bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pelican Bay Hunger Strike: Resistance within the Structural Constraints of a US Supermax Prison
Authors: Reiter Keramet
Published: July 2014

On July 1, 2011, approximately four hundred prisoners in California’s Pelican Bay State Prison began a sustained hunger strike. Most of these prisoners had been in total solitary confinement, under conditions of extreme sensory deprivation, for five or more years; a few had been in isolation for more than twenty years. The prisoners vowed to refuse food until five core demands were met. These demands were poignantly simple, including provision of warm clothes for their one hour per day of outdoor exercise in the “dog run,” permission to make one phone call per week, a supply of adequate food, and the possibility that indefinite assignment to total solitary confinement might be reviewed after some number of years. The first phase of the strike lasted three weeks, until correctional officials promised to reconsider the state’s segregation policies. Drawing on previously unavailable videos of negotiations between the strike leaders, published media interviews and correspondence with hunger strikers and correctional administrators, and contemporary news reports of the events, this article examines the history, tactics, and implications of the massive hunger strike that took place in California’s highest-security prison (a supermax) in the summer of 2011. The article argues that the strike embodies a legitimacy paradox. Although the history of prison organizing in California, and of hunger strikes around the world, suggests that prisoners willing to die to protest prison injustices also undermine the legitimacy of the system inflicting those injustices, the 2011 California prisoners on hunger strike repeatedly invoked the broader legitimacy of the US prison system. Indeed, the article argues that, although prisoners drew on an international dialogue about basic human rights and appropriate tactics of resistance to rights violations, the US supermax context limited the reform conversation to small, mundane debates about the language of rules and the slight adjustments in privileges provided to prisoners. But that very conversation ultimately highlighted the extremity of the conditions in supermax confinement, driving unprecedented and sustained media and legal attention to the use of supermaxes, across the United States and internationally, and inspiring another larger (thirty thousand prisoners participated at the peak) and longer (sixty days) hunger strike in 2013.
With Law at the Edge of Life
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: July 2014

This article seeks to make sense of the diverse and contradictory materials of law that intervene in everyday life through strategies of containment, exclusion, and extermination. The prison is now the central public institution in the United States. Though hidden from sight, it defines our society in profound ways. Concentrating on the recent hunger strikes in the security housing units (SHUs) of Pelican Bay and throughout the California prison system, this essay reflects on the long reach and myriad forms of law in our penal archipelago. The new global order of justice not only focuses on those accused of criminal acts but also targets the racially suspect, the poor, the expendable. Why should we—those of us inside the privileged circle of life, free of police power, secure in our jobs, still in our homes—fear encountering the long arm of “The Patriot Act” or “The Military Commissions Act”? Why should we fear the political expediency of “preventive detention” for those considered threats to order and to the American way of life? What kind of life is this—life lived on the edge, in the shadow of legal outlawry?
Cyclosporin A enhances neural precursor cell survival in mice through a calcineurin-independent pathway
Authors: Sachewsky Nadia , Hunt Jessica , Cooke Michael J. , Azimi Ashkan , Zarin Taraneh , Miu Carween , Shoichet Molly S. , Morshead Cindi M.
Published: July 2014

Cyclosporin A (CsA) has direct effects on neural stem and progenitor cells (together termed neural precursor cells; NPCs) in the adult central nervous system. Administration of CsA in vitro or in vivo promotes the survival of NPCs and expands the pools of NPCs in mice. Moreover, CsA administration is effective in promoting NPC activation, tissue repair and functional recovery in a mouse model of cortical stroke. The mechanism(s) by which CsA mediates this cell survival effect remains unknown. Herein, we examined both calcineurin-dependent and calcineurin-independent pathways through which CsA might mediate NPC survival. To examine calcineurin-dependent pathways, we utilized FK506 (Tacrolimus), an immunosuppressive molecule that inhibits calcineurin, as well as drugs that inhibit cyclophilin A-mediated activation of calcineurin. To evaluate the calcineurin-independent pathway, we utilized NIM811, a non-immunosuppressive CsA analog that functions independently of calcineurin by blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. We found that only NIM811 can entirely account for the pro-survival effects of CsA on NPCs. Indeed, blocking signaling pathways downstream of calcineurin activation using nNOS mice did not inhibit CsA-mediated cell survival, which supports the proposal that the effects are calcinuerin-independent. In vivo studies revealed that NIM811 administration mimics the pro-survival effects of CsA on NPCs and promotes functional recovery in a model of cortical stroke, identical to the effects seen with CsA administration. We conclude that CsA mediates its effect on NPC survival through calcineurin-independent inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation and suggest that this pathway has potential therapeutic benefits for developing NPC-mediated cell replacement strategies.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of allergic contact dermatitis in mice
Authors: Johannesson Bjarki , Sattler Susanne , Semenova Ekaterina , Pastore Saveria , Kennedy-Lydon Teresa M. , Sampson Robert D. , Schneider Michael D. , Rosenthal Nadia , Bilbao Daniel
Published: July 2014

