bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: a new housing crisis
Authors: Hearne Rory
Published: January 2021

This Chapter details how the Irish housing systems, and housing systems across the world, are experiencing a structural ‘shock’. We are in the midst of an unprecedented housing and homelessness crisis. This details the dramatic increase in housing inequalities and exclusion, from the rise in homelessness, mortgage arrears and foreclosures, to the collapse in home-ownership rates and, in particular, the emergence of ‘Generation Rent’ and ‘Generation Stuck at Home’. This new Generation Rent is being locked out of traditional routes to affordable secure housing such as home ownership, social housing and secure low-rent housing. They are being pushed into private rental markets with unaffordable high rents and insecurity of tenure, or forced into hidden homelessness, couchsurfing, sleeping in cars, or pushed back to live with their parents. Ireland has had the largest fall in home ownership rates among European Union (EU) countries in the past three decades. This chapter shows that the current housing situation and crisis is not a temporary blip, but a deep and profound structural crisis that is in danger of becoming a permanent crisis. Our national and global housing systems are in crisis and this is a key juncture.
The lost decade of social and affordable housing: austerity and marketisation
Authors: Hearne Rory
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the ‘lost decade’ of social housing provision in Ireland: the austerity and marketisation policies that resulted in the collapse of social housing building from 2009 to 2019. It shows how austerity measures involved an intensification of the ongoing neoliberal shift from the direct building of social housing by local authorities to the marketisation of social housing provision through the private sector. The forms of marketisation are detailed including the increased use of the private rental sector for social housing (via subsidies and leasing), but also the purchasing of units from the private market. It details how from 2010 onwards, the provision of social housing via subsidies to the private rental sector almost entirely replaced direct building of social housing. This includes the Governments housing plan, Rebuilding Ireland which embedded marketisation and austerity, by using the housing benefit - the Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) as the main form of housing provision. It details how HAP and other private market forms of social housing provision worsens the housing supply crisis, is poor value for money, results in tenant insecurity and discrimination, and facilitates the financialisation of housing. And how this is one of the main reasons the Irish housing system suffered such a major shock with the emergence of a new homelessness crisis in 2013.
Decision Making in Child and Family Social Work
Authors: Diaz Clive
Published: January 2021

This book presents new research on the extent to which parents and children participate in decision making when childcare social workers are involved and it considers two key meetings in depth: child protection conferences and child in care reviews.
There is currently a great deal of interest in how social workers can work more effectively with families and in particular give children a voice. There is also considerable public and media interest in the child protection system, in particular relating to how children are safeguarded by social workers. This book will argue that unless we listen to (and act upon whenever possible) the views of children it is very difficult to safeguard and offer them an effective service.
The unique selling point of the book will be that it is based on original solid empirical research following interviews with multiple stakeholders across two local authorities in England including children (n=75), parents (n=52), social workers (n=11, independent reviewing officers (n=8) and senior managers (n=7).
This book will consider how 10 years of austerity has impacted on the child protection system and it will have a particular focus on how current practice leads to children and parents often feeling oppressed and excluded in decision making about their lives. The book promises to be authoritative and informed on issues on the ground and very relevant to both policy and practice.
Children’s and parents’ participation: current thinking
Authors: Stabler Lorna
Published: January 2021

This chapter seeks to ground the reader in some of the key concepts and thinking relevant to the research that populates the following chapters. It starts by considering what participation means, and for whom, exploring theoretical concepts such as Arnstein’s ladder of participation (1969) and Hart’s (1992) later adaption for the context of children’s participation, as well as other frameworks particularly useful for exploring participation in public services. This is followed by an exploration of some of the key issues and considerations specific participation in the context of children’s social care. How participation is defined tends to differ depending on who is ‘participating’, in what context, and for what end. In this chapter, we are particularly interested in participation within children’s social care, meaning the two groups that we will be exploring when discussing participation will be children and young people and parents within children’s social care.
The rest of the chapter is then given to exploring some of the research relevant to the involvement of parents and children in social care decision making – namely through meetings held with professionals. In particularly, this section focuses on the roles of professionals in enabling meaningful participation in decision making, and some of the challenges involved.
On needs and knowledge: Sarit’s story
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: January 2021

