bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Stability of Colloids Released from Injection Grout Silica Sol
Authors: Holtta Pirkko L , Lahtinen Mari , Hakanen Martti , Lehto Jukka , Juhola Piia
Published: August 2010

In Olkiluoto Finland colloidal silica called silica sol (EKA Chemicals) will be used as a non-cementitious grout for the sealing of fractures of the hydraulic apertures of 0.05 mm or less. The use of colloidal material has to be considered in the long-term safety assessment of a spent nuclear fuel repository. The potential relevance of colloid-mediated radionuclide transport is highly dependent on their stability in different geochemical environments. Objective of this work was to study the effect of ionic strength on stability of silica colloids released from silica gel. Silica gel samples were stored in contact with NaCl and CaCl2electrolyte solutions and in deionized water. Colloid release and stability were followed for two years by taking the samples after one month and then twice in a year. The release and stability of colloids were followed by measuring particle size, colloidal silica concentrations and zeta potential. The particle size distributions were determined applying the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method and zeta potential based on dynamic electrophoretic mobility.

In dilute NaCl (10-7–10-2M) and CaCl2(3 10-7– 3 10-3M) solutions, a mean colloid diameter was less than 100 nm and high negative zeta potential values suggests the existence of stable silica colloids. After two years, the mean particle diameter was increased but it was still less than 500 nm and absolute value of zeta potential was decreased. In 0.1–1 M NaCl and 0.03–3 M CaCl2solutions, wide particle size distribution and zeta potential values around zero suggested particle aggregation and instable colloids. In deionized water, particle size remained rather stable and zeta potential remained high negative suggests stable silica colloids. The threshold value of ionic strength was 0.03–0.1 M when salinity had an effect on the stability of colloids. In Olkiluoto, the ionic strength of saline groundwater is order of magnitude higher than the range of effect value obtained in this study. Under the prevailing conditions in Olkiluoto, silica colloids are instable, but the possible influence of glacial melt waters has to be considered.
Effect of Molybdenum and Ruthenium on the Crystallization Tendency of a New Nuclear Glass Containing High Rare-earth Concentration
Authors: Caurant Daniel , Chouard Nolwenn , Majerus Odile , Dussossoy Jean-Luc , Ledieu Aurelien , Klimin Sergey , Pytalev Dmitry
Published: August 2010

The impact of Nd2O3, MoO3 and RuO2 addition on the competition between the crystallization of apatite Ca2Nd8(SiO4)6O2 and powellite CaMoO4 phases which both may appear in High Level Waste nuclear glass (under certain specific conditions of cooling and glass composition) has been studied on a simplified composition belonging to the system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-B2O3. X-ray diffraction (at room temperature and high temperature) and scanning electron microscopy measurements have been performed on five glasses under two different thermal treatments. We show that RuO2 acts as a nucleating agent for apatite. Moreover, neodymium and molybdenum cations seem to be very close in the glassy network as Nd2O3 addition stops the phase separation of molybdates and inhibits the crystallization of CaMoO4. On the contrary, MoO3 seems to favor the crystallization of apatite. For several samples, the evolution of the distribution of Nd3+ cations after crystallization was followed by optical absorption spectroscopy.
The Fate of Radiogenic Iodine During the Electrochemical Treatment of Spent EBR-II Fuel
Authors: Frank Steven , Vaden DeeEarl , Westphal Brian R , Johnson Thomas A , Hahn Paula A , Giglio Jeff J. , Cummings Daniel G. , Rodriquez Michael
Published: August 2010

Radiogenic iodine is one of the more difficult fission products to capture and immobilize during the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.

However, for metallic fuels reprocessed by electrometallurgical treatment, it is believed that the majority of fission-product iodine is retained during the various processing steps. Spent fuel from the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is being treated by a combination of electrochemical and pyrometallurgical methods to deactivate the bond sodium of the fuel, recover uranium, and immobilize fission products for disposal. This paper discusses the progress of various strategies and experiments to confirm the expected retention of iodine during the electrometallurgical treatment of EBR-II spent fuel. This includes surveys of previous observations and measurements, and the direct measurement of iodine from various process samples. Current measurements are aimed at iodine determination in the bond sodium and plenum regions of the fuel, refined iodine measurements in electrorefiner salt, and the retention of iodine during waste form production.
Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Acidic Nuclear Waste Separation
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Han Hongmei , Johnson Andrew , Kaczor Jesof , Paszczynski Andrzej , Qiang You
Published: August 2010

Actinide specific chelator (che) conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed to separate nuclear waste in acidic conditions. Compared to the traditional nuclear waste treatments, such as solvent extraction and ion exchange, this method is a simple, compact and cost-effective process that generates minimum secondary waste. In this paper, we focus on the coating process of MNPs to achieve a combination of good acidic resistance, high chelator loading density and efficient magnetic separation. An optimized silica coating process before conjugates chelator directly onto MNPs significantly improves the acidic resistance of the MNP-che complex. Chelator loading density is significantly increased by attaching a linear polyamine polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) to the surface of the MNPs using chemical and physical approaches.
Nanostructure formation in bulk thermoelectric compounds in the pseudo binary PbTe-Sb2Te3 system
Authors: Ikeda Teruyuki , Synder Jeffery
Published: August 2010

