bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of difficulty scoring systems for laparoscopic and robotic liver resections
Authors: Linn Yun‐Le , Wu Andrew G. , Han Ho‐Seong , Liu Rong , Chen Kuo‐Hsin , Fuks David , Soubrane Olivier , Cherqui Daniel , Geller David , Cheung Tan‐To , Edwin Bjørn , Aldrighetti Luca , Abu Hilal Mohammad , Troisi Roberto I. , Wakabayashi Go , Goh Brian K. P. ,   International Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection Study Group Investigators
Published: July 2022

Introduction

The ability to stratify the difficulty of minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) allows surgeons at different phases of the learning curve to tackle cases of appropriate difficulty safely. Several difficulty scoring systems (DSS) have been formulated which attempt to accurately stratify this difficulty. The present study aims to review the literature pertaining to the existing DSS for MILR.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and metanalysis of the literature reporting on the formulation, supporting data, and comparison of DSS for MILR.

Results

A total of 11 studies were identified which reported on the formulation of unique DSS for MILR. Five of these (Ban, Iwate, Hasegawa, Institut Mutaliste Montsouris [IMM], and Southampton DSS) were externally validated and shown to predict difficulty of MILR via a range of outcome measures. The Ban DSS was supported by pooled data from 10 studies (9 LLR, 1 RLR), Iwate by 10 studies (8 LLR, 2 RLR), Hasegawa by four studies (all LLR), IMM by eight studies (all LLR), and Southampton by five studies (all LLR). There was no clear superior DSS.

Conclusion

The existing DSS were all effective in predicting difficulty of MILR. Present studies comparing between DSS have not established a clear superior system, and the five main DSS have been found to be predictive of difficulty in LLR and two of these in RLR.
Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of spiro aryl dioxolane compounds: A new scaffold as potential poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) inhibitors
Authors: Maigali Soher S. , El‐Shanawany Hala R. , El‐Sayed Naglaa F. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Fouad Marwa A.
Published: July 2022

A new series of spiro aryl dioxolane derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to find a new scaffold as potential poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerases‐1 (PARP‐1) inhibitors. This key starting compound, 2,6‐bis(methoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone, was functionalized with different nucleophilic reagents via cyclocondensation reactions to obtain new benzylidene scaffolds containing diverse aryl groups such as spiroindazoleorquinazoline [1,3]dioxolane compounds. Furthermore, the Michael addition reaction of bis‐benzylidene with some active methylene compounds afforded spirochromene‐ or naphthalene‐[1,3]dioxolane compounds. All the synthesized compounds revealed promising inhibition with IC50 values in the nanomolar range (0.997–2.698 nM), not significantly different from that of Olaparib (IC50 = 0.861 nM). Compounds 5b and 15 (IC50 = 1.009 and 0.997 nM) showed the highest potency among all the prepared compounds and accordingly their ability to inhibit the growth of BRCA1 mutated breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐436 was tested, where compound 5b (IC50 = 0.67 μM) showed a potency ten folds higher than that of Olaparib but compound 15 (IC50 = 7.47 μM) exerted lower activity but still comparable to that of Olaparib (IC50 = 6.84 μM). Both resulted in the arrest of cell cycle at S phase and caused cell apoptosis. In silico studies including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, drug‐likeness, and molecular docking were carried out to support the above‐mentioned findings. This work presents compounds 5b and 15 as promising scaffolds as PARP‐1 inhibitors.
Long‐term (2001–2020) trend analysis of temperature and rainfall and drought characteristics by in situ measurements at a tropical semi‐arid station from southern peninsular India
Authors: Thotli Lokeswara Reddy , Gugamsetty Balakrishnaiah , Kalluri Raja Obul Reddy , Tandule Chakradhar Rao , Kotalo Rama Gopal , Akkiraju Bhavyasree , Lingala Siva Sankara Reddy
Published: July 2022

With the effects of climate change prevailing worldwide, it is essential to understand the long‐term rainfall and temperature trends at regional scales to plan for adaptation strategies. Investigating the temporal dynamics of meteorological variables in climate‐induced changes, particularly in rain‐fed agriculture countries such as India, is needful. The present study focused on the temporal variation of rainfall and temperature trends to analyse the drought characteristics over the past 20 years (2001–2020) using ground‐based Automatic Weather Station (AWS) data at a semi‐arid station Anantapur in southern peninsular India. The seasonal maximum mean temperature (Tmean) was observed in summer (32.20 ± 1.36°C), followed by the monsoon (29.08 ± 1.02°C), postmonsoon (26.45 ± 2.44°C), and winter (25.45 ± 1.01°C) during the study period. The Mann–Kendall trend test result showed the decreasing trend in seasonal mean temperature during the drying period (winter [−0.069°C·year−1] and summer [−0.081°C·year−1]) and increasing trend in the wetting period (monsoon [0.012°C·year−1] and postmonsoon [0.034°C·year−1]). On the other hand, the seasonal rainfall decreases in the postmonsoon (−2.276 mm·year−1) while increasing in winter (0.5 mm·year−1), summer (2.137 mm·year−1), and monsoon (6.901 mm·year−1) seasons. The annual trends of minimum, maximum, and mean monthly temperatures decrease at the rate of −0.121, −0.123, and −0.022°C·year−1, respectively, while the rainfall increases at the rate of 8.979 mm·year−1. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of meteorological drought characteristics was estimated with the help of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) on multiple timescales ranging from 1 to 24 months on a monthly basis during the study period. The 24‐month SPI values showed that 1 “severely dry” and the 29 “moderately dry” long‐term drought events were observed. From 24‐month SPEI, a total of 15 “severely dry” and 20 “moderately dry” long‐term droughts were observed during the study period. The severely dry years were observed in 2002 and 2003, while the wettest periods were 2007 and 2010. Both indices are identified as more severe dry periods from 2002 to 2006 and 2013 to 2017 than rest periods. Also, a significant decreasing tendency of droughts was observed in both indices. The SPI values are compared with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and found that the SPI versus ENSO index negatively correlates with the coefficient of −0.58 significantly, while the SPI versus NDVI correlation is insignificant. The study region converted to wetter conditions during the last 20 years.
Design and validation of a finite element model of the aponeurotic and free Achilles tendon
Authors: Diniz Pedro , Quental Carlos , Violindo Pedro , Veiga Gomes João , Pereira Hélder , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Ferreira Frederico Castelo , Folgado João
Published: July 2022

