bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation and comparison of semen microbiota and sperm function in men with infertility, recurrent miscarriage, or proven fertility
Authors: Mowla Shahriar , Farahani Linda , Tharakan Tharu , Davies Rhianna , Correia Gonçalo DS , Lee Yun S , Kundu Samit , Khanjani Shirin , Sindi Emad , Rai Raj , Regan Lesley , Khalifa Dalia , Henkel Ralf , Minhas Suks , Dhillo Waljit S , Nagi Jara Ben , Bennett Phillip R , MacIntyre David A. , Jayasena Channa N
Published: May 2024

Poor semen quality increase risks of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in couples. Global, reported sperm counts have more than halved since the 1970s. Canonical genitourinary microbes such as gonorrhoea are known to impair semen quality. Furthermore, several recent, small studies have highlighted trends in semen microbiome characteristics associated with semen quality in asymptomatic men. However, the semen microbiota during recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has not been investigated. Herein we combine metataxonomic profiling of semen microbiota by16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, semen analysis, terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated-deoxyuridine-triphosphate-nick-end-labelling, Comet DNA fragmentation and luminol ROS chemiluminescence to holistically describe the human seminal microbiome in a total 223 men within a cross-sectional ethics-approved study (healthy men with proven paternity, n=63; male partners of women with RPL, n=46; men with male factor infertility, n=58; men in couples unexplained infertility, n=56). We describe seminal microbiome clusters which are common both healthy men and those with infertility and RPL. Furthermore, specific microbiota perturbation is associated with impaired semen quality irrespective of reproductive disorder.
DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE: PERFIL DAS PESQUISAS NA ÁREA DE EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS
Authors: Costa Willian Guimarães de Carvalho , Raquel Silva de Oliveira Jane
Published: May 2024

A Divulgação Científica (DC) vem assumindo o papel de fomentar diálogos entre a prática científica e a sociedade sendo, portanto, relacionada à prática docente. Este trabalho caracteriza o perfil de pesquisas sobre a relação entre DC e formação de professores de ciências e matemática. Analisando 79 estudos publicados nas atas do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências entre 2011 e 2023, a maioria aborda as percepções docentes sobre DC e formação em espaços de educação não formal (ENF). A DC e a ENF são consideradas principalmente como instrumentos de formação ou prática pedagógica, com poucos estudos reconhecendo seu potencial como campo profissional para professores fora do contexto escolar. Isso destaca a necessidade de pesquisas mais abrangentes e diretrizes curriculares que reconheçam a importância da DC na formação e atuação dos professores.
РУССКИЙ ЛЕОНАРДО, ДМИТРИЙ МЕНДЕЛЕЕВ. К 155-ЛЕТИЮ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОГО ЗАКОНА ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Ваганов Андрей Геннадьевич
Published: May 2024

On March 1, 1869, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev sent to the printing house a sketch of the first version of the periodic system he had developed. Mendeleev entitled this note: “An experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity.” From that moment on, D.I. Mendeleev becomes the most famous Russian scientist in the world. He remains in this status to this day. And although D.I. Mendeleev is known primarily as a chemist; he can rightfully be called a polymath - a universal person, gifted in a variety of fields. And not only science.
ESG КОМПАНИИ: ПОНЯТИЕ, КРИТЕРИИ, ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Никонова Антонина Александровна , Красильникова Елена
Published: May 2024

Идеология ESG возникла в соответствии с гуманитарно-технологическим вектором общественного развития, акцентом на среду обитания, экономику для человека, ожиданиями инвесторов и запросами социума к бизнесу - быть социально ответственным, а к экономике - быть технологически чистой, ресурсосберегающей, безопасной для окружающей среды. Подходы к ESG определены впервые в 2005 г. как факторы инвестиционных решений, важные для всех участников рынка, способствующие стабильности экономики и предсказуемости рынков. (Окончание в следующем номере)
С ВЕТРОМ НЕ СПОРЯ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЕТРОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Кронгауз Дмитрий Эдуардович , Тормозаков К. Л.
Published: May 2024

В статье рассматривается перспектива развития ветровой энергетики, её проблемы и роль в мировой электроэнергетике. Приведён обзор видов ветровых электростанций. На примере законодательных, технологических и научно-технических инициатив в области развития ветровой электроэнергетики делается вывод о логичности использования ветровой энергогенерации в комплексе с другими источниками электроэнергии. Проведено сравнение перспектив развития ветровой электроэнергетики в России и Казахстане.
ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КРЫШНОЙ ФОТОВОЛЬТАИКИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОСКВЫ ДЛЯ АДАПТАЦИИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ К ИЗМЕНЕНИЮ КЛИМАТА, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Чупров Владимир Алексеевич
Published: May 2024

