bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundary Orders and Geometry of the Signed Thom–Smale Complex for Sturm Global Attractors
Authors: Fiedler Bernold , Rocha Carlos
Published: April 2020

We embark on a detailed analysis of the close relations between combinatorial and geometric aspects of the scalar parabolic PDE $$\begin{aligned} u_t = u_{xx} + f(x,u,u_x) \end{aligned}$$

u
t

=

u

xx

+
f

(
x
,
u
,

u
x

)

on the unit interval $$0< x<1$$

0
<
x
<
1

with Neumann boundary conditions. We assume f to be dissipative with N hyperbolic equilibria $$v\in {\mathcal {E}}$$

v
∈
E

. The global attractor $${\mathcal {A}}$$
A
of (*), also called Sturm global attractor, consists of the unstable manifolds of all equilibria v. As cells, these form the Thom–Smale complex$${\mathcal {C}}$$
C
. Based on the fast unstable manifolds of v, we introduce a refinement $${\mathcal {C}}^s$$

C

s

of the regular cell complex $${\mathcal {C}}$$
C
, which we call the signed Thom–Smale complex. Given the signed cell complex $${\mathcal {C}}^s$$

C

s

and its underlying partial order, only, we derive the two total boundary orders $$h_\iota :\{1,\ldots , N\}\rightarrow {\mathcal {E}}$$

h
ι

:

{
1
,
…
,
N
}

→
E

of the equilibrium values v(x) at the two Neumann boundaries $$\iota =x=0,1$$

ι
=
x
=
0
,
1

. In previous work we have already established how the resulting Sturm permutation $$\begin{aligned} \sigma :=h_{0}^{-1} \circ h_1, \end{aligned}$$

σ
:
=

h

0

-
1

∘

h
1

,

conversely, determines the global attractor $${\mathcal {A}}$$
A
uniquely, up to topological conjugacy.
Asymptotic Distributions of Empirical Interaction Information
Authors: Kubkowski Mariusz , Mielniczuk Jan
Published: April 2020

Interaction Information is one of the most promising interaction strength measures with many desirable properties. However, its use for interaction detection was hindered by the fact that apart from the simple case of overall independence, asymptotic distribution of its estimate has not been known. In the paper we provide asymptotic distributions of its empirical versions which are needed for formal testing of interactions. We prove that for three-dimensional nominal vector normalized empirical interaction information converges to the normal law unless the distribution coincides with its Kirkwood approximation. In the opposite case the convergence is to the distribution of weighted centred chi square random variables. This case is of special importance as it roughly corresponds to interaction information being zero and the asymptotic distribution can be used for construction of formal tests for interaction detection. The result generalizes result in Han (Inf Control 46(1):26–45 1980) for the case when all coordinate random variables are independent. The derivation relies on studying structure of covariance matrix of asymptotic distribution and its eigenvalues. For the case of 3 × 3 × 2 contingency table corresponding to study of two interacting Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) for prediction of binary outcome, we provide complete description of the asymptotic law and construct approximate critical regions for testing of interactions when two SNPs are possibly dependent. We show in numerical experiments that the test based on the derived asymptotic distribution is easy to implement and yields actual significance levels consistently closer to the nominal ones than the test based on chi square reference distribution.
Metabolomics Study of Flavonoids and Anthocyanin-Related Gene Analysis in Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta)
Authors: Yu Min , Man Yuping , Lei Rui , Lu Xuemei , Wang Yanchang
Published: April 2020

This study investigated the flavonoid compounds in Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia arguta fruits. A total of 125 flavonoids, including 9 anthocyanins, 12 catechins, 17 flavanones, 48 flavones (including 14 flavone C-glycosides), 29 flavonols, 6 isoflavones, and 4 proanthocyanidins, were identified in “Hongyang” kiwifruit (red flesh), “Jintao” kiwifruit, “Mini Amethyst” kiwiberry (purple flesh), and “Kuilv” kiwiberry. Thirty-nine metabolites showed significantly different contents between “Hongyang” and “Jintao,” and 38 of them showed higher content in “Hongyang,” whereas 39 metabolites showed significantly different contents between “Mini Amethyst” and “Kuilv,” and 31 of them showed higher content in “Mini Amethyst.” This result indicates the superior nutritional value of the pigmented kiwi cultivars in terms of flavonoids. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that the variation in flavonoid profiles contributes to the pigmentation phenotypes of “Hongyang” and “Mini Amethyst.” Further comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (AcF3H, AcF3′H, AcDFR, AcUFGT) and transcription factors (AcMYB10, AcbHLH5) may be involved in the pigmentation of the red-fleshed A. chinensis, whereas AaF3H, AaF3GT, and AaMYB110 may play important roles in the pigmentation of the purple-fleshed A. arguta. This study provides broader insight into the variation in flavonoid profiles among kiwifruit/berry, evaluates the flavonoid nutrition of the four cultivars, and provides additional evidence for the correlation between the genes and metabolites involved in flavonoid synthesis.
The Impact of Trade Policy Decisions on Social Justice
Authors: Goff Sarah C.
Published: April 2020

