bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Nicotine and Its Derivatives
Authors: Wagner Florence F. , Comins Daniel L.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Complex Indole Alkaloids from Cyanobacteria
Authors: Rueping Magnus
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Liquid—Crystalline Fullerodendrimers
Authors: Deschenaux Robert , Donnio Bertrand , Guillon Daniel
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dendritic Vectors for Gene Transfection
Authors: Guillot‐Nieckowski Marine , Eisler Sara , Diederich Francois
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dendrimers and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Langereis Sander , Dirksen Anouk , Hackeng Tilman M. , van Genderen Marcel H. P. , Meijer E. W.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dendrons on Insoluble Supports: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Kehat Tzofit , Goren Kerem , Portnoy Moshe
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Friedrich Asinger (1907—1999): A Mediator Between Basic and Applied Research
Authors: Keim Wilhelm , Offermanns Heribert
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Chemistry of Aldols
Authors: Nakano Keiji , Kitamura Masato
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Primary salivary gland‐type lung cancer
Authors: Molina Julian R. , Aubry Marie Christine , Lewis Jean E. , Wampfler Jason A. , Williams Brent A. , Midthun David E. , Yang Ping , Cassivi Stephen D.
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Primary salivary‐type lung cancers are rare tumors that include adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). The clinicopathologic profiles, symptoms on presentation, and long‐term outcomes of patients with ACC and MEC as an overall group have not been defined recently.

METHODS.

In this study, the authors analyzed clinical outcome data from 62 patients who presented with a diagnosis of primary salivary‐type lung cancer at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn) from 1972 to 2002.

RESULTS.

The median age at diagnosis for patients with MEC was 40 years (range, 6–78 years); and, for patients ACC, the median age at diagnosis was 54 years (range, 21–76 years). ACC was observed more frequently among women and girls. The main presenting symptom for both tumors was cough (70%), followed by dyspnea (51.7%), wheezing (38.3%), obstructive pneumonia (30%), hemoptysis (28.3%), and fever (16.7%). Tissues were available for review from all patients. Among the ACC tumors, 29 (74.4%) were cribriform, 7 (17.9%) were tubular, and 3 (7.7%) were the solid type. Most MEC tumors (65%) were intermediate grade (grade 2), and 30% were low grade (grade 1). Most salivary‐type lung cancers presented in the trachea, in the carina, or in a main stem bronchus (70.7%). This location was observed more often (82.5%) for ACC tumors compared with MEC tumors (44.4%). Involvement of the lymph nodes was observed in 20% of patients and was more common among the patients with ACC (30.8%). Distant metastases were observed in 30.4% of the patients (15 patients in the ACC group [40.5%] compared with only 2 patients in the MEC group [10.5%]; P = .03). For patients who underwent complete surgical resection, the 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival rates were 82%, 70%, and 63%, respectively. The survival rates for surgical MEC patients were 94% at 3 years and 87% at both 5 years and 10 years. For surgical ACC patients, the survival rates were 73%, 57%, and 45% at 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The survival rate for patients with ACC who did not undergo surgery was 74% at 3 years, 53% at 5 years, and 31% at 10 years. The difference in survival between surgical and nonsurgical patients was statistically significant (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS.

Patients with MEC and ACC frequently have a good long‐term prognosis but do not always have indolent diseases. Local recurrence is likely if complete surgical resection is not achieved. ACC has a higher likelihood than MEC to metastasize. Overall, patients with MEC survive better than patients with ACC. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Challenges in the recruitment of adolescents and young adults to cancer clinical trials
Authors: Burke Megan E. , Albritton Karen , Marina Neyssa
Published: October 2007

The adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology population has seen inferior progress in cancer survival compared with younger children and older adults over the past 25 years. Previously, AYAs had the best survival rates due to the prevalence of highly curable diseases including Hodgkin lymphoma and germ cell tumors, yet today AYAs have inferior survival rates to children and some adult cohorts. Survival rates are particularly poor for AYA‐specific diseases such as sarcomas. Research involving children and adults diagnosed with common malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia has resulted in improved survival rates. However, AYAs have not directly benefited from such research due to low rates of access to and accrual on clinical trials. AYAs are less likely to have insurance or access to healthcare, are more likely to see providers who are not part of research institutions, and are less likely to be referred to or to join clinical trials, all of which may contribute to worse outcomes. Few clinical trials target AYA‐specific diseases, leading to little information regarding how these diseases behave and what role the host plays. Tumor samples for this population are underrepresented in national tumor banks. Coupled with the need for more clinical trials that focus on AYA‐specific cancers, better collaboration between adult and pediatric cooperative groups as well as increased education among community oncologists and primary care providers will be needed to enhance participation in clinical trials with the goal to increase survival and improve quality of that survival. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Functional delay of myelination of auditory delay lines in the nucleus laminaris of the barn owl
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Min , Carr Catherine E.
Published: October 2007

