bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of 7‐Bromo‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐3H‐l, 4‐benzodiazepine‐2(1H)‐one, Bromazepam (Ro 5–3350), a New Minor Tranquilizer, on Psychoneurosis with Special Reference to the Obsessive‐Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: OKUMA Teruo , NAKAO Takehisa , OGURA Chikara , KISHIMOTO Akira , MAJIMA Kazuaki
Published: March 2008

Clinical application of a minor tranquilizer bromazepam, 7‐Bromo‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)‐3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2(lH)‐one (Ro 5–3350) was made on 18 cases of obsessive‐compulsive neurosis, 10 of anxiety neurosis, 6 hypochondriasis, 4 hysteria and 3 of phobia of bodily odor.

In 18 cases of obsessive‐compulsive neurosis, bromazepam was found markedly effective in 6, effective in 3, fairly effective in 5, ineffective in 2, and aggravated in 2 cases. The effective cases were those with obsessive thinking and manifest anxiety. In other kind of neurosis, bromazepam was markedly effective in 5 and effective in 2 of 10 anxiety neurotic cases, whereas it was almost ineffective in the cases of hypochondriasis, hysteria and phobia of bodily odor.

The maximum daily dose of bromazepam was 10 to 20 mg in many cases, and 20 to 30 mg in some other cases. The durg is quick‐acting to such an extent that it took 2 to 5 days for its action to become manifest in markedly effective cases.

Various laboratory tests revealed no appreciable abnormality in most cases where bromazepam was employed. Physical side effects such as slight hypotension, dizziness, and sleepiness were observed in a few cases, and mental side effects such as loquaciousness and restlessness in about 20 cases.

The target symptoms of bromazepam were suggested to be anxiety, tension, and irritation like previously reported other benzodiazepines. The fact that its action of relieving anxiety and tension and of elevating mood was found to be more potent than those of other benzodiazepines and that it was effective on some obsessive‐compulsive neurosis that showed little response to other benzodiazepines, suggested that bromazepam is a potent and characteristic new minor tranquilizer of clinical value.
Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Carbon Monoxide Poisoned Subjects (1): Application of Amplitude Scaling
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

With 87 CO‐poisoned subjects of coal miners, the differences in the IPA‐SER Pattern (Inter‐Personal Average Somatosensory Evoked Response Pattern) between the severe and mild cases were studied. Then the severe and mild cases were discriminated by their SER pattern according to the values of Discriminant Function, and the rate of coincidence of the discrimination with the clinical graduation of the individual subjects was obtained.

 In the IPA‐SER Pattern, the latencies of P3 and N4 were larger with the severe cases than with the mild cases.

 The rate of coincidence of the discrimination by SER pattern with the clinical graduation of the individual subjects was 58.6% in all.

 Applying the newly adopted technique, Amplitude Scaling, in which the different amplitudes of each individual SER patterns were scaled into percentages in order to eliminate the individual differences in amplitude, the differences in the Scaled IPA‐SER Pattern between the sever and mild cases were studied. Then the severe and mild cases were discriminated by their Scaled SER Pattern according to the values of Discriminant Function, and the rate of coincidence of the discrimination with the clinical graduation of the individual subjects was obtained.

 In the Scaled IPA‐SER Pattern, the latencies of P1, N3, P3 and N4 were larger with the severe cases than those with the mild cases.

 The rate of coincidence of the discrimination by Scaled SER Pattern with the clinical graduation of the individual subjects attained to 71.3% in all.
Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Carbon Monoxide Poisoned Subjects (2): Influences of Ages
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

With SERs recorded from 87 CO‐poison‐ed male adult subjects, ranging in age from 23 to 56 years (median 43), the influences of ages on SERs were studied. Further, the method how to neutralize the influences from SERs was tested successfully.

 There were individual SER patterns with larger amplitudes in the senior cases than in the junior cases, dividing the senior and junior cases by the median age. Consequently, the amplitude of IPA‐SER Pattern (Inter‐Personal Average Somatosensory Evoked Response Pattern) was larger with the senior cases than with the junior cases. The latencies of the components of IPA‐SER Pattern were larger with P3 and N4 but smaller with N3, with the senior cases than with the junior cases. The rate of correct discrimination of the senior and junior cases by SER patterns was 67.8% in all.

 Scaling the amplitudes of each individual SER patterns into percentages, Scaled SER Patterns were obtained. The amplitude of Scaled IPA‐SER Pattern was larger with the senior cases than with the junior cases. The latencies of the components of Scaled IPA‐SER Pattern were larger with P3 and P4, with the senior cases than with the junior cases, but the values were the same with N1, P1, N2, P2 and N3. The rate of correct discrimination of the senior and junior cases by Scaled SER Patterns was 69.0% in all.

 Applying the Age‐Correction, the very coinciding Age‐Corrected IPA‐SER Patterns of the senior and junior cases were obtained. Latencies of the components were the same between these 2 Age‐Corrected IPA‐SER Patterns. The rate of correct discrimination of the senior and junior cases by Age‐Corrected SER Patterns was 51.7% in all.

