bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of comorbidity and associated risk factors in adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Egeberg A. , Andersen Y. M. F. , Gislason G. H. , Skov L. , Thyssen J. P.
Published: November 2016

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disorder, which may persist into adulthood; however, the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with AD is not well characterized. AD is considered a systemic disorder like psoriasis, which has raised a need for data on the comorbidity profile of patients with AD, to assess the potential risks, benefits, and complications in management of patients with AD. We described the occurrence of medical and psychiatric comorbidities and associated risk factors in adults with AD compared with psoriasis and the general population.

Methods

All Danish individuals aged ≥18 years with a hospital (inpatient or ambulatory) diagnosis of AD or psoriasis during the study period (January 1, 1995–December 31, 2012) were linked in administrative registers.

Results

Overall, prevalence of smoking and alcohol abuse was higher among patients with AD than the general population, but lower than psoriasis patients. Similarly, patients with AD had more risk factors and higher prevalence of comorbidity than the general population, but lower prevalence and reduced risk compared to psoriasis patients, except for use of anxiolytics, which was higher in severe AD. Prevalence of diabetes was lower in AD than psoriasis patients as well as general population controls.

Conclusions

Despite an increased risk of various medical and psychiatric comorbidities compared to general population controls, adult patients with AD had markedly lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease than psoriasis patients. However, prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity and tobacco smoking was alarmingly high in severe patients with AD, which might be target for intervention in patient management.
Detection of drug‐responsive B lymphocytes and antidrug IgG in patients with β‐lactam hypersensitivity
Authors: Amali M. O. , Sullivan A. , Jenkins R. E. , Farrell J. , Meng X. , Faulkner L. , Whitaker P. , Peckham D. , Park B. K. , Naisbitt D. J.
Published: November 2016

Background

Delayed‐type β‐lactam hypersensitivity develops in subset of patients. The cellular immunological processes that underlie the drug‐specific response have been described; however, little is known about involvement of the humoral immune system. Thus, the aim of this study was to utilize piperacillin hypersensitivity as an exemplar to (i) develop cell culture methods for the detection of drug‐specific B‐cell responses, (ii) characterize drug‐specific IgG subtypes and (iii) assess reactivity of IgG antibodies against proteins modified to different levels with piperacillin haptens.

Methods

IgG secretion and CD19+CD27+ expression on B cells were measured using ELISPOT and flow cytometry, respectively. A piperacillin–BSA adduct was used as an antigen in ELISA antibody binding studies. Adducts generated using different ratios of drug to protein were used to determine the degree of conjugation required to detect IgG binding.

Results

B cells from hypersensitive patients, but not controls, were stimulated to secrete IgG and increase CD27 expression when cultured with soluble piperacillin. A piperacillin–BSA adduct with cyclized and hydrolysed forms of the hapten bound to eight lysine residues was used to detect hapten‐specific IgG 1‐4 subclasses in patient plasma. Hapten inhibition and the use of structurally unrelated hapten–BSA adducts confirmed antigen specificity. Antibody binding was detected with antigens generated at piperacillin/BSA ratios of 10:1 and above, which corresponded to a minimum epitope density of 1 for antibody binding.

Conclusion

These data show that antigen‐specific B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are activated in piperacillin‐hypersensitive patients. Further work is needed to define the role different IgG subtypes play in regulating the iatrogenic disease.
The Subject of Suffering
Authors: Pollock Susan
Published: November 2016

As the German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno argued, suffering is one of the most fundamental of human experiences. In archaeological narratives, however, suffering seldom appears. Instead, current trends in archaeology, including the focus on the relevance of things, the dissolution of boundaries between subjects and objects, and the foregrounding of agency, shift attention away from the subject of suffering. I discuss an archaeology that takes suffering as a central issue, drawing on archaeological work at sites of the Nazi period in Berlin. Rather than promoting positive identifications with the past, I argue that we need archaeologies that work toward respect and responsibility by acknowledging suffering, both past and present. [suffering, experience, archaeology of Nazi times, Berlin]
The Contingency of Humanitarianism: Moral Authority in an African HIV Clinic
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: November 2016

One consequence of the recent expansion of anthropological interest in humanitarianism is the seeming obviousness and conceptual stability of “humanitarianism” itself. In this article, I argue that, rather than being a stable concept and easily recognizable phenomenon, humanitarianism only becomes apparent in relation to other categories. In short, humanitarianism is contingent: it depends on circumstance and varies from one context to another. Furthermore, its perceptibility rests on individuals’ capacity to mobilize categorical similarities and distinctions. One cannot call a thing or person “humanitarian” without denying the humanitarian character of someone or something else. Drawing on research conducted in clinical spaces where Botswana's national HIV treatment program and private US institutions overlapped, I examine the processes by which individuals claimed people, spaces, and practices as humanitarian, the contrasts they drew to make these claims, and the moral positions they attempted to occupy in the process. More than questions of mere terminology, these processes of categorization and contradistinction serve as crucibles for the larger struggles over sovereignty, inequality, and the legacies of colonialism that haunt US‐driven global health interventions. [humanitarianism, global health, expertise, semiotics, Botswana, HIV/AIDS]
Protection against genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infection following intranasal immunization with a novel recombinant MOMP VS2/4 antigen
Authors: Hadad Ronza , Marks Ellen , Kalbina Irina , Schön Karin , Unemo Magnus , Lycke Nils , Strid Åke , Andersson Sören
Published: November 2016

