bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Storm-Induced Circulation in Lunenburg Bay of Nova Scotia: Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Wang Liang , Sheng Jinyu , Hay Alex E. , Schillinger Douglas J.
Published: May 2007

An extreme weather event (Hurricane Juan) made landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada, in September 2003. The storm produced an ∼70-cm storm surge and ∼40 cm s−1 coastal currents in Lunenburg Bay, registered by a coastal observing system. A fine-resolution (60 m) coastal circulation model is used to examine the response of Lunenburg Bay to Hurricane Juan. The model is forced by local wind stress at the sea surface, and tides and remotely generated waves specified at model open boundaries. The model performance is assessed in terms of γ2, the variance of the model errors normalized by the observed variance. The model reproduces very well the observed surface elevations with γ2 values of less than 0.05, and reasonably well the observed currents with γ2 values between 0.2 and 1.1 in the bay during Hurricane Juan. The model–data comparisons demonstrate that the coastal circulation in the bay is significantly affected by local wind associated with the storm. The model results are also used to demonstrate the importance of nonlinear dynamics in the barotropic response of the bay to the storm.
Dynamics in the Deep Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, Inferred by Thermistor Chain Time Series
Authors: Timmermans M-L. , Melling H. , Rainville L.
Published: May 2007

A 50-day time series of high-resolution temperature in the deepest layers of the Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean indicates that the deep Canada Basin is a dynamically active environment, not the quiet, stable basin often assumed. Vertical motions at the near-inertial (tidal) frequency have amplitudes of 10– 20 m. These vertical displacements are surprisingly large considering the downward near-inertial internal wave energy flux typically observed in the Canada Basin. In addition to motion in the internal-wave frequency band, the measurements indicate distinctive subinertial temperature fluctuations, possibly due to intrusions of new water masses.
The Freshening of Surface Waters in High Latitudes: Effects on the Thermohaline and Wind-Driven Circulations
Authors: Fedorov Alexey , Barreiro Marcelo , Boccaletti Giulio , Pacanowski Ronald , Philander S. George
Published: May 2007

The impacts of a freshening of surface waters in high latitudes on the deep, slow, thermohaline circulation have received enormous attention, especially the possibility of a shutdown in the meridional overturning that involves sinking of surface waters in the northern Atlantic Ocean. A recent study by Fedorov et al. has drawn attention to the effects of a freshening on the other main component of the oceanic circulation—the swift, shallow, wind-driven circulation that varies on decadal time scales and is closely associated with the ventilated thermocline. That circulation too involves meridional overturning, but its variations and critical transitions affect mainly the Tropics. A surface freshening in mid- to high latitudes can deepen the equatorial thermocline to such a degree that temperatures along the equator become as warm in the eastern part of the basin as they are in the west, the tropical zonal sea surface temperature gradient virtually disappears, and permanently warm conditions prevail in the Tropics. In a model that has both the wind-driven and thermohaline components of the circulation, which factors determine the relative effects of a freshening on the two components and its impact on climate? Studies with an idealized ocean general circulation model find that vertical diffusivity is one of the critical parameters that affect the relative strength of the two circulation components and hence their response to a freshening. The spatial structure of the freshening and imposed meridional temperature gradients are other important factors.
Swell and Slanting-Fetch Effects on Wind Wave Growth
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Herbers T. H. C. , Watts Kristen P. , van Vledder Gerbrant Ph , Jensen R. , Graber Hans C.
Published: May 2007

Wind-sea generation was observed during two experiments off the coast of North Carolina. One event with offshore winds of 9–11 m s−1 directed 20° from shore normal was observed with eight directional stations recording simultaneously and spanning a fetch from 4 to 83 km. An opposing swell of 1-m height and 10-s period was also present. The wind-sea part of the wave spectrum conforms to established growth curves for significant wave height and peak period, except at inner-shelf stations where a large alongshore wind-sea component was observed. At these short fetches, the mean wave direction θm was observed to change abruptly across the wind-sea spectral peak, from alongshore at lower frequencies to downwind at higher frequencies. Waves from another event with offshore winds of 6–14 m s−1 directed 20°–30° from shore normal were observed with two instrument arrays. A significant amount of low-frequency wave energy was observed to propagate alongshore from the region where the wind was strongest. These measurements are used to assess the performance of some widely used parameterizations in wave models. The modeled transition of θm across the wind-sea spectrum is smoother than that in the observations and is reproduced very differently by different parameterizations, giving insights into the appropriate level of dissipation. Calculations with the full Boltzmann integral of quartet wave–wave interactions reveal that the discrete interaction approximation parameterization for these interactions is reasonably accurate at the peak of the wind sea but overpredicts the directional spread at high frequencies. This error is well compensated by parameterizations of the wind input source term that have a narrow directional distribution. Observations also highlight deficiencies in some parameterizations of wave dissipation processes in mixed swell–wind-sea conditions.
Is Interleaving in the Agulhas Current Driven by Near-Inertial Velocity Perturbations?
Authors: Beal Lisa M.
Published: May 2007

