bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Live Yeast Supplementation on Beef Cattle Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sartori Everton Dezordi , Canozzi Maria Eugênia Andrighetto , Zago Daniele , Prates Ênio Rosa , Velho João Pedro , Barcellos Júlio Otávio Jardim
Published: March 2017

This meta-analysis evaluates the effects of yeast supplementation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) in beef cattle. The inclusion criteria were complete and randomized trials and supplementation with yeast S. cerevisiae versus no supplementation to measure DMI or ADG. Data were extracted from relevant papers via pre-defined protocols. A meta-analysis of random effects was conducted for each indicator separately including the mean of the control and treated groups. The results were presented with the pooled mean difference (MD), 95% of confidence interval, and I² (percentage of total variation between studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance). A total of 12 publications reporting 22 trials conducted in 1,161 cattle were analysed. The heterogeneity between studies was high and ranged from 92 to 99%. No effects were observed in ADG with the inclusion of yeast in the diet (MD = -2.849 g/day, p = 0.492). However, there was a reduction in the DMI (MD = -0.885 kg/day; p = 0.023) despite the high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 92.4%; p < 0.001). The ADG increased when the forage level in the diet was between 30 and 50% (MD = 641.08 g/day; p = 0.001) and decreased when the level range from 51 to 75% (MD = -2.90 g/day; p < 0.001). In over 60% of the Neutral Detergent Fibre, the use of yeast in the diet decreased the ADG by 406.94 g/day (p = 0.034). Feedlot animals showed a reduction in the DMI (MD = -0.97 kg/day; p = 0.019) if supplemented with yeast. Supplementation with S. cerevisiae in the diet of beef cattle had no effect on ADG; however, it does improve the feed conversion due to the reduction in DMI.
Combining Ability and Gene Action of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines under Low and High Nitrogen Conditions
Authors: Noëlle Mafouasson Apala Hortense , Richard Kenga , Vernon Gracen , Martin Yeboah Agyei , Laouali Mahamane Nasser , Liliane Tandzi Ngoune , Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong
Published: March 2017

This study was conducted to determine combining ability and gene action in elite maize inbred lines under low and high soil nitrogen conditions for hybrid breeding. Forty two tropical inbred lines (three testers and 39 lines) were crossed using line × tester mating design. The resulting 117 F1 hybrids, along with 4 hybrids used as checks, were evaluated using an 11 × 11 lattice design with two replications for grain yield and yield related traits during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons at two sites (Mbalmayo and Nkolbisson). Results revealed predominant additive gene effect under high soil nitrogen (N) conditions. Non-additive gene effect influenced grain yield under low soil and thus could be exploited for hybrid development. Under high N conditions inbred lines CLYN246, J16-1, CLWN201, TL-11-A-1642-5, CLQRCWQ26 and 1368 were good general combiners. Lines CML 343, ATP S6 20-Y-1, CLWN201, 1368, ATP S9 30 Y-1 and CLQRCWQ26 were good general combiners for grain yield under low N. They could be used to develop low N tolerant varieties. Different single cross hybrid combinations were identified for high grain yields under both low and high N conditions. The selected lines and single cross hybrids are a useful source of valuable genetic material for future maize hybrid breeding or direct production under low N.
Hosts of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Native to the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Gómez-Moya Cristina A. , Lima Talita P. S. , Morais Elisângela G. F. , Gondim Jr. Manoel G. C. , De Moraes Gilberto J.
Published: March 2017

The expansion of red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Brazil could impact negatively the native plant species, especially of the family Arecaceae. To determine which species could be at risk, we investigated the development and reproductive potential of R. indica on 19 plant species including 13 native species to the Brazilian Amazon (12 Arecaceae and one Heliconiaceae), and six exotic species, four Arecaceae, a Musaceae and a Zingiberaceae. Values of the instantaneous rate of increase (ri) were initially estimated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after infestation of each species. Higher values of ri (> 0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Adonidia merrillii, Astrocaryum jauari, Cocos nucifera, Bactris simplicifrons, Mauritia flexuosa, Phoenix dactylifera and Socratea exorrhiza, and on the Heliconiaceae Heliconia psittacorum Sassy; these were classified as “potential primary hosts”. Lower, but still positive values of ri (0-0.05) were determined on the Arecaceae Bactris maraja, Oenocarpus bacaba, Oenocarpus bataua and on the Musaceae Musa × paradisiaca (Prata variety); these were classified as “potential secondary hosts”. Negative values of ri were determined for the remaining plants, i.e., the Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa, Bactris gasipaes, Elaeis guineensis, Euterpe oleracea, Euterpe precatoria, and the Zingiberaceae Alpinia rosea; these were considered “non-hosts”. Species with ri < 0.05 were considered not to be threatened by the RPM. Biological parameters of RPM were evaluated on the plant species with positive ri (except B. maraja) and two native species with negative ri (E. oleracea and E. precatoria). Mean developmental time ranged from 14.7 days on C. nucifera to 21.4 days on Musa × paradisiaca, showing a significant influence of the plant substrate. Immature viability, oviposition rate, net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were affected by the plant species.
E pluribus unum? The Manifold Meanings of Sovereignty
Authors: Geenens Raf
Published: March 2017