The asymptomatic nature of most Chlamydia trachomatis infections and the lack of appropriate effects by current prevention and management call for vaccine development. We evaluated a recombinant subunit vaccine candidate based on the major outer membrane protein variable segments 2 and 4 (MOMP VS2/4). To achieve maximal immunogenicity and ease of production and purification, MOMP VS2/4 was constructed by using highly immunogenic sequences of MOMP only, thereby minimizing the presence of hydrophobic regions, and spacing the immunogenic epitopes with a flexible amino acid sequence. A purification tag was also added. The MOMP VS2/4 was given intranasally, with or without intravaginal boost, with cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant to C57BL/6 mice, which were screened for immunogenicity and protection against a live challenge infection with C. trachomatis serovar D. Bacterial shedding, cell‐mediated responses, and antibody responses were monitored. Immunized mice exhibited significantly less bacterial shedding and were better protected against infertility as compared to unimmunized control mice. Immunizations stimulated both systemic and local specific antibody (IgG1, IgG2c, and IgA) responses, and primed T cells that produced interferon‐γ and interleukins 13 and 17 upon challenge with recall antigen. Thus, MOMP VS2/4, in combination with CT adjuvant, stimulated Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector cells, and generated protective immunity associated with less pathology. We regard MOMP VS2/4 as a promising candidate for further development into a mucosal chlamydial vaccine.
HE4 as a predictor of adjuvant chemotherapy resistance and survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Aarenstrup Karlsen Mona , Høgdall Claus , Nedergaard Lotte , Philipsen Prahm Kira , Schou Karlsen Nikoline Marie , Weng Ekmann‐Gade Anne , Henrichsen Schnack Tine , Svenstrup Poulsen Tim , Jarle Christensen Ib , Høgdall Estrid
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the value of serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and HE4 tissue protein expression to predict tumor resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Consecutive inclusion of 198 patients diagnosed with EOC was conducted. Blood samples were collected prior to surgery and tissue samples during surgery. Patient data were registered prospectively in the Danish Gynecologic Cancer Database. The association between serum HE4 and HE4 tissue protein expression, resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy, PFS, and overall survival were analyzed in univariate analyses and in multivariate analyses adjusted for age, performance score, surgical outcome, stage, grade, and histological subtype. Serum HE4 levels predicted chemotherapy resistance, PFS, and overall survival correlated significantly (p < 0.001) in the univariate analyses; but after adjustment in a multivariate model, serum HE4 was insignificant, except in a subgroup analysis of postmenopausal women, where serum HE4 significantly predicted resistance to chemotherapy and progression‐free survival. HE4 tissue protein expression predicted PFS (p = 0.022) and overall survival (p = 0.047) in the univariate analysis, while HE4 tissue protein expression failed to predict these outcomes in the adjusted multivariate analyses. Serum HE4 or HE4 tissue protein expression are not independent factors of chemotherapy resistance or survival in patients with EOC, but serum HE4 might predict chemotherapy resistance and PFS in postmenopausal women.
Perineal alveolar soft part sarcoma treated by laparoscopy‐assisted total pelvic exenteration combined with pubic resection
Authors: Aiba Toshisada , Uehara Keisuke , Tsukushi Satoshi , Yoshino Yasushi , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Nagino Masato
Published: November 2016

A 20‐year‐old woman with a perineal alveolar soft part sarcoma was referred to our hospital. MRI showed that an irregular oval tumor occupied the perineum. The tumor was contiguous to the vagina, rectum, levator muscle, and pubis and was diagnosed as alveolar soft part sarcoma by transvaginal biopsy. Laparoscopy‐assisted total pelvic exenteration combined with a pubic resection was performed, and an R0 resection with a wide margin was achieved. It is well known that only R0 resection improves the outcome of patients with localized alveolar soft part sarcoma. In this case, the perineal manipulation was difficult because the tumor was huge and had a rich blood flow. Massive bleeding occurred during the perineal manipulation. However, we kept the operative field dry thanks to minimal intraoperative blood loss during the laparoscopic phase. The laparoscopic approach might be advantageous for such a demanding surgical procedure for tumors in the distal pelvis and perineum.
Pro‐survival signal inhibition by CDK inhibitor dinaciclib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Chen Yixiang , Germano Sandra , Clements Chris , Samuel Jesvin , Shelmani Ghalia , Jayne Sandrine , Dyer Martin J. S. , Macip Salvador
Published: November 2016

