bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Popular Catholicism: A Parish Study
Authors: PETERSON Anna
Published: March 2007

Just as Latin America is stereotyped as a “Catholic” continent, popular Catholicism in the region is stereotyped as a simple, monolithic set of practices and ideas. These images hide the tremendous diversity and also the tensions that characterize popular Catholicism in Latin America. This essay examines some of the varieties of popular Catholicism through the study of a single parish on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador. It focuses on political and religious conflicts among different groups of laypeople, as well as disagreements between laypeople and pastoral agents, from the early 1970s to the present. It contends that throughout this period, popular Catholicism—in its “traditional” and also “progressive” manifestations—has been the site of intense contestation regarding theological ideas, pastoral approaches, and ethical-political praxis.
The Concept of `Social Division' and Theorising Social Stratification: Looking at Ethnicity and Class
Authors: Anthias Floya
Published: March 2007

One of the most characteristic features of contemporary debates in the social sciences is the growth of interest in non-class forms of social division and identity, accompanied by an increasing focus on ethnic and gender inequalities. This paper attempts to provide a frame for incorporating such divisions into stratification theory by placing the notion of `social division' at centre stage and redrawing its boundaries. The paper pays particular attention to ethnicity and class for the purposes of the argument. It is argued that a theorisation of social divisions can show how non-class forms of division and identity constitute central elements of the stratification system of modern societies. Such an approach also marries better with the wealth of evidence that scholars of ethnicity and `race' have been collecting on the importance of race/ethnicity as structuring social location and differential and unequal social outcomes.
Young People's Time Perspectives: From Youth to Adulthood
Authors: Brannen Julia , Nilsen Ann
Published: March 2007

The article examines three bodies of theory: individualization, the lifecourse, and concepts of time. It interrogates these theories with respect to the following questions: how young people speak about the future; and the bearing of young people's situations and time perspectives upon the way they envisage the transition to adulthood. It draws upon empirical research from a five-country European study, in particular material from focus group discussions conducted with young people in two west-European countries, Britain and Norway. It analyses variations in young peoples' ways of thinking about their future lives, and proposes, as a basis for further research, three ideal typical models.
The Application of Fluorochemicals to Cotton Fabrics to Obtain Oil and Water Repellent Surfaces
Authors: Philips Frederick J. , Segal Leon , Loeb Leopold
Published: March 2007

The application of some fluorocarbon compounds to cotton textiles to impart oleo phobic and hydrophohic surface characteristics to the materials has been investigated Commercial and laboratory preparations of poly (fluoroalkyl esters of acrylic acid) and of chromium complexes of fluorine-containing monocarboxylic acids were used to treat cotton fabrics, thereby substituting low energy -CF3 and -CF2- groups for the -H. the -OH. and -CH2HO of the cellulose surface of the cotton fibers. Data are presented to show the relative effectiveness of several classes of fluorocarbon compounds as satis factory repellency treatments for cotton fabrics, and that modification of the cellulosic fabric surfaces by use of perfluorocarbon compounds considerably improves the resistance of the fabrics to wetting not only by water but also by organic liquids of low surface tension.
Planning for School Change
Authors: Abrams Laura S. , Gibbs Jewelle Taylor
Published: March 2007

Contemporary school reform strategies require extensive school-community collaboration, yet the actualization of this goal is very difficult to achieve. Social class and cultural barriers often impede the development of cooperative relationships between school staff, parents, and other community members. In this qualitative study of a planning year for a full-service elementary school, the authors discuss conflicts and tensions that emerged between various groups of participants as well as avenues for coalition and cooperation. A year of field observation and interviews with 21 school staff and 14 community members form the basis for recommendations for successful school-community collaborations in urban schools.
Bicultural Identity and Language Attitudes
Authors: Weisman Evelyn Marino
Published: March 2007

This study is informed by a critical perspective that addresses issues of bicultural development and linguistic attitudes within a context of existing societal power relations. Interviews were conducted with four Latina teachers to examine the relationship between their bicultural identities and their attitudes toward English and Spanish. Findings point to a strong correlation between identification with Latino culture, political consciousness, and value for the Spanish language as a means of affirming the cultural identities of Latino students. Results of this study support the need to incorporate issues concerning bicultural development and language domination into the professional development of bilingual teachers.
Teacher-Researchers Entering into the World of Limited-English-Proficiency (LEP) Students
Authors: Torres Myriam N.
Published: March 2007

