bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of Proteins from Two New Zealand Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Larvae of Antitrogus consanguineus (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: ALLSOPP P. G. , CHILCOTT C. N. , McGHIE T. K.
Published: April 2007

The activity of proteins from two New Zealand strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, DSIR517 and DSIRl246, was determined against the Australian canegrub Antitrogus consanguineus. Two DIG‐labelled crystal proteins from strain DSIR1246 and three from strain DSIR517 bound to the brush border membrane vesicles of third‐instar A. consanguineus. However, when fed to second and third instars the proteins caused no reduction in weight gain or no increased mortality. We conclude that the proteins are dissolved and activated in the gut of A. consanguineus and bind to the gut wall and that the proteins presumably do not insert into the plasma membrane of the gut of A. consanguineus resulting in no toxicity.
Description of Female and Biology of Blaesoxipha ragg Pape (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a Parasitoid of Sciarasaga quadrata Rentz (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Western Australia
Authors: ALLEN GEOFF R. , PAPE THOMAS
Published: April 2007

Bluesoxiphu rugg was recorded parasitising both sexes of the bushcricket, Sciurusuga quadrutu, at Cape Naturaliste in Western Australia. This is the first host record for B. rugg. Parasitism rates recorded over three successive seasons ranged from 0 to 11.1%. Parasite development within the host was 6 d. Parasitised male S. quudrutu were frequently multiparasitised with the ormiine tachinid fly Homotrixu alleni Barraclough. From 6 to 24 B. rugg developed in each host, with pupal size significantly affected by the number of larvae per host. The duration of the pupal stage at 15‐25 °C ranged from 13 to 35 d. The sex ratio of emerged flies was 50:50. The previously unknown adult female fly and third‐instar larva of B. rugg are described.
Book Review
Authors: ALLSOPP P. G.
Published: April 2007

Return to Resistance. Breeding Crops to Reduce Pesticide Dependence. R. A. Robinson
Resistance to Organophosphorus Grain Protectants in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from Off‐farm Grain Storages in New South Wales
Authors: WALLBANK B. E.
Published: April 2007

Infestations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, sawtoothed grain beetle, from consolidated off‐farm grain bulks in New South Wales were monitored for resistance to organophosphorus grain protectants by impregnated filter paper tests. Resistance to fenitrothion, pirimiphos‐methyl or chlorpyrifos‐methyl was detected in 95%, 95% and 67% of the infestations, and maximum resistance factors compared with a susceptible strain were 85, 55 and 32 times, respectively. Most strains were either resistant to all three insecticides or were resistant to fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl only. Grain treated initially with chlorpyrifos‐methyl 10 mg/kg suppressed strains with strong resistance to fenitrothion or chlorpyrifos‐methyl by >90% after 4 months aging. The usefulness of chlorpyrifos‐methyl in a control strategy for effective grain protection is discussed.
Book Review
Authors: GULLAN P. J.
Published: April 2007

Entomology. Second edition. Gillott, C.
The Ant Fauna of the Bo wen Basin, in the Semi‐arid Tropics of Central Queensland (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: ANDERSEN ALAN N. , SPAIN ALISTER V.
Published: April 2007

A total of 96 species from 28 genera were recorded from a combination of pitfall trapping, baiting and hand collecting at five sites in the Bowen Basin region (mean annual rainfall about 600 mm) of central Queensland. The richest genera wereCamponotus(15 species),Iridomyrmex(10),Melophorus(12),Monomorium(10),Pheidole(8),Meranoplus(6) andPolyrhachis(6). Twenty‐nine of the species have Eyrean affinities, 15 Torresian, and five Bassian, with the remaining 47 representing widespread taxa. Species turnover was very high across the sites sampled, with 69 (72%) recorded at only one site. Almost all the species that could be confidently named, includingMyrmecia variansMayr,Anochetus armstrongiMcAreavey,Brachyponera lutea(Mayr),Iridomyrmexpurpureus(F. Smith), I.sanguineusForel,Camponotus dromasSantschi,C. ephippium(F. Smith),C. whiteiWheeler,Opisthopsis pictusEmery,O. rufithoraxEmery,Polyrhachis ammon(Fab.),P. senilisForel, andP. trapezoideaMayr, are widespread in northern or eastern Australia, but most of the other species (the majority) appear to have far more restricted distributions. The relative contributions of species by major genera were very similar to those found elsewhere in the Australian semi‐arid tropics, and, with the exception of Bassian genera, are also similar to those in the southern semi‐arid zone. These patterns are reflected in the biogeographic profiles and functional group composition of the various faunas. They point to a structurally rather uniform arid‐adapted fauna occurring throughout arid and semi‐arid Australia, with additional contributions by Torresian taxa in the north, and Bassian taxa in the south.
Australian Mites of the Genera Paraphytoseius Swirski and Shechter and Paraamblyseius Muma (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: BEARD JENNIFER , WALTER DAVID EVANS
Published: April 2007

