bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Was können Werbebilder im Gehirn alkoholabhängiger Patienten auslösen? FMRT Studien zur Verarbeitung alkoholassoziierter Reize
Authors: Beck Anne , Wrase Jana , Kienast Thorsten , Hein Jakob , Heinz Andreas
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die Rückfallraten bei alkoholabhängigen Patienten sind mit ca. 85 % auch nach Abklingen der körperlichen Entzugssymptome sehr hoch, sofern der Entgiftung keine Intervention folgt. Ein entscheidender Prozess, der zum Rückfall führen kann, ist die Konfrontation mit Reizen, die eng mit dem früheren Alkoholkonsum verbunden sind. Hier sind alkoholbezogene Werbebilder hervorzuheben, welche sowohl im Fernsehen als auch in Plakatform allgegenwärtig sind und die Aufmerksamkeit alkoholabhängiger Patienten auf sich ziehen können.

 Methodik: In mehreren Studien wurden abstinente alkoholabhängige Patienten und gesunde Kontrollpersonen mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie während Reiz-Reaktions-Paradigmen mit alkoholbezogenen Stimuli inklusive Werbebildern untersucht.

 Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf eine veränderte Aktivierung im so genannten Belohnungs- und Aufmerksamkeitssystem alkoholabhängiger Patienten, welche mit dem Verlangen nach Alkohol und dem prospektiven Rückfallrisiko verbunden war.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Dies kann als Hinweis auf eine besondere Gefährdung von Alkoholabhängigen durch Alkoholreklame gewertet werden.
Studiendesign und Methodik des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys 2006
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Baumeister Sebastian E.
Published: September 2010

Hintergrund: Der Epidemiologische Suchtsurvey (ESA) 2006 untersucht Konsum und Missbrauch von psychoaktiven Substanzen in der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung.

 Ziel: Beschreibung von Studiendesign, Datenerhebung und Gewichtung. Durchführung von Nonresponse- und Modus-Effekt-Analysen.

 Methodik: Die Zufallsstichprobe wurde in zweistufiger Auswahl aus den Einwohnermelderegistern gezogen, wobei jüngere Altersgruppen überrepräsentiert sind.

 Ergebnisse: Von den ausgewählten 21.463 nahmen 7.912 Personen (6.598 schriftlich und 1.314 telefonisch) im Alter zwischen 18 und 64 Jahren teil. Die geschätzte Antwortrate betrug 45%. Die Design- und Poststratifikationsgewichtung führte zu einer geringen Varianzvergrößerung und Reduktion der Fallzahl, allerdings wurden die Randverteilungen der Grundgesamtheit nicht ideal angepasst. Die Ergebnisse der Nonresponse-Analyse zeigten, dass das Antwortverhalten (Früh-, Spätantworter, Verweigerer) positiv mit den Angaben zum Tabakkonsum und negativ mit den Angaben zum Alkoholkonsum und dem Konsum illegaler Drogen korreliert.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Das verwendete Erhebungsverfahren mit telefonischer Kontaktaufnahme und Telefoninterviews von schriftlich nicht erreichbaren Personen hat zu einer Verbesserung der Antwortrate geführt. Insgesamt ist die Antwortrate jedoch unter die früherer ESA-Studien gefallen.
Cannabis und andere illegale Drogen: Prävalenz, Konsummuster und Trends. Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys 2006
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Pfeiffer-Gerschel Tim , Pabst Alexander
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Der seit 1980 durchgeführte Epidemiologische Suchtsurvey (ESA) liefert mit der Erhebung 2006 aktuelle Daten zu Prävalenz, Mustern und Trends illegalen Drogenkonsums.

 Methodik: Repräsentative Bevölkerungsstichprobe von 7.912 Erwachsenen im Alter von 18–64 Jahren. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte als schriftliche Befragung bzw. telefonisches Interview (Mixed-Modus-Design; Antwortrate: 45 %).

 Ergebnisse: Nach einer Zunahme der Prävalenzwerte illegalen Drogenkonsums bei jungen Erwachsenen von 1986 bis 2003 war 2006 ein Rückgang festzustellen. Während die 12-Monats-Prävalenzwerte des Konsums anderer illegaler Drogen nur geringfügige zeitliche Änderungen aufweisen, ging der Anteil des Cannabiskonsums (letzte 12 Monate) 18- bis 39-Jähriger von 2003 (11,8 %) bis 2006 (9,2 %) signifikant zurück. Leicht gestiegen ist die Prävalenz cannabisbezogener Störungen, die bei insgesamt 1,1 % der 18- bis 64-Jährigen (Missbrauch 0,7 %, Abhängigkeit 0,4 %) festgestellt wurden.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Trendbeobachtungen sprechen für eine Stabilisierung des Konsums illegaler Drogen. Die seit zehn Jahren relativ konstanten Prävalenzwerte aktuellen Cannabiskonsums (30-Tage-Prävalenz) sprechen dafür, dass die in der Vergangenheit beobachtete Zunahme des Cannabiskonsums auf die Variation des Probierkonsums zurückzuführen war.
Natural history of gambling problems: Results from a general population survey
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Hodgins David C. , Toneatto Tony
Published: September 2010

Natürlicher Verlauf von problematischem Glücksspiel: Ergebnisse einer Allgemeinbevölkerungsstudie

Fragestellung: Die Studie untersucht Gründe für eine Verhaltensänderung in einer Stichprobe früherer problematischer
Glücksspieler.

 Methodik: In Ontario, Kanada, wurde an einer Zufallsstichprobe von 8.467 Erwachsenen eine telefonische Erhebung durchgeführt. Von den 450 Teilnehmern, die früher, nicht aber in den letzten 12 Monaten glücksspielbezogene Probleme hatten (n=450) wurden 130 Personen identifiziert, die sich an eine Zeitspanne erinnern konnten, in der sie mehr gespielt haben als aktuell und damals keine Therapie oder eine Selbsthilfegruppe in Anspruch genommen haben. Sie wurden nach den Gründen für das Aufhören oder weniger Spielen und zu ihren Ausstiegsstrategien befragt.