Given the trends of the increasing percentage of students of color, particularly limited-English-proficiency (LEP) students, and the decreasing percentage of teachers of color in American public schools, many more White teachers are teaching LEP students. This article examines the classroom inquiries by three European American teacher-researchers on their own LEP students. They were seeking to know their students’ ways of perceiving, learning, and using their native and second language in different circumstances. Based on their insights, these teachers devised activities and curricula to respond to students’ genuine strengths and weaknesses in meaningful ways. These teachers’ insights are discussed in the light of the principles and goals of bilingual and multicultural education.
Saturday College
Authors: Cohen Max H. , Cohen Leslie K. , Myers Herbert B.
Published: March 2007

This is a description and evaluation of a tuition-free academic enrichment program for urban youth including a report on the use of programmed instruction to teach chemistry.
The Professional/Bureaucratic Interface
Authors: Hanson E. Mark
Published: March 2007

fow can school governance be described more accurately than as simply "bureaucratic"?
Dick and Jane Grow Up
Authors: Coles Gerald S.
Published: March 2007

Texts intended to implement social change implicitly support the values of the status quo.
The Fading out of Gains in "Successful" Compensatory Education Programs
Authors: Stickney Benjamin D.
Published: March 2007

Effective programs and pupil gains seem to `fade": in this view, schools are not the great equalizer and grand panacea.
Toward Equality of Educational Opportunity
Authors: Haskell Mark A.
Published: March 2007

New Castle County, Delaware, as an example of tax reallocation to support both "equal educational opportunity" and other public policies.
Episodic Instability in School District Elections
Authors: Criswell Larry W. , Mitchell Douglas E.
Published: March 2007

School board election defeats-and victories-vary in frequency from district to district, but are cyclic, that is, patterned over time.
Classroom Seating as a Definition of Situation
Authors: Kashti Yitzhak , Arieli Mordecai , Harel Yehudit
Published: March 2007

Classroom seating patterns and their changes have implications and meanings.
Power Patterns among Michigan and Ontario Teachers' Lobbies
Authors: Bridgeland William M. , Townsend Richard G. , Duane Edward A.
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of teacher organizations and political cultures in Michigan and Ontario clarifies how they do or do not influence policy.
Managing Decline in Public Schools
Authors: Pankake Anita M. , Bailey Max A.
Published: March 2007

Superintendents respond to a survey query by advocating a variety of tactics, sometimes conflicting, for the management of decline.
Teenage Pregnancy and the Role of the Schools
Authors: Polit Denise F. , Kahn Janet R.
Published: March 2007

Counseling for teenage mothers reduces the likelihood of their dropping out of school, and so enhances their future earning power.
Prevention Strategies for Vulnerable Pupils
Authors: Schinke Steven P. , Bebel Mary Y. , Orlandi Mario A. , BOTVIN GILBERT J.
Published: March 2007

Pupils are put at hazard by tobacco and drugs. Social work can reduce the risk.
Cooperating with Home School Parents
Authors: Knowles J. Gary
Published: March 2007

Schools are means, not ends. "Home schoolers" should benefit from educators' and schools' aid.
Building Bridges in Midtown Manhattan
Authors: Parker J. Michael
Published: March 2007

Adult semipiterates read children's books to children, to their mutual advantage.
The Dynamics of Superintendent-School Board Relationships
Authors: Tallerico MariLyn
Published: March 2007

Some school board members are not dominated by the superintendent.
Preparation of Educational Administrators for Urban Settings
Authors: Crisci Pat Eva , Tutela Alfred D.
Published: March 2007

New administrators for Cleveland's schools are prepared in a carefully articulated program.
Crisis of Confidence
Authors: Diner Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Loss of confidence in Washington, DC schools now has a half-century of history.
Computers and Class
Authors: Levy Daniel , Navon David , Shapira Rina
Published: March 2007

Personal computers may accentuate rather than diminish advantages of high-SES students in Israel.
Education and Schooling
Authors: Shujaa Mwalimu J.
Published: March 2007

Within a society schooling and education cannot be conceptualized as overlapping processes when unequal power relations exist among groups with differing cultural orientations. In this article, the author argues that the strategic differentiation between education and schooling is fundamental to the maintenance and development of an African-American cultural orientation and identity. He contends that education and schooling are different processes and that, although it is possible for them to overlap, it is also probable that most African-Americans receive more schooling than education. He presents a conceptual model that links the process of schooling to the perpetuation of existing relations of power and politically dominant culture in the United States.
Effective Urban Elementary Schools and their Women Administrators
Authors: Pavan Barbara Nelson , Reid Nancy Andrade
Published: March 2007

Four out of five urban Chapter I elementary schools where student academic achievement was higher than expected had female principals. All four principals, Black or White, experienced or inexperienced, spent most of their time actively engaged with both students and teachers over the teaching learning process in the school.
Promoting Achievement among Gifted Black Students
Authors: Ford Donna Y. , Harris J. John
Published: March 2007

