bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eating attitudes and their correlates among Canadian women concerned about their weight
Authors: Park Jungwee , Beaudet Marie P.
Published: September 2006

Objective

This article examines the components of the Eating Attitudes Test‐26 (EAT‐26) and their association with selected demographic, psychosocial and health measures among women aged 15 years or older identified as concerned about their weight and who were part of a representative sample of the Canadian population in 2002.

Method

An exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the factor structure of the EAT‐26 and logistic regression models were constructed to examine the correlates of its first four dimensions.

Results

Underweight women were more likely to report food and body image preoccupation and external pressure to eat while overweight women were less likely to do so. Being young was not associated with poor eating attitudes but self‐esteem was negatively related to them. Self‐esteem was, however, positively associated with self‐imposed dieting.

Discussion

The promotion of self‐esteem may reduce the prevalence of poor eating attitudes and prevent their immediate and long‐term negative consequences. © Crown Copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling the orientation of bone osteopontin via its specific binding with collagen I to modulate osteoblast adhesion
Authors: Liu Lingyun , Qin Chunlin , Butler William T. , Ratner Buddy D. , Jiang Shaoyi
Published: September 2006

Osteopontin (OPN) is an important matricellular protein that modulates cell functions. It is potentially an excellent surface‐coating component for engineered biomaterials. It is believed that in its preferred orientation and conformation on a surface, the functional domains of OPN such as the arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) motif will be presented to cells to the greatest extent. Previously, the authors demonstrated that OPN orientation could be modulated by surface charge. In this work, the authors attempt to control the orientation/conformation of bone OPN via its specific interactions with type I collagen. Surface plasmon resonance was used to confirm the specific binding between bone OPN and collagen I. A radiolabeled OPN adsorption assay was used to determine the amount of adsorbed OPN on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surfaces with or without collagen I as an interlayer. An in vitro cell adhesion assay using osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 was performed to compare the functionality of collagen‐bound OPN and adsorbed OPN on TCPS. With the same amount of OPN on the surfaces, the number of cells adhered to collagen‐bound OPN is significantly higher than to OPN alone on TCPS. A cell inhibition assay using soluble GRGDSP peptides showed that a higher GRGDSP concentration was needed to completely block osteoblast adhesion to collagen‐bound OPN than to OPN directly on TCPS. Enhanced cell adhesion and higher blocking peptide concentration suggest that collagen‐bound bone OPN has a preferable orientation/conformation for cell adhesion compared with OPN alone on TCPS. Thus, the specific binding of OPN to collagen I may naturally orient OPN, thus influencing osteoblast adhesion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Peri‐implant bone formation and implant integration strength of peptide‐modified p(AAM‐co‐EG/AAC) interpenetrating polymer network‐coated titanium implants
Authors: Barber Thomas A. , Ho James E. , De Ranieri Aladino , Virdi Amarjit S. , Sumner Dale R. , Healy Kevin E.
Published: September 2006

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly (acrylamide‐co‐ethylene glycol/acrylic acid) functionalized with an ‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐ (RGD) containing 15 amino acid peptides, derived from rat bone sialoprotein (bsp‐RGD(15), were grafted to titanium implants in an effort to modulate bone formation in the peri‐implant region in the rat femoral ablation model. Bone–implant contact (BIC) and bone formation within the medullary canal were determined using microcomputed tomography at 2 and 4 weeks postimplantation. BIC for bsp‐RGD(15)‐IPN implants was enhanced relative to hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate (HA‐TCP) coated implants, but was similar to all other groups. Aggregate bone formation neither indicated a dose‐dependent effect of bsp‐RGD(15) nor a meaningful trend. Mechanical testing of implant fixation revealed that only the HA‐TCP coated implants supported significant (>1 MPa) interfacial shear strength, despite exhibiting lower overall BIC, an indication that bone ingrowth into the rougher coating was the primary mode of implant fixation. While no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that bsp‐RGD(15)‐modified IPN coated implants significantly impacted bone–implant bonding, these results point to the lack of correlation between in vitro studies employing primary osteoblasts and in vivo wound healing in the peri‐implant region. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Genetic network and pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins during critical cellular events in fracture repair
Authors: Li Xinmin , Wang Hali , Touma Edward , Rousseau Emma , Quigg Richard J. , Ryaby James T.
Published: September 2006

