bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manure application improved carbon sequestration, nitrogen use efficiency and reduced environmental contamination 
Authors: Xie Jun , Shi Xiaojun , Zhang Yu , Wang Jie , Zhang Yueqiang , Evgenia Blagodatskaya
Published: March 2022

In order to improve carbon (C) sequestration, nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), and crop yield, as well as decreased environmental contamination, efficient N fertilization is an important management strategy. We conducted a three-year field experiment (2016-2018) to evaluate the gradual replacement of mineral N by organic manure N on soil organic C (SOC) and soil total N (STN) storage, rice yield and yield components, rice C accumulation and N uptake, NUE and N balance. Manure treatments increased STN and SOC contents as compared to mineral fertilizers, simultaneously increased STN and SOC storage. Relative to the mineral fertilizer, 50% manure improved NUE and increased the effective panicle, seed setting rate, grain yield, and straw yield. In comparison with sole mineral fertilizers, 50×50% mineral and manure combination increased aboveground N uptake and aboveground C accumulation, while 100% manure reduced aboveground N uptake and aboveground C accumulation. Combined 50×50% mineral and manure fertilization decreased N surplus by 61.5% as compared with mineral fertilization, while it increased NREac by 10.7%. Considering the improvements in C sequestration and NUE, simultaneously decreased the risk of environmental contamination, combined 50×50% mineral and manure application is a promising fertilization strategy.
Ecophysiological traits underlying microbial succession after rewetting of soil from different precipitation regimes
Authors: Sieradzki Ella , Greenlon Alex , Firestone Mary , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Blazewicz Steven , Banfield Jillian
Published: March 2022

After the dry season in a Mediterranean climate grassland, the initial soil rewetting event causes a short period of high microbial activity, growth, and mortality. This wet up leads to microbial succession and community reassembly. Climate change in these semiarid environments is projected to cause reduced precipitation, which may affect the structure and function of the microbial community. However, we know little about how microbial functional traits underlie the rewetting succession, and how previous precipitation regimes affect these traits.

Using 18O-water stable isotope probing (SIP), we conducted a replicated wet-up experiment in annual grassland soils that had been previously subjected to either average precipitation or 50% of the annual average. We traced microbial succession through 5 time points (0h, 24h, 48h, 72h and 168h) post wet-up. By combining SIP with metagenomics, we identified the actively growing organisms in both precipitation treatments and determined ecophysiological traits that were significantly more represented in growing organisms in each precipitation regime. 

We observed a legacy effect of average vs. reduced precipitation by comparing the differential abundance of genes observed at time 0h in the two soil treatments. However, this legacy effect was surprisingly short-lived, implying that microbial community function rapidly “restarts itself” before the next growing season, regardless of the precipitation conditions experienced in the previous year. While growing organisms were significantly more abundant than non-growing organisms during the wet-up, the most abundant taxa were slow growers. In contrast, fast growing taxa were less abundant throughout the experiment, suggesting mortality plays a large role in the reformation of the microbial community.

We highlight temporal patterns and significant differences based on past precipitation in the abundance of carbohydrate utilization pathways, such as a higher representation of organisms capable of degrading cellulose in the reduced precipitation treatment. There were no temporal patterns in nitrogen cycling pathways; nitrogen acquisition appeared to be based mostly on ammonium assimilation and transport as well as proteases. In conclusion, altering preceding precipitation patterns had a large legacy effect on microbial community assembly and function upon rewetting. However, the functional and compositional changes that resulted from altered precipitation had remarkably short-lived effects after the soils were rewetted.
Multi-scale Scenarios for Local Climate Change Policies 
Authors: Alizadeh Mohammadreza , Adamowski Jan
Published: March 2022

