bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D hydrodynamic simulations of massive main-sequence stars – II. Convective excitation and spectra of internal gravity waves
Authors: Thompson William , Herwig Falk , Woodward Paul R , Mao Huaqing , Denissenkov Pavel , Bowman Dominic M , Blouin Simon
Published: April 2024

Recent photometric observations of massive stars have identified a low-frequency power excess which appears as stochastic low-frequency variability in light-curve observations. We present the oscillation properties of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of a $25\,\,{\rm{M}_\odot }$ star performed with the PPMstar code. The model star has a convective core mass of $\approx 12\,\,{\rm{M}_\odot }$ and approximately half of the envelope simulated. From this simulation, we extract light curves from several directions, average them over each hemisphere, and process them as if they were real photometric observations. We show how core convection excites waves with a similar frequency as the convective time-scale in addition to significant power across a forest of low and high angular degree l modes. We find that the coherence of these modes is relatively low as a result of their stochastic excitation by core convection, with lifetimes of the order of 10s of days. Thanks to the still significant power at higher l and this relatively low coherence, we find that integrating over a hemisphere produces a power spectrum that still contains measurable power up to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. These power spectra extracted from the stable envelope are qualitatively similar to observations, with the same order of magnitude yet lower characteristic frequency. This work further shows the potential of long-duration, high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations for connecting asteroseismic observations to the structure and dynamics of core convection and the convective boundary.
SwissDock 2024: major enhancements for small-molecule docking with Attracting Cavities and AutoDock Vina
Authors: Bugnon Marine , Röhrig Ute F , Goullieux Mathilde , Perez Marta A S , Daina Antoine , Michielin Olivier , Zoete Vincent
Published: April 2024

Drug discovery aims to identify potential therapeutic compounds capable of modulating the activity of specific biological targets. Molecular docking can efficiently support this process by predicting binding interactions between small molecules and macromolecular targets and potentially accelerating screening campaigns. SwissDock is a computational tool released in 2011 as part of the SwissDrugDesign project, providing a free web-based service for small-molecule docking after automatized preparation of ligands and targets. Here, we present the latest version of SwissDock, in which EADock DSS has been replaced by two state-of-the-art docking programs, i.e. Attracting Cavities and AutoDock Vina. AutoDock Vina provides faster docking predictions, while Attracting Cavities offers more accurate results. Ligands can be imported in various ways, including as files, SMILES notation or molecular sketches. Targets can be imported as PDB files or identified by their PDB ID. In addition, advanced search options are available both for ligands and targets, giving users automatized access to widely-used databases. The web interface has been completely redesigned for interactive submission and analysis of docking results. Moreover, we developed a user-friendly command-line access which, in addition to all options of the web site, also enables covalent ligand docking with Attracting Cavities. The new version of SwissDock is freely available at https://www.swissdock.ch/.
Developing a Vape Shop-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention: A Delphi Study
Authors: Langley Tessa , Young Emily , Hunter Abby , Bains Manpreet
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Providing access to a vape shop-based smoking cessation intervention may simultaneously increase e-cigarette use and increase the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to identify the most important elements of vape shop-based smoking intervention to stakeholders who would be involved in delivering or accessing such an intervention.

Aims and Methods

We conducted a three-round Delphi study of vape shop staff (n = 40), stop smoking professionals and tobacco control leads (n = 30), and smokers, vapers, and dual users (n = 30) in the United Kingdom in May–August 2021. In each round participants were asked whether they agreed or disagreed with statements related to vape shop-based interventions.

Results

Forty-six of 95 statements reached consensus in round 1, 29 out of 49 in round 2, and 8 out of 20 in round 3. There was support for a vape shop-based intervention across stakeholder groups (96%). There was consensus that the service should comprise both product (98%) and behavioral support (97%), and that quitting vaping should not be a goal of the service (79%). Although there was consensus that there should be some free product provision, there was less consensus as to what this should involve. Views were mostly consistent across stakeholder groups.

Conclusions

There was broad consensus on how to deliver a vape shop-based smoking cessation intervention, providing a strong basis for future intervention development and implementation. Challenges around misuse of the service and misperceptions about vaping would need to be addressed for such an intervention to be feasible and effective.

