bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice , Kailo Kaarina
Published: December 2023

The past is surely another country, one populated by different groups whose staggered and ancient entries into the Americas can be tracked through the DNA evidence now shattering twentieth-century explanations and timelines. What is becoming clear is that, in America during the Younger Dyas, Bear husbands morphed from animals to violent humans in bear suits, accounting for the shifting morals of the story. Even as it was imposed worldwide, the Eurasian, Bronze Age ethic of humans über alles has overtaken the earth’s carrying capacity, as effectively stripping Mother Earth of her seasons as ever the Taurid comet strikes of 12,900 BP. It is time for humanity to reconsider whether earth’s assets are really for the taking, now that nothing is left to take. It is time to return to the original principle of the Woman Who Married the Bear: the gift of life as existing in balance with all others.
Sounds of Touch
Authors: Beaudoin Richard
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 analyzes touch sounds as music. It is organized as a north-south tour of the body, from fingertips to toes. The traversal begins with motivic fingernail clicks in Chapman Nyaho’s recording of Dett and Arrau’s recording of Beethoven. Fingertip placement sounds are exemplified by the Guarneri Quartet’s recording of Schubert. The location of Nelsova’s hammer-ons is related to the tonality in a cello courante by Bach. The relationship between harmonic form and classical guitar squeaks is demonstrated by recordings of Tárrega by Archilés, Hartzell, and Bream. The sounded movement of clacking tuba valves are charted in Brown’s recording of Gomez. The sounded movements of Gould’s creaking piano chair are related to the emergence of metric clarity in music by Schoenberg. Two foot-related sounds are contrasted: Walter’s podium stamps while conducting music by Mahler and the piano damper pedal sounds in Scriabin recordings by Chung, Arnold, and Hewitt.
The Poet, Heroic Mothers, and Cash Cows
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the tragedy of children held in immigration detention. It describes detention centers, the legality of asylum, and government policies that sustain detention. The rooms known as hieleras (iceboxes) for their intense cold and 24 hour-a-day lights where women and children, including infants, are held are described. Tired, unwashed, and hungry after a grueling trek, the children and mothers are kept cold and deprived of healthy, restful sleep. The other holding places, known as perreras (Spanish for kennel or dog pound), were made of chain-link fences of galvanized steel wire in warehouse-like buildings. Chapter 1 tells of how private prisons use a penal mentality to operate the centers. As occurs in subsequent chapters, vignettes, anecdotes, and actual clinical data are used to illustrate the plight of children and families.
Ordeals and Histories of Immigration
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 builds on the question of why families with tender-age children risk life and limb to migrate to the United States. Background on the violent gangs, corruption, ineffective governments, poverty, and changing climate conditions is provided as a backdrop to migration. The history of immigration to the United States since its founding is reviewed in brief and places into context the current situation. Migration as a human phenomenon spanning history opens the chapter and is followed by discussion of conditions that people who are from the Northern Triangle countries of Central America face and why they take the risks.
Take the Children. Age Doesn’t Matter
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 provides in detail the origins, rise, implementation, and public outcry of the family separation policy set into motion by the Trump administration in 2017 through 2019. Based on reporting by investigative journalists and public records, including reports by offices of federal inspector generals, this chapter provides a chronological description of the period of zero tolerance that included the family separation policy. In addition to the political, the stories of the psychological impact on children and the unscrupulous actions of government officials are told in detail. The trauma of sudden separation from parents is detailed and illustrated by case material.
Studying Families, Hearing Their Stories
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

As the beginning of “The Human Costs,” Part II of the book, Chapter 7 transitions to a closer examination of the psychological and social costs of migration, detention, and separation. It tells of how the author’s early involvement with detained mothers and children informed a research project funded by the National Institutes of Health that examined the mental health of children who had been held in detention. Anecdotes and short clips to full-length accounts told by families, some separated, introduce the reader more intimately to the psychological damage done to children and parents and implications for the forever altered lives of families. The chapter describes the study’s methods and the places where families were interviewed.
The Duty of Constant Care and Data Protection in War
Authors: Lubin Asaf
Published: December 2023