At the local and sub-regional levels, human-water systems are bound by regional constraints that are influenced by connected internal politics associated with particular socioeconomic conditions. This implies that any multi-scale scenario framework must account for the many scales at which socioeconomic change will manifest. In this study, we developed a series of localized shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) by downscaling global SSPs as boundary conditions integrated with climate change pathways (RCPs) to construct a narrative scenario development process that incorporates both a multi-scale (top-down) and a bottom-up (co-production) approach. To obtain insight into human-water systems in developing countries, the study focused on the extensive irrigated portions of Pakistan's central-northeastern Rechna Doab watershed, which served as a case study for a typical multi-stakeholder system. Our developed localized narrative SSPs served as the basis for evaluating the probable consequences of socioeconomic and climatic change at the local level across a variety of socioeconomic possibilities. These estimates provide information on the likely future consequences of socioeconomic and climatic change and the performance of various adaptation measures. Additionally, the localized narratives are designed as a starting point for downscaling projections of critical processes and variables such as population increase and economic development. By analyzing the localized SSPs narratives using a regional integrated assessment model, significant future changes in these critical socioeconomic and environmental variables are predicted, assisting decision-makers in exploring and developing appropriate policy interventions and adaptation strategies. These estimates are used to model and quantify the local consequences of the human-water system on social and environmental issues (e.g., farm income, crop yields, water demands, and groundwater resource depletion). Our findings show that even with modest socioeconomic advances (e.g., technology, policies, institutions, and environmental consciousness), water security is likely to decline, and environmental degradation (e.g., groundwater depletion) will exacerbate. The suggested framework makes it easier to establish future adaptation plans that take regional and local planning and socioeconomic factors into account.
Earthquake forecasting model in Albania
Authors: Xhafaj Edlira , Chan Chung-Han , Ma Kuo-Fong
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We proposed an earthquake forecasting model for Albania, one of the most seismic
regions in Europe, to give an overview of seismic activity by implementing area
source and smoothing approaches. The earthquake catalogue was firstly declustered
to evaluate the completeness time window and magnitude of completeness for shallow
events. Considering catalogue completeness, the events with M≥4.0 during the period
of time 1960 – 2006 were implemented for forecasting seismicity in 20 area sources
covering the region of study and each grid cell with a size of 0.2 x 0.2 degrees. Our
results from both models show a high seismic rate along the western coastline and
south part of the study area, consistent with previous studies and currently active
regions. To further evaluate the seismicity results from the models, we introduced a
Molchan diagram to investigate the correlation between a model and observations of
earthquake events. The catalogue from 1960 to 2006 is regarded as the “learning
period” for model construction, and the catalogue data covering the period of time
2018-2020 is the “testing period” for comparing and validating the results. The
Molchan diagram suggests that both models are significantly better than random
distributed, confirming their forecasting abilities. Our results could provide crucial
information for subsequent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment.

Keywords: area sources, declustering, earthquake catalogue, Molchan diagram,
probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, smoothing model,.
The influence of river morphology on nitrogen retention at river network scale in the agricultural Bode River, Germany
Authors: Rode Michael , Zhou Xiangqian , Jomaa Seifeddine , Yang Xiaoqiang
Published: March 2022

European Water Framework Directive (WFD) reported that river morphological alteration and diffuse pollution are two dominant pressures of European water bodies at the catchment scale. To achieve good status targeted by WFD, river restoration has received increasing attention. However, less is known about the spatial and temporal effects of stream morphologic characteristics (i.e., meandering, stream order) on instream nitrate retention at the river network scale. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between in-stream nitrate retention and stream geomorphologic characteristics (sinuosity, width and order) and to assess the effect of natural river conditions on in-stream nitrate retention. Therefore, we implemented a grid-based nitrate catchment model (mHM-Nitrate, Yang et al. 2018) in the Bode catchment (3200 km2) in central Germany, which offers comprehensive long-term and high-frequency data at several water quality gauge stations for model calibration and validation. We evaluated two alternative empirical approaches to quantify in-stream denitrification (based on denitrification velocity and denitrification rate constant, respectively) and conducted scenario analysis on more natural morphological stream conditions by increasing the river sinuosity according to its relationship with stream power.  Results showed that the model well captured the dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.87 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency ≥ 0.59 for nitrate concentration from 2015-2018. In-stream retention (including assimilatory uptake and denitrification) by the whole river network accounted for 3.5% and 35.9% of total nitrate loadings in winter and summer, respectively. The summer in-stream denitrification rate was two times higher in the lowland arable area than in the mountain forest area (225.1 and 68.8 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively). Similarly, summer in-stream assimilatory uptake was five times higher in the lowland arable area than the mountain forest area (167.9 and 27.2 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively). The model scenario representing more natural river network conditions by restoring the river sinuosity can lead to an additional nitrate loading reduction of 20% in 6th order stream network in summer. Our results show that the renaturation of streams can increase nitrate retention in flowing water, with efficiency increasing significantly with decreasing runoff. However, a significant reduction in the nitrate concentration remains limited to the growing season, especially in summer.

Yang, X., Jomaa, S., Zink, M., Fleckenstein, J. H., Borchardt, D., Rode, M. (2018): A New Fully Distributed Model of Nitrate Transport and Removal at Catchment Scale. Water Resources Research, 54 (8) 5856.
From rapid growth to intense area loss within one century: The moving past and present of an inhabited reef island in Indonesia
Authors: Kappelmann Yannis , Westphal Hildegard , Kneer Dominik , Mann Thomas
Published: March 2022