Bone repair consists of inflammation, intramembranous ossification, chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification, and remodeling. To better understand the translational regulation of these distinct but interrelated cellular events, we used the second generation of BD Clontech™ Antibody Microarray to dissect and functionally characterize proteins differentially expressed between intact and fractured rat femur at each of these cellular events. Genetic network analysis showed that proteins differentially expressed within a given cellular event tend to be physically or functionally correlated. Seventeen such interacting networks were established over five cellular events that were most frequently associated with cell cycle, cell death, cell‐to‐cell signaling and interaction, and cell growth and proliferation. Eighteen molecular pathways were significantly enriched during the bone repair process, of which ERK/MAPK, NF‐kB, PDGF, and T‐cell receptor signaling pathways were significant during three or more cellular events. The analyses revealed dynamic temporal expression patterns and cellular‐event‐specific functions. The inflammation event on Day 1 was characteristic of the cell cycle‐related molecular changes. The relative quiet stage of intramembranous ossification on Day 4 and the molecularly most active stage of chondrogenesis on Day 7 were featured by coordinated cell death and cell‐proliferation signals. Endochondral ossification on Day 14 experienced a clear transition from the molecular/cellular function to the physiological system development/function. The osteoclast‐mediated remodeling on Day 28 was highlighted by the integrin signaling pathway. The distinct changes in protein expression during these cellular events provide a molecular basis for developing cellular event‐targeted therapeutic strategy to accelerate bone healing. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 527–543, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term effects of tumor necrosis factor‐α treatment on insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells and HepG2 cells overexpressing constitutively active Akt/PKB
Authors: Gupta Dhananjay , Varma Shailly , Khandelwal Ramji L.
Published: September 2006

Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mediated attenuation of insulin signaling pathway is an important cause in several disorders like obesity, obesity linked diabetes mellitus. TNF‐α actions vary depending upon concentration and time of exposure in various cells. In the present study, the effects of long‐term TNF‐α (1 ng/ml) exposure on the components of insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 and HepG2 cells overexpressing constitutively active Akt1/PKB‐α (HepG2‐CA‐Akt/PKB) have been investigated. In parental HepG2 cells, TNF‐α treatment for 24 h reduced the phosphorylation of Akt1/PKB‐α and GSK‐3β and under these conditions cells also showed reduced insulin responsiveness in terms of Akt1/PKB‐α and GSK‐3β phosphorylation. TNF‐α pre‐incubated HepG2‐CA‐Akt/PKB cells showed lower reduction in Akt1/PKB‐α and GSK‐3β phosphorylation and insulin responsiveness after 24 h as compared to parental HepG2 cells. We report that the long‐term TNF‐α pre‐incubation in both parental HepG2 and HepG2‐CA‐Akt/PKB‐α cells leads to the reduction in the levels of IRS‐1 without altering the levels of IRS‐2. In order to understand the reason for the differential insulin resistance in both the cell types, the effect of long‐term TNF‐α treatment on the proteins upstream to Akt/PKB was investigated. TNF‐α pre‐incubation also showed reduced insulin‐stimulated Tyr phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR‐β) in both the cell types, moreover hyperphosphorylation of IRS‐1 at Ser 312 residue was observed in TNF‐α pre‐incubated cells. As hyperphosphorylation of IRS‐1 at Ser 312 can induce its degradation, it is possible that reduced insulin responsiveness after long‐term TNF‐α pre‐incubation observed in this study is due to the decrease in IRS‐1 levels. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 593–607, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleo‐cytoplasmic cycling of the vitamin D receptor in the enterocyte‐like cell line, Caco‐2
Authors: Klopot Anna , Hance Kenneth W. , Peleg Sara , Barsony Julia , Fleet James C.
Published: September 2006

We examined the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the distribution and mobility of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the enterocyte‐like Caco‐2 cell. Confocal microscopy showed that a green fluorescent protein‐vitamin D receptor (GFP‐VDR) fusion protein is predominantly nuclear (58%) and it does not associate with the apical or basolateral membrane of proliferating or polarized, differentiated cells. In contrast to the previously studied cell types, neither endogenous VDR nor GFP‐VDR levels accumulate in the nucleus following 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (100 nM, 30 min). However, in nuclear photobleaching experiments nuclear GFP‐VDR import was significantly increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 during both an early (0–5 min) and later (30–35 min) period (20% per 5 min). Compared to the natural ligand, nuclear import of GFP‐VDR was 60% lower in cells treated with the 1,25(OH)2D3 analog, 1‐alpha‐fluoro‐16‐ene‐20‐epi‐23‐ene‐26,27‐bishomo‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (Ro‐26‐9228, 5 min, 100 nM). Downstream events like ligand‐induced association of VDR with chromatin at 1 h and the accumulation of CYP24 mRNA were significantly lower in Ro‐26‐9228 treated cells compared to 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 and 95% lower, respectively). Collectively our data are consistent with a role for ligand‐induced nuclear VDR import in receptor activation. In addition, ligand‐dependent VDR nuclear import appears to be balanced by export, thus accounting for the lack of nuclear VDR accumulation even when VDR import is significantly elevated. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 617–628, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of a vitamin D3 analog on diabetes in the bio breeding (BB) rat
Authors: Pedullà Marcella , Desiderio Vincenzo , Graziano Antonio , d'Aquino Riccardo , Puca Andrew , Papaccio Gianpaolo
Published: September 2006

