bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuing teachers education and social learning in the promotion of geoconservation: the case of the gold cycle geopark project, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Soares Diogo B. , Santos Vânia M. N.
Published: December 2018

This article aims to present possibilities of the use of participatory methodologies, such as Social Learning tools, in the promotion of geoconservation. The reflections presented here were built upon "Module III - Social Learning" of the continuing education course for teachers "Education, Environment and Social Learning: socio-educational practices for sustainability and geoconservation", developed in the city of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The course was promoted within the scope of the Gold Cycle Geopark Project and its results subsidized a postdoctoral research, a master's research, specialized publications in the area, and contributions to Education for Geoconservation. The methodological proposal was based on five public schools in Guarulhos and involved teachers from different areas of knowledge. In addition to the pedagogical and management teams of the schools, different social actors took part in the initiative, such as: representatives of the community, partner universities and municipal secretariats of the city. The main objective of the course was to develop collaborative socio-environmental proposals for the promotion of citizenship, sustainability and protection of local geoheritage by the school.
Can the augmented reality sandbox help learners overcome difficulties with 3-D visualisation?
Authors: Evans Mary , Fleming Bridget , Drennan Gillian
Published: December 2018

Research has shown that students have difficulties in understanding topographic maps and landforms associated with contour patterns and therefore have problems in reading and interpreting topographic maps and relating these 2-dimensional representa-tions to a real 3-dimensional environment. However, maps are a fundamental tool for understanding geographical concepts and solving geographical problems. Current research indicates that this is not uniquely a South African problem and various at-tempts have been made to address this problem such as the use of videos, models and fieldtrips – each with their own limita-tions and difficulties. Nevertheless, the ability to visualize in 3-dimensions from a 2-dimensional representation is an essential skill in understanding and interpreting topographical maps. To address the problem of 3-D visualisation, an augmented reality sandbox (AR-Sandbox) was introduced to a Geography classroom, to Grade 11 students at a Secondary school in Johannes-burg, South Africa. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using the AR-Sandbox to enhance the learning of – and improve the learner's performance – in mapwork, and thereby address the problems experienced with 3-D visualisation. The results of the pre-test and post-intervention test are presented and show that the AR-Sandbox is an effective tool for en-hancing an understanding of landscapes rather an improving performance in the construction of cross-sectional profiles.
Volcanes en Patagonia: construcción de un espacio de memoria, educación y prevención
Authors: Murriello S. , Pierucci L. , Spera A. , Dobrée I. , Apa M.E. , Freire M. Nuñez , Marin Carolina Salazar
Published: December 2018

In spite volcanism and seismicity are foundational for Andean Patagonian geography, these events are hidden in the official history in Argentina and are absent in public policies. In consequence, it is necessary to recover the ways to perceive the environment from different social groups on regard to seismic and volcanic risk because knowing the risk perception of the vulnerable communities is useful for making public policies. With this purpose the authors have recovered experiences of volcanic and seismic events form the last decades and constructed a virtual space to keep social memories.
Analysis of Variability of Morphologic Characteristics with Alternative Variation in Imago of Taiga Tick in the Territory of the Irkutsk Region
Authors: Nikitin A. Ya. , Kozlova Yu. A. , Panova T. S.
Published: December 2018

Investigation of the spatial-temporal variability of characteristics with alternative variation in females of taiga tick from three district of the Irkutsk Region showed all samplings to be phenotypically heterogenous. Based on these results estimated was L.A.Zhivotovsky criterion of identity between separate imago collections. Similarity index for geographically remote populations was about 0.9. This index was higher in intrapopulational groups collected from one territory in different seasons. The elucidated variability creates the basis for selection of morphologic tags of vector transmitting capacity and ticks life cycle duration and other questions of their biology investigation which includes usage of collection materials accumulated previously.
Field Trial of Mobile Laboratory for Epidemiologic Survey and Indication. Communication I. Field Trial of Mobile Laboratory for Epidemiologic Survey and Indication in the Territory of Saratov Region, Stavropol Region and Kabardino-Balkaria Republic
Authors: Sharova I.N. , Surkhaev D.B. , Bredgauer L.A. , Gorelkina L.S. , Korzhov P.N. , Kazakov A.M. , Beppaev Yu.A. , Shinkareva V.N. , Pshikhachev N.Kh. , Karnaukhov I.G. , Toporkov A.V. , Scherbakova S.A. , Babiy A.M. , Zharnikova I.V. , Tsygankova E.A. , Kutyrev I.V. , Kouklev V.E. , Krasovskaya T.Yu. , Chekashov V.N. , Matrosov A.N. , Shilov M.M. , Yakovlev S.A. , Kulichenko A.N. , Efremenko V.I. , Tikhenko N.I. , Zhdanova E.V. , Kutyrev V.V.
Published: December 2018

