bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Boll Worms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1985
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Mann David
Published: March 2022

Thirteen insecticides were evaluated for bollworm control on cotton near Gibson, NC. Thirteen lb of acid delinted, double coated seed was planted to 40-inch rows on 9 May in Norfolk sandy loam soil. Preplant, pre-emergence and post emergence herbicides were Prowl, Cotoran (banded) and Cotoran (over the top), respectively. Temik was applied at 0.3 lb (AI)/acre in furrow. The previous crop was cotton. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.1 lb (AI)/acre Orthene in early May for thrips control. Plots were 6 rows by 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 8.0 gal/acre with 50 psi at 4 mph with one TX-8 nozzle per row. Treatments were applied on 24 and 29 Jul and 6 Aug. Live bollworms and damaged fruit were monitored by evaluating 25 squares and 25 bolls per plot (total = 100) within 72 h after treatments. The center 2 rows of each plot were machine harvested for yield comparisons.
Chemical Control of Boll Weevil in Dryland Cotton, 1979
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Treacy M. F. , Segers J. C. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Tynan, TX. Five treatments and a check were compared in 16-row by 100-ft plots of cotton planted 16 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the matchhead square stage on 22 and 29 May (an additional application of Dimilin was made on 6 Jun). All applications were made with a high-clearance spray machine. Efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by: (1) collecting fleahoppers from a 20-ft section of row in each plot with a D-Vac suction machine, and (2) inspecting 100 square; in each plot for boll weevil damage. Seed cotton for yield analysis was hand-harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot.
Efficacy of Dipel Against Heliothis Zea in Early-Season Dryland Cotton, 1979
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Treacy M. F. , Segers J. C. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A large-plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Kingsville, TX to evaluate the effectiveness of Dipel for control of Heliothis zea. Dipel and an untreated were compared in 100-row by 1400-ft plots of cotton planted 6 Mar on 38-inch rows. Entries were replicated 3 times in a paired block design. Dipel was applied beginning at the first-bloom-stage on 16 and 23 May. Both applications were made with an airplane calibrated to deliver 4 gal total spray/acre. Efficacy of Dipel was evaluated by inspecting 50 squares and 50 bolls in each plot for the presence of Heliothis zea damage. Seed cotton for yield analysis was hand-harvested from designated 13.5-ft sections of row in each plot.
Effect of Selected Early Treatments on Cotton Pests, Predators, Flowering and Leaf Area, 1985
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted for determination of early insecticide treatment effects on cotton and the pest/predator complex that occurs in May-Jun. Cotton was planted on 16 Apr in 40 inch rows. Plots were 8 rows × 95 ft replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots, delivering 3 gal/acre with 2 X-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Early season treatments were started at the 2nd fully expanded leaf stage of cotton and applied 4 times; 10, 16, 22, and 27 May. Leaf area measurements were made with a Licor leaf area machine, measuring 10 plants/plot that were removed from the field and immediately processed. White flowers/95 row ft were counted on 17, 19, 24 and 27 Jun. Sweep net data were collected by making 25 sweeps/plot per sampling date. Other insecticides applied for major pest and/or secondary insect control were: 16 Apr, Temik 15G + Terraclor Super-X 0.75 + 0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, 7 Jun Capture (2E) 0.05 (AI)/acre, 11 Jun Pydrin (2.4E) + Monitor (4E) 0.1 + 0.125 (AI)/acre, 5 Jul Pydrin (2.4E) + Fundal (4E) 0.05 + 0.125 (AI/acre), 25 Jun Baythroid (2E) 0.03, 6 Aug Curacron (6E) + Galecron (4E) 0.75 + 0.125 (AI)/acre, 12 Aug Guthion (2L) 0.25 (AI/acre), 25 Aug Baythroid (2E) 0.033 (AI)/ acre. On 5 Sep the test was defoliated with Folex + Dropp 1.2 pt/acre + 0.1 lb/acre and Prep 1.0 pt/acre was applied on 11 Sep. Four rows from each plot were harvested on 18 Sep with a 2 row John Deere picker, equipped with a sacking device. Yields were converted to lb seed/cotton/ acre.
Early Season Control of Fleahoppers and the Effect of Insecticides on Beneficial Populations, 1985
Authors: Doss Mike , Price Richard , Neese Paul
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, OK. Stoneville 213 was planted on 29 May at a rate of 20 lb/acre. A randomized complete block design was used in each test. In test 1, plots contained 8 rows, 100 ft long and in test 2 plots were 8 rows, 200 ft long.cotton of one 20-ft section of row per plot. Seed cotton weights were used for analysis. All cotton in each experiment was treated with Azodrin 17 May for thrips control. Cygon was applied 13 Jun for fleahopper control and Cythion RTU was applied 24 Jun for boll weevil control. Ammo was applied 1 and 12 Jul for control of Heliothis spp. Percent control due to treatment was calculated by Henderson’s formula.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Fleahopper in the Texas Blacklands, 1985
