bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual sensor streamer technology used in Sleipner CO2 injection monitoring
Authors: Furre Anne‐Kari , Eiken Ola
Published: April 2014

CO2 has been injected into the saline aquifer Utsira Fm at the Sleipner field since 1996. In order to monitor the movement of the CO2 in the sub‐surface, the seventh seismic monitor survey was acquired in 2010, with dual sensor streamers which enabled optimal towing depths compared to previous surveys. We here report both on the time‐lapse observations and on the improved resolution compared to the conventional streamer surveys. This study shows that the CO2 is still contained in the subsurface, with no indications of leakage. The time‐lapse repeatability of the dual sensor streamer data versus conventional data is sufficient for interpreting the time‐lapse effects of the CO2 at Sleipner, and the higher resolution of the 2010 survey has enabled a refinement of the interpretation of nine CO2 saturated layers with improved thickness estimates of the layers. In particular we have estimated the thickness of the uppermost CO2 layer based on an analysis of amplitude strength together with time‐separation of top and base of this layer and found the maximum thickness to be 11 m. This refined interpretation gives a good base line for future time‐lapse surveys at the Sleipner CO2 injection site.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Formation in Edible Oils by Photoisomerization: A Review
Authors: Gangidi Rahul Reddy , Lokesh Belur Ramaswamy
Published: April 2014

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) that is commonly found in dairy and ruminant fats, is geometrical and positional isomer of linoleic acid (LA). Edible oils are not good sources of CLA. Attempts have been made to generate CLA in edible oils through photoisomerization procedures. CLA isomers have several proven health benefits. This article reviews procedures for producing CLA containing edible oils by photoisomerization approach and applications of photoisomerized oils for food uses. The article reviews (1) the photoisomerized production of CLA containing oils on lab scale, with customized equipment, at pilot plant scale; (2) the effects of iodine content, photoisomerization time, refining, interference from minor components of oils, efficacy of different edible oils containing LA, interference from antioxidants; (3) the chemical kinetics, oxidative stability; and (4) photoisomerized oils for frying oils and as drying oils.The review also briefly covers methods of measurement of CLA.
Measuring habitat fragmentation: An evaluation of landscape pattern metrics
Authors: Wang Xianli , Blanchet F. Guillaume , Koper Nicola
Published: April 2014

Landscape patterns influence a range of ecological processes at multiple spatial scales. Landscape pattern metrics are often used to study the patterns that result from the linear and nonlinear interactions between spatial aggregation and abundance of habitat.

However, many class‐level pattern metrics are highly correlated with habitat abundance, making their use as a measure of habitat fragmentation problematic.

We argue that a class‐level pattern metric should be (1) able to differentiate landscapes across a range of spatial aggregations, and (2) independent of habitat abundance, if it is to be used to distinguish between effects of habitat amount and fragmentation.

Based on these criteria and using both simulated and actual landscapes, we evaluated 64 class‐level pattern metrics. These metrics were reclassified into four groups based on their correlation with aggregation and abundance.

Among all these metrics, nine were considered robust for fragmentation measurements, which cover most of the characteristics that define pattern, including core area, shape, proximity / isolation, contrast, and contagion / interspersion.

Optimal metrics for individual studies will depend on both biological rationales and statistically robust metrics that are appropriate for achieving each study objectives.
SDMtoolbox: a python‐based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses
Authors: Brown Jason L.
Published: April 2014

Species distribution models (SDMs) are broadly used in ecological and evolutionary studies. Almost all SDM methods require extensive data preparation in a geographic information system (GIS) prior to model building. Often, this step is cumbersome and, if not properly done, can lead to poorly parameterized models or in some cases, if too difficult, prevents the realization of SDMs. Further, for many studies, the creation of SDMs is not the final result and the post‐modelling processing can be equally arduous as other steps.

SDMtoolbox is designed to facilitate many complicated pre‐ and post‐processing steps commonly required for species distribution modelling and other geospatial analyses. SDMtoolbox consists of 59 Python script‐based GIS tools developed and compiled into a single interface.

A large set of the tools were created to complement SDMs generated in Maxent or to improve the predictive performance of SDMs created in Maxent. However, SDMtoolbox is not limited to analyses of Maxent models, and many tools are also available for additional analyses or general geospatial processing: for example, assessing landscape connectivity of haplotype networks (using least‐cost corridors or least‐cost paths); correcting SDM over‐prediction; quantifying distributional changes between current and future SDMs; or for calculating several biodiversity metrics, such as corrected weighted endemism.

