bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human motor evoked potential responses following spinal cord transection: an in vivo study
Authors: Nair M. Nathan , Ramakrishna Rohan , Song Kit , Kinney Gregory , Slimp Jefferson , Ko Andrew L. , Avellino Anthony M.
Published: July 2010

Motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring has been used increasingly in conjunction with somatosensory evoked potential monitoring to monitor neurological changes during complex spinal operations. No published report has demonstrated the effects of segmental spinal cord transection on MEP monitoring.

The authors describe the case of an 11-year-old girl with lumbar myelomeningocele and worsening thoracolumbar scoliosis who underwent a T11–L5 fusion and spinal transection to prevent tethering. Intraoperative MEP and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring were performed, and the spinal cord was transected in 4 quadrants. The MEPs were lost unilaterally as each anterior quadrant was sectioned.

This is the first reported case that demonstrates the link between spinal cord transection and MEP signaling characteristics. Furthermore, it demonstrates the relatively minor input of the ipsilateral ventral corticospinal tract in MEP physiology at the thoracolumbar junction. Finally, this study further supports the use of MEPs as a specific intraoperative neuromonitoring tool.
A patient with myelomeningocele: is untethering necessary prior to scoliosis correction?
Authors: Samdani Amer F. , Fine Anthony L. , Sagoo Sukhdeep S. , Shah Shailja C. , Cahill Patrick J. , Clements David H. , Betz Randal R.
Published: July 2010

Object

Tethering of the spinal cord is thought to increase the chance of neurological injury when scoliosis correction is undertaken. All patients with myelomeningocele (MM) are radiographically tethered, and untethering procedures carry significant morbidity risks including worsening neurological function and wound complications. No guidelines exist as regards untethering in patients with MM prior to scoliosis correction surgery. The authors' aim in this study was to evaluate their experience in patients with MM who were not untethered before scoliosis correction.

Methods

Seventeen patients with MM were retrospectively identified and 1) had no evidence of a clinically symptomatic tethered cord, 2) had undergone spinal fusion for scoliosis correction, and 3) had not been untethered for at least 1 year prior to surgery. The minimum follow-up after fusion was 2 years. Charts and radiographs were reviewed for neurological or shunt complications in the perioperative period.

Results

The average age of the patients was 12.4 years, and the following neurological levels were affected: T-12 and above, 7 patients; L-1/L-2, 6 patients; L-3, 2 patients; and L-4, 2 patients. All were radiographically tethered as confirmed on MR imaging. Fourteen of the patients (82%) had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The mean Cobb angle was corrected from 82° to 35°, for a 57% correction. All patients underwent neuromonitoring of their upper extremities, and some underwent lower extremity monitoring as well. Postoperatively, no patient experienced a new cranial nerve palsy, shunt malfunction, change in urological function, or upper extremity weakness/sensory loss. One patient had transient lower extremity weakness, which returned to baseline within 1 month of surgery.

Conclusions

The study results suggested that spinal cord untethering may be unnecessary in patients with MM who are undergoing scoliosis corrective surgery and do not present with clinical symptoms of a tethered cord, even though tethering is radiographically demonstrated.
Minimally invasive tethered cord release in adults: a comparison of open and mini-open approaches
Authors: Potts Matthew B. , Wu Jau-Ching , Gupta Nalin , Mummaneni Praveen V.
Published: July 2010

Object

Symptomatic tethered cord and associated anomalies such as diastematomyelia rarely present during adulthood but can cause significant pain as well as motor, sensory, and bladder dysfunction. As with children, studies have shown that surgical detethering may provide improvement in pain and neurological deficits. Typical surgical management involves an open laminectomy, sectioning of the filum terminale, and exploration of the split cord malformation. Such open approaches, however, cause significant paraspinous muscle trauma and scarring. Recent advances in minimally invasive techniques allow for access to the spine and thecal sac while minimizing associated muscular trauma. The authors present a comparison of open versus minimally invasive surgery to treat adult tethered cord syndrome.

Methods

Six adult patients underwent surgical release of a tethered spinal cord (2 of them also had diastematomyelia). The mean age of the patients was 47.78 years (range 31–64 years). All medical records and images were retrospectively reviewed. Three of the patients underwent traditional open laminectomies for detethering (open group) while the other 3 patients underwent minimally invasive (mini-open) spinal cord detethering. The length of the incision, length of stay, estimated blood loss, and complications were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

All 6 patients had tethered spinal cords, and 1 patient in each group had diastematomyelia. The mean estimated blood loss during surgery (300 ml in the open group vs 167 ml in the mini-open group, p = 0.313) and the mean length of stay (7 days in the open group vs 6.3 days in the mini-open group, p = 0.718) were similar between the 2 groups. The incision length was half as long in the mini-open group versus the open group. However, 1 patient in the mini-open group developed a postoperative pseudomeningocele requiring surgical revision, whereas the open group had no revision surgeries.

