bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fallacy of “trickle-down” product sustainability
Authors: Brockhaus Sebastian , Petersen Moritz , Knemeyer A. Michael
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how big-picture sustainability strategies are translated into tangible product development efforts. The authors assert that most sustainable products currently remain confined to niche markets and do not permeate the mainstream. The authors propose that there is a missing link between strategic sustainability goals and operational product development initiatives. The authors establish a path to bridging this gap.

Design/methodology/approach

The manuscript is based on a qualitative research design with a sample of 32 companies. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with product developers as well as secondary data analysis.

Findings

The authors delineate three empirically derived approaches firms from the sample pursue to develop sustainable products. The authors identify a phenomenon that the authors’ call the fallacy of trickle-down product sustainability. The authors find that only one of the three approaches – codification – is equipped to successfully turn strategic sustainability targets into authentic sustainable products.

Practical implications

This study provides an actionable guide to executives and product developers with respect to bridging the gap between often elusive sustainability aspirations and tangible product improvements via the process of rigorous codification.

Originality/value

This study provides a novel and unique perspective into strategy, sustainability and product development. The authors synthesize the extant literature on sustainable product development, juxtapose the emergent structure with primary interview data, and elaborate the resource-based view (RBV) to provide theoretical and practical implications. The authors establish scalability as the missing RBV capability of many attempts toward mass–market compatibility of more sustainable products.
Overdrive pacing mapping: An alternative approach used in scar associated localized atrial tachycardia
Authors: Jiang Jingzhou , Yang Yang , Liu Chen , Ma Yuedong , Wang Lichun , He Jiangui , Tang Anli , Hess Paul H. , Kerlan Jeffrey E. , Feng Chong , Lan David Z.
Published: September 2019

Background

Mapping and ablation of localized reentry atrial tachycardia (AT) can be challenging, especially in those with varying cycle length (CL).

Objective

We attempted to use the traditional maneuver of overdrive pacing to facilitate AT mapping.

Methods

Data were collected from 12 patients with localized ATs. All patients had prior cardiac surgery or prior atrial fibrillation ablation. Overdrive pacing mapping (ODPM) was performed to find independent local activity (ILA) and compared with conventional activation mapping (CAM) during ongoing AT to determine its accuracy and efficacy. Patients with macro‐reentry AT around the tricuspid or mitral annulus were excluded.

Results

Twelve patients with 14 localized ATs were included. All 14 ATs including 4 (29%) with varying CL successfully completed ODPM and had the ILA, although two ATs terminated during ODP and required repeated mapping. Radiofrequency ablation focused on critical sites with ILA was successful in all 12 patients. Using CAM, however, 6 of 14 ATs (43%) mapping attempts were aborted due to AT termination (2 ATs) or varying CL (4 ATs), and only 5 of 8 (63%) located “critical sites” were ultimately confirmed by entrainment and ablation results. After 25 ± 9 months of follow‐up, no patient had AT recurrence.

Conclusion

Our preliminary results demonstrated that ODPM is superior to CAM in ATs that were poorly sustained or with varying CL and is a useful supplement to CAM.
Effects of oral monosodium glutamate administration on serum metabolomics of suckling piglets
Authors: Wang Zhaobin , Zhang Jun , Wu Pei , Luo Shiyu , Li Jianzhong , Wang Qiye , Huang Pengfei , Li Yali , Ding Xueqin , Hou Zhenping , Wu Duanqin , Huang Jing , Tu Qiang , Yang Huansheng
Published: September 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration with glutamate on metabolism of suckling piglets based on 1H‐Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy through the level of metabolism. Forty‐eight healthy [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets born on the same day with a similar birth bodyweight (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) were obtained from six sows (8 piglets per sow). The piglets from each sow were randomly assigned into four treatments (2 piglets per treatment). The piglets were given 0.09 g/kg body weight (BW) of sodium chloride (CN group), 0.03 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (LMG group), 0.25 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (MMG group) and 0.50 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (HMG group) twice a day respectively. An 1H NMR‐based metabolomics’ study found that the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) significantly reduced serum citrate content in 7‐day‐old piglets, while HMG significantly increased serum trimethylamine content and significantly reduced unsaturated fat content in 7‐day‐old piglets (p < .05). The content of glutamine, trimethylamine, albumin, choline and urea nitrogen was significantly increased and the creatinine content decreased significantly in the 21‐day‐old HMG (p < .05). Analysis of serum hormones revealed that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) content in the 21‐day‐old HMG was highest (p < .05). The cholecystokinin (CCK) content in the HMG of 7‐day‐old piglets was lower than that in the LMG (p < .05), and the CCK content in the serum of the 21‐day‐old MMG was highest (p < .05). The serum leptin levels in the 21‐day‐old HMG were the lowest (p < .05). The serum insulin content in the 7‐day‐old MMG was highest (p < .05). This study suggests that MSG plays an important role in the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein (amino acids). These results provide a theoretical basis for designing piglet feed formulations.
A QST‐based Pain Phenotype in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease: Sensitivity and Specificity of Quality Descriptors
Authors: Dyal Brenda W. , Ezenwa Miriam O. , Yoon Saunjoo L. , Fillingim Roger B. , Yao Yingwei , Schlaeger Judith M. , Suarez Marie L. , Wang Zaijie J. , Molokie Robert E. , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: September 2019

Background

We sought to refine a screening measure for discriminating a sensitized or normal sensation pain phenotype among African American adults with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Objective

To develop scoring schemes based on sensory pain quality descriptors; evaluate their performance on classifying patients with SCD who had sensitization or normal sensation, and compare with scores on the Self‐report Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S‐LANSS) and the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI).

