bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cases illustrating the use of the Roman Bath in the Treatment of Mental Disease
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

In the Journal of Mental Science for July, 1861, there is a review (which I wrote) of Mr. Erasmus Wilson's work on the Eastern, Turkish, or, more properly, Roman bath. Besides entering into the general history of the revival of the bath in England, and of the method of its administration (as now used in London), a ground plan and description is given there of a Roman bath erected by the Visitors of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, on my representations of its possible efficacy in the curative treatment of mental disease. For facility of reference I reprint at the end of this paper this description of the Hayward's Heath Bath, with the illustration.
The Progress of Psychological Medicine since the time of Dr. Caius: being the Thurston Speech for 1862
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

There is no branch of the healing art in which modern medical science can point to greater results than in that which concerns itself with the care and treatment of mental disease—none which has made such progress since the time of our third and greatest founder.
Psychological Excerpta from Foreign Journals
Authors: Arlidge
Published: August 2008

In the first volume of the ‘Asylum Journal,’ (p. 45 and p. 107) we translated a valuable memoir on this subject by Dr. Fischer, presenting a very complete account of the pathology of sanguineous tumours of the ear, and a critical inquiry respecting their cause. With the statements and opinions there made, Dr. Gudden mainly agrees. At the same time, he considers Dr. Fischer to have mis-interpreted several facts he noticed. He ignores the presumed existence of a special dyscrasia, pointing out, as we also did, in some notes on Dr. Fischer's paper, that these tumours of the ear are not restricted to the insane, and, furthermore, that they are produced even in those in perfect health.
On the treatment of Hallucination by Electrization
Authors: Rorie James
Published: August 2008

So much difficulty is experienced in producing the slightest alleviation of the sufferings of those affected with that form of derangement of the nervous centres which gives rise to what has been termed a hallucination, that the suggestion of any means by which this disease can be directly attacked, must be regarded as a decided advance in the treatment of this affection. Such a suggestion has recently been made by M. Baillarger, of Paris, in the recommendation of electrization.
On the want of a Middle Class Asylum in Sussex, with Suggestions how it may be established
Authors: Robertson C. L.
Published: August 2008

The subject which I am permitted to-night to bring before this Society is one I have long had at heart, and one which the daily experience of my practice at Hayward's Heath prevents my passing by merely on account of the difficulties which evidently attend the realisation of my hopes, should such an issue be granted to them. I refer to the want in our county of an asylum for the care and treatment of the insane of the middle class–a class with which, while separated by education and calling, we, in our profession, are, on the other hand, too often linked by the cominoli bond of narrow means and pressing daily cares.
Practicable Mental Science. A scientific comparison of established views and recent developments in Psychology
Authors: McLeod Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Two recent numbers of the ‘Journal of Mental Science’ contain two communications, respectively entitled—

1.

On the Principles and Method of a practical Science of Mind. By Dr. Thomas Laycock. (Journal, January, 1862.)

2.

On the practical use of Mental Science. By Dr. J. Stephenson Bushnan. (Journal, April, 1862.)
Psychoses Associated with Childbirth
Authors: Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

Pregnancy, with the associated pain and danger of labour and the Puerperium, is an ordeal for any woman, more so perhaps to-day than it has ever been, because of the wide publicity given to the toll of puerperal infection and the need for ante-natal care. An experience so intimately connected with the love-life, and with social and economic difficulties also, is often a period of acute mental stress in perfectly healthy women. Still more is it a time of psychological tension in those constitutionally unstable and liable to mental breakdown, both because they are not able to withstand the strain of mental conflict, and because they are the more likely to meet with such emotional problems on account of their temperamental unbalance.
The Blood Cholesterol in Epilepsy in Relation to Treatment by Dehydration and Ketogenesis
Authors: McLean J. H.
Published: August 2008

Cholesterol metabolism in epilepsy has been investigated by a number of observers during recent years, but the results have been contradictory and confusing, as the following summary shows: 1920, De Crinis (1): Cholesterol increased before seizures. 1923, Pezzali (2): Cholesterol decreased before seizures; low average levels in epileptics. 1927, Robinson, Brain and Kay (3): Cholesterol decreased before seizures. 1927, Osnato and Killian (4): Results negative. 1929, Goodall (5): Results negative. 1929, Fox Gosden and Brain (6): Cholesterol decreased before seizures; general low values in epileptics and increased variability in individual patients. 1930, Duncan (7): That there is no definite evidence to show that the occurrence of an epileptic fit is associated with a fall in the level of cholesterol in the blood.
On the Nature of Inhibition: a Review.∗
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