Implications

Many smokers who make a quit attempt using e-cigarettes purchase their vaping products in vape shops. Delivering vape-shop-based smoking cessation interventions could help to maximize the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for quitting smoking. This study used a Delphi approach to identify the most important elements of a vape shop-based intervention among stakeholders. The findings could be used to help develop future interventions.
Body Impossible
Authors: Osterweis Ariel
Published: April 2024

Body Impossible: Desmond Richardson and the Politics of Virtuosity theorizes the concept of virtuosity in contemporary dance and performance. A virtuoso for the ages, Desmond Richardson is a dancer renowned for delivering commanding performances over decades in contexts ranging from the stages of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and Ballett Frankfurt to featured appearances with Michael Jackson and Prince. He also co-founded Complexions Contemporary Ballet, inaugurating a virtuosic queer black aesthetic with choreographer Dwight Rhoden. Focusing on Richardson’s creative insistence on improvisatory fun and excellence throughout the decades approaching the millennium (shaped by Reaganism, the Culture Wars, the AIDS epidemic, the New Jim Crow, and MTV), this book brings dance into conversation with paradigms of blackness, queerness, masculinity, and class in order to generate a socio-culturally attentive understanding of virtuosity. Virtuosity obscures the border between popular and concert performance, and Richardson’s versatility epitomizes the demands on the contemporary virtuosic dance artist. Osterweis suggests that discourses of virtuosity are linked to connotations of excess, and that an examination of the formal and socio-cultural aspects of virtuosic performance reveals under-recognized heterogeneity in which we detect “vernacular” influences on “high art.” In doing so, Body Impossible accounts for the constitutive relationship between disciplined perceptions of virtuosity’s excess and the disciplining of the racialized body in national and transnational contexts.
The Muse of Virtuosity
Authors: Osterweis Ariel
Published: April 2024

Co-founders of Complexions Contemporary Ballet (1994–present) Desmond Richardson and Dwight Rhoden both danced with Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT) from 1987 to 1994. Inquiring into Richardson’s dual role as muse and codirector of Complexions brings greater understanding to the type of virtuosity he inaugurated. This chapter puts forward the concept of choreographic falsetto in analyzing the queer of color aesthetics of Complexions Contemporary Ballet. In thinking of the role of virtuosity in terms of gender transgression, this chapter posits that hyperkinetic corporeal performance appears to be both a space of license, on the one hand, and a space of shame, on the other. It claims that virtuosity operates at—and blurs—the border between popular and high art, defining the location of the virtuoso’s potential transgression. By proposing and developing the term choreographic falsetto, the chapter likens Richardson’s virtuosity to that of nineteenth-century virtuoso musicians and composers such as Franz Liszt, on the one hand, and black “post-soul” singers such as Prince, on the other, accounting for a historically and cross-culturally prevalent (if relatively forgotten) aspect of virtuosity, namely, its position at the meeting point of gender, religion, capitalism, and individualism. Instead of dismissing virtuosity as excess, the chapter mines that excess to uncover black street dance influences on concert dance. In doing so, the content of that excess is named, and black and Africanist performance culture is rendered more legible. While Richardson initially attained stardom at AAADT, his contributions to Complexions worked to establish a queer, post-soul aesthetic that lingers in gender ambivalence. This chapter suggests, ultimately, that there is no normal blackness and no normal masculinity.
Conclusion
Authors: Osterweis Ariel
Published: April 2024

This conclusion makes mention of Desmond Richardson’s performances at the 2010 World Festival of Black Arts in Dakar, Senegal and in Russia and Ukraine in order to contemplate virtuosity’s futures. It proposes a transnational and Afrofuturist imaginary for the mode of virtuosity inaugurated by Richardson.
Seeing the Light
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter
Published: April 2024

This chapter shows how Roscoe’s stay in Heidelberg, Germany, between 1853 and 1856 had a profound effect on his subsequent career. Drawn to Heidelberg in the small liberal German state of Baden by the allure of working with Robert Bunsen, Roscoe quickly established a good working relationship with the great chemist. He helped Bunsen to develop the Bunsen burner and translated his treatise on gasometry. Having taken his PhD, Roscoe was instructed by Bunsen to explore the new field of photochemistry. Roscoe worked on the photochemical reaction between chlorine and hydrogen, and quickly established the Bunsen-Roscoe Law. The chlorine-hydrogen actinometer was used to discover which part of the spectrum was most chemically active and to investigate the nature of sunlight. This work laid the basis for Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s development of spectroscopy, which Roscoe publicized. Bunsen and Roscoe maintained their relationship through correspondence until Bunsen’s death in 1899.
From Instability to Stability
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the background to the opening of Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, and how after his appointment to the Chair in Chemistry in 1857, Roscoe (supported by the Principal J. G. Greenwood) led the campaign to address the instability through the 1850s due to low student numbers by connecting the work of the College with local industry and commerce and by demonstrating the benefits of Owens College for the local community through a program of lectures for workers in Manchester laid off by the Union blockade of cotton during the U.S. Civil War. The connection with local industrialists brought Roscoe in contact with members of the Potter family who included his future wife Lucy and Beatrix, the children’s writer. As student numbers rose and with further academic appointments, by 1865 Owen College had outgrown its cramped Quay Street site and the search for a larger site began.
Flying the Flag for Chemistry in Cottonopolis
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter
Published: April 2024

