bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Philosophy and Linguistics
Authors: Vostrikova Ekaterina V. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

This paper is an overview of the contemporary discussions in interdisciplinary studies of meaning of natural language expressions. The paper discusses the latest work published in two interdisciplinary journals «Linguistics and Philosophy» and «Natural Language Semantics» most relevant for philosophy of language. The paper focuses on two general topics: the semantics of singular terms (proper names, pronouns, demonstratives) and the semantics of belief-reports. The paper discusses the recent proposal about the interpretation of pronouns by [Stojnic et al., 2019] according to which such interpretation is strictly determined by the linguistic rules and does not depend on the context. According to this proposal, the referent of a pronoun is determined by a specific coherence relationship the sentence it occurs in has to the previous sentence in a discourse unless it is preceded by a pointing gesture. The paper discuses some issues with this proposal. Specifically, it discusses its difficulties with explaining the cases where the referent of a pronoun stands out in a context and, thus, no pointing gesture or previous discourse is required for the referent identification. It also discusses cases where a coherence relationship (such as Narration) between two sentences allows flexibility with respect to the referent identification and points at pragmatic factors that can be relevant in this respect. The paper also presents some other recent research on proper names, demonstratives and pronouns both linguistically and philosophically oriented.The paper also presents informally some work on belief-reports in linguistics and discussed its relevance for philosophy of language. It discusses the recent work on restrictions on the types of embeddings of propositional attitude verbs and the general approach that derives those restrictions from the predicted meanings of the relevant sentences, such as [Theiler et al., 2019]. The paper discussed the relevance of this issue to a more general question about the nature of a natural language and the relationship between language and logic.
Searching for the Justification of Realism
Authors: Kusliy Petr S. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2020

This critical analytical review examines the ways in which realism can be justified in epistemology and philosophy of science and which are presented in the collection of papers “Perspectives of Realism in Modern Philosophy” (M., 2017). The exposition of areas in which the authors of this book study the problems of realism, as well as those arguments in its defense that they offer, is given. A criticism of these arguments is presented, according to which all of them are not able to convince an antirealist to abandon their views in favor of realism. The question of whether realists and anti-realists have the same object of discussion and what could become a common ground for them is explored. The author suggests that an appeal to language can become such a common ground and reproduces Frege’s argument against skeptics and idealists as a possible methodological justification for realism.
Solomon’s Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species.
Authors: De Mazancourt Valentin , Boseto David , Marquet Gerard , Keith Philippe
Published: August 2020

Following recent (2014–2017) collections made in the Solomon Islands by the MNHN and the NGO ESSI, we provide a checklist of the species of amphidromous freshwater shrimps of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 from this region. Using morphological as well as molecular data in an integrative taxonomic perspective, we found a total of 24 species, including 11 new for science, that are described or re-described, illustrated and discussed in relation to their habitat and distribution. Newly described species are Caridina barakoma sp. nov., C. choiseul sp. nov., C. intermedia sp. nov., C. maeana sp. nov., C. nana sp. nov., C. piokerai sp. nov., C. pisuku sp. nov., C. paratypus sp. nov., C. poarae sp. nov., C. sikipozo sp. nov. and C. turipi sp. nov. Caridina gueryi Marquet, Keith & Kalfatak, 2009 is re-validated as a species distinct from C. buehleri Roux, 1934. Lectotypes are designated for C. mertoni Roux, 1911 and C. papuana Nobili, 1905. Diagnoses for 6 informative species groups are provided: C. brevicarpalis group, C. gracilirostris group, C. nilotica group, C. typus group, C. serratirostris group and C. weberi group. A map of the species distribution in the Solomon Islands, as well as the phylogenetic relationships between the species and their relatives, are provided.
De l’auto-illustration à la bande dessinée : l’hypothèse de l’hétéroréflexivité
Authors: Martinelli Hélène
Published: August 2020

Cet article se propose de définir formellement l’« hétéroréflexivité », notion issue de la nécessité de repenser la réflexivité dans le livre auto-illustré dont il s’agit de tester le caractère opératoire en l’appliquant à la bande dessinée et au roman graphique. Au-delà des seuls phénomènes d’intermédialité, et loin de répondre à l’apparente redondance de l’« autoréflexivité », ces supports mixtes ne donnent pas toujours lieu à un geste réflexif unifié, mais à une série de retours sur soi et sur l’oeuvre qui manifestent une discontinuité réflexive, l’oeuvre mixte étant modélisée à partir d’un système qui lui est hétérogène bien qu’elle en fasse partie ou qu’il fasse partie d’elle.
“I Have Been Reading Your Adventures for Years!”: Explicit and Implicit
Metatextuality in Comic Books
Authors: Martin Côme
Published: August 2020

This article aims to analyze the ways comics can represent their own mode of
discourse, through the use of implicit or explicit metatextual devices. I begin by
examining the relation of comics with architecture. Through a few selected examples,
I show how a door, a window, or the façade of a building can serve as discreet
metonymies for the layout of a comic book’s pages and panels. I follow up by
considering instances where a comic book is represented within the fictional world
of the narrative, usually through a character who serves as surrogate reader whithin
the diegesis.

