bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wartime Rape, the Romans, and the First Jewish Revolt
Authors: Reeder Caryn A.
Published: July 2017

In contrast with the breadth of references to rape in historiographies, narratives, and visual depictions of war across the Greco-Roman world, the relatively few references to rape in stories of the First Jewish Revolt are remarkable: Josephus, j.w. 4.560 and 7.344, 377, 382, 385; 4 Ezra 10:22; Lam. Rab. 1:16; b. Giṭ. 56b, 57b-58a. This paper explores the use and significance of rape as a weapon in Roman warfare as context for interpreting the references to rape in the earliest reflections on the revolt, Josephus’s Jewish War and 4 Ezra, proposing that the limited number of these references in Josephus in particular relates to his larger goal of reconstructing Jewish identity (especially in terms of masculinity) in post-revolt Rome.
Rights, Obligations, Prohibitions: A Practical Guide to Understanding Judicial Decisions on Coastal State Jurisdiction over Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone
Authors: Goodman Camille
Published: July 2017

Given the ambiguous, open-ended and highly qualified nature of the legal framework governing the coastal State’s regulation of living resources in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), there is an important role for international courts and tribunals in reviewing the innovations and interpretations offered by coastal States, and clarifying the meaning of relevant provisions. In light of the significant body of jurisprudence that is now available in this area, this article seeks to provide some practical guidance regarding the nature and extent of coastal State jurisdiction over living resources in the EEZ, by reference to the approaches taken by international courts and tribunals.
Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil
Authors: ALMEIDA ANA C.S. , SOUZA FACELUCIA B.C. , MENEGOLA CARLA , VIEIRA LEANDRO M.
Published: July 2017

As primary or obligate sessile organisms, bryozoans depend upon a substratum resource that affects their abundance, distribution and diversity. These animals can colonize virtually any type of substratum, including other organisms and artificial structures. Associations between bryozoans and sponges are commonly reported in the literature, but there are few studies discussing the association between these two taxa in detail. Here we present data on the bryozoan community found on shallow-water sponges from Bahia coast, northeastern Brazil, including their taxonomic status, colony form and adaptative structures utilized by these bryozoans to grow on sponges. Twenty-one bryozoan species were found attached to the surface of sixteen species of sponges. Five new species of cheilostome bryozoans are described. A total of 105 colonies were studied and most of them are erect delicate branching (44 colonies) and encrusting patches (34 colonies). The majority of bryozoan colonies were attached to the surface of rugose-textured sponges (67 colonies; 61%). This suggests that bryozoans are more likely to settle on irregular and rough surfaces. Patches colonies were mainly attached to the portion of the sponge that was in contact with the seabed, and spot colonies were particularly found in spatial refuges, showing the preference of larvae to settle on shaded and less exposed substrata. Most erect bryozoans were attached to the lateral sponge surface, other colonies grew on the underside and few on the upper surface of the sponges. These colonies were attached either using anchoring rhizoids, rigid bases, or stolons. The bryozoan species and genera reported here are common in northeastern Brazil and considered generalists in terms of larval settlement requirements. The bryozoan-sponge association studied is considered a non-obligatory commensalism (inquilinism).
A new cicada species of Psalmocharias Kirkaldy feeding on an Ephedra plant from China (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Authors: WANG XU , HE ZHIQIANG , WEI CONG
Published: July 2017

A new species of the genus Psalmocharias Kirkaldy, 1908, P. akesensis sp. nov., from Xinjiang, China is described. A key to all species of Psalmocharias is provided. This new species feeds on the medicinal plant Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey, which contains various medicinally active alkaloids (notably ephedrine) and stimulates the central nervous system and influence muscle contraction of animals. The discovery of this new species may be informative for future studies of the detoxification mechanism in insects and for the protection of this important medicinal plant.
Statistical Prediction of Winter Haze Days in the North China Plain Using the Generalized Additive Model
Authors: Yin Zhicong , Wang Huijun
Published: July 2017

