bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints on Salt Marsh Development Following Managed Coastal Realignment: Dispersal Limitation or Environmental Tolerance?
Authors: Mossman Hannah L. , Brown Michael J. H. , Davy Anthony J. , Grant Alastair
Published: October 2010

Salt marshes restored through managed coastal realignment (MR) often develop slowly and show persistent differences in vegetation from natural marshes. Development might be constrained by the availability of propagules or poor suitability of the abiotic environment for their establishment. To distinguish between these factors, we compared vegetation colonization and environmental conditions at a salt marsh created by MR at Brancaster, Norfolk, UK, with five reference marshes, varying in age from 30 to circa 6,000 years. After 5 years, plant communities of the MR site remained different from those in mature reference marshes. In contrast, the communities of the youngest reference marsh were not significantly different from mature reference marshes. At the MR site, abundance of perennial and later‐successional species was low and large areas remained unvegetated. These differences are unlikely to be due to dispersal limitation, because 76% of the species from the local species pool colonized the site within 5 years. Although the annuals Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritima were abundant by year 2, they were not ubiquitous until the end of the study. Tidal elevations of the MR site were suitable for vegetation development, but soil redox potentials were lower than that at the reference sites. Reducing conditions in the MR site appear to be the major cause of vegetation differences from the reference marshes, as they are associated with an abundance of bare ground and a small range of vegetation clusters. Measures to avoid low sediment redox potentials may have a great benefit in some salt marsh restoration projects.
Responses of Fish to Experimental Introduction of Structural Woody Habitat in Riffles and Pools
Authors: Howell Timothy D. , Arthington Angela H. , Pusey Bradley J. , Brooks Andrew P. , Creese Bob , Chaseling Janet
Published: October 2010

The declining condition of river systems associated with rapid development of human societies has led to substantial declines in fish diversity. One cause of decline is the loss of in‐stream Structural Woody Habitat (SWH), an important component of stream ecosystems, particularly as fish habitat. As a result there has been an increase in the number of rehabilitation programs that introduce SWH into rivers. This paper assesses fish responses to SWH introduction in riffles and pools in the Hunter River, eastern Australia, using a Multiple‐Before‐After‐Control‐Impact (MBACI) experimental and analytical design. In the riffle experiment, species richness was comparable among all control and treatment riffles across the entire study period. However, there were significant differences in assemblage structure, fish abundance, and biomass between control and treated riffles. The introduction of SWH (bank embedded deflector jams) appeared to create additional habitat which was utilized by one native fish species (Retropinna semoni—Australian smelt) and one alien species (Gambusia holbrooki—mosquito fish). In pools there were no significant changes in fish species richness, abundance, or biomass following introduction of SWH (pool jams). These findings have important practical and cost implications in terms of the design and implementation of rehabilitation strategies using SWH to restore fish assemblages in degraded streams.
Reassessing Cultural Evaluations in Geriatrics: Insights from Cultural Psychiatry
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: October 2010

Current cultural competency models in geriatrics represent positive developments but may focus disproportionately on group‐level information without attending to intracultural, individual variations. This article reviews these limitations and introduces the cultural formulation from psychiatry as a more‐thorough assessment strategy. By focusing on the patient's relationships with cultural identity, illness explanations, social networks, and the physician, a cultural formulation designed for geriatrics may help clinicians plan treatment and follow‐up in a more‐comprehensive and ‐patient‐centered way. Detailed case studies illustrate its potential applications within geriatrics.
Enhancement of endothelial permeability by coculture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of HLA Class II antibody that was associated with transfusion‐related acute lung injury
Authors: Wakamoto Shinobu , Fujihara Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Daisuke , Niwa Koichi , Sato Shinichiro , Kato Toshiaki , Azuma Hiroshi , Ikeda Hisami
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: HLA Class II antibody–initiated activation of monocytes possessing the corresponding antigen is thought to participate in the pathogenesis of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). Pulmonary edema, a hallmark of TRALI, is caused by increasing vascular permeability.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To investigate the contribution of HLA Class II antibody and monocytes to the development of pulmonary edema in TRALI, we studied whether the permeability of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) could be enhanced by coculturing HMVECs with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in the presence of HLA Class II antibody–containing plasma, which was implicated in TRALI (anti‐HLA‐DR plasma). In addition, similar experiments were performed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The endothelial permeability to fluoresceinated dextran, which was added from the start of coculture, was measured.

