bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematological support during peg‐interferon therapy for HCV‐infected haemophiliacs improves virological outcomes
Authors: KEVANS D. , FARRELL G. , HOPKINS S. , MAHMUD N. , WHITE B. , NORRIS S. , BERGIN C.
Published: May 2007

Summary.  Hepatitis C virus‐infected haemophiliacs are traditionally under represented in international treatment studies thus data assessing response to pegylated‐interferon (peg‐IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in HCV mono‐infected or HCV/HIV co‐infected haemophiliacs are few.

Since 2001, 37 haemophiliac patients have received peg‐IFN and RBV according to centre‐based investigator initiated protocols. Primary end points were: early virological response (EVR); end of treatment response (EOTR) and sustained virological response (SVR). An intention‐to‐treat analysis was used. Secondary end points were adverse events, haemopoietic stem cell growth factor use, therapy discontinuations and dose reductions.

Hepatitis C virus mono‐infection group (Mono‐I) numbered 20 (60% genotype 1). HCV/HIV co‐infected group (Co‐I) numbered 17 (59% genotype 1/4). Primary end points were: EVR 76%, EOTR 70% and SVR 43%. Comparison of Mono‐I to Co‐I demonstrated: EVR rates of 70% and 82%, respectively; EOTR rates of 65% and 76%, respectively, and SVR rates of 35% and 53%, respectively. SVR rates genotype 1/4 group – 17% (Mono‐I) vs. 30% (Co‐I); SVR rates genotype 2/3 group – 63% (Mono‐I) vs. 86% (Co‐I). Therapy discontinuations: six of 20 (30%) Mono‐I vs. three of 17 (18%) Co‐I. Dose reductions: two of 20 (10%) Mono‐I vs. zero of 17 Co‐I. Haematological support factor use: one of 20 (5%) Mono‐I vs. four of 17 (23.5%) Co‐I.

Virological outcomes to peg‐IFN and RBV in HCV‐infected haemophiliacs are comparable to published data relating to other HCV‐infected cohorts. Good virological outcomes can be achieved in HIV co‐infected haemophiliacs particularly when growth factors are used to facilitate full dosing of peg‐IFN and RBV.
Multiple loss‐of‐function of Arabidopsis gibberellin receptor AtGID1s completely shuts down a gibberellin signal
Authors: Iuchi Satoshi , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kim Young‐Cheon , Iuchi Atsuko , Kuromori Takashi , Ueguchi‐Tanaka Miyako , Asami Tadao , Yamaguchi Isomaro , Matsuoka Makoto , Kobayashi Masatomo , Nakajima Masatoshi
Published: May 2007

Arabidopsis carries three receptor genes for the phytohormone gibberellin (GA), AtGID1a, AtGID1b and AtGID1c. Expression of each gene in the rice gid1‐1 mutant for GA receptors causes reversion of its severely dwarfed phenotype and GA insensitivity to a normal level, even though each loss‐of‐function mutant shows no clear phenotype in Arabidopsis (Nakajima et al., 2006). In this paper, we report the functional redundancy and specificity of each AtGID1 by analyzing the multiple mutants for loss of function. Seeds of the double knockout mutants atgid1a atgid1b, atgid1a atgid1c and atgid1b atgid1c germinated normally. The double knockout mutant atgid1a atgid1c showed a dwarf phenotype, while other double mutants were of normal height compared to the wild‐type. The stamens of the double knockout mutant atgid1a atgid1b were significantly shorter than those of the wild‐type, and this leads to low fertility. A severe disarrangement of the pattern on its seed surface was also observed. The triple knockout mutant atgid1a atgid1b atgid1c did not germinate voluntarily, and only started to grow when the seed coat was peeled off after soaking. Seedlings of the triple knockout mutants were severe dwarfs, only a few millimeters high after growing for 1 month. Moreover, the triple knockout seedlings completely lost their ability to respond to exogenously applied GA. These results show that all AtGID1s function as GA receptors in Arabidopsis, but have specific role(s) for growth and development.
Pregnancy Rate Obtained with Short‐term Protocol for Timed Artificial Insemination in Goats
Authors: Menchaca A , Rubianes E
Published: May 2007

Contents

Recent studies demonstrated that the Short‐term Protocol of 5 days of progestogen treatment plus one dose of prostaglandin F2α and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) resulted in a close synchronized ovulation (60 h after the end of treatment approximately). In addition, oestradiol benzoate (ODB) is effective in synchronizing ovulation in goats and could be an alternative to eCG. This study was performed to determine the pregnancy rate using the Short‐term Protocol comparing: (i) two different moments of timed artificial insemination (TAI) after eCG treatment (trial 1) and (ii) ODB as an alternative to eCG treatment (trial 2). In trial 1, 250 IU of eCG was given at the end of progestogen exposure, and cervical TAI with fresh semen was performed 48 h (n = 156) or 54 h (n = 168) later. In trial 2, 250 IU of eCG was given at sponge withdrawal (eCG group, n = 154) or 200 μg of ODB was given 24 h later (ODB group, n = 119). TAI was performed 54 h after the end of progestogen treatment. Pregnancy rate was determined by transrectal ultrasonography. In trial 1, the pregnancy rate for goats with TAI performed at 54 h (107/168, 63.7%) was higher than for those with TAI performed 48 h (77/156, 49.4%; p < 0.05) after sponge withdrawal. In trial 2, pregnancy rate was higher in eCG (94/154, 61.0%) than in ODB (49/119, 40.3%; p < 0.05) treated goats. In conclusion, the highest pregnancy rate was achieved using Short‐term Protocol associated with eCG and TAI performed 54 h after treatment.
Comparison of Different Extenders with Defined Protein Composition for Storage of Stallion Spermatozoa at 5°C
Authors: Aurich C , Seeber P , Müller‐Schlösser F
Published: May 2007

