bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Arrangement in Texture Discrimination and Texture Segregation
Authors: Vancleef Kathleen , Putzeys Tom , Gheorghiu Elena , Sassi Michaël , Machilsen Bart , Wagemans Johan
Published: January 2013

We investigated the role of spatial arrangement of texture elements in three psychophysical experiments on texture discrimination and texture segregation. In our stimuli, oriented Gabor elements formed an iso-oriented and a randomly oriented texture region. We manipulated (1) the orientation similarity in the iso-oriented region by adding orientation jitter to the orientation of each Gabor; (2) the spatial arrangement of the Gabors: quasi-random or regular; and (3) the shape of the edge between the two texture regions: straight or curved. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated an iso-oriented stimulus from a stimulus with only randomly oriented elements. Experiment 2 required texture segregation to judge the shape of the texture edge. Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 with Gabors of a smaller spatial extent in a denser arrangement. We found comparable performance levels with regular and quasi-random Gabor positions in the discrimination task but not in the segregation tasks. We conclude that spatial arrangement plays a role in a texture segregation task requiring shape discrimination of the texture edge but not in a texture discrimination task in which it is sufficient to discriminate an iso-oriented region from a completely random region.
Gillian Griffiths: How T cells get on target
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: January 2013

Griffiths studies how cytotoxic T cells deliver their lethal payloads.
Protective effect of hochuekkito, a Kampo prescription, against ultraviolet B irradiation‐induced skin damage in hairless mice
Authors: YANAGIHARA Shigeto , KOBAYASHI Hiromi , TAMIYA Hisashi , TSURUTA Daisuke , OKANO Yuri , TAKAHASHI Kuniaki , MASAKI Hitoshi , YAMADA Takaaki , HASEGAWA Seiji , AKAMATSU Hirohiko , ISHII Masamitsu
Published: January 2013

A Kampo prescriptions, hochuekkito (HET) has been utilized for treating functional conditions such as general fatigue, compromised state and gastrointestinal motility disorder. Recently, HET has attracted the attention of dermatologists because of its clinically positive effects in atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment. To explain this positive effect of HET, we examined its protective ability against oxidative skin stress using a murine model. The dorsal region of 8‐week‐old male HR‐1 hairless mice, which were raised on a HET (0%, 2% and 10%) mixed diet, was irradiated once with 70 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet (UV)‐B light. After 4 days, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum water content (SCWC), were determined as a measure of degree of skin dysfunction. To estimate the amount of active oxygen generated, the stratum corneum catalase activity (SCCA) and stratum corneum carbonylated protein (SCCP) content in the tape‐stripped stratum corneum samples were measured. We also measured the H2O2 scavenging ability of HET, and analyzed the changes in the expression levels of several inflammation and oxidative stress‐related genes in the skin of HET‐fed mice. In control mice, exposure to UV‐B led to significant increases in TEWL and SCCP and significant decreases in SCWC and SCCA. These UV‐B‐induced changes were reduced in mice administrated HET, and the reduction was HET dose‐dependent. Our results suggested that HET offered a protective effect against UV‐B‐induced skin damage. We also found that HET had relatively low ability to scavenge H2O2, and expression level of cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA decreased in HET‐fed mouse.
Azathioprine‐induced Sweet's syndrome and published work review
Authors: Choonhakarn Charoen , Chaowattanapanit Suteeraporn
Published: January 2013

Hypersensitivity to azathioprine can manifest with a wide clinical spectrum. Azathioprine‐induced Sweet's syndrome (SS) is rare and usually overlooked because it can mimic disease exacerbation and sepsis. This study aims to characterize the clinical findings of azathioprine‐induced SS. A retrospective analysis of the records of three patients diagnosed with azathioprine‐induced SS and a review of the relevant English‐language published work was performed. Twelve (71%) of the 17 patients were male, ranging 9–89 years in age (mean, 47.2). The time of onset after starting azathioprine was 5–28 days (mean, 13.3). The most common associated disease was inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (76%). The clinical features typically consisted of fever and classic rash of SS with pustules and vesicles. The lesions occurred most commonly on the face and trunk. Systemic involvement was rare and no hypotension or shock was reported as seen in azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. Thiopurine methyltransferase activity is not predictive of this type of adverse effect. Most patients dramatically responded to systemic corticosteroids. Azathioprine‐induced SS may be underdiagnosed because it can be easily misinterpreted as inflammatory bowel disease‐associated skin eruption. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may be at higher risk of this condition. Early recognition and drug withdrawal can decrease morbidity of the patients.
Applied ecology in India: scope of science and policy to meet contemporary environmental and socio‐ecological challenges
Authors: Singh Navinder J. , Bagchi Sumanta
Published: January 2013

India, a mega‐diverse country in terms of both biodiversity and people, is battling environmental problems on many fronts: chronic dependence on natural resources, dwindling ecosystem services, declining environmental quality, effects of climate change and a biodiversity crisis.

We review the current focal areas and infrastructure for ecological research and education in India, along with the surrounding legal and policy aspects of related socio‐economic issues.

Currently, ecological and applied research is predominantly focused on charismatic species within protected areas. This scope could be broadened beyond organismal biology towards functional landscapes and ecosystems; the education system also needs to promote ecology as a career choice for scientists. Expectedly, many environmental challenges are generic in nature, occur in other regions of the world, are primarily biophysical in origin but extend into human dimensions; some challenges are socio‐political and have implications for biodiversity conservation.

