bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of the dimension of a document space using the fuzzified output of a Kohonen network
Authors: Guerrero Vicente P. , de Moya Anegón Félix
Published: August 2002

The vectors used in IR, whether to represent the documents or the terms, are high dimensional, and their dimensions increase as one approaches real problems. The algorithms used to manipulate them, however, consume enormously increasing amounts of computational capacity as the said dimension grows. We used the Kohonen algorithm and a fuzzification module to perform a fuzzy clustering of the terms. The degrees of membership obtained were used to represent the terms and, by extension, the documents, yielding a smaller number of components but still endowed with meaning. To test the results, we use a topological classification of sets of transformed and untransformed vectors to check that the same structure underlies both.
A simulation environment for discontinuous portfolio value processes
Authors: Consigli Giorgio , Di Cesare Antonio
Published: August 2002

We present a simulation‐based approach to the estimation of portfolio's Value‐at‐Risk – VaR—, based on the definition of a jump‐diffusion continuous time process driven by Wiener and Poisson uncertainty. We introduce to this end a novel characterization of the intensity rate of the Poisson process, modelling the arrival of shocks to the market, as a function of a credit spread curve estimated in high‐risk emerging bond markets. The procedure is described and tested on the August 1998 Russian crisis whose impact on liquid equity markets is also estimated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation and performance of various stochastic models for interest rate derivatives
Authors: Rapisarda Francesco , Silvotti Roberto
Published: August 2002

The arbitrage free market framework of Heath, Jarrow and Morton provides a mathematical scheme according to which the valuation of all interest rate derivatives depend on two kinds of basic parameters: the discount function and the (generally stochastic) volatilities of zero coupon bonds of all maturities. Among the models in this class, Flesaker‐Hughston's rational lognormal model stands out for naturality and simplicity while incorporating positivity of interest rates: all fundamental processes (short rate, discount and zero‐coupon bonds) are parametrized as rational functions of an exponential martingale. Its practical implementation presents, however, a few subtle aspects. We discuss its numerical implementation with special attention to issues of fitting and calibration, and pricing of exotic options. A comparison with other standard models such as Hull‐White and Black‐Karasinki will be presented in test cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three repair strategies
Authors: Rocha‐Martínez José M.
Published: August 2002

Three imperfect repair strategies, derived from a discrete‐time model of failure and repair, are implemented on items brand A (car, computer, washer, etc.), which are low quality with respect to equivalent items brand B (the leading brand in the market) in the sense that items brand A usually fail faster than items brand B do, in order to increase their lifetimes so that they have a chance to compete in durability against items brand B. The implementation of those strategies is performed by probabilistic simulations of the model. The effectiveness of these strategies is measured by comparing the expected ‘output’ lifetimes of items brand A under each strategy with respect to the expected lifetime of items brand B and the mean value of the total number of repair actions required on items brand A under one strategy with respect to the other two. The algorithm for designing a computer program for simulating those strategies is included. Some results concerning a relationship between a generalized memoryless property of geometric (exponential) distributions and the convolution property of probability (moment) generating functions are detected and also included. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance policy for multivariate standby/operating units
Authors: Badía F. G. , Berrade M. D. , Campos Clemente A.
Published: August 2002

In this paper the maintenance of multi‐component systems, which may be either in operating condition or in the standby mode is studied. A less than perfect testing procedure to detect failures in the latter case is considered. We focus on the existence of an optimum policy weighing the cost incurred under this policy against the cost derived from an undetected failure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of dicrofenac after its intrarectal and intracolostomal administration to rabbits with rectal resection or colostoma construction
Authors: Nagasawa Kazuki , Nakanishi Hirokazu , Matsuda Tomoko , Takara Kohji , Ohnishi Noriaki , Yokoyama Teruyoshi , Fujimoto Sadaki
Published: August 2002

We investigated the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac, one of the important analgesics in palliative care, after its intrarectal and intracolostomal administration to rabbits with rectal resection or colostoma construction. In rectal‐resected rabbits, its bioavailability after rectal administration was significantly lower than that in normal rabbits, and furthermore that after intracolostomal administration was significantly lower than that in rectal‐resected rabbits. This decreased bioavailability in rabbits with rectal resection and colostoma construction was thought to be due to the increased first‐pass effect. With increase in the dose up to 1.5‐fold, the plasma concentrations in both rectal‐resected and colostoma‐constructed rabbits increased to the normal rabbit level. These results indicate that the bioavailability of diclofenac sodium after its rectal and intracolostomal administration decreases, and that an increased dose can restore the decreased plasma concentration. There was no difference in the plasma concentration with diclofenac sodium suppositories between administration into the normal rectum and the remaining rectum following colostoma construction, and the remaining rectum was found to be a useful administration route for suppositories. Therefore, it was indicated that when administering diclofenac sodium suppositories to rectal‐resected and colostoma‐constructed patients, the dose should be increased, because the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac was similar in rabbits and human. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective halofantrine and desbutylhalofantrine disposition in the rat: cardiac and plasma concentrations and plasma protein binding
Authors: Brocks Dion R.
Published: August 2002