 Ergebnisse: Häufige Gründe waren Veränderungen im Leben durch Reifung (Umzug, Arbeitsplatz, Heirat) oder eine kognitive Neubewertung des Spielens. Spieler mit schwereren Problemen nannten häufiger Änderungsgründe, die mit negativen Konsequenzen des Spielens zusammen hingen.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Viele Menschen »driften« aus ihrem problematischen Spielen durch andere Veränderungen in ihrem Leben heraus. Forschung zum natürlichen Verlauf anhand repräsentativer Stichproben ist bedeutsam, da sie erlaubt, Gründe der Reifung und des Herauswachsens als zentral für die Überwindung von Glücksspielproblemen in vielen Fällen zu erkennen.
Die Innovation der niederländischen Suchthilfe
Authors: Schippers Gerard M. , Nabitz Udo W. , Buisman Wim
Published: September 2010

Ausgangslage: Das niederländische Suchthilfesystem wurde während der letzten zehn Jahre umfassend umgestaltet. Die drei Hauptziele waren die Entwicklung evidenzbasierter Präventions- und Behandlungsinterventionen, der Aufbau eines Feedbacksystems für die Ergebnismessung sowie die Erneuerung der Aus- und Weiterbildung.

 Vorgehensweise und Evaluation: Das nationale Innovationsprojekt Resultaten Scoren wurde von führenden Einrichtungen der Suchthilfe initiiert. Ein Masterprotokoll zur Leitlinien- und Manualentwicklung wurde erstellt. 23 Leitlinien und Manuale wurden entwickelt und evaluiert. In mehr als der Hälfte aller Einrichtungen sind mehr als die Hälfte der Manuale und Protokolle implementiert. Das Feedbacksystem zeigt, dass beinahe die Hälfte der Klienten, die nach dem Manual Lifestyle Training behandelt wurden, ihren Konsum reduzierten. Die Evaluation des Stepped Care Ansatzes zeigt, dass 60 % der Klienten entsprechend der Indikationskriterien die indizierte Behandlung erhielten. Eine Reihe von förderenden und hemmenden Faktoren für die Innovation der Suchthilfe wurden identifiziert.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Innovation der niederländischen Suchthilfe ist bisher erfolgreich verlaufen, aber noch lange nicht abgeschlossen. Die Erfahrungen in den Niederlanden können bei der Durchführung ähnlicher umfangreicher Innovationsprogramme der Suchthilfe nützlich sein kann.
änderungssensitivität und prognostische Validität der MATE Indizes
Authors: Küfner Heinrich , Buchholz Angela , Lindenmeyer⁴ Johannes , Kraus Ludwig , Rist Fred
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Neben der Behandlungsallokation (Triage) ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe des Instruments Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation (MATE) die Anwendung in der Evaluation in Therapieverlauf und Katamnese. In diesem Aufsatz werden daher Änderungssensitivität und prognostische Validität des MATE auf den beiden Ebenen der Mittelwerts- wie der individuellen Veränderungen geprüft. Hinzu kommt die Frage der prognostischen Aussagefähigkeit der MATE-Indizes hinsichtlich der Abstinenz.

 Methodik: Bei einer Teilstichprobe (n=113) aus dem deutschen MATE Projekt wurde der MATE in einer Suchtfachklinik zur Entwöhnungsbehandlung für alkoholabhängige Patienten zu Beginn und am Ende der Behandlung eingesetzt. Außerdem wurden katamnestische Daten einer Routinekatamnese nach einem Jahr erhoben. Für die Prä-Post-Differenzen der MATE-Scores berechneten wir
Cohen’s d sowie das Standardized Response Mean (SRM). Darüber hinaus ermittelten wir die Verteilung individueller Veränderungen anhand der standardisierten Differenzen sowie anhand des Reliable Change Index (RCI). Zur Prognose wurden logistische Regressionen mit der Abstinenz als abhängiger Variable und den MATE Indizes als unabhängigen Variablen zur Prä- und Posttesterhebung durchgeführt.

 Ergebnisse: Neun von 13 untersuchten MATE Indizes waren im Prä-Post-Vergleich hypothesenkonform reduziert (p<.01). Der Anteil der therapiekonformen Einzelfallveränderungen variierte – je nach Index – zwischen 72 % (Beeinträchtigungen – Total) und 6 % (Persönlichkeit). Im Prätest hatten 10,9 % der Patienten klinisch auffällige Angstwerte, im Posttest noch 1,1 %. In Bezug auf depressive Symptome (Index Depression) waren im Prätest 15,2 % klinisch auffällig, im Posttest nur noch 1,1 %. Im Bereich der Persönlichkeit hatten im Prätest 21,3 % klinisch auffällige Werte, im Posttest waren es 16 %. Negative Veränderungen sind insgesamt selten, zeigen sich am häufigsten im Bereich der Persönlichkeit (6,4 %). Prognostisch ließen sich 40 % der Varianz der Abstinenz im ersten Jahr nach Therapieende durch die MATE Indizes Verlangen und Barrieren erklären.

