bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illuminance Threshold for Maintenance of Testes in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) Is Higher in Continuous Light than in Long Photoperiods
Authors: McCormack Charles E.
Published: March 2007

The illuminance threshold for maintenance of testicular function was found to be considerably higher in Syrian hamsters kept in continuous light (LL) than in hamsters on long-day (14-hr) photoperiods (LD 14:10), or in a similar-length skeleton photoperiod (LDSK); the threshold lay between 3 and 30 lux in LL and at approximately 0.3 lux in LD 14:10 or LDSK. The threshold for testicular maintenance in LL was related to the capacity of LL to suppress nocturnal melatonin secretion: 400 lux totally suppressed, 30 or 3 lux partially suppressed, and 0.3 lux failed to suppress melatonin secretion. Hamsters in the LD and LDSK groups, whose locomotion was entrained into a pattern characteristic of long-day exposure, maintained full testicular function; those whose locomotion free-ran or assumed a pattern of entrainment characteristic of short-day exposure underwent testicular regression. These results suggest that light signals entrain the circadian rhythms of locomotion and melatonin secretion in a similar manner, and that LL is less effective than LD or LDSK in shortening the duration of melatonin secretion. For hamsters in LL, a direct relationship was seen between the free-running period (τ) of locomotion and log 10 illuminance at 0.3, 3.0, and 30 lux, but τ at 400 lux was no longer than τ at 30 lux. Splitting of locomotion did not occur at 0.3 or 3.0 lux, and occurred in 43% and 62% of hamsters in 30 and 400 lux, respectively.
The Amplitude of Circadian Oscillations: Temperature Dependence, Latitudinal Clines, and the Photoperiodic Time Measurement
Authors: Pittendrigh Colin S. , Kyner Walter T. , Takamura Tsuguhiko
Published: March 2007

This paper develops several propositions concerning the lability of the amplitude of Drosophila circadian pacemakers. The first is that the amplitude of the pacemaker's motion, unlike its period, is markedly temperature-dependent. The second is that latitudinal variation in pacemaker amplitude (higher in the north) is responsible for two very different sets of observations on Drosophila circadian systems at successively higher latitudes. One of these is a cline in D. auraria's phase-shifting response to light, which steadily weakens in a succession of more northerly strains. The other, concerning D. littoralis in the very far north, is a cline in the rate at which eclosion activity becomes arrhythmic (the circadian rhythm damps out) in constant darkness; damping is faster in the north.

The third proposition concerns a plausible selection pressure for the cline in pacemaker amplitude that we propose underlies the two directly observed clines. Two points are emphasized: (1) The amplitude of the pacemaker's daily oscillation declines as the duration of the entraining light pulse (photoperiod) is increased; and (2) the duration of the daily photoperiods throughout the breeding season is steadily increased as one moves toward the poles. Selection for conservation of pacemaker amplitude (during the breeding season) would produce the latitudinal cline we propose. The fourth, and final proposition is that since the amplitude of the pacemaker's daily motion responds systematically to change in photoperiod, amplitude is clearly one way—and a temperature-dependent way—in which insect circadian systems may sense seasonal change.

These propositions concerning the temperature and latitude dependence of pacemaker amplitude may be relevant to a wider array of circadian pacemakers than Drosophila.
Daily Melatonin Treatments Regulate the Circadian Melatonin Rhythm in the Adult Djungarian Hamster
Authors: Yellon Steven M.
Published: March 2007

The present study tested the hypothesis that daily melatonin treatments influence the biological clock mechanism controlling the circadian melatonin rhythm. Adult male and female Djungarian hamsters in light:dark = 16L:8D (lights on 0300-1900 h) were administered melatonin subcutaneously (s.c.) each day (5 μg/0.2 ml saline) in the morning at 1000 h (AM) or late afternoon at 1700 h (PM); controls received a vehicle injection (CON). After 14 days, pineal and serum melatonin concentrations were determined at various times on the last day of treatment and the next day in constant darkness (no treatment). The rhythm in pineal gland melatonin content was similar in each of the three groups on the last day of treatment (about 6 h duration). On the next day in constant dark, the rising phase was advanced and duration extended by 2 h or more in melatonin-treated hamsters compared to that in CONs (ANOVA). In circulation, the melatonin rhythm in AM and PM groups was phase advanced (onset and peak) on both days of the study. Thus duration was extended by up to 4.5 h compared to that in saline-treated controls. Moreover, amplitude of the nighttime serum melatonin rise was elevated up to fivefold relative to that in the CON group (ANOVA and Accumulated Sums analysis). The effects of repeated melatonin treatments on amplitude and phase of the serum melatonin rhythm raise the possibility that the circadian clock that controls pineal gland production of melatonin may also regulate melatonin secretion. From this and another study, the apparent half-life of melatonin in circulation was estimated to be 7.5 min; the melatonin injection initially produced pharmacological concentrations that were followed by low serum melatonin levels within 2 h. Thus, in both melatonin treatment groups, the data suggest that two distinct periods of elevated serum melatonin were present each day The cellular mechanism for melatonin action must take into consideration how a brief interruption in elevated melatonin in circulation (about 1 h in the PM group) is recognized as a continuous duration (short daylength), whereas a more extended baseline period is transduced as an abbreviated or long daylength (about 7 h in the AM group). These data further suggest that the biological clock mechanism that generates the circadian melatonin rhythm is responsive to the influence of daily melatonin treatments and presumably to the feedback action of endogenous melatonin on its own rhythm in the Djungarian hamster in long days.
Phased Protein Synthesis at Several Circadian Times Does Not Change Protein Levels in Gonyaulax
Authors: Markovic Paul , Roenneberg Till , Morse David
Published: March 2007

