bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying the Tremaine–Weinberg Method to Nearby Galaxies: Stellar-mass-based Pattern Speeds and Comparisons with ISM Kinematics
Authors: Williams Thomas G. , Schinnerer Eva , Emsellem Eric , Meidt Sharon , Querejeta Miguel , Belfiore Francesco , Bešlić Ivana , Bigiel Frank , Chevance Mélanie , Dale Daniel A. , Glover Simon C. O. , Grasha Kathryn , Klessen Ralf S. , Diederik Kruijssen J. M. , Leroy Adam K. , Pan Hsi-An , Pety Jérôme , Pessa Ismael , Rosolowsky Erik , Saito Toshiki , Santoro Francesco , Schruba Andreas , Sormani Mattia C. , Sun Jiayi , Watkins Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2021

We apply the Tremaine–Weinberg method to 19 nearby galaxies using stellar mass surface densities and velocities derived from the PHANGS-MUSE survey, to calculate (primarily bar) pattern speeds (ΩP). After quality checks, we find that around half (10) of these stellar-mass-based measurements are reliable. For those galaxies, we find good agreement between our results and previously published pattern speeds, and we use rotation curves to calculate major resonance locations (corotation radii and Lindblad resonances). We also compare these stellar-mass-derived pattern speeds with Hα (from MUSE) and CO(J = 2 − 1) emission from the PHANGS-ALMA survey. We find that in the case of these clumpy interstellar medium (ISM) tracers, this method erroneously gives a signal that is simply the angular frequency at a representative radius set by the distribution of these clumps (Ωclump), and that this Ωclump is significantly different from ΩP (∼20% in the case of Hα, and ∼50% in the case of CO). Thus, we conclude that it is inadvisable to use “pattern speeds” derived from ISM kinematics. Finally, we compare our derived pattern speeds and corotation radii, along with bar properties, to the global parameters of these galaxies. Consistent with previous studies, we find that galaxies with a later Hubble type have a larger ratio of corotation radius to bar length, more molecular-gas-rich galaxies have higher ΩP, and more bulge-dominated galaxies have lower ΩP. Unlike earlier works, however, there are no clear trends between the bar strength and ΩP, nor between the total stellar mass surface density and the pattern speed.
A New Martian Crater Chronology: Implications for Jezero Crater
Authors: Marchi Simone
Published: March 2021

Crater chronologies are a fundamental tool to assess the relative and absolute ages of planetary surfaces when direct radiometric dating is not available. Martian crater chronologies are derived from lunar crater spatial densities on terrains with known radiometric ages, and thus they critically depend on the Moon-to-Mars extrapolation. This extrapolation requires knowledge of the time evolution of the impact flux, including contributions from various impactor populations, factors that are not trivially connected to the dynamical evolution of the early Solar System. In this paper, we will present a new Martian crater chronology based on current dynamical models, and consider the main sources of uncertainties (e.g., impactor size–frequency distribution; dynamical models with late and early instabilities, etc.). The resulting “envelope” of Martian crater chronologies significantly differs from previous chronologies. The new Martian crater chronology is discussed using two interesting applications: Jezero crater’s dark terrain (relevant to the NASA Mars 2020 mission) and the southern heavily cratered highlands. Our results indicate that Jezero’s dark terrain may have formed ∼3.1 Ga, i.e., up to 0.5 Gyr older than previously thought. In addition, available crater chronologies (including our own) overestimate the number of craters larger than 150 km on the southern highlands, suggesting either that large craters have been efficiently erased over Martian history or that dynamical models need further refinement. Further, our chronology constrains the age of Isidis basin to be 4.05–4.2 Ga and that of the Borealis basin to be 4.35–4.40 Ga; these are predictions that can be tested with future sample and return missions.
The Volatile Composition of the Inner Coma of Comet 46P/Wirtanen: Coordinated Observations Using iSHELL at the NASA-IRTF and Keck/NIRSPEC-2
Authors: Roth Nathan X. , Bonev Boncho P. , DiSanti Michael A. , Dello Russo Neil , McKay Adam J. , Gibb Erika L. , Saki Mohammad , Khan Younas , Vervack Ronald J. , Kawakita Hideyo , Cochran Anita L. , Biver Nicolas , Cordiner Martin A. , Crovisier Jacques , Jehin Emmanuël , Weaver Harold
Published: March 2021

The 2018 perihelion passage of comet 46P/Wirtanen afforded an opportunity to measure the abundances and spatial distributions of coma volatiles in a Jupiter-family comet with exceptional spatial resolution for several weeks surrounding its closest approach to Earth (Δmin ∼0.078 au on UT December 16). We conducted near-infrared spectroscopic observations of 46P/Wirtanen using iSHELL at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on UT 2018 December 18 in direct coordination with observations using the newly upgraded NIRSPEC-2 instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and securely detected fluorescent emission from CH3OH, C2H6, and H2O. This coordinated campaign utilizing the two premier near-infrared facilities in the northern hemisphere enabled us to sample distinct projections of the coma into the plane of the sky simultaneously, and provided an unprecedented view into the inner coma of 46P/Wirtanen near closest approach. We report rotational temperatures, production rates, and abundance ratios (i.e., mixing ratios) for all sampled species and compare our iSHELL results to simultaneous (or near-simultaneous) measurements taken with NIRSPEC-2. We demonstrate the extraordinary synergy of coordinated measurements using iSHELL and NIRSPEC-2, and advocate for future cometary studies that jointly leverage the capabilities of these two facilities.
On the Capture of Interstellar Objects by Our Solar System
Authors: Napier Kevin J. , Adams Fred C. , Batygin Konstantin
Published: March 2021

