bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial inclusion through agent banking in Bangladesh: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Dhiman Barua  , Akber S.M. , Rozina Akter  , Md. Roman Khan
Published: February 2025

Financial inclusion aims to include the unbanked population in the official financial system. To quickly serve the unbanked population, this study aims to investigate the concept of agent banking as a means of financial inclusion and to assess the elements that influence the acceptance of agent banking in Bangladesh. The study also covered the main advantages of agent banking and pertinent barriers to its adoption. Using a basic judgmental sampling technique, 195 respondents from the Chittagong region made up the study's sample. Face-to-face interviews and a structured questionnaire were used to collect the data. The impact was investigated using statistical measures such as mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression. Kendall's W test, also known as Kendall's coefficient of concordance, was utilized to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of accepting agent banking in this study. According to the result, there is a significant positive correlation between acceptance of agent banking and independent variables - perceived trust, convenience, perceived risk, awareness, and service quality. The study also found that easy banking is the key reason for agent banking, marked by the respondents, followed by the nearest location and adding new customers. Lack of training is the major challenge, followed by a lack of logistic support and cyber security risk in implementing agent banking in Bangladesh.
The intervening role of marketing effectiveness on interactive marketing and marketing performance
Authors: Kaunda Kenneth , Thuo John Kuria , Adegu George
Published: February 2025

Marketing effectiveness, a technique aimed at improving marketers' outreach to customers to optimise marketing expenditures, has consistently demonstrated efficacy in a highly competitive landscape. Nonetheless, its empirical mediating function continues to be a subject of inquiry among many experts. This study aimed to examine the mediating function of marketing effectiveness in the relationship between interactive marketing and the marketing performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in the Nyanza Region, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey study approach was employed, targeting a population of 3,211 registered MSE owners in Nyanza, from which a sample size of 356 was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula. Data were gathered by questionnaires and analysed utilising descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 26.0. The analysis reveals that interactive marketing significantly influences marketing performance (t = 19.933, p < 0.5); interactive marketing also significantly affects marketing effectiveness (t = 19.331, p < 0.5); furthermore, marketing effectiveness significantly impacts marketing performance (t = 15.238, p < 0.5). The indirect test indicates that marketing effectiveness, as an intervening variable, can mitigate the impact of interactive marketing on marketing performance.
The ideal 4th Industrial Revolution lecturer in South African Universities
Authors: Mashau Takalani
Published: February 2025

In this concept paper, the researcher argues that socio-economic and technological changes in the world today have severe implications for the type of lecturer who should be found in the lecture halls in the 21st Century and 4th Industrial Revolution. The 'ideal 4th Industrial Revolution lecturer' is not just a vision but a necessity for a technologically adept, adaptable, and innovative lecturer who can effectively navigate the rapidly changing educational landscape. This 'ideal 21st-Century modern-day lecturer' is a term used to describe a lecturer who is not only well-versed in their subject matter but also proficient in the use of technology, adaptable to change, and innovative in their teaching methods. Exposing students to lecturers who have not been trained to deal with changes in the outside world is tantamount to having the wrong men and women in charge of students in the ever-changing world. In the paper, the researcher interrogates the ideal 21st-century modern-day lecturer. The paper examines content, teaching approaches, the changes in the 21st-Century socio-political, economic, and technological environment and how they demand a responsive lecturer. The lecturer's role in responding to these changes is to adapt their teaching methods, incorporate new technologies, and foster innovation in their students. In the light of the issues raised in the discussions, recommendations are made. The researcher used desktop research. Desktop research is another name for secondary research. The researcher used two types of research activity: primary research (where the researcher goes out and discovers stuff) and secondary research (where the researcher reviews what other people have done). Desktop research is not about collecting data. Instead, the researcher’s role is to conduct desktop research to review previous research findings to gain a broad understanding of the field. The 21st Century is marked by rapid social, economic, political and technological changes. In order to ensure relevance, lecturers have to respond to these changes and possibly spearhead further changes.
Understanding non-compliance: a qualitative study of socioeconomic disparities in rental income tax in Ghana
Authors: Opoku-Asante Kofi , Odoom Daniel , Owusu Kwaning Collins , Fosu Richard
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the intricate factors shaping landlords' compliance with rental income tax in Ghana. Utilizing a survey research approach, the research reveals a complex interplay of socio-economic and demographic determinants influencing landlords' tax payment behavior. Notably, older landlords display a greater willingness to fulfill their tax obligations, contrasting common perceptions that older taxpayers are less compliant. Conversely, landlords with larger households are less inclined to pay taxes, potentially due to increased financial responsibilities. Surprisingly, an upsurge in the number of tenants corresponds with reduced tax compliance, possibly stemming from higher rental income resulting in increased tax obligations. Higher awareness of rental income tax significantly bolsters compliance, as does the proximity of tax collection centers. Education plays a pivotal role, with higher levels of education positively influencing tax compliance. However, formal sector employment diminishes tax compliance, perhaps due to perceived tax burdens. Married landlords are more inclined to comply with rental income tax, emphasizing the role of family responsibilities in incentivizing tax compliance. Tailored tax education programs, public awareness campaigns, electronic payment options, comprehensive strategies, effective communication, and continuous evaluation are recommended measures to enhance tax compliance among landlords.
Exploring stochastic volatility in financial market
Authors: Enow Samuel Tabot
Published: February 2025