This chapter shows how Roscoe created a leading school of chemistry and its subsequent impact on British chemistry. It describes in detail the school’s method of teaching chemistry, which stressed the importance of laboratory training. When Owens College moved to Oxford Road in the early 1870s, a new chemical laboratory, designed by Roscoe and the architect Alfred Waterhouse, was built with two large laboratories and an impressive lecture theater. Based on Bunsen’s laboratory in Heidelberg, it was a model for other university laboratories in the north of England. The chapter discusses Roscoe’s complex relationship with the teaching of chemical technology. His researches on distillation, perchloric ether, and vanadium chemistry are described. Roscoe was also interested in astronomy and went on a solar eclipse expedition in 1870. His publications, including Spectrum Analysis, his famous primer, and the Treatise on Chemistry, are discussed. Finally, the education and subsequent career of his assistants are described.
Arrival
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

The world’s obsession with UFOs is often thought to have begun with private pilot Kenneth Arnold’s encounter in 1947 with what was described as “flying saucers.” In fact, similar sightings of mysterious flying objects occurred in 1946 in Scandinavia, where the media there described them as “ghost rockets.” In both 1946 and 1947, military intelligence services and newspapers followed developments closely. They concluded, however, that the sightings were either of secret aeronautic technology of the United States or Soviet Union or were the product of mass delusions provoked by fears about a pending war.
Apparitions, Airships, and Aliens
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

Since ancient times, astonishing, mysterious things were reported being seen in the skies. These were widely assumed to be divine signs. But even in the modern secular era, products of human invention fueled wonder and speculation. The creation of piloted balloons in the late eighteenth century helped kindle visions of powered airships made by ingenious entrepreneurs. Soon enough, the skies began to fill with billboards, lit signs, dirigibles, and, finally, airplanes. To many, this only confirmed they were living in an age of unbridled progress, though some feared that such inventions would ultimately have lethal military applications. Then came science fiction in the nineteenth century, which began portraying encounters with beings from outer space. Observers had long believed that alien civilizations existed in the universe, and some considered ways of communicating with them. But it was science fiction that explored the possibility that extraterrestrials might be intent on coming to earth.
Journeys
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

Alongside UFO sightings, there were those who claimed to have seen or met extraterrestrials. Those claiming to have alien encounters in the 1950s and 1960s were called contactees. Their encounters came in all sorts of forms. Contact could be spectral and disembodied, something achieved through higher consciousness. It could also be a flesh-and-blood meeting. The aliens were always identified with superior knowledge, evident in their technological achievements and mastery of languages. The contactees believed this superiority extended not only to the realms of know-how, society, and politics but also to morality: our “space brothers and sisters” were principled, virtuous, and empathetic. But over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, stories began to be told of contactees encountering aliens who were cold, inaccessible, and even mischievous. And by the mid-1960s, the first tales of alien abduction made their appearance.
Renaissance
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

In the early 1970s, the future of ufology looked dim. Then, in 1973, there was a worldwide wave of UFO sightings that inspired a new generation of enthusiasts. Young people in Latin America, Europe, and Asia began organizing new groups, and they interjected new life into the movement. Writers like Jacques Vallee and John Keel offered up fresh ideas, introducing the notion that UFOs might be less about outer space than about something supernatural here on earth. Meanwhile, governments in Brazil, France, and the USSR began their own UFO study projects, new UFO religions sprouted up, and debunkers for the first time created their own organization.
Conclusion
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

During the first few decades of the new millennium, interest in UFOs generally faded. But since 2017, there has been a resurgence of interest. To explain the UFO phenomenon, one cannot be satisfied with tracking the popularity of certain ideas and images alone. What needs to be acknowledged is the extensive work that has gone into building what might be called a UFO world—a world populated by people and institutions who have made a point to foster habits and create protocols for talking, writing, reading, studying, speculating, and debating about unidentified flying objects and aliens. Born after the slaughter and destruction of World War II, the UFO phenomenon tapped into an array of Cold War–era values, movements, innovations, and sensitivities: space exploration, science fiction, new aeronautic, intelligence, and biomedical technologies, nuclear war and the emergence of superpowers, secularization, globalization of mass media, liberation movements, self-help, the psychotherapy boom.
Reflexivity and Diffraction
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