In the barn owl, maps of interaural time difference (ITD) are created in the nucleus laminaris (NL) by interdigitating axons that act as delay lines. Adult delay line axons are myelinated, and this myelination is timely, coinciding with the attainment of adult head size, and stable ITD cues. The proximal portions of the axons become myelinated in late embryonic life, but the delay line portions of the axon in NL remain unmyelinated until the first postnatal week. Myelination of the delay lines peaks at the third week posthatch, and myelinating oligodendrocyte density approaches adult levels by one month, when the head reaches its adult width. Migration of oligodendrocyte progenitors into NL and the subsequent onset of myelination may be restricted by a glial barrier in late embryonic stages and the first posthatch week, since the loss of tenascin‐C immunoreactivity in NL is correlated with oligodendrocyte progenitor migration into NL. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Distribution of neurotrophin‐3 during the ontogeny and regeneration of the lizard (Gallotia galloti) visual system
Authors: Santos E. , Monzón‐Mayor M. , Romero‐Alemán M.M. , Yanes C.
Published: October 2007

We have previously described the spontaneous regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons after optic nerve (ON) transection in the adult Gallotia galloti. As neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) is involved in neuronal differentiation, survival and synaptic plasticity, we performed a comparative immunohistochemical study of NT‐3 during the ontogeny and regeneration (after 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postlesion) of the lizard visual system to reveal its distribution and changes during these events. For characterization of NT‐3+ cells, we performed double labelings using the neuronal markers HuC‐D, Pax6 and parvalbumin (Parv), the microglial marker tomato lectin or Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (LEA), and the astroglial markers vimentin (Vim) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Subpopulations of retinal and tectal neurons were NT‐3+ from early embryonic stages to adulthood. Nerve fibers within the retinal nerve fiber layer, both plexiform layers and the retinorecipient layers in the optic tectum (OT) were also stained. In addition, NT‐3+/GFAP+ and NT‐3+/Vim+ astrocytes were detected in the ON, chiasm and optic tract in postnatal and adult lizards. At 1 month postlesion, abundant NT‐3+/GFAP+ astrocytes and NT‐3−/LEA+ microglia/macrophages were stained in the lesioned ON, whereas NT‐3 became downregulated in the experimental retina and OT. Interestingly, at 9 and 12 months postlesion, the staining in the experimental retina resembled that in control animals, whereas bundles of putative regrown fibers showed a disorganized staining pattern in the OT. Altogether, we demonstrate that NT‐3 is widely distributed in the lizard visual system and its changes after ON transection might be permissive for the successful axonal regrowth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
TLR‐mediated stimulation of APC: Distinct cytokine responses of B cells and dendritic cells
Authors: Barr Tom A. , Brown Sheila , Ryan Gemma , Zhao Jiexin , Gray David
Published: October 2007

In addition to their role in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes are important antigen‐presenting cells (APC). In the same way as other APC, B cells make cytokines upon activation and have the potential to modulate T cell responses. In this study, we investigated which mouse B cell subsets are the most potent cytokine producers, and examined the role of Toll‐like receptors (TLR) in the control of secretion of IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12 and IFN‐γ by B cells. Production of some cytokines was restricted to particular subsets. Marginal zone and B1 cells were the predominant source of B cell IL‐10 in the spleen. Conversely, follicular B cells were found to express IFN‐γ mRNA directly ex vivo. The nature of the activating stimulus dramatically influenced the cytokine made by B cells. Thus, in response to combined TLR stimulation, or via phorbol esters, IFN‐γ was secreted. IL‐10 was elicited by T‐dependent activation or stimulation through TLR2, 4 or 9. This pattern of cytokine expression contrasts with that elicited from dendritic cells. QRT‐PCR array data indicate that this may be due to differential expression of TLR signalling molecules, effectors and adaptors. Our data highlight the potentially unique nature of immune modulation when B cells act as APC.
Both CD133+ and CD133– medulloblastoma cell lines express ligands for triggering NK receptors and are susceptible to NK‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Castriconi Roberta , Dondero Alessandra , Negri Francesca , Bellora Francesca , Nozza Paolo , Carnemolla Barbara , Raso Alessandro , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro , Bottino Cristina
Published: October 2007

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy has been proposed as an additional treatment of medulloblastoma, an intracranial tumor characterized by a particularly poor prognosis. However, little is known on the ability of the immune system to effectively attack this tumor. In this study, we show that activated human NK cells efficiently kill medulloblastoma cell lines in vitro. NK‐mediated killing involved different activating receptors (including NKp46, NKp30, DNAM‐1 and NKG2D) and correlated with the presence of their specific ligands on tumor cells. In contrast, the absence of major adhesion interactions, such as LFA‐1/ICAM did not impair the NK‐mediated cytotoxicity. Medulloblastoma expressed a number of tumor‐associated molecules including CD146 and CD133, considered a marker for cancer stem cells. Remarkably, both CD133‐positive and CD133‐negative cell lines were susceptible to lysis. Tumor cells also expressed molecules that are currently used as diagnostic tools for neuroblastoma cell identification. In particular, B7 homolog 3 (B7‐H3) was expressed by all the medulloblastoma cell lines analyzed, while the presence of GD2 and NB84 was restricted to given cell lines and/or marked a defined tumor cell subset.
IL‐21 regulates experimental colitis by modulating the balance between Treg and Th17 cells
Authors: Fantini Massimo C. , Rizzo Agelamaria , Fina Daniele , Caruso Roberta , Becker Christoph , Neurath Markus F. , MacDonald Thomas T. , Pallone Francesco , Monteleone Giovanni
Published: October 2007

Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in the maintenance of the immune system homeostasis. Treg cells can be generated in the periphery under control of TGF‐β, a cytokine involved in the negative control of the immune system. However, TGF‐β cooperates with IL‐6 in the generation of Th17 cells, a novel class of effector cells involved in numerous inflammatory diseases, including colitis. Therefore, TGF‐β emerges as a mediator of both anti‐inflammatory and pro‐inflammatory processes, depending on the local cytokine milieu. Here we demonstrate that IL‐21, a type‐1 cytokine produced by T cells and involved in the pathogenesis of immune‐mediated diseases, prevents the TGF‐β‐dependent expression of FoxP3, the master regulator of Treg cell commitment, and the induction of suppressive capacity in naive CD4+ T cells, while promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells. In vivo, CD4+ naive T cells activated in the presence of TGF‐β and IL‐21 failed to suppress colitis while inducing an inflammatory response characterized by high levels of IL‐17 and RORγt, the transcription factor expressed by Th17 cells. Therefore, IL‐21 emerges as a key modulator of TGF‐β signaling, leading to the reciprocal differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells.
In Situ Amperometric Characterization of Liposome Suspensions with Concomitant Oxygen Reduction
Authors: DeNardis Nadica Ivošević , Žutić Vera , Svetličić Vesna , Frkanec Ruža , Tomašić Jelka
Published: October 2007

Amperometry of oxygen reduction at the dropping mercury electrode (DME) was applied for in situ characterization of liposome suspensions in terms of concentration, level of polydispersity and potential range of adhesion. Liposomes prepared from egg‐phosphatidylchloline/cholesterol/dicetylphosphate in the molar ratio of 7 : 5 : 1 were suspended in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Adhesion signals of single liposomes in air‐saturated suspensions were detected in the broad potential range (from −100 to −1200 mV vs. 0.1 M Ag/AgCl reference electrode) as transient enhacements of oxygen reduction. Measured concentration range in air‐saturated suspensions was 106–108 liposomes/L.
Preparation and Characterization of Mixed‐Valent Nickel Oxide/Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Hybrid Films and Their Electrocatalytic Properties
Authors: Chen Shen‐Ming , Liou Ching‐Yeoung , Thangamuthu R.
Published: October 2007

Polynuclear mixed‐valent nickel oxide and nickel hexacyanoferrate hybrid film was prepared on glassy carbon electrode by multiple scan cyclic voltammetry. The film growth was monitored using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The cyclic voltammogram of the nickel hexacyanoferrate film is characterized by single redox couple whereas nickel oxide/nickel hexacyanoferrate hybrid film exhibits two redox couples. Cyclic voltammetric features suggest that the charge transfer process in both films resembles that of surface‐confined redox species. In stronger basic solution (pH ≥9), nickel hexacyanoferrate film was gradually converted into nickel oxide film during potentiodynamic cycling. The peak potential of nickel oxide redox couple moved into more negative side with increasing pH of contacting solution whereas the peak potential of nickel hexacyanoferrate redox couple remains the same. Electrocatalytic behavior of hybrid film coated electrodes toward ascorbic acid, hydrazine and hydroxylamine was investigated using cyclic voltammetry technique. Analytical application of nickel oxide/nickel hexacyanoferrate hybrid film electrode was tested in amperometry and flow injection analysis.
Electrochemical DNA Biosensors Based on Palladium Nanoparticles Combined with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Chang Zhu , Fan Hao , Zhao Kun , Chen Miao , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi
Published: October 2007

Palladium nanoparticles, in combination with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were used to fabricate a sensitivity‐enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor. MWCNTs and palladium nanoparticles were dispersed in Nafion, which were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Oligonucleotides with amino groups at the 5′ end were covalently linked onto carboxylic groups of MWCNTs on the electrode. The hybridization events were monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurement using methylene blue (MB) as an indicator. Due to the ability of carbon nanotubes to promote electron‐transfer and the high catalytic activities of palladium nanoparticles for electrochemical reaction of MB, the sensitivity of presented electrochemical DNA biosensors was remarkably improved. The detection limit of the method for target DNA was 1.2×10−13 M.
Voltammetric Analysis of Trace Levels of Platinum Group Metals – Principles and Applications
Authors: Locatelli Clinio
Published: October 2007