Studies on microstructures in thermoelectric compounds in the pseudobinary PbTe-Sb2Te3 system are overviewed and strategies to control the microstructure of thermoelectric compounds are discussed on the basis of the phase diagram and phase transformation theories. The morophology of solidification from the melt results in dendrite or lamellar structure depending on composition. The size-scales of the microstructures obtained by solidification can be controlled from the order of micrometers to tens of micrometers by controlling cooling rates (dendrites) or solidification velocity (lamellae). Lamellar and Widmansttäten structures are obtained by eutectoid (Pb2Sb6Te11 → PbTe + Sb2Te3) and precipitation (PbTe (Sb2Te3) → PbTe + Sb2Te3) reactions, respectively. These solid-state transformations show features with nanometer size-scales. For the eutectoid reaction the size-scale depends on annealing temperature and time. For precipitation, the size-scale depends on composition as well as cooling rate or annealing temperature. Such behavior can be understood in terms of phase transformation theories.
Structure and Thermoelectric Properties Correlation in half-Heusler ZrNiSn- based Bulk Nano-composite Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Misra Dinesh , Makongo Mangan Julien Pierre Amelie , Shabetai Michael R. , Chaubey Girija Shankar , Wiley John , Stokes Kevin L. , Poudeu Pierre F. P.
Published: August 2010

We report the effects of HfO2 nanoparticles as inclusion to the Zr0.5Hf0.5Ni0.8Pd0.2Sn0.99Sb0.01 half-Heusler matrix on the thermoelectric properties. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were employed for the phase identification and microstructure characterization of the composites. The transport properties are mainly discussed with regards to the microstructure details.
Ti-H and Ni-H interactions in Si: first principles theory
Authors: Estreicher Stefan K , Backlund Daniel J
Published: August 2010

Hydrogen is commonly used to remove (or at least reduce) the electrical activity of numerous defects and impurities in Si. Although hydrogenation works quite well for many defects, it has generally been unsuccessful with transition metal (TM) impurities. A number of {TM,Hn} complexes have been detected using optical or electrical techniques. Even though the gap levels of the isolated TM shift upon hydrogenation, many {TM,Hn} complexes remain electrically active. The nature of the complexes responsible for specific DLTS lines is generally not known, and the number of H interstitials in a given complex is assumed. We have performed systematic first-principles calculations involving Ti-H and Ni-H interactions in Si, assuming both interstitial and substitutional sites for the TM. The equilibrium configurations, binding energies, and approximate gap levels of all the {Ti,Hn} and {Ni,Hn} complexes are calculated.
Enhancing cell culture in magnetic vesicle gels
Authors: Leng Felicity , Gough Julie E , Webb Simon J
Published: August 2010

Several different hydrogel compositions have been incorporated into magnetic vesicle gels and the resulting “smart” biomaterials assessed as cell culture scaffolds. The compatibility of these hydrogels with the “smart” component of these biomaterials, thermally sensitive vesicles (TSVs) crosslinked by magnetic nanoparticles, was assessed by the leakage of fluorescent 5/6-carboxyfluorescein from the TSVs under cell culture conditions. Subsequently the ability of the hydrogels to support 3T3 fibroblast and chondrocyte viability was assessed. These studies revealed that alginate-based gels were the most compatible with both the TSVs and the cultured cells, with an alginate:fibronectin mix proving to be the most versatile. Nonetheless these studies also suggest that TSV composition needs to be modified to improve the performance of these “smart” cell culture scaffolds in future applications.
The Relationship between Growth Speed and Ambient Humidity in Convective Self-assembly
Authors: Robinson Hans D. , Chen Kai , Stoianov Stefan V.
Published: August 2010

We present a variation of a standard convective self-assembly technique, where the drying meniscus is restricted by a straight-edge located approximately 100 μm above the substrate adjacent to the drying zone. We find this technique to yield films at roughly twice the growth rate compared to the standard technique. We attribute this to differing local evaporation rates in the two cases. We also investigate how the crystal growth rate depends on ambient relative humidity and find a clear linear dependency, which we attribute to the length of the drying zone being constant over a wide range of humidities.
The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes on the Structure and Function of Fibrillin Microfibrils
Authors: Akhtar Riaz , Cruickshank J Kennedy , Gardiner Natalie J , Derby Brian , Sherratt Michael J
Published: August 2010

In Type 1 and 2 diabetes tissue stiffening is evident from measurements of the gross mechanical properties of the vasculature. Elastic fibers play an important role in the mechanical function of vascular tissue, however, the effects of diabetes on individual elastic fiber components remains poorly defined. Fibrillin microfibrils, a key elastic fiber component, have a ‘beads-on-a-string’ structure with a periodicity of approximately 56 nm. We tested for possible disruption due to diabetes in fibrillin microfibrils isolated from rat aorta using an experimental model of Type 1 diabetes in rats. The isolated fibrillin microfibrils were imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and image analysis techniques were used to characterise the microfibrils. Although there was no significant difference in mean microfibril length (control 23.2 repeats, SEM 6.2 repeats: diabetic 23.6 repeats, SEM 6.1 repeats: Mann Whitney U-test, p=0.391), mean periodicity was significantly reduced in microfibrils isolated from the diabetic rats (52.7 nm, SEM 0.4 nm) compared with age-matched controls (59.5 nm, SEM 0.4 nm) (p<0.001, Student's t-test). This study shows that diabetes leads to significant ultrastructural morphological changes in fibrillin microfibrils.
The Scissors Model of Microcrack Detection in Bone: Work in Progress
Authors: Taylor David , Mulcahy Lauren , Presbitero Gerardo , Tisbo Pietro , Dooley Clodagh , Duffy Garry , Lee Thomas Clive
Published: August 2010