Dinaciclib is a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor with clinical potential in different cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In order to better understand its cytotoxic action, we characterized its effects on signalling pathways important for the survival of CLL cells. We found that dinaciclib induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases 8 and 9, which was independent of the presence of cytokines to mimic the environment of proliferation centres or IGVH mutation status. Moreover, treatment with dinaciclib led to the inhibition of oncogenic pathways normally activated in stimulated CLL cells, such as STAT3, NF‐κB, p38, PI3K/AKT and RAF/MEK/ERK. Dinaciclib was also able to block the expression of anti‐apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family such as MCL1 and BCL‐xL (also termed BCL2L1). Finally, we showed that low concentrations of dinaciclib enhanced cell sensitivity to ibrutinib and the BCL2 inhibitor ABT‐199, two drugs with known effects on CLL. Taken together, our data show that dinaciclib targets multiple pro‐survival signalling pathways in CLL, which provides a mechanistic explanation for its potent induction of apoptosis. They also support a therapeutic application of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors in CLL in combination with other relevant targeted therapies.
Management of central nervous system involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a retrospective cohort of 30 patients
Authors: Wanquet Anne , Birsen Rudy , Bonnet Charlotte , Boubaya Marouane , Choquet Sylvain , Dupuis Jehan , Lepretre Stephane , Re Daniel , Fahri Jonathan , Michallet Anne‐Sophie , Ysebaert Loïc , Lemal Richard , Lamy Thierry , Delarue Richard , Troussard Xavier , Cymbalista Florence , Levy Vincent , Dietrich Pierre‐Yves , Leblond Veronique , Aurran‐Schleinitz Therese
Published: November 2016

Central nervous system involvement (CNSi) is a rare and poorly reported complication of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Establishing cause and effect between the CLL and the neurological symptoms remains challenging. We have analysed a retrospective cohort of 30 CLL patients with CNSi, documented by lymphocytic infiltration either by flow cytometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 29) or CNS biopsy (n = 1). Neurological symptoms were heterogeneous. At the time of CNSi, less than half of the patients had a progressive CLL and 20 had never been treated for CLL. Initial treatment with fludarabine‐based immuno‐chemotherapy, with or without intra‐CSF therapy, led to durable response in eight out of nine untreated patients. In contrast, 50% patients receiving various prior treatments needed additional therapy within a median of 4 months (1–16). Ibrutinib led to complete response in 4/4 heavily pre‐treated patients. From CNSi, 5‐year overall survival was 72% and 48% for treatment‐naïve and previously treated patients respectively (P = 0·06); 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was 43% and 0% (P = 0·125). 17p deletion was significantly associated with poor PFS (P = 0·006). CNSi may be the only sign of progression of CLL and should be considered an initiation criterion of systemic treatment. Prognosis seemed to be related to CLL characteristics rather than to CNSi itself.
Introduction of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy within an established enhanced recovery programme
Authors: Miller Catherine , Campain Nicholas J. , Dbeis Rachel , Daugherty Mark , Batchelor Nicholas , Waine Elizabeth , McGrath John S.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To describe the implementation phase of a robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) programme including side‐effect profiles and impact on length of stay (LOS).

Patients and Methods

In all, 114 consecutive patients (82% male) underwent RARC and urinary diversion between April 2013 and December 2015 [ileal conduit (97 patients) and orthotopic neobladder (17)]. Surgery was performed by two surgeons within a designated regional cancer centre. No exclusion criteria were applied. All patients were managed on the Exeter Enhanced Recovery Pathway (ERP) in a unit where embedded enhanced recovery practice was already established. Data were collected prospectively on the national cystectomy registry – the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Complex Operations Dataset.

Results

RARC was technically feasible in all but one case. The mean operating time was 3–5 h with an overall transfusion rate of 8.8%. There were higher‐grade complications (Clavien–Dindo grade III–IV) in 18.4% of patients, with a 30‐day mortality rate of 0.9%. The median (range) LOS after RARC was 7 (3–68) days, with a re‐admission rate of 18.4%.

Conclusions

The present series shows that RARC can be safely implemented in a unit experienced in robot‐assisted surgery (RAS). Case‐selection in this setting is not deemed necessary. There are benefits in terms of lower transfusion rates and reduced LOS. The side‐effect profile appears to differ from that of open RC, and despite the fact that complication rate is equivalent; ‘technical’ complications are over‐represented in the RAS group. As such, they should improve with experience, recognition, and modification of surgical technique. ERPs can be safely applied to all patients undergoing RARC to maximise the benefits of minimally invasive surgery.
Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA (TERRA) related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Authors: Wang Caiqin , Shen Fengxian , Zhu Yuning , Fang Yuying , Lu Shiming
Published: November 2016

Context

Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA (TERRA) participates in the regulation of telomere length, and leucocyte telomere length (LTL) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but little is known about the role of TERRA in PCOS.

Objective

To evaluate the role of TERRA and peripheral blood LTL in PCOS.

Design and participants

Forty women with PCOS and 35 healthy women without PCOS were recruited. A prospective case–control study was performed.