Military operations have entered a new frontier in the age of cyberspace. The incorporation of Big Data and new information technologies in warfighting has ushered in new possibilities for civilian harms. Our modern belligerents now endanger a set of digital rights, including the rights to privacy, anonymity, access to information, freedom of expression, digital autonomy and dignity, and intellectual property. Against this backdrop, calls have been made to find restraints within existing frameworks of IHL to militaries’ emerging data-invasive practices. This chapter explores one such restraint: the duty of constant care as established under the general customary principle of precautions in attack. It argues that this duty applies to the entire gamut of a belligerent party’s informational activity against its adversaries. It further suggests that the “precautions in attack” principle, as was originally envisaged by the drafters of the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, reflects, at least in part, a data protection rule. The chapter proceeds in the following order. First it discusses the binding nature of the duty of constant care and its temporal and subject matter scope. Second, it examines the duty’s possible data protection applications, focusing specifically on two primary categories of obligations: legality and transparency, and storage specification and data integrity. Ultimately, I propose that the duty of constant care might prove a temporary gap filler to the lacuna of wartime data protection, at least until such time as more expansive and restrictive data protection regimes are implemented through treaty evolution and custom formation.
Introduction
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

The introduction considers the questions that have guided this book. These are, among others: Why do (upper) middle-class young Brazilians turn to Pentecostalism, traditionally a religion of the poor in Brazil? Why would they choose the Australian megachurch Hillsong as their “dream church?” In doing so, the introduction gives an overview of class inequalities and pervasive racism in Brazilian society, as well as the importance of cultural flows from and travel to the Global North for class performance and distinction. It also explains research methods, and discusses the concepts of grounded cosmopolitanism and imaginaries, sensational forms, seeker churches, and Cool Christianity. Furthermore, it locates this volume within the fields of the anthropology of Christianity, aesthetics of religion, material religion and affect studies. Finally, it explains the book structure.
Cool Christianity
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter sets the context for the book by investigating Hillsong’s adoption of “Cool Christianity” as a “sensational form” that binds particularly young people as they transition into adulthood. The chapter focuses on how religious aesthetics, branding, and celebrity culture play an important role in community creation and identity formation for young people. It argues that, for young middle-class Brazilians, Cool Christianity generates a sense of belonging not only to a global Christian community (as it is usual for Christians) but also to a cosmopolitan community based in the Global North. This chapter also shows how this cohort deploys their privilege of class and race through affect as they reject the Pentecostalism of poor “backward” Brazilians. As such, this chapter sets the scene for understanding how social class, affect, and a global power geometry have an important role to play in choice of church style.
Fandom
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter investigates the ways in which Cool Christianity and Hillsong have arrived in Brazil via US popular culture and Christian music. It explores how young Brazilians become fans of Hillsong’s worship bands and the megachurch starting in the 1990s. It shows how this fandom expanded to and intertwined with an imaginary of Australia, where the headquarters of the band and megachurch are located. Hillsong and Australia then become places and forms of authority—they exert power and offer hope and optimism as paths for changing lives. This prompts young middle-class Brazilians to desire to travel to Australia to join Hillsong services, conferences, and its worship bands and enroll at Hillsong College. The chapter argues that this relationship of fandom with Hillsong and Australia makes Brazilians yearn to remake Brazilian churches and Brazil in their image.
Transnational Infrastructures of Circulation
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores significant infrastructures—smart church buildings and their hip soundscapes, digital media, Hillsong network and teaching programs, and a Brazilian Christian travel agency—that allow Hillsong to expand into Brazil. Importantly, such infrastructures allow people to achieve a sense of co-presence with other congregants elsewhere in the world. This was particularly apparent when Hillsong’s services and activities went online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter shows that these infrastructures comprise an architecture through which Hillsong’s Cool Christianity circulates. It argues that these infrastructures connect with followers through affect (pride, desire, excitement) as they communicate success, excitement, modernity, and cosmopolitanism to young middle-class Brazilians who aspire to break with the local conservative Pentecostalism that caters to the poor. This chapter calls for a focus on human and nonhuman actors and infrastructures that move religion across borders, with a special attention to how imagination and power differentials shape mobility and immobility.
