bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preservation of fat mass at the expense of lean mass in children with end‐stage chronic liver disease
Authors: Jayaprakash Kavitha , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Rajwal Sanjay , Mushtaq Talat , Kyrana Eirini
Published: June 2024

Background

Sarcopenia predicts morbidity and mortality in end‐stage chronic liver disease (ESCLD). Here, we describe changes in body composition in children with ESCLD before and after liver transplantation (LT).

Methods

Retrospective analysis of whole body DXA scans performed before and after LT over 4 years. Appendicular and whole‐body fat mass and lean mass were expressed as fat mass (FMI) and lean mass (LMI) index z‐scores. Sarcopenia was defined as leg LMI z‐score <−1.96.

Results

Eighty‐three DXA scans of children before or after LT were studied. Sarcopenia had a positive correlation with weight (0.8, p < .01), height (0.48, p < .05), and BMI z‐score (0.77, p < .01), as well as arm, trunk, and total mean mass indices. It correlated negatively with indices of hypersplenism: PLTs (−0.57, p < .01), Neu (−0.50, p < .05), WCC (−0.44, p < .05), and days to discharge (−0.46, p < .05). At baseline: 13/25 (52%) children were sarcopenic and stayed in the hospital after LT for longer. Eight were stunted with a higher WCC and Ne/Ly ratio. All had normal FM indices. One year after LT, 12/26 children remained sarcopenic. Seven were stunted. Two years after LT, 5/15 were sarcopenic, and 5 were stunted. Three years after LT, 1/10 was sarcopenic, and 2 were stunted. By 4 years after LT, 1/7 was sarcopenic, and the same one was stunted. FM indices remained normal.

Conclusions

Sarcopenic patients stayed longer in the hospital after LT. Lean mass indices were mostly within the normal range by 4 years after LT. 32% of children were stunted, and markers of inflammation were correlated with stunting. Fat mass was preserved at the cost of lean mass.
Severe Food Protein‐Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Pediatric Case Report
Authors: Alonso García Laura , Romero Melissa Panesso , Macías Elena García , Cantón Oscar Segarra , Rubio Cristina Diaz de Heredia
Published: June 2024

Background

Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non–IgE‐mediated food allergy. In the last few years, after the publication of the consensus guidelines, with refined diagnostic criteria and improved awareness, FPIES is diagnosed with increased frequency. However, despite having a background of immune dysregulation, this complication has just been described once in the posttransplant setting, in an adult patient. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of pediatric patients developing FPIES after a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT).

Methods

Retrospective review of a pediatric patient who developed severe FPIEs after a HCT.

Results

In this case report, the clinical presentation and diagnosis challenges of a pediatric patient who developed severe FPIES after HCT are described. The patient developed severe vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and shock and required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit in three occasions before the diagnosis was made.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of severe FPIES post‐HCT in a pediatric patient. Physicians who are looking after pediatric patients in the post‐HCT setting need to be aware of this possibility and include this entity in the differential diagnosis in order to reduce its associated morbidity.
Educational Needs of the Adolescent Transplant Recipient: A Developmental Approach to Understanding Transplant
Authors: Molitor Stephen J. , Aguilera Vanessa , Lerret Stacee
Published: June 2024

Background

As pediatric transplant patients reach adolescence, care teams must prepare them for an eventual transition to adult‐oriented care. Care teams must provide patients with the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their medical needs independently, but the level of learning required to successfully self‐manage a transplant is substantial. Furthermore, adolescence is also a dynamic developmental period that includes significant cognitive development and changes in social motivations.

Methods

Within this report, we offer insights into some of the key developmental mechanisms of adolescence that may influence their learning in a medical context. We also review key concepts that should be included in patient education across a range of domains. Finally, we consider how patients with comorbid developmental disorders may require tailored education.

Results

Key domains for education include (1) personal health history, (2) medication knowledge/adherence, (3) navigation of the healthcare system, and (4) communication with others about their health. Teams should intentionally track patient progress in their education, although few formalized tools are currently available to support tracking. Accommodations to learning for patients with developmental needs include varied instructional modalities (e.g., verbal, written, and modeling), opportunities to practice skills in a controlled manner, and establishment of family/community support that can persist into adulthood.

Conclusions

Education of transplant patients is a critical but long‐term process that supports the successful transition to adulthood. Care teams should develop intentional plans to transfer knowledge and build skills across adolescence, while remaining open to adaptive approaches to support the learning of all patients.
Treatment Strategies for Bile Leak Following Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Neto João Seda , Costa Carolina M. , de Assis André M. , Pugliese Renata , Benavides Marcel R. , Carnevale Francisco C. , Cavalcante Aline C. B. S. , Kondo Mario , Fonseca Eduardo A.
Published: June 2024

There are no standard management protocols for the treatment of bile leak (BL) after liver transplantation. The objective of this study is to describe treatment options for BL after pediatric LT.

