bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT
Authors: MARSLAND DAVID
Published: February 2008

It has taken a very long time in Britain for us to acknowledge the seriousness of youth unemployment. It is now nearly a decade since there were clear signs of its scale and structural significance. Yet there are still influential people blandly demanding “real jobs at real wages”, as if by some well‐meaning magic the problem could be wished away. Those who drew attention to the problem in the seventies were routinely criticized from left and from right alike as hysterical pessimists. From the right we were told that recession would fade and that economic recovery would absorb young people in an expanding labour market. On the left it was widely believed, and the belief absurdly persists, that under a sensible government the problem would be easily dealt with by a further straightforward extension of conventional education.
The New World of Business
Authors: LESSEM RONNIE
Published: February 2008

In my article on the New World of Work I alluded to three stages of business development and to their implications for work and employment. Via the ‘creative re‐integration of business’, I also conjured up a new world of business, where ‘intrapreneurs’ and ‘enablers’ came together with managers and entrepreneurs, and with consultants and craftsmen. In this follow up piece I want to focus on ‘Creative Re‐integration’, as our next step in business development. As a result, I shall be: • making the case for ‘Business Development’ as a new and vital, though hitherto neglected framework, for thinking about organisations • drawing together the economic, social and technological threads that are converging upon us, resulting in a genuinely new world of business • citing examples of innovative moves, within major corporations, towards creative re‐integration.
Using The Outdoors — Part I
Authors: Teire John
Published: February 2008

Courses which make use of the great outdoors are fashionable and there are quite a few to choose from, but there is a danger that they will be used inappropriately and that the real value will be missed. This article describes how outdoor activities can be used as part of a management training programme to meet some specific company needs.
Supporting Self‐Help in Management Development
Authors: Robinson Graham
Published: February 2008

The use of self‐development activities as alternatives to traditional course‐based training and management development is discussed. The author describes one company's experiment in support of self‐development, drawing on prior experiences with taskforces, project groups, MBO, assessment centres and mind mapping, to set up a self‐development workshop for a group of trainers and managers.
Retailing and Distribution
Authors: Romano Soraya
Published: February 2008

As part of the development of syllabuses and examinations at the Pitman Examinations Institute, and in response to a changing educational environment, a new examination in retailing and distribution is to be introduced. The article provides a course profile, the teaching/learning strategies and the assessment procedures pertaining to this new course.
Shortage of Skilled Manpower in the UK
Authors: Holroyde Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

The widespread recognition that the UK is very short of skilled manpower, particularly in the information technology field calls for urgent measures. The article outlines a practical scheme for developing and upgrading young people in the middle ability band — the people who have been overlooked in the last few years.
The Small Firm Illusion
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

The small firm, self‐employed syndrome must be recognised as one of the key areas requiring an entirely new approach in the next stage of industrial/economic development. A new side to the production economy, producing custom‐built artefacts for highly specialised purposes, will require small entrepreneurial units, highly adaptable and sensitive to changing demand, with the key figure the technician‐manager. An examination of the MSC Enterprise Scheme in Britain shows the government to be oversimplifying the business world for young people and not fully considering how best to deploy the labour force.
Three‐Way Consulting in the Middle East
Authors: Glassock Les
Published: February 2008

The main pitfall in introducing a technology to a new market is the amount of support it receives from its new environment. The transfer of a sales control system (designed in Europe) to six Gulf‐market distributors illustrates the need for a triangular consultancy relationship between consultant, user and sponsor, and the understanding and avoiding of cultural obstacles.
Maximising Mixing During Training Courses
Authors: Day Brian
Published: February 2008

When in‐plant and college‐based courses are run for supervisors and managers, it is conventional to use a U‐shaped seating arrangement in the training room to promote participation and discussion. However, at each class session, people will tend to sit with the same companions habitually, which may be more comfortable, but less productive than if they sat with different people each time.
Archie and the Eureka Workshops
Authors: Townsend John
Published: February 2008

Archie Meaders is the training manager for an organisation just like yours. His boss, “the manager”, is just like your boss — overworked, irascible and wary of new ideas — but deep down he's alright — if you know how to handle him. For some months Archie had wanted to introduce creativity training into the company. He had had some experience as a facilitator in creative problem‐solving workshops from his previous job and felt that there was a lot of creative potential in the company which was not being tapped. One Wednesday evening he invited the manager for a drink after work to soften him up to the idea…
The Future of Development Training
Authors: Everard K.B.
Published: February 2008