RESULTS: The coculture of HMVECs or HUVECs with PBMNCs in the presence of anti‐HLA‐DR plasma resulted in the increase of endothelial permeability in the corresponding antigen‐antibody–dependent manner. CV‐3988, a platelet‐activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, almost completely suppressed the increase in endothelial permeability. Neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α alone and simultaneous addition of the antibodies to TNF‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β to the coculture partially suppressed the permeability increase of HMVECs and HUVECs, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: HLA Class II antibody and monocytes in the corresponding antigen‐antibody combination caused the enhancement of endothelial permeability. PAF, TNF‐α, and/or IL‐1β might be involved in the endothelial permeability increase. HLA Class II antibody–initiated monocyte activation could lead to the development of pulmonary edema in TRALI.
Low‐density lipoprotein apheresis reduces platelet factor 4 on the surface of platelets: a possible protective mechanism against heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
Authors: Tanhehco Yvette C. , Rux Ann H. , Sachais Bruce S.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) is characterized by thrombocytopenia due to the formation of antibodies against heparin : platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexes. Despite the exposure to heparin during treatment and predisposition of patients with atherosclerosis to HITT, HITT in patients undergoing low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is rare. We investigated the possibility that LDL apheresis decreases PF4 on platelet (PLT) surfaces and/or plasma HITT antibody levels, either of which would disfavor HITT.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We enrolled 25 patients undergoing LDL apheresis at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Blood samples were drawn before and after treatment. Plasma samples were drawn proximal and distal to the LA‐15 treatment column. PF4, HITT antibodies, heparin levels, and P‐selectin were measured.

RESULTS: No patient had clinical symptoms of HITT. The LA‐15 column was found to efficiently remove PF4. PF4 levels in peripheral blood plasma did not change significantly after LDL apheresis. However, PLT surface PF4 significantly decreased after treatment. HITT antibodies were found in only two patients and were nonfunctional. PLT surface P‐selectin did not change during treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that LDL apheresis via dextran sulfate absorption removes plasma PF4 and reduces the amount of PF4 on the surface of circulating PLTs. Reduced surface PF4 may decrease antibody formation and/or recognition by HITT antibodies. These data provide a potential explanation for the near lack of HITT in hypercholesterolemic patients undergoing LDL apheresis. They also suggest the possibility that LDL apheresis using dextran sulfate adsorption may have therapeutic value in the treatment of HITT.
Direct detection of the bacterial stress response in intact samples of platelets by differential impedance
Authors: Rieder Ronald , Zhao Zhihui , Nittayajarn Aphakorn , Zavizion Boris
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: We have previously described a new rapid approach that relies on monitoring intentionally stressed bacteria in contaminated platelet concentrates (PCs). This earlier work included human cell lysis with Triton X‐100 and filtration as steps in the sample preparation. This study was undertaken to develop an improved and time‐saving protocol that enables direct bacterial detection in PCs without lysis and filtration.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Apheresis‐ or whole blood–derived PCs were spiked with 17 model bacteria and tested at final concentrations from 103 to 106 colony‐forming units (CFUs)/mL. The contaminated PCs were treated with a chemical compound that induces a stress response in bacteria and monitored using differential impedance sensing to detect and record subtle changes in the dielectric permittivities of the contaminated platelet (PLT) samples.

RESULTS: No measurable responses from sterile PLT samples were observed during exposure to the compounds used as stressors. In contrast, distinct response profiles were obtained without exception for all 17 bacterial species for all bacterial concentrations tested. Bacterial presence was established within 5 to 10 minutes for high inocula (106 and 105 CFUs/mL) while low inocula (104 and 103 CFUs/mL) were usually detectable within 20 minutes. The entire testing process routinely took less than 30 minutes from the point of sampling to the time that the final results are available.

CONCLUSIONS: The results described here demonstrate that monitoring the development of stress in bacteria is a fast and simple way to detect 103 CFUs/mL or more bacteria in complex cellular blood products such as PCs.
The potential impact of new donor height and weight criteria on young donor eligibility and faint or prefaint reaction rates
Authors: Dunbar Nancy , Katz Jean , Nambiar Ashok
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: New criteria for young blood donors were recently developed to minimize faint reactions in this high‐risk group. The aim of this study was to determine the impact implementation of these criteria would have on collections and donor faint or prefaint reaction rates at our university blood center.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donor history questionnaires from eight consecutive undergraduate campus blood drives were retrospectively reviewed. Height, weight, sex, and age were used to determine the number of donors potentially deferred.

RESULTS: During the study period, 81% of donors were age 22 or younger (537/662) with a reaction rate of 2.4% (16/662). If these new height and weight criteria were implemented, 11.5% of our young donors would have been deferred (76/662) preventing 2 of 16 reactions. Revision of height and weight criteria with consideration for a 475‐mL collection volume would decrease deferral rates to 1.2% (8/662) with no reactions prevented.

CONCLUSION: Implementation of new height and weight criteria based on a standard 525‐mL collection volume would result in a high rate of donor deferral. Revised criteria adjusted for our smaller collection volume would significantly decrease donor deferral rates. All reactions observed in young donors during our study period occurred in those predicted to have a less than 15% decrease in total blood volume after donation.
Density Zoning and Class Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas*
Authors: Rothwell Jonathan T. , Massey Douglas S.
Published: October 2010

Objectives. Socioeconomic segregation rose substantially in U.S. cities during the final decades of the 20th century, and we argue that zoning regulations are an important cause of this increase.

