bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FKBP5 genotype interacts with early life trauma to predict heavy drinking in college students
Authors: Lieberman Richard , Armeli Stephen , Scott Denise M. , Kranzler Henry R. , Tennen Howard , Covault Jonathan
Published: May 2016

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is debilitating and costly. Identification and better understanding of risk factors influencing the development of AUD remain a research priority. Although early life exposure to trauma increases the risk of adulthood psychiatric disorders, including AUD, many individuals exposed to early life trauma do not develop psychopathology. Underlying genetic factors may contribute to differential sensitivity to trauma experienced in childhood. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is susceptible to long‐lasting changes in function following childhood trauma. Functional genetic variation within FKBP5, a gene encoding a modulator of HPA axis function, is associated with the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood, particularly among individuals exposed to trauma early in life. In the current study, we examined interactions between self‐reported early life trauma, past‐year life stress, past‐year trauma, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1360780) in FKBP5 on heavy alcohol consumption in a sample of 1,845 college students from two university settings. Although we found no effect of early life trauma on heavy drinking in rs1360780*T‐allele carriers, rs1360780*C homozygotes exposed to early life trauma had a lower probability of heavy drinking compared to rs1360780*C homozygotes not exposed to early life trauma (P < 0.01). The absence of an interaction between either current life stress or past‐year trauma, and FKBP5 genotype on heavy drinking suggests that there exists a developmental period of susceptibility to stress that is moderated by FKBP5 genotype. These findings implicate interactive effects of early life trauma and FKBP5 genetic variation on heavy drinking. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observational and dynamic downscaling analysis of a heavy rainfall event in Beijing, China during the 2008 Olympic Games
Authors: Li Huiqi , Cui Xiaopeng , Zhang Wenlong , Qiao Lin
Published: May 2016

A local precipitation event with several dispersedly distributed heavy rainfall centers exceeding 50 mm occurred in Beijing, China on 14 August 2008 during the Beijing Olympic Games. The heavy rainfall event was produced by a few scattered convective storms. Detailed observational analysis with data from automatic weather stations (AWSs) as well as the meteorological radar in Beijing and a dynamic downscaling analysis with a diagnostic model, California Meteorological Model (CALMET), showed that convergence zones caused by small‐scale topography and colliding outflow boundaries were key influencing factors in the initiation and development of the convective storms. Convergence helped to induce upward vertical motion as well as concentrate moisture to reduce the convective inhibition (CIN). Horizontal wind speed may modulate the effectiveness of convergence. Downscaled wind fields by CALMET not only retain the overall features of the original fields, but also present more detailed structures, especially near complex terrain, which is much helpful in analyzing and predicting the development of the storms.
ChemInform Abstract: Potentiostatic Studies of the Corrosion of Grey Cast Iron in H2SO4 and NaOH Solutions.
Authors: AL‐SHAMA L. M. , SALEH J. M. , HIKMAT N. A.
Published: May 2016

The corrosion behaviour of two grey cast iron species has been investigated in 2.5 M H2SO4 and 1.0 M NaOH solutions between 303 and 333 K (rates of corrosion, active and passive states, activation energies of the corrosion process).
ChemInform Abstract: The Rate Constant for the Reaction I + F2 → IF + F
Authors: LILENFELD H. V. , BRADBURN G. R.
Published: May 2016

has been measured at room temp. in a discharge‐flow reactor to be 1.9·10‐14 cm3 molecule‐1 s‐1 For the dark reaction between the precursors CF3I and F2 an upper limit for the rate constant of 1·10‐17 cm3 molecule‐1 s‐1has been estimated.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Growth of Calcite Single Crystal in NaCl Solution.
Authors: HIRANO S. , KIKUTA K.
Published: May 2016

The solubility of calcite in a 3 mol kg‐1 NaCl solution has been measured as a function of temp. at 100 MPa by the weight‐loss method and is shown to increase with increasing temperature (2.0 g l‐1 at 500 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Residues Introduced During Metal Oxide Functionalization.
Authors: GOLDSTEIN C. S. , WEISS K. D. , DRAGO R. S.
Published: May 2016

Alumina supports have been functionalized with (EtO)3‐Si‐(CH2)2‐PPh2.
ChemInform Abstract: Silene Stereochemistry. Part 8. The Stereospecific Addition of Methanol to Silenes.
Authors: JONES P. R. , BATES T. F.
Published: May 2016

The isomeric anthracene adducts (III) are prepared as precursors for the stereospecific generation of (E)‐ and (Z)‐silene (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Dimerization of Alkali Metal Salts of Crotonic Acid in the Solid State.
Authors: NARUCHI K. , MIURA M.
Published: May 2016

In contrast to Na‐crotonate, previously reported to give the dicarboxylate corresponding to (II) on heating in a nearly quantitative yield, the K‐crotonate (I) on heating (250‐320 °C) leads to three isomers, isolated as (II), (III), and (IV) after esterification.
ChemInform Abstract: The Nucleophilic Reaction Upon Electron‐Deficient Pyridone Derivatives. Part 8. Novel Fragmentation of 3,5‐Dinitro‐2‐pyridone by Primary Amine.
Authors: TOHDA Y. , ARIGA M. , KAWASHIMA T. , MATSUMURA E.
Published: May 2016

Fragmentation of the dinitropyridones (I) by the prim. amines (II) gives the nitroacetamides (III) and the nitromalonaldehyde diimines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation, Electrophilic Substitution, and Formal (3 + 2) Cyclization of (2‐Carbamoylallyl)lithium Reagents.
Authors: BEAK P. , WILSON K. D.
Published: May 2016