We report the amblyseiine genera Paraphytoseius and Paraarnblyseius from Australia for the first time based on collections from subtropical to tropical rainforests, and provide diagnoses for both genera. Paraphytoseius hilli sp.n. is described from Queensland, P. seychellensis Schicha and Corpuz‐Raros is reported from numerous collections in Queensland and both sexes are described in terms of currently used setal designations. Paruurnblyseius dinghuensis (Wu and Qian) is reported from New South Wales and Queensland. A key to the world species of Paraphytoseius is presented.
Redistribution and Establishment of Neomolgus capillatus (Kramer) (Acarina: Bdellidae) for the Biological Control of Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) in Tasmania
Authors: IRESON J. E. , WEBB W. R.
Published: April 2007

A redistribution program for N. capillatus in Tasmania was undertaken by direct transfer of live predators from established sites. Acceleration of the slow natural dispersal rate was facilitated by field vacuum collections being possible for 8 months/year, excluding winter and early spring when active stages of N. capillatus were in low numbers or absent. Intermittent collections, mostly between October 1992 and May 1995, resulted in the release of 933,600 N. capillatus into 494 Tasmanian dairy pastures. The predator established at about 90% of these sites. Establishment of the predator on every dairy farm in Tasmania on which S. viridis is a pest is considered a relatively easy short‐term procedure.
Cuticular Hydrocarbons of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Collected from Widely Separated Geographical Locations
Authors: HOOPER G. H. S. , BROWN W. V. , LACEY M. J. , HUNTER D.
Published: April 2007

Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were obtained for adult Chortoicetes terminifera collected from Bimerah in Queensland, Hillston and Boorowa in New South Wales, and Moora in Western Australia. No significant differences were found between male and female locusts from Bimerah, nor between males from any of the four different geographical locations.
Estimating Movement of the Processionary Caterpillar Ochrogaster Zunifer Herrich‐Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) between Discrete Resource Patches
Authors: FLOATER GRAHAM J.
Published: April 2007

Larval dispersal is an important component of the population ecology of many lepidopteran species. However, measuring dispersal in the field is notoriously difficult, labour‐intensive and often expensive. An indirect method for estimating larval dispersal is outlined. Frass and exuviae of processionary caterpillars, O. lunifer, present at the base of host trees are used to estimate the number of migration events to and from trees in a season. Estimates using this method compared favourably with estimates from a mark‐recapture method. The technique can be used to estimate rates of dispersal at a large number of localities by a single researcher, allowing dispersal to be compared between different populations
The Ant Fauna of Danggali Conservation Park in Semi‐arid South Australia: a Comparison with Wyperfeld (Vic.) and Cape Arid (W.A.) National Parks
Authors: Andersen Alan N. , Clay Roger E.
Published: April 2007

We describe the ant fauna of Danggali Conservation Park (250 mm mean annual rainfall) in eastern South Australia, and, by comparing it with the previously published faunas of Wyperfeld National Park (400 mm) in northwestern Victoria and Cape Arid National Park (375‐575 mm) in southwestern Western Australia, present an overview of the fauna of semi‐arid southern Australia. At Danggali, ants were sampled by a total of 1,160 pitfall traps, located within 18 1‐km2plots distributed across the Park to cover a broad range of habitats and fire histories. A total of 248 species from 32 genera were collected, with the richest genera beingCamponotus(51 species),Melophorus(37),Iridomyrmex(29), andMonomorium(24). Overall generic composition was very similar to that at both Wyperfeld and Cape Arid, but the representation of Bassian species‐groups was substantially lower at Danggali (19% of total species) than at either Wyperfeld (35%) or Cape Arid (30%), and this was offset by a higher contribution by Eyrean taxa (39% at Danggali, compared with 30% at Wyperfeld and 28% at Cape Arid). Ten genera or species‐groups were recorded at Danggali but at neither Wyperfeld or Cape Arid; four of these have Eyrean distributions (thetyloxysgroup ofRhytidoponera, theagilisandviridigastergroups ofIridomyrmex, and theaeneovirensgroup ofMelophorus), and four are Torresian taxa (Anochetus, Odontomachus, Calomyrmex, andPolyrhachis gravisgroup). The functional group profiles of the three faunas are very similar, particularly with respect to Dominant Dolichoderinae (10‐12% of total species), Subordinate Camponotini (20‐25%), Opportunists (8‐10%) and Generalised Myrmicinae (10‐11%). Altogether, about 440 species have been recorded from the three locations.
Effect of Temperature Regimes on the Development, Survival and Emergence of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Bovine Dung
Authors: BISHOP A. L. , MCKENZIE H. J. , BARCHIA I. M. , HARRIS A. M.
Published: April 2007