Synthesis and applications. India's environmental concerns include, but are not restricted to, the biodiversity crisis. The biodiversity crisis, in turn, includes, but is not restricted to, the most charismatic species. Greater integration and alignment among the mandates of government agencies, scientists, policymakers and educators are needed to meet contemporary environmental issues.
Three species of PhymatodesMulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) new to South Korea that hosted on Vitis viniferaLinnaeus (Vitaceae)
Authors: Lim Jongok , Kim Il‐Kwon , Lee Young‐Su , Kim Kyung‐Mi , Kim Chul‐Hak , Lim Jong‐Su , Park Shin‐Young , Lee Bong‐Woo
Published: January 2013

Two unrecorded Phymatodes species, P. (Phymatodellus) jiangi Wang and Zheng, P. (P.) zemlinae Plavilstshikov and Anufrieva, and a known species from North Korea, P. (P.) murzini Danilevsky, are newly recognized in South Korea, as insect pests of Vitis vinifera Linnaeus (Vitaceae).

In the present paper, male genitalia of P. (P.) jiangi Wang and Zheng is presented for the first time. We also provide the diagnoses and illustrations of habitus of three Phymatodes species with a revised key to Korean species.
Development of Chlorine Dioxide Releasing Film and Its Application in Decontaminating Fresh Produce
Authors: Ray Soumi , Jin Tony , Fan Xuetong , Liu Linshu , Yam Kit L.
Published: January 2013

A feasibility study was conducted to develop chlorine dioxide (ClO2)‐releasing packaging films for decontaminating fresh produce. Sodium chlorite and citric acid powder were incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) polymer. Films made with different amounts of PLA (100 and 300 mg), percentages of reactant (5% to 60%), and ratios of sodium chlorite to citric acid (1:2 or 2:1) were prepared using a solvent casting method. The release of ClO2 from the resultant films was activated by moisture. Increase of reactants in the films produced more ClO2 while higher PLA content in the films resulted in less release of ClO2. The ratio of sodium chlorite to citric acid and activation temperature (22 °C compared with 10 °C) did not affect the ClO2 release from the films. Antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 released from the films was evaluated using grape tomato as a model food. The results indicate that the films were activated by moisture from tomatoes in the package and the released ClO2 reduced Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on the tomatoes to undetectable levels (<5 colony forming units (CFU)/tomato), achieving more than 3 log reduction. The film‐treated tomatoes did not show significant changes in color and texture as compared to controls during storage at 10 °C for 21 d. This study demonstrated the technical feasibility for development of gaseous ClO2‐releasing packaging system to enhance microbial safety and extend shelf life of fresh produce.
Association Between Maternal and Fetal TLR4 (896A>G, 1196C>T) Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Pre‐term Birth in the Polish Population
Authors: Bitner Adam , Sobala Wojciech , Kalinka Jarosław
Published: January 2013

Problem

Bacteria activates Toll‐like receptor 4 on immune system cells leading to preterm birth (PTB). The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of maternal and fetal carriage of TLR4 gene polymorphisms on the risk of PTB.

Method of Study

Frequency of TLR4 (896A>G, 1196C>T) variants was determined in 121 women who delivered preterm, 152 women who delivered at term, 49 term newborns and 35 preterm newborns with the use of PCR‐RFLP.

Results

We found no associations between frequency of TLR4 polymorphic alleles in mothers and fetuses and the risk of delivery before 37th week of pregnancy. However significantly lower frequency of TLR4 1196T allele was observed in subgroup of mothers who delivered before 33rd week comparing with those who delivered later (4,4% versus 14,2%, OR = 0,28 (95%CI: 0,04–0,99).

Conclusions

Maternal carriage of TLR4 1196T allele may be associated with reduced risk of PTB before 33rd week of gestation in Polish population.
Remifentanil for labour analgesia: a double‐blinded, randomised controlled trial of maternal and neonatal effects of patient‐controlled analgesia versus continuous infusion
Authors: Shen M. K. , Wu Z. F. , Zhu A. B. , He L. L. , Shen X. F. , Yang J. J. , Feng S. W.
Published: January 2013

This trial aimed to compare the maternal and neonatal effects of remifentanil given by patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) or continuous infusion for labour analgesia. Patient controlled analgesia was administered using increasing stepwise boluses from 0.1 to 0.4 μg.kg−1 (0.1 μg.kg−1 increment, 2 min lockout, n = 30). Continuous infusion used rates from 0.05 to 0.2 μg.kg−1.min−1 (0.05 μg.kg−1.min−1 increment, n = 30). Dose increments were given on request. Women reported lowest pain scores (median (IQR [range]) of 3 (2–4 [2–5]) for PCA and 4 (3–5.25 [3–7]) for continuous infusion (p = 0.004) at 60 min after the beginning of analgesia. The mean (SD) remifentanil umbilical vein/maternal artery ratio in the PCA and infusion groups were 0.74 (0.45) vs 0.70 (0.52), respectively (p = 0.776). The mean (SD) umbilical artery/umbilical vein ratios were 0.31 (0.12) vs 0.26 (0.07), respectively (p = 0.088). Maternal and neonatal adverse reactions of remifentanil were similar between the two groups. The total remifentanil consumption (median (IQR [range]) during PCA administration was lower than continuous infusion, 1.34 (1.22–1.48 [0.89–1.69]) mg vs 1.49 (1.35–1.61 [1.12–1.70] mg; p = 0.011). The results suggest that remifentanil PCA provides better pain relief and similar placental transfer compared with continuous infusion.
A new central–peripheral corneal curvature method for intraocular lens power calculation after excimer laser refractive surgery
Authors: Saiki Megumi , Negishi Kazuno , Kato Naoko , Arai Hiroyuki , Toda Ikuko , Torii Hidemasa , Dogru Murat , Tsubota Kazuo
Published: January 2013

Purpose:  To propose the central–peripheral (C‐P) method, which requires no data history to calculate intraocular lens (IOL) powers for eyes that underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and compare the accuracy of the C‐P method with other IOL formulas for eyes after LASIK.

