bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Bletilla striata Polysaccharide/Polylactic Acid Composite
Authors: Yang Renyu , Wang Dongyue , Li Hongli , He Yi , Zheng Xiangyu , Yuan Mingwei , Yuan Minglong
Published: June 2019

Polylactic acid (PLA) is limited in its application due to its high price, high brittleness and low glass-transition temperature. Modification methods are currently used to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) was blended with PLA by a solvent method. DMA data showed that the BSP/PLA film had a higher glass-transition temperature, and the glass-transition temperature of the film showed an extreme value of 68 °C when the proportion of the chalk polysaccharide was 0.8%. TG data indicates that the composite film material has good thermal stability. Tensile tests show that the composite film is improved in rigidity and elasticity compared to the pure PLA film. The blending modification of PLA with white peony polysaccharide not only reduces the cost of PLA, but also improves the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA.
Study on the Relationships between Microscopic Cross-Linked Network Structure and Properties of Cyanate Ester Self-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Cao Hongtao , Liu Beijun , Ye Yiwen , Liu Yunfang , Li Peng
Published: June 2019

Bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy) resin microparticles were prepared by precipitation polymerization synthesis and were homogeneously dispersed in a BADCy prepolymer matrix to prepare a BADCy self-reinforced composites. The active functional groups of the BADCy resin microparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of an FT-IR curve showed that the BADCy resin microparticles had a triazine ring functional group and also had an active reactive group -OCN, which can initiate a reaction with the matrix. The structure of the BADCy resin microparticles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the TEM results, the BADCy resin microparticles dispersed in the solvent were nano-sized and distributed at 40–60 nm. However, from the SEM results, agglomeration occurred after drying, the BADCy resin particels were micron-sized and distributed between 0.3 μm and 0.6 μm. The BADCy resin prepolymer was synthesized in our laboratory. A BADCy self-reinforced composite was prepared by using BADCy resin microparticles as a reinforcement phase. This corresponds to a composite in which the matrix and reinforcement phase are made from different morphologies of the same monomer. The DSC curve showed that the heat flow of the microparticles is different from the matrix during the curing reaction, this means the cured materials should be a microscopic two-phase structure. The added BADCy resin microparticles as reaction sites induced the formation of a more complete and regular cured polymer structure, optimizing the cross-linked network as well as increasing the interplay between the BADCy resin microparticles and prepolymer matrix. Relative to the neat BADCy resin material, the tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength and impact strength increased by 98.1%, 40.2%, 27.4%, and 85.4%, respectively. A particle toughening mechanism can be used to explain the improvement of toughness. The reduction in the dielectric constant showed that the cross-linked network of the self-reinforced composite was more symmetrical and less polar than the neat resin material, which supports the enhanced mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composite. In addition, the thermal behavior of the self-reinforced composite was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The results of DMTA also establishes a basis for enhancing mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composite.
The Relevance of the Concept of Civil Religion from a (West) German Perspective
Authors: Weiss Jana , Bungert Heike
Published: June 2019

The paper argues for the continued importance and usefulness of the term “civil religion” in light of the (West) German discussion and the situation in Europe. For non-Americans, and especially for Germans for whom terms like “political religion” are tied to the National Socialist past, the concept of civil religion helps explain the relationship of religion and politics, both in modern democracies in general and in Germany and the United States in particular.
COSMO-SkyMed SAR for Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites
Authors: Tapete Deodato , Cigna Francesca
Published: June 2019

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery has long been used in archaeology since the earliest space radar missions in the 1980s. In the current scenario of SAR missions, the Italian Space Agency (ASI)’s COnstellation of small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation (COSMO-SkyMed) has peculiar properties that make this mission of potential use by archaeologists and heritage practitioners: high to very high spatial resolution, site revisit of up to one day, and conspicuous image archives over cultural heritage sites across the globe. While recent literature and the number of research projects using COSMO-SkyMed data for science and applied research suggest a growing interest in these data, it is felt that COSMO-SkyMed still needs to be further disseminated across the archaeological remote sensing community. This paper therefore offers a portfolio of use-cases that were developed in the last two years in the Scientific Research Unit of ASI, where COSMO-SkyMed data were analysed to study and monitor cultural landscapes and heritage sites. SAR-based applications in archaeological and cultural heritage sites in Peru, Syria, Italy, and Iraq, provide evidence on how subsurface and buried features can be detected by interpreting SAR backscatter, its spatial and temporal changes, and interferometric coherence, and how SAR-derived digital elevation models (DEM) can be used to survey surface archaeological features. The use-cases also showcase how high temporal revisit SAR time series can support environmental monitoring of land surface processes, and condition assessment of archaeological heritage and landscape disturbance due to anthropogenic impact (e.g., agriculture, mining, looting). For the first time, this paper provides an overview of the capabilities of COSMO-SkyMed imagery in StripMap Himage and Spotlight-2 mode to support archaeological studies, with the aim to encourage remote sensing scientists and archaeologists to search for and exploit these data for their investigations and research activities. Furthermore, some considerations are made with regard to the perspectives opened by the upcoming launch of ASI’s COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation constellation.
Contrasting the Performance of Eight Satellite-Based GPP Models in Water-Limited and Temperature-Limited Grassland Ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Liangxia , Zhou Decheng , Fan Jiangwen , Guo Qun , Chen Shiping , Wang Ranghui , Li Yuzhe
Published: June 2019

