bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxolipidomics profile in major depressive disorder: Comparing remitters and non-remitters to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment
Authors: Stirton Hannah , Meek Benjamin P. , Edel Andrea L. , Solati Zahra , Surendran Arun , Aukema Harold , Modirrousta Mandana , Ravandi Amir
Published: February 2021

Background

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [rTMS] is increasingly being used to treat Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]. Given that not all patients respond to rTMS, it would be clinically useful to have reliable biomarkers that predict treatment response. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine [OxPC] and some oxylipins are important plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Not only is depression associated with oxidative stress, but rTMS has been shown to have anti-oxidative effects.

Objectives

To investigate whether plasma oxolipidomics profiles could predict treatment response in patients with treatment resistant MDD.

Methods

Fourty-eight patients undergoing rTMS treatment for MDD were recruited along with nine healthy control subjects. Plasma OxPCs and oxylipins were extracted and analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score [Ham-D] ≤7 post-treatment were defined as having entered remission.

Results

Fifty-seven OxPC and 32 oxylipin species were identified in our subjects. MDD patients who entered remission following rTMS had significantly higher pre-rTMS levels of total and fragmented OxPCs compared to non-remitters and controls [one-way ANOVA, p<0.05]. However, no significant changes in OxPC levels were found as a result of rTMS, regardless of treatment response [p>0.05]. No differences in plasma oxylipins were found between remitters and non-remitters at baseline.

Conclusion

Certain categories of OxPCs may be useful predictive biomarkers for response to rTMS treatment in MDD. Given that elevated oxidized lipids may indicate higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, patients with this phenotype of depression may be more receptive to rTMS treatment.
The cement-bone bond is weaker than cement-cement bond in cement-in-cement revision arthroplasty. A comparative biomechanical study
Authors: Ceynowa Marcin , Zerdzicki Krzysztof , Klosowski Pawel , Zrodowski Maciej , Pankowski Rafal , Roclawski Marek , Mazurek Tomasz
Published: February 2021

This study compares the strength of the native bone-cement bond and the old-new cement bond under cyclic loading, using third generation cementing technique, rasping and contamination of the surface of the old cement with biological tissue. The possible advantages of additional drilling of the cement surface is also taken into account. Femoral heads from 21 patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty performed for hip arthritis were used to prepare bone-cement samples. The following groups of samples were prepared. A bone—cement sample and a composite sample of a 6 weeks old cement part attached to new cement were tested 24 hours after preparation to avoid bone decay. Additionally, a uniform cement sample was prepared as control (6 weeks polymerization time) and 2 groups of cement-cement samples with and without anchoring drill hole on its surface, where the old cement polymerized for 6 weeks before preparing composite samples and then another 6 weeks after preparation. The uniaxial cyclic tension-compression tests were carried out using the Zwick-Roell Z020 testing machine. The uniform cement sample had the highest ultimate force of all specimens (n = 15; Rm = 3149 N). The composite cement sample (n = 15; Rm = 902 N) had higher ultimate force as the bone-cement sample (n = 31; Rm = 284 N; p <0.001). There were no significant differences between composite samples with 24 hours (n = 15; Rm = 902 N) and 6 weeks polymerization periods (n = 22; Rm = 890 N; p = 0.93). The composite cement samples with drill hole (n = 16; Rm = 607 N) were weaker than those without it (n = 22; Rm = 890 N; p < 0.001). This study shows that the bond between the old and new cement was stronger than the bond between cement and bone. This suggests that it is better to leave the cement that is not loosened from the bone and perform cement in cement revision, than compromising bone stock by removal of the old cement with the resulting weaker cement-bone interface. The results support performing cement-in-cement revision arthroplasty The drill holes in the old cement mantle decrease cement binding strength and are not recommended in this type of surgery.
Promising potential of articaine-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapules for intraoral topical anesthesia
Authors: Batista da Silva Camila , Volpato Maria Cristina , Muniz Bruno Vilela , dos Santos Cleiton Pita , Serpe Luciano , Ferreira Luiz Eduardo Nunes , de Melo Nathalie Ferreira Silva , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes , Groppo Francisco Carlos , Franz-Montan Michelle
Published: February 2021

To determine whether the permeation capacity and analgesic efficacy of articaine (ATC) could be increased and cytotoxicity decreased by encapsulation in poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanocapsules (ATCnano), aiming at local or topical anesthesia in dentistry. Cellular viability was evaluated (using the MTT test and fluorescence microscopy) after 1 h and 24 h exposure of HaCaT cells to ATC, ATCnano, ATC with epinephrine (ATCepi), and ATC in nanocapsules with epinephrine (ATCnanoepi). The profiles of permeation of 2% ATC and 2% ATCnano across swine esophageal epithelium were determined using Franz-type vertical diffusion cells. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with a von Frey anesthesiometer in a postoperative pain model in rats, comparing the 2% ATC, 2% ATCnano, 2% ATCepi, and 2% ATCnanoepi formulations to 4% ATCepi (a commercially available formulation). We show that use of the nanocapsules decreased the toxicity of articaine (P<0.0001) and increased its flux (P = 0.0007). The 2% ATCepi and 4% ATCepi formulations provided higher analgesia success and duration (P<0.05), compared to 2% ATC, 2% ATCnano, and 2% ATCnanoepi. Articaine-loaded poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanocapsules constitute a promising formulation for intraoral topical anesthesia (prior to local anesthetic injection), although it is not effective when injected in inflamed tissues for pain control, such as irreversible pulpitis.
Rapid processing of SARS-CoV-2 containing specimens for direct RT-PCR
Authors: Chomczynski Piotr , Chomczynski Peter W. , Kennedy Amy , Rymaszewski Michal , Wilfinger William W. , Heiny Judith A. , Mackey Karol
Published: February 2021