Methods:  Sixteen patients with cataract (25 eyes) who underwent myopic LASIK were analysed retrospectively. The C‐P method is a modified double‐K method using the SRK/T formula, in which the estimated pre‐LASIK keratometric power calculated from the post‐LASIK peripheral anterior sagittal power (also called the axial power) is used for the Kpre in the double‐K method using the SRK/T formula, and the post‐LASIK anterior sagittal power is used for the Kpost. We compared the accuracy of the C‐P method with other popular IOL calculation formulas for use in eyes after LASIK.

Results:  The median values of the arithmetic and absolute prediction errors with the C‐P method were 0.11 diopter (D) (range, −1.67 to 1.97 D) and 0.55 D (range, 0.02–1.97 D), respectively. The prediction error using the C‐P method was within ±0.5 D in 48% of eyes, within −1.0 to +0.5 D in 60% of eyes, and within ±1.0 D in 68% of eyes. The C‐P method resulted in a significantly higher percentage of eyes within ±0.5 D than the BESSt formula, Shammas‐PL formula, true net power method, double‐K method using 43.5 D for Kpre, and Feiz‐Mannis method.

Conclusion:  The C‐P method may be a good option for calculating IOL powers in eyes undergoing cataract surgery after LASIK when the preoperative LASIK data are unavailable.
Phenotypic findings in C1QTNF5 retinopathy (late‐onset retinal degeneration)
Authors: Soumplis Vasileios , Sergouniotis Panagiotis I. , Robson Anthony G. , Michaelides Michel , Moore Anthony T. , Holder Graham E. , Webster Andrew R.
Published: January 2013

Purpose:  To describe the ocular and electrophysiological phenotype of four patients with late‐onset retinal degeneration (LORD).

Methods:  Clinical examination, fundus and anterior segment photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) were performed. Three patients underwent pattern and full‐field electroretinography (ERG). Patient DNA was screened for the c.686C>G, p.Ser163Arg mutation in C1QTNF5.

Results:  All affected individuals had a family history suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance with full penetrance. Molecular analysis identified a heterozygous c.686C>G, p.Ser163Arg mutation in C1QTNF5 in DNA from all four affected probands. All four patients presented in their 50s with nyctalopia and developed central visual loss in their 60s. Peripupillary iris atrophy and long anterior zonular insertions were present in three of four patients. Dilated fundus examination revealed scalloped areas of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy in the mid‐periphery and widespread atrophy in the posterior pole. Full‐field ERGs were consistent with rod‐cone dystrophy with pattern ERG evidence of severe macular involvement. SD‐OCT revealed widespread loss of the photoreceptors with absence of the inner/outer segment junction line and concurrent thinning of the outer nuclear layer. Diffuse choroidal thinning, mainly affecting the inner choroid with loss of the choriocapillaris, was observed.

Conclusion:  C1QTNF5 retinopathy is an autosomal dominant LORD resulting in a complex ocular phenotype involving the RPE and ciliary epithelium. SD‐OCT findings revealed widespread photoreceptor loss and diffuse choroidal thinning.
Comparison of the influence of aerobic and resistance exercise of the upper and lower limb on intraocular pressure
Authors: Rüfer Florian , Schiller Johanna , Klettner Alexa , Lanzl Ines , Roider Johann , Weisser Burkhard
Published: January 2013

Purpose:  To compare the influence of aerobic and resistance exercise on intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods:  Twenty‐one healthy subjects participated. Aerobic exercise was performed using a cycle ergometer, and resistance exercise was performed with a leg curl and a butterfly machine. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline, during exercise and 10 min after. During resistance exercise, a Valsalva manoeuvre was prevented.

Results:  Before aerobic exercise, the mean IOP was 18.8 ± 2.7 mmHg. It was 16.5 ± 2.8 after 10, 17.1 ± 2.6 after 20 and 16.7 ± 3.3 mmHg after 30 min of exercise. After 10 min, the IOP returned to baseline (18.8 ± 2.7 mmHg). The mean IOP before resistance exercise with the leg curl machine was 17.0 (15.6–18.4; 65%Wmax) and 16.8 (15.3–18.3) mmHg; 75%Wmax) and did not change significantly during the experiment. The mean IOP before resistance exercise with the butterfly machine (65%Wmax) was 16.4 (15.2–17.6) and increased to 17.2 (16.0–18.4) mmHg (p < 0.05). After 10 min of recreation, it recovered to 16.3 (15.0–17.5) mmHg. At 75%Wmax, the mean baseline IOP was 16.3 (15.2–17.4) mmHg, and there were no significant changes.

