bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBRAMBNO PLANIRANJE – NUJEN INSTRUMENT POLITIKE PRI ZAGOTAVLJANJU OBRAMBNIH POTREB DRŽAVE
Authors: VUK PAVEL
Published: September 2020

Povzetek V prispevku predstavljamo znanstvena in aplikativna spoznanja pomembnih teoretikov in avtorjev 19., 20. in 21. stoletja s področij teorije strategije, teorije in filozofije vojne in vojskovanja ter vojaške zgodovine, ki so pripomogli k prepoznavanju in utrjevanju pomena obrambnega planiranja (Carl von Clausewitz, Liddell Hart, Bernard Brodie, Colin S. Gray, Harry R. Yarger, Williamson Murray in drugi). Na podlagi analize njihovih teoretičnih spoznanj proučujemo nujnost razvijanja strateške misli v obrambnem planiranju in nujnost obstoja obrambnega planiranja. Ta je v sodobnem svetu prepoznan kot eden od najučinkovitejših instrumentov države pri zagotavljanju njenih obrambnih potreb in obvladovanju negotove prihodnosti nacionalne varnosti. Ključne besede: politika, strategija, obrambno planiranje. Abstract The article presents scientific and applicative findings of important 19th, 20th and 21st century theoreticians and authors in the field of strategy theory, war and warfare theory and philosophy, and military history, who have contributed to the acknowledgment and reinforced importance of defence planning (Carl von Clausewitz, Liddell Hart, Bernard Brodie, Colin S. Gray, Harry R. Yarger, Williamson Murray et al.). On the basis of the analysis of their theoretical findings, we examine the urgency of developing a strategic thought in defence planning and the urgency of its existence. In the contemporary settings, defence planning is recognised as one of the most effective national instruments in the support of its defence needs and management of national security’s uncertain future. Key Words: Defence Planning, Strategy, Policy.
KRIZNO UPRAVLJANJE NA OBRAMBNEM PODROČJU S POUDARKOM V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI
Authors: RADUHA NINA , VUK PAVEL
Published: September 2020

Povzetek Varnost danes ni ogrožena le zaradi oboroženih konfliktov, temveč predvsem in vedno pogosteje zaradi kompleksnih kriz. Učinkovit odziv nanje zahteva od nacionalnovarnostnega sistema stalno prilagajanje in pripravljenost na nepredvidljivost varnostnih razmer s prožno strukturo, razvito koordinacijo in z zmogljivostmi, sposobnimi ukrepanja na podlagi sistemskih in jasnih pravil na področju kriznega upravljanja. Prispevek osvetljuje pomen kriznega upravljanja v sodobni družbi s poudarkom na obrambnem področju, na katerem na podlagi teoretičnih in praktičnih spoznanj daje predloge, ki bi lahko bili za Slovensko vojsko kakovosten izhodiščni okvir za razpravo pri oblikovanju nujnih odgovorov na sodobne izzive kriznega upravljanja. Slovenija, njen nacionalnovarnostni sistem kot tudi vse njegove sestavine, vključno s Slovensko vojsko, si ne smejo in ne morejo dovoliti, da krizo pričakajo nepripravljeni ter brez vnaprej izoblikovanega in delujočega celovitega koncepta na področju kriznega upravljanja. Ključne besede: kriza, krizno upravljanje, krizno odzivanje, vaje kriznega upravljanja. Abstract Today, security is not threatened only because of armed conflicts, but mostly and increasingly because of the complexity of crises. An effective response to those crises requires the national security system to constantly adapt and remain ready for the unpredictable nature of the security situation. This can be achieved with a flexible structure, well-developed coordination and capabilities apt to react on the basis of clear and system rules in the field of crisis management. The article highlights the importance of crisis management in the modern society with the emphasis on the field of defence. It provides theory- and practice-based suggestions, which could serve as a quality frame of reference for a discussion in the process of preparing crucial responses to the contemporary challenges of crisis management. Slovenia, its national security system along with its components, including the Slovenian Armed Forces, cannot and should not presume to enter a crisis unprepared and without a pre-framed, effective and comprehensive crisis-management concept. Key words: Crisis, crisis management, crisis response, crisis management exercises.
ČETRTA GENERACIJA VOJSKOVANJA 3. del: NOV KONCEPT SV ZA DELOVANJE V ČETRTI GENERACIJI VOJSKOVANJA
Authors: POTOČNIK VIKTOR
Published: September 2020

Povzetek V članku obravnavamo koncept lahke pehote in njeno vlogo v četrti generaciji vojskovanja, kot je bila opredeljena v prejšnjih prispevkih. Sodobno razumevanje lahke pehote je pogosto zavajajoče in neskladno z zgodovinskim razumevanjem pojma in koncepta lahke pehote. Podrobneje so predstavljene glavne značilnosti prave lahke pehote in zakaj te povsem ustrezajo potrebam četrte generacije vojskovanja. Pogledamo tudi, na kakšnih izkušnjah bi SV lahko utemeljevala svojo povezanost s konceptom klasične lahke pehote, in ponudimo enega izmed mogočih pristopov k spremembi organizacijske kulture, če bi ta želela prevzeti bistvene značilnosti lahke pehote. Nazadnje obravnavamo še nekaj elementov organizacije in strukture, ki bi v povezavi s konceptom lahke pehote ustrezali potrebam SV za delovanje v četrti generaciji vojskovanja. Ključne besede Lahka pehota, frontna pehota, organizacijska kultura, četrta generacija vojskovanja. Abstract The article presents the light infantry concept and its role in fourth generation warfare as defined in author’s previous articles. Classical light infantry has a specific set of characteristics and the way NATO looks at it is not in accord with them and a historical perspective on light infantry. The article discusses in detail the key characteristics of light infantry and how they relate to fourth generation warfare. It also looks at how the SAF is related to the concept of light infantry, and how it should change its organizational culture if it would want to impregnate itself with light infantry mentality. Lastly, it looks at some elements linked to SAF organization and structure related to the concept of light infantry and fourth generation warfare. Key words Light infantry, line infantry, organizational culture, fourth generation warfare.
TEMELJNO ŠOLANJE ČASTNIKOV V DRŽAVAH EVROPSKE UNIJE – ISKANJE ODGOVOROV NA SODOBNE ZAHTEVE
Authors: VEGIČ VINKO
Published: September 2020

