bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of cDNA clones encoding rat glial fibrillary acidic protein: Expression in astrocytes and in Schwann cells
Authors: Feinstein D. L. , Weinmaster G. A. , Milner R. J.
Published: May 2005

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) has been extensively characterized but the molecular identity of related molecules in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains unclear. To examine possible structural differences between CNS and PNS GFAP, we have isolated cDNA clones for rat GFAP from both cultured astrocyte and Schwann cell libraries. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the PNS and CNS GFAP clones contained identical coding regions, with a predicted protein product of 430 amino acids. However, the 5′‐untranslated region of clone rGFA15, isolated from the Schwann cell library, was longer than that predicted for brain‐derived GFAP mRNA. Primer extension analysis of RNA isolated from the RT4‐D6 Schwann cell line indicated that the start site for PNS GFAP mRNA lies 169 bases upstream from that used in the CNS. In addition, tryptic peptide mapping of GFAP prepared from cultured astrocytes and Schwann cells revealed one major peptide fragment present in CNS GFAP but absent from PNS GFAP. These results suggest structural differences between GFAP in these two cell types, at both the nucleic acid and protein level, and are consistent with previous observations of immunochemical differences existing between CNS and PNS GFAP. © 1992 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression cloning of neurotrophic factors using Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Lam A. , Kloss J. , Fuller F. , Cordell B. , Ponte P. A.
Published: May 2005

We have explored the potential for cloning novel neu‐rotrophic factor cDNAs via assay of neurotrophic activities following expression in Xenopus oocytes. In this report, we describe the successful application of the method to tract rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) activity from mRNA purified from cultured cells and from mRNA synthesized by in vitro transcription of a cDNA library. Rat C6 glioma cells, which had been previously shown to have CNTF‐like activity (Westermann et al., 1988), were used as source material. We tested protein extracts of C6 cells using an in vitro assay of primary neurons from the chick ciliary ganglion (CCG assay) and detected a CNTF‐like activity. RNA isolated from C6 cells was shown to direct the synthesis of the activity following microinjection into Xenopus oocytes and one‐step fractionation of Xenopus extract. C6 mRNA was size‐fractionated, and fractions encoding CNTF‐like activity were cloned into a lambda phage vector at a site distal to a T7 promoter. Synthetic RNA transcribed from total library DNA was injected into Xenopus oocytes, and a CNTF‐like activity in the oocyte extract was detected by the CCG assay. Further fractionation of library clones narrowed the presence of the clone encoding the CNTF‐like activity to a pool containing 20,000 members. The presence of a fulllength CNTF cDNA clone in this pool and partial clones in other pools was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotides from the rabbit CNTF cDNA (Lin et al., 1989) as primers. A pure clone was isolated, shown by sequence analysis to have near identity to a published rat CNTF sequence (Stockli et al., 1989) and shown by the CCG assay to produce potent CNTF activity. The method described here does not require any knowledge of protein or DNA sequences; therefore, it is useful in cloning unknown neurotrophic activities. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific interaction of glutamate with membranes from cultured retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: López‐Colomé A. M. , Salceda R. , Fragoso G.
Published: May 2005

Excitatory amino acids (EAA) have been shown to induce phagocytosis in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In order to explore if this action is receptor‐mediated, we have identified and characterized receptors for L‐glutamate through the binding of [3H]L‐glutamate to membranes from chick RPE cells in primary culture. Specific binding was found saturable, with KB = 333nM and Bmax = 3.2 pmol/mg protein in frozen/thawed membranes. Na+‐independent binding was present in cultures of 16 and 25 days in vitro, and was not affected by temperature. Pharmacological profile of analogues of EAA at different receptor types suggests the presence of a metabotropic type receptor (L‐glutamate > S‐2‐amino‐3‐phosphonopropionate > 2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyrate = trans‐(1S,3R)‐1‐aminocyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxylate > quisqualate). Excitatory amino acid analogues acting at the NMDA‐receptor also displaced bound L‐glutamate, and a noticeable stimulation of specific binding of this ligand by glycine was shown; this effect was mimicked by D‐serine and 1‐hydroxy‐3‐aminopyrrolidone‐2 (HA‐966) but not by 7‐chlorokynurenate, and was not inhibited by strychnine. Since taurine and GABA also increased specific binding, it is likely that modulation of EAA receptors in RPE differs from that in neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manganese induces spreading and process outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells
Authors: Lin W. H. , Higgins D. , Pacheco M. , Aletta J. , Perini S. , Marcucci K. A. , Roth J. A.
Published: May 2005

Mn2+ has been shown to promote cell–substrate adhesion and cell spreading in many cell culture systems. In this study, we present data demonstrating that Mn2+ not only promotes spreading, but also induces process outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In the presence of 1.0 mM MnCl2, cell spreading was apparent by 6 hr, and nearly 50% of the exposed cells extended neurite‐like processes. These morphological effects of Mn2+ were both time‐ and dose‐dependent. In the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, both Mn2+‐induced spreading and neurite outgrowth were prevented, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required for the effects of Mn2+ to take place. Of the other divalent cations tested, Mg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ were ineffective, and only Co2+ partially mimicked the effects of Mn2+. Although Mn2+‐induced cell adhesion and spreading have been extensively studied, this is the first report that this divalent cation can cause neurite outgrowth. The neurite outgrowth‐promoting effects of Mn2+ were distinct from those of nerve growth factor in that the response to Mn2+ was considerably more rapid, but apparently lacked the ability to sustain continuous outgrowth and networking of neurites. Mn2+ also induced the levels of GAP‐43 and peripherin, two proteins associated with neuronal differentiation of PC‐12 cells. In cells grown in serum‐free defined medium, Mn2+ was capable of promoting neurite outgrowth when the cells were plated on surfaces pretreated with normal growth medium, vitronectin, or fibronectin, while it failed to cause these morphological changes in cells plated on untreated or poly‐D‐lysine‐coated substrata. Similarly, Mn2+ also promoted neurite outgrowth from rat sympathetic neurons attached to laminin‐treated substrate, but had no effect on neurons maintained on substrate with polylysine only. The pentapeptide Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser nearly completely prevented the morphological effects of Mn2+ on PC12 cells. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that Mn2+‐mediated alteration of an RGD‐dependent extracellular matrix‐integrin interaction is responsible for the neuritogenic effects. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blockage of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by 5‐hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Grassi F. , Polenzani L. , Mileo A. M. , Caratsch C. G. , Eusebi F. , Miledi R.
Published: May 2005

