bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bee boys and fly girls: Do pollinators prefer male or female umbels in protandrous parsnip,Trachymene incisa(Apiaceae)?
Authors: DAVILA YVONNE C. , WARDLE GLENDA M.
Published: October 2007

Abstract Complete dichogamy occurs when temporal separation prevents any overlap in male and female function within and among flowers of one or more inflorescences. Although dichogamy may increase outcrossing and prevent inbreeding, it also results in the presentation of inflorescences with different floral resources. Pollinators may prefer one gender over the other based on these differences, which can reduce the transfer of pollen to conspecific stigmas and reduce floral resources for effective pollinators. We investigated whether the insect visitors ofTrachymene incisa(Apiaceae), an Australian herb demonstrating complete protandry at the umbel level, show a preference for male or female umbels. The male phase umbels present pollen and nectar, whereas the female phase umbels offer nectar only. Therefore, we expect pollen‐collecting insects to favour male umbels, whereas insects that forage only for nectar will favour female umbels. In natural patches that exhibited a male umbel bias, insects showed a preference for male phase umbels at Agnes Banks in 2003 and at Myall Lakes in both 2003 and 2004. By contrast, insects showed no preference for umbel phases, visiting umbels at a similar frequency to which they occurred, at Agnes Banks in 2004 and at Tomago in both 2003 and 2004. This suggests spatial and temporal variation in insect preferences for umbel phases that differ in floral rewards. In experimental arrays where the umbel gender ratio was equal, there were no significant differences between male and female umbels in terms of insect visitation during a foraging trip and mean foraging time per visit. The differing patterns of preference may be due to a differential response by insects when the umbel ratios vary, where a male bias in umbel genders leads to a preference for male umbels, whereas an equal umbel gender ratio leads to equal visitation to male and female phase umbels.
Patterns in biogeochemical properties of sediments and benthic animals among different habitats in mangrove forests
Authors: TOLHURST T. J. , CHAPMAN M. G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract  Determining interactions between biological and physical structure of intertidal sediments and their relationships to ecological functioning is vital for improving our understanding of these complex habitats. If spatial and/or temporal variations in the benthos are related to properties of the sediment, one can infer that sediments should vary and change at similar scales to the benthos. The mangrove forests of Sydney Harbour, Australia consist of distinct subhabitats (termed MH1‐3, representing a change from open mudflat to canopied mangrove forest), which might affect benthos and, independently, properties of the sediment. This study tests the model that the benthos and sediment would respond to environmental differences between MH1–3 similarly in different locations and thus show consistent patterns of difference among habitats. Although general patterns of sediment properties and benthos were relatively similar, detailed patterns varied among locations. The relative importance of the different sedimentary properties varied in unpredictable ways among habitats in the different locations. Out of all the variables, only total carbohydrate was consistently important in driving differences among habitats in all three locations, but only between MH1 and MH2. That there were no other strong consistent differences between the different microhabitats in terms of the measured properties of the sediments indicates that there is more driving these patterns than a simple relationship to different habitat formed by mangrove forests and/or feedbacks between sediment properties and benthos. With respect to the benthic assemblage, in all bays MH1 and MH3 were the most different. The benthos showed stronger patterns relating to the different subhabitats than did the sediment, suggesting that there are important differences affecting these habitats that were not revealed by our suite of biogeochemical measurements of the sediment.
Recovery from clearing, cyclone and fire in rain forests of Tonga, South Pacific: Vegetation dynamics 1995–2005
Authors: FRANKLIN JANET
Published: October 2007

Abstract In late 2001 a category 3 cyclone impacted forest plots that were established in Tonga in 1995, and additionally, one plot was accidentally burned by an escaped land‐clearing fire. Subsequent surveys provide observations of 10 years of forest dynamics in this poorly studied region, and the first reported observations of large interannual variation in juvenile (seedling and sapling) abundance in the western tropical Pacific. The severely disturbed (burned) plot was initially colonized by a non‐native early pioneer,Carica papayaL., but 3.5 years later a native pioneer,Macaranga harveyana(Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg., was the most abundant tree species. The seedling layer included some long‐lived pioneers and shade‐tolerant species. Two mature forest plots affected only by the cyclone changed very little over a decade. Late‐successional shade‐tolerant species that dominated the overstory were also abundant as seedlings and saplings. This is in contrast with a 30‐ to 40‐year‐old, formerly cultivated, secondary forest plot that still shows no recruitment of late‐successional dominants, in spite of the proximity of remnant forest patches. This study suggests differing pathways of succession following shifting cultivationversuscyclone and fire disturbances in Tonga. Land use legacies appear to have a long‐lasting effect on community composition.
A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation
Authors: Lindenmayer David , Hobbs Richard J. , Montague‐Drake Rebecca , Alexandra Jason , Bennett Andrew , Burgman Mark , Cale Peter , Calhoun Aram , Cramer Viki , Cullen Peter , Driscoll Don , Fahrig Lenore , Fischer Joern , Franklin Jerry , Haila Yrjo , Hunter Malcolm , Gibbons Philip , Lake Sam , Luck Gary , MacGregor Chris , McIntyre Sue , Nally Ralph Mac , Manning Adrian , Miller James , Mooney Hal , Noss Reed , Possingham Hugh , Saunders Denis , Schmiegelow Fiona , Scott Michael , Simberloff Dan , Sisk Tom , Tabor Gary , Walker Brian , Wiens John , Woinarski John , Zavaleta Erika
Published: October 2007

