bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A diagenetic control on the Early Triassic Smithian–Spathian carbon isotopic excursions recorded in the marine settings of the Thaynes Group (Utah, USA)
Authors: Thomazo C. , Vennin E. , Brayard A. , Bour I. , Mathieu O. , Elmeknassi S. , Olivier N. , Escarguel G. , Bylund K. G. , Jenks J. , Stephen D. A. , Fara E.
Published: February 2016

In the aftermath of the end‐Permian mass extinction, Early Triassic sediments record some of the largest Phanerozoic carbon isotopic excursions. Among them, a global Smithian‐negative carbonate carbon isotope excursion has been identified, followed by an abrupt increase across the Smithian–Spathian boundary (SSB; ~250.8 Myr ago). This chemostratigraphic evolution is associated with palaeontological evidence that indicate a major collapse of terrestrial and marine ecosystems during the Late Smithian. It is commonly assumed that Smithian and Spathian isotopic variations are intimately linked to major perturbations in the exogenic carbon reservoir. We present paired carbon isotopes measurements from the Thaynes Group (Utah, USA) to evaluate the extent to which the Early Triassic isotopic perturbations reflect changes in the exogenic carbon cycle. The δ13Ccarb variations obtained here reproduce the known Smithian δ13Ccarb‐negative excursion. However, the δ13C signal of the bulk organic matter is invariant across the SSB and variations in the δ34S signal of sedimentary sulphides are interpreted here to reflect the intensity of sediment remobilization. We argue that Middle to Late Smithian δ13Ccarb signal in the shallow marine environments of the Thaynes Group does not reflect secular evolution of the exogenic carbon cycle but rather physicochemical conditions at the sediment–water interface leading to authigenic carbonate formation during early diagenetic processes.
From facilitation to competition: temperature‐driven shift in dominant plant interactions affects population dynamics in seminatural grasslands
Authors: Olsen Siri L. , Töpper Joachim P. , Skarpaas Olav , Vandvik Vigdis , Klanderud Kari
Published: February 2016

Biotic interactions are often ignored in assessments of climate change impacts. However, climate‐related changes in species interactions, often mediated through increased dominance of certain species or functional groups, may have important implications for how species respond to climate warming and altered precipitation patterns. We examined how a dominant plant functional group affected the population dynamics of four co‐occurring forb species by experimentally removing graminoids in seminatural grasslands. Specifically, we explored how the interaction between dominants and subordinates varied with climate by replicating the removal experiment across a climate grid consisting of 12 field sites spanning broad‐scale temperature and precipitation gradients in southern Norway. Biotic interactions affected population growth rates of all study species, and the net outcome of interactions between dominants and subordinates switched from facilitation to competition with increasing temperature along the temperature gradient. The impacts of competitive interactions on subordinates in the warmer sites could primarily be attributed to reduced plant survival. Whereas the response to dominant removal varied with temperature, there was no overall effect of precipitation on the balance between competition and facilitation. Our findings suggest that global warming may increase the relative importance of competitive interactions in seminatural grasslands across a wide range of precipitation levels, thereby favouring highly competitive dominant species over subordinate species. As a result, seminatural grasslands may become increasingly dependent on disturbance (i.e. traditional management such as grazing and mowing) to maintain viable populations of subordinate species and thereby biodiversity under future climates. Our study highlights the importance of population‐level studies replicated under different climatic conditions for understanding the underlying mechanisms of climate change impacts on plants.
The greatly misunderstood erythropoietin resistance index and the case for a new responsiveness measure
Authors: Chait Yossi , Kalim Sahir , Horowitz Joseph , Hollot Christopher V. , Ankers Elizabeth D. , Germain Michael J. , Thadhani Ravi I.
Published: February 2016

Introduction The optimal use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia in end stage renal disease remains controversial due to reported associations with adverse events. In analyzing these associations, studies often utilize ESA resistance indices (ERIs), to characterize a patient's response to ESA. In this study, we examine whether ERI is an adequate measure of ESA resistance. Methods We used retrospective data from a nonconcurrent cohort study of incident hemodialysis patients in the United States (n = 9386). ERI is defined as average weekly erythropoietin (EPO) dose per kg body weight (wt) per average hemoglobin (Hgb), over a 3‐month period (ERI = (EPO/wt)/Hgb). Linear regression was used to demonstrate the relationship between ERI and weight‐adjusted EPO. The coefficient of variation was used to compare the variability of Hgb with that of weight‐adjusted EPO to explain this relationship. This analysis was done for each quarter during the first year of dialysis. Findings ERI is strongly linearly related with weight‐adjusted EPO dose in each of the four quarters by the equation ERI = 0.0899*(EPO/wt) (range of R2 = 0.97–0.98) and weakly linearly related to 1/Hgb (range of R2 = 0.06–0.16). These correlations hold independent of age, sex, hgb level, ERI level, and epo‐naïve stratifications. Discussion ERI is strongly linearly related to weight‐adjusted (and nonweight‐adjusted) EPO dose by a “universal,” not patient‐specific formula, and thus is a surrogate of EPO dose. Therefore, associations between ERI and clinical outcomes are associations between a confounded EPO dose and those outcomes.
Histological spectrum of angiofibroma of soft tissue: histological and genetic analysis of 13 cases
Authors: Yamada Yuichi , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Kohashi Kenichi , Ishii Takeaki , Iura Kunio , Maekawa Akira , Bekki Hirofumi , Otsuka Hiroshi , Yamashita Kyoko , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Hiraki Tsubasa , Mukai Munenori , Shirakawa Atsuko , Shinnou Yoko , Jinno Mari , Yanai Hiroyuki , Taguchi Kenichi , Maehara Yoshihiko , Iwamoto Yukihide , Oda Yosinao
Published: February 2016

