bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast decoding of polar codes using tree structure
Authors: Andi Alia A. , Gazi Orhan
Published: May 2019

In this study, the authors first propose a tree structure for the successive cancelation (SC) decoding of polar codes. The proposed structure is easy to implement in hardware and suitable for parallel processing operations. Next, using the proposed tree structure, they propose a technique for the fast decoding of polar codes. With the proposed method, it is possible to decode all the information bits simultaneously at the same time, i.e. in parallel. Lastly, they introduce an improved version of the proposed high‐speed decoding algorithm. The proposed high‐speed decoding approach and its improved version are simulated on the computer environment and their bit error rate performances are compared to the performance of the classical SC method.
Cross‐tier cooperation load‐adapting interference management in ultra‐dense networks
Authors: Zheng Chuangming , Liu Longwei , Zhang Hailin
Published: May 2019

In ultra‐dense networks (UDNs), the interference management constitutes a great challenge due to the densely deployed base stations (BSs) and the traffic fluctuating with time. To tackle this challenge, the authors propose a cross‐tier cooperation load‐adapting interference management (CCLA‐IM) scheme in UDNS, which employs three technologies to mitigate inter‐cell interference (ICI) efficiently. Firstly, fractional frequency reuse technology is employed to coordinate the ICI among macro BSs (MBSs) as well as the ICI between MBSs and small BSs (sBSs). Secondly, they use load‐adapting resource allocation technology to mitigate ICI further when the sBSs traffic is partially loaded. Thirdly, the interference‐aware resource allocation can mitigate ICI further by optimising the physical resource blocks mapping methods. The simulation results show that the proposed CCLA‐IM can achieve considerable performance gain in system spectral efficiency, the throughput of sBSs, system energy efficiency and ICI distribution while the density of sBSs and the traffic are changing with time.
Study of the assembly, build and test of a linear transverse flux machine
Authors: Wang Junnan , Baker Nick , Gavrilov Boris
Published: May 2019

This study discusses the topology development of a cylindrical transverse flux linear machine for use with a free piston engine. Despite its three‐dimensional flux path, the stator of this topology can be made from regular laminated components and only the translator includes soft magnetic composites. The detailed design development is discussed, including stator tooth combination, alternative winding, and fabrication techniques. Results from both finite element analysis and experimental measurement are compared, which gives a validation of the feasibility of the building process.
The highest-energy cosmic-rays – the past, the present and the future
Authors: Watson Alan
Published: May 2019

The greater part of this paper is concerned with a historical discussion of the development of the search for the origins of the highest-energy cosmic-rays together with a few remarks about future prospects.

Additionally, in section 6, the situation with regard to the mass composition and energy spectrum at the highest energies is discussed. It is shown that the change of the depth of shower maximum with energy above 1 EeV, measured using the Telescope Array, is in striking agreement with similar results from the Auger Observatory. This implies that either the mean mass of cosmic rays is becoming heavier above ~4 EeV or that there is a change in details of the hadronic interactions in a manner such that protons masquerade as heavier nuclei. A long-standing controversy is thus resolved: the belief that pure protons dominate the mass distribution at the highest energies is no longer tenable.
TA Spectrum
Authors: Ivanov Dmitri
Published: May 2019

The Telescope Array (TA) experiment is measuring cosmic rays of energies from PeV to 100 EeV and higher in the Northern hemisphere. TA has two parts: main TA and the TA low energy extension (TALE). Main TA is a hybrid detector that consists of 507 plastic scintillation counters on a 1200m - spaced square grid that are overlooked by three fluorescence detector stations. TALE is also a hybrid detector that consists of additional fluorescence telescopes arranged to view higher elevations and an infill array of 103 plastic scintillation counters. In this work, we describe the combined TA surface detector (SD) and TALE fluorescence detector spectrum, check the calculation of the TA SD spectrum at the highest energies using an alternative, Constant Intensity Cut, method and discuss the declination dependence of the TA SD spectrum at the highest energies. Details of the TALE spectrum calculation have been presented in a separate work at this conference.
Covering the celestial sphere at ultra-high energies: Full-sky cosmic-ray maps beyond the ankle and the flux suppression
Authors: Biteau J. , Bister T. , Caccianiga L. , Deligny O. , di Matteo A. , Fujii T. , Harari D. , Kawata K. , Ivanov D. , Lundquist J.P. , Menezes de Almeida R. , Mockler D. , Nonaka T. , Sagawa H. , Tinyakov P. , Tkachev I. , Troitsky S.
Published: May 2019

Despite deflections by Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, the distribution of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) over the celestial sphere remains a most promising observable for the identification of their sources. Thanks to a large number of detected events over the past years, a large-scale anisotropy at energies above 8 EeV has been identified, and there are also indications from the Telescope Array and Pierre Auger Collaborations of deviations from isotropy at intermediate angular scales (about 20 degrees) at the highest energies. In this contribution, we map the flux of UHECRs over the full sky at energies beyond each of two major features in the UHECR spectrum – the ankle and the flux suppression -, and we derive limits for anisotropy on different angular scales in the two energy regimes. In particular, full-sky coverage enables constraints on low-order multipole moments without assumptions about the strength of higher-order multipoles. Following previous efforts from the two Collaborations, we build full-sky maps accounting for the relative exposure of the arrays and differences in the energy normalizations. The procedure relies on cross-calibrating the UHECR fluxes reconstructed in the declination band around the celestial equator covered by both observatories. We present full-sky maps at energies above ~ 10 EeV and ~ 50 EeV, using the largest datasets shared across UHECR collaborations to date. We report on anisotropy searches exploiting full-sky coverage and discuss possible constraints on the distribution of UHECR sources.
Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles: testing the compatibility of measurements performed at the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array experiment
Authors: Yushkov Alexey , Bellido Jose , Belz John , de Souza Vitor , Hanlon William , Ikeda Daisuke , Sokolsky Pierre , Tsunesada Yoshiki , Unger Michael ,   for the Pierre Auger,   Telescope Array collaborations
Published: May 2019

