bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Control of a Storage Hydropower under Flood Risk by Multi-Stage Stochastic Optimization
Authors: Uysal Gökçen , Şensoy Aynur , Schwanenberg Dirk , Alvarado Montero Rodolfo
Published: September 2018

The short-term, optimal management of storage reservoirs is challenging due to multiple objectives, i.e. hydropower, water supply or flood mitigation, and inherent uncertainties of forecasts for inflow and water demand. Model Predictive Control (MPC) provides an online solution for this management problem by combining a process model, forecasts and the formulation of objectives in an objective function and its solution by an optimization algorithm. This anticipatory management has many advantages, but may suffer from forecast uncertainty. In practice, there are several sources of forecast uncertainty, which can jeopardize control decisions. In this study, hindcast experiments integrating deterministic and probabilistic streamflows in a closed-loop mode of MPC are tested to mimic a real-time flood mitigation case. Probabilistic inflow forecasts in combination with multi-stage stochastic optimization model are used with tree-based reduction techniques. According to the results, tree-based MPC proposes less spillway discharges during a real-time control of a major flood case by incorporating longer the forecast horizon and consideration of forecast uncertainty in the decision process. On the other hand, energy generation is compared with deterministic method, and the results are promising to be used without compromising the energy production.
Simulation of Water Cycle Changes in the Yellow River Basin under Changing Conditions
Authors: Zhu Yongnan , Lin Zhaohui , Zhao Yong , Wang Lizhen
Published: September 2018

This study analyzed the combined effects of climate change and land use changes in the Yellow River Basin over the last 45 years. Based on the China Land-use Data for Hundred Years dataset (CLDH), East Asia daily precipitation data, and 6-h NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the Coupled Land Surface and Hydrology Model System (CLHMS) was applied to simulate the water cycle processes in the Yellow River under changing conditions from 1962 to 2006. During the study period, the evaporation, infiltration, and surface runoff in the Yellow River Basin all showed a decreasing trend. Comparative tests indicated that climate change was a major factor impacting water cycle variations.
Hydrological Modelling of the Cascina Scala Catchment
Authors: Creaco Enrico , Todeschini Sara , Franchini Marco
Published: September 2018

This paper presents results about the hydrological modelling of the Cascina Scala catchment. Following a preliminary analysis that proved the Nash cascade of reservoirs superior to the Clark model in the event-based rainfall-runoff simulation for this catchment, a new analysis was carried out to compare two different parameterization approaches applicable in gauged rain events. The former is based on estimating the optimal set of model parameters in each gauged event and then obtaining the ultimate set by averaging the values obtained over the whole group of events; the latter is based on estimating the optimal set of parameters directly on the whole group of gauged events. The results of the analysis proved the better performance of the latter, which enables better representation of the hydrological response of the catchment, evaluated in terms of water discharge pattern at the outlet.
Predicting Bacterial Levels in Recreational Beach Waters along U.S. Gulf Coast
Authors: Deng Zhiqiang , Zhang Zaihong
Published: September 2018

A Bayesian model was proposed for daily predictions of the probability of water quality standard violation of enterococci (ENT) levels in recreational beach waters. The Bayesian model consisted of a prior distribution and a likelihood function, which were constructed using seven years of environmental and bacteriological data collected at six recreational beach sites along the U.S. Gulf coast. The likelihood function followed best a normal distribution while the prior distribution was found to be best fitted with a Nakagami distribution. Modelling results showed that the Bayesian model was capable of explaining 86.13% of recreational water quality advisories issued by the U.S. Louisiana Beach Monitoring Program with a false positive rate of 7.24% and a false negative rate of 6.23%, indicating an excellent performance of the Bayesian model. The Bayesian model, presented in this paper, is unique and novel in terms of (1) the integration of a deterministic model and a probabilistic model for the prediction of recreation beach water quality; (2) the identification of important hydrodynamic processes controlling the source and transport of bacteria in coastal beach waters; and (3) the identification of key sinks of bacteria in coastal beach waters. It was found that the tidal washing process plays the most important role in causing the violation of ENT water quality standard for coastal beach waters, followed by the wash-off process of up to four-day antecedent rainfall.
How to Adjust the fGn Stochastic Model for Statistical Bias when Handling a Single Time Series; Application to Annual Flood Inundation
Authors: Dimitriadis Panayiotis , Gournary Naya , Petsiou Amalia , Koutsoyiannis Demetris
Published: September 2018

