bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory and Functionality Differences of Whey Protein Isolate Bleached by Hydrogen or Benzoyl Peroxide
Authors: Smith Tucker J. , Foegeding E. Allen , Drake MaryAnne
Published: August 2015

Whey protein is a highly functional food ingredient used in a wide variety of applications. A large portion of fluid whey produced in the United States is derived from Cheddar cheese manufacture and contains annatto (norbixin), and therefore must be bleached. The objective of this study was to compare sensory and functionality differences between whey protein isolate (WPI) bleached by benzoyl peroxide (BP) or hydrogen peroxide (HP). HP and BP bleached WPI and unbleached controls were manufactured in triplicate. Descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry were conducted to determine flavor differences between treatments. Functionality differences were evaluated by measurement of foam stability, protein solubility, SDS‐PAGE, and effect of NaCl concentration on gelation relative to an unbleached control. HP bleached WPI had higher concentrations of lipid oxidation and sulfur containing volatile compounds than both BP and unbleached WPI (P < 0.05). HP bleached WPI was characterized by high aroma intensity, cardboard, cabbage, and fatty flavors, while BP bleached WPI was differentiated by low bitter taste. Overrun and yield stress were not different among WPI (P < 0.05). Soluble protein loss at pH 4.6 of WPI decreased by bleaching with either hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide (P < 0.05), and the heat stability of WPI was also distinct among WPI (P < 0.05). SDS PAGE results suggested that bleaching of whey with either BP or HP resulted in protein degradation, which likely contributed to functionality differences. These results demonstrate that bleaching has flavor effects as well as effects on many of the functionality characteristics of whey proteins.
Long‐term outcome of endoscopic and surgical resection for foregut neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Jung Hee Jae , Hong Su Jin , Han Jae Pil , Kim Hyun Su , Jeong Gui‐Ae , Cho Gyu‐Seok , Kim Hee Kyoung , Ko Bong Min , Lee Moon Sung
Published: August 2015

Objective

Endoscopic resection (ER) of foregut neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is increasingly performed instead of surgery. This study aimed to compare the long‐term therapeutic outcomes of ER and surgical resection (SR) for foregut NETs.

Methods

From 2002 to 2012, a total of 49 patients with histologically confirmed foregut NETs were treated by ER (n = 33) and SR (n = 16). The clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Of the 33 patients who underwent ER [endoscopic mucosal resection (n = 26), endoscopic mucosal dissection (n = 7)], 32 were diagnosed as NET‐G1 and NET‐G2, and the other as neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Of the 16 patients who underwent SR, 10 were diagnosed as NET‐G1, 2 as NET‐G2 and 4 as NEC. The median tumor size was significantly smaller in the ER group compared with the SR group (7 mm vs 19 mm, P = 0.001). In almost all patients treated with ER (32/33), NET invasion was limited to the mucosa and submucosa. Non‐curative resections were observed in 24.2% of the patients in the ER group (8/33) and 25.0% in the SR group (4/16). No recurrence occurred in NET cases with positive resection margins by ER. However, all cases of non‐curative resection with lymphatic invasion (one in the ER group and four in the SR group) developed liver metastasis during the follow‐up despite complete resection, and all these five patients has histologically confirmed NECs.

Conclusion

NET patients treated by ER may have a good prognosis if the tumor size is small and histologically low grade without lymphatic invasion.
Positive relationship between p42.3 gene and inflammation in chronic non‐atrophic gastritis
Authors: Chen Ping , Cui Yun , Fu Qing Yan , Lu You Yong , Fang Jing Yuan , Chen Xiao Yu
Published: August 2015

Objective

Gastric cancer (GC) is a typical type of inflammation‐related tumor. The p42.3 gene is shown to be highly expressed in GC, but its association with gastritis remains unknown. We aimed to explore the relationship between gastric inflammation and p42.3 gene in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Normal gastric epithelial cells (GES‐1) were treated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Total cell mRNA and protein were extracted and collected, and polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to determine the relative expression of p42.3 gene. In total, 291 biopsy samples from patients with chronic non‐atrophic gastritis were collected and immunohistochemistry was used to measure the p42.3 protein expression. The association between p42.3 protein expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were analyzed.

Results

Both H. pylori and TNF‐α significantly enhanced the p42.3 protein expression in GES‐1 cells in a time and dose‐dependent manner. In addition, p42.3 gene expression was positively associated with the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation and H. pylori infection (P = 0.000). Its expression was significantly more common in severe gastric inflammation and in H. pylori‐infected cases.