We have proposed a new model for microcrack detection by osteocytes in bone. According to this model, cell signalling is initiated by the cutting of cellular processes which span the crack. We show that shear displacements of the crack faces are needed to rupture these processes, in an action similar to that of a pair of scissors. Current work involves a combination of cell biology experiments, theoretical and experimental fracture mechanics and system modelling using control theory approaches. The approach will be useful for understanding effects of extreme loading, aging, disease states and drug treatments on bone damage and repair; the present paper presents recent results from experiments and simulations as part of current, ongoing research.
67.1: Evaluation of Gamut‐Expansion Algorithms for Wide‐Gamut Display
Authors: Sakurai Masato , Nakatsue Takehiro , Shimpuku Yoshihide , Heckaman Rodney L. , Fairchild Mark D.
Published: August 2010

Different gamut expansion algorithms were applied to sRGB images and evaluated using paired comparison on image preference. Two performed better regardless test scenes. Image preference was highly correlated to lightness contrast, and there is a preferable range in the degree of chroma enhancement.
67.5: Image Detail and Color Enhancement Based on Channel‐Wise Local Gamma Adjustment
Authors: Tseng Chen‐Yu , Wang Sheng‐Jyh , Lai Yueh‐Yi , Zhou Yi‐Cai
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a novel local gamma adjustment algorithm to virtually expand the dynamic range of displayed images. Image details are automatically enhanced based on the estimation of local image details in the original image. By individually adjusting the local gamma value over the R, G, and B color channels, image colorfulness can also be enhanced. The proposed algorithm requires low computational complexity and may provide enhancement results comparable to, or even better than, manually adjusted images.
69.2: Designing Strong Glass for Mobile Devices
Authors: Gomez Sinue , Ellison Adam J. , Dejneka Matthew J.
Published: August 2010

Compared to plastic, glass is tougher, scratch resistant, offers optical quality and a richer look for consumer electronic applications. The mechanical performance of silicate glasses can be improved via ion‐exchange in molten salts. Variables that affect the ion‐exchange process, such as glass composition, thermal history, time, temperature, and bath chemistry will be discussed.
69.3: A Mechanics Framework for Ion‐Exchanged Cover Glass with a Deep Compression Layer
Authors: Price James J. , Glaesemann G. Scott , Clark Donald A. , Gross Timothy M. , Barefoot Kristen L.
Published: August 2010

A cover glass that is capable of having a deep ion exchange compression layer enables one to tailor the glass to the intended device application. Key to this effort is having a glass mechanics framework that includes resistance to visible and strength‐limiting contact damage as well as maintaining sufficient strength to survive localized glass flexing during contact events.
P‐8: Effects of Active Thickness in Oxide Semiconductor TFTs
Authors: Hwang Chi‐Sun , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Cheong Woo‐Seok , Shin Jaeheon , Yang Shinhyuk , Byun Chunwon , Ryu Min Ki , Cho Doo‐Hee , Yoon Sung Min , Chung Sung Mook , Chu Hye Yong , Cho Kyoung Ik
Published: August 2010

The effects of active thickness on the characteristics of oxide TFTs were investigated for the case of ZnO TFT and IGZO TFT. As the decrease of active thickness, the Von (Turn‐on Voltage of TFT) was shifted to near zero Volt and negative shift of Von as decrease of channel length was also diminished. The overall performance (including subthreshold swing and leakage currents) was improved with thinner active layer. This behavior could be explained under the consideration of unintentional n‐type doping in active layer. But, for the constant‐current stress, thinner active layer TFT showed less stable behavior.
11.1: An Auto‐Stereoscopic 3D Display Using Tunable Liquid Crystal Lens Array That Mimics Effects of GRIN Lenticular Lens Array
Authors: Kao Yung‐Yuan , Huang Yan‐Pean , Yang Kai‐Xian , Chao Paul C.‐P. , Tsai Chi‐Chung , Mo Chi‐Neng
Published: August 2010

A tunable liquid crystal lenticular lens array is proposed to compose an auto‐stereoscopic 3D display. The focusing can be achieved based on non‐uniform phase retardation across the width of the LC lenticular lens, mimicking the effects of gradient index (GRIN) lens. The viewing distance and zones of this display can be adjusted in an on‐line fashion to track the viewer position relative to the display. The proposed scheme can present the lenticular lens and the LC GRIN lens simultaneously, so that the simulation results can express the low value of crosstalk of 9% by the lenticular lens array and the LC GRIN lens array.
P‐36: A Psychophysical Analysis on Perceptual Limitation of Motion Image Artifact Reduction Using 120Hz Displays
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ting , Liu Yi‐Nung , Chien Shao‐Yi , Yang Yung‐Hao , Chen Yi‐Lin , Yeh Su‐Ling
Published: August 2010

In this paper, several psychophysical experiments are conducted to find the perceptual limitation in terms of duration, retinal velocity, and direction of motions. Moreover, the jerkiness artifacts are considered together with motion blur artifacts. The analysis results can provide important information for the computation reduction of frame rate up conversion.
P‐39: pLVDS: A New Intra‐Panel Interface for the Future Flat‐Panel Displays with Higher Resolution and Larger Size
Authors: Koh Hwasu
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we will present the pLVDS, the newly developed intra‐panel interface standard for the future flat‐panel displays which have higher resolution, more natural image and larger size panel. These panels require much higher data rate with good signal integrity and lower EMI level. To satisfy those requirements, differential point‐to‐point data signal line and differential multi‐drop bus clock signal line architecture with low frequency are chosen. The new signaling protocol was proposed for the efficient data transfer, that is, much lower data rate for the same panel performance. Pre‐emphasis on the Tx driver is adopted for the robust data recovery at the Column Drivers by compensating the frequency dependent channel loss on the large size panel.
11.5L: Late‐News Paper: Full Resolution Autostereoscopic 3D Display for Mobile Applications
Authors: Schultz John C. , Brott Robert , Sykora Michael , Bryan William , Fukamib Tetsuo , Nakao Kenji , Takimoto Akio
Published: August 2010

