bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research of Off-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition System Based on Feedback Structure
Authors: Wang Jian Ping , Cao Hui Ying , Wang Jin Ling , Zhu Cheng Hui
Published: January 2012

An offline handwritten Chinese character recognition system based on feedback structure is constructed. By imitating the feedback behavior in the human brain, the operating mechanism is presented. By comparing the recognition result character with the input character, four kinds of general characters recognition errors are defined. According to the analysis of the general errors, the evaluation mechanism and regulation mechanism of closed-loop based on feedback is made. Based on the trend of errors, the recognition process is adjusted to make the whole operating mechanism more reasonable. The results of simulation show that this system is efficient.
Efficiency and Pressure Pulsation Analysis of a Double Suction Centrifugal Pump with Different Arrangement Impellers
Authors: Liu Mei Qing , Li Qiu Wei , Bai Yao Hua , Liu Zhi Yong , He Pei Jie
Published: January 2012

Double suction centrifugal pumps are widely employed in large water supply projects. In the present study, a double suction centrifugal pump with the staggered arrangement impeller in a domestic water supply project has been mapping and modeling, and then the symmetrical arrangement impeller of a double suction centrifugal pump has been designed for comparison. The commercial code was used to investigate the pump efficiency and the time variation of pressure at the zone of volute tongue. This unsteady flow feature was investigated by the large eddy simulation (LES) method with the sliding mesh technology. The analysis indicated that the pump efficiency of the double suction centrifugal pump with staggered arrangement impeller is lower than that with the symmetrical one. The frequency of pressure pulsation at the volute tongue is consistent with the blade passing frequency. The staggered arrangement impeller can reduce the levels of pressure pulsation significantly.
A Midcourse Guidance Method of Long Range Air-to-Air Anti-Radiation Missile
Authors: Wang Hao , Gao Xiao Guang
Published: January 2012

A passive guidance method is used in midcourse guidance stage of long range air-to-air anti-radiation missile, which based on the passive location theory of moving single observer to moving radiant point. The special request of guidance law caused by passive guidance is studied, and a model of guidance law named “proportional guidance of swing object direction” is put forward. The model resolves the problem of midcourse guidance method for long range air-to-air anti-radiation missile, and the distance of “fire and forget” could be expanded to launch distance. The simulative trials and analysis of the result show that the guidance law could satisfy the observable condition of passive guidance, and the capability of trajectory is close to the one which produced by proportional guidance low.
Study of Energy-Saving Control in Oil Pumping Units Based on DTC Technology
Authors: Xue Zhao Mei
Published: January 2012

The pumping unit is the main pumping equipment in the oil field. However, there widely exist such defects as low pumping efficiency, high energy consumption, much time and great efforts consumption in stroke adjustment etc. in the current pumping unit, resulting in serious waste of energy. Some energy-saving technologies in pumping units have been developed, but the effects are not quite good. Aiming at this situation, this paper introduces a new type of motor control theory - Direct Torque Control. By controlling the stator voltage, the technology achieves the direct control of the motor torque. Meanwhile, with the combination of the motor running condition of pumping units, study of energy-saving control based on DTC technology is carried out. It turns out that the energy-saving effect is significant according to the application and test results of the energy-saving control device in the oil field. Therefore, the control device can bring certain economic benefits and have the value of popularization and application.
Temperature Calculation on Phase Lead Connecting Structures of 1100MW Generator Stator Parallel Rings
Authors: Wei Yan Fei , Qi Le , Wang Ting Shan , Wang Jian Ping , Xian Zhe Long , Liu Rui Li
Published: January 2012

The temperature rise of generator components has a great impact on operation performance for large turbine generator. In this paper, applying the general FE calculation software-ANSYS, with a sequential electromagnetic-thermal field coupling calculation method, temperature calculation on phase lead connecting structures of 1100MW nuclear power turbine generator parallel rings is presented. The calculation results could offer a basic analysis to optimize the design of the generator.
Analysis of Freewheeling on the Starting Method Based on Inductance Variation for Brushless DC Motor Drives
Authors: Ling Xing , Wang Xiao Lin , Wu Yuan Yuan
Published: January 2012

In recently years, the starting becomes the bottleneck problem of development for brushless DC motors without position sensors. One method, ‘Initial Rotor Position Estimation’, based on inductance variation can be used to start the motor with position feedback, but the performance is affected by the process of freewheeling. Therefore, this paper studies on the two freewheeling modes, which are the freewheeling mode through power and the mode not through power, in the universal three-phase bridge in the system of brushless DC motors. Besides, the paper analyzes the influence caused by different freewheeling modes. The analysis results show that the freewheeling mode through power is more suitable for the starting technique than the other one. On the basis above, the simulation carried out in MATLAB/Simulink verifies the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Performance Analysis on Transmission Line for Improvement of Load Flow
Authors: Hlaing Ya Min Su , Aung Ze Ya
Published: January 2012