Methods. We measure neighborhood economic segregation using the Gini coefficient for neighborhood income inequality and the poor‐affluent exposure index. These outcomes are regressed on an index of density zoning developed from the work of Pendall for 50 U.S. metropolitan areas, while controlling for other metropolitan characteristics likely to affect urban housing markets and class segregation.

Results. For both 2000 and changes from 1990 to 2000, OLS estimates reveal a strong relationship between density zoning and income segregation, and replication using 2SLS suggests that the relationship is causal. We also show that zoning is associated with higher interjurisdictional inequality.

Conclusions. Metropolitan areas with suburbs that restrict the density of residential construction are more segregated on the basis of income than those with more permissive density zoning regimes. This arrangement perpetuates and exacerbates racial and class inequality in the United States.
Opportunities for Making Ends Meet and Upward Mobility: Differences in Organizational Deprivation Across Urban and Suburban Poor Neighborhoods*
Authors: Murphy Alexandra K. , Wallace Danielle
Published: October 2010

Objectives.Given the recent rise of poverty in U.S. suburbs, this study asks: What poor neighborhoods are most disadvantageous, those in the city or those in the suburbs? Building on recent urban sociological work demonstrating the importance of neighborhood organizations for the poor, we are concerned with one aspect of disadvantage—the lack of availability of organizational resources oriented toward the poor. By breaking down organizations into those that promote mobility versus those that help individuals meet their daily subsistence needs, we seek to explore potential variations in the type of disadvantage that may exist.

Methods.We test whether poor urban or suburban neighborhoods are more likely to be organizationally deprived by breaking down organizations into three types: hardship organizations, educational organizations, and employment organizations. We use data from the 2000 U.S. County Business Patterns and the 2000 U.S. Census and test neighborhood deprivation using logistic regression models.

Results.We find that suburban poor neighborhoods are more likely to be organizationally deprived than are urban poor neighborhoods, especially with respect to organizations that promote upward mobility. Interesting racial and ethnic composition factors shape this more general finding.

Conclusion.Our findings suggest that if a poor individual is to live in a poor neighborhood, with respect to access to organizational resources, he or she would be better off living in the central city. Suburban residence engenders isolation from organizations that will help meet one's daily needs and even more so from those offering opportunities for mobility.
When Nature Pushes Back: Environmental Impact and the Spatial Redistribution of Socially Vulnerable Populations*
Authors: Elliott James R. , Pais Jeremy
Published: October 2010

Objectives. This research investigates the spatial redistribution of socially vulnerable subpopulations during long‐term recovery from natural disaster. We hypothesize that the local environmental impact of a disaster influences this redistribution process and that how it does so varies by the urban or rural context in which the disaster occurs.

Methods. To test these hypotheses, we use a novel research design that combines the natural experiment offered by Hurricane Andrew with GIS technology and local census data.

Results. Findings indicate that in a more urbanized disaster zone (Miami), long‐term recovery displaces socially disadvantaged residents from harder‐hit areas; yet, in a more rural disaster zone (southwestern Louisiana), long‐term recovery concentrates socially disadvantaged residents within these harder‐hit areas.

Conclusion. These findings bridge classic and contemporary research on postdisaster recovery and open new terrain for thinking about how environmental and social forces intersect to transform regions in different settlement contexts.
Racial Mismatch: The Divergence Between Form and Function in Data for Monitoring Racial Discrimination of Hispanics*
Authors: Roth Wendy D.
Published: October 2010

Objectives.A primary justification for collecting U.S. racial statistics is the need to monitor racial discrimination. This article aims to show how analyses of Hispanics—who may officially be of any race—tend to miss discrimination based on racial appearance by relying on data that instead capture racial self‐identification, a different aspect of race that often does not correspond.

Methods.The study analyzes 60 qualitative interviews with Dominican and Puerto Rican migrants in the New York metropolitan area. It employs multiple measures to represent theoretically distinct aspects of the lived experience of race.

Results.Respondents interpret the Census race question in different ways corresponding to different aspects of race, which often do not match one another. Although respondents experience discrimination on the basis of phenotype, their racial self‐identification is a poor proxy for measuring their racial appearance.

Conclusions.Scholars need to develop a language of race that communicates the multiplicity of social processes involved. Social surveys must provide measures of these multiple components, including interviewer observations of racial appearance, to monitor discrimination on the basis of phenotype within Hispanic groups.
Inequality, Income, and Poverty: Comparative Global Evidence*
Authors: Fosu Augustin Kwasi
Published: October 2010

Objectives.The study seeks to provide comparative global evidence on the role of income inequality, relative to income growth, in poverty reduction.

Methods.An analysis‐of‐covariance model is estimated using a large global sample of 1980–2004 unbalanced panel data, with the headcount measure of poverty as the dependent variable, and the Gini coefficient and PPP‐adjusted mean income as explanatory variables. Both random‐effects and fixed‐effects methods are employed in the estimation.