Culicoides brevitursis is a biting midge and a vector of several viruses affecting livestock in Australia. An emergence chamber for collecting Culicoides spp. from dung was evaluated to determine its suitability for the study of C. brevitursis developing in dung at different temperatures in the laboratory. It enabled experiments to be carried out in the natural breeding medium, relative humidity to be maintained at high levels and temperature through the dung to be stabilised at treatment temperatures relatively quickly. C. brevitursis emerged within a temperature range of 17°C to 36°C with the greatest numbers between 25°C and 36°C. Males were dominant at low temperatures and females were dominant at high temperatures. Development times (to 50% emergence from deposition of the dung) and response times (to 50% emergence after starting to emerge) were least at the highest temperatures. Development times at the same temperature differed between experiments and this was associated with the temperature in the field before the dung was placed at a temperature treatment. Some survival occurred outside the 17°C to 36°C range, but emergence was dependent on the temperature eventually being changed to a more suitable level. The approximate lower threshold for emergence was about 17°C. At this temperature, numbers emerging were low, development was delayed significantly and none survived for more than 50 d. High numbers of adults started to emerge within 24 h from dung held at 17°C for up to 42 d from the deposition of the dung when the temperature was raised to 25°C or 28°C. The results support field temperature data and were used in predicting the areas that may be free of the vector.
A New Species of Schizomyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Rubber Vine and Other Asclepiadaceae in Madagascar
Authors: GAGNÉ RAYMOND J. , MAROHASY JENNIFER
Published: April 2007

A new species of gall midge, Schizomyia cryptostegiae Gagné, that forms leaf and bud galls on Cryptostegia grandiflora in Madagascar is described and its biology summarised. the gall midge is a candidate for the biological control of C. grandiflora in northern Queensland, Australia.
Oviposition Behaviour and Reproductive Performance of Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Reared in Artificial Diet
Authors: NURINDAH  , GORDH GORDON , CRIBB BRONWEN W.
Published: April 2007

Biotypes of Trichogramma australicum were reared on artificial diet “A”, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (natural host) eggs and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (factitious host) eggs. We evaluated the quality of these biotypes by comparing their oviposition behaviour and reproductive performance on H. armigera eggs. Female T. australicum reared in vitro accepted H. armigera eggs for oviposition and displayed similar behavioural components of oviposition to females reared on natural hosts. However, handling time during oviposition in H. armigera eggs by females from in vitro rearing was significantly longer than handling time of females reared on the natural host because the females needed a significantly longer time for host feeding. In vitro reared females produced significantly more progeny and parasitised more H. armigera eggs than the females reared on S. cerealella. Improvements to the artificial diet for T. australicum may reduce handling time of the in vitro reared females and increase the female population. These improvements may include changes in nutrient content and size of the artificial eggs.
A New Australian Species of Ctenarytaina Ferris and Klyver (Hemiptera: Psyllidae: Spondyliaspidinae) established in Three Other Countries
Authors: TAYLOR K. L.
Published: April 2007

The species described in this paper, Ctenarytaina spatulata sp.n., is widely distributed in Australia. Since 1990 it has also been recorded in New Zealand, the U.S.A. (California) and Uruguay.
First Record of Ant‐loving Crickets (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae: Myrmecophilinae) in New Caledonia
Authors: DESUTTER‐GRANDCOLAS L.
Published: April 2007

Myrmecophilus quadrispina(Perkins 1899) has been described from Hawaii and found in the Samoan Islands. In both places it has been considered an introduced species. It is reported here from the Loyalty Islands (Lifou). This is the first occurrence of a myrmecophiline cricket in the New Caledonian area. the species is redescribed, and its male and female genitalia examined. Its biology and behaviour at Lifou Island are briefly documented. A key toMyrmecophilusspp. from the Australian region is given.
A Second Species of the Genus Australothrips Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: MARULLO RITA , MOUND LAURENCE A.
Published: April 2007

A second member of the Australian endemic genus Australothrips Bagnall (Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae) is described. This species, Australothrips aliceae, was found at sites near Darwin, Northern Territory on the leaves of Calytrix brownii (Myrtaceae). It is of systematic interest because it approaches in structure the members of the palaeotropical genus Phibalothrips Hood that live only on grasses.
First Record of the Tribe Hydarini in Australia with the Description of a New Species of Hydarella Bergroth (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: BRAILOVSKY H.
Published: April 2007

Hydarella weiri sp.n. is described from the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This is the first member of the tribe Hydarini (Coreidae: Coreinae) recorded from Australia. Its relationships are discussed, and a key to Hydarella spp. is included. the head, pronotum, pygophore and female external genitalia are figured.
Extraction and PCR of DNA From Parasitoid Wasps That Have Been Chemically Dried
Authors: AUSTIN ANDREW D. , DILLON NATALIE
Published: April 2007

Two species of parasitic wasp, Venturia canescens and Leptomastix dactylopii, were dried from alcohol using a range of methods proposed as chemical alternatives to critical point drying, i.e. hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), amyl acetate, xylene, methyl cellusolve and acetone vapour. Also, fresh specimens of V. canescens were dried using acetone vapour, first as a fixative and then as a drying agent. Total genomic DNA was subsequently extracted and a 524 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplified by PCR. This indicated that all of these drying techniques yielded high‐quality DNA which was amenable to PCR. the success of chemicals like HMDS as alternate rapid drying methods for wasps and other insects means that they are likely to replace critical point drying (CPD) of museum specimens in the near future. Importantly, the results from this study show that specimens, dried from alcohol using chemical techniques, are a good potential source of DNA for molecular systematics projects.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Non‐B and B‐Biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennaduis) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia
Authors: GUNNING ROBIN V. , BYRNE FRANK J. , DEVONSHIRE ALAN L.
Published: April 2007

