)(dicnq)]NO3}2·CH3OH (1), [Ag(DPEphos)(dicnq)]BF4·CH3OH (2), [Ag(XANTphos)(dicnq)]CF3SO3 (3), {[Ag(XANTphos)(dicnq)]NO3}2 (4), and [Ag(XANTphos)(dicnq)]ClO4·CH2Cl2 (5) {DPEphos = bis[2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl]ether, dicnq = 6,7‐dicyanodipyridoquinoxaline, XANTphos = 9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)xanthene} were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, fluorescence spectra, and terahertz time‐domain spectra (THz‐TDS). In the five complexes the AgI, which is coordinated by two kinds of chelating ligands, adopts four‐coordinate modes to generate mono‐nuclear structures. The C–H···π interactions lead to formation of a 1D infinite chain for complexes 2 and 3. The crystal packing of complexes 1 and 5 reveal that they form 3D supermolecular network by several pairs of C–H···π interactions. The emissions of these complexes are attributed to ligands‐centered [π–π*] transition based on both of the P‐donor and N‐donor ligands.
Incidence of Clinically Relevant Incisional Hernia After Colon Cancer Surgery and Its Risk Factors: A Nationwide Claims Study
Authors: Seo Gi Hyeon , Choe Eun Kyung , Park Kyu Joo , Chai Young Jun
Published: September 2017

Background

As there is scant literature focusing on incisional hernia for which hospital care is sought, the aim of this study was to elucidate the incidence and risk factors of overt incisional hernia (OIH) after colon cancer surgery using nationwide claims data.

Methods

Claims data of colon cancer patients who underwent regional colectomy were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database of South Korea. Data from 2010 to 2012 were collected to ensure adequate follow‐up. OIH was considered to be present when either the diagnosis code for IH or the claim code for IH repair was entered after index colectomy for colon cancer.

Results

A total of 24,645 patients underwent regional colectomy for colon cancer during the study period. Of these, 376 (1.5%) patients had an OIH within 3 years after surgery, and 50.3% of OIHs developed within the first year after the index colectomy (883.7 cases/10,000 patient‐years). The Cox proportional hazard model showed that age >65 years, female gender, open colectomy, and institution volume <100 colectomies per year were statistically significant risk factors for OIH. The 3‐year cumulative OIH incidence rates according to age >65 years, female gender, open colectomy, and institution volume <100 colectomies per year were 2.1, 2.1, 2.0, and 2.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

Several risk factors for OIH and its incidence after regional colectomy for colon cancer were identified. These findings are helpful for classifying patients undergoing segmental colectomy who have increased the likelihood of developing IH and are informative for patients and medical providers performing the surgery.
Naïve validity
Authors: Murzi Julien , Rossi Lorenzo
Published: September 2017

Beall and Murzi (J Philos 110(3):143–165, 2013) introduce an object-linguistic predicate for naïve validity, governed by intuitive principles that are inconsistent with the classical structural rules (over sufficiently expressive base theories). As a consequence, they suggest that revisionary approaches to semantic paradox must be substructural. In response to Beall and Murzi, Field (Notre Dame J Form Log 58(1):1–19, 2017) has argued that naïve validity principles do not admit of a coherent reading and that, for this reason, a non-classical solution to the semantic paradoxes need not be substructural. The aim of this paper is to respond to Field’s objections and to point to a coherent notion of validity which underwrites a coherent reading of Beall and Murzi’s principles: grounded validity. The notion, first introduced by Nicolai and Rossi (J Philos Log. doi:10.1007/s10992-017-9438-x, 2017), is a generalisation of Kripke’s notion of grounded truth (J Philos 72:690–716, 1975), and yields an irreflexive logic. While we do not advocate the adoption of a substructural logic (nor, more generally, of a revisionary approach to semantic paradox), we take the notion of naïve validity to be a legitimate semantic notion that points to genuine expressive limitations of fully structural revisionary approaches.
Arrowhead (Sagittaria cuneata) as a bioindicator of nitrogen and phosphorus for prairie streams and wetlands
Authors: Standen Katherine M. , Chambers Patricia A. , Culp Joseph M.
Published: September 2017

