bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Limited Universe of Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

Of all of the many and various state spectacles put on by the regime of Napoleon III, none drew larger audiences than the two so-called Universal Expositions. In 1855, over 5 million people paid to see the vast display of objects assembled in the Palace of Industry, a permanent exhibition hall constructed for the exposition on the Champs-Elysées in the space now occupied by the Petit Palais and the Grand Palais. And in 1867, some 7 million came to see the huge exposition housed in a large temporary structure on the Champ-de-Mars. But these visitors saw (and sought) more than just a collection of objects; they came to visit the world. As one visitor in 1867 put it:

Without undertaking long and perilous journeys, without running the risk of being frozen in the North, or melted in the South; we have seen the Russian drive his troika drawn by Tartar steeds, the Arab smoke the narghilé or play the darbouka under his gilt cupolas, the fair daughters of the Celestial Empire sip their tea in their quaint painted houses; we have walked in a few minutes from the Temple of the Caciques to the Bardo of Tunis, from the American log-hut to the Kirghiz tent
The Fête Impériale in the Provinces
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

History, like good detective fiction, sometimes has its dogs that do not bark in the night—its moments when events that fail to occur as expected provide important clues to what really did happen. We can see one such incident (or nonincident) in the Second Empire’s failure to formally inaugurate the new statue of Napoleon I that it erected on the Vendome Column in 1863. What might be called the “curious incident of the statue in the daytime” does not allow us to solve any long-standing murder mysteries, but it does offer an interesting perspective on the political changes of the 1860s.
Y Chromosome Aberrations
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers gonadal maldevelopment caused by Y chromosome aberrations. We begin with a comprehensive treatment of SRY mutations because more is known about this testis-determining gene than any other. This is followed by a brief discussion of a rare combination: 46,XX males who are infertile and ZFYnegative but apparently SRY-positive. This combination implies that ZFY has a role, perhaps facultative, in achieving fully normal testis development. Finally, we deal with Yq alterations that impair spermatogenesis. Strictly speaking, the affected individuals have defective gametogenesis rather than defective testis differentiation; hence, they could also have been discussed as one form of “gamete failure” in Part V.
Genetic Disorders Expressed as Gonadotropin Excess
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Gonadotropin excess may reflect (1) a response to excessive (perhaps premature) stimulation of the pituitary gonadotropes by GnRH, (2) autonomous overproduction of LH, FSH, or both, by pituitary gonadotropes or, ectopically, as a paraendocrine expression of neoplasia, and (3) deficient production, or action, of inhibin or follistatin.
General Framework and Model
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

Researchers have a great misunderstanding concerning the importance and relevance of culture in the study of organizational behavior. These debates include issues such as levels of analysis (e.g., Leung & Bond, 1989; Earley & Mosakowski, 1995; Hofstede, 1980a, b), conceptual scope of the culture construct (e.g., Earley & Singh, 1995; Hofstede, 1980a; Triandis, 1994), convergence versus divergence (e.g., Boyacigiller & Adler, 1991), culture divisibility or segmentation (e.g., Geertz, 1973; Martin, 1992), methodology (e.g., Lytle et al., 1995), and basic definitions (e.g., Ja hoda, 1980; Rohner, 1984; Segall, 1986), among others.
Conclusions and Research Agenda
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I apply my framework to several organizational topics. Rather than simply summarize my framework, it seems to be more useful to apply it in several content areas, using organizational examples as a basis for stimulating a research agenda for the future. I have chosen several areas because of their centrality to organizational behavior and face, namely, social exchange and reward allocation, negotiation and conflict management, and impression management and feedback seeking. I would stress, however, that my choice of areas is intended to provide examples of how the model might stimulate research, not to serve as a directive limiting the application domains.
Information Strategy
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Because creating an information strategy can potentially encompass all aspects of an information ecology, it’s a good place for managers to begin. Yet at the risk of sounding like an amateur Zen philosopher, I believe the final strategic destination means much less than the journey there. Any good strategy promotes communication, debate, consensus; more than anything, it gets managers to talk to each other. Strategy is about choices and emphasis— which types of business to pursue, products to create, markets to address.
Information Staff
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

