bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forming Approaches Comparison for High Customised Skull Manufacturing
Authors: Ambrogio Giuseppina , Conte Romina , de Napoli Luigi , Fragomeni Gionata , Gagliardi Francesco
Published: July 2015

The production of prostheses is still not completely optimized, especially for those districts where both functional and aesthetic requirements have to be combined with the urgency of intervention. The prostheses manufactured by machining using CAD/CAM techniques represent the conventional way to obtain a “custom-made” part. However, the above-mentioned solutions are penalized by the too long manufacturing time. This limit can be overcome by using an innovative metal-forming process, i.e. the Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF), which also allows to obtain complex patient-specific geometries even if characterized by a lower precision compared to the conventional process. In this paper, alternative approaches to manufacture a skull prosthesis (i.e. conventional milling and ISF) are compared from technological and economical points of view.
Surface Energies Arising in Microscopic Modeling of Martensitic Transformations in Shape-Memory Alloys
Authors: Kitavtsev Georgy , Luckhaus Stephan , Rüland Angkana
Published: July 2015

In this study we construct and analyze a two-well Hamiltonian on a 2D atomic lattice.The two wells of the Hamiltonian are prescribed by two rank-one connected martensitic twins,respectively. By constraining the deformed con gurations to special 1D atomic chains withposition-dependent elongation vectors for the vertical direction, we show that the structure ofground states under appropriate boundary conditions is close to the macroscopically expectedtwinned con gurations with additional boundary layers localized near the twinning interfaces.In addition, we proceed to a continuum limit, show asymptotic piecewise rigidity of minimizingsequences and rigorously derive the corresponding limiting form of the surface energy.
Comparison of Three Methods for Material Hardening Parameter Identification under Cyclic Tension-Compression Loadings: Roll Levelling Case Study
Authors: Silvestre Elena , Sáenz de Argandoña Eneko , Galdos Lander , Mendiguren Joseba
Published: July 2015

The roll levelling is a forming process used to remove the residual stresses and imperfections of metal strips by means of plastic deformations. The process is especially important to avoid final geometrical errors when coils are cold formed or when thick plates are cut by laser. In the last years, and due to the appearance of high strength materials such as Ultra High Strength Steels, machine design engineers are demanding a reliable tool for the dimensioning of the levelling facilities. In response to this demand, Finite Element Analysis is becoming an important technique able to lead engineers towards facilities optimization through a deeper understanding of the process.In this scenario, the accuracy and quality of the simulation results are highly dependent on the accuracy of the implemented material model. During roll levelling process, the sheet metal is subjected to cyclic tensile-compressive deformations, therefore a proper constitutive. model which considers the phenomena that occurs during cyclic loadings, such as the Bauschinger effec, work hardeningt and the transient behaviour, is needed. The prediction of all these phenomena which affect the final shape of the product are linked to the hardening rule.In the present paper, the roll levelling simulation of a DP1000 steel is performed using a combined isotropic-kinematic hardening formulation introduced by Chaboche and Lemaitre since its simplicity and its ability to predict the Bauschinger effect. The model has been fitted to the experimental curves obtained from a cyclic tension-compression test, which has been performed by means of a special tool developed to avoid the buckling of the specimen during compressive loadings. The model has been fitted using three different material hardening parameter identification methodologies which have been compared.
Predictive Performances of FLC Using Marciniak-Kuczynski Model and Modified Maximum Force Criterion
Authors: Banabic Dorel , Lazarescu Lucian , Comsa Dan Sorin
Published: July 2015

This paper is focused on the performance evaluation of two theoretical models that can be used to predict the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) for an AA6016-T4 aluminium alloy sheet. The FLC is calculated based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) model and the Modified Maximum Force Criterion (MMFC) using the Hill '48, Barlat '89 and BBC 2005 yield criteria, the latter identified in three variants, namely with 6, 7, and 8 material parameters. The performance assessment of the M-K and MMFC models combined with different yield functions is based on the comparison between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data provided by the Nakazima test (ISO 12004: 2008) as well as by an experimental procedure recently developed by the authors for the FLC determination.
Relaxation of the Non-Convex, Incremental Energy-Minimization Problem in Single-Slip Strain-Gradient Plasticity
Authors: Anguige Keith , Dondl Patrick W.
Published: July 2015