Non‐hypercalcemic analogs of vitamin D3 modulate the immune response through antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and activated T‐cells. A large population‐base case‐control showed that vitamin D3 intake significantly decreases the risk of type 1 diabetes development. The aim of this study was, therefore, to observe the in vivo effects of a vitamin D3 analog administered to Bio Breeding (BB) rats. 1,25‐Dihydroxy‐16,23Z‐diene‐26,27‐hexafluoro‐19‐nor vitamin D3 (BXL‐219, formerly Ro 26‐2198) (BioXell, Milan, Italy) was administered in vivo to BB rats from days 42 to 110 of life at 0.2 µg/Kg BW. Control animals received only vehicle (olive oil, 4.8 µl/100 g BW). The animals of these two groups were subjected to insulin treatment as they became diabetic. Insulin (Humulin, 28.6 UI/day) was administered irrespective of diabetes occurrence to another group of rats for comparison. Blood glucose, insulin levels, glycosuria, degree of islet infiltration, and the expression of some antigens were observed. Results showed that the vitamin D3 analog reduced diabetes incidence, although limitedly, in BB rats while administration of oral insulin increased diabetes incidence. In addition, the vitamin D3 analog did not stimulate an enhancement in the expression of CD4 and CD25 in BB rats as it does in NOD mice, which may explain the failure of this as well as other antidiabetic treatments in the BB animal model of type 1 diabetes. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 808–814, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jailed resources: conservation of resources theory as applied to burnout among prison guards
Authors: Neveu Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2006

This study evaluates a salutogenic perspective of the burnout process. Building upon Hobfoll's (1989) Conservation of Resources theory, it proposes a simultaneous test of three hypothesized resources‐based models. These competing models test the structure of burnout in relation to depleted resources (e.g., lack of skill utilization, of participation, of co‐worker support, and of professional worth) and negative correlates (e.g., absenteeism and depression). SEM results provide equally good support for two resource‐based models, although each of them proceeds from two different approaches (Leiter vs. Golembiewski). Of all burnout components, personal accomplishment is found to be least related to resources depletion, while emotional exhaustion is the most related to absenteeism and depression. Results are analyzed in light of existing literature and of the specific nature of the sample, a large population of French correctional officers (n = 707). Implications for burnout theory and human resource management are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cr2+:ZnSe laser pumped by
1.66 μm or 1.97 μm radiations
Authors: Jelínková H , Koranda P , Doroshenko M E , Basiev T T , Šulc J , Němec M , Černý P , Komar V K , Kosmyna M B
Published: September 2006

Cr:ZnSe crystal newly grown by Bridgman method was
investigated as an active material for laser coherently pumped
either by flashlamp-pumped Er:YAP (wavelength 1.66 μm) or by
diode pumped Tm:YAP (wavelength 1.97 μm) laser radiations. The
maximal Cr:ZnSe laser output pulse energy, for the case of
flashlamp Er:YAP laser pumping, was 14 mJ (slope efficiency 66%)
with the length of pulse 120 μs. The generated laser
radiation was tunable from 2.15 μm to 2.60 μm with only
2.5 times drop in laser energy. In the case of diode-pumped Tm:YAP
laser pumping the maximal obtained Cr:ZnSe laser output power in
cw regime was 195 mW for the absorbed pump power 300 mW (slope
efficiency 66%). The generated laser radiation was tunable from
2.12 μm up to 2.38 μm.
Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Burn David , Emre Murat , McKeith Ian , De Deyn Peter Paul , Aarsland Dag , Hsu Chuanchieh , Lane Roger
Published: September 2006

We aimed to determine prospectively whether rivastigmine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, provided benefits in patients with and without visual hallucinations in a population with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD). This was a 24‐week double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Primary efficacy measures were the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog) and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Clinician's Global Impression of Change (ADCS‐CGIC). Secondary efficacy measures included activities of daily living, behavioral symptoms, and executive and attentional functions. Patients were stratified according to the presence of visual hallucinations at baseline. The study included 188 visual hallucinators (118 on rivastigmine, 70 on placebo) and 348 nonvisual hallucinators (239 on rivastigmine, 109 on placebo). Rivastigmine provided benefits in both visual hallucinators and nonvisual hallucinators. Absolute responses to rivastigmine on the ADAS‐cog were comparable over 6 months, although rivastigmine–placebo differences tended to be larger in visual hallucinators (4.27; P = 0.002) than in nonhallucinators (2.09; P = 0.015). On the ADCS‐CGIC, differences between rivastigmine and placebo were 0.5 in visual hallucinators (P = 0.030) and 0.3 in nonhallucinators (P = 0.111). Rivastigmine provided benefits on all secondary efficacy measures, and placebo declines and treatment differences were more marked in visual hallucinators. Adverse events were reported more frequently by rivastigmine‐treated patients, although this difference was less marked in visual hallucinators. Visual hallucinations appear to predict more rapid decline and possibly greater therapeutic benefit from rivastigmine treatment in PDD. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Correlation between cardiac 123I‐MIBG and odor identification in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Lee Phil Hyu , Yeo Seung Hyeon , Kim Hyun Joon , Youm Hyo Young
Published: September 2006

We investigated an association between olfaction and cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). There was a significant positive correlation between cardiac MIBG uptake and the Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification (CCSI) score in patients with PD (r = 0.56; P = 0.003) independent of the disease duration or clinical rating of motor status. However, patients with MSA did not show a significant correlation between cardiac MIBG uptake and the CCSI score. Our findings suggest that the functional losses of the olfactory and cardiac sympathetic systems are closely coupled in PD. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Distinction of Tris(diimine)ruthenium(II) enantiomers chiral by virtue of helical chirality: temperature‐dependent deuterium NMR spectroscopy in partially oriented phases
Authors: Szalontai Gábor , Kovács Margit
Published: September 2006