Conclusion

p42.3 gene expression is associated with gastric mucosal inflammation that can be upregulated by TNF‐α and H. pylori infection.
Paleoecology of Oligocarpia gothanii Halle from the Middle Permian of Southeastern Shanxi, North China
Authors: Xuezhi HE , Mingli WAN , Mengxiao YAN , Chen CHENG , Shijun WANG , Jun WANG
Published: August 2015

Fossil ferns are abundant and diverse in the Permian Cathaysian Flora of Shanxi, North China. Although plants assemblages of the Carboniferous and Permian have been extensively investigated, their palaeoecology and especially the paleoecology of ferns has not been studied in detail. Recent reinvestigation of Oligocarpia gothanii has revealed its growth habit and cloning reproduction strategy, but most previous studies lack integrated sedimentological and taphonomic data. In this study, new materials of O. gothanii have been collected from a floodplain setting in the middle Permian Lower Shihhotse Formation of southeastern Shanxi. These plant fossils were found in a lenticular claystone associated with rooting structures. They are characterized by aphlebia at the base of the penultimate rachis. Sedimentological, taphonomic and morphological analyses were conducted to understand the growth habit and ecology of the fern. The result indicates that the Oligocarpia gothanii had a prostrate, ground cover growth habit, and was dominant in pioneer floras that colonized disturbed floodplains.
Recent Activity of the Badu‐Longwei Segment, Guguan‐Xiangong Fault in Southern Liupanshan, Constrained by Rhythmic Sediment Lithology and Geomorphic Characteristics
Authors: Zhigang SHI , Daoyang YUAN , Wengui HE , Xingwang LIU , Jun WANG
Published: August 2015

This study's objective was to investigate the Guguan‐Xiangong Fault, which lies in the southern Liupanshan area, through satellite image interpretation and field observations. Guguan‐Xiangong Fault is divided into five subsegments; among these, the Badu‐Longwei segment has been the most recently active. The geomorphic features of the Badu‐Longwei segment are clearly displayed, including multiple high fault scarps with fresh bedrock free faces. There is significant evidence for Holocene activity of the three fault sections, located in Renhuashu, Tianjiagou, and Xinjiecun respectively. The three sections feature distinct episodic deposition and fault scratches. Based on 14C‐dating and field observations on the three fault sections, two or more paleoearthquakes across the Badu‐Longwei fault segment are ascertained, between 5874±116 and 5430±140 a BP, and after 2037±83 a BP respectively. The Badu‐Longwei segment of the Guguan‐Xiangong Fault is preliminarily extrapolated as the seismogenic structure of the 600 A.D. Qin‐Long earthquake.
Sedimentation Rate Rhythms: Evidence from Filling of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Shuping CHEN , Zhijun JIN , Yi WANG , Ziyong ZHOU , Jingchang LI , Weili YANG
Published: August 2015

Variations of sedimentation rate within a basin over geologic time are a time series that can be filtered into several cyclic wave curves. Based on back‐stripping and the empirical mode decomposition method, the cores from 14 wells in the Tarim Basin were selected to do filtering analysis. Four cycles or quasi‐cycles (33 Ma, 64.4 Ma, 103.6 Ma, and 224 Ma) were obtained. Among these, the 33 Ma period, which was related to the internal earth activity, an external force, or a combination of the two, was the most obvious. The 64.4 Ma period corresponded to the solar system crossing the galaxy plane or the periodic melting of inner‐earth material. The 103.6 Ma period was related with plate collisional tectonism around the Tarim Plate. The 224 Ma period was related to one galaxy year and may also be related to the aesthenospherical convection cycle.
A Preliminary Review on the Metallogeny of Pb‐Zn Deposits in China
Authors: Changqing ZHANG , Huan LIU , Denghong WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Zongyao RUI , Debo LOU , Yue WU , Fudong JIA , Zhenghui CHEN , Xuyang MENG
Published: August 2015

Lead and zinc resources are abundant in China, with the reserves of 100 million tons ranking only second in the world. There are more than 3000 lead‐zinc mine areas nationwide. The classification of lead‐zinc (Pb‐Zn) deposits has been a highly controversial issue. From the standpoint of evaluating the potential of mineral resources, we construct a Pb‐Zn deposit predictive type of classification scheme, and propose a Pb‐Zn deposit comprehensive classification scheme (including 5 classes and 13 sub‐types) that regards mineralization as the primary factor and the ore rock as secondary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of Pb‐Zn deposits, we conclude that a multi‐period, multi‐cycle orogenic environment is the most favorable for lead‐zinc deposit growth, that the Proterozoic is the major eon for the growth of igneous‐type deposits, the Paleozoic is an important development era for sedimentary Pb‐Zn deposits, and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are the heyday eras of magmatic type lead‐zinc deposits. On this basis, we analyse the relationship between tectonic evolution and Pb‐Zn metallogenic, and propose that the key factors determining geological mineralization are the metallogenic epoch of mineralization and tectonic environment, which determine the temporal and spatial distribution.
Morcellation of occult uterine malignancies: an Australian single institution retrospective study
Authors: Tan Adeline , Salfinger Stuart , Tan Jason , Cohen Paul
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Morcellation for tissue extraction during laparoscopic hysterectomy or myomectomy has recently been questioned because of the potential to spread occult uterine cancers. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) issued a safety advisory in August 2014, estimating the risk of occult malignancy in the Australian population to be one in 1000 or lower, based on estimates from overseas studies in the absence of any local data.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occult uterine malignancies in morcellated surgical specimens at St John of God Hospital in Perth, Western Australia.

Materials and Methods

All women who had a hysterectomy or myomectomy with morcellation of the surgical specimen for presumed benign uterine fibroids at our institution from 01 November 2009 to 12 March 2015 were identified and stratified into benign disease, uncertain malignant potential and malignant.

