bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statebuilding
Authors: Chandler David
Published: June 2021

This chapter analyzes how international statebuilding has shifted from problem-solving to a new discursive regime of acceptance and affirmation. It seeks to explore how the shift to bottom-up or postliberal approaches in the early 2000s led to a focus on epistemological barriers to intervention and an appreciation of complexity. It describes a process of reflection upon statebuilding as a policy practice, whereby the need to focus on local context and relations in order to take problems seriously further undermines confidence in the Western episteme. In other words, the bottom-up approach, rather than resolving the crisis of policy practices of statebuilding, seems to have further intensified it. It is argued that the way out of this crisis is to reject the problem-solving external authority and instead to “unlearn” from the opportunities opened up through the practices of exploring and engaging with the “other.”
Reconciliation and Peacebuilding
Authors: Kelly Gráinne
Published: June 2021

There is near universal agreement on the need for reconciliation following violent conflict, and yet the specific elements of what reconciliation involves, how it relates to wider peacebuilding processes, and how to achieve it remain contested. In the context of a growth in intrastate conflicts, this chapter outlines some of the key debates around reconciliation as a process or end-state and explores its key components or tasks. In addition, it describes the multilevel nature of reconciliation and the requirement to tailor interventions accordingly. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future paths of inquiry that might add greater clarity and nuance to the challenge of reconciliation after conflict.
Environmental Peacebuilding
Authors: Krampe Florian , Swain Ashok
Published: June 2021

For international and domestic actors, postconflict situations constitute one of the most difficult policy arenas to understand and operate within. In this context, the sustainable management of natural resources to prevent conflict and build peace—before, during, or after conflict—has received increasing scholarly attention over the past three decades. Emphasizing the potential for environmental cooperation to support peace and stability, researchers have focused on the ecological foundations for a socially, economically, and politically resilient peace. This chapter takes stock of the current state of the art on environmental peacebuilding, providing a summary of the most common definitions before looking back at the development of environmental peacebuilding along the two most noticeable perspectives and the remaining challenges and pathways for future research.
Peace Formation and the Reshaping of International Peacebuilding
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2021

Contrary to most debates about state formation and the development of international peacebuilding, this chapter outlines an alternative perspective on the shaping of local-to-global political community based upon the hybrid political orders produced by the agency of subaltern actors engaged in peaceful forms of politics after war. Drawing on long-standing critical debates it investigates the positive potential of peace formation, outlining the theoretical development of this concept as a parallel process and often in opposition to modern state formation and the evolution of the international peace architecture with which it is often bound.
Gender, Security, and Peacebuilding
Authors: Smith Sarah
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines how gender is relevant to, shapes, and is shaped by security and peacebuilding. It considers gender issues in security and peacebuilding, examines gender policy in peacebuilding, and provides a reflection on the future of the field based on the significant contributions of feminist work to security and peace theorizing. It highlights two significant contributions of feminist and gender theory in security and peacebuilding: making visible previously marginalized experiences and knowledge and exposing the gendered logics that inform this exclusion and are fundamentally entwined with and productive of the priorities and practices of security and peacebuilding. This means that rectifying gender-discriminatory understandings of peace and security requires a reconceptualization of what constitutes security and peace, and the institutions and processes that pursue these goals. These imperatives are directed at both peace and security governance as well as peace and conflict studies as a field of academic study.
International Political Sociology of Peacebuilding
Authors: Goetze Catherine , de Guevara Berit Bliesemann
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores how sociological methods, concepts, and theories have been engaged to study international peacebuilding. Sociology is used in three ways to study peacebuilding: as general ontological understanding of the research object as a “society” in which policymakers can intervene in order to achieve specific policy goals; as a set of observation methods; and as a reference in social theory and philosophy that allows criticizing peacebuilding’s configurations of power and inequality. Given their substantially different epistemologies, these ways draw a very uneven image of what that society actually is, how it “works,” and how it affects or is affected by peacebuilding.
Luxury, Craft, Creativity, and Innovation
Authors: Roberts Joanne
Published: June 2021

Although often associated with the preservation of traditional craft skills, luxury is simultaneously linked to creativity and innovation in terms of new and technologically advanced goods. This chapter identifies how the timelessness of craftsmanship relates to creativity and innovation in the production of luxury-branded goods from bespoke shoes and silk scarves to luxury cars. Drawing on relevant academic literature from the fields of craft, creativity, and innovation, together with the exploration of examples derived from secondary sources, the chapter sheds light on the connections and tensions between these three attributes of present-day luxury-branded goods. The analysis presented provides insight into the varied and often complex connections between craft, creativity, and innovation in the context of the production of luxury-branded goods.
Title IX
Authors: Buzuvis Erin E.
Published: June 2021