The Achilles tendon (AT) is a common injury site. Ruptures are usually located in the free tendon but may cross the myotendinous junction into the aponeurotic region. Considering the possibility of aponeurotic region involvement in AT ruptures, a novel three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model that includes both the aponeurotic and free AT regions and features subtendon twisting and sliding was developed. It was hypothesized that the model would be able to predict in vivo data collected from the literature, thus being considered valid, and that model outputs would be most sensitive to subtendon twist configurations. The 3D model was constructed using magnetic resonance images. The model was divided into soleus and gastrocnemius subtendons. In addition to a frictionless contact condition, the interaction between subtendons was modeled using two contact formulations: sliding with anisotropic friction and no sliding. Loads were applied on the tendon's most proximal cross‐section and anterior surface, with magnitudes estimated from in vivo studies. Model outputs were compared with experimental data regarding 3D deformation, transverse plane rotation, and nodal displacements in the free tendon. The FE model adequately simulated the free tendon behavior regarding longitudinal strain, cross‐section area variation, transverse plane rotation, and sagittal nodal displacements, provided that subtendon sliding was allowed. The frictionless model exhibited noticeable medial transverse sliding of the soleus subtendon, which was present to a much lesser degree in the anisotropic friction model. Model outputs were most sensitive to variations in subtendon twist and dispersion of the collagen fiber orientations. Clinical Significance: This Achilles tendon finite element model, validated using in vivo experimental data, may be used to study its mechanical behavior, injury mechanisms, and rupture risk factors.
Diagnosing osteo‐articular tuberculosis and multidrug resistance using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and high‐resolution melt‐curve analysis
Authors: Sharma Kusum , Sharma Megha , Sharma Aman , Dhillon Mandeep Singh
Published: July 2022

The study evaluated real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high‐resolution melt‐curve analysis (HRM) for simultaneous diagnosis of osteo‐articular tuberculosis (OATB) and drug resistance. Two hundred and fifty synovial fluid and pus specimens (20 confirmed OATB by culture, 130 suspected OATB, and 100 controls) processed in the Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER were subjected to qPCR usingrpoB,MPB64, andIS6110genes. All OATB positive specimens were subjected to HRM for detecting resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. qPCR detected 129/150 OATB cases with a sensitivity of 86% (95% for confirmed and 84.6% for suspected OATB cases) and specificity of 100%.rpoBandMPB64genes had higher sensitivity thanIS6110(86% vs. 74.6%). HRM reported eight multidrug resistant (MDR), two mono‐rifampicin, and five mono‐isoniazid resistant cases, all were concordant with gene sequencing. qPCR followed by HRM analysis offer a simple, accurate, and rapid platform for simultaneous detection of OATB and MDR.
Biomechanics evaluation of sacroiliac joint pain after lumbosacral fusion: A finite element analysis
Authors: Yao Zhidong , Li Liuxun , Zhang Peng , Yang Lei , Bai Xueling , Peng Songlin , Lai Yuxiao
Published: July 2022

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) constitutes the predominant pain source following lumbar or lumbosacral fusion. Although studies have investigated the biomechanical patterns of SIJ behaviors after lumbosacral fusion, the relationship between ligament strain and SIJ pain following lumbosacral fusion remains unclear. The present study developed a three‐dimensional finite element model including L4, L5, sacrum, ilium, SIJ, and seven mainly ligaments. After successful validation, the model was used to investigate the biomechanics of SIJ and ligaments in simulating lumbosacral fusion process. Our results showed that small motion in a stable SIJ may significantly increases the contact pressure and stress of the SIJ, which increase the maximum contact pressure by 171%, 676%, 199%, and 203% and stress by 130%, 424%, 168%, and 241% for flexion, extension, bending, and axial rotation, respectively. An increase in contact pressure and stress in SIJ possibly causes pain at the SIJ, especially in extension and axial rotation. A comparison between the lumbosacral and intact models exhibited the maximum strain increase in the iliosacral ligament (ISL) and the ileal ligament (IL) under all loading conditions. The present study suggests that after lumbosacral fusion process, the ligament sudden increase or decrease is likely to lead sprain or strain ligament, especially ISL and IL thereby causing SIJ pain. This study may contribute to understand the relationship between SIJ ligaments and SIJ pain.
Highly Efficient and Ultra‐Broadband Yellow Emission of Lead‐Free Antimony Halide toward White Light‐Emitting Diodes and Visible Light Communication
Authors: Mo Qionghua , Yu Jiabing , Chen Chen , Cai Wensi , Zhao Shuangyi , Li HaiYun , Zang Zhigang
Published: July 2022

