bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of Estimation of Genotoxic Impurity (Benzimidamidecontent) in Leflunomide by Using RP-HPLC Technique
Authors: Bhatale Mohan , Kaliyaperumal Neelakandan , Mannathusamy Gopalakrishnan , Ramalingam Gurunathan
Published: October 2021

The measurement of Genotoxic contaminant, a simple, selective, linear, accurate, and specific reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) process was proposed. A Benzimidamide impurity in the medication Leflunomide has been discovered. Separation and analysis were carried out on Zorbax SB phenyl (4.6 mm x 250 mm) with a particle size of 5.0 μm. with 0.1 % Triethylamine in purified water with a pH of 7.0 and a buffer of phosphoric acid (20% in water). The mobile phase is a 40:60 mixture of buffer and Acetonitrile with degassing. Isocratic program mode was used. The elution was carried out at a rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at a wavelength of 289 nm. The temperature of the selected column oven is 25°C. The linearity and accuracy of Benzimidamide are covered in this approach, with a LOQ limit of 150 percent (i.e.0.03 to 0.45 ppm). The observed correlation coefficient is 0.99994, with a range of 100.01 to 104.8 for recovery. The measured percent RSD of six spiked test preparation is below 5.0 percent in procedure precision (i.e. repeatability) and intermediate precision (IP). When maintained at room temperature, the standard and sample remained stable for three days. System appropriateness characteristics such as tailing factor and percent RSD do not exhibit significant changes in robustness experiments. For the detection of Benzimidamide the present RP-HPLC method is act as selective, robust, linear and precise.
Frequency of Hypoglycemia in Severe Acute Malnutrition
Authors: Zahirzay Mohammad Sedique , Chardiwal Haqiqullah , Azimee Mohammad Azim
Published: October 2021

Malnutrition is a major health problem throughout the world and contributes to at least one third of all children deaths worldwide. Hypoglycemia is a basic metabolic complication in pediatric patients which can be easily prevented by proper care and management. Objective of this study was to determine the frequency of hypoglycemia in sever acute Malnurished children (SAM). The study was conducted in nutritional division of Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital pediatric department. For 8 months, all the patients were subjected for measurement of blood glucose level by glucose oxidase method .Hypoglycemia was labeled according to value mentioned in operational definition. The study included a total of 252 patients with SAM. 137 (54.4%) were Males and 115 (45.6%) females with no significant difference in the number of gender and with an average age of (Mean± SD) 16.20±11.74 (6 months to 60 months). Out of 252 patients 54.80% (138) were hypoglycemic, and 85.70% (216) suffering from Marasmus. 38.9% of children’s caregivers were illiterate and 86.5% poor and middle-level of socioeconomic status. 12.7%( 32) of the SAM children with hypoglycemia were dying, most of the patient from Nangarhar province.

Sever acute malnutrition (SAM) constitutes a significant health problem and important cause of mortality and morbidity in children, in marasmus patients the hypoglycemia is more common than kwashiorkor children; early diagnosis and treatment can prevent and decrease the morbidity and mortality of Sever acute malnutrition (SAM) in children significantly, education, socioecnomic status of caregivers are important in prevention of sever acute malnutrition (SAM) and their complications.
Carcinoma of Tail of Pancreas: A Case Report
Authors: Thakare Pratiksha , Ankar Ruchira , Sharma Ranjana , Gujar Samruddhi , Sheikh Shakib
Published: October 2021

Background: A typical manifestation of pancreatic tail cancer is large intestinal obstruction with perforation. Clinically the cancer of pancreas is usually complicated to diagnose. Most cancer patients are not having symptoms throughout during the initial stages of the cancer, which often leads to a delay in diagnosis. Treatment choices include surgery, chemotherapy, and palliative care. It is more common in African-Americans, slightly more common in men.

Case Presentation: A female patient of 40 years from Wardha was admitted to Female surgery Ward, Unit-3, AVBRH on 18th December with a chief complaint of pain in epigastric region since 2weeks. Patient was apparently all right 2 months back then she was complaining of pain in the epigastric region which was insidious in onset, gradually progressive in nature, burning type of pain with radiating to left upper back. No history of fever, nausea vomiting, clay-coloured stools. After that patient was undergone on routine investigation in that total WBC count was increased i.e., 13000/cu mm and haemoglobin level were decreased i.e., 9.7gm%, liver biopsy revealed that metastasis of Adenocarcinoma probably of pancreatic origin, Computed tomography and ultrasound and it revealed that heterogenous iso-echoic mass in the tail of pancreas based on investigation she was diagnosed as a case of Carcinoma tail of pancreas and she was undergone on treatment of antibiotic before  chemotherapy .after that chemotherapy treatment was done for management of pain.

Conclusion: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma presents differently from large intestinal cancer and should be explored in the differential diagnosis of large intestinal obstruction.
Assess the Relationship between Personality Traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion and Self-Efficacy) with Anxiety and Depression among Aging Population
Authors: Uke Trupti , Gawai Jaya , Kasturkar Pooja
Published: October 2021

Background: Many people experience and deal with anxiety very efficiently at home, work place and every walk of their life. The beneficial outcomes of high level of anxiety are usually the effects and achievements you and others experience. On the outward, you should appear to be very effective in proper work and routinely lifestyle and this may be objectively perfect if you judge yourself on what you are accomplishing.

