bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Function of the Final Modal Particle 啊 in Chinese Dialogical Text: the Method of a Semantic Experiment
Authors: Simatova Sofya A. , Kurdyumov Vladimir A.
Published: May 2021

Although there are many studies devoted to the problem of Chinese final modal particles, their conclusions usually are not verified by appealing to the opinion of Chinese native speakers. The current study uses the procedure of a semantic experiment and statistical data processing method to analyze key functions of the final modal particle 啊. Respondents were given the fragments selected from Chinese dialogical texts, all these fragments included sentences with the particle 啊 (declarative, imperative, usual interrogative sentences and rhetorical questions). They were asked to evaluate the possibility of excluding the particle from the sentence in the given context without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. If respondents considered such exclusion possible, they also had to explain the difference between the sentences with and without the particle. The analysis of the semantic experiment results identified the following functions of the final modal particle 啊 in a Chinese sentence: 1) softening of the intonation and deescalation of the situation; 2) creation of the communicative tone that is more natural and appropriate to the communicative situation; 3) emphasis of the speaker’s feelings and emotions. These functions have been observed in declarative sentences, imperative sentences and rhetorical questions. In usual interrogative sentences the particle does not have a big influence on a sentence’s meaning that can be explained by the process of its grammaticalization. The function of feeling and emotion’s emphasis indicated by respondents confirms the idea that modus constructions might be the source of Chinese final modal particles
Rayleigh-wave coupling to atmospheric compression waves*
Authors: Jardetzky W. S. , Press Frank
Published: May 2021

The theory of dispersive Rayleigh waves coupled to atmospheric compressional waves is derived for the case of a solid surface layer. Numerical computation of phase and group velocity curves indicates that an additional branch may be introduced to the dispersion curves as a result of air coupling. Amplitudes of waves propagated according to the various branches are briefly discussed.
On the recorded motion of the S phase at Florissant*
Authors: Heinrich Ross R. , Haill Harry K.
Published: May 2021

The initial motions of the P and S phases have been tabulated from the original seismograms of sixty earthquakes which recorded at the Florissant station in the years 1927–1938. The epicenters of these earthquakes were within limited areas of the following regions: the Aleutian Islands, the west-central coast of South America, and Central America.

The study indicates that the Florissant seismograms show a preferential direction of motion for both P and S waves in the recordings of certain earthquakes from selected regions. The data compiled on the S phase indicated that a majority of the Aleutian and South American earthquakes recorded a sharp impulsive initial northeast motion at Florissant. The Central American earthquakes studied recorded S phases of somewhat indefinite onset which did not exhibit a preferential motion as they were read.

The results of the application of Neumann's method of S-wave analysis to the Saint Louis seismograms of two selected Aleutian Island earthquakes are presented and a brief discussion of some possible structural implications of the various data is given.
Theory of the hinged seismometer with support in general motion*
Authors: Byerly Perry
Published: May 2021

Summary of Conditions

We may summarize the conditions under which we are justified in neglecting rotations or tilts of the earth and accelerations in directions other than that in the direction of freedom of the pendulum at rest.

Note that we have first restricted ourselves to hinged pendulums with motion constrained in a plane and have required the angular displacement to be small. Here,

T 0 is the free period of the pendulum. L the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of oscillation (the equivalent simple pendulum length). a that to the center of mass. g is the acceleration of gravity. T is the period of simple harmonic earth waves. Λ is their wave length. V is their apparent surface speed. A is their amplitude.

(I) g T 0 2 2 π L < < Λ A (II) T 0 2 L < < T 2 A (III) 2 π T 0 < < T Λ A (IVa) g 2 π < < Λ T 2 = V T (IVb) g < < Λ 2 A T 2 = V 2 A (V) 2 π L < < Λ (VI) 4 π 2 a < < Λ 2 A
Crustal structure and surface-wave dispersion. part II Solomon Islands earthquake of July 29, 1950*
Authors: Ewing Maurice , Press Frank
Published: May 2021

Rayleigh waves from the Solomon Islands earthquake of July 29, 1950, recorded at Honolulu, Berkeley, Tucson, and Palisades are analyzed. Both the direct waves and those propagated through the Antipodes were observed for all stations except Honolulu. Application of a correction for land travel results in a dispersion curve for the oceanic portion of the path. It is found that the observed dispersion could be accounted for by propagation through a layer of water 5.57 km. thick overlying simatic rocks having shear velocity 4.56 km/sec. and density 3.0 gm/cc. Basement structure in the Pacific, Indian, South Atlantic, and North Atlantic oceans is ideptical within the limits of accuracy of the method.