Motivated by recent visits from interstellar comets, along with continuing discoveries of minor bodies in orbit of the Sun, this paper studies the capture of objects on initially hyperbolic orbits by our solar system. Using an ensemble of ∼500 million numerical experiments, this work generalizes previous treatments by calculating the capture cross section as a function of asymptotic speed. The resulting velocity-dependent cross section can then be convolved with any distribution of relative speeds to determine the capture rate for incoming bodies. This convolution is carried out for the usual Maxwellian distribution, as well as the velocity distribution expected for rocky debris ejected from planetary systems. We also construct an analytic description of the capture process that provides an explanation for the functional form of the capture cross section in both the high- and low-velocity limits.
Distribution extension of Calotes irawadi Zug, Brown, Schulte & Vindum, 2006, previously confused with C. versicolor (Daudin, 1802): first record from China
Authors: Liu Shuo , Zuo Changsheng , Rao Dingqi
Published: March 2021

We report the first country record of Calotes irawadi, identified previously as C. versicolor, from China based on four specimens collected from Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Western Yunnan, China. Morphologically, the specimens show good agreement with the original description of C. irawadi, and phylogenetically clustered with specimens (including holotype) of C. irawadi from Myanmar with strong support. This is also the first record of C. irawadi from outside Myanmar.
A new species of leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylidae, Phyllodactylus) from María Cleofas Island, Nayarit, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez-Reyes Tonatiuh , Barraza-Soltero Ilse K. , Nolasco-Luna Jose Rafael , Flores-Villela Oscar , Escobedo-Galván Armando H.
Published: March 2021

We describe a new species of leaf-toed gecko of the genus Phyllodactylus from María Cleofas Island, the smallest island of Tres Marías Archipelago, Nayarit, México. Genomic, phylogenomic, and morphological evidence support that the new species presents a unique combination of diagnostic characters. Morphologically, the new species has a high number of tubercles, head to tail (mean 47), longitudinal ventral scales (mean 61), and third labial–snout scales (mean 26). Gene flow tests revealed the genetic isolation of insular populations from mainland counterparts. In addition, we confirmed the non-monophyly of P. homolepidurus and P. nolascoensis, and we show that the taxon P. t. saxatilis is a complex; therefore, we propose taxonomic changes within the saxatilis clade. The discovery of this new insular endemic species highlights the urgency of continued exploration of the biological diversity of island faunas of Mexico.
Comparison of Composite Measure Remission Targets in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Farkas Flora , Ikumi Natsumi , Elmamoun Musaab , Szentpetery Agnes , FitzGerald Oliver
Published: March 2021

Objective

To identify (1) which composite measure is the most stringent target of remission; and (2) which disease component target proves the most difficult to achieve in the different states of minimal disease activity (MDA), Composite Psoriatic Disease Activity Index (CPDAI), Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA), and clinical DAPSA (cDAPSA) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

There were 258 patients with PsA recruited. Disease remission was evaluated comparing 4 different composite measures and using remission cutoffs as previously proposed (very low disease activity [VLDA], CPDAI ≤ 2, DAPSA ≤ 4, cDAPSA ≤ 4).

Results

Patients met VLDA criteria (MDA 7/7) in 9.0% of visits, DAPSA remission in 19.8%, cDAPSA remission in 23.4% and CPDAI remission in 30.2%. Of 258 patients, MDA criteria (≥ 5/7) were fulfilled in 46.5%. Of those in MDA, VLDA criteria were reached in 25.0%. Patients met the pain visual analog scale (VAS) target in 57.5% of visits when they were in MDA, 43.3% when in low disease activity (MDA 5–6/7), and 44.8% when in CPDAI remission. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that pain VAS was the least likely target to be achieved. Patients with inflammatory-type back pain had significantly higher pain scores; further, a significant relationship was seen between Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and pain VAS.

Conclusion

Based on our analysis, VLDA proved the most stringent target of disease remission in PsA compared to CPDAI, DAPSA, and cDAPSA. The pain VAS target of ≤ 1.5 cm was the most difficult component to achieve. CPDAI ≤ 2 was found to be the least stringent remission target; however, measurements of axial involvement, which contributed to the elevated pain VAS score in patients not achieving VLDA, were included as a domain in CPDAI only.
Risk of Severe COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Bachiller-Corral Javier , Boteanu Alina , Garcia-Villanueva Maria Jesus , de la Puente Carlos , Revenga Marcelino , Diaz-Miguel M. Consuelo , Rodriguez-Garcia Ana , Morell-Hita Jose Luis , Valero Marta , Larena Carmen , Blazquez-Cañamero Maria , Guillen-Astete Carlos A. , Garrote Sandra , Sobrino Cristina , Medina-Quiñones Carmen , Vazquez-Diaz Mónica
Published: March 2021

Objective.