Measurements

RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect TERRA expression in peripheral blood leucocyte. Quantitative PCR was used to measure TERRA expression and the mean LTL in the PCOS and control groups. We analysed the association between related clinical parameters and the age‐adjusted ratio of the telomere repeat length (T/S ratio) or TERRA.

Results

Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA was expressed in human peripheral blood leucocytes, and the signal was abolished after culture with RNase A. The age‐adjusted LTLs were significantly longer in the PCOS group than in the control group (P < 0·01). The age‐adjusted TERRA level was significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the control group (P < 0·01). Testosterone (TTE) was related positively to LTL and negatively to TERRA in the PCOS group (r = 0·532, P = 0·002; r = −0·477, P = 0·017).

Conclusion

We found TERRA expression in human peripheral blood leucocytes, and LTLs were positively associated with PCOS. TERRA and testosterone play an important role in the LTL regulation in PCOS.
Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Rossetti R. , Ferrari I. , Bonomi M. , Persani L.
Published: November 2016

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by a loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 and account for one major cause of female infertility. POI relevance is continuously growing because of the increasing number of women desiring conception beyond 30 years of age, when POI prevalence is >1%. POI is highly heterogeneous and can present with ovarian dysgenesis and primary amenorrhea, or with secondary amenorrhea, and it can be associated with other congenital or acquired abnormalities. In most cases POI remains classified as idiopathic. However, the age of menopause is an inheritable trait and POI has a strong genetic component. This is confirmed by the existence of several candidate genes, experimental and natural models. The variable expressivity of POI defect may indicate that, this disease may frequently be considered as a multifactorial or oligogenic defect. The most common genetic contributors to POI are the X chromosome‐linked defects. Here, we review the principal X‐linked and autosomal genes involved in syndromic and non‐syndromic forms of POI with the expectation that this list will soon be upgraded, thus allowing the possibility to predict the risk of an early age at menopause in families with POI.
Contact sensitization in Dutch children and adolescents with and without atopic dermatitis – a retrospective analysis
Authors: Lubbes Stefanie , Rustemeyer Thomas , Sillevis Smitt Johannes H. , Schuttelaar Marie Louise , Middelkamp‐Hup Maritza A.
Published: November 2016

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis is known to occur in children with and without atopic dermatitis, but more data are needed on contact sensitization profiles in these two groups.

Objectives

To identify frequent allergens in children with and without atopic dermatitis suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of children aged 0–17 years patch tested between 1996 and 2013 was performed.

Results

Of all 1012 children tested because of suspected contact dermatitis, 46% developed one or more positive reactions, the proportions for children with (n = 526) and without (n = 395) atopic dermatitis being 48% and 47%, respectively. Children with atopic dermatitis reacted more often to lanolin alcohol (30% pet., p = 0.030), Amerchol L‐101 (p = 0.030), and fragrances [fragrance mix I (p = 0.048) and Myroxylon pereirae (p = 0.005)]. Allergens outside the European baseline series that frequently gave positive reactions in these groups included cocamidopropyl betaine and Amerchol L‐101. Reactivity to these allergens was significantly more common in atopic dermatitis children.

Conclusion

Sensitization prevalences in children with and without atopic dermatitis were similar, but children with atopic dermatitis reacted significantly more often to lanolin alcohol and fragrances. Testing with additional series besides the European baseline series may be necessary, as reactions to, for example, cocamidopropyl betaine and Amerchol L‐101 may otherwise be missed.
Theoretical study of the interaction energy of benzodifuranone dye molecule rings
Authors: Zhan Yi‐Zhen , Zhao Xue , Wang Wei
Published: November 2016

The aim of this paper was to reveal the relationship between the interaction energy of benzodifuranone dyes and dyeing performance indices such as dyeing temperature and colour fastness. Dimer models of benzene–benzene, benzodifuranone–benzene, and benzodifuranone–benzodifuranone configuration were set up, and geometry optimisation and interaction energy were calculated using a density functional theory ωB97XD, 6‐311G++ (d, p) basis set. The calculation results showed that the benzodifuranone molecule had better coplanarity. The molecular interaction energy of benzene–benzene, benzodifuranone–benzene, and benzodifuranone–benzodifuranone rings decreased at first, and then increased with growth in the distance between the rings, the lowest energy occurring at a distance of about 3.25–3.75 Å. The dispersion force affected the interaction energy of benzodifuranone–benzene rings most, while both dispersion force and electrostatic force influenced the interaction energy of benzodifuranone–benzodifuranone rings. These calculation and experimental results revealed that a greater energy was needed to destroy the dye–fibre and dye–dye interaction energy of benzodifuranone‐based disperse dyes.
Depressive symptoms and early mortality following lung transplantation: A pilot study
Authors: Smith Patrick J. , Blumenthal James A. , Snyder Laurie D. , Mathew Joseph P. , Durheim Michael T. , Hoffman Benson M. , Rivelli Sarah K. , Palmer Scott M.
Published: November 2016

Background

Impaired psychological function is common among lung transplant candidates and may affect clinical outcomes following transplantation. Although numerous studies have examined the relationship between pretransplant depression, quality of life (QoL), and post‐transplant outcomes, few have examined the relationship between depression and QoL shortly following transplantation and subsequent clinical outcomes. We therefore examined the association between depression, QoL, and short‐term mortality in a consecutive series of lung transplant recipients.