DTAG is a consortium of long‐established providers — Brathay Hall Trust, Endeavour Training, Lindley Educational Trust, Outward Bound and the YMCA — loosely associated with Project Trident, the National Association of Outdoor Education and formerly with the Industrial Society. Contact can be made through Bertie Everard at 2 Fern Grove, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL8 7ND.
Universities, Polytechnics and the Adult Training Market
Authors: Clendon Ryland , Yorke David
Published: February 2008

What strategies are used by employers and their graduate staff to update higher level skills? What limits the use of universities and polytechnics as providers of advanced training? How should teaching staff in universities and polytechnics work with training staff in industry and commerce to design programmes to meet these needs?
Adult Learning — The Challenge for Government
Authors: Holland CB Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

The national priorities for action in adult learning are reviewed. A new structure of vocational qualifications is being established and there is major development in open and distance learning. High priority should be given to the development of leaders and managers, and those with technological qualifications. There is a need for more commitment to training from employers, trade unions and individuals.
Creative Career Information and Development
Authors: Kramer Charles
Published: February 2008

The Career Information Center of the World Bank is described, with its facilities for self‐assessment, workshops and one‐on‐one interviews to answer career questions. It is emphasised that flexibility and self‐responsibility are needed as aids to individual action. A computer based approach as well as more traditional methods are illustrated.
Managers Can Be Taught But Leaders Have To Learn
Authors: Hodgson Philip
Published: February 2008

The differences between managers and leaders are defined. The role of leader is to be creative, which means creating the rules that managers follow. These rules can be taught to the managers, but how are the leaders to learn? The Leadership Development Programme at Ashridge Management College emphasises feedback skills, techniques of creativity, and also the importance of language for transmitting ideas.
Internalising Learning for Self‐development
Authors: Kendall Rossana
Published: February 2008

The purpose of the organisational development programme run for Brent Library Service was to cultivate three competences: interpersonal, change, and process competence. The design of the course is described, covering interactive skills, assertiveness, team development, the difference between process and task, action learning, and the individual in the organisation. The training methods were experiential and participative, and the change in organisation culture is being sustained.
LEARNING TO FACILITATE ROLE CHANGE
Authors: Calleja Anne
Published: February 2008

The redesign of personnel officers' jobs in a hotel chain is described in order to provide a more direct role in training both for the officers and those subordinate to them. The process of agreeing the changes is set out, followed by a series of modules from the in‐company programme. Action‐based learning experiences integrated with on‐the‐job processes are shown as being integral to the process.
HELPING SMALL COMPANIES TO HELP THEMSELVES
Authors: Lawlor Alan
Published: February 2008

A project involving four small businesses in the West Midlands is described. The Performance Improvement Programme comprises a productivity audit, monthly action learning meetings for the managing directors and in‐plant action learning groups. Specific results have been achieved in improved deliveries, work scheduling and quality control. The PIP method is recommended to help British industry (via its small firms) to help itself.
TAKING LEADERSHIP IN OUR ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Allen Richard , Nixon Bruce , Thompson Mary
Published: February 2008

Professionals in human resources have wide managerial contacts and some skills not possessed by many managers. They also have the network to influence managers. The need is for them to take a stronger leadership role, especially by providing a new and different role model by their own behaviour. How this is developed for participants on a course for HR people is described.
JAPAN — DEVELOPING FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Twiss Brian
Published: February 2008

Japan is aiming at technological leadership, and has a clear and coherent policy for achieving it, which involves increasing investment in education, training and R&D. The scale of the training effort creates the organisational climate conducive to the acceptance of change. Examples are given of the volume of in‐company training, for instance on brainstorming, and of retraining electronic engineers for biotechnology.
MANAGEMENT OR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE NHS?
Authors: Abrahams Michael
Published: February 2008

The author reviews the experience of a 12‐month secondment from a major retail company to a major hospital. Although his initial remit was to create a management development process, he found that the prime need was to improve immediate managerial action. Differences between commercial and hospital values and behaviours are discussed.
An End Piece in a Lighter Vein
Authors: Smith Bryan
Published: February 2008

In mulling over the articles in this issue on a walk to my village local it occurred to me that the theme of Women and Men Working Together might be further enriched by a contribution from mine hosts, Liz and Frank. Untypically they are business partners rather than husband and wife. How would some of the issues transfer to the confines of The Black Horse, where landlord and landlady probably spend more time in each other's company than do most business colleagues?
Industrial Robot Grippers
Authors: Lundström Goran
Published: February 2008

Investment in an industrial robot (IRb) is stimulated by applications that demand easy changes to achieve various tasks. If the shape of the object to be handled varies for each different task then the gripper must also be changed. Thus versatility is required and in this chapter a number of sketches and photographs of prototypes which have been built and tested, possible other solutions and possibilities have also been gathered as follows:
Industrial Robots and Fluid Control Systems
Authors: Lundstrom Goran
Published: February 2008

