bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traffic noise models and noise guidelines: A review
Authors: Ibili Fidelma , Adanu Emmanuel K. , Adams Charles A. , Andam-Akorful Samuel A. , Turay Simeon S. , Ajayi Samuel A.
Published: November 2021

Traffic noise is a major cause of noise pollution, and impacts of noise pollution on humans have been studied extensively. Previous studies have helped in the development of traffic noise prediction analysis using robust analytical and computational models, parameters connected with traffic, road characteristics, and environment. This study reviewed 11 traffic noise modeling strategies and parameters used by various agencies in different parts of the world. Seven out of the 11 models reviewed in this paper were based on outdoor measurements while the remaining four were based on outdoor and indoor measurements. Considering the cost and time involved in developing these models, there is need to understand existing traffic noise models, differences, and assumptions before adopting or recalibrating them for local demands. This study contributes to the larger body of knowledge and intends to serve as a reference material for future researchers in the area of traffic noise modeling and techniques.
‘A Couple of These Videos Is All You Really Needed to Get Pumped to Skate’: Subcultural Media, Nostalgia and Re-Viewing 1990s Skate Media on YouTube
Authors: Thurnell-Read Thomas
Published: November 2021

The reappearance of VHS skateboarding movies produced during the 1990s on YouTube presents a timely opportunity to examine how the subcultural identities of former skateboarders are reassessed in later life. Drawing on subcultural studies and theories of mediated memory, this article analyses comments made by viewers of YouTube re-postings of 411 Video Magazine, an era-defining skateboard movie series of the 1990s. The analysis suggests that re-viewing content of once cherished VHS tapes affords former skaters a nostalgic moment of reconnection with their youth involving a combination of three forms of nostalgia: subcultural nostalgia, biographical nostalgia, and format nostalgia. For many viewers, re-viewing skate videos retrospectively recognizes the formative role skateboarding played in shaping their identity and also allows an appraisal of both the past subcultural formation and the media format through which its values were expressed and communicated.
Polymicrobial keratitis after accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: Case reports and literature review
Authors: Lu Ying , Yin Yewei , Hu Tu , Du Kaixuan , Fu Yanyan , Xiang Aiqun , Fu Qiuman , Wu Xiaoying , Li Yuanjun , Wen Dan
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To report two cases of polymicrobial keratitis following corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus and to review the literature.

Methods

Retrospective case note and literature review.

Results

The first case involved a 27-year-old male who presented with amebic corneal ulcers 3 days after the collagen cross-linking procedure. Some gram-negative (gram-ve) cocci were found upon staining, and cysts were observed by confocal microscopy at 7 days after surgery. Acanthamoeba infection mixed with gram-ve organisms was diagnosed. In the second case, a 14-year male developed Staphylococcus aureus corneal infection with anterior chamber empyema 3 days after the collagen cross-linking procedure for keratoconus. Occasional gram-positive (gram + ve) cocci and gram-ve bacilli were observed under a microscope. The mixed keratitis in the two patients resolved after systemic and topical antibiotic therapy, but the infection ultimately resulted in corneal scarring. Follow-up keratoplasty was needed to improve vision acuity in both patients.

Conclusion

Although ultraviolet irradiation and the reactive oxygen released by riboflavin during collagen cross-linking have bactericidal effects, a lack of a corneal epithelial barrier, bandage contact lens usage, perioperative hygiene, and an abnormal immune state are risk factors for infectious keratitis after collagen cross-linking. Perioperative management of collagen cross-linking is important to prevent infection.
Toward better characterization of restricted and unusual interests in youth with autism
Authors: Uljarević Mirko , Alvares Gail A , Steele Morgan , Edwards Jaelyn , Frazier Thomas W , Hardan Antonio Y , Whitehouse Andrew JO
Published: November 2021

Despite their high prevalence and clinical importance in autism, unusual and restricted interests remain under-researched and poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the frequency and type of interests in autism by coding caregivers’ open-ended responses in a sample of 237 autistic children and adolescents ( Mage = 8.27 years, SDage = 4.07; range: 2.08–18.25 years). It further aimed to explore the effects of age, sex, cognitive functioning and social and communication deficits on the number and type of interests. We found that 75% of autistic youth had at least one interest and that 50% of those children showed two or more different interests. The most frequent interests were sensory-based (43%), with a majority of these interests relating to the visual modality. Interest within vehicles/transportation, fictional characters, television/digital versatile disk/movies, computers, and video games, constructive, mechanical objects, animals and plants, and attachment to specific objects were also prevalent. Logistic regression showed that being male, having a co-occurring intellectual disability and having more severe social and communication impairments were associated with a higher probability of having one or more restricted interests. Sex was significantly associated with the type (χ2 = 37.52, Phi = 0.37, p = 0.021) of restricted interests, with females showing a significantly higher percentage of creative interests and males significantly higher percentage of interest in characters, vehicles/transportation, computers/video games, mechanical objects and constructive interests. Theoretical and measurement implications are discussed.

