bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

The species belonging to this Order, which are enumerated below and figured in the accompanying Plate, occur in the Lower Oolites without exception. The Oxfordian beds in Yorkshire have not been productive in fossils of this kind: the onlyknown species—Actœon retusus, Phil.—has already been described in the “Corallian Gasteropoda” (Geol. Mag. 1881, p. 127, Pl. IV. Fig. 7). The Tornatellidæ are the best represented, and especially Actœonina, but none are numerous, and really good specimens, suitable for accurate description, are rare indeed.
III.—A Plea for Comparative Lithology
Authors: Callaway C
Published: May 2009

In a short series of papers in this Magazine on How to work in the Archœan Rocks, I briefly set forth the principles of correlation which seemed to me available, and pointed out the precautions which should attend the application of each test. I discussed the evidence from (1) Organic remains; (2) Order of superposition; (3) Included fragments; and (4) Mineral composition. The lastnamed criterion has the widest application, and therefore it was necessary to define its scope with great care. I showed that its value largely depended upon accessory considerations. I insisted that rock-groups should be compared as a whole, that the degree of metamorphism was an important factor in the evidence, that a valuable auxiliary test was to be found in similarity of succession, that the proof of a Pre-Cambrian age enormously reduced the chances of error, and that, in some cases, the origin of the deposits was a useful aid in correlation. I recall attention to these points, because, at a recent debate in the Geological Society, some of my critics seemed to believe that I had been attempting to determine theage of formations by the comparison of a few hand-specimens. They omitted to take fully into account the subsidiary evidence which has been accumulated during the last decade. But even if we entirely ignore this mass of proof, it is surely of interest to point outlithological resemblances between rock-systems, even if we are not prepared to correlatethem. Twilight is better than absolute darkness. We may say that the Pebidian of Hicks is like the Lower Taconic of Emmons, without asserting the contemporaneity of the two groups; and then leave the lithological hint at the mercy of the evolutionary laws which will either destroy it or develop it into a theory.
IV.—The Classification of Stratified Rocks
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Mr. Jukes-Browne's proposed classification of our rock groups, in the July Number of the Geological Magazine, is a commendable attempt to solve an important question, especially where he proposes to establish divisions on palæontological evidence, in preference to depending upon minor breaks in the succession, which must always be more or less local
III.—Eskdale Drift and its Bearing on Glacial Geology
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The extraordinary abundance and almost universal distribution of fragments of Eskdale granite through the Drift of the North-West of England and part of North Wales is an impressive fact to the student of Glacial Geology. Mackintosh was the first to systematically trace this rock through the Drift and to note its origin. Since the time of this single-minded and patient investigator many other geologists have gone over the same ground and extended his observations, and all must bear witness to the accuracy of his facts.
I.—Plant Cuticles from the Coal-Measures of Britain
Authors: Wills Lucy
Published: May 2009

Our knowledge of the structure of the cuticle of Coal-measure plants is very meagre in comparison with the amount of information recently published as to the cuticular characters of Mesozoic genera. So far as I know, no detailed descriptions have been published of the cuticles of British Palæozoic plants. Professor Zeiller1 has described a few cuticles of French Carboniferous plants, and Dr. Huth2 recently gave an account of the cuticle of Mariopteris muricata, but very little has so far been attempted in this branch of research. The present preliminary account deals with material obtained by Mr. L. J. Wills from the Middle Coal-measures of the Denbighshire Coal-field near Chirk and from the Old Hill Marls (Etruria Marls ?) in the Upper Coal-measures of South Staffordshire. The cuticles are preserved as brown films in clayey shales, approaching fireclays in composition, none having yet been found in carbonaceous or sandy shales. It is hoped that this note will incite collectors to search for further specimens in this state of preservation.
Origin of the Igneous Rocks
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

Sir,—I was much interested to read in your last issue the excellent review of Professor's Daly's latest work appearing above the initials “R. H. R.” May I draw your reviewer's attention to the fact that such points as the quantitative composition of the igneous rocks and the effects of assimilation upon them have been dealt with at some length in England before now, as your own pages can testify. In this Magazine as long ago as June, 1904, I entered a protest against the calculations made on a purely arm-chair basis by F. W. Clarke and A. Harker with regard to the former problem, and Mr. Clarke has, to some extent, modified his calculations as a result of this and a succeeding paper on the same subject. With regard to assimilation, a process intimately connected with the question of composition, Professor Grenville Cole has beencrying in the wilderness for many years past, and the late Dr. Johnston-Lavis has done good work in the same direction, while I attacked the problem on a much wider basis in a lengthy paper read before the British Association in 1905. This has been followed up by a general work on petrology, of which an expanded form was published by Messrs. Chapman & Hall last year. In substance itis a systematic exposition of the subject based on assimilation as opposed to the purely hypothetical ‘differentiation’ basis which has become so popular of late years. It may, perhaps, be added that Professor Daly has placed a great stumbling-block before many geologists by his advocacy of a prevailing basic magma, below the granitic one, as a primary feature of his work.
I.—The Lateritic Deposits of Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

