bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in biochemical characterization of Vitis vinifera L. varieties in Hungary
Authors: Stefanovits-Bányai É. , Lakatos S. , Hajós-Novák M. , Hajdu E. , Balogh I.
Published: December 2018

Isoelectric focusing is an effective and well reproducible method to provide information for identification of various plant species and clones if breeding or other genetic modification(s) for a given species are reflected in changes of an isozyme pattern. The method has been used for characterization of plant proteins and enzymes and for identification of various species and varieties. Our aim was to continue our several-year-work carried out on a wide variety of grapevine varieties and to reveal whether analyses of esterase and peroxidase isozyme patterns are suitable to distinguish various grapevine varieties. Therefore we compared esterase and peroxidase isozyme patterns of various species. Plant samples were obtained from Szigetcsep, Kecskemet, Tokaj and Eger. The following samples were analyzed: Pinot gris, noir, blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling Theses, Chasselas from Szigetcs6p, Bianca and his parents Eger2 and Bouvier from Kecskemet, Furmint and Hárslevelű from Tokaj, Kékfrankos and Zweigelt from Eger. To identify various species according to their esterase isozyme patterns the after blooming phenological phase while according to their peroxidase isozyme pattern the dormant phenological phase was found as optimal sampling time.
Salt tolerance of sweet pepper seedlings
Authors: Slezák K. , Terbe I. , Kappel N. , Tóth K.
Published: December 2018

Laboratory germination tests have been made with three white fruit pepper varieties and with one spice pepper in filter paper rolls wetted with KCl solutions of different concentration. Parallel tests have been conducted with the other species (lettuce, tomato, kohlrabi) to compare the salt tolerance of paprika with that of other vegetable crops.

In greenhouse, the action of KCl has been investigated with transplants raised in soil mixture, in rockwool and with seedlings transplanted from rockwool into soil mixture. Like the trials in the laboratory, the experiments in soil mixture have been made with other plant species, too.
Organogenesis in eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Embu) as affected by antibiotics and growth regulators
Authors: Picoli E. A. de T. , Cecon P. R. , Fári M. G. , Otoni W. C.
Published: December 2018

The influence of antibiotics (cefotaxime, timentin, kanamycin and hygromycin) and growth regulators (indolacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine) was evaluated on eggplant organogenesis. Solanum melongena hypocotyl segments (6 to 10 mm length), taken from 16 to 20-days in vitro grown seedlings, were used as explants. The basic medium was composed by MS salts, Gamborg vitamins and 2% sucrose, solidified with agar 0.8% and pH adjusted to 5.7±0.2. Morphogenesis was impaired at 50 to 100 mg L-I kanamycin and 7.5 mg L-1 hygromycin. Both Timentin and cefotaxime reduced the frequency of regenerating explants meanwhile hyperhydricity was not affected. A decrease in root regeneration was observed with increasing cefotaxime concentrations, although, timentin had no effect on root regeneration, as compared to the control treatment. Interestingly, the number of adventitious roots was more noticeable at 0.25 mg L-I IAA plus 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. However, if just IAA was added led to higher number of regenerated roots compared to other treatments.
Effect of sowing dates and NPK levels on active substances in seeds of isabgol plants (Plantago ovata Forsk, L.).
Authors: Massoud Hekmat Y. A. , Hussein H. A. A. , El-Gamal Seham M. A.
Published: December 2018

Two field experiments were carried out in the Experimental Station and Laboratory of the Vegetables and Floriculture Dept., Fac. of Agric., Mansoura Univ., during the winter seasons of 1995/96 and 1996/97. The investigation aimed to study the effect of different sowing dates and NPK fertilization levels, as well as their interactions on active substances extracted from Isabgol plant (mucilage contents). Four sowing dates and six NPK levels were studied. The main findings in this investigation can be summarized as follows:

Plants grown in the first sowing data (Nov. 1st week) produced the highest content of mucilage as g/5 g seeds or as percentage of mucilage per plant.

The addition of NPK fertilization significantly increased the mucilage content of seed and its percentage per plant. The highest content and percentage were in plants treated with the fourth level of NPK (178.0 g/3m2).

Concerning effect of interaction between sowing dates and NPK levels on mucilage content, the highest content and percentage per plant were produced in plants grown in the first sowing date and treated with the fourth level of NPK.
How to produce large sized microtubers of potato cv. Desiree
Authors: Magyar-Tábori K. , Dobránszky J.
Published: December 2018

In vitro tuberization was induced on explants with different number of nodes layered on a medium with high sucrose (8%) content: 30, 15, 10, 7 and 6 explants per jar were cultured containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nodes, respectively. Microtubers developed were graded by their smallest diameter, and the number of tubers per jar, their size distribution, their fresh weight and the multiplication rate were recorded. The highest multiplication rate (1.98) was obtained for explants with 5 nodes. The size distribution of tubers was markedly affected by treatments. The majority of microtubers (49.4%) were 6-8 mm in the case of the smallest explants (with I node). When explants with 2 to 5 nodes were used, the most microtubers were 8-10 mm but with an increase of explant size, more and more microtubers were produced with larger diameter up to 16 mm and average fresh weight of tubers also increased with the increase of explant size. For the microtuber production of Desiree the use of explants with two nodes can be suggested because in this treatment the average fresh weight of microtubers was high enough (250 mg) and the number of large sized microtubers was very high (79% was larger than 6 mm and 53% was larger than 8 mm).
General defense system in the plant kingdom III.
Authors: Szarka J. , Sárdi E. , Szarka E. , Csilléry G.
Published: December 2018

Our observations regarding the symptoms not fitting into, significantly differing from the hypersensitive defense system, which we noticed during the judgment of several plant species, symptoms provoked on several million plants have constituted a unified entity. They have provided evidence for the existence of a different plant defense system. We called this so far unknown basic response of plants to biotic effects as general defense system. This system defends them from the attack of numerous microbe species in the environment.