The sinusoidal nature and duration of the coda is explained by the effect of the oceans on the propagation of Rayleigh waves.

The results are compatible with seismic refraction measurements in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Crustal structure and surface-wave dispersion, Part III: Theoretical dispersion curves for suboceanic Rayleigh waves*
Authors: Jardetzky W. S. , Press Frank
Published: May 2021

Theoretical Rayleigh wave dispersion curves for three different types of sub-oceanic basement layering are presented. Previous conclusions concerning the dispersion of Rayleigh waves across ocean basins are re-examined in the light of the new data.
Surface motion due to a point source in a semi-infinite elastic medium*
Authors: Pinney Edmund
Published: May 2021

The theory of the motion of the surface of a semi-infinite elastic solid due to an impulsive internal point source is developed, both for P-wave and S-wave point sources. The resulting motions have been computed numerically for the case λ = μ and are presented both in tabular form and graphically.
Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Rumput Laut (Eucheuma sp.) Terhadap Mutu dan Karakteristik Amplang Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus affinis)
Authors: Sari Weni Kurnia , Sari N Ira , Leksono Tjipto
Published: May 2021

Seaweed flour is a potential source of dietary fiber expected to improve the quality of fishery products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of addition of seaweed flour (Eucheuma sp.) on the quality and characteristics of tuna fish amplang. The research method was using a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments of varied amount of seaweed flour added (0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% from the total dough weight). The variables to assess the quality were the organoleptic quality and characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste and texture), swelling degree, and proximate content. The results showed that the addition of seaweed flour can improve the proximate composition of fish amplang, especially the increase in crude fiber content. The addition of seaweed flour has an optimum concentration point of 1% to produce the best tuna fish amplang with the characteristic of bright colors, clean, smooth surface, not cracked, savory taste and a crunchy and dense texture. The score of the appearance was 8.3; aroma was 7.7, taste 8.2, texture 8.5, and the swelling degree was 384%. The best product was containing water 1.14%, ash 3.82%, protein 39.59%, fat 12.92%, and fiber 5.79%. The product quality assessed was met the quality requirements as regulated by Indonesia National Standard for fish amplang (SNI 7762:2013).
Dr. Father Waclaw Szuniewicz, a forgotten pioneer in refractive surgery and his work in China
Authors:   Hygeia Clinic, Gdańsk 80-286, Poland, Kanclerz Piotr
Published: May 2021

Father Wacław Szuniewicz (1891-1963) was a skilled ophthalmic surgeon, missionary, and teacher. For several years he worked in China, afterwards in the United States and in Brazil. The aim of the paper is to present the unanalyzed issues of Szuniewicz’s research regarding corneal refractive surgery. Szuniewicz performed experiments on changing the corneal curvature with anterior, posterior and full-thickness incisions. The results of modifying the anterior and posterior corneal curvature were satisfactory, however, diminished significantly within months after surgery. Corneal band resections were superior in terms of efficacy, however, such an intervention commonly led to complications in animal studies. Szuniewicz’s work was not published during his life. Nevertheless, as a result of strong impact of his personality and ideas, he is frequently considered as a pioneer of corneal refractive surgery.
Association of eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms with refractive disorders from Eskisehir, Turkey
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey, Unlu Nadir , Arslan Serap ,   Department of Medical Genetics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey, Cilingir Oguz ,   Department of Medical Genetics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey, Bilgin Muzaffer ,   Department of Biostatistics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey, Yildirim Engin ,   Department of Pharmacology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey, Gursoy Huseyin ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
Published: May 2021

AIM: To investigate relationship between refractive errors and eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HGF, GC, MFN1, GNB4, and VDR genes in Turkish population.
METHODS: A group of 212 participants with myopia (n=91), hyperopia (n=45), and emmetropia (n=76) were investigated in this study. SNPs in HGF, GC, MFN1, GNB4 and VDR genes were studied by SnapShot technique.
RESULTS: The patients in this study consists of 47 female/44 male (age: 23.47±4.30) patients with myopia, 20 female/25 male (age: 31.20±8.02) with hyperopia and 33 female/43 male (age: 25.22±6.60) with emmetropia. The genotype distribution of the rs7618348 polymorphism, which was the only statistically significant one between myopia and emmetropia group. The genotype distribution of the rs3819545, rs3735520, rs7041, and rs2239182 polymorphisms, which were statistically significant between hyperopia and emmetropia groups.
CONCLUSION: The importance of genetic predisposition to refractive errors with respect to etiology of the disease is revealed. It is known that polymorphism studies may differ because of genetic diversity among populations so larger cohort studies are required in different populations to enlighten the etiology of the refractive errors.
Evaluation of retinal and choroidal changes in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia using optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, Li Ze-Bing , Li Na ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, Yu Huan ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, Wu Yan-Lin ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, Shen Xi ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
Published: May 2021