Aim: The aim is to assess the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion and self-efficacy) with anxiety and depression among aging population.

Objectives: 1. To assess the relationship between personality traits of neuroticism with anxiety among aging population. 2. To assess the relationship between personality traits of neuroticism with depression among aging population. 3. To assess the relationship between personality traits of extraversion with anxiety among aging population. 4. To assess the relationship between personality traits of extraversion with depression among aging population.5. To assess the relationship between personality traits self-efficacy with anxiety among aging population.6. To assess the relationship between personality traits self-efficacy with depression among aging population.7.To compare the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion and self-efficacy) with anxiety and depression among aging population.8.To correlate relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion and self-efficacy) with anxiety and depression among aging population.9.To associate score of personality traits (neuroticism extraversion and self-efficacy) with their selected demographic variables.

Methodology: The research design is cross-sectional study, and participants are, the aging populations. Sampling technique will be non-probability convenience sampling. Data will be obtained from the participants with the use of standardized scale personality five big inventory scale, self-efficacy scale, Hamilton-depression and Hamilton anxiety scale.

Results: There may be relationships between neuroticism, extraversion and self-efficacy with anxiety and depression among aging population and this relationship will be tested with demographic variables by regression analysis.

Conclusion: Findings will be drawn from the statistical analysis.
Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Aloe saudiarabica and Aloe shadensis against Three Human Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Algarni Awad A
Published: October 2021

Aloe saudiarabica and Aloe shadensis are a rare species of the genus Aloe found only in Saudi Arabia. The cytotoxic activity of both plants were evaluated in the current study using three different human cancer cell line, lung carcinoma (A-549), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and liver cancer (HepG2), assessed by WST-1 cell viability assays. The results indicate that the Aloe saudiarabica and Aloe shadensis showed weak cytotoxic effects against all three tested cancer cell lines, with an IC50 value of >300 μg/ml. In addition, HepG2 cells were more sensitive to Aloe saudiarabica treatment than MCF-7 and A549 cells, while MCF-7 cells were more sensitive to Aloe shadensis treatment than HepG2 and A549 cells. This study also identified the characteristic chemical constituents of the two plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique and the result indicated that 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (32.23%) was the main compound of Aloe saudiarabica while methyl 9-octadecenoate (17.28%) was the main compound of Aloe shadensis. In conclusion, the in vitro evaluation of Aloe saudiarabica and Aloe shadensis methanolic extraction showed low cytotoxicity on the viability of A-549, MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines.
Early Identification and Prevention of Postnatal Complications among the Postnatal Mothers by Using the ‘Postnatal Care Bundle’
Authors: Taksande Vaishali , Shrivastava Deepti S. , Sebastian Sr. Tessy
Published: October 2021

Background: Postnatal period initiates immediately after the birth of a baby. The terms puerperium period is commonly used to refer to the first 6 weeks after delivery of baby. A postnatal care bundle used during this period and it will help to significantly improve patient outcomes.

Objective: To develop, test and pilot of Postnatal Care Bundle (PNCB) and to assess conventional postnatal care among the postnatal mothers and to evaluate the effectivity of Postnatal Care Bundle (PNCB) for early identification and prevention of postpartum complications among the postnatal mothers and to assess the satisfaction level of staff nurses after implementation of Postnatal Care Bundle and conventional postnatal care for early identification and prevention of postnatal complications among the postnatal mothers.

Methodology: The interventional analytical and true experimental research design approach will be used and the sample use for the postnatal mothers including the full term normal delivery, caesarean section will be and the random sampling use and sample size is 185 in each group i.e. control and experimental group. One group will be received conventional postnatal care and other group will be on postnatal care bundle. The outcome includes that postnatal care bundle help to early identification and prevention of postnatal complications among the postnatal mothers.

Conclusion: PNCB will be effective in quality care of postnatal period.
UBE2T promotes β‐catenin nuclear translocation in hepatocellular carcinoma through MAPK/ERK‐dependent activation
Authors: Lioulia Elisavet , Mokos Panagiotis , Panteris Emmanuel , Dafou Dimitra
Published: October 2021

Ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) has been implicated in many types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a fundamental role during tumor metastasis and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT in HCC in accordance with UBE2T still remain unknown. In this study, we showed that UBE2T overexpression augmented the oncogenic properties and specifically EMT in HCC cell lines, while its silencing attenuated them. UBE2T affected the activation of EMT‐associated signaling pathways: MAPK/ERK, AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β‐catenin. In addition, we revealed that the epithelial protein complex of E‐cadherin/β‐catenin, a vital regulator of signal transduction in tumor initiation and progression, was totally disrupted at the cell membrane. In particular, we observed that UBE2T overexpression led to E‐cadherin loss accompanied by a simultaneous elevation of both cytoplasmic and nuclear β‐catenin, while its silencing resulted in a strong E‐cadherin turnover at the cell membrane. Interestingly, chemical inhibition of the MAPK/ERK, AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathways demonstrated that the nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and subsequent EMT was enhanced mainly by MAPK/ERK. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the UBE2T/MAPK‐ERK/β‐catenin axis as a critical regulator of cell state transition and EMT in HCC.
Computed tomography–based radiomic analysis for prediction of treatment response to salvage chemoradiotherapy for locoregional lymph node recurrence after curative esophagectomy
Authors: Gu Liang , Liu Yangchen , Guo Xinwei , Tian Ye , Ye Hongxun , Zhou Shaobin , Gao Fei
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the capability of computed tomography (CT) radiomic features to predict the therapeutic response and local control of the locoregional recurrence lymph node (LN) after curative esophagectomy by chemoradiotherapy.