 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen: Eine Reihe von Indizes des MATE sind für die Erfassung von Veränderungen und die Prognose des Verlaufs gut geeignet. Für klinische Aussagen und Anwendungen enthält der Ansatz individueller Veränderungen mehr Informationen als der von Mittelwertsveränderungen.
Redaktionshinweis zum Wechsel des Verlags ab Januar 2010
Authors: Bühringer Gerhard , Batra Anil , Watzl Hans
Published: September 2010

Im Herbst hat die Hogrefe Verlagsgruppe die Zeitschrift SUCHT vom Neuland Verlag übernommen und wird sie ab Januar 2010 in Ihrem Tochterunternehmen Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, herausgeben. Mit dem Wechsel geht eine über achtzigjährige Phase in der Geschichte der Zeitschrift zu Ende. 1927 hat der Neuland Verlag (damals Berlin) die Zeitschrift mit dem zu jener Zeit dreisprachigen Titel (in dieser Reihenfolge) »Revue internationale contre l’alcoolisme/Internationale Zeitschrift gegen den Alkoholismus/ International review against alcoholism« vom »Internationalen Büro zur Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus« übernommen. Nach der Einstellung der Zeitschrift im Zweiten Weltkrieg hat der Neuland Verlag auch die Neuerscheinung der Zeitschrift ab 1955 unter der Herausgabe der DHS publiziert. 1990 kam als Vorschlag der damaligen Redaktion die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Suchtforschung und Suchttherapie e. V. als zusätzlicher Herausgeber hinzu (zur Geschichte vgl. Bühringer & Watzl, 2003).

 Mit dem Verlagswechsel sind viele Änderungen, Neuerungen und Planungen für die Zukunft verbunden. Wir werden Sie in einem Editorial in Heft 1/2010 über die aktuellen Entwicklungen informieren und in diesem Zusammenhang auch die Tätigkeit des Neuland Verlags in den letzten Jahrzehnten würdigen. Wir möchten uns aber bereits an dieser Stelle für langjährige gute Zusammenarbeit bedanken.

Gerhard Bühringer
Anil Batra
Hans Watzl
Chefredaktion
Bewährtes übertragen – Modelle der Cannabisbehandlung für die Praxis
Authors: Kipke Ingo , Karachaliou Krystallia , Pirona Alessandro , Pfeiffer-Gerschel Tim
Published: September 2010

Ziele: Die Ergebnisse der Fachtagung
»Bewährtes übertragen – Modelle der Cannabisbehandlung für die Praxis«, d. h. insbesondere hilfreiche und problematische Aspekte beim Übergang von Modellprojekten zur Prävention und zur Behandlung von cannabisbezogenen Störungen in die Regelversorgung sollen dargestellt werden.

 Ergebnisse: Als hilfreich für den Transfer in die Regelversorgung erwiesen sich die Kompatibilität neuer Programme mit dem bestehenden Angebot, die Strukturiertheit sowie Transferseminare für Fachkräfte und Plattformen für den Erfahrungsaustausch. Als Hauptschwierigkeiten wurden das aufwändige Kooperationsmanagement mit zum Teil ungewohnten Partnern (z. B. der Polizei) genannt und die Berücksichtigung der speziellen regionalen Bedingungen (u. a. bestehende Programme, Finanzierung).

 Fazit und Ausblick: Die vorgestellten Programme eröffnen neue Zugangswege zu Patienten, die bisher keine Suchtberatungsstellen aufsuchten und können somit bei spezifischen Zielgruppen eine Lücke im Suchthilfesystem schließen. Die vorgestellten Angebote sind überwiegend Kooperationsprojekte, die zur Erreichung der gemeinsamen Ziele ein Zusammenwirken der Akteure auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen sowie klar definierte Aufgaben und Standards erfordern – auch unter Akzeptanz unterschiedlicher Einstellungen.
Versorgung Suchtkranker in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der Suchthilfestatistik 2007
Authors: Hildebrand Anja , Sonntag Dilek , Bauer Christina , Bühringer Gerhard
Published: September 2010

Ziele: Es werden Struktur- und Patientenmerkmale ambulanter und stationärer Einrichtungen der Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland im Jahre 2007 und die Erreichungsquote von Personen mit Substanzstörungen in der Bevölkerung durch die Einrichtungen der Suchtkrankenhilfe untersucht.

 Methodik: Die Auswertung basierte auf aggregierten Daten von 220.669 Patienten aus 720 ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen und 34.186 Patienten aus 147 stationären Einrichtungen in Deutschland. Bezogen auf alle Einrichtungen entsprach dies einer Erreichungsquote von 77 bzw. 60 %.

 Ergebnisse: Ambulante Einrichtungen waren Anlaufstellen für ein breites Spektrum von Störungen. Patienten mit alkohol-, opioid- und cannabisbezogenen Diagnosen stellten sowohl im ambulanten (57 %, 19 % und 12  %) als auch im stationären (70 %, 14 % und 5 %) Bereich die größten Diagnosegruppen dar. Die Prozentwerte für planmäßige Beendigungen variierten erheblich, am höchsten lagen sie bei Patienten mit alkoholbezogenen Diagnosen (ambulant: 63 %, stationär: 83 %). Trendanalysen zeigen, dass die Anzahl der behandelten Patienten mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen und pathologischem Glücksspielverhalten seit 2002 leicht gestiegen ist.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Auch wenn Parallelen zwischen der Versorgung von Suchtpatienten im ambulanten und stationären Bereich gezogen werden können, gibt es zahlreiche Unterschiede in den Patientenmerkmalen, der Behandlung und dem Behandlungserfolg. Hochrechnungen zeigen, dass nur ein kleiner Anteil der Personen mit einer Suchtproblematik betreut wird.
Worldwide Integration of Neutron Monitors
Authors: Mavromichalaki Helen
Published: September 2010

Cosmic rays, high‐energy particles that reach Earth's atmosphere from outer space, provide a diagnostic tool to analyze processes of general astrophysical interest, such as the acceleration and transport of highly energetic charged particles in interplanetary space and at the Sun. Cosmic rays also directly affect the terrestrial environment and serve as indicators of solar variability and nonanthropogenic climate changes on Earth at present and in the distant past.