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is triggered by an aberrant hyperinflammatory immune response to innocuous chemical compounds and ranks as the world’s most prevalent occupational skin condition. Although a variety of immune effector cells are activated during ACD, regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial in controlling the resulting inflammation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and accelerates wound healing and regeneration in several organs including the skin. Recently IGF-1 has also been implicated in protection from autoimmune inflammation by expansion of Treg cells. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of IGF-1 in mouse skin suppresses ACD in a Treg cell-specific manner, increasing the number of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the affected area and stimulating lymphocyte production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10. Similar therapeutic effects can be achieved with systemic or topical delivery of IGF-1, implicating this growth factor as a promising new therapeutic option for the treatment of ACD.
PARP1-mediated necrosis is dependent on parallel JNK and Ca2+/calpain pathways
Authors: Douglas Diana L. , Baines Christopher P.
Published: July 2014

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a nuclear enzyme that can trigger caspase-independent necrosis. Two main mechanisms for this have been proposed: one involving RIP1 and JNK kinases and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), the other involving calpain-mediated activation of Bax and mitochondrial release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). However, whether these two mechanisms represent distinct pathways for PARP1-induced necrosis, or whether they are simply different components of the same pathway has yet to be tested. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were treated with either N-Methyl-N′-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or β-Lapachone, resulting in PARP1-dependent necrosis. This was associated with increases in calpain activity, JNK activation and AIF translocation. JNK inhibition significantly reduced MNNG- and β-Lapachone-induced JNK activation, AIF translocation, and necrosis, but not calpain activation. In contrast, inhibition of calpain either by Ca2+ chelation or knockdown attenuated necrosis, but did not affect JNK activation or AIF translocation. To our surprise, genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of RIP1, AIF, Bax, and the MPT pore failed to abrogate MNNG- and β-Lapachone-induced necrosis. In conclusion, although JNK and calpain both contribute to PARP1-induced necrosis, they do so via parallel mechanisms.
The dynamic protein Knl1 – a kinetochore rendezvous
Authors: Ghongane Priyanka , Kapanidou Maria , Asghar Adeel , Elowe Sabine , Bolanos-Garcia Victor M.
Published: July 2014

Knl1 (also known as CASC5, UniProt Q8NG31) is an evolutionarily conserved scaffolding protein that is required for proper kinetochore assembly, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) function and chromosome congression. A number of recent reports have confirmed the prominence of Knl1 in these processes and provided molecular details and structural features that dictate Knl1 functions in higher organisms. Knl1 recruits SAC components to the kinetochore and is the substrate of certain protein kinases and phosphatases, the interplay of which ensures the exquisite regulation of the aforementioned processes. In this Commentary, we discuss the overall domain organization of Knl1 and the roles of this protein as a versatile docking platform. We present emerging roles of the protein interaction motifs present in Knl1, including the RVSF, SILK, MELT and KI motifs, and their role in the recruitment and regulation of the SAC proteins Bub1, BubR1, Bub3 and Aurora B. Finally, we explore how the regions of low structural complexity that characterize Knl1 are implicated in the cooperative interactions that mediate binding partner recognition and scaffolding activity by Knl1.
Splicing factor U1-70K interacts with the SMN complex and is required for nuclear Gem integrity
Authors: Stejskalová Eva , Staněk David
Published: July 2014

The nuclear SMN complex localizes to specific structures called Gems. The loss of Gems is a cellular marker for several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we identified the U1 snRNP specific protein U1-70K localized to nuclear Gems and showed that U1-70K is necessary for Gem integrity. Further we showed the interaction between U1-70K and the SMN complex is RNA independent and mapped the SMN complex binding site to the unstructured N-terminal tail of U1-70K. Consistent with these results, the expression of the U1-70K N-terminal tail rescued Gem formation. These findings show U1-70K as an SMN complex associating protein and suggest a new function for U1-70K in Gem formation.
Aanalysis of springback phenomenon in pipe bending
Authors: Hingole Rahul , Nandedkar Vilas
Published: July 2014

The term springback is defined as the change in geometry of a component after forming, when the forces are removed from forming tools. As springback affects the final shape of the part, it can lead to significant difficulties in the assembly of component when springback is not proper. This problem leads to fabrication of inconsistent sheet metal parts; the elastic strain recovery in the material after the tooling is removed. Bendingis the plastic deformation of metals about a linear axis called the bending axis with little or no change in the surface area. Bending types of forming operations have been used widely in sheet metal forming industries to produce structural stamping parts such as braces, brackets, supports, hinges, angles, frames, channel and other nonsymmetrical sheet metal parts. Among them, quite a few efforts have been made to obtain a deep understanding of the springback phenomenon. The beam theory has been applied to formulate the curvature before and after loading of pipe. This research work has focused on study effect of springback effect with a new approach. The ANSYS software is used to analyze spring back effect. The detail study of this springback effect is presented in this paper.
Properties investigation of thin films photovoltaic hetero-structures
Authors: Golan G. , Axelevitch A. , Azoulay Jacob
Published: July 2014