The emergent aquatic plant,Sagittaria cuneata,is an easily-identified and commonly-found species in the Great Plains region of North America and has the potential to be a bioindicator of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) because of its previously-identified leaf plasticity in response to nutrient conditions. To identify associations between leaf morphology and soil and water nutrients, we conducted: (1) a 10-week controlled experiment in which plants were grown in nutrient-enriched sediment, nutrient-enriched water, or unamended control trials, and (2) a field study where emergent leaves were collected from 15 streams of varying nutrient concentrations. Plants grown in experimentally enriched sediment were more productive than those grown in enriched water or control conditions: they produced more emergent leaves and tubers, had a larger final biomass and height, and developed emergent leaves that showed a consistent increase in size and unique change in shape over time. Emergent leaves collected from field plants also showed significant variability of leaf traits; however, this variability occurred at all scales of replication (leaf, plant, quadrat, and site), with linear mixed effects modelling indicating that random chance was likely driving this variability. Although sediment nutrients were crucial to successful growth ofS. cuneataunder controlled conditions, the high variability in leaf morphology under field conditions (likely due to large natural variability at the species, population, and individual scale) make leaf plasticity ofS. cuneataunsuitable as a bioindicator. Our results emphasize the need to quantify within and among plant variation in leaf morphology (and to clarify sampling methods) for the many taxa of aquatic macrophytes that are phenotypically plastic and notoriously difficult to classify.
Total Long‐Chain n‐3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008
Authors: Richter Chesney K. , Bowen Kate J. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Skulas‐Ray Ann C.
Published: September 2017

The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ≈ 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n‐3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 was used to assess n‐3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique “EPA equivalents” factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter‐chain n‐3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long‐chain n‐3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n‐3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican‐Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n‐3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican‐Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.
Total Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Two Unusual Non‐Methylene‐Interrupted Fatty Acids in Ovaries of the Limpet Cellana toreuma
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Sugawara Ayako , Korenaga Toshinobu , Kawashima Hideki
Published: September 2017

In our previous study, unusual odd‐numbered dienoic acids with a terminal olefin were found as minor components in ovaries of the Japanese limpet Cellana toreuma, and the synthetic interests have been focused onto their structural confirmation and the inspection into their potential biological activity. Here, we describe an efficient and stereoselective total synthesis of two new unusual dienoic acids, 19:2∆7,18 and 21:2∆7,20, through a common pathway involving the strategic combination of alkyne‐zipper reaction and Lindlar hydrogenation for the construction of their unique carbon chains. In our synthetic study, 2‐propyn‐1‐ol was at first subjected to alkylation and alkyne‐zipper reaction to form the two fragments, and the subsequent carbon chain elongation was achieved by the usual coupling reaction to obtain the C‐19 and C‐21 products bearing an internal acetylenic group. Then, the internal acetylenic group of these products was subjected to Lindlar hydrogenation to form a Z‐alkenyl moiety, and the subsequent deprotection of the products was carried out under an acidic condition without isomerization of the internal Z‐alkenyl group. Total synthesis of target fatty acids, 19:2∆7,18 and 21:2∆7,20, was finally accomplished by two‐step oxidation of the resulting alcohols into carboxylic acids in a highly chemoselective manner, and the structures of these unusual natural fatty acids were finally elucidated by identifying the GC–MS spectra of the methyl esters of authentic and synthetic fatty acids.
Pharmakogenetik
Authors: Cascorbi Ingolf
Published: September 2017

