bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐3‐pyridinylalanine: A Key Intermediate in the Preparation of Thrombin Inhibitor UK‐239,326.
Authors: Fish Paul V. , Brown Alan D. , Danilewicz John C. , Ellis David , Hardstone J. David , James Keith
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Taumycins A and B, Two Bioactive Lipodepsipeptides from the Madagascar Sponge Fascaplysinopsis sp.
Authors: Bishara Ashgan , Rudi Amira , Aknin Maurice , Neumann Drorit , Ben‐Califa Nathalie , Kashman Yoel
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Route to a New Class of Acrylamide Thioglycosides (IV) and Their Conversions to Pyrazole Derivatives (V).
Authors: Elgemeie Galal H. , Elsayed Shahinaz H. , Hassan Ashraf S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Entry to the Pyrroloquinoline Core of Martinella Alkaloids via Novel Base‐Catalyzed Mukaiyama—Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Ikeda Shuhei , Shibuya Masatoshi , Kanoh Naoki , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Desilylative‐alkylation of 3‐O‐tert‐Butyl‐dimethylsilyl Galangin.
Authors: Kim Jinyoung , Lee Hyo Seon , Park Kwang‐su , Chong Youhoon
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective Total Synthesis of Benzofuran Natural Product Egonol.
Authors: Choi Da Hye , Hwang Jung Woon , Lee Hyun Suck , Yang Deok Mo , Jun Jong‐Gab
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Salinosporamide A.
Authors: Fukuda Takeo , Sugiyama Kouhei , Arima Shiho , Harigaya Yoshihiro , Nagamitsu Tohru , Omura Satoshi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Potent Antitumor Agent (‐)‐Lasonolide A: A Cycloaddition‐Based Strategy.
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Gong Gangli
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐Eleutherin, (+)‐Allo‐eleutherin and a Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Nocardione B.
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Chavan Vijay P. , Ingle Arun B.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combustion Synthesis of Ti3AlC2 from Ti/Al/C/TiC Powder Compacts.
Authors: Yeh C. L. , Shen Y. G.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Nanocubes in Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Scariot Morgana , Silva Dagoberto O. , Scholten Jackson D. , Machado Giovanna , Teixeira Sergio R. , Novak Miguel A. , Ebeling Guenter , Dupont Jairton
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexagonal‐Close‐Packed, Hierarchical Amorphous TiO2 Nanocolumn Arrays: Transferability, Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity, and Superamphiphilicity Without UV Irradiation.
Authors: Li Yue , Sasaki Takeshi , Shimizu Yoshiki , Koshizaki Naoto
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and β‐Adrenergic Blocking Activity of Naphthyloxypropylamines.
Authors: Vattipalli Ramya , Shirodkar Prabhakar Y. , Somani Rakesh R. , Kadam Vilasrao J.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Systems for Hydroxyapatite Mineralization Inspired by Bone and Enamel
Authors: Palmer Liam C. , Newcomb Christina J. , Kaltz Stuart R. , Spoerke Erik D. , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Chemistry of Oxometallates of Hafnium
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Limitations in the Construction of Bi‐ and Polynuclear Coordination Complexes and Coordination Polymers (Aka MOFs) — A Personal View
Authors: Robson R.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropoly Acids: Green Chemical Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ueda Tadaharu , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Marchantiophyta (Liverworts): Rich Sources of Macrocyclic Bis(bibenzyls)
Authors: Asakawa Yoshinori , Toyota Masao , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Tori Motoo , Nagashima Fumihiro , Harinantenaina Liva
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bacteriorhodopsin as an Electronic Conduction Medium for Biomolecular Electronics
Authors: Jin Yongdong , Honig Tal , Ron Izhar , Friedman Noga , Sheves Mordechai , Cahen David
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Shellfish Toxin Azaspiracid‐1
Authors: Oikawa Masato , Sasaki Makoto
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Alkene Dipeptide Isosteres and Its Application to the Structure—Activity Relationship Study on Bioactive Peptides
Authors: Oishi Shinya , Narumi Tetsuo , Ohno Hiroaki , Otaka Akira , Fujii Nobutaka
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Nanostructure Control of Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Ogino Kenji , Sato Hisaya
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Palladium (0)‐Catalyzed Reactions Based on Novel Oxidative Addition Mode
Authors: Tsukamoto Hirokazu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Semisynthesis of Human Complex Type Oligosaccharide Library and Chemical Synthesis of Glycopeptides and Glycoprotein
Authors: Okamoto Ryo , Kajihara Yasuhiro
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Estrogen and Its Receptors in Cancer
Authors: Chen George G. , Zeng Qiang , Tse Gary M. K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper/Amino Acid Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Aryl and Vinyl Halides with Nucleophiles
Authors: Ma Dawei , Cai Qian
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetrasubstituted Alkenes via Pd‐Catalyzed Alkenylation—Carbonyl Olefination Synergy
Authors: Negishi Ei‐Ichi , Huang Zhihong , Wang Guangwei , Mohan Swathi , Wang Chao , Hattori Hatsuhiko
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions Employing Dialkylbiaryl Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Martin Ruben , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lessons from Nature: Biomimetic Organocatalytic Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Narine Arun A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fundamentals of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
Authors: Yamauchi Jun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Extensive spinal decussation and bilateral termination of cervical corticospinal projections in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Rosenzweig Ephron S. , Brock John H. , Culbertson Maya D. , Lu Paul , Moseanko Rod , Edgerton V. Reggie , Havton Leif A. , Tuszynski Mark H.
Published: January 2009