Lay abstract

Despite being highly prevalent among people with autism, restricted and unusual interests remain under-researched and poorly understood. This article confirms that restricted interests are very frequent and varied among children and adolescents with autism. It also further extends current knowledge in this area by characterizing the relationship between the presence, number, and type of restricted interests with chronological age, sex, cognitive functioning, and social and communication symptoms.
Numerical investigation of the effect of injection strategy on a high-pressure isobaric combustion engine
Authors: Liu Xinlei , Aljabri Hammam , Al-lehaibi Moaz , AlRamadan Abdullah S , Badra Jihad , Im Hong G
Published: November 2021

High-pressure isobaric combustion adopted in the double compression expansion engine (DCEE) has the prospect to achieve higher thermal efficiency compared to conventional diesel combustion. This work numerically explored the effects of various injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of isobaric combustion. The study developed a mathematical model to predict the injection rate profile. After validations, extensive simulations were conducted with a peak pressure of up to 300 bar – mimicking the high-pressure unit of DCEE. Several major engine design parameters such as the exhaust recirculation gas (EGR) rate, engine speed, injection strategy, and intake pressure were varied and evaluated. The results demonstrated that a higher EGR rate resulted in a higher exhaust loss but a lower heat transfer loss owing to the lower combustion temperature, so the thermal efficiency exhibited a firstly growing and then declining trend. Besides, a higher engine speed generated a higher thermal efficiency due to the shorter combustion duration and thus lower heat transfer loss. Consequently, a peak thermal efficiency of 47.5% was achieved at EGR = 50% and 1800 rpm. The high-pressure cylinder performance can also be improved with an appropriate introduction of the isochoric combustion, but its impact on the whole DCEE setup needs further investigation.
Probiotics for Mental Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Kazlausky Esquivel Monica
Published: November 2021

The digestive system is involved in providing both regulatory and biochemical signaling to the nervous system via the gut–brain axis. Major brain neurotransmitters within the enteric nervous system include acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are triggered by various stimuli within the digestive system, including the microbiota. Associations between the gut microbiome and activation of neuroreceptors and neurotransmitters are related to factors such as appetite control, mood, and memory. This column presents the results of a brief review of recently published clinical trials related to gut microbiome interventions (n = 11) that aimed to address a variety of mental health outcomes. The impacts of probiotics on mental health and other clinical outcomes vary by the health of study participants. Continuing research on the mental health benefits of probiotics in healthy individuals is necessary.
Turkish validity and reliability of the individual cultural values scale on nurses
Authors: Bilgin Nurcan , Kutlu Adalet
Published: November 2021

Background

Nurses need to understand their own cultures in order to care for patients in ways that are based on the cultural structure of the patient, which means to the patient’s cultural values and beliefs.

Aim

This study was conducted in Turkey, and the aim of the study was to test the Turkish validity and reliability of the Individual Cultural Values Scale (CVSCALE) for nurses.

Methods

This research was a methodological study. The sample of the research was composed of 256 nurses. The reliability and validity analyses were performed such as additivity, Cronbach’s alpha, response bias, language, content, and construct validity. Ethical approval was obtained for the research.

Results

The content validity index of the scale was .91. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the model had a good fit, and five dimensions of the scale were confirmed. The internal consistencies of subscales, except those for power distance and masculinity, were very reliable. The test–retest correlations were found to be very high for the CVSCALE.

Conclusion

The Turkish form of the Individual Cultural Values Scale that was conducted on nurses had acceptable levels of validity and reliability. Measuring culture at the individual level is important for transcultural nursing, and it will contribute to the creation of nursing policies in Turkey.
α4β7 integrin-dependent adhesion of T cells to MAdCAM-1 is blocked by vedolizumab in patients with chronic refractory pouchitis
Authors: Melde Michaela , Müller Tanja M. , Schneider Ines , Geppert Carol-Immanuel , Mühl Laura , Besendorf Laura , Allner Clarissa , Becker Emily , Atreya Imke , Vitali Francesco , Atreya Raja , Neurath Markus F. , Zundler Sebastian
Published: November 2021

Background:

The anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab is an established therapeutic option for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It has also been successfully used in patients with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis following proctocolectomey with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. However, the expression and function of gut-homing markers as well as strategies to predict the response to vedolizumab in pouchitis are understudied so far.

Methods:

We used flow cytometry and dynamic adhesion assays to study the expression and function of gut-homing integrins on T cells from patients with pouchitis and controls as well as longitudinally during therapy of pouchitis with vedolizumab. Moreover, we describe clinical effects of vedolizumab in a cohort of patients with pouchitis.

Results:

T cells from patients with pouchitis express a specific profile of gut-homing integrins. Integrin α4β7 on T cells from patients with pouchitis mediates adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1, which can be blocked by vedolizumab in vitro. Vedolizumab efficiently treats pouchitis in a portion of patients and response correlates with dynamic adhesion profiles to MAdCAM-1.