This thesis implements power flow application, Newton-Raphson method. The Newton-Raphson method is mainly employed in the solution of power flow problems. The network of Myanma electric power system is used as the reference case. The system network contains 90 buses and 106 brunches. The weak points are found in the network by using Newton-Raphson method. Bus 16, 17, 85 and 86 have the most weak bus voltages. The medium transmission line between bus 87 and bus 17 is compensated by using MATLAB program software. The transmission line is compensated with shunt reactors, series and shunt capacitors to improve transient and steady-state stability, more economical loading, and minimum voltage dip on load buses and to supply the requisite reactive power to maintain the receiving end voltage at a satisfactory level. The system performance is tested under steady-state condition. This paper investigates and improves the steady–state operation of Myanma Power System Network.
Traction Substation Electrical Main Connection Reliability Analysis
Authors: Ding Xue Cheng , He Zheng You , Yu Min
Published: January 2012

Traction substation reliability is of vital importance for railway transportation safety. To illustrate traction substation reliability, irreparable and reparable reliability models of three types of traction substation Electrical main connection have been established. Based on analysis of simple series and parallel reliability system, system irreparable reliability model is analyzed. The ways of how to get mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean time to first failure (MTTFF) of reparable system are achieved. By comparative analysis of the value of MTTF and MTTFF among three kinds of traction substation main connection reparable and irreparable system, some useful conclusions are found.
Modeling and Simulation of Linear Dynamic Characteristic for a Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator Using Bond Graph
Authors: Hu Shi Feng , Zhu Shi Jian , He Qi Wei , Lou Jing Jun , Xie Xiang Rong
Published: January 2012

The development of an new method for formulation of transduction or input and output representation for a giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA) is presented. The transduction model is built through the application of a bond graph modeling approach which includes the mechanical dynamics and the electro-magneto-mechanical interaction of the actuator. Simulation and experiment behavior correlation are also presented. The bond graph model allows for in-depth investigation of dynamic behavior of GMA, such as energy conversion, output displacement or force and so on.
Constraints of Service Development within the Medical Device Industry: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ryan Linda , Tormey David , Share Perry
Published: January 2012

Cost, quality and technology leadership are no longer sufficient for businesses to secure critical advantage. Instead, differentiations are being provided through the supply of innovative services, which can rapidly develop into a firm’s unique selling proposition. However, although services can provide additional competitive advantage, the inherent differences between product and service can cause difficulty in the effective integration of the two processes. Services are dominated by intangible elements which can be difficult to perceive and quantify. Within the medical device industry, the growing focus on usability, patient safety and increasing regulatory requirements has further complicated the already complex development process. In order to meet regulations, development is undertaken within strict boundaries to produce tightly controlled outputs. It can be seen that there is an incongruity between the nature of medical device development and the service development processes. This paper explores the constraints and inhibitors of service creation within the context of the medical device industry. Service innovation and its application is discussed. Difficulties in the addition of a service element and their potential solution within a medical device context are explored.
Development of Public Lighting Remote Monitoring System Controller
Authors: Chen Mei Qian , Liu Tun Dong , Zhou Wen  Bo , Wang Rong Jie
Published: January 2012

To realize the efficient and stable real-time monitoring and intelligent management of the urban public lighting, the remote monitoring system is developed. The system is composed of monitoring center and monitoring terminals, and realizes network connection via the advanced remote wireless communication technology GPRS. It uses TI Company’s MSP430 processor chip as the monitoring terminal controller, which integrates automatic control, data acquisition, communication and other technologies and has such functions as monitoring, remote control, anti-electricity theft, remote meter reading and communication. It’s proved by practice that the designed controller features reliable running, sound real-time performance and low cost, and has a broad and bright application prospect. The monitoring and management of public lighting is a typical sector and important part of the civil work. Due to the continuous development of urban construction and ever-enlarging lighting coverage, the traditional lighting management methods can not realize centralized monitoring, have poor real-time performance and cost lots of human and material resources; thus, can not satisfy the requirements of energy saving and efficiency improvement[1]. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), the wireless packet exchange technology based on the second generation mobile communication system GSM, is very suitable for transmitting non-continuous, unexpected and small sets of street lamp monitoring data. Also, quick & easy log-on, real-time online, high-speed transmission, sound economical efficiency and many other advantages make GPRS become the first choice for remote measurement and control system[2]. Therefore, the development of GPRS-based public lighting remote monitoring system becomes a necessity. The designed monitoring system in this article is a typical distributed monitoring and data acquisition system integrating computer technologies, modern communication technologies and automatic control technologies. It conducts centralized monitoring and control on the cabinet transformer substations, transformer cabinets, control cabinets and other slave monitoring systems of the public lighting such as street lamps and landscape lamps of the city, to realize the real-time, remote monitoring and intelligent management of public lighting and ensure the efficient, all-weather running and on-demand, energy-saving lighting.
Study on Tractor-Semitrailer Shimmy of High Speed
Authors: Xie Mei Zhi , Li Bei , Wei Chao Yi , Yi Feng Yan
Published: January 2012

