bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performing and Parading Gender in Guyane’s Carnival
Authors: MacLeod Catriona
Published: January 2020

Guyane's carnival constitutes one of the most popular and publicised elements of the territory’s cultural identity. The carnival is home to several established ‘characters’ who represent different symbolic roles or incarnate various aspects of the territory’s history. This chapter will focus on two figures whose costumes and behaviours appear intended to challenge the traditional gender roles which still dominate everyday life in Guyane: the cross-dressing male (the travesti) who takes part regularly in street parades, and the female-incarnated Touloulou of the carnival’s masked balls.
This chapter first considers the travesti, an apparently-paradoxical figure common to parades in other Caribbean and Latin American carnivals. It considers this practice in the specific context of the Guyane festivities, examining competing symbolic interpretations both of the travesti’s comic appearance and actions.
The second half of the chapter considers the Touloulou, a carnival figure apparently native to Guyane itself and celebrated as the ‘queen’ of the festivities. It will consider the role of the Touloulou in the carnival of Guyane, interrogating particularly the popular interpretation that this figure constitutes an exceptionally independent and powerful role for Guianese women, representative of changing gender roles in the territory since the 1950s.
Equality and Difference Queering Guyane?
Authors: Marshall Bill
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins by presenting the role of Christiane Taubira in defending and promoting the 'mariage pour tous' legislation in France, including the references made to the work of Léon Gontron-Damas. This is then linked to two conceptual signposts: firstly, Tzvetan Todrov's La Conquête de l’Amérique (1982) and his exploration of 'the two elementary figures of alterity'; and secondly, Didier Eribon's Une Morale du minoritaire (2001), which makes links between the social processes of inferiorisation inherent to class society, colonialism, and homophobia. This conceptual section will then be followed by an analysis of Caribbean sexualities, and their theorisations, in relation to the specificities of Guyane, including the racial and sexual inversions associated with the period of the penal colony. Positing an active queerING in this context – with the emphasis on the process - and its capacity creatively to build on the anomalies of Guyane's history and contemporary reality, the article ends by looking at recent fiction that exemplifies this process.
Conclusion
Authors: Wood Sarah , MacLeod Catriona
Published: January 2020

This conclusion to the volume emphasises the importance of the ‘Locating Guyane’ project and asks whether, via the collection of chapters presented, this misunderstood, multi-positional space has, in fact, been in some sense ‘located’. It reflects on the various ‘use-values’ ascribed to the territory as a colonised space and the ways in which Guyane is currently being ‘located’ from within, by its own residents. It considers ongoing and future changes and challenges to Guyane’s identity, such as the opening of the bridge over the Oyapock River between Brazil and the Guyanais border town of Saint-Georges, and the implications of these changes for the DOM’s place as politically French and geographically South American. It concludes by noting that the chapters of this book reveal Guyane to be in a state of constant flux—whether in the present due to transnational flows, regarding the past via the questioning of historiography, or in the reimagining and reinventing of traditions.
Introduction The Post-Migratory Postcolonial
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn , Reeck Laura
Published: January 2020

After an historical section covering the social, political, and economic dynamics shaping colonial immigration to France (from North and sub-Saharan Africa as well as from Indochina), we explain why we have chosen to develop a critical vocabulary around 'post-migratory postcolonial minorities' and to focus specifically on cultural production by writers, filmmakers, musicians, and artists whose heritage connects them to a colonial context. The introduction then considers the fundamental challenges of identification and self-identification in a context meant to be colorblind and in naming a subject of study for whom there is no consistent social vocabulary. Without dispensing with key concepts to postcolonial studies such as the centre/periphery, we assert that cross-cutting ways of understanding the cultural production at hand are needed. We connect to Françoise Lionnet and Shuh Mei-Shih’s 'minor transnationalism', which encourages transversal explorations across the local, global, national, and transnational, envisages a productive relationship between the 'major' and the 'minor', and in this case re-localizes French culture. The introduction concludes with an overview of contemporary activism (via manifestos, social media campaigns, and marches) to suggest that a range of memories and experiences contribute to and influence what it means to be French today.
Banlieue Writers: the Struggle for Literary Recognition Through Collective Mobilization
Authors: Harchi Kaoutar , Money Jenny , Kleppinger Kathryn , Reeck Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on processes of social categorization used in the French literary field to define authors born in France to postcolonial immigrant parents. In 2007, the collective 'Qui fait la France?' released a volume of short stories called Chroniques d’une société annoncée, prefaced by its manifesto that was also released to the popular press. Composed of authors self-identifying as having 'mixed identities', the collective aimed through the publication of their manifesto and short stories to transform French literature through narrating and recognizing the unique histories, suffering, and aspirations of ethnically diverse populations. Meanwhile, its reception demonstrated how judgments of artistic value for cultural production by French artists of postcolonial immigrant heritage reveal problems tied to the conditions, modalities, and process of categorizing literary production. Through a sociological reconstruction of the formal and subjective meanings that each individual (artist, journalist, publisher, producer, etc.) ascribes to his/her actions, this chapter exposes the various logics through which artistic labelling based on social criteria establishes hierarchies and categories that structure the French literary field.
Mixed Couples in Contemporary French Cinema: Exploring New Representations of Diversity and Difference on the Big Screen
Authors: Kealhofer-Kemp Leslie
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Rachid Djaïdani’s Rengaine [Hold Back] (2012) and Amelle Chahbi’s Amour sur place ou à emporter [Take-Away Romance] (2014), the only French feature films to date that focus on couples in which neither person is a majority-ethnic character (one is black, the other is of Maghrebi descent). Though stylistically very different, both films explore the place of and relationship between diverse minority-ethnic groups in France through the portrayal of these mixed couples. In doing so, they offer new perspectives on the treatment of mixed couples in French cinema while exposing complicated dynamics that exist between different post-migratory postcolonial minorities. Rengaine and Amour sur place ou à emporter condemn racism and discrimination that exist between members of these groups and underscore the respective filmmakers’ desire to portray different kinds of diversity than has previously been seen on the big screen.
‘Nos ancêtres n’étaient pas tous des Gaulois’: Post-Migration and Bande Dessinée
Authors: Vitali Ilaria
Published: January 2020