This paper will describe the implementation of a 3D film method for achieving full resolution autostereoscopic 3D displays in handheld and portable devices. The three components of this technology ‐ a directional backlight, 3D Film and a 120Hz LCD panel ‐ will be described. Modeling and experimental device performance using OCB LCD panels will be reviewed along with 3D visualization performance.
P‐89: Low Temperature Furnace Method to Deposit Transparent Indium Oxide Film on Gallium Nitride‐Based LED
Authors: Lian Jan‐Tian , Liou Jian‐Ye , Tsou Chien‐Lung , Lu Fu‐Chie , Lin Tai‐Yuan , Mo Chi‐Neng
Published: August 2010

Increasing the light extraction and the current spreading area of GaN LEDs is helpful for enhancing the efficiency of the light emission. We have developed a simple deposited method of Indium oxide (InxOy) on the top layer of GaN LEDs by using furnaces at the low temperature (550°C). The deposited Film of Indium oxide on GaN LEDs is crystallites. The electroluminescent intensity of GaN LEDs with Indium oxide is higher than GaN LEDs without Indium oxide about six times.
P‐194L: Late‐News Poster: Simple Structure Laser‐Addressing e‐Papers
Authors: Chen Shang‐Chia , Liang Chao‐Chiun , Chen Heng‐Yin
Published: August 2010

For low cost and high performance cholesteric liquid crystal panel, this paper proposes a simple structure laser‐addressable e‐paper. It makes the dark layer unnecessary and the electrodes can be optional, transparent, and un‐patterned. It responds to a laser source without electrical field and can be stacked to achieve color laser‐addressing.
P‐156: Microcavity Structures for White RGBW OLED Displays
Authors: Cok Ronald S. , Shore Joel D.
Published: August 2010

Microcavity OLED structures can increase on‐axis light output and color purity for colored‐light emitters. Such microcavity structures can also be effectively employed with unpatterned white‐light emitters. The relative performance of such a design is compared to a nonmicrocavity structure. Efficiency, color, and angular performance are measured and discussed.
3.1: A New AMOLED Pixel Compensating the Combination of n‐Type TFT and Normal OLED Device
Authors: Jung Sang‐Hoon , Lee Hong‐Koo , Park Soo‐Jeong , Ahn Tae‐Joon , Lee Seok‐Woo , Yoo Juhn‐Suk , Yoon Soo‐Young , Kim Chang‐Dong , Kang In Byeong
Published: August 2010

A new AMOLED pixel circuit was proposed to compensate for the mismatched combination of n‐type TFT and normal bottom‐emission OLED. The proposed pixel also compensates for the variation of TFT characteristics and I×R voltage rise in power line. 15‐inch AMOLED panel employing reliable a‐SPC TFT backplane and the proposed pixel has been developed.
16.4: Ultra‐Thin Chip Packaging (UTCP): A Promising Technology for Future Flexible Display Interconnection
Authors: Govaerts Jonathan , Christiaens Wim , Vanfleteren Jan
Published: August 2010

With several flexible display technologies sprouting up, the driving electronics seem to become the limiting factors in the bendability of any flexible display system. The idea of adapting existing interconnection technologies is discussed. Finally, ultra‐thin chip packaging is proposed to bypass this limitation imposed by the rigidity of the driver electronics.
20.3: A Bright and Efficient Mobile Projector Using a Compact Green Laser
Authors: Mizushima Tetsuro , Nakayama Kenji , Kusukame Koichi , Sugita Tomoya , Itoh Tatsuo
Published: August 2010

We have developed an ideal W‐class compact green laser for mobile projectors. The wall‐plug efficiency of the laser was higher than 15% over wide temperature range. By using RGB lasers and small LCOS projection optics, a mobile projector with high brightness (100 lm) and excellent efficiency (20 lm/W) was demonstrated.
22.1: Novel Black/White Flexible ChLC Display
Authors: Chen An‐Cheng , Huang Pei‐Cheng , Liu Shih‐Hsien , Su Chih‐Lin , Chiu Yu‐Tsung , Huang Chun‐Hui , Liang Chao‐Chiun , Cheng Kung‐Lung
Published: August 2010

In this report, a novel coatable, encapsulated ChLC material and the corresponding device would be presented. The ChLCs with plurally reflective properties were mixed via emulsion and dispersion. A black/white and high contrast reflective electro‐optical device could be fabricated by the simple processes.
22.4L: Late‐News Paper: Under 0.05% Reflectance Optical Devices Using Improved Motheye Anti‐Reflection Structure
Authors: Hayashibe Kazuya , Endoh Sohmei , Oikawa Makiko , Iwasaki Yoh , Minegishi Shinji
Published: August 2010

We designed an anti‐reflection sub‐wavelength structure for optical devices with under 0.05% residual reflectance. The 0.04% minimum reflectance was achieved with this improved structure, which is suitable for optical disk mastering methods, and performance results agreed well with simulation results. This design could be applied to the mass production of low glare displays.
26.3: Effect of Seed Particles on Exaggerated Grain Growth of Redeposited MgO Layer during Accelerated Discharge Testing of AC‐PDPs
Authors: Kwon Sang‐Koo , Kim Jeong‐Ho , Moon Seung‐Kyu , Choi Jong‐Kwon , Jang Young‐Il , Park Kyu‐Ho , Han Sung‐Su
Published: August 2010