The synthesis rates of 13 individual proteins in Gonyaulax polyedra, resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, were estimated from the amount of 35S methionine incorporated during in vivo pulse labeling at 2-h intervals over one circadian period. The synthesis rates of three proteins, taken as controls, varied 2-3 fold, and no systematic pattern to these variations was apparent. In contrast, the synthesis rates of 10 other proteins varied at least tenfold and in a smooth and systematic pattern. The patterns of protein synthesis were placed into three different groups, the first occurring during the late day/early night phase, the second during the middle of the night phase, and the third during the late night/early day phase. The length of time that individual proteins within each group could incorporate radiolabel was variable, raising the possibility that additional groups might be present. However, both a replicate experiment in continuous light and a light:dark experiment confirmed the presence of at least three different groups of protein synthesis patterns. Unlike the circadian changes in the synthesis rate of the luciferin binding protein, which produces variations in protein levels that correlate with the bioluminescence rhythm, no substantial changes were found in the levels of any other rhythmically synthesized proteins examined.
The Transportation Land-Use Link
Authors: Kelly Eric Damian
Published: March 2007

Transportation decisions clearly affect land-use patterns, and land-use decisions clearly affect transportation systems. Urban theorists have addressed the cyclical land-usetransportation relationship for many decades and economists have modeled it extensively. Field studies demonstrate what the economists have predicted and what many theorists have feared: that, in many ways, highways shape urban areas. Yet little of that knowledge has found its way into planning practice, and land-use planning and transportation planning remain separate decision-making processes. Now that Congress has mandated that transportation planners consider both land-use plans and the land-use impacts of their decisions, the literature of planning practice should draw on the theoretical and research literature and provide guidance to planners on how to manage the transportation-land-use cycle.
Submissions and Reviews in the Journal of Planning Education and Research: 1991-1992
Authors: Stiftel Bruce , Connerly Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Author characteristics, manuscript characteristics, review processes, and manuscript review outcomes were examined for submissions to the Journal of Planning Education and Research (JPER) over a two-year period. Findings suggest that JPER is, to a high degree, an outlet for research for faculty of urban and regional planning programs only and that, within this catchment, authors represent a wide range of faculty and submissions concern a wide range of topics. Confidence is found in the merit-based nature of manuscript review processes. Problems are identified concerning limited methodological sophistication of submissions, insularity of the planning academy, and limited systematic growth of our discipline.
Pollution Prevention's Promise, Limits, and Relevance to Planners
Authors: Ochsner Michele , Chess Caron
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the promise and limits of pollution prevention efforts to date in the context of federal and state pollution prevention programs and data on industry prevention initiatives. The authors argue that knowledge of pollution prevention strategies provides planners with an important perspective as they seek to encourage economic development while minimizing the impact of development on the environment.
A Review of Monocentric Urban Density Analysis
Authors: Smith Betty E.
Published: March 2007

It is important for planners to understand urban population distributions. In this article, the historical roots and present status of monocentric urban density analysis are reviewed, including theoretical and empirical beginnings, recent work on density analysis, and problems of specification and estimation. Monocentric urban density analysis is usefulfor understanding present population distributions and service needs. Public transportation and other services centered on the central business district are particularly well suited to this type of analysis. Planners can test various scenarios as they strive to control and design the future density structure of cities.
The Decision to Have Children: Women Faculty in Social Work
Authors: Montgomery Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of 51 women faculty members of schools of social work in California that explored the influence of the conditions and demands of their jobs on their decisions to have children. It was found that a higher proportion of the younger faculty women chose to remain childless than did the older faculty women or women in the general population. The key factors in their decisions were the requirements for obtaining tenure and promotion. The younger faculty women with children also considered these factors to be important in determining the size of their families and for the advancement of their careers.
Differential Treatment Based on Sex
Authors: Stout Karen D. , Kelly Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the exploratory study described in this article was to develop and apply an instrument to measure differential treatment of social service managers based on sex. Through a content analysis of audiotapes, the differential use of modes of address, interruptions, and time allocations and the use of exclusionary and negative language were recorded. It was found that differential treatment based on sex existed in the formal setting in which the instrument was tested and that it was measurable.
The Povertization of Women: A Global Phenomenon
Authors: Nichols-Casebolt Ann , Krysik Judy , Hermann-Currie Ria
Published: March 2007