The association between bande dessinée (comics) and second generations might seem surprising, yet it is not new: the authors of Astérix le Gaulois, the most famous and celebrated comics in France, were also the children of immigrants (Polish and Hungarian for Goscinny, Italian for Uderzo). As a hybrid genre that links words and images, comics have been a privileged terrain since their inception for authors of second generations. This art form is now used by postcolonial second-generation authors in France as an ideal artistic medium to express their situation. Raising questions about the representation of minorities, 'new French' from immigrant backgrounds contribute to debates on national identity, and they do so with the unique elements of comics. Their graphic tales thus become an ideal site for observing the representation of cultural alterity and the use of forms of engagement that, in departing from entrenched practices, now acquire a new meaning. This chapter will trace the complexity of relations between comics and second-generation Maghrebis in France by following work by Farid Boudjellal, Halim Mahmoudi and the Gargouri sisters.
Ancient Aliens
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: January 2020

Focusing on the History Channel's popular series Ancient Aliens (2009-), this chapter examines how the (pseudo)documentary mode of representing the incredible idea that extra-terrestrial intelligences intervened in human history directs amateur experiences of archaeology towards SF conventions. Integral to these viewing experiences of Ancient Aliens are the kinds of future-pasts exposed in the series. Of particular interest is the threatening sense of the past, which capitalizes and obliquely comments on the current state of insecurity generated in all sorts of news, documentary and fictional media. This chapter contends that recurrent themes such as doomsday weapons, extra-terrestrial invasion threats, government conspiracies, genetic tampering, the rise and fall of civilizations, the Mayan calendar, and the insistent focus on the Middle East as the origin of civilization and setting for the (imminent) apocalypse cast palpable contemporary geopolitical anxieties into challenging narratives of cultural origins. As such, the ancient alien topos, though pseudo-archaeological, is a significant cultural expression of the dialogic relationship between archaeology and SF film and television as popular and imaginative expressions of historical identity and geopolitical mediation.
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: January 2020

This chapter transposes the analogical investigation of ancient astronauts as a source of geopolitical meditation in Ancient Aliens to a SF film that make this connection explicit: Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of Crystal Skull (2006), which adapts the cinematic antecedent of 1950s B SF movies—in which aliens function as a trope for governmental conspiracy, atomic anxiety, and Soviet hysteria—into ancient astronaut discourse. An interesting subtext of Spielberg’s nostalgic throwback to SF film history is the nature of the aliens themselves. As archaeologists and collectors, they replicate the kinds of colonial archaeology that Jones and even the audience may take for granted. These beings function within the SF métier as an external threat, but they simultaneously sanction the civilizing activities undertaken by democratic institutions like the British Museum, Louvre and Metropolitan Museum. The film thus neatly closes the hermeneutic circle on the Indiana Jones franchise by mining its latent SF tropes: the intrepid figure of colonial archaeology is reinvigorated through the exotic adventures of technologically-advanced beings from outer space. Archaeology is a device for manifesting threats that can be foiled by the very scientific structures and geopolitical forces that inform the entertaining world of action and adventure.
Prometheus
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: January 2020