To examine neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying fine motor control of the primate hand, adult rhesus monkeys underwent injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the right motor cortex. Spinal axonal anatomy was examined using detailed serial‐section reconstruction and modified stereological quantification. Eighty‐seven percent of corticospinal tract (CST) axons decussated in the medullary pyramids and descended through the contralateral dorsolateral tract of the spinal cord. Eleven percent of CST axons projected through the dorsolateral CST ipsilateral to the hemisphere of origin, and 2% of axons projected through the ipsilateral ventromedial CST. Notably, corticospinal axons decussated extensively across the spinal cord midline. Remarkably, nearly 2‐fold more CST axons decussated across the cervical spinal cord midline (≈12,000 axons) than were labeled in all descending components of the CST (≈6,700 axons). These findings suggest that CST axons extend multiple segmental collaterals. Furthermore, serial‐section reconstructions revealed that individual axons descending in either the ipsilateral or contralateral dorsolateral CST can: 1) terminate in the gray matter ipsilateral to the hemisphere of origin; 2) terminate in the gray matter contralateral to the hemisphere of origin; or 3) branch in the spinal cord and terminate on both sides of the spinal cord. These results reveal a previously unappreciated degree of bilaterality and complexity of corticospinal projections in the primate spinal cord. This bilaterality is more extensive than that of the rat CST, and may resemble human CST organization. Thus, augmentation of sprouting of these extensive bilateral CST projections may provide a novel target for enhancing recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:151–163, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modular subdivision of mushroom bodies by kenyon cells in the silkmoth
Authors: Fukushima Ryota , Kanzaki Ryohei
Published: January 2009

In insects, olfactory information in the glomeruli of the antennal lobe, the first olfactory center, is transmitted to the lateral protocerebrum and the calyx of the mushroom body via projection neurons. In male silkmoths (Bombyx mori), arborization patterns in the calyx differ markedly between projection neurons that respond to sex pheromones and those that respond to general odors. However, little is known about the organization of the mushroom body's intrinsic neurons, called Kenyon cells (KCs), which receive the inputs from the projection neurons. We investigated the silkmoth mushroom body and identified four parallel subdivisions in the lobes and pedunculus by immunolabeling with antibodies against the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A in Drosophila melanogaster (DC0) and the neuromodulatory peptide FMRFamide. To further understand the detailed organization of the mushroom body, we performed extensive labeling of individual KCs. We identified four morphological types whose axonal projections corresponded to the subdivisions in the lobes, and found that each type of KC had a characteristic dendritic morphology in the calyx. These results show a correlation between the axonal projections of KCs in the lobes and dendritic morphology in the calyx, and indicate different functional roles for the subdivisions. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:315–330, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Education in peace agreements, 1989–2005
Authors: Dupuy Kendra E.
Published: January 2009

