bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CO2e footprint and eco‐impact of ultralow phosphorus removal by hydrous ferric oxide reactive filtration: A municipal wastewater LCA case study
Authors: Taslakyan Lusine , Baker Martin C. , Shrestha Dev S. , Strawn Daniel G. , Möller Gregory
Published: August 2022

Dual upflow reactive filtration by a slowly moving sand bed with continuously renewed, hydrous ferric oxide‐coated sand is used for removing polluting substances and for meeting the ultralow 0.05 mg/l total phosphorus discharge permit limits at a 1.2 million liters per day (0.32 million gallons per day) water resource recovery facility in Plummer, Idaho, in the United States. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of this reactive filtration installation was carried out to assess the environmental hotspots in the system and analyze alternative system configurations with a focus on CO2 equivalent (CO2e) global warming potential, freshwater and marine eutrophication, and mineral resource scarcity. “What if” scenarios with alternative inputs for the energy, metal salts, and air compressor optimization show trade‐offs between the impact categories. Key results that show a comparative reduction of global warming potential include the use of Fe versus Al metal salts, the use of renewable energy, and the energy efficiency benefit of optimizing process inputs, such as compressor air pressure, to match operational demand. The LCA shows a 2 × 10−2 kg CO2e footprint per cubic meter of water, with 47% from housing concrete, and an overall freshwater eutrophication impact reduced by 99% versus no treatment. The use of renewable hydropower energy at this site isolates construction concrete as a target for lowering the CO2e footprint.

Practitioner Points

The main LCA eco‐impact hotspots in this dual reactive filtration tertiary treatment are construction concrete and the ferric sulfate used.

Iron salts show smaller impact in global warming, freshwater eutrophication, and mineral resource scarcity than “what if scenario” aluminum salts.

The energy mix for this site is predominantly hydropower; other energy mix “what if” scenarios show larger impacts.

Operational energy efficiency and thermodynamic analysis show that fine tuning the air compressor helps reduce carbon footprint and energy use.

LCA shows a favorable 2 x 10‐2 kg CO2e/m3 water impact with 99% reduction of freshwater eutrophication potential versus no treatment.
On the application of machine learning in astronomy and astrophysics: A text‐mining‐based scientometric analysis
Authors: Rodríguez José‐Víctor , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Ignacio , Woo Wai Lok
Published: August 2022

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the fields of astronomy and astrophysics have experienced significant growth at observational and computational levels, leading to the acquisition of increasingly huge volumes of data. In order to process this vast quantity of information, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are being combined with data mining to detect patterns with the aim of modeling, classifying or predicting the behavior of certain astronomical phenomena or objects. Parallel to the exponential development of the aforementioned techniques, the scientific output related to the application of AI and machine learning (ML) in astronomy and astrophysics has also experienced considerable growth in recent years. Therefore, the increasingly abundant articles make it difficult to monitor this field in terms of which research topics are the most prolific or novel, or which countries or authors are leading them. In this article, a text‐mining‐based scientometric analysis of scientific documents published over the last three decades on the application of AI and ML in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics is presented. The VOSviewer software and data from the Web of Science (WoS) are used to elucidate the evolution of publications in this research field, their distribution by country (including co‐authorship), the most relevant topics addressed, and the most cited elements and most significant co‐citations according to publication source and authorship. The obtained results demonstrate how application of AI/ML to the fields of astronomy/astrophysics represents an established and rapidly growing field of research that is crucial to obtaining scientific understanding of the universe.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Text Mining

Technologies > Machine Learning

Application Areas > Science and Technology
Applications of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: (Mary) Tai Hsueh-Yung
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the application of National Health Insurance (NHI) big data in creating digital claim review tools and artificial intelligence (AI) training to improve review efficacy. By analyzing big data in the NHI medical information system, the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) can detect abnormal or unusual claims and efficiently reduce medical waste. AI models are further generated with the NHI big data to identify duplicated medical images and monitor the quality of uploaded images and test results from medical institutions.

The NHIA also seeks external resources to explore the possibilities of diverse AI applications. Its big data have been applied to create an AI-based COVID-19 detection platform used by medical centers. Within it, high-risk patients’ X-ray images can be detected automatically and then an alert message is sent to doctors, thus preventing nosocomial COVID-19 infections.

Besides a convenient digital claims system, the NHIA also provides contracted institutions with useful reminders, references, and graphic functions with figures and/or tables to help the quality of their self-management.
Digital Transformation of Big Data
Authors: Po-Chang Lee  , Ho Chih-Hsing , Wang Joyce Tsung-Hsi
Published: August 2022

The virtual National Health Insurance (NHI) card not only represents digitization but also enables contactless health care during the pandemic. Under the process of full-scale digitization, the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) continues to refine the health service delivery measures, especially in the field of home-based medical care and telemedicine.