Methods

This retrospective study included 129 LN from 77 patients (training cohort: 102 LN from 59 patients; validation cohort: 27 LN from 18 patients) with postoperative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The region of the tumor was contoured in pretreatment contrast‐enhanced CT images. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator with logistic regression was used to identify radiomic predictors in the training cohort. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). The Kaplan–Meier method was used to determine the local recurrence time of cancer.

Results

The radiomic model suggested seven features that could be used to predict treatment response. The AUCs in training and validated cohorts were 0.777 (95% CI: 0.667–0.878) and 0.765 (95% CI: 0.556–0.975), respectively. A significant difference in the radiomic scores (Rad‐scores) between response and nonresponse was observed in the two cohorts (p < 0.001, 0.034, respectively). Two features were identified for classifying whether there will be relapse in 2 years. AUC was 0.857 (95% CI: 0.780–0.935) in the training cohort. The local control time of the high Rad‐score group was higher than the low group in both cohorts (p < 0.001 and 0.025, respectively). As inferred from the Cox regression analysis, the low Rad‐score was a high‐risk factor for local recurrence within 2 years.

Conclusions

The radiomic approach can be used as a potential imaging biomarker to predict treatment response and local control of recurrence LN in ESCC patients.
Bending Anchoring Reinforcement of Zinc Nanosheets for Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Jiang Yi , Zhu Pingwei , Xu Liwei , Hao Jian , Hu Zhen , Liu Li , Huang Yudong , Li Jun
Published: October 2021

It has always been the goal of researchers to enhance the interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites on the basis of maintaining the mechanical strength of carbon fibers. Herein, the technology of zinc nanosheets (Zn NSs) electrophoresis on the surface of carbon fibers is studied, and a method of electrophoresis within 10 s is provided to realize the construction of Zn NSs on the surface of continuous carbon fibers. It is shown that the strength of carbon fibers can be improved by 13.0% due to the ability of Zn NSs to repair the surface defects of carbon fibers. Moreover, the Zn NS bends when the NSs are thermally treated during the curing process of CF/epoxy resin composite. Using the carbon fiber with thermally bent Zn NSs as the anchor, the interfacial interaction of carbon fiber/epoxy composites is improved from 33.5 MPa of desized carbon fiber to 63.3 MPa of Zn NSs‐modified carbon fibers, namely, improvement of 88.9%. The enhancement is ascribed to the special‐shaped anchorage structure on the surface of carbon fibers that are constructed by the bent Zn NSs.
Identifying Internal Stresses during Mechanophore Activation
Authors: Rencheck Mitchell L. , Mackey Brandon T. , Hu Yu-Yang , Chang Chia-Chih , Sangid Michael D. , Davis Chelsea S.
Published: October 2021

Mechanophores (MPs) undergo chemical reactions to become fluorescent in response to a mechanical stimulus that reflects the magnitude and distribution of applied stress. MPs are an emerging technology for self‐reporting damage sensing applications in polymeric materials in the aeronautical, energy generation, and automotive industries. However, quantitative calibration of the MP response to local stresses remains an outstanding challenge. Herein, a method to calibrate the intensity of the MP fluorescent activation (I) with local hydrostatic stresses (σh) is presented. Uniaxial tension is applied to a simple composite comprised of a rigid sphere (silica) embedded in a MP‐functionalized elastomeric matrix (spiropyran (SPN) functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)). By monitoring the fluorescence intensity with a confocal microscope while a quasi‐static deformation is applied, in situ observations of MP activation as a function of applied uniaxial strain are obtained. To calculate the associated stress fields, a finite element analysis (FEA) with cohesive zone elements is employed. By comparing σh, calculated through FEA with the I of the PDMS/SPN system, a linear relationship between I and σh is directly determined. The technique presented can be employed for many MP‐containing materials systems to calibrate I to σh.
High Current Density and Long Cycle Life Enabled by Sulfide Solid Electrolyte and Dendrite‐Free Liquid Lithium Anode
Authors: Peng Jian , Wu Dengxu , Song Fengmei , Wang Shuo , Niu Quanhai , Xu Jieru , Lu Pushun , Li Hong , Chen Liquan , Wu Fan
Published: October 2021