We consider a variational formulation of gradient elasto-plasticity, as they arise in the incremental formulation of the plastic evolution problem, subject to a class of single-slip side conditions. Such side conditions typically render the associated boundary-value problems non-convex. We first show that, for a large class of plastic deformations, a given single-slip condition (specification of Burgers' vectors and slip planes) can be relaxed by introducing a lamination microstructure. This yields a relaxed side condition which allows for arbitrary slip in a prescribed family of slip planes. This relaxed model can be thought of as an aid to simulating macroscopic plastic behavior without the need to resolve arbitrarily fine spatial scales. We also discuss issues of existence of solutions for the relaxed model.
Physics Based Formulation of a Cohesive Zone Model for Ductile Fracture
Authors: Yalcinkaya Tuncay , Cocks Alan
Published: July 2015

This paper addresses a physics based derivation of mode-I and mode-II traction separation relations in the context of cohesive zone modeling of ductile fracture of metallic materials. The formulation is based on the growth of an array of pores idealized as cylinders which are considered as therepresentative volume elements. An upper bound solution is applied for the deformation of the representative volume element and different traction-separation relations are obtained through different assumptions.
The plenipotentiary idea as Leitmotiv in John’s Gospel
Authors: Kok Jacobus
Published: July 2015

In this article the plenipotentiary idea in John’s Gospel is studied in relation to Jewish institution(s) of agency. It is argued that the missionary idea in John’s Gospel is a Leitmotiv (central or dominant theme) that integrates the Christology and Soteriology in the fourth Gospel. Jesus is presented as being God’s empowered plenipotentiary who was sent by God to give life and to judge – qualities that were judged to be the prerogative of the Creator-God. After the resurrection, Jesus empowers his disciples to become plenipotentiaries who are called to continue the mission that God had started in and through Jesus. Unlike some scholars who argues that John is a sectarian writing aimed at an in-group, the author of this article arguesthat John’s idea of mission is one that encourages an openness towards outsiders, motivated by love and other regarded, and expressed in a boundary transcending manner.Opsomming: Gesantskap as leitmotief in die Johannesevangelie. In hierdie artikel word die konsep van gesantskap in Johannes se Evangelie in verhouding tot die Joodse konsepte van gesantskap bestudeer. Daar word aangevoer dat die missionale of gesantskapskonsep ’n leitmotief (sentrale of dominante tema) in Johannes se Evangelie is, en dat dit met die Christologie en die Soteriologie in die vierde Evangelie geïntegreer is. Jesus word as God segevolmagtigde verteenwoordiger (gesant of plenipotensiaris) aangebied wat deur God gestuur is om lewe te gee en te oordeel – kwaliteite wat tradisioneel gesproke die prerogatief van God alleen is. Ná die opstanding bemagtig Jesus sy dissipels as sy gevolmagtigde verteenwoordigers wat geroep en gestuur is om die doel wat God in en deur Jesus begin het, te kontinueer. In teenstelling met sommige geleerdes wat beweer dat Johannes ’n sektariese geskrif is wat op die ‘in-groep’ in teenstelling met die ‘uit-groep’ gemik is, of dat Johannes geen sensitiwiteit vir buitestanders het nie, argumenteer die outeur van hierdie artikel dat Johannes se idee van sending ’n openheid teenoor buitestanders impliseer wat deur liefde gemotiveer is en op so ’n wyse uitgeleef behoort te word dat dit (sosiale en ander) grense transendeer.
The next generation of Rwandan physicians with a primary health care mindset
Authors: Flinkenflögel Maaike , Kyamanywa Patrick , Cubaka Vincent K. , Cotton Philip
Published: July 2015

No abstract available.
Using historic soil survey data to map water erosion hazard for land-use planning in Nova Scotia
Authors: Keys Kevin , Sterling Shannon M. , Guan Yue
Published: July 2015

Keys, K., Sterling, S. M. and Guan, Y. 2015. Using historic soil survey data to map water erosion hazard for land-use planning in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 299–304. A fine-scale digital soil map layer for Nova Scotia was combined with historic soil survey information and digital elevation (DEM) data to generate a new water erosion hazard map based on inherent soil erodibility and slope class. Results showed approximately 62% of Nova Scotia has low erosion hazard, 33% has moderate hazard, and 5% has high hazard. The erosion hazard map was subsequently used in a provincial watershed assessment program (NSWAP) to map potential water quality stressors related to land-use patterns on erodible soils. This work is an example of how historic soil survey data can be utilized to create new information for land-use planning and environmental assessment.
Spiking regional vis-NIR calibration models with local samples to predict soil organic carbon in two High Arctic polar deserts using a vis-NIR probe
Authors: Guy Amanda L. , Siciliano Steven D. , Lamb Eric G.
Published: July 2015

