bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New York City Medallion Market’s Rise, Fall, and Regulation Implications
Authors: Song Sherraina
Published: April 2018

Capping the number of licenses giving exclusive right to street hailing passengers, the New York City medallion system manipulated the demand and supply of taxicab market and made the Yellow Cab medallion not only a commodity of scarcity but also an investment product hotly pursued. Since 1937, the medallion market evolved and experienced four phases of birth, formation, booming, and collapse and is fighting a losing battle against the newly emerged app-based, ride-sharing service providers like Uber and Lyft. This article presented the findings from mining the data made available by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission, conducted analysis, and argued the deregulation of the New York City taxicab industry has started and that should not and will not be turned back.
U-Net for Efficient Liver Segmentation from 3D CT Data
Authors: Sakboonyarat Boonnatee , Taeprasartsit Pinyo
Published: April 2018

In order to diagnosis the liver cancer in early stage, the liver segmentation technique for image processing had been challenged by the non-homogeneous Hounsfield Unit (HU) of nearby area around the liver in 3D computed tomography image (CT image) and the similar morphological shape of nearby organ. The previous study reported the high accuracy and precision segmentations by using hybrid method, (combining image-based and model-based method). In order to reduce the processing time of segmentation, this U-Net model was developed by using the training dataset (16 images) and testing dataset (4 images) from the Segmentation of the Liver 2007 (SLIVER07). The results showed the high accuracy segmentation operated under 0.02 seconds per slice.
Formação superior em turismo e hospitalidade: um fator de competitividade de destinos turísticos?
Authors: Lopes dos Santos Aristides Faria , Wada Elizabeth Kyoko
Published: April 2018

A formação em nível superior em turismo e hospitalidade é um fator de relevante influência sobre a competitividade de destinos turísticos? Para responder a este problema de pesquisa, este estudo de caso fundamentou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental (dados quantitativos secundários). O objeto de estudo adotado foi o Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP). O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se a formação em nível superior em turismo e hospitalidade pode ser relacionada com a competitividade do setor de viagens e turismo. Os resultados apontaram que a distribuição territorial da instituição analisada é positiva e a produção técnica apresentada pelos pesquisadores vinculados mostra, ao menos em tese, aderência com a matriz econômica da região de entorno dos câmpus. Isso tende a auxiliar no processo de inserção profissional dos estudantes/egressos e a subsidiar a iniciativa privada na obtenção de vantagens competitivas, favorecendo a competitividade das regiões onde os câmpus estão inseridos.
Modelling carrying capacity for wild boar Sus scrofa scrofa in a forest/heathland ecosystem
Authors: Bruinderink Geert W.T.A. Groot , Hazebroek Ed
Published: April 2018

The main habitat for wild boar in the Netherlands consists of a forest/heathland ecosystem. In this ecosystem we found an exclusive correlation between mast availability and nutritional condition in winter and reproduction of wild boar in the succeeding spring. This correlation was used to model carrying capacity in terms of a threshold density in winter, above which the average body weight is density‐dependently reduced. The results of modelling carrying capacity of an area of forests and heathlands on poor, sandy soils, for wild boar are presented. The model is based on available mast and broadleaved grasses, the latter being the main substitute for mast during winter.
The ecology of the red fox Vulpesvulpes in relation to small game in rural southern England
Authors: Reynolds Jonathan C. , Tapper Stephen C.
Published: April 2018

Diet, population density, dispersion, and productivity of red foxes were investigated in an 11 km2 area of mixed agriculture representative of much of lowland rural Britain, where medium‐sized animals (adult weight 0.3–3.5 kg) were abundant. Four small game species within this size range ‐ brown hare Lepus europaeus, pheasant Phasianus colchicus, grey partridge Perdix perdix, and redleg partridge Alectoris rufa ‐ were also censussed twice a year throughout the study. Fox diet was determined by analysis of faecal material, with diet of cubs at breeding dens analysed separately. Two‐thirds of fox diet consisted of vertebrate prey in the range 0.3–3.0 kg. Prey types of overwhelming importance for foxes in other environments ‐ such as small rodents, fruit and invertebrates ‐ each contributed 10% or less to fox diet. Fox territory size was determined by radio‐tracking eight adult foxes during a three‐year period in spring, summer and autumn. Details of family group size, number of litters per group, and litter size were determined through field observation. Adjacent fox territories (mean size 2.7 km2) formed a contiguous mosaic with individual foxes spending less than 10% of their active time on ground shared with neighbouring groups. Typically each territorial group held an adult pair and had one litter of four cubs. Half of these groups had an additional, non‐breeding vixen. Most known fox deaths were the result of deliberate control by man. Control on a central 4.75 km2 farm reduced adult fox density and eliminated cub production there, and for the whole 11 km2 study site deliberate control was almost sufficient in itself to negate annual numerical increase in fox numbers. The food requirements of foxes living at this density was estimated, and from this the biomass of lagomorphs and gamebirds consumed. Even assuming early dispersal of juvenile foxes, the biomass of these species consumed annually was substantial relative to that available at the onset of breeding. It is suggested that hare and rabbit populations were able to survive this heavy depredation because they have a long breeding season and foxes exploited annual production of young prior to maturity; by contrast, the pheasant population was supported artificially by release of hand‐reared birds.
Who killed Bambi? The role of predation in the neonatal mortality of temperate ungulates
Authors: Linnell John D. C. , Aanes Ronny , Andersen Reidar
Published: April 2018