Methods

Retrospective analysis (January 2010–March 2023). Variables studied: preoperative data, status at diagnosis, and postoperative outcome. Four groups: observation (n = 9), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC, n = 38), ERCP (2), and surgery (n = 27).

Results

Nine hundred and thirty‐one pediatric liver transplantation (859 LDLT and 72 DDT); 78 (8.3%) patients had BL, all in LDLT. The median (IQR) peritoneal bilirubin (PB) level and fluid‐to‐serum bilirubin ratio (FSBR) at diagnosis was 14.40 mg/dL (8.5–29), and 10.7 (4.1–23.7). Patients who required surgery for treatment underwent the procedure earlier, at a median of 14 days (IQR: 7–19) versus 22 days for PTC (IQR: 15–27, p = 0.002). PB and FSBR were significantly lower in the observation group. In 11 cases, conservative management had resolution of the BL in an average time of 35 days, and 38 patients underwent PTC in a median time of 22 days (15–27). Twenty‐seven (34.6%) patients were reoperated as initial treatment for BL in a median time of 17 days (1–108 days); 25 (33%) patients evolved with biliary stricture, 5 (18.5%) after surgery, and 20 (52.6%) after PTC (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

Patients with BL who were observed presented significantly lower levels of PB and FSBR versus those who underwent PTC or surgery. Patients treated with PTC presented higher rates of biliary stricture during the follow‐up.
The asymmetric expression of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase family genes in response to pulvinus‐driven leaf phototropism movement in Vitis vinifera
Authors: Zeng Fanwei , Feng Yongqing , Wang Tian , Ma Xiyuan , Jiao Shuzhen , Yang Shangwen , Shao Miao , Ma Zonghuan , Mao Juan , Chen Baihong
Published: June 2024

Phototropism movement is crucial for plants to adapt to various environmental changes. Plant P‐type H+‐ATPase (HA) plays diverse roles in signal transduction during cell expansion, regulation of cellular osmotic potential and stomatal opening, and circadian movement. Despite numerous studies on the genome‐wide analysis of Vitis vinifera, no research has been done on the P‐type H+‐ATPase family genes, especially concerning pulvinus‐driven leaf movement. In this study, 55 VvHAs were identified and classified into nine distinct subgroups (1 to 9). Gene members within the same subgroups exhibit similar features in motif, intron/exon, and protein tertiary structures. Furthermore, four pairs of genes were derived by segmental duplication in grapes. Cis‐acting element analysis identified numerous light/circadian‐related elements in the promoters of VvHAs. qRT‐PCR analysis showed that several genes of subgroup 7 were highly expressed in leaves and pulvinus during leaf movement, especially VvHA14, VvHA15, VvHA16, VvHA19, VvHA51, VvHA52, and VvHA54. Additionally, we also found that the VvHAs genes were asymmetrically expressed on both sides of the extensor and flexor cell of the motor organ, the pulvinus. The expression of VvHAs family genes in extensor cells was significantly higher than that in flexor cells. Overall, this study serves as a foundation for further investigations into the functions of VvHAs and contributes to the complex mechanisms underlying grapevine pulvinus growth and development.
Lipid and sugar metabolism play an essential role in pollen development and male sterility: a case analysis in Brassica napus
Authors: Xiao Lijing , Wang Xianya , Jiang Yingfen , Ye Botao , Yu Kunjiang , Wang Qian , Yang Xu , Zhang Jinze , Ouyang Qingjing , Jin Hairui , Tian Entang
Published: June 2024

Aims

The genic male sterility (GMS) system is an important strategy for generating heterosis in plants. To better understand the essential role of lipid and sugar metabolism and to identify additional candidates for pollen development and male sterility, transcriptome and metabolome analysis of a GMS line of 1205AB in B. napus was used as a case study.

Data resources generated

To characterize the GMS system, the transcriptome and metabolome profiles were generated for 24 samples and 48 samples of 1205AB in B. napus, respectively. Transcriptome analysis yielded a total of 156.52 Gb of clean data and revealed the expression levels of 109,541 genes and 8,501 novel genes. In addition, a total of 1,353 metabolites were detected in the metabolomic analysis, including 784 in positive ion mode and 569 in negative ion mode.

Key results

A total of 15,635 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 83 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified from different comparison groups, most of which were involved in lipid and sugar metabolism. The combination of transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed 49 orthologous GMS genes related to lipid metabolism and 46 orthologous GMS genes related to sugar metabolism, as well as 45 novel genes.