E pluribus unum? The Manifold Meanings of Sovereignty

This article investigates and classifies the different meanings of the term sovereignty. What exactly do we try to convey when using the words “sovereign” or “sovereignty”? I will argue that, when saying that X is sovereign, we can mean five different things: it can mean that X holds the capacity to force everyone into obedience, that X makes the laws, that the legal and political order is created by X, that X holds the competence to alter the basic norms of our legal and political order, or that X is independently active on the international stage. These different usages of the term are of course related, but they are distinct and cannot be fully reduced to one another.
Power and Principle in Constitutional Law
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos
Published: March 2017

Power and Principle in Constitutional Law

Legal and sociological theories of sovereignty disagree about the role of legal and social matters in grounding state power. This paper defends a constructivist view, according to which the constitution is a judgment of practical reason. The paper argues that a constitution sets out a comprehensive institutional architecture of social life in terms of principles and official roles that are necessary for any legitimate scheme of social cooperation to exist. It follows that legal and sociological theories of sovereignty capture only part of the truth of sovereignty. Legal reasoning engages with political power, but it is not determined by it. There is no causal chain between power and validity, as suggested by the legal positivists. The relation between power and law is interpretive, not causal. It follows that the circularity of law and the constitution, namely the fact that the law makes the constitution and the constitution makes the law, is not a vicious circle. It is part of an ordinary process of deliberation.
E-commerce sector inquiry
Authors: Kuipers D.P. , van de Sanden M.A.M.L.
Published: March 2017

E-commerce sector inquiry

Op 15 september 2016 heeft de Europese Commissie als onderdeel van haar Digital Single Market-strategie een rapport gepubliceerd waarin de voorlopige bevindingen van haar e-commerce sector inquiry zijn opgenomen. Dit rapport brengt de praktijken aan het licht die tot een beperking van de concurrentie zouden kunnen leiden. De bevindingen uit het rapport kunnen mogelijk een grote impact hebben op de e-commerce sector in de Europese Unie. In dit artikel worden de belangrijkste door de Commissie geïdentificeerde ontwikkelingen en praktijken beschreven alsmede of die ontwikkelingen en praktijken aanleiding geven tot mededingingsbezwaren. Het definitieve rapport wordt in het eerste kwartaal van 2017 verwacht.

European Commission, Preliminary Report on the E-Commerce Sector Inquiry, Commission staff working document, 15 september 2016, SWD(2016) 312 final.
Hof van Justitie eist in de cementzaken een steviger fundament onder inlichtingenverzoeken
Authors: Fanoy J.W. , Raats T.
Published: March 2017

Hof van Justitie eist in de cementzaken een steviger fundament onder inlichtingenverzoeken

In de cementzaken concludeert het Hof van Justitie dat de Europese Commissie haar inlichtingenverzoek onvoldoende had gemotiveerd. In dit artikel wordt de verwachte impact van deze uitspraak besproken. Daarnaast gaan auteurs in op (rechts)vragen die het arrest oproept.
Technology Transfer From The University of Minas Gerais to a Private Company: Process and Results
Authors: Alves De Oliveira Maria Do Rosário , Girolleti Domingos A. , Maccari Emerson Antonio , Storopoli José Eduardo
Published: March 2017

Economic growth and technological development are closely related. In this article, the   process of technology transfer developed by the UFMG (a new sole cushioning system for a footwear industry in Nova Serrana city, in Minas Gerais State) is analyzed, using a case study. The data were collected from UFMG document research and through semi-structured interviews with the principal stakeholders. The process of technology transfer from the university to Crômic was a great learning process for both institutions. It led to a better relationship between the UFMG and the productive sector, opening up opportunities for new agreements and products. The study identified some aspects that need to be improved, such as simplification of procedures, bureaucracy reduction and regulation of the Brazilian Innovation Law within the departments of the university. The case study shows how much better cooperation between university and industry can contribute to the innovation process and improve competitiveness and the development of our country in these times of economic crisis.
Factor State In Innovative Ecosystems: A Comparison Between Brazil and Germany
Authors: Buschmann Ansgar , Meyer Bernardo , Schewe Gerhardt
Published: March 2017