Financial markets areconstantly fluctuating in response to a range of factors. These fluctuations connote volatility which are unpredictable behaviour that deviates significantly from the patterns observed in stable conditions. It is therefore important to use standard stochastic volatility models to capture the time-varying nature of volatility during periods of financial distress in other to make informed decisions. The aim of this study was to explore stochastic volatility in financial markets during periods of financial distress using a Heston model. The sample financial markets were, the CAC 40, the DAX, the JSE, the Nasdaq Index and the Nikkei-225. The 2007/2008 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic were used as sample time frames. The findings of this study revealed extortionate stochastic volatility during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to the 2007/2008 financial crisis. Since the 2007/ 2008 crisis stemmed from a collapse in the financial system, the nature of the event was more localized within the financial sector and had a somewhat more predictable unfolding than the Covid-19 pandemic. By Implication, it may be suggested that it was more difficult to price assets during the Covid-19 pandemic due to extreme uncertainty which resulted in inflated option premiums as investors sought hedging strategies.
Strengthening resilience: the synergistic role of credit risk and customer relationship management in non-bank financial institutions
Authors: Paulino Emmanuel , Romero Ronald , Mazo Paulo Noel , Tan Ronaldo
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of Credit Risk Management (CRM) on resilience in non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) and explores how Customer Relationship Management (CREM) moderates this relationship. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with data from credit risk managers in the National Capital Region, the study finds that CRM significantly enhances resilience. Moreover, CREM strengthens the impact of credit risk management on resilience, demonstrating a synergistic effect. The findings suggest that NBFIs should integrate CRM and CREM strategies to improve organizational resilience, offering a valuable framework for enhancing stability amidst economic challenges.
Erianin inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells by suppressing mTOR activation and disrupting pyrimidine metabolism
Authors: Yan Lili , Liu Yanfen , Huang Yufei , Sun Xiaoyu , Jiang Haiyang , Gu Jie , Xia Jing , Sun Xueni , Sui Xinbing
Published: February 2025

Objective: Erianin has potential anticancer activities, especially against lung cancer. The specific mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects, including the molecular targets and signaling pathways in lung cancer, remain poorly understood and necessitate further investigation. Methods: Lung cancer cell viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effects of erianin on apoptosis and cell cycle progression. mRNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis were utilized to explore erianin-induced biological changes. Potential targets were identified and validated through molecular docking and Western blot analysis. The roles of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD) in erianin-induced growth inhibition were studied using gene overexpression/knockdown techniques with uridine and aspartate supplementation confirming pyrimidine metabolism involvement. Additionally, lung cancer-bearing nude mouse models were established to evaluate the anti-lung cancer effects of erianin in vivo. Results: Erianin significantly inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells, induces apoptosis, and causes G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Integrative analysis of mRNA sequencing and metabolomics data demonstrated that erianin disrupts pyrimidine metabolism in lung cancer cells. Notably, uridine supplementation mitigated the inhibitory effects of erianin, establishing a connection between pyrimidine metabolism and anticancer activity. Network pharmacology analyses identified mTOR as a key target of erianin. Erianin inhibited mTOR phosphorylation, thereby blocking downstream effectors (S6K and CAD), which are essential regulators of pyrimidine metabolism. Conclusions: Erianin is a promising therapeutic candidate for lung cancer. Erianin likely inhibits lung cancer cell growth by disrupting pyrimidine metabolism by suppressing mTOR activation.
METHODOLOGY OF THE NUMERICAL MODELLING OF PARAMETERS DETERMINATION OF THE RADIOMETRIC IMAGE OF REMOTE EARTH SURFACE SENSING BY BISTATIC RADIOMETER
Authors: Kudriashov Viktor , Kolomiitsev Oleksii , Lukin Kostyantyn , Slipchenko Mykola , Bernat Paweł
Published: February 2025