Due to the broadband emission induced by self‐trapped excitons (STEs), low‐dimensional hybrid lead halides are regarded as an emerging class of highly efficient light emitters. However, the toxic lead element impedes their commercial application. Here, a new air‐stable hybrid lead‐free metal halide [Na(DMSO)2]3SbBr6 with a 0D structure constituted by [SbBr6] octahedral and [Na(DMSO)2]3 units is synthesized at room temperature, which exhibits a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 60% and an ultra‐broadband yellow emission centered at 608 nm, with a full width at half‐maximum of 160 nm. First‐principles calculations and experimental studies unveil that the formation of STEs in this 0D structure contributes the broad emission. Then, warm white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) are proposed by combining blue LED chips with yellow [Na(DMSO)2]3SbBr6, showing a color rendering index of 85, a correlated color temperature of 3603 K. Finally, the prepared WLEDs are utilized in visible light communication (VLC) with an achieved −3 dB bandwidth of 7.2 MHz and a high transmitted data rate of 81.6 Mbps by applying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation with adaptive bit loading. This research not only enriches the family of perovskite related materials, but also inspires the potential of low‐dimensional metal halide in VLC.
Real‐Time Observation of Double‐Hopf Bifurcation in an Ultrafast All‐PM Fiber Laser
Authors: Krupa Katarzyna , Kardaś Tomasz M. , Stepanenko Yuriy
Published: July 2022

Hopf‐type bifurcation dynamics, a universal phenomenon existing in numerous physical systems, has recently been observed in mode‐locked erbium‐doped fiber lasers with anomalous or normal net dispersion. This study demonstrates the real‐time experimental observation of double‐Hopf‐type breathers in an all‐normal dispersion all‐polarization maintaining ytterbium‐doped fiber laser instead. It is shown that the breather frequency can be modulated periodically by the additional oscillation with increasing amplitude in response to increased pump power until a stationary dissipative soliton is formed. The possible explanation of the observed double‐Hopf‐like bifurcation dynamics is discussed by exploring the numerical approach that combines the interplay of the population inversion in the laser medium with the pulses energy. The results provide additional building blocks for further understanding laser physics and can help in optimizing fiber cavity designs.
Fundamental Distinction of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Autler–Townes Splitting in Breaking the Time‐Reversal Symmetry
Authors: Wu Haodong , Ruan Yaping , Li Zhixiang , Dong Ming‐Xin , Cai Miao , Tang Jiangshan , Tang Lei , Zhang Han , Xiao Min , Xia Keyu
Published: July 2022

Despite the essential difference in underlying physics, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes splitting (ATS) are difficult to be discriminated because they cause resemble absorption and dispersion to a probe electromagnetic field. They are mainly discerned in the sense of absorption profile fitting. Here, the breakdown of the time‐reversal symmetry (TRS), namely optical nonreciprocity in the EIT and ATS configurations are experimentally observed by using warm rubidium atoms. The microscopic Doppler effect due to atomic thermal motion causes strong optical nonreciprocity to the probe field in the EIT configuration. In stark contrast, the propagation of the probe field is primarily reciprocal in the ATS configuration. The experimental observations in this study objectively distinguish the EIT and ATS effects in the fundamental physics of breaking the TRS. This experiment proves a concept of using the TRS as a testbed for discerning fundamental physical effects.
High‐Speed All‐Fiber Micro‐Imaging with Large Depth of Field
Authors: Wang Lele , Yang Yousi , Liu Zhoutian , Tian Jiading , Meng Yuan , Qi Tiancheng , He Tiantian , Li Dan , Yan Ping , Gong Mali , Liu Qiang , Xiao Qirong
Published: July 2022

Single fiber imaging has evolved into a powerful method for detecting minute objects in narrow spaces. However, existing systems are not conducive to imaging dynamic objects at depth due to their bulky probes, time‐consuming scanning acquisition methods, and transmissive illumination mode. Minimally invasive reflection mode imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution remains an open challenge. Here, a precise and high‐speed imaging scheme without scanning is proposed. Multimode fiber imaging technology is incorporated into an all‐fiber aberration‐free precision detection system. High temporal resolution (5000 fps) detection of tiny natural scenes is experimentally realized by optimizing the approximation of the inverse transmission matrix in a simple and compact setup. The system can display the detected screen in real‐time and the computational imaging with a large depth of field (1 mm) is enabled by jointly learning. The recovery results are superior compared to typical deep neural networks. The demonstrated scheme offers a new possibility for many applications, for example, microendoscopy, all‐optical computing, and remote high‐speed video transmission.
On‐Chip Metamaterial Antenna Array with Distributed Bragg Deflector for Generation of Collimated Steerable Beams
Authors: Ginel‐Moreno Pablo , Hadij‐ElHouati Abdelfettah , Sánchez‐Postigo Alejandro , Wangüemert‐Pérez J. Gonzalo , Molina‐Fernández Íñigo , Schmid Jens H. , Cheben Pavel , Ortega‐Moñux Alejandro
Published: July 2022