Aims

Angiofibroma of soft tissue (AFST) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm characterized by a fibroblastic cytomorphology and a prominent vascular structure. AFSTs possess a novel fusion gene, i.e. NCOA2–AHRR/AHRR–NCOA2 or GTF2I–NCOA2, providing a useful approach to diagnosing AFST. Morphologically, AFSTs span a wide spectrum, making diagnosis a challenge. The aim of this study was to review AFST cases and to report previously unknown histological features, which we confirmed by genetic analysis.

Methods and results

We reviewed 276 cases diagnosed as solitary fibrous tumours/haemangiopericytomas (232 cases), unclassified tumours of fibroblastic differentiation (36 cases), and recently diagnosed AFSTs (eight cases), and retrieved 13 cases compatible with AFST. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for these cases, all 13 of which were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization. The histological findings were as follows: amianthoid fibres, extravasation of red blood cells, haemosiderin deposition, aggregates of foamy histiocytes, cystic change, necrosis, and haemorrhage. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (four of 13 cases), desmin (six of 13 cases), CD163 (13 of 13 cases), CD68 (seven of 13 cases), oestrogen receptor (13 of 13 cases), progesterone receptor (three of 13 cases), and STAT6 (one of 13 cases, weak nuclear staining), but they were negative for CD34, α‐smooth muscle actin, muscle‐specific actin, S100, pan‐cytokeratin, MDM2, and CDK4. The AHRR–NCOA2 fusion gene was detected in eight cases, and NCOA2 gene rearrangement in nine cases.

Conclusion

We revealed the previously unreported histological variation and immunohistochemical findings of AFST, and confirmed them by using genetic methods. The results suggested that AFST should be considered in the diagnosis of fibrous or fibrohistiocytic tumours with the above histological features.
Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation of the prostate harbouring the novel NONO–TFE3 gene fusion: report of a unique case expanding the gene fusion spectrum
Authors: Wang Xiao‐tong , Xia Qiu‐yuan , Ni Hao , Wang Zi‐yu , Ye Sheng‐bing , Li Rui , Wang Xuan , Lv Jing‐huan , Shi Shan‐shan , Ma Heng‐hui , Lu Zhen‐feng , Shen Qin , Zhou Xiao‐jun , Rao Qiu
Published: February 2016

Recently, an increasing number of TFE3 rearrangement‐associated tumours have been reported, such as TFE3 rearrangement‐associated perivascular epithelioid cell tumours (PEComas), melanotic Xp11 translocation renal cancers and melanotic Xp11 neoplasms. We have suggested that these tumours belong to a single clinicopathological spectrum. ‘Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation’ or ‘melanotic Xp11 neoplasm’ have been proposed to designate this unique neoplasm. Herein, we describe the first case of an Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation to be described in the prostate, bearing the novel NONO–TFE3 gene fusion. This study both adds to the spectrum regarding melanotic Xp11 neoplasms and expands its gene fusion spectrum. Moreover, we discuss the relationship of these rare tumours to neoplasms such as conventional PEComas, alveolar soft part sarcomas, malignant melanomas, clear cell sarcomas and Xp11 translocation renal cancers.
Hormone profiles of obligate avian brood parasites during the breeding season
Authors: Jung Won‐Ju , Kim Myun‐Sik , Noh Hee‐Jin , Lee Jin‐Won , Yoo Jeong‐Chil
Published: February 2016

The ultimate explanations for avian brood parasitism have been studied intensively as a model system for coevolution, but little is known about the proximate mechanisms, for example hormonal regulation, underlying brood parasitic behaviour. In this study, we explored seasonal hormone profiles in two brood parasiticCuculusspecies breeding in the Republic of Korea. As brood parasites have relatively simple breeding stages without incubation and provisioning, we predicted that during the breeding season individuals would exhibit similar levels of testosterone (T) and stress‐induced corticosterone (CORT), hormones that are known to be closely related to the transition of breeding stages. We also assessed how these hormone profiles were associated with traits such as body size and sex. Overall, male cuckoos showed similarly high T levels throughout the breeding season, as predicted, but individual variation became greater as the season progressed. IndividualCORTlevels tended to decrease as the season progressed, although the decrease was significant only in Common CuckoosCuculus canorus. We also found that male Lesser CuckoosCuculus poliocephalusshowed a much higher level of T than females, as expected, but this sexual difference was not observed in Common Cuckoos. Our results suggest that the seasonal hormone profiles of avian brood parasites are likely to be similar to typical hormone profiles expected for non‐brood parasites during the breeding season. This may suggest that not only the breeding cycle but also other factors such as social interaction may be affected by hormonal changes. Further studies are needed to fully understand the proximate mechanism of avian brood parasitism.
Mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy for permanent molars with clinical signs indicative of irreversible pulpitis: a preliminary study
Authors: Qudeimat M. A. , Alyahya A. , Hasan A. A.
Published: February 2016

Aim

To prospectively investigate the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomy in permanent molars with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of irreversible pulpitis using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a pulp dressing agent.