In his Last Journals, referring to the formations of Portuguese Nyasaland west of the Lugenda River, Livingstone writes: “The elevated plains among these mountain masses show great patches of ferruginous conglomerate, which, when broken, looks like yellow hæmatite with madrepore holes in it.” He also notes that the same formation is responsible for the prevailing reddish tint assumed by the soil. In Mozambique, the province of Portuguese East Africa south of Nyasaland, lateritic deposits of the kind described by Living-stone are very abundant. In view of the wide interest which the superficial deposits known as laterite have aroused among geologists during recent years, no excuse seems necessary for placing on record a few notes dealing with their modes of occurrence and associations in Mozambique. The country was explored during the year 1911, Mr. D. A. Wray, Mr. E. J. Wayland, and myself accompanying the expedition as geologists. My former colleagues have kindly placed their notes on the superficial deposits of Mozambique at my disposal, and I wish here to express my indebtedness to them for the help thus afforded.
III.—On Arthropleura Moyseyi, n.sp., from the Coal-Measures of Debyshire
Authors: Calman W. T.
Published: May 2009

The specimen dealt with in this paper was obtained some years ago by Dr. L. Moysey, of Nottingham, and was sent by him to Dr. Henry Woodward, who has been so kind as to entrust it to me for examination.
V.—Some Points in the Eolithic Controversy
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

The controversy which has raged round the problem of the Eoliths seems little nearer a satisfactory solution than it was upon the publication of Sir Joseph Prestwich's papers of 1889, 1891, and 1892. The present article is an endeavour to place certain sceptical considerations before the readers of the Geological Magazine.
III.—Sketch of the Geology of Ice Sound and Bell Sound, Spitzbergen
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Ice and Bell Sounds are two large fiords opening out on the west coast of Spitzbergen, which cut deep into the country, both in an easterly direction towards Stor Fiord, and in a northerly direction towards the south part of Wijde Bay. The shores of the Sounds are for the most part occupied by high mountains, precipitous towards the sea, nearly free from snow during the summer, whose sides, being bare of vegetation, offer the observer an uncommonly favourable opportunity for studying the geological structure of the rocks. Within an excecdingly limited space one meets here with a succession of strata belonging to a great many different geological periods, and rich in fossils, both of the vegetable and animal kingdom.
V.—Sketch of the Geology of Ice Sound and Bell Sound, Spitzbergen
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

VI. Jura.—In all probability the strata which form the summit of the mountain north of Reindeer Valley in Saurie Hook belong to the Jurassic formation, which besides occupies a considerable extent on Spitzbergen, from the entrance of Ice Sound to Cape Agardh in Stor Fiord. To judge from the beds at the latter place, the only one that I know of which affords a comprehensive section of the different strata belonging to this formation, the Jurassic strata of Spitzbergen consist of—
I.—On the Exhumation and Development of a large Reptile (Omosaurus Armatus, Owen), from the Kimmeridge Clay, Swindon, Wilts
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

Comparatively few of the many persons who visit our larger Museums, and stop to examine the fossils exhibited in the cases, have any idea of the time, labour, care, and mechanical skill which many of them require ere they are ready for the palæontologist to interpret and describe, the artist to delineate, or made sufficiently intelligible for public exhibition. The first operation, and one requiring considerable care, is the exhumation of the fossil remains from the stratum of gravel or clay, or from the siliceous or calcareous rocks of various degrees of hardness, in which they may have been imbedded and preserved. Then the hardening of the bones—for these remarks apply more especially to the remains of the larger Vertebrata—which are generally found much broken, and, unless thoroughly mineralized, in a more or less friable and brittle condition. Next there is the fitting and cementing together of the pieces, which are frequently numerous, and of such as have been imbedded in a rocky matrix, the careful development by hammer and chisel from their incasement of stone: all of which operations necessarily involve a large amount of skilled labour.
IV.—Some Considerations on the Probable Conditions under which the Paleozoic Rocks were Deposited over the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Upper Silurian.—At the close of the Lower Silurian, as already stated, changes of considerable importance took place in some of the areas which had undergone depression. The sea-bottom was now raised in parts of Western Europe, and in North America, and islands of some extent formed. In Europe the most important were those in North Wales, Shropshire, Cumberland, the South of Scotland, and in Nassau. It is probable also that one or more extended along Southern Europe, from Portugal into Spain, etc., but the evidence concerning this is as yet imperfect. In America, according to Logan, Dana, etc., the principal parts raised at this time were the Green Mountain regions, and the ridge extending from Lake Erie over Cincinnati into Tennessee. These American ridges appear to have been raised to a great height, and to have remained afterwards in part dry land, even to the close of the Palœozoic. The islands in Europe were raised only to a small height above water-level, and were probably all again submerged by the close of the Upper Silurian.
III.—Some Considerations on the Probable Conditions under which the Palæozoic Rocks were Deposited over the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Igneous Action and Metamorphism.—I have already referred to the fact that igneous eruptions were frequent during Palæozoic time. As far as there is any evidence at present, they do not appear to have taken place during the Cambrian Epoch either in Europe or in North America. In Europe contemporaneous tuffs or ashes are found for the first time in the succession in the Arenig rocks; and in America about the same period, or perhaps a little earlier. By referring to the Table, p. 156, it will be seen that the contemporancous traps also occur only in the areas which had undergone most depression, or where the greatest amount of sediment had accumulated. Sir J. Herschel has urged as a reason for this that the crust after a continued period of depression would descend to a point where the heat would be sufficiently great to melt it through, or to weaken it; and that as a consequence fractures would take place, and there would then be a corresponding rising of heat and fiery matter from below, to that of the accumulation of the sediments.
III.—On the Mechanics of Glaciers
Authors: Burns David
Published: May 2009