Following the introduction of the concept of recognition in the previous chapter, this chapter focuses on the recognition of service users’ needs and knowledge. The chapter presents the difference between “voice” and knowledge and urges social workers to listen to service users and relate to them as having valuable knowledge regarding their lives and society. In addition, the chapter argues that Maslow’s popular hierarchy of needs reduces the humanity of people in poverty, whose basic needs are often not fulfilled. The chapter exemplifies the recognition of service users’ needs and knowledge through a close reading of the life story of Sarit, a 23-year-old single mother of three.
Social services departments: success or failure?
Authors: Bamford Terry
Published: January 2021

Social Services departments, created after the 1970 Local Authority Social Services Act, survived for nearly half a century. Their ability to meet the vision set out in the Seebohm Report was compromised by curtailment of expansion after the financial crisis in 1975. Their reputation was damaged by a number of widely reported child deaths in which social work was seen as passive and ineffective. Severe criticism followed when they were viewed as over active as in Cleveland and Orkney. As a result social services were seen as toxic in deprived communities. Despite winning responsibility for community care in the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act, departments suffered, first, from the requirement to spend the bulk of transferred social security funds in the independent sector and secondly from the prolonged squeeze on local government spending. The potential of care management for innovation and empowering service users was never fully realised.
The 1989 England and Wales Children Act: the high-water mark of progressive reform?
Authors: Tunstill Jane , Thoburn June
Published: January 2021

The 1989 Children Act is a widely admired piece of legislation. This chapter traces its genesis of the legislation and examines the value base of the legislation and its implications for social work practice. The political social and economic trends which have impacted on the implementation are analysed. Has the risk aversion which has led to increased numbers of ‘looked after’ children undermined the balance between family support and child protection reflected in the Act? The cuts in family support services have made it hard to realise the partnership with parents which was one of the key themes of the Act. There remains a hope that the vision and intentions of the legislation may yet be achieved
Brexit Nationalism: History, Crisis and Identity
Authors: Ryder Andrew
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out the historical, social and cultural context to Brexit by exploring Britain’s relationship with Europe and place in the world, the impact of the financial crisis and how anxiety has come to the fore of political debate as a shaper of policy and identity. A large section of this chapter is historical, this is important to enable the reader to understand the Brexit phenomenon for where we are, depends on where we have been (path dependency) and facilitates a discourse historical approach to the analysis of speech acts which proceeds this chapter. In describing historical, political and cultural developments the chapter highlights a series of argumentative strategies and rhetorical devices which help describe the argumentative positions taken up by a range of actors in different milieu. Important in the discussion is the concept of British exceptionalism and a perception of collective national identity that nurtured Brexit nationalism.
Politics in Focus: The Conservatives
Authors: Ryder Andrew
Published: January 2021

The chapter outlines and critiques various factions within the Conservative Party and the stresses, strains and opportunities that Brexit presented to them. The chapter reflects upon the demise of One Nationism a more liberal and pro-European form of Conservatism and contrasts it with the Eurosceptic ‘Brexiteers’ within the party some closely aligned with hyperglobalism, a more militant form of neoliberalism, that constitutes an attempt by core countries like the USA and Britain to re-orientate their economic models in order to maintain an advantage over old and emerging competitors and retain their hegemony. Key personalities involved in the discussion are: Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Dominic Grieve and Ken Clarke among others. The chapter considers whether the Conservatives have transformed into a radical right form of populism.
The Nationalists: Exclusionary and Civic
Authors: Ryder Andrew
Published: January 2021

The chapter explores how forms of nationalism have interacted with Brexit, focusing primarily on the Scottish Nationalists (SNP), UK Independence Party (UKIP) and the Brexit Party. The chapter outlines how the SNP opposed a hard Brexit and UKIP and the Brexit Party militantly agitated for such an outcome. Scottish nationalists believed a hard Brexit would inevitably revive support for independence but sought to avoid a hard Brexit by advocating that Scotland should retain close links or even membership of the EU and campaigned for a more cosmopolitan and egalitarian vision of the future through a form of civic nationalism. In contrast UKIP and the Brexit Party through forms of exclusionary nationalism advocated for a Britain free from the restraints of EU regulation and free to limit migration. A vision for the future that some would argue is nativist and monocultural. Key personalities in the discussion include Nicola Sturgeon and Nigel Farage
Antidotes to Brexit
Authors: Ryder Andrew
Published: January 2021