The unsaturated amide (I) is directly lithiated to form the (2‐carbamoylallyl)lithium reagent (II), which is treated with a number of electrophiles (III) to form mixtures of the substitution products (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry and Photophysics of Glycolaldehyde in Solution.
Authors: BEEBY A. , MOHAMMED D. B. HJ. , SODEAU J. R.
Published: May 2016

The end products of the photolysis of HO‐CH2‐CHO in H2O are monitored by MS, FT‐IR, 1H, and 13C NMR, MeOH, CO, HCHO, and malonaldehyde being the major photochemical products in accord with earlier CIDNP studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Series. Part 150. General Series. Part 208. A Photochemical Long‐Range Pinacol Rearrangement. Mechanistic and Exploratory Organic Photochemistry.
Authors: ZIMMERMAN H. E. , NUSS J. M.
Published: May 2016

The pentenol (Ia) and the methyl ethers (Ib), (Va), and (Vb) are prepared from the ester (II) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photochemistry. Part 67. Photolytic Cleavage of Remote Functional Groups in Polyfunctional Molecules. Activation of a γ C‐Cl Bond in the endo‐ and exo‐Benzobicyclo(3.2.1)octen‐3‐yl Chlorides.
Authors: MORRISON H. , MUTHURAMU K. , SEVERANCE D.
Published: May 2016

Photolysis of the isomeric benzobicyclooctenyl chlorides (Ia) and (Ib) yields mixtures of various products as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Observation of a 1,4‐Hydrogen Shift in Vinyl Radicals Derived from the Reaction of Alkynes with Thiyl Radicals.
Authors: GILBERT B. C. , PARRY D. J. , GROSSI L.
Published: May 2016

ESR experiments demonstrate that in vinyl radicals such as (III) generated from thiyl radicals (I) and alkynes (II), intermolecular abstraction of a thiol hydrogen (k ca. 107 dm3/mol·s) is in competition with 1,n‐hydrogen shifts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Elaboration of Diosphenols: Replacement of Hydroxyl by Halogen.
Authors: PONARAS A. A. , ZAIM OE. +
Published: May 2016

The thiocarbamoyl derivative (III) of the α‐hydroxy cyclopentenone (Ia) reacts with lithium halides in acetonitrile/acetic acid to give the corresponding halo compounds (Ib) and (Ic).
ChemInform Abstract: Diatomic Sulfur (S2).
Authors: STELIOU K. , SALAMA P. , BRODEUR D. , GAREAU Y.
Published: May 2016

The sulfuration of the quite stable monothiones (I) leads to the intense blue bis(thiocarbonyl) analogues (II) which eject S2 upon formation to give (V), in accordance with the calculated heats of formation for (I), (II), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 1. A Convenient Synthesis of Acetylenes via the Reaction of Lithium (1‐Alkynyl)organoborates with Iodine.
Authors: SUZUKI A. , MIYAURA N. , ABIKO S. , ITOH M. , MIDLAND M. M. , SINCLAIR J. A. , BROWN H. C.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the lithium acetylides (II) with the organoboranes (I) yields lithium (1‐alkynyl)organoborates as intermediates which are converted to the acetylenes (III) on treatment with iodine.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 3‐(2‐Methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl)tropolone Methyl Ethers with Hydrazines, Thiourea, Guanidine, and Amidines.
Authors: IMAFUKU K. , KIKUCHI Y. , YIN B.‐Z.
Published: May 2016

The tropolone (I) is methylated to give the tropones (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active β,γ‐Epoxy Alcohols and Secondary Allylic Alcohols via Diastereoselective Addition of α‐Trimethylsilyl‐α,β‐epoxy Aldehydes with Organometallic Compounds.
Authors: TAKEDA Y. , MATSUMOTO T. , SATO F.
Published: May 2016

The silylated aldehydes (Ia) are prepared by two different routes based on procedures already described in the literature available.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(0) Catalyzed Conversion of α‐Nitroepoxides into 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: VANKAR Y. D. , SINGH S. P.
Published: May 2016

The nitroepoxides (I) are cleaved in the presence of Pd(0) to form the 1,2‐diketones (II), whereas the 2‐butyl derivatives (III) produce only the α‐nitroketones (IV) under the same reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hexahydroindenones Through a Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition and Nazarov Cyclization Sequence of Triene Alcohols.
Authors: WADA E. , FUJIWARA I. , KANEMASA S. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

Diels‐Alder cycloaddition of the methylenehexadienols (I) and the olefinic dienophiles (IV)‐(VI) gives the cyclohexenylpropenols (II), which are oxidized to the dienones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The 5‐, 6‐, and 10‐Fluoro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracenes. Comparative Acid‐Catalyzed Isomerization to Exo Methylene Tautomers: A 6‐Fluoro Peri Effect.
Authors: WITIAK D. T. , ABOOD N. A. , GOSWAMI S. , MILO G. E.
Published: May 2016

The fluoro analogues (Ib) ‐ (Id) of the benzanthracene derivative (Ia) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Aminyl Radicals Generated by Anodic Oxidation of Lithium Alkenylamides. Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of cis‐1‐Alkyl‐2,5‐disubstituted Pyrrolidines.
Authors: TOKUDA M. , YAMADA Y. , TAKAGI T. , SUGINOME H. , FURUSAKI A.
Published: May 2016