Winter (December–February) haze days in the North China Plain (WHDNCP) have recently dramatically increased. In addition to human activities, climate change and variability also contributed to the severe situation and supported the possibility of seasonal predictions. In this study, using the generalized additive model (GAM), the sea surface temperature around the Alaska Gulf and sea ice area of the Beaufort Sea were selected as the predictors to establish a statistical prediction model (SPM). The difference between the current and previous year of WHDNCP (WDY) was predicted first and was then added to the observation of the previous year to obtain the final predicted WHDNCP. For WDY prediction, the root-mean-square error of the SPM using GAM was 3.01 days. In addition to the annual variation, the tropospheric biennial oscillation features and the dramatically increasing trend after 2010 were both captured successfully. Furthermore, for the final predicted WHDNCP anomalies, the long-term trend and turning points were simulated well, and the percentage of the same mathematical sign was 91.7%. Independent prediction tests were performed for 2014 and 2015, and the forecast bias was 0.86 and 0.19 days, respectively. To assess the predictive ability, recycling independent tests (including real-time hindcasts for the period 2005–15) were also applied, and the percentage of the same sign was 100%.
Evaluation of CMIP5 Model Precipitation Using PERSIANN-CDR
Authors: Nguyen Phu , Thorstensen Andrea , Sorooshian Soroosh , Zhu Qian , Tran Hoang , Ashouri Hamed , Miao Chiyuan , Hsu KuoLin , Gao Xiaogang
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study is to use the PERSIANN–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) dataset to evaluate the ability of 32 CMIP5 models in capturing the behavior of daily extreme precipitation estimates globally. The daily long-term historical global PERSIANN-CDR allows for a global investigation of eight precipitation indices that is unattainable with other datasets. Quantitative comparisons against CPC daily gauge; GPCP One-Degree Daily (GPCP1DD); and TRMM 3B42, version 7 (3B42V7), datasets show the credibility of PERSIANN-CDR to be used as the reference data for global evaluation of CMIP5 models. This work uniquely defines different study regions by partitioning global land areas into 25 groups based on continent and climate zone type. Results show that model performance in warm temperate and equatorial regions in capturing daily extreme precipitation behavior is largely mixed in terms of index RMSE and correlation, suggesting that these regions may benefit from weighted model averaging schemes or model selection as opposed to simple model averaging. The three driest climate regions (snow, polar, and arid) exhibit high correlations and low RMSE values when compared against PERSIANN-CDR estimates, with the exceptions of the cold regions showing an inability to capture the 95th and 99th percentile annual total precipitation characteristics. A comprehensive assessment of each model’s performance in each continent–climate zone defined group is provided as a guide for both model developers to target regions and processes that are not yet fully captured in certain climate types, and for climate model output users to be able to select the models and/or the study areas that may best fit their applications of interest.
Evaluating the Global Internal Wave Model IDEMIX Using Finestructure Methods
Authors: Pollmann Friederike , Eden Carsten , Olbers Dirk
Published: July 2017

Small-scale turbulent mixing affects large-scale ocean processes such as the global overturning circulation but remains unresolved in ocean models. Since the breaking of internal gravity waves is a major source of this mixing, consistent parameterizations take internal wave energetics into account. The model Internal Wave Dissipation, Energy and Mixing (IDEMIX) predicts the internal wave energy, dissipation rates, and diapycnal diffusivities based on a simplification of the spectral radiation balance of the wave field and can be used as a mixing module in global numerical simulations. In this study, it is evaluated against finestructure estimates of turbulent dissipation rates derived from Argo float observations. In addition, a novel method to compute internal gravity wave energy from finescale strain information alone is presented and applied. IDEMIX well reproduces the magnitude and the large-scale variations of the Argo-derived dissipation rate and energy level estimates. Deficiencies arise with respect to the detailed vertical structure or the spatial extent of mixing hot spots. This points toward the need to improve the forcing functions in IDEMIX, both by implementing additional physical detail and by better constraining the processes already included in the model. A prominent example is the energy transfer from the mesoscale eddies to the internal gravity waves, which is identified as an essential contributor to turbulent mixing in idealized simulations but needs to be better understood through the help of numerical, analytical, and observational studies in order to be represented realistically in ocean models.
Mesoscale and Submesoscale Effects on Mixed Layer Depth in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Bachman S. D. , Taylor J. R. , Adams K. A. , Hosegood P. J.
Published: July 2017

Submesoscale dynamics play a key role in setting the stratification of the ocean surface mixed layer and mediating air–sea exchange, making them especially relevant to anthropogenic carbon uptake and primary productivity in the Southern Ocean. In this paper, a series of offline-nested numerical simulations is used to study submesoscale flow in the Drake Passage and Scotia Sea regions of the Southern Ocean. These simulations are initialized from an ocean state estimate for late April 2015, with the intent to simulate features observed during the Surface Mixed Layer at Submesoscales (SMILES) research cruise, which occurred at that time and location. The nested models are downscaled from the original state estimate resolution of 1/12° and grid spacing of about 8 km, culminating in a submesoscale-resolving model with a resolution of 1/192° and grid spacing of about 500 m. The submesoscale eddy field is found to be highly spatially variable, with pronounced hot spots of submesoscale activity. These areas of high submesoscale activity correspond to a significant difference in the 30-day average mixed layer depth between the 1/12° and 1/192° simulations. Regions of large vertical velocities in the mixed layer correspond with high mesoscale strain rather than large . It is found that is well correlated with the mesoscale density gradient but weakly correlated with both the mesoscale kinetic energy and strain. This has implications for the development of submesoscale eddy parameterizations that are sensitive to the character of the large-scale flow.
Textual Primacy Online: Impression Formation Based on Textual and Visual Cues in Facebook Profiles
Authors: Pelled Ayellet , Zilberstein Tanya , Tsirulnikov Alona , Pick Eran , Patkin Yael , Tal-Or Nurit
Published: July 2017