Education has been on the minds of peacemakers since the end of the Cold War, contrary to expectations. An examination of how education is addressed in full and partial post‐Cold War peace agreements shows that education is mentioned in a large number of the agreements. However, the way in which education is addressed and incorporated into peace agreements varies significantly in terms of what is mandated to occur in the education sector after the signing of the peace agreement, including what kind of education will be provided and to whom and how education is viewed in these agreements.
Managing conflict in construction megaprojects: Leadership and third‐party principles
Authors: Anderson Jr. Lee L. , Polkinghorn Brian
Published: January 2009

This article examines the importance of conflict resolution skills and techniques when managing the complex relationships and interdependence necessary for large‐scale construction projects. Partnering between multiple public and private organizations is often required in order for these projects to succeed. The authors examine the specific partnering skills that contributed to the success of the Woodrow Wilson Bridge project.
Direct, High‐Yield Conversions of Cellulose into Biofuel and Platform Chemicals—On the Way to a Sustainable Biobased Economy
Authors: Rüsch gen. Klaas Mark , Schöne Heralt
Published: January 2009

Steering away from alcohol: Fermentation of carbohydrates to ethanol might not be the best way to utilize biomass for the production of fuels and platform chemicals. Two different new remarkable approaches lead to polyols or furfural derivatives.

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Comparison of radial basis function networks and empirical equations for converting from pan evaporation to reference evapotranspiration
Authors: Trajkovic Slavisa
Published: January 2009

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major processes in the hydrological cycle, and its reliable estimation is essential to water resources management. Numerous equations have been developed for estimating ET, most of which are complex and require numerous items of weather data. In many areas, the necessary data are lacking, and simpler techniques are required. Evaporation pans are used throughout the world because of the simplicity of technique, low cost, and ease of application.

In this study, the radial basis function (RBF) network is applied for pan evaporation to evapotranspiration conversions. The adaptive pan‐based RBF network was trained using daily Policoro data from 15 May 1981 to 23 December 1983. The RBF network obtained, Christiansen, FAO‐24 pan, and FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith equations were verified in comparison with lysimeter measurements of grass evapotranspiration using daily Policoro data from 25 February to 18 December 1984. Based on summary statistics, the RBF network ranked first with the lowest RMSE value (0·433 mm day−1). The RBF network obtained on the basis of the daily data from Policoro, Italy and pan‐based equations were further tested using mean monthly data collected in Novi Sad, Serbia, and Kimberly, Idaho, USA. The overall results favoured use of the RBF network for pan evaporation to evapotranspiration conversions. The use of the RBF network is very simple and does not require any knowledge of ANNs. Users require only code (RBF network), Epan data and corresponding Ra data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lymphocyte adhesion and interactions with biomaterial adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells
Authors: Chang David T. , Colton Erica , Matsuda Takehisa , Anderson James M.
Published: January 2009

To characterize the effects of adherent macrophages and biomaterial surface chemistries on lymphocyte adhesion and activation, lymphocytes were co‐cultured with monocytes alone and together, directly and separated by a porous membrane transwell on hydrophobic, hydrophilic/neutral, hydrophilic/anionic, and hydrophilic/cationic biomaterial surfaces. Surface adherent cells were quantitatively analyzed after 3 days utilizing immunofluorescence and phase contrast imaging. After periods of 3, 7, and 10 days, secreted interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) was quantified by ELISA. Limited direct biomaterial‐adherent lymphocytes were identified regardless of the presence of macrophages or foreign body giant cells (FBGC). The majority of adherent lymphocytes, which were T cells (>95%) rather than natural killer cells, predominantly interacted with adherent macrophages and FBGCs; greater than 90% were interacting on surfaces with higher levels of adherent macrophages and FBGCs and greater than 55% were interacting on surfaces with lower levels of macrophages and FBGCs. The hydrophilic/anionic surface promoted higher levels of macrophage‐ and FBGC‐adherent lymphocytes but was nonselective for lymphocyte subtype interactions. The hydrophilic/neutral surface was selective for CD4+ T lymphocyte interactions while the hydrophobic surface was selective for CD8+ T lymphocyte interactions. IFN‐γ was produced in direct and indirect co‐cultures but not in lymphocyte‐ and monocyte‐only cultures suggesting that lymphocytes are activated via macrophage‐derived cytokines rather than direct biomaterial contact. Direct lymphocyte interactions with adherent macrophages/FBGCs enhanced IFN‐γ production relative to indirect co‐cultures. These results suggest that lymphocytes prefer interactions with adherent macrophages and FBGCs, resulting in lymphocyte activation, and these interactions can be influenced by biomaterial surface chemistries. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms regulating chilling injury in horticultural species. Postharvest technologies applied to reduce its impact
Authors: Sevillano Laura , Sanchez‐Ballesta María T , Romojaro Felix , Flores Francisco B
Published: January 2009