The compelling use of autocatalytic converters, containing platinum group metals (PGMs), has been the cause, in the environmental and biological matrices, of an increasing concentration of such metals. For this reason, in the last decade, the literature has reported several papers regarding analytical procedures for the determination of Pt(II), Pd(II) and Rh(III) in real samples, generally employing spectroscopic methods. The present review intends to highlight the contribution of the voltammetric techniques for the determination of these metals, including also those less investigated, i.e. Iridium, Osmium and Ruthenium.
Molecular identification of COL6A3‐CSF1 fusion transcripts in tenosynovial giant cell tumors
Authors: Möller Emely , Mandahl Nils , Mertens Fredrik , Panagopoulos Ioannis
Published: October 2007

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs) are benign lesions of the tendon sheaths that primarily affect the fingers, ankles, or feet. Cytogenetic data have shown that 1p13 is most frequently involved in structural aberrations and that 2q37 is its most common translocation partner. The genes involved in the translocation t(1;2)(p13;q37) were recently identified: the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 (CSF1 or M‐CSF1) at 1p13 and the collagen type VI alpha‐3 (COL6A3) at 2q37. Based upon the suggestion that a fusion of these genes through the translocation would result in overexpression of CSF1 due to a strong COL6A3 promoter, we performed RT‐PCR on six TGCT cases with t(1;2) to search for a putative COL6A3‐CSF1 fusion gene. Such fusion transcripts were detected in three cases of which one was an in‐frame fusion. In all cases, however, the breakpoints in CSF1 appeared downstream of exon 5, indicating that the amino‐terminal part of CSF1, which interacts with its receptor CSF1R, is not encoded by the the chimeric transcripts we identified. The pathogenetic mechanism of these chimeric transcripts is therefore unclear. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of aromatherapy to treat behavioural problems in dementia
Authors: Nguyen Quynh‐anh , Paton Carol
Published: October 2007

Objective

Behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) are common and distressing to both patients and carers. The use of antipsychotics to treat BPSD is associated with a high burden of side‐effects and alternative strategies are required. Aromatherapy is an option that has been recommended for use in dementia. We aimed to review the evidence supporting the use of aromatherapy in BPSD.

Methods

We searched Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE for randomised controlled trials of aromatherapy in patients with dementia.

Results

Eleven prospective randomised studies of aromatherapy in BPSD were identified. The aromatherapy oils tested, method of administration and outcome measures used varied widely across the studies. Most of the studies included very small numbers of patients and were designed in such a way that made interpretation of the findings difficult.

Conclusion

Data supporting the efficacy of aromatherapy are scarce; available studies reported positive and negative consequences for both people with dementia and their carers. The side‐effect profile of commonly used oils is virtually unexplored. Although a potentially useful treatment for BPSD, the expectations of clinicians and patients with respect to the efficacy and tolerability of conventional medicines should equally apply to aromatherapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing risk associated with elderly liver donors by matching to preferred recipients
Authors: Segev Dorry L. , Maley Warren R. , Simpkins Christopher E. , Locke Jayme E. , Nguyen Geoffrey C. , Montgomery Robert A. , Thuluvath Paul J.
Published: October 2007

Elderly liver donors (ELDs) represent a possible expansion of the donor pool, although there is great reluctance to use ELDs because of reports that increasing donor age predicts graft loss and patient death. The goal of this study was to identify a subgroup of recipients who would be least affected by increased donor age and thus best suited to receive grafts from ELDs. A national registry of deceased donor liver transplants from 2002–2005 was analyzed. ELDs aged 70–92 (n = 1043) were compared with average liver donors (ALDs) aged 18–69 (n = 15,878) and ideal liver donors (ILDs) aged 18–39 (n = 6842). Recipient factors that modified the effect of donor age on outcomes were identified via interaction term analysis. Outcomes in recipient subgroups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Recipients preferred for ELD transplants were determined to be first-time recipients over the age of 45 with body mass index <35, non–status 1 registration, cold ischemic time <8 hours, and either hepatocellular carcinoma or an indication for transplantation other than hepatitis C. In preferred recipients, there were no differences in outcomes when ELD livers were used (3-year graft survival: ELD 75%, ALD 75%, ILD 77%,

P

> 0.1; 3-year patient survival: ELD 81%, ALD 80%, ILD 81%,

P

> 0.1). In contrast, there were significantly worse outcomes when ELD livers were used in nonpreferred recipients (3-year graft survival: ELD 50%, ALD 71%, ILD 75%,

P

< 0.001; 3-year patient survival: ELD 64%, ALD 77%, ILD 80%,

P

< 0.001).

Conclusion:

The risks of ELDs can be substantially minimized by appropriate recipient selection. (Hepatology 2007.)
Linking runoff response to burn severity after a wildfire
Authors: Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A. , Haire Sandra L. , Kinner David A.
Published: October 2007

Extreme floods often follow wildfire in mountainous watersheds. However, a quantitative relation between the runoff response and burn severity at the watershed scale has not been established. Runoff response was measured as the runoff coefficient C, which is equal to the peak discharge per unit drainage area divided by the average maximum 30 min rainfall intensity during each rain storm. The magnitude of the burn severity was expressed as the change in the normalized burn ratio. A new burn severity variable, hydraulic functional connectivity Φ was developed and incorporates both the magnitude of the burn severity and the spatial sequence of the burn severity along hillslope flow paths. The runoff response and the burn severity were measured in seven subwatersheds (0·24 to 0·85 km2) in the upper part of Rendija Canyon burned by the 2000 Cerro Grande Fire near Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.

