bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sovereignty Renewed
Authors: LeGrand Timothy
Published: February 2019

Public policy is increasingly confounded by transnational policy challenges. The proliferation of global policy dilemmas—climate change, migration, terrorism, economic instability, and so on—diminishes state-level officials’ capacity to deliver local policy outcomes without some form of international collaboration. Yet it is becoming increasingly apparent that international organizations are not always equipped, politically or organizationally, to offer the necessary collaborative mechanisms to tackle many of these challenges. This chapter explores this emergent ‘global–local dilemma’ and questions how policy officials reconcile international and domestic imperatives in managing modern transnational policy challenges. To do so, this chapter examines the rise of transnational policy networks in the Anglosphere. Using interview and policy data, the concerted efforts of Anglosphere civil servants to overcome the global–local dilemma through collaboration and cooperation is revealed, through which insights are generated into how domestic officials interact in the international domain.
European Union Studies as a Tributary of Global Policy and Transnational Administration
Authors: Ladi Stella
Published: February 2019

The study of European Union (EU) governance and policy making processes, as well as its impact upon member states and beyond, can be inspiring for the development of theoretical propositions on global policy and transnational administration, and vice versa. For a long time, the EU has been perceived as a unique governance structure because it is neither a federal state nor an intergovernmental international organization and thus new models and concepts have been developed in order to analyse it. The aim of this chapter is to outline some of the most influential conceptual frameworks (e.g. multi-level governance, EU networks analysis, and Europeanization) in EU studies and to show how they can be translated into useful analytical frameworks for the analysis of global policy and transnational administration. The literature on the role of the EU as a global actor is also reviewed since it directly connects the European and global levels of analysis.
Law–Space Nexus, Global Governance, and Global Administrative Law
Authors: Kuo Ming-Sung
Published: February 2019

This chapter sheds light on the multinational research project approach to global governance, which is known as global administrative law (GAL), with a focus on the unease GAL has expressed with its own constitutional implications. The argument proceeds as follows. First, it is explained why GAL’s approach to global governance echoes the history of responding to the emergence of modern administrative agencies with administrative law in the United States. It is also noted that GAL reframes the world of national legal orders as a ‘global administrative space’. Second, it is shown that GAL turns to the idea of ‘publicness’ to address the dual challenge of legality and legitimacy and the question of legal pluralism arising from the heterogeneity of global governance. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the unsettled relationship between GAL and global constitutionalism.
The Moral Conditions of Work
Authors: Cuilla Joanne B.
Published: February 2019

The characterization of meaningful work as objective or subjective is subject to considerable disagreement. While broadly agreeing that meaningfulness has both objective and subjective aspects, this chapter seeks to transcend this debate by separating the moral conditions of work from the concept of meaningful work. Workplace ethics are important pathways for experiencing meaningfulness in work and in life. The chapter argues that most of the objective features of meaningful work are related to the moral conditions of work. These include, for example, being treated fairly and with respect, having personal autonomy on the job, and working in safe environments. When the moral conditions of work are present, then work becomes worthy of a human being. By teasing out the moral from the meaningful, the author shows us how advances in humanizing the conditions of work arise out of struggles between employers and workers over who controls the work process.
“Belonging” and its Relationship to the Experience of Meaningful Work
Authors: Schnell Tatjana , Höge Thomas , Weber Wolfgang G.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the connections between belonging, meaningful work, and the ability of people to fulfill their potential. Drawing on the nexus of two core human qualities, the social and the productive, it is proposed that meaningful work constitutes an arena of practice where this sense of belonging is evoked. Belonging can arise from being part of a group or team at work, where acknowledgment and recognition arise. Although psychological studies have not focused extensively on the construct of belonging, research has examined similar notions such as relatedness, social support, and psychological ownership. However, changes in the workplace such as the growing flexibilization of work and growing economism pose challenges to experiencing belonging and meaningfulness. The chapter outlines the potential “dark side” to belonging, such as the risk of over-identification, the propensity to unethical behaviors, and manipulative managerial strategies.
Finding Meaning in the Work of Caring
Authors: Pavlish Carol L. , Hunt Roberta J. , Sato Hui-Wen , Brown-Saltzman Katherine
Published: February 2019