The great secret of the computer revolution is that people now matter more to information systems than ever—not less. People support information on computers by defining, analyzing, creating, maintaining, managing, and advising on information resources. As any manager knows, without well-informed, plain-speaking, patient information staff in place, a company’s best-laid IT plans will sink. The support structure of any information environment has to focus on the people who add value to the information, particularly staff members like researchers, editors, guides, and other content interpreters. Ecologically oriented staff support structures therefore have the potential to deal with information of any type, specifically targeting the unique needs of a business organization.
Connecting to the Company: Information and the Organization
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

A though I devote most of this book to the internal information environment of a company, an ecological approach also has to account for the complex organizational environment—a company’s overall business strategy and structure; what it has already invested in technology; and the physical arrangement of its various offices, units, and manufacturing facilities. Ecologically oriented managers ask, “What about an organization affects—and is affected by—the way it manages information?”
Introduction to the Hypoglycemias
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

There are three reasons. First, insight into the mechanisms of glucose counter-regulation, which normally prevent or rapidly correct hypoglycemia, has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Although many important questions remain to be answered, the knowledge base in its physiology and patholophysiology has matured. The remarkable effectiveness of the physiological defenses against falling plasma glucose concentrations explains why hypoglycemia is an uncommon clinical event under most conditions.
New Directions for Organization Theory
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive analysis of the present state of organization theory. The author traces the evolution and particularly the more recent history of the field, and its scope and content. He then considers the relevant literature organized by major issues and concepts. Jeffrey Pfeffer makes the point that the world of organizations the book surveys has changed in four important ways: the increasing externalization of the employment relation and the development of the "new employment contract;" the change in the size distribution of organizations, with a comparative growth in the proportion of smaller organizations; the increasing influence of external capital markets on organizational governance and decision making; and the increasing salary inequality within organizations in the U.S. compared both to the past and to other industrialized nations. These changes make it especially important to understand the organizations themselves. The author is a major scholar in the field of organizations and his perspective should be of considerable interest to scholars and students in the field.
The Effects of Organizational Composition
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

As discussed thus far in this book, underlying all organization theory and research is the basic question, How are we to understand organizations? One variant of a social model of behavior that has drawn sufficient research attention to merit more extended consideration is an approach to organizational analysis emphasizing the effects of social composition.
Mechanisms of Social Control
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The various models for understanding organizations developed in chapters 3 and 4 and the discussion in chapter 2 concerning the locus for causality of behavior have as their goal being able to explain, predict, and ultimately influence organizational behavior. Although each perspective has its own specific implications for controlling behavior, control is at once the essential problem of management and organization and the implicit focus of much of organization studies.
Team-Based Work Systems
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

Companies in every industry are striving to create team-based work systems.1 Few are achieving the new levels of teamwork they believe will make them more competitive. For many of these firms, the interest in teams has roots in the competitive success of many Japanese organizations, which feature high levels of teamwork in manufacturing and office operations. Team-based work systems are complex amalgams of tangible practices and intangible elements such as interpersonal in-teractions.
Employee Involvement and Kaizen
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

Success in the global economy depends on understanding how people’s knowledge is integrated into work operations. Despite platitudes about how “people are our most important resource,” most organizations do not attend to these details. As a result, they fail to realize the full benefit of the knowledge of their employees. This failure arises out of the ineffective handling of a series of interrelated workplace dilemmas.
Labor Relations
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

After observing examples of the global diffusion of knowledge-driven work systems, we find ourselves unable to describe these factories’ labor relations in the traditional language of the field. The words “adversarial” and “enterprise” are commonly used in discussions about U.S. and Japanese labor relations, respectively. In fact, our experience leads us to conclude that these words are not only inadequate but misleading.
Nicotine Pharmacology and Addiction
Authors: Benowitz Neall.
Published: November 2023

Nicotine, the main determinant of tobacco use and addiction, is now available as a medication to assist smoking cessation and is being evaluated as a medication for a variety of other medical disorders. Although this book focuses on the safety and toxicity of nicotine, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the basic and clinical pharmacology of nicotine and how nicotine contributes to tobacco addiction. The reader is also referred to the 1987 Surgeon General’s Report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction,’ and other reviews.23 for a detailed description of the pharmacology of nicotine and its role in tobacco addiction.
Abstractness
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

This chapter helps you conquer another villain of read ability: abstractness. Let’s begin by defining it. Abstract writing is so general that readers constantly have to guess what it means. If I stopped there, that sentence would be abstract-you’d have to guess what I mean. So let’s consider an example.
Typefaces
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