While, during the last thirty years, great advances have been made in our knowledge of inhibition, its properties and its interactions with excitation, yet little progress has been made in elucidating the precise nature of inhibition itself. Pavlov (67), for instance, has discovered many of the principles of inhibition, its interaction with excitation, its irradiation, its extinction and so on. But all the time he is dealing with inhibition simply as a phenomenon which shows itself in the end-reaction. With regard to what is actually happening in the cortex, he admits that it is unknown. Yet the phenomenon of inhibition is one of prime importance in the organization of the central nervous system. Perhaps, at times, while watching, say, a dog chasing a ball, one is apt to forget the many reactions which arenothappening in one's interest in whatishappening. Yet an overdose of strychnine to the dog will soon remind one that every movement of each limb, every twitch of a muscle is surrounded, as it were, by a wall of inhibition, checking, controlling and timing so as to produce the final smooth and graceful co-ordination.
The Barbiturates in Epilepsy
Authors: Handley Richard
Published: August 2008

About a year ago I came to realize that my knowledge of the subject of treatment in epilepsy was far from being complete, and this paper is the outcome of efforts made to clear up some of the uncertainty which existed in my mind.
A Study of the Changes in Function Found in Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: Zucker Konrad , Hubert W. H. de B.
Published: August 2008

In this paper a series of twenty-six cases of schizophrenia are analysed. This study has been confined very largely to a consideration of their feelings of unreality, hallucinations and disorders of imagery, as it was found that the particular method used was most applicable to these features of the total symptomatology. Such a selection from the whole range of schizophrenic activity might appear arbitrary since there is, of course, an essential unity in all psychic happenings, as, amongst others, Mignard (1), Berze (2) and Kronfeld (3) have pointed out. Nevertheless, Mignard himself says that affect, will, knowledge and memory are involved in every single psychic act. C. Schneider (4) also has demonstrated that schizophrenic characteristics show the same easily recognizable form in all their deviations from the normal psyche.
The Sixteenth Maudsley Lecture: Physical Symptoms in Acute Confusional Insanity
Authors: Bruce L. C.
Published: August 2008

I am fully aware of the honour and responsibility conferred on anyone who is asked to deliver a Maudsley Lecture. That great physician realized that the knowledge of medicine advances by devious paths. I have availed myself of his broadmindedness to lay before you to-day some of the physical symptoms associated with a group of mental cases labelled “acute confusional insanity I will lay before you facts which support the belief that in all these cases the departure from health affects the functions of the whole body, the heat-regulating centre, the cellular and serum defences, the renal functions, the carbohydrate metabolism, and the effect of the injection of insulin on low blood sugar.
The Association of Physique and Mental Condition
Authors: Clegg J. L.
Published: August 2008

The objects and advantages of ascertaining the actual and relative measurements of various parts of the body are numerous. For example, this method has been largely used by anthropologists for classifying different races of mankind.
Achlorhydria in the Psychoses: with Special Reference to Coincident Anæmia
Authors: Stern Ruby O.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of achlorhydria and its association with certain forms of anæmia has recently been the subject of much interest, largely owing to the work of Witts (1, 2) on idiopathic hypochromic anaemia, and of Hurst (3) on pernicious anæmia.
A Confusional State Associated with Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Shaw David
Published: August 2008

Mrs. X—, a widow, æt. 28, was recently admitted to Graylingwell Hospital as a voluntary patient.

Family history as far as could be made out was negative.

Past history and personality.—She was described as a cheerful, steady girl, who had married at 21, and had unfortunately lost her husband some few months after marriage. More recently she appeared to be somewhat unstable emotionally and, in spite of serious organic disorder, had been energetic and over-active in her pleasures and amusements, and had taken alcohol freely. There was no previous history of “nervous breakdown”, fits or paralysis. Eighteen months ago she had a severe attack of rheumatic fever with endocarditis, and about six weeks before admission had an attack of “influenza”.
An Investigation into the After-History of 90 Patients Discharged from a Mental Hospital Against Advice
Authors: Minski Louis
Published: August 2008

In this paper an attempt has been made to ascertain the after-histories of a particular group of patients discharged from the Maudsley Hospital, namely, those for whom further institutional treatment was considered necessary, but in whose case this advice was not taken. The investigation covers a period of three years, from 1928 to 1931. At the outset it must be pointed out that the Maudsley Hospital deals exclusively with voluntary patients, who are free to leave on giving twenty-four hours' notice; in addition, no patient is certified in the hospital, but where this is considered necessary, the friends are advised as to the procedure to be followed. In the circumstances, it might be thought that the number of patients who were taken home against advice would be high; but this was not the case. In a number of cases further institutional treatment was deemed necessary on grounds of psychotherapy alone; and if these are excluded, only 90 patients remain who were considered unfit for any but institutional care, either because they were dangerous to themselves, or because they were likely to prove dangerous or at least a nuisance to others. During the period under review 3, 248 patients were admitted to hospital and 2, 282 were discharged, so that the cases dealt with in this paper constituted only 2–8% of admissions and 3.5% of discharges. Of the 90 patients, 50 were females and 40 males. The length of stay in hospital varied from one day to one year.
Studies on the Influence of Emotions on the Functions of the Organs
Authors: Wittkower Erich
Published: August 2008