The existing literature presents ambivalent evidence regarding the significance of visual cues, as opposed to textual cues, in the process of impression formation. While visual information may have a strong effect due to its vividness and immediate absorption, textual information might be more powerful due to its solid, unambiguous nature. This debate is particularly relevant in the context of online social networks, whose users share textual and visual elements. To explore our main research question, “Which elements of one’s Facebook profile have a more significant influence on impression formation of extroversion—pictures or texts?” we conducted two complementary online experiments, manipulating visual and textual cues inside and outside the context of Facebook. We then attempted to identify the relevant underlying mechanisms in impression formation. Our findings indicate that textual cues play a more dominant role online, whether via Facebook or not, supporting assertions of a new-media literacy that is text based. Additionally, we found the participants’ level of need for cognition influenced the effect such that individuals with a high need for cognition placed more emphasis on textual cues. The number of “likes” was also a significant predictor of perceptions of the individuals’ social orientation, especially when the other cues were ambiguous.
Community and Capital in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth
Authors: Samila Sampsa , Sorenson Olav
Published: July 2017

We argue that social integration—in the sense of within-community interconnectedness—and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Using panel data on metropolitan areas in the United States from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that racial integration—in the microgeography of residential patterns—moderates the effect of venture capital, with more ethnically-integrated places benefiting more from venture capital. We provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms by demonstrating that communities with higher levels of racial integration foster the discovery of more novel and more valuable inventions and the emergence of more ethnically-diverse entrepreneurial groups.
Mandibular Lytic Lesion in Familial Paraganglioma Syndrome Type I: A Clinical Conundrum
Authors: Sinha Parul , Yuen Sonia N. , Chernock Rebecca D. , Haughey Bruce H.
Published: July 2017

Objective:

The entity of primary mandibular paraganglioma (PGL) is not well accepted within the head and neck. Mandibular PGLs hitherto reported in literature are malignant metastatic lesions, mostly from a pheochromocytoma.

Methods:

We report a case of mandibular lytic lesion in a young female with multifocal PGLs but no family history of PGLs. We also performed a literature search to identify published cases of mandibular PGL.

Results:

Lack of established criteria for malignancy in a PGL made diagnosis and treatment challenging. Testing was negative for a pheochromocytoma and positive for mutation of succinate dehydrogenase gene encoding subunit D (SDHD), thus rendering a diagnosis of familial PGL syndrome type I. Due to the absence of prior published reports of nonmalignant, primary mandibular PGL, patient was treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Our literature search revealed 4 published cases of mandibular PGL, all of which had an osteoblastic appearance and were malignant.

Conclusions:

Isolated mandibular PGL does not always indicate a malignant metastatic lesion. Genetic testing is recommended in patients with early onset of PGL and/or multifocality even without a positive family history. Surgical resection alone with surveillance can be offered for such isolated lesions in the presence of familial PGL syndrome type I.
Preemptive Ethanol Lock Therapy in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients With Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection: Impact on Length of Stay, Cost, and Catheter Salvage
Authors: McGrath Eric , Du Wei , Rajpurkar Madhvi
Published: July 2017

Background. Ethanol lock therapy (ELT) with systemic antimicrobial therapy is a promising therapy for catheter-related infection (CRI). The impact of ELT timing on treatment efficacy and costs is unknown. Procedures. A prospective study was conducted in the Hematology/Oncology Unit at the Children’s Hospital of Michigan. Patients with suspected CRI were randomized to Preemptive ELT arm or Rescue ELT arm after positive culture. Results. Five cases in Preemptive arm and 9 in Rescue arm had a confirmed CRI. All cases cleared infection with line salvage with no adverse events due to ELT or recurrence within 14 days. Our data showed a trend toward 36% reduction in average hospital costs and 40% reduction in average length of stay in Preemptive arm over Rescue arm. Conclusion. Although a small study, our data on preemptive ELT with systemic antimicrobial therapy suggest a potentially important treatment strategy in reducing length of stay as well as hospital costs.
Mechanisms of Children’s Exposure to Nature: Predicting Adulthood Environmental Citizenship and Commitment to Nature-Based Activities
Authors: Asah Stanley T. , Bengston David N. , Westphal Lynne M. , Gowan Catherine H.
Published: July 2017

Childhood-nature experiences have lifelong effects on environmental citizenship and commitment to nature-based activities. But, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, the different mechanisms through which children and youth experience nature are associated with these outcomes. To test these associations, an online questionnaire assessing mechanisms of childhood exposure to nature, adulthood environmental citizenship and commitment to nature-based activities, and demographic variables was sent to the email addresses of 509 employees of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. The 236 completed surveys indicated four mechanisms of children’s exposure to nature. Children’s self-exposure to nature was the strongest predictor of a number of aspects of adulthood environmental citizenship and of behavioral and attitudinal commitments to nature-based activities. Exposure through school-related programs had less predictive value for these outcomes. Implications for pathways to enhance the benefits of childhood-nature experiences are discussed.
From Childhood Experience to ARS Poetica: Forming Substitutes
Authors: De Vincenti Gloria
Published: July 2017

In 1915 Sigmund Freud began a series of three sets of introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, at the University of Vienna. During the 23rd lecture, delivered in 1917, he engaged in a discussion on the conflict between the realm of phantasy and the reality-principle. Towards the conclusion, though, he envisaged a resolution and declared that “there is a path from phantasy to reality — the path, that is, of art.”

