bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Bad Leaders Impact Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Griffin Ricky W. , Hanna Andrew A. , Smith Troy A. , Kirkman Bradley L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the impact of bad leadership on organizational effectiveness. The authors first define bad leadership and then differentiate between its two forms, toxic and ineffectual. Looking more closely at toxic leadership, they discuss toxic leaders themselves and situational factors. Turning to ineffectual leadership, the authors describe its various forms, such as managerial incompetence, poor person/job fit, commitment to lost causes, a sense of invulnerability, one-hit wonders, overly generalized strategic decision-making, and entrenched heir apparents. The authors then discuss the macro-effects of bad leadership, focusing primarily on senior leaders but also middle and lower-level managers. The next topic discussed is why leaders may be bad, such as narcissism, hubris, and CEO predecessors. The next section describes how bad leaders are selected in the first place, such as political skills and impression management. The authors focus next on how organizations can avoid selecting, hiring, or promoting bad leaders. The chapter concludes by summarizing directions for future research.
How to Mitigate Destructive Leadership
Authors: Schyns Birgit , Gauglitz Iris K. , Wisse Barbara , Schütz Astrid
Published: May 2022

Leaders with Dark Triad traits (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) are notorious for their display of destructive behavior in interacting with their subordinates. It may be argued that organizations have the obligation to protect the organization as a whole as well as the people in it from the damaging effects that these leaders have. The authors posit that the human resource management teams may be best suited to accomplish that goal. In this chapter, the authors outline a theoretical model explaining how practices of the human relations department may affect the relationship between leaders’ Dark Triad traits and destructive leadership. The authors address the function of recruitment and promotion, career development and training, disciplinary actions, performance appraisal and feedback systems, and a complaints system. The chapter aims to provide guidance into what human resources professionals can do to protect their organization’s most valuable asset (its employees) from destructive tendencies by Dark Triad leaders.
Enacting the Worlds of Cinema
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

This book offers a substantial reconfiguration of the textual roots of modern film narratology. By giving sustained attention to cinema’s material-affective modes of communicating its stories and embedding its audience in atmospheric, kinetic, and multisensorial worlds, this book maintains that film narratives are less representations than they are enactments, brought forth through the interactions of the felt body and the film material. The book defends this enactive and media-anthropological thesis by reworking a series of established film-narratological key concepts including the diegesis, mood/atmosphere, and the distinction between diegetic and nondiegetic sound. In the process, this book draws on a wide range of contemporary theoretical resources such as media-philosophy, philosophy of mind, Deleuzian film philosophy, atmosphere research, affect theory, affective neuroscience, and ecological perception theory. Additional resources include a broad selection of films, including Berlin: Symphony of a Great City (directed by Ruttmann 1927), The Cranes Are Flying (directed by Kalatozov 1957), and Happy as Lazzaro (directed by Rohrwacher 2018).
Profile 12: Robert Gould, M.D., and Patrice Sutton, M.P.H.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

When Robert (Bob) Gould and Patrice Sutton grew up in New York City, their families were on opposite sides of the political spectrum. But, by the mid-1980s, they had a shared passion for peace, health, and justice for all, which led them to the American Public Health Association (APHA) as a vehicle for advocacy....
Preventing War and Promoting Peace
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines approaches to prevention of war and promotion of peace. It covers public health frameworks for prevention. It describes primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It also describes the framework of host, agent, and environment and how this framework can be applied to the prevention of war, with host representing people at risk, agent representing military forces and their weapons, and environment representing the situations and conditions in which people live. It then focuses on three approaches to preventing war: resolving disputes nonviolently, reducing the root causes of war, and building the infrastructure for peace. The chapter addresses peacekeeping and peacebuilding, including truth commissions and women’s roles in peacebuilding. It describes health professionals’ roles in education and awareness-raising; assessment, documentation, and research; and advocacy. And it describes the roles of civil society and the United Nations in preventing war and promoting peace.
Profile 16: Amy Hagopian, Ph.D., and Evan Kanter, M.D., Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Amy Hagopian and Evan Kanter direct the “War & Health” course at the University of Washington (UW), one of the few courses on war in schools of public health.

