bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value Chain of Cotton Industry: A Study in Adilabad and Nalgonda Districts of Telangana
Authors: M. N. Shwetha , Devi I. Shakuntala , Lavanya T. , Meena A.
Published: August 2023

Aim: To identify the main chain actors involved in value chain of cotton and asses their linkage, roles and responsibilities in the value chain and to map the complete value chain of cotton from producers to consumers.

Methodology: Descriptive statistics mainly value chain analysis is used to map the generic value chain of cotton. The required primary data about the movement of cotton along the length of the value chain were collected from different stake holders involved in the value chain through pretested questionnaires by employing personal interview method.

Results: It was found that value chain of cotton includes many stakeholders like input suppliers, producers, intermediaries, processors like ginners, spinners, weavers, dyers and printers and garment manufactures, playing their respective role in the value chain.

Conclusion: Cotton crop undergoes multistage processing at the industrial level and it has very complex value chain involving multiple stake holders. Cotton has enormous potential as a source of raw materials for the textile industry. However, the low productivity, which is primarily the result of suboptimal farming practices, limits the total expansion of the cotton business. There is a need to set up a common platform which engage all stakeholders from farmer to consumers and strengthen the linkage between them so as to trade without the mediation of the brokers or commission agents.
Seed Quality Enhancement Techniques in the Production of Elite Seedlings Suitable for Machine Transplanting in Rice
Authors: M. Kokila , V. Vakeswaran , R. Umarani , N. Sakthivel , V. Ravichandran
Published: August 2023

The goal of the current study was to study the effect of seed enhancement techniques for the production of elite seedlings suitable for machine transplanting in rice (ADT 45, CO 51) and an experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Block Design (FCRD) in three replications in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2023. In order to overcome the major constraint in machine transplanting of rice ie., planting density (number of seedlings per hill), an improved seedling characteristics should be obtained. The treatment consists of T0 - Dry seeds, T1- Seed coating with Vithai Amirtham, T2 - Seed coating with Vithai Amirtham + Priming, T3 - Sprouted seeds, T4 - Seed coating with Vithai Amirtham+ Sprouted seeds, T5 - Seed coating with Vithai Amirtham+ Priming + Sprouted seeds. Among the different treatments, T5 sprouted seeds after coating with Vithai Amirtham (20 ml/kg) and hydro priming exhibits higher speed of germination, root length, shoot length, dry matter and vigour index than the control (dry seeds). From this study, it was concluded that seed coating with Vithai Amirtham and hydro priming has led to improved seedling quality characteristics, thereby the number of seedlings per hill during machine transplanting could be reduced and hence this would be a successful pre-sowing seed treatment to overcome the problem in machine transplanting of rice.
Evaluation of Bed Disinfectants on Rearing Performance of Multivoltine Hybrid Mulberry Silkworm [NISTARI × (SK6×SK7)], in Kishanganj District, Bihar, India
Authors: Singh Shriya , Managanvi Kalmesh , Ray S. N. , Erayya  , A. Srinivasaraghvan , Asaba Ali
Published: August 2023

The silkworm, (B. mori L). is highly susceptible to pathogens such as protozoa, virus, bacteria and fungus. To evaluate the various bed disinfectant viz, Vijetha, Sericilin, Labex, and Amla compare with untreated control for their suitability and standardization for the management of diseases during silkworm rearing. The rearing of silkworm multivoltine hybrid race [NISTARI × (SK6×SK7)] was carried out in the centre. In the present study the larvae treated with Labex @ 5 g/sq. ft. ½ an hour before resuming feeding had shortest (20.00 days) larval duration. Larvae weight higher (31.24 g) respectively at late 5th instar stage. Larval mortality was observed (25.93%) Effective rate of rearing (64.08%) and significantly lowest disease incidence (26.06%) was recorded.
Effect of Boron on Yield of Different Varieties of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Kumar Badavath Vamshi , Mehera Biswarup , Kumar Prateek
Published: August 2023

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.2), low in organic carbon (0.22 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (12.3 kg/ha) and available K (235.7 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments and one control plot each replicated three based on one-year experimentation. The results showed that treatment with the application of Laxmi + Boron at 20 kg/ha recorded a significantly higher number of Siliquae/plant (259.00), Number of seeds/siliquae (15.00), Test weight (6.12 g), Seed yield (2.05 t/ha) and Stover yield (6.30 t/ha).
Role of Organic and Inorganic Bio-fertilizers in the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench)
Authors: Kumar Amrendra , Singh J. P. , Kaushik Himanshu , Singh Joginder , Verma Abhishek
Published: August 2023

The present investigation “was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Gochar Mahavidhyalaya, Rampur Maniharan, Saharanpur affiliated by CCSU, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh in 2019-20. During the study period various treatments were given to accelerate the flowering growth and vegetative parameters of the selected species i.e. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench). All the vegetative and fruit yielding and economic parameters shown the positive correlation with the given treatment and it was observed that the T12 (NPK (60:40:40) + Azotobacter + PSB) treatment was the best treatment to gain more output of the selected crop.
Pharmaceutical Significance of Oxotungsten and Oxochromium Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from Thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Khanna Charu , Gautam Hemendra , Shukla Rahul
Published: August 2023

The thiosemicarbazones of bis(5-chlorosalicylaldehyde), bis(trifluoroacetylacetone), and their complexes with oxotungsten and oxochromium have been produced as metal complexes. These complexes have been identified by their IR, electronic, molar, and magnetic moment spectra. These studies have shown that the metal ion is surrounded by an octahedral geometry. Additionally, the complexes were examined for potential medicinal uses.