Presented are the results of the field trial of the mobile laboratory in different landscape and climatic zones and seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). Determined are performance characteristics of the mobile module while carrying out indication of bacterial and viral nature germs and express-diagnostics of dangerous infectious diseases in field conditions. Communication I contains data on approbation of the mobile laboratory in spring-summer period.
Legal Basis of Sanitary and Epidemiologic Regulations Sanitary Protection of the Russian Federation Territory (2008) (Materials for Issues I-IV SR 3.4.2318-08)
Authors: Shiyanova A.E. , Toporkov V.P. , Dmitrieva L.N. , Kabaev S.Yu.
Published: December 2018

Sanitary and Epidemiologic Regulations Sanitary Protection of the Russian Federation Territory SR 3.4.2318-08 were developed with view of observing of their continuity as regards Sanitary and Epidemiologic Regulations Sanitary Protection of the Russian Federation Territory (edited in 2003) and in consideration for the provisions of the Russian legislation. Presented in the article are provisions of the Russian Federation laws and decrees of the Government which served as the basis for several items of the Issues I, II, III, and IV.
Methodological Background of the Assessment of Reliability of the Professional Activity of the Personnel Working with PBA of Pathogenicity Groups I-II
Authors: Malyukova T. A. , Bobrov A. F. , Scheblanov V. Yu. , Tikhomirova L. A. , Boiko A. V. , Toporkov A. V.
Published: December 2018

Considered was the actuality of investigations to assess the reliability of occupational activity of personnel authorized to work with PBA of I-II groups. The methodological approaches and assessment criteria were developed on the base of existing regulatory documents on the work safety and complex approach to personnel training.
Prognosis of Epidemiologic Situation of West Nile Fever in the Territory of the Russian Federation for 2010
Authors: Putintseva E. V. , Smelyanskiy V. P. , Antonov V. A. , Lipnitskiy A. V. , Alekseev V. V.
Published: December 2018

Results of retrospective epidemiologic analysis of population morbidity in different regions of the Russian Federation and epidemic situation of West Nile fever in the territory of Russia are presented. Analysis was based on the reports of Rospotrebnadzor Administrations in the subjects of the Russian Federation and general publications of research institutes which carried out investigations of West Nile fever. Epidemic manifestations of this infection are identified in the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov and Ulyanovsk regions. Circulation of West Nile virus is registered in 22 territories of Russia. The average seroprevalence of West Nile virus antibodies in population of different regions varies (1% in the West Siberia, 3% in the Rostov region and 10% in the Astrakhan, Volgograd regions and the Republic of Adygeya). The prognosis of epidemic development in near future demonstrated that spread of West Nile fever to the North territories of Russia would continue. The outbreaks of infection are possible in the territories where epidemic manifestations have not been noticed previously but virus circulation is identified in nature. The necessity of monitoring of West Nile virus in all territories of Russia is proved.
Evaluation of the Diagnostic Properties of Transparent Nutrient Medium for Cultivation and Isolation of Tularemia Agent (Ft-agar)
Authors: Morozova T. P. , Domotenko L. V. , Khramov M. V.
Published: December 2018

Presented are the results of transparent dry nutrient medium (Ft agar) for Francisella tularensis cultivation and isolation testing in the model experiments and field trials. Ft-agar was shown to possess fine growth and selective properties. It could be used for work with the pure cultures of tularemia agent and with the field material. The medium is certified (the registered number of MM is 2007/00899).
Distribution and Abundance of Ticks and Fleas, Infectious Diseases Vectors, in the Semi-Desert Zone of Saratov Trans-Volga Region
Authors: Knyazeva T. V. , Chekashov V. N. , Porshakov A. M. , Mokrousova T. V. , Matrosov A. N. , Shilov M. M. , Yakovlev S. A. , Kuznetsov A. A. , Tolokonnikova S. I. , Sharova I. N. , Krasovskaya T. Yu.
Published: December 2018

Many-years observations demonstrate that six species of the ticks inhabit semi-desert zone of Saratov Trans-Volga Region. Nine flea species are registered at small mammalians in the near-water biotopes. The dominating ectoparasite species can be of significance at present as dangerous infectious diseases vectors. They are 2 ticks species and 3 flea species. Epizootiologic monitoring to be carried out is associated with control of abundance of ectoparasite species conventional for this territory, and with detection of new species possessing condition to inhabit it.
Formation of Modern Concepts on the Mechanism of Plague Enzooty
Authors: Popov N. V. , Koshel E. I. , Eroshenko G. A. , Kutyrev V. V.
Published: December 2018

Considered are main hypotheses that explain plague natural focality. The modern advances in the investigation of plague microbe genetic structure and its biofilms are demonstrated to play determinative role in interpretation of plague enzooty mechanism. Possible role of the nematodes in the transfer of plague microbe biofilms to the flea larvae is discussed. Considered is epizootiological significance of plague microbe trans-larval transfer for implementation of its vertical transmission from the soil biotope to the organism of warm-blooded animals. Analysis of flea larvae obtained in locations where plague persists, for the presence of plague agent, seems to be a promising approach as it can detect the readiness of the parasitic system of the natural focus for emergence and development of the epizooty.
Development of the Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Marburg, Ebola, and Lassa Viruses Identification
Authors: Sementsova A. O. , Shikov A. N. , Ternovoy V. A. , Vinokurova A. V. , Kostina N. E. , Stavsky E. A. , Agafonov A. P.
Published: December 2018