We have incredible power over the look of our documents more power than entire print shops of a decade ago. The trick is to use that power effectively for conveying the message. The goal of this chapter is to show you how.
Supervising writers
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

I know that not everybody who reads this book is a supervi sor (or project leader). Some people are and many hope to be. So if you are now, this chapter is for you. And if you’re not one yet? Well, this chapter is what I would tell your boss.
Makers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

The individuals chosen as “makers,” Cyrus McCormick, Andrew Carnegie, and Henry Ford, represent the development of manufacturing in America. These individuals personify the transition from labor-intensive shop production to large-scale factory production and eventually manufacture by an assembly line. McCormick gradually developed his reaper company into an international large-scale manufacturing firm. Carnegie applied the lessons of railroad management to developing the first fully integrated firm in the steel industry. Henry Ford and his associates at Ford Motor company progressed from a stationary method of production to a moving line that opened a new era in manufacturing.
Sellers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Trade is as ancient as humankind, but its evolution from bartered commodities to plastic debit and credit cards is a story with many chapters. Before the eighteenth century the lack of rapid transport and communication established barriers to trade, restricting it to local markets or creating long periods of time between the shipment of a product and its receipt at some distant point. Steam power brought transport by rail, on inland waterways, and across the seas, enabling the more rapid exchange of goods over greater distances. Communication improvements, such as the telegraph and the telephone, provided for information exchanges that facilitated the expansion of trade.
Structural Analysis of Japanese Economic Organization, A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Gerlach Michael L , Lincoln James R
Published: November 2023

With the proliferation of various forms of strategic alliance in the global economy -from long-term supplier relations to international joint ventures to state-sponsored consortia - has come an increased theoretical interest in business networks as a topic of analysis. A brief sample of writings in this literature includes Aldrich (1979), Piore and Sable (1984), Miles and Snow (1987), Eccles and Crane (1987), Powell (1990), as well as edited volumes by Mizruchi and Schwartz (1987), Wellman and Berkowitz (1987), and Nohria and Eccles (1992). As the composition of this volume shows, Japanese industrial organization and business structures have taken a leading role in encouraging this shift in interest. [In addition to the chapters in this book, see Fruin (1992); Gerlach (1992a, b); Lincoln et al. (1992, 1996); and Imai and Itami (1984). Nor is this interest limited to Japan, because the network characteristics of Japanese industrial organization have also appeared in other East Asian economies, including in Korea (through its zaibatsu-like chaebol) and in Taiwan (through its own distinctive form of extended family groupings) (Hamilton and Biggart, 1988). Indeed, network forms are now recognized to be a pervasive form of economic organization in many countries, including those in the developing world (Leff, 1979) and those in continental Europe (Daems, 1979; Encaoua and Jacquemin, 1982; Cable and Dirrheimer, 1984).] In this chapter we have a dual agenda: We combine a general treatment of network organization in Japan with the presentation of a broad agenda for structural (network) analysis. The link between the two is our research program on Japanese economic organization, which is very much within the structuralist tradition but at the same time aims at pushing the frontiers of that tradition.
Introduction: The Mystery of the Invisible J. VcJmen Managers
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Contrary to popular op1mon and despite enormous obstacles, Japanese women have become successful managers in business, government, and education. Often they are invisible, their presence and influence unrecognized or denied, but they are there. The research on which this book is based was undertaken as an attempt to understand how and why Japanese women become managers, the contradictions posed by their success, and why their presence is unrecognized. While women provide 40.6 percent of the workforce of Japan, less than 10 percent of managers are women, having increased from 6 percent a decade ago. Japanese women are among the best educated women in the world, but their talents remain largely unused and underutilized. They have been exploited as a buffer for economic cycles, serving as temporary, and therefore less expensive labor, and then cast out at marriageable age for a new, younger crop of women college graduates. The role of “good wife, wise mother” is touted, while women’s contributions in the public arena are denied and often denigrated. As noted Japan scholar Chalmers Johnson has said, ‘‘Japanese women are a flagrantly wasted national resource.”2 The head of the Japanese Economic Planning Agency lamented male-dominated hiring practices as “old-fashioned” and a “waste of Japan’s capable women.”
The Search for Successful Japanese Women Managers
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Given the prevailing male-dominant culture of Japanese organizations, the belief that there are no women in management is not surprising. The questions I was most often asked about Japanese women managers were “Are there any?” “Are they married?” and “Where are they?”The questions reveal widespread assumptions: first, that there aren’t any women managers; second, that if women are managers, they aren’t married; and third, that the women are not really managers. Finding women managers was part of a research process that involved extended interviews of the women alongside data gathering on the economy and culture. This chapter’s goal is to confound stereotypes I encountered by describing women managers, their lifestyles, their family status, and the industries in which they are found. In the very process of seeking out women managers, I gained insights into who they are and how they became managers that lend depth to the quantitative results. The research process is set forth as part of the basis for evaluating the findings.
Hybridization: Human Resource Management at Two Toyota Transplants
Authors: Adler Paul S
Published: November 2023