This examination of the economic and social well-being of women in industrialized and developing countries identifies common factors that contribute to women's impoverishment and shows that the shared nature of these largely personal problems makes them global human rights issues. Knowledge of these issues from a global perspective is the first step toward formulating and implementing policies and practices that can empower women in ways that will promote worldwide social justice.
Battered Women's Experiences with a Preferred Arrest Policy
Authors: Yegidis Bonnie L. , Renzy Robin Berman
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of an exploratory study of the experiences of 51 battered women in four spouse abuse shelters in a Florida county with a preferred arrest policy. Despite this policy, which encourages the police to arrest spouse abusers, the police arrested only 12 abusers, although 36 women wanted their abusers to be arrested. Moreover, the police provided information about injunctions for the protection and spouse abuse shelters in only 22 cases. Possible reasons for these findings and implications for social work practice are presented.
Mothers Without Children: Implications for Practice
Authors: Ferguson Sandra K.
Published: March 2007

Although the majority of women retain custody of their children at the time of divorce, some women voluntarily relinquish custody. Because of societal expectations ofmothers'roles, noncustodial women are often stigmatized. This article defines these societal expectations; discusses the environmental, intrapersonal, and interpersonal factors that a woman must consider when making custody decisions; and explores the significance of a woman's decision not to retain custody. The role of social workers in establishing self-help groups for these women is outlined.
Toward an Alternative Account of Feminist Practice Ethics in Mental Health
Authors: Rossiter Amy , de Boer Catherine , Narayan Jasma , Razack Narda , Scollay Virginia , Willette Chris
Published: March 2007

Theoretical work on feminist psychotherapy ethics has been useful in challenging conventional psychotherapy, but its narrative assumes that the therapeutic relationship is potentially benign. In contrast, feminists in public practice who work in settings that are closer to state power and social control must assume that therapy has the potential for malignancy, on the basis of the history of mental health and the state. Therefore, they require a conception of ethics that acknowledges the relationships of therapists and clients within a state apparatus. This article discusses the two types of ethics and stresses the need for ethics that are congruent with the locations in which therapists practice.
Exploiter or Exploited: Topless Dancers Reflect on Their Experiences
Authors: Bell Holly , Sloan Lacey , Strickling Chris
Published: March 2007

This article presents a secondary analysis of interviews with 30 current and former topless dancers, focusing on references to their experiences of stigma and exploitation. No dancers expressed the opinion that dancers alone were exploited by topless dancing. They cited the mutual exploitation of customers and dancers and exploitation of customers by dancers. In addition, some experienced the stigma associated with topless dancing as exploitation. The implications of the findings for the feminist debate on whether sex work exploits women and for social work practice are discussed.
Change Among Batterers
Authors: SCOTT KATREENA L. , WOLFE DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

This study identified variables related to change in abusive behavior though qualitative analyses of interviews with nine reformed batterers. Interviewed men had attended a median of 35 interventions sessions at a feminist-oriented group treatment program and were identified by their counselors and partners as having made significant changes in their behavior. Hour-long semistructured interviews focused on understanding men's change were analyzed with a set of 28 a priori–specified codes based on theoretical understandings of change in abusive behavior. Four variables were found to contribute to change for more than 75% of the men: increased responsibility for their past abusive behavior, development of empathy for their partners' victimization, reduced dependency on their partners, and increased communication skills. The implications of these findings for future theoretical and empirical work are discussed.
The Association Between Professional Football Games and Domestic Violence in Los Angeles County
Authors: SACHS CAROLYN J. , CHU LAWRENCE D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the association between professional football games and domestic violence (DV) by performing an ecological time trend analysis of Los Angeles Sheriff Department's (LASD) data from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 1995. Mean weekly DV dispatch increase in the 1993-1994 football season was 69% during nonfootball season compared with 100% during football season (p = 0.09), 147% during playoff weeks, and 264% during Super Bowl (SB) week. Mean weekly increase over the entire time period was 63% during nonfootball season compared with 74% during total football season (p = 0.26), 74% during playoff weeks, and 101% during SB weeks. Overall, authors failed to observe a statistically significant association between DV police dispatches and the timing of professional football in Los Angeles County. Impressive increases in dispatches, however, were noted during the 1993-1994 playoff and Super Bowl weeks that could not be tested due to insufficient sample size.
Classification of Child Molesters by Plethysmographic Assessment of Sexual Arousal and a Self-Report Measure of Sexual Preference
Authors: LAWS D. R. , HANSON R. KARL , OSBORN CANDICE A. , GREENBAUM PAUL E.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the extent to which the use of multiple measures of pedophilic interest improved on the diagnostic accuracy of any single measure. Seventy-two child molesters completed a self-report card-sort measure of sexual interest, as well as direct monitoring of penile response (penile plethysmograph-PPG) when presented with erotic slides or audio material. The reliability of all measures was high (alpha .91-.96). All three measures of pedophilic interest (i.e., card sort, PPG slides, PPG audio) significantly differentiated boy-object (n = 20) and girl-object child molesters (n = 52). The card-sort measure showed the greatest classification accuracy and was the only measure to significantly improve accuracy, once the other two modalities were considered. Consideration of all three modalities provided classification accuracy (91.7%) greater than any single measure.
Predictors of Batterer Program Attendance
Authors: DALY JENNIFER E. , POWER THOMAS G. , GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