Reef islands in monsoonal regions undergo constant erosion and accumulation, making seasonally shifting morphologies part of their nature. Additionally, sea-level rise alongside climate change is thought to be incisive and challenge coastal communities. With multiple pressures acting on sediment-generating coral reef ecosystems, changes in sediment supply may force further response of these dynamic landforms. Here we present new sedimentological data from a larger reef island in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. By evaluating the subsurface data in the context of the island’s morphological behavior, we reconstruct its agile past and present. Based on remote sensing data complemented by reports of local citizens, we find the inhabited island to have tripled its surface area in the past century, however also losing more than 10% of surface area in the recent decades. The deeper sediments of the island are dominated by coral fragments, the youngest and uppermost sediments indicate the green algae Halimeda as dominating material contributor. Our study thereby (1) underlines the highly and far-reaching dynamics of reef islands and (2) suggests their adaptive potential to altering material budgets.
Nitrogen cycling in biological soil crusts; microbial transformation processes and atmospheric nitrous acid and nitric oxide emissions
Authors: Weber Bettina , Maier Stefanie , Kratz Alexandra M. , Weber Jens , Kim Minsu , Leiva Diego , Prass Maria , Liu Fobang , Clark Adam T. , Abed Raeid M.M. , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Eickhorst Thilo , Fiedler Sabine , Pöschl Ulrich
Published: March 2022

Biological soil crusts (abbreviated as biocrusts) are composed of photoautotrophic cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, and bryophytes, growing together with heterotrophic bacteria, archaea and fungi and forming an intimate association with soil particles in the uppermost millimeters of the substrate. They occur globally in drylands, where they cover about 1/3 of the soil surface, corresponding to an area of about 18 x 106 km2. Biocrusts fix atmospheric nitrogen (N), which is needed for physiological processes and the formation of biomass. However, it recently was also shown that similar to bulk soil, N is cycled within biocrusts and major fractions of it are released as nitrous acid (HONO) and nitric oxide (NO) to the atmosphere.

Based on these initial results, we investigated the biologically mediated N-cycling processes in biocrusts as related to wetting and drying events. We investigated the microbial activity at different drying stages by means of transcriptome analysis and related these results to soil nitrite and nitrate concentrations over time. In addition, we utilized catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to quantify the number of bacteria, archaea, and nitrite oxidizing bacteria in different strata over time.

Our results revealed that within less than 30 minutes after wetting, genes encoding for all relevant N cycling processes, including N fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and assimilatory and dissimilatory N reduction were expressed. The most abundant transcriptionally active N-transforming microorganisms belonged to the Rhodobacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae within the Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The soil nitrite contents increased significantly during the desiccation process, likely serving as a precursor for NO and HONO emissions, which peaked at relatively low water contents of ~20% water holding capacity. This nitrite accumulation was likely caused by a differential expression of nitrite as compared to nitrate reductase encoding genes over the course of desiccation. Additionally, our data suggest that ammonia-oxidizing organisms may have responded to changing local oxygen conditions during drying. These mechanisms are also supported by process-based modelling, which has been conducted by us. Thus, our results show that the activity of N-cycling microorganisms, as related to the water and oxygen conditions within the substrate, determines the process rates and overall quantity of reactive nitrogen emissions.
Mantle-derived cargo vs. magmatic growth: ascent path, dynamics of the Udachnaya kimberlite and interactions with the Siberian sub-cratonic lithosphere
Authors: Casetta Federico , Abart Rainer , Ntaflos Theodoros , Ashchepkov Igor , Coltorti Massimo
Published: March 2022

Unravelling the processes taking place during the genesis of kimberlites, their ascent through the sub-cratonic mantle and their emplacement in the crust is challenging, as kimberlites are mixtures of mantle-derived and magmatic components, rarely preserving pristine evidence of their original nature. Furthermore, their intense state of alteration makes it difficult to access the textural-compositional record of information engraved in the phase constituents. In this study, fresh samples of kimberlites and related mantle-derived xenocrysts-xenoliths from the Udachnaya pipe (Siberia) were investigated to reconstruct the pressure-temperature-time-composition (P-T-t-X) framework of the sub-cratonic lithosphere at the time of kimberlite emplacement. Routine and high-precision electron microprobe analyses of olivine, phlogopite and spinel from different facies of the Udachnaya pipe (intrusive coherent, hypabyssal and pyroclastic, sensu Scott Smith et al., 2013) showed that specific phase assemblages are associated with each evolutionary stage of the kimberlite. Olivine composition, in particular, is extremely variable, ranging from high-Fo and high-Ni (Fo93; NiO = 0.45 wt%) to low-Fo and low-Ni (Fo85; NiO = 0.10 wt%), but also to high-Fo and low-Ni (Fo>93; NiO <0.05 wt%) terms, often encompassing the whole compositional spectrum in a single sample and/or showing marked zoning within the individual crystals. 
A comparison between the main constituents of the Udachnaya kimberlite and those of the mantle xenoliths sampled during ascent, complemented by detailed major-trace element profiles on olivine crystals, was put forward to: (i) discriminate between the mantle-derived xenocryst cargo and the magmatic assemblage; (ii) model the P-T-fO2 path of kimberlites; (iii) speculate about their ascent rate; (iv) model the interactions between kimberlite-related fluid/melts and the Siberian sub-cratonic lithosphere.

