bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835) to Clinical Surgery and Traumatology (in commemoration of the 240th anniversary of the birth)
Authors: Morgoshiia Temuri Sh.
Published: October 2020

G. Dupuytren was a representative of an anatomic and physiologic direction as he deemed that the surgery should develop on the basis of the achievements of the anatomy and physiology. He rightfully earned a reputation of the best French surgeon that ensured him wealth, fame and titles. Principle theoretic and practical propositions and discoveries of G. Dupuytren are still the background of our knowledge in surgery. General theoretical and methodological principles of scientific cognition that were used by Dupuytren characterize him not only as a great surgeon and traumatologist, but an eminent scientist and thinker as well.
Therapy of traumatic injuries of the spinal cord by magnetic nanoparticles: experimental aspects of promising technology
Authors: Kolesov S. V. , Shvets V. V. , Sazhnev M. L. , Panteleev A. A. , Gorbatyuk D. S.
Published: October 2020

In this analytical review an attempt to sum up the available data in magnetite nanoparticle-marked stem cells utilization is made. Now this question remains on the experimental study level. Available data is diversiﬁed and needs an integral look to be taken. It is found that magnetite nanoparticles are non-toxic for the cells and do not interrupt physiological metabolic pathways. They can also be captured by cell using diﬀerent transporters. Cells containing the magnetite nanoparticles can migrate along the magnetic ﬂux lines. Animals with traumatic spinal cord lesions that got the nanoparticles-containing cell therapy showed the neurological status improvement. There is very little data in usage of this method in clinical practice; the solution of this problem requires more clinical trials.
Actual features of express diagnostic of acetabular fractures. Part III. Atypical fractures diagnostic algorithm. Associated local injuries
Authors: Stoyukhin S. S. , Lazarev A. F. , Gudushauri Yu. G.
Published: October 2020

Authors shows atypical fracture patterns and rational algorithm for express diagnostic of this fractures. Associated local injuries are described.
Early complications of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Lychagin Aleksey V. , Kesian Guren A. , Kalinskу Eugeny B. , Sukharev Nikilay A.
Published: October 2020

Background. The frequency of early complications after reverse shoulder arthroplasty remains high enough, and the overall complication rate is reported from 4.7% to 38%.

Methods. We did 23 primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty and used clinical information after these operations in our study. As a comparative material, we used date from registers of foreign countries, as well as information from special literature.

Results. Early complications were found in five cases (21.7%) in our study: two cases (8.7%) of a periprosthetic fracture; three patients (13.2%) had dislocation components. We studied these complications and formulated rules preventive measures.

Conclusions. (1) The most common early complications after revers total shoulder arthroplasty were instability components, periprosthetic fracture. (2) These types of complications arise due to unbalanced soft tissues, inadequate selection of the size of the glenosphere, interposition of soft tissues, and inadequate term of loads on the operated limb. (3) The number of these complications can be reduced by observing preventive measures at all stages of treatment.
Morphofunctional remodeling of bone tissue during periprotheric fractures in the femoral component
Authors: Batpenov Nurlan D. , Rakhimov Serik K. , Stepanov Alexei A. , Orasbaev Didar A. , Manekenova Kenzhegul B. , Smailova Gulzira K.
Published: October 2020

Periprosthetic fractures in the area of the femoral component after hip replacement are one of the reasons for performing revision surgery. The treatment is always associated with many complications and therefore does not lose its relevance. The aim of our research was a pathomorphological study of bone tissue repair and reactive changes in the soft tissues around the periprosthetic fracture after arthroplasty. The research results will predict the long-term outcome and stability of the revision endoprosthesis.
Materials and methods. The materials for pathomorphological studies were biopsy, (11 periprosthetic fractures in the zone of the femoral component, 5 from the hip joint), fragments of bone tissue from the zone of the periprosthetic fracture, femoral canal, altered connective tissue obtained by repeated interventions in the area of periprosthetic fracture, and revision endoprosthetics. Pathomorphological studies of biopsy specimens of bone fragments and soft tissues were carried out after conventional histological processing with the production of histological sections, 57 m thick, followed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and according to Van Gieson.
Results. Morphological signs of structural disorganization of bone tissue in the fracture zone were revealed after fragments of bone and soft tissues were removed from the fracture zone; various options for repair of bone tissue were investigated, as well as reactive changes up to ischemia from the surrounding soft tissues were observed. Signs of damage to the tubules, lacunae and trabeculae, and with them the intraosseous branches of the supplying artery were noticed. Bone tissue repair in the area of periprosthetic fractures was carried out in various ways: due to activation of osteoblasts, through endesmal osteogenesis (from preexisting fibrous structures), endochondral osteogenesis (from provisional corns), as well as mixed osteogenesis from complexes of bonecartilaginous tissue. Slowing of osteogenesis was the reason for the formation of appositional gluing lines in bone trabeculae, which are considered as a morphological sign of delayed osteogenesis. The absence of multinucleated osteoclasts in the bone tissues we studied is apparently due to the fact that pathological osteolysis with signs of ischemia does not develop in the fracture zone.
Conclusion. The results of our histopathological studies indicate that by the time of revision endoprosthetics in the area of femoral fractures, morphological signs of a slowdown in reparative osteogenesis develop with the pathological functional remodeling of bone tissue and microischemia in the bone and, of course, in the surrounding soft tissues.
The role of microRNA in degeneration of the intervertebral disc
Authors: Beylerli Ozal Arzuman , Gareev Ilgiz F. , Pavlov Valentin N.
Published: October 2020