This chapter is a reflective examination of the experience of meaningfulness in nursing, which reveals the meaning of care work, as well as what makes caring work meaningful. Through a series of provocative narratives, the authors expose deeply personal explorations of meaningful moments in caring work, challenging basic assumptions about the link between meaningfulness in work and happiness, and the importance of “opportunity structures” for worker and patient interaction. Meaningfulness is eroded where work becomes overly centered on tasks rather than relationships, as well as struggles over the value and primacy of patient care over patient medicalization and bureaucracy. Resonating with Frankl’s claim that people find meaning through suffering, the authors discuss the power of meaningful work in helping nurses to find their vocation and a meaningful life.
Exploring Meaningful Work in the Third Sector
Authors: Taylor Rebecca , Roth Silke
Published: February 2019

Contemporary debates about meaningful work have drawn on ideas of autonomy and freedom, vocation or calling, dignity, and self-realization, informed by classical sociology. The third sector appears to offer an ideal space for meaningful work given its social, political, and environmental aims, and its assumed independence from state and market. This chapter takes a sociological approach to exploring if and in what ways it fulfills this ideal. It reviews what is known about the sector’s paid and unpaid workers and then focus on three different fields within the sector: social service, political activism, and humanitarian aid. Drawing on empirical studies of workers’ subjective experiences and motivations, we explore what makes this work potentially meaningful. We highlight diversity in how meaningfulness is experienced, how understandings are shaped by social position and life course, and the paradox that meaningful work in the sector can also be the source of stress and burnout.
Leadership and Meaningful Work
Authors: Tourish Dennis
Published: February 2019

This chapter adopts a critical stance towards meaningful work and leadership theory and asks whether it is feasible or desirable for leaders to be positioned as architects of purpose and meaning. Work is, for many, a dissatisfying experience with little opportunity for voice and agency, rather than constituting a source of fulfillment and meaning. Leadership theories fail to account for leaders’ lack of authority over meaning-making for their followers. Leaders may end up threatening rather than strengthening employees’ existing sense of meaningfulness, since employees may not “buy in” to the dominant discourse and goals of the organization or the leader. Spiritual leadership approaches adopt a unitarist notion that leaders are uniquely placed to provide employees with a sense of meaningfulness, which fails to take account of the potential “dark side” of managing meaning. For many, meaningfulness may arise from resistance to prevailing ideologies.
Cultural, National,and Individual Diversity and their Relationship to the Experience of Meaningful Work
Authors: Rothmann Sebastiaan , Weiss Laura Anne , Redelinghuys Johannes Jacobus
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores cultural, national, and individual diversity, and their relationships with meaningful work. Most studies relevant to meaningful work have originated in Western cultures and developed countries. Few studies have focused on the relationship between cultural and national diversity and meaningful work. The study of relationships between meaningful work, values, and organizational practices on individual, organizational, and national levels is challenging given different methods to aggregate data as well as the different levels involved. Both individual-level and multilevel studies are required to study the complex relationships between diversity and meaningful work. Assessing meaningful work from a national culture perspective could be problematic, as national culture fails to account for factors such as within-culture variability, acculturation, the changing nature of cultural aspects (e.g. values), and cultural tightness or looseness. Longitudinal and experimental designs should be used to study the relationship between cultural, national, and individual diversity and meaningful work.
Does Corporate Social Responsibility Enhance Meaningful Work?
Authors: Lips-Wiersma Marjolein
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the argument that corporate social responsibility (CSR) creates opportunities for meaningful work. The chapter develops a conceptual framework that integrates five different perspectives: personal responsibility; meaningful job characteristics; dignity and freedom; worthy work; and strong sustainability. However, while these conditions are necessary they are not sufficient, in themselves, to create more opportunities for meaningful work in a CSR context. Specific contextual features need to be in place to support meaningful work. These include an ethical corporate culture, embedded CSR, bottom-up CSR, CSR driven by human and planetary well-being, and an intent to move to a post-CSR paradigm.
The Meaningful City
Authors: Yeoman Ruth
Published: February 2019

This chapter applies the value of meaningfulness to a philosophy of the city. It argues that philosophies of the city can supply smart and sustainable city initiatives with human values and attention to the common good which they currently lack. By bringing the value of meaningfulness into a description of city-making, the chapter shows how city people have responsibilities to make the city when the activities of social cooperation associated with discharging such responsibilities are constituted by freedom, autonomy, and dignity, and when the social interactions of meaning-making are just. The features of an ethico-normative architecture which is capable of promoting city-level meaningfulness are specified. These include three core elements: public meaningfulness; the society of meaning-makers; and agonistic republicanism. City-making organized to manifest these features will generate a rich diversity of meaning sources on which city people can draw to craft meaningfulness in life and in work.
Meaningful Work and Family
Authors: Lysova Evgenia I.
Published: February 2019