Крышные солнечные электростанции - технология, положительно зарекомендовавшая себя в самых разных странах мира. В России это направление развития солнечной энергетики пока не раскрыло свой потенциал, но оно крайне перспективно для достижения целей низкоуглеродной стратегии Российской Федерации и развития возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ). Для оценки потенциала крышной фотовольтаики в 2023 г. проектом “Земля касается каждого” в соавторстве с Центром охраны дикой природы был опубликован обзор о возможностях этой технологии для адаптации энергетических систем к волнам жары. Представленный обзор может стать одной из отправных точек дискуссии о новых технологических нишах для ВИЭ в энергосистеме страны.
УМНОЕ СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО - БУДУЩЕЕ, КОТОРОЕ УЖЕ НАСТУПИЛО, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Романов Петр , Романова И. П.
Published: May 2024

В последнее десятилетие всепроникающая компьютеризация и развитие технологий искусственного интеллекта привели к появлению концепции “умных” систем, сред и производств, включающих комплекс технологий, методов и организационных подходов для обеспечения более высокой эффективности, продуктивности, качества и гибкости современного производства, при одновременном снижении затрат на материальные, энергетические и трудовые ресурсы. Характерными особенностями “умных” сред, например, “умного” города или дома, являются удалённый контроль устройств и коммуникация между ними, получение и распространение информации от сенсоров и датчиков, способность к принятию решений и управление актуаторами, т. е. устройствами, совершающими какое-либо действие в ответ на определённый сигнал из окружающей среды. Отличительной чертой “умного” производства является использование интеллектуальных информационных систем и цифровых платформ, охватывающих весь жизненный цикл технических систем (изделий, машин, другой продукции) - от этапа проектирования, до их утилизации. В основе всех “умных” сред, систем и производств лежит автоматизация.
МЕЖ ДВУХ МОРЕЙ: ПОЗДНИЙ ПЛИОЦЕН ТАМАНИ
Authors: Фролов П.Д. , Тесаков А.С. , Иванова А.В. , Куршаков С.В. , Сыромятникова Е.В.
Published: May 2024

Дан краткий обзор фаунистически охарактеризованных верхнеплиоценовых континентальных отложений Тамани и районов Западного Предкавказья, а также приведены данные по фауне нового местонахождения этого возраста - Плеваке. Приведена характеристика комплексов моллюсков, рыб, амфибий и рептилий, мелких млекопитающих, а также данных палинологии.
A Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer eredményei 2022
Authors: Keszthelyi Szilárd
Published: May 2024

Az elemzéshez a Tesztüzemi Információs Rendszer 2022. évi adatait használtuk fel. Az adatgyűjtés összesen 2109 mintaüzemet fog át. A tesztüzemi minta segítségével reprezentált és vizsgált 106 ezer gazdaság az összes regisztrált gazdaság által használt földterület 95,3 százalékát művelte, illetve az összes standard termelési érték 97,4 százalékát állította elő. A tesztüzemi rendszer mintaadatait a 2020-as agrárcenzus adataival súlyoztuk. A gazdaságok által használt átlagos mezőgazdasági terület 48,55 hektár, egy gazdaság átlagosan 1,5 főt foglalkoztatott. Az árutermelő egyéni gazdaságok az összes nettó hozzáadott érték 56,9 százalékát, a társas vállalkozások pedig a 43,1 százalékát állították elő. Országos szinten az egy hektárra jutó árbevétel 20 százalékkal, a közvetlen támogatás 28 százalékkal nőtt, valamint az anyagjellegű költségek 35 százalékkal emelkedtek, így a mezőgazdaság jövedelmezősége a nettó hozzáadott érték alapján vizsgálva 23 százalékos növekedést mutat.
Assessing the Nutrient Intake, Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity Level of Obese and Non-obese Women in Hisar District, India: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Sangwan Veenu , Rani Varsha
Published: May 2024

The present study was conducted on thirty obese and thirty non-obese women (30-45 years) of Hisar district, Haryana to assess their mean nutrient intake, adequacy of intake of different nutrients, energy expenditure and physical activity level. The subjects did not exhibit any health complications and, overall, were in a state of good health. It was found that the mean intake of energy, protein, fat, folic acid and magnesium by respondents was comparable to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) i.e 98 to 129 per cent of RDA.  But when assessed on parameter of adequacy it was found that only 50 to 53.3 percent of respondents consumed adequate protein. Intake of most of the nutrients (iron, β-carotene, folic acid) under study, by them, was marginally adequate to inadequate when compared to the recommended values (with few exceptions). Calcium intake of 50 per cent of non-obese women was adequate while iron intake of 66.7 per cent of them was 50 to 74.9 per cent of RDA. All the obese and non-obese women were sedentary workers and consumed more energy than their requirement. This low intake in their nutrient intake may be due to inadequate intake of protective foods and it was felt that they need awareness regarding balanced diet and endorse adoption of a healthy life style by including minimum of 30 minutes of physical activity in their daily routines.
Assessment of Agricultural Cooperative Societies on Farm Input Supply in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Owoeye R. S. , Oluwatosin OJO Olaniyi , Ijigbade J. O. , Oriola Moyinoluwa Ayomide
Published: May 2024