REFERENCES
Scott Smith, B.H., Nowicki, T.E., Russell, J.K., Webb, K.J., Mitchell, R.H., Hetman, C.M., ... & Robey, J.A. (2013). Kimberlite terminology and classification. In Proceedings of 10th international kimberlite conference (pp. 1-17). Springer, New Delhi.
Influence of parameterization strategy for parent material effects in predictive mapping of topsoil geochemistry 
Authors: Skála Jan , Žížala Daniel , Minařík Robert
Published: March 2022

The distribution of trace elements in soils is complex and reflects the geochemistry of the original geological substrates modified by variety of environmental and human-induced changes of soil environment. An effective use of geological information within digital soil mapping and geochemical mapping over large require a degree of class aggregation into several broad nominal (or ordinal) classes. Nevertheless, there are several potential weaknesses of the reclassification of lithological information - lithological variation within geological units, variation in composition of individual lithological types, and inadequate description of lithology in geological map. Hence, we tested how the predictive geochemical mapping using environmental correlation will be sensitive under various complement scenarios using aggregated geological substrates and additional numeric covariates that partially represent parent material such as subsoil texture, land gravity data (gravity survey Bouguer anomaly) and other geophysical spatial data (airborne magnetic and gamma radiometric surveys). To compare various scenarios, we have used lithological classification in combinations with other numerical substrate-wise covariates in pragmatic predictive geochemical models using quantile regression forest over contrast area (approximately 11 000 km2) in the Czech Republic. Thee independent geochemical datasets for soil trace elements after the acid digestion procedure were used to train and validate the predictive models. Lithology-wise covariates were iteratively combined with the joint set of other readily available covariates representing topography, land use, remotely sensed surface characterisation (using a cloudless bare soil composite assembled from Sentinel 2) and depositional inputs of trace elements into soil to compare the prediction of topsoil concentrations of trace elements under various research strategies for parametrisation of lithological information. The results enabled to select optimal covariates suite for lithology parametrisation for the complex nation-wide model for topsoil contents of trace elements.

The research has been supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under the research project No. SS03010364.
Applying Machine Learning Methods to predict rain using GNSS products and meteorological parameters
Authors: Adavi Zohreh , Lasota Elżbieta , Rohm Witold , Weber Robert
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, weather forecast is an important factor of everyday life that we should be well prepared for. Especially the amount of rainfall can positively or negatively influence our lifestyle. While a moderate rainfall is supportive for agriculture or provision of potable water, too much rainfall can  cause disasters like floods. Therefore, accessing the rain information in near-real-time is beneficial in all aspects. In recent years, GNSS meteorology has been widely utilized as a valuable tool to better interact with the weather conditions in the now-casting and forecasting applications. Nevertheless, rainfall cannot be estimated directly from the GNSS measurements, and therefore some other methods like Artificial Intelligence (AI) are employed to do so. One of the well-known methods in AI is Machine Learning (ML) which focuses on data in order to model or classify various cases such as anomaly detection, earthquake prediction, and rainfall classification. The main objective of this research is to develop a predictive model for accumulated rain every 3 hours for an area populated with 21 GNSS stations of the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN). For this purpose, we applied different ML methods. The period of interest ranges from 2017 January to 2021 October. The years 2017 to 2020 are used for training, and 2021 is utilized to evaluate the rain model. The temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD), Gradients (GN-S, GE-W), Total Electron Contents (TEC) are selected as input parameters in ML. Besides, the rain product from Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) is considered as the reference of the model. Finally, the accumulated rain prediction models are derived every 3 hours over the area of interest.
Assimilating Cyrosat2 freeboard into a coupled ice-ocean model  
Authors: Sievers Imke , Stenseng Lars , Rasmussen Till
Published: March 2022

This presentation introduces a method to assimilate freeboard from radar satellite observations.

Many studies have shown that the skill and memory of sea ice models using sea ice thickness as initial condition improve compered to model runs only initializing sea ice concentration. The only Arctic wide sea ice thickness data which could be used for initialization is coming from satellite observations. Since sea ice can’t directly be measured from space freeboard data is used to derive sea ice thickness. Freeboard is converted under assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium to sea ice thickness. For this conversion snow thickness is needed. Due to a lack of Arctic wide snow cover observations most products use a snow climatology or a modification of one. This has proofed to introduce errors. To avoid the errors introduced by this method the presented work aims to assimilate freeboard directly. This presentation will introduce the method and show first results. The assimilation period overlaps with ICESat2 mission. We present a comparison between the presented freeboard assimilation and ICESat2 sea ice thickness products of a first winter season.
Can hydrological models be used to characterize spatial dependency in global stochastic flood modelling?
Authors: Olcese Gaia , Bates Paul , Neal Jeffrey , Sampson Christopher , Wing Oliver , Quinn Niall
Published: March 2022