Results

Seven hundred and thirty‐four women were included, and three malignancies were identified: two cases with leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and another with an endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC). One case of serous tubal in situ carcinoma (STIC) and two cases of benign metastasising leiomyoma/leiomyomatosis were also identified. The overall risk of malignancy in a morcellated surgical specimen was 0.41% (three in 734). The risk of morcellating an incidental uterine malignancy was 0.27% for LMS and 0.14% for EAC. All three incidental malignancies were diagnosed in premenopausal women.

Conclusions

The risk of unintended morcellation of uterine malignancy in our study is higher than that estimated by the Australian TGA and highlights the urgent need for further studies in Australia.
Auscultate, palpate and tap: time to re‐evaluate
Authors: Hawkes GA , Hawkes CP , Kenosi M , Demeulemeester J , Livingstone V , Ryan CA , Dempsey EM
Published: August 2015

Aim

To determine the accuracy of current methods of heart rate (HR) assessment.

Methods

All participants palpated a simulated pulsating umbilicus (UMB), listened to a tapping rate (TAP) and auscultated a simulated HR (AUSC). A simulated HR of 54, 88 and 128 beats per minute (bpm) was randomised for all methods.

Results

Twenty‐nine healthcare staff participated in this study. Correct assessment of HR of 54 bpm as being within the 0‐59 range occurred in 17.2% UMB, 17.2% TAP and 31% AUSC and was obtained in <10 seconds by 48.3%, 65.5% and 62.1%, respectively. A rate of 88 bpm was correctly assessed as within the 60–100 range in 82.8% UMB, 79.3% TAP and 79.3% AUSC and was obtained in <10 seconds by 55.2%, 58.6% and 55.2%, respectively. A rate of 128 bpm was identified as >100 bpm by 96.6% UMB, 93.1% TAP, and 93.1% AUSC and was obtained in <10 seconds by 51.7%, 55.2% and 62.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

Current methods in assessing rates below 60 bpm are inaccurate and may overestimate HR. We recommend that these methods alone should not be relied upon in neonatal resuscitation and objective assessment of heart rate should be readily available at all newborn resuscitations.
Physiological characteristics of patients with schizophrenia prematurely dying from circulatory diseases
Authors: Chen Pao‐Huan , Tsai Shang‐Ying , Kuo Chian‐Jue , Chung Kuo‐Hsuan , Huang Shou‐Hung , Chen Chiao‐Chicy
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Patients with schizophrenia before reaching geriatric age are at high risk of circulatory mortality. However, investigations are lacking on the characteristics of physiological measurement among these at‐risk patients.

Methods

In this study, we followed acutely inpatients with schizophrenia disorder for cause of death through record linkage to the Death Certification System in Taiwan. Cases of patients who died because of circulatory morbidity (ICD–9 401–443) before turning 65 years old were used. Each schizophrenia case was then matched with two mentally healthy controls for the age and sex, and date of laboratory examination. Clinical data of all subjects were obtained by reviewing medical records.

Results

Totally, 81 patients with schizophrenia who died from circulatory diseases at mean ages of 48.0 ± 10.7 years were investigated. The mean age at the final acute psychiatric hospitalization was 43.0 ± 10.9 years. Multivariate analysis showed that elevated fasting serum glucose levels (95% confidence interval [CI] for odds ratio (OR) = 1.00–1.03), blood leukocyte counts (95% CI for odds ratio (OR) = 1.07–1.55), and heart rates on electrocardiogram (95% CI for OR = 1.04–1.10) in the final psychiatric hospitalization collectively provided the predictive validity for premature circulatory death.

Conclusion

Systemic inflammatory activation and autonomic nervous system dysfunction along with dysregulation of glucose metabolism rather than lipids could be the physiological characteristics of schizophrenia patients at risk of premature circulatory mortality.
Efficacy of thiopurines and adalimumab in preventing Crohn's disease recurrence in high‐risk patients – a POCER study analysis
Authors: De Cruz P. , Kamm M. A. , Hamilton A. L. , Ritchie K. J. , Krejany E. O. , Gorelik A. , Liew D. , Prideaux L. , Lawrance I. C. , Andrews J. M. , Bampton P. A. , Jakobovits S. , Florin T. H. , Gibson P. R. , Debinski H. , Gearry R. B. , Macrae F. A. , Leong R. W. , Kronborg I. , Radford‐Smith G. , Selby W. , Johnston M. J. , Woods R. , Elliott P. R. , Bell S. J. , Brown S. J. , Connell W. R. , Desmond P. V.
Published: August 2015

Background

Crohn's disease recurs in the majority of patients after intestinal resection.

Aim

To compare the relative efficacy of thiopurines and anti‐TNF therapy in patients at high risk of disease recurrence.

Methods

As part of a larger study comparing post‐operative management strategies, patients at high risk of recurrence (smoker, perforating disease, ≥2nd operation) were treated after resection of all macroscopic disease with 3 months metronidazole together with either azathioprine 2 mg/kg/day or mercaptopurine 1.5 mg/kg/day. Thiopurine‐intolerant patients received adalimumab induction then 40 mg fortnightly. Patients underwent colonoscopy at 6 months with endoscopic recurrence assessed blind to treatment.