Presented are the data on the development and approbation of the method of Marburg, Ebola, and Lassa viruses identification based on real-time multiplex PCR with hybridization-fluorescent detection. This method is meant for the differential diagnostics of hemorrhagic fevers caused by these viruses. Displayed are the results of determination of multiplex PCR analytical sensitivity and specific activity.
Epizootic Activity of the Central Caucasian High-Mountain Natural Plague Focus
Authors: Kulichenko A. N. , Evchenko Yu. M. , Mozloev G. A. , Grigor'ev M. P. , Lyapustina L. V. , Churikova N. V.
Published: December 2018

Analysis of the long-term data made it possible to identify three periods of epizootic activity of the Central Caucasian high-mountain natural plague focus against the background of the overall downward trend. In the third period (2000-2010) the focus was shown to be under the intense negative influence of natural and anthropogenic factors that stipulated its depression. The natural factors were weather conditions unfavorable for life-sustaining activity of mountain ground-squirrels, the main plague carriers in this focus. Anthropogenic pressure over the focus manifested as follows. The quantity of cattle decreased, that resulted in decrease of territories of the mountain pasturelands, the natural habitats of mountain ground-squirrels. As areas suitable for life-sustaining activity of the mountain ground-squirrel populations reduced, the number of their settlements declined. With account taken for the effect of the anthropogenic influence stated above, short-term and medium-term prognoses of epizootic activity of Central Caucasian high-mountain natural plague focus indicate of rare non-intensive epizooties.
The Role of Birds as Potential Reservoirs of West Nile Virus in the Territory of the Russian Federation
Authors: Baturin A. A. , Antonov V. A. , Smelyansky V. P. , Zhukov K. V. , Chernobay V. F. , Kolyakina N. N.
Published: December 2018

Submitted are the materials on epizootiology of West Nile Fever in birds, taking into account their migration. Described are the characteristics of WNF in wild and synanthropic birds. Ecological relationships between birds, mosquitoes, ticks and West Nile virus are analyzed. Main autumn bird migratory directions are characterized and the data on WNF monitoring in birds in different geographical regions of Russia are presented.
The Equilibrium Condition of a Non-Thin Screw Wedge-Shaped Twin Located in the Distance from the Surface of an Undeformed Crystal
Authors: Vasilevich Yu. V. , Ostrikov O. M.
Published: December 2018

The equilibrium condition for a non-thin helical wedge-shaped twin located far from the surface of the crystal is obtained. The case of an undeformed solid is considered. It is established that under such conditions a helical twin can not twin can not exist under such conditions. The result is in full conformity with generally known results for dislocation walls from helical dislocations. An approximation for continuous distribution of twinning dislocations at twin boundaries has been used in methodology for deriving an equilibrium condition. The shape of the twin boundaries has been described by functions that depend on density of the twinning dislocations at the twin boundaries. It has been assumed that the forces acting on the twin boundaries from the side of the twin dislocations are equal to zero. One degree of freedom along a twinning direction has been presupposed for twinning dislocations. Dislocation creeping effects have been excluded in the model. A calculation of stress fields for a twin has been carried out within the framework of an elasticity theory. In this case a superposition of stresses from each twin boundary has been considered. The solution of equations has been sought in the form of a polynomial. A linear approximation of such solution is considered in detail. The ем resulting equilibrium condition is satisfied for two values equal to zero that is a twin length and its width at the mouth. The result is important in the field of mechanics for twinning materials, shape memory materials, and in the development of techniques for predicting destruction and functioning of twinning materials.
Propuesta de un esquema simple de antivirales de acción directa para tratamiento de VHC en un sistema de salud público con bajo presupuesto
Authors: Valdez-Hernández Pedro , Rodriguez-Aguilar Erika Faride , Páez-Zayas Víctor Manuel , Lizárraga-Gómez Enrique , García-Juárez Ignacio
Published: December 2018

[No disponible]
Vascular Parameters of Normal Cynomolgus Macaques by Fundus Fluorescence Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Peng Jingyi , Zhong Liuxueying , Ma Li , Jin Jiayi , Zheng Yongxin
Published: December 2018

Background: To provide normal vascular parameters for cynomolgus macaques. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of Fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in angiography. To establish an eye parameter database for cynomolgus macaques.
Methods: Five normal cynomolgus macaques were studied for the collection of data, with a mean age of 4.6±0.55 years. The Heldelberg Spectralis® HRA+OCT was used to obtain parameters for Fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA). The vessel density was measured using the RTVue XR with AngioVue (software version 2017.1.0.155; Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA); the scan sizes of the macular and optic discs were 3×3mm and 4.5×4.5mm, respectively.
Results: Cynomolgus macaque's fundus fluorescence angiography had similar stages as those found in humans. Optical coherence tomography can image the superficial, deep capillary plexus and the radial peripapillary capillary network. The highest whole En-face mean vessel density (VD) in the macular area was 68.19±0.75 % in the choroid capillary layer. In both layers of the optic disc, the vessel density in the Nasal quadrant was lower than in the inferior-tempo quadrant.
Conclusions: This is a rare research, where we have collected the normal FFA and the novel OCT-A parameters for cynomolgus macaques. This study provides normal vascular parameters of cynomolgus macaques via Fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), helping to establish an optical parameter database for cynomolgus macaques, promoting choroid-retinopathy research.
Landscape Performance of Green Fountain Grass Alternatives Grown in Northern and Southern Florida
Authors: Wilson Sandra B. , Knox Gary W.
Published: December 2018