AIM: To evaluate the changes in fundus parameters in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia (ATD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), to record flash electroretinograms (ERG) using the RETeval system and to explore changes in retinal function.
METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with ATD and 26 age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. All subjects underwent OCTA scans to analyse the superficial retinal vessel parameters in the macular area, including the vessel length density, the vessel perfusion density and the area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), as well as the choroidal thickness. The differences between the patients with ATD and the normal control group were compared and explored the relevant factors affecting vessel parameters. We also recorded the flash ERGs using the RETeval system and intended to explore changes in retinal function by analysing the ERG image amplitude in patients with ATD.
RESULTS: The vessel parameters [Pvessel length density=0.005 and Pvessel perfusion density=0.006) and average choroid thickness (P<0.001) in the macular area of the ATD group was less than the control group. The FAZ area was statistically significantly enlarged in the ATD group (P<0.001). These parameters were correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).
CONCLUSION: Patients with ATD exhibit decreases in the parameters associated with fundus. In addition, these indicators significantly correlate with the MMSE score and the MoCA score. OCTA may be an adjunct tool with strong potential to track changes in the diagnosis and monitoring the progression of the disease.
Triamcinolone as an adjunct to the combination of anti-VEGF for the management of diabetic macular edema
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China, Yu Ying-Ying , Chang Li-Bin ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing 102300, China, Xia Hui-Ka ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China, Li Xiao-Xin ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, Fujian Province, China
Published: May 2021

AIM: To assess the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) as an adjunct to the combination of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for the management of diabetic macular edema (DME).
METHODS: A total of 51 patients with visual disabilities causing by DME from two sites were retrospectively collected and assigned to two groups according to the therapeutic method: intravitreal conbercept (IVC) combined with focal laser (24 eyes) and IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA (27 eyes). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the required number of IVCs, central retinal thickness (CRT), the mean costs of treatment burden and safety were compared over 12mo.
RESULTS: From baseline to month 1 through month 12, IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA improved the mean average change in BCVA superior to IVC combined with focal laser (+5.20 vs +2.71 letters). At month 12, 20.83% of the IVC combined with focal laser and 37.04% of IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA arms gained more than 10 BCVA letters. During the period, the mean CRT decreased significantly in the IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA arm (-245.9 μm) compared to the IVC combined with focal laser arm (-98.45 μm). The average of 6.45 and 1.25 conbercept injections performed in the IVC combined with focal laser and IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA arms, respectively. The mean cost of treatment burden for 12mo was $6247.44±4069.18 in the IVC combined with focal laser arm and $1679.19±542.73 in the IVC combined with focal laser and IVTA arm, with a statistically significant difference. Apart from occasional minor subconjunctival hemorrhage, no other significant ocular adverse events (AEs) were observed in either group during the12-month period.
CONCLUSION: It is effective and cost-effective to treat DME by utilizing triamcinolone as an adjunct to the combination of anti-VEGF.
Association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma: a Meta-analysis based on 18 case-control studies
Authors:   Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China, Yang Yu-Mei , Li Dong-Yu ,   Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan Province, China, Yu Man ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan Province, China, Gong Bo ,   School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan Province, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan Province, China, Wang Lin ,   Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China, Shuai Ping ,   Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan Province, China
Published: May 2021

AIM: To systematically understand the genetic association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Citation Index, Foreign Medical Literature Retrieval Service, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Databases was performed to collect all eligible studies up to August 2019. Study selection, data abstraction and study quality evaluation were performed by two independent investigators. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association.
RESULTS: Eighteen case-control studies including 2156 cases and 2201 controls were identified. There was no significant difference in the terms of MTHFR C677T polymorphism and POAG in the Caucasian population (for T vs C OR=1.11, 95%CI: 0.88 to 1.39; for TT vs CC OR=1.01, 95%CI: 0.76 to 1.36; for TT+TC vs CC OR=1.15, 95%CI: 0.84 to 1.58 and for TT vs TC+CC OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.78 to 1.33). However, a significant effect was revealed in the Asian population (for T vs C OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.12 to 1.59; for TT+TC vs CC OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.14 to 1.76).
CONCLUSION: Based on 18 eligible studies, we provide a correlation between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and POAG among the Asians subgroup indicating that the T allele or TT +TC genotype may play a critical role in POAG development in Asians.
Análise sobre a participação do comércio internacional da indústria de defesa na balança comercial brasileira
Authors: Nabuco Beatriz De Morais , Costa Lúcia De Fátima Lúcio Gomes da , Meireles Elisangela Cabral de
Published: May 2021