Conclusion:

Our data suggest that T cell trafficking seems to be important for the pathogenesis of pouchitis and support the therapeutic use of vedolizumab. Integrin function might serve as a biomarker to predict response to vedolizumab.
Preferences and satisfaction of IBD patients after switching from adalimumab 40 mg weekly to 80 mg every other week given as a single injection: the ADASCAL study
Authors: Taxonera Carlos , Martínez-Montiel María Pilar , Barreiro-de-Acosta Manuel , Vera Isabel , Lorente Rufo , Vega Pablo , Diz-Lois María Teresa , Fuentes Coronel Ana María , Pérez Calle José Lázaro , Casis Begoña , Ferreiro-Iglesias Rocío , Calvo Marta , Olivares David , Alba Cristina
Published: November 2021

Background:

A recently registered device containing 80 mg of adalimumab (ADA) allows an alternative dose escalation regimen with ADA 80 mg every other week (EOW) given as a single subcutaneous injection instead of 40 mg every week. The ADASCAL study evaluated the preferences and satisfaction of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients after switching their ADA regimen from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW given with a single-dose pen.

Methods:

In this multicentre cross-sectional study, patients in whom the ADA regimen was changed from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW completed the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4), a four-item questionnaire [a Likert-type 5-point scale for preferences, two closed questions for convenience and a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess which escalated ADA regimen patients would prefer to continue] and two Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaires: the generic European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) and disease-specific Spanish version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ-9).

Results:

In total, 77 patients (64 Crohn’s disease and 13 ulcerative colitis) were included. The TSQM score showed a notably high global satisfaction [83.4, standard deviation (SD) = 14.1] of patients with ADA 80 mg EOW given with a single-dose pen, with high TSQM scores for individual components: effectiveness (77.6, SD = 16.9), convenience (83.7, SD = 14.5) and side effects (86.1, SD = 23.4). Most of the patients (74%) preferred the ADA EOW regimen (59.7% had strong preference, 14.3% slight preference). ADA EOW interferes less with daily activity (59.7%) and with travel plans (81.8%). Most patients (77%) would prefer to continue with ADA EOW (mean VAS score of 84.7, SD = 24.1, where 100 indicates a preference for ADA EOW). Patients reported high HRQoL scores on both the EQ-5D (72.3, SD = 20.1) and SIBDQ-9 (75.1, SD = 14.7).

Conclusion:

IBD patients in whom the ADA regimen was changed from 40 mg weekly to 80 mg EOW reported a higher preference for the EOW regimen and therefore most decided to continue with a single self-injection EOW.
ImpulsePal: The systematic development of a smartphone app to manage food temptations using intervention mapping
Authors: van Beurden Samantha B , Greaves Colin J , Abraham Charles , Lawrence Natalia S , Smith Jane R
Published: November 2021

Background

Impulsive processes driving eating behaviour can often undermine peoples’ attempts to change their behaviour, lose weight and maintain weight loss.

Aim

To develop an impulse management intervention to support weight loss in adults.

Methods

Intervention Mapping (IM) was used to systematically develop the “ImpulsePal” intervention. The development involved: (1) a needs assessment including a qualitative study, Patient and Public advisory group and expert group consultations, and a systematic review of impulse management techniques; (2) specification of performance objectives, determinants, and change objectives; (3) selection of intervention strategies (mapping of change techniques to the determinants of change); (4) creation of programme materials; (5) specification of adoption and implementation plans; (6) devising an evaluation plan.

Results

Application of the IM Protocol resulted in a smartphone app that could support reductions in unhealthy (energy dense) food consumption, overeating, and alcoholic and sugary drink consumption. ImpulsePal includes inhibition training, mindfulness techniques, implementation intentions (if-then planning), visuospatial loading, use of physical activity for craving management, and context-specific reminders. An “Emergency Button” was also included to provide access to in-the-moment support when temptation is strong.

Conclusions

ImpulsePal is a novel, theory- and evidence-informed, person-centred app that aims to support impulse management for healthier eating. Intervention Mapping facilitated the incorporation of app components that are practical operationalisations of change techniques targeting our specific change objectives and their associated theoretical determinants. Using IM enabled transparency and provided a clear framework for evaluation, and enhances replicability and the potential of the intervention to accomplish the desired outcome of facilitating weight loss through dietary change.
The effect of early mobilization on functional outcomes after hip surgery in the Chinese population – A multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Xiang Zhou , Chen Zhong , Wang Pengcheng , Zhang Kun , Liu Fan , Zhang Changqing , Wong Tak-Man , Li Wilson , Leung Frankie
Published: November 2021

Objective

To compare the functional status and quality of life (QoL) between patients who underwent an early mobilization scheme and those who underwent a late mobilization scheme after hip fracture fixation surgery in elderly Chinese patients.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study. Patients (≥65 years old) with unstable intertrochanteric fractures treated with intramedullary nails were recruited from nine centers in China. Study centers either performed early mobilization or late mobilization scheme. All patients performed immediate in-bed mobilization after surgery and followed a standardized daily exercise program at home during the first 12 weeks. Functional status was measured by the Modified Barthel Index at postoperative visit, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. QoL was measured by the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) at 12 weeks.