Models constitute the primary approaches for predicting terrestrial ecosystem gross primary production (GPP) at regional and global scales. Many satellite-based GPP models have been developed due to the simple algorithms and the low requirements of model inputs. The performances of these models are well documented at the biome level. However, their performances among vegetation subtypes limited by different environmental stresses within a biome remains largely unexplored. Taking grasslands in northern China as an example, we compared the performance of eight satellite-based GPP models, including three light-use efficiency (LUE) models (vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM), modified VPM (MVPM), and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer GPP algorithm (MODIS-GPP)) and five statistical models (temperature and greenness model (TG), greenness and radiation model (GR), vegetation index model (VI), alpine vegetation model (AVM), and photosynthetic capacity model (PCM)), between the water-limited temperate steppe and the temperature-limited alpine meadow based on 16 site-year GPP estimates at four eddy covariance (EC) flux towers. The results showed that all the GPP models performed better in the alpine meadow, particularly in the alpine shrub meadow (R2 ≥ 0.84), than in the temperate steppe (R2 ≤ 0.68). The performance varied greatly among the models in the temperate steppe, while slight intermodel differences existed in the alpine meadow. Overall, MVPM (of the LUE models) and VI (of the statistical models) were the two best-performing models in the temperate steppe due to their better representation of the effect of water stress on vegetation productivity. Additionally, we found that the relatively worse model performances in the temperate steppe were seriously exaggerated by drought events, which may occur more frequently in the future. This study highlights the varying performances of satellite-based GPP models among vegetation subtypes of a biome in different precipitation years and suggests priorities for improving the water stress variables of these models in future efforts.
Reduction of Spatially Structured Errors in Wide-Swath Altimetric Satellite Data Using Data Assimilation
Authors: Metref Sammy , Cosme Emmanuel , Le Sommer Julien , Poel Nora , Brankart Jean-Michel , Verron Jacques , Gómez Navarro Laura
Published: June 2019

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is a next generation satellite mission expected to provide a 2 km-resolution observation of the sea surface height (SSH) on a two-dimensional swath. Processing SWOT data will be challenging because of the large amount of data, the mismatch between a high spatial resolution and a low temporal resolution, and the observation errors. The present paper focuses on the reduction of the spatially structured errors of SWOT SSH data. It investigates a new error reduction method and assesses its performance in an observing system simulation experiment. The proposed error-reduction method first projects the SWOT SSH onto a subspace spanned by the SWOT spatially structured errors. This projection is removed from the SWOT SSH to obtain a detrended SSH. The detrended SSH is then processed within an ensemble data assimilation analysis to retrieve a full SSH field. In the latter step, the detrending is applied to both the SWOT data and an ensemble of model-simulated SSH fields. Numerical experiments are performed with synthetic SWOT observations and an ensemble from a North Atlantic, 1/60° simulation of the ocean circulation (NATL60). The data assimilation analysis is carried out with an ensemble Kalman filter. The results are assessed with root mean square errors, power spectrum density, and spatial coherence. They show that a significant part of the large scale SWOT errors is reduced. The filter analysis also reduces the small scale errors and allows for an accurate recovery of the energy of the signal down to 25 km scales. In addition, using the SWOT nadir data to adjust the SSH detrending further reduces the errors.
Principal Component Analysis Method with Space and Time Windows for Damage Detection
Authors: Zhang Ge , Tang Liqun , Zhou Licheng , Liu Zejia , Liu Yiping , Jiang Zhenyu
Published: June 2019

Long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) has become an important tool to ensure the safety of infrastructures. However, determining methods to extract valuable information from large amounts of data from SHM systems for effective identification of damage still remains a major challenge. This paper provides a novel effective method for structural damage detection by introduction of space and time windows in the traditional principal component analysis (PCA) technique. Numerical results with a planar beam model demonstrate that, due to the presence of space and time windows, the proposed double-window PCA method (DWPCA) has a higher sensitivity for damage identification than the previous method moving PCA (MPCA), which combines only time windows with PCA. Further studies indicate that the developed approach, as compared to the MPCA method, has a higher resolution in localizing damage by space windows and also in quantitative evaluation of damage severity. Finally, a finite-element model of a practical bridge is used to prove that the proposed DWPCA method has greater sensitivity for damage detection than traditional methods and potential for applications in practical engineering.
High-Density 3D Printable Chipless RFID Tag with Structure of Passive Slot Rings
Authors: Ma Zhonghua , Jiang Yanfeng
Published: June 2019

