bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward efficient and tailorable mid-infrared emitters utilizing multilayer graphene
Authors: Gowda Prarthana , Patient Dean A. , Horsley Simon A. R. , Nash Geoffrey. R.
Published: February 2022

There is a continuing need for the development of cost-effective and sustainable mid-infrared light sources for applications such as gas sensing and infrared beacons. A natural replacement for the conventional incandescent sources still widely used in such applications is semiconductor LEDs, but to achieve emission at long wavelengths requires the realization of devices with narrow effective bandgaps, inherently leading to relatively poor internal and external quantum efficiencies. Recently, the technological potential of graphene-based incandescent emitters has been recognized, in part due to the ability of graphene to sustain extremely large current densities. Here, we introduce a simple architecture, consisting of a back-reflector behind a multilayer graphene filament, which we use to produce emitters with wall-plug-efficiencies comparable to state-of-the art semiconductor cascade LEDs. Coupled with the potential for high-speed modulation, resulting from the low thermal mass, our results demonstrate the feasibility of creating practicable infrared sources.
Unconditionally stable second-order accurate scheme for a parabolic sine-Gordon equation
Authors: Ham Seokjun , Hwang Youngjin , Kwak Soobin , Kim Junseok
Published: February 2022

In this study, we propose an unconditionally stable temporally second-order accurate scheme for a parabolic sine-Gordon equation. The proposed scheme is based on an operator splitting method. We solve linear and nonlinear equations using a Fourier spectral method and a closed-form solution, respectively. The proposed numerical method is temporally second-order accurate and unconditionally stable. To verify the superior efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme, we conduct various numerical tests. Computational tests validate the accuracy, efficiency, and simplicity of the proposed scheme.
Response of solitary states to noise-modulated parameters in nonlocally coupled networks of Lozi maps
Authors: Rybalova Elena , Strelkova Galina
Published: February 2022

We study numerically the impact of heterogeneity in parameters on the dynamics of nonlocally coupled discrete-time systems, which exhibit solitary states along the transition from coherence to incoherence. These partial synchronization patterns are described as states when single or several elements demonstrate different dynamics compared with the behavior of other elements in a network. Using as an example a ring network of nonlocally coupled Lozi maps, we explore the robustness of solitary states to heterogeneity in parameters of local dynamics or coupling strength. It is found that if these network parameters are continuously modulated by noise, solitary states are suppressed as the noise intensity increases. However, these states may persist in the case of static randomly distributed system parameters for a wide range of the distribution width. Domains of solitary state existence are constructed in the parameter plane of coupling strength and noise intensity using a cross-correlation coefficient.
Maternal influence on the skewing of offspring sex ratio: a review
Authors: Naidu Sharanya J , Arangasamy Arunachalam , Selvaraju Sellappan , Binsila B Krishnan , Reddy Ippala Janardhan , Ravindra Janivara Parameshwaraiah , Bhatta Raghavendra
Published: February 2022

Sex pre-selection of the progeny to suit the livestock production system aids in greatly increasing the efficiency and profitability of the livestock enterprise to meet the demand for animal meat and dairy products. Individual animals can skew the sex ratio in response to various social and environmental stipulations. These social and environmental factors include the composition of the maternal diet, maternal hormonal levels, maternal stress, and the time of insemination. Hence, this present review focuses on these approaches and their success rate as premises for the alterations of offspring sex ratio in different animal species. Numerous studies have linked maternal nutrition and its influence on offspring sex ratio. A maternal diet rich in calcium and magnesium favoured the production of more females, while diets rich in sodium and potassium favoured more males. Furthermore, feeding animals with a particular type of fat diet, including omega-3, omega-6, or omega-9 fatty acids, assists in sex pre-selection. The circulating hormone level in females during conception is associated with the skewing of sex ratio. In addition, maternal stress during the conception period is also found to be associated with the skewing of the sex ratio in favour of female offspring. The timing of insemination relative to the ovulation period has been identified as a promising approach for the pre-selection of offspring sex; however, proper detection of oestrus is crucial. Among all the approaches reported, dietary manipulation could be regarded as the most affordable and stands a better chance of being optimised for commercial livestock production. Reduction in the cost of desired sex production by adopting sex pre-selection techniques will lead to the improvement of the economy and minimise the culling of the undesired sex. However, further research is necessary to focus on the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for the production of animals of the desired sex.
Human cytomegalovirus protein RL1 degrades the antiviral factor SLFN11 via recruitment of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
Authors: Nightingale Katie , Potts Martin , Hunter Leah M. , Fielding Ceri A. , Zerbe Cassie M. , Fletcher-Etherington Alice , Nobre Luis , Wang Eddie C. Y. , Strang Blair L. , Houghton Jack W. , Antrobus Robin , Suarez Nicolas M. , Nichols Jenna , Davison Andrew J. , Stanton Richard J. , Weekes Michael P.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Previous proteomic analyses of host factors targeted for down-regulation by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have focused on early or intermediate stages of infection. Using multiplexed proteomics, we have systematically identified viral factors that target each host protein down-regulated during the latest stage of infection, after the onset of viral DNA replication. Schlafen-11 (SLFN11), an interferon-stimulated gene and restriction factor for retroviruses and certain RNA viruses, potently restricted HCMV infection. Our discovery that the late-expressed HCMV protein RL1 targets SLFN11 for proteasomal degradation provides evidence for a viral antagonist of this critical cellular protein. We therefore redefine SLFN11 as an important factor that targets DNA viruses as well as RNA viruses, offering therapeutic potential via molecules that inhibit RL1-mediated SLFN11 degradation.
Pragmatic bias impedes women’s access to political leadership
Authors: Corbett Christianne , Voelkel Jan G. , Cooper Marianne , Willer Robb
Published: February 2022