 It was concluded that every part of the SER pattern changes linearly in the vertical direction with age, at least within the range of age, from 23 to 56 years.
Hereditary Spastic Ataxia: Report of a Family Through Four Generations
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , SATO Mitsumoto , TERAO Akira , HAYAHARA Toshiyuki , OTSUKI Saburo , HOAKI Takayuki
Published: March 2008

The authors reported five cases of here‐ditary ataxia (Marie). The same symptoms of the disease have been observed through four generations in ten members of this family. Clinical and pathological features of one of five cases were as follows:

 Clinical course: A male, aged thirty‐eight at the time of death, complained of spastic‐ataxic gait at the age of twenty‐five, which was followed gradually by double vision dysarthria. At the age of thirty‐six, the patient became bedridden, demented and depressed, accompanied with confusional‐oneiroid state in the night. Neurologically he showed accomodation paralysis, horizontal nystagumus, slight nerve deafness, logoclonia and cerebellar ataxia. Deep tendon reflexes were exaggerated, there was a Babinski unilaterally. Muscle atrophy as well as rigidity of the lower limbs was noted. He died after the clinical course of thirteen years.

 Autopsy findings: Macroscopically pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord and cerebellum were small. In frontal sections, moderate enlargement of lateral ventricles was noted. On cross‐section, transverse fibers of pons were diminished in number and gray matter of spinal cord was unsharply‐defined. White matter of cerebellar hemispheres was narrower than normal.

Microscopically, ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts were degenerated from lower thoracic segments to lateral sides of corpus restiforme. In addition, moderate demyelination of fasciculus gracilis (Goll) was found from thoracic segments to refgion of pyramidal decussation. Marked diminution of anterior horn cells was found. Chronic cell change of nerve cells of pontine nucleus, severe disparation of nerve cells and scattering of melanin pigments in substantia nigra were also found. Cerebellum was almost normal.

 This case belongs to hereditary spastic ataxia (Greenfield). In this case, degeneration of anterior horn cells and substantia nigra was also found. Clinical and pathological comparison with nine cases reported in the literature was made.
The Effect of Fusaric Acid, Inhibitor of Dopamine β‐hydroxylase, on Reaction to Alcohol in Chronic Alcoholics: Clinical Findings
Authors: OGATA Motoi , SANADA Hiroshi , TERAOKA Masatoshi
Published: March 2008

In order to explore the question if dopamine β‐hydroxylase inhibitor alone has a disulfiram‐like effect on alcohol, fusaric acid, a potent inhibitor of dopamine β‐hydroxylase, was administered to 23 gamma alcoholics. The alcohol‐test was made twice, prior to administration of fusaric acid and after one week of the treatment. Significant effects of the agent on reaction to alcohol were observed in the symptom of flushing of face, a fall in blood pressure, change of the taste, and feeling of getting drunk. These symptoms were more slight than those of the alcohol‐disulfiram reaction. However, it was emphasized that the mechanism of the alcohol‐disulfiram reaction is not explained by only a transient hyperacetaldehydemia, but may be also related to the metabolism of both catecholamines and serotonin. Further clinical studies are needed to assess therapeutic use of te compound in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.

The fusaric acid was supplied from Banyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. with a favor of Professor Hamao Umezawa, Director of Institute of Biseibutsu Kagaku to meet with the request of one of the authors, Motoi Ogata, M.D.
A Case of Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease)
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , HIGASHI Hirofumi , HAYAHARA Toshiyuki , IKEDA Hisao , OTSUKI Saburo
Published: March 2008

Clinico‐pathological descriptions were made on a case of Binswanger's disease, in whom the illness began with Parkinsonism and followed by progressive dementia. The authors compared the clinico‐pathological findings with those of the cases reported in the literature.
An Autopsy Case of “Pseudo‐Ulegyric Type” of Hepatocerebral Disease
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , HIRATA Jun'ichiro , KURODA Shigetoshi , OTSUKI Saburo
Published: March 2008

The authors reported a case of “pseudo‐ulegyric type” of hepatocerebral disease.

1) Clinical course: A male aged 21 at the time of death. The patient had unbalanced diet. The illness began with insomnia and confusional state during the night. Recurring periods of clouding of consciousness lasting several hours were noted. About 5 months after the onset, he became bedridden and showed incontinence. In the later stage the intermittent periods of normality became shorter, and muscular rigidity set in in four limbs. Emaciation was marked, and he regressed mentally. Liver function test showed a slight degree of damage. Death occurred about one year after the onset of the disease.

2) Pathological examination showed pseudo‐ulegyric change as well as laminar cortial necrosis in the insula, T.2, T.3 and temporo‐occipital regions on both sides, which were marked in the bottom of the sulci. Alzheimer's type II of glial cells were found diffusely in the cerebral cortex, in the nucleus of which Carmin‐positive substance was found.

3) Clinico‐pathological comparison was made with 6 cases in the literature.
A Sporadic Case of Cerebral Lipidosis in an Adult (Kufs)
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , ISHIZU Hiroshi , SARAI Keisuke
Published: March 2008

The authors reported a sporadic case of adult type of amaurotic idiocy.