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. MiRNAs regulate many normal physiological processes, and also play an important role in the development of most disorders. The expression levels of miRNAs are characterized by endogenous properties and tissue specificity. These characteristics increase the likelihood that miRNAs can serve as useful clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Chronic lower back pain is usually associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), which is closely associated with apoptosis, impaired extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and an inflammatory response. This process is characterized by a cascade of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and structural changes. Currently, there is no clinical therapy that shows the pathophysiology of disk degeneration. The presence of unregulated expression of miRNA in patients with degenerative disk disease indicates a vital role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IDD. It becomes apparent that epigenetic processes affect the evolution of IDD as much as the genetic background. Deregulated phenotypes of pulp nucleus cells, including differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, are involved in all stages of the progression of human IDD. In this review, we will focus on the role and therapeutic value of miRNAs in IDD.
Closing the Gap: Ethics and the Law in the Exhibition of Contemporary Native Art
Authors: Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder Tahnee M.
Published: October 2020

The general lack of funding for arts and humanities has prompted museums to search for additional resources, especially geared to diversity. This financial need has resulted in many cultural institutions directing their efforts to an increased inclusion of American Indian communities and their cultural heritage. These efforts toward inclusion, however, often are often misguided in that the selection of artists, experts and consultants do not accurately reflect the constitution of our communities. In fact, the arts are particularly susceptible to individuals who have falsified their cultural credentials in an effort to be selected for coveted opportunities to perform, exhibit or guide American Indian arts. The incorporation of American Indian art into non-Native institutions, in particular those that do not have experience working with Native communities, must be grounded in ethical practices that are defined by source communities.
Las joyas de la infanta Catalina Micaela, Duquesa de Saboya, y la Dama del Manto de Armiño
Authors: Rodríguez López-Abadía Arturo
Published: October 2020

Analizamos, a través del inventario post mortem, las joyas que poseía Catalina Micaela duquesa de Saboya, las identificamos en distintos retratos de la infanta, constatamos que los pintores son bastante fidedignos conforme a las descripciones, y proponemos la identificación de la mujer retratada en el cuadro La dama del manto de armiño con la infanta y duquesa.
Identifying student preferences in online content and language integrated learning courses
Authors: Meinecke Mary Ann
Published: October 2020

Currently in Mexico, 51% of Mexicans who are studying use online platforms and courses.  A study was conducted in the Fall of 2019, 162 students’ perceptions in various online Content and Language Integrated Learning courses offered completely in English in a university in Monterrey, Mexico.  The purpose of the study was to determine students’ perceptions of the most important and least important components, as well as students’ greatest challenges in taking online courses in a foreign language.  The students’ perceptions were categorized into six areas: course organization, interaction with teachers and classmates, ease of navigation, technology, course materials and content, and assessment.  Students selected the following as the most important course components: course organization, easily understood content, quality of course materials.  The online course components that students selected as the least important were interaction with classmates, videos recorded by the instructor, and course objectives.  The study also revealed a weak relationship in the student to student interactions. This study provided the instructor with feedback on the online courses so that the instructor can make future course modifications to increase student success in the online courses.
An argument for arguing: debates as a teaching and learning resource in the english classroom
Authors: Santalla Fernández Antonio , Lasa Álvarez Begoña
Published: October 2020

The aim of the present study is to explore the use of debates as teaching and learning resources in the English classroom, particularly in the Official Language Schools (EOIs). The analysis of the didactic potential of debates is accompanied by a teaching and learning proposal to implement this resource in an English C1 classroom.
Developing an Achievement Test about 7th Grade “Solar System and Beyond” Unit: Analysis of Validity and Reliability
Authors: DOĞAN Fatih , ÖZDEMİR Burcu
Published: October 2020

The aim of this research is to develop a reliable and valid achievement test to measure academic success of pupils about 7th grade’s “Solar System and Beyond” unit. For this reason, depending on the objectives of “Solar System and Beyond” unit, which is included in middle school science program, which was published in 2018, 42 multiple-choice test questions were prepared. The clearness of the test questions, cohesion with the objectives and scientific knowledge were designed with the care of various sights of the authorities in teaching science field which depend on the technic which was suggested by Lawshe (1975). According to this, content validity score was calculated as .94. The pilot study for this test put into practice with 254 students who had studied 7th grade in 2018-2019 academic years. As a consequence of the item statistic which was realized in the process of test development by the answers of the students for each question, difficulty score and item discrimination were calculated for each of the item. As a consequence of item statistic, 8 items were excluded from the test and the last form of the “Solar System and Beyond Academic Achievement Test” was designed with 35 questions. As a result of the analysis, the last form’s KR-20 reliability co-efficient was calculated as .87. Average item difficulty index was calculated as .61 and average item discrimination index was calculated as .48. According to this outcome, average item difficulty was identified as midlevel, and average item discrimination was identified as high-level.
3 Boyutlu Modelleme ve Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: BENZER Ali İhsan , YILDIZ Bünyamin
Published: October 2020