Neutral aminyl radicals (III), generated by anodic oxidation of the lithium derivatives (II) derived from the alkenylamides (I), undergo a stereospecific and regiospecific cyclization reaction to give the pyrrolidines (IV) in low to moderate yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Anthrapyrazole Anticancer Agents. Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships Against Murine Leukemias.
Authors: SHOWALTER H. D. H. , JOHNSON J. L. , HOFTIEZER J. M. , TURNER W. R. , WERBEL L. M. , LEOPOLD W. R. , SHILLIS J. L. , JACKSON R. C. , ELSLAGER E. F.
Published: May 2016

The dichloroanthraquinones (I) and (VI) cyclize with the hydrazines (II) to give the chloroanthrapyrazoles (III) and (VII) respectively which are converted to the amino derivatives (V) and (IX) by reaction with the amines (IV) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Imidazole Derivatives. Synthesis and Acyl Activation of 2‐Acyl‐1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazoles.
Authors: OHTA S. , HAYAKAWA S. , MORIWAKI H. , HARADA S. , OKAMOTO M.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the 1‐acylpyrrolidines (I) with 2‐lithio‐1‐methylimidazole (II) yields the 2‐acylimidazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐(3,6‐Dihydro‐1(2H)‐pyridinyl)benzamides with Hyperglycemic‐Hypoglycemic Activity.
Authors: YEUNG J. M. , KNAUS E. E.
Published: May 2016

Amination of the pyridines (I) using the hydroxylamine derivatives (II) and subsequent benzoylation produce the N‐phenylcarbonylimino pyridinium ylides (V) which are reduced to give the compounds (VI) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐((2‐Ethoxyphenoxy)methyl)piperidine Derivatives. Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity.
Authors: BALSAMO A. , GIORGI I. , LAPUCCI A. , LUCACCHINI A. , MACCHIA B. , MACCHIA F. , MARTINI C. , ROSSI A.
Published: May 2016

The piperidines (I) and (VI) are converted to the derivatives (IV), (V), and (VIII) which are evaluated for antidepressant activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indolizines. Part 2. Preparation of 1‐ and 3‐Indolizinols and Their Esters.
Authors: WADSWORTH D. H. , BENDER S. L. , SMITH D. L. , LUSS H. R. , WEIDNER C. H.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the diarylcyclopropenones (II) with the pyridines (I) yields almost exclusively the 1‐indolizinols (III) which are characterized as the esters (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel (3,3)‐Rearrangement of 1,2‐Dihydro(N‐arylamino)pyridines: Formation of Unusual Fused Indolines.
Authors: ABRAMOVITCH R. A. , SIANI A. C. , HUTTNER G. , ZSOLNAI L. , MILLER J.
Published: May 2016

The N‐mesyl derivatives (II) of the pyridinium salts (I) react with excess triethylamine, forming the bridged α‐carboline derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Boron Chelate Compounds via the Thioboration of Phenylacetonitrile.
Authors: DOROKHOV V. A. , BOLDYREVA O. G.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of phenylacetonitrile (I) with the dialkylthioalkylboranes (II) produces the dimeric aminoboranes (III) and the cyclic compounds (IV) and (V), depending on the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligophosphaalkanes. Part 17. Functionalized Tri‐, Tetra‐ and Pentaphosphaalkanes with the Donor Sequence P‐C‐C‐P and P‐C‐C‐C‐P.
Authors: HIETKAMP S. , LEBBE T. , SPIEGEL G. U. , STELZER O.
Published: May 2016

Starting with the phosphinic acid ester (I) and the sec. phosphanes (II), the triphosphaalkanes (IV) containing one terminal PH‐group are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Reaction between Dialkylphosphine Oxides and Carbontetrachloride.
Authors: AKSNES G. , MAJEWSKI P.
Published: May 2016

The time‐dependent formation of the compounds (III) ‐ (VIII) from the reaction of (I) and (II) is studied by 31P‐NMR‐analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthetic Reactions with (Ph3Sn)2Zn·TMEDA Complex. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinylstannanes.
Authors: NONAKA T. , OKUDA Y. , MATSUBARA S. , OSHIMA K. , UTIMOTO K. , NOZAKI H.
Published: May 2016

The terminal alkynes (I) react with the complex (II) to give the vinylstannanes (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison of the Relative π‐Donor Abilities of Amido and Phosphido Ligands. 1,2‐Bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphido)tetrakis(dimethylamido)dimolybdenum and ‐ditungsten: 1,2‐M2(P(t‐Bu)2)2(NMe2)4(MM).
Authors: BUHRO W. E. , CHISHOLM M. H. , FOLTING K. , HUFFMAN J. C.
Published: May 2016

The dichloro complex (I) (M.qplbond.M) reacts with two equiv. LiP(tBu)2 to give the air‐sensitive title complexes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Bonds Between Main‐Group Elements and Transition Metals. Part 33. Oxidative Addition of Hydrogen Telluride to Organometallic Fragments.
Authors: HERRMANN W. A. , HECHT C. , HERDTWECK E. , KNEUPER H.‐J.
Published: May 2016

(η5‐C5Me5)Re(CO)2(THF), photochemically generated from the tricarbonyl (I), reacts with TeH2 to give the ReTe compounds (II)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives. Part 2. Synthesis of Shikalkin (.+‐.)Shikonin and Related Compounds.
Authors: TERADA A. , TANOUE Y. , HATADA A. , SAKAMOTO H.
Published: May 2016