A core message of the book is that authoritarian populism (Brexit nationalism) is a state of affairs where emotions are orchestrated by an increasingly demagogic subsection of the elite to polarise, mobilise and demonise, a reactive, illiberal and antagonist form of politics. It presents a threat in that although perhaps it has manifested itself in one of its most extreme forms in Britain through Brexit, it is in fact an endemic threat to all of Europe. In January 2019 a group of thirty lead European thinkers, writers, historians and nobel laureates, declared that Europe as an idea was “coming apart before our eyes” and the consequences would be “calamitous” if the rising tide of populism was not challenged. The final section of the book seeks to identify the panacea to the rise of authoritarian populism and forms of agonism, both in Britain and Europe. Britain’s future relationship with the EU will be a key determiner in Britain’s course as a nation, hence the book advocates Britain’s eventual re-entry into a reformed European Union grounded within the concept of Social Europe and a conception of identity that is inclusive and accommodated in a structural framework that is deliberative and egalitarian. The chapter also seeks to challenge ‘post-truth’ politics through a reformed public sphere and inclusive and bridging speech acts and rhetoric. Finally, the chapter reflects on the value of critical multiculturalism as a mechanism that might dispel monoculturalism and nativism.
Rediscovering Technocracy
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The introduction provides a starting definition of technocracy as a form of government based on a vision of politics as a form of (post-) industrial management, technological progressivism, social engineering, scientism and the politics of depoliticization. The transition from industrial technocracy to the anti-bureaucratic and pro-democratic form of new technocracy is introduced and situated in relation to key debates. Also includes an overview of the book.
Technocratic Regulation: Coping With Risk and Uncertainty
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The chapter focuses on changes in technocratic rationality and practice brought about by risk society. The proliferation of manufactured, global and incalculable risk has undercut the traditional security thinking of industrial technocracy and led to the internalization of risk and a new credo announcing the impossibility of insurance against dangers and uncertainty. This has, in turn, prompted important changes in technocratic risk regulation and a new focus on the creation and management of resilient citizens, organizations, communities, societies and systems. Ecological and economic governance are discussed as examples of this development.
Fathers Experiencing Solo Leave: Changes and Continuities
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

The research question is what fathers do when home on parental leave without the mother. During the period the quota has existed the father's quota has been substantially extended. Based on interviews with fathers, who have used 10 and 12 weeks leave, this article aims to explore how being home alone has impacted their caring practices. When the fathers describe their experiences, they focus on care work as hard work. While fathers staying at home on a shorter leave right after the introduction of the quota concentrated on taking care of their children, and housework was an area of conflict in the family, the current fathers integrate cleaning and cooking with caring. Because the current generation of home-alone fathers are home for a longer period and have the primary responsibility for their children’s well-being, they also seem to develop stronger emotional ties and relational competence.
Changing Fathers and Work–Life Boundary Setting
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

The chapter directs attention to work-life balance after the leave, asking what consequences the leave experience has for fathers’ work involvement. The fathers describe becoming a father and caring for a one-year old as an emotional and existential experience that have changed them as men. The question posed in the chapter, is what consequences this experience has for their efforts and time-use at work. Judging from the literature, reduction in working hours is rarely an option for men, but the changes reported by the fathers, impact on their boundary management between home and work. Several strategies are used to reduce the time demands of work in order to benefit time with their children, and four such strategies are described.
Getting Started: ‘Put Me On, Bruv’
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the question of who joins a county line. Where do they come from? Why do they join? The chapter considers the concept of the Pool of Availability. The Pool of Availability comprises young people who have grown up in marginalised, vulnerable communities, and through a combination of habitus, social field, and social environment are now readily available and even conditioned to step into the street gang. Where street gangs become the logical answer to the prevailing conditions, the youth who affiliate to gangs do so as ‘rational agents’ joining ‘rational organisations’. The chapter offers case study insights from respondents articulating their lived experience of involvement and life inside a county line. It explores options for entry and types of role alongside the prerequisites for joining a county line crew, managing a line, and the logistics of getting staff to customers.
Cuckooing and Nuanced Dealing Relationships
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates the complex set of inter-personal relationships between the user community and county line operatives, starting with cuckooing and the development of a cuckooing typology. Cuckooing is not new, but for years remained ‘hidden’ within housing or policing reports of ‘crack dens’, largely overlooked or unrecognised as criminal exploitation and downplayed as a ‘type of manipulation’. Essentially, it is a form of criminal exploitation where vulnerable people are conned, coerced, controlled, or intimidated into sharing, providing, or offering up their accommodation to criminals (often drug dealers) who then use it to base their criminal activity (often drug dealing). Methods vary; however, intimidation and violence often underpin this. It is now widely associated with county line networks. The chapter then considers the views of both users and dealers as they offer insights into their often complex relationships and how they feel about county lines.
The Appeal and Desistance-Promoting Potential of Boxing
Authors: Jump Deborah
Published: January 2021

