bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use
Authors: Bilik Naran
Published: December 2010

Nomenclatural tension and pragmatic incongruence underscore the Inner Mongols’ resistance to sinicisation and the process of their integration into the newly constructed nation- state of China. This paper focuses on the interplay between the original sense and the translated meaning of some ethnic, state, and place names that travel inter–lingually between Mongolian and Chinese in modern Inner Mongolian history. It challenges the Chinese nation- building elite’s agenda to depoliticise minzu through lessening, diluting, and assimilating ethnic diversities into Chinese homogeneity.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Bulag Uradyn E.
Published: December 2010

The articles in this issue of Inner Asia are predominantly concerned with nationalism and ethnicity, ranging from inventions of national symbols and historical memory, to efforts for reconciliation. There are exciting articles that connect Mongolia and the Mongols with China, Japan, Russia and Tibet, thus demonstrating Inner Asia as an interlinked field of dynamics.
Beyond Enemy and Friend? A Multitude of Views of Life and Death Centering on the ‘Mongolian Gravestone’
Authors: Terenguto Aitoru
Published: December 2010

Focusing on a thirteenth century ‘Mongolian gravestone’ in the city of Sendai, Japan, this article reexamines ‘the Mongolian invasions’ twice launched by Khubilai Khan. It is above all an examination of the origin, transformation, and political and religious symbolism of, and the sharply different attitudes towards the ‘Mongolian gravestone’. It studies how Hojo Tokimune, a regent of the Kamakura Shogunate, asked the Chinese Zen master Wuxue Zuyuan to pray for the repose of the souls of the Japanese and Mongol Yuan soldiers killed in the invasions, combining Japanese Shinto traditions with the Buddhist notion of onshin byodo, that is, treating hate and affection alike. It describes the process whereby the Mongolian gravestone was rediscovered and preserved in the eighteenth century, how it gained a dramatic political significance during the Second World War as it was venerated and enshrined by Prince Demchugdonrob, a descendant of Khubilai Khan, and how it was again commemorated by citizens of Sendai after the war. The paper aims not just to illuminate the paradoxical Japanese, Mongolian and Chinese views of life and death but to shed light on the religious background of the contemporary Japanese- Chinese- Korean wrangle over the Yasukuni shrine.
A Romantic Vision of National Regeneration: Some Unpublished Works of the Inner Mongolian Poet and Essayist, Saichungga
Authors: Atwood Christopher P.
Published: December 2010

Works of the poet and essayist Saichungga, a founder of modern Inner Mongolian literature, written in 1945 gave voice to the Japanese-sponsored nationalist mobilisation in Inner Mongolia during the final months of World War II. This article presents one unpublished essay and eight poems, reading them in the light of Saichungga’s cultural nationalism, which focused on moral renewal and scientific and cultural revival. Expressing the supersession of Buddhist ethics by incorporating its chief metaphors, Saichungga expresses his romantic vision of national regeneration with complementary dualities: youth and age, rootedness and restlessness, and male and female.
The Kuomintang and the ‘Mongolian Question’ in the Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949
Authors: Liu Xiaoyuan
Published: December 2010

The essay is an historical investigation of the Chinese National Government’s policy toward Inner Mongolian nationalism during the postwar years. The study reveals that the seemingly marginal ‘Mongolian question’ was actually at the core of the KMT—CCP struggle for northern and northeastern China. Through examining the government’s rigid and Chinese-centric policies and its misconceptions about the conditions of postwar Inner Mongolia, the study contends that the KMT government’s blunders in the Inner Mongolian ethno-politics were among the reasons for its loss to the Chinese Communists in the civil war. The study is based on a solid research of archival as well as published materials.
Notes on the Birth of Russian Turkestan’s Fiscal System: A View from the Fergana Oblast’
Authors: Penati Beatrice
Published: December 2010

Just after the conquest of the Kokand khanate in 1876, the new Russian rulers carried out land surveying and land-tax assessment in the rich and densely populated Fergana province. These “organisation works” constituted the most consistent attempt ever to establish a cadastral system in Russian Turkestan. Differently from what would happen later, they incorporated tentative claims to bring under control the land rights of the Muslim rural population and to internalise the process of land-tax raising. In this context, Russian local officials tested alternative and partly contradictory policies, and their results served as a background experience for the Turkestan Statute of 1886.
Official and Unofficial Diplomacy between Rome and Bologna: the de’ Grassi Family under Pope Julius II, 1503-1513
Authors: Mara DeSilva Jennifer
Published: December 2010