Povzetek V razpravah glede prihodnjega šolanja častnikov v Sloveniji je pomembno tudi preučevanje modelov v tujini in sodobnih problemov na tem področju. V prispevku so na kratko prikazani izzivi na področju temeljnega šolanja častnikov, predvsem z vidika razmerja med usposabljanjem za konkretne naloge in širše usmerjenim izobraževanjem. Kakovost izobraževanja je pomembna ne le za vojaško učinkovitost, temveč tudi za odnos vojske s civilnimi strukturami v državi in z mednarodnim okoljem. Prikazane so temeljne poteze šolanja častnikov v državah EU. Proces šolanja sestavljata dve medsebojno povezani komponenti: univerzitetno izobraževanje in poklicno usposabljanje. Sicer pa šolanje častnikov ostaja le pristojnost držav in v državah EU najdemo zelo različne modele. Temeljno šolanje častnikov v Sloveniji se glede glavnih sestavin ne razlikuje bistveno od prakse v večini držav EU, vendar bo v prihodnje treba odgovoriti na nekatera vprašanja, predvsem glede razvoja univerzitetnega izobraževanja. Prihodnji razvoj šolanja častnikov bo moral slediti praksi evropskih držav predvsem na vsebinskem področju. Način organiziranja pa je smiselno prilagoditi lastnim potrebam in zmožnostim. Ključne besede: vojaško izobraževanje in usposabljanje, vojaška profesija, šolanje častnikov, Evropska unija, vojska in družba. Abstract In the context of discussion about future officer education in Slovenia, it is also important to study the current educational models in foreign countries and the contemporary problems in this area. The article briefly depicts challenges of basic officer education mainly from the viewpoint of relations between specific-purpose training and more broadly oriented education. The quality of education is important not only for military efficiency but also for military’s relations with national civil structures and international environment. The article illustrates basic features of officer education in EU member states. Educational process consists of two interlinked parts: academic education and vocational training. Officer education is the sole responsibility of EU member states, and members practise very different models. Concerning its the essential parts, officer education in Slovenia does not differ significantly from that of most EU members. However, it will be necessary to address some open questions, primarily those concerning the academic part of education. The future development of officer education should follow the patterns emerging in European states, first of all regarding educational content. However, it makes sense to adapt its organisational characteristics to our own needs and abilities. Key words: Military education and training, military profession, European Union, officer education, military and society.
VOJAŠKO IZOBRAŽEVANJE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI – IZZIVI PRIHODNOSTI
Authors: KLADNIK TOMAŽ
Published: September 2020

Povzetek V članku sta prikazana na arhivskih virih in literaturi z analizo SWOT temelječa vojaško izobraževanje v Slovenski vojski in možnost njegovega nadaljnjega razvoja. Opisano je povezovanje vojaškega izobraževalnega in znanstvenoraziskovalnega sistema v Slovenski vojski s sistemom izobraževanja in znanstvenoraziskovalnega dela v Republiki Sloveniji ter v mednarodnem okolju tako, da je prikazan razvoj vojaškega izobraževanja v oboroženih silah Republike Slovenije, ki se je z njenim nastankom leta 1991 na novo oblikovalo, in to od osnovnega usposabljanja vojakov nabornikov do najvišjih oblik vojaškega izobraževanja in znanstvenoraziskovalnega dela na področju vojaških ved. V nadaljevanju so predstavljene pomanjkljivosti sedanjega vojaškega izobraževanja in njegov mogoč razvoj, ki bi potekal, tako kot v drugih zavezniških državah, v smeri vključevanja v bolonjski izobraževalni in znanstvenoraziskovalni sistem. Ključne besede: Republika Slovenija, Slovenska vojska, vojaško izobraževanje, bolonjski izobraževalni sistem, analiza SWOT. Abstract The article depicts the military education model of the Slovenian Armed Forces and the possibility of its further development, which are both based on archive resources and SWOT analysis. It describes the integration of the military education and scientific and research system in the Slovenian Armed Forces with the education system and scientific research system in the Republic of Slovenia and internationally. It first describes the development of military education in the armed forces of the Republic of Slovenia, which was formed anew after Slovenia’s independence in 1991. It ranges from the basic conscript training to the most advanced forms of military education and scientific and research efforts in the field of military science. The article continues by presenting the shortfalls of the current military education system and possible ways of its development, which can be directed in a similar way as in other allied nations, namely by incorporating it into the Bologna education system and scientific research system. Key words: Republic of Slovenia, Slovenian Armed Forces, military education, Bologna education system, SWOT analysis
VETERAN ORGANISATIONS – ARE THEY EVEN NEEDED?
Authors: BROŽIČ LILIANA
Published: September 2020

When discussing veterans and veteran organisations, one usually first thinks of the past. We first think of different wars and their consequences. We think of all those who participated in those wars and were lucky enough to stay well and unharmed. And we think of all those who came out with different issues, be it physical or emotional; however there are even more of those who have had to deal with both.

Although we are today very lucky and the wars on the flanks of the European Union are mainly the subject of historical discussions, we in the Editorial Board of the Contemporary Military Challenges decided to dedicate one of the thematic issues to veteran organisations and their role in the modern society.