Prometheus (2012) provides ample material for cyborg criticism in the figure of its android protagonist, David. Modelling himself after the archaeologist, promoter of Arab nationalism and British spy T.E. Lawrence, David functions as both a cultural artefact in, and an agent of, Prometheus's expedition to the origins of human life, an enterprise that, like Lawrence’s, is an anthropological recovery of an early phase of civilization that promotes the interests of the industrial-military complex that David serves (in Lawrence's case, Britain's Foreign and Colonial Office). David is the pivot upon which the film's historical fabula turns, is the "cyborg site" from which the diegetic environment of material science flows: as a non-human marginalized figure, the cyborg David simultaneously embodies and resists the originary trajectory and the racist/speciesist discourse that lay at the heart of early archaeological thinking. Ultimately, theories of common origins that infuse Scott's film are dismantled along with the conservative political agendas such myths serve. As a signifier of the archaeological business of gathering artefacts into partial typologies of origins and progress, the cyborg archaeologist is a fitting coda to my investigation of the uneasy and ongoing alliance between archaeology and global politics circulating in the popular imaginary of SF.
Envoi
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: January 2020

Excavating the Future concludes with a discussion of two real-world archaeological events: ISIS’s destruction of artefacts at Palmyra and Nimrud and the reaction by heritage preservation organizations to simulate destroyed artefacts through 3D printing, stereoscopic modelling, and crowdsourcing projects. The envoi contends that these reproductive countermeasures to the world-wide media dissemination of terrorist attacks on material history serve to perpetuate a desired future born from the very logic of globalization and progress that has made World Heritage sites such irresistible targets for Islamic extremists. The envoi argues that SF’s response to the material conditions of history in the post 9/11 world invites attentive audiences to remain suspicious of such iconodulist claims upon the past and future.
Introduction
Authors: Cheshire Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter starts by describing the impact of Gilbert’s ‘strange poem’ The Hurricane on Gilbert’s friends and contemporaries: Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, and their circle in Bristol, and then follows its critical reception. Romanticist critics John Livingston Lowes, Paul Kaufman, John Beer, and Jonathan Wordsworth drew on the views of Gilbert’s contemporaries to assess The Hurricane. Later culturally based scholarship has brought wider perspectives on the 1790s radical underworld, and its population of visionaries, prophets, and millennialists. Marsha Keith Schuchard’s identification of Gilbert’s pseudonymous writings on magic and astrology has made possible a better-informed assessment of Gilbert’s use of esoteric traditions – Hermeticism, astrology, theosophy, Neoplatonism – that are brought to bear in The Hurricane.
‘My astrological friend’
Authors: Cheshire Paul
Published: January 2020

Southey’s poem Joan of Arc, published at the end of 1795, had, in Joan, a female saviour divinely inspired to be an instrument of change. Southey’s Joan has common elements with Elmira, the female saviour figure in The Hurricane. Both are millennialist poems showing how spiritual agencies intervene in history at decisive epochs, and both were intended to reflect and comment on the momentous period their authors were living through. Southey’s friendship with Gilbert is but one instance of his attraction to figures who claimed prophetic power or divine inspiration. This chapter also argues that Southey was in the vanguard of the ‘One Life’ poetic movement that celebrated direct experience of the divine through Nature.
Son of a Saintly Slave Owner
Authors: Cheshire Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Gilbert’s views about Africa and Africans in the context of his background as the son of an Antiguan slave plantation owner. Gilbert expressed publicly his opposition to the slave trade in 1790, but in The Hurricane this opposition is less evident: the evils of the slave trade are just one symptom of a universal cosmic imbalance. Gilbert’s Methodist father, Nathaniel Gilbert, had avowed the evils of slavery and praised the Africans’ higher spiritual capacity, but he nevertheless retained ownership. As John Wesley’s abolitionist views only became public around the time of Nathaniel’s death in 1774, it was possible for Nathaniel, as a benevolent slave-owner, to be considered a good Methodist. Gilbert came of age at a time when these moral values shifted.
Practical patriots
Authors: Holohan Carole
Published: January 2020

Chapter one examines the way in which the political classes envisioned the role of youth and identifies how youth featured in broader discourses of societal change. The commemoration of the 1916 Rising on its 50th anniversary provided an opportunity for national stocktaking, and an analysis of how young people featured in commemorative narratives and activities demonstrates the centrality of youth in the idea of an improved economic future. Analysis of the role of youth in the politics of both party and protest reveals the extent to which an international challenge to establishment forces from young people featured in the Republic of Ireland, and demonstrates the limited impact of young people on mainstream politics, despite their significance for economic change.
Youth welfare work
Authors: Holohan Carole
Published: January 2020

Chapter five focuses on the development of youth welfare work, in particular the youth club, as a response to concerns that young people were not using their leisure time appropriately. Fred Powell, Martin Geoghegan, Margaret Scanlon and Katharina Swirak highlight how an international volunteer boom in the 1960s, and in the field of youth work in particular, in part reflected changing attitudes to youth and concerns about what seemed a disaffected generation. This chapter assesses developments in youth work at a local and national level, highlighting the impact of international strategies in this field and the tensions between the many players in the Irish scene. It attests to the ways in which external frameworks, emanating from supranational bodies such as the Council of Europe and the United Nations, reframed understandings of youth in the adult imagination and influenced how youth was perceived by voluntary and statutory organisations. It also highlights the ways in which some international ideas and models were embraced but others challenged the status quo, and therefore faced resistance.
Introduction
Authors: Caslin Samantha
Published: January 2020