Methods

Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and QoL (UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire; Pulmonary Quality of Life Scale) were assessed prior to transplantation (median 0.9 months [IQR=1.6]) and again approximately 2 weeks following transplantation (median=0.5 months [IQR=0.5]), in a series of 66 patients transplanted between March 2013 and April 2014. The association between psychiatric diagnoses from participants’ comprehensive pretransplant assessment and mortality also was examined. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between depression, QoL, and mortality.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 2.8 years (range 0.4‐3.3), 21 patients died (32%). Greater depressive symptoms assessed shortly after transplant were associated with subsequent mortality (HR=2.17 [1.01, 4.67], P=.048), and this relationship persisted after controlling for primary graft dysfunction, duration of transplant hospitalization, and gender. In contrast, neither pretransplant depression, history of depression, nor QoL was associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Greater post‐transplant depressive symptoms are independently associated with mortality among lung transplant recipients.
Why Chinese Exports Face So Many Trade Remedy Actions: An Empirical Study Based on Multi‐country and Multi‐industry Data
Authors: Tian Xiangyu , Xie Shenxiang , Wang Qi , Wang Xiaosong
Published: November 2016

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the large number of trade remedy actions taken against China. Using a multi‐country and multi‐industry dataset, the present paper shows that the macroeconomic situation of China's partners has a great influence on the probability of trade frictions arising with China. Moreover, the more powerful the industry is, the more likely it is to take trade remedy actions against China. The empirical results reveal that China has been hurt under the operating mechanism of the WTO, and the number of free trade agreements is negatively related to the initiation and approval of trade remedy actions. Basically, the determinants for countervailing and double remedy measures are identical, while they are different from determinants of antidumping measures. Accordingly, strengthening communication with trade partners will alleviate friction between China and its trade partners. Meanwhile, making use of foreign lobbies' power, actively integrating into the international trading system and participating in regional trade agreements are effective ways for China to deal with the “new normal” of trade frictions.
Changing the discourse: we all must be knowledge brokers
Authors: Rosenbaum Peter
Published: November 2016

Video Podcast: https://youtu.be/PbIl-a9ApJs
Male, old age and low income to predispose epilepsy in migraineurs
Authors: Harnod Tomor , Wang Yu‐Chiao , Tseng Chun‐Hung
Published: November 2016

Background

This study investigated whether sex, age, income and any comorbidity affect subsequent epilepsy development in migraineurs.

Materials and methods

A total of 4915 men diagnosed with migraine who were aged older than 20 years were identified as the study cohort. A total of 4882 female migraineurs were included in the comparison cohort. We calculated the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for the risk of epilepsy in the two cohorts after adjustment for age and comorbidity. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to analyse the cumulative epilepsy incidence, and the log‐rank test was used to estimate the differences between the two cumulative incidence curves.

Results

The risk of epilepsy was 2·31‐fold higher in male migraineurs than in female migraineurs. The income‐specific analysis showed that the risk of epilepsy was high in migraineurs with a low monthly income [aHR: 2·73 for 15 000–25 000 new Taiwan dollar (NTD; approximately 500–833USD) andaHR: 2·71 for < 15 000NTD]. Among patients with one or more comorbidity, a 2·48‐fold (95% confidence interval: 1·65–3·74) high risk of epilepsy was noted in male migraineurs, regardless of the presence of head injury. Additional analyses revealed that male migraineurs aged 65 years or older had the highest risk of epilepsy.

Conclusion

Migraineurs have an increased risk of subsequent epilepsy. Male sex, old age and low income may interact with migraine and result in a high risk of epilepsy in migraineurs.
Inhibition of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter rescues dopaminergic neurons in pink1−/− zebrafish
Authors: Soman Smijin , Keatinge Marcus , Moein Mahsa , Da Costa Marc , Mortiboys Heather , Skupin Alexander , Sugunan Sreedevi , Bazala Michal , Kuznicki Jacek , Bandmann Oliver
Published: November 2016

Mutations in PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) are a cause of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Loss of PINK1 function causes dysregulation of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death. We report that both genetic and pharmacological inactivation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, prevents dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in pink1Y431* mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio) via rescue of mitochondrial respiratory chain function. In contrast, genetic inactivation of the voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, did not rescue dopaminergic neurons in PINK1 deficient D. rerio. Subsequent gene expression studies revealed specific upregulation of the mcu regulator micu1 in pink1Y431* mutant zebrafish larvae and inactivation of micu1 also results in rescue of dopaminergic neurons. The functional consequences of PINK1 deficiency and modified MCU activity were confirmed using a dynamic in silico model of Ca2+ triggered mitochondrial activity. Our data suggest modulation of MCU‐mediated mitochondrial calcium homeostasis as a possible neuroprotective strategy in PINK1 mutant PD.
Selective contribution of the telencephalic arcopallium to the social facilitation of foraging efforts in the domestic chick
Authors: Xin Qiuhong , Ogura Yukiko , Uno Leo , Matsushima Toshiya
Published: November 2016

