bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Powers Melinda
Published: September 2018

The Introduction begins by providing a brief overview of the reception of Greek drama by under-represented communities in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century America. After situating the book’s topic within this historical timeline, it proceeds to explain the development of the project, the focus on live theatre, the choice of productions, and the reasons for them. It defines terms, provides disclaimers, explains the methodology used, clarifies the topic, situates it within its historical moment, summarizes each of the chapters, describes the development of the ‘democratic turn’ in Greek drama, and finally speculates on the reasons for the appeal of Greek drama to artists working with under-represented communities.
‘Disidentification’ in Allain Rochel’s Bacchae, Tim O’Leary’s The Wrath of Aphrodite, and Aaron Mark’s Another Medea
Authors: Powers Melinda
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses Allain Rochel’s Bacchae (2007), Tim O’Leary’s The Wrath of Aphrodite (2008), and Aaron Mark’s Another Medea (2013), based on Euripides’ Bacchae, Hippolytus, and Medea respectively. Through their use of performance strategies such as ‘camp’ (an aesthetic characterized by irony, ostentation, and exaggeration), these productions engage in queer performative counter-discourses that challenge popular stereotypes of gay men, such as the ‘fit, fashion-savvy sidekick’ and the ‘tragic’ or ‘suicidal homosexual’. In the process, they illustrate what José Esteban Muñoz has defined as ‘disidentification’ or ‘the survival strategies the minority subject practices in order to negotiate a phobic majoritarian public sphere that continuously elides or punishes subjects who fail to conform to normative culture’ (1999, 4). Thus, through reframing ancient mythological narratives, these productions serve not only to queer classical drama but also to classicize queer performance.
Changing Rural Settlements in the Early Middle Ages in Central and Northern Italy
Authors: Valenti Marco
Published: September 2018

Archaeological sites of this period reveal the continued existence of a very ruralized society. The countryside, subject to a significant strengthening of economic control, was the primary source of wealth and success for the middle and upper social strata that invested in it. Choosing to optimize the exploitation of agricultural land led defining settlements in a more urban way. Since rural sites were the spaces where the labour force was ‘anchored’, they were often fortified to protect assets. Examples include both large lay and ecclesiastical aristocratic landowners and more local elites all over Italy. In the vast majority of cases we have fortified villages that are, in fact, agricultural holdings (manorial estates). In any context, the signs of material power exercised by a dominant figure include the management and a very pronounced control of activities, goods, foodstuffs, and labour, which find their counterpart in features and topography of rural centres. Settlements where production is aimed at wealth accumulation, often defended even from insiders by separating the spaces of power from those of the peasant masses, are frequently observed archaeologically. This is evidenced by the structural changes taking place both in the villages and in the single residential building types, serving as signs of a significant effort devoted to the centralization of production means (animals, tools, craft-shops), in order to increase what appears to be the main objective of landed elites: managing territorial resources in order to store foodstuffs, not only for personal consumption but also for to sell them in urban markets; in other words, to produce wealth.
Between the City and the Countryside
Authors: Cortese Maria Elena
Published: September 2018

The subject of this chapter is the relationship between the Tuscan cities and the families belonging to the middle ranks of the lay aristocracy, from the late tenth until the early twelfth century. Taking the case-study of Florence as a starting point, a comparison with other cities of the Tuscan March in the same period (Lucca, Pisa, Arezzo, Pistoia, and Siena) will be sketched, to see that during the eleventh century we can find a similar situation in different contexts. In fact almost everywhere the ‘mid-level’ aristocracy held extensive and dispersed landholdings, many castles and private churches in the countryside, but important urban and suburban holdings as well. They established political, social, and economic connections with the primary wielders of regional power (the marquis, the counts, the bishops and other important ecclesiastical institutions) and gravitated on the cities, taking part to urban politics and probably living there some periods during the year. The situation in Florence, however, rapidly changed during the protracted crisis of the Tuscan March at the end of the eleventh and in the early twelfth centuries, when the rural aristocracy confronted a major crisis: many lineages rapidly fragmented, the splintered branches concentrated on building compact rural lordships, and they turned their backs on Florence, without playing a role in the emerging comune. But, in the same context of the decline of the March, in other Tuscan cities the separation between rural and urban aristocracies did not take place, or at least seems to have been not so stark and dramatic. Paying attention to the strength of several factors (power of the bishops, economic attraction, connections with powerful counts families etc.), different situations will be compared to reflect about the political behaviour of rural aristocracies and their degree of integration in the urban elites during the so-called ‘consular period’.
‘To Destroy a City so Great and Remarkable’
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: September 2018