The management of landscapes for biological conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource use are crucial global issues. Research for over two decades has resulted in a large literature, yet there is little consensus on the applicability or even the existence of general principles or broad considerations that could guide landscape conservation. We assess six major themes in the ecology and conservation of landscapes. We identify 13 important issues that need to be considered in developing approaches to landscape conservation. They include recognizing the importance of landscape mosaics (including the integration of terrestrial and aquatic areas), recognizing interactions between vegetation cover and vegetation configuration, using an appropriate landscape conceptual model, maintaining the capacity to recover from disturbance and managing landscapes in an adaptive framework. These considerations are influenced by landscape context, species assemblages and management goals and do not translate directly into on‐the‐ground management guidelines but they should be recognized by researchers and resource managers when developing guidelines for specific cases. Two crucial overarching issues are: (i) a clearly articulated vision for landscape conservation and (ii) quantifiable objectives that offer unambiguous signposts for measuring progress.
The role of functional traits and trade‐offs in structuring phytoplankton communities: scaling from cellular to ecosystem level
Authors: Litchman Elena , Klausmeier Christopher A. , Schofield Oscar M. , Falkowski Paul G.
Published: October 2007

Trait‐based approaches to community structure are increasingly used in terrestrial ecology. We show that such an approach, augmented by a mechanistic analysis of trade‐offs among functional traits, can be successfully used to explain community composition of marine phytoplankton along environmental gradients. Our analysis of literature on major functional traits in phytoplankton, such as parameters of nutrient‐dependent growth and uptake, reveals physiological trade‐offs in species abilities to acquire and utilize resources. These trade‐offs, arising from fundamental relations such as cellular scaling laws and enzyme kinetics, define contrasting ecological strategies of nutrient acquisition. Major groups of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton have adopted distinct strategies with associated traits. These diverse strategies of nutrient utilization can explain the distribution patterns of major functional groups and size classes along nutrient availability gradients.
Community Politics? Grassroots Liberal Democrats and the 2003 Scottish Parliament Elections
Authors: Clark Alistair
Published: October 2007

The Liberal Democrats have become synonymous with the idea of ‘community politics’. This means being active in communities between elections in order to build a profile from which the party benefits at subsequent elections. This article examines the constituency organisation of the Scottish Liberal Democrats in order to ask how deserved the reputation for ‘community politics’ is in the Scottish context. It assesses how extensive the party organisation is, and how active that organisation is both between and during election campaigns. The first section of the article assesses the importance of local parties. The second section examines the extent of Scottish Liberal Democrat membership and societal penetration. The third and fourth sections address levels of activity between and during elections. The article concludes with a short assessment of the implications for the party.
‘NQOC’: Social Identity and Representation in British Politics
Authors: Liddle Joanna , Michielsens Elisabeth
Published: October 2007

This article develops a critique of the ‘economistic’ approach to understanding social bias in parliamentary representation. It asks why it is so difficult to reduce social bias and achieve change towards a more demographically representative parliament. It argues that what is needed to understand political representation and social identity is a theory that does not polarise subjectivity and social structure in the way the economistic approach polarises ‘supply’ and ‘demand’. The article proposes that paired concepts of ‘habitus’ and ‘field’ provide tools that enable an understanding of the relationship between the ‘general social field’, structured as it is by divisions of social class, sex/gender and ‘race’/ethnicity, and the ‘habitus’ and ‘strategies’ of actors competing to enter one of the major fields of power, in this case, the field of politics, recognising that these two levels are mediated in their interconnections by the specific form taken by the British political system. The research is based on extended autobiographical interviews with male and female members of the British parliament. The article focuses on class, the ‘difference’ that has been sidelined in feminist debates on the politics of difference, and also on sex/gender in the form of masculine identity. The article suggests that remedies are needed at each of the three levels of field, system and habitus if parliamentary politics is to be opened up to a wider demographic base, and in so doing, to move towards political justice.
Using Difference‐Based Methods for Inference in Regression with Fractionally Integrated Processes
Authors: Tsay Wen‐Jen
Published: October 2007