With the word fluid we mean gases and liquids. With a fluid control system we mean a control system in which we use a fluid as the signal carrier. Those fluid control systems in which the fluid is not air or oil are few, at least in connection with industrial robots (IRb).
Computer Controlled Mechnical Assembly
Authors: Will P.M.
Published: February 2008

This paper is an overview of work done in a project in the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center which deals with the use of a computer‐controlled machine which can be programmed to do a wide variety of mechanical assemblies. Examples drawn from the application domain might be domestic utensils such as blenders and toasters, industrial examples are carburettors or power tools, while office examples are staplers, typewriter subassemblies, printer head assemblies and keyboards, etc. It is believed that a system capable of doing all of these assemblies would be industrially valuable.
Low Cost Automation in Pilkington Bros. using Robots
Authors: Watson E.
Published: February 2008

The paper describes 3 applications of Robots used in the PILKINGTON GROUP and seeks to justify the selection of well developed equipment as a means of linking together sub‐processes quickly.
Industrial Robots and Organisation of Work
Authors: Ciborra C.
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with the organizational, technical and economic impact of Industrial Robots. Some general remarks concerning the main reasons for the robot developments in big Italian manufacturing companies is thoroughly discussed using case‐study results of an Industrial Robot application. The socio‐technical approach is adopted to analyse organizational and technical effects of Industrial Robots at the work place. Finally the role that Industrial Robots can play together with new methods of job design is examined.
Present stale and future outlook for industrial robots in Japan
Authors: Yonemoto K. , Shiino K.
Published: February 2008

Japanese production of industrial robots amounted to US$34 million in 1973 (hereafter, calculate 1 US$ = Yens 270,‐). For the last couple of years, the demand stayed weak because of the slow down of industrial investment. However, the advancement of robot technology, the improvement cost‐performance of robots, and the active investment on the improvement of productivity and labour welfare in industries caused to increase the production of industrial robots up to $48 million in 1976 and will assure the future expansion of the robot market. (See Fig.1, Fig.2).
Improving quality and productivity in foundries
Authors: Vicentini P.
Published: February 2008

A large variety of robots are used in the forge and foundry industries. As yet no clear pattern of application has emerged but this is likely to change in the years ahead.
The Japanese Scene
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Some robot makers look for new applications, while others seek overseas partners, but demand for more of the same robots continues.
Swedish industries' experience with robots
Authors: Carlsson Jan , Selg Håkan
Published: February 2008

Based on a leading‐edge technique analysis the diffusion of industrial robots in Sweden during the 70's and a forecast for the 80's is described. The actual use of robots and NC‐machines in small‐batch manufacturing and barriers as well as policies for promoting a wide diffusion of robots are discussed.
The Japanese Scene
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Matsushita leads a number of companies coming into the robots business, while Yamaha installs over 100 arc welding robots, and international ventures increase.
Guidelines to the selection of robots
Authors: Owen A.E.
Published: February 2008

It is often claimed that flexible automation is the key to the survival of the manufacturing industry. The most significant and emotive form that flexible automation can take is the robot, yet this saviour of the manufacturing industry can be at best an expensive though worthwhile investment, and at worst a financial and political disaster.
IGM Give Ayrshire Metal Products A Smooth Profile
Authors: Loughlin Clive
Published: February 2008

Irvine based Ayrshire Metal Products plc have come a long way since their origins in the wooden shipbuilding industry. Many of the changes have occurred in the last three years as part of an “automate to survive” £3 million investment programme.
ROBOTS FREE‐RANGE BETWEEN TOWN AND GOWN
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

This article is based on a lecture to the Fellowship of Engineering by the head of the Department of Engineering Science, Professor Mike Brady, and an interview with the department's specialist on non‐vision sensing and data fusion, Dr Hugh Durrant‐Whyte.
ROBOT CALIBRATION FOR OFF‐LINE PROGRAMMING
Authors: Berg Joachim O.
Published: February 2008

In order to save cost and time, attempts are made by the automotive industry to simulate in advance system planning and programming of robots involved in the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, the use of off‐line programming produces inaccuracies in robot positioning so that reteaching is required for the various working points. This problem is aggravated by the fact that to date robot manufacturers have been unable to provide reliable data on the accuracy of their robots when using off‐line programming. This complex of problems is discussed on the basis of the VDI directive 2861.
HANOVER ROBOTS:
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: February 2008

Visitors to the Hanover Industrie Messe in April would have noticed that robot design is going through a phase of significant evolution. Among the many new ranges of robot that the major European manufacturers announced, it was evident clearly that robots are now designed not only to fulfil the customer's application requirements but also to be easy and cost‐effective to manufacture and to be simple to maintain.
JAPANESE ROBOTICS DISPLAYED AT SCIENCE MUSEUM
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