The action of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT) on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channels was investigated in mouse myotubes, human cloned TE671/RD cells, and Xenopus laevis oocytes. The decay of the ACh‐activated whole‐cell currents was reversibly accelerated in the presence of 5HT (10−5 to 10−3 M), in a dose‐dependent manner. 5HT also reduced the size and accelerated the decay of currents elicited by ACh in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA extracted from C2 myotubes or Torpedo electroplaques, or oocytes injected with cloned mouse muscle AChR subunit mRNAs. The effect of 5HT was promptly reversed after washout, or by depolarizing the oocyte beyond −10 mV. In patch‐clamp recordings from myotubes, bath‐application of 5HT did not exert an indirect influence on the ACh‐activated channels within the patch membrane. In contrast, when the patch membrane was exposed to 5HT (10−6 M), ACh unit responses appeared as bursts of short pulses. It is concluded that the regulation of ACh responses by 5HT results from a fast noncompetitive blocking action of nAChR‐channels. These results show that ligand‐gated channels, activated by their specific neurotransmitter, may be regulated by a different neurotransmitter through a direct action on the receptor molecule. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of neurotrophin receptors by affinity crosslinking
Authors: Escandón E. , Burton L. E. , Szönyi É. , Nikolics K.
Published: May 2005

Neurotrophic factors regulate the developmental survival and differentiation of specific neuronal populations. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) are members of the nerve growth factor (NGF) protein family, also known as the neurotrophins. Insights into the different roles of neurotrophins can be gained by studying the expression of their functional receptors. Here we report the development of procedures for their radiolabeling and efficient crosslinking to specific cell‐surface receptors. BDNF and NT‐3 receptors in cell lines and tissue preparations expressing receptors for the 2 neurotrophins have been identified using this affinity crosslinking procedure. Like NGF, BDNF and NT‐3 crosslinking to the low affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) on PC12 cells. BDNF and NT‐3 also crosslinked to cells expressing p145trkB protein, producing an approximately 160 kD neurotrophin‐receptor complex. Crosslinking of the 2 neurotrophins in vivo to specific trk family members in many areas of the central nervous system also produced a 160 kD receptor complex. However, in all brain regions a complex of approx. 100 kD could also be identified, all or most of which represents crosslinking to a truncated from of trkB. The broad distribution of BDNF and NT‐3 receptors throughout the CNS suggests that neurotrophins may have yet unrecognized functions on specific neuronal populations. BDNF and NT‐3 receptors were also found in brain areas in which the neurotrophins themselves are also synthesized, suggesting that beyond long‐range trophic effects, these proteins may also act as autocrine or short‐range paracrine regulators. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐Cadherin 2: Molecular characterization, function in cell adhesion, and coexpression with T‐cadherin and N‐cadherin
Authors: Sacristán M. P. , Vestal D. J. , Dours‐Zimmermann M. T. , Ranscht B.
Published: May 2005

Cadherins are integral membrane glycoproteins that mediate calcium‐dependent, homophilic cell‐cell adhesion and are implicated in controlling tissue morphogenesis. T‐cadherin is anchored to the membrane through a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (Ranscht B, Dours‐Zimmermann MT: Neuron 7:391–402, 1991) and expressed in a restricted pattern in developing embryos (Ranscht B, Bronner‐Fraser M: Development 111:15–22, 1991). We report here the molecular and functional characterization of the T‐cadherin isoform, T‐cadherin 2 (Tcad‐2) and the expression of the corresponding mRNA. Tcad‐2 cDNA differs in its 3′nucleotide sequence from T‐cadherin cDNA and encodes a protein in which the carboxy terminal Leu of T‐cadherin is substituted by Lys and extended by the amino acids SerPheProTyrVal. By RNase protection, mRNAs encoding the T‐cadherin isoforms are coexpressed in heart, muscle, liver, skin, somites, and in neural tissue. Many tissues contain both T‐cadherin and Tcad‐2 mRNAs in conjunction with N‐cadherin transcripts, and T‐cadherins and N‐cadherin proteins are coexpressed on the surface of individual neurons in vitro. Expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) revealed that Tcad‐2 is a glycosyl phosphati‐dylinositol‐anchored membrane protein that functions in calcium‐dependent, homophilic cell adhesion. The identification of a functional T‐cadherin isoform and the coexpression of T‐cadherins and N‐cadherin by individual cells suggest that specific adhesive interactions of embryonic cells may involve a complex interplay between multiple cadherins. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuron‐Schwann cell signals are conserved across species: Purification and characterization of embryonic chicken Schwann cells
Authors: Bhattacharyya A. , Brackenbury R. , Ratner N.
Published: May 2005