Considerando a importância das indústrias de defesa para o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos países, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a participação dessa indústria na balança comercial brasileira. Como aporte teórico, buscou-se definir a ciência militar e os conceitos de estratégia, bem como apresentar os principais tratados e regimes relacionados à defesa. A abordagem metodológica foi a qualitativa, e os dados foram coletados através de um levantamento documental, que possibilitou a coleta de dados monetários referentes às exportações e importações de materiais de defesa entre os anos de 1970 e 2018, através de plataformas oficiais integradas do Ministério da Economia, Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços, assim como a base de dados do Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Concluiu-se que o mercado externo é essencial para a manutenção e viabilidade da indústria de defesa, mostrando-se necessário um maior grau de independência tecnológica para suprir o mercado interno e possibilitar a exportação. Além disso, verificou-se que o Brasil importa significativamente mais armamentos do que exporta e que as importações e exportações relativas à indústria de defesa correspondem a uma parcela muito pequena da balança comercial brasileira, se comparada às parcelas dos países que mais se destacam nesta indústria.
Parques urbanos da Grande Belém (PA) como espaço de atividades didático-pedagógicas para discentes de Ciências Biológicas
Authors: Mendes Fabrício Lemos de Siqueira , Rodrigues Lucas Dos Anjos , Sousa Raimundo Luiz Morais
Published: May 2021

O trabalho aqui apresentado objetivou identificar quais atividades foram desenvolvidas pelos discentes ao longo do Projeto Vivências (PV) em PU da grande Belém (PA). As Ciências Biológicas, de um modo geral nas escolas de ensino básico é baseada nos livros didáticos, com alguns alunos memorizando os conteúdos sem relacionar com a realidade ou com algum tipo de aula prática. Nestas definições, podemos dizer que educação formal já não é incumbida de forma exclusiva para a aquisição de troca de conhecimento. Deste modo, um dos locais de grande aprendizado para a disciplina Biologia são os Parques Urbanos (PU), que passam a ser motivadores e prazerosos para alunos e professores. A metodologia utilizada foi através do levantamento das atividades através dos relatórios mensais dos participantes do projeto. Em seguida foi realizada a análise estatística. Como resultado o PU de maior frequência foi o Bosque Rodrigues Alves. A atividade mais relatada, pelos discentes, foram agendamento e monitoramento de visitas. Deste modo, conclui-se que o PV é de significativa importância no subsídio dos discentes do Curso de Ciências Biológicas, uma vez que o enriquecimento do conhecimento cognitivo, na aquisição de bagagem prática se torna de fundamental importância nas decisões relacionadas ao seu futuro profissional.
Assistência ao paciente durante a intubação orotraqueal: prática do enfermeiro
Authors: Lima Viviane Machado de , Veríssimo Regina Célia Sales Santos , Santos Amuzza Aylla Pereira dos , Calheiros Maira De Melo Freire , Santos José Augustinho Mendes
Published: May 2021

Este artigo visa identificar a prática do enfermeiro na assistência ao paciente durante a intubação orotraqueal no atendimento pré-hospitalar, realizada pelo serviço móvel de suporte avançado. O estudo é descritivo quantitativo e foi realizado com 24 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando um questionário semiestruturado, com dados tabulados e analisados em pacote estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics®). Dos entrevistados, 75% alegam reconhecer situações em que há necessidade de intubação, destacando-se a de trauma. Houve diferença estatística, p=0,025, quanto a um item dos cuidados durante o transporte do paciente entre as variáveis “tempo de atuação no serviço” e “ausculta pulmonar". As práticas do enfermeiro são preparo do material, preparo do paciente, auxílio ao procedimento e manutenção, que o incluem na otimização do serviço e serve de instrumento para a construção de protocolos assistenciais que sejam confeccionados, subsidiando a prática da assistência profissional.
Manifiesto de Leiden
Authors: González Bríñez Mario Hernán
Published: May 2021