In both cases, the use of metatextuality foregrounds how comics work and what
their specificities are, starting with their ergodic and fragmentary
character.
La infidelidad en internet: un panorama sobre el fenómeno y su investigación
Authors: Rodriguez Salazar Tania
Published: August 2020

Con el propósito de circunscribir teórica y empíricamente el fenómeno de la infidelidad en internet, en este artículo se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre su investigación empírica enmarcada en una discusión sociológica relacional sobre las parejas y la regulación de la sexualidad occidental. Este marco sociológico se usará para relacionar lo estructural y lo personal, así como para reconocer lógicas de valorización/desvalorización de las parejas. También se exponen algunas implicaciones de la socialidad digital (ampliación de canales de interacción, presencia a distancia, conexión permanente, desinhibición, imaginación, etc.), para relacionarse afectivamente con otros u otras. De esta manera se explica el potencial de esta forma de socialidad en la vida amorosa y sexual. Finalmente, se expone una revisión cualitativa de estudios empíricos que muestra que la infidelidad a través de mediaciones tecnológicas es un fenómeno creciente, que transforma las regulaciones normativas (con nuevos límites de lo permitido y lo prohibido), y que suele incitar comportamientos que –probablemente– no se realizarían en la copresencia. Como conclusión, se realiza una discusión crítica de los presupuestos éticos y morales en los que descansa la investigación sobre infidelidad en internet. Al respecto, se advierten tendencias a sancionar negativamente los actos infieles, a estigmatizar los secretos en la pareja, a aprobar acríticamente los ideales románticos y monogámicos, y a dramatizar la experiencia. No obstante, también emergen estudios en los que se constatan consecuencias positivas, o se pone en cuestión en alguna medida la institución de la monogamia. Estas ponderaciones tienden a hacer visibles la necesidad de una perspectiva sociológica en la investigación en este campo.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND COSTUME DESIGN IN ANIMATION: A STRUCTURALIST READING OF PETER DEL’S FROZEN
Authors: Akpan Margaret , Udofia Anietie Francis , Edem Ndifreke Enefiok
Published: August 2020

The deployment of digital technology to create captivating spectacles in films has reflected the boundlessness of man’s ingenuity in recreating his world. Such creativity reflects considerably in the fluidity of using the computer to generate human concepts of the role of costume grounded on theatrical system in animation. The world of animation is always synergized with marvels that defy the rational proofs for objectivity in the human world. This paper evaluates the use of digital technology to generate costume design to reflect the system of human thought in animation using Peter Del Velcho’s Frozen as paradigm. The paper uses qualitative research method to examine facts and bases its argument on Structuralism. Findings show that costume functions as a system in theatrical and film productions. In animation, the insight of human imagination through costume design is easily brought to bear, and the reality of creativity to man is ingrained in communication through captivating pictorials without impairment. Costume design can be generated from computer through knowledge and expertise. With the knowledge of computer, especially in the academic environment, unlimited streams of creativity may unfold to support the reality of entrepreneurial schemes in the society. When a costume is designed to conform to the order of a design system within a system of thought to pass on information, any medium can function as a dependable conduit to communicate.
Can sleep protect memories from catastrophic forgetting?
Authors: González Oscar C , Sokolov Yury , Krishnan Giri P , Delanois Jean Erik , Bazhenov Maxim
Published: August 2020

Continual learning remains an unsolved problem in artificial neural networks. The brain has evolved mechanisms to prevent catastrophic forgetting of old knowledge during new training. Building upon data suggesting the importance of sleep in learning and memory, we tested a hypothesis that sleep protects old memories from being forgotten after new learning. In the thalamocortical model, training a new memory interfered with previously learned old memories leading to degradation and forgetting of the old memory traces. Simulating sleep after new learning reversed the damage and enhanced old and new memories. We found that when a new memory competed for previously allocated neuronal/synaptic resources, sleep replay changed the synaptic footprint of the old memory to allow overlapping neuronal populations to store multiple memories. Our study predicts that memory storage is dynamic, and sleep enables continual learning by combining consolidation of new memory traces with reconsolidation of old memory traces to minimize interference.
Harmful DNA:RNA hybrids are formed in cis and in a Rad51-independent manner
Authors: Lafuente-Barquero Juan , García-Rubio Maria Luisa , Martin-Alonso Marta San , Gómez-González Belén , Aguilera Andrés
Published: August 2020