This research investigated how Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Ekiti State, Nigeria, influenced the supply of farm inputs. The results indicate that most cooperative society members were male, in their working-age years, and had received formal education. These individuals were typically engaged in farming or held civil service jobs and accessed various benefits like employment opportunities, credit, dividends, agricultural inputs, and access to the output market through their cooperative society. The study revealed that 71.1% of farmers belonged to a cooperative society, with 51.1% having a membership duration of 1-5 years. The largest portion of farmers inherited their land (35.6%). Cooperative societies typically consisted of 6 to 10 members, and a substantial 60% of farmers had received formal education. Moreover, 64.4% had access to the output market through their cooperative society. Overall, the research demonstrates that agricultural cooperative societies in Ekiti State play a significant role in enhancing the supply of farm inputs, offering crucial resources and assistance to local farmers.
Isolation, Characterization, and Degradation Efficiency Testing of a Paclobutrazol-degrading Bacterium: Deinococcus arenae
Authors: Qiuyu Huang , Juanjuan Chen , Mi Yao , Lingna Zhang , Wen Li , Yi Huang
Published: May 2024

Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize a bacterium capable of degrading the pesticide paclobutrazol. The strain was obtained from soil enriched with paclobutrazol, and its degradation ability was assessed using gas chromatography (GC).
Methods: A single strain was isolated from the soil solution of Ophiopogon japonicus, a plant exposed to excessive paclobutrazol spraying. Initial isolation utilized dilution and plating methods, followed by separation and purification through the streak plate technique. BLAST analysis revealed the strain's highest similarity to Deinococcus arenae SA1, with 100% homology after removing excess sequences. Subsequently, the degradation efficiency of this bacterium on paclobutrazol was evaluated by gas chromatography.
Results: Quantification using the external standard method yielded a standard curve equation of y=0.0977x-0.412, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.99842. Testing at different time showed that the Deinococcus arenae achieved a degradation rate of 2.49% after three days of degrading paclobutrazol. After five days, the degradation rate increased to 17.58%, reaching 38.66% after seven days, 42.20% after nine days, and 43.87% after eleven days.
Conclusion: The Deinococcus arenae strain exhibited a significant degradation effect on paclobutrazol. This finding suggests potential for developing microbial agents to degrade paclobutrazol, promoting sustainable practices in agriculture.
Vertical Farming: Addressing the Challenges of 21st Century Agriculture through Innovation
Authors: Panotra Narinder , Belagalla Ningaraj , Mohanty Lalita Kumar , N M Ramesha , Vikash . , Tiwari Awanindra Kumar , Abhishek G J , Gulaiya Shani , Yadav Kamalkant , Pandey Shivam Kumar
Published: May 2024

Vertical farming has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges faced by 21st century agriculture. As the global population continues to grow and urbanization increases, traditional agricultural practices are struggling to meet the rising demand for food while also grappling with issues such as climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation. Vertical farming offers a sustainable and efficient alternative by leveraging innovative technologies and controlled environments to grow crops in vertically stacked layers within urban settings. This article explores the concept of vertical farming, its advantages, and the challenges associated with its implementation. It delves into the various technologies and systems employed in vertical farms, including hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics, and discusses their potential to optimize resource utilization and enhance crop yields. The article also examines the economic viability and social implications of vertical farming, highlighting its potential to create jobs, reduce food miles, and improve food security in urban areas. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and limitations of vertical farming, such as high initial costs, energy requirements, and the need for specialized skills. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of further research, investment, and collaboration to scale up vertical farming and harness its full potential in shaping the future of sustainable agriculture.
Diversity of Anopheles Larvae in Toro Local Government Area, Bauchi State, North-East Nigeria
Authors: I. Luka, , A. Ombugadu, , H. L. Njila, , M. J. Mafuyai, , L. P. Mamot, , N. Nanvyat,
Published: May 2024

Vector control is a critical element of malaria control programs in Africa. To reduce human exposure to infective Anopheles mosquitoes, most programs rely on methods that kill adult mosquitoes. Therefore, the study on the distribution and abundance of Anopheles larvae in Toro Local Government Area (LGA.), Bauchi State, North-East Nigeria was carried out in July 2013. Five villages were randomly selected for the collection of Anopheles larvae. A total of 988 Anopheles larvae were collected from five habitat types. The paddy habitat recorded the highest abundance of 494(50%) while the canal habitat had the least abundance 53(5.36 %). The mean abundance of Anopheles larvae in relation to gradients of larval habitat to houses showed no significant difference (F9 = 0.434, Adjusted R2 = -0.39, P = 0.885). However, there was a significant difference (F14 = 9.18, Adjusted R2 = 0.65, P = 0.001) in the mean abundance of Anopheles larvae in relation to habitat types. The larval abundance in relation to water depths varied significantly (F13 = 29.61, Adjusted R2 = 0.888, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in larval abundance between still and moving waters; light versus shaded water bodies; and clear versus turbid waters, respectively. In conclusion, the inhabitants of Toro LGA should always clear stagnant water bodies so as to hinder mosquitoes breeding success. Also, larval source management should focus more on paddy habitat in peri-urban agricultural sites when designing intervention programmes in order to control mosquitoes’ larvae.
In-vitro Efficacy of Different Chemical Fungicides and Plant Extracts Against Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease in Brinjal
Authors: Yadav Ajeet Pratap , Kumar Ajay , Gupta Himanshu Kumar , Awasthi Rajneesh Kumar , Gera Riya , Shukla Vivek
Published: May 2024

