bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep moist atmospheric convection in a subkilometer global simulation
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Kajikawa Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Ryuji , Yamaura Tsuyoshi , Yashiro Hisashi , Tomita Hirofumi
Published: September 2013

Deep moist atmospheric convection is a key element of the weather and climate system for transporting mass, momentum, and thermal energy. It has been challenging to simulate convection realistically in global atmospheric models because of the large gap in spatial scales between convection (100 km) and global motions (104 km). We conducted the first ever subkilometer global simulation and described the features of convection. Through a series of grid‐refinement resolution testing, we found that an essential change for convection statistics occurred around 2 km grid spacing. The convection structure, number of convective cells, and distance to the nearest convective cell dramatically changed at this resolution. The convection core was resolved using multiple grids in simulations with grid spacings less than 2.0 km.
Client Evaluation of Therapy in an Outpatient Adolescent Service
Authors: Nicholson Susan , Vivekananda Kitty
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a follow up study of clients involved in individual or family therapy conducted by a Community Health Adolescent Service. The overall effectiveness of therapy is assessed and comparisons are drawn between individual and family therapy, one and two therapists, and client's and therapist's perceptions of outcome.
The Theory and Practice of Therapeutic Error
Authors: Gibney Paul
Published: September 2013

This paper looks at the issue of errors made in therapy which compromise the therapist's leverage and jeopardize the therapy's continuity. A case where such errors were made is outlined and theoretical points arising from the case are discussed and considered in the light of dealing with error. The importance of maintaining a ‘meta’ perspective is discussed and some warning signs of error are pointed out. Preliminary guidelines for the therapists faced with the ramifications of their own inelegance are suggested. The necessity of recognizing and working with patterns of interactions as opposed to dealing with specific actions is noted. The paper underlines the critical learning afforded by the acknowledgment of mistakes and their resolution in therapy.
The Ties That Bind: Family Systems Correlates of Parental Decision‐Making in Custody/Access Disputes
Authors: Renouf Emilia
Published: September 2013

Family systems theorists have developed certain concepts which they claim predict marriage outcome and the possible success of divorce mediation, should the marriage fail.

In this paper I examine concepts of individual and family functioning. The concept of ‘emotional flexibility’ is presented as a criterion predisposing marriage partners to a more or less fused marriage. This in turn, is seen as predisposing the partners, in the event of separation, either to search for their own parental agreement with regard to their children's wellbeing, or to insist on a Judicial decision. In order to test the applicability of this concept, I explore the results of 64 conciliation conferences conducted by me in the Sydney Registry of the Family Court.

I also consider a typology of divorcing couples worked out by divorce therapists, which uses type of spousal interaction as a criterion for predicting suitability for divorce mediation. I analyse the results of 30 Family Reports prepared by me, to test the usefulness of the typology for deciding on the most appropriate method of family dispute resolution for a given couple.

I conclude by suggesting systematic exploration of core family system concepts and variables having a modulating effect, that can be used as predictors of client suitability for negotiation as well as to anticipate the type of custody/access arrangements that can be achieved.
Waiting Without Purpose: A Discourse on The Tao of Pooh
Authors: Birch Jim
Published: September 2013

The following paper is a transcript of an address given at the Sixth Australian Family Therapy Conference. The author has for some time been exercised by the puzzle of how therapists still manage to Do Things despite the continuing elaboration of a corpus of elegant explanatory theories to account for their experiences with families. This issue is developed in the context of the conference theme.
White and the Cybernetic Therapies: News of Difference
Authors: Munro Catherine
Published: September 2013

This article discusses the therapy of Michael White and compares his approach with other cybernetic approaches, including structural family therapy, Haley/Madanes, MRI and the Milan approach. The White approach shares some significant commonalities with MRI and can be considered a strategic therapy. Nevertheless there are also substantial differences. Particular features of the White approach that differentiate it from other strategic models include double description, the role of restraints, and the selective links the therapy makes with the social contexts of problems.
Relearning Childthink
Authors: Heins Terry
Published: September 2013

Therapists meeting families with young children need to understand how children think. This paper aims to help beginner family therapists regain their lost childhood fluency in the language of childthink, by reviewing the clinically relevant essentials. Six to eight year old children learn with their eyes and by doing and touching rather than by talking. Young children think concretely and have a limited vocabulary. Moral realism implies clear cut goodies and baddies. They can externalise troubles and master them assisted by heroic goodies. Their humour is visual and slapstick. Application of childthink is demonstrated with mastering allegories developed by local therapists. General principles are identified and illustrated with White's Sneaky Poo. Case vignettes illustrate other documented allegories for abdominal pain, monster taming, Fierce Fears and The Temper. Newer allegories such as Dreamy Dawdle, Tricky Itch, Slippery Mouth, Tricky Wee and Chubby Lie show promise. This paradigm has much uncharted potential.
The Supervision of Two Isolated Practitioners: It's supervision, Jim, but not as you know it
Authors: Miller Nancy , Crago Maureen
Published: September 2013