Some recent trade decisions, such as the U.S.’s imposition of protectionist measures against China, have attracted fervent popular support as well as outrage. Critics of these trade policies argue that they fail to promote society’s own interests. This paper catalogues the different ways that trade decisions can hinder and facilitate a society’s pursuit of social justice. I adopt a simple description of trade liberalization: a society forgoes the use of certain policy options (such as tariffs), in order to pursue greater economic productivity through increased trade flows. Using this simple descriptive account, the paper identifies two pathways for a society’s trade policies to shape its pursuit of social justice. First, greater economic productivity improves a society’s capacities to realize justice, especially distributive justice. I will argue that the value of greater economic capacities depends upon the society’s existing capacities and its inclinations to pursue justice. When a society has greater capacities and fails to extend their benefits to its worse-off citizens, these citizens have more serious grounds for complaint. Second, a society forgoes certain policy options when it liberalizes trade, and some of these options may be instrumentally valuable or even necessary for the society’s pursuit of justice. I will argue that, under non-ideal conditions, it can be desirable for a society to limit its own policy space so it cannot feasibly select policies that are unjust. Certain protectionist policies have taken on the expressive meaning that some groups are inferior in social and moral status.
When Gender Stereotypes Get Male Adolescents into Trouble: A Longitudinal Study on Gender Conformity Pressure as a Predictor of School Misconduct
Authors: Heyder Anke , van Hek Margriet , Van Houtte Mieke
Published: April 2020

School misconduct is a threat to educational careers and learning. The present study sheds light on why male adolescents in particular are prone to school misconduct. Qualitative research has argued that male adolescents’ construction of masculinity is a factor driving their school misbehavior. We examined the role of felt pressure to conform to gender stereotypes in predicting school misconduct among male and female adolescents. Data were provided by a three-wave panel study encompassing more than 4200 Flemish early adolescents (ages 12–14). Three-level growth curve models showed that male adolescents misbehaved more in school than female adolescents did. Male adolescents also demonstrated a steeper increase in school misconduct than female adolescents. Furthermore, greater felt gender conformity pressure predicted an increase in school misconduct in male adolescents but not in female adolescents. We conclude that school misconduct forms part of an enactment of masculine gender identity with detrimental consequences for male adolescents’ educational achievement.
Wettability alteration analysis of smart water/novel functionalized nanocomposites for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Habibi Sara , Jafari Arezou , Fakhroueian Zahra
Published: April 2020

Smart water flooding, as a popular method to change the wettability of carbonate rocks, is one of the interesting and challenging issues in reservoir engineering. In addition, the recent studies show that nanoparticles have a great potential for application in EOR processes. However, little research has been conducted on the use of smart water with nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery. In this study, stability, contact angle and IFT measurements and multi-step core flooding tests were designed to investigate the effect of the ionic composition of smart water containing SO42− and Ca2+ ions in the presence of nanofluid on EOR processes. The amine/organosiloxane@Al2O3/SiO2 (AOAS) nanocomposite previously synthesized using co-precipitation-hydrothermal method has been used here. However, for the first time the application of this nanocomposite along with smart water has been studied in this research. Results show that by increasing the concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions in smart water, oil recovery is improved by 9% and 10%, respectively, compared to seawater. In addition, the use of smart water and nanofluids simultaneously is very effective on increasing oil recovery. Finally, the best performance was observed in smart water containing two times of sulfate ions concentration (SW2S) with nanofluids, showing increased efficiency of about 7.5%.
To Donate or to Waste It: Understanding Posthumous Organ Donation Attitude
Authors: Alsalem Amani , Fry Marie-Louise , Thaichon Park
Published: April 2020

The aim of this paper is to improve knowledge and foster a deeper understanding of various aspects of influencing posthumous organ donation. Extending the Theory of Reasoned Action this study integrates four external explanatory belief factors, altruism, perceived benefit, perceived risk and familial subjective norm to more fully explain organ donation intentions to sign a donor card. The data was gathered from a convenience sample of 423 via an online survey. The relationships between the constructs of the proposed conceptual model were tested using structural equation modelling and bias correct bootstrapping techniques. Several alternative models were compared to confirm the mediation effects. This study derives a number of practical implications for government policy-makers, social marketing practitioners and educationalists, which could be used to increase registration rate, thus bridging the gap between organ supply and demand.
Google LLC v. Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL)
Authors: Zalnieriute Monika
Published: April 2020

InGoogle LLC v. Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU or Court) held that the EU law only requires valid “right to be forgotten” de-referencing requests to be carried out by a search engine operator on search engine versions accessible in EU member states, as opposed to all versions of its search engine worldwide. While the ruling has been perceived as a “win” for Google and other interveners, such as Microsoft and the Wikimedia Foundation, who argued against worldwide de-referencing, the Court also made clear that that while the EU law does not currently require worldwide de-referencing, “it also does not prohibit such a practice” (para. 72). As a result, the CJEU found that an order by a national supervisory or judicial authority of an EU member state requiring worldwide de-referencing in accordance with its own national data protection laws would not be inconsistent with EU law where the data subject's right to privacy is adequately balanced against the right to freedom of information. By leaving the door to extraterritorial de-referencing wide open, the CJEU continues to pursue its post-Snowden hard-line stance on data privacy in a manner that is likely to transform the data privacy landscape.
Preparedness is Essential for Western Pacific Islands During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mei Yujie , Hu Jijia
Published: April 2020

Objectives:

To clarify the pandemic status in Western Pacific countries or territories.