A three‐step procedure leads from the naphthalenediol (I) to the aldehyde (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthetic Route to the Limonoid System.
Authors: COREY E. J. , REID J. G. , MYERS A. G. , HAHL R. W.
Published: May 2016

The enol phosphate (I), readily available from farnesyl bromide, serves as starting material for the synthesis of the diketone (VIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Two Hexaprenols with the Hydroxyl Group in Different Positions.
Authors: GRIGOR'EVA N. YA. , YUDINA O. N. , MOISEENKOV A. M.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (XII) and (XIV) are prepared from the imine (IX) and the aldehydes (VI) or (VIII) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Corey Lactone Analogue from Iridoid Glucoside Aucubin and Its Utilization in the Synthesis of a New 12‐epi‐PGF2α Modified at C‐11.
Authors: BERNINI R. , DAVINI E. , IAVARONE C. , TROGOLO C.
Published: May 2016

Hexaacetylaucubin (I) is oxidized to form the lactone (II) which yields the acid (IIIb) upon methanolysis and subsequent saponification.
ChemInform Abstract: “Remote Control” of Flavin Reactivities by an Intramolecular Crown Ring Serving as a Metal‐Binding Site.
Authors: SHINKAI S. , KAMEOKA K. , UEDA K. , MANABE O.
Published: May 2016

The two concepts, "remote functionalization" in steroid photochemistry and "lariat ethers" in crown ether chemistry are applied to design flavins with an allosteric functionality.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 3. Pheromones via Organoboranes. Part 1. Stereospecific Synthesis of Straight‐Chain Z‐Monoolefinic Insect Pheromones via Lithium (1‐Alkynyl)trialkylborates.
Authors: BROWN H. C. , WANG K. K.
Published: May 2016

The trialkylboranes (II), prepared from the alkenes (I), react with the lithium acetylides (III) to give the corresponding lithium (1‐alkynyl)trialkylborates which yield the alkynes (IV) upon treatment with iodine.
Hydrologic response and recovery to prescribed fire and vegetation removal in a small rangeland catchment
Authors: Flerchinger G. N. , Seyfried M. S. , Hardegree S. P.
Published: May 2016

Prescribed fire can be used to return wild lands to their natural fire cycle, control invasive weeds, and reduce fuel loads, but there are gaps in the understanding of post‐disturbance responses of vegetation and hydrology. The impact of a prescribed fire and subsequent aspen cutting on evapotranspiration (ET) and streamflow was assessed for the Upper Sheep Creek catchment, a 26‐ha headwater catchment dominated by low sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, and aspen within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. The 2007 prescribed fire consumed 100% of the mountain big sagebrush and approximately 21% of the low sagebrush. The aspen, which were mostly untouched by the fire, were cut in the fall of 2008. Post‐disturbance ET and vegetation recovery were related to the loss of rooting depth. ET recovered within 2 years on the low sagebrush area with limited rooting depth, while that on the deeper‐rooted mountain big sagebrush area took 4 years to recover. ET from the aspen trees, which can sprout from existing roots, recovered within 2 years. The influence of vegetation disturbance on streamflow was assessed using both empirical time trend analysis and process‐based modelling. Although both approaches suggested approximately a 20% increase in streamflow during the 6 years post‐disturbance, results from the empirical time trend analysis were marginally significant (p = 0·055), while those from the process‐based modelling were not statistically significant. Marginal streamflow response can be attributed to rapid post‐disturbance recovery of the aspen where most of the streamflow originates. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Agricultural land‐use history causes persistent loss of plant phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Turley Nash E. , Brudvig Lars A.
Published: May 2016

Intensive land use activities, such as agriculture, are a leading cause of biodiversity loss and can have lasting impacts on ecological systems. Yet, few studies have investigated how land‐use legacies impact phylogenetic diversity (the total amount of evolutionary history in a community) or how restoration activities might mitigate legacy effects on biodiversity. We studied ground‐layer plant communities in 27 pairs of Remnant (no agricultural history) and Post‐agricultural (agriculture abandoned >60 yr ago) longleaf pine savannas, half of which we restored by thinning trees to reinstate open savanna conditions. We found that agricultural history had no impact on species richness, but did alter community composition and reduce phylogenetic diversity by 566 million years/1,000 m2. This loss of phylogenetic diversity in post‐agricultural savannas was due to, in part, a reduction in the average evolutionary distance between pairs of closely related species, that is, increased phylogenetic clustering. Habitat restoration increased species richness by 27% and phylogenetic diversity by 914 million years but did not eliminate the effects of agricultural land use on community composition and phylogenetic structure. These results demonstrate the persistence of agricultural legacies, even in the face of intensive restoration efforts, and the importance of considering biodiversity broadly when evaluating human impacts on ecosystems.
Photodecompostion of the Oligogermanes nBu3GeGePh2GenBu3 and nBu3GeGePh3: Identification of the Photoproducts by Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Methods
Authors: Komanduri Sangeetha P. , Schrick Aaron C. , Feasley Christa L. , Dufresne Craig P. , Weinert Charles S.
Published: May 2016