During the 1990s, Dr. Hagopian was employed by the UW School of Medicine to support rural hospitals in the five-state region served by the school. Over time, she became increasingly involved with workforce development and wrote her doctoral thesis on migration of health workers from low-income to high-income countries. In 2008, she collaborated with Iraqi epidemiologists and others on a study to characterize the increasing rate of childhood leukemia in Basra between 1993 and 2007. A few years later, she directed a large-scale study to estimate Iraqi mortality associated with the U.S. invasion in 2003. She describes her research and practice work as addressing the maldistribution of political and economic power in society....
The Book of Answers
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

When someone poses a yes-no question to another person, norms of conversation kick in, and a wide yet bounded possibility space of responses emerges. This book relies on a large database of spontaneous naturally occurring recordings of conversations in English to first examine the questions that occasion responses and then to focus on the main response types—non-answer and answer responses. This allows one to identify the dimensions that provide the response possibility space’s shape and boundaries. This book shows that confirming answers are of three main types—interjections, repetitions, and transformations—each of which has subtypes. Over a series of chapters, the book discusses each answer type and examines the contexts in which speakers rely on them. When interactants rely on a given answer, one can see that they adopt a position that is best analyzed not by reference to a single most common answer form, but by reference to where it sits in the larger possibility space—the same possibility space that interactants hear a given response by reference to. Using this approach, the book shows that question recipients are concerned with alignment, autonomy, and affiliation, each conceptualized as a continuum. Interactants rely on the design of their answer turns in ways that at times accept trade-offs between these three types of cooperation. This approach helps the reader see how even something as mundane as simple questions and answers are resources that are used to manage social relationships, bringing people closer or pushing them further apart, moment by moment.
Repetitions
Authors: Stivers Tanya
Published: May 2022

Repetitional answers involve repeating part or all of the questioner’s proposition as the answer. The answer must be understandable as asserting the same proposition as the questioner without introducing any substantive modifications. This chapter looks at three main types of repetitional answers found in the data and considers the place they occupy in the answer possibility space. It then discusses what this placement suggests about interactants’ concerns in answering, especially as this relates to their social relationships. The chapter shows that what’s in common across repetitional answers is the autonomy that speakers assert through foregrounding the proposition rather than a confirmation. However, with these answers, speaker autonomy is leveraged not only to claim primary epistemic rights over the proposition, but also to claim agency over the turn as they produce or continue a course of action in progress (e.g., a telling) or to expand an action from confirmation to independent agreement.
Decision Paths and Accountability
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

The decision paths followed by Washington officials in authorizing the Third Option are placed under the microscope in Chapter 8. In places like Russia and China, dictators call the shots; in the democracies, the people have a say in their destiny. Debate has the potential to be thorough on Capitol Hill when it comes to the use of military force (the War Power), as well as in the forging of major international accords from trade pacts to arms control accords (the Treaty Power). What about covert action, though (the Spy Power? This chapter addresses the question of whether these operations, which go unmentioned in the Constitution, are so sensitive that normal democratic procedures must be set aside for them, in deference to secrecy, efficiency, and deniability. As well, Chapter 8 examines the ups and downs of accountability for covert action.
Drawing Bright Lines
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

Some would argue that to utter in the same breath “ethics” and “covert action” is to speak an oxymoron. Yet the United States often espouses lofty human values at home and abroad; therefore, it is reasonable to ask whether these values are as valid for the nation’s covert operations as for its more open activities. This contrast lies at the heart of Chapter 9, which draws back the curtain on America’s hidden interventionist activities around the globe to appraise their moral legitimacy. What clandestine methods, if any, should be considered beyond the pale of acceptability for the United States, a democratic nation that advocates high ethical principles in its founding documents and ongoing political rhetoric? Chapter 9 also offers a balance sheet of pluses and minuses on the outcomes of this nation’s covert intrusions overseas during the modern era, as gauged by an ethical accounting.
The Third Option Reconsidered
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 10 presents an overall assessment of the Third Option. The focus for this chapter, and for the book as a whole, reduces to two core questions. First, does the Third Option merit retention as an instrument of American foreign policy? And, second, if so, what safeguards should be in place to ensure its proper conduct? The book ends with a discussion of these safeguards, along with a plea for the more serious consideration of a Fourth Option: America setting a good example in the world, by way of empathetic and altruistic overt foreign policies and a more discriminating use of the Third Option.
Closing the Health Gap
Authors: Spencer Michael S. , Walters Karina L. , Begun Audrey , Allen Heidi L. , Browne Teri , Andrews Christina M. , Wheeler Darrell P. , Zebrack Bradley J. , Maramaldi Peter , Clapp John D. , Dinitto Diana , Uehara Edwina
Published: May 2022