Research and services to address premature termination from batterers' programs (BPs) are limited by arbitrary definitions of dropout and completion. A continuous measure was used to evaluate predictors of attendance by men in a BP. As part of a larger study, men (n = 220) completed measures of physical violence, prior arrests, and current psychological functioning; and women (n = 158) completed telephone interviews regarding their partner's violence and program continuance. Results indicate that BP clients attended an average of 11.3 out of 20 required sessions. Regression analyses indicate that men who were less educated, unemployed at intake, not court ordered to attend, and those who reported a history of alcohol-related problems completed fewer sessions. Staff ratings provide preliminary information about men's engagement in groups, help seeking, and willingness to accept responsibility. Results are consistent with psychotherapy research suggesting that social factors such as class status and instability interfere with attendance.
Parenting Stress and Parenting Competence Among Latino Men Who Batter
Authors: BAKER CHARLENE K. , PERILLA JULIA L. , NORRIS FRAN H.
Published: March 2007

This study examined predictors of parenting stress and competence within a sample of 43 immigrant Latino couples, in which some of the men had perpetrated abuse against their partners. It was hypothesized that more physical and psychological abuse perpetrated by men against their partners would be associated with higher parenting stress and lower parenting competence for fathers and mothers. Results indicated that parenting stress and competence for fathers and mothers were not uniform. Father's parenting stress was not related to the predictor variables, whereas mother's parenting stress was related only to physical abuse. Father's parenting competence was related to both physical and psychological abuse whereas mother's parenting competence was not related to the predictor variables. When comparing Latino fathers and Latina mothers, there were differences in parenting stress, with fathers experiencing less, but no differences in parenting competence.
Communication Aimed at Changing Cognitions About Sexual Intimidation
Authors: WINKEL FRANS WILLEM , DE KLEUVER ESTHER
Published: March 2007

A mass media campaign aimed at discouraging various forms of sexual intimidation via changing males' stereotypical conceptions of dating behavior was conducted by the Dutch government. Inter alia, the idea that macho behavior is basically preferred by females is challenged. This article examines the impact of a campaign-related video. An Achmea-Foundation-sponsored review of the psychological literature suggests two types of persuasive strategies: perpetrator-and victim-focused messages. The presented experiment examined the effect of these strategies on the evaluation of macho behavior in interactions and on the acceptance of sexual intimidation myths. Participants were 198 pupils from different schools. Analyses revealed several Communication x Sex interactions, suggesting that a perpetrator-focused message may inadvertently foster boys' positive evaluations of macho behavior and may strengthen their idea that coerced sex is acceptable under certain conditions. Instead of reducing such misconceptions, a perpetrator-focused message appeared to backfire: Stereotypes were reinforced.
The Abuse Dimensions Inventory
Authors: CHAFFIN MARK , WHERRY JEFFREY N. , NEWLIN CHRIS , CRUTCHFIELD ANNE , DYKMAN ROSCOE
Published: March 2007

Abuse characteristics and severity, although critical constructs in child maltreatment research, have been found to be among the constructs least well measured by existing instruments. Three studies are presented describing the development and testing of an instrument, the Abuse Dimensions Inventory (ADI), designed to address these needs. The first study surveys a national sample of professionals to determine rankings and agreement on rankings for abuse severity across a number of dimensions. Scales on the ADI were constructed based on the results. The second study examines interrater reliability of the instrument based on semistructured interview data. The third study examines the instrument's construct validity by factor analysis. The findings suggest that considerable agreement exists on how professionals rank abuse features in terms of severity and that ADI scales based on these rankings can be reliably coded from interview data. Additionally, the instrument was found to possess a factor structure consistent with expectations.
Perceptions of Domestic Violence in a Chinese American Community
Authors: YICK ALICE G. , AGBAYANI-SIEWERT PAULINE
Published: March 2007