Contents

To maintain the fertility of stallion spermatozoa during cooled storage, extender media are added to semen. In this study, three semen extenders were compared: EquiPro which contains defined caseinates and whey proteins instead of dried skim milk. The extender is provided in dry form and dissolved in distilled water prior to use. EquiPro TM has the same composition as EquiPro but is provided in a sterilized ready‐to‐use liquid form. AndroMed‐E contains soybean lecithin as protein source. Semen was collected from seven stallions. Ejaculates were divided into three aliquots, diluted with the different extenders and stored at 5°C for 4 days. Total motility, membrane integrity, average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear‐velocity (VCL), straight‐line velocity (VSL), distance average path (DAP), distance curved line (DCL) and distance straight line (DSL) were determined by computer‐assisted analysis. Total motility decreased in all extenders during storage. The parameters VAP, VCL, VSL, DAP, DCL and DSL in semen diluted in EquiPro TM at most times and in semen diluted in AndroMed‐E at some times were lower than in semen diluted in EquiPro (p < 0.05). Viability on days 0 and 4 was lowest in semen diluted in AndroMed‐E (p < 0.05). Velocity decreased faster when semen had been diluted in the sterilized liquid extender EquiPro TM or in AndroMed‐E compared with the dry formula of EquiPro. Therefore the liquid sterilized EquiPro despite no difference in its chemical composition differs from the dry, non‐sterilized EquiPro extender. Heat sterilization apparently changes effects of the extender on spermatozoa.
Practice variation in initial management and transfer thresholds for infants with respiratory distress in Australian hospitals. Who should write the guidelines?
Authors: Buckmaster Adam G , Wright Ian MR , Arnolda Gaston , Henderson‐Smart David J
Published: May 2007

Aim:  In Australian hospitals: (i) to identify current practices in the initial oxygen management of infants with respiratory distress; (ii) to identify factors important in deciding to transfer an infant; and (iii) to identify thresholds for transfer.

Methods:  All Australian hospitals with: >200 registered deliveries, a special care unit (SCU) or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and at least one paediatrician were surveyed in 2004 (n = 176). The questionnaire sought information on the initial oxygen management and factors important in deciding to transfer. Three scenarios were also used to identify thresholds for pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels at which transfer should occur. Responses from SCU were compared with those from NICU.

Results:  15/19 (79%) NICUs and 118/157 (75%) SCUs responded. Initial oxygen management varies widely among SCUs and NICUs. NICUs set significantly lower saturation (SaO2) targets in two of the three scenarios. NICUs are statistically significantly more likely to regard ‘Medical Staff Experience’ and ‘Time to Nearest NICU’ as important compared with SCUs (P < 0.05). NICUs would ‘Probably’ and ‘Definitely Transfer’ infants at significantly lower oxygen levels in all three cases (P < 0.05). SCUs are significantly less likely to transfer babies with pH of <7.25 compared with NICUs. There was no difference between the centres for CO2 level.

Conclusion:  The wide variation that exists between nurseries in the initial management of infants with respiratory distress and in the thresholds for transfer strongly suggests the need for the development of practice guidelines.
Alterations in ocular surface and corneal thickness in relation to metabolic control in patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: AKTAŞ ZEYNEP , ÖZDEK ŞENGÜL , ASLI DINÇ UMUT , AKYÜREK NALAN , ATALAY VELI , GÜZ GALIP , HASANREISOGLU BERATI
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Ocular surface changes and ocular symptoms may be encountered in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing haemodialysis. The ocular surface changes and its relationship with metabolic control in CRF patients were aimed to be emphasized in this study.

Methods:  Thirty‐eight CRF patients (75 eyes) undergoing haemodialysis were enrolled. Patients underwent a complete ocular examination together with Schirmer, tear break‐up time tests, pachymetric measurements and conjunctival impression cytologies. Blood calcium, phosphate levels and total body volume changes after haemodialysis were recorded.

Results:  The most common findings were conjunctival calcification with red eye (81.3%) and dry eye (62.7%, according to tear break‐up time test) in 75 eyes of 38 patients. Impression cytologies were graded as 0 in 57.3% of eyes and 2–3 in 40% of eyes showing positive correlation with the extent of conjunctival calcification (R = 0.486, P = 0.0001). Serum calcium and phosphate levels were also positively correlated with the degree of conjunctival calcification (R = 0.684, P = 0.0001 and R = 0.428, P = 0.0001, respectively) as well as with the grades of impression cytology (R = 0.587, P = 0.0001 and R = 0.385, P = 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, the mean corneal thickness decreased significantly (9.31 ± 26.9 μm) following haemodialysis (Paired t‐test, P = 0.002).