Interindividuelle Unterschiede zur Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit von Arzneimitteln sind ein erhebliches Problem der Gesundheitsversorgung. Genetische Varianten tragen hierzu bei. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine Übersicht über den gegenwärtigen Erkenntnisstand und regulatorische Aspekte der Pharmakogenetik zu geben sowie Fragen zur Problematik der Implementierung in die Klinik unter Hinzuziehung der aktuellen Literatur zu diskutieren. Die Empfehlungen des Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortiums (CPIC) stellen gegenwärtig den wissenschaftlich solidesten Ausgangspunkt für auf Pharmakogenetik beruhende Auswahl und Dosierung ausgewählter Arzneistoffe dar. Auf nationaler Ebene geben die Richtlinien der Gendiagnostikkommission einen Rahmen, welche Klassen bei der Einordnung der Bedeutung hereditärer Varianten für Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit berücksichtigt werden sollten. Während für bestimmte Gen-Arzneistoff-Paare neben dem klinischen auch der ökonomische Nutzen bereits gezeigt werden konnte, sind für eine Vielzahl weiterer prospektive bzw. auf präemptiver Testung beruhende Studien notwendig, um den Erfolg der Anwendung in der Klinik zu belegen. Hierzu werden gegenwärtig Studien durch große Konsortien in Europa und besonders in Nordamerika durchgeführt.
Seventh-day Adventist Clergy: Understanding Stressors and Coping Mechanisms
Authors: Heck Annette , Drumm Rene , McBride Duane , Sedlacek David
Published: September 2017

This article examines the extent and types of clergy stress, the strategies used in coping with stressors, and the relationship between stressors and coping mechanisms in a sample of 261 Seventh-day Adventist pastors in North America. The results indicate that the most commonly reported stressors in order are: (1) lack of social support, (2) financial stress, and (3) time and workload stress. In terms of coping strategies, pastors sought relief most often through: (1) reflective growth/internal change; (2) social/emotional coping; (3) passive coping; and lastly (4) action-oriented coping. Significant correlational relationships existed between passive coping and financial stress, relocating stress, and congregational stress. In addition, we found significant inverse correlations between coping through reflective growth or internal change and relocating stress and congregational stress. There were no significant relationships with action coping or social/emotional coping and any stressor. Multi-regression analysis reveals that passive coping strategies were significantly related to financial stress. Thus, the greater the financial stress, the more likely pastors were to engage in passive coping strategies. Other coping strategies showed no significant relationships when included in multi-regression analysis. We conclude with recommendations for Church administrators to address structures and practices in place for pastors including an expansion of coping mechanisms to help pastors address their stress.
Music and Fantasy in the Age of Berlioz
Authors: Brittan Francesca
Published: September 2017

The centrality of fantasy to French literary culture has long been accepted by critics, but the sonorous dimensions of the mode and its wider implications for musical production have gone largely unexplored. In this book, Francesca Brittan invites us to listen to fantasy, attending both to literary descriptions of sound in otherworldly narratives, and to the wave of 'fantastique' musical works published in France through the middle decades of the nineteenth century, including Berlioz's 1830 Symphonie fantastique, and pieces by Liszt, Adam, Meyerbeer, and others. Following the musico-literary aesthetics of E. T. A. Hoffmann, they allowed waking and dreaming, reality and unreality to converge, yoking fairy sound to insect song, demonic noise to colonial 'babbling', and divine music to the strains of water and wind. Fantastic soundworlds disrupted France's native tradition of marvellous illusion, replacing it with a magical materialism inextricable from republican activism, theological heterodoxy, and the advent of 'radical' romanticism.
The Sweetness of Life
Authors: Genovese Eugene D.
Published: September 2017

This book examines the home and leisure life of planters in the antebellum American South. Based on a lifetime of research by the late Eugene Genovese (1930–2012), with an introduction and epilogue by Douglas Ambrose, The Sweetness of Life presents a penetrating study of slaveholders and their families in both intimate and domestic settings: at home; attending the theatre; going on vacations to spas and springs; throwing parties; hunting; gambling; drinking and entertaining guests, completing a comprehensive portrait of the slaveholders and the world that they built with slaves. Genovese subtly but powerfully demonstrates how much politics, economics, and religion shaped, informed, and made possible these leisure activities. A fascinating investigation of a little-studied aspect of planter life, The Sweetness of Life broadens our understanding of the world that the slaveholders and their slaves made; a tragic world of both 'sweetness' and slavery.
Carbapenem Resistance, Initial Antibiotic Therapy, and Mortality inKlebsiella pneumoniaeBacteremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kohler Philipp P. , Volling Cheryl , Green Karen , Uleryk Elizabeth M. , Shah Prakesh S. , McGeer Allison
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Mortality associated with infections caused by carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae(CRE) is higher than mortality due to carbapenem-sensitive pathogens.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between mortality from bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant (CRKP) and carbapenem-sensitiveKlebsiella pneumoniae(CSKP) and to assess the impact of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy (IAT) on mortality.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Wiley Cochrane databases through August 31, 2016, for observational studies reporting mortality among adult patients with CRKP and CSKP bacteremia. Search terms were related toKlebsiella, carbapenem-resistance, and infection. Studies including fewer than 10 patients per group were excluded. A random-effects model and meta-regression were used to assess the relationship between carbapenem-resistance, appropriateness of IAT, and mortality.