The on-board bistatic radiometer (BR) provides sufficiently high-quality mapping of various terrestrial surfaces. The subject of study in the article is the determination of parameters of radiometric images (RI) of earth surfaces based on the BR construction options that are technically feasible. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for numerical modelling of RI parameters calculation during remote sensing of the earth's surfaces by BR. Tasks: To consider the range of the radar, accounting for image bands, detection, and measurement of course difference, and resolution along the carrier's flight path and across its path. The task also includes the calculation of the difference Doppler frequency correction (DDFC) of payload signals, root mean square deviations (RMSD) of pitch difference errors and DDFC errors. Methods used: analysis and synthesis of the obtained output RI parameters according to possible construction options. The following results were obtained. A methodology for numerical modelling of RI parameters determination during remote sensing of a low-contrast payload such as grass-concrete is developed. The AN-14 ‘Bee’ aircraft was chosen as a carrier for the BR, and the 22 GHz bandwidth of the sub-waveband was chosen for the BR 3 mm. The analysis was carried out for six possible variants of the mapping system. The ranges of the systems, the values of image bands, and the DDFC of objects are calculated, considering the accepted technical characteristics of the radar and the influence of the atmosphere. The RI characteristics at a probability of correct detection of 0.5 are presented. The image parameters for measuring the differences in the stroke and DDFC of mapping objects are given. The number of pixels (pitch differences) in the image row, the resolution along the carrier path, across the path, and at the DDFC were calculated. The number of Doppler filters for each pitch difference, the RMSD of the pitch difference measurement, and the RMSD of the object's DDFC measurement were obtained. The values of the fluctuation sensitivity of the BR were calculated for the following design variants. Conclusions. Based on the results of numerical modelling, the analysis of the information capacity per RI during remote sensing of earth surfaces by an onboard system that is spaced apart is carried out. A promising area for further research may be the introduction of a very weak broadband noise sensing signal into the mapping system and the assessment of the impact of interference that is spatially correlated in the BR.
SYSTEM TECHNICAL SOLUTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ADAPTATION
Authors: Rustamov Asad , Hashimov Elshan , Ganjiyev Amil , Rahimli Vusal , Hashimov Ruslan
Published: February 2025

In military radiolocation systems, electromagnetic compatibility includes the provision of joint operation of the elements that make up various military devices, the creation of joint working conditions for devices as elements of different systems, and inter-system activities. The object of the research is military radar equipment. The article describes the main schematic and technical solutions for electromagnetic compatibility in military radar equipment. In addition to the selection scheme, a method for synchronizing the operation of several radar stations that are very close to each other or operate at the same repetition frequency is studied. The subject of the research is the analysis of the electromagnetic compatibility system. The issues of joint selection, practical application, and reduction in the number of electromagnetic compatibility components are analyzed, and various simplifying assumptions are put forward. The essence of what is presented is diverse and depends on the specific situation. Thus, among the measures based on the use of spatial factors, the dispersion of the main radiation directions of radio-electronic devices in space, various methods of limiting radiation at certain volume angles, reception of signals from different directions, and the use of differences in the polarization structure, etc., were identified. The purpose of the research is to analyze the electromagnetic compatibility system in military radar devices. In accordance with this goal, the scientific research work sets forth the following tasks: analysis of the electromagnetic compatibility system in military radar devices; selection, provision, or, if necessary, modification of the system's operating principle; consideration of the planning and distribution of the radio frequency source among the elements included in the analyzed system; practical application of the approach based on the joint selection of electromagnetic compatibility, reduction in their number, and introduction of various simplifying assumptions, etc.; analysis of the general problem of solving the problem of parameters. To solve the tasks set, the following research methods are used: theoretical, mathematical, and comparative analysis. As a result of the research, a time synchronization device is proposed to ensure electromagnetic compatibility and obtain an unobstructed working zone on the indicator screen, depending on the dispersion of radar stations in the area. The use of a time synchronization device will solve system-technical problems, effectively combat mutual interference, ensure the quality of the operator's work, and increase the probability of correct detection.
Еnеrgy Efficiеnt Nеural Nеtwork Control of a Brushlеss DC Motor
Authors: Vеlchеnko A. A. , Pauliukavеts S. A. , Radkеvich A. A. , Ibrahim A. K.
Published: February 2025

