bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Adduct Formation and Masking Effect to Separation of Some Metal Chelates of 3-Mercapt-1,5-diphenylformazane in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro , Tsunoda Kin-ichi , Akaiwa Hideo
Published: July 2006

The adduct formation and the masking effect due to the addition of neutral ligands to mobile phase were applied to improve the mutual separation of some metal chelates of 3-mercapt-1,5-diphenylformazane (dithizone) in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The addition of trioctylphosphine oxide and triethanolamine (TEA) was effective for controlling the retention time of some metal dithizonates. The addition of TEA made it possible to separate the overlapped peaks of nickel(II) and zinc(II) dithizonates from each other. On the other hand, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) masks NiII and ZnII selectively depending upon stabilities of their charged phen complexes. The degree of the masking effect of phen was predictable to some extent from the stability constants of the metal dithizonates and the metal–phen complexes.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of 4H-1,3-Benzodioxin-6-ol Derivatives: New Vitamin E Analogs
Authors: Kaneko Yutaka , Kita Hiroshi , Mukai Kazuo , Kawano Katsuyuki
Published: July 2006

4H-1,3-Benzodioxin-6-ol (HBD) derivatives 1—5, new tocopherol (Vitamin E) analogs, have been synthesized by condensation of acetaldehyde with the corresponding hydroquinone. For each HBD derivative except for 4, two diastereomeric isomers were produced. These stereoisomers were separated by column chromatography and the configuration of each isomer was identified by two dimensional NMR techniques and ESR measurements of the HBD radicals. The second-order rate constants, ks, for the reaction of 9 kinds of HBD derivatives with substituted phenoxyl radical (PhO·) in ethanol have been measured with a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. These HBD derivatives reacted at rates that were only about 5—20% of those observed with the corresponding tocopherols. The logs of the second-order rate constants, ks, obtained for HBD derivatives were found to correlate with their peak oxidation potentials, Ep. Electron spin resonance measurements were done for HBD radicals in toluene, and the proton hyperfine coupling constants, aiH, and giso-values were determined. The log of the rate constants, ks, was also found to correlate with the sum of the hyperfine coupling constants (a5H + a7H) at 5- and 7-positions of both HBD radicals and tocopheryloxyl radicals, that is, the unpaired π-spin densities (ρ5 + ρ7) at the two ortho carbon atoms.
Stereochemistry of the Addition Product of N-Aminosuccinimide Moiety to an Acetylenic Ester
Authors: Srivastava Alaka , Srivastava Vandana , Verma Shiva M , Pattabhi Vasantha
Published: July 2006

1H, 13C NMR and X-ray crystallography have demonstrated the azomethine structure of the addition product obtained from N-amino-2,3-(9,10-dihydro-9,10-anthracenediyl)succinimide and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The exo cyclic nitrogen exists in sp2-state and its lone pair lies in anti orientation while the diethyl succinate moiety has been demonstrated to be syn to the cage and orthogonal to the succinimide plane. On acetylation the product is transformed into N-acetyl derivative which exhibits restricted rotation about N–N bond and a preferred conformation with N-acetyl in syn-orientation.
Total Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Neopyrrolomycins, Chlorinated Phenylpyrrole Antibiotics
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Itoh Manabu
Published: July 2006

The first total synthesis of (+)- and (−)-neopyrrolomycins (11a and 11b) is detailed based on regioselective chlorinations of 3,5-dichloroanisole (2) and 1-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (8) with isocyanuric trichloride, followed by optical resolution of racemic neopyrrolomycin (11) with N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-l-phenylalanyl chloride. Several analogs (21—25) have been prepared from the intermediates, and the structure-activity relationships are also discussed.
Acid-Promoted Electron Transfer to Facilitate Oxidative Polymerization of Diaryl Disulfides
Authors: Oyaizu Kenichi , Iwasaki Naoki , Yamamoto Kimihisa , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: July 2006

A catalytic amount of Lewis acids ([Lewis acid]/[Disulfide] = 1/200) facilitated electron transfer from diaryl disulfides to a stoichiometric amount of another oxidizing agent by which linear poly[thio(1,4-arylene)] was produced. Such Lewis acids as SbCl5 and FeCl3 facilitated oxidation of diphenyl disulfide by quinones more efficiently than protic acids such as CF3COOH, where the Lewis acid showed more than 200-fold more activity than the protic acid. Oxovanadium complex-catalyzed oxygen-oxidation of disulfides was also facilitated by these Lewis acids. The catalysis of these Lewis acids includes not only the activation of quinones or the oxovanadium complex, but also the lowering of the oxidation potential of the monomers.
The High-Pressure Diels–Alder Reaction of [5,6]-Fullerene-C60 with Cycloheptatriene. Formation of Diels–Alder Adducts with Improved Thermal Stability
Authors: Liu Ji-Feng , Kato Nobuo , Mori Akira , Takeshita Hitoshi , Isobe Ryuichi
Published: July 2006

The high-pressure Diels–Alder reaction of C60 with cycloheptatriene under 300 MPa gave two [4+2] cycloadducts derived from two valence isomers, cycloheptatriene and norcaradiene. The thermolysis of the adducts indicated the tricyclo[3.2.2.02,4]non-6-ene derivative is a kinetically-controlled product.
An EXAFS Study on Metal-Substitution Reaction of Homodinuclear Mercury(II) Porphyrin with Copper(II) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Tabata Masaaki , Ozutsumi Kazuhiko
Published: July 2006