The chapter further explores the meaning of boxing for young men, and considers sport as definer of masculinity and domination. I consider the ways in which boxing forms part of class and masculine discourses. I therefore discuss the appeal of boxing from a class based masculine perspective and outline how contact sports form part of male working-class identities, particularly those that are informed by ‘hardmen’ discourses. Thus, boxing’s appeal is enduring, as it not only supports and perpetuates identity formation among men who use violence as a mechanism of control and domination, but further allows them to express this in their performance of masculinity and sport.
The Case of Leroy: Shame, Violence and Reputation
Authors: Jump Deborah
Published: January 2021

Leroy’s story discusses boxing’s appeal as a mechanism to avoid shame. It tells the story of Leroy and his upbringing in a ‘hard’ working class environment that valued toughness and respect. With a violent boxing father, Leroy talks of boxing as a way of life, and the ways in which intersections of class, working class habitus, and violence, meld his life. His story further reflects on how boxing can be employed as a form of ‘physical capital’, and how the prestige that comes with ‘hardness’, can be used to overcome feelings of shame, stigma, and vulnerability
Rendering the Ordinary Extraordinary in Order to Facilitate Prevention: The Case of (Sexual) Violence against Women
Authors: Walklate Sandra , McCulloch Jude
Published: January 2021

Prevention is a seductive concept. It has a wide range of positive connotations largely derivable from the medical world. However, in order to prevent, it is important to locate the cause and have an accurate picture of the associated epidemiology of the problem. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the extent to which either of these factors are present in what is known about sexual violence and further to explore the extent to which what is known informs preventive strategies. Starting from the position that violence (against women) is 'an everyday experience this chapter will consider the ways in which strategies designed to prevent sexual violence actually deny the ordinariness of such, but rather rely on rendering it extra-ordinary in order to render such strategies justifiable. These practices of denial, by implication, also deny what is known about its causes and its epidemiology. As a result, such practices tent to serve the interests of the professionals engaged in then rather than those so afflicted by such violence
Reporting as Risk: The Dangers of Criminal Justice for Survivors of Sexual Violence
Authors: Fohring Stephanie
Published: January 2021

For many victims of sexual violence, the trauma does not end with the incident itself, but may be drawn out for several months or even years. Secondary victimisation caused by conscious or non-conscious promotion of rape myths, negative stereotypes, or empathy fatigue can happen at the hands of both the public, personal relations, or sadly even those who are meant to support and protect victims. For those few victims who do engage with criminal justice, secondary victimisation poses a serious threat to their wellbeing, with the potential to negatively affect both mental health and future willingness to report crime.Sexual victimisation is seriously under-reported by both male and female victims. The social stigma attached to sexual victimisation, the trauma of police interviews, court proceedings, and medical examinations, as well as the psychological implications of victimhood, are all significant motivations to avoid reporting, especially in cases of sexual violence. The risk of experiencing this secondary trauma is so severe that some go so far as to suggest that victims may be better off not reporting their ordeals to the police at all.This chapter will firstly introduce the data on the under-reporting of sexual crimes, review current explanations and discuss the dismal prosecutorial success rates in relation to sexual violence in Scotland. It will then present evidence regarding the traumatic nature of the criminal justice system for victims of sexual violence, drawing on the academic literature including a critique of existing policy and practice, ongoing qualitative research with victims of crime in Scotland, as well as some highly publicised recent cases in the British media. Finally, the chapter will end by providing suggestions for reducing the risk of secondary victimisation and making the criminal justice system more victim friendly
Wildlife as Property
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the notion of wildlife as property or ‘things’ and critically analyses the extent to which anthropocentric notions of wildlife as a resource for human exploitation determines harm caused to non-human animals. This chapter examines how anthropocentric notions of morality and human-centred values underpin the exploitation of non-human animals and the sense in which they are owned. Employing a green criminological perspective, the chapter examines the use and abuse of wildlife within the animal ‘entertainment’ industry. The chapter examines the use of wildlife within aquariums, zoos, and circuses and examines both the legality of this use and the non-human animal harm contained within such uses. Evidence exists, for example, of psychological harm caused to wildlife in zoos that would likely be unlawful if experienced by companion animals. Yet, zoos and safari parks are ostensibly legal operations, thus animal welfare legislation is often the only mechanism through which action can be taken in respect of what would otherwise be deemed unlawful captivity (see also Chapter 7 on animal rights). We end the chapter by touching on how wildlife come to be property – that is a short discussion of wildlife trade, including the online market.
Southern Processes of Planetary Urbanization in Hartford
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