In the 1950s a worldwide network of standardized cosmic ray detectors was developed to examine temporal and spatial variations in the space environment. Despite decades of progress, ground‐based neutron monitors (NMs) remain the state‐of‐the‐art instrumentation for measuring cosmic rays with gigaelectron volt energies, which cannot be measured in the same simple, inexpensive, and statistically accurate way by space experiments. Therefore, the worldwide network, which currently consists of about 50 standardized International Geophysical Year (IGY) and NM64 neutron monitors, perfectly complements cosmic ray observations in space. The continuous monitoring of cosmic ray intensity near Earth by neutron monitors since IGY 1957–1958 represents the longest continuous, high‐time‐resolution series of particle radiation measurements in space science.
Ecological succession in long-term experimentally evolved biofilms produces synergistic communities
Authors: Poltak Steffen R , Cooper Vaughn S
Published: September 2010

Many biofilm populations are known for their exceptional biodiversity, but the relative contributions of the forces that could produce this diversity are poorly understood. This uncertainty grows in the old, well-established communities found on many natural surfaces and in long-term, chronic infections. If the prevailing interactions among species within biofilms are positive, productivity should increase with diversity, but if they tend towards competition or antagonism, productivity should decrease. Here, we describe the parallel evolution of synergistic communities derived from a clone of Burkholderia cenocepacia during ∼1500 generations of biofilm selection. This long-term evolution was enabled by a new experimental method that selects for daily cycles of colonization, biofilm assembly and dispersal. Each of the six replicate biofilm populations underwent a common pattern of adaptive morphological diversification, in which three ecologically distinct morphotypes arose in the same order of succession and persisted. In two focal populations, mixed communities were more productive than any monoculture and each variant benefited from the mixture. These gains in output resulted from asymmetrical cross-feeding between ecotypes and the expansion and partitioning of biofilm space that constructed new niches. Therefore, even in the absence of starting genetic variation, prolonged selection for surface colonization generates a dynamic of ecological succession that enhances productivity.
Microwave Thermal Radiation from the Moon
Authors: Piddington JH , Minnett HC
Published: September 2010

Measurements have been made of the thermal
radiation from the moon in a 15 Mc/s. band, centred at 24,000 Mc/s. The
radiation from the whole lunar disk has been measured during several phase
cycles. Temperatures corresponding to this radiation have been deduced and
curves of temperature against phase angle drawn. One of these corresponds to
average temperature over the disk and the other to the temperature of a point
on the lunar equator. They are found to be approximately sinusoidal, with
amplitude � 40.3 �K, and � 52.0 �K. respectively and with a phase lag behind
the lunar phase angle of about 45� in each case.

These results conflict with previous
measurements of temperature at long infra-red wavelengths in both amplitude and
phase angle of the temperature curve. An explanation is given in terms of
radiation from subsurface layers of the moon's crust, which are partially
transparent to the electromagnetic waves with which we are dealing. The theory
is developed quantitatively and it is found that the results are consistent
with the existence of a thin layer of dust covering a solid lunar surface.

Estimates are made of the temperatures of
the disk of the new moon (156 �K.) and of the deep interior (241 �K.).
The Uniform Torsion of an Incomplete Tore
Authors: Freiberger W
Published: September 2010

A stress system is determined which gives
as the resultant over any terminal cross-section a single force acting along
the axis of the tore. This will yield a close approximation to the stresses in
a helical spring of small pitch.

The method used is that of finding a
stress function analogous to the ordinary torsion function subject to a certain
boundary condition and the problem is solved in toroidal harmonics. The
stresses and resultant force are evaluated in term of the dimensions of the tore
and compared with the results of known approximate theories.
Survey of Galactic Radio-Noise at 200 Mc/s
Authors: Allen CW , Gum CS
Published: September 2010

A survey of galactic radio-noise at 200
Mc/s, has been made for the region of the sky south of declination 45 �N.
Results are expressed graphically in watts m.-2 (c/s.)-1
(steradian)-1, the maximum value being 20 x 10-21 W. m.-2
(c/s.)-1 (steradian)-1 at galactic latitude -3� and
longitude 322�. Corrections have been made for the aerial beam width. No
measurement has been made of the residual intensity from the coldest parts of
the sky (the galactic poles) and this quantity, when known, should be added to
the results quoted. The galactic noise provides a permanent and convenient
standard for solar noise measurements, and its intensity for this purpose is
evaluated.
The Chemistry of Eucalypt Kinos. II. Aromadendrin, Kaempferol, and Ellagic Acid
Authors: Hillis WE
Published: September 2010

Aromadendrin has been isolated in about 5
per cent. yield from the kino of Eucalyptus calophylla and in 1.1-1.3 per cent.
yield from the kino of E. corymbosa. It has been identified as
3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone. Kaempferol was isolated from E. calophylla kino
and ellagic acid from both kinos.
The Growth of Cloud Drops by Condensation. II. The Formation of Large Cloud Drops
Authors: Squires P
Published: September 2010

The observed stability of many deep
non-freezing clouds suggests that there is a gap between the sizes normally
reached by droplets due to condensation and the sizes at which coalescence of
drops becomes effective in producing rain. One way such clouds could yield rain
would be for condensation to give rise to some drops bigger than usual.

Conditions for the growth of some drops to a
relatively large size by condensation are investigated theoretically. This
requires that in some air parcels an undue proportion of the available water
vapour should condense on relatively few nuclei. The types of vertical motion
and nucleus spectra which could yield this result are investigated.

Slow motions are favourable. Suitable spectra
are : (i) a few " giant ' nuclei (M = 10-10,
10-12) ; (ii) all but a few nuclei relatively small. Rain itself
tends to produce type (ii) spectrum, so that it could perhaps act
regeneratively.