A rainfall–discharge relation was determined for four of the subwatersheds with nearly the same burn severity. The peak discharge per unit drainage area $Q_{\rm u}^{\rm peak}$ was a linear function of the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity I30. This function predicted a rainfall intensity threshold of 8·5 mm h−1 below which no runoff was generated. The runoff coefficient $C = Q_{\rm u}^{\rm peak}/I_{30}$ was a linear function of the mean hydraulic functional connectivity of the subwatersheds. Moreover, the variability of the mean hydraulic functional connectivity was related to the variability of the mean runoff coefficient, and this relation provides physical insight into why the runoff response from the same subwatershed can vary for different rainstorms with the same rainfall intensity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological time‐series modelling using an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system
Authors: Firat Mahmut , Güngör Mahmud
Published: October 2007

Accurate forecasting of hydrological time‐series is a quite important issue for a wise and sustainable use of water resources. In this study, an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach is used to construct a time‐series forecasting system. In particular, the applicability of an ANFIS to the forecasting of the time‐series is investigated. To illustrate the applicability and capability of an ANFIS, the River Great Menderes, located in western Turkey, is chosen as a case study area. The advantage of this method is that it uses the input–output data sets. A total of 5844 daily data sets collected from 1985 to 2000 are used for the time‐series forecasting. Models having various input structures were constructed and the best structure was investigated. In addition, four various training/testing data sets were built by cross‐validation methods and the best data set was obtained. The performance of the ANFIS models in training and testing sets was compared with observations and also evaluated. In order to get an accurate and reliable comparison, the best‐fit model structure was also trained and tested by artificial neural networks and traditional time‐series analysis techniques and the results compared. The results indicate that the ANFIS can be applied successfully and provide high accuracy and reliability for time‐series modelling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved organic carbon export from a cutover and restored peatland
Authors: Waddington J. M. , Tóth K. , Bourbonniere R.
Published: October 2007

High demand for horticultural peat has increased peatland drainage and peat extraction in Canada. The hydrology and carbon cycling of these cutover peatlands is greatly altered, necessitating active restoration efforts to permit the regeneration of Sphagnum mosses and the re‐establishment of natural peatland function. The effect of peatland extraction and restoration on the export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was examined for three successive seasons (May to October, 1999 to 2001) at two different sites (cutover and restored) in eastern Québec. A shift towards higher DOC concentrations was observed following peatland extraction (maximum: 182·6 mg L−1) and concentrations remained high post‐restoration (maximum: 191·0 mg L−1). The cutover site exported more DOC than the restored site in all three study seasons. The highest exports occurred during the wettest year (1999), with cutover and restored site export of 10·3 and 4·8 g m−2, respectively. In 2000, 8·5 g C m−2 was released from the cutover site, while the restored site released less than half that amount (3·4 g C m−2). In 2001, the restored site released about the same amount of DOC as in the previous year (3·5 g C m−2), while the cutover site load dropped to 6·2 g C m−2. Both sites were net exporters of DOC in all years. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of burning and sheep grazing on soil water composition in a blanket bog: evidence for soil structural changes?
Authors: Worrall F. , Adamson J. K.
Published: October 2007

This study considers the impact of managed rotational burning of vegetation and sheep grazing upon the composition of soil waters within an upland peat soil. The study has considered soil water compositions from a complete factorial design of treatment plots where three different burning treatments were considered in replication with grazing and no grazing. All plots were sampled across a complete year with three dipwells in each plot. The study included aluminium (Al), iron, calcium, sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium, sulphate, chloride (Cl−), bromide, fluoride, phosphate (PO$_{4}^{3-}$)and nitrate; and in order to clarify the nature of the results, the pH, conductivity and dissolved organic carbon were also considered, but the major results for these are reported elsewhere. The study finds: (1) Ca, Na, Mg and PO$_{4}^{3-}$concentrations are significantly lower on all burnt plots, with only Al concentration being significantly higher on burnt plots. (2) Only Cl−showed any significant changes (a decrease) with the presence of sheep grazing, and then only when plots were also burnt. (3) A principal component analysis shows that the composition of most soil waters can be described by rainwater and soil water components, but in unburnt plots a base‐rich, high ionic strength water is sometimes present.