The storage of fruits and vegetables at low temperature near the freezing point is the foremost technology applied to retard postharvest ripening and to extend the shelf‐life period of agricultural products. However, most tropical and subtropical produce is sensitive to chilling injury, which constitutes a set of physiological alterations caused by exposure to low temperatures for variable time periods, to the detriment of quality. This article is a thorough review of the physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms involved in the induction and development of this physiopathy. Also, the different postharvest technologies of a chemical, physical or biotechnological nature assayed in research or applied in the agro‐food industry with the aim of inhibiting or delaying the emergence of chilling injury in sensitive plant produce of agricultural interest are reviewed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of fluoridated milks on the availability of trace elements in milk
Authors: Zohoori Vida , Seal Christopher J , Moynihan Paula J , Steen Ian N , Maguire Anne
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Milk is a nutritious food and also used as a vehicle for fluoride (F) administration. However, the impact of added F on milk's nutritional profile is unknown. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion with enzymatic steps was used to measure and compare the availability of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mo and Se) in pasteurised skimmed (0.3% fat) and whole (4% fat) milk samples with four concentrations of F (0, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 ppm) as well as in non‐F and F ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT)‐processed 4% fat milks. Post‐centrifugation supernatant trace element concentrations were measured after each stage of digestion by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.

RESULTS: F showed a negative effect on Cu availability in cow's milk. Fat removal increased the availabilities of Cu, Zn, Cr and Se but decreased the Mo availability. There was a greater Cr availability in the UHT milk sample compared with pasteurised samples.

CONCLUSION: These initial data suggest that adding F to milk does not have a marked effect on its trace element profile, with the exception of reduced Cu availability. However, these findings would benefit from further studies both in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration on cell structure of sapotas
Authors: Rodrigues Sueli , Gomes Maria CF , Gallão Maria I , Fernandes Fabiano AN
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Drying is a traditional way of fruit preservation. Because of the high energy costs associated with air‐drying, osmotic dehydration is often applied as a pretreatment to reduce air‐drying time. Ultrasound is an emerging technology with several applications in food processing. The effect of ultrasound on fruit tissue depends on the tissue structure and composition, and ultrasound might be beneficial to improve air‐drying efficiency, with consequent reduction in process costs. In this study the effect of ultrasound and ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration on sapota tissue structure was evaluated.

RESULTS: Ultrasound induced cell disruption and breakdown of cells with high phenolic content (dense cells) and also induced elongation of parenchyma cells. Ultrasound application combined with high osmotic gradient enhanced water loss and solid gain because of the formation of microscopic channels. Ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration induced gradual distortion of the shape of cells, cell breakdown and formation of microscopic channels. Micrographs of the fruit tissue showed that ultrasound preferentially affected dense cells.

CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic pretreatment was able to preserve the tissue structure of the fruit when distilled water was used as liquid medium. The application of ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration resulted in severe changes in the tissue structure of the fruit, with consequent increase in the effective water diffusivity, because of the formation of microscopic channels and cell rupture. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
New Insight into Biodegradation of Polylactide (PLA)/Clay Nanocomposites Using Molecular Ecological Techniques
Authors: Sangwan Parveen , Way Cameron , Wu Dong‐Yang
Published: January 2009

Novel molecular ecological techniques were used to study changes in microbial community structure and population during degradation of polylactide (PLA)/organically modified layered silicates (OMLS) nanocomposites. Cloned gene sequences belonging to members of the phyla Actinobacteria and Ascomycota comprized the most dominant groups of microorganisms during biodegradation of PLA/OMLS nanocomposites. Due to their numerical abundance, members of these microbial groups are likely to play an important role during biodegradation process. This paper presents new insights into the biodegradability of PLA/OMLS nanocomposites and highlights the importance of using novel molecular ecological techniques for in situ identification of new microorganisms involved in biodegradation of polymeric materials.

