bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—On the Cranial Structure of an Early Palæoniscid,Kentuckia, gen. nov.
Authors: Rayner Dorothy H.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

Kentuckia, from the basal Carboniferous, is the earliest bony fish in which neurocranium and dermal skeleton are well known. The dermal bones show that it belongs to the central family Palæoniscidæ of Berg. They have no obvious generalised characters, however, and are chiefly distinguished by a deeply embayed hind margin to the skull roof, no dermohyals and an elongated postorbital bone. These features suggest a greater affinity with the few known Devonian types than with those of the Carboniferous.

The neurocranium has a considerable likeness to Watson's Kansas Palæoniscids A and B, and confirm Watson's view that this is the fundamental type of actinopterygian cranium.Kentuckiais slightly more generalised than the others in having a paired myodome and a less excavated dorsal surface. The notochord in all three has a long anterior extension like that shown inPteronisculus(Glaucolepis) of the Eo-Trias by Nielsen. This latter fish is similar to the earlier ones if allowance is made for a greater proportion of cartilage. In the discussion reference is also made to the following: the degree of ossification of these fishes, the nature of the cranial fissure and its homologues, the distribution of the third, fourth, fifth and seventh nerves, and the origin of the cranial wall in the orbitotemporal region.

Certain additions are made to Watson's account of Palæoniscids A and B, particularly concerning the interior of the braincase. A new form, C, is also described.
V.—Observations on Marsupials in the Royal Scottish Museum, with special reference to the Fœtal Material
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

A Critical survey is given of the spirit-preserved material of Marsupialia in the Royal Scottish Museum, with special reference to the fœtal stages.

Of the crab-eating opossum, 12 mm., 16 mm., 20 mm., 30 mm. and 70 mm. stage pouch-embryos are discussed in detail, and compared with stages already known forD. marswpialis virginianus. A similar series ofDasyurus quoll, varying from 12·2 mm. to 34 mm., is considered, followed by notes on adults of some of the less well-known Dasyuridæ. Three pouch stages are studied in Peramelidæ and comparison made with data in the literature. In the Phalangeridæ fœtal stages ofPseudocheirus lanuginosus, Schoinobates volans, Trichosurus vulpeculaandAcrobates pygmœusare included.Macropodidœare represented byMacropus robustusstages ranging from 16 mm. (3·4 weeks old) to 138·7 mm.
XII.—The Monomyarian Condition in the Lamellibranchia
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The Mollusca possess two growth axes associated with the body and the mantle/shell respectively. Evolution of the Lamellibranchia involved assumption by the mantle/shell of responsibility for growth and form; also the formation of anterior and posterior adductors. Change from this dimyarian to a heteromyarian and finally monomyarian condition involved changes in the relations of body and mantle/shell. These are considered with regard to their two major axes in the saggital plane. Although body form may be greatly influenced by changes in that of the mantle/shell, its proportions are only altered where the body is attached by byssus. Then the anterior half may be reduced and the anterior adductor finally lost. This occurs in many Anisomyaria, these monomyarians being divisible into five groups according to habit. Apart from the Limidæ, all are bilaterally asymmetrical. In those which have lost the foot, both axes of the body are effectively lost. Primary pallial attachment is lost but secondary attachment has been achieved in most cases. In the Tridacnidæ (Eulamellibranchia) the mantle/shell has rotated in the saggital plane in relation to the fixed body with resultant loss of the anterior adductor. There is hypertrophy and extension antero-dorsally of the originally posterior siphonal tissues in which zooxanthellæ are contained. Evolution may have proceeded by way of now extinct heteromyarians such asLithocardium. In the freshwaterAcostœa(Mulleria) the anterior adductor is lost during growth following cementation by one or other valve. The form of the body is little affected. Variation and natural selection account for the variety of form and habit exhibited by these diverse monomyarians.
XIII.—The Pharmacological Action of Tutu, the Toot Plant of New Zealand.
Authors: Marshall C. R.
Published: January 2013

Under the name Tutu, three species of Coriaria—C. ruscifolia (L.), C. thymifolia (Humb. & Bonp.), and C. angustissima (Hook.)—are usually included. Other species have been described, but they appear to be varieties only. All the forms are poisonous, and in times past this plant has proved a serious hindrance to the rearing of stock in New Zealand. Lindsay, in the course of a tour through the country during the latter part of 1861 and the earlier months of 1862, “was everywhere struck by the abundant evidences of the devastation produced among flocks and herds from their feeding on the toot plant”; and he further states that “he seemed a fortunate farmer or runholder who had not lost more than 25 per cent, of his stock from toot-poisoning; while in some instances the losses were so high as 75 per cent.”
XV.—Strophanthus sarmentosus: its Pharmacological Action and its use as an Arrow-poison.
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. , Mackenzie Alister T.
Published: January 2013