SDMtoolbox is a free comprehensive python‐based toolbox for macroecology, landscape genetic and evolutionary studies to be used in ArcGIS 10.1 (or higher) with the Spatial Analyst extension. The toolkit simplifies many GIS analyses required for species distribution modelling and other analyses, alleviating the need for repetitive and time‐consuming climate data pre‐processing and post‐SDM analyses.
Oxidative Stress and Autonomic Dysregulation Contribute to the Acute Time‐Dependent Myocardial Depressant Effect of Ethanol in Conscious Female Rats
Authors: Ibrahim Badr M. , Fan Ming , Abdel‐Rahman Abdel A.
Published: April 2014

Background

The molecular mechanisms of the acute hypotensive and indirectly assessed cardiac depressant effect of ethanol (EtOH)‐evoked myocardial depression and hypotension in female rats are not known. We tested the hypothesis that a time‐dependent myocardial depression caused by EtOH is initiated by its direct and indirect (cardiac vagal dominance) effects and is exacerbated by gradual development of oxidative stress.

Methods

In conscious female rats, we directly measured left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), the maximal rise of ventricular pressure over time (dP/dtmax), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and sympathovagal activity following intragastric EtOH (1 g/kg) or water over 90 minutes. Catalytic activity of acetaldehyde (ACA)‐generating (alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH] and catalase) and eliminating aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH2] enzymes along with mediators of oxidative stress were measured in myocardial tissues collected at 30, 60, or 90 minutes after EtOH or water.

Results

EtOH reduced myocardial function (LVDP and dP/dtmax) within 5 to 10 minutes before the steady fall in BP in conscious proestrus rats. Further, EtOH shifted the sympathovagal balance, analyzed by spectral analysis of high frequency and low frequency of interbeat intervals, toward vagal dominance. Prior vagal blockade (atropine) or antioxidant (tempol) treatment attenuated EtOH‐evoked myocardial depression and hypotension. Ex vivo studies revealed time‐dependent: (i) enhancement of ADH, but not ALDH2 activity (indicative of elevated ACA levels), (ii) increases in phosphorylated Akt and ERK1/2, NADPH‐oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal‐modified proteins. These molecular responses along with reduced myocardial catalase activity were most evident at 90 minutes post‐EtOH when the reductions in cardiac function and BP reached their nadir.

Conclusions

Vagal dominance and time‐dependent myocardial oxidative stress along with the accumulation of cardiotoxic aldehydes mediate EtOH‐evoked myocardial dysfunction and hypotension in conscious proestrus female rats.
The α1B‐adrenoceptor subtype mediates adrenergic vasoconstriction in mouse retinal arterioles with damaged endothelium
Authors: Böhmer Tobias , Manicam Caroline , Steege Andreas , Michel Martin C , Pfeiffer Norbert , Gericke Adrian
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose

The α1‐adrenoceptor family plays a critical role in regulating ocular perfusion by mediating responses to catecholamines. The purpose of the present study was to determine the contribution of individual α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes to adrenergic vasoconstriction of retinal arterioles using gene‐targeted mice deficient in one of the three adrenoceptor subtypes (α1A‐AR−/−, α1B‐AR−/− and α1D‐AR−/− respectively).

Experimental Approach

Using real‐time PCR, mRNA expression for individual α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes was determined in murine retinal arterioles. To assess the functional relevance of the three α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes for mediating vascular responses, retinal vascular preparations from wild‐type mice and mice deficient in individual α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes were studied in vitro using video microscopy.

Key Results

Retinal arterioles expressed mRNA for all three α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes. In functional studies, arterioles from wild‐type mice with intact endothelium responded only negligibly to the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. In endothelium‐damaged arterioles from wild‐type mice, phenylephrine evoked concentration‐dependent constriction that was attenuated by the α1‐adrenoceptor blocker prazosin. Strikingly, phenylephrine only minimally constricted endothelium‐damaged retinal arterioles from α1B‐AR−/− mice, whereas arterioles from α1A‐AR−/− and α1D‐AR−/− mice constricted similarly to arterioles from wild‐type mice. Constriction to U46619 was similar in endothelium‐damaged retinal arterioles from all four mouse genotypes.

Conclusions and Implications

The present study is the first to demonstrate that α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated vasoconstriction in murine retinal arterioles is buffered by the endothelium. When the endothelium is damaged, a vasoconstricting role of the α1B‐adrenoceptor subtype is unveiled. Hence, the α1B‐adrenoceptor may represent a target to selectively modulate retinal blood flow in ocular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction.
Role of cathepsin B in regulating migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes into inflamed tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Tong B , Wan B , Wei Z , Wang T , Zhao P , Dou Y , Lv Z , Xia Y , Dai Y
Published: April 2014