The title of this book is taken from a statement made by a Liverpool-based women’s refuge, the House of Help, in 1918. Having offered its services to women for two decades, the House of Help looked towards the end of the First World War with the hope that their organization could be part of the ‘building’ of a ‘new world by helping to save the womanhood of our country’....
White Slavery and Social Purists’ Authority
Authors: Caslin Samantha
Published: January 2020

This chapter unpacks social purists’ commitment to the notion of ‘white slavery’ during the inter- and post-war years. Focusing on the work of the Liverpool Vigilance Association (LVA), the chapter argues that this organisation used white slavery to construct their patrolling and moral surveillance of women as necessary to the maintenance of urban social order. By working with only a vague notion of white slavery, the LVA were able to imprecisely apply this term to their case work. Young women from marginalised communities, particularly Irish and working-class women, were presented by the organisation as being vulnerable to white slavery. Despite their records showing little engagement with women involved in forced prostitution, the LVA’s continual allusions to white slavery enabled their patrollers to further their image as experts in the moral protection of women and the organisation’s references to white slavery were used to try to generate donations from LVA supporters.
Irish Girls in Liverpool (1)
Authors: Caslin Samantha
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how broad national concerns about prostitution and promiscuity could be moulded in response to localised issues. During the interwar years, large numbers of Irish young women came to Liverpool in search of work and new opportunities. Consequently, social purists in Liverpool gave the young Irish woman a starring role in their rhetoric about urban moral danger. Moral patrollers used Irish young women to magnify their broader concerns about young women who worked away from home, moved through cities and engaged in consumer pursuits. This resulted in Irish women in Liverpool being subjected to a network of moral surveillance that was managed via a range of local philanthropic organisations.
The Making of an Evangelical
Authors: Ritchie Daniel
Published: January 2020

The book’s first chapter considers Isaac Nelson’s family background and early religious influences – including his membership of Henry Cooke’s May Street Presbyterian Church. It considers Nelson’s time as a student and teacher at the Belfast Academical Institution. The chapter also analyses the role that Nelson played in the Inquiry into the teaching of Moral Philosophy with respect to the alleged scepticism of Professor John Ferrie, which reveals Nelson’s adherence to Scottish Common Sense Philosophy. The chapter then considers Nelson’s first pastorate at First Comber Presbyterian Church, and his return to Belfast as the minister of Donegall Street Presbyterian Church. This opening chapter is essential to establishing Nelson’s credentials as an emerging talent within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, whose cause he defended in opposition to Unitarians and Episcopalians. This chapter, moreover, demonstrates his early commitment to evangelical activism through support for missions and philanthropy. His disputes with leading Presbyterians over the teaching of Greek and the Magee bequest reveals his independence of thought. Nelson’s opposition, while he was moderator of the Belfast Presbytery, to Hugh Hanna’s role in provoking sectarian violence in Belfast during the riots of 1857 reveals his opposition to crude forms of no-popery
The Year of Delusion
Authors: Ritchie Daniel
Published: January 2020

The title of the third chapter is the same as that of Isaac Nelson’s critique of the 1859 Revival in Ulster, The Year of Delusion. It analyses Nelson’s approach to the revival in relation to the actual history of the movement, the broader context in which the revival took place, and from the point of view of Nelson’s theological and philosophical commitments. It demonstrates that Nelson opposed the revival as an evangelical Presbyterian who was committed to the Reformed theology of the Westminster Confession in opposition to Roman Catholicism, Unitarianism, and Methodism. Furthermore, he also wrote as one who adhered to the assumptions of Common Sense Philosophy in opposition to irrationality and Romantic enthusiasm. Nelson criticised the 1859 Revival owing to its links with American proslavery revivalism, the physical manifestations that accompanied the awakening, and its impact on Reformed doctrine, church order, and morality. Nelson also wrote a historical critique of William Gibson’s official account of the revival, The Year of Grace.
Conclusion
Authors: Ritchie Daniel
Published: January 2020

Upon hearing of the death of his old friend, Samuel Davidson exclaimed, ‘Hallowed be the memory of Isaac Nelson, who with all his faults (and where is the man without them?) did good service in his day. The loss of a trusty friend is heavy, especially in an evil-judging generation; but severed ties will be reunited in a happier state’....
Mythologizing the internal Other: rural tradition as antidote to modern civilization
Authors: Coletta Michela
Published: January 2020