The Return
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter follows those Brazilians who have joined Hillsong Church and College and the Brazilian CJC in Australia on their return home. It shows the difficulties they face in reinserting themselves in their old churches due to different styles of service, church management, and culture. As a consequence, the majority of them leave their old churches and start “church hopping” in search of churches whose aesthetics styles and values are similar to the ones they learned in Australia. Many never find them and remain churchless. Importantly, their experience in Australia gave them a cosmopolitan outlook on life—all of them kept close contact with their peers in Australia, be they pastors, college teachers, fellow congregants, or other students. Hillsong had become so important in their lives that once the church established a campus in São Paulo in 2016, some of them moved from other parts of Brazil to serve at the church.
All Rise
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the author and his colleagues and its application in the first DNA criminal case: Pennsylvania vs. Pestinikas (1986). It discusses how PCR amplification and the DNA fingerprinting technology of Alec Jeffreys work and how they differ as well as the scientific papers that first reported these two critical technical breakthroughs. The chapter describes how the introduction of a thermostable DNA polymerase made PCR more specific, efficient, and automatable. Following the demonstration that PCR could amplify a specific gene, beta-globin, for diagnosis of a genetic disease, the author and colleagues amplified a highly polymorphic gene, the HLA-DQA1 gene. The chapter discusses the role of the HLA genes in the immune response, the development of the first PCR genetic test, the HLA-DQalpha forensic test kit, and its use in the criminal justice system.
The Earl Washington Jr. Case and the Problem of Mixtures
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes the author’s work in overturning the wrongful conviction of Earl Washington Jr. in a rape/murder case based on the results of the HLA-DQalpha test. The genotype of the semen stain indicated that more than one person contributed to the sample, a mixture. The prosecutor argued that Washington was included in the mixture and he was convicted and scheduled to be executed. The author’s analysis of the HLA-DQalpha results excluded Washington from the mixture. The chapter discusses some strategies for addressing the challenges involved in interpreting forensic mixtures. These include next generation sequencing, a recent and very powerful DNA technology. The use of haploid lineage markers, such as mitochondrial DNA or Y-chromosome markers, can help since, unlike chromosomal genetic markers, each individual has only one copy. Interpreting the genetic profile of a mixture with software, known as probabilistic genotyping, also makes the interpretation of mixtures more robust and objective.
DNA of the Dead
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses the analysis of DNA sequences derived from extinct species, ancient human remains, and fossils of archaic hominim species, like the Neanderthals. It describes the work by Svante Paabo and his colleagues to sequence the Neanderthal genome and then to demonstrate that 2%–4% of most modern human genomes is Neanderthal in origin. It also discusses their work defining a previously unknown archaic hominim species, the Denisovans, based on the DNA sequence of a fingerbone found in a cave in Siberia. The chapter discusses the development of next generation sequencing technology and how it has been used to identify ancient DNA in cave sediment as well as how the recent work on medieval remains has provided insights into the history of the Ashkenazi Jewish community. The chapter also discusses how the sequence analysis of ancient Native American genomes has illuminated the migrations from Siberia that colonized the Americas.
Ancestry and Genetics
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses how genetic diversity is related to ethnicity and ancestry and how the concept of “race” is socially constructed and without a clear biological basis. It describes the pioneering work by Richard Lewontin demonstrating that the vast majority of genetic variation is between individuals in a population rather than between different populations. It discusses how some genetic variation, a small subset of the total, can be used to infer ancestry. These are the AIMS, ancestry informative markers, that are used in commercial ancestry and genealogy databases as well as in criminal investigations. It discusses the history of “scientific racism” and how contemporary genetics research has refuted this concept.
On the Warpath
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