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Synthesis of Helical Poly(Phenyleneethynylene‐Pyromellitic Diimide)s and the Responsiveness of the Helicity to Solvents, Heat, and pH
Authors: Liu Ruiyuan , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: January 2009

N,N′‐bis‐(L‐4′‐iodophenylalanine octyl ester)pyromellitic diimide (1) was synthesized, and the Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling polymerization of 1 with para‐/meta‐diethynylbenzenes (2p/2m) was carried out to obtain optically active phenyleneethynylene‐based polyimides carrying ester groups [poly(1‐2p) and poly(1‐2m)] with number average molecular weights in the range from 4 900 to 19 700 in 68–80% yields. The polymers were satisfactorily converted into the corresponding polymers carrying free carboxy groups [poly(1‐2p)′ and poly(1‐2m)′] by alkaline hydrolysis. All the polymers exhibited intense CD signals, indicating that they formed helices with predominantly one‐handed screw sense. The helical conformations of the polymers were stable against heat. Poly(1‐2p)′ and poly(1‐2m)′ lost the one‐handed helicity by the addition of NaOH, and the resultant polymer recovered the original conformation upon HCl addition.

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Preparation of Silver Nanoparticle Dispersions via a Dendritic‐Polymer Template Approach and their Use for Antibacterial Surface Treatment
Authors: Gladitz Michael , Reinemann Stefan , Radusch Hans‐Joachim
Published: January 2009

An easy and robust approach for the production of long‐term‐stable silver nanoparticle dispersions with narrow size distribution (mean diameter ≈3–5 nm) has been developed. Amphiphilic‐modified hyperbranched polyethyleneimines with core/shell architecture were used as macromolecular templates and carriers. We systematically investigated the antibacterial performance and morphology of thin silver‐loaded hyperbranched polymer coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate) prepared by different wet coating techniques. Furthermore, the influence of the density of the hydrophobic shell, varied by the degree of amidation between 50 and 70%, was studied with respect to the silver release behavior, wetting properties and antibacterial activity of the silver/hbp hybrid surface coatings.

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Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity in Lightweight Conductive Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites
Authors: Xiang Zhi‐Dong , Chen Tao , Li Zhong‐Ming , Bian Xiang‐Cheng
Published: January 2009

It is particularly difficult to prepare a foam CPC material because its porous structure makes it hard to form a conductive network. We utilized acetone‐assisted dispersion to disperse CNTs into PU foam and successfully prepared a lightweight conductive CNT/assembled PU foam composite. The NTC effect, which exclusively exists in the melt state CPC materials, has unexpectedly been observed in the solid‐state lightweight conductive CNT/sPU composite. Higher gas fraction and lower matrix modulus could result in stronger NTC effect. The mechanism that thermal expansion of gas wrapped in the cellular structure induces more perfect conductive paths has been proposed to satisfactorily elucidate the NTC effect and its gas fraction and matrix modulus dependence.

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Nuclear import of human MLH1, PMS2, and MutLα: Redundancy is the key
Authors: Leong Vivian , Lorenowicz Jessica , Kozij Natalie , Guarné Alba
Published: January 2009

DNA mismatch repair maintains genomic stability by correcting errors that have escaped polymerase proofreading. Defects on mismatch repair genes lead to an increased mutation rate, microsatellite instability and predisposition to human non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Human MutLα is a heterodimer formed by the interaction of MLH1 and PMS2 that coordinates a series of key events in mismatch repair. It has been proposed that nuclear import of MutLα may be the first regulatory step on the activation of the mismatch repair pathway. Using confocal microscopy and mismatch repair deficient cells, we have identified the sequence determinants that drive nuclear import of human MLH1, PMS2, and MutLα. Transient transfection of the individual proteins reveals that MLH1 has a bipartite and PMS2 has a single monopartite nuclear localization signal. Although dimerization is not required for nuclear localization, the MutLα heterodimer is imported more efficiently than the MLH1 or PMS2 monomers. Interestingly, the bipartite localization signal of MLH1 can direct import of MutLα even when PMS2 encompasses a mutated localization signal. Hence we conclude that the presence of redundant nuclear localization signals guarantees nuclear transport of MutLα and, consequently, efficient mismatch repair. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Considerations of the discontinuous deformation analysis on wave propagation problems
Authors: Gu Jiong , Zhao Zhiye
Published: January 2009