Flood models typically produce flood maps with constant return periods in space, without considering the spatial structure of flood events. At a large scale, this can lead to a misestimation of flood risk and losses caused by extreme events. A stochastic approach to global flood modelling allows the simulation of sets of flood events with realistic spatial structure that can overcome this problem, but until recently this has been limited by the availability of gauge data. Previous research shows that simulated discharge data from global hydrological models can be used to develop a stochastic flood model of the United States (Wing et al., 2020) and suggests that the same approach can potentially be used to build large scale stochastic flood models elsewhere but this has not so far been tested.   

This research therefore focuses on using discharge hindcasts from global hydrological models to drive stochastic flood models in different areas of the world. By comparing the outputs of these simulations to a gauge-based approach, we analyse how a model-based approach can simulate spatial dependency in large scale flood modelling outside of well-gauged territories such as the US. Based on data availability we selected different areas in Australia, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, South America and Europe for the analysis.

The results of this research show that the performance of a model-based approach in the different continents is promising and in most areas the errors are comparable to the results obtained in the United States by Wing et al. (2020). In the United States, with this magnitude of errors, the loss distribution obtained using the model-based approach is near identical to the one produced by the gauge-based method. This suggests that this method could be used in other regions to characterize losses. Using a network of synthetic gauges with data from global hydrological models would allow the development of a stochastic flood model with detailed spatial dependency, generating realistic event sets in data-scarce regions and loss exceedance curves where exposure and vulnerability data are available.

References

Wing, O. E. J., Quinn, N., Bates, P. D., Neal, J. C., Smith, A. M., Sampson, C. C., Coxon, G., Yamazaki, D., Sutanudjaja, E. H., & Alfieri, L. (2020). Toward Global Stochastic River Flood Modeling. Water Resources Research, 56(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027692
The COOLGEOHEAT project: Geothermal 5th generation district heating and cooling (Geo5GDHC/thermonet) in Denmark
Authors: Poulsen Søren Erbs , Abugabbara Marwan , Tordrup Karl Woldum , Andersen Søren Skjold , Pedersen Christian Preuthun , Javed Saqib , Andersen Theis Raaschou
Published: March 2022

Nearly two thirds of all Danish (DK) households utilize 3rd and 4th generation (3G and 4G) district heating (DH) for space heating and hot water. Despite being the most mature district heating system in the world, projections show that the maximum extent of traditional DH in DK is limited to 65-70%. Currently, the remaining one-third of Danish households are left with no choice but to invest in individual heat supply systems, typically air-source heat pumps. As an alternative, the concept of geothermal 5th generation district heating and cooling (Geo5GDHC) has emerged recently. Geo5GDHC connects distributed prosumer heat pumps to a grid of uninsulated pipes that distribute energy at ambient temperatures from shallow geothermal drillings (open or closed), energy geostructures and sources of excess heat, to supply room heating and domestic hot water. This allows for combined heating and passive cooling with a single grid, capable of shifting thermal loads by seasonal energy storage. Geo5GDHC grids can be recharged and balanced by utilizing waste heat and by storing heat from passive cooling of the building mass during summer.

Currently, there are twelve commercial Geo5GDHC grids (thermonet) in Denmark using different energy sources and models for ownership and operation. However, in the case of Denmark, the maximum extent of Geo5GDHC is much larger. Geo5GDHC is complementary to 4th generation district heating and cooling (4GDHC) as it is less affected by economies of scale. Consequently, Geo5GDHC is often economically feasible when traditional DHC is not, typically in rural areas, and therefore serves as an extension of existing DHC technologies. As such, Geo5GDHC potentially ensures that the majority of Danish households are connected to a collective heating and cooling grid in the future when combined with 4GDHC. A similar potential for Geo5GDHC exists in Europe and the USA, however, despite its significant potential, the Geo5GDHC market is still very much in its infancy.

The Interreg ÖKS project COOLGEOHEAT addresses both technical and economic aspects of Geo5GDHC in a joint collaboration between stakeholders and research institutions in Sweden and Denmark. We present results from the ongoing project including the development of design models in the Modelica simulation platform, that serve to estimate the thermal performance of the grid and the associated upfront investment and costs of operation, to support decision-makers. The project further explores business models for ownership and operation and the possibilities for financing grids with green investments of pension funds.
Measured and predicted aeolian flux at Nili Patera, Mars: Computational Fluid Dynamics-derived transport modelling and Cosi-CORR rates
Authors: Love Richard , Jackson Derek , Michaels Timothy , Smyth Thomas , Avouac Jean-Philippe , Cooper Andrew
Published: March 2022

Until recently, sand dunes on Mars were thought to be relict landforms from paleo-atmospheric conditions. However, recent evidence from high resolution imagery of Mars’ surface have shown that aeolian processes are a dominant, contemporary force, driving geomorphological change in dune fields across the planet. Images from the HiRISE camera have demonstrated that not only are dune fields active on Mars, but they are undergoing change comparable to some terrestrial rates.