At the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, the measurements of depths of maximum of airshower profiles, Xmax, are performed using direct observations of the longitudinal development of showers with the help of the fluorescence telescopes. Though the same detection technique is used at both installations, the straightforward comparison of the characteristics of the measured Xmax distributions is not possible due to the different approaches to the analysis of the recorded events. In this work, the Auger – Telescope Array composition working group presents a technique to compare the Xmax measurements from the Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. Applying this technique the compatibility of the first two moments of the measured Xmax distributions is qualitatively tested for energies 1018.2 eV < E < 1019.0 eV using the recently published Telescope Array data from the Black Rock Mesa and Long Ridge fluorescence detector stations. For a quantitative comparison, simulations of air showers with EPOS-LHC, folded with effects of the Telescope Array detector, are required along with the inclusion in the analysis of the systematic uncertainties in the measurements of Xmax and the energies of the events.
EPOS 3 and Air Showers
Authors: Pierog Tanguy , Guiot Benjamin , Karpenko Iurii , Sophys Gabriel , Stefaniak Maria , Werner Klaus
Published: May 2019

With the recent results of large hybrid air-shower experiments, it is clear that the simulations of the hadronic interactions are not reliable enough to obtain a consistent description of the observations. Even the mostrecentmodelstunedafterthefirstrunoftheLHCshowsignificantdiscrepancywithair-showerdata. Since then many more data have been collected at the LHC and at lower energies at the SPS which are not necessarily well described by these models. So before claiming any explanation involving new physics, it is necessary to have a model which can actually describe accelerator data in a very detailed way. That is the goal of EPOS 3, to understand both soft and hard particle production not only in light systems like proton-proton interactions but in heavy ions too. The latest results of the model will be presented and in particular the correlations between various observables which are very important to understand the real physical processes.
Determination of the invisible energy of extensive air showers from the data collected at Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Mariazzi Analisa G. ,   for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

In order to get the primary energy of cosmic rays from their extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique, the invisible energy should be added to the measured calorimetric energy. The invisible energy is the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all their energy in the atmosphere. It has traditionally been calculated using Monte Carlo simulations that are dependent on the assumed primary particle mass and on model predictions for neutrino and muon production.

In this work the invisible energy is obtained directly from events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The method applied is based on the correlation of the measurements of the muon number at the ground with the invisible energy of the showers. By using it, the systematic uncertainties related to the unknown mass composition and to the high energy hadronic interaction models are significantly reduced, improving in this way the estimation of the energy scale of the Observatory.
Ultra high energy cosmic rays simulated with CONEX code
Authors: Lakel Ghazala , Talai Mohamed Cherif
Published: May 2019

Today, many experiments around the world (Auger Observatory, Telescope Array, and soon Jem-Euso experiment...) are tracking ultra-high energy cosmic rays. They try to collect some exceptional data that would lift the veil on this type of cosmic rays , mainly to answer why does their energies exceed the GZK cutoff without pointing to astrophysical sources close to our galaxy. Furthermore, we do not really know neither the identity nor the acceleration processes that can provide them with such colossal energy. We have performed, using the CONEX program version 2r6.40 coupled to different hadronic interaction models (QGSJET01, EPOS LHC , SIBYLL 2.1 and QGSJETII-04) simulations focused on the slant depth Xmax of the maximum of the shower longitudinal profile and the charged particle number Nmax. Theses parameters and their fluctuations are very sensitive to the primary particle mass (identity) and energy. The obtained results are compared for proton and iron primaries at the energy range 1018-1021 eV.
Search for a correlation between the UHECRs measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array and the neutrino candidate events from IceCube and ANTARES
Authors: Aublin J. , Coleiro A. , Kouchner A. ,   for the ANTARES Collaboration, Al Samarai I. , Barbano A. , Montaruli T. , Schumacher L. , Wiebusch C. ,   for the IceCube Collaboration, Caccianiga L. , Ghia P.L. , Giaccari U. , Golup G. ,   for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, Sagawa H. , Tinyakov P. ,   for the Telescope Array Collaboration
Published: May 2019

High-energy neutrinos are expected to be produced by the interaction of accelerated particles near the acceleration sites. For this reason, it is intresting to search for correlation in the arrival directions of ultra–high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and HE neutrinos. We present here the results of a search for correlations between UHECR events measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array and high-energy neutrino candidate events from IceCube and ANTARES. We perform a cross-correlation analysis, where the angular separation between the arrival directions of UHECRs and neutrinos is scanned. When comparing the results with the expectations from a null hypothesis contemplating an isotropic distribution of neutrinos or of UHECR we obtain post-trial p-values of the order of ~ 10 2.
High-Energy Neutrinos from Blazar Flares and Implications of TXS 0506+056
Authors: Oikonomou Foteini , Murase Kohta , Petropoulou Maria
Published: May 2019