A three-dimensional (3D) printable chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, with high density and sensitivity, is proposed and fulfilled on insulator substrates. By printing a rectangular slot ring and designing specific geometry on the substrate, the printed structure shows high sensitivity in a resonant manner, with the benefits of high density and low cost. Considering the multiple rectangular rings with different sizes in a concentric distribution, a bit coding sequence can be observed in frequency spectra because of the corresponding different resonant frequencies aroused by the printed slots. In this way, the 3D printable chipless RFID tag can be fulfilled by adopting the structure of the rectangular slot ring on the insulated substrates. The main characteristics of the designed rectangular slot rings are verified on both flexible and solid substrates. A 12-bit chipless tag based on the slot ring structures is designed and implemented. The simulation and experiment results show good agreement on its characteristics. The frequency response reveals the fact that the 2th, 3th and 4th harmonic do not exist, which is a unique merit for improving the encoding capacity and the sensitivity of the corresponding reader. The electric field direction of the electromagnetic wave of the reader excitation tag is demonstrated to be wide, up to 90° on the tag horizontal plane, 30° on the vertical direction.
The Integrated Effect of Carbon Emissions Trading and Pollution Rights Trading for Power Enterprises—A Case Study of Chongqing
Authors: Ge Shengxian , Yu Xianyu , Zhou Dequn , Sang Xiuzhi
Published: June 2019

To control growing environmental problems, the pollution rights trading (PRT) center was established in Jiaxing in 2007, and China officially joined the carbon emission reduction market (NCET) in 2011. Since power enterprises are the main participants in the NCET market and PRT market, the integrated effect of the NCET market and PRT market on power enterprise profit and the regional environment is one of the major issues that needs to be taken into consideration. Based on system dynamics (SD) theory, we propose an NCET-PRT simulation model for power enterprises in Chongqing. Through analyzing parameters of carbon trading price, free ratio, and emission trading prices, 12 different simulation scenarios are configured for sensitivity analysis. Based on the simulation results, the following observations can be obtained: (1) NCET and PRT can effectively promote the performance of enterprises’ carbon emissions reduction and regional pollutant emission reduction but will have a minor negative impact on the industrial economy at the same time; (2) The trading mechanism is interactive; if the carbon emissions trading (NCET) mechanism is implemented separately, the emission of pollutants will be reduced significantly. However, the implementation of pollution rights trading (PRT) alone cannot significantly reduce CO2 emissions; (3) At an appropriate level, NCET and PRT can be enhanced to achieve a maximum emissions reduction effect at a minimum economic cost.
Hempseed Oil Quality Parameters: Optimization of Sustainable Methods by Miniaturization
Authors: Rapa Mattia , Ciano Salvatore , Rocchi Andrea , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , Ruggieri Roberto , Vinci Giuliana
Published: June 2019

Industrial Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is characterized by low content of THC (<0.2%). An edible oil with excellent nutritional proprieties is obtained from cold pressing of hempseed. Since Hempseed oil is not reported in a Regulation yet, in order to ensure quality parameters, it is necessary to optimize standard methods (taken from the Regulation for EVOO). In this work, the standard method of quality parameters (free fatty acidity, peroxide number, and anisidine number) were miniaturized and optimized for Hempseed oil matrix. The miniaturized methods result in being sustainable, in environmental and economical perspectives, by using a smaller amount of chemicals (e.g., reagents, solvents), also reducing waste production and the sample needed in relation to the high cost of the Hempseed oil (60–70 €/L). The standard methods of miniaturization, carried out by using the Central Composite Design, allow for great saving of sample (5.35 g vs. 29 g) and reagents (up to 50%).
Rural–Urban Gradients and Human Population Dynamics
Authors: Montalvo Javier , Ruiz-Labrador Enrique , Montoya-Bernabéu Pablo , Acosta-Gallo Belén
Published: June 2019

Rural–urban gradients offer an appropriate ecological framework for understanding relevant social issues to sustainability and policy planning. We tested the hypothesis that human population growth rate at a local scale is indirectly driven by spatial and rurality gradients, which can be applied to cultural landscapes in Mediterranean Europe. The whole of local administrative/spatial units of Spain—8125 municipalities—, previously classified into five categories along a rural–urban gradient, was used as a case study. Several geospatial patterns and associations among local average per capita population growth rate, population mean age, road accessibility, and other environmental and landscape variables linked to rurality gradients were identified by means of geographic information system (GIS) and multivariate statistics. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between population size changes through time and other demographic and territorial variables. Population growth rate was associated with road accessibility and rurality gradient, supporting the established hypothesis. Short-term population growth or decline was directly driven by population mean age. A visual hypothesized model of local population growth rate based on empirical evidence is presented. The results are useful for decision-makers, from local land management interventions to developing strategies and policies to address the demographic challenge.
Real Estate Investment Choices and Decision Support Systems
Authors: Del Giudice Vincenzo , De Paola Pierfrancesco , Francesca Torrieri , Nijkamp Peter J. , Shapira Aviad
Published: June 2019

The evaluation of real estate assets is currently one of the main focal points addressed by territorial marketing strategies, with the view of developing high-performing or competitive cities. Given the complexity of the driving forces that determine the behavior of actors in a real estate market, it is necessary to identify a priori the factors that determine the competitive capacity of a city, to attract investments. The decision support system allows taking into account the key factors that determine the “attractiveness” of real estate investments in competitive urban contexts. This study proposes an integrated complex evaluation model that is able to map out and encapsulate the multidimensional spectrum of factors that shape the attractiveness of alternative real estate options. The conceptual–methodological approach is illustrated by an application of the model to a real-world case study of investment choice in the residential sector of Naples.
Do Larger Cities Experience Lower Crime Rates? A Scaling Analysis of 758 Cities in the U.S.
Authors: Chang Yu Sang , Kim Hann Earl , Jeon Seongmin
Published: June 2019