Bu araştırmayla üniversite öğrencilerinin 3 boyutlu modellemeye ve dersine yönelik tutumlarını ölçebilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek 5`li likert tipinde hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma, 3 boyutlu modelleme ile ilgili ders almış toplam 204 üniversite öğrencisiyle yürütülmüştür. Toplanan veriler üzerinde temel bileşen analizi yöntemi/varimax döndürme tekniği ile faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Faktör analizi sonucunda, 30 maddeden oluşan toplam varyansın % 54’ünü açıklayan, üç faktörden oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Ölçeği oluşturan faktörlere, içerdikleri maddelerin içerikleri ile uyumlu olacak şekilde sırasıyla “Önem”, “İlgi”, ve “Kaygı” isimleri verilmiştir. Ölçeğin faktör analizi gerçekleştirildikten sonra ölçeğin tamamı ve her bir faktör için ayrı ayrı güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin tamamı için güvenirlik katsayısı 0,94 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeği oluşturan “Önem”, “İlgi”, ve “Kaygı” faktörlerine ait güvenirlik katsayıları sırasıyla 0,90, 0,91 ve 0,82 olarak bulunmuştur.
Evaluation of variability of electric pulp response threshold in molars: an in vivo study
Authors: Ahmed Mujahid , Tegginmani Veeresh , Patil Deepu , Ahmed Zubair , Ahmed Nisar
Published: October 2020

Background: Electric pulp testers are widely used diagnostic tools in endodontics. Several factors can affect the result of electric pulp test like thickness of enamel and dentin, concentration of sensory fibres (A delta fibres), direction of dentinal tubules, pulp chamber size, neural elements etc. There are very few studies available in the literature which evaluated the variability of electric pulp response in molar teeth, which are more susceptible to caries. Hence aim of current study was proposed to evaluate response threshold in molars with respect to age and sex using electric pulp tester.

Methods: Fifty volunteers aged between 20 to 69 years were recruited. The human subjects were divided into 5 groups of 10 each (5 males and 5 females) based on age. EPT was used with appropriate electrolyte as a conducting media. Seven sites on each molar crown were tested which includes mesiobuccal cusp tip, mesiobuccal cuspal surface, mesiobuccal gingival surface, centre of the supporting cusps (palatal of maxillary molar and buccal of mandibular molar), distobuccal cuspal surface, distobuccal gingival surface and centre of the guiding cusps (buccal of maxillary molar and lingual of mandibular molars). Statistical analysed using descriptive statistics and independent sample t test.

Results: Mesiobuccal cusp tip showed lower response threshold values compared to other sites in all the groups. group 1 responded at lower threshold and group 5 at higher.

Conclusions: The optimum electrode placement site for electric pulp test in molars is the mesiobuccal cusp tip irrespective of age and sex.
Epidermoid carcinoma of the hypopharynx in a child: a rare case report
Authors: Omar Wydadi , Hicham Lyoubi , Adil Lekhbal , Lah Abada R. , Sam Rouadi , Mohamed Roubal , Mohamed Mahtar
Published: October 2020

Epidermoid carcinoma is a frequent tumor in the upper aerodiodestive tracts, and depending on its location and tumor, nodes, metastases (TNM) stage, its therapy and prognosis vary enormously. Its location in the hypopharynx is rare, and in children or young adolescents, this location is extremely rare; The incriminated causes and the pathophysiology of the development of these tumors at this age remain a mystery. We present the case of a young patient of 13 years old, followed for squamous cell carcinoma of the right piriform sinus, with contralateral synchronous tonsil localization, and right lateral cervical lymphadenopathy fixed at 5 cm. In the absence of existing guidelines on the management of this type of location at this age, a multi-disciplinary meeting was necessary to decide on the management of this difficult case at this age.
Rehabilitation of mechanically ventilated elderly patient with COVID-19 of a dedicated COVID tertiary hospital: a case report
Authors: Arora Rachna D. , Sheth Rajvi D. , Gupta Abhishek
Published: October 2020

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly communicable disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) which originated in Wuhan, China has affected 213 countries worldwide and has caused an economic crisis. As of August 10, 2020, India’s recovery rate is 63%. Most of the critical cases requiring intensive care unit (ICU) management are elderly patients with co-morbidities. The case report is of an elderly, comorbid patient who was intubated and put on a mechanical ventilator. At a time when critical patients on mechanical ventilator hardly survived, this patient survived and was successfully weaned from the ventilator and extubated. The case report emphasizes physical therapy management along with medical management for an elderly SARS CoV2 survivor with co-morbidities, and his journey from the onset of symptoms to being mechanically ventilated to performing his daily activities with minimal discomfort.