DNA:RNA hybrids constitute a well-known source of recombinogenic DNA damage. The current literature is in agreement with DNA:RNA hybrids being produced co-transcriptionally by the invasion of the nascent RNA molecule produced in cis with its DNA template. However, it has also been suggested that recombinogenic DNA:RNA hybrids could be facilitated by the invasion of RNA molecules produced in trans in a Rad51-mediated reaction. Here, we tested the possibility that such DNA:RNA hybrids constitute a source of recombinogenic DNA damage taking advantage of Rad51-independent single-strand annealing (SSA) assays in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. For this, we used new constructs designed to induce expression of mRNA transcripts in trans with respect to the SSA system. We show that unscheduled and recombinogenic DNA:RNA hybrids that trigger the SSA event are formed in cis during transcription and in a Rad51-independent manner. We found no evidence that such hybrids form in trans and in a Rad51-dependent manner.
Tailored design of protein nanoparticle scaffolds for multivalent presentation of viral glycoprotein antigens
Authors: Ueda George , Antanasijevic Aleksandar , Fallas Jorge A , Sheffler William , Copps Jeffrey , Ellis Daniel , Hutchinson Geoffrey B , Moyer Adam , Yasmeen Anila , Tsybovsky Yaroslav , Park Young-Jun , Bick Matthew J , Sankaran Banumathi , Gillespie Rebecca A , Brouwer Philip JM , Zwart Peter H , Veesler David , Kanekiyo Masaru , Graham Barney S , Sanders Rogier W , Moore John P , Klasse Per Johan , Ward Andrew B , King Neil P , Baker David
Published: August 2020

Multivalent presentation of viral glycoproteins can substantially increase the elicitation of antigen-specific antibodies. To enable a new generation of anti-viral vaccines, we designed self-assembling protein nanoparticles with geometries tailored to present the ectodomains of influenza, HIV, and RSV viral glycoprotein trimers. We first de novo designed trimers tailored for antigen fusion, featuring N-terminal helices positioned to match the C termini of the viral glycoproteins. Trimers that experimentally adopted their designed configurations were incorporated as components of tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral nanoparticles, which were characterized by cryo-electron microscopy and assessed for their ability to present viral glycoproteins. Electron microscopy and antibody binding experiments demonstrated that the designed nanoparticles presented antigenically intact prefusion HIV-1 Env, influenza hemagglutinin, and RSV F trimers in the predicted geometries. This work demonstrates that antigen-displaying protein nanoparticles can be designed from scratch, and provides a systematic way to investigate the influence of antigen presentation geometry on the immune response to vaccination.
Cryo-EM structure of the lysosomal chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 in complex with OSTM1
Authors: Schrecker Marina , Korobenko Julia , Hite Richard K
Published: August 2020

The chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 plays critical roles in lysosomal homeostasis and bone regeneration and its mutation can lead to osteopetrosis, lysosomal storage disease and neurological disorders. In lysosomes and the ruffled border of osteoclasts, CLC-7 requires a β-subunit, OSTM1, for stability and activity. Here, we present electron cryomicroscopy structures of CLC-7 in occluded states by itself and in complex with OSTM1, determined at resolutions up to 2.8 Å. In the complex, the luminal surface of CLC-7 is entirely covered by a dimer of the heavily glycosylated and disulfide-bonded OSTM1, which serves to protect CLC-7 from the degradative environment of the lysosomal lumen. OSTM1 binding does not induce large-scale rearrangements of CLC-7, but does have minor effects on the conformation of the ion-conduction pathway, potentially contributing to its regulatory role. These studies provide insights into the role of OSTM1 and serve as a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of CLC-7 regulation.
The Effect of Concentrations of Basil Leaves Extract as Natural Preservatives in Mullet Fillet on Bacterial Growth in Low-Temperature Storage
Authors: Shofiani Shafa , . Junianto , Rostini Iis , Afrianto Eddy
Published: August 2020

This research aimed to know the shelf life of mullet fillet with basil leaves extract treatment in different concentration based on the amount of bacteria contained on mullet fillet during low temperature storage. The research was conducted at The Central Laboratory and The Laboratory of Fishery Product Processing, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor. The method used in this research was experimental with four treatments by duplo. Basil leaves extract treatment concentrations were given in 0%, 1.5%, 3% and 4.5% concentrations, soaked for 30 minutes and stored at low temperature (5-10℃). The observations for grey mullet fillet with 0% concentration (without soaking on basil leaf extract treatment) were made on the 1st, 3td, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th day of research. The observations for 1.5%, 3% and 4.5 concentrations were made on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th day of storage period. The parameters observed in this research was the amount of bacteria. The result of research showed that the use of basil leaf extract in concentration of 3% on mullet fillet during low temperature storage has the longest shelf life, that was until 11 days with total amount of bacteria about 4.55 x  cfu/g.
The Prevalence of Ticks Infestation of Dogs in Runjin Sambo Area of Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
Authors: Lema S. Y. , Haruna A. , Ibrahim J. , Suleiman J.
Published: August 2020