It is found that very large cloud drops
can be formed by condensation under conditions which, on present knowledge,
seem likely to occur at times, but not normally. The hypothesis that the
factors studied here largely determine colloidal stability in non-freezing
cloud is therefore satisfactory, inasmuch as it leaves room for both stability
and instability.
An Investigation of Errors in the Amperometric and Starch Indicator Methods for the Titration of Millinormal Solutions of Iodine andThiosulphate
Authors: Bradbury JH , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The amperometric method of Foulk and
Bawden when applied to the titration of 0.001N thiosulphate solutions with
iodine is shown to be more precise and to have a smaller " blank"
than that using starch as indicator. With simple precautions the method has an
accuracy of at least 0.1 per cent. over the range pH 1-8, but at higher pH
there is serious error due to sulphate formation. The magnitudes of other
errors are determined and it is shown that all can be rendered negligible in
titrations of milli-normal solutions.
Kinetics of rapid reactions involving two pairs of consecutive second order steps
Authors: Higgins HG , Williams EJ
Published: September 2010

An examination is made of the kinetics of
the reaction between A and B, where both reactants are capable of unifunctional
behaviour, and A is also capable of bifunctional behaviour, for the general
case in which the two reactive sites on A are not equivalent. Solutions are
given of the appropriate rate equations for the two pairs of consecutive
stages, and it is shown that the final concentrations of reactants and products
can be related to given values of the initial concentrations and the velocity
constants of the four second order stages. Relatively simple relations are
established between the final concentrations and the ratio of the velocity
constants for the case in which reaction at one position on A does not affect
the reactivity of the other position. Some special cases of interest are
considered. The results are related to the authors' earlier treatment of the
case In which the initial reactivity of the two positions on A is initially the
same. The theory is applied, by way of example, to the coupling of histidine with
p-diazobenzenesulphonic acid, which appears to conform to the assumption of the
same initial reactivity. The implications of the method in the correlation of
molecular structure and reactivity are briefly discussed.
The degradation of Trisnorlanostenolic Acid by the Curtius reaction
Authors: Curtis RG , Silberman H
Published: September 2010

As an alternative to the Barbier-Wieland
degradation of trisnorlanostenolic acid (Curtis and Silberman 1952) degradation
has been made through the Curtius reaction to the amine. This by quaternization
and Hofmann deamination leads to the expected olefine which could serve as a
starting point for further curtailment of the side chain.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Evodia xanthoxyloides F.Muell. IV. The structures of Evoxine and Evoxoidine
Authors: Eastwood FW , Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Evoxine is shown by degradation to be a
furoquinoline alkaloid. It is
7-(2',3'-dihydroxy-3'-methy1butoxy)-8-methoxydictamnine. Evoxoidine which is
formed from evoxine by the action of acid is probably an artefact. It is
7-(3'-methyl-2'-oxobutoxy)-8-methoxydictamnine.
Crytopleurine: and alkaloid of Cryptocarya pleurosperma White & Francis
Authors: Gellert E , Riggs NV
Published: September 2010

The alkaloid, cryptopleurine, has the
empirical formula, C24H27O3N, and contains
three methoxyl groups but no terminal methyl or methylimide groups. No active
hydrogen atoms are present in the molecule which probably includes the
phenanthrene nucleus in its structure. On attempted Hofmann degradation
cryptopleurine methiodide is converted to isocryptopleurine methiodide, thence
to isocryptopleurine, and Emde degradation of the methochloride of the latter
has yielded isodihydrohomocryptopleurine.
The oscillating jet method for the measurement of surface tension
Authors: Sutherland KL
Published: September 2010

The oscillating jet method for determining
the surface tension of pure liquids is shown to give results which are usually
low by about 1 per cent. There is moreover no satisfactory criterion to enable
a suitable jet to be chosen, results sometimes being low by 4 per cent. A
simple procedure, replacing a more complicated one due to Addison (1943, 1945)
enables the method to be used for measuring relative surface tensions of pure
liquids.
The action of unsaturated aldehydes on wool
Authors: McPhee JR , Lipson M
Published: September 2010

The action on wool of acraldehyde α-methacraldehyde,
crotonaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde has been studied. Of these compounds,
acraldehyde reacts most readily, combining with the free sulphydryl groups and
reacting under alkaline conditions with the lysine. There is no evidence from
physical measurements to suggest the presence of new cross-links. Reaction
becomes much more marked on reduction of the wool, both carbonyl and olefinic
groupings of the acraldehyde derivatives reacting with cysteine residues.
Acraldehyde also reacts with the lysine in reduced wool. Physical measurements
on reduced wool treated with acraldehyde or α-methacraldehyde indicate
that cross-linking has occurred.
The Alkaloids of Kopsia longiflora Merrill. I. Isolation of the Alkaloids
Authors: Crow WD , Michael M
Published: September 2010

The bark and leaves of the rain-forest
tree Kopsia longiflora Merrill (Apocynaceae) contain
four new alkaloids ; kopsinine, C21H26O2N2,
(0.2 per cent.), kopsilongine, C24H30O6N2
(0.06 per cent.), and kopsamine, C25H30O7N2
(0.02 per cent.) occurring in the bark ; and kopsilongine (0.07 per cent.),
kopsamine (0.3 per cent.), and kopsiflorine, C23H28O5N2,
(0.04 per cent.) in the leaves. The bark also contains β-amyrin (0.35 per
cent.) while the leaves afford a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons, mainly
n-hentri- acontane, β-sitosterol, a sterol, C29H50O2,
and a triterpene alcohol acetate, C32H52O2. Kopsamine, kopsilongine, and kopsiflorine
each contain two methoxyl groups, while kopsinine contains only one ; kopsamine
and kopsilongine also contain methylene-dioxy-groups. No reactive carbonyl
groups were detected. The alkaloids all titrated as monoacid bases and formed
monomethiodides: while the ultraviolet spectra recorded in acid and neutral
media show that the basic (tertiary) nitrogen atom does not contribute to the
chromophoric system.
X-Ray, thermal, and Dehydration studies on Magnesium oxychlorides
Authors: Cole WF , Demediuk T
Published: September 2010