Do larger cities still suffer from higher crime rates? The scaling relationship between the number of crimes and the population size for the maximum of 758 cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants in the United States from 1999 to 2014 was analyzed. For the total group of cities, the relationship is superlinear for both violent and property crimes. However, for the subgroups of the top 12, top 24, and top 50 largest cities, the relationship changes to sublinear for both violent and property crimes. Results from the panel data analysis are in support of these findings. Along with population size, income per capita and population density also influence the outcome of crime counts. Implications from these findings will be discussed.
A System of Shared Autonomous Vehicles Combined with Park-And-Ride in Residential Areas
Authors: Zhou Yefang , Li Yanyan , Hao Mingyang , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: June 2019

As suburbanization and unprecedented population aging are converging, enhanced personal mobility for suburban residents is required. In this study, a collaborative scheme involving park-and-ride services associated with public transport and a shared autonomous vehicle system are proposed. Two residential areas in the Nagoya metropolitan region, Japan, are considered: a residential area at the outer edge of a subway line and a commuter town with a nearby railway station. Three user groups are assumed: park-and-ride commuters who park shared autonomous vehicles at the station and take the train to their workplaces; inbound commuters who disembark from trains at the station and use the vehicles to reach their workplaces within the target area; and elderly and disabled residents, who use shared autonomous vehicles for trips within the target area. The system performance is investigated through agent-based simulation. The results suggest that, in the edge case, approximately 400 shared autonomous vehicles can facilitate more than 10,000 trips at an appropriate level of service. For the commuter town, fewer than 400 vehicles can provide rapid responses with a wait time of approximately 5 min for more than 5000 trips per day. Thus, the proposed system can feasibly provide a quick response service.
On Invariant Subspaces for the Shift Operator
Authors: Liu Junfeng
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we improve two known invariant subspace theorems. More specifically, we show that a closed linear subspace M in the Hardy space H p ( D ) ( 1 ≤ p < ∞ ) is invariant under the shift operator M z on H p ( D ) if and only if it is hyperinvariant under M z , and that a closed linear subspace M in the Lebesgue space L 2 ( ∂ D ) is reducing under the shift operator M e i θ on L 2 ( ∂ D ) if and only if it is hyperinvariant under M e i θ . At the same time, we show that there are two large classes of invariant subspaces for M e i θ that are not hyperinvariant subspaces for M e i θ and are also not reducing subspaces for M e i θ . Moreover, we still show that there is a large class of hyperinvariant subspaces for M z that are not reducing subspaces for M z . Furthermore, we gave two new versions of the formula of the reproducing function in the Hardy space H 2 ( D ) , which are the analogue of the formula of the reproducing function in the Bergman space A 2 ( D ) . In addition, the conclusions in this paper are interesting now, or later if they are written into the literature of invariant subspaces and function spaces.
Data-Driven Adaptive Iterative Learning Method for Active Vibration Control Based on Imprecise Probability
Authors: Bai Liang , Feng Yun-Wen , Li Ning , Xue Xiao-Feng , Cao Yong
Published: June 2019

A data-driven adaptive iterative learning (IL) method is proposed for the active control of structural vibration. Considering the repeatability of structural dynamic responses in the vibration process, the time-varying proportional-type iterative learning (P-type IL) method was applied for the design of feedback controllers. The model-free adaptive (MFA) control, a data-driven method, was used to self-tune the time-varying learning gains of the P-type IL method for improving the control precision of the system and the learning speed of the controllers. By using multi-source information, the state of the controlled system was detected and identified. The square root values of feedback gains can be considered as characteristic parameters and the theory of imprecise probability was investigated as a tool for designing the stopping criteria. The motion equation was driven from dynamic finite element (FE) formulation of piezoelectric material, and then was linearized and transformed properly to design the MFA controller. The proposed method was numerically and experimentally tested for a piezoelectric cantilever plate. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs excellent in vibration suppression and the controllers had fast learning speeds.
An Efficient MapReduce-Based Parallel Processing Framework for User-Based Collaborative Filtering
Authors: Jeong Hanjo , CHA Kyung Jin
Published: June 2019

User-based collaborative filtering is one of the most-used methods for the recommender systems. However, it takes time to perform the method because it requires a full scan of the entire data to find the neighboring users of each active user, who have similar rating patterns. It also requires time-consuming computations because of the complexity of the algorithms. Furthermore, the amount of rating data in the recommender systems grows rapidly, as the number of users, items, and their rating activities tend to increase. Thus, a big data framework with parallel processing, such as Hadoop, is needed for the recommender systems. There are already many research studies on the MapReduce-based parallel processing method for collaborative filtering. However, most of the research studies have not considered the sequential-access restriction for executing MapReduce jobs and the minimization of the required full scan on the entire data on the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), because HDFS sequentially access data on the disk. In this paper, we introduce an efficient MapReduce-based parallel processing framework for collaborative filtering method that requires only a one-time parallelized full scan, while adhering to the sequential access patterns on Hadoop data nodes. Our proposed framework contains a novel MapReduce framework, including a partial computation framework for calculating the predictions and finding the recommended items for an active user with such a one-way parallelized scan. Lastly, we have used the MovieLens dataset to show the validity of our proposed method, mainly in terms of the efficiency of the parallelized method.
Modification of Vip3Ab1 C-Terminus Confers Broadened Plant Protection from Lepidopteran Pests
Authors: Sopko Megan S. , Narva Kenneth E. , Bowling Andrew J. , Pence Heather E. , Hasler James J. , Letherer Theodore J. , Larsen Cory M. , Zack Marc D.
Published: June 2019

Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are unique from crystal (Cry) proteins found in Bt parasporal inclusions as they are secreted during the bacterial vegetative growth phase and bind unique receptors to exert their insecticidal effects. We previously demonstrated that large modifications of the Vip3 C-terminus could redirect insecticidal spectrum but results in an unstable protein with no lethal activity. In the present work, we have generated a new Vip3 protein, Vip3Ab1-740, via modest modification of the Vip3Ab1 C-terminus. Vip3Ab1-740 is readily processed by midgut fluid enzymes and has lethal activity towards Spodoptera eridania, which is not observed with the Vip3Ab1 parent protein. Importantly, Vip3Ab1-740 does retain the lethal activity of Vip3Ab1 against other important lepidopteran pests. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing Vip3Ab1-740 are protected against S. eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea, and Pseudoplusia includens. Thus, these studies demonstrate successful engineering of Vip3 proteins at the C-terminus to broaden insecticidal spectrum, which can be employed for functional expression in planta.
Autonomous Road Vehicles: Challenges for Urban Planning in European Cities
Authors: Gavanas Nikolaos
Published: June 2019

Autonomous vehicles will significantly affect mobility conditions in the future. The changes in mobility conditions are expected to have an impact on urban development and, more specifically, on location choices, land use organisation and infrastructure design. Nowadays, there is not enough data for a real-life assessment of this impact. Experts estimate that autonomous vehicles will be available for uptake in the next decade. Therefore, urban planners should consider the possible impacts from autonomous vehicles on cities and the future challenges for urban planning. In this context, the present paper focuses on the challenges from the implementation of autonomous road vehicles for passenger transport in European cities. The analysis is based on a systematic review of research and policy. The main outcome of the analysis is a set of challenges for urban planning regarding the features of urban development, the local and European policy priorities, the current lack of data for planning and the potential for autonomous vehicles to be used by planners as data sources. The paper concludes that tackling these challenges is essential for the full exploitation of the autonomous vehicles’ potential to promote sustainable urban development.
HIV-1-Based Virus-like Particles that Morphologically Resemble Mature, Infectious HIV-1 Virions
Authors: Gonelli Christopher A. , Khoury Georges , Center Rob J. , Purcell Damian F.J.
Published: June 2019

A prophylactic vaccine eliciting both broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and strong T cell responses would be optimal for preventing HIV-1 transmissions. Replication incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) offer the opportunity to present authentic-structured, virion-associated Env to elicit bNAbs, and also stimulate T cell responses. Here, we optimize our DNA vaccine plasmids as VLP expression vectors for efficient Env incorporation and budding. The original vector that was used in human trials inefficiently produced VLPs, but maximized safety by inactivating RNA genome packaging, enzyme functions that are required for integration into the host genome, and deleting accessory proteins Vif, Vpr, and Nef. These original DNA vaccine vectors generated VLPs with incomplete protease-mediated cleavage of Gag and were irregularly sized. Mutations to restore function within the defective genes revealed that several of the reverse transcriptase (RT) deletions mediated this immature phenotype. Here, we made efficient budding, protease-processed, and mature-form VLPs that resembled infectious virions by introducing alternative mutations that completely removed the RT domain, but preserved most other safety mutations. These VLPs, either expressed from DNA vectors in vivo or purified after expression in vitro, are potentially useful immunogens that can be used to elicit antibody responses that target Env on fully infectious HIV-1 virions.
Physics-Based Simulation of Hydrologic Response and Sediment Transport in a Hilly-Gully Catchment with a Check Dam System on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Tang Honglei , Ran Qihua , Gao Jihui
Published: June 2019

Check dams are among of the most widespread and effective engineering structures for conserving water and soil in the Loess Plateau since the 1950s, and have significantly modified the local hydrologic responses and landforms. A representative small catchment was chosen as an example to study the influences of check dams. A physics-based distributed model, the Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), was employed to simulate the impacts of check dam systems considering four scenarios (pre-dam, single-dam, early dam-system, current dam-system). The results showed that check dams significantly alter the water redistribution in the catchment and influence the groundwater table in different periods. It was also shown that gully erosion can be alleviated indirectly due to the formation of the expanding sedimentary areas. The simulated residual deposition heights (Δh) matched reasonably well with the observed values, demonstrating that physics-based simulation can help to better understand the hydrologic impacts as well as predicting changes in sediment transport caused by check dams in the Loess Plateau.
Modeling the Influence of Outflow and Community Structure on an Endangered Fish Population in the Upper San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Castillo Gonzalo C.
Published: June 2019