The evolutionary intermediate phase between the general and the specific, the two defense systems is the susceptible host—pathogen relation. The vertical resistance system of plants escaping from the susceptible host—pathogen relation, based on specific hypersensitive reaction also suggested the existence of a more original, general defense system and the susceptible host—pathogen relation developed as a result of the collapse of that system.

The evolutionary relation of the two defense systems is proved by the only recessive inheritance of the older general defense system and in the majority of cases dominant hereditary course of the specific defense system. In our experiences, the modifying genes of the recessive general defense system, in most cases, are behind the specific defense systems, which are known to have monogenic dominant hereditary course and react with hypersensitive tissue destruction. This seemingly striking genetic fact is explained by the following: the general defense system less dependent on environmental effects regulates much faster pathophysiological reaction than the specific resistance genes strongly dependant on environmental effects coding dominant hypersensitive reaction.

The general and specific defense reactions, the processes excluding the microbes attacking plants with compacting of cell growth and tissue destruction, which mean two opposite strategies, building on and regulating each other constitute the entity of resistance to plant disease.
Study on the yeast and mould biota of the botrytized grapes in Tokaj region in two years
Authors: Bene Zs. , Magyar I.
Published: December 2018

The famous wine Tokaji Aszú is produced from "noble rotted" grapes infected and modified by Botrytis cinerea under special condition. The objective of this study was quantitative and qualitative characterisation of saprophytic fungi present on the surface of aszú­berries, with special regard to yeasts. There were considerable differences in these populations depending on the origin of noble rotted berries, notably between berries taken from the vine or the ones taken from the winery. Beside Botrytis, other mould species like Penicillium, Aspergillus were commonly found, in widely varying population. Yeast counts were detected between 104 and 107 cfu/g berry. In the samples taken from the vineyard Candida pulcherrima predominated followed by some aerobic basidiomycetous species, but Hanseniaspora species were also present in relatively high population. After transport and storage of the grape in the wineries, population of aerobic yeasts and C. pulcherrima quickly declined and Candida stellata followed by other sugar tolerant species became dominant. This autoselection process directs attention to the importance of storage conditions.
Fungicide resistant Trichoderma strains causing compost infection in shiitake production
Authors: Turóczi Gy. , Kovácsné Gyenes M. , Vajna L. , Balázs S.
Published: December 2018

Trichoderma infection represents the major problem of shiitake production in the growing house of the Research Institute at Kecskemet. Heavy infections occur mainly on the compost before spawn run. All the isolated strain belongs to the species Trichoderma harzianurn, but morphology of the colony indicates that there are more strains liable for the infection. Source of infection remained unclear but the Trichoderma strains can be considered as weed moulds rather than true pathogens of shiitake. All the Trichoderma isolates showed unusual high degree of resistance to fungicides.
Mathematical and Statistical Modelling of Impact Symptoms and Application to Tomato
Authors: Herold B. , Oberbarnscheidt B. , Jakovác F. , Kovács L. , Borsa B.
Published: December 2018

Drop tests were performed with different tomato cultivars. „Rupture" and „no rupture" conditions were determined as results. The proportion of „rupture" was shown versus the drop height and the relationships were described by a logistic function. The different cultivars are compared on this basis. The tests and results are suitable for the evaluation of stress sensitivity of tomatoes.
Propagation of plum rootstocks by hardwood cuttings
Authors: Szecskó V. , Csikós A. , Hrotkó K.
Published: December 2018

Vegetative propagation by hardwood cuttings is a very simple and cheap method for production of plum rootstocks. The aim of this study was to examine if this propagation technique is suitable for practice of three plum rootstocks and find the time or period when the percent of rooted cuttings is maximal. Based on our results, hardwood cuttings of the rootstocks tested have the rooting potential acceptable for practice, however, for Fehér besztercei in the previous literature leafy cuttings are recommended. Fehér besztercei reached 74.0% rooting, cuttings of Sainte Julien GF 655/2 rooted in as high percentage as 78.3%, and Marianna GF 8-1 had 88.3% rooted cuttings. Rooting potential of hardwood cuttings depends on more factors, one of them can be their dissimilar sensitivity for the diverse environmental circumstances at the different propagating dates, affecting through the internal biochemical changes that can be in relation with the differences in their dormancy.

The cuttings of Marianna GF 8-1 take root easily, but in some years the conditions were less favourable for reaching maximal rooting. For taking cuttings the period from the beginning of October until December was optimal. For Fehér besztercei the optimal date of cutting collection was around the end of October, but in some years the rooting in the middle of December was also high. Sainte Julien GF 655/2 definitely rooted best in October. The treatments with different IBA concentrations in two years affected differently the rooting percentage. The rooting of Marianna GF 8-1 and Sainte Julien GF 655/2 is barely influenced by the different hormone dose in both years. Hardwood cuttings of Fehér besztercei rooted definitely better when treated with 2000 ppm IBA in comparison to untreated ones, while in 2001-2002 there was no difference between 2000 and 4000 ppm.
Effect of different non-chemical treatment methods on organic seed
Authors: Ertsey A. , Berényi Üveges K. , Radics L.
Published: December 2018

The importance of ecological farming in Hungary is increasing. The utilisation of organic seed is regulated by national law. In our experiment the effect of two plant conditioning substantial: Biokál and Biomit Plussz were tested on the germination of seed. Our test plant species was garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), the most important vegetable in Hungary. The experiment was carried out in the germination laboratories of the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control after international rules. The germination, the length of root and shoot were measured. 4 hours soaking of pea seeds in 30% solution of Biokál gave the best result. Our results could help to make the field emergence of organic seed faster and safer.
Influence of foliar nutrition on apple production
Authors: Stampar F. , Solar A. , Hudina M.
Published: December 2018