This article examines the position of the de’ Grassi brothers, Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris, as diplomats and negotiators between Rome and Bologna. During Julius II della Rovere’s pontificate, relations between these cities were strained as the pope worked to permanently dislodge the usurping Bentivoglio family from power and to govern Bologna through an expanded patrician council (the Quaranta Consiglieri). As a member of the Quaranta, Agamemnon commandeered his brothers’ skills and resources to improve Bolognese relations with the pope. The other brothers, as members of the papal court, could press Bologna’s cause using their professional knowledge and contacts. As a reward for their support, in 1511 Julius provided Achilles with a cardinal’s hat and shortly thereafter the bishopric of Bologna, which immediately was challenged by the Bentivoglio faction. Although all three brothers privileged their dual loyalty, in the aftermath of the Bentivoglio expulsion in 1512, the pope’s anger with Agamemnon as a Bolognese orator reveals the malleability of civic patriotism and political allegiance.
“Dui Fratelli. . . Con Dui Principi”: Family and Fidelity on a Failed Diplomatic Mission
Authors: K. Williams Megan
Published: December 2010

Captured on a failed 1535 diplomatic mission to Hungary, English ambassador Giambattista Casali revealed in his confession the central roles played by diplomatic families in facilitating, managing, and prosecuting early modern diplomacy. This article explores how Casali and his brothers, by strategically positioning family members in the service of multiple patrons, drew on these flexible and overlapping networks of kinship and patronage to promote familial interests as well as those of their princely patrons. Focusing on the Casali family’s engagement in Hungarian diplomacy between 1529 and 1535, the article illustrates how the Casali solicited appointments, managed multiple loyalties, and negotiated the conflicts of interest resulting from their colorful and active diplomacy between England, Rome, Bologna, Venice, and Hungary at the zenith of English and Hungarian relations with the papal curia.
Developments at the International Criminal Court
Authors: McCausland Julieta Solano , Rojo Enrique Carnero
Published: December 2010

This column covers the activity of the International Criminal Court during the first four months of 2010. The Court has continued investigating alleged crimes in four situations (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Darfur/Sudan and the Central African Republic) and has started investigations in a fifth country (Kenya). The judicial activity of the Court has gained momentum, with proceedings against four accused persons, including ongoing trials against three persons. The commencement of the trial of one more person is pending, and an additional six individuals remain subject to warrants of arrest. Several Chambers have confirmed their previous decisions on the way in which trial proceedings must be prepared and conducted, including the scope of victim participation at trial and the legal framework for non-disclosure of information to the Defence as an exceptional measure of protection during trial. Moreover, the first decision on a Prosecutor’s request to open an investigation has been adopted. All in all, during the period of time covered in this column the Court has consolidated the foundations for the conduct of its investigations and trials.
Communications procedure under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: 3rd Optional Protocol
Authors: Lee Yanghee
Published: December 2010

The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly in 1989 marked a shift in paradigm from viewing children as the possession of parents and objects of welfare to individuals with rights. At the outset of the second millennium, two optional protocols to the Convention (Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict and Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, Child Pornography) were adopted in 2000. The need for a communications procedure was suggested from the very beginning of the drafting process. This article will discuss developments leading to the establishment of an open-ended working group for the elaboration of a communications procedure, 3rd Optional Protocol to the CRC. Concerns, questions, and the discussion surrounding the scope and content of the Optional Protocol will be elaborated.
The Best Interests of the Child Principle: Literal Analysis and Function
Authors: Zermatten Jean
Published: December 2010

The Best Interests of the Child principle is an innovative concept introduced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It serves as a foundational element of the Convention and has been identified by the Committee on the Rights of the Child as one of the Convention's four general principles. Despite limited historical references to this idea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this is a distinctly contemporary legal concept. As a result, its content and functionality has been the subject of thorough academic study as well as systematic examination and elaboration in jurisprudential settings. The paper makes a significant contribution to this interpretive dialogue by providing a conceptual and literal analysis of the principle, including as it relates to other articles of the Convention. The political dimensions of the principle are also considered with a view to its practical implementation at the national level.
The Use of Helicopters for Leisure Purposes in the Alps
Authors: Heuck Jennifer
Published: December 2010

In mountain areas helicopters are used for the transport of tourists, panoramic and gastronomic flights and several sports activities such as heliskiing. Their use for tourist activities is subject of considerable criticism from a perspective of environmental protection as well as sports ethics. The legal regime governing these activities has, however, received rather scarce attention. The article discusses the provisions of the protocols of the Alpine Convention on this matter and assesses the national civil aviation laws and the environmental regulations on the use of helicopters for tourist activities. The last part addresses the contribution of the European Union by means of harmonisation of the national laws of its Member States.
Megolisthaerus chinensis gen. et sp.n. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae incertae sedis): an enigmatic rove beetle lineage from the Early Cretaceous
Authors: Yue Yanli , Ren Dong , Solodovnikov Alexey
Published: December 2010