The paper considers the main trends in the development of electric motors for electric vehicles and mobile robots, as well as trends in the development of modern methods for calculating power electronics and electric drives based on an artificial neural network. Aspects of the efficiency development of modern synchronous and brushless DC motors are presented. Based on the mathematical model of a brushless DC motor, the architecture of a control unit with a neural network controller is built. A proactive calculation of the neural network was carried out, and the rules for adjusting the weighting coefficients were determined. Based on proactive calculation, a PID controller with self-adjusting parameters using a neural network was built, as well as a block diagram of the PID control system was built on the basis of the BP neural network; also, a speed controller was built using MATLAB modules. Besides, an S-activation function was built as a controller of the BP neural network; the function was based on the mathematical description of the neural network of the control unit of a brushless DC motor. The paper shows in detail the installation of a demultiplexer for better distribution of the S-function output. The resulting neural network encapsulates the S-function of the weight function. Based on the results of the neural network research and analysis of the BP neural network algorithm, a control algorithm has been established that is used to control the PID controller and is encapsulated in the simulation system. The theoretical possibilities of calculation based on a feedback neural network for constructing a simulation model of adaptive control of a brushless DC motor are demonstrated.
Análisis de factores de riesgo presentes en el parto y su asociación con una deficiente transferencia de inmunidad pasiva en terneros de un establo de Lurín, Lima Perú – 2022
Authors:   , Aguilar De La Barrera Gabriel Andrew
Published: February 2025

Este estudio buscó identificar factores de riesgo que influyan sobre la calidad de la transferencia de inmunidad pasiva, asociar la falla en la transferencia de inmunidad pasiva (FTIP) o la exitosa transferencia de inmunidad pasiva (ETIP) con los factores de riesgo identificados, y cuantificar la influencia de los factores de riesgo sobre la transferencia de inmunidad pasiva. Se recopiló información de 84 terneros nacidos en un establo de Lurín, Lima, durante los meses de septiembre a diciembre del 2022, tomando en cuenta factores de riesgo identificados en estudios previos o sospechados luego de varias observaciones realizadas en el establo. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística con los factores de riesgo contrastando con la presencia de una FTIP o una ETIP según un punto de corte de 10% Brix en proteína sérica, medido a partir de suero con un refractómetro digital. Como resultado, se identificó que la ETIP está asociada positivamente con las variables de porcentaje de peso vivo en calostro consumido en la primera toma, haber nacido durante el turno de noche, consumir dos tomas de calostro durante las primeras doce horas de vida y haber durado menos de seis minutos para tomar una postura de recumbencia esternal. La FTIP se asocia positivamente a la administración de calostro por parte de un profesional no habitual, haber nacido durante el turno de día y el consumo de una sola toma de calostro en doce horas. Se observó que factores pertinentes al calostro no fueron asociados con la deficiente transferencia, sugiriendo que factores de manejo están tomando mayor importancia sobre el resultado final de la transferencia inmunitaria en terneros
Características metodológicas y documentarias de las revisiones rápidas publicadas por instituciones gubernamentales peruanas, 2015-2022
Authors:   , Castillo Lizarraga Mariana Nawel , Foronda Huachaca Alan Sebastian
Published: February 2025

Introducción: Las revisiones rápidas (RR) adquieren importancia para tomar decisiones cuando hay recursos limitados como el tiempo y financiamiento. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con una guía estructurada sobre la metodología y componentes para su redacción. Este tipo de revisiones se vienen utilizando en países de Europa y América, aumentando su producción especialmente durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El Perú no es ajeno a esta realidad, pero no se conoce el estado actual de este tipo de revisiones a nivel documentario y metodológico.
Objetivos del estudio: Describir características documentarias y metodológicas de las RR publicadas por instituciones gubernamentales peruanas hasta el año 2023.
Metodología: Se realizo una revisión metodológica cuya muestra incluye documentos identificados así mismas como “revisiones rápidas”, “síntesis rápida” o “búsquedas rápidas de evidencia” en su título, que se encuentran publicadas en portales web de instituciones gubernamentales peruanas, que evalúan tecnologías sanitarias o preguntas del sistema o políticas para tomar decisiones en el rubro sanitario. La búsqueda de documentos se realizó hasta agosto de 2023; los datos recolectados se codificaron en categorías mediante el software Excel. Estas variables fueron presentadas mediante los valores absolutos y porcentajes mediante tablas o gráficos.
Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 60 revisiones rápidas, principalmente emitidas por el INS (88.3%, n=53/60), cuyo tema principal fue el COVID 19 (50%, n=30/60). Todos las RR contaban con una descripción de su metodología, el principal método de síntesis fue el narrativo con 85%(n=51/60), un 53.3% (n=32/60) uso literatura gris, el 61.7% (n=37/60) contaba con 1 solo revisor, el 18.3%(n=11/60) realizo revisión por duplicado de abstract y texto completo, la evaluación de riesgo de sesgo se dio en el 36.7% (n=22/60), se evaluó la certeza en un 23.3% (n=14/60).
Evaluación de factores relacionados al riesgo nutricional en adultos mayores con covid-19 atendidos por PADOMI de EsSalud en Lima-Perú, 2021
Authors:   , Valle Villaverde Lourdes Cristina
Published: February 2025