The research described in the following monograph is the result of seven years' work. In 1926 I attempted to introduce psychological methods of treatment into the out-patient department of the First Medical Clinic of the Charité, Berlin. It soon became evident that there was a widespread demand for the application of such methods within the field of the medical clinic. In the course of years, hundreds of patients with psychoneuroses linked to organs passed through our hands. A selection of specially instructive cases is given below. Our researches were performed on patients and collaborators who readily placed themselves at our disposal for our experiments. In grateful remembrance I wish to thank my esteemed former chief, the late Geh. Med.-Rat Prof. Dr. W. His, for the interest he took in my line of work and for the support he extended to it. My work in Germany came to a sudden end in March, 1933, but thanks to the kindness of Dr. F. L. Golla I was able to continue my studies at the Central Pathological Laboratory, London. Furthermore, I owe special thanks to the Professional Committee which, by the grant of a scholarship, enabled me to continue and complete this work.
Chorea, Tics and Compulsive Utterances
Authors: Creak Mildred , Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

According to the accepted description, a tic is a psychogenic symptom, an expressive movement derived from a mental fixation. This concept was rejected by some of those authors who observed tic-like movements as sequelæ of acute encephalitis. Other cases, quoted by Steck (I), in which the onset of a hyperkinetic encephalitis was associated with tics, suggested still more definitely that there might be an organic cause for such movements. An extreme concept localized the lesion responsible for these symptoms in the corpus striatum. This wholesale assumption was in turn objected to from the neurological standpoint, particularly by Kinnier Wilson (2), who, in his well-known paper, pointed out how complicated the possible connections were. In particular he mentioned that even tics following encephalitis might be conditioned not only by the brain disease itself, but also by constitutional and psychic factors. The network of different ætiological factors becomes less complicated when a disease like chorea is studied, rather than cases of encephalitis where widespread permanent lesions remain. We have, therefore, studied the occurrence of tics in connection with chorea, though we do not claim that any conclusions can be drawn from these observations for tic neuroses generally.
The Rorschach Test in Epileptics
Authors: Guirdham Arthur
Published: August 2008

The application of the above test to epileptics is a useful subject for an article, firstly because Rorschach's findings for epileptics were established from a very small number of patients; secondly, there was, in his investigations, no subdivision of epileptics into mental categories other than those of “early” and “late” demented; thirdly, the references in literature to the application of this test to epileptics are so meagre; and fourthly, the results obtained in this particular investigation show a considerable diversity from those of Rorschach.
Nerve Injury and Intravenous Injection
Authors: Robb John R. Beith
Published: August 2008

When drugs are administered intravenously, the risk of causing injury to nerves in front of the elbow can be considerably minimized if the anatomical structure of this part is kept in mind. The operation appears to be so simple that the novice is frequently permitted to dig his way to proficiency, without first having been the recipient of instruction or warning regarding the procedure.
The Problem of General As Against Focal Symptoms in Cerebral Lesions: a Contribution to General Symptomatology
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

Since the time of Ferrier and Hitzig, the effort to localize functions in the cortex has been elaborated until at one time there was thought to be a veritable mosaic of centres in the brain. This line of development has repeatedly been interrupted by investigators who denied the possibility of localization. In this paper we shall refer more particularly to the work of Goldstein, who in numerous papers, and in his new book, Der Aufbau des Organismus, has launched an attack on localization, which by virtue of its systematic approach outdoes all previous attempts of the kind. The chief objects of his scrutiny are the theoretical and philosophical principles of cerebral localization. Two of the ideas stressed by him may be anticipated here; the need for defining what is meant by “symptoms” in cerebral pathology, and the importance of observing the general behaviour of patients with cerebral lesions. These ideas are well in conformity with the general methods of psychiatry.
Investigations on the Problem of Immunity Against Spirochæta Pallida in General Paralytics Treated with Malaria
Authors: Beck A.
Published: August 2008

The improvement of general paralysis by treatment with malaria is known to be accompanied by—and may be said to be due to—the disappearance of the spirochætes from the brain. The problem of the mode of action of this therapy therefore is centred in the question to what factor the antispirochætal effect of malaria is due.
Prognosis of the Depressions of Later Life
Authors: Anderson E. W.
Published: August 2008

The following paper represents an attempt to determine more precise prognostic criteria in the large group of the depressions of later life, to find if possible some other guiding lines than the relatively rule-of-thumb principles which obtain, freed as far as possible from debatable preconceptions as to the existence of an “involutional melancholia” or other specific diagnostic label. Obviously in such a group the influence of the menopause and involution periods might be expected to be prominent.
Prolonged Narcosis in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Hennelly T. J.
Published: August 2008

