bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical vegetation correction for soil water content quantification using cosmic ray probes
Authors: Baatz R. , Bogena H. R. , Hendricks Franssen H.‐J. , Huisman J. A. , Montzka C. , Vereecken H.
Published: March 2015

Cosmic ray probes are an emerging technology to continuously monitor soil water content at a scale significant to land surface processes. However, the application of this method is hampered by its susceptibility to the presence of aboveground biomass. Here we present a simple empirical framework to account for moderation of fast neutrons by aboveground biomass in the calibration. The method extends the N0‐calibration function and was developed using an extensive data set from a network of 10 cosmic ray probes located in the Rur catchment, Germany. The results suggest a 0.9% reduction in fast neutron intensity per 1 kg of dry aboveground biomass per m2 or per 2 kg of biomass water equivalent per m2. We successfully tested the novel vegetation correction using temporary cosmic ray probe measurements along a strong gradient in biomass due to deforestation, and using the COSMIC, and the hmf method as independent soil water content retrieval algorithms. The extended N0‐calibration function was able to explain 95% of the overall variability in fast neutron intensity.
Optimizing water resources management in large river basins with integrated surface water‐groundwater modeling: A surrogate‐based approach
Authors: Wu Bin , Zheng Yi , Wu Xin , Tian Yong , Han Feng , Liu Jie , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: March 2015

Integrated surface water‐groundwater modeling can provide a comprehensive and coherent understanding on basin‐scale water cycle, but its high computational cost has impeded its application in real‐world management. This study developed a new surrogate‐based approach, SOIM (Surrogate‐based Optimization for Integrated surface water‐groundwater Modeling), to incorporate the integrated modeling into water management optimization. Its applicability and advantages were evaluated and validated through an optimization research on the conjunctive use of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) for irrigation in a semiarid region in northwest China. GSFLOW, an integrated SW‐GW model developed by USGS, was employed. The study results show that, due to the strong and complicated SW‐GW interactions, basin‐scale water saving could be achieved by spatially optimizing the ratios of groundwater use in different irrigation districts. The water‐saving potential essentially stems from the reduction of nonbeneficial evapotranspiration from the aqueduct system and shallow groundwater, and its magnitude largely depends on both water management schemes and hydrological conditions. Important implications for water resources management in general include: first, environmental flow regulation needs to take into account interannual variation of hydrological conditions, as well as spatial complexity of SW‐GW interactions; and second, to resolve water use conflicts between upper stream and lower stream, a system approach is highly desired to reflect ecological, economic, and social concerns in water management decisions. Overall, this study highlights that surrogate‐based approaches like SOIM represent a promising solution to filling the gap between complex environmental modeling and real‐world management decision‐making.
Height and time characteristics of seasonal and diurnal variations in PMWE based on 1 year observations by the PANSY radar (69.0°S, 39.6°E)
Authors: Nishiyama Takanori , Sato Kaoru , Nakamura Takuji , Tsutsumi Masaki , Sato Toru , Kohma Masashi , Nishimura Koji , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Ejiri Mitsumu K. , Tsuda Takuo T.
Published: March 2015

We report height and time variations in polar mesosphere winter echoes (PMWE) based on the Program of the Antarctic Syowa mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere/incoherent scatter (PANSY) radar observations. PMWE were identified for 110 days from March to September 2013. PMWE occurrence frequency increased abruptly in May when two solar proton events occurred. PMWE were also observed even during periods without any solar proton events, suggesting that a possible cause of the PMWE is ionization by energetic electron precipitations. The monthly mean PMWE characteristics showed that occurrence of PMWE were mainly restricted to sunlit time. This fact indicates that electrons detached from negatively charged particles play an important role. While PMWE below 72 km in altitude completely disappeared before sunset, it was detected above that altitude for a few hours even after sunset. This height dependence in the altitude range of 60–80 km can be explained qualitatively by empirical effective recombination rates.
Stereochemistry and Conformation of Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Compounds
Authors: Marshall James A. , Jablonowski Jill A.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Chiral Organometallics of Type
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
M

Germacyclopentanes and Cyclohexanes

Organometallics of Type
R
*
MR
3

Propargyl/Allenyl Systems
Phenols as Antioxidants
Authors: Ross L. , Barclay C. , Vinqvist Melinda R.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Kinetics and Mechanism

Efficiencies of Phenolic Antioxidants

Chemical Calculations on Phenols

Future Prospects for Antioxidants
Radiation Chemistry of Phenols
Authors: Neta P. , Steenken S.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Radiation Chemistry of Phenols in Aqueous Solutions

Radiation Chemistry of Phenols in Organic Solvents

Radiation Chemistry of Neat Phenols (and in Solid Matrices)

Radiation Chemistry of Phenols in the Gas Phase
Oxidation of Phenols
Authors: Yamamura Shosuke
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Catalytic Oxidation

Oxidation with Nonmetal Compounds

Oxidation with Metal Compounds
Thermochemistry of Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Slayden Suzanne W. , Liebman Joel F.
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Scope and Definitions