Methods

Participants completed PAINReportIt, quantitative sensory testing (QST), S‐LANSS, and NPSI. Conventional binary logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression were used to obtain 2 sets of weights resulting in 2 scores: the PR‐Logistic (PAINReportIt score weighted by conventional binary logistic regression coefficients) and PR‐Lasso (PAINReportIt score weighted by lasso regression coefficients). Performance of the proposed scores and the existing scores were evaluated.

Results

Lasso regression resulted in a parsimonious model with non‐zero weights assigned to 2 neuropathic descriptors, cold and spreading. We found positive correlations between the PR‐Lasso and other scores: S‐LANSS (r = 0.22, P < 0.01), NPSI (r = 0.22, P < 0.01), and PR‐Logistic (r = 0.35, P < 0.01). The NPSI and PR‐Lasso performed similarly at different levels of required specificity and outperformed the S‐LANSS and PR‐Logistic at the various specificity points.

Conclusion

The PR‐Lasso offers a way to discriminate a SCD pain phenotype.
Adapted Physical Education Collaborative Consulting: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Oliveira Patricia Santos de , Munster Mey de Abreu van , Souza Joslei Viana de , Lieberman Lauren J.
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this review was to analyze English language articles that addressed collaborative consulting in adapted physical education (APE). A systematic process was used to search the literature in six different databases. First, article quality was analyzed. Subsequently, thematic categorization of data was performed. Eleven articles published between 1995 and 2015 that satisfied the criteria for inclusion in the study were selected. The results were organized into seven thematic categories: the concept and definition of consultation, the role of the APE consultant, the planning and documentation of APE consulting, the stages of APE consulting, general physical education and APE teachers’ perceptions regarding consulting, major challenges of APE consulting, and collaborative work training for physical education teachers. In conclusion, although research remains scarce, all of the selected articles reinforce the relevance of collaborative consulting for including students with disabilities in general physical education settings. Further investigation, particularly through empirical studies, must be encouraged.
Complete Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Siphophage Skenny
Authors: Gramer Jacob , Kenny Sarah , Newkirk Heather , Liu Mei , Gill Jason J. , Ramsey Jolene
Published: September 2019

Klebsiella pneumoniae
is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections. The genome sequence of siphophage Skenny, which infects
K. pneumoniae
, is described here. Skenny encodes 78 genes and is closely related to
Klebsiella
phages KPN N141 and MezzoGao, which are T1-like phages.
Intraocular foreign body injury in children: clinical characteristics and factors associated with endophthalmitis
Authors: Yang Yao , Yang Chengcheng , Zhao Ruijuan , Lin Lixia , Duan Fang , Lou Bingsheng , Yuan Zhaohui , Lin Xiaofeng
Published: September 2019

Background/Aims

To analyse the clinical characteristics of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injury in children and evaluate factors associated with endophthalmitis development.

Methods

Patients aged <18 years with IOFB attending Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between January 2003 and July 2016 were included retrospectively. Demographic features, clinical characteristics and factors associated with endophthalmitis development were analysed.

Results

Consecutive subjects (n=484, 484 eyes) were included: mean age 10.12±4.54 years, 86.4% male. Fireworks (28.5%) were the most common cause of injury. Injury of uncertain cause (17.5%), fireworks (36.7%) and metal splatter (31.7%) accounted for most injuries in the 0–3, 4–12 and 13–17 years age groups, respectively. Plant branches (16.7%) and fireworks (31.1%) were the most common causes of injuries in females and males, respectively. Endophthalmitis occurred in 116 patients (24.0%), with metallic IOFB (OR=0.338, p=0.001), intraocular haemorrhage (OR=0.100, p<0.001) and uveal tissue prolapse (OR=0.206, p<0.001) conferring lower risk, while zone II wound (OR=4.336, p<0.001) and traumatic lens rupture (OR=2.567, p=0.028) were associated with higher risk.

Conclusion

Clinical characteristics of children with IOFB injury differ from those of adults. Fireworks are the most common cause of injury, indicating a ban on children igniting fireworks should be advocated. Safety education and protective measures should vary by age and sex. Endophthalmitis is associated with zone II wound, traumatic lens rupture, IOFB material, intraocular haemorrhage and uveal tissue prolapse, which has clinical relevance.
Dupilumab-induced ocular surface disease (DIOSD) in patients with atopic dermatitis: clinical presentation, risk factors for development and outcomes of treatment with tacrolimus ointment
Authors: Nahum Yoav , Mimouni Michael , Livny Eitan , Bahar Irit , Hodak Emmilia , Leshem Yael Anne
Published: September 2019

Aim

To identify risk factors for the development of dupilumab-induced ocular surface disease (DIOSD) in adult patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and describe outcomes of treatment.