Halofantrine (HF) is a chiral antimalarial drug known to cause cardiac arrhythmias in susceptible patients. In this study, the cardiac uptake and plasma protein binding of HF and desbutylhalofantrine (DHF) enantiomers were examined in the rat. Rats were given 2 mg/kg of either HF HCl or DHF HCl intravenously, then sacrificed at various times after dosing. Specimens were assayed using stereospecific methods. Uptake of HF and DHF enantiomers into heart was rapid. Substantial concentrations of both HF and DHF enantiomers were observed in rat heart, with stereoselectivity being noted for both in plasma and heart. Stereoselectivity was more pronounced for HF (AUC (+):(−) ratio= 1.58) than DHF (AUC (+):(−) ratio =1.16) in heart tissue. Heart:plasma AUC ratios of 6.8–8.0, and 9.3–21, were observed for HF and DHF enantiomers, respectively, indicating that DHF has greater cardiac uptake than HF itself. Plasma protein binding was extensive for both HF and DHF (>99.95%), and was stereoselective for DHF, with a 38% higher unbound fraction for (−)‐DHF than antipode. In contrast, binding of HF enantiomers was nonstereoselective. The lower degree of stereoselectivity for DHF in heart tissues was attributable to its greater stereoselectivity in plasma protein binding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disposition of radiolabeled BMS‐204352 in rats and dogs
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , Yao Ming , Srinivas Nuggehally R. , Shah Vinod , Pursley Janice M. , Arnold Mark , Vachharajani Nimish N.
Published: August 2002

BMS‐204352, a maxi‐K channel opener, is currently under development for the treatment of stroke. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics, mass balance and absolute oral bioavailability of [14C]‐BMS‐204352 in rats and dogs. [14C]‐BMS‐204352 was administered, to rats (n=10/group; parallel design, 6 mg/kg) and dogs (n=4/group; crossover design, 2 mg/kg), as an oral (PO) or as a 3‐min intraarterial (IA) infusion in rats and a 6‐min intravenous (IV) infusion in dogs. Blood, urine, and feces samples were collected and analyzed for unchanged BMS‐204352 (plasma) using a validated LC/MS assay and for total radioactivity (plasma, urine, feces) using liquid scintillation counting. The mean total body clearance (CLT) and steady‐state volume of distribution (VSS) values for the unchanged BMS‐204352 were 2.58±0.48 l/h/kg and 6.3±1.14 l/kg, respectively, in rats and 0.21±0.02 l/h/kg and 4.06±0.47 l/kg, respectively, in dogs. In both species, the elimination half‐life of total radioactivity was significantly longer as compared to the unchanged drug. After IA administration of radiolabeled BMS‐204352 to rats, ca. 5.9 and 85% of radioactivity was recovered within 7 days in urine and feces, respectively; corresponding recoveries after PO dosing were 4.5 and 99.5%, respectively. The recoveries were similar in dogs, i.e., ca. 5.2 and 83% of administered radioactivity recovered in urine and feces, respectively, for IV dose and ca. 4 and 86%, respectively, for PO dose. These data indicate that nonrenal (biliary) elimination in both species was predominant. Based on comparable urinary recovery of radioactivity and plasma AUCs of radioactivity, the extent of oral absorption of BMS‐204352 appeared to be complete in both species. The absolute oral bioavailability was 55% in rats and 79% in dogs. Bioavailability and extent of absorption data suggest evidence of first pass metabolism of BMS‐204352 in the rat and dog. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action, inaction, and factors influencing perceived decision making
Authors: Niedermayer Laura Y. , Chapman Gretchen B.
Published: August 2002

Two studies examined factors hypothesized to be related to the subjective perception of decision making. A total of 302 introductory psychology students read four hypothetical scenarios that varied on two dimensions: frequency of the behavior and whether the behavior was an action or an inaction (a 2 × 2 design). Subjects rated the scenarios on whether the actor made a decision. In Experiment 1, the frequency of behavior was unrelated to decision making. In addition, actions were given higher decision ratings than inactions in two scenarios, but lower ratings in the other two scenarios. In Experiment 2 the latter discrepancy was explained by ratings of whether the actor behaved thoughtfully rather than reflexively, in that these ratings mediated the action–decision rating relationship. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why arguments based on photon energy may be highly misleading for power line frequency electromagnetic fields
Authors: Vistnes Arnt Inge , Gjötterud Kristoffer
Published: August 2002