A female patient who had no specific hereditary taint had well worked as a primary schoolteacher until she married at the age of 27. About the same time she showed slight mental disturbance such as personality change and mild dementia. Subsequently her mental deterioration aggravated, so that she was obliged to retire from school 6 years after the onset of the disease. Then a gait disturbance and the following symptoms successively appeared: muscular rigidity, finger tremor, cerebellar symptoms, myoclonic jerks of the four limbs and generalized convulsions. EEG showed generalized spike and wave complex. The patient died of pneumonia at the age of 42 after the clinical course of 15 years.

At autopsy, the brain weighed 900 g. and a moderate enlargement of the lateral ventricles was noted.

Histologically the prominent feature was the swelling of the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex except for the area striata. In the regions other than the cerebral cortex, the distention of the neurons was found in the thalamus, oculomotor nucleus, substantia nigra, pontine nucleus, olivary nucleus, Purkinje cells, dentate nucleus and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.

Histochemical examination revealed the storage substance in the nerve cells consisted mainly of phospholipid with PAS‐positive glycolipid. Among the phospholipid sphingomyelin was dominantly exhibited.
Effects of Caudate Stimulation on Unitary and Mass Responses of the Visual Cortex to Light
Authors: KADOBAYASHI Iwao , AMANO Yoshio , YAMANE Hideo , MIYAMOTO Yoshihiro
Published: March 2008

Effects of caudate stimulation on unitary and mass responses of the visual cortex to flash were studied in light barbiturate anesthetized, or immobilized cats. A conditioning shock to the caudate nucleus produced an increase in amplitude of the primary components of the photically evoked potential in the lateral gyrus. The increase in amplitude of the potential was caused by bilateral caudate stimulation. Marked effects of caudate stimulation were observed at several conditioning‐test intervals. Unitary responses of the visual cortical neurons to light were enhanced or inhibited by the conditioning shock to the caudate nucleus. Enhancement of firing in response to light was more commonly seen in units which fired primarily after flash, but inhibition in those showing a primary neuronal silence and in those with irregular reaction and with no reaction. It is concluded that the caudate nucleus has an intimate functional interrelation with other structures in the brain stem.
Effect of L‐Dopa in Schizophrenia
Authors: INANAGA Kazutoyo , INOUE Katsumi , TACHIBANA Hisayuki , OSHIMA Masachika , KOTORII Tatayu
Published: March 2008

L‐Dopa was administered to 84 cases of schizophrenia (55 male, 29 female) together with major tranquilizers which had been given previously.

1) Patients suffering from lack of spontaneity, abulia, apathy, and disturbance of rapport were chosen as subjects in this research. The cases with hallucination, delusion and disturbance of the self were also included. Duration of illness is as follows: 111 for within one year 2 cases, 2–3 years 4 cases, 3–5 years 8 cases, 5–10 years 17 cases, more than 10 years 53 cases.

The subjects are in most cases 20–50 years old.

2) Initial daily dose was 100–600 mg, then gradually increased to maximum dose 1200 mg. Maintenance dose was 400–600 mg, and continued administration was at most for 3 months in the longest administered cases. Symptom‐changes including amelioration and exacerbation were most remarkable at 400–800 mg daily dose.

3) Remarkable amelioration was seen in 8 cases (9.5%), moderate in 17 cases (20.2%), and slight in 20 cases (23.8%). Aggravation was seen in 5 cases (6.0%), no change were seen in 34 cases (40.5%). Remarkable and moderate amelioration were noted in 25 cases (29.8%).

4) Most remarkable amelioration was seen at L‐Dopa 600 mg administration: Remarkable amelioration 6 cases, moderate 11 cases, and 17 cases (20.2%) in all. Next was seen at 400 mg administration: Remarkably ameliorated cases are 2, moderately 2; in total of 4 cases. However four cases exacerbated at 600 mg.

5) The relation between duration of illness and therapeutic effect is as follows. In the cases ill for more than 10 years, which show personality deterioration, any amelioration is hopeless. Generally speaking it is effective for the cases ill for within 10 years.

6) The evaluation result on 74 cases is as follows. Disturbance of rapport was the most improved: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 5, moderately 18, and amelioration rate was 31.5%. Disturbance of emotional expression was ameliorated second most: Remarkably ameliorated cases were 8, moderately 11; the rate 26.4%.

7) As exacerbated cases, 10 cases of excitement were noted.

In relation to the above‐mentioned results, we discussed L‐Dopa's therapeutic mechanism.
Autoradiographic Distribution of 131I‐Clioquinol in Canine and Feline
Authors: TATEISHI Jun , KURODA Shigetoshi , WATANABE Shosuke , OTSUKI Saburo , OGATA Masana
Published: March 2008

To elucidate the absorption, intracellular location and pathogenicity of clioquinol, micro‐autoradiographic studies were done. 131I‐clioquinol was administered under different methods to 6 mongrels, 2 inbred beagles and a cat. Shortly after i.v.‐ or i.p.‐injections of the substance to the mongrels and cat, a high concentration of radioactive grains was seen in the following nervous system: Nerve cells of the spinal root ganglia, spinal grey matter and nuclei in the brain stem; peripheral nerves; capsular cells of the spinal root ganglia; glial cells in the spinal cord, brain stem and periventricular region of the cerebrum. Though in lesser degree, orally administered radioactive clioquinol was also detected in the nervous system of the mongrels. I.p.‐injected beagles showed, however, a low concentration of the grains in the nervous system. This may indicate strain‐difference of dogs for the neurotoxicity of clioquinol.
Eye Movements during Perception of Pictures in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: MORIYA Hirobumi , ANDO Katsumi , KOJIMA Takuya , SHIMAZONO Yasuo , OGIWARA Ryuji , JIMBO Kazuhiko , USHIKUBO Tadashi
Published: March 2008

Using a device of our own built eye movements during the perception of some pictures were examined in 24 chronic schizophrenic and 20 normal subjects. While they were shown each of 4 pictures for 30 seconds, we plotted the points on which the subject's eyes fixed for a short time and observed their traces.