In the course of an endeavour, which was successful only after a number of years, to obtain specimens for the purpose of identifying the species of Strophanthus that produces the smooth seeds which had been chemically and pharmacologically investigated by one of us several years ago, the follicles, flowers and other parts of a number of different species of Strophanthus were obtained from Africa. Among them, S. sarmentosus was represented, and in the course of time a sufficient quantity of seeds of this plant was collected to allow an examination to be undertaken of their chemistry and pharmacology.
IX.—A Contribution to the Study of the Scottish Skull.
Authors: Young Matthew , Bryce Thomas H.
Published: January 2013

The present communication is based principally on the results of a series of investigations into the form, dimensions, and characters of the skulls that comprise the unique collection which has been located in the Anatomy Department at the University of Glasgow for a number of years, and of which no account has yet been published. We owe the collection and preservation of this large and valuable series of crania—comprising over 700 specimens—to the zeal of Mr W. K. HUTTON, Lecturer in Anatomy, Queen Margaret College, University of Glasgow, to whom I am much indebted for permission to continue the work begun, but given up, by him. I am very grateful to Professor BRYCE for assistance and much encouragement during the progress of the research.
VI. — The Igneous Geology of the Bathgate and Linlithgow Hills. Part. II. Petrography
Authors: Falconer J. D.
Published: January 2013

The lavas of the Bathgate and Linlithgow Hills occur, as already described, in a series of zones alternating with sedimentary deposits. So far as their field characters are concerned they may be grouped with convenience into two classes: fine-grained, columnar, basaltic types, usually porphyritic with augite and olivine, rarely with felspar, and coarser-grained, doleritic types, usually much decomposed, not evidently porphyritic or porphyritic with olivine alone. The yellow crusts of the compact lavas are minutely vesicular and pumiceous, while steam-cavities are rare in the interior. The doleritic lavas on the other hand are coarsely vesicular and amygdaloidal above and below, and frequently also throughout. The blue basaltic types are relatively very fresh; the doleritic types are frequently entirely decomposed into a whitish, earthy material, with knots of limonite, calcite, and quartz, similar in many respects to the white trap of the coal-fields. Good examples of this mode of weathering may be found in the Riccarton Burn. The differences in texture are probably to be referred not so much to differences in chemical composition as to the effect of variation in the quantity of water vapour contained in the successive flows. The coarse and open structure of the dolerites has evidently also given freer scope to the action of decomposing influences than the more compact structure of the basalts. Both types are much veined by such secondary minerals as calcite, siderite, limonite, quartz, chalcedony, and various zeolites. Frequently cavities in the veins, steam-holes in the pumiceous crusts, and even vesicles within the solid rocks, are found filled with brown viscous pitch or black lustrous asphalt. Such occurrences undoubtedly indicate that these rocks have been subjected to some slight extent to post-volcanic pneumatolytic action.
XXI.—Results of Removal and Transplantation of Ovaries.
Authors: Marshall F. H. A. , Jolly W. A.
Published: January 2013

It is well known that double ovariotomy, when performed prior to puberty, exercises a prejudicial effect not only upon the generative organs but also upon the whole organism. There is, however, some disagreement as to the results of this operation when performed after puberty, and particularly in regard to the occurrence of heat or menstruation.

It is the purpose of this paper to adduce further evidence upon this question, as well as to describe experiments the result of which indicates that the nature of the ovarian influence is chemical rather than nervous.
XXIV.—Scottish Tardigrada, collected by the Lake Survey.
Authors: Murray James
Published: January 2013

In 1905 there was published an account of the Tardigrada collected in the Scottish Lochs by the Lake Survey (6). At that date we were able to name 21 species. The subsequent work of the Survey has enabled us to add a number of species to the list.

Moreover, the wanderings of the members of the Survey over every part of Scotland offered an excellent opportunity for the study of the whole Tardigrade Fauna. A recent journey to the Orkney and Shetland Islands added much of interest to our knowledge of Tardigrada, though few of the species found were lacustrine. The work of Mr Wm. Evans in the basin of the Forth has also added much of value to our records of Tardigrada (7), (10).
XXVI.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part II. The Anatomy of the Muscles.
Authors: Cole Frank J.
Published: January 2013

The first part of this work was published in theTransactionsof the Society for 1905, when the present section was promised by the end of the same year. But the labour of revising the whole work on the sections and of posting all the muscles in the extensive series of key sections along with the skeleton has been much greater than was anticipated, and hence the delay. This labour, however, is amply repaid by the knowledge that one is now in a unique position for studying the blood-vessels and nerves; for not only has every fraction of the skeleton and muscles been microscopically explored, but the information obtained is immediately and completely available on reference to the key sections. When the whole work is completed and all the systems have been entered in these sections, I hope to obtain a grant to enable me to publish them as an atlas. As far as I am aware, no animal has been studied throughout in this way before.
II.—The Glacial Deposits of Western Carnarvonshire
Authors: Jehu T. J.
Published: January 2013