The study suggests that burning, but not grazing, caused significant changes in soil water composition leading to increased interaction between incoming rainwaters and the peat soil but led to loss of interaction with deeper waters. However, no evidence was found for structural change in the soils even after long term (50 years) grazing and burning management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nm23‐H1 expression of metastatic tumors in the lymph nodes is a prognostic indicator of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fen , Chen Jeou‐Yuan , Chang Shyue‐Yih , Chiu Jen‐Hwey , Li Wing‐Yin , Chu Pen‐Yuan , Tai Shyh‐Kuan , Wang Liang‐Shun
Published: October 2007

We recently reported that low Nm23‐H1 expression of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was correlated with the occurrence of lymphatic metastasis. However, little is known about whether Nm23‐H1 level of metastatic tumors in the cervical lymph nodes is reduced in comparison with primary oral cancers and its significance for patients' prognosis. By immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the Nm23‐H1 expression in 52 pairs of OSCC specimens from primary oral cancers and their metastatic lymph nodes. Western blot analysis further confirmed the immunohistochemical interpretation. To verify the effects of Nm23‐H1 on cell migration and invasion, we established several stable clones derived from a human OSCC cell line (SAS) by knockdown and overexpression. Wound‐healing closure, transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to determine cell motility, migratory and invasive activities. Western blot analysis was carried out to evaluate cyclin A expression of OSCC cells with the altered Nm23‐H1 levels following knockdown and overexpression. By immunohistochemistry, Nm23‐H1 expression of metastatic lymph nodes was significantly lower than that of their primary oral cancers, supporting a role of Nm23‐H1 in metastasis suppression. Negative Nm23‐H1 interpretation of OSCC specimens, in either primary oral cancers or metastatic lymph nodes, indicated a poor survival outcome of patients. On the basis of in vitro studies of Nm23‐H1 knockdown and overexpression, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between Nm23‐H1 expression and the invasiveness of OSCC cells. Moreover, we observed the concomitant reduction in Nm23‐H1 and cyclin A levels of metastatic tumors in both results of in vitro OSCC cells and ex vivo tumor specimens. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of E‐prostanoid receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Breinig Marco , Rieker Ralf , Eiteneuer Eva , Wertenbruch Tina , Haugg Anke Maria , Helmke Burkhard Maria , Schirmacher Peter , Kern Michael André
Published: October 2007

Recent studies have shown that inhibition of cyclooxygenases (e.g.COX‐2) exerts antitumorigenic effects on hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which are to a significant extent due to the abrogation of PGE2synthesis. PGE2acts via differentially regulated prostaglandin receptors (EP1–4). Our study was designed to investigate the expression pattern of EP‐receptors in HCCs and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective EP‐receptor antagonists. Using tissue microarrays including a total of 14 control livers, 17 liver cirrhoses, 22 premalignant dysplastic nodules (DNs) and 162 HCCs with different histological grades, the expression of COX‐2, mPGES‐1 and ‐2 and EP1–4‐receptors was analyzed. Western immunoblot analyses were performed to confirm the expression in HCC cell lines. The effects of EP1–4‐receptor antagonism on cell viability and apoptosis were investigated using MTT‐assays and FACS‐analyses, respectively. COX‐2, mPGES‐1 and ‐2 and EP1–4‐receptors were expressed in all HCC tissues. COX‐2 expression was highest in DNs and declined with loss of HCC‐differentiation. With respect to COX‐2 expression, a converse expression of EP1–3‐receptors and mPGES‐1 and ‐2 was found in DNs compared to HCCs. Selectively antagonizing EP1‐ and EP3‐receptors reduced the viability of HCC cells in a dose‐dependent manner, which was associated with apoptosis induction. Our results suggest a differential regulation of EP‐receptor subtype expression with dedifferentiation of HCCs in which a converse expression pattern for COX‐2 in comparison to EP1–3‐receptors occurs. Of clinical interest, selectively antagonizing EP1‐ and EP3‐receptors may provide a novel systemic therapeutic approach to the treatment of HCCs. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colon carcinogenesis in liver‐specific IGF‐I‐deficient (LID) mice
Authors: Ealey Kafi N. , Xuan Wanli , Lu Suying , Archer Michael C.
Published: October 2007

Circulating insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. It is not clear, however, whether IGF‐1 plays a direct causative role in colon carcinogenesis or whether it mediates the known promoting effects of insulin. The objective of this study was to determine the role of IGF‐1 in colon carcinogenesis using liver‐specific IGF‐I deficient (LID) mice that exhibit 70% reductions in circulating IGF‐I. Female and male LID mice were treated with the colon‐specific carcinogen azoxymethane to induce aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or colon tumors. Female LID mice developed significantly fewer ACF and had normal insulin levels compared to controls. Male LID mice, however, were hyperinsulinemic and exhibited no significant differences in ACF development compared to controls. In the tumor study, both male and female LID mice were hyperinsulinemic and had no significant differences in tumor incidence or multiplicity compared to their respective controls. There was a significant 25% reduction in tumor size, however, in both male and female LID mice compared to controls. These data suggest that IGF‐I deficiency attenuates the promoting effect of insulin on colon carcinogenesis and that IGF‐I is an independent promoter of the growth of established tumors. Our findings implicate both IGF‐I and insulin as important promoters of colon cancer development. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cigarette smoking and risk of borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Gram Inger T. , Braaten Tonje , Adami Hans‐Olov , Lund Eiliv , Weiderpass Elisabete
Published: October 2007