Utility of the resource

The transcriptome and metabolome profiles and their analysis provide useful reference data for the future discovery of additional GMS genes and the development of more robust male sterility breeding systems for use in the production of plant hybrids.
Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action
Authors: Roychowdhury Rajib , Mishra Sapna , Anand Gautam , Dalal Debalika , Gupta Rupali , Kumar Ajay , Gupta Ravi
Published: June 2024

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well‐known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA‐mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen‐derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA‐mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA‐mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA‐mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA‐mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
The right to climate protection and the essentially comparable protection of fundamental rights: Applying Solange in European climate change litigation?
Authors: Kalis Michael , Priebe Anna‐Lena
Published: June 2024

In an action for annulment against the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Directive, both the EU General Court and the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) found the claim to be inadmissible because the applicants did not satisfy the infamous Plaumann criteria. Conversely, at the national level, the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) accepted to decide on a claim by individuals arguing that the German Climate Protection Act violated their fundamental rights. In its decision, the GFCC makes far‐reaching statements on the protection of fundamental rights in times of global climate change. Some might even argue the GFCC established a fundamental right to climate protection. By contrast, the CJEU did not yet decide on the effective protection of intertemporal rights or a right to climate protection respectively. Almost 50 years after the Solange I decision, one must ask whether there is a substantial deficit of fundamental rights protection at the EU level.
International reserves accumulation and monetary policy autonomy: A nonlinear approach
Authors: Lamagnere Théo
Published: June 2024

In this article, the relationship between international reserves and monetary autonomy in 21 emerging countries during the period 1999–2019 is investigated. Using a nonlinear panel analysis, we find that international reserves begin to have a positive effect on monetary autonomy when the ratio of international reserves to GDP is around 22%–23%. This result implies that the levels of international reserves are not necessarily excessive in most emerging countries and appear appropriate for supporting their monetary autonomy. Above this threshold, we also identify that the exchange rate regime and financial liberalization are no longer constraints for monetary autonomy. This result suggests a partial validity of the trilemma in emerging countries, with that validity depending on the level of international reserves.
Farm Labor Shortage in the Pennsylvania Mushroom Industry: A Gender‐Sensitive Comparison of Farmer and Farmworker Perspectives☆
Authors: Sexsmith Kathleen , Huerta‐Arredondo Ilse , Gorgo‐Simcox Maria , Palacios Effie , Griffin Megan A. M.
Published: June 2024

U.S. farmers are facing a widespread labor shortage. Previous literature on the causes, mostly written by agricultural economists, has focused on the macro‐economic and political factors that have reduced the traditional agricultural labor supply from rural Latin America. In this article, we present a sociological approach that probes the settlement of immigrant farmworkers in rural communities and their associated family responsibilities as possible contributing factors to the farm labor shortage. We conducted online questionnaires with 23 mushroom farm and packing plant representatives and structured interviews with 105 women and men workers in the Pennsylvania mushroom industry. Our findings suggest that if compensation and scheduling were more amenable to raising families, the labor shortage would be less acute. Moreover, workers, particularly women, identified the need for more respectful treatment by their supervisors. We conclude that, while farm employers are taking measures to address these concerns, their efforts do not fully address the economic conditions and sense of disrespectful treatment that may contribute to the labor shortage. As a result, farm employers feel forced to turn to labor contracting services, whose practices may exacerbate the vulnerability of mushroom workers.
‘Old is gold’ does conventional test tube method still reign supreme? An immuno‐haematological survey of anti‐D detection and titration in ante‐natal cases among major hospitals across India
Authors: Pandey Prashant , Marik Arghyadeep , Tiwari Aseem , Das Sudipta Shekhar , Shastry Shamee , Chowdhry Mohit , Kumari Supriya
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Anti‐D detection and titration plays a major role in RhD negative antenatal cases both, for monitoring maternal as well as fetal status as well as initiation of early therapeutic interventions, such as intra‐uterine transfusions (IUT) to improve maternal as well as fetal morbidity and mortality and reduce the adverse effects of haemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN). We conducted a survey focusing on the policies and procedures of anti‐D detection and titration among major tertiary care centres across India.

Methodology

The survey was drafted by a working group of transfusion medicine and immunohematology specialists from six different centres in India. Data were obtained via the use of an online questionnaire.

Results

Results were categorised into four categories, Hospital information, immuno‐haematological testing methodology, clinical significance of anti‐D testing and the role of transfusion medicine specialists. The survey highlighted the modalities as well as the methodologies of anti‐D detection and titration in antenatal women across different major tertiary care centres in India.

Conclusion

This survey provided a unique snapshot of the prevalent methodologies being employed by major tertiary care centres across the country for detection and titration of anti‐D levels as well as the important role it plays in the therapy of affected antenatal women to minimise adverse effects on the fetus.
Perioperative transfusion study (PETS): Does a liberal transfusion protocol improve outcome in high‐risk cardiovascular patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery? A randomised controlled pilot study
Authors: Ali Samir , Roubos Steven , Hoeks Sanne E. , Verbrugge Serge J. C. , Koopman‐van Gemert Ankie W. M. M. , Stolker Robert Jan , van Lier Felix
Published: June 2024

Background

Small studies have shown that patients with advanced coronary artery disease might benefit from a more liberal blood transfusion strategy. The goal of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of a blood transfusion intervention in a group of vascular surgery patients who have elevated cardiac troponins in rest.