This book poses the question, why do we—not the politicians or the generals but the ordinary people, the general public—so often and so willingly support war, in the West and elsewhere? In search of an answer to that question, this book explores topics including the oft-expressed personal appeal of war and wartime, the role of nationalism and other values in defense of which wars are fought, war as a male enterprise, images of the enemy, militarism and society, the role of propaganda, and the moral dilemma posed by war. A focus on the public’s attitude to war has been surprisingly neglected in psychology. The book combines psychology’s relatively few direct contributions on the subject with psychological theories which the author considers to be leading candidates for answering the book’s key question. They include social identity, interpersonal contact, moral disengagement, system justification, relational models, and spiral conflict theories, plus concepts such as the authoritarian personality, social dominance orientation, and cognitive complexity versus simplicity. They are considered alongside the many insights of a psychological kind offered by international relations experts, historians, war correspondents, military veterans, and other writers. The book concludes by presenting an integration in the form of a model of war support which it is hoped will contribute to an understanding of one of the great issues facing humanity and at the same time help to open up a relatively new area of psychology.
Embedded Militarism and Readiness for War
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 begins by defining militarism as the normalization of a set of shared beliefs and practices which support developing and maintaining the means for making war as a valued way of defending the nation’s or group’s common interests. Ways in which militarism is embedded in culture and civic society are explored, including the roles played by war games, films and other entertainments, and the militarization of education generally. Whether war graves and war memorials serve the cause of peace or of war is discussed, as is the question of how important weapons themselves, and the arms trade, are as part of militarism and support for war. The chapter concludes with discussion of the possibility of a growing “cultural gap” in some countries between the public and the military and whether militarism in general is in decline.
Just War?
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 7 examines the moral dilemma which war poses, the justifications offered for war, and the relevance of just war theory. The ambivalence toward support for war shown by the world’s major religions is discussed, as is the ambiguity of both parts of just war theory—the criteria for deciding to wage war (jus ad bellum) and the ways in which wars may be justly prosecuted (jus in bello). The latter includes the problematic criterion of non-combatant immunity. Conscientious objection to war, and combatants rebelling in various ways and suffering “moral injury,” are further illustrations of war as a moral dilemma. Relevant psychological theories of morality and ethics, such as the mechanisms of moral disengagement model, moral foundations theory, and relational models theory, help explain how we try to distance ourselves from responsibility for supporting the killing and cruelty of war.
Will Directed Digital Dissidence Keep Working?
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we review potential hurdles to the long-term effectiveness of directed digital dissidence. The internet is not a static medium, and there are always new and potentially significant advances that may alter the ability of states to be the dominant player in the informational space. Indeed, even now many states likely lack the level of sophistication and knowledge to employ it with the efficacy demonstrated by China. Even for China, directed digital dissidence is difficult to employ as a mechanism of control and requires sophisticated monitoring and constant adaption. As a result, future control may well be precarious. This method of control is especially challenging considering how the growing digital world is virtually shrinking distance across oceans combined with the process of population replacement that will eventually result in the vast majority of citizens having higher levels of technical savvy. This generation may consume and reshape the flow of information in ways that the state cannot manage. For now, China continues to show that the internet is not beyond the reach of sophisticated closed states.
Can Dark Politicians Win Elections?
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the “So what?” question about the personality of political candidates. Do their personality profiles matter, ultimately, when it comes to their electoral performance? The chapter opens with an investigation into the voter and candidate characteristics that make some candidates more likely to be perceived as likeable by the public, leveraging the matching of expert data with a collection of postelection mass surveys from the CSES. Results show that the personality of candidates is a powerful driver of how likeable they are perceived to be by voters, both directly and when accounting for the ideological profile of voters and candidates. Directly, candidates scoring high on stability (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) and plasticity (extraversion, openness) tend to be liked, whereas candidates scoring high on dark traits are much less so. These trends do not hold across the board, however. In addition, our investigation shows that candidates who generally score higher on the meta-trait of stability tend to perform significantly better at the ballot box than their low-stability counterparts. Inversely, a dark personality profile seems detrimental—with one exception: incumbents are more electorally successful when they also exhibit a dark personality profile, suggesting that dark personality can be adaptive in political leaders.
How to Build Houses
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a description of the houses of Spanish colonizers in Mexico City, based on the houses excavated by the Programa de Arqueología Urbana. It examines the different materials, techniques, and aesthetic aspects that colonizers adopted from Indigenous people in their houses, making a strong case for the adoption of Indigenous technologies among colonizers. The chapter also questions the idea that colonizers designed the layout of the city, placing Indigenous people at the center of the design. It argues that Indigenous people built the houses of Spanish colonizers with the technologies they used to build temples, and that Indigenous people contributed not just labor and brute force, but also skill and knowledge into building the houses of colonizers. The lived experience of colonizers was thus shaped by the material world built by Indigenous people, with their own technologies and aesthetics.
How to Furnish a House
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