In the absence of localised in situ wind data returned by successive lander missions, the atmospheric-surface interactions contributing to aeolian change across the surface of Mars have largely relied on mesoscale modelling, these large-scale models have not fully resolved the processes occurring at local landform scales. In order to attempt to resolve the interactions driving the modification of dune fields, microscale wind flow modelling (<2 m grid spacing) is required over a site which has been shown to undergo change over the history of HiRISE imagery.

A large barchan dune field in the Nili Patera caldera was selected for examination, as this site undergoes significant aeolian change. This site has a robust HiRISE image collection, but no in situ data, and is therefore an ideal location to test a new multiscale airflow modelling approach. This study proposes combining macro- (>100 km), meso- (>2 km) and microscale (>2 m) modelling of the Martian atmosphere.

The resolution of a Global Climate Model (GCM) is too coarse to resolve the near-surface processes themselves, but their output can be used to provide an initial state and boundary conditions for mesoscale modelling. However, the maximum resolution of a typical mesoscale model is still too coarse to resolve the microscale dynamics contributing to aeolian change at dune fields on Mars. To examine the fine-scale interactions occurring over the surface of dune fields, microscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations utilising the mesoscale model output are required.

The surface shear stress output from the CFD simulations and corresponding flux predictions were directly compared to HiRISE observations of Nili Patera, using COSI-Corr software to verify the microscale modelling results. We find that this multi-scale modelling approach provides promising initial comparisons between CFD simulations and HiRISE observations, both in the directionality of dune change and the rates of sediment flux, and different Mars seasons., however these observations are influenced by the seasonal variability on Mars, altering approach directions and wind speeds to produce heterogeneous patterns of aeolian flux.
Marsh-Delta Interactions: The strong influence of marsh deposition on delta slopes and mass partitioning
Authors: Shaw John , Sank Kelly , Zapp Sam , Silvestre Jose , Dutt Ripul , Straub Kyle
Published: March 2022

River deltas and the vast marshes that they host are impossible to separate. However, the sediment dynamics of rivers (channel- and lobe-based deposition) and marshes (elevation-based deposition) have not been investigated as a coupled system. We investigate this coupling by comparing a laboratory delta experiment with proxy marsh accumulation to a proxy-less control. The proxy adds just 8% mass to the system but clearly influences delta slopes and mass partitioning. Slopes in the marsh window (elevations around sea level where marsh accumulates) are reduced by 40%, as marsh deposition away from channels smooths topography. While riverine sedimentation continues to be 85% of the deposit in the marsh window, the reduced slopes increase the area in this zone such that 1.3 times more clastic volume is deposited in this window. The area above the marsh window and the mass fraction deposited at these high elevations is correspondingly reduced as if the marshes are “stealing” riverine sediment from upstream. Comparing experimental elevation distributions to the field, we show that large deltas might also exhibit this signature. Given that coastal risk is tied to elevation, these findings show that the coupling between marshes and deltas significantly impacts how they should be managed.
Modelling CO2 emissions from drained and rewetted peat meadows with PEATLAND
Authors: van den Berg Merit , van der Velde Ype , van Huissteden Jacobus , Boonman Jim , Aben Ralf
Published: March 2022

Peatlands that are drained for agricultural purposes emit large amounts of CO2, which contribute worldwide to 9-15 % of the total greenhouse gas emission. With the aim to mitigate emissions, (partly) rewetting of drained peatlands is often proposed as a useful contribution. Monitoring the effectiveness of rewetting by measuring CO2 fluxes is time intensive. Thereby, to extract peat oxidation from the bulk CO2 flux, long term measurements are needed so that fluctuation in respiration from the short term carbon cycle (driven by biomass production) is not of influence.

To overcome long term intensive measurements, a model could help out to evaluate CO2 emissions and the effect of water table increase on peat oxidation. PEATLAND is a 1D process based model, consisting of four submodels for 1) soil physics (water table, soil temperature and soil moisture), 2) biomass production, 3) CH4 production, oxidation and transport, and 4) CO2 production. CO2 production is the sum of decomposition from different soil organic matter (SOM) pools, like litter, root exudates, microbial biomass and peat.