Lithium metal is the ideal anode candidate but suffers from great challenges including poor thermodynamic stability in liquid organic electrolytes and dendrite nucleation/growth during the continuous plating/stripping process. To solve the difficulties listed above, here, a battery configuration combining a liquid lithium solution anode, a sulfide solid electrolyte, and an interfacial protection layer is proposed to prevent interfacial reaction between the two components. This configuration combines the advantages of liquid‐lithium‐solution anode (dissolve lithium to essentially prevent lithium nucleation) and sulfide solid electrolyte (highest room‐temperature ionic conductivity among all solid electrolytes and ideal mechanical ductility for fully compact layer simply by cold pressing), so that a record‐high current density (17.78 mA cm−2) and long cycle life (nearly 3000 h) are realized. At the same time, the solubility of lithium metal in the liquid Li anode and electrochemical properties of liquid Li anode are systematically studied to find the most suitable liquid Li anode concentration with the highest room‐temperature conductivity (12.2 mS cm−1). This work provides a promising approach and battery configuration for achieving high‐specific‐capacity, high‐energy/power‐density and long‐cycle‐life secondary batteries.
Rational Design of All Resistive Multifunctional Sensors with Stimulus Discriminability
Authors: Lee Jeng‐Hun , Kim Eunyoung , Zhang Heng , Chen Haomin , Venkatesan Harun , Chan Kit‐Ying , Yang Jie , Shen Xi , Yang Jinglei , Jeon Seokwoo , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: October 2021

A rational approach is proposed to design soft multifunctional sensors capable of detection and discrimination of different physical stimuli. Herein, a flexible multifunctional sensor concurrently detecting and distinguishing minute temperature and pressure stimuli in real time is developed using electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF) films as the sole sensing material and electrical resistance as the only output signal. The stimuli sensitivity and discriminability are coordinated by tailoring the atomic‐ and device‐level structures of CNF films to deliver outstanding pressure and temperature sensitivities of −0.96 kPa−1 and −2.44% °C−1, respectively, enabling mutually exclusive sensing performance without signal cross‐interference. The CNF multifunctional sensor is considered the first of its kind to accomplish the stimulus discriminability using only the electrical resistance as the output signal, which is most convenient to monitor and process for device applications. As such, it has distinct advantages over other reported sensors in its simple, cost‐effective fabrication and readout system. It also possesses other invaluable traits, including good bending stability, fast response time, and long‐term durability. Importantly, the ability to simultaneously detect and decouple temperature and pressure stimuli is demonstrated through novel applications as a skin‐mountable device and a flexible game controller.
Custom Design of Protein Particles as Multifunctional Biomaterials
Authors: Shanbhag Bhuvana K. , Liu Chang , G.C. Pradeep , Younas Tayyaba , Hu Kevin K.Y. , Fulcher Alex J. , Struwe Weston B. , Steer David , Dumsday Geoff , Harper Ian S. , Kukura Philipp , Haritos Victoria S. , He Lizhong
Published: October 2021

Assembled protein particles, as emerging biomaterials, have broad applications ranging from vaccines and drug delivery to biocatalysis and particle tracking, but to date these require trial‐and‐error rational design experimentation and/or intensive computational methods to generate. Here, the authors describe an easy‐to‐implement engineering strategy to generate customized protein particles as multifunctional biomaterials. They utilize protein–peptide modules to generate functional nanoparticles whose assembly and size is controlled by the addition of mild stimuli. The protein assembling method is versatile, as exemplified through particle formation with 7 distinct protein modules, using a variety of assembly conditions tailored by the chemistries of 3 peptide partners. They have generated customized protein particles using enzymes, binding and reporter proteins, and their functions and utilities are demonstrated using biocatalysis, sensing, and labelling applications, respectively. Furthermore, co‐assembly with two functional proteins within one particle has been successfully achieved and demonstrated. Physical insights into the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of particle formation are revealed by small angle X‐ray scattering and mass photometry, providing fundamental knowledge to guide design and manufacture these interesting biomaterials in future. Their protein assembling strategy is a reliable method for fabricating a protein particle to deliver new functionalities on‐demand.
Bioactive Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Jung Kenward , Corrigan Nathaniel , Wong Edgar H. H. , Boyer Cyrille
Published: October 2021

Synthetic polymers are omnipresent in society as textiles and packaging materials, in construction and medicine, among many other important applications. Alternatively, natural polymers play a crucial role in sustaining life and allowing organisms to adapt to their environments by performing key biological functions such as molecular recognition and transmission of genetic information. In general, the synthetic and natural polymer worlds are completely separated due to the inability for synthetic polymers to perform specific biological functions; in some cases, synthetic polymers cause uncontrolled and unwanted biological responses. However, owing to the advancement of synthetic polymerization techniques in recent years, new synthetic polymers have emerged that provide specific biological functions such as targeted molecular recognition of peptides, or present antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. In this review, the emergence of this generation of bioactive synthetic polymers and their bioapplications are summarized. Finally, the future opportunities in this area are discussed.
Direct Measurement of Oxygen Mass Transport at the Nanoscale
Authors: Baiutti Federico , Chiabrera Francesco , Diercks David , Cavallaro Andrea , Yedra Lluís , López‐Conesa Lluís , Estradé Sonia , Peiró Francesca , Morata Alex , Aguadero Ainara , Tarancón Albert
Published: October 2021