Military veterans form a constituent part of Slovenian, broad European and global society. They are identified according to different wars and individual armed conflicts. In different settings, they are treated and organised in very various ways; even their impacts on the formation of the modern society vary. Still, to some of them, nothing of this applies, because they fought on the wrong side. However, the wrong side no longer represents a problem everywhere, as it used to be the case, since the perceptions of conflict from the past have been transformed into fruitful cooperation for the future.

The question of veteran organisations or the question whether or not they are even needed, thus remains a rhetorical one, especially considering the emergence of new veteran organisations comprising veterans of different international operations and missions, even in the countries, which otherwise do not even have other (war) veterans.

The thematic issue in front of you was prepared in cooperation with Vladimir Prebilič as guest editor and some of the participants of the international panel discussion held in Ljubljana last summer.
THE REAPPRAISAL OF VETERANS’ STATUS IN POST-COMMUNIST SOCIETIES - ROMANIA’S CASE
Authors: Rijnoveanu Carmen Sorina
Published: September 2020

Povzetek
Status vojnih veteranov v Romuniji je v vsem obdobju komunizma veljal kot občutljivo in zapleteno vprašanje, kar je treba pripisati svojski angažiranosti vojske med drugo svetovno vojno, ko se je Romunija kot zaveznica Nemčije med letoma 1941 in 1944 obrnila proti Sovjetski zvezi. Geopolitična stvarnost povojnega obdobja je Romunijo pahnila v sovjetsko vplivno območje, s čimer se je v komunističnem režimu oblikoval tudi način obravnave statusa veteranov, ki so se borili proti sovjetski zaveznici, in sicer tako, da jim je odrekel posebne pravice in privilegije. S spremembo političnega sistema po koncu hladne vojne je bil status veteranov ponovno ovrednoten, in postavljen je bil tudi temelj za obsežne spremembe nacionalne zakonodaje in predvsem opredelitev vloge veteranov v družbi. Z novimi obveznostmi, ki jih je Romunija prevzela na mednarodnih vojaških misijah in v operacijah pod vodstvom Nata, EU in OZN, se je po letu 1990 oblikovala nova kategorija veteranov. Čeprav se njihov status normalizira, še naprej ostaja predmet razprav.

Ključne besede: veteran, vojna, združenje, status, zakonodaja.

Abstract
The status of war veterans in Romania was regarded as a sensitive and complex issue throughout the Communist period. This was due to the particularities of the military involvement during the Second World War, when Romania joined Germany against the Soviet Union between 1941 and 1944. The geopolitical realities which emerged after the war pushed Romania within the Soviet sphere of influence, and this was to shape the way in which the Communist regime approached the status of the veterans who fought against the Soviet ally, by denying them specific rights or privileges. With the change of the political system following the end of the Cold War, the status of the veterans was re-evaluated, settling the ground for broad changes with regard to national legislation and, in particular, the role played by the veterans in society. After 1990, a new category of veterans was established, given the new responsibilities assumed by Romania as part of the international military missions and operations under the lead of NATO, the EU and UN. Although the status of veterans in Romania has normalized since1990, this remains a dossier which needs to be further considered.

Key words veteran, war, association, status, legislation
VETERANS AND PHILANTHROPY AFTER THE GREAT WAR: ROLE AND REPRESENTATIONS FROM THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Authors: Akhund-Lange Nadine
Published: September 2020

Povzetek
V letih 1918 in 1919 se je Fundacija Carnegie za mednarodni mir (CEIP) znašla v vodstvu akterjev, ki so izšli iz vojne in stopili na novo politično prizorišče. Kot nevladna organizacija se je na podlagi mednarodnega prava zavzemala za boljše razumevanje mednarodnih vprašanj. Namen tega prispevka, ki se opira na arhivsko gradivo Fundacije CEIP, je predstaviti, kako je vélika vojna vplivala na pogled te fundacije na vojaka, ko se je ta vrnil v civilno življenje. V dokumentih se zastavlja cela vrsta vprašanj, med drugimi Kako je vojak opisan kot žrtev vojne? Kako bosta družba in vlada obravnavali vprašanje »invalidov«? Po vojni je fundacija začela uresničevati velikopotezen program, namenjen tako kratkoročnim kot dolgoročnim vprašanjem, ki so nastala zaradi vojne. V letih 1919 in 1920 je vodila dva velika projekta: v Beogradu je prevzela gradnjo velike knjižnice, ki naj bi stala v novem univerzitetnem naselju, v Rusiji pa je uvedla obsežen projekt pomoči beguncem. Vodenje obeh projektov je predala dvema veteranoma, častnikoma oboroženih sil ZDA. Članek je empirična študija, ki opisuje, kako sta ta nekdanja borca vodila projekta, ki sta bila v bistvu zasnovana kot programa za spodbujanje mednarodne sprave. Poleg tega poudarja tudi neposredni vlogi dveh ključnih voditeljev Fundacije CEIP, Nicholasa Butlerja, predsednika Univerze Columbia, in Elihuja Roota, prvega predsednika fundacije.

Ključne besede: Fundacija CEIP, mednarodne zadeve, prva svetovna vojna, veterani, ponovna vključitev.

Abstract
In 1918-1919, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) positioned itself at the vanguard of the actors emerging from the war in the new political landscape . As a non-governmental organization the CEIP promoted a better understanding of international issues through international law. Drawing from the Carnegie archives, this paper seeks to present how the Great War shaped the CEIP’s perception of the soldier once he was back in civilian life. The documents raise an array of questions: How was the soldier described as a victim of the war? How would society and the government deal with the issues of the “invalids”? Following the war, the Endowmentlaunched an ambitious programme addressing both immediate and long-term issues born out of the war. In 1919-1920, the CEIP ran two major operations: in Belgrade, the CEIP undertook the building of a large library to be located in the new university campus, and in Russia, it set up a large relief operation to help refugees. In both cases, the CEIP handed the operations to two veteran US military officers. Thispaper, an empirical study, describes how these two ex-combatants ran what was primarily a programme promoting international conciliation. It also emphasizes the direct role of two key Carnegie leaders, Nicholas Butler, the president of Columbia University, and Elihu Root, the first CEIP president.

