bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of primary structure on permselectivity of ultrathin semipermeable polybenzimidazole membrane
Authors: Aiba Motohiro , Tokuyama Takahiro , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Tomioka Hiroki , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: October 2014

A series of polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) with different main chains and sulfonated PBI were successfully synthesized from the corresponding dicarboxylic acids and 3,3'‐diaminobenzidine for the formation of ultrathin, single‐component, and semipermeable membranes. Furthermore, the covalently crosslinked PBI membrane was prepared by the reaction of sulfonated PBI with divinyl sulfone. Their water transport properties were evaluated under a reverse osmosis mode and compared with the primary structure based on the water permeability (A) and salt permeability (B) values normalized by the membrane thickness. It was found that the A and B values of the PBIs were improved with increasing the weight ratio of the imidazole rings per repeating unit, the introduction of sulfonate group as the hydrophilic group to the PBI was an effective way to enhance the A value, and the crosslinked structure enhanced the salt rejection rate (R) value while maintaining the water flux. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41531.
Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes That Contain Substituted 2‐Acetylbenzo[b]thiophen‐3‐olate Ligand for Red Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Yang Chen , Lai Shiu‐Lun , Chan Sharon Lai‐Fung , Low Kam‐Hung , Cheng Gang , Yeung Kwan‐Ting , Kwok Chi‐Chung , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: October 2014

We report the synthesis of a new class of thermally stable and strongly luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes 1–6, which contain the 2‐acetylbenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐olate (bt) ligand, and their application in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). These heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes with bt as the ancillary ligand have a decomposition temperature that is 10–20 % higher and lower emission self‐quenching constants than those of their corresponding complexes with acetylacetonate (acac). The luminescent color of these iridium(III) complexes could be fine‐tuned from orange (e.g., 2‐phenyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazole (cf3bta) for 4) to pure red (e.g., lpt (Hlpt=4‐methyl‐2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinolone) for 6) by varying the cyclometalating ligands (C‐deprotonated C^N). In particular, highly efficient OLEDs based on 6 as dopant (emitter) and 1,3‐bis(carbazol‐9‐yl)benzene (mCP) as host that exhibit stable red emission over a wide range of brightness with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.67, 0.33) well matched to the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard have been fabricated along with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current efficiency of 9 % and 10 cd A−1, respectively. A further 50 % increase in EQE (>13 %) by replacing mCP with bis[4‐(6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)phenyl]diphenylsilane (BIQS) as host for 6 in the red OLED is demonstrated. The performance of OLEDs fabricated with 6 (i.e., [(lpt)2Ir(bt)]) was comparable to that of the analogous iridium(III) complex that bore acac (i.e., [(lpt)2Ir(acac)]; 6 a in this work) [Adv. Mater.­ 2011, 23, 2981] fabricated under similar conditions. By using ntt (Hnnt=3‐hydroxynaphtho[2,3‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)(thiophen‐2‐yl)methanone) ligand, a substituted derivative of bt, the [(cf3bta)2Ir(ntt)] was prepared and found to display deep red emission at around 700 nm with a quantum yield of 12 % in mCP thin film.
Proteins without unique 3D structures: Biotechnological applications of intrinsically unstable/disordered proteins
Authors: Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: October 2014

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins or regions that do not have unique 3D structures under functional conditions. Therefore, from the viewpoint of their lack of stable 3D structure, IDPs/IDPRs are inherently unstable. As much as structure and function of normal ordered globular proteins are determined by their amino acid sequences, the lack of unique 3D structure in IDPs/IDPRs and their disorder‐based functionality are also encoded in the amino acid sequences. Because of their specific sequence features and distinctive conformational behavior, these intrinsically unstable proteins or regions have several applications in biotechnology. This review introduces some of the most characteristic features of IDPs/IDPRs (such as peculiarities of amino acid sequences of these proteins and regions, their major structural features, and peculiar responses to changes in their environment) and describes how these features can be used in the biotechnology, for example for the proteome‐wide analysis of the abundance of extended IDPs, for recombinant protein isolation and purification, as polypeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery, as solubilization tools, and as thermally sensitive carriers of active peptides and proteins.
Towards the Efficient Development of Homogeneous Catalytic Transformation to γ‐Valerolactone from Biomass‐Derived Platform Chemicals
Authors: Dutta Chowdhury Abhishek , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2014

Recent efforts focused on the production of selected chemicals from biomass as an effective approach to replace fossil feedstocks. Among them, transformation of the biogenic platform molecule levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone has been an extensively studied reaction. Although this transformation can be achieved by heterogeneous catalysis, there exists also a strong interest for effective homogeneous catalysis that can operate selectively under milder and sustainable conditions. Herein, we report the utilization of various triphos‐analogue ligands that in the presence of Ru(acac)3 (acac=acetylacetonate) lead to highly efficient γ‐valerolactone production (yield up to 95 %). Excellent catalyst turnover numbers (up to 75 855) and turnover frequencies (up to 1382 h−1) were accomplished.
Applicability of Metals as Liner Materials for Ammonoacidic Crystal Growth
Authors: Hertweck Benjamin , Zhang Shiyu , Steigerwald Thomas G. , Alt Nicolas S. A. , Niewa Rainer , Schluecker Eberhard
Published: October 2014