When evaluating possible mechanisms by which low frequency electromagnetic fields may have a biological effect, arguments based on photon energy have often been used in a misleading way. For visible light the concept of photons has proved to be very useful in explaining experimental findings. However, the concept of photons cannot be used without major modifications in describing phenomena related to near field problems at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electric and magnetic fields. For this regime, the photon description is very complex. A very high number of highly coherent photons must be used in a quantum electrodynamic description of low frequency electromagnetic field phenomena. Thus, one‐photon interaction descriptions must be replaced by multiple‐photon interaction formalism. However, at low frequencies, a classical electromagnetic field description is far more useful than quantum electrodynamics. There is in principle no difference in how much energy an electron can pick up from a low frequency electric field as compared to from a high frequency photon. Thus, the total gain in energy is not limited to the energy carried by a single photon, which is E = hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation. However, the time scale of the primary event in a mechanism of action is very different for ionizing radiation compared to power line frequency fields. The advice is to consider the time scale given by the inverse of the frequency of the fields, rather than photon energy, when one use physics as a guidance in evaluating possible mechanisms for biological effects from low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 22:200–204, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of a permanent magnetic field on wing size parameters inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stamenković‐Radak Marina , Kitanović Igor , Prolić Zlatko , Tomišić Ivana , Stojković Biljana , Andjelkovic Marko
Published: August 2002

The width and length variability of bothD. melanogasterwings were measured in samples of flies after two and six generations under a permanent magnetic field of 35 mT. While in earlier generations under exposure sexes differ in the size response, later they both show a decrease in the wing size under the magnetic field exposure if compared to the control. The bilateral asymmetry in wings as a potential indicator of developmental instability does not increase significantly under exposure. The ecological and adaptive implications of the change of the magnetic intensity as an environmental factor generating stress in populations is discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 22:365–369, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fat facets does a Highwire act at the synapse
Authors: Fischer Janice A. , Overstreet Erin
Published: August 2002

Neuromuscular synapses are highly dynamic structures that respond to both intercellular and intracellular cues to manipulate synaptic form. A variety of post‐translational modifications of synaptic proteins are used to regulate synaptic plasticity. A recent report by DiAntonio et al.(1) shows that two ubiquitin pathway proteins, Highwire and Fat facets, may be mutually antagonistic regulators of presynaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. This work adds support to the emerging idea that ubiquitin, a polypeptide that targets proteins for proteasomal degradation, regulates synaptic development. BioEssays 24:13–16, 2002. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Branch‐specific migration cues in the Drosophila tracheal system
Authors: Rosin Dalia , Shilo Ben‐Zion
Published: August 2002

The Drosophila tracheal system forms by highly stereotyped migration of the tracheal cells, generating an elaborate network of interconnected tubes supplying oxygen to all tissues. A major guiding system in the migration process of all branches is the dynamic and localized expression of Branchless (Bnl), an FGF‐like molecule. Bnl triggers the activation of the FGF receptor Breathless (Btl) locally in all tracheal cells. Is this the only guiding cue, or do additional local signals provide distinct inputs to each branch? Several recent papers identify such local signals, relying on contacts with specific cell types and with the matrix encountered by the migrating tracheal branches. In particular, the paper by Boube et al(1) demonstrates a role for PS integrins in promoting migration of a specific tracheal branch. BioEssays 24:110–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microevolutionary studies in nematodes: a beginning
Authors: Delattre Marie , Félix Marie‐Anne
Published: August 2002

Comparisons between related species often allow the detailed genetic analysis of evolutionary processes. Here we advocate the use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (and several other rhabditid species) as model systems for microevolutionary studies. Compared to Drosophila species, which have been a mainstay of such studies, C. elegans has a self‐fertilizing mode of reproduction, a shorter life cycle and a convenient cell‐level analysis of phenotypic variation. Data concerning its population genetics and ecology are still scarce, however. We review molecular, behavioral and developmental intraspecific polymorphisms for populations of C. elegans, Oscheius sp. 1 and Pristionchus pacificus. Focusing on vulval development, which has been well characterized in several species, we discuss relationships between patterns of variations: (1) for a given genotype (developmental variants), (2) after mutagenesis (mutability), (3) in different populations of the same species (polymorphisms) and (4) between closely related species. These studies have revealed that evolutionary variations between sister species affect those characters that show phenotypic developmental variants, that are mutable and that are polymorphic within species. BioEssays 23:807–819, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Increase in the intensity of thermoluminescence Q‐band during leaf ageing is due to a block in the electron transfer from QA to QB
Authors: Biswal A. K. , Dilnawaz F. , David K. A. V. , Ramaswamy N. K. , Misra A. N.
Published: August 2002