Results.The responsiveness of poverty to income is a decreasing function of inequality, and the inequality elasticity of poverty is actually larger than the income elasticity of poverty. Furthermore, there is a large variation across regions (and countries) in the relative effects of inequality on poverty.

Conclusion.Income distribution plays a more important role than might be traditionally acknowledged in poverty reduction, though this importance varies widely across regions and countries.
Saline versus Saline with Blood as a Contrast Agent for Right‐to‐left Shunt Diagnosis by Transcranial Doppler: Is There a Significant Difference?
Authors: Lange Marcos Christiano , Zétola Viviane Flumignan , Piovesan Élcio J , Werneck Lineu César
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Agitated saline solution (AS) is the contrast agent (CA) of choice for the diagnosis of right‐to‐left shunt (RLS). The aim of this study was to compare AS to AS with blood (ASb) in the diagnosis and quantification of RLS by contrast‐enhanced transcranial Doppler (cTCD).

METHODS

Forty‐two patients were evaluated for RLS in both of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) by cTCD. Both AS and ASb were used as CAs while the patient breathed spontaneously and during two different moments of a Valsalva maneuver. Embolus track (ET) counts were obtained from each MCA (MCA analysis) and from each patient (patient analysis).

RESULTS

In the MCA analysis, at least one ET was identified in 109 (43.2%) of the AS tests and 136 (54%) of the ASb tests (P= .016). The ET counts were higher with ASb (78.0 ± 117.6) than with AS alone (46.9 ± 66.7; P= .01). In the patient analysis, at least one ET was identified in 62 (49.2%) of the AS tests and 77 (61.1%) of the ASb tests (P= .057). Similar ET counts were generated with both CA solutions.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the inclusion of ASb as an option for RLS diagnosis in selected patients.
Cardiac Sympathetic Neuroimaging in Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Authors: Goldstein David S.
Published: October 2010

J Neuroimaging 2012;22:109‐110.
Telocytes as supporting cells for myocardial tissue organization in developing and adult heart
Authors: Bani Daniele , Formigli Lucia , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria‐Simonetta
Published: October 2010

Recent evidence indicates that the adult heart contains sub‐epicardial cardiogenic niches where cardiac stem cells and stromal supporting cells reside together. Such stromal cells include a special population, previously identified as interstitial Cajal‐like cells and recently termed telocytes because of their long, slender processes (telopodes) embracing the myocardial precursors. Specific stromal cells, presumptively originated from the epicardium, have been postulated to populate the developing heart where they are thought to play a role in its morphogenesis. This study is designed to investigate the occurrence of telocytes in the developing heart and provide clues to better understand their role as supporting cells involved in the architectural organization of the myocardium during heart development. Our results showed that stromal cells with the immunophenotypical (vimentin, CD34) and ultrastructural features of telocytes were present in the mouse heart since early embryonic to adult life, as well as in primary cultures of neonatal mouse cardiac cells. These cells formed an extended network of telopodes which closely embraced the growing cardiomyocytes and appeared to contribute to the aggregation of cardiomyocyte clusters in vitro. In conclusion, the present findings strongly suggest that, during heart development, stromal cells identifiable as telocytes could play a nursing and guiding role for myocardial precursors to form the correct three‐dimensional tissue pattern and contribute to compaction of the embryonic myocardial trabeculae. It is tempting to speculate that telocytes could be a novel, possible target for therapeutic strategies aimed at potentiating cardiac repair and regeneration after ischemic injury.
Neuroeconomics in parasitoids: computing accurately with a minute brain
Authors: Pierre Jean‐Sébastien
Published: October 2010

In the so‐called ‘patch problem’, at any given moment, the forager must decide whether to leave the current patch or to remain there and continue foraging. Optimal foraging theory and subsequent theoretical works have identified theoretical optimal policies governing this decision. In a stochastic environment, the Bayesian framework has proved to be effective. A set of mechanistic proximal mechanisms explaining how parasitoid wasps may take decisions has been proposed. These mechanisms are based in on changes in the degree of motivation to continue foraging during a particular foraging episode. Using a simple, straightforward model, we show here that the psychological mechanism proposed mimics precisely the theoretical Bayesian solution, provided that motivation displays exponential decay, rather than the linear pattern of decay initially assumed. Changes in motivation thus function as a sort of analogue computer, and may be seen as more than purely heuristic rules of thumb. This link between psychological processes and ultimate optimisation places foraging theory in the domain of neuroeconomics.
Experimental design and the outcome and interpretation of diversity–stability relations
Authors: Campbell Veronik , Murphy Grace , Romanuk Tamara N.
Published: October 2010