Recent observations taken at a number of latitudes in the Agulhas Current reveal that the water mass structure on either side of its dynamical core is distinctly different. Moreover, interleaving of these distinct water masses is observed at over 80% of the stations occupied in the current, particularly within the subsurface density layer between tropical surface water and subtropical surface water masses, and within the intermediate layer between the Antarctic Intermediate Water and Red Sea water masses. Direct velocity measurements allow for a comparison between the characteristic vertical length scales of the Agulhas intrusions and those of velocity perturbations found throughout the current. It is found that the interleaving scales match those of the velocity perturbations, which are manifest as high-wavenumber vertical shear layers and are identified as near-inertial oscillations. Furthermore, the properties of the intrusions indicate that double diffusion is not an important process in their development: they are generally not associated with a density anomaly, their slope and thickness fall outside the predicted maxima for instability, and a strong horizontal shear field acts to separate water parcels more quickly than intrusions would be able to grow by double-diffusive processes. Instead, the position, thickness, and slope of Agulhas intrusions relative to the background salinity and density field suggest that they are forced by rotating inertial velocities, with subsequent growth possibly driven by small-scale baroclinic instabilities. However, not all the evidence points conclusively toward advectively driven intrusions. For instance, there is a discrepancy between the observed salinity anomaly amplitude and the predicted inertial displacement given the background salinity gradient, which deserves further examination. Hence, there is a future need for more pointed observations and perhaps the development of an analytical or numerical model to understand the exact nature of Agulhas intrusions.
Effect of Mesoscale Eddies on Subtropical Mode Water Variability from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS)
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Hacker Peter
Published: May 2007

Forty-eight profiling floats have been deployed in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region since May 2004 as part of the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) project. By combining the float temperature–salinity measurements with satellite altimetry data, this study investigates the role played by mesoscale eddies in controlling the property changes in North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW). Following a 3-yr period of low eddy activity in 2002–04, the KE showed a transition to a high eddy kinetic energy state in 2005. This transition is the result of delayed oceanic response to the 2002 shift in the basin-scale surface wind forcing in connection with the Pacific decadal oscillation. The high eddy kinetic energy state of the KE is characterized by successive shedding of strong cold-core rings into the recirculation gyre, resulting from the interaction of the KE jet with the Shatsky Rise or the preexisting cutoff rings. By transporting northern-origin, high-potential-vorticity (PV) KE water into the recirculation gyre, the enhanced eddy activity affects STMW in two ways: first, it hinders the formation of deep winter mixed layer (hence the source for STMW) by modifying the upper-ocean stratification and, second, it provides a direct high-PV source to mix with the surrounding low-PV STMW. The eddies’ influence upon STMW is observed to be both significant in magnitude and efficient in time. Relative to 2004, the PV signal in the core of STMW was reduced by one-half in 2005, and this weakening of STMW’s intensity occurred within a period of less than 7 months. This result supports recent findings by the authors based on historical temperature data that the variability in STMW formation depends more sensitively on the dynamic state of the KE than on the overlying atmospheric conditions.
Training Greek Teachers in Cultural Awareness
Authors: Psalti Anastasia
Published: May 2007

The recent dramatic changes in the makeup of the student population in Greek schools pointed to the need for designing and implementing new educational and teacher training programmes that would incorporate the educational needs of newcomers. Such a teacher training programme aiming at developing Greek teachers' cultural awareness and empowerment was designed and implemented as part of a greater research project. The scope of this article is to present the specifics and some of the results from the evaluation of this teacher training programme. The programme consisted of three thematic units, which were based on experiential learning. Five groups of both primary- and secondary-school teachers from three cities of northern Greece participated in it. Teacher training modules were designed to meet the training needs of the programme as well as for future use in other teacher training programmes. Teacher evaluation of the training programme indicated that it was an interesting and pleasant experience for the majority of the participants, which provided them with knowledge and skills necessary to function in a diverse school environment. The implications of this particular training programme for the practice of school psychology are also discussed.
Assessing Adolescents' Understanding of and Reactions to Stress in Different Cultures
Authors: Nastasi Bonnie K. , Hitchcock John H. , Burkholder Gary , Varjas Kristen , Sarkar Sreeroopa , Jayasena Asoka
Published: May 2007