A total of 111 papers and reports, coming from 79 major studies and 19 other studies, on neonatal (first summer) mortality of 10 species of northern, temperate ungulates were reviewed. To avoid biases from indirect techniques only studies on radio‐collared neonates and/or their dams were included, apart from a few notable exceptions. Neonatal mortality rates observed for different studies averaged 47% (68 studies) in environments where predators occurred, with predation accounting for an average of 67% (53 studies) of this mortality. No other single cause of mortality exceeded that of predation, which accounted for 0–100% of the mortality recorded in various studies. In contrast, mortality averaged 19% for studies in environments lacking predators. Other prominent causes of mortality were hypothermia/starvation and accidents. Disease was found to play a small role only. The predator species involved varied greatly between study areas, with both medium sized (bobcatLynx rufus, Canada lynxLynx canadensis, coyoteCanis latransand red foxVulpes vulpes) and large (wolfCanis lupus, mountain lionFelis concolor, black bearUrsus americanaand brown bearUrsus arctos) terrestrial predators preying upon the neonates. Despite the prominent role of predation, little is known about its long‐term compensatory or additive nature, and therefore its impact on population dynamics is unclear. Factors influencing predation rates are poorly understood, although a few studies found significant sex‐biased predation, and effects of weather or juvenile/maternal body condition. Timing of mortality within the first summer varied with the predators involved and the neonatal security strategy of the species, but was not confined to the immediate post‐partum period.
Population density and inbreeding effect on moose Alces alces reproduction
Authors: Wallin Kjell , Bergström Roger , Vikberg Mats
Published: April 2018

The relationship between reproduction, age‐structure, inbreeding and population density was analysed in an enclosed moose Alces alces population in Sweden. There was a strong negative relationship between the yearly average number of calves produced per cow and population density. Other variables, such as the average age of the cows and inbreeding also covaried with density. Taking these variables into account, a relationship remained between density and reproductive rate. An inbreeding index of three‐year‐old cows was negatively related to their calf production. Inbred, old (≥ 4 years) cows had a significantly lower calf production than old, outbred cows. Taking density into account, the effect of inbreeding remained. Even though inbreeding had a measurable effect at the individual level, the impact at population level was small and insignificant. During the early growth phase of the founder population, inbreeding remained low and had no negative effect on early population dynamics. The reason for this is that the first inbred individuals did not appear until the third generation. Therefore, a founder population can grow for a fairly long time and reach high population numbers before the effect of inbreeding appears. This means that the negative effects of inbreeding may increase in importance beyond our 12 years of study.
Ecology of a feral cat Felis catus population in an agricultural area of northern Italy
Authors: Genovesi Piero , & Marco Besa , Toso Silvano
Published: April 2018

The ecology of a feral cat population in an intensively cultivated region of northern Italy was studied. The study area is a land accretion territory, reclaimed in the early 1970s, characterised by the absence of any food source of human origin (e.g. garbage dumps, farms, houses) and surrounded by a continuous irrigation channel that is likely to limit immigration/emigration of cats. The cat population was censused for two successive years using the sighting‐resighting method; spacing patterns were studied by means of radio‐telemetry; hunting behaviour was assessed by observation. Feral cats avoided any direct contact with humans, and reproduced in the wild. The density of the population remained stable throughout the study period. Turnover appeared very high, and was remarkably higher than that of cats regularly fed by humans. Very low densities, large home range sizes, solitary habits, territorial patterns similar to those of the wildcat, seasonal parturition, and prevalence of hunting activity were found. We speculate that these patterns are related to the peculiar conditions of resource availability and dispersion in the study area. Our results indicate that feral cats, even in agricultural areas and in the absence of any food provided by humans, have solitary habits and low densities, thus confirming a key role of resource availability and dispersion on the ecology of carnivores.
Brown bear Ursus arctos scavenging patterns
Authors: Elgmork Kåre , Tjørve Even
Published: April 2018

The brown bear Ursus arctos L. has long been believed to skin its prey and to leave behind a large hide and an unmolested skeleton. Camera monitoring in nature and observations in zoos revealed that carcasses were skinned and the skeletons cleaned by scavenging birds, mainly ravens Corvus corax and golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos. These results have implications for the estimates of brown bear densities, supposed damage and compensation.
The biology of canada geeseBranta canadensisin relation to the management of feral populations
Authors: Allan John R. , Kirby Jeffrey S. , Feare Christopher J.
Published: April 2018

