bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Through Time: Reconstructing Palaeolithic Occupations Through Use-Wear Analysis in the Middle Palaeolithic Site of Ciota Ciara (Borgosesia, Italy)
Authors: Berruti Gabriele L.F. , Angelucci Diego E. , Arnaud Julie , Berto Claudio , Caracausi Sandro , Cavicchi Roberto , Daffara Sara , Galla Riccardo , Palconit Trishia Gayle , Zambaldi Maurizio , Arzarello Marta
Published: April 2024

Lithic use-wear analysis, through defining site function and allowing reconstructing of patterns of human occupation, can contribute to our understanding of archaeological palimpsests. The Ciota Ciara cave represents an excellent case study for this methodology. Multidisciplinary research so far conducted on the materials recovered from the atrial sector of the cave distinguishes three archaeological units from a Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the site: stratigraphic units (SUs) 13, 14, and 15. Each unit is interpreted as referring to a period of numerous, superimposed episodes of human occupation, the characteristics of which we try to reconstruct and present in this work through use-wear studies. The functional analysis of lithic industries from the upper units (13 and 14) has already been published previously; here, we report corresponding new data from the lowest level, SU 15. By comparing the use-wear results from the three units and integrating the findings with data from the geoarchaeological, palaeontological, zooarchaeological, and technological studies, we attempt to reconstruct the different phases of human occupation represented in the site through time, contributing to current interpretations regarding settlement dynamics and human behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic of north-western Italy.
The use of neural computational analysis for drug delivery applications results in hybrid nanofluid flow between the uniform gap of two concentric tubes
Authors: Alharbi Sayer Obaid , Khalifa Hamiden Abd El-Wahed , Gul Taza , Alharbi Rabab , Alburaikan Alhanouf , Bariq Abdul
Published: April 2024

The blood-based Ag and TiO2 Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) flow between the two tubes are used for drug delivery applications. Ag and TiO2 hybrid nanofluids have immense potential as drug delivery agents due to their unique properties, controlled release capabilities, targeting abilities, and synergistic effects. Extensive research is being conducted to optimize their design and maximize their effectiveness in various therapeutic applications using experimental approaches. The recent work has been focused on theoretical analysis using the existing experimental data. These HNFs are functionalized with ligands or antibodies to specifically target and deliver drugs to diseased tissues or cells. This targeted approach enhances drug accumulation at the desired site, minimizing systemic toxicity and improving treatment outcomes. An external magnetic field is applied to control the release of drugs from the nanofluids. Magnetic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are incorporated into the nanofluids, which respond to the magnetic field and release the drug at a specific location and time. This offers a controlled and targeted drug delivery system. The graphical and numerical outcomes of the dimensionless momentum and thermal boundary layers are investigated and discussed. It is observed that hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) often exhibit superior heat transfer (HT) properties, primarily due to the high thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. Improving heat transfer helps reduce skin friction by maintaining a more uniform temperature distribution near the surface. Also, this acts in the optimization of the blood flow analysis. In terms of drug delivery applications, hybrid nanofluids are more prominent in refining applications through optimized heat transfer, as shown by the comparison.
Aloe vera hydrogel for supercooling applications: a review
Authors: Dada Modupeola , Popoola Patricia
Published: April 2024

Aloe vera, a medicinal herb, is used in health care and cosmetics due to its biological activity. Its gel contains acemannan, which has high water content, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and customizable properties. Acemannan hydrogels can absorb and retain up to 99% of their weight, enabling supercooling and longer periods. There are literature reports on cellulose-based, chitosan-based, alginate-based, and starch-based hydrogels, but very limited studies on acemannan-based hydrogels, especially for supercooling applications. Hence, understanding AvP’s supercooling properties is crucial for developing reliable supercooling devices. The potential of hydrogels based on AvP for supercooling applications is examined in this review. The study reports on the idea of supercooling, how important it is in different fields, and how current techniques are limited. The review focuses on the characteristics, composition, and hydrogel formation process of AvP. It goes over AvP hydrogels’ capacity for supercooling, and the difficulties and potential paths for enhancing these hydrogels’ functionality and performance are also covered.
Glycemic homeostasis of ultrasound-assisted Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. bark extract in streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats
Authors: Shahzad Naiyer
Published: April 2024

Numerous diseases have been linked to oxidative stress, emphasizing its role in pathogenicity. This study employed an ultrasound-assisted extraction process to obtain extracts from the bark of Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng. A thorough analysis was conducted on these dry extracts to determine their total phenolic and flavonoid content across four solvent fractions: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous. Among the solvent fractions, ethyl acetate and n-butanol showed higher levels of total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) compared to the others. The ethyl acetate fraction displayed the highest TPC (58.27 ± 4.20 mg GAE/g) and TFC (878.67 ± 40.38 mg QE/g) at 250 µg/mL concentration. Furthermore, the in-vitro antioxidant capacity of the ethyl acetate fraction was assessed for its ability to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide, revealing a concentration-dependent effect with IC50 values of 154.6 ± 6.2 and 55.12 ± 4.28 μg/mL, respectively. In a controlled experiment using streptozocin-induced diabetic rats, administering UMBE-EA at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg notably improved blood glucose levels and body weight. Furthermore, several biochemical indicators, such as total protein levels, serum insulin, and the activities of enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, and ALP, as well as liver glycogen, showed significant enhancements. The antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD, CAT, and GSH, returned to more favorable levels, and TABAR levels were normalized. In conclusion, the findings from this study strongly suggest that UMBE-EA possesses substantial anti-diabetic efficacy in Wistar rats, primarily attributed to its remarkable antioxidant properties and capacity to scavenge free radicals. These results provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of UMBE-EA in diabetes management.
A review of the institutional landscape for dual-career hiring in higher education
Authors: Monahan Torin , Waltz Margaret , Parker Amelia , Fisher Jill A.
Published: April 2024