Widespread diagnostic testing is needed to reduce transmission of COVID-19 and manage the pandemic. Effective mass screening requires robust and sensitive tests that reliably detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections with a low viral count. Currently, the most accurate tests are based on detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR. We developed a method to process COVID-19 specimens that simplifies and increases the sensitivity of viral RNA detection by direct RT-qPCR, performed without RNA purification. In the method, termed Alkaline-Glycol Processing (AG Processing), a SARS-CoV-2-containing biological specimen, such as saliva or a swab-collected suspension, is processed at pH 12.2 to 12.8 for 5 min at room temperature. An aliquot of the AG-processed specimen is used for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by direct RT-qPCR. AG processing effectively lyses viruses and reduces the effect of inhibitors of RT-PCR that are present in biological specimens. The sensitivity of detecting viral RNA using AG processing is on par with methods that include a viral RNA purification step. One copy of SARS-CoV-2 virus per reaction, equivalent to 300 copies per ml of saliva, is detectable in the AG-processed saliva. The LOD is 300 viral copies per ml of initial saliva specimen. AG processing works with saliva specimens or swab specimens collected into Universal Transport Medium, is compatible with heat treatment of saliva, and was confirmed to work with a range of CDC-approved RT-qPCR products and kits. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using AG processing with direct RT-qPCR provides a reliable and scalable diagnostic test for COVID-19 that can be integrated into a range of workflows, including automated settings.
Multi-clonal SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by antibodies isolated from severe COVID-19 convalescent donors
Authors: Mor Michael , Werbner Michal , Alter Joel , Safra Modi , Chomsky Elad , Lee Jamie C. , Hada-Neeman Smadar , Polonsky Ksenia , Nowell Cameron J. , Clark Alex E. , Roitburd-Berman Anna , Ben-Shalom Noam , Navon Michal , Rafael Dor , Sharim Hila , Kiner Evgeny , Griffis Eric R. , Gershoni Jonathan M. , Kobiler Oren , Leibel Sandra Lawrynowicz , Zimhony Oren , Carlin Aaron F. , Yaari Gur , Dessau Moshe , Gal-Tanamy Meital , Hagin David , Croker Ben A. , Freund Natalia T.
Published: February 2021

The interactions between antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and protective immunity. To understand the differences between antibody responses in mild versus severe cases of COVID-19, we analyzed the B cell responses in patients 1.5 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe, and not mild, infection correlated with high titers of IgG against Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that were capable of ACE2:RBD inhibition. B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing revealed that VH3-53 was enriched during severe infection. Of the 22 antibodies cloned from two severe donors, six exhibited potent neutralization against authentic SARS-CoV-2, and inhibited syncytia formation. Using peptide libraries, competition ELISA and mutagenesis of RBD, we mapped the epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to three different sites on the Spike. Finally, we used combinations of nAbs targeting different immune-sites to efficiently block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of 49 healthy BCR repertoires revealed that the nAbs germline VHJH precursors comprise up to 2.7% of all VHJHs. We demonstrate that severe COVID-19 is associated with unique BCR signatures and multi-clonal neutralizing responses that are relatively frequent in the population. Moreover, our data support the use of combination antibody therapy to prevent and treat COVID-19.
Unidades de Conservação Marinhas e Costeiras Federais Brasileiras
Authors: Rocha Matheus Martins , Marenzi Rosemeri Carvalho , Lemos Junior Isaias França , Azevedo Maíra
Published: February 2021

Uma das formas mais eficientes de proteger ecossistemas e biodiversidade é a criação de unidades de conservação (UCs). Este trabalho objetiva analisar as UCs Marinhas e Costeiras Federais do Brasil. Por meio do Cadastro Nacional de Unidades de Conservação foram feitos download das UCs Federais e selecionadas as existentes em ecossistema marinho ou localizadas da linha da costa até o limite de 50 Km para o continente. Foram levantadas 74 UCs, sendo 33 de Uso Integral, onde o Parque Nacional de Monte Pascoal foi a primeira UC de proteção integral criada em ecossistema costeiro em 1961, somente após 42 anos da criação da primeira unidade de conservação brasileira, o Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. As demais (41) são do grupo de Uso Sustentável. Destas, as primeiras contendo ecossistemas marinho e costeiro foram as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Piaçabuçú e do Cairuçu, ambas criadas em 1993. Portanto, 11 anos após a criação das primeiras UCs de uso sustentável, APA da Região Serrana de Petrópolis e APA Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul, em 1982. O levantamento possibilitou verificar que do total de UCs apenas 43 (48 %) possuem plano de manejo e 5 ainda em construção. Por outro lado, em 2018 houve um aumento substancial de áreas em UCs, especialmente considerando as APAs Arquipélago de Trindade e Martim Vaz e Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, e seus Monumentos Naturais de mesmo nome, passando de 1,6% para aproximadamente 25% das águas do país legalmente protegidas. Superando as metas do Aichi e do ODS 14, mas importante, sobretudo, a qualidade da gestão, de forma a atender os objetivos de cada UC, que resultem na efetiva manutenção da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais e culturais.
A gazdasági válság hatása a vállalati stratégiákra – Magyar és szlovák tapasztalatok (Influence of the economic crisis on corporate strategy – Experiences in Hungary and Slovakia)
Authors: Balaton Károly , Csiba Zsuzsanna
Published: February 2021