Indigenous furniture in Mexico was minimal and simple compared to the bulky and varied furniture in Europe at the time. Thus, colonizers imported plenty of furniture across the Atlantic, and soon began making their own furniture in Mexico. Although some of their furniture served as status symbols, they sometimes gave the furniture to Indigenous lords to form alliances. Also, although some of their furniture (beds, for example) served as markers of civilization, colonizers often adopted Indigenous products (blankets and pillows, for example) and used them together. Colonizers, through their actions and decisions, sometimes made material symbols of distinction into symbols of cross-cultural alliance, and mixed the “civilized” with the Indigenous. The patterns of consumption in Mexico City affected production among Indigenous people and all the way in Europe, where much of the furniture was made.
How to Link Wealth and Consumption, or Not
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

A study of the probate inventories compared the net worth of each inventory with the origin of the different items in it. It provides empirical data that challenge the idea that wealthier colonizers consumed European and Asian imports, while poorer colonizers could only purchase local, Indigenous goods. In fact, there is no correlation between wealth and patterns of consumption of imported or Indigenous goods. There is a stronger correlation between consumption of imported items and time: toward the end of the sixteenth century, as trade became regular and reliable, all colonizers began using more European goods, regardless of their wealth. Further, Indigenous goods could sometimes be more expensive than European imports, depending on their quality and other factors. This chapter challenges the idea that class determines consumption, and it emphasizes people’s choices, power, social strategies, and social connections in shaping consumption and the material world.
Introduction
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

The Introduction provides an overview of the recent philosophical interest in the question of the human-animal binary. This interest is intertwined with critiques of “dualistic thinking,” on the one hand, and the practice of seeking panacea in texts and traditions that are—at times too readily—labeled as “monistic,” on the other. Instead of building a comparison around broadly construed traditions and metaphysical outlooks, the Introduction makes a case for a comparative philosophy methodology that concentrates on specific sets of texts in a contextually conditioned way. It also argues for mobilizing understudied philosophical texts in critically reflective ways to study their ample moments of ambiguity, if not contradiction, in regard to the human-animal binary. Finally, it presents the contents and objectives of the book’s chapters, which explore issues of historical and literary context, the texts’ epistemic features, their affective comportments, their sociopolitical investments or lack thereof, and questions of intersectionality.
Conclusion
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

The conclusion to Part I argues that the ways in which the human-animal split is treated within Spinoza’s systematic corpus and the Zhuangzi’s topsy-turvy trove of stories are also, to some extent, folded into the ways these texts operate as texts. The conclusion locates within these texts different attempts at reorienting thought—one aiming to align thought with the order of nature to uplift all of mankind, the other unmooring it from familiar perceptions of reality, which allows the reader to drift from one vantage point to another. The conclusion finally discusses the different types of hermeneutical vigilance and engagement demanded by Spinoza’s oeuvre and the Zhuangzi and the fresh lines of interpretive approach that they open up together.
Rich in Complexity
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

Spinoza has long been celebrated for striking a blow against human hubris due to his pan-psychic view of the world and his undermining of human free will when he, in fact, was largely reacting against specific biblical claims of human superiority. Although Spinoza’s views on animals had less historical impact than the Cartesian beast-machine theory, they certainly merit careful attention because of their uniqueness in demonstrating how one can extend the powers of the mind to everything, while also exalting man’s epistemic and corporeal capabilities. Through an analysis of Spinoza’s ontological assumptions as well as his theories of knowledge and agency, chapter 3 demonstrates the ways in which Spinoza draws a correlation between the complexity of one’s body and the degree of the adequacy of one’s understanding, which then factors into man’s relative superiority over other beings.
Conclusion
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

What emerge in Spinoza’s oeuvre and the Zhuangzi are not different erasures of the human-animal split—as is often suggested—but two different models of human distinctiveness. It is easy to be biased toward the Zhuangzi’s model of human distinctiveness, especially from a critical animal studies perspective. After all, the text skillfully avoids presenting the reader with an obvious ranking of people, animals, and plants. However, the absence of such rankings can exact heavy a price, just as their presence can. The conclusion to Part II mobilizes the contrast between Spinoza and the Zhuangzi to explore the inevitable entanglement between ranking some forms of living as indubitably better than others, on the one hand, and being able to outline clear standards for progress, on the other.
Animalized Others in Spinoza’s “Imagination”
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 10 draws attention to the hegemonic construction of “mankind” in Spinoza’s works, highlighting how they overall do little to undermine the exclusionary assumptions ingrained in the notions of “we” and “us.” As Spinoza safeguards human solidarity against a descent into an animal-like existence, the “us” that he wants to protect and uplift is imagined as male, culturally familiar, not affected by certain cognitive differences and debilities, and so on. Certainly, many of Spinoza’s negative remarks on marginalized groups speak to mechanisms of habitus that make it easier, if not more convenient, to upend some social positions more than others. However, I contend that his derogatory statements about these groups also neatly map onto each other in the way he construes them all as being governed by passions or as lacking agency in general—which evinces that there is a systematicity to what otherwise might be dismissed as offhand remarks.
Epilogue
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

A key advantage of performing a comparative analysis of different texts is that it brings the idiosyncratic features of each to the forefront. The Epilogue mobilizes the salient patterns of thought expressed in Spinoza’s oeuvre and the Zhuangzi to reflect on some of our modern ambiguities and fears about our identity and place in the world. It concludes that both Spinoza and the Zhuangzi raise thorny questions about the implications of undermining the human-animal binary, while also prompting us to reflect on the curious task of decentering human perspectives through philosophical works, which admittedly are only intended for a human audience. Ultimately, embarking on such a task indicates a profound level of investment in humanity, no matter how much one feigns nonchalance about it.
The Gin Crisis
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