Isomeric and Homologous Alkyl Lithium Series

Comparison of Organolithiums and Grignard Reagents

Protodelithiation Reactions

Aryl Halogen–Lithium Exchange Reactions

Oxygenated Organolithiums: Intramolecular Complexation and Enthalpies of Formation

Perlithiocarbons and Lithiated Aromatic Anions

Acknowledgment
Solid StateNMRSpectroscopy in Organolithium Chemistry
Authors: Johnels Dan , Günther Harald
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Applications

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Theoretical and Computational Aspects of Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Longo Ricardo L. , Menezes Paulo H.
Published: March 2015

Computational methods applied to organotellurium compounds are reviewed and some new systematic studies are provided for completeness. From the reviewed works, only those which have connections and/or insights into experimental data and observations are thoroughly considered. It is hoped that no expertise on computational quantum chemical methods will be needed, but a brief survey of computational methods and a list of acronyms are provided. Despite being applied to organotellurium compounds only in recent years, quantum chemical methods provide relevant information for comprehending, rationalizing and guiding experimental results and observations. However, there are further studies to be performed to ascertain the predictive features of these methods.
Improving qPCR telomere length assays: Controlling for well position effects increases statistical power
Authors: Eisenberg Dan T.A. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Hayes M. Geoffrey
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Telomere length (TL) is commonly measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Although, easier than the southern blot of terminal restriction fragments (TRF) TL measurement method, one drawback of qPCR is that it introduces greater measurement error and thus reduces the statistical power of analyses. To address a potential source of measurement error, we consider the effect of well position on qPCR TL measurements.

Methods

qPCR TL data from 3,638 people run on a Bio‐Rad iCycler iQ are reanalyzed here. To evaluate measurement validity, correspondence with TRF, age, and between mother and offspring are examined.

Results

First, we present evidence for systematic variation in qPCR TL measurements in relation to thermocycler well position. Controlling for these well‐position effects consistently improves measurement validity and yields estimated improvements in statistical power equivalent to increasing sample sizes by 16%. We additionally evaluated the linearity of the relationships between telomere and single copy gene control amplicons and between qPCR and TRF measures. We find that, unlike some previous reports, our data exhibit linear relationships. We introduce the standard error in percent, a superior method for quantifying measurement error as compared to the commonly used coefficient of variation. Using this measure, we find that excluding samples with high measurement error does not improve measurement validity in our study.

Conclusions

Future studies using block‐based thermocyclers should consider well position effects. Since additional information can be gleaned from well position corrections, rerunning analyses of previous results with well position correction could serve as an independent test of the validity of these results. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:570–575, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utilization of inverse approach in the design of materials over nano‐ to macro‐scale
Authors: Mlinar Vladan
Published: March 2015

In the light of recent developments in computer technology, a promising and efficient way to design a material with a desired property would be to solve the inverse problem: use a physical property to predict structure. Here, we discuss the basic idea and mathematical foundation of the inverse approach, and proposed strategies for its utilization in the design of materials over nano‐ to macro‐scales. At the nano‐scale, analyzed strategies include scanning of a high‐dimensional space of chemical compounds for those compounds that have a targeted property, and identification of correlations in large databases of materials. However, unlike utilization of inverse approach at nano‐scale where full structural information ‐ atoms and their positions‐ is linked to targeted properties, at the meso‐ and macro‐scale, only partial structural information, manifested via structural motifs or representative volume elements, is available. We discuss the role of partial structural information in the inverse approach to the design of materials at those scales. Risks and limitations of the inverse approach are analyzed and dependence of the approach on factors such as structure parametrization, approximations in theoretical models, and feedback from structural characterization, is addressed.

image
Direct Measurement of the Isomerization Barrier of the Isolated Retinal Chromophore
Authors: Dilger Jonathan , Musbat Lihi , Sheves Mordechai , Bochenkova Anastasia V. , Clemmer David E. , Toker Yoni
Published: March 2015

Isomerizations of the retinal chromophore were investigated using the IMS‐IMS technique. Four different structural features of the chromophore were observed, isolated, excited collisionally, and the resulting isomer and fragment distributions were measured. By establishing the threshold activation voltages for isomerization for each of the reaction pathways, and by measuring the threshold activation voltage for fragmentation, the relative energies of the isomers as well as the energy barriers for isomerization were determined. The energy barrier for a single cis–trans isomerization is (0.64±0.05) eV, which is significantly lower than that observed for the reaction within opsin proteins.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed CC Coupling of Fluorinated Alcohols with Allenes: Dehydrogenation at the Energetic Limit of β‐Hydride Elimination
Authors: Sam Brannon , Luong Tom , Krische Michael J.
Published: March 2015

Ruthenium(II) complexes catalyze the CC coupling of 1,1‐disubstituted allenes and fluorinated alcohols to form homoallylic alcohols bearing all‐carbon quaternary centers with good to complete levels of diastereoselectivity. Whereas fluorinated alcohols are relatively abundant and tractable, the corresponding aldehydes are often not commercially available because of their instability.
Platinum Multicubes Prepared by Ni2+‐Mediated Shape Evolution Exhibit High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Ma Liang , Wang Chengming , Xia Bao Yu , Mao Keke , He Jiawei , Wu Xiaojun , Xiong Yujie , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: March 2015