Through the establishment of dynamic model of tractor-semitrailer, calculate its transfer function. In the case of the third and fourth state of balanced coefficient is very small in the original model, the model of the tractor-semitrailer of fourth-order drop for second-order using MATLAB-modred () function and balreal () function, seek of relationship between damping ratio and the speed of tractor-semitrailer, The results show that: the tractor-semitrailer shimmy of high-speed is speed inversely proportional to the damping ratio, the higher the speed, the smaller the damping ratio, and thus more likely to shock and shimmy.
Early Warning of Low Frequency Oscillation and Analysis of its Related Issues
Authors: Dong Chao , Liu Di Chen , Du Zhen Chuan , Liao Qing Fen , Yun Lei , Zeng Zheng
Published: January 2012

This paper set up the model of power transmissive observational section and put forward the real-time tracking method of power angle curve in steady state which could be used to identify and focus on monitoring the weak links, then to take early warnings of low frequency oscillation. On the dynamic situation of system been disturbed, we extracted the real-time dynamic damping value of the observational section, calculated its fitting curve of local maximum points and took the slope of curve as the criteria, in order to achieve early warning of low frequency oscillation under multiple disturbances in the interconnected power system.
Research on the Calibration Instrument for the Medium-Voltage Electronic Instrument Transformers
Authors: Xie Yue , Chen Jing
Published: January 2012

Electronic instrument transformers are used in power line for electrical measurement and protection purposes. Calibration instruments are necessary for the transformation error test of electronic instrument transformers. The operation principles of the direct and difference measurement method based calibration instrument for the medium-voltage electronic instrument transformers are systematically analyzed in this paper. The analysis results show that the direct measurement method based instrument can be used for the calibration of electronic instrument transformers with air-core coils or resistor-capacitor voltage divider without a built-in integrator, and the difference measurement method based instrument is suitable for the calibration of the electronic instrument transformers with no rated phase offset.
Engineering Application of Digital Substation
Authors: Li Yan Bin , Li Rui Sheng , Ma Lei , Li Xian Wei
Published: January 2012

This paper introduces digital substation engineering applications typically schemes of CBZ-8000B in different stages of the program, in which the analog input uses the mode from the IEC61850-9-1 point-to-point to the IEC61850-9-2 network transmission, 10kV analog inputs use the IEC60044-8 small analog mode, and it realizes the transmission of tripping and closing commands and network protection by transporting GOOSE information of process layer. Meanwhile, superior points of different projects are compared and the greater innovation and application on network protection and quadratic functions which will be achieved in following engineering application are forecasted.
A Novel Mathematic Model of Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motors
Authors: Zhou Yun Hong , Sun Yu Kun
Published: January 2012

Radial weight and rotary torque load often demand large winding current in a bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM). This will tend to cause magnetic saturation. But traditional mathematic model can not fit for this saturated working state, which has formatted a sever limitation. With a BSRM model in Maxwell, its magnetic saturation characteristics were analyzed, and a critical criterion was computed. Then a novel mathematic model was established with Maxwell tensor method and confirmed by Finite element computing results. It could fit for both unsaturated and saturated working state, and also satisfy reversibility condition. These were both very useful for nonlinear decoupling with state feedback method and wide application in industry process. This proposed modeling and analyzing method could also provide useful references for motor’s optimization design and control algorithm research.
Myriad- a Novel User Feedback Based Metasearch Engine
Authors: Ali Rashid , Saxena Anjali , Gupta Richa , Beg M. M. Sufyan
Published: January 2012

Metasearch engine is a system that provides unified access to multiple existing search engines. After the results returned from all used component search engines are collected, the metasearch system merges the results into a single ranked list which is expected to be better than the results of the best of the participating search systems. The success of a metasearch engine depends mainly on their rank aggregation method. The system is a better one, if the aggregated list of results displayed before the user satisfies the user with his information need. In this paper, we discuss the development of a metasearch engine that performs user feedback based metasearching using modified rough set based aggregation. Metasearching using the modified rough set based aggregation is performed in two phases namely the ranking rule learning phase and the rank aggregation phase. For each query in the training set, we mine the ranking rules and select the best rules-set by performing cross-validation test. Once the system is trained, we use the best rule set to get the overall ranking for the results returned from different search systems in response to other queries. We also present few snapshots of our system.
Application of RBF Neural Network in Fault Diagnosis for Transmission Gear
Authors: Liu Xi Mei , Yao Xiao Hui , Zhao Qian , Guo Hong Mi
Published: January 2012

A method for transmission gearbox fault diagnosis is put forward in this paper by using radial basis function neural network (RBF network). A RBF neural network is created to simulate the gearbox fault diagnosis using Matlab neural network toolbox. Compared with BP neural network, RBF network is superior to the former in accuracy and speed according to the simulate results. This method is accurate and credible in gear fault diagnosis, and it has a broad application prospect in mechanical fault diagnosis.
Rock Mass Deformation Long-Term Forecast via DRNN Neural Network Model
Authors: Ma Sha , Huang Zhi Quan
Published: January 2012