There is broad consensus that the superlative efficiency and quality performance of Japanese auto “transplants” in the United States is in large measure due to their combination of the “lean” production systems and distinctive human resource management (HRM) practices (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990). While the production system has been well documented, there is considerable uncertainty over the nature of these human resource management practices. Some researchers see them as essentially Japanese in origin (e.g., Johnson, 1988; Kenney and Florida, 1993). Others argue that Japanese overseas subsidiaries, like those of companies headquartered in other countries, typically hybridize the parent companies’ management approaches, adapting them at least in part to fit the host country conditions (e.g., Beechler and Yang, 1994; Elger and Smith, 1994; Milkman 1991; White and Trevor 1983; Yuen and Kee, 1993).
Classicism Contested, 1893-1932
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

By 1930, the tenets of legal classicism seemed to reign triumphant as the legitimating juristic ideology that justified the role of the Supreme Court in American life. For half a century, traditionalist-minded jurists had enjoyed an untroubled confidence that the legal order was an autonomous, determinate, natural, neutral, necessary, objective, and apolitical structure of principles and norms, grounded in an authentic reading of American experience. The social myth that dominated both American society and its law permitted classical jurists to “enforce hierarchical assumptions of property rights, male domination, and white supremacy,” in Alan Dawley’s judgment.
Payingfor Performance
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

One Of The Most Fundamental Rules of economics, and the raison d’etre of this book, is that if you offer people a greater reward, then they will do more of whatever is being rewarded, everything else being equal. Many people find this proposition to be objectionable, because it implies that people can, to one degree or another, be “bought.” Admittedly, incentives may not matter in all forms of behavior; some people will sacrifice their lives rather than forsake a strongly held principle. However, the proposition that incentives matter does seem to be applicable to a sufficiently wide range of behavior to be considered a “rule” that managers are well advised to keep in mind: pay people a higher wage-such as time and a half-and they will work overtime. Pay them double time, and they will even work holidays. There is some rate of pay at which a lot of people will work almost any time of the day or night on any day of the year.
Paying Workers’ Education and Relocation Costs
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Frnms Pay For Some Things for their workers but not for other things. We consider in this chapter two employee expenses-education and relocation expenditures-that are sometimes covered and sometimes not covered by firms. Our examination of these issues will help us draw out underlying principles and the incentives that go with employer coverage of work-related expenditures. We suspect that many readers have a personal interest in this chapter, since they may be contemplating getting an MBA or some other advanced business degree and hope their employers will cover the cost. Why would any firm train its workers at firm expense? The most general answer to that question is the same as the one given to explain why firms provide any fringe benefit: firms make available some forms of training because, by doing so, they can make money off their workers.
The “Hostile” Takeover as Managerial Incentive
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