Feral populations of the canada gooseBranta canadensiscontinue to grow at around 8% per year in the UK. The growing feral populations in Europe and non‐migratory populations of ‘urban’ canada geese in North America are beginning to conflict with human interests. In response to increasingly frequent calls for control of this species, we review the scientific literature concerning the biology of feral populations in an attempt to determine why such rapid population growth has occurred. We also examine the available evidence about the problems caused by canada geese and the published information on the management techniques already tested. Feral canada geese are highly fecund, producing up to six young per pair, and have high fledging success. This allows populations to continue to grow even in areas with high levels of mortality in both adult and immature birds, mostly as a result of shooting. Population growth has been most rapid in urban areas with little shooting pressure and correspondingly low adult mortality. Site faithfulness, particularly in females, has probably slowed the spread of canada geese to new habitats, many of which have been created by man. Many apparently suitable sites remain unoccupied at present, and the factors which govern the carrying capacity of existing sites are not fully understood. The upper limits to the growth of feral populations are therefore difficult to estimate, but there is little evidence that density‐dependent factors are acting to regulate population size except at long‐established breeding sites. Canada geese can cause damage to agricultural crops and amenity areas resulting in significant localised economic loss particularly in areas close to water bodies. In most countries the extent and cost of the damage caused has not been fully evaluated, and evidence in support of the need for control on a national or international level is currently weak. Work on the impact of canada geese on other waterfowl and on the possibility that they may transmit diseases to humans is continuing. In Britain, research into management has concentrated on reproductive control by treatment of eggs. Results have shown that, even if the control is highly efficient, it takes a number of years for any reduction in the population size to occur. Most researchers suggest that reproductive control needs to be combined with an increase in adult mortality if the population size at a site is to be reduced in an acceptable time. We suggest that Integrated Management Strategies (combining habitat management, behavioural modification of the birds e.g. by scaring and, where necessary, by population reduction) need to be developed. These strategies should be specific to the particular location concerned. Current research in progress in the UK is summarised and areas where further research is needed both to quantify the problem and develop effective management strategies are identified.
Predation by foxes Vulpes vulpes on brown hares Lepuseuropaeus in central southern England, and its potential impact on annual population growth
Authors: Reynolds Jonathan C. , Tapper Stephen C.
Published: April 2018

A computer model was used to simulate processes of reproduction, growth and loss occurring during twelve months within a real‐world brown hare Lepus europaeus L. population in a mixed farming area of central southern England. Model parameters representing hare density, and the density and diet of foxes Vulpes vulpes L., were derived from field studies, whereas likely values for other parameters were set on the basis of studies performed elsewhere. Simulations were created to represent a) the hare population on an area of 11 km2 comprising several fox territories; and b) the hare population on individual fox territories. In the larger‐scale simulations (a), the number of hares eaten by foxes easily exceeded their breeding density and amounted to 76–100% of annual production. The hare population could not have withstood more than a very low additional mortality without declining. When fox predation was set to zero, the final density of hares in the model was 3 to 6 times that produced when fox predation occurred. Simulations for individual fox territories (b) suggested that variation in territory size and social group composition of foxes introduced significant local variation within this overall picture. We conclude that the hares eaten by foxes were a substantial loss relative to productivity. This conclusion was robust in the face of estimation errors or changes in underlying assumptions of the model. This study describes the extent of fox predation on hares and its potential impact on hare population growth. Because the degree of compensation between mortality factors was unknown, the study does not show that fox predation per se limited the hare population. Nevertheless, our findings are a necessary adjunct to experimental evidence and population studies which suggest that red foxes play a major role in hare population dynamics in many environments.
The relationship between population density and body size of wolverines Gulo gulo in Scandinavia
Authors: Landa Arild , Skogland Terje
Published: April 2018

The number of wolverines Gulo gulo in Scandinavia has declined dramatically since the middle of the last century, and the numbers killed continued to decrease until the species was protected. In 1968 the species was protected in Sweden; in 1973 the wolverine was given full protection in southern Norway and protection during the breeding period in northern Norway; and in 1982 the species was also given full protection in northern Norway. The protection has resulted in some increase in number, but the population density remains much lower than at the turn of the century, and the wolverine has yet not reoccupied all of its former range. Our analyses show that body size, as reflected by skull characters, was inversely correlated with population density from the mid‐nineteenth to the mid‐to late twentieth century. In contrast we found a strong decline in body size in the decades after ca 1960. The unexpectedly low wolverine resilience in this century may be explained by an energy‐restricted model whose main factors include: 1) habitat fragmentation, 2) loss of habitat, 3) extinction of the dominant predator, the wolf Canis lupus, and 4) a maximised turnover in managed ungulate populations that has resulted in less natural mortality and fewer weakened animals available for scavengers and less efficient predators like the wolverine.
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Berbasis Homestay sebagai Usaha Pengembangan Desa Wisata di Cibuntu Kuningan
Authors: Palupi Santi , Pradhipta RMW. Agie
Published: April 2018