Gifted Black students face many barriers to achievement and motivation, including social, cultural, and psychological constraints. This article addresses the concept of underachievement among gifted Black students by appraising definitions of "gifted" and "underachievement, " and by exploring barriers to achievement. This discussion also focuses on a study that explored how perceptions and beliefs contribute to or exacerbate underachievement among even the most capable Black learners. Finally, the authors offer recommendations for promoting contemporary and appropriate definitions and identification practices so that Black students will become fully represented in programs for the gifted.
From Inner City to Ivory Tower
Authors: Tate William F
Published: March 2007

The author draws on principles of critical race theory to reflect on his elementary education at a successful urban Catholic school. He contends that his education was built on the integration of two epistemological pillars: centric and conflict theories. The implementation of this matrix of theories served as the necessary ingredients to foster his movement from the inner city to the ivory tower and a career in mathematics education research. The article concludes with a discussion of the tension created by his "voice" within traditional academic discourse.
Conflict Resolution or "Convict Revolution"?: The Problematics of Critical Pedagogy in the Classroom
Authors: Knupfer Anne Meis
Published: March 2007

In this article, I link critical pedagogical theory to practice through teaching-research activities in one southern inner-city elementary classroom. Critical pedagogy is explicated and critiqued, as are current literacy theory and practice, especially for African American students. A description of critical pedagogical activities used in the classroom is given, followed by a critique of such practices. In particular, the author examines the issues of power, privilege, social relations, and student resistance. The article concludes with recommendations for teaching and using critical pedagogy in the schools, as well as in the college classroom. The bridging of literacy, popular culture, and critical pedagogy is especially recommended.
Nature of Motivation for Educational Achievement among African American Female College Students
Authors: Hamilton Carolyn Walden
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the nature of motivational factors that have influenced the educational achievement of 11 African American female college students. It also investigates the extent to which these students' educational achievements are related to individual socioeconomic advancement versus collective socioeconomic advancement of African Americans. Sources used were transcripts from semi structured interviews and field notes from participant observations. The findings suggest that these women generally perceive the collective socioeconomic advancement of African Americans as a possible outcome of their individual socioeconomic achievement.
Family Diversity
Authors: Ford Donna Y , Feist-Price Sonja , Jones Deneese L , Wright Lynda B. , Strutchens Marilyn , Stephens Jessica E. , Harris J. John
Published: March 2007

University students majoring in education and family studies were surveyed regarding their definitions and perceptions of "family. " Under investigation was the extent to which students differ in their acceptance of diverse family structures. Explorations were conducted on the basis of gender and college major Findings indicate that the subjects tended to support the traditional nuclear family as a family, and to agree that families with children represented a family. Moreover, although they agree with many diverse family structures described, they tend not to agree that cohabiting couples without children, same-gender partners, divorced couples, and certain extended families constitute a family. Several gender and college major differences were found. Implications and recommendations are presented.
Self-Concept and Metacognition in Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Hartman Hope J. , Everson Howard T , Toblas Sigmund , Gourgey Annette F.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the relationship between measures of academic self-concept and metacognition in three different ethnic groups-Black, Hispanic, and Asian American. The BACEIS model of intellectual performance suggests that cognitive, affective, and environmental factors contribute to academic achievement. In general, this model predicts that academic self-concept and metacognition are correlated and that culturally distinct ethnic groups vary on these measures. The results of this study support the predictions derived from the BACEIS model. Implications for research and instruction are discussed
A Conversation toward Equity
Authors: Henke Suellyn , Lokon Elizabeth , Carlson Dennis , Kreuzmann Bill
Published: March 2007

This article is a polyvocal narrative that explores how four participants-a teacher, professor, graduate student, and teacher in transition to being a graduate student-work together to reinvent more equitable roles in a school-university partnership. Equity among university and school participants is stressed as a necessary, although often overlooked, component in any cooperative initiative for democratic education. Each participant tells his or her own story of coming together to create a progressive space for collaboration.
Moral Leadership Discourses in Urban School Settings
Authors: Bogotch Ira E. , Miron Louis F , Murry Joseph
Published: March 2007