Innovation is an extensively used term in modern management jargon, especially due to its capacity of giving competitive advantage to whoever is able to develop it. Consequently, due to this “special power”, innovation has been pursued by organizations worldwide, especially in the private sector. The strengths of innovation were also perceived by governments, as they began developing public policies oriented to foster innovation. In order to understand this phenomenon, this research studies the experience of two cities located in two different countries, Brazil and Germany, that are recognized nationally as having well succeeded public policies aimed on developing innovation. The paper is based on an in depth qualitative research and its main theoretical foundations are based on the contributions of Isenberg (2010) on innovation, Dye (1972) and Sebatier (1986) on public policy and Cantwell and Mudambi (2000), Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) and Etzkowitz (2008) on innovative public policies. Despite all political, social and economic differences between Brazil and Germany, the strategies implemented in both cities followed a similar pattern and were successful in fostering an ecosystem that enabled the development of companies that generated innovations in products, services and processes. The outcomes, in both regions, were related to economic development, and creation of strong cluster of highly innovative and competitive organizations.
Current practice and perception of barriers in the use of Evidence-Based Practice by a nurse in the optimum pain treatment in the elderly - preliminary study
Authors: Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska Wioletta , Gutysz-Wojnicka Aleksandra , Basiński Andrzej , Małecka-Dubiela Anna , Ozga Dorota
Published: March 2017

Advances in the study of pain and the methods for its relief since the late 1980s have led to a rise in the role of the nurse in pain management and monitoring. The application of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) related to acute pain is on the increase in the world at large. The purpose of this study is to describe current practices, perceived barriers and perceived facilitators of Polish nurses on using EBP) for assessing and managing acute pain in postoperative older adults on the basis of the Acute Pain Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire for Gerontological Nursing (APEBPQ). The project involved 1300 nurses working on surgical hospital wards. A mixed method, a descriptive exploratory survey and a qualitative content analysis, were used. Study was conducted using the Acute Pain Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire for Gerontological Nursing. Range of responses concerned (and was) the assessment of knowledge, needs, skills and deployment context of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) (medium range = 3.04-4.06), use of sources of knowledge about pain and its treatment (mean range = 2.80-4.05), the assessment of current practice in assessing and controlling pain in elderly patients (mean range = 2.64-4.24), the assessment of obstacles for the evidence-based practice (medium range = 2.82-3.54), and the assessment of the extent to which people working with nurses are useful in the practice of evidence-based (medium range = 2.96-3.32). Nurses’ awareness of EBP and use of current practices related to pain assessment and management in elderly patients increases with their level of education. One of the major problems hindering the use of EBP is not enough available professional literature in Polish literature for nurses, unfamiliarity with the English language, lack of time, as well as a lack of support from the Head of the Department.
The role of oxycodone/naloxone in pain management
Authors: Kocot-Kępska Magdalena , Zajączkowska Renata , Przeklasa-Muszyńska Anna , Dobrogowski Jan
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT: Strong opioid analgesics are essential for pain treatment of moderate to severe intensity, regardless of its etiology. An important factor limiting safety and efficacy of opioids are side effects, particularly gastrointestinal. Constipation as part of opioid induced bowel dysfunction is one of the most common reason for discontinuation of strong opioids. Introduction of novel oxycodone/naloxone formulation is an attempt to resolve the problem of opioid induced gastrointestinal side effects. On the basis of clinical trials from 2008-2016 the authors discuss the applicability of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged release in management of different pain syndromes in humans, in cancer patients, in neuropathic pain patients, in the elderly, in acute post-operative pain and other clinical indications for example restless leg syndrome. Presented data indicate comparable or in some cases even better analgesic efficacy of oxycodone with naloxone and lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects, especially constipation, when compared to other strong opioids. The introduction of oxycodone with naloxone significantly expands treatment options for chronic pain patients, likewise improving safety and thus the effectiveness of treatment with strong opioids.
Fear avoidance model – review of selected reports
Authors: Zdun-Ryżewska Agata , Basiński Krzysztof
Published: March 2017

SUMMARY: Based on the bio-psycho-social approach, fear-avoidance model can be used in situations when somebody avoids movement because of fear of pain. This model can be applied in groups of patients with low back pain and musculoskeletal pain and explains how acute pain becomes chronic. A simple behavioral model of classical and operant conditioning that explains activity avoidance was developed into a more sophisticated, cognitive-behavioral fear-avoidance model, postulating the existence of a vicious circle that causes increasing disability of patients in chronic pain. The variables involved in this mechanism are catastrophizing, fear of activity, avoiding movement, increased distress and fear-avoidance beliefs. This article also presents some further improvements to the model that include pain intensity and motivational theory. A brief overview of tools used in research on fear-avoidance is also presented. It is recommended to take Fear Avoidance Model in to consideration when working with patients with no improvement and the risk of recurrent episodes of pain. Further studies are needed to empirically verify the fear-avoidance model.
Language Use and International Business: What Can We Learn from Anthropology?
Authors: Lauring Jakob , Bjerregaard Toke
Published: March 2017