Conclusions

Cases of symptomatic diastematomyelia and tethered cord in adults can be safely and effectively explored through a mini-open approach. In this small case series, the authors did find that the mini-open group had an incision that was 50% smaller than the open group, but they did not find a significant clinical difference between the groups.
Reversal of longstanding neurological deficits after a late release of tethered spinal cord
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Heary Robert F. , Michaels Jennifer
Published: July 2010

The importance of early surgery for tethered cord syndrome in the pediatric population is well established. Optimal treatment and prognosis of tethered cord in adults, on the other hand, is less clear. Some advocate a conservative approach in asymptomatic patients, while others recommend early detethering in all patients. For symptomatic patients, however, there is a consensus in favor of early surgery to prevent progression of neurological deficit. Many studies have reported cessation of neurological decline or reversal of recently acquired neurological deficits in patients with adult tethered cord syndrome. There are limited data in the literature about late surgery for the treatment of tethered spinal cords when the neurological deficits are longstanding. We report on a 37-year-old woman who demonstrated dramatic neurological improvement after surgical release of a tethered spinal cord more than 20 years after the onset of progressive neurological deficits.
Tethered cord syndrome: a review of the literature from embryology to adult presentation
Authors: Hertzler Dean A. , DePowell John J. , Stevenson Charles B. , Mangano Francesco T.
Published: July 2010

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a clinical condition of various origins that arises from tension on the spinal cord. Radiographic findings may include the conus medullaris in a lower than normal position, fatty infiltration of the filum terminale, lipomyelomeningocele, myelomeningocele, myelocystocele, meningocele, split cord malformations, dermal sinus, anorectal malformations, and intraspinal tumors. The clinical constellation of signs and symptoms associated with TCS may include dermatologic, urological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and orthopedic findings. The current review focuses on TCS by age group of the more common causes of the condition, including myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, as well as the adult presentation of occult TCS. Pertinent review of the neuroembryology and normal anatomical position of the conus medullaris is included.
Idiopathic ventral spinal cord herniation: a rare presentation of tethered cord
Authors: Shin John H. , Krishnaney Ajit A.
Published: July 2010

Idiopathic ventral spinal cord herniation is a rare condition that has been increasingly reported in the last decade. The natural history and optimal management have yet to be defined. Therefore, debate exists regarding the pathogenesis and surgical management of this condition. The purpose of this review article is to further educate neurosurgeons about the surgical techniques and outcomes associated with treating this rare and often misdiagnosed condition.
The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus associated with faciocraniosynostosis
Authors: Di Rocco Federico , Jucá Carlos Eduardo , Arnaud Eric , Renier Dominique , Sainte-Rose Christian
Published: July 2010

Object

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children with complex craniosynostosis.

Methods

Medical charts from 2194 children treated at the Craniofacial Unit of Necker Enfants Malades between 1995 and 2008 were reviewed. Among them, 293 were affected by a syndromic faciocraniosynostosis. The management of cases with hydrocephalus treated using ETV was examined and analyzed with regard to successes and failures.

Results

Forty-six children with associated progressive hydrocephalus were identified, and 11 (8 boys, 3 girls) had undergone an ETV. All were affected by a faciocraniosynostosis (Crouzon syndrome in 5, Pfeiffer syndrome in 3, and unclassifiable in 3). A descent of the cerebellar tonsils was found in 5 children. In 7 children the hydrocephalus was controlled by an ETV. In the remaining 4 cases a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was also needed. The delay between the 2 surgeries ranged from 1 week to 6 months in these 4 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 11 months to 13 years.

Conclusions

Performing an ETV may facilitate control of hydrocephalus associated with faciocraniosynostosis in select cases. However, because of the relatively high failure rate of this procedure, a close clinical and radiological monitoring of these children is mandatory.
Spinal epidural abscess due to tropical pyomyositis in immunocompetent adolescents
Authors: Bowen Donnell K. , Mitchell Lex A. , Burnett Mark W. , Rooks Veronica J. , Martin Jonathan E.
Published: July 2010

Pyomyositis, a suppurative infection of skeletal muscle, is a disease not frequently encountered by neurosurgical providers. While previously considered an infection localized to tropical and semitropical locations, clinical reports of pyomyositis in temperate climates have increased over the past decade. Paraspinal involvement is uncommon in pyomyositis; however, the potential exists for spread into the epidural space resulting in a spinal epidural abscess (SEA). Early diagnosis of an SEA is frequently hampered by the absence of specific signs, unfamiliarity with the disease, atypical manifestations, and a broad differential diagnosis that includes more common causes of back pain. To date, 1 such case of paraspinal pyomyositis associated with an SEA has been reported in the neurosurgical literature. The authors present 2 cases of pyomyositis with an SEA and review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and management of this disorder.
Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina
Authors: Engelhard Herbert H. , Villano J. Lee , Porter Kimberly R. , Stewart Andrew K. , Barua Manali , Barker Fred G. , Newton Herbert B.
Published: July 2010

Object

Patients having a primary tumor of the spinal cord, spinal meninges or cauda equina, are relatively rare. Neurosurgeons encounter and treat such patients, and need to be aware of their clinical presentation, tumor types, treatment options, and potential complications. The purpose of this paper is to report results from a series of 430 patients with primary intraspinal tumors, taken from a larger cohort of 9661 patients with primary tumors of the CNS.