Pt(100) facets are generally considered less active for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Reported herein is a unique Pt‐branched structure, a multicube, whose surface is mostly enclosed by {100} facets but contains high‐index facets at the small junction area between the adjacent cubic components. The synthesis is accomplished by a Ni2+‐mediated facet evolution from high‐index {311} to {100} facets on the frameworks of multipods. Despite the high {100} facet coverage, the Pt multicubes exhibit impressive ORR activity in terms of half‐wave potential and current density nearly to the level of the most active Pt‐based catalysts, while the durability of catalysts is well retained. The facet evolution creates a set of samples with tunable ratios of high‐index to low‐index facets. The results reveal that the excellent ORR performance of Pt multicubes is a combined result of active sites by high‐index facets and low resistance by flat surface. It is anticipated that this work will offer a new approach to facet‐controlled synthesis and ORR catalysts design.
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Structurally Diverse P‐Stereogenic Phosphinamides for Catalyst Design
Authors: Han Zhengxu S. , Zhang Li , Xu Yibo , Sieber Joshua D. , Marsini Maurice A. , Li Zhibin , Reeves Jonathan T. , Fandrick Keith R. , Patel Nitinchandra D. , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Qu Bo , Chen Anji , Rudzinski DiAndra M. , Samankumara Lalith P. , Ma Shengli , Grinberg Nelu , Roschangar Frank , Yee Nathan K. , Wang Guijun , Song Jinhua J. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: March 2015

The use of chiral phosphinamides is relatively unexplored because of the lack of a general method for the synthesis. Reported herein is the development of a general, efficient, and highly enantioselective method for the synthesis of structurally diverse P‐stereogenic phosphinamides. The method relies on nucleophilic substitution of a chiral phosphinate derived from the versatile chiral phosphinyl transfer agent 1,3,2‐benzoxazaphosphinine‐2‐oxide. These chiral phosphinamides were utilized for the first synthesis of readily tunable P‐stereogenic Lewis base organocatalysts, which were used successfully for highly enantioselective catalysis.
Light curve solutions of the ultrashort‐period Kepler binaries
Authors: Kjurkchieva D. , Dimitrov D.
Published: March 2015

We carried out light‐curve solutions of the ultrashort‐period binaries with MS components observed by Kepler. All six targets turned out almost in thermal contact with contact or slightly overcontact configurations. Two of them, KID 4921906 and KID 6309193, are not eclipsing but reveal ellipsoidal and spot variability. One of the components of KID 8108785 exhibits inherent, quasi‐sinusoidal, small‐amplitude variability. KID 12055255 turned out tobe a very rare case of ultrashort‐period overcontact binary consisting of two M dwarfs. Our modeling indicated that the variability of KID 9532219 is due to eclipses but not to δ Sct pulsations as it was previously supposed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neue baubetriebswirtschaftliche Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Höhe der AGK bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen nach § 2 Abs. 5 und 6 sowie § 6 Abs. 6 VOB/B – Teil 1
Authors: Čadež Ivan
Published: March 2015

Insbesondere bei Behinderungsansprüchen nach der VOB/B gibt es in der Fachliteratur bezüglich der Berücksichtigung der Höhe der Allgemeinen Geschäftskosten (AGK) keine einheitliche Meinungsbildung; ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür ist, dass komplexe juristische, kostentheoretische und baubetriebswirtschaftliche Anforderungen zu berücksichtigen sind.

Nachdem die baubetriebswirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für einen neuen Lösungsansatz bereits in [1, 2] beschrieben wurden, wird nun in diesem Beitrag dargestellt, wie diese Erkenntnisse in zwei neue ganzheitliche baubetriebswirtschaftliche Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Höhe der AGK bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen – das Herstellkosten/Zeiteinheit‐Verfahren (Verhältnis‐Verfahren) und das Kapazitätsauslastungs‐Verfahren – überführt werden können.

Ergebnis dieser Betrachtung ist, dass AGK entgegen der bisherigen Praxis bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen ohne zusätzlichen Bauzeitanspruch nach § 2 Abs. 5 oder 6 VOB/B nicht mehr vergütet werden sollten. Dagegen werden, vereinfachend betrachtet, die AGK bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen mit zusätzlichem Bauzeitanspruch nach § 6 Abs. 6 VOB/B im Ergebnis über das Verhältnis des zusätzlichen vertraglichen Bauzeitanspruchs zur vertraglichen Soll‐Bauzeit – unter Beachtung von Korrekturfaktoren – berücksichtigt.

New estimation methods for the determination of general costs at claim requests according to § 2 clause 5 and 6 as well as § 6 clause 6 VOB/B

Particularly in claim disputes concerning delay in construction time caused by the client based on the V0B/B there is no consistent opinion concerning the consideration of the appropriate amount of general costs in the claims; mainly because this issue is quite complex with legal, cost theoretical and construction business management characteristics to be considered.

After explaining the essential construction business management characteristics as well as the main legal and construction management principles in [1, 2], in this paper two new methods of estimating general costs in claim requests will be presented – the manufacturing costs/construction time method and the capacity utilization method. In a successive second paper both new methods will be validated and compared with two main, already in the practice existing methods concerning the cost evaluation of general costs.