Experiencing one’s work as meaningful is often assumed to benefit the individual, yet some scholars suggest that meaningful work can also be a very challenging experience, requiring individual sacrifice. These sacrifices may be borne by the family of the individual. The chapter reviews and integrates research on meaningful work, calling, and work–family interplay to better understand how the pursuit of meaningful work impacts one’s family. In so doing, it challenges overly positive perspectives on the outcomes of meaningful work, while revealing the scarcity of empirical research on the topic. To stimulate future research, person-related conditions are discussed, such as family role salience and identification, and harmonious passion and obsessive passion, in facilitating positive versus negative spillover between the work and family domain. The chapter concludes with a discussion of organization-related conditions shaping how meaningful work influences one’s family.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Yeoman Ruth , Bailey Catherine , Madden Adrian , Thompson Marc
Published: February 2019

With organizations under pressure from new business models, technological change, and globalization, the prospects for meaningful work appear uncertain. Despite this, scholarly and practitioner interest in meaningful work continues to grow. This handbook examines the conceptualization, practices, and effects of meaningful work by reflecting diverse perspectives on meaningful work from philosophy, political theory, psychology, sociology, and organization studies. In philosophy, moral considerations related to meaningful work range across human flourishing, autonomy, dignity, alienation, freedom, and organizational ethics. Meanwhile, empirical studies are expanding beyond a positive psychology focus on the individual experience, to ethnographic and constructivist approaches which attend to organizational and institutional factors. Furthermore, scholars are now considering multilevel features such as leadership, voluntary work, families, and corporate social responsibility, as well as political economy and large-scale entities such as cities, national cultures, and broader meaning-systems.
Work, Meaning, and Virtue
Authors: Beadle Ron
Published: February 2019

The priority that we should attach to meaningful work has been contested in both rights-based/liberal and welfare/socialist traditions. To make the case for meaningful work in these traditions is first to overcome objections from within these traditions themselves concerning the conceptual validity of meaningful work, and the impact its prioritization might have on other valued goods. For virtue traditions, however, no such obstacles obtain. Undertaking meaningful work in the company of others is necessary if we are to learn to order our desires and develop virtues. The social embodiment of virtue traditions depends on internal relationships between the type of work required of us, the range of goods such work enables us to appreciate, and the qualities of character required for their realization. This chapter outlines the importance of meaningful work to the virtue traditions and draws on recent empirical research which provides support for their central contentions.
Do We Have to Do Meaningful Work?
Authors: Michaelson Christopher
Published: February 2019

Not enough people have decent work in the world today. Fewer still have work that they consider to be meaningful. Even among those people who have the power to choose their work, the absence of work that they consider to be meaningful adversely impacts their physical and emotional well-being—and a considerable portion of most adults’ waking hours are spent at work. Accordingly, work is a primary means by which most of us can experience meaningfulness in life. This chapter offers two arguments for why we have a moral obligation to pursue and practice meaningful work, if we have the autonomy to choose it.
Identity and Meaningful/Meaningless Work
Authors: Harding Nancy H.
Published: February 2019

This chapter draws on labor process theory to argue that the discourse of meaningfulness in the context of neoliberal capitalism may represent a means for organizations to control and manipulate individual identities. A “politics of meaningful work” is proposed that demonstrates how individuals move between abject alienation on the one hand and the proud identity associated with meaningful work on the other. Drawing on Marx’s notions of the alienated self, the chapter argues that meaningless work is alienated work since it is associated with the production of a commoditized self. Both meaningful and meaningless work can coexist through the notion of emplacements. Where the individual is subject to the managerial gaze and work is routinized and controlled, alienation is the outcome. In other emplacements, meaningfulness and a non-alienated self arise outside formal organizational constraints. A sense of meaningfulness may arise even in the face of neoliberalist attempts to quash it.
Fire Fighting and Emergency Responding
Authors: Wiggins Mark , Auton Jaime , Taylor Melanie
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the study of expertise in the context of firefighting and emergency responding. The distinction is made between descriptive and experimental approaches, and the need to develop and validate a theoretical perspective that explains expertise in situations that are high dynamic, uncertain, and where the consequences of errors can be significant. Gaps in current knowledge are identified, including the mechanisms by which expertise is acquired and maintained, how it can be measured accurately and reliably, and how and when the capacity for expertise degrades over time and in absence of exposure to emergency conditions. The outcomes of existing research initiatives are discussed, with an emphasis on accurate and precise mental models that are acquired through active interaction within the operational environment. The role of cues and cue utilization are also considered as triggers to activate mental models. Future research directions that will ensure the development of a comprehensive understanding of the nature expertise in firefighting and emergency responding are proposed.
Mourning and Memorialization on Social Media
Authors: Kasket Elaine
Published: February 2019