2H NMR spectra of perdeuterated tris(diimine)ruthenium(II) complexes have been recorded in lyotropic liquid crystalline phase formed by the chiral polypeptide, poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate (PBLG) and co‐solvents. It is demonstrated that the left‐ and right‐rotation isomers of these octahedral metal complexes with D3 symmetry can be distinguished. The effects of temperature and ligand size on spectral resolution were also studied. Although in the case of free bipyridine ligands excellent optical resolution could be obtained at room temperature in the complexes studied, the increase in ligand size has a detrimental effect on the resolution. This can be compensated to some extent by elevating the sample temperature and decreasing the deuterium relaxation rates, but the available temperature range and therefore the applicability of the technique are limited. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
29Si spin‐lattice NMR relaxation in microporous silica‐based materials with high Mn2+ concentrations
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I. , Shpeizer Boris G. , Clearfield Abraham
Published: September 2006

The 29Si T1 time measurements have been performed under magic angle spinning for supermicroporous Si/Mn materials 1–6 containing Mn2+ in concentrations of 0 (1), 1.2 (2), 2.5 (3), 3.8 (4), 15 (5) and 19.8 wt% (6). It has been found that the central lines, corresponding to isotropic chemical shifts, and their sidebands relax differently in samples 2–4 with relatively small Mn2+ contents. Because the relaxation curves for 1–6 are nonexponential and identical for 6 at spinning rates of 5, 10 and 12 kHz, dipolar relaxation via the paramagnetic centers is dominant. The relaxation data have been interpreted as a function of Mn2+ concentrations in terms of incorporation of the Mn2+ ions into the silica lattice when their concentration is small (≤2.5 wt%). At higher concentrations, most of the manganese is located on the surface of the silica. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in personality between sustained hypertension, isolated clinic hypertension and normotension
Authors: Sanz Jesús , García‐Vera María Paz , Magán Inés , Espinosa Regina , Fortún María
Published: September 2006

The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in personality between hypertension and normotension. Forty‐two male patients with essential hypertension were divided into two groups after self‐assessment of blood pressure, 18 with sustained hypertension and 24 with isolated clinic (white coat) hypertension, and were compared with 25 men with normotension on Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Jenkins Activity Survey. In line with hypotheses, the sustained hypertensive group showed higher levels of trait anxiety, Type A behaviour pattern, and hard‐driving behaviours/competitiveness than the normotensive group, whereas isolated clinic hypertensives occupied an intermediate position between those two groups. Results provide support to the hypothesised relationship between personality and hypertension and stress the need of distinguishing sustained hypertension from isolated clinic hypertension. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of growth temperature on exciton lifetime and structural properties of ZnO films on sapphire substrate
Authors: Cho S. , Kim S. I. , Kim Y. H. , Mickevičius J. , Tamulaitis G. , Shur M. S.
Published: September 2006

We report on optimization of growth conditions by studying the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on sapphire substrate by pulsed laser deposition at different growth temperatures. The crystallographic structure and surface morphology were studied by X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The flattest surface was observed in the sample grown at substrate temperature of 500 °C. The optical characterization was performed by steady state and time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photoluminescence of the samples was studied at low CW excitation and at high‐power‐density pulsed excitation in picosecond domain. Stimulated emission was observed at pulsed excitation. Carrier lifetimes were found to significantly depend on the growth temperature reaching the peak value also in the samples grown at approximately 500 °C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature dependence of the photocurrent excited above the fundamental absorption edge of PbWO4
Authors: Itoh Chihiro , Kigoshi Satohiro
Published: September 2006

Photocurrent of lead tungstate (PbWO4) single crystals has been studied in the temperature range from 4 K to 270 K. The excitation spectrum of the photocurrent characterized by a prominent peak at 4.1 eV and a rise above 4.5 eV was obtained at 270 K. Below 150 K, the photocurrents excited at 4.15 eV and 4.7 eV show analogous temperature dependence with each others. However, the photocurrent excited at 4.15 eV exhibits thermal activation type temperature dependence above 150 K. We find that the photocurrent showing thermal activation is induced efficiently by the excitation at 4.12 eV, but by neither the excitonic transition nor the band‐to‐band transition. The temperature dependence of the photocurrent is discussed in terms of temperature dependence of the mobility and the carrier density. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron paramagnetic resonance and electron‐nuclear double resonance study of Mn2+ ions in CdGeAs2 crystals
Authors: Evans S. M. , Garces N. Y. , DeMattei R. C. , Feigelson R. S. , Zawilski K. T. , Giles N. C. , Halliburton L. E.
Published: September 2006