Significance

Women remain underrepresented in political leadership in the United States and beyond. While abundant research has studied the possible impact of gender stereotypes on support for women candidates, our research finds that voters also withhold support for women candidates because they perceive practical barriers to women successfully attaining political leadership positions. We find that providing Democratic primary voters with evidence that women earn as much electoral support as men in US general elections increased intentions to vote for women candidates. Our results suggest that women face complex barriers that prevent gender equity in politics, and these barriers can be reduced when voters believe that Americans not only want but also will take action to support women candidates.
Engineering and functional analysis of yeast with a monotypic 40S ribosome subunit
Authors: Hu Xin , Jiang Shuangying , Xu Feifei , Zeng Cheng , Wang Xiangxiang , Liu Wei , Cheng Aimin , Ma Chengying , Gao Ning , Zhao Yuyu , Dai Junbiao , Zhao Guanghou
Published: February 2022

Emerging evidence reveals that ribosomes are not monolithic but dynamic machines with heterogeneous protein compositions that can reshape ribosomal translational abilities and cellular adaptation to environmental changes. Duplications of ribosomal protein (RP) genes are ubiquitous among organisms and are believed to affect cell function through paralog-specific regulation (e.g., by generating heterogeneous ribosomes) and/or gene dose amplification. However, direct evaluations of their impacts on cell function remain elusive due to the highly heterogeneous cellular RP pool. Here, we engineered a yeast with homogeneous 40S RP paralog compositions, designated homo-40S, by deleting the entire set of alternative duplicated genes encoding yeast 40S RP paralogs. Homo-40S displayed mild growth defects along with high sensitivity to the translation inhibitor paromomycin and a significantly increased stop codon readthrough. Moreover, doubling of the remaining RP paralogous genes in homo-40S rescued these phenotypes markedly, although not fully, compared to the wild-type phenotype, indicating that the dose of 40S RP genes together with the heterogeneity of the contents was vital for maintaining normal translational functionalities and growth robustness. Additional experiments revealed that homo-40S improved paromomycin tolerance via acquisition of bypass mutations or evolved to be diploid to generate fast-growing derivatives, highlighting the mutational robustness of engineered yeast to accommodate environmental and genetic changes. In summary, our work demonstrated that duplicated RP paralogs impart robustness and phenotypic plasticity through both gene dose amplification and paralog-specific regulation, paving the way for the direct study of ribosome biology through monotypic ribosomes with a homogeneous composition of specific RP paralogs.
Noncontact rotation, levitation, and acceleration of flowing liquid metal wires
Authors: He Yahua , Tang Jianbo , Kalantar-Zadeh Kourosh , Dickey Michael D. , Wang Xiaolin
Published: February 2022

Significance

Streams of fluids, particulates, and other flowing media are difficult to control after they have left a nozzle. Here, we present the noncontact manipulation of a free-flowing stream of liquid metal. Such streams form by electrochemically lowering the interfacial tension. The electrochemical reactions make the streams into soft current–carrying conductors presenting minimal resistance to manipulation via the Lorentz force in the magnetic field. Meanwhile, the movement of the stream induces a secondary force arising from Lenz’s law that causes the manipulated streams to levitate in unique shapes. This work, which exploits these forces in a visually stunning manner, enables shaping of fluids in a noncontact manner.
Structure of the Mon1-Ccz1 complex reveals molecular basis of membrane binding for Rab7 activation
Authors: Klink Björn U. , Herrmann Eric , Antoni Claudia , Langemeyer Lars , Kiontke Stephan , Gatsogiannis Christos , Ungermann Christian , Raunser Stefan , Kümmel Daniel
Published: February 2022

Significance

Rab GTPases are central regulators of intracellular trafficking and serve as markers of organelle identity. They act as molecular switches, and their activation requires precise spatiotemporal control. Members of the family of the Tri Longin domain (TLD) Rab-GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act as activators of a subset of Rabs that play a critical role in late endosomal biogenesis. Genetic defects associated with TLD Rab-GEFs cause developmental diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are only partly understood. The determination of the structure of the TLD Rab-GEF Mon1-Ccz1 presented here provides a molecular basis for understanding the function and regulation of these proteins.
Suppressive effects of the obese tumor microenvironment on CD8 T cell infiltration and effector function
Authors: Dyck Lydia , Prendeville Hannah , Raverdeau Mathilde , Wilk Mieszko M. , Loftus Roisin M. , Douglas Aaron , McCormack Janet , Moran Bruce , Wilkinson Michael , Mills Evanna L. , Doughty Michael , Fabre Aurelie , Heneghan Helen , LeRoux Carel , Hogan Andrew , Chouchani Edward T. , O’Shea Donal , Brennan Donal , Lynch Lydia
Published: February 2022

Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of cancer; however, little is known about the effects of obesity on anti-tumor immunity. Here, we investigated the effects of obesity on CD8 T cells in mouse models and patients with endometrial cancer. Our findings revealed that CD8 T cell infiltration is suppressed in obesity, which was associated with a decrease in chemokine production. Tumor-resident CD8 T cells were also functionally suppressed in obese mice, which was associated with a suppression of amino acid metabolism. Similarly, we found that a high BMI negatively correlated with CD8 infiltration in human endometrial cancer and that weight loss was associated with a complete pathological response in six of nine patients. Moreover, immunotherapy using anti–PD-1 led to tumor rejection in lean and obese mice and partially restored CD8 metabolism and anti-tumor immunity. These findings highlight the suppressive effects of obesity on CD8 T cell anti-tumor immunity, which can partially be reversed by weight loss and/or immunotherapy.
Supplementary comparison of the measurement of the alpha and beta particle surface emission rates from large area sources (CCRI(II)-S10 LASCE)
Authors: Felice P De , Anuradha R , Bludovsky J , Bobin C , Bosley R , Broda R , Capogni M , Collins S M , Dix T , Frechou C , Hutchins S , Ioan R , Javornik A , Joseph L , Keightley J D , Kharitonov I A , King L , Kulkami D B , Lewis G , Arcos J M Los , Maringer F J , Mihelic M , Msimang Z , Nahle O , Netwon S , Pateman D , Sahagia M , Sato Y , Slade J , Sokolova I A , Sparrow R , Stanev S , Stanga D , Svec A , Szucs L , Thoka W , Unterweger M , Woods M J , Yamada T , Yamamoto S , Yunoki A , Zanevsky A , Zhao Q , Ziemek T
Published: February 2022

Main text

In 2009, the Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiation (CCRI) approved its first supplementary comparison, to be organized by the ENEA (as the pilot laboratory), for the measurement of the alpha and beta particle surface (i.e. 2 solid angle) emission rate from large area sources of the type used for calibrating surface contamination monitors. Five sources were disseminated to the twenty-three participating laboratories consisting of one each of 241Am, 14C, 147Pm and 90Sr for emission rate measurements, with one additional 90Sr source for the evaluation of source uniformity. Measurements of the radionuclide activity and radionuclidic purity were also made although not strictly required. This report describes the organization of this comparison and the material and measurement methods used. The proposed supplementary comparison reference values (SCRV) for each of the comparison measurands are given, together with the Degrees of Equivalence and their associated uncertainties for each participating laboratory. The results of this supplementary comparison may be used as evidence by participating National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) when submitting calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) for the given radionuclides for similar types of large area sources; this is an important aspect of this comparison, given that only one other international supplementary comparison for surface emission rates had been organized before.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
A Prototype of a Large Tunable Fabry–Pérot Interferometer for Solar Spectroscopy
Authors: Greco V. , Sordini A. , Cauzzi G. , Cavallini F. , Vecchio C. Del , Giovannelli L. , Berrilli F. , Moro D. Del , Reardon K. , Pietraszewski K. A. R. B.
Published: February 2022

Large Fabry–Pérot Interferometers (FPIs) are used in a variety of astronomical instrumentation, including spectro-polarimeters for 4 m class solar telescopes. In this work we comprehensively characterize the cavity of a prototype 150 mm FPI, sporting a novel, fully symmetric design. Of particular interest, we define a new method to properly assess the gravity effects on the interferometer’s cavity when the system is used in either the vertical or horizontal configuration, both typical of solar observations. We show that the symmetric design very effectively limits the combined effects of pre-load and gravity forces to only a few nm over a 120 mm diameter illuminated surface, with gravity contributing ∼2 nm peak-to-valley (∼0.3 nm rms) in either configuration. We confirm a variation of the tilt between the plates of the interferometer during the spectral scan, which can be mitigated with appropriate corrections to the spacing commands. Finally, we show that the dynamical response of the new system fully satisfies typical operational scenarios. We conclude that large, fully symmetric FPIs can be safely used within solar instrumentation in both, horizontal and vertical position, with the latter better suited to limiting the overall volume occupied by such an instrument.
System Equivalent Flux Density of a Polarimetric Tripole Radio Interferometer
Authors: Sutinjo A. T. , Kovaleva M. , Xu Y.
Published: February 2022