Meeting the needs of dual-career academic couples has become an important part of university efforts to foster family-friendly workplaces. Many universities have developed formal or informal approaches to addressing dual-career issues, but variation across institutions has made it difficult to detect wider patterns or probe their implications. In this paper, we analyze the dual-career policies and materials (848 documents total) of all R1 institutions in the United States. As with studies from roughly two decades ago, we find deficiencies in institutional support and transparency. However, given reduced state revenues for institutions of higher education and a rise in precarious employment arrangements over the same time period, conditions for academic couples are arguably worse today. In order for universities to address these concerns and contribute meaningfully to broader forms of inclusion, we argue that there is a need for sustained funding commitments and infrastructural support for dual-career programs.
Core–shell CoN@Co ultra-stable nanoparticles on biochar for contamination remediation in water and soil
Authors: Yang Qiang , Cui Peixin , Liu Cun , Fang Guodong , Dang Fei , Wang Pengsheng , Wang Shaobin , Wang Yujun
Published: April 2024

Nanomaterials have been extensively employed in various applications over the past several decades, however, the stability of functional nanoparticle catalysts (NPCs) for effective degradation of organic contaminants remains a significant challenge. Herein, we present a cost-effective biochar loaded uniformly dispersed ultra-stable Co nanoparticles with an average diameter of 8 nm as a highly efficient peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation catalyst. The reactive radicals produced from the catalyst/PMS system are able to degrade several model organic pollutants of environmental and public health concerns, including trichlorobiphenyl, bisphenol A and diethyl phthalate, with less pH limitation and Co2+ leaching. Mechanism investigation demonstrates that the CoN plays the key role in the catalyst stability and PMS activation via acid resistance and electron bridging effects, respectively. Meanwhile, the incorporation of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) atoms within the substrate is considered to bolster the adhesion strength between metal nanoparticles and the carbon matrix via strong metal-support interaction. The catalyst was further applied in practical treatment of water and soil polluted by organic pollutants, exhibiting a satisfactory degradation efficiency (> 90% in 60 min) for environmental applications.
Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields and Exploring Adaptation Strategies in Northeast China
Authors: Xu Qingchen , Liang Hongbin , Wei Zhongwang , Zhang Yonggen , Lu Xingjie , Li Fang , Wei Nan , Zhang Shupeng , Yuan Hua , Liu Shaofeng , Dai Yongjiu
Published: April 2024

Northeast China (NEC) is the most prominent grain‐producing region in China. However, it is currently facing significant impacts from climate change. Since the climate‐related impacts on crop yield in this region are a major concern for society in the future, quantifying climate change impacts on crop yields in NEC is essential to ensure future food security. This study aimed to quantify the effects of future climate change on crop yields in NEC and explore adaptation strategies using the Crop Growth Model (PCSE) driven by downscaled CMIP6 climate projections under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios during 2015–2100. Results showed that there could be average reductions in crop yields of 21.4% for maize and 4.2% for soybean by the year 2100 under SSP585 compared to the 2015 baseline. The increasing temperature was the dominant factor in reducing yields, although elevated CO2 and precipitation offered partial compensation. The optimized planting date brought noticeable benefits for rice and soybean but had limited effects on maize due to heat stress. Relocating rice expansion eastward and implementing earlier planting increased yields by up to 50% but adversely decreased soybean and maize due to competition. This study enriches our comprehension of climate change impacts on NEC agriculture, while also quantifying potential benefits and constraints of evaluated adaptations. The proposed adaptations may help mitigate projected yield declines in other key agricultural regions across the globe. Adjusting crop management practices to capitalize on changing climate factors shows promise as a strategy for sustaining production globally.
Versatile Modeling Of Deformation (VMOD) Inversion Framework: Application to 20 Years of Observations at Westdahl Volcano and Fisher Caldera, Alaska, US
Authors: Angarita M. , Grapenthin R. , Henderson S. , Christoffersen M. , Anderson K. R.
Published: April 2024