We also recorded EOG during the eye closure for 17 cases of these schizophrenic subjects. Additional observations and comparison of eye movements during the perception with EOG findings led to the following conclusions:

1. Concerning the degree of diffusion of the eye's fixation points, the moving range of the gaze in chronic schizophrenics was much more limited than in normal subjects.

2. There was observed rather large number appearance of the small rapid eye movements with closed eyes in the schizophrenic subjects who showed limited moving range of eye's fixation points.

Chronic schizophrenic patients probably look at a certain part vaguely. This may be due to their decreased motivation and lack of interest in trying to get information about the pictures and to cognize them.
Clinical and Pathological Studies of Myoclonus Epilepsy
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , HIRATA Jun'ichiro , KUMASHIRO Hisashi
Published: March 2008

The authors reported the clinical picture of myoclonus epilepsy occurred in three siblings of one family. In Case 1 the illness began at 14 years, and she is now still alive. In Case 2 the disease began at 7 years and death occurred at the age of 14 after the clinical course of about 7 years. In Case 3 (autopsy case), the onset of the disease was 6 years of age, and death occurred at 11 after the clinical history of 5 years. Autopsy revealed the degenerative lesions of the dentate and the olivary nucleus associated with gliosis of the pallidum due to a perinatal anoxic damage.

In two siblings (Cases 2, 3) the duration of the disease is shorter, and the age of death is less advanced as compared with the cases of degenerative type of myoclonus epilepsy reported in the literature, and the authors discussed its reason.
Clinical Effects of Lithium Carbonate on Depression
Authors: Watanabe Shosuke , Taguchi Kanzo , Nakaya Koji , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

1. Therapeutic effects of lithium carbon ate were studied on a total of 55 cases comprising 15 cases of involutional melancholia, 23 cases of monopolar depression and 17 of bipolar depression.

2. Lithium carbonate was found to be effective to seven cases (47%) of involutional melancholia, 14 cases (61%) of monopolar depression, and nine cases (53%) of bipolar depression, indicating no significant difference among these three groups.

3. There was observed no correlation between the characteristics of symptoms and the therapeutic effect in depressive states.

4. The serum lithium concetration in the lithium responder was 0.47±0.13 mEq/1 and that in non‐responder 0.55 ±0.14 mEq/1, showing no significant difference between the two groups.

5. Lithium carbonate has been found to be effective in the treatment of depressive states. Therefore, it requires further studies using the double‐blind controlled method for clarification of its therapeutic effects.
An Autopsy Case of Cerebral Form of v. Winiwarter‐Buerger's Disease with a Chronic Course of 12 Years
Authors: Ishino Hiroshi , Kuroda Shigetoshi , Hayahara Toshiyuki , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

The authors reported clinico‐pathological features of a case of cerebral form of v. Winiwarter‐Buerger's disease with a chronic course of 12 years.

1) Clinical Course: A male aged 48 at the time of death developed at the age of 37, dysarthria and gait disturbance. He became apathetic and abulic, showed memory disturbance and dementia. Neurologically rigidity of the four limbs, ideational apraxia, constructive apraxia, dyscalculia and disori‐entation in right‐left were observed. Acro‐cyanosis of the fingers and the toes, systolic murmur of the heart and ulcus of the lower limbs were also noted. At the later stage, radial pulse was not palpable at one side, and episodes of disturbance of consciousness were observed.

2) Pathological Findings: There were marked scar formation of the aortic valve and intimal thickening as well as recanaliza‐tion of the kidney arteries.

The brain weighing 940 g. was small, and frontal atrophy was marked. Bilateral granular atrophy in the border territories of the anterior, middle and posterior arteries was found. In the cerebral cortex, irregularly‐shaped, discontinuous necrotic foci of various stages were found. However, very fresh necrotic foci with foamy cells were rarely found. In the frontal cortex, there were many “Plaques fibro‐myéliniques.” In the cerebellum, patchy disparation of the granular layers was replaced by glialscar. The changes were the most marked in the pialarteries covering the necrotic cerebral cortex. The pialarteries of a small sized caliber showed intimal hyperplasia and endothelial prolifer ation leading to the occlusion of the lumina. The arteries of middle and large sizes showed occlusion and narrowing of lumina due to concentric intimal hyperplasia at various stages leading to terminal collagenous degeneration, thrombus formation, recanal‐ization, and “Fullgewebe.” There was also intimal thickening with neo‐formation of the elastic fibers accompanied with thrombus formation. Distinction of thrombus from proliferative changes of the intimal layer was not possible at the later stage. On the contrary, the internal elastic membrane, media and adventitia were almost preserved, and perivascular cell infiltration was not ob served.