This article expands on an emerging mixed-method approach for validating culturally-specific constructs (see Hitchcock et al., 2005). Previous work established an approach for dealing with cultural impacts when assessing psychological constructs and the current article extends these efforts into studying stress reactions among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Ethnographic data collection and analysis techniques were used to construct scenarios that are stressful to Sri Lankan youth, along with survey items that assess their related coping mechanisms. The data were factor analysed, results were triangulated with qualitative findings, and reliability estimates of resulting scales were obtained. This in turn generated a pilot assessment approach that can be used to measure stress and coping reactions in a distinct culture. Use of the procedures described here could be replicated to generate culturally-specific instruments in international contexts, or when working with ethnic minorities within a given nation. This should in turn generate information needed to develop culturally relevant intervention work.
Strategies and Issues in Supporting Children Whose Parents Have A Mental Illness Within the School System
Authors: Reupert Andrea , Maybery Darryl
Published: May 2007

It has been estimated that over 20 percent of children live in families where one parent has, or has had, a mental illness. Given the role of schools in children's academic as well as psychosocial development, it was considered important to identify effective strategies that school personnel have used in supporting such children. Parents and children, affected by parental mental illness, were invited to nominate school personnel who had provided exemplary support to themselves and/or their children. Participants included six teachers (four secondary and two primary), two school counsellors and one high school principal. The strategies and issues for school personnel included: (i) how they became aware that the child had a parent with a mental illness; (ii) how they acquired training in supporting such children; (iii) the specific teaching strategies employed; (iv) developing relationships; (v) home—school communication and finally (vi) whole school community strategies. While the study had a small number of participants, the findings provide potentially useful information for school staff when working with this at risk group of children.
Process Evaluation of 'Learn Young, Learn Fair'
Authors: Kraag Gerda , Van Breukelen Gerard , Lamberts Petra , Vugts Odette , Kok Gerjo , Fekkes Minne , Huijer Abu-Saad Huda
Published: May 2007

This article describes the process evaluation of a stress management program called `Learn Young, Learn Fair' for 5th and 6th graders. Studies, reviews and meta-analyses of prevention programs report that a common limitation in studies is the restricted documentation of process factors that contribute to the success of interventions. Program implementation is such a factor and findings indicate that the quality of implementation significantly affects outcomes. It is associated with Type III error: no effect is established because the program itself is inadequately designed or delivered. The potential role for school psychologists in process evaluation is discussed, and the great deal Intervention Mapping has to offer in this respect. A questionnaire for both teachers and pupils was developed, with items formulated to assess implementation and to investigate whether teachers and pupils valued the program. The latter would give an indication of future adoption and implementation in the field. Implementation was divided into completeness and fidelity. Completeness for the main parts of the program, the lessons and homework assignments, was good (98.5 and 95.8 percent respectively). Completeness for the auxiliary components, the booster sessions and the daily practice exercises, was moderate (62.2 and 69.3 percent respectively). Fidelity was good; mostly the teacher implemented the lessons, almost all items were discussed, and the manual was quite strictly followed (94, 98 and 95 percent respectively). Implementation of the program was of good quality. The program was delivered as intended. Effect evaluation will not be threatened by a Type III error. The results of this study favoured the feasibility of program implementation. It is stated that school psychologists can use the findings as a criterion for program selection. In that case it will be an example of the process of enlarging the potential role of school psychology in process evaluation of mental health interventions for schools.
A conversation-analytic hermeneutic rating protocol to assess L2 oral pragmatic competence
Authors: Walters F. Scott
Published: May 2007

Speech act theory-based, second language pragmatics testing (SLPT) poses problems for validation due to a lack of correspondence with empirical conversational data. Since conversation analysis (CA) provides a richer and more accurate account of language behavior, it may be preferred as a basis for SLPT development. However, applying CA methodology in turn poses epistemological and practical challenges to psychometrics-driven language testing. The present pilot study, attempting to resolve this seeming conflict, focuses on the behavior of two CA-trained raters applying a holistic rubric to responses on a test of ESL oral pragmatic competence. Results showed that CA-informed testing (CAIT) could be practical, though statistical reliability was not achieved. However, post-rating hermeneutic dialogues between the raters provided evidence that valid inferences of examinee oral ESL pragmatic ability could be made through iterative, rater recourse to empirical data in a conversation-analytic mode. A model for iterative, CA-informed SLPT development is offered.
`I want to go back to the text': Response strategies on the reading subtest of the new TOEFL®
Authors: Cohen Andrew D. , Upton Thomas A.
Published: May 2007