An imaginative presentation of the past, present and future of robotics in Japan was held at the Science Museum in London during September and October as part of the Japan Festival. The past was colourfully represented by traditional wooden puppets powered by clockwork or, in one case, by sand falling over a paddle wheel.
Advanced Robotics in the Food Industry
Authors: Wallin Peter
Published: February 2008

Robotics in the Food Industry ‐ The food industry generally operates at low margins, is conservative and has to respond quickly to consumer and retailer demands. These requirements have become even more predominant over recent years. The food industry is diverse and there are few generic solutions which can be applied across all sectors. Robots have been used throughout the food industry, and as early as the 1970s they were used to package assorted chocolates. The interest, however, declined as manufacturers found that the systems could not meet more stringent hygiene standards, did not stand up to the vigorous and often hostile environment and had a very high capital cost.
Mobile Systems
Authors: Grewal Simmy
Published: February 2008

The Opera House building is synonymous worldwide with Sydney, Australia. The unique shape (see photo) is actually due to the architect wanting to recreate the geometry of orange segments, not to project the image of sails on the harbour as is generally believed. However, whatever the origin of its conceptualization, the problems of maintaining such a shape remain. So, when a new development in mobile systems was recently revealed, there was an immediate interest to establish its capabilities for fixing the leaks in the Opera House roof. The new development is called “Mr Plod” (see photo). Mr Plod is really an “it” but “he” sounds better.
A Robot to Milk Cows
Authors: Wittenberg Gunter
Published: February 2008

A fully automatic milking system has been under development at the Silsoe Research Institute for about seven years. Field trials are planned for the next couple of years. It may then take several more years before the system becomes commercially available.
Diesel Engine Assembly
Authors: Klein Stefan , Madsen Claus
Published: February 2008

Modern‐day assembly lines for car and truck engines are highly automated installations. Although their basic design, relatively inflexible conveyor systems, and dedicated automatic stations have hardly changed over the years, they have become more and more complex. This has meant that the time frames for their planning and installation have steadily increased. Growing competition is nevertheless forcing the industry to install highly automated assembly systems in ever‐shorter times. Working together with the customer, ABB Montage und Test Automation GmbH in Germany planned and installed in a short time a diesel engine assembly line while the engines were still being developed. It included different flexible conveyor systems and 16 six‐axis robots.
Intelligent Factory Automation with Machine Vision Systems
Authors: Boillot J.P. , Begin G.
Published: February 2008

General Principles of 3‐D Vision Cameras: Vision systems aimed at upgrading on‐line operations of robotic‐based processes are major advances for intelligent automation. On‐line 3D visualization of the working scenes, with appropriate features extraction and analysis, are prerequisites for innovative and modern factory fabrication. There exist several techniques for 3D imaging a work scene. Besl has classified some of them according to the following list:
Optical Orientation Units for Automatic Systems as applied in Industrial Robots
Authors: Von Muldau H.H.
Published: February 2008

“One picture says more than 1000 words”. This saving offers us information about one of the most important features of human beings. Human beings mostly relate their actions to their surroundings by optical means. No other information channel is as well developed as the optical channel and only the optical channel is able to process very large quantities of data at one time, bearing in mind the large number of steps which are between the image received by the eyes and the understanding of the contents of the picture by the brain.
The Festo System 1000 Programmable Card Control for a Kaufeldt Robot
Authors: Jones B. , Klink W.
Published: February 2008

The concept of modular standardised control system units is not new. The technique is well established in the solid state electronics field, where it is accepted that ease of servicing and trouble shooting coupled with a standardised application design procedure, is more important than minimising the number of devices used. Here we may equate standard features with ease of application and maintainance.
Reduction of visual data by a program controlled interface for computerized manipulation
Authors: Malinen Pekka , Niemi Antti J.
Published: February 2008

A system consisting of an industrial robot and a computer was provided with a camera of high resolution. The camera/computer interface was provided with an electronic window which was made controllable by computer program. A rough raster scan was used for detection of presence and approximate location of the objects. A finer raster and a set of seven thresholds for the brightness were then applied in a limited window around each object only, in order to save memory space and time without losing accuracy. Thus, e.g. two objects could be detected at the location of an originally unified area, or objects of the same form but differing colors were distinguished. The observation, indentification and classification of the objects by the robot were performed as a fully automatic sequence.
Robot application simulation
Authors: Heginbotham W.B. , Dooner M. , Case K.
Published: February 2008