Researchers bring their own backgrounds and identity characteristics with them when they conduct research, and these can influence how they approach their studies. This chapter explores issues of objectivity and bias, reflexivity, and diffraction in order to provide researchers with a better understanding of how to use personal standpoints as an advantage and not a hindrance to their work. Objectivity has long been considered a cornerstone of science. To be objective, a researcher must suspend any personal beliefs and feelings about the work they are doing. This is opposed to bias, which occurs when the researcher has a specific agenda that they are trying to achieve and data are collected and/or “massaged” to bring about the desired result. Reflexivity involves interrogating one’s standpoint and exploring how it influences one’s research. Diffraction is a recognition of how one creates and is shaped by one’s research.
When Germ Theory Didn’t Matter
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J.
Published: April 2024

For 11,000 years since the Neolithic, acute infections spread globally across human populations like a plague of plagues. Then around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, infectious disease mortality declined substantially in a handful of affluent nations, increasing life expectancies and population sizes along with declining fertility in urbanizing populations. These health and demographic changes constituted the Second Epidemiological Transition. This chapter examines the best documented example of this transition in England and Wales from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. Although the acceptance of Germ Theory would later inform many medical breakthroughs, it only made modest contributions during this time period. Instead, health improvements were largely the result of dietary and living changes that reversed some of the ancient trends that occurred during the First Epidemiological Transition.
The Ancient Determinants of Future Infections
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J.
Published: April 2024

Although we are currently facing many new infectious diseases the human determinants of these emerging infections are quite ancient. These determinants fall into three basic categories. The first concerns matters of human subsistence, the way we feed ourselves and interact with other species and their surrounding environments. The second concerns matters of human settlement and its associated issues of population size and structure. The third concerns matters of social structure, the ways we treat each other and distribute essential resources for health and wellbeing. These were the primary drivers of three major epidemiological transitions that have occurred between the Neolithic and the present. These ancient and recurring factors are also the most likely drivers of the future pandemics that humankind will encounter in the coming years.
Introduction: Cosmopolitan Conversations, 1940–2020
Authors: Patell Cyrus R. K. , Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces the reader to the methodology of the volume, which draws inspiration from theories of cosmopolitanism as articulated by thinkers like Kwame Anthony Appiah, David Hollinger, Martha Nussbaum, and Bryan Turner, and from the model of culture as the interplay of dominant, residual, and emergent forms first articulated by Raymond Williams. It proposes that the history of the US novel after 1940 should be seen through its intersections with a number of other histories, including (1) the history of literary forms; (2) the history of narrative forms; (3) the history of the book; (4) the history of media; and (5) the history of higher education in the United States. It argues that the organization of the volume into chapters and “exempla” is designed to create a “meta” literary history that highlights the inevitable questions about the inclusion and exclusion of particular texts, authors, and genres.
Middlebrow Reading
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines the ways in which publishers attempted to enhance the commercial prospects of the novel in the late twentieth century by fostering the development of a middlebrow reading public through the inclusion of paratextual material such as interviews and “reading group” questions in paperback editions of novels. Dwight Macdonald’s influential 1960 article “Masscult and Midcult” had defined middlebrow as mass culture for the educated, a kind of intellectual slumming with devastating consequences for the sedentary mind. The chapter argues that actual middlebrow writers of the interwar period were much more diverse than such dismissals recognized; modernist writers were more complicit with capitalist culture and middle-class readers than cultural critics would admit.
The Novel versus the Moving Image
Authors: Dolan Marc
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines the reciprocal relationship between the novel and the moving image. In 1940, for most artists and critics, the relationship between US novels and US films was simple: novels were superior. This chapter argues that in the postwar years, films were gaining intellectual cachet on both sides of the Atlantic. By the 1970s, there could be no doubt of the “cinematic” aspects of the contemporary US novel. US audiences began to tolerate longer stories than they had during the high studio era, and the rise of the miniseries led US broadcasters to see the form as a useful vehicle for adapting recent rather than classic fiction. No matter how “literary” the adapted material was, however, most print authors still thought of television as inferior—to film now, as well as print. The chapter concludes by examining the unexpected influence of television on the novel with the rise of Oprah Winfrey’s book club.
Shattering the Feminine Mystique
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the ways in which women novelists diagnosed and challenged the constraints placed on women in US culture, particularly the pressures of private life and the obstacles to public life. The female body plays a central role in post-1940 US fiction by women. On the one hand, the female body seems constantly exposed, objectified, and marketed, as women strive to shape themselves to reflect cultural norms and ideals. On the other hand, the body serves as a vehicle for eroticism, autonomy, and pleasure described and celebrated more frankly than ever before in novels of the 1960s and beyond. The chapter concludes by noting the dizzying range of formal techniques, generic conventions, and thematic priorities represented in work by women, noting that the term “woman writer” retains political urgency and affiliative potential even as the field shifts to recognize the contributions of transgender, non-binary, and genderqueer writers.
The US War Novel
Authors: Deer Patrick
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines US war fiction from the Second World War to the twenty-first century’s “Global War on Terror.” Arguing against a critical tradition that regards war fiction as either disreputable or simply the product of exceptional wartimes, the chapter uses the idea of the palimpsest to illuminate three different kinds of US war stories: representations of the war machine as a totalizing system, often of imperial ambition and reach; war as a romance that offers access to privileged forms of knowledge and a crucible for masculinity; and war as a societal struggle that reveals domestic battles around race, class, and gender. Reading postwar US war fiction in this light challenges narratives of US war culture that focus narrowly on the individual trauma of the heroicized soldier or veteran.
Jewish American Fiction
Authors: Skinazi Karen E. H.
Published: April 2024

