bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stationary Gaussian entanglement between levitated nanoparticles
Authors: Chauhan Anil Kumar , Černotík Ondřej , Filip Radim
Published: November 2020

Coherent scattering of photons is a novel mechanism of optomechanical coupling for optically levitated nanoparticles promising strong, versatile interactions with light and between nanoparticles. We show that it allows efficient deterministic generation of Gaussian entanglement between two particles in separate tweezers. A combination of red- and blue-detuned tweezers brings a mechanical Bogoliubov mode to its ground state. An additional, dispersively coupled cavity mode can reduce noise in the orthogonal mode, resulting in strong entanglement as quantified by the logarithmic negativity and verifiable with the Duan criterion for realistic experimental parameters. Such an important resource for quantum sensing and quantum simulations is pivotal for current experiments and presents an important step towards optomechanics with multiple particles in the quantum regime.
Inverse-root and inverse-root-exponential potentials: Darboux transformations and elementary Darboux partners
Authors: Schulze-Halberg Axel , Ishkhanyan Artur M
Published: November 2020

The Schrödinger equations for an inverse-root potential and an inverse-root-exponential potential are studied. We derive conditions under which the hypergeometric solutions of the Schrödinger equation degenerate to elementary functions. By means of Darboux transformations we construct new exactly-solvable Schrödinger equations, focusing on bound state solutions and on cases where the transformed potentials are elementary functions.
Angular control of multi-mode resonance frequencies in obliquely deposited CoZr thin films with rotatable stripe domains*
Authors: Li Chao-Zhong , Jiang Chang-Jun , Chai Guo-Zhi
Published: November 2020

We investigate the angular-dependent multi-mode resonance frequencies in CoZr magnetic thin films with a rotatable stripe domain structure. A variable range of multi-mode resonance frequencies from 1.86 GHz to 4.80 GHz is achieved by pre-magnetizing the CoZr films along different azimuth directions, which can be ascribed to the competition between the uniaxial anisotropy caused by the oblique deposition and the rotatable anisotropy induced by the rotatable stripe domain. Furthermore, the regulating range of resonance frequency for the CoZr film can be adjusted by changing the oblique deposition angle. Our results might be beneficial for the applications of magnetic thin films in microwave devices.
Mass of a short-range correlated nucleon *
Authors: Wang Rong , Chen Xu-Rong , Wang Tao-Feng
Published: November 2020

Nucleon properties and structure should be modified by short-range correlations (SRC) among nucleons. By analyzing SRC ratio data, we extract the mass of a nucleon in an SRC pair and the expected number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium, under the assumption that the SRC nucleon mass is universal for different nuclei. The nucleon mass of a two-nucleon SRC pair is

= 852 ± 18 MeV, and the number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium is

=0.021 ± 0.005. The mass deficit of the strongly overlapping nucleon can be explained by the trace anomaly contribution to the mass in QCD or alternatively by the vacuum energy in the MIT bag model.
Muon flux measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory *
Authors: Guo Zi-yi , Bathe-Peters Lars , Chen Shao-min , Chouaki Mourad , Dou Wei , Guo Lei , Hussain Ghulam , Li Jin-jing , Liu Qian , Luo Guang , Luo Wen-tai , Qi Ming , Shao Wen-hui , Tang Jian , Wan Lin-yan , Wang Zhe , Xu Ben-da , Xu Tong , Xu Wei-ran , Yang Yu-zi , Yeh Minfang , Zhao Lin
Published: November 2020

China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) is ideal for studying solar, geo-, and supernova neutrinos. A precise measurement of the cosmic-ray background is essential in proceeding with R&D research for these MeV-scale neutrino experiments. Using a 1-ton prototype detector for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE), we detected 264 high-energy muon events from a 645.2-day dataset from the first phase of CJPL (CJPL-I), reconstructed their directions, and measured the cosmic-ray muon flux to be

cm

s

. The observed angular distributions indicate the leakage of cosmic-ray muon background and agree with simulation data accounting for Jinping mountain's terrain. A survey of muon fluxes at different laboratory locations, considering both those situated under mountains and those down mine shafts, indicates that the flux at the former is generally a factor of

larger than at the latter, with the same vertical overburden. This study provides a convenient back-of-the-envelope estimation for the muon flux of an underground experiment.
Erratum: Modelling energy deposition in TR image plate detectors for
various ion types
Authors: V. Lelasseux  , J. Fuchs
Published: November 2020

Please see the PDF file for details.
Quantum random number generation using a hexagonal boron nitride single photon emitter
Authors: White Simon J U , Klauck Friederike , Trong Tran Toan , Schmitt Nora , Kianinia Mehran , Steinfurth Andrea , Heinrich Matthias , Toth Milos , Szameit Alexander , Aharonovich Igor , Solntsev Alexander S
Published: November 2020

