bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of XBT Temperature Bias on Decadal Climate Prediction with a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Yasunaka Sayaka , Ishii Masayoshi , Kimoto Masahide , Mochizuki Takashi , Shiogama Hideo
Published: April 2011

The influence of the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) depth bias correction on decadal climate prediction is presented by using a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model called the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3 (MIROC3). The global mean subsurface ocean temperatures that were simulated by the model with the prescribed anthropogenic and natural forcing are consistent with bias-corrected observations from the mid-1960s onward, but not with uncorrected observations. The latter is reflected by biases in subsurface ocean temperatures, particularly along thermoclines in the tropics and subtropics. When the correction is not applied to XBT observations, these biases are retained in data assimilation results for the model’s initial conditions. Hindcasting past Pacific decadal oscillations (PDOs) is more successful in the experiment with the bias-corrected observations than that without the correction. Improvement of skill in predicting 5-yr mean vertically average ocean subsurface temperature is also seen in the tropical and the central North Pacific where PDO-related signals appear large.
Hospital Designs for Patients of Different Ages
Authors: Ullán Ana M. , Belver Manuel H. , Fernández Esperanza , Serrano Isabel , Delgado Juan , Herrero Carmen
Published: April 2011

The design of hospitals should consider the needs and preferences of the patients, but the preferences of adolescents have received little attention. This investigation analyzed adolescents’ preferences for diverse hospital designs and compared them with those of the adults in charge of their care. Participants included were 345 adolescents—88 of them hospitalized—76 parents, and 46 health professionals. They all assessed three pairs of photographs of different hospital settings. Quantitative analyses were performed of the choices, and qualitative analyses of their justifications. The results indicated high agreement among the groups about which atmosphere was preferable for children and for adults, and also—with nuances—about the suitability of the nonchild-like atmosphere for adolescents. No important differences were found between hospitalized and nonhospitalized adolescents’ responses. The qualitative analyses revealed significant differences between the adolescents’ and adults’ response models in their ratings of the hospital setting design. The adolescents’ perspective seemed more sensitive than that of the adults toward symbolic aspects and the needs, experiences, and emotions of hospital users. The authors’ work reveals the need to consider the perspective of adolescents on hospital design, which cannot be substituted by that of their parents or of the clinical staff.
Loss of Basement Membrane Integrity in Human Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Kantarci A. , Nseir Z. , Kim Y.-S. , Sume S.S. , Trackman P.C.
Published: April 2011

Gingival overgrowth tissues have thickened connective tissue stroma, sometimes accompanied by the increased presence of collagen fibers, thickened epithelia, and elongated rete pegs. We have previously shown that expression of CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), correlates positively with the degree of gingival fibrosis, and that markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are characteristic of all drug-induced forms of gingival overgrowth. Here we experimentally evaluate whether increased degradation of the basement membrane and apparent invasion of the underlying stroma by epithelial cells could be observed in human gingival overgrowth tissues. Tissues from 20 different individuals with human gingival overgrowth and 15 non-overgrowth samples were evaluated by histological analyses and by immunohistochemistry assays of basement membrane proteins. The results demonstrate that there are significantly higher numbers of basement membrane discontinuities in overgrowth tissues, sometimes containing epithelial-like cells. Disrupted basal membrane structure in gingival overgrowth tissues is accompanied by a discontinuous collagen type IV expression pattern and decreased laminin 5. These findings provide new additional support for the hypothesis that epithelial plasticity and EMT promote gingival overgrowth, resulting in compromised basal membrane structure and increased interactions between epithelial and connective tissue layers that contribute to fibrotic pathology.
Tenderness and Sympathy: Distinct Empathic Emotions Elicited by Different Forms of Need
Authors: Lishner David A. , Batson C. Daniel , Huss Elizabeth
Published: April 2011

Current need and vulnerability are two different forms of need. Integrating (a) cognitive-appraisal theories of emotion with (b) a view of human parental nurturance as emotionally based and cognitively generalizable, this article proposes that these two forms of need elicit distinct empathic emotions: Vulnerability evokes feelings of tenderness, whereas current need evokes feelings of sympathy. Results of two experiments support this proposal. Vulnerable targets elicited tenderness even when there was no current need; nonvulnerable targets did not. Sympathy was low when there was no evidence of current need but high when there was evidence of current need. Other forms of need and other empathic emotions are proposed, as are motivational and behavioral consequences of the distinction between tenderness and sympathy.
Remodeling the Transnational Political Realm: Partnerships, Best-Practice Schemes, and the Digitalization of Governance
Authors: Krause Hansen Hans , Salskov-Iversen Dorte
Published: April 2011