Abstract.  This paper suggests a difference‐based method for inference in the regression model involving fractionally integrated processes. Under suitable regularity conditions, our method can effectively deal with the inference problems associated with the regression model consisting of nonstationary, stationary and intermediate memory regressors, simultaneously. Although the difference‐based method provides a very flexible modelling framework for empirical studies, the implementation of this method is extremely easy, because it completely avoids the difficult problems of choosing a kernel function, a bandwidth parameter, or an autoregressive lag length for the long‐run variance estimation. The asymptotic local power of our method is investigated with a sequence of local data‐generating processes (DGP) in what Davidson and MacKinnon [Canadian Journal of Economics. (1985) Vol. 18, pp. 38–57] call ‘regression direction’. The simulation results indicate that the size control of our method is excellent even when the sample size is only 100, and the pattern of power performance is highly consistent with the theoretical finding from the asymptotic local power analysis conducted in this paper.
Polynomial Cointegration Between Stationary Processes With Long Memory
Authors: Avarucci Marco , Marinucci Domenico
Published: October 2007

Abstract. In this article we consider polynomial cointegrating relationships between stationary processes with long range dependence. We express the regression functions in terms of Hermite polynomials and consider a form of spectral regression around frequency zero. For these estimates, we establish consistency by means of a more general result on continuously averaged estimates of the spectral density matrix at frequency zero.
NEANDERTHALS, ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS, AND ‘MODERN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR’ IN ITALY
Authors: MILLIKEN SARAH
Published: October 2007

Summary.  Traditionally, accounts of the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition focus almost exclusively on the evidence from south‐western Europe. Interpretations based on data from this area are then generalized to produce a relatively uncomplicated pan‐European model, with the appearance of novel technologies, new patterns of land use, expanded social networks, and the emergence of complex forms of symbolic communication involving art and personal ornaments, all pointing to the appearance of ‘modern human behaviour’ in Europe about 40,000 years ago. This paper presents an impartial review of the important but often neglected evidence from Italy, and shows that models positing a single spatiotemporal origin for ‘modern human behaviour’ are too simplistic.
APPROACHING MONUMENTS IN THE PREHISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT: NEW LIGHT ON THE MINOAN PALACES
Authors: ADAMS ELLEN
Published: October 2007

Summary.  The palaces are the most distinctive feature of the Minoan civilization, although their functions and meanings remain enigmatic. This paper explores these inhabited monuments with the application of a phenomenological approach. By constructing a series of categories based on data collected from all the entrances, not just the main ones, we can highlight the myriad everyday experiences encountered upon approaching and entering them. Categories based on function, yet also sensitive to experiential qualities of the use of space, are utilized in order to draw out the varied ways in which people perceived four different Minoan palaces (Knossos, Malia, Phaistos and Zakros).
MAKING METAL AND FORGING RELATIONS: IRONWORKING IN THE BRITISH IRON AGE
Authors: GILES MELANIE
Published: October 2007

Summary. This article explores the social significance of metalworking in the British Iron Age, drawing ethnographic analogies with small‐scale, pre‐industrial communities. It focuses on iron, from the collection of ore to smelting and smithing, challenging the assumption that specialized ironworking was necessarily associated with hierarchical chiefdoms, supported by full‐time craft specialists. Instead, it explores more complex ways in which social and political authority might have been associated with craftwork, through metaphorical associations with fertility, skill and exchange. Challenging traditional interpretations of objects such as tools and weapons, it argues that the importance of this craft lay in its dual association with transformative power, both creative and destructive. It suggests that this technology literally made new kinds of metaphorical relationshipsthinkable, and it explores the implications through a series of case studies ranging from the production and use of iron objects to their destruction and deposition.
Place as a site and item of consumption: an exploratory study
Authors: Pettigrew Simone
Published: October 2007

While places are recognized as sites of consumption within the field of consumer behaviour, they have yet to be generally accepted as forms of consumption. This study investigates the idea of place as a consumption object by comparing conceptions of city and country within a cross‐cultural sample. Thirty‐six consumers living in the US, the UK and Australia were interviewed to explore their thoughts and feelings relating to the cities and countries in which they reside. The findings provide empirical support for key conceptualizations of place in the sociology literature and extend consumer behaviour theory to include considerations of the physical, social and cultural aspects of place that impact upon consumption. In addition, the findings portray places as entities that are assessed, selected and experienced in comparable ways to products.
A study of e‐retailing management: analysing the expectations and perceptions of Spanish consumers
Authors: Fransi Eduard Cristóbal , Viadiu Frederic Marimon
Published: October 2007

This article analyses various elements that influence the purchasing behaviour of online consumers. These elements include the aesthetic aspects of a web site and the interactive processes that take place at the time of purchase. The study analyses the expectations and perceptions of a sample of Spanish online customers. On the basis of these attitudes, the sample of respondents is segmented. In addition, the main factors that determine online service satisfaction are identified. The segments of respondents are then positioned with respect to these identified factors in online service quality. The analysis thus allows differentiation of both customers and service quality. The paper concludes with recommendations for online retailers who wish to operate a successful ‘virtual’ retail outlet.
Buying behaviour of rural and urban consumers in India: the impact of packaging
Authors: Sehrawet Mahavir , Kundu Subhash C.
Published: October 2007