This study aims to map the tourism potential and homestay potential and determine the empowerment programs and homestay based training as support and development tourism activity in the Village Tourism CibuntuKuningan District. As for the target in this activity is the owner of the house that can be used as homestay as many as 25 houses. The research method used is descriptive method accompanied by community empowerment activities by training homestay owners about homestay management and typical food processing village. Based on the results of this study shows that the potential of CibuntuKuningan Tourism Village is very diverse and homestay facilities have started there as well as able to accommodate tourists. Homestay conditions can be used as a means to support the activities of tourists, even activity in homestay can be used as a tourist attraction.
Pengembangan Ekowisata Berbasis Industri Kreatif Berwawasan Kearifan Lokal di Palangkaraya
Authors: Fitriana Evi , Ridlwan M. Khoiri
Published: April 2018

Cultural and local wisdom become one of strategy as counter culture. Value in local wisdom are developed, traced and analyzed in various aspects to be able to establish nation’s identity. This research is a development research with qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was done by observation method, questionnaire and interview. Data analysis using descriptive analysis technique to describe the idea of ecotourism development based on creative industry with local wisdom in Palangkaraya. The creative economy in the tourism sector not only goes through something to buy but also begins to explore something to do and something to see through tour packages that offer hands-on experience and interaction with local culture. The development of creative economy through tourism packages will stimulate tourist destinations to create innovative products that will add value and competitiveness. The success of ecotourism development is inseparable from the role of local communities themselves, business managers, and local government support.
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Web Pariwisata sebagai Pendukung Pelaksanaan Etourism bagi Entitas Pariwisata di Kabupaten Banyuwangi
Authors: Kuswinardi Wiwin
Published: April 2018

The concept of eTourism is a concept that implements information technology into the tourism sector. The key to eTourism is the integration of information that has the information collaboration capabilities and business processes of tourism entities making it possible to share information and business processes. Banyuwangi Regency that has begun to adopt the concept of eTourism is already time to apply the concept of information sharing by using web tourism managed by Disbudpar Banyuwangi as a source of tourism information. Tourism entities in Kabupaten Banyuwangi still have the opportunity to develop this potential and increase the potential for turnover and profit for tourism industry actors and increase local revenue through the tourism sector. The web utilization training provided has been able to provide the insights and skills of these entities, both from government and tourism industry actors.
Fen Bilimleri Öğretmen Adaylarının Sosyal Medya Bağımlılıklarının İncelenmesi
Authors: GÜL Şeyda , DİKEN Emine Hatun
Published: April 2018

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Fen Bilimleri öğretmen adaylarının
sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerini incelemektir. Aynı zamanda öğretmen
adaylarının bağımlılık düzeylerini cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeyleri açısından
karşılaştırmaktır.  Bu amaçla veri
toplamak için Şahin ve Yağcı (2017) tarafından geliştirilen “Sosyal Medya
Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu”ndan yararlanılmıştır. Ölçek Atatürk
Üniversitesi Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı’nda öğrenim gören 189 Fen
Bilimleri öğretmen adayına uygulanmıştır. Verilerin SPSS 20.0 istatistik
programıyla yapılan analizleri sonucu elde edilen bulgular, Fen Bilimleri
öğretmen adaylarının sosyal medya bağımlılıklarının genel olarak orta düzeyde
olduğunu göstermiştir. Ölçeğin geneline ait bulgular alt boyutlar açısından
incelendiğinde, öğretmen adaylarının sanal tolerans alt boyutunda orta, sanal
içerik alt boyutunda ise düşük düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgular,
cinsiyet ve sınıf değişkenleri açısından incelendiğinde ise ölçeğin genelinde
cinsiyet değişkeni açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olmadığı,
sınıf değişkeni açısından ise anlamlı bir farklılığın olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
ANALISIS PENGARUH EKSPOR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA
Authors: Ginting Ari Mulianta
Published: April 2018

Ekspor merupakan salah satu faktor terjadinya peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, sejalan dengan hipotesis export-led growth (ELG). Penelitian ini menganalisis perkembangan ekspor dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia periode kuartal I 2001 sampai dengan kuartal IV 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif dalam menggambarkan perkembangan pertumbuhan ekonomi serta ekspor dan analisis kuantitatif metode Error Correction Model (ECM) dalam menganalisis efek jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dari ekspor terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pada periode penelitian, data yang ada menunjukkan bahwa ekspor dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia sama-sama mengalami peningkatan. Hasil regresi ECM menunjukkan bahwa ekspor memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, yang mendukung hipotesis bahwa ELG berlaku untuk Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia diperlukan peningkatan kinerja ekspor Indonesia. Peningkatan kinerja ekspor Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya adalah dengan perbaikan sistem administrasi ekspor, peningkatan riset dan pengembangan produk Indonesia, peningkatan sarana dan prasarana infrastruktur, stabilitas nilai tukar dan perluasan pasar non tradisional, termasuk perbaikan struktur ekspor komoditas. Export is one of the factors behind the economic growth which is in line with the export-led growth hypotesis (ELG). This research analyzes the relationship between economic growth and export of Indonesia during first quarter of 2001 until fourth quarter of 2015. It employs descriptive analysis to describe export movement and economic growth during the study period and ECM model to analyze the long run and the short run effects of export on the economic growth. The available information indicated that, during the study period, both export and economic growth showed similar increasing trends. The result of the ECM model revealed that export had a positive and statistically significant relationship with the economic growth, supporting the hypotesis of ELG in Indonesia. Hence, to accelerate economic growth, efforts are required to boost the export performance in Indonesia. The Export performance can be increased by several way, such as improving the export administration system, increasing the research and development of Indonesian products, improving the facilities and infrastructure, exchange rate stability and the non-tradisional markets expansion, and including improvement of the export commodity structure.
ANALISIS MODA ENTRI PENYEDIA JASA RITEL INDONESIA KE ASEAN: STUDI KASUS PADA ALFAMART
Authors: Fawaiq Muhammad
Published: April 2018