A tanulmány a jelenlegi gazdasági válság jellemzőit a vállalatok szintjén elemzi, továbbá vizsgálja annak következményeit a válság utáni lehetséges növekedésre. A tanulmány támaszkodik a nemzetközi szakirodalomban tárgyalt tapasztalatokra a válságokból való kilábalás példái alapján, amelyek a korábbi – 1980 és 2002 közötti – válságok során jelentkeztek. Magyarországi és szlovákiai empirikus vizsgálati tapasztalatok ismertetésére kerül sor arra vonatkozóan, hogy miként reagáltak a vállalatok a jelenlegi gazdasági recesszióra. A tanulmány elemzi a magyar és a szlovák vállalatok által a válság alatt követett stratégiák hatását a kereslet megélénkülése esetén adódó növekedési lehetőségek kihasználása szempontjából. A tanulmány illusztrációként bemutatja egy innovatív szlovákiai internetszolgáltató vállalat példáját. _______ The paper analyses the characteristics of the economic crisis at the level of companies, and the consequences for possibilities of growth after the crisis. The authors build on the experiences discussed in international literature concerning recovery after the previous crises between 1980 and 2002. The paper summarizes the empirical research findings on enterprise level reactions to the present economic recession. The focus of analysis is connected to the question of inluence of strategies on capabilities for realizing the growth options after the crisis. The paper – as an illustrative example – describes the strategic behaviour of an innovativ internet service company in Slovakia.
The Current Chinese Global Supply Chain Monopoly and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rapciewicz George R. , Buresh Donald L.
Published: February 2021

Because of the ongoing Covid-19 crisis, supply chain management performance seems to be struggling. The purpose of this paper is to examine a variety of critical factors related to the application of contingency theory to determine its feasibility in preventing future supply chain bottlenecks. The study reviewed current online news reports, previous research on contingency theory, as well as strategic and structural contingency theories. This paper also systematically reviewed several global supply chain management and strategic decision-making studies in an effort to promote a new strategy. The findings indicated that the need for mass production of products within the United States, as well as within trading partners, is necessary to prevent additional Covid-19 related supply chain gaps. The paper noted that in many instances, the United States has become dependent on foreign products, where the prevention of future supply chain gaps requires the United States restore its manufacturing prowess.
Modelo de minería de datos para el análisis de la productividad y crecimiento personal en las mujeres emprendedoras: el caso de la Asociación las Rosas
Authors: Martínez Moncaleano Carlos Javier , Palencia Fajardo Ofelia
Published: February 2021

The research objective was to implement appropriate data mining techniques in the analysis of a social enterprise, considering the question: what are the most appropriate classification models to evaluate the productivity and personal growth of the entrepreneurs of Association las Rosas? Considering social learning related to business growth and personal development. A survey based in systematized information on the characterization of the business and personal development of the sample was taken as a basis; The first model made it possible to establish that productivity was determined by aspects such as the amount of debts that finance the undertakings, as well as the type of financing thereof. The second model established that female entrepreneurs perceive their personal growth and development will take place in the long term.
Impacto del gobierno corporativo en el valor de las empresas latinoamericanas: evidencia desde el MILA
Authors: Torres-Cano Sandra Milena , Correa-Mejía Diego Andrés
Published: February 2021

Corporate Governance is a mechanism that seeks to strengthen the control bodies and their efforts, by combining principles and techniques to invigorate the value of companies and generate confidence in investors and all Stakeholders. This research seeks to analyze the impact of corporate governance on the values of companies that belong to the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA). The financial statements of the 97 companies from the years 2012 to 2018 were analyzed using a statistical panel data model to establish the relationship between the corporate governance variables and the financial performance variables. Lastly, it is concluded that non-economic mechanisms such as the implementation of adequate control policies positively influence the value of companies and generate support for investors.
Strengthening the Indigenousization of Islam by Gus Dur in the Middle of the Formalization of Religion
Authors: Munandar Siswoyo Aris , Muliana Siti , Sakhok Jazilus
Published: February 2021