Reflecting on the “Golden Age” of Jewish American writing, along with the dearth of new Jewish fiction and young Jewish writers in 1991, Leslie Fiedler contended that “from the start the Jewishness of such laureates of Jewish-American life was already vestigial, and their exploitation of it has come to seem in retrospect a final act of assimilation into the homogenized, postethnic society that made them rich and famous.” This chapter argues, in contrast, that the work of celebrated male Jewish American writers like Saul Bellow and Philip Roth had the effect of putting Jews and Jewishness on a national stage, paving the way for a renaissance of new Jewish writing at the start of the twenty-first century, a new movement of deeply liturgical, highly particularistic, feminocentric Jewish American fiction that dominates the field in the early twenty-first century.
The Latinx Novel
Authors: Rodriguez Ralph E.
Published: April 2024

This chapter investigates the formal and thematic diversity of the Latinx novel after the Second World War. Grounded in the long history of Latinx writing in the US, the chapter charts the significant trends that have marked the Latinx novel during this period: the shift from more individually identified group terms such as “Chicana/o,” “Puerto Rican,” “Nuyorican,” and “Cuban American” regularly deployed in the 1960s and 1970s to the growing use of umbrella terms such as “Hispanic” and “Latinx” from the 1980s to the present; the increased attention to feminist and LGBTQ issues beginning in the mid-1980s; and, from roughly 1990 to the present, the growing diversity within Latinx communities (notably an increase in immigration from Central America) and an increased geographic dispersion of those communities, among other trends
The Asian American Novel
Authors: Chen Tina
Published: April 2024

This chapter uses the idea of sympathy as an analytical frame to rethink the literary historiography of the Asian American novel. The genre’s diverse characteristics and functions can be illuminated by three interrelated uses of the term: to make sympathetic, by producing recognizably Asian American subjects capable of eliciting compassion; to be in sympathy, by exploring the possibilities of consonance reflected in such forms as the anthology and the collectively voiced text; and to sympathize, by exploring various processes by which one makes up or compounds something—in this case, the Asian American novel—from corresponding parts, a process rendered most visibly through the literature’s relationship to generic experimentation and its participation in postmodern aesthetic practices. As an alternative to understanding the Asian American novel in historical or developmental terms, this approach highlights the internal contradictions and disruptions that have played a crucial role in the evolution of the genre.
Children’s and Young Adult Fiction
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that children’s and young adult (YA) fiction since 1940 has been a site for experimentations with form, genre, and narrative that amplify, and in some cases anticipate, what is happening in “adult fiction.” Children’s literature brings to the fore the importance of thinking about audience in the construction of literary history. The genre is both universal and sharply delineated: every adult reader was once part of its target audience, but eventually is thought to outgrow children’s literature. From picture books through YA novels, children’s literature shapes its readers’ early understanding of the world, and adult readers who return to children’s literature encounter past selves for whom reading happened with a fierce and uncritical passion. The chapter argues that US children’s literature not only performs crucial cultural work, but also challenges traditional conceptions of how and when cultural work is performed.
Ground Zero Fiction and the 9/11 Novel
Authors: Däwes Birgit
Published: April 2024