In rock engineering, the damage criteria of the rock mass under dynamic loads are generally governed by the threshold values of wave amplitudes, such as the peak particle velocity and the peak particle acceleration. Therefore, the prediction of wave attenuation across fractured rock mass is important on assessing the stability and damage of rock mass under dynamic loads. This paper aims to investigate the applications of the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) for modeling wave propagation problems in rock mass. Parametric studies are carried out to obtain an insight into the influencing factors on the accuracy of wave propagations, in terms of the block size, the boundary condition and the incident wave frequency. The reflected and transmitted waves from the interface between two materials are also numerically simulated. To study the tensile failure induced by the reflected wave, the spalling phenomena are modeled under various loading frequencies. The numerical results show that the DDA is capable of modeling the wave propagation in jointed rock mass with a good accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressant medication use and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Authors: Andrade Susan E. , McPhillips Heather , Loren David , Raebel Marsha A. , Lane Kimberly , Livingston James , Boudreau Denise M. , Smith David H. , Davis Robert L. , Willy Mary E. , Platt Richard
Published: January 2009

Purpose

To determine the prevalence of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) among infants whose mothers were exposed to antidepressants in the third trimester of pregnancy compared to the prevalence among infants whose mothers were not exposed to antidepressants in the third trimester.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using the automated databases of four health plans participating in the HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics. Women who delivered an infant in a hospital from 1 January 1996 through 31 December 2000 were identified. The administrative databases were used to identify full‐term infants whose mothers received an antidepressant during the third trimester of pregnancy and unexposed infants whose mothers did not receive an antidepressant during the third trimester. Hospitalization data were used to identify diagnoses or procedure codes potentially indicative of PPHN.

Results

Among 1104 infants exposed to antidepressants in the third trimester and a matched sample of 1104 unexposed infants, five infants were classified by the expert reviewers as having PPHN. Among those infants whose mothers were exposed to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the third trimester, the prevalence of PPHN was 2.14 per 1000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26, 7.74), while the prevalence among infants whose mothers were not exposed was 2.72 per 1000 (95%CI 0.56, 7.93).

Conclusions

We did not find an association between SSRI use in late pregnancy and PPHN. Limitations of the present study, including the small number of confirmed cases, suggest further research in this area may be warranted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and X‐ray structures of unexpected 2‐O‐(5‐deoxy‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranos‐5‐yloxy)quinoxalines
Authors: Jarmoumi Chakir , Lakhrissi Brahim , Mondieig Denise , Négrier Philippe , Léger J. M. , Massip S. , Lazar Zhor , Benali Bouziane , Massoui Mohamed , Essassi El Mokhtar
Published: January 2009

Reaction of 3‐methyl‐2(1H)‐quinoxalinone (4) and 2(1H)‐quinoxalinone (5) with 5,6‐anhydro‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐
α‐D‐glucofuranose 6 gives the unexpected O‐glucoquinoxalines derivatives by the intermediary novel intramolecular rearrangement of 5,6‐anhydro‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose to the corresponding 3,6‐anhydro form. The obtained O‐glucoquinoxalines 7,8 were identified by NMR spectroscopy. The X‐ray crystal structures have been determined at room temperature. Moreover, a solid–solid phase transition has been detected at 198.9 K for O‐glucoquinoxalines 7 and the structure of the low‐temperature phase has been solved at 188 K. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The benzilic ester rearrangement: synthesis of labelled compounds and theoretical studies
Authors: Marques Carolina S. , Ramalho J. P. Prates , Burke Anthony J.
Published: January 2009