We calibrated the PEATLAND model for three intensively used drained peat meadows in the Netherlands, that are equipped with sensors for measuring continuously CO2 fluxes and all environmental variables related to that. These sites have a reference field and a field with elevated groundwater level. In this presentation, we discuss the model performance on these sites. We will show how this model can be used to evaluate rewetting measures on CO2 emissions from peatlands, and what the limitations are.
Geochemical features of river flow into Lake Onego
Authors: Kulik Natalia , Efremenko Natalia , Belkina Natalia , Strakhovenko Vera , Gatalskaya Ekaterina
Published: March 2022

Lake Onego is the second largest body of water in Europe (S lake mirrors = 9720 km2, V = 295 km3, S catchment area = 53100 km2), located at the junction of two geological structures (the Fennoscandian Shield and the Russian Platform) is characterized by a complex morphology of the basin, uneven distribution of river flow and anthropogenic load.

In 2020-2021, the peculiarities of the flow of terrigenous material into the lake, affecting the formation of heterogeneity in the composition of the mineral part of the bottom sediments, were studied. New knowledge was obtained about the seasonal variability of the geochemical composition of river waters, the spatial and temporal nature of its variability was shown. By the example of iron, manganese and total phosphorus, the seasonal distribution of the forms of migration of these elements in rivers is considered. Concentrations of dissolved and suspended forms of trace elements in river waters were obtained. The uneven distribution of river suspension particles by size and degree of rolling, as well as seasonal differences in the ratio of mineral and organic components of the suspension are shown. The study of the composition of the dispersed sedimentary matter revealed similar spectra of minerals. It was found that the material of river suspensions is represented by a biogenic X-ray amorphous mass (biodetrite of diatoms, spores and pollen of plant communities) with associations of detrital mineral particles, scaly formations of layered silicates and aluminosilicates, fouling with jelly-like clots and films of oxides and hydroxides of manganese and iron on organic skeletons.

The study was supported by RFBR grant #19-05-50014, RSF research project #18-17-00176 and by the Federal Budget, within the State Assignments nos. 121021700116-6.
Gravity field recovery of the MOCAST+ quantum mission proposal 
Authors: Koç Öykü , Reguzzoni Mirko , Rossi Lorenzo , Migliaccio Federica , Batsukh Khulan , Vitti Alfonso
Published: March 2022

The main scope of the MOCAST+ project was the investigation of the performance of a gravity field mission based on a constellation of spacecrafts, each having both an atomic clock and a single-axis cold atom gradiometer onboard. The proposed payload is based on the integration of two different technologies: atomic interferometry gravity sensors and optical clocks, the atomic species being strontium atoms. This study was focused on investigating whether this combination can give the possibility of improving the estimation of both temporal and static gravity field models. 

Several different mission scenarios e.g., by considering different atomic species (Rb and Sr), inter-satellite distances, noise power spectral densities, and observation sampling rates were considered. Moreover, the same scenarios were applied to different satellite configurations such as the Bender configuration with either two or three satellites along each orbit. For these simulations, the so-called space-wise approach was exploited. This approach consists of estimating the long wavelengths of the field from the potential differences and then using this estimation to reduce the already filtered gravity gradients. Later, these residuals are processed by a local collocation gridding procedure with the aim of improving the solution especially (but not only) for the shorter wavelengths. In order to obtain spherical harmonic coefficients, the conversion from gridded values is performed by discretized quadrate formula, and finally, the error budget is computed by Monte Carlo simulations. The processing method was validated by comparing its results with those obtained by a classical time-wise approach working in the frequency domain. 

The results of the end-to-end simulations performed during the MOCAST+ study showed that the Bender configuration with either two or three satellites along each orbit provides significantly better monthly gravity field solutions, as compared to a “nominal” configuration with two or three satellites in a “GRACE-like” formation. In this way, it is in fact possible to obtain better performances than GRACE at low harmonic degrees. For the static gravity field retrieval, periods longer than two months were considered. In this case, the results showed that thanks to the lower noise level and stability of the cold atom gradiometer, there will be the opportunity to improve the GOCE performances at high harmonic degrees. 
Antarctic contribution to future sea-level rise with a three-dimensional ice-sheet model
Authors: Juárez-Martínez Antonio , Blasco Javier , Montoya Marisa , Álvarez-Solas Jorge , Robinson Alexander
Published: March 2022

Sea-level rise represents one of the biggest threats that humankind has to face in the
coming centuries. Antarctica hosts today's largest ice sheet on Earth, the Antarctic Ice Sheet
(AIS). In the mid-long term, the AIS could become the main contributor to sea-level rise,
especially as a result of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) being marine-based and
therefore strongly exposed to the ocean. Nonetheless, there is substantial uncertainty in the
future contribution of the AIS to sea-level rise, mainly as a result of poor understanding of
physical processes, such as ice-sheet dynamics or ice-ocean interactions. In order to
overcome the problem of different Antarctic sea-level projections with different experimental
setups, the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 was organized (ISMIP6).
The first results showed that at higher emission scenarios the AIS melts more. Nonetheless,
the WAIS response to this warming varies widely among the models. We herein investigate
the contribution of the higher-order ice-sheet model Yelmo. Results
with Yelmo show a strong sensitivity of the AIS contribution to sea-level rise to the calibration
of the basal-melting parametrization, particularly remarkable in the WAIS, but being in the
range of the results reached by other ice-sheets models in the context of the ISMIP6
intercomparison project.
Satellite-based O&G emitter detection and analysis in Algeria
Authors: Irakulis-Loitxate Itziar , Guanter Luis , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Pandey Sudhanshu , Aben Ilse
Published: March 2022