Cathepsin B (CB), an important proteinase that participates in joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exhibits higher expression in fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) of abnormal proliferative synovial tissues. Whether and how it affects the biological behaviours of RA-FLS, such as migration and invasion, are poorly understood. In the present study, CB expression in synovial tissues of patients with RA and ostearthritis (OA) were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Stable depletion of endogenous CB was achieved by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, and decrease of CB activity was acquired by using its specific inhibitor (CA074Me). The effects of CA074Me and RNA interference (RNAi) treatments on proliferation, migration, invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 expression, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation of FLS were analysed. In RA synovial tissues, CB was expressed at elevated levels compared with OA synovial tissues. CA074Me could inhibit invasion of FLS obtained from RA patients in an ex-vivo invasion model. CA074Me and siRNA treatments suppressed the migration and invasion of FLS, reduced the activity, expression and mRNA level of MMP-2, restrained the activation of FAK and reduced the expression of F-actin. Moreover, CA074Me decreased the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in FLS, while siCB treatment reduced the phosphorylation of P38 but not JNK. CB substantially contributes to the invasive phenotype of FLS that leads to joint destruction in RA. This proteinase may show promise as a therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
Towards a mechanistic understanding of temperature and enrichment effects on species interaction strength, omnivory and food‐web structure
Authors: Sentis Arnaud , Hemptinne Jean‐Louis , Brodeur Jacques
Published: April 2014

Revealing the links between species functional traits, interaction strength and food‐web structure is of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the relationships between food‐web diversity and stability in a rapidly changing world. However, little is known about the interactive effects of environmental perturbations on individual species, trophic interactions and ecosystem functioning. Here, we combined modelling and laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of warming and enrichment on a terrestrial tritrophic system. We found that the food‐web structure is highly variable and switches between exploitative competition and omnivory depending on the effects of temperature and enrichment on foraging behaviour and species interaction strength. Our model contributes to identifying the mechanisms that explain how environmental effects cascade through the food web and influence its topology. We conclude that considering environmental factors and flexible food‐web structure is crucial to improve our ability to predict the impacts of global changes on ecosystem diversity and stability.
Laying the foundations for fish recovery: The first 10 years of the Native Fish Strategy for the Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Koehn John D. , Lintermans Mark , Copeland Craig
Published: April 2014

The Native Fish Strategy aimed to return fish populations in Australia's largest (1 million square kilometre) river basin from an estimated 10 to 60% of pre‐European settlement levels after 50 years of implementation. While funding for implementation of this programme has now ceased (despite native fish remaining in a poor state), the achievements of the Strategy's first 10 years provide a solid basis for implementing the work necessary to rehabilitate native fish populations in the future.
Demonstration reaches: Looking back whilst moving forward with river rehabilitation under the Native Fish Strategy
Authors: Boys Craig A. , Lyon Jarod , Zampatti Brenton , Norris Andrew , Butcher Adam , Robinson Wayne , Jackson Peter
Published: April 2014

‘Demonstration reaches’ are sections of river where multiple threats to native fish are addressed through river rehabilitation and strong community participation. They are an important way of promoting the key driving actions of the Murray‐Darling Basin Authority's Native Fish Strategy (NFS) by using on‐ground community‐driven rehabilitation. Measuring rehabilitation success against well‐defined targets and using this information to adaptively mange activities is fundamental to the demonstration reach philosophy. Seven years on from the establishment of the first demonstration reach, there are now seven throughout the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB), all in differing states of maturation and but all applying a standardised framework for monitoring native fish outcomes. In this study, we reflect on the role that demonstration reaches have played within the NFS, synthesise some key findings from 32 monitoring and evaluation outputs, and highlight some of the successes and barriers to success. We make recommendations as to how to strengthen the demonstration reach model to ensure it remains a relevant approach for fish habitat rehabilitation beyond the NFS and MDB.
The long‐term effect of vagus nerve stimulation on quality of life in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy: The PuLsE (Open Prospective Randomized Long‐term Effectiveness) trial
Authors: Ryvlin Philippe , Gilliam Frank G. , Nguyen Dang K. , Colicchio Gabriella , Iudice Alfonso , Tinuper Paolo , Zamponi Nelia , Aguglia Umberto , Wagner Louis , Minotti Lorella , Stefan Hermann , Boon Paul , Sadler Mark , Benna Paolo , Raman Pradheep , Perucca Emilio
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate whether vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as adjunct to best medical practice (VNS + BMP) is superior to BMP alone in improving long‐term health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods

PuLsE (Open Prospective Randomized Long‐term Effectiveness) was a prospective, randomized, parallel‐group, open‐label, and long‐term effectiveness study (conducted at 28 sites in Europe and Canada). Adults with pharmacoresistant focal seizures (n = 112) received VNS + BMP or BMP (1:1 ratio). Medications and VNS parameters could be adjusted as clinically indicated for optimal seizure control while minimizing adverse effects. Primary endpoint was mean change from baseline HRQoL (using Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory‐89 total score; QOLIE‐89). Secondary endpoints included changes in seizure frequency, responder rate (≥50% decrease in seizure frequency), Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D), Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory‐Epilepsy scale (NDDI‐E), Clinical Global Impression‐Improvement scale (CGI‐I), Adverse Event Profile (AEP), and antiepileptic drug (AED) load. The study was prematurely terminated due to recruitment difficulties prior to completing the planned enrollment of n = 362. Results for n = 96 who had baseline and at least one follow‐up QOLIE‐89 assessment (from months 3‐12) were included in this analysis. Mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis of variance was performed on change from baseline for the primary and secondary endpoints.