Methodology

Sixteen patients with 23 restorable permanent molars exhibiting signs and symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis were enrolled. A standardized operative procedure was followed for all participants. All teeth were isolated with a dental dam and caries was removed, and then, pulpotomy performed with a sterile round and/or flame shape diamond burs. Haemostasis was achieved with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). A mixture of MTA was placed against the wound, and a moistened cotton pellet was placed over the MTA. Teeth were temporized with a glass–ionomer restoration. Three to ten days later, the interim restoration was removed and setting of MTA was evaluated. Teeth were restored with stainless steel crowns. Follow‐up evaluations were scheduled at 3, 6, 12 months and annually thereafter. Descriptive statistics were used to assess outcomes.

Results

The age of patients at time of pulpotomy ranged between 7.6 and 13.6 years (mean = 10.7± 1.7 yrs). The majority of teeth (91%) had clinical signs and symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis (78%). The follow‐up examination period ranged from 18.9 to 73.6 months. Clinically and radiographically, all pulpotomies were considered successful at the end of the follow‐up period. Radiographically, a hard tissue barrier was noticed in 13 (57%) teeth.

Conclusion

In children, MTA was associated with high clinical and radiographic success as a pulpotomy agent in permanent teeth with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of irreversible pulpitis.
The behavioural intentions of specialty coffee consumers in South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe Kelsey , Maree Tania
Published: February 2016

More than 1.6 billion cups of coffee are consumed worldwide on a daily basis. South Africa is rapidly adapting to worldwide trends with speciality coffee consumption on the rise, with South Africa recently having been recognised as a key player in the speciality coffee industry. Emerging market trends in speciality coffee consumption have resulted in a number of changes in consumption patterns, preferences and consumer behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioural intention of speciality coffee consumers in South Africa, using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The data were gathered from a non‐probability sample of 327 respondents, who were selected through a self‐completion online questionnaire. The results indicate that males consume more speciality coffee than females. The majority of respondents consume speciality coffee more than once a day, and foam cappuccinos are consumed most regularly. The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrate the utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a conceptual framework for predicting the behavioural intention of speciality coffee consumers. The findings indicate that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are important predictors of behavioural intention. Furthermore, perceived behavioural control is the most important factor influencing speciality coffee consumption, and the most influential of the direct measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. With the current rise in speciality coffee consumption among South Africans, the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework contributes to understanding those factors which influence regular speciality coffee consumption. It is recommended that marketers and practitioners adapt their offerings to appeal to the specific needs of the growing speciality coffee market in South Africa.
Mild Drought Stress‐Induced Changes in Yield, Physiological Processes and Chemical Composition in Festuca, Lolium and Festulolium
Authors: Fariaszewska A. , Aper J. , Van Huylenbroeck J. , Baert J. , De Riek J. , Staniak M. , Pecio Ł.
Published: February 2016

The impact of mild drought stress (3 weeks at 40 % field water capacity) on yield, physiological processes, accumulation of proline and phenolic compounds and forage quality parameters in forage grasses was evaluated in pot experiments. During four different growing periods, the effects of water deficit were assessed in nine varieties from five species (Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium braunii). All measured parameters were affected by drought stress in the different cuts. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter yield were significantly lower in drought stress than under well‐watered conditions in all varieties. Higher water‐use efficiency was only observed during the first and fourth drought period, while this was not the case in the second and third. Mild drought stress significantly increased the content of proline, phenolic acid, flavonoids, water‐soluble carbohydrates and protein. All tested grasses showed also an increase of organic matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility under drought stress conditions.
Hypothesis: solid tumours behave as systemic metabolic dictators
Authors: Lee Yang‐Ming , Chang Wei‐Chun , Ma Wen‐Lung
Published: February 2016