Tuning oxygen mass transport properties at the nanoscale offers a promising approach for developing high performing energy materials. A number of strategies for engineering interfaces with enhanced oxygen diffusivity and surface exchange have been proposed. However, the origin and the magnitude of such local effects remain largely undisclosed to date due to the lack of direct measurement tools with sufficient resolution. In this work, atom probe tomography with sub‐nanometer resolution is used to study oxygen mass transport on oxygen‐isotope exchanged thin films of lanthanum chromite. A direct 3D visualization of nanoscaled highly conducting oxygen incorporation pathways along grain boundaries, with reliable quantification of the oxygen kinetic parameters and correlative link to local chemistries, is presented. Combined with finite element simulations of the exact nanostructure, isotope exchange‐atom probe tomography allowed quantifying an enhancement in the grain boundary oxygen diffusivity and in the surface exchange coefficient of lanthanum chromite of about 4 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively, compared to the bulk. This remarkable increase of the oxygen kinetics in an interface‐dominated material is unambiguously attributed to grain boundary conduction highways thanks to the use of a powerful technique that can be straightforwardly extended to the study of currently inaccessible multiple nanoscale mass transport phenomena.
T Cell‐Signaling‐Responsive Conjugate of Antibody with siRNA to Overcome Acquired Resistance to anti‐PD‐1 Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Xingxing , Wang Yan , Li Ji , Tian Tian , Li Jinbo , Guo Zijian , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

Acquired resistance (AR) resulted from stimulated expression of AR‐related genes such as CD38 in activated T cells jeopardizes anti‐programmed death‐1 (anti‐PD‐1) immunotherapy. It remains to be explored whether the suppression of AR genes in activated T cells during anti‐PD‐1 therapy is able to overcome AR and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Small‐interfering RNAs (siRNAs) acting via RNA interference mechanisms are able to shut down the expression of target genes. The authors report here a T‐cell targeting conjugate of antibody‐siRNA with response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (TCARROS) for the suppression of AR gene as well as to block the PD‐1/PD‐L1 interaction. TCARROS is able to bind with PD‐1 on T cells, then release functional siRNA to suppress AR genes in activated T cells with abundant ROS to cleave the linker in the conjugate. TCARROS comprising the siRNA targeting CD‐38 attached to PD‐1 blocking antibody (αPD‐1) via the ROS responsive linker is tested on activated T cells as well as mice bearing B16 tumor. Synergistic effect is observed on mice treated with TCARROS in anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy, which suggests the potentials of this novel ROS responsive αPD‐1‐siRNA conjugate in anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy to overcome AR.
Aggregation‐enhanced direct S0–Tn transitions and room‐temperature phosphorescence in gold(I)‐complex single crystals
Authors: Ando Akihiro , Ozaki Kazuhisa , Shiina Urara , Nagao Eikichi , Hisano Kyohei , Kamada Kenji , Tsutsumi Osamu
Published: October 2021

The design of efficient aggregation‐induced emission materials requires an improved understanding of photophysical processes in aggregated materials. Herein, the photophysical behavior of an Au(I) complex (R6) that exhibits intense room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in crystals is described. In addition, the photophysical processes related to RTP are discussed based on the structure of the molecular aggregates and the primary structure of the molecule. An extremely efficient S0–Tn direct transition is found to occur in the R6 crystal. Furthermore, intermolecular Au–Au interactions and the internal/external heavy‐atom effects of Au atoms are demonstrated to enhance the electronic transitions involving intersystem crossing, namely, direct S0–Tn excitation, radiative T1–S0 transition (phosphorescence), and S1–Tn intersystem crossing. Because of the dense molecular packing, both Au–Au interactions and heavy‐atom effects play important roles in the crystals. As a result, R6 shows more efficient RTP in crystals than in solution. These insights into the mechanism of highly efficient RTP in Au(I)‐complex crystals are expected to advance the development of new luminogens for a variety of sensing and imaging applications.
A method to apply Zavitsas' aqueous electrolyte model to multicomponent solutions and its equivalence to Zdanovskii's rule
Authors: Reynolds Jacob G.
Published: October 2021

Zavitsas developed an aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic model and applied it to single electrolyte solutions previously. Here, a method to apply the model to multicomponent solutions is derived by setting the water activity to the mole fraction of free water in the mixture. The method is shown to work effectively for the CsBr‐KNO3‐H2O and CsCl‐KNO3‐H2O systems at 100.3°C even at concentrations greater than 6 molal. The largest error in the prediction of water activities was just −0.00365 for the CsBr‐KNO3‐H2O system and −0.00631 for the CsCl‐KNO3‐H2O system. Zavitsas' model naturally obeys Zdanovskii's rule because when two electrolyte solutions with the same fraction of free water are mixed together, water is obviously going to have that same fraction in the mixture. This means that Zavitsas' model will likely work well for the many electrolytes that obey Zdanovskii's rule.
Fe‐catalyzed Dehydrogenative C−S Bond Formation for Access to 3‐Alkyl‐2‐(N‐aroyl)imino‐benzo[d]thiazolines
Authors: Yang Jun , Yu Miao , Jiang Liqin
Published: October 2021

An iron‐catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative C−S bond formation from 1‐aryl‐1‐alkyl‐3‐aroyl thioureas via FeCl3 as catalyst, Na2CO3 as base, and Na2S2O8 as oxidant has been developed. A variety of 3‐alkyl‐2‐(N‐aroyl)imino‐benzo[d]thiazolines are obtained in moderate to excellent yields with excellent chemoselectivity in an atom‐economic fashion. In addition, 1‐aryl‐1‐alkyl‐3‐aroyl thioureas have been synthesized from N‐aryl‐N‐alkyl thiocarbamoyl fluorides (sufur form S8) with aromatic amides under NaOH in moderate to good yields.
Synthesis of Cinnolines via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Annulation of N‐Aryl Heterocycles with Vinylene Carbonate
Authors: Kim Suho , Choi Su Bin , Kang Ju Young , An Won , Lee Suk Hun , Oh Harin , Ghosh Prithwish , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Kim In Su
Published: October 2021