This study aims to establish whether the residential background of consumers has a varying influence on their buying decisions. A survey of 1090 urban and rural respondents was carried out of which 523 were rural and 567 were urban. The gathered data were analysed by applying counts, percentages, means, and analysis of variance. Rural residents found that packaging is more helpful in buying, that better packaging contains a better product and that they are more influenced by the ease of storing a package than their urban counterparts. Ease of carriage, package weight, simplicity, transparency and similarity of packaging have comparatively less impact on purchase decisions of rural consumers than urban ones. However, rural consumers are more critical about packaging as they strongly consider that it contributes to misleading buyers and is also an environmental hazard.
Lactate uptake contributes to the NAD(P)H biphasic response and tissue oxygen response during synaptic stimulation in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices
Authors: Galeffi Francesca , Foster Kelley A. , Sadgrove Matthew P. , Beaver Christopher J. , Turner Dennis A.
Published: October 2007

Synaptic train stimulation (10 Hz × 25 s) in hippocampal slices results in a biphasic response of NAD(P)H fluorescence indicating a transient oxidation followed by a prolonged reduction. The response is accompanied by a transient tissue PO2 decrease indicating enhanced oxygen utilization. The activation of mitochondrial metabolism and/or glycolysis may contribute to the secondary NAD(P)H peak. We investigated whether extracellular lactate uptake via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) contributes to the generation of the NAD(P)H response during neuronal activation. We measured the effect of lactate uptake inhibition [using the MCT inhibitor α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (4‐CIN)] on the NAD(P)H biphasic response, tissue PO2 response, and field excitatory post‐synaptic potential in hippocampal slices during synaptic stimulation in area CA1 (stratum radiatum). The application of 4‐CIN (150–250 μmol/L) significantly decreased the reduction phase of the NAD(P)H response. When slices were supplemented with 20 mmol/L lactate in 150–250 μmol/L 4‐CIN, the secondary NAD(P)H peak was restored; whereas 20 mmol/L pyruvate supplementation did not produce a recovery. Similarly, the tissue PO2 response was decreased by MCT inhibition; 20 mmol/L lactate restored this response to control levels at all 4‐CIN concentrations. These results indicate that lactate uptake via MCTs contributes significantly to energy metabolism in brain tissue and to the generation of the delayed NAD(P)H peak after synaptic stimulation.
Sensitive biochemical aggregate detection reveals aggregation onset before symptom development in cellular and murine models of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Weiss Andreas , Klein Corinna , Woodman Ben , Sathasivam Kirupa , Bibel Miriam , Régulier Etienne , Bates Gillian P. , Paganetti Paolo
Published: October 2007

A CAG‐repeat gene expansion translated into a pathogenic polyglutamine stretch at the N‐terminus of huntingtin triggers Huntington’s Disease. Mutated huntingtin is predicted to adopt toxic properties mainly if aggregation‐prone N‐terminal fragments are released by proteolysis. Huntingtin‐aggregates are indeed a major hallmark of this disorder and could represent useful markers of disease‐onset or progression. We designed a simple method for qualitative and quantitative characterization of aggregates. For this, we analyzed samples from in vitro and in vivo Huntington’s Disease models by agarose gel electrophoresis and showed that in the brain of transgenic mice huntingtin‐aggregates became larger as a function of disease progression. This appears to be a property of cytoplasmic but not nuclear aggregates. In cell cultures, treatment with Congo Red inhibited aggregate growth but not total load. Finally, we showed that in primary striatal neurons and in brains of R6/2 and HdhQ150 mice, the presence of aggregates preceded initiation of any other functional deficits. This observation argues for a pathogenic role of huntingtin‐aggregation in Huntington’s Disease. Our results emphasize that thorough analysis of huntingtin metabolism and aggregation is now feasible, thus significantly improving the power of studies assessing therapies designed to lower huntingtin levels or to interfere with its aggregation.
Post‐synaptic action of morphine on glutamatergic neuronal transmission related to the descending antinociceptive pathway in the rat thalamus
Authors: Narita Minoru , Hashimoto Keisuke , Amano Taku , Narita Michiko , Niikura Keiichi , Nakamura Atsushi , Suzuki Tsutomu
Published: October 2007