To describe the cohort of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Ramón y Cajal Hospital, and to determine the increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with no IRD.

Methods.

This is a retrospective single-center observational study of patients with IRD actively monitored in the Department of Rheumatology who were hospitalized due to COVID-19.

Results.

Forty-one (1.8%) out of 2315 patients admitted due to severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia suffered from an IRD. The admission OR for patients with IRD was 1.91 against the general population, and it was considerably higher in patients with Sjögren syndrome, vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty-seven patients were receiving treatment for IRD with corticosteroids, 23 with conventional DMARDs, 12 with biologics (7 rituximab [RTX], 4 anti–tumor necrosis factor [anti-TNF], and 1 abatacept), and 1 with Janus kinase inhibitors. Ten deaths were registered among patients with IRD. A higher hospitalization rate and a higher number of deaths were observed in patients treated with RTX (OR 12.9) but not in patients treated with anti-TNF (OR 0.9).

Conclusion.

Patients with IRD, especially autoimmune diseases and patients treated with RTX, may be at higher risk of severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 compared to the general population. More studies are needed to analyze this association further in order to help manage these patients during the pandemic.
Des armes à la compréhension
Authors: Harram Faris
Published: March 2021

L’Irak a connu treize siècles de conflits identitaires, que la création de l’État moderne n’a pas su endiguer. Et si la voie de résolution de cet engrenage de violence n’était pas à chercher dans la politique, mais dans la culture ?
Aider les jeunes lorsque la famille est absente : le cas des mineurs non accompagnés
Authors: Etienne Guillaume , Guétemme Geneviève
Published: March 2021

Cet article s’appuie sur deux enquêtes réalisées en région dans un lycée technique géré par la fondation des Apprentis d’Auteuil et dans une structure associative. Il décrit l’accueil des Mineurs non accompagnés (MNA) au sein de ces organismes et présente les dispositifs mis en place pour aider ces jeunes à s’adapter à un milieu social, éducatif et linguistique complexe sans pouvoir s’appuyer sur un réseau familial proche. Il présente l’approche spécifique de la relation à la famille dans ce cadre et introduit une réflexion sur les projets de vie développés par les jeunes. Il montre enfin comment la prise en compte de l’imaginaire associé au concept de famille au pays et sur place s’avère indispensable pour comprendre et aider ce public sensible.
Les impacts du confinement sur la santé mentale des étudiants
Authors: Coquard Léo , Mutonda Mwangaza Sylvie , Renaud Julie , Renard Aubane
Published: March 2021

L’article ci-dessous s’intéresse aux conséquences du confinement sur la santé mentale des étudiants. Sont successivement analysées les conditions psychologiques induites par ces consignes sanitaires et les stratégies d’adaptation développées par les étudiants au cours de ce premier confinement. Parmi celles-ci et en fonction de la personnalité des personnes, certaines s’avèrent efficaces alors que d’autres sont susceptibles d’aggraver la situation et d’avoir des conséquences néfastes sur leur santé mentale.
Libertés et servitudes : processus psychanalytique et création littéraire
Authors: Ferrant Alain
Published: March 2021

L’auteur se propose de rapprocher travail psychanalytique et travail de création littéraire sous l’angle des espaces de libertés et de servitudes qui les soutiennent. La liberté associative s’appuie sur une forme d’emprise exercée par le cadre dont l’analyste est garant. La liberté du créateur implique un dispositif tout aussi contraignant qui repose sur des horaires spécifiques et un aménagement singulier de l’espace. Si l’analyse est un processus qui favorise l’invention de soi en appui sur la présence de l’analyste qui soutient la réflexivité, le travail d’écriture échoue dans cette fonction réflexive. Un retour symbolisant peut se produire chez le lecteur, mais non chez l’auteur quelles que soient les qualités de l’œuvre. La réserve de l’incréable est matrice d’une souffrance inextinguible chez le créateur littéraire. Elle est source d’une exigence telle que parfois l’œuvre finit par dévorer le créateur.
La petite histoire dans la grande. Témoignage
Authors: Khair Badawi Marie-Thérèse
Published: March 2021

Ayant participé en 2008 à la fondation de l’Association Libanaise pour le Développement de la Psychanalyse (ALDeP), première association psychanalytique reconnue par l’Association Psychanalytique Internationale (IPA) dans un pays de langue arabe, et en 1978 à la fondation du département de psychologie de l’Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth où la psychanalyse occupe une place de choix, l’auteure témoigne de son vécu vis-à-vis de ces deux projets au Liban. Elle nous livre sa déception face aux manquements et aux transgressions de la première génération analytique jusque dans les universités, occasionnant des traumas qu’il a fallu élaborer pour arriver à transformer et construire, aboutissant ainsi à poser l’acte de naissance de l’ALDeP. Elle met en garde afin de veiller à continuer cette élaboration avec les nouvelles générations, pour échapper aux répliques sismiques de la répétition et préserver la place de la psychanalyse à l’université.
L’énigme de la douleur du corps
Authors: Aloupis Panos
Published: March 2021