Drawing on theories of governance and governmentality, this article investigates the growing array of transnational organizational forms that create, share, and provide knowledge and expertise about various aspects of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and e-modernization. It analyzes the characteristics and role of transnational partnerships and transnational best-practice schemes. These organizational forms, viewed as instantiations of soft-governance techniques of agency and performance, are illustrated by examples based on the authors' fieldwork: the World Bank–initiated Global Knowledge Partnership, the Balanced E-Government Index (BEGIX) launched by the Bertelsmann Foundation, and the Stockholm Challenge. Such transnational forms aim to enhance participation and empowerment while promoting competition and self-discipline at the level of organizations and individuals. In addition, transnational partnerships and best-practice schemes constitute nodes through which the accomplished actors of these emergent organizational forms communicate, flow, mix, and create alliances on a transnational scale, while capitalizing on them in domestic and other organizational realms.
Confidence- and Security-Building Measures for India and Pakistan
Authors: Hilali A. Z.
Published: April 2011

This article presents a conceptual and historical overview of confidence- and security-building measures between India and Pakistan in order to provide a context in which to evaluate prospects for the mitigation of conflict between these two countries. It examines such sites of conflict as Kashmir and the Siachen Glacier, as well as concerns over nuclear proliferation, and evaluates the measures that have been taken so far in relation both to processes of arms control and of political negotiation.
Disrupting Asian America: South Asian American Histories as Strategic Sites of Narration
Authors: Menon Sridevi
Published: April 2011

This article elaborates a critical practice that interrogates the discursive protocols narrating the US nation's histories. It poses South Asian American genealogies as strategic sites from which the racial formation of the United States and Asian America may be explored.
Taking Flight in Condemned Grounds: Forcibly Displaced Karens and the Thai-Burmese In-Between Spaces
Authors: Tangseefa Decha
Published: April 2011

Based on fieldwork in non-ceasefire war zones within and between Thailand and Burma, this article explores the nexus between written language, intelligibility, and qualified voice in order to examine the Karen people as unqualified political subjects in a quotidian theater of the displaced.
Security, Spatiality, and Social Suffering
Authors: Darby Phillip
Published: April 2011

This article outlines a schema for developing an alternative knowledge about security, privileging non-European peoples and focusing on the sources and potentiality of insecurity. Urging attention to the everyday and the personal, to the claims of the other, and to forms of social suffering, the analysis foregrounds the part that spatiality can play in reconceptualizing security without making spatiality itself the subject of analysis.
Development, Territories, and People: Consolidating the External Sovereign Frontier
Authors: Duffield Mark
Published: April 2011

As a liberal relation of governance, development has a long genealogy spanning the colonial and postcolonial periods. This article attempts to uncover these interconnections. Development is first examined in terms of its singular ability to constantly reinvent itself as a “new and improved” formula for sharing the world with others. After discussing the relationship between development, liberal imperialism, and racism, decolonization is considered in relation to the emergence of a global biopolitical divide between “developed” and “underdeveloped” population. That is, life supported by social insurance as opposed to life excepted to be self-reliant. As a technology of security, development policies thus divide. The article argues that the ability of effective states to declare a humanitarian emergency within ineffective ones has played a central role in the post-Cold War reexpansion of the West';s external sovereign frontier. Since humanitarianism ignores the state, however, within liberal strategies of governance, consolidating this frontier has fallen to development. While respect for territorial integrity remains, sovereignty over life within ineffective states is now internationalized, negotiable, and contingent.
Insuring Terrorism, Assuring Subjects, Ensuring Normality: The Politics of Risk after 9/11
Authors: Aradau Claudia , van Munster Rens
Published: April 2011

Security has been located either in the political spectacle of public discourses or within the specialized field of security professionals, experts in the management of unease. This article takes issue with these analyses and argues that security practices are also formulated in more heterogeneous locations. Since the early days of the “war on terror,” the insurance industry has had an instrumental role and “underwriting terrorism” has become part of the global governmentality of terrorism. We explore the political implications of the classi-ficatory practices that insurance presupposes and argue that the technologies of insurance foster subjects who are consistent with the logic of capitalism. Insurance entrenches a vision of the social where antagonisms have been displaced or are suspended by an overwhelming concern with the continuity of social and economic processes. These effects of insurance will be discussed as the “temporality,” “subjectivity,” and “alterity” effects.
Indeterminate Geographies of Political Violence in Southern Thailand
Authors: Bonura Carlo
Published: April 2011

Geographies always contain more than they claim to represent, and there is always a politics involved in this excessive representation. This article examines how such indeterminate geographies structure popular, academic, political, and nationalist understandings of the current wave of political violence in southern Thailand.
The Day Democracy Died: The Depoliticizing Effects of Democratic Development
Authors: Elliott Cathy
Published: April 2011