Electromagnetic and information properties of tripole antennas have been studied since the 1980s. In radio astronomy, tripole antennas find an application in space telescopes. More recently, a radio interferometer with satellite-borne tripole antennas is being considered for a lunar orbiting radio telescope to observe very long wavelengths. System equivalent flux density (SEFD) is an important figure of merit of a radio telescope. This paper aims to derive a general expression for SEFD of a polarimetric tripole interferometer. The derivation makes only two basic and reasonable assumptions. First, the noise under consideration is zero mean and when expressed in complex phasor domain, has independent and identically distributed (iid) real and imaginary components. Correlated and non-identically distributed noise sources are allowed as long as the real and imaginary components remain iid. Second, the system noise is uncorrelated between the elements separated by a baseline distance. The SEFD expression is derived from first principles, that is the standard deviation of the noisy flux estimate in a target direction due to system noise. The resulting SEFD expression is expressed as a simple matrix operation that involves a mixture of the system temperatures of each antenna and the Jones matrix elements. It is not limited to tripoles, but rather, fully extensible to multipole antennas; it is not limited to mutually orthogonal antennas. To illustrate the usefulness of the expression and how the formula is applied, we discuss an example calculation based on a tripole interferometer on lunar orbit for ultra-long wavelengths observation. We compared the SEFD results based on a formula assuming short dipoles and the general expression. As expected, the SEFDs converge at the ultra-long wavelengths where the dipoles are well-approximated as short dipoles. The general SEFD expression can be applied to any multipole antenna systems with arbitrary shapes.
Water Quality of the Jerteh River Basin, Terengganu, Malaysia During the Northeast Monsoon
Authors: Omar M S , Hashim M , Nayan N , Zahid M S , Mahat H , Saleh Y , See K L
Published: February 2022

Human activities that cause land use changes are factors affecting the river’s water quality. This study was centred on assessing the quality of the water in the Jerteh River basin that was affected by the land use changes. The water samples were collected at five monitoring stations along the Jerteh River. The fieldwork was conducted between November 2017 and February 2018. The water samples were analysed in the laboratory for six water quality parameters: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Alkalinity Index (pH) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The results showed that the water quality index forthe Jerteh River was classified as moderately polluted (Class II). Three parameters, namely COD, TSS, and NH3-N, were in Classes III and IV during the study period. This study concludes that land use changes due to human activities have impacted the water quality of the Jerteh River basin during the Northeast Monsoon season. Therefore, mitigation and drastic measures should significantly improve the Jerteh River basin’s water quality. All relevant parties should have worked collectively to improve the water quality of the Jerteh River rather than leaving it to the authorities.
Application of a novel fluorescence intensity assay: identification of distinct fatty acetates as volatile compounds that bind specifically to amino acid region 149-168 of a transmembrane receptor CD36
Authors: Tsuzuki Satoshi , Kimoto Yusaku , Marui Keita , Lee Shinhye , Inoue Kazuo , Sasaki Tsutomu
Published: February 2022

The cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a transmembrane receptor expressed in various cells and has diverse lipid ligands. The expression of CD36 in the murine olfactory epithelium and its ability to recognize certain species of fatty aldehydes, a class of odor-active volatile compounds, have suggested a role for this receptor in the capture of specific odorants in the nasal cavity of mammals. However, the spectrum of CD36-recognizable volatile compounds is poorly understood. In this study, we employed our recently devised assay with fluorescently labeled peptides as probes (fluorescence intensity assay) and identified distinct fatty acetates as volatile compounds that bind specifically to amino acid region 149-168 of CD36 (eg dodecyl and tetradecyl acetates). The present findings demonstrate the utility of our assay for the discovery of novel CD36 ligands and support the notion that the receptor functions as a captor of volatile compounds in the mammalian olfactory system.
Classic and molecular cytogenetic analysis unveils different chromosome rearrangements shaping the karyotype ofMonobia angulosaSaussure, 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)
Authors: Tavares Mara Garcia , Teixeira Gisele Amaro
Published: February 2022

Cytogenetic molecular studies involving hymenopterans have improved our knowledge about the composition, organization and evolution of the genomes of these insects. However, few cytogenetic studies have been performed in solitary wasps Eumeninae, which represents the most diverse subfamily of Vespidae. In this study, we describe the karyotype of the wasp Monobia angulosa using conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques, in order to contribute to the understanding of chromosomal variation in this solitary wasp. The results indicated an odd chromosome number of 2n = 27 in females and n = 14 in males. The heterochromatin was located in centromeric/pericentromeric regions, and also in short arms in females and males. Chromomycin A3 staining revealed four and two bright interstitial bands in females and males, respectively. One of these marks corresponded to 18S rDNA clusters in both females and males. The microsatellite (GA)15 was located exclusively in the euchromatic regions in females and males. These results allowed us to suggest the occurrence of different chromosomal rearrangements, such as duplication/deletion of heterochromatic and euchromatic segments due to unequal crossing-over and Robertsonian rearrangements, to explain the origin of the chromosomal variations detected in the karyotype of this species. The few molecular cytogenetic studies already performed with Eumeninae wasps have revealed extraordinary karyotypic plasticity in this insect group.
Long-term associations between amyloid positron emission tomography, sex, apolipoprotein E and incident dementia and mortality among individuals without dementia: hazard ratios and absolute risk
Authors: Jack Clifford R. , Therneau Terry M. , Lundt Emily S. , Wiste Heather J. , Mielke Michelle M. , Knopman David S. , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Lowe Val J. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Schwarz Christopher G. , Senjem Matthew L. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Petersen Ronald C.
Published: February 2022