The metal-substitution reaction of the homodinuclear mercury(II) porphyrin complex, [Hg2(tpps)]2− (H2tpps4− = tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin), with copper(II) has been studied by the EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) method in an acetate buffer (pH 5.6). The tetrahedral mercury(II) acetato complex (rHg–O = 219 pm, rHg–O = 262 pm) reacts with the porphyrin to form the homodinuclear mercury(II) porphyrin, [Hg2(tpps)(CH3COO)2]4− (rHg–N = 222 pm, rHg–O = 265 pm), with a deformed structure, where two mercury(II) bind to two pyrrole nitrogens from upper and lower sides and pyrrole nitrogens are ruffled. The mercury(II) porphyrin was replaced with the distorted octahedral copper(II) acetato complex (rCu–O = 197 pm, rCu–O = 225 pm) to form the square planar copper(II) porphyrin, [Cu(tpps)]4− (rCu–N = 200 pm). The reaction mechanism of the large catalytic effect of mercury(II) on the copper(II) porphyrin formation is discussed from the structure of Hg2(tpps)2−, and the structure of the heterodinuclear intermediate, [Hg(tpps)Cu]2−, is proposed.
Preparation of 2,2-Dihalocarboxylic Acid Methyl Esters by Oxidation–Chlorination of 2-(1-Haloalkyl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolanes with Trichloroisocyanuric Acid
Authors: Boni Monica , Ghelfi Franco , Pagnoni Ugo Maria , Zucchi Claudia
Published: July 2006

Methyl 2,2-dichloro or 2-bromo-2-chloro carboxylates were obtained in excellent yields by oxidation–chlorination of 2-(1-haloalkyl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolanes with trichloroisocyanuric acid.
Convenient Synthesis of 2(1H)-Pyridinethione Glycosides
Authors: Elgemeie Galal E H , Attia Adel M E , Elzanate Ali M , Mansour A K
Published: July 2006

A novel synthesis of 2(1H)-pyridinethione glycosides utilizing 2(1H)-pyridinethiones or their sodium salts and α-tetra-O-acetyl-glucosyl or d-galactosyl bromides as starting components is described.
Preparation of New Nitrogen-Bridged Heterocycles. 36. Synthesis and Reaction of Dimethyl 4-Thia-1-azatetracyclo[5.4.0.05,11.06,8]undeca-2,9-diene-5,6-dicarboxylate Derivatives
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Mitani Michiharu , Kanaoka Masamichi
Published: July 2006

The title compounds, dimethyl 4-thia-1-azatetracyclo[5.4.0.05,11.06,8]undeca-2,9-diene-5,6-dicarboxylates, were prepared in low to moderate yields by the reactions of various 1-pyridinio[(thiocarbonyl)methylide]s and 3-(1-pyridinio)thiophene-2-thiolates with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in chloroform or benzene at room temperature or at the elevated temperature. Some compounds could also be obtained by heating the corresponding dimethyl 10aH-pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]thiazepine-1,2-dicarboxylates once separated from the reaction of pyridinium ylides with the same reagent. These 4-thia-1-azatetracyclo[5.4.0.05,11.06,8]undeca-2,9-diene derivatives were smoothly thermolyzed in xylene at the reflux temperature to afford dimethyl phthalate and the corresponding thiazole derivatives in good yields. The structures of these 4-thia-1-azatetracyclo[5.4.0.05,11.06,8]undeca-2,9-dienes were mainly identified by their physical and spectral inspections together with mechanistic considerations, and confirmed finally by the X-ray analyses of two compounds.
Facile Preparation of 1,6-Anhydro-2-azido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose and Its 4-O-Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Sakairi Nobuo , Takahashi Shunya , Wang Feng , Ueno Yoshihito , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi
Published: July 2006

Treatment of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-endo-benzylidene-β-d-mannopyranose derivatives with trimethylamine–borane (1/1)–aluminium chloride resulted in highly regioselective fission of the cyclic acetals to give the corresponding 2-O-unprotected-3-O-benzyl derivatives. Trifluoromethanesulfonylation of these, followed by nucleophilic substitution, afforded 2-azido-2-deoxy derivatives in good yields.
POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE
Authors: Masaki Kosaku
Published: July 2006

(1) The potentiometric titrations of potassium and sodium ferrocyanide with mercuric chloride, nickel sulphate and cobaltous sulphate by using platinum electrode as an indicator electrode were studied at 25°C.

(2) From the above titration we found that the reactions take place as follows. 2Hg^+++Fe(CN)_6^-— &=Hg_2Fe(CN)_6

2Ni^+++Fe(CN)_6^-— &=Ni_2Fe(CN)_6

2Co^+++Fe(CN)_6^-— &=Co_2Fe(CN)_6

(3) Also the potentiometric titrations were compared with potassium and sodium ferrocyanides by ferric chloride and silver nitrate solution at the same condition or different conditions, and a very good agreement was found with each other.

(4) In this titration we found that the reaction takes place as reported already by Niemz(1) at the case of silver and in other case as follows: & 4Ag^++Fe(CN)_6^-—=Ag_4Fe(CN)_6

& 4Fg^++++3Fe(CN)_6^-—=Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3
DISPERSITY OF CATALYST AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Yoshikawa Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

1. In the study of the hydrogenation of acetylene in presence of nickel and palladium catalysts distributed on kieselguhr, it was observed that markedly selective action of catalysts was produced by the variation of the dispersity of the catalytic agents on kieselguhr. The phenomenon which was met with, suggests a possible mechanism of one case of promoter and carrier actions and on the other hand, a method of hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene.