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) harnesses the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanical phenomena. On-chip photonic circuitry provides a robust and versatile platform that can address and explore fundamental questions in quantum as well as classical physics. Likewise, integrated waveguide-based architectures hold the potential for intrinsically scalable, efficient and compact implementations of photonic QRNG. Here, we harness the quantum emission from the two-dimensional material hexagonal boron nitride an emerging atomically thin medium that can generate single photons on demand while operating at room temperature. By means of a customized splitter arrangement, we achieve true random number generation through the measurement of single photons exiting one of four designated output ports, and subsequently verify the randomness of the sequences in accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology benchmark suite. Our results clearly demonstrate the viability and efficiency of this approach to on-chip deterministic random number generators.
Plasma activation towards oxidized nanocarbons for efficient electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: CAI Wei , WANG Yan , XIAO Changshan , WU Haobin , YU Xinyao
Published: November 2020

Oxidized nanocarbons (ONCs) have been regarded as efficient electrocatalysts for H2O2 production. However, wet chemical procedures involving large volumes of strong acid and long synthetic time are usually needed to obtain these ONCs. Herein, a plasma activation strategy is developed as a rapid and environmentally benign approach to obtain various ONCs, including oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotube, graphene, and super P carbon black. After a few minutes of plasma activation, oxygen-containing functional groups and defects can be effectively introduced onto the surface of nanocarbons. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity and selectivity are demonstrated by the plasma-ONCs for H2O2 production. Taking oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as an example, high selectivity (up to 95%) and activity (0.75 V at 1 mA cm−2) can be achieved in alkaline solution. Moreover, ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ Raman measurements reveal that C–O, C=O, edge defect, and sp2 basal planar defect are probably the active sites.
Investigation of melting rate in welding of IN738 Nickel-based superalloy by Nd:YAG pulsed-laser method
Authors: Taheri Morteza , Halvaee Ayyub , Salemi Golezani Ali , Kashi Ali Akbar
Published: November 2020

In this study, the effect of different parameters of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding, including pulse energy, pulse frequency, pulse duration, and welding speed on the melting rate of IN738 Nickel-based superalloy, was investigated. The results of this study were obtained based on the modification of a formula for calculating the melting rate of welding by pulse method (pulse overlap). According to this formula, effective pulse energy (EPE) affected by pulse overlap, has a significant effect on the melting rate. So that by decreasing the amount of EPE (increasing the pulse overlap), the melting rate increases to 67% overlap and then decreases due to the reduction of the heating rate through heat transfer to the base metal. The study of the effect of pulse laser parameters showed that pulse energy, pulse overlap, and pulse duration have the greatest effect on melting rate, respectively.
Spiral wave chimera states in regular and fractal neuronal networks
Authors: Santos Moises S , Protachevicz Paulo R , Caldas Iberê L , Iarosz Kelly C , Viana Ricardo L , Szezech José D , de Souza Silvio L T , Batista Antonio M
Published: November 2020

Chimera states are spatial patterns in which coherent and incoherent patterns coexist. It was reported that small populations of coupled oscillators can exhibit chimera with transient nature. This spatial coexistence has been observed in various network topologies of coupled systems, such as coupled pendula, coupled chemical oscillators, and neuronal networks. In this work, we build two-dimensional neuronal networks with regular and fractal topologies to study chimera states. In the regular network, we consider a coupling between the nearest neighbours neurons, while the fractal network is constructed according to the square Cantor set. Our networks are composed of coupled adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neurons, that can exhibit spike or burst activities. Depending on the parameters, we find spiral wave chimeras in both regular and fractal networks. The spiral wave chimeras arise for different values of the intensity of the excitatory synaptic conductance. In our simulations, we verify the existence of multicore chimera states. The cores are made up of neurons with desynchronous behaviour and the spiral waves rotates around them. The cores can be related to bumps or spatially localised pulses of neuronal activities. We also show that the initial value of the adaptation current plays an important role in the existence of spiral wave chimera states.
The geriatrician’s role in end-of-life care
Authors: Ahmed Nisar , Ahmedzai Sam H , Harwood Rowan H
Published: November 2020

Healthcare aims to help older people to live well, but ultimately must also support them to die well. Most people die in old age, but predicting death in both short- and long-term is impossible for many, although not all, older people. Frail older people live with hope and pride in coping, and often anticipate recovery when ill. Key objectives of healthcare for older people are to maintain independence, minimise suffering and preserve dignity, which requires active medical, mental health and rehabilitation management, even when extending life is not the main goal. Thorough medical diagnosis and appropriate treatment and rehabilitation minimise disability, physical and mental distress and problems resulting from acute illness and crises. In these terms, ‘health gain’ can be achieved from medical intervention, even when life expectancy is short. Assumptions derived from cancer care about lack of reversibility with medical interventions are sometimes unwarranted. This has to be balanced against investigation- and treatment-burden, including that associated with hospital admission and the adverse effects of drugs and therapy interventions, and the need to respect the identity and autonomy of individuals. The resolution of these tensions requires anticipation of care options, multi-professional assessment, judicious and targeted treatment, good communication with patients and stakeholders and rigorous shared decision-making. In this commentary, we compare geriatric and palliative medicine, and describe how the geriatric medical approach can deliver appropriate healthcare towards the end of life. This is well supported by the broad knowledge, skill-set, flexibility and professional values displayed by geriatricians working in multi-professional teams.
A case report of a primary cardiac lymphoma causing superior vena cava obstruction: the value of multimodality imaging in the clinical workup
Authors: Azzu Alessia , Antonopoulos Alexios S , Almogheer Batool , Mohiaddin Raad H
Published: November 2020