A supervisory format used over a four year period for two isolated family therapists is discussed. After an initial face to face meeting, in‐person supervision took place quarterly. Between these meetings, supervision was by a combination of audiotapes and letters. Supervisees recorded their questions, comments and news on cassette tapes, often sending as well the tape of a client session, and the supervisor responded by letter. The particular difficulties and advantages of this format are discussed, and some attention is given to the special needs of isolated practitioners.
The Fight That Gives Hope: An Interview with Israel Charny
Authors: Sanders Catherine
Published: September 2013

Israel Charny, Associate Professor of Psychology at the Bob Shapell School of Social Work of Tel Aviv University, Director of two university‐affiliated family therapy programmes, and Director of the Institute of Holocaust & Genocide in Jerusalem, visited Australia in August 1988 and presented a series of workshops across the country. A major focus of the presentation given in Adelaide was the indivisible connection between the victim of violence, the victimiser who perpetrates it, and the bystander who observes and fails to take protective action. This concept in its broadest sense, at the clinical, organisational and social levels provided a framework for the material in the first part of this article taken from the Adelaide Workshop, and the interview which follows.
Exploring an Alternative Option for Clinical Research
Authors: Melidonis Greer
Published: September 2013

Although many attempts have been made to refine and develop traditional research methods to meet the needs of clinicians, such endeavours have frequently met with further criticism about methodological inadequacies. The purpose of this paper is to explore an alternative option for clinical research free from some of the traditional restraints of the scientific method. A case example is provided where the core events in the psychotherapeutic process and their related outcomes become the focus for research enquiry following a research design proposed by Auerswald (1987). Other clinicians are invited to consider the legitimacy of the researcher's construction of the key events and related outcomes in the psychotherapeutic research process and to apply the distinctions made by the researchers to their experiences of the particular problem.
Family Therapy in a Psychiatric Hospital: A Case‐Controlled Evaluation
Authors: Hafner R. Julian , Mackenzie Liz A. , Costain William
Published: September 2013

Thirty‐five patients (20 women) treated by a Family Therapy Unit based in a psychiatric hospital were compared with 35 matched control inpatients who were not treated by the Unit. Family Therapy averaged 4.5 one hour sessions and was cybernetic rather than behavioural or psychoeducational. The main outcome measure was days spent in the hospital in the year after family therapy. Women, but not men, showed a significant improvement after family therapy, reducing their days in hospital from a mean of 50 in the year before family therapy to 18 in the year after. The best response was shown by women with affective disorder. Control men and women showed a slight increase in days spent in hospital. Improvement after family therapy was associated with a markedly positive change in key relatives' attitudes to the patient, and a strongly positive attitude towards family therapy.
Contextual Residential Care Reviewed
Authors: Kaye John , Tyndale Ray
Published: September 2013

This paper examines a contextual model of residential care for children whose behaviour is described as out‐of‐control. Developed by Menses & Durrant (1986), the model combines principles of cybernetic theory, cybernetic therapy and ritual. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current wide use of the Contextual Residential Care model, focusing on the cybernetic theory‐base of the model and how it has been employed in practice. The study followed a narrative format, utilising semi‐structured interviews with co‐ordinators of Contextual Residential Care programmes, to gain information about the nature and theoretical baseline of their programmes and their hopes and concerns for the future of the model. The interviews were analysed using a discourse analytic procedure. The study found a contextual approach which is immature and lacking in theoretical clarity. If its proponents can establish and understand a sound cybernetic framework and adapt it with flexibility to their particular context, they can ensure the successful evolution and application of this model of residential care.
When is a Model Not a Model?: “Contextual Residential Care” in Context — A response to Tyndale and Kaye†
Authors: Durrant Michael
Published: September 2013

Tyndale and Kaye (1991) have offered an informative review of residential programmes which define themselves as using the principles of “Contextual Residential Care”. This paper argues that “Contextual Residential Care” is not a “model” of residential treatment but a description of one application of a set of ideas or principles — and that the application of these ideas to other programmes requires a recognition of the unique context of each programme. The paper considers some of the criticisms offered by Tyndale and Kaye, further examines the role of parents in the residential treatment of their adolescent and acknowledges some shortcomings in the original “Contextual Residential Care” paper.
An Invitation to Openness‡
Authors: Gibney Paul
Published: September 2013

In reflecting on the content of the Adelaide conference, this closing address reviews three themes that have seemed implicit to the author in this and other recent conferences. The adoption of parental metaphors for therapy and the ethical demands that this overtly places on practitioners are discussed. The growing interest in psychoanalytic theories for family therapy is commented on in the light of family therapy theory's absence of a ‘body’, the soma. Lastly, the issue of the therapist's therapy (to have or not to have) is considered as recurring ‘corridor talk’ that may benefit from open discussion in family therapy forums.
Narratives and the Therapist's Allegiance
Authors: Harari Edwin
Published: September 2013