A monoclonal antibody, 1E8, which recognizes the peripheral myelin protein, Po, specific for chicken Schwann cells and their precursors (Bhattacharyya et al., Neuron7:831‐844, 1991), was used to immunoselect Schwann cells from embryonic day 14 (E14) chicken sciatic nerve. When cultured, these immunoselected cells displayed properties characteristic of perinatal rodent Schwann cells, including S100‐immunoreactivity and 04 antigen‐immunoreactivity. In addition, the purified chicken Schwann cells divided slowly when cultured alone, but when co‐cultured with chicken or rat sensory neurons, they bound to axons and proliferated. Proliferation was also stimulated by the addition of bovine brain membrane extracts or chicken brain membranes. The IE8 monoclonal antibody was also used to test the effect of axonal contact on P0 expression. Chicken Schwann cells purified using the 1E8 monoclonal antibody gradually lost P0 when cultured alone. These cells remained 1E8‐negative even after prolonged co‐culture with embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion neurons or chicken sensory ganglia. These results demonstrate that chicken Schwann cells behave like rodent Schwann cells in their expression of specific antigens, interactions with axons, and regulation of P0 expression. In addition, chicken Schwann cells respond to neuronal signals from the rat and cow, illustrating the cross‐species conservation of these signals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman studies of nucleic acids. IX: A salt‐induced structural transition in poly(rG)
Authors: Rice J. , Lafleur L. , Medeiros G. C. , Thomas G. J.
Published: May 2005

Raman spectra of poly(rG), obtained from neutral aqueous solutions containing excess sodium counterions, are qualitatively different than spectra obtained from salt‐free solutions. In the presence of a two‐fold molar excess of Na+ (per phosphate group) the Raman spectrum of poly(iG) closely resembles that of the gel of Guo‐5′‐P and is characteristic of an ordered helical structure in which guanine residues are hydrogen bonded to one another. In the absence of added salt the spectrum of poly(rG) is characterized by unusual guanine ring frequencies which suggests a tautomeric or ionic modification of the ordinary (keto‐amino) ring structure. Both the high‐salt and no‐salt forms of poly(rG) represent stable secondary structures as evidenced by the conformationally sensitive phosphodiester frequencies and by the absence of significant spectral changes on heating the solutions.
Low frequency Raman spectra of hexamethylbenzene crystal
Authors: Suzuki Masako
Published: May 2005

Low frequency Raman spectra (below 200 cm −1) of hexamethylbenzene and hexamethylbenzene‐d18 were measured in all the crystalline phases. (I, II, and III) and in the liquid phase. Two bands were observed in each crystalline phase. Vibrational analysis was done on the basis of deuteration effect and polarized Raman spectra of single crystal, effect of intermolecular forces was also considered. The nature of the low frequency vibrations is discussed in each phase.
Vibrational spectra of SO2F2 in the condensed states
Authors: Nolin C. , Tremblay J. , Savoie R.
Published: May 2005

The presence of three fundamentals in the 545 cm−1 region of the vibrational spectrum of sulfuryl fluoride has been confirmed from the Raman spectrum of the liquid. Evidence for the occasional formation of a metastable crystalline form upon solidification of SO2F2 has been gathered from the infrared study. The Raman investigation has also shown that the most stable crystalline solid (phase I) is seldom directly obtained upon freezing this compound. Both types of spectra indicate that the two stable crystalline phases (I and II) have well‐ordered, although rather complex structures. The crystals are probably centrosymmetric in both cases, with at least 8 molecules located on general positions of the unit cell. The crystal system is other than triclinic or monoclinic. Cubic symmetry is further eliminated in the case of phase II.
The rotational and rotation‐vibrational Raman spectra of 14N2, 14N15N and 15N2
Authors: Bendtsen Jørgen
Published: May 2005

The pure rotational and rotation‐vibrational Raman spectra of 14N2, 14N15N and 15N2 have been photographed using a previously described instrument. The analyses of the bands yield for each molecule v0, B0, B1‐B0 and D. From the values of B0 and B0‐B1 the internuclear distances re are calculated independently for each species. Within the experimental accuracy the distances are identical as required by the Born‐Oppenheimer approximation. The mean value for re is 1.097701 ± ± 0.000004 Å.
A Czerny‐Turner spectrograph incorporating a 2‐stage image intensifier for the study of very weak Raman spectra
Authors: Willetts D. V. , Freedman P. A. , Jones W. J.
Published: May 2005

A Czerny‐Turner spectrograph is described in which an image intensifier is positioned in front of the photographic plate. This system shows a large gain in sensitivity over conventional spectrographs without serious loss of resolution. The reciprocity failure of this detection system is found to be very low.
Raman spectra of vibrational modes in spinel CdIn2S4
Authors: van Den Boom H. , Haanstra J. H.
Published: May 2005

We here present the results of a Raman investigation on powders and oriented single crysstals of CdIn2S4 spinel, nominally pure and doped with Fe.