Key words: Carnegie Endowment, International Affairs, World War I, Veterans, Reintegration
WOMEN VETERANS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors: BERNIK VALERIJA
Published: September 2020

Povzetek Druga svetovna vojna je bila obdobje, ko so bile ženske prvič v zgodovini v velikem obsegu vključene v vojaško službo. Zavezniki so jih vključevali v vojaške aktivnosti že vse od začetka vojne, tako v civilnem kot v vojaškem sektorju. Sovjetska zveza je za vojaško službo mobilizirala največji odstotek ženske populacije, Združene države Amerike pa so oblikovale homogene ženske vojaške enote. Ženske so bile aktivne tudi v partizanskih vojskah v Evropi. Borke so pokazale izjemne sposobnosti, bile so dragocene za vojaško moč svoje države, vendar so bile množično demobilizirane, ko se je vojna končala. Veteranke so bile večinoma prisiljene sprejeti tradicionalne ženske družbene vloge in pozabiti na svoja medvojna junaštva. Ključne besede Ženske v vojski, veteranke, druga svetovna vojna, demobilizacija, reintegracija v družbo. Abstract World War II was the first time in history that women were called upon for military service to a great extent. The Allied military forces utilized women from the beginning of the war in both the civilian and military sectors. The Soviet Union mobilized the largest percent of female population to perform military tasks. The United States formed the all-female military units. Women were active in partisan armies all over Europe. Women soldiers proved themselves to be of great value for their countries, but when the war was over, they were demobilized en masse. As women veterans they were mostly forced to accept traditional feminine social roles and to forget about their inter-war bravery. Key words Women in the military, women veterans, second world war, demobilization, reintegration into society
THE LONG ROAD TOWARDS AN OFFICIAL DANISH VETERANS’ POLICY, 1848-2010
Authors: Poulsen Niels Bo , Rasmussen Jakob Brink
Published: September 2020

Povzetek
Čeprav je Danska država, ki je imela v več sto letih več deset tisoč vojnih veteranov, so raziskave na to temo še vedno na začetni stopnji v primerjavi z drugimi državami. To najboljše pojasnjujejo številni zgodovinski, kulturni in politični dejavniki, od katerih je najbolj presenetljiva resnična odsotnost vojne že od leta 1864. Zaradi vedno večje vključenosti Danske v misije OZN in Nata od konca hladne vojne pa je pojem danskih »veteranov« ponovno oživel kot politični dejavnik in kot predmet proučevanja. Vlada je zato leta 2010 prvič v zgodovini sprejela državno veteransko politiko. Članek obravnava skoraj popolno neprepoznavnost vojnih veteranov v danski družbi in odsotnost uradne veteranske politike do leta 2010. Vzrok, zakaj je Danska šele pred kratkim sprejela politiko veteranov, najverjetneje izhaja iz kombinacije dejavnikov, kot so majhno število vojnih veteranov, socialna država, politična konjunktura in sprememba danskih čezmorskih vojaških operacij iz prvotnih operacij za ohranjanje miru v prave bojne operacije.

Ključne besede: vojni veterani, vojaška zgodovina, Danska.

Abstract
Despite Denmark being a nation that over the course of hundreds of years has produced tens of thousands of war veterans, research on this subject is still in its nascent phase compared to that of other nations. This is best explained by a number of historical, cultural and political factors, of which the virtual absence of war since 1864 is the most striking. Following Denmark’s increasing involvement in “hot” UN and NATO missions since the end of the Cold War, the notion of Danish “veterans” has resurfaced, both as a political factor and as a subject of study. Consequently, in 2010 the government adopted the first-ever Danish veterans’ policy. This paper addresses the virtual invisibility of Danish war veterans in Danish society and the absence of an official veterans’ policy until 2010. It is argued that a combination of factors, such as the low number of war veterans, the existence of a welfare state, political conjunctures, and the change in Danish overseas military operations from primarily involving peacekeeping to being actual combat missions, may explain why Denmark has only recently adopted a veterans’ policy.

Key words
War veterans, military history, Denmark
PREDSTAVITEV MODELA ZA PREPOZNAVANJE HIBRIDNIH GROŽENJ
Authors: STONIČ DAVID
Published: September 2020

Povzetek

V spremenjenem varnostnem okolju moramo razviti ustrezne koncepte in orodja za pravočasno prepoznavanje in opredelitev hibridnih groženj, da bi se lahko uspešno odzvali.
Oblikovali smo model, ki grožnje poveže z akterjem. Ovrednoteni obveščevalni podatki so vstopne informacije v izdelan model za ocenjevanje hibridne ogroženosti nacionalne varnosti. Izhodna informacija je identificirana hibridna grožnja.
Ob izpolnitvi pogoja hibridne ogroženosti lahko nacionalnovarnostni sistem začne izvajati ukrepe, ki bi zmanjšali zmožnosti delovanja hibridnega akterja. Zavedanje o obstoju hibridnih groženj in njihovo identificiranje bo spodbudilo odločevalce v nacionalnovarnostnem sistemu, da bodo zagotovili ustrezno hibridno odpornost države, saj je primarna odgovornost za spoprijemanje s hibridnimi grožnjami predvsem odgovornost države. Nujen je celostni vladni pristop v povezavi z Evropsko unijo in Severnoatlantskim zavezništvom.