A remarkable extinct rove beetle, Megolisthaerus chinensis Solodovnikov &
Yue, gen. et sp.n., from the Yixian Formation (some 125-121 million years
ago) in China is described. The new taxon displays a very puzzling
combination of morphological characters, some of which are insufficiently
preserved for unambiguous interpretation. As a result, Megolisthaerus
chinensis cannot be clearly assigned to any of the hitherto described
subfamilies of Staphylinidae. Based on the evaluation of the available
morphological characters, it seems to be either a member of, or closely
related to, the recent subfamilies Olisthaerinae and Phloeocharinae,
together forming a loosely defined lineage within the Tachyporine-group of
subfamilies. Megolisthaerus chinensis is a remarkable species that shows
that the phylogenetic structure of Staphylinidae in Early Cretaceous might
have been significantly different from the one displayed by the recent fauna
of this enormously diverse family. It is possible that Megolisthaerus
manifests an extinct group of suprageneric rank that, naturally, cannot be
classified within the current system of the family that is based on the
study of recent lineages.
The grand vezir and the small republic: Dubrovnik and Rüstem Paşa, 1544-1561
Authors: Tracy James
Published: December 2010

As an Ottoman tributary state, the Republic of Dubrovnik/Ragusa was able to extend its inland commercial network far and wide across the Balkans in the sixteenth century. But since Ottoman officials (and other Europeans) frowned at the low customs-rate the Ragusans enjoyed, the republic could only protect its trading privileges with support from the highest levels of the Ottoman government. During his years as grand vezir, Rüstem Paşa frequently intervened on Dubrovnik's behalf. In return, he requested and received regular gifts of cloth, including sample-cuts of the finest Venetian silks (which he may have passed on to Ottoman workshops), and bolts of fine woollens by the score, which are likely to have been sent East via the trading network based in the grand vezir's household.
A Study of the Urban Boundary Layer Using Different Urban Parameterizations and High-Resolution Urban Canopy Parameters with WRF
Authors: Salamanca Francisco , Martilli Alberto , Tewari Mukul , Chen Fei
Published: December 2010

In the last two decades, mesoscale models (MMs) with urban canopy parameterizations have been widely used to study urban boundary layer processes. Different studies show that such parameterizations are sensitive to the urban canopy parameters (UCPs) that define the urban morphology. At the same time, high-resolution UCP databases are becoming available for several cities. Studies are then needed to determine, for a specific application of an MM, the optimum degree of complexity of the urban canopy parameterizations and the resolution and details necessary in the UCP datasets. In this work, and in an attempt to answer the previous issues, four urban canopy schemes, with different degrees of complexity, have been used with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the planetary boundary layer over the city of Houston, Texas, for two days in August 2000. For the UCP two approaches have been considered: one based on three urban classes derived from the National Land Cover Data of the U.S. Geological Survey and one based on the highly detailed National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (NUDAPT) dataset with a spatial resolution of 1 km2. Two-meter air temperature and surface wind speed have been used in the evaluation. The statistical analysis shows a tendency to overestimate the air temperatures by the simple bulk scheme and underestimate the air temperatures by the more detailed urban canopy parameterizations. Similarly, the bulk and single-layer schemes tend to overestimate the wind speed while the multilayer schemes underestimate it. The three-dimensional analysis of the meteorological fields revealed a possible impact (to be verified against measurements) of both the urban schemes and the UCP on cloud prediction. Moreover, the impact of air conditioning systems on the air temperature and their energy consumption has been evaluated with the most developed urban scheme for the two simulated days. During the night, this anthropogenic heat was responsible for an increase in the air temperature of up to 2°C in the densest urban areas, and the estimated energy consumption was of the same magnitude as energy consumption obtained with different methods when the most detailed UCP database was used. On the basis of the results for the present case study, one can conclude that if the purpose of the simulation requires only an estimate of the 2-m temperature a simple bulk scheme is sufficient but if the purpose of the simulation is an evaluation of an urban heat island mitigation strategy or the evaluation of the energy consumption due to air conditioning at city scale, it is necessary to use a complex urban canopy scheme and a detailed UCP.
Global Estimates of Extreme Wind Speed and Wave Height
Authors: Vinoth J. , Young I. R.
Published: December 2010

A long-term dataset of satellite altimeter measurements of significant wave height and wind speed, spanning 23 years, is analyzed to determine extreme values corresponding to a 100-yr return period. The analysis considers the suitability of both the initial distribution method (IDM) and peaks-over-threshold (POT) approaches and concludes that for wave height both IDM and POT methods can yield reliable results. For the first time, the global POT results for wave height show spatial consistency, a feature afforded by the larger dataset. The analyses also show that the POT approach is sensitive to spatial resolution. Since wind speed has greater spatial and temporal variability than wave height, the POT approach yields unreliable results for wind speed as a result of undersampling of peak events. The IDM approach does, however, generate extreme wind speed values in reasonable agreement with buoy estimates. The results show that the altimeter database can estimate 100-yr return period significant wave height to within 5% of buoy measurements and the 100-yr wind speed to within 10% of buoy measurements when using the IDM approach. Owing to the long dataset and global coverage, global estimates of extreme values can be developed on a 1° × 1° grid when using the IDM and a coarser 2° × 2° for the POT approach. The high-resolution 1° × 1° grid together with the long duration of the dataset means that finescale features not previously identified using altimeter data are clearly apparent in the IDM results. Goodness-of-fit tests show that the observed data conform to a Fisher–Tippett Type 1 (FT-1) distribution. Even in regions such as the Gulf of Mexico where extreme forcing is produced by small-scale hurricanes, the altimeter results are consistent with buoy data.
Simulation of Spatial Dependence in Daily Precipitation Using a Mixture of Generalized Chain-Dependent Processes at Multisites
Authors: Zheng Xiaogu , Thompson Craig S.
Published: December 2010