A simple scaling model known as the fractional Gaussian noise is often chosen for the description of several annual (and of larger) scale hydroclimatic processes exhibiting the Hurst phenomenon. An important characteristic of such model is the induced large statistical bias, i.e. the deviation of a statistical characteristic (e.g. variance) from its theoretical discretized value. Most studies in literature perform stochastic modelling by equating the sampling second order dependence structure with the expected value of the estimator of a stochastic model. However, this is justified only when many realizations (i.e. many time series) of a single process are available. In case where we have a single realization we should model the mode estimator of the dependence structure of the desired stochastic model instead, otherwise we may overestimate the extremeness of a realization, e.g. flood event. In this study, we show an innovative way of handling the statistical bias for an fGn process when analyzing one time series. Particularly, we conduct a thorough Monte-Carlo analysis based on the climacogram (i.e., marginal distribution of a scaled process, with focus on the second central moment of variance that is shown to be the least uncertain from the rest central moments) of an fGn process and we propose to equate the 25% quartile (and not the expected) value of the modeled climacogram with the sampling one to correctly adjust the model for bias.
Fault Tolerant Model Predictive Control Applied to Integrated Urban Drainage Systems for Environmental Protection
Authors: Meseguer Jordi , Joseph-Duran Bernat , Cembrano Gabriela , Puig Vicenç
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a FTC framework for a Real-Time MPC-based Controller applied to Integrated Urban Drainage and Sanitation Systems (UDSSs) which was proposed in the LIFE EFFIDRAIN project. This project deals with the pollution of surface waters due to CSOs and overflows from UDSSs during wet weather. The main purpose of the proposed FTC framework is to preserve as much as possible, the performance of the MPC-based Controller in terms of operation objectives when anomalies affecting the integrated ICT elements (sensors and actuators) occurs. The performance of the FTC controller has been tested using a realistic case of study.
A Data-Driven Approach for Optimal Control Parameters in WWTP: the VEAS Experience in Scandinavia
Authors: Piciaccia Luca Abele , Croce Danilo , Basili Roberto , Ryfors Pia , Pettersen Jonas
Published: September 2018

VEAS is the largest WWTP in Norway, where inflow is collected through a combined sewer system, i.e., storm water runoff is combined in a common conduit with wastewater from homes, businesses, and industry and delivered to the plant. From a process perspective this already high degree of variability is further compounded by return flows from the plant itself. The VEAS plant is fully located in cavern and is operated 24/7. Cavern location requires low footprint and consequently high surface load. The VEAS process features a “single-shot” sedimentation and has a record-low water retention time of 3 hours. This highly efficient configuration is sensitive to variation in the inflow water parameters and internal plant recirculation flows, 25 measured parameters have been identified as impacting the effectiveness of the sedimentation process. Due to the high non-linearity of the parameters influence, even extensive use of classic non-linear statistical analysis has failed to clearly identify the main performance drivers of the process.

In this paper we investigate the use of Kernel-based and Neural methods for the learning of the optimal control parameters in the context of industrial plants. The main objective is to define an automatic way to identify and tune the most relevant parameters of the plant (e.g., dosage of chemicals, sump level setting) to minimize the final water turbidity. The adopted machine learning framework enables the automatic analysis of the evolution of the plant behavior over time, i.e. exploits sensors readings stored for a long time period (one year), to develop a predictive model of the future behavior of the system.
PIV Analysis of Cavitating Flow Behind Square Multi-Orifice Plates
Authors: Dong Zhiyong , Zhao Wenqian
Published: September 2018

Currently, in water supply engineering, the conventional technique of disinfection by chlorination is used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in raw water. However, chlorine reacts with organic compounds in water and generates disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) etc. These byproducts are of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects, which seriously threaten human health. Hydrodynamic cavitation is a novel technique of drinking water disinfection without DBPs. Turbulence structures of cavitating flow were observed by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique in a self-developed hydrodynamic cavitation device due to square multi- orifice plates, including effects of orifice number and orifice layout on velocity distribution, turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress, which aimed at uncovering mechanism of killing pathogenic microorganisms by hydrodynamic cavitation.
Decision Support for a Centre Pivot Irrigation System Based on Numerical Modelling
Authors: Georgescu Andrei-Mugur , Madularea Remus Alexandru , Ciuc Petre-Ovidiu , Georgescu Sanda-Carmen
Published: September 2018

We focus on the operation of a real centre pivot irrigation system. The system encountered problems in 2016 and did not operate for several weeks due to the low level of the Danube (its water source). In that period, water level in the Danube went below the most probable minimal level during summer, with a return period of 30 years. With a natural desire to solve the problem, the owner of the system added a new pump near the water intake. This new, double-entry vertical axis pump, coupled in series with the existing pumping station situated further downstream, added roughly 1 bar to the pressure in the system. Things went well till the end of summer 2017 when, due to a pressure surge in the pumping station (most likely at shutoff head), one of the anti- vibration joints detached suddenly from the discharge pipe, and the pumping station was entirely flooded. The performed analysis helped understand the reasons of the accident and provided solutions (including pumping operating rules and schedule for pivots that can be operated simultaneously) that will hopefully avoid reoccurrences in the future, without affecting the day to day operation of the system.
A Proposed Implicit Friction Source Term Treatment for Simulating Overland Flow
Authors: Wang Tian , Hou Jingming , Li Peng , Zhao Jiaheng , Özgen Ilhan , Hinkelmann Reinhard
Published: September 2018