Morphine is a prototypical μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, and can directly inhibit pain transmission at both spinal and supraspinal levels. In the present study, we investigated the properties of thalamic neurons in an opioid‐sensitive pain‐modulating circuit. Application of morphine to cultured thalamic neurons evoked a potentiation of glutamate‐induced peak currents, which was blocked by the MOR antagonist. Application of the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine significantly inhibited the morphine‐evoked enhancement of glutamate‐induced currents. Immunoreactivity for MOR was observed with high density in the habenular nucleus (Hb) of the thalamus in rats, which was clearly co‐localized with NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NRI). In this study, we show that microinjection of morphine into the Hb produced a dose‐dependent increase in the tail‐flick latency and enhanced the antinociceptive effect induced by the intra‐Hb injection of glutamate. When fluoro‐gold (FG) was used as a retrograde tracer, we found that FG‐labeled neurons in the Hb after the microinjection of FG into the periaqueductal gray expressed both MOR and NR1. The present data suggest that the stimulation of MOR in the Hb may be involved in activation of the descending antinociceptive pathway through glutamatergic neurotransmission via the NMDA receptor.
Neuroprotective effects of atypical D1 receptor agonist SKF83959 are mediated via D1 receptor‐dependent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and a receptor‐independent anti‐oxidative action
Authors: Yu Yang , Wang Jing‐Ru , Sun Pei‐Hua , Guo Yang , Zhang Zhang‐Jin , Jin Guo‐Zhang , Zhen Xuechu
Published: October 2007

3‐methyl‐6‐chloro‐7,8‐hydroxy‐1‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepine (SKF83959), a selective agonist for the putative phosphatidylinositol (PI)‐linked dopamine receptor (DAR), has been shown to possess potent anti‐Parkinson disease effects but produces less dyskinesia and motor fluctuation that are frequently observed in Parkinson disease drug therapies. The present study was designed to detect the neuroprotection of SKF83959 and its potential mechanism for the effect in cultured rat cortical cells. The presence of SKF83959 with a dose range of 0.1–30 μmol/L improved H2O2‐reduced cell viability in a dose‐dependent manner. The anti‐apoptotic action of SKF83959 was partially abolished by pre‐application of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 (30 μmol/L) and the PI 3‐kinase (PI 3‐K) inhibitor LY294002 but not by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (30 μmol/L). Moreover, SKF83959 treatment significantly inhibited H2O2‐activated glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) which was associated with the drug’s neuroprotective effect, but this inhibition was attenuated by SCH23390 and a selective PI 3‐K inhibitor. Moreover, the application of either SKF83959 or a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK‐3β attenuated the inhibition by H2O2 on the expression of inducible NO synthase and production of NO. This indicates that D1‐like receptor, presumably PI‐linked D1 receptor, ‐mediated alteration of PI 3‐K/Akt/GSK‐3β pathway is involved in the neuroprotection by SKF83959. In addition, SKF83959 also effectively decreased the level of the lipid peroxidation and increased the activity of GSH‐peroxidase altered by H2O2. These results suggest that SKF83959 exerts its neuroprotective effect through both receptor‐dependent and independent mechanisms: Inhibition of GSK‐3β and consequently increasing the expression of inducible NO synthase via putative PI‐linked DAR; and its anti‐oxidative activity which is independent of DAR.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Cross‐family amplification: microsatellites isolated from Macropodidae are polymorphic in Potoroidae
Authors: DONALDSON F. R. , VERCOE P. E.
Published: October 2007

The superfamily Macropodoidea consists of two families — the Macropodidae and Potoroidae. Cross‐species amplification and polymorphism of microsatellite loci is widely recognized within the macropodid family; however, the success of macropodid loci in potoroid species has not been as widely published. In this study, we tested the amplification and polymorphism of 17 cross‐species microsatellite loci isolated from macropodids and potoroids in Bettongia lesueur (a potoroid). Success varied between loci and was not predicted by genetic distance from the species of isolation.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)
Authors: WU HAI‐LONG , MENG KAI , ZHU GUO‐PING
Published: October 2007

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) is a vulnerable species found in the mountains of eastern China, about which little is known. Here we develop 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci from a (CA)n‐enrichment library for the animal. In the analyses of 25 individuals sampled, unbiased expected heterozygosity levels varied from 0.686 to 0.876 and the number of alleles per locus varied from five to nine. Results that 11 microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic indicated that these markers are sufficiently powerful to address such questions as parentage, mating system and population genetic structure of M. crinifrons.
Beta SSR loci cross‐amplify in five Salsola taxa
Authors: McGRAY HEATHER G. , AYRES DEBRA R. , SLOOP CHRISTINA M. , LEE ALEX KIN
Published: October 2007

We investigated 20 previously developed Beta SSR markers for their utility in the cross‐genera amplification of five morphologically distinct invasive tumbleweed (Salsola) taxa. Of these markers, 17 loci had successful amplification within Salsola taxa. Six loci were polymorphic and were useful in confirming the presence of five genetically distinct Salsola taxa.
Isolation and characterization of 10 tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the yellow‐streaked greenbul (Phyllastrephus flavostriatus) and cross‐species amplification in four closely related taxa
Authors: LOKUGALAPPATTI L. G. SAMPATH , FELDHEIM KEVIN A. , SELLAS ANNA B. , BOWIE RAURI C. K.
Published: October 2007