Active social work leadership is necessary to achieve national goals of health equity. Indeed, the nation’s health depends on the development of this next wave of interprofessional and transdisciplinary collaboration (McGovern, Miller, & Hughes-Cromwick, 2014). This chapter describes a “geography of science” approach that draws upon diverse disciplines, community leaders, and theoretical and community-center perspectives. Social work, must train professionals in how improve availability and access to the social determinants of good health. This includes understand how racism constitutes an important social determinant of health. We must also educate allied professionals to develop the practice and research tools, community partnerships, and localized programs necessary to combat social and economic inequities. Ten priorities for changing health systems to achieve equitable health care are advanced. Finally, to secure true, sustainable, population-based health changes, social work must assist the health professions to unite and develop transdisciplinary approaches to addressing the multilayered contributions of political, economic, and social determinants of population health inequities.
Achieving Equal Opportunity and Justice
Authors: Calvo Rocío , Delva Jorge , Magaña Sandy , Cosenzo Luciana Giorgio
Published: May 2022

Written during the worst pandemic experienced in the past century, this chapter summarizes our progress over the previous 5 years to address social stigma, integrate Latinx immigrants, support Black children, build inclusive communities, reduce disparities in juvenile justice, and increase affordable housing. We next propose a plan for the second part of the decade to achieve equal opportunity and justice for the Latinx population—one of the hardest hit by the pandemic as a result of decades of entrenched inequities. Our agenda proposes specific actions to the social work profession to increase access to quality healthcare and education, and to reduce systemic discrimination, including pathways to citizenship.
The Spiritual Formation of the Family
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

The Catholic Reform saw in the improvement of catechesis about the sacrament of marriage a key to societal and ecclesial reform. Not only the procreative end of marriage was emphasized but also its aim of mutual companionship. In a family the children learned to pray and follow the commandments of God. It produced future vocations to the priesthood, and populated Heaven through the procreation with holy souls. The resources that the church poured into families were massive. Religious education was offered on a large scale for children and adults. The parents were enabled by countless resources to instill virtues in their children, in particular the virtue of chastity, and help them gain control over their passions.
Eucharist and Confession
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the new practice of frequent communion, which the Council of Trent recommended. It made frequent confession necessary and with it a reorganization of this sacrament. The confessional box was invented to provide privacy, and priests were educated to become competent yet understanding judges of conscience. The priests were also expected to live exemplary lives and were severely punished if they broke the secrecy of the confessional. Widely unacknowledged by historians are the many resources the church presented to overcome scruples and thus mental health problems. The Eucharist was embedded in a variety of practices that reduced fear of Hell and instilled self-confidence in one’s own state of grace and self-transformation.
How to Be an American
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

The book’s conclusion shifts from the diagnostic mode to the normative. This entails a summary political proposal that builds on the previous chapters’ reassessment of democratic fundaments. This chapter delineates four intersecting ways of rehabilitating individual politics, community life, national priorities, and international perspectives. Assessing the role of human rights, neoliberalism, and dialogic practice in civil society, the chapter argues that reclaiming politics as a site of genuine possibility and civic responsibility is of crucial importance at this precarious moment. Not only can such reclamation overcome cynicism and promote creative rethinking of basic norms, it might promote religious participation in ways that elude the zero-sum politics of Embattlement.
Edwards, Arminianism, and the Battle for Church of England Orthodoxy
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter surveys Edwards’ anti-Arminian polemical campaign during the first decade and a half of the eighteenth century, in which he persistently championed Reformed orthodoxy as the official orthodoxy of the Church of England against a range of Arminian contemporaries. Particular attention is given to Edwards’ animadversions against Gilbert Burnet’s doctrinal latitudinarianism, John Tillotson’s ‘rational’ Arminianism, and Daniel Whitby’s denial of original sin. Notwithstanding some pushback from Arminians, Edwards’ anti-Arminian works are shown to have been simultaneously fuelled by clerical support, to have received glowing reviews, and to have enjoyed the approval of considerable segments of the clergy. Despite decrying how widespread Arminianism had become in the established Church, Edwards nevertheless repeatedly expressed his awareness that a sizeable portion of the clergy remained who adhered to Reformed orthodoxy. The emerging picture is of an established Church doctrinally divided between an Arminian majority and a large and conspicuous Reformed minority.
Introduction
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

In chapter 1, a comparison between the phenomenal success of Rocky (1976) and Muhammad Ali’s ill-fated biopic The Greatest (1977) introduces the social issues reflected by Hollywood movies. I then detail and contrast two general approaches to popular entertainment’s political significance: Horkheimer and Adorno’s influential theory of the “culture industry” and a civic humanist view derived from Hannah Arendt’s The Human Condition. The chapter argues that the former approach’s emphasis on individual autonomy and economics neglects the importance to democratic politics of recognition, solidarity, and normative ideals of conduct. An alternative approach that centers on drama is developed around the ideas of public action, civil religion, and the civil sphere (Jeffrey Alexander’s cultural sociology). Along the way, my aim is to recover an understanding of the American dream as “public happiness” from its classical and Enlightenment backgrounds.
White Men Can’t Jump (1992)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