Microbial agents acquiring drug resistant tendencies, have infected human beings, this research explores synthesis and characterization of these Schiff base metal complexes showing biological properties and were evaluated for their in-vitro anti-microbial activity. Antibacterial activity was examined by agar plate diffusion technique. Antifungal properties were examined by the radial growth method using agar-agar culture. The results show that activity increases on chelation. This activity is affected by the nature of substituents. This in relation to the lipophilicity of the ligands and their membrane permeability, is a key factor in determining their entry inside the cell.
Prevalence and Determinants of Undetectable Viremia among Recipients of Care Receiving HIV/AIDS Care in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Oladigbolu R. A. , Akpenna D. , Immanuel C. , Okwor E. , Ekeh C. , Akinjeji O. A. , Anyanwu P. , Obasa G. B. , Abbah F. I. , Nnanna V. N. , Iniama D. , Abah P. , Majekodunmi C. , Nwafejeokwu Afamefune H.
Published: August 2023

Background: Globally the benefits of undetectable viremia in preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS have been established.

Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of undetectable viral load amongst HIV/AIDS clients receiving care and treatment in RISE-supported facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from a validated Retention and Audit Determination Tool (RADET) file generated in September 2021. This was cleaned, imported into, and analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (IBM SPSS) statistical package version 25. The prevalence of undetectable viremia was determined using descriptive statistics, and factors associated with undetectable viremia were assessed using chi-square analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of undetectable viremia at an alpha level of <0.05 at a 95% confidence interval.

Results: out of 47,575 recipients on care, 85.7% had undetectable viremia. Residing in rural areas (p<0.001, OR=1.3), respondents aged 25-49 years (p=0.008, OR=1.32), and those placed on Multi-Month Dispensing (MMD 6) (p<0.001, OR=1.45) were more likely to have undetectable viremia. While students (p=0.035, OR=1.2), and those employed (p=0.001, OR=1.102) were less likely to have undetectable viremia.

Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of undetectable viremia. The determinants were occupation, residing in rural areas, productive age group, and being on MMD 6. Multiple interventions that include phone reminders and behavioral models to support self-care amongst urban dwellers are imperative. Differentiated interventions that include operation Triple Zero (OTZ) and Community Adolescent Treatment Supports (CATs) targeting the pediatric age group are needed to support the adherence to ART and undetectable viremia.
Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Patients Aged 50-75 Years Attending Diabetic Clinic at Mbagathi Hospital Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Nyakaba Tom Michira , Mogere Dominic , Koyio Lucina , Kariuki Peterson
Published: August 2023

Background: According to research, nearly 60% of persons with type 1 diabetes are likely to experience diabetes retinopathy after 20 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes type 1. Nearly 40 % of all persons with unrestrained type 2 diabetes are likely to experience diabetes retinopathy during their lifetime.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with Diabetes Retinopathy among patients aged between 50 - 75 years seeking care at Mbagathi Hospital Nairobi County, Kenya.

Method: This study used an analytical cross-sectional study design. A systematic random sampling design was used to recruit study partakers. The sample size for this study was 151 study respondents. Both Bivariate and binary logistic regression techniques were also utilized to evaluate the degree of association between the independent and the dependent variable. Statistical significance was set at p=<0.05.

Results: The prevalence of diabetes retinopathy (non-proliferati ve diabetes retinopathy) in this study was 31.5% indicating this is a real public health concern that needs an urgent multisectoral approach. From this study, The presence of laboratory services (OR=10,95%CI=3.56-30.99), support group (OR=5.2,95%CI=1.81-14.85), provision of health care message (OR=11.6,95%CI=3.46-38.59), normal BMI (OR=3.6.95%CI=19.88-65.36) reduced the odds of diabetes retinopathy. Drinking alcohol (OR=22,95%CI=0.003-0.771), smoking (OR=33.95%, CI=0.004-0.262), uncontrolled blood sugars (OR=4,95%CI=19.89-65.36) increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy. Low education level (OR=5.9,95%CI=0.03-0.79), earning less than 6000 Ksh per month (OR=9,95%CI=0.04-0.29) smoking (OR=33.3,95%CI=0.004-0.262), uncontrolled blood sugars (OR=4,95%CI=19.89-65.36) increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy.

Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was high, earning less than 6000 Ksh per month, drinking alcohol, smoking, Low education level, and having uncontrolled blood sugars increased the odds of diabetes retinopathy. The presence of laboratory services, support group, provision of health care messages, and normal BMI reduced the odds of diabetes retinopathy
A New Jarque-Bera Type Omnibus Goodness-of-fit Test for Multivariate Normality
Authors: Madukaife Mbanefo S.
Published: August 2023

In this paper, a new Jarque-Bera type statistic for assessing the multivariate normality of a multivariate datasets is obtained. The affine-invariant and consistent statistic is shown to follow, asymptotically, a chi-square distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. The critical values of the test were evaluated empirically through extensive simulation studies for different sample sizes and different random vector dimensions. Also, the empirical type-I-error rates and empirical powers of the proposed test were compared with some other well-known competing statistics in the literature. The results obtained showed that the proposed omnibus statistic is a powerful tool for assessing multivariate normality (MVN) of multivariate datasets.
Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Survey of Herbal Products of Pharmaceutical Importance for Chronic Wound Management in Bankim District of Adamaoua Region of Cameroon
Authors: Herve Bayaga , Ngameni Bathelemy , Tembe Estella Achick , Anih Mbong Grace , Borgia Njinkio Nono , Fokunang Charles N.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: In Cameroon, the identification of plants traditionally used to treat diseases remains a necessity. Inflammation from injury leading in some cases to chronic wounds like diabetic ulcer (for diabetic patients) is increasingly becoming a public health concern in Cameroon. As a low-income country, the population attempts to with alternative treatments through the use of herbal products. Cameroon has a rich biodiversity of herbal flora for exploitation of potential bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify plants and recipes used by some traditional healers in Bankim, Adamaoua Region of Cameroon for the management of chronic wounds.
Methodology: After obtaining various administrative and institutional authorizations, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the local traditional practitioners between the months of December 2020 to February 2021. The plant samples collected were identified and confirmed by experts of the National Herbarium of Cameroon at Yaoundé.
Results: Thanks to the collaboration of 09 traditional healers, 30 plant species were identified and used in the preparation of 24 recipes. The families: Rubiaceae, followed by Caesalpiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Moraceae were the most represented. The species Musa paradisiaca, Ficus exasperata, Dacryodes edulis and Petersianthus macrocarpus were the most cited and were selected as plants of therapeutic interestVarious plant parts were used in the preparation of recipes. The bark (50%), followed by leaves (30%) were the most commonly used. Spraying (63%) and decoction (34%) were the two main ways of preparing the recipes. These preparations were mostly prescribed externally; poultice (40%), washing (27%), sprinkling (20%) and instillation (3%) were the most commonly used application techniques.
Conclusion: These results constitute an indispensable database for the valorization of traditional medicines. Musa paradisiaca, Ficus exasperata, Dacryodes edulis and Citrullus lanatus were selected as plants of interest whose extracts should be the subject of phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to justify their traditional use.
Pharmacological Investigation of In-vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Diospyros malabarica
Authors: Chowdhury Maria , Sultana Lamia Akter , Joya Azijun Chowdhury , Shomudro Hasib Khan
Published: August 2023

Aims: This study was designed to investigate the effects of leaf extracts of Diospyros malabarica plant (EEDML) on a number of in vitro activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic activities, as well as in vivo analgesic activities.

Place and Duration of Study: The Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology at the Department of Pharmacy and the Laboratory of Microbiology at Stamford University Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, conducted this investigation from January 2022 to June 2023.

Methodology: The study employed the Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of various doses. The Disk Diffusion Method was employed for conducting an antimicrobial assay. Different tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of thrombolytic and cytotoxic substances. These tests included the Clot Lysis assay and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. In-vivo analgesic testing was conducted using the hot plate method and the acetic acid-induced writhing test.

Results: The experimental tests showed significant pain-relieving effects, with inhibition percentages of 46.2% and 66.61% observed at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The anti-inflammatory test showed a significant inhibition of EEDML at a concentration of 1000μg/mL, with an inhibition rate of 85.45%. The antimicrobial test showed a moderate antimicrobial effect, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 07-15, depending on the microorganism and dosage. The thrombolytic test showed a clot lysis rate of 85.37%, while the cytotoxic test indicated an LC50 value of 1.47.

Conclusion: EEDML's phytochemical displays strong pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential for drug discovery in diverse areas.
4 AT Delirium Assessment Tool in Hospitalized Non-ICU Patients (≥65 Years): A Systematic Review on Validity and Reliability
Authors: Hassabo Mohamed Ali Ahmed , Mohamed Abdulrhman Mohamed Ali , Khaira Massab Bashir
Published: August 2023

Background: Delirium is a frequent acute neuropsychiatric illness that affects attention, consciousness, and cognition.

Objectives: The 4AT evaluation tool's validity and reliability in hospitalized non-ICU patients over 65 were assessed in this systematic study.

Method: PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework were used, and relevant research papers were found utilizing several databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and ScienceDirect). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to evaluate the study's quality.

Results: 257 relevant publications were found, and only ten articles were selected based on inclusion criteria after the screening. Several studies were reported from various regions, including Asia, Europe, Canada, and Australia. Furthermore, studies found varying prevalence levels for 4AT and control groups, with the greatest for the 4AT group being 40.32%. Moreover, most research employed DSM-5 criteria, while some relied on CAM, DSM-4, and Psychiatric examination by qualified clinicians. Meanwhile, the sensitivity varied from 70% to 100%, and the specificity ranged from 71.6% to 99.2%. In contrast, other assessment tools, such as CAM and OBS, also demonstrated sensitivity and specificity. The main advantage was the time to complete the 4AT tool, which required 2-3 minutes, whereas the other tools took 3.6 and 12.46 minutes, respectively. The 4AT tool was a rapid, validated, easy patient assessment tool. In addition, it was found to improve delirium diagnosis.