It has long appeared to me that much remains to be said on this subject. When Mr. Croll's papers on the Physical Cause of the Motion of Glaciers appeared in the Philosophical Magazine for March, 1869, and September, 1870, I felt that, though his theory was certainly ingenious, and his statement of it clear and masterly, these papers were far from affording a satisfactory solution of the problem of which they treated. I waited, fully expecting that Mr. Croll would supplement and modify his theory, but he has not done so to my knowledge. Geologists in general seem to be as satisfied with it as he is himself, and on all hands they appeal to it as supporting them, whenever they treat of glacial phenomena, even when, if true, it shows their theories to be vain. A rather conspicuous instance of this occurs in the Geol. Mag. for October of last year, in an interesting paper by Mr. Goodchild on Coums. In that paper Mr. Goodchild commends “a proper appreciation of Mr. Croll's theory”; but I am persuaded that a proper understanding of it would have caused him either to renounce that theory or his own on the origin of Coums. I have thought it time, therefore, to place on these pages my criticisms and difficulties for the consideration of geologists, even if, as is unfortunately too likely, I have little new to advance.
III.—Ice and Ice-Work in Newfoundland
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Coast Ice of Newfoundland.—Icebergs have an advantage over coast-ice in their imposing appearance, which has perhaps been in part instrumental in raising them to the high position which they now occupy as workers of Geological changes. Many Manuals of Geology, and many diagrams drawn to illustrate the same science, have oft-times portrayed a well-known flat-topped berg, carrying a rock, in the Antarctic regions; but neither books nor lecture-diagrams, taken collectively, give any adequate idea of coast-ice as a similar agent. From what I have seen of coast-ice and of its effects. I feel persuaded that it is an agent of at least as great, if not of greater universality than either glaciers or icebergs, and taken as a whole perhaps also as an agent of equal power. Of the various forms of sea-ice known as “berg-ice,” “floe-ice,” “pack-ice,” and the like, the portion I would more particularly draw attention to is that variety which forms a narrow belt along the shore, known in Greenland as the “Ice-Foot.”
IV.—Fossil Fish in North Devon
Authors: Hall Townshend M.
Published: May 2009

The recent discovery of fossil fishes in the Carboniferous beds of North Devon appears of sufficient importance to require that the facts connected with it should be placed on record.
IV.—Considerations bearing on Theories of the Formation of Rock-basins
Authors: Miller Hugh
Published: May 2009

The arguments I endeavoured to outline in the June Number of the Geological Magazine have evidently been partly misunderstood by at least one gentleman whose opinion is valuable, and I desire therefore to illustrate them somewhat further.
V.—Additional Remarks upon Inversions of Carboniferous Strata in Somersetshire
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for April, 1871, I attempted to account for the mode of occurrence of the masses of Carboniferous Limestone that are found in the midst of the Coal-measure country at Luckington and Vobster in Somersetshire, and I then drew a picture of a faulted and inverted anticlinal to explain the phenomena. Mr. McMurtrie, who has more recently re-opened the discussion on the subject, and in a friendly manner assailed my theory, again asserts that the Limestone masses “must in some way have been folded over” from the Mendip range. He has very clearly brought forward all the local facts that bear upon the question, and has represented in diagram the mode by which he would account for the position of these isolated areas of Carboniferous Limestone. No one is so familiar as is Mr. McMurtrie with the detailed structure of the Somersetshire Coal-field, and I look forward with great interest to the facts which he is enabled from time to time to bring forward; nevertheless I may be pardoned for still differing from his general conclusions, inasmuch as the facts at present made known appear to me neither to upset my own theory, nor to establish that advocated by Mr. McMurtrie. Indeed it is only due to him to observe that he does not consider the question as finally settled, although he brings forward facts which seem to him to militate against the theory I ventured to propose.
VI.—Dr. H. Landor on Ground-Ice as a Carrier of Stones and Débris
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

Some years ago (November 15th, 1869) Dr. Henry Landor, Superintendent of the London Asylum, Ontario, communicated to the Entomological Society of Canada some observations on the action of Ground-ice, which seem to be of sufficient importance to be reproduced in the pages of this Magazine. The Entomological Society does not appear to publish its transactions, otherwise a simple reference might have sufficed. The account of Dr. Landor's observations here given is extracted from the local Free Press, of London, Ont.
III.—On Scottish Monograptidæ
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