Guy, A. L., Siciliano, S. D. and Lamb, E. G. 2015. Spiking regional vis-NIR calibration models with local samples to predict soil organic carbon in two High Arctic polar deserts using a vis-NIR probe. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 237–249. In situ visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a potential solution to the logistic constraints limiting the accuracy and spatial resolution of soil organic carbon (SOC) estimates for Arctic regions. The objective of our study was to develop a calibration model based on field-condition soils for in situ applications to predict SOC in High Arctic polar desert soils from vis-NIR spectra. Soils (n=240) for calibration models were collected from three regional Canadian Arctic sites in 2010 and two local target sites in 2013. Local and regional calibration models were developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR). We assessed whether spiking or spiking and extra-weighting, regional models with calibration samples from local sites improved prediction of the local sites. The local model yielded successful prediction of target sites (R2=0.91) whereas unspiked regional models had poor prediction accuracy (R2=0.07 to 0.36; n=4). Spiking regional models with as few as 12 local samples greatly improved the SOC prediction of target sites; the best spiked models had R2 between 0.69 and 0.86. Extra-weighting spiking subsets in regional models yielded limited improvements in prediction performance. These results suggest that regional vis-NIR calibration models can be successfully used to predict SOC in High Arctic polar desert soils. The in situ application of these calibration models using field-portable instruments in remote areas, relative to traditional laboratory methods, can achieve higher sample sizes and the ability to characterize the spatial variability of SOC.
Fuzzy maintenance costs of a wind turbine pitch control device
Authors: Carvalho Mariana , Nunes Eusébio , Telhada José
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with the problem of estimation maintenance costs for the case of the pitch controls system of wind farms turbines. Previous investigations have estimated these costs as (traditional) “crisp” values, simply ignoring the uncertainty nature of data and information available. This paper purposes an extended version of the estimation model by making use of the Fuzzy Set Theory. The results alert decision-makers to consequent uncertainty of the estimations along with their overall level, thus improving the information given to the mainte-nance support system.
Contemporary Muslim–Christian Encounters:
Authors: Hedges Paul
Published: July 2015

Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity and Dialogues addresses the key issues in the present day global encounter between Christians and Muslims. Divided into two parts, the first examines theoretical issues and concerns which affect dialogue between the two traditions. The second part highlights case studies from around the world. Chapters come from established scholars including Reuven Firestone, Douglas Pratt and Clinton Bennett, emerging scholars, as well as practitioner perspectives.

Highlighting the diversity within the field of “Christian-Muslim” encounter, case studies cover examples from the US and globally, and include dialogue in the US post 9/11, Nigerian Muslims and Christians, and Christian responses to Islamophobia in the UK.