The focus of this article is to examine the process of Gus Dur's indigenousization of Islam as a response to the increasing phenomenon of religious formalization. This topic is considered important because it is an effort to keep local culture and traditions down to earth. Apart from that, the indigenousization of Islam is also a contra-naration against the conservative understanding of Islam which states that indigenous Islamic rituals are regarded as bid’ah, shirk or khurafat that must be rejected. This was raised because according to muslim fundamentalists, the religious practices of indigenous Muslims are opposite of the practices of salaf as-salih which conform Islam totality or kaffah and authentic Islam. In addition, the indigenousization of Islam emerged as a response to the phenomenon of the formalization of religion which leads to the commodification of religion by making religion as a sale value. This writing employes socio-descriptive method which has come to conclusions as follows. First, the indigenousization of Islam which was initiated by Gus Dur was the result of Gus Dur's long struggle with praxis in nature. Second, Arabization with its’ formalization of religion has injured the diversity of the nation of the archipelago and opened up opportunities for the rise of ideological and political interests. Third, the common thread or root of the problem between conservative Islamic groups with their attitudes of formalizing religion and the indigenousization of Islam lies in the differences in understanding the values of Islamic normativity and culture.
The impact of interventions applied in primary care to optimize the use of laboratory tests: a systematic review
Authors: Lillo Serena , Larsen Trine Rennebod , Pennerup Leif , Antonsen Steen
Published: February 2021

Laboratory tests are important tools in primary care, but their use is sometimes inappropriate. The aim of this review is to give an overview of interventions applied in primary care to optimize the use of laboratory tests. A search for studies was made in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. We also extracted studies from two previous reviews published in 2015. Studies were included if they described application of an intervention aiming to optimize the use of laboratory tests. We also evaluated the overall risk of bias of the studies. We included 24 studies. The interventions were categorized as: education, feedback reports and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) strategies. Most of the studies were classified as medium or high risk of bias while only three studies were evaluated as low risk of bias. The majority of the studies aimed at reducing the number of tests, while four studies investigated interventions aiming to increase the use of specific tests. Despite the studies being heterogeneous, we made results comparable by transforming the results into weighted relative changes in number of tests when necessary. Education changed the number of tests consistently, and these results were supported by the low risk of bias of the papers. Feedback reports have mainly been applied in combination with education, while when used alone the effect was minimal. The use of CPOE strategies seem to produce a marked change in the number of test requests, however the studies were of medium or high risk of bias.
European Biological Variation Study (EuBIVAS): within- and between-subject biological variation estimates for serum thyroid biomarkers based on weekly samplings from 91 healthy participants
Authors: Bottani Michela , Aarsand Aasne K. , Banfi Giuseppe , Locatelli Massimo , Coşkun Abdurrahman , Díaz-Garzón Jorge , Fernandez-Calle Pilar , Sandberg Sverre , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Carobene Anna
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Thyroid biomarkers are fundamental for the diagnosis of thyroid disorders and for the monitoring and treatment of patients with these diseases. The knowledge of biological variation (BV) is important to define analytical performance specifications (APS) and reference change values (RCV). The aim of this study was to deliver BV estimates for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroglobulin (TG), and calcitonin (CT).

Methods

Analyses were performed on serum samples obtained from the European Biological Variation Study population (91 healthy individuals from six European laboratories; 21–69 years) on the Roche Cobas e801 at the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy). All samples from each individual were evaluated in duplicate within a single run. The BV estimates with 95% CIs were obtained by CV-ANOVA, after analysis of variance homogeneity and outliers.

Results

The within-subject (CV
I
) BV estimates were for TSH 17.7%, FT3 5.0%, FT4 4.8%, TG 10.3, and CT 13.0%, all significantly lower than those reported in the literature. No significant differences were observed for BV estimates between men and women.

Conclusions

The availability of updated, in the case of CT not previously published, BV estimates for thyroid markers based on the large scale EuBIVAS study allows for refined APS and associated RCV applicable in the diagnosis and management of thyroid and related diseases.
Contribution to understanding synergistic effect of Punica granatum extract and potassium iodide as corrosion inhibitor of S355 steel
Authors: Khadiri Mohyeddine , Idouhli Rachid , Bennouna Mohammed A. , Aityoub Abdelaziz , Abouelfida Abdessalem , Benyaïch Abdelaziz
Published: February 2021

The inhibition effectiveness of Punica granatum (also called Pomegranate) extract and the synergistic effect of potassium iodide (KI) against the degradation of mild steel in 1 M HCl was studied. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement (PDP) was used in order to investigate the performance of this compound. The presence of a mixture of iodide ions (KI) and inhibitor (PG) increased the degree of surface coverage. Also, the inhibition efficiency reaches 82% at 323 K when the concentration of P. granatum (PG) is 2 mg/L with 10 mM of KI. The synergistic effect between the inhibitor and KI could be explained by the reinforcement of the layer being adsorbed onto the steel surface. The adsorption of inhibitor onto the steel surface followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Characterization techniques, such as scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Raman, and ultra-violet-visible (UV-visible) spectroscopies, confirm the adsorption of inhibitor onto the surface morphology.
Intracellular signaling molecules of nerve tissue progenitors as pharmacological targets for treatment of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Zyuz’kov Gleb Nikolaevich , Miroshnichenko Larisa Arkad`evna , Simanina Elena Vladislavovna , Stavrova Larisa Alexandrovna , Polykova Tatyana Yur`evna
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The development of approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases caused by alcohol abuse by targeted pharmacological regulation of intracellular signaling transduction of progenitor cells of nerve tissue is promising. We studied peculiarities of participation of NF-кB-, сАМР/РКА-, JAKs/STAT3-, ERK1/2-, p38-pathways in the regulation of neural stem cells (NSC) and neuronal-committed progenitors (NCP) in the simulation of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