The generation of collimated steerable beams of light is a fundamental function in optics needed in many applications, including free‐space optical communications, remote sensing, and light detection and ranging. Implementing large‐aperture light emitters directly on a photonic integrated chip without using external optics and expensive alignment systems is an outstanding challenge in integrated photonics. Here, the experimental demonstration of a new integrated antenna array architecture that uses a compact feeding circuit is reported. The design is based on an apodized Bragg deflector working as a low‐loss (<0.3 dB) ultra‐compact beam expander, which generates a 40‐µm‐wide on‐chip Gaussian beam that illuminates a one‐dimensional array of 112 optical antennas with a length of 1.5 mm. Each antenna comprises a metamaterial subwavelength grating waveguide core that is laterally loaded with an array of periodic radiative silicon segments. The device is fabricated on a 220‐nm silicon‐on‐insulator platform using a single etch process with a minimum feature size of 80 nm. An antenna array with a power gain of 50 dB, a radiation efficiency of −3.8 dB, and a far‐field angular divergence of 1.8° × 0.2°, in a wavelength range of 1500–1580 nm is presented.
Laser‐Printed Emissive Metasurface as an Anticounterfeiting Platform
Authors: Kim Chanhee , Kim Yeongseon , Kang Dongkyun , Lee Myeongkyu
Published: July 2022

Optical security is a promising application of metasurfaces because light has large degrees of freedom in metasurfaces. Although many different structures/materials are proposed for this purpose, the fabrication of dynamic metasurfaces in a straightforward and scalable manner, while maintaining a high security level, remains a significant challenge. Herein, a metasurface consisting of a phase‐changing GeSbTe layer and a metal back reflector is presented to space‐selectively and dynamically control the infrared emission of the surface by a spatially modulated pulsed laser beam. Unlike conventional laser processes using a focused beam, the employed laser printing is an expanded beam‐based parallel process that enables the fabrication of wafer‐sized emission patterns. Owing to the multispectral responses of GeSbTe, mutually independent visible and infrared images can be printed in one region. Grayscale emission patterns can also be obtained by gradually modulating the spatial profile of the laser beam, which makes the replication of laser‐printed emission patterns extremely difficult. These encouraging features indicate that the presented emissive metasurface has the potential for use as an effective platform for anticounterfeiting.
Exploiting Meltable Protein Hydrogels to Encapsulate and Culture Cells in 3D
Authors: Dura Gema , Crespo‐Cuadrado Maria , Waller Helen , Peters Daniel T. , Ferreira‐Duarte Ana , Lakey Jeremy H. , Fulton David A.
Published: July 2022

There is a growing realization that 3D cell culture better mimics complex in vivo environments than 2D, lessening aberrant cellular behaviors and ultimately improving the outcomes of experiments. Chemically crosslinked hydrogels which imitate natural extracellular matrix (ECM) are proven cell culture platforms, but the encapsulation of cells within these hydrogel networks requires bioorthogonal crosslinking chemistries which can be cytotoxic, synthetically demanding, and costly. Capsular antigen fragment 1 (Caf1) is a bacterial, polymeric, fimbrial protein which can be genetically engineered to imitate ECM. Furthermore, it can, reversibly, thermally interconvert between its polymeric and monomeric forms even when chemically crosslinked within a hydrogel network. It is demonstrated that this meltable feature of Caf1 hydrogels can be utilized to encapsulate neonatal human dermal fibroblasts at a range of cell densities (2 × 105–2 × 106 cells mL−1 of hydrogel) avoiding issues with chemical cytotoxicity. These hydrogels supported cell 3D culture for up to 21 d, successfully inducing cellular functions such as proliferation and migration. This work is significant because it further highlights the potential of simple, robust, Caf1‐based hydrogels as a cell culture platform.
Corrosion behavior of additively manufactured AISI 316L stainless steel under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Helbert Varvara , Rioual Stephane , Le Bozec Nathalie , Thierry Dominique
Published: July 2022

This study investigated the corrosion behavior of AISI 316L produced by direct energy deposition (DED). Microstructural and chemical analysis showed a homogeneous distribution of Si and Si–Mn inclusions of 0.5–1 µm and the Cr and Mo enrichment within interdendritic areas. Scanning Kelvin probe analysis of additively manufactured stainless steel highlighted a regular “striped‐like” surface potential feature with a potential gradient of 30 mV for a mean value of 0.320 ± 0.017 V versus standard hydrogen electrode. It can be related to the presence of the residual stress in the oxide film and the complex thermal history due to the fabrication process. A cyclic corrosion test simulating atmospheric conditions revealed the same corrosion properties for stainless steel fabricated by DED compared to cold rolled one. Various surface preparations of 316L were also exposed for corrosion tests. It was found that the “as‐received” and “brushed” surfaces exhibited poorer corrosion resistance due to the presence of an as‐build defective layer. However, prior passivation of brushed surface, machining, or mechanical grinding down to P1200 improve significantly the corrosion resistance.
NIR‐Encoded Shape Recovery and Regulated Reversible Stress of Shape Memory Polymer
Authors: Gong Junhui , Cao Pengrui , Yang Jing , Tang Zhangzhang , Zhang Xinrui , Wang Qihua , Wang Tingmei , Pei Xianqiang , Zhang Yaoming
Published: July 2022

Near‐infrared (NIR) light responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) can realize remotely and regionally controlled shape changing that shows broad potential applications. Herein, an NIR‐responsive shape memory polymer (G/PNs) is prepared by introducing reduced graphene oxide to liquid crystal elastomers‐based polymer networks (PNs). The G/PNs present regulated reversible stress by tuning the NIR light irradiation. Furthermore, since the G/PNs are 3D‐printed with designed structure, the deformed 3D printing structure can be regionally patterned with varied shapes by controlling the moving path of NIR laser. In addition, the stress relaxation and cyclic stress–strain measurements are further studied to reveal the energy loss during the deformation and shape memory cycles. In compare with the previous work, the SMP networks provide a rather high reversible actuation stress and can realize remotely control by NIR. The NIR‐encoded shape memory effect can be used as actuators, artificial muscles.
Measurement and Modeling of N‐tert‐butyl Acrylamide Radical Homo‐ and Copolymerization with Methyl Acrylate in Ethanol/Water
Authors: Agboluaje Maryam , Kaur Gagandeep , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: July 2022