2. With regard to the simple hydrogenation process, in presence of a metallic catalyst, inert irreducible oxides being employed as the promoter and as the carrier, stimulation and restriction of the catalytic activity can be explained on the basis of the assumed co-activation of active centres on the catalytic surface by the heat of reaction.

3. Acetylene was readily hydrogenated to ethylene by the employment of the palladium-kieselguhr catalysts of proper dispersity. With equal volumes of acetylene and hydrogen, the product containing more than 90 per cent, ethylene, was obtained.
THE INTERFACIAL TENSIONS BETWEEN HEXANE AND AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Kidokoro Meiji
Published: July 2006

The interfacial tensions between aqueous inorganic salt solutions and hexane have been measured by both statical and dynamical method. Results indicate that the interfacial tensions increase by the increase in concentration of the salt solutions, being nearly parallel to the surface tension of the salt solutions.
BOILING POINT CURVES OF THE BINARY SYSTEMS, TiCl4-CCl4, TiCl4-SiCl4 and TiCl4-SnCl4
Authors: Nasu Nobuyuki
Published: July 2006

Boiling point curves of these binary mixtures have been determined by a newly designed apparatus which serves well in the treatment of such fuming liquids as these chlorides. The analytical method of these mixtures have also been contrived in such a manner that it can be prevented decomposition of titanium tetrachloride by the use of ethyl ether as a defending material from fuming.
BEHAVIOUR OF THE SURFACE OF THE SOLUTION OF ELECTROLYTE AGAINST ELECTRONIC IMPACTS
Authors: Yamaguchi Yohei , Shiba Tadao
Published: July 2006

(1) The glow-discharge between the metallic cathode and the surface of the solution was examined, and it was found that the products were mostly hydroxides or oxides of the cations in the solution. From the coulomb-efficiencies of their formations and the products obtained by the glow-electrolyses with the solutions covered with oil, it was concluded that the decomposition of water molecules should occur at the surface of the solution and it should be caused by the impacts of the electrons or other particles having enough energies to dissociate the water molecules.

(2) A characteristic phenomenon by the transportation of the negative electricity through the boundary of the gas and the solution was studied and it was deduced that the dissociation should be caused by the accelerated electrons having the kinetic energy of 23.8 e.v..

Further, the process of the dissociation was proposed, and the energy required for this dissociation was calculated as 23.1 e.v..
HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SILENT ELECTRIC DISCHARGE. VII
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

The chemical reactions in the silent electric discharge were studied when hydrogen reacts on the following inorganic solid substances. (1) Lithium nitrate. Reaction products:—lithium hydroxide, nitrite, ammonia and nitrogen peroxide.

(2) Beryllium nitrate. Reaction products:—beryllium hydroxide, ammonium salt, nitrite, nitrogen peroxide and nitric oxide.

(3) Mercuric nitrate. Reaction products:—mercury oxide, mercurous salt, ammonium salt, nitrite and nitrogen peroxide.

(4) Mercurous nitrate. Reaction products:—mercury oxide, metallic mercury, ammonium salt, nitrite, nitrogen peroxide and nitric oxide.

(5) Lead nitrate. Reaction products:—lead hydroxide, ammonium salt, nitrite, (metallic lead), nitrogen peroxide and ammonia.

(6) Bismuth nitrate. Reaction products:–bismuth hydroxide, ammonium salt, nitrite, (metallic bismuth), nitrogen peroxide and nitric oxide.

(7) Aluminium nitrate. Reaction products:—aluminium oxide, ammonium salt, nitrite and nitrogen peroxide.

(8) Ammonium nitrate. Reaction products:—nitrite, ammonia and nitrogen peroxide.
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. PART III. RAMAN EFFECT OF α-MONO-DERIVATIVES OF FURAN
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan
Published: July 2006

(1) The Raman spectra of the following substances have been measured: α-methyl-furan, α-furfuryl alcohol, α-furfuryl acetate, furfural, α-furoyl chloride, methyl α-furoate, ethyl α-furoate, α-furfuracrylic acid, ethyl α-furfuracrylate, and tetrahydro-α-furfuryl alcohol.

(2) The frequencies of Δν, 625 (or 650), 888, 925, 1021, 1081, 1153, 1232, 1390, 1460 (or 1480), 1507, 1575 (or 1605), 3122, 3153cm.−1,are observed as the characteristic lines of the α-mono-derivatives of furan.

(3) The frequencies of Δν, 1460 (or 1480) and 1572 cm.−1, are observed in the type of (Remark: Graphics omitted.), while those of 1507 and 1605 cm.−1 in the type of (Remark: Graphics omitted.).

(4) It is shown that the investigation supports the formula with double bonds in the case of α-mono-derivatives of furan.
Stereological Analysis of Amygdala Neuron Number in Autism
Authors: Schumann Cynthia Mills , Amaral David G.
Published: July 2006