In vitro, the role of signaling molecules (NF-кB, сАМР, РКА, JAKs, STAT3, ERK1/2, p38) in realizing the growth potential of neural stem cells (NSC) and neuronal-committed progenitors (NCP) in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration modeled in vitro and in vivo was studied. To do this, the method of the pharmacological blockade with the use of selective inhibitors of individual signaling molecules was used.

Results

Several of fundamental differences in the role of certain intracellular signaling molecules (SM) in proliferation and specialization of NSC and NCP have been revealed. It has been shown that the effect of ethanol on progenitors is accompanied by the formation of a qualitatively new pattern of signaling pathways. Data have been obtained on the possibility of stimulation of nerve tissue regeneration in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration by NF-кB and STAT3 inhibitors. It has been found that the blockage of these SM stimulates NSC and NCP in conditions of ethanol intoxication and does not have a «negative» effect on the realization of the growth potential of intact progenitors (which will appear de novo during therapy).

Conclusions

The results may serve as a basis for the development of fundamentally new drugs to the treatment of alcoholic encephalopathy and other diseases of the central nervous system associated with alcohol abuse.
Systemdesign und Fehlerabschätzung der radio–akustischen Temperaturmessung
Authors: Exel Dominik , Zagar Bernhard
Published: February 2021

Berührungslose Temperatur- und Strömungsgeschwindigkeitsmessung ist von enormer Wichtigkeit, sowohl in der Klimaforschung aber auch bei industriellen Anwendungen. Dabei ist es für die Optimierung der Systeme entscheidend, die zu erwartenden Messfehler abschätzen zu können. In diesem Beitrag wird eine dieser Methoden basierend auf dem radio-akustischen Prinzip (RASS) umfassend untersucht. Messsysteme nach dieser Methode nützen die akustisch-elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung um aus der lokal ermittelten Schallgeschwindigkeit auf die vorherrschende Gastemperatur, aber gegebenenfalls auch auf eine lokale wirkende Komponente der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in Messrichtung zu schließen. Um das Ziel zu erreichen, das Messsystem in seiner Gesamtheit zu analysieren, wird zunächst die sogenannte RASS-Gleichung sowie die notwendige Kollokation der Quellen diskutiert. Anhand des Ausdrucks der Empfangsleistung wird gezeigt, welche Faktoren maßgeblich das Systemverhalten beeinflussen. Eine entsprechende Abstimmung der Schall- bzw. Radar–Wellenlängen und eine perfekte Kollokation deren Quellen sind essentiell für eine ausreichend genaue Schätzung der von der Temperatur abhängigen Doppler-Frequenz. Anschließend wird, nach Wissen der Autoren erstmalig anhand der Cramér-Rao Schranke ein optimales Systemdesign abgeleitet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich die Varianz der Temperaturschätzung verkehrt proportional zur 4. Potenz der Anzahl der wechselwirkenden Schallzyklen verhält. Weiters wird demonstriert, dass die Temperatur und die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit nicht unabhängig voneinander geschätzt werden können. Es wird in diesem Beitrag ein Aufbau präsentiert, der es erlaubt die Temperaturen mit einer Standardabweichung von etwa0,2°C0,2\hspace{0.1667em}^\circ \text{C}zu messen. Zur Demonstration wird eine Temperaturprofilmessung vorgestellt.
Estudio de la discapacidad visual por diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el adulto mayor
Authors: Nava Nereyda Hernández , Mendoza Coronel María Fernanda , Rocha Rodríguez Ma del Rocio , Silva Cázares Macrina Beatriz , Fabela Sánchez Luis Felipe , Fosado Quiroz Rosa Eréndira
Published: February 2021

La discapacidad visual afecta gran parte de la población adulta mayor. Se trata generalmente de patologías secundarias oculares primarias o sistémicas y congénitas o idiopáticas, incluyendo presbicia, cataratas, glaucoma, degeneración macular y retinopatía diabética (RD). El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer cuáles son las experiencias, perspectivas y significados que tienen los adultos mayores con discapacidad visual por diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Utilizando una metodología cualitativa con muestreo intencionado, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad, siguiendo los principios éticos para investigación en salud. El fenómeno de la discapacidad mostró cinco dimensiones: impacto económico por el diagnóstico, vivencias de duelo ante la DMT2, vivencias de autocuidado (tratamiento alternativo, tratamiento farmacológico y reflexiones sobre el valor del tratamiento), impacto (económico, emocional y social) y vivencias con la discapacidad y sentimientos de la dependencia vs. discapacidad. Estos aportaron los elementos necesarios para hacer una pauta en el cuidado integral brindado por profesionales del cuidado.
Diverse Values and a Common Utopia
Authors: Hensler Loni , Merçon Juliana , Vilsmaier Ulli
Published: February 2021