Results

A total of 101 patients [50% male; median (IQR) age 36 (25–46) years] were included. There were no differences in disease history between thiopurine‐ and adalimumab‐treated patients. Fifteen patients withdrew prior to 6 months, five due to symptom recurrence (of whom four were colonoscoped). Endoscopic recurrence (Rutgeerts score i2–i4) occurred in 33 of 73 (45%) thiopurine vs. 6 of 28 (21%) adalimumab‐treated patients [intention‐to‐treat (ITT); P = 0.028] or 24 of 62 (39%) vs. 3 of 24 (13%) respectively [per‐protocol analysis (PPA); P = 0.020]. Complete mucosal endoscopic normality (Rutgeerts i0) occurred in 17/73 (23%) vs. 15/28 (54%) (ITT; P = 0.003) and in 27% vs. 63% (PPA; P = 0.002). The most advanced disease (Rutgeerts i3 and i4) occurred in 8% vs. 4% (thiopurine vs. adalimumab).

Conclusions

In Crohn's disease patients at high risk of post‐operative recurrence adalimumab is superior to thiopurines in preventing early disease recurrence.
Peripheral blood eosinophils and other non‐invasive biomarkers can monitor treatment response in eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Schlag C. , Miehlke S. , Heiseke A. , Brockow K. , Krug A. , von Arnim U. , Straumann A. , Vieth M. , Bussmann C. , Mueller R. , Greinwald R. , Bajbouj M.
Published: August 2015

Background

Monitoring of the treatment response in eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) requires structured endoscopical and histological examination of the oesophagus. Less invasive methods would be highly desirable.

Aim

To evaluate the utility of several EoE‐associated blood and serum markers in order to non‐invasively monitor the response to treatment with swallowed topical corticosteroids in adult EoE patients.

Methods

In a randomised, controlled double‐blind trial blood samples of EoE patients (n = 69) were collected at baseline and after 14 days of treatment with budesonide (n = 51) or placebo (n = 18) respectively. Absolute blood eosinophil count (AEC) as well as serum levels of CCL‐17, CCL‐18, CCL‐26, eosinophil‐cationic‐protein (ECP) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) were determined and correlated with oesophageal eosinophil density and with symptom and endoscopy scores.

Results

Histological remission, defined as mean number of <16 eos/mm2 hpf at end‐of‐treatment, was achieved in 98% of the budesonide and 0% of the placebo recipients. AEC [380.2 vs. 214.7/mm3 (P = 0.0001)], serum‐CCL‐17 [294.3 vs. 257.9 pg/mL (P = 0.0019)], ‐CCL‐26 [26.7 vs. 16.2 pg/mL (P = 0.0058)], ‐ECP [45.5 ± 44.7 vs. 27.5 ± 25.0 μg/L (P = 0.0016)] and ‐MCT [5.3 ± 2.9 vs. 4.5 ± 2.6 μg/L (P = 0.0019)] significantly decreased under budesonide but not under placebo. AEC significantly correlated with oesophageal eosinophil density before (r = 0.28, P = 0.0236) and after (r = 0.42, P = 0.0004) budesonide treatment. In ROC‐AUC analyses post‐treatment values of AEC were significantly associated with histological remission (ROC‐AUC 0.754; 95% CI: 0.617–0.891; P = 0.0003).

Conclusions

The budesonide‐induced treatment response in EoE is mirrored by several blood and serum markers, and the absolute blood eosinophil count is the most valuable as it shows correlation with the oesophageal eosinophil density.
The Silversmith's Workshop of Tira Del Lienzo (Totana, Murcia) In The Context of Iberian Bronze Age Metallurgy
Authors: Delgado‐Raack S. , Lull V. , Martin K. , Micó R. , Rihuete Herrada C. , Risch R.
Published: August 2015

The south‐east of the Iberian Peninsula saw deep social and political changes at the dawn of the second millennium bce. The emergence of important economic asymmetries inside communities was apparently based to a large extent on control of the secondary metallurgical production process; namely, forging. In this sense, the recently excavated architectural complex at the Argaric site of Tira del Lienzo constitutes an exceptional finding. At this site a series of macrolithic artefacts were recorded, which were related to the forging of metals and, more specifically, to the working of silver, according to morpho‐technological and functional studies (use‐wear and residue analysis).
Laparoscopic surgery for esophageal achalasia: Multiport vs single‐incision approach
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyazaki Yasuhiro , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Makino Tomoki , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yamasaki Makoto , Miyata Hiroshi , Takiguchi Shuji , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro
Published: August 2015

Introduction

SILS can potentially improve aesthetic outcomes without adversely affecting treatment outcomes, but these outcomes are uncertain in laparoscopic Heller–Dor surgery. We determined if the degree of patient satisfaction with aesthetic outcomes progressed with the equivalent treatment outcomes after the introduction of a single‐incision approach to laparoscopic Heller–Dor surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 20 consecutive esophageal achalasia patients (multiport approach, n = 10; single‐incision approach, n = 10) and assessed the treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction with the aesthetic outcomes.