Authors: Fitt Johnny R. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 23 Apr on rows spaced 38 inches apart. Plots for the experiment were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 10 treatments including an internal check. Plots were 12 rows wide and 80 ft long. Insecticides were applied to the inner 8 rows leaving a 4 row buffer between contiguous plots. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal of solution per acre through TX-4 hollow cone nozzles, spaced 20 inches apart, at 42 psi and 4 mph. Insecticide applications were begun 28 May when fleahopper density levels were about 6 per 30 terminals. Three treatment applications were made at 7-day intervals. Counts of fleahopper abundance were made 6 days after each insecticide application. Density levels were assessed by inspecting 30 plant terminals per plot for fleahopper adults and nymphs. Cotton in each plot was harvested twice. Seed cotton weights were used for statistical analysis. Cotton blooms were counted on plants in 10 row-feet per plot during a 40-day period. Counts of pink and white blooms were made every other day. Some days were missed because of weather. The entire experiment was treated with a mixture of Pydrin and chlordimeform on 30 Jun and 12 Jul for Heliothis spp. control. The Heliothis spp. infestation occurred late enough that it did not obscure the effects that were noted from the earlier fleahopper infestation. Data were analyzed using standard analysis of variance procedures.
Chemical Control of Boll Weevils, 1985
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation to control boll weevils on cotton was conducted at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted on 23 May in 40-inch rows. Eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 12 rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 9.7 gal spray/acre (3.4 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made for weevils on 14, 19, 23 and 28 Aug, 3 and 6 Sep. Plots were sprayed with Bolstar as needed to suppress Heliothis spp. Damage was estimated by examining 25 squares collected at random from the middle 4 rows of each plot on 16, 21, 30 Aug, 5 and 9 Sep.
Application of Bollworm Insecticides for Yield Enhancement, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied beginning at early fruit set on 10, 19, 23, and 27 Jul, and 6, 13, 17, and 24 Aug at 8.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a 4-row CO2 pressurized boom attached to the back of a high clearance sprayer. Damaged square counts were made 7 and 23 Aug. The 2 center rows of each plot were machine harvested 29 Oct and 13 Nov.
Bollworm Control with Aim (Cga 112913), An Igr, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied 12, and 20 Jul, and 21 Aug at 8.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a 4-row CO2 pressurized boom attached to the back of a high clearance sprayer. Damaged square counts were made 27 Aug by examining 25 squares per plot. The 2 center rows of each plot were machine harvested 29 Oct and 13 Nov.
Spray Additive R/S 020 Effect on Bollworm Control, 1984
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 10 May on a Grenada silt loam at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots (40-inch spacing) were 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied 20 Jul and 21 Aug at 8.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi) with a 4-row CO2 pressurized boom attached to the back of a high clearance sprayer. Damaged square counts were made 27 Aug by examining 25 squares per plot. The 2 center rows of each plot were machine harvested 29 Oct and 13 Nov.
Apple, Savey Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Testing was conducted at Twin Ridge Orchards in Shenandoah Junction, WV under a DuPont Experimental Use Permit. Treatments were applied on 15 Apr (pink) by DuPont to approximately 0.33-ha plots of 11 and 12-year-old trees with a Tifone 3-point hitch airblast sprayer delivering 991 1/ha at a travel speed of 3.22 k/hr. Because of a high mite population, the check was treated with a handgun application of Vydate 2L at 947 ml per 100 gal of water on 27 May. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each of 4 trees, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Control of June Beetles in Pasture, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a pasture recently converted to a Fraser fir nursery in Todd, NC (Watauga Co.). There was no measurable thatch, soil contained 12.7% organic matter. Air temperature at treatment time (Jun 4) was 73°F; soil temperature at 3 inches was 71°F. The pasture consisted of a mixture of annual and perennial grasses with some broadleaf weeds. Carrier water pH was between 4-4.5. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 5 × 20 ft. The granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. In Test 1, liquid applications were made using a water can. All liquids were applied at 200 gal water per acre, except Oftanol 2F 2.0# which was at 100 gal per acre. In Test 2, all of the treatments were applied at 100 gal water per acre using a pressure CO2 sprayer at 35 psi and equipped with a LF-3 80 nozzle. No rain occurred within 24 h after treatment. Surviving larvae were sampled 86 days after treatment by cutting five 7 × 7 × 3-inch deep soil plugs into each 5 × 20-ft plot.
Control of Rangeland Grasshoppers, Akron, Co, 1985
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were made on 15 Jun ‘85 to 2nd-4th stage grasshoppers, Plots were 20 × 100 ft arranged in a randomized complete block desing replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a sprayer, mounted on a Honda 4-track, calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 7 Flat Fan 80015 nozzles mounted on a 12-ft boom. A 60-ft border was sprayed around the experimental area to prevent reinfestation. Plots were evaluated with standard USDA survey techniques.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1983, 1984, and 1985
Authors: Ratchford Kevin
Published: March 2022