Background

This is a case report of a primary cardiac lymphoma with an unusual clinical presentation. We hereby illustrate the characteristic features of cardiac lymphomas by multimodality imaging and particularly cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) that can help reach a timely diagnosis non-invasively and guide treatment decisions.

Case summary

A 58-year-old woman, without significant past medical history, presented with a 3-week history of shortness of breath associated with facial and neck swelling. Transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed the presence of a cardiac mass in the right atrium. Cardiac magnetic resonance helped to characterize the mass, assess its haemodynamic significance and relation to cardiac structures, and reach a non-invasive diagnosis that was crucial for guiding treatment decisions and interventions.

Discussion

Cardiac masses have distinct imaging features that can help differentiate malignant from benign cardiac tumours. More specifically, primary cardiac lymphomas can be relatively easy diagnosed by CMR in most cases thanks to their characteristic imaging appearance.
Social media in cardiovascular medicine: a contemporary review
Authors: Ladeiras-Lopes Ricardo , Baciu Lavinia , Grapsa Julia , Sohaib Afzal , Vidal-Perez Rafael , Bohm Allan , Silvola Harri , Gimenez Maria Rubini , Muscoli Saverio , Wallner Markus , Rakisheva Amina , Nagy Vivien Klaudia , Cowie Martin R , Clarke Sarah C , Achenbach Stephan
Published: November 2020

Social media increasingly impact both the private and professional lives of the majority of the population, including individuals engaged in cardiovascular healthcare and research. Healthcare providers across the world use social media platforms such as Twitter or Facebook to find medical and scientific information, to follow scientific meetings, to discuss individual clinical cases with colleagues, and to engage with patients. While social media provide a means for fast, interactive and accessible communication without geographic boundaries, their use to obtain and disseminate information has limitations and the potential threats are not always clearly understood. Governance concerns include a lack of rigorous quality control, bias due to the pre-selection of presented content by filter algorithms, and the risk of inadvertent breach of patient confidentiality. This article provides information and guidance regarding the role and use of social media platforms in cardiovascular medicine, with an emphasis on the new opportunities for the dissemination of scientific information and continuing education that arise from their responsible use.
Exercise, Processing Speed, and Subsequent Falls: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liu-Ambrose Teresa , Davis Jennifer C , Falck Ryan S , Best John R , Dao Elizabeth , Vesely Kristin , Ghag Cheyenne , Rosano Caterina , Hsu C L , Dian Larry , Cook Wendy , Madden Kenneth M , Khan Karim M
Published: November 2020

Background

Strength and balance retraining exercises reduce the rate of subsequent falls in community-dwelling older adults who have previously fallen. Exercise can also improve cognitive function, including processing speed. Given processing speed predicts subsequent falls, we aimed to determine whether improved processing speed mediated the effects of the Otago Exercise Program on the rate of subsequent: (i) total falls, (ii) non-injurious falls, (iii) moderate injurious falls, and (iv) serious injurious falls.

Method

A secondary complete case analysis of a 12-month, single-blind, randomized clinical trial among 256 of 344 adults aged at least 70 years who fell in the previous 12 months. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive usual care plus the Otago Exercise Program (n = 123) or usual care (n = 133), consisting of fall prevention care provided by a geriatrician. The primary outcome was self-reported number of falls over 12 months (ie, rate of falls). Processing speed was assessed at baseline and at 12 months by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Causal mediation analyses were conducted using quasi-Bayesian estimates and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Exercise significantly reduced the rate of subsequent moderate injurious falls (IRR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.77; p = .002) and improved processing speed (estimated mean difference: 1.16 points; 95% CI: 0.11, 2.21). Improved DSST mediated the effect of exercise on the rate of subsequent moderate injurious falls (estimate: −0.06; 95% CI: −0.15, −0.001; p = .036).

Conclusion

Improved processing speed may be a mechanism by which exercise reduces subsequent moderate injurious falls in older adults who fell previously.