Medieval works of urban panegyric, some of which adhered to the so-called laus civitatis paradigm, ostensibly represented initiatives formed to praise and promote the profile of a given city. This literary genre flourished particularly in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and can be connected to fundamental transformations that were occurring in medieval urban life. Indeed, while in many cases these works served unexpressed agendas, they were not simple pieces of fiction and rhetoric. Their power lay in their reapplication of Classical and Christian traditions, in their reflection of some of the deep realities of urban living, and in their association with the heated conceptual debates surrounding the very idea of the medieval city. In this context, the inclusion of material which could lament or dishonour the name of a city, or which could imply a threat to its integrity may seem both incongruent and significant. Focusing primarily on Bonvesin della Riva’s celebrated De Magnalibus Mediolani (1288), this chapter thus explores the dissonant presence of lamentation and critique presented in works of urban panegyric in order to produce a more nuanced and holistic understanding of this literary genre as well as a new appreciation of the evidence it can offer for understanding medieval urban mentalities at a crucial point in the process of European urbanization.
‘Framing’ and Lighting
Authors: Fouracre Paul
Published: September 2018

Chris Wickham’s majestic account of the transition from Ancient to Medieval worlds cannot be matched, but it can be complicated. It is, as he makes clear, a framework which others can fill out with more explicitly cultural, social, religious, and regional histories. This chapter attempts such a filling, one which may clarify, but also complicate, Chris’s narrative of the transition from a fiscal to a moral economy. It deals with the material consequences of belief, namely the belief that all churches should be provided with lights. This belief became widespread at just the time that olive oil production plummeted. Oil for lights became scarce and in relative terms increasingly expensive as cash supplies also dwindled. Wax, the alternative fuel, was more readily available but almost as expensive in the quantities required. It was thus only the major churches/monasteries and the magnate class who could afford to buy into this belief or cultural practice. The prestige that came from doing so served to consolidate the social hierarchy at a time of fiscal downturn. A complication is that this common need was met in different ways in different parts of Europe. Nevertheless, the fact that it had a broadly similar outcome is an important reaffirmation of the Wickham model.
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Views on Islam and on Jihād, c.900 CE
Authors: Haldon John
Published: September 2018

The later ninth-century interest in court circles at Constantinople in reaffirming the Roman credentials of the eastern Roman state—most obvious in imperially sponsored codifications of law—is now generally understood to have been, at least in part, a response to challenges set up by the papacy, and in particular followed on from the exchange of letters between popes and emperors or their advisors in the second half of the ninth century. But there were other consequences of this process, many of which can be summed up in the phrase ‘Macedonian renaissance’. More radically, however, it can be argued that medieval eastern Roman attitudes to Islam were also bound up with these changes, entailing not only an attempt to understand aspects of Islamic belief and praxis, but for the first time perceiving Islam as an existential threat to the moral as well as the political universe of Christianity.
Developing Definitions of Reform in the Church in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Authors: Barrow Julia
Published: September 2018

There is a noticeable gap between the use of ‘reform’ terminology (reformo, reformatio) in the pre-1100 period and modern usage: in the earlier Middle Ages the terminology was essentially used to refer to the restoration of peace, buildings, and property or in a spiritual sense, as a change of heart (as established by Gerd Ladner on the basis of patristic writings); it is also noticeable that reform terminology was used much less by medieval authors, especially pre-1215, than by modern historians writing about the Middle Ages and above all on the medieval church. Nonetheless, ‘reform’ terminology did begin, very slowly, to be used about change in medieval ecclesiastical institutions in the tenth and early eleventh centuries, first in the diocese of Rheims and Lotharingia and later in Burgundy, and this chapter attempts to show how this process began, tracing the earliest moves towards this in records of Carolingian church councils and tenth-century historical narratives.
Body in the Context of Physical Science
Authors: Pfeiffer Christian
Published: September 2018

Motion, the infinite, place, and time are part of the conceptual underpinnings of physical science. The chapter argues that in the same way the study of body should be seen as indispensable for the physicist and part of the conceptual underpinnings of physical science. It is a study of body and magnitudes insofar as they are the bodies and magnitudes of physical substances. Since it is concerned with the physical nature of the substances to which body and magnitudes belong, it must be distinguished from a mathematical investigation. A physical substance has a body and it is the task of the physicist to consider the nature of body insofar as it belongs to a physical substance.
Children in Ancient Israel
Authors: Flynn Shawn W.
Published: September 2018