En el año 2014, se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Leiden, ubicada en los Países Bajos, la XIX Conferencia Internacional sobre Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología titulada El contexto cuenta; vías para dominar grandes y pequeños datos. Evento de importancia en tanto se publicó el Manifiesto de Leiden, expuesto en diez principios, firmado “por más de 15.000 científicos y 1.550 instituciones” (Delgado y Martín, 2019, p. 9).
THE USE OF ALLOTRANSPLANT FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS FAT WITH PLANTAR APONEUROSIS FOR THE MUSCULOSKELETAL STUMP FORMATION DURING ENUCLEATION
Authors:   N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Naumenko L.V. , Malinovskiy G.F. ,   Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Krasny S.A. ,   N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Zhyliayeva E.P. ,   N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Barash A.N. ,   Gomel State Medical University, Zherkal I.Yu. ,   N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus
Published: May 2021

Objective. To develop a method for the formation of a musculoskeletal stump for an ocular prosthesis during enucleation using an allograft from subcutaneous fat with a plantar aponeurosis was developed Methods. The study included patients with the diagnosed choroid melanoma (n=15), and retinoblastoma (n=2). The orbital cavity was replenished with the section of subcutaneous adipose tissue with the sole aponeurosis, preserved by cryopreservation. The orbital cavity was filled with a section of subcutaneous adipose tissue with plantar aponeurosis, preserved by cryopreservation. The immediate effect was assessed 3 and 6 months after the treatment according to the following criteria: the presence of the orbital tissues edema, the mobility of the supporting stump with the prosthesis, the position of the stump with the prosthesis in the orbit, and the position of the upper eyelid. Results. In all cases, a positive result was obtained: after 3 months, the orbital tissue edema was absent in 7 patients, in 7 - it was mild, in 3 - it was moderately pronounced. After 6 months, the orbital tissue edema was absent in all patients. After 3 months the mobility of the supporting stump was moderately marked in 10 patients, and in 7 - it was feeble marked. After 6 months, the mobility of the stump was marked moderately in all patients. After 3 months in 7 patients, the position of the stump with the prosthesis had a symmetrical position; there was hypereffect in 10 patients. By 6 months, all patients had a symmetrical arrangement of the healthy eye and prosthesis. Conclusion. The designed method for the formation of the functional stump for an ocular prosthesis during enucleation using the allograft from subcutaneous fat with the plantar aponeurosis makes it possible to obtain good anatomical, cosmetic and functional results of the operation due to the achievement of a sufficient rangeofprosthetic movement of the ocular prosthesis. The introduction of the designed method of the functional stump formation into clinical practice increases the medical, social, economic efficiency of the rehabilitation of patients with malignant neoplasms of the eyeball membranes. What this paper adds For the first time, a method for the formation of a musculoskeletal stump for an ocular prosthesis during enucleation using an allograft from subcutaneous fat with a plantar aponeurosis was developed. It is shown that the allograft application makes it possible to obtain a good anatomical, cosmetic and functional result by achieving a sufficient rangeofprosthetic movement of the eye prosthesis.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OFPATHOGENESISOFACUTE APPENDICITIS
Authors:   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Sazhin A.V. , Petukhov V.A. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Nechay T.V. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ivakhov G.B. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Stradymov E.A. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Akperov A.I. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Rubtsov A.A. ,   Samara State Medical University
Published: May 2021

Obstruction of the lumen of the appendix is still considered to be the main cause of acute appendicitis (including feces), followed by the increased intraluminal pressure, the development of ischemia and mucosal hypoxia of the appendix, ulceration, violation of the mucous barrier and the development of necrosis. A sufficient number of scientific facts have been accumulated completely refuting this postulate. Current fundamental achievements in molecular biology, biochemistry, etc. did not become the basis for a clinical revision of the ancient well-established theories and concepts of the etiopathogenesis of many diseases in almost all medical specialties. Surgery isn’t an exception in this context. The review considers the etiopathogenesis of acute inflammation of the appendix from the current point of view of the hypothesis of epithelial-endothelial dysfunction and epithelial-endothelial distress syndrome, since it most fully characterizes the integration of the etiopathogenesis of almost all common diseases of organs with mucous membranes and the recent fundamental research their structures and functions. It is based on general and local factors of violation of the lymphoid apparatus and the integumentary epithelium barrier functions. Thus, this work presents a new concept of the etiopathogenesis of acute appendicitis, which in turn will allow the surgery of acute appendicitis to reach new levels of understanding.
DUODENUM-PRESERVING PANCREATIC HEAD RESECTION FOR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, BENIGN AND PREMALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors:   The University of Ulm,   Center of Oncology, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Danube Clinic, Hans G. Beger , Karl-Heinz Link ,   Clinic Asklepios Paulinen, Asanovich V.A. ,   Brest Regional Clinical Hospital, Nikolenko E.Ya. ,   V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Stradymov E.A. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Akperov A.I. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Rubtsov A.A. ,   Samara State Medical University
Published: May 2021