To investigate the neural basis of socio‐economic behaviors in birds, we examined the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of arcopallium (Arco, the major descending pallial area of the avian telencephalon) and the surrounding nuclei in domestic chicks. We tested foraging effort (running distance) in an I‐shaped maze with two food patches that delivered food in a biased manner according to a variable interval schedule. Normally, chicks run back and forth between the patches, and the patch use time matches the respective food delivery rate. In the paired phase, even without actual interference of food, chicks showed social facilitation of running effort compared with the single phase. Chicks with lesions in the Arco and lateral Arco showed significant reductions in social facilitation. The lesion effects of the lateral Arco were particularly selective, as it was not accompanied by changes in running distance in the single phase. Lesions of the nidopallium and nucleus taeniae of the amygdala produced no changes in foraging behavior. On the other hand, the Arco lesion did not impair social facilitation of operant peck latency. In accordance with this, anterograde tracing revealed characteristic projections from the lateral Arco to the extended amygdala, hippocampus, and septum, as well as wide areas of limbic nuclei in the hypothalamus and medial areas of the striatum including the nucleus accumbens. Pathways from the lateral Arco could enable chicks to overcome the extra effort investment of social foraging, suggesting functional and anatomical analogies to the anterior cingulate cortex and basolateral amygdala in mammals.
Soil mineral nitrogen dynamics following repeated application of dairy slurry
Authors: Cavalli D. , Marino Gallina P. , Sacco D. , Bechini L.
Published: November 2016

Repeated applications of animal slurry to soil can lead to residual nitrogen (N) effects from mineralization of organic N carried over from the previous year and from remineralization of previously immobilized N. We studied the effect of repeated slurry applications on soil mineral N (SMNt: nitrate‐N plus soluble, exchangeable and non‐exchangeable ammonium‐N) dynamics in a simplified, aerobic laboratory incubation. The experiment evaluated the effects of up to four applications (84‐day intervals) of two different liquid cow slurries, ammonium sulphate and water (unfertilized control, CON) to sandy loam and clay loam soils. The slurries came from heifers (HEI) and lactating dairy cows (COW). Both soil types showed net N mineralization in HEI during each 84‐day interval after application (3–6% of slurry‐N), whereas decomposition of COW induced net N immobilization at 16% of slurry‐N. The effect observed for COW might have come from its larger C to organic‐N ratio. After each application to the clay loam soil, 36–64% of the ammonium applied was not recoverable at day 0 because of ammonium fixation by clay minerals, and an average of 20% of fertilizer‐N was measured as non‐exchangeable ammonium at day 84. Recovery of N applied with both HEI and COW at day 84 increased significantly with subsequent applications to clay loam soil, but not to sandy loam soil. Residual effects in clay loam soil ranged from 2 to 11% of applied N, which probably resulted from slow mineralization of recalcitrant organic fractions in the slurry and partial stabilization of microbial by‐products within the soil.

Highlights

A novel incubation approach was used to study residual N effects of ammonium sulphate and slurries.

Fertilizers were applied one, two, three or four times to a sandy loam (SL) and a clay loam (CL) soil.

Residual N effects were small; less slurry NH4‐N was available in CL than SL because of clay fixation.

Mineralization of residual slurry‐N and stabilization of microbial by‐products were slow.
Court Like You Mean It: Male Siamese Fighting Fish are Less Attentive to Courting Males that Have Been Exposed to an Estrogen Mimic
Authors: Dzieweczynski Teresa L. , LaMonica Haley J.
Published: November 2016

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems where they have adverse effects on exposed organisms. In addition to causing physiological changes, EDCs often target fitness‐related behaviors such as locomotion and courtship. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an estrogen mimic that has been found to reduce courtship and aggression in males. However, the consequences of these reductions are not always explicitly addressed. One way in which EE2 may lead to decreased fitness occurs when males respond differently to exposed vs. unexposed conspecifics. To examine this, video playback was used to determine whether male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, respond differently to exposed and unexposed males. Males were presented with four different combinations of videos of males played simultaneously: exposed swimming and unexposed swimming, exposed courting and unexposed courting, unexposed courting and unexposed courting, and exposed courting and exposed courting. Males directed more behaviors to the unexposed than the exposed courting male when presented simultaneously, likely because these unexposed males were perceived as a greater threat to mating success. Additionally, males spent more time tracking and gill flaring, two behaviors that are indicative of fight intent, when presented with two courting unexposed males. This combination could be considered the most threatening because there are two rival vigorously courting males present. These results suggest that EE2 exposure could result in exposed males receiving decreased attention from other males. However, since EE2 exposure also decreases competitive and courtship abilities, this would be far outweighed by the costs.
Financial Hedging and Firm Performance: Evidence from Cross‐border Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Chen Zhong , Han Bo , Zeng Yeqin
Published: November 2016