The oligogermane nBu3GeGePh2GenBu3 was photolyzed using UV‐C light in the presence of acetic acid as a trapping agent and the photoproducts were identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography/electron‐impact mass spectrometry, and high resolution accurate mass mass spectrometry. The products identified were the germanes nBu3GeH, nBu3GeOAc, and Ph2Ge(H)OAc (OAc = C2H3O2) and the digermane nBu6Ge2. This indicates that both germanium–germanium single bonds are cleaved homolytically upon irradiation to generate two nBu3Ge· radicals and the germylene Ph2Ge:. The digermane nBu3GeGePh3 was also photolyzed under identical conditions, and in this case the photoproducts were identified as nBu3GeH, nBu3GeOAc, Ph3GeH, Ph3GeOAc and the digermanes nBu6Ge2 and Ph6Ge2.
MALDI‐TOF MS portrait of emetic and non‐emetic Bacillus cereus group members
Authors: Fiedoruk Krzysztof , Daniluk Tamara , Fiodor Angelika , Drewicka Ewa , Buczynska Katarzyna , Leszczynska Katarzyna , Bideshi Dennis Ken , Swiecicka Izabela
Published: May 2016

The number of foodborne intoxications caused by emetic Bacillus cereus isolates has increased significantly. As such, rapid and reliable methods to identify emetic strains appear to be clinically relevant. In this study, intact cell matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) was used to differentiate emetic and non‐emetic bacilli. The phyloproteomic clustering of 34 B. cereus emetic and 88 non‐emetic isolates classified as B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, and Bacillus mycoides, showed (i) a clear separation of both groups at a similarity level of 43%, and (ii) a high relatedness among the emetic isolates (similarity of 78%). Specifically, 83 mass peak classes were recognized in the spectral window range between m/z 4000 and 12 000 that were tentatively assigned to 41 protein variants based on a bioinformatic approach. Mass variation between the emetic and the non‐emetic subsets was recorded for 27 of them, including ten ribosomal subunit proteins, for which inter‐strain polymorphism was confirmed by gene sequencing. Additional peaks were assigned to other proteins such as small acid soluble proteins, cold shock proteins and hypothetical proteins, e.g., carbohydrate kinase. Moreover, the results were supported by in silico analysis of the biomarkers in 259 members of B. cereus group, including Bacillus anthracis, based on their whole‐genome sequences. In conclusion, the proteomic profiling by MALDI‐TOF MS is a promising and rapid method for pre‐screening B. cereus to identify medically relevant isolates and for epidemiologic purposes.
Investigating axial diffusion in cylindrical pores using confocal single‐particle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Fang , Neupane Bhanu , Li Peiyuan , Su Wei , Wang Gufeng
Published: May 2016

We explored the feasibility of using confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to study small nanoparticle diffusion in hundred‐nanometer‐sized cylindrical pores. By modeling single particle diffusion in tube‐like confined three‐dimensional space aligned parallel to the confocal optical axis, we showed that two diffusion dynamics can be observed in both original intensity traces and the autocorrelation functions (ACFs): the confined two‐dimensional lateral diffusion and the unconfined one‐dimensional (1D) axial diffusion. The separation of the axial and confined lateral diffusion dynamics provides an opportunity to study diffusions in different dimensions separately. We further experimentally studied 45 nm carboxylated polystyrene particles diffusing in 300 nm alumina pores. The experimental data showed consistency with the simulation. To extract the accurate axial diffusion coefficient, we found that a 1D diffusion model with a Lorentzian axial collection profile needs to be used to analyze the experimental ACFs. The diffusion of the 45 nm nanoparticles in polyethyleneglycol‐passivated 300 nm pores slowed down by a factor of ∼2, which can be satisfactorily explained by hydrodynamic frictions.
Resting state morphology predicts the effect of theta burst stimulation in false belief reasoning
Authors: Hartwright Charlotte E. , Hardwick Robert M. , Apperly Ian A. , Hansen Peter C.
Published: May 2016

When required to represent a perspective that conflicts with one's own, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rvlPFC) supports the inhibition of that conflicting self‐perspective. The present task dissociated inhibition of self‐perspective from other executive control processes by contrasting belief reasoning—a cognitive state where the presence of conflicting perspectives was manipulated—with a conative desire state wherein no systematic conflict existed. Linear modeling was used to examine the effect of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to rvlPFC on participants’ reaction times in belief and desire reasoning. It was anticipated that cTBS applied to rvlPFC would affect belief but not desire reasoning, by modulating activity in the Ventral Attention System (VAS). We further anticipated that this effect would be mediated by functional connectivity within this network, which was identified using resting state fMRI and an unbiased model‐free approach. Simple reaction‐time analysis failed to detect an effect of cTBS. However, by additionally modeling individual measures from within the stimulated network, the hypothesized effect of cTBS to belief (but, importantly, not desire) reasoning was demonstrated. Structural morphology within the stimulated region, rvlPFC, and right temporoparietal junction were demonstrated to underlie this effect. These data provide evidence that inconsistencies found with cTBS can be mediated by the composition of the functional network that is being stimulated. We suggest that the common claim that this network constitutes the VAS explains the effect of cTBS to this network on false belief reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3502–3514, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacologic, Pharmacokinetic, and Clinical Assessment of Illicitly Used γ‐Hydroxybutyrate
Authors: White C. Michael
Published: May 2016

γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a common drug of abuse and poses important health risks to users in the form of respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, or traumatic adverse events. GHB has non‐dose‐proportional effects and pharmacologic effects such as sedation and retrograde amnesia, which can incapacitate people targeted for assault. It has Krebs cycle metabolism, rapid clearance, relative hydrophilicity, and unique drug interactions. Promptly seeking medical attention during intentional or inadvertent overdose is critical to survival, as is prompt supportive care once medical personnel are alerted. People drugged before assault also need to promptly notify authorities because the period to detect the drug in the urine or blood is brief and the ultimate metabolites are carbon dioxide and water. After acute treatment has passed, withdrawal could be severe in chronic abusers that could harm the patient directly or drive them back into reuse.
Detection of anthropogenic influence on the intensity of extreme temperatures in China
Authors: Yin Hong , Sun Ying , Wan Hui , Zhang Xuebin , Lu Chunhui
Published: May 2016