Methods

Extensive information on individuals diagnosed (in the year 2000) as having a primary CNS neoplasm was prospectively collected in a Patient Care Evaluation Study conducted by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons. Data from US hospital cancer registries were submitted directly to the National Cancer Database. Intraspinal tumor cases were identified based on ICD-O-2 topography codes C70.1, C72.0, and C72.1. Analyses were performed using SPSS.

Results

Patients with primary intraspinal tumors represented 4.5% of the CNS tumor group, and had a mean age of 49.3 years. Pain was the most common presenting symptom, while the most common tumor types were meningioma (24.4%), ependymoma (23.7%), and schwannoma (21.2%). Resection, surgical biopsy, or both were performed in 89.3% of cases. Complications were low, but included neurological worsening (2.2%) and infection (1.6%). Radiation therapy and chemotherapy were administered to 20.3% and 5.6% of patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Data from this study are suitable for benchmarking, describing prevailing patterns of care, and generating additional hypotheses for future studies.
Cost-effectiveness of current treatment strategies for lumbar spinal stenosis: nonsurgical care, laminectomy, and X-STOP
Authors: Burnett Mark G. , Stein Sherman C. , Bartels Ronald H. M. A.
Published: July 2010

Object

Standard treatment options for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis include nonoperative therapies as well as decompressive laminectomy. The introduction of interspinous decompression devices such as the X-STOP has broadened treatment options, but data comparing these treatment strategies are lacking. The object of this study was to provide a cost-effectiveness analysis of laminectomy, interspinous decompression, and nonoperative treatment for patients with lumbar stenosis.

Methods

The authors performed a structured literature review of lumbar stenosis and constructed a cost-effectiveness model. Using conservative treatment, decompressive laminectomy, and placement of X-STOP as the treatment arms, their primary analysis evaluated the optimal treatment strategy for a patient with lumbar stenosis at a 2-year time horizon. Secondary analyses were done to compare cases in which patients required single-level procedures with those in which multilevel procedures were required as well as to examine the outcomes for a 4-year time horizon. Outcomes were calculated using quality-adjusted life years and costs were considered from the perspective of society.

Results

Laminectomy was found to be the most effective treatment strategy, followed by X-STOP and then conservative treatment at a 2-year time horizon. Both surgical procedures were more costly than conservative treatment. Because laminectomy was both more effective and less costly than X-STOP, it is said to dominate overall. When single level procedures were considered alone, laminectomy was more effective but also more costly than X-STOP.

Conclusions

Lumbar laminectomy appears to be the most cost-effective treatment strategy for patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis.
Spondylolysis of C-2 in 2 athletically active individuals
Authors: Gottfried Oren N. , Parker Scott L. , Omeis Ibrahim , Bydon Ali , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Wolinsky Jean-Paul
Published: July 2010

Cervical spondylolysis is an uncommon disorder involving a cleft at the pars interarticularis. It is most often found at the C-6 level, and clinical presentations have included incidental radiographic findings, neck pain, and rarely neurological compromise. Although subaxial cervical spondylolysis has been described in 150 patients, defects at the C-2 pedicles are rare.

The authors present 2 new cases of C-2 spondylolysis in athletically active young persons who did not demonstrate instability or neurological deficits, were able to remain active, and are being managed conservatively with serial examinations and imaging. They also discuss the results of 22 previously reported cases of C-2 spondylolysis. Based on the literature and their own experience, the authors conclude that most patients with C-2 spondylolysis remain neurologically intact, maintain stability despite the bony defect, and can be managed conservatively. Surgery is reserved for patients who demonstrate severe instability or spinal cord compromise due to stenosis.
Posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy for the treatment of tethered cord syndrome: review of the literature and clinical outcomes of all cases reported to date
Authors: Hsieh Patrick C. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Moldavskiy Pavel , Koski Tyler R. , Ondra Stephen L. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Kuntz Charles
Published: July 2010

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a debilitating condition of progressive neurological decline caused by pathological, longitudinal traction on the spinal cord. Surgical detethering of the involved neural structures is the classic method of treatment for lumbosacral TCS, although symptomatic retethering has been reported in 5%–50% of patients following initial release. Subsequent operations in patients with complex lumbosacral dysraphic lesions are fraught with difficulty, and improvements in neurological function are modest while the risk of complications is high. In 1995, Kokubun described an alternative spine-shortening procedure for the management of TCS. Conducted via a single posterior approach, the operation relies on spinal column shortening to relieve indirectly the tension placed on the tethered neural elements. In a cadaveric model of TCS, Grande and colleagues further demonstrated that a 15–25-mm thoracolumbar subtraction osteotomy effectively reduces spinal cord, lumbosacral nerve root, and filum terminale tension. Despite its theoretical appeal, only 18 reports of the use of posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy for TCS treatment have been published since its original description. In this review, the authors analyze the relevant clinical characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcomes of all 18 reported cases and review the role of posterior vertebral column subtraction osteotomy in the surgical management of primary and recurrent TCS.
The treatment and outcome of postmeningitic subdural empyema in infants
Authors: Liu Zhuo-Hao , Chen Nan-Yu , Tu Po-Hsun , Lee Shih-Tseng , Wu Chieh-Tsai
Published: July 2010

Object

The management of subdural empyema (SDE) has been debated in the literature for decades. Craniotomy and bur hole drainage have been shown to achieve a favorable outcome. However, there is a lack of comparative data for these modes of management of SDE subsequent to meningitis in infants.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 33 infants identified with SDE due to meningitis at the Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 2000 and 2006. Preoperative clinical presentation, duration of symptoms, radiological investigations, CSF data, and postoperative outcome were analyzed and compared between these 2 surgical groups.