The question of rock mass deformation Long-term forecast is researched base on DRNN. The construction of neural network is optimized via reconstructed chaotic phase space, and the all nodes of DRNN are interconnected, and the feedback between nodes and that of node itself is included, and mult-linkage branch is build between two nerves, and the linkage branch stands for the link weight and the time delay of regular step. So the current moment network output of node depends on not only current moment network iutput, but also the node output of Some moment before current, so the chaotic prediction sensibility to initial condition is reduced effectively. The calculating velocity and network stability is improved effectively. Examples show that results are reasonable and the long-term prediction is reasonable and feasible.
The Preventive of Diseases for Elderly People – An Analysis of Health Examination Data of Adults
Authors: Tsai Meng Horng , Chen Ling Hui , Chen Fuh Gwo , Chen Jr Shian
Published: January 2012

The Adult Preventive Care Service had been starting to practice since 1996 in Taiwan, which hoped to find the dangerous factors for unhealthy early by regular health examination. Previous studies have shown that hypertension, high cholesterol and hyperglycemia are three common diseases and the complications for Cerebro Vascular Disease, heart diseases and diabetes are also ranked 2 to 4 of ten reasons of death in Taiwan. The phenomenon of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and obese are the metabolic syndromes. This study discussed the related factors of the metabolic syndrome prevalence by analyzing health examination results of people who undergone health examination and the age range of 40 to 64 and understanding demographic characteristics of local. The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant difference between the metabolic syndrome prevalence in males and females. This prevalence also increases with age and to the peak at the age range of 60 to 64 (21.3%). The percentage indicating both body mass index(BMI)-defined overweight (24≦BMI＜27) and obese (BMI＞27) also increases with age and to the peak at the age range of 60 to 64 (68.0%). The experiment results showed that the prevalence of total cholesterol abnormalities ranked highest among all with its value at 51.4%. People health was influenced by the rate of health examination in the past and the metabolic syndrome prevalence and BMI are increase with age.
Algal Control by Low-Frequency, Low-Power Ultrasonic in Eutrophic Water Bodies
Authors: Jiang Deng Ling , Ni Guo Wei , Zhang Yu Min , Su You Po
Published: January 2012

Ultrasonic cavitations can control algal growth. Considering water ecosystem protection and characteristics of ultrasonic technology, low frequency and low power ultrasonic was especially suitable to control algal growth in water bodies. Effects of low-frequency and low-power ultrasonic irradiation on natural blend algal growth were investigated. The algae spices were collected from a fresh water body. It mainly consists of Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. The results showed that ultrasonic irradiation with frequency of 60KHz, power of 0.24W/cm2 and irradiation time of 1min, inhibited algal growth significantly. Inhibition of ultrasonic irradiation on algal growth enhanced with ultrasonic power increased. Inhibition did not increase again When ultrasonic power exceeds 0.24W/cm2. The effect of algal control was sustainable by ultrasonic irradiation with interval period of 2-4 days.
Artificial Life Cooperation Principle for Wireless Network Distributed System Design
Authors: Zhang Hong Guang , Liu Yuan An , Tang Bi Hua , Qin Yan , Jia Zhi Peng
Published: January 2012

Wireless network distributed systems have become commonplace due to the wide availability of low-cost, high performance computers and network devices. With the increase of slave nodes of distributed systems, the performance of distributed systems often fall significantly or management infrastructure of distributed systems often does not scale well. Wireless network distributed system design method of using artificial life cooperation principle is proposed. Design principle of mutual cooperation among slave nodes and open wireless communication links of wireless network distributed systems make the topology of distributed system is able to handle the dynamic increase of system size and recover the unexpected failure of system services. The proposed design method for constructing distributed systems could optimize the scalability and reliability of distributed systems.
Wind Speed Forecast for Wind Farms Based on Phase Space Reconstruction of Wavelet Neural Network
Authors: Xu Xiao Bing , He Jun , Wang Jian Ping
Published: January 2012

Wind speed forecast is a non-linear and non-smooth problem. nonlinear and non-stationary are two kinds of mathematical problem, it is difficult to model with a single method, so that, a wavelet neural network model is set, the non-linear process of wind speed is forecast by neural networks and the non-stationary process of wind speed is decomposed into quasi-stationary at different frequency scales by multi-scale characteristics of wavelet transforms. wavelet combined with neural network model avoid the neural network model that can not handle non-stationary questions .while, the effect of indefinite inputs are removed by embedding dimension of phase space to determine neural networks inputs. The simulation results show that phase space reconstruction of wavelet neural network is more accuracy than the ordinary BP neural network. It could be well applied in wind speed forecasts.
Design of Enzyme-Labeled Instrument Based on Dual-CPU Structure
Authors: Lin Hong , Zhang Ya Li , Yang Zong Li
Published: January 2012