The radical homopolymerization of N‐tert‐butyl acrylamide (t‐BuAAm) and its copolymerization with methyl acrylate (MA) is studied in ethanol/water solutions over a range of initial monomer and initiator levels between 50 and 70 °C. While short‐chain branching for poly(t‐BuAAm) samples could not be detected by 13C NMR, the reduced rate of monomer conversion with lowered monomer content indicates the formation of mid‐chain radicals (MCR) by backbiting. Adding water as a cosolvent to ethanol significantly increases reaction rates, in agreement with recent pulsed‐laser studies that quantify the influence of solvent composition on homopropagation kinetics. However, the measured drifts in comonomer composition with conversion are well represented by a single pair of reactivity ratios (rMA = 1.12 ± 0.01, rt‐BuAAm = 0.71 ± 0.01) over the complete range of experimental conditions. A mechanistic model developed to describe t‐BuAAm homopolymerization is extended to capture the impact of reaction operating conditions (monomer content and composition, solvent composition, initiator content, and temperature) on the features of t‐BuAAm/MA copolymerization, thus providing a tool for product and process optimization. The model structure can be used to support the development of other acrylate/acrylamide systems as part of the continued efforts to utilize “green” solvents to reduce the environmental impacts of polymerization processes.
Electrolyte, acid‐base, and medication management with renal replacement therapy
Authors: Kavelak Haley L.
Published: July 2022

Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis exhibited by the kidneys is a complex process that is challenging to regulate with artificial renal replacement therapy (RRT). RRT has been used as a treatment modality for electrolyte and acid‐base disturbances in patients with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. This review highlights the management of electrolyte shifts, acid‐base disturbances, and medication considerations in RRT, with a focus on intermittent hemodialysis and continuous RTT in the inpatient setting.
Clinical usefulness of neck circumference for predicting sarcopenia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Do Jun Young , Kim A Young , Kang Seok Hui
Published: July 2022

Background

Neck circumference (NC), per se, includes muscle mass beyond simple fat mass and mainly subcutaneous fat. We aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of NC for predicting muscle mass, strength, or sarcopenia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients undergoing PD (n = 199). NC, body compositions, and handgrip strength (HGS) were measured in all patients. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was evaluated using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry at the time of dry abdomen. Sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome were diagnosed using the definitions from previous guidelines. We analyzed the data divided by sex.

Results

In male patients, the discrimination performance of BMI or NC for sarcopenia was similar, but BMI was more closely associated with the prediction of metabolic syndrome than NC. Linear and logistic regression analyses showed that, in males, BMI was associated with the ALM index and metabolic syndrome, but NC was associated with sarcopenia and HGS. In addition, the addition of NC in the multivariate model was associated with better predictability of sarcopenia in men. In female patients, the discrimination performance of BMI or NC for sarcopenia or metabolic syndrome was similar.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that NC is associated with HGS and sarcopenia in male patients undergoing PD. NC may be a useful option for screening for sarcopenia beyond simple BMI and may be helpful in identifying whether further evaluation for a diagnosis of sarcopenia is required.
Emotional neuroaesthetics of color experience: Views from single, paired, and complex color combinations
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: July 2022

Colors are critical for understanding the emotional aspect of the human artistic mind, such as that found in painting a landscape, still life, or portrait. First, we report how single colors are memorized in the brain; second, how pairs of colors harmonize in the dissociated brain under the influence of the emotional brain; third, we see how colored paintings are appreciated as beautiful or ugly in the dissociated brain areas led by the intrinsic reward system in the human brain. The orbitofrontal brain is probably one of the vital brain areas that brings us a value‐based reward system that makes a unique contribution to emotional neuroaesthetics.
Potentially inappropriate medication use by level of polypharmacy among US Veterans 49–64 and 65–70 years old
Authors: Guillot Jordan , Rentsch Christopher T. , Gordon Kirsha S. , Justice Amy C. , Bezin Julien
Published: July 2022

Background

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are medications contra‐indicated in particular circumstances. We sought to characterize PIMs by level of polypharmacy by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional drug dispensing study using electronic health records available through the US Department of Veterans Affairs. We extracted pharmacy fill and refill records during fiscal year 2016 (i.e., October 1, 2015–September 30, 2016) for all patients aged 49–70 who accessed care in the preceding fiscal year. PIMs were defined by the combined Beers and Laroche (henceforth Beers Laroche) criteria used for older patients and the PROMPT criteria used for middle‐aged.

Results

In the 1 499 586 patients aged 49–64, PIMs prevalence by PROMPT in patients with 0–4, 5–9, and ≥10 medications was 14.0%, 62.2%, and 86.1%, respectively, and by Beers Laroche was 14.3%, 63.4%, and 85.7%, respectively. In the 1 249 119 patients aged 65–70, PIMs prevalence by Beers Laroche was 14.8%, 59.9%, and 83.3%, and by PROMPT was 13.9%, 57.4%, and 82.0%, respectively. Meaningful differences in prevalence were shown by sex and race/ethnicity according to both set of criteria (e.g. PROMPT in patients with 5–9 medications: 66.1% women vs. 59.3% men; standardized‐mean‐differences [SMD] = 0.14; 61.7% of White vs. 54.5% of non‐White; SMD = 0.15). The most common PIMs were digestive, analgesic, antidiabetic, and psychotropic medications.