Plant growth, visual quality, flowering, and seed production were assessed for 10 fountain grass (Pennisetum) cultivars planted in northern and southern Florida. All fountain grass cultivars except Rubrum Dwarf fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and Red Buttons fountain grass (Pennisetum messiacum) achieved flower ratings of 3 to 5 in both locations during the first growing season. During the second growing season, chinese fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides), ‘Cassian’ chinese fountain grass (P. alopecuroides), ‘Hameln’ chinese fountain grass (P. alopecuroides), and ‘Red Buttons’ fountain grass flowered better in northern Florida, and green fountain grass (P. setaceum) and ‘Rubrum Dwarf’ fountain grass flowered better in southern Florida. Visual quality of chinese fountain grass and its cultivars generally declined in October without resuming growth through May. ‘Little Bunny’ chinese fountain grass (P. alopecuroides) and oriental pennisetum (Pennisetum orientale) declined dramatically during the first season and did not survive the 84-week study in northern or southern Florida. ‘Rubrum’ fountain grass (P. setaceum) and ‘Rubrum Dwarf’ fountain grass did not produce any seeds.
Effects of Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide on Pest Control in Open Field Nursery Production of Perennial Fruit and Nut Plants
Authors: Schneider Sally M. , Hanson Bradley D.
Published: December 2018

Nursery producers of perennial fruit and nut plants rely on preplant fumigation to meet regulatory requirements designed to ensure nematode-free planting stock. In the past, preplant treatments with methyl bromide or high rates of 1,3-dichloropropene were the preferred treatments. However, the phase out of methyl bromide due to environmental concerns and evolving regulations on the use of 1,3-dichloropropene has increased the need for effective and economical alternative fumigation treatments in open field nursery production. A field trial was conducted in a commercial nursery to test weed and nematode control with several tarped and untarped preplant applications of 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and iodomethane in comparison with methyl bromide. Crop safety and nematode infestation were evaluated on a wide range of tree, vine, and berry nursery stock. No fall fumigation treatment in this study resulted in measurable injury to spring-planted nursery stock. There were few statistical differences between methyl bromide and the other fumigation treatments in crop establishment, crop quality, or nematode level at planting 5 months after treatment, although some untarped treatments had detectable levels of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). At grape (Vitus vinifera) and bramble (Rubus spp.) harvest after the first growing season, few statistical differences were noted in the number of nematodes isolated from roots; however, only methyl bromide had nondetectable levels in all varieties. The highest nematode levels were usually found in untarped iodomethane:chloropicrin and untarped chloropicrin plots. At tree harvest 26 months after fumigation, root-knot nematodes were isolated from the roots of highly susceptible tree varieties in several iodomethane:chloropicrin treatments and in chloropicrin alone plots. Untarped applications did not provide commercially acceptable control of weeds or root-knot nematode in this trial. Tarped applications of 30:70 and 50:50 iodomethane:chloropicrin provided nematode control similar to 1,3-dichloropropene, although not as good as methyl bromide. Iodomethane:chloropicrin combinations have been registered in other states and should be considered for use in California perennial fruit and nut crop nurseries as an alternative to methyl bromide.
Nitrogen Source and Rate Effects on Irrigated Potato in Tropical Sandy Soils
Authors: Souza Emerson F. C. , Soratto Rogério P. , Fernandes Adalton M. , Rosen Carl J.
Published: December 2018

Core Ideas

A suitable nitrogen source and optimum nitrogen rate can improve potato yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in tropical sandy soils.

Regardless of the nitrogen source, the nitrogen fertilization increased the potato tuber yield up to rates between 136 kg nitrogen ha−1 and at least 160 kg nitrogen ha−1.

Ammonium sulfate nitrate plus DMPP promoted greater total and marketable tuber yields than urea and higher agronomic efficiency compared to urea and ammonium sulfate.

There is a potential for ammonium sulfate nitrate plus DMPP to improve the synchronization between soil nitrogen availability and potato nitrogen demand when potato is cultivated in a tropical sandy soil.