The Enzyme-labeled instrument based on ELISA has been widely used in many clinical applications. A dual-CPU system is designed and applied to the Enzyme-labeled instrument in this paper. The master CPU Sync8958 is in charge of data acquisition and LCD displays while the slave MSP430 is in charge of A/D, records, analyzes of the date and the movement of step motor. The communication, analysis and processing of the data are realized by C program. The accuracy and flexibility is improved via employing the optical reference channels and a correction coefficient.
Case Study of the Medical Decision-Making System ETL Abnormalities Processing Procedure
Authors: Tsai Hui Chen , Lin Kuo Chung , Yeh Ching Long
Published: January 2012

The primary purpose of this research is to resolve the problem of ETL operation failure in execution of ETL (Extraction, Transformation and Loading) by the medical decision-making system due to data content, system factors and defective program design, thereby affect online daily operation of the application system and even customer complaint. This research first research and develop how to record in database, whether successful or not, the number of ETL file conversion program (including tool and self-wrote PL/SQL program) execution process, data status, and execution time; followed by designing control mechanism and write Script for voluminous table restoration for automatic execution by the system; afterwards followed by research and develop system automatic execution of restoration to stop only the affected application programs of the table and design a restoration mechanism. Lastly, through verification, this R&D result would correctly restore the data and table required by ETL procedure.
The Modeling of Earnings Prediction by Time-Delay Neural Network
Authors: Shen Kao Yi
Published: January 2012

Although the use of earnings prediction in supporting investment decisions has been prevailing in practice, an accounting-based analysis for modeling the key accounting components by time-delay machine learning technique is unexplored. Traditional time-series techniques fail to handle complex data structure, and the fundamental analysis approach cannot model multiple periods’ data effectively. Thus, this study aims to explore the crucial relationships among future earnings and the main historical accounting components, i.e. cash-flow and accrual components. The research method leverages the flexible learning capability of artificial neural network (ANN) with time-delay data structure. The major findings suggested that adding accrual components is helpful for better earnings prediction, and the proposed 5-period time-delay ANN model may capture the future earnings in a positive way. The results of this study may help to support investment decisions and better understanding for the role of accruals in earnings.
Forearm EMG Signal Classification Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Wavelet Packet Transform Features
Authors: Karimi Mohammad
Published: January 2012

The myoelectric signal (MES) with broad applications in various areas especially in prosthetics and myoelectric control, is one of the biosignals utilized in helping humans to control equipments. In this paper, a technique for feature extraction of forearm electromyographic (EMG) signals using wavelet packet transform (WPT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. In the first step, the WPT is employed to generate a wavelet decomposition tree from which features are extracted. In the second step, an algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD) method is introduced to compute the feature vectors for every hand motion. This technique can successfully identify eight hand motions including forearm pronation, forearm supination, wrist flexion, wrist abduction, wrist adduction, chuck grip, spread fingers and rest state. These motions can be obtained by measuring the surface EMG signal through sixteen electrodes mounted on the pronator and supinator teres, flexor digitorum, sublimas, extensor digitorum communis, and flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris. Moreover, through quantitative comparison with other feature extraction methods like entropy concept in this paper, SVD method has a better performance. The results showed that proposed technique can achieve a classification recognition accuracy of over 96% for the eight hand motions.
Synthesis of a Flame Retardant Containing Nitrogen-Phosphor and its Application on Silk Fabric
Authors: Yang Yu Mei , Guan Jin Ping , Chen Guo Qiang
Published: January 2012

In this paper, a flame retardant methacryloyl ethyl diethyl phosphoric amide (PN) containing nitrogen-phosphor for textiles was synthesized from phosphorus trichloride, absolute ethylalcohol, carbon tetrachloride, monoethanol amine, methacryloyl chloride. PN oil-in-water emulsion was grafted onto silk fabric by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) method. The grafting technological parameters were investigated. The flame retardancy property of the treated silk fabric was indicated by LOI value, char length, after flame and after glow time.
Polymeric Shell with Low Permeability
Authors: Xing Jian Wei , Xu Cheng Shu , Ren Yan , Shi Wen Zhao , Liu Jin Shu
Published: January 2012

A polymeric shell with low permeability was manufactured via a combined process including both an interfacial polymerization and an in-situ condensation. A polyisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) or 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI), was added in the core compositions as a reactive monomer for the formation of both polyurethane wall and polyurea wall. PPG-2,000, a polypropylene glycol, was employed as another reactive monomer to form the polyurethane wall. Melamine-formaldehyde precondensate was prepared and used as the raw material for the aminoplast wall formation. The polymeric shell thus consists of three walls, which includes a polyurethane inner wall, a polyurea middle wall and an aminoplast outer wall. The triple-walled shell has proven to possess low permeability and then wrap the paraffin compounds tightly.
Biodegradation of Paracetamol by Aerobic Granules in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Authors: Hu Jun , Zhou Lan , Zhou Qing Wei , Wei Fang , Zhang Li Li , Chen Jian Meng
Published: January 2012