Chapter one examines historical processes of urbanization, with the focus on Hartford, seen from indigenous, postcolonial, Caribbean and African/African-American re-mappings of its metropolitan geographies. The chapter thus applies global South ideas to an examination of planetary urbanization in an urban area conventionally located in the global North. It argues that southern concepts are highly relevant to understanding and remapping Hartford as a global urbanism. Developing an historical geography from indigenous, postcolonial, and southern angles gives opportunities for detailing the specificities of planetarizing processes. Scholars need to look at longer-term processes producing planetary urbanization from elsewhere, to erase blind spots that universalizing theorizations produce. Here, this means rethinking the historical geography of indigenous peoples in the region, slavery, and labor migration.
Epilogue
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

This brief epilogue summarizes the core arguments. The contention of the book as a whole is that rethinking urbanism means rethinking it from the ground up, from literal and metaphorical places ‘South’ of where urbanism has been previously defined. This book is reckoning with a world of interconnected cities linked to one another in a process of planetary urbanization, but which is characterized here, following Glissant, as a process of ever-changing ‘relation’ between cities. Many scholars have stressed the centrality which learning from ‘elsewheres’ must assume in a cosmopolitan and truly global urban studies. With the growing literature of planetary urbanization pushing toward a more global urban studies, the aim of this book has been to re-center the discussion southward, with that ‘South’ reconceived. It argues for starting the discussion of 21st century planetary urbanization from the ideas and concepts and perspectives that emerge from both the intellectual and everyday southern urban worlds.
Ethnic Segregation Between Schools
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

This book provides a new study of ethnic segregation across English state schools in the period from 2011 to 2017. It examines whether patterns of school-level segregation decreased or increased over the period, how those patterns compare with patterns of residential segregation, whether particular types of schools are associated with greater ethnic separations, and whether socio-economic differences add to the geographies of ethnic segregation. We find that high levels of ethnic segregation do exist between the majority White British and some other ethnic groups such as the Bangladeshi and Pakistani, more so at the primary than secondary level of schooling, and increased also for the more affluent of the White British. However, there is no compelling evidence that ethnic segregation is increasing – instead, the general trend is towards desegregation and greater ethnic diversity within local authority areas and their schools. Nor is there persuasive evidence that ethnic segregation is exacerbated greatly (at least, not directly) by the present system of school choice because school intakes appear comparable to the characteristics of their surrounding neighbourhoods in their ethnic composition.
Ethnic Segregation in England: Discourse and Debate
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

The idea that ethnic segregation is growing in England is sometimes implied in Government-backed policy documents and reinforced by the media notwithstanding empirical evidence to the contrary. This chapter introduces how debates about segregation have been framed, reproduced and applied to what is happening within schools. It notes a tendency to present segregation as something due to minority groups despite those groups becoming more spread out and living in more mixed neighbourhoods.
Conclusion: Ethnic Segregation Is Not Increasing
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

The book has examined ethnic segregation between English state schools and whether it has increased or decreased over the years since the last major data collection – the national Census of 2011. It has found that high levels of ethnic segregation do exist across schools between the majority White British population and some other ethnic groups such as the Bangladeshi and Pakistani, more so at the primary than secondary level of schooling, and more for those of greater affluence amongst the White British. However, the general trend has been towards desegregation and greater ethnic diversity within local authority areas and their schools. Because school intakes are broadly comparable in their ethnic composition to the characteristics of their surrounding neighbourhoods so as neighbourhoods have become more diverse so too have schools.
The Battle of Ideas in the Labour Party
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The Labour party has been largely defined by the battle of ideas between its left and right sections. This book chronicles those battles, highlighting the key ideas and people behind them since Attlee. It focuses on the totemic moments in the party, but pays particular attention to the Corbyn era. It argues that to understand Corbynism it is important to understand the previous battles over ideas in the party. The final chapter analyses how Corbynism has reacted to Brexit, the biggest issue to face UK politics since WWII, and how this issue has re-opened the left and right battle.
Introduction
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

[T]he ideas of economists and political philosophers … are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed, the world is ruled by little else.