Methods

A retrospective institutional cohort study performed at the Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel. Adult patients with AD who received dupilumab from March 2018 to June 2019 were included. Demographics, AD severity scores, blood IgE levels, previous atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), dermatological response to dupilumab, ophthalmological evaluation and treatment were noted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for DIOSD.

Results

Sixteen of 37 patients who were included in the study (43%) had new or exacerbated symptoms of ocular surface disease starting at 2 weeks following the first treatment. Three patients reported transient dry eye sensation which lasted 2 weeks; nine patients reported chronic dry eye sensation, and four patients (25%) had marked blepharoconjunctivitis. The presence of severe AD was the strongest predictor of DIOSD. Not a single patient with moderate AD had DIOSD. In multivariate analysis, prior AKC was a risk factor for DIOSD (R2=15.78, OR=23.28, p=0.005) while a family history of atopy was protective of DIOSD (R2=6.22, OR=0.13, p=0.05). All four patients with blepharoconjunctivitis had resolution of signs, and symptoms within days of starting periocular 0.03%–0.1% tacrolimus ointment.

Conclusions

DIOSD is common in patients with AD receiving dupilumab. While most cases are mild, some patients can develop blepharoconjunctivitis which responds well to tacrolimus ointment. AD severity, and previous AKC are risk factors for DIOSD.
Changes in the gut microbiota during and after commercial helium–oxygen saturation diving in China
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Zhao Guosheng , Ji Hongwei , Peng Bin , Huang Zhiguo , Jin Wei , Chen Xiaoqiang , Guan Haitao , Tang Guangsheng , Zhang Hui , Jiang Zhenglin
Published: September 2019

Objectives

The influence of commercial helium–oxygen saturation diving on divers’ gut microbiotas was assessed to provide dietary suggestion.

Methods

Faecal samples of 47 divers working offshore were collected before (T1), during (T2) and after (T3) saturation diving. Their living and excursion depths were 55–134 metres underwater with a saturation duration of 12–31 days and PaO2of 38–65 kPa. The faecal samples were examined through 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon sequencing based on the Illumina sequencing platform to analyse changes in the bacteria composition in the divers’ guts.

Results

Although the α and β diversity of the gut microbiota did not change significantly, we found that living in a hyperbaric environment of helium–oxygen saturation decreased the abundance of the genusBifidobacterium, an obligate anaerobe, from 2.43%±3.83% at T1 to 0.79%±1.23% at T2 and 0.59%±0.79% at T3. Additionally, the abundance of some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such asFusicatenibacter, Faecalibacterium, rectale group andAnaerostipes, showed a decreased trend in the order of before, during and after diving. On the contrary, the abundance of species, such asLactococcus garvieae,Actinomyces odontolyticus,Peptoclostridium difficile,Butyricimonas virosa,Streptococcus mutans,Porphyromonas asaccharolyticaandA. graevenitzii, showed an increasing trend, but most of them were pathogens.

Conclusions

Occupational exposure to high pressure in a helium–oxygen saturation environment decreased the abundance ofBifidobacteriumand some SCFA-producing bacteria, and increased the risk of pathogenic bacterial infection. Supplementation of the diver diet with probiotics or prebiotics during saturation diving might prevent these undesirable changes.
A Dynamic Programming-Based Heuristic for Markdown Pricing and Inventory Allocation of a Seasonal Product in a Retail Chain
Authors: Li Vincent C. , Wan Yat-wah , Chu Chi-Leung , Lin Yi-Cheng
Published: September 2019

The manager is responsible for the operations of a distribution center (DC) and multiple retail outlets selling a seasonal product. Initially, the DC keeps the inventory, which is allocated to the outlets in the season. There are inventory holding costs at the DC and the outlets; variable shipment cost for transferring inventory from the DC; fixed ordering cost and shortage cost at an outlet. Exact demand at each outlet is a decreasing function of price. To maximize the expected profit of the season, the manager needs to determine the markdown prices for retail outlets and quantity of inventory allocated to them. The problem can be modeled as a dynamic program (DP) which takes too heavy computational effort to solve. We develop a DP-based heuristic for solving the problem. The heuristic takes light computational effort and yet has good accuracy. Insights streamlining the markdown operations are deduced from the numerical results.
On the solvability of regular subgroups in the holomorph of a finite solvable group
Authors: Tsang Cindy , Qin Chao
Published: September 2019

We exhibit infinitely many natural numbers [Formula: see text] for which there exists at least one insolvable group of order [Formula: see text], and yet the holomorph of every solvable group of order [Formula: see text] has no insolvable regular subgroup. We also solve Problem 19.90(d) in the Kourovka notebook.
The Features and Causes of Spatial Planning Conflicts in China: Taking Urban Planning and Land-Use Planning as Examples
Authors: KONG Weifeng , LIU Hanchu , FAN Jie
Published: September 2019