Results

Significant between‐group differences in favor of VNS + BMP were observed regarding improvement in HRQoL, seizure frequency, and CGI‐I score (respective p‐values < 0.05, 0.03, and 0.01). More patients in the VNS + BMP group (43%) reported adverse events (AEs) versus BMP group (21%) (p = 0.01), a difference reflecting primarily mostly transient AEs related to VNS implantation or stimulation. No significant difference between treatment groups was observed for changes in CES‐D, NDDI‐E, AEP, and AED load.

Significance

VNS therapy as a treatment adjunct to BMP in patients with pharmacoresistant focal seizures was associated with a significant improvement in HRQoL compared with BMP alone.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
SUDEP and epilepsy‐related mortality in pregnancy
Authors: Edey Stephan , Moran Nicholas , Nashef Lina
Published: April 2014

Although data are limited, research in 2004 estimated a 10‐fold increase in mortality in pregnancy in the United Kingdom in women with epilepsy (WWE) compared to women without epilepsy. We highlight epilepsy mortality in pregnancy based on the 2011 report of the United Kingdom Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, relating its findings to previous reports and epilepsy‐rates in pregnancy. Among 2,291,493 maternities (2006–2008), we estimated 0.6% or 13,978 were in WWE. Fourteen deaths were epilepsy‐related, of which 11 (79%) were sudden and unexpected (SUDEP). Nine occurred during pregnancy and five were postpartum. Nine (64%) were in women taking lamotrigine, seven as monotherapy. We estimated that 1:1,000 women died from epilepsy (mostly SUDEP) during or shortly after pregnancy. Epilepsy‐related mortality is a significant risk in pregnancy. Antiepileptic drug–related factors may be relevant. The high proportion of women taking lamotrigine may reflect United Kingdom prescribing practice. Recent observations from the European and International Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy (EURAP), whereby women on lamotrigine, the levels of which significantly decrease in pregnancy, had more difficulties with epilepsy control, argue against this being the sole explanation. Given the potential risks, every attempt should be made to prevent seizures, particularly convulsive, during pregnancy and postpartum. This, we believe, includes being proactive in maintaining lamotrigine levels during pregnancy.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
IL‐1β associations with posttraumatic epilepsy development: A genetics and biomarker cohort study
Authors: Diamond Matthew L. , Ritter Anne C. , Failla Michelle D. , Boles Jennifer A. , Conley Yvette P. , Kochanek Patrick M. , Wagner Amy K.
Published: April 2014

Objective

Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a significant complication following traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the role of genetic variation in modulating PTE onset is unclear. We hypothesized that TBI‐induced inflammation likely contributes to seizure development. We assessed whether genetic variation in the interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β) gene, IL‐1β levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, and CSF/serum IL‐1β ratios would predict PTE development post‐TBI.

Methods

We investigated PTE development in 256 Caucasian adults with moderate‐to‐severe TBI. IL‐1β tagging and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. Genetic variance and PTE development were assessed. Serum and CSF IL‐1β levels were collected from a subset of subjects (n = 59) during the first week postinjury and evaluated for their associations with IL‐1β gene variants, and also PTE. Temporally matched CSF/serum IL‐1β ratios were also generated to reflect the relative contribution of serum IL‐1β to CSF IL‐1β.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that higher CSF/serum IL‐1β ratios were associated with increased risk for PTE over time (p = 0.008). Multivariate analysis for rs1143634 revealed an association between the CT genotype and increased PTE risk over time (p = 0.005). The CT genotype group also had lower serum IL‐1β levels (p = 0.014) and higher IL‐1β CSF/serum ratios (p = 0.093).

Significance

This is the first report implicating IL‐1β gene variability in PTE risk and linking (1) IL‐1β gene variation with serum IL‐1β levels observed after TBI and (2) IL‐1β ratios with PTE risk. Given these findings, we propose that genetic and IL‐1β ratio associations with PTE may be attributable to biologic variability with blood–brain barrier integrity during TBI recovery. These results provide a rationale for further studies (1) validating the impact of genetic variability on IL‐1β production after TBI, (2) assessing genetically mediated signaling mechanisms that contribute to IL‐1β CSF/serum associations with PTE, and (3) evaluating targeted IL‐1β therapies that reduce PTE.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Organizational Entrepreneurship as Active Resistance: A Struggle against Outsourcing
Authors: Courpasson David , Dany Françoise , Martí Ignasi
Published: April 2014

This paper aims to contribute to the emerging perspective on organizational entrepreneurship by outlining how resistance to managerial policies and decisions can give birth to alternative organizational styles. Drawing on an in–depth analysis of a personal narrative of an R&D team manager opposition to hierarchical decisions, we link studies on resistance and organizational entrepreneurship to suggest that active resistance, which we define as the capacity to live beyond managerial control to create spaces of creativity and solidarity and alternative modalities of work in an organizational context, can actually contribute to the entrepreneurial process.
Effectiveness of conventional and hydrosurgical debridement methods in reducing Staphylococcus aureus inoculation of equine muscle in vitro
Authors: Skärlina E. M. , Wilmink J. M. , Fall N. , Gorvy D. A.
Published: April 2014

Reasons for performing study

The success of primary healing of equine traumatic wounds is dependent on thorough debridement. A specific hydrosurgical debridement device (VersajetTM)a is gentle to viable tissues, yet effectively removes macroscopic contaminants and debris. We wished to investigate whether it is effective in reducing bacterial burden and whether it differs from traditional methods. No previous reports compare hydrosurgical debridement and conventional wound debridement with regard to bacterial reduction from in vitro inoculated soft tissue.