Una de las poblaciones más vulnerables durante la pandemia del COVID-19 fueron los adultos mayores quienes, debido a la fragilidad y comorbilidades entre factores característicos de la edad, incrementaron su riesgo nutricional (RN). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el RN y su relación con factores asociados al RN en adultos mayores con COVID-19 en el año 2021, atendidos por el servicio de Urgencias del Programa de Atención Domiciliaria (PADOMI) de EsSalud, organismo adscrito al Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA). Este estudio es de tipo transversal, correlacional y retrospectivo, realizado a 109 adultos mayores diagnosticados con COVID -19, elegidos por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicó el cuestionario sobre factores relacionados al RN y el test de Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form (MNA-SF). Se empleó la prueba de Chi Cuadrado, con un intervalo al 95% (α=0.05). Entre los resultados, se obtuvo que el 56% de la población se encontraba entre los 80 y 89 años, con una media de 84 años, y el 79,8% eran de sexo femenino. El 44% de la muestra presentó un riesgo de malnutrición (RMN), el 41,3% se encontraban con un estado de malnutrición (MN) y un 14,7% demostró un estado nutricional normal. Se encontró una relación estadística significativa (p<0,05) entre factores sociodemográficos como el sentimiento de soledad, factores físicos y fisiológicos (dependencia en las actividades cotidianas como alimentación, movilización, uso del baño, asearse y vestirse) y factores dietéticos-nutricionales como dentición completa, deterioro de la deglución, consistencia de la dieta y presencia de diarrea. Como conclusión, los adultos mayores con COVID-19 durante el periodo evaluado, en su mayoría se encontraron con RN, y los factores asociados predominantes fueron sociodemográficos, físicos-fisiológicos y...
La influencia de la herramienta tecnológica Malmath en el aprendizaje de ecuaciones de segundo grado en los estudiantes de Preparatec -Tecsup en Lima, 2023
Authors:   , Retamozo Sanchez Luis Alberto
Published: February 2025

El objetivo del presente estudio cuasiexperimental-cuantitativo fue establecer como utilizar la herramienta Malmath influye en la enseñanza de las ecuaciones de segundo grado, en los alumnos de la carrera de gestión y mantenimiento de maquinarias pesadas del Preparatec-Tecsup. Para tal efecto, se utilizaron dos pruebas de conocimiento matemático, la prueba pretest sobre conocimientos previos de ecuaciones de primer grado y propiedades algebraicas de las mismas y la prueba post-test acerca de conocimientos propiamente de ecuaciones de segundo grado. La muestra estuvo constituida por un total de cincuenta (50) estudiantes matriculados en los cursos, se dividió en dos grupos, grupo control GC de veinticinco (25) estudiantes y grupo experimental (GE) de veinticinco (25) estudiantes, esta división fue por asignación a cada profesor, siendo el universo de estudiantes de la carrera mantenimiento y gestión de maquinarias pesadas del Preparatec-Tecsup de n=150. Se aplicó un pre y post-test, a un GE y a un GC, al comenzar la sesión de clase y al finalizar la misma, respectivamente. Entre el inicio y final de la sesión de clase se integró la herramienta Malmath al entorno de clase en forma de tratamiento al GE. En el mismo orden, con el fin de consolidar el logro del objetivo general del estudio, se evaluaron las subvariables análisis de raíces, métodos de solución y problemas en contexto en el post-test de ambos grupos. Al someterse las variables del pretest de ambos grupos al análisis estadístico y relacionarse con los resultados del post-test, se obtuvo que la variable independiente del pretest no interactuó como variable significativa que modificara los resultados del post-test, entonces...
Validating Rig Control Services for Commissioning: Comprehensive Field Test Validation to Gain End User Acceptance
Authors: Wessling S. , Forshaw M. , Manseth A. , Lien M. , Hovda S. , Orevik M. , Seldal S. , Leirvik E.
Published: February 2025

The oil and gas industry is at a pivotal moment, driven by macroeconomic pressures to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. According to a report by McKinsey & Company, digital technologies could reduce upstream capital expenditures (CAPEX) by 20%, potentially unlocking over $100 billion in value globally each year [1]. Similarly, a study by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG, see [2]) found that the adoption of automation and digital tools in drilling operations can reduce drilling costs by up to 15% and improve well delivery time by as much as 30%. The International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) further reports that drilling automation can reduce non-productive time (NPT) by up to 35%, directly contributing to cost savings and operational efficiency [3].

Well-documented case studies provide tangible evidence of the potential gains from digital transformation in drilling operations, further fueling industry appetite for these technologies. The consistent successes outlined in these studies demonstrate that the high-value savings projected by McKinsey, BCG, and others are not only aspirational but achievable. This growing body of real-world data reassures stakeholders that the anticipated CAPEX reductions and efficiency improvements are realistic and within reach. Consequently, there is strong momentum across the industry to embrace these innovations, as the recoverable value in well construction becomes increasingly apparent.