Chapter 5 introduces Jeffrey Alexander’s theory of social incorporation to illuminate Hollywood’s subtle racial politics in the era. It is argued that Ron Shelton’s buddy comedy White Men Can’t Jump pursues a middle path of hyphenation, in between the older mode of assimilation and the pure critical distance of multiculturalism. An authentic street basketball court setting in Los Angeles and spirited Black characters, led by Wesley Snipes, recognize minority culture. The white fish-out-of-water hero, played by Woody Harrelson, serves to satirize the sham neutrality of whiteness and liberalism. Moreover, the theme of gender is revealed beneath the class and racial conflicts. Rosie Perez’s Gloria criticizes a self-destructive kind of masculinity at work in gambling, sports, and the instrumental logic they exploit. The allegorical development of working-class solidarity gives weight to the film’s pop, SoCal style.
East of the Wardrobe
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

This book teases out hitherto unrecognised Eastern aspects in and influences on C. S. Lewis’s Narnia Chronicles. These include storylines, plots, themes, imagery, and even cities and landscapes in the East, as well as the ‘Persian’ style of illustrations by Pauline Baynes. Although never having ventured east himself, Lewis wrote that ‘I am the product of endless books,’ and in recognising Eastern references—many only subconsciously intended by Lewis—it is possible to enter the rich world of books that Lewis lived and breathed all his life and, perhaps less obviously, overhear the conversations he had with his fellow Inklings or that he might have overheard himself in an Oxford pub. Religious messages other than the obvious Christian ones find their way into Narnia, but so, too, do the Arabian Nights and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, as well as the other great Persian poets. Great travellers from Herodotus and Marco Polo to T. E. Lawrence and Robert Byron are there, but so, too, are the great fictional travellers Baron Munchausen, Gulliver, and Sindbad. Themes borrowed from the great epics, from the Odyssey and the Aeneid to the Kalevala and the Knight in the Panther’s Skin, can also be found. Delve deeper, and Christianity is there along with paganism, but so, too, are Zoroastrian, Manichaean, and even Islamic messages. Ultimately, they are a reflection of the complex intellectual world that Lewis inhabited and of the wider social and intellectual climate of Oxford in the first half of the twentieth century.
Two Mayors and “The Midnight Crew”
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

The late 19th and 20th century Great Migration of southern Black Americans permanently changed Chicago, with Mayors RJ and RM Daley overseeing its segregated neighborhoods. The dual Daley dynasty spanned more than four decades, including ML King’s 1960s housing marches and activist Fred Hampton’s assassination. With RM Daley’s apparent knowledge, a “midnight crew” led by detective Jon Burge tortured more than one hundred Black suspects during the 1970s–1990s. Burge’s tenure included the 1982 tortured confession of a police killer, Andrew Wilson, which coincided with RM Daley’s first unsuccessful effort to win a nomination for Mayor. The suspicion that Daley was awarene of the torture lasted throughout his career. With Daley’s acquiescence, Burge eluded criminal conviction until 2010. A police code of silence covered up Burge’s torture and his racist criminality, masquerading behind badges of law and legality. The failure to prosecute Burge for torture crimes showed how a naive belief in the rule of law could devastate the hyper-segregated neighborhoods of a quintessential American city.
Politics and Punishment Chicago-Style
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

RM Daley mobilized Chicago police, the Cook County courts, and state prisons in a massively punitive assault on crime. This deflected attention from teardowns of housing projects RM’s father built and from the absence of replacement housing in hyper-segregated neighborhoods. RM shifted attention to “gangs, guns, and drugs,” tightening a criminal justice system aligned with the “politics of punishment” of the Reagan era. Residents of some Latinx neighborhoods, such as the Little Village, perceived the city as supporting their aldermens’ crime prevention efforts, yet there was little evidence that Daley’s disorderly conduct arrests, automatic transfers of juveniles to adult court, new gang loitering ordinances, and dramatic increases in arrests and punishment prevented crime in segregated Black neighborhoods. These repressive interventions increased legal cynicism in residentially segregated Black communities and in many Latinx neighborhoods. Black electoral support for RM Daley also declined. We introduce an “exclusion-containment theory of legal cynicism” to explain this.
Two Mothers/Two Sons
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: May 2022