Ključne besede: hibridne grožnje, indikatorji konvencionalnega ogrožanja, indikatorji nekonvencionalnega ogrožanja.

Abstract
In the changed security environment, we have to be able to develop appropriate concepts and tools for timely identification and definition of hybrid threats.
We have developed a model, which relates threats with actors. The evaluated intelligence then serves as input information for the national security hybrid threat evaluation model. The output information is an identified hybrid threat. When a hybrid threat is identified, the national security system can take adequate measures to hinder the operational ability of hybrid actors. The awareness of hybrid threats and their identification will encourage decision makers in the national security system to ensure adequate hybrid resilience of the country, since countering hybrid threats is a state’s primary responsibility, which requires a comprehensive governmental approach in cooperation with the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance.

Key words: Hybrid threats, conventional threat indicators, unconventional threat indicators
Yliopisto järjestyksen kourissa
Authors: Silvennoinen Heikki
Published: September 2020

”Vähemmän demokratiaa! Enemmän hierarkiaa! Kovempaa johtamista! Ihmiset ovat välineitä. Paitsi ne, jotka niitä välineitä käyttävät.”
Opettajien ammatillinen identiteetti, toimijuus ja sitoutuminen väljä- ja tiukkakytkentäisessä koulutusorganisaatiossa
Authors: Vähäsantanen Katja , Hökkä Päivi , Eteläpelto Anneli , Rasku-Puttonen Helena
Published: September 2020

Tämän päivän opettajat elävät toiminta- ja hallintokulttuurin murroksessa. Erityisesti opettajantyön hallinnollinen säätely ja ulkoinen kontrollointi näyttävät lisääntyvän. Tällaisessa tilanteessa on ajankohtaista kysyä, miten opettajat kokevat koulutusorganisaatioidensa hallintokulttuurit ja niiden muutokset sekä millainen on niiden merkitys heidän ammatillisuudelleen ja työlleen.
Ikääntyvien koulutus monimuotoistuvassa työelämässä
Authors: Silvennoinen Heikki , Nori Hanna
Published: September 2020

Kouluttautuminen ja oppimismahdollisuudet voivat pitää yllä työkykyä ja yleistä aktiivisuutta, mikäli työt ja koulutus osataan organisoida työntekijöiden edellytysten ja tarpeiden mukaisiksi. Paneudumme tässä artikkelissa ikääntyvien (45–54-vuotiaat) ja ikääntyneiden (55–64-vuotiaat) oppimis- ja koulutusmahdollisuuksiin työelämässä.
Japanilaisen noviisiopettajan näkökulma japanilaiseen ja suomalaiseen elinikäiseen oppimiseen
Authors: Ohashi Yutaro , Kynäslahti Heikki , Kato Fumitoshi
Published: September 2020

Japanilaiset yliopistot panostavat nykyisin aikuisopiskelijoihin kokopäiväopiskelijoina. Japanissa on maailman alhaisin syntyvyys, ja yliopistot kilpailevat uusista opiskelijoista. Noin 80 prosenttia suurten ikäluokkien työntekijöistä, jotka olivat rakentamassa sodan jälkeistä hyvinvointia, haluaisi jatkaa työntekoa eläkeiän jälkeenkin. Ikäihmisille elinikäinen oppiminen on keino pysyä aktiivisina kansalaisina ja tuoda elämään ”ikigai’ta”, elämäniloa. Yliopistot siis ottavat aikuisopiskelijoita niin yhteiskunnallisista syistä kuin lisätäkseen opiskelijamääriään.
Tunnistettu ikävoima ravitsee koko työyhteisöä
Authors: Rautvuori Marjo
Published: September 2020

Ikävoimaa työhön / Susanna Lundell, Eva Tuominen, Tomi Hussi, Soili Klemola, Eija Lehto, Elina Mäkinen, Rita Oldenbourg, Tiina Saarelma-Thiel & Juhani Ilmarinen. Helsinki : Työterveyslaitos, 2011.
Tutkijalta työyhteisöille
Authors: Järvensivu Anu
Published: September 2020

Onnistu yhdessä! : työyhteisön kehittämisen 10 avainta / Aini-Kristiina Jäppinen. Jyväskylä : PS-kustannus, 2012.
Kasas Sûresi 9 ile İnsân Sûresi 18. Âyetlerdeki Vakf ve İbtidânın Arap Diline Uygunluğu Meselesi
Authors: ÖZDAŞ Haşim
Published: September 2020

Durmak anlamındaki vakf, anlamın tamamlandığı yerlerde okumayı kesip nefes almak; başlamak anlamındaki ibtidâ ise, anlam bütünlüğüne uygun düşen yerlerden başlayarak okumayı sürdürmek, şeklinde tarif edilmektedir. İfadelerdeki anlamları ortaya çıkaran vakf ve ibtidâ konusunun hem Arap dili hem de kıraât ve tefsir için önemli bir konu olduğu ifade edilmiştir. İbn Abbas’tan nakledilen bir rivayete göre, o, Kasas sûresi 9. âyette geçen لَاedatı üzerinde vakf edip تَقْتُلُوهُ fiili ile ibtidâ etmiştir. Diğer bazı âlimlerin ise, İnsân sûresi 18. âyette geçen تُسَمّٰى fiili üzerine duraklayıp, “Ey Muhammed, o kaynağa bir yol ara!” anlamında olduğu söylenen سَلْسَب۪يلًا lafzı ile ibtidâ ettikleri ifade edilmiştir. Ancak bunun Arap diline uygun olmadığı, ayrıca âyetlerin yanlış anlaşılmasına yol açtığı için gerek tefsir gerekse kıraât âlimleri tarafından eleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, vakf ve ibtidânın sözlük ve terim anlamlarına kısaca değindikten sonra, ilgili âyetlerde sözü edilen duraklamaların âyetlerin anlamına etkisinin yanı sıra ilgili vakf ve ibtidânın Arap diline uygun olup-olmadığı meselesi irdelenecektir.
Perbedaan Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Pola Perilaku Pencegahan Hiperkolesterolemia Setelah Penyuluhan Pola Makan Pada Pendidik Dan Tenaga Kependidikan Perguruan Tinggi Di Malang
Authors: Karyani Risna Bekty , Anisa Rizki , Sulistyowati Erna
Published: September 2020