B‐type Bemisia tabaci were detected in Australia for the first time in October 1994. the whiteflies were distinguished from an existing non B‐type strain of B. tabaci by electrophoretic analysis of naphthyl esterases in individual whiteflies. the distinctive isoenzyme profile was consistent with B‐type populations from other areas of the world. Individuals heterozygous for both patterns were also detected using this technique, confirming that the B‐type and Australian strain could interbreed. an Australia‐wide survey showed that B‐types were widely distributed in New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory. the B‐type was also detecte in Tasmania. the origins of the B‐type and the implications for Australian agriculture, should it become an established pest on key crops, are discussed.
Ecology of the Aedes australis (Erichson) 1842 Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: BRUST REINHART A.
Published: April 2007

Most populations of Ae. australis developed their first egg batch without a blood‐meal (autogeny), but the proportion of females that were autogenous was altered by environmental conditions. Low rearing temperatures were more favourable than high temperatures for autogenous egg development, when combined with a rich protein larval diet. Neither an adult carbohydrate meal nor mating were necessary for maximum autogenous egg production. of five Tasmania collections examined, the proportion of autogenous females amongst the different populations ranged from 100% to 0%. In the autogenous Sydney, NSW, population, the addition of a blood‐meal did not increase egg production in the first gonotrophic cycle.
Vitellogenesis in Austracris guttulosa (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Tropical Australia
Authors: HUNTER D. M.
Published: April 2007

In tropical northern Australia, vitellogenesis in Austracris guttulosa only occurs if two requirements are met: daylength exceeds 13 h and vegetation is green. During the dry season (April‐September), daylength is short and vitellogenesis is inhibited regardless of vegetation condition. Daylength exeeds 13 h by mid October, and vitellogenesis begins by late October if there is green vegetation produced by recent rain. But it is often dry during October and vitellogenesis is delayed until it rains either in November or even December.
Review of the sejunctus Species Group of the Split‐footed Lacewing Genus Osmylops Banks (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Remarks on the Functional Morphology of Terminalic Coupling
Authors: OSWALD JOHN D.
Published: April 2007

The sejunctus species group is created for two Australian species of the split‐footed lacewing genus Osmylops. the species group is characterised, Osmylops sejunctus (Walker) is redescribed and O. ectoarticulatus n.sp. is described. the male and female terminalia of both species are illustrated. Prior literature references to the species of the sejunctus group are clarified. Males and females of the sejunctus group possess coordinated, species‐specific, suites of terminalic structures. the probable functions of these morphological structures during copulation are discussed.
Mitochondrial Sequence Characterisation of Australian Commercial and Feral Honeybee Strains, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in the Context of the Species Worldwide
Authors: KOULIANOS S. , CROZIER R. H.
Published: April 2007

The history of honeybee (Apis mellifera) importations and management in Australia is largely anecdotal and therefore a survey and characterisation of this agriculturally important insect is of value. We give information on the genetic composition of 42 feral and commercial strains by sequencing sections of the ATPase 6, cytochrome oxidase III, cytochrome b and ND2 mitochondrial genes to determine the relationship of the strains to each other. Our phylogenetic analysis shows novel associations between A. m. mellifera, A. m. scutellata, A. m. ligustica and A. m. caucasica.
Distribution of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Potato Growing Areas of Southwestern Australia
Authors: BERLANDIER F. A.
Published: April 2007

Sticky traps, water traps and leaf samples were used to monitor aphid populations at 32 sites in southwestern Australia between October and May for four seasons between 1988–92. Twenty‐seven sites were located in potato, Solanum tuberosum L., crops, with five others located in mixed vegetable crops or pastures. Sites were located in an area of approximately 90,000 km2, and encompassed most of the potato growing areas of the region. Thirty‐four species of aphids were detected. Potato‐colonising aphids found were Myzus persicae, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Aphis craccivora. M. persicae was the most widespread, and its seasonal distribution in southwestern Australia is presented. Fewer M. persicae were recorded and it arrived later in the season for 2 of 3 years at southern sites than northern sites. At sites where both sticky traps and leaf sampling were used, leaf sampling often detected M. persicae before they were found on traps. Results suggest that potato crops grown on the southern coast will be least vulnerable to infection by aphid‐borne viruses.
Type‐species designation for ‘Melanesomyia Barraclough’ (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Barraclough David A
Published: April 2007

Dexia nivifera Walker, 1861 is designated the type species of Melanesomyia Barraclough.
A new host record for Ixodes holocyclus Neumann and Ixodes cordifer Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Australia
Authors: Jackson Janey
Published: April 2007