Title IX, the federal civil rights law that prohibits sex discrimination in education, is well known for transforming girls’ and women’s sports. Since its early history, Title IX has embraced a system of sex segregation in sports. However, Title IX’s “separate but equal” regime is increasingly being challenged by feminists who argue that it has not done enough to eliminate gender disparities and inequities in sport and is fundamentally incompatible with the inclusion and fair treatment of transgender and nonbinary athletes. The first two sections of this article trace the history of Title IX as it has been applied to sports. The article then canvasses the feminist arguments for and against sex segregation in sports and makes the case that a regime of strict sex separation is no longer the best strategy for assuring girls’ and women’s success in sports and dislodging pernicious stereotypes of women’s inferior athleticism.
Disputed Conceptions of Motherhood
Authors: Hendricks Jennifer S.
Published: June 2021

This article examines feminist efforts to disentangle womanhood, biological motherhood, and social motherhood in order to promote equality in the law. It argues that this approach has produced important feminist influence and results in some areas of law but has led to a lack of feminist influence in areas where biological and social motherhood overlap, such as parental rights, reproductive technology, and surrogacy. Just as the law needed a theoretical boost that went beyond gender neutrality to see the gendered harm of sexual harassment at work, it needs a feminist account of pregnancy and birth that recognizes that these biological processes have social, relational dimensions.
Historical International Political Economy
Authors: Morrison James Ashley
Published: June 2021

The field of International Political Economy (IPE) is steeped in history; and most IPE scholarship today remains historical in a broad sense. Yet, IPE scholars have never been more diverse in their modes of engagement with history, in the influence they ascribe to the weight of history, or in their beliefs about the potential for human progress. This chapter analyzes each of these developments. First, it considers the field’s major modes of engaging history: holistic, comparative, and deep. This includes the use of both old and new historical methods, techniques, and approaches. The chapter then surveys the broad range of views scholars take on the influence of the past on subsequent outcomes, from accounts of strong path dependency to those of perennial change. Last, this chapter discusses the evergreen debates about whether, and how, studying the past can lead to our emancipation from it. Throughout, the chapter highlights opportunities for more “constructive engagement” across distinct bodies of scholarship.
Revelation and Trinity
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to reflect upon the Trinity’s revelation of the Trinity, since only God can reveal God. It turns first to the scriptural testimony (specifically the Gospels of Matthew and John) and asks whether this testimony warrants Trinitarian faith. It then addresses the problem that if the Gospels warrant Trinitarian faith, how is it that the Church in the fourth century almost rejected the truth of the Trinity? After arguing that the pro-Trinitarian Fathers were correct in their claims about the scriptural testimony, the final section turns to the revelatory power of Scripture and the development of doctrine in the Church, in light of historical-critical exegesis.
Divine Revelation and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: June 2021

Ponder an immediate dilemma. The propositional content of divine revelation generally includes reference to the Trinity, and thus includes reference to the Holy Spirit. To be specific, the Holy Spirit is understood to be a Person in the Trinity, that Person, in contrast to the Father and the Son, who proceeds eternally from the Father. This vision of the triune God is clearly grounded in part in divine revelation. So any appeal to the activity of the Holy Spirit as critical in claims about divine revelation will already assume the existence of the Holy Spirit; hence, the whole operation is prima facie hopelessly circular. We appeal to divine revelation to underwrite claims about the existence of the Spirit as one Person in the Holy Trinity; we then appeal to the Holy Spirit to articulate and underwrite our claims about divine revelation. How can this be? After resolving this dilemma, this chapter proceeds as follows: first, it develops and deploys a schema for thinking through the relation between revelation and the action of the Holy Spirit; secondly, it suggests that representative material on the work of the Holy Spirit systematically operates on a reductionist and narrow range of issues; finally, it offers a diagnosis of what has gone wrong and makes a handful of suggestions for future research.
Godsends
Authors: Desmond William
Published: June 2021