The moral framework uncovered in Chapter 1 helps explain the English gin ban of the early eighteenth century, the first Western nationwide prohibition of a euphoric substance. William Hogarth’s famous prints, “Gin Lane” and “Beer Street,” conveyed the differing moral meanings contemporaries saw in gin and beer. Gin, a distilled spirit, was thought to cause “sudden intoxication”—and the “gin craze.” Beer, in contrast, was deemed healthful and nourishing. Hence between 1736 and 1743, Parliament imposed cripplingly high license fees and taxes aimed at ending the gin traffic. The ban lasted only seven years, in part because lawmakers accepted that the sin lay in the excess and that gin served at times as a necessary medicine and warming agent. Moreover, the government needed gin duties to fund war efforts. When the gin ban fell, Parliament replaced it with an array of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that permitted traffic in gin but guarded against drunkenness.
Race in the Dens and Miscegenation Myths
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

San Francisco’s race-neutral 1875 opium den ban was reported in the press as applying only to whites. Police enforced the ban against white patrons and those who served whites. Police throughout the West largely overlooked Chinese dens serving only the Chinese. Idaho Territory’s 1887 ban explicitly applied only to white smokers and denkeepers. Claims by many modern historians that early anti-opium laws arose to harass the Chinese prove wrong. Even the claim that fears of miscegenation in dens drove early bans proves unfounded, at least till 1883. In 1883 a New York Irish men’s association accused Chinese denkeepers of luring white girls with opium-soaked candy and ruining them. The claims grabbed headlines and won lasting currency in Allen William’s Demon of the Orient (1883) and Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives (1890). Memory of this calumny warped later histories, which mistakenly attribute earlier den bans to the libels of 1883 and later.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a methodological and historical context for the study of early modern women moralists. It argues, first, that moralist writing holds philosophical significance; second, that women make substantive contributions to the genre. The chapter examines the history of the term moraliste, the relationship of moralist writing to descriptive versus prescriptive approaches, its formal properties, and the social and political landscape in which it came to prominence. Traditional histories typically frame moralist writing through the work of prominent male writers such as La Rochefoucauld, Pascal, and La Bruyère; the chapter argues for the inclusion of women in the canon of moralist writing, noting parallels with recent calls for the inclusion of women in the canon of early modern philosophy.
Conclusion
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

Taking an anecdote related by Denis Diderot as a starting point, the conclusion reflects on the place of the “personal” in moralist writing. Moralist writing articulates a relationship between the particular and the general, between the individual and the social; its ostensibly descriptive approach is laced with analysis and ethical reflection. It provides women thinkers, often excluded from the formal institutions of knowledge, with a platform for engaging major philosophical topics. If there is a unifying thread in these women’s analyses of the self, of friendship, of happiness, of marriage, of age, of the female condition, it is the recurring claim of personal integrity, autonomy, and liberty. Moralist writing, through its form and content, supports women in that search.
“Who” Versus “How Many”
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the distinction between “who-based” (and thereby personal) and “how-many-based” (and thus impersonal) forms of social cognition. The latter envisions individuals as countable quantities, as exemplified by the way demographers and epidemiologists deal with aggregate numbers of cases rather than specific individuals. The chapter discusses the notion of quotas, socio-arithmetically defined in terms of either a minimum number of persons required (such as in a quorum) or a maximum number of persons allowed. It also examines the ideological tension between the fundamentally democratic idea of considering all individuals arithmetically equal (thereby viewing each person’s vote as equivalent to anyone else’s) and elitist and libertarian critiques of the “tyranny of the majority” it might entail. It concludes with a discussion of the sociological significance of relative proportions, such as whether one is part of a majority or a minority.
Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Markin Rayna D.
Published: December 2023