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis moda entri jasa ritel Indonesia ke negara-negara ASEAN sesuai dengan komitmen setiap negara di AFAS Paket 8. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan indeks Hoekman. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Alfamart masuk ke pasar jasa ritel Filipina tanpa memanfaatkan kerjasama AFAS. Hal ini disebabkan Filipina masih menutup jasa ritelnya pada kerjasama tersebut. Moda entri yang digunakan Alfamart untuk masuk ke Filipina adalah  waralaba. Suksesnya Alfamart menjadi tolak ukur untuk mengembangkan alternatif moda entri ke negara-negara ASEAN lainnya sesuai dengan hasil pemetaan peluang akses pasar di AFAS Paket 8. Moda Entri yang diusulkan tersebut yaitu: a) Waralaba untuk negara yang belum terbuka (indeks Hoekman 0) yaitu Brunei Darussalam dan Laos, b) Usaha patungan pada negara-negara yang membuka akses pasar dengan pembatasan (indeks Hoekman 0,5) yaitu Malaysia dan Myanmar, dan c) Kepemilikan saham penuh pada negara-negara yang membuka akses pasar tanpa pembatasan (indeks Hoekman 1) yaitu Vietnam, Kamboja, Singapura dan Thailand. Faktor kunci suksesnya ekspor jasa ritel dalam kasus ini adalah mitra bisnis lokal yang membeli master franchise. Untuk itu,  pemerintah dapat berperan dalam promosi dan misi dagang ke luar negeri untuk menarik mitra bisnis. The aim of this study is to analyze the mode of entry of Indonesia’s retail supplier into ASEAN countries in accordance with the commitment of each country in AFAS Package 8. The methods deployed in this study are the Hoekman Index and descriptive analysis. The study results show that Alfamart has entered into the Philippine market retail services without utilizing AFAS cooperation. This is due to Philippines’s policy that still close its retail services market on such cooperation. The mode of entry used by Alfamart is franchise service. The success of Alfamart can be a benchmark to develop alternative modes of entry into other ASEAN countries in accordance with market access opportunities mapping of AFAS package 8. The alternatives of entry modes proposed in this study are: a) franchise for countries that does not have open access yet (indeks Hoekman 0) such as Brunei Darussalam and Laos, b) joint ventures in countries which have limited open access (indeks Hoekman 0.5) such as Malaysia and Myanmar , c) and wholly owned subsidiary in countries with full access into the market without restrictions (indeks Hoekman 1) such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore and Thailand. A key factor which contributes to the success of retail service exports is local business partners who purchases master franchise. For that, the government can play a decisive role in promoting trade missions abroad to attract business partners.
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DAN ESTIMASI TARIF EKUIVALEN NTBs EKSPOR KAYU LAPIS INDONESIA
Authors: Sari Kartika Rahma , Widyastutik Widyastutik
Published: April 2018

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor kayu lapis dengan menggunakan Gravity Model, dan menghitung Nilai Tarif Ekuivalen dari Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs) kayu lapis Indonesia di negara tujuan. Berdasarkan pendekatan Gravity Model (Model Gravitasi), aliran perdagangan potensial diperoleh dengan melakukan subtitusi seluruh data kedalam persamaan gravity. Fitted trade flow dari persamaan gravity model dianggap sebagai aliran perdagangan potensial. Perbedaan antara aliran perdagangan aktual dan potensial diindikasikan sebagai tarif ekuivalen dari NTBs. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ekspor kayu lapis Indonesia yaitu Gross Domestic Product (GDP) riil Indonesia dan negara tujuan, Indek Harga Konsumen (IHK) Indonesia dan negara tujuan, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar dan krisis keuangan tahun 2010. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan negara Uni Eropa seperti Inggris dan Belgia memiliki rata-rata tarif ekuivalen NTBs paling besar. Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) untuk legalitas produk kayu dapat dijadikan sebagai strategi untuk menghadapi NTBs yang ada di negara tujuan ekspor. This study sets out to analyze factors that influence plywood exports utilizing the Gravity Model and assess the equivalent tariff value of Non Trade Barriers plywood on destination countries. Based on the Gravity Model approach, a potential of flow of trade is obtained through substituting the whole data into gravity equation. Fitted trade flow from the Gravity Model equation is considered as a potential trade flow. The difference between actual and potential trade flow is indicated by the NTB equivalent tariff. The result shows factors that are influential on plywood exports notably the GDPs of Indonesia and destination countries, Consumer Index Price in Indonesia and destination countries, economic distance, exchange value and economic crisis in 2010. In addition, European Union such as England and Belgium have the highest average for NTB equivalent tariff. Verification System of Plywood legality is one alternative that can be deployed as a strategy when confronting NTB on destination countries.
DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN KEMASAN ROKOK SINGAPURA TERHADAP EKSPOR ROKOK INDONESIA
Authors: Alhayat Aditya Paramita
Published: April 2018