Conclusions:  Aerobic exercise leads to a significant decrease of IOP. There was no influence of resistance exercise on IOP as long as a Valsalva manoeuvre was prevented.
In vitro synergy of oxacillin and gentamicin against coagulase‐negative staphylococci from blood cultures of neonates with late‐onset sepsis
Authors: Brilene Tatjana , Soeorg Hiie , Kiis Merilin , Sepp Epp , Kõljalg Siiri , Lõivukene Krista , Jürna‐Ellam Marika , Kalinina Jelena , Štšepetova Jelena , Metsvaht Tuuli , Lutsar Irja
Published: January 2013

Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the leading cause of late‐onset sepsis (LOS) in neonates. Increasing resistance of CoNS to beta‐lactams and aminoglycosides has led to widespread use of vancomycin, which in turn may lead to resistance to vancomycin. Thus, combination therapy of LOS has been advocated. We aimed to determine the interaction of oxacillin and gentamicin against CoNS. In 2005, 34 isolates of oxacillin‐ and gentamicin‐resistant CoNS were obtained from blood samples of neonates with LOS. Combination effect was tested using the checkerboard method, E‐test with the other antibiotic incorporated in the medium (E‐test‐1) and two E‐test strips placed in a cross‐formation (E‐test‐2). Of 34 isolates 61.8%, 53% and 73.5% revealed synergy or an additive effect when tested by the checkerboard method, E‐test‐1 and E‐test‐2, respectively. Results of all three tests were concordant for six (17.6%) isolates, four showing synergy, and two indifference. Our in vitro results support that combination therapy with penicillinase‐resistant penicillin and aminoglycoside can be an alternative to vancomycin.
A rapid, high‐throughput screening method for carriage of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tunsjø Hege S. , Follin‐Arbelet Benoit , Clausen Nina M. , Ness Yngve , Leegaard Truls M. , Bemanian Vahid
Published: January 2013

Rapid screening of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization prior to hospital admittance is important to reduce nosocomial infections and health care costs. Molecular detection of mecA and S. aureus specific target genes has become widely established for this purpose. However, there are still limitations in potential for high‐throughput screening in the methods described. We have compared the time aspects and workload of four different DNA preparation platforms, resulting in an automated and simple MRSA screening method which combines two liquid handling systems and a simple lysis buffer. We have further transferred our in‐house dual real‐time PCR to a fast‐PCR protocol, reducing the time and labour spent on these samples to a minimum.
Regional anthropometric measures associated with the severity of liver injury in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Subramanian V. , Johnston R. D. , Kaye P. , Aithal G. P.
Published: January 2013

Background

Not all NAFLD patients are obese and many obese patients do not have NAFLD. Impaired peripheral fat storage may increase the delivery of lipids to the liver and facilitate NAFLD progression.

Aim

To assess the association of anthropometric measures of regional adiposity including arm fat index (AFI) (upper body fat), waist circumference (visceral fat) and body mass index (total body fat) on liver injury and fibrosis in NAFLD.

Methods

One hundred and forty‐one patients with histological evidence of NAFLD were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the contribution of age, sex, body mass index, AFI, triceps fold thickness (TST), waist and hip circumference to the odds of liver injury (NAS scores ≥3) and fibrosis (fibrosis scores ≥2) by liver biopsy.

Results

Arm fat index (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–0.91) and TST (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04–0.42) were negatively correlated with NAFLD histological severity. In women, waist circumference was positively correlated with NAFLD severity (OR: 1.21(1.02–1.44). Age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.0) and waist circumference (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00–1.15) were significantly associated with fibrosis risk. In women, AFI (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–0.99) and TST (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05–0.95) were negatively associated with fibrosis risk.

Conclusions

Regional anthropometric measures are associated with severity of NAFLD in a sex‐specific manner. Men and women with lower arm fat depots and women with bigger waist circumference have a greater likelihood of liver injury. Age and waist circumference seem to be associated with liver fibrosis. Simple anthropometric measurements of peripheral fat deposits may help stratify significant liver injury risk.
Development and validation of the chronic hepatitis C virus treatment satisfaction (HCVTSat) instrument
Authors: Szeinbach S. L. , Baran R. W. , Dietz B. , Gazzouola Rocca L. , Littlefield D. , Yawn B. P.
Published: January 2013

Background

While current medications used to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) effectively produce sustained viral response (SVR), postponement of therapy is oftentimes attributed to patient perceptions of unfavourable outcomes. However, an instrument to assess patient perceptions of therapy (i.e. treatment satisfaction) has not been developed.

Aim

To describe the development and validation the chronic Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Satisfaction (HCVTSat) instrument.

Methods

Focus groups, expert review and cognitive debriefing were used to develop a draft 37‐item instrument (scale: 1 = not important at all; 5 = extremely important). The preliminary instrument was administered to a pre‐test sample of 145 patients through Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. A refined HCVTSat was administered to a main sample of 333 participants with a chronic HCV diagnosis through Harris Interactive.

Results

The HCVTSat was completed by 333 participants with an average age of 51 (s.d. = 12.1) years, 55% male, current or previous HCV treatment experience, and a diagnosis of HCV for approximately 12 (s.d. = 8.9) years. Twelve items for the 3 dimensions, Treatment Experience (TE), Side Effects (SE) and Social Aspects (SA), were internally consistent (Cronbach's α range: 0.70–0.90), responsive and valid. Confirmatory factor analysis (goodness‐of‐fit indexes: χ2 = 20.9, df = 23, P = 0.59; CFI = 1.00, GFI = 0.99, TFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.001) revealed a better fit with 9 items. All path coefficients were significant (P < 0.05). SE and SA were strong predictors of TE, while TE was positively associated with the 1‐item global measure of TS (path coefficient = 0.12).