Dementia and mortality rates rise inexorably with age and consequently interact. However, because of the major logistical difficulties in accounting for both outcomes in a defined population, very little work has examined how risk factors and biomarkers for incident dementia are influenced by competing mortality. The objective of this study was to examine long-term associations between amyloid PET, APOE ɛ4, sex, education and cardiovascular/metabolic conditions, and hazard and absolute risk of dementia and mortality in individuals without dementia at enrolment. Participants were enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a population-based study of cognitive ageing in Olmsted County, MN, USA. All were without dementia and were age 55–92 years at enrolment and were followed longitudinally. Predictor variables were amyloid PET, APOE ɛ4 status, sex, education, cardiovascular/metabolic conditions and age. The main outcomes were incident dementia and mortality. Multivariable, multi-state models were used to estimate mortality and incident dementia rates and absolute risk of dementia and mortality by predictor variable group. Of the 4984 participants in the study, 4336 (87%) were cognitively unimpaired and 648 (13%) had mild cognitive impairment at enrolment. The median age at enrolment was 75 years; 2463 (49%) were women. The median follow-up time was 9.4 years (7.5 years after PET). High versus normal amyloid (hazard ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 1.43–2.79), APOE ɛ4 (women: hazard ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.80–2.77; men: hazard ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.71), older age and two additional cardiovascular/metabolic conditions (hazard ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.22–1.53) were associated with the increased hazard of dementia (all P < 0.001). Among APOE ɛ4 carriers with elevated amyloid, remaining lifetime risk of dementia at age 65 years was greater in women [74% (95% confidence interval 65–84%) high and 58% (95% confidence interval 52–65%) moderate amyloid], than men [62% (95% confidence interval 52–73%) high and 44% (95% confidence interval 35–53%) moderate amyloid]. Overall, the hazard and absolute risk of dementia varied considerably by predictor group. The absolute risk of dementia associated with predictors characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease was greater in women than men while at the same time the combination of APOE ɛ4 non-carrier with normal amyloid was more protective in women than men. This set of findings may be attributed in part to different biological effects and in part to lower mortality rates in women.
Context free and context-dependent conceptual representation in the brain
Authors: Gao Zhiyao , Zheng Li , Gouws André , Krieger-Redwood Katya , Wang Xiuyi , Varga Dominika , Smallwood Jonathan , Jefferies Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

How concepts are coded in the brain is a core issue in cognitive neuroscience. Studies have focused on how individual concepts are processed, but the way in which conceptual representation changes to suit the context is unclear. We parametrically manipulated the association strength between words, presented in pairs one word at a time using a slow event-related fMRI design. We combined representational similarity analysis and computational linguistics to probe the neurocomputational content of these trials. Individual word meaning was maintained in supramarginal gyrus (associated with verbal short-term memory) when items were judged to be unrelated, but not when a linking context was retrieved. Context-dependent meaning was instead represented in left lateral prefrontal gyrus (associated with controlled retrieval), angular gyrus, and ventral temporal lobe (regions associated with integrative aspects of memory). Analyses of informational connectivity, examining the similarity of activation patterns across trials between sites, showed that control network regions had more similar multivariate responses across trials when association strength was weak, reflecting a common controlled retrieval state when the task required more unusual associations. These findings indicate that semantic control and representational sites amplify contextually relevant meanings in trials judged to be related.
Infective Endocarditis Among High-risk Individuals Before and After the Cessation of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Dentistry: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Vähäsarja Niko , Lund Bodil , Ternhag Anders , Götrick Bengt , Olaison Lars , Hultin Margareta , Warnqvist Anna , Krüger Weiner Carina , Naimi-Akbar Aron
Published: February 2022

Background

A few years after the publication of the British guidelines, national recommendations were published by the Swedish Medical Products Agency in October 2012, promoting the cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry for the prevention of infective endocarditis (IE). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the incidence of oral streptococcal IE increased among high-risk individuals after October 2012.

Methods

This nationwide cohort study included all adult individuals (>17 years) living in Sweden from January 2008 to January 2018, with a diagnose code or surgical procedure code indicating high risk of IE. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to calculate adjusted ratios of oral streptococcal IE before and after October 2012 between high-risk individuals and references.