We developed an open source, extensible Python‐based framework, that we call the Versatile Modeling Of Deformation (VMOD), for forward and inverse modeling of crustal deformation sources. VMOD abstracts from specific source model implementations, data types and inversion methods. We implement the most common geodetic source models which can be combined to model and analyze multi‐source deformation. VMOD supports Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), InSAR, electronic distance measurement, Leveling and tilt data. To infer source characteristics from observations, VMOD implements non‐linear least squares and Markov Chain Monte‐Carlo Bayesian inversions, including joint inversions using different sources of data. VMOD's structure allows for easy integration of new geodetic models, data types, and inversion strategies. We benchmark the forward models against other published results and the inversion approaches against other implementations. We apply VMOD to analyze deformation at Unimak Island, Alaska, observed with continuous and campaign GNSS, and ascending and descending InSAR time series generated from Sentinel‐1 satellite radar acquisitions. These data show an inflation pattern at Westdahl volcano and subsidence at Fisher Caldera. We use VMOD to test a range of source models by jointly inverting the GNSS and InSAR data sets. Our final model simultaneously constrains the parameters of two sources. Our results reveal a depressurizing spheroid under Fisher Caldera ∼4–6 km deep, contracting at a rate of ∼2–3 Mm3/yr, and a pressurizing spherical source underneath Westdahl volcano ∼6–8 km deep, inflating at ∼5 Mm3/yr. This and past applications of VMOD to volcanic unrest benefit from an extensible framework which supports jointly inversions of data sets for parameters of easily composable multi‐source models.
Cancer-associated fibroblasts expressing fibroblast activation protein and podoplanin in non-small cell lung cancer predict poor clinical outcome
Authors: Mathieson Layla , Koppensteiner Lilian , Dorward David A. , O’Connor Richard A. , Akram Ahsan R.
Published: April 2024

Background

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a dominant cell type in the stroma of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fibroblast heterogeneity reflects subpopulations of CAFs, which can influence prognosis and treatment efficacy. We describe the subtypes of CAFs in NSCLC.

Methods

Primary human NSCLC resections were assessed by flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence for markers of fibroblast activation which allowed identification of CAF subsets. Survival data were analysed for our NSCLC cohort consisting of 163 patients to understand prognostic significance of CAF subsets.

Results

We identified five CAF populations, termed CAF S1-S5. CAF-S5 represents a previously undescribed population, and express FAP and PDPN but lack the myofibroblast marker αSMA, whereas CAF-S1 populations express all three. CAF-S5 are spatially further from tumour regions then CAF-S1 and scRNA data demonstrate an inflammatory phenotype. The presence of CAF-S1 or CAF-S5 is correlated to worse survival outcome in NSCLC, despite curative resection, highlighting the prognostic importance of CAF subtypes in NSCLC. TCGA data suggest the predominance of CAF-S5 has a poor prognosis across several cancer types.

Conclusion

This study describes the fibroblast heterogeneity in NSCLC and the prognostic importance of the novel CAF-S5 subset where its presence correlates to worse survival outcome.
Extracellular DNA traps in a ctenophore demonstrate immune cell behaviors in a non-bilaterian
Authors: Vandepas Lauren E. , Stefani Caroline , Domeier Phillip P. , Traylor-Knowles Nikki , Goetz Frederick W. , Browne William E. , Lacy-Hulbert Adam
Published: April 2024

The formation of extracellular DNA traps (ETosis) is a first response mechanism by specific immune cells following exposure to microbes. Initially characterized in vertebrate neutrophils, cells capable of ETosis have been discovered recently in diverse non-vertebrate taxa. To assess the conservation of ETosis between evolutionarily distant non-vertebrate phyla, we observed and quantified ETosis using the model ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Here we report that ctenophores – thought to have diverged very early from the metazoan stem lineage – possess immune-like cells capable of phagocytosis and ETosis. We demonstrate that both Mnemiopsis and Crassostrea immune cells undergo ETosis after exposure to diverse microbes and chemical agents that stimulate ion flux. We thus propose that ETosis is an evolutionarily conserved metazoan defense against pathogens.
Timing along the cardiac cycle modulates neural signals of reward-based learning
Authors: Fouragnan Elsa F. , Hosking Billy , Cheung Yin , Prakash Brooke , Rushworth Matthew , Sel Alejandra
Published: April 2024

Natural fluctuations in cardiac activity modulate brain activity associated with sensory stimuli, as well as perceptual decisions about low magnitude, near-threshold stimuli. However, little is known about the relationship between fluctuations in heart activity and other internal representations. Here we investigate whether the cardiac cycle relates to learning-related internal representations – absolute and signed prediction errors. We combined machine learning techniques with electroencephalography with both simple, direct indices of task performance and computational model-derived indices of learning. Our results demonstrate that just as people are more sensitive to low magnitude, near-threshold sensory stimuli in certain cardiac phases, so are they more sensitive to low magnitude absolute prediction errors in the same cycles. However, this occurs even when the low magnitude prediction errors are associated with clearly suprathreshold sensory events. In addition, participants exhibiting stronger differences in their prediction error representations between cardiac cycles exhibited higher learning rates and greater task accuracy.
EEG decoders track memory dynamics
Authors: Li Yuxuan , Pazdera Jesse K. , Kahana Michael J.
Published: April 2024