The k  0 fundamental phonon frequencies are: 184 cm−1 (Eg), 242 cm−1 (F2g), 307 cm−1 (F2g) and 362 cm−1 (A1g). An additional first order vibration, which is ascribed to a local mode of Fe in tetrahedral sulphur surroundings, is found at 340 cm−1 and has A1g‐symmetry.
The vibrational spectrum of OH ion
Authors: Huong P. V. , Desbat B.
Published: May 2005

The vibrational assignment of the hydroxonium ion, OH, is made with the help of Raman polarization measurements on solutions containing OHSbCl in CH2Cl2. The symmetric stretching frequency is found to be greater than the asymmetric mode. This order is the reverse of that observed in ammonia and other XH3 molecules.
Resonance Raman spectroscopic study of titanium tetraiodide in different organic solvents: Spectroscopic constants and half‐band widths for the ν1 (a1) vibration
Authors: Clark R. J. H. , Mitchell P. D.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra have now been observed from solutions of titanium tetraiodide in five organic solvents. High intensity overtone progressions of the v1 (a1) vibration extend to 9v1–13 v1, and these progressions have permitted the determination of the spectroscopic constants ω1 and x11 for each solution. The latter are compared with values obtained from solid state measurements. Little variation is found in ω1 (161.6–160.9 cm−1) and none in x11 (0.08±0.02 cm−1) with change of solvent or state. The members of the overtone progressions decrease in intensity and increase in half‐bandwidth with increase in the vibrational quantum number.
A Raman spectroscopic study of the dissociation of chloromethyl mercuric nitrate in a queous solutions
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. , Woodward L. A.
Published: May 2005

Raman spectroscopic evidence shows that chloromethyl mercuric nitrate, ClCH2 HgONO2 (like methyl mercuric nitrate), is only partially dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. The percentage degree of dissociation in a nearly saturated solution (0.078 M) at 25°C, as determined by intensity measurements on the v1 Raman line of the nitrate ion, is found to be approximately 83 ± 7. This corresponds to a value of the dissociation constant Kc near 0.3 moles per liter. Thus the effect of introducing a Cl atom into the methyl group of CH3HgONO2 is to reduce Kc by a factor of about 100. This is in the opposite sense from the effect of a similar substitution in the case of acetic acid CH3COOH, which is to increase the acid dissociation constant Kc by a factor of about 100. These effects can be qualitatively understood in terms of the inductive effects of the Cl atom.
Raman spectra of gaseous and solid N2F4
Authors: Durig J. R , Macnamee R. W.
Published: May 2005

The Raman spectrum of gaseous N2F4 at a pressure of 760 torr was recorded with a spectral slit width of 3 cm−1. Ten of the expected eleven fundamentals of the symmetric motions of both the gauche and trans isomers give rise to strongly polarized Raman lines. These new data require a reassignment of some of the fundamentals for both the C2 and C2h conformers. The Raman of the solid at 18K was also recorded. Both conformers were found in the solid even after annealing the sample for 9 hours at a temperature of 101.6K and 3 hours at a temperature of 106.8K. Bands attributable to the gauche isomer became more intense relative to those for the trans isomer after several hours of annealing.
Theoretical and experimental resonance Raman intensities for the manganate ion
Authors: Chao R. S. , Khanna R. K. , Lippincott E. R.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra are reported for potassium manganate powder employing a number of exciting frequencies within the electronic absorption region of the material.

In analyzing the observed variations in the relative intensities for resonance effects we have considered δM/δq (M = transition moment and q = normal coordinate) as the dominant term in the theoretical derivation of the expression for Raman intensity. This approach leads to excellent agreement between the experimental intensity data on both the fundamental as well as the first overtone of the symmetric stretching mode of the MnO ion and the derived theoretical expressions.
Solution and single crystal Raman spectra of potassium hexacyanomanganate (III)
Authors: Jensen P. Waage
Published: May 2005

The complete single crystal Raman spectra of K3Mn(CN)6 and the Raman spectrum of an aqueous solution of this compound were recorded at room temperature. The number of lines with low wave numbers makes it possible to exclude a crystal structure composed solely of unit cells with the monoclinic space group C. All spectral data are in agreement with space group D. An OD‐structure can not be ruled out, but no positive evidence has been found for it. In the solution Raman spectrum all Raman active vibrations of the free ion are observed.
Phase transition in 1,8‐dinitronaphthalene; Raman spectra
Authors: Mierzejewski A. , Luty T.
Published: May 2005

Lattice vibration frequencies of the low‐temperature modification (below 391 K) of 1,8‐dinitronaphthalene have been observed. The temperature dependence of the frequencies is discussed in relation to the phase transition mechanism.
Analyse Conformationnelle de la 2 Pentanone par Spectroscopie Raman
Authors: Roussel Bernard , Chapput André , Fleury Guy
Published: May 2005

Les spectres Raman de la 2‐pentanone ont été enregistrés à l'état liquide, solide et vapeur. Le spectre à basse température présente un nombre limité de raies dû à la disparition de toutes les espèces rotamères exceptée l'espèce la plus stable. De la variation en température de certains groupes de raies, il est possible de déterminer la différence d' enthalpie entre chaque espèce rotamèce rotamère dans la phase liquide.
Lattice vibrations in spectrum of thallous nitrate
Authors: Kondilenko I. I. , Korotkov P. A. , Golubeva N. G.
Published: May 2005

Raman and infrared spectra of thallous nitrate have been studied in the region 30 to 2000 cm−1 for the temperature interval 80 to 460 K. The bands recorded in TINO3 (III) correspond to (νi + Ωj) composite transitions where νi refers to internal and Ωj to lattice vibrations. There are two sets of nitrate ions in the unit cell because of the observed splitting of the internal bands of the NO group and also the doubling of some bands due to lattice vibrations.
Raman and infra‐red spectra, normal coordinate analysis and conformation of 1,3‐cycloheptadiene
Authors: Ansmann Achim , Schrader Bernhard
Published: May 2005