Conclusions

The 10‐item HCVTSat demonstrated valid psychometric properties and assessed patient satisfaction with HCV therapies. However, additional studies are needed to validate the HCVTSat in conjunction with SVR and in patients in underrepresented populations.
Validation of the GerdQ questionnaire for the diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Jonasson C. , Wernersson B. , Hoff D. A. L. , Hatlebakk J. G.
Published: January 2013

Background

The diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains a challenge as both invasive methods and symptom‐based strategies have limitations. The symptom‐based management of GERD in primary care may be further optimised with the use of a questionnaire.

Aim

To assess the diagnostic validity of the GerdQ questionnaire in patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD.

Methods

Patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD without alarm features, underwent upper endoscopy, and if normal, pH‐metry. Patients were followed for 4 weeks and GerdQ was completed blinded to the investigator at both visits. Reflux oesophagitis or pathological acid exposure was used as diagnostic references for GERD. The diagnostic accuracy for GERD on symptom response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was assessed.

Results

Among the 169 patients, a GerdQ cutoff ≥9 gave the best balance with regard to sensitivity, 66% (95% CI: 58–74), and specificity, 64% (95% CI: 41–83), for GERD. The high prevalence of reflux oesophagitis (81%) resulted in a high proportion of true positives, but at the same time a high proportion of false‐negatives. Consequently, GerdQ had a high positive predictive value, 92% (95% CI: 86–97), but a low negative predictive value, 22% (95% CI: 13–34), for GERD. Symptom resolution on PPI therapy had high sensitivity, 76% (95% CI: 66–84), but low specificity, 33% (95% CI: 17–53), for GERD.

Conclusions

GerdQ is a useful complementary tool for the diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in primary care. The implementation of GerdQ could reduce the need for upper endoscopy and improve resource utilisation. Symptom resolution on proton pump inhibitor did not predict gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.
Obsidian Sources in the Regions of Erzurum and Kars (North‐East Turkey): New Data
Authors: Chataigner C. , Işıklı M. , Gratuze B. , Çil V.
Published: January 2013

The obsidian sources on the Erzurum–Kars Plateau have not been extensively surveyed, and their geochemical signatures are still poorly understood. Yet a significant number of artefacts from archaeological sites in Georgia and Armenia have produced chemical compositions that are unrelated to any Turkish or Caucasian source analysed so far. Their origins may lie in these poorly known deposits. The objective of the collaborative project undertaken by the University of Erzurum and the French mission ‘Caucasus’ is to study the sources of obsidian in the Erzurum and Kars regions, in order to shed light on the intensity of exploitation of this material, and to highlight the exchange networks that may have existed between north‐eastern Turkey and the southern Caucasus. The analyses that we have carried out on the samples taken during this exploratory survey have enabled a definite extension of the territory of circulation of this obsidian to western Transcaucasia. The lack of knowledge concerning the diffusion of obsidian from the regions of Erzurum and Kars thus appears for the moment mainly related to insufficient geochemical characterization of the sources, confirming the importance of future surveys.
On Judging the Imagined and Unfamiliar
Authors: Miller Rowland S.
Published: January 2013

Across the board in Conley et al.'s studies, consensually nonmonogamous couples were judged to have relationships that were less rewarding and less desirable than those enjoyed by monogamous couples. Arguably, this occurred in part because the research participants confused nonmonogamy with boredom, exploitation, and jealousy—aversive states that can accompany, but that are not necessarily a component of, consensual nonmonogamy. Despite the ingenuity of Conley et al., they may not have examined respondents’ perceptions of loving, satisfying, genuinely consensual nonmonogamy.
Skeletogenesis in anurans: cranial and postcranial development in metamorphic and postmetamorphic stages of Leptodactylus bufonius (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Vera Miriam Corina , Ponssa María Laura
Published: January 2013

Osteological studies of anurans generally have focused on the descriptions of adults and larval chondrocrania, including developmental series of chondrocrania. Thus, the changes occurring during postmetamorphic stages have largely been overlooked. Herein, we describe cranial and postcranial skeletogenesis, and change in skull shape through the metamorphic and postmetamorphic development of Leptodactylus bufonius. Several elements, particularly those of the cranium, are already ossified at metamorphic climax; among these elements are the frontoparietals, prootics, premaxillae, maxillae, squamosals, pterygoids, neopalatines, angulosplenials, dentaries, mentomeckelians, and the mesosternum. Determining the exact timing of ossification of some elements is difficult because variation in their development may result from extrinsic factors. The otic region and that of the jaw closure undergo the greatest changes in shape, which may imply functional constraints. The development of many skeletal elements is still incomplete at metamorphosis; thus, the changes occurring postmetamorphically are crucial to achieving the configuration and function of an adult skeleton. María Laura Ponssa. CONICET. Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo. S. M. de Tucumán, c/p (4000), Argentina. E‐mail: mlponssa@hotmail.com.
Leukaemia relapse after allogeneic transplants for acute myeloid leukaemia: predictive role of WT1 expression
Authors: Pozzi Sarah , Geroldi Simona , Tedone Elisabetta , Luchetti Silvia , Grasso Raffaella , Colombo Nicoletta , Di Grazia Carmen , Lamparelli Teresa , Gualandi Francesca , Ibatici Adalberto , Bregante Stefania , Van Lint Maria Teresa , Raiola Anna Maria , Dominietto Alida , Varaldo Riccardo , Signori Alessio , Bacigalupo Andrea
Published: January 2013