The ammonoacidic crystal growth allows industrial production of bulk semiconductor materials like gallium nitride as a widely known material for applications in photonics. A limitation of this process is strong corrosion of the growth autoclave which consequently leads to high impurity density in grown crystals, even if the autoclave is partly lined with state‐of‐the‐art systems. Innovative metallic liner technologies are evaluated which allow a complete lining of the autoclave and peripheral parts. In this way, bridging the gap between fundamental research regarding the corrosive degeneration of possible liner materials and the implementation of novel lined autoclaves for improved growth conditions. Screening tests to find suitable materials and evaluate its potential for development of a liner technology are described.
High‐Performance Bioanode Development for Fermentable Substrates via Controlled Electroactive Biofilm Growth
Authors: Ichihashi Osamu , Vishnivetskaya Tatiana A. , Borole Abhijeet P.
Published: October 2014

A bioanode was optimized to generate current densities reaching 38.4±4.9 A m−2, which brings bioelectrochemical systems closer to commercial consideration. Glucose and lactate were fed together in a continuous or fed‐batch mode. The current density increased from 2.3 A m−2 to 38.4 A m−2 over a 33 day period and remained stable thereafter. The Coulombic efficiency ranged from 50 % to 80 %. A change in substrate concentration from 200 mg L−1 to 5 mg L−1 decreased maximum current density from 38.4 A m−2 to 12.3 A m−2. The anode consortia included Firmicutes (55.0 %), Proteobacteria (41.8 %) and Bacteroidetes (2.1 %) constituting two potentially electrogenic genera: Geobacter (6.8 %) and Aeromonas (31.9 %). The current production was found to be limited by kinetics during the growth period (33 days), and mass transfer, thereafter. The results indicate the necessity of removing spent biomass for efficient long‐term operation and treatment of wastewater streams.
Conformationally Restricted Isoindoline‐Derived Spin Labels in Duplex DNA: Distances and Rotational Flexibility by Pulsed Electron–Electron Double Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Gophane Dnyaneshwar B. , Endeward Burkhard , Prisner Thomas F. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th.
Published: October 2014

Three structurally related isoindoline‐derived spin labels that have different mobilities were incorporated into duplex DNA to systematically study the effect of motion on orientation‐dependent pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) measurements. To that end, a new nitroxide spin label, ExImU, was synthesized and incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides. ExImU is the first example of a conformationally unambiguous spin label for nucleic acids, in which the nitroxide NO bond lies on the same axis as the three single bonds used to attach the otherwise rigid isoindoline‐based spin label to a uridine base. Continuous‐wave (CW) EPR measurements of ExImU confirm a very high rotational mobility of the spin label in duplex DNA relative to the structurally related spin label ImU, which has restricted mobility due to an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The X‐band CW‐EPR spectra of ExImU can be used to identify mismatches in duplex DNA. PELDOR distance measurements between pairs of the spin labels ImU, OxU, and ExImU in duplex DNA showed a strong angular dependence for ImU, a medium dependence for OxU, and no orientation effect for ExImU. Thus, precise distances can be extracted from ExImU without having to take orientational effects into account.
Reversible Adaptation to Photoinduced Shape Switching by Oligomer–Macrocycle Interconversion with Component Selection in a Three‐State Constitutional Dynamic System
Authors: Vantomme Ghislaine , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: October 2014

Light irradiation of the molecular photoswitch 1‐E causes isomerization into the 1‐Z configuration stabilized by an internal hydrogen bond. 1‐E bears aldehyde groups allowing for dynamic covalent reaction with linear diamines. On photoinduced E/Z shape switching of 1 in presence of diamines, the system undergoes interconversion between two states, a non‐cyclic oligomeric one and a macrocyclic one, corresponding respectively to the E and Z configurations of 1. With a mixture of linear α,ω‐diamines, 1‐E yields non‐selective dynamic oligomers by random incorporation of diamine components. Photoswitching to the 1‐Z form leads to constitutional adaptation with preferential formation of the macrocycle incorporating the best suited diamine, H2N(CH2)7NH2. In presence of metal cations, the E form switches from its unbound W shape to its coordinated U shape and yields the macrocycle resulting from the selective incorporation of the diamine H2NCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2 that contains an additional O coordination site. Taken together, the results obtained describe constitutional adaptation in a triple state system: an oligomeric one and two different macrocyclic ones generated in response to two orthogonal agents, a physical stimulus, light, or a chemical effector, metal cations. These three states present, towards the incorporation of diamine components, respectively no selection, photoselection and metalloselection.
Effect of Central Metal Ions of Analogous Metal–Organic Frameworks on Adsorption of Organoarsenic Compounds from Water: Plausible Mechanism of Adsorption and Water Purification
Authors: Jun Jong Won , Tong Minman , Jung Beom K. , Hasan Zubair , Zhong Chongli , Jhung Sung Hwa
Published: October 2014

