bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Systematic Position of the Ptilonorhynchidse.
Authors: Stostor C. R.
Published: August 2010

Thus, from a study of the cranial osteology, the pterylosis, the geographical distribution, the plumage pattern, the bower‐building habit, and the eggs, I am unable to find a single feature which warrants the inclusion of the Ptilonorhynchidse with the Paradiseidae. The structure and the colour‐pattern of Loria ally it unmistakably with the latter group.

I have not been able to investigate the structure of Prionodura, Sericulus, Cnemophilus, æluroedus, or Loboparadisea. The first two are quite clearly Bower‐Birds, since they build bowers, and have the typical coloration in both sexes. Cnemophilus has, likewise, the characteristic yellow and black male and the brown and grey female of some of the others, and has no superficial characters that I can discover to suggest any relationship with the Paradiseidae. ælurcedus, with its green and mottled markings, and very stout bill, has little in the way of superficial characters to ally it with either, and I do not know on what grounds it was first placed among the Ptilonorhynchidae, but until its relationships can be established by dissection, we must presumably keep it there. Loboparadisea is another rather problematical case; as already indicated, it is not typical of either group, but in view of the greater uniformity existing among the Ptilonorhynchidae as compared with the Paradiseidae, I regard it as an aberrant member of the latter family.

With regard to relationships with other groups than the Birds of Paradise, Gadow (1888) has suggested affinity with the Wattled Crow (Calleeas) of New Zealand. But this form does not show a single common feature in the skull, which possesses very individual structure both of the palate and the lachrymal. Likewise (contrary to the statement of Nitszch) the pterykrais is dissimilar, and there is no apterion in the dorsal tract. The New Zealand Thrush, Turnagra, is another form whose relationship to the Bower‐Birds has been suggested. But from his investigation of the anatomy Gadow (1888) was quite unable to confirm this.

As far as I can see, the Ptilonorhynchidae constitute a singularly complete and isolated family of the acromyodian passerine birds and show no special relationship to any other, being sharply marked off by the structure of the skull, the colour‐pattern, and the bower‐building habit; from the evidence I have endeavoured to bring forward I exclude Loria and Loboparadisea, and re‐consiitute the Ptilonorynchidss, as possessing family rank, and consisting of the following genera:–

ælurædus. Ptilonorhynchus.

Amblyornis. Scenopætes.

CMamydera. Sericvlus.

Gnemophilus. Xanthomelus.

Prionodura.
Further examples of Allometric Growth in Spiders
Authors: Locket G. H. , Gardiner Phyllis C.
Published: August 2010

Measurements of all the limbs, and of their separate joints, have been made on both sexes of the spiders Linyphia triangularis Cl., Linyphia hortensis Sund., Tetragnatha montana E. Sim., and Tetragnatha extensa L. The values of α in Huxley's formula, y=bxδ, have been calculated for the lengths of all the parts, using the root of the sternum area as the standard. In addition, the values of r (the ratio of length to corresponding length in the penultimate instar) have been found and used to give a measure of growth towards the end of the developmental period.

The growth‐gradients, showing relative allometry of the limbs, are similar within each genus, but are different as between the genera.

Allometry is positive in the cheliceræ of the Linyphiæ, increasing towards their distal ends, but negative in the legs and markedly so in the male palps. The enforced size‐limits of the palpal organs may be a disturbing factor inducing allometry in other limbs.

There is little allometry in the limbs of the males of Tetragnatha, but in the cheliceræ of the females it is positive. Growth in these two spiders is very rapid.

The extent of growth (as measured by r) and allometry do not necessarily follow one another in the various joints, and would seem to be independent.

Allometry is probably of frequent occurrence in spiders, and seems to be emphasized by sexual influence, probably through the agency of hormones.
Bird‐Migration over the North‐western Part of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: August 2010

.It is shown on theoretical grounds that so long as nearly all observers travel towards the U.K. in spring and towards India and East Africa in autumn, i.e., with the general trend of migration, the proportion of the true migration density observed in the Red Sea and south of Guardafui must tend to be less than that observed in the Mediterranean.

Many migrants were seen 50–100 miles off‐shore between Guardafui and 3o S. 9–12. xi. From their course the passerines must have come from S.E. Arabia, with or without a stop on Sokotra. Two Falco spp. and Merops persicus flying east to west may well have come direct from India. Several species were still at sea as far south as the limit of their African ranges, indicating that they were approaching the coast obliquely.

Many migrants reach Sokotra, Abd‐el‐Kuri, Pemba, and Zanzibar. Through the last two some travel on passage, cutting across a re‐entrant of the African coast. Only stragglers of a few Palsearctic land species reach the Seychelles or Madagascar, except that many Falco concolor reach the latter from the Near East. Several species have been seen in both spring and autumn in the Arabian Sea 500 miles from land. It is probable that, winds being favourable at both seasons, about six long‐winged land species regularly migrate straight across the Arabian‐Sea, 1600 miles, which would be the longest such crossing in the world.

There are a good many records of birds crossing the Gulf of Aden, towards the mouth as well as at the narrow end. Throughout the Red Sea a large variety of birds has been noted; they are least numerous in the extreme north; there is no evidence of concentration on the narrow crossings available at the north and south ends; and apparently many of the birds cross on a slant. In conjunction with the recent work of Bates and Philby the records of birds in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden leave no doubt that a broad‐front migration crosses the whole of Arabia.