L’auteur aborde la question de la place psychique de la douleur du corps. Pour Freud, l’objet et sa perte se trouvent au cœur de la transformation du corporel au psychique. La douleur, du côté de l’affect, physique et psychique est présente tout au long de l’œuvre freudienne, reliée aux vicissitudes de l’angoisse. Elle sous-entend une énergie d’excitation non transformée psychiquement et se manifeste dans le contexte d’un narcissisme mal articulé avec l’objectalisation. Suivent deux vignettes cliniques qui illustrent la présence et l’absence de la douleur du corps en lien avec des problématiques psychiques travaillées par le négatif. Quand les blessures narcissiques se rapprochent du corps à travers la douleur physique, l’analyste est confronté à des mouvements contre-transférentiels proches d’une fonction maternelle attentive aux soins primaires.
Le temps du catholicisme tridentin s’achèverait-il ? Réflexions sur la « fin d’un monde »
Authors: Dumons Bruno
Published: March 2021

Depuis plus d’un demi-siècle, les diagnostics posés sur l’avenir du catholicisme français sont des plus alarmants. Ils soulignent en particulier un abandon général de la pratique sacramentelle, de l’assistance régulière à la messe jusqu’à la confirmation et la confession. Parallèlement, s’observe un déclin du jeûne tandis que les processions n’attirent plus guère les fidèles. Certains analystes considèrent que «  le catholicisme français est devenu une réalité festive », n’étant plus qu’un folklore du temps passé pour beaucoup de Français. De toutes parts, les pratiques liées à un catholicisme ordinaire et visible se sont effondrées. Une crise profonde s’est installée depuis les années 1960. Pour comprendre cette « crise catholique », il faut peut-être la replacer dans un temps plus long, celui du catholicisme tridentin. En effet, des historiens modernistes avaient émis l’hypothèse que l’éclatement des structures de chrétienté, observé dans le second xx e  siècle, correspondait à la fin du « cycle tridentin ». La reprise de cette hypothèse peut aujourd’hui permettre d’offrir une clef de lecture très pertinente sur ce moment de crise du catholicisme contemporain. Le cas français n’est ici qu’un exemple d’un vaste processus de « déconfessionnalisation » à l’échelle européenne et occidentale, qui signifierait davantage un profond renouvellement du christianisme que son extinction.
Du nouveau sur la Commune de Paris à la veille de son cent-cinquantième anniversaire
Authors: Candar Gilles
Published: March 2021

Ce feuilleton propose une évaluation critique des publications parues en perspective du cent-cinquantième anniversaire de la Commune de Paris (1871). L’étude est volontairement très parcellaire puisque réduite à sept titres, de manière très inégale du reste. Deux livres ponctuent essentiellement ce moment commémoratif, prompt en France à susciter examen et révision historiographique. Le premier est une publication remaniée et très augmentée des actes d’un colloque tenu à Narbonne en 2011, qui tentait de pister les recherches en cours ou à entreprendre sur le sujet. Le second, issu d’une habilitation à diriger des recherches d’un historien nouvellement élu professeur d’université, est assimilable à un modèle d’application de l’histoire globale et connectée à l’événement Commune de Paris. La recherche vivante ne se réduit pas à ces travaux pour fondamentaux qu’ils soient : études locales (Toulouse, Dijon, etc.) et sociales (les sociétés ouvrières, etc.), approches biographiques de militants, grands ou plus obscurs, notamment des actrices du mouvement, sont à prendre en compte et précisent ou nuancent utilement les propositions d’interprétation globales.
Note sur Maimon et sa critique du principe de causalité chez Kant
Authors: Caterina Marinelli Maria
Published: March 2021

Cet article expose la critique de Maimon du principe kantien de causalité. Pour ce faire, nous considérerons les deux niveaux sur lesquels cette critique se développe, l’un formel et l’autre matériel. Au premier niveau, Maimon soulève trois objections au jugement hypothétique, relativement à son origine, sa fonction et sa modalité. Selon le deuxième, Maimon développe deux objections, dont la première concerne en général la démonstration kantienne de la validité des catégories, tandis que la seconde concerne en particulier celle du principe de causalité. Cela nous permettra de mieux comprendre le sens de ses deux objections fondamentales contre la philosophie kantienne, formulées à travers les questions quid juris ? et quid facti ?
Le différentiel comme l’élément de la raison pure : problèmes et portées de l’infiniment petit chez Maimon
Authors: Santaya Gonzalo
Published: March 2021