Algeria is one of the world's largest oil and gas (O&G) producers and exporters and a major emitter of methane from its O&G extraction and transportation activities. In recent years satellites have proven to be a key tool for detecting point emitters on a global scale. The TROPOMI sensor onboard Sentinel 5P provides a daily large-scale view, and recent advances allow pinpointing single emitters with high spatial resolution sensors. 

In this study, we aim to understand and identify methane emission sources in Algeria using satellites as a tool to obtain continuous and objective information from the whole study area. We have used the synergy between different satellites to detect and analyze Algeria's point emitters. We have combined low spatial resolution TROPOMI data with high-resolution images from PRISMA and ZY1-AHSI hyperspectral satellites and Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, and WV3 multispectral satellites. We have identified about 60 point emitters spread over different O&G fields, of which the vast majority are flares venting gas. In addition, we have analyzed the persistence in time of the emitters identified in the most recent years (2017-present) by observing them in the past years with the Landsat constellation historical image record (1984-present). The results obtained so far show a wide diversity in the persistence of emission over time, from facilities emitting for decades to active flares that occasionally deactivate and vent gas.
How to choose the most relevant Nature-Based Solutions and to assess their performances? Insight from two projects implemented on the French territory. 
Authors: Versini Pierre-Antoine , Al Sayah Mario , Duffaut Chloé , Schertzer Daniel
Published: March 2022

Nature-based Solutions are presented as relevant features to make the cities more resilient in a context of global change. By providing ecosystem services, they are considered as particularly efficient solutions to mitigate urban heat islands and floods, while preserving biodiversity. Nevertheless, despite this consensus, it is still very difficult to quantitatively assess these services. Some methodologies and tools have therefore to be developed to better understand the thermo-hydric behavior of such infrastructure in relation with biodiversity, and to assess their performances across scales.

This presentation aims to present the work carried out to solve these issues through two current projects dedicated to NBS. On the one hand, the French ANR EVNATURB project aims to develop an operational platform to assess some of the eco-system services (ie stormwater management, cooling effect, or biodiversity conservation) provided by NBS at the district scale. On the other hand, the LIFE ARTISAN project deals with the creation of a framework to promote NBS for the implementation of the national plan for adaptation to climate change (PNACC) in France by improving scientific and technical knowledge. Both aim to develop and disseminate relevant tools for project leaders (for the design, sizing, implementation and evaluation of ecosystem performance).

The presentation of the results is particularly focused on monitored pilot sites and modelling platforms developed during these projects. In addition to these scientific investigations devoted to the thermo-hydric balance, some specific literature reviews and interviews were conducted to facilitate the choice of the more efficient species to implement, and the way to arrange NBS to optimize their performances. One of the results of this work is a dedicated database related to the a priori main ecosystem functions provided by plant species, and a list of quantitative indicators relevant for an urban project (certification, labelling, compliance with local regulations, ...) and that NBS can comply. Then this presentation concludes on remaining research gaps that have be to filled on this topic.
Development of a 3D urban canopy model for evaluating cooling effect of urban green space.
Authors: Yun Seokhwan , Kim Eunsub , Lee Dongkun
Published: March 2022

Urbanization is progressing around the world and the phenomenon of urban heat islands, where the temperature of cities increases compared to the surrounding areas due to climate change, is intensifying. Many strategies are being applied to alleviate urban heat islands, and one of them is urban greening. Urban green areas form shadows to block solar radiation, or change the rate of reflection and emission of heat caused by changes in surface environment. It also has the effect of reducing the surface temperature by increasing latent heat through the evapotranspiration occurring in the leaves. Representative urban greening strategies are street trees, green roof, and green wall. Since the cooling effect varies greatly depending on the weather environment, size of green space, and location, it is challenging to estimate the cooling effect that changes according to various environments. In this study, a three-dimensional urban canopy model was developed to evaluate the effects of various green space. This model, which simulates the copy transfer process between urban elements, first builds a domain consisting of squares of a certain size and calculates the view factor and the sky view factor. Next, the short-wave radiantion and the long-wave radiantion are simulated to calculate the net radiation. Finally, the net radiantion is partitioned into sensible heat, latent heat, and storage heat. This model can be used for efficient green space planning to reduce urban heat.