The Raman and infrared spectra of liquid samples of 1,3‐cycloheptadiene have been studied in the range 3500–100 cm−1. Using a Valence Force Field previously obtained from other conjugated dienes, the vibrational frequencies of 1,3‐cycloheptadiene are calculated for a C2 and Cs conformation of the molecule which both have been proposed as reasonable structures from other spectroscopic evidence. By comparison it is concluded that normal coordinate calculation and vibrational spectra are consistent with a Cs conformation of the cycloheptadiene ring. On the basis of this the vibrational assignment of 1,3‐cycloheptadiene is given.
Visible and near‐ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of photolabile vitamin B12 derivatives with a rapid‐flow technique
Authors: Salama Simon , Spiro Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra, obtained with 5145, 4880 and 3638 Å excitation, are reported for aquo‐, methyl‐, 5′‐deoxyadenosyl‐(coenzyme B12), thiosulfate and cysteinyl cobalamin, of methyl cobinamide, and of Co(II) cobalamin (B12r). Laser‐induced photodecomposition was held to acceptable levels with a rapid‐flow technique. A rich assortment of corrin ring vibrations are observed above 600 cm−1, but the frequencies are constant (within ±3 cm−1) for all the derivatives. Some Raman bands show differential enhancement by the visible and near‐ultraviolet electronic transitions, reflecting their different polarizations. B12r shows large relative intensity changes in bands at 1500 and 1600 cm−1, with respect to the Co(III) derivatives. Despite an absorption spectrum resembling that of B12r, methyl cobinamide shows Raman intensity behavior typical of the other Co(III) derivatives.
Systematic interpretation of Raman spectra of organic compounds. II‐Ethers
Authors: Visser T. , Van Der Maas J. H.
Published: May 2005

The Raman spectra of 80 ethers have been recorded and the characteristic frequencies are reported. Correlations between frequencies and structure have been investigated. The collected data have been incorporated into the interpretation system for carbonhydorgen and hydroxy compounds; the different ways of handling are discussed.
Recording of Raman spectra of highly fluorescent substances by means of inverse Raman scattering
Authors: Werncke W. , Lau A. , Weigmann H.‐J. , Buge H.‐G. , Reich P.
Published: May 2005

Substantial progress has been made in spontaneous Raman spectroscopy by the use of lasers as a source of excitation radiation. Moreover the development of high‐power pulse lasers provided access to a new class of scattering processes‐the non‐linear Raman effects. The methodical development of the non‐linear Raman effects is now at a state whereby in special cases it is possible to obtain better spectra than with the use of spontaneous Raman scattering. This paper describes one of the non‐linear Raman effects—inverse Raman scattering—on some samples taken from two groups of technically interesting substances.
Pure rotational Raman spectra of hydrazoic acid HN3 and DN3
Authors: Bendtsen Jørgen
Published: May 2005

The pure rotational Raman spectra of HN3 and DN3 have been photographed in the spectral range −100 cm−1 to 470 cm−1. The very intense ΔK = O transitions, QRK(J) and QSK(J), and the weak asymmetry‐allowed ΔK = 1 and 2 transitions, RQK, SQK, RSK (J) and SSK(J), were observed and measured. The analyses of the spectra with ΔK ≠ 0 primarily yield information on the K‐dependent parameters of the molecules. For HN3 the following constants have been determined: A = 20.3815(25) cm−1; DK = 8.706(92) × 10−3; HK = 7.38(93) × 10−6 cm−1. For DN3 the results are A = 1.4916(24)cm−1; DK = 2.931(36) × 10−3 cm−1; HK = 2.00(32) × 10−6cm−1.
First‐order A1(TO) phonons as evidence of disorder in BaTiO3
Authors: Verble J. L. , Gallego‐Lluesma E. , Porto S. P. S.
Published: May 2005

Evidence is presented, based on Raman scattering measurements, that the three modes observed in the A1(TO) phonon spectrum of tetragonal BaTiO3 are first order. These results are interpreted as supporting the order‐disorder model of the ferroelectric phase transition.
Time‐reversal symmetry in light‐scattering theory
Authors: Loudon R.
Published: May 2005

The general connections between Stokes and anti‐Stokes cross sections are examined on the basis of the time‐reversal symmetry of light‐scattering experiments. The corresponding symmetry properties of the transition rates, susceptibilities and Green functions which occur in light‐scattering theory are reviewed. A rigorous Stokes‐anti‐Stokes connection formula is derived and compared with an approximation in common use.
Raman investigation of the phase transition in solid cyclohexane
Authors: Rohrer U. , Falge H. J. , Brandmüller J.
Published: May 2005

The Eg vibration at 1268 cm−1 of cyclohexane is investigated by Raman scattering near the phase transition at 186 K. Within an interval of 1.5 K below the phase transition this band is split into five components with changing intensities. The spectra confirm the existence of a metastable phase. From the site and factor group of the stable phase the assignment of the absorption band at 862 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum is established.
Low‐frequency vibrational spectrum of p‐nitrotoluene single crystals
Authors: Abasbegović N. , Colombo L. , Le Postollec M.
Published: May 2005

The lattice vibrational spectrum of p‐nitrotoluene (PNT) single crystals has been studied by Raman and IR spectroscopic techniques. Twenty‐one lines have been recorded in the Raman spectrum and nine lines in the far IR spectrum. Calculations of vibrational frequencies have been performed using the rigid molecule approximation. Intermolecular interactions have been described by atom‐pair intermolecular potential functions for interatomic distances up to 4.0 Å. An assignment of the observed to the calculated frequencies has been proposed.
Infrared and Raman polarized spectra of monoclinic KD2PO4 crystal
Authors: Ratajczak H. , Baran J.
Published: May 2005