Pendahuluan: Penyakit jantung koroner menjadi 1/3 penyebab kematian di dunia pada 2001 dan diperkirakan akan terus meningkat. Penyakit jantung koroner disebabkan aterosklerosis, aterosklerosis dapat dipicu oleh hiperkolesterolemia. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan hiperkolesterolemia adalah pola makan yang buruk. Pola makan yang buruk muncul karena pegetahuan yang kurang tentang pola makan seimbang untuk menjaga kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang hiperkolesterolemia dan penceghannya dengan mengatur pola makan.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental one group pre test post test. Responden adalah laki-laki dan perempuan berusia ≥40 tahun yang berkerja sebagai pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan perguruan tinggi di Malang. Data didapatkan dari menjawab soal pre test dan kuesioner diawal peneltian. Peneliti memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan, lalu responden menjawab soal post test dan kuesioner akhir. Analisa data dilakukan dengan uji Wilcoxon, hasil signifikan apabila p<0,05.Hasil: Hasil analisa statistik terhadap nilai pre test dan post test menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai p<0,05. Uji analisis statistik kuesioner diawal-akhir menunjukkan adanya perubahan pola perilaku makan diet tinggi lemak menjadi pola perilaku makan seimbang yang signifikan dari keseluruhan responden dengan nilai p<0,05.Kesimpulan: Penyuluhan kesehatan meningkatkan mengetahuan tentang hiperkolesterol dan pola perilaku makan diet tinggi lemak dan merubah pola perilaku makan
Efek Pemberian Kombinasi Obat Herbal Terstandar Phyllanthus Niruri L. Dengan Chloramphenicol Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Alfitra Ramadhan , Fadli Zainul , Risandriansyah Rio
Published: September 2020

Pendahuluan: Kombinasi Phyllanthus niruri L. dan Chloramphenicol diketahui memiliki interaksi yang aditif terhadap daya hambat S.aureus. Penggunaan obat tradisional jenis OHT digunakan karena bahan telah memenuhi standar kualitas dan mutu yang telah di uji secara praklinik, namun belum ada penelitian mengenai kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol terhadap pertumbuhan S.aureus. Penggunaan obat herbal sebagai pendamping obat sintetik di masyarakat menjadikan landasan dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui daya hambat dan interaksi OHT P.niruri dengan Chloramphenicol terhadap S.aureus.Metode: Untuk mengetahui daya hambat dlilakukan pengukuran zone of inhibition dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer antara kombinasi OHT P.niruri dan Chloramphenicol, penggunaan dosis OHT P.niruri berdasarkan anjuran minum (183.3ppm) dan dosis setengah anjuran minum (91.65 ppm). Dilakukan pengujian fitokimia untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aktif yang terdapat pada OHT P.niruri. Dilakukan pengukuran zona bening untuk mengetahui efek penghambatan antibiotik yang diukur menggunakan jangka sorong. Interaksi antibiotik diinterpretasikan menggunakan metode Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST) dan berdasarkan data statistik (p<0.05).Hasil: Uji fitokimia OHT P.niruri didapatkan adanya kandungan senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid dan saponin. Kombinasi OHT P.niruri  dan Chloramphenicol pada penggunaan dosis 183.3ppm menghasilkan zona bening 15.17±0.09 mm lebih besar dibandingkan pada dosis 91.65 ppm yang menghasilkan zona bening 14.09±2.18 mm.
Differences in Maternal Behavior and Development of Their Pups Depend on the Time of Methamphetamine Exposure During Gestation Period
Authors: MALINOVÁ-ŠEVČÍKOVÁ M. , HREBÍČKOVÁ I. , MACÚCHOVÁ E. , NOVÁ E. , POMETLOVÁ M. , ŠLAMBEROVÁ R.
Published: September 2020

The present study examined the hypothesis that the extension of noxious effect of methamphetamine (MA) on maternal behavior and postnatal development on the pups may differ in dependence with time of application. Female rats were injected with MA (5 mg/kg) or saline during first (embryonic day (ED) 1-11) or second (ED 12-22) half of gestation. Our results demonstrated that MA exposure on ED 12-22 led to decreased birth weight and weight gained during lactation period relative to rats treated on ED 1-11. Both sexes treated prenatally with MA on ED 1-11 opened eyes earlier compared to animals treated on ED 12-22. As a matter of sensorimotor development application of MA on ED 1-11 impaired the righting reflex, while MA exposure on ED 12-22 impaired the performance of beam balance test in male rats. There were no differences in maternal behavior. Therefore, it seems that MA exposure in the first half of the gestation impaired the early sensorimotor development that is under control of the brain stem, while the MA exposure in the second half of gestation affected the beam balance performance that is dependent on the function of the cerebellum.
Changes in Lung Surfactant Proteins in Rats With Lipopolysaccharide--Induced Fever
Authors: KOLOMAZNIK M. , ZILA I. , KOPINCOVA J. , MOKRA D. , CALKOVSKA A.
Published: September 2020