The emergence of literary and cultural criollismo has usually been looked at in the context of early-twentieth-century nationalism. While these analyses have contributed to a better understanding of the extent to which early-twentieth-century responses to immigration shaped the political debate over the following decades, they seem to underestimate the pervasiveness of civilisational constructs at the turn of the century, thus failing to fully appreciate the specific contexts in which the first coherent attempts to come to terms with ideas of the modern were made. Breaking away from previous interpretations that look at the early-twentieth-century discourse about the nation almost exclusively in terms of a reaction to the phenomenon of mass immigration, this chapter focuses on the turn-of-the-century period and shows that, both in the River Plate and in Chile, discourses of the autochthonous primarily originated in response to the hegemonic outward-looking idea of modern civilisation. The chapter analyses the shift from the idea of a barbaric past to that of rural tradition. The countryside was used to counterbalance the refined and decadent urban civilisation based on European cultural models.
National regeneration and the education of the Latin American elites
Authors: Coletta Michela
Published: January 2020

Given the essentially cultural connotations of the notion of ‘Latin race’, education was widely perceived as a key tool for bringing about a process of national and regional regeneration. ‘The problem of the race’ was closely linked to ‘the problem of education’. What characterised the debate on education in all three countries was a deep concern with the need for a regeneration of the national character. This chapter explores the debates around Latin and Anglo-Saxon education models and the ways in which major contemporary theories of education were incorporated. Intellectual exchanges with the Spanish ‘regeneracionistas’ were key in the case of the pedagogical strand of Krausismo in the River Plate and especially in Uruguay. What approach to education best suited the Spanish American nations? Was ‘Latin’ education the best model to adopt? The ‘spatial’ direction of these exchanges is in itself revealing of the different national tendencies: while the Chileans ostensibly and increasingly looked towards the United States, the River Plate was largely part of a revival of Krausismo through direct contact with a new generation of Spanish krausistas.
Barthes and Forrest-Thomson
Authors: Gardner Calum
Published: January 2020

The Scottish poet Veronica Forrest-Thomson (1947-1975) is one of the first poets writing in English to have engaged with Barthes in a major way. Many of her poems reference him and some are titled after his work, and he has left his mark on her critical writing. However, because of the manner and order in which these texts were made available to Anglophone audiences, her view of Barthes in the early 1970s seems incomplete and skewed to our eyes today. Embarking on close readings of her poetry and prose, this chapter offers a detailed breakdown of the relationship between the work of Forrest-Thomson and Barthes.
Barthes in America
Authors: Gardner Calum
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how Barthes was read in America, among a far wider range of poets than in Britain. It starts with a brief consideration of Robert Duncan’s essay on the ‘kopoltus’, and then looks at the poets gathered in Ron Silliman’s 1975 anthology ‘The Dwelling-Place’, New York School writers such as Bernadette Mayer, and other ‘Language poets’, closing with a more in-depth consideration of the importance of Barthes to Lyn Hejinian. Links are established between these writers’ poetics, which are varied but all describable as ‘language-centred’.
Barthes in Journals
Authors: Gardner Calum
Published: January 2020

As many of the poets considered here belonged to poetry ‘movements’ which constituted themselves through journals, this chapter is structured around those journals, considering the various ways in which small poetry periodicals used Barthes. Considering reviews, interviews, and manifestos, it offers a narrative of Barthes in notable magazines such as the New York-based L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E and its Canadian counterpart Open Letter, and smaller publications such as Bloomington, Indiana’s Wch Way. In this way, it includes the work of poets and critics whose engagement with Barthes is more tangential and bound up with the general project of a community of writers, such as Michael Palmer and Steve McCaffery.
Barthes and Love
Authors: Gardner Calum
Published: January 2020

In the late 1980s a new approach to Barthes begins to emerge, centred around the use of his work to approach the emotional life. Although this is more traditional poetic subject matter, Barthes still inspires innovative and avant-garde approaches. This chapter demonstrates the relevance of Barthes’s work on love to Anne Carson and Deborah Levy, and also shows how his other texts can be applied to these purposes, showing how Kristjana Gunnars uses the more technical Writing Degree Zero to write about grief. The chapter also uses Chris Kraus’s notion of ‘lonely girl phenomenology’ as part of the critical framework with which it approaches alternative creative engagements with theory.
A Scientific Companion to Robert Frost
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

Mention Robert Frost and people instantly think of snowy woods and less-traveled paths and rural neighbors meeting to fix their stone fence. But what does Robert Frost have to do with science? You might be surprised. Born in 1874, Frost lived through a remarkable period of scientific progress, including the development of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, the Big Bang theory, the discovery of the structure of DNA and the beginnings of space travel. Possessing a powerful intellect driven by keen curiosity, Frost was highly knowledgeable about the science of his time and infuses his poetry with imagery and language borrowed from science. Frost not only uses the language of science to enrich his poetry in the same way he uses classical, historical, biblical and literary allusions, but he also uses ordinary language to create sophisticated metaphors based on scientific concepts such as evolution and entropy. A Scientific Companion to Robert Frost represents the first systematic attempt to catalogue and explain all of the references to science and natural history in Frost’s poetry. The book, which is organized chronologically, uses language that is accessible to laymen and is supplemented by numerous illustrations, and appendices that should make it a valuable resource for teachers and scholars.
Mountain Interval
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