This article addresses the role of language use in international business. It argues that the impact of linguistic differences on the daily workings of international business activities and communication is shaped by the way in which these differences intersect with the social and professional structures of international ﬁrms. Thus, the analysis of management across linguistic variation requires an understanding of the character of the social and professional ties in which international business is embedded. The intensity of cross-linguistic challenges in international management is not given by the formal character and structure of linguistic differences only. While the daily practices of language use in an international ﬁrm are shaped by its social and professional structure, linguistic practices may also strengthen the social and professional ties shaping the dissemination of information. The role of linguistic differences in everyday business communication both shapes and is shaped by the character of social and professional groupings and networks in an international ﬁrm. For management, this means that handling linguistic variation and challenges also requires a consideration of the speciﬁc social as well as professional structure of a given international ﬁrm. The dynamics between language use and the social structures in which information and resources are embedded and communicated are multidirectional. This is especially clear in an international context. The article is informed by material obtained through an ethnographic ﬁeldwork in a Saudi-Arabian subsidiary of a multinational corporation.
Estuary English: a case of sociophonetic convergence
Authors: Wotschke Ingrid
Published: March 2017

Coined by David Rosewarne in 1984, the term “Estuary English” describes the trendy usage of the younger generations in the South-East of England, socially ranging from the upwardly mobile to the traditionally educated and linguistically situated in the “middle ground”, between Cockney and RP. Sociophonetic convergence not only characterizes the variant’s South-of-London origin and its geographical spread to the North but also determines its social functions and accounts for different judgements on its current role and future prospects.
Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis - the Case of the Indirect Object in Spanish
Authors: Dam Lotte , Jensen Helle Dam
Published: March 2017

This review article deals with a monograph on the indirect object in Spanish. The book offers a many-faceted analysis of the indirect object, as it, on the one hand, gives a detailed diachronic analysis of what is known as clitic-doubled constructions and, on the other, a synchronic analysis of both predicative constructions with an indirect object and the relationship between the notion of perspective and the indirect object. The general impression is that the author has produced an impressive analytical work, which, however, is not easily accessible.
English Index
Authors: Pálfi Lórand-Levente
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Registre français
Authors: Bennekou Anne Bøggild
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Modélisation soutenant l’inclusion numérique des personnes présentant une DI ou un TSA
Authors: Lussier-Desrochers Dany , Normand Claude L. , Fecteau Stéphanie , Roux Jeannie , Godin-Tremblay Valérie , Dupont Marie-Ève , Caouette Martin , Romero-Torres Alejandro , Viau-Quesnel Charles , Lachapelle Yves , Pépin-Beauchesne Laurence
Published: March 2017

Notre société numérique offre de nombreux avantages à bon nombre de citoyens. Cependant, les personnes qui présentent une déficience intellectuelle (DI) ou un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) doivent interagir avec un environnement numérique commun à l’ensemble des citoyens et inadapté à leurs besoins. Cette situation réfère à l’exclusion numérique. Malheureusement, peu de modèles sont disponibles afin de guider les intervenants et les chercheurs sur les moyens à mettre en place pour promouvoir une utilisation efficace et optimale des technologies par ces personnes. Notre équipe a développé une première modélisation des différents enjeux, représentée par une « pyramide d’accessibilité numérique ». En plus de bien identifier les éléments à prendre en compte lors de l’intervention technoclinique, la pyramide offre quelques pistes de solution pour promouvoir l’accessibilité à ces technologies.
L’implication paternelle dans l’éducation et les interventions de l’enfant qui présente un TSA avec ou sans DI. Des pistes pour mieux soutenir la participation des pères
Authors: Courcy Isabelle , Sénéchal Carole
Published: March 2017

Depuis les dernières années, plusieurs recherches sont menées auprès de familles d’enfants présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) avec ou sans déficience intellectuelle (DI). Cette recherche rend compte d’une perspective à ce jour peu documentée : celle des pères sur leur participation dans l’éducation et les interventions de leur enfant. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été menés auprès de neuf pères québécois. Une analyse qualitative a été effectuée. Les résultats montrent plusieurs formes d’implication rapportées par les participants, de même que l’importance du partage des responsabilités familiales et des services reçus sur leur perception de leur participation dans les interventions de leur enfant. Des pistes sont dégagées afin de mieux soutenir les pères qui désirent s’impliquer dans l’éducation et les interventions de leur enfant présentant un TSA avec ou sans DI.
Pour une approche diagnostique de l’autisme en République Démocratique du Congo
Authors: Ebwel Joachim Mukau , Roeyers Herbert
Published: March 2017

La présente recherche porte sur l’approche du diagnostic de l’autisme réalisé en milieu africain où, dans la majorité des communautés, les personnes autistes non seulement ne reçoivent pas ce diagnostic, mais certains sont par ailleurs assimilés au diagnostic social de la sorcellerie. L’étude consiste à évaluer une population de personnes qui présentent une déficience intellectuelle, une surdité, une maladie mentale ou un diagnostic social de la sorcellerie. L’objectif consiste à d’identifier, parmi elles, celles qui répondent non seulement aux critères de diagnostic des Troubles Envahissants de Développement (TED), mais aussi celles qui sont autistes. L’échelle d’évaluation des troubles Envahissants de développement et des autres troubles apparentés (EATA) a servi au dépistage des participants présentant un TED. Le CARS et l’ADI-R ont permis d’identifier, parmi les participants présentant un TED, ceux qui sont autistes. Tous les participants autistes présentent également un diagnostic de déficience intellectuelle mesuré à l’aide du test de Bonhomme de Goodenough et de la Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R). Les résultats confirment que l'autisme peut être identifié dans la population des enfants qui présentent des troubles de développement divers. Dans le contexte africain, les enfants autistes peuvent donc être identifiés parmi ceux qui sont considérés comme présentant de la sorcellerie.
La formation interculturelle et inclusive du personnel enseignant : conceptualisation et opérationnalisation de compétences professionnelles
Authors: Larochelle-Audet Julie , Borri-Anadon Corina , Potvin Maryse
Published: March 2017