The adsorptive removal of organoarsenic compounds such as p‐arsanilic acid (ASA) and roxarsone (ROX) from water using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been investigated for the first time. A MOF, iron benzenetricarboxylate (also called MIL‐100‐Fe) exhibits a much higher adsorption capacity for ASA and ROX than activated carbon, zeolite (HY), goethite, and other MOFs. The adsorption of ASA and ROX over MIL‐100‐Fe is also much more rapid than that over activated carbon. Moreover, the used MIL‐100‐Fe can be recycled by simply washing with acidic ethanol. Therefore, it is determined that a MOF such as MIL‐100‐Fe can be used to remove organoarsenic compounds from contaminated water because of its high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption, and ready regeneration. Moreover, only one of three analogous MIL‐100 species (MIL‐100‐Fe, rather than MIL‐100‐Al or MIL‐100‐Cr) can effectively remove the organoarsenic compounds. This selective and high adsorption over MIL‐100‐Fe, different from other analogous MIL‐100 species, can be explained (through calculations) by the facile desorption of water from MIL‐100‐Fe as well as the large (absolute value) replacement energy (difference between the adsorption energies of the organoarsenic compounds and water) exhibited by MIL‐100‐Fe. A plausible adsorption/desorption mechanism is proposed based on the surface charge of the MOFs, FTIR results, calculations, and the reactivation results with respect to the solvents used in the experiments.
Modified Yield Power‐Law fluid flow in narrow annuli with inner rotating pipe
Authors: Ofei Titus Ntow , Irawan Sonny , Pao William , Osgouei Reza Ettehadi
Published: October 2014

A proposed viscosity model for Yield Power‐Law fluid by Souza Mendes and Dutra (SMD), devoid of discontinuities at vanishing shear rate, is adopted in a 3D CFD simulation study. Radial distributions of axial, tangential, and coupled components of velocities are measured along concentric and eccentric narrow annuli. The flow is assumed to be fully‐developed, laminar, and steady state. Several parameters such as diameter ratios, eccentricities, and inner pipe angular speeds were varied to analyze their influence on the flow distributions and annular pressure losses. The simulated results of radial distributions of axial and tangential velocities show good agreement with experimental data and analytic solutions from previous studies. Annular flow instabilities in the form of Taylor vortices in the flow fields are briefly discussed. This study shows how reliable CFD simulations can replicate the actual, yet complex, oil and gas drilling operations.
Modelling and optimization of simultaneous styrene and hydrogen production in an industrial hydrogen‐permselective membrane reactor
Authors: Farsi Mohammad , Rokhgireh Amir , Javidi Majid
Published: October 2014

Coupling reaction and separation in a membrane reactor improves process efficiency and reduces purification cost in the next stages. In this work, the performance of the hydrogen–permselective membrane reactors to produce styrene and hydrogen through ethylbenzene dehydrogenation is studied at steady state condition. In the proposed configuration, the Pd/Ag membrane tubes have been placed in the adiabatic reactors to remove hydrogen from the reaction zone. Then, the membrane reactors are modelled heterogeneously based on the mass and energy conservation laws considering a detailed thermal and catalytic kinetic model. To prove the accuracy of the considered model and assumptions, the simulation results of the conventional process are compared with the plant data. In addition, the genetic algorithm as a powerful method in the global optimization is applied to maximize the styrene production. The temperature of feed and sweep gas streams are attainable decision variables due to severe effect of temperature on the equilibrium and kinetic constant. This configuration has enhanced styrene production rate about 9.98 % compared to the industrial adiabatic reactor.
Fabrication of hollow ZnO nanostructures by a CTAB‐assisted chemical bath deposition method
Authors: Hou Ying , Yang Ming
Published: October 2014

ZnO films consisted of hollow nanostructures were prepared by a CTAB‐assisted chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. ZnO rings, bowls and assemblies of hollow structures were successfully obtained on different substrates. Dense ZnO films consisted of sunken prisms can also be achieved by controlling the concentration of CTAB. The influences of reactant concentrations, types of the substrates and pre‐coated ZnO nanoparticles on the formation of ZnO films were examined. XRD patterns indicated the Wurtzite structure of ZnO and the preferred growth direction is [001]. The role of CTAB in CBD process was discussed and the evolution of different ZnO nanostructures was studied based on the observation of SEM. A plausible crystal growth mechanism was proposed for the formation of ZnO rings and bowls. The investigation of optical properties showed that high concentration of CTAB can improve the ultraviolet emission.
Oil biogenesis and antioxidant compounds from “Arauco” olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar during fruit development and ripening
Authors: Bodoira Romina , Torres Mariela , Pierantozzi Pierluigi , Taticchi Agnese , Servili Maurizio , Maestri Damián
Published: October 2014

“Arauco” is the only olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar recognized from Argentina in the World Catalogue of Olive Varieties. Drupes from this cultivar were handpicked at different stages of fruit development and ripening—referred to as days after full flowering (DAFF)—and analyzed to assess the oil accumulation pattern, and the dynamic of the changes in fatty acid, tocopherol, squalene, and phenolic compositions. The most intense oil accumulation period occurred approximately between 80 DAFF (pit hardening) and 150 DAFF (beginning of fruit maturation). Oleic acid content increased rapidly until reaching the maximum concentration (71.4%) approximately 80 DAFF, thus indicating that the most active biosynthesis period occurred at early fruit growth stages. Later, oleic acid content decreased gradually, almost linearly, to 62% at the final sampling point (215 DAFF). The dynamic of tocopherol accumulation showed a trend characterized by high amounts of the α‐ and γ‐isoforms in very young drupes, a pronounced decrease during fruit development, and little or no change during the fruit maturation period. The developing drupes were found to accumulate significant amounts of squalene (up to 12 500 mg/kg of dry weight at 96 DAFF), but squalene dropped strongly after the beginning of fruit ripening. Whatever the stage of fruit development, secoiridoids were the major phenolic components. On the basis of the evolution of the analytical parameters studied, the best stage for processing “Arauco” fruits for oil production seems to be that where maturity index is higher than 1 and lower than 2.