 
Association of BMI with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: S D Mamata , D H Kanyakumari , Kataraki Timmareddy
Published: October 2020

An increase in body fat is generally associated with increased risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. However, not all overweight or obese patients have metabolic diseases, and vice versa. While these concepts may be well-accepted, and assumed to be readily accessible in the literature, the authors are unaware of any single report presenting comprehensive data regarding the relationship between BMI and metabolic diseases like diabetes.

90 diabetic patients of both sex were taken for study. Three groups with different duration of diabetes were made.

Anthropometric measurements were taken and glycemic control was measured in these patients.

Proper statistical method was applied. There was a no association btw BMI and glycemic control in diabetic patients, which emphasizes the role of lifestyle modification in these patients.
A cadaveric study of morphology and morphometry of petrous and cavernous parts of the internal carotid artery
Authors: Mathew Deena Sara , Lakshmi Gaddam Vijaya
Published: October 2020

Internal carotid artery (ICA) is a major source of blood supply to the brain. Awareness of the petrous and cavernous parts of ICA is significant for radiological diagnosis and surgical interventions on skull base. Though several angiographic studies and few endoscopic skull base studies have been done on the artery, there are very few cadaveric dissection studies available in the literature on both the parts.

To study the morphology and morphometry of the petrous and cavernous parts of the ICA.

The study was conducted on fifty, formalin fixed head and neck specimens in the department of Anatomy, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India. The petrous and cavernous parts of the ICA were dissected. The appearance of their curvatures were studied, and any deviations from the normal were noted down. Their length and diameter were measured in cms, and analyzed using mean, standard deviation and ‘t’ test.

No abnormal curvatures were noted in the petrous part, but redundant curvature was observed in the cavernous part in 30%, and was more frequent on the right side. Aneurysms were noted in 4% and 10% of the petrous and cavernous parts respectively. The mean length and diameter of the petrous part were ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­3.8 ± 0.39 cm and 0.49 ± 0.24 cm respectively, and those of the cavernous part were 3.59 ± 0.46cm and 0.48 ± 0.1cm respectively.

: Petrous part of ICA is fairly constant in appearance, whereas redundant curvature can affect the cavernous part (30%), and was more frequent on the right side. Aneurysms were less common, but observed in both the parts. There is no significant difference between the length and diameter of both the parts, which measured approximately 3.5 – 4 cm and 0.5 cm respectively.
A comparative morphological study of human hyoid bone in Malwa Region of Central India
Authors: Chouhan Vijay , Parmar Narayan , Jain Ravi , Chaturvedi Manish
Published: October 2020

There are many tools and a technique for identification of sex in unknown human skeletons one of them is morph metric study of the human hyoid bone is a useful tool. Work for hyoid bone with respect weight and different measurement of identification of sex. In our study 32 male and 18 female bones of age group range 15 to 60 years were received from the human deceased body during post-mortem. In greater part dimension there is a obvious dissimilarity between male & female hyoid bone. The Mean, Range, SD & all parameter of the hyoid bone were calculated by the typical technique.

The material include 50 specimens of hyoid bones received from deceased human body during dissection, museum at Index medical college institute and research centre at Indore and autopsy at M.G.M Medical College, Indore from 2013-2016. Out of 200 medico legal cases in the age range from 15 years to 60 years, measurements carried out with the help of vernier caliper & electronic weighing machine.

The consequences of these boundary female qualities are not exactly the in male. The mean vertical length between center of the foremost surface of the body & cross over line drawn between the tubercles of more cornua in the midline in males is 36.812±3.16 mm & in females is 32.31 ± 2.44 mm, the distinction being significant (p value < 0.001).

The investigations of the male human hyoid bone for the principal of the estimations were more when contrasted with the estimations of female human hyoid bones. In a large portion of the boundaries there was a clear differentiation between the estimations of both male female. For recognition of sex in these bones, single figuring may not be adequate to choose the sex of the bones and it gets required to see all the estimation before choosing the sex of a unidentified hyoid bone.
Computer-Integrated Device for Acidity Measurement Monitoring in Greenhouse Conditions with Compensation of Destabilizing Factors
Authors: Laktionov Ivan S. , Vovna Oleksandr V. , Kabanets Maryna M. , Getman Iryna A. , Zolotarova Oksana V.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the article is to improve procedures of computerized monitoring and control of technological processes of growing greenhouse crops by substantiating methods of improving the accuracy of computer-integrated devices for measuring irrigation solution acidity. The article solves the topical scientific and applied problem of determining the conversion characteristics of computerized acidity monitoring systems with integral and differential assessment of their metrological parameters. Theoretical and experimental studies were obtained based on structural-algorithmic synthesis methods for information-measuring systems; methods of mathematical planning of experiments; regression analysis of experimental data and the concept of uncertainty. The computerized acidity meter was implemented on the basis of an ion-selective pH electrode, Arduino microprocessor platform, and ThingSpeak cloud computing service. The relative total boundary uncertainty of acidity measurement is not more than ±1.1 %. Methods of compensating of the random component of uncertainty based on the median filtering algorithm and additional uncertainty from the destabilizing effect of temperature were introduced when implementing the measuring device. Promising areas of priority research to improve the efficiency of the developed computerized acidity meter were justified. The developed device can be used in the complex automation of greenhouse cultivation processes. The developed and implemented measuring tool can be used when planning agricultural operations in greenhouse conditions.
Field Measurement of the Motorcycle's Key Dimensions Using Simple Method and in-House Fabricated Instrument
Authors: Arunachalam Muthiah , Mondal Chirapriya , Karmakar Sougata
Published: October 2020