The anthropogenic (ANT) influence on the intensity of temperature extremes in China is detected over the period 1958–2012 using the newest homogenized daily observation data set and multi‐model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). We applied an optimal fingerprinting method to compare spatial–temporal changes in the intensity of temperature extremes, including annual maxima of daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures (warmest day and night, TXx and TNx) and annual minima of daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures (coldest day and night, TXn and TNn). For China as a whole, the results show that the ANT influence can be robustly detected in all four extreme indices. The ANT signal is also clearly separable from the response to natural‐only (NAT) forcing in the two‐signal analyses. The NAT signal was detectable for the warmest night TNx but not for other indices. At smaller regional scales for Eastern and Western China, the ANT signals were also clearly detected in the changes of temperature extremes. With the use of more observational data and multi‐model simulations, this study updates a previous work and confirms that the human influence can be robustly detected in the changes of extreme temperature intensity in China.
Home‐Based Exercise Training Improves Left Ventricle Diastolic Function in Survivors of Childhood ALL: A Tissue Doppler and Velocity Vector Imaging Study
Authors: Järvelä Liisa S. , Saraste Markku , Niinikoski Harri , Hannukainen Jarna C. , Heinonen Olli J. , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Arola Mikko , Kemppainen Jukka
Published: May 2016

Background

Advanced echocardiographic methods may reveal signs of late anthracycline cardiac toxicity (ACT) even in asymptomatic patients. We studied echocardiographic tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and velocity vector imaging (VVI) in long‐term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) before and after an exercise intervention.

Methods

Twenty‐one asymptomatic, anthracycline‐treated, long‐term childhood ALL survivors with matched controls were studied at baseline. Seventeen of the survivors participated in a 3‐month home‐based exercise program. Echocardiography with TDI and VVI was performed.

Results

At baseline, ejection fraction (60.7 ± 4.7% vs. 62.3 ± 3.7%, P = 0.22) and fractional shortening (32.6 ± 3.1% vs. 34.0 ± 2.8%, P = 0.13) were similar in survivors and controls. Lateral early diastolic mitral annulus velocity E′ (32.81 ± 5.71 cm/sec vs. 38.03 ± 6.21 cm/sec, P = 0.01), E′/A′ (1.60 ± 0.48 vs. 2.07 ± 0.63, P = 0.01), and E/E′ (2.78 ± 0.35 vs. 2.42 ± 0.62, P = 0.04) were impaired compared to controls. Peak circumferential strain and strain rate were attenuated at apex (–24.50 ± 3.46% vs. –28.06 ± 4.39%, P = 0.01 and –1.47 ± 0.22 sec–1 vs. –1.68 ± 0.33 sec–1, P = 0.02) compared to controls. After the intervention, early diastolic mitral inflow velocity E (87.76 ± 12.54 cm/s vs. 95.28 ± 10.48 cm/s, P = 0.04) and E′ increased (31.78 ± 5.50 cm/s vs. 34.96 ± 5.41 cm/s, P < 0.01). Peak circumferential systolic and diastolic strain rates at mid‐level (–1.22 ± 0.21 sec–1 vs. –1.35 ± 0.24 sec–1, P = 0.04 and 1.25 ± 0.25 sec–1 vs. 1.48 ± 0.35 sec–1, P < 0.01) improved after the exercise program.

Conclusions

A simple home‐based exercise program improved cardiac function in asymptomatic childhood ALL survivors. Adding TDI in routine echocardiographic examination may improve the recognition of early signs of ACT, and VVI may bring additional information. The improvements in cardiac function after the exercise program emphasize the importance of physical activity in this population.
The Role of Childhood Infections and Immunizations on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Sankaran Hari , Danysh Heather E. , Scheurer Michael E. , Okcu M. Fatih , Skapek Stephen X. , Hawkins Douglas S. , Spector Logan G. , Erhardt Erik B. , Grufferman Seymour , Lupo Philip J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor arising from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate into skeletal muscle. Relatively little is known about RMS susceptibility. Based on growing evidence regarding the role of early immunologic challenges on RMS development, we evaluated the role of infections and immunizations on this clinically significant pediatric malignancy.

Procedure

RMS cases (n = 322) were enrolled from the third trial coordinated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population‐based controls (n = 322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. The following immunizations were assessed: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); measles, mumps, and rubella; and oral polio vaccine. We also evaluated if immunizations were complete versus incomplete. We examined selected infections including chickenpox, mumps, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, rubeola, pertussis, mononucleosis, and lung infections. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for maternal education and total annual income.

Results

Incomplete immunization schedules (OR = 5.30, 95% CI: 2.47–11.33) and incomplete DPT immunization (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06–2.29) were positively associated with childhood RMS. However, infections did not appear to be associated with childhood RMS.