Mourning and memorialization on social media are prominent features of modern bereavement and are common on Facebook, the world’s most popular social networking site. On Facebook, profiles of deceased users are memorialized by default, continuing to be present and accessible on the network and opening up new possibilities for the ongoing role and influence of the physically dead. Paradoxically, Facebook and other aspects of digital legacy have potential to both facilitate and disrupt continuing bonds, a term that describes the connection we experience with our dead. The psychological and sociological impact of the dead online is only beginning to be understood; in the meantime, it is argued that designers and operators of social networking platforms have a moral imperative to consider how to better facilitate individual choice and control over both our own digital legacies and our interaction with the digital legacies of those we have loved and lost.
Financial Balances and the Development of the Ethiopian Economy
Authors: Coutts Ken , Laskaridis Christina
Published: February 2019

To explore the interrelationships between government fiscal decisions, external trade, and the savings and investment decisions of domestic firms and individuals, this chapter constructs a consistent set of financial balances between the private sector, the public sector, and the balance of payments on current account. While naturally arising out of national accounts data, the financial balances are not routinely available for Ethiopia. This chapter introduces new estimates and uses them to assess the public-sector-led investment in infrastructure and high growth rate achieved over the past decade, the prospects for sustained growth, and the implications for Ethiopia’s debt profile over the coming decade.
Trade Policy in Ethiopia, 1991–2016
Authors: Gebrehiwot Berihu Assefa
Published: February 2019

The chapter reviews the trade policy regimes and the evolution of the trade policy reforms implemented in Ethiopia since 1993. Trade policy reform measures included import liberalization through rationalization of the tariff structure and reduction of quantitative restrictions, simplified licensing procedures, the introduction of market-oriented and more transparent allocation of foreign exchange, new investment codes, and labour and public enterprise laws. Additional trade policy instruments were introduced to promote investment, exports and industrialization. By the early 2000s, Ethiopia was moving away from the conventional market-oriented policy reforms, and instead pursuing a developmental state approach. In addition, Ethiopia has taken concrete steps with regard to its accession to the WTO, and is a member of a number of continental and regional integration efforts. The chapter assesses how Ethiopia balances its goal of pursuing a trade policy that supports its long-term development objective with the goal of regional and global integration.
Assessing Poverty Trends in Ethiopia, 1990–2015
Authors: Sender John
Published: February 2019

Rural Ethiopians who lack access to a few basic (non-food) wage goods are defined as ‘most deprived’. Like many other extremely vulnerable Africans, they derive little benefit from donor and government policies claiming to reduce poverty. They may continue to be ignored if underfunded official statistical agencies publish reports that do not accurately reflect their experience, or if the impact of policy interventions on the bottom 10 per cent can be obscured by fashionably complex indices of poverty. A case is made here for more rigorous statistical monitoring of rural real wages; and for prioritizing investments that improve the employment prospects of women dependent on agricultural wage labour. It is argued that a low-cost Simple Deprivation Index can identify poorly educated agricultural wage labourers as members of the ‘most deprived’ households. These households also contain children who are at risk from the cumulative consequences of inadequate nutrition and schooling.
Growth, Poverty, and Distribution in Ethiopia
Authors: Shimeles Abebe
Published: February 2019

The Ethiopian economy has maintained a rate of growth in output per worker for twenty years, averaging 6 per cent in real terms. As a result, per capita GDP during this period has doubled, the poverty rate has declined, and productivity in agriculture has improved. However, the country still grapples with rising youth unemployment and widespread poverty mediated by rapid population growth. This chapter examines the interactions between growth, poverty, and inequality by examining features of the Ethiopian labour market. The dynamics of poverty are discussed from the perspective of stylized facts on its components, including the persistence of poverty over time and the role of initial conditions in facilitating or impeding poverty reduction. The chapter investigates the potential role of changes in the sectoral share of employment on poverty and inequality under various policy settings.
Land Tenure and Land Policy in Ethiopia, 1950–2000
Authors: Adem Teferi Abate
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores changes that have occurred in the ways rural people access, use, control, and transfer land rights as Ethiopia has transitioned from the old feudal-like monarchy, through nearly two decades of military-led socialism, to the current market-led, decentralized system. The regimes embraced contrasting land policies and development approaches. However, the chapter reveals a dominant pattern in the outcome. At each juncture, land policy choice was systematically entangled with the political exigency of expanding central control down to community and household levels. Policy debates across regimes appeared less informed by what farmers themselves were trying to do to extricate themselves from the burdens of chronic food insecurity and poverty. Successive reforms failed to guarantee land access for young farmers who came of age. This generational tension in turn has impeded the tenure security and transferability of household holdings, despite the government’s efforts to address these problems.
Social Protection in Ethiopia
Authors: Hoddinott John , Seyoum Taffesse Alemayehu
Published: February 2019