The polarized infrared transmission (2500–300 cm−1) and polarized Raman (2500–10 cm−1) spectra of a single crystal of monoclinic KD2PO4 have been obtained. The spectra are discussed in relation to the crystal structure and properties of the hydrogen bonds.
CH stretching vibrations of pyrazole and of its deuterated species. Anharmonicity of modes and molecular pseudo‐symmetry
Authors: Tabacik Vlado , Sportouch Serge
Published: May 2005

The three ν(CH or CD) fundamentals of pyrazole‐D0 (1a) of its deuterated NH species, −4‐D1 (2a), −3,5‐D2 (3a), −3,4,5‐D3 (4a), and ND species, −1‐D1 (1b), −1,4‐D2 (2b), −1,3,5‐D3 (3b), ‐D4 (4b), were obtained by Raman spectroscopy. Each a, b couple (i.e. 1a, 1b, etc.) gives identical ν(CH or CD) bands. One band originates essentially in the stretching of the atom (H or D) in position 4. Two other bands originate essentially in the stretching movements of the atoms in positions 3 and 5. The relation of infrared to Raman intensity, the relative intensity of bands in infrared, the relative position of bands, the application of isotropic rules and the determination of mode anharmonicity constants provide a C2ν‐like image of these Cs‐symmetrical molecules.
Raman studies on dinucleoside monophosphates. I—sequence and temperature dependence of structure and conformation of adenine derivatives in neutral aqueous solution
Authors: Gramlich V. , Herbeck R. , Schlenker P. , Schmid E. D.
Published: May 2005

Raman spectra of the dinucleoside monophosphates ApG, GpA, ApC, CpA, ApU, UpA and ApA are reported and discussed. Our measurements show that the sequence isomers have different relative conformations owing to different intra‐ and intermolecular interactions. The most striking differences are found between ApG and GpA. The intensity of the 730 cm−1 ring breathing vibration of adenine has been determined quantitatively. We find that the intensity of this mode is sequence‐dependent.
Antisymmetric light scattering of molecules with non‐degenerate electronic state
Authors: Baranova N. B. , Ya. Zel'dovich B.
Published: May 2005

Antisymmetric light scattering of molecules with a non‐degenerate ground electronic state is discussed. Scattering of this type appears for a rotating molecule, but only when account is taken of (a) the dispersion of the polarizability and (b) the Coriolis force acting on the electrons. An expression is derived for the antisymmetric components of the scattering tensor α, which relates them to the tensor of the Faraday effect for a molecule with fixed nuclei and to the frequency derivative of the polarizability tensor, ∂\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm{\hat \alpha }} $\end{document}/∂ω. Generally, the sum of both contributions yields αant ∼ Ω ∂α/∂ω, where Ω is the angular velocity of rotation of the molecule. The possibilities of experimental observation of the predicted effects are discussed.
The pure rotational Raman spectrum of SeO3
Authors: Brassington N. J. , Edwards H. G. M. , Long D. A. , Skinner M.
Published: May 2005

The pure rotational Raman spectrum of selenium trioxide monomer in the vapour phase at 410 K has been obtained and analysed for the first time. The following rotational constants and bond lengths were obtained:

This is the first spectroscopic determination of r0 in SeO3. The precision of r0 is significantly greater than the value of ra = 169±1 pm obtained from an earlier electron diffraction study.
High resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases with laser sources. XIII—the pure rotational spectra of 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene and 1,5‐cyclooctadiene
Authors: Thomas P. M. , Weber A.
Published: May 2005

The pure rotational Raman spectra of 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene (C8H8) and 1,5‐cyclooctadiene (C8H12) vapor at pressures of 4 and 2 torr, respectively were photographed under high resolution. The 4765 Å, 4880 Å and 5145 Å radiations of a single mode argon ion laser were used to generate the spectra. The molecular constants found from the analysis of the spectra are, for C8H8: B = 0.090392(15) cm−1, DJ = 1.34(10) × 10−8 cm−1 and, for C8H12: B = ½(A + B) = 0.090345(110) cm−1, DJ = 7.12(1.80) × 10−10, cm−1, where the errors are five standard deviations. These constants are averages over the ground state, the low‐lying vibrational states which are sufficiently populated at room temperature, as well as over the possible conformers concurrently present in the sample.
Polarized Raman spectra and intermolecular potential of α‐glycine‐C‐d2 and DL‐alanine‐α,β‐d4 crystals
Authors: Machida Katsunosuke , Kagayama Akira , Saito Yutaka
Published: May 2005

Polarized Raman spectra of α‐glycine‐C‐d2 and DL‐alanine‐α,β‐d4 single crystals have been measured. Large factor group splittings due to the non‐bonded atom–atom interaction were observed for the CD2 bending mode of glycine‐C‐d2 and the CD3 asymmetric deformation and the CD3 torsional modes of DL‐alanine‐α,β‐d4. These factor group splittings and their change on N‐deuteration were explained fairly well by a normal coordinate analysis with an intermolecular potential of the exp‐6 type for the non‐bonded atom–atom interaction for the H…︁H, C…︁H, C…︁C and O…︁H(C) pairs. Good agreement was obtained between the observed and the calculated lattice frequencies on addition of the N…︁O non‐bonded interaction potential, the hydrogen bond stretching terms and the Coulomb interaction terms to the intermolecular potential.
Raman study on p‐nitroaniline: Molecular structure in the molten phase
Authors: Harrand M.
Published: May 2005