Plural valuation of nature is key for inclusive and fair sustainability policies. Although there is a growing awareness of the importance of incorporating multiple values of nature in decision making, inclusive processes of this type are rare, limited to consultations, or have little transparency regarding their translation into public policy. Especially in nature conservation schemes such as protected areas, the integration of values from local communities is much needed. In this article, we analyze the experience of the Forest Stewards Network in Xalapa, Mexico, to show how plural valuation and the recognition of the inseparable link between the values of nature and the values that shape social organization can contribute to environmental decision making. We present the method of collective creation of utopias by drawing-telling as a practice to elicit and integrate multiple values in decision-making processes. We applied a participatory art-based plural valuation approach, structured in five stages: (1) a collective diagnosis of the problem(s), (2) creating individual utopias through drawings and narratives, (3) integrating values in collective utopia, (4) strategic planning, and (5) collective action. This method led to significant results in relation to learning, values, decision making, and action, fostering mutual understanding and diversity as principles for a more horizontal organization. We conclude by highlighting the importance of learning and experimenting around inclusive decision-making processes at all levels, as well as the significant contributions of grassroots organizations to this matter.
Dispute Resolution That Divides: The EU -USA Conflict on Investment -State Dispute Resolution
Authors: Glavanits Judit
Published: February 2021

Investment -state dispute resolution has been a hot topic recently, as we can observe a shift in the international trade agreements – both on the side of politics and economics. The European Union has started to negotiate several new trade agreements – some succeeded, some failed, and among the latter we find the TTIP with the USA. This article focuses on the neuralgic point of ISDS in the trade policy of the EU and the USA and summarizes the arguments for and against the ISDS mechanism reflecting also on the latest scientific literature and statistics.
El control fiscal. Entre el control político y el control social
Authors: Jorge Andrés Torres Calderón , Mara Margarita Montes Arrieta
Published: February 2021

El artículo se estructura en tres partes, una referente a la introducción, otra al desarrollo de contenido, el cual se compone a su vez de dos títulos y finalmente otro de conclusiones. El artículo es producto del trabajo realizado en el proyecto de Investigación: “El control Político a nivel local en Colombia. Un estudio al período de gobierno del alcalde Jorge Iván Ospina en Santiago de Cali” desarrollado por el Grupo de Investigación DEIS —Democracia, Estado e Integración Social—, Línea de Investigación “Problemas actuales del Estado en Colombia” y el Grupo de Investigación IJUD —Instituciones Jurídicas y Desarrollo—, Línea de Investigación: Derechos Humanos y Justicia, de los cuales los autores hacen parte en su orden respectivo.
Interpreter Training in the Republic of Ireland: An Overview
Authors: Hoyte-West Antony
Published: February 2021

Although the Republic of Ireland is a bilingual country,this study illustrates that there are comparatively few domestic training options available for interpreters of spoken languages. In providing an overview of the present state of affairs, this article contextualises the current linguistic situation both within the country and at the European level. Attention is paid to the recognition of Irish as an official language of the European Union (EU), as well as tothe corresponding implications for interpreter training. In addition, the domestic situation regarding community interpreters is also outlined, with the lack of official regulation of the interpreting profession also noted. Subsequently, the options for interpreter training in tertiary education are outlined, both at the undergraduate and the postgraduate level. In addition, relevant information regarding the structure and content of the modules and courses is provided. To conclude, some thoughts regarding potential developments of interpreter training in the Irish context are outlined.
Factors associated with the successful operation and participation of researchers in scientific networks of medical and health sciences in Colombia
Authors: Murillo-Aceituno Carmen , Gaitán-Guerrero José Felipe Antonio , Molero-Zayas José
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Scientific research in medical and health sciences is becoming increasingly complex. In this sense, research and innovation networks can be a key element for researchers to obtain up-to-date and useful knowledge. Objective: To analyze the participation in research networks of Colombian researchers working in medical and health sciences, as well as their characteristics and the factors associated with more involvement in said networks and better research and innovation achievements. Materials and methods: Descriptive and observational study conducted in two phases: the first, in 2016, consisted of sending a virtual survey on participation in and operation of these networks to the representatives of the 714 research groups in medical and health sciences officially recognized in Colombia, and the second, in 2017, consisted of sending a second survey to the 232 representatives who completed the first one. Relative frequencies were used for data analysis and description. Differences between participating in the networks and the characteristics of the researchers were determined using the chi-square test. A multivariate analysis (logistic regression model) was performed to determine the association between aspects of the network operation and the results obtained. Results: Of the 714 groups, only 232 representatives completed the first survey, and of these, only 82 (35.34%) participated in research networks. Significant differences were observed between participating in research networks and developing innovation products (p<0.01) and appearing in publication rankings (p=0.02). Regarding the network operation, there were three key elements: strategy, consensus, and funding; the first two correlate with obtaining results. Conclusions: Knowledge and innovation networks are important for generating more knowledge and research in the country. Therefore, the competent authorities should promote the creation of new research networks and encourage researchers from lagging regions in the country to participate in them.
Reproducción de semilla de batata (Ipomoea batatas) Var. AGROSAVIA Aurora en Colombia
Authors: Espitia Montes Amaury Aroldo , Regino Hernández Sol Mara , Martinez Reina Antonio María , García Peña Joaquín Alfonso , Tamara Morelo Ricardo Enrique , Pérez Cantero Shirley Patricia
Published: February 2021