Since the time when Agassiz and Buckland made known the former presence of glaciers in the mountain valleys of North Wales, much has been written concerning the glaciation of Snowdonia, but comparatively little attention has been given to that of Western Carnarvonshire. This part of the country stretches south-westwards as the broad promontory of Lleyn between Carnarvon Bay and Cardigan Bay. Western Carnarvonshire for the most part lay outside the paths followed by the native glaciers. None of the larger valleys of Snowdonia trend in this direction, and so the marks of recent glaciation are not so fresh and striking in this region as they are further east. Hitherto no one has attempted to give any detailed account of the Drift deposits over the whole of Lleyn, but various references to the glaciation of the region are found scattered in the literature dealing with the geology of Wales.
V.—The Meteorology of the Weddell Quadrant and Adjacent Areas
Authors: Mossman Robert C.
Published: January 2013

Having been struck by the evident importance of Antarctic phenomena in relation to the climatic condition of lower latitudes, I have endeavoured in the following discussion to give a complete representation of these conditions, and to trace their bearing on the climate of sub-Antarctic and temperate zones. It is only now that sufficient data are available for such a purpose. I have been singularly fortunate, not only in the opportunities which I have had for obtaining access to valuable data, but also in the possession of that “practical” knowledge which has resulted from my two years' residence in the Antarctic. In any discussion of this nature it is obviously an immense advantage to have studied in the field the conditions there obtaining. This I have been able to do also for the Arctic during two voyages undertaken for this specific purpose, thereby being enabled to appreciate the great diversity in the fundamental conditions affecting the meteorology of the two Polar regions.
XXVI.—The Ordovician and Silurian Brachiopoda of the Girvan District.
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: January 2013

The principal descriptions and figures of the Ordovician and Silurian brachiopods of the Girvan district are found in Davidson's Monograph on the British Fossil Brachiopoda, completed about thirty years ago, and issued by the Palæontographical Society. The third volume of this work (published 1866–1870), and the Supplement to the fifth volume (published 1882–1883), dealing with species from Ordovician and Silurian beds, contain descriptions of many Girvan forms, but not apart from those occurring in other British localities. No independent and comprehensive treatise on this group as represented in the Girvan area has been published, though many short papers have dealt with a few species or portions of the fauna. Especially noteworthy are the papers and works by M'Coy and Salter, mentioned in the list at the end of this memoir.
I.—On the Leaf-Trace in some Pinnate Leaves
Authors: Davie R. C.
Published: January 2013

In a general survey of the pinna-traces of Ferns (Davie, '14), the results of which have been summarised in tabular form (loc. cit., p. 354), two main types of pinnatrace were described and contrasted. In the one—the “extramarginal”—the pinnatrace leaves the back of the hook formed by the incurved edge of the leaf-trace; in the other—the “marginal”—the outwardly directed margin of the leaf-trace is simply nipped off as the pinna-trace. The more primitive Ferns in the evolutionary scale, and the first leaves of both primitive and advanced Ferns, exhibit the marginal type of pinna-trace; the extramarginal type of pinna-trace is found in those Ferns which stand midway between the extreme types in the system of classification, and in some advanced forms.
III.—The Gametophyte of Psilotum
Authors: Darnell-Smith G. P.
Published: January 2013

Considerable interest attaches to the unravelling of the complete life-history of the Psilotaceæ, since they are apparently the nearest living representatives of the Sphenophyllales.

The recent description of the gametophyte of Tmesipteris by Prof. Lawson, whose figures 1 had the privilege of seeing before they went to press, and the discovery of the gametophyte of Psilotum, which is the subject of the present paper, form a first contribution to the solution of this problem. It is of some interest to note that there remains now no Pteridophyte the gametophyte of which has not been described.

In the early part of this research I was fortunate in finding a locality near at hand in which Psilotum flourished, and therefore I had at my disposal abundance of spores and later numerous prothalli.
VII.—A Further Contribution to the Knowledge of Platyzoma microphyllum R. Br
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

In a previous paper on the anatomy and affinity of Platyzoma microphyllum R. Br. (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. li, No. 20, 1916), the structure of a single herbarium specimen of this rare Australian fern, collected by Professor Baldwin Spencer in 1902, at Boorroololoo, N.T., was described. Attention was directed in particular to the remarkable heterophylly, the anomalous stelar structure, and the unique sporangia and spores. The facts detailed made it difficult to indicate any known fern with which Platyzoma could be reasonably compared. They might be considered to suggest a probable derivative position for Platyzoma from some Gleicheniaceous source; but their divergence from the Gleichenia characters was so pronounced that it seemed impossible to retain a view of close affinity between Gleichenia and Platyzoma.
I.—Trilobites from the confinis Flags (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Ayrshire.
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Three new genera and seventeen new species of trilobites from the Flags with Valcourea confinis (Salter) of the Girvan District are described and named, and thirty-six species are figured. The genera constitute a normal Middle Ordovician assemblage for the Girvan District; none of the species is known elsewhere. There is a close resemblance to the fauna of the Lower Edinburg Formation of the Appalachian Valley of the U.S.A., and many of the generic stocks are known earlier only from the Chazy and Lincolnshire Formations of North America.
V.—Further Observations on the Margin of the Laxfordian Complex of the Lewisian near Loch Laxford, Sutherland
Authors: Sutton J. , Watson Janet
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The paper is concerned with one of the marginal parts of the Laxfordian complex of the Lewisian of north-western Scotland where the older Scourian complex (c. 2500 million years) was reactivated during the Laxfordian orogeny (c. 1600 million years). The effects of Laxfordian deformation are discussed with reference to the distortion of Scourian structures and post-Scourian dolerite dykes and to the orientation of newly-developed structures. The arrangement of structures N.E. of the Laxfordian metamorphic front is thought to result from rotation of pre-existing planar elements during compression on north-east-south-west lines, without the development of very large folds. The connection between the style and arrangement of Laxfordian structures and the metamorphic state of the rocks at the time of deformation is illustrated with reference to both local and regional variations, and some implications of the regional changes in the structural pattern are discussed.
XVI.—Metamorphism of Tertiary Lavas in Strathaird, Skye
Authors: Almond D. C.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In Strathaird, Tertiary lavas occupy an area of about 7 square miles and are up to 1000 ft. thick. Most of the sequence consists of alkaline olivine basalts but there is also a flow of trachybasalt and a thin group of picritic lavas. Pyroclastic rocks are rare.