It Is A Common Practice for one firm to take over another firm. IBM recently acquired Lotus. Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC. And Time/Warner took over Turner Broadcasting at about the same time that Turner was looking for financing to buy CBS. During the first eight months of 1995, $270 billion worth of mergers and takeovers had been announced, a fact that caused reporters at Business Week to wonder if the U.S. economy had not entered a “new era of bigness.” There are many reasons for such takeovers and different ways for them to occur. There may be complementarities in the production and distribution of the products of two firms that can be best realized by one firm.
Pricing with Incentives in Mind
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Incentives Are Necessarily embedded in a firm’s pricing policy. Lowering the price of a product increases the incentive for consumers to purchase. Conversely, increasing the price reduces that incentive. Accordingly, people tend to buy more when the price falls and buy less when the price rises. This inverse relationship between price and quantity is commonly called the “law of demand.” For a firm to be successful, it has to choose the “right” price, given the demand (or specifics of the inverse relationship between price and quantity) for its products. The “right” price achieves maximum profit by striking a balance among charging more, selling more, and covering the costs of production.
Managerial Lessons in Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Incentives Clearly Matter, especially in business. That message has unified all that we have written. Managers must heed that message, but the task of getting incentives right requires an understanding of the full complexity of the message, as well as an appreciation for what is meant by incentives. We’ve said it before, but we’ll say it again as we draw this book to a close: the incentives we have in mind include more than money. Money is only one form of incentive, albeit a very important one, and one that might not be fully appreciated by critics of incentives. Money works, but if it were the only incentive that mattered, managers could sleep more easily at night in the knowledge that all they have to do is dangle a few more bucks before their employees in order to get them to work harder and smarter. And managers would surely be paid less than they are. Good managers are paid premiums because the task of managing through incentives is not at all that simple.
Some Introductory Comments
Authors: Bauer Yehuda
Published: November 2023

It is not for an introduction to become simply another article. This is especially the case in a book like this, which is not just an assorted collection of essays, but rather grapples with a theme of crucial significance: continuity versus contingency in the origins of the Holocaust. The articles presented here range from general, philosophical discourses on what caused the Holocaust to detailed analyses of concrete situations. And needless to say, the authors do not agree among themselves-not even in the definition of the subject, much less so in their approach. But that is precisely the value of such an enterprise. It provides the reader with a sharply defined but highly varied panorama. With that said, though, I do believe that there are some issues that deserve brief comment.
The Dreyfus Affair in Vichy France: Past and Present in French Political Culture
Authors: Rousso Henry
Published: November 2023

On November 3, 1940, La France au travail, a collaborationist daily, printed a six column headline reading “A Dreyfus Affair-Never Again!” Such optimism was the result of an order from the Ministry of War forbidding Jews, in application of the law of October 3, 1940-the first Statut des Juifs under the Vichy regime-to volunteer or reenlist in the French armed forces. Those who volunteered had to be French a titre originaire, the son of a French father or, failing this, a direct descendent of someone who had fought in the First World War. The statute prohibited Jews from becoming officers (even noncommissioned), but did not prevent them from being privates. The ministerial order that described the application of the law to the French army sounded like vengeance for the “Affair.”
Introduction
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

The prosecutor has more control over life, liberty, and reputation than any other person in America. His discretion is tremendous. He can have citizens investigated and, if he is that kind of person, he can have this done to the tune of public statements and veiled or unveiled intimations. Or the prosecutor may choose a more subtle course and simply have a citizen’s friends interviewed The prosecutor can order arrests, present cases to the grand jury in secret session, and on the basis of his one-sided presentation of the facts, can cause the citizen to be indicted and held for trial. He may dismiss the case before trial, in which case the defense never has to be heard. Or he may go on with a public trial. If he obtains a conviction, the prosecutor can still make recommendations as to sentence, as to whether the prisoner should get probation or a suspended sentence
A Contentious Global Debut
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

0n December 18, 1996, the Oakland, California, school board propelled Ebonics into the global spotlight by passing a resolution defining Ebonics as the native language of 28,000 African American students within that school district (see chapter 4). Since then supporters and detractors alike have waged massive campaigns championing their respective positions. Advocates continue to claim that formal recognition of Ebonics will enhance educational prospects for black students and bolster their literacy and mastery of standard English (Smith 1998). Detractors, on the other hand, dismiss any effort to legitimize Ebonics or its alleged educational benefits.
Oakland’s Ebonics Resolutions
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

Substantial linguistic evidence indicates that slave descendants of African origin should not be equated with other U.S. immigrants, but the law has never addressed the consequences of our unique linguistic heritage. One reason many politicians responded forcefully, and negatively, to Oakland’s Ebonics assertions arose from concerns that the school district was poised to ask that those consequences be redressed through bilingual education funding for African American students.
The Spy Who Came to Dinner
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