Under the personal data protection regulation, the NHI data are opened for academic research purposes. More than 6550 published journal articles have utilized the NHI data, and these articles are made searchable online to support health policy management and clinical research. The NHI medical images combined with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) are the cornerstones of Taiwan’s smart health care. Domestic research teams are eligible to use the NHI database to verify or build their AI models after their research proposals are approved by the Management Council of the AI Application of NHI Data. The NHIA also plans to use NHI big data to develop digital patient decision aids by establishing a two-way digital interaction model to address the concerns of the healthcare providers and the public. By comparing the secondary use of health data in different countries, Taiwan is seeking a balance between innovation and conservative policies and is creating an environment that ensures the well-being of the next generation.
Income Strategy
Authors: Po-Chang Lee  , Chen Mei-Hsin , Chiang Shu-Ching , Chang Yu-Pin
Published: August 2022

The National Health Insurance (NHI) is compulsory and provides universal health coverage to all citizens of Taiwan and those who have had a registered domicile, as well as foreigners holding alien residence certificates in Taiwan for 6 months. The right of the insured to access medical care is protected, whether they suffer from illness, injury or require reproductive care. This chapter introduces the financial structure of the NHI, enrolment eligibility and how the premiums are calculated for different insured groups and their insured units. The collection of supplementary premiums, which correlate additional premium contribution with non-salary-based income, is also explained. To maintain the financial independence and liability system of the NHI, by law, the premium rate is reviewed annually. Hence, the actuarial calculation of the premium rate plays a crucial role.
Comprehensive Policies
Authors: Po-Chang Lee  , Chang Yu-Pin , Tung Yu-Yun
Published: August 2022

With the sharply escalating medical expenses, the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) has implemented a number of programs to contain expenditure, deliver patient-centered health care, and meet the medical needs of the super-aged society that Taiwan will face in the future.

Taiwan has followed the steps of many advanced countries to separate medicine and pharmacy to promote medication safety. In this chapter, we describe various obstacles and contingent approaches to implementing a policy that is quite against the social norm. The outcome was analyzed to evaluate the effect of this controversial policy. To connect long-term care seamlessly after hospital discharge, discharge planning and follow-up management fees are covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI). The NHIA has also endeavored to encourage two-way referrals in the tiered medical care structure since 2017, hoping to improve the efficiency of the overall healthcare system through the redistribution of workload and the continuity of health care. Therefore, in addition to increasing the reimbursement for hospitalization and emergency treatment, differences in co-payment for referral visits from different levels of hospitals were applied to encourage better healthcare-seeking behavior. We also discuss the decision-making process of the on-going co-payment adjustment at the end of the chapter.
Pursuing Health Equity
Authors: Po-Chang Lee  , Liu Yu-Chuan , Chang Yu-Hsuan , Wang Joyce Tsung-Hsi , Chiang Shu-Ching , Tai Hsueh-Yung Mary
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains why National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) decoupled the premium payment and right to health care to safeguard the medical right of the financially disadvantaged. Furthermore, various programs have been carried out to improve the accessibility and comprehensiveness of medical care for residents of remote and offshore islands. The National Health Insurance (NHI) has also progressively covered orphan drugs to meet the medical needs of patients with rare diseases.

In addition to eliminating geographic and economic health disparity, the NHIA strives to improve health literacy and knowledge of the health insurance system of the public. “My Health Bank” was launched to enable its users to query personal medical and health information in real time to encourage self-health management and enhance the safety and quality of medical care. The NHI was introduced to elementary school pupils to acquaint the younger generation with its concept and have a more profound influence.
Infrastructure of the Medical Information System
Authors: (Mary) Tai Hsueh-Yung , Wu Shwu-Huey
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains how Taiwan has utilized its strong ICT industry to construct the National Health Insurance (NHI) medical information system, as well as the solid information security management and data protection mechanism behind it. The NHI medical information system was constructed to enable providers to make claims through a digital platform and ensure automated claim review. Then, it introduced the revolutionary centralization of medical records to the “National Health Insurance MediCloud System (NHI MediCloud System)”, which collects 12 categories of medical information. It allows medical providers to query patients’ medical records and share medical images in real time, which significantly improves efficiency and prevents unnecessary examinations or tests. Moreover, an application programming interface connection has also been launched so that medical institutions can use the in-house information system for data innovation and value-added applications. It could be used to remind physicians of drug duplication or interaction activity to protect patients’ safety.

The last part of the chapter is about how Taiwan has integrated data across different government agencies to notify the providers when patients are at a high risk of COVID-19 infection, prevent the spread of COVID-19, and safeguard the health of all citizens.
Innovative Applications of the Medical Information
Authors: Po-Chang Lee  , Wu Shwu-Huey , Chang Yu-Pin , Wang Joyce Tsung-Hsi
Published: August 2022

The National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) began a pilot telemedicine program for people in remote areas after the Ministry of Health and Welfare expanded the eligibility for telemedicine. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system also accelerated the inclusion of telemedicine in the scheme. This chapter discusses how 5G facilitates telemedicine services; for example, the virtual National Health Insurance (NHI) card could bring comprehensive medical service to more settings, such as home-based medical care, by virtualizing the identification process.