Recently, a single-site stochastic precipitation model called “the mixture of generalized chain-dependent processes conditioned on a climate variable” was developed. The model can effectively eliminate overdispersion—that is, underestimation in variance of seasonal precipitation total. In this paper, the single-site model is further developed into a multisite stochastic precipitation model by driving a collection of individual single-site models, but with spatial dependence following a method proposed by D. S. Wilks. Specifically, a computationally effective algorithm for estimating the spatial dependence of precipitation occurrence is developed to replace the construction of the empirical curves in the Wilks method. An effective and straightforward approach for correcting the bias of the spatial correlation of precipitation intensity is also proposed. This model is tested on a small network of sites from a significant hydroelectric power generation region of South Island, New Zealand.
A Study of a Retrieval Method for Temperature and Humidity Profiles from Microwave Radiometer Observations Based on Principal Component Analysis and Stepwise Regression
Authors: Tan Haobo , Mao Jietai , Chen Huanhuan , Chan P. W. , Wu Dui , Li Fei , Deng Tao
Published: December 2010

This paper discusses the application of principal component analysis and stepwise regression in the retrieval of vertical profiles of temperature and humidity based on the measurements of a 35-channel microwave radiometer. It uses the radiosonde data of 6 yr from Hong Kong, China, and the monochromatic radiative transfer model (MonoRTM) to calculate the brightness temperatures of the 35 channels of the radiometer. The retrieval of the atmospheric profile is then established based on principal component analysis and stepwise regression. The accuracy of the retrieval method is also analyzed. Using an independent sample, the root-mean-square error of the retrieved temperature is less than 1.5 K, on average, with better retrieval results in summer than in winter. Likewise, the root-mean-square error of the retrieved water vapor density reaches a maximum value of 1.4 g m−3 between 0.5 and 2 km, and is less than 1 g m−3 for all other heights. The retrieval method is then applied to the actual measured brightness temperatures by the 35-channel microwave radiometer at a station in Nansha, China. It is shown that the statistical model as developed in this paper has better retrieval results than the profiles obtained from the neural network as supplied with the radiometer. From numerical analysis, the error with the water vapor density retrieval is found to arise from the treatment of cloud liquid water. Finally, the retrieved profiles from the radiometer are studied for two typical weather phenomena during the observation period, and the retrieved profiles using the method discussed in the present paper is found to capture the evolution of the atmospheric condition very well.
Coastal Atmospheric Circulation around an Idealized Cape during Wind-Driven Upwelling Studied from a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Perlin Natalie , Skyllingstad Eric D. , Samelson Roger M.
Published: December 2010

The study analyzes atmospheric circulation around an idealized coastal cape during summertime upwelling-favorable wind conditions simulated by a mesoscale coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The domain resembles an eastern ocean boundary with a single cape protruding into the ocean in the center of a coastline. The model predicts the formation of an orographic wind intensification area on the lee side of the cape, extending a few hundred kilometers downstream and seaward. Imposed initial conditions do not contain a low-level temperature inversion, which nevertheless forms on the lee side of the cape during the simulation, and which is accompanied by high Froude numbers diagnosed in that area, suggesting the presence of the supercritical flow. Formation of such an inversion is likely caused by average easterly winds resulting on the lee side that bring warm air masses originating over land, as well as by air warming during adiabatic descent on the lee side of the topographic obstacle. Mountain leeside dynamics modulated by differential diurnal heating is thus suggested to dominate the wind regime in the studied case.

The location of this wind feature and its strong diurnal variations correlate well with the development and evolution of the localized lee side trough over the coastal ocean. The vertical extent of the leeside trough is limited by the subsidence inversion aloft. Diurnal modulations of the ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and surface depth-averaged ocean current on the lee side of the cape are found to strongly correlate with wind stress variations over the same area.