This is a reflection on the nature of revelation by means of the idea of the ‘godsend’. While seeming to be ordinary, this word carries communication of what is beyond the ordinary. A godsend suggests something like a chink or crack through which something is revealed—a kind of gap, or permeability, a porosity to a light that comes from a source beyond. In that gifted porosity is there an opening to revelation? Does the godsend say something about the surprise of revelation? In response I follow three steps: from word, to idea, to story. I begin by looking at the word and its etymology and consider what this implies. Then I look at the idea of revelation in connection with the claims of philosophical reason. Here my concern is to illuminate some theoretical considerations concerning reason and revelation, from the more reflective conceptual point of view, especially in relation to the modern sense of reason. Thirdly, I turn to story as true to the godsend, and I pay particular attention to a story that witnesses to a kind of fidelity to singularity, the story of Flannery O’Connor entitled ‘Revelation’.
Revelation and the new Atheism
Authors: Taylor James E.
Published: June 2021

This chapter contains a critical discussion of what three New Atheists—Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, and Christopher Hitchens—presuppose about divine revelation. Though none of these authors discusses this concept directly, their explicit remarks about alleged divinely authored texts are based on presuppositions about what a genuine divine revelation would be like if God existed. These explicit remarks are contained in their content- and origin-based arguments for the conclusion that no book (Bible, Qur’ān, or Book of Mormon) was authored by God. The former arguments emphasize allegedly problematic textual inclusions and omissions and the latter arguments stress the allegedly problematic role of humans in the production of these texts. Criticism of their presuppositions focuses on problems with their hermeneutical assumptions and exegetical practices and also on their failure to consider the possibility of progressive revelation, dual (divine–human) authorship of the Bible, and alternative divine purposes and strategies for communicating with humans.
Divine Revelation in Islam
Authors: El-Bizri Nader
Published: June 2021

The paramount form of divine revelation (waḥy) in Islam is the Qur’ān. Appropriate investigations show that revelation in Islam is onto-theological, and it is closely tied to the manifold modes of addressing the connection and distinction between the divine essence and its attributes (al-dhāt wa’l-ṣifāt). Such onto-theology is mediated via variegated methods of literal exegesis (tafsīr) and allegorical hermeneutics (ta’wīl) of Scripture, as impacted by the reception and assimilation of inherited narrations about the Prophetic sayings (ḥadīth) and biography (sīra) in relegated traditions, and as these were oriented by various theories and manners of praxis in jurisprudence, theology, mysticism, and philosophy. The approach to the question of revelation is, moreover, set within experiential and situated realms of concrete everydayness, which evoke various emotive dispositions in mood and affective comportments on the part of a Muslim believer (mu’min) in the confessional public expression of faith. This state of affairs is underpinned by a sense in which Islam is pictured as being a unified corpus by its majoritarian orthodoxy, with what this entails in terms of doctrinal leanings, and modes of quotidian social interactions, as guided or dictated by legal and jurisprudential frameworks, which are themselves grounded on differential modes of interpreting Scripture. Revelation is as such a phenomenon that can be grasped through the prism and perspective from within which Scripture is disclosed in terms of accrued doctrinal leanings and sectarian traditions, which historically constituted the diverse aspects of the credal understanding of the Islamic pluralist corpus.
Revelation and The Political
Authors: Tan Matthew John Paul
Published: June 2021

This chapter will explore the varieties of political thought informed by divine revelation as understood in the Christian tradition. It will do so with reference to the metaphysical assumptions of what happens when transcendence meets history, and accordingly divide the inquiry into three archetypes. The first are the monists, for whom transcendence collapses into the temporal. The second are the dialecticians, for whom the uncrossable distinction between heaven and earth results in a struggle between the two. The third are the participationists, for whom the transcendent and the historical can harmoniously cohere through a ‘mediating third’ plane. For each mode, a brief sketch will be given of the writings of exemplary thinkers, and of the promises and pitfalls. In highlighting this variety, the aim of charting this map is to nuance the discussion currently taking place concerning the motivations and modus operandi of religiously informed political actors.
The Outcry and Revelation of the Truth that Sets us Free
Authors: Sung Jung Mo
Published: June 2021

From the perspective of liberation theology, God does not reveal himself so that the human being may know something, but rather so that the human being may be more humane. Revelation is an act of liberation, which delivers the truth that is a prisoner of injustice and sin. In this sense, revelation is not a set of right doctrines (a subject-object relationship), but is a pedagogical process in which human beings, in their relationship to other people (a subject–subject relationship), discover that God does not discriminate among people, that in God all persons are equal in their fundamental dignity. This revelation of God in human history begins with the outcry of the poor and the victims of oppressive relationships and goes on in the discernment between God, who hears the outcry of the victims and calls them to liberation, and the idols and idolaters who do not listen to them and do not recognize their humanity.
Revelation and Cosmology
Authors: Barr Stephen M.
Published: June 2021