Reconstruction and exaggerated grain growth (EGG) behaviors of redeposited MgO layer were observed and analyzed theoretically with the addition of dopant and MgO seed particle. The reconstruction and EGG are closely correlated with the driving force for nucleation and growth, interface energy and initial size distribution of MgO protective layer and this is believed to be caused by the formation of charged clusters in the plasma spaces during discharge in AC‐PDPs.
28.1: Distinguished Paper: A Novel Low‐Power‐Consumption All‐Digital System‐On‐Glass Display with Serial Interface
Authors: Harada Kenji , Kimura Hiroyuki , Miyatake Masaki , Kataoka Seiji , Tsunashima Takanori , Motai Tomonobu , Kawamura Tetsuya
Published: August 2010

We have developed a low‐power LCD panel with a serial interface by combining the technique of integration of serial data receiver function and pixel memory circuits. It has achieved a low power consumption of 15uW in a 2.26‐inch format.
31.1: Invited Paper: World's First 240Hz TFT‐LCD Technology for Full‐HD LCD‐TV and Its Application to 3D Display
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , You Bong Hyun , Choi Heejin , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Dong Gyu , Kim Nam Deog
Published: August 2010

A full‐HD (FHD) liquid crystal display TV (LCD‐TV) has been enhanced by increasing the panel's frame rate to 240Hz, and this 240Hz driving technology has been applied to 3D TV. Compared to a 120Hz LCD, the 240Hz LCD has two challenges: 1) half of the available pixel charging time, and 2) three times as many interpolated frames. A new architecture has doubled the available pixel charging time by means of a half‐gate two‐data (hG‐2D) driving scheme and a charge‐shared super PVA (CS S‐PVA) pixel structure. Additionally, a 240Hz ME/MC algorithm has been implemented on the LCD module to convert 60Hz incoming frames into 240Hz frames. Motion picture response time (MPRT) of the new LCD‐TV has been measured as 4.7msec, which is similar to the MPRT for a cathode ray tube (CRT) TV.
31.2: Crosstalk‐Free 3D Display with Time‐Sequential OCB LCD
Authors: Suzuki Daiichi , Fukami Tetsuo , Higano Emi , Kubota Naoya , Higano Toshiyuki , Kawaguchi Seiji , Nishimoto Yuuki , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Nakao Kenji , Tsukamoto Takayoshi , Kato Hirofumi
Published: August 2010

We have developed high quality 3D display system with time‐sequential OCB LCD. That is 3D display of 15.4 inch WXGA panel without the problem of 3D crosstalk, pseudoscopy and 3D moiré. Fast response OCB LCDs were used for both the panel and active shutter glasses and improved blinking backlight control technology was applied.
31.3: Reduction and Measurement of 3D Moiré Caused by Lenticular Sheet and Backlight
Authors: Uehara Shin‐ichi , Hiroya Tsutomu , Shigemura Kouji , Asada Hideki
Published: August 2010

We found that interference between a 3D display's lenticular sheet and backlight prism sheet causes 3D moiré. This previously unknown phenomenon affects image quality. Its mechanism, reduction methods and their implementation results are described. An appropriate measurement method for 3D moiré is also proposed.
34.2: Transmissive Electrowetting‐Based Displays for Portable Multi‐Media Devices
Authors: Giraldo Andrea , Aubert Jo , Bergeron Nicolas , Li Fahong , Slack Anthony , Van de Weijer Melanie
Published: August 2010

In the past, electrowetting‐based displays have been successfully demonstrated in reflective mode, showing video capability and high optical performances. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that this technology can be extended to the transmissive mode enabling a large variety of applications. This paper describes the main technical and system aspects and explores the capability of this high efficiency optical switch.
36.2: Quantifying “Sparkle” of Anti‐Glare Surfaces
Authors: Huckaby Darren K. P. , Cairns Darran R.
Published: August 2010

Textured surfaces are widely used for anti‐glare surfaces. Modern high resolution displays are placing higher demands on these layers. Developing techniques to quantify the subjective appearance of speckle caused by overlays is crucial to developing the next generation of overlays. We report on the use of a simple optical bench to measure speckle contrast and the comparison of these measurements to subjective scores for sparkle. We show that for a set of specially prepared acid etched samples there is a direct correlation between speckle contrast and subjective sparkle.
36.3: Analysis of Depolarized Light‐Scattering in LCD Panel and Proposal of LCD Systems for Enhancing Contrast Ratio
Authors: Takemoto Hiroyuki , Fuchida Takehito , Miyatake Minoru
Published: August 2010

We have successfully measured depolarized light‐scattering in LCD panel by using the measuring system with collimated light source. Depolarized light‐scatterings in VA (vertical alignment)‐mode panel have interesting scattering behaviors. We propose systems for enhancing contrast ratio by applying the above result.
38.1: Embedded Liquid Crystal Capacitive Touch Screen Technology for Large Size LCD Applications
Authors: Takahashi Seiki , Lee Byoung Jun , Koh Jai Hyun , Saito Satoru , You Bong Hyun , Kim Nam Deog , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2010