Rice was planted in May of each year on loessial silt loam soil at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. Tests were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were sampled for root-feeding larvae by taking 3 soil cores (9 cm dia × 10 cm deep) from drill rows, once a week, for 4 wk after establishing permanent Hood. Cores were processed by washing through a #40 mesh sieve and floating the larvae out in a saline solution. Granular insecticides were applied by hand shaker to plots measuring 9 m sq. Preplant treatments were incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil with a rotary tiller. Preflood treatments were applied 1 day prior to permanent flood. Postflood treatments were applied 1 wk after permanent flood. Plots were mechanically harvested and yields were converted to lb/acre at 12% moisture.
Foliar Applications of Insecticides for Control of Biotype E Greenbugs on Grain Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE, in grain sorghum planted 25 May. Plots were 3 rows, 30 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied by a bicycle-wheeled plot sprayer at 40 psi and 29.3 gal/acre through a boom fitted with 1 top nozzle and 2 drop nozzles/row. The liquids were propelled with pressurized CO2. Insecticides were applied 23 Jul when plants were in the 10-leaf stage. The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on 6 plants selected at random from the center row of each plot at 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable in inches on 24 Jul (0.20), 30 Jul (0.50), and 5 Aug (0.40).
Fall Armyworm Control on Sorghum Panicles in Georgia, 1984
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in 2 fields of sorghum both planted 18 Jun ‘84 near Griffin, Ga. Plots measuring 3 rows (32-inch centers) by 20 ft, with 2 border rows between plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 11 Sep in both tests in 20 gal of water per acre with a hand-held compressed-air sprayer using 32 psi. Grain was in the dough stage at the time of application. Larvae were sampled before treatment and on days 1, 2, and 6 after treatment by shaking 10 randomly selected grain heads in each plot into a bucket. Plot yields were taken on 18 Oct by cutting and threshing the middle row of each plot.
Control of Soybean Insects in South Mississippi, 1985
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. , Goddard Jerome
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at Poplarville, MS. The test plots were 6 rows 40 inches wide and 50 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. One sample was taken from each plot. A sample consisted of 25 sweeps of a standard 15 inch net. The contents of each sample were transferred to paper bags, killed, and counted under laboratory conditions. Insect numbers presented here represent all sizes of green cloverworm larvae and three-cornered alfalfa hopper nymphs and adults. Insecticide .ipplications were made on 28 Aug at 5 gal per acre. At this time the soybeans just starting to fill pods. Four rows of the plot were sprayed using a 4-row spray boom mounted on a Hi-Boy with CO2 as a propellent and 2 nozzles per row. Hurricane Elena passed through the Poplarville area on 2 Sep. Winds nearly 100 mph were recorded and some defoliation and lodging of the beans was noted. The rainfall associated with the hurricane was slightly over 3 inches which is not abnormal for this area. The drop in green cloverworm numbers in the check was probably caused by the high winds causing mortality directly and lodging plants making sampling more difficult.
Control of Small, Medium, and Large Soybean Loopers on Soybeans in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test was planted in Cahaba sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Thirteen treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 limes in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.012 acre plot was 4 rows wide (40-inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 10 Sep with a high clearance boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow-cone nozzles/per row, operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/ acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Larvae were identified and classified as small (instar 1-2), medium (instar 3-4), or lage (instar 5 +); they were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken 1, 4, and 10 days postspray (10, 14, and 20 Sep).
Banded Sunflower Moth Larval Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Martin James
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a grower’s field near Gary, Norman county, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and placed 250 ft each from the east and north edge of a 40 acre field. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft in length. Insecticides were broadcast applied on 8 Aug, one day after the main field was treated with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre methyl parathion 4E, 0.12 lb (AI)/acre Pydrin 2.4E, and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre Furadan 4F. Fifty percent of plants had male florets extended (50% bloom) on 8 Aug. Application was made using a hand held CO2 sprayed with 40 psi pressure and 20 gal total material per acre. Plant height w.is approximately 6 ft. Temperature at application was 83°F. Damaged seed counts were taken by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing 2 cupsful of this unclean material, and examining 100 seeds and/or florets for larval feeding.
Soil Systemic and Foliar Insect Control in Sunflower, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Person Howard
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a growers field near Fosston, Polk County, MN. Plot size was 4 rows by 30 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plant populations were 17,000 per acre. All systemics were applied on 1 Jun at the cotyledon stage and covered lightly with soil. Soil moisture was excellent. Foliars were broadcast on 6 Jul using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 20 gal total material applied per acre at 40 lb psi pressure. Data collected included plant stands, disease incidence (Phoma, Alternaria, Sclerotinia), plant breakage, seed size, defoliation, tunnels/5 plants, and yield. Only defoliation, tunnels/5 plants and yield are reported. Other data were nonsignificant.
Insect Control on Burley Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Eight foliar-applied insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco Gr 136 was transplanted on 21 May. Plots were 30 ft × 40 rows spaced 40 inches apart and 18 inches within rows. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Soil was classified as Hermitage silt loam with 2-5% slope, pH 6.0. Four insecticide applications were made during the season (11 Jun, 26 Jun, 18 Jul, 9 Aug). Sprays were applied with 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and tank pressure of 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as average number of feeding hole/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from top of plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases). Hornworm damage was counted on 3 Jul and expressed as % plants damaged.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemum, California, OCT. 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Standardized 3-leaved potted mum plants (10 per treatment) were exposed to adult leafminers 7 days prior to insecticide application. Larval mine counts were made prior to pesticide treatment. The materials were applied to the plants to runoff, with a 1-gal B&G sprayer, with a Spraying Systems 5003 nozzle, at 55 psi on Oct. 30 (T = 16.8-17.2°C). The mum plants were cut at the base after the materials had dried and just prior to emergence of the larvae from the mum leaves. The plants were placed on a layer of sand in individual petri dishes, where the larvae exited the leaves, dropped to the sand and pupated. The petri dishes were held at constant 26.7°C. After pupation, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae which were counted and held at 26.7°C for adult emergence. The spreader sticker, Triton X-100 was added to all treatments at the rate of 1 ml/gal.
Apples, White Apple Leafhopper Test, 1985
Authors: Howill Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by handgun dilute on 14 Aug 1985. Evaluations involved a single precount in which nymphs were counted on 25 leaves for each replication. After treatment counts were made at 2 intervals using the same procedure.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Cut Chrysanthemum, California, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