Cet article vise à éclaircir quelques aspects de la théorie maimonienne de l’infiniment petit, exposée dans l’ Essai sur la philosophie transcendantale. Partant de la diversité des sens que Maimon confère à cet infiniment petit, nous analyserons les deux manières dont il envisage les éléments différentiels, sans toujours les expliciter. De fait, la manière de considérer ces éléments change selon qu’on se situe dans l’ordre objectif de la pensée pure ou dans l’ordre subjectif, attaché aux formes de l’intuition (autant a priori qu’ a posteriori ), ordres que Maimon distingue dans son Essai . On reconstruira donc la logique sous-jacente à cette distinction, pour analyser ensuite la portée que Maimon veut donner aux différentiels, eu égard à son programme métaphysique « réductionniste », qui prend ces éléments – en tant qu’objet de purs rapports intellectuels – comme fondement de l’ordre subjectif. On montrera, enfin, les problèmes que pose l’intégration, ainsi que le modèle que Maimon met en place pour établir le passage de l’ordre objectif au subjectif.
Galatea II: Reborn of a Classic
Authors: Castro Ruiz María , Perez Fernandez Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

The history of the Galatea dates back to the 19th century when in 1896 she was launched and Christianised as Glenlee at Glasgow. She sailed as a merchant ship in the United Kingdom and Italy during the first period of her operational life, and was later adapted with mechanical propulsion.
After several circumnavigations, in 1922 she was renamed Galatea to serve in the Spanish Navy, where she remained in service for 60 years. Since 1993 she has been resting in her hometown in Scotland as a museum ship.
As a tribute to the extensive and remarkable history of this ship, and in order to recover and preserve the naval tradition in Spain, it has been proposed to design a ship with the same morphology as the Glenlee to stoke the spirit of the Galatea and inspire the construction of new sailing ships. She will be adapted as a military training ship of the Spanish Navy. Therefore, studies in stability, propulsion, general arrangement and structural calculations will be necessary to validate the transformation of the Glenlee into a new Galatea II complying with mandatory regulations and technological advances that will encourage its operation to the future naval officers of the Spanish Navy.
STEM for All on the SS Freshspring: VR Tour
Authors: Yaqub Hashim , Kemp Martin
Published: March 2021

Over the past year the world has changed dramatically. With greater restrictions on accessibility, the need to provide innovative and distributable remote experiences is now more prominent than ever. BMT has partnered with the SS Freshspring Trust to create multi-generational STEM experiences. “Preserving the past to inspire knowledge for the future”. The SS Freshspring Trust have a vision to become a STEM hub by utilising cutting-edge technology. BMT have extensive experience in developing VR applications in the Maritime Domain. With skills shortfalls in many engineering disciplines, there is a need to inspire future generations into careers in STEM. Equally, many adults have a passion for technology and have valuable skills to offer to STEM projects. This paper uses the historic vessel SS Freshspring, a 1940s RFA Fresh Water Carrier currently being restored in North Devon, as the basis for exploring a range of initiatives and activities aimed at making engineering and technology interesting and accessible to all. The specific focus is on the development of an interactive 3D virtual tour, aiming to provide access to a wide audience by targeting a range of modalities including smartphones, internet browsers, and most consumer VR headsets.
Errors in the Dependent Variable of Quantile Regression Models
Authors: Hausman Jerry , Liu Haoyang , Luo Ye , Palmer Christopher
Published: March 2021

We study the consequences of measurement error in the dependent variable of random‐coefficients models, focusing on the particular case of quantile regression. The popular quantile regression estimator of Koenker and Bassett (1978) is biased if there is an additive error term. Approaching this problem as an errors‐in‐variables problem where the dependent variable suffers from classical measurement error, we present a sieve maximum likelihood approach that is robust to left‐hand‐side measurement error. After providing sufficient conditions for identification, we demonstrate that when the number of knots in the quantile grid is chosen to grow at an adequate speed, the sieve‐maximum‐likelihood estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal, permitting inference via bootstrapping. Monte Carlo evidence verifies our method outperforms quantile regression in mean bias and MSE. Finally, we illustrate our estimator with an application to the returns to education highlighting changes over time in the returns to education that have previously been masked by measurement‐error bias.
Seeking Opportunities
Authors: Inês Ana , Hespanha Maria , Pires Patrícia , Almeida Andreia , Moreira António Carrizo
Published: March 2021

New types of companies have emerged, known as “Born Globals” (BGs), transitioning and internationalizing early and rapidly. They have attracted scholarly interest because their involvement in international sales from the moment of inception contradicts the more traditional perspectives on internationalization. This chapter explores a gap in the literature on BG micro-enterprises' behavior on their internationalization trajectory. It analyzes the case of a micro-company based in Aveiro, Portugal that follows a passive internationalization path to embrace a BG's typical behavior. The behavior of this micro-company is examined to illustrate how a BG can find new opportunities abroad and take advantage of them, the main entry modes and marketing strategies adopted in the early and rapid internationalization process, the importance of networking and growth strategies, and the role of the CEO in the internationalization process. This chapter adds value by explaining how a micro-enterprise manages to overcome its passive behavior and evolve into a BG company.
Business Process Re-Engineering and Its Challenges in India
Authors: Satapathy Smruti Ranjan , Satapathy Suchismita , Mishra Meghana , Mishra Pravudatta
Published: March 2021