Despite the promising results, pinpointing exactly which micro-KPIs (key performance indicators) are impacted by specific digital tools remains challenging. Complex interactions within digital ecosystems make it difficult to isolate the contributions of individual technology components, complicating the evaluation process. This highlights the need for a robust framework to assess and quantify the impact of specific innovations on overall performance metrics in well construction.

Moreover, implementing these "system of systems" solutions often involves a collaborative, multi-organizational approach. In these cases, both the technology stack and the end-user base are distributed across multiple organizations, each with unique processes and standards. This distributed structure amplifies the challenges associated with managing change, as alignment across diverse stakeholders is crucial for successful implementation and sustained user adoption. Unlike deployments within a single organization, multi-organizational projects require a more rigorous and structured management of change (MOC) process to ensure smooth integration and minimize risks associated with system interoperability.
Drill Bit Having a Weight-On-Bit Reducing Effect: Theoretical, Laboratory, and Field Investigations
Authors: Pelfrene G. , Reboul S. , Tissot V. , McAllister D.
Published: February 2025

Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) drill bits are typically designed with cutters set to a side rake angle close to 0°. In plastic rock formations, which tend to exhibit balling issues, positive side rake angles (typically +5°) have been implemented for decades to facilitate the removal of cuttings in front of the cutter towards the outer part of the drill bit. Except for some very specific drill bit applications, the side rake angle is usually not considered as a proper bit design parameter, although its influence on the orientation of cutting forces and bit performance is significant. This paper presents a new concept of a drill bit having a weight on bit (WOB) reducing effect based on the use of negative side rake angles notably lower than 0°. Experimental data from the literature suggest that the side rake angle does not intrinsically impact cutting forces, but only affects their orientation. Based on these results, a standard cutter-rock interaction model has been selected, and drill bit numerical simulations have been run to evaluate the impact of negative side rake angles (down to −20° in the cone area). Numerical results show a decrease of 20.2% in WOB over a range of target penetration rates (ROP), for a bit design implementing the side rake feature, compared to a reference design. These two bit designs have been manufactured to validate theoretical results in the lab. Experimental drilling bench tests, including repeatability tests, have been conducted under varying conditions (limestone/sandstone, soft/hard rock, atmospheric/pressurized, varying target ROP). In harder rocks or high confining pressure tests, experimental results show a similar decrease of 16.7% in average WOB over a similar range of target ROP. A moderate increase of 9.6% in WOB is observed in softer rocks or low confining pressure tests. The side rake feature has now been implemented in more than 10 field runs, targeting applications where lower levels of WOB are required to reduce vibration and enhance bit durability, while still achieving above-average ROP. All bits demonstrated excellent performance in footage, ROP, and wear conditions. In cases where a comparison was available with the same design without the WOB-reducing feature, drill bits with the feature consistently outperformed those without it. In addition to model and lab experiments suggesting a general reduction in drilling energy, one large diameter application also achieved the lowest drilling vibration levels ever recorded by the directional drilling provider. This paper shows theoretical, experimental, and field results surrounding how the use of the WOB-reducing feature in drilling applications allows to reduce the drilling energy requirement to achieve a given ROP, resulting in improved drilling performance.
System for Real-Time Rate of Penetration Optimization Using Machine Learning with Integrated Preventive Safeguards Against Hole Cleaning Issues and Stick-Slip
Authors: Robinson T. S. , Mohammed Arshad P. , Revheim O. E. , Regan M. , Bekkeheien P.
Published: February 2025

Drilling related costs can contribute 30-70% of operators’ capital expenditures for well construction. To reduce costs, operators can reduce bit-on-bottom time and flat time. This work describes a drilling optimization advisory system utilizing machine learning (ML) with integrated safeguards for preventing issues that might occur following drilling parameter changes intended to increase rate of penetration (ROP), such as hole cleaning (HC) issues which might lead to stuck pipe, or stick-slip that reduces drilling efficiency.

This work builds on the authors’ previous publications on ROP optimization (OTC-31680-MS, SPE-214521-MS), incorporating modules targeted at prompt detection of stick-slip for timely mitigation, and ensuring advised drilling parameter changes do not potentially cause HC issues and pack-offs. The HC safeguard utilized a downhole Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) estimation ML model (SPE-208675-MS), queried by the optimizer to estimate effects of proposed drilling parameter changes, and corresponding ROP, on the ECD. A configurable tolerance to (expected) ECD changes from baseline parameters ensured any ECD increases were acceptable. The stick-slip detector monitored the frequency spectra of surface rotary speed and torque measurements, and utilized a classifier to estimate the probability of stick-slip symptoms’ presence.