This study describes the reading and test-taking strategies that test takers used on the `Reading' section of the LanguEdge Courseware (2002) materials developed to familiarize prospective respondents with the new TOEFL. The investigation focused on strategies used to respond to more traditional `single selection' multiple-choice formats (i.e., Basic Comprehension and Inferencing questions) and the new selected-response (multiple selection, drag-and-drop) Reading to Learn items. The latter were designed to simulate the academic skill of forming a comprehensive and coherent representation of an entire text, rather than focusing on discrete points in the text. Verbal report data were collected from 32 students, representing four language groups (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and `Other') doing the Reading section tasks from the LanguEdge Courseware materials. Students were randomly assigned to two of the six reading subtests, each consisting of a 600—700 word text with 12—13 items, and subjects' verbal reports accompanying items representing each of the ten item types were evaluated to determine strategy use. The findings provide insights into the response behaviors prompted by the reading tasks on the new TOEFL.
Evaluating analytic scoring for the TOEFL® Academic Speaking Test (TAST) for operational use
Authors: Xiaoming Xi
Published: May 2007

This study explores the utility of analytic scoring for TAST in providing useful and reliable diagnostic information for operational use in three aspects of candidates' performance: delivery, language use and topic development. One hundred and forty examinees' responses to six TAST tasks were scored analytically on these three aspects of speech. G studies were used to investigate the dependability of the analytic scores, the distinctness of the analytic dimensions, and the variability of analytic score profiles. Raters' perceptions of dimension separability were obtained using a questionnaire. It was found that the dependability of analytic scores averaged across six tasks and double ratings was acceptable for both operational and practice settings. However, scores averaged across two tasks and double ratings were not reliable enough for operational use. Correlations among the analytic scores by task were high but those between delivery and topic development were lower. These results were corroborated by raters' perceptions. When averaged across tasks or task types, correlations among the analytic scores were very high, and the profiles of scores were flat. The utility of analytic scoring is discussed, considering both score dependability and whether analytic scores provide diagnostic information beyond that provided by holistic scores.
The Historical Sociology of Muslim Societies
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid
Published: May 2007

This article argues that the theoretical perspective on the rise and decline of states developed by `Abd al-Rahmān Ibn Khaldūn (723—808 AH/1332—1406 AD) should not be confined to historical interest but is of relevance for the study of various aspects of the history of Muslim societies. The reasons for the relative neglect or marginalization of Ibn Khaldūn as a source of theory to be applied to definite historical empirical situations is partly due to the predominance of Eurocentrism in the social sciences. The manner in which Eurocentrism has defined Khaldunian studies is discussed, but the main focus of this article is the possibilities of a Khaldunian historical sociology of Muslim societies that is founded on a non-Eurocentric approach to his work. The article specifies what is meant by non-Eurocentric readings and applications of Ibn Khaldūn's theory. Several illustrations of these applications are provided. The serious consideration of Ibn Khaldūn's status as a founder or precursor of sociology would require such theoretical applications. Ibn Khaldūn's work should no longer be regarded as a mere source of historical data or an outdated perspective.
Changed Political Attitudes in the Middle East
Authors: Meyer Katherine , Rizzo Helen , Ali Yousef
Published: May 2007

The groundswell of interest in Middle Eastern public opinion that arose from debates over the `third wave' of democracy and the `clash of civilizations' as well as from September 11 spawned numerous surveys from 2000 on. However, surveys from the Middle East, particularly longitudinal ones, are largely absent from earlier decades and limit ability to contextualize current findings. Drawing on three surveys from the 1990s, this article examines changes in Kuwaiti citizens' attitudes toward democracy and related issues in the years following the Gulf War of 1991. This serves as a baseline for current research not only in Kuwait but also in other nations, taking account of differences. Findings show that from 1994 to 1998, Kuwaitis increased their preference for democracy, but not for women's rights or western media. They developed more affinity for the Arab world, particularly the Gulf Coast countries. Regarding religious beliefs and practices, there was an increasing desire to separate religion from the public sphere while remaining religious privately. These trends were directional rather than cyclical or fluctuating, and they held across population subgroups.
Looking `East'
Authors: Phillips Timothy , Aarons Haydn
Published: May 2007