Social protection encompasses three broad sets of public action: publicly provided state contingent insurance (pensions, unemployment insurance); social sector policies (fee waivers); and targeted non-contributory programmes that transfer resources to poor households. Ethiopia’s experiences with this third component, sometimes referred to as social safety nets, is the focus of this chapter. Since 1994, safety nets have evolved from a series of ad hoc responses to drought shocks, to a systematic intervention aimed at addressing chronic food insecurity in drought-prone regions (the Productive Safety Net Programme) and latterly to broader efforts to provide assistance to poor Ethiopian households. This chapter provides a systematic review of these interventions, their welfare impacts, and the future directions they may take.
Rural Finance and Smallholder Farming in Ethiopia
Authors: Berhane Guush , Abay Kibrom A.
Published: February 2019

A well-functioning financial market is important for smallholder agriculture development and for the transformation of rural economies. Yet a substantial proportion of the rural population in Ethiopia remains underserved. The literature points to market failures, attributed to information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers, which affects households’ access to financial services. In the case of credit, this problem is exacerbated by households’ lack of collateral to pledge to access loans. Information asymmetry arises because lenders lack the information needed to screen the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and monitor them after granting loans. Also, serving poor rural communities geographically dispersed involves high transaction costs. Insurance and savings financial services are subject to the same challenges. In response, lenders require collateral that incentivizes borrowers to reduce non-repayment. This chapter documents the progress made in unlocking these challenges and discusses avenues for maximizing the transformational roles of these markets in Ethiopia.
Performance and Institutions of the Ethiopian Coffee Sector
Authors: Kuma Worako Tadesse , Minten Bart , Schäfer Florian T.
Published: February 2019

The production and sale of coffee is central to the Ethiopian economy and the livelihoods of many Ethiopians. This chapter considers how different policy regimes have impacted its institutional development and performance. Policy has, arguably, been overly focused on the regulation of market exchange with little attention paid to improving productivity and quality. The chapter situates the Ethiopian coffee sector in the context of the global market, before presenting trends in coffee production, marketing, and trade. It discusses the evolution of market institutions in the sector, the most recent of which is the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. The chapter highlights new and emerging forms of production organizations in Ethiopia, looking in particular at producer cooperatives as well as socially or environmentally certified coffee. Finally, the chapter considers the prospects of the coffee sector to illustrate how issues such as climate change and low productivity require strategic and long-term intervention.
Policy, Political Economy, and Performance in Ethiopia’s Coffee Sector
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John
Published: February 2019

Coffee is of great strategic significance in Ethiopia given its potential role in wider structural transformation and the enormous scope for market gains from increased output and higher productivity. But Ethiopia has not succeeded in promoting the improvements in productivity and quality that are possible. This chapter outlines the main failures of recent coffee policy on which most observers agree. It goes on to summarize prevalent diagnoses of the policy and political economy problems in the sector. It argues that there are important shortcomings in the most common policy prescriptions to remedy the problems in coffee production and trade. Above all, a large number of external and internal reports have failed to provide a foundation for priorities in policymaking for coffee; instead they provide long lists of things to do. We offer a small number of high priorities if the long-lasting under performance of the coffee sector is to be overcome.
Livestock Production in Ethiopia
Authors: Bachewe Fantu , Tadesse Fanaye
Published: February 2019