Flynn contributes to the emerging field of childhood studies in the Hebrew Bible by isolating stages of a child’s life and, through a comparative perspective, studies the place of children in the domestic cult and their relationship to the deity in that cult. The study gathers data relevant to different stages of a child’s life from a plethora of Mesopotamian materials (prayers, myths, medical texts, rituals), and uses that data as an interpretive lens for Israelite texts about children at similar stages such as: pre-born children, the birth stage, breast feeding, adoption, slavery, children’s death and burial rituals, and childhood delinquency. This analysis presses the questions of value and violence, the importance of the domestic cult for expressing the child’s value beyond economic value, and how children were valued in cultures with high infant mortality rates. From the earliest stages to the moments when children die, and to the children’s responsibilities in the domestic cult later in life, this study demonstrates that a child is uniquely wrapped up in the domestic cult and, in particular, is connected with the deity. The domestic-cultic value of children forms the much broader understanding of children in the ancient world, through which other more problematic representations can be tested. Throughout the study, it becomes apparent that children’s value in the domestic cult is an intentional catalyst for the social promotion of YHWHism.
‘The syknes of mistrust’
Authors: Clark Nicola
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 considered the family’s behaviour at court when things were going well for them. This chapter picks up those threads at times of political crisis, which were, it is clear, more frequent for this family than is sometimes recognized. As well as the falls of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard in 1536 and 1541–2, Howard women were involved in rebellion in Wales between 1529 and 1531; a poorly timed clandestine marriage in the middle of 1536; and, possibly, the Pilgrimage of Grace towards the end of the same year.
‘The healthe of my soule’
Authors: Clark Nicola
Published: September 2018

Throughout the sixteenth century and beyond, the Howards are usually described as religiously ‘conservative’, resisting the reformist impulse of the Reformation while conforming to the royal supremacy over the Church. The women of the family have played little part in this characterization, yet they too lived through the earliest stages of the Reformation. This chapter shows that what we see is not a family following the lead of its patriarch in religious matters at this early stage of the Reformation, but that this did not stop them maintaining strong kinship relations across the shifting religious spectrum.
The Development of Unfitness to Plead in English Law
Authors: Mackay Ronnie
Published: September 2018

This chapter contains an account of the law on unfitness to plead in England and Wales. As such it contains a discussion of problems that have arisen in the application of the fitness-to-plead rules through an analysis of recent case law. It also includes an analysis of the author’s empirical research on the doctrine, together with a discussion of how a new test for unfitness to plead was introduced as a result of litigation in the Channel Island of Jersey, the first and so far, only British jurisdiction to incorporate decisional competence into a test for unfitness to plead. (The island of Jersey is not part of the United Kingdom, but part of Great Britain, being a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom.)
Unfitness to Plead in England and Wales
Authors: Fortson Rudi
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the legal and practical issues encountered by practitioners when dealing with unfitness to plead litigation. As the Law Commission for England and Wales has pointed out, defendants charged with a criminal offence may be unfit to plead or to stand trial for a variety of reasons, including difficulties resulting from mental illness, learning disability, developmental disorder, or communication impairment. Two issues are considered: (i) how might those defendants who are unfit be accurately identified; and (ii) what steps should be taken by legal practitioners and by the courts of criminal jurisdiction to cater for the interests of vulnerable defendants, victims, and society, and to maintain the integrity of the legal process as one that is fair and just? The chapter evaluates the reform proposals of the English Law Commission and assesses how the law could be improved for all those who are involved in dealing with the unfit to plead.
Unfitness for Trial in Scots Law
Authors: Maher Gerry
Published: September 2018

The plea of unfitness for trial in Scots law advances the goal of ensuring that criminal trials should not proceed against anyone whose mental or physical condition makes it unsuitable for them to be subject to such a process. This chapter traces the development of the common law version of the plea, namely insanity in bar trial. It then examines more recent reforms, which considered the plea in the context of human rights and comparative law. These reforms have resulted in statutory formulation of the three key issues, namely the test or definition of the plea, the procedures to be used in determining the existence of the plea in a particular case, and the disposal options appropriate for people who have been found to be unfit for trial.
The Development of Unfitness to Stand Trial in New Zealand
Authors: Brookbanks Warren
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the developments in the doctrine of unfitness to stand trial in New Zealand during the period 1992–2017. The focus is upon the changes to the statutory test for unfitness to stand trial effected by the Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003 and how they have been interpreted by courts in New Zealand. The 2003 Act and the Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003 were instrumental in reinvigorating the notion of trial competence, which for most of the twentieth century was largely an under-utilised doctrine of the substantive criminal law of New Zealand. Case-law developments in the period since 2003 have challenged judicially accepted understandings of where the threshold for determining whether an offender is unfit to stand trial should be set, and recent judgments have embraced the notions of decisional competence and meaningful participation as useful conceptual devices to assist in that determination.
Presupposition Triggering and Disambiguation
Authors: Sennet Adam
Published: September 2018