Conclusion:  Dry eye and irritational symptoms are major ocular symptoms in CRF patients. Serum calcium and phosphate levels seem to have a prognostic importance for the ocular findings and symptoms in patients with CRF.
RNA interference‐mediated knock‐down of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 prevents forepaw inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat
Authors: Kasama Susumu , Kawakubo Masatomo , Suzuki Takefumi , Nishizawa Tomoko , Ishida Akiko , Nakayama Jun
Published: May 2007

Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 is a ligand‐gated cation channel expressed by primary sensory neurons, including those in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). TRPV1 plays an essential role in development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after tissue injury and its expression in rat lumbar DRG is increased after hindpaw inflammation. However, the identity of factors mediating forepaw inflammatory hyperalgesia has remained elusive. Here, we examined behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli after forepaw inflammation in rats and found that inflammation induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced hot‐plate latency (HPL) at 50 °C. TRPV1 expression levels in the ipsilateral cervical DRG were also elevated after forepaw inflammation. By contrast, HPL at 56 °C was not shortened after forepaw inflammation and expression of TRPV2, a TRPV1 homolog, in the DRG was not increased. Paratracheal injection of short interfering RNA targeting TRPV1 blocked TRPV1 up‐regulation in cervical DRG and abolished inflammation‐mediated HPL reductions seen at 50 °C. However, thermal hyperalgesia previously established by inflammation was not reversed by short interfering RNA injection. These results indicate that: (i) enhanced TRPV1 expression in cervical DRG is closely associated with development of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia in the forepaw after tissue injury and (ii) RNA interference targeting TRPV1 prevents inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia after forepaw injuries but does not ameliorate it when already established in a rat model of nociceptive pain representing upper limb injury in humans.
Vitamin B12 deficiency following restorative proctocolectomy1
Authors: Coull D. B. , Tait R. C. , Anderson J. H. , McKee R. F. , Finlay I. G.
Published: May 2007

Objective  Restorative proctocolectomy (RP) involves terminal ileal resection and formation of a small bowel reservoir that predisposes to bacterial overgrowth. It was anticipated that these patients would be at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Method  Vitamin B12 levels were measured sequentially in 171 patients who underwent RP. Prospective results were obtained from all 20 patients undergoing pouch formation after the commencement of the study. Further results were obtained retrospectively from case notes and computerized laboratory records of the 151 patients who underwent RP prior to the commencement of the study and these were correlated with the results of follow‐up samples taken prospectively from the same patients after the commencement of the study. The median age of the patients was 40 years (range: 13–67) and the median duration of follow up was 5.4 years (range: 1–12). Patients with an abnormally low serum B12 level underwent both a Schilling and a hydrogen breath test. Eight of these patients were then treated with oral vitamin B12.

Results  Abnormally low serum B12 levels were found in 25% of patients. Forty per cent of our patient group had three or more sequential B12 measurements and of these, 66% showed steadily declining B12 levels. Ninety‐four per cent of patients with low B12 had a normal Schilling test and were negative for bacterial overgrowth.

Conclusion  Subnormal vitamin B12 levels develop in almost one‐quarter of patients after pouch surgery. The exact mechanism for B12 deficiency in these patients is uncertain. In the majority of patients undergoing RP, vitamin B12 levels fall on sequential measurement. Serum B12 levels should be measured during follow up and pouch patients with subnormal B12 levels, should see them successfully restored to a normal value after treatment with oral B12 replacement therapy.
Normal ranges for anorectal manometry and sensation in women of reproductive age
Authors: Chaliha C. , Sultan A. H. , Emmanuel A. V.
Published: May 2007

Objective  To derive a range of normal values for anal sphincter resting and squeeze pressure, and anorectal sensation in healthy women without anorectal disease before and after their first childbirth.

Method  Nulliparous women undergoing anal physiology testing in the third trimester of pregnancy and 12 weeks after delivery. All were asked to undergo anal manometry and anorectal electrosensation testing. Maximum resting pressure, maximum squeeze pressure and anal thresholds to electrical current were assessed at 1 cm intervals down the anal canal. Rectal electrosensitivity thresholds were assessed 10 cm from the anal verge.

Results  A total of 286 women attended for antenatal investigations and 161 (56%) returned postpartum. The anal canal length was 3.9 ± 0.6 cm antenatally and 3.9 ± 0.6 cm postnatally. During pregnancy the 95% normal range for anal resting and squeeze pressures, anal and rectal sensation were 29–90 mmHg, 50–163 mmHg, 2–31 mA and 3–33 mA respectively. Post delivery the 95% normal ranges were 27–98 mmHg, 43–156, 2–12 mA and 0.1–34 mA respectively. Both antenatally and postnatally the manometry and sensitivity values were similar in women with and without bowel symptoms.

Conclusion  This study is the largest series of normative data for anal manometry, and anorectal sensation in women before and after their first delivery. The antenatal values can serve to represent ranges for nulliparous women and the postnatal values ranges in primiparous women.
Prospective non‐randomized evaluation of four mediators of the systemic response after extraperitoneal laparoscopic and open retropubic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Jurczok Andreas , Zacharias Mario , Wagner Sigrid , Hamza Amir , Fornara Paolo
Published: May 2007

Associate Editor

Ash Tewari

Editorial Board

Ralph Clayman, USA

Inderbir Gill, USA

Roger Kirby, UK

Mani Menon, USA

OBJECTIVE

To report a prospective, controlled, non‐randomized patient study to determine the systemic response to extraperitoneal laparoscopic (eLRP) and open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 403 patients who had eLRP (163) or open RRP (240) were recruited; patients in both groups had similar preoperative staging. In addition to peri‐operative variables (operative duration, complications, blood loss, transfusion rate, hospitalization, catheterization), oncological data (Gleason score, pathological stage, positive margins) were also compared. The extent of the systemic response to surgery‐induced tissue trauma was measured in all patients, by assessing the levels of acute‐phase markers C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐10 before, during and after RP.