This paper represents a continuation of the earlier work as reported in Refs. More realism has been achieved and an increasing number of basic robots and “building blocks” have been developed. The rapidity with which Robot/ Workplace situations can be analyzed and performances evaluated ensures that this method is a practical tool for assisting the exploitation and promotion of Industrial Robot Technology.
Japanese look to Europe
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Japan's robot manufacturers are beginning to cast their eyes towards Europe. A number of tie ups with European companies have recently been announced.
A semi‐autonomous remote controlled mobile robot
Authors: Marce L. , Julliere M. , Place H. , Perrichot H.
Published: February 2008

Mobile robots offer more flexibility and scope than the fixed single arm type. French researchers are putting considerable effort into developing such devices and here results of their efforts are described.
Keeping up with momentum in new robot designs
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

A clutch of new robots has emerged from Japanese firms. They are aimed at assembly, loading and unloading machine tools and arc welding. John Hartley reports.
Management problems in manufacturing
Authors: Bruijel N.J.
Published: February 2008

Integrated manufacturing automation is becoming more widely available but its arrival can create tensions between the various organisational function which can present a challenge for management to solve.
Flexible handling systems for axially symmetrical components
Authors: Hoerl A.
Published: February 2008

Starting from an internal demand for flexible manufacturing systems ZF have developed a modular range of handling units.
The safety implications of a new technology
Authors: Weatherby V. , Pike S.A.R.
Published: February 2008

The hazards that robot use present and the safety precautions now needed in industry are discussed.
Arc welding process control by preview sensor
Authors: Verbeek W.J.P.A.
Published: February 2008

Dutch specialists in enhanced visual observation make a successful move into an industrial manufacturing sphere.
Sony: Moving into the assembly robots business
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

With a wealth of experience in the assembly of small electronics assemblies, Sony has introduced a very fast SCARA‐type robot
Computer based training for robotics
Authors: O'Flynn Dermot
Published: February 2008

The use of computer graphics has been extended to help understand robotics. A Dublin‐based company has introduced a self‐help training course that runs on DEC computers.
Responding to advances in technology
Authors: Challis Harry
Published: February 2008

The effects of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology were examined in a recent survey
Assessing weld quality with the aid of ‘direct are sensing’
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

A robot arc weld monitoring system has been developed at the Cranfield Institute of Technology with the capability of networked monitoring of a large number of robots
KUKA takes up a modular approach to assembly
Authors: Schupp G.
Published: February 2008

KUKA has been working with a major car manufacturer in Germany to develop a new approach to production.
Off‐line robot programming: the state‐of‐the‐art
Authors: Carter Scott
Published: February 2008

The potential and the problems of off‐line robot programming are outlined
Forecasting the diffusion of industrial robots
Authors: Bruns T. , Schünemann T.M.
Published: February 2008

The diffusion process for industrial robots in West Germany is forecast up to the year 2000.
Present status of Japan's advanced robot project
Authors: Okada Yasushi
Published: February 2008

Advanced robotics R&D in Japan has been selected as a national project to develop robots to work in dangerous environments like nuclear power plants, undersea and fire fighting.
Integrated systems for off‐line programming
Authors: Bennaton J.A.
Published: February 2008

Planning robot cells, and proving and generating robot programs, can be swiftly and efficiently achieved with graphical simulation.
Now robot inserts all fixed windows
Authors: Klinker Wolfgang
Published: February 2008

German robot manufacturer KUKA has built three identical assembly systems for Ford, worth an estimated DM 25 million. Each will insert fixed screens in the Escort‐replacement within a 32 s cycle.
SEAT plays catch‐up
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Now part of the Volkswagen Group, SEAT, the Spanish car maker, is turning to automation.
sensors simulate tools
Authors: Schmid Dietmar
Published: February 2008

A team of German researchers have developed sensor‐programmable tools to improve teach‐in programming. These sensor‐tools allow automatic positioning and tracking by the robot.
WOMEN LABOUR IN THE CHANGING TRIBAL ECONOMY OF A TRIBAL AREA IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA
Authors: Chakravarti Ila , Mathur Rajni
Published: February 2008

Introduction Tribal women labour of Tribal Sub Plan Area (TSP) in Rajasthan operates today in an economy which is no more secluded but is under a specially designed development programme. Since the Five Year Development Plan of India, the main aim has been to promote the education and economic development of scheduled tribes and to protect them from social injustice and economic exploitation (TSP in Rajasthan, 1986–87). As a result tribal economy is facing a change. Moreover, the tribal economy and its people are exposed today more than before to non‐tribals and their social and ethical norms, and consequently, a change in the economic condition of tribal women is likely to occur. Enough information is not available about the changes which have taken place among the tribal women in the tribal belt of Rajasthan since the operation of the Fifth Plan. Hence, attempts have been made to find out how far these changes affected the tribal women labour in the district of Dungarpur, in the State of Rajasthan. This study is thereby, mainly about the women labour of Bhil tribe, a predominant tribe of the district of Dungarpur. Empirical results are presented in this paper.
BEYOND FOUNDATIONALISM AND RELATIVISM: WHAT HOPE FOR SCIENCES OR SOCIETY?
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: February 2008