Motivated by the observation of a > 290 TeV muon neutrino by IceCube, coincident with a ~6 month-long γ-ray flare of the blazar TXS 0506+056, and an archival search which revealed 13 ± 5 further, lower-energy neutrinos in the direction of the source in 2014-2015 we discuss the likely contribution of blazars to the diffuse high-energy neutrino intensity, the implications for neutrino emission from TXS 0506+056 based on multi-wavelength observations of the source, and a multi-zone model that allows for sufficient neutrino emission so as to reconcile the multi-wavelength cascade constraints with the neutrino emission seen by IceCube in the direction of TXS 0506+056.
On the maximum energy of protons in the hotspots of AGN jets
Authors: Araudo Anabella T. , Bell Anthony R. , Matthews James , Blundell Katherine
Published: May 2019

We study particle acceleration and magnetic field amplification in the termination shocks (hotspots) of radiogalaxy jets. The cut-off of the synchrotron spectrum in the hotspots of powerful radiogalaxies is typically observed between infrared and optical frequencies, indicating that the maximum energy of non-thermal electrons accelerated at the jet termination shock is about 1 TeV for a canonical magnetic field of 100 μG. Based on theoretical considerations and observational data we show that the maximum energy of electrons cannot be constrained by synchrotron losses as usually assumed, unless the jet density is unreasonable large and most of the jet kinetic energy goes to non-thermal electrons. The maximum energy is ultimately determined by the ability to scatter particles back and forth the shock, and this limit applies to both electrons and protons. Therefore, the maximum energy of protons is also about 1 TeV when radiative cooling is not efficient. We show that non-resonant hybrid (Bell) instabilities generated by the streaming of cosmic rays can grow fast enough to amplify the jet magnetic field up to 100 μG and accelerate particles up to the maximum energies observed in the hotspots of radiogalaxies.
The Auger@TA Project: Phase II Progress and Plans
Authors: Covault Corbin , Fujii Toshihiro , Halliday Robert , Johnsen Jeffrey , Lorek Ryan , Nonaka Toshiyuki , Quinn Sean , Sagawa Hiroyuki , Sako Takashi , Sarazin Fred , Sato Ricardo , Schmidt David , Takeishi Ryuji ,   for the Pierre Auger,   Telescope Array
Published: May 2019

The Auger@TA project is a combined effort involving members of both the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array experiment (TA) to cross-calibrate detectors and compare results on air showers detected at one location. We have recently reported results from Phase I of the project, during which we collected and presented data from two Auger water Cherenkov surface detector stations deployed into the TA experiment near the Central Laser Facility. For Phase II, we will deploy a micro-array of six or seven single-PMT Auger surface detector stations co-located with TA scintillator surface detector stations. The Auger micro-array will trigger and collect data independently from the TA allowing for a complete end-to-end comparison of detector data, calibration, and reconstructed event quantities on a shower-by-shower basis between the TA and Auger detector systems. We describe progress towards development of the micro-array for Phase II including the preparation of surface detector water tanks, station electronics, wireless communications, triggers, and data acquisition. We also outline plans for deploying the Auger@TA micro-array into the TA experiment in 2019 with preliminary estimates for coincident air-shower rates.
The Detection of UHECRs with the EUSO-TA Telescope
Authors: Bisconti F. , Belz J.W. , Bertaina M.E. , Casolino M. , Ebisuzaki T. , Eser J. , Matthews J.N. , Piotrowski L.W. , Plebaniak Z. , Sagawa H. , Sakaki N. , Shin H. , Shinozaki K. , Sokolsky P. , Takizawa Y. , Tameda Y. , Thomson G.B.
Published: May 2019

EUSO-TA is a cosmic ray detector developed by the JEM-EUSO (Joint Experiment Missions for Extreme Universe Space Observatory) Collaboration, observing during nighttime the fluorescence light emitted along the path of extensive air showers in the atmosphere. It is installed at the Telescope Array site in Utah, USA, in front of the fluorescence detector station at Black Rock Mesa. It serves as a ground-based pathfinder experiment for future space-based missions. EUSO-TA has an optical system with two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface with 6 × 6 multi-anode photomultiplier tubes with 64 channels each, for a total of 2304 channels. The overall field of view is ∼10.6°× 10.6°. This detector technology allows the detection of cosmic ray events with high spatial resolution, having each channel a field of view of about ∼0.2° × 0.2° and a temporal resolution of 2.5 µs. First observations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays revealed the cosmic ray detection capability of EUSO-TA. The foreseen upgrade of EUSO-TA will improve the efficiency of the detector and will increase the statistics of detected events. In this work we present recent results of the detection capability of EUSO-TA and its limits. Moreover, other results about the analysis of laser pulses, stars and meteors will be discussed.
Studies for high energy air shower identification using RF measurements with the ASTRONEU array
Authors: Nonis Stavros , Bourlis George , Gkialas Ioannis , Leisos Antonios , Manthos Ioannis , Papageorgiou Kostas , Tsirigotis Apostolos , Tzamarias Spyros
Published: May 2019