In early 1915, the Frost family made a hurried departure from England as the war in Europe escalated. Although they successfully escaped the ravages of World War I, at the time the most mechanized conflict in history, the Frosts returned to a country undergoing its own rapid and irreversible changes at the hands of technology. In the collection Mountain Interval, published in 1916, Frost depicts the violence of technology toward humans in poems such as “Out, Out –“ and “The Vanishing Red,” but most of the violence is reserved for plants and animals, both domestic and wild. He also addresses the role of technology in society, especially the telephone, and starts to move from observational to theoretical descriptions of astronomical objects. This chapter begins with an alternative interpretation of the natural setting in one of Frost’s most popular poems, “The Road Not Taken.”
New Hampshire
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

Frost earned his first of four Pulitzer Prizes for the collection New Hampshire, which was published in 1923. In the years preceding this volume, Frost endured personal heartache, including family deaths and illnesses, as well as increasing professional success. This collection contains many references to geology, astronomy, and exploration, as well as traditional nature themes. The astronomical poems are becoming more theoretical and less observational, incorporating references to new theories about the universe (“Fire and Ice” and “A Never Naught Song.) In a continuation of themes from Mountain Interval, Frost also describes man’s destruction of nature in such poems as “The Census-Taker.” The beauty and challenges of rural life are addressed in poems such as “The Star-Splitter,” “Good-by and Keep Cold,” and “The Need of Being Versed in Country Things.”
A Witness Tree
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

The years leading up to the publication of A Witness Tree in 1942 saw Frost become a widower, lose his son to suicide, and begin to rebuild his life with the help of fellow writers and friends. Yet, as the world was becoming embroiled in war, Frost produced a collection of poems that portrayed the power and beauty of nature using scientific language and concepts drawing on a lifetime of accumulated knowledge. In poems such as “The Lesson for Today,” “Our Hold on the Planet,” and “A Considerable Speck,” Frost uses his poetry to ask about man’s place in nature. The poems in this collection invoke a wide range of animal and plants, naming dozens of species and there is less emphasis on technology than in earlier volumes. Frost was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for this collection, making him the first person ever to win four of the prestigious awards.
Steeple Bush
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

Published in 1947, Steeple Bush was not critically well-received. It was a highly diverse volume that begins with loving descriptions of flower-filled meadows and young trees in poems such as “A Young Birch” and “Something for Hope” and ends in visions of nuclear war in poems such as “The Planners” and “Bursting Rapture.” There is extensive astronomical content, including descriptions of meteors, the Northern Lights, and the movement of the sun, moon, and planets. There are also poems about vanished societies, some recent, as in “Directive,” and some ancient as in “A Cliff Dwelling.” Frost also looks at the nature of science and speculates about our future as a species in “Etherealizing” and “Why Wait for Science.”
An Afterword
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

This short collection was published as part of The Complete Poems of Robert Frost 1949, just two years after Steeple Bush. Now seventy-five years old, Frost continued to travel, teach, and receive honorary degrees. The two long poems, “Choose Something Like a Star” and “From Plane to Plane,” are rich in both observational and theoretical astronomical content, with references to such things as the chemical and physical properties of stars and the identities of the constellations comprising the Zodiac.
A Masque of Reason
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

This masque, or play, published in 1945, based on the biblical story of Job, is a wide-ranging and humorous exchange between a husband and wife pair and God. Despite a simple and seemingly timeless setting on a desert island, the masque contains allusions to many of Frost’s favorite scientific topics, including the theory of relativity, the theory of evolution, and the expansion of the universe. The concepts of time reversal, a prediction of Einstein’s theory of relativity, and the astronomical red-shift, considered evidence for expansion of the universe, even make appearances.
In the Clearing
Authors: Smith Virginia F.
Published: January 2020

Fifteen years passed between the publication of Steeple Bush in 1947 and In the Clearing in 1962. Frost, now eighty-seven years old, had moved into the realm of national treasure and cultural icon. He continued to travel extensively as an advocate for America and poetry. In this collection, Frost plays the role of a teacher, providing biology lessons in “Pod of the Milkweed,” “Peril of Hope,” and “Our Doom to Bloom;” he displays an extensive knowledge of cosmology and physics in “A Never Naught Song” and wishes for extra moons in the light-hearted poem “A-Wishing Well.” In “Accidentally on Purpose,” Frost uses astronomy and the structure of the universe as a framework for discussing evolution. The poems capture Frost’s lifetime of accumulated knowledge of science, nature, and technology.
Distortion of Magnetic Fields in a Starless Core. VI. Application of Flux Freezing Model and Core Formation of FeSt 1–457
Authors: Kandori Ryo , Tomisaka Kohji , Saito Masao , Tamura Motohide , Matsumoto Tomoaki , Tazaki Ryo , Nagata Tetsuya , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Nakajima Yasushi , Kwon Jungmi , Nagayama Takahiro , Tatematsu Ken’ichi
Published: January 2020