Trainee therapists are attracted to particular treatment philosophies through the influence of complex factors which are embedded in the narratives of the origins and successes of a particular model of treatment. The relevance of these stories to the development of a professional identity is discussed with specific attention to family therapy.
The Personal and the Political An Interview with Deborah Luepnitz
Authors: Briner Peta
Published: September 2013

Deborah Luepnitz has gained recognition for her clearly articulated exposition of a feminist family therapy informed by object relations theory. From these vantage points, she has also provided the field with a scholarly critique of some of the major schools and traditions in family therapy. During her visit to Brisbane, where she was one of the plenary speakers at the 1991 Australian Family Therapy Conference, Deborah discussed matters ranging from the personal to the political.
Informational Writing in High School Science
Authors: Kohnen Angela M.
Published: September 2013

As states continue to implementCCSS, science teachers will be asked to incorporate more discipline‐specific reading and writing in their classes. Yet, according to national studies, few science teachers have previous experience to draw upon and most have little to no training in writing pedagogy. This article reports on one science teacher's successful implementation of a science journalism writing assignment in her high school chemistry class. Her success was attributed to two factors: (a) time to learn and understand a discipline‐specific genre that was suitable for classroom use, and (b) the existence of a publication outlet which allowed her to create a community of practice where students could enter as legitimate peripheral participants and ultimately become published authors. Each of these factors contributed to a classroom where writing was not simply five‐paragraph essays, where success was modeled, where peer editing was a privilege, and where publication was the expectation.
LTMap: a web server for assessing the potential liver toxicity by genome‐wide transcriptional expression data
Authors: Xing Li , Wu Leihong , Liu Yufeng , Ai Ni , Lu Xiaoyan , Fan Xiaohui
Published: September 2013

Toxicogenomics (TGx) has played a significant role in mechanistic research related with hepatotoxicity as well as liver toxicity prediction. Currently, several large‐scale preclinical TGx data sets were made freely accessible to the public, such as Open TG‐GATEs. With the availability of a sufficient amount of microarray data, it is important to integrate this information to provide new insights into the risk assessment of potential drug‐induced liver toxicity. Here we developed a web server for evaluating the potential liver toxicity based on genome‐wide transcriptomics data, namely LTMap. In LTMap, researchers could compare signatures of query compounds against a pregenerated signature database of 20 123 Affymetrix arrays associated with about 170 compounds retrieved from the largest public toxicogenomics data set Open TG‐GATEs. Results from this comparison may lead to the unexpected discovery of similar toxicological responses between chemicals. We validated our computational approach for similarity comparison using three example drugs. Our successful applications of LTMap in these case studies demonstrated its utility in revealing the connection of chemicals according to similar toxicological behaviors. Furthermore, a user‐friendly web interface is provided by LTMap to browse and search toxicogenomics data (http://tcm.zju.edu.cn/ltmap). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale topographic changes on sterilized glass surfaces affect cell adhesion and spreading
Authors: Wittenburg Gretel , Lauer Günter , Oswald Steffen , Labudde Dirk , Franz Clemens M.
Published: September 2013

Producing sterile glass surfaces is of great importance for a wide range of laboratory and medical applications, including in vitro cell culture and tissue engineering. However, sterilization may change the surface properties of glass and thereby affect its use for medical applications, for instance as a substrate for culturing cells. To investigate potential effects of sterilization on glass surface topography, borosilicate glass coverslips were left untreated or subjected to several common sterilization procedures, including low‐temperature plasma gas, gamma irradiation and steam. Imaging by atomic force microscopy demonstrated that the surface of untreated borosilicate coverslips features a complex landscape of microislands ranging from 1000 to 3000 nm in diameter and 1 to 3 nm in height. Steam treatment completely removes these microislands, producing a nanosmooth glass surface. In contrast, plasma treatment partially degrades the microisland structure, while gamma irradiation has no effect on microisland topography. To test for possible effects of the nanotopographic structures on cell adhesion, human gingival fibroblasts were seeded on untreated or sterilized glass surfaces. Analyzing fibroblast adhesion 3, 6, and 24 h after cell seeding revealed significant differences in cell attachment and spreading depending on the sterilization method applied. Furthermore, single‐cell force spectroscopy revealed a connection between the nanotopographic landscape of glass and the formation of cellular adhesion forces, indicating that fibroblasts generally adhere weakly to nanosmooth but strongly to nanorough glass surfaces. Nanotopographic changes induced by different sterilization methods may therefore need to be considered when preparing sterile glass surfaces for cell culture or biomedical applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2755–2766, 2014.
Suppression of cancer‐initiating cells and selection of adipose‐derived stem cells cultured on biomaterials having specific nanosegments
Authors: Kao Ta‐Chun , Lee Henry Hsin‐chung , Higuchi Akon , Ling Qing‐Dong , Yu Wan‐Chun , Chou Yu‐Hsuan , Wang Pin‐Yu , Suresh Kumar S. , Chang Yu , Hung Chen Yung , Chang Yung , Chen Da‐Chung , Hsu Shih‐Tien
Published: September 2013