Current knowledge regarding mechanisms of carcinogenesis in human beings centres around the accumulation of genetic instability, amplified cellular signalling, disturbed cellular energy metabolism and microenvironmental regulation governed by complicated cell–cell interactions. In this article, we provide an alternative view of cancer biology. We propose that cancer behaves as a systemic dictator that interacts with tissues throughout the body to control their metabolism and eventually homeostasis. The mechanism of development of this endocrine organ–like tumour (EOLT) tissue might be the driving force for cancer progression. Here, we review the literature that led to the development of this hypothesis. The EOLT phenotype can be defined as a tumour that alters systemic homeostasis. The literature indicates that the EOLT phenotype is present throughout cancer progression. The feedback mechanism that governs the interaction between tumours and various organs is unknown. We believe that investigating the mechanism of EOLT development may advance the current knowledge of regulation within the tumour macroenvironment and consequently lead to new diagnostic methods and therapy.
Knowledge of evidence‐based guidelines in ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention
Authors: Yeganeh Mohammadreza , Yekta Hamid , Farmanbar Rabiollah , Khalili Malahat , Khaleghdoost Tahereh , Atrkar Roushan Zahra
Published: February 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge of evidence‐based guidelines for ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention at Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) hospitals, Guilan Province, northern Iran.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 219 nurses working in 14 intensive care units at 11 Guilan hospitals. The questionnaire consisted of three parts of demographic information, nurses’ knowledge of evidence‐based guidelines for the prevention of VAP, and the barrier for the implementation of these guidelines.

Results

Of the 219 nurses, 171 (response rate 78.1%) participated in this study, and their mean knowledge score was 4.6. There was no significant relation between nurses’ knowledge score and their work experience (P = 0.327), education degree (P = 0.189), and their position (P = 0.168).

Conclusion

The level of knowledge regarding VAP prevention seems inadequate in this study. Although having knowledge about the principles of evidence‐based care cannot guarantee the implementation of these principles, lack of knowledge may be a potential barrier to adherence to evidence‐based guidelines for the prevention of VAP.
Systematic reviews in oral health: a quality imperative
Authors: Agnihotry Anirudha , Fedorowicz Zbys , Worthington Helen V , Manheimer Eric , Stevenson Richard G
Published: February 2016

Systematic reviews must be conducted responsibly, eliminating any scope for error and bias. The reporting quality of a systematic review should follow and conform to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines. AMSTAR (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews) is an assessment tool, which has been developed specifically to assess the quality of the process used in conducting the review. There has been a significant increase in the number of systematic reviews in oral health and several reports have been published stating low AMSTAR ratings of systematic reviews in dentistry. Systematic reviews answer key clinical questions objectively, and are often used to underpin clinical guidelines in oral health. If the quality of these reviews is compromised, this can result in inadequate or inappropriate clinical guidelines. Consequently, ensuring consistent high quality is a key imperative for systematic reviews in oral health.
The Incidence of Superficial Scald in “Wujiuxiang” Pears (Pyrus Pyrifolia Cv. Wujiuxiang) during and after Controlled Atmosphere Storage
Authors: Li Limei , Xia Yufeng , Xu Cailing , He Jingang , Guan Junfeng
Published: February 2016

This work is aimed to assess the effect of the low temperature controlled atmosphere (CA) storage on reducing the incidence of fruit superficial scald in “Wujiuxiang” pears (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Wujiuxiang). We set up four low temperature CA storage conditions with pCO2 0.03 kPa, 1 kPa, 3 kPa, 5 kPa, respectively, under pO2 3 kPa, and a control under normal air conditions with pCO2 0.03 kPa, pO2 21 kPa. During the low temperature storage and its subsequent period on‐shelf, the incidence of superficial scald as well as the changes in fruit quality and biochemistry such as phenols, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were monitored and analyzed. Our results showed that low O2 is the most important factor contributing to the reduced incidence of superficial scald during the low temperature CA storage. However, pCO2 less than 3 kPa had no influence on the incidence of superficial scald but higher pCO2 over 3 kPa caused CO2 injury to the stored fruit. In conclusion, low pO2 and pCO2 less than 3 kPa under low temperature is likely the best CA conditions for reducing the incidence of superficial scald in “Wujiuxiang” pears.

Practical Applications

Superficial scald, a fruit postharvest physiological disorder has caused a significant loss in the production of “Wujiuxiang” pear, a popular cultivar in China. It is reported that CA storage can reduce efficiently the incidence of superficial scald in apples during storage. This work shows that this is also the case for “Wujiuxiang” pear during and after storage. A low temperature CA storage condition with low pO2 3 kPa while pCO2 lower than 3 kPa is then proposed for application in the storage of this pear.
Phenolic environmental estrogens in urine and blood plasma from women with uterine leiomyoma: Epidemiological survey
Authors: Shen Yang , Dong Yi‐Min , Lu Qing , Xu Jie , Wu Yan‐Ting , Yun Seong Seok , Ren Mu‐Lan
Published: February 2016

Aim

To explore the effect of phenolic environmental estrogens (EE) on women with uterine leiomyoma (UL).