Out of many plausible causative factors for the spike in accidents, lack of riding skills is reported to be a significant reason for motorcycle mishaps. The riding skills can be improved through better availability of training facilities (simulator). Non-availability of the dimensional database (of different types of motorcycles), which are essential for simulator design, makes it difficult for the designers/ engineers to build the commercially available cheaper motorcycle-simulators. Moreover, the available measuring techniques and devices are costly and unable to satisfy motorcycle measurement's diverse requirements. Thus, the present research aimed to prepare the dimensional database of motorcycles using an in-house fabricated measuring instrument. Following the adaptive design method, the alpha prototype of a laser-pointer-based measuring instrument was developed. The calibrated device was used for measuring the dimensions associated with the handlebar, seat, and footrest of the 23 different motorcycles under study. Detailed (linear, angular, and circumferential) dimensions of the handlebar, seat, and footrest were measured using sliding calipers and protractors. Generated dimensional databases of 18 critical dimensions from the handlebar, seat, and footrest of the 23 different standard-motorcycles would be useful for deciding the motorcycle simulator's dimensions.
Graph-Theory Based Optimal PMU Allocation Considering ZIB Effects
Authors: Ghosh Pronob K. , Chatterjee Soumesh , Tahabilder Anik
Published: October 2020

Continuous monitoring is the prerequisite for secure operation and efficient control of power system. This paper presents a new and straightforward approach to monitor the system efficiently. Optimal PMU placement (OPP) deals with the complete system observability with a minimum number of PMU. The Modified Graph theoretic configuration has been presented here to select some strategic locations for PMU installation. Initially, a new technique has been used here to form spanning tree from its system graph. Some standard bus systems i.e. IEEE 7-bus, IEEE 14-bus, and 30-bus have been used to test the effectiveness of the applied approach. The proposed approach has been carried out for normal operating conditions (NOC) as well as considering Zero Injection Bus (ZIB) effects. The simulation result of this efficient and state forward approach has been compared with some other established approaches.
Opportunities for education in a changing climate: Themes from key informant interviews
Authors: Bolstad Rachel
Published: October 2020

How can education in Aotearoa New Zealand respond to climate change? This report, part of our wider education and climate change project, outlines findings from 17 in-depth interviews with individuals with a range of viewpoints about climate change and the role of education. Five priority perspectives are covered: youth (aged 16–25); educators; Māori; Pacific New Zealanders; and people with an academic, education system, or policy perspective. Key findings are: Education offers an important opportunity for diverse children and young people to engage in positive, solutions-focused climate learning and action. Interviewees shared local examples of effective climate change educational practice, but said it was often down to individual teachers, students, and schools choosing to make it a focus. Most interviewees said that climate change needs to be a more visible priority across the education system. The perspectives and examples shared suggest there is scope for growth and development in the way that schools and the wider education system in Aotearoa New Zealand respond to climate change. Interviewees’ experiences suggest that localised innovation and change is possible, particularly when young people and communities are informed about the causes and consequences of climate change, and are engaged with what they can do to make a difference. However, effective responses to climate change are affected by wider systems, societal and political structures, norms, and mindsets. Interviewee recommendations for schools, kura, and other learning settings include: Supporting diverse children and young people to develop their ideas and visions for a sustainable future, and to identify actions they can take to realise that future. Involving children and young people in collective and local approaches, and community-wide responses to climate change. Scaffolding learners to ensure that they were building key knowledge, as well as developing ethical thinking, systems thinking, and critical thinking. Focusing on new career opportunities and pathways in an economic transition to a low-carbon, changed climate future. Getting children and young people engaged and excited about what they can do, rather than disengaged, depressed, or feeling like they have no control of their future.
The Relationship between Parks and Protected Areas and Gateway Communities in the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lackey N. Qwynne , Bricker Kelly
Published: October 2020