The marked presence of eastern spiritual ideas in the religious imaginings of western peoples is a significant feature of the faith landscapes of contemporary societies. Yet sociological knowledge of eastern spirituality among western constituents remains comparatively undeveloped. The study proposes it is sociologically useful to think about involvement with eastern spirituality as a particular expression of disenchantment with the West. The research examines the plausibility of this approach by reporting and reflecting on the results of an investigative quantitative study of individuals involved with eastern spirituality. The findings show that individuals engaged with eastern spirituality were more deeply disenchanted with a western self-identity than people in general. Furthermore, the results suggest that among the involved, the most disenchanted favoured a particular style of eastern practice. For these adherents, dedicated practice without belonging was the preferred mode of engagement with eastern spirituality. This result might be seen to point to the presence of a manifest ambivalence among the heavily disenchanted towards Orientalist practices of classifying and categorizing `the East'. More generally, the study suggests how modern individuals respond to identity imbalance between being western yet not feeling western as an important sociological question in the current era.
Economy and society: from Parsons through Habermas to semiotic institutionalism
Authors: Heiskala Risto
Published: May 2007

English

The great transformation to modernity made the economy the major organizing factor of the social synthesis, thus bringing forth the issue of the economy/society relationship as the central problem of modern social theory. This article deals with two broad approaches to this problem: Parsons's and Habermas's variants of structural-functionalism, on the one hand, and various currents of (neo)institutionalism, on the other. An attempt to synthesize the benefits of these conflicting approaches is made from the point of view of semiotic institutionalism. What emerges is a general theoretical framework, which is better equipped than the original structural-functionalist and institutionalist conceptions for the analysis of the economy/society relationship.

French

Les grandes transformations vers la modernité ont fait de l'économie le principal facteur organisateur de la synthèse sociale, portant sur le devant de la scène la question de la relation économie/société en tant que question centrale de la théorie sociale moderne. L'article s'intéresse à deux grandes approches de cette question: les variantes structuro-fonctionnalistes de Parsons et Habermas d'une part, et divers courants du (néo)institutionnalisme de l'autre. L'auteur s'efforce de faire la synthèse des points forts de ces deux approches conflictuelles du point de vue de l'institutionnalisme sémiotique. Il en émerge un cadre théorique général plus adapté que les conceptions structurofonctionnalistes et institutionnalistes à l'analyse de la relation économie/société.
Convergent origins, divergent destinations: sociology's contributions and connections to economics in a historical and interdisciplinary framework
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: May 2007

English

This article explores selected significant instances of sociology's contributions and connections to economics. These contributions are framed and analyzed within a historical and interdisciplinary setting of the originally common or convergent roots (Enlightenment philosophical rationalism and liberalism) and early co-developments, and yet the subsequently (especially since the 1930s) divergent trajectories and destinations of sociology and economics. These contributions are divided into two general categories: theoretical-substantive and methodological-epistemological. Sociological analyses of market phenomena, societal development and institutions are adduced as examples of sociology's theoretical contribution to economics. Ideal-types, Verstehen, and sociology of knowledge exemplify its methodological contributions and connections to economics. The article aims to help bridge a gap in the current literature in which such contributions and connections of sociology to economics are rarely recognized and considered in favor of those in the opposite (“rational-choice”) direction.

French

L'article explore certains apports importants de la sociologie à l'économie et les interrelations entre les deux disciplines. Ces apports sont analysés dans une perspective historique et interdisciplinaire, des racines originellement communes ou convergentes des deux disciplines (le rationalisme philosophique des Lumières et le libéralisme) et de leur développement initial commun à leurs trajectoires et destinations par la suite - en particulier depuis les années trente - divergentes. Ces apports se répartissent en deux grandes catégories: théoriques-formels et méthodologiques-épistémologiques. Les analyses sociologiques des phénomènes de marché, du développement de la société et des institutions sont donnés en exemples de contributions théoriques de la sociologie à l'économie. Les types-idéaux, Verstehen, et la sociologie de la connaissance témoignent de son apport méthodologique à l'économie et de ses liens avec celle-ci. L'article a pour ambition de combler un vide dans la littérature qui n'atteste que rarement l'existence de tels apports de la sociologie à l'économie, en privilégiant plutôt à l'inverse les apports de l'économie à la sociologie ("choix rationnel").
Naphtali, a Proto-Joseph in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: Hillel Vered
Published: May 2007

The Greek Testament of Naphtali ( TNaph) 1.7, 8 states that Joseph, as a result of Rachel's prayer for a son like Naphtali from her own womb, was like (μις) Naphtali in all things. Naphtali's association with Joseph, as well as developed Naphtali traditions stemming from the period of the Second Temple and reworked and remodeled in the Middle Ages, is well known from non-biblical traditions. Naphtali traditions are preserved in four different works 4QTestament of Naphtali (4QTNaph), the Greek Testament of Naphtali ( TNaph), the Medieval Hebrew Testament of Naphtali ( Heb. Naph.) and Midrash bereshit rabbati ( BR). However, the writer of TNaph develops the comparison between Naphtali and Joseph beyond any known biblical or non-biblical tradition. For example, by equating Naphtali with Joseph, TNaph enhances the prestige of the 'Naphtali traditions'. As a result, the figure of Naphtali emerges as a type of Joseph, or, as a so-called proto-Joseph. This article seeks to demonstrate that such an understanding of Naphtali is borne out by an examination of the character of Naphtali as portrayed in TNaph and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs ( TPatr) as a whole and by the manner in which the author adopted and adapted traditional material.
Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History
Authors: Wohlforth William C. , Little Richard , Kaufman Stuart J. , Kang David , Jones Charles A. , Tin-Bor Hui Victoria , Eckstein Arthur , Deudney Daniel , Brenner William L.
Published: May 2007