The fully 2D dynamic shallow water equations have been widely applied for numerical simulation of overland flow in the recent years. However, most of the existing friction term discretisation schemes do not recover the correct asymptotic flow behaviour as water depths becomes small. In this model, the shallow water equations were discretized by the framework of the Godunov-type finite volume scheme. The hydrostatic reconstruction is applied to reconstruct non-negative water depths at wet- dry interfaces. Numerical fluxes are computed with a HLLC solver. The novel aspects of the model include the slope source term treatment. Specific treatment of friction source terms has been proposed to discretize the friction terms to recover the correct asymptotic behaviour of SWEs when the water depth becomes small. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed model are verified by comparing with analytical solutions. The results demonstrate that the proposed method treating friction source term is a relatively more accurate, efficient, straightforward and universal one for evaluating overland flow problems.
Estimation of the Effect of Sewage Nitrogen Discharges on Coastal Waters: Case Study from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Temino-Boes Regina , Romero Inmaculada , Romero-López Rabindranarth , Pachés María , Martinez-Guijarro Remedios
Published: September 2018

Sewage discharges through marine outfalls are an important source of nutrients to marine waters, which cause undesired impact such as eutrophication. However, few authors have evaluated the contribution of wastewater disposal to nutrient concentration in coastal waters. We estimated how wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges alter ammonium concentrations in coastal waters of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Data obtained from the literature and from the local government was used to formulate a 1D mathematical model which predicts ammonium concentrations along coastal waters with current direct discharges. The estimations were validated by comparing them to measured data and a significant agreement was found (R2=0.91). Then, the simulation of a scenario with no anthropogenic direct discharges was carried out to determine how much of the excess ammonium is due to sewage inputs. The study concludes that marine outfalls are the main driver of ammonium pollution in the studied area. Near-natural conditions could be obtained by implementing tertiary treatment to reduce nitrogen in WWTP discharges. Further research should focus on the consequences of ammonium pollution for ecosystems to efficiently evaluate the ecological status of coastal waters under the Water Framework Directive and to prioritize those coastal areas in greater need of nitrogen- removing tertiary treatment.
Extracting Value From Complex High-Frequency Multivariate Water Quality Data: Exploring Routinely Collected Operational Data
Authors: Ashe Josie , Grand-Clement Emilie , Smith David , Brazier Richard E. , Savic Dragan A.
Published: September 2018

Drinking water treatment works are increasingly placed under external stressors including climatic variability, land use and management, and pollution incidents. Routine high-frequency water quality monitoring is an integral part of operational control and is used to inform the treatment process and support the identification of risks. However, in order to improve decision making using the complex, time-series of water quality data that are generated (and typically archived), there must be distinction between basic sensor errors, artefacts of system design and management, and process driven patterns. This paper explores these complex data in order to support synthesis of uncleaned (or raw), high-frequency data; extracting information value from routine catchment wide monitoring. The data are presented in a form that enhances the capability and capacity to utilise existing complex data; improves understanding of complex surface water systems; and helps facilitate data driven models to investigate and forecast the dynamics between water quality determinands during hard-to-treat spate (or rainfall-runoff) events.
Numerical Simulation of a Dam-Break Wave Propagating Over an Erodible Floodplain in Presence of a Structure
Authors: Di Cristo Cristiana , Greco Massimo , Iervolino Michele , Vacca Andrea
Published: September 2018

Climate change is exposing more and more frequently flood prone areas to potential casualties and damages. The capability of the flow to carry relevant quantities of sediments interacts with the presence of obstacles in flood-inundated areas and contributes to the increase the related hazard, constituting a relevant concern in the framework of risk analysis. Unfortunately, existing literature on this topic is rather scarce, especially for the features of sediment transport and the forces acting on rigid obstacles. In the paper, a recent two-phase shallow-water morphodynamical model, particularly suited to the analysis of fast geomorphic transients, is applied to the numerical simulation of the propagation of a dam-break wave over an erodible floodplain in presence of a rigid obstacle. The geometry of the test-case is inspired to a recent fixed-bed study reported in the literature, for which extensive experimental and numerical data concerning the flow field and the dynamic loading against the obstacle are available. Results of the numerical simulations contribute to highlight the effect of the obstacle on the changes in the bottom topography, along with the subsequent change on the loading condition on it.
Assessment of Hydromorphological Characteristics in Sakarya Watershed, Turkey
Authors: Özcan Cansu , Kentel Elçin , Alp Emre
Published: September 2018