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of hydrosurgical debridement in reducing the Staphylococcus aureus load from in vitro inoculated equine muscle compared with conventional wound debridement methods.

Study design

In vitro experimental study.

Methods

The surface of equine masseter muscle was inoculated with a S. aureus broth and subsequently debrided using one of the following 4 methods: saline irrigation; sharp debridement; saline irrigation and sharp debridement; or hydrosurgical debridement. Tissue samples for quantitative cultures were collected before and after debridement, and the colony‐forming units per gram of tissue were calculated and log transformed. The reductions in bacterial counts were analysed statistically using Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests and Friedman two‐way ANOVA.

Results

Hydrosurgical debridement was more effective than conventional debridement methods in reducing the S. aureus load (P<0.05). Hydrosurgical debridement reduced the bacterial load by 99.7%, in comparison to saline irrigation and sharp debridement (87.4%), sharp debridement (82.2%) and saline irrigation (46.0%).

Conclusions

Hydrosurgical debridement reduces the S. aureus load from in vitro contaminated equine muscle significantly more than conventional debridement methods.
An anisotropic damage model based on microstructure of boom–panel for the fatigue life prediction of structural components
Authors: Sun L. , Hu W. , Zhang M. , Meng Q.
Published: April 2014

Because of their simplicity, many isotropic damage models have been used to approximately predict the fatigue life of metallic engineering components. However, experimental observations confirm that the anisotropic damage evolves at probable failure sites even for isotropic materials. In this study, a model of microstructure of boom–panel is constructed to simulate a representative volume element (RVE), and the anisotropic damage of the RVE is described by the independent isotropic damage of boom and panel. Firstly, the constitutive equation of the RVE in terms of stiffness of boom–panel is deduced by the principle of deformation and static consistency. Then the expressions of damage‐driving force for boom and panel based on the principle of thermodynamics are introduced, and the damage evolution equations are constructed. The parameters of boom and panel are identified from fatigue test data of uniaxial tension and pure torsion, respectively. Finally, the aforementioned method is applied to predict the fatigue life of two structures: one is Pitch‐Change‐Link, which is a kind of structure in helicopter, and the other is a specimen under tension–torsion. The prediction results all fit well with the experimental data.
Ocean warming, a rapid distributional shift, and the hybridization of a coastal fish species
Authors: Potts Warren M. , Henriques Romina , Santos Carmen V. , Munnik Kate , Ansorge Isabelle , Dufois Francois , Booth Anthony J. , Kirchner Carola , Sauer Warwick H.H. , Shaw Paul W.
Published: April 2014

Despite increasing awareness of large‐scale climate‐driven distribution shifts in the marine environment, no study has linked rapid ocean warming to a shift in distribution and consequent hybridization of a marine fish species. This study describes rapid warming (0.8 °C per decade) in the coastal waters of the Angola‐Benguela Frontal Zone over the last three decades and a concomitant shift by a temperature sensitive coastal fish species (Argyrosomus coronus) southward from Angola into Namibia. In this context, rapid shifts in distribution across Economic Exclusive Zones will complicate the management of fishes, particularly when there is a lack of congruence in the fisheries policy between nations. Evidence for recent hybridization betweenA. coronusand a congener,A. inodorus, indicate that the rapid shift in distribution ofA. coronushas placed adults of the two species in contact during their spawning events. Ocean warming may therefore revert established species isolation mechanisms and alter the evolutionary history of fishes. While the consequences of the hybridization on the production of the resource remain unclear, this will most likely introduce additional layers of complexity to their management.
The natural history of HIV‐associated lipodystrophy in the changing scenario of HIV infection
Authors: Guaraldi G , Stentarelli C , Zona S , Santoro A , Beghetto B , Carli F , Orlando G , Franceschetto A , Casolo A , Mussini C
Published: April 2014

Objectives

In long‐term HIV‐infected patients, peripheral lipoatrophy (LA) and central lipohypertrophy (LH) appear to be related to the same insults (virus and antiretroviral drugs), but are likely to be associated with different fat depot physiologies. The objective of this study was to describe the natural history of lipodystrophy assessed using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and computed tomography (CT) in a large HIV out‐patients metabolic clinic.