As there is still considerable hesitancy in the adoption of this valuable form of therapy, I am glad to have an opportunity of stating the case for a more widespread application of prolonged narcosis to the manic-depressive disorders. A legitimate diversity of opinion exists as to the propriety of using any drug with a toxic action over a long period, especially so when it introduces an extraneous, and maybe serious, risk into a disease of itself non-fatal, and with a large recovery-rate. With attention to detail in the treatment, and with the addition of the Cardiff modification of prolonged narcosis, we are satisfied that toxic symptoms arising during the administration of somnifaine—the drug used—can be controlled, and the risk heretofore associated with this form of therapy eliminated.
The Treatment of Mania
Authors: Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

During 1931, 1932 and 1933 at least 20 female cases of mania were admitted to the Warwick County Mental Hospital, and I propose to review the treatment of these cases, omitting melancholia because of the difficulty of excluding involutional illnesses, because mania is more difficult to treat (1), and finally because the results of treatment are easier to follow.
The Inheritance of Manic-Depressive Insanity and its Relation to Mental Defect
Authors: Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

In the development of psychiatric genetics progress has been very largely dependent on the progress of clinical psychiatry. In the early days the theory of polymorphism held the field—that is the idea that there is a single hereditary basis for what may be called degeneration, which might show itself in many forms, any form of insanity, psychopathic character, criminality or mental defect. This theory was built up on the unclear psychiatry of the day, when the boundaries between different clinical states were vaguely drawn and largely in dispute. We are now passing out of this stage in clinical psychiatry, but the genetic theory that was built on it, the idea of polymorphism, still lingers on. It has been the stimulus to an immense amount of muddled research of no value. The time has come when this theory should be finally discarded. We are not entitled to think that different clinical conditions have the same genetic basis until such has been proved. From a factual point of view the accumulation of knowledge has shown it in a number of cases to be untenable. From a heuristic point of view it offers no possibilities of advance.
A Note on Psychopathology and Periodicity
Authors: Coleman Stanley M.
Published: August 2008

The following tentative theory is to a large extent influenced by Rouart's work. This psychiatrist recognizes two fundamental forms of behaviour—periodic and intermittent.
A Case of Recurrent Sympathetic Excitement: Its Treatment and Some Observations on Parasympathetic Stimulants
Authors: Dax E. Cunningham
Published: August 2008

This case has shown so great an improvement by symptomatic treatment with parasympathetic stimulants and a sympathetic depressant that it seems worthy of record for its own value, apart from the interesting investigations to which it leads.
Psychosis or Malingering?
Authors: Dillon Frederick , Masani K. R.
Published: August 2008

The subject of the following record was a married man, aged 40, whose business had brought in an income of about £2,000 per annum. The onset of his illness dated from an accident which was said to have occurred about seven months before he was seen by us. According to the history obtained from the wife it appeared that as he was passing a building in course of erection a fairly large piece of iron fell from the scaffolding and struck him on the left side of the head. He did not fall, but picked up the piece of iron, walked into the building and interviewed the foreman. He then went home, his only complaint being of headache. The wife said she noticed a swelling on the scalp, but as there was no bleeding or wound she did not send for a doctor immediately. The patient was put to bed and is said to have been sick on two occasions. As he did not improve, he was taken, after six days, to the out-patients’ department of a general hospital, where the doctor who saw him attributed the condition to concussion. He was admitted four days later and remained for three weeks. The report from the hospital stated that the patient complained of headaches, became easily irritable and lost all power of control. He is said to have been sleepless, but no sickness had occurred. There was no mention of any external damage to the head, and X-ray examination of the skull revealed no injury. The blood Wassermann reaction was negative and the blood precipitation test was normal. No physical signs of disease were discovered. The wife stated that while in this hospital the patient chased one of the doctors down the stairs. Soon afterwards he ran away from the hospital, telephoned to his wife and was taken back by her, remaining a further week. He then returned home, and after a few days’ rest resumed work. He was unable to continue as he became excitable and irritable, and on one occasion “smashed his office up”. He was seen by his own doctor, who expressed the opinion that the accident had undoubtedly caused a hæmorrhage inside the skull, and that the clot so formed was responsible for the patient's mental disability. Ten days later he was examined by a distinguished neurologist, who also expressed the opinion that a blood tumour from bleeding within the membranes of the brain was the cause of the symptoms. The patient gradually lost interest in his work, stayed at home and spent most of the day in bed, preferring to be left alone. He became violent and on more than one occasion attacked his wife.
A Case of Hysteria Showing Spontaneous Hyperventilation Tetany
Authors: Fraser Russell
Published: August 2008

The condition of spontaneous hyperventilation tetany has received some attention recently, and in many cases it has been impossible to demonstrate adequate biochemical changes to account for the tetanic manifestations, which so closely resemble the more recognized clinical types of tetany. The reason for the apparent spontaneity of the attacks has remained obscure beyond the general trend to recognize it as “functional” in most cases. In view of this recent interest, and of the atypical clinical manifestations in this case, the following observations on a single patient are put on record. A few previous cases treated at the Maudsley Hospital, but differing from the present one in the absence of loss of consciousness during the attacks, are also briefly reported.
The Effect of Altering the Conditions of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Choline Esterase Level in Human Blood Serum
Authors: Jones Maxwell Shaw , Tod Henry
Published: August 2008