Results

One hundred and forty-eight patients were enrolled to early mobilization, and 136 to late mobilization. At 6 weeks, early mobilization resulted in a significantly better Modified Barthel Index than late mobilization (mean [SD]: 83.7 [12.0] vs. 67.0 [17.5], p < .001). Adjusted mixed effects model showed significantly higher Modified Barthel Index for early mobilization at postoperative visit, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks (all p < .001). Patients in the early mobilization group had slightly better EQ-5D Index at 12 weeks than patients in the late mobilization group (mean: 0.91 vs 0.87, p = .002).

Conclusions

Early postoperative mobilization resulted in better functional outcomes up to 12 weeks. QoL was rated statistically significantly better in the early mobilization group, but the difference was small and may not be clinically relevant.
Towards the Underlying Theories of Small Firm Growth: A Literature Review
Authors: Hafiz Nusrat , Latiff Ahmad Shaharudin Abdul , Islam Md Asadul , Saif Abu Naser Mohammad , Wahab Sazali Abd
Published: November 2021

As a pre-condition for the economic growth of a country, the concept of firm growth has emerged as a critical strategic issue for small businesses from the strategic management perspective. While some literature reviews have been conducted on small firm growth, a comprehensive review of theories emphasizing the association of intangible resources with the growth of small firms has not been conducted. This study aims to provide a literature review of extant theoretical perspectives of small businesses literature. For the review, materials are collected and extracted from various online databases, and results are analysed using classifier variables. Five theories of firm growth, namely, the resource-based theory, knowledge-based theory, dynamic capabilities theory, upper echelon theory and resource-dependency theory, are selected to review, associating the present research aim. The theories are compared using key attributes and outcomes. A clear direction towards an optimum theory to underpin the small firms’ growth has been provided from a resource-management perspective. By validating various theoretical perspectives to explain small business growth, the present study provides first-hand insights for managers to formulate strategies and creates a cornerstone for future empirical studies.
Adapting Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Terry Christian , Penland Michael , Garland Devon , Wang Wendy , Burton Taylor , Dark-Freudeman Alissa
Published: November 2021

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have received increased clinical attention in recent years. While some MBI research has focused on healthy older adults, research with more emotionally and physically vulnerable populations, such as residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs), is lacking. The current paper presents quantitative and qualitative results from a pilot study of an individual MBI designed for residents of LTCFs. Participants included 8 residents from two skilled nursing facilities in the southeastern United States. Data were collected between October 2016 through June 2017. A modified MBI is proposed with specific adaptations for LTCF residents. Recommended adaptations for LTCFs include a shift from a group to an individual format, individual weekly instructor–participant meetings, removal of the yoga and full-day silent retreat and shortening the duration of the formal practices. The current study found that these adaptations result in an individual MBI that is accessible to most LTCF residents while still providing the associated benefits of traditional group MBIs.
Novel avenues to approach non-CPAP therapy and implement comprehensive obstructive sleep apnoea care
Authors: Pépin Jean-Louis , Eastwood Peter , Eckert Danny J.
Published: November 2021

Recent advances in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) pathophysiology and translational research have opened new lines of investigation for OSA treatment and management. Key goals of such investigations are to provide efficacious, alternative treatment and management pathways that are better tailored to individual risk profiles to move beyond the traditional continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-focused, “one size fits all” trial-and-error approach, which is too frequently inadequate for many patients. Identification of different clinical manifestations of OSA (clinical phenotypes) and underlying pathophysiological phenotypes (endotypes) that contribute to OSA have provided novel insights into underlying mechanisms and have underpinned these efforts. Indeed, this new knowledge has provided the framework for precision medicine for OSA to improve treatment success rates with existing non-CPAP therapies such as mandibular advancement devices and upper airway surgery, and newly developed therapies such as hypoglossal nerve stimulation and emerging therapies such as pharmacotherapies and combination therapy. Additionally, these concepts have provided insight into potential physiological barriers to CPAP adherence for certain patients. This review summarises the recent advances in OSA pathogenesis, non-CPAP treatment, clinical management approaches and highlights knowledge gaps for future research. OSA endotyping and clinical phenotyping, risk stratification and personalised treatment allocation approaches are rapidly evolving and will further benefit from the support of recent advances in e-health and artificial intelligence.
Latent tuberculosis screening and treatment in HIV: highly acceptable in a prospective cohort study
Authors: White Helena A. , Okhai Hajra , Sahota Amandip , Maltby John , Stephenson Iain , Patel Hemu , Hefford Philip M. , Wiselka Martin J. , Pareek Manish
Published: November 2021

Background

People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of re-activation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Although UK and international guidelines identify this group as a priority for LTBI screening and treatment, data on attitudes of PLWH to this policy recommendation are lacking.