The balance of power is one of the most influential theoretical ideas in international relations, but it has not yet been tested systematically in international systems other than modern Europe and its global successor. This article is the product of a collective and multidisciplinary research effort to redress this deficiency. We report findings from eight new case studies on balancing and balancing failure in different international systems that comprise over 2000 years of international politics. Our findings are inconsistent with any theory that predicts a tendency of international systems toward balance. The factors that best account for variation between balance and hegemony within and across international systems lie outside all recent renditions of balance-of-power theory and indeed, international relations scholarship more generally. Our findings suggest a potentially productive way to reframe research on both the European and contemporary international systems.
New Rights Advocacy in a Global Public Domain
Authors: Nelson Paul , Dorsey Ellen
Published: May 2007

Social and economic policy decisions are increasingly being taken in a global public domain in which national/transnational boundaries are blurred, and the `public' domain includes non-state actors. We argue that a new rights advocacy, advancing economic and social human rights as well as civil and political, is essential to understanding rule-making in the global public domain. New rights advocacy involves traditional human rights and development NGOs, social movement organizations and new `hybrid' organizations, in using human rights standards and methods to influence states, international organizations, and corporations. The new patterns of NGO engagement are studied through case studies of advocacy on HIV/AIDS and on the right to water. New rights advocacy constitutes a direct challenge to development orthodoxy, suggests a new interpretation of the social movements protesting globalization, and manifests a complex relationship between NGOs and poor country governments, in which NGOs often advocate on behalf of these governments' sovereign rights to set economic and social policy.
The Bee Kind Garden: A Qualitative Description of Work with Maltreated Children
Authors: Worsham Nancy L. , Goodvin Rebecca
Published: May 2007

Although overwhelming numbers of children experience maltreatment in the USA, less than half receive mental health services. Furthermore, those seeking treatment frequently find a lack of available and/or appropriate services, thus many communities look for alternative ways to provide services to maltreated children. In this article we describe the Bee Kind Garden, an innovative project for maltreated children. Because the combination of strategies employed in the Garden was not found in any other comparable, published program, our goal is to describe the program from treatment providers' perspectives and to provide a theoretical basis for the program's conceptualization. We conducted semi-structured interviews with providers from a wide variety of professional backgrounds and roles (e.g. child therapists, animal-assisted therapists, environmental educators). Through qualitative analyses, we identified five primary themes that encompassed providers' descriptions: Metaphorical environment, garden environment, one-on-one relationship, child-centered focus, and challenging representational models. Results and conclusions describing this innovative program are presented in the context of current child maltreatment literature. Discussion of collaboration between community-based organizations and academic researchers is suggested.
Clinical Implications of Ethical Concepts: Moral Self-Understandings in Children Taking Methylphenidate for ADHD
Authors: Singh Ilina
Published: May 2007

Stimulant drug treatments for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been a particular target of ethical controversy and debate. Bioethicists have raised concerns about the implications of stimulant drug treatment for child authenticity, individuality, and enhancement. There is at present little empirical evidence to support or deny these concerns. This article presents data from a pilot interview study that investigated children's moral self-understandings in relation to ADHD diagnosis and stimulant drug treatment, with a focus on children's understandings of their authentic selves. Stimulant drug treatment does not appear to undermine a child's sense of personal authenticity: In this study, children reported that they believed a core dimension of their `real' selves was persistently `bad', despite medication. This finding complicates two bioethical assumptions: That the authentic person is inherently good, and that there is inherent value in the experience of having access to a core, authentic dimension of oneself. Some important preliminary clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Consent and Confidentiality in Clinical Work with Young People
Authors: Tan Jacinta O.A. , Passerini Giovanni E. , Stewart Anne
Published: May 2007