Thirty-one Chinese adults (16 men and 15 women) were randomly selected using a 1995 telephone directory for the San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. A telephone questionnaire on perceptions of domestic violence was administered. Respondents defined domestic violence as physical or sexual acts of aggression between spouses as opposed to psychological aggression. Chinese men and women did not agree with the use of violence in the home or that hitting is an effective problem-solving strategy. However, they tended to justify it in cases of self-defense and defense of a child. Domestic violence was attributed to individual and environmental factors. Minimal gender differences were found; however, age and length of residence in the United States were significantly related to various perceptions of domestic violence. The cultural context of domestic violence and implications for social work interventions and research are discussed.
Structuring Cmpensation Plans for Joint Ventures and Other Strategic Alliances
Authors: Haines Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

As the third in a series of four articles on the compensation implications of various corporate restructuring transactions, this article focuses on the issues, principles, and practices to consider when developing compensation plans for joint ventures and other strategic alliances. Such business structures have proliferated in recent years as organizations vie to remain competitive in the global and technological marketplace. This article explains what joint ventures and strategic alliances are and identifies business issues and compensation implications relevant to the compensation practitioner. The author further discusses several principles and practices to consider when designing a new compensation program for a large-scale equity alliance, including the treatment of outstanding parent-company awards, competitive benchmarking, annual compensation, long-term incentives, and benefits and perquisites.
Salaryman Today and into Tomorrow
Authors: Chiba Hitoshi , Sawaji Osamu , Tikubo Ryuko
Published: March 2007

The three icons of Japanese-style management-lifetime employment, seniority wages, and in-house unions-appear to be crumbling as Japan faces the end of unrelenting economic growth. The new realities include deregulation, more intense competition, corporate restructuring, rising unemployment, and an aging workforce. This article surveys what these economic and demographic changes mean for the Japanese white collar worker, known as the "salaryman." (Salaried female workers are more often referred to as "office ladies" or "career women.") Some companies are breaking tradition by introducing Western style pay-for-performance systems; others are backing away from the practice of hiring recent graduates for new positions; still others are outsourcing selected functions, very much as American companies have done. All of this creates a degree of uncertainty for the salaryman. Lifetime employment is no longer a given, nor can the worker count on automatic wage increases based on age and length of service. Ironically, Japanese firms still demand unflinching loyalty to the corporation, even though layoffs are now a possibility. These changes are still in their infancy, but they may signal a groundswell of change in the next decade.
The Cbr Advisory Board Comments on: Restructuring Issues, Compensation's New Strategic Role, and Maiket Risks of Stock Icentive Plans
Authors: Bennett Linda
Published: March 2007

At its annual meeting on September 19, the Compensation & Benefits Review Advisory Board discussed a number of timely issues that relate to the current economic boom and the technological forces that are reshaping the way we work. The session opened with a presentation on compensation concerns in corporate restructurings, including mergers, acquisitions, sales, spinoffs, and IPOS. The board also discussed how compensation and benefits specialists' roles have changed dramatically, especially in the past decade. Strategic analysis is assuming an ever greater importance at the expense of traditional compensation and benefits transactional and calculating duties, which are more and more often outsourced.

Board members also raised the issue of what might happen to their incentive plans and 401(k) plans if the stock market should experience severe losses and stay flat. Discussion focussed on how to build provisions into pay and benefit plans to moderate some of the worse effects of a major market stumble.
Case Study:
Authors: Le Blanc Peter V. , Gonzdlez Juan Pablo , Oxman Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Business leaders consider corporate investments in terms of return on investment (ROI), but the largest single expense for most major U.S. companies-compensation-is never thought of in terms of investment in human capital. Qualex, Inc., a division of Eastman Kodak Co. and the U.S. market leader in next day photo-finishing, has made the switch from a "traditional" to a "business-driven" approach to compensation. At a time of increasing competition and quality demands from customers, Qualex had also been facing an uphill battle with high turnover, absenteeism, and quality slippage, especially during its peak seasonal volume periods. Qualex realized that, in order to attract, retain, and motivate employees during these periods, its pay programs had to be restructured, and that a traditional compensation strategy would no longer meet its needs. Qualex chose a "staged" approach that systematically identified areas where changes in rewards affected business the most and adopted a four-step design process that included increasing base wages to a level where pay would make a difference. It also used focused incentives to gain leverage in those areas with the greatest impact on operating costs and business results. Qualex's business-driven compensation investment had a significant impact on turnover, absenteeism, and overtime and resulted in equally significant productivity improvements. It also contributed to the employees' greater sense of pride and purpose in their work.
Setting Executive Compensation: Does the Industry You're in Really Matter?
Authors: Lederer Jack L. , Weinberg Carl R.
Published: March 2007