The amygdala is one of several brain regions suspected to be pathological in autism. Previously, we found that young children with autism have a larger amygdala than typically developing children. Past qualitative observations of the autistic brain suggest increased cell density in some nuclei of the postmortem autistic amygdala. In this first, quantitative stereological study of the autistic brain, we counted and measured neurons in several amygdala subdivisions of 9 autism male brains and 10 age-matched male control brains. Cases with comorbid seizure disorder were excluded from the study. The amygdaloid complex was outlined on coronal sections then partitioned into five reliably defined subdivisions: (1) lateral nucleus, (2) basal nucleus, (3) accessory basal nucleus, (4) central nucleus, and (5) remaining nuclei. There is no difference in overall volume of the amygdala or in individual subdivisions. There are also no changes in cell size. However, there are significantly fewer neurons in the autistic amygdala overall and in its lateral nucleus. In conjunction with the findings from previous magnetic resonance imaging studies, the autistic amygdala appears to undergo an abnormal pattern of postnatal development that includes early enlargement and ultimately a reduced number of neurons. It will be important to determine in future studies whether neuron loss in the amygdala is a consistent characteristic of autism and whether cell loss occurs in other brain regions as well.
Modeling Extent and Distribution of Zygotic Disequilibrium: Implications for a Multigenerational Canine Pedigree
Authors: Liu Tian , Todhunter Rory J , Lu Qing , Schoettinger Lindsay , Li Hongying , Littell Ramon C , Burton-Wurster Nancy , Acland Gregory M , Lust George , Wu Rongling
Published: July 2006

Unlike gametic linkage disequilibrium defined for a random-mating population, zygotic disequilibrium describes the nonrandom association between different loci in a nonequilibrium population that deviates from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Zygotic disequilibrium specifies five different types of disequilibria simultaneously that are (1) Hardy–Weinberg disequilibria at each locus, (2) gametic disequilibrium (including two alleles in the same gamete, each from a different locus), (3) nongametic disequilibrium (including two alleles in different gametes, each from a different locus), (4) trigenic disequilibrium (including a zygote at one locus and an allele at the other), and (5) quadrigenic disequilibrium (including two zygotes each from a different locus). However, because of the uncertainty on the phase of the double heterozygote, gametic and nongametic disequilibria need to be combined into a composite digenic disequilibrium and further define a composite quadrigenic disequilibrium together with the quadrigenic disequilibrium. To investigate the extent and distribution of zygotic disequilibrium across the canine genome, a total of 148 dogs were genotyped at 247 microsatellite markers located on 39 pairs of chromosomes for an outbred multigenerational pedigree, initiated with a limited number of unrelated founders. A major portion of zygotic disequilibrium was contributed by the composite digenic and quadrigenic disequilibrium whose values and numbers of significant marker pairs are both greater than those of trigenic disequilibrium. All types of disequilibrium are extensive in the canine genome, although their values tend to decrease with extended map distances, but with a greater slope for trigenic disequilibrium than for the other types of disequilibrium. Considerable variation in the pattern of disequilibrium reduction was observed among different chromosomes. The results from this study provide scientific guidance about the determination of the number of markers used for whole-genome association studies.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Health Outcomes
Authors: Daníelsdóttir Hilda Björk , Aspelund Thor , Shen Qing , Halldorsdottir Thorhildur , Jakobsdóttir Jóhanna , Song Huan , Lu Donghao , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Larsson Henrik , Fall Katja , Magnusson Patrik K. E. , Fang Fang , Bergstedt Jacob , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur Anna
Published: March 2024

Importance

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has consistently been associated with multiple negative mental health outcomes extending into adulthood. However, given that ACEs and psychiatric disorders cluster within families, it remains to be comprehensively assessed to what extent familial confounding contributes to associations between ACEs and clinically confirmed adult psychiatric disorders.

Objective

To investigate whether associations between ACEs and adult mental health outcomes remain after adjusting for familial (genetic and environmental) confounding.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This Swedish twin cohort study used a discordant twin pair design based on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. A total of 25 252 adult twins (aged 18-47 years) from the Swedish Twin Registry born between 1959 and 1998 were followed up from age 19 years until 2016, with a maximum follow-up time of 39 years. Data were analyzed from April 2022 to November 2023.

Exposures

A total of 7 ACEs, including family violence, emotional abuse or neglect, physical neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, rape, and hate crime, were assessed with items from the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised in a web-based survey.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Adult (ages >18 years) clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (ie, depressive, anxiety, alcohol or drug misuse, or stress-related disorders) were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register.

Results

Of 25 252 twins included in the study (15 038 female [59.6%]; mean [SD] age at ACE assessment, 29.9 [8.7] years), 9751 individuals (38.6%) reported exposure to at least 1 ACE. A greater number of ACEs was associated with increased odds of any psychiatric disorder in the full cohort (odds ratio [OR] per additional ACE, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.48-1.57). The association remained but ORs per additional ACE were attenuated in DZ (1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.47) and MZ (1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.40) twin pairs. Individuals who were exposed to sexual abuse compared with those who were not exposed had increased odds of any clinically confirmed psychiatric disorder in all comparisons: full cohort (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 2.68-3.56), DZ twin pairs (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.33-3.32), and MZ twin pairs (1.80; 95% CI, 1.04-3.11).