Methods

A five-point, Likert-style questionnaire was administered to PLWH to assess views and intentions towards accepting LTBI screening and treatment. Subsequent interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) testing was offered, and chemoprophylaxis if required. Influencing demographic and psychological associations with planned, and actual, testing and treatment uptake were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

444 out of 716 (62%) patients responded. 417 out of 437 (95.4%) expressed intention to accept LTBI testing. The only significant association was the perceived importance of testing to the individual (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8.98, 95% CI 2.55–31.67). 390 out of 393 (99.2%) accepted appropriate IGRA screening; 41 out of 390 (10.5%) were positive. 397 out of 431 (92.1%) expressed intention to accept chemoprophylaxis, associated with perceived importance of treatment (aOR 3.52, 95% CI 1.46–8.51), a desire to have treatment for LTBI (aOR 1.77, 95% CI 0.99–3.15) and confidence in taking treatment (aOR 3.77, 95% CI 1.84–7.72). Of those offered chemoprophylaxis, 36 out of 37 (97.3%) accepted and 34 out of 36 (94.4%) completed treatment. There were no correlates with actual screening acceptance.

Conclusions

LTBI is common amongst PLWH, highlighting the importance of robust screening and treatment programmes. This study shows that screening and treatment for LTBI is highly acceptable to PLWH and provides strong, objective evidence for policy-makers developing guidelines in this cohort.
Antimicrobial susceptibility, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence of listeria isolated from a slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Wu Liting , Bao Hongduo , Yang Zhengquan , He Tao , Tian Yuan , Zhou Yan , Pang Maoda , Wang Ran , Zhang Hui
Published: November 2021

Background

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the deadliest foodborne pathogens. The bacterium can tolerate severe environments through biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, virulence, and molecular epidemiology about Listeria from meat processing environments.

Methods

This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a standard microbroth dilution method. The harboring of resistant genes was identified by polymerase chain reaction. The multilocus sequence typing was used to determine the subtyping of the isolates and characterize possible routes of contamination from meat processing environments. The virulence of different STs of L. monocytogenes isolates was evaluated using a Caco-2 cell invasion assay.

Results

A total of 59 Listeria isolates were identified from 320 samples, including 37 L. monocytogenes isolates (62.71%). This study evaluated the virulence of L. monocytogenes and the antibiotic resistance of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. The susceptibility of these 59 isolates against 8 antibiotics was analyzed, and the resistance levels to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and lincomycin were as high as 98.31% (L. m 37; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), 96.61% (L. m 36; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), and 93.22% (L. m 35; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 13), respectively. More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to three to six antibiotics, indicating that Listeria isolated from meat processing environments had high antimicrobial resistance. Up to 60% of the isolates harbored the tetracycline-resistance genes tetA and tetM. The frequency of ermA, ermB, ermC, and aac(6′)-Ib was 16.95, 13.56, 15.25, and 6.78%, respectively. Notably, the resistant phenotype and genotype did not match exactly, suggesting that the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of these isolates were likely related to the processing environment. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 59 Listeria isolates were grouped into 10 sequence types (STs). The dominant L. monocytogenes STs were ST5, ST9, and ST121 in the slaughtering and processing plant of Jiangsu province. Moreover, ST5 subtypes exhibited high invasion in Caco-2 cells compared with ST9 and ST121 cells.

Conclusion

The dominant L. monocytogenes ST5 persisted in the slaughtering and processing plant and had high antimicrobial resistance and invasion characteristics, illustrating a potential risk in food safety and human health.
RLEP LAMP for the laboratory confirmation of leprosy: towards a point-of-care test
Authors: Saar Malkin , Beissner Marcus , Gültekin Fatih , Maman Issaka , Herbinger Karl-Heinz , Bretzel Gisela
Published: November 2021

Background

Nucleic acid-based amplification tests (NAAT), above all (q)PCR, have been applied for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy cases and household contacts with subclinical infection. However, their application in the field poses a range of technical challenges. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), as a promising point-of-care NAAT does not require sophisticated laboratory equipment, is easy to perform, and is applicable for decentralized diagnosis at the primary health care level. Among a range of gene targets, the M. leprae specific repetitive element RLEP is regarded as highly sensitive and specific for diagnostic applications. 