Clinical Trials Registration Number

ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System:

NCT01029171: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01029171

NCT00323596: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00323596
IVF with or without ICSI and the impact on human embryonic brain development: the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort
Authors: Husen Sofie C , Koning Irene V , Go Attie T J I , Groenenberg Irene A L , Willemsen Sten P , Rousian Melek , Steegers-Theunissen Régine P M
Published: November 2020

STUDY QUESTION

Does IVF with or without ICSI (IVF/ICSI) treatment impact the development of embryonic brain structures?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Our results show associations between IVF/ICSI treatment, smoking and slightly increased sizes of early human embryonic brain structures.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The number of IVF/ICSI procedures is increasing worldwide and is associated with higher risks of obstetric and perinatal complications in pregnancies.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

One hundred seventy-five women with a singleton pregnancy were included in the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict study).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Self-reported questionnaires, verified by a research assistant at enrollment, provided information on periconceptional maternal characteristics and mode of conception. Three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) examinations were performed at 9 and 11 weeks of gestational age (GA). Diencephalon total diameter (DTD), mesencephalon total diameter (MTD) and telencephalon thickness on the left and right site (TTL/TTR) were measured offline in standardized planes using 4D View software. Linear regression models with adjustment for GA, maternal age, body mass index, moment of initiation of folic acid supplement use and smoking were used to study associations between mode of conception and embryonic brain measurements at 9 and 11 weeks of GA.

MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE

A total of 276 3D-US scans of 166 participants, of which 50 conceived through IVF/ICSI, were included for embryonic brain measurements. Success rates of the DTD and MTD measurements were between 67% and 73% and of the TTL/TTR between 52% and 57%. In the fully adjusted model, we found that at 11 weeks of GA, the MTD (ß = 0.264, 95% CI = 0.101; 0.427, P < 0.01) and TTR (ß = 0.075, 95% CI = 0.001; 0.149, P < 0.05) sizes were larger in IVF/ICSI pregnancies. In addition, smoking also resulted in larger TTL measurements at 11 weeks of GA (ß = 0.095, 95% CI= 0.005; 0.186, P < 0.05).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The implications of these small deviations on brain functioning need further investigation.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Enlargement of attention for prenatal brain development and postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome after IVF/ICSI treatment.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

This study was funded by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, and Sophia research foundation for Medical Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (SSWO grant number 644). No competing interests are declared.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A
Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Laelia suffusa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lymantriinae)
Authors: Li Jing , Lv Qing , Zhang Xiao-man , Han Hui-lin , Zhang Ai-bing
Published: November 2020

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of a white tussock moth, Laelia suffusa (Walker, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lymantriinae), was sequenced and annotated. The genome sequence was 15,502 bp in length and comprised 13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a single noncoding control region (CR). The nucleotide composition of the genome was highly A + T biased, accounting for 79.04% of the whole genome and with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.015). Comparing the gene order with the basal species of Lepidoptera, a typical trnM rearrangement was detected in the mitogenome of L. suffusa. Besides, the trnM rearrangement was found at the head of trnI and trnQ, rather than at the back. The 13 PCGs used ATN as their start codons, except for the cox1 which used CGA. Out of the 22 tRNAs, only 1 tRNA (trnS1) failed to fold in a typical cloverleaf secondary structure. The conserved motif ‘ATAGA + poly-T’ was detected at the start of the control region which was similar to other Lepidoptera species. In total, 10 overlapping regions and 19 intergenic spacers were identified, ranging from 1 to 41 and 2 to 73 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Lymantriinae was a monophyletic group with a high support value and L. suffusa was closely related to tribe Orgyiini (Erebidae, Lymantriinae). Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) species was reconstructed using two datasets (13 PCGs and 37 genes) and these supported the topology of (Notodontidae + (Erebidae + (Nolidae + (Euteliidae + Noctuidae)))).
BCL7C suppresses ovarian cancer growth by inactivating mutant p53
Authors: Huang Canhua , Hao Qian , Shi Getao , Zhou Xiang , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2020

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7 protein family member C (BCL7C) located at chromosome 16p11.2 shares partial sequence homology with the other two family members, BCL7A and BCL7B. Its role in cancer remains completely unknown. Here, we report our finding of its tumor-suppressive role in ovarian cancer. Supporting this is that BCL7C is downregulated in human ovarian carcinomas, and its underexpression is associated with unfavorable prognosis of ovarian cancer as well as some other types of human cancers. Also, ectopic BCL7C restrains cell proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Consistently, depletion of BCL7C reduces apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation and invasion of these cancer cells. Mechanistically, BCL7C suppresses mutant p53-mediated gene transcription by binding to mutant p53, while knockdown of BCL7C enhances the expression of mutant p53 target genes in ovarian cancer cells. Primary ovarian carcinomas that sustain low levels of BCL7C often show the elevated expression of mutant p53 target genes. In line with these results, BCL7C abrogates mutant p53-induced cell proliferation and invasion, but had no impact on proliferation and invasion of cancer cells with depleted p53 or harboring wild-type p53. Altogether, our results demonstrate that BCL7C can act as a tumor suppressor to prevent ovarian tumorigenesis and progression by counteracting mutant p53 activity.
Likelihood-free inference with neural compression of DES SV weak lensing map statistics
Authors: Jeffrey Niall , Alsing Justin , Lanusse François
Published: November 2020