(John Maynard Keynes, 1964)

Corbynism was the new political thought in town. Its advocates claimed it heralded the end of neoliberalism, the dominant idea that has guided UK policy since its implementation by Margaret Thatcher (see ...
Habitus: An Affective Reservoir of Immanent Dispositions
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter Two builds on the traditional definition of habitus and on its recent developments to argue that habitus needs to be thought of as an affective reservoir of immanent dispositions, where affinities stick and are primed across an emotional trajectory to instinctively react in some situations or reflexively deliberate in others. The chapter emphasises oft-overlooked aspects of habitus such as conatus and the cathectic, and points to how different orientations towards illusio can be an important limitation for an individual’s practice. The sensations and feelings we experience in certain social situations accumulate in dispositions over time. Dispositions are therefore enacted, that is they emerge or spring forth at any given time through affinities. Habitus is essentially an antenna to detect the feel of a space, a capacitor that stores affinities and a transformer that then regulates an array of performative dispositions.
Fields, Settings, Atmospheres
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter Three rearticulates the methodological and ontological concept of field as having distinctive affective atmospheres and structures of feeling, making an argument for thinking differently about broad social fields and specific social settings. This chapter opens up Bourdieu’s fields towards thinking across multiple fields and incorporating broader affective economies into specific fields, and also to consider how some of Bourdieu’s concepts might still work in spaces that cannot be considered a field. It uses the examples of literature and ‘gastrophysics’ to discuss the implications of thinking within and across fields and settings.
The Affectivity of the Forms of Capitals
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter Four develops the understanding that Bourdieu’s forms of capitals have affective properties and propensities, arguing that they need to be understood as skills and capacities for lubricating success in a particular field, and emphasizing how capitals work in the specific everyday moments and encounters where relationality matters and class is made, patrolled and reproduced. The forms of capitals that Bourdieu and others have developed are themselves ‘affective’ in that how they work stems from an assemblage of material, temporal, spatial, and relational factors and their affects. Affective competence is the embodiment of hierarchical social relations that explain how social magic happens. The chapter also argues that what is traditionally theorised as capital convergence is an affective transference that transmit relations of distinction and the maintenance of who gets to define morals, ethics and values.
Conclusion
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

The Conclusion sums up the main arguments, summarizes the conceptual developments and specifies the vitality of a theory
of affective affinities.
Doing Fieldwork in Areas of International Intervention into Violent and Closed Contexts
Authors: de Guevara Berit Bliesemann , Bøås Morten
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers experiences of doing fieldwork. It talks about a gender-balanced group of field researchers at different stages of their careers that work in different countries around the world. It also analyzes how the field researchers did their fieldwork in areas of international intervention into violent conflict and/or illiberal states. The chapter provides an overview of the frank and critical accounts of the field researchers who have taken the courage to publicly reflect upon some of their mistakes and to name the dilemmas of fieldwork in violent and closed contexts. It draws attention to the personal reflections of the field researchers' practices, performances, and positionalities in the field, including their contributions to address questions currently discussed in related literatures.
The Road to Darfur: Ethical and Practical Challenges of Embedded Research in Areas of Open Conflict
Authors: Peter Mateja
Published: January 2021