This genus was founded by Mr. Carruthers to include those compound forms of monoprionidian Graptolites in which the polypary is unilateral, growing from the initial point in one direction only. There can be no hesitation in regarding it morphologically as a branching Monograptus; its mode of development, the characters of its hydrothecæ, and its geological distribution, all pointing unmistakably in this direction.
IV.—Hertfordshire Subsidences
Authors: Cameron A. C. G.
Published: May 2009

Subsidences are by no means unusual amongst the arable lands in the Chalk districts of this county. No one, who has travelled in these parts, can have failed to notice the numerous holes and dells dotted about the fields in all directions, many of which have fallen in, or will do so,incourse of time. Nearly all of them mark spots where the Chalk has been dug up for chalking the land, which is then said to work better.
V.—Effects of Alternations of Temperature on Terra Cotta Copings set in Cement as an Illustration of a Theory of Mountain Building
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Elsewhere I have shown that metals under certain conditions when subjected to changes of temperature undergo permanent deformation. Thus sheets of lead ridge up and fold even under the influence of atmospheric changes, as may be seen by the examination of any old lead flats or gutters. The cumulative effect of small but repeated changes of temperature is very striking; and I have used it in illustration of what I conceive to be the true explanation of the ridgings up of the earth's crust called mountain ranges. The examples given of the effects of alternations of temperature are mostly in metals, but I have also shown that other materials not ductile are affected in the same way. in a lesser degree.
VI.—British Upper Tertiary Corals
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

Writers on Fossil Corals seem to ignore the existence of Corals in our later Tertiary formations. They are certainly not common. The following reference and species have come under my notice: Caryophyllia clavus, Scacchi var. boreal is, Flem., Lancashire drift (see Geologist, 1843, p. 124). Caryophyllia clavus var. Smithii, Stokes, Kaised beach, Portrush, Co. Antrim (Portlock, Geol. Londonderr, etc.). Sphenotrochus Wrightii, Gosse, from the Clyde beds, by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson. to these I may add a fine calice of the Norway branching Coral Lophohelia prolifera, Ed. and H., from the interglacial sands of King Edward, N.B., and a single young example of Sphenotrochus Macandrewanus, E. and H., from the Raised sea-bed, Largo Bay, Fife.
II.—Note on Graptolites from Peru
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Herbert J. Jessop, who has recently returned from a journey in Eastern Peru, kindly placed in my hands, for examination, some specimens of graptolites which he had obtained on the River Macho, one of the tributaries of the Inambari, near the celebrated mountain Capac Orco, or Monte Bello, in the province of Carabaya, Peru (lat. 13° 40′ S.; long. 70° 10′ W.). The locality is situated on the north-east of the main watershed, and the rivers flow eventually into the Amazon. The difficulties of travelling make it likely that a long time will elapse before other specimens are forthcoming from this locality; it seems desirable, therefore, that some account of these should be published.
I.—Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh
Authors: McMahon C. A. , Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

The fossils described by Mr. Hudleston, F.R.S., in Part II of this paper, were found by Captain B. E. N. Gurdon, C.I.E., D.S.O., Assistant Political Agent, Chitral, on the right bank of the Chitral river, between Chitral and Mastuj. The spot where they were collected is indicated by a small cross marked on the accompanying sketch-map (Fig. 1), which has been based on the map of the Pamirs compiled under the direction of the Right Hon. G. N. (now Lord) Curzon to illustrate a paper by him published in the Journal of R.G.S. of 1890. My son, Major A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E., F.G.S., in company with Captain Gurdon, visited Mastuj in October, 1900.
II.—Moraines and Mud-streams in the Alps
Authors: Bonney Canon T. G.
Published: May 2009

It has often occurred to me during my Alpine wanderings that masses of earthy material containing boulders are too readily identified as moraines. That the latter exist, both here and in other mountain regions, no one would for a moment dispute, but deposits, sometimes very closely resembling till, may be produced in other ways. One is by a bergfall. The result of this in some cases, as at Goldau, Plurs, near San Vito (Ampezzo road), or the Col de Cheville, can be easily recognized; but when the fallen material consists largely of shale and friable rock, when there is a certain admixture of boulders from a distance (formerly perched blocks), its origin is not so readily determined. The enormous mass of débris on the north bank of the Rheinthal, between Chur and Ilanz—a mass which extends from Digg, through Flims, to rather beyond Laax, consisting of earthy stuff, probably mainly smashed shale or slate, and of boulders, apparently limestone—is regarded as bergfall by the Swiss geologists, and yet any section in it might readily be taken for moraine. Even more moraine-like in general aspect are the singular mounds of débris in the valley of the Rhone near Sierre.
IV.—Further Note on the Westleton Beds.
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The view expressed in 1882 that the Westleton Beds of Westleton, in Suffolk, form part of the Middle Glacial division of S. V. Wood, jun., was strengthened by observations made at Southwold in 1895, and is supported by sections examined last year near Lowestoft.
II.—On Supposed Fossiliferous Pliocene Clays overlying Basalt, near the Shore of Lough Neagh
Authors: Swanston William
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for December, 1876, appeared a short paper on certain clay beds near the south-eastern shores of Lough Neagh. The paper is intended to supplement a more extended communication entitled, “On the Age and Mode of Formation of Lough Neagh,” read by the same author—Edward T. Hardman, Esq., F.C.S., H. M. Geol. Survey of Ireland— before the British Association in 1874, and also read before the Royal Geological Society of Irealand in January, 1875. The beds in question are described“as a very extensive and important deposit spreading (under water and on shore) over an area that cannot be less than 180 square miles in extent, and probably in some places 500 feet thick. They repose on the basalt, and are covered by drift. All the evidence we have points to their being of Pliocence age.” The author, after giving a sketch of the Geology and physical Geography of the district, proceeds with a description of the clay beds and associated lignites, and gives abstracts of numerous borings ranging in depth from a few feet to 192 feet, which have been made over this area. These borings disclosed a series of light-grey and variously-coloured plastic clays, containing hard nodules of clay-ironstone inclosing leaf and other plant-remains, also large quantities of black lignite, occurring frequently in masses throughout the beds, but sometimes bedded.
IV.—Historical Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