In this essay, we will consider the prospects for recent Gricean theories concerning presupposition triggering. Gricean explanations of presupposition triggering tend to ground triggering in principles concerning the question under discussion or the topic of the sentence. This presents a challenge to the general anti-Gricean conventional approach advocated by Lepore and Stone. We will argue against Gricean approaches and for a conventionalist model. We will also consider how approaches to the phenomena that have motivated Neo-Griceans to posit unarticulated constituents fare on such an approach to presupposition triggering.
On Convention and Coherence
Authors: Kehler Andrew , Cohen Jonathan
Published: September 2018

A bedrock principle in pragmatics is that the linguistic signals produced by speakers generally underdetermine the meanings that are communicated to interpreters. For Grice, for instance, utterance meaning lies close to what is overtly encoded, allowing only for the resolution of indexicals, tense, reference, and ambiguity. Lepore and Stone (L&S) agree, but with a stunning twist: they analyze all extrasemantic content as being derived from ambiguity resolution, leaving no work for Gricean tools. Despite significant areas of concurrence with L&S, we ultimately find their analysis to be untenable. To establish this, we focus on a form of pragmatic enrichment that recruits coherence establishment processes to apply within the clause—‘eliciture’—for which we see no credible analysis in terms of ambiguity resolution. We argue that an adequate account of language understanding must recognize the robust roles of both ambiguity resolution and pragmatic enrichment, using tense interpretation as a case study.
International Court Authority
Authors: Madsen Mikael Rask
Published: September 2018

Identifying the “varied authority” of international adjudicators as a common object of inquiry, this book develops a framework to conceptualize and analyze international court authority with the goal of assessing how contextual factors affect international courts’ authority, and therby their political and legal influence. Scholars drawn from a range of academic disciplines—namely law, political science, and sociology—have contributed to this book and examine the varied authority of thirteen international courts with jurisdictions that range from economic to human rights, to international criminal matters. Interdisciplinary commentaries reflect on what the framework and findings imply for the study of international court authority and legitimacy. Focusing on both global and regional adjudicatory systems, the chapters explore different ways in which contextual factors contribute to the fragility of each court’s authority over time and across the breadth of their jurisdiction. A conclusion pulls together the collective insights of how context shapes the authority of international courts.
How Context Shapes the Authority of International Courts
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R. , Madsen Mikael Rask
Published: September 2018