A suitable N source and an optimal application rate can improve the N‐use efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) while minimizing N losses, especially when potato is grown in sandy soils. Three experiments were conducted at irrigated sandy soil sites in São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of ammonium sulfate (AMS), ammonium sulfate nitrate with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (ASN+DMPP), and urea applied at three N rates (80, 120, and 160 kg ha−1), as well as a zero‐N control on potato (cv. Agata). Leaf N and S concentrations, tuber yield, and agronomic efficiency (AE) were measured. The 80 kg N ha−1 rate was applied in the furrow at planting, and the other rates were split‐applied, with 40 kg N ha−1 in the furrow at planting and the remainder applied at hilling. Regardless of the N source, the N fertilizer rates increased the potato leaf N concentration and tuber bulking of the potato crop, which in turn increased the tuber yield up to rates between 136 kg N ha−1 and at least 160 kg N ha−1. Among the N sources, ASN+DMPP fertilizer resulted in a higher potato tuber set and yield than urea and led to the highest AE compared to AMS and urea. Overall, these results suggest the potential for ASN+DMPP to improve the synchronization between soil N availability and potato N demand and provide a more appropriate balance of N forms in the soil when potato is cultivated in sandy soils in a tropical climate.
Three Two‐Dimensional Approaches for Simulating the Water Flow Dynamics in a Heterogeneous Tile‐Drained Agricultural Field in Denmark
Authors: Varvaris Ioannis , Børgesen Christen Duus , Kjærgaard Charlotte , Iversen Bo V.
Published: December 2018

Core Ideas

Simulating water flow dynamics in a clayey subsurface drained agricultural field.

Three two‐dimensional models incorporating preferential water flow were used.

All models produced a reasonably good fit to the hydrograph features.

Examine models' capabilities and weaknesses for simulating the drainage dynamics.

Non‐equilibrium preferential flow has received increasing attention in modeling water flow dynamics across tile‐drained agricultural fields. The HYDRUS‐2D software package was used in this study to generate a hydrogeological model for simulating the water flow dynamics across hydro‐topographical gradients and drainage sequences at drainage subcatchment (western part of Norsminde catchment in Denmark). The selected study area is characterized by spatial variability in the geological, stratified heterogeneity. Three two‐dimensional models incorporating preferential water flow were used to examine the ability of each approach to predict the drainage dynamics and water balance in a clayey subsurface drained agricultural field: (i) a single‐porosity model, (ii) a dual‐porosity model, and (iii) a dual‐permeability model. The initial parameterization of the models relied on in situ observations of soil structure, soil hydraulic property maps of Denmark and pedotransfer functions. The models, once calibrated against observed drainage data, were used for the reproduction of the subsurface drainage water dynamics for different time periods for the specific agricultural landscape. The different conceptual approaches gave a fairly good fit to the hydrograph features for both the calibration and validation datasets. The predictive ability of all models for the calibration dataset was fairly similar, while for the first and second validation datasets better results were obtained with the dual‐porosity and dual‐permeability models, respectively. The calibrated values of the effective parameters had been examined using laboratory data and in situ measurements of the groundwater level to evaluate how well these parameters physically represent the flow domain.
Economic evaluation of public programmes: lessons from the Expanded Public Works Programmes in South Africa
Authors: Matsiliza Noluthando
Published: December 2018

This review aims at assessing the economic evaluation of public programmes such as the expanded public works programmes (EPWP) in South Africa. The South African government earmarked the EPWP for departments and municipalities to implement projects that are meaningful for economic transformation and inclusive growth. This study argues that economic evaluation of public programmes must consider the interplay of complex decisions making on resource allocations and take into account consequences thereafter in a systematic way. This review paper adopted a qualitative document analysis, where data is drawn from research reports on programme evaluation, policy documents, EPWP evaluation reports, books and articles drawn from accredited journals. Key findings from this study draw attention to unfulfilled great expectations to sustain job creation in an emerging economy in South Africa. Results also revealed that although the M&E design was suitable for the evaluation, it was not compared to any other alternative cost-effective measurement strategy to assess the economic value of the EPWP in South African public service. Based on the lessons from EPWP, this study recommends an integrative approach to evaluate job creation programmes in order to settle on the economic value of EPWP.
Long-term streamflow forecasting for the Cascade Reservoir System of Han River using SWAT with CFS output
Authors: Liu Tian , Chen Yuanfang , Li Binquan , Hu Yiming , Qiu Hui , Liang Zhongmin
Published: December 2018

Due to the large uncertainties of long-term precipitation prediction and reservoir operation, it is difficult to forecast long-term streamflow for large basins with cascade reservoirs. In this paper, a framework coupling the original Climate Forecasting System (CFS) precipitation with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was proposed to forecast the nine-month streamflow for the Cascade Reservoir System of Han River (CRSHR) including Shiquan, Ankang and Danjiangkou reservoirs. First, CFS precipitation was tested against the observation and post-processed through two machine learning algorithms, random forest and support vector regression. Results showed the correlation coefficients between the monthly areal CFS precipitation (post-processed) and observation were 0.91–0.96, confirming that CFS precipitation post-processing using machine learning was not affected by the extended forecast period. Additionally, two precipitation spatio-temporal distribution models, original CFS and similar historical observation, were adopted to disaggregate the processed monthly areal CFS precipitation to daily subbasin-scale precipitation. Based on the reservoir restoring flow, the regional SWAT was calibrated for CRSHR. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies for three reservoirs flow simulation were 0.86, 0.88 and 0.84, respectively, meeting the accuracy requirement. The experimental forecast showed that for three reservoirs, long-term streamflow forecast with similar historical observed distribution was more accurate than that with original CFS.
A Nonmathematical Review of Optimal Operator and Experimental Design for Uncertain Scientific Models with Application to Genomics
Authors: Dougherty Edward R.
Published: December 2018