Practical applications: The study focuses on biochemical aspects of oil biogenesis and minor antioxidant compounds from the cv. “Arauco” during fruit ontogeny. The results show that this cultivar has profitable characteristics for commercial production of VOO. From a practical standpoint, results also contribute to better assessment of harvest time. Findings remark on the convenience of harvesting early (at a low fruit maturity index) to get the best combination of oil quantity and quality.

Mesocarp cells from cv. “Arauco” drupes (about 160 days after full flowering, DAFF) showing a single, spherical, large oil droplet per cell. Oil biogenesis is complete at very early stages of fruit maturity. Findings remark on the convenience of early harvest (at a low fruit maturity index) to get the best combination of oil quantity and quality.
Application of response surface methodology to optimize ultrasound‐assisted extraction of total antioxidants from Brassica napus cultivars
Authors: Szydłowska‐Czerniak Aleksandra , Tułodziecka Agnieszka
Published: October 2014

Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the quantitative effects of two independent variables, namely solvent polarity and ratio of ultrasound power to sonication time, on the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content (TPC) in two spring rapeseed cultivars: Feliks and Markus. The mean FRAP, DPPH, and TPC results ranged between 1082–5104 µmol Trolox (TE)/100 g and 1203–5528 µmol TE/100 g, 5373–17417 µmol TE/100 g and 3015–15 989 µmol TE/100 g, 252–1258 mg sinapic acid (SA)/100 g and 282–1292 mg SA/100 g for Feliks and Markus varieties, respectively. The quadratic effect of solvent polarity on FRAP, DPPH, and TPC in the examined extracts was about 11, 2, and 7 times greater, respectively, than the quadratic effect of ultrasound power to sonication time ratio. The predicted optimum solvent polarity = 56.8 and 55.6, and US power/US time = 4.0 and 4.2 W/min resulted in FRAP = 5143 µmol TE/100 g and 5503 µmol TE/100 g, DPPH = 16 623 µmol TE/100 g and 15 839 µmol TE/100 g, TPC = 1250 mg SA/100 g and 1259 mg SA/100 g in extracts obtained from Feliks and Markus cultivars, respectively.

Practical applications: Bioactive compounds extracted from rapeseed varieties provide health benefits and have antioxidative properties. The application of ultrasound resulted in an increase in antioxidant extraction from rapeseed. Therefore, it seems worth while to consider the application of ultrasound in the fat industry for the production of rapeseed oils with a high content of antioxidants. The ultrasound‐assisted extraction of antioxidants from rapeseed would make it possible to improve technological processes and consequently reduce processing times and costs. Moreover, the analytical methods used, FRAP, DPPH, and Folin–Ciocalteu, do not require specialized equipment and can be employed by the fat industry laboratories to assess the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics in rapeseed cultivars.

Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the quantitative effects of two independent variables, namely solvent polarity and ratio of ultrasound power to sonication time, on the antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content in two spring rapeseed cultivars. The application of ultrasound resulted in an increase of antioxidant extraction from rapeseed. The low‐cost ultrasonic technology can be employed by the oil processing industry for producing rapeseed oil with a high content of bioactive compounds.
Synthesis of 6‐Substituted Phenanthridine Derivatives by Palladium‐Catalysed Domino Suzuki–Miyaura/Aza‐Michael Reactions
Authors: Bao Xiaobo , Yao Wei , Zhu Qihua , Xu Yungen
Published: October 2014

An efficient method for the synthesis of 6‐substituted phenanthridine derivatives has been developed through a one‐pot process involving a sequence of palladium‐catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura reaction followed by intramolecular aza‐Michael addition. This method is applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of substituted phenanthridines from simple substrates.
Hybrid Physicochemical Synthesis and Electrochromic Performance of WO3/MoO3 Thin Films
Authors: Kharade Rohini R. , Mali S. S. , Mohite S. S. , Kondalkar V. V. , Patil P. S. , Bhosale P. N.
Published: October 2014

Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) mixed tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films have been prepared by hybrid physico‐chemical synthesis involving microwave assisted sol‐gel synthesis (MW‐SGS) of WO3 followed by vacuum evaporation of MoO3 on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates. The optostructural and morphological properties of WO3 thin films with different thickness of MoO3 layer were investigated and studied for enhanced electrochromic coloration. The electrochromic performance of these samples was studied in LiClO4/PC as electrolyte for Li+ insertion/extraction. Colorimetric analysis was done to define the colors in the bleached and colored states in terms of Lab* values and xy chromaticity diagram. Enhancement in electrochromic properties in terms of optical modulation (ΔOD), coloration efficiency (CE) and switching time (tb and tc) was studied and reported.
Oxyfuel combustion in rotary kiln lime production
Authors: Eriksson Matias , Hökfors Bodil , Backman Rainer
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of oxyfuel combustion applied to a rotary kiln producing lime. Aspects of interest are product quality, energy efficiency, stack gas composition, carbon dioxide emissions, and possible benefits related to carbon dioxide capture. The method used is based on multicomponent chemical equilibrium calculations to predict process conditions. A generic model of a rotary kiln for lime production was validated against operational data and literature. This predicting simulation tool is used to calculate chemical compositions for different recirculation cases. The results show that an oxyfuel process could produce a high‐quality lime product. The new process would operate at a lower specific energy consumption thus having also a reduced specific carbon dioxide emission per ton of product ratio. Through some processing, the stack gas from the new process could be suitable for carbon dioxide transport and storage or utilization. The main conclusion of this paper is that lime production with an oxyfuel process is feasible but still needs further study.
Discontinuous Galerkin methods on graphics processing units for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Fuhry Martin , Giuliani Andrew , Krivodonova Lilia
Published: October 2014

We present a novel implementation of the modal DG method for hyperbolic conservation laws in two dimensions on graphics processing units (GPUs) using NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture. Both flexible and highly accurate, DG methods accommodate parallel architectures well as their discontinuous nature produces element‐local approximations. High‐performance scientific computing suits GPUs well, as these powerful, massively parallel, cost‐effective devices have recently included support for double‐precision floating‐point numbers. Computed examples for Euler equations over unstructured triangle meshes demonstrate the effectiveness of our implementation on an NVIDIA GTX 580 device. Profiling of our method reveals performance comparable with an existing nodal DG‐GPU implementation for linear problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐Line PEMFC Control Using Parameterized Nonlinear Model‐Based Predictive Control
Authors: Damour C. , Benne M. , Kadjo J.‐J. A. , Deseure J. , Grondin‐Perez B.
Published: October 2014

In this work, a fast nonlinear model‐based predictive control (NMPC) strategy is designed and experimentally validated on‐line on a real fuel cell. Regarding NMPC strategies, the most challenging part remains to achieve on‐line implementation, especially when dealing with fast dynamic systems. As previously demonstrated in a recent work, the proposed control strategy is ideally suited to address this problem. Indeed, it is 30 times faster than classical NMPC controllers. This strategy relies on a specific parameterization of the control actions to reduce the computational time and achieve on‐line implementation. Due to its short computational time compared to mechanistic models, an artificial neural network model is designed and experimentally validated. This model is employed as internal model in the NMPC controller to predict the system behavior. To confirm the applicability and the relevance of the proposed NMPC controller varying control scenarios are investigated on a test bench. The built‐in controller is overridden and the NMPC controller is implemented externally and executed on‐line. Experimental results exhibit the outstanding tracking capability and robustness against model‐process mismatch of the proposed strategy. The parameterized NMPC controller turns out to be an excellent candidate for on‐line applications.
Political Oppression, Social Change and the Family: A View from South Africa
Authors: Swartz Leslie
Published: October 2014

The obvious continuities between the political and the personal, the public and the private, dominate South African life in a way which may not be familiar to those in the Australian context. South African clinical work with families, much of it in the form of mediated interventions, cannot but operate at the edges of our definitions of both what a family is and what it means to be a mental health worker. In this article I argue that thinking broadly about politics and about our work is essential in the service of developing family and personal growth.
Does Reunion Cure Adoption?
Authors: Goodwach Raie
Published: October 2014

Adoption and reunion experiences were examined in birth‐mothers who were reunited with their adult children following a change in adoption laws. Their feelings surprised, bewildered, and sometimes even shocked them. Whilst they described initial reunion meetings in uniformly glowing terms, they also experienced enormous turmoil. Reunion was expected to be a resolution, but in fact, constituted a major life crisis. The policy of one mandated counselling session prior to reunion is examined in this light The author discusses the wider implications of the legislation in terms of society's acknowledgement of past injustice, and the lost potential for healing. Implications for family therapy are discussed.
Choice of Weapon or Weapon of Choice? Examining the Interactions between Victim Characteristics in Single‐victim Male Sexual Homicide Offenders
Authors: Chan Heng Choon (Oliver) , Beauregard Eric
Published: October 2014

As most studies report that the majority of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) prefer to kill with their own hands, research has largely neglected to examine the choice of weapon by these offenders. The US Supplementary Homicide Reports show that although a large number of SHOs murder their victim using personal weapons (e.g. bare hands and manual or ligature strangulation), the majority use an alternative weapon (e.g. edged weapons, contact weapons, and firearms). The present study hypothesises that the choice of weapon is in part influenced by victim characteristics. To identify specific combinations and interactions between victim characteristics and the choice of a personal or edged weapon during the commission of a sexual homicide, a combination of exhaustive chi‐square automatic interaction detector and conjunctive analysis is used on a sample of 2,472 single‐victim male SHOs from a 36‐year period of Supplementary Homicide Report data (1976–2011). Findings show that SHOs choose their weapon according to some victim characteristics. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of police suspect prioritisation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Exhaustion Doctrine and Genetic Use Restriction Technologies: A Look at Bowman v Monsanto
Authors: Lai Jessica C.
Published: October 2014