The Raman spectrum of pure liquid para‐nitroaniline (p‐NA) was studied between 150 and 220°C, and compared with those of the crystal and solutions. The 1270–1350 cm−1 region is the most significant. The ν line, very weak for the solid, becomes intense in the spectrum of molten p‐NA. Except for one case, all the depolarization factors are smaller than 0.75. We then assumed that, as in the cyrstal, the molecules are gauche in the pure liquid and that the conjugation state is slightly modified, the NO2 group being more localized. In the spectra of the solutions the ν lines are the strongest.
Spectres Raman et Transition de Phase des Cristaux de (ND4)2Cu(OD2)2Cl4
Authors: Poulet H. , Mathieu J. P.
Published: May 2005

The changes in the Raman spectra of single crystals of (ND4)2Cu(OD2)2Cl4 with temperature are indicative of an order–disorder transition, in contradistinction with the results of neutron diffraction. A space‐group deduced for the low temperature phase from a pseudo‐spin model is in agreement with the spectral results.
Lattice vibration spectra. XXII—infrared and Raman spectra of strontium chloride dihydrate, SrCl2·2H2O and SrCl2·2(H, D)2O
Authors: Lutz H. D. , Pobitschka W. , Christian H. , Becker R.‐A.
Published: May 2005

The infrared absorption and Raman spectra of SrCl2·2H2O powder as well as SrCl2·2D2O, and partially deuterated and isotopically dilute samples, have been recorded in the range from 30 to 4000 cm−1 at 95 and 295 K and analysed with regard to the strongly asymmetric force field in the H2O molecules. This is shown by an unusually large splitting of the OH and OD stretching fundamentals of the HDO molecules: 3426 and 3243 cm−1 and 2534 and 2408 cm−1 respectively at 95 K. Uncoupled OD stretching frequencies of SrCl2·6H2O and SrCl2·H2O are also presented. In SrCl2·2H2O both a relatively strong and a weak hydrogen bond to chloride ions are present; these are essentially straight.

The spectra of SrCl2·2H2O exhibit the following characteristics: (1) no intramolecular coupling of the OH stretching vibrations; (2) very large Fermi resonance of νOH and 2δ; (3) the same high intensity of H2O twisting librations in the infrared spectra as for wagging and rocking modes; (4) splitting of the librational fundamentals of the HDO molecules, as large as 100 cm−1, caused by different structural arrangements of the H and D atoms in the asymmetric H2O molecules; and (5) strong intermolecular coupling of bending and librational fundamentals, which results in correlation splittings up to 75 cm−1. Possibilities of assigning the librational modes of H2O molecules which are in an asymmetric force field are discussed.
Raman spectra of lead chloride single crystals
Authors: Mendes‐Filho J. , Melo F. E. , Moreira J. E.
Published: May 2005

Raman spectra of lead chloride single crystals have been measured at several temperatures, up to near the melting point. An assignment of the eighteen Raman‐active modes is made, based on low temperature polarized spectra. Analysis of the high temperature spectra shows that some Raman peaks can be related to a disordered chlorine sublattice. A comparison is made with the spectra of superionic compounds, where one sublattice can be considered as molten.
Etude par Spectrométrie Raman de Changements de Phase dans le Cristal de 4,4′‐Dichlorobenzophénone
Authors: Peretti P. , Ranson P.
Published: May 2005

Low frequency vibrations of single crystal 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) have been determined by Raman spectroscopy and an analysis of the spectra is presented. In the temperature range 160–190 K two phase changes occur, a feature that is common to many organic molecular crystals and is quite likely due to conformational changes in individual molecules. These changes do not appear to alter the molecular symmetry, C2, or the space group C of the unit cell.
Etude par Effet Raman de la Transition de Phase α‐β du Sulfate de Potassium
Authors: Poulet H. , Mathieu J. P.
Published: May 2005

The α‐β phase transition of a K2SO4 single crystal has been studied by means of Raman scattering. The temperature variation of the spectra is accounted for by a model in which the order parameter is a pseudo‐spin variable. Above the transition temperature, several Raman lines persist, allowing some external modes to be attributed.
Pollutant trapping studies. 1—Resonance and spontaneous Raman spectra of the decomposition products of nitrogen dioxide on oxide surfaces
Authors: Cooney Ralph P. , Tsai Peter
Published: May 2005

The products of the surface decomposition of NO2/N2O4 on zeolites X and A and γ‐alumina have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy. On the zeolite surfaces results indicate that a self‐ionization surface reaction occurs to generate nitrate (NO3−) and nitrosonium (NO+) ions. The extent of self‐ionization of NO2/N2O4 appears to be far greater for the zeolitic absorbed phase than for the liquid phase. The nitrate appears to be held on cation sites while the nitrosonium ion is associated with the zeolitic oxide framework. Two different nitrate species form on zeolite A while only one nitrate species was detected on zeolite X. In the zeolite systems the spectra of adsorbed NO+ were resonance enhanced using shorter wavelength exciting lines while the nitrate spectra were conventional (spontaneous) Raman spectra. On γ‐alumina the products of the surface decomposition of NO2/N2O4 consist of three distinct types of surface nitrate with NO+ not being detected.
Interprétation des Profils d'Excitation Obtenus par Raman de Résonance des Modes de Vibration de la Diéthylcyanine
Authors: Rayez J. C. , Forel M. T. , Mejean T.
Published: May 2005