The Hellenic Open University (HOU) Cosmic Ray Telescope (ASTRONEU) consists of 9 large scintillator detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the Hellenic Open University campus in the city of Patras. High energy showers that are detected simultaneously by two distant stations and in coincidence with the RF antennas are used to study the RF signature of cosmic events. In previous studies we have shown that the timing of the RF signals as well as the measured electric field at the antennas position are in very good agreement with the simulation predictions. In this work we concentrate on the transfer functions of the antennas which are strongly frequency and angular dependent. We show that the RF spectra (at frequencies 30-80 MHz) of the detected showers are exhibiting features of the antenna response as predicted by detailed Monte Carlo simulation suggesting that a single antenna RF spectrum gives access to the cosmic ray arrival direction.
Quality Control of High-Speed Photon Detectors
Authors: Inome Yusuke , Sunada Yuji , Choshi Yuki , Ichida Masao , Mirzoyan Razmik , Ohoka Hideyuki , Saito Takayuki , Tamura Kinji , Teshima Masahiro , Yamamoto Tokonatsu
Published: May 2019

High-speed-photon detectors are some of the most important tools for observations of high energy cosmic rays. As technologies of photon detectors and their read-out electronics improved rapidly, the time resolution of some cosmic ray detectors became better than one nanosecond. To utilize such devices effectively, calibrations using a short-pulse light source are necessary. We have developed a pulsed laser of 80 picosecond width and adjustable peak intensity up to 100 mW. This pulsed laser is composed of a simple electric circuit and a laser diode. Details of this pulsed laser and its application for quality controls of photon detectors are reported in this contribution.
A next-generation ground array for the detection of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST)
Authors: Fujii Toshihiro , Malacari Max , Albury Justin , Bellido Jose A. , Chytka Ladislav , Farmer John , Hamal Petr , Horvath Pavel , Hrabovsky Miroslav , Mandat Dusan , Matthews John N. , Ni Xiaochen , Nozka Libor , Palatka Miroslav , Pech Miroslav , Privitera Paolo , Schovanek Petr , Thomas Stan B. , Travnicek Petr
Published: May 2019

The origin and nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is one of the most intriguing and important mysteries in astroparticle physics. The two largest observatories currently in operation, the Telescope Array Experiment in central Utah, USA, and the Pierre Auger Observatory in western Argentina, have been steadily observing UHECRs in both hemispheres for over a decade. We highlight the latest results from both of these experiments, and address the requirements for a next-generation UHECR observatory. The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) is a design concept for a next-generation UHECR observa-tory, addressing the requirements for a large-area, low-cost detector suitable for measuring the properties of the highest energy cosmic rays with an unprecedented aperture. We have developed a full-scale prototype consisting of four 200 mm photomultiplier-tubes at the focus of a segmented mirror of 1.6 m in diameter. Over the last three years, we installed three such prototypes at the Black Rock Mesa site of the Telescope Array Experiment. These telescopes have been steadily taking data since installation. We report on preliminary results of the full-scale FAST prototypes, including measurements of distant ultraviolet lasers and UHECRs. Futhermore, we discuss our plan to install an additional identical FAST prototype at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Possible benefits to the Telescope Array and the Pierre Auger Observatory include a comparison of the transparency of the atmosphere above both experiments, a study of the systematic uncertainty associated with their existing fluorescence detectors, and a cross-calibration of their energy and Xmax scales.
Detection of ultra-high energy cosmic ray air showers by Cosmic Ray Air Fluorescence Fresnel lens Telescope for next generation
Authors: Tameda Yuichiro , Yamamoto Mashu , Tomida Takayuki , Ikeda Daisuke , Yamazaki Katsuya , Iwakura Hirokazu , Nakamura Yuya , Saito Yasunori
Published: May 2019

In the future, ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observatory will be expanded due to the small flux. Then, cost reduction is useful strategy to realize a huge scale observatory. For this purpose, we are developing a simple structure cosmic ray detector named as Cosmic Ray Air Fluorescence Fresnel-lens Telescope (CRAFFT). We deployed CRAFFT detectors at the Telescope Array site and performed a test observation. We have successfully observed UHECR air showers. We will report the status and the result of the test observation.
A Scintillator and Radio Enhancement of the IceCube Surface Detector Array
Authors: Haungs Andreas
Published: May 2019

An upgrade of the present IceCube surface array (IceTop) with scintillation detectors and possibly radio antennas is foreseen. The enhanced array will calibrate the impact of snow accumulation on the reconstruction of cosmic-ray showers detected by IceTop as well as improve the veto capabilities of the surface array. In addition, such a hybrid surface array of radio antennas, scintillators and Cherenkov tanks will enable a number of complementary science targets for IceCube such as enhanced accuracy to mass composition of cosmic rays, search for PeV photons from the Galactic Center, or more thorough tests of the hadronic interaction models. Two prototype stations with 7 scintillation detectors each have been already deployed at the South Pole in January 2018. These R&D studies provide a window of opportunity to integrate radio antennas with minimal effort.
The influence of process parameters and sheet material on the temperature development in the forming zone
Authors: Tröber Philipp , Welm Markus , Weiss Hannes Alois , Demmel Peter , Golle Roland , Volk Wolfram
Published: May 2019