The thermoluminescence (TL) parameters in intact leaves and thylakoids isolated from leaves showed a different pattern of change during leaf ageing. Ageing of leaves brought about a decrease in the B‐band and a simultaneous increase in the Q‐band. Thylakoids showed only a decrease in the B‐band. The TL bands further show that there is generation of an endogenous electron transport inhibitor during leaf ageing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of the raman spectrum of DNA. II. Raman signatures of premelting and melting transitions of poly(dA)·poly(dT) and comparison with poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT)*
Authors: Movileanu Liviu , Benevides James M. , Thomas George J.
Published: August 2002

The temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of poly(dA)·poly(dT) (dA: deoxyadenosine; dT: thymidine), a model for DNA containing consecutive adenine·thymine (A·T) pairs, has been analyzed using a spectrometer of high spectral precision and sensitivity. Three temperature intervals are distinguished: (a) premelting (10 < t < 70°C), in which the native double helix is structurally altered but not dissociated into single strands; (b) melting (70 < t < 80°C), in which the duplex is dissociated into single strands; and (c) postmelting (80 < t°C), in which no significant structural change can be detected. The distinctive Raman difference signatures observed between 10 and 70°C and between 70 and 80°C are interpreted in terms of the structural changes specific to premelting and melting transitions, respectively. Premelting alters the low‐temperature conformation of the deoxyribose‐phosphate backbone and eliminates base hydrogen bonding that is distinct from canonical Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding; these premelting perturbations occur without disruption of base stacking. Conversely, melting eliminates canonical Watson–Crick pairing and base stacking. The results are compared with those reported previously on poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT), the DNA structure consisting of alternating A·T and T·A pairs (L. Movileanu, J. M. Benevides, and G. J. Thomas, Jr. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 1999, Vol. 30, pp. 637–649). Poly(dA)·poly(dT) and poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT) exhibit strikingly dissimilar temperature‐dependent Raman profiles prior to the onset of melting. However, the two duplexes exhibit very similar melting transitions, including the same Raman indicators of ruptured Watson–Crick pairing, base unstacking and collapse of backbone order. A detailed analysis of the data provides a comprehensive Raman assignment scheme for adenosine and thymidine residues of B‐DNA, delineates Raman markers diagnostic of consecutive A·T and alternating A·T/T·A tracts of DNA, and identifies the distinct Raman difference signatures for premelting and melting transitions in the two types of sequences. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 181–194, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10022
Characterization of aqueous two‐phase partition systems by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA): Application to process definition and control in biorecovery
Authors: Lebreton Bénédicte , Walker Simon G. , Lyddiatt Andrew
Published: August 2002

In this article, we describe a characterization method applicable to aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) heavily loaded with complex biological feed‐stocks. We also studied the partition behavior of mixtures of traceable and quantifiable radiolabeled amino acids, selected on the basis of their relative hydrophobicity A unique linear relation was established between the tie‐line length (TLL: commonly determined by graphical methods) and the hydrophobic factor (HF) for ATPS comprising potassium phosphate and PEG alone, and validated for polymer molecular weights from 300 to 8000 Da in systems operated at an apparent pH value of 7.5. Radiolabeled amino acids were subsequently applied to the characterization of ATPS loaded with whole bovine blood by the determination of effective tie‐line lengths (TLLe). The addition of biomass to ATPS increased TLLe relative to that of blank ATPS of equivalent original composition of PEG and phosphate. In addition, an increase of biomass loading (variously sourced from blood, yeast, and E. coli) contributed to phase formation and stabilization of loaded ATPS in respect of system sensitivity toward operational conditions. The controlled application of sensitive ATPS (adjacent to the binodal curve) could thus be reconsidered for further application of aqueous two‐phase partitioning as a primary purification process. The application of effective tie‐line determinations by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA) as a process‐aid in the design and operation of ATPS in biorecovery is discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 329–339, 2002.
Surface transformation of bioactive glass in bioreactors simulating microgravity conditions. Part I: Experimental study
Authors: Radin S. , Ducheyne P. , Ayyaswamy P. S. , Gao H.
Published: August 2002