Covering unique areas and those not explored in detail elsewhere, Contemporary Muslim-Christian Encounters: Developments, Diversity and Dialogues will be of interest to advanced students, researchers, and interfaith professionals.
Breeding criteria and willingness to pay for improved Azawak zebu sires in Niger
Authors: Siddo S. , Moula N. , Hamadou I. , Issa M. , Marichatou H. , Leroy P. , Antoine-Moussiaux N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In Niger, the growth in local demand for milk and meat makes it necessary to consider genetic improvement of the indigenous cattle. At the Toukounous breeding station, the Azawak zebu has undergone over 50 years of line breeding for milk and meat production traits. To understand the adoption potential of improved Azawak sires in Niger, this study proposes to estimate the values that cattle keepers ascribe to different breeding criteria. In a first participatory stage, the breeding criteria used by cattle keepers were first listed and their relative importance was semi-quantified in three different production zones: pastoral, rural sedentary and peri-urban sedentary. The willingness to pay (WTP) for chosen breeding criteria have then been estimated through stated preference methods with 150 breeders. From participatory surveys, the most important attributes in sire choice were reproductive performance, feeding requirements and docility. The criteria considered for conjoint analysis (CA) were feeding requirements, docility, meat or dairy type, reproductive performance, coat color and tail length. The WTP was EUR 149 for low feed requirements, EUR 139 for docility and EUR 132 for a long tail. The meat and dairy type of the sire were less important in the decision-making.
Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain
Authors: Xu X. , Yi C. , Kutter E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain has been considered a difficult condition for measuring net ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water vapor, and energy. A long-standing advection error in eddy-flux measurements is caused by stably stratified canopy flow. Such a condition with strong thermal gradient and less turbulent air is also difficult for modeling. To understand the challenging atmospheric condition for eddy-flux measurements, we use the renormalized group (RNG) k–ϵ turbulence model to investigate the main characteristics of stably stratified canopy flows in complex terrain. In this two-dimensional simulation, we imposed persistent constant heat flux at ground surface and linearly increasing cooling rate in the upper-canopy layer, vertically varying dissipative force from canopy drag elements, buoyancy forcing induced from thermal stratification and the hill terrain. These strong boundary effects keep nonlinearity in the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations high enough to generate turbulent behavior. The fundamental characteristics of nighttime canopy flow over complex terrain measured by the small number of available multi-tower advection experiments can be reproduced by this numerical simulation, such as (1) unstable layer in the canopy and super-stable layers associated with flow decoupling in deep canopy and near the top of canopy; (2) sub-canopy drainage flow and drainage flow near the top of canopy in calm night; (3) upward momentum transfer in canopy, downward heat transfer in upper canopy and upward heat transfer in deep canopy; and (4) large buoyancy suppression and weak shear production in strong stability.
A modified micrometeorological gradient method for estimating O3 dry depositions over a forest canopy
Authors: Wu Z. Y. , Zhang L. , Wang X. M. , Munger J. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Small pollutant concentration gradients between levels above a plant canopy result in large uncertainties in estimated air–surface exchange fluxes when using existing micrometeorological gradient methods, including the aerodynamic gradient method (AGM) and the modified Bowen ratio method (MBR). A modified micrometeorological gradient method (MGM) is proposed in this study for estimating O3 dry deposition fluxes over a forest canopy using concentration gradients between a level above and a level below the canopy top, taking advantage of relatively large gradients between these levels due to significant pollutant uptake in the top layers of the canopy. The new method is compared with the AGM and MBR methods and is also evaluated using eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurements collected at the Harvard Forest Environmental Measurement Site, Massachusetts, during 1993–2000. All three gradient methods (AGM, MBR, and MGM) produced similar diurnal cycles of O3 dry deposition velocity (Vd(O3)) to the EC measurements, with the MGM method being the closest in magnitude to the EC measurements. The multi-year average Vd(O3) differed significantly between these methods, with the AGM, MBR, and MGM method being 2.28, 1.45, and 1.18 times that of the EC, respectively. Sensitivity experiments identified several input parameters for the MGM method as first-order parameters that affect the estimated Vd(O3). A 10% uncertainty in the wind speed attenuation coefficient or canopy displacement height can cause about 10% uncertainty in the estimated Vd(O3). An unrealistic leaf area density vertical profile can cause an uncertainty of a factor of 2.0 in the estimated Vd(O3). Other input parameters or formulas for stability functions only caused an uncertainly of a few percent. The new method provides an alternative approach to monitoring/estimating long-term deposition fluxes of similar pollutants over tall canopies.
Deposition and immersion-mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash
Authors: Schill G. P. , Genareau K. , Tolbert M. A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Ice nucleation of volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui eruption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225 to 235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited appreciable heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.
Quantifying regional, time-varying effects of cropland and pasture on vegetation fire