Cancer‐initiating cells [cancer stem cells (CSCs)] in colon cancer cells can be selectively suppressed when they are cultured on Pluronic (nanosegment)‐grafted dishes, whereas CSCs are maintained on conventional tissue culture dishes and extracellular matrix‐coated dishes. CSCs persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and metastasis by giving rise to new tumorigenic clones. The purification or depletion (suppression) of CSCs should be useful for analyzing CSC characteristics and for clinical application. CSCs can be selectively suppressed from colon cancer cells containing adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) on Pluronic‐grafted dishes, while ADSCs remain on the dishes. ADSCs on Pluronic‐grafted dishes after the suppression of the CSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, and neuronal cells. The CSCs and ADSCs exhibited different characteristics. The selection of ADSCs was possible on Pluronic‐grafted dishes that suppressed the CSCs from the fat tissues of cancer patients (i.e., cell‐sorting dishes), which was explained by specific biomedical characteristics of Pluronic. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 463–476, 2014.
Paleoseismology of the southern Panamint Valley fault: Implications for regional earthquake occurrence and seismic hazard in southern California
Authors: McAuliffe Lee J. , Dolan James F. , Kirby Eric , Rollins Chris , Haravitch Ben , Alm Steve , Rittenour Tammy M.
Published: September 2013

Paleoseismologic data from the southern Panamint Valley fault (PVF) reveal evidence of at least four surface ruptures during late Holocene time (0.33–0.48 ka, 0.9–3.0 ka, 3.3–3.6 ka, and >4.1 ka). These paleo‐earthquake ages indicate that the southern PVF has ruptured at least once and possibly twice during the ongoing (≤1.5 ka) seismic cluster in the Mojave section of the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). The most recent event (MRE) on the PVF is also similar in age to the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake and the geomorphically youthful MRE on the Death Valley fault. The timing of the three oldest events at our site shows that the PVF ruptured at least once and possibly thrice during the well‐defined 2–5 ka seismic lull in the Mojave section of the ECSZ. Interestingly, the 3.3–3.6 ka age of Event 3 overlaps with the 3.3–3.8 ka age of the penultimate (i.e., pre‐1872) rupture on the central Owens Valley fault. These new PVF data support the notion that earthquake occurrence in the ECSZ may be spatially and temporally complex, with earthquake clusters occurring in different regions at different times. Coulomb failure function modeling of the Panamint Valley and Garlock faults reveals significant stress interactions between these two faults that may influence future earthquake occurrence. Specifically, our models suggest a possible rupture sequence whereby an event on the southern Panamint Valley fault can lead to the potential triggering of an event on the Garlock fault, which in turn could trigger the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault.
Evaluation of the updated YSU planetary boundary layer scheme within WRF for wind resource and air quality assessments
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Klein Petra M. , Xue Ming
Published: September 2013

In previous studies, the Yonsei University (YSU) planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was reported to perform less well at night, while performing better during the day. Compared to observations, predicted nocturnal low‐level jets (LLJs) were typically weaker and higher. Also, the WRF model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) with the YSU scheme was reported to sometimes overestimate near‐surface ozone (O3) concentration during the nighttime. The updates incorporated in WRF version 3.4.1, include modifications of the nighttime velocity scale used in the YSU boundary layer scheme. The impacts of this update on the prediction of nighttime boundary layers and related implications for wind resource assessment and air quality simulations are examined in this study. The WRF/Chem model with the updated YSU scheme predicts smaller eddy diffusivities in the nighttime boundary layer, and consequently lower and stronger LLJs over a domain focusing on the southern Great Plains area, showing a better agreement with the observations. As a result, related overestimation problems for near‐surface temperature and wind speeds appear to be resolved, and the nighttime minimum near‐surface O3 concentrations are better captured. Simulated vertical distributions of meteorological and chemical variables for weak wind regimes (e.g., in the absence of LLJ) are less impacted by the YSU updates.
Timely measles surveillance in the Republic of Korea, 2002–2009: Impact of sentinel laboratory surveillance
Authors: Choe Young June , Eom Hye Suk , Bae Geun‐Ryang , Cho Sung‐Il
Published: September 2013