Conclusion: The tool has been found to have good sensitivity and specificity, and it may be completed quickly by non-specialists.
Including E-Cigarettes in the FDA Rule Limiting Nicotine
Authors: Aaron Daniel G. , Wallace Connor R. , Sinha Michael S.
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint discusses why the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should include e-cigarettes in its proposed cap of the nicotine concentration in combustible cigarettes to address the public health problem of vaping among adolescents.
Ixodes ricinus
(Linnaeus, 1758): Intestinal System
Authors: Starck J. Matthias
Published: August 2023

The intestinal system of Ixodes ricinus is assembled by several elements of different morphological origin, i.e. the preoral canal (formed by chelicerae and hypostome), the mouth opening (covered by the labrum), the pharyngeal valve (with contributions of the ectodermal pharynx and the labrum), the ectodermal pharynx (with the precerebral suction pump), the ectodermal esophagus, the endodermal midgut (consisting of the stomach, numerous midgut diverticula, and the rectal sac), the ectodermal hindgut, and the anal aperture.

Ixodes ricinus, like other ixodid ticks, is a temporary, blood sucking ectoparasite. The intestinal system of adult females can accommodate an enormous volume of blood. The intestinal system shows a number of remarkable morphological adaptations to the accomodation of such large blood volume and the cellular components undergo considerable changes in cell morphology and functioning.
Ixodes ricinus
(Linnaeus, 1758): Respiratory System
Authors: Starck J. Matthias
Published: August 2023

Adult
Ixodes ricinus
have a tracheal respiratory systemthat opens through two large spiracular plates on the lateroventral side of the idiosoma. The large, non‐respirtory, convective trunks of the tracheae emerge as cuticle‐lined tubes from the atrial chamber under the spiracular plate and extend to the anterior, medial, and posterior regions of the body where they branch into increasingly finer tracheae. Some tracheae anastomose with contralateral branches. The finest branches of the tracheal system are respiratory tracheoles and enter the respiring tissues.

Due to the enormous volume changes caused by feeding adult females, the convective tracheae need to adjust to the changes in body size and shape. The respiratory system of males is rudimentary, they probably respire through diffusive gas exchange through the cuticle.
Reinforcing Tissue‐Engineered Cartilage: Nanofibrillated Cellulose Enhances Mechanical Properties of Alginate Dialdehyde–Gelatin Hydrogel
Authors: Chayanun Slila , Soufivand Anahita Ahmadi , Faber Jessica , Budday Silvia , Lohwongwatana Boonrat , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: August 2023

Cartilage tissue engineering offers a promising option for treating osteochondral defects. Alginate dialdehyde–gelatin (ADA–GEL) hydrogel has been explored as promising material for soft tissue scaffolds; however, its low stiffness has posed a constraint to load bearing applications. Herein, this limitation is addressed by introducing nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) into the ADA–GEL matrix. The effect of NFC on the physicochemical properties of hydrogels is evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrate no chemical interaction between NFC and ADA–GEL, while scanning electron microscopy pictures reveal NFC fibers embedded in the hydrogel matrix, thus confirming the fiber‐reinforced composite hypothesis. NFC‐reinforced ADA–GEL (AG‐N) composite hydrogels exhibit increased stiffness, with a maximum compressive effective modulus of 19.6 ± 3.0 kPa at 25% w/w NFC content. ATDC5 cell viability and proliferation as well as chondrogenic differentiation are assessed using immunohistochemical staining for sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II. A possible application of AG‐N hydrogels as an osteochondral plug is also proposed, with polyetheretherketone as the subchondral bone anchor part. The mechanical properties of the resulting osteochondral device highlight its potential as a promising biomaterial for treatment of osteochondral defects. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of AG‐N hydrogels for load‐bearing tissue engineering applications.
Novel Aerosol‐Based Approach toward Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Fortugno Paolo , López-Cámara Claudia-Francisca , Kruse Jan Patrick , Hammad Mohaned , Wiggers Hartmut
Published: August 2023

This study introduces a novel gas‐phase method for the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The method is a two‐step templating approach by first forming silicon‐coated carbon structures in a hybrid microwave‐plasma/hot‐wall reactor followed by an annealing step to produce mesoporous silica with distinct nanostructure and porosity. Two different (sacrificial) carbonaceous templates have been prepared (plasma reactor) and coated (hot‐wall reactor), 2D few‐layer graphene (FLG) flakes and soot‐like fractal aggregates. Results show that the wall thickness of the porous silica structures can be adjusted by changing the concentration of the silicon precursor (monosilane). High monosilane concentrations, however, result in solid silica particles after annealing. Using soot‐like particle templates permitted to control of the shell thickness of the hollow porous particles, while the FLG template results in ultrathin silica sheets after heat treatment. The pore volume and specific surface area increase up to 263 m2 g−1 and 0.6 cm3 g−1, respectively, by the formation of hollow porous particles. An adsorption study on carbamazepine reveals up to ≈86% removal. The gas‐phase aerosol‐based template method presented here offers scalability and versatility, and it is capable of producing MSNs with a controlled structure and porosity by modifying the carbonaceous templates.
Microstructural Evolution, Intermetallic Formation, and Mechanical Performance of Dissimilar Al6061–Ti6Al4V Static Shoulder Friction Stir Welds
Authors: Sundar. A Saravana , Mugada Krishna Kishore , Kumar Adepu
Published: August 2023