The NHI played a pivotal role in Taiwan’s battle against COVID-19. Besides providing travel history, occupation, contact history, and cluster to medical providers on the NHI MediCloud systems, the NHI virtual private network system was used to distribute medical masks through contracted pharmacies in the early stage of the pandemic. Moreover, the NHIA pulled in data, including vaccination history and polymerase chain reaction test results, from the NHI database to the NHI Express app so that the public can manage their health promptly. The last part of the chapter discusses Taiwan’s successful story of opening data to the private sectors to carry out the name-based medical mask distribution system.
Drug and Medical Device Reimbursement
Authors: (Mary) Tai Hsueh-Yung
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the factors the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) considers when including drugs and medical devices in benefit packages and explains how their prices and categories are determined. Strategies such as annual drug price adjustment according to market price, Drug Expenditure Target, prevention of prescription duplication, etc., have been implemented to contain total drug expenditure while improving beneficiaries’ access to new drugs.

The last part of this chapter thoroughly explains the Managed Entry Agreement (MEA) the National Health Insurance (NHI) applies to pay for new drugs, especially cancer treatments that have not been proven effective clinically. By signing such agreements with pharmaceutical companies, the NHI can accelerate patients’ access to the latest treatments while minimizing the financial impacts of new drugs.
Evolving Through the Looking Glass: Learning Improved Search Spaces with Variational Autoencoders
Authors: Bentley Peter J. , Lim Soo Ling , Gaier Adam , Tran Linh
Published: August 2022

Nature has spent billions of years perfecting our genetic representations, making them evolvable and expressive. Generative machine learning offers a shortcut: learn an evolvable latent space with implicit biases towards better solutions. We present SOLVE: Search space Optimization with Latent Variable Evolution, which creates a dataset of solutions that satisfy extra problem criteria or heuristics, generates a new latent search space, and uses a genetic algorithm to search within this new space to find solutions that meet the overall objective. We investigate SOLVE on five sets of criteria designed to detrimentally affect the search space and explain how this approach can be easily extended as the problems become more complex. We show that, compared to an identical GA using a standard representation, SOLVE with its learned latent representation can meet extra criteria and find solutions with distance to optimal up to two orders of magnitude closer. We demonstrate that SOLVE achieves its results by creating better search spaces that focus on desirable regions, reduce discontinuities, and enable improved search by the genetic algorithm.
Einleitung
Authors: Catakli Derya
Published: August 2022

Wurden noch vor wenigen Jahren digitale Technologien als Neuland bezeichnet und eine vierte industrielle Revolution beschworen, besteht heute kein Zweifel mehr daran: der Eintritt in das digitale Zeitalter ist bereits erfolgt. Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Zeitraum der Bearbeitung (2020/21) zeigen die Potenziale digitaler Technologien. Insbesondere in der Sars-CoV-2-Pandemie ermöglichte der Einsatz digitaler Technologien, auch in Zeiten wiederholter Lockdowns und eingeschränkter Mobilität Informations- und Güterflüsse aufrecht zu erhalten.
Digitalisierung und Kompetenzen
Authors: Catakli Derya
Published: August 2022

Wie eingangs beschrieben, soll der vorliegenden Arbeit ein eigenständiges Begriffsverständnis der digitalen Kompetenzen zu Grunde gelegt werden, das sowohl auf digitalen Technologien aufbaut, als auch Ansätze aus der Kompetenzforschung zu einer Basisdefinition bündelt.
Verwaltung im digitalen Zeitalter
Authors: Catakli Derya
Published: August 2022

Die dargestellten Aspekte der Digitalisierung und den damit verbundenen Kompetenzfragen erfahren im Kontext der öffentlichen Verwaltung eine neue Dimension. Die öffentliche Verwaltung kann situativ nur bedingt frei handeln und hat auch in Bezug auf neueste Technologien und Willensbildungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse zahlreiche Grundsätze zu beachten, was dazu führt, dass Bedienstete des Öffentlichen Dienstes über einen eigenen Strauß an digitalen Kompetenzen verfügen müssen.
A Remote Attack Tool Against Siemens S7-300 Controllers: A Practical Report
Authors: Alsabbagh Wael , Langendoerfer Peter
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a series of attacks against Siemens S7-300 programmable logic controllers (PLCs), using our remote IHP-Attack tool. Due to the lack of integrity checks in S7-300 PLCs, such controllers execute commands whether or not they are delivered from a legitimate user. Thus, they were exposed to various kind of cyber-attacks over the last years such as reply, bypass authentication and access control attacks. In this work, we build up our tool to carry out a series of attacks based on the existing reported vulnerabilities of S7-300 PLCs in the research community. For real world experimental scenarios, our tool is implemented on real hardware/software used in industrial settings (water level control system). IHP-Attack consists of many functionalities as follows: PNIO Scanner to Scan the industrial network and detect any available PLCs/CPs, etc. Inner Scanner to collect critical data about the target PLC’s software blocks. Authentication Bypass to check whether the PLC is password protected, and compromise the PLC. Our tool also shows that once an adversary reaches the target, he is capable of carrying out severe attacks e.g. replay and control hijacking attacks against the compromised controller. All the functions used in our tool are written in Python and based on powerful libraries such as Python-Snap7 and Scapy. The attacks performed in this work generate a very small traffic overhead and a quite short attack time which make them hard to detect by the workstation. We eventually found that deploying traditional detection methods is not sufficient to secure the system. Therefore, we suggest some possible mitigation solutions to secure industrial systems based on S7-300 PLCs from such attacks.
The Implementation of Proactive Asset Administration Shells: Evaluation of Possibilities and Realization in an Order Driven Production
Authors: Grunau Sergej , Redeker Magnus , Göllner Denis , Wisniewski Lukasz
Published: August 2022