This chapter concentrates on Mateja Peter's experiences of doing embedded research in Darfur, Sudan. It analyzes the distances between researcher and research participants that are created through physical access restrictions to the field, which may arise from the dangers of an active conflict. It also illustrates how practical considerations of accessing sites of conflict are entangled with ethical considerations for scholarly work and for interventions. The chapter highlights how a combination of practical and ethical constraints impacts what can be said about places that are studied. It also provides a narrative of Peter's fieldwork in Darfur, laying out the context and practical considerations, as well as the ethical challenges of the research.
Interpretation by Proxy? Interpretive Fieldwork with Local Associates in Areas of Restricted Research Access
Authors: Kušić Katarina
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Katarina Kušić's research on conflict-affected communities in Myanmar. It analyzes travel restrictions for foreigners that are put in place by the host country of the research. It also emphasizes how the help of local associates overcome the physical distance created by a controlling state and provide advantages in terms of cultural closeness between researchers and researched. The chapter discusses the collaborative interpretivist research on conflict as it unfolded in the project “Raising Silent Voices: Harnessing Local Conflict Knowledge for Communities' Protection from Violence in Myanmar,” which addresses the growing difficulties of access in conflict and post-conflict areas. It also looks into the involvement of a Myanmar team in the project that tackles a particular paradox in the “local turn” of intervention scholarship.
Sex Workers and Sugar Babies: Empathetic Engagement with Vulnerable Sources
Authors: Jennings Kathleen M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the perspectives on the research of wartime and intervention-related sexual violence, which has become an important subfield of conflict and intervention studies. It discusses the practicalities and ethics of research among sex workers as part of wider peacekeeping economies. It also reflects on Kathleen Jennings' research among sex workers in Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where she observes a worrying proliferation of research with “victim-survivors” of wartime sexual violence. The chapter emphasizes the researchers' ethical obligation to interrogate themselves and their motives when deciding to interview members of vulnerable groups. It also critically examines the ways and limits of empathic research among vulnerable subjects and addresses practical questions of access to and compensation for research participants.
Women, Peace and Security: A Critical Cartography
Authors: Basu Soumita , Kirby Paul , Shepherd Laura J.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter offers a mapping of the field of research to which we – the authors of the chapter and the editors of the volume – hope that the volume itself will contribute. Using the motif of ‘new directions’, we chart historical and contemporary scholarship on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), tracing avenues of enquiry, streams of argument, and architectures of practice across geographical, temporal, and institutional scales. In the course of our mapping, we identify overlapping waves of WPS scholarship, beginning with those who came to study WPS primarily through peace activism and women’s movements (including those who engaged directly with the politics and processes that produced UNSCR 1325), through the emergence of ‘WPS’ as a discrete object of analysis, and to the current state of art represented by the contributions to this volume. In doing so we show how WPS has gone from peace activism at the margins to a more significant landmark in the peace and security environment than perhaps anyone had envisaged. This cataloguing constitutes the first substantive section of the chapter. In the second section of the chapter, we map the contours of the contemporary field of study, proposing three new horizons of WPS scholarship: new themes; new actors; and new methods of encounter. In the final section, we conclude our cartography with a discussion of the ways in which the more recent contributions to WPS scholarship and practice are producing interesting new contestations, tensions, and constellations of power, and re-situate the new politics of WPS in relation to the geographical, temporal and institutional scales which will shape its future trajectories.
The Price of Peace? Frictional Encounters on Gender, Security and the ‘Economic Peace Paradigm’
Authors: George Nicole
Published: January 2021

Since the early 2000s, the United Nations Security Council’s Women Peace and Security framework has been a key focus of gender advocacy for women’s organisations confronting outbreaks of conflict in the Pacific Islands region, and for those who demand involvement in processes of conflict transition. But in these contexts, arguments about the rights of women to be recognised as bearers of specific burdens in times of instability, we well as active contributors to the consolidation of peace and durable post-conflict governance also come into friction with vernacular notions of security and localised sentiments about the foundations for the safe ordering of community. In this chapter, I reflect on recent academic development of the concept of vernacular security and the insights this work might offer when examining the enabling and constraining nature of these frictions. In particular I examine the impact of programs emphasising women’s economic participation as a key element of post-conflict restoration in Solomon Islands and Bougainville. These programs yoke liberal models of individualised, rights bearing citizenship and empowerment with advocacy aiming to encourage women’s entrepreneurship and business acumen. They constitute an important element of post-conflict external aid delivery programs in both countries. Yet my own research conducted with women who have participated in these programs, as well as those seeking to improve their economic participation independently, point to the problems of assuming that women’s economic participation easily correlates to higher levels of gendered security and empowerment in these post conflict contexts. To develop this argument I reflect on the idea that women may labour, but for negligible gain, a concept first expressed by Solomon Islands scholar Alice Aruhe’eta Pollard in the early 2000s. Building further on this idea, I argue that vernacular perspectives on gender and economic order are particularly helpful for exposing the fragile and complex relationship between gendered “labour” and “gains” in gendered security in these sites.
Student Campaigns
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates the temporal trajectories and the main characteristics of the recent student mobilizations, occurring in the four cases under investigation, that oppose measures promoted by national governments to foster a neoliberal model of higher education. In exploring the goals, strategies, and action repertoires of such mobilizations, it notes similarities and differences between the actors involved in the protests within and across the four regions. To begin with, students have various traditions of activism in the four cases studied, which have informed contemporary movements. Moreover, in the four cases, the mobilization campaigns have shown a surprisingly high (especially for England and Quebec) confrontational orientation, exemplified by the adoption of very disruptive protest tactics, such as street blockades, and railway and university occupations. Similar also were the main demands and goals pursued by the students, who were concerned with the negative consequences of the process of marketization affecting their universities and their lives, and the support of the restoration of a stronger public system with a more democratic outlook. Yet, some key differences across the four cases were identified in the various capacities of students to build unitary protest fronts and to make alliances with other social and political actors, such as leftist political parties and trade unions — a capacity which was higher in the Quebec and Chilean cases, and lower in the Italian and English ones.
The People in Question
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