The test consisted of 4 treatments in Encinitas CA. Three treatments were composed of 8 weekly applications of Trigard 75WP @ 0.125 lb (AI)/acre, Avid 0.15E @ 0.003 lb (AI)/100 gal oi Evisect 50SP @ 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal, beginning 16 Sep. The 4th treatment consisted of a weekly application of Penncap-M + Pounce on Tues beginning 28 Aug, and a weekly application of Dursban 50WP, beginning 2 Sep. Each replicate consisted of 10,000 ft2 and the test was replicated 4 times. Four days after the 8th application, 5 whole plant samples (var. White Marble) were removed from each treatment/replicate. Samples were evaluated for the number of completed mines/leaf on the upper 2/3 of each plant as an indication of aesthetic injury to marketable foliage.
Chemical Control of the Brown Garden Snail in a Commercial Nursery, 1985
Authors: Yost J. T. , Ferrentino G. W. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

In a commercial saran house in Orange Co., CA, 12 square wooden arenas (9 ft2 in area), lined with 3 mil thick polyethylene sheeting, were filled 1 inch deep with moist soil. The top of each arena was covered with wire screening to prevent the escape of snails. Fourteen bare-root chrysanthemum cuttings, 1-m. old, were planted in a 1-ft2 area on the east side of each arena. On the opposite (west) side of the arena, 20 mature (ca. 1 inch diam) snails, collected from an untreated biological control citrus grove, were placed beneath a 1-ft2 wooden harborage. Providing harborage for the snails at a distance of 2 ft from the chrysanthemums roughly approximates field conditions under which snails normally seek cool shelter during the day and actively forage for food at night. Materials were applied 4 Jun. An untreated check was included, with each treatment being replicated 3 times. Bullets and pellets were distributed evenly throughout foliage at a rate proportional to 4 lb (AI)/acre. Paste was applied as one dime-sized drop at each of the 4 corners of the 1-ft2 chrysanthemum planting at a rate proportional to 4 lb (AI)/acre. Arenas were irrigated daily for one hour by overhead sprinklers. The number of dead, moribund and aestivating snails was recorded at 7, 14, and 21 days after application of the materials.
Control of the Green Peach Aphid on Potted Chrysanthemums, 1985
Authors: Yost J. T. , Ferrentino G. W. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Twenty pots were randomly assigned to each of 4 treatment groups and 10 terminals per treatment were randomly selected and tagged. The number of aphids on each selected terminal was counted and ranked using the following scale: 0 = 0 aphids, 1 = 1-25 aphids, 2 = 26-50 aphids, 3 = 51-75 aphids, 4 = 76-100 aphids, and 5 = more than 100 aphids per terminal. Materials were applied 13 Sep to 10-week-old (¼ open) commercially grown potted chrysanthemums (5 plants/ 6½-inch pot, cultivar ‘Paragon’), using a John Bean sprayer at 250 psi and 200 gal/acre, through an array of 6 Spray Systems 5003 nozzles mounted terminally on a 3-foot wand. Pretreatment counts averaged over 100 aphids per terminal in all treatments.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadiractha Indica a. Juss.) Seed Extract, 1984-85
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticidal tests were conducted in research greenhouses in Beltsville, MD. Tissue cultured plantlets were received from Apopka, FL and were grown in Promix BX for 3 mo in square plastic pots (10 × 10 cm at top). The first test was conducted in Jul ‘84. On Jul 20, 4 randomly chosen plants were each sprayed to the point of runoff with 25 ml of water. At the same time, another 4 plants were each sprayed with 25 ml of 0.4% neem seed extract. This concentration was prepared by diluting neem seed extract concentrate (sample A13-42845 (AN 4.57); Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705) on a weight/volume basis with water. The concentrate contained 2300 ppm azadirachtin, an insecticidal constituent of neem seed extract. Because the neem seed extract contained ethanol, a third group of 4 plants was each sprayed with 25 ml 0.4% ethanol. Plants were allowed to dry for 24 h. They were then randomly placed in a cage under lights (16 h light: 8 h dark) with 50-75 adult leafminers for 24 h. Plants were then removed from the cage, leafminers were removed from the plants, and plants were returned to the greenhouse.