Ethiopia is believed to have the largest stock of livestock in the world, although the contribution of the livestock sector to the rapid economic growth recorded in the last decade has been insignificant. Over the period 2004/5–15/16, however, livestock output has shown significant growth. Most of the growth has come from increases in the number of livestock and livestock owners. The number of livestock farmers and animal stocks were 50 per cent higher in 2015/16 than in 2004/5. The growth in animal stocks was not the result of increased use of improved feeds and improved breeding techniques, neither of which is yet being applied on a large scale. Livestock extension remains limited, and despite improved veterinary services, the number of cattle deaths is higher than the stock sold for meat production. The sector faces important challenges before it can become a significant player in the economic development of the country.
The Private Sector in Ethiopia’s Transformation
Authors: Gebreyesus Mulu
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines private-sector development in Ethiopia, focusing on the situation since the incumbent government took power in 1991 and private-sector development became an integral part of Ethiopia’s economic development strategy. Several private entrepreneurs and enterprises have emerged since the reform and are now playing a critical role in the economic development of the country. However, the private sector has not yet made strong inroads into the manufacturing sector and the export market, which are perceived as crucial for industrialization and structural transformation. This chapter thus also seeks to highlight the key constraints impeding private-sector participation in these sectors and to suggest pathways to resolve these challenges.
Light Manufacturing in Ethiopia
Authors: Staritz, PhD Cornelia , Whitfield, PhD Lindsay
Published: February 2019

The apparel export industry in Ethiopia has increased significantly since the 2000s. Apparel exports emerged due to low labour costs and preferential trade agreements with the United States and European Union, but more importantly to proactive government industrial policies and the decisions of US and EU buyers and core suppliers to invest in or source from Ethiopia. Foreign direct investment has played an important role in the growth of the apparel export industry, but there exist also locally owned export firms. Sector-specific industrial policies are divided into three phases: incentivizing local investment in apparel exporting; addressing constraints facing local export firms and attracting foreign direct investment; and promoting foreign and local investment within specialized industrial parks. This chapter provides an overview of the development of the apparel export sector in Ethiopia, highlighting the role of industrial policy and the performance of locally owned firms given their importance in economic transformation.
The Legal Framework for the Protection of Foreign Direct Investment in Ethiopia
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: February 2019

Historically, Ethiopia’s near-perpetual independent existence has uniquely permitted latitude to shape policy and legal frameworks for the admission, protection, and management of foreign direct investment (FDI). The contemporary legal framework is a product of many external influences. International investment law principles have been part of Ethiopia’s investment law since 1903, when Ethiopia signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States. This treaty contained some modern notions of international. Following military rule (1974–91), during which all domestic and international principles of fairness and equity were abrogated, Ethiopia attempted to build a new legal framework for the ordering of FDI. The existing framework is composed of evolving domestic legislation and an increasing number of international bilateral and regional investment treaties. This corpus of law is also equipped with institutional enforcement mechanisms. This chapter provides an overview and critique of existing rules and institutions.
Special Economic Zones and Structural Transformation in Ethiopia
Authors: Hager Sarah , Lin Justin , Xu Jiajun
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that there is reason to be cautiously optimistic about the potential of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to contribute to structural transformation in Ethiopia. It first reviews the development of SEZs in Ethiopia, including industrial policy, the facilitating role of the Ethiopian government, the demonstration effect of leading firms, technology and skills transfer, and learning by doing with Chinese state-owned enterprises. It then analyses four ingredients for success in Chinese SEZs—commitment by high-level leadership, dynamic experimentation and learning, targeting sectors in line with latent comparative advantage, and capable public administration. It further evaluates the prospects of Ethiopian SEZs from the theoretical perspective of New Structural Economics. In building this analysis, this chapter touches upon areas of interest to students of development, including the historical transitions and development of SEZs in both Ethiopia and China, and China’s engagement as a development partner in Africa.
The Concept of a ‘Developmental State’ in Ethiopia
Authors: Chang Ha-Joon , Hauge Jostein
Published: February 2019

Ethiopia’s rapid economic growth over the past decade, state intervention in the economy, and focus on industrialization are prompting characterizations of Ethiopia as a developmental state. This chapter discusses the concept of a developmental state in Ethiopia with reference to the East Asian developmental state model. It suggests that the Ethiopian state draws inspiration from the East Asian developmental state model in many ways. There is a strong ‘East Asian’ intellectual influence on prominent political figures in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian state intervenes heavily in the market, and it has a strong developmental vision to be achieved through industrialization. However, in other ways, the Ethiopian development model differs from the East Asian developmental state model. Public support for the state’s development project is somewhat fragile and fragmented, and the Ethiopian bureaucracy does not have much power or independence from the ruling party.
A Japanese Perspective oN Ethiopia’s Transformation
Authors: Ohno Kenichi , Ohno Izumi
Published: February 2019