Migration across the Mediterranean is surprisingly ill documented. It has been held that migration takes place mainly in three belts and that in good weather birds are not seen far out at sea. Our observations are in direct conflict with these generalizations. We saw ample and varied migration all the way from long. 9o E. to 28o E. in perfect weather and between 50 and 150 miles from land.

On a general review I conclude that migration between Africa and Eurasia takes place through a great quadrant, one arm of which runs up the Atlantic coast, the other across the Indian Ocean about lat. 10o N.; and that the movement is of an essentially broad‐front nature throughout.
The Pupal Contraction as an Epigenetic Crisis in Drosophila.
Authors: Waddlngton C. H.
Published: August 2010

1. In flies homozygous for thick there is a partial failure of the contraction of the leg from the highly inflated condition characteristic of the beginning of the true prepupal period; the same is true, to a lesser degree, of the wings.

2. This is preceded, and probably caused by, an over‐contraction of the longitudinal larval muscles at the time of puparium formation, which is such as to give rise to an increased fluid pressure inside the body of the animal.

3. In humpy flies there is an over‐contraction of the epidermis of the wings and thorax, which is responsible for the shortening of the wings and the formation of grooves and “vortices” on the thorax.

4. At the time of puparium formation, the larval muscles of humpy contract irregularly, and a similar irregular muscular contraction plays a part in producing the deformations during the beginning of the true pupal period‐ The abnormal larval contractions sometimes cause modification of the normal internal anatomy, which in their turn result in irregular eversion of the legs, leading to abnormalities in their later contraction during the pupal period.

5. It is pointed out that such a mechanism reduces the difficulty of understanding the apparently dissimilar effects of the different dumpy allelomorphs, some of which produce the humpy type of wing while others produce the humpy type of thorax.

6. The relevance of the data for the general theory of development is briefly mentioned.
Quantitative Studies in the Geographical Variation of Birds.– The Common Guillemot (Uria aalge Pont.).
Authors: Southern H. N. , Reeve E. C. R.
Published: August 2010

1. The bridled form of the Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) is a single factor mutant, which is present in varying proportions over the North Atlantic colonies of that species.

2.‐ Counts were taken, with the help of the British Trust for Ornithology, at the breeding cliffs during the summers of 1938 and 1939, and the proportions of bridled to normal birds ascertained.

3. The full results show that the percentage of bridled birds increases from south to north and, in a less degree, from east to west. This cline in dimorph‐ratio is not even: in the British Isles the population shows sudden increases in the bridled percentage at two zones, the Mull of Kintyre and the channel between Pair Isle and Shetland. In Iceland the cline is reversed in sign and the percentage of bridled birds decreases again from the south to the north.

4. This stage of dimorphism may be due to the unimpeded spread of an advantageous mutation, or it may be reaching a balanced condition owing to counter selection at various levels by environmental factors. This balance might or might not have been reached; a repetition of the inquiry after ten years should settle this question. Coincidence of the cline with an increase in humidity northwards and westwards is noted.

5. Statistical analysis of ledge counts shows that there is no heterogeneity within the separate colonies, with the exception of Mingulay, where a special factor seems to be in operation. This suggests the absence of any marked degree of assortment. Fisher's hierarchical x2 test demonstrates the step‐like nature of the cline over the region from the Faeroes to the Hebrides. In particular, there is local heterogeneity but no general trend in dimorph‐ratio over the area stretching from Fair Isle to Mingulay.
The Relation of Instar Length to the External and Internal Environment in Tegenaria atrica (Arachnida).
Authors: Browning H. C.
Published: August 2010

1. The influence of temperature, humidity, food, light, parentage, age, and sex on instar length and its variability in Tegenaria atrica was investigated.

2. Only one factor of the external environment was varied at a time. The factors were:–20o C, 25‐5o C, and 30o C.; 8‐25, 16‐36, and 23‐13 mm. saturation deficiency; two food levels in excess of the needs for an instar and one at the minimum amount; light and darkness.

3. A threshold amount of food was required for completion of an instar, and this quantity was greater when the rate of feeding was lower. It also increased as temperature fell and saturation deficiency rose, but illumination had no effect.

4. Instar length decreased as temperature rose, as saturation deficiency fell, and when the animals were illuminated.

5. Different amounts of food, provided that they were more than the minimum needed for instar completion, had no effect on its length. An instar which had only the minimum amount was slightly lengthened and the following one, with excess food, was considerably shortened.

6. Variance of instar length increased at the lowest humidity, with minimum feeding, and with age, decreased with rise of temperature, and was unaffected by illumination.

7. In regard to internal environment, the offspring of various parents fell into three groups, each with its own inherent mean instar length; instar length always increased with age; and the sexes of the animals were indistinguishable.

8. The above results and their relation to work on insects are discussed, and it appears that the moult cycle of T. atrica is controlled in a similar manner to that of Rhodnivs and Cimex. However, this and other spiders show a striking variability in individual instar lengths.
Further Experimental Studies of the Selective Action of Predators.
Authors: Popham E. J.
Published: August 2010

(1) The Intensity of Selection is influenced by the population density of the types of prey and predators.