In 1992, 15-year-old Joseph White shot and killed DeLondyn Lawson about a gambling debt at Tilden High School on Chicago’s South Side. RM Daley’s Automatic Transfer Act fast-tracked White for a homicide trial in adult court. The media portrayed White as a violent gang member, although neither White’s nor Lawson’s mothers saw their sons as involved with gangs. The judge thought White should have sought police assistance, but neighborhood legal cynicism about police violence and torture made White fear the police more than a gang fight. He bought a gun to defend himself. The prosecution refused to plea bargain, and the trial painted White as a gangland killer. At the age of 16, White was sentenced to 45 years in an adult maximum security prison, 300 hundred miles away, in the prison where Fred Hampton served time several decades earlier—on a law enforcement pathway to his assassination.
Kobayashi Saga
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter paints a picture of Kobayashi Saga, who stands second only to Ashikawa Yôko in immersion in Hijikata’s dance techniques. After Hijikata’s death, she developed her own style of butô focused on exploring, overcoming, and recognizing the limits of knowledge, memory, perception, and the body. The chapter includes description and analysis of Half-dream: Double Aura (2007) and Short Night (2013).
Interlude
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the importance of the cabaret in the history of butô. The cabaret served as a training ground for dancers and accustomed them to holding the attention of the audience. It also brought them in contact with rural Japan, and marginal members of society, and even perhaps accustomed them to seeing themselves as part of the periphery of Japan. But equally importantly it served as a means for butô choreographers to sustain themselves and raise capital for their main enterprise, avant-garde dance.
Against Strawsonian Epistemology
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: May 2022

A number of philosophers have found inspiration for a distinctive approach to a wide range of epistemological issues in P. F. Strawson’s classic essay “Freedom and Resentment.” These Strawsonian epistemologists, as the author calls them, argue that the epistemology of testimony, self-knowledge, promising, and resolving is fundamentally different in kind from the epistemology of perception or inference. One should not see properly formed belief on these topics as evidence-based, for such an objective perspective, in such cases, results in a kind of alienation. This chapter explores these Strawsonian themes in recent epistemology and argues that the Strawsonian approach should be resisted.
Attitude Psychology and Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: May 2022

In this chapter the author articulates a novel account of the psychological underpinnings of character virtues and vices. In her view character virtues and vices are underpinned by clusters of attitudes serving distinctive functions. In the first section the author provides an overview of some key features of moral and intellectual character virtues and vices. In the second section she explains the notion of attitude and describes its principal aspects. The focus is on attitude’s object, content, structure, function, and strength. In the third section the author shows that attitudes possess the key features attributed to character virtues and vices. Attitudes therefore emerge as a likely candidate for the construct that underpins character traits. In the fourth section she provides further indirect evidence for her view. Using the theory that vices are clusters of attitudes, she develops detailed accounts of the nature and manifestations of two intellectual character vices: epistemic arrogance and epistemic servility or obsequiousness. Its ability to throw light onto the complexities of these character traits is a further indication of the power of the theory.
A Paradox of Information Aggregation
Authors: Mercier Hugo
Published: May 2022

After briefly exposing the great benefits that can be derived from information aggregation, the author makes the case that there is a paradox in how humans deal with it: They are good at aggregating information but bad at thinking about it. People are good at taking communicated information into account, using reliable cues to decide whom to trust and what to believe, and aggregating information from multiple sources. However, people have no abstract understanding of how this process of information aggregation works, and they tend to underestimate how well it works. Even though many institutions have evolved that take advantage of people’s ability to aggregate information, the author argues that these institutions appeared in spite of, rather than thanks to, the understanding of information aggregation.
Knowing What Is Known
Authors: Keil Frank C. , Lockhart Kristi L.
Published: May 2022

An understanding of the epistemic limits both of one’s own mind and of other minds is critical to knowing when and how to defer to others. A series of studies are described that illustrate the ways in which young children have some sense of what kinds of knowledge are acquired directly through experience as opposed to indirectly through others. However, young children also undergo marked developmental changes in terms of how they understand what is feasible knowledge for them to acquire and what is feasible for others at varying levels of expertise to acquire. Implications for how children learn to navigate the divisions of cognitive labor that are intrinsic to all larger communities are also discussed.
Cyber Persistence Theory
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J. , Nakasone Paul M.
Published: May 2022