Summer Control of White Grubs on a Long Island Golf Course, 1985
Authors: Baker P. B. , Villani M. G.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to a rough in Eisenhower Park, LI, NY on Aug 19 for control of a mixed population Oriental/Japanese/Asiatic Garden beetle grubs. The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (40%). The experimental design was a RGB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft × 10 ft. Thatch accumulation was ca. 0.25 inch compressed between the fingers. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 3 gal of water through a watering an All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature (1 inch), 75°F; soil type, gravelly loam; soil pH, 7.1; water pH 9.2; and soil moisture, 18.9%. Posttreatment couts were taken 35 days later (Sept 24) by cutting a 1 × 10-ft strip lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter (2.25 inch) and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Species identifications were determined in the laboratory.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Driving Range in Mifflin Co., PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

The driving range consisted of annual bluegrass (60%) and crabgrass (40%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 20 Aug with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 73°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.8; % organic matter, 3.9; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 13.4; amt thatch 0.25-1.0 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 70; and clear sunny skies. A total of 2.7 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Effect of Granular Aqua Grow on Efficacy of Dursban Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts Lawn, 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of Dursban (4E and 2G) were applied at 2 rates to a lawn maintained of ca. 2.5 inch. Each combination was applied with 1.75 or 3.5 lb granular Aqua Grow. All materials were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid (granular formulations) or with 3 qt of water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All plots were replicated 5 times in a CRB design. The test area received 0.5 inch irrigation (pH 8.4) immediately after application. All materials were applied 31 Jul and plots were sampled 19 Sept. Two 1-sq-ft of sod, ca 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
ST. Augustinegrass, Southern Chinch Bug Control, Florida, 1984
Authors: Reinert James A. , Bilz Frank G.
Published: March 2022

An infested Bitter Blue’ lawn at the Ft. Lauderdale Research Center was divided into 1.5 × 3.0-m (50 ft2) plots. Chinch bug populations were measured before treatments and at 7 and 14 days posttreatment. Samples were made by forcing a 34.7-cm- diameter (1 ft2) metal cylinder partially into the turf, filling it with water to flood the turf and counting the chinch bugs that floated to the surface in 8 min. Plots were assigned to 4 replicates by posttreatment counts, in a randomized complete block experiment and treatments were applied 30 Aug. Emulsifiable formulations of diazinon and chlorpyrifos were applied with an Ortho® brand hose-end siphon sprayer. These 2 treatments also served as standards for the experiment. All other test insecticides were provided by S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. as hose-end aerosol formulations (HA). Each aerosol formulation also contained a foam tracer.
Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae Feeding on the Roots of Eastern Hemlocks at a Nursery in Essex, CT 1984
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