The relationship between intellectual property rights and technologies used to protect such rights has been gaining more and more attention in recent years. This has mostly been in the field of copyright and digital rights management technologies (DRMs). However, challenges raised by certain biotechnologies and their inherent reproductive nature have caused patent and plant variety right (PVR) owners to similarly create genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) to protect their rights. Arguments analogous to those raised in the copyright arena have been made that GURTs exceed the rights of patentees and PVR owners, and prevent permitted uses from being undertaken. This article discusses these arguments in light of recent case law on the exhaustion doctrine, exactly what it is that GURTs do and the permitted uses in patent and PVR law. It concludes that the US Supreme Court decision Monsanto v Bowman, along with the nature of GURTs, the patent specification and the limited exceptions to patent infringement, mean that GURTs actually fit well with patent law and policy. However, the same cannot be said about GURTs used to protect PVRs, due to the different standards for registration and more extensive exceptions to infringement.
Anthropogenic Disturbance and Environmental Associations with Fish Assemblage Structure in Two Nonwadeable Rivers
Authors: Parks T. P. , Quist M. C. , Pierce C. L.
Published: October 2014

Nonwadeable rivers are unique ecosystems that support high levels of aquatic biodiversity, yet they have been greatly altered by human activities. Although riverine fish assemblages have been studied in the past, we still have an incomplete understanding of how fish assemblages respond to both natural and anthropogenic influences in large rivers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between fish assemblage structure and reach‐scale habitat, dam, and watershed land use characteristics. In the summers of 2011 and 2012, comprehensive fish and environmental data were collected from 33 reaches in the Iowa and Cedar rivers of eastern‐central Iowa. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate environmental relationships with species relative abundance, functional trait abundance (e.g. catch rate of tolerant species), and functional trait composition (e.g. percentage of tolerant species). On the basis of partial CCAs, reach‐scale habitat, dam characteristics, and watershed land use features explained 25.0–81.1%, 6.2–25.1%, and 5.8–47.2% of fish assemblage variation, respectively. Although reach‐scale, dam, and land use factors contributed to overall assemblage structure, the majority of fish assemblage variation was constrained by reach‐scale habitat factors. Specifically, mean annual discharge was consistently selected in nine of the 11 CCA models and accounted for the majority of explained fish assemblage variance by reach‐scale habitat. This study provides important insight on the influence of anthropogenic disturbances across multiple spatial scales on fish assemblages in large river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Headwater Streams of Florida: Types, Distribution and a Framework for Conservation
Authors: White W. R. , Crisman T. L.
Published: October 2014

Using geographic information system and topographic maps, 5829 headwater streams in Florida were surveyed for several parameters including elevation, stream length, flow regime and surrounding geology, and vegetation. Each was assigned to one of four headwater types: wetland, seep, lake, and spring. Wetland headwaters were the most common and widespread followed by seeps, many displaying temporary flow, while springs were perennial and least numerous. Four groups of Florida rivers were identified through cluster analysis of drainage densities (number headwaters/km of river length). Group 1 consisted of six rivers with lowest drainage densities (0.30–1.39 streams/km main channel). All were coastal rivers of peninsular Florida and, with one exception, drain to the Gulf of Mexico. Seven of eight rivers (group 2) with intermediate drainage densities (1.77–3.04 streams/km main channel) were located in peninsular Florida. Only three of 12 rivers comprising the two groups (groups 3 and 4) with greatest drainage densities (5.16–9.37 and 15.49–16.96 streams/km main channel) were not located in the Florida panhandle. Stream conservation efforts should focus on both highly complex dendritic river networks of the panhandle and on the 7000 km2 area in central Florida mostly lacking headwaters that may become a significant dispersal bottleneck for aquatic biota seeking refugia farther north from projected climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐Mediated Effects of Water‐Flow Velocity on Riverine Fish Species
Authors: Del Signore A. , Lenders H. J. R. , Hendriks A. J. , Vonk J. A. , Mulder C. , Leuven R. S. E. W.
Published: October 2014

We applied species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), commonly used in chemical risk assessment, to quantify the impact of water‐flow velocity on the presence of fish species in a river. SSDs for water‐flow velocity were derived from observational field data (maximal velocity at which species occur, Vmax) and laboratory measurements (critical swimming velocity, Vcrit). By calculating the potentially affected fraction of the fish species of the river Rhine, effects of water‐flow velocity on different life stages and guilds were estimated. Vmax values for adults were significantly higher than those for juveniles and larvae. At water‐flow velocity of 60 cm s−1, half of the adults were affected, while half of the non‐adult life stages were affected at velocities of 25 to 29 cm s−1. There was a positive correlation between body size and fish tolerance to water‐flow. As expected, rheophilic species tolerated higher water‐flow velocities than eurytopic and limnophilic species. Maximal velocities measured in littoral zones of the Rhine were, on average, 10 cm s−1, corresponding to an affected fraction of 2%. An increase in water‐flow velocity up to 120 cm s−1 as a result of passing vessels caused an increase in affected species to 75%. For a successful ecological river management, the SSD method can be used to quantify the trait‐mediated effects of water‐flow alterations on occurring species enabling to compare and rank the effects of chemical and physical stress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting a separable parametric spatiotemporal covariance structure for longitudinal imaging data
Authors: George Brandon , Aban Inmaculada
Published: October 2014