The first days of June 1834 found Willis once again confirming the maxim that charm will pay. Three years earlier, a hostile Boston had seen him off to Europe with little but a fund of resentments and his literary and social talents. Now he stood poised at the door of perhaps the most brilliant society in all of Great Britain. What lay within was destined to make his career. Settling himself into Lady Marguerite Blessington’s glittering salon, the American traveler might have fancied that he had stumbled on a “Silver Fork” novel: from London’s prince of dandies, Count Alfred D’Orsay, to the renowned Pelham himself, Edward Bulwer, no more celebrated assemblage of upstart genius, flashy elegance, and aristocratic liberalism could be found than the one at Seamore Place. “Radical Jack” Durham, leader of the Whig reformers, had made Blessington’s dinners his prime resort. And the host herself was celebrated on both sides of the Atlantic for her recently published Conversations with Lord Byron (1834). Admission to such exalted society was thus quite a plum for a young American. Better yet, eager bonhomie apparently proved an endearing quality: after a time, the assembled lions seemed as taken with their guest as he clearly was with them. Retiring later to conjure the evening’s spirit for his readers back home, Willis therefore had ample reason to rejoice: nothing in his extended travels could match such a momentnot bad for the wayward son of a brimstone deacon.
Affairs of Honor
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

It is almost axiomatic that the dramas of real life are often as fantastic as those of the stage. So it must have seemed to the loafers, vendors, and passersby in New York City’s Washington Square who, one evening in June 1850, turned to witness the actor Edwin Forrest thrashing N. P. Willis with the favorite instrument of imperious schoolmasters: a gutta-percha whip. Soon the attack’s cause became apparent, even to those who might not have been following the two men’s ongoing feud in the press. As the burly tragedian assailed his prostrated victim, whip flailing, he bellowed to onlookers, “this man is the seducer of my wife.” Forrest’s message--a cuckold’s classic requital-was thus painfully clear: he would brook no meddling. Willis, for his part, scarcely had a chance to respond. Frantic pleas and feeble struggles aside, he was entirely overborne.
Outrageous Fictions
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

As should be dear by now, the literary lions of the antebellum age-like celebrities generally-assumed a public character only at their audience’s sufferance. No doubt talent and the resources of print endowed such figures with considerable sway over their public image; there is, for example, no gainsaying fiction’s power to establish the ruling conception of the man and-increasingly as the century wore on-the woman behind the prose. Nonetheless, maintaining a paying and congenial image remained tricky business even for literary celebrity’s most adept practitioners. Over the years, N. P. Willis, for one, had proven himself a master at fashioning a persona calculated to reward his efforts. Yet this professional currency had been bought only at the price of persistent contempt-he sold his books all right, but often in spite of his public persona. Never was this vexing condition clearer, and perhaps more perilous, than in the wake of the Forrest troubles.
The Will, Capital Punishment, And Cultural War
Authors: Connolly William E
Published: November 2023

The will, we are told, forms a hinge of Western civilization because it is so crucial to our practice of individual responsibility. And murder is often said to deserve capital punishment because it is a willful act. But what if the very hinge upon which these judgments tum has always been creaky and unstable? What if the highest moral case for capital punishment rests upon cultural forgetfulness of instability in this category itself? Let us, then, review a forgotten history, condensing long stretches of time into brief summaries so that the shifting terms of instability persistently stalking Western conceptions of the will can stand out vividly.
Introduction
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Parasitology is the study of the association between organisms that live on or in another, larger animal known as the host., from which they derive their sustenance. This definition applies in a general sense to all groups of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, spirochetes, rick- ettsiae, and others) inhabiting all animals and humans. Parasitology, as it is understood today, is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of animal forms (protists, helminths, and arthropods) living in humans, animals, or plants. Medical parasitology is the branch of parasitology concerned with all parasitic forms using humans as their host and studies all aspects of this association, both at the individual level and at the community level.
Trypanosomes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