A major benefit of Digital Twins is autonomous decision making. The concept of the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) enables an assets interaction in Industry 4.0 application scenarios and beyond. This article defines and validates implementation possibilities for proactive AASs by integrating their different types in an AAS infrastructure for an order driven production. The proactive AAS execute the VDI/VDE 2193-interaction protocol in a demonstrator. For this purpose suitable AAS submodels for production and storage are modeled.
Configuration Solution for SDN-Based Networks Interacting with Industrial Applications
Authors: Kobzan Thomas , Blöcher Immanuel , Hendel Maximilian , Althoff Simon , Schriegel Sebastian , Jasperneite Jürgen
Published: August 2022

Versatile production systems are a main concept of Industrie 4.0. In order to achieve the needed flexibility and changeability of those systems, the industrial network has to become more adaptable as well. The density of the interconnection between industrial applications increases as well as the interconnection of the industrial network management and these applications. In order to configure the industrial network appropriately, a network management has to be able to identify the requirements of the industrial applications regarding their needed network services and the quality of service. Furthermore, it can be enabled to find alternative configurations, if certain requirements cannot be met, even if it has to influence the industrial process itself.

This paper presents a solution that uses Software-defined Networking (SDN) and OPC UA in combination and achieves a higher amount of flexibility by interacting with the industrial process. For this, the network management gets enabled to influence the industrial process if the quality of service demands of the industrial applications cannot be guaranteed. Additionally, it is able to switch network paths to alternative routes and configures them by using OpenFlow-based SDN switches. The solution is implemented according to a described industrial use case, which underlines the necessity of this solution.
Vergleich von Ethernet TSN-Nutzungskonzepten
Authors: Leßmann Gunnar , Biendarra Alexander , Schriegel Sebastian
Published: August 2022

Bei der Nutzung von IEEE Standards mit dem Schwerpunkt Time Sensitive Networks (TSN) gibt es unterschiedliche mögliche Nutzungskonzepte. Zwei wesentliche Konzepte können unterschieden und anhand von Kriterien verglichen werden. Diese Nutzungskonzepte sind in Bezug auf das Netzwerk diversitär und haben je nach Nutzungskontext Vorteile und Nachteile. Während ein Konzept unter Nutzung von Preemption und Strict Priority in Netzwerken mit skalierter Datenrate Vorteile im Bereich von Speichergrößen der Bridges und Bandbreitennutzung für Best Effort-Daten zeigt, bietet Time Aware Shaping (TAS) insbesondere in Netzwerksegmenten mit einer Datenrate von 100 MBit/s eine kleinere Latenzzeit.
Vergleichende Untersuchung von PROFINET-Redundanzkonzepten für hochverfügbare Automatisierungssysteme
Authors: Niemann Karl-Heinz , Stelljes Sebastian
Published: August 2022

Einige Hersteller des industriellen Kommunikationssystems PROFINET bieten bereits Produkte für hochverfügbare Systeme an. Durch immer weiter steigende Anforderungen entstehen wiederum hohe Erwartungen an die Verfügbarkeit. Hochverfügbare Systeme besitzen die Eigenschaft, die Verfügbarkeit von Automatisierungsanlagen zu verbessern, um eine fortlaufende und möglichst unterbrechungsfreie Produktion zu gewähren. Dieser Artikel setzt sich daher mit der Untersuchung von geeigneten Automatisierungsnetzwerken auseinander, die anhand ihrer Verfügbarkeit und deren funktionalen Eigenschaften bewertet werden.

In Kap. 1 erfolgt eine Beschreibung zu den Grundlagen der Verfügbarkeit. Wesentliche Kenngrößen werden erläutert, die auf Basis der Verfügbarkeit zu berücksichtigen sind. Ergänzt wird dieses Kapitel durch die Vorstellung von Berechnungsverfahren, die gesetzmäßig für das Ermitteln von Verfügbarkeiten verwendet werden. Am Ende dieses Kapitels erfolgt eine Klassifizierung der Verfügbarkeitswerte, das anhand einer tabellarischen Übersicht nachzuvollziehen ist.

Im weiteren Verlauf dieses Artikels werden vier verschiedene Topologiekonzepte in Kap. 2 präsentiert, die einen Überblick liefern, mit welchen Redundanzkonzepten hohe Verfügbarkeiten erzielt werden können. Für die abschließende Betrachtung der Topologien wird für den Vergleich der vorgestellten Konzepte ein Balkendiagramm als Referenz genutzt, welches Erkenntnisse zu den Ausfallzeiten liefert. Dieser Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse der Bachelorarbeit von Herrn Sebastian Stelljes zusammen. Eine erweiterte Fassung dieser Arbeit ist unter (Stelljes S, Niemann K-H. Hochverfügbare Automationsnetzwerke am Beispiel von PROFINET, Research Paper, Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, https://doi.org/10.25968/opus-1690) als Research-Paper verfügbar.
Sichere Kommunikation für kollaborative Systeme
Authors: Yu Tianzhe , Meisberger Karsten , Persico Giuliano , Raddatz Hannes , Tekkalmaz Metin , Riedl Matthias
Published: August 2022