Methods

We conducted a single‐centre, randomised controlled pilot study. Patients with a preoperative elevated high‐sensitive troponin T undergoing non‐cardiac vascular surgery were randomised between a liberal transfusion regime (haemoglobin >10.4 g/dL) and a restrictive transfusion regime (haemoglobin 8.0–9.6 g/dL) during the first 3 days after surgery. The primary outcome was defined as a composite endpoint of all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction or unscheduled coronary revascularization.

Results

In total 499 patients were screened; 92 were included and 50 patients were randomised. Postoperative haemoglobin was different between the intervention and control group; 10.6 versus 9.8, 10.4 versus 9.4, 10.9 versus 9.4 g/dL on day one, two and three respectively (p < 0.05). The primary outcome occurred in four patients (16%) in the liberal transfusion group and in two patients (8%) in control group.

Conclusion

This pilot study shows that the studied transfusion protocol was able to create a clinically significant difference in perioperative haemoglobin levels. Randomisation was possible in 10% of the screened patients. A large definitive trial should be possible to provide evidence whether a liberal transfusion strategy could decrease the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction in high risk surgical patients.
Use of Lomustine and Prednisolone as First‐Line Treatment in Canine Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Catalucci Chiara , Bianchi Marco Luigi , Treggiari Elisabetta , Pieri Marta , Ruess Katja , Valenti Paola
Published: June 2024

Multiagent chemotherapy is considered the most effective treatment for canine high‐grade lymphoma; however, due to cost and time requirements, single‐agent protocols have also been described. The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors of dogs affected by multicentric lymphoma treated with lomustine and prednisolone as first‐line treatment. Cases of medium‐large‐cell multicentric lymphoma treated with lomustine and prednisolone were included in the study. Response to therapy, time to progression (TTP), median disease‐free interval (MDFI) and median survival time (MST) were retrospectively described. Thirty cases were included. Eleven (36.67%) were T cell, 11 (36.67%) were B cell and 8 (26.66%) had unknown immunophenotype. The overall response rate (RR) was 87%, with 15 patients achieving CR (50%) and 11 patients PR (37%). The median TTP, MDFI and MST were 42, 63 and 90 days, respectively. The only factor significantly associated with MDFI and MST was the stage. Dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with lomustine and prednisolone have lower RR, TTP, MDFI and MST compared with dogs receiving multiagent protocols. Based on the short‐lasting response, this study confirms that this protocol might have minimal utility beyond palliation.
Does high body mass index (>25 kg/m2) or weight (>80 kg) reduce the effectiveness of anti‐D prophylaxis in Rh(D)‐negative pregnant women? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ngan C. B. M. , Kaur R. , Jackson Denise E.
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives

Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN) occurs when maternal antibodies, often triggered by foetal antigens, destroy foetal and neonatal red blood cells. Factors like antibody strength, quantity and gestational age influence HDFN severity. Routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis (RAADP) has significantly reduced HDFN cases. However, the effect of overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 25/30 kg/m2) on anti‐D prophylaxis efficacy remains unclear. This systematic review will examine the impact of BMI on anti D prophylaxis effectiveness in Rh(D) negative pregnant women.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) protocols. We searched databases from 1996 to 2023, focusing on studies exploring the link between high BMI/weight and anti‐D serum levels in Rh(D)‐negative pregnant women with Rh(D)‐positive foetuses. Ten eligible studies were included, three suitable for meta‐analysis. Study quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting Observation Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation coefficients and risk differences.

Results

Our meta‐analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.83 to −0.35, p = 0.007) between high BMI/weight and serial anti‐D levels in in Rh(D)‐negative pregnant women with Rh(D)‐positive foetuses. High BMI/weight had lower odds of serial anti‐D level exceeding 30 ng/mL (arcsine risk difference [ARD] = 0.376, 95% CI: 0.143–0.610, p = 0.002). Heterogeneity among studies was low (I2 = 0).

Conclusion

While our analysis suggests a potential linkage between high BMI/weight and reduced efficacy of anti‐D prophylaxis, caution is warranted due to study limitations. Variability in study design and confounding factors necessitate careful interpretation. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and refine clinical recommendations.
Dance as Intermedial Translation
Authors: Montesi Vanessa
Published: June 2024

This book is situated in the breach opened up by recent debates on inherited notions of text, language, and translation that followed the emergence of new technologies. It examines two works of contemporary dance, Marie Chouinard’s Jérôme Bosch: Le Jardin des Délices (2016) and Mathieu Geffré’s Froth on the Daydream (2018), as examples of intermedial translation. Conceptualising translation through the lens of theatrical dance allows us to see the translation process as a creative, corporeal, and political practice of negotiating human and non-human agencies, deeply intertwined with issues of memory and struggles over representation. Drawing on a wide range of theoretical debates from translation theory, dance studies, cultural theory, gender studies, postcolonialism, art history, cognitive linguistics, multimodality, film studies, and memory studies, as well as on concrete examples of performative works, the book charts a course for the development of dance translation as a legitimate, if still under-researched, subfield of translation studies.
Haemodynamic, hormonal and renal actions of osteocrin in normal sheep
Authors: Scott Nicola J. A. , Prickett Timothy C. R. , Charles Christopher J. , Espiner Eric A. , Richards A. Mark , Rademaker Miriam T.
Published: June 2024