Objective. To report the institutional experience of the evolution of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) as a surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory tumor as well as cystic and benign, premalignant neoplasms and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreatic head. Methods. DPPHR is associated with preservation of gastric antrum, common bile duct and duodenum/upper jejunal loop, contrary to Kausch-Whipple resection, which is a multivisceral procedure, including duodenectomy. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection was first established in clinical setting in Berlin in 1969. Results. For chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory infiltrat in the pancreatic head, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection has become a standard surgical treatment with worldwide acceptance. In a series of 603 patients with chronic pancreatitis following DPPHR, the frequency of pancreatic fistula was 3.3 %, intra-abdominal abscess 2.8 %, hemorrhage 2.8 %, frequency of reoperation 5.6%, in-hospital mortality 0.82 % and 90-day rehospitalisation 8 %. DPPHR for benign and premalignant cystic neoplasms of the pancreatic head is used predominantly for IPMN, MCN and SPN tumors. In a review of international publications comprising 503 patients, the general morbidity was 38.2 %, severe surgery-related complications 12.7% of them pancreatic fistula B+C 13.6 %, resurgery 2.7 % and 90-day mortality 0.4 %. When pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic head are treated with DPPHR, a local lymph node dissection is additionally recommended. The long-term morbidity following DPPHR revealed new onset of diabetes mellitus and exocrine dysfunctions in only 5-7 % of patients. Conclusion. Kausch-Whipple resection is associated with considerable high metabolic complications. Duodenum-sparing pancreatic head resection for inflammatory tumor, benign and premalignant neoplasms, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreatic head has the advantage of the duodenum preservation and maintenance of the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions.
THE PARLIAMENTS OF CANADA AND PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS AND WEAK
Authors: Akram Sidra , Azhar Mian Muhammad , Akhtar Shakil , Mubarak Husni , Haq Muhmmad Ikram Ul
Published: May 2021

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to make a deeper analysis of the parliament of Canada and Pakistan. This research deals with comparing two similar parliamentary systems. The two countries, i.e. Canada and Pakistan were chosen because of their majority electoral system and to a lesser extent, alike political trends. This research analyzed the weaknesses and strengths of both the legislative systems. Method: Data related to this topic has been collected from secondary sources such as reports, journal articles, and books. This research work is analytical as well as descriptive in nature. Qualitative techniques have been applied to investigate the research questions. Main Findings: This study acknowledges that the parliamentary form of government is the most representative and most efficient system of government that is running successfully in different countries. Parliament safeguards the political views of the citizens and thus provides them with all possible opportunities for more participation in the government. It creates a cohesive and strong party system. The main finding to be acquired from this study is that one problem that is common to both nations is provincial imbalance. However, overall it can be said that Canada has accommodated its provinces effectively through its responsible government, democratic system, and granting maximum autonomy. Another factor that is a major problem in Pakistan but not so in Canada is the branches of government overstepping their jurisdiction. Application of the Study: Using the yardstick of the function of legislation and making comparative references with other political systems was very useful in summarizing this research. Whatever weaknesses and criticisms may be discussed the overall fact is that the job done by these parliaments is undoubtedly necessary and useful and it is hoped this study may serve as a guideline for future parliaments to make them more efficient. The Originality of the Study: This research argues that a parliamentary system is a more desirable and efficient system of government than others. This research explains the differences between both these systems. Both the houses of these parliaments provide separate services that require separate investigation and throw further light on the subject.
Urban public transport as a tool of sustainable mobility policy – the example of Poland
Authors: Gałka Paweł , Grzelec Krzysztof , Hebel Katarzyna , Judge Eamonn , Wyszomirski Olgierd
Published: May 2021

The assumptions and goals of sustainable urban mob ility are defined in global and national documents, for example, the United Nations 2030 Agenda and in the Transport Policy of the State of Poland for 2006–2025. Achieving these goals is a long process. Tools and actions have been identified that play a fundamental role in achieving sustainable mobility, and various methods of measuring the effectiveness of these activities have been presented and compared.
The article presents the following research hypotheses:

achieving the goals of sustainable mobility through the development of the public transport offer requires the use of modern management methods,
it is necessary to identify the main attributes of public transport that determine the use of this type of transport and to finance those elements of the transport offer that correspond to these attributes.