X-ray, differential thermal analysis, and
dehydration methods have been used to study the magnesium oxychlorides 3Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O
and 5Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O
formed at temperatures below 100 �C, and 2Mg(OH), . MgCl2.5H2O
and 9Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.6H2O
formed at temperatures at and above 100 'C. Lower hydrates of the 3-form exist
with 5 and 4 molecules of water, results which differ from those of Feitknecht
and Held (1944), Feitknecht (1953), and Wehner (1933). It 1s not clear from the
new results whether the lower hydrates for the 5-form hare 5 and 3 or 4 and 3
molecules of water, but the latter seems the more likely ; the results of
Feitknecht and Held suggested the former. For the 2- and 9-forms a lower
hydrate with 2 molecules of water exists. In addition all forms have an
anhydrous phase with the crystal structure of Mg(OH)2. The stability
of all phases under natural atmospheric conditions is discussed.
An Infra-red spectroscopic study of naphthalene substitution
Authors: Werner RL , Kennard W , Rayson D
Published: September 2010

Infra-red spectroscopic data on a number
of mono- and disubstituted naphthalene derivatives have been obtained in the
range 670-900 cm-l, in order to test the validity of the
substitution rules based upon the hydrogen bending vibrations in this region
and the number of adjacent hydrogen atoms in the molecules.

It was found that the rules based on
benzene substitution are generally valid for groups of two, three, or four
hydrogen atoms in the naphthalene nucleus, although substituents which interact
with the ring tend to widen the limits within which a band may be expected to
fall. In the case of a single hydrogen atom the relevant bands are often weaker
and their position variable.
On the low-temperature oxidation of isobutane and propylene
Authors: Batten JJ , Ridge MJ
Published: September 2010

The low-temperature oxidation of isobutane
and propylene has been studied by interrupting the reaction by withdrawing the
partly reacted mixture from the reaction vessel. After treatment designed to
destroy peroxides the mixture was returned to the reaction vessel. The results
show that the termination of the induction period is due to the accumulation of
an active intermediate or intermediates in the gas phase. In both systems these
intermediates are probably not alkyl hydroperoxides.

�� Changes
in the surface of the reaction vessel brought about by processes occurring in
the early stage. of the reaction do not contribute to the termination of the
induction period.
Reduction by Dissolving Metals
Authors: Birch AJ , Cymerman-Craig J , Slaytor M
Published: September 2010

The reduction by sodium and ethanol, with
or without liquid ammonia as solvent, of various amidines followed by acid
hydrolysis, leads in many cases to a good yield of the corresponding aldehyde.
Further reduction in liquid ammonia of several 2-aryl-imidazolines or
imidazolidines followed by acid hydrolysis leads to the
2,5-dihydro-benzaldehyde derivative.

The reduction of some acid amides by
sodium and proton sources in liquid ammonia has been examined. Under the right
conditions this process is of preparative value for aldehydes.
The Alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea L. II. The structures of the acids, and the relationship between Jacobine and Jaconine
Authors: Bradbury RB , Willis JB
Published: September 2010

A study has been made of the "necic"
acids formed by hydrolysis from the pyrrolizidine bases of Senecio jacobaea L.,
in particular jaconecic acid and its derivatives, and certain tentative
conclusions have been reached concerning the structure of these compounds.
Jacobine and jaconine are interconvertible by addition and loss of hydrogen
chloride, which is accompanied by reversal in sign of optical rotation. It is
suggested that jacobine contains an ethylene oxide ring and jaconine is the
corresponding chlorohydrin. Jacoline on alkaline hydrolysis yields retronecine
and an oily acid which forms a solid dilactone acetate. Jacozine has been
hydrolysed to jacozinecic acid which appears to be new.
The chemistry of ants. I. Terpenoid constituents of some Australian Iridomyrmex species
Authors: Cavill GWK , Ford DL , Locksley HD
Published: September 2010

Terpenoid constituents have been isolated
from the following Iridomyrmex ants. The known methylheptenone (11) and
iridodial, a novel dialdehyde (C10H16O2), have
been extracted from Iridomyrmex detectus (F.Sm.) and from I. conifer ((Forel).
I. nitidus (Mayr.) has yielded iridolactone (C10H16O2).
Iridodial is converted into iridolactone by the action of alkali. The isolation
of iridomyrmecin (a lactone, C10H16O2) from I.
humilis (Mayr.) confirms the original observation of Pavan (1949).
The ζ-Potential of Kaolinite Particles
Authors: Street N , Buchanan AS
Published: September 2010

Electrophoretic mobility measurements, and
both conductometric and potentiometric titrations, were carried out on a
kaolinite suspension throughout its neutralization by various bases. The
concentration of the ionic species present was calculated from the
conductometric and potentiometric titrations, and the true ζ-potential
calculated from the electrophoretic mobility by Stigter and Mysels's (1955)
method. The results indicate that a discontinuity exists in the adsorption of
ions in the vicinity of pH 6.5-7.0 causing a considerable increase in the
surface charge density of the particles.
Ionization of Picric acid in Methanol to 3000 ATM
Authors: Strauss W
Published: September 2010

Electrical conductances of methanolic
solutions of a number of salts, picric acid, and hydrobromic acid hare been
measured to 3000 atm at 25 �C. Two mechanisms, proton transfer and movement of
CH3OH2+ ions, contribute to the conductance of H+
ions in methanol. Some suggestions concerning the proton transfer mechanism in
both water and methanol at high pressure are made. The data have also been used
to calculate the ionization constant, free energy, and molal volume change of
ionization of picric acid in methanol to 3000 atm.
Chemistry of polynuclear compounds. II. The behaviour in concentrated sulphuric acid solution and absorption spectra of some polynuclear quinones
Authors: Durie RA , Shannon JS
Published: September 2010