Osteocrin (OSTN) is an endogenous protein sharing structural similarities with the natriuretic peptides [NPs; atrial (ANP), B‐type (BNP) and C‐type (CNP) NP], which are hormones known for their crucial role in maintaining pressure/volume homeostasis. Osteocrin competes with the NPs for binding to the receptor involved in their clearance (NPR‐C). In the present study, having identified, for the first time, the major circulating form of OSTN in human and ovine plasma, we examined the integrated haemodynamic, endocrine and renal effects of vehicle‐controlled incremental infusions of ovine proOSTN (83–133) and its metabolism in eight conscious normal sheep. Incremental i.v. doses of OSTN produced stepwise increases in circulating concentrations of the peptide, and its metabolic clearance rate was inversely proportional to the dose. Osteocrin increased plasma levels of ANP, BNP and CNP in a dose‐dependent manner, together with concentrations of their intracellular second messenger, cGMP. Increases in plasma cGMP were associated with progressive reductions in arterial pressure and central venous pressure. Plasma cAMP, renin and aldosterone were unchanged. Despite significant increases in urinary cGMP levels, OSTN administration was not associated with natriuresis or diuresis in normal sheep. These results support OSTN as an endogenous ligand for NPR‐C in regulating plasma concentrations of NPs and associated cGMP‐mediated bioactivity. Collectively, our findings support a role for OSTN in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis.
Symmetry Criteria for the Equality of Interior and Exterior Shape Factors With Exact Solutions
Authors: McKee Kyle I. , Lienhard John H.
Published: June 2024

Lienhard (2019, “Exterior Shape Factors From Interior Shape Factors,” ASME J. Heat Mass Transfer-Trans. ASME, 141(6), p. 061301) reported that the shape factor of the interior of a simply-connected region (Ω) is equal to that of its exterior (ℝ2\Ω) under the same boundary conditions. In that study, numerical examples supported the claim in particular cases; for example, it was shown that for certain boundary conditions on circles and squares, the conjecture holds. In this paper, we show that the conjecture is not generally true, unless some additional condition is met. We proceed by elucidating why the conjecture does in fact hold in all of the examples analyzed by Lienhard. We thus deduce a simple criterion which, when satisfied, ensures the equality of interior and exterior shape factors in general. Our criterion notably relies on a beautiful and little-known symmetry method due to Hersch which we introduce in a tutorial manner. In addition, we derive a new formula for the shape factor of objects meeting our N-fold symmetry criterion, encompassing exact solutions for regular polygons and more complex shapes.
Machine Learning for Early Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Chowdhury Nure Alam , Wang Lulu , Gu Linxia , Kaya Mehmet
Published: June 2024

Globally, breast cancer (BC) remains a significant cause to female mortality. Early detection of BC plays an important role in reducing premature deaths. Various imaging techniques including ultrasound, mammogram, magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, thermography, positron emission tomography, and microwave imaging have been employed for obtaining breast images (BIs). This review provides comprehensive information of different breast imaging modalities and publicly accessible BI sources. The advanced machine learning (ML) techniques offer a promising avenue to replace human involvement in detecting cancerous cells from BIs. The article outlines various ML algorithms (MLAs) which have been extensively used for identifying cancerous cells in BIs at the early stages, categorizing them based on the presence or absence of malignancy. Additionally, the review addresses current challenges associated with the application of MLAs in BC identification and proposes potential solutions.
Reliability and Validity of Predicted Performance in the Severe-Intensity Domain From the 3-Minute All-Out Running Test
Authors: Busso Thierry , Lloria-Varella Jaume , Sabater-Pastor Frederic
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity of the predicted distance–time relationship in the severe-intensity domain from a 3-minute all-out running test (3MT). Methods: Twelve runners performed two 3MTs (test #1 and test #2) on an outdoor 400-m track after familiarization. Eighteen-hertz Global Positioning System data were used to estimate critical speed (CS) and distance covered above CS (D′). Time to cover 1200 and 3600 m (T1200 and T3600, respectively) was predicted using CS and D′ estimates from each 3MT. Eight runners performed 2 time trials in a single visit to assess real T1200 and T3600. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard errors of measurement were calculated for reliability analysis. Results: Good to excellent reliability was found for CS, T1200, and T3600 estimates from 3MT (ICC  > .95, standard error of measurement between 1.3% and 2.2%), and poor reliability was found for D′ (ICC = .55, standard error of measurement = 27%). Predictions from 3MT were significantly correlated to actual T1200 (r = .87 and .85 for test #1 and test #2, respectively) and T3600 (r = .91 and .82 for test #1 and test #2, respectively). The calculation of error prediction showed a systematic error between predicted and real T3600 (6.4% and 7.8% for test #1 and test #2, respectively, P < .01) contrary to T1200 (P > .1). Random error was between 4.4% and 6.1% for both distances. Conclusions: Despite low reliability of D′, 3MT yielded a reliable predicted distance–time relationship allowing repeated measures to evidence change with training adaptation. However, caution should be taken with prediction of performance potential of a single individual because of substantial random error and significant underestimation of T3600.
Analyzing Dual-Task Paradigms to Improve Postconcussion Assessment and Management
Authors: Robertson Diana , Lempke Landon B. , Lynall Robert C.
Published: June 2024