Authors: Rabin S. S. , Magi B. I. , Shevliakova E. , Pacala S. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The global extent of agriculture demands a thorough understanding of the ways it impacts the Earth system through both the modification of the physical and biological characteristics of the landscape as well as through emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. People use fire to manage cropland and pasture in many parts of the world, impacting both the timing and amount of fire. So far, much previous research into how these land uses affect fire regimes has either focused on individual small regions or global patterns at annual or decadal scales. Moreover, because pasture is not mapped globally at high resolution, the amount of fire associated with pasture has never been quantified as it has for cropland. The work presented here resolves the effects of agriculture – including pasture – on fire on a monthly basis for regions across the world, using globally gridded data on fire activity and land use at 0.25° resolution. The first global estimate of pasture-associated fire reveals that it accounts for over 40 % of annual burned area. Cropland, generally assumed to reduce fire occurrence, is shown to enhance or suppress fire at different times of year within individual regions. These results bridge important gaps in the understanding of how agriculture and associated management practices influence vegetation fire, enabling the next generation of vegetation and Earth system models more realistically incorporate these anthropogenic effects.
A GCM comparison of Pleistocene super-interglacial periods in relation to Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Arctic Russia
Authors: Coletti A. J. , DeConto R. M. , Brigham-Grette J. , Melles M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Until now, the lack of time-continuous, terrestrial paleoenvironmental data from the Pleistocene Arctic has made model simulations of past interglacials difficult to assess. Here, we compare climate simulations of four warm interglacials at Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 1 (9 ka), 5e (127 ka), 11c (409 ka) and 31 (1072 ka) with new proxy climate data recovered from Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia. Climate reconstructions of the mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWM) indicate conditions up to 0.4, 2.1, 0.5 and 3.1 °C warmer than today during MIS 1, 5e, 11c and 31, respectively. While the climate model captures much of the observed warming during each interglacial, largely in response to boreal summer (JJA) orbital forcing, the extraordinary warmth of MIS 11c compared to the other interglacials in the Lake El'gygytgyn temperature proxy reconstructions remains difficult to explain. To deconvolve the contribution of multiple influences on interglacial warming at Lake El'gygytgyn, we isolated the influence of vegetation, sea ice and circum-Arctic land ice feedbacks on the modeled climate of the Beringian interior. Simulations accounting for climate–vegetation–land-surface feedbacks during all four interglacials show expanding boreal forest cover with increasing summer insolation intensity. A deglaciated Greenland is shown to have a minimal effect on northeast Asian temperature during the warmth of stages 11c and 31 (Melles et al., 2012). A prescribed enhancement of oceanic heat transport into the Arctic Ocean does have some effect on Lake El'gygytgyn's regional climate, but the exceptional warmth of MIS l1c remains enigmatic compared to the modest orbital and greenhouse gas forcing during that interglacial.
On the state-dependency of the equilibrium climate sensitivity during the last 5 million years
Authors: Köhler P. , de Boer B. , von der Heydt A. S. , Stap L. B. , van de Wal R. S. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A still open question is how equilibrium warming in response to increasing radiative forcing – the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S – is depending on background climate. We here present paleo-data based evidence on the state-dependency of S, by using CO2 proxy data together with 3-D ice-sheet model-based reconstruction of land ice albedo over the last 5 million years (Myr). We find that the land-ice albedo forcing depends non-linearly on the background climate, while any non-linearity of CO2 radiative forcing depends on the CO2 data set used. This non-linearity was in similar approaches not accounted for due to previously more simplistic approximations of land-ice albedo radiative forcing being a linear function of sea level change. Important for the non-linearity between land-ice albedo and sea level is a latitudinal dependency in ice sheet area changes.In our setup, in which the radiative forcing of CO2 and of the land-ice albedo (LI) is combined, we find a state-dependency in the calculated specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S[CO2,LI] for most of the Pleistocene (last 2.1 Myr). During Pleistocene intermediate glaciated climates and interglacial periods S[CO2,LI] is on average ∼ 45 % larger than during Pleistocene full glacial conditions. In the Pliocene part of our analysis (2.6–5 Myr BP) the CO2 data uncertainties prevents a well-supported calculation for S[CO2,LI], but our analysis suggests that during times without a large land-ice area in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. before 2.82 Myr BP) the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S[CO2,LI] was smaller than during interglacials of the Pleistocene. We thus find support for a previously proposed state-change in the climate system with the wide appearance of northern hemispheric ice sheets. This study points for the first time to a so far overlooked non-linearity in the land-ice albedo radiative forcing, which is important for similar paleo data-based approaches to calculate climate sensitivity. However, the implications of this study for a suggested warming under CO2 doubling are not yet entirely clear since the necessary corrections for other slow feedbacks are in detail unknown and the still existing uncertainties in the ice sheet simulations and global temperature reconstructions are large.
Nonstationary time series prediction combined with slow feature analysis
Authors: Wang G. , Chen X.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Almost all climate time series have some degree of nonstationarity due to external driving forces perturbing the observed system. Therefore, these external driving forces should be taken into account when constructing the climate dynamics. This paper presents a new technique of obtaining the driving forces of a time series from the slow feature analysis (SFA) approach, and then introduces them into a predictive model to predict nonstationary time series. The basic theory of the technique is to consider the driving forces as state variables and to incorporate them into the predictive model. Experiments using a modified logistic time series and winter ozone data in Arosa, Switzerland, were conducted to test the model. The results showed improved prediction skills.
David Foster Wallace on Tax Policy, How to Be an Adult and Other Mysteries of the Universe
Authors: Cockfield Arthur J.
Published: July 2015