(2) When the types of prey are not in equal proportions, those insects present in the largest numbers are destroyed relatively faster than the others.

(3) While the Selective Action of Predators can be reduced, or even eliminated, it has not been found to act in any way that would result in the preservation of a harmful or neutral character.

(4) Selection on mottled backgrounds may be less intense than on an even background of the same colour., where the mottling is approximately the same size as the insects.

(5) Insects with one or both hind legs amputated are destroyed faster than normal insects.

(6) Both sexes of Sigara distincta (Hemiptera, Corixidse) are destroyed equally.

(7) Scardinius erythropkthalmus (Rudd) are able to distinguish between certain species of Sigara.

(8) Nymphs of Hydrarachna geographica (Water Mites) tend to parasitize most those Corixids which do not harmonize with their environment.

(9) Males of Sigara distincta tend to choose as a mate a female either the same colour as themselves or slightly lighter.
Reproduction in the Water‐Vole, Arvicola amphibius Linn.
Authors: Perry J. S.
Published: August 2010

1. Reproduction in the water‐vole, Arvicola amphibius, is described from field material comprising 128 males and 95 females.

2. The reproductive organs resemble those of the bank‐vole.

3. The breeding season extends from the end of March to the latter half of September, but fecund males were caught in February.

4. Animals born early in the year breed in the same season. The average number of corpora lutea of pregnancy was 6‐4 and of embryos in utero 5–7.

5. Males are non‐fecund in winter, when the testes are very small; the testes of non‐fecund adults can be distinguished from those of immature animals by the condition of the tunica albuginea.

6. The female has a poly‐cestrous cycle, and both non‐parous animals and parous animals at the beginning of their second year may undergo infertile cycles. (Estrus is accompanied by distension of the uterus with fluid as in the rat and mouse.

7. There is a post‐partum oestrus, and several animals were found to be pregnant and lactating. Animals which fail to become pregnant at the postpartum oestrus enter upon a lactation anoestrus. This may be followed by another oestrus, but late in the season the animal passes from lactation anoestrus to winter anoestrus without ovulating again.

8. The ovarian follicles reach about 700/J. in diameter at oestrus, but large follicles are also found at all stages of pregnancy. The corpora lutea reach their maximum size, about 1–7 mm. in diameter, fairly late in pregnancy.

9. Cyclical changes in the Fallopian tubes and uterus are described.

10. The mammary glands afford good evidence of the condition of the animal and make it possible to distinguish between the first pregnancy of the season and a subsequent pregnancy.

The material described above was obtained in 1932‐35 as part of a general programme of work on the reproductive processes in British mammals, and was made available to me by Dr. A. S. Parkes, who suggested this work.
STUDIES ON THE FOOD OF COLLEMBOLA IN A DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATION
Authors: POOLE T. B.
Published: August 2010

An examination of the visible gut contents of Collembola showed that the larger species feed mainly on soil Fungi, whereas the smaller forms appear to feed directly on the humus. There seemed to be no consistent differences in the feeding habits of species of similar size but there was some evidence of seasonal variations in the arnount of Douglas fir litter consumed by Collembola.

Experiments with Tomocerus longicornis indicated that viable soil Fungi pass through the collembolan gut; it is therefore probable that they play an important role in the dispersal of soil Fungi.
THE RESPONSE TO LIGHT IN ICHTHYOPHIS (AMPHIBIA‐APODA) FROM CEYLON
Authors: ROSS D. M.
Published: August 2010

Specimens of the virtually blind apodan, Ichthyophis glutinosus, have been exposed to general and local illumination, their sensitivity to light confirmed, and the character and timing of the resulting movements analysed.

To general illumination the animal usually gives a general stirring and locomotory resopnse after a considerable and variable delay.

In some animals this general response is preceded by a shock reflex, the twitch response, the reaction times of which are reasonably consistent and show the intensity/duration relationships discovered by Hecht in automatic light reflexes in Ciona and other animals.

The twitch resopnse gives an estimate of the minimal reaction time and shows that the long delay and variability in the timing of the general locomotory movements are due to central processes which determine the response to light in accordance with the general condition and activity of the animal at the time.

Ichthyophis is sensitive to light falling anywhere on the head, and on the tail from above. The rest of the body is only slightly sensitive.

Local illunination on the head or tail gives rise usually to the general locomotory response, but with caudal illumination a local reflex with a very short reaction time precedes the general response. Judged both from reaction times and from numbers of responses obtained, the tail seems to be more sensitive to light than the head.

Operations showed that for a general response to develop from caudal illumination, the spinal cord must be intact, but the local tail reflex is not affected by spinal section.

The response of the head to light was not affected by severing the optic nerves.

The time relations, sensitivity, general character and spatial distribution of the dermal light sense of Ichthyophis are discussed in relation to the mode of life of the animal and it is concluded that in all respects, its properties coincide very remarkably with the animal's needs.
THE SKIN AND NUCHAL EMINENCE OF THE WHITE RHINOCEROS
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , ALLBROOK D. B.
Published: August 2010

The skin histology of an immature White Rhinoceros is described. The thin epidermis has the customary layers, the deepest layer being pigmented. It sends into the dermis hair follicles (containing hair shafts), small sebaceous glands and large apocrine sweat glands characterised by enormous ectodermally‐developed myoepithelial cells.