Context: Dual-task (simultaneous cognitive–motor activities) assessments have been adapted into reliable and valid clinical concussion measures. However, abundant motor and cognitive variations leave researchers and clinicians uncertain about which combinations elicit the intended dual-task effect. Our objective was to examine differences between commonly employed dual-task motor and cognitive combinations among healthy, college-aged individuals. Design: Cross-sectional laboratory study. Methods: Twenty participants (age: 21.3 [2.4] y; height: 176.0 [9.1] cm; mass: 76.0 [16.4] kg; 20% with concussion history) completed 4 motor tasks (gait, tandem gait, single-leg balance, and tandem balance) under 5 cognitive conditions (single task, subtraction, month reversal, spelling backward, and visual Stroop) in a research laboratory. The motor performance outcomes were spatiotemporal variables for gait and tandem gait and center of pressure path length (in centimeters) for single-leg and tandem balance. Cognitive outcomes were response rate (responses/second) and cognitive accuracy. We used separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for each motor and cognitive outcome with post hoc Tukey t tests. Results: Gait velocity, gait stride length, and tandem gait velocity demonstrated significant cognitive–motor interactions (P’s < .001) such that all dual-task conditions resulted in varyingly slower or shorter movement than single task. Conversely, single-leg balance (P = .627) and tandem balance (P = .434) center of pressure path length did not significantly differ among the dual-task cognitive conditions or relative to single task. Statistically significant cognitive–motor interactions were observed only for spelling backward accuracy (P = .004) and response rates for spelling backward, month reversal, and visual Stroop (P’s < .001) such that worse accuracy, but faster response rates, occurred during motor tasks. Conclusions: Gait and tandem gait motor tasks accompanied with spelling backward or subtraction cognitive tasks demonstrated consistently strong dual-task effects and, therefore, may be the best suited for clinical and research use following concussion.
Posttranslational regulation of photosynthetic activity via the TOR kinase in plants
Authors: D’Alessandro Stefano , Velay Florent , Lebrun Régine , Zafirov Delyan , Mehrez Marwa , Romand Shanna , Saadouni Rim , Forzani Céline , Citerne Sylvie , Montané Marie-Hélène , Robaglia Christophe , Menand Benoît , Meyer Christian , Field Ben
Published: June 2024

Chloroplasts are the powerhouse of the plant cell, and their activity must be matched to plant growth to avoid photooxidative damage. We have identified a posttranslational mechanism linking the eukaryotic target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase that promotes growth and the guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) signaling pathway of prokaryotic origins that regulates chloroplast activity and photosynthesis in particular. We find that RelA SpoT homolog 3 (RSH3), a nuclear-encoded enzyme responsible for ppGpp biosynthesis, interacts directly with the TOR complex via a plant-specific amino-terminal region which is phosphorylated in a TOR-dependent manner. Down-regulating TOR activity causes a rapid increase in ppGpp synthesis in RSH3 overexpressors and reduces photosynthetic capacity in an RSH-dependent manner in wild-type plants. The TOR-RSH3 signaling axis therefore regulates the equilibrium between chloroplast activity and plant growth, setting a precedent for the regulation of organellar function by TOR.
Multiple independent origins of the female W chromosome in moths and butterflies
Authors: Han Min-Jin , Luo Chaorui , Hu Hai , Lin Meixing , Lu Kunpeng , Shen Jianghong , Ren Jianyu , Ye Yanzhuo , Westhof Eric , Tong Xiaoling , Dai Fangyin
Published: June 2024

Lepidoptera, the most diverse group of insects, exhibit female heterogamy (Z0 or ZW), which is different from most other insects (male heterogamy, XY). Previous studies suggest a single origin of the Z chromosome. However, the origin of the lepidopteran W chromosome remains poorly understood. Here, we assemble the genome from females down to the chromosome level of a model insect (
Bombyx mori
) and identify a W chromosome of approximately 10.1 megabase using a newly developed tool. In addition, we identify 3593 genes that were not previously annotated in the genomes of
B. mori
. Comparisons of 21 lepidopteran species (including 17 ZW and four Z0 systems) and three trichopteran species (Z0 system) reveal that the formation of Ditrysia W involves multiple mechanisms, including previously proposed canonical and noncanonical models, as well as a newly proposed mechanism called single-Z turnover. We conclude that there are multiple independent origins of the W chromosome in the Ditrysia (most moths and all butterflies) of Lepidoptera.
Tectonic extension and paleoelevation influence mammalian diversity dynamics in the Basin and Range Province of western North America
Authors: Smiley Tara M. , Bahadori Alireza , Rasbury E. Troy , Holt William E. , Badgley Catherine
Published: June 2024