Methods

Urine and blood plasma samples were collected from 300 patients diagnosed with UL at the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University between December 2013 and December 2014. Control urine and blood plasma samples were collected from 300 women who are either patients without UL or healthy volunteers presenting to the same hospital for physical examination during the same period. Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) concentration in these samples was measured using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

The OP concentration in urine and blood plasma was significantly higher in the UL group compared with the control group (r = 0.224, P = 0.001). Urine BPA concentration was not significantly different between the UL group and the control group (r = 0.009, P = 0.896). There was also no statistically significant difference in urine NP concentration between the two groups (r = 0.057, P = 0.419). On logistic regression, exposure concentration of urine BPA (OR, 1.129; 95%CI: 1.081–1.179) and NP (OR, 1.165; 95%CI: 1.025–1.324) was associated with UL genesis (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in blood plasma concentration of BPA, OP and NP between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Urine and blood plasma EE exposure levels in women, especially the urine level, was related to the incidence of UL.
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with low GABA and high glutamate in the insular cortex
Authors: Macey Paul M. , Sarma Manoj K. , Nagarajan Rajakumar , Aysola Ravi , Siegel Jerome M. , Harper Ronald M. , Thomas M. Albert
Published: February 2016

The insular cortex is injured in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and responds inappropriately to autonomic challenges, suggesting neural reorganization. The objective of this study was to assess whether the neural changes might result from γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate alterations. We studied 14 OSA patients [mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 47.5 ± 10.5 years; nine male; apnea–hypopnea index (AHI): 29.5 ± 15.6 events h−1] and 22 healthy participants (47.5 ± 10.1 years; 11 male), using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect GABA and glutamate levels in insular cortices. We localized the cortices with anatomical scans, and measured neurochemical levels from anterior to mid‐regions. Left and right anterior insular cortices showed lower GABA and higher glutamate in OSA versus healthy subjects [GABA left: OSA n = 6: 0.36 ± 0.10 (mean ± SD), healthy n = 5: 0.62 ± 0.18; P < 0.05), right: OSA n = 11: 0.27 ± 0.09, healthy n = 14: 0.45 ± 0.16; P < 0.05; glutamate left: OSA n = 6: 1.61 ± 0.32, healthy n = 8: 0.94 ± 0.34; P < 0.05, right: OSA n = 14: 1.26 ± 0.28, healthy n = 19: 1.02 ± 0.28; P < 0.05]. GABA and glutamate levels were correlated only within the healthy group in the left insula (r: −0.9, P < 0.05). The altered anterior insular levels of GABA and glutamate may modify integration and projections to autonomic areas, contributing to the impaired cardiovascular regulation in OSA.
Dose‐dependent fate of GFP‐expressing Escherichia coli in the alimentary canal of adult house flies
Authors: KUMAR N. H. V. , NAYDUCH D.
Published: February 2016

The adult house fly Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) can disseminate bacteria from microbe‐rich substrates to areas in which humans and domesticated animals reside. Because bacterial abundance fluctuates widely across substrates, flies encounter and ingest varying amounts of bacteria. This study investigated the dose‐dependent survival of bacteria in house flies. Flies were fed four different ‘doses’ of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing Escherichia coli (GFP E. coli) (very low, low, medium, high) and survival was determined at 1, 4, 10 and 22 h post‐ingestion by culture and epifluorescent microscopy. Over 22 h, the decline in GFP E. coli was significant in all treatments (P < 0.04) except the very low dose treatment (P = 0.235). Change in survival (ΔS) did not differ between flies fed low and very low doses of bacteria across all time‐points, although ΔS in both treatments differed from that in flies fed high and medium doses of bacteria at several time‐points. At 4, 10 and 22 h, GFP E. coli ΔS significantly differed between medium and high dose‐fed flies. A threshold dose, above which bacteria are detected and destroyed by house flies, may exist and is likely to be immune‐mediated. Understanding dose‐dependent bacterial survival in flies can help in predicting bacteria transmission potential.
Europe's odyssey?: political myth and the European Union
Authors: Della Sala Vincent
Published: February 2016

The article argues that the European Union, despite being a different kind of polity, has political myths that are similar to those that have characterised nation‐states. It examines two types of political myth – foundation and exceptionalism – and demonstrates that they have been used in an attempt to make the European Union understandable and acceptable as a form of governing. The article also argues that political myths about the EU have had limited success not only because they are based on the same content as national myths but also because they do not always conform to recognisable narrative forms. The EU, with its ambiguous aim of creating ‘an ever closer union’, does not provide the basis for sacred narratives that become normative and cognitive maps that make the new polity ‘normal’ and provide the EU with ontological security.
Association of pollution and climate with atopic eczema in US children
Authors: Kathuria P. , Silverberg J. I.
Published: February 2016

Background

We sought to determine the relationship between childhood eczema, climate, and environmental pollutants.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2007–2008 National Survey of Children's Health including a representative sample of 91,642 children age 0–17 years and the 2006–2007 Environmental Protection Agency measurements of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrate (NO3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), organic carbon (OC), sulfate (SO3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM‐2.5) and <10 μm (PM‐10), and tropospheric ozone levels, and the National Climate Data Center measurements of relative humidity (%), issued UV index, outdoor air temperature, and precipitation levels.