This collaborative research project began with two assumptions: (a) that the contradictions and differences within urban contexts create an environment in which moral practices are neither self-evident nor frequently actualized and (b) that leadership as primarily relational allows for the ongoing social construction of moral practices among urban educators. Thus, the study sought not only to understand constraints on moral practices within urban contexts, but also to identify real possibilities for moral practices to emerge within these contexts. Using both discourse analysis and Maxcy's theory of critical pragmatism, we sought to creatively unite critical methods of data analysis with participants' relationships, needs, and values to expand the moral center of urban school systems.
Young People, Crime, and Criminal Justice
Authors: O'MAHONY DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article gives a brief outline of juvenile crime and the operation of the juvenile justice system in Northern Ireland. It looks critically at how the justice system works and at some recent developments in practice and legislation, and it considers some of the obstacles and opportunities that are emerging at a time of change, especially following the Good Friday Agreement. The article first provides some general facts and figures on crime and victimization in Northern Ireland to place the debate in context. The article then provides details about the nature and extent of juvenile crime and describes the various stages of the criminal justice process, from police contact, to the sentencing of the juvenile court, to the operation of various court disposals. Prospects for the future in the treatment of juveniles in the Northern Irish criminal justice process are discussed.
Marital and Birth Expectations of Urban Adolescents
Authors: SMITH EDWARD A. , ZABIN LAURIE S.
Published: March 2007

Data are presented that analyze 3,646 adolescents' responses to questions regarding their perceived ideal ages for marriage and first birth. The racial and gender differences that were obtained were then contrasted with vital statistics data on out-of-wedlock births to young women from the same geographical area. This comparison suggests that the adolescents' responses are reflective of the norms of the communities in which they live.
“Going Green”
Authors: CURRIE DAWN H.
Published: March 2007

In general, sociologists neglect the ways that mass media operate to construct the worldview of adolescents. Although cultural studies tend to celebrate youth culture as expressing resistance to the dominant order, this article draws on textual analysis to explore how the progressive impetus of popular social movements is redefined in adolescent magazines to create mythologies of consumption. Using content and textual analysis of Seventeen magazine published between 1951 and 1991, the author explores the emergence and transformation of environmental discourse as a case in point. This analysis shows that although the current format, which presents readers with endless facts and information about environmental degradation, gives this medium the appearance of a potentially politicizing discourse, it may in fact provide a basis for the “depoliticized speech” described by Barthes.
The Timing of Sexual Intercourse among Adolescents
Authors: MILLER BRENT C. , NORTON MARIA C. , CURTIS THOM , HILL E. JEFFREY , SCHVANEVELDT PAUL , YOUNG MARGARET H.
Published: March 2007

Children's perceptions of their relationships with their parents and peers in 1976 and 1981, respectively, along with other salient antecedent variables, were related to their age at first sexual intercourse, as reported in 1987. Data came from the National Survey of Children, a three-wave longitudinal study of 1,145 children age 7-11 (Wave 1), 12-16 (Wave 2), and 18-22 (Wave 3). Antecedent variables were taken from both Round 1 and Round 2 surveys. When the same variables were present at both times, the more recent data were used if the survey occurred prior to age of first sexual intercourse; if not, the Round 1 data were used. Separate analyses were run to predict timing of sexual intercourse for males and females. Age of first date, dating often, number of friends perceived to have had sex at age 16, being Black, having parents undergo marital changes during the child's school years, and fighting at school were the most significant predictors of age at first sexual intercourse among males. All of these variables except fighting at school and dating frequency were significant predictors among females. Additional significant variables predicting age of first sex among females were menarche, parents' education, mother's coercive behavior and love withdrawal, and attitudes about attending religious services.
Differences between Gang Girls and Gang Boys
Authors: ESBENSEN FINN-AAGE , DESCHENES ELIZABETH PIPER , WINFREE L. THOMAS
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, a growing body of literature examining gang girls and the involvement of girls in violence has appeared. In this article, we contribute to this developing literature by using data from a multisite evaluation to explore the extent to which gang girls are similar to or different from gang boys in terms of their attitudes, perceptions of their gangs, and their involvement in ganglike illegal activities. Findings indicate that gang girls are involved in a full array of illegal gang activities, although not as frequently as the gang boys. Whereas similarities exist in behavioral activities and in reasons for joining gangs, gang girls report greater social isolation from family and friends than do gang boys. The gang girls also report lower levels of self-esteem than do the boys. These gender differences are discussed in terms of differential developmental trajectories for boys and girls.
Delusion and Reality in Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Romulus the Great
Authors: Steer Alun
Published: March 2007

[Born on 9 July I937, William Alun John Steer went up as a Scholar to St John's College, Cambridge in I955. After a brilliant undergraduate career he wrote a dissertation on Art and Commitment: A Critical Study of the Plays of Bertolt Brecht, I9I8-I946 , which yielded a number of articles of unusual interest. Alun Steer held teaching posts in the departments of German in the universities of Southampton and Newcastle (New South Wales), and in the Leeds College of Art and Technology. He was killed by a car in Canterbury on 29 October I987. This essay, originally the text of a lecture, is the last he wrote. We are grateful to his widow, Mrs Biddy Steer, for allowing us to publish it.]
State, Technology, and Planning
Authors: Nordin Ingemar
Published: March 2007