Studies regarding the association between smoking and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between smoking and EOC, overall and according to invasiveness and histological subtype in a cohort of women with a high proportion of smokers at enrolment. We followed 103,081 women, aged 30–50 years in 1991/1992, from the Norwegian‐Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health cohort. The women completed a questionnaire on personal characteristics and exposures at enrolment and were subsequently followed with linkages to national registers through December 31, 2004. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate hazard ratio (RR) of EOC with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with different measures of smoking exposures adjusting for confounding variables. Altogether 343 [241 (70%) invasive and 102(30%) borderline] incident EOC cases were identified. Former [HR = 2.2(95% CI 1.0–4.7)] and current [HR = 2.7(95% CI 1.2–5.7)] smokers had a more than doubling in risk for borderline tumors compared to never smokers. Women who had smoked for more than 20 years had 3 times [HR = 3.1(95% CI 1.5–6.7)] the risk of borderline tumors compared to never smokers. A test for trend according to smoking status was almost significant for mucinous tumors (p‐trend = 0.05). A significant dose response relationship was found according to smoking intensity [pack‐years; (0–9, 0–14, ≥ 15)] and duration [number of years; (0–10, 11–20, ≥ 20)] for borderline and serous tumors (p‐trends < 0.05). In conclusion, smoking may increase the risk of borderline EOC. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of [3,4,1′‐13C3]genistein
Authors: Oldfield Mark F. , Chen Lirong , Botting Nigel P.
Published: October 2007

A facile synthesis is described for [3,4,1′‐13C3]genistein for use as an internal standard in isoflavone analysis by mass spectrometric methods. Ethyl 4‐hydroxy[1‐13C]benzoate was first prepared from the reaction of diethyl [2‐13C]malonate and 4H‐pyran‐4‐one. Two further 13C atoms were incorporated using potassium [13C]cyanide as the source to give 4′‐benzyloxy‐[1,2,1′‐13C3]phenylacetonitrile. [3,4,1′‐13C3]Genistein was then constructed through coupling of the isotopically labelled phenylacetonitrile with phloroglucinol under Hoesch conditions, followed by formylation and cyclization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analytic tests of relationships between organizational justice and citizenship behavior: testing agent‐system and shared‐variance models
Authors: Fassina Neil E. , Jones David A. , Uggerslev Krista L.
Published: October 2007

Research on the unique effects of different types of perceived fairness on citizenship behavior that benefits individuals (organizational citizenship behavior (OCB‐I) and organizations (OCB‐O) has produced mixed results. We assert that how OCB‐O and OCB‐I are conceptualized affects the patterns of results, and we hypothesize that, when OCB is conceptualized appropriately, an agent‐system model is supported (interactional and procedural justice are the strongest unique predictors of OCB‐I and OCB‐O, respectively). We also hypothesize that shared variance among the justice types explains additional variance in OCB. Analyses of semi‐ partial correlations conducted on meta‐analytic coefficients supported our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cross‐taxa phenological dataset from Mohonk Lake, NY and its relationship to climate
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Cook Edward R. , Huth Paul C. , Thompson John E. , Forster Anna , Smiley Daniel
Published: October 2007

We present a detailed analysis of a rare cross‐taxa native species phenology dataset (plant flowering, insect first sighting, and amphibian first sighting) from Mohonk Lake, NY. This dataset is highly unusual in North America for its longevity of record, consistency of methodology and location, diversity of species available, and availability of local daily meteorological data. For each phenology series, we examined the flowering and first sighting Julian calendar dates for the existence of temporal trends. Only one of the five animal species (katydid) showed any evidence for a significant trend in first sighting. In contrast, the plant species showed a rich mixture of temporal trends in flowering that could be divided into four classes: woody plant–no trend, woody plant–negative trend, herbaceous plant–negative trend, and herbaceous plant–positive trend. Many of the trends were found to be statistically significant and robust to the method of trend estimation. The data within each of the four plant classes were also pooled as anomalies to provide more complete temporal coverage for tests of trend robustness. The results were strongly consistent with the trends of the individual species within each class and highly significant statistically. We next correlated the flowering and first sighting dates against growing degree‐day (GDD) summations for each day of the year to measure the sensitivity of each species to this common form of climatic forcing on phenology. All species showed a significant sensitivity to GDD summations, with peak correlations falling on or near the varying median flowering or first sighting dates. These results were robust whether the GDD analyses were conducted over the complete set of observations for each species (beginning on or after 1928) or over a latter period with a more serially complete set of cross‐taxa observations (1970–2002). The GDD correlations indicate significant climate sensitivity in all species, but the different magnitudes of correlation and timing of maximum correlation imply that plant and animal responses to climate changes in the future will not be homogeneous for the tested species at Mohonk Lake. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Erratum: On transport equations driven by a non‐divergence free force field Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2007 (DOI: 10.1002/mma.817)
Authors: Arlotti L. , Banasiak J. , Lods B.
Published: October 2007