Cyber persistence theory introduces a new logic and lexicon aligned to the empirical experience of cyber activity in international relations. The reality of State behavior and interaction in cyberspace has been quite different from the model of war and coercion upon which many countries base their cyber strategies. This unexpected reality has developed because security in and through cyberspace rests on a distinct set of features that differ from the dominant security paradigms associated with nuclear and conventional weapons environments. Cyber persistence theory posits the existence of a distinct strategic environment supporting the logic of exploitation rather than coercion. To achieve security in this cyber strategic environment, States must engage in initiative persistence, continuously setting and maintaining the conditions of security in their favor. The theory introduces the key concept of the cyber fait accompli and addresses the potential for cyber stability through a tacit bargaining process. The book provides empirical evidence of strategic cyber campaigning and details how the cyber strategic environment can impact State behavior with a case study of the United States. The cyber strategic environment requires its own theory to achieve security. Whereas security requires States to triumph in war in the conventional environment and avoid war in the nuclear environment, States in the cyber strategic environment may have a true alternative to war in order to achieve strategically relevant outcomes. Understanding how States will leverage that alternative is the central question of early twenty-first-century international security.
Stones, Books, and the Place of History around ad 900
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

The second chapter turns from a fast-changing substance, soil, to a very slow-changing one, stone, to contextualize the growing use of inscribed grave markers in late ninth-century England in relation to other types of mortuary discourse, particularly the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The chapter shows that, as much as tombstone inscriptions uphold the promise that writing will combat the disappearing matter of history, they also offer a model of text that is authorized and underpinned, quite literally, by the fecund body of the historical agent beneath the marker. By demonstrating the Chronicle’s links to mortuary discourse, the chapter argues that it borrows a specific historiographic logic from tombstones, one capable of materially linking the past of events to the present space of reading.
The Trans-Planted Politics of Eleventh-Century England
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

The third chapter focuses on plants, in particular the way that the parable of the cockles among the wheat (Matthew 13:24–30) functioned in representing the St Brice’s Day massacre of 1002, when Æthelred ordered the killing of all the Danes among the English. The chapter considers the effect of comparing the English to wheat and the Scandinavians to weeds on an audience familiar with real cornfield weeds, their growth habits, and the controlled dangers of ingesting them. The chapter demonstrates that eleventh-century encounters with weeds, reading about weeds, and encounters with people represented as weeds mingle together on a continuum involving both discursive and material modes of being English. Rather than determining the metaphor, the botanical matter both reinforces and challenges it in interesting ways that would not have been lost on an early medieval English audience.
Beowulf and Ethnic Matters
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

The final chapter turns to the most well-known text copied during Æthelred’s reign, Beowulf, arguing that Beowulf refracts, in a removed or altered state, the same kinds of concern with the precarity and instability of embodied identity that were discussed in the previous chapter. In particular, by closely reading the use of body parts in the poem through the lens of museum theory, this chapter argues that Beowulf functions as a type of manual of the ways that the body can be harnessed to political and identificatory structures, and also of the ways that it resists full co-optation by these systems. Unlike the previous chapters, then, this last focuses on poetry’s value for modelling ways of using, reacting to, and understanding the body; but it also argues that poetry registers the body’s resistance to the discursive systems in which it is pressed to serve.
Mid-century American phonology
Authors: Ladd D. Robert
Published: May 2022

From the early 1940s to the early 1960s, American phonology, led by Bloch, Trager, and Hockett, was remarkably monolithic. Its practitioners nominally followed Bloomfield, but in practice rejected his clearly expressed views by treating the elements of phonetic transcription (‘phones’) as an intermediate level of abstraction between the phoneme and the physical signal. They also accepted a strong version of what Hockett called ‘duality of patterning’, according to which individual utterances are simultaneously arrangements of phonemes and arrangements of meaningful units; this led to their insistence that phonemic analysis had to be carried out without ‘mixing levels’, i.e. without any reference to grammatical and lexical categories. Among other things, this principle made it difficult to deal insightfully with morphophonological regularities. This was perhaps the major source of disagreement between the post-Bloomfieldians and the generative phonologists who followed; by contrast, reliance on phonetic transcription represents a major source of continuity between the two.
Phonological derivation in early generative phonology
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael J. , Kisseberth Charles W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the major questions that arose as phonologists utilized and explored the ordered-rule methodology developed in The Sound Pattern of English. Can any limitations be placed on the disparity between the underlying and surface phonetic representations (abstractness, absolute neutralization)? Should phonological rules be distinguished in terms of phonetic vs. morphological function and motivation (natural processes)? Are there more or less natural interactions between the rules (feeding, bleeding, and opacity)? Do the rules aim at particular outputs either singly or in concert (conspiracies and derivational constraints)? Is the application of a rule determined solely by the immediately preceding step in the derivation or can remote structures also play a role (global rules)? The different answers to these questions that appeared in the decade following SPE are considered as well as their reverberations in later stages of development in the generative approach.
Dependency Phonology
Authors: Staun Jørgen
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the development of the theory of phonological representation known as Dependency Phonology. Starting with a brief sketch of how the dependency formalism was originally used to account for syntactic structure, the chapter deals first with how dependency has accounted for syllable and larger suprasegmental structures. Next it discusses the development of unary segmental atoms, including their organization in hierarchical gestures, and how, combined with dependency such atoms, it can account for the internal structure of segments. As a theory of representation on both paradigmatic and syntagmatic structure, dependency phonology is placed in the historical context of metrical phonology, autosegmental phonology and feature geometry. The chapter concludes with a discussion of theoretical proposals which have adopted and extended, typically more radically, ideas and elements of Dependency Phonology, in particular such which have developed and rigidly defined the structural analogy between phonology and syntax.
Associations Between Resting Heart Rate, Resting Blood Pressure, Psychological Variables and Pain Processing in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: White Liam , Smith Ashley D , Farrell Scott F
Published: May 2022