We assessed WT1 expression (expressed as messenger copies/104 ABL1) from marrow cells of 122 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), before and after an unmanipulated allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The median age was 44 years (15–69), 59% were in first remission, 74% received a myeloablative conditioning regimen and the median follow up was 865 d (34–2833). Relapse was higher in 67 patients with WT1 expression, at any time post‐HSCT, exceeding 100 copies (54%), as compared to 16%, for 55 patients with post‐HSCT WT1 expression <100 copies (P < 0·0001). Similarly, actuarial 5‐year survival (OS) was 40% vs. 63%, respectively (P = 0·03). In multivariate Cox analysis, WT1 expression post‐HSCT was the strongest predictor of relapse (Hazard Ratio [HR] 4·5, P = 0·0001), independent of disease phase (HR 2·3, P = 0·002). Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) were given to 17 patients because of increasing WT1 levels: their OS was 44%, vs. 14% for 21 patients with increasing WT1 expression who did not receive DLI (P = 0·004). In conclusion, WT1 expression post‐HSCT is a strong predictor of leukaemia relapse and survival in AML; WT1 may be used as a marker for early interventional therapy.
Presenting D‐dimer and early symptom severity are independent predictors for post‐thrombotic syndrome following a first deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Roberts Lara N. , Patel Raj K. , Chitongo Paradzai B. , Bonner Lynda , Arya Roopen
Published: January 2013

Post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most common complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Current preventative strategies are limited to the daily wear of graduated compression stockings (GCS). The aim of this study was to evaluate early predictors of PTS. One hundred and twenty‐two consecutive patients with a first DVT were prospectively recruited from diagnosis and followed for up to 6 months post‐end of anticoagulation. D‐dimer was measured in 107 participants at presentation and Villalta scale was evaluated in 70 participants at a median of 2 weeks following diagnosis. PTS developed in 51·6% of participants. GCS were obtained by 78·1% of participants, with 33·7% reporting daily wear at the end of follow‐up. Mean early Villalta scale was significantly higher in those with PTS (8·1 ± 3·7) compared to those without (2·6 ± 2·7, P < 0·001). Median D‐dimer was significantly higher in those with PTS [3260 ng/ml, interquartile range (IQR) 820–8000 ng/ml] compared to those without (1540 ng/ml, IQR 810–2520 ng/ml, P < 0·001). The adjusted odds ratio for every one point increase in early Villalta scale was 1·78 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1·19–2·64; P = 0·005] and for D‐dimer >1910 ng/ml it was 2·71 (95% CI, 1·05–7·03; P = 0·04). These markers could enable targeted counselling regarding GCS for those at high risk of PTS.
How I manage priapism due to sickle cell disease
Authors: Olujohungbe Ade , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: January 2013

Priapism due to sickle cell disease is a common but less well characterized complication of the disorder. It represents a “medical emergency” with the key determinant of outcome being the duration of penile ischaemia and time to detumescence of <4 h associated with a successful treatment outcome. Management can be outpatient‐based and consists of pre‐emptive strategies for early stuttering attacks based on prior health education of the association between the 2 disorders, non pharmacological management, outpatient penile aspiration and irrigation with or without instillation of alpha and beta adrenergic agonists for acute episodes and secondary prophylaxis to prevent the high rates of recurrences. The evidence to recommend medical prophylaxis is sparse but based on a consensus of experts and small phase 2 or III clinical trials. A clearer understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) involving normal and dysregulated erectile physiology, scavenger haemolysis and nitric oxide pathway paves way for the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in medical prophylaxis of stuttering attacks. These agents will need to be studied in multi‐centre randomized phase III trials before they become standard of care. A multidisciplinary team approach is required to enhance “sexual wellness” and prevent erectile dysfunction in this sexually vulnerable group.
MLL‐rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukaemia stem cell interactions with bone marrow stroma promote survival and therapeutic resistance that can be overcome with CXCR4 antagonism
Authors: Sison Edward Allan R. , Rau Rachel E. , McIntyre Emily , Li Li , Small Donald , Brown Patrick
Published: January 2013

Infants with MLL‐rearranged (MLL‐R) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have a dismal prognosis. While most patients achieve remission, approximately half of patients recur with a short latency to relapse. This suggests that chemotherapy‐resistant leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) survive and can recapitulate the leukaemia. We hypothesized that interactions between LSCs and the bone marrow microenvironment mediate survival and chemotherapy resistance in MLL‐R ALL. Using primary samples of infant MLL‐R ALL, we studied the influence of bone marrow stroma on apoptosis, proliferation, and cytotoxicity induced by the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib. MLL‐R ALL were differentially protected by stroma from spontaneous apoptosis compared to non‐MLL‐R ALL. Co‐culture of bulk MLL‐R ALL in direct contact with stroma or with stroma‐produced soluble factors promoted proliferation and cell cycle entry. Stroma also protected bulk MLL‐R ALL cells and MLL‐R ALL LSCs from lestaurtinib‐mediated cytotoxicity. Previous studies have demonstrated that CXCR4 mediates bone marrow microenvironment signalling. Using a xenograft model of MLL‐R ALL, we demonstrated that CXCR4 inhibition with AMD3100 (plerixafor) led to markedly enhanced efficacy of lestaurtinib. Therefore, the bone marrow microenvironment is a mediator of chemotherapy resistance in MLL‐R ALL and targeting leukaemia‐stroma interactions with CXCR4 inhibitors may prove useful in this high‐risk subtype of paediatric ALL.
‘Not our war, not our country’: Contents and contexts of Scottish political rhetoric and popular understandings during the invasion of Iraq
Authors: Elcheroth Guy , Reicher Steve
Published: January 2013