This chapter elaborates our authority framework, explaining how we measure narrow, intermediate, and extensive authority, and then identifies a range of institutional, social, and political factors that shape the authority of international courts. Institution-specific context captures features that are distinctive to a particular IC, such as its design and subject matter mandate. These features vary across courts, but there may also vary within a single IC over time or across issue areas. Constituencies context analyzes issues related to IC interlocutors, including government officials, judges, attorneys, legal experts, and civil society groups. Political context, considers how political dynamics at global, regional and local levels affect IC authority. We conclude by considering the difference between IC authority and power.
The East African Court of Justice
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how human rights advocates and business actors resort to the East African Court of Justice (EACJ). The EACJ has intermediate authority at a thin-elite level in human rights cases because urban-based, human rights nongovernmental organizations, pro-democracy activists, and governmental officials recognize the legally binding nature of the EACJ’s human rights cases and give effect to its rulings. Human rights advocates have litigated cases in the EACJ, even though the EACJ does not have explicit jurisdiction to decide human rights cases. Business actors in general, and the East African Business Council (EABC) in particular, have eschewed litigating before the EACJ. Over the last decade the EABC has pursued an administrative strategy embodied in the NTB Monitoring Mechanism for monitoring, reporting, and removing nontariff barriers (NTBs). Also discussed is the first case filed by a business actor in 2017 relating to an alleged violation of the EAC’s trade rules.
The Caribbean Court of Justice
Authors: Caserta Salvatore , Madsen Mikael Rask
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the creation of which was regarded as the culmination of the Caribbean’s long and protracted process toward independence from its former colonizers. Formally, the CCJ was instantaneously empowered to hear cases involving Caribbean Community law (Community law). The CCJ was also empowered to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London—a last court of appeal for civil and criminal cases from the Caribbean and the most visible remnant of the British Empire’s former rule. The CCJ’s unique double jurisdiction—original over Community law and appellate over other civil and criminal matters—underscores the complex sociopolitical context and transformation of which it is a part. Ultimately, the CCJ’s growing authority has increasingly made the Court the institutional intersection for the convergence of these two different paths toward establishing the Caribbean as a legally integrated regional unity.
The Andean Tribunal of Justice
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the Andean Tribunal Justice (the ATJ or Tribunal) and considers how the ATJ has fared during a period of regional political crisis and declining governmental support for Andean Community institutions. The “island” of narrow, intermediate, and extensive authority for intellectual property disputes that developed prior to the mid-2000s is resilient and even thriving, even as the ATJ’s de jure authority has contracted and its de facto authority has been threatened by proposals by Ecuador to merge the Andean Community with MERCOSUR and by politically high-profile noncompliance suits involving Ecuadoran import restrictions. Yet even in these contentious cases, the Andean legal system—backstopped by overlapping constraints of the World Trade Organization (WTO)—pushed Ecuador to offer plausible legal grounds to defend its import restrictions. The chapter concludes by exploring the relationship between the ATJ’s de facto authority and its limited power to shape regional economic policy.
The International Court of Justice and Islamic Law States
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN) that adjudicates interstate disputes and issues advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. The Court—already constrained by its specific jurisdictional design and choice of forum options—faces additional hurdles in building up its authority concerning Islamic law states (ILS). The chapter then identifies why and when ILS are willing to accept ICJ authority. This question is considered in the context of two substantive areas of the ICJ’s jurisdiction: territorial sovereignty and diplomatic immunity. In territorial sovereignty cases, despite partial conflict between Islamic law’s edicts regarding territorial ownership and international law, ILS sometimes use the ICJ and respect its rulings. In diplomatic immunity cases, despite the consistency between Islamic and international law regulating diplomatic protection, ILS are not particularly willing to accept ICJ authority.
The International Criminal Court
Authors: Vinjamuri Leslie
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC, like many international institutions, depends on states to help enforce its mandate. Unsurprisingly for an international institution, but troubling for an international court, this has contributed to the perception that it is aligned with the West and that it ates powerful Western states, especially the United States. This built-in major power dependency threatens to undermine ICC’ authority among many of its most steadfast proponents. The ICC’s proximity to state power, and especially to the Security Council, is directly at odds with the principle of impartiality that is central to international justice norms. The challenge of balancing power and independence was especially palpable in the aftermath of NATO’s war in Libya, where the proximity between the Security Council, state interests, and international criminal justice seemed uncomfortably close for many of the ICC’s proponents.
Creating Consent
Authors: Daunton Martin
Published: September 2018

The British state in the long eighteenth century created an effective fiscal–military state based on an efficient tax system that allowed borrowing without the default that afflicted France. The result was success in wars with France and the expansion of the empire. After the victory at Waterloo in 1815, consent was lost as a result of the high level of debt service which fell on producers within an unreformed political system. This chapter explains how consent was re-established by the use of a political language of neutrality and equity between classes, and by the design of parliamentary and administrative controls over spending. The fiscal state secured a high level of legitimacy and consent that prepared the ground for an expansion of public spending on welfare and warfare in the early twentieth century.
Taxation and Consent
Authors: Bergman Marcelo , Steinmo Sven H.
Published: September 2018

This policy-oriented chapter draws specific lessons from the historical narratives of previous chapters that should be of interest to tax policymakers and policy activists in developing nations today. The chapter attempts to answer the “So What?” question by drawing on the historical analyses of previous chapters. The chapter highlights what has worked well in different countries and the tax policies that have been less successful at generating taxpayer consent. It also examines why some policies have been less successful over time in different countries. It argues that states which have been most successful in generating high levels of compliance (1) develop strong administrative capacities, (2) treat taxpayers equitably, (3) generate a common sense of purpose or identity, and (4) do not discriminate in favor or against specific segments of society.
The role of hormones
Authors: Nijhout H. Frederik , Laub Emily
Published: September 2018

Many behaviors of insects are stimulated, modified, or modulated by hormones. The principal hormones involved are the same as the ones that control moulting, metamorphosis, and other aspects of development, principally ecdysone and juvenile hormone. In addition, a small handful of neurosecretory hormones are involved in the control of specific behaviors. Because behavior is a plastic trait, this chapter begins by outlining the biology and hormonal control of phenotypic plasticity in insects, and how the hormonal control of behavior fits in with other aspects of the control of phenotypic plasticity. The rest of the chapter is organized around the diversity of behaviors that are known to be controlled by or affected by hormones. These include eclosion and moulting behavior, the synthesis and release of pheromones, migration, parental care, dominance, reproductive behavior, and social behavior.
Feeding behavior
Authors: Simpson Stephen J. , Ribeiro Carlos , González-Tokman Daniel
Published: September 2018