On the basis of different experiments the technology of intensive foliar nutrition was studied in apple orchards in the period from 1996 until 2000. Yearly apple nutrition programs based on soil analyses. The foliar nutrition program was prepared in accordance with the soil, fruit analyses and climatic conditions. If needed, certain improvements were made according to the analyses of leaves and precipitation in the current year. The richness of the soil and ratios between individual nutrients gradually improved. The foliar nutrition influenced the yield quantity, quality and flower bud differentiation. The yield was doubled and the mean of five years reached 70 tons per hectare. In spite of high yields there were no problems with alternative bearing. The analyses of soluble solids, firmness, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, citric acid in the fruits and mineral soil composition indicated that the produced fruits were of high quality despite greater yields.
Effects of crop load on tree water use in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)
Authors: Lakatos T. , Bubán T.
Published: December 2018

Sap flow rate measurements were carried out during two consecutive ('on' and 'off') years in an apple orchard cv. 'Florina' M.26 to analyse the effects of various crop load on tree water use. Sap flow rate was measured by thermal dissipation method in trunks of nine trees from June to the harvest. Crop load was between 0.2-9.0 fruits • cm -2 of trunk cross section area (equal to 0.5-35.0 fruits•m-2 of leaf area), trunk diameter varied between 4.7-8.7 cm.

Total leaf area was estimated by leaf counting or using shoot girth and leaf area relationship. In both years, fruit growth rate was determined by measuring diameter of 280 marked fruits with 7 days frequency. Fruit volume calculated as a function of fruit diameter based on a previously determined relationship.

Total leaf area of trees ranged from 4.4 to 19.5 m2 and it was closely related to trunk cross section area. At high crop load the fruit growth rate peaked in August with 0.51.tree-l.day-1 and the leaf area specific total fruit volume reached 61 m2 before the harvest.

There was a linear relationship between total leaf area and daily water use, while the leaf area specific water use was influenced by crop load rate. The relationship was described by piecewise linear regression with the breakpoint at crop load rate of 12 fruits•m2 of leaf area. At low crop load the slope of the fitted regression line was less than at high crop load rate.
Production technology and fruit tree nutrition
Authors: Gonda I.
Published: December 2018

Fruit yield quality and quantity are effectively enhanced if healthy vegetative conditions are ensured. These optimal conditions — i.e. the balance between shoot development and yield — can be achieved by the rationalization of the production technologies, such as:

reduction of the size of the crown

adaptation of the severity and method of pruning to the conditions of the actual year

removal of the shoot tips

timely fruit thinning

By establishing an improved level of plant nutrient uptake, this will ensure a healthy balance between shoot growth and yield.
Study on the Penicillin-content of botrytized wines and noble rotted berries in Tokaj-region
Authors: Kállay M. , Bene Zs.
Published: December 2018

Favourable parameters are offered to the formation of noble rot caused by Botrytis cinerea by the climatic conditions, soil circumstances and grape-varietes of Tokaj-region. As the result of noble rot, aszú-berries represent the most important raw material of the world-wide known Tokaji Aszú Wine. The objective of this study was to measure the penicillin-content of aszú-berries and Tokaj Wine Specialities. As the result of infection of Botrytis free way can be opened in front of other mould strains, especially Penicillium and Aspergillus. There is a possibility to the presence of Penicillium chrysogenum on the surface of aszú-berries during noble rotting process. P. chrysogenum was found to produce the so called Naturally Derived Penicillins such as Penicillin-V (phenoximethyl-penicillin).

According to our findings the Penicillin-V content was detected between 0.4 and 26 mg/1 wine and 0-74 mg/kg aszú-berry. These values do net have therapeutic effect, but physiological benefit and it can be a basis to the qualification of the raw material of Tokaj Wine Specialities naturally together with the other component of noble rotted berries and botrytized wines.
Modelling and comparing two canopy shapes using FEM
Authors: Láng Z. , Csorba L.
Published: December 2018

Central leader and Vase form canopy models were built using FEM. Their main characteristics were chosen to be the same. The models were virtually exposed to the effect of steady-state horizontal forced vibration in the frequency range of 0-20 Hz. Acceleration-frequency curves were calculated and drawn to find the best frequency values for the effective detachment and also to see the acceleration differences in the limbs. For the same purpose the direction of shaking was also changed. It was found that for the Central leader canopy shape multidirectional shaking would bring uniform detachment while for the Vase form trees also the unidirectional shakers were appropriate. The acceleration achieved for the Vase form models were much higher than for the Central leader type. The acceleration-frequency curve of the shaker unit can be used to find the best frequency for shaking.
Determination of biogenic amine content of Tokaj Wine Specialities
Authors: Kállay M.
Published: December 2018

The knowledge of the finest composition of the Tokaj Wine Specialities is an indispensable task. The presence of the biogenic amines as an eventual combination of hygiene, technology and activity of Botrytis cinerea is a very important point of view in the future. The objective of this study was to measure the biogenic amine-content of Tokaj Wine Specialities.