Conclusions and relevance

This study found that associations between ACEs and adult mental health outcomes remained after controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors, which was particularly evident after multiple ACEs or sexual abuse. These findings suggest that targeted interventions may be associated with reduced risks of future psychopathology.
Detailed kinship estimation for detecting bias among breeding families in a reintroduced population of the endangered bagrid catfish Tachysurus ichikawai
Authors: Mizuno Hinano , Nakayama Kouji , Akita Tetsuya , Hashiguchi Yasuyuki , Osugi Tomonori , Takeshima Hirohiko
Published: March 2024

In the context of initiatives focused on captive breeding and reintroduction of endangered animal species, it is crucial to minimize any bias in reproductive success during the reintroduction phase in order to preserve genetic diversity. One population of Tachysurus ichikawai, a critically endangered bagrid catfish endemic to Japan, faces a threat from the construction of a dam. To address this, a captive breeding program followed by translocation is being implemented. Multiple breeding families are involved in this process; however, if there is a bias in reproductive success among them after release, it will result in a decline in genetic diversity. To ascertain potential biases of reproductive success among released individuals, we attempted to identify the familial lineage of individuals born at the release site. Due to the unavailability of samples from the released individuals themselves, we reconstructed the pedigree of three generations using distant kinship relationships, such as grandparent–grandchild and uncle–aunt–nephew–niece relationships, with data of 2230–5674 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from whole genome re‐sequence, and three different software. Our findings indicate no bias between lineages in the first year after reintroduction, but a significant bias in the second year, emphasizing the need for continuous management and monitoring of reintroduced populations. This study demonstrates that monitoring kinship after reintroduction can correct lineage bias, which is critical for the prompt restoration of genetic diversity.
Writing SMART objectives for natural resource and environmental management
Authors: Aldridge Caleb A. , Colvin Michael E.
Published: March 2024

In natural resource and environmental management, well‐written objectives are critical for effective decision‐making and the achievement of desired outcomes. This article aims to improve practitioners' ability to identify and write SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time‐bound) objectives for natural resource and environmental management.

We differentiate between research and management objectives, define each SMART criterion, and introduce a template to help write management objectives. We demonstrate the use of the SMART management objectives template with a hypothetical example and two recent applications.

The template simplifies the process of writing SMART management objectives. It is applicable to popular management frameworks like management by objectives and structured decision making.

The implementation of SMART criteria and the provided template can lead to better outcomes in natural resource and environmental management, benefiting current and future generations.
Hoyosella
Authors: Valme Jurado , Luis Gonzalez‐Pimentel Jose , Delphine Mouniée , Veronica Rodriguez‐Nava
Published: March 2024

Ho.yo.sel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Hoyosella,
named in honor of Dr. Manuel Hoyos, a pioneer in the research towards the protection of Altamira Cave paintings.

Actinomycetota / Actinomycetia / Mycobacteriales / Mycobacteriaceae / Hoyosella

The genus
Hoyosella
accommodates halotolerant bacteria with a tolerance up to 10% (w/v) NaCl, but no growth is observed with 11% (w/v) NaCl. Optimal growth at 28–30°C. Oxidase negative, catalase positive, and naphthol‐AS‐BI‐phosphohydrolase positive. Cells are aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, and slightly acid‐alcohol‐fast. Nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, and spherical cells of 0.7–1.2 μm in diameter that occur in pairs, tetrads, or small clumps. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
and C
17:1
ω8
c
. Short‐chain mycolic acids (28–38 according to the species) are present. The known habitats are cave walls and ceilings, rhizosphere soils, saline soils contaminated by crude oil, and rhizosphere soils of halophytes plants.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.4–68.6.

Type species
:
Hoyosella altamirensis
Jurado et al. 2009
VP
, emend. Hamada et al. 2016.
Color/Spectral Stability of Mixed Halide Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Congyang , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing
Published: March 2024

Structuring metal halide perovskites with mixed halide anions is a promising strategy for attaining the desired bandgap and emission color for technological applications such as electroluminescent (EL) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and ultrahigh‐definition displays. However, these mixed halide perovskites suffer from severe EL spectral stability issues. During device operation, homogeneously mixed halide perovskite phases are prone to form halide‐segregated domain phases with spatially inhomogeneous bandgap and emission color, which hinders practical use of perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs). In this review, a comprehensive survey is performed about the underlying driving forces for phase segregation, and representative strategies are discussed for the development of color/spectral stable mixed halide PeLEDs. Finally, the future directions and prospects are outlined regarding further enhancement of the color/spectral stability of mixed halide PeLEDs.
Multi‐Responsive Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials: Optical ZnCl2 Sensors and Efficient Green to Deep‐Red OLEDs
Authors: Si Changfeng , Gupta Abhishek Kumar , Basumatary Biju , McKay Aidan P. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: March 2024

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is an emission mechanism whereby both singlet and triplet excitons can be harvested to produce light. Significant attention is devoted to developing TADF materials for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), while their use in other organic electronics applications such as sensors, has lagged. A family of TADF emitters, TPAPyAP, TPAPyBP, and TPAPyBPN containing a triphenylamine (TPA) donor and differing nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic pyrazine‐based acceptors is developed and systematically studied. Depending on the acceptor strength, these three compounds emit with photoluminescence maxima (λPL), of 516, 550, and 575 nm in toluene. Notably, all three compounds show a strong and selective spectral response to the presence of ZnCl2, making them the first optical TADF sensors for this analyte. It is demonstrated that these three emitters can be used in vacuum‐deposited OLEDs, which show moderate efficiencies. Of note, the device with TPAPyBPN in 2,8‐bis(diphenyl‐phoshporyl)‐dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (PPT) host emits at 657 nm and shows a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 12.5%. This electroluminescence is significantly red‐shifted yet shows comparable efficiency compared to a device fabricated in 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (CBP) host (λEL = 596 nm, EQEmax = 13.6%).
Ferroelectric BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Embedded at the p–n Heterojunction Interface Improves the Carrier Transport in Kesterite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Jiajia , Meng Rutao , Liu Yue , Mao Yang , Ao Jianping , Zhang Yi
Published: March 2024