Within recent years a great deal of attention has been paid to the question of chemical transmission of nervous impulses, and it has been definitely established by Dale and his co-workers (1, 2, 3) that acetyl choline is the transmitter in the case of the parasympathetic nervous system, and also in part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Endemic Bacillary Dysentery
Authors: Martin J. J. B.
Published: August 2008

Sporadic bacillary dysentery is an accepted concomitant of lunacy, and mental hospitals, on statistical evidence, harbour more than 99% of the disease. When an epidemic of dysentery occurs, the laboratory of the mental hospital is cluttered with fæcal specimens, but when the epidemic is resolved on a solitary “carrier” and a faulty drain the disease ceases to arouse further interest. Little effort is made to assess and control the endemic level. This the author has attempted to do, in a county mental hospital of, roughly, 1,000 beds.
Acetarsol in the Treatment of Late Congenital Syphilis amongst Mental Defectives
Authors: Paddle K. C. L.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of congenital syphilis, in spite of the advances in the general treatment of syphilis in the last thirty years, still leaves much to be desired. Veeder, after treating some 500 cases of congenital syphilis in St. Louis between 1912 and 1920, came to the conclusion that the results of treatment were most unsatisfactory, and that very little was to be gained by the treatment of the syphilitic child. He advocated the treatment of the parents to prevent the birth of syphilitic children. Nabarro is of opinion that the criterion of cure should be the complete cessation of any symptoms of activity and a normal blood and cerebro-spinal fluid. He has not been able to fix any limit of time after which he can regard the patient as cured. He mentions a case of his which relapsed with interstitial keratitis after having had a negative Wasser mann reaction for eight years. Ambrose King doubts whether congenital syphilis is ever really cured; he states that “cases had been seen in which manifestations of congenital syphilis appeared only after the lapse of a number of years, and others in which active lesions occurred, but with a negative Wassermann”.
The Iron, Copper and Manganese Content of the Human Brain
Authors: Tingey A. H.
Published: August 2008

The observations recorded in this paper form part of an investigation into the mineral constituents of the central nervous system both in normal and pathological conditions.
An Unusual Complication of Insulin Shock (Hypoglycæmic) Therapy
Authors: Molony C. B. , Honan M. S.
Published: August 2008

Salm (1) has recently described stuporous conditions which developed in schizophrenic patients undergoing the insulin shock treatment. He concludes that such cases constitute a serious problem, because, if they do not yield to the repeated administration of sugar, one is at a loss in regard to specific treatment.
Some Observations on the Theory of Perception
Authors: Sharman S.
Published: August 2008

In 1927 Parsons published his Introduction to the Theory of Perception with a view to formulating a working hypothesis. This book has played a large part in moulding my outlook upon psychological matters, and I should like to take this opportunity of making a few observations, even although they may not be wholly in accord with Parsons's opinions. But before going on to consider his view-point, perhaps it would be best if we started off by considering what is stated in a standard psychiatry text-book upon the subject of perception.
Studies in Hay-Fever Patients (The Allergic Personality)
Authors: Wittkower Erich , Berlin M.D.
Published: August 2008

Perhaps more than any other conditions, allergic diseases during recent years have been the subject of studies demonstrating the interplay of mind and body. In numerous papers on asthma, migraine and urticaria the psychological aspects of these disorders have been discussed. In these conditions the emotional origin of single attacks is generally admitted, but it is still a controversial subject whether, or to what extent, asthma, migraine and urticaria can be considered as part manifestations of a general psychopathological constitution. Hay-fever, since it is a purely seasonal disease, although of clean-cut allergic origin, has so far been excluded from such studies; and yet if in allergic diseases the biological over-reaction, the allergy, is in fact correlated in some way to the mental make-up of the patient, no other disease seems more appropriate than hay-fever as a crucial test of the importance of psychosomatic relationships in allergic disorders. Consequently, with the kind permission and support of Dr. Freeman, I set out to investigate the mental make-up of a number of hay-fever patients in the Inoculation Department of St. Mary's Hospital.
Enhancement of Physical and Mental Capacity Following Treatment of Chronic Infective Disease
Authors: Fenton H. F.
Published: August 2008

It is now a little over twelve months since the investigation and treatment of chronic infective disease was undertaken at this hospital, made possible by the erection of a treatment centre and the appointment of an ear, nose and throat surgeon. From what I have seen of the results obtained during the period under review I am convinced of its therapeutic value, not only in recent cases of psychosis where other forms of treatment have failed, but also in chronic cases, which my clinical experience would have pointed to as hopeless, has amelioration taken place.
Head Injuries and Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C.
Published: August 2008