Encoding- and retrieval-related neural activity jointly determine mnemonic success. We ask whether electroencephalographic activity can reliably predict encoding and retrieval success on individual trials. Each of 98 participants performed a delayed recall task on 576 lists across 24 experimental sessions. Logistic regression classifiers trained on spectral features measured immediately preceding spoken recall of individual words successfully predict whether or not those words belonged to the target list. Classifiers trained on features measured during word encoding also reliably predict whether those words will be subsequently recalled and further predict the temporal and semantic organization of the recalled items. These findings link neural variability predictive of successful memory with item-to-context binding, a key cognitive process thought to underlie episodic memory function.
Ultrastiff metamaterials generated through a multilayer strategy and topology optimization
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Yongzhen , Ren Hongyuan , Meng Zhiqiang , Chen Xueqian , Li Zuyu , Wang Liwei , Chen Wei , Wang Yifan , Du Jianbin
Published: April 2024

Metamaterials composed of different geometrical primitives have different properties. Corresponding to the fundamental geometrical forms of line, plane, and surface, beam-, plate-, and shell-based lattice metamaterials enjoy many advantages in many aspects, respectively. To fully exploit the advantages of each structural archetype, we propose a multilayer strategy and topology optimization technique to design lattice metamaterial in this study. Under the frame of the multilayer strategy, the design space is enlarged and diversified, and the design freedom is increased. Topology optimization is applied to explore better designs in the larger and diverse design space. Beam-plate-shell-combined metamaterials automatically emerge from the optimization to achieve ultrahigh stiffness. Benefiting from high stiffness, energy absorption performances of optimized results also demonstrate substantial improvements under large geometrical deformation. The multilayer strategy and topology optimization can also bring a series of tunable dimensions for lattice design, which helps achieve desired mechanical properties, such as isotropic elasticity and functionally grading material property, and superior performances in acoustic tuning, electrostatic shielding, and fluid field tuning. We envision that a broad array of synthetic and composite metamaterials with unprecedented performance can be designed with the multilayer strategy and topology optimization.
Emissive brightening in molecular graphene nanoribbons by twilight states
Authors: Sturdza Bernd K. , Kong Fanmiao , Yao Xuelin , Niu Wenhui , Ma Ji , Feng Xinliang , Riede Moritz K. , Bogani Lapo , Nicholas Robin J.
Published: April 2024

Carbon nanomaterials are expected to be bright and efficient emitters, but structural disorder, intermolecular interactions and the intrinsic presence of dark states suppress their photoluminescence. Here, we study synthetically-made graphene nanoribbons with atomically precise edges and which are designed to suppress intermolecular interactions to demonstrate strong photoluminescence in both solutions and thin films. The resulting high spectral resolution reveals strong vibron-electron coupling from the radial-breathing-like mode of the ribbons. In addition, their cove-edge structure produces inter-valley mixing, which brightens conventionally-dark states to generate hitherto-unrecognised twilight states as predicted by theory. The coupling of these states to the nanoribbon phonon modes affects absorption and emission differently, suggesting a complex interaction with both Herzberg–Teller and Franck– Condon coupling present. Detailed understanding of the fundamental electronic processes governing the optical response will help the tailored chemical design of nanocarbon optical devices, via gap tuning and side-chain functionalisation.
Light-induced giant enhancement of nonreciprocal transport at KTaO3-based interfaces
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhu Tongshuai , Zhang Shuai , Chen Zhongqiang , Song Anke , Zhang Chong , Gao Rongzheng , Niu Wei , Chen Yequan , Fei Fucong , Tai Yilin , Li Guoan , Ge Binghui , Lou Wenkai , Shen Jie , Zhang Haijun , Chang Kai , Song Fengqi , Zhang Rong , Wang Xuefeng
Published: April 2024

Nonlinear transport is a unique functionality of noncentrosymmetric systems, which reflects profound physics, such as spin-orbit interaction, superconductivity and band geometry. However, it remains highly challenging to enhance the nonreciprocal transport for promising rectification devices. Here, we observe a light-induced giant enhancement of nonreciprocal transport at the superconducting and epitaxial CaZrO3/KTaO3(111) interfaces. The nonreciprocal transport coefficient undergoes a giant increase with three orders of magnitude up to 105 A−1T−1. Furthermore, a strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling effective field of 14.7 T is achieved with abundant high-mobility photocarriers under ultraviolet illumination, which accounts for the giant enhancement of nonreciprocal transport coefficient. Our first-principles calculations further disclose the stronger Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength and the longer relaxation time in the photocarrier excitation process, bridging the light-property quantitative relationship. Our work provides an alternative pathway to boost nonreciprocal transport in noncentrosymmetric systems and facilitates the promising applications in opto-rectification devices and spin-orbitronic devices.
Convoluted micellar morphological transitions driven by tailorable mesogenic ordering effect from discotic mesogen-containing block copolymer
Authors: Yang Huanzhi , Luo Yunjun , Jin Bixin , Chi Shumeng , Li Xiaoyu
Published: April 2024