Methods

Our group developed and validated a dry-reagent-based (DRB) RLEP LAMP, provided product specifications for customization of a ready-to-use kit (intended for commercial production) and compared it against the in-house prototype. The assays were optimized for application on a Genie® III portable fluorometer. For technical validation, 40 “must not detect RLEP” samples derived from RLEP qPCR negative exposed and non-exposed individuals, as well as from patients with other conditions and a set of closely related mycobacterial cultures, were tested together with 25 “must detect RLEP” samples derived from qPCR confirmed leprosy patients. For clinical validation, 150 RLEP qPCR tested samples were analyzed, consisting of the following categories: high-positive samples of multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients (> 10.000 bacilli/extract), medium-positive samples of MB leprosy patients (1.001–10.000 bacilli/extract), low-positive samples of MB leprosy patients (1–1.000 bacilli/extract), endemic controls and healthy non-exposed controls; each n = 30. 

Results

Technical validation: both LAMP formats had a limit of detection of 1.000 RLEP copies, i.e. 43–27 bacilli, a sensitivity of 92% (in-house protocol)/100% (ready-to-use protocol) and a specificity of 100%. Reagents were stable for at least 1 year at 22 °C. Clinical validation: Both formats showed a negativity rate of 100% and a positivity rate of 100% for high-positive samples and 93–100% for medium positive samples, together with a positive predictive value of 100% and semi-quantitative results. The positivity rate for low-positive samples was 77% (in-house protocol)/43% (ready-to-use protocol) and differed significantly between both formats. 

Conclusions

The ready-to-use RLEP DRB LAMP assay constitutes an ASSURED test ready for field-based evaluation trials aiming for routine diagnosis of leprosy at the primary health care level.
A multicentre, multi-national, double-blind, randomised, active-controlled, parallel-group clinical study to assess the safety and efficacy of PDA10 (Epoetin-Alfa) vs. Eprex® in patients with anaemia of chronic renal failure
Authors: Lim Soo Kun , Goh Bak Leong , Visvanathan Ravindran , Kim Su Hyun , Jeon Jin Seok , Kim Sung Gyun , Chang Jae Hyun , Lim Chun Soo , Morad Zaki
Published: November 2021

Background

Erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) has been standard of care in treating renal anaemia for the past 20 years. Many patients have limited access to ESA in view of long-term costs leading to suboptimal ESA dosage. Biosimilar epoetin is a potential cost-effective alternative to originator for optimal renal anaemia management.

Objective

To determine efficacy and safety of PDA10 in treating renal anaemia in haemodialysis patients, in comparison to the originator epoetin-α, Eprex®.

Methods

A phase 3, multicentre, multi-national, double-blind, randomised, active-controlled and parallel group study conducted over 40 weeks in Malaysia and Korea. End stage kidney disease patients undergoing regular haemodialysis who were on erythropoietin treatment were recruited. The study has 3 phases, which included a 12-week titration phase, followed by 28-week double-blind treatment phase and 24-week open-label extension phase.

Results

The PDA10 and Eprex® were shown to be therapeutically equivalent (p < 0.0001) with mean absolute change in haemoglobin from baseline of − 0.176 (± 0.91) g/dl and − 0.118 (± 1.114) g/dl, respectively. Weekly dose change was 10.01 IU/kg/week in PDA10 group and 10.30 IU/kg/week in Eprex® group, which has no significant difference. There were no significant differences in the safety profile between PDA10 and Eprex® groups.

Conclusion

This study has confirmed the therapeutic equivalence between PDA10 and Eprex® in terms of efficacy, dosage requirement and safety profile in haemodialysis patients with renal anaemia.

Trial registration

The study was registered with the National Medical Research Register (NMRR-13-400-16313). This study has been registered retrospectively with Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS), Republic of Korea on 25 March 2021.
‘Trend in premature mortality from four major NCDs in Nanjing, China, 2007–2018’
Authors: Yang Huafeng , Fu Yali , Hong Xin , Yu Hao , Wang Weiwei , Sun Fengxia , Zhou Jinyi , Zhou Nan
Published: November 2021

Background

This study aims to analyze the trends of premature mortality caused from four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs), namely cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes in Nanjing between 2007 and 2018 and project the ability to achieve the “Healthy China 2030” reduction target.

Methods

Mortality data of four major NCDs for the period 2007–2018 were extracted from the Death Information Registration and Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Population data for Nanjing were provided by the Nanjing Bureau of Public Security. The premature mortality was calculated using the life table method. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percent changes (AAPC) in mortality trends.

Results

From 2007 to 2018, the premature mortality from four major NCDs combined in Nanjing decreased from 15.5 to 9.5%, with the AAPC value at − 4.3% (95% CI [− 5.2% to − 3.4%]). Overall, it can potentially achieve the target, with a relative reduction 28.6%. The premature mortality from cancer, CVD, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes all decreased, with AAPC values at − 4.2, − 5.0%, − 5.9% and − 1.6% respectively. A relative reduction of 40.6 and 41.2% in females and in rural areas, but only 21.0 and 12.8% in males and in urban areas were projected.