Hydromorphology is one of the key components of ecological integrity of a waterbody according to European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD). Therefore, hydromorphological quality assessment plays a significant role in evaluating the status of aquatic life. The aim of this study is to assess hydromorphological characteristics of Sakarya Watershed where hydromorphological alteration and anthropogenic pressures are significant. Morphological conditions of the streams, river continuity and hydrological regime are evaluated. In this study, hydrological foundation of the assessment is established using a hydrologic model, Water Evaluation and Planning Model (WEAP). Moreover, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools in addition to field surveys are used in the spatial and temporal evaluation of the hydromorphological characteristics in the study area. It is believed that the outcomes of this study will aid decision makers to develop sustainable management alternatives to improve ecological integrity in Sakarya Watershed.
Modeling Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction in an Oxbow of the Drava Floodplain
Authors: Salem Ali , Dezső József , Lóczy Dénes , El-Rawy Mustafa , Slowik Marcin
Published: September 2018

Recently in Hungary, drought affects the Drava floodplain more severely than floods. The channelization of the Drava River changed the water budget of the Cún- Szaporca oxbow lakes in the floodplain. The paper presents a 3-D groundwater model for this oxbow of the Drava floodplain to gain a better understanding of the water budget of the whole system under the normal situation and for different lake replenishment scenarios. The model is developed using the finite difference code MODFLOW-2005 and calibrated with a mean error of -0.03 m, and mean absolute error of 0.08 m. Two scenarios for the replenishment of lake were analyzed. Water level is planned to be raised by 0.5 m and 1 m, for the first and second scenario, respectively. As a consequence, an increase of seepage from the lake was found. Around 65 % of the seepage recharges the groundwater system. Such a rise in groundwater table improves the sustainability of the aquifer and serves agricultural and environmental purposes. Additionally, they show the importance of the model for decision makers to select the right future management decisions.
Probability of Null Water Demand Characterization
Authors: Tricarico Carla , Gargano Rudy , Santopietro Simone , Granata Francesco
Published: September 2018

Water demand characterization when this assumes minimum values, if not null ones, is of fundamental importance for the hydraulic network management analysis. In fact, when this water demand condition occurs – usually during the night time – maximum pressures are on network pipes and at the same time tank levels increase and treatment plants are supplied with the minimum flow. The study of the null water demand are furthermore of great interest for leakages analysis in water complex systems. In this paper a study of the probability of null residential demand is provided by referring to different case studies in which the number of users ranges between 500-1250. In order to be able of implementing this study in a water distribution modeling, relationships for the daily null water demand characterization in function of the users supplied and the interval time discretization are also proposed.
Autonomous Control of Urban Storm Water Networks Using Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Mullapudi Abhiram , Kerkez Branko
Published: September 2018

We investigate the real-time and autonomous operation of a 12 km2 urban storm water network, which has been retrofitted with sensors and control valves. Specifically, we evaluate reinforcement learning, a technique rooted in deep learning, as a system-level control methodology. The controller opens and closes valves in the system, which enhances the performance in the storm water network by coordinating the discharges amongst spatially distributed storm water assets (i.e. detention basins and wetlands). A reinforcement learning control algorithm is implemented to control the storm water network across an urban watershed. Results show that control of valves using reinforcement learning shows great potential, but extensive research still needs to be conducted to develop a fundamental understanding of control robustness. We specifically discuss the role and importance of the reward function (i.e. heuristic control objective), which guides the autonomous controller towards achieving the desired water shed scale response.
Development and Application of a User-Friendly Decision Support Tool for Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Technologies in India
Authors: Sadr Seyed M. K. , Johns Matthew , Memon Fayyaz , Morley Mark , Savic Dragan
Published: September 2018

The selection of suitable wastewater treatment solutions is a complex problem that requires the careful consideration of many factors. With water at a premium and water consumption increasing, India is facing a challenging time ahead, requiring effective water treatment solutions. The Wastewater Decision Support Optimizer (WiSDOM) presented here is a user-friendly software package designed to aid in the formulation and configuration of wastewater systems in developing countries such as India. WiSDOM employees advanced multi-objective optimization and decision analysis techniques to identify optimal wastewater treatment options. It has been demonstrated that WiSDOM can adapt to a wide array of scenarios, considering a range of contributing factors (technical, environmental, economic and social), enabling stakeholders to make more informed decisions. The tool was applied to three different scenarios to test its functionalities and assess treatment technologies potential for different contexts. Initial results suggest that it is possible to automatically generate feasible distinct treatment strategies for user-defined contexts/constraints.
Error Propagation from Remotely Sensed Surface Soil Moisture Into Soil Water Index Using an Exponential Filter
Authors: De Santis Domenico , Biondi Daniela
Published: September 2018