3) The present case belongs to the second type of cerebral form of v. Winiwarter‐Buer‐ger's disease according to the classification by Lindenberg and Spatz. Thrombus forma tion and proliferative change of the intimal layer are independent in the early stages, and “Füllgewebe” was interpreted as being the terminal state of thrombus. The authors dis cussed the clinico‐pathological findings as well as morphological distinction from cere bral arteriosclerosis.
Synaptic Alterations in the Hypothalamus of the Rabbit Following Long‐Term Chlorpromazine Administration
Authors: Koizumi Junzo , Shiraishi Hiroyasu
Published: March 2008

Following long‐term administration of chlorpromazine, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special reference to the synaptic alterations in the hypothalamus, and compared with the normal materials. After two months' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day), fine granular or fibrillar materials appear in the postsynaptic regions of some dendrites in the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus. And the postsynaptic regions of some dendrites are extremely shrunken and embraced by astroglia. The animals showed neuroleptic and extrapyramidal symptoms throughout the period. These synaptic findings are interpreted as degenerative alterations induced by the long‐term administration of chlorpromazine.
Antidepressant Effect of Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) and the Plasma Thyrotropin Levels in Depression
Authors: Takahashi Saburo , Kondo Hisao , Yoshimura Manabu , Ochi Yukio
Published: March 2008

Twenty‐four patients with mental depression received thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TSH). 14 patients in Group A were treated with a series of TRH injections 500 μg three times a week, for two to three weeks, and 150 mg/day of imipramine administration in a cross‐over comparison. Only three patients showed mild improvement in their depressive symptoms, while imipramine, which was administered in place of TRH, revealed to have more effect on their depression. Antidepressant effect of TRH can be evaluated as not exceeding that of the tricyclics. A single dose of 500 μg TRH in Group B, consisting of 10 depressed inpa‐tients, caused neither subjective feelings of improvement nor behavioral changes.

Twenty‐five percent of depressed patients showed an inadequate TSH response to TRH injection, although all the patients were euthyroid in their thyroid function tests. Three of four neurotic‐depressives, with pro longed mental symptoms of several years, revealed a distinctly diminished plasma TSH response to TRH injection.

These findings suggest an abnormality in the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis, which may cause the fixation of mental symptoms. Neurotic‐depressive symptomatology protracted for many years may be based on an unknown neuroendocrine dysfunctions. The implications of these findings remain to be explored.
Electroclinical Studies of Seizures in the Newborn
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Hara Kimiko , Miyazaki Shuji , Kuroyanagi Masao , Asano Satomi , Kondo Keizo , Kuno Kuniyoshi , Jose Hidehiko , Iwase Katsuhiko
Published: March 2008

Electroclinical features of neonatal seizures were studied in 215 neonates who developed seizures during the first three weeks of life. In 62 of them, clinical fits occurred during the actual polygraphic recording. The electro‐clinical correlations were very variable, although there were some statistically significant associations between certain types of seizures and electrical discharges.

The relation between seizures and sleep states was investigated in 40 infants who had more than three fits during the recording. The state in which more than 70% of seizures occurred was active sleep in 28% of the cases, quiet sleep in 13%, indeterminate sleep in 8%, and wakefulness in 8%. In 50%, seizures did not tend to occur in a given state.

The authors thank Professor Suzuki for his continued interest and encouragement.
Six and 14/Sec Positive Spikes With Widespread Distribution Over the Scalp as a Seizure Pattern
Authors: Yoshino Yukio , Shimoda Yukio
Published: March 2008

Five patients with either “diencephalic” or “brainstem” epilepsy or “diencephalosis” were examined EEGcally during the course of their hospitalization. The significant changes were detected, mainly by diphenhydramine activation as to the distribution of the 6–14/sec positive spike pattern on the scalp. When the patients were relatively free from their symptoms, the positive spikes were recorded partially on only one or very few areas, and when they were experiencing clinical paroxysms, the spikes were detected diffusely in almost all areas of the scalp.