Results

At diagnosis, there were no differences between the groups in age, weight, degree of consciousness, CSF analysis, or duration of fever. The outcome data showed no difference in the number of days until afebrile, number of days of postsurgical antibiotic treatment, neurological outcome, recurrence rate, or complication rate. There was only 1 death in the series.

Conclusions

Subdural empyema due to meningitis in infants is unique with respect to the pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment of SDE. Early detection and removal of SDE provide a favorable outcome in both surgical intervention groups. Bur hole drainage is less invasive, and it is possible to expect a clinical outcome as good as with craniotomy in postmeningitic SDE.
Conservative management of an acute spontaneous holocord epidural hemorrhage in a hemophiliac infant
Authors: Kiehna Erin N. , Waldron Peter E. , Jane John A.
Published: July 2010

Central nervous system hemorrhages are an uncommon but severe complication of hemophilia, occurring in only 2–8% of children with hemophilia. Less than 10% of these CNS hemorrhages are intraspinal. The authors report on their care of an infant with hemophilia A who presented with irritability, meningismus, and decreased spontaneous movement. These symptoms prompted imaging studies, which revealed a spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) extending from C-1 through the cauda equina. The boy was treated with factor replacement and close monitoring. Repeat radiographic imaging 14 days later demonstrated complete resolution, and the patient had returned to his normal baseline status.

A literature review in the modern treatment era revealed 24 cases of SEH in children with hemophilia. Of these 24 cases, 11 underwent laminectomy and 13 received conservative treatment. All conservatively treated patients, 5 of whom had presented with weakness, experienced a full recovery. Of the 11 laminectomy patients, 10 presented with weakness and all but 3 experienced full neurological improvement. These 3 patients were notable for having previously undiagnosed hemophilia. An increased index of suspicion facilitates the essential management features of prompt diagnosis and correction of coagulopathies in children who present with SEHs. The authors apply a multidisciplinary approach involving a pediatric hematologist, neurosurgeon, and pediatric intensive care unit to ensure timely correction of the coagulation disorder, maintenance of adequate factor levels, and close hemodynamic and neurological monitoring. Observation with aggressive correction of coagulopathy is a reasonable treatment choice for hemophilic patients presenting with SEH and a stable neurological examination.
The dynamics of brain and cerebrospinal fluid growth in normal versus hydrocephalic mice
Authors: Mandell Jason G. , Neuberger Thomas , Drapaca Corina S. , Webb Andrew G. , Schiff Steven J.
Published: July 2010

Object

Hydrocephalus has traditionally been quantified by linear measures of ventricular size, with adjunct use of cortical mantle thickness. However, clinical outcome depends on cognitive function, which is more directly related to brain volume than these previous measures. The authors sought to quantify the dynamics of brain and ventricular volume growth in normal compared with hydrocephalic mice.

Methods

Hydrocephalus was induced in 14-day-old C57BL/6 mice by percutaneous injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Nine hydrocephalic and 6 normal mice were serially imaged from age 2–12 weeks with a 14.1-T MR imaging unit. Total brain and ventricle volumes were calculated, and linear discriminant analysis was applied.

Results

Two very different patterns of response were seen in hydrocephalic mice compared with mice with normative growth. In one pattern (3 mice) brain growth was normal despite accumulation of CSF, and in the second pattern (6 mice) abnormal brain enlargement was accompanied by increased CSF volume along with parenchymal edema. In this latter pattern, spontaneous ventricular rupture led to normalization of brain volume, implying edema from transmantle pressure gradients. These 2 patterns of hydrocephalus were significantly discriminable using linear discriminant analysis (p < 0.01). In contrast, clinically relevant measurements of head circumference or frontal and occipital horn ratios were unable to discriminate between these patterns.

Conclusions

This study is, to the authors' knowledge, the first serial quantification of the growth of brain and ventricle volumes in normal versus hydrocephalic development. The authors' findings demonstrate the feasibility of constructing normative curves of brain and fluid growth as complements to normative head circumference curves. By measuring brain volumes, distinct patterns of brain growth and enlargement can be observed, which are more likely linked to cognitive development and clinical outcome than fluid volumes alone.
Bryophyte flora of greater Mymensingh district of Bangladesh - Class: Hepaticopsida and Anthocerotopsida
Authors: Banu-Fattah Khurshida , Sarker Sujan Kumer
Published: July 2010

The greater Mymensingh district of Bangladesh, particularly the hilly areas are rich in Bryophyte flora. The present paper on class Hepaticopsida (Liverworts) and Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts) represents primary as well as secondary data collection and includes an account of 48 species under 12 genera, nine families and four orders. An alphabetic arrangement of taxa with short description, habitats, localities, names of collectors with dates and collection numbers are provided.Keywords: Bryophytes; Hepaticopsida; Anthocerotopsida; Liverworts; Hornworts; Mymensingh District.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i1.5390Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 55-67, 2010 (June)
Ethnobotanical information on Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth.: A conserved plant of Shivalik hills, India
Authors: Rawat Dhiraj S. , Kharwal Anjna D.
Published: July 2010