The present study focuses on achieving microstructural uniformity in dissimilar Al–Ti joints through static shoulder friction stir welding (SSFSW). This method restricts material mixing at the Al–Ti interface due to reduced shoulder action, resulting in peak temperatures of 317 °C (SSFSW) and 491 °C in conventional friction stir welding (CFSW). This reduction in heat input during SSFSW leads to decreased mechanical mixing, resulting in a thinner 2.169 μm intermetallic layer at interface of SSFSW compared to 5.485 μm in CFSW. The resulting weld nugget (WN) microstructure reveals the presence of Ti particles, intermetallic compounds, and fine Al‐associated grains. Rearrangement of dislocations through slip‐and‐climb mechanisms, along with distinct recrystallization processes in SSFSW, significantly reduces grain size within WN. The kernel average misorientation map highlights the presence of nonuniform dislocation concentrations at the interface of CFSW, attributed to the large Ti particles that impede the mobility of dislocations. As a result, the interface of CFSW is found to be the weakest among all the zones, eventually leading to the failure of the CFSW joint near the Ti interface after reaching an ultimate tensile strength of 259 MPa. In contrast, SSFSW welds achieve a higher tensile strength of 289 MPa.
Single Atom Environmental Catalysis: Influence of Supports and Coordination Environments
Authors: Xu Lian‐Hua , Liu Weiping , Liu Kai
Published: August 2023

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are desirable in environmental catalysis due to environmental friendliness, structural stability, and maximum utilization of active metal sites. Extensive research has compared the catalytic performance between SACs with different single‐atom metals. However, their catalytic performance is also highly dependent on the supports, which play an important role in modulating the local coordination environment of SACs. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review that systematically discusses the relationship between supports and the coordination environment, as well as their combined effects on environmental catalysis is scare. In this review, three widely investigated environmental applications including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mainly Fenton and Fenton‐like reactions, and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) are focused. By correlating characterization results, catalytic performances, and computational results, the combined effects of supports and coordination environments on the catalytic reactivity of SACs are examined in detail, from which the origin of the catalytic pathways of AOPs as well as NO3RR is attempted to reveal. Finally a look forward for potential opportunities and challenges of SACs for on‐demand environmental applications, is provided.
Soft Pocket Pump for Multi‐Medium Transportation via an Active Tubular Diaphragm
Authors: Jiang Songwen , Tang Chao , Dong Xuguang , Liu Xin‐Jun , Zhao Huichan
Published: August 2023

Recent developments in small and agile multifunctional autonomous robots, portable and wearable drug delivery devices, and implantable ventricular assist devices have increased the demands for a new class of small and soft pumps that can conform to irregular or even deformable robotic bodies or human organs. In this work, a dual‐chamber pocket‐sized pump with a tubular diaphragm made of multilayered silicone dielectric elastomer actuators, three miniature check valves, and an outer shell is proposed. Dielectric elastomer actuators diaphragm holds well dynamic performances that resonate at 230 Hz, which leads to a no‐load flow rate of 340 mL min−1 and back pressure of 7.5 kPa, with the pump's total volume as only 2.36 cm3 and weight as 2.4 g. Besides, the proposed pump can be bent up to 60° with a negligible drop in its pressure and flow rate. The pump's capability to pump air, water, and its seamless switch is demonstrated. By tuning the amplitude of the driving voltage, the pump's pressure can be precisely controlled. This highly flexible and compact pump can be a potential candidate for driving small robots and biomedical devices.
Dendrite‐Free Zn/rGO@CC Composite Anodes Constructed by One‐Step Co‐Electrodeposition for Flexible and High‐Performance Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Qunhao , Zhao Jiangqi , Zhang Jian , Xue Xiaolin , Li Mei , Sui Zengyan , Zhang Xi , Zhang Wei , Lu Canhui
Published: August 2023

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) with good flexibility have attracted great demands for portable and wearable electronics. However, the low Coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance caused by uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth limit their practical applications. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to construct a flexible and dendrite‐free composite anode by one‐step co‐electrodeposition. Interestingly, the reduction of Zn2+ ions to Zn nanoflakes is synchronously accompanied by graphene oxide reduction, leading to a composite anode comprised of Zn with an interpenetrated conductive network of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a carbon cloth (CC) substrate, namely Zn/rGO@CC. The 3D rGO network not only improves the electrical conductivity and wettability of the composite anode to lower the interfacial resistance but also homogenizes the electric field distribution and Zn2+ ion flux, thus effectively inhibiting the growth of Zn dendrites. As expected, the Zn/rGO@CC anode exhibits long cycle stability for nearly 1000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with low voltage hysteresis. Furthermore, the Zn/rGO@CC composite anode provides the corresponding aqueous Zn||MnO2 full cells with remarkable rate capability and stunning long‐term durability. The as‐fabricated quasi‐solid‐state ZIBs also demonstrate coveted flexibility, showing high potential in future wearable and portable electronic devices.
Hierarchical Crystalline/Amorphous Heterostructure MoNi/NiMoOx for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution with Industry‐Level Activity and Stability
Authors: Shi Xiaoyun , Zheng Xiaozhong , Wang Hao , Zhang Hao , Qin Minkai , Lin Binbin , Qi Menghui , Mao Shanjun , Ning Honghui , Yang Rui , Xi Lingling , Wang Yong
Published: August 2023