Dans un contexte de mondialisation, les systèmes éducatifs, du primaire à l’université, doivent prendre en compte des réalités de plus en plus complexes qui les interpellent, notamment quant aux compétences que doivent développer les enseignants et les enseignantes. À cet égard, l’importance d’une formation relative à la diversité ethnoculturelle, religieuse et linguistique est régulièrement rappelée, tant sur le plan politique que scientifique. Pourtant, un portrait de cette formation dans les universités québécoises a montré que celle-ci demeure globalement lacunaire (Larochelle-Audet, Borri-Anadon, Mc Andrew et Potvin, 2013). Alors que prévaut depuis 2001 une approche par compétences pour la formation à l’enseignement, un groupe de travail interuniversitaire a entrepris de pallier ce manque en enrichissant le référentiel ministériel de compétences professionnelles du personnel enseignant. Les travaux du groupe, présentés dans l’article, s’appuient sur une analyse critique du référentiel, qui révèle l’absence de considérations concrètes quant à la diversité ethnoculturelle et aux finalités d’une formation interculturelle et inclusive en enseignement. Les membres du groupe ont élaboré deux modalités visant à insérer au référentiel des compétences interculturelles et inclusives : la première propose d’intégrer 21 composantes à même les 12 compétences professionnelles existantes et la seconde privilégie l’ajout d’une nouvelle compétence dite interculturelle et inclusive. Leur opérationnalisation comporte certaines limites et certains risques, qui font ici l’objet d’une discussion.
Leveraging social capital: multilevel stigma, associated HIV vulnerabilities, and social resilience strategies among transgender women in Lima, Peru
Authors: Perez‐Brumer Amaya G. , Reisner Sari L. , McLean Sarah A. , Silva‐Santisteban Alfonso , Huerta Leyla , Mayer Kenneth H. , Sanchez Jorge , Clark Jesse L. , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Lama Javier R.
Published: March 2017

Introduction: In Peru, transgender women (TW) experience unique vulnerabilities for HIV infection due to factors that limit access to, and quality of, HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Yet, despite recent advances in understanding factors associated with HIV vulnerability among TW globally, limited scholarship has examined how Peruvian TW cope with this reality and how existing community‐level resilience strategies are enacted despite pervasive social and economic exclusion facing the community. Addressing this need, our study applies the understanding of social capital as a social determinant of health and examines its relationship to HIV vulnerabilities to TW in Peru.

Methods: Using qualitative methodology to provide an in‐depth portrait, we assessed (1) intersections between social marginalization, social capital and HIV vulnerabilities; and (2) community‐level resilience strategies employed by TW to buffer against social marginalization and to link to needed HIV‐related services in Peru. Between January and February 2015, 48 TW participated (mean age = 29, range = 18–44) in this study that included focus group discussions and demographic surveys. Analyses were guided by an immersion crystallization approach and all coding was conducted using Dedoose Version 6.1.18.

Results: Themes associated with HIV vulnerability included experiences of multilevel stigma and limited occupational opportunities that placed TW at risk for, and limited their engagement with, existing HIV services. Emergent resiliency‐based strategies included peer‐to‐peer and intergenerational knowledge sharing, supportive clinical services (e.g. group‐based clinic attendance) and emotional support through social cohesion (i.e. feeling part of a community).

Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of TW communities as support structures that create and deploy social resiliency‐based strategies aimed at deterring and mitigating the impact of social vulnerabilities to discrimination, marginalization and HIV risk for individual TW in Peru. Public health strategies seeking to provide HIV prevention, treatment and care for this population will benefit from recognizing existing social capital within TW communities and incorporating its strengths within HIV prevention interventions. At the intersection of HIV vulnerabilities and collective agency, dimensions of bridging and bonding social capital emerged as resiliency strategies used by TW to access needed healthcare services in Peru. Fostering TW solidarity and peer support are key components to ensure acceptability and sustainability of HIV prevention and promotion efforts.
Delivering safer conception services to HIV serodiscordant couples in Kenya: perspectives from healthcare providers and HIV serodiscordant couples
Authors: Ngure Kenneth , Kimemia Grace , Dew Kristin , Njuguna Njambi , Mugo Nelly , Celum Connie , Baeten Jared M , Heffron Renee
Published: March 2017

Introduction: For HIV serodiscordant couples in resource‐limited settings, pregnancy is common despite the risk of sexual and/or perinatal HIV transmission. Some safer conception strategies to reduce HIV transmission during pregnancy attempts are available but often not used for reasons including knowledge, accessibility, preference and others. We sought to understand Kenyan health providers’ and HIV serodiscordant couples’ perspectives and experiences with safer conception.