The current fashion for good governance and promoting democracy as an integral element of development is ironically having depoliticizing effects because of its articulation with a technocratic and Westernized vision of what a good society might be like. Proceeding empirically and using texts relating to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, this article demonstrates how discourses of democracy and development are mobilized in the contemporary international space, enabling the discursive taking of sides: for “democratic development” and against “Islamic extremism,” in ways that elide other possible modes of seeing. “Democratic development” constitutes, and is constituted by, a “Western” (and British) identity in ways that are seductive, but also disciplinary: In particular, they turn out to produce and reproduce a particular set of gender relations as well as exhorting British Muslims to “fit in” with this identity. This exclusionary logic also transposes struggle over these power relations into an undemocratic international space. One key consequence of its mobilization is precisely the closing down of space for political resistance through democratic means, which I argue is not only ironically highly undemocratic, but also dangerous.
Belated Foundations
Authors: Rosen-Carole Adam
Published: April 2011

The ethnoecocidal eradication of indigenous bodies, cultures, and cartographies in the United States, although not without resistance and remainder, gradually transformed densely textured networks of peoples and places into a cleared and open space upon which a nation could be imaginatively and materially composed. However, securing these lands as unambiguously “American” required an elaborate extension of these violent and amnesic cartographic practices. A reading of the US Declaration of Independence and discourses surrounding the US Constitution is used to demonstrate this, with the point of documenting the incessant forgetting requisite for contemporary American self-representations to hold sway and the violent ramifications that are thereby enabled.
The Limits of Liberal-Democracy Promotion
Authors: Hobson Christopher
Published: April 2011

One of the few unambiguously positive outcomes of the George W. Bush years is a greater interest in the practice of democracy promotion. However, the expansion of scholarship in this area has not been matched by an equal expansion in its scope. There continues to be an overwhelming tendency to focus exclusively on empirical case studies and policy prescriptions, usually informed by a set of unstated liberal assumptions. Nothing is necessarily wrong with this per se. The problem stems from the lack of attention directed toward the larger theoretical and conceptual frameworks that inform and shape these practices. Responding to this state of affairs, this article examines the way certain theoretical tendencies and commitments have helped give rise to many problematic aspects of liberal democracy promotion. It is necessary to challenge the restrictive framework that currently dominates. It is argued that to do so entails rethinking, extending, and pluralizing the way democracy itself is conceived.
Interrupting Inevitability: Globalization and Resistance
Authors: Skonieczny Amy
Published: April 2011

Recent and past events indicate that the meanings, effects, and outcomes of globalization are highly contested. Despite this, an underlying assumption of inevitability characterizes dominant globalization discourses. How is it possible that inevitability claims persist despite multiple contestations? In this article, the author makes two arguments. The first corrects a pervasive problem in the literature that separates contingency and inevitability as two competing logics of globalization; the second proposes a new analytic approach, based on a postcolonial critique, that more appropriately challenges teleological arguments while explaining their persistence. This approach is illustrated through an examination of an encounter that took place during an antiglobalization rally in Washington, D.C., in April 2000 and in a rethinking of our current economic crisis and the “new thrift” that has changed US consumer behavior.
Neoliberal Xenophobia: The Dutch Case
Authors: Demmers Jolle , Mehendale Sameer S.
Published: April 2011

This article argues for the need to identify and grapple with the complexities of the relation between xenophobia and neoliberalism. In the case of the Netherlands, the rise of xenophobia is part of a larger process of a mostly market-controlled reclaiming of symbolic forms of collectiveness in an increasingly atomized society. The 2004 murder of Dutch filmmaker-provocateur Theo van Gogh played a crucial role in cementing a “culturalist,” anti-Islam regime of truth. The analysis of the van Gogh murder informs about how, in the atomized market society, the search for new forms of togetherness has translated, in the Netherlands, into a turn to the ethnos, with fantasies of purity and the moralization of culture and citizenship. Where the neoliberal project has, largely unnoticed, abolished the collective standards and solidarities of the post-World War II era, the faces of immigrants have served as ideal, identifiable flash points for new repertoires of belonging and othering.
Breaking the Traditional Style of Finnish Civic Activity
Authors: Lappalainen Pertti
Published: April 2011

In this article, “the basic idea is to introduce the idea of style as an approach to (political) activity and, especially, as an alternative practice to ideological activity.”

Using the example of animal-rights activism, the author posits something “decidedly new” in Finnish civic activity, which traditionally has been channelled through institutions: Finnish movements have been state-oriented, with demands being addressed to the government, and have emphasized knowledge-based rationality as the measure for competent activity. The author categorically rejects “the notion that, in politics, style is anything more than a superficial curtain, behind which the true contents of politicking can be found,” and argues that the traditional style of activity has changed recently toward one called action. The most essential dimension of this action style is unpredictability. Choosing this style means making a (political) judgment, situation by situation. The repertoire of collective activity has enlarged, and actors are now ready to act in the most radical and surprising style.
Reassessing the Crisis: Ecology and Liberal International Relations
Authors: Mulligan Shane
Published: April 2011