Recent research has questioned the traditional assumption that populations inevitably rally round their national leaders in times of war and suggested instead that whether this occurs depends upon political communication and mass media coverage. In this study, we provide systematic analysis of the debate in Scotland over the invasion of Iraq in 2003. We examine how the conflict was construed as either for or against the national interest, and how the way this is done is linked to different dimensions of context. First, we provide a mixed‐methods analysis of debates in the Scottish Parliament. We show that anti‐war speakers from Scottish separatist parties map opposition to the war onto a series of collectively consistent and temporarily flexible categorical oppositions, starting with a familiar antinomy between Scottish people and British rulers (before the invasion), and then shifting to broader oppositions between subjugated people and imperial powers (after the invasion). By contrast, speakers from other parties appear less consistent and less flexible in the nature of their arguments. Second, we examine the opinions of a population sample on the war, how these opinions relate to understandings of Scottish identity and how the media context is pivotal in the translation of anti‐war opinions into votes for separatist/anti‐war political parties.
Maternal and infant predictors of attendance at Neonatal Follow‐Up programmes
Authors: Ballantyne M. , Stevens B. , Guttmann A. , Willan A. R. , Rosenbaum P.
Published: January 2013

Background

Neonatal Follow‐Up (NFU) programmes provide health services for families of infants at high risk of developmental problems following difficult or extremely premature birth: yet, up to 30% of families do not attend these programmes with their infants.

Methods

The study objective was to determine maternal and infant factors that predicted attendance at NFU programmes. Utilizing Andersen's Behavioural Model of Health Services Use, a prospective two‐phase multi‐site descriptive cohort study was conducted in three Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) that refer to two affiliated NFU programmes. In Phase 1, 357 mothers completed standardized questionnaires that addressed maternal and infant factors, prior to their infants’ NICU discharge. In Phase 2, attendance at NFU was followed at three time points over a 12‐month period. Factors of interest included predisposing factors (e.g. demographic characteristics and social context); enabling factors (e.g. social support, travel distance, and income); and infant illness severity (i.e. needs factors). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for each independent factor.

Results

Mothers parenting alone, experiencing higher levels of worry about maternal alcohol or drug use, or at greater distances from NFU were less likely to attend. Mothers experiencing higher maternal stress at the time of the infant's NICU hospitalization were more likely to attend NFU. No infant factors were predictive of NFU attendance.

Conclusions

Mothers at risk of not attending NFU programmes with their infants require better identification, triage, referral and additional support to promote engagement with NFU programmes and improved quality of life for their high‐risk infants.
Functioning and post‐school transition outcomes for young people with Down syndrome
Authors: Foley K.‐R. , Jacoby P. , Girdler S. , Bourke J. , Pikora T. , Lennox N. , Einfeld S. , Llewellyn G. , Parmenter T. R. , Leonard H.
Published: January 2013

Aim

To investigate the relationship between functioning and post‐school day occupation for young adults with Down syndrome.

Methods

Families of young people with Down syndrome (n = 269) aged 15–30 years in 2009 were recruited from the population‐based Down syndrome ‘Needs Opinion Wishes’ database in Western Australia. Questionnaires were mailed to participating families and involved two parts, young person characteristics and family functioning; 203 were returned (75%). Of those families who returned questionnaires, 164 (80.8%) of their young adults had left school. Participation in post‐school day occupations was the main outcome and included; open employment, training, sheltered employment or alternatives to employment (ATE).

Results

Young adults were reported as participating in open employment (n = 42), training (n = 17), sheltered employment (n = 64) or ATE (n = 41) post‐school. Those who reported better functioning in self‐care, community and communication skills were more likely to be in open employment and/or attending Technical and Further Education compared with those attending sheltered employment and/or ATE after adjusting for age, gender and rural/metropolitan regions. Current health as measured by visits to a general practitioner (GP) and hospitalizations revealed a weak relationship with post‐school day occupations, with increasing likelihood of participating in open employment or training with increasing hospitalizations and GP visits.

Conclusions

Our analysis shows that functioning in activities of daily living was related to post‐school day occupation. Current health status and behaviour were found to have a weak relationship with post‐school day occupation adjusting for functioning in the final model.
Daily Intragroup Contact in Diverse Settings: Implications for Asian Adolescents' Ethnic Identity
Authors: Yip Tiffany , Douglass Sara , Shelton J. Nicole
Published: January 2013

This study examined the daily‐level association between contact with same‐ethnic others and ethnic private regard among 132 Asian adolescents (mean age = 14 years) attending four high schools ranging in ethnic composition diversity. The data suggest a positive daily‐level association between contact with same‐ethnic others and ethnic private regard for adolescents, who were highly identified with their ethnic group and who attended predominantly White or ethnically heterogeneous schools. In addition, using time lag analyses, contact with same‐ethnic others yesterday was positively related to ethnic private regard today, but ethnic private regard yesterday was unrelated to contact with same‐ethnic others today, suggesting that adolescents' identity is responsive to their environments. The implications of these findings for the development of ethnic identity are discussed.
Specialist‐based treatment reduces the severity of allergic rhinitis
Authors: Mullol J. , Bartra J. , del Cuvillo A. , Izquierdo I. , Muñoz‐Cano R. , Valero A.
Published: January 2013

Background

Although the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) is now well established, its impact on severity has not yet been evaluated.