Under the heading of “Injury before Mental Symptoms” it is desirable to consider first the surgical conditions of concussion, cerebral irritability and states of compression with their associated mental symptoms, for these must form a solid background for our consideration of all those cases where there is a head injury and mental disorder supervenes. It is, of course, possible to get an unrecognized fracture of the skull following a slight injury which will cause no further disturbance than, say, a headache. An example of this is supplied in a recent report, where a prospective member of Parliament sustained a fissured fracture of the skull as a result of bumping his head against the roof of a car when going over a hump-backed bridge; but nevertheless went about his business for a month afterwards, ignorant of the fact of the fracture, although experiencing a headache, which eventually sent him to a doctor who, by radiography, was able to make the diagnosis.
Six Months' Experience with Cardiazol Therapy
Authors: Nightingale G. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper is an attempt to record the experience gained in treating 44 schizophrenics in this hospital with cardiazol from September, 1937, when the treatment was first used, to the middle of April, 1938.
The Influence of Pharmacological Shocks on the Psychoses
Authors: Sakel Manfred
Published: August 2008

When, a few months ago, your Association honoured me with its invitation, I undertook the task of presenting to you the results of the first 100 cases treated in the Clinic in Vienna. I intended to draw from the individual reactions and the effect of the therapy some conclusions as to its justification. I could also have brought forward conclusions drawn from the records of cases whose treatment has been terminated for a long time and who have remained under continuous observation. These results would have been of some value inasmuch as these would have referred to the cases which I myself treated individually, and in which treatment had been individualized by employing various types of shock.
Observations on Convulsion Therapy with Triazol 156
Authors: Walk Alexander , Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

PaceMr. Punch, we know that there are plenty of takers, and anyone who uses convulsion therapy soon becomes convinced that much good is achieved in one way or another. Moreover, it has become evident that the treatment is not applicable to schizophrenia only; some striking results are seen in depressive states and in atypical paranoid and obsessional cases. This matter is dealt with at length in Dr. Cook's paper. These results, together with the comparative ease of application of the treatment, suggest that it will inevitably be tried out on a very large scale indeed.
Some Observations on Vitamin C Deficiency in Acute Mental Disorder
Authors: Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that gross impairment of nutrition is a not infrequent finding in the newly-admitted psychotic patient. Some of these cases present a state of mental confusion which is directly attributable to a condition of semi-starvation brought about by personal neglect and refusal of food. Obvious clinical signs of malnutrition are present, such as anorexia, emaciation, coated tongue, constipation, and ketonuria. Rapid mental improvement frequently occurs as a result of a liberal diet and relief of gastro-intestinal stasis. But it is equally important to recognize the mild and less obvious forms of malnutrition.
On the Mechanism of the Cardiazol Convulsion
Authors: Denyssen J. A. F. , Watterson D. J.
Published: August 2008

The experiments described in this paper were performed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the convulsion following the administration of cardiazol (pentamethylenetetrazol). The paper is divided into four sections—a description of experiments, a résumé of the relevant pharmacology of cardiazol, a discussion and a summary.
Psychotherapy and the Development of Personality
Authors: Rombouts J. M.
Published: August 2008

A sound, scientific development of psychotherapy (dealing with the entity—body, soul, mind-environment) can only be based on the position of the individual between ancestors and posterity, his own and the other sex—the environment, the whole; as well as the position of the independent, separate individual.
Cardiac Complications in Cardiazol Treatment: Observations in Four Cases
Authors: Dick A. , McAdam W.
Published: August 2008

The history, pharmacology, physical and chemical properties of cardiazol have been recorded in many publications recently, and our knowledge has been derived from them. Our technique and method of giving the injections have been more or less on the lines laid down by Meduna and described by Kennedy in the Journal of Mental Science of November, 1937. We used a 10% solution and usually commenced with 3.5 c.c. or 4 c.c., giving bi-weekly injections. The dosage necessary to produce a convulsion varied with different individuals. When a convulsion was not induced the dosage of the next injection was increasd by .5 c.c. or 1 c.c., depending on the reaction of the previous injection. The course was terminated by weekly injections. Our highest dose was 9.5 c.c. The injections were given in 10-15 seconds, and occasionally the first stage of the convulsion came on before the needle was withdrawn. Latterly we reduced the time of the injection to 10 seconds. No definite rule can be laid down as to the number of epileptic attacks to be induced.
Note on Agglutination Reactions in the Typhoid Carrier State
Authors: Murray J. R. , Partner F.
Published: August 2008

In any search for enteric carriers the patient with a positive blood-agglutination must be regarded as suspect. Earlier workers were of opinion that the converse of this was true—that a negative agglutination reaction implied that the case was not a carrier. It is true that McCowan and Mann (1925) described a series of nine carriers, of whom two showed a negative agglutination reaction during the clinical attack of typhoid fever, but the subsequent history of the agglutination reactions is not given. Ashby (1931) indicates in his series the prevailing belief that carriers show significant alterations in their agglutination reactions. Although repeatedly controverted in the medical literature by the publication of small groups of cases where the carrier state has been accompanied by negative blood-agglutination reactions, this view dies hard, and was revived during the recent discussions centring around the Croydon typhoid epidemic.
Three Cases of Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia
Authors: Bates R. M.
Published: August 2008