Five different chemical fungicides and three plant extracts were evaluated against Alternaria alternate causing Alternaria leaf spot disease in brinjal. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of plant pathology at Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut, during kharif season 2021-22. During survey the maximum disease incidence was recorded (37.8%) Rajpura in Meerut and minimum (10.9%) incidence was recorded in Lakhaoti, survey and metrological data presented in the (Tables 2 & 3). The incidence of the disease varied from 10.9 to 37.8 percent due to difference in environmental condition. The concentration of all fungicides and Plant-extracts was kept at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm.  Mycelial growth was measured to continue zero to ten days. Mainly four chemical fungicides (Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, Propineb 70% WP, Carbendazim 50%WP and Chlorothalonil 75% WP) and Neem extract significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen (Alternaria alternata). Among all those, four fungicides and Neem extract giving the better results. Maximum 100% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Thaiophinate Methyl 70%WP, 94.45% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Propineb 70% WP, 86.09% mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in Carbendazim 50%WP and 84.80 growth inhibition was recorded in Chlorothalonil 75% WP and in plant extract 18.53% inhibition was observed in Neem and 14.33% inhibition was observed in garlic. However, Azoxystrobin 23% SC and Onion also had some effect, which is mentioned in the result of the paper.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of New α‐Arylamino‐α′‐chloropropan‐2‐ones via Oxidative Hydrolysis of Vinyl Chlorides Promoted by Calcium Hypochlorite
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Martínez Fernando , Fernández María , Sinisterra José V. , Alcántara Andrés R.
Published: December 2009

The oxidative hydrolysis of different trifluoroacetyl‐protected N‐(2‐chloroallyl)anilines, promoted by calcium hypochlorite, is able to yield several not previously described α‐arylamino‐α′‐chloropropan‐2‐ones, very valuable building blocks that are useful as precursors of several drugs, in excellent yields and short reaction times. The main requirement of the reaction for avoiding the undesired aromatic chlorination (N‐protection) is effectively solved by the use of the easily formed and removed N‐trifluoroacetyl group. Thus, it is possible to perform the oxidative hydrolysis‐deprotection step using a one‐pot strategy, obtaining quantitative yields in very short reaction times.
Directed Evolution of an Enantioselective Enoate‐Reductase: Testing the Utility of Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis
Authors: Bougioukou Despina J. , Kille Sabrina , Taglieber Andreas , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: December 2009

Directed evolution utilizing iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) has been applied to the old yellow enzyme homologue YqjM in the quest to broaden its substrate scope, while controlling the enantioselectivity in the bioreduction of a set of substituted cyclopentenone and cyclohexenone derivatives. Guided by the known crystal structure of YqjM, 20 residues were selected as sites for saturation mutagenesis, a pooling strategy based on the method of Phizicky [M. R. Martzen, S. M. McCraith, S. L. Spinelli, F. M. Torres, S. Fields, E. J. Grayhack, E. M. Phizicky, Science 1999, 286, 1153–1155] being used in the GC screening process. The genes of some of the hits were subsequently employed as templates for randomization experiments at the other putative hot spots. Both (R)‐ and (S)‐selective variants were evolved using 3‐methylcyclohexenone as the model substrate in the asymmetric bioreduction of the olefinic functionality, only small mutant libraries and thus minimal screening effort being necessary. Some of the best mutants also proved to be excellent catalysts when testing other prochiral substrates without resorting to additional mutagenesis/screening experiments. Thus, the results constitute an important step forward in generalizing the utility of ISM as an efficient method in laboratory evolution of enzymes as catalysts in organic chemistry.
Features of structure formation and electrophysical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) crystalline ferroelectric polymers
Authors: Kochervinskii Valentin V. , Kozlova Nina V. , Khnykov Alexey Y. , Shcherbina Maxim A. , Sulyanov Serghey N. , Dembo Kirill A.
Published: December 2009

The influence of intramolecular dipole–dipole interaction changes on structure formation peculiarities and some electrophysical properties were investigated with example of copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene with different compositions. The decrease of such dipole–dipole interactions in vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers leads to an increase of the a and b parameters of the ferroelectric phase lattice and were accompanied by a shift of the Curie point to lower temperatures. The presence of peak‐halo at angles near 2θ = 18° were attributed to a paraelectric phase localized in the interfacial domains at the crystal–amorphous phase boundaries. Similar peak‐halos for vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymers crystallizing into the nonpolar α phase were associated with the presence of an antiferroelectric phase formed by the chains in the planar zigzag conformation. The temperature range where dielectric anomalies were detected was characterized by conformational changes at which the decrease in planar zigzag conformation isomers took place. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and properties of copolymer of 3‐thienylmethyl disulfide and benzyl disulfide for cathode material in lithium batteries
Authors: Weng Guoming , Su Yuzhi , Liu Zhaoqing , Wu Zhaoyi , Chen Shuang , Zhang Jianhua , Xu Changwei
Published: December 2009