DAVID FOSTER WALLACE ON TAX POLICY, HOW TO BE AN ADULT AND OTHER MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE
Tax Review
Authors: Review Tax
Published: July 2015

Tax Review
Redefining clinical leadership for team-course development
Authors: Olsen Øystein Evjen , Husebø Sissel Eikeland , Qvindesland Sigrun Anna , Lorentzen Helge
Published: July 2015

Objective: Value choices are rooted in the philosophical deliberations of Aristotle, Levinas and Gadamer. Balancing the needs of “the other” with societal and institutional needs to meet the objectives of “the cause” is core to the modern health systems priority setting debate. These value conflicts present themselves bed-side in the day-to-day decision-making processes. A clinical leadership (CL) framework should present solutions to this challenge.Methods: The definition of CL is redefined to include four key values involved in this value conflict. These are 1) trust, 2) quality, 3) responsiveness and 4) efficiency. A CL in Teams course curriculum and design was developed to link these values to tools and to context in the hospital.Results: A new definition of CL has provided a common formative framework useful in clinical settings for priority setting, evaluation and professional development. By the end of 2015 a total of 82 participants will have completed the course. It has been evaluated to be timely, feasible, flexible, relevant and sustainable.Conclusions: Values influence how clinical leaders operate and have an important impact on their leadership abilities and how they respond to challenges. For clinical leaders and teams to work effectively it is crucial to develop common basic values. Developing a set of tools and reflective practice to understand the inter-relationship between values and how they can conflict or reinforce each other, contributes to improved quality of service, patient-centred care and workforce satisfaction.
Seizure and Psychosocial Outcomes of Childhood and Juvenile Onset Generalized Epilepsies: Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, or Well-Dressed Wolf?
Authors: Nickels Katherine
Published: July 2015

Studies of generalized electroclinical syndromes can provide guidance regarding long-term seizure, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes. Childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures alone are electroclinical syndromes typically associated with normal intellect and good response to antiseizure medications. However, studies have demonstrated significantly poorer psychosocial outcomes than expected for these syndromes, regardless of seizure control. Potential causes for this include underlying abnormalities in social skills, social stigma, and underlying abnormalities in brain development and maturation.
“No Cause for Action”: Revisiting the Ethics Case of Dr. John Leso
Authors: Eidelson Roy J.
Published: July 2015

Recent revelations – from government documents and investigative reports – have brought renewed attention to the disturbing involvement of U.S. psychologists in the abuse and torture of “war on terror” detainees. In light of these revelations, this commentary examines the American Psychological Association's inexplicable decision to close – without any sanction – an ethics complaint filed against psychologist John Leso for his role in the abusive treatment of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility. The essay reviews key components of the case: the relevant background and context, Dr. Leso’s documented actions at Guantanamo, the APA's ethical standards, the ethics complaint rules and procedures, the justifications invoked by the APA leadership to defend the no-sanction decision, and recommendations for what should be done now.
Mean Platelet Volume as a Biomarker for Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Bayhan Zulfu , Zeren Sezgin , Ozbay Isa , Kahraman Cuneyt , Yaylak Faik , Tiryaki Cagrı , Ekici Mehmet Fatih
Published: July 2015

This study aimed to determine the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and thyroid malignancy by comparing patients who underwent surgery for benign or malignant thyroid diseases. MPV is a useful early indicator of platelet activation. Platelets differ in terms of functional activity and size. Large platelets are relatively new, more reactive, and produce more thrombogenic factors. Therefore, in conditions that involve increased platelet activation, an increase in the proportion of young platelets and MPV is expected. This study involved 146 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy because of benign (99 patients) or malignant (47 patients) diseases of the thyroid. Data on age, sex, MPV, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count were collected retrospectively. MPV was significantly higher in patients with malignant thyroid diseases than in those with benign thyroid diseases. Age, sex, hemoglobin level, WBC count, and platelet count did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. MPV was significantly higher in patients with thyroid malignancies than in patients with benign thyroid diseases. We propose that MPV might be an important predictive factor for thyroid malignancies. Further prospective studies with a larger number of patients in high-volume endocrine surgery centers are required to confirm our findings.
A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and energy cycles
Authors: Wulfmeyer Volker , Hardesty R. Michael , Turner David D. , Behrendt Andreas , Cadeddu Maria P. , Di Girolamo Paolo , Schlüssel Peter , Van Baelen Joël , Zus Florian
Published: July 2015

A review of remote sensing technology for lower tropospheric thermodynamic (TD) profiling is presented with focus on high accuracy and high temporal‐vertical resolution. The contributions of these instruments to the understanding of the Earth system are assessed with respect to radiative transfer, land surface‐atmosphere feedback, convection initiation, and data assimilation. We demonstrate that for progress in weather and climate research, TD profilers are essential. These observational systems must resolve gradients of humidity and temperature in the stable or unstable atmospheric surface layer close to the ground, in the mixed layer, in the interfacial layer—usually characterized by an inversion—and the lower troposphere. A thorough analysis of the current observing systems is performed revealing significant gaps that must be addressed to fulfill existing needs. We analyze whether current and future passive and active remote sensing systems can close these gaps. A methodological analysis and demonstration of measurement capabilities with respect to bias and precision is executed both for passive and active remote sensing including passive infrared and microwave spectroscopy, the global navigation satellite system, as well as water vapor and temperature Raman lidar and water vapor differential absorption lidar. Whereas passive remote sensing systems are already mature with respect to operational applications, active remote sensing systems require further engineering to become operational in networks. However, active remote sensing systems provide a smaller bias as well as higher temporal and vertical resolutions. For a suitable mesoscale network design, TD profiler system developments should be intensified and dedicated observing system simulation experiments should be performed.
Selecting Steady and Transient Photocurrent Response in BaTiO3 Films
Authors: Liu Fanmao , Fina Ignasi , Gutiérrez Diego , Radaelli Greta , Bertacco Riccardo , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: July 2015