Chronological EEG observations paralleling the clinical course of illness of a paroxysmal nature are unpopular. However, the necessity of efforts to record EEG's of patients during clinical paroxysms seems important and has been briefly discussed concerning the question as to whether the 6–14/sec positive spike pattern is an abnormal EEG change or perhaps a “seizure pattern”.
The Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactic Acid Levels in Meningitis
Authors: Murata Ryosuke , Uemura Takashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To assess the reliability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels in children for differentiating between bacterial and viral meningitis, we measured the CSF lactate levels using the carboxylic acid analyzer, enzymatic method and colorimetric determination. Lactate determination by these methods is a highly reliable indicator of the presence or absence of bacterial meningitis. Moreover, the duration of elevated CSF lactate levels coincided with the clinical response to therapy.
Brain Monoamine Levels and El Mouse Convulsions
Authors: Hiramatsu Midori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: El mice had higher levels of brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5‐HT) and a lower level of brain norepinephrine (NE) compared with the other strains of inbred mice. In the interictal stage of “stimulated” El mouse, the brain DA, NE and 5‐HT levels were significantly lower compared with the non‐stimulated El mouse. The administration of 5‐hydroxytryptophan with MK486 markedly depressed the incidence of seizures in the El mouse. Evidence of abnormal DA, NE and 5‐HT metabolism was found at the development age when the seizures became frequent. These results show that 5‐HT may be closely related to the El mouse seizure susceptibility.
Seizures in the Newborn and Young Infants
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The electro‐clinical features of neonatal seizures were described. Although they were usually secondary to the underlying pathological process, there were a few cases of benign familial convulsions which seemed to be dominantly inherited. In the newborn, clinical seizures occurred mainly in active‐REM sleep in contrast to those in the older children and adults. Atypical seizures were also seen in young infants, although less frequently than in the newborn. There were a considerable number of epilepsies beginning in the first year of life associated with a favorable prognosis. Unclassified epilepsies manifesting as brief generalized motor seizures with normal in‐terictal EEGs showed the most favorable outlook, while infantile spasms and other secondary generalized epilepsies had the worst outcome. Partial seizures were intermediate between the above two.
Epilepsy in the Adolescence
Authors: Nishiura Nobuhiro , Oiwa Toshiyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The impact of recurrent seizures during childhood has a different influence upon the brain condition and mental activity of young epileptics at certain ages. Epilepsy has specific clinical features and characteristic EEG abnormalities, which occur at the developmental stage. Adolescence causes more extra burden to epileptic patients, particularly in the development of mental and/or emotional levels. In this paper, the authors report on two types of age‐related phenomena–one benign in nature, and the other malignant. That is, RD (= rolandic discharge) is shown as a benign EEG feature with which sylvian seizure of Lombroso is associated. As a malignant example, psychopathic personality which appeared after the disappearance of epileptic fits, around puberty, was described. We epileptologists are convinced that children with epilepsy, particularly in puberty, have a considerable psychiatric or psychological problem, and must be treated with effective medicines, including medical service and social care.
Epilepsy in Middle or Advanced Age
Authors: Shigemoto Taku
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A clinical study was made on 66 middle‐aged and elderly epileptic patients. They were divided for the purpose of study into three groups according to the onset stage. The findings briefly are as follows: 1) about 65% of the patients developed epilepsy when they were over 20 years old, 2) patients over middle age with epilepsy showed a high percentage of complex partial seizures, 3) each group showed specific features in regard to etiological study, 4) regarding control of seizures, 56.1% of the middle and advanced age patients responded favorably on the whole, and 5) 66.7% of the patients showed mental disturbances.
The Difference between Children and Adults in the Onset of Post‐Traumatic Epilepsy
Authors: Manaka Shinya , Takahashi Hiroshi , Sano Keiji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to clarify the difference between children and adults in the onset of post‐traumatic epilepsy, 96 outpatients of our clinic were investigated statistically. The subjects comprising 40 children and 56 adults were followed up for more than three years. The latency of the children, i.e., the interval between a head injury and the onset of epilepsy, was longer than that of the adults. The 95%‐confidential interval classified by age group indicated that the upper limits of latency of the group under the age of two, those between three and 14 and those aged more than 15 were about 13, six and three years, respectively. We concluded that children with a severe head injury should be followed up until the age of 20 and adults for about three years.
The Risk of Nonfebrile Seizures in Children Who Have Experienced Febrile Convulsions
Authors: Seki Tohru , Yamawaki Hidenori , Suzuki Nobuyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: (1) The frequency of development of nonfebrile seizures in 116 children who had experienced at least one febrile convulsion and were followed for more than five to eight years was 4.3% (5 cases). Of these, three cases had prolonged generalized convulsions of the clonic or tonic‐clonic type and two had brief generalized fits of the tonic‐clonic type. (2) The risk factors identified as nonfebrile seizures after febrile convulsions were the preexisting neurological abnormality or developmental retardation, focal features and more than a 10‐minute duration of the first febrile convulsions, and abnormal paroxysmal discharges at the initial interictal EEG recordings.
A Longitudinal Study on Epilepsy: With Special Reference to Recurrence of Seizure after Long Seizure‐Free Period