Surface modified bioactive glass with surface properties akin to those of the bone mineral phase is an attractive candidate for use as a microcarrier material for 3‐D growth of bone‐like tissue in rotating wall vessel bioreactors (RWVs). The critical surface properties of this material are the result of reaction in solution. Because an RWV environment is completely different from conditions previously employed for bioactive glass testing, a detailed study of the surface reactions is warranted. Under properly chosen conditions, RWVs can also provide a simulated microgravity environment for the bioactive glass (BG) particles. In this sense, this study is also a report on the behavior of a bioactive material under microgravity conditions simulated on earth. A high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) and carefully selected experimental conditions enabled the simulation of microgravity in our laboratory. A complimentary numerical study was simultaneously conducted to ascertain the appropriateness of the experimental parameters (particle size, particle density, medium density, medium viscosity, and rotational speed) that ensure simulated microgravity conditions for the glass particles in the HARV. Physiological solutions (pH 7.4) with and without electrolytes, and also with serum proteins, were used to study the change in surface character resulting from simulated microgravity. Control tests at normal gravity, both static and dynamic, were also conducted. Solution and surface analyses revealed major effects of simulated microgravity. The rates of leaching of constituent ions (Si‐, Ca‐, and P‐ions) were greatly increased in all solutions tested. The enhanced dissolution was followed by the enhanced formation of bone‐like minerals at the BG surface. This enhancement is expected to affect adsorption of serum proteins and attachment molecules, which, in turn, may favorably affect bone cell adhesion and function. The findings of the study are important for the use of bioactive materials as microcarriers to generate and analyze 3‐D bone‐like tissue structures in bioreactors under microgravity conditions or otherwise. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 369–378, 2001.
A novel enzyme reactor using gluten membrane entrapping cell‐associated enzyme
Authors: Lee Wen‐Chien , Guo Shang‐Hsin
Published: August 2002

A membrane enzyme reactor consisting of variable pieces of replaceable cell‐immobilized membranes was proposed for the continuous production of bioproducts. To demonstrate the characteristics of the reactor, cell‐immobilized membranes were prepared by the entrapment of permeabilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing penicillin G acylase within the gluten matrices. A stainless‐steel net that was created with a mesh frame was used to support each gluten membrane so that the membranes could be filled into the rectangular‐shaped reactor. The reactor equipped with either six or 12 pieces of cell‐immobilized gluten membranes containing a biomass concentration of 5%, w/w was effective in catalyzing the production of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid from penicillin G. In comparison with intact cells, the cell‐immobilized preparation was more stable and the half‐life time of the immobilized cell‐associate enzyme in gluten membrane was estimated to be 36 days by a long‐term operation. As the substrate solution was forced to flow through the reactor equipped with six membranes and in the direction perpendicular to the membranes, the pressure drop was determined to be less than 50 cm H2O with a flow‐rate up to 50 mL/min. This low pressure due to the porous structure of gluten membrane would lead to a lower operational cost. Increasing either the number of membranes or the area of each cell‐immobilized membrane can easily do scaling‐up of this membrane reactor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 311–317, 2001.
Removal of the fermentation by‐product succinyl L‐tyrosine from the β‐lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid using a molecularly imprinted polymer
Authors: Yu Yihua , Ye Lei , de Biasi Vern , Mosbach Klaus
Published: August 2002

Clavulanic acid is a β–lactamase inhibitor used in therapeutic combinations with the penicillin‐type antibiotics. During the fermentation leading to clavulanic acid, a succinyl L‐tyrosine by‐product is unavoidably formed. Occasionally, the amount of this by‐product is found to be as high as 2% of the product even after standard purification operations. To further remove this impurity, we prepared a highly specific adsorbent for succinyl L‐tyrosine with the molecular imprinting technique. This was performed by simultaneously using vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride and methacrylic acid as the functional monomers. The imprinted polymer selectively bound succinyl L‐tyrosine, and could be successfully used to remove this impurity at concentrations of less than 2% in the presence of clavulanic acid. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 23–28, 2002.
High performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay for the quantitation of BMS‐204352 in dog K3EDTA plasma
Authors: Yao Ming , Mantha Subbarao , Shah Vinod R. , Vachharajani Nimish N. , Arnold Mark E. , Pursley Janice M. , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: August 2002

A high performance liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric (LC/MS) assay was developed and validated for the determination of BMS‐204352 in dog K3EDTA plasma. A 0.5 mL aliquot of control plasma was spiked with BMS‐204352 and internal standard (IS) and buffered with 1 mL of 5 mM ammonium acetate. The mixture was then extracted with 3 mL of toluene. After separation and evaporation of the organic phase to dryness using nitrogen at 40°C, the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and 25 µL of the sample were injected onto a Hypersil C18 column (2 × 50 mm; 3 µm) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phase was consisted of two solvent mixtures (A and B). Solvent A was composed of 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% triethylamine in 75:25 v/v water:methanol, pH adjusted to 5.5 with glacial acetic acid, and solvent B was 5 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. A linear gradient system was used to elute the analytes. The mass spectrometer was programmed to admit the de‐protonated molecules at m/z 352.7 (IS) and m/z 357.9 (BMS‐204352). Standard curves of BMS‐204352 were linear (r2 ≥ 0.998) over the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL. The mean predicted quality control (QC) concentrations deviated less than 5.1% from the corresponding nominal values (ie 4, 80, 400 and 2000 ng/mL); the within‐ and between‐assay precision of the assay were within 5.5% relative standard deviation. Stability of BMS‐204352 was confirmed after at least three freeze/thaw cycles and BMS‐204532 was stable in dog plasma when stored frozen at or below −20°C for at least 16 weeks in spiked QC samples and for at least 4 1/2 weeks for in vivo study samples. BMS‐204352 and IS were stable in the injection solvent at room temperature for at least 24 h. The assay was applied to delineate the pharmacokinetic disposition of BMS‐204352 in dogs following a single intravenous dose administration. In conclusion, the assay is accurate, precise, specific, sensitive and reproducible for the pharmacokinetic analysis of BMS‐204532 in dog plasma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental management codes and continuous environmental improvements: insights from the chemical industry
Authors: Solomon Barry D. , Mihelcic James R.
Published: August 2002