A central theme within political theory is the rational management of society based on science and technology. This idea involves several problems concerning the philosophy of technology and social engineering. Some of these difficulties, which are discussed in this essay, are (1) the scientific identification of objective needs and what we can do with it with respect to rational choice, (2) expert-management versus user-management in technical matters, (3) the nature of technology and its consequences for planning, and (4) the nature of technology and its consequences for democratic social engineering.
Karl Popper's Political Philosophy of Social Science
Authors: Stokes Geoff
Published: March 2007

This article examines critically Popper's arguments for a "unity of method" between natural science and social science. It discusses Popper's writings on the goals of science, the objects of scientific inquiry, the logic of scientific method, and the value of objectivity The major argument is that, despite his unifying intention, Popper himself provides good reasons for treating the two sciences differently. Popper proposes that social scientists follow a number of rules that are not required for, and that have no direct equivalent in, natural science. For most of the cases examined here, these requirements are not simply marginal amendments to a basic methodological core; they are essentially moral or ethical in character and mark out a radically different intellectual and political enter prise. From this perspective, much of Popper's work on social science method ology has the character of an ethical treatise. It is argued further that Popper's accounts of the differences between natural and social science, and his call for moral responsibility, are based largely upon his understanding of the distinctive political threat that social science poses for the conduct of critical reason.
A Comparison of Randomized Response, Computer-Assisted Self-Interview, and Face-to-Face Direct Questioning
Authors: van der HEIJDEN PETER G. M. , van GILS GER , BOUTS JAN , HOX JOOP J.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the validity of responses to sensitive questions using four different methods. In an experimental setting, the authors compared a computer-assisted self-interview (CASI), face-to-face direct questioning, and two different varieties of randomized response. All respondents interviewed had been identified as having committed welfare and unemployment benefit fraud. The interviewers did not know that respondents had been caught for fraud, and the respondents did not know that the researchers had this information. The results are evaluated by comparing the percentage of false negatives. The authors also looked for variables that might explain why some respondents admit fraud and others do not. The proportions of respondents admitting fraud are relatively low, between 19 percent and 49 percent. The two randomized response conditions were superior in eliciting admissions of fraud. A number of background variables, notably gender, age, still receiving benefit, and duration and perception of fraud, are related to admitting fraud. Although the randomized response conditions performed much better than face-to-face direct questioning and CASI, the percentage of respondents admitting fraud is only around 50 percent. Some possible reasons for this are discussed.
A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories
Authors: JONES BOBBY L. , NAGIN DANIEL S. , ROEDER KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a new SAS procedure written by the authors that analyzes longitudinal data (developmental trajectories) by fitting a mixture model. The TRAJ procedure fits semiparametric (discrete) mixtures of censored normal, Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and Bernoulli distributions to longitudinal data. Applications to psychometric scale data, offense counts, and a dichotomous prevalence measure in violence research are illustrated. In addition, the use of the Bayesian information criterion to address the problem of model selection, including the estimation of the number of components in the mixture, is demonstrated.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Spatial Ranks
Authors: CHOI KYUNGMEE , MARDEN JOHN
Published: March 2007

The authors consider multivariate analysis of variance procedures based on the multivariate spatial ranks. Two models are considered: the location-family model and the fully nonparametric model. Procedures for testing main and interaction effects are given for the 2 × 2 layout.
Common Problems of Design and Analysis in Evaluative Research
Authors: Porter Andrew C. , Chibucos Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The national evaluation of an early elementary compensatory education program, Follow Through, is used as the context for discussion of design and analysis problems common to many evaluations. Although experiments have well-known advantages over quasi-experiments, the latter are likely to persist for the foreseeable future. It is argued that more careful planning could avoid many unnecessary weaknesses of past quasi-experiments, and that quasi-experiments can provide valuable information for evaluations. The strengths and weaknesses of several competing analysis strategies for quasi-experiments are considered. The conclusion is that no one strategy is satisfactory. A multiple analysis approach is recommended instead which attempts to capitalize on the unique strengths and control the unique weaknesses of several analysis strategies.
A Procedure for Surveying Personal Networks
Authors: McCallister Lynne , Fischer Claude S.
Published: March 2007

The application of network analysis to certain issues in sociology requires measurement of individuals' personal networks. These issues generally involve the impact of structural locations on persons' social lives. One such case is the Northern California Community Study of the personal consequences of residential environments. This article describes and illustrates the methodology we have developed for studying personal networks by mass survey. It reviews the conceptual problems in network definition and measurement, assesses earlier efforts, presents our technique, and illustrates its applications.
The General Linear Model and Direct Standardization
Authors: Little Roderick J.A. , Pullum Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