Landscape properties have a profound influence on the diversity and distribution of biota, with present-day biodiversity hot spots occurring in topographically complex regions globally. Complex topography is created by tectonic processes and further shaped by interactions between climate and land-surface processes. These processes enrich diversity at the regional scale by promoting speciation and accommodating increased species richness along strong environmental gradients. Synthesis of the mammalian fossil record and a geophysical model of topographic evolution of the Basin and Range Province in western North America enable us to directly quantify relationships between mammal diversity and landscape dynamics over the past 30 million years. We analyze the covariation between tectonic history (extensional strain rates, paleotopography, and ruggedness), global temperature, and diversity dynamics. Mammal species richness and turnover exhibit stronger responses to rates of change in landscape properties than to the specific properties themselves, with peaks in diversity coinciding with high tectonic strain rates and large changes in elevation across spatial scales.
Nonlinear optical signatures of topological Dirac fermion
Authors: Xia Heming , Wu Shuang , Liang Bokai , Ding Jianyang , Jiang Zhicheng , Dong Guohao , Shi Youguo , Shen Dawei , Cheng Jinluo , Liu Wei-Tao , Wu Shiwei
Published: June 2024

Dirac fermion in topological materials exhibits intriguing nonlinear optical responses. However, their direct correlation with the linearly dispersed band remains elusive experimentally. Here, we take topological semimetal ZrSiS as a paradigm, unveiling three unique nonlinear optical signatures of Dirac fermion. These signatures include strong quadrupolar response, quantum interference effect, and exponential divergent four-wave mixing (FWM), all of which are described by the prominent third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility. Resonantly enhanced by linear bands, quadrupolar second harmonic generation in centrosymmetric bulk overwhelms the electric-dipole contribution at the surface with inherent inversion symmetry breaking. Furthermore, owing to the interference between multiple resonant transition pathways within linear bands, difference-frequency FWM is several orders of magnitude stronger than sum-frequency FWM and third harmonic generation. The difference-frequency FWM further displays an inverse-square divergence toward degenerate excitation, whose scaling law perfectly matches with the long-sought behavior of Dirac fermion. These signatures lay the solid foundation toward the practical applications of topological materials in nonlinear optoelectronics and photonics.
Topical JAK inhibition ameliorates EGFR inhibitor–induced rash in rodents and humans
Authors: You Qing , Chen Leying , Li Shuaihu , Liu Min , Tian Meng , Cheng Yuan , Xia Liangyong , Li Wenxi , Yao Yang , Li Yinan , Zhou Ying , Ma Yurui , Lv Dazhao , Zhao Longfei , Wang Hejie , Wu Zhaoyu , Hu Jiajun , Ju Juegang , Jia Chuanlong , Xu Nan , Luo Jie , Zhang Shiyi
Published: June 2024

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRis) are used to treat many cancers, but their use is complicated by the development of a skin rash that may be severe, limiting their use and adversely affecting patient quality of life. Most studies of EGFRi-induced rash have focused on the fully developed stage of this skin disorder, and early pathological changes remain unclear. We analyzed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of skin samples from rats exposed to the EGFRi afatinib and identified that keratinocyte activation is an early pathological alteration in EGFRi-induced rash. Mechanistically, the induction of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) occurred before skin barrier disruption and led to keratinocyte activation, resulting in expression of specific cytokines, chemokines, and surface molecules such as interleukin 6 (Il6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) to recruit and activate monocytes through activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, further recruiting more immune cells. Topical JAK inhibition suppressed the recruitment of immune cells and ameliorated the severity of skin rash in afatinib-treated rats and mice with epidermal deletion of EGFR, while having no effect on EGFRi efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. In a pilot clinical trial (NCT05120362), 11 patients with EGFRi-induced rash were treated with delgocitinib ointment, resulting in improvement in rash severity by at least one grade in 10 of them according to the MASCC EGFR inhibitor skin toxicity tool (MESTT) criteria. These findings provide a better understanding of the early pathophysiology of EGFRi-induced rash and suggest a strategy to manage this condition.
A bioadhesive pacing lead for atraumatic cardiac monitoring and stimulation in rodent and porcine models
Authors: Deng Jue , Wu Jingjing , Chen Xiaoyu , Sarrafian Tiffany L. , Varela Claudia E. , Whyte William , Guo Chuan Fei , Roche Ellen T. , Griffiths Leigh G. , Yuk Hyunwoo , Nabzdyk Christoph S. , Zhao Xuanhe
Published: June 2024