Revelation takes many forms. The Book of Wisdom tells us that God reveals himself through the natural world: ‘From the greatness and beauty of created things comes a corresponding perception of their Creator’ (Wis. 13:5). St Paul echoes this in Rom. 1:20, where he says that God’s eternal power and divine nature, though invisible, are ‘seen through the things he has made’. This is called ‘natural revelation’. Christians believe that God has also revealed himself supernaturally, first through the prophets and definitively through the Incarnation. The Catholic Church teaches that this revelation has been given to the Church and that its content is to be found both in Sacred Scripture and in Sacred Tradition. This chapter will refer to that which has been supernaturally revealed as ‘divine revelation’. The topic of revelation and cosmology can be divided into two kinds of question, both of which will be discussed in this chapter. First, what does divine revelation teach us about the cosmos? Secondly Second, in what ways does the cosmos itself reveal something about God?
Quantum Mechanics and Revelation
Authors: Barr Stephen M.
Published: June 2021

It is widely acknowledged that quantum mechanics may have profound philosophical implications, but what those implications are has been debated for nearly a century. The question addressed in this chapter is whether it has any implications that touch upon the truths of Christian revelation. The short answer is that quantum mechanics does not say anything directly about revealed truths but does have implications relevant to certain philosophical truths that the Church regards as entailed by Christian revelation. These include the truths that human beings have free will and that human beings are not entirely reducible to matter or explicable in purely physical terms. Before getting to these questions, the chapter makes some preliminary remarks about quantum mechanics for context.
Revelation in the Visual Arts
Authors: van Bühren Ralf
Published: June 2021

This chapter deals with visual artworks as media of divine revelation. Readers gain insight into how Christianity as a religion of revelation has used images since the third century to transmit knowledge of God and his action in history. Early Christian pictures rate among the oldest communication media of revelation. Placed intentionally above the altar, the apse mosaics of late antique churches served anagogical purposes leading beyond the pictorial work to transcendent realities. The perception of images in the Middle Ages could represent the beginning of anagogical ascent towards the divine, engaging the viewer’s imagination. In Renaissance and baroque art occurred a rhetorical shift. Gazes and pointing gestures of the figures draw the viewer’s attention to the stage-like performance of the divine in a perspectival or visionary space. The issue frequently became controversial in contemporary history because the concord between artistic self-expression and the Judaeo-Christian understanding of revelation was no longer a given. At present, the individual responses to divine revelation continue.
Biblical Revelation and Biblical Inspiration
Authors: Yadav Sameer
Published: June 2021

This chapter is an overview of biblical inspiration and revelation. It distinguishes between two senses in which the concepts of revelation and inspiration might be regarded as ‘biblical’, the first having to do with how concepts of revelation and inspiration are defined withinthe text of the Christian Bible, and the second having to do with how theologians have applied those concepts tothe Christian Bible. After a brief discussion of revelation and inspiration in the Bible, it turns to focus on the inspired and revelatory status of the Bible itself. It gives a characterization of the two most influential types of theological theory about how the Bible reveals (propositionally versus manifestationally) before going on to explore how such theories might relate to doctrines of biblical inspiration that attempt to account for God’s role in guiding the textual mediation involved in propositional or manifestational revelation. Finally, the chapter raises the question of whether the notions of inspiration and revelation within the Bible underdetermine or overdetermine our theological theorizing about the Bible as revelatory and inspired text.
Afterword
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: June 2021

This Afterword attempts to summarize the main ways of interpreting revelation in this book. One group takes ‘revelation’ as a term which describes revelation as something which a group of people ‘believe’ happened, where this belief shapes the religiosity of the group. A second way of interpreting revelation sees it as actually given to the group from beyond itself, but as also expressive of a society. Thirdly, we find philosophical interpretations of revelation, as the self-disclosure of a reality or being which transcends individuals and social groups, but where reason rather than faith is pivotal in receiving the revelation. Fourthly, revelation is interpreted theologically, as the objective disclosure of a transcendent reality which can only be received in faith. It is claimed that the first three frameworks for understanding revelation depend upon the fourth, since it grounds their otherwise circular assumptions, such as the receptiveness of the human mind or the self-giving quality of being.
Revelation in Near-Death Experience
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: June 2021

Accounts of near-death experiences (NDEs) across cultures often include claims of encounters with deities or spirits who impart information to the experiencer. Other accounts involve the experiencer obtaining knowledge by other means, without the assistance of a non-human supernatural being. While some cases involve deceased relatives, the most significant factor in others might be the soul’s perceptions of the body from a vantage point outside it, seeing or travelling to other realms, having a panoramic life review, encountering the soul of a person not previously known to have died, having prophetic visions, or more generalized impressions of universal understanding and/or union. In all these senses, NDEs can be seen as revelatory experiences, with profound information being conveyed to the individual through ostensibly mystical or ‘religious’ experiences.
Eschatology and Revelation
Authors: O’Callaghan Paul
Published: June 2021