Conclusion

Prevalence of PIMs was high and increased with polypharmacy. Beers Laroche and PROMPT provided similar estimations inside and outside their target age, suggesting that PIMs are common among those with polypharmacy regardless of age.
Preparation of coumarin polymer grafted nanocellulose films to form high performance, photoresponsive barrier layers
Authors: Vijay Poornima , Batchelor Warren , Saito Kei
Published: July 2022

Hydrophobically modified cellulose is prepared in this research by conducting atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methacrylate substituted coumarin monomer on initiator grafted cellulose. The photocrosslinking of uniformly grafted coumarin on cellulose surface is applied to improve the water vapor barrier property of the film. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of films prepared from modified cellulose with varying grafting density, grammage, and photocrosslinking time is studied. By increasing the amount of crosslinking within the grafted cellulose film, we succeeded in reducing WVTR. The WVTR is reduced from 160 to 20 g/m2/day using a sheet of 60 g/m2 after crosslinking. The effect of grafting density on WVTR is also analyzed to observe that the higher the grafting density, lower the WVTR of the sheet both before and after crosslinking. Furthermore, free ATRP polymerization (without cellulose) and polymerization using a sacrificial initiator of the monomer are conducted to estimate the dispersity of the polymer on cellulose. The monomer, free polymer and cellulose grafted polymers are analyzed for the composition, thermal, morphology, photoresponsive behavior, and polymerization quantification using NMR, FTIR, UV–Vis, TGA DSC, GPC, SEM, ICP‐MS. It is concluded that the inter and intramolecular photo dimerization of coumarin molecules forms a hydrophobic crosslinked hyper network in the polymer sheet, which improves its barrier property.
Controlling polymer molecular weight distributions by light through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer‐hetero‐Diels–Alder click conjugation
Authors: Xing Dong , Li Jiajia , Chen Miao , Li Na , Pan Xiangqiang , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Jian
Published: July 2022

Light‐regulated polymerization has emerged as a powerful tool to control the process of polymerization. However, tuning the polymer molecular weight distribution (MWD) by light is still not well developed. Here, we present a convenient approach for controlling the MWD in reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization by exploiting an ultraviolet light‐induced RAFT‐hetero‐Diels–Alder (RAFT‐HDA) reaction with a photoenol diene. The key point in this strategy is to terminate part of the propagating chains at a specific time by the RAFT‐HDA reaction. In addition, a photoenol diene with a hydroxyl group is also synthesized and successfully applied to realize this strategy, which can be further utilized for chain extension of ɛ‐caprolactone (ɛ‐CL) by ring opening polymerization to prepare diblock copolymers with different MWDs.
Three generations of a family diagnosed with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: A case series
Authors: Saddi Vishal , Thambipillay Ganesh , Pimenta Marina , Martin Bradley , Blecher Gregory , Teng Arthur
Published: July 2022

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by alveolar hypoventilation and autonomic dysregulation secondary to mutations of the PHOX2B genes. We present five cases from three generations within the same family with varying degrees of phenotypic expression of the PHOX2B gene mutation. The cases were diagnosed following identification of CCHS in index case at birth. This case series underscores the importance of screening first‐degree relatives of individuals with confirmed CCHS and alerts the clinicians to maintain a high degree of suspicion in asymptomatic family members given the high degree of phenotypic variability of CCHS.
DNA Base Pairing‐Inspired Supramolecular Nanodrug Camouflaged by Cancer‐Cell Membrane for Osteosarcoma Treatment
Authors: Fu Yucheng , He Guoyu , Liu Zhuochao , Wang Jun , Li Meng , Zhang Zhusheng , Bao Qiyuan , Wen Junxiang , Zhu Xinyuan , Zhang Chuan , Zhang Weibin
Published: July 2022

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common bone malignant tumors which mainly develops in adolescents. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy has improved the prognosis of patients, numerous chemotherapeutic challenges still limit their use. Here, inspired by the Watson–Crick base pairing in nucleic acids, hydrophobic (methotrexate) and hydrophilic (floxuridine) chemo‐drugs are mixed and self‐assembled into M:F nanoparticles (M:F NPs) through molecular recognition. Then, the obtained NPs are co‐extruded with membranes derived from OS cells to form cancer‐cell membrane‐coated NPs (CCNPs). With protected membranes at the outer layer, CCNPs are highly stable in both physiological and weak acid tumor conditions and possess homologous tumor targeted capability. Furthermore, the proteomic analysis first identifies over 400 proteins reserved in CCNPs, most of them participating in tumor cell targeting and adhesion processes. In vitro studies reveal that CCNPs significantly inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which promotes cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. More importantly, cell membrane camouflage significantly prolongs the circulation half‐life of CCNPs, elevates the drug accumulation at tumor sites, and promotes anti‐tumor efficacy in vivo. As a convenient and effective strategy to construct a biomimetic NP with high drug loading ratio, the CCNPs provide new potentials for precise and synergistic antitumor treatment.
Iridium Doped Pyrochlore Ruthenates for Efficient and Durable Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Liu Hai , Zhang Zhuang , Li Mengxuan , Wang Zhaolei , Zhang Xingheng , Li Tianshui , Li Yaping , Tian Shubo , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming
Published: July 2022