In this study an error propagation (EP) scheme was introduced in parallel to exponential filter computation for soil water index (SWI) estimation. A preliminarily assessment of the computed uncertainties was carried out comparing satellite-derived SWI and reference root-zone in situ measurements. The EP scheme has shown skills in detecting potentially less reliable SWI values in the study sites, as well as a better understanding of the exponential filter shortcomings. The proposed approach shows a potential for SWI evaluation, providing simultaneous estimates of time-variant uncertainty.
Partition of Water Distribution Networks into District Metered Areas Using a Graph Theoretical Approach
Authors: Zevnik Jure , Kozelj Daniel
Published: September 2018

We present a method for partitioning Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) into District Metered Areas (DMAs) by using a spectral graph partitioning algorithm. The effectiveness of DMA design was tested for selected edge weights and multiple numbers of established DMAs. The presented method includes a novel graph theoretic approach to determine and evaluate only relevant combinations of DMA connection. It was tested on a real-life case study for which several different solutions were generated and evaluated against their hydraulic performance. The optimal solution, i.e. design of DMAs, was selected regarding the quality of partition and the cost of WDN segmentation, since hydraulic adequacy was met for all cases where partitioning resulted in connected subgraphs.
Development of a System for Practical Prediction of Flood and Debris Flow Throughout Japan
Authors: Arai Ryosuke , Ota Kazuyuki , Toyoda Yasushi , Sato Takahiro
Published: September 2018

It is an important practical concern to be able to promptly predict the effect and extent of flood and debris flow. We developed a GUI system to predict the effect and extent of flood and debris flow. The system has two features. First, the system can extract the target domain using digital elevation model (DEM) data by specifying the LAT/LON of the occurrence site. Second, a raster-based, 2D diffusion wave model was used as a numerical flow model to reduce the computational time. Although this system had difficulty in predicting the impact of micro-topography as a result of the coarse mesh data, overall it satisfactorily represented the scale and potential risk of these disasters. In addition, this system can access DEM data throughout Japan to generate exact target domains. Thus, this system can be used to efficiently predict flood and debris flows at a large number of sites.
Framework to Identify Optimal Configurations of (De)Centralised Wastewater Systems, in Abu Dis, West Bank
Authors: Matano Alessia , van der Steen Peter , Hassan Jawad , Alfonso Leonardo
Published: September 2018

Decision-making processes for integrated wastewater management plans require the support of cost accounting and management techniques. This is particularly challenging in the Kidron – Wadi an-Nar basin, whose river is currently an open sewer and plans need to account for water stress, complex topography and socio-political differences. For these reasons, plans suggesting large centralised treatment facilities are difficult to implement. A potential solution, that can partially alleviate the problem, is the use of a number of smaller decentralised treatment facilities. The question that arises is, how to optimally configure combinations of centralised and decentralised wastewater treatment plants to achieve proper sanitation coverage in the basin and a sound water reuse? This study suggests a step forward towards solving the problem using a multi-objective optimisation framework. The objective functions considered are based on a Cost-Benefit analysis and the assessment of different wastewater treatment configurations. Sets of Pareto-optimal combinations of centralised and decentralised wastewater treatment solutions have been generated and evaluated in terms of the objective functions. The evaluation and comparison of wastewater treatment configurations include the potential reuses of the treated water. This analysis is especially essential in arid regions where limited water resources require an integrated and efficient water allocation.
Resilience Analysis in the Permanent Partitioning of a Water Distribution Network
Authors: Creaco Enrico , Di Nardo Armando , Giudicianni Carlo , Greco Roberto , Santonastaso Giovanni Francesco
Published: September 2018

This paper aims to explore the suitability of compact resilience metrics for application to partitioned water distribution networks (WDNs). WDN partitioning represents a different test from the usual reliability tests performed in the scientific literature, in which the operation of the WDN is unperturbed, or marginally perturbed (e.g., by segment isolation or demand amplification). The creation of permanent district metering areas (DMAs), which is carried out through the simultaneous closure of numerous links, represents, instead, a larger and permanent perturbation that deserves special attention. In this analysis, two metrics, namely the Global Resilience Failure (GRF) and the energy efficiency indices, were compared in pressure-driven approach with WDN performance indicators. The results in a real WDN, which is partitioned in a growing number of DMAs, proved that both the GRF is more sensitive to the weaknesses arisen in the partitioning processes.
Towards Interactive Evolution: A Distributed Optimiser for Multi-Objective Water Distribution Network Design
Authors: Walker David , Johns Matthew , Keedwell Ed , Savic Dragan
Published: September 2018