Geopolitics has long been associated with material factors, but theories of international relations continue to evade questions about ecological degradation and declining natural resources. One important point of intersection is the relationship between liberalism and natural abundance/scarcity. There are grounds to suggest that liberal ideas and revolutions owe their emergence and endurance to ecological abundance, particularly in the form of immense stores of solar energy in fossil fuels: such fuels have literally powered the modern liberal project. Some ecological thinkers argue that humanity, or “civilization,” is soon to face massive ecological, economic, and social decline as a result of declining resources, but it is difficult to picture just what “collapse” might entail in political terms. This article examines the prospect that what many see as the current decline of liberalism may in fact be a manifestation of ecologically induced collapse, especially due to the limit to growth represented by “peak oil.” It concludes with consideration of the merits of a more ecological perspective on our political existence.
Reformation of Taiwanese Indigenousness and Transmigration to China
Authors: Lee Hsiang-Chieh
Published: April 2011

Several of the arguments made in this article rarely appear in the existing literature of indigenousness. First, that the nature of indigenousness may not be stable. This article examines the formation and reformation process of Taiwanese indigenousness with a focus on the latter. Second, the driving force of indigenousness might be economic. This article argues that the driving force of the formation process of Taiwanese indigenousness is more political than cultural, whereas that of the reformation process is more economic than political. Third, the key element of indigenousness is “attachment to the land,” not “aboriginal people.” In the formation process of Taiwanese indigenousness, physically residing in Taiwan was deemed important to show attachment to Taiwan. However, transmigration process influences the reformation process of the Taiwanese indigenousness so that one can show attachment through actions overseas. Fourth, in a transnational social field, new strategies to keep or reform indigenousness might be developed. This article introduces two strategies the Taiwanese government has used to ensure that Taiwanese people in China keep their attachments to Taiwan. In this article, these two strategies are named graduated sovereignty and governance of spatial movements.
The Zapatista Social Movement: Innovation and Sustainability
Authors: Stahler-Sholk Richard
Published: April 2011

The 1994 Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico, illustrates “glocal” resistance to the neoliberal world order. While rooted in indigenous communities, the rebellion is best understood not in terms of essentialist identities but rather as an ongoing process of creating new social practices in resistance to domination. The sustainability of the movement depends not on the overthrow of the state, but on the effort to continually transform society. Four important contributions emerge from the experiences of the autonomous communities and municipalities in Zapatista-influenced territory: (1) The reframing of the concept of power. (2) The construction of new social subjectivities. (3) A redefinition of the concept of autonomy. (4) Radical democracy.
Barry Hindess’s “Territorial Fundamentalism”
Authors: Lahoud Nelly
Published: April 2011

“Terror is not simply what states do, it is also what they are for, what they are expected to do,” Barry Hindess noted in his “Terrortory.” He put into question the legitimate use of “terror” by states, arguing that underlying the state’s capacity to exercise terror is a kind of “territorial fundamentalism.” Given this territorial fundamentalism, Hindess questioned as to whether a world without terrorism is one that is better than one in which states have a monopoly on terror. This article builds on Hindess's account of state terrorism through the lens of several jihadi ideologues who make a distinction between what they consider to be praiseworthy terrorism as opposed to terrorism of falsehood.
Determination of the bending stiffness for a spiral strand
Authors: Raoof M , Davies T. J
Published: April 2011

Owing to their peculiar construction, axially preloaded spiral strands undergo plane-section bending only for sufficiently small maximum lateral deflection/span ratios. Beyond a certain limit of this ratio, plane sections do not remain plane and, depending on the level of axial tension and imposed radius of curvature, interlayer slippage takes place, starting from the outer layer and spreading towards the centre of the strand. On the theoretical side, apart from one publication in the mid-1980s and some fairly recent publications by the first author and his associates, all other theoreticians have previously assumed either plane-section bending or, in many cases, have totally ignored the ever-present interwire friction, assuming that the individual helical wires act as simple helical springs. Previously reported experimental techniques, aimed at measuring the effective bending stiffness of helically wound cables, also largely suffer from major shortcomings. In the present paper, a novel experimental method is reported for obtaining reliable measurements of the effective bending stiffness of axially loaded spiral strands. It is very simple and relatively inexpensive to use in practice, for even very large (greater than, say, 100mm outside diameter) spiral strands. Effective bending stiffness measurements, based on this approach, are reported here for a 164mm outside diameter spiral strand (with axial loads of up to 3 MN), with these supported by a detailed theoretical analysis, which reinforces the generally sound nature of the proposed method.
Boundary element analysis of thermo-elastic problems with non-uniform heat sources
Authors: Mohammadi M , Hematiyan M R , Aliabadi M H
Published: April 2011