The chemical industry has the highest quantity of toxic releases and hazardous waste generation in the US. We present survey results that examined compliance with seven major environmental statutes at small and medium‐sized chemical facilities. This survey was designed to complement the findings of the US Environmental Protection Agency/Chemical Manufacturers Association ‘Root Cause’ survey, which attempted to determine reasons for environmental noncompliance at large chemical facilities. Results of our study indicated that 30% of the respondents did not have an Environmental Management System in place, including Responsible Care, even though Responsible Care is required for active membership in their trade association. Also, survey respondents looked beyond their own facility for meeting their compliance assistance needs. Statistical analysis of the results showed that for six of seven environmental laws examined, company size had a statistically significant correlation with awareness of compliance requirements. Only in the case of one major environmental statute was the hypothesized relationship not statistically significant. The results point to the need for trade associations, state and federal government and management to devote additional resources to improving environmental compliance for smaller chemical companies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The treatment of subcapital humerus fracture with dynamic helix wire and the risk of concommitant lesion of the axillary nerve
Authors: Traxler H. , Surd R. , Laminger K.A. , Windisch A. , Sora M.C. , Firbas W.
Published: August 2002

Displaced subcapital fractures of the humerus represent a therapeutic challenge for the surgeon, all the more so because of their high incidence among osteoporotic patients. Open surgical repair involves increased risk of avascular necrosis of the humeral head, while percutaneous reduction and fixation often fails as a result of loosening pins. As a possible solution, a minimally invasive technique was developed in which a dynamic titanium wire helix is inserted into the medullary space of the diaphysis of the humerus and then rotated proximally into the head fragment. This new approach for osteosynthesis was performed in 84 patients, most of whom had suffered two‐ or three‐part fractures. Results were evaluated by the Constant Functional Score, indicating an average 87% rehabilitation. An associated anatomical study of 53 human cadavers investigated the position of the main branches of the axillary nerve relative to the surgical placement of the wire helix. In all cases, the distance between the most vulnerable anterior branch of the axillary nerve (ABAN) and the operative site was sufficient, as long as insertion occurs in the distal third of the distance between the head of the humerus and the deltoid tuberosity. Utilization of the titanium helix results in prompt healing of subcapital fractures while offering minimal risk for the elderly osteoporotic patient and does not endanger branches of the axillary nerve. Clin. Anat. 6:418–423, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preventing unsuitable people from working with children—the criminal justice and court services bill
Authors: Thomas Terry
Published: August 2002

The continuing concern to safeguard children from abuse in schools, children's homes and similar settings has led to proposals to make it an offence for those with convictions against children to even apply for work with children. The Criminal Justice and Court Services Bill will introduce ‘disqualification orders’ for such offenders. The background development of this Bill is considered, together with the way the new orders will fit with existing criminal record check arrangements, current bans and the role of the forthcoming Criminal Records Bureau, which will tie all these systems together in a ‘one‐stop shop’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of subjective group memberships and perceptions of power in industrial conflict
Authors: Taylor Natalie , McGarty Craig
Published: August 2002

A survey conducted with university academics (N = 187) investigated self‐reported behaviour, explanations, social identification and perceptions of power during a period of industrial disputation. The results point to the importance of subjective experience of group memberships rather than overt group memberships in understanding behaviour and perceptions of power during industrial conflict and demonstrate very little support for the idea that industrial action or inaction reflects coerced behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting the advocacy needs of people who have been abused by health and social care practitioners
Authors: Williams Jennie , Nash Jo
Published: August 2002