Virtually all CEOS want to know how thier pay compares to that of industry peers. As a result, compensation professionals spend much of their time studying their specific industry's data on executive compensatin. They accept the belife that industry practice palays a major role in shaping a company's executive compensation programs. However, this belies one of today's fastest growing trends in executive recruting—identifying and attracting candidates from outside the industry, in order to bring fresh ideas to what are frequently stagnant and ingrown organizatinons. Over the past few years, many companies have hired CEOs from outside their industry who have significantly improved company perfomance. if other comapnies continue this trend. it is likely that their compensation strategies will become less industry-specific. Do the facts support the widely held belife that each industry has a unique set of executive compensation practice? if not, what nonindustry factors underline differences in executive compensation practice and how can comp professionals learn to help better attract, retain and motivate outstanding executive talent?
Russian Computer Talent Fills a Void in the U.S. Workorce
Authors: Fink Jay
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to make a dent in filling the almost half-million computer-related jobs that went unfilled last year, U.S. companies have discovered a vast, untapped pool of technology talent in Russia and Eastern Europe. Each year, more IT workers from these countries are demonstrating both professional and personal success in the U.S. technological marketplace. In spite of the many potential barriers they face in working here, the author explains why they are meeting with so much success.
A Policy Oriented Research Model For The Juvenile Justice Courts: Description And Demonstration Analysis
Authors: McCarthy Belinda R.
Published: March 2007

Policymaking and planning in the juvenile court is a difficult undertaking because the decision-making environment is constantly changing and there is little goal consensus. A lack of adequate information on present practices and their impact further hinders assessment efforts. To address the problem of inadequate feedback, a policy-oriented research model that employs systems rates and rate determinants as the focus of analysis is developed. The model, which uses offender based transaction data available to virtually all courts with computerized data collection procedures, is described and its utility demonstrated in an analysis of the Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona Juvenile Court.
Cost And Resource Analysis Of Traffic Accident Investigation
Authors: Formby William A. , Williams Vergil L. , Hartin David
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the policy implications of decisions regarding the expenditure of resources in the investigations of traffic accidents. An outgrowth of earlier police patrol research, it reviews accidents investigated in a medium-sized city in the context of time expended during different phases of the investigation. The accidents were divided into three categories; minor, major, and serious, in order to ascertain the differences in time expenditures according to seriousness of the occurrence. The data was collected for a period of three weeks in 1988 and included a sample of 235 accidents. The findings showed that the average time spent on each case varied from a high of 125.1 on serious cases, to a low of 18.0 minutes, on average, spent on accidents occurring on private property. The study points out that by eliminating certain components of the accident investigation process police departments can free up substantial blocks of time for other duties.
The Topography Of Criminal Justice: A Factor Analysis Of The "Get-Tough" Policy Trend
Authors: Gordon Diana R.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the underlying dimensions of the recent "get-tough" movement in criminal justice. It reports on a multi-variate factor analysis of policy indicators among state jurisdictions in the United States. With 32 variables for 51 observations, two noteworthy factors emerged. While both factors indicated general "toughness, " they revealed two distinct policy approaches : The first factor appears to reflect the tendency of some states toward comprehensive custody of many kinds (prison, probation, juvenile detention), while the second factor seems to reflect other states' reliance on punitive symbols (long sentences, the death penalty). These results raise questions about the future of criminal justice policy and suggest the use of the resulting factor scores as dependent variables for subsequent research on the sources of get-tough policies.
The Transmission Of HIV: Exploring Some Misconceptions Related to Criminal Justice
Authors: Blumberg Mark
Published: March 2007

This study examines the epidemiology and dynamics of HIV transmission in order to debunk a number of myths about AIDS that are related to criminal justice. The following misconceptions are refuted: 1) persons who work in the criminal justice system risk becoming infected with HIV as a result of the assaultive behavior of violent offenders; 2) female prostitutes are an important source of viral transmission in the United States; 3) female rape victims face a significant risk of becoming infected with HIV; 4) the AIDS virus is being transmitted with a high degree of regularity in prison; and 5) intravenous drug users (IVDU) will not modify their behavior to protect themselves from AIDS.
The Barbarian's Garden: Zbigniew Herbert and the Folly of History
Authors: Shallcross Bożena
Published: March 2007

You silent thing of splendor!

Where is your inner value?