Not available.Keywords: Ethnobotanical information; Latex; Shivalik hills.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i1.5396Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 97-99, 2010 (June)
Prebiotics from Marine Macroalgae for Human and Animal Health Applications
Authors: O’Sullivan Laurie , Murphy Brian , McLoughlin Peter , Duggan Patrick , Lawlor Peadar G. , Hughes Helen , Gardiner Gillian E.
Published: July 2010

The marine environment is an untapped source of bioactive compounds. Specifically, marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are rich in polysaccharides that could potentially be exploited as prebiotic functional ingredients for both human and animal health applications. Prebiotics are non-digestible, selectively fermented compounds that stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial gut microbiota which, in turn, confer health benefits on the host. This review will introduce the concept and potential applications of prebiotics, followed by an outline of the chemistry of seaweed polysaccharides. Their potential for use as prebiotics for both humans and animals will be highlighted by reviewing data from both in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to date.
Fabrication of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Fiber Probes Using Ionic Self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Wan Miao , Luo Pengfei , Jin Jiayi , Xing Jiong , Wang Zhiyong , Wong Stephen T. C.
Published: July 2010

An nm-thickness composite gold thin film consisting of gold nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes is fabricated through ionic self-assembled multilayers (ISAM) technique and is deposited on end-faces of optical fibers to construct localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) fiber probes. We demonstrate that the LSPR spectrum induced by ISAM gold films can be fine-tuned through the ISAM procedure. We investigate variations of reflection spectra of the probe with respect to the layer-by-layer adsorption of ISAMs onto end-faces of fibers, and study the spectral variation mechanism. Finally, we demonstrated using this fiber probe to detect the biotin-streptavidin bioconjugate pair. ISAM adsorbed on optical fibers potentially provides a simple, fast, robust, and low-cost, platform for LSPR biosensing applications.
La statuaire du Sud-Est du Bangladesh du Xe au XIIe siècle
Authors: Bautze-Picron Claudine
Published: July 2010

Various criteria contribute to define this school of sculpture : 1° till the end of the 10th c, images were imported from Bihar and Northern Bengal. Their number decreases afterwards when, in the 11th and 12th c, the local production suddenly increases ; 2° from the very beginning of the development, two stylistic (and secondarily here, iconographie) trends exist. The one remains close to the Northern Bengal stylistic school while the other becomes caracteristic of the area. They can also influence each another and works are found which present motifs or forms of motifs of the two groups. The « local » trend is defined by : the umbrella at the top of the stele ; the partial representation if not

the absence of the royal throne, miniature images of the god or of the avatâras at its place ; the position of Garuda in the middle of the pedestal ; the belt closed by a knot under the navel, long pendants and one or two rows of pearled arches are hanging from the belt ; the kirîtamukuta on the upper flat part of the female hairdress, with the bun on the back of the neck ; the short yajnopavîta falling on the waist ; the hem of Sûrya's pourpoint underlined by a low relief ; the kaustubha carved on Vismi's breast ; the jatâmukuta with rounded locks of hair ; the padma on which stands or sits the deity directly attached to its roots. These motifs were progressively introduced and their shapes changed in course of time. This school could also influence the Northern school in the 12th c. : position of Garuda, kaustubha on Visnu's breast, small characters flying in the scrolls springing up from the mouth of the kîrtimukha.
L'image du Buddha dans la statuaire birmane
Authors: Gatellier Marie
Published: July 2010

Many publications have been made on Buddha images but very few study the iconographic characteristics of the Buddha image in Burma. We tried in this paper to present a condensed outlook of the Buddha image in the Burmese sculpture. For this purpose, we classified the Burmese images in three chronological periods :

— Ancient Period (Srîksetra) 5th to 9th centuries A.D.

— Pagan Period, 9th to 13th centuries A.D.

— Post Pagan Period, 13th to 19th centuries A.D.

For each period, we gave the most noticeable features of the Buddha images (position, gesture, garment and material). Afterwards, we studied separately some special cases : the Buddha walking, the Buddha shielded by the Nâga king, the Buddha holding the myrobalan fruit and, at last, the colossal Buddha images.
Le complexe cultuel de Togolok 21 en Margiane
Authors: Sarianidi Viktor Ivanovič
Published: July 2010

A Bronze Age culture covering an area of 3000 Sq Km in the remote Karakum desert has been discovered during the last decade. It is assumed to be the country of Margush of the Behistun inscription. Over 150 settlements were found and among them the Gonur- 1 site was apparently a capital. Its center is occupied by a citadel of an almost square shape with the remnants of the once monumental complex. It is possible that a smaller citadel was also situated on another settlement of Adji Kui-8.