This chapter investigates novels and films that dramatize the events of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., and their aftermath. In “9/11 novels,” the 2001 attacks feature prominently as a historical context (establishing a particular atmosphere or set of themes) or have a decisive function for the development of the plot, the characters, or the novel’s symbolism. Expanding on the idea of “Ground Zero Fiction,” which tends to emphasize the desire for a rootedness in historical reality, the chapter surveys texts that refuse to abandon principles of relativity, pluralism, and self-reflexiveness in the wake of 9/11. As the twenty-first century progressed, 9/11 fiction moved away from the focus on immediacy and victimhood and opened itself to more differentiated negotiations of global political connections, otherness, and ethics, while increasingly questioning the discourse of exceptionalism.
Informers Up Close
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Informers contribute to the power of repressive regimes. While informers may themselves be victims, and are enlisted by the state, their actions cause other individuals to suffer significant harm. Informers, then, are central to the proliferation of endemic human rights abuses. Through a case study of Communist Czechoslovakia (1945–1989)—and drawing from secret police archives, oral histories, and a broad gamut of secondary sources—this book unearths what fuels informers to speak to authorities in repressive times and considers how transitional justice should approach informers once repression ends and a successor regime emerges. This book unravels the complex drivers behind informing and the dynamics of societal reactions to informing. It explores the agency of both informers and secret police officers. By presenting informers ‘up close’, and the relationships between informers and secret police officers in high resolution, this book centres the role of emotions in informer motivations and underscores the value of dignity in transitional reconstruction. This book also leverages research from informing in authoritarian states to improve our understanding of informing in so-called liberal democratic states which, after all, also rely on informers to maintain law and preserve order.
Disability and Political Representation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

Disability and Political Representation explores how and why representation is important for disabled people, but also how disability can help us think about the contours of political representation. The book examines the barriers to political participation that disabled people face and discusses why increasing the number of disabled politicians matters, not only as a matter of justice and equality but also to better represent the issues and interests of importance to disabled people. Drawing upon extensive empirical research, Disability and Political Representation identifies a variety of ableist barriers prevent disabled people from fully participating in the political process, from disenfranchisement and inaccessible polling stations to prejudice within parties and a lack of financial support for candidates who require adjustments. It shows that while the preferences of disabled citizens are currently under-represented in parliament, disabled representatives often draw on their lived experience to advocate for their interests. The concept of experiential representation is developed to help scholars and practitioners better navigate the concept of political representation, specifically as it relates to disability. The book presents and analyses a range of diverse and original data, including qualitative data generated from interviews with disabled politicians and activists in the UK, quantitative survey data on the political attitudes and participation of disabled citizens from across Europe, and data from survey experiments examining voter perceptions of disabled politicians.
The Abstract and the Concrete
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: April 2024

This book is a collection of nine of the author’s ontological essays, essays composed after the publication of Existence: Essays in Ontology. Three of the essays concern topics in meta-ontology: the idea of multiple modes of being; Carnap’s idea that the questions of “ontology,” insofar as they are meaningful at all, are questions about which linguistic frameworks it is expedient to employ; the concept of one object’s being metaphysically more fundamental than another. Three of the essays concern various topics that pertain to the author’s “lower-case” or “lightweight” platonism. (According to lightweight platonism, there are attributes—necessarily existent universals. These attributes are not constituents of substances, they cannot enter into causal relations, and it is false that an F object is F in virtue of instantiating the attribute of being F.) The remaining three essays examine proposed answers to particular ontological questions: the question of the validity of mathematical fictionalism; the question whether it is analytic that at any place at which some xs are arranged chairwise, there is there a chair; the question of what it means to say that color is an illusion, and whether (in the sense determined) color is an illusion.
Organismic Animal Biology
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Neither cellular/molecular nor ecosystem processes can be fully understood without a detailed understanding of the biology of the whole organism. This textbook provides a general conceptual framework for understanding the organismic level. It provides a broad overview of the diversity of animal life while concentrating on general organizational principles with a few, carefully chosen examples rather than providing exhaustive specific details. The book adopts two parallel tracks, with most chapters focusing on one or the other. The first follows the general principles of organismic biology and animal organization, starting with basic terminology and definitions in evolutionary biology before introducing the evolutionary framework of comparative biology. It then describes organizational principles and specific organ systems in a sequence of increasing complexity. The second track follows a phylogenetic journey, introducing the different animal phyla. Large phyla are given their own chapter with an overview of their common features and diversity.
Species concepts and speciation
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Species are the basic unit of taxonomy and also the level at which evolution acts. Nonetheless, there is no universally agreed definition for species. Different species concepts attempt to formalize what species are and to provide tools for identifying and defining species. Different species concepts focus on different aspects of what makes species unique. Some focus on the ability of members of a species to reproduce with other members of the species. Some focus on the shared evolutionary history of species. Others focus on shared morphological characters. Taxonomy focuses on describing and delimiting species, and on giving them scientific names. However we define species, it is clear that species are fluid entities that change over time. These changes are driven by the process of natural selection, first formulated by Darwin. An advantageous character can sweep through an entire species, causing the species as a whole to evolve. A change can sweep through only part of a species’ population, causing populations to diversify, until they are ultimately different enough to be considered separate species.
Reconciling Data Privacy and Global Data Flows the EU Way
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter questions whether horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows used by the European Union (EU) as a model for regulating cross-border data flows in future trade agreements allow the EU to reconcile data privacy and global data flows, while promoting a multilateral rules-based trading system. While horizontal provisions afford the EU a broad autonomy to protect data privacy as a fundamental right, they suffer from important flows. Most notably, the ‘it deems appropriate’ threshold in the digital trade exception for privacy and data protection included in the horizontal provisions creates an undesirable parallel with the national security exception. This chapter examines possible alternative to the ‘it deems appropriate’ threshold and concludes that any of the following three thresholds is a better alternative: ‘non-circumvention’, ‘non-avoidance’, or ‘reasonableness’. It also proposes to create an institutional mechanism to guide the interpretation of such digital trade exception.
Gdańsk
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver
Published: April 2024