As result and in contradiction to the current practice general costs should not be considered in claims without additional construction time entitlement according to § 2 clause 5 and 6 VOB/B. In contrast, additional construction time entitlement according to § 6 clause 6 VOB/B should lead further to general costs, which depend on the relation of the additional contractual construction time to the original construction time under consideration of a correction factor.
Anwendung des Herstellkosten/Bauzeit‐ und Kapazitätsauslastungs‐Verfahrens bei der Ermittlung von AGK‐Mehrvergütungsansprüchen nach VOB/B – Teil 2
Authors: Čadež Ivan
Published: March 2015

Aufbauend auf baubetriebswirtschaftlichen Grundlagen wurden im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages zwei neue Verfahren – das Herstellkosten/Bauzeit‐ und Kapazitätsauslastungs‐Verfahren – zur Ermittlung der Höhe der AGK bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen nach § 2 Abs. 5 und 6 sowie § 6 Abs. 6 VOB/B vorgestellt. Weiterhin wurde für die beiden bereits existierenden Bauleistungs‐ und Bauzeit‐Ansätze eine baubetriebswirtschaftliche Analyse durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden für die beiden neuen Verfahren zur Ermittlung der AGK‐Mehrvergütungsansprüche mit und ohne zusätzlichen Bauzeitanspruch neue Berechnungsmethoden entwickelt [1], die in diesem Beitrag anhand von typischen, jedoch vereinfachten Zahlenbeispielen verifiziert und mit den beiden bestehenden Ansätzen verglichen werden.

Im Ergebnis bestätigt sich dabei, dass sowohl das Herstellkosten/Bauzeit‐ als auch das Kapazitätsauslastungs‐Verfahren aus baubetriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht in allen Fällen schlüssige und konsequente Resultate liefern und daher einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Lösung der AGK‐Problematik bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen leisten können.

Application of the manufacturing costs/construction time‐method and the capacity utilization‐method for the determination of general costs at claim requests according to VOB/B

Based on construction business management characteristics there were two new methods – the manufacturing costs/construction time and the capacity utilization method – for the determination of general costs at claim requests according to § 2 clause 5 and 6 as well as § 6 clause 6 VOB/B introduced. Furthermore two already in the jurisdiction considered methods – the construction work related and the construction time related method – were analyzed.

Both newly developed methods will be validated on the basis of four typical construction claim cases and compared with the two already in the jurisdiction considered methods – the construction work related and the construction time related method – concerning the determination of general costs at claim requests.

As result it is confirmed that the manufacturing costs/construction time and the capacity utilization method deliver – from construction business management characteristics point of view – conclusive and consequent results, which may provide a significant contribution to the solution of the determination of the correct amount of general costs at claim requests.
Risk‐Taking Tendencies in Prisoners and Nonprisoners: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Wichary Szymon , Pachur Thorsten , Li Mengduo
Published: March 2015

Several investigations have found that prisoners are more likely than nonprisoners to engage in risky behavior, which may contribute to their propensity to commit criminal offenses. However, this research has been limited by an almost exclusive focus on male samples. Given the established link between risk taking and gender, it is thus unclear how findings on the risk‐taking propensities of prisoners also hold in women. The present study uses both a self‐report questionnaire (Domain‐Specific Risk Taking scale, DOSPERT) and a behavioral task (Balloon Analogue Risk Task, BART) to investigate risk‐taking tendencies in a Chinese prisoner group and a nonprisoner control group with balanced gender proportions. Across both genders, prisoners both indicated a higher risk‐taking tendency on the DOSPERT and showed more risk‐taking behavior on the BART than did nonprisoners. Importantly, the differences were considerably more pronounced in women than in men. Relative to nonprisoners, gender differences in risk taking were substantially smaller, or even reversed, in prisoners. Computational modeling of respondents' behavior in the BART revealed that the prisoners had higher reward sensitivity and lower response consistency than the nonprisoners; these differences were again more pronounced among women. Our results suggest that previous studies based primarily on male prisoners may have underestimated differences in risk taking between prisoners and nonprisoners, and that female prisoners may represent an even more extreme subpopulation than male prisoners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching to second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor improves the response and outcome of frontline imatinib‐treated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with more than 10% of BCR‐ABL/ABL ratio at 3 months
Authors: Casado Luis‐Felipe , García‐Gutiérrez José‐Valentín , Massagué Isabel , Giraldo Pilar , Pérez‐Encinas Manuel , de Paz Raquel , Martínez‐López Joaquín , Bautista Guiomar , Osorio Santiago , Requena María‐José , Palomera Luis , Peñarrubia María‐Jesús , Calle Carmen , Hernández‐Rivas José‐Ángel , Burgaleta Carmen , Maestro Begoña , García‐Ormeña Nuria , Steegmann Juan‐Luis
Published: March 2015