The built‐in field (Ebi) is a key factor for the dynamic of carrier transport in the heterojunction interface, thus determining the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell, such as Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) cell. It is critical to improve the carriers' transport across the pn heterojunction for the fabrication of highly efficient solar cells. In this work, the large electric field of ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO NPs) is used to tailor the carrier transport in the CZTSSe solar cells by embedding BTO NPs into the interface of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction. It is very surprising that a polarization electric field (EP) with the same direction of Ebi synergically enhances carrier transport greatly and increases the PCE by 20.6%. Further study on the mechanism discloses that BTO NPs reduce the work function of CZTSSe and CdS and form interfacial dipoles at their interface, which is conducive to the photogenerated electrons to be collected by the electron transport layer. This strategy also works well on other thin film solar cells and gives a new aspect of strengthening the carrier transport between p–n heterojunction.
Ultrasound Tissue Engineering Technology for Regulating Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Li Xinhe , Ding Xiaoqian , He Yi , Yi Weiwei , Zhu Ying , Han Wang , Liao Bo , Han Xiaoyu , Bai Dingqun
Published: March 2024

The immune microenvironment is critical for the occurrence, progression, and treatment of diseases. Ultrasound tissue engineering technology utilizes ultrasound and the principles of tissue engineering to repair, regenerate, and functionally reconstruct biological tissues. Ultrasound therapy is a non‐invasive treatment modality that regulates the immune microenvironment and maintains homeostasis through various characteristic effects. Ultrasound‐responsive biomaterials utilize biological properties or drug/gene delivery to regulate the immune microenvironment under ultrasound stimulation for targeted and purposeful treatment. This article comprehensively and systematically reviews advancements in ultrasound tissue engineering technology for regulating the immune microenvironment. First, the changes in the immune microenvironment at different stages of the disease is briefly illustrated. It is then reviewed the regulation of the immune microenvironment by ultrasound and ultrasound‐responsive biomaterials in five types of diseases: tumor, cardiovascular system diseases, nervous system diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and wound. Finally, the prospects of the ultrasound tissue engineering technology for regulating the immune microenvironment is summarized.
Antimicrobial Peptide‐ and Dentin Matrix‐Functionalized Hydrogel for Vital Pulp Therapy via Synergistic Bacteriostasis, Immunomodulation, and Dentinogenesis
Authors: Xie Zhuo , Jiang Wentao , Liu Hui , Chen Lingling , Xuan Chengkai , Wang Zhenxing , Shi Xuetao , Lin Zhengmei , Gao Xianling
Published: March 2024

The preservation of vital pulps is crucial for maintaining the physiological functions of teeth; however, vital pulp therapy (VPT) of pulpitis teeth remains a substantial challenge due to uncontrolled infection, excessive inflammation, and limited regenerative potential. Current pulp capping agents have restricted effects in the infectious and inflammatory microenvironment. To address this, a multifunctional hydrogel (TGH/DM) with antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and mineralization‐promoting effects is designed. The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and demineralized dentin matrix are incorporated into the hydrogel, achieving sustainable delivery of AMP and a cocktail of growth factors. In vitro results show that TGH/DM could kill endodontic microbiota, ameliorate inflammatory responses of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), and prompt odontogenic differentiation of inflammatory hDPSCs via activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma. In vivo results suggest that TGH/DM is capable of inducing M2 phenotype transformation of macrophages in mice and fostering the regeneration of the dentin‐pulp complex in inflamed pulps of beagle dogs. Overall, this study first proposes the synergistic regulation of AMP and tissue‐specific extracellular matrix for the treatment of pulpitis, and the advanced hydrogel provides a facile and effective way for VPT.
Facile Access to High Solid Content Monodispersed Microspheres via Dual‐Component Surfactants Regulation toward High‐Performance Colloidal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Qing , Wu Jie , Wang Jia‐Wei , Zhang Nian‐Xiang , Qing Ren‐Kun , Li Guo‐Xing , Li Qing , Chen Su
Published: March 2024

Monodispersed microspheres play a major role in optical science and engineering, providing ideal building blocks for structural color materials. However, the method toward high solid content (HSC) monodispersed microspheres has remained a key hurdle. Herein, a facile access to harvest monodispersed microspheres based on the emulsion polymerization mechanism is demonstrated, where anionic and nonionic surfactants are employed to achieve the electrostatic and steric dual‐stabilization balance in a synergistic manner. Monodispersed poly(styrene‐butyl acrylate‐methacrylic acid) colloidal latex with 55 wt% HSC is achieved, which shows an enhanced self‐assembly efficiency of 280% compared with the low solid content (10 wt%) latex. In addition, Ag‐coated colloidal photonic crystal (Ag@CPC) coating with near‐zero refractive index is achieved, presenting the characteristics of metamaterials. And an 11‐fold photoluminescence emission enhancement of CdSe@ZnS quantum dots is realized by the Ag@CPC metamaterial coating. Taking advantage of high assembly efficiency, easily large‐scale film‐forming of the 55 wt% HSC microspheres latex, robust Ag@CPC metamaterial coatings could be easily produced for passive cooling. The coating demonstrates excellent thermal insulation performance with theoretical cooling power of 30.4 W m−2, providing practical significance for scalable CPC architecture coatings in passive cooling.
Harnessing the Power of Stimuli‐Responsive Nanoparticles as an Effective Therapeutic Drug Delivery System
Authors: Fatima Mahak , Almalki Waleed H. , Khan Tasneem , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Kesharwani Prashant
Published: March 2024