Individuals engaged in protected area (PPA) management are increasingly interested in the relationships between PPAs and nearby communities. Research suggests that these communities, or gateway communities, share a variety of socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural ties with PPAs. However, these relationships can vary substantially based on contextual factors, including geographic location and national development. Additionally, the absence of a comprehensive literature synthesis on this topic hinders the ability to make meaningful recommendations for policy, practice, and future research. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to: (a) review the existing primary, peer-reviewed research on the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural relationships between gateway communities and PPAs in the United States and Canada; (b) identify thematic patterns within the reported research; and (c) discuss the resulting implications for scholars and practitioners. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol and yielded 37 peerreviewed research articles that examined at least one relationship between PPAs and gateway communities in the United States and Canada. The majority of studies (n = 21, 57%) were performed in and around national parks, and approximately half employed qualitative methods (n = 18, 49%). Thematic analysis of research topics resulted in 14 themes in five categories, including public participation and collaboration, resident perceptions, community dynamics, policy impacts, and the impacts of PPA establishment. Relationships examined were organized into socioeconomic, environmental, and sociocultural categories. While a few articles examined relationships that fit neatly into one category, most examined relationships in more than one category (n = 30, 81%). Collectively, these studies highlight a range of relationships between PPAs and gateway communities. This synthesis illustrates that even within the same geographic region, relationships may differ. Therefore, the same policies and management actions may not yield the same results in every PPA-gateway community context. This review also reveals patterns, such as the positive effect of public participation and collaborative management on PPA-gateway community relationships and barriers associated with traditional and science-based public engagement strategies. Additionally, this review highlights the potential for theory-based and interdisciplinary research to expand the body of knowledge on this critical topic.
КРЕДИТНЫЕ ГАРАНТИИ ДЛЯ МАЛЫХ И СРЕДНИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ: ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ ОПЫТ
Authors: Пиньковецкая Юлия Семеновна
Published: October 2020

Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что малое и среднее предпринимательство играет важную роль в национальных экономиках абсолютного большинства развитых и развивающихся стран. Вместе с тем одним из существенных барьеров на пути его дальнейшего роста является слабое кредитование банками предпринимательского сектора. Одним из главных направлений преодоления сложившейся ситуации является разработка и реализация программ гарантирования кредитов. Цель: изучение опыта кредитования малых и средних предприятий с использованием гарантийных фондов, анализ принципов и концепций создания систем кредитных гарантий. В процессе работы были рассмотрены проблемы выдачи банковских кредитов малому и среднему бизнесу, изучен международный опыт реализации программ гарантийного кредитования, рассмотрены сложившиеся схемы организации этой деятельности. Методология основывается на анализе деятельности национальных, региональных и отраслевых гарантийных фондов, а также финансово-кредитных организаций, специализирующихся на выдаче гарантий для малых и средних предприятий. При этом основное внимание уделяется государственным гарантиям кредитования таких предприятий. Рассматривается опыт деятельности систем кредитных гарантий в Европе, Северной и Латинской Америке, Азии и Африке. Результаты показали, что программы гарантирования кредитов играют большую роль в снижении ограничений на банковское финансирование для малых и средних предприятий. В статье приведены основные принципы и концепции реализации гарантийных программ, осуществляемых с государственным участием. Показано, что кредитные гарантии являются одним из инструментов, широко используемых при поддержке предпринимательского сектора экономики. При этом наиболее целесообразным является выдача гарантий, обеспечивающих частичный объем кредитования, когда заемщики также несут определенную ответственность по возврату полученных средств. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в деятельности гарантийных организаций, финансово-кредитных учреждений, органов государственной власти. Итоги анализа представляют интерес для руководителей и работников малых и средних предприятий.
Hermitte, M. Esther. Poder sobrenatural y control social en un pueblo maya contemporáneo. Ediciones especiales: 57. Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. México, 1970
Authors: Guerrero Francisco Javier
Published: October 2020

Los grupos indígenas del estado de Chiapas, en especial los que se encuentran en la región de los Altos, han constituido una de las mas socorridas materias de estudio por parte de numerosos equipos de antropólogos y otros especialistas en ciencias sociales, la mayoría, por supuesto, norteamericanos (uno de los más graves problemas del subdesarrollo económico, político y social es su incapacidad para generar una sólida y permanente estructura académica y científica que sirva de base para la formación de contingentes calificados de técnicos y científicos que puedan abordar con incisión y profundidad los problemas nacidos de tal subdesarrollo; ese es el caso de México).
Notas preliminares sobre el proyecto: Arqueología de las tierras bajas noroccidentales del área maya
Authors: Ochoa Lorenzo
Published: October 2020

El proyecto del estudio arqueológico de las Tierras Bajas Noroccidentales nació por consejo del profesor Carlos Navarrete; él nos insistió y convenció del vacío existente de estudios arqueológicos en esa región, y de la necesidad que había de llenar el mismo. En un principia se pretendió estudiar un área muy extensa, cuya relimitación se había hecho tomando en consideración una unidad geográfico-cultural denominada "Tierras Bajas Noroccidentales" (Culbert, 1973; Fig. 1) Sin embargo, tan pronto como se entro en contacto con el terreno en un reconocimiento preliminar, nos vimos obligados a reducir el área en cuestión a causa de la falta de recursos humanos, principalmente; si bien tratamos, al hacer la reducción, de obtener una área de estudio que, por lo menos, presentara una cierta unidad ecológica. El resultado fue el haber delimitado un área que coincidió con lo que hemos denominado "área de ríos y lagunas", la cual fue localizada con base en fotografías aéreas y cartas geográficas que sobre esa parte existen y que, por otro lado, no afectaban nuestros planteamientos en cuanto a los objetivos originales del proyecto: buscar, por un lado, una explicación sobre el desarrollo y los procesos culturales y, por otro, plantear un ensayo socioeconómico del área durante la época prehispánica, tomando como base el estudio de los materiales arqueológicos, el patrón de asentamiento, las diferencias entre las casas habitación, los centros ceremoniales, las posibles rutas de comercio, la localización de fuentes de abastecimientos y la búsqueda de datos históricos y etnográficos, para intentar aplicar un modelo de analogía etnográfica.
Una figurilla olmeca en un entierro del horizonte Clásico
Authors: Gussinyer Jordi , Martínez Muriel Alejandro
Published: October 2020