A systematic study of Christian ‘revelation’ commonly involves a distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’ revelation, which derive respectively from the created world through which God acts and speaks, and from God’s personal word and action culminating in the teaching, life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This chapter attempts to show that this binomial stands in need of a third category, in order to fully understand Christian revelation. The category in question is eschatology, without which revelation would be incomplete and ultimately incoherent. In the first part of the chapter an attempt is made to justify the distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’ revelation on anthropological grounds. The second part goes on to explain the richness of the notion of revelation in terms of five different models which refer to the complex process by which revelation impinges on humans as the latter attempt to assimilate and identify with God’s word and grace: the propositional, the historical, inner experience, dialectic presence, and new awareness. All five models point directly or indirectly to the needed eschatological complement of revelation. Finally, the third section presents different aspects of Christian eschatology in which God is revealed to humanity definitively, ‘face to face’: the Parousia, or final coming of Jesus Christ at the end of time; the resurrection of the dead with the new heavens and the new earth; general judgement as God’s final word; all of which take place in the power of the Holy Spirit; then, heavenly glory as the eternal vision of God, or its possible loss; lastly, the significance of the end-time signs.
Traditionalism and Revelation
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: June 2021

Traditionalism is the doctrine that God revealed himself to our first parents, and this revelation is the source of our knowledge of God: ‘the knowledge’, as London cabbies still call it, was passed on from its original recipients down the generations. Our knowledge of God is thus mediated through tradition; its only direct source is a divine revelation made to our original forebears. Traditionalism thus tends to accentuate that we cannot know God through our own efforts, for instance by philosophical proofs. Transmission from a single original source explains the analogies between religions and mythologies, while the ‘telephone game’, or ‘Chinese whispers’, over the millennia explains the diversities. Invented in the nineteenth century, traditionalism was at once a contribution to theory of religions, a piece of biblical anthropology, and a theory of revelation and its development. Traditionalists have held that without an original, igniting act of divine revelation to our first ancestors, it would be impossible for the human race to become a knowing, speaking creature, to create institutions, and act morally, or to obtain knowledge of God.
Emotion Expression, Empathic Reception, and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Gaspar Augusta
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses facial expression and its potential for communication, a much-debated issue especially in regard to emotion expression. This expressive potential is thought to co-evolve with facial expression perception and to be critical in social life. Factors affecting the perception of human facial emotion have been explored over the last few decades and they encompass sender and context features, as well as the decoder’s traits. One of the most neglected traits is that of the decoder’s empathy. The co-evolution of emotion signaling, emotion perception, and emotion expression regulation are, according to recent evidence, most certainly linked to empathy, particularly to the extremes of trait empathy—at one end, very poor decoders, and at the other end, higher than average emotion decoders. Studies on nonhuman primate expressive communication, empathy, and prosociality, and clues from the fossil record, may provide insights on the links between emotion expression, empathy and prosociality in human evolution.
Art, Sign, and Representation
Authors: Culley Elisabeth V. , Davidson Iain
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses questions about the emergence of art, sign, and representation, showing what these categories mean as applied to the archaeological record and how evidence of them may relate to the evolution of human cognitive capacities. It goes beyond the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic to consider marked or decorated objects from significantly older sites associated with Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa and Indonesia, Neanderthals in Europe, and Homo erectus in Trinil, Java. The materials evidence a range of graphic production across significant space and time. They indicate the emergence of graphic expression and its role in human evolution is much more complex than traditional Eurocentric model, as well as more recent models, allow. The review points to problems with the current epistemology of symbolic evolution and emphasizes how the use of “art” and other traditional artifact classes bias interpretations of prehistoric behaviors and models of when and why symbolling emerged.
Puberty and social brain development
Authors: Barendse Marjolein E. A. , Pfeifer Jennifer H.
Published: June 2021

Puberty is characterized by substantial change in many areas of development, including hormonal, physical, neuronal, psychological, and social domains. In this chapter, the authors outline how puberty, and its underlying hormonal and physical changes, might elicit a sensitive period for the development of the social brain. The literature to date suggests that pubertal development is relevant for the structural development of the social brain, and this is partly moderated by biological sex. Functionally, puberty might render the brain more sensitive to social information. However, methodological issues relating to sample size, study design, and analysis, limit the possibility of drawing more specific conclusions. Apart from overcoming these methodological problems, future research should focus on individual differences in pubertal processes and their relevance to social brain development, as well as examining the mechanisms via which pubertal processes impact social behavior through social brain functioning.
Introduction
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H. , Poole Marshall Scott
Published: June 2021