Ethiopia has learned much from the experience and advice from East Asia. The learning was carried out with strong country ownership and necessary adjustments, not by blindly emulating foreign practices. This chapter explains Ethiopia’s policy learning with Japan which began in 2008 where kaizen, export promotion, and other policy skills were absorbed through regular discussions, mutual visits, third-country research, and so on. Topics evolved as learning deepened and circumstances changed. Many proposals were followed up by concrete Japanese industrial cooperation for actual realization. Ethiopia’s industrialization is taking place in Africa where conditions are quite different from those in the East Asia of the late twentieth century. The major difference is the absence of a leading nation and structured layers of follower nations (the Flying Geese pattern), and weak economic linkages among African economies. The implications of this for Ethiopia’s development strategy are also considered.
Growing with Depth
Authors: Amoako K.Y.
Published: February 2019

Although many African countries have shown steady economic gains in the new millennium, most are not positioned to sustain their progress. Instead, they continue to rely on traditional, low value-added commodity export markets that are unpredictable and not linked to the broader national economy. Or they rely on low-productivity, and in turn low-wage, traditional agriculture to drive employment. Any economic gains will be wiped out without a commitment to an economic transformation strategy; growth alone will not sustain development. Transformation is necessary and this means growth based on attributes that underpin an economy’s transformational change: diversified production, export competitiveness, productivity increases, technology upgrades, and human well-being. The African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET) defines transformation based on these attributes and Ethiopia has demonstrated a promising track record. How has Ethiopia put itself in a strong position for sustainable growth through transformation and what can other African countries learn from this?
The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: February 2019

The Ethiopian manufacturing sector is still far from being an engine of growth and economic transformation. It plays a marginal role in employment creation, exports, and output, and is short of stimulating domestic linkages. The sector is dominated by small firms and resource-based industries, low-value and low-technology products, and weak inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral linkages. The sector’s export orientation has been low and stagnant. Based on evidence from the past twenty-five years, the chapter analyses the structure and performance of the sector and explores the reasons behind the ‘paradox’ of the slow growth of industrial outputs and structural shifts. In the mid-2010s, there are some promising signals that the manufacturing sector is coming out of the doldrums and showing positive dynamics. The chapter summarizes the challenges of building an industrial workforce and domestic capability, together with export capacity. This study shows a bias for hope, and potential structural transformation.
Private Coffee Plantations in Ethiopia
Authors: Schäfer Florian T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter charts the growth, decline, and rebirth of private large-scale coffee plantations in Ethiopia, and examines the roles of the state, the market, and private entrepreneurs in their development. Contemporary large-scale private plantations are shown to have had important historical antecedents. The re-emergence of these farms is the result of a long and complex interplay of domestic and international factors. Changes in the regulatory regime in the coffee sector interacted with developments in the world market for coffee to create conditions under which private large-scale plantations could thrive. Private plantations came to cover large areas of land and have become important sources of rural employment. The chapter uses a unique dataset to show that these plantations are among the most efficient and sophisticated coffee producers in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia’s ‘Economic Diplomacy’ and Regional Integration
Authors: Cheru Fantu , Rekiso Zinabu Samaro
Published: February 2019

Sixteen years ago the government of Ethiopia adopted the 2002 Foreign Affairs and National Security Policy, which emphasized ‘economic diplomacy’ as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A central component of the strategy has been regional integration with Ethiopia’s neighbours in the Horn and Eastern Africa. Since then the political contexts have changed dramatically. Ethiopia is now seen as an attractive destination for labour-intensive manufacturing and the government continues to invest in mega infrastructure and power generation projects to drive its industrial ambition. However, the Ethiopian state faces a storm of internal and external threats that could undermine its ambitious programme of economic transformation and regional integration. This chapter assesses the extent to which the emphasis on ‘economic diplomacy’ has helped the government achieve its goals of economic development, regional integration, and peace and stability in a region where state weakness, poor governance, and vulnerability to external pressures are endemic.
Institution Building for Industrialization
Authors: Sutton John
Published: February 2019

The process of relationship building by way of continued contact with incoming firms at both the pre-operational stage and the early years of operation lies at the heart of international best practice for investment agencies. This chapter describes and evaluates the relationship-building programme initiated in 2013 at the then Ethiopian Investment Agency. The programme’s basic structures, practices, and procedures were put in place during 2013–14. Following the proclamation of June 2014, the Agency became a Commission, and new structures and responsibilities followed. With the appointment of the new deputy commissioners, and since then, the practices and procedures of the relationship-building team have evolved in ways that have led to a substantial improvement in its effectiveness.
The Interface between Federalism and Development in Ethiopia
Authors: Fiseha Assefa , Gebresilassie Fiseha H.
Published: February 2019