Aerobic granules efficient at degrading paracetamol as the sole carbon and energy resource were successfully developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Aerobic granules were first observed about 220 days after reactor start-up. The images SEM showed the aerobic granules typically consisted of coccus and bacillus. Meanwhile, the size distribution of aerobic granules was analyzed on day 200. The result indicated that the granules eventually grew to become the dominant form of biomass in the reactor. The granular sludge on day 80 and 200 degraded paracetamol completely in 48 h and 28 h, respectively, indicating that granulation contributed to paracetamol degradation. The specific paracetamol degradation rate was observed to increase with increasing paracetamol initial concentration from 500 to 5000 mg/L, peaked at 1200 mg-MTBE/g-VSS·h, and declined with further increases in MTBE concentration as substrate inhibition effects became significant. This study demonstrates that paracetamol can be effectively degraded by aerobic granules and gives insight into the microorganisms potentially involved in the process.
Network Construction of Environmental Performance Auditing against Engineering Projects
Authors: Qin Sheng Hua
Published: January 2012

Engineering projects have significant and long-lasting impact on our environment. The application of Environmental performance auditing can audit the environmental performance of an engineering project. If we can construct a multi-level auditing network in the whole process of a project, which is comprised of government audit, social audit and internal audit, we can predict, evaluate and control the impact on environmental effectively.
Study on the Influence of Skewed Pole on Cogging Torque of PMSM
Authors: Zhang Bing Yi , Wang Ji , Cui Gang , Feng Gui Hong , Zhao Min
Published: January 2012

Skewed pole is a kind of effective structure which can weaken the cogging torque in surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), as well as reduce noise and vibration. In this paper, the most appropriate skewed pole angle was calculated and the influence of skewed pole on the machine performance, such as cogging torque, back EMF and harmonics were analyzed. The correction of the conclusion is verified by using Maxwell 3D FEA software.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Shenhua Coal to Prepare Fuel Gases Using Metallic Oxide Supported Catalysts
Authors: Guo Zhan Ying , Ran Rong , Shu Xin Qian , Yuan Ying Ying , Zhang Yue , Zhang Lin Xin , Dong Ling , Wang Xian Gui
Published: January 2012

In order to study the catalytic activity in the preparation of fuel gases from catalytic pyrolysis of coal, the author selects NixOy/γ-Al2O3、CrxOy/γ-Al2O3，AgxOy/γ-Al2O3 and CoxOy/γ-Al2O3, respectively as the metal oxide supported catalysts from the previous experiment’s results. These catalysts have been added to Shenhua coal for a series of experiments. After these experiments, GC (gas chromatography) has been used for the analysis on the yield changes of CO and CH4 which result from the experiments. The results show that all of these catalysts have a positive influence on the yield of CO and CH4. As to the yield of CO, catalytic activity of CrxOy/γ-Al2O3 represents the most prominent performance at medium temperature period and CoxOy/γ-Al2O3 represents the same performance at high temperature period, while NixOy/γ-Al2O3, in which a great number of aluminum acid nickel spinels are reduced into metallic Ni at high temperature period, which results in different catalytic activity center from raw metallic Ni reduced from NiO. Consequently, the former reduced Ni shows outstanding catalytic activity. As to the yield of CH4, four catalysts mentioned above represent either the similar catalytic activity with CO or the individual characteristic —on one hand ,due to the strong adsorption of AgO and CrO3, CH4 gas is changed into H2 via pyrolysis at medium temperature as the yield of CH4 slumps ,on the other hand, due to an enormous amount of H2 production ,there is a drastically chemical reaction between H2 and these catalysts at high temperature, in which the yield of CH4 upswings toward the maximum amount greatly at the same time. Therefore, CrxOy/γ-Al2O3, AgxOy/γ-Al2O3 and CoxOy/γ-Al2O3 are more efficient at medium temperature and high temperature respectively. However, NixOy/γ-Al2O3 demonstrates the positive influence only from 800°Con. All of these results depend on the essence of catalysts to some extent. The study would have some theoretical guidance about increasing the utilization of coal and about industrial application of fuel gases generated from catalytic pyrolysis of coal.
Implement of Electro-Hydraulic Servo Control of Aero Variable Stroke Plunger Pump
Authors: Pan Hong Liang , Yan Jie
Published: January 2012

As the working conditions of electro-hydraulic servo valves are different between applications in fuel control of aero turbo engines and in industry, this paper examines the influence of varying supply pressure on the servo control of a variable stroke fuel pump. An aero swash plate axial plunger fuel pump was rebuilt and a hydraulic-valve controlled cylinder system formed to alter the angle of the swash plate. Tuning of the PID control is possible according to the variation of the supply pressure. Experiments showed the servo control is effective and the swash plate of the pump moves faster at higher supply pressures as shown in Figure 6.
Clinical Effect of a Mouth Rinse containing Ocimum gratissimum on Plaque and Gingivitis Control
Authors: da Silva Pereira Sérgio Luís , de Oliveira José Weslley Gonçalves , Ângelo Keyles Karla Sá Vieira , da Costa Ângela Maria Alves , Costa Flávio
Published: January 2012

Aim

The effect of Ocimum gratissimum (Og) on the reduction of dental plaque and gingivitis was evaluated in a randomized, parallel and double-blind clinical trial.