Observational data for the hourglass-like magnetic field toward the starless dense core FeSt 1–457 were compared with a flux freezing magnetic field model. Fitting of the observed plane-of-sky magnetic field using the flux freezing model gave a residual angle dispersion comparable to the results based on a simple 3D parabolic model. The best-fit parameters for the flux freezing model were a line-of-sight magnetic inclination angle of γ
mag = 35° ± 15° and a core center to ambient (background) density contrast of ρ
c/ρ
bkg = 75. The initial density for core formation (ρ
0) was estimated to be ρ
c/75 = 4670 cm−3, which is about one order of magnitude higher than the expected density (∼300 cm−3) for the interclump medium of the Pipe Nebula. FeSt 1–457 is likely to have been formed from the accumulation of relatively dense gas, and the relatively dense background column density of A

V
≃ 5 mag supports this scenario. The initial radius (core formation radius) R
0 and the initial magnetic field strength B
0 were obtained to be 0.15 pc (1.64R) and 10.8–14.6 μG, respectively. We found that the initial density ρ
0 is consistent with the mean density of the nearly critical magnetized filament with magnetic field strength B
0 and radius R
0. The relatively dense initial condition for core formation can be naturally understood if the origin of the core is the fragmentation of magnetized filaments.
A Catalog of Periodic Variables in Open Clusters M35 and NGC 2158
Authors: Soares-Furtado M. , Hartman J. D. , Bhatti W. , Bouma L. G. , Barna T. , Bakos G. Á.
Published: January 2020

We present a catalog of 1143 periodic variables, compiled from our image-subtracted photometric analysis of the K2 Campaign-0 super stamp. This super stamp is centered on the open clusters M35 and NGC 2158. Approximately 46% of our periodic variables were previously unreported. Of the catalog variables, we find that 331 are members of M35 and 56 are members of NGC 2158 (

). Our catalog contains two new transiting exoplanet candidates, both of which orbit field stars. The smaller planet candidate has a radius of 0.35 ± 0.04 

and orbits a K dwarf (

 = 15.4 mag) with a transit depth of 2.9 millimag. The larger planet candidate has a radius of 0.72 ± 0.02 

and orbits a late G-type star (

= 15.7 mag) with a transit depth of 2.2 millimag. The larger planet candidate may be an unresolved binary or a false alarm. Our catalog includes 44 eclipsing binaries (EBs), including ten new detections. Of the EBs, one is an M35 member and five are NGC 2158 members. Our catalog contains a total of 1097 nontransiting variable stars, including a field δ Cepheid exhibiting double mode pulsations, 561 rotational variables, and 251 pulsating variables (primarily γ Doradus and δ Scuti types). The periods of our catalog sources range between 43 minutes to 24 days. The known ages of our reported cluster variables will facilitate investigations of a variety of stellar evolutionary processes.
The Nearby Luminous Transient AT2018cow: A Magnetar Formed in a Subrelativistically Expanding Nonjetted Explosion
Authors: Mohan P. , An T. , Yang J.
Published: January 2020

The fast-rising blue optical transient AT2018cow indicated unusual early-phase characteristics unlike relatively better studied explosive transients. Its afterglow may be produced by either a relativistically beamed (jetted) or intrinsically luminous (nonjetted) ejecta and carries observational signatures of the progenitor and environment. High-resolution monitoring can distinguish between these scenarios and clarify the progenitor nature. We present very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of AT2018cow at 5 GHz involving 21 radio telescopes from the European VLBI Network with five sessions spanning ≈1 yr. With an astrometric precision up to 25 μas per epoch, the rapidly fading compact mas-scale source is found to be nonjetted with a proper motion of ≤0.15 mas yr−1 (0.14 c). This and a dense (number density ≈104–105 cm−3) magnetized environment (magnetic field strength ≥0.84 G) are characteristic of a newly formed magnetar driven central engine, originating in the successful explosion of a low-mass star.
A new species of the Music frog Nidirana (Anura, Ranidae) from Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Wei Gang , Li Shi-Ze , Liu Jing , Cheng Yan-Lin , Xu Ning , Wang Bin
Published: January 2020

The Music frog genus Nidirana is widely distributed in East and South Asia. Here, a new species of the genus is described from southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences supported the new species as a clade closely related to N. leishanensis, N. hainanensis, N. chapaensis, N. daunchina, and N. yaoica. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body of medium size (SVL 41.2–43.5 mm in males and 44.7 mm in female); lateroventral groove only present on toes; relative finger lengths: II < IV < I < III; three metatarsal tubercles on palm; heels overlapping when hindlimbs flexed at right angles to axis of body; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level of eye when leg stretched forward; a pair of subgular internal vocal sacs at corners of throat in male; nuptial pad present on the inner side of base of fingers I in breeding male; tadpole labial tooth row formula with 1:1+1/1+1:2; in males, the advertisement call contains two kinds of notes and one call contains 2–6 repeated regular notes.
Molecular evidences confirm the taxonomic separation of two sympatric congeneric species (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritidae, Neritina)
Authors: Barroso Cristiane Xerez , Pereira de Freitas João Eduardo , Matthews-Cascon Helena , Arruda Bezerra Luis Ernesto , da Cruz Lotufo Tito Monteiro
Published: January 2020