This book applies cutting-edge research on the therapist–client relationship to psychotherapy for pregnancy loss in a way that is easy for clinicians to apply in various settings. Specifically, it takes relationship elements found to predict treatment outcomes (i.e., evidence-based relationships and responsiveness), such as alliance, empathy, emotional expression, alliance rupture/repair, countertransference management, and therapist responsiveness to client attachment style, and, through in-depth clinical illustrations and practical relational guidance, demonstrates how they can be used to help clients affected by pregnancy loss to (a) process and grow from the trauma of loss, (b) restore healthy self-esteem that was assaulted by the loss of a pregnancy, and (c) rewire insecure attachment internal working models to more secure. Though pregnancy loss, including miscarriage, stillbirth, recurrent pregnancy loss, pregnancies after loss, ectopic pregnancies, and fetal terminations due to genetic anomalies, which sometimes occurs within the context of infertility, is a relatively common event that often has long-term and severe psychological consequences for individuals and couples, little clinical guidance exists for psychotherapists working with this client population. Similarly, though decades of research on the therapy relationship supports its association to treatment outcome, less clinical guidance exists on how exactly practicing clinicians can apply relationship research to the clinical context with specific client populations. Using the theories of attachment and of the psychological experience of pregnancy loss as a guide, this book argues that the therapy relationship is especially important in psychotherapy for pregnancy loss.
A Mystery from the Mummy-Pits
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

This book recounts the detective work of the Houston Mummy Research Program as it investigates the mysterious Egyptian mummy of a man named Ankh-Hap. CT scans reveal that the mummy has wasp nests in its skull, wooden poles within its wrappings, and a suspicious number of missing body parts. Clues inside the coffin lead the investigation to a company in Rochester, New York, founded by Henry Augustus Ward. This businessman raided the mummy-pits of Egypt and sold whole bodies and body parts to the public. The book investigates mummy trafficking in America and the uses made of these human remains for amusement and the manufacture of medicine, paint, and other products. The trail next leads to Texas, where the mummy spent part of the twentieth century in a veterinarian’s classroom before it was lost inside an abandoned campus restroom.
The Mystery Begins
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

In 1987, the Houston Museum of Natural Science and the University of Houston partnered in a pioneering examination of an Egyptian mummy named Ankh-Hap. The body and coffin were analyzed using a CT scan (computer tomography) and carbon dating. The results were immediately puzzling. Much of the mummy’s skeletal structure was missing or displaced; there were wasp nests in the skull. Some body parts had been replaced by dummies made of wood and cloth, and a network of wooden poles could be detected throughout the mummy. Some of these anomalies were clearly not part of the original mummification process, suggesting a long history of disturbance. This led to an ongoing Egyptological investigation of the mysterious journey taken by Ankh-Hap from ancient Egypt to modern America.
A Life and Death in Egypt
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

Ankh-Hap lived during the dawn of the Hellenistic Age, a tumultuous period in Egyptian history. His name evokes the cult of the Apis bull, which endured the political changes of the time. The evidence for his health and everyday life is explored, followed by the mummification and funeral rites that attended his death. The Osiris myth played an important role in the latter. There is evidence that Ankh-Hap’s grave was disturbed in antiquity and that perhaps his damaged mummy was rewrapped. Ancient grave robbers posed a serious threat to every Egyptian’s afterlife. Mummies were also plundered in later eras, particularly for use as a medicine called mumia. Not only were these dead bodies ingested as a cure-all, but they were ground up in large numbers to make fish bait, aphrodisiacs, paint, and other products down to modern times.
A Relic in the Restroom
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

Tracing Ankh-Hap’s journey to Texas led next to Drs. Mark Francis and Oscar Ball, professors at Texas A&M University in the early twentieth century. In 1914, they purchased the mummy and coffin from a financially strapped Chautauqua gathering in Wichita Falls, Texas. In 1921, the name on the coffin inscription was rendered to the public as “Anh-Hr-H3cpj,” known in A&M lore as Ramses’s tax collector and “the oldest Aggie.” Displayed for a time in a university museum until it was closed, the mummy and coffin were later stored in a campus restroom and forgotten except for the occasional efforts of a noted newspaper columnist, Frank Tolbert, to find “Anh-Hr-H3cpj.” In 1970, the coffin and mummy were relocated on permanent loan to the Houston Museum of Natural Science, where both are displayed today.
Older Adults in Forensic Settings
Authors: Prescott Dana
Published: December 2023

The chapters author begins by providing an overview of key demographics and host environments relative to social work practice with older adults in forensic settings. Next, an application of the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics lays the groundwork for understanding contemporary issues in forensic practice with older adults. The author then describes three central challenges, which include competency and capacity, criminal responsibility and sentencing mitigation, and child custody and protection. In addition to their description, the challenges include fields of practice involved and tips for navigating the challenge. The author closes the chapter with reflections on the populations and practice settings.
History of Criminal Justice Theory
Authors: Chapple Constance L. , Lofflin Matthew S.
Published: December 2023