This paper presents an experimental investigation of photovoltaic (PV) properties in heterostructures consisting of indium oxide and amorphous silicon thin films, grown on a single crystalline p-type silicon and polyimide flexible substrates. Both thin films: In2O3 and a-Si were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Such heterostructure thin film systems are attractive because of their ability to convert solar energy into electrical one. Grown Heterostructures films were treated by simultaneous influence of an electron beam and high energetic photons with energy more than 1.5 eV in the so called vacuum photo-thermal processing (VPP).

Silicon samples of 100 Ω/sq and 45 Ω/sq were selected as substrates. Thin films deposition was done in argon atmosphere by DC magnetron sputtering.

It is shown that:

Open circuit voltage of the proposed structure may reach up to ~ 0.35 V,

Short circuit current was of no more then 10-7 A,

Polyimide materials may be used as substrates for PV thin film deposition structures,

VPP dramatically varies the photovoltaic properties of the heterostructure
Experimental research of seismic behavior and surplus bearing capacity of CFDST under reversed loading
Authors: Wang Xiannong , Wang Nannan , Jia Boya
Published: July 2014

The concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDST) column is a new type of steel composite structure column. At present, international and domestic research are still lacking in regards to this composite structure column. Therefore, a study of the composite structure column would have great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, an experiment using concrete-filled double skin steel tubes columns with square-circular section is conducted under repeated loading and then under static axial compression. The test results show that the new type of composite structure column has excellent ductility and relatively good surplus bearing capacity. So, the test has laid a certain foundation for doing analysis and study on the new type of composite structure column in the future.
Solvent-free esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols catalyzed by amphiphilic Brønsted acidic ionic liquids
Authors: He Leqin , Zhao Jiquan , Qin Shenjun , Chang Tao , Zhang Yuecheng , Zhang Guangqing , Gao Xiaorui
Published: July 2014

Five halogen-free amphiphilic Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (ILs) based on 3-(N, N-dimethylalkylammonium)-propanesulphonate quaternary ammonium zwitterions and p-toluene sulphonic acid monohydrate were synthesized. The IL structures were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and (ESI)-MS. The IL thermal instability was characterized using TG-DSC. The ILs were used as dual-solvent catalysts for esterification of several carboxylic acids, with different alcohols under mild conditions to study relevant structure-activity relationships. Results showed that the miscibility of the acidic IL, which is affected by the length of the carbon chain in the cation, is an important factor influencing the activity of the catalyst for the esterification reaction. Post-processing steps were simple, and the catalyst could be reused easily.
A remarkably stable kissing-loop interaction defines substrate recognition by the Neurospora Varkud Satellite ribozyme
Authors: Bouchard Patricia , Legault Pascale
Published: July 2014

Kissing loops are tertiary structure elements that often play key roles in functional RNAs. In the Neurospora VS ribozyme, a kissing-loop interaction between the stem–loop I (SLI) substrate and stem–loop V (SLV) of the catalytic domain is known to play an important role in substrate recognition. In addition, this I/V kissing-loop interaction is associated with a helix shift in SLI that activates the substrate for catalysis. To better understand the role of this kissing-loop interaction in substrate recognition and activation by the VS ribozyme, we performed a thermodynamic characterization by isothermal titration calorimetry using isolated SLI and SLV stem–loops. We demonstrate that preshifted SLI variants have higher affinity for SLV than shiftable SLI variants, with an energetic cost of 1.8–3 kcal/mol for the helix shift in SLI. The affinity of the preshifted SLI for SLV is remarkably high, the interaction being more stable by 7–8 kcal/mol than predicted for a comparable duplex containing three Watson–Crick base pairs. The structural basis of this remarkable stability is discussed in light of previous NMR studies. Comparative thermodynamic studies reveal that kissing-loop complexes containing 6–7 Watson–Crick base pairs are as stable as predicted from comparable RNA duplexes; however, those with 2–3 Watson–Crick base pairs are more stable than predicted. Interestingly, the stability of SLI/ribozyme complexes is similar to that of SLI/SLV complexes. Thus, the I/V kissing loop interaction represents the predominant energetic contribution to substrate recognition by the trans-cleaving VS ribozyme.
How the Globalizing World with Its Ever-Changing Multidimensional Socio-Cultural Environment Impacts the Russia’s System of Vocational Education
Authors: Шишов  , Shishov Cergey
Published: July 2014