Conclusions

This is the largest study of RMS to date demonstrating a possible protective effect of immunizations against the development of childhood RMS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Our findings add to the growing body of literature, suggesting a protective role of routine vaccinations in childhood cancer and specifically in childhood RMS.
Systems Pharmacology Modeling of Prostate‐Specific Antigen in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With an Androgen Receptor Antagonist and Down‐Regulator
Authors: Mistry HB , Fabre M‐A , Young J , Clack G , Dickinson PA
Published: May 2016

First‐in‐human (FIH) studies with AZD3514, a selective androgen receptor (AR) down‐regulator, showed decreases of >30% in the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in some patients. A modeling approach was adopted to understand these observations and define the optimum clinical use hypothesis for AZD3514 for clinical testing. Initial empirical modeling showed that only baseline PSA correlated significantly with this biological response, whereas drug concentration did not. To identify the mechanistic cause of this observation, a mechanism‐based model was first developed, which described the effects of AZD3514 on AR protein and PSA mRNA levels in LNCaP cells with and without dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Second, the mechanism‐based model was linked to a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model; PSA effects of clinical doses were subsequently simulated under different clinical conditions. This model was used to adjust the design of the ongoing clinical FIH study and direct the backup program.
Development and Testing of a Control System for the Automatic Flight of Tethered Parafoils
Authors: Coleman Joseph , Ahmad Hammad , Toal Daniel
Published: May 2016

This paper presents the design and testing of a control system for the robotic flight of tethered kites. The use of tethered kites as a prime mover in airborne wind energy is undergoing active research in several quarters. There also exist several additional applications for the remote or autonomous control of tethered kites, such as aerial sensor and communications platforms. The system presented is a distributed control system consisting of three primary components: an instrumented tethered kite, a kite control pod, and a ground control and power takeoff station. A detailed description of these constituent parts is provided, with design considerations and constraints outlined. Flight tests of the system have been carried out, and a range of results and system performance data from these are presented and discussed.
Magnetic Core–Shell Silica Nanoparticles with Large Radial Mesopores for siRNA Delivery
Authors: Xiong Lin , Bi Jingxu , Tang Youhong , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: May 2016

A novel type of magnetic core–shell silica nanoparticles is developed for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. These nanoparticles are fabricated by coating super‐paramagnetic magnetite nanocrystal clusters with radial large‐pore mesoporous silica. The amine functionalized nanoparticles have small particle sizes around 150 nm, large radial mesopores of 12 nm, large surface area of 411 m2 g−1, high pore volume of 1.13 cm3 g−1 and magnetization of 25 emu g−1. Thus, these nanoparticles possess both high loading capacity of siRNA (2 wt%) and strong magnetic response under an external magnetic field. An acid‐liable coating composed of tannic acid can further protect the siRNA loaded in these nanoparticles. The coating also increases the dispersion stability of the siRNA‐loaded carrier and can serve as a pH‐responsive releasing switch. Using the magnetic silica nanoparticles with tannic acid coating as carriers, functional siRNA has been successfully delivered into the cytoplasm of human osteosarcoma cancer cells in vitro. The delivery is significantly enhanced with the aid of the external magnetic field.
CAPR: context‐aware participant recruitment mechanism in mobile crowdsourcing
Authors: Zhang Hongli , Xu Zhikai , Du Xiaojiang , Zhou Zhigang , Shi Jiantao
Published: May 2016

With the advances of sensing, wireless communication, and mobile computing, mobile crowdsourcing has become a new paradigm for data collection and retrieval that has attracted considerable attention. This paper addresses the fundamental research issue in mobile crowdsourcing: Which participants should be selected as winners in each time slot with the aim of maximizing the total utility of the service provider in the long term? First, a double‐sided combinatorial auction model is introduced to describe the relationships between the mobile users and requesters from the perspective of supply and demand at a given time. Then, the coupling between the utility values of the system in different time slots is investigated. Based on the aforementioned analyses, this paper proposes a context‐aware participant recruitment mechanism, in which the mobile crowdsourcing system dynamically adjusts the participant recruitment mechanism depending on the ratio between the numbers of mobile users and requesters. Context‐aware participant recruitment consists of two main components: (1) a heuristic algorithm based on the greedy strategy to determine the winning participants and (2) a critical payment scheme, which guarantees the rationality of the proposed mechanism. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed mechanism achieves high system utility in the long term. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exosome‐mediated small RNA delivery for gene therapy
Authors: Zhou Yu , Zhou Geyu , Tian Chenfei , Jiang Waner , Jin Ling , Zhang Chenyu , Chen Xi
Published: May 2016

Small RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNAs (miRNA), are emerging as promising therapeutic drugs against a wide array of diseases. The key obstacle for the successful clinical application of small RNAs is to develop a safe delivery system directed at the target tissues only. Current small RNA transfer techniques use viruses or synthetic agents as delivery vehicles. The replacement of these delivery vehicles with a low toxicity and high target‐specific approach is essential for making small RNA therapy feasible. Because exosomes have the intrinsic ability to traverse biological barriers and to naturally transport functional small RNAs between cells, they represent a novel and exciting delivery vehicle for the field of small RNA therapy. As therapeutic delivery agents, exosomes will potentially be better tolerated by the immune system because they are natural nanocarriers derived from endogenous cells. Furthermore, exosomes derived from genetically engineered cells can deliver small RNAs to target tissues and cells. Thus, exosome‐based delivery of small RNAs may provide an untapped, effective delivery strategy to overcome impediments such as inefficiency, nonspecificity, and immunogenic reactions. In this review, we briefly describe how exosomal small RNAs function in recipient cells. Furthermore, we provide an update and overview of new findings that reveal the potential applications of exosome‐based small RNA delivery as therapeutics in clinical settings. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:758–771. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1363