In order to sustain the elimination of measles, timely reporting is important. The surveillance data in Korea from 2002–2009 was analyzed to determine the effect of sentinel laboratory surveillance, which was introduced in 2006, on the timeliness of measles reporting. The data were stratified by two surveillance periods, (A) before and (B) after 2006, and by cases confirmed clinically and cases confirmed by laboratory measures. During Period A, 113 suspected cases were reported, and 241 during Period B. There was no difference in the proportion of timely reporting among cases confirmed clinically between the two periods, whereas the proportion of cases confirmed by laboratory measures has increased. The mean notification interval in cases confirmed by laboratory measures was shortened from 39 to 16 days. In Korea, sentinel laboratory surveillance has enhanced earlier detection of suspected cases that had not been reported, improving the timeliness of measles surveillance. Adopting this new method may improve the timely collection of cases in other countries. J. Med. Virol. 86:322–328, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human papillomavirus infection in women in four regions of Senegal
Authors: Mbaye El Hadji Seydou , Gheit Tarik , Dem Ahmadou , McKay‐Chopin Sandrine , Toure‐Kane Ndeye Coumba , Mboup Souleymane , Tommasino Massimo , Sylla Bakary S. , Boye Cheikh Saad Bouh
Published: September 2013

Cervical cancer is the most frequent cancer among women in Senegal. However, there are few data concerning the human papillomavirus (HPV) types inducing neoplasia and cervical cancers and their prevalence in the general population of Senegal. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in Senegalese women aged 18 years and older in Dakar Region and three other regions. Cervical samples were collected from 498 women aged 18–80 years (mean, 42.1 years) in Dakar Region. Also, 438 samples were collected from three other regions: Thiès, Saint‐Louis, and Louga. The samples were screened for 21 HPV genotypes using an HPV type‐specific E7 PCR bead‐based multiplex genotyping assay (TS‐MPG). The prevalence of high risk (HR)‐HPV in Dakar Region was 17.4%. HPV 52 (3.2%) was the most prevalent HPV type, followed by HPV 31 (3.0%) and HPV 16, 45, and 53 (all 2.8%). In the Thiès, Saint‐Louis, and Louga Regions, the prevalence of HR‐HPV was 23.2%, 13.1%, and 19.4%, respectively. The study revealed the specificity of HPV prevalence in Dakar Region and other regions of Senegal. The observed patterns show some differences compared with other regions of the world. These findings raise the possibility that, in addition to HPV 16 and HPV 18, other HPV types should be considered for a vaccination program in Senegal. However, additional studies to determine the HPV type distribution in cervical cancer specimens in Senegal are required to further corroborate this hypothesis. J. Med. Virol. 86:248–256, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of a novel integron‐located variant (blaOXA‐320) of Class D β‐lactamase in Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Cicek Aysegul Copur , Duzgun Azer Ozad , Saral Aysegul , Sandalli Cemal
Published: September 2013

Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is one of Gram‐negative pathogens encountered in clinical specimens. A clinical isolate (TRP41) of P. mirabilis was isolated from a Turkish patient in Turkey. The isolate was identified using the API 32GN system and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and it was found resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This isolate was harboring a Class 1 integron gene cassette and its DNA sequence analysis revealed a novel blaOXA variant exhibiting one amino acid substitution (Asn266Ile) from blaOXA‐1. This new variant of OXA was located on Class 1 integron together with aadA1 gene encoding aminoglycoside‐modifying enzymes. According to sequence records, the new variant was named as blaOXA‐320. Cassette array and size of integron were found as blaOXA‐320‐aadA1 and 2086 bp, respectively. The blaOXA‐320 gene is not transferable according to conjugation experiment. In this study, we report the first identification of blaOXA‐320‐aadA1 gene cassette, a novel variant of Class D β‐lactamase, in P. mirabilis from Turkey.
Nutritional properties of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)
Authors: Hidalgo Alyssa , Brandolini Andrea
Published: September 2013

The hulled wheat einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum), a staple food of early farmers for many thousand years, today is cropped only in small areas of the Mediterranean region and continental Europe. Increasing attention to the nutritional quality of foods has fostered renewed interest in this low‐impact crop. The reappraisal of einkorn quality evidenced that this ancient wheat has some dietary advantages over polyploid wheats. Einkorn wholemeal is poor in dietary fibre but rich in proteins, lipids (mostly unsaturated fatty acids), fructans and trace elements (including zinc and iron). The good concentration of several antioxidant compounds (carotenoids, tocols, conjugated polyphenols, alkylresorcinols and phytosterols) and low β‐amylase and lipoxygenase activities (which limit antioxidant degradation during food processing) contribute to the excellent nutritional properties of its flour, superior to those of other wheats. Conversely, einkorn has relatively low bound polyphenol content and high polyphenol oxidase activity. In spite of eliciting weaker toxic reactions than other Triticum species, einkorn is not suitable for coeliacs. Current trends towards the consumption of functional foods suggest that this cereal may still play a significant role in human consumption, especially in the development of new or special foods with superior nutritional quality. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the moisture content of forced hot air on the postharvest quality and bioactive compounds of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. Manila)
Authors: Ornelas‐Paz José de Jesús , Yahia Elhadi M
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness of hot air treatments in controlling decay and insects in mango fruit has been demonstrated and has usually been assessed as a function of the temperature of the heated air and the duration of the treatment. However, the contribution of the moisture content of the heated air has received little attention, especially with regard to fruit quality. In this study, mango fruits (cv. Manila) at mature‐green stage were treated with moist (95% relative humidity (RH)) or dry (50% RH) hot forced air (43 °C, at 2.5 m s−1 for 220 min) and then held at 20 °C for 9 days and evaluated periodically.