The conflicts in spatial planning are the main reason that restricts the sustainable development of land use in China, and it is also the main barrier to the building of “Territorial Spatial Planning System”. This study analyzes the conflicts between urban planning and land-use planning from the three dimensions of construction land, basic farmland and ecological land based on a land-use transition matrix with the central urban area of Liupanshui City, Guizhou Province as a case region, and analyzes the causes of spatial planning conflicts from the perspectives of the central and local governments in terms of their preferences and interactive relationships. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1) Urban planning and land-use planning have comprehensive conflicts with each other in terms of the construction land, basic farmland and ecological land, i.e. the scale of construction land in urban planning is 154% of that in land-use planning, and the scale of basic farmland in urban planning is 88.56% of that in land-use planning. (2) Central and local governments are the two main stakeholders of spatial planning, and they have different preferences for the utilization of spatial resources at prefecture-level cities. The central government is concerned about food security, and therefore, pays more attention to the protection of cultivated land, while the local governments focus on economic benefits and the ecological environment, and therefore, pay more attention to construction and ecological lands. (3) The urban planning system is a bottom-up design system, which determines that urban planning mainly reflects the preferences of local governments, while the land-use planning system is a top-down design system, which determines that land-use planning mainly reflects the central government’s preferences. The policy implication of this study is that in order to manage spatial planning conflicts, it is necessary to manage the conflicts of interest among stakeholders.
Distributed Computing Column 75 The Splendors and Miseries of Rounds
Authors: Welch Jennifer L.
Published: September 2019

This column consists of a position paper by Adam Shimi about the usefulness of the concept of rounds in distributed algorithms. It rst gives a survey of di erent ways of modeling rounds and then provides an extensive list of fascinating open questions, with particular emphasis on using and extending the Heard-Of model of Charron-Bost and Schiper. Many thanks to Adam for his contribution!
Guest Column
Authors: Viola Emanuele
Published: September 2019

Finite groups provide an amazing wealth of problems of interest to complexity theory. And complexity theory also provides a useful viewpoint of group-theoretic notions, such as what it means for a group to be \far from abelian." The general problem that we consider in this survey is that of computing a group product g = x1 . x2 ..... xt over a nite group G. Several variants of this problem are considered in this survey and in the literature, including in [KMR, Mi, BC, IL, BGKL, PRS, Am, AL, Raz1, MV, Mi, GV1].
Patterns of medical student engagement in a second-year pathophysiology course: relationship to USMLE Step 1 performance
Authors: Kauffman Christine A. , Derazin Megan , Asmar Abdo , Kibble Jonathan D.
Published: September 2019

Historically, attendance has been a marker of academic performance, but the current medical education literature has had mixed results. In addition, attendance is dropping in the preclinical curricula, whereas, at the same time, the focus on United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 performance is increasing. This present study is a mixed-method approach correlating student attendance and access to the formal curriculum in a second-year pathophysiology course to performance on Step 1. Additionally, survey and focus group data evaluated the usage and importance of both the formal curriculum and third-party resources. Out of 112 eligible students, 77 participated in the study. There was no correlation between attendance or access to the learning materials and Step 1 performance. There was a strong correlation between the performance on the final examination and that of Step 1 ( r = 0.813; P < 0.001) and a moderate correlation between formative quiz ( r = 0.321; P = 0.005) and individual readiness assessment test performance ( r = 0.351; P = 0.002) and Step 1 performance. Survey and focus group data show that students place high importance on faculty-developed materials that they can use on their own, but not attendance. The third-party resources are highly used as an adjunct to the formal curriculum and to focus on Step 1 study. Attendance and access to the formal curriculum do not predict Step 1 performance, whereas performance on high- and low-stakes internal assessments do. Further study on how the lack of social interaction gained from attendance affects development of other competencies and the learning climate are warranted.
17β-Estradiol affects lung function and inflammation following ozone exposure in a sex-specific manner
Authors: Fuentes Nathalie , Nicoleau Marvin , Cabello Noe , Montes Deborah , Zomorodi Naseem , Chroneos Zissis C. , Silveyra Patricia
Published: September 2019

Inflammatory lung diseases affect men and women disproportionately, suggesting that fluctuations of circulating hormone levels mediate inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that ozone exposure contributes to lung injury and impairment of innate immunity with differential effects in men and women. Here, we hypothesized that 17β-estradiol enhances inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), triggered by ozone exposure, in the female lung. We performed gonadectomy and hormone treatment (17β-estradiol, 2 wk) in C57BL/6J female and male mice and exposed animals to 1 ppm of ozone or filtered air for 3 h. Twenty-four hours later, we tested lung function, inflammatory gene expression, and changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We found increased AHR and expression of inflammatory genes after ozone exposure. These changes were higher in females and were affected by gonadectomy and 17β-estradiol treatment in a sex-specific manner. Gonadectomized male mice displayed higher AHR and inflammatory gene expression than controls exposed to ozone; 17β-estradiol treatment did not affect this response. In females, ovariectomy reduced ozone-induced AHR, which was restored by 17β-estradiol treatment. Ozone exposure also increased BALF lipocalin-2, which was reduced in both male and female gonadectomized mice. Treatment with 17β-estradiol increased lipocalin-2 levels in females but lowered them in males. Gonadectomy also reduced ozone-induced expression of lung IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-3 in females, which was restored by treatment with 17β-estradiol. Together, these results indicate that 17β-estradiol increases ozone-induced inflammation and AHR in females but not in males. Future studies examining diseases associated with air pollution exposure should consider the patient’s sex and hormonal status.
Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain
Authors: Presby David M. , Checkley L. Allyson , Jackman Matthew R. , Higgins Janine A. , Jones Kenneth L. , Giles Erin D. , Houck Julie A. , Webb Patricia G. , Steig Amy J. , Johnson Ginger C. , Rudolph Michael C. , MacLean Paul S.
Published: September 2019