RESULTS

Mortality was higher in patients who had CRKP bacteremia than in patients with CSKP bacteremia (15 studies; 1,019 CRKP and 1,148 CSKP patients; unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–2.6; I2=0). Mortality was lower in patients with appropriate IAT than in those without appropriate IAT (7 studies; 658 patients; unadjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.8; I2=36%). CRKP patients (11 studies; 1,326 patients; 8-year period) were consistently less likely to receive appropriate IAT (unadjusted OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.7; I2=43%). Our meta-regression analysis identified a significant association between the difference in appropriate IAT and mortality (OR per 10% difference in IAT, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Appropriateness of IAT is an important contributor to the observed difference in mortality between patients with CRKP bacteremia and patients with CSKP bacteremia.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:1319–1328
Politics, the People, and Extra-Institutional Participation in Scotland, c. 1603–1712
Authors: Bowie Karin , Raffe Alasdair
Published: September 2017

This article examines popular political participation in early modern Scotland. In Scotland, some of the preconditions of public politics identified by recent scholars were less obviously present than in England or France. There was no culturally dominant metropolis or royal court; the volume of printed publications, though rising across the period, remained comparatively small. Because of these characteristics, historians of popular involvement in Scottish politics should pay particular attention to the traditional means of participation inherited from the medieval and Reformation periods. The article explores three forms of extra-institutional participation, each of which evolved out of formal, institutional political practices, but were deployed by ordinary Scots seeking to express their views. Protestations––formal statements of dissent from a statute or decision––developed in the courts, but were used in extramural contexts in the seventeenth century. Crowd demonstrations in towns took the place of traditional means of consultation, as urban government became increasingly oligarchical. And after congregational involvement in the appointment of parish ministers was legally instituted in 1690, significant numbers of small landowners and the landless poor claimed to have a say in the choice of their minister.
Political Participation in Early Stuart Ireland
Authors: Darcy Eamon
Published: September 2017

A consideration of political participation in early Stuart Ireland suggests modifications to the prospectus outlined by Peter Lake and Steven Pincus in “Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England.” By investigating the structures that facilitated public debates about politics in Ireland, as well as the factors that complicated it, this article challenges the periodization of the public sphere offered by Lake and Pincus and suggests that there is a clear need to integrate a transnational perspective. Unlike England, Scotland, and Wales, the majority of Ireland's population was Catholic. The flow of post-Tridentine Catholic ideas from the Continent and Anglo-Britannic political culture meant that competing ideas of what constituted the common good circulated widely in Ireland and led to debates about the nature of authority in the early modern Irish state. These divisions in Irish society created a distinctive kind of politics that created particularly unstable publics. Thus, Ireland's experience of the early modern public sphere differed considerably from concurrent developments in the wider archipelago.
Publics and Participation: England, Britain, and Europe in the “Post-Reformation”
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: September 2017

This article responds to the pieces collected in this special issue of theJournal of British Studies, all of which seek to take some notion of the politics of the public sphere and either apply it to, or break it upon the wheel of, various versions of British history during the post-Reformation period. It seeks to bring the other articles into conversation both with one another as well as with existing work on the topic.
Modeling Guessing Components in the Measurement of Political Knowledge
Authors: Tsai Tsung-han , Lin Chang-chih
Published: September 2017