It is well known that water distribution networks can be optimised by evolutionary algorithms. However, while such optimisation can result in mathematically optimal solutions, the ability of the algorithm to generate novelty can often lead to solutions that are not practical for implementation. This work describes a distributed optimisation platform that will enable the inclusion of a human decision maker in the optimisation process. The architecture of the platform is described, and examples of its execution on benchmark problems is described, using an automated client that interacts with the platform in lieu of a human decision maker.
Influence on the Distribution Function of Annual Maximum Rainfall Series when Filling Data Using Lagrange Interpolation
Authors: Arganis Maritza , Preciado Margarita , Cortes JesÚs Javier , Gonzalez Miguel Eduardo , Pinilla VÍctor DamiÁn
Published: September 2018

Lagrange interpolation was applied to complete maximum annual rainfall data for five weather stations in Aguascalientes, State of Mexico; in most of them there were no variations in the type of distribution function obtained; in general, an overestimation of the extrapolated data was identified for different return periods when the original records were not used.
A DSS for Operational Management of Wastewaters under Uncertain Conditions
Authors: Pereira António , Pinho José , Faria Rolando , Vieira Jose
Published: September 2018

Wastewater treatment facilities of the Ave River basin (located in NW Portugal) are especially vulnerable to infiltration since they present considerable extensions of sewers installed in streams and rivers and collect wastewaters from longstanding sewer networks of five municipalities. The operational management of this complex system involves decision variables such as the selection of the treatment plant where collected wastewater will be treated, with implications for pumped volumes and consequent energy consumption. Aiming to reduce these inflows and increase the management performance of TRATAVE, the company responsible for operating the system, a monitoring network that includes the entire drainage network and treatment facilities operated by the company was designed and implemented. Several flow measurement devices were installed at strategic locations within the sewer network and integrated with a SCADA system responsible for its operation. All measured data was organized in databases. This monitoring platform will support the implementation of a decision support system (DSS) based on a hydrological model of the basin, a hydrodynamic model of the river network and the sewer network. The DSS is being implemented using the Delft-FEWS platform, integrating monitoring data and models. The DSS conceptual framework and the first results of the estimated infiltration volumes are presented.
Evaluation of the Uncertainty of Flash Flood Prediction Using the RRI Model in Mountainous Rivers
Authors: Nakamura Yosuke , Ikeuchi Koji , Abe Shiori , Koike Toshio , Egashira Shinji
Published: September 2018

In recent years, flood damage caused by flash floods in mountainous rivers has been frequently reported in Japan. In order to ensure a sufficient lead time for safe evacuation, it is necessary to predict river water levels in real time utilizing a hydrological model. In this study, we conducted flood prediction using the RRI model and rainfall forecasted for the next 6 hours in the Kagetsu River basin (136.1 km2) in July 2017, evaluated the uncertainty regarding the prediction, and illustrated the results using a box-plot. The evaluation found that the mean error of the forecasted water level was approximately - 0.3 m in the prediction for the initial 3 hours and -0.97 m at the 6th hour. Also, the study investigated the possibility of correcting water levels forecasted by clarifying an uncertainty distribution. As a result, the water level forecasted was found to be underestimated because it was predicted to rise as high as Warning Level 2, while the water level forecasted with bias correction was predicted to reach Warning Level 4. Moreover, the lead time was estimated to prolong by 2 hours. Overall, the study suggested that flood forecasting can be improved by considering the uncertainty involved in prediction.
The Water Tariff in a WDS Rehabilitation
Authors: Santopietro Simone , Tricarico Carla , Morley Mark , Savic Dragan , Kapelan Zoran , Gargano Rudy
Published: September 2018

The aging process in water distribution system is one of the main drivers for the reduction of performances in water distribution systems. Furthermore, this conditions usually imply an increase in the maintenance costs that the water utilities have to sustain. In this situation it is required to undertake programmatic strategies in order to guarantee the highest benefit for both the final users and the water companies. An optimal rehabilitation strategy has been proposed in order to take into account the regulatory schemes that have to be abided at the national level, in the water industry.
Finding Cost-Effective Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation in Bergen Using Extensive Climate, Economic and Spatial Data
Authors: Strehl Clemens , Kristvik Erle , Koti Juliane
Published: September 2018

The adaptation of urban water systems to climate change is a complex management challenge. Especially urban drainage systems and their adaptation to growing climate change dynamics, like increasing variations in terms of intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events, calls for novel adaptation approaches. Growing data availability opens the chance to find suitable cost-effective solutions to tackle climate change risks. In the Damsgård area in Bergen, combined sewer overflows discharge in the fjord during extreme rainfall events. Within the European project BINGO, an evaluation of alternative ways to reduce this environmental pressure is being conducted, using extensive climate, economic and spatial data. The analysis is going to compare different combinations of green infrastructure from the field of water sensitive urban design, like green roofs, ditches and swales. These combinations are furthermore compared with an innovative approach: using the slope of roads as emergency flood water ways.
Microwave Waste Water Meter: A New Sensing Principle for Flow Measurement in Partially Full Pipes
Authors: Koutsospyrou Vasiliki , Croft Martin , El-Hamalawi Ashraf , Sander Graham
Published: September 2018