In 1915 the artist and writer Arnaldo Ginna, one of the prominent figures of the Second Florentine Futurism avant-garde movement, had been investigating the function of artistic creation in relation to dreams, namely “to evoke in the most real reality the visions that have been dreams so far.”

This paper explores the significance of the creative process and the mechanisms involved in the shift from phantasy to reality. Taking a Freudian standpoint, the analysis brings the Futurists' theoretical contribution into the discussion. The study demonstrates how the artist reconnects the self, on a public ground, with the legacy of childhood which endures within us.
Myrrha: Incestuous Passion and Political Transgression (Inferno, 30)
Authors: Cropper Margherita Pampinella
Published: July 2017

The myth of Myrrha, as employed by Dante in the Comedy, bears a crucial political message. In the tenth pouch of Malebolge, Myrrha is condemned for her fraudulent act of impersonation as she counterfeited her identity in order to lie with her own father, thus breaking natural laws and social rules. In one of Dante's letters to emperor Henry VII, Myrrha is employed as the mythical counterpart of Florence. Florence's incest is a political one: the attempt to seduce the Pope, as “pater patrum,” against her own mother Rome. With her incessant and furious roaming, Myrrha indeed represents political instability caused by the inability or the unwillingness to comply with social expectations and to abide by the rules of human consortium. Through an overview of mythographic medieval sources and a brief analysis of the perception of the sin of incest in medieval society and literature, this paper attempts to establish which tradition of the myth of Myrrha was available to Dante and his readers in order to understand whether the poet was drawing on a traditional imagery or whether he was inviting the reader to find new meanings.
Contributo alla biografia di Francesco Novati
Authors: Benedetti Amedeo
Published: July 2017

Lo studio tratta della complessa figura di Francesco Novati, tra i maggiori storici della letteratura italiana a cavallo tra Otto e Novecento. Allievo prediletto di Alessandro D'Ancona a Pisa, fondò e diresse con Renier e Graf il “Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana”, monumento alla critica erudita. Fu inoltre docente di Storia comparata delle letterature neolatine alle università di Palermo, Genova, Milano. Tra le sue più importanti pubblicazioni figurano l'epistolario di Coluccio Salutati, e il volume su Le origini della nota “Storia letteraria d'Italia scritta da una società di professori”, della Vallardi.
The Shadow of Translation
Authors: Wisniewski Thomas Patrick
Published: July 2017

Antonio Prete's most recent book, All'ombra dell'altra lingua. Per una poetica della traduzione, is neither a theoretical treatise on translation, nor an analysis or close reading of selected translations, but rather a succinct study, or long essay, on the literary history and practice of translation in Italy. The book most concerns the formative role that translation has played in poets' apprenticeships to their predecessors. The practice of translation, Prete asserts, leads poets into living between languages with the twin arts of poetry and translation.
L’italiano di plastica nella televisione e nei quotidiani: Stereotipia linguistica dei mass media e incidenza sull’uso dei parlanti
Authors: Marchetti Ettore
Published: July 2017

I mezzi di comunicazione si configurano ormai come un oggetto di studio esplorato da svariate prospettive, non ultima quella linguistica. Tra i tratti unanimemente riconosciuti ci sono la grande variabilità in conseguenza degli innumerevoli tipi di programma, in un incessante avvicendarsi di toni e registri. Lo stile brillante, espressivo, connotativo è stato spesso accostato ai mass media, che hanno, tra i loro obiettivi, quello di attirare l’attenzione dello spettatore con frasi a effetto, con un lessico comprensibile e facilmente riconoscibile. Questo tipo di lessico può scadere nello stereotipo, nella frase che si ripete uguale nello stesso contesto e nella stessa situazione, meccanismo spesso usato dai giornalisti dei quotidiani o dei telegiornali, che dovendo lavorare in tempi ristretti ricorrono a volte a una fraseologia e a un dizionario preconfezionati; alcuni esempi: scendere in campo, a 360 gradi, luci ed ombre. Il presente lavoro dà conto di alcune espressioni stereotipate che hanno una particolare frequenza nei tg nazionali e sulle pagine dei principali quotidiani online, ne illustra l’uso e il significato con degli esempi salienti, e ne discute l’eventuale elaborazione fatta dai parlanti verificandone l’occorrenza in un corpus di italiano parlato. L’analisi non intende essere esaustiva, ma vuole mettere in evidenza la buona tenuta della lingua di plastica (secondo la definizione data da Castellani Polidori, 1995) nei mass media, ridimensionando invece la sua penetrazione nel parlato comune. L’indagine, oltre a restituire la sensazione di una moderata (e non pedissequa né esasperata) riproduzione della lingua dei media da parte dei parlanti, conferma la complessità del rapporto tra la TV, i giornali e il pubblico, che non si configura più nei termini di un’influenza unidirezionale.
Globalization, Income Inequalities, Terms of Trade and Developing Countries
Authors: Chishti Dr. Sumitra
Published: July 2017