This chapter summarizes and reflects on the evolving scholarship on processes of organizational change and innovation that has emerged since the first edition of The Handbook of Organizational Change and Innovation in 2004. This includes human agency, time conceptions, causality, and levels of analysis. In addition, we add voices not heard in the first edition about affect and emotion, power and influence, paradox and conflict, political perspectives and endings of organization change, creativity and innovation. These core topics provide an overview of the handbook chapters and future directions for research and practice.
Social Movements and Organizational Change
Authors: Davis Gerald F. , Kim Eun Woo
Published: June 2021

Organizations are increasingly subject to political demands from outside actors and their own members. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are enabling a flourishing of grassroots social innovations and demands for justice that challenge traditional top-down theories of change. Over the past twenty years, scholars have found that social movement theory provides a useful approach to understanding movements within organizations, movements that target organizations, and movements that create organizations and industries. We review this recent work and propose an account that can help guide future research on the increasingly prevalent tide of politicallyoriented movements within organizations. We conclude that this is an especially promising domain for future research aimed at informing practice.
Organizational Routines And Organizational Change
Authors: Pentland Brian T. , Goh Kenneth T.
Published: June 2021

Current theory in routine dynamics focuses on patterning (Feldman 2016) as a mechanism for stability and change in routines. We define patterning as the process of adding, removing, or reinforcing paths in the narrative network that describes an organizational routine. Patterning is a hybrid mechanism that can be driven by any of the four change motors (teleology, dialectic, lifecycle, or evolution). Through patterning, routines change and adapt over time. In this chapter, the idea of organizational routines is illustrated with examples from videogame development. The authors suggest that narrative networks provide a way to see routine dynamics as network dynamics and to analyze routines and organizational change from a fresh point of view.
VSR Models of Change as Normative Practical Theory
Authors: Maurer Cara C. , Miner Anne S. , Crossan Mary
Published: June 2021

This chapter offers a counterpoint to increasingly complex computational models of evolutionary change processes at higher levels of analysis. It explores the value of internal VSR (Variation-Selection-Retention) models as practical tools for managers. Individual change agents may actively and deliberately influence each of the three core internal processes and their balance and connect them with external VSR processes. Individuals may shape the organization’s current and potential future contexts beyond mere external adaptation to creation of novel future states. Broadening traditional assumptions of top-down rational decision-making, we include the potential of human imagination, and emotions of individuals and groups as engines of change as improvements to existing internal VSR models. A normative theory of internal VSR processes offers a practical tool for day-to-day operations of agents interested in understanding and affecting organization change. We encourage academics to bring renewed enthusiasm to teaching internal VSR models of change to practicing managers.
Microfoundations of Innovation as Process
Authors: Garud Raghu , Turunen Marja
Published: June 2021

Extant literature lacks the microfoundations of innovation as process. To fill this lacuna, we first introduce and extend Usher’s cumulative synthesis model comprising four steps: the perception of an unsatisfactory pattern, the setting of the stage, the primary act of insight, and critical revision and development. We then probe the assumptions underlying the model, explore how it has influenced contemporary scholars, and how it can be applied to enhance scholarship on and the practice of innovation. We conclude with observations on how innovation can be a part of organizing rather than remain apart from it, and suggest future research possibilities.
Interorganizational Network Change
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Gibson Zachary
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines current theorizing and research on interorganizational network change, and considers its antecedents, processes, outcomes, and management. We perform a systematic review of this literature across several disciplines, including communication, management, organization studies, public administration, and technology studies. Combining the frameworks laid out by Kilduff and Tsai (2003) and Van de Ven and Poole (1995), we demonstrate that the process of goal-directed and serendipitous network change operates using different mechanisms. We highlight the dominant theories and research trends for both types of networks, then we conclude the chapter with a critique and offer four prescriptions for future research.
Change That Concludes
Authors: Mantere Saku , Wiedner Rene
Published: June 2021

Organizational change ends things while it creates new openings. This conclusive aspect of change tends to be underappreciated by both change agents and academics. We integrate streams of literature to answer four questions. First, we ask where and when conclusive change happens in organizations: what are its representative contexts? Then we ask what conclusive change is: what other types of change are there and how do conclusions fit in? Our third question is why conclusive change remains underappreciated. Bringing insight together from the three previous questions, we conclude the paper by asking how change agents should approach conclusive change.
Dialectical Change Models
Authors: Farjoun Moshe
Published: June 2021