RESULTS

The heating rate was higher with moist air. Treatments with moist and dry air did not cause injury to the fruit. Treatment with moist air temporarily slowed down color development, softening, weight loss and β‐carotene biosynthesis. This slowing down was clearly observed during the first 4–5 days at 20 °C. However, non‐heated fruit and fruit heated with dry air showed similar quality at the end of storage.

CONCLUSION

The moisture content of the heating air differentially modulated the postharvest ripening of ‘Manila’ mangoes. Moist air temporarily slowed down the ripening process of this mango cultivar. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyphenolic compounds in date fruit seed (Phoenix dactylifera): characterisation and quantification by using UPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Habib Hosam M , Platat Carine , Meudec Emmanuelle , Cheynier Veronique , Ibrahim Wissam H
Published: September 2013

Background

Date fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess high antioxidant activities due to their high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The objective of this work was to identify and quantify the phenolic composition of date seeds.

Methods

Two UPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS analyses were performed on the seed of the Khalas variety as follows: (1) an analysis of simple phenolic compounds [phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavones, flavan‐3‐ols (monomers, dimers and trimers)]; and (2) an analysis of all flavan‐3‐ols (monomers, and proanthocyanidin oligomers and polymers) after depolymerisation.

Results

The amount of total phenolic compounds before depolymerisation was found to be 2.194 ± 0.040 g kg−1 date seed. The analysis of flavan‐3‐ol monomers and constitutive units of proanthocyanidins after depolymerisation revealed 50.180 ± 1.360 g kg−1 flavan‐3‐ols with 46.800 ± 1.012 g kg−1 epicatechin and 3.380 ± 0.349 g kg−1 catechin.

Conclusion

The results indicate that date seeds are a very rich source of bioactive compounds, thus constituting strong candidates for functional food additives and nutraceuticals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Increasing the Open‐Circuit Voltage in High‐Performance Organic Photovoltaic Devices through Conformational Twisting of an Indacenodithiophene‐Based Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Hsu Hsiang‐Lin
Published: September 2013

A fused ladder indacenodithiophene (IDT)‐based donor–acceptor (D–A)‐type alternating conjugated polymer, PIDTHT‐BT, presenting n‐hexylthiophene conjugated side chains is prepared. By extending the degree of intramolecular repulsion through the conjugated side chain moieties, an energy level for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of –5.46 eV – a value approximately 0.27 eV lower than that of its counterpart PIDTDT‐BT – is obtained, subsequently providing a fabricated solar cell with a high open‐circuit voltage of approximately 0.947 V. The hole mobility (determined using the space charge‐limited current model) in a blend film containing 20 wt% PIDTHT‐BT) and 80 wt% [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) is 2.2 × 10–9 m2 V–1 s–1, which is within the range of reasonable values for applications in organic photovoltaics. The power conversion efficiency is 4.5% under simulated solar illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm–2).

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A pseudo‐spectral method that uses an overlapping multidomain technique for the numerical solution of sine‐Gordon equation in one and two spatial dimensions
Authors: Taleei Ameneh , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: September 2013

In this article, we study an explicit scheme for the solution of sine‐Gordon equation when the space discretization is carried out by an overlapping multidomain pseudo‐spectral technique. By using differentiation matrices, the equation is reduced to a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations in time that can be discretized with the explicit fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method. To achieve approximation with high accuracy in large domains, the number of space grid points must be large enough. This yields very large and full matrices in the pseudo‐spectral method that causes large memory requirements. The domain decomposition approach provides sparsity in the matrices obtained after the discretization, and this property reduces storage for large matrices and provides economical ways of performing matrix–vector multiplications. Therefore, we propose a multidomain pseudo‐spectral method for the numerical simulation of the sine‐Gordon equation in large domains. Test examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and capability of the proposed method. Numerical experiments show that the multidomain scheme has an excellent long‐time numerical behavior for the sine‐Gordon equation in one and two dimensions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fully convex reformulation of the original Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion and its implicit numerically efficient integration algorithm
Authors: Panteghini Andrea , Lagioia Rocco
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a reformulation of the original Matsuoka–Nakai criterion for overcoming the limitations which make its use in a stress point algorithm problematic. In fact, its graphical representation in the principal stress space is not convex as it comprises more branches, plotting also in negative octants, and it does not increase monotonically as the distance of the stress point from the failure surface rises. The proposed mathematical reformulation plots as a single, convex surface, which entirely lies in the positive octant of the stress space and evaluates to a quantity which monotonically increases as the stress point moves away from the failure surface. It is an exact reproduction, and not an approximated one, of the only significant branch of the original criterion. It is also suitable for shaping in the deviatoric plane the yield and plastic potential surfaces of complex constitutive models. A very efficient numerical algorithm for the implicit integration of the proposed formulation is presented, which enables the evaluation of the stress at the end of each increment by solving a single scalar equation, both for associated and non‐associated plasticity. The algorithm can be easily adapted for other smooth surfaces with linear meridian section. Finally, a close expression of the consistent Jacobian matrix is given for achieving quadratic convergence in the external structural newton loop. It is shown that all this results in extremely fast solutions of boundary value problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bewegung bitte!
Authors: Feltges Harald
Published: September 2013