Methods

An observational retrospective study was carried out including HIV‐infected patients recruited at the Metabolic Clinic of Modena, Modena, Italy, who were assessed for lipodystrophy and had at least two anthropometric evaluations using DEXA for leg fat per cent mass and abdominal CT for visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Factors associated with leg fat per cent and VAT changes were analysed using multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models.

Results

A total of 6789 DEXAs and 7566 CT scans were evaluated in the observation period. A total of 1840 patients were included; the mean age was 45.2 ± 7.2 (standard deviation) years, 621 (34%) were women, and the median HIV infection duration was 176 (interquartile range 121–232) years. According to the GEE multivariable regression analysis, leg fat per cent evaluated with DEXA appeared to increase over calendar years (ß = 0.92; P < 0.001); moreover, a progressive increase in VAT was observed in the cohort (ß = 5.69; P < 0.001). No association with antiretroviral drugs was found.

Conclusions

In our study, neither LA nor LH appeared to be associated with antiretroviral drug exposure. We observed a progressive increase in LH in HIV‐infected patients over calendar years. This anthropometric change, together with loss of appendicular lean mass, could describe a physiological aging process in HIV‐infected patients.
An efficient and rapid thin‐layer chromatography method for the identification of 32 dye substances in hair dye products
Authors: Zhu H. J. , Yang Y. W. , Zhu Y.
Published: April 2014

Synopsis

Objective

The use of dye substances in hair dye products has led to controversial public and scientific discussions about their impact on human health. This study aimed to explore a rapid method for identification of dye substances in hair dye products.

Methods

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was conducted in this study. We developed basic data of 32 dye substances by 4 developing solvents and 2 indicator sprays. The dye substances were identified by comparing the Rf values and colors between samples and reference substances.

Results

Thirty samples were identified by the established method. 22 hair dye substances were detected in 16 formula known samples, 15 hair dye substances were detected in 14 formula unknown samples. Four laboratories participated in the validation and the results showed good interlaboratory reproducibility.

Conclusion

The developed TLC method is simple, rapid, reliable and can be finely used for identification of dye substances in hair dye products.
Psychological state in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention and their spouses
Authors: Roohafza Hamidreza , Sadeghi Masoumeh , Khani Azam , Andalib Elham , Alikhasi Hasan , Rafiei Mohammadali
Published: April 2014

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) are well accepted treatments for coronary artery disease. Many patients and their spouses experience increased level of stress, anxiety and depression before and after going under the procedure. One hundred and ninety‐six cardiac patients who were candidate for CABG or PCI procedures and their spouses were asked to complete Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire‐12 before and 1 month after procedures. Anxiety, depression and stress level in patients and their spouses going under the procedures significantly reduced over time. Scores of anxiety, depression and stress in patients and their spouses were correlated. There was no difference in the level of anxiety, depression and stress between CABG and PCI groups before to after procedures. We suggest providing information about the procedures to both patients and their spouses to deal better with their own psychological state.
The attitudes of nursing students towards lesbians and gay males in Turkey
Authors: Bostanci Daştan Nihal
Published: April 2014

This study was conducted with 158 nursing students using the Homosexuality Attitudes Scale as a descriptive and explorative study to determine the attitudes of nursing students towards lesbians and gay males and the affecting factors. As a result, it was found that the students' attitudes were moderately homophobic; stronger religious belief, conversing with others about homosexuality and the idea of making friends with lesbians and gay males positively affected this attitude. It is thought that this study will help increase the awareness of working nurses and students at the school of nursing towards lesbians and gay males.
The effects of light therapy on depression and sleep disruption in older adults in a long‐term care facility
Authors: Wu Mann‐Chian , Sung Huei‐Chuan , Lee Wen‐Li , Smith Graeme D
Published: April 2014

This study aims to evaluate the effect of light therapy on depression and sleep disruption in older adults residing in a long‐term care facility. Psychological morbidity is a problem commonly seen in older adults residing in long‐term care facilities. Limited research has addressed the effect of light therapy on depression in this population. A quasi‐experimental pretest and posttest design was used. Thirty‐four participants in the experimental group received light therapy by sitting in front of a 10000‐lux light box 30 min in the morning, three times a week for 4 weeks. Thirty‐one participants in the control group received routine care without light therapy. Depression was measured by Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form at baseline and week 4. After receiving 4 weeks of light therapy, the mean depression score in the experimental group decreased from 7.24 (SD3.42) at pretest to 5.91 (SD 3.40) at posttest, and had a significant reduction (t = 2.22, P = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in depression score and sleep disruption between the experimental group and control group. Light therapy might have the potential to reduce depressive symptoms and sleep disruption and may be a viable intervention to improve mental health of older adults in the long‐term care facilities.
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, an Australian cohort: clinical and investigative features
Authors: Salaria M. , Taylor J. , Bogwitz M. , Winship I.
Published: April 2014

Aim

The present study aims to describe the phenotypic features of patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) seen at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia, and to customise a protocol for surveillance of patients with HHT.