The nature of the relationship between diversity and stability has become the subject of intense research effort over the last few decades as the role of diversity as a major driver of ecosystem functioning and stability has come to the forefront of ecological interest. Here, we present a meta‐analysis of the impact of twelve experimental design factors on the strength and direction of relations between biotic richness and temporal variability at both the aggregate community‐ and population‐level. Based on 35 studies that report 59 community‐level and 36 population‐level relations, our results show that biotic richness has a highly general stabilizing effect on community properties that are only marginally affected by the nuances of experimental design. In contrast, experimental design factors have a highly significant effect on mean effect sizes and the resulting interpretation of relations between richness and population‐level variability. The strongest dichotomous effect was observed based on the method of calculating the response variable, such that when population variability was calculated as the mean variability of populations across all replicates, biotic richness showed a negative (stabilizing) mean effect size. In contrast, when population variability was calculated on a per replicate basis, biotic richness showed a positive (destabilizing) mean effect size. This latter result suggests that a renewed focus on the mechanisms by which populations can be stabilized (and destabilized) by diversity is needed.
Breeding dispersal strategies following reproductive failure explain low apparent survival of immigrant Temminck's stints
Authors: Pakanen Veli‐Matti , Hildén Olavi , Rönkä Antti , Belda Eduardo J. , Luukkonen Aappo , Kvist Laura , Koivula Kari
Published: October 2010

In some animal populations, immigrants have lower survival than philopatric individuals. Costs of dispersal or low phenotypic quality of dispersers may explain the pattern. However, apparent adult survival estimates, which describe real survival combined with site fidelity cannot be separated from permanent emigration. Thus, heterogeneity in breeding dispersal propensities of immigrants and philopatrics can bias fitness correlates of dispersal. Differences in breeding dispersal propensities may be caused by different strategies in response to environmental cues inducing dispersal, such as reproductive success. In such cases, the reported differences between immigrants and philopatric individuals may not reflect true variation in survival.

We studied whether dispersal status specific apparent adult survival is associated with reproductive success in a Temminck's stintCalidris temminckiipopulation. We analysed two long term capture–recapture datasets characterised by low and high nest predation levels. Philopatric individuals had higher apparent adult survival than immigrants in both datasets and the difference was highlighted during the high nest predation period. By contrasting return rates between successful and unsuccessful breeders as a proxy for dispersal, we found that unsuccessful immigrants breeding for the first time dispersed more likely than successful immigrants, but such a pattern was not found among philopatric individuals. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant and philopatric individuals have different breeding dispersal strategies following reproductive failure and that their apparent adult survival differences are at least partly explained by different breeding dispersal propensities. Our results also suggest that the recent decline of the study population reflects a multiple response to increased nest predation through decreased local recruitment and increased emigration.
Previous‐day hypohydration impairs skill performance in elite female field hockey players
Authors: MacLeod H. , Sunderland C.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 2% hypohydration on skill performance in elite female field hockey players following intermittent exercise in the heat. Eight elite female field hockey players performed 50 min of a field hockey‐specific intermittent treadmill running protocol (FHITP) in hot environmental conditions (33 °C, 60% relative humidity) in different hydration states: euhydrated (EUH) and hypohydrated by 2% body mass (HYPO). Hydration status was manipulated via a period (121±10 min) of passive hyperthermia (40 °C, 75% relative humidity) and controlled fluid intake 1 day preceding testing. Ad libitum fluid intake was permitted throughout both trials. Field hockey skill tests were performed pre‐ and post‐FHITP. Skill performance time increased (P=0.029) in the HYPO trial compared with the EUH trial, which may be attributed to an increase in penalty time (P=0.024). Decision‐making time increased (P=0.008) in the HYPO trial and was significantly impaired compared with EUH (P=0.016) pre‐FHITP. Ad libitum drinking appeared to be sufficient to maintain decision‐making performance as no interaction effects were evident post‐FHITP. Players who commence match‐play in a state of hypohydration may be susceptible to decrements in skill and decision‐making performance.
Short Implants: A Descriptive Study of 273 Implants
Authors: Sánchez‐Garcés M. Angels , Costa‐Berenguer Xavier , Gay‐Escoda Cosme
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The study aims to assess the performance of short implants in a series of patients with severe alveolar resorption.

Materials and Methods: A review is made of 273 implants measuring 10 mm or less, placed by conventional surgery or using osteotomes, and with a postloading follow‐up of between 18 months and 12 years (mean 81 months).

Results: A total of 20 failures were recorded (7.33%), with a global implant survival of 92.67%. The survival rate for 10 mm implants was 92.82%, versus 92.5% in the case of those measuring less than 10 mm. Overall, the failure rate was lowest for the treated surface implants (2.56% vs 4.76%). On considering the implants measuring under 10 mm, the failure rates were similar in both groups (3.77%).

Conclusions: Short implants are a good treatment alternative for patients with severe alveolar resorption of both jaws.
Survival of Dental Implants in Irradiated Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Buddula Aravind , Assad Daniel A. , Salinas Thomas J. , Garces Yolanda I. , Volz John E. , Weaver Amy L.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To study the long‐term survival of dental implants placed in irradiated bone in subjects who received radiation for head and neck cancer.