Results

In the single‐incision approach, thin supportive devices were routinely used to gain exposure to the esophageal hiatus. No statistically significant differences in the operating time (210.2 ± 28.8 vs 223.5 ± 46.3 min; P = 0.4503) or blood loss (14.0 ± 31.7 vs 16.0 ± 17.8 mL; P = 0.8637) were detected between the multiport and single‐incision approaches. We experienced no intraoperative complications. Mild dysphagia, which resolved spontaneously, was noted postoperatively in one patient treated with the multiport approach. The reduction rate of the maximum lower esophageal sphincter pressure was 25.1 ± 34.4% for the multiport approach and 21.8 ± 19.2% for the single‐incision approach (P = 0.8266). Patient satisfaction with aesthetic outcomes was greater for the single‐incision approach than for the multiport approach.

Conclusion

When single‐incision laparoscopic Heller–Dor surgery was performed adequately and combined with the use of thin supportive devices, patient satisfaction with the aesthetic outcomes was higher and treatment outcomes were equivalent to those of the multiport approach.
Effect of transportation and pre‐slaughter water shower spray with resting on AMP‐activated protein kinase, glycolysis and meat quality of broilers during summer
Authors: Xing Tong , Xu Xinglian , Jiang Nannan , Deng ShaoLin
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pre‐slaughter transport during summer and subsequent water shower spray on stress, postmortem glycolysis, energy metabolism and adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in Pectoralis major (PM) muscle of broilers. Results indicated that transport during high ambient temperature induced the release of plasma corticosterone, which significantly affected stress conditions. Moreover, we found a lower energy status in the early postmortem period compared to the control group. AMPK was activated in this situation, following by the rapid glycolysis and accumulation of lactic acid, leading to a high incidence of pale, soft, exudative (PSE)‐like meat. Water shower spray with resting after transport relieved the stress situation, recovered energy homeostasis and lessened the deterioration of meat quality. As a key molecular target for the control of energy status, AMPK has a similar potential in regulating postmortem muscle glycolysis of broilers as in mammals.
Suspected ivermectin resistance in a south‐east Queensland Parascaris equorum population
Authors: Beasley A , Coleman G , Kotze AC
Published: August 2015

Background

There have been several international reports of macrocyclic lactone (ML)‐resistant Parascaris equorum over the past decade, but the resistance status of Australian P. equorum populations is largely unknown. A case of apparent reduced efficacy of ivermectin against P. equorum in Australia was investigated.

Methods and Results

A faecal egg count reduction test carried out on a group of weanling foals in south‐east Queensland showed the efficacy of ivermectin to be 65%.

Conclusion

The case highlights the need to review current worm control strategies, especially for young horses.
Fluorescence‐ and bioluminescence‐based approaches to study GPCR ligand binding
Authors: Stoddart Leigh A , White Carl W , Nguyen Kim , Hill Stephen J , Pfleger Kevin D G
Published: August 2015

Ligand binding is a vital component of any pharmacologist's toolbox and allows the detailed investigation of how a molecule binds to its receptor. These studies enable the experimental determination of binding affinity of labelled and unlabelled compounds through kinetic, saturation (Kd) and competition (Ki) binding assays. Traditionally, these studies have used molecules labelled with radioisotopes; however, more recently, fluorescent ligands have been developed for this purpose. This review will briefly cover receptor ligand binding theory and then discuss the use of fluorescent ligands with some of the different technologies currently employed to examine ligand binding. Fluorescent ligands can be used for direct measurement of receptor‐associated fluorescence using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry as well as in assays such as fluorescence polarization, where ligand binding is monitored by changes in the free rotation when a fluorescent ligand is bound to a receptor. Additionally, fluorescent ligands can act as donors or acceptors for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with the development of assays based on FRET and time‐resolved FRET (TR‐FRET). Finally, we have recently developed a novel bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) ligand binding assay utilizing a small (19 kDa), super‐bright luciferase subunit (NanoLuc) from a deep sea shrimp. In combination with fluorescent ligands, measurement of RET now provides an array of methodologies to study ligand binding. While each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, binding studies using fluorescent ligands are now a viable alternative to the use of radioligands.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc
Do Children See in Black and White? Children's and Adults' Categorizations of Multiracial Individuals
Authors: Roberts Steven O. , Gelman Susan A.
Published: August 2015

Categorizations of multiracial individuals provide insight into the development of racial concepts. Children's (4–13 years) and adults', both White (Study 1) and Black (Study 2; N = 387), categorizations of multiracial individuals were examined. White children (unlike Black children) more often categorized multiracial individuals as Black than as White in the absence of parentage information. White and Black adults (unlike children) more often categorized multiracial individuals as Black than as White, even when knowing the individuals' parentage. Children's rates of in‐group contact predicted their categorizations. These data suggest that a tendency to categorize multiracial individuals as Black relative to White emerges early in development and results from perceptual biases in White children but ideological motives in White and Black adults.
Scientific Interests of 21st Century Clinical Oral Implant Research: Topical Trend Analysis
Authors: Pommer Bernhard , Valkova Vesela , Ubaidha Maheen Ceeneena , Fürhauser Lukas , Rausch‐Fan Xiaohui , Seeman Rudolf
Published: August 2015

Background

Discrimination between ongoing and solved research questions may help to distinguish established dogmas from evidence‐based implant dentistry.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate topics of interest in the field of oral implant science and evolving thematic trends in clinical studies during the last decade.