The aim of the article is to assess the role of public transport as an element of sustainable mobility and to explain the reasons for unsatisfactory policy effects in Poland.
Analysing the effectiveness of actions and tools used in Polish cities in achieving the goals of sustainable mobility, the processes of management in public transport and shaping the attributes of transport services and technical solutions were selected for the analysis. The analysis was carried out on the example of selected Polish cities.
On the basis of the conducted research, the authors formulated conclusions:

the idea of sustainable mobility development is an element of the transport policy of modern European cities,
achieving sustainable development requires changes in the structure of urban transport,
effective implementation of a sustainable mobility policy leads to changes in transport behaviour,
the condition for increasing the share of public transport is to increase the attractiveness of its services.

Detailed conclusions were defined in relation to selected Polish cities, in particular Gdańsk and Gdynia. The use of public transport by people who can travel by car can be increase by affecting the freedom to use passenger cars in cities through traffic and parking restrictions. The most effective tool that limits the use of private cars turns out to be parking fees in the city.
Conclusions from the conducted research allowed us to confirm the research hypotheses of the article.
Teatr Krótkie Wprowadzenie
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: May 2021

Teatr to przystępne omówienie najważniejszych zagadnień związanych z tą szczególną ludzką działalnością, która przybiera wiele form – począwszy od prezentacji tekstu literackiego do całkowicie improwizowanych działań. Co różni teatralne tradycje Zachodu i Wschodu? Co łączy teatr z religią, a co z literaturą? Jak powstał teatr lalkowy? Czym jest teatr postkolonialny?
Effects of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on the yield and quality of carrageenan, Kappaphycus striatus (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva
Authors:   College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University - Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Philippines, Robles R. J. F.
Published: May 2021

This study determined the effect of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on the yield and quality (gel strength, viscosity, syneresis, gelling, and melting temperature) of carrageenan. The study was conducted at the Seaweeds Post-Harvest Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Mindanao State University for 33 days. The experiment involved four treatments and three replications. The four treatments were the different concentrations of ammonium phosphate (g/L) namely; Treatment 1 (T1) - 0g/L, Treatment 2 (T2) – 3 g/L, Treatment 3 (T3) – 6 g/L, Treatment 4 (T4) – 9 g/L. The results showed that the application of ammonium phosphate significantly reduced the yield and viscosity of the carrageenan by 4.81% and 1.83cPs respectively. Gel strength was enhanced by 1.53g in T2 (3/L). Control showed the best syneresis compared to the other treatment. The syneresis was significantly decreased by 5.43% with the application of ammonium phosphate. The fertilizer seemed not to have any effect on the gelling and melting temperature of the carrageenan. Ammonium phosphate is therefore not recommended for growing Kappaphycus striatus for carrageenan.
Industry 4.0 and Digital Innovation in Manufacturing: State of the Art Technology and Future Prospects in the Italian Mechanical Engineering Sector
Authors: Gasparre Angelo , Beltrametti Luca , Persico Luca
Published: May 2021

The label ‘Industry 4.0’ has captured increasing attention in recent years. However, despite impressive media coverage, EU activism, and being featured in many government programs, the picture of the actual diffusion and realistic industrial potential of the so-called ‘Industry 4.0 enabling technologies’ is still unclear. Far from filling this gap at the European or global level, in this paper we focus one specific, though relevant, industrial domain: the Italian mechanical engineering sector. The analysis shows the magnitude of a phenomenon that has undoubtedly been subject to some excessive rhetoric. Nevertheless, our findings show that things are progressing as the early adopters (mostly large businesses) are beginning to invest in and develop strategic plans for future action. However, most players such as small-sized family-owned enterprises are simply looking at the moment, and do not appear to have a strategy in approaching Industry 4.0 or any plan for getting on board in the near future, and this is something industrial and political leaders should take note.
Is It Smart Working? An Analysis of the Public Discourse about Teleworking in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pareschi Luca
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic forced lockdowns in several countries, and many organisations had to introduce teleworking for their employees. While remote working is not a new thing, and was already permitted by laws, the extent to which enterprises had to redefine their process is unprecedented. Therefore, teleworking was widely discussed in national media. Newspapers are a relevant outlet for the diffusion and legitimation of schemata of interpretation, and we explored of teleworking was framed in the Italian discursive space during the first two months of the pandemic. We analysed seven national newspapers, and adopted a semi-automatic text analysis, which we performed through topic modelling. In this paper, we describe the topics that are used by newspapers to frame teleworking, the different use of these topics performed by different newspapers, the trend of topics over time, and we discuss the institutionalisation of the issue of teleworking.
Mobile Application for Healthcare: The Case of COVID-19 in Mobile Apps
Authors: Reina Rocco , Ventura Marzia , Cristofaro Concetta Lucia , Gentile Teresa Anna Rita
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 era has forced us to reduce our face-to-face interactions. For this reason, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have substituted this direct relationship among people. One tool able to support health authorities by monitoring and mitigating the ongoing COVID-19 is Mobile Applications (mApps). They have also facilitated follow-up among patients and practitioners and provided direct guidance to citizens, so they can play their part in the control of the disease. The main purpose of this paper is to understand and analyse the features and functionalities of the COVID-19 mApps currently available in the widely used smartphone applications stores, such as Play Store and iTunes. The first results obtained at this stage of the research have permitted us to give a preliminary taxonomy of the mApps, specifically concerning COVID health management in Italy. The research found 71 mApps operating in the principal stores, focusing on the underlining features and aspects useful for making users more responsible and enabling self-management regarding their own health. MApps in the COVID period could represent organisational support for maintaining a useful relationship among patients and health operators concerning health care assistance. To do this, it is necessary to determine optimal capabilities and evaluate the utility and clinical benefit of these tools. Doing this, we have been able to recognise and obtain the first data and information through this research.
Northern Countries and EU: Formula and Configuration of Domestic Security
Authors: Voronov K.
Published: May 2021