Exercise is a potent facilitator of long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM), whereby it decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure beyond the cost of the exercise bout. We have previously shown that exercise may amplify energy expenditure through energetically expensive nutrient deposition. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during WLM and relapse to obesity. Obese rats were calorically restricted with (EX) or without (SED) treadmill exercise (1 h/day, 6 days/wk, 15 m/min) to induce and maintain weight loss. After 6 wk of WLM, subsets of WLM-SED and WLM-EX rats were allowed ad libitum access to food for 1 day to promote relapse (REL). An energy gap-matched group of sedentary, relapsing rats (REL-GM) were provided a diet matched to the positive energy imbalance of the REL-EX rats. During relapse, exercise increased enrichment of hepatic DN-derived lipids and induced hepatic molecular adaptations favoring DNL compared with the gap-matched controls. In the liver, compared with both REL-SED and REL-GM rats, REL-EX rats had lower hepatic expression of genes required for cholesterol biosynthesis; greater hepatic expression of genes that mediate very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion; and greater mRNA expression of Cyp27a1, which encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence that the liver has an active role in exercise-mediated potentiation of energy expenditure during early relapse.
Function of ion transporters in maintaining acid-base homeostasis of the mammary gland and the pathophysiological role in breast cancer
Authors: Ma Zhiyuan , Yuan Dumin , Cheng Xiaoming , Tuo Biguang , Liu Xuemei , Li Taolang
Published: September 2019

The incidence of breast cancer is increasing year by year, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Studies have shown that the high metabolism of solid tumors leads to an increase in hypoxia, glycolysis, production of lactic acid and carbonic acid, and extracellular acidification; a harsh microenvironment; and ultimately to tumor cell death. Approximately 50% of locally advanced breast cancers exhibit hypoxia and/or local hypoxia, and acid-base regulatory proteins play an important role in regulating milk secretion and maintaining mammary gland physiological function. Therefore, ion transporters have gradually become a hot topic in mammary gland and breast cancer research. This review focuses on the research progress of ion transporters in mammary glands and breast cancer. We hope to provide new targets for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.
Altered functional interactions between neurons in primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimental amblyopia
Authors: Acar Katerina , Kiorpes Lynne , Movshon J. Anthony , Smith Matthew A.
Published: September 2019

Amblyopia, a disorder in which vision through one of the eyes is degraded, arises because of defective processing of information by the visual system. Amblyopia often develops in humans after early misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) and can be simulated in macaque monkeys by artificially inducing strabismus. In such amblyopic animals, single-unit responses in primary visual cortex (V1) are appreciably reduced when evoked by the amblyopic eye compared with the other (fellow) eye. However, this degradation in single V1 neuron responsivity is not commensurate with the marked losses in visual sensitivity and resolution measured behaviorally. Here we explored the idea that changes in patterns of coordinated activity across populations of V1 neurons may contribute to degraded visual representations in amblyopia, potentially making it more difficult to read out evoked activity to support perceptual decisions. We studied the visually evoked activity of V1 neuronal populations in three macaques ( Macaca nemestrina) with strabismic amblyopia and in one control animal. Activity driven through the amblyopic eye was diminished, and these responses also showed more interneuronal correlation at all stimulus contrasts than responses driven through the fellow eye or responses in the control animal. A decoding analysis showed that responses driven through the amblyopic eye carried less visual information than other responses. Our results suggest that part of the reduced visual capacity of amblyopes may be due to changes in the patterns of functional interaction among neurons in V1.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous work on the neurophysiological basis of amblyopia has largely focused on relating behavioral deficits to changes in visual processing by single neurons in visual cortex. In this study, we recorded simultaneously from populations of primary visual cortical (V1) neurons in macaques with amblyopia. We found changes in the strength and pattern of shared response variability between neurons. These changes in neuronal interactions could impair the visual representations of V1 populations driven by the amblyopic eye.
China
Authors: Richeri Giuseppe
Published: September 2019