RESULTS

The duration of surgery, transfusion rate, hospital stay and duration of catheterization were comparable with those in previous studies. There was an increase in IL‐6, CRP and SAA but no change in IL‐10, and no differences between eLRP and RRP over the entire period assessed.

CONCLUSION

The invasiveness of eLRP could not be substantiated objectively based on the variables measured in this study. The surgical trauma and associated invasiveness of both methods were equivalent.
Laparoscopic partial cystectomy for various bladder pathologies
Authors: Tai Huai‐Ching , Chung Shiu‐Dong , Wang So‐Mon , Chueh Shih‐Chieh , Yu Hong‐Jeng
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE

To present our initial experience with laparoscopic partial cystectomy (LPC) in selected patients with various bladder pathologies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between December 2004 and April 2006, four patients had LPC at our centre (mean age 52 years, range 35–70); the transperitoneal approach was used for three and a pre‐peritoneal approach for one. The surgical procedures used sequentially included transurethral incision around the lesion, laparoscopic excision of the lesion (partial cystectomy) and intracorporeal suturing. Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy was also used for the two patients with malignancy.

RESULTS

All operations proceeded smoothly; the bladder pathologies included one bladder endometriosis, one bladder leiomyoma, one urothelial carcinoma within the bladder diverticulum and one urachal adenocarcinoma. The mean (range) operative duration was 197.5 (120–300) min, the estimated blood loss 70 (50–100) mL, the hospital stay 6.75 (5–9) days, and duration of Foley catheterization 7.25 (6–9) days. No open conversion was required and no patient had peri‐operative complications. The surgical margins were free of cancer and the dissected lymph nodes were negative in those two patients with bladder malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS

LPC is safe and feasible in selected patients with various bladder pathologies.
Effects of structured hospital‐based care compared with standard care for Type 2 diabetes—The Asker and Baerum Cardiovascular Diabetes Study, a randomized trial
Authors: Johansen O. E. , Gullestad L. , Blaasaas K. G. , Orvik E. , Birkeland K. I.
Published: May 2007

Aims  Few studies have compared structured vs. standard care on the effects of modifying several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Because of the complexity of the disease, we hypothesized that structured care with a multi‐interventional approach is necessary to effectively reach treatment goals and to reduce CV risk.

Methods  An open 2‐year parallel‐group study in 120 patients (age 59 ± 10 years, 31 females) with Type 2 diabetes (median duration 4 years) was conducted. The patients were randomized to standard care (follow‐up by their general practitioner) or to structured care at a hospital outpatient clinic consisting of an initial 6 months’ lifestyle programme followed by targeted intensified pharmacological treatment to reach prespecified goals for glycaemic, lipid and blood pressure (BP) control. The primary outcome was change in the estimated10‐year absolute risk for fatal coronary heart disease (CHD).

Results  One hundred and six patients completed the study. Improvements were greater among patients receiving structured rather than standard care for systolic BP, triglycerides, glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (P < 0.05), as well as for the estimated 10‐year CHD‐risk (17.9% to 14.5% vs. 18.3% to 19.6%) and the prevalence of a CHD risk ≥ 20% (38% to 22% vs. 39% to 45%). Most of the reduction in estimated CHD risk (77%) in the structured care group was obtained during the period (6–24 months) with intensified pharmacological treatment (P < 0.01).

Conclusions  This study shows that 2 years of structured care combining lifestyle and pharmacological interventions improved several CV risk factors and reduced the estimated 10‐year absolute risk for CHD in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Interaction of ultraviolet light, chemicals and cultured mammalian cells: photobiological reactions of halogenated antiseptics, drugs and dyes
Authors: LOCK STEPHEN O. , FRIEND JOHN V.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

We have successfully demonstrated that cells in culture are sensitive to damage produced by a variety of phototoxic agents. Differences in the apparent sensitivity of the three cell systems employed (photohaemolysis, phototoxicity to macrophages and to Chinese hamster CHV79 cells) have been exploited to reflect the mechanism of action of the phototoxic materials. Overall four distinct patterns of phototoxic response were observed which indicate specific sites of action of the phototoxic materials within the cell. Of the two halogenated antiseptics tested 3,3′,4′,5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide (T4CS) was phototoxic and 3,4,4′‐trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) was not; of the drugs both 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) and chlorpromazine (CP) were phototoxic; and of the three dyes rose bengal (RB) and Blankophor (FB) were phototoxic and Tinapol (EMS) was not. Phototoxic cellular damage produced by CP, RB and FB could be totally prevented by continuous gassing with O2‐free, 5% CO2 in N2. T4CS and 8‐MOP phototoxic cellular damage was found to proceed independently of the presence or absence of O2.
The influence of radiation on the skin and the basis of protection
Authors: JOHNSON BRIAN E.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

This paper reviews current ideas concerning the reactions involved in sunburn, suntanning, premature ageing and carcinogenesis due to acute or chronic exposure to sunlight. The physiological mechanisms of protection involving melanin pigmentation, thickening of the epidermal horny layer and urocanic acid are briefly discussed. The importance of wavelengths from 290‐315 nm (UV‐B) for these reactions is emphasized as is the need to investigate further the involvement of longer wavelength (UV‐A, 315‐400 nm).