The paper presents the broadened understanding of educational

policy, its goals and objectives in the changing multidimensional

socio-cultural environment; focuses on the need to

create a new educational environment with its own specific axiological

dominants and hierarchies. Various aspects of creating educational

industry market are discusses through the prism of ideas

of modernization. The broadened understanding of educational

policy, helps to consider modernization as a drive for innovating

and enhancing the Russia’s cultural and educational potential,

rather than a hindrance to preserving spirituality and traditions of

education.
Developing Basic Foundations of Personality as a Mission of Education Abstracte
Authors: Кайтукова  , Kaytukova Zakhira
Published: July 2014

The paper tries to grasp essential foundations of a personality

as a subject for applying developmental efforts and creating

conditions for development of the so-called «basic foundations

of personality» within the educational process. The author defines

the concepts of «basic» and «secondary» personality features and

suggests that the educational process should be arranged in a systemic

manner, conducive to development of basic, rather than

secondary, personality features. The latter imply a number of personal

traits, involved in the educational space, such as potential

versatility (ambiguousness), transcendence (infiniteness), identification

ability (ability to be empathic and/or different) and selfsufficiency

(ability to be one’s own self). The paper points out

psychological and pedagogical conditions facilitating the task to

develop basic foundations of a personality, that is, conditions for

play and creative activities.
Health-Saving Technologies in Preschoolers’ Physical Education and Health Promotion
Authors: Зайцева  , Zaytseva O.
Published: July 2014

Modern educational technologies and preschool educational

programs based on the «Federal State Requirements to the

Structure of Basic General Preschool Education Programme» call

for developing special type of interaction with children, with the

primary task to create conditions for development of each child,

with regard to his individual traits, capabilities and interests.
Aspects and dimensions of community participation in Theatre for Development: The case of the University of Zimbabwe’s Manfred Hudson Hall Sanitation Project (2004)
Authors: Mushangwe Herbert , Chivandikwa Nehemiah
Published: July 2014

This article attempts to critique and analyse the possibilities and complexities of the manifestations of aspects and dimensions of popular participation in Theatre for Development with particular reference to the University of Zimbabwe’s Manfred Hudson Hall Sanitation Project (2004). It examines the extent to which Arnstein’s classification of levels of participation can be adopted in Theatre for Development projects. It emerges that the adoption of critical and systematic approaches in the analysis of the function of participation in Theatre for Development can be fruitful, seeing that the danger of celebrating manipulative and problematic participation is real. Major emphasis is also placed on the constraints, limitations and potential risks related to various aspects of community participation. The authors contend that this is only achievable within the context of a critical and robust engagement with dynamic and multi-dimensional manifestations of community participation in given Theatre for Development projects.
Playing at life: The role of play in the prismatic illumination of the self
Authors: Wooster Roger
Published: July 2014

Playback Theatre has had some success over the past decade in establishing itself as a valid form of therapeutic drama. This article considers its processes and approaches against the background of other twentieth-century developments in drama in education and drama therapies. This article traces the connections between key practitioners from drama in education (including Dorothy Heathcote, who coined the term ‘prismatic illumination’) and the developing praxis of psychodrama, drama therapy and Playback Theatre. Is Playback Theatre truly for self-discovery by the Teller, or for voyeuristic consumption by an audience accustomed to reality television? There has always been a tension in this area of work (be it in an educational or therapeutic context) between the importance of the process/personal journey and the desirability of an observed outcome. The nature of these tensions are examined by this article, and ethical questions are posed regarding the processes being used.
Promoting critical thinking within the drama: Using theory to guide practice
Authors: Cahill Helen
Published: July 2014

This article uses case stories from drama workshops conducted within primary and secondary classrooms to illustrate the ways in which post-structuralist theory can inform pedagogical design when using drama to engage in critical inquiry. It draws on research theory to illustrate the need for critique of the types of knowledge that are created in the drama and builds on the work of Deleuzian researcher Elizabeth St Pierre, relating her use of metaphor and figurations in research writing to the use of anti-naturalistic conventions in dramatic play. The article discusses the way in which some conventions invite replication of dominant storylines and subject positions while others more readily open up the play space for critical inquiry and the creation of new possibilities. It then proposes the need for new metaphors to enrich the use of drama as a method for critical inquiry.
Between popular traditions and forum theatre: Playing on the borders of Theatre of the Oppressed
Authors: Nogueira Marcia Pompeo , Gonçalves Reonaldo Manoel , Prentki Tim
Published: July 2014

This article focuses on a devising process linking forum theatre and a Brazilian popular tradition called Boi de Mamão, a mix of music, dance and theatre that has the death and resurrection of the bull as its main theme. Connecting a popular tradition and forum theatre means that we are working on the border between these two forms: the Boi de Mamão, with its characters that are constructed in dialogue with everyday life, with imagination; and forum theatre, which seeks to discuss complex issues related to oppression. Within this contact, the two grow up, allowing us to escape from the constraints that limit both practices: the abandonment of improvisation, the loss of dialogue with everyday life and the limits of imagination. Research on the role of the Joker, who tries to mediate the oppression of the characters without losing sight of the world of the popular tradition, was developed through theoretical and practical proposals for ‘fooling with the joker’.
La religión-género como mediación de socialidad y visibilidad un estudio de casos de las mujeres pertenecientes a comunidades religiosas minoritarias en Aragón
Authors: Sanz Hernández Alexia
Published: July 2014