Methods:

The WHO’s daily situation reports of COVID-19 were reviewed from January 20, 2020, to March 24, 2020. Changes in the infections, deaths, and the case fatality rate (CFR) in Western Pacific countries or territories were counted.

Results:

As of March 24, a total of 17 countries or territories had reported the presence of COVID-19 in the Western Pacific Region, 96,580 people have been infected and a total of 3502 deaths. Fifty-three percent (9/17) of these countries or territories had their first case within 2 wk since the WHO’s first report, most are China’s neighbors with a large and dense population. No other country or territory in this region reported a new infection from January 30 to February 28. However, 8 (47.0%) countries or territories have reported the first cases in 3 wk since February 28, almost all are islands. Many countries maintained a small number of infections for a long time after the first report, but a rapid increase occurred later. Deaths occurred in 8 countries with a total CFR of 3.63%, and the CFR varies widely, from 0.39% (Singapore) to 7.14% (Philippines).

Conclusions:

The regional spread of COVID-19 urgently requires an aggressive preparedness for the Western Pacific Islands.
Achieving a High Level of Protection from Pesticides in Europe: Problems with the Current Risk Assessment Procedure and Solutions
Authors: ROBINSON Claire , PORTIER Christopher J. , ČAVOŠKI Aleksandra , MESNAGE Robin , ROGER Apolline , CLAUSING Peter , WHALEY Paul , MUILERMAN Hans , LYSSIMACHOU Angeliki
Published: April 2020

The regulation of pesticides in the European Union (EU) relies on a network of hard law (legislation and implementing acts) and soft law (non-legally binding guidance documents and administrative and scientific practices). Both hard and soft laws govern how risk assessments are conducted, but a significant role is left to the latter. Europe’s pesticide regulation is one of the most stringent in the world. Its stated objectives are to ensure an independent, objective and transparent assessment of pesticides and achieve a high level of protection for health and environment. However, a growing body of evidence shows that pesticides that have passed through this process and are authorised for use may harm humans, animals and the environment. The authors of the current paper – experts in toxicology, law and policy – identified shortcomings in the authorisation process, focusing on the EU assessment of the pesticide active substance glyphosate. The shortcomings mostly consist of failures to implement the hard or soft laws. But in some instances the law itself is responsible, as some provisions can only fail to achieve its objectives. Ways to improve the system are proposed, requiring changes in hard and soft laws as well as in administrative and scientific practices.
A Rare Moment of Cross-Partisan Consensus: Elite and Public Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada
Authors: Merkley Eric , Bridgman Aengus , Loewen Peter John , Owen Taylor , Ruths Derek , Zhilin Oleg
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic requires an effort to coordinate the actions of government and society in a way unmatched in recent history. Individual citizens need to voluntarily sacrifice economic and social activity for an indefinite period of time to protect others. At the same time, we know that public opinion tends to become polarized on highly salient issues, except when political elites are in consensus (Berinsky, 2009; Zaller, 1992). Avoiding elite and public polarization is thus essential for an effective societal response to the pandemic. In the United States, there appears to be elite and public polarization on the severity of the pandemic (Gadarian et al., 2020). Other evidence suggests that polarization is undermining compliance with social distancing (Cornelson and Miloucheva, 2020). Using a multimethod approach, we show that Canadian political elites and the public are in a unique period of cross-partisan consensus on important questions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as its seriousness and the necessity of social distancing.
A RENAISSANCE OF THE DOCTRINE OF REBUS SIC STANTIBUS?
Authors: Kulaga Julian
Published: April 2020

Once the ‘popular plaything of Realpolitiker’ the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus post the 1969 VCLT is often described as an objective rule by which, on grounds of equity and justice, a fundamental change of circumstances may be invoked as a ground for termination of a treaty. Yet recent practice from some States suggests that it is returning with a new livery. They point to an understanding that is premised on vital State interests––a view popular among scholars such as Erich Kaufmann at the beginning of the last century.
RECALIBRATING THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT REGIME THROUGH NARROWED JURISDICTION
Authors: García Olmedo Javier
Published: April 2020