The design of cheap, efficient, and durable electrocatalysts for high‐throughput H2 production is critical to give impetus to hydrogen production from fundamental to practical industrial applications. Here, a hierarchical heterostructure hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst (MoNi/NiMoOx) with 0D MoNi nanoalloys nanoparticles embedded on well‐assembled 1D porous NiMoOx microrods in situ grown on 3D nickel foam (NF) is successfully constructed. The synergetic effect of different building units in the unique hierarchical structure endows the MoNi/NiMoOx composites with the highly active heterogeneous interface with low water dissociation energy (ΔGdiss = −1.2 eV) and optimized hydrogen adsorption ability (ΔGH* = −0.01 eV), fast electron/mass transport, and strong catalyst‐support binding force. As a result, optimal MoNi/NiMoOx exhibits an ampere‐level current density of 1.9 A cm−2 at an ultralow overpotential of 139 mV in 1.0 м KOH and 289 mV in 1.0 м PBS solution, respectively. Particularly, scaled‐up MoNi/NiMoOx electrodes in a 10 × 10 cm2 membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer reach a high H2 production rate of 12.12 L h−1 (12.12 times than that of commercial NF) and exhibit ultralong stability of 1600 h, verifying its huge potential for industrial hydrogen production.
Macroscale Collagen‐Actomyosin Hybrid Actuator Built from Bioderived Materials
Authors: Yoshida Koki , Kohno Kenjiro , Hiratsuka Yuichi , Onoe Hiroaki
Published: August 2023

Biological muscles mainly consist of motor proteins that play essential roles and have a hierarchical structure covered with collagen that can transmit the tension to bones via tendons. The artificial reconstruction of motor proteins is highly expected from the viewpoint of engineering and biology. Although artificial muscles have been developed via synthetic and biological molecular motors, there is a considerable gap between the components of artificial and biological muscles, resulting in a significant obstacle to further scale‐up and force transfer through macroscale structures. To overcome these obstacles via bioderived biomolecules, this study proposes a collagen‐actomyosin hybrid soft actuator inspired by the structure of biological muscles. Collagen gel entrapping actomyosin can play roles in maintaining the actuator's shape and transmitting the tensile force. The generated forces reach the micro‐newton range, enabling the actuation of millimeter‐scale mechanical components. These properties may be helpful for the fabrication of soft robotic systems with advanced functionalities.
Self‐Construction of Efficient Interfaces Ensures High‐Performance Direct Ammonia Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
Authors: He Fan , Hou Mingyang , Du Zhiwei , Zhu Feng , Cao Xiaozhuo , Ding Yong , Zhou Yucun , Liu Meilin , Chen Yu
Published: August 2023

Direct ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are highly efficient energy conversion devices since ammonia as a carbon‐neutral hydrogen‐rich carrier shows great potential for storage and long‐distance transportation when compared with hydrogen fuel. However, traditional Ni‐based anodes readily suffer from severe structural destruction and dramatic deactivation after long‐time exposure to ammonia. Here a Sr2Fe1.35Mo0.45Cu0.2O6−δ (SFMC) anode catalytic layer (ACL) painted onto a Ni‐BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ (BZCYYb) anode with enhanced catalytic activity and durability toward the direct utilization of ammonia is reported. A tubular Ni‐BZCYYb anode‐supported cells with the SFMC ACL show excellent peak power densities of 1.77 W cm−2 in wet H2 (3% H2O) and 1.02 W cm−2 in NH3 at 650 °C. A relatively stable operation of the cells is obtained at 650 °C for 200 h in ammonia fuel. Such achieved improvements in the activity and durability are attributed to the self‐constructed interfaces with the phases of NiCu or/and NiFe for efficient NH3 decomposition, resulting in a strong NH3 adsorption strength of the SFMC, as confirmed by NH3 thermal conversion and NH3‐temperature programmed desorption. This research offers a valuable strategy of applying an internal catalytic layer for highly active and durable ammonia PCFCs.
Molecular Clogging Organogels with Excellent Solvent Maintenance, Adjustable Modulus, and Advanced Mechanics for Impact Protection
Authors: Wu Youshen , Wang Yilin , Guan Xin , Zhang Hui , Guo Rui , Cui Chenhui , Wu Daocheng , Cheng Yilong , Ge Zhishen , Zheng Yuansuo , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: August 2023