The area lies along the south-eastern margin of the Cuillin gabbro and thermal metamorphism is evident to a varying degree over the whole of the lava outcrop. In the immediate vicinity of the gabbro the lavas have been recrystallized to pyroxene-bearing hornfelses, and these rocks are followed outwards by a broader zone characterized by the presence of actinolite, chlorite, albite and epidote. In the outermost of the three zones, which extends for at least 3 miles from the gabbro, thermal effects are limited to the local growth of chlorite, albite and epidote. When compared with Turner's (1958) scheme of metamorphic facies the inner zone is equivalent to the pyroxene hornfels and sanidinite facies whereas the two outer zones form subdivisions of the albite-epidote hornfels facies. The hornblende hornfels facies appears to be only poorly represented by a few hornfelses found on the outer boundary of the inner zone.

The metamorphism was not progressive since the mineral assemblages of each zone developed independently from unmodified lavas. There is evidence that a small amount of silica was added to some of the inner zone lavas during metamorphism.

Eight new chemical analyses of metamorphosed basalts are presented, together with one new analysis of a metamorphosed bole.
Lower Carboniferous pteridosperm cupules and the origin of angiosperms
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Four new petrified specimens of cupules assigned toHydraspermacf.tenuisLong are described from the Cementstone Group of Oxroad Bay, East Lothian. In one of these specimens four ovules are present. Three of the specimens are interpreted as representing a pair of cupules derived from a single megasporophyll showing dichotomy so that each cupule is termed a hemi-cupule and has two lobed halves which represent quarters of the entire megasporophyll. In the fourth specimen five cupules are present, each possessing two lobed halves not sub-divided into quarters.Hydraspermais thus interpreted as showing two kinds of cupules designated mega-cupules and paired hemi-cupules. The theory is developed that angiosperm carpels have evolved from the two kinds of pteridosperm cupules.
Correlation of middle and upper Proterozoic strata of the northern rim of the North Atlantic craton
Authors: Young Grant M.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

On the western and eastern sides of the North Atlantic craton, rocks between about 1·7 b.y. and 1·2 b.y. old are represented by thick basinal assemblages. Thin platformal successions cover the intervening region. The clastic component of these rocks was largely derived from the southeast where the Elsonian orogen might have been an important source terrane. Widespread mafic igneous activity (about 1·2 b.y. ago) in the central platformal region preceded orogenic movements in the basinal areas (Racklan-Carolinidian-Grenville orogeny). The Grenville orogen may have contributed significant amounts of clastic debris for a second cycle of sedimentary accumulation(∼ 1·2 b.y.–∼ 0·8 b.y.). The upper part of this cycle typically contains red beds and evaporites and, in the North American Cordillera, shows evidence of contemporaneous block faulting and extensional tectonism. These movements culminated in the East Kootenay and Hayhook orogenies and ushered in a third period of deposition about 850 m.y. ago. The third sequence includes glaciogenic rocks in the Cordilleran and East Greenland geosynclines. The basic geotectonic elements (platforms and geosynclines) of the North Atlantic craton were established as much as 1·7 b.y. ago, but continental fragmentation on the borders of the craton may not have taken place until early Phanerozoic times.
XXXIV.—The Geology of South-Eastern Kincardineshire.
Authors: Campbell Robert
Published: January 2013

In 1804, Lieutenant-Colonel Imrie communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper entitled “A Description of the Strata which occur in ascending order from the Plains of Kincardineshire to the Summit of Mount Battoc, one of the most elevated points in the Eastern District of the Grampian Mountains.” He pointed out that, in a short stretch of six miles in the North Esk section, “we pass from the secondary horizontal strata of the newest formation to the vertical, contorted primary strata of the oldest date, and terminate with granite, the primitive rock in the conception of many geologists.”
XV.—Studies in the Ectocarpaceæ. II. The Life-history and Cytology of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Dillw
Authors: Knight Margery
Published: January 2013