A stand of hemlocks (0.5-1.0 m) growing at a nursery was found to be infested with mature larvae (0-10, mean 7/rootball) on 15 Jun. The soil type was a silt loam with a pH of 5.0. Weed growth throughout the season was kept to a minimum by a herbicide program employed by the nursery owner. To determine the effect of Oftanol on the next generation of the Japanese beetle larvae 2 rates of the insecticide were applied with a hand-held cyclone-type applicator on 18 Jun. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and the plots which were 8 rows wide (6.4 m × 13.1 m) were randomized. The weather conditions during the treatment were: temp 84°F, RH 85%, the sky overcast and the soil surface was moist from an early morning shower. Rain fell (0.46 cm) on the evening after treatment and 1.14 cm fell on 24 Jun. The field was not cultivated for 30 days after treatment. On 27 Nov, 5 randomly selected trees were dug from each plot and the soil was knocked from the rootballs into a sifter where larvae could be counted.
Florida Wax Scale Control, 1985
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Holt G. A.
Published: March 2022

Plants were growing in 1-gal containers of an amended pine bark medium. Jobe’s Plant Food Spikes impregnated with an insecticide and checks were uniformly placed 0.5 inch below the soil surface, 1 inch from pot rim. In the two-spike treatments spikes were placed directly opposite each other in the pot. Treatments were replicated, completely randomized, and maintained in an unshaded glass greenhouse. Percent mortality was determined by examining 100 scales per plant using a probe and microscope.
Florida Wax Scale Control, 1985
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L.
Published: March 2022

Infested Burford holly growing in 1-gal containers of an amended pine bark medium were selected for treatments listed. Insecticides plus Nu-Film 17 (0.5 pt/100 gal water) were applied to all leaf surfaces until run-off with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Twenty-one days after treatment, percent mortality was determined by examining 100 scales per plant using a probe and microscope.
Control of Honeysuckle Aphid in Potted Nursery Stock, ft. Collins, Co, 1985
Authors: Wawrzynski Robert P. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Honeysuckle shrubs, 2-3 ft in height, that had been transplanted to 3-gal nursery cans in mid-May were heavily infested with honeysuckle witches broom aphid. Infested shrubs were divided into 5 replications with each potted shrub comprising a treatment. Plants were treated 19 Jul using 1 qt of emulsion poured around the base of the plants. Evaluations were 24 Jul and 5 Aug by counting all living aphids/plant.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Hydrangea, 1985
Authors: Yost J. T. , Ferrentino G. W. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

A completely randomized design was used, with 5 plants (in 5-gal pots) per treatment. Samples consisted of 2 leaves randomly selected from infested terminals on each of the 5 plants, for a total sample of 10 leaves per treatment for each sample date. Materials were applied 2 Jul, using a 2.5 gpm Arimitsu sprayer at 250 psi through a Spray Systems 5003 nozzle. To evaluate population densities, the bottom surfaces of sample leaves were sprayed with hair spray to immobilize mites, and the number of post-embryonic mites was counted using a binocular microscope.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Twospotted Spider Mites, Georgia, 1985
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Five acaricides were tested against twospotted spider mites on Irish shamrock grown in 4.5 inch square pots in the greenhouse. The plants only had a low to moderate infestation level at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications of single pot treatments. All acaricides were applied with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi until runoff. Pretreatment counts were made the day of pesticide application. Efficacy was determined bv removing 3 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites and eggs in, a 2 cm2 area on the lower surface of each leaf.
Juniper, Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

On 10 Jun in a residential area in Virginia Beach, VA. Treatments were randomly assigned to junipers, with 12 plants per treatment. Insecticides were applied using a 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi, and junipers were treated to runoff. Pretreatment counts were made 1 wk before treatment and the day of treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 1 wk and 8 days after treatment. Number of mites were counted on 4 terminals 5 cm long. Temperature at time of treatment was 93°F and 1.92 inches of rainfall fell between application and evaluation.
Effects of Dimilin on Red Oak Borer Fertility, 1981
Authors: Galford Jimmy R.
Published: March 2022