According to our findings, the histamine-concentration remained lower than the prescribed end values, but ill the case of serotonine, there were significant measured values. During the fermentation period, in the first cycle there was a decrease in the concentration of biogenic amines, but with the advancement of fermentation, an increase was found.
Analyses of temporal dynamics of brown rot development on fruit in organic apple production
Authors: Holb I. J.
Published: December 2018

In a two-year study, yield loss and temporal dynamics of brown rot development caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey were quantified and analysed in two organic apple orchards (Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa). The first infected fruits were observed at the beginning of August in both years and both locations, except for one occasion when the first infected fruit was found at the end of July. Temporal disease development was continuous up to harvest time in both years and locations. In the two years, pre-harvest yield loss on the trees amounted between 8.9% and 9.3% at Debrecen-Pallag and between 9.7% and 10.8% at Debrecen—Jozsa by fruit harvest. Incidence of infected fruits on the orchard floor ranged from 32.4% to 43.2% and from 53.3% to 61.9%, at Debrecen—Pallag and Debrecen—Józsa, respectively, by fruit harvest. Analyses of temporal disease progress showed that the best-fitted mathematical function was the power function in both orchards and years. Both parameters of the power function clearly demonstrated that incidence of brown rot on fruit increased faster on the orchard floor than on the tree. Moreover, the disease increase was faster at Debrecen—Józsa in most cases than at Debrecen—Pallag. Our results indicated that the strategy of disease management, the ripeness of the fruit and the presence of a wounding agent played an important role in the yield loss and in the temporal development of fruit disease incidence caused by M. fructigena in organic apple orchards. Biological and practical implications of the results are discussed.
On power transformers energy efficiency based load transfer analysis
Authors: KAYA Zeynep , İMAL Nazım , GÖKHASAN Oğuz
Published: December 2018

Transformers have an important role from the production of electricity energy to consumption. Because they are responsible for ensuring that power transfer is carried out appropriately in many stages. Therefore, power transformers work in many places, from the production phase of electricity to the transmission and distribution phases. If various time periods are taken into consideration for energy using, power transformers can operate at small powers or very small powers. This small-power operation, which can be defined even as minor quantity, is counter-productive as a proportional increase in energy loss. The small working power, because of this loss ratio, is not taken into consideration; but considering large number of power transformers in annual periods, it can cause the serious losses and the costs emerge. In this paper, we propose a dual transformer control model in which apparent time periods with little load are determined by software, and in those periods, the load is fed by power transformers of smaller power or fewer. In this model, we worked for reducing the amount of power loss and energy costs during periods. Reduced load is demonstrated in following parts by statistical results.
Techno-economic assessment of biogas energy from animal wastes in central areas of Palestine: Bethlehem perspective
Authors: Al-maghalseh Maher
Published: December 2018

This study was carried out to assess the biogas potential at the central area of west bank at Palestine, mainly at Ramallah and Bethlehem regions. Due to the high demands and limitation of sources, Palestine suffers from electrical capacity shortage during winter time. However, the main objective of the study is to make an assessment of biogas potential and plant design at central regions at west bank. The study was implemented on one 33kV line with a power demand of 19.5 MVA. It is feeding the resident area of east Bethlehem villages. The digesters volume for the feedstocks was estimated and the material requirements for the digesters were also determined. The techno-economic analysis of the proposed project was also evaluated. Furthermore, the study clearly described the effects of the plant on the existing network with respect of voltage profile, power flow, and power losses. Finally, an economic analysis of the system will be evaluated. The results suggested that the proposed project was feasible, and it was concluded that the potential in Bethlehem region is capable of producing enough biogas to support the electric network.
CONTENT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL DENGAN METODE COLOR MOMENT DAN K-MEANS
Authors: Sukafona I Made , Thalib Emmy Febriani
Published: December 2018

Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is a research cluster that is very important to overcome problems related to the image search process. The development of internet technology and data communication has caused the number of multimedia images currently circulating to be very high. This study took the Color Moment method to carry out the feature extraction process. Before the feature extraction process, a segmentation process was carried out to separate the background image and the foreground image. Next, each background and front image is stored in the database. Method performance measurement is done by calculating the value of precision and recall. The test image used is the Wang dataset consisting of ten image classes. The test results show the level of recall or completeness of the images that were found to have increased significantly after using the K-Means segmentation process. But a high enough recall value decreases the value of precision or the comparison of true images with the image found overall. Precision values ​​decrease when compared to the CBIR method without running the K-Means segmentation.
Achieving the Ordinary
Authors: Conrad Keziah
Published: December 2018

In Bosnia, 20 years aft er a war of ethnic cleansing, mixed-ethnicity families swim against the stream of nationalist separatism that insists all Bosnians should be neatly sorted into ethnic categories. When asked about their experiences, however, mixed families in Sarajevo during fieldwork from 2011 to 2012 repeatedly insisted that they were just “ordinary,” “normal” families. In this article, I look closely at an ordinary evening in the life of one such family, examining how they achieve this atmosphere of everydayness within which ordinary kin relationships are sustained despite the volatility of differences in ethnic and religious affiliation. Using a conversation analytic approach and building on the work of ordinary ethics theorists, I argue that the sense of being an ordinary family is an accomplishment constituted through active intersubjective work.
China Economic Development and its Impact on the Indonesian Economy
Authors: Abimanyu Yoopi
Published: December 2018

Ekonomi China terus bertumbuh selama tiga decade ini.Â  Analisa kwalitatif menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi China untuk tahun 2014, 2015, dan 2016, tetap tinggi meskipun ekonomi dunia terus melemah. Karena besarnya peran China dalam perdagangan internasional Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi China sangat penting bagi ekonomi Indonesia. Dengan hipotesa bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi China akan memiliki dampak positif terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China, analisa kwantitatif dengan menggunakan two stages least squares antara China Produk Domestik Bruto per kapita dengan ekspor Indonesia ke China menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan China Produk Domestik Bruto per kapita sebesar satu persen saja akan mendorong naiknya ekspor Indonesia ke China sebesar 2,43 persen
PEMODELAN TERBAIK DAN PERAMALAN TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA SPN 3 BULAN
Authors: Mubarak Fadhlul , Wulandya Siti Arni , Seran Karlina , Soleh Agus Mohamad , Andriansyah .
Published: December 2018