Materials and Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all patients who received dental implants following radiation treatment for head and neck cancer between May 1, 1987 through July 1, 2008. Only patients irradiated with a radiation dose of 50 Gy or greater and those who received dental implants in the irradiated field after head and neck radiation were included in the study. The associations between implant survival and patient/implant characteristics were estimated by fitting univariate marginal Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: A total of 48 patients who had prior head and neck radiation had 271 dental implants placed during May 1987 to July 2008. The estimated survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 98.9%, 89.9%, and 72.3%, respectively. Implants placed in the maxilla were more likely to fail than implants placed in the mandible (p = .002).There was also a tendency for implants placed in the posterior region to fail compared with those placed in the anterior region (p = .051).

Conclusion: Dental implants placed in irradiated bone have a greater risk for failure. Survival is significantly influenced by the location of the implant (maxilla or mandible, anterior or posterior).
Nasal Floor Elevation Combined with Dental Implant Placement
Authors: Mazor Ziv , Lorean Adi , Mijiritsky Eitan , Levin Liran
Published: October 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to report on the survival of dental implants placed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of 32 consecutive patients from two private practices was evaluated. All patients presented with alveolar bone height deficiency in the anterior region, which was not sufficient to place a dental implant according to a computed tomography (CT) scan preformed prior to implantation. Elevation and augmentation of the nasal mucosa was performed simultaneously with dental implant placement. Data collection included demographic information, as well as records of the pre‐operative available bone height, implant dimensions, bone addition following nasal floor augmentation, and survival of the implants at last follow‐up.

Results: Overall, 32 patients received 100 implants that were performed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation. The average pre‐operative available bone height according to a CT scan that was preformed prior to implantation was 9.1 ± 0.9 mm and ranged from 7.3 to 11.2 mm. Bone addition following nasal floor augmentation was 3.4 ± 0.9 mm and ranged between1.1 and 5.7 mm. The mean follow‐up time was 27.8 ± 12.4 months, and during that follow‐up period, no implant failure was recorded, resulting in 100% implant survival.

Conclusion: Nasal floor elevation might serve as a predictable procedure, which allows implant placement in areas with significant atrophy together with increased implant stability due to the bicortical support.
Inhibitory effect of heat‐killed Lactobacillus strain on immunoglobulin E‐mediated degranulation and late‐phase immune reactions of mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells
Authors: KAWAHARA Takeshi
Published: October 2010

This study investigated the in vitro effect of Lactobacillus strains, a major group of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, on immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐ and antigen‐induced mast cell degranulation and subsequent gene expression. Bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) from DBA/2 mice were cultured with heat‐killed Lactobacillus strains for 24 h. Some strains significantly inhibited IgE‐ and antigen‐induced β‐hexosaminidase release from BMMCs. Furthermore, Lactobacillus reuteri NBRC 15892, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity, significantly reduced the elevated interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐13, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression levels that was induced by 1–2 h of stimulation with IgE and antigens. The suppressive effect of NBRC 15892 strain on BMMC degranulation was significantly reduced in the presence of a toll‐like receptor (TLR)2‐neutralizing antibody. In addition, downregulation of cell surface FcεRIα expression was observed after 6 h of NBRC 15892 treatment. These results suggest that some Lactobacillus strains inhibited IgE‐mediated mast cell degranulation and subsequent late‐phase reactions involving mast cells via a TLR2‐dependent mechanism with FcεRIα downregulation.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—CT MYELOGRAPHY IN A DOG WITH INTRAMEDULLARY INTERVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION
Authors: KENT MARC , HOLMES SHANNON , COHEN ELI , SAKALS SHARISE , ROACH WESLEY , PLATT SIMON , SCHATZBERG SCOTT , HOWERTH ELIZABETH
Published: October 2010

A 5‐year‐old Chihuahua was examined for peracute pain and paraparesis. Neuroanatomic localization was consistent with a symmetric T3‐L3 myelopathy. Computed tomography (CT) of the T9‐L5 vertebrae was normal. Myelography disclosed attenuation of the subarachnoid space from T11 to L1, consistent with spinal cord swelling. CT following the myelogram disclosed a focal area of intramedullary iodinated contrast medium at T13‐L1. At surgery, intervertebral disc material was removed from the spinal cord. Based on the findings in this patient, intramedullary disc herniation should be considered a cause for focal intramedullary contrast medium accumulation.
FDG PET/CT IMAGING IN CANINE CANCER PATIENTS
Authors: HANSEN ANDERS E. , MCEVOY FINTAN , ENGELHOLM SVEND A. , LAW IAN , KRISTENSEN ANNEMARIE T.
Published: October 2010

2‐Deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is becoming increasingly available as an imaging modality in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to report semiquantitative standard uptake values (SUV) of malignant and nonmalignant tissues and organs in canine cancer patients. FDG PET/CT was performed in 14 dogs including, nine mesenchymal tumors, four carcinomas, and one incompletely excised mast cell tumor. A generally higher FDG uptake was observed in carcinomas relative to sarcomas. Maximum SUV of carcinomas ranged from 7.6 to 27.0, and for sarcomas from 2.0 to 10.6. The FDG SUV of several organs and tissues, including regional brain uptake is reported, to serve as a reference for future FDG PET studies in canine cancer patients. Several potential pitfalls have been recognized in interpretation of FDG PET images of human patients, a number of these were also observed in this study.
Core Elements of U.S. Nurse Practice Acts and Incorporation of Nursing Diagnosis Language
Authors: Jarrín Olga F.
Published: October 2010

PURPOSE.  This paper describes the core elements of U.S. nurse practice acts and provides an update of Lavin, Meyer, and Carlson (1999) Review of the Use of Nursing Diagnosis in U.S. Nurse Practice Acts.