M. C. Escher’s ‘Drawing Hands’ lithograph displays two hands, each drawing the other with a pencil. This image has held significance for organization theorists as a representation of the ironic, paradoxical, recursive, and entangled features of organizations. Here, this lithograph is used as an intriguing entry into discussions of dialectical change models and a useful metaphor for the organization of the chapter, which reflects on the previous contributions to this handbook: the right hand in the drawing would represent the different chapters of this handbook under review; the left hand would represent dialectics and its key principles. The dialectics related chapters are organized into three groups which focus on allied traditions, social movements, and organizational interventions respectively, and which pose the following questions for organizational dialectics research: a) its standing vis-à-vis other models and literatures, b) how it can be applied to different phenomena, and c) how it relates to practice.
Critical Approaches and Perspectives on Organizational Change
Authors: Oswick Rosie , Oswick Cliff , Grant David
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the various ways in which opposing and/or contradictory entities unfold and play out with regard to change in organizations. This is undertaken from two different viewpoints. First, from a micro-phenomenological perspective it examines how insights derived from critical theory and other critical traditions have influenced the development of change strategies, interventions, and techniques. Second, at a more macro-level, it explores the extent to which particular schools of thought with regard to organizational change and organization development (OD) have embraced and/or resisted, the inevitable and unavoidable critical challenges and opportunities presented by opposing agents, competing interests, conflicting entities, and contrasting meanings in organizations. The chapter concludes by discussing the scope for, and possible directions of, critical change scholarship and practice in the future.
An Effectual Entreprenurial Model of Organizational Change
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras D. , Venkataraman Sankaran
Published: June 2021

An effectual frame offers an artifactual view of the spaces within which organizations are conceptualized as operating in, thereby allowing us to see those spaces themselves as artifacts of a process that operates in a non-predictive, non-adaptive, and non-teleological manner. Put another way, an effectual process consists of individuals and organizations that work with things already within their control to proactively shape and co-create their environments and futures. An effectual model of organizational change would therefore examine and explain the co-creation of organizational spaces within temporal flows in which actions and interactions between stakeholders may offer kairotic stepping stones for time itself to be seen as a resource to be leveraged rather than a constraint to be overcome.
Eastern Yin-Yang Model of Change
Authors: Jing Runtian
Published: June 2021

Chinese cultural yin-yang view of change offers a rich understanding of organizational change process, actions, and context. Based on a “becoming” ontology, this yin-yang view assumes the reality to be an “ever-changing flow” rather than an event with clear beginning and ending points. By highlighting the concept of momentum, it encourages people to achieve a successful change by implementing various timing strategies such as momentum-seizing, momentum-entraining, and momentum-creating. Some ongoing studies on the yin-yang view of change are reviewed, including cultural beliefs in continuous change, momentum as driver of the change process, change agency as paradoxical leadership, and dialectical change with mutual transformation. The chapter illustrates the yin-yang model of change through the case of the Chengdu Bus Group that contributes novel insights into the previous literature on organizational change. It also summarizes the possible strengths and criticisms of this yin-yang view and puts forward some suggestions for future studies.
Do gas clouds in narrow-line regions of Seyfert galaxies come from their nuclei?
Authors: Joh Kazuma , Nagao Tohru , Wada Keiichi , Terao Koki , Yamashita Takuji
Published: June 2021