The sites of the Togolok group belong to the Early Iron Age. The cultural level of the capital settlement of Togolok- 1 was 3,5 m thick and has revealed three ceramic complexes. The material from the surface of the Togolok- 1 5 site refers to the Early Iron Age and represents a special interest. On the Togolok-27 site there was found a plastic vessel of an unusual shape. Similar ceramic complexes, though of the mid. I mill. B.C., are found in Bactria on such sites as Kutlug Tepe and Altin-10.

On the Togolok-2 1 site there was excavated a monumental complex built in the shape of a square, having strong defensive walls with the central " fortress " inside them. The interior of the " fortress " has a surprisingly regular planning. The Northern part of the building was apparently used for ceremonial occasions. The interior of all of the premises and the floors were plastered. The central section of the building was occupied by

" an inner small court " with a by-passing corridor and a vestibule. The Southern section was most likely used for subsidiary premises. The findings of the complex include some cult ritual vessels, among them a vessel made of a big shell, and stone cones with cylinders on their tops. The character of these findings leads us to presume that the temple was most likely used as a place for cult libations of such drinks as haoma or soma. Among the other findings should also be mentioned a bull's head, a two-sides amulet, a three-edged cone with a drawing of a tree on top of a mountain surrounded by snakes standing on their tails, a stone mace decorated with twisted ribbons, a clearly ritual bronze axe. All these findings taken together prove the special character of the central complex. So far until the absolute dates are obtained the period of the complex is referred to the turn of the II-I mill. B.C. or even to the beginning of the I mill. B.C.

The Togolok-2 1 plan has no direct parallels among other buildings and is most likely the invention of the people who came from the ancient delta of the Murghab river in the II mill. B.C. It is quite accepted that these were immigrant tribes from eastern Iran.

At present the Bactrian archaeological complex finds its most demonstrative parallels in Beluchistan among the materials of Mehrgarh VIII and Sibri which makes it necessary to resolutely revise the archaeological evidence of the Aryan problem.
Cinq dessins de Basâwan au musée Guimet
Authors: Okada Amina
Published: July 2010

The Guimet Museum possesses five drawings by Basâwan which are rarely reproduced and consequently relatively little known by enthusiasts of Mughal miniatures. These drawings, executed about 1590 in lampblack on paper, reveal as much by their subjects as by their style, the artist's aesthetic development and the highly original and innovative character of his artistic talent. The first three drawings, Woman on a monster's head, Young woman and old man, and Allegorical figure, certainly show some of the almost unanimous infatuation aroused during the second half of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, by the chance discovery of European engravings with allegorical or religious subjects brought to India by missionaries. Basâwan, however, while readily conforming to the " exotism " then in vogue in the Imperial studio gave free rein to his imagination and adapted more than he copied the foreign prototypes that inspired him.

The two other drawings, the Flute player and the Dervish reveal Basâwan's interest in and sympathy for the eccentric personages of his time and his taste for portraiture, no longer conceived as an essentially decorative and stereotyped art, but as an excellent means of capturing the subject's character. This exacting search for realism and psychological truth apparent in Basâwan's portraits under the reigns of the Emperor Jahângîr and the Emperor Shah Jahân was later to make portrait painting the expression par excellence of Mughal pictorial genius.
Le thème chinois des « Quatre Dormants » et sa résurgence dans le monde musulman
Authors: Berthier Annie , Berthier François
Published: July 2010

Having already made its appearance in the tenth century work of Shike, the theme of the "Four Sleepers" continued, in the fourteenth century, to provide subject matter for Chan (Zen) painters both in China, during the Yuan period, and also in Japan.

Just as China had been influenced by spiritual contributions coming to her from the west, so she, in return, began to export her own culture westwards along the Silk Route until it reached distant countries far beyond even the great intellectual clearinghouse of Iran. Buddhist ideas, in particular, travelled steadily from oasis to oasis and from cliff to cliff, passing on their way the India of their origins, until they succeeded in reaching points very much further to the west. In the Topkapi Saray Museum at Istambul, a city connecting two continents, there is a small painting which shows the Sino Japanese "Four Sleepers". The work is on a modest scale; but, nevertheless, its historical significance is very great and renders it worthy of special attention and study, since it forges a subtle and undeniable link between the world of the Far East and that of Islamic Turkey.
Le rôle des bannières et des peintures mobiles dans les rituels du bouddhisme d'Asie centrale
Authors: Jera-Bezard Robert , Maillard Monique
Published: July 2010

In a previous paper entitled " Origin and mounting of painted banners from Dunhuang " we endeavour to trace the formation of the different kinds of Buddhist banners and removable paintings from their origin.

The purpose of the present study is to find out what should have been the use of these different categories of objects.

Numerous litterary sources attest the important place bestowed to banners and removable paintings during Buddhist ceremonies. In the most of them, the difference between the aniconic banners and streamers and the painted images is emphasized. The first are regarded as objects to honour the Buddha and adorn his stûpa, the second are used for the cult and

religious ceremonies. So the apparent contradiction between the prohibition to offer their image to the Buddhas and the bodhisattvas and the numerous removable paintings representing them seems solved. The prohibition concerns only the banners with a figure but not the aniconic streamers or " five coloured banners. "

An important part of the paintings recovered at Dunhuang are dedicatory paintings and banners, they have unquestionably close links with the funerary cults.