Results

In multivariate survey logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, US birthplace, and history of moving to a new location, eczema was associated with higher mean annual NO2 (p = 0.008), SO2 (p = 0.006), SO3 (p = 0.0002), arsenic (p = 0.0007), nickel (p = 0.0002), lead (p = 0.03), vanadium (p < 0.0001), and zinc (p = 0.003), but lower NO3 (p = 0.002), OC (p = 0.03), PM‐2.5 (p = 0.006), cadmium (p < 0.0001), copper (p = 0.004), and potassium (p < 0.0001). In contrast, moderate–severe eczema was associated with higher NO3 (p = 0.03), OC (p = 0.008) and PM‐2.5 (p = 0.01), copper (p = 0.04), lead (p = 0.008), and zinc (p = 0.01), but lower CO (p = 0.03). Principal component analysis was used and identified 4 combinations of pollutants and climate factors occurring in the USA, of which 1 was associated with higher prevalence and two were associated with lower prevalences of eczema (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Pollutants in conjunction with climate factors may differentially impact eczema prevalence and severity, some with apparent harmful effects.
Metabolic engineering of terpene biosynthesis in plants using a trichome‐specific transcription factor MsYABBY5 from spearmint (Mentha spicata)
Authors: Wang Qian , Reddy Vaishnavi Amarr , Panicker Deepa , Mao Hui‐Zhu , Kumar Nadimuthu , Rajan Chakravarthy , Venkatesh Prasanna Nori , Chua Nam‐Hai , Sarojam Rajani
Published: February 2016

In many aromatic plants including spearmint (Mentha spicata), the sites of secondary metabolite production are tiny specialized structures called peltate glandular trichomes (PGT). Having high commercial values, these secondary metabolites are exploited largely as flavours, fragrances and pharmaceuticals. But, knowledge about transcription factors (TFs) that regulate secondary metabolism in PGT remains elusive. Understanding the role of TFs in secondary metabolism pathway will aid in metabolic engineering for increased yield of secondary metabolites and also the development of new production techniques for valuable metabolites. Here, we isolated and functionally characterized a novel MsYABBY5 gene that is preferentially expressed in PGT of spearmint. We generated transgenic plants in which MsYABBY5 was either overexpressed or silenced using RNA interference (RNAi). Analysis of the transgenic lines showed that the reduced expression of MsYABBY5 led to increased levels of terpenes and that overexpression decreased terpene levels. Additionally, ectopic expression of MsYABBY5 in Ocimum basilicum and Nicotiana sylvestris decreased secondary metabolite production in them, suggesting that the encoded transcription factor is probably a repressor of secondary metabolism.
Transient seizure‐related MRI abnormalities in a child with primary Epstein–Barr virus infection
Authors: Kamakura Tae , Hiraki Akiyoshi , Kikuchi Masahiro
Published: February 2016

We describe the case of a 6‐year‐old girl with typical infectious mononucleosis syndrome complicated by clustered right hemiconvulsions and disturbed consciousness. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging on admission demonstrated reduced diffusion in the left temporo‐posterior cortex and pulvinar of the ipsilateral thalamus. Her neurological symptoms resolved completely by the next day, with complete disappearance of abnormal signal intensities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Elevated cerebrospinal fluid interleukin (IL)‐6 with normal IL‐10 might indicate a neuroprotective role of IL‐6 rather than injury. We concluded that the MRI abnormalities could have been due to the seizure activity itself rather than Epstein–Barr virus‐associated encephalitis. The recognition of transient seizure‐related MRI abnormalities may help in the diagnostic approach to MRI changes in suspected encephalopathy.
Histopathology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and oxalic acid function in susceptible and resistant soybean
Authors: Davidson A. L. , Blahut‐Beatty L. , Itaya A. , Zhang Y. , Zheng S. , Simmonds D.
Published: February 2016

The success of the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is largely dependent on its major virulence factor, oxalic acid (OA). Virulence is lost in transgenic plants that express OA degrading enzymes, e.g. oxalate oxidase (OxO). The histopathology of S. sclerotiorum infection and OA accumulation was examined in a transgenic soybean line over‐expressing OxO (OxO‐OE) and its isogenic parent (WT). In situ flower inoculation showed that the OxO‐OE plants were highly resistant to the pathogen while the WT parents were susceptible. This difference in resistance was not apparent in the floral tissues, as aggressive hyphal activity was similar on both hosts, showing that high OxO activity and low OA accumulation in OxO‐OE was not a deterrent. However, the process of fungal infection on excised leaf tissue differed on the two hosts. Primary lesions developed and showed similar severe ultrastructural damage on both hosts but rapid lesion expansion (colonization) proceeded only on the WT, concomitant with OA accumulation. Oxalic acid rose in OxO‐OE 1 day post‐inoculation and did not change over the following 3 days, showing that colonization can be blocked by maintaining low levels of OA. However, OxO degradation of OA did not deter initial host penetration and primary lesion formation. This shows that OA, the major virulence factor of S. sclerotiorum, is critical for host colonization but may not be required during primary lesion formation, suggesting that other factors are contributing to the establishment of the primary lesion.
Diagnostic methods for detecting fungal pathogens on vegetable seeds
Authors: Mancini V. , Murolo S. , Romanazzi G.
Published: February 2016