Wind-driven coastal upwelling develops during the simulation and extends offshore about 50 km upwind of the cape. It widens twice as much on the lee side of the cape, where the coldest nearshore SSTs are found. The average wind stress–SST coupling in the 100-km coastal zone is strong for the region upwind of the cape, but is notably weaker for the downwind region, estimated from the 10-day-average fields. The study findings demonstrate that orographic and diurnal modulations of the near-surface atmospheric flow on the lee side of the cape notably affect the air–sea coupling on various temporal scales: weaker wind stress–SST coupling results for the long-term averages, while strong correlations are found on the diurnal scale.
The Sensitivity of Momentum Transport and Severe Surface Winds to Environmental Moisture in Idealized Simulations of a Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Mahoney Kelly M. , Lackmann Gary M.
Published: December 2010

Analysis of a pair of three-dimensional simulations of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) reveals a significant sensitivity of convective momentum transport (CMT), MCS motion, and the generation of severe surface winds to ambient moisture. The Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to simulate an idealized MCS, which is compared with an MCS in a drier midlevel environment. The MCS in the drier environment is smaller, moves slightly faster, and exhibits increased descent and more strongly focused areas of enhanced CMT near the surface in the trailing stratiform region relative to that in the control simulation.

A marked increase in the occurrence of severe surface winds is observed between the dry midlevel simulation and the control. It is shown that the enhanced downward motion associated with decreased midlevel relative humidity affects CMT fields and contributes to an increase in the number of grid-cell occurrences of severe surface winds. The role of a descending rear-inflow jet in producing strong surface winds at locations trailing the gust front is also analyzed, and is found to be associated with low-level CMT maxima, particularly in the drier midlevel simulation.
Using self-aware agents to analyze public self-consciousness in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma
Authors: Huang Chung-Yuan , Wang Sheng-Wen , Sun Chuen-Tsai
Published: December 2010

Self-aware individuals are more likely to consider whether their actions are appropriate in terms of public self-consciousness, and to use that information to execute behaviors that match external standards and/or expectations. The learning concepts through which individuals monitor themselves have generally been overlooked by artificial intelligence researchers. Here we report on our attempt to integrate a self-awareness mechanism into an agent’s learning architecture. Specifically, we describe (a) our proposal for a self-aware agent model that includes an external learning mechanism and internal cognitive capacity with super-ego and ego characteristics; and (b) our application of a version of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma representing conflicts between the public good and private interests to analyze the effects of self-awareness on an agent’s individual performance and cooperative behavior. Our results indicate that self-aware agents who consider public self-consciousness utilize rational analysis in a manner that promotes cooperative behavior and supports faster societal movement toward stability. We found that a small number of self-aware agents are sufficient for improving social benefits and resolving problems associated with collective irrational behaviors.
Examining the Perceptual Gap and Behavioral Intention in the Perceived Effects of Polling News in the 2008 Taiwan Presidential Election
Authors: Ran Wei  , Lo Ven-Hwei , Lu Hung-Yi
Published: December 2010

This study examines the impact of polling news in the 2008 Taiwan presidential election from a third-person effect perspective. Results of a survey using a random sample of 1,097 respondents indicate that they perceived news about election polls to have a greater effect on others than themselves, regardless of whether the effects were perceived as negative or positive. Furthermore, findings show that attention to election polling news enhanced the perceived positive effects on self and others. Findings also point to a link between poll credibility and perceived effects on self and others. The less credible elections polls are perceived, the larger is the self—other perceptual gap. Finally, concern about the negative effects of election polling news on others is found to motivate respondents to consider protective behavior. However, findings show that perceived positive effects of such news on self resulted in intention to engage in campaign discourse. Theoretical implications of the findings to advance the third-person effect research are discussed.
Perceptions of Conflict Behavior and Relational Satisfaction in Adult Parent–Child Relationships
Authors: La Valley Angela G. , Guerrero Laura K.
Published: December 2010

Dyadic data were used to examine associations between attachment, relational satisfaction, and perceptions of conflict style in adult child–parent relationships. Several actor effects emerged; secure attachment was associated with more collaborating and compromising, dismissive attachment was associated with less collaborating and more indirect fighting and avoiding, and preoccupied attachment was associated with more competitive and indirect fighting. There were also partner effects. Individuals were more likely to report using collaborating and compromising if their partner (parent or child) was secure, and more likely to report indirect fighting if their partner was dismissive. Four actor by partner interactions surfaced. Preoccupied individuals reported more collaborating when their partners were secure and less compromising when their partners were dismissive. Dismissive individuals reported less yielding if their partner was preoccupied. Secure individuals reported less competitive fighting if their partner was fearful. The data also demonstrated that for actor effects, the collaborating style mediated a positive association between secure attachment and relational satisfaction. For partner effects, there were direct associations between a parent’s attachment security and a child’s relational satisfaction as well as between one’s partner’s reported use of collaborating and one’s own relational satisfaction. These and other findings are discussed in terms of their implications for work on attachment and conflict.
Childhood Sexual Abuse, HPA Axis Regulation, and Mental Health
Authors: Hulme Polly A.
Published: December 2010