In the course of their evolution, the great thematic paintings as the oblong iconographie banners became major components of the Buddhist esoteric ritual.
Chinese Art and Chinese Artists in France (1924-1925)
Authors: Clunas Craig
Published: July 2010

La communauté des artistes chinois en France, dans les années 20, se divisait en deux petits groupes : l'Association des Artistes chinois en France et la Société chinoise des Arts décoratifs à Paris. Malgré la participation de jeunes artistes, qui connurent plus tard la célébrité, comme Xu Beihong (1896- 1953 ) et Lin Fengmian ( né en 1900 ) , la participation de ces deux sociétés dans deux expositions organisées dans les années 1924 et 1925 n'eut pas l'éclat esthétique ni le succès populaire souhaités par les animateurs. La première exposition, celle de Strasbourg, concentra surtout son attention sur la peinture, un mélange des courants traditionalistes et modernes. Mais la seconde, la grande Exposition internationale des Arts décoratifs et industriels modernes de Paris, se limita exclusivement aux " Arts- déco ", un domaine où la Chine républicaine, un État encore faible et empêtré dans un système économique semi-colonial, se faisait peu remarquer. Les intérêts incompatibles des artistes d'avant-garde et des maisons d' " Exportation des objets d'art de la Chine ", qui exposaient des produits d'un style assez rétrograde, l'hostilité des étudiants gauchistes vis-à-vis des représentants du gouvernement chinois, et surtout la domination de la pensée " orientaliste " des critiques européens, contribuèrent collectivement à transformer cet essai quasi héroïque en échec, mais un échec plein de conséquences pour l'art chinois contemporain.
Examen technique de deux peintures murales de Pendžikent au cours du travail de restauration
Authors: Vasilenko Tanja S.
Published: July 2010

With two specific examples, White Deity and a Hunting Scene, T. S. Vasilenko explains to us her point of view in restoring such degradated murals on loess plaster such as those from Pendzikent. The techniques required, especially the long examination under microscope, allow the restorer to bring new elements to the knowledge about the datation of the Sogdian Painting.
Sous les voûtes de Pagan
Authors: Pichard Pierre
Published: July 2010

Some 350 temples at Pagan still have mural paintings on their walls or under their vaults. This is the largest corpus of murals from 11th to 14th centuries AD in South-East Asia. On the walls, the large diversity in decorative and iconographie themes calls for a thorough study and monographs on selected temples. The decoration painted under the vaults is more systematic and can be outlined under two main topics : Emblematic motifs, usually circular, sometimes square, painted under the apex of the vaults : the lotus rosace, at the centre of the cloister vault of shrines ; the Buddha's footprints, under the vault of vestibules and entrance halls in a large number of temples ; the map of universe, with its concentric circles of mountains and rivers around the Mount Meru and the four continents in the peripheral ocean ; the horoscopes of Buddha's life, depicting the zodiacal chart for the major events in the Buddha's life (conception, birth, enlightenment and parinirvana) ; the map of Anotatta Lake, considered by the Buddhist cosmogony to be the source of the five sacred rivers of India. Decorative patterns, generally covering the whole of the vault and composed of simple geometric elements, occasionally with a figure on the centre : the circle pattern, most frequently used, with numerous variations in their detail and in their arrangement ; the polylobe pattern, primarily with quatrefoils or cruciform elements ; the polygon pattern, combining octagons, squares, diamonds or hexagons ; the figure pattern, with rows of Buddha figures generally of very small size ; the floral pattern, which can include figures or animals on a vegetal patterned background.
The "bird-woman", the "birthing woman" and the "woman of the animals" : a consideration of the female image in petroglyphs of Ancient Central Asia
Authors: Jacobson Esther
Published: July 2010

Within the artistic traditions of South Siberia and northern Central Asia, significant representations of female figures did not disappear with the Paleolithic period. Rather, images of females who appear to have a "more-than-human" signification can be traced down through the Bronze Age and perhaps even into the period of the Early Nomads (first millennium B.C.E.). Using petroglyphs from Kalbak-Tash in the Altay Republic and from two major new sites in the Mongolian Altay, the author demonstrates the continued appearance of three primary forms of female imagery: that of a woman with bird characteristics ("bird-woman"), that of the "birthing woman", and another which might be called a "woman of the animals". Frequent in appearance and occasionally impressive in presentation and size, these images reaffirm an archaic but persistent association of the female figure with cattle and with deer; they force one to ask why such images have hitherto received so little attention in the recording and study of Eurasian petroglyphs.
La céramique viêtnamienne de la donation Maspero au musée national des Arts asiatiques - Guimet
Authors: Fromentin Hélène
Published: July 2010

Between 1908 and 1919, in Indochina, the archaeologist Henri Maspero gathered ceramics that were later donated to the Musée Guimet in 1989. They consisted of whole pieces and of a great number of shards and fragments that can be dated between the XIth and the XIVth centuries. These ceramics were probably mainly collected west of Hanoi at the site of the antique Dai-la where the palaces of the sovereigns Ly (1009- 1225) and Trân (1225-1413) were built. This 1630 piece strong donation boasts a roughly similar number of Vietnamese and Chinese imported pieces. Amongst the Vietnamese ceramics, this article presents significative examples of the Ly and Trân period productions : architectural fragments of Dai-la, Ly vessels and buddhist bowls influenced by Cham art, white, brown or green monochrome ceramics influenced by Chinese art.
A propos de quatre manuscrits chinois de dessins de plantes
Authors: Métailié Georges
Published: July 2010