Materials and Methods

Electronic and manual searches of English literature were performed to identify clinical studies on oral implants. Out of 15,695 publications screened, 2,875 clinical investigations were included.

Results

Among the most prevalent topics were immediate loading (14.3%), bone substitutes (11.6%), lateral sinus grafting (10.7%), implant overdentures (10.5%), single‐tooth implant crowns (8.8%), cross‐arch implant bridges (8.0%), immediate implant placement (7.5%), implant surfaces (7.0%), simultaneous implant placement and augmentation (6.4%) as well as guided bone regeneration (5.3%). Significant increase of scientific interest was seen in immediate loading (+6.3%, p < .001), platform switching (+2.9%, p < 0.001), lateral sinus grafting (+2.3%, p = .024), flapless implant surgery (+2.2%, p < 0.001), and guided implant surgery (+1.9%, p = .011), while research on implant overdentures (−6.6%, p = .033) and tooth‐to‐implant connection (−2.5%, p = .010) was on the decline.

Conclusions

Literature coverage, since the beginning of the 21st century, has seen greater focus on surgical topics compared to prosthodontic issues (p = .005) while only few topics experienced decrease of interest indicating scientific consensus.
An Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Antipsychotic Use in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Burghardt Kyle J. , Evans Simon J. , Wiese Kristen M. , Ellingrod Vicki L.
Published: August 2015

Background

Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) use in bipolar disorder is common and has proven effective in short‐term trials. There continues to be a lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying many of their positive and negative effects in bipolar disorder. This study aimed to describe the metabolite profiles of bipolar subjects treated with SGAs by comparing to metabolite profiles of bipolar subjects treated with lithium, and schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs.

Methods

Cross‐sectional, fasting untargeted serum metabolomic profiling was conducted in 82 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 30 on SGAs and n = 32 on lithium) or schizophrenia (n = 20). Metabolomic profiles of bipolar subjects treated with SGAs were compared to bipolar subjects treated with lithium and schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs using multivariate methods.

Results

Partial lease square discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) plots showed separation between bipolar subjects treated with SGAs, bipolar subjects treated with lithium, or schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs. Top influential metabolite features were associated with several pathways including that of polyunsaturated fatty acids, pyruvate, glucose, and branched chain amino acids.

Conclusions

The findings from this study require further validation in pre‐ and posttreated bipolar and schizophrenia subjects, but suggest that the pharmacometabolome may be diagnosis specific.
Current diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Alter Mareike , Hillen Uwe , Leiter Ulrike , Sachse Michael , Gutzmer Ralf
Published: August 2015

Basal cell carcinoma represents is most common tumor in fair‐skinned individuals. In Germany, age‐standardized incidence rates are 63 (women) and 80 (men) per 100,000 population per year. Early lesions may be difficult to diagnose merely on clinical grounds. Here, noninvasive diagnostic tools such as optical coherence tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy may be helpful. The clinical diagnosis is usually confirmed by histology. Standard therapy consists of complete excision with thorough histological examination, either by means of micrographic surgery or, depending on tumor size and location as well as infiltration, using surgical margins of 3–5 mm or more. In particular, multiple basal cell carcinomas (such as in Gorlin‐Goltz syndrome) and locally advanced as well as rarely also metastatic basal cell carcinoma may pose a therapeutic challenge. In superficial basal cell carcinoma, nonsurgical therapies such as photodynamic therapy or topical agents may be considered. In case of locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma, an interdisciplinary tumor board should issue therapeutic recommendations. These include radiation therapy as well as systemic therapy with a hedgehog inhibitor.
Evacuating People with Mobility‐Challenges in a Short‐Notice Disaster
Authors: Apte Aruna , Heath Susan K. , Pico Andres , Ronny Tan Yong Hui
Published: August 2015

In past disasters, arrangements have been made to evacuate people without their own transportation, requiring them to gather at select locations to be evacuated. Unfortunately, this type of plan does not help those people who are unable to move themselves to the designated meeting locations. In the United States, according to the Post‐Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006, state or local governments have the responsibility to coordinate evacuation plans for all populations. These include those with disabilities. However, few, if any, have plans in place for those who are mobility‐challenged. The problem of evacuating mobility‐challenged people from their individual locations in a short‐notice disaster is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. In order to develop the model and select a solution approach, we surveyed related literature. Based on our review, we formulate the problem and develop an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve it. We then test two different versions of the ACO algorithm on five stylized datasets with several different parameter settings.
Earlier intensified insulin treatment of Type 1 diabetes and its association with long‐term macrovascular and renal complications
Authors: Rathsman B. , Donner M. , Ursing C. , Nyström T.
Published: August 2015

Aims

To investigate the incidence of all‐cause mortality, composite mortality and morbidity in people with Type 1 diabetes formerly randomized in the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study.

Methods

A total of 102 people with Type 1 diabetes were randomized in the period 1982–1984 to intensified conventional treatment or standard treatment with insulin for a mean of 7.5 years. We prospectively re‐evaluated this cohort for the period until 2011 with regard to all‐cause mortality and composite mortality, which consisted of myocardial infarction, stroke and end‐stage renal disease as primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints were first‐time hospitalization for myocardial infarction and stroke or end‐stage renal disease. Data on HbA1c levels (mean of 22 values/person) were retrospectively collected between 1996 and 2011.