This article is categorized under:

RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Advantage of Sodium Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Carboxylate as a Mild Cleansing Agent
Authors: Ozawa Toshiaki , Endo Koji , Masui Takashi , Miyaki Masahiro , Matsuo Keiko , Yamada Shinji
Published: May 2016

Five anionic surfactants widely used in commercial skin cleansers were studied: sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether carboxylate (EC), sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate (ES), sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium laurate, and N‐cocoyl‐l‐glutamic acid monosodium salt. The amount of surfactant from aqueous solution adsorbed into the stratum corneum (SC), the degree of SC swelling, the change of the secondary structure of SC proteins (denaturation). The surface tension of surfactant–zein mixed solutions, and the solubilization behavior of zein were measured. Results showed that EC had the lowest adsorption into SC, the lowest SC swelling, and lowest denaturation of SC proteins. Low interactions between surfactants and SC proteins were also observed for EC/ES mixture solutions as well as. Mixing EC with ES good foaming performance. The EC/ES mixture, at about 1:1 ratio, is an excellent surfactant system for skin cleanser applications having cleansing characteristics and mildness to the skin.
Effects of dietary milk- and soya-phospholipids on lipid-parameters and other risk indicators for cardiovascular diseases in overweight or obese men – two double-blind, randomised, controlled, clinical trials
Authors: Weiland Anne , Bub Achim , Barth Stephan W. , Schrezenmeir Juergen , Pfeuffer Maria
Published: May 2016

The present study examined the effect of milk phospholipids (milk-PL) on lipid metabolism and on other risk factors for CVD, in comparison with milk fat (control) or soya phospholipids (soya-PL), respectively. Two double-blind parallel-group intervention trials were conducted in overweight or obese male subjects. In the first trial (trial 1), sixty-two men consumed milk enriched with either 2 g milk-PL or 2 g milk fat (control) for 8 weeks. In trial 2, fifty-seven men consumed milk enriched with either 3 g milk-PL or 2·8 g soya-PL for 7 weeks. In trial 1, milk-PL as compared with control reduced waist circumference but did not affect plasma lipids (total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, TAG, phospholipids), apoB, apoA1, glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity index, C-reactive protein, IL-6, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule and total homocysteine (tHcy). Serum activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were not changed. Activity of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a marker of fatty liver, increased in the control but not in the milk-PL group, with a significant intervention effect. In trial 2, milk-PL as compared with soya-PL did not affect the above-mentioned parameters, but decreased GGT. Subjects with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations CT and TT had 11 % (P < 0·05) higher baseline tHcy concentrations than those with the wild-type CC. However, genotype did not modulate the phospholipid intervention effect on tHcy. In conclusion, supplementation with milk-PL as compared with control fat reduced waist circumference and, as compared with both control fat and soya-PL, GGT activity.
Foreword: special issue on coalgebraic logic
Authors: DOBERKAT ERNST-ERICH , KURZ ALEXANDER
Published: May 2016

The second Dagstuhl seminar on coalgebraic logics took place from October 7–12, 2012, in the Leibniz Forschungszentrum Schloss Dagstuhl, following a successful earlier one in December 2009. From the 44 researchers who attended and the 30 talks presented, this collection highlights some of the progress that has been made in the field. We are grateful to Giuseppe Longo and his interest in a special issue in Mathematical Structures in Computer Science.
Dietary selenium intake and mortality in two population-based cohort studies of 133 957 Chinese men and women
Authors: Sun Jiang-Wei , Shu Xiao-Ou , Li Hong-Lan , Zhang Wei , Gao Jing , Zhao Long-Gang , Zheng Wei , Xiang Yong-Bing
Published: May 2016

Objective

To investigate the potential influence of dietary Se intake on mortality among Chinese populations.

Design

We prospectively evaluated all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality risks associated with dietary Se intake in participants of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS) and the Shanghai Men’s Health study (SMHS). Dietary Se intake was assessed by validated FFQ during in-person interviews. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI.

Setting

Urban city in China.

Subjects

Chinese adults (n133 957).

Results

During an average follow-up of 13·90 years in the SWHS and 8·37 years in the SMHS, 5749 women and 4217 men died. The mean estimated dietary Se intake was 45·48 μg/d for women and 51·34 μg/d for men, respectively. Dietary Se intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in both women and men, with respective HR for the highest compared with the lowest quintile being 0·79 (95 % CI 0·71, 0·88;Ptrend<0·0001) and 0·80 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·98;Ptrend=0·0268) for women, and 0·79 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·89;Ptrend=0·0001) and 0·66 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·82;Ptrend=0·0002) for men. No significant associations were observed for cancer mortality in both women and men. Results were similar in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Dietary Se intake was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both sexes, but not cancer mortality.
Some remarks on number concept development in the Near East and Europe
Authors: Dzbyński Aleksander
Published: May 2016

In this article I outline the analogies and the differences in number concept development in prehistoric Europe and in the Near East. Research on Near Eastern recording systems is far more advanced, and it provides us with a good theoretical approach. There are, however, more and more finds in Europe that deserve our attention when looking toward a theory of early number concepts, concepts of measure and mathematics. For archaeologists, there is an obvious requirement that such a theory has to be constructed on a material basis. Therefore in the second part of the text I describe some key finds from Europe that in my opinion allow us, on the one hand, to reference current theoretical approaches and, on the other, to connect theoretical considerations and their material basis.