L'influence des radiations sur la peau et les principes de la protection solaire

Cet article passe en revue les données actuelles concernant les réactions impliquées dans les processus de brûlure, bronzage, vieillissement prématuré et carcinogenese dus aux expositions aigues ou chroniques de la peau à la lumière solaire. Les mécanismes physiologiques de protection qui mettent en oeuvre la pigmentation par la mélanine, l'épais‐sissement de la couche cornée, et l'acide urocanique sont brièvement discutés. On insiste sur l'importance des UV‐B (longueurs d'onde de 290 à 315 nm) dans ces réactions, de même que sur la nécessité d'entreprendre des études plus approfondies sur le rôle des UV‐A (315‐400 nm).
The performance of a medico‐cosmetic consultation unit
Authors: HARTZSHTARK A. , DIKSTEIN S.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The facial skin of almost 500 women was measured by low pressure indentometry and surface pH‐metry. The women's skin was also classified by visual observation by a well‐trained cosmetician.

Agreement between indentometry and cosmetic definition was found to be well correlated, except in the group of young women with dry skin. In this group, we believe, indentometry more accurately describes skin status. A significant relationship was found between high skin pH (>5.9) and lack of elasticity in the older age group with dry skin. It is hypothesized that high skin surface pH below the age of 70 is an expression of accelerated ageing process, and further, that chronic, high pH treatment of the skin leads to accelerated loss of skin elasticity.

L'évaluation objective de l'état cosmétique de la peau en milieu medical

La peau du visage de près de 500 femmes a été examinée par indentométrie, basse pression et par pH métrie superficielle. Les types de peau ont également été classés visuellement par un cosméticien entraîne.

On a trouvé une bonne corrélation entre la définition cosmétique et les résultats de l'indentométrie sauf pour un groupe composé de jeunes femmes à peau sèche. Nous pensons que pour ce groupe ce sont les résultats de l'indentométrie qui permettent la meilleure appréciation de l'état de la peau.

Dans un groupe de personnes plus âgées à peau sèche on a trouvé une relation significative entre des valeurs élevées du pH de la peau (pH > 5.9) et son manque d'élasticité. On a émis l'hypothèse que des valeurs élevées du pH cutané chez des sujets de moins de 70 ans constituaient une manifestation de vieillissement précoce et par tant que le traitement régulier avec les produits de pH élevé pouvait conduire à une perte d'elasticité plus rapide de la peau.
Shampoos and their aesthetic effects
Authors: SCANDEL J. , REINSTEIN J. A. , BRUDNEY N.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

We investigated whether the aesthetic appearance of the hair after shampooing was more closely related to certain specific effects than to others. Sensorial assessments were carried out on subjects tested on ‘split heads’according to the Profile Method and on subjects tested on the whole head by means of three consumer tests. In the split head procedure, forty subjects had the hair washed with two different shampoos on the right and left sides; fifty‐six diverse shampoos were used. The ratings, statistically analysed, showed close correlations of the overall aesthetic assessment with ‘spring back’(P < 0.001), ‘volume’(P < 0.001) and ‘bounce’(P < 0.01). Furthermore, interdependence of several parameters (P < 0.01 or 0.001) was obvious. In the whole head procedure each group (respectively 185, 200 and 458 subjects) having applied two different shampoos, at least twice for each shampoo, were tested by means of three consumer tests. Analysis of the results makes evident that ‘supple hair’and ‘soft hair’were significantly correlated to the overall preferences of shampoos (P < 0.001). For the consumers their overall preference appeared to be the deciding factor in the specific preferences. Correlations of the overall preferences with perfume and/or colour (P < 0.001) were shown. For trained observers and consumers, mechanical properties of the hair seemed related to the idea of a good shampoo.

Les shampooings et leurs effets esthétiques
Contribution à l'étude expérimentale de la séborrhée. Implications éventuelles en cosmétologie
Authors: GIRARD J. , BARBIER A.
Published: May 2007

La glande sébacée est une structure androgéno‐dépendante et un site majeur pour le métabolisme des androgènes. Par ailleurs, on sait que les androgènes sont largement impliqués dans la stimulation de la sécrétion sébacée chez l'homme. L'objet de ce travail est ainsi de contribuer à l'étude du rôle de ces hormones et de leurs métabolites dans la séborrhée et de commenter l'activité locale de certains inhibiteurs.

Les méthodes utilisées mesurent les paramètres suivants: la sécrétion sébacée et la synthèse des lipides sébacés marqués au carbone‐14 chez l'animal, le métabolisme d'androgènes marqués dans la peau de l'animal et de l'homme.