Consent and confidentiality are increasingly important in clinical practice. However, the dilemmas faced by mental health practitioners can be highly complex and difficult to resolve. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that consent and confidentiality are subject to several different types of legislation based on different principles, and many of the policies which are formulated for general medical practice may not fit well with the mental healthcare context. The ethical principles, evidence base, legal context, developmental considerations and clinical context relevant to each situation must all be integrated, in consultation with children and adolescents and their parents, in order to arrive at a treatment plan which is sensitive to the views of all, developmentally appropriate for the children and adolescents, and responsive to changes in the situation or attitudes. We offer some practical approaches, including clinical practice algorithms, to consider the issues of consent and confidentiality in the child and adolescent mental healthcare setting.
Reflecting Teams with Children
Authors: Fredman Glenda , Christie Deborah , Bear Ndibeer
Published: May 2007

This article weaves research findings and clinical practice to address five ethical dilemmas: How to include children in sessions so that they feel listened to, appreciated and not judged; how to attend to children's feelings without making the focus solely their troubles; how to create a context in which children can express themselves when they cannot find the words; how to ensure a suitable time, place and relationship for talking; and how to create a safe context for respectful co-ordination between the different views of children and adults. A practical example including transcripts from sessions is presented. The authors show how a toy bear joining two therapists in a reflecting team can create opportunities for a 10-year-old girl and her parents to voice their different views and hear the different perspectives of each other. The parents, who generously agreed to share details of their family sessions, offered useful feedback on this write-up, suggesting that this article may be useful for staff and parents who join therapists in a playful approach to reflecting teams with children.
Holding Children in Mind or Holding Therapy: Developing an Ethical Position
Authors: Simmonds John
Published: May 2007

Attachment theory and therapy have established themselves as major constructs in foster care and adoption practice. The depth of the explanatory power of attachment theory and research have done much to both identify the source of developmental difficulties in adopted and fostered children, and of the significant changes that can be made when these children are placed with `autonomously' classified carers. However, the power of the concept has also led to a proliferation of ideas, particularly therapeutic models that can, in some cases, stray a long way from the core of what is effective, safe and ethical clinical practice. Holding therapy is one of these models. The British Association for Adoption and Fostering developed a position statement on this practice, setting it within a broader framework of assessment and intervention. But like the model, the development of the position statement became controversial in its development. The article charts some of the critical issues and identifies the very significant dilemmas for parents and carers caught up in the maelstrom of challenging behaviours and disturbing feelings. The conclusion turns to one of the key components of an attachment-based idea: The critical importance of finding the space to think and to feel what the child is communicating without resorting to dangerous retaliation.
Clinical Ethics Committees
Authors: Edwards Steven D. , Street Eddy
Published: May 2007

This article describes a recent development in the way in which ethical problems in clinical practice are being dealt with. The development of a network of Clinical Ethics Committees (CECs) across the UK is described, and the rationale for their emergence is explored. With the aid of a case example, two of the main methods available to CECs for analysis of cases referred to them are illustrated. A contrast is drawn between psychological and `medical ethical' responses to the case example.
Children's Behaviour Following Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Earle Emily Anne , Eiser Christine
Published: May 2007

Survival rates for children with cancer have improved significantly, but lengthy and painful treatments compromise the quality of life of children and their families. The aim of this article is to describe children's behaviour and coping over the 2- or 3-year-course of treatment. We interviewed 32 mothers of children newly diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) shortly following diagnosis, 1 and 2 years later. Thematic analysis was used to extract themes related to adjustment and behaviour. The results were organized separately for children in three age groups: 0—4 years, 5—9 years and 10—14 years. Mothers described children in the 0—4-year age group as adjusting well, and attributed this to their limited understanding and ability to integrate treatments into normal life. Children in the 5—9-year group were adjusting less well, experiencing social problems and worries about appearance. Older children (10—14 years) adjusted least well. Many withdrew socially and were concerned about the need to look and feel normal. These findings will be useful for parents and clinicians in identifying typical behaviours of children coping with ALL. They also have implications for the development of child-centred age-specific measures of quality of life in children treated for ALL.
Early Predictors of Helpless Thoughts and Behaviors in Children: Developmental Precursors to Depressive Cognitions
Authors: Cole David A. , Warren Dana E. , Dallaire Danielle H. , Lagrange Beth , Travis Rebekah , Ciesla Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2007

Learned helplessness behavior and cognitions were assessed in 95 kindergarten-age children during a series of impossible puzzle trials followed by a solvable puzzle trial. Latent growth curve analysis revealed reliable individual differences in the trajectories of children's affect, motivation, and self-cognitions over time. Parents' reports of negative life events, harsh/negative parenting, and warm/positive parenting were associated with their children's learned helplessness behavioral trajectories and outcomes over the course of the puzzle trials. Results support speculations about the developmental origins of depressive explanatory or attributional style in children.
Computer-mediated communication and cooperation in social dilemmas: an experimental analysis
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Lev-On Azi
Published: May 2007