Insects need to ingest nutrients at appropriate levels to attain a balanced diet and maximize fitness. They do so by integrated responses that involve physiological mechanisms for sensing current nutritional needs, releasing systemic signals, and producing specific appetites for key required nutrients. Historically, the study of insect feeding behavior was appreciated for its importance in the understanding and control of crop pests and disease vectors. However, current evidence has shown that some mechanisms regulating feeding are highly conserved in animals, from insects to humans, bringing additional interest in insects as models in medicine. The study of insect feeding behavior and nutrition has also given rise to an integrative modelling approach called the geometric framework for nutrition. This approach has proven useful beyond the insects, and allows the understanding of the impact of multiple nutrients on individuals and their interactions in populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Anti-predator behavior
Authors: Sherratt Thomas N. , Kang Changku
Published: September 2018

Insects have evolved a wide range of behavioral traits to avoid predation. Frequently, these behaviors are deployed to augment the effectiveness of a primary defence such as crypsis or mimicry, but they are also sometimes elicited as a secondary defence when a primary defence fails. Anti-predator behaviors in insects include adaptations to avoid being detected by predators, adaptations rendering the insect unattractive to consume, warning behaviors, and behaviors to enhance the effectiveness of mimicry. This chapter reviews many of these behavioral anti-predator adaptations, emphasizing when they are elicited and highlighting their adaptive significance. We argue that some of the inter-specific variation in behavioral defences can be explained in terms of defensive portfolios: if a physical defence is sufficient, then behaviour to augment or back-up this defence is unnecessary. As the use of comparative methods increases, researchers will be better placed to understand variation in the suites of defences that evolve.
The influence of parasites
Authors: Vale Pedro F. , Siva-Jothy Jonathon A. , Morrill André , Forbes Mark R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses insect behavioral responses to parasites. Dividing behaviors conceptually into those that occur before and after infection, we start by reviewing the evidence that insects identify and avoid potentially infectious environments to minimize negative consequences of infection. Behavioral responses following infection according to their adaptive value to either the insect host or to the parasite will then be considered. One section covers sickness behaviors proposed to benefit the host by conserving energetic resources during infection; another section discusses evidence for altered host behavior as a parasite adaptation enhancing parasite survival or transmission. The mechanistic link between behavior and immunity in insects is briefly discussed, and provide a summary of methods and techniques becoming standard to studying behavior of model insect species in the context of infection. The chapter concludes by discussing future directions in the study of insect behavioral responses to parasites.
How far can Extended Knowledge be Extended?
Authors: Wray K. Brad
Published: September 2018

Duncan Pritchard (2010) has developed a theory of extended knowledge based on the notion of extended cognition initially developed by Clark and Chalmers (1998). Pritchard’s account gives a central role to the notion of creditability, which requires the following two conditions to be met: (i) beliefs must be attributable to the cognitive ability of the agent; and (ii) the agent must take responsibility for her beliefs. This chapter argues that difficulties arise when this notion of creditability is applied to situations where one’s cognition is extended by a second knowing agent rather than by an artifact, like a notebook or telescope. The chapter illustrates this by applying Pritchard’s account of extended knowledge to collaborating scientists. The beliefs acquired through collaborative research cannot satisfy both of Pritchard’s conditions of creditability. Further, there is evidence that scientists are not prepared to take responsibility for the actions of the scientists with whom they collaborate.
Group Know-How
Authors: Palermos S. Orestis , Tollefsen Deborah P.
Published: September 2018

While mainstream epistemology has recently turned its focus on individual know-how (e.g., knowing-how to swim, ride a bike, play chess, etc.), there is very little, if any, work on group know-how (e.g., sports-team performance, jazz improvisation, knowing-how to tango, etc.). This chapter attempts to fill the gap in the existing literature by exploring the relevant philosophical terrain. It starts by surveying recent debates on individual knowledge-how and argues that group know-how (G-KH) cannot always be reduced to individual knowledge-how. Rather, certain cases of G-KH call for a non-reductive analysis. A natural place to look for a theory of irreducible G-KH is the literature on joint intentionality and distributed cognition. First, the chapter explores what a joint intentionality approach to G-KH might look like. Then it considers an alternative approach that views G-KH as a form of distributed cognition. Finally, the chapter discusses a potential link between the two approaches.
Collective Amnesia and Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: September 2018