Longitudinal imaging studies allow great insight into how the structure and function of a subject's internal anatomy changes over time. Unfortunately, the analysis of longitudinal imaging data is complicated by inherent spatial and temporal correlation: the temporal from the repeated measures and the spatial from the outcomes of interest being observed at multiple points in a patient's body. We propose the use of a linear model with a separable parametric spatiotemporal error structure for the analysis of repeated imaging data. The model makes use of spatial (exponential, spherical, and Matérn) and temporal (compound symmetric, autoregressive‐1, Toeplitz, and unstructured) parametric correlation functions. A simulation study, inspired by a longitudinal cardiac imaging study on mitral regurgitation patients, compared different information criteria for selecting a particular separable parametric spatiotemporal correlation structure as well as the effects on types I and II error rates for inference on fixed effects when the specified model is incorrect. Information criteria were found to be highly accurate at choosing between separable parametric spatiotemporal correlation structures. Misspecification of the covariance structure was found to have the ability to inflate the type I error or have an overly conservative test size, which corresponded to decreased power. An example with clinical data is given illustrating how the covariance structure procedure can be performed in practice, as well as how covariance structure choice can change inferences about fixed effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Bahá’í‐Tempel für Südamerika in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Franke Armin , Knebel Klaus , Sendelbach Michael , Hariri Siamak
Published: October 2014

Der “Tempel des Lichts” in Chile ist einer von acht Bahá’í‐Tempeln. Die weltweit verbreitete monotheistische Bahá’í‐Religion beruft sich auf die Schriften ihres Religionsstifters Bahá’u’lláh. Die ca. sieben Millionen Anhänger leben heute vor allem in Indien, dem Iran, Afrika, Nord‐ und Südamerika. Das Konzept aller Tempel sieht vor, dass sie zu einem spirituellen Zentrum werden, in dessen Umgebung sich soziale, humanitäre und Bildungseinrichtungen für die Bevölkerung befinden. Nach vielen Jahrzehnten Planungszeit wird dieses einzigartige Bauwerk nun in die Realität umgesetzt. Die Niederlassung Würzburg der Josef Gartner GmbH erhielt den Auftrag für die Planung, Fertigung und Montage der kompletten Struktur ab Oberkante Betondecke. Die Montage begann im Herbst 2013 und soll bis Mitte 2015 beendet sein.

The Bahá’í Temple of South America in Santiago de Chile. The “temple of light” in Chile is one of eight Bahá’í temples. The worldwide monotheistic Bahá’í religion is based on the writings of its founder Bahá’u’lláh. About seven Million followers live today particularly in India, Iran, Africa as well as North‐ and South America. The concept of all temples presumes, that they become spiritual centres and that social, humanitarian and educational institutions for the general public are established in the vicinity. After many decades of planning this unique building is now being constructed. The Würzburg branch of Josef Gartner GmbH is in charge of planning, fabrication and erection of the complete superstructure. Erection began in autumn 2013 and shall be finalised by mid‐2015.
ZrO2, CaCO3, and Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Hollow Nanospheres via Gelatin‐stabilized Microemulsions
Authors: Zurmühl Christian , Popescu Radian , Gerthsen Dagmar , Feldmann Claus
Published: October 2014

ZrO2, CaCO3, and Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 hollow nanospheres are prepared via gelatin‐stabilized microemulsions. ZrO2 and CaCO3 hollow spheres exhibit outer diameters of 10–20 nm, a thickness of the sphere wall of 4 nm and an inner cavity diameter of 6–12 nm; Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 is with outer diameters of 50–60 nm, a wall thickness of 15 nm, and an inner cavity diameter of 25–30 nm. The hollow nanospheres turn out as readily crystalline although prepared at room‐temperature. Gelatin increases the viscosity of the polar micelle phase and thereby reduces the diffusion in the water phase. This measure is essential to obtain hollow spheres and to avoid the formation of massive nanoparticles. All as‐prepared hollow nanospheres are characterized by different electron microscopic techniques (STEM, HRTEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetry (TG), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In the case of ZrO2, the hollow sphere structure is even maintained after thermal removal of gelatin at 600 °C. Moreover, CO2 sorption analysis shows reversible CO2 uptake of 96 mg·g–1 (80 bar, 50°°C) at a specific surface area of 98 m2·g–1. As the adsorption of N2 is much lower (17 mg·g–1 at 80 bar, 50°°C), the ZrO2 hollow nanospheres can be interesting for CO2‐N2 separation as well as catalytical reactions with CO2. All hollow nanospheres, and especially CaCO3, can become relevant for drug delivery and release.
Respiratory Variation Predicts Optimal Endotracheal Tube Placement for Intra‐operative Nerve Monitoring in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Authors: Chambers Kyle J. , Pearse Allison , Coveney Jonathan , Rogers Sarah , Kamani Dipti , Sritharan Niranjan , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: October 2014

Background

Intra‐operative nerve monitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid and parathyroid surgery is thought to aid in identification and dissection of the RLN. While utilization of IONM is increasing, one area of variability in its application is the assessment of adequate endotracheal tube electrode placement for IONM during the case. The main objective of this study is to assess the overall success of utilizing respiratory variation to confirm proper endotracheal tube placement for RLN monitoring.