Methods: Between August 2015 and March 2016, we conducted key informant interviews (KIIs) with health providers from public and private HIV care and fertility clinics and in‐depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with HIV serodiscordant couples participating in an open‐label study of integrated pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV prevention (the Partners Demonstration Project). An inductive analytic approach identified a number of themes related to experiences with and perceptions of safer conception strategies.

Results: We conducted 20 KIIs with health providers, and 21 IDIs and 4 FGDs with HIV serodiscordant couples. HIV clinic providers frequently discussed timed condomless sex and antiretroviral medications while providers at private fertility care centres were more comfortable recommending medically assisted reproduction. Couples experienced with ART and PrEP reported that they were comfortable using these strategies to reduce HIV risk when attempting pregnancy. Timed condomless sex in conjunction with ART and PrEP was a preferred strategy, often owing to them being available for free in public and research clinics, as well as most widely known; however, couples often held inaccurate knowledge of how to identify days with peak fertility in the upcoming menstrual cycle.

Conclusions: Antiretroviral‐based HIV prevention is acceptable and accessible to meet the growing demand for safer conception services in Kenya, since medically assisted interventions are currently cost prohibitive. Cross‐disciplinary training for health providers would expand confidence in all prevention options and foster the tailoring of counselling to couples’ preferences.
Total biosynthesis of the cyclic AMP booster forskolin from Coleus forskohlii
Authors: Pateraki Irini , Andersen-Ranberg Johan , Jensen Niels Bjerg , Wubshet Sileshi Gizachew , Heskes Allison Maree , Forman Victor , Hallström Björn , Hamberger Britta , Motawia Mohammed Saddik , Olsen Carl Erik , Staerk Dan , Hansen Jørgen , Møller Birger Lindberg , Hamberger Björn
Published: March 2017

Forskolin is a unique structurally complex labdane-type diterpenoid used in the treatment of glaucoma and heart failure based on its activity as a cyclic AMP booster. Commercial production of forskolin relies exclusively on extraction from its only known natural source, the plant Coleus forskohlii, in which forskolin accumulates in the root cork. Here, we report the discovery of five cytochrome P450s and two acetyltransferases which catalyze a cascade of reactions converting the forskolin precursor 13R-manoyl oxide into forskolin and a diverse array of additional labdane-type diterpenoids. A minimal set of three P450s in combination with a single acetyl transferase was identified that catalyzes the conversion of 13R-manoyl oxide into forskolin as demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. The entire pathway for forskolin production from glucose encompassing expression of nine genes was stably integrated into Saccharomyces cerevisiae and afforded forskolin titers of 40 mg/L.
Synaptic transmission and plasticity require AMPA receptor anchoring via its N-terminal domain
Authors: Watson Jake F , Ho Hinze , Greger Ingo H
Published: March 2017

AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and are selectively recruited during activity-dependent plasticity to increase synaptic strength. A prerequisite for faithful signal transmission is the positioning and clustering of AMPARs at postsynaptic sites. The mechanisms underlying this positioning have largely been ascribed to the receptor cytoplasmic C-termini and to AMPAR-associated auxiliary subunits, both interacting with the postsynaptic scaffold. Here, using mouse organotypic hippocampal slices, we show that the extracellular AMPAR N-terminal domain (NTD), which projects midway into the synaptic cleft, plays a fundamental role in this process. This highly sequence-diverse domain mediates synaptic anchoring in a subunit-selective manner. Receptors lacking the NTD exhibit increased mobility in synapses, depress synaptic transmission and are unable to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, synaptic transmission and the expression of LTP are dependent upon an AMPAR anchoring mechanism that is driven by the NTD.
Mating and male pheromone kill Caenorhabditis males through distinct mechanisms
Authors: Shi Cheng , Runnels Alexi M , Murphy Coleen T
Published: March 2017

Differences in longevity between sexes is a mysterious yet general phenomenon across great evolutionary distances. To test the roles of responses to environmental cues and sexual behaviors in longevity regulation, we examined Caenorhabditis male lifespan under solitary, grouped, and mated conditions. We find that neurons and the germline are required for male pheromone-dependent male death. Hermaphrodites with a masculinized nervous system secrete male pheromone and are susceptible to male pheromone killing. Male pheromone-mediated killing is unique to androdioecious Caenorhabditis, and may reduce the number of males in hermaphroditic populations; neither males nor females of gonochoristic species are susceptible to male pheromone killing. By contrast, mating-induced death, which is characterized by germline-dependent shrinking, glycogen loss, and ectopic vitellogenin expression, utilizes distinct molecular pathways and is shared between the sexes and across species. The study of sex- and species-specific regulation of aging reveals deeply conserved mechanisms of longevity and population structure regulation.
Comparison of methods of alert acknowledgement by critical care clinicians in the ICU setting
Authors: Harrison Andrew M. , Thongprayoon Charat , Aakre Christopher A. , Jeng Jack Y. , Dziadzko Mikhail A. , Gajic Ognjen , Pickering Brian W. , Herasevich Vitaly
Published: March 2017

Background

Electronic Health Record (EHR)-based sepsis alert systems have failed to demonstrate improvements in clinically meaningful endpoints. However, the effect of implementation barriers on the success of new sepsis alert systems is rarely explored.