The legitimacy crisis confronting the international investment regime has called for reforms to eliminate the asymmetric and troubled nature of investment treaties. These instruments grant extensive investor protections without offering reciprocal safeguards for host States wishing to preserve regulatory space. This article argues that any reform designed to redress imbalances in the existing regime should first aim at narrowing the personal jurisdiction of investment tribunals. Problematically, access to most investment treaties depends on broad nationality requirements, which have enabled investors to use corporations or passports of convenience to obtain treaty protection. This practice exacerbates the unbalanced relationship between host States and investors. It increases host States’ exposure to investment treaty claims and allows investors to circumvent newer, more State-oriented investment treaties. Using as an example the novel anti-nationality planning approach embraced in the 2019 Dutch Model BIT, this article suggests effective treaty mechanisms that States can adopt to restrict the range of investors that are entitled to claim.
ARTICLE 16 UNESCO CONVENTION AND THE PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Petrig Anna , Stemmler Maria
Published: April 2020

Deep-water technology and commercial interests have put the protection of underwater cultural heritage under considerable pressure in recent decades. Yet the 2001 UNESCO Convention has the potential to fend off the threat—if fully implemented. This article sets out the legislative duties States Parties have under one of the Convention's core provisions: Article 16. It requires States Parties to take a triad of legislative measures: they must enact prohibitions, impose criminal sanctions and establish corresponding jurisdiction over their nationals and vessels. In addition, the comprehensive protection of underwater cultural heritage also necessitates measures covering acts of corporate treasure hunters, even though this is not required by the Convention itself.
Health technology assessment frameworks for eHealth: A systematic review
Authors: Vis Christiaan , Bührmann Leah , Riper Heleen , Ossebaard Hans C.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Traditionally, health technology assessment (HTA) focuses on assessing the impact of pharmaceutical technologies on health and care. Resources are scarce and policy makers aim to achieve effective, accessible health care. eHealth innovations are increasingly more integrated in all healthcare domains. However, how eHealth is assessed prior to its implementation in care practices is unclear. To support evidence-informed policy making, this study aimed to identify frameworks and methods for assessing eHealth's impact on health care.

Methods

The scientific literature in five bibliographical databases was systematically reviewed. Articles were included if the study was conducted in a clinical setting, used an HTA framework and assessed an eHealth service. A systematic qualitative narrative approach was applied for analysis and reporting.

Results

Twenty-one HTA frameworks were identified in twenty-three articles. All frameworks addressed outcomes related to the technical performance and functionalities of eHealth service under assessment. The majority also addressed costs (n = 19), clinical outcomes (n = 14), organizational (n = 15) and system level aspects (n = 13). Most frameworks can be classified as dimensional (n = 13), followed by staged (n = 3), hybrid (n = 3), and business modeling frameworks (n = 2). Six frameworks specified assessment outcomes and methods.

Conclusions

HTA frameworks are available for a-priori impact assessment of eHealth services. The frameworks vary in assessment outcomes, methods, and specificity. Demonstrated applicability in practice is limited. Recommendations include standardization of: (i) reporting characteristics of eHealth services, and (ii) specifying assessment outcomes and methods following a stepped-approach tailored to the functional characteristics of eHealth services. Standardization might improve the quality and comparability of eHTA assessments.
Ladybird landscapes: or, what to look for in the What to Look For books
Authors: Burchardt Jeremy
Published: April 2020

The interlocking relationships between agriculture, nature, science and modernity underwent fundamental, far-reaching change in mid-twentieth-century Britain. This article examines Ladybird’s iconic, bestselling but under-researched ‘What to Look For’ seasonal natural history series, focusing particularly on the illustrations by the distinguished wildlife artist Charles Tunnicliffe and their relationship to the text by the biologist Elliot Lovegood Grant Watson. Beneath their apparent simplicity, the ‘What to Look For’ books attempt an ambitious, forwards-looking synthesis between mechanisation and tradition, nature and livelihood that calls into question historiographical critiques (by Newby, Miller and Bunce, for example) of contemporary representations of the rural as nostalgic and evasive. The ‘What to Look For’ books quietly subvert some of the more distorting tropes of English landscape representation. People are shown going about their everyday work (in contrast to the ‘landscape without figures’ tradition) and modern farm machinery such as tractors and seed drills are also acknowledged and even celebrated. Tunnicliffe and Grant Watson sought to harmonise these potentially discordant elements; their vision of the rural was an inclusive one that accommodated working women, children and even to some extent ethnic diversity. Yet in the second half of the twentieth century attempts to imagine a positive relationship between rurality and modernity such as Ladybird’s were increasingly undermined by escalating ecological crises.
Old and new plants from the Americas to Europe: potatoes, corn and the genetics of double hybrid corn (1800–1940)
Authors: Esperante Bruno , Fernández Prieto Lourenzo , Cabo Miguel
Published: April 2020

We discuss the extension of corn and potatoes in Galician Atlantic agriculture during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an innovation process that facilitated rapid circulation of a new cattle feed from the Americas to Europe. Specifically, we focus on Galicia from 1890 to 1940, a time of significant scientific interest with regard to genetic improvements. This new science made it possible to develop double hybrid corn plants that became widespread after the 1920s. In this article we will describe the conditions accompanying the introduction and spread of these American crops, as recorded by modernist historiography, then analyse the institutional and social framework – knowledge networks, innovation systems and institutional and social tools – that enabled genetic advances in the twentieth century. To accomplish this, we must trace the journey of seeds and knowledge across the Atlantic from places such as the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1918) to the Galician Biological Mission (1921), among others.
Symmetry and Symmetry: The Notion of the Antique Term Symmetria before its New Definition in the Renaissance
Authors: Hubert Hans W.
Published: April 2020