O artigo destaca alguns aspectos significativos da realidade contemporânea na sociedade chinesa, marcada por uma rápida transformação econômica e cultural. Discute como tem se dado a formação de uma opinião pública independente do poder institucional, cada vez mais fragmentada, heterogênea e, em alguns casos, crítica às escolhas do regime. A diversidade opinativa é favorecida pela internet. Mas esse meio é também pensado pelo Estado chinês, a partir de iniciativas como o chamado Sistema de Crédito Social, como instrumento para fortalecer a confiança e a coesão social, reduzindo os riscos de desestabilização à liderança do Partido Comunista.
Filling Gaps in Legislation: The Use of Fiqh by Contemporary Courts in Morocco, Egypt, and Indonesia
Authors: Dupret Baudouin , Bouhya Adil , Lindbekk Monika , Yakin Ayang Utriza
Published: September 2019

In most Muslim-majority countries, the legislators who drafted family law codes sought to produce a codified version of one of the many Islamic fiqh schools. Such is the case, from West to East, for Morocco, Egypt, and Indonesia. There are situations, however, in which the law remains silent. In such cases, judges must turn to fiqh in order to find appropriate provisions. It is up to judges to interpret the law and to locate the relevant rule. In this process, judges use new interpretive techniques and modes of reasoning. After addressing institutional and legal transformations in Morocco, Egypt, and Indonesia, this article focuses on the domain of family law. We examine cases that illustrate how judges seek a solution in the body of fiqh when asked to authenticate a marriage. In conclusion, we put forward an argument about how judges who are required to refer to fiqh deal with this matter within the context of positive, codified, and standardized law. We argue that the methodology and epistemology adopted by contemporary judges, the legal material on which they draw, and the means by which they refer to this material have fundamentally altered the nature of legal cognition and of law itself.
Hearing and Speaking
Authors: Ellington Scott A.
Published: September 2019

Pentecostal hermeneuts continue to debate whether the locus of meaning in a biblical text should be found principally with the author’s intended meaning, the reader, the revealing Spirit, or some combination of these. This article argues that meaning cannot be isolated to the writer or the reader alone, but requires an ongoing dialogue facilitated by the Spirit. Luke’s interpretive use of the Old Testament in Acts demonstrates the diversity of the ongoing dialogue between author, reader, and Spirit in the interpretive process.
Asymmetrical Conversations
Authors: Bianchi Claudia
Published: September 2019

According to Mitchell Green, speech act theory traditionally idealizes away from crucial aspects of conversational contexts, including those in which the speaker’s social position affects the possibility of her performing certain speech acts. In recent times, asymmetries in communicative situations have become a lively object of study for linguists, philosophers of language and moral philosophers: several scholars view hate speech itself in terms of speech acts, namely acts of subordination (acts establishing or reinforcing unfair hierarchies). The aim of this paper is to address one of the main objections to accounts of hate speech in terms of illocutionary speech acts, that is the Authority Problem. While the social role of the speaker is the focus of several approaches (Langton 2018a, 2018b; Maitra 2012; Kukla 2014; Green 2014, 2017a, 2017b), the social role of the audience has too often been neglected. The author will show that not only must the speaker have a certain kind of standing or social position in order to perform speech acts of subordination, but also the audience must typically have a certain kind of standing or social position in order to either license or object to the speaker’s authority, and her acts of subordination.
From Switching Arcs to Ball Lightning to Curing Cancer!
Authors: Lowke J. J.
Published: September 2019

Previous modelling of switching has been through calculation of reductions in temperature of the arc at "current zero". "Enthalpy density" as a function of temperature is found to be an important property. New calculations now include an account of non-equilibrium electron density as a function of time through current zero and it is found that electron attachment rates, which are very large for SF6, could be a dominant property. Modelling discharges is having other successes, for example in explaining "ball lightning" observations inside of houses and aircraft, which suddenly appear, usually at glass windows. Discharge modelling suggests these observations might be explained by the production of "singlet delta" metastable molecules of oxygen in electrical discharges in air. If metastable densities are sufficient, electrons can be produced from the detachment of negative ions to produce radiation and explain ball lightning. An exciting new development is that plasmas from electric corona in air have been found to reduce the size of cancer tumours. These excited oxygen molecules have also been proposed as having a role in this remarkable interchange between classical electrical engineering and medical science.
THE RISK OF FALLS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Toroptsova N. V. , Feklistov A. Yu.
Published: September 2019

The paper discusses the materials of investigations dealing with falls as an independent risk factor for fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It gives data on the incidence and possible risk factors of falls in this category of patients. According to the data obtained, the prevalence of falls in different countries varies from 10 to 50%, which may be related to differences in the methods of collecting information, and the relationship of the investigated factors with the risk of falls in patients with RA is uniquely unproven and calls for further investigations.
Collaborative Influence of Elevated CO2 Concentration and High Temperature on Potato Biomass Accumulation and Characteristics
Authors: Yubi Yao , Jun Lei , Haiyang Niu , Xiuyun Zhang
Published: September 2019