The best description of St. Michael's Mount, as it now exists, that I can find, is by Mr. Wm. Pengelly, F.R.S.,1 as follows: “The Mount is an isolated mass of granite measuring about five furlongs in perimeter at its base. At high-water it plunges abruptly into the sea, except on the northern or landward side, where the granite comes in contact with the slate, into which it sends veins and dykes, as may be well seen on each side of the harbour.Here there is a small plain occupied by a village, adjacent to which is the harbour, built in 1726−7, and as Mr. Johns, the harbour-master, has been good enough to write me, capable of receiving ships of 500 tons burthen” Its sityation is described as follows: “ The distance between the neatest point of Marazion Cliff and spring-tide high-water mark on the Mount is 1680 feet. A tidalb isthmus (Hogus) of highly inclined Devonian slate and associated rocks, in most cases covered with a thin layer of gravel or sand, is at spring-tide, in still weather, 12 feet below; and at low-water 6 feet above the sea-level. This ridge is dry in fine westher from four to five hours every tide, but occasionally during stoms and neap tides it is not passable for two or three days.”
I.—On some Fish Exuviæ from the Chalk, generally referred to Dercetis elongatus, Ag.; and on a New Species of Fossil Annelide, Terebella Lewesiensis
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

A not uncommon fossil of the Chalk, in both the upper and lower divisions, is an elongated, and more or less undulating body, composed of the scales and bones of fishes confusedly mingled one with another, and known to the quarrymen as “Petrified Eels.” Dr. Mantell was the first to discover and describe these singular objects; he says, “A long cylindrical fish, of which neither the fins nor the extremities have been discovered, is one of the most frequent, but most imperfect of the Sussex ichthyolites. The specimens are of a subcylindrical form, rather flattened by compression, from six inches to two feet in length, and about one inch wide. They occur abundantly in the Upper Chalk, and occasionally in the siliceous nodules. They are, for the most part, perfectly straight; but some specimens are undulated, as if the fish had been suddenly enveloped in the Chalk while in a state of motion. The surface is covered with small delicate smooth scales, confusedly mixed together; not one instance having been noticed in which they are disposed with any degree of regularity.”
III.—Notes on Palæozoic Crustacea
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Among the many relics of Palæozoic life-forms which the Carboniferous formation has yielded to the palæontologist, none is more remarkable than “Scouler's Eidothea,” or the Eurypterus Scouleri of Hibbert.
V.—Post-Tertiary Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

a. On the east of Carrack Olu Point, a bed of pebbles, 1 foot thick, is shown under Head, at from 2 to 5 feet above high water. The greenstone composing the Point is capped by a Head of yellowish-brown loam with angular fragments of greenstone.
V.—Pleistocence Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

The evidence under this head is necessarily a compilation; the very exceptional exposure of the old forest ground, and the nature of stream tin sections, leaving no room for personal investigation. The names of the observers are in most cases sufficient vouchers for the accuracy of their statements. The submerged forestare given first stream tin gravels to the general growth of the forests. The forest bed overlying the stream tin which Mr. Carne rightly synchronizes with the forest beds on the coast may represent a very brief portion of a long period of forestial growth.
IV.—Note on some Fossil Remains of Emys lutaria from the Norfolk Coast
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The remains of a Tortoise from that peculiar fluviatile deposit on the Norfolk coast, known as the “Mundesley River Bed,” have lately been placed in my hands for determination by Mr. C. W. Ewing, of Eaton, near Norwich, and, although the European freshwater tortoise has already been recorded as occurring in a fossil condition in Norfolk (Prof. A. Newton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862, ser. 3, vol. x. p. 224), yet it seemed desirable that some notice should be taken of this most interesting discovery. The specimen was obtained by Mr. Ewing from the peaty bed in the cliff section at Mundeseley, so long ago as 1863; but it was only quite recently that it was for the first time exhibited, at one of the meetings of the Norwich Science Gossip Club.
I.—On the Destinction between Castor and Trogontherium
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