Cold metal forming is a fast and economical way of producing a wide range of precise components. Its profitability mainly depends on part quality, process stability, and service intervals of tools. As these factors are all determined by tool wear, detailed process knowledge is indispensable to maximize profitability by minimizing wear. One of the most crucial factors in this context is temperature. During every forming process, a temperature rise occurs between tool and workpiece due to frictional heating and a large part of plastic work dissipating into heat. This phenomenon affects the whole forming process but especially tool wear. Currently, there is little solid information about temperatures occurring during forming operations. Therefore, the temperature was measured based on varying process parameters, sheet materials, and thicknesses in several embossing and blanking examinations. The use of a tool–workpiece thermocouple enabled accurate and instantaneous measurement during the process. The results presented show the strong influence of process and material parameters on temperatures in the forming zone.
Reiseberatung in der Kinderarztpraxis
Authors: Werner Tatjana
Published: May 2019

Die Reisemedizinische Beratung ist in der kinderärztlichen Praxis ein häufiges Thema und umfasst, je nach Zielland, Reisestil und teilnehmenden Reisenden viele verschiedene Inhalte. Für nahezu alle Reisen ist eine Beratung zum Sonnenschutz sinnvoll, da den meisten Patienten weder die Wichtigkeit noch die angemessene Verwendung bekannt ist und die Informationen ebenso für heimatnahe Sonnenbäder gelten. Auch der Schutz vor Unfällen, Insekten, Würmern und giftigen Tieren spielt ebenso wie das Thema (Nahrungsmittel-)Hygiene an vielen Urlaubsorten eine große Rolle. Dazu sollte eine Aufklärung bezüglich impfpräventabler Erkrankungen entsprechend internationalen Leitlinien und Empfehlungen zu einer sinnvollen Ausstattung der Reiseapotheke inkl. homöpathischer Medikamente erfolgen.
Even non-experts identify non-dysplastic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease via chromoendoscopy: results of a screening program in real-life
Authors: Aladrén Beatriz , González-Lama Yago , García-Alvarado María , Sierra Mónica , Barrio Jésus , Vicente Vanesa , Hernández Luis , Velayos Benito , Garcia Lara , Relea Lucia , Suarez Patricia , Atienza Ramón , Vásquez Mónica , Fernández-Salazar Luis , Muñoz Fernando ,   on behalf of GEICYL (group of inflammatory bowel disease of Castilla y León)
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims Chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsy is the technique of choice for colorectal cancer screening in longstanding inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to analyze results of a chromoendoscopy screening program and to assess the possibility of identifying low-risk dysplastic lesions by their endoscopic appearance in order to avoid histological analysis.

Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed chromoendoscopies performed between February 2011 and June 2017 in seven Spanish hospitals in a standardized fashion. We analyzed the findings and the diagnostic yield of the Kudo pit pattern for predicting dysplasia.

Results A total of 709 chromoendoscopies (569 patients) were reviewed. Median duration of disease was 16.7 years (SD 8.1); 80.4 % had ulcerative colitis. A total of 2025 lesions (3.56 lesions per patient) were found; two hundred and thirty-two lesions were neoplastic (11.5 %) (223 were LGD (96.1 %), eight were HGD (3.4 %), and one was colorectal cancer (0.5 %). The correlation between dysplasia and Kudo pit patterns predictors of dysplasia (≥ III) was low, with an area under the curve of 0.649. Kudo I and II lesions were correctly identified with a high negative predictive value (92 %), even by non-experts. Endoscopic activity, Paris 0-Is classification, and right colon localization were risk factors for dysplasia detection, while rectum or sigmoid localization were protective against dysplasia.

Conclusions Chromoendoscopy in the real-life setting detected 11 % of dysplastic lesions with a low correlation with Kudo pit pattern. A high negative predictive value would prevent Kudo I and, probably, Kudo II biopsies in the left colon, reducing procedure time and avoiding complications.
Face validity of a synthetic papilla designed for biliary sphincterotomy training
Authors: van der Wiel Sophia , Koch Arjun , Bruno Marco
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered one of the most technically demanding endoscopic procedures. Still, limited data are available on simulators in ERCP training. Recently, the Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer was validated as a realistic training model by our study group. As an extension to this model, a novel synthetic papilla has been designed allowing to train biliary sphincterotomy. We aimed to determine the face validity of this synthetic papilla and its didactic value for training sphincterotomy.

Methods Expert participants, each with more a than 2500 ERCPs lifetime experience, were invited to perform a biliary sphincterotomy and fill out a questionnaire on the realism of the procedure and the didactic value.

Results A total of 40 ERCP experts were included, originating from 16 different countries. Experts’ opinion on realism of performing a biliary sphincterotomy was rated with a median of 7 on a 10-point Likert scale, resemblance of the performed maneuvers 8 and tactile feedback 7. When asked if the cutting was perceived as realistic, experts rated a 6 and the cutting result was rated 8. The potential of the cutting papilla as a training tool for novices was rated 4 on a 4-point scale and there was a high agreement among the experts to include the papilla in the training of novices (rating 4).