A formal comparison is made between direct standardization and three cross- classified data structures: tables of means which are linear additive; tables of means which are log-linear additive; and tables of frequencies which are log-linear addi tive and can be converted to tables of proportions which are logit-linear additive. Standardization is an appropriate method of summarizing the data if the differ ences between standardized means and so on are not affected by the choice of standard distribution. This condition occurs when there is no interaction between the predictor and control variables in their impact on the dependent variable. It is shown that the condition may also be expressed in the form of the general linear model with the corresponding interaction terms absent. Then, when standardiza tion is appropriate, differences between standardized quantities are estimates of differences between parameters in linear models. In some circumstances, e.g. when the cell sizes are small, if the specified interactions are believed absent then the cell entries may be fitted using the general linear model; standardization of the fitted entries would then be preferable to standardization of the observed entries.
Collecting Sensitive Data
Authors: MANGIONE THOMAS W. , HINGSON RALPH , BARRETT JANE
Published: March 2007

Results from studies that compare different methods of data collection may be confounded in many instances because of differences in response rates or sampling frames. Two alternatives to in-person interviewing were designed to overcome these confounding factors. One strategy utilized the telephone with in-person interviewing as a back-up when phone numbers were not available. The other strategy was a drop-off/pick-up, self-administered strategy. The telephone/field strategy was shown to be a viable alternative to in-person interviewing. The drop-off/pick-up strategy did not fare as well in comparison. Although response rates and costs were equivalent to in-person interviewing, the process was less enjoyable for respondents, and produced significantly different distributions on several sensitive measures.
I Hear You Knocking But You Can't Come In
Authors: FITZGERALD ROBERT , FULLER LINDA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of refusers and reluctant respondents to a general population survey on estimates of population distributions and multivariate relationships. Our data indicate that refusers do not constitute a simple random sample of respondents, and that efforts to correct for nonresponse by positing a “continuum of resistance” with refusers assumed to resemble reluctant respondents is not justified. Furthermore, we find that refusers and reluctant respondents can have serious effects on estimates of the relationship among variables. We do this by using analysis of covariance to assess the effect of callbacks on sample estimates and an imputation technique that can be used routinely in personal interview surveys to detect the magnitude and significance of refusal bias on final sample estimates.
Validity of Forced Responses in a Randomized Response Model
Authors: EDGELL STEPHEN E. , HIMMELFARB SAMUEL , DUCHAN KAREN L.
Published: March 2007

An empirical test was conducted to determine the degree to which respondents would follow the directions of the randomizing device in the directed response model of the randomized response technique (RRT). The results showed that a sizable percentage of the respondents would not give the directed response to a question if that response was a socially undesirable one and the question was sufficiently sensitive.
Decomposing Income, Earnings, and Wage Differentials
Authors: COTTON JEREMIAH
Published: March 2007

A reformulation of the widely used method for decomposing income, earnings, and wage differentials is undertaken in this article. This new formula is derived from the assumptions of the theory of discrimination that has motivated most of the empirical work on the subject. Unlike previous the decompositions, the method presented here yields separate terms representing the monetary advantage discrimination confers on whites and the monetary disadvantage to blacks.
Matrix Representation of Structural and Circulation Mobility
Authors: KRAUZE TADEUSZ K. , SLOMCZYNSKI KAZIMIERZ M.
Published: March 2007

The conceptual foundation of the traditional approach to social mobility is compactly expressed in the equality, “circulation mobility = total mobility - structural mobility.” For more than two decades, this equality has been used without specifying the frequencies that express structural mobility. In contrast with common research practice, we analyze the matrix form of the classic equality. We provide a representation of structural and circulation mobility that meets face validity criteria, is theoretically grounded, and fulfills formal postulates. The matrix of observed mobility (N) is decomposed into the sum of three nonnegative matrices: immobility (1), structural mobility (S), and circulation mobility (C). The new decomposition N = 1 + C + S, based on linear programming, has various realistic and sociologically meaningful properties and interpretations.
Estimating the Extent of Racially Polarized Voting in Multicandidate Contests
Authors: GROFMAN BERNARD , MIGALSKI MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