Introduction:

The most basic aspect of modern engineering is the design of operators to act on physical systems in an optimal manner relative to a desired objective – for instance, designing a
control policy to autonomously direct a system or designing a classifier to make decisions regarding
the system. These kinds of problems appear in biomedical science, where physical models are created
with the intention of using them to design tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

Methods:

In the classical paradigm, our knowledge regarding the model is certain; however, in
practice, especially with complex systems, our knowledge is uncertain and operators must be designed
while taking this uncertainty into account. The related concepts of intrinsically Bayesian robust
operators and optimal Bayesian operators treat operator design under uncertainty. An objective-based
experimental design procedure is naturally related to operator design: We would like to perform an
experiment that maximally reduces our uncertainty as it pertains to our objective.

Results & Discussion:

This paper provides a nonmathematical review of optimal Bayesian operators
directed at biomedical scientists. It considers two applications important to genomics, structural
intervention in gene regulatory networks and classification.

Conclusion:

The salient point regarding intrinsically Bayesian operators is that uncertainty is
quantified relative to the scientific model, and the prior distribution is on the parameters of this model.
Optimization has direct physical (biological) meaning. This is opposed to the common method of
placing prior distributions on the parameters of the operator, in which case there is a scientific gap between
operator design and the phenomena.
Accurate and Unbiased Quantitation of Amyloid-β Fluorescence Images Using ImageSURF
Authors: O'Mara Aidan R. , Collins Jessica M. , King Anna E. , Vickers James C. , Kirkcaldie Matthew T.K.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Images of amyloid-β pathology characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease are difficult
to consistently and accurately segment, due to diffuse deposit boundaries and imaging variations.

Methods:

We evaluated the performance of ImageSURF, our open-source ImageJ plugin, which considers
a range of image derivatives to train image classifiers. We compared ImageSURF to standard image
thresholding to assess its reproducibility, accuracy and generalizability when used on fluorescence images
of amyloid pathology.

Results:

ImageSURF segments amyloid-β images significantly more faithfully, and with significantly
greater generalizability, than optimized thresholding.

Conclusion:

In addition to its superior performance in capturing human evaluations of pathology images,
ImageSURF is able to segment image sets of any size in a consistent and unbiased manner, without requiring
additional blinding, and can be retrospectively applied to existing images. The training process
yields a classifier file which can be shared as supplemental data, allowing fully open methods and data,
and enabling more direct comparisons between different studies.
Outcomes of Perilla Seed Oil as an Additional Neuroprotective Therapy in Patients with Mild to Moderate Dementia: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Kamalashiran Chuntida , Sriyakul Kusuma , Pattaraarchachai Junya , Muengtaweepongsa Sombat
Published: December 2018

Background:

Dementia is a common medical disorder in the elderly. Oxidative stress plays a
major role in the process of cognitive decline in dementia. Perilla seed oil demonstrates its neuroprotective
effects via anti-oxidative mechanisms against dementia. We investigate neuroprotective effects of
perilla seed oil as an additional treatment in patients with mild to moderate dementia.

Method: A double-blind, randomized-control trial (perilla seed oil versus placebo) in patients with mild
to moderate dementia was conducted. Perilla seed oil or placebo was added on with standard treatment
for six months. Cognitive function was compared at nine months after enrollment.

Result: 182 patients, with 94 in the experimental group and 88 in the placebo group, were able to complete
the study. Cognitive function is not significantly different compared between groups. However, the
total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower in the experimental group. Perilla seed oil
had no adverse effect to kidney, liver, blood components or glucose metabolism.

Conclusion:

Perilla seed oil as additional neuroprotective therapy in patients with mild to moderate dementia
does not improve cognitive function. Perilla seed oil significantly reduced total cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol. A clinical trial is needed to prove the benefit of cholesterol-lowering effects with perilla
seed oil in human.
Computational and In-Vitro Validation of Natural Molecules as Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Kumar Ashwani , Mehta Vineet , Raj Utkarsh , Varadwaj Pritish Kumar , Udayabanu Malairaman , Yennamalli Ragothaman M. , Singh Tiratha Raj
Published: December 2018

Background:

Cholinesterase inhibitors are the first line of therapy for the management of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, it is now established that they provide only temporary and symptomatic
relief, besides, having several inherited side-effects. Therefore, an alternative drug discovery
method is used to identify new and safer ‘disease-modifying drugs’.

Methods:

Herein, we screened 646 small molecules of natural origin having reported pharmacological
and functional values through in-silico docking studies to predict safer neuromodulatory molecules with
potential to modulate acetylcholine metabolism. Further, the potential of the predicted molecules to inhibit
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and their ability to protect neurons from degeneration was
determined through in-vitro assays.