Nos résultats montrent:

– en administration sous cutanée chez le rat, il existe une spécificité relative des androgènes faibles (type DHA) pour la glande sébacée contrairement aux androgènes puissants (type testostérone);

– par voie locale chez le hamster, la 5α‐DHT est plus active pour stimuler la lipogénèse sébacée que la testostérone et les dérivés 17β‐OH sont plus actifs que les dérivés 17‐cétones;

–in vitro, la synthèse des lipides sébacés n'est pas associée à des changements profonds des voies métaboliques habituelles des androgènes dans l'organe cible;

– sur la base de cette expérimentation certains antiséborrhéiques potentiels ont étéétudiés.

L'ensemble de ces résultats sera discuté en fonction de leurs implications éventuelles en cosmétologie, particulièrement au niveau du problème des peaux grasses.
In vivo measuring of skin softness using the Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer
Authors: MAES D. , SHORT J. , TUREK B. A. , REINSTEIN J. A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The bio‐mechanical properties of the stratum corneum are of great importance for the subjective perception of skin conditions (dry vs. normal), as well as for its multiple functions. The recently developed Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer allows us to measure objectively the viscoelastic properties of the stratum corneum in vivo and to evaluate, in terms of skin softness, the changes of this parameter induced by the application of emollients.

The principle of the technique, as designed by Christensen et al., is briefly described in context with our results.

During the probe movement, there was a modification of the skin surface relief: compression of the skin furrows ahead of the moving probe, and extension‐flattening of the relief behind the probe.

The variations of the skin softness were studied in context with the reproducibility of the measurements: the coefficient of variation was found to be about 3%. Considerably higher variations were found as related to: the anisotropy of the skin surface relief, various areas of the body, and individual differences.

The effects of emollients and water on the skin softness were studied. Water had a clear effect but of very short duration (around 10 minutes). Water‐containing emollients of the type o/w emulsions displayed a distinct long‐lasting effect (followed up to 6 hours). Its magnitude was generally higher than that obtained with w/o emulsions. It was found that the emollient's non‐volatile components (oil phase) play an important role in the product's softening effect.

In conclusion, results to date have established this technique as a promising tool for studying skin softness in general, and effects of topical applications, new formulae and specific ingredients in particular.

Mesure de la souplesse de la peau avec un Electrodynamomètre
Permeability characteristics of the human nail plate
Authors: WALTERS K. A. , FLYNN G. L.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The permeation of chemicals across the nail plate and their consequent effects are discussed in relation to cosmetic toxicity and possible clinical efficacy. The reviewed data are then assessed and placed in context with recent observations on the direct assessment of permeability of the human nail plate. Although marked differences between the diffusional barrier characteristics of nail and stratum corneum are shown, a reasonably unified picture of nail plate permeability is drawn from the collective observations. The cosmetic and clinical implications of chemical penetration of the nail plate are briefly outlined and places where knowledge needs to be strengthened are identified.

La perméabilité de l'ongie humain
Anti‐irritant potential of cosmetic raw materials and formulations
Authors: GUILLOT J. P. , MARTINI M. C. , GIAUFFRET J. Y. , GONNET J. F. , GUYOT J. Y.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The investigation studied the anti‐irritant potential of several substances commonly employed in cosmetic formulations as basic components of the emulsion or as active ingredients, and evaluated the effect of the emulsifier. Five different emulsions were made irritating by addition of croton oil, in sufficient quantity to provoke a clearly adverse reaction in the rabbit, i.e. primary cutaneous irritation index (PII) close to 2. The PII was determined according to the official French methods by applying to symmetrical areas of the back, the irritant base as control and the same base containing the test substance. Fifty‐five ingredients were evaluated: gelling agents, plant extracts, molecules defined as healing, anti‐inflammatory substances or anaesthesic compounds, etc. The test substances were added to the emulsion at concentrations close to the ones generally found in cosmetics. The qualitative and the quantitative composition of the oil phase was similar for each emulsion.

Several gelling agents, thickeners and polymers which notably reduce skin contact with an irritant, gave good results. Some of the usual healing, anti‐inflammatory, local anaesthesic compounds gave the expected results. Some ingredients, though well known, were ineffective. The type of emulsifier, by modifying cutaneous penetration and bio‐availability of the active ingredients, may play an important role.

Le potential anti‐irritant de constituants de base et compositions cosmétiques
Advances in topical corticosteroid therapy
Authors: MICHNIAK B. B.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis:

Many skin preparations are used by the dermatologist, a large proportion being based on corticosteroids. The relationship between the chemical structure of twenty corticosteroids and their ability to permeate freshly excised hairless mouse skin was studied. It was found that increasing the 17‐carbon side chain, including a fluoro at carbon 9, and the addition of 10% w/v urea, diethyltoluamide or diethylbenzamide to the vehicle all increased skin penetration.

Of the twenty compounds studied, seventeen were new, and as yet unreported.

The present studies were also initiated to answer questions about the usefulness of the hairless mouse for developing clinically relevant insights into percutaneous absorption and for evaluating topical products intended for humans.

Progrés dans la therapie cutanée par les corticosteroïdes
Modifications du relief cutané provoquées par le rayonnement ultra‐violet
Authors: PESSIS S. , Et J. F.GROLLIER , PASERO R.
Published: May 2007

On a cherchéà mettreau point une méthode permettant d'apprécier l'aspect de la surface de la peau pour étudier les modifications du relief cutané provoquées par les expositions aux rayons ultra‐violets et pour apprécier l'efficacité des produits cosmétiques protecteurs (produits solaires). Les méthodes des mesures in vivo utilisées classiquement sont basées sur une réaction rapide de la peau: l'érythème. La méthode décrite ici permet d'étudier un autre aspect: la surface de la peau.