We describe the isolation of 10 tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the yellow‐streaked greenbul using an enrichment protocol. All loci were highly variable with the number of alleles ranging from 8 to 13, and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.652 to 0.870. All loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; however, loci Pfl12 and Pfl54 showed significant linkage disequilibrium. All 10 loci successfully amplified and were polymorphic in at least one of four related Phyllastrephus species. These loci should prove to be widely applicable to studies of phylogeography, hybridization and paternity in African greenbuls.
Identification of 11 polymorphic simple sequence repeat loci in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum as a tool for genetic studies
Authors: SCOTT J. B. , CHAKRABORTY S.
Published: October 2007

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for Fusarium pseudograminearum with 2 to 3 bp repeat motifs were identified by screening the genome database of the related species Fusarium graminearum. Twelve SSRs amplified single loci in both F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum. Forty F. pseudograminearum and six F. graminearum individual isolates were screened to determine levels of polymorphism, with all SSRs displaying three to 14 alleles across all isolates. Eleven SSRs were polymorphic across F. pseudograminearum isolates tested proving the usefulness of genome databases of closely related species in identifying genetic markers.
Fourteen microsatellite loci for the Chinese medicinal plant Epimedium sagittatum and cross‐species application in other medicinal species
Authors: XU YANQIN , LI ZUOZHOU , WANG YING
Published: October 2007

Epimedium sagittatum is a well‐known medicinal plant as well as potential ground cover and ornamental plant. A total of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for use in taxonomy, phylogenetics and conservation genetics. Markers were presented between two and eight alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.03 to 0.81 and from 0.05 to 0.81, respectively. Cross‐amplification among other four medicinal species revealed promising results in three to six polymorphic loci. These microsatellite loci contributed to the limited number of useful markers currently available for E. sagittatum.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE AUTHENTICITY MEASUREMENTS ON CORE MATERIAL FROM THE BRONZE HORSE OF THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART
Authors: ZIMMERMAN D. W. , YUHAS M. P. , MEYERS P.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

The Bronze Horse of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, suspected in recent years of being a modern forgery, is shown by thermoluminescence to have been made in antiquity. Besides the standard thermoluminescence measurements, a new technique was used, utilizing single, highly radioactive grains of zircon separated from the core material of the horse. The zircon grains, because of their high radioactivities (100–200 ppm) and subsequent large internal alpha doses (60–170 krad), are negligibly affected by γ irradiations given to the horse during previous examination. The results show the horse was made 2000 to 4000 years ago, consistent with a work of classical antiquity.
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE DEFINITION OF SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
Authors: WARD G. K.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper argues the importance of the contribution that multivariate statistical techniques can make to the analysis of data from trace element characterization of sources of raw material and of artefacts. A threephase analysis is outlined: for the delimitation of sources of the raw material; the representation of the interrelationships of these sources; and the systematic and explicit allocation of artefactual material within the available universe of source groups. A model is developed using obsidian from New Zealand sources and presented as an example of the method.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LIGHT‐TRANSMITTING PROPERTIES OF EARLY MEDIEVAL SPLAYED WINDOWS
Authors: PARSONS D.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

There is some evidence that early medieval single‐light splayed windows were specifically designed for maximum optical efficiency. Some factors affecting the design of an individual window are examined from three points of view: (1) a brief theoretical consideration of the crude effects of size and angle of splay; (2) an abbreviated account of an analysis of the characteristics of actual windows surviving from the Anglo‐Saxon period; (3) an account of an experiment to determine by means of a scale apparatus the relative effects of window size, angle and type of splay, and surface finish of the fabric.
MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUDANESE NEOLITHIC CERAMICS
Authors: HAYS T. R. , HASSAN FEKRI A.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

The archaeologist must often determine if ceramics having similar designs and forms but from widely separated locations were locally made or are the result of diffusion. This paper describes a methodology of technological analysis of ceramics utilised to solve such a problem. Results of a mineralogical analysis of ceramics and a discussion of the cultural implications of the results is presented. It is concluded that this methodology is an essential tool in distinguishing sites and elucidating relationships within the Sudanese Neolithic.
THE ACCURACY OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GOLD ALLOYS
Authors: ODDY W. A. , BLACKSHAW S. M.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

Two possible sources of error in the measurement and interpretation of the specific gravities of gold coins are investigated. First, the effect of the presence of copper was measured and found to be more significant than previously thought. It is shown that the presence of 5% of copper in a gold‐silver alloy results in a measured gold content which is 3.3% too low when the coin is analysed by the specific gravity method. Secondly, the importance of cleaning the coins before measuring the specific gravity is also demonstrated.
RADON ESCAPE FROM POTTERY: EFFECT OF WETNESS
Authors: DESAI V. S. , AITKEN M. J.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

Radon and subsequent members of the uranium‐238 decay chain are responsible for an appreciable fraction of the radiation dosage received by pottery. Consequently in thermoluminescent dating calculations it is necessary to make an estimate of the degree to which this gas was escaping during burial. Direct measurement of the radon accumulated from pottery fragments indicates that wet conditions do not drastically inhibit the escape of radon, contrary to what has usually been assumed in thermoluminescent dating up till now.
FLUORINE IN FOSSILIZED BONE AND TOOTH: DISTRIBUTION AMONG SKELETAL TISSUES
Authors: PARKER R. B. , MURPHY J. W. , TOOTS H.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