In many cosmological inference problems, the likelihood (the probability of the observed data as a function of the unknown parameters) is unknown or intractable. This necessitates approximations and assumptions, which can lead to incorrect inference of cosmological parameters, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy, or create artificial model tensions. Likelihood-free inference covers a novel family of methods to rigorously estimate posterior distributions of parameters using forward modelling of mock data. We present likelihood-free cosmological parameter inference using weak lensing maps from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Science Verification data, using neural data compression of weak lensing map summary statistics. We explore combinations of the power spectra, peak counts, and neural compressed summaries of the lensing mass map using deep convolution neural networks. We demonstrate methods to validate the inference process, for both the data modelling and the probability density estimation steps. Likelihood-free inference provides a robust and scalable alternative for rigorous large-scale cosmological inference with galaxy survey data (for DES, Euclid, and LSST). We have made our simulated lensing maps publicly available.
Hot X-ray onsets of solar flares
Authors: Hudson Hugh S , Simões Paulo J A , Fletcher Lyndsay , Hayes Laura A , Hannah Iain G
Published: November 2020

The study of the localized plasma conditions before the impulsive phase of a solar flare can help us understand the physical processes that occur leading up to the main flare energy release. Here, we present evidence of a hot X-ray ‘onset’ interval of enhanced isothermal plasma temperatures in the range of 10–15 MK over a period of time prior to the flare’s impulsive phase. This ‘hot onset’ interval occurs during the initial soft X-ray increase and definitely before any detectable hard X-ray emission. The isothermal temperatures, estimated by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite X-ray sensor, and confirmed with data from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, show no signs of gradual increase, and the ‘hot onset’ phenomenon occurs regardless of flare classification or configuration. In a small sample of four representative flare events, we tentatively identify this early hot onset soft X-ray emission to occur within footpoint and low-lying loop regions, rather than in coronal structures, based on images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly. We confirm this via limb occultation of a flaring region. These hot X-ray onsets appear before there is evidence of collisional heating by non-thermal electrons, and hence challenge the standard modelling techniques.
Examining the Spatial Concentration of Mental Health Calls for Police Service in a Small City
Authors: Koziarski Jacek
Published: November 2020

In recent years, police services have begun deploying more robust responses to calls for service involving persons with perceived mental illness (PwPMI), but at times do so in a limited capacity because of various challenges. Drawing from established evidence-based policing practices, a more efficient use of these responses may be to proactively deploy them instead, focusing their efforts on hot spots of PwPMI calls. Unfortunately, little is known about PwPMI call concentrations. Therefore, this study seeks to contribute to the literature by not only examining the concentration of these calls within a small city, but also by introducing new methods and a new measure of concentration to the literature. Drawing on 6 years of calls for service data, the results reveal that a high proportion of PwPMI calls are concentrated in few spatial units—more so than in larger jurisdictions. Further analyses also reveal dispersion of these concentrations.
Do local characteristics act in a similar way for the first two waves of COVID-19? Analysis at intraurban level in Barcelona
Authors: Arauzo-Carod Josep-Maria , Domènech Antoni , Gutiérrez Aaron
Published: November 2020

Background

This paper concerns the spatial determinants of the first two waves of COVID-19 at the neighbourhood level.

Methods

Using data for the first and second waves of COVID-19 at the neighbourhood level in Barcelona, we analyse whether local characteristics acted in the same way during the two waves and identify typologies of areas depending on such determinants. Univariate and bivariate local Moran’s I and count data models are used.

Results

Some structural effects at the neighbourhood level consistently either boost (e.g. population density) or reduce (e.g. income) COVID-19 cases. Other effects differ between the two waves (i.e. age composition, schools and transport infrastructures).

Conclusions

Since certain characteristics influenced the virus diffusion in opposite ways between the two pandemic waves, territorial heterogeneity alone is insufficient to explain COVID-19 outbreaks—individual behaviour also needs to be factored in. Consequently, both econometric and spatial analysis techniques are recommended for tracking the spatiotemporal spread of this disease and for monitoring the effectiveness of policy measures across heterogeneous neighbourhoods.
Attendance at London workplaces after symptom onset: a retrospective cohort study of staff members with confirmed COVID-19
Authors: Jain Vageesh , Waghorn Maria , Thorn-Heathcock Rachel , Lamb Peter , Bell Anita , Addiman Sarah
Published: November 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-secure workplace guidance, including the prompt self-isolation of those with COVID-19 symptoms, is fundamental to disease control in workplaces. Despite guidance, a large number of workplace outbreaks have been observed. This study aimed to identify the proportion of symptomatic staff members attending workplaces after symptom onset or testing, and associated factors.