Methods

This is a retrospective study in a tertiary referral hospital of all patients referred to the Clinical Genetics Service between 2007 and 2011 with a suspected diagnosis of HHT. Data abstracted from patient clinical records were analysed for clinical features, types of HHT and genetic testing results where available.

Results

Our cohort comprising 40 females and 23 males patients was assessed using the Curacao criteria. Twenty‐two patients fulfilled the criteria for a definite diagnosis, 30 had a possible diagnosis, and 11 patients were assessed as unlikely to have HHT at the time of data analysis. Seventeen patients had pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVM), five had cerebral AVM, five had hepatic AVM, three had confirmed bowel telangiectasia, and one patient had a pancreatic AVM. Two female patients with HHT had complicated pregnancies during their follow up with us. Three families had mutations in the endoglin (ENG gene), three had mutations in the ACVRL1 gene, and two families had mutations in the SMAD4 gene.

Conclusion

HHT is a multisystemic disorder and needs involvement of a team with experience in managing patients with HHT.
What Have We Learned That Is Critical in Understanding Leadership Perceptions and Leader-Performance Relations?
Authors: Lord Robert G. , Dinh Jessica E.
Published: April 2014

In this article, we provide a brief review of the current and past research on leadership perceptions and performance. We then describe four principles that have emerged from many decades of research, which can provide new directions for future leadership theory and research.
Location, Language, Location: Toward a Better Understanding of Leader-Performance Relations
Authors: Mitchell Tyree D. , Towler Annette J.
Published: April 2014

Lord and Dinh (2014) raise a number of important points that need to be considered in development of leadership research and practice. There are three main issues that we wish to address to support and develop their statements.
Durations of Bone Consolidation and External Fixation After Distraction Osteogenesis in Dogs
Authors: Tuohy Joanne L. , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. , Griffith Emily H.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate the influence of epidemiologic, surgical, and mechanical factors on the durations of bone consolidation and external fixation after distraction osteogenesis in dogs.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population

Dogs (n = 115) that had corrective osteotomy with circular external fixation (CEF; n = 152)

Methods

Medical and radiographic records (1992–2012) of dogs that had corrective osteotomies were reviewed. Putative variables included age, weight, gender, and breed. Surgery date, delay before distraction, rate and duration of distraction, mechanical complications, and frame removal date were recorded. Radiographic data included bone operated, bone length, osteotomy site, bone and limb size at osteotomy site, distraction distance, and CEF frame size and stiffness.

Results

Mean ± SD bone consolidation period was 56 ± 33 days. Mean duration of external fixation was 77 ± 35 days. Twelve fixation failures occurred. Radii healed faster than tibiae (P < .001). Failure of fixation (P = .002) and stiff frames (P = .033) increased duration of bone consolidation. For the tibia, durations of bone consolidation and external fixation decreased with larger bone size relative to limb size (P = .004). For the radius, bone consolidation duration decreased as distraction amount increased (P = .03).

Conclusion

Radii healed faster than tibiae. Wearing frames with low or moderate stiffness, the absence of mechanical complications, a larger distraction distance, and a larger bone size accelerated bone consolidation. Optimizing these factors should accelerate bone consolidation and reduce the duration of external fixation.
Urethral Prolapse in Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Carr Jennifer G. , Tobias Karen M. , Smith Laura
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate the signalment, clinical signs, treatment, and outcome of dogs with urethral prolapse and identify risk factors associated with prolapse or treatment.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 48) with urethral prolapse.

Methods

Medical records (May 1995–June 2010) from 2 referral centers were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, complications, results of long‐term follow‐up. Records from Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) were evaluated to determine odds ratios.

Results

Odds ratio for urethral prolapse in English bulldogs compared to all breeds was 366.99 (95% CI: 265.83, 506.65). Of 48 affected dogs, 46 had either resection and anastomosis (43 dogs) or urethropexy (3 dogs). The most common early postoperative complication was hemorrhage (39%); postoperative hemorrhage was less common when a simple continuous pattern was used for resection and anastomosis. Prolapse recurred in 57% of dogs available for long‐term follow‐up; recurrence was less common in dogs that were administered postoperative butorphanol or acepromazine. Gender was not associated with urethral prolapse or postoperative complications.

Conclusions

Urethral prolapse occurs most commonly in English bulldogs. Postoperative hemorrhage and prolapse recurrence may be reduced with use of a simple continuous pattern for urethral anastomosis and by administration of postoperative sedation, respectively. Castration status did not appear to affect prolapse development or outcome.
Evaluation ofIn VivoBehavior of Ameroid Ring Constrictors in Dogs with Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Hunt Geraldine B. , Culp William T. N. , Mayhew Kelli N. , Mayhew Philipp , Steffey Michele A. , Zwingenberger Allison
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate thein vivopattern of ameroid constrictor closure of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 22) with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

Methods

Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography was performed immediately before, and at least 8 weeks after placement of ameroid ring constrictors. Plastic‐encased ameroid constrictors were used in 17 dogs and metal constrictors in 5 dogs. Presence of residual flow through the portosystemic shunt, additional anomalous vessels, acquired shunts and soft tissue associated with the ameroid constrictor was recorded. Postoperative internal diameter was recorded for the 17 plastic constrictors. Correlations between internal diameter and pre‐ and postoperative serum protein concentration were analyzed.