Two species of Australian ticks, Ixodes holocyclus Neumann and Ixodes cordifer Neumann, are reported from a new host, the striped possum, Dactylopsila trivirgata Gray.
Field observations of dispersion, mating and development of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Steinbauer MJ , Clarke AR
Published: April 2007

Aspects of the behaviour and development of Amorbusobscuricornis were observed in the field during spring and summer 1994/1995 at a site in southern Tasmania. Nymphs of A. obscuricornis remained predominantly on host plants on which they were initially observed for much of their development. Some movements between hosts occurred with migrating nymphs ranging in age from second to fourth instar. Most adults observed for the first time on hosts were males, a number of which were later recorded with females. Males were observed to have longer host residence times (7–56 days) than females (≤ 7 days). Complete nymphal development was roughly estimated to take considerably fewer degree‐days under fluctuating field temperatures than at constant temperature. This suggested that other mechanisms (e.g. basking) may significantly influence nymphal growth and development.
Disinfestation of fresh fruits from Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) with combination mild heat and modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Jessup AJ , Carswell IF , Dalton SP
Published: April 2007

Preliminary studies were conducted on evaluating the effects of combining modified atmospheres created in sealed, 38 μm, low‐density, polyethylene bags with storage at 38°C on the survival of eggs and larvae of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, infesting mandarins, cherries, tomatoes and apples. Heat alone reduced insect survival but, when combined with sealing in polyethylene bags, no insect survived treatment for more than 3 days. Results show that future research on this inexpensive, non‐chemical disinfestation treatment is warranted.
Revision of the Neozeleboria cryptoides species group of thynnine wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae): Pollinators of native orchids
Authors: Brown GR
Published: April 2007

The Neozeleboria cryptoides group is defined for N. cryptoides (Smith) and N. flavicoxa sp. n., N. rarum sp. n., N. rufum sp. n., N. tabulata sp. n. and N. usitatum sp. n. from south‐eastern Australia, and a key to males of these species given. Brief discussions are given on the group's relationship to other species of the genus, and on the generic relationships of Neozeleboria including Aulacothynnus Turner, which is synonymised with Neozeleboria Rohwer. A diagnosis for Neozeleboria is given and a key provided to distinguish several closely related genera. the almost unknown biology of Australian Thynninae is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the genus Neozeleboria and its role in the pollination of terrestrial orchids. Comments are made on the distribution of the species of Neozeleboria.
How many queens are there in mature colonies of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius)?
Authors: Peng RK , Christian K , Gibb K
Published: April 2007

In an ongoing study of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), to control insect pests, we surveyed newly established ant colonies in a 3‐year‐old mango block in March 1997 at Howard Springs, Northern Territory. We also surveyed 12 established ant colonies from May to July 1997 in Darwin, and six of them were surveyed again in February 1998. the aims were to determine patterns of initial colonisation by dealate queens of O. smaragdina and to locate the queen ant nest in established colonies of the ant. the number of dealate queens in new communal nests varied from one to 15. In a total of 73 nests, 71% of nests contained more than one dealate queen and 12% of nests contained segments or corpses of dealate queens, which were either parasitised by a fungus or killed by predators. This confirms that pleometrosis during the initial establishment of a colony is very common in O. smaragdina, and suggests that natural enemies affect the success of initial colonisation. of 12 established green ant colonies, 10 colonies with two to six queens were all in one nest, and only two colonies had one queen. In those colonies with multiple queens, we found that each queen was almost equally attractive to the major workers. Contrary to previous reports, these data suggest that pleometrosis in O. smaragdina during the initial period of colony establishment can lead to polygyny in mature colonies. This is the first time that polygyny has been documented in mature colonies of O. smaragdina.
Does Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) use kairomones to recognise eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?
Authors: Huang Kui , Gordh Gordon
Published: April 2007

We tested the oviposition behaviour of female Trichogramma australicum on host eggs and glass beads. No washing by organic solvent or water could effectively remove recognition cues from Helicoverpa armigera eggs. Possible recognition kairomonal materials (accessory gland secretion and lateral oviduct liquid contents of H. armigera) did not have a pronounced effect on stimulating ovipositor probing and drilling by T. australicum. Therefore, we consider that T. australicum females do not depend on chemical cues to recognise their host eggs. We found that deteriorating change in the characteristics of natural host eggs can reduce the acceptance of the host by female T. australicum. This rejection behaviour may allow the wasp to identify unacceptable hosts and oviposit only in hosts of ‘good’ quality.
Survey of mealybugs and their parasitoids in south‐east Queensland citrus
Authors: Ceballo FA , Papacek D , Walter GH
Published: April 2007