Authors: Fukushima Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The clinical course was investigated of 137 epileptic patients who had been under continuous observation and therapy for the past 11 to 23 years. When a remission of epilepsy was defined as a seizure‐free period for three years and a relapse was defined as an occurrence of seizures after the remission, the remission rate was 45%, but 32% of the subjects had experienced the relapse. When the term of three years in the definition of remission and relapse was altered to five years, the rates of remission and relapse shifted to 36% and 20%, respectively. A relapse of seizure was found more often in grand mal of primary generalized epilepsy than other types of seizures. Especially, no relapse was observed in benign epilepsy of children with centro‐temporal EEG foci.
Morphological Observations of Peripheral Nerves by the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Miyakawa Taihei , Shimoji Akitomo , Kuramoto Ryoko , Higuchi Yasushi , Kubota Toshiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to observe a normal peripheral nerve and a changed peripheral nerve by means of a scanning electron microscope, the present study was carried out. In the changed nerve fibers, they were enveloped by many processes of hypertrophied Schwann cells, and the processes of the Schwann cells seemed to make a pseudosyntitium‐like structure with each other. From this finding, it was speculated that these Schwann cells seemed to follow the reverse process in the development of normal peripheral nerve fibers.
Psychotherapeutic Study of Tics in Childhood—On Relationship between Family Dynamics and Onset
Authors: Negishi Yukinori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Among the tic children who received psychotherapy, 29 cases, which were followed up for more than five years (mean, 8 years) since the onset was available, were selected. Tics were classified as follows based on the process of psychotherapy; monosymptomatic process group 9, neurotic process group 17, distortion of personality development process group 3. The neurotic process group indicated the best prognosis. Next was the mono‐symptomatic process group. The distortion of personality development process group presented the least favorable prognosis. From the result of psychotherapy, the following methods appeared to be effective, for each of the groups above. “Activity therapy” for the monosymptomatic process group; “intensive therapy” for the neurotic process group:“milieu therapy” for the distortion of personality development group.
A Useful, Physiological Tool for Assessing the Arousal Level in Humans: Averaged Photopalpebral Reflex
Authors: Tanaka Masatoshi , Mizuki Yasushi , Isozaki Hiroshi , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The averaged photopalpebral reflex (PPR) was bipolarly recorded from electrodes placed on the upper and lower palpebrae in male university students. In a drowsy state which was denned by the monitored EEG, the latencies of PPR were significantly prolonged and the amplitude reduced. In contrast, the latencies were shortened by immersing their hands in ice water which greatly aroused the subjects. The central stimulant, methylphenidate 10 mg, significantly shortened the latencies and diazepam 5 mg possessing anxiolytic and hypnotic actions significantly prolonged them. When the recording of PPR was repeated consecutively five times, the amplitude was easily reduced but the latencies were relatively stable. From these results, it is confirmed that the latencies of PPR are prolonged in a lowered arousal level and shortened in a more aroused state. This indicates that PPR could be a useful index to assess objectively the arousal level of humans and hence could be a useful tool for investigations of psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
Parkinson's Disease of Post‐eneephalitic Type Following General Paresis:— An Autopsied Case —
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Fukunaga Hiromitsu , Takayama Sumio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A clinico‐pathological report is given of a case of Parkinson's disease following a general paresis. A 66‐year‐old male, with no previous history of febrile disease or viral encephalitides, developed a dementing illness. The general paresis was diagnosed from serological studies at the age of 45. He underwent a series of penicillin plus fever therapies as treatment for neurosyphilis. He also developed generalized rigidity and slow mobility 12 years after the diagnosis of general paresis. An anti‐Parkinson drug was givenj Finally he fell in a state of muteness and became bedridden. He had been hospitalized for 21 years and died from bronchopneumonia. The pathological findings were strikingly similar to post‐encephalitic parkinsonism in addition to a healed state of general paresis. They consisted of a widespread nerve/ cells loss, gliosis and the presence of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the substantia nigra. In the cerebral cortex, a diffuse loss of nerve cells and the presence of a weak positive iron reaction were observed. The coexistence of general paresis and post‐encephalitic parkinsonism is unusual and the authors discussed the etiological relationship between the two different conditions.
Regional Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase Activity by Administration of Clorgyline in Rat Brain
Authors: Kunimoto Norifumi , Hazama Hidebumi , Kamase Harutaka , Mizukawa Rokuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The inhibiting effect of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities towards 5‐hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and β‐phenylethylamine by an acute and chronic administration of clorgyline was investigated in five locations of the rat brain. Inhibiting the percentage distributed unevenly in each hypothalamic nucleus and in the circumventricular areas, except the median eminence, the percentages were significantly low as compared with the hypothalamic lateral nucleus. A significant percentage of inhibition for type B MAO towards β‐phenylethylamine was noticed in the chronically administered group. In conclusion, the MAO‐inhibiting effect of clorgyline administered intraperitoneally was unevenly distributed in the discrete brain nuclei and the regional difference depended upon the dose and the duration of the clorgyline administration.
Amphetamine Psychosis in Tokyo–Its Clinical Features and Social Problems
Authors: Yukitake Akira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Japan is presently experiencing a second epidemic of amphetamine abuse, with methamphetamine abusers committing an increasing number of murders and injuries to ordinary citizens. As a result of the author's study of some 60 cases of amphetamine psychosis, the basic symptomatology of the disease was determined to be a paranoid hallucinatory state. Moreover, according to the contents of the paranoid hallucinatory state and the courses of the disease, amphetamine psychotics were divided into two types–the acute and the chronic. Though the former delusions were vivid, realistic and concrete, the latter were generalized, systematized and grandiose. Regarding the course of the disease, the former were episodic and the latter required longer treatments. Thus as the outline of the social background of these addicts had been made clear, it has been emphasized that the authorities must decide to solve this as a social problem.