Methods

This study of symptomatic COVID-19 cases associated with London workplaces used London Coronavirus Response Centre (LCRC) records from routine telephone calls with cases and employers, from 17th July to 10th September. For each case, symptoms, date of onset, date of testing and the last attendance at work were extracted. Univariable logistic regression was performed to investigate whether age, gender or occupation was associated with workplace attendance after the onset of symptoms.

Results

Out of 130 symptomatic COVID-19 cases, 42 (32.3%) attended the workplace after their reported date of symptom onset, including 16 (12.3%) with recorded COVID-19 symptoms. Five staff members attended after COVID-19 testing. Males were 66% less likely to attend the workplace after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms compared to females (odds ratio 0.34, P = 0.05). Age and occupation were not predictive for workplace attendance after the onset of symptoms.

Conclusion

A minority of symptomatic cases attended the workplace after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, with a smaller proportion attending after testing. Males appeared less likely to attend the workplace after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. This study highlights the need for ongoing COVID-19 secure workplace practices and prompt self-isolation after COVID-19 symptom onset or testing.
Moss mimesispar excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Authors: Imada Yume
Published: November 2020

Different physical structures play a central role in animal camouflage. However, in evolutionary studies of mimicry, the ecological and evolutionary significance of such structures has been poorly investigated. Larvae of long-bodied craneflies, Cylindrotominae, are all obligate herbivores and resemble plants. They are distinctively characterized by possessing numerous elongated cuticular lobes on the integument. A comprehensive overview of the biology and morphology of cylindrotomids, particularly their larval stages, is laid out, providing original data on nine species. To explore the ecological background of moss resemblance, host-plants of most examined species are clarified, revealing that terrestrial moss-feeding species tend to use specific groups of mosses, either belonging to Bryales or Hypnales. However, the evolution of cryptic forms remains paradoxical, due to the apparent absence of visual predators. Based on histological examinations, extensive internal musculatures within the cuticular lobes on the lateral side are discovered, shedding new light on their function in locomotion. Traditional functional explanations for these lobes, particularly as devices for respiration, locomotion and attachment, are challenged. This study promotes our understanding of the ecomorphology of mimicry devices, which is an angle often dismissed in evolutionary studies of mimicry.
The transition from enthesis physiological responses in health to aberrant responses that underpin spondyloarthritis mechanisms
Authors: Aydin Sibel Zehra , Bridgewood Charles , Zabotti Alen , Girolimetto Nicolò , McGonagle Dennis
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review

Despite immunology and translational therapeutics advances in inflammatory arthritis over the past two decades, the enthesis, which is the epicentric of the spondyloarthritis family pathological process, retains many mysteries because of tissue inaccessibility that hampers direct immune study. As entheses are subject to almost continuous mechanical stress and spondyloarthritis is linked to microdamage or injury and joint stress, it is cardinal to understand the physiological changes occurring within the entheses not only to be able to differentiate disease from health but also to understand the transition normal physiology break down and its merges into spondyloarthritis-related disease.

Recent findings

Imaging has played a major role in understanding the enthesis in human. Remarkable insights from enthesis functioning and microdamage in normal and with ageing including those linked to body mass index is emerging. The impact of mechanical stress and degenerative conditions on the development of the secondary entheseal vascular changes is not understood. Of note, ultrasound studies in psoriasis have shown higher power Doppler changes compared to controls pointing towards a role for vascular changes in the development of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis.

The literature pertaining to normal entheses changes with age, microdamage and vascular changes in health is providing a roadmap for understanding of the enthesis and its potential role in evolution of spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERCOAGULABILITY IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Coulon Sara J. , Dedania Vaidehi S.
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

To report a case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy in an otherwise healthy young, multiparous woman in her second trimester of pregnancy.

Methods:

A case report.

Results:

A 38-year-old woman in her twentieth week of pregnancy presented with a four-day history of an acute paracentral scotoma in her left eye. Fundoscopic examination of the left eye was significant for a white–gray lesion inferonasal to the fovea which corresponded with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography hyperreflectivity at the outer plexiform layer–inner nuclear layer junction and optical coherence tomography angiography nonperfusion. A diagnosis of paracentral acute middle maculopathy was made. The patient was sent for a hypercoagulability workup that revealed elevated Factor VIII activity, which has been associated with increased risk of complications during pregnancy.

Conclusion:

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in pregnancy may be secondary to an underlying hypercoagulable condition. We recommend systemic evaluation and referral to a high-risk pregnancy specialist if paracentral acute middle maculopathy is diagnosed during pregnancy. In addition, optical coherence tomography angiography in paracentral acute middle maculopathy may demonstrate reperfusion of the affected vessels.
HEMOGLOBIN C TRAIT PRESENTING WITH BILATERAL CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Authors: Neuhouser Adam J. , Sanders Riley N. , Konda Manojna , Uwaydat Sami H.
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

To report a case of bilateral sequential, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in a man with newly diagnosed hemoglobin C trait.