Results

During the median follow‐up of 28 years, 22 people died: seven in the intensified conventional insulin group compared with 15 in the standard treatment group (P = 0.30). With regard to composite mortality, six people in the intensified conventional insulin group died compared with 11 in the standard treatment group (P = 0.56). For the secondary endpoints, 11 people in the intensified conventional insulin group developed myocardial infarction or stroke compared with 17 in the standard treatment group (P = 0.72), and one person in the intensified conventional insulin compared with seven people in the standard treatment group developed end‐stage renal disease (P = 0.09). Mean HbA1c levels did not differ between groups during the follow‐up years.

Conclusions

All‐cause mortality, cardiovascular morbidity and progression to end‐stage renal disease did not differ in people with Type 1 diabetes earlier randomized to intensified insulin treatment.
‘Random‐flight’ dispersal in tropical fruit‐feeding butterflies? High mobility, long lifespans and no home ranges
Authors: MARCHANT NICHOLAS C. , PURWANTO ARI , HARSANTO FRANSISKUS A. , BOYD NICHOLAS S. , HARRISON MARK E. , HOULIHAN PETER R.
Published: August 2015

1. Tropical fruit‐feeding Nymphalidae butterflies are widely used in research, monitoring, and conservation projects, but to date a key aspect of their behaviour – dispersal – remains poorly understood. They have anecdotally been described as ‘relatively sedentary’ based on movement vectors from mark‐recapture studies, but this may be inaccurate because plot‐based studies in small sampling areas often underrepresent long‐distance movements.

2. Based on data from a peat‐swamp forest in Borneo, it was found that these butterflies may be much more mobile than previously thought, as they frequently moved distances of 1–2 km between sampling plots. Median daily movements were approximately 200–250 m, and over lifespans of one or more months these movements may sum to total life‐time dispersals of several kilometres.

3. Recapture rates for long‐distance movements between sampling plots were between 28.2% and 41.6% of the re‐encounter rates that would be predicted by a random‐walk approximation/Brownian motion (without accounting for survival rates), supporting the hypothesis that it is a suitable model of dispersal in this group, although further research is needed to confirm this.

4. There was no evidence that butterflies occupied permanent home ranges, and it is suggested that a permanent home range or territorial behaviour would be maladaptive in this group. Pseudo‐replication caused by ‘trap‐happy’ behaviour was not found to be widespread, and some recommendations are provided regarding the treatment of recapture data in trap‐based studies.

5. These findings substantially increase the spatial parameters for future research and conservation projects in this group and are also applicable to theoretical modelling studies.

An abstract for this article in Bahasa Indonesia is included in the online supporting information File S1.
Cutting efficiency of diamond burs operated with electric high‐speed dental handpiece on zirconia
Authors: Nakamura Keisuke , Katsuda Yusuke , Ankyu Shuhei , Harada Akio , Tenkumo Taichi , Kanno Taro , Niwano Yoshimi , Egusa Hiroshi , Milleding Percy , Örtengren Ulf
Published: August 2015

Zirconia‐based dental restorations are becoming used more commonly. However, limited attention has been given to the difficulties experienced, concerning cutting, in removing the restorations when needed. The aim of the present study was to compare the cutting efficiency of diamond burs, operated using an electric high‐speed dental handpiece, on zirconia (Zir) with those on lithium disilicate glass–ceramic (LD) and leucite glass–ceramic (L). In addition, evaluation of the cutting efficiency of diamond burs on Zir of different thicknesses was performed. Specimens of Zir were prepared with thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mm, and specimens of LD and L were prepared with a thickness of 1.0 mm. Cutting tests were performed using diamond burs with super coarse (SC) and coarse (C) grains. The handpiece was operated at 150,000 rpm with a cutting force of 0.9 N. The results demonstrated that cutting of Zir took about 1.5‐ and 7‐fold longer than cutting of LD and L, respectively. The SC grains showed significantly higher cutting efficiency on Zir than the C grains. However, when the thickness of Zir increased, the cutting depth was significantly decreased. As it is suggested that cutting of zirconia is time consuming, this should be taken into consideration in advance when working with zirconia restorations.
Past and future evolution of Abies alba forests in Europe – comparison of a dynamic vegetation model with palaeo data and observations
Authors: Ruosch Melanie , Spahni Renato , Joos Fortunat , Henne Paul D. , van der Knaap Willem O. , Tinner Willy
Published: August 2015