The quest for effective and reliable methods of delivering medications, with the aim of improving delivery of therapeutic agent to the intended location, has presented a demanding yet captivating field in biomedical research. The concept of smart drug delivery systems is an evolving therapeutic approach, serving as a model for directing drugs to specific targets or sites. These systems have been developed to specifically target and regulate the administration of therapeutic substances in a diverse array of chronic conditions, including periodontitis, diabetes, cardiac diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and different cancers. Nevertheless, numerous comprehensive clinical trials are still required to ascertain both the immediate and enduring impacts of such nanosystems on human subjects. This review delves into the benefits of different drug delivery vehicles, aiming to enhance comprehension of their applicability in addressing present medical requirements. Additionally, it touches upon the current applications of these stimuli‐reactive nanosystems in biomedicine and outlines future development prospects.
Insight into Multiple Intermolecular Coordination of Composite Solid Electrolytes via Cryo‐Electron Microscopy for High‐Voltage All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Qingrong , Xu Hongli , Fan Yanchen , Chi Shang‐Sen , Han Bing , Ke Ruohong , Wang Ruo , Wang Jun , Wang Chaoyang , Xu Xiaoxiong , Zheng Zijian , Deng Yonghong , Chang Jian
Published: March 2024

Polymer/ceramic‐based composite solid electrolytes (CSE) are promising candidates for all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SLBs), benefiting from the combined mechanical robustness of polymeric electrolytes and the high ionic conductivity of ceramic electrolytes. However, the interfacial instability and poorly understood interphases of CSE hinder their application in high‐voltage SLBs. Herein, a simple but effective CSE that stabilizes high‐voltage SLBs by forming multiple intermolecular coordination interactions between polyester and ceramic electrolytes is discovered. The multiple coordination between the carbonyl groups in poly(ε‐caprolactone) and the fluorosulfonyl groups in anions with Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 nanoparticles is directly visualized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and further confirmed by theoretical calculation. Importantly, the multiple coordination in CSE not only prevents the continuous decomposition of polymer skeleton by shielding the vulnerable carbonyl sites but also establishes stable inorganic‐rich interphases through preferential decomposition of anions. The stable CSE and its inorganic‐rich interphases enable Li||Li symmetric cells with an exceptional lifespan of over 4800 h without dendritic shorting at 0.1 mA cm−2. Moreover, the high‐voltage SLB with LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode displays excellent cycling stability over 1100 cycles at a 1C charge/discharge rate. This work reveals the underlying mechanism behind the excellent stability of coordinating composite electrolytes and interfaces in high‐voltage SLBs.
Weak Electrostatic Force on K+ in Gel Polymer Electrolyte Realizes High Ion Transference Number for Quasi Solid‐State Potassium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Huize , Wang Wei , Huang Zheng , Wang Zhe , Hu Liwen , Wang Mingyong , Yang Shufeng , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: March 2024

Quasi‐solid‐state potassium‐ion batteries (SSPIBs) are of great potential for commercial use due to the abundant reserves and cost‐effectiveness of resources, as well as high safety. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with high ionic conductivity and fast interfacial charge transport are necessary for SSPIBs. Here, the weak electrostatic force between K+ and electronegative functional groups in the ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) polymer chains, which can promote fast migration of free K+, is revealed. To further enhance the interfacial reaction kinetics, a multilayered GPE by in situ growth of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) on ETPTA (PVDF‐HFP|ETPTA|PVDF‐HFP) is constructed to improve the interface contact and provide sufficient K+ concentration in PVDF‐HFP. A high ion transference number (0.92) and a superior ionic conductivity (5.15 × 10−3 S cm−1) are achieved. Consequently, the SSPIBs with both intercalation‐type (PB) and conversion‐type (PTCDA) cathodes show the best battery performance among all reported SSPIBs of the same cathode. These findings demonstrate that potassium‐ion batteries have the potential to surpass Li/Na ion batteries in solid‐state systems.
Synchronously Thermochromic and Shape‐Shifting Liquid Crystal Elastomers Enabled by Hierarchical Structure Control for Multidimensional Encryption
Authors: Xu Zhi‐Yuan , Li Lu , Yin Xi , Shi Ling‐Ying , Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: March 2024

To date, a diverse array of smart materials, drawing inspiration from nature, is developed, exhibiting remarkable shape or color‐changing capabilities, which hold great promise in applications such as bionic soft robots and information encryption platforms. Achieving reversible shape‐shifting and color variation harmoniously within a single material is a particularly appealing prospect. Herein, a facile approach to creating such materials is presented, capable of undergoing reversible shape and color‐change synchronously. This is achieved by harnessing the stress‐free two‐way shape‐memory effect (2W‐SME) of a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), meticulously programmed at both macro and micro scales. Specifically, the LCE with stress‐free 2W‐SME is fabricated, and permanent grating nanostructures are meticulously constructed through UV‐assisted nanoimprinting. By enabling reversible shape alterations at multiple dimensions, encompassing both macro and micro scales, the LCE material concurrently exhibits reversible changes in shape and color, triggered by heat. As a result, intelligent information encryption and decryption platforms that leverage the unique capabilities of LCE are demonstrated. The outcomes of this research endeavor are poised to pave the way for the advancement of smart materials in the realms of data storage and encryption.
Visualizing 3D Anisotropic Molecular Orientation in Polarization Holographic Optical Elements via Dielectric Tensor Tomography
Authors: Lee Juheon , Son Heeju , Hong Seung Jae , Hugonnet Herve , Bang Joona , Lee Seungwoo , Park YongKeun
Published: March 2024