Developing highly active, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of prime importance in proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis techniques. Ru‐based catalysts have high activities but always suffer from severe fading and dissolution issues, which cannot satisfy the stability demand of PEM. Herein, a series of iridium‐doped yttrium ruthenates pyrochlore catalysts is developed, which exhibit better activity and much higher durability than commercial RuO2, IrO2, and most of the reported Ru or Ir‐based OER electrocatalysts. Typically, the representative Y2Ru1.2Ir0.8O7 OER catalyst demands a low overpotential of 220 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2, which is much lower than that of RuO2 (300 mV) and IrO2 (350 mV). In addition, the catalyst does not show obvious performance decay or structural degradation over a 2000 h stability test. EXAFS and XPS co‐prove the reduced valence state of ruthenium and iridium in pyrochlore contributes to the improved activity and stability. Density functional theory reveals that the potential‐determining steps barrier of OOH* formation is greatly depressed through the synergy effect of Ir and Ru sites by balancing the d band center and oxygen intermediates binding ability.
Integrated Photovoltaic Charging and Energy Storage Systems: Mechanism, Optimization, and Future
Authors: Wang Ronghao , Liu Hongmin , Zhang Yuhao , Sun Kaiwen , Bao Weizhai
Published: July 2022

As an emerging solar energy utilization technology, solar redox batteries (SPRBs) combine the superior advantages of photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices and redox batteries and are considered as alternative candidates for large‐scale solar energy capture, conversion, and storage. In this review, a systematic summary from three aspects, including: dye sensitizers, PEC properties, and photoelectronic integrated systems, based on the characteristics of rechargeable batteries and the advantages of photovoltaic technology, is presented. The matching problem of high‐performance dye sensitizers, strategies to improve the performance of photoelectrode PEC, and the working mechanism and structure design of multienergy photoelectronic integrated devices are mainly introduced and analyzed. In particular, the devices and improvement strategies of high‐performance electrode materials are analyzed from the perspective of different photoelectronic integrated devices (liquid‐based and solid‐state‐based). Finally, future perspectives are provided for further improving the performance of SPRBs. This work will open up new prospects for the development of high‐efficiency photoelectronic integrated batteries.
Progress on Fe‐Based Polyanionic Oxide Cathodes Materials toward Grid‐Scale Energy Storage for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Wei , Liu Qi , Zhao Yanshuo , Mu Daobin , Tan Guoqiang , Gao Hongcai , Li Li , Chen Renjie , Wu Feng
Published: July 2022

The development of large‐scale energy storage systems (EESs) is pivotal for applying intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy. Lithium‐ion batteries with LiFePO4cathode have been explored in the integrated wind and solar power EESs, due to their long cycle life, safety, and low cost of Fe. Considering the penurious reserve and regional distribution of lithium resources, the Fe‐based sodium‐ion battery cathodes with earth‐abundant elements, environmental friendliness, and safety appear to be the better substitutes in impending grid‐scale energy storage. Compared to the transition metal oxide and Prussian blue analogs, the Fe‐based polyanionic oxide cathodes possess high thermal stability, ultra‐long cycle life, and adjustable voltage, which is more commercially viable in the future. This review summarizes the research progress of single Fe‐based polyanionic and mixed polyanionic oxide cathodes for the potential sodium‐ion batteries EESs candidates. In detail, the synthesized method, crystal structure, electrochemical properties, bottlenecks, and optimization method of Fe‐based polyanionic oxide cathodes are discussed systematically. The insights presented in this review may serve as a guideline for designing and optimizing Fe‐based polyanionic oxide cathodes for coming commercial sodium‐ion batteries EESs.
Correction to: Quantifying Quality of Life
Authors: Wac Katarzyna , Wulfovich Sharon
Published: July 2022

Chapter 18: The original version of the book was inadvertently published with chapter 18 author’s family name captured as Chapuis. The author’s family name has now been corrected as Mercuri Chapuis.
Handling Disagreement in Hate Speech Modelling
Authors: Kralj Novak Petra , Scantamburlo Teresa , Pelicon Andraž , Cinelli Matteo , Mozetič Igor , Zollo Fabiana
Published: July 2022

Hate speech annotation for training machine learning models is an inherently ambiguous and subjective task. In this paper, we adopt a perspectivist approach to data annotation, model training and evaluation for hate speech classification. We first focus on the annotation process and argue that it drastically influences the final data quality. We then present three large hate speech datasets that incorporate annotator disagreement and use them to train and evaluate machine learning models. As the main point, we propose to evaluate machine learning models through the lens of disagreement by applying proper performance measures to evaluate both annotators’ agreement and models’ quality. We further argue that annotator agreement poses intrinsic limits to the performance achievable by models. When comparing models and annotators, we observed that they achieve consistent levels of agreement across datasets. We reflect upon our results and propose some methodological and ethical considerations that can stimulate the ongoing discussion on hate speech modelling and classification with disagreement.
RE:PLAN Projektergebnisse
Authors: Anstätt Kerstin , Schmidt Mario , Bertagnolli Frank
Published: July 2022

In diesem Kapitel erfolgt eine Darstellung der wichtigsten Projektergebnisse und Erkenntnisse während der Projektlaufzeit. Inwieweit die zuvor definierten Projektziele erreicht wurden und welche Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen sich aufgrund der Planspieldurchführungen ergeben hat, wird in diesem Kapitel erläutert.
RE:MATERIAL – das Planspiel zu Energie- und Stoffstrommanagement
Authors: Anstätt Kerstin , Schmidt Mario
Published: July 2022