Introducción. La especie Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamb es una planta dicotiledónea de la familia Convolvulaceae, originaria de la zona tropical de América. Objetivo. Determinar la edad de corte y segmentos del tallo de la variedad de batata Agrosavia Aurora, para obtener semilla. Materiales y métodos. El estudio fue realizado en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de AGROSAVIA, donde se evaluó la tecnología de producción de esquejes de batata a diferentes edades de cosecha y segmentos del tallo. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas con 3 repeticiones y se evaluó el porcentaje de prendimiento, rendimiento de raíces y el retorno económico. Resultados. Los mejores prendimientos se presentaron con esquejes cortados a 60 días después de la siembra (DDS) con un 84,7% y 90 días con 74,9% que superaron a los de 120 días (67,9%). Los prendimientos de los segmentos de semilla apical y preapical fueron de 83,4 y 80,2%, respectivamente. En producción de raíces, los mayores valores se obtuvieron con semilla cortada a los 60 DDS (26 903 kg.ha-1), la cual presentó diferencia estadística con respecto a las cortadas a los 90 y 120 DDS, al ser esta última la de menor valor (18 679 kg.ha-1). En cuanto a tipo de semilla la de mayor producción fue obtenida por medio del segmento apical (25 309 kg.ha-1) sin ser desde el punto de vista estadístico, diferente a la preapical (24 296 kg.ha-1) y superó en producción a la del tercer (20 504 kg.ha-1) y cuarto segmento (17 578 kg.ha-1). Conclusión. Los segmentos apical y preapical con edad de corte de 60 DDS fueron los mejores.
El uso de las estrategias cognoscitivas en el desarrollo de la comprensión de la lectura de textos escritos en una lengua extranjera
Authors: Villalobos José
Published: February 2021

En este estudio de corte cualitativo, se describió y analizó el papel que juegan el reconocimiento, el uso y la apropiación de las estrategias cognoscitivas de lectura y de las claves lingüísticas en el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora de textos escritos en una lengua extranjera (LE) en un curso de inglés con fines académicos. Se utilizaron algunas herramientas etnográficas para la recolección de los datos y, luego del análisis, emergieron tres categorías diferentes: 1) la importancia de activar el conocimiento previo en la lengua materna (L1) antes de leer el texto escrito en la LE, 2) la identificación de las claves sintácticas y semánticas en el texto escrito en la LE como coadyuvante en la comprensión de la lectura y 3) el uso consciente de las estrategias cognoscitivas de lectura en la LE para el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora. Los hallazgos sugieren que los docentes deberían ayudar a sus estudiantes a activar el conocimiento previo que ellos traen, sobre todo en contextos donde se enseña el inglés con fines académicos. Además, los docentes también deberían orientar a sus estudiantes en la identificación de las claves sintácticas y semánticas del texto escrito en la LE.
Human breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks comparison by electronic tongue
Authors: Krpan M. , Major N. , Šatalić Z. , Hruškar M.
Published: February 2021

Human breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks were tested by a commercial electronic tongue (αAstree, Alpha MOS) with the aim to determine taste diversity, since it has been recently shown that infants exposed to different tastes early in life, develop different food preference at a later age. Human milk (36 samples) were obtained from 13 lactating women, while 12 samples of infant formula and 14 samples of follow-up milk were obtained from the Croatian market and opened prior to analysis. Human breast milk samples showed a much higher diversity than both infant formulae and follow-up milks. These results suggest that breast-fed infants are exposed to a broader sensory experience, while formula fed infants are exposed to less diverse taste. Future studies will probably answer how this influences later food choice, taste preferences, and consequently, risk of obesity and other chronic diseases.
Longer Achilles tendon moment arm results in better running economy
Authors: Kovács B. , Kóbor I. , Sebestyén Ö. , Tihanyi J.
Published: February 2021

Based on the current literature, the link between Achilles tendon moment arm length and running economy is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the connection between Achilles tendon moment arm and running economy and the influence of Achilles tendon moment arm on the function of the plantarflexor muscle-tendon unit during running.

Ten male competitive marathon runners volunteered for this study. The participants ran on a treadmill at two running speeds: 3 and 3.5 m s−1. During running the oxygen consumption, lower leg kinematics, electrical activity of plantar flexor muscles, and fascicle behavior of the lateral gastrocnemius were measured simultaneously. On the second occasion, an MRI scan of the right leg was taken and used to estimate the Achilles tendon moment arm length.