Using a sample of 1,369 cross‐border acquisitions announced by Standard & Poor's 1500 firms between 2000 and 2014, we find strong evidence that derivatives users experience higher announcement returns than non‐users, which translates into a US$ 193.7 million shareholder gain for an average‐sized acquirer. In addition, we find that acquirers with hedging programmes have higher deal completion probabilities, longer deal completion times, and better long‐term post‐deal performance. We confirm our findings after employing an extensive array of models to address potential endogeneity. Overall, our results provide new insights into a link between corporate financial hedging and firm performance.
Regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during influenza virus infection
Authors: Gaelings Lana , Söderholm Sandra , Bugai Andrii , Fu Yu , Nandania Jatin , Schepens Bert , Lorey Martina B. , Tynell Janne , Vande Ginste Liesbeth , Le Goffic Ronan , Miller Matthew S. , Kuisma Marika , Marjomäki Varpu , De Brabander Jef , Matikainen Sampsa , Nyman Tuula A. , Bamford Dennis H. , Saelens Xavier , Julkunen Ilkka , Paavilainen Henrik , Hukkanen Veijo , Velagapudi Vidya , Kainov Denis E.
Published: November 2016

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. Developing more effective virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus–host interactions. It has previously been shown that IAV induces the production of kynurenine, which suppresses T‐cell responses, enhances pain hypersensitivity and disturbs behaviour in infected animals. However, the regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during IAV infection remains elusive. Here we showed that IAV infection induced expression of interferons (IFNs), which upregulated production of indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO1), which catalysed the kynurenine biosynthesis. Furthermore, IAV attenuated the IDO1 expression and the production of kynurenine through its NS1 protein. Interestingly, inhibition of viral replication prior to IFN induction limited IDO1 expression, while inhibition after did not. Finally, we showed that kynurenine biosynthesis was activated in macrophages in response to other stimuli, such as influenza B virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Thus, the tight regulation of the kynurenine biosynthesis by host cell and, perhaps, pathogen might be a basic signature of a wide range of host–pathogen interactions, which should be taken into account during development of novel antiviral and antibacterial drugs.
Settlement behavior of American lobster (Homarus americanus): effect of female origin and developmental temperature
Authors: Barret Léo , Miron Gilles , Ouellet Patrick , Tremblay Réjean
Published: November 2016

The benthic settlement success of American lobster (Homarus americanus) postlarvae is a key factor in population dynamics, with the temperature being a key factor. Given the spatial distribution of the species, its pelagic larvae probably encounter various thermal zones during development. Little information is available on the ability of lobster larvae to acclimate to temperature or if this ability varies among geographic areas. The main objectives of this study were to characterize (i) the settlement behavior of the postlarvae in relation to (a) temperature during larval development and (b) the geographic origin of the maternal parent and (ii) the behavioral response of postlarvae with different thermal histories in the presence/absence of a thermocline. Results did not support the hypothesis of thermal adaptation among local populations, as settlement behavior of postlarvae did not differ among females from different geographic regions. In contrast, larval survival and settlement behavior and postlarval energetic conditions varied with development temperature. Behavioral plasticity in the benthic settlement was observed in relation to temperature structure of the experimental water column. This study suggests that there may be links between development temperature and the natural variability in survival and settlement of American lobsters. Findings emphasize the need for an integrated approach in lobster recruitment studies with the inclusion of behavior in dispersion models.
Dissecting global turnover in vascular plants
Authors: König Christian , Weigelt Patrick , Kreft Holger
Published: November 2016

Aim

To provide a global assessment of turnover in vascular plants across geographical settings and taxonomic and functional groups. We tested whether turnover and its spatial and environmental drivers are affected by the geographical setting and whether taxonomic and functional groups exhibit specific turnover patterns that are associated with their ecological characteristics.

Location

Global.

Methods

We collated a global dataset of vascular plant checklists comprising 258 island and 346 mainland units. We created subsets based on the geographical setting of study units (mainland, islands, different island types) as well as taxonomic and functional properties of species (angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, trees, shrubs, herbs). For the entire dataset, and each subset, the distance decay of similarity was assessed using generalized linear models. To disentangle the relative importance of spatial and environmental drivers of turnover, we employed generalized dissimilarity models. Finally, the model results were used to predict compositional similarity of vascular plants across a global grid.

Results

The distance decay of similarity was stronger for mainland units than for islands. Among taxonomic and functional groups, the rate of decay was lowest for pteridophytes and highest for shrubs. Partitioning of turnover into distance‐ and environment‐related effects revealed fundamental differences between mainland and island systems, with geographical distance being more important on the mainland than on islands. This trend was consistent across taxonomic and functional groups.