An experiment with OTC (Open-top Chamber) was conducted to study the influence of elevated CO2 concentration and high temperature on potato yields and quality, particularly the collaborative influence of these two factors on the accumulation of aboveground biomass (leaves, petiole, and stem), and underground biomass (root and tuber) in potato, and the influence on potato characteristics. The results showed that the accumulation of dry weight of potato stem and aboveground biomass under the combined treatment of elevated CO2 concentration and high temperature (warming) was significantly higher than that of the control group by 35.8%-53.4% and significantly higher than that of the warming treatment group by 24.4%34.4%. In terms of potato stem and aboveground biomass in the combined treatment group, the occurrence time of peak accumulation was postponed, but the accumulation velocity was increased; the interval days of fast biomass accumulation was prolonged than the warming treatment group and the control group. In this combined treatment experiments, the fresh weight accumulation of potato tuber was lower than the warming treatment group by 5% during the middle stage of tuber formation. But the fresh weight accumulation in the combined treatment was higher than the warming treatment group and the control group during the rest stages of tuber formation: the tuber fresh weight in the mature stage was higher than the warming treatment group and control group by 24.1%, and 3.4%, respectively. In terms of tuber fresh weight in the combined treatment group, the occurrence time of peak accumulation was postponed; the interval days of fast accumulation was prolonged compare to the warming treatment, but close to the control group.
Research on the method of three-dimensional surface displacements of Tianjin area based on combined multi-source measurements
Authors: Guo Nannan , Zhan Wei
Published: September 2019

Combining multi-source measurements can improve the accuracy and the spatial resolution of the three-dimensional (3-D) displacements field. Few researches have been conducted to integrate InSAR, GPS and leveling data of Tianjin in the recent three years to get the 3-D large displacement velocity field. How to effectively combine multi-source measurements and obtain the accurate 3-D large displacement field in high spatial resolution is worth studying. In this paper, the optimal method for acquiring 3-D displacement field by combining InSAR, leveling and GPS measurements is obtained by comparing the different methods. Then we realize the combining InSAR, leveling and GPS measurements to obtain the high-precision 3-D displacement field in Tianjin (China) from 2016 to 2018. Compared with different methods, we integrate InSAR, GPS and leveling measurements and use the weighted least squares method to estimate the 3-D displacement field with the highest accuracy. Although the accuracy of the horizontal displacement field obtained by this method has not been greatly improved, the vertical accuracy is obviously better than the other methods. The introduction of leveling measurements is beneficial to improve the accuracy of the vertical displacement field. Compared with independent GPS measurements, the standard deviations of 3-D displacements velocity field estimated by optimal solution method is 2.6 mm/yr, 2.1 mm/yr and 2.7 mm/yr in the vertical, eastern and northern directions, respectively. These results indicate that this method effectively utilizes the advantages of GPS, InSAR and leveling measurements, and extends the limitations of a single technical in describing surface-time scale applications. And the 3-D displacements information with a large spatial scale and high spatial resolution provides a reliable data basis for studying the crustal movement and its dynamic mechanism in China.
Crystal Structure of tris(tetrakis{1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-κN}copper(II)) bis[tri-μ2-bromido-tetrabromido-bis(1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-κN)tetracopper(I)], C80H96N32Cu11Br14
Authors: Liu Fu-Jie , Wang Guo-Xi
Published: September 2019

C80H96N32Cu11Br14, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 11.370(2) Å, b = 14.287(3) Å, c = 17.621(3) Å, α = 85.929(2)°, β = 88.392(2)°, γ = 74.464(2)°, V = 2750.9(8) Å3, Z = 1, Rgt
(F) = 0.0432, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0859, T = 296(2) K.
Critically evaluated propagation rate coefficients for radical polymerizations: acrylates and vinyl acetate in bulk (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hutchinson Robin A. , Beuermann Sabine
Published: September 2019

Arrhenius parameters capturing the temperature dependence of radical polymerization propagation rate coefficients, k
p, for methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and vinyl acetate in bulk are reported, based on the fitting of benchmark data sets compiled from independent laboratories using the pulsed-laser polymerization/size exclusion chromatography method. The reported k
p values for acrylates hold for secondary-radical propagation and are needed to calculate effective propagation rate coefficients in situations where there is a significant population of mid-chain acrylate radicals resulting from backbiting, as will be the case at technically relevant temperatures. The results are compared to those previously reported for styrene and methacrylates to highlight the large differences in k
p values seen between the major monomer families.
A Practical Guide to Analyzing the Force-Time Curve of Isometric Tasks in Excel
Authors: Chavda Shyam , Turner Anthony N. , Comfort Paul , Haff Guy Gregory , Williams Steve , Bishop Chris , Lake Jason P.
Published: September 2019

Understanding force generating capabilities of athletes is an important facet of strength diagnostics. The use of isometric tasks such as the isometric squat and isometric midthigh pull are therefore popular methods used to gain a deeper understanding as to what strength characteristics have changed over a given period. This article aims to provide information on how to understand and analyse the force-time curve of isometric tasks in microsoft excel, thus providing practitioners an inexpensive and accessible alternative to readily available software on the market.
PROCESSO DE INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO DA MULHER NO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: Venturin Teresinha
Published: September 2019

O presente estudo faz uma análise da institucionalização da formação da mulher das camadas populares de Porto Alegre, no século XIX. Em decorrência da transformação social, econômica e política, tornou-se necessário um empenho sistematizado para inserir a menina órfã na sociedade, transformando a jovem na mãe e educadora por excelência.
ORÍGENES: a ordem do mundo e o acaso
Authors: Lupi João
Published: September 2019