A boundary element formulation for the analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional steady state thermo-elastic problems involving arbitrary non-uniform heat sources is presented. All domain integrals are expressed in terms of a heat source function instead of a temperature function. The proposed method alleviates the difficulty associated with finding the temperature distribution throughout the domain. A simple, yet robust, method referred to as the Cartesian transformation method (CTM) is developed that allows boundary-only evaluation of domain integrals. Unlike other transformation methods the CTM does not require the introduction of a domain point for the transformation. Domain heat sources defined either over the whole domain or over a specific part of the domain can be treated by the proposed method. Three examples including different forms of heat sources are analysed to show the validity and efficiency of the presented methods.
Stress concentrations in keyways and optimization of keyway design
Authors: Pedersen N L
Published: April 2011

Keys and keyways are one of the most common shaft–hub connections. Despite this fact very little numerical analysis has been reported. The design is often regulated by standards that are almost half a century old, and most results reported in the literature are based on experimental photoelastic analysis. The present paper shows how numerical finite element (FE) analysis can improve the prediction of stress concentration in the keyway. Using shape optimization and the simple super elliptical shape, it is shown that the fatigue life of a keyway can be greatly improved with up to a 50 per cent reduction in the maximum stress level. The design changes are simple and therefore practical to realize with only two active design parameters.
The limits of children’s voices: From authenticity to critical, reflexive representation
Authors: Spyrou Spyros
Published: April 2011

This article provides a critique of the preoccupation with children’s voices in child-centred research by exploring their limits and problematizing their use in research. The article argues that critical, reflexive researchers need to reflect on the processes which produce children’s voices in research, the power imbalances that shape them and the ideological contexts which inform their production and reception, or in other words issues of representation. At the same time, critical, reflective researchers need to move beyond claims of authenticity and account for the complexity behind children’s voices by exploring their messy, multi-layered and non-normative character.
Similarity of Social Information Processes in Games and Rituals
Authors: Harviainen J. Tuomas , Lieberoth Andreas
Published: April 2011

During the last 5 years, the similarity between role-playing games and rituals has been mentioned in numerous articles and online discussions. This article examines that connection by using data gathered over several decades in library and information science, studies of religion, and the cognitive sciences. The authors place particular emphasis on the similarity between social information phenomena present in both ritual and pretence, and the way those affect cognition—the seemingly “magical” interface that makes shared experiences possible. The authors show the implications of that pattern to the design of games and discuss its uses and limitations in games and experiences created for educational purposes.
Collaborative Work by Using Videoconferencing: Opportunities for Learning in Daily Medical Practice
Authors: Lundvoll Nilsen Line
Published: April 2011

In this article, I explore what happens when general practitioners (GPs) and specialists meet using videoconferencing to collaborate on a patient’s treatment. By using videoconferencing, GPs and specialists are offered opportunities to share and produce knowledge. The data corpus was 42 videotaped videoconferences. The treatment of one specific patient was selected.This patient was discussed over a period of 9 days, which constituted five videoconferences. I describe how GPs and specialists discuss treatment strategies and exemplify how knowledge sharing creates opportunities for learning in boundary zones across activity systems as a part of daily practice.The talk about the treatment occurs by information exchange and by consultation. Information exchange without any dilemmas presented might support decisions already made. Consultations wherein dilemmas are presented and solved by bridging knowledge gaps between the general practitioner and the specialist create opportunities for learning.
Getting a Grip
Authors: Torrens George , McDonagh-Philp Deana , Newman Anne
Published: April 2011

Cutlery design undergoes extensive evaluation of hand-object interaction, leading to improved products for people with hand use limitations.
Everyday Products: Easy to Use … or Not?
Authors: Hancock Holly E. , Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: April 2011

More proof that human factors/ergonomics test and evaluation should be applied to even the simplest, most commonly used products.
What's the Optimum Computer Display Size?
Authors: Simmons Terri
Published: April 2011

Answering that question through scientific study can strengthen a product's chances in the marketplace.
The Pluralistic Usability Walk-Through Method
Authors: Riihiaho S.
Published: April 2011

This simple usability analysis tool can be employed early in the system design phase, when user input can have the greatest impact on successful implementation.
Colossal Tooling Design with 3-D Simulation
Authors: Hunter Steve L. , Thomas Robert E. , Dischinger Charles , Babai Majid
Published: April 2011

When you need a huge tool to manufacture something huge, simulation and ergonomic analysis are critical to ensure worker safety.
The Ergonomic Critical Assessment Program
Authors: Morag Ido
Published: April 2011

Positive reinforcement and feedback through one-on-one interaction help reduce employees' exposure to ergonomic risks in the workplace.
Human Factors and the Kosovo Election Process
Authors: Fryklund Inge
Published: April 2011

Problems of multiple languages, confusing polling station instructions, and training are solved with human factors intervention.
We Learn from our Mistakes — Don't We?
Authors: Johnson Addie
Published: April 2011

Errors are likely to occur sooner or later, but learning to deal with (and learn from) them is an important skill in itself.
Award-Winning Qualities of the Microsoft Office Keyboard
Authors: McLoone Hugh
Published: April 2011