Chronic myeloid leukemia patients display heterogeneous responses to imatinib. Survival depends on baseline clinical characteristics (including prognostic scoring systems) and on early response (such as >10% BCR‐ABL/ABL ratio at 3 months of therapy). The results of switching to second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2GTKIs) may contain a bias since, in the majority of these studies, patients who switch treatment due to intolerance or failure are censored or excluded. We analyzed the Spanish Registry data on switching in an intention‐to‐treat analysis of patients in standard clinical practice. Switching to 2GTKIs improves responses from 45% to 75% of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and from 15% to 45% of major molecular response (MMR) in the group without molecular response 1 (MR1) at 3 months and from 70% to 87% in CCyR and from 52% to 87% in MMR in the group with MR1. The final response rate is poorer in the group with no MR1 at 3 months. Nevertheless, the differences in the rates of response were not translated into differences in major events (transformations or deaths), and the final progression‐free survival and overall survival were similar.
Characteristics of female mentally disordered offenders culpable under the new legislation in Japan: A gender comparison study
Authors: Nagata Takako , Nakagawa Atsuo , Matsumoto Satoko , Shiina Akihiro , Iyo Masaomi , Hirabayashi Naotsugu , Igarashi Yoshito
Published: March 2015

Background

Although a substantial increase in the number of female offenders has drawn interest towards understanding their unique characteristics, few studies have investigated the characteristics of female mentally disordered offenders in Japan and none since the legislation enacted in 2005 in Japan, which provided for special services for them.

Aims

The aim of this study is to identify those characteristics of people detained under this legislation, which distinguish the women from the men and may indicate special needs among the women.

Methods

A retrospective records‐based study of all patients admitted to one secure unit in the 8 years since its opening in July 2005 until a census date of 31 October 2013.

Results

Thirty‐six (15%) of the patients were women. Marriage, mood disorders, past suicide attempts and homicide were more common among the women than the men. Six of the female offender‐patients had committed filicides, of which four were infanticides.

Conclusion

There appears to be a particularly vulnerable sub‐group of women with severe mood disorders, a history of serious suicide attempts and young children at risk of harming those children. Our sample was small and from a single unit so, given the potential importance of improving understanding of who is at risk in such circumstances, extending our study nationally seems indicated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiogenic shock due to Gemella morbillorum native mitral valve endocarditis
Authors: Rosa Regis Goulart , Rosa Maria Doroti , Ascoli Aline Maria , Mattioni Mariana , Barth Jose Herve , Teixeira Cassiano
Published: March 2015

Key Clinical Message

Gemella morbillorum is a rare cause of infective endocarditis. Consequently, little is known about the natural course of endocarditis secondary to this pathogen. Herein, we report a case of cardiogenic shock as a complication of acute mitral valve regurgitation following Gemella morbillorum native valve endocarditis.
Hydrosilylation of Ketones, Imines and Nitriles Catalysed by Electrophilic Phosphonium Cations: Functional Group Selectivity and Mechanistic Considerations
Authors: Pérez Manuel , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Caputo Christopher B. , Podgorny Vitali , Hounjet Lindsay J. , Hansen Andreas , Dobrovetsky Roman , Grimme Stefan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: March 2015

The electrophilic phosphonium salt, [(C6F5)3PF][B(C6F5)4], catalyses the efficient hydrosilylation of ketones, imines and nitriles at room temperature. In the presence of this catalyst, adding one equivalent of hydrosilane to a nitrile yields a silylimine product, whereas adding a second equivalent produces the corresponding disilylamine. [(C6F5)3PCl][B(C6F5)4] and [(C6F5)3PBr][B(C6F5)4] are also synthesised and tested as catalysts. Competition experiments demonstrate that the reaction exhibits selectivity for the following functional groups in order of preference: ketone>nitrile>imine>olefin. Computational studies reveal the reaction mechanism to involve initial activation of the SiH bond by its interaction with the phosphonium centre. The activated complex then acts cooperatively on the unsaturated substrate.
Synthesis of zeolite NA‐A using single mode microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure: The effect of microwave power
Authors: Bukhari Syed Salman , Behin Jamshid , Kazemian Hossein , Rohani Sohrab
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the effects of single mode microwave irradiation on the synthesis of zeolite Na‐A from sodium aluminate and sodium silicate gel at atmospheric pressure. Microwave irradiation has been shown to accelerate the zeolitization process from several hours to several minutes. The microwave irradiation employed was produced in a single mode lab scale microwave, which enabled control of irradiated power and temperature of the reaction mixture, while the pressure was controlled by affixing a condenser to a Teflon reactor vessel with a working volume of 20 mL. Two sets of experiments were conducted, the first with three levels of temperature and reaction time, and the second with three levels of power and reaction time. The characteristics and physical properties of the synthesized samples were analyzed with different instrumental techniques including XRD, Rietveld refinement, SEM, BET, TGA, and by determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC). It was observed that the crystallinity of the product was influenced by both power and time of microwave irradiation; moreover power and time of microwave irradiation influenced the phase selection between Na‐A and Na‐X. Single phase zeolite Na‐A was achieved with a crystallinity of 80 % at 300 W using single mode microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure after 30 min of exposure to radiation.
Deeply Reinverted T Wave at 14 Days After the Onset of First Anterior Acute Myocardial Infarction Predicts Improved Left Ventricular Function at 6 Months
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroaki , Tomita Hirofumi , Nishizaki Fumie , Hanada Kenji , Shibutani Shuji , Yamada Masahiro , Abe Naoki , Higuma Takumi , Osanai Tomohiro , Okumura Ken
Published: March 2015

Background

Changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), especially in the ST segment and T wave, have been recognized as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for coronary flow or myocardial injury.