Objective

To test the hypothesis time to severe sepsis alert acknowledgement by critical care clinicians in the ICU setting would be reduced using an EHR-based alert acknowledgement system compared to a text paging-based system.

Study Design

In one arm of this simulation study, real alerts for patients in the medical ICU were delivered to critical care clinicians through the EHR. In the other arm, simulated alerts were delivered through text paging. The primary outcome was time to alert acknowledgement. The secondary outcomes were a structured, mixed quantitative/qualitative survey and informal group interview.

Results

The alert acknowledgement rate from the severe sepsis alert system was 3% (N = 148) and 51% (N = 156) from simulated severe sepsis alerts through traditional text paging. Time to alert acknowledgement from the severe sepsis alert system was median 274 min (N = 5) and median 2 min (N = 80) from text paging. The response rate from the EHR-based alert system was insufficient to compare primary measures. However, secondary measures revealed important barriers.

Conclusion

Alert fatigue, interruption, human error, and information overload are barriers to alert and simulation studies in the ICU setting.
Vector competence ofAnophelesandCulexmosquitoes for Zika virus
Authors: Dodson Brittany L. , Rasgon Jason L.
Published: March 2017

Zika virus is a newly emergent mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused recent large outbreaks in the new world, leading to dramatic increases in serious disease pathology including Guillain-Barre syndrome, newborn microcephaly, and infant brain damage. AlthoughAedesmosquitoes are thought to be the primary mosquito species driving infection, the virus has been isolated from dozens of mosquito species, includingCulexandAnophelesspecies, and we lack a thorough understanding of which mosquito species to target for vector control. We exposedAnopheles gambiae,Anopheles stephensi, andCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes to blood meals supplemented with two Zika virus strains. Mosquito bodies, legs, and saliva were collected five, seven, and 14 days post blood meal and tested for infectious virus by plaque assay. Regardless of titer, virus strain, or timepoint,Anopheles gambiae,Anopheles stephensi, andCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes were refractory to Zika virus infection. We conclude thatAnopheles gambiae,Anopheles stephensi, andCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes likely do not contribute significantly to Zika virus transmission to humans. However, future studies should continue to explore the potential for other novel potential vectors to transmit the virus.
Smurf1 controls S phase progression and tumorigenesis through Wee1 degradation
Authors: Wei Rongfei , Guo Jing , Li Mengyuan , Yang Xingjiu , Zhu Ruimin , Huang Hao , Li Kejuan , Zhang Lingqiang , Gao Ran
Published: March 2017

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) is a HECT‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates several important signaling pathways, including the bone morphogenetic protein pathway and the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) signaling pathway. However, the function of Smurf1 in cell cycle progression remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that silencing of Smurf1 results in S phase arrest, confirming that Smurf1 is required for S phase progression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Smurf1‐mediated S phase progression is largely dependent on the ubiquitination‐dependent degradation of Wee1. This study defines a novel role for Smurf1 in controlling S phase progression by promoting Wee1 degradation.
A genome‐wide siRNA screen for regulators of tumor suppressor p53 activity in human non‐small cell lung cancer cells identifies components of the RNA splicing machinery as targets for anticancer treatment
Authors: Siebring‐van Olst Ellen , Blijlevens Maxime , de Menezes Renee X. , van der Meulen‐Muileman Ida H. , Smit Egbert F. , van Beusechem Victor W.
Published: March 2017

Reinstating wild‐type tumor suppressor p53 activity could be a valuable option for the treatment of cancer. To contribute to development of new treatment options for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we performed genome‐wide siRNA screens for determinants of p53 activity in NSCLC cells. We identified many genes not previously known to be involved in regulating p53 activity. Silencing p53 pathway inhibitor genes was associated with loss of cell viability. The largest functional gene cluster influencing p53 activity was mRNA splicing. Prominent p53 activation was observed upon silencing of specific spliceosome components, rather than by general inhibition of the spliceosome. Ten genes were validated as inhibitors of p53 activity in multiple NSCLC cell lines: genes encoding the Ras pathway activator SOS1, the zinc finger protein TSHZ3, the mitochondrial membrane protein COX16, and the spliceosome components SNRPD3, SF3A3, SF3B1, SF3B6, XAB2, CWC22, and HNRNPL. Silencing these genes generally increased p53 levels, with distinct effects on CDKN1A expression, induction of cell cycle arrest and cell death. Silencing spliceosome components was associated with alternative splicing of MDM4 mRNA, which could contribute to activation of p53. In addition, silencing splice factors was particularly effective in killing NSCLC cells, albeit in a p53‐independent manner. Interestingly, silencing SNRPD3 and SF3A3 exerted much stronger cytotoxicity to NSCLC cells than to lung fibroblasts, suggesting that these genes could represent useful therapeutic targets.
Submesoscale processes promote seasonal restratification in the Subantarctic Ocean
Authors: du Plessis M. , Swart S. , Ansorge I. J. , Mahadevan A.
Published: March 2017