A Comparison, with corresponding parts of existing species of Castor, of specimens of mandible and mandibular teeth of a large beaver-like quadruped, obtained from the fresh-water deposits called the ‘Forest-bed’ on the Borfolk coast, led me, in 1845, to the conclusion signified by the adoption of Fischer's generic appellation, Trogontherium, for the rodent, which seemed to exemplify “ an extinct aub-generic type” of Castoridæ.
IV.—On the Measurement of River-sediment
Authors: Touche J. D. La
Published: May 2009

Allow me to call attention of your readers to an investigation which promises to be of considerable geological importance, and which might be pursued in many places without any difficulty—I mean the determination of the quantity of sediment carried down to the sea by rivers.
VII.—On the Oldest British Belemnite
Authors: Tate Raplh
Published: May 2009

Professor Phillips remarks that “from the Inferior Oolite downwards through the Liassic series Belemnites are almost never absent from the section till we reach the zone of Ammonites Busklandi; only in the upper part of this zone have they been found—at Salford and at Lyme Regis,” But as the unique example—the subject of the present communication—was collected from thezone of Ammonites angulatus, it is the oldest known British Belemnite, and as such claims some attention.
I. Description of a Great Part of a Jaw with the Teeth of Strophodus Medius, Ow., from the Oolite of Caen in Normandy
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

I Have not hitherto seen any specimen so Satisfactorily and finely illustrative of the affinity of Strophodus to Cestracion as that figured in Plate VII. and which is now in the British Museum. It consists of the major part of the dental covering of a jaw, including the posterior part of the symphysis, and shows that the principal or largest, as in Cestracion. These are followed by two rows (at least) of smaller crushing teeth, and are preceded by rows of teeth both smaller and more produced at the middle of their working surface, and in the same degree changing from the crushing molar to the conical prehensile type. This dental coating or armature is imbedded in a block of the fine Oolitic building-stone from Caen, which has taken the place of the dissolved cartilaginous support of the teeth, so as to maintain and exhibit the curve of the arch (fig.1a) by which the teeth obliquely overspanned the jaw to which they were originaly attached.
II.—On the Bridlington and Dimlington Glacial Shell-beds
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

The wooden defences which protected the cliff opposite the Alexandra Hotel at Bridlington Quay having been removed last autumn, preparatory to the erection of a more substantial concrete wall, a section was, for a short time, exposed which had long been hidden (see section P1. VIII. p. 537). The length of this section was a little over 1,000 feet, extending from Sands Cut to Carr Lane; its average height was about 30 feet.
I.—The Cryptogamic Forests of the Coal Period
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

The student of fossil botany encounters greater difficulties in his efforts to restore the vegetation of former epochs in the earth's history, than those which beset the labours of the comparative anatomist in his restoration of extinct animals. These difficulties arise chiefly from two causes: First, the absence in the vegetable kingdom of a substance which would resist decay like the solid skeleton found in all the vertebrate, and in many of the invertebrate members of the animal kingdom, causes the fragments of plants which have escaped decomposition to be preserved much less perfectly than the remains of animals. Carbonaceous stains or amorphous casts are the most frequent indications of the former vegetation of the globe; specimens exhibiting structure are comparatively rare; and it is such specimens only that give certain evidence of the nature and affinities of the organisms to which they belong.
II.—On a Patellina - limestone and another Foraminiferal Limestone from Egypt
Authors: Chapman F.
Published: May 2009

The specimens dealt with in this paper were collected by the Officers of the Geological Survey of Egypt, and I have been requested by Dr. H. Woodward, on behalf of Captain H. G. Lyons, R.E., F.G.S., the Director-General, to give an account of the various species of Foraminifera met with during the progress of the Survey.
IV.—On Sandstone Pipes in the Carboniferous Limestone at Dwlban Point, East Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The low, but rocky headland of Dwlban Point forms the western corner of Red Wharf Bay, on the east coast of Anglesey; and is on the coastline of the principal tract of Carboniferous rocks in the island, not very far from the boundary fault which runs out to sea beneath the sands of the bay. The Carboniferous Limestone near the Point is for the most part a light-grey, crystalline rock, with abundant crinoids, corals, and other marine fossils. There are, however, four beds of sandstone, varying from 2 to 9 feet thick, and some of the Limestone itself also contains scattered grains of quartz. The sandstones are clean white rocks, generally fine, but with occasional thin seams of small pebbles.
VI.—On the Occurrence of Neocomian Sands with Phosphatic Nodules at Brickhill, Bedfordshire
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

In a traverse through part of Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire last vacation, with the object of tracing the extent of the Cambridge Greensand, I was informed of some recently opened Coprolite works at Brickhill, near Bletchley. On further inquiry, they proved to be the “red coprolites,” a term applied by the workmen to the phosphatic nodules of the Neocomian like those of Potton and Upware (the Cambridge Greensand and Gault nodules being known as the “black coprolites”).
IV.—Note on Mr. R. Mallet on the Prismatic Structure of Basalt
Authors: Poulett-Scrope G.
Published: May 2009