This paper outlines the development of a novel, non-invasive microwave sensing system. A series of experimental investigations were undertaken to test the reliability of the sensors for determining the discharge in partially filled pipes under various hydraulic conditions.
The Knowledge Development in Flood Risk Reduction: a Case of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority, Thailand
Authors: Charoenveangvechakij Udomluck , Heramphakun Suradet
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes the knowledge development of the crisis management taking place in the largest drinking water treatment system in Thailand, with the capacity of approximately 4,000,000 CMD. The system encountered with the flood crisis six years ago. Having drawn back to 2011, the flood crisis had massive impact on Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). For examples, many water treatment processes were disrupted, consumers were not confident on the drinking water quality, and additional operation cost of MWA was raised up about 300 million baht, etc. Therefore, it is an importance to have mitigation measures for the organization to reduce the risk by increasing the capacity of the community and cooperating with the stakeholders to cope with the risks by applying well planned and well-executed in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC). The result shows the development opportunities of the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority in various aspects from past experiences, and proposes the best practices in order to response with all stakeholders when risks encountered.
airGR and airGRteaching: Two Open-Source Tools for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling and Teaching Hydrology
Authors: Delaigue Olivier , Thirel Guillaume , Coron Laurent , Brigode Pierre
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we present two R packages, airGR and airGRteaching, which are aimed at hydrological modeling. These two open-source packages allow for undertaking simplified simulations of surface flows on river catchments, based on lumped rainfall-runoff models that require few input data. airGR can be used for engineering, research and education purposes and is well indicated for experiments on large sample datasets. airGRteaching is an add-on to airGR and is especially dedicated to education, since one of its functionalities provides an interface on which parameters and models fluxes can be easily understood through an interactive visualization. airGRteaching also contains simplified functions that require less programming from users but do not allow for some more advanced experiments.
Meandering Evolution and Width Variation, a Physics-Statistical Based Modeling Approach
Authors: Lopez Dubon Sergio , Viero Daniele Pietro , Lanzoni Stefano
Published: September 2018

Many models have been proposed to simulate and understand the long-term evolution of meandering rivers. These models analyze the hydraulics of the in-channel flow and the river bank movement (erosion – accretion) process in different ways, but some gap still remain, e.g. the stability of long-term simulations when width variations are accounted for. Here we proposed a physics-statistical based approach to simulate the river bank evolution, that erosion and deposition processes act independently, with a specific shear stress threshold for each of them. In addition, we link the width evolution with a parametric probability distribution (PPD) based on a mean characteristic channel width. We are thus able to obtaining stable long-term simulations with realistic and reasonable spatio-temporal distribution of the along channel width.
Development of Decision Support Tool for Evaluation of Urban Water System Metabolism Efficiency
Authors: Nikolic Vladimir , Joksimovic Darko
Published: September 2018

The revitalization of Toronto’s waterfront presents the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America. With respect to planning the waterfront’s urban water systems (UWS), a number of studies considered a range of criteria in search for sustainable alternatives. However, a comprehensive assessment of the integrated source-drinking-wastewater-stormwater systems over their life cycles has not been developed. According to the main postulates of the integrated approach, hybrid water systems can offer potentially more sustainable solutions than traditional centralized systems. This paper discusses the development process of a decision support tool designed to facilitate evaluation of alternatives based on UWS metabolism concept while addressing some typical challenges of hydroinformatics. This decision-making support tool analyses and compares the sustainability performance of alternative decentralized solutions against a baseline conventional approach on a neighbourhood level. The tool uses a set of criteria, adopted by the large group of stakeholders involved in the development process, that are not typically considered in the decision-making process, such as energy savings, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate change resiliency, chemical use, and nutrient recovery.
Robust Reliability Assessment of Water Reservoir Under Uncertainty of Climate Change
Authors: Marton Daniel , Knoppová Kateřina
Published: September 2018