We extend the standard ecological regression methodology for analysis of racial bloc voting in single-member districts in which there is one seat to be filled to cover multimember districts without a numbered-place system. In such multimember districts voters may vote for up to k candidates and not all voters need to cast the same number of votes. These complications render the usual single-equation OLS technique inappropriate. The methodology we propose involves a two-step estimating procedure. The variable that is our principal concern, the proportion of white voters who vote for the black (or other minority) candidate, has its value determined by combining information from each of our two separate estimating equations. Thus we cannot directly obtain a confidence limit for our estimated value of this variable from either of the two equations alone. We derive a value of the standard error of our estimate of this variable by combining formula for the variance of the quotients and sums of two variables of known variance and covariance. We verify that our results are robust by comparing our estimates with those generated by the “seemingly unrelated regression” (SURE) model that is designed to cope with correlated errors in regressions that share in the same independent variables. The methodology we develop has an important application in voting rights litigation challenging the constitutionality of the multimember districts and at-large elections, which are the most common form of election mechanism in U.S. cities.
Some Properties of Hoelter's CN
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A. , LIANG JERSEY
Published: March 2007

Reviews, critiques, and simulation studies are available for the chi-square and other measures of goodness of fit for structural equation models. The main exception is Hoelter's critical N (CN) statistic. In this article we present some of the properties of CN, explain why a fixed cutoff value for CN often favors large samples over small ones, and illustrate some of these characteristics with simulated and empirical data. We also describe the ambiguities involved in treating CN as a gauge of the power of the chi-square test.
The Analysis of Factorial Surveys
Authors: HOX JOOP J. , KREFT ITA G. G. , HERMKENS PIET L. J.
Published: March 2007

Factorial surveys constitute a specific technique for introducing experimental designs in sample surveys. Respondents are presented with descriptions (vignettes) of a constructed world in which important factors are built in experimentally. Using balanced designs well known from the multivariate experimental tradition, it is possible to build in a relatively large number of factors and levels. Within this context, the normal hypothesis is that responses are consistent on the individual level, but not totally idiosyncratic. In the analysis, it is important to determine the influence of both the vignette and the respondent variables. Analysis models for this type of data should reflect the fact that factorial surveys produce data pertaining to two distinct levels: the individual level and the vignette level. Such models are available and are generally known as multilevel analysis models. This article discusses the properties of factorial survey designs and some analysis models that address the multilevel aspects of the data. An example is presented using data on judgments on the fairness of incomes.
Localized Autocorrelation Diagnostic Statistic (LADS) for Sociological Models
Authors: NASS CLIFFORD , MOON YOUNGME
Published: March 2007

Regression models in sociology, because they are often based on data sets with a surfeit of variables and an underlying connectivity pattern, permit the use of unique diagnostic techniques. This article elaborates on the localized autocorrelation diagnostic statistic, LADS, which determines the probability that in a model with N cases, a connected set of size C or more among the E most extreme, same-signed residuals occurred by chance. LADS can suggest variables to be included in a model and can be applied to time-series, geographic, group (i.e., cliques, blocks, clusters, and different values on a nominal variable), and network data. Exact formulas for LADS for time-series and grouped data, as well as principles for the robustness of LADS under global autocorrelation, are introduced, and a general algorithm for all data sets of connected cases is presented. Examples demonstrate how LADS can suggest new variables and improve the overall fit of models.
Ethnography's Warrants
Authors: KATZ JACK
Published: March 2007

“Assuming your argument is empirically sound, so what?” Ethnographers are especially vulnerable to this question because their warrants are commonly diffused throughout their texts, because they aim to describe what is obvious to their subjects, and because such rude questions usually are raised only silently. Perhaps the most common warrant for ethnography is a claim that social forces have created a moralized ignorance that separates research subjects and the research audience. The author discusses several dilemmas that plague ethnographers when they attempt to bridge the gap, and then he describes the strategy of naturalistic ethnography. Last, he briefly addresses a broader range of warrants, identifying five additional, frequently used, complementary justifications for ethnographic studies.
Modeling the Sex-Typing of Occupational Choice
Authors: XIE YU , SHAUMAN KIMBERLEE A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors propose to model the influence of occupational structure on the sex-typing of occupational choice within a log-linear model framework. A key feature of the framework is that the explanatory variables vary as a function both of individual attributes and of choice attributes. The authors show how information about the structure of the labor force and the experiences of its male and female incumbents affect the occupational preferences of individuals early in the life course. Analyzing data on high school students in 1972 and 1979, the authors explore the influence of gender inequality in the societal makeup of the labor force through three hypothesized channels: (1) the extent of sex segregation of occupations in the labor force (the reflection model), (2) cross-occupational variation in pay equity between female and male workers (the expectation model), and (3) sex differences in the proportions of highly successful and unsuccessful workers (the reference model).
The Scope of General Theory
Authors: BOSWELL TERRY , BROWN CLIFF
Published: March 2007