Communities often respond to traumatic events in their histories by destroying objects that would cue memories of a past they wish to forget and by building artefacts which memorialize a new version of their history. Hence, it would seem, communities cope with change by spreading memory ignorance so to allow new memories to take root. This chapter offers an account of some aspects of this phenomenon and of its epistemological consequences. Specifically, it demonstrates that collective forgetfulness is harmful. Here, the focus is exclusively on the harms caused by its contribution to undermining the intellectual self-trust of some members of the community. Further, since some of these harms are also wrongs, collective amnesia contributes to causing epistemic injustices.
Conceptualizing Policy Change
Authors: Guiney Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

The chapter sets out a theoretical framework for the systematic and historically grounded analysis of early release in England and Wales between 1960 and 1995. It reviews the existing criminological literature on the history of criminal justice and reflects upon the tendency to conceptualize policy change as the product of individual action or the socio-economic shifts associated with late twentieth-century modernity. It goes on to consider the mediating role of political institutions in shaping complex policy outcomes and presents a theoretical framework for the analysis of early release based upon the broad tradition of historical institutionalism. The chapter concludes with an honest appraisal of the challenges facing a criminologist doing historical study and reflects upon the largely untapped potential of archival research as a criminological and social science methodology.
An Idea Whose Time Had Come
Authors: Guiney Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

The chapter traces the emergence of parole onto the policy agenda in England and Wales between 1960 and 1968. It examines the long-term historical trends in early release administration and how this gave rise to a reform agenda that was shaped by the prevailing optimism and confidence of the 1960s. It goes on to examine growing criminological support for indeterminate sentencing and the influence of the landmark Longford Committee Report Crime: A Challenge to Us All. Here it will argue that the initial policy scoping for a parole system in England and Wales was heavily influenced by the ‘rehabilitative ideal’ and a desire to give administrative expression to prevailing support for indeterminate and the personalization of punishment. The chapter concludes with an overview of the intense policy discussion that gave rise to the parole framework articulated in the ‘Adult Offender’ White Paper.
Squaring the Circle
Authors: Guiney Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

The chapter examines the steps taken by government to extend a system of early release to short sentence prisoners. The chapter reviews the HM Treasury decision to disinvest from a significant prison-building programme in England and Wales following the 1973 Public Expenditure Survey, an outcome that cast a long shadow over criminal justice policy in the 1970s. It goes on to explore the delicate negotiations that led to the ‘Jenkins initiative’, a reform package that loosened the risk appetite of the Parole Board, before setting out a detailed history of the rise and fall of the ‘partly suspended sentence’, a policy innovation which empowered sentencers to reduce the custodial element of a short prison sentence in certain circumstances. The chapter concludes by examining the change of direction within the Home Office following William Whitelaw’s appointment as Home Secretary in 1979.
Introduction
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

The Introduction emphasizes that development economics should be about how and why lives change. It should illuminate the drivers of change, why some people do better or worse than others, and what influences mobility and inequality. And it should, therefore, help us in shaping policy for growth, development, and poverty reduction in all the relevant dimensions of well-being. This book puts development economics to work, and assesses its performance and potential in a unique and powerful way, in explaining change in one, not unusual, village in a crucially important country. It uses a special data set with seven surveys, encompassing all households in one village, one for every decade since India’s Independence. The Introduction also argues that the development of one village since Independence must not only be set in the context of India’s story, but can provide real insights into that story.
Changing Activities, Changing Markets: Agriculture
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines in detail the process of agricultural development in Palanpur over seven decades. It identifies the factors that have played a significant role in shaping this process. The chapter shows that the evolution of agriculture in Palanpur involved, and was shaped by, the interactions amongst multiple factors, including demographic change, expansion of irrigation, intensification of cultivation, changing cropping patterns, farm mechanization, growing non-farm employment, marketization of factors of production, and improvements in formal credit supply. The importance of interactions between agriculture and non-agriculture, as well as within agriculture, is highlighted with respect to changing cropping patterns and intensification of mechanization and irrigation. It is also seen in institutional dynamism such as, for example, the emergence of new forms of tenancy. In providing a structured description of the changing contours of agriculture, important insights are obtained into how lives and livelihoods have changed in Palanpur.
The Principles of Constitutionalism
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