Mealybugs in Queensland citrus receive regular control measures, but have never been surveyed for species composition or for their associated parasitoids. We collected infested fruits regularly between February 1994 and May 1995 at Mundubbera, Nambour, and Brisbane in south‐east Queensland. More than 650 fruits and twigs were sampled from citrus trees and nearby plants. The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), accounted for virtually all mealybugs collected. Most were recorded at Mundubbera in December and January. Ten species of hymenopteran parasitoids were recovered. The pteromalid Ophelosia sp. and four Encyrtidae (Anagyrus sp., Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake), Leptomastidae abnormis (Girault) and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard) were the most common species and are primary parasitoids of mealybugs. A hyperparasitic signiphorid, Chartocerus sp., was also present, as were males of an unidentified encyrtid species with indeterminate host relationships. The three remaining species were Aphelinidae (Myiocnema comperei Ashmead, Euryishia sp., Coccophagus sp.) and were uncommon in samples. Parasitism was never higher than 3%. Most individuals (97%) were collected in Mundubbera where all parasitoid species were present. Anagyrus sp., C. peregrinus, L. abnormis and Chartocerus sp. each contributed between 17 and 23% of all wasps recovered at Mundubbera, with the dominant species varying with sampling occasion.
Records of Australian Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Lantana camara
Authors: Day MD , Nahrung HF
Published: April 2007

The first host plant for the Australian cerambycid Athemistus howitti Pascoe is recorded. Adults were collected from within living stems of Lantana camara in central New South Wales. IchthyodesOrinoeme)
centurio (Pascoe), which has been recorded on other hosts, was also collected from living stems of L. camara. A further two species with other known hosts, Athemistus rugosulus (Guérin‐Méneville) and Ceresium australe Carter, have been collected previously from dead, decaying stems of L. camara.
Australian net‐winged midges of the tribe Apistomyiini (Diptera: Blephariceridae)
Authors: Zwick Peter
Published: April 2007

A taxonomic treatment of the Australian net‐winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of the tribe Apistomyiini is presented. Characters supporting the monophyly of the tribe are described and illustrated. New taxa are Theischingeria rieki gen. et sp. nov., Parapistomyia mueller sp. nov. and Parapistomyia bulbifera barringtoniana ssp. nov., bringing the total number of Australian Apistomyiini to eight species and subspecies in four genera. the New Guinean Curupirina papuana Zwick and Hortle is transferred to the Australian genus Parapistomyia Zwick; its adult and pupa are described. A morphocline between the two Australian species of Apistomyia is described. New keys to larvae, pupae and adults of all Australian Apistomyiini are presented. the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe are discussed.
Dacine fruit flies collected during the dry season in the lowland rainforest of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Fletcher Brian S
Published: April 2007

Dacine fruit flies in the Kau Wildlife Area, a patch of lowland rainforest near Madang, Papua New Guinea, were studied during the dry season of 1996 using Steiner traps baited with cuelure and methyl eugenol. A limited amount of data on larval hosts was obtained from fruit samples collected in the reserve and held in the laboratory. Fruit flies were also trapped at some other lowland rainforest sites near Madang to determine if there were any major differences in species composition between sites. Over 50 species of fruit flies were collected in the Kau Wildlife Area, 25% of which appeared to be undescribed. Trapping at the other lowland rainforest sites yielded only one additional species.
Effects of lighting regimens on the emergence and numbers of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in emergence chambers
Authors: Bishop Alan L , McKenzie Harry J , Barchia Idris M , Spohr Lorraine J
Published: April 2007

Darkness inhibited the emergence of the biting midge, Culicoides brevitarsis from bovine dung held in emergence chambers at a constant 25°C. Light had a positive effect on emergence and the numbers of C. brevitarsis emerging increased linearly to a maximum in the afternoon. Counts from collection containers above the chambers were an accurate estimate of the numbers of adults that emerged in the chambers. Numbers emerging were highest at constant and natural light and were significantly lower at light:dark 9 h:15 h and 8 h:16 h. The rearing of C. brevitarsis adults from dung to assess field population densities preferably should be carried out under constant light.
Comparative performance of two biotypes of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on clovers (Trifolium) and medics (Medicago)
Authors: Milne Wendy M
Published: April 2007