A new embedded touch screen panel (TSP) incorporated with liquid crystal capacitive (LCC) sensors and a‐Si:H TFT amplifiers has been developed. The size of sensor pixels and capacitance values have been optimized for improved sensitivity. The readout current from a sensor pixel is converted to readout voltage data, and a digital calibration process is conducted. A sensing voltage larger than 1V is obtained with 50gf finger touch, and a highly sensitive multi‐finger touch operation has been demonstrated with aproto‐type 16 inch qHD panel.
38.3: Top‐COM‐Based PLS Mode for Embedded Touch Screen Applications
Authors: Han Sang Youn , Oh Keunchan , Seong Dong Gi , Ham Yeon‐Sik , Lyu Jaejin , Lee Miae , Lee Kyehun , Shin Jaemin , Park SangWoo
Published: August 2010

We have successfully demonstrated a top‐com based PLS (plane to line switching) LCD mode by adopting a low‐temperature passivation layer above the organic layer. The top‐com based PLS mode increased the panel transmission by 60% compared to the conventional bottom‐com PLS structure. A digital switching‐type touch screen function has been embedded inside the panel, showing excellent sensitivity of 20gf. These results were achieved by a new additional column spacer layer and a passivation trench structure. This technology can be applied to wide angle of view hand‐held phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and tablet PCs.
44.2: Distinguished Paper: A Reliable Flexible OLED Display with an OTFT Backplane Manufactured Using a Scalable Process
Authors: Katsuhara Mao , Yagi Iwao , Noda Makoto , Hirai Nobukazu , Yasuda Ryoichi , Moriwaki Toshiki , Ushikura Shinichi , Imaoka Ayaka , Nomoto Kazumasa , Yumoto Akira , Urabe Tetsuo
Published: August 2010

We have developed a full‐color, top‐emission, AM‐OLED display driven by organic TFT backplane manufactured using a scalable, lift‐off free and shadow mask free, process. Low‐cost copper electrode is used for S/D electrodes. The display shows no significant degradation for the storage life > 2 month and operation period > 25 hours with 10000 times bending.
44.3: Flexible Electrophoretic Displays with Jet‐Printed Backplanes
Authors: Daniel Jurgen , Arias Ana Claudia , Russo Beverly , Krusor Brent
Published: August 2010

Flexible electrophoretic displays are demonstrated using all‐additive solution‐processed active‐matrix backplanes. The conducting traces and the organic semiconductor for the pixel circuit were deposited by inkjet printing. Printed backplanes with smaller pixel size are desirable and the consequences of increasing the display resolution from 37 ppi to 74 ppi are discussed. Novel fabrication approaches for printed multi‐layer pixel designs are presented.
45.4: Invited Paper: Enhancing the Energy Efficiency of TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Wu Shin‐Tson , Ge Zhibing , Tsai Chang‐Ching , Jiao Meizi , Gauza Sebastian , Li Yan
Published: August 2010

Four approaches for enhancing the energy efficiency of TFT‐LCDs will be reviewed: 1) linearly polarized lamp, 2) backlight recycling based on nano‐wire grid polarizer, 3) color‐filter‐less color sequential LCDs using fast‐response blue phase liquid crystals, and 4) intelligent backlight management using dynamic LED backlight.
56.1: A Novel Composite Bump Design for Chip‐On‐Glass Package Using Non‐Conductive Adhesive Film
Authors: Tang Pao‐Yun , Sun Wei‐Hao , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: August 2010

A novel composite bump, Smart bump, structure has been successfully developed for chip‐on‐glass (COG) package using non‐conductive adhesive film (NCF). We have successfully verified the low contact resistance and high reliabilities using Smart bump and COG NCF process for the packages of 17 “W, 12.1” and 2.4 “TFT‐LCD modules. We have realized that COG NCF process with Smart bump is simpler and lower cost in consumable materials than the conventional COG ACF process with Au bump. The COG NCF process also allows fine‐pitch‐driver package for high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs, and has a higher process yield in pilot production.
56.4: Formation of Single‐Layer Al‐Alloy Interconnection for Source and Drain of a‐Si TFT Using One‐Wet‐One‐Dry Etching with Four‐Mask Process
Authors: Goto Hiroshi , Kawakami Nobuyuki , Ochi Mototaka , Morita Shinya , Fukuma Shinya , Nakai Junichi , Kugimiya Toshihiro , Yoneda Yoichiro , Kusumoto Eisuke
Published: August 2010

Single layer Al‐alloy interconnection for source and drain of amorphous Si (a‐Si) thin film transistor (TFT) is demonstrated by direct‐contact technology with no barrier metals at the interfaces with both ITO and a‐Si. Thermally stable contacts were formed on a‐Si with a buried nitridation layer while maintaining the contact resistivity as low as 0.1Ωcm2. Excessive interdiffusion between the Al‐alloy electrode and a‐Si that can degrade TFT characteristics was suppressed by the nitridation layer. The Al‐alloy direct contact technology, combined with one‐wet‐one‐dry etching with four‐mask process, drastically simplifies the the TFT fabrication process and contributes to cost reduction of a‐Si TFT LCD.
60.1: Invited Paper: Tandem Hybrid White OLED Devices with Improved Light Extraction
Authors: Tyan Yuan‐Sheng , Rao YuanQiao , Ren XiaoFan , Kesel Raymond , Cushman Thomas R. , Begley William J. , Bhandari Nikhil
Published: August 2010