CSF Monoamine Metabolism in Patients with Tardive Dyskinesia: Effect of Oxypertine and Hydroxyzine Pamoate
Authors: Akiyama Kazufumi , Nagao Takuo , Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Fujimoto Akira , Ebara Takashi , Sato Mitsumoto , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HVA, MHPG, 5‐HIAA, cAMP and cGMP concentrations were measured in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia before and after a three‐week administration of oxypertine (n = 4), hydroxyzine pamoate (n = 4) or placebo (n = 4). The oxypertine administration resulted in a reduction of the CSF HVA concentration and an elevation of the MHPG and cAMP concentrations, associated with a clinical improvement in tardive dyskinesia. The hydroxyzine administration reduced the CSF 5‐HIAA concentration in all the patients and the CSF HVA concentration in two of four patients with a clinical improvement. A reduction in the CSF HVA concentration associated with possible therapeutic effects of oxypertine or hydroxyzine may suggest the normalization of a hyperdopaminergic state. Discussions were held that functional disorders of not only the dopaminergic system but the norepinephrinergic and serotoninergic systems may relate to the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia.
Behavioral Disorders in Japanese Epileptic Children
Authors: Kurokawa Toru , Matsuo Makoto , Yoshida Keiko , Takaki Seiichiro , Goya Nagahide
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Psychiatric problems have been discussed concerning epileptic children and they are still controversial as to whether it is characteristic to epilepsy or not. We analyzed the behavioral problems both in the normally developed children with epilepsy and the normal control group with the same behavioral score and then investigated the differences between epileptic children with normal development and those with retardation. The study disclosed that the epileptic children had problems in almost all fields such as emotional disturbances, daily life activity and human relationship and these were associated with the development and control of seizures. The retarded children had the disorders more frequently than the normally developed epileptic children.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanism Involved in Manifestation of Psychic Symptoms of High Blood Level of Antiepileptics
Authors: Kato Hideaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The adverse psychic effects of antiepileptics embrace all categories of psychiatric symptomatology, including disturbances of consciousness (delirium, confusion), psychotic state (schizophrenia‐like psychosis, affective disorder), neurotic state, behavior and character disorder. Antiepileptic intoxication can take the form of a psychotic episode. The lowered level of consciousness due to a high blood level of antiepileptics is expressed as inhibitory symptoms such as a lack of initiative, psychomotor slowing, lowering mood, stuporous state and the like. Another group of manifestation of a high blood level of antiepileptics, by contrast, consists of salient positive symptoms such as irritability, hyperkinetic syndrome, hysterical symptoms, aggravation of character change, delirium and confusion. An elevated blood level of antiepileptics by itself is not sufficient to give rise to a psychiatric symptom, which is rather prone to occur in the presence of some trouble or problems (defect in intelligence or personality, fragility of brain function, organic brain damage, psychogenic factors) in the patient.
Antipsychotic and Prophylactic Effects of Acetazolamide (Diamox) on Atypical Psychosis
Authors: Inoue Hiroshi , Hazama Hidebumi , Hamazoe Kaoru , Ichikawa Masami , Omura Fumiaki , Fukuma Etsuo , Inoue Kinuo , Umezawa Yoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the antipsychotic and prophylactic effects of acetazolamide (Diamox) on atypical psychosis. Acetazolamide was given to 30 patients: Type I, puberal periodic psychosis, a psychosis whose onset occurs during the period of puberty and which appears repetitively with psychosis‐like condition at about the same interval as the menstrual cycle (6 cases); Type II, a) presenile atypical psychosis which initially appears in patients in their 20s or 30s accompanied by manic‐depressive cycles and shows acute confusional and dreamy states in the presenile period, incurable cases (7), b) atypical psychosis, in the narrow sense, cases which show acute hallucination, delusion, confusional and dreamy states accompanied by affective symptoms (8 cases); Type III, repetitively the atypical manic and depressive states, and atypical manic‐depressive psychosis, and transient changes in consciousness, refractory cases (2); Type IV, atypical schizophrenia, which is considered to be schizophrenia but shows the abnormalities in electroencephalogram and emotional disorders (7 cases). Among these cases, some extent of the therapeutic effects of acetazolamide (500–1,000 mg/day) was obtained in about 70%. The high therapeutic effects were particularly observed in Types I, II and III. It was less effective against atypical schizophrenia. Acetazolamide showed the effectiveness in 10 cases out of 13 cases to which lithium carbonate and carbamazepine were ineffective. The high therapeutic effects of acetazolamide were shown in the cases whose symptoms were aggravated at the interval of the menstrual cycle. No correlation was observed between the electroencephalographic abnormalities and the therapeutic effects. In addition, the prophylactic effects of acetazolamide on the periodic crisis were observed in 9 cases. From these results, acetazolamide was considered to have the antipsychotic and prophylactic effects on atypical psychosis. Since side effects due to acetazolamide were rarely observed, the present drug was considered to have a high safety margin.
Effects of Attention on Auditory Evoked Middle Latency Potentials
Authors: Kadobayashi Iwao , Toyoshima Akiteru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of attention on the auditory evoked middle latency potentials (MLPs) were examined in 23 normal subjects. Early positive‐negative‐positive‐negative waves (about 8, 11, 15 and 18 msec peak latencies) and a late positive one (about 30 msec peak latency) were recorded from the unilateral mastoid‐nose tip. The amplitudes of the early portions of MLPs to binaural 50 dB SL clicks during attention decreased as compared to those obtained when the subjects were not attending to the test stimuli. No significant difference was seen in the latency of any early wave.