Salah satu asumsi dasar ekonomi makro yang masih mengalami kendala dalam pengembangan perangkat analisis model ekonomi yang akurat adalah suku bunga Surat Perbendaharaan Negara (SPN) 3 bulan. Hal ini terutama disebabkan periode data yang tidak teratur karena didasarkan kepada rata-rata yield yang dimenangkan dalam lelang yang dilaksanakan pada periode-periode tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model proyeksi tingkat suku bunga SPN 3 bulan dengan memperbandingkan beberapa metode deret waktu yaitu pemulusan spline, pemulusan exponential dan pemulusan moving average, serta pemodelan regresi dengan menggunakan spread dengan yield Surat Utang Negara (SUN) 1 tahun. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa metode yang mendekati kondisi riil adalah metode pemulusan spline dan regresi dengan SUN 1 tahun, dimana pemulusan spline lebih baik untuk proyeksi jangka pendek dan regresi dengan SUN 1 tahun lebih baik untuk proyeksi jangka menengah.
CAN THE CREDIBLE FISCAL POLICY MITIGATE THE TERMS OF TRADE FLUCTUATION?
Authors: Kuncoro Haryo
Published: December 2018

This paper examines the links between fiscal policy and terms-of-trade movement in the case of Indonesia over the period 2001-13. Unlike other researchers, this paper explores both the rules-based and discretionary fiscal policies. The earlier factor covers deficit rule and debt rule which are intended to measure the fiscal policy credibility. The later follows FatÃ¡s and Mihov (2003; 2006). The OLS estimation of quarterly data reveals that the less credible deficit rule policy and discretionary fiscal policy have a positive impact on the terms of trade. In contrast, the more credible debt rule policy and government size tend to depreciate the terms of trade. Those findings suggest that fiscal policy credibility does not matter in the context of international market. Furthermore, to mitigate the external risks, the government intervention to the international market debt should be limited.
Potensi dan Tantangan Badan Layanan Umum di Bidang Penelitian dan Pengembangan Panas Bumi
Authors: Putriyana Lia
Published: December 2018

Penerapan pola pengelolaan keuangan Badan Layanan Umum (BLU) untuk penyediaan layanan barang dan jasa sedang dilakukan di beberapa lembaga pemerintah, salah satunya di lembaga penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) di bidang panas bumi. Di lain sisi, pemerintah juga telah menyusun target pemanfaatan panas bumi dalam Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN), dan regulasi yang mendukung pengembangan panas bumi,Â  sehingga iklim bisnis panas bumi di Indonesia saat ini cukup kondusif. Tujuan kajian ini adalah menyusun strategi dan rekomendasi untuk pengembangan BLU litbang panas bumi dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk memaparkan tentang potensi, tantangan, dan strategi pengembangan BLU litbang panas bumi, serta rekomendasi untuk dapat melakukan strategi pengembangannya. Tantangan utama dalam kegiatan BLU di bidang litbang panas bumi adalah regulasi, perubahan pola pikir, dan keterbatasan kompetensi yang dimiliki. Potensi terbesar BLU litbang panas bumi adalah kondisi pemanfaatan energi panas bumi yang masih sangat sedikit dibanding jumlah cadangan yang ada, sehingga peluang bisnis sangat terbuka, ditambah keuntungan secara birokrasi yang dimiliki BLU sebagai lembaga pemerintah. Secara garis besar strategi pengembangannya lebih dititikberatkan pada analisis terhadap kebutuhan pasar untuk pengembangan panas bumi yang dapat dijadikan peluang oleh BLU litbang panas bumi. Rekomendasi untuk BLU litbang panas bumi telah disusun di akhir kajian agar dapat mendukung strategi pengembangannya.
Sredstva za zaštitu bilja 2017.
Authors: Lipovski Andrea , Marić Ivandija Branimira
Published: December 2018

Sredstva za zaštitu bilja 2017. sadrži pregled sredstava za zaštitu bilja dozvoljenih za uporabu u Republici Hrvatskoj u 2017. godini. Sva sredstva koja se stavljaju u promet u Republici Hrvatskoj moraju biti registrirana pri nadležnoj upravi Ministarstva poljoprivrede. Informacije o sredstvima za zaštitu bilja mogu se pronaći i na web stranicama Ministarstva poljoprivrede (FIS Web Portal).
Sredstva su podijeljena prema namjeni u najznačajnije skupine: herbicidi, fungicidi i zoocidi. Svaka skupina sadrži pregled sredstava prema aktivnim tvarima. O svakom sredstvu navedeni su slijedeći podaci: trgovački naziv, formulacija, količina djelatne tvari, proizvođač i distributer, te koncentracija ili doza za suzbijanje uz popis štetočinja i kultura za koje sredstvo ima dozvolu za primjenu. Također, navedene su i karence za kulture u kojima je primjena dozvoljena. Zbog brojnih izmjena te dopuna rješenja i registracija, sredstva za zaštitu bilja se smiju koristiti isključivo prema uputama za uporabu koji se nalaze na ambalaži proizvoda. Svaka primjena sredstava za zaštitu bilja na bilo koji drugi način od navedenog u uputi za korištenje i na etiketi obavlja se isključivo na vlastitu odgovornost.
Humusne tvari i primjena huminske kiseline u poljoprivredi
Authors: Gluhić David
Published: December 2018