Sensoren, die Gesten oder Bewegungen im Raum registrieren, kennen die meisten Menschen von Computerspielen. Hersteller von Laptops und Tablet‐Computern arbeiten an ähnlichen Technologien für die Steuerung und Eingabe. Auch die Automobilindustrie setzt für Bedienelemente und Sicherheitssysteme auf die neue Technik. Je nach Anwendung nutzen Lösungen zur Bewegungserkennung intelligente Reflexsensoren, Kameras oder Methoden der Laufzeitmessung. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Technik sowie die eingesetzten Komponenten für die verschiedenen Varianten.
New drug targets in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Homet Blanca , Ribas Antoni
Published: September 2013

Over the past 30 years, and despite extensive clinical research, the treatment options for metastatic melanoma have been limited. Single‐agent and combination chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted agent therapy and combination regimes have failed to show significant improvement in overall survival. Recent advances and in‐depth understanding of the biology of melanoma have contributed in the development of new agents and to a change in the consideration of melanoma as one of the most therapy‐resistant malignancies. Since the discovery of activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene, there has been remarkable progress in the development of targeted therapies for unresectable and metastatic melanoma, with unprecedentedly high response rates. Inactivation of immune regulatory checkpoints that limit T cell responses to melanoma has provided clinically validated targets for cancer immunotherapy, resulting in durable tumour responses. The combination of both approaches may result in additional benefits. Here we discuss current molecular targeted treatment options, immunotherapy and promising ongoing research to develop new strategies to treat melanoma. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathology is a necessary and informative tool in oncology clinical trials
Authors: Nagtegaal Iris D , West Nicholas P , van Krieken J Han JM , Quirke Phil
Published: September 2013

Clinical trials are essential for the improvement of cancer care. The complexity of modern cancer care and research require careful design, for which input from all disciplines is necessary. Pathologists should play a key role in the design and execution of modern cancer trials, with special attention to the eligibility, stratification and evaluation of response to therapy. In the current review all these aspects are discussed, with examples from colorectal cancer trials. We describe critical issues in biomarker evaluation and development and emphasize the importance of the role of the pathologist in quality control of cancer treatment. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational analysis of the full‐length M2 protein of the influenza A virus using solid‐state NMR
Authors: Liao Shu Yu , Fritzsching Keith J. , Hong Mei
Published: September 2013

The influenza A M2 protein forms a proton channel for virus infection and mediates virus assembly and budding. While extensive structural information is known about the transmembrane helix and an adjacent amphipathic helix, the conformation of the N‐terminal ectodomain and the C‐terminal cytoplasmic tail remains largely unknown. Using two‐dimensional (2D) magic‐angle‐spinning solid‐state NMR, we have investigated the secondary structure and dynamics of full‐length M2 (M2FL) and found them to depend on the membrane composition. In 2D 13C DARR correlation spectra, 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC)‐bound M2FL exhibits several peaks at β‐sheet chemical shifts, which result from water‐exposed extramembrane residues. In contrast, M2FL bound to cholesterol‐containing membranes gives predominantly α‐helical chemical shifts. Two‐dimensional J‐INADEQUATE spectra and variable‐temperature 13C spectra indicate that DMPC‐bound M2FL is highly dynamic while the cholesterol‐containing membranes significantly immobilize the protein at physiological temperature. Chemical‐shift prediction for various secondary‐structure models suggests that the β‐strand is located at the N‐terminus of the DMPC‐bound protein, while the cytoplasmic domain is unstructured. This prediction is confirmed by the 2D DARR spectrum of the ectodomain‐truncated M2(21–97), which no longer exhibits β‐sheet chemical shifts in the DMPC‐bound state. We propose that the M2 conformational change results from the influence of cholesterol, and the increased helicity of M2FL in cholesterol‐rich membranes may be relevant for M2 interaction with the matrix protein M1 during virus assembly and budding. The successful determination of the β‐strand location suggests that chemical‐shift prediction is a promising approach for obtaining structural information of disordered proteins before resonance assignment.
Scalable purification of the lantibiotic nisin and isolation of chemical/enzymatic cleavage fragments suitable for semi‐synthesis
Authors: Slootweg Jack C. , Liskamp Rob M. J. , Rijkers Dirk T. S.
Published: September 2013