At the end of the European Middle Ages, as the Church slowly lost its monopoly held on truth and meaning, the traditional foundations of knowledge crumbled, initiating an epistemological crisis that continues to haunt Western thought. The problem became how can we have confidence in our theories and beliefs. What grounds their validity? Bacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalism were the most concerted and influential early attempts to resolve the crisis. But their resolutions were soon found inadequate, and ever since, the search for a way to provide a solid foundation for our knowledge has been the dominant concern of philosophy. The last grandiose and influential attempt at resolution was positivism. But positivism too has fallen into disfavor. The epistemological crisis endures.
SOME GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACHES IN MODELLING ETHICS AND VALUES IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: February 2008

In recent times there have been attempts by well known economists towards integrating the questions of ethics and values in the body framework of economic theory. Yet their pursuits have remained subservient to one or the other of received economic doctrines. This has proven to be a drawback in the development of an independent inquiry into the possibility of treating the problem of ethical integration as an endogenous phenomen of the system. The idea of ethical endogeneity here means, that society is not merely a reflection of the social policies undertaken by the collective of members of a democratic and decentralized polity. It must also reflect multiple rounds of social transformation realized by the impact of the reverse relation of the ecological environment on the polity itself. Contrary to this concept, the view on ethics and values in the social system presented by the contemporary school of economists and philosophers has the essence of exogeneity. That means ethics and values are made to impact upon the economy but from outside the system. In the system itself they become irrelevant. Vickrey has the following words on the treatment of values by economists in the area of normative economics: “But it is only recently that economists have begun to probe into the systems of values that underlie their discussions, and indeed in many cases the judgements are implicit, rather than explicitly stated.”
The Communist Credo: Man is the Measure of All Things
Authors: Conway O'Brien John
Published: February 2008

I. Introduction On January 1, 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), who has been described by Andrei Gromyko as a man who “has a nice smile, but he has iron teeth,” (Goldman, 1) gave an address to the people of the United States in which he informed them that the “Soviet people are dedicated to peace — that supreme value equal to the gift of life.” (Gorbachev, 1986(a),5). Gorbachev appealed to all that is good in the American people when he said:
A Critique of an Interdependent Welfare Function in an Islamic Society
Authors: Ansari Mohammad I.
Published: February 2008

I. Introduction The emphasis on the concept of ‘economic man’ for a long period of time has led to important outcomes each of which has serious welfare implications. First, there has been a relentless glorification of the principle of pursuit of self‐interest. It is only now that all the negative spillover effects of our wealth creating and consuming activities are being acknowledged and evaluated. Since most of these costs are costs to society rather than to a particular individual, these costs do not play any role in our production or consumption decisions. As a result, quality of life has not improved as much as the recent rise in per capita real income suggests. Second, for a long time welfare has been treated as a monotonically increasing function of the amounts of goods and services consumed. There has been a total disregard for the fact that at a given point in time an individual can afford only a fraction of the total amount of goods and services available in the society. This explains at least in part why even in the most affluent societies people are no happier today than they were in the past. And third, although the idea of interdependent welfare is not new in economics as evidenced by relative income hypothesis which shows that present consumption and hence welfare is also a function of one's past consumption and consumption of others in the society, economic analysis by and large has been carried out on the assumption of independence. Feelings like envy, jealousy, and avarice are real and powerful and play an important role in the way people perceive their welfare. Just because they cannot be conveniently incorporated in simple analytical model is a poor excuse for neglecting them.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAM AS AN ETHICO‐ECONOMIC PARADIGM
Authors: Ansari M.I.
Published: February 2008

This paper takes a critical look on the received paradigm and points out that its fundamental problems are methodological in nature. The epistemological basis of inductivism and the reductionist agenda underlying the psychologistic individualism which form the core of the neoclassical methodology, for instance, do not lend themselves to the achievement of ethical endogeneity. It then presents an ethico‐economic paradigm based on the Islamic principles and argues that such a paradigm not only offers an alternate characterization of the learning process and a richer preference structure but also ensures its ethical endogeneity.
ETHICAL RELATIVISM, SOCIO‐ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN DIGNITY
Authors: Lutz Mark A.
Published: February 2008