As mentioned, the trypanosomes are closely related to the leishmaniae, and their zoologic classification follows the same lines (see Chapter 4; Corliss, 1994). Trypanosomes are known in general as the blood flagellates, and under natural conditions they occur in humans and many other species of animals. The important species in humans are the pathogen Trypanosmacruzi and the nonpathogen T. rangeli in the American continent and two subspecies of T. brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, in Africa. Human infections with trypanosomes have been recorded only within these two continents, where they are responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality, making the trypanosomes of paramount medical interest. Since the basic biologic aspects of the African and American trypanosomes are distinct from each other, they are discussed separately.
Apicomplexa Of The Blood
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The Apicomplexa of blood belong to the class Haematozoea, which has two orders: Haemosporida and Piroplasmida. Haemosporida has the family Plasmodiidae, with the genus Plasmodium. Piroplasmida has the family Babesiidae, with the genera Babesia and Entopolypoides ( Corliss, 1994). These three genera have species parasitic in humans, all of which are intraerythrocytic, with complicated life cycles necessitating two hosts, a vertebrate and an invertebrate. Plasmodium produces malaria, and Babesia and Entopolypoides produce piroplasmosis; both diseases are well known in both humans and animals. The zoologic distinction between these two groups of organisms is that all species of Plasmodium produce pigment from the metabolism of hemoglobin of the parasitized erythrocyte, while Babesia and Entopolypoides do not. Malaria is a disease of animals and humans produced by many species of Plasmodium. Piroplasmosis is a disease exclusively of animals, also produced by many species of Babesia and by one known species of Entopolypoides. In humans piroplasmosis occurs as an occasional zoonotic infection. Both malaria and piroplasmosis have a worldwide distribution (Beaver et al. 1984).
A Guide To Differential Diagnosis By Organ Systems And Tissues, With A Listing Of Parasites
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Following is a summary of the parasites that occur in different tissues and organ systems. This summary is provided as a guide for the anatomic pathologist who encounters a protozoan, a helminth, or an arthropod in a tissue section. It attempts to be as comprehensive as possible; in some places, it is repetitious for the sake of completeness. It is hoped that this summary will provide a quick reference and a checklist for identification of organisms in tissue sections. The summary consists of tables arranged alphabetically by organ system. Each organ is subdivided into its main parts, and a list of parasites following the general phylogenetic organization of the text is provided for each part.
The New Zoology of the International Economy
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

The multinational corporation is the most familiar character in the globalization drama. It is the most admired, most feared, yet most elusive of the actors shaping the world of the twenty-first century. The global corporation is the central driving force, so it is held, of the dominant process of our time, which is globalization. As conventionally viewed, this process is driving the world economy to a state where a few hundred dominant multinational enterprises (MNEs) interact with each other and define a new global organizational and management model that sets new standards which others must reach or perish.
Organizational Innovation Building Global Reach through Cellular Clusters
Authors: Mathews John A
Published: November 2023

Where in the world was the best place to build PCs, or computer peripherals, or the most advanced flat panel displays? How should they be marketed around the world with maximum attention to local conditions? These were the questions addressed by Stan Shih in thinking through a geocentric organizational foundation for Acer in the 1990s. He came up with an ingenious way of expressing the solution. Acer should think of itself as consisting of organizational “clients” and “servers” rather than a conventional headquarters structure with subsidiaries.
The Indirect Benefits from IT Investments
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

What are indirect benefits from an investment in IT? Indirect benefits occur from a second-order effect of the technology, and often these benefits are unanticipated when the original technology investment is made. Table 5-1 describes some ways in which indirect benefits accrue to the firm that innvates with IT.
Investing in the Infrastructure
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

Most people would agree that interstate highways and railroads are a part of the country’s transportation infrastructure. Transportation is vital to the economy; it makes the movement of goods and people possible. Economic infrastructure provides a foundation on which to build commerce. Is there a technology infrastructure? At the national level, there is a communications infrastructure in the form of networks that carry voice and data traffic. In recent years, the Internet has become an infrastructure that ties a wide variety of computers together. The Internet highlights the fact that an innovation which began as an experiment can mature to become part of the infrastructure.
Managing Quality Fads
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

US managers tend to look at the quality challenge posed by Japanese industry in the early 1980s as a challenge slowly yet successfully met. Academics see the emergent quality movement as just another fad. This book is about reconciling these images. Can managers learn from fads? Robert Cole explores the reasons behind American industry's slow response to the challenge of high quality Japanese goods, then proceeds to explain the factors which eventually enabled management to address the quality gap effectively. He argues that a variety of institutional factors slowed management's response in the US, and describes the reshaping of institutional forces that lead to sustained quality improvements in the 1990s. Ultimately, this book is about factors inhibiting and supporting organizational learning and provides lessons for all those interested in the issue of organizational transformation.
Quality Outcomes
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