The ROP optimization system with integrated ECD safeguard has been field-deployed in SE Asia since Q4 2023, with no stuck pipe incidents relating to pack-offs occurring since this version of the software has been in use. The further enhanced version with integrated stick-slip detection was deployed to field operations in Q2 2024; analysis of historical well data with torsional vibration issues demonstrates the detector identifies stick-slip with high performance, achieving a precision of 0.92 on holdout (unseen) drilling data intervals from five wells, with all stick-slip symptoms present in the data identified. With stick-slip identified based on the estimated probabilities, human monitoring staff are notified, and the ROP optimizer automatically alters its behavior to allow torsional vibrations to be mitigated in order to maintain high drilling efficiencies.

The Literature contains many works on the separate topics of stuck pipe prevention, ROP optimization and vibration mitigation, however these have not previously been incorporated into a holistic system balancing these different, sometimes competing, objectives. This work demonstrates effective integration of modules for ROP optimization, and detection of pack-off risks and torsional vibrations, into a combined system enabling increased drilling efficiency while reducing risks leading to non-productive time, contributing to overall reduced well construction time.
Bit-Rock Interaction for PDC Drill Bits: A Review and an Open-Source Library
Authors: Ghaly E. , Shor R. J.
Published: February 2025

The polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit is the most used bit type in deep drilling with a global market worth over $3.13 billion USD in 2023. Numerous models, ranging in complexity from a simple linear equation to fully coupled computational fluid dynamics discrete element method models, have been proposed in literature, yet no open-source implementation exists that includes a choice of fidelity and complexity. In this paper, we review the existing bit-rock interaction models, summarizing assumptions, construction methodology, validation data, prediction capabilities, and performance. A Python library of bit-rock models is also detailed and published via the Open-Source Drilling Community. An extensive literature review of published models starting from 1985 through today is conducted. Models ranging from single cutter models to full bit models are considered. High fidelity coupled finite element models constructed for specific geologic environments are included with the benefits and limitations of using this approach are discussed. The focus of the study is generalized physics-based models which can be coupled with a drillstring model to provide general performance guidelines. Model formulations, assumptions, limitations, and available validation are systematically presented to establish a clear understanding of the study's framework. The selected models, implemented in Python, are compared with downhole data across several scenarios. A workflow is then proposed to couple open source drillstring models with bit models, emphasizing the critical aspect of timestep synchronization. The bit models primarily describe the forces between the bit face and rock, considering the underlying physics of the drilling process. Additionally, current gaps in knowledge are highlighted to encourage future research and development in this domain.
An Innovative Water-Based Reservoir Drill-In Fluid Solution Customized to Withstand the Extreme Thermal Boundaries of the Perth Basin While Minimizing Formation Damage
Authors: Freschi Yasmin Lee , Rincon Chavez Andres Camilo , McCartney Richard Murray , Wenk Andrew , Manzoleloua Cedric , Li David , Vickers Damian Richard , Motta Marcelo Dourado , Derkach Edward
Published: February 2025

Selecting and designing a reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) for wells with openhole standalone or gravel pack as lower completion strategies can be complex, especially for high-temperature reservoirs. In addition to minimizing formation damage and maximizing well performance, the RDF must meet drilling and logging requirements, including stability for several days at elevated bottomhole temperatures. For reservoir temperatures exceeding 149°C, most operators prefer nonaqueous RDF systems because, when properly designed and maintained, they meet drilling and logging requirements and are less damaging than conventional synthetic polymer-based aqueous systems. However, with a growing emphasis on minimizing environmental impact, a technically competent aqueous-based system is preferred wherever practicable.

Contrary to most operators, Beach Energy committed to achieving the Perth Basin drilling campaign objectives by challenging the status quo. The challenges involved drilling Perth Basin gas reservoirs, where formation temperatures reach as high as 200°C, using a high-temperature water-based reservoir drill-in fluid (HT WB RDF) system, and completing the wells with an openhole standalone and premium mesh screen as the lower completion strategy.

In response to these challenges, an HT WB RDF system using a novel synthetic polymer was customized with optimal chemical concentrations and sized calcium carbonates to bridge reservoir pores while building a high-quality acid-soluble filter cake. This approach minimized formation damage while drilling and achieved up to six days of static stability at bottomhole conditions. Furthermore, a low-corrosive breaker was formulated to dissolve and disperse the filter cake after running the lower completion string to the bottom and setting the packer.

The process of selecting and qualifying an environmentally friendly RDF to satisfy both thermal stability and formation damage requirements, as well as its performance during and following field deployment, is examined in detail.
Distilling Time Lapse Borehole Images (4D Callipers) Into Geomechanics Solutions
Authors: Market J. , Øy L. , Lauritzen M. , Barrouillet B. , Bye I. , Chemali R.
Published: February 2025

Time lapse borehole images provide a wealth of geomechanics information, visualizing structures, lithology, and borehole shape minutes, hours, and days after drilling. To make this wealth of 4D data practicably usable in a mechanical earth model, a method is presented to distill the rich dataset into concise geomechanical parameters.