The copolymerization of 3‐thienylmethyl disulfide and benzyl disulfide has been investigated. Two monomers were synthesized in a novel facile way. Copolymer of them, especially poly (3‐thienylmethyl disulfide‐co‐benzyl disulfide), ratio 1 : 4, namely, TcB1:4, was easily electrocopolymerized to form a stable and higher conductive structure at a lower potential on Pt, Au, or glass carbon electrode. TcB1:4 and TcB4:1, especially the former, exhibit better conductivities than those of pure poly 3‐thienylmethyl disulfide and poly benzyl disulfide. The copolymer has larger areas than that of monopolymer by cyclic voltammogram measurement. The copolymer shows a capability of supplying more power and energy than monopolymer itself. Copolymers could be used as cathode materials for lithium secondary batteries because their functional groups could not be destroyed before 80°C. In scanning electron micrography, the copolymers show larger compacter structure. The results of the copolymer systems show that they are potentials as cathode materials for lithium batteries. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Modification of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐poly(3‐hydroxyvalerate) with natural rubber
Authors: Coelho Jorge F. J. , Góis Joana R. , Fonseca Ana C. , Gil M. H
Published: December 2009

Composites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐poly(3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) with 6% of 3‐hydroxyvalerate (HV) and natural rubber (NR) were prepared by a solvent‐casting method. Different approaches were tested for the composite preparation. Both PHBHV and NR were dissolved in chloroform, followed by its evaporation, giving various layers. The mechanical properties and morphology of the obtained composites were evaluated by tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the final composite has excellent mechanical properties when compared with PHBHV. SEM analysis unequivocally showed the excellent adhesion between the two polymeric layers. This new material was also tested as a drug delivering system using flurbiprofen as a model drug, and then the diffusion coefficients were determined. This article describes an easy method to produce a desirable composite from PHBHV and NR. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fabrication and biocompatibility of porously bioactive scaffold of nonstoichiometric apatite and poly(ε‐caprolactone) nanocomposite
Authors: Ye Liang , Zeng Xinchen , Li Haojiang , Wang Zhe
Published: December 2009

Bioactive nanocomposite of nonstoichiometric apatite (ns‐AP) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was synthesized and its porous scaffold was fabricated. The results show that the hydrophilicity and cell attachment ratio on the composite surface improved with the increase of ns‐AP content in PCL. The composite scaffolds with 60 wt % ns‐AP content contained open and interconnected pores ranging in size from 200 to 500 μm and exhibit a porosity of around 80%. In addition, proliferation of MG63 cells on the composite scaffolds significantly increased with the increase of ns‐AP content, and the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production of the cells cultured on the composite scaffold were higher than that of PCL at 7 days, revealing that the composite scaffolds had excellent in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. The composite scaffolds were implanted into rabbit mandible defects, the results suggest that the introduction of ns‐AP into PCL enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation, and the ns‐AP/PCL composite exhibited in vivo good biocompatibility and osteogenesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of acrylic polymers based on a novel acrylic monomer produced from vegetable oil
Authors: Cho Hang‐Goo , Park Seong‐Yung , Jegal Jonggeon , Song Bong‐Keun , Kim Hyung‐Joong
Published: December 2009

To prepare polymers based on the vegetable oils, an acrylic monomer with long alkyl chain, (2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyl oleate) (AEO)), was prepared by the reaction of hydroxyl ethyl acrylate (HEA) with methyl oleate (MO), in which the MO, having very similar structure to the bio‐diesel, was the one derived from Linseed oil. For the formation of the AEO, Novozyme‐435, the Candida antarctica lipase B loaded on the acrylic resin, was used as a catalyst. To optimize its reaction condition, effects of experimental factors, such as, different enzymes, reaction temperature, water activity of enzyme, concentration of enzyme used, and molar ratio of HEA and MO, were studied. The AEO was then, after characterization using several analytical methods, polymerized by the radical polymerization, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a catalyst. The Mn of the polymers prepared under different experimental conditions was in the range from 20,000 to 30,000 g/mol. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of nano‐TiO2/polystyrene hybride microspheres and their antibacterial properties
Authors: Jiang Guohua , Zeng Jianfang
Published: December 2009

This study provided a facile method to prepare nano‐TiO2/polystyrene hybride microspheres in ethanol solution. The formation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and hybrid microspheres were verified by FTIR, SEM, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray powder diffraction. Monodispersed colloid TiO2 nanoparticles with small particle sizes were obtained, and the average particle size could be effectively controlled from about 10 nm. The antibacterial activity of the organic microspheres and hybride microspheres was also investigated against Escherichia coli. They were able to efficiently inhibit the growth and the multiplication of E. coli under the UV. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The effect of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate on the mechanical properties and crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Cai Zhi , Zhao Shicheng , Shen Benxian , Xin Zhong
Published: December 2009