Results:

Based on in-silico AChE interaction studies, we predicted quercetin, caffeine, ascorbic acid and
gallic acid to be potential AChE inhibitors. We confirmed the AChE inhibitory potential of these molecules
through in-vitro AChE inhibition assay and compared results with donepezil and begacestat. Herbal
molecules significantly inhibited enzyme activity and inhibition for quercetin and caffeine did not show
any significant difference from donepezil. Further, the tested molecules did not show any neurotoxicity
against primary (E18) hippocampal neurons. We observed that quercetin and caffeine significantly improved
neuronal survival and efficiently protected hippocampal neurons from HgCl2 induced neurodegeneration,
which other molecules, including donepezil and begacestat, failed to do.

Conclusion:

Quercetin and caffeine have the potential as “disease-modifying drugs” and may find application
in the management of neurological disorders such as AD.
The Temporal Relationship between Pain Intensity and Pain Interference and Incident Dementia
Authors: Ezzati Ali , Wang Cuiling , Katz Mindy J. , Derby Carol A. , Zammit Andrea R. , Zimmerman Molly E. , Pavlovic Jelena M. , Sliwinski Martin J. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Chronic pain is common among older adults and is associated with cognitive
dysfunction based on cross-sectional studies. However, the longitudinal association between chronic
pain and incident dementia in community-based samples is unknown.

Objective:

We aimed to evaluate the association of pain intensity and pain interference with incident
dementia in a community-based sample of older adults.

Methods:

Participants were 1,114 individuals 70 years of age or older from Einstein Aging Study
(EAS), a longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling older adults in the Bronx County, NY. The
primary outcome measure was incident dementia, diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. Pain intensity and
interference in the month prior to first annual visit were measured using items from the SF-36 questionnaire.
Pain intensity and pain interference were assessed as predictors of time to incident dementia using
Cox proportionate hazards models while controlling for potential confounders.

Results:

Among participants, 114 individuals developed dementia over an average 4.4 years (SD=3.1) of
follow-up. Models showed that pain intensity had no significant effect on time to developing dementia,
whereas higher levels of pain interference were associated with a higher risk of dementia. In the model
that included both pain intensity and interference as predictors of incident dementia, pain interference
had a significant effect on incident dementia, and pain intensity remained non-significant.

Conclusion:

As a potential remediable risk factor, the mechanisms linking pain interference to cognitive
decline merit further exploration.
Anti-Oxidant Drugs: Novelties and Clinical Implications in Cerebellar Ataxias
Authors: Barca Emanuele , Emmanuele Valentina , DiMauro Salvatore , Toscano Antonio , Quinzii Catarina M.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a group of disorders characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations, progressive clinical course, and diverse genetic causes. No disease modifying treatments are yet available for many of these disorders. Oxidative stress has been recurrently identified in different progressive cerebellar diseases, and it represents a widely investigated target for treatment.  Objective: To review the main aspects and new perspectives of antioxidant therapy in cerebellar ataxias ranging from bench to bedside.  Method: This article is a summary of the state-of-the-art on the use of antioxidant molecules in cerebellar ataxia treatments. It also briefly summarizes aspects of oxidative stress production and general characteristics of antioxidant compounds.  Results: Antioxidants represent a vast category of compounds; old drugs have been extensively studied and modified in order to achieve better biological effects. Despite the vast body of literature present on the use of antioxidants in cerebellar ataxias, for the majority of these disorders conclusive results on the efficacy are still missing.

Conclusion:

Antioxidant therapy in cerebellar ataxias is a promising field of investigations. To achieve the success in identifying the correct treatment more work needs to be done. In particular, a combined effort is needed by basic scientists in developing more efficient molecules, and by clinical researchers together with patients communities, to run clinical trials in order to identify conclusive treatments strategies.
The Applications of Clustering Methods in Predicting Protein Functions
Authors: Chen Weiyang , Li Weiwei , Huang Guohua , Flavel Matthew
Published: December 2018

Background:

The understanding of protein function is essential to the study of biological
processes. However, the prediction of protein function has been a difficult task for bioinformatics to
overcome. This has resulted in many scholars focusing on the development of computational methods
to address this problem.

Objective:

In this review, we introduce the recently developed computational methods of protein function
prediction and assess the validity of these methods. We then introduce the applications of clustering
methods in predicting protein functions.
Shock – Classification and Pathophysiological Principles of Therapeutics
Authors: Kislitsina Olga N. , Rich Jonathan D. , Wilcox Jane E. , Pham Duc T. , Churyla Andrei , Vorovich Esther B. , Ghafourian Kambiz , Yancy Clyde W.
Published: December 2018