Methods

A prospective study of RLN monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery at an academic referral center.

Results

Fifty‐five cases were included. Fifty (91 %) achieved optimal respiratory variation during endotracheal tube position. Five (9 %) required repeat laryngoscopy to confirm correct endotracheal tube placement following patient positioning. For the respiratory variation group, average amplitude achieved during initial vagus, maximum vagus, initial RLN, and maximal RLN was 700 (±474) mA, 921 (±616) mA, 887 (±584) mA, and 1330 (±843) mA during evoked stimulation, respectively. For the repeat laryngoscopy group, average amplitude achieved during initial vagus, maximum vagus, initial RLN, and maximal RLN evoked stimulation was 591 (±364) mA, 959 (±306) mA, 771 (±424) mA, and 1462 (±855) mA during evoked stimulation, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two groups for average initial vagus amplitude (p = 0.62), average maximum vagus amplitude (p = 0.89), average initial RLN amplitude (p = 0.67), or average maximum RLN amplitude (p = 0.74).

Conclusion

The findings of this study support the International Neural Monitoring Study Group recommendation that confirmation of endotracheal tube electrode placement be performed either by confirmation of adequate respiratory variation or by repeat direct laryngoscopy.
A novel osmolality-shift fermentation strategy for improving acarbose production and concurrently reducing byproduct component C formation by Actinoplanes sp. A56
Authors: Cheng Xin , Peng Wei-fu , Huang Lin , Zhang Bao , Li Kun-tai
Published: October 2014

Component C (Acarviosy-1,4-Glc-1,1-Glc) was a highly structural acarbose analog, which could be largely formed during acarbose fermentation process, resulting in acarbose purification being highly difficult. By choosing osmolality level as the key fermentation parameter of acarbose-producing Actinoplanes sp. A56, this paper successfully established an effective and simplified osmolality-shift strategy to improve acarbose production and concurrently reduce component C formation. Firstly, the effects of various osmolality levels on acarbose fermentation were firstly investigated in a 50-l fermenter. It was found that 400–500 mOsm/kg of osmolality was favorable for acarbose biosynthesis, but would exert a negative influence on the metabolic activity of Actinoplanes sp. A56, resulting in an obviously negative increase of acarbose and a sharp formation of component C during the later stages of fermentation (144–168 h). Based on this fact, an osmolality-shift fermentation strategy (0–48 h: 250–300 mOsm/kg; 49–120 h: 450–500 mOsm/kg; 121–168 h: 250–300 mOsm/kg) was further carried out. Compared with the osmolality-stat (450–500 mOsm/kg) fermentation process, the final accumulation amount of component C was decreased from 498.2 ± 27.1 to 307.2 ± 9.5 mg/l, and the maximum acarbose yield was increased from 3,431.9 ± 107.7 to 4,132.8 ± 111.4 mg/l.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Gupta Ashutosh , Aneja Anjila , Mehta Sanjay , Fazal Tauqeer Syed
Published: October 2014

Isolated prenatally diagnosed large colonic dilatation in late third trimester raised suspicion of colonic obstruction. On further investigating, after the baby failed to pass meconium after 24 h, with radiograph and barium enema confirmed the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease. Even though the sensitivity and predictability of antenatal ultrasound is limited, prenatally diagnosed colonic dilatation should be investigated further to confirmation of any underlying colonic obstruction and for timely intervention to decompress the dilated loops and to avoid any life threatening complications.
Isolated Absent Ductus Venosus with Intrahepatic Shunt: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Choudhary Rajeev , Choudhary Sandeep Bajaj
Published: October 2014

A 28-year-old primigravida with spontaneous conception and no complicating medical illness presented to the authors for an early morphology scan. Her scan was unremarkable with normal nuchal translucency for crown rump length, no stigmata for chromosomal abnormalities and no major detectable structural abnormality. A repeated search for ductus venosus revealed non visualization of the ductus with intrahepatic drainage of the umbilical vein. The karyotype was normal. Fetal echocardiogram, anomaly and serial growth scans were also within normal limits. She developed mild hydramnios in the late third trimester and delivered a normal healthy female child at 37 weeks. Postnatal echocardiogram showed a very small muscular ventricular septal defect. Mild pulmonary stenosis has been diagnosed at the age of 6 months. Ductus venosus is the key regulator of oxygenated blood in fetal life. Absent ductus venosus is associated with multiple structural, chromosomal, cardiac abnormalities partial or complete absence of portal venous system, hydrops and fetal death. In the absence of ductus venosus the umbilical vein may drain normally into the liver (intrahepatic shunt) or may drain in an aberrant location into the systemic circulation (e.g., iliac vein, inferior vena cava, right heart and coronary sinus) creating an extrahepatic shunt. In all the cases of absent ductus venosus, the prognosis depends on the presence or absence of associated abnormalities. In cases of extrahepatic aberrant drainage of the umbilical vein, the prognosis depends upon the presence or absence of portal venous system, abnormal shunt site and shunt diameter. In general, intrahepatic variant has a much better prognosis in the absence of other abnormalities.