Objective

The aim was to analyse specialist‐based treatment on AR severity, nasal symptoms and quality of life.

Methods

A longitudinal observational, prospective, multi‐centre study with 4 weeks of follow‐up was carried out by 141 allergologists and ENT specialists in Spain. Selection criteria were adult patients with AR, clinically diagnosed at least 2 years before, with a total nasal symptom score (TNSS) ≥5, not receiving either antihistamines within the previous week or nasal corticosteroids during the 2 previous weeks. Disease severity using both original Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (o‐ARIA) and modified (m‐ARIA) classifications, nasal symptoms, and Quality of Life (ESPRINT‐15), were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment.

Results

Among the recruited AR patients (n = 707, 58% women), 39.3% were intermittent and 60.7% persistent, 40.2% had asthma and 61.4% conjunctivitis. Most patients were treated with second generation antihistamines in monotherapy (63.2%) or in combination with intranasal corticosteroids (31.5%). While using o‐ARIA, 96.9% of patients had ‘moderate/severe’ AR, the m‐ARIA discriminated between ‘moderate’ (55.4%) and severe (41.5%) AR, at baseline. After 4 weeks of treatment, improvement was found on disease severity (P < 0.0001), TNSS (8.2 ± 1.8 vs. 3.5 ± 2.3, P < 0.0001) and Quality of Life (ESPRINT‐15 global score: 3.0 ± 1.2 vs. 1.1 ± 1.0, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Specialist‐based treatment reduces AR severity, evaluated using the m‐ARIA classification for the first time, in addition to the improvement of nasal symptoms and quality of life.

Clinical relevance

Specialist‐based treatment improves AR severity, in addition to nasal symptoms and quality of life. However, no matter the treatment option some AR patients remain severe and need further follow‐up.
Lack of Concordance in Defining Worsening Renal Function by Rise in Creatinine vs Rise in Cystatin C
Authors: Dupont Matthias , Shrestha Kevin , Singh Dhssraj , Finucan Michael , Tang W. H. Wilson
Published: January 2013

Worsening renal function (WRF) during treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is generally associated with adverse outcomes. An increase ≥0.3 mg/dL in creatinine level is widely used as the definition of WRF. The authors sought to determine the level of agreement between WRF based on changes in creatinine and changes in cystatin C (CysC) by analyzing data from 121 ADHF patients with available admission and day 3 creatinine and CysC levels. Admission creatinine and CysC levels were 1.39 (0.98–2.11) mg/dL and 1.95 (1.42–2.69) mg/L, respectively, and correlated well (r=0.81). On average, creatinine (−0.04±0.40 mg/dL) and CysC (0.001±0.34 mg/L) changed minimally from admission to day 3. Although the correlation between both markers on day 3 was still good (r=0.79), the correlation between changes therein was only modest (r=0.43). From the 14 and 15 patients who had WRF based on a ≥0.3 mg/dL increase in creatinine and ≥0.3 mg/L increase in CysC, respectively, only four (about 30%) met both definitions. These observations, together with recent insights in the inconsistencies of creatinine‐defined concept of worsening renal function and outcomes, raises the need to research more reliable measures of renal function during treatment of ADHF.
Bone Healing with or without Platelet‐Rich Plasma around Four Different Dental Implant Surfaces in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Streckbein Philipp , Kleis Wilfried , Buch Rainer S. R. , Hansen Torsten , Weibrich Gernot
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Surface development is one of the major aims in dental implant engineering. Additive application of substances could possibly improve the new bone formation around dental implants. The present study evaluated the bone reaction on four different implant surfaces with or without platelet‐rich plasma (PRP).

Materials and Methods

Four self‐tapping titanium screw implants (Brånemark MK III [Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden], Osseotite [3i, Miami, FL, USA], Xive [Densply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany], and Compress [IGfZ eG, Diez, Germany]) with different surfaces were inserted in each hemimandible of 12 female beagle dogs; the implant positions and the application of PRP were randomized. After intravital fluorochrome staining, sacrifices and biopsies harvesting were performed after 6 weeks (five dogs; one dog died before) and 12 weeks (six dogs) and the respective specimens were analyzed.

Results

The only significant difference in bone remodeling was found for the Compress implants with increased bone formation compared with the Brånemark implants at 12 weeks (sign test, p = .03). Comparing the histological and histomorphometric specimens of all other implant surfaces with respect to peri‐implant bone remodeling and the resulting bone‐implant contact rates (BICRs), no statistically significant differences were seen in the PRP or non‐PRP groups (sign test, all p values ≥ .063).

Conclusions

This study found no significant differences in the BICR for roughened implant surfaces compared with machined surfaces. In this animal model, the addition of PRP did not demonstrate evidence of faster bone formation or the resulting BICR.