The word ‘symmetry’ expresses in everyday language the correspondence in form, size, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane, line, or point. Such a concept of correspondence is the main idea of most definitions of this term in the various humanities disciplines discussed in this volume of European Review. But if we go back to the Greek origins of this term, we discover that the understanding of symmetry was completely different, that it signified mathematical commensurability of all important elements of a three-dimensional figure. This article discusses the termʼs initial meaning and its importance for the design and appreciation of beautiful architectonic and human bodies. It goes on to provide an outline of the main phases of the step-by-step development from the original concept towards its modern meaning established in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Erfahrungen der Stakeholder mit den Modellvorhaben nach § 64b SGB V in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie – eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Schwarz Julian , Duve Annette , Hoffmann Sabine , Heiser Philip , Pérez Guillermo Ruiz , Heinze Martin , von Peter Sebastian
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Seit 2013 sind in Deutschland die Möglichkeiten für eine integrative Behandlungsform gemäß § 64b SGB (Sozialgesetzbuch) V erweitert worden. Diese sogenannte psychiatrische Modellversorgung (MV) ist in den letzten Jahren sowohl an einzelnen Kliniken der Erwachsenen- als auch der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie (KJPP) eingeführt worden. Ziel der MV ist es, eine ambulante, individualisierte und kontinuierliche Behandlung anzubieten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Erfahrungen der Stakeholder mit dieser innovativen Behandlungsform untersucht. Methodik: An zwei kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Kliniken der MV wurden Fokusgruppen durchgeführt, an denen Mitarbeitende, Patientinnen und Patienten sowie Eltern (N = 36) teilnahmen. Es folgte eine qualitativ-inhaltsanalytische Auswertung. Ergebnisse: Aus Sicht aller Akteurinnen und Akteure bildet die ambulante Akut Behandlung (AAB) einen zentralen Modellbestandteil, die eine Behandlung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit akuten Beschwerden im Vorfeld, als Ersatz oder im Nachgang einer (teil)stationären Behandlung ermöglicht. Die Flexibilisierung der Behandlung und eine größere Behandlungs- und Behandlerkontinuität wurden als weitere Vorteile der MV genannt. Schließlich gelingt der Einbezug von Sorgeberechtigten im Rahmen der MV leichter, was für diese Akteursgruppe auch einige Herausforderungen mit sich bringt. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Einführung psychiatrischer MV in der KJPP hat komplexe Auswirkungen auf die Behandlungsabläufe und das Erleben aller beteiligten Akteurinnen und Akteure und wird von diesen als bedürfnisorientierte Ausweitung therapeutischer Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten erlebt.
Associations Between Dutch LGBT Hate Crime Experience, Well-Being, Trust in the Police and Future Hate Crime Reporting
Authors: Feddes Allard R. , Jonas Kai J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. LGBT-related hate crime is a conscious act of aggression against an LGBT citizen. The present research investigates associations between hate crime, psychological well-being, trust in the police and intentions to report future experiences of hate crime. A survey study was conducted among 391 LGBT respondents in the Netherlands. Sixteen percent experienced hate crime in the 12 months prior. Compared to non-victims, victims had significant lower psychological well-being, lower trust in the police and lower intentions to report future hate crime. Hate crime experience and lower psychological well-being were associated with lower reporting intentions through lower trust in the police. Helping hate crime victims cope with psychological distress in combination with building trust in the police could positively influence future reporting.
Reconciling Contrasting Relationships Between Relative Dispersion and Volume‐Mean Radius of Cloud Droplet Size Distributions
Authors: Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Yum Seong Soo , Chen Jingyi , Zhu Lei , Gao Sinan , Yin Yan , Jia Xingcan , Wang Yuan
Published: April 2020

Cloud droplet spectral relative dispersion is critical to parameterizations of cloud radiative properties, warm‐rain initiation, and aerosol‐cloud interactions in models; however, there is no consistent relationship between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius in literature, which hinders improving relative dispersion parameterization and calls for physical explanation. Here we show, by analyzing aircraft observations of cumulus clouds during Routine AAF [Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility] Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations, that the correlation between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius changes from positive to negative as volume‐mean radius increases. With the new observation, we postulate that the sign of the correlation is determined by whether or not condensation (evaporation) occurs simultaneously with significant new activation (deactivation). The hypothesis is validated by simulations of both an adiabatic cloud parcel model and a parcel model accounting for entrainment‐mixing. A new quantity, first bin strength, is introduced to quantify this new observation. Theoretical analysis of truncated gamma and modified gamma size distributions further supports the hypothesis and reconciles the contrasting relationships between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius, including the results in polluted fog observations. The results could shed new light on the so‐called “twilight zone” between cloudy and cloud‐free air, which in turn affects evaluation of aerosol‐cloud interactions and retrieval of aerosol optical depth.
GISS Model E2.2: A Climate Model Optimized for the Middle Atmosphere—Model Structure, Climatology, Variability, and Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Rind D. , Orbe C. , Jonas J. , Nazarenko L. , Zhou T. , Kelley M. , Lacis A. , Shindell D. , Faluvegi G. , Romanou A. , Russell G. , Tausnev N. , Bauer M. , Schmidt G.
Published: April 2020