Results

There was a significant reduction on plaque and gingivitis in tests groups (p < 0.05), but no statistically significant difference was observed among them (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Mouth rinse containing Og was effective as antiplaque and antigingivitis agent, in a similar manner that chlorhexidine digluconate.

Clinical significance

Research in treatment of chronic oral diseases using natural agents must be encouraged to verify which would be a useful addition to the current range of chemotherapeutic treatment options.

How to cite this article

da Silva Pereira SL, de Oliveira JWG Ângelo KKSV, da Costa ÂMA, Costa F. Clinical Effect of a Mouth Rinse containing Ocimum gratissimum on Plaque and Gingivitis Control. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(5):350-355.
Quasi-geostrophic turbulence and generalized scale invariance, a theoretical reply
Authors: Schertzer D. , Tchiguirinskaia I. , Lovejoy S. , Tuck A. F.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Lindborg et al. (2010) claim that the apparent spectrum power law E(k) ≈ k−3 on scales ≥600 km obtained with the help of commercial jetliner trajectory deviations (GASP and Mozaic databases) could not be brought into question (Lovejoy et al., 2009a), because this spectrum corresponds to "a well known theory of quasi-geostrophic turbulence developed by Charney (1971)". Lindborg et al. (2010) also claim that "limitations [of this theory] have been relaxed in many of the modern models of atmospheric turbulence". We show that both claims are irrelevant and that generalized scale invariance (GSI) is indispensable to go beyond the quasi-geostrophic limitations, to go in fact from scale analysis to scaling analysis in order to derive better analytical models. In this direction, we derive vorticity equations in a space of (fractal) dimension D=2+Hz (0 ≤ Hz ≤ 1), which corresponds to a first step in the derivation of a dynamical alternative to the quasi-geostrophic approximation and turbulence. The corresponding precise definition of fractional dimensional turbulence already demonstrates that the classical 2-D and 3-D turbulence are not the main options to understand atmospheric dynamics. Although (2 + Hz)-D turbulence (with 0 < Hz < 1) has more common features with 3-D turbulence than with 2-D turbulence, it has nevertheless very distinctive features: its scaling anisotropy is in agreement with the layered pancake structure, which is typical of rotating and stratified turbulence but not of the classical 3-D turbulence.
Constraining the CO2 budget of the corn belt: exploring uncertainties from the assumptions in a mesoscale inverse system
Authors: Lauvaux T. , Schuh A. E. , Uliasz M. , Richardson S. , Miles N. , Andrews A. E. , Sweeney C. , Diaz L. I. , Martins D. , Shepson P. B. , Davis K. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We performed an atmospheric inversion of the CO2 fluxes over Iowa and the surrounding states, from June to December 2007, at 20 km resolution and weekly timescale. Eight concentration towers were used to constrain the carbon balance in a 1000×1000 km2 domain in this agricultural region of the US upper midwest. The CO2 concentrations of the boundaries derived from CarbonTracker were adjusted to match direct observations from aircraft profiles around the domain. The regional carbon balance ends up with a sink of 183 Tg C±35 Tg C over the area for the period June–December, 2007. Potential bias from incorrect boundary conditions of about 0.55 ppm over the 7 months was corrected using mixing ratios from four different aircraft profile sites operated at a weekly time scale, acting as an additional source of uncertainty of 24 Tg C. We used two different prior flux estimates, the SiBCrop model and the inverse flux product from the CarbonTracker system. We show that inverse flux estimates using both priors converge to similar posterior estimates (20 Tg C difference), in our reference inversion, but some spatial structures from the prior fluxes remain in the posterior fluxes, revealing the importance of the prior flux resolution and distribution despite the large amount of atmospheric data available. The retrieved fluxes were compared to eddy flux towers in the corn and grassland areas, revealing an improvement in the seasonal cycles between the two compared to the prior fluxes, despite large absolute differences due to representation errors. The uncertainty of 34 Tg C (or 34 g C m2) was derived from the posterior uncertainty obtained with our reference inversion of about 25 to 30 Tg C and from sensitivity tests of the assumptions made in the inverse system, for a mean carbon balance over the region of −183 Tg C, slightly weaker than the reference. Because of the potential large bias (~24 Tg C in this case) due to choice of background conditions, proportional to the surface but not to the regional flux, this methodology seems limited to regions with a large signal (sink or source), unless additional observations can be used to constrain the boundary inflow.
A global climatology of upper-tropospheric ice supersaturation occurrence inferred from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder calibrated by MOZAIC