The global business environment has become more mindful of present-day cookware risks. Such risks as nickel and chromium draining from hardened steel pots have resulted in a rebound of nourishments of conventional materials like copper, iron, stone, and dirt into Indian kitchens. Changing business perspectives and consumer needs have motivated this trend resulting in developing interest in brands representing considerable authority in legacy cookware. This chapter reviews the applicability of business process reengineering (BPR) and its challenges in India, focusing on traditional industries. The study adopts a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to identify and confirm the top difficulties and variables influencing BPR execution in conventional efficient earth, copper utensils. The study found out that, for BPR to succeed, it is imperative to have a sufficient IT foundation and lucidness in the continuous procedures and practices. The chapter further establishes how various BPR elements can be organized to achieve significant efficiency, cycle times, quality, and cost reduction.
The Evolution of Distribution in the Luxury Sector
Authors: Mosca Fabrizio , Giacosa Elisa , Zagni Luca Matteo
Published: March 2021

In today's competitive environment, it is highlighted how the digital channel has over the years become an important distribution channel for goods with a high symbolic value. During its development, it has taken on characteristics very similar to the physical channel with direct distribution models, created through active management of e-commerce sites by luxury brands, and indirectly with the presence of specialized intermediaries by product or multi-brand, often very innovative. Goods that belong to a segment of the luxury market defined as “not affordable” tend to make use of the digital channel more aimed at strengthening the heritage and elite characteristics of the brand. On the other hand, the brands of the “affordable” luxury goods approach the digital channel with a more economically return-oriented perspective, also using intermediaries that allow a higher percentage of market coverage.
Online Learning for the Adult Learners Using Andragogy
Authors: Lemoine Pamela A. , Garretson Christopher J. , Waller Robert E. , Mense Evan G. , Richardson Michael D.
Published: March 2021

The world of higher education is now global with online learning a driving force in much of the world. Globalization of higher education has created vast new opportunities for e-learning, particularly for adult students. However, adult learning online is different from online for traditionally aged students. Global universities are increasing their online programs to take advantage of economic considerations, particularly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for learning online. Using online learning for adult education is essential in the changing global world. Connotations of adult learning theory for professors using online learning are many and varied. Traditional pedagogical styles will not work effectively with adult learners who desire concrete, hands-on, practical information with learning activities characterized by active involvement, task-orientation, flexibility, and creativity. Online students often want opportunities to acquire skills directly applicable to job competencies for current employment or preparation for a future job.
Use Andragogy and Technology to Facilitate a Greater Sense of Connectedness for Online Students
Authors: Hanshaw George , Rojas Frank
Published: March 2021

The use of andragogy and technology helps non-traditional adult students create a greater sense of connectedness within online courses and programs. When students feel a greater sense of connectedness, they tend to have higher academic efficacy and are more likely to complete their degree programs. Technology is continuously evolving. When we embrace technology's evolution and anchor its use to andragogical principles, we create courses and learning experiences that foster a more profound sense of connectedness for our online learners. Hanshaw, Helm-Stevens, and Lopez found that utilizing technology and a student-centered approach increased a student's sense of connectedness and intrinsic motivation to learn. The use of technology in the online classroom has to evolve to match our non-traditional learners' expectations. This chapter will explore the use of technology and the application of andragogical principles to create a learning environment where non-traditional adult learners thrive.
The Adult Student/Consumer Model
Authors: McCartney Melissa L. , Rick Holly A.
Published: March 2021

In past generations, a bachelor's degree or professional training was enough to prove that an individual was qualified for a job. However, in today's workforce, professionals are continually enhancing their skills through alternate credentials. Adult student/consumers seek alternatives to traditional degrees. This chapter explores the history of adult learners and the economic environments that have shaped their purchasing decisions for continuing education and adult learners' appetites for academic micro-credentials.
Relationship Marketing and Communication as a Driver of Fundraising Loyalty and Success in Non-Profit Organizations
Authors: Macedo Joana , Gonçalves Márcia , Sousa Bruno Barbosa
Published: March 2021

Competitiveness is becoming a growing phenomenon. The quality and innovation in the art of doing business is becoming increasingly evident, showing to the need for organizations to create mechanisms capable of adding value to consumers and occupying a better positioning in their minds. Therefore, fundraising policy planning becomes a priority for non-profit organizations (NGO). This chapter aims to prove the contribution of fundraising to the sustainability of NGO and the impact of relationship marketing in establishing lasting relationships between NGO and all its stakeholders. The data collection of the latter is achieved through the application of the interview technique, to which content analysis will be applied as a method of analyzing the results. The main results of the research demonstrate the need for NGO to rethink how they interact with their audiences, especially business patrons, in order to build their loyalty and be more successful in their fundraising activities.
Websites, Social Networks, and Corporate Translation
Authors: Rivera-Trigueros Irene
Published: March 2021