METHODS.  Nurse practice acts from all states and the District of Columbia were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis with the software NVivo8.

FINDINGS.  Major themes identified were nursing “care,” nursing process, supervision/delegation, executing the medical regimen, health maintenance/prevention, and teaching nursing. The concept “diagnosis” was a subtheme in 86% of practice acts; however, only 63% utilized “diagnosis” language.

CONCLUSION.  The number of practice acts utilizing nursing “diagnosis” language has remained nearly constant over the past decade.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Consensus on the use of nursing diagnosis language may be facilitated through linkages with nursing theory and revision of the model Nurse Practice Act.
Static and dynamic ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Fischer A. , Flöck A. , Tellhelm B. , Failing K. , Kramer M. , Thiel C.
Published: October 2010

Objective: To determine the feasibility of sonographical examination of hip joints in non‐sedated puppies and to assess the value of static and dynamic ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia (CHD).

Methods: Prospective study was carried out. Five hundred and sixty‐six puppies between the ages of 16 and 49 days underwent sonographical determination of the α‐angle, joint laxity and distraction value (DV). Sonographical parameters were correlated to conventional radiographic CHD classification in the adult dogs.

Results: α‐Angles between 74° and 89° (X±sd=82·8°±2·31°) were measured. Despite the feasibility of sonographical hip assessment in puppies, no statistically significant correlation was found between sonographical determinations of the α‐angle, joint laxity, DV and conventional radiographic hip joint classification at the age of 12 to 24 months.

ClinicalSignificance: Results of our study suggest that static and dynamic ultrasonography of hip joints in puppies between 16 and 49 days of age is technically feasible but cannot be recommended for detecting puppies that will develop CHD between the ages of 12 and 24 months.
Transformation of a thymic branchial cyst to a carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis in a dog
Authors: Levien A. S. , Summers B. A. , Szladovits B. , Benigni L. , Baines S. J.
Published: October 2010

A 9‐year‐old, female neutered Dalmatian was evaluated for acute onset of dyspnoea. Thoracocentesis on presentation yielded 1300 ml sanguineous fluid, while thoracic radiology and ultrasonography showed a mixed‐echoic cavitary cranial mediastinal mass, sternal lymph node enlargement and pleural effusion. Surgical exploration of the thorax revealed a multi‐lobulated red/brown cranial mediastinal mass and multiple similarly coloured ovoid nodules within several lung lobes. Histopathology revealed thymic branchial cysts with neoplastic transformation and examination of the lung was consistent with metastasis. Despite initially recovering well, acute sepsis and pyothorax resulted in cardiac arrest 8 days postoperatively. This is the first veterinary report of neoplastic transformation of a thymic branchial cyst with pulmonary metastasis.
Shallow and deep lunge feeding of humpback whales in fjords of the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Ware Colin , Friedlaender Ari S. , Nowacek Douglas P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) belong to the class of marine mammals known as rorquals that feed through extraordinarily energetic lunges during which they engulf large volumes of water equal to as much as 70% of their body mass. To understand the kinematics of humpback lunge feeding, we attached high‐resolution digital recording tags incorporating accelerometers, magnetometers, pressure and sound recording to whales feeding on euphausiids in fjords of the West Antarctic Peninsula. Instances of near vertical lunges gave us the unique opportunity to use the signal from the accelerometer to obtain a fine scale record of the body accelerations involved in lunging. We found that lunges contain extreme accelerations reaching 2.5 m/s2 in certain instances, which are then followed by decelerations. When animals are intensively feeding the inter‐lunge interval is similar for both deep and shallow lunges suggesting a biomechanical constraint on lunges. However, the number of lunges per dive varies from one for shallow feeding (<25 m) to a median of six for deeper dives. Different feeding patterns were evident in the kinematic record, for deep and shallow feeding bouts with the much greater mean turn rates occurring in shallow feeding.
Seasonal changes in pod characteristics of eastern Australian humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Hervey Bay 1992–2005
Authors: Franklin Trish , Franklin Wally , Brooks Lyndon , Harrison Peter , Baverstock Peter , Clapham Phillip
Published: October 2010