We introduce a new climate model (GISS E2.2) that has been specially optimized for the middle atmosphere and whose output is being contributed to the CMIP6 archive. The top of the model is at a geopotential altitude of 89 km, and parameterizations of moist convection and various forms of gravity wave drag based on tropospheric processes are chosen specifically for this optimization. We first evaluate the model in its configuration as a coupled atmosphere‐chemistry model with respect to its simulation of the mean state of the middle atmosphere, from the mesosphere down through the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Then we assess its use as a coupled atmosphere‐ocean climate model by exploring its mean ocean climatology. To evaluate its variability, we report on its simulation of the primary modes in the troposphere, stratosphere, and ocean. Two climate change simulations are presented, the responses to instantaneous increases of 2xCO2 and 4xCO2, run with two different ocean models. Sensitivity studies are performed to illustrate the effect of parameterizations on the model results. We compare these results to the lower vertical resolution/top GISS Model E2.1, whose output has also been submitted to CMIP6. The different choices made for these models are explored. It is shown that important improvements in the circulation above and below the tropopause can be obtained when attention is paid to representation of middle atmosphere processes in climate model development.
Seepage Erosion in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, Relict Landscapes
Authors: Harrison E. J. , Brocard G. Y. , Gasparini N. M. , Lyons N. J. , Willenbring J. K.
Published: April 2020

Seminal research into geomorphic shaping of landscapes by emerging groundwater suggest that the relationships governing channel form and incision rate are distinct from other fluvial systems (Howard, 1995; Dunne, 1980, 1990). While some recent work has connected these models to natural settings (Abrams et al., 2009; Petroff et al., 2011), other studies have shown that seepage erosion may be erroneously invoked in landscapes shaped by flooding and overland flow (Lamb et al., 2006, 2007). We investigate the impact of seepage erosion on the geomorphology of a tropical mountain watershed, the Rio Blanco in the Luquillo Mountains of northern Puerto Rico. We focus on a population of amphitheater‐shaped channels that incise into deeply weathered saprolite profiles in the upland reaches of the watershed, where the river is disconnected from regional base‐level lowering (Brocard et al., 2015, 2016). We measured high rates of baseflow from springs feeding these catchments, despite their small drainage areas. We constructed an empirical model relating baseflow discharge to catchment area within the watershed. We quantified long‐term (103‐104 yrs) catchment erosion from 10Be in sediment and measured the short‐term volumetric flux of bedload transport at baseflow. Rates of transport and erosion in this group of channels scale linearly with the feeding drainage area and baseflow discharge. This finding supports a stream incision model proposed for groundwater‐driven channels (Howard, 1995). We propose that deepening saprolite and coincident entrenchment of the subsurface water‐routing system initiated seepage erosion and are actively expanding the headwaters in the Rio Blanco.
Microfluidic Diagnostics of the Impact of Local Microfracture Connectivity on Hydrocarbon Recovery Following Water Injection
Authors: Du Yujing , Mehmani Ayaz , Xu Ke , Kelly Shaina , Balhoff Matthew , Torres‐Verdín Carlos
Published: April 2020

Microfractures originate in hydrocarbon reservoirs and groundwater aquifers either in the form of pore‐scale authigenic apertures or secondary openings during well stimulation. Microfractures are often difficult to detect and can act as an invisible impediment when predicting hydrocarbon recovery. We use microfluidics to identify the flow conditions at which microfracture connectivity with macrofractures becomes impactful. The analysis focuses on fluid displacements at unfavorable mobility ratios, which are difficult to capture with high‐order numerical methods. Two configurations of microfracture type with the porous matrix, either dead‐end (only connected to one macrofracture) or connecting two macrofractures, were investigated as case examples for both water and oil‐wet conditions. Our findings confirm that improvements in hydrocarbon recovery are not universal due to the presence of microfractures but rather are a function of capillary number, wettability, and microfracture connectivity. We find that, regardless of wettability, a capillary number threshold for a connected microfractured system exists beyond which the effects of microfractures on recovery, fluid dendrite morphology, and oil ganglia number diminish considerably. However, substantial geometry‐dependent differences in recovery are observed below this threshold. A connected microfracture generally decreases hydrocarbon recovery and suppresses coalescence of viscous fingering dendrites regardless of wettability. In contrast, a dead‐end microfracture causes wettability‐dependent effects with (1) minimal impact on hydrocarbon recovery at water‐wet conditions and (2) both decreasing and increasing recovery effects at oil‐wet conditions. Furthermore, dead‐end microfractures become somewhat impactful to the divergence of viscous dendrites when capillary number increases but are overall ineffective to the trapped ganglia numbers.
Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk Mission Implementation: 2. Observations, Data Pipeline, and Level 1 Data Products
Authors: McClintock William E. , Eastes Richard W. , Beland Stephane , Bryant Karen B. , Burns Alan G. , Correira John , Danielll Robert E. , Evans J. Scott , Harper Connie S. , Karan Deepak K. , Krywonos Andrey , Lumpe Jerry D. , Plummer Timothy M. , Solomon Stanley C. , Vanier Blake A. , Veibel Victoir
Published: April 2020

The Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration mission of opportunity designed to study how the Earth's ionosphere‐thermosphere system responds to geomagnetic storms, solar radiation, and upward propagating atmospheric tides and waves. GOLD employs two identical ultraviolet spectrographs that make observations of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from a commercial communications satellite owned and operated by Société Européenne des Satellites (SES) and located in geostationary orbit at 47.5° west longitude (near the mouth of the Amazon River). They make images of atomic oxygen 135.6 nm and N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield radiances from the entire disk that is observable from geostationary orbit and on the near‐equatorial limb. They also observe occultations of stars to measure molecular oxygen column densities on the limb. Here we describe the algorithms and science data processing that convert downlinked data to spectral‐spatial image cubes and occultation spectra, calibrated in geophysical units. These Level 1 data products include disk and near‐equatorial limb images of spectra acquired on a 30‐min cadence beginning at 06:10 Coordinated Universal Time and ending at 23:10. Nighttime images of the disk, covering regions east of the terminator, begin at 20:10 Coordinated Universal Time and also continue until 00:40 the next day. During the day, some limb images are replaced by time series of stellar spectra that exhibit absorption by molecular oxygen as the star is occulted by the Earth's atmosphere. Instrumental artifacts that occasionally appear in the released data are discussed.
Practical and Theoretical Benefits of an Alternative to the Penman‐Monteith Evapotranspiration Equation
Authors: McColl Kaighin A.
Published: April 2020

The Penman‐Monteith equation is used widely to estimate evapotranspiration (E) and to understand its governing physics. I present an alternative to the Penman‐Monteith equation that has both practical and theoretical advantages, at no appreciable cost. In particular, the new equation requires no additional assumptions, empiricism, or computational cost compared with the Penman‐Monteith equation. Practically, the new equation is consistently more accurate over a wide range of conditions when compared with eddy covariance observations: The new equation has lower errors compared with Penman‐Monteith estimates of ET at all of the 79 eddy covariance sites available for the analysis. Using the new equation reduces errors, on average, by 67%, from 8.55 to 2.81 [W m−2]. At night, the improvement is even greater (92% reduction in error; from 1.26 to 0.097 [W m−2]). This improvement is achieved without calibration. Theoretically, the new equation corrects a conceptual error in the Penman‐Monteith equation, in which the Penman‐Monteith equation incorrectly implies that E from a saturated surface into a saturated, turbulent atmosphere (“equilibrium” E) is exactly equivalent to E from an unsaturated surface into an unsaturated, laminar atmosphere. The conceptual error is traced back to the failure of the Penman‐Monteith equation in important limiting cases; these errors are eliminated by the new equation. I use the new equation to revise an existing theory of land‐atmosphere coupling affected by the conceptual error in the Penman‐Monteith equation and to reassess several common but incorrect definitions of equilibrium E.
Relationship between magnetic nucleation and the microstructure of a hot-deformed permanent magnet: micromagnetic simulation
Authors: Tsukahara Hiroshi , Iwano Kaoru , Ishikawa Tadashi , Mitsumata Chiharu , Ono Kanta
Published: April 2020

The grains initiating magnetization reversal in the microstructure of a hot-deformed permanent magnet have been identified in this study by performing micromagnetic simulations based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. Hot-deformed permanent magnets comprise tabular grains, the easy-axis orientations of which are inclined with respect to the nominal easy axis of the permanent magnet. In the simulation model, the grains complexly overlap, similar to in actual permanent magnets. We analyze the simulation results considering grain overlap and the easy-axis tilt angles of the grains. The initiation of magnetic nucleation requires a high concentration of grains with large easy-axis tilt angles. We clarify the magnetic-nucleation process and provide a method to enhance the performance of permanent magnets by avoiding a high concentration of grains with large easy-axis tilt angles.
Natural genetic variation in Stim1 creates stroke in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: Dhande Isha S. , Kneedler Sterling C. , Zhu Yaming , Joshi Aniket S. , Hicks M. John , Wenderfer Scott E. , Braun Michael C. , Doris Peter A.
Published: April 2020