Hypothesis

A deeply inverted T wave at 14 days after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) predicts improved left ventricular (LV) function at 6 months.

Methods

We enrolled 112 consecutive patients (88 men, 63 ± 11 years) with first anterior STEMI who underwent successful PCI. A 12‐lead ECG was recorded everyday from admission through 14 days. After PCI, the first T‐wave inversion was observed within 2 days, and the second occurred at 14 days. We measured the maximum depth of the reinverted T wave (Neg‐T) and divided the patients into 2 groups based on the median value of Neg‐T: the deep group (≥0.6 mV, n = 62) and the nondeep group (<0.6 mV, n = 50).

Results

LV ejection fraction (LVEF) at 14 days did not differ between the 2 groups, but it was greater in the deep than in the nondeep group at 6 months (50.0% ± 8.8% vs 42.5% ± 9.8 %, P < 0.0001). The maximum creatinine phosphokinase‐myocardial band (CPK‐MB) value was significantly lower in the deep than in the nondeep group. Reappearance of the R wave in precordial leads at 6 months was more frequently observed in the deep than in the nondeep group (68% vs 46%, P = 0.02). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the Neg‐T and max CPK‐MB were independent contributors to LVEF at 6 months.

Conclusions

A deeply reinverted T wave at 14 days after onset of first anterior STEMI can be a useful predictive marker for improved LV function at 6 months.
Functionalization of Fluorinated Benzenesulfonamides and Their Inhibitory Properties toward Carbonic Anhydrases
Authors: Dudutienė Virginija , Zubrienė Asta , Smirnov Alexey , Timm David D. , Smirnovienė Joana , Kazokaitė Justina , Michailovienė Vilma , Zakšauskas Audrius , Manakova Elena , Gražulis Saulius , Matulis Daumantas
Published: March 2015

Substituted tri‐ and tetrafluorobenzenesulfonamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as high‐affinity and isoform‐selective carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. Their binding affinities for recombinant human CA I, II, VA, VI, VII, XII, and XIII catalytic domains were determined by fluorescent thermal shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and a stopped‐flow CO2 hydration assay. Variation of the substituents at the 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐positions yielded compounds with a broad range of binding affinities and isoform selectivities. Several 2,4‐substituted‐3,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides were effective CA XIII inhibitors with high selectivity over off‐target CA I and CA II. 3,4‐Disubstituted‐2,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides bound CAs with higher affinity than 2,4‐disubstituted‐3,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides. Many such fluorinated benzenesulfonamides were found to be nanomolar inhibitors of CA II, CA VII, tumor‐associated CA IX and CA XII, and CA XIII. X‐ray crystal structures of inhibitors bound in the active sites of several CA isoforms provide structure–activity relationship information for inhibitor binding affinities and selectivity.
Variation in type of adjuvant chemotherapy received among patients with stage I breast cancer: A multi‐institutional study
Authors: Vaz‐Luis Ines , Hughes Melissa E. , Cronin Angel M. , Rugo Hope S. , Edge Stephen B. , Moy Beverly , Theriault Richard L. , Hassett Michael J. , Winer Eric P. , Lin Nancy U.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Among patients with stage I breast cancer, there is significant uncertainty concerning the optimal threshold at which to consider chemotherapy, and when considered, there is controversy regarding whether to consider non‐intensive versus intensive regimens. The authors examined the types and costs of adjuvant chemotherapy received among patients with stage I breast cancer.

METHODS

The current study was a prospective cohort study including patients with stage I breast cancer who were treated at a National Comprehensive Cancer Network center from 2000 through 2009. Stage was defined according to the version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual applicable at the time of diagnosis. Stratifying by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the authors examined the percentage of patients receiving intensive versus non‐intensive chemotherapy regimens and the factors associated with type of chemotherapy administered using multivariable logistic regression. Costs of the most common regimens were estimated.

RESULTS

Of 8907 patients, 33% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Among those individuals, there was an increase in the use of intensive chemotherapy within the last decade, from 31% in 2000 through 2005 to 63% in 2008 through 2009 (including an increase in the use of the combination of docetaxel, carboplatin, and trastuzumab) among patients with HER2‐positive disease and from 15% in 2000 through 2005 to 41% in 2008 through 2009 among patients with HER2‐negative disease (32% of patients with hormone receptor‐positive and 59% of patients with triple‐negative disease). Among patients treated with non‐intensive regimens, there was an increase in the use of the combination of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide noted, with a decrease in the use of the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide combination. The choice of regimen varied significantly by institution. The major drivers of cost variation were the incorporation of biologics (eg, trastuzumab) and growth factors, with significant variation even within non‐intensive and intensive regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