The mechanical and optical properties of iPP nucleated with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenedicarboxylate salts (BCHED) have been investigated. The results showed that aluminum bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenedicarboxylate (BCHE13) is the most effective nucleating agent to improve the mechanical and optical properties. Then the effects of the BCHE13 concentration on mechanical and optical properties and crystallization behaviors were studied. The results indicated that the saturated concentration of BCHE13 is about 0.2 wt %, at which nucleated iPP showed the better comprehensive mechanical and optical properties and high crystallization peak temperature. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP nucleated with different BCHE13 contents have been investigated by Caze method. The results indicated Avrami exponents of nucleated iPP gradually increased with the increasing of BCHE13 concentration. The results can be explained that crystallization and growth model of nucleated iPP is heterogeneous nuclei followed by more than three‐dimension spherical growth during nonisothermal crystallization, which can be proved by agglomeration of BCHE13 in melt iPP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Systematic evaluation of the preparation of conducting PANI/ABS blends
Authors: Cristovan Fernando H. , Lemos Sherlan G. , Pereira Ernesto C.
Published: December 2009

Films of blended poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS) and polyaniline (PANI) were produced by codissolving both components in a common organic solvent, which was then evaporated. The influence of the preparation conditions on the properties of the blends was analyzed by factorial design. The factors evaluated were the PANI content in the blend, the m‐cresol to chloroform solvent ratio, the dopant used (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) or camphor sulfonic acid) and its concentration, and the acrylonitrile content in the ABS. The responses analyzed were the flexibility and electrical conductivity of the blends. The results showed that the PANI content in the blend and the acrylonitrile content in the ABS were the major factors influencing both of the assessed responses. The dopant affected only the conductivity, DBSA being preferred for the development of more conductive PANI/ABS blends. The solvent ratio did not have any influence, owing to the uniform expanded coil conformation expected for PANI molecules at the studios ratios. After the best conditions had been established, a percolation threshold study was performed that pointed to a low threshold of 3 wt % PANI necessary in the blend, giving a flexible blend with a conductivity of 3 S/cm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of polyurethane/hectorite, polyurethane/montmorillonite, and polyurethane/laponite nanocomposites without organic modifiers
Authors: Seydibeyoǧlu M. Özgür , İşçi Sevim , Güngör Nurfer , Ece O. Işık , Güner F. Seniha
Published: December 2009

Polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites were prepared from hectorite (HEC) and laponite without adding any organic modifier. PU‐montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared for comparison. The structure of the composites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanic analysis were used for determination of the thermal and viscoelastic behaviors, respectively. Tensile tests were conducted for characterization of the mechanical properties. The results showed a 113.5% increase in the tensile strength of PU containing 7 wt % HEC compared to that of neat PU. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of a hindered amine stabilizer on optical and mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) exposed to gamma irradiation
Authors: Aquino Kátia Aparecida S. , Araújo Elmo S. , Guedes Selma Matheus L.
Published: December 2009

The ability of Tinuvin 622, a Hindered Amine Stabilizer (HAS), in decreasing of radiation damage to commercial PMMA matrix used in manufacturing of medical supplies was examined. Effects of gamma irradiation in PMMA specimens irradiated at dose range of 10–60 kGy were assessed by comparison of the variation of viscosity average molar mass (Mv) of PMMA with Tinuvin 622 (PMMA‐622) when compared with PMMA without the additive (PMMA‐control). Samples containing Tinuvin 622 presented smaller decrease of Mv as a function of dose. This phenomenon causes direct influence in the mechanical properties of PMMA. Above 10 kGy, both PMMA‐control and PMMA‐622 undergo changes in the yellowness index with increase of absorbed dose; however, the phenomenon was less pronounced for PMMA‐622 samples. Electron Spin Resonance spectra showed that Tinuvin 622 induces a faster evolution of radicals formed in PMMA radiolysis followed by a decrease in radiation‐induced degradation of the samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Improved mechanical properties and special reinforcement mechanism of natural rubber reinforced by in situ polymerization of zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Nie Yijing , Huang Guangsu , Liu Zhiyuan , Qu Liangliang , Zhang Peng , Weng Gengsheng , Wu Jinrong
Published: December 2009

The peroxide‐cured natural rubber (NR) was reinforced by in situ polymerization of zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA). The experimental results showed NR could be greatly reinforced by ZDMA. The tensile strength and the hardness of NR/ZDMA composites increased with the content of ZDMA. The reinforcement mechanism was studied further. Both high crosslinking density provided by ionic crosslinking and strain‐induced crystallization improved the mechanical properties. The crosslinking density was determined by an equilibrium swelling method and the crystallization index was measured by Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXRD). When the amount of ZDMA was high, the ability of strain‐induced crystallization decreased, due to the strong interactions between the rubber phase and the hard poly‐ZDMA (PZDMA) nanodispersions. At the moment, the increasing ionic crosslinking density made up for the effect of the drop of the strain‐induced crystallization, and played a more important role in the reinforcement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Irradiation grafting of methyl methacrylate monomer onto ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene: An experimental design approach for improving adhesion to bone cement
Authors: Ravanbakhsh Somayeh , Rezaei Mostafa , Sheikh Nasrin , Heidari Amin
Published: December 2009

The grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and chromic acid etched UHMWPE was conducted with a preirradiation method in air in the presence of a Mohr salt and sulfuric acid. The grafted samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a gravimetric method, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and interfacial bonding strength measurements. The FTIR results showed the presence of ether and carbonyl groups in the MMA‐grafted UHMWPE (MMA‐g‐UHMWPE) samples. The Taguchi experimental design method was used to find the best degree of grafting (DG) and bonding strength. The efficient levels for different variables were calculated with an analysis of variance of the results. SEM micrographs of MMA‐g‐UHMWPE samples showed that with increasing DG and chromic acid etching, the MMA‐g‐UHMWPE rich phase increased on the surface; this confirmed the high interfacial bonding strength of the grafted samples with bone cement. The grafting of the MMA units onto UHMWPE resulted in a lower crystallinity, and the crystallization process proceeded at a higher rate for the MMA‐g‐UHMWPE samples compared to the initial UHMWPE; this suggested that the MMA grafted units acted as nucleating agents for the crystallization of UHMWPE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Poly(vinyl chloride)/metallic oxides/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites: Fire and smoke behavior
Authors: Rodolfo Antonio , Innocentini Mei Lucia Helena
Published: December 2009

Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl chloride), metallic oxides (copper, molybdenum, and zinc), and organically modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT) were prepared in a melt‐blending or intercalation‐in‐the‐molten state process, and their morphology was assessed with X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of an intercalated/partially exfoliated hybrid microstructure was confirmed in every situation studied. The combustion and smoke emission properties were studied with cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index, and thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS). The results reveal that the metallic oxides had a significant effect on both the combustion properties and smoke suppression, whereas O‐MMT only affected these properties discretely. Little interaction was observed in the joint use of these additives. The results also confirm the anticipation of dehydrochlorination, reductive coupling, and benzene suppression mechanisms resulting from the presence of copper, molybdenum, and zinc metals; these were indicated by the increase in carbonaceous char residue and the significant reduction in benzene formation, in this case indicated in the TG/MS measurements obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and cured properties of diallyl phthalate resin modified with epoxy resin and allyl ester compound having carboxylic acid
Authors: Ohtsuka Keiko , Matsumoto Akihiro , Kimura Hajime
Published: December 2009

An epoxy resin was blended with a diallyl phthalate resin to improve the adhesive properties and the fracture toughness. A compatibilizer was used to reduce the decrease in heat resistance. An allyl ester compound [1,4‐diallyloxycarbonyl‐2,5‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (DAPY)], which reacted with the diallyl phthalate resin and epoxy resin to have allyl groups and carboxylic acids on the end of the molecular chain, was synthesized as a compatibilizer by the reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride with allyl alcohol. These blends were cured with dicumyl peroxide and triethylamine. By modification with the epoxy resin and DAPY, the lap shear adhesive strength to steel increased up to about 3 times that of the diallyl phthalate resin. These results suggest that the secondary hydroxyl group generated by the addition reaction of the epoxy resin and DAPY and the secondary hydroxyl group existing in the molecular chain of the epoxy resin formed hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group of water existing on a metal surface, and as a result, the adhesive strength to metal such as steel increased. The fracture toughness of the diallyl phthalate resin was increased by modification with the epoxy resin. The reason for this result was that the flexibility increased because the crosslinking density became small by modification with the epoxy resin. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of granularity of search results on the relevance judgment behavior of engineers: Building systems for retrieval and understanding of context
Authors: Balatsoukas Panos , Demian Peter
Published: December 2009

Granularity is a novel concept for presenting information in search result interfaces of hierarchical query‐driven information retrieval systems in a manner that can support understanding and exploration of the context of the retrieved information (e.g., by highlighting its position in the granular hierarchy and exposing its relationship with relatives in the hierarchy). Little research, however, has been conducted on the effects of granularity of search results on the relevance judgment behavior of engineers. Engineers are highly motivated information users who are particularly interested in understanding the context of the retrieved information. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the design of systems with careful regard for granularity would improve engineers' relevance judgment behavior. To test this hypothesis, a prototype system was developed and evaluated in terms of the time needed for users to find relevant information, the accuracy of their relevance judgment, and their subjective satisfaction. To evaluate the prototype, a user study was conducted where participants were asked to complete tasks, complete a satisfaction questionnaire, and be interviewed. The findings showed that participants performed better and were more satisfied when the prototype system presented only relevant information in context. Although this study presents some novel findings about the effects of granularity and context on user relevance judgment behavior, the results should be interpreted with caution. For example, participants in this research were recruited by convenience and performed a set of simulated tasks as opposed to real ones. However, suggestions for further research are presented.
From experimental setup to bioinformatics: An RNAi screening platform to identify host factors involved in HIV‐1 replication
Authors: Börner Kathleen , Hermle Johannes , Sommer Christoph , Brown Nigel P. , Knapp Bettina , Glass Bärbel , Kunkel Julian , Torralba Gloria , Reymann Jürgen , Beil Nina , Beneke Jürgen , Pepperkok Rainer , Schneider Reinhard , Ludwig Thomas , Hausmann Michael , Hamprecht Fred , Erfle Holger , Kaderali Lars , Kräusslich Hans‐Georg , Lehmann Maik J.
Published: December 2009