Traditionally, the mechanism driving the seasonal restratification of the Southern Ocean mixed layer (ML) is thought to be the onset of springtime warming. Recent developments in numerical modeling and North Atlantic observations have shown that submesoscale ML eddies (MLE) can drive a restratifying flux to shoal the deep winter ML prior to solar heating at high latitudes. The impact of submesoscale processes on the intraseasonal variability of the Subantarctic ML is still relatively unknown. We compare 5 months of glider data in the Subantarctic Zone to simulations of a 1‐D mixing model to show that the magnitude of restratification of the ML cannot be explained by heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes alone. During early spring, we estimate that periodic increases in the vertical buoyancy flux by MLEs caused small increases in stratification, despite predominantly down‐front winds that promote the destruction of stratification. The timing of seasonal restratification was consistent between 1‐D model estimates and the observations. However, during up‐front winds, the strength of springtime stratification increased over twofold compared to the 1‐D model, with a rapid shoaling of the MLD from >200 m to <100 m within a few days. The ML stratification is further modified under a negative Ekman buoyancy flux during down‐front winds, resulting in the destruction of ML stratification and deepening of the MLD. These results propose the importance of submesoscale buoyancy fluxes enhancing seasonal restratification and mixing of the Subantarctic ML.
WRF nested large‐eddy simulations of deep convection during SEAC4RS
Authors: Heath Nicholas K. , Fuelberg Henry E. , Tanelli Simone , Turk F. Joseph , Lawson R. Paul , Woods Sarah , Freeman Sean
Published: March 2017

Large‐eddy simulations (LES) and observations are often combined to increase our understanding and improve the simulation of deep convection. This study evaluates a nested LES method that uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and, specifically, tests whether the nested LES approach is useful for studying deep convection during a real‐world case. The method was applied on 2 September 2013, a day of continental convection that occurred during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign. Mesoscale WRF output (1.35 km grid length) was used to drive a nested LES with 450 m grid spacing, which then drove a 150 m domain. Results reveal that the 450 m nested LES reasonably simulates observed reflectivity distributions and aircraft‐observed in‐cloud vertical velocities during the study period. However, when examining convective updrafts, reducing the grid spacing to 150 m worsened results. We find that the simulated updrafts in the 150 m run become too diluted by entrainment, thereby generating updrafts that are weaker than observed. Lastly, the 450 m simulation is combined with observations to study the processes forcing strong midlevel cloud/updraft edge downdrafts that were observed on 2 September. Results suggest that these strong downdrafts are forced by evaporative cooling due to mixing and by perturbation pressure forces acting to restore mass continuity around neighboring updrafts. We conclude that the WRF nested LES approach, with further development and evaluation, could potentially provide an effective method for studying deep convection in real‐world cases.
Beyond debuttressing: Mechanics of paraglacial rock slope damage during repeat glacial cycles
Authors: Grämiger Lorenz M. , Moore Jeffrey R. , Gischig Valentin S. , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Loew Simon
Published: March 2017

Cycles of glaciation impose mechanical stresses on underlying bedrock as glaciers advance, erode, and retreat. Fracture initiation and propagation constitute rock mass damage and act as preparatory factors for slope failures; however, the mechanics of paraglacial rock slope damage remain poorly characterized. Using conceptual numerical models closely based on the Aletsch Glacier region of Switzerland, we explore how in situ stress changes associated with fluctuating ice thickness can drive progressive rock mass failure preparing future slope instabilities. Our simulations reveal that glacial cycles as purely mechanical loading and unloading phenomena produce relatively limited new damage. However, ice fluctuations can increase the criticality of fractures in adjacent slopes, which may in turn increase the efficacy of fatigue processes. Bedrock erosion during glaciation promotes significant new damage during first deglaciation. An already weakened rock slope is more susceptible to damage from glacier loading and unloading and may fail completely. We find that damage kinematics are controlled by discontinuity geometry and the relative position of the glacier; ice advance and retreat both generate damage. We correlate model results with mapped landslides around the Great Aletsch Glacier. Our result that most damage occurs during first deglaciation agrees with the relative age of the majority of identified landslides. The kinematics and dimensions of a slope failure produced in our models are also in good agreement with characteristics of instabilities observed in the field. Our results extend simplified assumptions of glacial debuttressing, demonstrating in detail how cycles of ice loading, erosion, and unloading drive paraglacial rock slope damage.