Similar to humans, the risk of cerebrovascular disease in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3/SHRSP) arises from naturally occurring genetic variation. In the present study, we show the involvement of genetic variation affecting the store-operated calcium signaling gene, Stim1, in the pathogenesis of stroke in SHR. Stim1 is a key lymphocyte activation signaling molecule and contains functional variation in SHR-A3 that diverges from stroke-resistant SHR-B2. We created a SHR-A3 congenic line in which Stim1 was substituted with the corresponding genomic segment from SHR-B2. Compared with SHR-A3 rats, Stim1 congenic SHR-A3 (SHR-A3(Stim1-B2)) have reduced cerebrovascular disease in response to salt loading including lower neurological deficit scores and cerebral edema. Microbleeds and major hemorrhages occurred in over half of SHR-A3 rats. These lesions were absent in SHR-A3(Stim1-B2) rats. Loss of Stim1 function in mice and humans is associated with antibody-mediated autoimmunity due to defects in T lymphocyte helper function to B cells. We investigated autoantibody formation using a high-density protein array to detect the presence of IgG and IgM autoantibodies in SHR-A3. Autoantibodies to key cerebrovascular stress proteins were detected that were reduced in the congenic line.
Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Yang Jing , Antin Parker , Berx Geert , Blanpain Cédric , Brabletz Thomas , Bronner Marianne , Campbell Kyra , Cano Amparo , Casanova Jordi , Christofori Gerhard , Dedhar Shoukat , Derynck Rik , Ford Heide L. , Fuxe Jonas , García de Herreros Antonio , Goodall Gregory J. , Hadjantonakis Anna-Katerina , Huang Ruby Y. J. , Kalcheim Chaya , Kalluri Raghu , Kang Yibin , Khew-Goodall Yeesim , Levine Herbert , Liu Jinsong , Longmore Gregory D. , Mani Sendurai A. , Massagué Joan , Mayor Roberto , McClay David , Mostov Keith E. , Newgreen Donald F. , Nieto M. Angela , Puisieux Alain , Runyan Raymond , Savagner Pierre , Stanger Ben , Stemmler Marc P. , Takahashi Yoshiko , Takeichi Masatoshi , Theveneau Eric , Thiery Jean Paul , Thompson Erik W. , Weinberg Robert A. , Williams Elizabeth D. , Xing Jianhua , Zhou Binhua P. , Sheng Guojun ,   On behalf of the EMT International Association (TEMTIA)
Published: April 2020

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) encompasses dynamic changes in cellular organization from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes, which leads to functional changes in cell migration and invasion. EMT occurs in a diverse range of physiological and pathological conditions and is driven by a conserved set of inducing signals, transcriptional regulators and downstream effectors. With over 5,700 publications indexed by Web of Science in 2019 alone, research on EMT is expanding rapidly. This growing interest warrants the need for a consensus among researchers when referring to and undertaking research on EMT. This Consensus Statement, mediated by ‘the EMT International Association’ (TEMTIA), is the outcome of a 2-year-long discussion among EMT researchers and aims to both clarify the nomenclature and provide definitions and guidelines for EMT research in future publications. We trust that these guidelines will help to reduce misunderstanding and misinterpretation of research data generated in various experimental models and to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration to identify and address key open questions in this research field. While recognizing the importance of maintaining diversity in experimental approaches and conceptual frameworks, we emphasize that lasting contributions of EMT research to increasing our understanding of developmental processes and combatting cancer and other diseases depend on the adoption of a unified terminology to describe EMT.
Author Correction: Complete genome sequence and transcriptomics analyses reveal pigment biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms in an industrial strain, Monascus purpureus YY-1
Authors: Yang Yue , Liu Bin , Du Xinjun , Li Ping , Liang Bin , Cheng Xiaozhen , Du Liangcheng , Huang Di , Wang Lei , Wang Shuo
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Repurposing a platelet aggregation inhibitor ticagrelor as an antimicrobial against Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Phanchana Matthew , Phetruen Tanaporn , Harnvoravongchai Phurt , Raksat Ponlawoot , Ounjai Puey , Chankhamhaengdecha Surang , Janvilisri Tavan
Published: April 2020

Drug resistance in Clostridioides difficile becomes a public health concern worldwide, especially as the hypervirulent strains show decreased susceptibility to the first-line antibiotics for C. difficile treatment. Therefore, the simultaneous discovery and development of new compounds to fight this pathogen are urgently needed. In order to determinate new drugs active against C. difficile, we identified ticagrelor, utilized for the prevention of thrombotic events, as exhibiting potent growth-inhibitory activity against C. difficile. Whole-cell growth inhibition assays were performed and compared to vancomycin and metronidazole, followed by determining time-kill kinetics against C. difficile. Activities against biofilm formation and spore germination were also evaluated. Leakage analyses and electron microscopy were applied to confirm the disruption of membrane structure. Finally, ticagrelor’s ability to synergize with vancomycin and metronidazole was determined using checkerboard assays. Our data showed that ticagrelor exerted activity with a MIC range of 20–40 µg/mL against C. difficile. This compound also exhibited an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and spore germination. Additionally, ticagrelor did not interact with vancomycin nor metronidazole. Our findings revealed for the first time that ticagrelor could be further developed as a new antimicrobial agent for fighting against C. difficile.