A high‐efficacy white OLED device is reported. At 1,000 cd/m2, the device showed an efficacy of 56 lm/W. The color at (0.387, 0.389) was within the Energy Star tolerance quadrangle; the CRI at 83.6 exceeded the requirements. The device had a tandem hybrid architecture comprising a fluorescent blue‐emitting unit and a phosphorescent yellow‐red‐emitting unit. It also had an internal extraction enhancement structure that greatly enhanced the light extraction efficiency.
63.2: AMOLED Displays Using Transfer‐Printed Integrated Circuits
Authors: Hamer John W. , Cok Ronald S. , Parrett Gary J. , Winters Dustin , Primerano Bruno , Bower Christopher A. , Menard Etienne , Bonafede Salvatore
Published: August 2010

Active‐matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays have been fabricated using backplanes with transfer‐printed microscale silicon integrated circuits (ICs) in place of conventional thin‐film transistors (TFTs). The microscale integrated circuits were transfer printed onto a glass substrate and interconnected using a single‐level, thin‐film metallization process. The resulting OLED display exhibited good pixel‐to‐pixel luminance uniformity, high luminance, and excellent control. The transfer‐printing process achieved good positional accuracy and high yield.
64.2: Invited Paper: Advanced LCD Driver Technologies
Authors: Hayama Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Advanced LCD driver technologies are presented. Such technologies as a point‐to‐point clock‐embedded interface with 2Gbps data transfer capability, an automatic gamma control, and a frame memory reduction codec are presented and several applications to actual LCD drivers are shown.
65.2: Distinguished Paper: World‐Largest (6.5”) Flexible Full Color Top Emission AMOLED Display on Plastic Film and Its Bending Properties
Authors: Jin Dong‐Un , Lee Jae‐Sup , Kim Tae‐Woong , An Sung‐Guk , Straykhilev Denis , Pyo Young‐Shin , Kim Hyung‐Sik , Lee Dong‐Bum , Mo Yeon‐Gon , Kim Hye‐Dong , Chung Ho‐Kyoon
Published: August 2010

The world largest flexible full color 6.5‐inch active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display with top emission mode on plastic film is demonstrated. The active matrix backplanes were fabricated using metal oxide thin film transistors (TFTs). The n‐channel metal oxide TFTs on plastic film exhibited field‐effect mobility of 17.8 cm2/Vs, threshold voltage of 0.4 V, on/off ratio of 1.1× 108, and subthreshold slope of 0.34 V/dec. These TFT performance characteristics made it possible to integrate scan driver circuit, demux switching and compensation circuit on the panel. Bending tests were performed with TFT backplane samples to determine critical curvature radius to which the panel can be bent without TFT performance degradation. The results were compared with the calculations that took into account thicknesses and mechanical constants of flexible substrate and of thin‐film layers in AMOLED device.
3.3: Real Time Brightness Compensation for a‐Si:H TFT Backplane AMOLED
Authors: Kang Chang‐Heon , Kim Jin‐Hyoung , Lee Hyun‐Haeng , Ha Won‐Kyu , Kim Hak‐Su , Tak Yoon‐Heung
Published: August 2010

a‐Si:H TFT backplane based AMOLED with a real time brightness compensation circuit is presented. The brightness of AMOLED is automatically adjusted by the thermal sensor and temperature compensation system with feedback algorithm. By using this compensation circuit, the brightness differences over the temperature range −20 °C and 60 °C is reduced by 550cd/m2 to 30cd/m2.
U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation program and practice effects on wetland ecosystem services: a synthesis
Authors: Brinson Mark M. , Eckles S. Diane
Published: August 2010

Ecosystem services provided by wetlands on agricultural landscapes include fish and wildlife habitat support, mitigation of pollution effects, water conservation, and climate change mitigation. Riparian buffer practices are also considered in this synthesis due to their implementation in wetlands or effects on wetland ecosystem service provisioning when implemented adjacent to wetlands. Conservation practices are most extensive in the first three of the following seven regions analyzed: Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Glaciated Interior Plains, Piedmont–Coastal Plain, Prairie Pothole Region, California Central Valley, Appalachia, and the High Plains. Of the eight dominant practices available to establish and manage wetlands, the three most prevalent are Wetland Establishment, Wetland Management, and Riparian Buffer establishment and management. Differences in physiography among regions strongly influence the types of practices commonly applied. Highly altered drainage patterns and nutrient loading common to agriculture can make wetland establishment difficult. Nutrient enrichment, especially with nitrogen, can create trade‐offs between reduced export of nutrients downstream (e.g., nitrate) and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., nitrous oxide). Guidance is needed that considers the full array of ecosystem functions and services of multiple practices across a range of spatial scales. Both positive and negative effects need to be addressed given the trade‐offs between enhancement of ecosystem services and the lack of knowledge of thresholds at which ecosystem functions are no longer ecologically or economically sustainable. In many cases, data are not presently available, nor is there a suitable monitoring process in place to assess the long‐term effects of agriculture on additional wetlands and the potential services they provide, and vice versa. This points to the need to better match practices with goals, to evaluate restoration costs and benefits, and to optimize how decision‐making is distributed between national and local levels.
A critical evaluation of two point-of-use water treatment technologies: can they provide water that meets WHO drinking water guidelines?
Authors: Murphy Heather M. , McBean Edward A. , Farahbakhsh Khosrow
Published: August 2010