Objective

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction has been implicated in chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). However, the relationship between autonomic variables (e.g., resting heart rate and blood pressure) and clinical factors in chronic WAD is not well understood. This study sought to examine the associations between resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, pain processing and psychological variables in chronic WAD and in pain-free controls.

Design

Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study.

Setting

University clinical research laboratory.

Subjects

Thirty-six people with chronic WAD Grade II (mean [SD] age 40.1 [14.6] years, 28 females) and 25 pain-free controls (35.6 [13.0] years, 17 females).

Methods

Participants had resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured. Pain processing measures comprised: (i) pain pressure threshold at the cervical spine, hand and leg, (ii) temporal summation at the cervical spine and hand, and (iii) conditioned pain modulation. Psychological outcomes included measures of kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Correlations between autonomic variables, pain processing and psychological variables were determined (P < .05, 5% FDR).

Results

No significant correlations between autonomic and pain processing variables, or autonomic and psychological variables were found in the chronic WAD group. In the control group, diastolic blood pressure was positively correlated with cervical spine pressure pain threshold (r = 0.53, P = .007).

Conclusions

An association between blood pressure and pain sensitivity was observed in the control group but not the chronic WAD group. Such an association appears to be disrupted in chronic WAD, which may infer involvement of autonomic pathways in the pathophysiology of this condition.
The Impact of Micro RNA-320a Serum Level on Severity of Symptoms and Cerebral Processing of Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia
Authors: Hussein Mona , Fathy Wael , Abdelaleem Enas A , Nasser Mona , Yehia Ahmed , Elanwar Rehab
Published: May 2022

Objectives

The aim of this work was to explore the expression of miR-320a level in fibromyalgia patients in comparison to healthy controls, and to clarify its impact on the severity of symptoms and the cerebral processing of pain assessed by middle latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs).

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

Rheumatology and Neurology outpatient clinics.

Subjects

Seventy-four fibromyalgia patients and seventy-four normal healthy controls.

Methods

The included patients were subjected to detailed history taking, assessment of severity of fibromyalgia symptoms using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised (FIQR), assessment of pain intensity using the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI), measurement of the serum level of miR-320a in addition to of measurement peak latencies and amplitudes of middle latency SSEPs.

Results

Fibromyalgia patients had significantly higher micro-RNA-320a levels (0.907 ± 0.022) in comparison to controls (0.874 ± 0.015) (P-value < .001). The mean values of micro-RNA-320a levels were significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients with insomnia, chronic fatigue syndrome, persistent depressive disorder, and primary headache disorder than those without (P-value = .024, <.001, .006, .036 respectively). There were statistically significant positive correlations between micro-RNA-320a levels, and disease duration, FIQR, and NPSI total scores (P-value <0.001, 0.003, 0.002 respectively). There were no statistically significant correlations between micro-RNA-320a levels and middle latency SSEPs.

Discussion

Micro-RNA-320a level is significantly upregulated in fibromyalgia patient. It has a crucial impact on the severity of symptoms but not related to the cerebral processing of pain.
Population health, not individual health, drives support for populist parties
Authors: Oude Groeniger Joost , Gugushvili Alexi , de Koster Willem , van der Waal Jeroen
Published: May 2022