Adults who experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Animal studies suggest that dysregulated biological stress systems are a potential mechanism, but there are multiple challenges involved in conducting translational studies in humans. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to determine the state of the science of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation in adults who experienced CSA, with a focus on the health outcomes of MDD and PTSD. A variety of methods for HPA axis measurement were used in the 10 reviewed studies. The results suggested that changes in HPA axis regulation are present in many adults who experienced CSA—with and without a current MDD or PTSD diagnosis. Further research is needed to verify these findings. The review results can help researchers determine research strategies that will optimize scarce subject and financial resources.
Treatment of tympanic membrane retraction with the holmium laser
Authors: Kurokawa Hironobu , Goode Richard L.
Published: December 2010

Politzerization, the Valsalva maneuver, and ventilation tube insertion are available treatments for tympanic membrane retraction. Ventilation of the middle ear cavity can correct tympanic membrane retraction in many cases, but not in all. Retraction may be localized or diffuse. This article describes experiments performed to evaluate a new method to “tighten” retracted or flaccid tympanic membranes with a holmium laser in a human temporal bone model. Ten temporal bones with mild‐to‐moderate retraction of the posterior superior quadrant or pars flaccida were treated with a series of laser pulses around and to the area of retraction. Umbo displacement before and after laser treatment was performed with a laser Doppler vibrometer to evaluate the effect on the acoustic function of the tympanic membrane. In all ears, the posterior superior quadrant retraction appeared to be completely corrected. Laser treatment of the posterior superior quadrant retraction produced improvement in umbo displacement below 1.0 kHz. After treatment of pars flaccida retraction, the configuration was improved a small amount; however, no increase in umbo displacement was found.
Rhinorrhea is decreased in dogs after nasal application of botulinum toxin
Authors: Shaari Christopher M. , Sanders Ira , Wu Bei‐Lian , Biller Hugh F.
Published: December 2010

At this time no effective long‐term therapy exists for the excessive secretion of vasomotor rhinitis. Because rhinorrhea is under parasympathetic control, it was theorized that botulinum toxin ‐ a powerful and long‐acting cholinergic blocker that has been successful in the treatment of dystonia ‐ might be useful in blocking the cholinergic control of rhinorrhea. Four male mongrel dogs were studied. Fifty units of type A botulinum toxin was soaked into sterile gauze, which was then packed into the left nasal cavity of each dog for 1 hour. Saline‐soaked gauze was similarly introduced into the right nasal cavity to serve as control. Six days later, rhinorrhea was produced by inserting a bipolar needle electrode into the sphenopalatine ganglion and electrically stimulating for 10 minutes (6 mA, 50 Hz). Nasal secretions were collected with a suction catheter placed in the nasal vestibule. Three of four dogs exposed to the toxin showed a 41% average decrease in rhinorrhea (specifically 53%, 41%, and 30%). One dog showed a 10% increase in secretion after exposure to the toxin. We conclude that topically applied botulinum toxin reduced neurally evoked rhinorrhea by an average of 41%. Because some secretion is mediated by noncholinergic neurotransmitters such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, topical application of an anticholinergic substance has limitations. However, because all the nasal parasympathetic nerves appear to originate from cholinergic synapses in the sphenopalatine ganglion, direct injections of toxin into this ganglion may possibly allow complete blockade of all cholinergically mediated rhinorrhea.
Third Place — Resident Basic Science Award 1995: Immunohistochemical Characterization of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Rosbe Kristina W. , Prazma Jiri , Petrusz Peter , Mims Whit , Ball Steve S. , Weissler Mark C.
Published: December 2010

This study was designed to investigate the presence of nitric oxide in human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We localized the activity of nitric oxide synthase in these tumors through immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to L‐citrulline (a byproduct of nitric oxide synthase), to inducible nitric oxide synthase, and to constitutive nitric oxide synthase. We found presence of inducible enzyme in squamous cells throughout these tumors, with the highest intensity staining occurring directly around keratin pearls. Our findings suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is present in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, leading us to conclude that inducible nitric oxide synthase may play a significant role in tumor growth.
First Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1995: Signal Averaging and Waveform Analysis of Laser Doppler Flowmetry Monitoring of Porcine Myocutaneous Flaps: I. Acute Assessment of Flap Viability
Authors: Stack Brendan C. , Futran Neal D. , Ridley Marion B. , Schultz Steven , Sillman Jonathon S.
Published: December 2010

Postoperative monitoring of microvascular free‐tissue transfer is essential to the early identification and correction of vascular compromise. Laser Doppler flowmetry is a noninvasive monitor of capillary bed perfusion. Its current clinical use requires continuous monitoring and trend analysis to detect changes in capillary perfusion. This study investigated the hypothesis that signal averaging of laser Doppler flowmetry output triggered by a fixed point in the cardiac cycle would provide accurate information about the microvascular flow patterns not dependent on trend analysis. These results indicate that averaged waveform analysis allowed for a rapid, objective, and statistically significant distinction between a viable myocutaneous flap and one with vascular compromise in a porcine model. Moreover, this technique allows for distinction between venous and arterial insufficiency.
Second Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1995: Human Papillomavirus Types Important in Progression of Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Beck Jill C. , McClatchey Kenneth D. , Lesperance Marci M. , Esclamado Ramon M. , Carey Thomas E. , Bradford Carol R.
Published: December 2010