A reliable taxonomy, together with more accurate knowledge of the geographical distribution of species, is a fundamental element for the study of biodiversity. Multiple studies on the gastropod family Neritidae record three species of the genus Neritina in the Brazilian Province: Neritina zebra (Bruguière, 1792), Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758), and Neritina meleagris Lamarck, 1822. While N. zebra has a well-established taxonomic status and geographical distribution, the same cannot be said regarding its congeners. A widely cited reference for the group in Brazil considers N. meleagris a junior synonym of N. virginea. Using a molecular approach (phylogenetic, species delimitation, and statistical parsimony network analyses), based on two mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S), this study investigated if N. virginea and N. meleagris are distinct species. The molecular results confirmed the existence of two strongly supported distinct taxonomic entities in the Brazilian Province, which is consistent with the morphological descriptions previously proposed for N. virginea and N. meleagris. These species occur in sympatry in the intertidal sandstone formations of Northeastern Brazil. Despite the great variation in the colour patterns of the shells, the present study reinforced previous observations that allowed the differentiation of these two species based on these patterns. It also emphasized the importance of the separation of these two clades in future studies, especially those conducted in the Brazilian Province, since these species may cohabit.
A new genus and species of Staphylininae rove beetle from the Peruvian Amazon (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)
Authors: Jenkins Shaw Josh , Orlov Igor , Solodovnikov Alexey
Published: January 2020

A new monotypic genus of Staphylininae Latreille, 1802 tribe incertae sedis is proposed based on Amazonothops aslakigen. et sp. nov. from the Peruvian Amazon. Descriptions and illustrations of the new genus and species are provided. Its systematic placement and phylogenetic significance are discussed.
Challenges in the East – Root Causes and Prospects
Authors: Heinecke Susann
Published: January 2020

Cet article traite des défis sécuritaires auxquels l’UE est confrontée à sa frontière orientale. Il décrit les vulnérabilités de la frontière orientale de l’UE et la cause profonde de la situation actuelle, à savoir la décomposition de l’ancien bloc socialiste en deux parties aux références historiques distinctes. Il identifie ensuite l’absence de relations fonctionnelles et résilientes de l’UE avec la Russie comme le principal défi à la sécurité et à l’ordre politique de l’Europe de l’après-guerre froide. Ainsi, l’article affirme que l’amélioration des relations UE-Russie est essentielle non seulement pour résoudre la crise en cours entre les deux parties, mais aussi pour relever deux autres défis : les capacités de l’UE en matière de prévention des conflits et de maintien de la paix dans l’espace post-soviétique ainsi qu’en ce qui concerne le rôle et la portée de l’OTAN dans le dispositif sécuritaire européen. Après l’échec de l’approche restrictive actuelle et de l’approche intégrative des années 1990, qui n’ont pas permis d’aboutir à des relations UE-Russie stables et résilientes, l’article conclut que l’UE devrait reviser son approche et viser à « une coopération conditionnelle ».
L’initiative européenne d’intervention (IEI)
Authors: Maulny Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2020

Rien ne prédisposait à l’origine Emmanuel Macron à s’intéresser particulièrement aux questions internationales et de défense. Mais son désir de voir la France rayonner de nouveau sur la scène internationale l’a conduit à reprendre les bottes du Général de Gaulle. Seule différence, le désir de conduire une politique de défense indépendante ne se conjugue plus au niveau national, mais au niveau européen. C’est l’objet de son projet d’initiative européenne d’intervention qui se situe dans un cadre plus large que celui de l’Union européenne.
The Current CSDP-Reform Debate and German Strategic Culture: Between Restraint and European Ambition
Authors: Göler Daniel
Published: January 2020

Les divergences de conceptions entre les États membres de l’UE en matière de recours à la force militaire peuvent être considérées comme une des principales raisons de la capacité d’action limitée de la PSDC. En particulier, l’écart entre ce que l’on appelle la “culture de retenue” allemande, d’une part, et les États membres plus disposés à recourir à la force militaire, d’autre part, a provoqué des frictions internes au cours des dernières années. Dans ce contexte, le présent article analyse si les convictions et traditions allemandes en matière de sécurité et de défense sont compatibles avec les récentes initiatives de réforme de la PSDC, telles que la Coopération structurée permanente (PESCO) et l’Initiative européenne d’intervention. Pour répondre à cette question, l’article s’appuie sur l’approche de la culture stratégique.