Solution-state self-assemblies of block copolymers to form nanostructures are tremendously attractive for their tailorable morphologies and functionalities. While incorporating moieties with strong ordering effects may introduce highly orientational control over the molecular packing and dictate assembly behaviors, subtle and delicate driving forces can yield slower kinetics to reveal manifold metastable morphologies. Herein, we report the unusually convoluted self-assembly behaviors of a liquid crystalline block copolymer bearing triphenylene discotic mesogens. They undergo unusual multiple morphological transitions spontaneously, driven by their intrinsic subtle liquid crystalline ordering effect. Meanwhile, liquid crystalline orderedness can also be built very quickly by doping the mesogens with small-molecule dopants, and the morphological transitions are dramatically accelerated and various exotic micelles are produced. Surprisingly, with high doping levels, the self-assembly mechanism of this block copolymer is completely changed from intramolecular chain shuffling and rearrangement to nucleation-growth mode, based on which self-seeding experiments can be conducted to produce highly uniform fibrils.
In situ observation of the atomic shuffles during the {$${{11}}\bar{{{2}}}{{1}}$$} twinning in hexagonal close-packed rhenium
Authors: He Yang , Fang Zhengwu , Wang Chongmin , Wang Guofeng , Mao Scott X.
Published: April 2024

Twinning, on par with dislocations, is critically required in plastic deformation of hexagonal close-packed crystals at low temperatures. In contrast to that in cubic-structured crystals, twinning in hexagonal close-packed crystals requires atomic shuffles in addition to shear. Though the twinning shear that is carried by twinning dislocations has been captured for decades, direct experimental observation of the atomic shuffles, especially when the shuffling mode is not unique and does not confine to the plane of shear, remains a formidable challenge to date. Here, by using in-situ transmission electron microscopy, we directly capture the atomic mechanism of the $$\left\{11\bar{2}1\right\}$$

11

2

¯

1

twinning in hexagonal close packed rhenium nanocrystals. Results show that the $$\left\{11\bar{2}1\right\}$$

11

2

¯

1

twinning is dominated by the (b1/2, h1/2) twinning disconnections. In contrast to conventional expectations, the atomic shuffles accompanying the twinning disconnections proceed on alternative basal planes along 1/6 $$\left\langle 1\bar{1}00\right\rangle$$

1

1

¯

00

, which may be attributed to the free surface in nanocrystal samples, leading to a lack of mirror symmetry across the $$\left\{11\bar{2}1\right\}$$

11

2

¯

1

twin boundary.
Healthcare on the brink: navigating the challenges of an aging society in the United States
Authors: Jones Charles H. , Dolsten Mikael
Published: April 2024

The US healthcare system is at a crossroads. With an aging population requiring more care and a strained system facing workforce shortages, capacity issues, and fragmentation, innovative solutions and policy reforms are needed. This paper aims to spark dialogue and collaboration among healthcare stakeholders and inspire action to meet the needs of the aging population. Through a comprehensive analysis of the impact of an aging society, this work highlights the urgency of addressing this issue and the importance of restructuring the healthcare system to be more efficient, equitable, and responsive.
A dataset for fine-grained seed recognition
Authors: Yuan Min , Lv Ningning , Dong Yongkang , Hu Xiaowen , Lu Fuxiang , Zhan Kun , Shen Jiacheng , Wu Xiaolin , Zhu Liye , Xie Yufei
Published: April 2024

The research of plant seeds has always been a focus of agricultural and forestry research, and seed identification is an indispensable part of it. With the continuous application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of agriculture, seed identification through computer vision can effectively promote the development of agricultural and forestry wisdom. Data is the foundation of computer vision, but there is a lack of suitable datasets in the agricultural field. In this paper, a seed dataset named LZUPSD is established. A device based on mobile phones and macro lenses was established to acquire images. The dataset contains 4496 images of 88 different seeds. This dataset can not only be used as data for training deep learning models in the computer field, but also provide important data support for agricultural and forestry research. As an important resource in this field, this dataset plays a positive role in modernizing agriculture and forestry.
Physicochemical characteristics of lakes along the southern Baltic Sea coast
Authors: Obolewski Krystian , Matela Mikołaj , Glińska-Lewczuk Katarzyna , Astel Aleksander , Bąkowska-Hopcia Martyna
Published: April 2024

We present a unique data set of selected physicochemical parameters characterizing the environment of the Baltic coastal lakes within Polish borders. The peculiarity of the system derives principally from the interaction of the lakes with a sea of relatively low salinity. In contrast to our best understanding of the state of biological knowledge, the abiotic parameters of coastal lakes along the southern Baltic Sea have never previously been so comprehensively supplemented. The database consists of physicochemical properties of 13 coastal lakes based on the analytical assessment of 419 water samples collected seasonally between 2014 and 2019. Water properties were analyzed according to the connection of the lakes to the Baltic Sea using a total of 23 predictors. The lakes were classified as closed, intermittently connected, or open. Based on the physicochemical data, a relationship between the hydrological connection between the lakes and the sea was determined. The data collected could be used to monitor ongoing global climate change at the biosphere level.
Intra-articular injection of miRNA-1 agomir, a novel chemically modified miRNA agonists alleviates osteoarthritis (OA) progression by downregulating Indian hedgehog in rats
Authors: Li Pengcui , Gao Yangyang , Zhou Raorao , Che Xianda , Wang Hang , Cong Lingling , Jiang Pinpin , Liang Dan , Li Penghua , Wang Chunfang , Li Wenjin , Sang Shengbo , Duan Qianqian , Wei Xiaochun
Published: April 2024