IntroductionRelativism of all shades and kinds is in fashion. For some decades, it has been trying to enter the very bastion of the academic heartland by questioning the prevailing cognitive realism in the philosophy of science (Kuhn, Feyerabend). More recently a somewhat different and stronger version of relativism has made some extraordinary advances in literary criticism (the movement of “deconstruction”) and spawned some controversy in the field of law (critical legal studies). The same tendencies have now emerged in architecture (Jencks). More alarmingly, perhaps, in the social sciences we observe a brand new interest in so‐ called “post‐modern” perspectives: post‐modern ethnography in anthropology (Tylor), new voices in sociology (Lash and Urri), and, of course, also the novel ideas representing economics as discourse with a distinctly post‐modern flavor (Amariglio; Rossetti; Milberg; Ruccio).
AN ESSAY ON ECONOMICS AND IDEOLOGY: THE CASE OF IRAN
Authors: Yousefi Mahmood , Abizadeh Sohrab
Published: February 2008

In 1979, twenty‐five hundred years of monarchy came to an abrupt end in Iran. Since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the new regime has weathered internal uprisings, a costly war with Iraq, and international sanctions. It is interesting to learn the extent to which economic adversities faced by Iran have been ideologically driven. In order to assess this phenomenon, this paper utilizes a framework of analysis laid out by the scholarship of Islamic economics. In section I, the paper discusses some economic forces which underlay the 1979 tumult. Subsequently, a discussion of the new economic and social order is given. An assessment is made in the final section.
THIRD WORLD MARKETS DEMAND HOUSEHOLD DATA FOR SUCCESSFUL CONSUMER GOODS MARKETING: MEXICO AS A CASE EXAMPLE
Authors: Huszagh Sandra M. , Murphy Arthur
Published: February 2008

This paper examines influence in husband/wife purchasing decisions for durable goods among Mexican consumers in three income groups. Results indicate traditional husband dominance in less affluent households, and female participation through joint decision making in middle class households. A set of demographic variables in addition to income further differentiate traditional from joint influence households. Findings by product provide further distinctions between husband dominant and joint influence groups.
EXPORT MANAGEMENT COMPANIES: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING THE AMERICAN EXPORT TRADING COMPANY
Authors: Williamson Nicholas C. , Bello Daniel C.
Published: February 2008

The instability of the relationships which Export Management Companies have with their Manufacturer‐Suppliers is, perhaps, the most pressing problem which the EMCs have in their long‐term development as viable export marketing channel entities. Three different variables were empirically tested as possibly affecting the stability of EMC/M‐S relationships: (1) the “operating arrangement” which the EMC has with the M‐S; (2) whether or not the EMC “takes title” to products which it markets abroad; and (3) the size of a given M‐S's export sales generated by the EMC. All three variables were shown to affect the stability of the EMC/M‐S dyadic relationship.
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING TECHNIQUES FOR ENGINEERS
Authors: Hutcheson J.M.
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to alert the engineering industry to opportunities in foreign markets. The key to success in the international market place is shown to be directly dependent upon an understanding of the environment of particular overseas countries, districts, cities and towns. The paper stresses the importance of an effective understanding of economic, cultural, institutional, ethical, political, legal and other aspects of an overseas market. The paper concludes that international marketing is founded on research in a similar way to domestic marketing. However, the process is seen to require a closer understanding of subjective as well as objective analysis. Otherwise service, design or product strategy will not produce plans which achieve the long term profits which warrant overseas operations.
THE INFLUENCE OF COUNTRY AND PRODUCT ON RETAILER OPERATING PRACTICES: A CROSS NATIONAL COMPARISON
Authors: Bello Daniel C. , Dahringer Lee D.
Published: February 2008

This study examines the extent to which retailer's country of origin and product assortment influence retailer operating practices. Although conventional wisdom suggests practices are likely to vary by country, universal aspects of the retailing task may lead to similarities in retailing practices for a given product, regardless of national setting. To empirically investigate whether country or product is the dominant influence in determining retailer behavior, data on retailer activities in India and Africa is examined.
STRATEGIC MARKETING TECHNIQUES IN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
Authors: Papadopoulos Socrates
Published: February 2008

This article concentrates on the application of econometrics in the development of international tourism marketing strategies. In particular it examines how empirical results can be related to a market choice matrix in identifying the most attractive countries for allocating marketing resources and limited promotional funds.
DEVELOPING A DEFENSIVE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY FOR THIRD WORLD MARKETS
Authors: Howard Donald G. , Mayo Michael A.
Published: February 2008

The article suggests that product management techniques commonly employed for markets in developed countries are inappropriate for markets in less‐developed countries (LDCs). To market successfully in LDCs, a firm must re‐examine both its product offerings and its product management philosophy.
USE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Authors: Mahmoud Essam , Rice Gillian
Published: February 2008