La technique opératoire consiste à faire une empreinte sur une zone de peau préalablement irradiée et une zone de peau témoin non‐irradiée. On procède ensuite à un examen de macrophotographies de ces empreintes réalisées dans des conditions standardisés et reproductibles. On met en évidence une modification nette de l'aspect de surface de la peau après expositions aux rayons UV. Cette modification se traduit par une amplification du relief, un élargissement de la structure, une augmentation de la profondeur des ridules. Une direction privilégiée apparaît ou est accusée. L'étude descriptive de ces modifications a été réalisée sur plus de 200 sujets en utilisant un simulateur solaire ou après expositions au soleil.

L'altération de la surface de la peau croît lorsque la dose d'energie reçue augmente. On a défini un seuil, la. MAD, dose minimum d'énergie nécessaire à l'apparition d'une altération après exposition unique. La cinétique du phénomène comporte trois phases: apparition, développement vers un maximum, retour à la normale.

On observe également le développement du phénomène lorsque l'on procède à la superposition d'expositions plusieurs jours de suite avec, à chaque fois, une énergie voisine de la MED.

On observe que l'altération du relief cutané peut se produire bien que la peau n'ait pas subi d'érythème.

Cette méthode a été utilisée pour tester le pouvoir protecteur des produits cosmétiques filtrants. On a mis en évidence l'effet d'un filtre UV‐B et d'un filtre UV‐B + UV‐A (spectre large).

La méthode décrite ici permet donc d'appréhender avec une optique différente l'efficacité des produits solaires par des tests in vivo.
Les xéroses: structure de la peau rêche
Authors: Et C. PIERARD‐FRANCHIMONT , PIERARD G.E.
Published: May 2007

La xérose se traduit toujours en microscopie par un remaniement architectural de la couche cornée. Cette modification de structure peut être étudiée en détails en microscopie électronique à balayage où la xérose de l'individu âgé apparaît différente de la xérose induite par photochimiothérapie. L'examen en microscopic optique de biopsies de couche cornée, colorées à l'éosine, est cependant suffisant pour déterminer de façon précise le degré de xérose d'un épiderme.

Par ces deux méthodes, le bénéfice de l'application de crèmes dites hydratantes a été apprécié. Les modifications induites par les crèmes testées portent davantage sur les couches profondes que sur les couches superficielles du stratum corneum. Ceci nous incline à penser que ces produits n'agissent qu'indirectement sur les structures inertes de l'épiderme.

Xerosis: structure of rough skin
Cosmetics – chemical technology or biotechnology?
Authors: ALLEN GEOFFREY
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Over the past 25 years the cosmetic industry has become increasingly technological. The origins of many of these advances were based upon chemical technology usually related to colloid science, although more recent developments have had clear biological improvements. A number of recent innovations are examined to consider how far developments in the future will stem from biotechnology rather than chemical technology.

The working of surface active materials (e.g. CTAB) is discussed as an example of cosmetic effects being generated purely from chemical technology. The role of fluoride toothpaste in decreasing the incidence of dental caries is discussed as an effect based essentially on chemical technology in an area where future alternatives might come from biotechnology. Skin research is highlighted as the area where new understanding, e.g. of the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibronectin and laminin, could lead to a whole new biotechnological approach to the appraisal of skin.

As we venture into innovations based on biotechnology we may be introducing new dimensions in product safety which will need an even closer relationship with the medical fraternity. Consequently the introduction of products based on biotechnology may not be as rapid as is sometimes suggested.
Effect of 2‐hydroxyacids on guinea‐pig footpad stratum corneum: mechanical properties and binding studies
Authors: ALDERSON SUSAN G. , BARRATT MARTIN D. , BLACK J. GORDON
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The effect of aqueous solutions of 2‐hydroxyacids of chain length C3 to C10 on the extensibility of undamaged and solvent‐damaged guinea‐pig footpad stratum corneum has been studied. The increase in extensibility of solvent‐damaged corneum, caused by treatment with hydroxyacid, reached a maximum with 2‐hydroxycaprylic acid (C8); on undamaged corneum, 2‐hydroxycaprylic acid was the only hydroxyacid studied to give a significant effect. The increase in corneum extensibility produced by 2‐hydroxyacids decreases when the pH is raised from 3 to 4. This loss of effect correlates with the ionization of the hydroxyacid (pK˜ 3.85).

The binding of radiolabelled 2‐hydroxycaproic (C6) and 2‐hydroxycaprylic acids to stratum corneum has been studied. 2‐Hydroxycaprylic acid binds much more strongly than 2‐hydroxycaproic acid, the difference in the binding being consistent with the hydrophobic binding energy of two methylene groups. Raising the pH above 3.5 results in a large decrease in the binding of 2‐hydroxycaprylic acid in line with the corresponding reduction in extensibility.

Treatment with 2‐hydroxyacids results in a small increase in the water‐binding capacity of solvent‐damaged stratum corneum, but in a decrease in the water‐binding capacity of undamaged stratum corneum. These data are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for the plasticizing of stratum corneum.