Our objective in this study is to determine whether intra-articular injection of miRNA-1 can attenuate the progression of OA in rats by down regulating Ihh. Knee chondrocytes were isolated from male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 2–3 days. Second-generation chondrocytes were transfected with miR-1 mimic and empty vector with lipo3000 for 6 h and then stimulated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β for 24 h. OA-related and cartilage matrix genes were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Two-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 30?): sham operation group + 50 µL saline, anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) group + 50 µL miR-1 agomir (concentration), and control group ACLT + 50 µL miR-1 agomir. Treatment was started one week after the operation. All animals were euthanized eight weeks after the operation. X-rays and micro-CT were used to detect imaging changes in the knee joints. FMT was used to monitor joint inflammation in vivo. Safranin O staining was used to detect morphological changes in articular cartilage. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Col2, Col10, metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). RT-qPCR was used to detect gene changes includingmiR-1, Col2, Col10, MMP-13, Ihh, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3. Overexpression of miR-1 in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes reduced the levels of Ihh, MMP-13, and Col10 but increased the levels of Col2 and aggrecan. Intra-articular injection of miR-1 agomir reduced osteophyte formation, inflammation, and prevented cartilage damage. RT-qPCR results indicated that the miR-1 agomir increased articular cartilage anabolism and inhibited cartilage catabonism. miR-1 can attenuate the progression of OA by downregulating Ihh.
Comprehensive plasma cytokine and chemokine profiling in prurigo nodularis reveals endotypes in Type 2 inflammation
Authors: Cornman Hannah L. , Manjunath Jaya , Reddy Sriya V. , Adams Jackson , Rajeh Ahmad , Samuel Christeen , Bao Aaron , Zhao Ryan , Ma Emily Z. , Shumsky Jason , Pritchard Thomas W. , Imo Brenda Umenita , Kollhoff Alexander L. , Lee Kevin K. , Lu Weiying , Yossef Selina , Kwatra Madan M. , Kwatra Shawn G.
Published: April 2024

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is associated with variability in peripheral blood eosinophil levels and response to T-helper 2 targeted therapies (Th2). Our objective was to determine whether circulating immune profiles with respect to type 2 inflammation differ by race and peripheral blood eosinophil count. Plasma from 56 PN patients and 13 matched healthy controls was assayed for 54 inflammatory biomarkers. We compared biomarker levels between PN and HCs, among PN patients based on absolute eosinophil count, and across racial groups in PN. Eleven biomarkers were elevated in PN versus HCs including interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22). Additionally, PN patients with AEC > 0.3 K cells/μL had higher Th2 markers (eotaxin, eotaxin-3, TSLP, MCP-4/CCL13), and African American PN patients had lower eosinophils, eotaxin, and eotaxin-3 versus Caucasian and Asian PN patients (p < 0.05 for all). Dupilumab responders had higher AEC (p < 0.01), were more likely to be Caucasian (p = 0.02) or Asian (p = 0.05) compared to African Americans, and more often had a history of atopy (p = 0.08). This study suggests that blood AEC > 0.3 K and Asian and Caucasian races are associated with Th2 skewed circulating immune profiles and response to Th2 targeted therapies.
Hem1 is essential for ruffled border formation in osteoclasts and efficient bone resorption
Authors: Werbenko Eugenie , de Gorter David J. J. , Kleimann Simon , Beckmann Denise , Waltereit-Kracke Vanessa , Reinhardt Julia , Geers Fabienne , Paruzel Peter , Hansen Uwe , Pap Thomas , Stradal Theresia E. B. , Dankbar Berno
Published: April 2024

Bone resorption is highly dependent on the dynamic rearrangement of the osteoclast actin cytoskeleton to allow formation of actin rings and a functional ruffled border. Hem1 is a hematopoietic-specific subunit of the WAVE-complex which regulates actin polymerization and is crucial for lamellipodia formation in hematopoietic cell types. However, its role in osteoclast differentiation and function is still unknown. Here, we show that although the absence of Hem1 promotes osteoclastogenesis, the ability of Hem1-/- osteoclasts to degrade bone was severely impaired. Global as well as osteoclast-specific deletion of Hem1 in vivo revealed increased femoral trabecular bone mass despite elevated numbers of osteoclasts in vivo. We found that the resorption defect derived from the morphological distortion of the actin-rich sealing zone and ruffled border deformation in Hem1-deficient osteoclasts leading to impaired vesicle transport and increased intracellular acidification. Collectively, our data identify Hem1 as a yet unknown key player in bone remodeling by regulating ruffled border formation and consequently the resorptive capacity of osteoclasts.
Exploring alveolar recruitability using positive end-expiratory pressure in mice overexpressing TGF-β1: a structure–function analysis
Authors: Roeder Franziska , Röpke Tina , Steinmetz Lara-Kristin , Kolb Martin , Maus Ulrich A. , Smith Bradford J. , Knudsen Lars
Published: April 2024