Results

This study found no increased incidence of oral streptococcal IE among high-risk individuals during the 5 years after the cessation, compared with before. Hazard rate ratios were 15.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.3–28.5) before and 20.7 (95% CI: 10.0–42.7) after October 2012 for prevalent high-risk individuals. Corresponding ratios for incident high-risk individuals were 66.8 (95% CI: 28.7–155.6) and 44.6 (95% CI: 22.9–86.9). Point estimates for interaction with time period were 1.4 (95% CI: .6–3.5) and 0.8 (95% CI: .5–1.3) for prevalent and incident high-risk individuals, respectively.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the current Swedish recommendation not to administer antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of IE in dentistry has not led to an increased incidence of oral streptococcal IE among high-risk individuals.
Geographical Differences in the Self-Reported Functional Impairment of People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Associations With Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors: Erlandson Kristine M , Fitch Kathleen V , McCallum Sara A , Ribaudo Heather J , Overton Edgar T , Zanni Markella V , Bloomfield Gerald S , Brown Todd T , Fichtenbaum Carl J , Bares Sara , Aberg Judith A , Douglas Pamela S , Fulda Evelynne S , Santana-Bagur Jorge L , Castro Jose G , Moran Laura E , Mave Vidya , Supparatpinyo Khuanchai , Ponatshego Ponego L , Schechter Mauro , Grinspoon Steven K
Published: February 2022

Background

We sought to explore multinational differences in functional status by global burden of disease (GBD) regions in the REPRIEVE cohort.

Methods

REPRIEVE is a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase III primary cardiovascular prevention study of pitavastatin calcium vs placebo among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PWH) ages 40–75 on antiretroviral therapy (ART). GBD super regions were defined using World Health Organization classifications. Participants were categorized by impairment on the Duke Activity Status Instrument (DASI: none, some, moderate, severe). Logistic regression models examined risk factors and GBD regions associated with functional impairment. The association between functional impairment and cardiometabolic risk was also explored.

Results

Of 7736 participants, the majority were from high-income countries (n = 4065), were male (65%), and had received ART for ≥ 10 years. The median DASI score was 58.2 (interquartile range [IQR] 50.2, 58.2); 36% reported at least some impairment. In adjusted analyses, functional impairment was significantly more frequent among participants from Southeast/East Asia. Other factors associated with greater impairment included female sex, Black race, older age, current/former smoking, higher body mass index, use of ART for ≥ 10 years, and select ART regimens; differences were seen in risks across GBD regions. Functional impairment was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk.

Conclusions

Over 1/3 of middle-aged and older PWH in a global cohort across diverse GBD regions demonstrate functional impairments. The associations between DASI and cardiometabolic risk suggest that a measure of functional status may improve risk prediction; these longitudinal associations will be further investigated over REPRIEVE trial follow-up.
CT or MR Enterography to Assess Response During Vedolizumab Therapy for Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Kwapisz Lukasz , Bruining David H , Inoue Akitoshi , Lee Yong S , Edwards Phillip K , Holmes David R , Carter Rickey E , Siegelman Jenifer , Fletcher Joel G
Published: February 2022

Background

To describe response to therapy of small bowel (SB) Crohn’s disease (CD) at CT or MR enterography (CTE/MRE) in patients on vedolizumab.

Methods

Patients with SB CD who underwent CTE/MRE exams greater than 12 months apart on vedolizumab therapy were included. Length (in cm) and inflammation severity (EMBARK score) of inflamed SB segments were assessed. Changes in inflammation length of 3.4 cm or greater or inflammation severity of 2 EMBARK points or greater was categorized as response or progression, as appropriate, with development of newly inflamed segments, strictures, or penetrating complications also indicating progression. Patients not meeting the criteria for response or progression were categorized as having stable disease.

Results

Of 36 SB CD patients, the large majority had prior surgery (86%; 31), anti-TNF use (92%; 33), and internal penetrating (78%; 28) disease. Thirty-two patients had paired baseline and follow-up CTE/MRE exams without interval surgery, with clinical response observed in 24/32 (75%). Based on imaging response criteria, 22% (7/32; 95% CI: 9%–40%) had response, 50% (16/32; 95% CI: 32%–68%) were stable, and 28% (9/32; 95% CI: 14%–47%) had disease progression. Fifty-six percent of (18/32; 95% CI: 38%–74%) patients had clinical improvement with response or stable disease by imaging. Patients with stable disease had shorter median baseline lengths of SB inflammation (P = .012). Proportion of patients with colonic inflammation, perianal disease, or penetrating complications did not change.

Conclusions

Most patients on vedolizumab for over 12 months demonstrated response or stable SB disease when using objective cross-sectional radiologic imaging criteria using CTE/MRE.
Transcatheter valve-in-ring and para-ring vascular plug implantation for severe tricuspid regurgitation following annuloplasty ring failure: a case report
Authors: Sharma Harish , Nadir M Adnan , Steeds Richard P , Doshi Sagar N
Published: February 2022

Background

Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) recurs in up to one-third of patients within 8 years of surgical annuloplasty repair. Reoperation often carries high risk with poor outcomes. Transcatheter valve-in-ring repair is an emerging alternative treatment. However, residual regurgitation is frequent and may necessitate further procedures.