Gdańsk: Portrait of a City tells the story of the city of Gdańsk, from the prehistoric origins of its Baltic surroundings on the Vistula and Motława rivers and its entry into written history in 997 ce, through its more than seven centuries as the German-speaking city of Danzig, and on to the city’s position in present-day Poland. The book explores the political, cultural, religious, and economic history of Gdańsk seen as an important, oft-disputed Baltic port city greedily sought by surrounding powers. At times, Gdańsk has stood at the center of modern European history. It was the site of the beginning of the Second World War as well as the cradle of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union “Solidarity” (Solidarność), which would play a key role in the fall of European communism. Gdańsk has seen revolts and sieges, and it has suffered nearly total annihilation more than once. The city has been subject over the centuries to local dukes, Teutonic Knights, the Polish crown, Prussia, the German Empire, the Third Reich, and the USSR. While these powers, particularly those informed by the nationalist paradigms of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, frequently rewrote the city’s history and identity to fit it into their enforced narratives, the city still developed its own distinct identity that shrugs off such oversimplifications. Gdańsk: Portrait of a City examines such tendentious interpretations as it traces the development of a distinct municipal identity created through the city’s unique geography, population, and history.
Frances Oldham Kelsey, the FDA, and the Battle against Thalidomide
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

In the 1960s, Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) became one of the most celebrated women in America when she prevented a deadly sedative from entering the US market. A Canadian-born pharmacologist and physician, Kelsey saved countless Americans from the devastating side effects of thalidomide, a drug routinely given to pregnant women to prevent morning sickness. As a result of Kelsey’s efforts, thalidomide was never sold in the United States. The incident led Congress to pass the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which fundamentally changed drug regulation in America. One of a small minority of women to earn an advanced degree in science in the 1930s, Kelsey faced challenges that resonate with women scientists to this day. Revered by the public as a “good mother of science,” she went on to act as a formidable gatekeeper against other suspect drugs, such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) and laetrile. Based upon FDA archival records, private family papers, and interviews with family and colleagues, this biography brings to light the efforts and legacy of a pioneering woman of science whose contributions remain influential.
Introduction
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Thalidomide, a sedative prescribed to women for morning sickness, has haunted the pregnancy experience since the 1960s by demonstrating how toxic chemicals can be to fetuses, and demonstrating that physicians are not all-knowing. Frances Kelsey, a PhD in pharmacology and MD, and medical reviewer at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), used her experience with the controversial practice of animal testing to recognize thalidomide’s dangers and prevent it from entering the American drug market. Despite the accolades she received, she faced gendered opposition from some superiors and drug lobbyists throughout her more than forty years at the FDA. After the thalidomide tragedy, the agency’s mandate was expanded to include evidence from drug manufacturers that products were safe, effective, and properly tested. Kelsey negotiated through work pressures and juggled domestic responsibilities with a network of supportive family and friends.
Doctoral Studies at the University of Chicago
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Frances Oldham loved student life at the University of Chicago, studying under Eugene Geiling, a distinguished South African pharmacologist. Oldham was his first graduate student and became a lifelong mentor and friend. She learned to use sensitive language when describing animal experimentation to circumvent anti-vivisectionist opposition. Geiling’s team traveled to Haida G’waii to participate in the last legal whale hunts for research, although crews were leery of a woman on a whaling ship. In 1937, Oldham participated in the study of Elixir of Sulfanilamide, an early antibiotic laced with antifreeze, leading to many deaths, and the amendment of the Food and Drug Act to require drug safety. Oldham received the first pharmacology doctorate at Chicago in 1938, but with an expired student visa, she returned home. She unsuccessfully searched for permanent work, despairing as her male colleagues found appointments.
Whales, Cod, Armadillos, and Glass Ceilings