Verbesserte Integration von Mitarbeitern, Maschinenkonnektivität und dezentralisierte kooperative Steuerungssysteme spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Flexibilisierung von Produktionssystemen. Cyber-Physische Systeme zur Maschinensteuerung, mobile HMI- oder SCADA-Systeme werden zunehmend über Internet-basierte Technologien verbunden. Diese offene Kommunikation erfordert Strategien, um die Datenintegrität und Sicherheit zu schützen. Basierend auf einer STRIDE-Analyse präsentiert der Beitrag Vorschläge, wie der Datenaustausch sowohl zwischen CPS als auch zwischen CPS und mobiler HMI mittels IoT-Kommunikation gesichert werden kann, wobei die Praktikabilität eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Konzepte realisierbar sind und derzeit prototypisch erprobt werden. Zukünftige Arbeiten werden sich auf die detaillierte Bewertung hinsichtlich der Kommunikationsleistung und die Bestimmung des Code-Overheads der vorgestellten Lösungen konzentrieren.
CANopen Flying Master Over TSN
Authors: Olaya Santiago Soler Perez , Winkel Alexander , Ehrlich Marco , Majumder Mainak , Schupp Artur , Wollschlaeger Martin
Published: August 2022

In the constant evolution of industrial systems, there is currently a strong trend towards Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). This trend corresponds with the upcoming requirements of integration and flexibility in the Smart Factories and the fusion of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT). However, industrial environments using legacy communication are still used in existing shop floors. One example to implement redundant interconnections and communication via heterogeneous networks is presented here using the CANopen Flying Master technology and a TSN backbone.
Konzept und Implementierung einer kommunikationsgetriebenen Verwaltungsschale auf effizienten Geräten in Industrie 4.0 Kommunikationssystemen
Authors: Blöcher Immanuel , Althoff Simon , Kobzan Thomas , Hendel Maximilian
Published: August 2022

Ein Aspekt von Industrie 4.0 Netzwerken ist die Fusion von OT und IT in ein flexibles, performantes und konvergentes Netzwerk. In zukünftigen Netzwerken verwendete Technologien sind die Spezifikationen der IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking Task Group und OPC UA, die in Kombination das Aufbauen von interoperablen Applikationen und den Austausch von Daten unterstützen. Um diese Vorteile nutzen zu können werden Geräte benötigt, die ihre Datenfähigkeiten und -anforderungen mit einer aussagekräftigen Verwaltungsschale repräsentieren. Dieser Beitrag kombiniert die Aspekte von konvergenten Netzen mit Geräten, die bisher in OT Netzwerken betrieben werden. Hauptpunkt ist ein Konzept einer Verwaltungsschale auszuarbeiten und vorzuschlagen, welches die Herausforderungen von IIOT aus einer datengetriebenen Sicht berücksichtigt. Das Konzept beinhaltet eine gemeinsame Schnittstelle für Produktionsgeräte, das Bereitstellen und Anfordern von Daten, zeitsensitive Streams und eine Schnittstelle für netzwerkspezifische Konfiguration. Außerdem wird das Konzept auf einen industriellen Use Case mit den Technologien TSN und OPC UA angewendet. Dafür werden zeitsensitive Geräte mit switched-endpoint Fähigkeiten genutzt. Diese Geräte werden um Funktionalitäten der vorgeschlagenen Verwaltungsschale erweitert, um sie in zukünftigen konvergenten IIOT-Netzen zu nutzen und flexibel Daten auszutauschen.
Pollen Classification Based on Binary 2D Projections of Pollen Grains
Authors: Akcam Halil , Lohweg Volker
Published: August 2022

Pollen is one of the main causes of allergic diseases in humans. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop and conduct effective treatment and prevention measures. For this purpose, detailed and differentiated information about the respective local exposure profiles for the individual patients is required. The present paper serves the purpose of testing a new approach which aims at detecting and classifying individual pollen grains by using binary 2D projection. This paper explores the question of whether and to what extent a classification of individual pollen grains is possible using this new imaging technology. To this end, using artificial pollen grains, binary 2D projections with different levels of resolution are simulated. To extract the respective features, both shape-based Fourier descriptors and topological features are used. Apart from that, Zernike moments for different orders are measured to extract the respective characteristics of the pollen grains. While the feature selection is conducted by means of a feature forward selection method, a kernel machine (Support Vector Machine) with a Gaussian kernel is used for the classification. First results of the simulation show that with a resolution of 0.1 μm, 100% of the allergologically relevant artificial pollen are classified correctly. Conversely, a lower resolution corresponds with a higher error rate in the classification.
Design of Interpretable Machine Learning Tasks for the Application to Industrial Order Picking
Authors: Schwan Constanze , Schenck Wolfram
Published: August 2022