The aim of this community modeling study was to evaluate potential mechanisms by which freshwater outflow in the upper San Francisco Estuary, CA, controls the fall habitat and abundance of subadult delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus and its community. Through analyses of the community matrix, community stability and the direction of change of community variables were qualitatively and quantitatively modeled under four outflow–input scenarios. Three subsystems were modeled in the low salinity zone (1–6 psu), each overlapping the location corresponding to the distance from the mouth of the estuary to upstream positions where the near-bottom 2 psu isohaline (X2) is at 74, 81, and 85 km (corresponding to high-, mid-, and low-outflows). Results suggested communities were qualitatively stable at each X2 position, but simulations showed the percent of stable models decreased from low- to high-X2 positions. Under all outflow–input scenarios, the predicted qualitative population responses of delta smelt were: (1) consistently positive for the low X2 position, and (2) uncertain under both mid- and high-X2 positions. Qualitative predictions were generally consistent with quantitative simulations and with the relations between relative abundance of delta smelt and X2. Thus, high outflow seems beneficial to subadult delta smelt when X2 reaches 74 km during fall.
Les gisements de kaolin et de bauxite de Monténégro (Province d'Aconcagua, Chili)
Authors: Romero Aristides
Published: June 2019

Description géologique, minéralogique et chimique des gisements de bauxite de Monténégro. Ces gisements sont considérés comme des latérites fossiles disloquées et fracturées, mais faiblement remaniées, où l'on retrouve la succession d'un profil latéritique normal avec hydroxydes libres (boehmite et gibbsite) dominants au sommet, et kaolinite à la base.
Sur la structure du succinonitrile dans sa phase plastique
Authors: Fontaine Hubert , Bée Marc
Published: June 2019

Starting from the possible equilibrium positions of the different succinonitrile isomers in the cubic cell derived by means of the polarisation of the Raman lines, we have been able to determine a mean molecular configuration compatible with the symetry of the crystal and this enables us to account for the structure factors observed when introducing anisotropic Debye-Waller factors. We have been able to derive, in a precise way, the space group of succinonitrile in the plastic phase, I[m3m], and the equilibrium positions of the molecule. The anisotropic Debye-Waller factors are compatible with the molecular reorientation movements and characterize satisfactorily the strong anharmonicity of the crystal.

The linear expansion coefficient of succinonitrile in the plastic phase is 1.85 x 10⁻⁴ °C⁻¹, similar to that of liquids.
Étude de la coloration bleue de quelques fluorites naturelles
Authors: Calas Georges
Published: June 2019

Optical absorption spectra of blue fluorites from three localities (Valzergues and Chavaniac, France ; Djebel el Kohol, Tunisia) show that in these cases the blue colour is due to a complex colour centre associated with yttrium. Thermal bleaching studies indicate a fast phenomena (half of the colour centres disappearing after 200-450 years at 0° C). Bleaching is reversible, indicating that this colour exists because of a permanent irradiation due to radioactive elements incorporated in the crystals during growth.
Évolution des minéraux argileux dans les sédiments paléogènes du Bassin de Mormoiron (Vaucluse)
Authors: Triat Jean-Marie , Trauth Norbert
Published: June 2019

L'étude minéralogique des terrains paléogènes du bassin de Mormoiron (Vaucluse, France) a été entreprise à partir de 800 échantillons répartis en neuf coupes et deux sondages. Le gisement d'attapulgite de Mormoiron décrit par J. de Lapparent a été réétudié.

Les variétés de minéraux argileux sont associées à des faciès de roches sédimentaires différentes :

faciès continental → argile alumineuse (kaolinite, smectite Al),

faciès évaporitique → argile magnésienne (stévensite, sépiolite),

faciès intermédiaire → argile alumino-magnésienne (attapulgite, saponite).

Le bassin de Mormoiron apparaît au Paléogène comme un bassin où le chimisme l'emporte sur l'héritage, permettant la formation de minéraux argileux en équilibre avec les différents milieux de sédimentation.
Détermination du réseau de phases très instables du nitrate de potassium et du chlorate de sodium
Authors: Meyer Paulette
Published: June 2019

The lattice and the unit cell dimensions of two unstable phases at ordinary temperature have been determined from unoriented crystals, using unscreened Weissenberg diagrams.

For KNO₃ we find a monoclinic c-centred lattice. The unit cell dimensions are : a = 6.8 Å, b = 5.6 Å, c = 4.3 Å, β = 100°.

For NaClO₃ the lattice is also monoclinic c-centred : a = 13.3 Å, b = 10.8 Å, c = 12.5 Å, β = 100°.
Sur un nouveau sulfure mixte d'erbium et de scandium de formule Sc2Er3S7
Authors: Rodier Noël , Laruelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

This apparently stoichiometric compound belongs to a solid solution series, the limits of which are Sc₁.₈Er₃.₂S₇ and Sc₂.₁Er₂.₉S₇. It has the same crystal structure as Y₅S₇, and the its cell parameters are : a = 12.29 Å ; b = 3.741 Å ; c = 11.26 Å and β = 104.9°.