In the early and mid-1980s, American manufacturing managers in internationally competitive markets such as auto and semiconductors/electronics were wringing their hands, despairing of competing with the Japanese. The overall attitude among executives was that quality was a Japanese possession that would be hard, if not impossible, for Americans to acquire. What a difference a decade and a half makes! The Japanese quality advantage has disappeared from the front and even back pages of the business media. Indeed, quality as an internationally competitive issue has greatly receded from public discussion. When it is mentioned in the business media, the focus is likely on how long it takes or how much it costs firms to acquire ISO 9000 certification.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

American constitutional history has been in large part a spasmodic running debate over the behavior of the Supreme Court, but [in almost two centuries} we have made curiously little progress toward establishing the terms of this war of words, much less toward achieving concord [Tjhese recurring constitutional debates resemble an endless series of re-matches between two club-boxers who have long since stopped developing their crafts autonomously and have nothing further to learn from each other. The same generalizations are launched from either side, to be met by the same evasions and parries. Familiar old ambiguities fog the controversy, and the contestants flounder among them for a while until history calls a close and it is time to retire from the arena and await the next installment.
Types of Management
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

No two managements are either exactly the same or completely different. The variations, however, are limitless. The only way they can be dealt with effectively is through classification. Fortunately, the traditional forms of management fall into a small number of categories, much as colors do. Although there is a limitless number of colors, all derive from three primary colors. The varieties of traditional management derive out of three primary forms. Like the primary colors, we seldom see the primary forms of management, but even in mixtures we can usually identify the dominant primary type. Although one type usually dominates, all three types appear to some extent in most organizations. Furthermore, individual managers often exhibit different types under different circumstances.
The Permanently Structured Multidimensional Organization
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Reliance on panaceas, quick fixes, cure-alls, and fads is in sharp contrast to reliance on transformational leadership. Currently, panacea-prone management is confronted by more panaceas than problems.
Transcription Factors That Induce Commitment of Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitors: Lessons from the MEP System
Authors: Graf Thomas
Published: November 2023

Ever since the classical experiments of Till and McCulloch (1961), it is known that blood cells arise from pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors. How these stem cells decide what to become is still not known. For example, although it is clear that they require specific cytokines to grow and differentiate, the question of whether their commitment is initiated by extrinsic or intrinsic processes remains controversial (Enver et al., 1998; Kaushansky, 1998; Metcalf, 1998). Regardless of the final outcome, ultimately all commitment decisions resulting in novel cell types must be driven by key transcription factors that establish altered gene expression programs.
No Woman No Cry: Claiming African American Women’s Place
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena
Published: November 2023

My work requires me to think about how free I can be as an African-American woman writer in my genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world. To think about (and wrestle with) the full implications of my situation leads me to consider what happens when other writers work in a highly and historically racialized society. For them, as for me, imagining is not merely looking or looking at; nor is it taking oneself intact into the other. It is, for the purposes of the work, becoming.
Do Future Possible Children have a Just Claim to a Sufficiently Healthy Genome?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

The work that has been done in genetics over the past two decades is raising numerous questions related to health care justice. Certainly Rawls took as a fixed starting point the genetic endowment of each individual—individuals could be fortunate or unfortunate so far as their health prospects were concerned in relation to their genetic endowment, but there were no relevant matters of justice to be discussed. That is clearly no longer true today. Here is a sampling of the kinds of issues we are face with today.
Organ Transplantation when is Enough Enough?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

In exploring the ethical issues associated with organ procurement we start with the recognition that: organ transplantation represents a successful medical technology (nonexperimental, high probability of significant prolongation of life); but it is an expensive technology (in a society obviously concerned about escalating health costs and a broad range of competing unmet health needs), and there is a shortage of actually procured organs (relative to the pool of potentially procurable organs and need for these organs), which means that thousands of individuals die each year who could have been saved if we had been more aggressive in procuring these organs. This last phrase is suggestive of a certain moral urgency such that some might argue that failure to increase the supply of transplantable organs is morally blameworthy. But is this true? To what extent are we morally obligated as a society, or as health professionals in the transplant community, to maximize the supply of transplantable organs once we have reasonably successful transplant capacities? This is the fundamental moral question that will shape this chapter. Other questions of justice in organ transplantation that deserve our attention include retransplantation and multi-organ transplants. In both these cases, the perception is that individuals are getting “more than their fair share” of an absolutely scarce good. How should democratic deliberators think through that issue?