Current clinically used electronic implants, including cardiac pacing leads for epicardial monitoring and stimulation of the heart, rely on surgical suturing or direct insertion of electrodes to the heart tissue. These approaches can cause tissue trauma during the implantation and retrieval of the pacing leads, with the potential for bleeding, tissue damage, and device failure. Here, we report a bioadhesive pacing lead that can directly interface with cardiac tissue through physical and covalent interactions to support minimally invasive adhesive implantation and gentle on-demand removal of the device with a detachment solution. We developed 3D-printable bioadhesive materials for customized fabrication of the device by graft-polymerizing polyacrylic acid on hydrophilic polyurethane and mixing with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to obtain electrical conductivity. The bioadhesive construct exhibited mechanical properties similar to cardiac tissue and strong tissue adhesion, supporting stable electrical interfacing. Infusion of a detachment solution to cleave physical and covalent cross-links between the adhesive interface and the tissue allowed retrieval of the bioadhesive pacing leads in rat and porcine models without apparent tissue damage. Continuous and reliable cardiac monitoring and pacing of rodent and porcine hearts were demonstrated for 2 weeks with consistent capture threshold and sensing amplitude, in contrast to a commercially available alternative. Pacing and continuous telemetric monitoring were achieved in a porcine model. These findings may offer a promising platform for adhesive bioelectronic devices for cardiac monitoring and treatment.
Direct and indirect costs of paediatric asthma in the UK: a cost
analysis
Authors: Kennedy Charlotte T , Scotland Graham S , Cotton Seonaidh , Turner Stephen W
Published: June 2024

Objective

To estimate the cost of paediatric asthma from a UK National Health
Service (NHS) and societal perspective and explore determinants of these
costs.

Design

Cost analysis based on data from a large clinical trial between 2017
and 2019. Case report forms recorded healthcare resource use and
productivity losses attributable to asthma over a 12-month period. These
were combined with national unit cost data to generate estimates of
health service and indirect costs.

Setting

Asthma clinics in primary and secondary care in England and
Scotland.

Main outcome measures

Cost per asthma attack stratified by highest level of care received.
Total annual health service and indirect costs. Modelled effect of sex,
age, severity, number of attacks and adherence on total annual
costs.

Results

Of 506 children included in the analysis, 252 experienced at least
one attack. The mean (SD) cost per attack was £297 (806) (median £46,
IQR 40–138) and the mean total annual cost to the NHS was £1086 (2504)
(median £462, IQR 296–731). On average, children missed 6 days of school
and their carers missed 13 hours of paid work, contributing to a mean
annual indirect cost of £412 (879) (median £30, IQR 0–477). Health
service costs increased significantly with number of attacks and
participant age (>11 years). Indirect costs increased with asthma
severity and number of attacks but were found to be lower in older
children.

Conclusions

Paediatric asthma imparts a significant economic burden on the
health service, families and society. Efforts to improve asthma control
may generate significant cost savings.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN 67875351.
Association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia severity and its risk factors and long-term outcomes in three definitions: a historical cohort study
Authors: Katz Trixie A , van Kaam Anton H , Zuithoff Nicolaas P A , Mugie S M , Beuger Sabine , Blok Geert Jan , van Kempen Anne A M W , van Laerhoven Henriëtte , Lutterman Claire A M , Rijpert Maarten , Schiering Irene A , Ran Nicolien C , Visser Fenna , van Straaten Els , Aarnoudse-Moens Cornelieke S H , van Wassenaer-Leemhuis Aleid G , Onland Wes
Published: June 2024

Objective

To compare the association of the severity categories of the 2001-National Institutes of Health (NIH), the 2018-NIH and the 2019-Jensen bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) definitions with neurodevelopmental and respiratory outcomes at 2 and 5 years’ corrected age (CA), and several BPD risk factors.

Design

Single-centre historical cohort study with retrospective data collection.

Setting

Infants born between 2009 and 2015 at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Amsterdam Medical Center.

Patients

Preterm infants born at gestational age (GA) <30 weeks and surviving up to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age.

Interventions

Perinatal characteristics, (social) demographics and comorbidities were collected from the electronic patient records.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcomes were neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) or late death, and respiratory morbidity at 2 and 5 years’ CA. Using logistic regression and Brier scores, we investigated if the ordinal grade severity is associated with incremental increase of adverse long-term outcomes.

Results

584 preterm infants (median GA: 28.1 weeks) were included and classified according to the three BPD definitions. None of the definitions showed a clear ordinal incremental increase of risk for any of the outcomes with increasing severity classification. No significant differences were found between the three BPD definitions (Brier scores 0.169–0.230). Respiratory interventions, but not GA, birth weight or small for GA, showed an ordinal relationship with BPD severity in all three BPD definitions.

Conclusion

The severity classification of three BPD definitions showed low accuracy of the probability forecast on NDI or late death and respiratory morbidity at 2 and 5 years’ CA, with no differences between the definitions.