The narrow-line region (NLR) consists of gas clouds ionized by the strong radiation from the active galactic nucleus (AGN), distributed in the spatial scale of AGN host galaxies. The strong emission lines from the NLR are useful to diagnose physical and chemical properties of the interstellar medium in AGN host galaxies. However, the origin of the NLR is unclear; the gas clouds in NLRs may originally be in the host and photoionized by the AGN radiation, or they may be transferred from the nucleus with AGN-driven outflows. In order to study the origin of the NLR, we systematically investigate the gas density and velocity dispersion of NLR gas clouds using a large spectroscopic data set taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The [S ii] emission-line flux ratio and [O iii] velocity width of 9571 type-2 Seyfert galaxies and 110041 star-forming galaxies suggest that the gas density and velocity dispersion of NLR clouds in Seyfert galaxies (ne ≈ 194 cm−3 and $\sigma _{\rm [O\,{\small III}]} \approx 147\:$km s−1) are systematically larger than those of clouds in H ii regions of star-forming galaxies (ne ≈ 29 cm−3 and $\sigma _{\rm [O\,{\small III}]} \approx 58\:$km s−1). Interestingly, the electron density and velocity dispersion of NLR gas clouds are larger for Seyfert galaxies with a higher [O iii]/Hβ flux ratio, i.e., with a more active AGN. We also investigate the spatially-resolved kinematics of ionized gas clouds using the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at the Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey data for 90 Seyfert galaxies and 801 star-forming galaxies. We find that the velocity dispersion of NLR gas clouds in Seyfert galaxies is larger than that in star-forming galaxies at a fixed stellar mass, at both central and off-central regions. These results suggest that gas clouds in NLRs come from the nucleus, probably through AGN outflows.
VPS18-regulated vesicle trafficking controls the secretion of pectin and its modifying enzyme during pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hou Saiying , Shi Jiao , Hao Lihong , Wang Zhijuan , Liao Yalan , Gu Hongya , Dong Juan , Dresselhaus Thomas , Zhong Sheng , Qu Li-Jia
Published: June 2021

In eukaryotes, homotypic fusion and vacuolar protein sorting (HOPS) as well as class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) are evolutionarily conserved membrane tethering complexes that play important roles in lysosomal/vacuolar trafficking. Whether HOPS and CORVET control endomembrane trafficking in pollen tubes, the fastest growing plant cells, remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the four core components shared by the two complexes, Vacuole protein sorting 11 (VPS11), VPS16, VPS33, and VPS18, are all essential for pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and thus for plant reproduction success. We used VPS18 as a representative core component of the complexes to show that the protein is localized to both multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the tonoplast in a growing pollen tube. Mutant vps18 pollen tubes grew more slowly in vivo, resulting in a significant reduction in male transmission efficiency. Additional studies revealed that membrane fusion from MVBs to vacuoles is severely compromised in vps18 pollen tubes, corroborating the function of VPS18 in late endocytic trafficking. Furthermore, vps18 pollen tubes produce excessive exocytic vesicles at the apical zone and excessive amounts of pectin and pectin methylesterases in the cell wall. In conclusion, this study establishes an additional conserved role of HOPS/CORVET in homotypic membrane fusion during vacuole biogenesis in pollen tubes and reveals a feedback regulation of HOPS/CORVET in the secretion of cell wall modification enzymes of rapidly growing plant cells.
Response of laboratory plasma influenced by a feedback loop to external force
Authors: Fukuyama Takao , Omoto Masahiro
Published: June 2021

This study experimentally examines the sensitivity of laboratory plasma influenced by a feedback loop to applied external force, with the objective of gaining insight into chaos control in plasma. The ionization waves in laboratory plasma are adopted as the medium of a typical nonlinear system. In the case of a system without the influence of feedback (defined as system A), the orbit of the chaotic system changes to a periodic one as the intensity of the applied external force increases. In the case of a system with the influence of feedback (defined as system B), the chaotic orbit changes to a periodic one by the application of external force with lower intensity (approximately two-thirds) compared to system A. This reveals that the feedback loop enhances the response of the system to external forces.
Educational Tracking and Personality Formation: Evidence from a Dual System
Authors: Birkelund Jesper Fels
Published: June 2021

Although educational stratification research finds that educational tracking differentiates the development of cognitive skills and academic achievement, little is known about its consequences for noncognitive traits. This paper presents a framework for understanding how track placement affects personality traits and empirically tests its implications using longitudinal survey data from Denmark. I find that enrollment in the vocational track in upper secondary education on average increases conscientiousness by one third of a standard deviation more than enrollment in the academic track does. No other personality traits are affected by track placement. Additional analyses show that the influence of vocational education and training on conscientiousness is greater among students taking on an apprenticeship and learning a skilled trade, suggesting that such training closes the between-track gap in conscientiousness by fostering a skilled worker identity.
Joe Zhixiong Zhou v SAIF Partners II L.P.: The importance of mapping out the correct corporate structure
Authors: Chung Benny , Yeon Thomas , Au-Yeung Bennett
Published: June 2021

Joe Zhixiong Zhou v SAIF Partners II L.P. is a recent judgment of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal which concerns a dispute between a private equity fund and its former partner. This judgment, written by Lord Hoffmann NPJ and substantially shorter than those handed down by the lower courts, has several important implications. In this article, we will first unpack and explain the judgment and supplement the discussions with the relevant legal principles and concepts. We will then discuss the judgment’s implications to cases involving a complex web of parties and/or fiduciaries.