Methods:

A 67-year-old man presented with a one-month history of declining visual acuity. He was diagnosed with left CRVO. Bilateral temporal retinal ischemia and arteriovenous anastomoses on fluorescein angiography suggestive of sickle cell retinopathy prompted a systemic work-up. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed an underlying hemoglobin C trait. Six-months after his initial presentation, the patient developed symptomatic right CRVO.

Results:

The initial left CRVO was complicated by optic disc swelling and macular edema. Intravitreal antiangiogenic therapy was initiated and the macular edema resolved. The left eye subsequently developed an epiretinal membrane which was surgically removed. Macular edema in the right eye also resolved after intravitreal antiangiogenic therapy.

Conclusion:

This is the first reported case of bilateral CRVO in a case of hemoglobin C trait. It is possible that erythrocyte inflexibility, caused by hemoglobin C-induced dehydration and crystallization, acted concomitantly with hypertension to produce occlusive microangiopathy. This case highlights the need for further investigation in patients presenting with central retinal vein occlusion, especially when bilateral, or when retinal angiography reveals bilateral pathology.
RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN YOUNG: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN A 6-YEAR-OLD CHILD
Authors: Khadar Syed M. A. , Bhad Sunil M.
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

To report a unique case of the branch retinal artery occlusion in a 6-year-old child due to hamartoma.

Method:

A 6-year-old male child presented with chief complaints of foreign body sensation in the left eye without any significant antecedent history of local or systemic cause. Best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye was 20/20. Fundus biomicroscopy revealed altered fundal reflex in superotemporal quadrant and gliotic tissue (Hamartoma) at the first bifurcation of the superior branch of retinal artery. Phakomatosis were ruled out with pediatrician consultation.

Results:

All related blood investigations were normal. Optical coherence tomography showed focal thinning and optical coherence tomography angiography showed capillary nonperfusion in the corresponding quadrant of the retina. Fluoroscopy under general anesthesia confirmed the diagnosis. We came to the diagnosis of branch retinal artery occlusion may be because of local compression by the hamartoma.

Conclusion:

Three factors controls the occurrence of the vascular occlusion according to Virchow that is, hypercoagulability, hemodynamic changes, and endothelial injury/dysfunction. In our patient, external compression causing hemodynamic changes and subsequent endothelial injury/dysfunction, which promotes thrombosis seems to be the cause of the branch retinal artery occlusion. Patient was advised scheduled periodic follow-up.
A STROBE-compliant case–control study
Authors: Yu Teng-Chieh , Wu Tzu-En , Wang Yuan-Shen , Cheng Shen-Fu , Liou Shiow-Wen
Published: November 2020

Topical atropine has become a mainstream treatment of myopia throughout East and Southeast Asia, but it is uncertain whether long-term topical atropine therapy induces intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and subsequent development of glaucoma. We then prospectively examined the effects of long-term atropine treatment on IOP.

Our case series collected 186 myopic children who were younger than 16 years of age. Complete ocular examination data, IOP and refractive status measurements beginning in 2008 were collected for all participants. Participants were divided into two groups: 121 children who received atropine therapy at various concentrations were classified as the treated group, whereas 65 children who did not receive atropine therapy were classified as the untreated (reference) group. In the treated group, clinicians prescribed different concentrations of atropine eye drops according to their discretion with regard to the severity of myopia on each visit of the patient. We then calculated the cumulative dose of atropine therapy from 2008 to the patients’ last follow-up in 2009. Furthermore, the treated group was then further divided into low- and high-refractive-error groups of nearly equal size for further analysis.

There were no significant differences for the baseline refractive errors and IOPs between the treated and untreated groups. Both the low- and high-cumulative atropine dosage subgroups showed significantly lower myopic progression than the untreated group, but there was no significant difference between the two subgroups in terms of different cumulative dosages. All groups, including the untreated group, showed an increase of mean IOP at the last follow-up, but both low- and high-cumulative atropine dosage subgroups experienced a smaller increase of IOP. The mean IOP of all atropine-treated groups showed no significant increase in either low- or high-refractive-error eyes.

This study revealed that topical atropine eye drops do not induce ocular hypertension and are effective for slowing the progression of myopia. The treatment effects are not correlated with the cumulative atropine dosages.
Association between polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection
Authors: Fu Dan-Hui , Deng Wen-Juan , Yang Zhi , Hong Sen , Ding Qian-Lin , Zhao Yang , Chen Jia , Su Dan-Ke
Published: November 2020

Background:

This study meta-analyzed the literature on possible association of 3 polymorphisms (-592, -1082, -819) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection.

Methods:

PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched to identify relevant studies in English. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the association of IL-10 polymorphisms -592, -1082, and -819 with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.