Due to a prolonged but thorough refereeing process of 1 and updates subsequently made to 1, some of the references made at the beginning of Section 4 of 2 to the text of 1 are no longer correct. Precisely speaking, as stated, the results of Section 4 are valid if the measure µ is the Lebesgue measure on Ω as this yields the density of the set 𝒞1(Ω)∩𝒟(Tmax) in 𝒟(Tmax) endowed with the graph norm ∥ · ∥𝒟. This result is then used to show the existence of traces, as in 3. In the new version of 1, we managed to deal with a general Radon measure that required, however, a new definition of the maximal transport operator Tmax to ensure the existence of traces. It follows that the non‐divergence case can be dealt in a similar way to Proposition 3.2 of 1 but using a divergence‐free version of 2, Equation (16) as the definition of Tmax.
Clinical effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum)
Authors: Pittler Max H. , Ernst Edzard
Published: October 2007

The objective of this review is to update and assess the clinical evidence based on rigorous trials of the effectiveness of garlic (A. sativum). Systematic searches were carried out in Medline, Embase, Amed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Natural Standard, and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (search date December 2006). Our own files, the bibliographies of relevant papers and the contents pages of all issues of the review journal FACT were searched for further studies. No language restrictions were imposed. To be included, trials were required to state that they were randomized and double blind. Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of garlic were included if based on the results of randomized, double‐blind trials. The literature searches identified six relevant systematic reviews and meta‐analysis and double‐blind randomized trials (RCT) that were published subsequently. These relate to cancer, common cold, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and pre‐eclampsia. The evidence based on rigorous clinical trials of garlic is not convincing. For hypercholesterolemia, the reported effects are small and may therefore not be of clinical relevance. For reducing blood pressure, few studies are available and the reported effects are too small to be clinically meaningful. For all other conditions not enough data are available for clinical recommendations.
Beneficial effects of sulfated polysaccharides from Sargassum wightii against mitochondrial alterations induced by Cyclosporine A in rat kidney
Authors: Josephine Anthony , Amudha Ganapathy , Veena Coothan Kandaswamy , Preetha Sreenivasan P. , Rajeswari Arjunan , Varalakshmi Palaninathan
Published: October 2007

Sulfated polysaccharides from marine seaweeds are receiving continuous attention owing to their wide therapeutic applications and are known to inhibit free radical generation. It has been well known that mitochondria are the major sources as well as the target of free radicals. The renal tubules have high density of mitochondria and therefore show structural and functional defects in acute renal failure. Hence, the present study is designed to appraise the mitochondrial status during Cyclosporine A (CsA)‐induced nephrotoxicity and the effect of sulfated polysaccharides over it. Sulfated polysaccharides (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) treatment significantly prevented the CsA‐induced (25 mg/kg body weight, orally) mitochondrial damage. CsA‐induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in rat kidney was evident from increased reactive oxygen species level, decreased antioxidant defense system, coupled with enhanced lipid peroxidation. Further, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain enzymes were decreased in CsA‐induced rats, along with a significant increase in the activities of urinary enzymes, thus indicating renal tubular injury. Ultrastructural changes were also in accord with the above aberrations. The above abnormalities were favorably modulated by sulfated polysaccharides supplementation, thus highlighting the significance of sulfated polysaccharides in preventing the renal mitochondrial dysfunction allied with CsA‐provoked nephrotoxicity.
Unique real‐variable expressions of displacement and traction fundamental solutions covering all transversely isotropic elastic materials for 3D BEM
Authors: Távara L. , Ortiz J. E. , Mantič V. , París F.
Published: October 2007

A general, efficient and robust boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the numerical solution of three‐dimensional linear elastic problems in transversely isotropic solids is developed in the present work. The BEM formulation is based on the closed‐form real‐variable expressions of the fundamental solution in displacements Uik and in tractions Tik, originated by a unit point force, valid for any combination of material properties and for any orientation of the radius vector between the source and field points. A compact expression of this kind for Uik was introduced by Ting and Lee (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1997; 50:407–426) in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues on the oblique plane normal to the radius vector. Working from this expression of Uik, and after a revision of their final formula, a new approach (based on the application of the rotational symmetry of the material) for deducing the derivative kernel Uik, j and the corresponding stress kernel Σijk and traction kernel Tik has been developed in the present work. These expressions of Uik, Uik, j, Σijk and Tik do not suffer from the difficulties of some previous expressions, obtained by other authors in different ways, with complex‐valued functions appearing for some combinations of material parameters and/or with division by zero for the radius vector at the rotational‐symmetry axis. The expressions of Uik, Uik, j, Σijk and Tik have been presented in a form suitable for an efficient computational implementation. The correctness of these expressions and of their implementation in a three‐dimensional collocational BEM code has been tested numerically by solving problems with known analytical solutions for different classes of transversely isotropic materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.