Recent evidence suggests that human papillomavirus may play a role in the pathogenesis of inverted papilloma, a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm with a high recurrence rate and an association with squamous cell carcinoma. Histologic features of inverted papilloma have not been useful in discriminating lesions at high risk for malignant transformation. We studied archival pathology specimens from 39 patients with inverted papilloma treated at the University of Michigan between 1980 and 1994 using polymerase chain reaction techniques and human papillomavirus L1 and E6 consensus primers. Previously we reported that 63% of these specimens tested positive for human papillomavirus sequences and that presence of human papillomavirus predicted recurrence of inverted papilloma. We used type‐specific primer pairs and polymerase chain reaction techniques as well as hybridization with type‐specific oligonucleotide probes to determine human papillomavirus type. A significant correlation was observed between the severity of the lesion (dysplasia or carcinoma) and high risk human papillomavirus type (p< 0.01). All 12 benign inverted papilloma specimens that contained human papillomavirus tested positive for human papillomavirus 6 or 11. Of seven inverted papilloma specimens that exhibited dysplasia, five were human papillomavirus positive, three contained human papillomavirus 6, one contained human papillomavirus 11, and one contained human papillomavirus 18. In each of the three specimens that contained inverted papilloma in association with squamous cell carcinoma, the inverted papilloma portion of the specimen tested positive for a single human papillomavirus type: human papillomavirus 6,11, or 16. Of the four human papillomavirus‐positive specimens with squamous cell carcinoma alone (patients who had an inverted papilloma previously resected at the same site), three tested positive for human papillomavirus 16, and 1 was untyped.
Third Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1995: Transverse Cervical Artery Fasciocutaneous Free Flap for Head and Neck Reconstruction: Initial Anatomic and Dye Studies
Authors: Mizerny Beth Rhodes , Lessard Marie‐Lucie , Black Martin Jacob
Published: December 2010

METHOD:

The bilateral transverse cervical arteries of 16 fresh cadavers were exposed by an infraclavicular midline approach, Each artery was cannulated, and methylene blue dye was infused to delineate the skin territory subserved by the vessel. The two major infusion skin patterns obtained allowed fashioning of a thin fasciocutaneous flap incorporating supraclavicular skin, which was based on the transverse cervical artery; or a larger flap additionally incorporating upper back skin and varying amounts of trapezius muscle, when the artery had a dorsal scapular artery branch. Depending on the skin pattern, either scapula or clavicle could be transferred with the other soft tissues.

RESULTS:

The skin territory of the transverse cervical artery is caused to vary by the presence or absence of its dorsal scapular artery branch, The supraclavicular portion of the flap is recommended for repair of facial and nasal lesions because of its close match in color and texture to facial skin. Oral lesions can also be reconstructed with this flap because of its pliability.

CONCLUSION:

The free flap based on the transverse cervical artery pedicle appears to be a useful addition to the armamentarium of flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Clinical use of the flap is ongoing and will be subsequently reported.
Immunotherapy Basics
Authors: Gordon Bruce R.
Published: December 2010

Immunotherapy is the use of controlled exposure to allergens to produce durable antiinflammatory effects, thus reducing the severity of allergic disorders. Immunotherapy is useful when other methods of allergy therapy are not fully satisfactory and can be effectively combined with rhinologic surgical treatment. Immunotherapy should always be considered as a treatment option for allergy patients and can often be of benefit, provided that appropriate indications and contraindications are observed. Physicians caring for patients with allergies should therefore become familiar with methods of allergy and diagnosis and with the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy. The history of immunotherapy, possible mechanisms, indications, contraindications, testing methods, and initiation of treatment are reviewed.
Future Immunotherapy: What Lies Ahead?
Authors: Gordon Bruce R.
Published: December 2010

There is currently great interest in developing improved methods of immunotherapy and new techniques of immune system manipulation to ameliorate allergic diseases. This article reviews current research trends in the immunologic treatment of allergy, including the use of chemically modified allergens, nonparenteral allergen exposure, sustained‐release allergen delivery, anti‐immunoglobulin E antibodies, γ‐globulin, immune complexes, cytokines, and T‐cell‐tolerogenic peptides.
Leukotrienes C4 and D4 Increase the Ciliary Beat Frequency in Human Upper Airway Mucosa in Vitro
Authors: Cyrus Carlos B. , Yang Bin , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: December 2010