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful technique for studying loss‐of‐function phenotypes by specific down‐regulation of gene expression, allowing the investigation of virus‐host interactions by large‐scale high‐throughput RNAi screens. Here we present a robust and sensitive small interfering RNA screening platform consisting of an experimental setup, single‐cell image and statistical analysis as well as bioinformatics. The workflow has been established to elucidate host gene functions exploited by viruses, monitoring both suppression and enhancement of viral replication simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy. The platform comprises a two‐stage procedure in which potential host factors are first identified in a primary screen and afterwards re‐tested in a validation screen to confirm true positive hits. Subsequent bioinformatics allows the identification of cellular genes participating in metabolic pathways and cellular networks utilised by viruses for efficient infection. Our workflow has been used to investigate host factor usage by the human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1), but can also be adapted to other viruses. Importantly, we expect that the description of the platform will guide further screening approaches for virus‐host interactions. The ViroQuant‐CellNetworks RNAi Screening core facility is an integral part of the recently founded BioQuant centre for systems biology at the University of Heidelberg and will provide service to external users in the near future.
Nutritional risk is a clinical predictor of postoperative mortality and morbidity in surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Schwegler I , von Holzen A , Gutzwiller J-P , Schlumpf R , Mühlebach S , Stanga Z
Published: December 2009

Background

This study investigated whether nutritional risk scores applied at hospital admission predict mortality and complications after colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods

Some 186 patients were studied prospectively. Clinical details, Reilly's Nutrition Risk Score (NRS) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) score, tumour stage and surgical procedure were recorded.

Results

The prevalence of patients at nutritional risk was 31·7 per cent according to Reilly's NRS and 39·3 per cent based on the NRS-2002. Such patients had a higher mortality rate than those not at risk according to Reilly's NRS (8 versus 1·6 per cent; P = 0·033), but not the NRS-2002 (7 versus 1·8 per cent; P = 0·085). Based on the NRS-2002, there was a significant difference in postoperative complication rate between patients at nutritional risk and those not at risk (62 versus 39·8 per cent; P = 0·004) but not if Reilly's NRS was used (58 versus 44·1 per cent; P = 0·086). Nutritional risk was identified as an independent predictor of postoperative complications (odds ratio 2·79; P = 0·002).

Conclusion

Nutritional risk screening may be able to predict mortality and morbidity after surgery for colorectal cancer. However, the diverse results reflect either the imprecision of the tests or the small sample size.
Risk modelling of outcome after general and trauma surgery (the IRIS score)
Authors: Liebman B , Strating R P , van Wieringen W , Mulder W , Oomen J L T , Engel A F
Published: December 2009

Background

A practical, easy to use model was developed to stratify risk groups in surgical patients: the Identification of Risk In Surgical patients (IRIS) score.

Methods

Over 15 years an extensive database was constructed in a general surgery unit, containing all patients who underwent general or trauma surgery. A logistic regression model was developed to predict mortality. This model was simplified to the IRIS score to enhance practicality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed.

Results

The database contained a consecutive series of 33 224 patients undergoing surgery. Logistic regression analysis gave the following formula for the probability of mortality: P (mortality) = A/(1 + A), where A = exp (−4·58 + (0·26× acute admission) + (0·63× acute operation) + (0·044× age) + (0·34× severity of surgery)). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0·92. The IRIS score also included age (divided into quartiles, 0–3 points), acute admission, acute operation and grade of surgery. The AUC predicting postoperative mortality was 0·90.

Conclusion

The IRIS score accurately predicted mortality after general or trauma surgery.
Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous group A streptococcal peritonitis
Authors: Monneuse O , Tissot E , Gruner L , Michaillard Kaempf F , Allaouchiche B , Etienne J , Barth X
Published: December 2009

Background

Primary group A streptococcal peritonitis (PSAP) is a rare, fulminant and often fatal infection. The clinical manifestations include diffuse peritoneal signs with toxic shock syndrome and sometimes fasciitis.

Methods

Patients with PSAP diagnosed between December 2002 and December 2006 were studied retrospectively, focusing on the initial presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

Results

Six patients were identified (five women and one man). The clinical presentation was heterogeneous. All six patients had diffuse peritonitis, four had toxic shock syndrome on hospital admission and two patients also had fasciitis. All patients were treated surgically, and the final diagnosis was confirmed after operation. There were no deaths, but two patients had aesthetic sequelae owing to necrotizing fasciitis.

Conclusion

PSAP is a rare condition, often requiring aggressive surgical treatment. Group A streptococcal peritonitis should be suspected in patients with no radiological evidence of a peritoneal portal of entry and no history of ascites.