In an investigation into the coking
mechanism of coal, polynuclear quinones were adopted as models. The electronic
absorption spectra of dibenzanthrone (I) ; 16,17-dimethoxydibenzanthrone (II) ;
16,17-diethoxydibenzanthrone (III) ; 16-methoxy-17-ethoxydibenzanthrone (IV) ;
16-methoxy-17-hydroxydibenzanthrone (V) ; and
16-ethoxy-17-hydroxydibenzanthrone (VI) in chlorobenzene and dioxane solution
were measured and are discussed. Nan-planar configurations are proposed for II-VI
and the possibility of the same for I considered. The electronic absorption
spectra in concentrated sulphuric acid of I, II, V, and VI were measured and
are discussed. IV, V, and VI are new vat dyes ; V is produced by the action of
concentrated sulphuric acid on II and IV, and VI is produced by the same
reaction with III. IV is prepared by the methylation of VI. The electronic
absorption spectra of anthraquinone and some derivatives were measured in
concentrated sulphuric acid and are discussed in conjunction with some of the
above spectra. The infra-red spectra of IV, V, and VI confirm the
identification of these compounds as 16,17-disubstituted dibenzanthrones and
establish the nature of the alkoxyl substituents ; the quinonoid-carbonyl
frequencies are discussed.
Magnetic susceptibility and the structure of Tri-coordinated copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Kishita M , Muto Y , Kubo M
Published: September 2010

The magnetic susceptibilities of
2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-(1)-[2-hydroxyanil] Cu(II), 5-nitrosalicylalanthranilic
acid Cu(II), 5-bromosalicylalanthranilic acid Cu(II), 2-hydroxyformazylbenzene
Cu(II), and 2-oarboxyformazylbenzene Cu(II), as well as their
monopyridino-compounds, have been measured by the Gouy method at 25 �C. From
the data of magnetic susceptibility, the effective magnetic moments were
calculated per one copper atom in these chelates. Some of the pyridine-free
complexes show magnetic moments that are smaller than the theoretical moment,
1.73 B.M., for one odd electron, while others have normal magnetic moments.
Taking into account four other tri-coordinated copper chelates reported in a
preceding paper, two alternative suggestions were made as follows. First, the
subnormal moments resulting from the close distance of approach of two copper
atoms in dimer molecules can be correlated with the planar configuration of
chelate rings involving a copper atom. On the other hand, when a three-dimensional
ring exists, the approach of two copper atoms to such a small distance as to
cause an appreciable exchange effect is hindered by steric effects, resulting
in the normal magnetic moment for this type of tri-coordinated complexes.
Secondly, those pyridine-free tri-coordinated copper complexes showing normal
moments have a carbonyl group, the oxygen atom of which may take part in the
coordination about a copper atom.
The constituents of the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook
Authors: Gell RJ , Pinhey JT , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Ellagic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid,
naringenin, and a new flavanolone, aromadendrin 7-methyl ether, have been
isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook.
The sulphides, Selenides, and Tellurides of Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Thorium. III. Electrical properties
Authors: McTaggart FK
Published: September 2010

The resistivities, types of conduction,
thermo-e.m.f.'s, and rectifying ability of the sulphides, selenides, and
tellurides of the elements Ti, Zr, Hf, and Th were determined. A wide range of
properties was found and the variations reflect the trend within this group of compounds
from semimetallic in the case of Ti to metallic in the case of Th. The
transition from non-metallic to metallic affinities that occurs from sulphur to
tellurium is likewise evident.
Soluble wool Proteins. I. Light scattering and viscosity in Aqueous solution
Authors: Harrap BS , Woods EF
Published: September 2010

S-Carboxymethylkerateine 2 (SCMK2) and cc-keratose,
two proteins derived from wool, have been characterized by nitrogen content,
ultraviolet absorption, refractive index increment, light scattering, and
intrinsic viscosity. Variations in the physical properties of different batches
are attributed to different degrees of aggregation during the preparation.

The relative viscosity decreased with time
and was generally accompanied by an increase in turbidity, indicating
aggregation. The effect of heating was to accelerate the fall in viscosity and
increase in turbidity. Light scattering investigations showed that dissociation
occurred on dilution and in some cases this could be detected by viscosity
measurements. The molecular weight of several millions for SCMK2 at pH 6.7 was
reduced to less than 1 million by removal of large aggregates by high-speed
centrifuging, with an increase in both dissymmetry and intrinsic viscosity. In
alkaline buffers at pH 10.5 the proteins were further dissociated and gave
molecular weights of the order of 450,000. The behaviour of α-keratose was
similar to that of SCMK2.

Measurements on SCNK2 carried out in the
presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate gave a molecular weight of 142,000 for the
detergent-protein complex, corresponding to 95,000 for the protein, the
dissymmetry was near unity and the intrinsic viscosity 0.115 dl/g.
In 10M acetic acid, 8M urea, and 641 guanidine hydrochloride the apparent
molecular weights were 95,000, 140,000, and 210,000 respectively, but these
values are only upper limits because of possible selective solvation of the
solvent component in such three-component systems.
2-and 3-Phenylthionaphthens
Authors: Middleton S
Published: September 2010

The product obtained from
3-(1'-cyclohexenyl)thionaphthen (I) by dehydrogenation with sulphur at 240-250 �C
is shown to be 2-phenylthionaphthen rather than 3-phenyl-thionaphthen (II) as
assumed by Schuetz and Ciporin
(1958a, 1958b). The dissimilarity of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of 2-
and 3-phenylthionaphthens is discussed.
Chemistry of non-enzymic browning. III. Effect of Bisulphite, Phosphate, and Malate on the reaction of Glycine and glucose
Authors: Reynolds TM
Published: September 2010

1-Deoxy-1-glycino-D-fructose was obtained
in good yield from the reaction of glycine and glucose in the presence of
sodium bisulphite and 10 per cent. of water. Small quantities of by-products
with similar properties were formed. The results were not affected
qualitatively by the reaction temperature or the presence of salts of
phosphoric or malic acids.

For quantitative studies
deoxyglycinofructose was separated from neutral reducing compounds on a
cation-exchange resin and determined with alkaline ferricyanide.�The
yield of deoxyglycinofructose was dependent on the proportion of glucose and
bisulphite to glycine and decreased as the water content of the mixture was
increased above 10 per cent.