Case summary

A 52-year-old female was diagnosed with severe rheumatic valvular heart disease. The patient underwent mechanical aortic and mitral valve replacement. Additionally, tricuspid repair was performed using a semi-rigid annuloplasty ring (28 mm Edwards Physio Tricuspid). Within 2 years, the patient developed recurrent, isolated severe symptomatic TR, with progressive right ventricular dilatation. The patient was considered prohibitive risk for redo surgery and unsuitable for cardiac transplantation. She underwent percutaneous valve-in-ring transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation using a 29 mm Sapien S3 (Edwards Lifesciences, CA, USA) valve. Persistent severe residual para-ring TR warranted a further procedure to deploy vascular plugs, significantly reducing the TR to a mild jet with symptomatic improvement.

Discussion

Valve-in-ring THV implantation for failed surgical tricuspid annuloplasty repair is a rare procedure reserved for symptomatic patients at high or prohibitive risk for reoperation. Significant residual TR is a commonly encountered problem with incomplete annuloplasty rings following valve-in-ring procedures and may occur either intra-ring between the THV and the ring or para-ring. Implantation of vascular occlusion devices can be used to successfully treat residual TR at either location with good outcomes at 6-month follow-up. Further work is required to determine the longevity of this treatment.
Efficacy of singular and composite annular repositioning and subvalvular surgical techniques to treat functional tricuspid regurgitation due to leaflet tethering: Early results of a feasibility study
Authors: Takeshita Masashi , Arai Hirokuni , Nagaoka Eiki , Oi Keiji , Yashima Masafumi , Fujiwara Tatsuki , Oishi Kiyotoshi , Mizuno Tomohiro
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES

The goal of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with subvalvular procedures for functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with severe leaflet tethering.

METHODS

Of 175 patients who had tricuspid valve surgery between June 2016 and June 2021, a total of 17 patients with functional TR with a preoperative tethering height ≥8 mm underwent subvalvular procedures (annular repositioning [An-Rep]) to reduce septal leaflet tethering, papillary muscle relocation to reduce anterior leaflet tethering, and/or papillary muscle bundling [PMB] to reduce anterior and posterior leaflet tethering along with ring annuloplasty at our institution. A single subvalvular procedure was performed in 9 patients (An-Rep in 5 patients, PMB in 4 patients; group S), and a combination of subvalvular procedures was performed in 8 patients (An-Rep and papillary muscle relocation in 5 patients, An-Rep and PMB in 3 patients; group C).

RESULTS

Predischarge TR grades and tethering height were significantly improved (3.2 ± 1.3–1.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.001; 9.9 ± 2.5 mm–5.5 ± 2.8 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). An-Rep and PMB significantly reduced the postoperative closing angles of the septal and anterior leaflets, respectively. During the 20.4 ± 19.5-month follow-up period, the rates of freedom from death and moderate TR at 2 years were 41.7% in group S, and 71.4% in group C (p = 0.39), respectively. In group C, TR recurrence was not observed at 2 years postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Subvalvular procedures were effective in reducing the predischarge TR grades and tethering height. The combination of subvalvular procedures might be a durable strategy to prevent recurrent TR.
Nitrite- and N2O-reducing bacteria respond differently to ecological factors in saline lakes
Authors: Sun Xiaoxi , Yang Jian , Jiang Hongchen , Wang Beichen , Xiao Haiyi , Xie Zhanling , Han Jinbin , Zhang Xiying , Xu Jianxin , Gong Dafei , Zhang Xuexia , Wang Yaoyao
Published: February 2022

The distribution of nitrite- and N2O-reducing bacteria is key to potential N2O emission from lakes. However, such information in highland saline lakes remains unknown. Here, we investigated the abundance and community composition of nitrite- and N2O-reducing bacteria in the sediments of six saline lakes on the Qing-Tibetan Plateau. The studied lakes covered a wide range of salinity (1.0–340.0 g/L). Results showed that in the studied saline lake sediments, nitrite-reducing bacteria were significantly more abundant than N2O-reducing bacteria, and their abundances ranged 7.14 × 103–8.26 × 108 and 1.18 × 106–6.51 × 107 copies per gram sediment (dry weight), respectively. Nitrite-reducing bacteria were mainly affiliated with α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, with β- and α-Proteobacteria being dominant in low- and high-salinity lakes, respectively; N2O-reducing bacterial communities mainly consisted of Proteobacteria (α-, β-, γ- and δ-subgroups), Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Balneolaeota, with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes/Verrucomicrobia dominating in low- and high-salinity lakes, respectively. The nitrite- and N2O-reducing bacterial communities showed distinct responses to ecological factors, and they were mainly regulated by mineralogical and physicochemical factors, respectively. In response to salinity change, the community composition of nitrite-reducing bacteria was more stable than that of N2O-reducing bacteria. These findings suggest that nitrite- and N2O-reducing bacteria may prefer niches with different salinity.
Non-Saccharomyces yeast for lowering wine alcohol levels: partial aeration versus standard conditions
Authors: Jolly Neil , Mehlomakulu Ngwekazi N , Nortje Stephan , Beukes Louisa , Hoff Justin , Booyse Mardé , Erten Hüseyin
Published: February 2022