The objective of this chapter is to analyze how Southern Spanish companies in the dentistry sector employ Web 2.0 tools available to them and to analyze the availability of multilingual information in their corporate websites. To this purpose, the results of several studies have been gathered in this chapter. These studies considered criteria such as having or not a corporate website and social networks, the translation or not of the website content, and number of languages available, among others. Results show that a significant amount of the analyzed SMEs do not have a website or social networks. In addition, those having a website do not, generally, translate its content, which limits international customer acquisition and the opening to international markets. Concerning social networks, SMEs, which do have social media, generally have small communities, and they do not post frequently, which limit the implementation of digital marketing strategies.
The Role of Transcreation in Corporate Communication
Authors: Díaz-Millón Mar
Published: March 2021

In a globalized world, companies need to have their online information linguistically and culturally adapted to access international markets. Transcreation is an interlingual creative re-interpretation of a text made considering the linguistic and cultural differences between the target and the original audiences. One of the main sources of corporate information is the corporate website. The US healthcare sector is one of the major industries in the world. Hence, studying the characteristics of their dissemination of corporate information is relevant to know the keys of a fruitful corporate communication. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the keys of a web transcreation process. It is divided in 1) to elaborate a set of indicators for evaluating web transcreation strategies and 2) to apply these indicators to a corporate website to exemplify their functioning through a case-study. The website of the company Pfizer is analyzed. The original US-English and the Spain-Spanish websites are compared. The analysis provides the keys to a successful transcreation process.
Seeking Spaces of Convergence
Authors: Ponce-Márquez Nuria
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents a state-of-the-art analysis of cognitive accessibility in Spain and its convergence with Translation Studies, as well as a descriptive approach to the level of web accessibility of Spanish institutions and corporations. Since this chapter aims at describing the specific case of Spain in the aforementioned fields, a vast amount of the references made emerge from research studies conducted in this country. The chapter is therefore divided into three main sections: firstly, a road map of the convergence of cognitive accessibility and the fields of Applied Linguistics (AL), Pragmatics, and Translation Studies (TS) from the perspective of a number of Spanish researchers; secondly, a description of the current situation in Spain in terms of laws, decrees, and associations using easy-to-read tools as one of the main instruments of cognitive accessibility; and thirdly, a descriptive approach to the level of web accessibility in Spanish institutions and corporations.
Smart Cities and Sustainability
Authors: Mele Caterina
Published: March 2021

The term smart city is often synonymous with a sustainable city. The word smart implies the use of digital technology that serves to make processes and services more efficient and to connect the different actors on the urban scene. However, this is no guarantee of sustainability. A city can become sustainable if it changes its metabolism and from linear to circular as in nature's ecosystems. For this to happen, it is necessary to overcome the paradigm of quantitative economic growth based on the infinite substitutability between natural and economic capital. If smart city governance stakeholders primarily pursue profit according to the logic of the free market, the city may be smarter and efficient in the use of energy and resources, but it is not sustainable, often not even inclusive. The challenge of sustainability implies a paradigm shift and the use of digital technologies at the service of the collective good. In this context, after a general analysis of the characteristics of smart cities, the chapter focuses on an Italian case study, Turin Smart City.
Planheat Tool
Authors: Porta Matteo
Published: March 2021

More than two thirds of the European population live in urban areas. Cities are places where both problems emerge and solutions are found. They are fertile ground for science and technology, for culture and innovation, for individual and collective creativity, and for mitigating the impact of climate change. Cities are communities where to study environmental, social, economic impact of new energy technologies. A tool to unlock the planning potential of EU cities has been developed thanks to the collaboration of different EU research centers, SMEs and consultancy firms led by Rina Consulting involved in Planheat EU Project (funded by the European Union's H2020 Programme under grant agreement 723757). PLANHEAT Consortium developed and validated an integrated and easy-to-use, GIS-based, and open source tool to support local authorities in selecting, simulating and comparing alternative low carbon and economically sustainable scenarios for heating and cooling.
KPIs to Drive Smart City Assessment
Authors: Fonsati Arianna
Published: March 2021

Developing evaluation methods using key performance indicators (KPIs) to drive smart cities assessment represents a very interesting topic that have been deeply analysed over time. The aim of the chapter is to present several different approaches towards the assessment of cities' performance, discussing advantages and disadvantages of such methods that could be integrated in order to get more farsighted results in terms of decision-making strategies. For this reason, the chapter firstly analyses the different context in which KPIs are applied, defining the fields of application and describing the characteristics of such indicators. Then, two examples of European projects using indicators for evaluation purposes are studied in detail, highlighting the different level of application of indicators, used for assessments at city level in the first project (INDICATE) and at a district/building level in the second one (DIMMER). At the end, the use of KPIs as metrics of evaluation to develop multi-criteria decision approaches (MCDA) is discussed by introducing several examples.
Representing a Digital Twin City Model Using Open Source Tools and Integrating It With Dynamic Sensor Data
Authors: Massara Fabrizio , Hubina Tatsiana , Mannoni Sara , Ramassotto Adelaide , Barbero Fabrizio
Published: March 2021