Inspired by mechanically interlocking supramolecular materials, exploiting the size difference between the bulky solvent and the cross‐linked network mesh, a molecular clogging (MC) effect is developed to effectively inhibit solvent migration in organogels. A bulky solvent (branched citrate ester, BCE) with a molecular size above 1.4 nm is designed and synthesized. Series of MC‐Gels are prepared by in situ polymerization of crosslinked polyurea with BCE as the gel solvent. The MC‐Gels are colorless, transparent, and highly homogeneous, show significantly improved stability than gels prepared with small molecule solvents. As solvent migration is strongly inhibited by molecular clogging, the solvent content of the gels can be precisely controlled, resulting in a series of MC‐Gels with continuously adjustable mechanics. In particular, the modulus of MC‐Gel can be regulated from 1.3 GPa to 30 kPa, with a variation of 43 000 times. The molecular clogging effect also provides MC‐Gels with unique high damping (maximum damping factor of 1.9), impact resistant mechanics (high impact toughness up to 40.68 MJ m−3). By applying shatter protection to items including eggs and ceramic armor plates, the potential of MC‐Gels as high strength, high damping soft materials for a wide range of applications is well demonstrated.
A High‐Density Raman Photometry for Tracking and Quantifying of AchE Activity in The Brain of Freely Moving Animals with Network
Authors: Zhang Zhonghui , Liu Zhichao , Wu Peicong , Guo Xinhua , Luo Xiao , Yang Youjun , Chen Jinquan , Tian Yang
Published: August 2023

A high‐density Raman photometry based on a dual‐recognition strategy is created for accurately quantifying acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in 24 brain regions of free‐moving animals with network. A series of 5‐ethynyl‐1,2,3,3‐tetramethyl‐based molecules with different conjugated structures and substitute groups are designed and synthesized for specific recognition of AchE by Raman spectroscopy. After systematically evaluating the recognition ability toward AchE, 2‐(4‐((4‐(dimethylamino)benzoyl)oxy)styryl)‐5‐ethynyl‐1,3,3‐trimethyl‐3H‐indol‐1‐ium (ET‐5) is finally optimized for AchE determination, which shows the highest selectivity, the greatest sensitivity, and the fastest response time among the investigated seven molecules. More interestingly, using the developed probe for AchE with high accuracy and sensitivity, the optimized AchE regulated by nitric oxide (NO) is discovered for promoting the neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs). Benefiting from the high‐density photometry, it is found that the activity and distribution of AchE varied in 24 brain regions, and the levels of AchE activity in 24 brain regions of Alzheimer's mice (AD) are lower than those of normal mice. It is the first time that a functional network of AchE in 24 brain regions is established. It is also found that the loss of AchE functional network in AD mice is restored and reconstructed by the controlled release of AchE regulated by NO.
Eliminating the Imbalanced Mobility Bottlenecks via Reshaping Internal Potential Distribution in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Cui Yu , Zhao Chao , Souza João Paulo Araújo , Benatto Leandro , Koehler Marlus , Ma Wei , Yan Han
Published: August 2023

The imbalanced carrier mobility remains a bottleneck for performance breakthrough in even those organic solar cells (OSCs) with recorded power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Herein, a counter electrode doping strategy is proposed to reshape the internal potential distribution, which targets to extract the low mobility carriers at far end. Device simulations reveal that the key of this strategy is to partially dope the active layer with a certain depth, therefore it strengthens the electric field for low mobility carriers near counter electrode region while avoids zeroing the electric field near collection electrode region. Taking advantage of these, PCE enhancements are obtained from 15.4% to 16.2% and from 16.9% to 18.0%, respectively, via cathode p‐doping and anode n‐doping. Extending its application from opaque to semitransparent devices, the PCE of dilute cell rises from 10.5% to 12.1%, with a high light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.5%. The findings provide practical solutions to the core device physical problem in OSCs.
FMEA‐Based Coverage‐Path‐Planning Strategy for Floor‐Cleaning Robots
Authors: Wijegunawardana Isira D. , Samarakoon S. M. Bhagya P. , Muthugala M. A. Viraj J. , Elara Mohan Rajesh
Published: August 2023

Floor‐cleaning robots play a crucial role in both industrial and domestic spaces. However, these robots often face challenges due to hazardous components in their environment, which can cause them to fail and prevent them from performing at their best. This situation necessitates continuous research in the field of floor‐cleaning robots. However, most of these efforts focus on improving the robots’ perception capabilities by incorporating additional sensors. Nevertheless, incorporating more sensors is an expensive solution for most cleaning robots. Alternatively, in this research, the feasibility of introducing a safe path on a predefined hazard map is explored. The proposed method aims to trade‐off between area coverage and the safety of the cleaning robot. Herein, the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method is introduced as a tool to classify the hazards and implement a safety‐ensured coverage path‐planning process. In this approach, the risk factor defined for a point in the environment serves as the key parameter to assess the safety of the algorithm's suggested path. To validate and evaluate the proposed method, this article utilizes the hTetro mobile robot. In the experimental results, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can reduce high‐risk movements of the robot compared to existing methods.
A Phase‐Change Memristive Reinforcement Learning for Rapidly Outperforming Champion Street‐Fighter Players
Authors: Go Shao-Xiang , Jiang Yu , Loke Desmond K.
Published: August 2023