Red oak borer adults used in this evaluation were reared on an artificial diet in the laboratory. Treatments were made by dipping the distal half of abdomens of 7-day-old sexually mature male and female adults (treatments 1 and 2) and 1-day-old immature female adults (treatment 3) for 10 s in a 10 mg/ml technical grade dimilin/acetone solution. Controls were 7-day-old sexually mature male and female adults treated with acetone only (treatment 4). Treated 1-day-old beetles were held for 6 days to allow sexual maturation before mating to untreated males. There were 3 replications of each treatment of 10 beetles, except treatment 3, which was replicated twice. All life stages were kept at 30°C in a dark room.
Baythroid Causes Phytotoxicity on White Oak, 1984
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Krause C. R. , Mayer J. S.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse-grown, 10 to 12-inch plants were tested to investigate phytotoxicity of Baythroid. Plants were grown in 2-qt pots using a 2:2:1 peat:perlite:soil mix and were placed on a greenhouse bench. Each treatment had 4 replications arranged in a completely randomized design. The chemical was sprayed to run-off with a 2-gal hand pump sprayer (20 p.s.i.) at weekly intervals from 13 Apr to 4 May.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Summer, California, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Yost J. T. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. , Wada R.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles, Co., CA, evaluated the effects of 1X, 2X and 4X rates of Avid 0.15E (0.01 lb (AI)/acre), Broot 50W, Dimilin 25W, Zolone 3E, and Evisect 50SP (1X = 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal). One flat, containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, was evaluated per treatment rate for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer at 180 psi on 15 Jul (temp = 25-28°C). Phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check 22 and 29 Jul.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 116 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied 11 May at petal fall (PF), 25 May, 6 Jun, 19 Jun, 1 Jul, 14 Jul, 27 Jul, 8 Aug, 20 Aug and 4 Sep 85. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Effectiveness of Norpine-65 for Protection of Lodgepole Pines from Mountain Beetle for Two Years. 1985
Authors: Richmond Charles E.
Published: March 2022

Norpine-65 is a mixture of terpene hydrocarbons extracted from pulp waste as a by-product of the paper industry. Commercially used as a paint additive and industrial disinfectant, Norpine-65 is not currently registered as an insecticide. The test was conducted on the Dillon Ranges District of the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest in the vicinity of Lake Dillon, Colorado. Sixty unattacked lodgpole pine (minimum 18 cm dbh) were selected at 160-m intervals.
Control of Combined Populations of Dioryctria Ponderosae and D. Tumicolella, Two Phloem Borers of Pine, 1984
Authors: Harrell Mark O.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide treatments were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling a combined population of Dioryctria ponderosae and D. tumicolella in a 1.0 ha planting of ponderosa pine in the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey, Nebraska. Trees were 2 to 3-m tall. Each treatment and an untreated control were replicated 10 times. The treatments were insecticide stem drenches sprayed to the point of runoff on the trunk and branches with 2-gal compressed air sprayers. Each insecticide was applied 4 times at 2 wk intervals beginning 22 Jun and ending 31 Jul. This period corresponds to the period when most first-instar D. ponderosae larvae are beginning to bore into the stems; D. tumicolella larvae are already in their tunnels. The number of larvae per tree was determined in late Aug by counting the number of new pitch masses produced by the insects.
Control of Dioryctria Tumicolella, a Phloem Borer of Pine, 1983
Authors: Harrell Mark O.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling Dioryctria tumicolella in 1.0 ha and 0.5 ha windbreak plantings of ponderosa pine near O’Neill and Burwell, Nebraska, respectively. Trees were 2 to 3-m tall. Each treatment and an untreated control were replicated 6 times at the site near O’Neill and 4 times at the site near Burwell. Stem drench treatments were sprayed to the point of run-off on the trunk and branches with two-gal compressed air sprayers. Trunk implants were put into holes drilled into the trunk 15 cm above the soil line. The soil treatment was put into holes 2.5 cm in diameter, 20 cm deep, and spaced 0.4 m apart around the drip line of the tree. Soils at both sites were very sandy. The trunk implants and soil treatments were applied 7 Apr.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bugs on Pyracantha, 1985
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Gladin Jodie , Freeman Richard
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on a pyracantha hedge, treatments were made 8 Aug. Approximately 300 ft of hedge was utilized and the treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each treatment consisted of a 10-ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. Treatments were made with a FMC DM010 sprayer at 100 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of application was 85°F and 1-6 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 6 locations in each replication.
Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The container grown roses were trimmed 3 wk prior to spraying and fertilized to provide similar sized plants. Blossoms were trimmed as they opened throughout the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. Roses were sprayed on 16 Jul. Conventional treatments were applied with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR+ “ULVA” was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water to the point when a mist enveloped the plant. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (this provided an avg. no. per replicate from the 3 plants in the replicate) and by taking feeding injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). Injury ratings were taken throughout the test period but only the final rating is shown. 1.19 inch rain occurred during the test period.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied 30 Apr at pink (P), 10 May at petal fall (PF), 24 May, 5 Jun, 17 Jun, 30 Jun, 12 Jul, 24 Jul, 7 Aug, 19 Aug and 3 Sep 85. Sprays were applied in 190 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Zolone for Control of Green Peach Aphid on Zinnia, 1984
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Peter Pan and ‘Button Box’ zinnias were seeded into 6-inch pots containing a 1:1 mixture of peat moss and sand, with dolomitic lime fertilizer on 6 Feb. The greenhouse temperature ranged from 65 to 75°F. Natural lighting was supplemented with 500 ft-candles (plant level) of fluorescent lighting for 16 h each day. Zolone was applied to the blooming plants at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 lb (AI)/acre on 12 and 23 Apr, and on 3 May using a hand compression sprayer and 100 gpa. There were 5 replicates for each variety/treatment. Each replicate pot contained 2 plants. Pots were subirrigated as needed. Efficacy was determined by counting the aphids on 5 leaves taken randomly from the top third of each of the 12-inch plants in each pot 5 days after the final application. Phytotoxicity was determined just prior to leaf extraction.
Candidate Fumigants for Control of Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1983-1984
Authors: Benschoter C. A. , King J. R. , McGovern T. P.
Published: March 2022