One of the most consistent findings in experimental studies of social dilemmas is the positive influence of face-to-face communication on cooperation. The face-to-face `communication effect' has been recently explained in terms of a `focus theory of norms': successful communication focuses agents on pro-social norms, and induces preferences and expectations conducive to cooperation. 1 Many of the studies that point to a communication effect, however, do not further explore whether and to what extent the communication medium affects cooperative behavior. In this article, we ask if pro-social behavior can emerge and survive in computer-mediated environments. We show that, like face-to-face communication, computer-mediated communication also positively affects cooperation in social dilemmas, but cooperation is more difficult to establish and maintain. We argue that the discrepancy between the computer-mediated and the face-to-face communication effects is a consequence of the distinct capabilities of different media to focus agents on pro-social norms and to allow them to develop mutual expectations about future behavior.
Social choice and individual capabilities
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar
Published: May 2007

Amartya Sen has recently suggested that certain issues which arise in the application of the capability approach can be seen in terms of social choice. This article explores certain connections and tensions between Kenneth Arrow's celebrated discussion of social choice and the capability approach while focusing on one central link: pluralism. Given the variety of values people hold, substantive issues which arise in the application of the capability approach can be seen as social choice problems. Seeing them in this way helps to explain some of Sen's suggestions about applying the approach in the light of an analogue of Arrow's theorem. However, it also poses a potential problem because of the focus on preferences in social choice theory, given that the capability approach is motivated in part by problems which `adaptive preferences' raise for `utility'-based views. In this article, it is argued that Sen's writings about public reasoning allow him to address this problem to some degree. The reading underlying this argument clarifies issues about the relationship between the individual and society in his approach. It also illuminates the extent of Sen's debt to John Rawls's writings on `public reason', while clarifying some points on which Sen and Rawls diverge.
Health and justice in our non-ideal world
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: May 2007

In this article, I explore some advantages of viewing well-being in terms of an individual's health status. Principally, I argue that this perspective makes it easier to establish that rich countries at least have an obligation to transfer 1 percent of their GDP to poor countries. If properly targeted at the fundamental determinants of health in developing countries, this transfer would very plausibly yield a disproportionate `bang for the buck' in terms of individual well-being. This helps to explain how the obligation can be both light enough in its burden on the rich to avoid being `too demanding' and yet also bountiful enough in its effects to be worthy of the status of a `minimum obligation'. The advantages I enunciate are particularly relevant to establishing an obligation in the context of a non-ideal theory of international justice, which aims to set interim targets for practical action before an ideal theory has been settled.
A benevolent and sceptical inquiry: exploring `Fortean Geographies' with the Mothman
Authors: Dixon Deborah
Published: May 2007

In this article I delineate the character of a determinedly non-academic, yet avowedly critical body of literature, namely Forteanism. I begin by outlining the goals and objectives of Forteanism as it strives to establish a `critical space' for itself through its relationship with mainstream science and popular accounts of the paranormal. Forteanism treats both as economies of belief, focusing attention on the practices by which reports of the anomalous, the aberrant and the strange are expelled from — or `damned' by — those bodies of knowledge that require order, certainty and truth. Trenchantly sceptical of all forms of systematized knowledge, Forteanism is, nevertheless, taken with the disruptive potential of what are termed `extra-geographies,' whereby the rigid spatial categorizations of cartographers and planners provoke, and are on occasion overturned by, flights of imagination and fancy. In the second half of the article I undertake a biography of one of Forteana's key figures, the Mothman, noting how this anomalous figure has been constructed through eyewitness accounts, media reports, a research text and, finally, a Hollywood film. In doing so, I hope to draw out the extra-geographies that are conjured up by a Fortean project per se, but also to bring forth a partial geography of Forteanism itself, indicating how, and in what form, it has arisen as a critique of systematic forms of knowledge. I conclude with some comments on the resonances between a benevolent and sceptical Forteanism and those analyses within human geography that find fertile ground in the interplay between the `there and the not-there.'
The life and death of five spaces: public art and community regeneration in Glasgow
Authors: Sharp Joanne
Published: May 2007

This article discusses the role of public art in the built form of western cities. Increasingly public art is being seen as an unquestionably good thing in urban regeneration discourse, in particular for its ability to (re)create urban communities. In part, this reflects the influence of `new genre public art' approaches which privilege art as process over art as product. However, this reading of new genre public art works can overlook the wider networks through which presence is facilitated, the very materiality of the artistic things produced, and how they are subsequently incorporated into everyday life. These agendas for the critical appreciation of public art will be developed through the example of the Five Spaces public art project in Glasgow, Scotland.