Das Planspiel RE:MATERIAL (Abb. 4.1) vermittelt den Spielern das notwendige Wissen, um Energie- und Materialströme einer Produktion zu visualisieren und so mehr Transparenz zu schaffen. Im Spiel wird thematisiert, wie komplex die Datenerhebung von Materialströmen sein kann. Die transparente Gestaltung ermöglicht es den Spielern, Optimierungen in der Produktion zu entdecken. Im Spielverlauf werden die Spieler im Team vor Herausforderungen gestellt, um die betriebliche Ressourceneffizienz zu erhöhen sowie gleichzeitig Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren. Die Spieler lernen somit, ökologische und ökonomische Einsparpotenziale zu erkennen. Die interaktive Gestaltung des Planspiels fördert die Sozialkompetenz der Spieler. Durch einen ausführlichen Transfer am Spielende werden die Spieler dabei unterstützt, das erlernte Wissen in den Unternehmensalltag zu übertragen.
RE:DESIGN – das Planspiel zu Produktentwicklung mit EcoDesign
Authors: Bauer Joa
Published: July 2022

Das Planspiel RE:DESIGN (Abb. 9.1) vermittelt den Spielern das Konzept der lebenszyklusorientierten Produktentwicklung. Ein Team aus unterschiedlichen Unternehmensabteilungen soll eine Scherenarbeitsbühne mit reduzierter klimaschädlicher Wirkung entwickeln. Dabei gilt es zu verstehen, wo die Schwerpunkte der CO2-Emissionen liegen und wie man diese innerhalb des Lebenszyklus reduzieren kann. Ein Produktmodell erleichtert das Verständnis für mögliche Ansatzpunkte. Im Spielverlauf können die Spieler mit mehr Wissen über potenzielle Einsparungen bessere Entscheidungen treffen. Allerdings können auch Konflikte zwischen Abteilungszielen auftreten.

Produktänderungen werden im Team diskutiert, bewertet und festgelegt. Nach jeder Spielrunde erfolgt dann eine Evaluation der Ergebnisse mit dem Spielleiter. So bekommen die Spieler ein Gefühl für den Prozess der ökologisch-orientierten Produktentwicklung.
Neue Wohnformen – ein Königsweg für die „Junge Pflege“?
Authors: Wolf-Ostermann Karin , Kremer-Preiß Ursula
Published: July 2022

In Deutschland waren 818.255 Menschen unter 65 Jahren zum Stichtag 31.12.2019 pflegebedürftig im Sinne des Sozialgesetzbuchs, das entspricht knapp 20 % aller Pflegebedürftigen. Ein drängendes Problem in der Versorgung jüngerer Menschen mit Pflege- und Unterstützungsbedarf ist es, die besonderen Anforderungen dieser Gruppe in Bezug auf passende Angebote und Einrichtungen zu decken, die ein Leben in möglichst großer Autonomie und Teilhabe ermöglichen. Neue Wohnformen stellen dabei ein Angebot zwischen Heim und Häuslichkeit dar, das hier Perspektiven bietet. Allerdings liegen derzeit wenig belastbare Informationen bzgl. der Anzahl der Angebote, ihrer Nutzung und ihrer Bedarfsgerechtigkeit u. a. im Hinblick auf Versorgungs-Outcomes vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst verfügbares Wissen hierzu zusammen und stellt exemplarische Praxisbeispiele junger Pflege in neuen Wohnformen sowie Elemente für ein zukunftsfähiges Wohnkonzept bei junger Pflege vor. Die Ausweitung über einzelne „Leuchtturmprojekte“ in die allgemeine Versorgungspraxis unter Verständigung auf notwendige Rahmenbedingungen ist zukünftig ein wichtiger und drängender Schritt in Richtung ausreichender regelhafter Angebote.
Pflegebedürftige mit speziellen Versorgungsbedarfen: Anforderungen an die Aus- und Weiterbildung
Authors: Hundenborn Gertrud
Published: July 2022

Das Pflegeberufegesetz hat die Pflegeausbildung(en) grundlegend reformiert. Damit stellt sich die Frage des Verhältnisses zwischen pflegerischer Erstausbildung und pflegeberuflicher Weiterbildung im Prozess des lebenslangen Lernens neu. Es geht um die Klärung, auf welche Anforderungen von Pflege- und Versorgungssituationen ausgewählter Klientengruppen in der Langzeitpflege die Pflegeausbildung hinreichend vorbereitet und welche Kompetenzen dagegen in der pflegerischen Weiterbildung vermittelt werden müssen.
Familien mit pflegebedürftigen Kindern. Lebenslagen – Herausforderungen – Teilhabe
Authors: Jennessen Sven
Published: July 2022

Der Beitrag fokussiert die Versorgungssituation der derzeit ca. 190.000 Kinder und Jugendlichen in Deutschland, die einen dauerhaften Pflegebedarf aufweisen. Diese Altersgruppe muss aufgrund der besonderen Abhängigkeiten und Verwobenheiten immer im Kontext ihrer familiären Situation betrachtet werden. Trotz der großen Heterogenität der Familienkonstellationen, des sozialen und finanziellen Status, der Wohnbedingungen, Sprachkompetenzen und Bildungsnähe bzw. -ferne lassen sich spezifische Herausforderungen für die Familien darstellen, die in psychosoziale, personelle und finanzielle Aspekte systematisiert werden. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Optionen entfaltet, die Familien bedarfsorientiert zu unterstützen und zu begleiten, wofür entsprechende sozialrechtliche Vorkehrungen zu treffen sind. Ziel dieser Maßnahmen ist immer ein Höchstmaß sozialer Teilhabe der einzelnen Familienmitglieder an den für sie jeweils relevanten Lebensbezügen.