The Prevention of Professional Abuse Network (POPAN) is the first national organization within the UK to address the problem of the abuse of clients and patients by health and social care providers. POPAN has a small staff group of eight people and a larger network of advisers, supporters and allies; its activities include campaigning, training, consultancy, and the provision of information, advice and advocacy. Jennie Williams is a clinical psychologist and trustee of POPAN, she has supported the development of the organization since the early 1990s; Jo Nash was the main person involved in the development and provision of the advocacy service between September 1997 to January 2000. This is the edited version of a taped and transcribed interview that took place in 1999. Jo Nash is uniquely placed to provide information of significance to anyone using or providing health and social care services. Her work as an advocate has given her a very particular insight into the challenges faced by those seeking redress for professional abuse, and she has first hand experience of providing advocacy to people who are vulnerable and reluctant to trust anyone offering help. In this interview Jo Nash directs attention to the considerable limitations in current complaints systems, practices and procedures, and offers comment on the implications for change. Her work with POPAN provides continual reminders of the importance of prevention, and she identifies a number of ways in which action can be taken to prevent health and social care practitioners abusing their patients and clients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from skeletal muscle of the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica: the β2‐adrenergic receptor and calcium transport systems in control, frozen and thawed states
Authors: Hemmings Susan J. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: August 2002

In freeze tolerant wood frog Rana sylvatica, the freeze‐induced liberation of glucose plays a critical role in survival in response to sub‐zero temperature exposure. We have shown that the glycaemic response is linked to selective changes in the expression of hepatic adrenergic receptors through which catecholamines act to produce their hepatic glycogenolytic effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine if skeletal muscle, another catecholamine‐sensitive tissue with glycogenolytic potential, displayed similar or different changes. In order to achieve these objectives, skeletal muscle derived from Rana sylvatica was studied in control, frozen and thawed states. In isolated sarcolemmal fractions, freezing effected an 88% decrease in β2‐adrenergic receptor expression but was without effect on the calcium pump; while thawing resulted in a recovery of the β2‐adrenergic receptor to 60% of control levels and a 2.4‐fold increase in calcium transport. In isolated sarcoplasmic reticular fractions, freezing effected a 52% decrease in calcium binding and a 92% decrease in oxalate‐stimulated calcium uptake; while thawing elicited partial normalization to control levels to 70% with respect to calcium binding and to 47% with respect to calcium uptake. Freezing and thawing were associated with increases and decreases, receptively, in blood glucose levels but were without effect on skeletal muscle glycogen content. Thus these muscle changes in Rana sylvatica in freezing and thawing are not linked to glycogen breakdown, are different from those previously seen in liver, and may provide a role in recovery of muscle function during thawing by protecting glycogen stores for contraction and maximizing extracellular calcium for excitation–contraction coupling in the frozen state. The involvement of thyroid hormone in triggering these muscle changes is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quinacrine treatment on the activity of acid hydrolases (phosphatase, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glucosidase, galactosidase and esterase) in Tetrahymena
Authors: Kovács P. , Csaba G.
Published: August 2002

The effect of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, quinacrine, on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in Tetrahymena pyriformis homogenate, was investigated. The activity of all of the enzymes studied (acid phosphatase, N‐acetyl‐β‐glusosaminidase, glucosidase, galactosidase and esterase) was significantly reduced in the presence of quinacrine. Since there are no data on the inhibitory effect of PLA2 and PLA2 influenced metabolic pathways to the hydrolytic enzymes, the direct effect of quinacrine on the hydrolytic enzymes (of Tetrahymena) can be supposed. This is supported by the fact that the other PLA2 inhibitor, 4‐bromophenacyl bromide, did not influence phosphatase activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Walker 256 tumour growth causes marked changes of glutamine metabolism in rat small intestine
Authors: Lima Manuela M. Ramos , de Mello Maria Alice R. , Curi Rui
Published: August 2002

The effect of Walker 256 tumour growth on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine in the small intestine of rats was examined. Walker 256 tumour has been extensively used as an experimental model to induce cancer cachexia in rats. Walker 256 tumour growth decreased body weight and small intestine weight and length. The activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphate‐dependent glutaminase were reduced in the proximal, median and distal portions of the intestine. Glutamine oxidation was reduced in the proximal portion only. The decrease in glutaminase activity was not due to a low synthesis of the protein as indicated by Western blotting analysis. Hexokinase and citrate synthase activities were not changed by the tumour. These findings led us to postulate that tumour growth impairs glutamine metabolism of small intestine but the mechanism involved remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualized plaque debris as a cause of distal embolization after percutaneous coronary intervention in patient with unstable angina
Authors: Sakai Shunta , Mizuno Kyoichi , Tomimura Masato , Tanabe Jun , Seimiya Koji , Takano Masamichi , Yokoyama Shinya , Ohba Takayoshi , Uemura Ryota
Published: August 2002

Procedural complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for unstable angina are higher than for stable angina. We report a case in which coronary angioscopy proved the dislodgment of a large plaque fragment after Cutting Balloon angioplasty and confirmed our suspicion that plaque fragmentation can cause distal embolization. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:113–117. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost implications of closure of atrial septal defect
Authors: Baker Sherri S. , O'Laughlin Martin P. , Jollis James G. , Harrison J. Kevin , Sanders Stephen P. , Li Jennifer S.
Published: August 2002