Herein, we describe a scalable purification of the lantibiotic nisin via an extraction/precipitation approach using a biphasic system, which can be carried out up to 40–80 gram scale. This approach results in an at least tenfold enrichment of commercially available preparations of nisin, which usually contain only 2.5% of the desired peptide, to allow further purification by preparative HPLC. As a follow‐up study, the enriched nisin sample was digested either by trypsin or chymotrypsin, or treated by CNBr, and these reactions were monitored by LC‐MS to identify and characterize the obtained fragments. Two previously unknown cleavage sites have been identified: Asn20–Met21 and Met21–Lys22 for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Furthermore, a novel and convenient enzymatic approach to isolate the native nisin C‐ring [nisin fragment (13–20)] was uncovered. Finally, by means of preparative HPLC, nisin fragments (1–12), (1–20), (22–34), and (22–31) could be isolated and will be used in a semi‐synthesis approach to elucidate the role of each fragment in the mode of action of nisin as an antimicrobial peptide. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling, Analysis, and Control of an Actively Reconfigurable Planetary Rover for Traversing Slopes Covered with Loose Soil
Authors: Inotsume Hiroaki , Sutoh Masataku , Nagaoka Kenji , Nagatani Keiji , Yoshida Kazuya
Published: September 2013

Future planetary rovers are expected to probe across steep sandy slopes such as crater rims where wheel slippage can be a critical problem. One possible solution is to equip locomotion mechanisms with redundant actuators so that the rovers are able to actively reconfigure themselves to adapt to the target terrain. This study modeled a reconfigurable rover to analyze the effects of posture change on rover slippage over sandy slopes. The study also investigated control strategies for a reconfigurable rover to reduce slippage. The proposed mechanical model consists of two models: a complete rover model representing the relationship between the attitude of the rover and the forces acting on each wheel, and a wheel‐soil contact force model expressed as a function of slip parameters. By combining these two models, the proposed joint model relates the configuration of the rover to its slippage. The reliability of the proposed model is discussed based on a comparison of slope‐traversing experiments and numerical simulations. The results of the simulations show trends similar to those of the experiments and thus the validity of the proposed model. Following the results, a configuration control strategy for a reconfigurable rover was introduced accompanied by orientation control. These controls were implemented on a four‐wheeled rover, and their effectiveness was tested on a natural sand dune. The results of the field experiments show the usefulness of the proposed control strategies.
A Novel Negative Regulator of Adipogenesis: MicroRNA-363
Authors: Chen Lin , Cui Junhui , Hou Jia , Long Jie , Li Cai , Liu Lei
Published: September 2013

The differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) into adipocytes involves a highly orchestrated series of events that includes cell lineage commitment, mitotic clonal expansion, growth arrest, and terminal differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling adipogenesis are not yet completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in adipocyte differentiation. Microarray analysis was performed to determine the miRNA expression profile during ADSC differentiation, and miR-363 was found to be one of the most significantly downregulated miRNAs. We show that the overexpression of miR-363 in ADSCs inhibited mitotic clonal expansion and terminal differentiation. Furthermore, ectopic introduction of miR-363 into ADSCs markedly reduced the levels of E2F3, a key transcription factor that regulates growth and proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion. Finally, using an EGFP/RFP reporter assay, we demonstrate that miR-363 can directly target the 3′UTR of E2F3. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-363 regulates the transition from mitotic clonal expansion to terminal differentiation during adipogenesis in ADSCs, at least in part, by targeting E2F3. Stem Cells  2014;32:510–520
Surfaceome Profiling Reveals Regulators of Neural Stem Cell Function
Authors: DeVeale Brian , Bausch-Fluck Damaris , Seaberg Raewyn , Runciman Susan , Akbarian Vahe , Karpowicz Phillip , Yoon Charles , Song Hannah , Leeder Rachel , Zandstra Peter W. , Wollscheid Bernd , Kooy Derek
Published: September 2013

The composition of cell-surface proteins changes during lineage specification, altering cellular responses to their milieu. The changes that characterize maturation of early neural stem cells (NSCs) remain poorly understood. Here we use mass spectrometry-based cell surface capture technology to profile the cell surface of early NSCs and demonstrate functional requirements for several enriched molecules. Primitive NSCs arise from embryonic stem cells upon removal of Transforming growth factor-β signaling, while definitive NSCs arise from primitive NSCs upon Lif removal and FGF addition. In vivo aggregation assays revealed that N-cadherin upregulation is sufficient for the initial exclusion of definitive NSCs from pluripotent ectoderm, while c-kit signaling limits progeny of primitive NSCs. Furthermore, we implicate EphA4 in primitive NSC survival signaling and Erbb2 as being required for NSC proliferation. This work elucidates several key mediators of NSC function whose relevance is confirmed on forebrain-derived populations and identifies a host of other candidates that may regulate NSCs. Stem Cells  2014;32:258–268