The exceedingly thick and well vascularised dermis is exclusively collagenous in composition.

The hump or nuchal eminence is merely a local augmentation of the dermis (nuchal node).
REVISION OF THE CLARIID CATFISHES OF NYASALAND, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SEVEN NEW SPECIES
Authors: JACKSON P. B. N.
Published: August 2010

A study was undertaken of catfishes of the family Clariidae in Nyasaland, excluding that small part of the Shire River system which lies below the Murchison cataracts. Of fourteen species found, four, belonging to the genus Clarias, are not endemic and are found mainly in rivers, streams and swamps, inhabiting Lake Nyasa sparsely and only where similar conditions are found. The lake has been colonised mainly by the remaining ten species, which are all endemic to it, specialised for lacustrine conditions and sufficiently distinctive to warrant a new genus being proposed: genus Bathyclarias nov. The ten species of the genus form a species‐flock, having a variety of habitats. Seven are new and are described and figured: Bathyclarias loweae, B. ilesi, B. rotundifrons, B. euryodon, B. filicibarbis, B. worthingtoni and B. gigas, spp. n. Notes on distribution and ecology are given in all cases, and a key is given for all members of the family in Nyasaland.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL INLINGULA UNGUIS(L.) (BRACHIOPODA)*
Authors: CHUANG S. H.
Published: August 2010

The anyonomy and histology of the alimentary carnal in Lingula unguis

The coutrse and function of the ciliated epithelial groove are described.

The ciliary currents within the gut are traced. These merely agitate the gut contents.

The pH of the contents of the stomach was determined.

Experimentally fed particles passed through the pharynx, oesophagus and the anterior loop of the intestine rapidly, but were retained longer in the digestive diverticula, the stomach and the straight part of the intestine.

After feeding the digestive diverticula relax and contract rhythmically, thus sucking the fluid and suspended particles from the stomach and then squirting them back into the stomach again. The contents of the intestine are propelled by peristaltic, antiperistaltic, constricting, segmenting and pendular moverments.

Phagocytosis occurs in the digestive diverticula, stomach and intestine; but ingestion occurs most actively in the acini of the diverticula.

A weak protease and a weak lipase were fomtd only in extracts of the digestive diverticula. An amylase was found in the stomach contents and in extracts of all regions of the gut from the stomach to the intestine. A sucrase, inulase, maltase, lactase and raffinase were found in extracts of both the diverticula and the intestine.

In Lingula, unguis digestion is mainly, if not exclusively, intracelluur. There is evideiice of extracellular digestion of starch and glycogen in the lumen of both the stomach and the digestivc diverticula.

Comparisons are made with other brachiopods and with Phoronis, ectoprocts, endoprocts, lamellibranchs and Amphioxus.
A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SYMPHYLA
Authors: EDWARDS C. A.
Published: August 2010

The collection, occurrence and geographical distribution of the British Symphyla is discussed. Methods of making temporary and permanent mounts suitable for taxonomic study are outlined.

Eight species of Scutigerellidae, belonging to three genera are described, one species being new to science and four new to the British Isles. Six species of Scolopendrellidac belonging to three genera, one species being new to science and one new to the British Isles are described.

Symphyla vary considerably in size and chaetotaxy and because of this as many specimens as possible from a wide range of localities have been studied; in all, specimens from 317 localities. This has enabled the range of variation to be expected in each species to be outlined.
THE NUMBERS OF EXHIBITS, BIRTHS AND DEATHS IN THE MENAGERIE AT REGENT'S PARK: 1835–1957, AND IN WHIPSNADE PARK: 1931–1957
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , VEVERS H. G.
Published: August 2010

Comparisons have been made, between the present‐day conditions and those existing during earlier phases of the Society's history in respect to:

the numbers of vertebrates (excluding fish) exhibited in the menagerie.

the proportion of the total vertebrate exhibits accounted for by (i) mammals (ii) birds (iii) reptiles and amphibians.

the birth rate.

the survival rate of vertebrates born in the menagerie.

the mortality rate.

Apart from the period during the Second World War when the numbers of vertebrates dropped sharply, the collections have, since the mid‐1930's, fluctuated around a level of some 5000 exhibits. The numbers of species and subspecies have, during the past seven years, varied slightly around an average of approximately 1200.

Mammals now account for some 30 per cent of the total exhibits, birds for 60 per cent while reptiles and amphibians comprise 10 per cent. Approximately 90 per cent of the mammals and birds exhibited are from wild species.

The birth rate in the collections as a whole now stands at 14 per 100 exhibits. The corresponding value for wild species is 11.8. These figures are among the highest attained during the periods for which records are available.

ore than 90 per cent of the animals born in the menagerie during 1957 survived to the end of the year. The average survival rate for the past three years is higher than at any time since the opening of Whipsnade Park in 1931.

The mortality rate for the entire vertebrate collections stood, during 1957, at 21. This figure is less than at any time either before or after the Second World War.
A REPORT ON THE PARASITIC COPEPODA AND BRANCHIURA OF THE FISHES OF LAKE BANGWEULU (NORTHERN RHODESIA)
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Bangweulu.