Razvojem tehnologije proizvodnje organskih gnojiva na tržištu se pojavljuju novi proizvodi na bazi huminskih kiselina. Huminske kiseline jedna su od humusnih tvari uz fulvo kiseline i humin, te predstavljaju aktivan dio humusa i zato su najvažnija grupa humusnih tvari.
Prilikom primjene u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, huminske kiseline pokazale su dobar učinak. Korištenjem istih doprinosi se povećanju plodnosti tla, popravku vodozračnih odnosa u tlu, popravak kemijskih svojstava tla, neposredno mogu utjecati na plodnost biljke, rast korijena i ublažavanje stresnih situacija kod biljaka. Također, svoju primjenu su pronašle i u stočarskoj proizvodnji pri čemu poboljšavaju neke parametre zdravlja kod životinja. Stoga se preporuča primjena huminskih kiselina u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.
Istraživanje učinka ekstrakta češnjaka (Alium sativum L.) u suzbijanju lisne uši (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.)
Authors: Franin Kristijan , Zjalić Slaven
Published: December 2018

Lisne uši (Insecta: Aphidoidea) pripadaju jednoj od najvažnijih skupina poljoprivrednih štetnika širom svijeta. Često uzrokuju ozbiljne, ekonomske probleme na različitim poljoprivrednim kulturama. Ponekad, zbog pojave rezistentnosti ovih kukaca na konvencionalna sredstva za zaštitu bilja zaštita je jako složena. Za razliku od kemijskih sredstava biljni ekstrakti pokazuju pozitivni učinak na okoliš, biološku raznolikost i ljudsko zdravlje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti učinkovitost različitih koncentracija vodenog i alkoholnog ekstrakta autohtonog (lokalni sortiment) i uvoznog češnjaka (Alium sativum L.) na šljivinu zelenu uš (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.). Pokus je obavljen u laboratorijskim uvjetima korištenjem Petrijevih posuda prethodno obloženih filter papirom na koji su postavljene lisne uši. U svaku Petrijevu posudu postavljeno je 15 jedinki. Vodeni i alkoholni ekstrakti su razrijeđeni u tri koncentracije (100%, 50% i 25%). Smrtnost kukaca je kontrolirana nakon 24 h i 48 h. Za izračun i korekciju mortaliteta korištena je Abott-ova formula. Statistički značajna razlika je uočena između tretmana i kontrole. Najveći učinak unutar 24 h je pokazao je 100 %-tni vodeni ekstrakt, kao i sve koncentracije alkoholnog ekstrakta. Najlošiji rezultat (9.99%) nakon 24 h je uočen kod 25%-tne vodene otopine. Nakon 48 h smrtnost je kod svih koncentracija bila veća od 75%.
Zur 'Effizienz' von Technologien in Entwicklungsländern
Authors: Müller-Plantenberg Urs
Published: December 2018

Es erscheint zunächst einmal erfrischend, mit welcher Eindeutigkeit und Direktheit Wolfgang Schoeller in seinem Aufsatz über »Wahl der Technologie und Beschäftigung in Entwicklungsländern« seine Thesen vorträgt. Leider ist mit dieser Direktheit aber eine Reihe von Verkürzungen verbunden, die dazu führen, daß die durchaus nötige Zerstörung von Illusionen über die Verfügbarkeit und Wirksamkeit technologischer Alternativen plötzlich in einem Zusammenhang erscheint, der den in den westlichen Industrieländern produzierten technischen Fortschritt geradezu als Segen für die Entwicklungsländer erscheinen läßt. Die westdeutschen Kapitalgüterexporteure, die von diesem Segen nicht zu überzeugt werdenbrauchen, können dieser Darstellung nur zustimmen. Wo ihr segensreiches Angebot mangels Masse an Devisen nicht genutzt werden kann, sollen dann nach Meinung Schoellers die östlichen Industriestaaten, deren Theorie von der »wissenschaftlich-technischen Revolution« ebenfalls dem eindimensionalen Begriff von technischem Fortschritt huldigt, in die Bresche springen. Zum Schluß ergibt sich dann, daß das Problem der Beschäftigung, das noch im Titel erscheint, gar kein Problem der Ökonomie oder Technologie sondern nur ein politisch-organisatorisches Problem ist: Wird erst einmal aus der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung ein genügender investierbarer Überschuß mittels ungleichen Tausches herausgepreßt, der gegen Kapitalgüter aus den sozialistischen Staaten oder von multinationalen Konzernen getauscht werden kann, dann werden Industrialisierung, Wachstum und Entwicklung schon für die Beseitigung der Arbeitslosigkeit sorgen. So einfach ist das nach Wolfgang Schoeller. Wir sind der Auffassung, daß es leider so einfach nicht ist und daß insbesondere Schoellers Begriff von »Effizienz« von Technologien ihn daran hindert, die Folgen der technologischen Abhängigkeit der Entwicklungsländer von den Industrienationen in ihrem vollen Umfang zu sehen und zu beschreiben, was schließlich dazu führt, daß er das Problem des investierbaren Überschusses unterschätzt, wo er doch meint, es erstmalig in diese Debatte eingeführt zu haben. Es wäre schade, wenn eine ganze Reihe wichtiger und richtiger Punkte in Schoellers Argumentation nur deshalb nicht beachtet würde, weil er es den Vertretern der Gegenposition in der Technologiediskussion so leicht macht, gegen ihn zu polemisieren.
Zur politischen Ökonomie ölexportierender Länder - oder:
Authors: Hein Wolfgang
Published: December 2018