Due to the crucial role of political knowledge in democratic participation, the measurement of political knowledge has been a major concern in the discipline of political science. Common formats used for political knowledge questions include multiple-choice items and open-ended identification questions. The conventional wisdom holds that multiple-choice items induce guessing behavior, which leads to underestimated item-difficulty parameters and biased estimates of political knowledge. This article examines guessing behavior in multiple-choice items and argues that a successful guess requires certain levels of knowledge conditional on the difficulties of items. To deal with this issue, we propose a Bayesian IRT guessing model that accommodates the guessing components of item responses. The proposed model is applied to analyzing survey data in Taiwan, and the results show that the proposed model appropriately describes the guessing components based on respondents’ levels of political knowledge and item characteristics. That is, in general, partially informed respondents are more likely to have a successful guess because well-informed respondents do not need to guess and barely informed ones are highly seducible by the attractive distractors. We also examine the gender gap in political knowledge and find that, even when the guessing effect is accounted for, men are more knowledgeable than women about political affairs, which is consistent with the literature.
Arrows of Power from Brittany to Denmark (2500–1700 BC)
Authors: Nicolas Clément
Published: September 2017

This article presents a comparative study of the arrowheads found in graves dating to between 2500 BC and 1700bcin north-west France, southern Britain and Denmark. The aim is to characterise their modes of production and functions during a period which successively sees the introduction of copper then bronze metallurgy, the former accompanying the appearance of Bell Beaker pottery and associated practices in these areas. Several modes of production are proposed, from individual manufacture by Bell Beaker-using warriors to specialist production for elite use during the Early Bronze Age. Over and above their function as weapons – arguably associated more with interpersonal combat than with hunting – arrowheads served to portray and emphasise the social status of the individuals. In the case of the Early Bronze Age Armorican arrowheads, they should be regarded as ‘sacred’ objects, made for display and enhancing the power of the chiefs. Lastly, arrows are placed in the broader perspective of major trends affecting Europe during the Bell Beaker period and then the Early Bronze Age, while the distribution of arrowheads with slanted barbs suggests the operation of an Atlantic cultural complex.
The Death of News? The Problem of Paper in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Tworek Heidi J. S.
Published: September 2017

In the early 1920s, the press faced an existential challenge. Publishers proclaimed the death of news, not because nothing was happening, but because there was insufficient paper to print newspapers. While historians of the early modern period have long investigated material constraints on the spread of information, the problem of paper in Weimar Germany shows that the economics and politics of supply chains continued to shape cultural production in the twentieth century as well. Rationing during World War I subsequently became a crisis in the 1920s, when paper shortages, which had started as an issue of prices and supply chains, ballooned into a discussion about the role of the press in political and economic life, about the relationship between the federal states and the central government, and about the responsibility of a democratic government to ensure an independent press. Paper became a litmus test for the relationship between politicians and the press. The failure to resolve the crisis not only undermined the trust of publishers in Weimar institutions, but, this article argues, also enabled greater control by right-wing media empires. The public sphere, it turned out, had a very material basis.
Revisiting Morale under the Bombs: The Gender of Affect in Darmstadt, 1942–1945
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2017

A new feature of World War II was the physical proximity of a growing number of women to death and destruction. Britain and the United States bombed Germany with the hope that the bombs would demoralize the population and thus defeat the Third Reich from within. Yet, even during the heaviest bombings between 1943 and 1945, no widespread organized dissent formed against the Nazi regime. Taking into account affect concepts of morale, this article examines the gendered experience of bombing in Darmstadt, a small town near Frankfurt am Main. It is based on largely unexamined home-front narratives from 1945, namely, transcribed United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) interviews with Germans who had recently lived through a period of intense air warfare. The experience with deadly force, as well as the gendered and generational preparation with which individuals encountered and made sense of it, shaped morale and social reorganization in a hopeless war. The affective dialogue between the personal sphere of survival and the public sphere of warfare revealed increasingly fluid gender roles in a besieged Third Reich. The bombing set the stage for a period of female self-sufficiency from as early as 1942, which means that increasing opportunities for female agency—usually associated with the “hour of the woman” during the final days of the war and the Allied occupation in postwar Germany—had appeared much earlier.
Attitudes towards conservation of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal: a case study in protected and non-protected areas
Authors: Sharma Hari P. , Belant Jerrold L. , Shaner Pei-Jen L.
Published: September 2017