Conclusion This is the first synthetic papilla available for training sphincterotomy on the Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer and it demonstrates good face validity. ERCP experts highly agree on its didactic value and added value in the training curriculum of novice endoscopists.
Herzerweichend, wundervoll, frustrierend – Als Dozent und Therapeut in Malawi und Peru
Authors: Supp Georg
Published: May 2019

Im Mai 2018 reiste Georg Supp als McKenzie-Dozent nach Malawi im Osten Zentralafrikas. Drei Monate später untersuchte und behandelte er im Rahmen einer humanitären Aktion Menschen in Peru. Beide Male fühlte er sich anfangs komplett fehl am Platz. In einem Fall war er aber genau richtig.
Standwaage, Squat und Co. – Neue Serie: Übung des Monats
Authors: Keller Matthias , Hacker Volker
Published: May 2019

Physiotherapeuten haben einen riesigen Schatz an Übungen. Diejenigen, die für Reha und Therapie wichtig sind, schauen sich die Sportphysiotherapeuten Matthias Keller und Volker Hacker in der neuen physiopraxis-Serie „Übung des Monats“ genauer an. Für welche Patienten eignet sich die Übung? Wann setze ich sie ein? Und wie erkenne und korrigiere ich häufige Fehler?
10 Jahre DZD
Authors: Niesing Birgit
Published: May 2019

Ergebnisse aus der Forschung möglichst schnell vom Labor zum Patienten zu bringen (Translation), um Diabetes besser vorbeugen und behandeln zu können sowie Folgeerkrankungen zu vermeiden, ist das Ziel des Deutschen Zentrums für Diabetesforschung (DZD). Das DZD wurde vor 10 Jahren, am 24. Juni 2009, auf Initiative des Bundesforschungsministeriums gegründet. Mehr als 400 Experten unterschiedlicher Disziplinen wie Grundlagenforschung, Epidemiologie, Versorgungsforschung und Klinik arbeiten gemeinsam an neuen personalisierten Präventions- und Therapiekonzepten. Mit Erfolg: Die Forschungsarbeiten des DZD helfen nicht nur, die Entstehung der Stoffwechselerkrankung besser zu verstehen, sondern legen auch wichtige Grundlagen für innovative Präventions- und Behandlungsverfahren.
Infektionen in der Schwangerschaft und frühen Kindheit
Authors: Kick Kerstin , Achenbach Peter
Published: May 2019

Die Autoimmunerkrankung Typ-1-Diabetes ist durch einen Verlust der insulinproduzierenden Betazellen im Pankreas charakterisiert. Infektionen könnten potentielle Umweltfaktoren darstellen, die in genetisch prädisponierten Personen einen Autoimmunprozess gegen die Betazellen auslösen und/oder dessen Progression zum klinisch-manifesten Typ-1-Diabetes beschleunigen. Insbesondere für enterovirale Infektionen wurden Assoziationen mit der Entwicklung von Betazell-Autoimmunität und Typ-1-Diabetes nachgewiesen. Effektive Impfstrategien gegen Enteroviren könnten deshalb in Zukunft zur Prävention des Typ-1-Diabetes dienen.
Bioartifizielle Bauchspeicheldrüse und Xenotransplantation
Authors: Ludwig Barbara
Published: May 2019

Es erscheint heute realistisch zu postulieren, dass die Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus im nächsten Jahrzehnt durch die kombinierte und konzertierte Anwendung von pharmakologischen, technologischen und Zell-basierten Behandlungsstrategien revolutioniert werden könnte. Entscheidend dafür ist die Interaktion von an den Grundlagen orientierten und klinisch tätigen Wissenschaftlern auf den Gebieten der Zellbiologie, Immunologie, Transplantationsmedizin und Diabetologie, aber auch von Materialwissenschaftlern und Biotechnologen. Das Feld der Insel-Verkapselung könnte hier einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten und zur Etablierung einer einfachen und sicheren Therapie zur funktionellen Heilung des Diabetes beitragen.
Individuelle Bedürfnisse von Patienten mit unheilbarem Lungenkrebs im Krankheitsverlauf – eine qualitative Längsschnittstudie
Authors: Stanze Henrikje , Marx Gabriella , Schneider Nils , Nauck Friedemann
Published: May 2019

Hintergrund Lungenkrebs wird häufig in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium diagnostiziert und geht mit einer Vielzahl belastender Symptome einher. Um den Bedürfnissen der Patienten gerecht zu werden, ist eine vertiefte Kenntnis dieser Lebenssituation erforderlich.

Methodik Die qualitative prospektive Längsschnittstudie mit teilstrukturierten Leitfadeninterviews fand im Zeitraum von Februar 2013 bis Mai 2014 mit 4 Erhebungszeitpunkten statt. Insgesamt wurden 43 Interviews mit 17 Patienten geführt und ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Patienten mit Lungenkrebs erfahren Belastungen wie körperliche Schwäche und Distress, die einen Autonomieverlust verdeutlichen. Aufbauend auf diesen Erfahrungen, möchten Patienten mit fortschreitender Erkrankung über die Fragen des zu erwartenden Krankheitsverlaufs aufgeklärt werden, um möglichen körperlichen sowie seelischen Belastungen durch eine gezielte medizinische aber auch lebensweltliche Vorausplanung entgegenwirken zu können. Die Analyse ergab vier Bedürfnistypen: 1) ‚Der emotional Handelnde‘, 2) ‚Der genügsame Einsame‘, 3) ‚Der gefangene Rationalist‘, 4) ‚Der soziale Kämpfer‘. Typenbedingt weisen die Patienten unterschiedliche Bedürfnisse darin auf, welche Themen sie partizipativ mitentscheiden möchten: bei Typ 2) und 4) kann nicht die Planung der nächsten tumortherapeutischen Schritte, sondern die Planung zur Bewältigung des alltäglichen Lebens im Fokus liegen.