Ökonomen - viele Marxisten eingeschlossen - konzentrieren ihre Analysen vorzugsweise auf die quantitativen Aspekte wirtschaftlicher Prozesse, sei es in Preisausdrücken oder in Tauschwertkategorien. Typische Beispiele auf der marxistischen Seite stellen die Diskussionen über den »Ungleichen Tausch« und über die modifizierte Wirkungsweise des Wertgesetzes auf dem Weltmarkt dar. Diese Tatsache reflektiert zunächst einmal das Wesen der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise, in der der gesellschaftliche Charakter der Produktion über die Verallgemeinerung von Warenbeziehungen (einschließlich der Transformation menschlicher Arbeitskraft in eine Ware) hergestellt wird und die gesellschaftliche Arbeitsteilung weder primär unmittelbaren Zwangsverhältnissen noch einem politischen Konsens zwischen den Betroffenen entspringt, sondern aus der Konkurrenz von Revenuequellenbesitzern um die Maximierung ihrer Einkommen in Tauschwertform resultiert. Zum Verständnis grundlegender ökonomischer Zusammenhänge in der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise ist es daher tatsächlich möglich und notwendig, sich auf die Analyse von Tauschwertbeziehungen zu konzentrieren. In vielen Analysen wird jedoch in kurzschlüssiger Weise von Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Produktion und Zirkulation von Tauschwerten auf konkrete historische Prozesse gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung geschlossen, wobei die Vielfalt der Bestimmungsmomente sozialer Realität ignoriert wird. Ein solcher Kurzschluß liegt etwa dann vor, wenn der »ungleiche Tausch« (in welcher theoretischen Version auch immer) als determinierende Variable kapitalistischer Entwicklung bzw. Unterentwicklung angesehen wird.
Editorial: Probleme mit dem Klassenkampf - Marxistische Theorie und soziale Bewegungen
Authors: Redaktion Prokla
Published: December 2018

Editorial: Probleme mit dem Klassenkampf - Marxistische Theorie und soziale Bewegungen
Geschichte und Marxismus - Zur Kontroverse zwischen E.P. Thompson und P. Anderson
Authors: Spohn Willfried
Published: December 2018

Die Kontroverse zwischen Ed ward P. Thompson und Perry Anderson ist im Kern eine Auseinandersetzung um das Politikverständnis der Neuen Linken in England. Sie ist zugleich eine Auseinandersetzung über die Grundlagen des historischen Materialismus und über die Methode einer marxistischen Geschichtsschreibung. Sie ist eine Auseinandersetzung über den Zusammenhang von Geschichte, marxistischer Theorie und sozialistischer Praxis. Sie ist politisch geprägt durch eine doppelte Frontstellung gegen orthodoxen Kummunismus und reformkapitalitischen Sozialdemokratismus. Sie ist theoretisch durch die Gramscische Kritik am orthodoxen Ökonomismus gegangen, und sie ist in guter englischer Tradition empirisch-historisch orientiert. Ist sie deshalb nur ein spezifisch englisches Gefecht? Sind es nur »Arguments Within English Marxism« - so der Titel des kürzlichen Versöhnungsangebots zur Beilegung des Streits von Anderson an Thompson? Ich denke, nein. Sie ist eine spezifische Form der Ausfechtung dessen, was hierzulande unter dem Generalthema der Krise des Marxismus verhandelt wird, und ihr lehrreicher Vorteil ist, daß sie nicht nur im abstrakten Theorienstreit und im Austausch politischer Standpunkte, sondern im Kontext materialer Geschichtsschreibung und empirischer Forschung ausgetragen wird. Die folgenden Thesen1 versuchen, nach kurzer Vorstellung der Kontroverse im Kontext der Krise des Marxismus (I) dem Zusammenhang von Geschichte und Marxismus in dieser Auseinandersetzung zunächst an der unterschiedlichen Konzeption einer marxistischen Historiographie (II), dann an der unterschiedlichen Interpretation des Marxismus (III) und schließlich, in der Perspektive einer Lösung, dem Verhältnis von Struktur und Geschichte nachzugehen (IV).
Soziale Bewegung und Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Paris Rainer
Published: December 2018

Daß sich die Linke ihrem eigenen Selbstverständnis nach als soziale, als »sozialistische Bewegung« begreift, erscheint ebenso selbstverständlich wie präzisierungsbedürftig: Nicht nur, daß sich unter dem Etikett der 'Bewegung' offenbar sehr verschiedenartige, sich teilweise heftig befehdende Organisationsansätze und Praxisformen verbergen; auch die mit der Adaption des Bewegungsbegriffs oftmals verbundene propagandistische Überhöhung und Stilisierung des eigenen Macht- und Kräftepotentials gemahnt zur Vorsicht. Ich vermute,daß die Verbreitung und Attraktivität des Bewegungsbegriffs sich gerade seiner Diffusität und Imerpretationsbreite verdankt und darin begründet ist: darin nämlich, daß seine emphatische und zugleich undifferenzierte Verwendung es erlaubt, bestimmte im Marxismus längst überfällige theoretische und politische Fragen eben nicht aufzuwerfen und stattdessen eine fiktiv-optimistische Kontinuität und Zielgerichtetheit gesellschaftlicher Veränderungsprozesse zu postulieren. Der folgende Beitrag versucht, einige dieser Fragen in der Perspektive einer interaktionstheoretischen Ausdifferenzierung des Bewegungsverständnisses zu rekonstruieren und Kriterien zu entwickeln, durch die ein politisch beliebiger Umgang mit dem Begriff der sozialen Bewegung vermieden werden kann.
Kein Ausweg
Authors: Heise Hildegard
Published: December 2018