Conclusion

An integrated approach should be taken focusing on the modifiable risk factors across different sectors and disciplines in Nanjing. The prevention and treatment of cancers, diabetes, male and rural areas NCDs should be enhanced.
Health literacy and e-health literacy among Arabic-speaking migrants in Sweden: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bergman Lina , Nilsson Ulrica , Dahlberg Karuna , Jaensson Maria , Wångdahl Josefin
Published: November 2021

Background

Health inequities arise when the public cannot access and understand health information in an easy, accessible, and understandable way. Evidence supports that health literacy (HL) is a determinant for health outcomes, and when HL is limited this may have a major impact on morbidity as well as mortality. Migrants are known to have limited HL. Therefore, this study aimed to explore comprehensive health literacy (CHL) and electronic health literacy (eHL) among Arabic-speaking migrants in Sweden.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in Sweden. A total of 703 persons were invited to participate between February and September 2019. Two questionnaires – the Health Literacy Survey European Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) and the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) – and questions about self-perceived health and Internet use were distributed in Swedish and Arabic. Various statistical analyses were performed to determine the associations for limited CHL and eHL.

Results

A total of 681 respondents were included in the analysis. Of these, 334 (49%) were native Arabic-speaking migrants and 347 (51%) were native Swedish-speaking residents. CHL and eHL differed between the groups. The Arabic speakers had significantly lower mean sum scores in eHL 28.1 (SD 6.1) vs 29.3 (6.2),p = 0.012 and lower proportion of sufficient CHL 125 (38.9%) vs 239 (71.3%),p < 0.001 compared to Swedish speakers. Multiple regression analysis showed on associations between limited CHL and eHL and being Arabic speaking, less Internet use, and not finding the Internet to be important or useful. Furthermore, longer time spent in Sweden was associated with higher levels of CHL among the Arabic speakers, (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.98,p< 0.01).

Conclusions

CHL and eHL differ between Arabic-speaking migrants and native Swedish speakers, but also between Arabic speakers who have lived different lengths of time in Sweden. Though it seems that the eHealth literacy is less affected by language spoken, the Internet is suggested to be an appropriate channel for disseminating health information to Arabic-speaking migrants.
Predictors of spousal coercive control and its association with intimate partner violence evidence from National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-2016) India
Authors: Kanougiya Suman , Sivakami Muthusamy , Rai Saurabh
Published: November 2021

Background

The feminist theory posits that spousal coercive control is not random but a purposeful and systematic men’s strategy to control and dominate their female partners. The frequency of coercive control is more than emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV). Coercive control is usually mistaken with psychological abuse when it is not and has recently gained independent attention within the spectrum of IPV. The role of socioeconomic factors in determining coercive control and associations between coercive control and form of IPV is less researched.

Objective

We aimed to examine sociodemographic and socioeconomic predictors of spousal coercive control and its association with IPV (past 12-months).

Methods

We analysed data of 66,013 ever-married women aged 15-49 from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016). Estimates involved bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models, and marginal effects prediction.

Results

The prevalence of spousal coercive control is more commonly reported by 48% of women than the prevalence of IPV 25% (emotional 11%, physical 22%, and sexual 5%) in the past 12 months. Adjusted odds ratio indicate that women having three and more children (aOR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2), women work status (1.1; 1.1-1.2), husband’s secondary (1.1; 1.1-1.2) or higher education (1.1; 1.1-1.2), and husband alcohol consumption (1.7; 1.6-1.7) increase the odds of coercive control. In the fully adjusted model coercive control independently increased the likelihood of experiencing emotional (aOR 2.8.; 95% CI: 2.6, 3.1), physical (2.2; 2.1, 2.3), and sexual (2.5; 2.3, 2.8) IPV in the past 12 months; and with an increase in each additional indicator of coercive control acts, the likelihood of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV further increases. When women reported six indicators of coercive control, the predicted proportion of women experiencing emotional 53%, physical 45%, and sexual IPV was 25% in the fully adjusted model.

Conclusion

Coercive control limits women’s social support and contacts contributing to low self-esteem, self-efficacy, and poor mental health. The purpose of this study is to highlight that understudied coercive control is more common than other forms of IPV and is a potential risk factor for physical, sexual, and emotional IPV independently. The inclusion of coercive control in interventions is crucial to prevent form of IPV. Survivals long-term safety and independence can be secured if the current protection law against domestic violence is extended to encompass coercive control.
Equitable access to cancer patient pathways in Norway – a national registry-based study
Authors: Olsen Frank , Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Heuch Ivar , Tveit Kjell M. , Balteskard Lise
Published: November 2021

Background

In 2015, cancer patient pathways (CPP) were implemented in Norway to reduce unnecessary non-medical delay in the diagnostic process and start of treatment. The main aim of this study was to investigate the equality in access to CPPs for patients with either lung, colorectal, breast or prostate cancer in Norway.

Methods

National population-based data on individual level from 2015 to 2017 were used to study two proportions; i) patients in CPPs without the cancer diagnosis, and ii) cancer patients included in CPPs. Logistic regression was applied to examine the associations between these proportions and place of residence (hospital referral area), age, education, income, comorbidity and travel time to hospital.