Pemerintah Singapura telah melakukan beragam kebijakan pengendalian tembakau (tobacco control) untuk menekan jumlah perokok. Singapura termasuk salah satu negara di dunia yang menerapkan regulasi ketat dalam pengendalian produk tembakau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan dampak penerapan kebijakan kemasan rokok Singapura terhadap ekspor rokok Indonesia. Kebijakan tersebut diasumsikan memiliki dampak sebagaimana kebijakan pengendalian konsumsi tembakau non-harga pada umumnya meskipun kebijakan tersebut belum diimplementasikan. Metode yang digunakan berupa analisis deskriptif yang dilengkapi dengan analisis ekonometri menggunakan Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) dengan sampel Triwulan III-2006 hingga Triwulan IV-2014. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ekspor rokok Indonesia lebih dipengaruhi oleh re-ekspor Singapura dibandingkan dengan konsumsi domestiknya. Selain itu, kebijakan pengendalian tembakau non-harga secara statistik tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi rokok di Singapura. Oleh sebab itu, Indonesia tidak perlu khawatir dengan rencana kebijakan kemasan rokok yang akan diterapkan. Pemerintah Indonesia harus aktif melakukan negosiasi apabila Singapura benar-benar menerapkan kebijakan kemasan rokok dalam rangka mendapatkan kompensasi perdagangan atas kebijakan tersebut. The government of Singapore has implemented various tobacco control policies to reduce the number of smoker. Singapore is one of the countries in the world that implemented a tight regulation to control tobacco products. This study aims to estimate the potential impacts of Singapore’s cigarette plain packaging policy on the Indonesian cigarettes exports. As this policy is not yet implemented, it is assumed that the policy will have the same impacts as the common tobacco control policy, especially for the non-price policy. The study used descriptive analysis supported by econometrics analysis using Two-Stage Least Squares method (2SLS) using quarterly data from III-2006 to IV-2014. The results showed that the Indonesian cigarettes export is much more influenced by the Singapore’s re-exports rather than by the domestic consumption. Moreover, the non-price tobacco control policies do not have statistically significant effect on the cigarette consumption in Singapore. Therefore, Indonesia should not be worried about the possible implementation of the plain packaging policy. Indonesian government must actively negotiate if Singapore finally implements the plain packaging policy  to get a compensation trade from this policy.
INTEGRASI HARGA DAGING SAPI DI PASAR DOMESTIK DAN INTERNASIONAL
Authors: Zainuddin Ahmad , Asmarantaka Ratna Winandi , Harianto Harianto
Published: April 2018

Permintaan daging sapi di Indonesia yang terus meningkat menyebabkan kesenjangan antara produksi dan konsumsi semakin melebar. Kelebihan permintaan tersebut dipenuhi oleh daging sapi impor yang menyebabkan harga daging sapi domestik mengikuti pergerakan harga daging sapi impor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis integrasi pasar daging sapi Indonesia dan dunia (respon harga daging sapi domestik terhadap perubahan harga internasional/dunia). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa data bulanan harga retail daging sapi di Indonesia dan harga daging sapi internasional (periode 2009-2013). Analisis data menggunakan model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi integrasi antara harga daging sapi di pasar domestik dan dunia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Hal ini berimplikasi terhadap stabilitas harga daging sapi Indonesia tergantung pada harga daging sapi di pasar dunia. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah melalui Kementerian Perdagangan perlu menerapkan kebijakan stabilitas harga daging sapi agar konsumen dapat menjangkau harga daging sapi yang terus meningkat serta produsen juga tidak dirugikan. The increasing demand of beef in Indonesia has broadened the gaps between production and consumption. This excess demand is solved by importing beef which consequently makes the price of domestic beef follows the imported ones. This research aims to analyze the integration of beef market in Indonesia compared to the world market (as a response of domestic beef prices against the international/world price changes). The study used secondary data including the monthly retail price of beef in Indonesia and international beef prices during 2009-2013. Data analysis used was Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The result shows that there is price integration between domestic beef market and the world market in the long and short run. It gives an implication to the stability of Indonesian beef price which depends heavily on the world market’s price. It is necessary that the government through the Ministry of Trade implement a policy of beef price stability so that the consumers will be able to purchase beef even the price keeps increasing and the producers will not lose the market.
Taxas de crescimento de mudas de Erythrina velutina em dois ambientes de produção
Authors: Oliveira Mychelle Karla Teixeira de , Dombroski Jeferson Luiz Dallabona , Fernandes Artur Leônio Maia
Published: April 2018