The ferroelectric polarization and short‐circuit photocurrent in BaTiO3 thin films are studied for different contact configurations that allow to measure the photoresponse and polarization under the presence of large or negligible imprint field. It is found that in all cases, the direction of the photocurrent is dictated by the depolarizing field and ultimately by the film polarization, with a negligible contribution of the imprint electric field. However, dramatic differences are found in their time‐dependent photoresponse. Whereas in presence of imprint, steady photocurrents are observed under suitable illumination, transient photocurrents are generated in absence of imprint. It is argued that this distinct behavior is determined by the different Schottky barrier height at electrodes which thus offers a simple way to tune the film photoresponse. These findings can be exploited for electro‐optic read‐out and writing of ferroelectric memories.
Safety and efficacy of concentrated topical epinephrine use in endoscopic endonasal surgery
Authors: Korkmaz Hakan , Yao William C. , Korkmaz Mukadder , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: July 2015

Background

Effective topical decongestion is critical for the safe performance of endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES). Despite the vasoconstriction offered by topical concentrated (1:1000) epinephrine (CE), its use has not gained widespread acceptance because of concerns over systemic absorption and its effect on blood pressure and postoperative rebound epistaxis. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological changes in blood pressure and rate of epistaxis with use of topical CE in a variety of endoscopic nasal procedures.

Methods

EES procedures using inhalational anesthesia and topical CE performed on 1140 consecutive patients (14 patients under 18 years) between 2011 and 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic data, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, and postoperative epistaxis rates were recorded.

Results

The mean patient age was 45.8 years (range, 5‐97 years). No intraoperative cardiovascular complications related to CE use were found. Four patients (0.35%) developed postoperative epistaxis requiring intervention. The mean estimated blood loss among patients undergoing bilateral sinus surgery, skull‐base surgery, and orbital decompression was (mean ± SD) 61.7 ± 51.6 mL, 60.1 ± 115 mL, and 67.9 ± 42.2 mL, respectively. The maximum mean systolic blood pressure among these groups was 108.3 ± 28.3 mmHg, 111.9 ± 27.6 mmHg, and 95.1 ± 31.7 mmHg, respectively.

Conclusion

The use of topical CE is safe when performing endoscopic endonasal procedures. CE was not associated with any intraoperative complications. The profound intraoperative vasoconstriction does not confer a higher rate of postoperative rebound epistaxis.
Microcellular foaming of poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(ether sulfones) blends using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Ma Zhonglei , Zhang Guangcheng , Shi Xuetao , Yang Quan , Li Jiantong , Liu Yang , Fan Xiaolong
Published: July 2015

Microcellular foaming of poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(ether sulfones) (PPS/PES) blends presents a promising approach to produce high‐performance cellular materials with tailored microstructures and enhanced properties. This study investigated the effects of multiphase blend composition and process conditions on the foaming behaviors and final cellular morphology, as well as the dynamic mechanical properties of the solid and microcellular foamed PPS/PES blends. The microcellular materials were prepared via a batch‐foam processing, using the environment‐friendly supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a blowing agent. The saturation and desorption behaviors of CO2 in PPS/PES blends for various blend ratios (10 : 0, 8 : 2, 6 : 4, 5 : 5, 4 : 6, 2 : 8, and 0 : 10) were also elaborately discussed. The experimental results indicated that the foaming behaviors of PPS/PES blends are closely related to the blend morphology, crystallinity, and the mass‐transfer rate of the CO2 in each polymer phase. The mechanisms for the foaming behaviors of PPS/PES blends have been illustrated by establishing theoretical models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42634.
Enhanced dielectric properties of polyamide 11/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composites
Authors: Huang Yongzhong , Tan Lirong , Zheng Shaodi , Liu Zhengying , Feng Jianming , Yang Ming‐Bo
Published: July 2015

Composites with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) involved in polyamide 11 (PA11) were prepared via a conventional melt blending method. The structure, morphology, crystallization behavior, electrical, and dielectric properties of composites were investigated. The results demonstrated that the dispersed uniformly MWNTs favored the formation of α crystal of PA11 when the composites were quenched from melt. The dielectric constant of composites was dependent on the electric field frequency and MWNTs content, and the highest value of dielectric constant was as high as 350 for the composite with 1.21 vol % MWNTs at 103 Hz, accompanied by a low dielectric loss. The enhanced dielectric properties could be interpreted by the formation of abundant nanocapacitors within the composites and the interfacial polarization effect resulting from accumulation of charge carriers at the internal interfaces between MWNTs and PA11. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42642.
The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the properties of sulfonated block copolymers
Authors: Ortiz‐Negrón Ariangelís , Suleiman David
Published: July 2015