Ectocarpus siliculosuswas named by Dillwyn (5) in 1809 and described by him in theBritish Confervœof that date. It was included by Harvey (9) in thePhycologia Britannicaunder the same name, but according to Hauck (10) in theMeeresalgen Deutschlands und Oesterreichsthe specific name should be attributed to Kützing (21), though Hauck himself, following Kjellman (12), is of the opinion that the plant should be regarded as a variety ofE. confervoides(Roth) Le Jol. If this view be correct, the plant should beE. confervoides(Roth) Le Jol var.siliculosus(Dillwyn); but in a paper entitled “Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger Ectocarpus-Arten der Kieler Föhrde” Kuckuck (15) discusses the validity of the speciessiliculosus. He emphasises certain important features, notably the size and shape of plurilocular sporangia and the frequent presence of a vegetative filament as a prolongation of the sporangium, and considers them to be characteristics clearly distinguishing this plant fromE. confervoides(Roth), from which such features are lacking. Batters (1) evidently agrees with Kuckuck in the integrity of the species, but attributes the naming of it to Kützing. The plant therefore appears in theCatalogue of the British Marine AlgœasE. siliculosusKütz.
XVII.—The Metamorphic Rocks of Kintyre
Authors: McCallien William J.
Published: January 2013

The greater part of Kintyre is composed of metamorphic rocks. For the study of these rocks it is convenient to divide the peninsula into three separate areas as follows:—

A. Northern Kintyre.

B. The south-western corner of the peninsula.

C. A triangular area stretching from Campbeltown Loch southward (fig. 1).

A. With the exception of a few isolated patches of Palæozoic sandstones, conglomerates, and lavas, and igneous rocks of several ages, Northern Kintyre is composed of sedimentary schists and grits, metamorphic limestones, and schistose igneous rocks which, as a rule, are associated with the limestones.
XVIII.—Notes on the Development of Callichthys littoralis
Authors: Ballantyne Frances M.
Published: January 2013

Dr G. S. Carter, on his expedition to the Gran Chaco of South America in the year 1926–27, collected a fairly complete series of the developmental and adult stages of Callichthys. Several species were represented among the adults obtained, but the developmental stages are almost entirely those of Callichthys (now called Hoplosternum) littoralis. Callichthys belongs to a small subfamily of freshwater fishes belonging to the group Siluridæ. The fish was first described under the name of Callichthys littoralis by Hancock (10). He gives a brief description of the external form and tells how the fish make a regular nest of leaves in which they lay the eggs, and which the male and female both guard most carefully.
I.—Further Observations on the Scottish Carboniferous Eurypterids
Authors: Waterston Charles D.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A series of specimens from the Scottish Limestone Coal Group (Lower Namurian) is described, among which occurs Adelophthalmus cf. wilsoni (Woodward) from West Lothian, a group of specimens from the No. 2 Ironstone of Loanhead, Midlothian, one of which is recognized as belonging to the new species Mycterops (?) blairi, and a prosomal appendage from Lanarkshire which is referred to the genus Hibbertopterus. New evidence is presented on the nature of the prosomal appendages of Eurypterus (?) stevensoni R. Etheridge jr. which is designated the type species of the new genus Dunsopterus. The Coal Measures species Glyptoscorpius minutisculptus Peach is recognized as an eurypterid for which the new genus Vernonopterus is created. The systematics of these and other late palaeozoic genera which have been included by Kjellesvig-Waering (1966) in the families Woodwardopteridae and Hibbertopteridae are discussed.
2.—Palynological Correlations within the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland and Northern England
Authors: Neves R. , Gueinn K. J. , Clayton G. , Ioannides N. S. , Neville R. S. W. , Kruszewska K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

This paper provides a comprehensive account of the distribution of miospore species which are considered to be stratigraphically significant in the Dinantian (Calciferous Sandstone Measures and Lower Limestone Group) of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Five miospore concurrent range zones are recognised in these beds:

Tripartites vetustus—Rotaspora fracta (VF) Zone

Raistrickia nigra—Triquitrites marginatus (NM) Zone

Perotrilites tessellatus—Schulzospora campyloptera (TC) Zone

Lycospora pusilla (Pu) Zone

Schopfites claviger—Auroraspora macra (CM) Zone

The distribution of these zones in the sections studied provides a method of correlation in a series of rocks, which are largely of non-marine origin and notable for their lack of stratigraphically useful macrofossils and for marked variations in facies and thickness. The zones have also been proved in sections of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the Northumbrian trough, thereby providing a potential method of correlation between the two areas.