The rate of reaction of glycine and glucose
in the presence of bisulphite was studied over the pH range 3.5-5.6 and the
temperature range 25 to 100 �C. Pseudo first-order rate constants obtained for
pH 3.6 and 4.7 fitted the Arrhenius equation.�The
addition of phosphate at pH 3.6 and malate at pH 3.5 increased the rate of
reaction of glycine and glucose ; the increase was proportional to the square
root of the concentration of dihydrogen phosphate or hydrogen malate ion.

The implications of these results in the
non-enzymic browning of dried fruit are discussed.
Two-Layer Adsorption of Dodecyl Sulphate on Barium Sulphate
Authors: Cuming BD , Schulman JH
Published: September 2010

The adsorption of dodecyl sulphate on
barium sulphate has been measured as a function of concentration. Comparison
with krypton adsorption and stearic acid adsorption has shown that an amount of
dodecyl sulphate equivalent to two layers was adsorbed at saturation, in
agreement with some, but not all, previous reports for such systems.�The
possibility that precipitation of barium dodecyl sulphate may have contributed
to the apparent adsorption has been specially investigated and the effect was
shown to be small. Indirect evidence in support of two-layer adsorption has
also been found from sedimentation studies. The adsorption of a second layer,
with hydrophilic groups oriented away from the solid, provides the most
satisfactory explanation of rewetting at high concentrations of adsorbate.
The Alkaloids of Lupinus varius L. III. The Structure of Base LV-1
Authors: Crow WD
Published: September 2010

Base LV-1 (C15H220N2),
isolated from the seeds and tops of Lupinus varius L., is converted by
catalytic hydrogenation to (-)-sparteine. Partial reduction yields a ketonic
base C15H240N2, shown to be 4-oxosparteine,
and a study of the physical properties of base LV-1 leads to the alternative
structures, Δ2- and Δ5-dehydro-4-oxosparteine.

Decision between these alternatives is
reached by examination of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, which shows
the presence of two vinyl hydrogen atoms, that is, base LV-1 is (-)-Δ2-dehydro-4-oxosparteine. Base LV-1 has been shown to be identical with
multiflorine, isolated by Comin and Deulofeu (1959) from L. multiflorus Lam.
The reaction between thioglycollate and wool proteins
Authors: Human JPE , Springell PH
Published: September 2010

Proteins extracted from wool by alkaline
thioglycollate containing 35S-thioglycollic acid were radioactive
even after exhaustive dialysis.

The
amount of thioglycollate binding was dependent to a certain extent on the
method of preparation of the proteins. The thioglycollate content of
S-carboxymethyl kerateine 2 (SCMK 2), a soluble protein fraction prepared from
a pH 12.3 extract of wool which had previously been extracted five times at pH
10.5, was about 10 μmoles/g protein. By contrast, another soluble protein
fraction designated S-carboxymethyl kerateine and prepared from a pH 11 0
extract of wool, contained from 59 to 97 μmoles thioglycollate/g protein,
depending on the final stage of preparation. Possible reasons for these
variations are discussed.

The
strength of binding of the thioglycollate was tested by attempts to displace it
with a number of reagents. Several of these were ineffective in removing
radioactivity from the wool proteins, whereas disulphide-breaking agents
resulted in the removal of all but the equivalent of 3 and 13 μmoles
thioglycollate/g SCMK 2 and SCMK respectively.

It is postulated that the bound
thioglycollate is present partly in the form of a mixed disulphide composed of
half-cystine and half-dithiodiglycollic acid (β-carboxy-β-aminoethyl
carboxymethyl disulphide) and partly in an unknown form. The former may arise
as an intermediate in the reaction between wool protein and thioglycollic acid.
The possible nature of the bound sulphur in the unknown form is discussed.

The thioglycollate content of wool
proteins as determined by isotopic means was equal to or less than the thiol+disulphide
content measured by amperometric titration with mercurials. It was concluded
that SCMK preparations contain up to 19 μmoles cystine and/or cysteine/g
protein in addition to any half-cystine residues involved in the mixed
disulphide. This conclusion was qualitatively supported by polarographic
experiments using the catalytic cobalt wave for the detection of certain sulphur
containing compounds.

The
importance of the mixed disulphide with regard to heterogeneity and other
problems associated with soluble wool proteins is discussed.
The Conversion of Oxygen in Compounds to Water for Isotopic Analysis by a Density Technique
Authors: Lauder I , Wilson B
Published: September 2010

A method is described which enables oxygen
in numerous compounds to be isolated in the form of water as a preliminary step
to the determination of the isotopic composition of the oxygen by a density
technique. The oxygen in the compound is converted to carbon monoxide or
dioxide. These gases are reduced by hydrogen in the presence of a pure nickel
catalyst to yield water and hydrocarbons. A small memory effect is shown, but
this is eliminated by the first sample put through the process. The process is carried
out on a scale such that 1 mmole of water is produced for each reduction. The
time involved is about 2 hr per sample.
Chemistry of Polynuclear Compounds. IV. The Reduction of Polynuclear Quinones with cyclohexyl-p-toluene Sulphonate
Authors: Kelly W , Shannon JS
Published: September 2010

In an investigation into the coking
mechanism of coal, polynuclear quinones have been adopted as models. Using
cyclohexyl-p-toluene sulphonate the following quinones have been reduced to
their parent hydrocarbons : dibenzanthrone, isodibenzanthrone, pyranthrone, 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone,
anthraquinone (and anthrone), 1,5-dimethoxyanthraquinone, and 1,8-dimethoxyanthraquinone.
The reaction gave favourable yields compared with alternative methods, but had
the advantage that substituent groups such as halogen and alkoxyl were
unattacked. A mechanism is proposed involving complexing of cyclohexyl cations
with the quinones, followed by hydrogen-transfer via a resonance-stabilized
cyclic transition state.