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron‐nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) have been used to characterize Mn2+ (3d5) ions in CdGeAs2 crystals grown by the horizontal Bridgman method. These samples were p‐type with room‐temperature hole concentrations ranging from 2 × 1015 cm–3 to 5 × 1016 cm–3. The Mn2+ ions substitute for the Cd2+ ions in this tetragonal chalcopyrite lattice, and form “deep” isoelectronic centers. Their g values and crystal‐field parameters are g ‖ = 2.0025, g ⊥ = 2.0011, D = 118.8 MHz, a + 2/3F = 18.4 MHz, and a = –0.3 MHz. The hyperfine and nuclear electric quadrupole parameters for the 55Mn nucleus are A ‖ = –154.94 MHz, A ⊥ = –155.69 MHz, and P = 0.622 MHz. Hyperfine parameters for one set of nearby Cd nuclei and two sets of nearby As nuclei were also determined using ENDOR. No evidence was found in these doped bulk crystals to suggest that Mn4+ ions substitute for Ge4+ ions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
7th International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (EXCON'06) Winston‐Salem, NC, USA, 26–30 June 2006
Authors: Petelenz P. , Schreiber M.
Published: September 2006

This conference report is meant to offer an authoritative view on a recently held scientific meeting rather than a comprehensive list of the conference presentations. We tried to describe what we feel were the most interesting contributions.

The full Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (EXCON'06) shall be published in phys. stat. sol. (b) and phys. stat. sol. (c) in November 2006. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Massive Hand Crush: The Role of a Free Muscle Flap to Obliterate the Dead Space and to Clear Deep Infection
Authors: PIÑAL F. DEL , PISANI D. , GARCÍA-BERNAL F. J. , REGALADO J. , DEL PINO F. J. , AYALA H.
Published: September 2006

Death of tissue and/or deep infection leading to amputation is not an uncommon course of events after massive crush injuries of the central part of the hand. Management of this injury faces the dual problem of having to carry out debridement in the central part of the hand which is radical enough to remove all dead tissue but which, in itself, creates a huge dead space in the depths of the wound. Inadequate debridement and/or leaving a dead space which fills with fluid and detritus behind the flexor tendons leads on to infection, devascularisation of the fingers and amputation. This paper presents the results of very radical debridement of the hand dorsal to the flexor tendons, including the intermetacarpal spaces, and filling the dead space with a well-vascularised free muscle flap in two hands which were referred in a pre-amputation stage, with one already being infected. Both hands were salvaged.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: GOZA FRANKLIN W. , STOCKWELL EDWARD G. , BALISTRERI KELLY S.
Published: September 2006

This study presents an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status by race in metropolitan Ohio, using census data on mother’s residence and economic status determined by the percentage of low-income families living in each area. The analysis updates previous studies as white–non-white comparisons for total infant mortality are examined for the US censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000; and more detailed period- and broad cause-specific rates are presented for 2000. A pronounced inverse association is consistently found between income status and infant mortality for whites, while for non-whites this pattern first emerges in 1979–81, disappears during the 1980s and then returns more strongly during the 1990s. Similarly, the 2000 data reveal a consistent inverse pattern between income status and infant mortality for white and non-white neonatal and postneonatal death rates, as well as exogenous cause-specific death rates. It is concluded that low-income whites and non-whites have infant mortality rates substantially higher than the overall rate for the population. Policy implications are discussed.
Trophic behaviour and functional morphology of the feeding appendages of the laomediid shrimp Axianassa australis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea)
Authors: Coelho Vânia Rodrigues , de Almeida Rodrigues Sérgio
Published: September 2006

The trophic behaviour, stomach contents, and morphology of the feeding appendages, with emphasis on setae, of a species of Laomediidae, Axianassa australis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea), were investigated. This species is a deposit feeder. The 32 described setal types were clustered in four main categories: plumed, serrate, plumodenticulate and simple. By examining the setae and spatial position of the segments of the appendages, it is possible to infer that the main function of the 1st and 2nd pereiopods, the 3rd pair of maxillipeds, as well as the dactylus, propodus, carpus and merus of the 2nd maxilliped, is to brush particles. The ischium, basis and coxa of the 2nd maxilliped appear to be specialized for particle retention. For the remaining mouthparts, brushing is generally the main function of the basal endites, while the coxal endites retain particles. Patterns of morphological adaptations to feeding habits are proposed for the Thalassinidea based on a review of the literature. Setal diversity, ratio of plumodenticulate to serrate setal types and mandible morphology are linked to ecological adaptations to trophic modes. Conversely, the presence and degree of development of the crista dentata appear to be related to phylogenetic heritage rather than to feeding mechanisms. Stomach contents are also indicative of trophic modes used by the species; while the predominance of small particles can indicate either filter or deposit feeding, stomach contents with high quantities of large particles suggest deposit feeding as the exclusive trophic mechanism.
Prey selection of Epixanthus dentatus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Eriphiidae) as determined by its prey remains
Authors: Vannini Marco , Cannicci Stefano , Fratini Sara
Published: September 2006