State-of-the-art methods in image-based robotic grasping use deep convolutional neural networks to determine the robot parameters that maximize the probability of a stable grasp given an image of an object. Despite the high accuracy of these models they are not applied in industrial order picking tasks to date. One of the reasons is the fact that the generation of the training data for these models is expensive. Even though this could be solved by using a physics simulation for training data generation, another even more important reason is that the features that lead to the prediction made by the model are not human-readable. This lack of interpretability is the crucial factor why deep networks are not found in critical industrial applications. In this study we suggest to reformulate the task of robotic grasping as three tasks that are easy to assess from human experience. For each of the three steps we discuss the accuracy and interpretability. We outline how the proposed three-step model can be extended to depth images. Furthermore we discuss how interpretable machine learning models can be chosen for the three steps in order to be applied in a real-world industrial environment.
Procedure for Identifying Defect Inkjet Nozzles
Authors: Schaschek Karl
Published: August 2022

In graphic and industrial printing applications inkjet technologies are gaining attention and market coverage. Beside some key success factors as scalability there is an inherent difficulty of temporally or permanent defective/non operating nozzles. These non working nozzle have a severe impact on printed quality. Several approaches are known to reduce these artefacts. One is to use multi-pass printing, sometimes in combination with the use of defect nozzle information. Another is to detect these nozzles direct or indirect and use for example so called reserve nozzles. A predecessor thereof is the detection of pen lines (Beauchamp et al (1992) Hewlett-Packard J 12:35–41). In multi-nozzle systems individual or groups of nozzles are addressed to fire using a matrix scheme. This method reduces the number of used address lines.

Here an automated working scheme is sketched to firstly identify defect nozzles using a sample print by means of a dedicated pattern. A digital picture taken by scan or camera is the basis of an image analysis procedure afterwards. Secondly it is shown that, once the matrix configuration is known, possible defects of the address lines may be identified too. Finally a pattern dedicated to a specific print head is introduced to check the later fact visually.
Device Management in Industrial IoT
Authors: Braunisch Nico , Olaya Santiago Soler Perez , Wollschlaeger Martin
Published: August 2022

Das Internet der Dinge (engl. Internet of Things) breitet sich immer weiter aus. Im Konsumenten- und Heimbereich ist das Thema Internet of Things kurz IoT, bereits weit verbreitet. Auerhalb dieser etablierten Bereiche wird das Thema in der Industrie unter dem Schlagwort Industrial Internet of Things immer relevanter. Dabei gibt es auf die Frage, wie die groe Anzahl an Gerten verwaltet werden soll, noch keine klare Antwort. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik im Bereich (Industrial) Internet of Things und Management von IoT Gerten vorgestellt. Die spezifischen Anforderungen an das Gertemanagement werden erhoben und analysiert. Weiter werden Protokolle, Frameworks, Software, Suiten und Plattformen zur Verwaltung von IoT Gerten vorgestellt und evaluiert.
Plug and Work with OPC UA at the Field Level: Integration of Low-Level Devices
Authors: Büchter Marvin , Wolf Sebastian
Published: August 2022

The integration of Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture into the field level holds potential to reduce manual configuration efforts by consistent information modelling and a uniform communication protocol. This paper discusses initiatives that are active in this context and reflects the status of the current specification work. The review focuses on the achievability of Quality of Service requirements, the adaption of established automation system concepts and the introduction of new concepts for automation systems at the field level. Using a remote input/output application as an example, we investigate the impact of new concepts for low-level system engineering. It is shown that besides a possible reduction of configuration steps, a loose coupling between the automation application, the used network infrastructure and the used devices can be achieved.
Towards Real-Time Human-Machine Interfaces for Robot Cells Using Open Standard Web Technologies
Authors: Christmann Simon , Löhr Marvin , Busboom Imke , Feige Volker K. S. , Haehnel Hartmut
Published: August 2022

Screen-based human-machine interfaces are one of the most important elements of industrial automation technologies since modern production lines became too complex to be controlled by a simple start/stop button. While web-based user interfaces have been used in non-industrial areas for many years, they have only been used in industrial applications since the beginning of the Industry 4.0 movement. However, commercially available solutions do not yet have the intuitive operation that customers from non-industrial sectors are accustomed to. In this work, we present a proof-of-concept development that aims to create an intuitive web-based user interface for displaying robot movements. The robot is displayed in a WebGL-based visualization, which also allows user interaction. The user interface is created purely from open standard web technologies so that it works without plugins and is immediately usable in all modern browsers.
Interoperabilität von Cyber Physical Systems
Authors: Diedrich Ch. , Schröder T. , Belyaev Alexander
Published: August 2022