Pre-injured lungs are prone to injury progression in response to mechanical ventilation. Heterogeneous ventilation due to (micro)atelectases imparts injurious strains on open alveoli (known as volutrauma). Hence, recruitment of (micro)atelectases by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is necessary to interrupt this vicious circle of injury but needs to be balanced against acinar overdistension. In this study, the lung-protective potential of alveolar recruitment was investigated and balanced against overdistension in pre-injured lungs. Mice, treated with empty vector (AdCl) or adenoviral active TGF-β1 (AdTGF-β1) were subjected to lung mechanical measurements during descending PEEP ventilation from 12 to 0 cmH2O. At each PEEP level, recruitability tests consisting of two recruitment maneuvers followed by repetitive forced oscillation perturbations to determine tissue elastance (H) and damping (G) were performed. Finally, lungs were fixed by vascular perfusion at end-expiratory airway opening pressures (Pao) of 20, 10, 5 and 2 cmH2O after a recruitment maneuver, and processed for design-based stereology to quantify derecruitment and distension. H and G were significantly elevated in AdTGF-β1 compared to AdCl across PEEP levels. H was minimized at PEEP = 5–8 cmH2O and increased at lower and higher PEEP in both groups. These findings correlated with increasing septal wall folding (= derecruitment) and reduced density of alveolar number and surface area (= distension), respectively. In AdTGF-β1 exposed mice, 27% of alveoli remained derecruited at Pao = 20 cmH2O. A further decrease in Pao down to 2 cmH2O showed derecruitment of an additional 1.1 million alveoli (48%), which was linked with an increase in alveolar size heterogeneity at Pao = 2–5 cmH2O. In AdCl, decreased Pao resulted in septal folding with virtually no alveolar collapse. In essence, in healthy mice alveoli do not derecruit at low PEEP ventilation. The potential of alveolar recruitability in AdTGF-β1 exposed mice is high. H is optimized at PEEP 5–8 cmH2O. Lower PEEP folds and larger PEEP stretches septa which results in higher H and is more pronounced in AdTGF-β1 than in AdCl. The increased alveolar size heterogeneity at Pao = 5 cmH2O argues for the use of PEEP = 8 cmH2O for lung protective mechanical ventilation in this animal model.
Differential responses of Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) varieties to salt stress in relation to physiological and biochemical parameters
Authors: Sadeghi Arezoo , Razmjoo Jamshid , Karimmojeni Hassan , Baldwin Timothy C.
Published: April 2024

The response of 14 Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) varieties to salinity were evaluated in a field experiment over two growing seasons. Carotenoid, Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, proline and MDA content, CAT, APX and GPX activity and petal and seeds yields were determined in order to investigate the mechanism of salt tolerance exhibited by Hollyhock, and too identify salt tolerant varieties. Overall, the photosynthetic pigment content,petal and seed yields were reduced by salt stress. Whereas the proline and MDA content, and the CAT, APX and GPX activities increased as salt levels increased. However, the values of the measured traits were dependent upon the on the level of salt stress, the Varietie and the interaction between the two variables. Based upon the smallest reduction in petal yield, the Masouleh variety was shown to be the most salt tolerant, when grown under severe salt stress. However, based upon the smallest reduction in seed yield, Khorrmabad was the most tolerant variety to severe salt stress. These data suggest that the selection of more salt tolerant Hollyhock genotypes may be possible based upon the wide variation in tolerance to salinity exhibited by the varieties tested.
The time-domain Cartesian multipole expansion of electromagnetic fields
Authors: Le Boudec Elias , Kasmi Chaouki , Mora Nicolas , Rachidi Farhad , Radici Emanuela , Rubinstein Marcos , Vega Felix
Published: April 2024

Time-domain solutions of Maxwell’s equations in homogeneous and isotropic media are paramount to studying transient or broadband phenomena. However, analytical solutions are generally unavailable for practical applications, while numerical solutions are computationally intensive and require significant memory. Semi-analytical solutions (e.g., series expansion), such as those provided by the current theoretical framework of the multipole expansion, can be discouraging for practical case studies. This paper shows how sophisticated mathematical tools standard in modern physics can be leveraged to find semi-analytical solutions for arbitrary localized time-varying current distributions thanks to the novel time-domain Cartesian multipole expansion. We present the theory, apply it to a concrete application involving the imaging of an intricate current distribution, verify our results with an existing analytical approach, and compare the proposed method to a finite-difference time-domain numerical simulation. Thanks to the concept of current “pixels” introduced in this paper, we derive time-domain semi-analytical solutions of Maxwell’s equations for arbitrary planar geometries.
A comprehensive study of colisepticaemia progression in layer chickens applying novel tools elucidates pathogenesis and transmission of Escherichia coli into eggs
Authors: Abdelhamid Mohamed Kamal , Hess Claudia , Bilic Ivana , Glösmann Martin , Rehman Hammad Ur , Liebhart Dieter , Hess Michael , Paudel Surya
Published: April 2024