Epixanthus dentatus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Eriphiidae) is a predator crab, commonly inhabiting East African mangroves, whose nocturnal and elusive behaviour usually prevents analysis of its natural diet and prey selection. The present study was carried out on a population inhabiting a peculiar mangrove habitat in which E. dentatus produces heaps of non-ingested parts of its prey. Fifty-nine of these accumulations of prey remains were examined and 17 species were identified as part of the diet of E. dentatus. Relative prey consumption was then analysed with respect to the relative abundance of prey species within the local faunal community. This methodology provided important information about prey selection by E. dentatus; in particular, gastropods were always strongly under-represented, while there was an active selection among the different crab species. Uca species were under-represented, while swimming crabs were also part of the E. dentatus diet, which shows that the latter is able to prey both at low and high tide.
Spermatogenesis in Amiantis umbonella (Bivalvia) in Kuwait Bay, Kuwait
Authors: Al-Mohanna S.Y. , Al-Rukhais L.B. , Meakins R.H.
Published: September 2006

The morphology of the cells during spermatogenesis in Amiantis umbonella (Mollusca: Bivalvia) was investigated from collections made between November 1997 and January 1999. Each stage is described and prominent features noted. The mature spermatozoan is primitive, lacking an apical rod, having a cylindrical-curved nucleus and a cone-like acrosomal complex bearing distally two swollen bulb-like terminals connected by thin, curved threads. Spermatozoa have a single flagellum and five (rarely six) mitochondria at the base of the nucleus.
Fluoride exposure inhibits protein expression and enzyme activity in the lung-stage larvae ofAscaris suum
Authors: ISLAM M. K. , MIYOSHI T. , YAMADA M. , ALIM M. A. , HUANG X. , MOTOBU M. , TSUJI N.
Published: September 2006

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is an anion that has been previously shown to block the moulting process ofAscaris suumlarvae. This study describes moulting and development-specific protein expression profiles ofA. suumlung-stage L3 (AsLL3) following NaF exposure. AsLL3s cultured in the presence or absence of NaF were prepared for protein analysis using two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. NaF exposure inhibited at least 22 proteins in AsLL3 compared with moulted larvae (i.e. AsLL4). A further comparison of AsLL4 with those of pre-cultured AsLL3 and NaF-exposed AsLL3 revealed 8 stage-specifically and 4 over-expressed proteins. Immunoblot analysis revealed an inhibition by NaF of 19 immunoreactive proteins. Enzyme assay and immunochemical data showed an inhibition of the moulting-specific inorganic pyrophosphatase activity by 41% and a decreased expression in NaF-treated larvae, indicating its significance in the moulting process. A protein spot associated with NaF inhibition was isolated and identified by peptide mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approaches to be a member of 3–hydroxyacyl–CoA dehydrogenase/short-chain dehydrogenase enzyme families. These results have implications for the identification of proteins specific to the moulting process as potential chemotherapeutic targets.
Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host–pathogen system
Authors: RENWICK A. R. , WHITE P. C. L. , BENGIS R. G.
Published: September 2006

This review examines the current situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southern African savannah systems, and uses theory on multi-species host–pathogen systems to suggest possible options for future research and management. In southern Africa, the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Kafue lechwe [Marsh antelope] (Kobus leche) have been found to be maintenance hosts for this disease, but the importance of other host species is becoming apparent. The role of other host species in the maintenance and spread of the disease varies, depending on the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of the species, disease susceptibility, transmission modes and the ecology of both host(s) and vector(s). Future research needs to identify the pathogenicity of bTB in each of the host species, and the mechanisms and rates of inter- and intra-specific transmission among different species, in order to develop multi-host models to understand the development and spread of the disease.
Midmantle deformation between the Australian continent and the Fiji‐Tonga subduction zone?
Authors: Heintz Maggy
Published: September 2006

Shear wave splitting measurements are performed at temporary stations deployed across the Australian continent for direct S waves from events occurring in the neighboring subduction zones, especially Fiji‐Tonga. Unlike core refracted shear waves, direct S waves are not polarized at the core‐mantle boundary and are therefore subject to influences on the source side, on the receiver side, and along the ray path in between. Source side contamination due to the development of lattice preferred orientation of olivine can be minimized by considering deep events with an epicentral location below 410 km depth, the olivine‐spinel phase transition depth. Anisotropic contributions from the transition zone or lower mantle can only be reliably inferred in the case of high delays that cannot be generated solely by the upper mantle structure underneath a station. The analysis of a comprehensive data set for direct S waves from deep events leads to an average delay time of 0.9 s at stations deployed across the continent. Despite the limitations of such an arithmetic average, the result highlights the lack of evidence for midmantle deformation between the Fiji‐Tonga subduction zone and the Australian continent, unlike previously suggested in studies dealing with the permanent seismological stations only. A striking consistency between measurements performed across several stations belonging to an array in western Australia suggests a very coherent lithospheric structure underneath the Yilgarn craton.
Air‐water gas exchange of mercury in the Bay Saint François wetlands: Observation and model parameterization
Authors: Zhang Hong H. , Poissant Laurier , Xu Xiaohong , Pilote Martin , Beauvais Conrad , Amyot Marc , Garcia Edenise , Laroulandie Jerome
Published: September 2006