Information on how species distributions and ecosystem services are impacted by anthropogenic climate change is important for adaptation planning. Palaeo data suggest that Abies alba formed forests under significantly warmer‐than‐present conditions in Europe and might be a native substitute for widespread drought‐sensitive temperate and boreal tree species such as beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under future global warming conditions. Here, we combine pollen and macrofossil data, modern observations, and results from transient simulations with the LPX‐Bern dynamic global vegetation model to assess past and future distributions of A. alba in Europe. LPX‐Bern is forced with climate anomalies from a run over the past 21 000 years with the Community Earth System Model, modern climatology, and with 21st‐century multimodel ensemble results for the high‐emission RCP8.5 and the stringent mitigation RCP2.6 pathway. The simulated distribution for present climate encompasses the modern range of A. alba, with the model exceeding the present distribution in north‐western and southern Europe. Mid‐Holocene pollen data and model results agree for southern Europe, suggesting that at present, human impacts suppress the distribution in southern Europe. Pollen and model results both show range expansion starting during the Bølling–Allerød warm period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cold, and resuming during the Holocene. The distribution of A. alba expands to the north‐east in all future scenarios, whereas the potential (currently unrealized) range would be substantially reduced in southern Europe under RCP8.5. A. alba maintains its current range in central Europe despite competition by other thermophilous tree species. Our combined palaeoecological and model evidence suggest that A. alba may ensure important ecosystem services including stand and slope stability, infrastructure protection, and carbon sequestration under significantly warmer‐than‐present conditions in central Europe.
Novel, human cell line‐derived recombinant factor VIII (human‐cl rhFVIII; Nuwiq®) in adults with severe haemophilia A: efficacy and safety
Authors: Lissitchkov T. , Hampton K. , von Depka M. , Hay C. , Rangarajan S. , Tuddenham E. , Holstein K. , Huth‐Kühne A. , Pabinger I. , Knaub S. , Bichler J. , Oldenburg J.
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Nuwiq® [human cell line‐derived recombinant factor VIII (human‐cl rhFVIII)] is a new generation rFVIII protein, without chemical modification or fusion to any other protein, produced in a human cell line.

Aim/methods

This prospective, open‐label, multinational phase III study assessed the efficacy and safety of human‐cl rhFVIII in 32 adult previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe haemophilia A during standard prophylaxis for ≥6 months and ≥50 exposure days. Efficacy in treating bleeds and during surgical prophylaxis was also assessed.

Results

Prophylactic efficacy, based on mean monthly bleeding rate, was rated as ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 97% of patients for all bleeds and in 100% of patients for spontaneous bleeds. Mean (SD) annualized bleeding rate was 2.28 (3.73) [median = 0.9] for all bleeds, 1.16 (2.57) [median = 0] for spontaneous bleeds and 1.00 (1.79) [median = 0] for traumatic bleeds. There were no bleeds in 50% of patients and there were no major, life‐threatening bleeds. Efficacy was ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in treating 28 (100%) of 28 bleeds. Overall efficacy was rated as ‘excellent’ during four surgical procedures (three major, one minor) and ‘moderate’ during one major surgery. Incremental in vivo recovery (IVR) data were comparable with the one‐stage and chromogenic assays. IVR was >2.0% per IU kg−1 for all measurements and stable over 6 months. No patients developed FVIII inhibitors and there were no treatment‐related serious or severe adverse events.

Conclusion

These results in adult PTPs indicate that human‐cl rhFVIII is effective for the prevention and treatment of bleeds in adults with severe haemophilia A.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet‐Delivered Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment for Pediatric Headache
Authors: Law Emily F. , Beals‐Erickson Sarah E. , Noel Melanie , Claar Robyn , Palermo Tonya M.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an Internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for adolescents with chronic headache.

Background

Headache is among the most common pain complaints of childhood. Cognitive‐behavioral interventions are efficacious for improving pain among youth with headache. However, many youth do not receive psychological treatment for headache due to poor access, which has led to consideration of alternative delivery modalities such as the Internet.

Methods

We used a parallel arm randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an Internet‐delivered family‐based CBT intervention, Web‐based management of adolescent pain. Adolescents were eligible for the trial if they were a new patient being evaluated in a specialized headache clinic, between 11 and 17 years of age, and had recurrent headache for 3 months or more as diagnosed by a pediatric neurologist. Eighty‐three youths were enrolled in the trial. An online random number generator was used to randomly assign participants to receive Internet CBT adjunctive to specialized headache treatment (n = 44) or specialized headache treatment alone (n = 39). The primary treatment outcome was headache days.

Results

Youth and parents in the Internet CBT group demonstrated high levels of engagement with the web program and reported satisfaction with the intervention. Multilevel modelling (MLM) was used to conduct hypothesis testing for continuous outcomes. For our primary treatment outcome of headache days, adolescents reported a statistically significant reduction in headache days from baseline to post‐treatment and baseline to 3‐month follow‐up in both treatment conditions (main effect for time F(2, 136) = 19.70, P < .001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the Internet CBT group and the specialized headache treatment group at post‐treatment or follow‐up (group × time interaction F(2, 134) = 0.94, P = .395). For our secondary treatment outcomes, findings from MLM showed that adolescents in both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement headache pain intensity, activity limitations, depressive symptoms, and parent protective behaviors from baseline to post‐treatment and these gains were maintained at 3‐month follow‐up. Adolescent anxiety symptoms and sleep did not change during the study period for either group. There were no statistically significant group differences on any secondary outcomes at post‐treatment or follow‐up (P > .05 for all outcomes). No adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Although adjunctive Internet CBT did not lead to additional benefit in this population, future research should evaluate whether it is an effective intervention for adolescents with headache who are unable to access specialized headache treatment.