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have been suggested for use in wine production for lowering alcohol content. In this study, 23 non-Saccharomyces yeasts were investigated in laboratory-scale trials using previously frozen grape must. Both aerated and standard fermentation conditions were investigated and the fermentations were co-inoculated with a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference yeast strain. Sugar consumed for percentage alcohol formed was calculated from sugar and alcohol measurements. The non-Saccharomyces yeasts showed greater variability in sugar consumption compared with the S. cerevisiae reference yeast. Two of the yeast strains (Starmerella bacillaris and Wickerhamomyces anomalus) consumed more sugar than the S. cerevisiae reference yeast under the same conditions. These two strains were subsequently used in a small-scale wine production trial following a similar aeration and standard fermentation strategy. The wine production trials using aeration compared with the standard strategy showed shorter fermentation times, increased biomass formation and more sugar utilized for alcohol produced, but reduced wine quality. The same yeasts under standard fermentation conditions also showed increased use of sugar, but neutral or positive effects on wine quality. The S. bacillaris strain showed the most potential for use in wine production for lowering alcohol content.
Staying healthy during COVID-19 crisis: well-being and salutogenic crafting among German and Swiss working population
Authors: Brauchli Rebecca , Kerksieck Philipp , Tušl Martin , Bauer Georg F
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic induced considerable changes regarding our working and private lives. This study aimed to examine the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 crisis on German and Swiss employees. We analyzed the impact of the crisis on working and private life, well-being and health indicators. We tried to understand how the salutogenic behavior of crafting helps to overcome adversities during the COVID-19 pandemic and to maintain well-being and health. Therefore, we conducted a follow-up online survey from 9 to 22 April 2020 among 597 employees that had participated in the first wave of the survey in June 2019. This follow-up study design offered the opportunity to compare the situation of survey participants before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. This pre–post comparison was possible through the design of our study, which allowed us to link participants in an individual, yet anonymized way from t0 to t1. Results of the study showed that the situation concerning psychosocial factors at work and in private life and several well-being and health indicators was stable or even improved. Many study variables even remarkably improved among high crafters—a group of employees who tend to regularly craft their job and private life. Our findings indicate that employees are coping with the crisis surprisingly well. Moreover, there seem to exist beneficial, salutogenic behaviors (i.e. crafting) that allow people to better cope with crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These behaviors should be induced and promoted by interventions as they could be especially beneficial for low crafters.
Cytomegalovirus Latent Infection is Associated with an Increased Risk of COVID-19-Related Hospitalization
Authors: Alanio Cécile , Verma Anurag , Mathew Divij , Gouma Sigrid , Liang Guanxiang , Dunn Thomas , Oldridge Derek A , Weaver JoEllen , Kuri-Cervantes Leticia , Pampena M Betina , Betts Michael R , Collman Ronald G , Bushman Frederic D , Meyer Nuala J , Hensley Scott E , Rader Daniel , Wherry E John ,   The UPenn COVID Processing Unit, Baxter Amy E , D’Andrea Kurt , Adamski Sharon , Alam Zahidul , Addison Mary M , Byrne Katelyn T , Chandra Aditi , Descamps Hélène C , Han Nicholas , Kaminskiy Yaroslav , Kammerman Shane C , Kim Justin , Greenplate Allison R , Hamilton Jacob T , Markosyan Nune , Noll Julia Han , Omran Dalia K , Pattekar Ajinkya , Perkey Eric , Prager Elizabeth M , Pueschl Dana , Rennels Austin , Shah Jennifer B , Shilan Jake S , Wilhausen Nils , Vanderbeck Ashley N
Published: February 2022

Some risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been identified, including age, race, and obesity. However, 20%–50% of severe cases occur in the absence of these factors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that infects about 50% of all individuals worldwide and is among the most significant nongenetic determinants of immune system. We hypothesized that latent CMV infection might influence the severity of COVID-19. Our analyses demonstrate that CMV seropositivity is associated with more than twice the risk of hospitalization due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Immune profiling of blood and CMV DNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a subset of patients for whom respiratory tract samples were available revealed altered T-cell activation profiles in absence of extensive CMV replication in the upper respiratory tract. These data suggest a potential role for CMV-driven immune perturbations in affecting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may have implications for the discrepancies in COVID-19 severity between different human populations.
Tofacitinib Treatment in Primary Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Interferes With Antiviral Response
Authors: Krzyzowska Malgorzata , Jarneborn Anders , Thorn Karolina , Eriksson Kristina , Jin Tao
Published: February 2022

Tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, is a novel immunosuppressive drug for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may cause encephalitis during primary infection or following reactivation from a latent state. Long-term tofacitinib treatment may increase the risk of this life-threatening condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tofacitinib on HSV-1 primary infection using a mouse model. Mice pretreated with tofacitinib were intranasally infected with a clinical strain of HSV-1 and monitored for infection severity and antiviral response. Tofacitinib treatment of HSV-1 primary infection resulted in increased viral loads and worsened clinical outcome. Furthermore, tofacitinib promoted M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating monocytes, as well as inhibited production of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines by macrophages in vitro. Our findings show that treatment with tofacitinib increases severity of herpes simplex encephalitis in mice, by impairing antiviral response induced by monocytes and microglia.