Globalization has drawn mixed reactions. Some found it a boon, others a curse. This paper aims to highlight some of the issues concerning globalization and the developing countries. It further concentrates mainly on the negative impact of globalization affecting the developing countries. In essence, it deals with the issue of income distribution between the developed and the developing countries, discusses the issue of movement of terms of trade and focuses on the international regime of intellectual property rights and transfer of resources from the developing countries to the developed countries.
Effects of Vertical and Horizontal FDI Projects on a Host Country's Economy
Authors: Kwon Dr Yung-Chul
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the effects of an FDI on a host country's trade balance and the local-linkages relative to various types of FDI projects, i.e., vertical FDI projects vs. horizontal FDI projects. It was assumed that the effects of FDIs on host country's economy are different with regard to a vertical vs. horizontal FDI project. Based on 108 FDI projects undertaken by Korean firms, it was found that vertical investment projects have a greater effect on both, the export-creation and import-creation than with horizontal investment projects. Horizontal foreign investment projects, however, have a greater effect than vertical foreign investment projects with respect to local linkages. These findings suggest that the host government's policy (e.g. incentives or regulations) towards inward FDIs should be differentiated by the types of FDI projects based on different contributions made to the host country economy.
Sunrise Sectors in India
Authors: Katti Vijaya , Joshi Shailja , Pacheriwala Rahul
Published: July 2017

The paper makes an attempt to study some of the major sectors of Indian economy. To that regard, it has identified four major sectos and analyzed how the export promotion councils have helped to shape the Indian economy, its export growth and the challenges they face in an increasingly globalized world. It also focuses on the employment and export intensity of Indian economy and highlights the industries that are in particular having low and high export and employment intensity.
Price Competitiveness of India's Exports to Asean
Authors: Sarkar Amal
Published: July 2017

India emphasized the look east policy since early nineties. As a part of its export promotion strategy, it is essential to know the key determinants of export of these products to ASEAN. In this direction, the present paper has made an attempt to find the main determinants of India's exports of the major commodity groups to ASEAN. The top ten commodity groups, which have been found in this study, are gems & jewellery, machinery & instruments, dyes & intermediates, primary & semi-finished iron & steel, oil meal, drugs/pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals, transport equipment, electronic goods, inorganic/organic/agro-based chemicals, and manufactures of metals in recent years. Among these items, gems & jewellery, machinery & instruments, dyes & intermediates and transport equipment have registered higher growth in last five years.

To explore the determinants, an export demand function has been formulated at the commodity level. As regards to results, it has performed very well in terms of sign and significance of the explanatory variables. It can be said that all the commodities under study, except oil-meal, are not only price competitive in the ASEAN market but also very much elastic in demand. These elasticities are indicative of the fact that real devaluation of Indian rupee against dollar has high impact on India's export of these products to ASEAN market. Further, economic growth in ASEAN region would also be helpful for expanding India's exports of these products to that region. This study reveals valuable insight for policymakers in formulating either a commercial or exchange rate policy.
Social workers’ experiences of integrated case management for low-income individuals with mental illness in South Korea
Authors: Sohn Sunju , Jang Soo Mi
Published: July 2017

Using a mixed methodology, the current level of integrated case management in South Korea was examined by exploring barriers to successful cooperation among agencies and quantifying networking activities in assisting low-income individuals with mental illness. Findings indicate the following: (1) struggling with limited resources while unrealistic expectations are imposed on mental health professionals, (2) poor collaboration and (3) the need for a functional organisation that plays a centralised role for a stronger and efficient integrated case management system. The results suggest the need to adopt a workable paradigm founded on a unified system within communities and a ‘sharing’ atmosphere.
Signaling Pathways Critical for Tooth Root Formation
Authors: Wang J. , Feng J.Q.
Published: July 2017