The powder pattern of the compound is given as for the other ternary sulfides of the same type, the two metals have a disordered arrangement on the octahedral sites. From a single-crystal structural study (R = 0.056) the proportions of atoms on the sites were obtained.
Le chloritoïde dans les paragenèses à glaucophane, albite ou paragonite
Authors: Kienast Jean-Robert , Triboulet Claude
Published: June 2019

A partir de l'étude pétrographique des deux paragenèses trouvées, l'une dans les Alpes, l'autre dans l'île de Groix, où le chloritoïde et la glaucophane sont costables, et de l'analyse de Schreinemakers du système à trois composants Na₂O, Al₂O₃, MgO comportant les cinq phases albite, paragonite, chloritoïde, chlorite et glaucophane, on a essayé de replacer dans un diagramme pression-température les différentes associations connues où le chloritoïde et une phase sodique sont en équilibre.
Évolution thermique des bauxites. Comparaison des résultats obtenus par analyse thermique différentielle et par dilatométrie
Authors: Murat Michel
Published: June 2019

La décomposition thermique des hydrates d'alumine à la pression atmosphérique se traduit, en A. T. D., par des effets systématiquement endothermiques. En dilatométrie, ces réactions se manifestent — soit par des contractions importantes (cas de l'hydrargillite) ou d'intensité faible (cas du diaspore) — soit par des dilatations marquées (cas de la boehmite). Ces phénomènes se retrouvent lorsque l'on soumet les bauxites aux deux techniques d'analyse envisagées. L'étude d'une série d'échantillons d'origines diverses et de compositions minéralogiques très différentes permet de montrer l'intérêt que peut présenter l'enregistrement des variations dimensionnelles au cours de l'évolution thermique d'éprouvettes obtenues par compactage des matériaux pulvérulents. La détection de certains constituants (boehmite) ou de minéraux étrangers (quartz) est beaucoup plus facile en dilatométrie qu'en A. T. D. Par contre l'enregistrement des effets thermiques est mieux adaptés à la détection de l'hydrargillite ou de la kaolinite en présence de boehmite. Les deux techniques apportent donc des renseignements analytiques tout à fait complémentaires.
L’abbatiale carolingienne de Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu. La sculpture architecturale
Authors: Héber-Suffrin François , Sapin Christian
Published: June 2019

La sculpture architecturale de l’abbatiale est particulièrement pauvre. De la première phase carolingienne, ne subsiste qu’une imposte chanfreinée, et, de la seconde, les quelques impostes de la crypte hors-oeuvre. Celles-ci présentent une certaine unité de modénature au pourtour de l’abside et dans l’oratoire cruciforme : tablette et doucine ; les trois autres impostes, peu saillantes et de facture médiocre, ont une mouluration plus diversifiée. Les éléments les plus intéressants sont associés à une reprise des arcs latéraux de la croisée du transept au XIIe siècle : une base à griffes et un chapiteau géométrique romans, et surtout un chapiteau de marbre blanc en réemploi. Celui-ci, ainsi que deux autres de même nature découverts dans des remblais, ont été reconnus comme des productions pyrénéennes de l’Antiquité tardive ; sans doute ont-ils été prélevés dans des ruines antiques de la région.
L’abbatiale carolingienne de Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu. Découvertes épigraphiques anciennes et récentes
Authors: Treffort Cécile
Published: June 2019

En 1896, trois inscriptions furent découvertes à Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu par le Père de la Croix : une dalle funéraire du XVe siècle et, surtout, une inscription de dédicace ainsi que l’épitaphe d’un moine nommé Guntarius, à associer sans aucun doute à l’ancienne abbatiale carolingienne. Depuis, d’autres signes graphiques, malheureusement encore non déchiffrés pour certains, ont été repérés sur les murs de l’édifice, donnant un éclairage particulier à son étude et à son histoire.
L’abbatiale carolingienne de Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu. Les matériaux mis en oeuvre
Authors: Prigent Daniel
Published: June 2019

Lors de l’étude menée sur l’abbatiale de Saint-Philbert de Grandlieu, l’homogénéité apparente des maçonneries du chevet a fréquemment rendu particulièrement ardue la lecture stratigraphique. Le recours à des analyses plus approfondies des matériaux a alors révélé son efficacité pour éprouver certaines hypothèses émises à partir des observations réalisées sur le site. Moellons, claveaux, pierres de taille et briques présentent des variations, parfois significatives, contribuant également à mieux caractériser les techniques carolingiennes de mise en oeuvre. Mais ce sont surtout les analyses granulométriques de l’agrégat des mortiers qui ont permis de mieux définir les étapes successives de la construction, et proposer l’association de certaines maçonneries physiquement séparées.
Les chapiteaux de la tour nord de la cathédrale de Chartres
Authors: D'Hommée-Kchouk Léa
Published: June 2019

The study of the capitals in the north tower has helped to refine the chronology of the west façade of Chartres Cathedral, built between 1124 and 1140-1145. It has revealed inspirations that run parallel to the search for early gothic forms and shows the importance of classical antiquity as a formal and iconographic model. The return to the Corinthian, combined with other borrowings from antiquity that are observed in the monumental sculpture of the tower, belong to the context of Chartrain culture. If the contribution from buildings in the Parisian basin is undeniable, the influence of Chartres, its illumination and its sculpture on the elaboration of the new style is no less important. Chartres ought henceforth to be considered as one of the most active artistic foyers during the first half of the twelfth century.
L’hôpital-prieuré Saint-Jacques de Bordeaux
Authors: Drapeau Samuel
Published: June 2019