Recent electoral shifts toward populist parties may have been partly driven by deteriorating health, although empirical evidence on this link is primarily confined to ecological designs. We performed both ecological- and individual-level analyses to investigate whether changes in health are associated with changes in the support for populist parties. Data were used on the strategic Dutch case, the only liberal democracy featuring leftist and rightist populist politicians in parliament for over a decade. We used: (a) fixed effects models to examine whether changes in the standardized mortality ratios and self-assessed health (SAH) in municipalities were associated with changes in the populist vote share in four parliamentary elections (2006/2010/2012/2017); and (b) 10 waves of panel data collected in 2008 to 2018 to investigate if changes in individual-level SAH were linked to movement in the sympathy, intention to vote, and actual voting for populist parties. The ecological analyses showed that: changes in municipality mortality ratios were positively linked to changes in the vote share of right-wing populist parties, while changes in the prevalence of less-than-good SAH were negatively associated with changes in the vote share for left-wing populist parties. The individual-level analyses identified no such associations. Our findings imply that support for populist parties may be driven by health concerns at the ecological, but not the individual, level. This suggests that sociotropic (e.g. perceiving population health issues as a social problem), but not egotropic (e.g. relating to personal health issues like experienced stigma), concerns may underlie rising support for populist parties.
The Toronto Concussion Study: Reference Data for Balance and Gait Measures in Community-Dwelling Adults With Concussion
Authors: Mochizuki George , Bayley Mark , Chandra Tharshini , Comper Paul , Danells Cynthia , Foster Evan , Habib Perez Olinda , Hameed Hajr , Inness Elizabeth , Khimji Fatema , Sweeny Michelle
Published: May 2022

Objective

Concussion can cause deficits in balance and gait. Much of what is known about how concussion affects balance and gait has been derived from studies involving youth, high school, and university athletes. However, investigation into the effects of concussion on balance and gait in community-dwelling young, middle-age, and older aged adults is limited. This study aimed to present descriptive reference values for common balance and gait measures in community-dwelling adults between the ages of 20 and 69 years with concussion.

Methods

In this observational study, 318 participants were enrolled from a concussion care clinic at a rehabilitation hospital in an urban center and were assessed within 7 days of injury. Balance measures included the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), modified BESS, and center-of-pressure root mean square during quiet standing. Gait measures included velocity (absolute and height adjusted), cadence, and step length during self-paced gait. Data were binned by decade-long age range.

Results

Mean (SD) per-decade scores for the BESS ranged from 14.8 (5.1) to 21.8 (5.6) errors and 4.0 (3.0) to 9.4 (4.6) errors for the modified BESS. Mean values for center-of-pressure root mean square in the anteroposterior direction ranged from 0.42 (0.18) to 0.52 (0.26) with the eyes open, and from 0.49 (0.19) to 0.62 (0.39) with eyes closed. Mean absolute gait velocity ranged from 98.5 (9.1) to 119.3 (21.3) cm/s. The range of step length values was 58.2 (6.8) to 66.3 (7.3) cm and cadence ranged from 102.1 (9.8) to 108.6 (10.8) steps/min across age groups.

Conclusion

These data provide insight into the impact of concussion on balance and mobility in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan.

Impact

Community-dwelling adults can experience concussion across the lifespan. Availability of reference values for commonly used balance and gait measures can help to inform clinical strategies and progression of recovery of balance and mobility after injury.
Neural correlates of attachment in adolescents with trauma: a preliminary study on frustrative non-reward
Authors: Yan Marvin , Hodgdon Elizabeth A , Yang Ruiyu , Yu Qiongru , Inagaki Tristen K , Wiggins Jillian L
Published: May 2022

Despite the proposed early life origins of attachment style and its implications for risk for psychopathology, little is known about its neurodevelopmental course. Adolescence represents a key transition period when neural substrates of emotion regulation and reward undergo dramatic maturational shifts. Thus, maladaptive coping strategies associated with insecure attachment styles may have an exaggerated effect during adolescence. The current study, therefore, examined the neural correlates of insecure attachment in a diverse sample of adolescents using a frustrative non-reward task (i.e. repeatedly being denied an expected reward). Although there were no significant interactions in the whole-brain activation averaged over the course of the task, the use of complementary analytic approaches (connectivity, change in activation over the course of the task) revealed widespread alterations associated with avoidant attachment during the immediate reaction to, and ensuing recovery from, being denied a reward. Most strikingly, increased avoidant attachment, adjusting for anxious attachment, predicted functional connectivity and change in activity over time in amygdala–prefrontal and frontostriatal networks to reward blocked vs received trials. These patterns were in the opposite direction compared to those exhibited by adolescents lower in avoidant attachment. The findings suggest that negative emotional experiences, such as receiving frustrating feedback, may be uniquely aversive internal experiences for avoidantly attached adolescents and provide preliminary evidence that early coping strategies may persist into adolescence in the form of altered emotion- and reward-related neural patterns.
Economic limits to contractual performance: from hardship to the excessive costs of specific performance
Authors: Momberg Uribe Rodrigo , Vidal Olivares Álvaro
Published: May 2022

This article analyses two different limits to specific performance of contracts: hardship and excessive or unreasonable costs, looking into their conditions, scope of application, and effects, with the aim of outlining their corresponding field of application, intending to solve the current confusions on the subject.