Two genetically different biotypes of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) and spotted clover aphid (SCA), occur in Australia. The potential host range of the two biotypes was determined by comparing their performance on eight species (12 cultivars) of clover (Trifolium) and two species (four cultivars) of medic (Medicago). Aphids were reared on excised trifoliate leaves on agar containing a soluble fertiliser. Parameters measured included initial host acceptance by adults, survival of first generation nymphs, incidence of winged adults and the weight and 4‐day fecundity of wingless adults. Spotted clover aphid clearly outperformed SAA on all 12 clover cultivars. Only on the three lucerne cultivars did SAA perform better than SCA. Barrel medic was a relatively unsuitable host for both aphids. The study revealed that SCA has a much wider host range than SAA and that it has the potential to be a serious threat to improved pastures in Australia where clover is a major component.
THE USE OF KINEMATIC HARDENING MODELS IN MULTI‐AXIAL CYCLIC PLASTICITY
Authors: HANCELL P. J. , HARVEY S. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The use of kinematic hardening models are examined for tubes subjected to (a) cyclic plastic torsion with a sustained axial stress and (b) cyclic plastic tension‐compression with a sustained hoop stress. It is shown that the kinematic model predicts a limit to the plastic strain accumulation resulting from the sustained loads. Experimental results show that the strain accumulation is not limited and that the mode of deformation within a cycle of plastic strain cannot be predicted using a kinematic hardening model. The development of the yield surface under cyclic loading is examined. The results indicate that contraction and expansion of the yield surface along the stress axes can occur and it is shown that the direction of the sustained stresses, relative to the direction of the cyclic stresses is an important factor in the development of any cumulative plastic strains.
FATIGUE OF THIN WIRES
Authors: GEMINOV V. , KOPYEV I.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A new method of fatigue testing of thin wires of about 0·1 to 0·5 mm dia is described. Some results are presented. The extraordinary high fatigue limits of W‐Re alloys (about 1250 MPa) and B (2000 MPa) are reported. The non‐monotonous relationship between the fatigue limit and tensile strength is discussed for a wide range of solids.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON CRACK PROPAGATION IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
Authors: RHODES D. , RADON J. C.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Crack propagation rates have been measured in two aluminium alloys under cyclic and static loading, in air, and in salt solution. On the basis of these results, a model is proposed, whereby corrosion fatigue crack propagation may be interpreted in terms of fatigue and static stress corrosion characteristics. Two interacting processes are operative; one is “stress assisted dissolution”, which tends to inhibit mechanical failure by crack blunting and microbranching. The other is “environment assisted fracture” which occurs too rapidly for dissolution to occur. One or other of these processes is always observed to be dominant. This proposal is discussed in relation to other recent models for corrosion fatigue cracking. The effects of frequency, waveform and mean stress variations are also considered.
EFFECT OF WAVEFORM ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Authors: KAWAI S. , KOIBUCHI K.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A study was made on the effects of stress rise time T1, maximum stress holding time T2, stress decreasing time T3 and minimum stress holding time T4 of a cycle on fatigue crack growth for a low alloy carbon steel in 3% NaCl solution. Measurements of the effective stress intensity range ratio U and observations of crack tip response were performed to clarify the causes of waveform effects.

The results were summarized as follows; T1 had a strong accelerating effect due to corrosive dissolution of the fresh surfaces of the crack which were formed during T1. The crack growth rate was enhanced as T1 increased and reached a constant value (about 3 times that in air) after T1= 10s. The crack growth rate at low ΔK, however, decreased as T1 increased more than T1= 1 s. T2, T3 and T4 decreased the crack growth rate. The extent of decrease not only depended on the period of T2 (or T3, T4), but also on ΔK and T1. A previously derived crack growth law which considered waveform and frequency effects, is also valid to a first approximation for the present results.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND CLOSURE AT HIGH STRESS RATIOS
Authors: Tsukuda H. , Ogiyama H. , Shiraishi T.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Fatigue crack growth tests have been carried out on a medium carbon structural steel over a wide range of stress ratios, i.e. from 0 to 0.7. All tests were conducted under constant amplitude loading conditions corresponding to growth rates in the Paris regime. Crack closure behaviour was observed experimentally by a surface strain gauge technique, and numerically by a finite element analysis under plane stress condition. While the crack closure could not be detected by experimental measurements at stress ratios equal to or greater than 0.5, the numerical results showed that closure occurred even at high stress ratios up to 0.7. The differences between experimentally and numerically determined crack opening levels were found for each stress ratio. A cause for these differences is discussed. In addition, two new types of crack tip parameters which have been proposed recently are evaluated by finite element analysis and their relevance to fatigue crack growth are discussed. It is concluded that fatigue crack growth rates are substantially determined by the effective stress intensity factor range which is based on the crack closure concept.
Bacterial taxa abundance pattern in an industrial wastewater treatment system determined by the full rRNA cycle approach
Authors: Figuerola Eva L. M. , Erijman Leonardo
Published: April 2007

The description of the diversity and structure of microbial communities through quantification of the constituent populations is one of the major objectives in environmental microbiology. The implications of models for community assembly are practical as well as theoretical, because the extent of biodiversity is thought to influence the function of ecosystems. Current attempts to predict species diversity in different environments derive the numbers of individuals for each operational taxonomic unit (OTU) from the frequency of clones in 16S rDNA gene libraries, which are subjected to a number of inherent biases and artefacts. We show that diversity of the bacterial community present in a complex microbial ensemble can be estimated by fitting the data of the full‐cycle rRNA approach to a model of species abundance distribution. Sequences from a 16S rDNA gene library from activated sludge were reliably assigned to OTUs at a genetic distance of 0.04. A group of 17 newly designed rRNA‐targeted oligonucleotide probes were used to quantify by fluorescence in situ hybridization, OTUs represented with more than three clones in the 16S rDNA clone library. Cell abundance distribution was best described by a geometric series, after the goodness of fit was evaluated by the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test. Although a complete mechanistic understanding of all the ecological processes involved is still not feasible, describing the distribution pattern of a complex bacterial assemblage model can shed light on the way bacterial communities operate.
Prevalence of depression and diabetes: a population‐based study from rural Bangladesh
Authors: Asghar S. , Hussain A. , Ali S. M. K. , Khan A. K. A. , Magnusson A.
Published: April 2007

Aims  To determine the extent of depressive symptoms in a rural community of Bangladesh and its association with newly recognized diabetes.