The Rh(III)‐catalyzed C−H annulation reactions of N‐aryl indazolones or N‐aryl phthalazinones with a vinylene carbonate is described herein. This transformation provides the rapid access to indazolocinnolines and phthalazinocinnolines as important assets towards the development of novel bioactive compounds. Intriguingly, a vinylene carbonate acts as a vinyl transfer agent to enable the [4+2] annulation reaction. This method is characterized by its simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and broad functional group tolerance.
Electrophilic Fluorination of Alkenes via Bora‐Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement. Access to β‐Difluoroalkyl Boronates
Authors: Wang Qiang , Biosca Maria , Himo Fahmi , Szabó Kálmán J.
Published: October 2021

The electrophilic fluorination of geminal alkyl substituted vinyl‐Bmida derivatives proceeds via bora‐Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement. According to DFT modelling studies this rearrangement occurs with a low activation barrier via a bora‐cyclopropane shaped TS. The Bmida group has a larger migration aptitude than the alkyl moiety in the Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement of the presented electrophilic fluorination reactions.
Directed Regioselective Carbometallation of 1,2‐Dialkyl‐Substituted Cyclopropenes
Authors: Cohen Yair , Marek Ilan
Published: October 2021

A regio‐ and diastereoselective copper‐catalyzed carbomagnesiation of 1,2‐dialkylated cyclopropenes is reported. The regioselectivity is controlled by a subtle tethered Lewis basic moiety. The chelating moieties allow the differentiation between two electronically tantamount organometallic intermediates. Further functionalization grants access to polysubstituted stereodefined cyclopropanes bearing up to five alkyl groups.
Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Substitution with Copper(I) Homoenolates Generated from Cyclopropanols
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhou Si‐Wei , Shi Chang‐Yun , Yin Liang
Published: October 2021

By using copper(I) homoenolates as nucleophiles, which are generated through the ring‐opening of 1‐substituted cyclopropane‐1‐ols, a catalytic asymmetric allylic substitution with allyl phosphates is achieved in high to excellent yields with high enantioselectivity. Both 1‐substituted cyclopropane‐1‐ols and allylic phosphates enjoy broad substrate scopes. Remarkably, various functional groups, such as ether, ester, tosylate, imide, alcohol, nitro, and carbamate are well tolerated. Moreover, the present method is nicely extended to the asymmetric construction of quaternary carbon centers. Some control experiments argue against a radical‐based reaction mechanism and a catalytic cycle based on a two‐electron process is proposed. Finally, the synthetic utilities of the product are showcased by means of the transformations of the terminal olefin group and the ketone group.
Chemical Synthesis and Semisynthesis of Lipidated Proteins
Authors: Hanna Cameron C. , Kriegesmann Julia , Dowman Luke J. , Becker Christian F. W. , Payne Richard J.
Published: October 2021

Lipidation is a ubiquitous modification of peptides and proteins that can occur either co‐ or post‐translationally. An array of different lipid classes can adorn proteins and has been shown to influence a number of crucial biological activities, including the regulation of signaling, cell–cell adhesion events, and the anchoring of proteins to lipid rafts and phospholipid membranes. Whereas nature employs a range of enzymes to install lipid modifications onto proteins, the use of these for the chemoenzymatic generation of lipidated proteins is often inefficient or impractical. An alternative is to harness the power of modern synthetic and semisynthetic technologies to access lipid‐modified proteins in a pure and homogeneously modified form. This Review aims to highlight significant advances in the development of lipidation and ligation chemistry and their implementation in the synthesis and semisynthesis of homogeneous lipidated proteins that have enabled the influence of these modifications on protein structure and function to be uncovered.
Structure colorants based on cross‐linked cholesteric liquid crystalline polymeric slices
Authors: Liu Chun‐Yen , Chen Cheng‐Chieh , Tu Chia‐Ming , Hung Sheng‐Chi , Chao Chia‐Hui
Published: October 2021

In daily life, we usually make materials with certain colors via dyes or pigments. However, there is a methodology for making specific nanostructures that reflect light under certain wavelengths, and this is considered structural color. In this study, we demonstrate novel sliced polymeric films exhibiting reflected purple, blue, cyan, and red colors via Bragg reflection. The pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal was changed by altering the ratio of chiral dopant inside the liquid crystal mixture. It was confirmed that the reflected colors remained stable and did not change as the size and thickness of the sliced films were decreased. Furthermore, colorful patterns were easily achieved by using CLC slices as colorants, and these were fixed with transparent glue for image production. Theoretically, nanosized structural colorants could be prepared via a femtosecond laser. It is anticipated that these sliced polymerized cholesteric liquid crystal films can be applied in the surface coating and painting industries.
Hedgehog lipids: Promotors of alternative morphogen release and signaling?
Authors: Manikowski Dominique , Ehring Kristina , Gude Fabian , Jakobs Petra , Froese Jurij , Grobe Kay
Published: October 2021