1,3‐Diphenyl‐2(13C)‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxypropan‐1‐one was synthesised and used to probe the mechanism of a benzilic ester rearrangement (BER). Computational studies suggest that the preferred site of attack of the nucleophile in this benzilic ester rearrangement is on C‐14. On the basis of these results a new reaction mechanism is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enthalpies of formation and isomerization of cis‐ and trans‐decalin, and their oxa‐analogs by G3(MP2)//B3LYP calculations
Authors: Taskinen Esko
Published: January 2009

G3(MP2)//B3LYP calculations have been carried out on trans‐ and cis‐decalin, and their mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetraoxa‐analogs. The main purpose of the work was to obtain enthalpies of formation for these compounds, and to study the relative stabilities of the cis–trans and positional isomers of the various (poly)oxadecalins. Comparison of the computational enthalpies of formation with the respective experimental ones, known only for the decalins and 1,3,5,7‐tetraoxadecalins, shows that in both cases the computational values are more negative than the experimental ones, the deviations being −5 to −7 kJ mol−1 for the decalins and −12 to −17 kJ mol−1 for the 1,3,5,7‐tetraoxadecalins. The respective computational enthalpies of cis–trans isomerization, however, are in excellent to satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The cis–trans enthalpy differences vary from +11.0 kJ mol−1 for decalin to −15.4 kJ mol−1 for 1,4,5,8‐tetraoxadecalin. Low relative enthalpy values were also calculated for the cis isomers of 1,8‐dioxadecalin (−3.7 kJ mol−1), 1,3,6‐trioxadecalin (−4.6 kJ mol−1), 1,3,8‐trioxadecalin (−9.7 kJ mol−1), 1,4,5‐ trioxadecalin (−5.6 kJ mol−1), 1,3,5,8‐tetraoxadecalin (−7.3 kJ mol−1), and 1,3,6,8‐tetraoxadecalin (−14.5 kJ mol−1). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Process. Polym. 1/2009
Authors: Aparicio Francisco J. , Borras Ana , Blaszczyk‐Lezak Iwona , Gröning Pierangelo , Álvarez‐Herrero Alberto , Fernández‐Rodríguez Marianela , González‐Elipe Agustin R. , Barranco Angel
Published: January 2009

Cover: Luminescent nanocomposites containing Rhodamine 6G laser dye molecules are deposited by remote microwave plasma polymerization. The picture shows micrometric patterns generated by plasma etching using a shadow mask. The nanometric thin films are also intensely absorbent. Further details can be found in the article by F. J. Aparicio, A. Borras, I. Blaszczyk‐Lezak, P. Gröning, A. Álvarez‐Herrero, M. Fernández‐Rodríguez, A. R. González‐Elipe, and A. Barranco* on page 17.
Hydrogen cyanide as a biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the breath of children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Enderby Beth , Smith David , Carroll W. , Lenney W.
Published: January 2009

Hypothesis:

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is emitted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in vitro. We hypothesized that exhaled HCN could be measured using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) and that concentrations would be higher in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and PA infection than in children with asthma.

Methods:

Children aged 7–17 years with CF (n = 16) or asthma (n = 21) attending outpatient clinics provided breath samples between July and December 2007. HCN was measured using the SIFT‐MS Profile 3 instrument. FeNO was measured with a Sievers NOA 280i analyzer. Baseline inter‐group differences between HCN and FeNO concentrations were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Children were invited to re‐attend fortnightly. Breath samples, spirometry, growth and clinical status were measured at each visit.

Results:

There were significant baseline differences in exhaled HCN and FeNO concentrations between the two groups. Children with CF had higher median HCN concentrations than those with asthma: 13.5 parts per billion (ppb) (IQR 8.1–16.5) versus 2.0 ppb (IQR 0.0–4.8) (P < 0.001). Children with CF had lower median FeNO levels compared to children with asthma: 13.4 ppb (IQR 8.9–17.6) versus 57.9 ppb (IQR 34.0–85.7) (P < 0.001). Intra‐subject variability was high and significant changes in HCN concentrations were not observed related to changes in lung function or clinical status.