Early diagnosis of seedborne fungal pathogens is particularly important, as often, infected seeds appear symptomless; seed diagnosis can avoid uncontrolled propagation of pathogens through long‐distance exchange of such material. This will prevent economic losses and unnecessary use of fungicides, so reducing costs and the introduction of toxic substances into the environment. Traditional techniques for detection of seedborne fungi are based on incubation and grow‐out methods. Although these are frequently used because of their simplicity of application, they are time‐consuming, require mycological skills, and are sometimes not sensitive enough to low levels of seed infection. Recently, new identification techniques, based on DNA analysis, have been applied and are very efficient due to high sensitivity and specificity. The most common technique is conventional PCR, while other recent techniques include nested PCR, to obviate low levels of target pathogens, multiplex PCR, to detect several pathogens simultaneously, real‐time PCR, to quantify fungi on seeds, and magnetic‐capture hybridization PCR. The main drawbacks of molecular methods are the inability to distinguish between vital and non‐vital inocula, and the difficulty in obtaining quality DNA template, due to PCR inhibitors in seeds. To reduce inhibitory effects, several modified PCR protocols, such as loop‐mediated isothermal amplification, and non‐destructive testing methods have been developed. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification and next‐generation sequencing have been widely applied in nucleic acid analysis and, given the numerous advantages provided, their application can be substantially extended in the future for detection of fungal pathogens in seeds.
Characterization of resistance against the olive‐defoliating Verticillium dahliae pathotype in selected clones of wild olive
Authors: Jiménez‐Fernández D. , Trapero‐Casas J. L. , Landa B. B. , Navas‐Cortés J. A. , Bubici G. , Cirulli M. , Jiménez‐Díaz R. M.
Published: February 2016

Verticillium wilt of olive is best managed by resistant cultivars, but those currently available show incomplete resistance to the defoliating (D) Verticillium dahliae pathotype. Moreover, these cultivars do not satisfy consumers' demand for high yields and oil quality. Highly resistant rootstocks would be of paramount importance for production of agronomically adapted and commercially desirable olive cultivars in D V. dahliae‐infested soils. In this work, resistance to D V. dahliae in wild olive clones Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert was assessed by quantifying the fungal DNA along the stem using a highly sensitive real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol and a stem colonization index (SCI) based on isolation of V. dahliae following artificial inoculations under conditions highly conducive for verticillium wilt. Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert showed a symptomless reaction to D V. dahliae. The mean amount of D V. dahliaeDNA quantified in stems of the four clones ranged from 3.64 to 28.89 pg/100 ng olive DNA, which was 249 to 1537 times lower than that in susceptible Picual olive. The reduction in the quantitative stem colonization of wild olive clones by D V. dahliae was also indicated by a sharp decrease in the SCI. Overall, there was a pattern of decreasing SCI in acropetal progression along the plant axis, as well as correlation between positive reisolation and quantification of pathogen DNA. The results of this research show that wild olive clones Ac‐13, Ac‐18, OutVert and StopVert have a valuable potential as rootstocks for the management of verticillium wilt in olive.
Hedgerow presence does not enhance indicators of nest‐site habitat quality or nesting rates of ground‐nesting bees
Authors: Sardiñas Hillary S. , Ponisio Lauren C. , Kremen Claire
Published: February 2016

A major challenge in habitat restoration is targeting the key aspects of a species' niche for enhancement, particularly for species that use a diverse set of habitat features. However, restoration that focuses on limited aspects of a species' niche may neglect other resources that are critical to population persistence. We evaluated the ability of native plant hedgerows, planted to increase pollen and nectar resources for wild bees in agricultural landscapes, to provide suitable nesting habitat and enhance nesting rates of ground‐nesting bees. We found that, when compared to unmanaged field edges (controls), hedgerows did not augment most indicators of nest habitat quality (bare ground, soil surface irregularity, and soil hardness), although coarser soils were associated with higher incidence and richness of nesting bees. Hedgerows did not augment nesting rates when compared to control edges. Although all the bee species we detected nesting were also found foraging on floral resources, the foraging versus nesting assemblages found within a site were highly dissimilar. These results may reflect sampling error; or, species found foraging but not nesting in hedgerows could be utilizing hedgerows as “partial habitats,” nesting outside hedgerow plantings but foraging on the floral resources they provide. We conclude that although hedgerows are known to provide critical floral resources to wild bees especially in resource‐poor intensive agricultural landscapes, simply increasing vegetative diversity and structure may not be simultaneously enhancing nesting habitat for ground‐nesting bees.
Differences in predictors of 5‐year survival over a 10‐year period in two cohorts of elderly nursing home residents in Sweden
Authors: Sund Levander Märta , Milberg Anna , Rodhe Nils , Tingström Pia , Grodzinsky Ewa
Published: February 2016

Aim

The aim was to compare 5‐year survival in two included cohorts (from year 2000 and year 2007) of 249 nursing home residents (NHR) in this retrospective, comparative study.

Methods

The cohorts were compared regarding chronic diseases, medication, physical/cognitive/nutritional status, body mass index, body temperature and 5‐year mortality. Factors correlated with 5‐year survival were determined using Cox regression analysis.