Defrontando-se com a questão do acaso, tal como proposto pela filosofia pagã, os pensadores cristãos sentiram-se ante um dilema: se existe o acaso, a ordem do mundo não é perfeita, mas, se tudo possui uma causa determinante, onde fica o livre-arbítrio? A resposta de Origenes é a mais completa e original, atestada pelos argumentos e pela terminologia utilizada; mas ela não coincide in totum com as propostas posteriores da Escolástica e do Renascimento.
COMENTÁRIOS SOBRE A LIBERDADE E O LIVRE-ARBÍTRIO DA VONTADE EM AGOSTINHO: uma reflexão sobre o De Libero Arbitrio
Authors: Cunha Mariana P. Sérvulo da
Published: September 2019

O termo "livre" nunca aparece, em Platão e Aristóteles, como relacionado com a condição moral do homem, pois possui um significado estritamente político. A noção de liberdade, referida ao âmbito da ética, é algo tardio no Ocidente, tendo surgido com o cristianismo. Embora esta noção esteja hoje laicizada, isto é, seja considerada quase que exclusivamente em sua dimensão horizontal, e não na vertical, enquanto relacionada a Deus, nem por isso se deve esquecer a contribuição fundamental de Agostinho na formulação deste conceito. No presente texto toma-se como fonte de análise o diálogo De libero arbítrio.
A PRESENÇA DE MARTINHO DE BRAGA NO MOSTEIRO DE SAN MILLAN DE LA COGOLLA
Authors: Roedel Leila Rodrigues , Silva Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da
Published: September 2019

No presente artigo, interessa-nos apontar algumas possibilidades acerca da presença, no século X, da obra Formula Vitae Honestae, escrita por Martinho de Braga, que viveu na Galiza no século VI, na biblioteca de San Millán de la Cogolla, mosteiro localizado em La Rioja. De acordo com nossas conclusões, ainda parciais, vinculamos tal presença à identificação dos dois momentos históricos, o da Galiza no século VI e por La Rioja no X, marcados pela reorganização eclesiástica e monárquica.
«UTRUM PROPOSITIO MENTALIS COMPONITUR EX REBUS VEL EX CONCEPTIBUS» un dibattito tra Ockham e Burleigh
Authors: Müller Paola
Published: September 2019

Nos séculos XIII e XIV há um grande aprofundamento da lógica, salientando-se, entre outros autores, Guilherme de Ockam e Walter Burleigh. Entre estes dois autores há um debate a respeito da composição das proposições, perguntando-se qual a relação entre as proposições verbais e escritas e seus contrapontos mentais.
A EXPULSÃO DOS JUDEUS DA ESPANHA NAS CRÔNICAS CRISTÃS DA ÉPOCA (1492)
Authors: Sánchez Maria Guadalupe Pedrero
Published: September 2019

No final do século XV, sob o reinado de Fernando e Isabel, houve a grande expulsão dos judeus espanhóis. Os cronistas da época tendem a silenciar sobre o fato, quando não a elogiar a atitude dos monarcas. No máximo, alguns apresentam o fato como um mal menor. Também os intelectuais da época, e até a universidade de Paris, tiveram palavras de louvor à atitude dos reis.
SIGER DE BRABANTE: De aeternitate mundi' (Sobre la eternidad dei mundo)
Authors: Gesualdi Carlos Rodrigues
Published: September 2019

Introducción a la lectura del De aeternitate mundi

El De aetemitate de Siger es un texto polémico, origen y parte de diversos equívocos producidos en un escenario de importantes contiendas doctrinales y profundos cambias históricos. Como introducción a su lectura intentaré caracterizar muy brevemente algunos de dichos equívocos y después, aun más brevemente, las líneas generales de la contienda en la que se encuadran. Al fin, expondré sinteticamente los criterios adaptados para la traducción, agregando en último término uma bibliografia básica organizada por temas. Ya en el título encontramos un primer equívoco, porque no se trata de um Tractatus, como lo conoce la tradición, sino de una Reportatio, es decir, uma versión escrita basada en una exposición oral. Un segundo equívoco se encuentra también en el título. El escrito no trata de la eternidad del mundo sino de otro tema, mucho más acatado: la eternidad de la especie humana. Esto podría parecer una diferencia menor, pero no lo es: este texto (y otros) le valieron a Siger la acusación de herejía y la consecuente reclusión en la corte papal donde (según la leyenda) fue asesinado. Dicha herejía consistia en negar, siguiendo rigurosamente la filosofia aristotélica, el carácter creado del mundo, negación que ninguna lectura atenta podrá encontrar en este escrito. El lector encontrará en cambio el tratamiento de un tema puntual en un detallado trabajo erudito, conciso, claro y sagaz que desarrolla sólo uno de los modos de producción de los seres expuestos por Aristóteles en Metafísica Z, VII. Por lo que la acusación, más allá de los fines que persiguiera en su momento, constituye uma clara tergiversación de los términos en que este escrito plantea el problema.