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) air‐water flux measurements were taken using a dynamic flux chamber (DFC) coupled with a gaseous mercury (Hg) analyzer at the Bay St. François (BSF) wetlands (Quebec, Canada) in summer 2003. The measured TGM fluxes over water exhibited a consistent diurnal pattern, with maximum emissions during daytime and minimum fluxes occurring at night. Pearson correlation analysis showed that solar radiation was the most influential environmental parameter in TGM air‐water exchange. Significant correlations were also found between TGM fluxes and 1 hour time‐lagged water temperature, indicating the enhancement of fluxes by bacterial activities or chemical reactions. The concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in water were measured during the 2003 sampling period and indicated that DGM was always supersaturated, which implied that the water body acted primarily as a source of mercury to the atmosphere. Several empirical models of mercury air‐water gas exchange were developed and evaluated. Compared to the published models, these proposed models were capable of producing good results, leading to a better agreement between the measured and modeled fluxes (improvements by 48–98%). Among these empirical models, the ones linking TGM fluxes with net radiation were superior because of their strong predictive capability. Two preferred models were selected for air‐water TGM flux estimation from Lake St. Pierre's surrounding wetlands. These two models yield a mean emission of 0.19–0.24 kg mercury during May–September each year from 1999 to 2003.
Impact of including the plume rise of vegetation fires in numerical simulations of associated atmospheric pollutants
Authors: Freitas S. R. , Longo K. M. , Andreae M. O.
Published: September 2006

We investigate the importance of including in low‐resolution atmospheric models the plume rise associated with the strong buoyancy of hot gases from vegetation fires. This sub‐grid transport mechanism is simulated by embedding a 1D cloud resolving model, with appropriate lower boundary conditions, in each column of a 3D host model. Remote‐sensing fire products are used in combination with a land use dataset for selection of appropriate fire properties. The host model provides the environmental conditions, and the plume rise is simulated explicitly. The final height of the plume is then used in the source emission field of the host model to determine the effective injection height, and the material emitted during the flaming phase is released at this height. Model results are compared with 500 hPa AIRS carbon monoxide (CO) data for September 2002 and with CO aircraft profiles from the SMOCC campaign, showing the huge impact on model performance.
Evidence of multimodal structure of the baroclinic tide in the Strait of Gibraltar
Authors: Vázquez A. , Stashchuk N. , Vlasenko V. , Bruno M. , Izquierdo A. , Gallacher P. C.
Published: September 2006

The multimodal structure of the baroclinic tides in the Strait of Gibraltar is studied using observations and numerical simulations. Observational data and model results revealed the presence of two types of tidal internal waves generated over Camarinal Sill (CS). One propagates toward the Mediterranean and disintegrates into series of nonlinear short internal waves with amplitudes of 50 m and more. The second type, behind the first, propagates slower and has a longer wavelength. The vertical structure with both upward and downward displacements of isopycnals can be identified as a manifestation of higher baroclinic modes. Analysis of the empirical orthogonal functions of the ADCP measurements performed over CS and model time series has shown that the second baroclinic mode predominates in the second type of internal waves. Its amplitude can reach one third that of the first baroclinic mode of the leading waves of depression.
Integrating Knowledge and Information: Digital Concept Maps as a Bridging Technology
Authors: Tergan Sigmar-Olaf , Keller Tanja , Burkhard Remo A
Published: September 2006

Current affordances in educational and workplace settings have much to do with managing and making use of complex knowledge and a diversity of information resources. Knowledge and information visualizations are used to make structures of knowledge and information apparent, as well as to help users coping with complex tasks and ill-structured subject matter. Knowledge visualization aims at assisting the users in learning and problem solving. Information visualization aims at helping users to explore large amounts of data by making use of the human cognitive ability to see patterns and by using interactive filtering techniques. Both approaches suffer from shortcomings resulting from the limitations of their conceptual rationale, as well as those of the representational techniques and methods used for visualization. These shortcomings may not easily be overcome with means provided by the individual approaches alone. It is suggested that synergies may be revealed when ideas and technologies from both fields are brought together. Along these lines, the Special Issue draws attention to digital concept mapping as a bridging technology to overcome shortcomings in visualizing knowledge and information. This introductory paper serves the purpose of outlining the rationale and goals of the special issue. It provides a preview of the relevance of each paper's contributions to the central theme of this issue.
Viscosity, SecondpVT-Virial Coefficient, and Diffusion of Pure and Mixed Small Alkanes CH4, C2H6, C3H8,n-C4H10,i-C4H10,n-C5H12,i-C5H12, and C(CH3)4 Calculated by Means of an Isotropic Temperature-Dependent Potential. I. Pure Alkanes
Authors: Zarkova L. , Hohm U. , Damyanova M.
Published: September 2006