William L. Rathje y Jeremy A. Sabloff (1973: 85-91), publicaron en el numero anterior de Estudios de Cultura Maya (Vol. IX), el hallazgo de un interesante jade Olmeca, como ofrenda de una tumba del final del Clásico (800 d.C.) en Cozumel. Durante las excavaciones de salvamento en el vaso de la presa La Angostura, Chiapas, encontramos un pendiente en piedra verde de estilo olmeca, como ofrenda de un entierro que probablemente se fecha al final del Periodo Clásico. Como vemos, ambas piezas fueron encontradas en condiciones muy semejantes: asociadas a entierros efectuados varios centenares de años después de la manufactura de las piezas, así como en regiones lejanas al área olmeca en la Costa del Golfo. Rathje y Sabloff interpretan su hallazgo en función de su significación comercial, tomando en cuenta las distancias tanto temporal como espacial, para apoyar sus datos sobre el comercio "Pan-Yucateco''. Creemos que este tipo de datos también tiene un significado religioso, ya que ambas piezas están asociadas a entierros de un cierto momento y en condiciones específicas. Por cierto, en Uaxactun también se encontró una pequeña escultura en jade de estilo olmeca, en un contexto del periodo Tzakol (Kidder, 1947: 47-48).
Notas sobre las relaciones prehispánicas entre El Salvador y la costa de Veracruz, México
Authors: Casasola Luis
Published: October 2020

Al analizar algunos aspectos de la arqueología salvadoreña, se ha visto que desde épocas muy antiguas aparecen objetos en El Salvador que señalan cierto tipo de relaciones con las culturas veracruzanas. Estas relaciones aparentemente se suceden hasta el Postclásico Tardío, y están íntimamente ligadas a través de la historia prehispánica con las migraciones de grupos conocidos en las fuentes históricas como pipiles. En este trabajo se señalarán ciertas ideas que apuntan a un posible origen del culto de Xipe Tótec en El Salvador, como introducido por grupos del sur y centro de Veracruz, o de tradición cultural de estas zonas, durante el Clásico Tardío. En este proceso se introducen otros rasgos y elementos de la misma tradición costeña. Durante el Posclásico, este culto se manifiesta como un producto probablemente de grupos inmigrantes, de origen o filiación cultural del Altiplano Central, que a! mismo tiempo presentan ciertas características que los relacionan con elementos culturales de las tierras bajas del centro-sur de Veracruz y Tabasco.
Notas sobre los datos históricos en las inscripciones de Quiriguá y Palenque
Authors: Shaw Thomas J.
Published: October 2020

En este artículo presento una interpretación de algunas inscripciones de Quiriguá, Guatemala y de Palenque, Chiapas, México. Las investigaciones que se han hecho sobre las inscripciones de Quiriguá se encuentran en Morley (1937-38), Thompson (1945 y 19ó2), Kelley (1962). Los estudios sobre las inscripciones de Palenque son tan numerosos que no podrían ser mencionados aquí, pero el trabajo de Heinrich Berlin es el más extenso. Sigo los principios establecidos por Thompson (1950) para la escritura jeroglífica y el calendario maya. Utilizo la numeración escrita de monumentos y de glifos presentados por Morley, el sistema de Thompson para transcribir glifos y la terminología empleada por Kelley para el material histórico de Quiriguá.
Nombres de días entre los mayas putunes
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S.
Published: October 2020

Se conocen listas de días del calendario religioso, extinto o todavía en uso, en varios grupos mayas, en especial entre los yucatecos, tzeltales, tzotziles, chuhes, jacaltecas, ixiles, pokomchíes, quichés, cakchiqueles y tzutuhiles (ver la presentación tabular, Thompson, 1950: 58). No ha subsistido una lista completa de los nombres de los veinte días de los maya putún o chontales de Tabasco y del sur de Campeche, pero las series pueden reconstruirse parcialmente partiendo de los nombres de días usados como apellidos por estos grupos y por los llamados lacandones de Dolores, de habla chol, en parte descendientes de los invasores putunes de la cuenca del río de La Pasión, y que se internaran más adentro de su territorio para escapar a la agresión española desde el Acalan oriental, como se discute más adelante. El material de los putunes del sur de Campeche, o sea de la antigua provincia de Acalan, a la cual denominaremos Acalan occidental para distinguirla de la Acalan oriental, al sur del río de La Pasión, proviene de la matricula de Tixchel de 1569 que, junto a materiales relacionados, es discutida con todo detalle en un brillante análisis de Scholes y Roys (1948, Apéndice C).
Notas sobre numerales y el plural en el quiché de Sajcabajá
Authors: Schumann Galvez Otto
Published: October 2020