Two posttranslational lipid modifications present on all Hedgehog (Hh) morphogens—an N‐terminal palmitate and a C‐terminal cholesterol—are established and essential regulators of Hh biofunction. Yet, for several decades, the question of exactly how both lipids contribute to Hh signaling remained obscure. Recently, cryogenic electron microscopy revealed different modes by which one or both lipids may contribute directly to Hh binding and signaling to its receptor Patched1 (Ptc). Some of these modes demand that the established release factor Dispatched1 (Disp) extracts dual‐lipidated Hh from the cell surface, and that another known upstream signaling modulator called Scube2 chaperones the dual‐lipidated morphogen to Ptc. By mechanistically and biochemically aligning this concept with established in vivo and recent in vitro findings, this reflection identifies remaining questions in lipidated Hh transport and evaluates additional mechanisms of Disp‐ and Scube2‐regulated release of a second bioactive Hh fraction that has one or both lipids removed.
Kinetic and hybrid modeling for yeast astaxanthin production under uncertainty
Authors: Vega‐Ramon Fernando , Zhu Xianfeng , Savage Thomas R. , Petsagkourakis Panagiotis , Jing Keju , Zhang Dongda
Published: October 2021

Astaxanthin is a high‐value compound commercially synthesized through Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous fermentation. Using mixed sugars decomposed from biowastes for yeast fermentation provides a promising option to improve process sustainability. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effects of multiple sugars on X. dendrorhous biomass growth and astaxanthin production. Furthermore, the construction of a high‐fidelity model is challenging due to the system's variability, also known as batch‐to‐batch variation. Two innovations are proposed in this study to address these challenges. First, a kinetic model was developed to compare process kinetics between the single sugar (glucose) based and the mixed sugar (glucose and sucrose) based fermentation methods. Then, the kinetic model parameters were modeled themselves as Gaussian processes, a probabilistic machine learning technique, to improve the accuracy and robustness of model predictions. We conclude that although the presence of sucrose does not affect the biomass growth kinetics, it introduces a competitive inhibitory mechanism that enhances astaxanthin accumulation by inducing adverse environmental conditions such as osmotic gradients. Moreover, the hybrid model was able to greatly reduce model simulation error and was particularly robust to uncertainty propagation. This study suggests the advantage of mixed sugar‐based fermentation and provides a novel approach for bioprocess dynamic modeling.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient osmotic stress‐free production of compatible solute hydroxyectoine
Authors: Ma Qian , Xia Li , Wu Heyun , Zhuo Mingyang , Yang Mengya , Zhang Ying , Tan Miao , Zhao Kexin , Sun Quanwei , Xu Qingyang , Chen Ning , Xie Xixian
Published: October 2021

Compatible solutes are key for the ability of halophilic bacteria to resist high osmotic stress. They have received wide attention from researchers for their excellent osmotic protection properties. Hydroxyectoine is a particularly important compatible solute, but its production by microbes faces several challenges, including low titer/yield, the presence of the byproduct ectoine, and the requirement of high salinity. Here, we aimed to metabolically engineer Escherichia coli to efficiently produce hydroxyectoine in the absence of osmotic stress without accumulating the byproduct ectoine. First, combinatorial optimization of the expression strength of key genes in the ectoine synthesis module and hydroxyectoine synthesis module was conducted. After optimization of the expression of these genes, 12.12 g/L hydroxyectoine and 0.24 g/L ectoine were obtained at 36 h in shake‐flask fermentation with the addition of the co‐substrate α‐ketoglutarate. Further optimization of the addition of α‐ketoglutarate achieved the sole production of hydroxyectoine (i.e., no ectoine accumulation), indicating that the supply of α‐ketoglutarate is critically important for sole hydroxyectoine production. Finally, quorum sensing‐based auto‐regulation of intracellular α‐ketoglutarate pool was implemented as an alternative to α‐ketoglutarate addition by coupling the expression of sucA with the esaI/esaR circuit, which led to 14.93 g/L hydroxyectoine with a unit cell yield of 1.678 g/g and no ectoine accumulation in the absence of osmotic stress. This is the highest reported titer of sole hydroxyectoine production under salinity‐free fermentation to date.
Characteristic profiling of Aconiti Lateralis Radix for distinguishing it from compatible herbal pair using UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS coupled with chemometrics
Authors: You Guangjiao , Li Huanhuan , Zheng Fuxiang , Liu Yanan , Wang Meng , Sun Lili , Mou Jiajia , Ren Xiaoliang
Published: October 2021

A method combining ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatograph/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS) and chemometrics was established to evaluate the differences in chemical composition between Aconiti Lateralis Radix (Fuzi in Chinese) before and after combination with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao in Chinese). UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS was used to characterize the chemical components before and after the combination of Fuzi with Gancao, and genetic algorithm selection variables were applied to extract important variables. Partial least square discriminant analysis was used to verify the reliability of the variables obtained by genetic algorithm selection in differentiating Fuzi and combinations with Gancao, and nine potential chemical markers were obtained. The changes in content of chemical markers in Fuzi before and after combination were visualized using a heat map and hierarchical cluster analysis. Based on the chemical markers, characteristic profiling of UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS data was developed, then unsupervised principal components analysis and a supervised counter‐propagation artificial neural network were used to validate the characteristic profiling approach and showed that it performed well in differentiating between Fuzi and combinations with Gancao.
Effects of task complexity or rate of motor imagery on motor learning in healthy young adults
Authors: Heena Nargis , Zia Nayeem U. , Sehgal Stuti , Anwer Shahnawaz , Alghadir Ahmad , Li Heng
Published: October 2021

Background

A growing body of evidence suggests the benefit of motor imagery in motor learning. While some studies tried to look at the effect of isolated mental practice, others evaluated the combined effect of motor imagery and physical practice in clinical rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of task complexity or rates of motor imagery on motor learning in health young adults.