The product design process begins with a statement of vision, values, and “mottos” and then achieves success after iterative prototyping and testing.
Choosing Team Collaboration Tools: Lessons from Disaster Recovery Efforts
Authors: Bolstad Cheryl A. , Endsley Mica R.
Published: April 2011

Extraodinary situations, such as natural disasters, teach us the importance of matching communication support tools to the task.
Global Ergonomics
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Prabir
Published: April 2011

Looking Beyond the Horizon: Ergonomics in India
A User-Oriented Approach to Designing a Neck Support
Authors: Shekar A. , Billington R. J. , Joe T.
Published: April 2011

AT A GLANCE: In this article, we explore the development of a neck support for clients in salons and discuss the user-oriented approach and testing procedures. The current U-shaped neck supports in hair salons are too small to fit larger necks, do not provide cushioning, and exert uncomfortable pressure on the neck. We examined existing design problems, then created and evaluated new design concepts. This process involved the application of idea generation techniques, screening, evaluation, testing, and further design modifications. The key message from this case study is that user testing provides valuable information and confidence in the early design decisions that need to be made for successful consumer products.
Failure to Detect Gas Leaks
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Laughery kenneth R.
Published: April 2011

A scenario based on actual cases is presented in which a consumer fails to detect a gas leak. A spark source ignites the vapor, causing an explosion and fire. Odorant added to alert people of gas leaks is not always detected for a number of reasons, including nasal congestion, sleep, odor fade, masking, and adaptation or habituation. Electronic gas sensors that alarm in the presence of explosive gas are available in the consumer marketplace and could augment leak detection.
The Role of Forensic Organizational Ergonomics
Authors: Cohen Joseph
Published: April 2011

This article introduces forensic organizational ergonomics through the presentation of a case study of worker injury. It describes how a consultant expert in organizational ergonomics revealed systematic failures of management and design within an organization that ultimately exposed employees, contractors, visitors, and patients of a medical center to harmful chlorine gas. The case study demonstrates how forensic organizational ergonomics can bring meaning to and understanding of the role of human performance in modern complex technologies to those charged with decision making in litigation.
From the Editor
Authors: Gardner-Bonneau Daryle Jean
Published: April 2011

The waters of forensics practice, from this editor's perspective, are simply too murky to play in
Design Issues for Older Drivers
Authors: Nicolle Colette
Published: April 2011

Tailoring new automotive technologies to the elderly benefits all drivers.
When Is a “Warning” Not a Warning!
Authors: Thompson David A.
Published: April 2011

Welcome to Atlanta's Hartsfield Airport. Please remain seated while we are taxiing. Please remember to use caution when opening the overhead bins, as the contents may have shited during flight.
Testing the Global Positioning System
Authors: Charlton Samuel G.
Published: April 2011

Without a series of rigorous workload assessments, GPS might have failed.
When Users Want What's not Best for Them
Authors: Andre Anthony D. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: April 2011

Amazingly, people sometimes prefer software systems that hinder their ability to use them.
Experience Counts with Pilots
Authors: Morrow Daniel
Published: April 2011

By applying research on experience and aging effects, designers can improve air traffic control communications.
Weight Limits for Foldaway Wheelchairs
Authors: Mital Anil , Wright Ursula
Published: April 2011

Designers have neglected the issue of portability in wheelchair design.
Factors Associated With Participation in Work-Site Wellness Programs
Authors: Middlestadt Susan E. , Sheats Jylana L. , Geshnizjani Alireza , Sullivan Margaret R. , Arvin Christopher S.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify factors underlying decisions to participate in work-site wellness programs. A sample of 279 full-time workers from a service division of a rural Midwestern university completed a survey assessing demographic and job characteristics, health status and health behaviors, and Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) variables for participating in work-site wellness activities. Regression analyses identified factors associated with intention; multivariate analyses of variance compared low to high intenders on salient beliefs. In sequential regression analyses, constructs of RAA predicted intention over and above the three significant background variables of age, exercise in past month, and fruit and vegetable consumption ( R2 = .469, R2 change = .409, p < .001). Attitude had the highest relative weight (β = .445, p < .001); perceived norm had a significant weight (β = .273, p < .001). Significant differences in beliefs were found. To increase participation, planners should design programs that provide benefits employees perceive as advantageous and ensure coworker and supervisor support.
Income Mobility and the Earned Income Tax Credit
Authors: Dowd Tim , Horowitz John B.
Published: April 2011

The authors use a unique data set of federal tax returns to analyze usage and participation patterns of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) over the period 1989–2006. The authors find that most EITC recipients claimed the EITC for short periods, 61% for 1 or 2 years. Over the period examined, the EITC reached approximately 50 percent of the taxpayers with children. Finally, the authors find considerable income mobility among the EITC eligible population. Only 11 percent of those claiming the EITC in 1990 and in the third decile of income were in the same decile in 2003. They also find that 20 percent of EITC claimants claim the EITC for more than 5 years.
Resources Within Reason
Authors: Catlett Camille
Published: April 2011