Point-of-use (POU) technologies have been proposed as solutions for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for safe water. They reduce the risk of contamination between the water source and the home, by providing treatment at the household level. This study examined two POU technologies commonly used around the world: BioSand and ceramic filters. While the health benefits in terms of diarrhoeal disease reduction have been fairly well documented for both technologies, little research has focused on the ability of these technologies to treat other contaminants that pose health concerns, including the potential for formation of contaminants as a result of POU treatment. These technologies have not been rigorously tested to see if they meet World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines. A study was developed to evaluate POU BioSand and ceramic filters in terms of microbiological and chemical quality of the treated water. The following parameters were monitored on filters in rural Cambodia over a six-month period: iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite and Escherichia coli. The results revealed that these technologies are not capable of consistently meeting all of the WHO drinking water guidelines for these parameters.
DOC and UVA attenuation with soil aquifer treatment in the saturated zone of an artificial coastal sandfill
Authors: Chua Lloyd H. C. , Lo Edmond Y. M. , Shuy Eng Ban , Robertson Alexander P. , Lim Teik Thye , Tan Soon Keat
Published: August 2010

Results from a direct recharge experiment conducted in the field to investigate DOC and UVA254 attenuation rates during the direct injection of UF treated wastewater into a artificial coastal sandfill are presented in this paper. Approximately 500 m3 of ultra-filtered wastewater was injected into the saturated zone, over a period of 9 days. The movement of the plume was tracked over 80 days, during which time samples were obtained from multilevel samplers installed in transects across the drift axis of the plume. An analysis of fluorescein in the samples obtained during the drift of the UF plume showed that DOC and UVA were attenuated beyond rates predicted by conservative mixing, by up to a maximum of 45%. A degradation coefficient of 0.0175 day−1 was found to be applicable for DOC degradation. After a drift period of 80 days, DOC and UVA reduced to approximately 4.5 mg/l and 0.100 cm−1, respectively, from initial values of 8.06 mg/l and 0.199 cm−1.
Sustainable sewerage servicing options for peri-urban areas with failing septic systems
Authors: Sharma A. K. , Tjandraatmadja G. , Grant A. L. , Grant T. , Pamminger F.
Published: August 2010

The provision of water and wastewater services to peri-urban areas faces very different challenges to providing services to cities. Sustainable solutions for such areas are increasingly being sought, in order to solve the environmental and health risks posed by failing septic systems. These solutions should have the capability to reduce potable water demand, provide fit for purpose reuse options, and minimise impacts on the local and global environment. A methodology for the selection of sustainable sewerage servicing systems and technologies is presented in this paper. This paper describes the outcomes of applying this methodology to a case study in rural community near Melbourne, Australia, and describes the economic and environmental implications of various sewerage servicing options. Applying this methodology has found that it is possible to deliver environmental improvements at a lower community cost, by choosing servicing configurations not historically used by urban water utilities. The selected solution is currently being implemented, with the aim being to generate further transferable learnings for the water industry.
Estimating the costs of collective treatment of wastewater: the case of Walloon Region (Belgium)
Authors: Dogot Thomas , Xanthoulis Yanni , Fonder Nathalie , Xanthoulis Dimitri
Published: August 2010

This paper contributes to a better understanding of costs for collective wastewater treatment in the Walloon Region (Belgium). Based on a large set of data, unit costs to population equivalents are modelled. Considering investment as well as exploitation costs, the model includes not only wastewater treatment plants but also collector and sewage networks in an integrated approach at the technical basin level. Beyond this modelling, each type of process is analyzed independently in order to explore the structure of investment costs and their variation factors. Then, the model was used to forecast the upcoming expenses for 36 areas which are not yet equipped with collective wastewater treatment facilities. In light of these results, strategic choices for decision makers are discussed.
3D modelling of transport, deposition and resuspension of highway deposited sediments in wet detention ponds
Authors: Bentzen T. R.
Published: August 2010

The paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of flows and transport of primarily particle bound pollutants in highway wet detention ponds. The study presented here is part of a general investigation on road runoff and pollution in respect to wet detention ponds. The objective is to evaluate the quality of long term simulation based on historical rains series of the pollutant discharges from roads and highways. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and mud transport model is used for the investigation. The transport model has been calibrated and validated on e.g. experiments in a 30 m long concrete channel with width of 0.8 m and a water depth of approximately 0.8 m and in circular flume experiments in order to reproduce near-bed specific processes such as resuspension and consolidation. With a fairly good agreement with measurements, modelling of hydrodynamics, transport of dissolved pollutants and particles in wet detention ponds is possible with application of a three dimensional RANS model and the advection/dispersion equation taken physical phenomena like wind, waves, deposition, erosion and consolidation of the bottom sediment into account.
Exposure to Nanoparticles and Hormesis
Authors: Iavicoli Ivo , Calabrese Edward J. , Nascarella Marc A.
Published: August 2010

Nanoparticles are particles with lengths that range from 1 to 100 nm. They are increasingly being manufactured and used for commercial purpose because of their novel and unique physicochemical properties. Although nanotechnology-based products are generally thought to be at a pre-competitive stage, an increasing number of products and materials are becoming commercially available. Human exposure to nanoparticles is therefore inevitable as they become more widely used and, as a result, nanotoxicology research is now gaining attention. However, there are many uncertainties as to whether the unique properties of nanoparticles also pose occupational health risks. These uncertainties arise because of gaps in knowledge about the factors that are essential for predicting health risks such as routes of exposure, distribution, accumulation, excretion and dose-response relationship of the nanoparticles. In particular, uncertainty remains with regard to the nature of the dose-response curve at low level exposures below the toxic threshold. In fact, in the literature, some studies that investigated the biological effects of nanoparticles, observed a hormetic dose-response. However, currently available data regarding this topic are extremely limited and fragmentary. It therefore seems clear that future studies need to focus on this issue by studying the potential adverse health effects caused by low-level exposures to nanoparticles.