The study was designed to prove the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever elicits the changes in surfactant specific proteins, potentially related to thermal tachypnea. In adult rats fever was induced by intraperitoneal administration of LPS at a dose 100 µg/kg of body weight; control group received saline. Respiratory parameters, arterial blood gases and pH and colonic body temperature (BT) were recorded. Five hours later, surfactant proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue (LT). LPS evoked monophasic thermic response (at 300 min 38.7±0.2 vs. 36.4±0.3 °C, P0.05) and an increase in minute ventilation due to changes in breathing rate and tidal volume. LPS-instilled animals had higher levels of SP-A and SP-D in LT (P0.05 and 0.01), and higher SP-D in BALF (P0.01) than controls. SP-B increased in LT and SP-C in BALF of animals with LPS (both P0.05 vs. controls). The changes in all surfactant specific proteins are present in LPS-induced fever. Alterations of proteins related to local immune mechanisms (SP-A, SP-D) are probably a part of general inflammatory response to pyrogen. Changes in proteins related to surface activity (SP-B and SP-C) might reflect the effort of the body to stabilize the lungs in thermal challenge.
Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Responses to a Mental Stress Task in Young Patients With Hypertension and/or Obesity
Authors: GARAFOVA A. , PENESOVA A. , CIZMAROVA E. , MARKO A. , VLCEK M. , JEZOVA D.
Published: September 2020

Present study was aimed to investigate sympathetic responses to mental stress with hypothesis that the presence of obesity in patients with hypertension has a modifying effect. Young male subjects, 8 with hypertension grade I, with BMI25 kg/m2 (HT), 10 with hypertension grade I, and BMI30 kg/m2 (HT OB), 14 healthy controls with BMI30 kg/m2 (OB), and 13 healthy controls with BMI25 kg/m2 (C) underwent the Stroop test. ECG was recorded continuously to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV). Blood pressure (BP) and catecholamine concentrations were measured at baseline, at the end of mental stress test and 15 min thereafter. Patients with HT demonstrated increased adrenaline concentrations and enhanced stress-induced noradrenaline release compared to that in healthy controls. In obese subjects, stress-induced increase of systolicBP was lower compared to lean individuals. Stress exposure induced a significant rise in the low frequency power component of HRV, however the increase was lower in the HT OB group compared to C. Obesity in patients with hypertension did not lead to a different reaction in comparison with lean hypertensive subjects. The present data demonstrate higher sympathoadrenal activity in early-stage of hypertension. Obesity is connected with higher resting systolicBP and modifies the HRV response to mental stress.
Increased Plasma Levels of the High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein (HMGB1) Are Associated With a Higher Score of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Individuals With Autism
Authors: BABINSKÁ K. , BUCOVÁ M. , ĎURMANOVÁ V. , LAKATOŠOVÁ S. , JÁNOŠÍKOVÁ D. , BAKOŠ J. , HLAVATÁ A. , OSTATNÍKOVÁ D.
Published: September 2020

Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. The etiology of autism is poorly understood, the evidence indicates that inflammation may play a key role. In autism a high prevalence of gastrointestinal disturbances is reported, that are linked to a low-grade chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is an intranuclear protein that can be passively released from necrotic cells or actively secreted under inflammatory conditions as alarmin or late proinflammatory cytokine. The objective of this study was to measure plasma levels of HMGB1 in individuals with autism and to analyze their association with gastrointestinal symptoms. The study involved 31 subjects with low-functioning autistic disorder aged 2-22 years and 16 healthy controls. Plasma HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in individuals with autism than in controls (13.8±11.7 ng/ml vs. 7.90±4.0 ng/ml, p<0.02). In subjects with plasma HMGB1levels higher than 11 ng/ml severe forms of GI disorders were more prevalent (83.3 %) than in subjects with lower levels (38.9 %, p<0.04). Results of the study support the involvement of the systemic low-grade inflammation in the pathomechanisms of autism and its possible association with GI symptoms.
Twenty Years, Ten Lessons: Community Schools as An Equitable School Improvement Strategy
Authors: Quinn Jane , Blank Martin J.
Published: September 2020

This article features two leaders of the contemporary community school movement who share their reflections on key lessons learned by community school practitioners and advocates over the past two decades and outline ideas about the challenges facing the field in the years ahead. They offer a brief history of community schools in the United States and provide an update on the evidence of the strategy's effectiveness, particularly in high-poverty urban schools. They also explain how the current "generation" of community schools has addressed two specific shortcomings of earlier iterations of this holistic approach to education. Acknowledging that today's political climate creates both opportunities and obstacles for education reformers, the authors argue that the community school strategy is increasingly recognized as a compelling alternative to the neoliberal dream of public-school privatization.
Coming from Where We're From: The Stories and Experiences of African American Students in Predominantly White High Schools
Authors: Cameron R. Kelly Cameron , McCall Renee
Published: September 2020

This research is presented in a narrative form that captures authentic student voices and experiences of African American students, who have faced the complexity of adjusting to and navigating through unfamiliar terrain while simultaneously building nuanced relationships—peer-to-peer and student-to-teacher—across racial, cultural, and ethnic boundaries. It notes that the social and academic experiences, opportunities, and outcomes for suburban White students, as compared to their urban African American peers vary significantly.
DUKUNGAN SOSIAL TEMAN SEBAYA TERHADAP PERILAKU BULLYING
Authors: Sulfemi Wahyu Bagja , Yasita Okti
Published: September 2020

Descriptive quantitative analytic with a cross-sectional approach was used in this study. This research was conducted at SMA Taruna Andhiga Bogor City, amounting to 110 people with a sample size of 86 people by random sampling. The background of this research is the rampant bullying behavior in Bogor City where 30% to 40% of students are victims of bullying. Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that there are 36 people or (41.9) negative peer social support, and 50 people or (58.1%) provide positive support. There were 45 people (52.3%) who behaved bullying and 41 people (47.7%) did not behave bullying. There is a significant relationship between social support from friends and bullying behavior with a risk of 0.258 times compared to those who do not have social support.