L’église Saint-Jacques de Bordeaux est le dernier vestige de l’ancien hôpital-prieuré éponyme, fondé au début du XIIe siècle. Une grande campagne de reconstruction au XVe siècle, suivie de deux aménagements, par les Jésuites au XVIIe siècle et par des pères missionnaires durant le XIXe siècle, donnent aujourd’hui son aspect à cet édifice oublié des études historiques et archéologiques. Le présent article propose de replacer cette église, dotée d’une étonnante clef de voûte de choeur, dans la production architecturale et sculpturale bordelaise de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle. On peut également observer, à travers certains documents, comment la fondation de ce type d’établissement influence la disposition architecturale de l’ensemble. Cela souligne la mission d’accueil du pèlerin ralliant Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle par la via turonensis, et permet surtout de rapprocher l’hôpital-prieuré d’autres fondations caritatives du sud-ouest aquitain.
De part et d’autre du Cher : du parterre de Diane aux premiers jardins de Catherine de Médicis à Chenonceau
Authors: Faisant Étienne
Published: June 2019

An den Ufern des Flusses Cher. Vom Gartenparterre der Diana von Poitiers zu den Gärten der Katharina von Medici

Seit der Veröffentlichung der Rechnungsbücher durch den Abbé Chevalier im Jahre 1864 ist der Garten neben dem Schloss Chenonceau, den Diana von Poitiers von 1551 bis 1556 anlegen ließ, gut dokumentiert. Eine neue Studie bestätigt, dass der Gelehrte in seiner Edition der im Schloss aufbewahrten Rechnungsbücher kein wichtiges Detail übergangen hatte. Dagegen sind die Archive nicht sehr ergiebig, was die am anderen Ufer des Cher für Katharina von Medici angelegten Gärten betrifft, nachdem diese Ende 1559 das Anwesen erworben hatte. Neu entdeckte und im Anhang veröffentlichte Fragmente von Rechnungen liefern nun den Beweis, dass dort 1561-1562 Arbeiten im Gange waren. Diese neuen Einblicke erlauben folglich, den Entstehungszeitpunkt der Planzeichnungen von Du Cerceau zeitlich einzugrenzen, vor allem aber die oft wiederholte Zuschreibung der Gärten zugunsten von Bernard Palissy auszuschließen.
L'évolution récente de la rurbanisation. Le cas de la périphérie de Rouen
Authors: Fruit Jean-Pierre , Lesperrier Cyril
Published: June 2019

Depuis plus de vingt ans, les campagnes de Haute-Normandie se repeuplent. La croissance démographique rurale a connu son apogée pendant la décennie 1970-1980. Depuis, on remarque un certain fléchissement global du dynamisme démographique de l'espace rural, surtout sensible dans les périphéries urbaines. C'est notamment le cas autour de Rouen, plus particulièrement à une distance moyenne de la ville, entre 15 et 20 kilomètres du centre. L'exemple de trois communes situées sur les plateaux au Nord-Est de Rouen, Roncherolles-sur-le-Vivier, Préaux et Catenay, permet d'en comprendre les raisons, ainsi que de dresser le bilan de vingt ans de rurbanisation. Celui-ci est plutôt favorable. La ville a "exporté" dans les campagnes voisines ses classes moyennes, non ses problèmes sociaux.
PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN MỘT SỐ QUẢNG CÁO CỦA NIVEA
Authors: Du Nguyễn Trọng , Phượng Nguyễn Thị , Yến Dương Hồng
Published: June 2019

Bài báo giới thiệu một phần kết quả của nghiên cứu gần đây được thực hiện với 3 mục tiêu: (1) phân tích các đặc điểm ngôn ngữ của quảng cáo Nivea được thiết kế để thu hút khách hàng; (2) chỉ ra các chiến lược diễn ngôn được sử dụng trong quảng cáo của Nivea để xây dựng khái niệm về vẻ đẹp lý tưởng và (3) tìm hiểu những tác động xã hội của quảng cáo sản phẩm làm đẹp Nivea. Mô hình phân tích diễn ngôn ba chiều của Fairclough được áp dụng để phân tích 18 quảng cáo Nivea được đăng trên trang web https://www.nivea.co.uk. Do giới hạn về độ dài, nên bài báo này chỉ trình bày kết quả đạt được của hai vấn đề nghiên cứu đầu tiên. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy về đặc điểm từ vựng, các nhà quảng cáo Nivea đã sử dụng cả từ vựng tích cực và tiêu cực, thuật ngữ khoa học, từ mượn hoặc thuật ngữ, đại từ ngôi thứ hai. Tiêu đề quảng cáo phần lớn được viết dưới dạng câu đơn hoặc cụm từ đơn giản còn nội dung quảng cáo được thiết kế dài và phức tạp hơn với việc sử dụng các hình thức so sánh, câu đề nghị, dạng thức chủ động, bị động và các thì hiện tại, tương lai. Các quảng cáo còn sử dụng các biện pháp tu từ như phép lặp và so sánh để tạo ấn tượng và thu hút sự chú ý của khách hàng. Các chiến lược diễn ngôn bao gồm tự đại diện tiêu cực và tích cực, thổi phồng, cung cấp bằng chứng khoa học, nhấn mạnh vẻ đẹp khỏe mạnh và thiết lập mối quan hệ gần gũi với khách hàng đã được áp dụng để xây dựng hình tượng cái đẹp của nhà sản xuất, truyền tải hình tượng đó cho khách hàng và thuyết phục họ sử dụng sản phẩm.