Conclusion:

This study provides proof of principle that HCN is detectable in the breath of children with CF and is elevated compared to children with asthma. Further studies are required to capture data from acutely unwell children and more accurately delineate responses to treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:142–147. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory function during infancy in survivors of the INNOVO trial
Authors: Hoo Ah‐Fong , Beardsmore Caroline S. , Castle Rosemary A. , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Tomlin Keith , Field David , Elbourne Diana , Stocks Janet
Published: January 2009

Rationale:

Despite encouraging reports suggesting that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) appear to improve outcome in hypoxemic term and near term infants by improving oxygenation and reducing need for ECMO, the long‐term benefits of iNO remain unclear. This study aimed to compare lung function at approximately 1 year in infants who were and were not randomly allocated to iNO as part of their neonatal management for severe respiratory failure at birth. Furthermore, results were compared to lung function of healthy infants.

Methods:

Maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity $(V'_{{\rm maxFRC}} )$ was measured at approximately 1 year of age (corrected for any prematurity) in survivors of the INNOVO trial. Results were expressed as Z‐scores, adjusted for sex and body size, based on data from healthy controls using identical techniques.

Results:

Technically satisfactory results were obtained in 30 infants (53% < 34 weeks gestation), 19 of whom were randomized to receive iNO $V'_{{\rm maxFRC}}$. Z‐score was significantly reduced in infants with prior respiratory failure, whether or not they had been allocated to iNO (mean (SD) Z‐score: −2.0 (1.2) and −2.6 (1.1), respectively, 95% CI difference; iNO vs. no iNO: −0.3; 1.6, P = 0.2). There was significant respiratory morbidity in both groups during the first year of life.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that airway function remains reduced at 1 year of age following severe respiratory failure at birth, whether or not iNO is administered. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:155–161. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Schottky top‐gated two‐dimensional electron system in a nuclear spin free Si/SiGe heterostructure
Authors: Sailer J. , Lang V. , Abstreiter G. , Tsuchiya G. , Itoh K. M. , Ager J. W. , Haller E. E. , Kupidura D. , Harbusch D. , Ludwig S. , Bougeard D.
Published: January 2009

We report on the realization and top‐gating of a two‐dimensional electron system in a nuclear spin free environment using 28Si and 70Ge source material in molecular beam epitaxy. Electron spin decoherence is expected to be minimized in nuclear spin‐free materials, making them promising hosts for solid‐state based quantum information processing devices. The two‐dimensional electron system exhibits a mobility of 18000 cm2/(V s) at a sheet carrier density of 4.6 × 1011 cm–2 at low temperatures. Feasibility of reliable gating is demonstrated by transport through split‐gate structures realized with palladium Schottky top‐gates which effectively control the two‐dimensional electron system underneath. Our work forms the basis for the realization of an electrostatically defined quantum dot in a nuclear spin free environment. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lower uterine segment thickness measurement in pregnant women with previous Cesarean section: reliability analysis using two‐ and three‐dimensional transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound
Authors: Martins W. P. , Barra D. A. , Gallarreta F. M. P. , Nastri C. O. , Filho F. M.
Published: January 2009

Objective

To evaluate the reliability of two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonographic measurement of the thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) in pregnant women by transvaginal and transabdominal approaches.

Methods

This was a study of 30 pregnant women who had had at least one previous Cesarean section and were between 36 and 39 weeks' gestation, with singleton pregnancies in cephalic presentation. Sonographic examinations were performed by two observers using both 4–7‐MHz transabdominal and 5–8‐MHz transvaginal volumetric probes. LUS measurements were performed using two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasound, evaluating the entire LUS thickness transabdominally and the LUS muscular thickness transvaginally. Each observer measured the LUS four times by each method. Reliability was analyzed by comparing the mean of the absolute differences, the intraclass correlation coefficients, the 95% limits of agreement and the proportion of differences < 1 mm.

Results

Transvaginal ultrasound provided greater reliability in LUS measurements than did transabdominal ultrasound. The use of three‐dimensional ultrasound improved significantly the reliability of the LUS muscular thickness measurement obtained transvaginally.

Conclusions

Ultrasonographic measurement of the LUS muscular thickness transvaginally appears more reliable than does that of the entire LUS thickness transabdominally. The use of three‐dimensional ultrasound should be considered to improve measurement reliability. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.