Smart Manufacturing stellt neue Anforderungen an die Interaktion zwischen den Komponenten. Machine-to-Machine-Kommunikation (M2M), Cyber-Physical (Production) -Systeme (CP (P) S), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sind die Schlüsselwörter hinter diesen Themen. Allen gemeinsam ist, dass Daten zwischen den Systemen transportiert werden und dass sie gegenseitig verstanden werden müssen. Dies wird häufig mit dem Begriff „Interoperabilität “bezeichnet. Unabhängig von den verwendeten Kommunikations- und Middleware-Technologien müssen die Daten in den Diensten identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung erkannt werden. Dies ist eine Herausforderung, da die Interoperabilität während des gesamten Lebenszyklus der Komponenten, Maschinen und Anlagen funktionieren muss, auch wenn unterschiedliche Kommunikations- und Middleware-Technologien verwendet werden. In diesem Artikel wird der Begriff Interoperabilität daher in verschiedene Ebenen unterteilt. Basierend auf den Schichten werden die Hauptmerkmale der Interoperabilität diskutiert. Das Asset Administration Shell (AAS)-Konzept der Industrie 4.0-Initiative wird in Kürze eingeführt, da es mögliche Lösungen für den lebenszyklusübergreifenden Einsatz identifiziert. Außerdem wird eine Zuordnung häufig verwendeter Technologien zu den Interoperabilitätsschichten und deren Beziehung zum AAS bereitgestellt.
Standard model anomalies: lepton flavour non-universality, g − 2 and W-mass
Authors: D’Alise Alessandra , De Nardo Guglielmo , Di Luca Maria Grazia , Fabiano Giuseppe , Frattulillo Domenico , Gaudino Giovanni , Iacobacci Davide , Merola Mario , Sannino Francesco , Santorelli Pietro , Vignaroli Natascia
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We critically analyze the body of results that hints to the existence of New Physics from possible violations of lepton universality observed by the LHCb experiment in the μ/e ratios RK and $$ {R}_{K^{\ast }} $$

R

K
∗

to the g − 2 lepton anomalies. The analysis begins with a theoretical, in depth, study of the μ/e ratios RK and $$ {R}_{K^{\ast }} $$

R

K
∗

as well as the process Bs→ μ+μ−. Here we consider the impact of complex Wilson coefficients and derive constraints on their imaginary and real parts. We then move to a comprehensive comparison with experimental results. We show that, by fitting a single Wilson coefficient, the deviations from the Standard Model are at the 4.7σ level when including only the hadronic insensitive observables while it increases to 6.1σ when including also the hadronic sensitive ones. When switching on all relevant Wilson coefficients and combining both hadronic sensitive and insensitive data into the fit, the deviation from the Standard Model peaks at 7.2σ and decreases at the 4.9σ level if we assume that the central values of RK and $$ {R}_K^{\ast } $$

R
K
∗

are taken to be unity. We further estimate other unaccounted for SM contributions and show that their inclusion still requires New Physics to fit the data. We then introduce the g − 2 lepton anomalies as well as the most recent W-mass results. Different theoretical models are considered that can explain the discrepancies from the Standard Model. In the final part of our work we estimate the impact of the forthcoming data from LHCb (coming from LHC Run3) and Belle II, when it will have accumulated about 5 ab−1.
Axion effective action
Authors: Quevillon Jérémie , Smith Christopher , Vuong Pham Ngoc Hoa
Published: August 2022

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss the construction of Effective Field Theories (EFTs) in which a chiral fermion, charged under both gauge and global symmetries, is integrated out. Inspired by typical axion models, these symmetries can be spontaneously broken, and the global ones might also be anomalous. In this context, particular emphasis is laid on the derivative couplings of the Goldstone bosons to the fermions, as these lead to severe divergences and ambiguities when building the EFT. We show how to precisely solve these difficulties within the path integral formalism, by adapting the anomalous Ward identities to the EFT context. Our results are very generic, and when applied to axion models, they reproduce the non-intuitive couplings between the massive SM gauge fields and the axion. Altogether, this provides an efficient formalism, paving the way for a systematic and consistent methodology to build entire EFTs involving anomalous symmetries, as required for axion or ALP searches.
Study on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of high-strength low-alloy steel welds realized by flash butt welding thermomechanical simulation
Authors: Wang Jun , Lu Yao , Han Jian , Qi Jianjun , Sun Li , Jiang Zhengyi , Ma Cheng , Linton Valerie
Published: August 2022

Defects would occur in the weld joint of the wheel rims during the post-flash butt welding (FBW) process suffering from poor plasticity, which will deteriorate the quality and lifecycle of finish products. Therefore, the FBW process of the 440CL high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steel was physically simulated and the influence of flash parameters on FBW joints was systematically evaluated in this study. The results showed that the width of heat affected zone increased with accumulated flash allowance (δf) while declined with accelerated flash speed (vf). The recrystallization level would be intensified with increased δf. Meanwhile, the acceleration in vf populated the WZ with a more homogeneous microstructure, higher recrystallization degree and lower dislocation density. The hardness in WZ slightly reduced (202 → 195 HV) as increased δf but obviously dropped (192 → 177 HV) as increased vf. All tensile samples were fractured at the BM location and the tensile properties of FBW joints exhibit a good match with those of BM, with a slight increase in strength (UTS: 468 ~ 493 MPa; YS: 370 ~ 403 MPa) but a mild decrease in plasticity (EL: 39 ~ 44%; RA: 74 ~ 79%). Furthermore, both the joint strength and ductility showed a downward tendency with the increment of δf. However, the strength slightly decreased while the ductility increased with the advancement of vf. These findings would be valuably referential to the real FBW of HSLA steels with optimized microstructure and mechanical performance.
Invariant NKT cells metabolically adapt to the acute myeloid leukaemia environment
Authors: Stavrou Victoria , Fultang Livingstone , Booth Sarah , De Simone Daniele , Bartnik Arekdiusz , Scarpa Ugo , Gneo Luciana , Panetti Silvia , Potluri Sandeep , Almowaled Meaad , Barlow Jonathan , Jankevics Andris , Lloyd Gavin , Southam Andrew , Priestman David A. , Cheng Paul , Dunn Warwick , Platt Frances , Endou Hitoshi , Craddock Charles , Keeshan Karen , Mussai Francis , De Santo Carmela
Published: August 2022