Colisepticaemia caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a challenging disease due to its high economic importance in poultry, dubious pathogenesis and potential link with zoonosis and food safety. The existing in vitro studies can’t define hallmark traits of APEC isolates, suggesting a paradigm shift towards host response to understand pathogenesis. This study investigated the comprehensive pathological and microbial progression of colisepticaemia, and transmission of E. coli into eggs using novel tools. In total 48 hens were allocated into three groups and were inoculated intratracheally with ilux2-E. coli PA14/17480/5­/ovary (bioluminescent strain), E. coli PA14/17480/5­/ovary or phosphate buffered saline. Infection with both strains led to typical clinical signs and lesions of colibacillosis as in field outbreaks. Based on lung histopathology, colisepticaemia progression was divided into four disease stages as: stage I (1–3 days post infection (dpi)), stage II (6 dpi), stage III (9 dpi) and stage IV (16 dpi) that were histologically characterized by predominance of heterophils, mixed cells, pyogranuloma, and convalescence, respectively. As disease progressed, bacterial colonization in host organs also decreased, revealed by the quantification of bacterial bioluminescence, bacteriology, and quantitative immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and bacteria re-isolation showed that E. coli colonized the reproductive tract of infected hens and reached to egg yolk and albumen. In conclusion, the study provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of colisepticemia by characterizing microbial and pathological changes at different disease stages, and of the bacteria transmission to table eggs, which have serious consequences on poultry health and food safety.
Digital technology in maize nutrient management research in northern Nigeria amid COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Aliyu Kamaluddin T. , Shehu Bello M. , Adam Adam M.
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a life threatening and spreads wildly with physical human contact. Physical distancing is recommended by health experts to prevent the spread; thus, agronomic research has to be designed in conformity to this preventive standard during the pandemic. Consequently, this study was designed to evaluate the reliability of using digital tools in nutrient management research amid the COVID-19 pandemic in northern Nigeria. Fifty extension agents (EAs) were selected across 15 LGAs of Kaduna and Kano states. The EAs were trained on how to generate fertilizer recommendation using an android mobile phone-based nutrient expert (NE), to measure farmers’ field sizes using UTM Area measure mobile phone app, and open data kit to record, submit and aggregate data during the exercise. Each EA covered 50 farms, where two nutrient management practices—one determined by the farmers: farmer fertilizer practice (FFP), and the other generated using the NE were evaluated. Results show that around 90% of the farmers have an average field size of 1.13 ha. All selected farmers used improved maize varieties for planting, among which 21% been able to use the exact recommended or lower seed rate. Use of inorganic fertilizer was 33% higher than the average recommended NE rate, while average yield of the NE fields was 48% higher than for the FFP. The results of this study indicate that yield can be improved with site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) extension approach. The SSNM using digital tools as the NE seem promising and befits to agronomic research in northern Nigeria amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Coordination analysis of flood-sediment transportation, eco-environment, and socio-economy coupling in the governance of the Yellow River Basin system
Authors: Zhao Gaolei , Tian Shimin , Jiang Enhui , Jing Yongcai , Chen Rongxu , Wang Xin , Zhang Yang
Published: April 2024

The watershed system has a complex game relationship between the benign operation and coordinated development of various elements of flood-sediment transportation, eco-environment, and socio-economy (FES). With the increasing breadth, depth, and intensity of human activities in watersheds, it is urgent to coordinate the FES. The relationship of water–sediment in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is complex, with a prominent contradiction in water supply and a fragile ecosystem. This research tries to build a comprehensive evaluation model for FES and explore the complex interaction between FES in the YRB from 2000 to 2020. The results demonstrated that (1) the comprehensive flood-sediment transportation index (CFTI) and comprehensive eco-environment index (CEI) presented fluctuating growth. In contrast, the comprehensive socio-economy index (CSI) revealed a linear growth trend. The CFTI of Sanmenxia, CEI of Toudaokuan, and CSI of Ningxia had the highest growth rates, with 36.03%, 6.48%, and 107.5%, respectively. (2) FES's positive and negative effects were alternating, with heterogeneity in both time and space. (3) The coupling coordination degree (CCD) in the YRB indicated an increasing trend, ranging from 0.53 to 0.87, from reluctantly coordinated development to good coordinated development. The lagging subsystem was CFTI (2000–2001 and 2008–2020) and CSI (2002–2007), and the CEI was not lagging. (4) Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) demonstrated significant differences in the CCD of the YRB, and areas with similar CCD within the basin tend to be centrally distributed in space. At the same time, there was negative spatial autocorrelation in coordination. The results provide a scientific theoretical and methodological framework for strategic research on the YRB system's governance, protection, and management.
Co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and guide RNAs for editing of LGMN gene represses breast cancer cell metastasis
Authors: Wang Yue , Peng Yatu , Zi Guanghui , Chen Jin , Peng Baowei
Published: April 2024

Legumain (or asparagine endopeptidase/AEP) is a lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase associated with increased invasive and migratory behavior in a variety of cancers. In this study, co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and guide RNA (gRNA) by lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for editing of LGMN gene was performed. For in-vitro transcription (IVT) of gRNA, two templates were designed: linearized pUC57-T7-gRNA and T7-gRNA oligos, and the effectiveness of gRNA was verified in multiple ways. Cas9 plasmid was modified and optimized for IVT of Cas9 mRNA. The effects of LGMN gene editing on lysosomal/autophagic function and cancer cell metastasis were investigated. Co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and gRNA resulted in impaired lysosomal/autophagic degradation, clone formation, migration, and invasion capacity of cancer cells in-vitro. Experimental lung metastasis experiment indicates co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and gRNA by LNP reduced the migration and invasion capacity of cancer cells in-vivo. These results indicate that co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and gRNA can enhance the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in-vitro and in-vivo, and suggest that Cas9 mRNA and gRNA gene editing of LGMN may be a potential treatment for breast tumor metastasis.