Effet des 2‐hydroxyacides sur la couche cornée du coussin des pattes de cobaye
The interpretation of rate curves arising from membrane permeation studies
Authors: DYER A. , HAYES G. G. , WILSON J. G. , CATTERALL R.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The evaluation of rate curves arising from the permeation of salicylic acid through human and pig skin is discussed. The approaches based upon steady state and time lag analyses are commented on in comparison with a more complete mathematical model.

Some model zeolite/polystyrene membranes are also discussed.

Interprétation des courbes découlant d'études de perméabilité des membranes
Surfactants and the environment
Authors: GILBERT P. A. , PETTIGREW R.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

As a result of their use in detergents and personal products and their subsequent disposal, anionic surfactants may achieve a wide distribution in the environment. It is therefore important to assess the hazard that this use might present to the environment.

In order to do this it is necessary to estimate the highest concentrations which are likely to occur at key points in the environment. These estimates may be based on a knowledge of the quantities used and the per capita consumption of water, and take account of the physico‐chemical properties, biodegradation and treatability of the surfactant. The margin of safety between these estimates and the lowest concentrations causing adverse effects on sewage treatment operations, aquatic organisms and crops may then be determined.

Laboratory studies on linear alkyl benzene sulphonates, primary alkyl sulphates, linear alkyl ether sulphates and secondary alkane sulphonates suggest that their current levels in detergents and personal products present no hazard to the environment. This conclusion is confirmed by the results of environmental monitoring.

Les agents de surface et l'environment
Phosphate diesters for dermatological use
Authors: CARRERAS E. , CARRERAS M. , MUÑOZ J. , MALLOL J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A new formulation for dermatological use and hair care was studied. Phosphate diesters of the nonyl‐phenol type in association with cocoimidazoline derivatives are compared with four commercial formulations. Foaming capacity, eye and skin irritation, keratin solubilization and defatting properties were studied. The mixture was the best foamforming formulation and the best defatting agent. Also, it was non‐irritant for skin and eyes at adequate dilutions and did not dissolve keratin. It is a good formulation for dermatological use and hair care, due to its detergent properties. It ranks high among safe products.

Di‐ésters phosphates à usage dermatologique
Influence des variations thermiques sur les propriétés mécaniques du cheveu
Authors: BORIES M. F. , MARTINI M. C. , Et M. F. BOBIN , COTTE J.
Published: May 2007

Une étude précédente ayant montré qu'aucune modification de structure tant au niveau superficiel que profond n'était observée dans la fibre de kératine constituant le cheveu pour des températures inférieures à 100°C, les auteurs examinent l'influence du séchage sur les propriétés mécaniques. Différents types d'appareillage à air pulsé sont utilisés et l'on tient compte non seulement de la température mais également de la vitesse de sortie d'air. A partir d'une méthode originale selon laquelle chaque cheveu est son propre témoin, les courbes constrainte‐déformation sont enregistrées à l'aide d'un dynamomètre électronique. On étudie ainsi plusieurs types de cheveux: normaux, gris, abimés, décolorés, définis selon leurs caractères organoleptiques et leur courbe de traction.

On constate que les propriétés mécaniques sont modifiées précocement puisqu'on observe une augmentation de la rigidité dès 40°C pour un temps de séchage de 2 à 3 minutes, mais elles sont exclusivement liées au comportement de l'eau à l'intérieur de la fibre de kératine. En règle générale l'augmentation de température augmente la résistance à la traction donc la rigidité du cheveu.

On définit cependant deux types de comportement: celui des cheveux à cuticule intacte peu sensibles à la réabsorption d'eau et où la température de séchage optimale avoisine 80°C, et celui des cheveux à cuticule altérée tràs sensibles à la réabsorption d'eau, d'autant plus importante que la tempeérature de séchage a été peu élevée. Dans ce cas la température optimale de séchage est comprise entre 50°C et 60°C, la température optimale représentant la valeur pour laquelle on n'observe aucune détérioration de la kératine et le meilleur maintien de la déformation.

Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of hair
Surface active molecules: preparation and properties of long chain nα‐acyl‐l‐α‐amino‐ω‐guanidine alkyl acid derivatives
Authors: INFANTE R. , DOMINGUEZ J. GARCIA , ERRA P. , JULIA R. , PRATS M.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A new route for the synthesis of long chain Nα‐acyl‐l‐α‐amino‐ω‐guamdine alkyl acid derivatives, with cationic or amphoteric character has been established. The general formula of these compounds is shown below.

A physico‐chemical and antimicrobial study of these products as a function of the alkyl ester or sodium salt (R), the straight chain length of the fatty acid residue (x) and the number of carbons between the ω‐guanidine and ω‐carboxyl group (n) has been investigated.

The water solubility, surface tension, critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas) has been determined.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide has been used to condense fatty acids and α‐amino‐ω‐guanidine alkyl acids. In these conditions protection of the ω‐guanidine group is not necessary. The main characteristic of this synthetic procedure is the use of very mild experimental conditions (temperature, pH) to form the amide linkage which leads to pure optical compounds in high yield in the absence of electrolytes.

The results show that some structural modifications, particularly the protection of the carboxyl group, promote variations of the surfactant and antimicrobial properties. Only those molecules with the blocked carboxyl group (cationic molecules, where R = Me, Et or Pr) showed a good surfactant and antimicrobial activity. When the carboxyl group was unprotected (amphoteric molecules, where R = Na+) the resulting compounds were inactive.