A brief note upon the physical characteristics of three cases of phenylpyruvic oligophrenia may be of interest for comparison with other cases. The three patients have been under special observation for 2½ years, and are the only definite cases discovered in an examination of 2,300 mental defectives of both sexes, all ages and all grades.
Affective Sequelæ of Convulsant Drug Therapy
Authors: Dynes John B.
Published: August 2008

Various complications to convulsant drug therapy in mental diseases have been stressed in recent reports. These complications have consisted of fractures, dislocations, cardiac irregularities, the development of abnormal neurological signs, etc. Little comment has been made on the behaviour of the patient or the mental state following the use of such treatment, except to say that there was or was not improvement. The fact that patients frequently pass through interesting and perhaps significant stages in their recovery, or failure to recover, is worthy of comment.
General Paralysis and its Treatment by Intravenous T.A.B. Vaccine
Authors: Roachsmith C. E. , Stern E. S.
Published: August 2008

This method appears first to have been used in the U.S.A. by Kunde, Hall and Gerty (1927) and then by Mackenzie (1927) in this country. Later Driver and Shaw (1933) gave divided doses of typhoid vaccine, and Schnitker (1934) gave typhoid H antigen. T.A.B. vaccine, containing one thousand million dead B. typhosus and seven hundred and fifty million each dead B. paratyphosus A and B per c.c., has been used here since July 6, 1928.
Anodontia in Mongolism
Authors: Thomas D. H. H.
Published: August 2008

Anodontia is a physical anomaly which may present itself in varying degrees, and although cases of partial anodontia occur with comparative frequency, the condition of complete anodontia is rare.
The Physiological Pathology of the Anterior Pituitary
Authors: Reiss Max
Published: August 2008

[In the physiology of the central nervous system, the hypothalamus has of recent years obtained a position of much enhanced importance. There is reason to believe that it has a determining influence on cortical function and evidence is not wanting that some psychotic conditions are associated with hypothalmic disturbance. It may well be that many forms of mental disorder are conditioned by a lesion of the hypothalamus. This close anatomical and physiological relationship between this area of the brain and the pituitary we think, therefore, cannot be over-emphasized. Dr. Max Reiss was asked by the Research Bureau to present a review of our present knowledge of the anterior pituitary, on which he is a recognized authority.]
Blood Groups in Health and in Mental Disease
Authors: Thomas John C. , Hewitt E. J. C.
Published: August 2008

The distribution of the blood-groups in persons suffering from mental disease has been widely investigated, but the literature is full of conflicting statements. It may fairly be taken that no one has yet demonstrated any statistically significant alteration of the blood-group distribution in any other disease, but there have been many claims for variation in mental diseases.
A Variability Study of the Normal and Schizophrenic Occipital Alpha Rhythm. II. The Electro-Encephalogram and Imagery Type
Authors: Rubin Morton A. , Cohen Louis H.
Published: August 2008

Attempts to find a function characteristic of schizophrenia which may be correlated with the electro-encephalogram have not been very fruitful. For example, in a group of 60 adult schizophrenics only a very slight positive correlation exists between the electrical activity of the brain and duration of illness (Rubin, unpublished observations). The same correlation obtains for duration of hospitalization. Although not systematically studied, there appears to be no correlation between the electro-encephalogram and diagnostic sub-type of schizophrenia.
Azoman (Triazol 156) As a Convulsant
Authors: Napier F. J.
Published: August 2008

Since Meduna in 1934 introduced the treatment of schizophrenic states by induced epileptiform convulsions, a volume of literature has appeared on the use of cardiazol as convulsant. But although cardiazol proved immensely superior to the original camphor, it is not without some serious disadvantages. These led naturally to the search for further improvement in the convulsant agent, and it is with one of the successors to cardiazol, introduced by Walk and Mayer-Gross (1938), and known as azoman or triazol 156, that this record is concerned.
Triazol V. Cardiazol
Authors: Molony C. B. , Conlon T. J.
Published: August 2008

This communication, notwithstanding its title, does not pretend to be anything in the nature of an exhaustive comparison of the respective merits of triazol and cardiazol in the convulsion therapy of schizophrenia.
Electro-Encephalography in the Study of Epilepsy
Authors: Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

The electro-encephalogram (E.E.G.) is a record of the electrical potential changes of the brain as recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp without opening the skull. The technique is similar to that used in obtaining a electro-cardiogram, and in the apparatus shown three independent recorders are used, for reasons to be described later.
The Wassermann and Meinicke Klärungs Reactions (Original M.K.R. Ii and Ford Robertson-Colquhoun Modification) in the Diagnosis of Syphilis
Authors: Thomas John C. , Robertson W. M. Ford
Published: August 2008