Results

No ameroid constrictor closed completely: shunt occlusion was always dependent on soft tissue within the ameroid ring. Residual flow through the shunt was present in 4 dogs (18%), although this caused persistent elevation of shunt fraction in only 1 dog (dog 8). The change in ameroid constrictor internal diameter was not significantly correlated with serum protein concentration.

Conclusions

Complete shunt occlusion after AC placement is usually dependent on soft tissue reaction. Ameroid constrictors ≥5 mm diameter may not promote complete shunt occlusion.
Studies in Dactylicapnos (Papaveraceae–Fumarioideae) part II. Revision of Dactylicapnos sect. Pogonosperma sect. nov., with D. arunachalensis sp. nov.
Authors: Lidén Magnus , Pathak Mitilesh K.
Published: April 2014

Dactylicapnos sect. Pogonosperma Lidén & M. K. Pathak sect. nov. is established and revised based on morphology, and found to include four species: D. gaoligongshanensis from west Yunnan, D. arunachalensis Lidén & M. K. Pathak sp. nov., endemic to central Arunachal Pradesh, D. grandifoliolata (syn. D. ventii) and D. paucinervia (K. R. Stern) Lidén & M. K. Pathak comb. nov., the two latter species widespread in the east Himalayas.
Impact of water depth on root morphology of Juncellus serotinus (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Bai Xiang , Chen Xiaomin , Chen Kaining
Published: April 2014

Root morphological adaptation is an important mechanism for wetland plants to adapt to environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of water depth on biomass allocation and root morphology (including root mean diameter, root length, root surface area and root volume) of a wetland plant species, Juncellus serotinus (Cyperaceae). Four levels of water depth were chosen: 10, 30, 50 and 70 cm. Due to the enormous root system, and for easy observation, five groups were used according to the distance from the rhizome: 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20 and longer than 20 cm (> 20 cm). Results showed that with increasing water depth plant total biomass and root biomass decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and that biomass was mainly allocated to shoots resulting in decreased root to shoot ratio. Root morphology parameters also changed significantly with increasing water depth (p < 0.05). Root mean diameter in all treatments and all other root morphology parameters decreased with increasing distance from the rhizome, while maximum root length, root surface area and root volume in 10 and 30 cm occurred between 5 and 15 cm from the rhizome. The results indicate that shallow water (less than 30 cm in depth) is favorable for the development of J. serotinus root system, and that root morphological characteristics shift with increasing distance from the rhizome.
A multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial establishing the treatment effect of TDT 068, a topical formulation containing drug‐free ultra‐deformable phospholipid vesicles, on the primary features of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea
Authors: Luger T. , Peukert N. , Rother M.
Published: April 2014

Background

Rosacea subtype 1 (erythematotelangiectatic) is an inflammatory skin disease with limited treatment options. TDT 068, a topical drug‐free gel containing ultra‐deformable Sequessome vesicles, is registered for use in inflammatory skin conditions, but has not been investigated in rosacea.

Objective

This postmarketing study aimed to substantiate the effects of TDT 068 in rosacea subtype 1.

Methods

Patients aged 18–85 scoring 6–15/30 for the primary and secondary features of the rosacea standard grading system (RSGS) were enrolled. Following stratification (four females/one male) patients were randomized (2:1) to receive TDT 068 or vehicle gel for 4 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated using the patient‐rated rosacea‐specific quality of life (R‐QOL) instrument and investigator‐rated RSGS. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout.

Results

Of the 61 randomized patients, 58 were eligible for the full analysis set per protocol. Baseline characteristics were balanced across the groups. R‐QOL symptom construct scores improved slightly from baseline to Week 4 in both groups (−0.04 ± 0.51 TDT 068 vs. −0.22 ± 0.59 vehicle; P = 0.1990). Changes in R‐QOL total, function and emotion construct scores at Week 4 were similar with TDT 068 and vehicle, but TDT 068 yielded numerically greater increases in total RSGS scores (–1.55 ± 1.83 vs. –0.75 ± 2.38 vehicle; P = 0.105). Non‐transient erythema improved significantly with TDT 068 at Week 4 (–0.34 ± 0.63 vs. –0.05 ± 0.51 vehicle; P = 0.044), with ≥1 grade improvement in 35% of patients (vs. 15% vehicle; P = 0.039). Numerically greater improvements in transient erythema and telangiectasia were also seen with TDT 068. Three treatment‐related AEs were reported but no serious AEs occurred.

Conclusion

These data, based on investigator assessment, provide evidence for the good tolerability of drug‐free TDT 068 as well as modest improvements in the symptoms of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.