Authors: Lamquin N. , Stubenrauch C. J. , Gierens K. , Burkhardt U. , Smit H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Ice supersaturation in the upper troposphere is a complex and important issue for the understanding of cirrus cloud formation. On one hand, infrared sounders have the ability to provide cloud properties and atmospheric profiles of temperature and humidity. On the other hand, they suffer from coarse vertical resolution, especially in the upper troposphere and therefore are unable to detect shallow ice supersaturated layers. We have used data from the Measurements of OZone and water vapour by AIrbus in-service airCraft experiment (MOZAIC) in combination with Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) relative humidity measurements and cloud properties to develop a calibration method for an estimation of occurrence frequencies of ice supersaturation. This method first determines the occurrence probability of ice supersaturation, detected by MOZAIC, as a function of the relative humidity determined by AIRS. The occurrence probability function is then applied to AIRS data, independently of the MOZAIC data, to provide a global climatology of upper-tropospheric ice supersaturation occurrence. Our climatology is then compared to ice supersaturation occurrence statistics from MOZAIC alone and related to high cloud occurrence from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). As an example of application it is compared to model climatologies of ice supersaturation from the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and from the European Centre HAmburg Model (ECHAM4). This study highlights the benefits of multi-instrumental synergies for the investigation of upper tropospheric ice supersaturation.
Vertical structure of MJO-related subtropical ozone variations from MLS, TES, and SHADOZ data
Authors: Li K.-F. , Tian B. , Waliser D. E. , Schwartz M. J. , Neu J. L. , Worden J. R. , Yung Y. L.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Tian et al. (2007) found that the MJO-related total column ozone (O3) anomalies of 10 DU (peak-to-trough) are mainly evident over the subtropics and dynamically driven by the vertical movement of the subtropical tropopause layer. It was then hypothesized that the subtropical total column O3 anomalies are primarily associated with the O3 variability in the stratosphere rather the troposphere. In this paper, we investigate the vertical structure of MJO-related subtropical O3 variations using the vertical O3 profiles from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), as well as in-situ measurements by the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) project. Our analysis indicates that the subtropical O3 anomalies maximize approximately in the lower stratosphere (60–100 hPa). Furthermore, the spatial-temporal patterns of the subtropical O3 anomalies in the lower stratosphere are very similar to that of the total column. In particular, they are both dynamically driven by the vertical movement of subtropical tropopause. The subtropical partial O3 column anomalies between 30–200 hPa accounts for more than 50 % of the total O3 column anomalies. TES measurements show that at most 27 % of the total O3 column anomalies are contributed by the tropospheric components. This indicates that the subtropical total column O3 anomalies are mostly from the O3 anomalies in the lower stratosphere, which supports the hypothesis of Tian et al. (2007). The strong connection between the intraseasonal subtropical stratospheric O3 variations and the MJO implies that the stratospheric O3 variations may be predictable with similar lead times over the subtropics. Future work could involve a similar study or an O3 budget analysis using a sophisticated chemical transport model in the near-equatorial regions where the observed MJO signals of total column O3 are weak.
How relevant is the deposition of mercury onto snowpacks? – Part 1: A statistical study on the impact of environmental factors
Authors: Durnford D. A. , Dastoor A. P. , Steen A. O. , Berg T. , Ryzhkov A. , Figueras-Nieto D. , Hole L. R. , Pfaffhuber K. A. , Hung H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A portion of the highly toxic methylmercury that bioaccumulates in aquatic life is created from mercury entering bodies of water with snowpack meltwater. To determine the importance of meltwater as a source of aquatic mercury, it is necessary to understand the environmental processes that govern the behavior of snowpack-related mercury. In this study we investigate relationships among 5 types of snowpack-related mercury observations and 20 model environmental variables. The observation types are the 24-h fractional loss of mercury from surface snow, and the concentrations of mercury in surface snow, seasonal snowpacks, the snowpack meltwater's ionic pulse, and long-term snowpack-related records. The model environmental variables include those related to atmospheric mercury, insolation, wind, atmospheric stability, snowpack physical characteristics, atmospheric pressure, and solid precipitation. Correlation coefficients and multiple linear regressions were calculated twice: once with all observations, and once with observations from locations presumably affected by oxidizing and stabilizing snowpack-related halogens excluded. We find that the presence of snowpack-related halogens has a significant impact on the behavior of snowpack-related mercury. Physically, snowpack-related mercury observations are most strongly controlled by the dry and wet depositions of oxidized mercury. The burial of mercury by fresh snowfalls and the wind driven ventilation of snowpacks are important processes. Indeed, in the absence of snowpack-related halogens, the 24-h fractional loss of mercury from surface snow is fully controlled by mercury deposition and surface-level atmospheric wind speed, stability, and surface pressure. The concentration of mercury in long-term records is affected by latitude, ventilation and surface pressure.