Mr. R. Mallet’s paper on this subject, of which an abstract appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, as read January 21, 1875, lays claim to a certain amount of originality in the views propounded by him, to which, as well as to the correctness of some portion of them, exception must be taken; though it may be that the conciseness of an abstract will to some extent account for what appears imperfect in its reasoning.
IV.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Cotylederma in the Middle Lias of Dorsetshire
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: May 2009

Professor Quenstedt, in his Handbuch der Petrefaktenkundo (1852), first described and figured, under the name Cotylederma, a remarkable fossil, which he found adherent to the surface of Ammonites striatus in the upper region of the Lias c. It formed a flat, sessile, cylindrical little bowl, composed of five plates, with five blunt angles, and was referred by him to the class Echinodermata and the order Crinoidea. The learned author, in his “der Jura” (1858), says that he has found it attached to Ammonites lineatus and A. striatus in the upper region of Lias γ, at Aselfingen, and that it was comparable to the calyx of a crinoid.
V.—Notes on Diamonds from the Cape of Good Hope
Authors: Tennant
Published: May 2009

The first South African diamond was found in March, 1867, and on examining its physical characters, it was pronounced by Dr. Atherstone to be genuine. When this stone was received in London, it created considerable interest, and also some degree of suspicion, some persons having asserted that it was brought forward for mercenary purposes; letters even appeared in the public papers implying that it was impossible it could have been found near Hope Town. As Dr. W. G. Atherstone, F.G.S., of Graham's Town (who in March, 1867, examined and pronounced the stone to be a diamond), is now in Bristol, I beg to offer a few general remarks on the Cape diamonds, and also to express in public my thanks to him.
II.—A Census of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Lias
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: May 2009

The Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Lias would, if one consulted Morris's Catalogue of British Fossils, published in 1854, be regarded as exceedingly poor, especially in certain classes, relative to the thickness of the rocks constituting that system. Thus, I count, eliminating synonyms, 130 species of Cephalopoda, 5 of Gasteropoda, 57 of Conchifera, 37 of Brachiopoda, 1 of Crustacea, 2 of Annelida, 21 of Echinodermata, and 2 of Zoantharia, and if to these we add the fish and other forms of life, we obtain a total of 426 species of plants and animals. But during the lapse of 16 years, this number has been nearly tripled, and to those classes, which were either unrepresented or characterized by a paucity of species, great accessions have been made. Notably, the number of Gasteropoda has risen from 5 to 269; the Conchifera from 57 to 297, the Brachiopoda have been augmented by the addition of 39 species, the Corals now number 67, and the Polyzoa and Sponges, previously unrepresented, now have a place in the list.
III.—The Development of Land
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

Whenever a bone is about to be produced in the animal body, its form is first sketched out in connective tissue or cartilage, and then ossification commences at one or several points; if there is but one centre of ossification, or if several centres unite, but one bone is formed; if the several centres do not completely unite, as many separate bones are produced.
II.—On Euphoberia Brownii, H. Woodw., a New Species of Myriapod from the Coal-measures of the West of Scotland
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

I had the honour in 1866 to describe the first specimen of a fossil Myriapod from the Coal-measures met with in this country. It was discovered by the late Mr. Thomas Brown, of Glasgow, an indefatigable geologist and an ardent collector of fossils, who obtained it in a nodule of Clay-ironstone from Kilmaurs.
V.—On Fauits in Drift at Stockport, Cheshire
Authors: Aitken John
Published: May 2009

During the years 1866 and 1867 considerable discussion took place through the medium of this Journal on the question ofthe existence of dislocations, or faults, in Glacial Drift. As I believe no communication has appeared since the latter year in these columns on that subject, it may not be altogether uninteresting to your readers if I briefly refer to a clear and unmistakeable example of faulted drift which recently came under my observation at a ballast pit close to the Stockport Railway Station. At the time of my first visit, about three months ago, my object being to search for traces of marine shells in the sand, the several details of the section were exhibited with remarkable distinctness, the action of the weather having brought out the several lines of bedding and fracture as sharply as though they had been produced in a body of compact Sandstone; indeed, so exact was the resemblance in that respect that at a short distance it would have been difficult to believe that such was not the fact. Unfortunately, since that time, a quantity of sand has been removed from the face of the pit, thereby partially obliterating the details; the principal features, nevertheless, were easily discernible a few weeks ago, when I last visited the spot.
VI.—On the Occurrence of Websterite at Brighton
Authors: Perceval S. G.
Published: May 2009