It has been suggested that leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and D4 (LTD4) released from upper respiratory mucosa influence mucociliary transport during allergic reactions. We studied the in vitro effects of leukotrienes C4 and D4 on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human adenoid explants over a 5‐hour period. Tissue explants were cultured at 35° C in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM). The CBF was measured using phase contrast microscopy and microphotometry. Measurements of CBF were recorded in medium alone and in medium containing LTC4 or LTD4 at concentrations of 10−8 and 10−6 M. LTC4 and LTD4 increased CBF at concentrations of 10−8 and 10−6 M with increases of 20.51% ± 2.69% and 29.84% ± 4.06%, respectively. To determine the specificity of the LTC4 and LTD4 effects, the ciliated epithelium was treated with the specific leukotriene receptor antagonist LY‐171,883 before administration of LTC4 and LTD4. LY‐171,883 (10−6 M) significantly inhibited the ciliostimulatory effects of both leukotrienes. Our findings indicate that LTC4 and LTD4 increase CBF in vitro by activation of the LTD4 receptor.
Vancomycin administration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: The risk of ototoxicity
Authors: Gendeh Balwant S. , Gibb Alan G. , Aziz Nik S. , Kong Norella , Zahir Zaki M.
Published: December 2010

A prospective study was undertaken in 16 patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, with 22 episodes of peritonitis treated with vancomycin, a known ototoxic agent. Twelve patients had one episode each, and four had recurrent peritonitis. Each treatment course consisted of two infusions of vancomycin (30 mg/kg body weight) in 2 L of peritoneal dialysate administered at 6‐day intervals. Serum vancomycin analyzed by enzyme immunoassay showed a mean trough level of 11.00 μg/ml on day 6 and mean serum levels of 33.8 and 38.6 μg/ml about 12 hours after administration on days 1 and 7, respectively. Similar levels, well within the therapeutic range, were encountered with repeated vancomycin therapy for recurrent episodes of peritonitis, suggesting that no changes occurred in the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Pure‐tone audiometry, electronystagmography, and clinical assessment performed during each course of treatment showed no evidence of ototoxicity even on repeated courses of vancomycin therapy. The results suggest that vancomycin therapy when given in appropriate concentrations as a single therapeutic agent is both effective and safe. We believe, however, that van‐comycin administered in combination with an aminoglycoside may produce ototoxic effects that may be greatly aggravated, possibly because of synergism.
Vestibular Function in the Fetal Sheep
Authors: Antonelli Patrick J. , Abrams Robert M. , Gerhardt Kenneth J. , Schwab Matthias , Bauer Reinhard
Published: December 2010

Little is known about the functional development of the vestibular system before birth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vestibular response to caloric stimulation could be elicited in the fetal sheep in utero. Late gestational fetal sheep (n = 6) were instrumented through a midline hysterotomy. Copper caloric probes were inserted into the right bulla and beneath the left facial skin. Electrodes were placed in the skull for monitoring of electro‐ocular activity. At least 3 days after surgery the probes were irrigated with water (100 ml/minute) at body temperature, 46° C, and 6° C. Cold water infusion of the bulla consistently produced well‐recognized, slow‐phase deviations followed by saccades directed contralaterally, findings consistent with vestibular nystagmus. The direction of the response reversed with warm water irrigation. The response was absent with irrigation at fetal body temperature. Only random eye movements were observed in response to caloric stimulation of the facial skin, regardless of water temperature. These results demonstrate that the sheep vestibular system is functioning prenatally. The importance of vestibular function for normal fetal brain maturation may be revealed in future studies using this animal model. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:571–5.)
Comparison of Internal Maxillary Artery Ligation Versus Embolization for Refractory Posterior Epistaxis
Authors: Cullen Michelle Marie , Tami Thomas A.
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the advantages and disadvantages of internal maxillary artery (IMA) ligation versus embolization for the treatment of refractory posterior epistaxis.

METHODS

Thirty‐nine patients underwent 42 procedures for treatment of posterior epistaxis at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center between 1986 and 1994. Complication rates, failure rates, demographics, and the costs of IMA ligation and embolization were compared. A review of 20 studies published between 1973 and 1995 was done to determine the complication and failure rates of IMA ligation and embolization. Finally, a mail survey was used to determine the availability and use of IMA ligation and embolization by urban and rural otolaryngologists in Ohio.

RESULTS

Complication and failure rates of IMA ligation and embolization were similar at our institution. In the literature review, IMA ligation had a higher complication rate, but fewer failures. Although the major complication rates were not significantly different, those associated with embolization were often more serious than those associated with IMA ligation. At our institution, the cost of IMA embolization was significantly lower than the cost of IMA ligation. Only 11% of Ohio otolaryngologists in nonurban areas have embolization available to treat posterior epistaxis.

CONCLUSION

IMA ligation is more effective than IMA embolization but may be associated with a higher minor complication rate. The major complications that occur with IMA embolization are often more serious. Although IMA embolization was less expensive at our institution, it is unavailable in most nonurban regions in Ohio. Training in the use of IMA ligation for refractory posterior epistaxis should continue in otolaryngology residency training programs despite the increasing availability of embolization at university training centers. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:636–42.)