Over time, there was an increase in use of intensive regimens among Stage I breast cancer, with striking institutional and cost variations. Cancer 2015;121:1937–1948. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Rationally Designed n–n Heterojunction with Highly Efficient Solar Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Xu Miao , Ye Tiannan , Dai Fang , Yang Jindi , Shen Jingmei , He Qingquan , Chen Wenlong , Liang Na , Zai Jiantao , Qian Xuefeng
Published: March 2015

In most of the reported n–n heterojunction photocatalysts, both the conduction and valence bands of one semiconductor are more negative than those of the other semiconductor. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel n–n heterojunction photocatalyst, namely CdS‐ZnWO4 heterojunctions, in which ZnWO4 has more negative conduction band and more positive valence band than those of CdS. The hydrogen evolution rate of CdS‐30 mol %‐ZnWO4 reaches 31.46 mmol h−1 g−1 under visible light, which is approximately 8 and 755 times higher than that of pure CdS and ZnWO4 under similar conditions, respectively. The location of the surface active sites is researched and a plausible mechanism of performance enhancement by the tuning of the structure is proposed based on the photoelectrochemical characterization. The results illustrate that this kind of nonconventional n–n heterojunctions is also suitable and highly efficient for solar hydrogen evolution.
A Mn6 Cluster inside a Mn10 Wheel: Characterization of a Mn16‐Oximate Complex Resulting from a Tetrazole‐2‐pyridylketoneoximate Ligand
Authors: Alcazar Laura , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Escuer Albert
Published: March 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is Albert Escuer from the Molecular Magnetism Group, University of Barcelona, Spain. The cover image shows the “cluster inside a ring” core of the complex discussed in the article, whose structure is even more clearly depicted in its shadow. The reaction of an azide anion with 2‐pyridylcyanoxime, mediated by MnII cations, yields a new tetrazole ligand and one high‐nuclearity cluster with an unprecedented core.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Crystalline 1,2,3,4,6,7‐Hexa‐O‐acetyl‐L‐glycero‐α‐D‐manno‐heptopyranose
Authors: Stanetty Christian , Baxendale Ian R.
Published: March 2015

The higher‐carbon sugarL‐glycero‐D‐manno‐heptose is a major constituent of the inner core region of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of many Gram‐negative bacteria. All preparative routes used to date require multiple steps, and scalability has been rarely addressed. Here a highly practical synthesis of crystalline 1,2,3,4,6,7‐hexa‐O‐acetyl‐L‐glycero‐α‐D‐manno‐heptopyranose by a simple four‐step sequence starting fromL‐lyxose is disclosed. Only two recrystallisations are required and the process was demonstrated on a >100 mmol scale, yielding 41 g of the target compound.
New Approach for Voltammetry Near Limit of Detection: Integrated Voltammograms and Reduction of Measurements to an “Ideal” Experiment
Authors: Nigmatullin Raoul R. , Budnikov Herman C. , Sidelnikov Artem V.
Published: March 2015

A general approach for quantitative description of voltammograms is suggested. This approach helps to differentiate the presence of traces in a supporting electrolyte used as the background. It is based on the conception of the intermediate model and in the first time it will be applied for description of reproducible data for electroanalytical chemistry, partly for voltammetry. It allows separating the instrumental function (which contains random influence of different uncontrollable factors) and reducing the process of measurements to an ideal experiment, when measurements should be totally reproducible and independent from each other. The suggested theory takes into account all set of random factors which form the remnant current and its dispersion together with elimination of the memory effect that always presents in each voltammetric sensor used. It can be used as corrected apparatus procedure for many multisensory systems.
Towards a smart city based on cloud of things, a survey on the smart city vision and paradigms
Authors: Petrolo Riccardo , Loscrì Valeria , Mitton Nathalie
Published: March 2015

Smart city represents one of the most promising, prominent and challenging Internet of Things (IoT) applications [1]. In the last few years, indeed, the smart city concept has played an important role in academic and industry fields, with the development and deployment of various middleware platforms and IoT‐based infrastructures. However, this expansion has followed distinct approaches creating, therefore, a fragmented scenario, in which different IoT ecosystems are not able to communicate between them. To fill this gap, there is a need to re‐visit the smart city IoT semantic and to offer a global common approach. To this purpose, this paper browses the semantic annotation of the sensors in Cloud, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Cloud of Things (CoT) and IoT. Things like semantic will be considered to perform the aggregation of heterogeneous resources by defining the CoT paradigm. We survey the smart city vision, providing information on the main requirements and highlighting the benefits of integrating different IoT ecosystems within Cloud under this new CoT vision. This paper also discusses relevant challenges in this research area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemotaxonomic value of essential oil components in liverwort species. A review
Authors: Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: March 2015