In this follow-up volume to the critically acclaimed Constitutional State, Nick Barber explores how the principles of constitutionalism structure and influence successful states. Far from acting exclusively as a mechanism to limit state powers, Barber contends that constitutionalism and its associated principles require that the state be structured to advance the well-being of its people. An attractive and satisfying account of constitutionalism, and, by derivation, of the state, can only be reached if the principles of constitutionalism are seen as interlocking parts of a broader doctrine. This holistic study of the relationship between the constitutional state and its central principles—sovereignty; the separation of powers; the rule of law; subsidiarity; democracy; and civil society—casts light on long-standing debates over the meaning and implications of constitutionalism. The book provides a concise introduction to constitutionalism and a detailed account of the nature and implications of each of the six principles in question. It concludes with an examination of the importance of constitutional principles to the work of judges, legislators, and others involved in the operation and creation of the constitution. The book is essential reading for those seeking a definitive account of constitutionalism and its benefits.
Introduction: Constitutionalism
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the nature of constitutionalism. It begins by examining accounts of constitutionalism that present the doctrine as a constraint on state power. These understandings of constitutionalism, negative constitutionalism, rest on accounts of the state that present that institution as a threat to its people, and constitutions as sets of rules that are imposed on, and constrain, the state, mitigating this danger. This understanding of constitutionalism misses an important aspect of the doctrine and rests on a misleading account of states and constitutions. Constitutionalism requires the creation of an effective and competent set of state institutions; it has a positive dimension. In contrast to negative constitutionalism, positive constitutionalism recognizes that the state exists to benefit its people, and the constitution is that set of rules that empowers and constructs state institutions. The account of constitutionalism provided in this chapter sets the agenda for the rest of the book. It locates constitutionalism within constitutional theory, and examines the connection between constitutionalism and the principles discussed in the following chapters.
Sovereignty
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents sovereignty as a normative principle but, in so doing, will also explain its descriptive aspect. The first part of the chapter connects sovereignty to an account of the state. Sovereignty captures two groups of elements that are necessary features of this institution: on the one hand, the characteristic authority claims made by the state; and, on the other, the demand that these claims be—to some extent—effective. The second part of the chapter considers the importance of sovereignty: the moral reasons that we have for creating institutions that possess its characteristics. Third, the chapter considers whether there are some situations in which sovereignty is unattractive or, perhaps, situations in which non-state institutions are preferable locations for sovereignty. The chapter concludes by arguing that for the vast majority of people today, sovereignty is of significant moral value.
The Separation of Powers
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

The point of the separation of powers is examined, and it is argued that accounts of the principle that identify liberty as the guiding purpose of the principle are flawed, the products of an unattractive account of the state. A richer understanding of the state produces a richer understanding of the principle. The second and third parts of the chapter outline such an account, reflecting on the institutional framework required by the separation of powers: the divisions and connections that the principle demands. Different state institutions are well-placed to identify different aspects of the common good and, through their differing skills and instruments, well-suited to modify the policies of the state in light of these assessments. The constitution then combines these decisions into a single state action. The chapter then considers apparent exceptions to the separation of powers.
Introduction
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

The Introduction explains the combination of a narrative arc and conceptual structure in the organization of the book. The former, primarily diachronic, discussion is concerned with the development of the field of Romanticism since the 1980s, presented through both a review of scholarship and exemplary readings of well-known lyric poems. The latter, predominantly synchronic, presentation entails an argument for the analytical value of field theories of form—that is, frameworks drawn from early modern philosophy (Spinoza) and postclassical life- and physical sciences, especially models of self-organization. As an alternative to the external, retrospective perspective provided by, for example, Rita Felski in The Limits of Critique, it draws on the work of Martin Heidegger, Pierre Macherey, and the poet-critic J. H. Prynne to offer a conjunctural approach.
Notes and Queries on Names and Numbers
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a reading of Wordsworth’s “She dwelt among th’untrodden ways” through the prism of ordinary language theory and of number theory. Key resources include John Stuart Mill’s System of Logic, Gottlob Frege’s essays, and Gertrude Stein’s writings. Thematic attention is accorded to epitaphs and the theory of naming (from ordinary language philosophy), and to the special cases of zero and one (from number theory). The latter is brought to bear on the none/few logical contradiction that many have noted in the poem. The deployment of these materials makes possible an exploration of what Virginia Jackson calls “inhuman lyricism” in the work of Emily Dickinson—here investigated, however, in an earlier incarnation, in Wordsworth’s Lucy poems.
Linear Operators in Banach Spaces
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

Three main themes run through this chapter: compact linear operators, measures of non-compactness, and Fredholm and semi-Fredholm maps. Connections are established between these themes so as to derive important results later in the book.