The excitation profiles of several vibrational Raman bands of diethylcyanine are examined where the exictation is applied to the first electronic transition. In order to analyse these profiles, firstly, a study of the electronic spectrum is carried out: the symmetry of the first electronic state is determined from an experimental approach (polarization of vibrational and electronic spectra) and from a theoretical approach (Hartree‐Fock semiempirical calculations); secondly, the vibration excitation profile located at 1368 cm −1 is analysed. The parameters of this vibration (1368 cm−1) and the mechanism of the scattering are obtained with the help of Raman and absorption spectra. A comparison between the scattered intensity and the 1368 cm−1 vibration intensity allows the studies of excitation profiles of the other vibrations.
Soft mode analysis on the lead germanate system
Authors: Hisano Kumao , Toda Kohji
Published: May 2005

The ferroelectric soft mode in the single crystals of the lead germanate system with silicon doping has been analysed by using the following three response functions χ(ω): (1) χ(ω)−1 = ω − ω2 − iγω, (2) χ(ω)−1 = ω − ω2 − ω2 − iγ2 and (3) χ(ω)−1 = ω − ω2 − iδ2ωτ(1 + ω2τ2)−1. The least squares fitting to the observed spectra showed that the response function of type (3) proposed by Yacoby et al. gave the satisfactory results to the soft mode theory with τ−1 ≈ 30 cm−1. The temperature dependence of the soft mode frequency and the mode strength has the Curie–Weiss form close to the Curie temperature. The increase of the silicon impurity lowers the soft mode frequency, while the effects on the line width are small. The soft mode frequency seems to be mainly influenced by the change of the short range harmonic force due to the silicon doping. The Curie temperature estimated from the soft mode frequency is consistent with that obtained from the dielectric measurements.
Inelastic light scattering in the presence of uniaxial stresses
Authors: Anastassakis Evangelos
Published: May 2005

When a crystal is subject to a uniaxial stress, the Raman spectrum of various phonons may exhibit changes in the scattering intensity and also shifts of the frequencies and splittings of the degeneracies of the optical phonons. Valuable information can be obtained from such studies regarding the electronic band structure, the scattering mechanism, and the elastic and lattice‐dynamical properties of the material. The basic theoretical and experimental facts related to such effects are briefly reviewed in this contribution. Other possibilities are also discussed which demonstrate the usefulness of a uniaxial stress as a controlled perturbation in the study of crystalline matter by use of light scattering techniques.
Electronic Raman scattering in intermediate valence compounds
Authors: Gonçalves da C. E. T. , Nicola J. H.
Published: May 2005

We discuss electronic Raman scattering (ERS) in intermediate valence compounds. ERS is a unique tool to probe directly the charge fluctuations of the 4f electrons in these compounds. We calculate the Raman scattering cross‐section and present a quantitative estimate which suggests that the effect should be observable. We hope that these results will stimulate experimental interest.
Phase matching in coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Chandra S. , Compaan A. , Wiener‐Avnear E.
Published: May 2005

Generalized phase matching conditions for the four‐wave mixing process of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is examined. The use of three incident laser beams leads to better spectral and angular separation of the CARS signal than is possible in standard two beam CARS experiments. Furthermore, large background reduction is shown possible through the use of three frequencies. Special attention is paid to the universal phase matching geometry where two of the laser beams counterpropagate (COPCARS). Experimental results obtained with the COPCARS are presented. The technique is especially useful for studying small frequency shifts such as those associated with rotational Raman, Brillouin and Rayleigh wing scatterings.
A note on two‐phonon coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Shen Y. R.
Published: May 2005

Difference‐frequency mixing of two pump waves can in principle excite two coherent phonon waves via the parametric process. Only when the phonon excitation is small can the nonlinear susceptibility of two‐phonon coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering be described as proportional to the product of two Raman tensors.
Inelastic light emission from spherical particles and cylindrical fibers
Authors: Chang R. K. , Owen J. F. , Barber P. W. , Messinger B. J. , Benner R. E.
Published: May 2005

The inelastic light‐scattering properties of molecules embedded in small dielectric spheres and cylinders are presented. The angular distribution of inelastically scattered radiation is shown to differ from that of elastically scattered radiation from the same dielectric particle. Furthermore, the inelastic emission spectra from the embedded molecules exhibit additional peaks which are not present for the same molecules embedded in a much larger dielectric object. The angular distribution, which is a complicated function of the size, shape and refractive index of the host dielectric particle and the internal molecular distribution, contains information needed to deduce the concentrations of the embedded molecules, as well as to characterize the morphology of the dielectric particle. The emission spectra contain the natural mode resonances of the particle in addition to the usual bulk‐observed spectral characteristics of the embedded molecules. Consequently, both angular and spectral distributions are important in the interpretation of inelastic scattering (spontaneous Raman or fluorescence) from molecules embedded in or coated on dielectric particles.
Polariton dispersion in the lowest symmetry crystal classes
Authors: Claus R.
Published: May 2005

A general dispersion relation for the polariton region of triclinic, optically active crystals is presented.
Raman intensities of gas phase methyl chloride and deuterated derivatives, force constants and bond polarizability parameters
Authors: Orza J. M. , Domingo C. , Escribano R. , Montero S.
Published: May 2005

The absolute Raman intensities of all fundamental bands of CH3Cl, CD3Cl, CH2DCl and CHD2Cl have been measured in the gas phase, with an estimated accuracy of ∼ 10%. Using these data, and the most recently published vibration‐rotation data on these molecules, a refinement of the potential function has been carried out, and the results compared to the previous force field for methyl chloride. The derivatives of the molecular polarizability with respect to the symmetry coordinates have also been calculated, and an analysis has been performed of these magnitudes in terms of the bond polarizability theory.