El artículo propone un análisis de la comprensiónque tienen las mujeres integrantes de comunidades religiosas minoritarias presentes en contextos urbanos aragoneses (musulmana, evangélica y ortodoxa) acerca de la mediación de dicha pertenencia y de su condición femenina, en sus dinámicas de visibilidad y de socialidad. Para ello, desde una perspectiva etnometodológica, se ha realizado un análisis del discurso obtenido a partir de entrevistas enprofundidad a mujeres pertenecientes a estas denominaciones religiosas minoritarias. Estas mujeres comparten una comprensión desu visibilidad marcada por una múltiple otredad: la que se derivade su religión, la de foraneidad que se asocia a la misma y la femenina.Al mismo tiempo, existe una dualidad emocional y funcional dela comunidad religiosa como mediación de las dinámicas de socialidad.Visibilidad y socialidad se articulan en la mediación que implicala condición femenina y la pertenencia religiosa de estas mujeres.
O PENSAR E O FAZER EDUCACIONAL DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES NEGRAS BAIANAS
Authors: Araújo Jurandir De Almeida
Published: July 2014

Este artigo, originado de uma pesquisa qualitativa que versa sobre a atuação das organizações negras baianas no campo da educação no período de 1970 a 1990, tem como objetivo revelar a influência das organizações supracitadas na construção e promoção da educação das relações étnico-raciais nas escolas baianas. Com base em depoimentos de militantes/professores negros, comprometidos com uma educação plural na Bahia, no período investigado e nos teóricos que discutem a temática, pode-se afirmar que diferentes organizações negras baianas, surgidas a partir da década de 1970, vêm desenvolvendo atividades sociais, culturais e educacionais que visam a valorização do negro e da sua cultura, contribuindo expressivamente para os avanços que se vem tendo no campo das políticas educacionais afirmativas.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2635
TRANSTORNO DE DÉFICIT DE ATENÇÃO E HIPERATIVIDADE: A MEDICALIZAÇÃO E A COAÇÃO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO MORAL
Authors: Colombani Fabiola , Martins Raul Aragão , Shimizu Alessandra De Morais
Published: July 2014

O presente texto aborda criticamente o diagnóstico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), o qual preocupa pelo crescente número de encaminhamentos. Respaldado por uma visão hegemônica e medicalizante, o diagnóstico de tal patologia conquistou espaço na atualidade e atinge diretamente a educação, pois transfere para o campo da saúde questões provenientes do campo educacional. Na busca por solucionar a indisciplina e os problemas de aprendizagem, desloca-se de uma discussão político-pedagógica e utiliza-se a administração de medicamentos conhecidos como “drogas da obediência”. Desta forma, este texto pretende disparar uma reflexão sobre a patologização e a medicalização da infância como, também, ressaltar brevemente alguns mecanismos de controle que foram instaurados ao longo do tempo e suas implicações ao desenvolvimento moral da criança. Para tanto, emprega-se nesta discussão peculiaridades da posição genealógica de Foucault e da teoria construtivista de Piaget.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2724
POSSIBILIDADES NO TRATAMENTO DA HISTÓRIA DISCIPLINAR DA HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO POR MEIO DA CULTURA ESCOLAR
Authors: Borges Bruno Gonçalves
Published: July 2014

A proposta deste artigo é apresentar como possibilidade o tratamento da história da disciplina História da Educação na perspectiva da cultura escolar. Para tanto, inicia-se com a abordagem da história da própria disciplina, que originária nos cursos de formação de professores, disseminou-se pelo mundo a partir do início do século XX. Na sequência, são apresentados os usos do termo cultura, propriamente nas ciências humanas e no interior da disciplina História com o desenvolvimento da chamada Nova História. No contexto da pesquisa em História da Educação, aborda-se a cultura escolar como objeto e categoria histórica e a possível construção de uma história do ensino, que responda a intenção de fazer uma história de dentro, ou seja, a reconstrução de uma disciplina por meio de suas práticas escolares e ação dos agentes educacionais.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2726
O JOGO DE PAPÉIS COMO ATIVIDADE PEDAGÓGICA NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: APONTAMENTOS PARA A EMANCIPAÇÃO HUMANA
Authors: Magalhães Giselle Modé , De Mesquita Afonso Mancuso
Published: July 2014