The red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing. We surveyed people living in or near protected areas and people living away from protected areas in Nepal, to understand human attitudes towards red panda conservation. Given Nepal's participatory approach to managing protected areas, we hypothesized that local people living in or near protected areas would have more positive attitudes towards red panda conservation than those in non-protected areas. Ninety percent of the 142 respondents had positive attitudes, with people living in or near protected areas expressing less positive attitudes than those in non-protected areas. Despite this difference between protected and non-protected areas, people were generally positive towards red panda conservation. However, positive attitudes did not necessarily translate to sustainable resource-use behaviour. We found there was a high prevalence of both livestock grazing and livestock disease in red panda habitat. We suggest that alternative farming practices (e.g. stall-feeding of livestock) and awareness programmes (e.g. education on the conservation status and legal protection of red pandas, and livestock–wildlife disease transmission) could be important tools to improve conservation attitudes and protect red pandas in Nepal.
Responses of Sunda clouded leopardNeofelis diardipopulation density to anthropogenic disturbance: refining estimates of its conservation status in Sabah
Authors: Hearn Andrew J. , Ross Joanna , Bernard Henry , Bakar Soffian A. , Goossens Benoit , Hunter Luke T.B. , Macdonald David W.
Published: September 2017

Extensive areas of tropical forests have been, and continue to be, disturbed as a result of selective timber extraction. Although such anthropogenic disturbance typically results in the loss of biodiversity, many species persist, and their conservation in production landscapes could be enhanced by a greater understanding of how biodiversity responds to forest management practices. We conducted intensive camera-trap surveys of eight protected forest areas in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, and developed estimates of Sunda clouded leopardNeofelis diardipopulation density from spatially explicit capture–recapture analyses of detection data to investigate how the species’ abundance varies across the landscape and in response to anthropogenic disturbance. Estimates of population density from six forest areas were 1.39–3.10 individuals per 100 km2. Our study provides the first evidence that the population density of the Sunda clouded leopard is negatively affected by hunting pressure and forest fragmentation, and that among selectively logged forests, time since logging is positively associated with abundance. We argue that these negative anthropogenic impacts could be mitigated with improved logging practices, such as reducing the access of poachers by effective gating and destruction of road access points, and by the deployment of anti-poaching patrols. By calculating a weighted mean population density estimate from estimates developed here and from the literature, and by extrapolating this value to an estimate of current available habitat, we estimate there are 754 (95% posterior interval 325–1,337) Sunda clouded leopards in Sabah.
A NOTE ON EUONYMUS BULLATUS (CELASTRACEAE)
Authors: Turner I. M.
Published: September 2017