Die seit längerer Zeit laufende Debatte um die Aussagefähigkeit oder Erneuerungsbedürftigkeit der marxistischen Theorie - als Resonanz der 'Krise des Marxismus', wie Althusser den Einbruch in die Glaubwürdigkeit des Mar,dsmus-Leninismus benannte - hat neben den Bemühungen der Rekonstruktion und Bekräftigung ihrer essentiellen Bestimmungen auch erneut Ansätze hervorgerufen, die sich durch die Verwerfung fundamentaler Bausteine dieser Wissenschaft auszeichnen. Insbesondere mehren sich die Stimmen, die zum einen an der von Marx wissenschaftlich begründeten Kompetenz der Arbeiterklasse - nämlich sozialer Träger des Umwälzungsprozesses der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft zu sein - zweifeln und/ oder die zum anderen das unmittelbare Produkt der Arbeiterklasse, die große Industrie, als der freien Assoziation entgegenstehend ansehen. Die politische Stärke dieser Positionen ist in dem Umstand begründet, daß die lange Lebensepoche der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft und somit die Entwicklungsfähigkeit der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise sowie die vorfindlichen Verhältnisse der sogenannten 'real-sozialistischen' Länder die Aussicht auf einen historisch-gesicherten Aufbau der freien Organisation der Produzenten, derkommunistischen Gesellschaft, als zweifelhaft erscheinen lassen.
Der Sieg Reagans
Authors: Ferguson Thomas , Rogers Joel
Published: December 2018

Unter den vielen Stationen seiner langen Reise zur amerikanischen Präsidentschaft war Reagans Besuch in Dallas, Texas Ende August 1980 sicherlich eine der bemerkenswertesten. Denn dort kamen innerhalb eines einzigen Tages wirklich alle bizarren Themen der Wahlkampagne zusammen. Reagan kam in diese Wirtschaftsmetropole des Südwestens, um die bereits starke Unterstützung durch die »wiedererweckten« christlichen Fundamentalisten abzusichern, die eine neue und wichtige Kraft bei den Wahlen im November darzustellen versprachen. Sein Besuch begann mit einem privaten Treffen mit mehr als zweihundert »religiösen und wirtschaftlichen Persönlichkeiten« im großen Saal des Dallas Hyatt Regency. Eine Szene, die geradewegs aus Eimer Gantry oder Robert Altmans Nashville kommen könnte. Die Versammlung zog viele der bekanntesten und einflußreichsten Mitglieder der amerikanischen, schwerreichen Ultrarechten an. Unter den Anwesenden befand sich der Milliardär und Ölkonzernbesitzer Nelson Bunker Hunt, dessen Versuch, Weltsilberkönig zu werden, erst kürzlich gescheitert ist und die Intervention eines speziell eingerichteten Bankensyndikats ausgelöst hat. Weiterhin der Texas-Ranger-Besitzer und rechte Verleger »Mad« Eddy Chiles, Jesse Helms, der Senator aus North Carolina, Textilien und Tabak, den seine Gegner wegen seiner großen Kampagnenkasse den »6-Millionen-Dollar Mann« nennen, und den Fort Worth-Industriellen T. Cullen Davis, ein »Wiedererweckter« nach seinem Freispruch im 3. Verfahren, in dem er angeklagt war, seine Frau ermordet zu haben.
Editorial: Wohnen - in Frieden?
Authors: Redaktion Prokla
Published: December 2018

Editorial: Wohnen - in Frieden?
Verwertung des Wohnungsbaukapitals und Staatseingriffe im Wohnungssektor
Authors: Hirsch-Borst Renate , Krätke Stefan
Published: December 2018

In der BRD ist in den letzten Jahren die Wohnungsnot der Arbeiterbevölkerung bzw. der Bevölkerungsgruppen mit niedrigem Einkommen, die sich hauptsächlich als zunehmender Mangel an preisgünstigen Mietwohnungen äußert, wieder verstärkt hervorgetreten. Spektakuläre Hausbesetzungen in einzelnen Städten als direkte Folge einer staatlichen Sanierungspolitik, die die Eigentumsbildung von Spekulanten zum Nulltarif aus Steuergeldern und den Verfall bzw. Leerstand der zum späteren Abriß oder zur 'Luxusmodernisierung' vorgesehenen Altbauwohnungen förderte, wie auch die Krise des Sozialen Wohnungsbaus (in Form von massiven Mietsteigerungen, Produktionseinschränkungen, Bindungsfreigabe und 'Privatisierung' von Sozialwohnungen) haben dazu geführt, daß die 'neue Wohnungsnot' auf allen politischen Ebenen wahrgenommen wurde.
Wohnungspolitik in der BRD - Leitlinien und Entwicklungsphasen
Authors: Krummacher Michael
Published: December 2018

Wohnungskämpfe und die Debatte zur neuen/alten Wohnungsnot haben deutlich gemacht,- daß sich die regionalen und sozialen Ungleichheiten der Wohnungsversorgung verschärfen und in den Ballungsräumen der Mangel an preiswertem Mietwohnraum und die Wohnungsnot;- daß die Wohnungspolitik - lange Zeit als Musterbeispiel sozialstaatlicher Wohlfahrtspolitik gepriesen - sich in einer Legitimationskrise befindet;- daß die Reaktionen der Regierenden auf kommunaler Ebene in Beschwichtigungsversuchen und noch mehr der Kriminalisierung der Wohnungskämpfe, auf staatlicher Ebene vor allem in einer breit angelegten Kampagne für mehr Marktwirtschaft im Wohnungssektor bestehen.Der vorliegende Aufsatz soll dazu beitragen, den - in lokalen Einzelkonflikten oft unterschätzten - Zusammenhang der gegenwärtigen Situation im Wohnungsbereich mit de Determinanten staatlicher Wohnungspolitik der vergangenen Jahrzehnte durchschaubar zu machen.
Akzentverschiebungen und Probleme der neueren marxistischen Rechtsanalyse
Authors: Schürmann Peter
Published: December 2018

Die Studentenbewegung der sechziger Jahre erfaßte auch so entpolitisierte Bereiche wie Jurisprudenz und Justiz. Mittels kritischer Aktion und Reflexion wurde der bornierte Subsumtionsbetrieb zunächst verunsichert, später aufgebrochen, so daß sich neue - vor allem linke - Positionen zu Recht und Rechtsanwendung herausbilden konnten.