Methods  Depressive symptoms were assessed in 184 newly diagnosed diabetic subjects and 768 randomly selected individuals without diabetes. The Montogomery and Aasberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was used to assess depressive symptoms. A structured interview was performed to obtain socio‐demographic and economic information and anthropometric measures were collected. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by the HemoCue glucose analyser.

Results  Twenty‐nine percent of male and 30.5% of female participants with diabetes and 6.0% of male and 14.6% of female subjects without diabetes had depressive symptoms rating ≥ 20 on the MADRS. An association between depressive symptoms and diabetes was found (P < 0.01). After controlling for potential confounding factors including age, gender, fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol/l and waist–hip ratio, the association of depression with diabetes remained significant.

Conclusions  An unexpectedly high level of unrecognized depressive symptoms was found in the general rural population of Bangladesh. These are among the first data to suggest that depressive symptoms in this culture are common, especially in women. Depression is particularly common in those with diabetes. Psychiatric intervention may be necessary in addition to lifestyle changes to prevent the exponential increase in the occurrence of Type 2 diabetes. In addition, a common approach including psychiatric treatment in diabetes care may be necessary to achieve improved glycaemic control in this population.
A double‐blind randomized study comparing the effects of continuing or not continuing rosiglitazone + metformin therapy when starting insulin therapy in people with Type 2 diabetes1
Authors: Home P. D. , Bailey C. J. , Donaldson J. , Chen H. , Stewart M. W.
Published: April 2007

Aims  To compare the efficacy and safety of either continuing or discontinuing rosiglitazone + metformin fixed‐dose combination when starting insulin therapy in people with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral therapy.

Methods  In this 24‐week double‐blind study, 324 individuals with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on maximum dose rosiglitazone + metformin therapy were randomly assigned to twice‐daily premix insulin therapy (target pre‐breakfast and pre‐evening meal glucose ≤ 6.5 mmol/l) in addition to either rosiglitazone + metformin (8/2000 mg) or placebo.

Results  Insulin dose at week 24 was significantly lower with rosiglitazone + metformin (33.5 ± 1.5 U/day, mean ± se) compared with placebo [59.0 ± 3.0 U/day; model‐adjusted difference −26.6 (95% CI −37.7, −15,5) U/day, P < 0.001]. Despite this, there was greater improvement in glycaemic control [HbA1c rosiglitazone + metformin vs. placebo 6.8 ± 0.1 vs. 7.5 ± 0.1%; difference −0.7 (−0.8, −0.5)%, P < 0.001] and more individuals achieved glycaemic targets (HbA1c < 7.0% 70 vs. 34%, P < 0.001). The proportion of individuals reporting at least one hypoglycaemic event during the last 12 weeks of treatment was similar in the two groups (rosiglitazone + metformin vs. placebo 25 vs. 27%). People receiving rosiglitazone + metformin in addition to insulin reported greater treatment satisfaction than those receiving insulin alone. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated but more participants had oedema [12 (7%) vs. 4 (3%)] and there was more weight gain [3.7 vs. 2.6 kg; difference 1.1 (0.2, 2.1) kg, P = 0.02] with rosiglitazone + metformin.

Conclusions  Addition of insulin to rosiglitazone + metformin enabled more people to reach glycaemic targets with less insulin, and was generally well tolerated.
Breastfeeding habits in families with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hummel S. , Winkler C. , Schoen S. , Knopff A. , Marienfeld S. , Bonifacio E. , Ziegler A. G.
Published: April 2007

Aims  Breastfeeding is acknowledged to be beneficial for child development. Women with diabetes may be more likely not to breastfeed their children because of neonatal morbidity and instability in diabetes control. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of maternal Type 1 diabetes on breastfeeding habits.

Methods  Full breastfeeding and any breastfeeding were reported in the first year of life in 1560 children born in Germany between 1989 and 2004. Of those, 997 children had a mother with Type 1 diabetes, and the remaining 563 children had a father or sibling with Type 1 diabetes.

Results  Fewer children of mothers with Type 1 diabetes were breastfed than children of non‐diabetic mothers (77 vs. 86%; P < 0.0001) and, amongst breastfed children, there was a shorter duration of full breastfeeding (12 vs. 17 weeks; P < 0.0001) and any breastfeeding (20 vs. 26 weeks, P < 0.0001) in children of mothers with Type 1 diabetes compared with children of non‐diabetic mothers. Other factors associated with reduced frequency and duration of breastfeeding were pre‐term delivery (P < 0.0001), young maternal age (P < 0.0001), and firstborn children (P < 0.0001). After stratification for each of these factors, breastfeeding remained significantly less frequent and of less duration in children of mothers with Type 1 diabetes as compared with children of non‐diabetic mothers.

Conclusions  Mothers with Type 1 diabetes breastfeed their children less than international recommendations. Counselling to increase frequency and duration of breastfeeding may be warranted in this population.