Erythrina velutina Willd., espécie arbórea reconhecida pela importância, não apenas para reflorestamento, ornamental, medicinal, artesanal, mas para diversas outras modalidades de usos. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de crescimento de mudas de Erythrina velutina em dois ambientes de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Foram utilizados dois níveis de luminosidade (pleno sol e 50% de sombreamento). Ao longo do experimento foram realizadas coletas para avaliação de crescimento (8, 12, 16, 20 e 24 semanas após transplantio). Sendo analisadas as seguintes variáveis: razão de área foliar (RAF), razão de peso foliar (RPF), área foliar específica (AFE), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que houve diferença significativa entre os ambientes estudados nas taxas de crescimento de mudas de Erythrina velutina. As taxas de crescimento de mudas de Erythrina velutina têm decréscimo quando na condição de pleno sol. É recomendado produzir mudas de Erythrina velutina na condição de 50% de sombreamento para obtenção de maiores taxas de crescimento.
Biometria de sementes de Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. provenientes da região semiárida da Bahia
Authors: Jesus Janisson Batista de , Nascimento Júnior José Monteiro do , Gama Dráuzio Correia , Oliveira Alisson Marcel Souza de
Published: April 2018

Os estudos em sementes florestais, especificamente de biometria, são essenciais para o conhecimento das espécies e podem ter aplicação para a conservação, produção de mudas, reflorestamento e melhoramento genético. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a caracterização biométrica de sementes de Byrsonima verbascifolia  procedentes do município de Euclides da Cunha, região do semiárido do estado da Bahia. As sementes foram obtidas de diferentes matrizes no município de Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, sendo obtidos os valores de comprimento, largura e espessura (cm), peso (g), peso de mil sementes (g) e número de sementes por kg. Observou-se a média de 0,83 cm de comprimento, 0,9 cm de largura, 0,88 cm de espessura, e massa específica de 0,66 g, peso de mil sementes de 335,47 g e 2.981,26 sementes por kg. O estudo permitiu caracterizar biometricamente as sementes de Byrsonima verbascifolia, contribuindo para o conhecimento e a divulgação da espécie que é de ocorrência da região semiárida do estado da Bahia, servindo de base para ampliar novos estudos científicos.
Detecting Aberrant Behavior and Item Preknowledge: A Comparison of Mixture Modeling Method and Residual Method
Authors: Wang Chun , Xu Gongjun , Shang Zhuoran , Kuncel Nathan
Published: April 2018

The modern web-based technology greatly popularizes computer-administered testing, also known as online testing. When these online tests are administered continuously within a certain “testing window,” many items are likely to be exposed and compromised, posing a type of test security concern. In addition, if the testing time is limited, another recognized aberrant behavior is rapid guessing, which refers to quickly answering an item without processing its meaning. Both cheating behavior and rapid guessing result in extremely short response times. This article introduces a mixture hierarchical item response theory model, using both response accuracy and response time information, to help differentiate aberrant behavior from normal behavior. The model-based approach is compared to the Bayesian residual-based fit statistic in both simulation study and two real data examples. Results show that the mixture model approach consistently outperforms the residual method in terms of correct detection rate and false positive error rate, in particular when the proportion of aberrance is high. Moreover, the model-based approach is also able to correctly identify compromised items better than residual method.
TREATMENT OF BIODIESEL WASTEWATER USING YELLOW MUSTARD SEEDS
Authors: SAVCI Serpil
Published: April 2018

In this study, removal of original biodiesel wastewater (BOD, COD, oil&greas) by yellow mustard seeds was examined by a batch system. The effect of the adsorption time 300 minutes, adsorbent dose (1.0 g/L) and mixing rate (120 rpm) on the adsorption capacity of pollutants. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were examined. According to the data obtained from experiments, biodiesel wastewater can be treated by adsorption using yellow mustard seeds.
REGRESSION MODELING OF THE HOLE QUALITIES DURING COLD WORK TOOL STEELS DRILLING, WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS DRILL BITS
Authors: Özkul İskender , BULDUM Berat Barış , AKKURT Adnan
Published: April 2018

In this study, drill operations have been tested on Sleipner cold work tool steel by various machining parameters and drill bits. Solid Carbide Uncoated drill bits and TiAlN Coated reamed drill bits were used in experiments. Both drill bits were machined on Sleipner steel with four different cutting speeds. After machining, thrust forces and moments values generated during cutting, consisting surface and the hole qualities have been measured. Drilled by reamed drill bit’s hole gave better results quality as a result of the studies. It was reached as conclusion that the optimum values parameters of the cutting speeds are between 40 to 42 m/min for both the drill bits.
ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WITH TS825 AND ASHRAE HEAT BALANCE METHODS
Authors: YAMAN Kaan , ARSLAN Gökhan
Published: April 2018