Tooth is made of an enamel-covered crown and a cementum-covered root. Studies on crown dentin formation have been a major focus in tooth development for several decades. Interestingly, the population prevalence for genetic short root anomaly (SRA) with no apparent defects in crown is close to 1.3%. Furthermore, people with SRA itself are predisposed to root resorption during orthodontic treatment. The discovery of the unique role of Nfic (nuclear factor I C; a transcriptional factor) in controlling root but not crown dentin formation points to a new concept: tooth crown and root have different control mechanisms. Further genetic mechanism studies have identified more key molecules (including Osterix, β-catenin, and sonic hedgehog) that play a critical role in root formation. Extensive studies have also revealed the critical role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath in tooth root formation. In addition, Wnt10a has recently been found to be linked to multirooted tooth furcation formation. These exciting findings not only fill the critical gaps in our understanding about tooth root formation but will aid future research regarding the identifying factors controlling tooth root size and the generation of a whole “bio-tooth” for therapeutic purposes. This review starts with human SRA and mainly focuses on recent progress on the roles of NFIC-dependent and NFIC-independent signaling pathways in tooth root formation. Finally, this review includes a list of the various Cre transgenic mouse lines used to achieve tooth root formation–related gene deletion or overexpression, as well as strengths and limitations of each line.
Functional Epitopes for Anti–Aquaporin 5 Antibodies in Sjögren Syndrome
Authors: Alam J. , Koh J.H. , Kwok S.-K. , Park S.-H. , Park K. , Choi Y.
Published: July 2017

We recently reported the presence of anti–aquaporin 5 (AQP5) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SS) with a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.68. The aim of this study was to identify functional epitopes for the anti-AQP5 autoantibodies detected in control subjects and patients with SS. Recognition of epitopes by anti-AQP5 autoantibodies in sera ( n = 13 for control and n = 24 for SS) or purified IgG ( n = 1 for control and n = 3 for SS) was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay performed in the presence or absence of peptides corresponding to the second transmembrane helix and extracellular loops A, C, and E of AQP5. Functional epitopes were determined by measuring the effects of purified IgG and neutralizing peptides on transepithelial osmotic permeability (PfT) of MDCK cells expressing AQP5. In the IIF assay, 89% of SS samples were inhibited by at least 1 peptide, while only half of control samples were inhibited by any peptide. Overall, SS samples were inhibited by peptides corresponding to extracellular loops A, C, and E by 40% to 50%, whereas control samples were inhibited only by peptides corresponding to loop E by <20%. A cyclized peptide (E1) mimicking loop E was most frequently recognized and best differentiated between the SS and control samples. Incubation of MDCK-AQP5 cells with SS but not with control IgG, significantly decreased PfT, which was reversed by neutralization of IgG binding to any of the extracellular loops. In conclusion, the anti-AQP5 autoantibodies detected in control and SS groups showed differences in fine specificity to the functional epitopes of AQP5. The prevalent recognition of functional epitopes by anti-AQP5 autoantibodies from SS patients suggests that anti-AQP5 autoantibodies act as mediators of glandular hypofunction and are a potential therapeutic target in SS.
Differences in Egocentricity Between Spoken and Written Expression Under Stress and Non-Stress Conditions
Authors: Sunshine Nancy J. , Horowitz Milton K.
Published: July 2017

The Zipf rank-frequency curve, which measures the balance between word repetition and diversification, shows graphical differences between egocentric and socio-centric expression. The problem in this study is to demonstrate, by precise mathematical analysis of these curves, statistical differences in degree of " egocentric orientation." 40 Queens College undergraduates, divided equally into " stress " and " non-stress " groups, were asked to speak on one of two poems and write on the other. 4 Zipf curves were compiled and analysed. Spoken expression was more egocentric than written expression at p < 0.01. Results due to stress were unexpected: both non-stress speech and non-stress writing were significantly more egocentric than stress writing (p < 0.05). This finding is interpreted in terms of activation differences.
Semantic Differential Profiles as Related to Monolingual-Bilingual Types
Authors: Stafford Kenneth R. , Van Keuren Stanley R.
Published: July 2017

Semantic differential profiles of words in English and Navaho were obtained for three groups of Navaho eighth grade pupils: English-speaking monolinguals who knew the Navaho words in translation, co-ordinate bilinguals, and compound bilinguals. Two hypotheses were formulated: (1) Semantic distances between word equivalents will be greatest for the monolinguals, next for the co-ordinate bilinguals, and least for the compound bilinguals. (2) Polarity will be in the direction of the monolinguals' and co-ordinate bilinguals' native languages, but will not be evident, or there will be polarity reversals, for compound bilinguals. The second hypothesis was supported ; the first was not. Possible reasons for this lack of support are: (1) co-ordinate bilinguals may become " compound " bilinguals in time ; (2) the three factors employed may not adequately define semantic space for the Navahos and (3) perhaps the concepts rated were too few in number or inappropriate to detect sufficient variance.
A Comparison of Syntactic Structures in the Speech of Three- and Four-Year-Old Children
Authors: Brannon John B.
Published: July 2017

A group of three-year-old children was compared to one of four-year-old children in the usage of 26 syntactic transformations on the basis of 60 utterances per child. The older group used significantly more sentence transformations per child and significantly fewer simple active declarative sentences than the younger. Among the older group 10 out of the 26 transformations were more frequently used, suggesting that they were expanding sentences by use of the auxiliary verb be and producing many more double base transformations. The results suggest that children seem to mature in linguistic competence by acquiring syntactic rules in this order: phrase structure, simple transformations, generalized transformations.
Perceptual Categorization of Synthetic Vowels as a Tool in Dialectology and Typology
Authors: Scholes Robert J.
Published: July 2017