Results

In average, cohort 2007 survived 31 ± 16 months and cohort 2000, 38 ± 13 months, p < 0.001. Dementia, ageing and circulatory failure were more common as cause of death 2007, while stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia were less common, compared with 2000. NHR belonging to cohort 2007 were significantly older when admitted to nursing homes (NH), more dependent in activities of daily living (ADL), had dementia, stroke, autoimmune disease and treatment with antidepressants, while malnutrition and treatment with paracetamol were more common 2000. In 2000, medication with antidepressants, the presence of stroke and diabetes, irrespective of gender, and in women cardiovascular disease, two to threefold significantly increased survival, while autoimmune disease, influenza vaccination and dependency in ADL decreased survival. In 2007, maintaining BMI, irrespective of gender, and autoimmune disease and COPD in women significantly increased survival, while malnutrition, influenza vaccination, dependency in ADL and medication with sedatives/tranquillisers or paracetamol severely reduced survival.

Conclusions

The present results indicate a trend that individuals are older and frailer when admitted to NH and that survival time after admission has been shortened. Hence, the need of daily support and care has increased, irrespective of housing. Also, predictors of survival, possible to influence, have changed.
Standardisation of minimal erythematous dose reading and assessment: a new system
Authors: Bertin C. , Nollent V. , Nkengne A. , Oun E. , Tokgoz‐Engrand S. , Mojon A.
Published: February 2016

Background/Purpose

Sunscreen efficacy is usually expressed by the sun protection factor (SPF) which is calculated by establishing the minimum erythematous dose (MED), i.e. the smallest amount of energy required to trigger erythema. Efforts have been made to harmonise SPF testing but in vivo SPF methodology could still be improved to reduce its variability. This article proposes a means of standardising MED evaluations through the development and validation of an MED assessment system based on image analysis.

Methods

The MED assessment system comprises a camera combined with a black tube for acquiring pictures of the skin surface. Specific software was then developed to analyse these pictures to determine the MED based on the shape, size and colour of the exposed zones. The MED assessment system was validated through two studies. The first study was designed to assess the correlation between three expert graders who visually determined the MEDs in five subjects on whom three different suncare products (SPF 6, SPF 30 and SPF 50+) were tested. The second study correlated results obtained from one expert grader with those from a grader assisted by the new MED assessment system.

Results

Results of the first study showed substantial variation between graders, with kappa agreement as low as 0.59 (percentage error 19.7%). Results of the study assessing correlation between the expert grader and the grader facilitated by the new MED assessment device showed better correlation, with a kappa value of 0.75 and percentage error of 9.61%.

Conclusion

A high degree of inter‐grader variability was seen when MED was assessed by expert graders. The new MED assessment system provides background colour correction and standardisation to enable accurate MED determination. A high level of correlation was seen between the expert grader and the new MED assessment system, thus demonstrating its potential utility in more accurate and homogenous MED evaluations. Future multicentre studies are required to improve and validate the standardised MED determination for suncare products and to further evaluate the role of this new MED assessment system. However, these preliminary results are encouraging and may set the scene for this new MED assessment system to become the standard of the future.
Space: A Final Frontier for Vacuolar Pathogens
Authors: Case Elizabeth Di Russo , Smith Judith A. , Ficht Thomas A. , Samuel James E. , de Figueiredo Paul
Published: February 2016

There is a fundamental gap in our understanding of how a eukaryotic cell apportions the limited space within its cell membrane. Upon infection, a cell competes with intracellular pathogens for control of this same precious resource. The struggle between pathogen and host provides us with an opportunity to uncover the mechanisms regulating subcellular space by understanding how pathogens modulate vesicular traffic and membrane fusion events to create a specialized compartment for replication. By comparing several important intracellular pathogens, we review the molecular mechanisms and trafficking pathways that drive two space allocation strategies, the formation of tight and spacious pathogen‐containing vacuoles. Additionally, we discuss the potential advantages of each pathogenic lifestyle, the broader implications these lifestyles might have for cellular biology and outline exciting opportunities for future investigation.
Structural Basis of Cargo Recognition by Unconventional Myosins in Cellular Trafficking
Authors: Li Jianchao , Lu Qing , Zhang Mingjie
Published: February 2016

Unconventional myosins are a superfamily of actin‐based molecular motors playing diverse roles including cellular trafficking, mechanical supports, force sensing and transmission, etc. The variable neck and tail domains of unconventional myosins function to bind to specific cargoes including proteins and lipid vesicles and thus are largely responsible for the diverse cellular functions of myosins in vivo. In addition, the tail regions, together with their cognate cargoes, can regulate activities of the motor heads. This review outlines the advances made in recent years on cargo recognition and cargo binding‐induced regulation of the activity of several unconventional myosins including myosin‐I, V, VI and X in cellular trafficking. We approach this topic by describing a series of high‐resolution structures of the neck and tail domains of these unconventional myosins either alone or in complex with their specific cargoes, and by discussing potential implications of these structural studies on cellular trafficking of these myosin motors.