The interactions with humans, and simultaneously, making of real‐time decisions in physical systems, are involved in many applications of artificial intelligence. An example of these conditions is maneuver sports. Movement‐type simulations, viz., the esports game Street Fighter (SF), recapitulate the complex multicharacter interactions and, concurrently, generate the millisecond‐level control challenges of human athletes. Herein, the physical and mental signatures of the SF agent (it is called SF R2) are controlled by utilizing a previously unreported model‐free, natural, deep reinforcement learning algorithm “Decay‐based Phase‐change memristive character‐type Proximal Policy Optimization” (DP‐PPO) through an assemblage of hybrid case‐type training processes; and an integrated training configuration for time‐trial evaluations, as well as competitions with a world's best SF player, is developed. A short length of time utilized by the SF R2 to defeat the opponent and, simultaneously, maintaining a good health level is achieved, as well as excellent handling of imperfect information settings. Training studies reveal a moderate maneuver etiquette in the SF R2, along with rapid, effective head‐to‐head competitions with one of the world's best SF player. This paves the way for achieving a broadly applicable training scheme, capable of quickly controlling complicated‐movement systems in fields where agents should observe unspecified human norms.
A novel report of a fertile female with partial Y chromosome gain completing a healthy pregnancy
Authors: Coleman John , Kavanagh Karl , Kesterton Ian , Hegarty Ann‐Marie , O'Connell Susan M. , Lynch Sally Ann
Published: August 2023

We present a female patient with a complex sex chromosomal rearrangement [GRCh38] Xp22.33(10701_981101)x1,Yq11.221q11.23(13948013_26483746)x1 who conceived spontaneously and carried a healthy pregnancy to term. The patient presented with extreme short stature (more than 4SD below expected) and a bilateral Madelung deformity suggesting a possible SHOX deletion. The patient was otherwise medically well. This patient's short stature was found to be a result of a complex chromosome rearrangement involving a partial X chromosome deletion, which included the SHOX gene and a gain of Y chromosomal material. The Y chromosome material did not contain the SRY gene locus. This is the first recorded case to date of this rearrangement in a female who spontaneously conceived which resulted in a live birth. This patient had normal external and internal anatomy and normal endocrine evaluation with normal puberty. X‐inactivation studies revealed no evidence of skewed inactivation.
Hand preference in wild crab‐eating capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in the coastal area of Northest Brazil
Authors: Salmi Roberta , Le Kristie , Silva Jardeani M. , Conceição Daiana P. , Presotto Andrea , Rodrigues dos Santos Ricardo
Published: August 2023

Handedness is a fundamental human trait, although recent research, especially on nonhuman primates, has shown that it is displayed by other animals as well (e.g., chimpanzees, gorillas). In this study, we explore hand preference in wild crab‐eating tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) inhabiting a mangrove forest located on the coastal area of Northeast Brazil (Maranhão State). Tufted capuchin monkeys at our site use facultatively wooden tools to crack open crabs. We observed hand preference in 12 subjects who spontaneously participated in experiment sessions, in which we provided crabs and tools on wooden platforms. We recorded (using events and bouts) two unimanual tasks, (tool or crab) grabbing and (tool or crab) pounding, and one bimanual task, crab pulling, where one hand kept the crab in place while the other pulled off parts of the crab. Hand preference increased with greater strength needed to perform the task and its complexity. While only 17%−25% of capuchins showed hand preference during grabbing, 44%−64% showed hand preference during pounding, and most subjects 64%−80% displayed a right‐hand preference when performing the bimanual task, for which all lateralized individuals were right‐handed. Hand preference did not vary between adults and juvenile individuals and was not consistent across tasks. Group‐level hand preference was found only for the bimanual task, for which all lateralized individuals were right‐handed. Our findings are in concordance with those of other primate studies showing the emergence of hemispheric specialization for bimanual actions, highlight the importance of conducting such studies on diverse type of tasks, and show the feasibility to conduct experimental manipulation under natural conditions.
Neurocranial growth in the OIM mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Husain Tooba S. , Moore Jacob C. , Huston Lila A. , Miller Courtney A. , Steele Ashley T. , Gonzales Lauren A. , Handler Emma K. , Organ Jason M. , Menegaz Rachel A.
Published: August 2023

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disorder of type I collagen characterized by abnormal bone formation. The OI craniofacial phenotype includes midfacial underdevelopment, as well as neurocranial changes (e.g., macrocephaly and platybasia) that may also affect underlying nervous tissues. This study aims to better understand how OI affects the integrated development of the neurocranium and the brain. Juvenile and adult mice with OI (OIM) and unaffected wild type (WT) littermates were imaged using in vivo micro‐computed tomography (microCT). Virtual endocast models were used to measure brain volume, and 3D landmarks were collected from the cranium and brain endocasts. Geometric morphometric analyses were used to compare brain shape and integration between the genotypes. OIM mice had increased brain volumes (relative to cranial centroid size) only at the juvenile stage. No significant difference was seen in cranial base angle (CBA) between OIM and WT mice. However, CBA was higher in juvenile than in adult OIM mice. Brain shape was significantly different between OIM and WT mice at both stages, with OIM mice having more globular brains than WT mice. Neurocranial and brain morphology were strongly integrated within both genotypes, while adult OIM mice tended to have lower levels of skull‐brain integration than WT mice. These results suggest that neurocranial dysmorphologies in OI may be more severe at earlier stages of postnatal development. Decreased skull‐brain integration in adult mice suggests that compensatory mechanisms may exist during postnatal growth to maintain neurological function despite significant changes in neurocranial morphology.