The place of publication and typification of Euonymus bullatus is briefly revised in light of recent nomenclatural decisions.
Tumor Budding beim kolorektalen Karzinom: Ein morphologischer Biomarker für die Praxis
Authors: Dawson Heather , Lugli Alessandro
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung. Tumor Budding, definiert als Tumoreinzelzellen oder kleine Tumorzellgruppen an der invasiven Tumorfront, ist beim kolorektalen Karzinom ein robuster unabhängiger prognostischer Faktor. Dieses Phänomen, welches biologisch mittlerweile als morphologisches Korrelat der epithelialen-mesenchymalen Transition betrachtet wird, kann auch im klinischen Alltag genutzt werden, um therapeutische Entscheide zu treffen. Trotz der starken Datenlage in der Literatur hat Tumor Budding vor allem wegen einer mangelnden standardisierten Auswertungsmethode bisher kaum Einzug in international gültige Richtlinien über die Berichterstattung des kolorektalen Karzinoms gehalten. Im April 2016 fand aus diesem Grund die Internationale Tumor Budding Konsensus Konferenz (ITBCC) in Bern statt, mit dem Ziel, zu einem evidenz-basierten Konsens über die Auswertung von Tumor Budding beim kolorektalen Karzinom zu kommen. Dieser Artikel fasst den bisherigen Wissensstand über Tumor Budding, dessen klinische Anwendungsbereiche, die neuen Empfehlungen der ITBCC und Zukunftsperspektiven zusammen.
Neue und vielversprechende molekulare Therapieoptionen in verschiedenen Subtypen des Nierenzellkarzinoms
Authors: Rupp Niels J. , Mischo Axel , Moch Holger
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung. Nierenzellkarzinome bilden eine heterogene Gruppe von Karzinomen mit verschiedenen histologischen Subtypen. Die Mehrheit der Nierenzellkarzinome beim Erwachsenen sind klarzellige Nierenzellkarzinome (ccRCC), welche durch Alterationen im von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Gen charakterisiert sind. Neue Erkenntnisse zeigen dabei die genetische Heterogenität dieser Entität und das Vorhandensein von mindestens drei zusätzlichen ccRCC Tumorsuppressorgenen auf dem Chromosom 3p. Aufgrund der Inaktivierung von VHL produzieren die Nierenzellkarzinomzellen den auf Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) reagierenden Wachstumsfaktor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Die neuen systemischen Therapien, inklusive Tyrosinkinasehemmer, monoklonale Antikörper und mTOR-Inhibitoren zielen darauf ab, die Angiogenese zu inhibieren, indem sie die VEGF Wirkung inhibieren. In Nierenzellkarzinomen, die mit erblichen Tumorsyndromen assoziiert sein können bzw. dort initial beschrieben wurden, sind spezifische Genaberrationen identifiziert worden, z. B. in den Genen FLCN, TFE3, TFEB, MITF, FH, SDHB, SDHD und MET. Diese Arbeit soll eine Übersicht über die Fortschritte in der molekularen Therapie des metastasierten ccRCC geben und zusätzlich auf Genese, Prognose und potenzielle zielgerichtete Therapien weiterer morphologisch und molekular definierter Nierenzellkarzinome eingehen.
Moderne histopathologische Klassifikation und Klinik der Weichteiltumoren
Authors: Bode-Lesniewska Beata
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung. Weichteiltumoren bilden eine sowohl klinisch wie auch histopathologisch heterogene Gruppe von mesenchymalen Neoplasien. Einige der gutartigen Weichteiltumoren wie Lipome sind verbreitet, während die klinisch aggressiven Sarkome sehr selten sind. Die prä-operative bildgebende und bioptische Abklärung von Weichteilschwellungen verhindert falsche Behandlung und sollte bei allen grossen und tief liegenden Läsionen obligatorisch stattfinden. Die früher ausschliesslich mikroskopisch basierte Klassifikation der mesenchymalen Neoplasien wurde in den letzten Dekaden durch neue Erkenntnisse der Genetik dieser Tumoren ergänzt und modifiziert. Die präzise histopathologische Diagnostik setzt heutzutage die multimodale Anwendung moderner diagnostischen histopathologischen Methoden, inklusive Molekulargenetik (FISH, RT-PCR), voraus und ist in vielen Fällen nur in spezialisierten Zentren durch auf mesenchymale Neoplasien spezialisierten Pathologen mit auf grossen Fallzahlen basierenden Erfahrung möglich. Enge multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit diverser Fachrichtungen (Radiologie, Pathologie, orthopädische-, viszerale- plastische- / rekonstruktive-, Thorax-Chirurgie, Radioonkologie, Onkologie), im Rahmen der Sarkomboarde bietet den Patienten beste Chancen für eine optimale Gestaltung der Diagnostik, der Therapie und der Nachsorge wie auch die Möglichkeit der Teilnahme an Studienprotokollen.
Habitual Use of Cognitive Reappraisal Is Associated With Decreased Amplitude of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) Elicited by Threatening Pictures
Authors: Harrison Neil R. , Chassy Philippe
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In contrast to our knowledge about instructed emotion regulation, rather little is known about the effects of habitual (or “spontaneous”) emotion regulation on neural processing. We analyzed the relationship between everyday use of cognitive reappraisal (measured by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ-R), and the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), which is sensitive to down-regulation of negative emotions via reappraisal. Participants viewed a series of neutral and threatening images, and rated them for level of threat. We found increased LPP amplitude for threatening compared to neutral pictures between 500 and 1,500 ms. Crucially, we found smaller LPP amplitudes to threatening versus neutral pictures for participants who used reappraisal more often in everyday life. This relationship between LPP amplitude and the ERQ-R was observed in the 1,000–1,500 ms interval of the LPP, over right centro-parietal electrodes. The current findings indicate that habitual tendency to use reappraisal is associated with reduced amplitude of the LPP in response to threatening pictures, in the absence of any explicit instruction to regulate emotions.
California Floods Linked to Atmospheric Water Vapor “Rivers”
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: September 2017