George Mason University faculty members Eva Thorp and Sylvia Sánchez remind us through their research findings and their teaching that family stories touch hearts, and hearts change minds. Accessing those stories requires more than just strong verbal skills. As the Chinese pictogram reminds us, effective communication takes heart, eyes, ears, and hands. The resources in this column may be helpful in developing effective communication skills for anyone who works with young children and their families.
Application of the wavelet transform to health monitoring and evaluation of dynamic characteristics in gear sets
Authors: Ohue Y , Yoshida A , Seki M
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with health monitoring and evaluation of dynamic characteristics in gear sets. The wavelet transform (WT) is the method used for the time-frequency analysis. The dynamic characteristics of both steel and sintered gears were measured using a power circulating gear testing machine and were analysed in the time-frequency domain using continuous and discrete WTs. Furthermore, health monitoring of gear sets was carried out and tooth surface failure by pitting was diagnosed using WTs. The vibration acceleration characteristics of the gearbox could be divided into two different behaviours above and below the tooth mesh frequency. A failed tooth could be found by a change in WT intensity of the vibration acceleration, taking the tooth meshing into consideration. Since the discrete WT is able to provide the signal with the component of tooth mesh frequency, it was found to be superior to the continuous WT. In the case of failure at the dedendum surface of a driven gear, the amplitude of the vibration acceleration with the component of tooth mesh frequency became larger as after meshing of the failed tooth. Therefore, not only the vibration of the gear sets but also the condition of tooth meshing would have to be taken into consideration to diagnose failed teeth.
A Preliminary Investigation of Stimulus Control, Self-Monitoring, and Reinforcement in Lifestyle Interventions for Pediatric Overweight
Authors: Dalton William T. , Kitzmann Katherine M.
Published: April 2011

Objective. The current study examined the use of stimulus control, self-monitoring, and reinforcement by youth, parents, and interventionists as related to weight management in lifestyle intervention programs. Design. Secondary analysis of an existing data set was used to integrate the results of 14 published, randomized treatment–control intervention trials for overweight youth aged 2 to 18 years. Main outcome measure. Between-group differences in weight-related outcomes, including weight, body mass index (BMI), and percentage overweight, measured at the end of treatment, were used to calculate effect sizes for each treatment–control comparison. Additionally, average effect sizes were calculated among sets of comparisons sharing similar approaches to implementing behavioral techniques. Results. Treatment programs that taught youth to use stimulus control, taught youth to self-monitor, and taught parents to use reinforcement, produced significantly larger effect sizes than programs that did not include these components. The beneficial effects of these specific behavioral techniques appeared to be amplified when used with multiple key individuals. Conclusion. This initial study quantitatively demonstrated significant benefits associated with teaching youth stimulus control and self-monitoring, and teaching parents reinforcement to shape health behaviors in lifestyle interventions for pediatric overweight. Furthermore, teaching youth and parents the same techniques may contribute to better weight-related outcomes. These findings and descriptive information on how techniques were described, taught, and delivered may guide future research efforts aimed at identifying and examining the most effective behavioral components to include in brief interventions.
Effect of melt superheat on structure of unsteady state unidirectionally solidified duplex stainless steel
Authors: Li Z J , Chen X R , Ao L , Zhong H G , Zhang W Z , Zhai Q J
Published: April 2011

An experimental study with respect to the effect of melt superheat on the unidirectional solidified structure of duplex stainless steel (DSS) is reported. The results show that the melt superheat causes distinct modifications of both macrostructure and microstructure of DSS. For macrostructure of DSS, the columnar to equiaxed transition is observed at different melt superheats. The length of equiaxed zone increases and the equiaxed grain size decrease with melt superheat decreasing. For microstructure of DSS, there are significant differences in the morphology of the austenite at intragranular and boundary. In the interior of ferrite grains, the austenite appears primarily as acicular morphology. Nevertheless, the austenite takes on a widmänstatten side plate appearance at the ferrite grain boundaries. In addition, the austenite content increases with melt superheat decreasing.
Strain aging behaviour of cold rolled multiphase steel
Authors: Murari F D , Füzessy de Melo T M , Gonzalez B M
Published: April 2011