The management of patients with shock is extremely challenging because of the myriad
of possible clinical presentations in cardiogenic shock, septic shock and hypovolemic shock and the
limitations of contemporary therapeutic options. The treatment of shock includes the administration
of endogenous catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) as well as various
vasopressor agents that have shown efficacy in the treatment of the various types of shock. In addition
to the endogenous catecholamines, dobutamine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, and milrinone
have served as the mainstays of shock therapy for several decades. Recently, experimental studies
have suggested that newer agents such as vasopressin, selepressin, calcium-sensitizing agents like
levosimendan, cardiac-specific myosin activators like omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), istaroxime, and
natriuretic peptides like nesiritide can enhance shock therapy, especially when shock presents a
more complex clinical picture than normal. However, their ability to improve clinical outcomes remains
to be proven. It is the purpose of this review to describe the mechanism of action, dosage requirements,
advantages and disadvantages, and specific indications and contraindications for the
use of each of these catecholamines and vasopressors, as well as to elucidate the most important
clinical trials that serve as the basis of contemporary shock therapy.
From Biology to Therapy: Improvements of Therapeutic Options in Lung Cancer
Authors: Formisano Luigi , Jansen Valerie M. , Marciano Roberta , Bianco Roberto
Published: December 2018

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality around the world, despite effective chemotherapeutic
agents, the prognosis has remained poor for a long time. The discovery of molecular changes that
drive lung cancer has led to a dramatic shift in the therapeutic landscape of this disease. In “in vitro” and “in
vivo” models of NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer), angiogenesis blockade has demonstrated an excellent
anti-tumor activity, thus, a number of anti-angiogenic drugs have been approved by regulatory authorities for
use in clinical practice. Much more interesting is the discovery of EGFR (Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor)
mutations that predict sensitivity to the anti-EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), a class of drugs that has
shown to significantly improve survival when compared with standard chemotherapy in the first-line treatment
of metastatic NSCLC. Nevertheless, after an initial response, resistance often occurs and prognosis becomes
dismal. Biomolecular studies on cell line models have led to the discovery of mutations (e.g., T790M) that confer
resistance to anti-EGFR inhibitors. Fortunately, drugs that are able to circumvent this mechanism of resistance
have been developed and have been recently approved for clinical use. The discovery of robust intratumor
lymphocyte infiltration in NSCLC has paved the way to several strategies able to restore the immune
response. Thus, agents interfering with PD-1/PD-L1 (Programmed Death) pathways make up a significant portion
of the armamentarium of cancer therapies for NSCLC. In all the above-mentioned situations, the basis of
the success in treating NSCLC has started from understanding of the mutational landscape of the tumor.
New Histopathological & Genetic Features to Improve Active Surveillance Selection for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chu Kevin , Corcoran Niall , Norden Sam , Wong Lih-Ming
Published: December 2018

Background:

A recent surge in biomarkers to aid management of men with prostate cancer has occurred.
Their applications are varied and not all tests are applicable to the active surveillance setting.

Objective:

To review primary evidence on genetic and immunohistochemical biomarkers, and their role on
patient selection and risk stratification for men on active surveillance for prostate cancer.

Evidence Acquisition:

A PubMed electronic search using the terms (biomarker or genetic or histopathological)
AND ("prostate cancer" AND "active surveillance") was performed from inception to April 2015.

Evidence Synthesis:

Of the biomarkers reviewed, Prostate Health Index (PHI) and Oncotype DX Genomic
Prostate Score (GPS), were identified to currently hold greatest potential benefit to aid risk stratification of men
for AS. Higher PHI, at baseline and during follow-up, was shown to predict pathological upgrading at rebiopsy
at two single institutions, but with small cohorts (n<200). The Oncotype DX GPS test has been validated on men
suitable for AS but having upfront radical prostatectomy. Increase in GPS was shown to predict upgrading and
upstaging at radical prostatectomy and biochemical recurrence post radical prostatectomy. Prospective validation
in AS cohorts is yet to be performed.

Conclusions:

PHI and Oncotype DX GPS show promise in aiding risk stratification for men on AS. However,
larger prospective studies in AS cohorts are needed. Integration of biomarkers with existing clinical and imaging
models remains a challenge.
Design, Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity and Apoptosis-inducing Action of Novel Cinnoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Kandeel Manal M. , Kamal Aliaa M. , Naguib Bassem H. , Hassan Marwa S.A.
Published: December 2018

Aims: Tyrosine kinases and topoisomerase I are common target enzymes for the majority of the anticancer
agents. In contrast to quinazolines and quinolines, kinase inhibitors and topoisomerase inhibitors incorporating
cinnoline scaffold are relatively infrequent. Thus the aim of this work was to replace the former scaffolds
with the latter one. Eighteen novel cinnoline derivatives were designed, synthesized and characterized
using both microanalytical and spectral data.

Methods:

The cytotoxic activity of the new compounds was screened in vitro against both human breast cancer
cells and normal breast cells.

Results:

The enzymatic inhibition activity of promising candidates against both epidermal growth factor receptor
tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase I was accomplished.

Conclusions:

Cell cycle profiles were observed at IC50 doses of representative biologically active compounds.
Compound 7 represented a new scaffold incorporating triazepinocinnoline ring system and showed outstanding
cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (0.049 µM), tyrosine kinase inhibition (0.22 µM), apoptosis percentage and the
highest selectivity index.