At least seven species of parasitic Copepoda and seven species of Branchiura are now known to occur in the lake, one copepod and three branchiurans being described as new in the present paper.

The systematic status of the specimens of Chonopeltis previously described from the lower part of the Congo system under the name of C. inermis var schoutedeni is discussed, and it is shown that two distinct species, neither of them C. inermis, were obscured by this name.

Notes on the structure and biology of individual species are given.

The distribution of the species recorded supports and supplements the idea derived from a study of fish distribution that migration has, in the past, been possible between the Congo and Zambezi systems, and also between the Congo and Nile systems, yet at the same time has emphasised the isolation of Lake Nyasa and the endemic nature of some of the species of Lernaea recorded from that lake.
VERNAL COITION OF THE SEAL PHOCA VITULINA IN SHETLAND
Authors: VENABLES U. M. , VENABLES L. S. V.
Published: August 2010

A colony of Phoca vitulina was under regular observation from 23rd May to 10th June 1958. Outbursts of sexual rolling were common between subadult pairs. No yearlings and no pregnant females took part, and fully grown bulls did so rarely.

Both sexes rolled enthusiastically. Changes of partner were rare. Many males appeared eager for coition but the females, by arching back their heads and necks, usually prevented them from getting far enough forward for insertion. Successful coition was witnessed on at least one, possibly six, occasion(s).

Probably rolling females were maiden cows, approaching oestrus. Ovulation can occur in May and may well be stimulated by this prolonged riding behaviour.

The main mating season (September‐October in Shetland) follows lactation and moult. In our three years' experience of this colony all pups were born during the three weeks commencing 14th June. If successful fertilization occurs in May, the implantation of the blastocyst is probably delayed until the normal season.

A recent decline in the size of this seal colony may be due to the increase in price offered for pups' pelts with a consequent increase in hunting.
THE NASAL FOSSA OF A FOETAL GORILLA
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The anatomy of the nasal fossa is described for a gorilla foetus approaching term.

Of the paranasal sinuses, a maxillary and a posterior ethmoidal sinus alone are present and are well established.

Sphenoidal, frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses have not as yet begun to develop.

Beneath a prominent bulla ethmoidalis and above a strongly developed plica semilunaris, an ostium maxillare opens directly into the middle meatus.

In addition to a naso‐turbinal, a maxillo‐turbinal and ethmoturbinals I and II, a rudimentary ethmoturbinal III is present.
THE STATUS AND AFFINITIES OF THE ANTHOMEDUSAN PARAGOTOEA BATHYBIA KRAMP, 1942
Authors: RALPH PATRICIA M.
Published: August 2010

Three specimens of a rare anthomedusa collected by the R.V. “Sarsia” west of the English Channel, are described and compared with Paragotoea bathybia Kramp, 1942 and have been identified with it.

With age, the number of tentacles increases from one to four and a quadrate stomach with four stomach pouches is developed as the medusa matures.

A quadrate stomach is regarded as significant in determining the affinities of Paragotoea and a new anthomedusan family Paragotoeidae is created for it.

Pending the discovery of more specimens of the Japanese form, Gotoea Uchida 1927, is recognized as distinct from Paragotoea and retained in the family Tubulariidae.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF GERRIS NAJAS DEGEER (HEM. HET. GERRIDAE)
Authors: BRINKHURST R. O.
Published: August 2010

Various aspects of the morphology of a. najas are described from a functional viewpoint, and experimental evidence is used to support some of the conclusions reached. Special attention is focused on the structure of the hypopharynx and the associated structures, and the function of the mandibular muscles is reassessed. The thorax is considered as a functional unit in relation to locomotion, and experiments on the mechanism of rowing, with its significance in regard to alary polymorphism are described. The reactions of Gerris species to surface tension are investigated. Preliminary observations are made on the function of the metasternal gland in this genus. The structure and function of the reproduotive system in both aexes are disoussed, with some observations on the eggs, oviposition and development. A new interpretation of the spermatheoa is presented. Many aspects of the morphology are shown to be adaptations to life on the surfaae film of water.
THE FOOD OF A SAMPLE OF CROCODILES (CROCODILUS NILOTICUS L.) FROM LAKE VICTORIA
Authors: CORBET PHILIP S.
Published: August 2010

The stomach‐contents of sixty‐seven crocodiles from Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria, and two from elsewhere in Uganda have been examined. The lengths of all crocodiles were recorded.

In recording the results, consideration has been given to the size and abundance of food items, as well as to the frequency of their occurrence. A detailed list of stomach‐contents is given, and also brief notes on some of the food organisms.

These data confirm previous observations on the food of crocodiles in Uganda in so far as they demonstrate a change in diet with size. In the present series, insects provided the most important food of crocodiles less than 1 metre long, but larger individuals fed to a progressively greater extent on fishes and other vertebrates.
STUDIES OF A NUTRITIONAL DISEASE (OSTEODYSTROPHIA FIBROSA) OF YOUNG LIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES OF THE SKELETON AND SYMPTOMS OF MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
Authors: T‐W‐FIENNES R. N. , GRAHAM‐JONES O.
Published: August 2010

Studies have been made of a disease of young lions in captivity which has been a source of difficulty in many zoos and other places.