O presente trabalho insere-se no diálogo da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural com os processos pedagógicos da Educação Infantil. Aborda-se os conteúdos trazidos por Daniíl Elkonin, autor russo que dedicou seus estudos à periodização do desenvolvimento humano e ao processo de surgimento do jogo na estrutura da atividade do indivíduo, para afirmar que cabe à escola intervir no jogo de papéis como atividade pedagógica da idade pré-escolar. Defende-se aqui uma educação que desnaturalize a mercantilização das relações humanas posta na sociedade capitalista, à medida que, por meio do jogo de papéis, o professor pode ensinar atitudes anticapitalistas às crianças, fortalecendo a luta pela emancipação humana. Conclui-se que o ensino de tais atitudes passa não só pela formação do professor, como também pela sua politização e engajamento na condução da educação pública. Para tanto sugere-se a criação de espaços com atividades culturais, que podem promover o diálogo e a reflexão da categoria.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2727
O PAPEL DA EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA PERSONALIDADE DO ADOLESCENTE
Authors: Dos Anjos Ricardo Eleutério
Published: July 2014

A partir dos pressupostos da psicologia histórico-cultural e da pedagogia histórico-crítica, este artigo procurou analisar teoricamente o papel da educação escolar no desenvolvimento da personalidade do adolescente. Foram pesquisadas não somente as obras de Vygotski, como também de Leontiev, Luria, Elkonin, entre outros autores que contribuíram e contribuem para a formação do conjunto de trabalhos elaborados pela psicologia histórico-cultural. A pedagogia histórico-crítica, a partir das obras de Dermeval Saviani e Newton Duarte, foi utilizada como mediação entre a psicologia histórico-cultural e a educação escolar, por entender que esta teoria pedagógica é compatível com os pressupostos da “Escola de Vygotski”. Este trabalho apresenta a concepção da psicologia histórico-cultural sobre a personalidade do adolescente como superação das concepções psicológicas naturalizantes e idealistas, explicitando, ainda, a relevância da transmissão dos conteúdos escolares para o desenvolvimento da personalidade nessa idade de transição.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2941
From nanoobject release of (Bio)nanomaterials to exposure
Authors: Fissan Heinz , Horn Hans-Georg , Stahlmecke Burkhard , Wang Jing
Published: July 2014

An increasing variety of different nanostructured materials including bionanomaterials are used. During synthesis, but also during use of nanostructured materials along their life-cycle, nanostructured materials and engineered nano-objects (ENO) – may be released into the environment. They will follow different exposure pathways and create an exposure concentration at the point of different biological systems, especially human beings. The inhalation pathway is of greatest importance with regard to health issues. The exposure concentration together with the breathing conditions integrated over time leads to the dose of the deposited material, which is of greatest interest for different effect studies. We discuss in this paper the kind of nanostructured material released from bionanomaterials into the environment. A large part of existing exposure studies in the literature is critically considered. A strategy is proposed to investigate in a more effective way the ENO-release from nanostructured materials as the first step of the exposure pathway. The release – exposure relationship as well as exposure – dose relationship for the case of inhalation is described leading to the possibility of tracing and ideally a complete balancing from ENO-release to dose. In the end the still needed activities for ENO-control methods in the environment are summarized.
A Multicast Routing to Improve Multicast Capacity with Minimal Network Coding Cellsin WDM Networks
Authors: Liu Huanlin , Zhou Bangtao , Chen Yong
Published: July 2014

Multicast routing based on network coding can save large wavelength channels with high network coding operation costs for the all-optical WDM network. An optical multicast routing algorithm based on minimum network coding cells to reach the multicast max-flow is proposed in the paper. The algorithm selects path in the
Evidence-Based Growth Hormone Therapy Prediction Models
Authors: Hindmarsh Peter C. , Cole Tim J.
Published: July 2014

Prediction models describing the response of various pathophysiological states to intervention can be of value in confirming a diagnosis, determining the prognosis and promoting compliance with treatment. The rigorous evaluation process of evidence-based medicine, used to assess any diagnostic test or therapeutic intervention, should be applied to studies reporting the development, validation and application of these prediction models. The models can provide only an estimate of the average effect to be expected, so the failure of an individual to exhibit an ‘average’ response does not necessarily imply a problem with that patient. Further development of the models is required to overcome inherent statistical problems and to allow greater applicability to the individual patient.
New Paradigms for Growth Hormone Treatment in the 21st Century: Prediction Models
Authors: Ranke M.B.
Published: July 2014

Inconsistent and sometimes disappointing final height outcomes in studies in which exogenous growth hormone (GH) was given to children with short stature resulting from various causes have led to attempts to determine the factors that influence responsiveness to GH. Many such factors have been identified, including the genetically determined height potential of the child, the height deficit, current and perinatal auxological and biological factors, and, importantly, GH treatment modalities. These factors vary depending on the cause of the growth failure and during the course of childhood and treatment with GH. Data from welldefined large cohorts can be entered into multiple regression analyses to derive algorithms describing the variation in growth response during a defined period and the influence on this of various factors. Pharmacoepidemiologic surveys have been particularly useful in this regard. Algorithms with low-error SD values, which have included the dose of GH as a variable, can be used to predict the response to a putative GH dose in a similar cohort or in an individual over an equivalent period. A sequential series of such algorithms can be integrated to form a predictive model. Such a model can be used for planning a course of treatment, but the patient data required for entry into the model should be easily obtainable if the model is to have widespread utility. The development of such models will allow GH treatment to be better individualized and optimized for growth and cost outcomes. Growth prediction models will facilitate realistic expectations and will permit stepwise goals to be set and monitored.
Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor Monitoring in Optimizing Growth Hormone Therapy
Authors: Wetterau Lawrence , Cohen Pinchas
Published: July 2014