There was a negative correlation between running economy and the body height normalized moment arm length at both selected speeds (r = −0.68, P = 0.014 and r = −0.70, P = 0.01). In addition, Achilles tendon moment arm length correlated with the amplitude of the ankle flexion at both speeds (r = −0.59, P = 0.03 and r = −0.60, P = 0.03) and with the electrical activity of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at 3 m s−1 speed (r = −0.62, P = 0.02). Our finding supports the concept that a longer moment arm could be beneficial for distance runners.
Towards the elaboration of a diastratic model in historical analyses of koineization
Authors: Brown Joshua
Published: February 2021

The paper argues for further development of models of koineization in a historical perspective. The four processes inherent in koineization reported in Britain (2012a) are taken as a starting point to show how the question of discerning these phenomena in the past is inherently problematic, but not impossible. After discussing some issues in identifying these processes in a medieval context, the paper moves to previous analyses of diastratic variation in studies of koineization. Using the data available for late medieval Italy, emphasis is placed on how diastratic variation is discernible in three parameters of verb morphology arising in the resultant koine, focussing on medieval Milanese. These observations, in turn, lead to further elaboration of a diastratic component in order to broaden our understanding of language change.
African Youth Language: New Media, Performance Arts and Sociolinguistic Development Ellen Hurst-Harosh and Fridah Kanana Erastus (eds) (2019)
Authors: Boluwaduro Stephen Olabanji
Published: February 2021

African Youth Language: New Media, Performance Arts and Sociolinguistic Development Ellen Hurst-Harosh and Fridah Kanana Erastus (eds) (2019) Cham: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN: 978-3-319-64561-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-3-319-64562-9 (e-book). Pp. 249
FROM FARM TO FORK: HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING THROUGH SUSTAINABLE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
Authors: ARABSKA Ekaterina
Published: February 2021

From Farm to Fork Strategy is at the heart of the European Green Deal – the new growth strategy of the EU and a key to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From Farm to Fork Strategy is designed for building a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system with an integrated food safety policy in the Union. Current paper presents some of the strategic accents of the main European documents and initiatives concerning future sustainable agri-food systems in the context of human health and well-being through the ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainability. Special attention is also paid to how the future Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will contribute to the EU Green Deal, food quality and safety, and sustainable development as a whole. Particular examples are presented showing the support to the agriculture and food sectors amid Coronavirus and rural responses to the COVID-19 crisis as collected by the European Network for Rural Development (ENRD). Good practices from Bulgaria are also analyzed regarding the initiatives of promoting local food through farmers’ markets and online platforms and new challenges and best solutions. Conclusions focus on the general measures and actions for the effective transition to a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly agri-food system.
JEL Codes: I31, Q12, Q18, Q56
COVİD-19 VE ÖZEL TİYATROLARIN İKTİSADİ DURUMU
Authors: AKDEDE Sacit Hadi
Published: February 2021

Bu çalışmada Covid-19 salgın döneminde en çok etkilenen kültür ve sanat kurumları olarak özel tiyatroların iktisadi yapısı ve o tiyatrolara yapılması gereken yardımlar incelenmektedir. Özel tiyatroların da kamusal mal ürettiklerine ilişkin gözlem ve açıklamalardan sonra, özellikle hem vergisel ve idari destekler hem de tiyatrocuların kendi aralarındaki dayanışmanın sağlayacağı yararlar tartışılmıştır. Tiyatro talebinin de arttırılması gerektiğine vurgu yapılmış ve talebin arttırılası için de önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
JEL Kodları: Z11, I10
BİLİM VE TEKNOLOJİYE BAKIŞ AÇISINA GÖRE TÜRKİYE’NİN KONUMUNUN ALTERNATİF SINIFLANDIRMA TEKNİKLERİ İLE ANALİZİ
Authors: KAPLAN Ayşegül , GİRAY YAKUT Selay , CAMKIRAN Ceren
Published: February 2021

Bu çalışmada, Dünya Değerler Araştırması’nın (WVS) 2014 döneminde bilim ve teknolojiye bakış açısı ile ilişkilendirilen altı değişken alınarak 60 ülke arasında Türkiye’nin konumu incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, farklı Kümeleme Analizi teknikleri ve Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme kullanılmıştır. Veri setinde aykırı gözlem tespit edildiğinden Robust Kümeleme Analizi uygulanarak, K-Ortalamalar yöntemine göre daha homojen kümeler elde edilmiştir. Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme ile ülkelerin konumlarının grafiksel boyutları elde edilerek, Kümeleme Analizi sonuçları desteklenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, farklı yaklaşımlar ile elde edilen kümeler karşılaştırıldığında benzer ülke profillerinin aynı kümede olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ward, K-Ortalamalar ve K-Kırpılmış Ortalamalar yöntemleri ile elde edilen kümeler incelendiğinde Türkiye’nin, özellikle İslam ülkelerinden Mısır, Pakistan, Kuveyt ile benzerlik gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Türkiye’nin belirtilen İslam ülkelerinin dışında benzerlik gösterdiği diğer ülkeler ise Eski Sovyet ülkelerinden olan Ermenistan, Rusya ve Ukrayna’dır. Her bir yöntemden elde edilen küme yapıları incelendiğinde, Türkiye’nin en çok Eski Sovyet Ülkeleri ile benzer bakış açısına sahip olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.
JEL kodları: C38, O3