Results

Age and place of residence were the two most important factors for describing the variation in proportions. For the CPP patients, inconsistent differences were found for income and education, while for the cancer patients the probability of being included in a CPP increased with income.

Conclusions

The age effect can be related to both the increasing risk of cancer and increasing number of GP and hospital contacts with age. The non-systematic results for CPP patients according to income and education can be interpreted as equitable access, as opposed to the systematic differences found among cancer patients in different income groups. The inequalities between income groups among cancer patients and the inequalities based on the patients’ place of residence, for both CPP and cancer patients, are unwarranted and need to be addressed.
Long non-coding RNA LINC01559 exerts oncogenic role via enhancing autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhao Zhuochen , Wan Junhu , Guo Manman , Yang Zhengwu , Li Zhuofang , Wang Yangxia , Ming Liang
Published: November 2021

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been verified to play fatal role in regulating the progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Although lncRNAs play important role in regulating the autophagy of tumor cells, the function and molecular mechanism of LINC01559 in regulating lung cancer development remain to be elucidated.

Method and materials

In this study, we used bioinformatics to screen out autophagy-related lncRNAs from TCGA-LUAD repository. Then the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to establish the signature of autophagy-related lncRNAs so that clinical characteristics and survival in LUAD patients be evaluated. Finally, we selected the most significant differences lncRNA, LINC01559, to verify its function in regulating LUAD progression in vitro.

Results

We found high expression of LINC01559 indicates lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Besides, LINC01559 promotes lung cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro, by enhancing autophagy signal pathway via sponging hsa-miR-1343-3p.

Conclusion

We revealed a novel prognostic model based on autophagy-related lncRNAs, and provide a new therapeutic target and for patients with lung adenocarcinoma named LINC01559.
Self-assembled RNA nanocarrier-mediated chemotherapy combined with molecular targeting in the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Li , Guo Xiamei , Xie Fei , Shen Cheng , Jun Yali , Luo Chao , Liu Longfei , Yu Xiaojuan , Zhang Zhengwei , Wang Qilong , Gao Yong , Xu Keping
Published: November 2021

Background

Esophageal cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting men in China. The primary treatment options are surgery and traditional radio-chemotherapy; no effective targeted therapy exists yet. Self-assembled RNA nanocarriers are highly stable, easily functionally modified, and have weak off-tumor targeting effects. Thus, they are among the most preferred carriers for mediating the targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs. miR-375 was found to be significantly down-regulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and its overexpression effectively inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells. Moreover, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was overexpressed in ESCC cells, and accumulation of RNA nanoparticles in ESCC tumors was enhanced by EGFR-specific aptamer (EGFRapt) modification.

Results

Herein, a novel four-way junction RNA nanocarrier, 4WJ-EGFRapt-miR-375-PTX simultaneously loaded with miR-375, PTX and decorated with EGFRapt, was developed. In vitro analysis demonstrated that 4WJ-EGFRapt-miR-375-PTX possesses strong thermal and pH stabilities. EGFRapt decoration facilitated tumor cell endocytosis and promoted deep penetration into 3D-ESCC spheroids. Xenograft mouse model for ESCC confirmed that 4WJ-EGFRapt-miR-375-PTX was selectively distributed in tumor sites via EGFRapt-mediating active targeting and targeted co-delivery of miR-375 and PTX exhibited more effective therapeutic efficacy with low systemic toxicity.

Conclusion

This strategy may provide a practical approach for targeted therapy of ESCC.

Graphical Abstract
Changes in COVID-19 risk perceptions: methods of an internet survey conducted in six countries
Authors: Zhang Felicia , Shih Shu-Fang , Harapan Harapan , Rajamoorthy Yogambigai , Chang Hao-Yuan , Singh Awnish , Lu Yihan , Wagner Abram L.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

This study assessed changes in behaviors/attitudes related to the COVID-19. With the understanding that behaviors and vaccine decision-making could contribute to global spread of infectious diseases, this study collected several waves of internet-based surveys from individuals in the United States, mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. The aims of this study were to (1) characterize the relationship between the epidemiology of disease and changes over time in risk perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes towards hygienic behaviors; (2) examine if risk perceptions affect acceptance of less-than-ideal vaccines; and (3) contrast adherence to public health recommendations across countries which have had different governmental responses to the outbreak.

Data description

We conducted cross-sectional online surveys in six countries from March 2020 to April 2021. By the end of June 2021, there will be six waves of surveys for the United States and China, and four waves for the rest of countries. There are common sets of questions for all countries, however, some questions were adapted to reflect local situations and some questions were designed intentionally for specific countries to capture different COVID-19 mitigation actions. Participants were asked about their adherence towards countermeasures, risk perceptions, and acceptance of a hypothetical vaccine for COVID-19.