The ability to unveil the spatial distribution of refractive index (RI) within volumetric holographic optical elements (HOEs) is critical for quantitating their diffractive behaviors. Angle‐resolved far‐field measurements of diffractive intensity have been prevalent toward this end. However, this century‐old approach is unable to directly visualize the spatial distribution of RI at mesoscopic scale. More significantly, visualization of molecular orientation within photoaddressable polymers (PAPs), which serve as standard recording media for polarization HOEs (pHOEs), remains uncharted territory. The recent advent of dielectric tensor tomography (DTT) has paved the way for full characterization of 3D anisotropic dielectric tensors, encompassing principal RIs and their optic axes. This study embarks on direct visualization of the 3D spatial distribution of anisotropic molecular orientations within holographically recorded PAPs. Illuminating these PAPs with polarized light at varying angles, the diffracted vector fields essential for reconstructing the dielectric tensor tomogram are captured. After diagonalizing the dielectric tensors, periodic rotations of the anisotropic molecule orientations can be visualized in the PAPs, which have never been achieved so far. The homogeneity of grating patterns produced under diverse manufacturing conditions is also examined and juxtaposed.
Superior Quantum Efficiency Blue‐Emitting Phosphors with High Thermal Stability toward Multipurpose LED Applications
Authors: Gai Shujie , Gao Peixin , Chen Ke , Tang Chengzhu , Zhao Yuanyuan , Wei Jiaqi , Zhang Ye , Molokeev Maxim S. , Xia Mao , Zhou Zhi
Published: March 2024

Since Bi3+‐activated phosphor are widely reported in phosphors‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs), developing new‐high efficiency phosphors is imperative. Herein, superior internal quantum efficiency (IQE = 93.7%) and external quantum efficiency (EQE = 70.5%) are achieved with blue‐emitting gallate phosphor CaGdGaO4:Bi3+. Particularly, the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum ranges from 200 to 400 nm with two peaks at 337 and 368 nm, which match well with the 365 nm near ultraviolet (n‐UV) chip. The blue emission is attributed to two luminescence centers caused by Bi3+ occupying GdO6 and CaO6 sites. Furthermore, the thermal stability (@ 150 °C) enhanced from 73.2% to 80.1% when Ca2+ doping. A white LED (WLED) with high color rendering index (Ra) of 93.8 is prepared by as‐synthesized phosphors, indicating the potential application in WLED. The blue and red dual‐emitting phosphors are achieved by co‐doping Bi3+ and Eu3+. Finally, the rice planting experiment presents that the blue‐emitting can efficiently enhance the photosynthesis and seeding index of rice, which indicated these phosphors have significance in plant fill light.
Silver‐Nanoclusters and Vacancies Influence the Optical Properties of Spherical Cs2AgBiCl6 Nanocrystals
Authors: He Fei , Wang Yiou , Debnath Tushar , Döblinger Markus , Akkerman Quinten A. , Feldmann Jochen , Dey Amrita
Published: March 2024

Halide double perovskites (DPs), such as Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Br/Cl), are emerging semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, offering less toxic alternatives compared to lead halide perovskites. Although exhibiting an indirect bandgap, Cs2AgBiCl6 DP nanocrystals (NCs) show bright photoluminescence spectra characterized by a spectrally broad red emission centered ≈650 nm and a narrower blue emission band centered at 425 nm. However, the origin of both emission bands is still under debate. In this paper, it is shown that silver (Ag) plays a crucial role in the explanation of both emission bands observed in these DP NCs. The trapping of holes in Ag vacancies leads to a spatial localization of the hole wave function on the scale of the lattice constant. This provides k‐values for the hole wave function at all boundaries of the Brillouin zone and thus favors the recombination with electrons at the L‐point. Accordingly, a thermally activated behavior of the red photoluminescence with an activation energy of 56 meV is observed. It is further shown that the high‐energetic blue emission band originates from lecithin ligands attached to the NC surface. Surprisingly, their emission spectrum coincides exactly with the plasmon resonance of Ag nanoclusters, located on the surface of the DP NCs.
3D Cellulose‐Based Solar Evaporator with Tunable Porous Structures for High Steam Generation
Authors: Jin Bowen , Cui Tongtong , He Yisheng , Zhang Mingxin , Qi Yanpeng , Ye Chunhong
Published: March 2024

Solar vapor evaporation have emerged as a promising green technology to harvest fresh water. Achieving high evaporation rates while employing accessible and renewable materials is key focus in this field. Here, a 3D cylindrical‐shaped solar evaporator composed of natural cellulose is fabricated through ice‐templating freezing combined with crosslinking gelation. It demonstrates an evaporation rate of 4.2 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, and reaches an energy efficiency of 173%, surpassing most reported cellulose/wood‐based evaporators. This enhanced performance is facilitated by absorbing energy from surrounding, possessing connected pores, and reducing the evaporation enthalpy. Moreover, a systematic exploration of the correlation between pore size and evaporation performance reveals that the reduced pore size (several micrometers) does not necessarily result in a higher evaporation rate, despite improving the fluid transportation. The interaction between water and cellulose induces the formation of intermediate water and reduces the evaporation enthalpy by more than 35%. Thus, the final evaporation performance is determined by a synergistic effect involving water transport, hydrophilicity, and vaporization enthalpy. Giving the high evaporation rate achieved, this 3D cellulose‐based solar evaporator presents a promising candidate toward a high‐throughput, eco‐friendly solar steam generation devices, aligning well with the criteria of green and sustainable development.