Energy efficiency in buildings is an important up-to-date topic. For that reason, accurate calculation of heating and cooling loads is essential. In this study, heating and cooling loads of a residential house were determined by using national standards for different climatic zones Mersin, İstanbul, Ankara, Erzincan, and Erzurum. Calculations were performed by using the TS825 method that is based on national mandatory heat insulation standard TS825 and EnergyPlus software that is based on heat balance method. Heating loads obtained from simulations were compared on the monthly and annual basis. The absolute deviation between methods results was obtained in the range of 1.9 % to 39.5 %. The highest deviation was in Mersin where represents the 1st region and the lowest deviation was in Ankara where represents the 3rd region. Since TS825 method has not feature to simulate cooling load, annual cooling load calculated by using EnergyPlus software was 128.2 kWh/m2y for Mersin, 70.7 kWh/m2y for Istanbul, 44.9 kWh/m2y for Ankara, 49.0 kWh/m2y for Erzincan and 26.7 kWh/m2y for Erzurum. Insufficiency of the TS825 method was examined in detail.
DESIGNING A COMPACT MONOPOLE MICROSTRIP ANTENNA OPERATING AT ULTRA-WIDE BAND FOR MICROWAVE IMAGING APPLICATIONS
Authors: BİÇER Mustafa Berkan , AKDAĞLI Ali
Published: April 2018

In this paper, a novel design of a microstrip-fed compact monopole microstrip antenna with asymmetrically modified ground plane operating at ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency range is presented for microwave imaging applications. The performance characteristics of the proposed antenna in terms of impedance bandwidth and return loss meet the ultra-wide band requirements. The design and simulation procedures of the proposed antenna are carried out using an electromagnetic simulation software based on the characteristic impedance for the transmission line model. The proposed antenna, with small size of 32 × 42 × 1.55 mm3 on an FR4 epoxy substrate with permittivity (εr) 4.4, is fabricated and validated through the simulations and measurements. It is demonstrated that the measured -10 dB bandwidth for return loss is from 2.08 to 7.4 GHz but after this frequency, the antenna operates with minimum 87.4% efficiency up to 10.6 GHz. The antenna exhibits acceptable UWB characteristics and the results show that the designed antenna is suitable for various microwave imaging applications operating at UWB.
THE OPTIMIZATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AZ91D MAGNESIUM ALLOY USING ANOVA IN BALL BURNISHING PROCESS
Authors: BULDUM Berat Baris , CAGAN Suleyman Cinar
Published: April 2018

Ball burnishing is a simple, cost-effective and fast finishing process generally applied to better the surface roughness of machine parts. In this study, the Taguchi L18 orthogonal array method is used to find the optimal surface roughness in ball burnishing of AZ91D magnesium alloy. The orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise ratio, and ANOVA (analysis of variance) method is employed to study the performance characteristics in ball burnishing process of AZ91D alloy bars. The purpose of this study is to perform an ANOVA to determine the effects of the (burnishing force, burnishing speed, feed rate and number of passes parameters) on the surface roughness data obtained after the ball burnishing applied to the AZ91D bars. The optimum burnishing parameter was determined based on signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Data was analyzed by means of the ANOVA method. The main results of the statistical analysis highlight the great influence of the feed rate, burnishing force and number of passes on surface roughness among the set of factors and their interactions considered.
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM MESH SIZE TO MEASURE TOOTH ROOT STRESS OF SPUR GEAR USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: UÇTU Ömer , SEVİM İbrahim , KARATAŞ Bülent , ŞAHİN Burak
Published: April 2018

Gears are one of the most important power transmission elements. High speed gear and gear which has high loading capacity are necessary for engineering applications. Gears should be analyzed theoretically according to design criteria and tested. Theoretical analysis is generally performed by using finite element methods through simulating gears. In this study, spur gears at definite module and teeth number are modelled by Catia. They are analyzed by using SimXpert and Marc softwares for different loads on pitch circle. Tooth root bending stress values are recorded after analysis. Meshing, mesh size selection and mesh type are one of important steps for FEM. Different meshes (fine and coarse) are used for tooth root and other regions of gear profiles in this study. At tooth root, different mesh sizes are experienced and tooth root stress values are obtained. These values are compared with analytical calculation results to state optimal mesh size.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY SYNTHESISED HYDROXYAPATITE BIOCERAMIC
Authors: CANBAY Canan Aksu , MUSTAFA Himdad İbrahim , ÖZKUL İskender
Published: April 2018

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The structural analysis, thermal analysis and electrical characteristics of HAP sample have been investigated. The structural analysis was performed to determine the crystal structure and to observe the surface morphology of the sample. The thermal analysis was made from room temperature to 925 ˚C, to determine the mass loss according to temperature and phase transitions or decomposition in the sample and also TG-DTA analysis was done to determine the thermal stability. The compositional analysis was done by EDX. I-V analysis was made to calculate the electrical conductivity value of the sample and electrical conductivity of the sample was obtained to be 1.2x10-10 S/cm.
AGING EFFECTS ON TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURES AND ENTHALPIES FOR TiNi ALLOY
Authors: CANBAY Canan Aksu , ÖZKUL İskender
Published: April 2018

Shape memory alloys are frequently used today. For this reason, researches are more focused on this subject. In this study, transformation temperature and enthalpy changes caused by aging of TiNi alloy were investigated from thermally induced shape memory alloys. The results obtained from the experiments performed in 21 different aging environments were evaluated by using graphs. The results showed us how effective the variable parameters used in the experiments are on the alloy.