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Frances Oldham’s postdoctoral years comprised adventures and disappointments, as she experienced a whaling trip in 1938 yet encountered glass ceilings. She searched for pituitary glands in ling cod on Vancouver Island and in armadillos in Texas. Back in the Chicago lab, she helped produce the educational film, Whaling for Science, which contributed to a growing knowledge about the intelligent mammals and the need for conservation. Oldham published papers and learned modeling techniques at the Carnegie Institute of Embryology. Hospitalized with diphtheria in Chicago in 1939, she was administered an early (and harsh) version of sulfapyridine, which would soon be reserved for the troops. Oldham was offered a position at Halifax’s Dalhousie University, but it was not at a post-doctoral pay rate and her request to take medical school courses was ill-received. Only the war’s outbreak brought steady employment.
The Thalidomide File
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Merrell Pharmaceuticals wanted rapid approval of Thalidomide, a popular sedative developed by Germany’s Chemie Grünenthal. Chemist Lee Geismar and pharmacologist Jiro Oyama found deficiencies in the NDA, as did Kelsey, who delayed approval. German pediatrician Widikund Lenz discovered thalidomide’s link to phocomelia, a serious birth defect, and distinguished American cardiologist Helen Taussig warned Kelsey of this side effect. Cases mounted in Britain, Australia, Canada, and elsewhere, with an estimated one hundred thousand newborns affected.
Babies and Orphans
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Kelsey developed regulations for orphan drugs, or those prescribed to, but not tested on, children, including infants. Bombrest v. Kotz (1946) recognized the unborn child as an entity for the purposes of injury redress. Pre-abortion fetus use in research met pro-life opposition. The problem of consent arose regarding drug testing on children. Kelsey helped create guidelines for childhood drug studies. Nielsen v. University of California (1973) was concerned with the study of children’s medication with painful procedures on infants, and the ability of guardians to approve them. Massachusetts pro-life politicians and drug researchers sparred over fetal research to deal with in-utero medical procedures.
Mental Health, Identity, and Fieldwork
Authors: Kurd Dana El , Hummel Calla
Published: April 2024

How does fieldwork impact mental health? How can we mitigate mental health risks during data collection? This chapter outlines the ways in which fieldwork conditions can impact researchers’ mental health. Secondary trauma, isolation, and a researcher’s positionality within the field may all affect mental health during and after fieldwork. All fieldwork can influence a researcher’s mental health; adverse effects are not restricted to research in conflict zones or places that scholars perceive as dangerous. The chapter outlines the ways in which this takes place and details current best practices for managing mental health risks during fieldwork. It concludes with suggestions for making a mental health plan that takes into account institutional responsibility and a researcher’s identity.
Music, Encounter, Togetherness
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Music is a basic dimension of society in today’s world. This book aims to promote ways of thinking about music that create space for both human agency and social relationship. It is written from the perspective of Euro-American musical traditions but puts them into dialogue with other world music cultures. It adopts perspectives that make sense across multiple traditions, such as how music affords interpersonal relationship and social togetherness, and what happens when musicians from different cultures interact. The idea of encounter highlights the dynamic and processual nature of musicking, in therapy or at home as much as in the jazz club or concert hall. Western musicologists have traditionally thought of music as primarily a repertory of objects; Nicholas Cook shows how thinking of it in processual terms—through an expanded idea of performance—makes as much sense of Western art music as it does of other traditions. Basing an understanding of music on acts rather than objects, and focussing on people and their relationships rather than on the impersonal forces of evolutionary or stylistic histories, opens up ways of thinking that counter some of the dehumanising aspects of musical thinking and practice in global modernity. Theory-driven approaches are complemented by case studies that range from late eighteenth-century India to contemporary China, and from Debussy’s encounter with Javanese music and dance to cross-cultural musicking in Australia and in cyberspace. The book concludes by looking at Viennese classical music from some of the perspectives developed in the preceding chapters.