G. W. Gessman, “Tulip”
Agentura: Soviet Informants' Networks & the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia, 1944-48
Authors: Burds Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

“We do not fear the open enemies, but rather the ones who with a friendly word on their lips come to us in order to tear our soul to pieces, to sow the seed of dissension in our hearts.”

Iu. Klen, The Cursed Years
Mothers of Low Birthweight Infants: Breastfeeding Patterns and Problems
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Hanson Kathleen S. , Mefford Amy L.
Published: March 2007

The feeding behavior and problems of mothers of low birthweight (LBW) infants following hospital discharge have not been well documented. The purpose of this paper is to report the feeding patterns of LBW infants and their mothers' reasons for a decline in breastfeeding. A convenience sample of 110 mothers and infants from eight midwestern hospitals was surveyed. Eight weeks after delivery, 28 percent of the mothers were providing mother's milk exclusively, 29 percent were providing a combination of mother's milk and artificial milk, and 43 percent had weaned their infants. An inductive analysis of the reasons for a decline in breastfeeding given by the mothers yielded two primary maternal concerns: milk production and transfer of milk to the infant. Lactation management strategies that meet the special needs of these mothers and infants should be taught during hospitalization and after hospital discharge.
Health Professionals and Breastfeeding Counseling: Client and Provider Views
Authors: Coreil Jeannine , Bryant Carol A. , Westover Bonita J. , Bailey Doraine
Published: March 2007

Health care providers are the most influential and trusted source of information about breastfeeding, yet many are neither prepared nor able to provide good breastfeeding counseling to their clients. This paper reports findings on low-income mothers' and on providers' perceptions of professional breastfeeding counseling. Data collection included focus group discussions with mothers recruited from public health department clinics in the Southeast USA and who were stratified by age, parity, rural! urban residence and feeding method, and focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with health care providers from the same geographic area. The results of the study indicate a gap between the promotion and support processes for breastfeeding, and point to areas where breastfeeding counseling can be strengthened.
An Audit of Mastitis in the Emergency Department
Authors: Amir Lisa H. , Harris Heather , Andriske Lisa
Published: March 2007

A medical audit was conducted in 1997 of hospital records of women attending the emergency department of the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, in 1996 with a diagnosis of "mastitis." One hundred and seven women were diagnosed with mastitis; approximately half were primiparous (53%) and the median age of the baby was 14 days. Most women (69%) attended the emergency department after normal working hours. Thirtynine percent of the women were afebrile, and only 27% had a temperature of 38.5C or higher. The majority of women were prescribed flucloxacillin. Milk culture was obtained in only 15 cases, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen.
Contradictory Assumptions in the Minimum-Wage Workplace
Authors: TALWAR JENNIFER PARKER
Published: March 2007

A study of fast-food restaurants in Brooklyn, New York, examines factors contributing to inner-city racial minorities' underrepresentation in lowwage consumer-service jobs. Stressing the importance of “geocultural context” and workplace social relations, it helps broaden the framework around other qualitative studies attempting to understand race and ethnic patterns in the growing service-based economy. Findings demonstrate a hiring preference for the foreign-born, shaped by factors rooted in both the neighborhood context and the workplace. In-depth assessment of workplace interactions and conflicts reveals a set of contradictory assumptions between managers and employees, contributing to a “self-fulfilling prophecy” and reduced employment rates among American-born racial minorities.
Disneyland
Authors: Gottdiener M.
Published: March 2007

The amusement park, Disneyland, is viewed as a form of settlement space with urban characteristics A sociosemiotic analysis is carried out to uncover the meaning system of this built environment After an introduction to urban semiotics, two dimensions are analyzed according to syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations In the former case, Disneyland is best understood in contrast to the settlement space directly outside it, namely, the regional sprawl of Los Angeles. In the latter case, the park is viewed as structured by two underlying semantic fields The first is the articulation between the late capitalist social formation in the United States and space, while the second is the articulation between the personal ideology of Walt Disney and space
Creating Cases in a Regulatory Agency
Authors: Hawkins Keith
Published: March 2007

The water pollution control officer possesses authority to invoke the criminal law in a secular world of recently defined social and economic regulation. The earliest stages of law enforcement in this setting involve tasks of discovery, identification, and detection where the evidence of rule-breaking is mobile and ephemeral and acquires significance in relation to its setting. Regulatory control employs both proactively and reactively organized techniques to circumvent problems of discovery and detection, allied with working rules which are part of the occupational practice of field officers. These rules offer guidance for the exercise of discretion about law enforcement action in settings characterized by high levels of uncertainty and autonomy; other rules are similarly employed in identifying the presence of pollutants in water, even though the matter is one ultimately to be settled by techniques of natural scientific measurement. Judgments about action are strongly tied to setting and draw upon a conception of the tolerable which has moral and organizational dimensions.
SOLUTIONS TO THE PARADIGM CONFLICT:
Authors: SCHWANDT THOMAS A.
Published: March 2007