Two new genera, Colatisporites and Biannulatisphaerites, are described and one Tricidarisporites emended. Fifteen new species and one new type are described, three species recombined and three emended. Representative assemblages of the miospore zones are illustrated.
3.—The Cytology of the Parthenogenetic Australian Weevil Listroderes costirostris Schönh
Authors: Sanderson Ann R.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Karyograms prepared from ovarian and blastoderm cells of the parthenogenetic Australian Brown Vegetable Weevil demonstrate a consistent triploid condition with 30 chromosomes which can be grouped into 10 sets of homologues. Meiosis is replaced by a single mitotic-like division in which 30 univalent chromosomes, each composed of two chromatids, divide equationally between an ootid nucleus and a single polar nucleus. Prior to the differentiation of the oocytes a peculiar bouquet stage occurs in the cells of the end chamber of each ovariole, but the significance of this phase is not known. Arrested development in eggs from individuals of low fertility is investigated and the relationship of body size and chromosome number is discussed.
5.—Additional Cytotaxonomic Notes on the Pteridophytes of Jamaica
Authors: Walker Trevor G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Cytological results are presented for 60 taxa of Jamaican ferns which supplement information obtained from an earlier survey (Walker 1966). A number of hybrids which form local populations and which may be mistaken for fertile species are described and illustrated. Some species complexes are examined and shown to be more extensive than previously thought. The results presented here are examined in the light of the findings of the earlier survey.
16.—The Sensory Fields and Life Mode ofPhacops rana(Green, 1832) (Trilobita)
Authors: Miller John
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Various types of trilobite exoskeletal sculpture are described and referred to a simple classification. Thin-section and surface examination of many such sculptural features shows them to be remnants of distinct cuticular organelles, which probably had a sensory function. The supposed sensory structures of well-preserved specimens ofPhacops rana(Green) are described in detail and their presumed specific functions considered. Mapping sensilla distribution over thePhacops ranadorsal exoskeleton shows a distinctive pattern conveniently divisible into nine inferred sensory fields with the densest sensory concentrations on the head and margins of the dorsal shield.

Conclusions on the importance of these sensory fields in mediating the trilobite's behaviour are combined with evidence from general morphology, palaeocology and evolutionary trends to suggest thatPhacops ranawas an active benthonic animal with a dual trophic capability lending considerable flexibility in adaptive radiation.

TheP. ranahypostomal suture, consisting of two short coplanar lateral branches, is described for the first time, indicating that the hypostoma had considerable freedom of movement, possibly connected with ingestion of bulky food.
XXV.—A Study in Chromosome Reduction
Authors: Lawson A. Anstruther
Published: January 2013

Although the amount of active research that has been carried on during the past few years on the question of chromosome reduction and relative problems has been very great, the nuclear activities here concerned are still far from being understood. We are not yet in a position to draw general conclusions in regard to meiotic phenomena. It therefore seems to me desirable that all observations of fact and rational interpretations should be placed on record, so that when it becomes possible to generalise, all lines of evidence may be available.
XXVII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904: Cambrian Organic Remains from a Dredging in the Weddell Sea
Authors: Gordon W. T.
Published: January 2013

From a biological point of view considerable interest must always attend any investigation of the earliest known organisms, and, although we may legitimately infer that a flora and fauna existed prior to Cambrian times, the organisms preserved for us in rocks of that age constitute, at present, the first chapter of palæontological history. For this reason alone the Archæocyathinæ are important, since they form part of the Lower Cambrian fauna. When, however, we consider that the genera included in the group are very distinct from one another (indicating that the family was probably of considerable antiquity even in those early times), that the types have, as far as we know, a wide geographical distribution, and that to certain skeletal characters usually associated with the Porifera they unite others more common among the Cœlenterata, interest is still further stimulated. On the other hand, although recorded in great abundance from several widely separated localities, they are not, as a rule, common fossils in Cambrian strata, and consequently the group has not received much attention.
(4) Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees—Acarine Disease: The Organism associated with the Disease — Tarsonemus woodi, n. sp.
Authors: Rennie John
Published: January 2013

The organism which has been found living in the anterior tracheal system of hive bees, and whose presence is associated with Isle of Wight disease, I have identified as a hitherto undescribed species of the genus Tarsonemus. This genus was founded in 1876 by Canestrini and Fanzago, and since then a moderate number only of species has been established. The true systematic position of these Acarines has been much in doubt, and their position in the order has from time to time been revised. Canestrini (1888) constituted the Tarsonemes the type of a special family, the Tarsonemini; they have been associated with the Oribatidæ by Berlese, and with the Cheyletidæ by Trouessart (1892). Banks (1904) regarded them as showing resemblances to the Tyroglyphidse, and placed them in a super-family Sarcoptoidea. An important character of the Tarsonemes is the existence of a tracheal system in the adult female, which is not found in the male nor in any pre-adult stage of either sex. This feature was adopted by Berlese (1897) as the basis of his sub-order, Heterostigmata, and by Oudemans (1906) in his division Trachelostigmata. This super-family includes two families—Tarsonemidæ and Scutacaridæ (Oudemans, 1916). This last is the Disparipedidae of Berlese.
XXXIII.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the Peat-Bed; the Succession of the Plants throughout a Vertical Section of the Bed, and the Conditions of Accumulation and Preservation of the Deposit
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

In this concluding part of the series of papers on the plants preserved in the Rhynie chert-band, various remains of lower plants that occur in the peat will be described, and some general questions concerning the accumulation and preservation of the deposit considered. The paper is divided naturally into the parts enumerated below.