Results:

A significant association between the -592 polymorphism and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection was found in the total population (recessive model, odds ratios (OR) = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.06–1.96, P = .02; homozygous model, OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.02–2.02, P = .04). However, these results were not observed in subgroups based on ethnicity. The -1082 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Caucasians (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05–1.62, P = .02; recessive model, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09–2.03, P = .01; homozygous model, OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.01–2.46, P = .04), but not in Asians or the total population. None of the 5 genetic models suggested a significant association between the -819 polymorphism and HIV-1 infection.

Conclusion:

The available evidence indicates that the AA genotype of IL-10 -592 may confer increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, and that the AA genotype of -1082 may confer increased susceptibility in Caucasians. In contrast, the -819 polymorphism may not be associated with HIV-1 infection risk. These conclusions should be verified in large, well-designed studies.
Mechanism underlying the effect of SO2-induced oxidation on human skin keratinocytes
Authors: Liang Junqin , Liu Lina , Kang Xiaojing , Hu Fengxia , Mao Lidan
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to study the effect and mechanism of action of SO2-induced oxidation on human skin keratinocytes.

Different concentrations of SO2 derivatives (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) were used for treating HaCaT keratinocytes for 24 hours. MTT was used to evaluate the effect of each concentration on cell proliferation. HaCaT cells were randomly divided into control and SO2 groups. The control group received no treatment, whereas the SO2 group was treated with SO2 derivatives of selected concentrations for 24 hours. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor TNF-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1-β) in cell supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of nuclear transcription factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA. The Western blot analysis was used to test the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, activated caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, IκB, NF-κB p65 (p65), ERK1/2, p38, phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), p-ERK1/2, and p-p38.

SO2 derivatives (100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) could inhibit cell proliferation. SO2 derivatives increased the level of ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, Nrf2, HO-1, and p-p65/p65 and decreased the levels of SOD, IκB, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, and p-p38/p38 compared with the control group, but they had no effect on the levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax.

SO2 could inhibit the proliferation of human skin keratinocytes and induce oxidative stress and inflammation via the activation of the NF-κB pathway to inhibit the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways.
Barriers to using personal protective equipment by healthcare staff during the COVID-19 outbreak in China
Authors: Fan Jing , Jiang Ying , Hu Kaihui , Chen Xiao , Xu Qian , Qi Yujiao , Yin Hubin , Gou Xin , Liang Simin
Published: November 2020

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has put a heavy burden on human society and is also a great challenge facing medical staff. This study aimed to assess the difficulties faced by health care personnel (HCP) in using personal protective equipment (PPE) in clinical practice during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. One hundred twenty medical staff from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University presented to the Wuhan First Hospital to provide medical assistance, from whom 20 HCP volunteered to participate in a focus group discussion attended by infection control nurse leaders. Participants’ responses and discussions were recorded, and the content was analyzed for themes. Observed difficulties included inappropriate PPE sizes, the design of the PPE and its complexity of use, doubts related to the quality and effectiveness of PPE, potential risks during doffing, space layout between clean and contaminated area, and poor comfort with PPE use. Other factors, such as the support environment, management, processes, preparedness, HCP, and equipment can also have a positive or negative impact on the use of PPE. Future efforts to optimize PPE use should focus on strengthening training for HCP using real items for increasing compliance with standardized protocols, improving PPE design, and performing further research on the risks, benefits, and best practices of PPE use.
First clinical study using HCV protease inhibitor danoprevir to treat COVID-19 patients
Authors: Chen Hongyi , Zhang Zhicheng , Wang Li , Huang Zhihua , Gong Fanghua , Li Xiaodong , Chen Yahong , Wu Jinzi J.
Published: November 2020

Introduction:

As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak globally, repurposing approved drugs is emerging as important therapeutic options. Danoprevir boosted by ritonavir (Ganovo) is a potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease (NS3/4A) inhibitor, which was approved and marketed in China since 2018 to treat chronic hepatitis C patients.

Methods:

This is an open-label, single arm study evaluating the effects of danoprevir boosted by ritonavir on treatment naïve and experienced COVID-19 patients for the first time. Patients received danoprevir boosted by ritonavir (100 mg/100 mg, twice per day). The primary endpoint was the rate of composite adverse outcomes and efficacy was also evaluated.

Results:

The data showed that danoprevir boosted by ritonavir is safe and well tolerated in all patients. No patient had composite adverse outcomes during this study. After initiation of danoprevir/ritonavir treatment, the first negative reverse real-time PCR (RT-PCR) test occurred at a median of 2 days, ranging from 1 to 8 days, and the obvious absorption in CT scans occurred at a median 3 days, ranging from 2 to 4 days. After 4 to 12-day treatment of danoprevir boosted by ritonavir, all enrolled 11 patients were discharged from the hospital.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that repurposing danoprevir for COVID-19 is a promising therapeutic option.