These studies have embraced the symptoms and course of the disease, the clinical and pathological symptoms, the morbid anatomy and the biochemistry.

This disease had hitherto, owing to the outward signs, been ascribed to a variety of causes including myopathy and various vitamin and other dietary deficiencies.

The studies have shown that a number of the bodily systems suffer derangement or damage during the course of the disease, and a number of possible causes required to be eliminated. Thus apparent changes occur in the skeletal system, the nervous system, the alimentary system, and the endocrine system. In addition there was the possibility that the disease might be associated with helminthiasis or with the effects of post‐viral infection.

It has been demonstrated that the primary lesion is that of the skeleton and that this is an osteodystrophia fibrosa resembling the well‐known condition described by Theiler and others.

The disease appears to be associated with an unnaturally low Ca/P ratio in the diet normally fed to captive lions which consists mainly of red meat. It has not been widely recognised that the Ca/P ratio of red meat is about 1: 20 and that lions consume bones only sparingly and thus do not tend to correct this wide ratio.

Once established, skeletal deformities tend to subsist and complete cure in the sense of a return to normal cannot be effected by correction of the dietary ratio. Great improvement has, however, been effected in the case of one lioness who was given calcium supplements and improved to such an extent that she was able to go back on exhibition in the Zoological Gardens. Two other young lions, sent from Whipsnade Zoo for treatment, were subsequently cured by similar means.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORIENTATION AND FEEDING OF THE COPEPOD SABELLIPHILUS ELONGATUS M. SARS ON ITS FAN‐WORM HOST
Authors: GOTTO R. V.
Published: August 2010

A detailed account is given of the alignment, attitude and behaviour of the cyclopoid copepod Sabelliphilus elongatus on the branchial filaments of the polychaet Sabella pavonina.

It is thought that the direction of alignment is governed by the withdrawal reaction of the host, both orientation and posture being designed to avoid dislodgment from the fan during this movement.

The copepod appears to rely for correct orientation on its sensitivity to the ciliary action of a small rejection tract on the filament's abfrontal surface.

Evidence is presented for regarding S. elongatus as an ectoparasite which extracts oil or fat by slight erosion of the pigmented epithelium, and which may also utilise mucus. Cells producing the latter substance are possibly stimulated through contact with the parasite's antennal claws.
STUDIES ON SOME PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS ON AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISHES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW COPEPOD OF THE GENUS ERGASILUS AND A NEW BRANCHIURAN OF THE GENUS CHONOPELTIS
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY
Published: August 2010

Two new parasitic crustaceans of African freshwater fishes are described. These are the copepod Ergasilus Zutue, from L. Rudolf, and the branchiuran. Chonopeltis flaccijrons from various parts of the Congo system.

A description of the true male of Argulus ambloplites is given, and in the light of its structure it is suggested that A. jollymani is best regarded as a sub‐species of A. ambloplites.

The male of Argulus dartvellei is described for the first time.

Notes of the specimens of Chonopeltis recorded from the Ue 16 and Okavango Rivers are given and it is shown that neither can be satisfactorily identified at present.

Keys to the species of Chonopeltis are given.

Some recently established diat ribution records of parasitic crustaceans of African freshwater fishes are listed.
A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF A COLONY OF GREY SEALS HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (FAB.) IN THE SOUTHERN INNER HEBRIDES
Authors: HEWER H. R. , BACKHOUSE K. M.
Published: August 2010

A breeding colony of grey seals is centred on Eileaii Ghaoidmeal and Eileaii nan Ron. south of Oronsay. Argyll. Breeding on a very limited scale also takes place on the neighbouring islets and a few pups are born on the beaches of Colonsay. A very tentative figure of 350–400 pups each year is suggested for the whole colony.

Seventy or more seals (of both sexes) may haul out on Eilean nan Ron alone, in August.

The first birth is estimated at about 1st September and there were well over 100 pups (possibly 120–130) by the end of the month. No statistical evidence has yet been collected for October.

The breeding beaches are separated from the open sea by an erosion platform crossed by channels and covered only for about four hours at high water. After the pups are born the cows pass to and from the sea along the channels but occasionally cross the kelp‐covered platform.

During mid‐September a relatively large collection of bulls (40 +) hauls out on the skerries between Eilean nan Ron and Oronsay. All ages are present. There could not be observed any formal contests but the very large bulls tend to haul out separately as on Shillay. The numbers decreased rather suddenly, leaving only the older bulls.

With the onset of pupping on Eilean nan Ron, the remaining bulls established territory near the breeding beaches in chequer‐board formation on the kelp‐covered platform. The positions first chosen are those most favourable for the interception of cows along the channels.

The method of establishment and maintenance of territory by the bulls is described in detail.

The progressive change in the behaviour of the cows and bulls culminating in mating is described. Cows appear to be ready to mate about fourteen days after parturition.