The importance of analytical techniques in international marketing is illustrated. An overview of related research is given. The question is asked, “Which way will research on the subject go in the future?”
IDENTIFYING TARGET SEGMENTS FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) ATTRACTION: AN APPLICATION OF CONJOINT METHODOLOGY
Authors: Akaah Ishmael P. , Yaprak Attila
Published: February 2008

This paper illustrates how conjoint methodology can be used by recipient countries to segment the donor market for foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing the effectiveness of their FDI attraction efforts. The study results indicate that FDI donors can be clustered into segments based on the FDI benefits they seek. The article concludes with normative and practical implications of the methodology for investment policy makers in recipient countries.
ACCURATE CHARGE‐INTEGRALS EVALUATION IN TWO‐DIMENSIONAL FINITE‐ELEMENT SEMICONDUCTOR‐DEVICE SIMULATION
Authors: RUDAN MASSIMO
Published: February 2008

A widely used approach for solving the two‐dimensional semiconductor‐device equations through the Finite‐Element method employs a linear approximation of the electric and quasi‐Fermi potentials over a triangular mesh; this approach combines the flexibility of FE method with the simplicity of a piecewise linear representation of the unknowns. Owing to the strong dependence of carrier densities on the position, a careful evaluation of integrals involving these quantities is desirable; this problem arises, for example, when the very common Galerkin's or Ritz's method are used, and is differently treated in the Literature. In this paper it is demonstrated that, if a minor approximation on the intrinsic carrier density is done, an analytical evaluation of the above integrals over each triangular element can be performed, which takes into account the correct dependence of carrier densities on the electric and quasi‐Fermi potentials; the results may be used to avoid heavy mesh refinements, which make the solution procedure costly both in CPU time and in memory storage. Practical applications to some specific devices will be shown elsewhere; the procedure and the final formulas are presented here in a rather general way, thus allowing a possible application to different problems which may be solved with FE method.
CAD MODELING OF DIFFUSED p‐n JUNCTIONS
Authors: SHENAI Krishna , LIN H.C.
Published: February 2008

Closed form solutions of the potential difference between the two depletion layer edges of a single‐diffused Gaussian p‐n junction are obtained by integrating Poisson's equation and equating the positive and negative charges in the depletion layer. Using the closed form solution of the Poisson's equation, the depletion layer width, junction capacitance and junction built‐in potential are calculated. The customary exponential factor m in the expression for the junction capacitance, i.e., Cj α(1 + Va/φ)−m is shown to vary with the applied reverse bias. The value of φ is found to be different from the conventional value of the junction built‐in potential especially at high voltages. A technique for modeling diffused p‐n junctions at various reverse biases is presented. These results will be useful in circuit simulation programs such as SPICE, particularly for applications involving digital integrated circuits.
IMPROVED CONVERGENCE RATES FOR FINITE‐ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE GEOMETRIES
Authors: DALY P.
Published: February 2008

Convergence rates for high‐order finite‐element polynomials are discussed in the context of problems arising in cylindrical co‐ordinate systems with azimuthal symmetry. It is shown that expected rates of convergence can only be obtained by the proper choice of interpolation function.
SIMULATION OF COUPLED IMPURITIES DIFFUSION UNDER OXIDIZING CONDITIONS. APPLICATION TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE p‐WELLS IN CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: DEPEURSINGE Y. , GUEX L. , MORET J.M. , WEISS P.
Published: February 2008

We have simulated the technological processes for the well formation in CMOS technology. The general problem of coupled impurities diffusion under oxidizing conditions has been treated by the finite‐element method. The obtained results have been compared to measured profiles. The study of the influence of the technological parameters on the well's structures allowed us to optimize the lateral diffusion, as well as the effects of the field oxidation.
UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS TO THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES USING THE FINITE‐ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: DALY P.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a technique for computing characteristic impedance and capacitance of transmission lines using the finite‐element method, which guarantees both upper and lower bounds to the exact solution without any additional programming beyond that required for the initial problem description. The paper also attempts to simplify the essential steps of pre‐processing of data while maintaining flexibility of the method.
ANALYSIS OF A DISCRETIZATION ALGORITHM FOR STATIONARY CONTINUITY EQUATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELS, II
Authors: MOCK M.S.
Published: February 2008

In a previous paper [COMPEL, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 117–139], an analysis was presented of a discretization procedure for a class of elliptic problems, including the Scharfetter‐Gummel method for the continuity equations of stationary semiconductor device models. Here, the previous results are extended in two directions: firstly, to such problems in an arbitrary number of dimensions and, secondly, to include the computation of suitable moments, as opposed to point‐values, of the carrier density distributions.