The chemical compounds listed below were tested for effectiveness as fumigants against laboratory-reared, mature fruit fly larvae. Ethylene dibromide was used as the standard for comparison. All compounds were reagent grade (99% pure) or better. Fumigation containers were 3.8-liter widemouth glass jars with teflon-lined, screw-cap lids. An open petri dish containing 100 naked larvae was placed on a wire rack in each jar. Test chemicals were then pipetted onto 11-cm filter papers which were placed in the jars under the rack, and the lids were fastened in place. Jars were placed on their sides to minimize settling effects. All tests were conducted at 24°C and 50% RH. After exposure, larvae were placed in moist vermiculite, held at 27°C, and allowed to complete development. Survival was based on the number of insects that reached the adult stage. A two-phase testing procedure was used to evaluate the chemicals. The first phase was designed to eliminate compounds that were not effective at high dosage-time combinations, and involved exposure of larvae to 16, 32, and 64 g/m3 for 4 h (1 replicate). High mortality in the initial tests qualified compounds for second-phase testing. This involved exposing larvae to a series of lower dosages (2 replicates) for only 2 h, so LD values could be determined. Data were first corrected for natural mortality in the controls by Abbott’s formula. Then probit mortality was plotted against the logarithm of dosage and examined by eye to determine that linear regression was appropriate. Data were subjected to a computer programmed probit analysis to estimate the LD50, LD95, and LD99 dosages.
Candidate Pesticides for Quarantine use Against Tropical Fruit Flies, 1981-1985
Authors: Windeguth D. L. von , Arner A.
Published: March 2022

Seventy-eight insecticides combinations of insecticides, or different doses of toxicant were evaluated against laboratory reared fruit flies. These toxicants were evaluated foi use in preventing the international spread of agriculturally important fruit flies. The toxicants were evaluated as aerosols and dusts. The test insect-were confined in 1 pt screened cages attached to the midpoint of 3 walls and the ceilings of transport trailers with a volume of ca. 70 m3 (4 cages/trailer). There were ca. 100 adult flies per cage and tests were generally replicated 3 or more times.
Synergized or Unsynergized Permethrin for House Fly Control in Caged Layer Buildings, 1985
Authors: Hall R. D. , Jaynes W.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was applied in separate, identical caged layer houses ca. 930 m2 each. Such houses contained ca. 10,000 Single Comb White Leghorn (Heisdorf and Nelson) 1-yr-old laying hens in single-tier raised wire cages suspended over shallow manure pits. The sides were open and the houses were separated by ca. 33 m. General sanitary conditions were poor; however, house flies had been controlled effectively with sprays of permethrin emulsifiable concentrate (EC) the previous year. Materials tested included 1) 0.1% active ingredient (AI) Permectrin permethrin EC in 37.9 liters water, 2) 0.1% AI permethrin with 0.2% AI piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in 37.9 liters water, 3) 0.2% AI PBO in 37.9 liters water, 4) 0.1% AI permethrin in 12.5 liters soybean oil, and 5) 0.1% AI permethrin with 0.2% AI PBO in 12.5 liters soybean oil. A second trial included 1) 0.1% AI permethrin with 0.2% PBO in 37.9 liters water, and 2) 0.3% AI permethrin with 0.6% AI PBO in 12.5 liters soybean oil. The materials were applied to the walls, celing and related superstructure of test houses by using a gasoline-powered backpack sprayer which produced a spray velocity of ca. 100 m/sec. In all cases, measured amounts of insecticide were expended evenly throughout the houses. Identical, proximate houses were left untreated and served as controls. House fly population levels were assessed prior to and at regular intervals after treatment by using 7.6 by 12.7 cm white cards to record fly specks. A total of 6 such cards was employed per house, and all cards were situated for 24 h periods in identical locations in test and control houses.