1. An account will be given of a number of forms of Fungi which are met with in the decayed remains of the vascular plants, and also in the peaty matrix. The fungal remains are so generally distributed that they can be regarded as forming an integral part of the peat. In connection with them, the question as to whether there is evidence of a mycorrhizal relation between any of the Fungi and the Vascular Cryptogams will be considered.
XI.—The Anatomy of the Head of a Fœtal African Elephant, Elephas africanus (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Eales Nellie B.
Published: January 2013

The following account of the anatomy of the head of a fœtal African Elephant was made possible by the acquisition of a single specimen, preserved immediately after extraction from the mother, who was shot in the Belgian Congo. As far as is known, this fœtus is the only well-preserved specimen in existence, the total number of fœtuses recorded since 1734 being twelve.

Apart from the skeleton, our knowledge of the anatomy of present-day Proboscideans is very meagre. The dissection hitherto carried out has been either a hasty study of the complete adult carcase, or a more lengthy observation of preservedportionsof the animals. Both methods lead to inaccuracy, and provide an explanation of the numerous discrepancies in the accounts. When, therefore, the present Congo foetus was acquired by purchase from the Belgians who preserved it, and Professor D. M. S. WATSON kindly allowed me to have it for dissection, I determined to make the fullest possible use of this unique specimen. The dissection of the head was carried out under the Zeiss Binocular Dissecting Microscope, and sketches and photographs were prepared at intervals, so that every record should be kept.
XIV.—Magnetic Quality in Crystals. Part I. Discrimination of, and Stability in, Magnetic Lattices. Part II. Stability of Magnetic Lattices. Part III. Twinning in Crystals
Authors: Forrest J.
Published: January 2013

This research was undertaken as an endeavour to build up a method of discrimination of magnetic lattices in crystalline substances. Theory, due to Professor Peddie, hereafter referred to and expanded in detail, gives an estimate of the intensity of Magnetisation in a co-directed system of regularly arranged magnetic doublets, such as we may regard a magnetised piece of crystalline substance to be composed of.

When a magnetic field is applied to a crystalline portion of matter it is magnetised, not necessarily in the direction of the field, as would be the case if the substance were purely amorphous, but in general in some direction inclined to that of the magnetising field. This is due to the crystalline quality of the body, and the consequent internal inter-polar magnetic reactions. The saturation intensity of magnetisation in any plane is constant, but its obliquity to the field varies with the orientation of the field in the substance. The external field is assumed to be strong enough to co-direct all the molecular magnets; that is, to produce saturation.
XV.—The Digestive Diverticula in the Lamellibranchs
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: January 2013

Because of the superficial resemblance of the digestive diverticula of the Lamellibranchs, and of many other Invertebrates, to the liver of the Vertebrates, and the discovery in them of glycogen by Bernard (1855), they became known as the “liver.” Weber (1880) later introduced the name hepatopancreas as a result of his discovery of the secretory powers of the diverticula in the Crustacea. In spite of the fact that none of the constituents of bile has ever been discovered in the Invertebrates, and that the digestive diverticula are in no way analogous to the liver of the Vertebrates, as Jordan (1912) has shown in his review of the subject, the terms “liver” and “hepatopancreas,” as well as the less questionable designation “digestive gland,” are still generally used. Moreover, no attempt is made to distinguish between these organs in the different groups of Invertebrates although both their structure and function in, for example, the Lamellibranchs, Gastropods, Cephalopods, and Crustacea are totally different. In some cases they constitute a digestive gland; in others, including the Lamellibranchs, as I hope to show in this paper, their function is that of assimilation, and so they are most suitably designated digestive diverticula.
XXI.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. III. On Hostimella (Ptilophyton) Thomsoni, and its Inclusion in a New Genus, Milleria. IV. On a Specimen of Protolepidodendron from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Caithness. V. On the Identification of the Large “Stems” in the Carmyllie Beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone as Nematophyton
Authors: Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

In a preceding paper of this series it was pointed out that the smooth branched axes, which are so common in the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, cannot be assumed to belong to one kind of plant. They were therefore for convenience referred to as Hostimella sp. It was further shown that three distinct types of sporangia were associated with axes of this general type and, on the characters afforded by the reproductive organs, three species were distinguished. These were provisionally retained under the generic name Hostimella, as H. pinnata, H. globosa, and H. racemosa. In the same paper it was mentioned that the linear bodies borne on the peculiar fossil known as Ptilophyton Thomsoni, Dawson, were almost certainly sporangia. This afforded another reproductive structure borne on a vegetative region, which, if found separately, could only be placed in Hostimella sp. Since, as had been pointed out by Kidston, the generic name Ptilophyton is inadmissible for this fossil, it was placed in the purely provisional genus Hostimella as H. Thomsoni. In the present paper the nature of this interesting member of the Scottish Middle Old Red Sandstone Flora will be more fully considered.
III.—The Petrology of Iceland
Authors: Tyrrell G. W. , Peacock Martin A.
Published: January 2013