When tracing criminal justice theory development, it is wise to review its background in criminological thought. While criminal justice, as a separate academic discipline, emerged in the United States during Johnson’s Great Society, crime researchers and theorists have long been interested in the workings of the criminal justice system. The earliest writings in criminology by Beccaria, Bentham, and Hobbes address the criminal justice system’s operation exclusively. As criminology developed as a scholarly discipline within the United States, criminal justice practitioners often borrowed heavily from prevailing research and theory to design effective crime prevention and management policies. This chapter reviews the major paradigms of criminological thought and how they translate into criminal justice policy. The chapter concludes with a review of the major theories of criminal justice today.
Immigration Policy
Authors: Monico Carmen , Chacon Oscar A. , Olagbemiro Neema , An Soonok
Published: December 2023

One of the most controversial issues in immigration policies and practices in the United States is the long history of rejection and abuse of the native cultures that existed prior to the conquest in the Western Hemisphere and the subsequent rejection of non-White immigrants since the founding of the United States. Immigration policies prior to the 21st century failed to anticipate rapid increases in immigration associated with globalization, as well as the impact of climate change and the rise of health emergencies. COVID-19 has forced policymakers and practitioners to rethink how to address irregular immigration in the middle of a communicative disease pandemic that has no borders. A critical lens that accounts for interpersonal, structural, and institutional racism is necessary and timely for examining immigration policy. The authors phenomenologically inquired about immigration policy, both retrospectively and prospectively, with the use of autoethnography as their primary research tool of data collection, combined with text analysis of the literature. The authors make the case for better integration of immigration issues in social work education and research so that future generations may become competent in working with immigrants in the United States with different legal statuses as well as with refugees arriving via resettlement programs. The authors call on social workers to (a) engage in a better understanding of why humane immigration policies align with social work values; (b) consider the influence of immigration policies on clients, regardless of their race and ethnic background; and (c) monitor the impacts of immigration policy on community health and well-being.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Hope Trina L. , Lepper-Pappan Heather M. , Natale Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the history and current practice of capital punishment in the United States, evaluates capital punishment as a criminal justice policy, describes the collateral damage associated with capital punishment, and discusses the implications for social workers. The evidence is clear that capital punishment is arbitrary and costly, does not act as a deterrent, produces wrongful convictions, and is littered with a history of racial discrimination. Perhaps even worse than capital punishment missing the mark in terms of its intended effects, it inflicts significant collateral damage upon the families of both victims and offenders, as well as those who work in the system. Finally, when the social work code of ethics is applied to the system of capital punishment, it is clear the practice is antithetical to the aims of social work.
Juvenile Justice Policy
Authors: McCarter Susan , Drew Vanessa , Scales Saliseah , Mathews Keshawn
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a thorough overview of juvenile justice law from the colonial period to present day. Readers will learn the most significant legislation for juveniles including the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) of 1974, the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018, and the Juvenile Incarceration Reduction Act introduced by Rep. John Lewis. The chapter also provides forensic social work practice examples at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels to highlight current racial and ethnic disparities in juvenile justice. The chapter concludes by using the grand challenges for social work to advocate for juvenile justice reform including assessing relative rate indices, dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline, offering diversion alternatives, raising the age of criminal responsibility, and employing wraparound services for youth.
Child Welfare
Authors: Pharris Angela B. , Havig Kirsten , Goodwin Bonni
Published: December 2023

The child welfare system in the United States is a complex network of tribal, state, and federal policies, laws, and practices that involve and intersect with forensic institutions. The primary outcomes of child welfare practice are to promote safety, permanency, and well-being of children and their families. This chapter provides an overview of some of the important functions of the child welfare system that is specifically tasked with addressing child maltreatment, with attention to the interaction between the field of practice and the courts, including investigation, advocacy, planning, reunification, and permanency. Additionally, the chapter provides details on some of the challenges facing the child welfare system.
Domestic & Relational Violence
Authors: McLeod David Axlyn , Ozturk Burcu
Published: December 2023

No matter the name (domestic violence, intimate partner violence, relational violence), violence in relationships is epidemic in the United States, and social workers will be interacting with clients experiencing this. In all practice settings, and especially those directed toward it, these patterns of abuse and maltreatment in relationships are important for social workers to be able to identify and communicate about. Over the years multiple theoretical models have been used to explain the phenomenon, and this chapter will detail those as well as present social workers with a modernized conceptual model to understand and intervene in regards to physical, sexual, social, emotional, psychological, and other forms of violence in relationships.