Schlussfolgerung Patienten mit Lungenkrebs würde ein frühzeitiges und wiederholtes Gesprächsangebot nach dem Advance Care Planning-Konzept zugutekommen, um künftige Behandlungen nach ihren individuellen Bedürfnissen planen zu können.
Evaluation of Healthcare-Acquired Infection Rates in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Turkey
Authors: Ayar Ganime , Yakut Halil Ibrahim , Men Atmaca Yasemin , Emeksiz Serhat , Özkaya Parlakay Aslınur
Published: May 2019

Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) have become a major concern and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate HAI rates as well as the rates of invasive device utilization at a PICU at a large tertiary care pediatric teaching hospital from a developing country over a 4-year period, and to compare findings with those of the National Health Safety Network United States, the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, and Turkey's national HAI rates. An active prospective surveillance was performed at a tertiary care PICU from January 2014 to December 2017. It was especially analyzed for nosocomial infections, related to invasive devices: the central line catheter (CL), mechanical ventilator (MV), and the urinary catheter (UC). During the 4-year period, a total of 2,855 patient admissions and 30,499 patient-days were evaluated. The device-associated (DA)-HAI incidence density was 17.57 per 1,000 patient-days, and the incidence rate was 18.8 per 100 admissions. The most common site of the DA-HAIs was ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with the highest rate (60.9%). The second was the central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI) rate (24.8%). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) rank third (14.3%). The HAI location was VAP in 187 patients (11.31/1,000 MV-days), CLA-BSI in 76 patients (4.39/1,000 CL-days), and CA-UTI in 44 patients (3.35/1,000 UC-days). The most frequent pathogens, isolated from the overall DA-HAIs as being causative microorganisms were Acinetobacter baumannii (23%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%). Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to Carbapenem was 76.47%, and methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus was 50% at the pediatric ICU. This study reported data on incidence rates as well as pathogens of HAIs from a developing country's PICU, which may later supply useful data about other pediatric hospitals.
Resumption of Positive-Pressure Ventilation Devices for Obstructive Sleep Apnea following Transsphenoidal Surgery: An Institutional Experience of a Surgical Cohort
Authors: Gravbrot Nicholas , Jahnke Heidi , White William L. , Little Andrew S.
Published: May 2019

Objectives Transsphenoidal surgery creates a skull base defect that may cause postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage or pneumocephalus. This study reviewed the institutional experience of a pituitary center in managing patients who use positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) devices for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after transsphenoidal surgery, which risks disturbing the skull base repair.

Design Retrospective review.

Setting Pituitary referral center in a major metropolitan medical center.

Methods PPV was resumed at the discretion of the treatment team based on intraoperative findings and OSA severity. Perioperative complications related to resuming and withholding PPV were recorded.

Participants Transsphenoidal surgery patients with OSA using PPV devices.

Main Outcome Measures Intracranial complications before and after resuming PPV.

Results A total of 42 patients met the study criteria. Intraoperative CSF leakage was encountered and repaired in 20 (48%) patients. Overall, 38 patients resumed PPV (median: 3.5 weeks postsurgery; range: 0.14–52 weeks) and 4 patients did not resume PPV. Postoperatively, no patient experienced CSF leakage or pneumocephalus before or after resuming PPV. Four (10%) patients required temporary nocturnal supplemental oxygen at home, one patient was reintubated after a myocardial infarction, and one patient had a prolonged hospital stay due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation.

Conclusions Resuming PPV use after transsphenoidal surgery did not result in intracranial complications. However, delay in resuming PPV resulted in four patients requiring oxygen at home. We propose a preliminary PPV device management algorithm based on the size of the intraoperative CSF leak to facilitate future studies.
Origin of planar Hall effect in type-II Weyl semimetal MoTe2
Authors: Liang D. D. , Wang Y. J. , Zhen W. L. , Yang J. , Weng S. R. , Yan X. , Han Y. Y. , Tong W. , Zhu W. K. , Pi L. , Zhang C. J.
Published: May 2019

Besides the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance (MR), planar Hall effect (PHE) is a newly emerging experimental tool to test the chiral anomaly or nontrivial Berry curvature in Weyl semimetals (WSMs). However, the origins of PHE in various systems are not fully distinguished and understood. Here we perform a systematic study on the PHE and anisotropic MR (AMR) of Td-MoTe2, a type-II WSM. Although the PHE and AMR curves can be well fitted by the theoretical formulas, we demonstrate that the anisotropic resistivity arises from the orbital MR (OMR), instead of the negative MR as expected in the chiral anomaly effect. In contrast, the positive MR indicates that the large OMR dominates over the chiral anomaly effect. This explains why it is difficult to measure negative MR in type-II WSMs. We argue that the measured PHE can be related with the chiral anomaly only when the negative MR is simultaneously observed.
Nanoformulations can significantly affect pesticide degradation and uptake by earthworms and plants
Authors: Fojtová Dana , Vašíčková Jana , Grillo Renato , Bílková Zuzana , Šimek Zdenek , Neuwirthová Natália , Kah Melanie , Hofman Jakub
Published: May 2019