In general the behaviour of both cows and bulls shows resemblances both to that seen in Pembrokeshire and, to a less extent, to that seen in the Hebrides. The presence of the erosion platform largely dictates the details of behaviour.
GROWTH AND FORM OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA (L.)
Authors: GILCHRIST BARBARA M.
Published: August 2010

The growth and form of Artemia salina (L.) from three different localities has been investigated under standard conditions of temperature and feeding, in two concentrations of brine.

Parthenogenetic females from southern France have a higher growth rate than females of the bisexual Californian stock; the growth rate of sexually mature females is greater than that of males. The extent to which growth is influenced by the salinity of the medium varies with the sex of the animal and the stock from which it is derived.

Changes in body proportions occur with increase in size of Artemia; in particular, the abdomen becomes relatively longer. Brine shrimps from different localities, reared through several generations under standard conditions, are morphologically distinct.

Body form is also influenced by the salinity of the external medium, but certain intrinsic factors, in particular the sex and genetic constitution of the animal, modify the effects of external salinity.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE GENUS PHANEROPTERA SERVILLE, WITH A REVISED KEY TO THE SPECIES (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: RAGGE D. R.
Published: August 2010

This paper 15 a second supplemant to the author's revision of Phmeroptera Serville (Ragge, 1956). Further notes are given on several of the species, and a new species from East Africa is described. A completely revised key to the species is idso included.
SOME INTERESTING PATHOLOGICAL CASES IN AMPHIBIANS
Authors: ELKAN E.
Published: August 2010

Published literature on amphibian pathology is extremely sparse and our knowledge of the amphibian reaction to the factors commonly causing disease in these animals is as yet very incomplete. Apart from accidents, not included in this survey, the main causes of morbidity in amphibians are parasites, tumours, inflammatory conditions and fungal infestation.

Presented here are twenty‐three case histories of amphibians either freshly caught and found to be diseased or falling ill while being kept in captivity.
THE DURATION OF PREGNANCY IN RHESUS MONKEYS MACACA MULATTA
Authors: KROHN P. L.
Published: August 2010

The gestation period has been estimated in 34 pregnancies which have occurred in the Birmingham colony of rhesus monkeys. The placental sign could be identified in 16 of them and the gestation periods in this group varied between the limits of 158 and 173 days. No placental sign could be recognized in the other 18 pregnancies and the records of menstrual bleeding could not be interpreted to give reasonably consistent estimates of the duration of pregnancy.

One prolonged labour is described in detail and the exceptionally heavy baby, weighing 840 g, was finally born after a normal gestation period of 165 days.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF BRUMPTIA BICAUDATA (POIRIER, 1908) ODHNER, 1926 (TREMATODA: PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA)
Authors: WILLMOTT SHEILA
Published: August 2010

Brumptia bicaudata is redescribed and redefined, with particular reference to the genital organs, hermaphroditic pouch and genital papilla. A ciliated valve which separates the vesicula seminalis and ejaculatory duct is described; the ejaculatory duct is lined with ciliated epithelium. The subfamily Brumptinae is redefined.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS SACCOGLOSSUS (ENTEROPNEUSTA) IN BRITISH WATERS
Authors: BURDON‐JONES C. , PATIL A. M.
Published: August 2010

A comparative study of topotypes of Saccoglossus ruber (Tattersall) S. serpentinus (Assheton) and S. cambrensis Brambell & Cole shows that they are conspecific, and ought henceforth all to be designated S. ruber (Tattersall).

The following characteristics distinguish S. ruber from all other species of the genus:— 4 to 6 concentric rings of longitudinal fibres in the proboscis, one proboscis pore on left of stalk, proboscis 3 to 7 times the length of the collar, 45 to 95 pairs of branchial pores, 6 to 12 oesophageal pores—2 to 5 rudimentary, 5 histologically distinct regions in the collar and 3 in the oesophagus.

Munsell, Ridgway and I.S.C.C.—N.S.B. colour designations for the various regions of the body have been tabulated.
STUDIES OF THE HANDS OF LIVING PRIMATES
Authors: NAPIER J. R.
Published: August 2010

A study of passive movements and an analysis of the prehensile patterns of movement of the anthropoid ape hand was carried out in two young chimpanzees and one young orangutan, all approximately two years old at the time of study. The passive movements compare closely with those of a human child except in respect of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers; in the case of the former joint, while flexion was very full, extension was limited. Passive movement of the metacarpo‐phalangeal joints was also very full, movement being limited only by contact of the fingers with the palm. A “double‐locking” mechanism of the 2–5th digits taking place at the metacarpo‐phalangeal joints is described. The anatomical basis of these movements and the “double‐locking” mechanism is discussed. Active movements were studied in terms of the prehensile patterns of the human hand (Napier, 1956) and it is shown that, while there is evidence of a functional duality of prehension in the hands of young anthropoid apes, the execution of the two grips differs profoundly from that of Man; the difference is discussed in terms of the disproportion in the length of the thumb and fingers in apes. It is suggested that the “double‐locking” mechanism of the fingers compensates in some measure for the ineffectiveness of the thumb in prehension.
THE EFFECT OF INDUCED HYPOTHYROIDISM ON THE DERMAL MELANOPHORES OF TELEOSTS
Authors: FORTUNE P. Y.
Published: August 2010