Much has been learned over the past two decades regarding the management of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children and adolescents. Current GH therapy under ideal circumstances enables children to attain a final height within the normal range and close to their target height However, such a successful outcome is not always achieved and the necessity to individualize treatment according to the specific needs of each GH-deficient child is now well recognized. Consensus does not currently exist as to how to formulate individualized treatment plans. Nonetheless, a clear role for a biochemical, as well as an auxological, monitoring approach has been established. Accurate determinations of height velocity and interval height increase (expressed as the change in height Z-score) continue to be the most important parameters in monitoring the response to treatment. The importance of routinely monitoring serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 is an emerging paradigm. Firm roles have been established for this approach in the assurance of compliance and safety (particularly to avoid long-term theoretical risks). IGF monitoring also has important potential utility as a tool to assess and optimize the response to GH therapy through dose adjustments. In years to come, we expect the development of multiple GH treatment optimization strategies, including approaches such as prediction modeling, as well as serum IGF monitoring and dose adjustments, to evolve and improve.
Diagnosis of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young in the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic
Authors: Hattersley Andrew T.
Published: July 2014

The diagnosis of pediatric diabetes mellitus (DM) traditionally is not considered a diagnostic specialty. However, considerable heterogeneity in the etiology of DM is seen among children and adolescents, making the recognition of discrete subgroups of DM very important for determining prognosis and appropriate treatment. The subgroups that result in non-insulindependent DM in children are as follows: the 'honeymoon' phase of type 1 DM, type 2 DM, genetic syndromes accompanied by DM, and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The relative prevalence of these different subgroups depends on the population being studied. In the UK, in pediatric clinics where most patients are Caucasian, MODY is over 10 times more prevalent than type 2 DM. However, type 2 DM would predominate in a clinic where most children are from populations with a high prevalence of this condition (e.g. Asian Indians). It should be emphasized that MODY comprises two discrete clinical syndromes: glucokinase diabetes and transcription factor diabetes, the latter of which results from mutations in the genes encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-lα, HNF-lß, HNF-4α and insulin promoter factor-1.
Thrifty Genotypes and Phenotypes in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ong Ken K.L. , Dunger David B.
Published: July 2014

Dramatically high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have been observed in historically undernourished, recently urbanized populations. A comparable model is the high risk of DM in individuals who were growth restrained in utero and subsequently catch up in size. While it is proposed that undernutrition may somehow adversely program metabolism, both models could also be explained by genotypes that promoted survival during earlier nutritional adversity but later add to the risk of DM. Our recent studies in a contemporary birth cohort have identified two different candidate thrifty genotypes. The insulin gene VNTR ΙII/ΙΙΙ genotype promotes fetal growth and historically could thereby have enhanced survival during infancy. In contrast, the maternally inherited 16189 mitochondrial DNA variant is associated with restrained fetal growth and may therefore enhance the likelihood of maternal survival. Both genotypes are associated with an increased risk of adult type 2 DM in historical cohorts. However, the development of DM in individuals from contemporary birth cohorts may prove to be influenced more by genetic and other early determinants of childhood obesity.
Route-Dependent Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Estrogen Replacement Therapy
Authors: O’Sullivan Anthony J. , Ho Ken K.Y.
Published: July 2014

The route of estrogen replacement therapy has a major impact on the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. Estrogen administration by the oral, but not the transdermal, route reduces IGF-I and increases GH levels in postmenopausal women. This perturbation of the GH-IGF-I axis occurs with different forms of estrogen treatment, indicating that the dissociation of the somatotropic axis and concomitant increase in GH-binding protein levels are intrinsic effects of the oral route of estrogen administration. In clinical studies, oral estrogen reduced postprandial lipid oxidation, compared with transdermal estrogen. Oral estrogen was also associated with a reduction in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass, compared with transdermal estrogen. In contrast, the route of estrogen therapy had no impact on carbohydrate metabolism or the estrogen-induced increase in bone mineral density. The findings of route-dependent changes in body composition add a new dimension to health considerations concerning estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women and may have significant implications for estrogen replacement therapy in young hypogonadal females.
Telomerase and the Cellular Lifespan: Implications for the Aging Process
Authors: Ostler Elizabeth L. , Wallis Corrin V. , Aboalchamat Bilal , Faragher Richard G.A.
Published: July 2014