Environmental contextNanopesticides are increasingly being developed for agricultural use, but knowledge concerning their environmental fate and effects is limited. This microcosm study brings new results about soil fate and bioaccumulation of polymeric or lipid nanoparticles carrying chlorpyrifos or tebuconazole. The nanoformulations significantly altered the fate and bioavailability of the pesticides in soil even under the real-world and complex conditions of microcosms.
AbstractAn increasing number of nanoformulated pesticides (nanopesticides) have been developed in recent years with the aim to improve pesticide efficiencies and reduce their impact on the environment and human health. However, knowledge about their environmental fate and effects is still very limited. This study compares the soil fate and bioaccumulation of four model nanopesticides (chlorpyrifos and tebuconazole loaded on polymeric and lipid nanocarriers) relative to the conventional formulations and pure active ingredients (all added at 0.5mgkg−1) in microcosms containing earthworms Eisenia fetida and lettuce Lactuca sativa in two soils (LUFA 2.1 and 2.4) over a period of four months. The nanoformulations increased the soil half-life of the pesticides by up to 2 times (e.g. chlorpyrifos with lipid nanocarrier and tebuconazole with polymeric nanocarrier in LUFA 2.1), probably as a direct consequence of the slow release of the pesticide from the nanocarriers. Pesticide bioaccumulation in earthworms was often increased for the nanopesticides probably as a result of their enhanced bioavailability. The nanoformulations were also shown to affect the pesticide bioaccumulation in plants, but trends were inconsistent. Overall, the microcosm results demonstrated that nanoformulations can significantly alter the fate and bioavailability of pesticides. However, generalisations were difficult to make as the impacts depended on the type of nanocarrier, pesticide, soil used and time scale. We believe that our study contributes towards the critical mass of case studies needed to enable a judging of the benefits versus risks of nanopesticides.
Unconventional secretory pathway activation restores hair cell mechanotransduction in an USH3A model
Authors: Gopal Suhasini R. , Lee Yvonne T. , Stepanyan Ruben , McDermott Brian M. , Alagramam Kumar N.
Published: May 2019

Significance

We report on a zebrafish model of hearing loss in Usher syndrome type IIIA caused by pathogenic variant c.144T>G (p.N48K) in the clarin1 gene (CLRN1). We expressedCLRN1c.144T>Gin wild-type or clarin1 knockout zebrafish and then probed these animals with genetic or pharmaceutical small-molecular agents. Our findings revealed that the CLRN1N48Kprotein is transported to the hair cell bundle via an unconventional secretory pathway, and activation of this pathway using artemisinin, an antimalarial drug, enhanced CLRN1N48Klevels in hair cell bundles and rescued their functions. Our report demonstrates a paradigm to evaluate the functional consequence of human pathogenic variants in hair cells in vivo and reveals artemisinin’s therapeutic potential to mitigate sensory deficits inCLRN1c.144T>Gand other endoplasmic reticulum aggregation disorders.
Circumventing kinetics in biogeochemical modeling
Authors: Louca Stilianos , Scranton Mary I. , Taylor Gordon T. , Astor Yrene M. , Crowe Sean A. , Doebeli Michael
Published: May 2019

Significance

Predicting biochemical processes driven by microbes in the environment remains challenging, because the “kinetic” parameters conventionally used to predict reaction rates are usually poorly known. Here we mathematically show that in poorly mixed systems, such as stagnant waters, bulk biochemical reaction rates can become limited by the slow transport of substrates across space and essentially independent of kinetic parameters. We demonstrate our arguments for a large and heavily studied ocean basin, where we accurately predict the microbially driven fluxes of various substances, across a depth range of hundreds of meters. Our work opens up avenues for predicting ecosystem processes without knowledge of kinetic parameters and without laborious chemical profile measurements.
Approaching the typology and diachrony of morphological reversals
Authors: Igartua Iván
Published: May 2019

Inverse marking in inflectional morphology represents a particular type of mismatch between morphological form and syntactic or semantic function. This kind of morpheme interchange has been found in several languages thus far, but it is not usually included in morphological studies. There have been significant advances in recent times regarding the synchronic description and theoretical assessment of morphological reversals, but the diachronic treatment of this set of phenomena is at most in its incipient stage. Despite the overall scarcity of historical data on the rise of inverse marking patterns, there is, nonetheless, a certain amount of evidence that allows for an understanding of the dynamics of morphological polarity in a diachronic perspective. This paper first provides a revised typology of morphological reversals and then examines two processes of change leading to the appearance of inverse encoding patterns in two inflectional systems (declensional paradigms in Old French and the feature of number in Upper Sorbian). Although differing in important respects (such as the extent to which they can be considered reversals), both innovations demonstrate some of the motives, mechanisms, and functional principles underlying the emergence of inverse marking patterns in inflectional morphology.
Diachronic morphology, indexical function and a critique of the morphome analysis
Authors: Juul Nielsen Peter
Published: May 2019

With a critical assessment of morphomic morphology (Aronoff 1994, Maiden 2008) as point of departure, this paper presents an analysis of the structure of the Danish verb forstå ‘understand’ and its development from Early Middle Danish to Modern Danish. Based on a semiotic-functional framework (Andersen 1980, 2010; Harder 1996), the analysis examines the strong past tense form forstod ‘understood’ and its relation to the inflection of the simplex verb stå ‘stand’. The original isomorphism between expression plane and content plane has been lost, but indexical relations on the two planes ensure that structural meaningfulness is maintained. The structure and development of forstå is compared to that of the verb overvære ‘attend, witness’, and the paper offers an alternative strategy to Aronoff’s (1976, 1994) morphome analysis of English understand.