Whether federalism and developmentalism—two important pillars of the Ethiopian governance system—align or collide with each other has been a subject for debate and there has been little research into the interface between the two. Using analysis of recent political developments, case studies, and indicators, and informed by the rich comparative literature on the political integration of diversity in divided societies, this chapter examines the interface between the two major commitments of the government. The findings from the case studies indicate that federalism and development, while both vital commitments of the government, have not necessarily always been in harmony with each other in the Ethiopian context. As a result despite significant gains in the socio-economic sector, tensions emerge as constituent units continue to demand more political autonomy to exercise self-rule.
Women’s Empowerment in Rural Ethiopia
Authors: Mulema Annet A. , Nigussie Likimyelesh
Published: February 2019

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is the first standardized tool to measure empowerment in the agricultural sector. Most of the work on measuring women’s empowerment has so far focused on developing quantitative measures to the exclusion of qualitative measures that could add more to our understanding of the local meaning of empowerment and how it can be measured. Domains and indicators of empowerment that are associated with the local contextual meaning can help better identify best practices that unleash the full potential of women to effectively increase production, income, and food and nutritional security. The chapter conducts a systematic review of policy documents, reports from national surveys, and publications from projects whose goal is to empower women, to determine the indicators measured, aided by the WEAI. Using one case study in Ethiopia, the chapter examines women’s empowerment domains and indicators at three levels—policy, community, and household.
The Political Economy of Ethiopia from the Imperial Period to the Present
Authors: Clapham Christopher
Published: February 2019

Ethiopia’s political economy has historically been shaped by two key factors: the strength of the state, and the divergence between the sources of political power, concentrated in the northern highlands, and of economic power, concentrated in the southern and western regions incorporated in the late nineteenth century. These features were intensified under both imperial (1941–74) and revolutionary (1974–91) regimes that used a greatly strengthened state to promote development programmes that rested on the economic exploitation of politically marginalized regions. The EPRDF regime, in office since 1991, has addressed these problems through a federal system designed to rectify historical imbalances in political power, combined with a ‘developmental state’ that drew on East Asian models to generate rapid economic growth through incorporation into the global economy, while retaining a strong role for the state. Despite the impressive successes of this programme, problems derived from the historical structure of Ethiopian statehood inevitably remain.
Financing Ethiopia’s Development
Authors: Manyazewal Mekonnen
Published: February 2019

In recent years Ethiopia has captured headlines for the impressive social and economic progress and for government commitment to and ownership of the development process. Domestic and external resources have been mobilized and channelled to the priority projects identified in the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). Despite these efforts, the gap between domestic saving and investment has been growing, requiring additional resources to finance the resource gap. Foreign resources play an important role in financing investment in Ethiopia, creating dependence on unpredictable financing, and this chapter underlines three points: (a) the strategic significance of mobilizing domestic resources to finance essential public services and investment programmes; (b) the need to explore new financing instruments to finance strategically defined investment programmes; and (c) the need to continue industrialization and diversification, and increase export earnings to resolve the foreign exchange constraint threatening to derail Ethiopia’s desire to become a middle-income country by 2025.
Simulating the effect of formation of amyloid plaques on aggregation of tau protein
Authors: Kuznetsov I. A. , Kuznetsov A. V.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we develop a mathematical model that enables the investigation of the production and intracellular transport of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein in a neuron. We also investigate the aggregation of APP fragments into amyloid-β (Aβ) as well as tau aggregation into tau oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles. Using the developed model, we investigate how Aβ aggregation can influence tau transport and aggregation in both the soma and the axon. We couple the Aβ and tau agglomeration processes by assuming that the value of the kinetic constant that describes the autocatalytic growth (self-replication) reaction step of tau aggregation is proportional to the Aβ concentration. The model predicts that APP and tau are distributed differently in the axon. While APP has a uniform distribution along the axon, tau's concentration first decreases and then increases towards the synapse. Aβ is uniformly produced along the axon while misfolded tau protein is mostly produced in the proximal axon. The number of Aβ and tau polymers originating from the axon is much smaller than the number of Aβ and tau polymers originating from the soma. The rate of production of misfolded tau polymers depends on how strongly their production is facilitated by Aβ.