Because of differences in their physical properties, bone, tooth dentine and tooth enamel react very differently during the course of fossilization. This relationship is shown clearly in the case of diagenetic introduction of fluorine wherein bone and dentine with high permeability and small apatite crystallite size contain 2–3 times the amount of fluorine as coexisting enamel with its low permeability and large crystallites. Smaller differences in the same sense are found within bone types from the same species, and care must be used in applying fluorine content methods even among bones from the same deposit.
A NOTE ON THE DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS
Authors: KINGERY W. D.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

Evidence is presented that the clay in ancient ware fired at a temperature below 700–800°C becomes rehydrated over the millennia, such that it behaves somewhat like an unfired clay, rendering DTA a useful tool in identifying the clay minerals present. More recent samples can be artificially rehydrated by heating in a steam autoclave.
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS IN ANCIENT TURKEY: SOME NEW ANALYSES
Authors: MOOREY P. R. S. , SCHWEIZER F.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTS

This note presents some new analyses for 13 early copper and bronze artefacts from Turkey in the Collection of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. They were not included in a small programme of early copper and bronze objects from Iraq, Syria and Palestine (Moorey and Schweizer 1972, Archaeometry14 (2), 177–198) and conclude this pilot‐project.
Investigation of physical sensor models for modelling SPOT 3 orbits
Authors: Kim Taejung , Kim Hyunsuk , Rhee Sooahm
Published: October 2007

This paper investigates the feasibility of modelling entire image strips, instead of individual scenes, that have been acquired from the same orbital pass through bundle adjustments. The focus differs from previous researches in the following aspects: firstly, in modelling image strips when control points are available only on a small portion of the strips and, secondly, in comparing the performance of two types of physical sensor models with various sets of adjustment parameters. The models tested were based on modified collinear equations and on satellite orbit and attitude. For each model seven adjustment parameter sets were defined and checked against two SPOT 3 strips of 420 km in length. Results showed that the accuracy of orbit modelling is highly dependent on the choice of parameters to be adjusted. Models with high‐order parameters showed exponential error patterns whereas models with low‐order parameters showed linear error patterns. Among the two types of sensor models, those based on satellite orbit and attitude yielded better orbit modelling performance. In particular, the best performance was achieved by the model that adjusts attitude biases only; a nearly constant accuracy of better than 2 pixels was maintained over the whole orbital segment of 420 km. This supports the feasibility of orbit modelling.
Airborne digital imaging technology: a new overview
Authors: Petrie Gordon , Walker A. Stewart
Published: October 2007

This paper presents an overview of current developments in the airborne digital imaging technologies—including both digital frame cameras and pushbroom line scanners—and analyses them in the context of their applications to digital photogrammetry.
“All‐on‐Four” Immediate Function Concept and Clinical Report of Treatment of an Edentulous Mandible with a Fixed Complete Denture and Milled Titanium Framework
Authors: Khatami Amir H. , Smith Christopher R.
Published: October 2007

The “All‐on‐Four” concept—tilting the distal implants in the edentulous arches improves the prosthetic support—increases the inter‐implant distance and provides better implant anchorage in the bone by using longer implants. Computer milling of a solid block of titanium also provides frameworks with improved fit and fewer technical challenges than conventional cast or noncast approaches. This clinical report describes a method of restoring an edentulous mandible with the “All‐on‐Four” immediate function concept and a milled titanium framework. The patient in our clinical report has reported for follow‐up visits for 1 year and is satisfied with the outcome of the treatment. No discernable clinical and radiographic changes were noted around the dental implants. To date, there have been no prosthetic complications. The patient is scheduled for quarterly follow‐ups to determine the effectiveness of home care.
Eleven‐Year Report on a Predoctoral Implant Dentistry Program
Authors: Maalhagh‐Fard Ahmad , Nimmo Arthur
Published: October 2007

Purpose: An elective program on implant dentistry was started in the summer of 1994 at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry (UDM). The program provides comprehensive didactic and clinical training in implant dentistry to a select group of senior dental students. This study describes the program and clinical results of the first 11 years of the elective program in implant dentistry at UDM.

Materials and Methods: The program is 1 year long and is offered to a group of 10 senior students out of a class of 72. In addition to a one‐semester lecture course offered to all dental students, students in the elective program participate in a one‐semester seminar which includes literature review and “hands‐on” surgical and prosthodontic components. Patients are assigned during the summer term to students who work in pairs. Students actively participate in diagnosis and treatment planning, assist in surgery, and accomplish the prosthodontic procedures. Prosthodontic services include single‐tooth restorations, multiple‐unit fixed restorations, overdentures, and full‐arch fixed prostheses. A retrospective analysis of the patients treated in the first 11 years of the program was conducted.