The integration efforts of five small Northern Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland) and Finland are analyzed in the article. Being a component part of the Big Europe, recently they all of a sudden faced many problems similar to some destructive European processes – disfunction of a social and economic model, negative demographic, raise of political Islam, activation of non-state actors, etc. Despite their modest size and limited resources, these countries also have an impact on common regional macro-trends and the EU transformation in whole.
Paradiplomacy: New Voice of Regions in Contemporary Diplomatic Concert?
Authors: Eremina N.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the phenomenon of European paradiplomacy in the context of globalization and integration. Wales’ and Scotland’s diplomatic activities were chosen for a comparative analysis since they represent contrasting positions within the state and in the “broader world”. The author defines common and distinguishing features of paradiplomacy and makes conclusions on its development potential.
Russian-US Relationships in Pre-Electoral Context
Authors: Solov’ev E.
Published: May 2021

Lately, despite successful interaction between Russia and the USA on a number of issues, both in Moscow and across the pond a discussion on the bilateral relations perspectives is launched increasingly. Serious questions of the mutual trust level arise. The toughening of rhetoric and demonstrative political actions is evident from both sides. Obviously, the outlined regressive trend has pre-elective nature. However, in prospect, the situation can take on its internal development logic. The author examines the possible roadmap of Russia-U.S. cooperation continuance, in particular touches the question of the "restart" fortune.
Russia in WTO: Obligations, Opportunities, Risks
Authors: Obolenskiy V.
Published: May 2021

Negotiations on Russia's membership in WTO lasted for 17 years. In this article the results of these negotiations, possible advantages and risks connected with WTO-membership are analyzed, following official proceedings and Russian press accounts.
Science and Innovation in 2019–2020: Resourcing, First Post-Crisis Assessments
Authors: Kirichenko I. , Kravtsov A. , Mamedyarov Z. , Sheliubskaya N.
Published: May 2021

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research and development (R&D) was a major factor for the global innovation activity in 2020. Prior to the pandemic, global R&D spending by both governments and private capital had been steadily increasing for a decade, resulting in a doubling of spending. In the US, growth was slower than in other countries, especially compared to China, causing the US share of global R&D to decline. At the end of 2020, it was clear that China's economy ended the year with fewer losses compared to the developed world, and local companies continued to increase R&D spending, which will contribute to Chinese innovation competition in the coming years. This 2020 report consists of several thematic blocks which will be retained in subsequent annual editions. First, there is a review and analysis of the most relevant information on countries' expenditures on research and development (R&D), in particular, the estimates of expenditures according to R&D World, the volume of federal funding for R&D in the USA for 2021, and the results of the annual European Innovation Scoreboard rating of innovative companies. Secondly, the results of international patenting data by country and industry are presented, using the latest available data for 2019. Third, given the importance of private companies' capital for innovation activity, a separate block includes the results of initial public offerings (IPOs) in 2020 on major stock exchanges (USA) and other platforms, as well as data on mergers and acquisitions, which remain the most important alternative to public offerings for raising capital by technology companies. Finally, the last block deals with changes in the innovation development strategies of the leading countries. The focus here is made on the implications of Brexit for the science and technology development of the UK and the EU, taking into account the parties' agreement on a trade deal for the period after the country's exit from the Union since January 1, 2021.