A number of liverwort species are known to emit volatile terpenoids and simple aromatic compounds when crushed. The characteristic odour of these spore‐forming plants is associated with oil body constituents. Secondary metabolites, which constitute the oil bodies, are also of value for taxonomic investigations. Liverworts have yielded a rich array of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds are characterized by unique structures, and some of them have not been found in any other plants, fungi, or marine organisms. Gas chromatographic profiling of the volatile extracts obtained from the liverworts has been applied with success in differentiating liverworts species, and also used to resolve the taxonomic problems at genus and family level. Due to the fact that liverworts are morphologically very small and it is difficult to collect a sufficient amount of plant material, there are few research data on the composition of the essential oils obtained from these plants. Nevertheless, the available data indicate that, as in the case of aromatic plants, the components present in essential oils obtained from the liverworts can be used in chemosystematic studies of this plant group. The aim of this paper is to show whether: (i) there are differences in the essential oils composition between different liverwort species; (ii) it is possible to find chemical markers characteristic for the analysed liverwort species; and (iii) the data derived from an analysis of the essential oils are in accordance with the data received from volatile extracts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Powerful Approach to Test an Optimally Weighted Combination of Rare Variants in Admixed Populations
Authors: Wang Xuexia , Zhang Shuanglin , Li Yun , Li Mingyao , Sha Qiuying
Published: March 2015

Population stratification has long been recognized as an issue in genetic association studies because unrecognized population stratification can lead to both false‐positive and false‐negative findings and can obscure true association signals if not appropriately corrected. This issue can be even worse in rare variant association analyses because rare variants often demonstrate stronger and potentially different patterns of stratification than common variants. To correct for population stratification in genetic association studies, we proposed a novel method to Test the effect of an Optimally Weighted combination of variants in Admixed populations (TOWA) in which the analytically derived optimal weights can be calculated from existing phenotype and genotype data. TOWA up weights rare variants and those variants that have strong associations with the phenotype. Additionally, it can adjust for the direction of the association, and allows for local ancestry difference among study subjects. Extensive simulations show that the type I error rate of TOWA is under control in the presence of population stratification and it is more powerful than existing methods. We have also applied TOWA to a real sequencing data. Our simulation studies as well as real data analysis results indicate that TOWA is a useful tool for rare variant association analyses in admixed populations.
Transcriptional control of neural crest specification into peripheral glia
Authors: Jacob Claire
Published: March 2015

The neural crest is a transient migratory multipotent cell population that originates from the neural plate border and is formed at the end of gastrulation and during neurulation in vertebrate embryos. These cells give rise to many different cell types of the body such as chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, endocrine cells, melanocytes, and cells of the peripheral nervous system including different subtypes of neurons and peripheral glia. Acquisition of lineage‐specific markers occurs before or during migration and/or at final destination. What are the mechanisms that direct specification of neural crest cells into a specific lineage and how do neural crest cells decide on a specific migration route? Those are fascinating and complex questions that have existed for decades and are still in the research focus of developmental biologists. This review discusses transcriptional events and regulations occurring in neural crest cells and derived lineages, which control specification of peripheral glia, namely Schwann cell precursors that interact with peripheral axons and further differentiate into myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells, satellite cells that remain tightly associated with neuronal cell bodies in sensory and autonomous ganglia, and olfactory ensheathing cells that wrap olfactory axons, both at the periphery in the olfactory mucosa and in the central nervous system in the olfactory bulb. Markers of the different peripheral glia lineages including intermediate multipotent cells such as boundary cap cells, as well as the functions of these specific markers, are also reviewed. Enteric ganglia, another type of peripheral glia, will not be discussed in this review. GLIA 2015;63:1883–1896
Image Retrieval with Textual Label Similarity Features
Authors: Sagae Alicia , Fahlman Scott E.
Published: March 2015

This article presents a knowledge‐based solution for retrieving English descriptions of images. We analyse the errors made by a baseline system that relies on term frequency, and we find that the task requires deeper semantic representation. Our solution is to perform incremental, task‐driven development of an ontology. Ontological features are then applied in a machine‐learning algorithm for ranking candidate image descriptions. This work demonstrates the advantage of combining knowledge‐based and statistical approaches for text retrieval, and it establishes the important result that an empirically tuned task‐specific ontology performs better than a domain‐general resource like WordNet, even on previously unseen examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hirsutenone Directly Targets PI3K and ERK to Inhibit Adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 Preadipocytes
Authors: Cheong Lai Yee , Suk Sujin , Thimmegowda N. R. , Chung Min‐Yu , Yang Hee , Seo Sang Gwon , Shwetha B. , Kim Jong‐Eun , Kwon Jung Yeon , Kim Bo Yeon , Lee Ki Won
Published: March 2015

Adipogenesis is a key driver of the expansion of adipose tissue mass that causes obesity. Hirsutenone (HST) is an active botanical diarylheptanoid present in Alnus species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HST on adipogenesis, its mechanisms of action and the molecular targets involved. Using Oil Red O staining, we observed that HST dose‐dependently suppresses lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, concomitant with a decrease in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α (C/EBPα) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expression. This inhibitory effect was largely limited to the early stage of adipogenesis, which includes mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), as evidenced by delayed cell cycle entry of preadipocytes from G1 to S phase. Furthermore, the regulation of MCE was accompanied by suppression of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) activity. HST was also shown to bind directly to PI3K and ERK1 in a non‐ATP competitive manner. Our results suggest that HST attenuates adipogenesis by directly targeting PI3K and ERK during MCE in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, underscoring the potential therapeutic application of HST in preventing obesity. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1361–1370, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.