Main conclusions

Our results reveal an important role of geographical context in shaping beta‐diversity patterns. We argue that geographical settings are characterized by specific configurations of ecological filters that have a strong impact on the magnitude and structure of turnover. Moreover, taxonomic and functional groups are differentially successful in passing these filters, resulting in group‐ and setting‐specific turnover patterns. Exploring these interdependences for different taxa and geographical settings at different scales will help to improve our understanding of beta diversity.
Predictors of 12‐Months Relapse After Withdrawal Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Migraine Associated With Medication Overuse: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Authors: Raggi Alberto , Giovannetti Ambra M. , Leonardi Matilde , Sansone Emanuela , Schiavolin Silvia , Curone Marcella , Grazzi Licia , Usai Susanna , D'Amico Domenico
Published: November 2016

Background

Studies addressing relapse rates conflate relapse into chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse (MO), and the consequent need to repeat withdrawal. We aim to identify 12‐months predictors of relapse into CM (based on headaches frequency) separately from occurrence of another structured withdrawal.

Methods

Hospitalized patients with CM‐MO under withdrawal were enrolled. Candidate predictors included demographic, disability, quality of life, depression scores, general self‐efficacy, social support, headaches frequency and intensity, class of overused medications, history of withdrawal treatment in the three years prior to enrollment, attendance to emergency room (ER) between enrollment and follow‐up, nonattendance to outpatient neurological examinations. Logistic regressions was used to address the significant predictors for the two outcomes.

Results

Complete data were available for 177 patients: 60 (33.9%) relapsed into CM, 38 (21.5%) underwent another withdrawal treatment. Recent history of withdrawal treatments, ER admission after discharge and high baseline BDI‐II scores were significant predictors in both models. In addition to this, high baseline headache frequency predicted relapse into another withdrawal treatment.

Conclusions

Predictors or relapse into CM and of occurrence of another withdrawal by 12‐months are somehow similar. It is important to assess presence of recent previous withdrawal treatments and to plan regular follow‐up afterwards, in particular for patients with high headache frequency and relevant mood disturbances: in this way, it will be more likely that situations requiring further structured withdrawal treatments can be identified before patients have to refer to ER.
Efficacy of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Pain Control in Migraine Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shirahige Lívia , Melo Lorena , Nogueira Fernanda , Rocha Sérgio , Monte‐Silva Kátia
Published: November 2016

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on pain control in migraine patients.

Background

Recent studies have used NIBS as an abortive and prophylactic treatment for migraine; however, its efficacy regarding meaningful clinical effects remains to be critically analyzed.

Design

Systematic review of controlled clinical trials.

Methods

Searches were conducted in six databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), LILACS (via BIREME), CINAHL (via EBSCO), Scopus (via EBSCO), Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Two independent authors searched for randomized controlled clinical trials published through until January 2016 that involved the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in migraineurs. Studies which met the eligibility criteria were assessed and methodological quality was examined using the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias. Information about pain intensity (primary outcome), migraine attacks, painkiller intake, and adverse effects were extracted.

Results

Eight studies were included in the quantitative analysis with 153 migraine patients that received NIBS and 143 sham NIBS. In overall meta‐analysis, we did not find significant results for pain intensity (SMD: −0.61; CI: −1.35 to 0.13;P = .11), for migraine attacks (SMD: −0.44; 95%; CI: −1.15 to 0.26;P = .22), and for painkiller intake (SMD: −0.57; 95% CI: −1.21 to 0.07;P = .08). However, subgroup analysis considering only tDCS effects have demonstrated a decrease for pain intensity (SMD: −0.91; 95% CI: −1.79 to −0.03;P = .04), migraine attacks (SMD: −0.75; 95% CI: −1.25 to −0.24;P = .004), and painkiller intake (SMD: −0.64; 95% CI: −1.21 to −0.07;P = .03). Subgroup analysis for TMS did not reveal significant effects for any outcome.

Conclusion

Low or very low quality of evidence suggests that our primary outcome evaluation failed to find support for the superiority of NIBS over sham treatment. Although, subgroup analysis reveals that tDCS have moderate to high effects and could be a promising nonpharmacological alternative to pain control, mainly for painkiller intake reduction. However, there is a need for larger controlled trials with methodological rigor, which could increase the power of result inference.
Information Literacy Advocates: developing student skills through a peer support approach
Authors: Curtis Ruth
Published: November 2016

Since 2013/2014, an Information Literacy Advocates (ILA) scheme has been running at the University of Nottingham as an extracurricular module on the Nottingham Advantage Award programme. The Information Literacy Advocates scheme, which recruits medicine and health sciences students in their second year or above, aims to facilitate development of information literacy skills and confidence, as well as communication, organisation and teamwork, through the provision of peer support. Previous research indicates peer assistance effectively enhances such skills and is valued by fellow students who welcome the opportunity to approach more experienced students for help. This article, written by guest writer Ruth Curtis from the University of Nottingham, provides an overview of administering the ILA scheme and explores its impact on the Information Literacy Advocates, peers and librarians, and discusses future developments for taking the scheme forward.

H. S.