Deskriptif analitis kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang digunakan dalam kajian ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Taruna Andhiga Kota Bogor yang terdiri dari 110 orang dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 86 orang secara random sampling. Latar belakang dari studi ini adalah maraknya perilaku bullying di Kota Bogor dimana 30% sampai 40% pelajar menjadi korban bullying. Berdasarkan analisi data diketahui terdapat 36 orang atau (41.9) dukungan sosial teman sebaya negatif dan 50 orang atau (58.1%) memberikan dukungan positif. Terdapat 45 orang (52,3%) berperilaku bullying dan 41 orang (47,7%) tidak berperilaku bullying. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara dukungan sosial teman dengan perilaku bullying dengan risiko pencegahan sebesar 0,258 kali lipat dibandingkan yang tidak mendapat dukungan sosial.
Impact of a Short-Term Professional Development Teacher Training on Students’ Perceptions and Use of Errors in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Kyaruzi Florence , Strijbos Jan-Willem , Ufer Stefan
Published: September 2020

Using errors in mathematics may be a powerful instructional practice. This study explored the impact of a short-term professional development teacher training on (a) students’ perceptions of their mathematics teacher’s support in error situations as part of instruction, (b) students’ perceptions of error situations while learning, and (c) mathematics teacher’s actual error handling practices. Data were gathered from eight secondary schools involving eight teachers and 251 Form 3 (Grade 11) students in the Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania. To explore the effects of a short-term professional development teacher training, we used an exploratory quasi-experimental design with parallel pre-test and post-test instruments. Half of the teachers participated in the short-term professional development training in which they encountered and discussed new ways for utilizing student errors for instruction and provision of (plenary) feedback. Questionnaire scales were used to measure students’ perceptions of errors and perceptions of teacher support in error situations, along with videotaped lessons of plenary feedback discussions. Data were analyzed by latent mean analysis and content analysis. The latent mean analysis showed that students’ perceptions of teacher support in error situations (i.e., “error friendliness”) significantly improved for teachers who received the training but not for teachers who did not receive it. However, students’ perceptions of anxiety in error situations and using errors for learning (i.e., “learning orientation”) were not affected by the training. Finally, case studies of video-recorded plenary feedback discussions indicated that mathematics teachers who received the short-term professional development training appeared more error friendly and utilized errors in teaching.
RETRACTED: Upregulation of CCT-3 Induces Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation Through miR-223 Competition and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Activation
Authors: Qu Hongbo , Zhu Fang , Dong Huaying , Hu Xiongqiang , Han Mingli
Published: September 2020

The clinical significance and the function of chaperonin-containing TCP1 complex 3 (CCT-3) in breast cancer remain unknown. In this study, we found that CCT-3 was markedly overexpressed in breast cancer tissues. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation of CCT-3 expression with advanced breast cancer clinical stage and poorer survival. Ablation of CCT-3 knocked down the proliferation and the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. CCT-3 may regulate breast cancer cell proliferation through a ceRNA network between miR-223 and β-catenin, thus affecting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. We also validated that CCT-3 and β-catenin are novel direct targets of tumor suppressor miR-223. Our results suggest that both mRNA and the protein levels of CCT-3 are potential diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
RETRACTED: Influence of Resources on Cue Preferences in Mate Selection
Authors: Hou Juan , Shu Tianxin , Fang Xiaoyi
Published: September 2020

According to the research on the influence of resources on mate selection, the amount of financial resources affects an individual’s choice of “luxuries” and “necessities” among mate selection cues, while the amount of time resources affects cue diversity. However, for a long time, researchers only paid attention to the impact of financial resources and ignored the role of time resources. Therefore, this paper draws lessons from the relevant research on the influence of time on decision-making and proposes to study mate selection from the perspective of decision-making. Additionally, current research concerning the influence of resources on the choice of a spouse focuses more on results and neglects to examine the process. Therefore, based on the relevant theories, this paper makes several theoretical assumptions regarding the influence mechanism of resource availability on mate choice decisions, gender differences, and the actor-partner effect.
Correction of Young’s Modulus Calculation in the Flexural Mode of Resonant Column Test
Authors: Lin Wei-Chun , Tsai Chi-Chin
Published: September 2020

The resonant column test includes torsional and flexural modes that can be used to obtain reduction curves for the shear modulus and Young’s modulus of the soil, respectively. When the resonant column test is performed under flexural mode, Young’s modulus is calculated mainly using the measured resonant frequency following the formula proposed by Cascante et al. However, this formula does not consider the rotational inertia effect of the electromagnetic drive disk of the resonant column apparatus and thus may inaccurately calculate Young’s modulus. In this study, the formula was modified by considering the rotational inertia effect of the electromagnetic drive disk, and its accuracy was verified by using three aluminum calibration rods with different diameters as a dummy specimen for the resonant tests in flexural and torsional modes.
Targeting Innate Immunity to Treat Cancer
Authors: Austin Matthew , Kluger Harriet
Published: September 2020

In recent years, it has become clear that the immune system plays a critical role in rejecting malignant cells [...]
Detection of Two Phenomena Opposite to the Expected Ones
Authors: Kochelaev Boris I.
Published: September 2020

Both phenomena mentioned in the title were revealed by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The first phenomenon was found in superconducting La metal with Er impurities—the spin relaxation rate of the erbium impurities was sharply decreasing after transition into the superconducting state instead of the expected, i.e., the well-known Hebel–Slichter peak. The second unexpected phenomenon was discovered in the YbRh2Si2 compound—an excellent EPR signal from the Yb ions was observed at temperatures below the Kondo temperature determined thermodynamically, while according to the existing belief the EPR signal should not be observed at these temperatures due to the Kondo effect. In this tribute to K. Alex Müller, I describe the nature of the detected phenomena.