The melanophores of Phoxinus phoxinus and Salmo gairdnerii remain expanded during an initial phase in development. Treatment with thiourea prolongs this phase, which is associated with a hypothyroid condition. The young fry show a difference from the adults in their rate of response to environmental changes. It is suggested that this is due to an internal change, arising as a result of metabolic stress and causing an endocrine imbalance. No effect of thiourea on the melanophores of isolated skin strips, or on the adults of Phoxinus could be demonstrated.
ON SOME SUNDRY SPECIES OF SOLIFUGIDS IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM
Authors: TURK F. A.
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with those species of solifugids, not themselves occurring in Israel, which are preserved in the collections of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The difficulties of finding valid characters for the differentiation of species and genera within the Order are discussed and a new classification of the family Galeodidae is proposed based on the observed fact that the distal spinulation of the tarsi is more constant than the proximal: in pursuance of this Paragaleodes Kraepelin is brought back into use. A discussion of the specific characters of the Galeodidae follows and Simla's work on the use of differentiated stridulatory setae is amplified and three types of these are recognized. Five new species of galeodids are described as well as a new genus and species of Solpugidae from Kenya. In addition new species of Rhagodidae and Daesiidae are described and new records of the occurrence of species of the families Karschiidae and Ammotrechidae are noted.
THE PECTORAL ANATOMY OF PANTODON BUCHHOLZI PETERS (A FRESHWATER FLYING FISH) AND THE RELATED OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H. , THOMSON K. S.
Published: August 2010

Pantodon buchholzi, a small west African osteoglossid, is thought to be a freshwater flying fish. Its expanded pectoral fins and its body‐form would add credence to this supposition, whilst its pectoral musculature suggests the way in which flight could be effected.

Anatomical studies on the pectoral girdle and musculature show that both are remarkably developed and are probably unique amongst the teleosts. The girdle is characterized by the hypertrophy of its mesocoracoid and correlated hyperdevelopment of certain abductor and adductor muscles. Unlike the deep abductor muscles of other fishes, those of Pantodon originate on the mesial aspect of the girdle and pass to the exterior through an enlarged coracoid foramen. The large blocks of deep abductors fill the girdle and even surround part of the pericardium. The superficial abductors are also hypertrophied and even project posteriorly away from the body‐line. The articulation of the pectoral fins is unusual since it does not allow the fins to be folded back against the body; the only fin movement possible is in the vertical plane.

Apparently the pectoral musculature is highly adapted to spread and keep open the pectoral fine, at the samo time imparting a powerful dorso‐ventral motion to the fins. To this extent, Pantodon seems capable of true, flapping flight.

In both its pectoral osteology and myology, and in body‐form, Pantodon differs markedly from other flying fishes. The latter, although belonging to numerous and phyletically distinct groups, all show convergent adaptations for flight.

The pectoral anatomy of the related Osteoglossidæ (Heterotis niloticus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) is described. That of Heterotis does not differ greatly from the generalized isospondylid type, but the anatomy of Osteoglossum is intermediate between the Heterotis condition and that of Pantodon. Many characteristics of the Pantodon girdle and myology are clearly foreshadowed in Osteoglossum.

The taxonomic status of P. buchholzi has long been uncertain, but the details of its pectoral anatomy and syncranial osteology clearly confirm its place in the Osteoglossidæ and suggest a relatively close relationship with Osteoglossum and Scleropages.
THE FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF SOME HEATH‐DWELLING INVERTEBRATES
Authors: DELANY M. J.
Published: August 2010

The larger, ground‐dwelling invertebrates were collected from a heather moor in Dunbartonshire. The commoner species included Bradycellus ruficollis, Olophrum piceum, Othius angustus, O. punctulatus, Quedius boops, Aleocharina and Neobisium muscorum. After isolation in captivity they were offered various living animals and/or plants as food and records were kept, from March to August 1955, of the species and quantity eaten. The smaller staphylinids favoured the collembola but also ate some mites whilst O. punctulatus fed on the larger invertebrates. Neobisium ate the larger active collembola and Bradycellus fed on Calluna and a few collembola.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TOXOGLOSSAN GASTROPOD MANGELIA BRACHYSTOMA (PHILIPPI)
Authors: ROBINSON ELIZABETH
Published: August 2010

The proboscis of Mangelia is a highly specialized and modified organ involving a terminal sucker and an additional permanent sheath within the proboscis sac which has been named the supporting sheath. Its structure can be derived from the condition seen in the Conidae by supposing that the folds formed during the retraction of the proboscis in these animals become lengthened to form one single permanent fold in Mangelia. The anterior part of the alimentary canal and the organs associated with it are similar to those found in the Conidae, and include a highly coiled poison gland which opens ventrally into the oesophagus immediately posterior to the opening of the buccal sac. It is pointed out that the poison gland is the coiled tube and that the swollen proximal end of the gland is a non‐glandular propulsive organ, the muscular bulb, and that the true poison gland duct is a short distal passage joining the tubular gland to the buccal cavity. The frequently stated belief that the poison gland is derived from the gland of Leiblein is discussed and the possibility that it represents the ventral salivary glands is mentioned. The absence of a pedal sucker and of the ventral pedal gland is noted. The genital ducts are described and found to conform to the general plan seen in the Stenogloasa.