Conflict between the quantitative and qualitative inquiry paradigms is ineluctable. Six solutions for resolving the conflict—denial, co-optation, supremacy, replacement, primacy of method, and anarchism—are reviewed and found wanting. In this article I propose that inquirers must choose an inquiry paradigm that is resonant with the values they wish to promote in the conduct of educational inquiry. I defend this modest proposal by examining the values expressed in inquiry paradigms and explain how one chooses an inquiry paradigm to achieve a state of value fit.
INTERACTION NORMS AS CARRIERS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Authors: FRIEDMAN RAYMOND A.
Published: March 2007

Too often, practitioners and theorists alike have tended to locate organizational culture in the mottoes and symbolic acts of top managers and to attribute to those leaders the ability to change and manage meaning from visible, yet distant, perches on the organizational chart. By contrast, I propose that the study of organizational culture focus on the networks of social interaction that constitute organizational life, and the rituals that support those interactions. This perspective is derived from an analysis of International Harvester's six-month-long UAW strike in 1979. In this case, management tried to redefine the established labor-relations culture by eliminating those managers who carried and reproduced that culture, but in doing so they also eliminated the company's knowledge of the subtle interaction rituals that had guided and supported labor negotiations. This, I argue, was a major factor contributing to the breakdown of negotiations at IH in 1979.
JOCULARITY, SARCASM, AND RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: SECKMAN MARK A. , COUCH CARL J.
Published: March 2007

We analyze the intertwinings of jocular and sarcastic transactions with solidary and authority relationships to demonstrate both how those transactions are contextualized by extant relationships and how they modify and affirm relationships. Jocularity is most commonly contextualized by solidary relationships and in turn invites or affirms solidary relationships. Sarcasm may be contextualized by either a solidary or authority relationship. Sarcastic transactions are commonly produced to comment on actions regarded as violations of extant relationships. We conclude that jocularity and sarcasm are significant forms of social action that are routinely used by people with robust relationships to affirm and modify social relationships.
ON THE BUS WITH VONNIE LEE
Authors: ANGROSINO MICHAEL V.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of life history as a method of ethnographic research among stigmatized, unempowered people. The author describes and analyzes the process of elicting the life history of a man with mental retardation. To combine life history interviewing with the detailed observation of behavior in a naturalistic setting is typical of the ethnographic tradition; interviews with people from marginalized social groups (particularly those who are considered mentally “disabled”) are, however, often decontextualized and conducted in quasi-clinical settings that emphasize the retrospective reconstruction of the life. By treating a person with mental retardation as a contextualized participant in a world outside the clinical setting and by eliciting the life narrative in the course of following that person as he attempts to make sense of life outside the institution, it is possible to clarify the dynamic in the formation of a metaphor of personal identity. This technique might not be appropriate for all persons with mental disability, but when it can be used, it helps to demonstrate the proposition that mental retardation is not a monolithic condition whose victims are distinguished by arbitrary gradations of standardized test scores. Rather, it is only one of many factors that figure into a person's strategy for coping with the world.
THE LINGERING PRESENCE OF MEDICAL DEFINITIONS AMONG WOMEN COMMITTED TO NATURAL CHILDBIRTH
Authors: MONTO MARTIN A.
Published: March 2007

The controversies that surround childbirth in the United States reflect competing understandings and competing definitions of situations. This article explores episodes in which dominant medical understandings of childbirth were communicated to women who sought to resist them during pregnancy, labor, and the first several weeks post-partum. Thirty-one women were interviewed three times each, twice before and once after delivery, although the focus is largely on the experience of fourteen who sought to give birth in unconventional ways. The author argues that the conflict over definitions of childbirth reflects larger cultural oppositions. The decisions that people make regarding childbirth serve to reinforce either dominant definitions or their alternatives and may be seen as part of cultural contest, the outcome of which will shape society.
“BUT NICE GIRLS DON'T GET IT”
Authors: GROVE KATHLEEN A. , KELLY DONALD P. , LIU JUDITH
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic study analyzes the experiences of a group of women who are HIV-seropositive and possess one or more signs of socially respected symbolic capital: they are White, heterosexual, married, and/or middle class. Symbolic capital translates into social power and allows these women to control disclosure of their HIV status. Even when they reveal their HIV status, symbolic capital allows them to remain “nice girls” in the eyes of others. Ironically, attempts to protect their moral status help to reproduce dominant social and cultural constructions that continue to link AIDS with risk groups. The data suggest that the protective status afforded by their symbolic capital is a double-edged sword protecting them from stigma but also potentially delaying their HIV diagnosis and treatment.