In this paper the possibility of using the results of the perceptual categorization of synthetic vocalic stimuli to assign a degree of similarity to the languages or dialects which the subjects represent is explored. It is shown that there are any number of procedures whereby this can be done-some being applicable to languages having the same number of categories (phonemes), others being usable with any two categorizations.
Perception and Production : Some Correlations on Voicing of an Initial Stop
Authors: Bailey Peter J. , Haggard Mark P.
Published: July 2017

Various measures of the perception and of the production of voicing contrasts in initial stop consonants were intercorrelated to investigate a possible relationship between articulation and perception. The results showed inter-dependencies of factors within perception but no significant correlations between perception and production measures.
Simultaneous Interpretation: Temporal and Quantitative Data
Authors: Barik Henri C.
Published: July 2017

Simultaneous interpretation represents a complex form of activity, about which there is very little in the way of experimental data. In an exploratory study, two professional, two student and two amateur interpreters (one English-dominant and one French-dominant in each case) were required to do the interpretation of several texts from either their weaker into their dominant language or vice-versa. The texts represented four types of material: spontaneous speech, semi-prepared material, prepared " oral " material, and prepared " written " material. Presentation of texts and recording of translations was on tape.

The temporal characteristics of the speaker (S) and interpreter or translator (T) delivery patterns and their interrelationship were analysed by computer. Translated speech per se is found to generally present the same patterns and relationships among speech parameters as natural speech, but to be less rhythmical. In omission-free translation T tends to be engaged in speaking for a greater proportion of time than S, largely because of slower articulation. Proportionally more of the T's utterance is delivered while the S is pausing than would be expected were the two delivery patterns independent; thus the T tries to take advantage of the S's pauses and thereby reduce the extent of time during which he must be both speaking and listening at the same time. Characteristically, the T lags behind the S in his delivery by 2 to 3 sec. The temporal data do not in general reveal striking differences in relation to the different categories of T, the various types of material, or the two directions of translation.
Language Acquisition and Classical Conditioning
Authors: Stemmer Nathan
Published: July 2017

In this paper it is argued that first language acquisition is essentially based on a process which is, if not identical, at least very similar to classical conditioning. It is first shown that the acquisition of comprehension of a young child is based on exposure to pairing situations in which a verbal stimulus S1 is paired with some other stimulus S2. Then the similarities and differences between such an exposure and undergoing a classical conditioning process are investigated. The investigation suggests that there is no fundamental difference between both processes. Finally, attention is called to the fact that acquisition of speech is essentially based on acquisition of comprehension. It is therefore concluded that not only the acquisition of comprehension but also that of speech is based on a process that is very similar to classical conditioning.
The Acoustic Parameters of Stress in Relation to Syllable Position, Speech Loudness and Rate
Authors: Mcclean M.D. , Tiffany W.R.
Published: July 2017

Previous research suggests that at the acoustic level stress is characterized by a complex trading relationship between syllabic fundamental frequency, duration, and amplitude. The present investigation was an attempt to isolate certain speech variables which in addition to phonetic quality and context may exert consistent influences on this trading relationship. Recordings were made of ten speakers' productions of the sentences " Say /'sasa/ please " and " Say /sa'sa/ please " spoken at normal, increased, and decreased rates and loudness of utterance. Spectrographic and oscilloscopic analysis of /'sasa/ and /sa'sa/ revealed the following: (1) Syllable position is a highly significant determiner of the acoustic character of stress, fundamental frequency contrast predominating in /'sαsα/ and duration contrast predominating in /sα'sα/; (2) Fundamental frequency and amplitude contrast between stressed and unstressed syllabics is significantly less during soft speech as compared to normal speech, suggesting that duration is the predominant feature of stress during soft speech; (3) Increased and decreased rate of utterance were not found to have significant effects on the degree of duration contrast between stressed and unstressed syllabics.
Comparison of Differences in Dialect Speech Among Black College Students Grouped By Standard English Test Performance
Authors: Muehl Siegmar , Muehl Lois B.
Published: July 2017

Eighty black students enrolled in a pre-freshman year college program were divided into four standard English ability groups based on standardized test scores. Group dialect samples were obtained by asking the students in each of the groups to translate orally a standard English reading selection. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of these dialect translations showed differences among the groups in dialect facility that were positively and significantly related to group rankings in standard English ability. Initial differences among the groups in reading ability and geographical background did not appear to account for the differences in dialect facility. Comparing the results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses in the present study with findings in language development studies suggested a developmental hypothesis to account for the group differences in both dialect and standard English communication skill for these black students.
Schizophrenic Speech : a Factor-Analytic Approach
Authors: Gerver D. , Lawson J.S. , Gerver M.E.
Published: July 2017

Verbal responses were obtained to two questions from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Comprehension Sub-test from three groups of subjects matched for age and verbal I.Q.: schizoprhenic patients, non-schizophrenic psychiatric hospital patients, normal controls.