Results: During the first 11 years of the program, 159 implants were placed in 70 patients. There were a total of 10 failed implants in seven patients (failure rate 6.3%): eight implants prior to loading and two following loading. Minor complications included gold screw loosening, gold screw fracture, porcelain fracture, and soft tissue inflammation, which occurred in less than 5% of the patients.

Conclusions: The rates of implant failure and complications in the first 11 years of the elective implant program at UDM appear to be within an acceptable range when compared to other educational programs and studies reported in the dental literature.
Effect of intermittent loading and surface roughness on peri‐implant bone formation in a bone chamber model
Authors: Duyck Joke , Slaets Elke , Sasaguri Kenichi , Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace
Published: October 2007

Both implant surface characteristics and mechanical loading are known to affect implant osseointegration. Their interaction and the underlying mechanisms by which they affect peri‐implant healing processes are still unknown. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate the influence of a turned versus a rough (Plus®, Dentsply Friadent) implant surface on peri‐implant bone formation in case of unloaded or loaded implant healing.

Material and Methods: Bone formation was evaluated around screw‐shaped implants under four experimental conditions using a repeated sampling bone chamber methodology: (1) unloaded turned implant (CU), (2) unloaded implant with a rough surface (TU), (3) loaded turned implant (CL), and (4) loaded implant with a rough surface (TL). Peri‐implant tissue samples were paraffin embedded after implant removal and examined histologically and histomorphometrically. A mixed model was used for statistical analysis.

Results: The surface of bone tissue relative to the total tissue area (bone area fraction) was not affected by the experimental conditions. The areas of bone trabeculae relative to the bone area (bone fraction) were significantly higher for TL compared with CU and TU. The bone fraction in the vicinity (100 μm zone) of the implant (BFZ) was significantly the highest around the loaded roughened implants (TL).

Conclusion: Implant loading did not affect bone formation in the absence of surface roughness, and implant surface roughness had no effect in the absence of loading. However, a bone‐stimulating effect in the implant's vicinity was assigned to the rough surface when the implant was loaded.
Surgical guided tissue regeneration treatment of advanced periodontal defects: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Slotte Christer , Asklöw Barbro , Lundgren Dan
Published: October 2007

Objectives: To study the 5‐year outcome of combined use of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) barriers and bovine bone in advanced periodontal defects.

Material and Methods: In each of 24 patients, one defect was surgically exposed, debrided, filled with bovine bone, and covered with a bioresorbable barrier. Re‐examinations were made after 1, 3, and 5 years.

Results: Average full‐mouth plaque scores (FMPS) were 14.5% at baseline and 10.7%, 9.8%, and 18.9% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Mean probing pocket depth (PPD) was 10.0 mm at baseline. Mean PPD reduction was 5.2 mm after 1 year, 5.6 mm after 3 years, and 5.3 mm after 5 years. Mean gingival recession was 1.0 mm after 1 year, 1.6 mm after 3 years, and 1.3 mm after 5 years. Mean gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) was 4.2 mm at the 1‐year, 4.1 mm at the 3‐year, and 4.3 mm at the 5‐year examination. Smoking significantly influenced CAL change at all re‐examinations. FMPS were significantly correlated with radiographic defect depth at the 5‐year examination and CAL with smoking and FMPS at the 3‐year examination.

Conclusion: Advanced periodontal defects can be successfully treated with the combined use of GTR barriers and bovine bone to substantially reduce PPD and achieve a stable, long‐term gain of CAL.
Exposure measurement in the association between periodontal disease and prematurity/low birth weight
Authors: Gomes‐Filho Isaac S. , Cruz Simone S. , Rezende Edson J. C. , Dos Santos Carlos Antônio S. T. , Soledade Kaliane R. , Magalhães Maurício A. , De Azevedo Antônio César O. , Trindade Soraya C. , Vianna Maria Isabel P. , Passos Johelle de S. , Cerqueira Eneida M. M.
Published: October 2007

Aim: To compare the use of different definitions for exposure measurement in cases of association between periodontal disease (PD) and prematurity and/or low birth weight (PLBW).

Material and Methods: A database from a previous case–control study was used to compare four different definitions for periodontitis: at least one site with probing depth 4 mm (1); at least one site with clinical attachment loss (CAL)3 mm (2); at least four teeth with one or more sites presenting probing depth 4 mm, with CAL3 mm at the same site (3); and at least four teeth with one or more sites with probing depth 4 mm, with CAL3 mm at the same site and presence of bleeding on probing (4). The PD frequency, diagnostic values and adjusted association measurements were calculated.

Results: PD frequency ranged from 33.1% to 94.7%. Odds ratioadjusted varied slightly according to the exposure measurement used.

Conclusions: The association between PD and PLBW weight was consistent, except for exposure measurement 1, i.e. using at least one site with CAL3 mm for periodontitis diagnosis, while the magnitude of this varied according to the definition established.