Reference tables of second pVT-virial coefficients B(T), viscosity η(T), and self-diffusion ρD(T) are given for all neat alkanes CnH2n+2, n<6, for temperatures T⩽1200 K starting at 100 K for CH4, 150 K for C2H6, and 180 K for C3H8, n-C4H10, i-C4H10, n-C5H12, i-C5H12, and C(CH3)4. Restricting ourselves to low densities the thermophysical properties are calculated by means of an isotropic (n-6) Lennard-Jones temperature dependent potential (LJTDP). In this model the potential well depth εeff(T) and the separation at minimum energy Rm(eff)(T) are explicitly temperature dependent, whereas the repulsive term n>12 is independent of T. The LJTDP has been used before in order to construct reference tables of thermophysical properties of neat gases [Zarkova and Hohm, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 183 (2002)] and binary mixtures [Zarkova, Hohm, and Damyanova, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32, 1591 (2003)]. However, those studies were restricted to atoms and globularly shaped nondipolar molecules. Here the approach is extended to elongated, not necessarily spherically symmetric, and in part slightly dipolar molecules. As in previous works the potential parameters εeff(T), Rm(eff)(T), and n are determined by minimizing the root-mean-square deviation between calculated and experimentally obtained thermophysical properties B(T), η(T), ρD(T), and the second acoustic virial coefficient β(T) normalized to their experimental error. In extension of our previous efforts we present a thorough statistical analysis of the experimental input data which gives us the possibility to select primary data which could be used to build up a database.
Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Data of CH3SiCl3 Based on Quantum Chemistry Calculations
Authors: Zeng Qingfeng , Su Kehe , Zhang Litong , Xu Yongdong , Cheng Laifei , Yan Xiutian
Published: September 2006

C H 3 Si Cl 3 (methyltrichlorosilane) (MTS) is one of the most important precursors for manufacturing both an oxidation resistant SiC coating and a functional SiC film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In order to analyze the decomposition products of MTS with a thermodynamic calculation, correct thermodynamic data must be obtained from the authoritative data sources. G3(MP2) has been applied to evaluate the thermodynamic data of MTS(gas). The calculated value of the Gibbs energy of formation, ΔfGm0(298.15K)=−490.13kJ∙mol−1, compares with a value, ΔfGm0(298.15K)=−468.02kJ∙mol−1 from the 4th edition of the NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables. Further analyses have been conducted: (1) by using G3, G3//B3LYP, and G3(MP2)//B3LYP theories; (2) by using variable scale factors for G3(MP2) theory; and (3) by investigating the accuracy of both experimental and calculated thermodynamic data. The calculated values can provide ΔfGm0 values for MTS above 1500K. The final fitted equation for MTS(gas) is: ΔfGm0=7.5763×10−6T2+1.9649×10−1T−5.4817×102, where T is absolute temperature.
Prediction of Enthalpy of Formation in the Solid State (at 298.15K) using Second-Order Group Contributions. Part 1. Carbon-Hydrogen and Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Compounds
Authors: Salmon Anna , Dalmazzone Didier
Published: September 2006

A predictive method, based on Benson’s group additivity technique, is developed for calculating the enthalpy of formation in the solid phase, at 298.15K, of carbon-hydrogen compounds and carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compounds. A complete database compiles 398 experimental enthalpies of formation. The whole group contribution values, ring strain corrections, and nonnearest neighbor interactions evaluated are listed. Finally a comparison with Cohen’s method indicates that this new estimation method leads to higher precision and reliability.
Ground and electronically excited states of methyl hydroperoxide: Comparison with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Watts John D. , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: September 2006

Equilibrium geometries of the ground states of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) have been obtained using quadratic configuration interaction methods with correlation-consistent basis sets. These results are compared with experiments and prior calculations. The dipole moments of the ground states of these two molecules have been calculated. The results illustrate the sensitivity of this quantity to molecular geometry. Several excited states of H2O2 and CH3OOH were calculated using the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles-and-doubles method. Aside from vertical excitation energies, excited state energies along the O–O, O–H, and C–O dissociation pathways were calculated. The results are expected to be of assistance in resolving discrepancies in the experimental interpretation of the UV absorption spectrum and photodissociation of CH3OOH.
Relating parallel and perpendicular flows of particles and heat in a magnetized toroidal plasma
Authors: Dieter Abinadab , Hazeltine R. D.
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this Brief Communication is to emphasize the existence of a general relation between the parallel flows of heat and particles within flux surfaces and the transport of heat and particles across those flux surfaces predicted by neoclassical theory. The essential ingredients are a perspective that promotes the heat flow to the status of a fully independent dynamical variable and a unified treatment that makes no restriction regarding collisionality. Applied to well-known expressions from the literature, this approach provides a simple and explicit relation between parallel and radial flows that applies in all collisionality regimes.
Thermal quenching mechanism of photoluminescence in 1.55μm GaInNAsSb∕Ga(N)As quantum-well structures
Authors: Sun H. D. , Calvez S. , Dawson M. D. , Gupta J. A. , Aers G. C. , Sproule G. I.
Published: September 2006

The authors report the temperature dependent photoluminescence characteristics of a series of GaInNAsSb∕Ga(N)As double quantum wells which all emit at 1.5–1.55μm at room temperature and whose design is such that the quantum wells have nominally identical valence band profiles but show different confinement depth in the conduction band. The photoluminescence quenching at high temperature demonstrates a thermal activation energy independent of the conduction band offset and can be most plausibly attributed to the unipolar thermalization of holes from the quantum wells to the barriers. This effect will intrinsically limit the flexibility of heterostructure design using GaInNAs(Sb), as it would for any other material system with small valence band offset.