Dans cette note, l'auteur propose une identification de quatre manuscrits chinois dans lesquels sont représentées, en couleurs, essentiellement des plantes. Les deux premiers, des bibliothèques du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle et de la Société asiatique, reprennent des illustrations d'une pharmacopée, le Bencao gangmu (1596) de Li Shizhen. Les deux autres manuscrits, de la Bibliothèque de l'Institut et de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, sont des copies d'un tiers environ des illustrations qui accompagnent le texte manuscrit d'un autre ouvrage chinois de matière médicale, achevé en 1505, le Bencao pinhui jingyao de Liu Wentai. A partir de quelques exemples on souhaite donner une idée de l'intérêt de ces divers recueils.
Le discours des portails : Procédés de création dans la sculpture des portails du stūpa majeur de Sāñcī
Authors: Gill Sandrine
Published: July 2010

La structure des quatre portails du stupa majeur de Sanci, rappelant l'architecture de bois, est animée par diverses figures sculptées, mises en situation : Yaksa, Salabhanjika, animaux réels ou fantastiques. C'est dans ce cadre que s'intègrent les récits bouddhiques, représentés en bas-relief. Dans l'ensemble, l'absence d'un programme iconographique rigoureux, avec répétition de thèmes, privilégiant les scènes de la vie historique du Buddha sur celles de ses vies antérieures, les jataka, s'explique en partie par la nature individuelle des commandes. Plutôt que la volonté d'illustrer systématiquement la doctrine du Buddha, les messages contenus dans l'ensemble formé par les quatre portails du stupa sont destinés à toucher le plus grand nombre des fidèles. Tous les détails invitent les spectateurs à entrer dans le monde du Buddha. Derrière l'impression première de densité qui se dégage de l'agencement des panneaux sculptés, des principes de composition simples accueillent des structures narratives plus ou moins complexes : histoires composées d'épisodes successifs, métonymies, regroupement de deux épisodes anachroniques dans un même cadre, narrations exprimant une dualité, histoires décomposées en plusieurs panneaux et narrations non linéaires.
Les peintures du style « Nyaung Yan » à Po Win Taung
Authors: Chew Anne-May
Published: July 2010

At about 40 km from Monywa, in the north-west of Central Burma, Po Win Taung [the hill of Po Win] is a huge, multi-level religious complex including some 800 excavations chiselled out of soft sandstone rock. The walls of the numerous grottoes are adorned with paintings which represent traditional scenes (the 28 Buddha of the Past, the previous lives of Buddha Gotama, and the Life of Buddha), scenes of daily life and a large variety of ornementations. Most of the paintings of Po Win Taung date from the second Ava period till the beginning of the Konbaung dynasty (16th-18th centuries). The Ava style is generally called "Nyaung Yan" as it started under the reign of the King Nyaung Yan (1597-1606) when the Burmese artistic production was reviving with numerous and original works showing the vigor of the Pagan period. The paintings of Po Win illustrate the Ava style at best, displaying the characteristics of the "Nyaung Yan" style as well as the various foreign influences (Chinese, Indian, Portuguese, Siamese, Muslim and Dutch) exerting on it.
A propos de transferts de formes communs au Campā et au Panpan (péninsule Malaise) au IXe siècle
Authors: Jacq-Hergoualc'h Michel
Published: July 2010

Le Campa et une cité-État de la péninsule Malaise, le Panpan, ont partagé, au moins au IXe siècle, un certain nombre de formes artistiques qui apparaissent dans le décor de certains temples mais aussi dans certaines images. L'époque - ce IXe siècle - n'est pas anodine et les explique. C'est au cours de ce siècle, en effet, que les échanges internationaux s'intensifièrent de manière spectaculaire en Asie. Ce que l'on appelle parfois la Route maritime de la Soie prend alors le pas sur sa contrepartie terrestre, et les contacts interculturels qui s'ensuivent entre les différents mondes de l'Asie vont être à l'origine de très nombreux transferts de formes, car il s'agit bien de cela et non pas de relations artistiques à proprement parler. Des manières de faire, de concevoir, furent transmises d'un point à un autre de l'Asie, parfois adoptées telles quelles mais très souvent modifiées, transformées, adaptées, assimilées jusqu'à donner naissance, dans le meilleur des cas, à des styles originaux dont la filiation peut être très difficile à déterminer. Ces styles existent au Campa, qui assimila une grande part des influences artistiques qu'il reçut pour les faire siennes ; il n'en est pas de même au Panpan, qui les accueillit avec autant de ferveur, mais sans rien assimiler, parce que les conditions politiques d'une cité-Etat, même prospère, ne s'y prêtaient sans doute pas, et aussi parce que sa situation géographique en péninsule Malaise la mettait au cœur d'un réseau de transfert de formes trop complexe pour qu'aucune d'entre elles puisse être solidement intégrée à un vocabulaire stylistique original que la région ne posséda de fait jamais.