Este trabajo fue elaborado gracias a la ayuda de la Misión Francesa en Guatemala (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), y forma parte de una serie de trabajos que he de escribir, sobre el quiche de San Andrés Sajcabajá. El material para estos fue recopilado durante mi estancia con la misión francesa en dicho lugar, en el roes de febrero de 1975. El quiché que se habla en Sajcabajá es un dialecto de dicha lengua, que presenta características propias, tanto de tipo fonológico, como léxico y sintáctico; los puntos que trato en este artículo son de interés por las razones siguientes: primero, que el sistema numeral del quiche casi siempre se presenta en su forma simplificada, dando solo los cardinales sin presentar el sistema clasificatorio y otras funciones de los numerales; segundo que la función de los plurales se encuentra planteada en este artículo en una forma simple, aunque no expositiva, sino funcional.
JAMES C. GIFFORD (1927 -1973)
Authors: Smith Robert Eliot
Published: October 2020

As an Archaeologist James C. Gifford has played a very distinctive role in the development of taxanomy and typology. He was one of the co-authors of the Type-Variety Concept as a method for analyzing pottery. He amplified this concept by establishing a publication, Ceramica de Cultura Maya, with a primary function of listing all of the new place and geographic names used in the archaeological nomenclature of the Maya territory and neighboring regions. He was also especially interested in the archaeology of Mesoamerica with particular reference to the Ancient Maya. His other major interests included : synthesis, prehistory as anthropology; the Prehistory of Pennsylvania, and the History of Archaeology.
Los reverenciales en las lenguas mayas
Authors: Schumann Gálvez Otto
Published: October 2020

Todos los materiales empleados en este estudio constituyen parte de la recopilación de datos lingüísticos que he hecho sobre diversas lenguas mayas. Cabe aclarar que cuando contrasto elementos de lenguas indígenas con la lengua española, me baso en la variante coloquial, hablada, de esta ultima, y no me refiero ni al estilo literario, ni tampoco al lenguaje impreso. De tal manera que empleo tu, vos, Ud. según el uso en Guatemala. Para hablar de los reverénciales en las lenguas mayas hay que tener antes una visión de los pronombres libres en estas lenguas y de la manera en que ellos aparecen en su estructura. Se puede decir que, de acuerdo con los pronombres libres en esta familia lingüística y por la forma en que estos se construyen, estas lenguas se pueden dividir en dos gran des grupos.
Investigaciones recientes sobre etnociencia en el área maya
Authors: Escalante Roberto
Published: October 2020

Al contemplar los últimos diez años, salta a la vista el avance en la comprensión de la etnociencia no solo en el área maya; podemos mencionar tres o cuatro tesis de maestría de la E.N.A.H. (Prestan, 1975; Ramírez 1975; Fragoso, 1978; Cuevas, 1979), los proyectos de medicina popular y psiquiatría transcultural y etnobotánica de varias instituciones I.N.A.H., U.N.A.M., I.P. N., IMEPLAN, Dirección General de Culturas Populares, U.N.A.M., Universidad Veracruzana, INN, ENAH, etc.); aunque entre algunos colegas todavía se le considera como "ciencia ficción" o como estudios subjetivos. Sin embargo, es triste ver lo poco que hacen los antropólogos mexicanos en este campo, y que todavía tenemos que recurrir a las investigaciones de EEUU. Si se considera el objetivo de la etnociencia como "la presentación de modelos mas o menos formales (algebraicos) de la estructura cognoscitiva de aspectos delimitados del comportamiento humano" (Day, 1973) podemos entender el énfasis científico de estos estudios y el desarrollo teórico-metodológico actual. Pero nunca se debe perder de vista que se intenta aprehender otra realidad psico1ógica, otra visión del mundo de la cual no pueden participar fácilmente el antropólogo, el biólogo o el medico, como en la etiología del susto (Collado, 1974) donde solamente se hace una traducción terminológica de la curación del espanto pero sin entender los postulados conceptuales y de orden ideológico que hacen satis£actoria esta curación.
La "enfermedad que muda de matices". Caracterización del mal del pinto en Chiapas, siglo XVIII
Authors: Aramoni Dolores , Humberto Ruz Mario
Published: October 2020

El 7 de septiembre de 1798, el obispo de Chiapa y Soconusco, doctor Fermín Joseph Fuero, preocupado por la extensión y gravedad que alcanzaba en su diócesis una enfermedad que, según sus propias palabras, "con suma impropiedad denominan allí tiña… pareciendo más bien una especie rara de lepra", y aprovechando el paso por Ciudad Real del famoso naturalista José Moziño, solicitó del virrey Miguel Joseph Azanza y del presidente de la Audiencia de Guatemala, Don José Domas y Valle, los permisos respectivos para poder detener al medico Moziño en su diócesis y crear un hospital provisional en las salas de su propia casa, buscando facilitar el estudio de algunos afectados y "entablar un método curativo en consecuencia… para que después se curen todos con arreglo a él".