We sought to evaluate the relative cost of surgical and device closure of atrial septal defect. Device closure for atrial septal defects is becoming an alternative to surgical closure. We examined the hospital‐generated cost data in 13 patients who underwent surgical repair and 15 patients who underwent device closure of an atrial septal defects (ASD) or patent foramen ovale (PFO) during a prospective clinical trial of the device. The cost of device closure of ASD was $7,837 less on average than surgical closure when the cost of the occlusion device was excluded (device closure cost $7,397 ± $2,822, surgical closure cost $15,234 ± $3,851; P < 0.001). When adjusted for a 5% failure rate of device closure, the cost savings was $7,076. Device closure of ASD results in substantial hospital‐related cost savings that will be an important consideration once new devices are approved for clinical use. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:83–87. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential vs. kissing balloon angioplasty for stenting of bifurcation coronary lesions
Authors: Brueck Martin , Scheinert Dierk , Flachskampf Frank A. , Daniel Werner G. , Ludwig Josef
Published: August 2002

Coronary angioplasty of bifurcation lesions remains a technical challenge and is believed to result in low procedural success associated with the risk of side‐branch occlusion. Furthermore, long‐term results are associated with a high rate of reintervention. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immediate and long‐term clinical and angiographic results of sequential vs. simultaneous balloon angioplasty (kissing balloon technique) for stenting of bifurcation coronary lesions. Between December 1999 and January 2001, 59 patients underwent coronary angioplasty because of symptomatic bifurcation lesions type III (i.e., side branch originates from within the target lesion of the main vessel, and both main and side branch are angiographically narrowed more than 50%). Twenty‐six patients were treated with simultaneous and 33 patients with sequential balloon angioplasty. Main‐vessel stent placement was mandatory; side‐branch stenting and platelet IIb/IIIa antagonists were allowed at the discretion of the operator. Kissing balloon technique offered no advantage in terms of procedural success or need for repeat target vessel revascularization due to restenosis at 6‐month follow‐up. Using sequential balloon angioplasty, permanent or transient side‐branch compromise rate (TIMI flow < 3) was significantly higher than after kissing balloon technique (33% vs. 0%, respectively; P = 0.003). Major clinical events in‐hospital or at 6‐month follow‐up, however, showed no significant differences. Kissing balloon angioplasty reduces the rate of transient side‐branch occlusion compared to sequential PTCA but does not improve immediate or long‐term outcome compared to sequential PTCA for stenting of bifurcation lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:461–466. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous reperfusion of left main coronary disease complicated by acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Neri Roberto , Migliorini Angela , Moschi Guia , Valenti Renato , Dovellini Emilio Vincenzo , Antoniucci David
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have shown a benefit of a strategy of direct angioplasty and stenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by early cardiogenic shock. However, few data exist for the subset of patients with left main trunk disease complicated by AMI and cardiogenic shock. We performed an analysis of patients with AMI who underwent mechanical intervention between January 1995 and December 2000. Out of 1,433 patients with ST segment elevation AMI treated with primary coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 22 patients (1.5%) had left main disease (LMD) as the culprit lesion. Baseline characteristics were age, 66 ± 11 years; female gender, 9%; diabetes, 14%; previous myocardial infarction, 14%; mean systolic blood pressure, 77 ± 24 mm Hg; time to treatment, 4.8 ± 2.2 hr; TIMI 0–1, 77%; collateral flow (Rentrop grade ≥ 2) 9%. The primary success rate was 91%. Primary stenting was performed in 17 patients (77%). The in‐hospital mortality rate was 50%. All deaths were due to refractory shock. The 6‐month survival rate was 41% ± 1%, while the event‐free survival rate was 27% ± 10%. At 6‐month follow‐up, the mortality rate increased to 59%; the target vessel revascularization rate was 14%. A percutaneous mechanical intervention strategy in patients with left main disease complicated by AMI is feasible and effective, and patients discharged alive have a good mid‐term prognosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:31–34. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of diastolic function
Authors: Applegate Robert J. , Rankin Kevin M. , Powers John C. , Little William C.
Published: August 2002

Abnormalities of diastolic function are increasingly recognized as important components of the abnormal physiology in many patients with heart failure. In order to better understand the role of abnormalities of individual parameters or diastolic function affecting filling of the left ventricular a broader understanding of the relationship of systolic and diastolic performance on overall left ventricular pump performance should be considered. While measurement of diastolic function noninvasively has become the predominant way of assessing diastolic performance, invasive evaluation remains important. Moreover, understanding the physiology of diastolic performance remains essential to proper diagnosis and management. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:85–93. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.