Kainozoic eruptives, preponderantly of basaltic composition, occupy parts of Scotland, Ireland, Greenland, Spitsbergen, and King Charles Land, the major part of Franz Josef Land, and the entirety of Iceland, the Faeroes, and Jan Mayen. These regions have been grouped together as the Thulean or Brito-Arctic Petrographic Province (fig. l); they represent the relics of an extensive basaltic plateau-land, the greater part of which foundered beneath the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans in late Kainozoic times. By virtue of its size, central position, diversity, and accessibility, Iceland is perhaps the most instructive region in the whole province. The interest in that country is heightened, furthermore, by the fact that whereas in all the other regions mentioned, with the exception of Jan Mayen, vulcanicity expired before the advent of the Pleistocene and did not recur, Iceland became the theatre of a vigorous resumption of igneous activity which took place in Early-glacial times, and has continued uninterruptedly to the present day.
XII.—The Structure of the Disturbed Deposits of Møens Klint, Denmark
Authors: Slater George
Published: January 2013

In the summer of 1925 I paid a visit to Møen, a Danish island situated about 50 miles south of Copenhagen, for the purpose of studying the cliff sections.

The particular object of the investigation was to ascertain how far the structure of the disturbed deposits of Møens Klint corresponded with that of the disturbed deposits of the Hadleigh Road Area, Ipswich (17, 20, 23), where the structure is strikingly analogous to that seen in Arctic glaciers; and, further, to ascertain whether the laws of structure formulated from the combined study of Arctic glaciers and disturbed glacial deposits were applicable to the Danish sections (21).

During a preliminary traverse of the area I was accompanied by Mr V. Hintze, Inspector of the Geological and Mineralogical Museum, Copenhagen, and Mrs E. Mertz of the Danish Geological Survey, thanks to the courtesy of the Director, Dr V. Madsen.
XVII.—The Geology of Gigha
Authors: McCallien W. J.
Published: January 2013

Gigha is a little-visited island off the western coast of Kintyre and between the latter and the island of Islay. It lies about 5¼ miles south-west of West Loch Tarbert, and a little over 1½ miles from the nearest point of Kintyre where the mainland runs out for 1½ miles in the low, sandy, raised beach of Runahaorine (figs. 1 and 10).

The island is 6 miles in length from north-east to south-west, and has a greatest breadth of 2 miles. All round it are innumerable smaller isles, all elongated in the same direction as Gigha. Of these the most important are Cara, 1 mile from north-east to south-west by ½ mile in breadth, and Gigalum, ½ mile by ⅕ mile, and Craro, which is smaller still (figs. 2 and 10). The island forming Ardminish Point, on the eastern coast of Gigha, and Eilean Garbh, at the north-eastern end, will be dealt with here as if they were part of the main island, since at low tide they are connected with it by sandy isthmuses.
XXVII.—The Old Red Sandstone of Shetland. Part II. North-Western Area
Authors: Finlay T. M.
Published: January 2013

In a previous communication an account was given of the sedimentary series exposed along the eastern coast-line of the Shetlands from Rova Head to Sumburgh Head. Fossil evidence was adduced which enabled the position of these beds in the Old Red System to be fixed more definitely than had hitherto been the case; they were shown to be partly of Middle, partly of Upper Old Red Sandstone age, the base of the Rova Head Conglomerate being taken as the dividing line. Since the publication of that paper additional fossils have to be recorded. Examination of the numerous specimens of the Microbrachius from the fish-beds of Shetland fails to reveal any specific distinction between that form and Microbrachius dicki Traq. occurring in the John o' Groat's Sandstone Group, and the Eday Sandstones; it is therefore an important addition to the chain of evidence linking up the Shetland horizon with those of Orkney and the Mainland. An additional record of little stratigraphical value is that of Coccosteus (sp. indet.), a single plate of which was found by Professor W. H. Lang at a horizon slightly below the fish-bed at Shingly Geo, Dunrossness.
XXVIII.—The Stem-Endodermis in the Genus Piper
Authors: Bond George
Published: January 2013

The stem of the various species of Piper is characterised by its anomalous vascular structure. Medullary bundles are present throughout the genus, and there is, in addition, a modified type of secondary thickening. During an investigation of these features my attention was called by Professor Montagu Drummond to certain endodermal characters which appeared to be of considerable interest and which suggested that a more extended investigation was desirable.

Reference to the literature showed that the few earlier investigators of the genus had concerned themselves mainly with the peculiarities of the vascular system. J. E. Weiss (18) made some general observations on the occurrence of the endodermis in the genus, but no mention of the genus is made in the comprehensive monographs by Kroemer (8) and by Mylius (10) on the endodermis, or in the writings of Van Wisselingh. It would appear therefore that no detailed investigation of the endodermis in the genus has been carried out, in the past.