Nicole and Fitzgerald's assumption in 1932 that the Wassermann test had at last passed to rest in the limbo of historically interesting experiments can hardly be said to be correct, and the test still remains to-day as the standard method for the sero-diagnosis of syphilis. At the same time the steadily increasing specificity of flocculation tests and their value as ancillary procedures cannot be denied, and the accepted diagnostic ideal is a parallel examination by one of these and by the Wassermann test.
Some Clinical Examples of “Dys-Symbole “: Its Relation to Shock Therapy
Authors: Thomas J. Sawle
Published: August 2008

A new and extremely interesting conception of schizophrenia is opened up by the observation of the sign of dys-symbole made by Skottowe. He has defined this sign as “a state of mind which manifests itself by the inability of the patient to formulate his conceptual thoughts upon personal topics or to discriminate the gradations of his emotions in language which is intelligible to others, notwithstanding that he may be in a state of clear consciousness, while he still retains word-utilizing ability at the level of perceptual thinking, and so is not aphasic in terms of sensori-motor neurology”.
The Meinicke Clarification Reaction: Factors Influencing Non-Specific Zone Phenomena
Authors: Robertson W. M. Ford , Colquhoun D. B.
Published: August 2008

During the course of research into an improved method of the Meinicke Klärungs Reaction (Ford Robertson, W. M., and Colquhoun, D. B., 1939) certain undesirable zone reactions occurred. This paper deals with some of the factors responsible for such non-specific precipitations.
Convulsion Therapy of the Psychoses
Authors: Wyllie Andrew M.
Published: August 2008

Treatment by convulsion therapy implies the administration of analeptic drugs in massive doses to induce major epileptiform convulsions. Usually a single convulsion is induced on each occasion and this is done two or three times weekly. The number of convulsions varies greatly in different cases, but is commonly from five to twenty.
Ascorbic Acid Levels in Patients Suffering from Psychoses of the Senium
Authors: Remp Donald G. , Rosen S. R. , Ziegler John B. , Cameron D. Ewen
Published: August 2008

Numerous workers (Plaut, 1935; Altaman, 1937; Monouni, 1937) have reported that the blood and spinal fluid ascorbic acid levels are low in the aged. No adequate explanation of this fact has been given. Wortis (1938) has suggested that, since oral administration increases the ascorbic acid level of the spinal fluid in the aged as in the young, defective absorption probably does not play a significant part. He believes that the lower values in older persons may be due to increased intensity of metabolic processes concerned with the elaboration of ascorbic acid. Friedman, in discussing this contribution, advanced the suggestion that in older persons there may be less need for ascorbic acid because metabolism is slowed.
A Psychotherapeutic Approach in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ernst M. Gwendoline
Published: August 2008

I am presenting to you in this paper my own views and experience in a practical psychotherapeutic approach to psychotics. I am aware—acutely aware—that I am speaking, with only two or three years' experience behind me, to distinguished psychiatrists. I cannot bring myself to apologize for having definite views on so short an experience; they are views that struck me before I had been employed in a mental hospital for a week, and I have had no occasion to change them since. I am not even sufficiently well up in the subject to know if they are peculiar to me.
The Role of the Sex Hormones in Psychiatry
Authors: Reiss Max
Published: August 2008

The part played by sex hormones in the genesis and pathology of mental disorders is still the subject of striking differences of opinion among psychiatrists.
Forced Grasping and Disturbances of Attention
Authors: Schlesinger B.
Published: August 2008

As a result of two operations which were performed on a rhesus monkey with the object of working out an approach for the destruction of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus, not only were the latter involved, but lesions were also produced in the frontal lobe. The lesions were largely caused by the removal of firm adhesions which had developed after the first operation. The motor disturbances and the mental changes which appeared after the second operation revealed some features which had much in common with a clinical syndrome previously observed in a patient who had died from a frontal lobe tumour in the same region. For this reason it seems worth while to record and to discuss these two cases. The experimental operations may be described in some detail in order to explain the extent of the lesions produced.
Some Points in the Technique of Insulin Therapy of the Psychoses
Authors: Fraser Russell , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

Many papers have already been published on the technique of insulin therapy for the psychoses (Müller, 1936; Sakel, 1937 and 1938; Frostig, 1937; Küppers, 1937; Braunmühl, 1938, and others). Nevertheless, some of the details of the method still offer problems to the careful therapist who wishes to avoid impairing his therapeutic effects by excessive caution, but is unwilling to incur unpredictable risks. While investigating this therapy during 1938 at the Maudsley Hospital, we endeavoured to evolve a technique which was both effective and safe, and which could be individualized to each patient without thereby losing its precision. In the following paper we offer suggestions concerning some of the technical details that have appeared to us important in achieving these ends. As far as possible we have omitted points on which previous papers have given adequately clear and consistent instructions.