Abstract

We investigated the characteristics and composition of 4,506 humpback whale pods observed in Hervey Bay between 1992 and 2005. We use these data to analyze and model the variability of pod size and composition, and to assess the importance of Hervey Bay for particular classes of humpback whales. Pods ranged in size from one to nine individuals. Pairs were the most frequent pod type (1,344, 29.8%), followed by mother‐calf alone (1,249, 27.7%), trios (759, 16.8%), singletons (717, 15.9%), and 4+ whales (437, 9.7%). Of the 4,506 pods, calves were present in 40%, and 10.8% of all pods had one or more escorts present. Of the 1,804 pods observed with calves present, 1,251 (69.4%) were mothers alone with their calves. The size and composition of pods in the study area varied significantly as the season progressed. Pods with calves present were rarely recorded early in the season but dominated later in the season. A significant increase over years in larger groups may be related to social and behavioral changes as the population expands. The data indicate that Hervey Bay is important to immature males and females early in the season, to mature males and females in mid‐season, and to mother‐calf pairs (either alone or with escorts) in mid‐to‐late season.
A postmortem study of the corpus callosum in the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Authors: Ratner Cecilia , Riise Jesper , Eriksen Nina , Pakkenberg Bente
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Cetaceans diverged from terrestrial mammals approximately 53 mya and have evolved independently since then. During this time period, they have developed a complex nervous system with many adaptations to the marine environment. This study used stereological methods to estimate the total number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in the corpus callosum of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) (n= 4). The total number of callosal fibers was estimated to 55.3 × 106 (range: 49.0 × 106–59.1 × 106). Despite large variations of the callosal area (350–950 mm2), there was little variation in total fiber number. The fibers with diameters ranging from 0.822 to 1.14 μm were the most frequent, which is similar to results obtained in the human brain using the same method. There was no systematic distribution of large‐, middle‐, or small‐sized fibers along the rostrocaudal axis of the corpus callosum. This study indicated that the corpus callosum of the common minke whale is small and has few fibers compared to terrestrial mammals.
Naming psychosis: the Hong Kong experience
Authors: Chiu Cindy P.‐Y. , Lam May M.‐L. , Chan Sherry K.‐W. , Chung Dicky W.‐S. , Hung Se‐Fong , Tang Jennifer Y.‐M. , Wong Gloria H.‐Y. , Hui Christy L.‐M. , Chen Eric Y.‐H.
Published: October 2010

Aim: Schizophrenia translates in Chinese as ‘Mind Split Disease’ which is heavily stigmatizing. The narrow conceptualization for schizophrenia alone was insufficient, in the context of early detection and intervention for psychosis. The need for an effective Chinese translation for psychotic disorders was imminent upon the launch of the Early Assessment Service for Young People with Psychosis in Hong Kong, where public awareness strategies had to be built upon effective communication of the disorder.

Methods: ‘Si Jue Shi Tiao’, the new term for psychosis, described ‘thought and perceptual dysregulation’. This new terminology and concept was strategically introduced to the local community.

Results: The term ‘Si Jue Shi Tiao’ was taken up well locally and had demonstrated interactions within the Chinese and East Asian communities. The public has taken in the broader concept of psychosis, in contrary to the previous concept of schizophrenia per se.

Conclusions: In Hong Kong, the restrictive view of perceiving psychotic disorders as schizophrenia was broadened upon the introduction of a more embracing, less stigmatizing term ‘Si Jue Shi Tiao’. Effective establishment of this term to the local vocabulary allowed a basis for communication as well as public education work. Further evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the naming and to guide further public awareness strategies.
Bifidobacterium population analysis in the infant gut by direct mapping of genomic hybridization patterns: potential for monitoring temporal development and effects of dietary regimens
Authors: Boesten Rolf , Schuren Frank , Ben Amor Kaouther , Haarman Monique , Knol Jan , de Vos Willem M.
Published: October 2010

A bifidobacterial mixed‐species microarray platform was used in a proof‐of‐principle study to address the composition and development of bifidobacteria in DNA extracted from faecal samples. These were collected in a time‐course of 2 years since birth and derived from human infants that were breastfed, standard formula‐fed or received a prebiotic formula during their weaning period. A set of over 50 samples was analysed, testifying for the throughput of the designed platform for multiple genome hybridizations. The generated data revealed that faecal samples of breastfed infants contained a high abundance of genomic DNA homologous to Bifidobacterium breve. In contrast, faecal samples from standard formula‐fed infants lacked detectable amounts of this B. breve DNA but contained genes with high similarity to B. longum. Remarkably, infants that received breastmilk and later a prebiotic formula consisting of a standard formula milk containing a mixture of specific galacto‐ and fructo‐oligosaccharides, continued to harbour a B. breve‐dominant faecal population. One infant that received standard formula in combination with the additional B. lactis Bb12 culture, contained significant amounts of faecal DNA belonging to Bb12 but only during the period of ingestion. The microarray platform showed sufficient sensitivity to analyse the B. breve group at the strain level. Overall, the B. breve populations observed in the faecal samples of the studied infants showed a stable composition over time and were unique per infant. In conclusion, our results show the applicability of comparative genome hybridization to study bifidobacterial populations in infant faecal samples without the use of any amplification step.