Narrow atmospheric streams of water vapor that deliver heavy rains are more commonly associated with floods and debris flows in northern California than with flash floods in southern California.
A New Baseline to Monitor Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: September 2017

Researchers devise a new mathematical approach to combine space- and ground-based observations into an alternative reference frame for monitoring the changing positions of Earth’s features.
Tropical explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger El Niño by cooling tropical Africa
Authors: Khodri Myriam , Izumo Takeshi , Vialard Jérôme , Janicot Serge , Cassou Christophe , Lengaigne Matthieu , Mignot Juliette , Gastineau Guillaume , Guilyardi Eric , Lebas Nicolas , Robock Alan , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Stratospheric aerosols from large tropical explosive volcanic eruptions backscatter shortwave radiation and reduce the global mean surface temperature. Observations suggest that they also favour an El Niño within 2 years following the eruption. Modelling studies have, however, so far reached no consensus on either the sign or physical mechanism of El Niño response to volcanism. Here we show that an El Niño tends to peak during the year following large eruptions in simulations of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Targeted climate model simulations further emphasize that Pinatubo-like eruptions tend to shorten La Niñas, lengthen El Niños and induce anomalous warming when occurring during neutral states. Volcanically induced cooling in tropical Africa weakens the West African monsoon, and the resulting atmospheric Kelvin wave drives equatorial westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific. This wind anomaly is further amplified by air–sea interactions in the Pacific, favouring an El Niño-like response.
Photochemical alteration of organic carbon draining permafrost soils shifts microbial metabolic pathways and stimulates respiration
Authors: Ward Collin P. , Nalven Sarah G. , Crump Byron C. , Kling George W. , Cory Rose M.
Published: September 2017

In sunlit waters, photochemical alteration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) impacts the microbial respiration of DOC to CO2. This coupled photochemical and biological degradation of DOC is especially critical for carbon budgets in the Arctic, where thawing permafrost soils increase opportunities for DOC oxidation to CO2 in surface waters, thereby reinforcing global warming. Here we show how and why sunlight exposure impacts microbial respiration of DOC draining permafrost soils. Sunlight significantly increases or decreases microbial respiration of DOC depending on whether photo-alteration produces or removes molecules that native microbial communities used prior to light exposure. Using high-resolution chemical and microbial approaches, we show that rates of DOC processing by microbes are likely governed by a combination of the abundance and lability of DOC exported from land to water and produced by photochemical processes, and the capacity and timescale that microbial communities have to adapt to metabolize photo-altered DOC.
Bioengineering of functional human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal grafts
Authors: Kitano Kentaro , Schwartz Dana M. , Zhou Haiyang , Gilpin Sarah E. , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R. , Ren Xi , Sommer Cesar A. , Capilla Amalia V. , Mathisen Douglas J. , Goldstein Allan M. , Mostoslavsky Gustavo , Ott Harald C.
Published: September 2017

Patients with short bowel syndrome lack sufficient functional intestine to sustain themselves with enteral intake alone. Transplantable vascularized bioengineered intestine could restore nutrient absorption. Here we report the engineering of humanized intestinal grafts by repopulating decellularized rat intestinal matrix with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelium and human endothelium. After 28 days of in vitro culture, hiPSC-derived progenitor cells differentiate into a monolayer of polarized intestinal epithelium. Human endothelial cells seeded via native vasculature restore perfusability. Ex vivo isolated perfusion testing confirms transfer of glucose and medium-chain fatty acids from lumen to venous effluent. Four weeks after transplantation to RNU rats, grafts show survival and maturation of regenerated epithelium. Systemic venous sampling and positron emission tomography confirm uptake of glucose and fatty acids in vivo. Bioengineering intestine on vascularized native scaffolds could bridge the gap between cell/tissue-scale regeneration and whole organ-scale technology needed to treat intestinal failure patients.