These responses were rated by 11 graduate clinical psychology students on 15 four point scales based mainly on adjectives used in the psychiatric literature to describe " schizophrenic language ".

Varimax rotations of principal components analyses of the ratings revealed two main factors accounting for approximately 93% of the total variance for all ratings: a structural (syntactic) factor and a semantic factor. This finding is discussed in terms of its implications for diagnosis and for the clinical description of the language of schizophrenics.
Digital Gating of Speech Signals
Authors: Rozsypal Anton J.
Published: July 2017

Temporal gating of speech signals by means of a digital computer offers many advantages over analogue gating techniques currently in use. Prior to digital processing the analogue speech signal has to be converted into its digital representation. Requirements on sampling rate, number of quantization levels, and frequency response of the smoothing filter which are needed for distortion-free digitization and reconstruction of the analogue speech waveform are presented. Features of a gating program currently in use in this department are described.
Sentence Comprehension and Short-Term Memory : Some Developmental Considerations
Authors: Scholes Robert J. , Rasbury Wiley C. , Scholes Irene B. , Dowling Katy
Published: July 2017

Four types of stimuli—digit strings, noun phrases plus digit strings, intransitive sentences plus digit strings, and transitive sentences plus digit strings—were presented to subjects for immediate recall. Three groups of subjects were tested: 20 seven-year olds, 20 ten-year olds, and 20 adults.

Sentence recall errors and digit spans for each condition are considered in terms of the age of the subjects. Analyses indicate that while digit span for the digit only condition shows a steadily rising function across ages, digit spans for the verbal conditions show irregular slopes, the conditions changing relative positions across ages.

Discussion of the results centres on the separate aspects of the maturational increase in short-term memory and the acquisition of linguistic mediational strategies (i.e., " chunking ").
Tongue Position in Rounded and Unrounded Front Vowel Pairs
Authors: Raphael Lawrence J. , Bell-Berti Fredericka , Collier René , Baer Thomas
Published: July 2017

Traditional articulatory descriptions of front rounded and unrounded vowel pairs have assumed that tongue height is the same for the members of the pairs /i-y/, /e-ø/, and /ε-œ/. The electromyographic, articulatory synthetic, and acoustic investigations carried out in this study indicate that, in Dutch, the rounded member of the pairs /i-y/ and /e-ø/ was centralized. In the /ε-œ/ pair, however, the rounded vowel bears a different relationship to its unrounded counterpart.
The Effects of Exposure to a Language on Subsequent Learning
Authors: Lyczak Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Over a period of four days subjects were exposed to three hours of recorded Thai conversation, Japanese conversation, or music. On the fifth day all subjects learned to recognize (translate) ten Thai sentences in a paired associate type task. Type of exposure had no effect on response latency or rate of learning. In a post-criterion task subjects were provided translations and asked to produce the Thai sentences. Subjects exposed to Thai produced more words than subjects exposed to music or Japanese. Subjects exposed to Japanese produced words from fewer sentences than subjects exposed to music or Thai.
Information Structure in Sentences: New Information
Authors: Most Robert B. , Saltz Eli
Published: July 2017

New information in sentences is theorized as being marked by surface-structure word order and by word stress. Experiment 1 tested these theories by giving subjects active and passive sentences with stress on either the agent or patient of the sentences. Subjects decided what questions the sentences would be replies to. The question-answering element of the sentence is the new information in the sentence. Experiment 2 tested only the word-order theory of new information structure in sentences by giving subjects written active and passive sentences. The results are in agreement with word stress and passivization marking new information, but not with the theory that there is an information ordering in active sentences.
The Rôle of Toxins in Plant Disease
Authors: Brian P. W.
Published: July 2017

Interest in the rôle of toxins in plant disease was sharply aroused by the claim, made in 1941, that the symptoms of a disease had been alleviated by “antidoting” toxins formed by the pathogen. Although this has not been proved, it is now known that several toxins do produce some of the symptoms of certain diseases. But other mechanisms are involved, and toxin-inactivation seems unlikely to become a practical method of disease control.
Synthetic pyrethroids on cotton: a spray application strategy
Authors: Morton N
Published: July 2017

The pyrethroids are a new class of insecticide in cotton pest control and it is essential that they should be used wisely and to maximum effect. A strategy is proposed which is based on the residual properties of the pyrethroids, and which takes into account variety and crop management, choice of equipment, spray timing and spray frequency. Penetration and under-leaf cover can be helped by using smaller droplets, spraying in turbulence and when the wind is towards the sun.
Practical pest management in Brazil
Authors: Samways M J
Published: July 2017

Control of pests by a combination of biological, chemical and cultural methods, as well as by plant breeding, has already been implemented in certain high value crops, particularly under glass. In the field, pest management programmes require continual modification and improvement in the light of pest population dynamics and changing farm practice. In the absence of such programmes, timely control can demand instant action, and this may still be aimed at pest eradication.