Methods

Eighty‐eight healthy individuals participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to either Group A (50% complex, N = 22), Group B (75% complex, N = 22), Group C (50% simple, N = 22), or Group D (75% simple, N = 22). Participants in the complex groups performed their task with nondominant hand and those in simple groups with a dominant hand. All participants performed a task that involved reach, grasp, and release tasks. The performance of the four groups was examined in the acquisition and retention phase. The main outcome measure was the movement time.

Results

There were significant differences between immediate (i.e., acquisition) and late (i.e., retention) movement times at all three stages of task (i.e., MT1 [reaching time], MT2 [target transport time], and TMT [reaching time plus object transport time]) when individuals performed complex task with 75% imagery rate (p < .05). Similarly, there were significant differences between immediate and late movement times at all stages of task except the MT2 when individuals performed simple task with 75% imagery rate (p < .05). There were significant effects of task complexity (simple vs. complex tasks) on immediate movement time at the first stage of task (i.e., MT1) and late movement times of all three stages of task (p < .05). There were significant effects of the rate of imagery (50% vs. 75%) on late movement times at all three stages of tasks (p > .05). Additionally, there were no interaction effects of either task complexity or rate of imagery on both immediate and late movement times at all three stages of tasks (p > .05).

Conclusion

This study supports the use of higher rates (75%) of motor imagery to improve motor learning. Additionally, the practice of a complex task demonstrated better motor learning in healthy young adults. Future longitudinal studies should validate these results in different patient's population such as stroke, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson's disease.
Possibility of brigatinib‐based therapy, or chemotherapy plus anti‐angiogenic treatment after resistance of osimertinib harboring EGFR T790M‐cis‐C797S mutations in lung adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Yang Yaning , Xu Haiyan , Ma Li , Yang Lu , Yang Guangjian , Zhang Shuyang , Ai Xin , Zhang Shucai , Wang Yan
Published: October 2021

Background

There was no standard treatment for patients who acquired resistance to osimertinib mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M‐cis‐C797S. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between different therapeutic strategies and survival outcomes among these patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed 46 patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and EGFR T790M‐cis‐C797S after osimertinib progression from January 1, 2017 to October 31, 2020. Among them, 13 patients received brigatinib‐based therapy, 23 patients received chemotherapy in combination of anti‐angiogenics or not, and 10 patients received other targeted treatments like dacomtinib, bevacizumab, or a combined therapy of osimertinib and other targeted drugs.

Results

Compared to other targeted therapy, brigatinib‐based therapy (median progression‐free survival [mPFS]: 4.40 vs. 1.63 months, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–0.73, p = 0.001) and chemotherapy‐based treatment (mPFS: 4.70 vs. 1.63 months, HR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06–0.50, p < 0.001) presented a better survival outcome and there was no significant difference between brigatinib‐based therapy and chemotherapy‐based treatment (mPFS: 4.40 vs. 4.70 months, HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.57–2.67, p = 0.58). Chemotherapy combined with anti‐angiogenics achieved a better efficacy than only chemotherapy (mPFS: 5.50 vs. 1.03 months, HR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11–0.83, p = 0.02). Patients carrying EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation had a longer PFS than those who harboring EGFR exon 21 p.L858R mutation (4.57 vs. 1.03 months, HR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06–0.54, p = 0.001), no matter they received brigatinib‐based therapy (mPFS: 5.00 vs. 3.23 months, HR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01–0.96, p = 0.05) or chemotherapy‐based treatment (mPFS: 7.23 vs. 1.03 months, HR = 0.05, 95% CI 0.01–0.49, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Brigatinib‐based therapy and chemotherapy plus anti‐angiogenics could be considered beyond progression from osimertinib therapy. For patients harboring EGFR exon 19 deletion/T790M/cis‐C797S mutation, the clinical efficacy was superior to patients harboring EGFR exon 21 p.L858R/T790M/cis‐C797S mutation.
UGSC‐GAN: User‐guided sketch colorization with deep convolution generative adversarial networks
Authors: Zhang Junsong , Zhu Shaoqiang , Liu Kunxiang , Liu Xiaoyu
Published: October 2021

Inspired by the creating process of human paintings, we propose a novel adversarial architecture for multiple sketch colorization which is a scribble‐based, automatic, and exemplar‐based colorization method. The proposed framework has two stages, namely, imitating stage and shading stage. In the imitating stage, to address the challenge of lack of texture in the sketch, we train a grayscale generation network to accomplish a mapping task, namely, generating a grayscale map with textured, grayscale, boundary information from the input sparse sketch. In the shading stage, the model can accurately colorize the objects in the gray image generated in the previous stage, and generate high‐quality colorized images. With the proposed model trained on our database, the experimental results show that our method can generate vivid colorized images and achieve a better performance than previous methods evaluated by FID metric.