This work presents the developments of representing a part of the city districts of Manchester, UK and Turin, IT initiated within the FP7 DIMMER project completed in 2016 and continued in the last years by the Center of Excellence GIS of CSI Piemonte. The DIMMER system integrates BIM (building information modelling) and district level 3D models with real-time data from sensors and user feedback to analyze and correlate buildings utilization and provide real-time feedback about energy-related behaviors. The emerging standard 3D Tiles endorsed by the OGC was applied to represent CityGML data of two districts of Turin, Italy and Manchester, UK. 3D Tiles allows for a high level of detail (LOD) visualization that displays increasing detail of geometric features and their alphanumeric properties. Currently, the OGC 3D Tiles technology is mature, and the OGC CityGML specification will be soon updated to version three, with the adoption of exciting innovations like the support of time-dependent properties defined Dynamizers.
Digital Twin for Smart School Buildings
Authors: Villa Valentina , Chiaia Bernardino
Published: March 2021

Industry 4.0 is encouraging the introduction of pioneering technologies even in the construction industry. Along with the development of high technology, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and cloud computing, the development of digital twin has been growing. This contribution aims to present the potential of digital twin in the construction field, suggesting a framework that outlines the many different possible applications in construction, with reference to school buildings. First, it summarizes the current overview of digital twin applications in building construction. Then it shows that significant steps that are being taken beyond the digital model, even if the implementation of the digital twin concept in its full meaning is still a long way off. The research is moving in this direction and the evolution of the current state of the art, combined with the experience gained in the industrial sector, will soon bring a new revolution in the construction industry.
Combining BIM, GIS, and IoT to Foster Energy Management and Simulation in Smart Cities
Authors: Patti Edoardo , Brundu Francesco G. , Bellagarda Andrea , Bottaccioli Lorenzo , Rapetti Niccolò , Verda Vittorio , Guelpa Elisa , Rietto Laura , Macii Enrico , Acquaviva Andrea , Krylovskiy Alexandr , Jahn Marco
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents a novel distributed software infrastructure to enable energy management and simulation of novel control strategies in smart cities. In this context, the following heterogeneous information, describing the different entities in a city, needs to be taken into account to form a unified district information model: internet-of-things (IoT) devices, building information model, system information model, and georeferenced information system. IoT devices are crucial to monitor in (near-) real-time both building energy trends and environmental data. Thus, the proposed solution fulfills the integration and interoperability of such data sources providing also a correlation among them. Such correlation is the key feature to unlock management and simulation of novel energy policies aimed at optimizing the energy usage accounting also for its impact on building comfort. The platform has been deployed in a real-world district and a novel control policy for the heating distribution network has been developed and tested. Finally, experimental results are presented and discussed.
Semantic Data-Driven Models to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Cities
Authors: Sicilia Álvaro , Costa Gonçal , Madrazo Leandro
Published: March 2021

The assessment of building energy performance requires data from multiple domains (energy, architecture, planning, economy) and scales (building, district, city) to be processed with a diversity of applications used by experts from various fields. In order to properly assess the performance of the building stock, and to develop and apply the most effective energy efficiency measures, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive, holistic approach. In this chapter, three research projects are presented which apply Semantic Web technologies to create energy data models from multiple data sources and domains in order to support decision making in energy efficient building renovation projects: SEMANCO, OptEEmAL, and OPTIMUS. A final reflection on the results achieved in these projects and their links to ongoing research on digital twins is presented.
Blockchain-Based Food Supply Chain Management
Authors: Srinivasan Dhana Srinithi , Manavalan Karpagam , R. Soundarya , S. I. Thamizhi
Published: March 2021

Blockchain is an emerging technology that is based on the concept of distributed ledgers. It allows for pervasive transactions among different parties and eliminates the need for third-party intermediaries. Several of blockchain's characteristics make it suitable for use in the agriculture sector. Some of the potential applications of blockchain include efficient management of the food supply chain and value-based payment mechanisms. The products of agriculture are usually the inputs for a multi-actor distributed supply chain, in which case the consumer is usually the final client. The food chain involves several actors including farmers, shipping companies, distributors, and groceries. This makes the entire system to be distributed with multiple actors playing different roles throughout the chain. This currently used system is inefficient and unreliable in various aspects. This project aims to leverage blockchain technology to solve and address discrepancies involved in food supply chains.
A Reliable Hybrid Blockchain-Based Authentication System for IoT Network
Authors: N. Ambika
Published: March 2021

IoT is an assembly of equipment of different calibers and functionality working towards a single goal. A blockchain is a computerized record that contains the whole history of exchanges made on the system. A multi-WSN arrangement model is structured. The hubs of the IoT are isolated into base stations, group heads, and conventional hubs as per their capacities, which encourage the administration and participation of the hubs. A hybrid blockchain model is proposed. To fit the multi-WSN arrange model better, as indicated by the various capacities and energies of various hubs, neighborhood blockchain and open blockchain are sent between group head hubs and base stations individually, and a crossbreed blockchain model is framed. A shared validation plot for IoT hubs is proposed. For group head hubs, the creators utilize the worldwide blockchain for validation, and for customary hubs, they utilize the nearby blockchain for confirmation. The proposal aims in increasing reliability by 1.17% and minimizes sinkhole attack by 2.42% compared to previous contribution.