The aim of this paper is to introduce method of the robust reservoir performance evaluation under the climate change uncertainty. Water resources adaptation on climate change, drought management strategies as well as hydrological and reservoir modeling in the climate change uncertainty have been serious issues. Newly developed lumped water balance model and reservoir simulation model will be used. Based on these tools the approach of robust reservoir storage capacity reliability assessment will be introduced. The hydrological data under climate change will be constructed using the statistical downscaling tool LARS WG. Ensemble of 29 climate scenarios will be created. The hydrology analysis and the temporal reliability of reservoir storage capacity and its robustness assessment against the climate change uncertainty will be presented on the case study of the Vir I reservoir and Svratka river basin in the Czech Republic.
Object-Based Image Analysis Technique for Gully Mapping Using Topographic Data at Very High Resolution (VHR)
Authors: Francipane Antonio , Mussomè Francesca , Cipolla Giuseppe , Noto Leonardo
Published: September 2018

An accurate mapping of gullies is important since they are still major contributors of sediment to streams. Mapping gullies in many areas is difficult because of the presence of dense canopy, which precludes the identification through aerial photogrammetry and other traditional remote sensing methods. Moreover, the wide spatial extent of some gullies makes their identification and characterization through field surveys a very large and expensive proposition.

This work aims to develop an object-based image analysis (OBIA) to detect and map gullies based on a set of rules and morphological characteristics retrieved by very high resolution (VHR) imagery. A one-meter resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used to derive different morphometric indexes, which are combined, by using different segmentation and classification rules, to identify gullies. The tool has been calibrated using, as reference, the perimeters of two relatively large gullies that have been measured during a field survey in the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory (CCZO) area in the Southeastern United States.
Rainfall Trends over the Past Century for Tropical Climatic Region in Western India
Authors: Sharma Priyank , Patel Prem Lal
Published: September 2018

Present study examines the applications of different trend detection methodologies for investigation of trend in long-term rainfall over Lower Tapi basin, India using daily gridded rainfall data for the period 1901 – 2013 at 0.25  0.25 resolution. The trends in rainfall indices, viz. total annual rainfall (TAR), annual maximum rainfall (AMR) and average annual rainfall intensity (AAI) have been detected using non-parametric and graphical methods. The results show increasing trends in TAR across all the 9 grids in the study region, with significant increasing trend over Grids-8 and 9. Further, AMR exhibited increasing trend over 7 out of 9 grids, with significant increasing trend over Grid-8 (ZMMK = 2.478;  = 0.356 mm/year) and Grid-9 (ZMMK = 2.278;  = 0.257 mm/year). The Innovative Trend Analysis plots reveal overall increasing trend in AMR across all the grids. The AAI exhibited significant increasing trend over 5 grids including Grids-8 and 9. The Grids 8 and 9 encompass the urban areas of the Surat city, located in the Lower Tapi basin. The urbanization in the Surat city and proximity to the Arabian Sea areas may be the possible reasons for significant increase in the extreme rainfall and rainfall intensity over Grids-8 and 9.
The Nile System Dynamics Model for Water-Food-Energy Nexus Assessment
Authors: Elsayed Hamdy , Djordjevic Slobodan , Savic Dragan
Published: September 2018

The Nile River is considered one of the most complex rivers in the world because of its transboundary nature and its significance for riparian countries. Currently, the basin experiences challenges stemming from a rapid population increase and the prospect of a significant economic growth, which in turn have sparked development plans aimed at meeting the growing demand for water, energy, and food. A System Dynamics approach provides a unique framework to integrate the physical system and the socio-economic drivers with the ability to capture the interaction and feedback processes between different system components. A water resources model for the entire Nile basin using the System Dynamics approach was developed as a first step. The model results for the flows at gauge locations showed a good agreement with the historical flows measurements, which reflects the SDM ability to capture the dynamic behaviour of the river and reproduce the patterns and trends of the historical flows. A description of the model development process is presented along with simulation results at the key hydrological sites in the basin. The potential to integrate the developed model with food, energy and socio-economic drivers in the basin is provided.
Using Compensated Fluorescence Probes Data for Proactive Water Treatment Management
Authors: Bertone Edoardo , de Oliveira Guilherme Franklin , Stewart Rodney , O' Halloran Kelvin
Published: September 2018

In this study we investigated and quantified the effects of a number of environmental conditions on the readings of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) and total algae probes. These currently monitor fDOM, chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin for the full depth profile of different reservoirs in South-East Queensland (Australia), but interferences and quenching affecting these parameters have led to uncertainty in the reliability of the readings. Additionally, in the case of the total algae probe, obtaining reliable estimates of algal biovolume or cell counts is challenging since the pigments content varies with species and several other environmental variables influence estimates. With regards to the fDOM, a number of experiments were performed which enabled the development of a sequential compensation model accounting for the main trivial quenching. In addition, the compensated readings were compared to other experiments’ outputs to check for correlations between readings and character/molecular weight of DOM to develop an accurate real-time model that may be useful in assisting DOM removal by coagulation. Preliminary work with the algae probe also showed potential to derive more specific information on species/abundance for better cyanobacteria management.