The aging process has multiple causes. However, there is now substantial evidence consistent with the hypothesis that (i) all normal mammalian somatic cells have a finite capacity to replicate and (ii) that gradual cell turnover throughout the lifespan of a mammal eventually exhausts this finite capacity. This results in a gradual accumulation of senescent (irreversibly post-mitotic) cells with increasing age. These cells display a radically different phenotype to their growing counterparts, which has the potential to compromise tissue function. Perhaps the best evidence for this is seen in Werner’s syndrome, a rare genetic disease, in which patients display most of the features of accelerated aging, together with a profoundly compromised replicative lifespan in certain tissue lineages. Several classes of human cells are now known to count divisions by monitoring the progressive attrition of chromosomal ends (telomeres), leading to the activation of a p53-p21waf - dependent G1 checkpoint. Ectopic expression of telomerase has been shown to prevent senescence in several cell types and offers the potential for interventions in the aging process based on tissue engineering, gene therapy or homeografts. However, this telomere-driven senescence mechanism seems to be absent from rodents, which use telomere-independent means (perhaps based upon p14arf) to count divisions. Similar senescence pathways are now being reported in humans, and this, coupled with the demonstration of tissue-specific telomeric loss rates, has the potential to render strategies based on the use of telomerase dependent on the characteristics of the target tissue. Werner’s syndrome may provide strong clues regarding the potential limitations and prospects of such future treatments.
A Role for the Somatotropic Axis in Neural Development, Injury and Disease
Authors: Scheepens Arjan , Williams Chris E. , Breier Bernhard Η. , Guan Jian , Gluckman Peter D.
Published: July 2014

This review article discusses the roles of the somatotropic axis in the growth and development of the normal central nervous system (CNS) and during recovery from brain injury. Classically, the actions of pituitary-derived growth hormone (GH) have been reported to be primarily mediated via the induction of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). GH receptors (GHRs), however, have now been identified in many body tissues and shown to have both endocrine and local actions, some of which are IGF-I independent. Within the brain, GHRs are widely located across a range of cellular phenotypes, yet little is known regarding their function or endogenous ligand. It is now becoming accepted that GH, like IGF-I, is integrally involved in the growth and development of the normal CNS. Following brain injury, IGF-I mRNA is induced, primarily within reactive microglia. The resultant IGF-I protein appears to have a dual role, first as an endogenous neurotropic and anti-apoptotic agent acting directly on stressed cells, and second as a prohormone for generation of the N-terminal tripeptide of IGF-I, glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE), and the resulting des-N-(l-3)-IGF-I, both of which have specific neuroprotective properties. Our work on deciphering the upstream regulators of injury-induced IGF-I has revealed that a GH-like substance is strongly upregulated after brain injury and specifically associated with stressed neurons and glia. Subsequent to this finding, GH administered centrally 2 hours after a hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in juvenile rats was found to provide significant neuroprotection, interestingly, in a spatiotemporal pattern distinct from the neuroprotection offered by IGF-I. The implications of these findings in regard to the growth, development and injury response of the CNS are discussed.
Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Axis across the Human Life Span
Authors: Ghigo Ezio , Arvat Emanuela , Gianotti Laura , Lanfranco Fabio , Broglio Fabio , Aimaretti Gianluca , Maccario Mauro , Camanni Franco
Published: July 2014

The activity of the growth hormone (GH)- insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis undergoes marked variations across the human life span, mainly reflecting age-related changes in the neural control of somatotroph function. IGF-I secretion generally reflects GH status, except in newborns, who secrete high levels of GH but low levels of IGF-I. Changes in the gonadal steroid milieu, particularly estradiol, play a major role in the enhanced activity of the GH-IGF-I axis at puberty and probably reflect further changes in the neuroendocrine control of somatotroph secretion. The change in responsiveness of somatotrophs to various stimuli, including GHRH, is not as marked as the spontaneous secretion of GH at puberty. However, in childhood, somatotrophs are unusually refractory to the somatostatin-mediated negative GH autofeedback mechanism. Normal children show normal responsiveness to the stimulatory influence of α-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists, galanin and arginine, but the activating effect of these stimuli on somatotroph secretion is reduced in elderly individuals, with the notable exception of arginine. Arginine potentiates both spontaneous and GHRH-induced GH secretion to the same extent in normally growing children, adults and elderly individuals, indicating that the releasable pool of GH is generally preserved across the human life span. Thus, the reduction in spontaneous and GHRH-induced GH secretion in the elderly probably reflects age-related changes in neurotransmitter control, leading to GHRH hypoactivity and absolute or relative somatostatin hyperactivity in the aged hypothalamus. Cholinergic impairment in the aging brain probably involves hypothalamic pathways and leads to decreased activity of the GH-IGF-I axis in normal and elderly individuals, as well as in individuals with premature brain aging. However, there is evidence indicating that age-related variations in the activity of the natural GH-secretagogue ligand(s) at the hypothalamic level could also play a role in the age-dependent changes in the GH-IGF-I axis.