The bake hardening behaviour of cold rolled multiphase steel, processed to a minimum yield strength of 250 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa, was evaluated within a range of tensile prestrain of up to 20% by means of aging experiments and tensile tests. The influence of room temperature aging time on the steel's mechanical properties and Lüders strain was also examined. It was found that, after reaching a peak value at a prestrain level of between 0·5 and 1·0%, the bake hardening parameter began to decrease upon reaching higher levels of prestrain. This behaviour was explained in terms of changes in the dislocation structure and dislocation interaction with dissolved carbon atoms. Concerning the natural aging behaviour, no significant influence of room temperature aging time on the mechanical properties could be detected. Moreover, the appearance of Lüders strain was not observed during a 6 month evaluation period, indicating that the investigated steel possesses a natural non-aging behaviour.
Comparative study on effects of microstructures of hot rolled and twin roll casting 1235 aluminium alloy on surface quality of aluminium foils produced
Authors: Zhu Y Z , Huang R Y , Zhu Z , Xiang Z D
Published: April 2011

Twin roll casting is an attractive technology for producing aluminium sheets for foils. But, surface defects, such as matte defects, may occur on aluminium foils produced in this way. However, it is not the case on aluminium foils produced by traditional hot rolled process. Optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, energy spectrum and transmission electronic microscopy were used to investigate the effects of the microstructures of the twin roll cast and hot rolled aluminium alloy sheet for foils on the surface defects of the foils produced. It is discovered that central segregation band and surface microsegregation band in twin roll casting aluminium sheet may result in a non-uniformly distributed secondary Al–Fe and Al–Fe–Si particles in workpieces in a lower reduction pass. These non-uniformly distributed Al–Fe and Al–Fe–Si particles and microporosities in a size of several microns generated in solidification process of twin roll casting are the main cause for the surface matte defects of the aluminium foils produced.
Atom probe analysis of clusters and precipitates in severely deformed and annealed interstitial free steel
Authors: Pereloma E V , Hazra S S , Zhu C , Ringer S P , Gazder A A
Published: April 2011

Atom probe tomography (APT) was used to study the evolution of clusters and fine precipitates during the annealing of severely deformed interstitial free steel. No dissolution of pre-existing Ti4C2S2 and FeTiP precipitates occurred during room temperature equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent cold rolling. Ti rich clusters in the matrix may serve as precursors to even further precipitation at longer annealing times. While all fine precipitates detected by APT exhibited a variety of non-stoichiometric compositions, near equilibrium composition was found in the order of magnitude coarser precipitates observed by TEM.
Precipitation of nanosized nitrides in plasma nitrided Fe–M (M = Al, Cr, Ti, V) alloys
Authors: Miyamoto G , Tomio Y , Aota H , Oh-ishi K , Hono K , Furuhara T
Published: April 2011

Nanosized alloy nitrides or alloying element (M)–Nitrogen(N) cluster formed in plasma nitriding of Fe–M binary alloys were investigated by means of high resolution TEM. Specimen surface of the Fe–Cr alloys was hardened by the formation of disk shaped CrN of NaCl structure, which is ∼2 nm thick and 10 nm in diameter. In nitrided Fe–Al specimen, two kinds of AlN nitrides of metastable NaCl type and stable wurtzite type were formed near the specimen surface. Both of these were much larger than CrN. Contrasting to these specimens, in nitrided Fe–Ti and Fe–V alloys, high density M–N clusters of few nanometres diameter, many of which were monolayered lying on {001} α, were formed, leading to larger hardness increase than that in Fe–Cr and Fe–Al alloys. The formation of M–N clusters in nitriding is explained by the thermodynamical analysis of phase separation between M/N poor and M/N rich bcc phases.
Btk regulation in human and mouse B cells via protein kinase C phosphorylation of IBtkγ
Authors: Janda Elzbieta , Palmieri Camillo , Pisano Antonio , Pontoriero Marilena , Iaccino Enrico , Falcone Cristina , Fiume Giuseppe , Gaspari Marco , Nevolo Maria , Di Salle Emanuela , Rossi Annalisa , De Laurentiis Annamaria , Greco Adelaide , Di Napoli Daniele , Verheij Elwin , Britti Domenico , Lavecchia Luca , Quinto Ileana , Scala Giuseppe
Published: April 2011

The inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase γ (IBtkγ) is a negative regulator of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), which plays a major role in B-cell differentiation; however, the mechanisms of IBtkγ-mediated regulation of Btk are unknown. Here we report that B-cell receptor (BCR) triggering caused serine-phosphorylation of IBtkγ at protein kinase C consensus sites and dissociation from Btk. By liquid chromatography and mass-mass spectrometry and functional analysis, we identified IBtkγ-S87 and -S90 as the critical amino acid residues that regulate the IBtkγ binding affinity to Btk. Consistently, the mutants IBtkγ carrying S87A and S90A mutations bound constitutively to Btk and down-regulated Ca2+ fluxes and NF-κB activation on BCR triggering. Accordingly, spleen B cells from Ibtkγ−/− mice showed an increased activation of Btk, as evaluated by Y551-phosphorylation and sustained Ca2+ mobilization on BCR engagement. These findings identify a novel pathway of Btk regulation via protein kinase C phosphorylation of IBtkγ.