The book explores tensions in the relationship between citizenship and constitutions. It starts from the proposition that the citizen is a central figure in most if not all constitutional set-ups at the state level, and then highlights the paradox that in many constitutions matters of citizenship are not regulated in detail. The idea of the ‘constitutional citizen’ is developed and explored in Part Two, across chapters looking at the ideal of citizenship, modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship, and citizenship rights. Two themes emerge in those central chapters: the potential role of superordinate constitutional principles such as equality and dignity in filling out the concept of constitutional citizenship and the question as to how states should determine the boundaries of citizenship. Should it be via the constitution as interpreted by courts, or via the legislature as representing the people? Part Three of the book explores some of the challenges which the idea of constitutional citizenship faces today. It looks at the effects of the rise of populist politics in many countries, including the acceleration in some countries of constitutional amendments to mirror an exclusivist concept of the people. Then it turns to the fragmentation of the governance of citizenship. Here we see a turn away from an exclusive focus on the state and an increased impact of international institutions on citizenship. An exploration of the paradox of the simultaneous rise of populism and globalisation forms the centrepiece of the book’s conclusions.
Shifting Spatialities of Citizenship
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the phenomenon of the shifting spatialities of citizenship. It studies the impact on ideas of constitutional citizenship of the dispersion of citizenship statuses and rights across vertical and horizontal axes. Under the influence of factors such as mobility and migration, the instability of state boundaries, subnational claims and movements, supranational/international institutions, including courts, such as the EU and the Council of Europe and cognates elsewhere in the world and a body of international law that addresses many issues of citizenship and rights, the chapter explores a scheme of fragmented citizenship governance. This raises new challenges, for example, in relation to the legitimacy of how international law impacts upon domestic constitutions. It cannot simply be assumed that the concerns with global justice and individual rights that stem from those international law sources which pertain to citizenship will in fact map comfortably onto citizenship in a constitutional context at the national level.
Conclusions
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

The conclusions seek to reinforce how the two sets of issues explored in Chapters 6 and 7 articulate with each other, against the backdrop of the examples discussed in Part Two and the framework for study elaborated in Part One.
Family Dynasties: Success and Failure
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers what factors contributed to the survival and success of the leading families, and to the decline of others. It identifies the crucial role of entrepreneurs in founding and sustaining the fortunes of leading families. A key finding of the chapter is the distinction between old aristocratic wealth and new mercantile wealth. Some older families fell into debt and lost their property portfolios. Others redistributed income within the family or undertook strategic marriages, and thus obtained a new lease of life.
Conclusions
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8 outlines five key findings from the book: the importance of property transactions, the significance of urban topography, the importance of the family, the importance of charitable giving to institutions and the significance of the regional and national context.
The Cambridge Hundred Rolls
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie , Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

The chapter provides new translations of these previously unpublished documents.
‘Cohabitants’ in the Law of England and Wales: a Brief Introduction
Authors: Miles Joanna
Published: January 2021

This chapter focusses on the legal position of cohabitants in English law, noting that these non-legally recognised couples are the fastest growing family type. It discusses the nature and the legal status of these relationships, and the lack of a coherent set of laws regulating them, instead requiring couples to hunt in various corners of the law in search of rights, duties and other legal provisions which are applicable to them.