A “holy war” is being fought within comparative historical sociology between deductivists and inductivists over the scope of general theory. The issues include broad versus narrow scope conditions, explicit versus contingent theorizing, and theory testing versus theory building. The irony of the conflict is that each side makes ample use of the other's product, despite condemning its progenitor. The authors offer a hierarchical approach to qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a method for linking deductive and inductive approaches, and link QCA to game theory as a way to design more dynamic comparative studies. The authors illustrate this method through a split labor market analysis of interracial conflict and cooperation in nine U.S. labor organizing drives.
The government the jāti and the individual: Rights, discipline and control in the Pune Kotwal Papers, 1766-94
Authors: Wagle N.K.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the Pune Kotwal's papers from 1766 to 1794. The cases cited here indicate the interaction of the level of authority in local and urban Indian society, and the fluid response of authority to the needs and requirements of the society. The individual, the jāti and the government formed a dialogue on the working of social norms and sensibility within Indian society. Their response to one another at any given time reflected the inter play between rights, duties, obligations and authority that had evolved within the indige nous society in Maharashtra by the early 19th century, prior to the intervention of the British. The article also suggests the all-pervasive nature of the government in controlling the affairs of the jātis and individuals, notwithstanding their social status.
Music as artisan tradition
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to explain three widely-held 'stylised facts' about the recent history of north Indian classical music. First, in the precolonial period, music and musicians were patronised by the courts. Second, from the early colonial period patronage declined and music tended to be commercialised. And third, in the process, accumulated knowledge and the quality of crafts manship decayed. In a received view in music scholarship, the transition from patronage to market involved an institutional change and a diffusion of teaching from 'family' to out siders. Decay is attributed to the consequent reluctance of masters to teach well. The paper disputes this view. It suggests that the decay can be seen as an imperfect adaptation by individuals to the changing economic environment, and that this is a more general phenomenon than music scholarship believes. On the other hand, in the instructional system, which was primarily apprenticeship, there was substantial continuity. In this interpretation, music history can be seen to belong to a larger history of north Indian craftsmanship. The paper illustrates this proposition by drawing on the experiences of other skilled urban crafts.
The imagined landscape: Patterns in the construction of Hindu sacred geography
Authors: Eck Diana L.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the grammar of signification in the 'imagined landscape' of India, a landscape constructed of the pilgrimage places (tirthas) and pilgrimage networks that have long served to create a complex sense of place—locally, regionally, and nationally. Here I provide an overview of the patterns of signification that have generated this symbolic landscape characterised by its polycentricity, pluralism, and duplication. I look at the intricate interrelation of myth and landscape, in which myth 'takes place' in thousands of shrines and in the culturally-created mental 'map' of Bharata. The symbolic language of the body-cosmos, the avatarana from heaven to earth, the multiple patterns of four-dhams and self-manifest svayambhu images—all contribute to the shaping of this imagined landscape.
Constructing Inequality
Authors: BICKFORD SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Our urban problem is how to revive the reality of the outside as a dimension of human experience.

Richard Sennett
Vergangenheitsbewältigung in the USA
Authors: McCARTHY THOMAS
Published: March 2007

The settlement of the North American continent was... a consequence not of any higher claim in a democratic or international sense, but rather of a consciousness of what is right which had its sole roots in the conviction of the superiority and thus of the right of the white race.

—Adolf Hitler, 1932
Gross Concepts in Political Argument
Authors: SHAPIRO IAN
Published: March 2007

POLITICAL THEORISTS OFTEN fail to appreciate that any claim about how politics is to be organized must be a relational claim involving agents, actions, legitimacy, and ends. If they did, they would see that to defend the standard contending views in many of the controversies that occupy them is silly. In what follows I work through a number of debates about the nature of right, law, autonomy, utility, freedom, virtue, and justice, showing this to be true. I argue, further, that political theorists frequently think in terms of gross concepts: They reduce what are actually relational claims to claims about one or another of the components of the relation. This not only obscures the phenomena they wish to analyze, it also generates debates that can never be resolved because the alternatives that are opposed to one another are vulnerable within their own terms. Finally I offer a pair of explanations for why gross concepts persist in political theory, and suggest a way for avoiding their trap.
In Memoriam: Michael Oakeshott, 1901-1990
Authors: Cranston Maurice
Published: March 2007

The Editorial Board of Political Theory joins the intellectual community the world over in mourning the death of Michael Oakeshott. Professor Oakeshott was a member of the board of Political Theory from the inception of the journal. We shall miss his voice in our conversations. Three of those who knew him well offer the following comments and memories.
The Strange Silence of Political Theory
Authors: ISAAC JEFFREY C.
Published: March 2007

Main deficiency of active people. Active men are usually lacking in higher activity—I mean, individual activity. They are active as officials, businessmen, scholars, that is, as generic beings....Active people roll like a stone, conforming to the stupidity of mechanics.

Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human