On the 30th July last year I observed that a deposit of Websterite, subsulphate of alumina, had been cut into, in excavating for the new system of drainage in the Montpelier Road opposite the south end of Vernon Terrace. It occurs at a depthof 16 feet from the surface of the road, beneath a ferruginous deposit of varying depth, which overlies the chalk on the summit of the hill, consisting of ochreous clay with occasional flint-breccia and masses of hæmatite iron ore in some instances mammillated and associated with crystals of selenite. The iron ore is occasionally friable and of a cindery appearance, containing in its cavities angular pieces of chalk and occasional groups of crystals of selenite. The deposit of Websterite is about three feet wide at its junction with the overlying ferruginous mass, narrowing as it descends, apparently occupying a fissure in the chalk, which has at some time been filled with clay, or has been formed by some decomposing action on the chalk, the chalk intruding occasionally into the vein of Websterite. The mineral varies much in colour and appearance, consisting in some places of a soft white powder, which, I am informed by Sir W. C. Trevelyan, hehas observed in specimens at Newhaven, and which he has ascertained by the microscope to consist entirely of minute transparent crystals, the nature of which he believes has not yet been investigated; sometimes in masses of various size presenting the appearance of meerschaum, compact and structureless, or somewhat botryoidal in form, occasionally presenting a concentric structure, and rarely and only in a certain portion of the deposit exhibiting spherical concretions with a radiating structure. Specimens of these various forms I have presented to the British Museum. A mass of yellow clay with imbeddedchalk flints divides the summit of the vein of Websterite, and near the clay the mineral assumes the character of allophane, having a yellow ivory-like appearance, towards the chalk forming the wall of the vein of Websterite. The wall of the vein is marked by a dark line caused by the association of a soft black substance, oxide of manganese, with the Websterite.
III. On some Deposits of Chert, White Sand, and White Clay in the Neighbourhood of Llandudno, North Wales
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

About a mile and a half to the east of Llandudno, forming the eastern boundary of Orme's Bay, a range of Mountain-limestone runs from the Little Orme's Head on the coast nearly to Conway, enclosing between it and the Great Orme's Head, to the west, a flat tract of ground, which appears to consist for the most part of Boulder-clay overlain by a more recent alluvium.
I. On the Historical Evidence of Volcanic Eruptions in Central France in the Fifth Century
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Between Bishop Colenso and the volcanoes of Central France, and between these and ‘Rogation Days,’ there would at first sight seem to be but little connection. Nevertheless, a statement made by the Bishop was the cause of some curious information, which had previously been known to but few, being generally circulated; and as it then appeared only in one or two newspapers, and at different times, it may be useful to give a résumé of the controversy in a more permanent form. The Bishop, referring to Lyell (‘Elementary Geology,’ pp. 197, 198), adduced the exitstence of cones of loose scoriæ and pumice in Auvergne and Languedoc as an argument against the Noachian Deluge; because these, which ‘must have been formed ages before’ that happended, did not show the slighttest sign of having ever been disturbed. In the course of the endless controversy which has arisen from the Bishop's works, a Mr. E. L. Garbett addressed a rather angry letter to the ‘Guardian’ newspaper (Aug.24, 1864), taxing the Bishop with wilfully shutting his eyes to the fact that there had been eruptions in these districts in the fifth century, which had given rise to the ecclesiastical fasts commonly called ‘Rogation Days.’ The Bishop replied in a letter, which was refused by the ' Guardian' on account of its length, and was afterwards published in the ‘Daily News.’ However, in the ‘Guardian’ of Sept. 14, a summary of it is given, in which the following statements are made: (1) that volcanic cones do exist as above described; (2) that, according to Hoffman's ‘Lexicon,’ Rogations were instituted owing to earthquakes and to the irruption of wild beasts into Vienne; (3) that there are no volcanoes near Vienne; (4) that the authors who are supposed to describe volcanic eruptions, only speak of earthquakes and ordinary fires, or perhaps of lightning.
VI. On the signficance of the sequence of rocks and fossils: theoretical considerations on the upper secondary rocks, as seen in the section at Ely.
Authors: Seeley Harry
Published: May 2009

Clays are generally the mud of rivers; sandstones, the detritus of old crystalline rocks; while limestones are organically or chemically formed. If, therefore, there is a great clay, it bespeaks a great river draining lands that were; though small and local clay-bands may be but the ruins of denuded sea-cliffs. The sandstone is the evidence of coast and reef, where and wave disintegrated plutonic rocks, or constructed over again the palæozoic or older sand-rocks. And limestones have been formed either from the denudation of calcareous cliffs in shallow seas.
I. Note on the Palæontology of the Rhætic (Penarth) Beds in Western and Central Somerset
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd , Oxon
Published: May 2009

A brief notice of some of the more important Rhætic Fossils in the district described in this Magazine (vol. i. p. 257) may perhaps be some guide to the identification of the beds in other British localities.
I.—On the Formation of the Chesil Bank, Dorset
Authors: Bristow Henry William , Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

We do not propose to enter into the questions of the source whence the pebbles of the Chesil Beach are derived, nor of the way in which they are heaped up; these and other like matters having been almost exhaustively treated by Mr. J. Coode, to whose paper we refer the reader for a detailed account of the bank. The subject with which we propose to deal is simply the cause of the formation pf a long shingle-bank, separated from the mainland by a strip of water. This has not been noticed at length by any writer, as far as we know, though three theories of the origin of the bank have been brought forward.