Block copolymers composed of styrene and different elastomeric blocks were sulfonated to high ion exchange capacities (IECs). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were added to these polymers to improve their mechanical and thermal stabilities, while influencing their transport properties for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Materials properties as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were analyzed using: FT‐IR, water absorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), IEC, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity studies. Although there was no effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal stability of the membranes, significant changes were observed in the mechanical properties of both sulfonated block copolymers studied. Water absorption increased at low TiO2 content, but was then reduced with the incorporation of more nanoparticles. To enhance the interaction between the inorganic fillers and the polymers, sulfonic and amino groups were attached to the surface of the titania nanoparticles. The effect of sulfonated nanoparticles on the properties of the materials was more significant than the effect of the amino functionalized nanoparticles on all the properties evaluated, suggesting enhanced chemical interactions with the ionic domains of the polymer membranes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42651.
Medium‐term CT evaluation of stent geometry, integrity, and valve function of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve in the pulmonary position
Authors: Muller Brieann , Ghawi Hani , Heitschmidt Mary G. , Fogg Louis , Hibbeln John , Hijazi Ziyad M. , Kenny Damien
Published: July 2015

Objective

Distortion of transcatheter heart valve (THV) stent shape and morphology has been shown to impact on THV function. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between geometrical CT follow‐up data and consequent valve function in patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the Edwards SAPIEN THV.

Methods

All patients were enrolled in the COMPASSION trial. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was performed as part of the study protocol at 6 months and yearly thereafter following valve implantation. Prosthesis eccentricity indices, circularity ratios, and expansion ratios (ER) were calculated. Valve function and reintervention rates were correlated with MDCT findings.

Results

Twenty consecutive patients undergoing 58 CT scans were included. Maximum Doppler gradients across the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) were significantly reduced following valve implantation (P < 0.001). Geometrical indices and maximum RVOT gradients were compared between the reintervention group (n = 4) and the nonreintervention group (n = 16). Although there was no difference in eccentricity index between the groups, ER [6 months: 90 +/− 12% vs. 69 ± 9%; P = 0.014; at 12 months: 89 ± 14 vs. 69 ± 10%; P = 0.018; at 24 months: 87 ± 14% vs. 70 ± 11%; P = 0.056] and valve area [6 months: 3.98 ± 0.54 vs. 2.86 ± 0.38 P = 0.005; at 12 months: 3.93 ± 0.56 vs. 2.86 ± 0.39 P = 0.006; 24 months: 3.78 ± 0.50 vs. 2.90 ± 0.45 P = 0.019] were lower in the reintervention group compared with the nonreintervention group at all time periods.

Conclusion

Geometrical THV measurements as assessed by CT may predict the need for reintervention in patients undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the SAPIEN valve. Valve symmetry is maintained, however under‐expansion and smaller valve area are strongly associated with the need for reintervention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of stent implantation using a high pressure inflation protocol
Authors: Vallurupalli Srikanth , Bahia Amit , Ruiz‐Rodriguez Ernesto , Ahmed Zubair , Hakeem Abdul , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: July 2015

Background

High‐pressure inflation is the universal standard for stent deployment but a specific protocol for its use is lacking. We developed a standardized “pressure optimization protocol” (POP) using time to inflation pressure stability as an endpoint for determining the required duration of stent inflation. Objectives: The primary study purpose was to determine the stent inflation time (IT) in a large patient cohort using the standardized inflation protocol, to correlate various patient and lesion characteristics with IT, and ascertain in an in vitro study the time for pressure accommodation within an inflation system.

Methods

Six hundred fifteen stent implants in 435 patients were studied. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine predictors of longer ITs. In an in vitro study, various stents and balloons were inflated in air to determine the pressure accommodation time of the inflation system.

Results

The mean stent IT was 104 ± 41 sec (range 30–380 sec). Stent length was the only predictor of prolonged stent inflation. The “accommodation time” in vitro of the stent inflation system itself was 33 ± 24 sec. The protocol was safe requiring premature inflation termination in <3% of stent implants. No serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

Achieving stable inflation pressure requires on average over 100 sec and may require several minutes in individual cases. Stent length increases IT. These results suggest that the widespread practice of rapid inflation/deflation may not be sufficient to fully expand the stent and that the use of a pressure stability protocol will allow for safe, predictable, and more complete stent deployment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.