LWD borehole images are acquired using ultrasonic imagers (which work well in water-based muds and smaller diameter holes) as well as with recently introduced radar-based tools (which work well in oil base muds and large diameter holes). The data can be acquired in multiple passes or in multiple sensors along the drill string to characterize the borehole changes under drilling and production stresses. Time lapse videos are used to present such data varying with time. However, data in a video format is not always easily digestible to the geomechanics team. By distilling the images into hole shape vs depth, the information can be integrated into the mechanical earth model.

Several examples are presented showing hole shape vs time as well as ultrasonic/electrical images vs time to show structure. Snapshots from the 4D videos are shown alongside hole shape and ultrasonic/electrical image logs vs time plots. These illustrate not only the stress changes with time/drilling activities but also the growth of natural and induced fractures during the drilling process.

This method is novel in that it captures time lapse borehole shape information at several measure points along the drill string as well as at multiple passes during the drilling activities. It presents the data not only as 4D movies but also in digestible hole shape and stress direction logs.
Increasing Driller's Situational Awareness Through Haptic Feedback
Authors: Pavlov A. , Visser J. , Maas W. , Hashemi A. , Ødegård O. , Steur E. , Imsland L.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a concept of a system for increasing the driller’s situational awareness. The system is based on haptic feedback provided by joysticks in the driller’s chair. In this system, the conventional joysticks in the driller’s chair are replaced with actuated joysticks that give the driller the feeling of force and vibrations. Coupled with sensors, digital twins, automation systems, and/or advanced analytics tools like Machine Learning or Artificial Intelligence, they allow the driller to feel various conditions topside and down the wellbore and interact with automation systems through hands and joysticks. This approach addresses the bottleneck of the driller’s visual perception of large data streams from the screens; it addresses the problem of drillers' trust in automation systems, and it allows for low-cost integration of automation systems. In addition to the concept of the system, the paper presents the system’s prototype, its testing, and several use cases of its applications.
Dynamic Simulation of the Bullheading Process in Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling: Considering Gas Dissolution
Authors: Liu Yaxin , Zhou Lei , Upchurch Eric. R. , Anfinsen Bjoern-Tore
Published: February 2025

A comprehensive analysis of the bullheading process in Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) operations under various drilling parameters and flow conditions is presented in this study, with a specific focus on the role of gas dissolution in oil-based mud (OBM) - a topic not thoroughly explored in existing literature.

Using a commercial multiphase flow simulator, the interactions between formation fluids (specifically gas or oil kicks) and different types of drilling muds, such as water-based mud (WBM) and OBM, during PMCD operations are investigated. Well-scale experiments for gas bullheading were replicated for validation. The sensitivity analysis covers variables like kick composition (gas or oil), kick size, gas kick solubility, gas kick contamination, drilling fluid base oil composition, drilling fluid oil/water ratio and wellbore inclination. The effects of these parameters on the dynamics of wellbore pressure, fluid behavior, and bullheading efficiency through a series of simulations tailored to mimic real-world PMCD scenarios are assessed.

Compared to WBM, gas dissolution in OBM leads to a reduction of surface pressure during the shut-in period of PMCD. The volume of free gas becomes considerably reduced, which requires a lower bullheading rate and therefore reduces fluid usage. Our findings also indicate that larger kick sizes result in notable surface pressure increases, consequently leading to observable migration of the residual gas after the bullheading process. Wellbore pressure dynamics for gas kicks contaminated with 10% of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are only slightly different from that of pure dry gas. Changes in drilling fluid base oil composition and oil/water ratios can impact their ability to dissolve gases, which in turn influence the overall gas removal efficiency. Moreover, wellbore inclination influences fluid stratification and movement, with higher inclinations (i.e., greater departures from vertical) challenging effective gas removal due to gravitational impacts on fluid layers, causing uneven gas distribution and trapping within the wellbore. Oil influx is miscible with OBM and is less likely to migrate along the wellbore. This miscibility enables a more homogeneous fluid mixture, contributing to more efficient bullheading. This study also addresses how adjustments to choke openings during bullheading process can optimize the management of unexpected influxes, thus safeguarding the PMCD operation.

New insights into the role of gas solubility in OBM within PMCD operations are provided, a significant knowledge gap in existing literature. The comprehensive analysis of how various drilling parameters and flow conditions influence wellbore pressure and bullheading efficiency offers actionable strategies that can enhance safety and operational efficiency for drilling engineers in the field.