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) creates an immunosuppressive environment to conventional T cells through Arginase 2 (ARG2)-induced arginine depletion. We identify that AML blasts release the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA), which acts in an autocrine manner to upregulate ARG2 expression and activity, and promote AML blast viability. Following in vitro cross-talk invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells become activated, upregulate mitochondrial capacity, and release IFN-γ. iNKT retain their ability to proliferate and be activated despite the low arginine AML environment, due to the upregulation of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter-1 (LAT-1) and Argininosuccinate Synthetase 1 (ASS)-dependent amino acid pathways, resulting in AML cell death. T cell proliferation is restored in vitro and in vivo. The capacity of iNKT cells to restore antigen-specific T cell immunity was similarly demonstrated against myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in wild-type and Jα18−/− syngeneic lymphoma-bearing models in vivo. Thus, stimulation of iNKT cell activity has the potential as an immunotherapy against AML or as an adjunct to boost antigen-specific T cell immunotherapies in haematological or solid cancers.
Effects of meteorological and land surface modeling uncertainty on errors in winegrape ET calculated with SIMS
Authors: Doherty Conor T. , Johnson Lee F. , Volk John , Mauter Meagan S. , Bambach Nicolas , McElrone Andrew J. , Alfieri Joseph G. , Hipps Lawrence E. , Prueger John H. , Castro Sebastian J. , Alsina Maria Mar , Kustas William P. , Melton Forrest S.
Published: August 2022

Characterization of model errors is important when applying satellite-driven evapotranspiration (ET) models to water resource management problems. This study examines how uncertainty in meteorological forcing data and land surface modeling propagate through to errors in final ET data calculated using the Satellite Irrigation Management Support (SIMS) model, a computationally efficient ET model driven with satellite surface reflectance values. The model is applied to three instrumented winegrape vineyards over the 2017–2020 time period and the spatial and temporal variation in errors are analyzed. We illustrate how meteorological data inputs can introduce biases that vary in space and at seasonal timescales, but that can persist from year to year. We also observe that errors in SIMS estimates of land surface conductance can have a particularly strong dependence on time of year. Overall, meteorological inputs introduced RMSE of 0.33–0.65 mm/day (7–27%) across sites, while SIMS introduced RMSE of 0.55–0.83 mm/day (19–24%). The relative error contribution from meteorological inputs versus SIMS varied across sites; errors from SIMS were larger at one site, errors from meteorological inputs were larger at a second site, and the error contributions were of equal magnitude at the third site. The similar magnitude of error contributions is significant given that many satellite-driven ET models differ in their approaches to estimating land surface conductance, but often rely on similar or identical meteorological forcing data. The finding is particularly notable given that SIMS makes assumptions about the land surface (no soil evaporation or plant water stress) that do not always hold in practice. The results of this study show that improving SIMS by eliminating these assumptions would result in meteorological inputs dominating the error budget of the model on the whole. This finding underscores the need for further work on characterizing spatial uncertainty in the meteorological forcing of ET.
Recirculating hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (HIVEC) versus BCG in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of the HIVEC-HR randomized clinical trial
Authors: Guerrero-Ramos Félix , González-Padilla Daniel A. , González-Díaz Alejandro , de la Rosa-Kehrmann Federico , Rodríguez-Antolín Alfredo , Inman Brant A. , Villacampa-Aubá Felipe
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to compare the outcomes of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients treated with BCG vs recirculating hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC) with mitomycin C (MMC).

Methods

A pilot phase II randomized clinical trial was conducted including HR-NMIBC patients, excluding carcinoma in situ. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive intravesical BCG for 1 year (once weekly for 6 weeks plus subsequent maintenance) or HIVEC with 40 mg MMC, administered using the Combat BRS system (once weekly instillations were given for 6 weeks, followed by once monthly instillation for 6 months). Total recirculating dwell time for HIVEC was 60 min at a target temperature of 43° ± 0.5 °C. Primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival. Secondary endpoints were time to recurrence, progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival at 24 months. Adverse events were routinely assessed.

Results

Fifty patients were enrolled. Mean age was 73.5 years. Median follow-up was 33.7 months. Recurrence-free survival at 24 months was 86.5% for HIVEC and 71.8% for BCG (p = 0.184) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 95.0% for HIVEC and 75.1% for BCG (p = 0.064) in the per protocol analysis. Time to recurrence was 21.5 and 16.1 months for HIVEC and BCG, respectively. Progression-free survival for HIVEC vs BCG was 95.7% vs 71.8% (p = 0.043) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 100% vs 75.1% (p = 0.018) in the per protocol analysis, respectively. Cancer-specific survival at 24 months was 100% for both groups and overall survival was 91.5% for HIVEC vs 81.8% for BCG.

Conclusion

HIVEC provides comparable safety and efficacy to BCG and is a reasonable alternative during BCG shortages.

Trial registration

EudraCT 2016-001186-85. Date of registration: 17 March 2016.