Ticks are still considered a major cause of zoonotic diseases most especially to dogs and other related animals. This study was conducted to assess the ticks infestation of dogs in Runjin Sambo area Sokoto. The sample was collected using hand picking and hair brushing method with the assistance of dog owners. A total of sixty dogs were randomly selected in four different sub areas in Runjin Sambo. The locality, sex and age of the dogs were noted. The ticks species were identified in the entomology laboratory using key devices. Four species of ticks namely, Amlyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Boophilus decolaratus and Hyalomma excavatum were identified. The 45 (75%) of dogs were found infected with prevalence of 11.67%, 21.67%, 25.00% and 16.67% in the four sub-areas respectively. The prevalence rate of infection was 31.67% in male dogs and 43.33% in female dogs. Similarly 55.00% and 20.00% in adult and puppy dogs respectively.  Tick infestation of dogs seems to be due to poor and unhygienic condition of the dogs and can be reduced by proper sanitation, improve hygiene and health education.
PCR-SSCP Analysis of Keratin - Associated Protein (KAP) 6.1 Gene in Nilagiri and Dorset x Nilagiri Cross Breeds of Sheep
Authors: Bharathesree R. , Saravanan R. , Jeyakumar M. , Murali N.
Published: August 2020

The present study was investigated to detect polymorphic patterns of the keratin-associated protein (KAP) 6.1 gene in 54 numbers of Nilagiri and 20 numbers of Dorset x Nilagiri breeds of sheep. DNA was isolated and amplified with ovine specific primers of KAP 6.1 gene. Allele frequencies of A, B, C, D and E was 0.79, 0.08, 0.15, 0.07 and 0.08 respectively with departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. KAP 6.1 gene was found to have a high degree of homozygosity (0.6668), and an effective number of alleles (Ne) for KAP 6.1 gene was 1.7007 in Nilagiri breeds of sheep, while the PIC value was 0.3909 with positive (0.1908) FIS value. From the study, PCR - SSCP analysis of KAP 6.1 gene revealed polymorphism in Nilagiri breeds whereas in Dorset x Nilagiri crossbred sheep two genotypes for the A/B with no polymorphism detected.
Cryptococcal Lymphadenopathy in an 18-year-old Male HIV-infected Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Kavabushi Patrick , Kambutse Immaculate , Ngabonziza Issa , Nyampinga Carine , Mugabe Fiacre B. , Nshizirungu Jean Jacques , Kyokunda Lynnette T.
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Cryptoccocus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen which is contracted through inhalation of the infectious organisms which cause primarily pulmonary disease. The infection remains latent until the host becomes immunocompromised. The disease may disseminate to different sites; however most patients essentially present with brain and lung disease (meningitis and pneumonia, respectively). Cryptococcal lymphadenitis is therefore an uncommon occurrence of this infection.

Objective: We describe the clinico-pathological features of an 18-year-old male with vertically transmitted HIV/AIDS infection who presented to our hospital with features of disseminated cryptococcal infection and notable lymph node involvement.

Case Presentation: An 18-year-old secondary school adolescent boy presented to our hospital with a 3-week history of fever, headache, body weakness and marked loss of body weight. He had been recently diagnosed with HIV infection and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART). On examination, he was weak, dehydrated and had multiple enlarged lymph nodes and facial skin papules. Notably, laboratory investigations revealed positive India ink test on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microscopy examination and culture, positive PAS stain for yeasts on lymph node histopathology and markedly prominent chest lymph nodes on the chest X-ray. A diagnosis of disseminated Cryptococcosis with lymph node involvement was made. He improved on Amphotericin B and oral fluconazole and a repeat CSF culture two weeks later was negative for Cryptococcus neoformans.

Conclusion: Cryptococcal lymphadenitis is a rare manifestation of Cryptococcal disease.
Studies on Comparative Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Yankasa Sheep Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense Field Isolates of Nigerian Origin
Authors: Ogbaje Christopher Igoche , Lawal Idris Alao , Ajanusi Joseph O.
Published: August 2020

Background: African Animal Trypanosomosis is one of the key hindrances to full livestock development in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa, despite years of efforts to eradicate the disease. It is an important parasitic disease of human and animals. Control of the disease relies majorly on chemotherapy of one of the three trypanocidal drugs. The severity of haematological indices depends on parasite species, host involved and nutrition. Hence, there is need to assess the pathogenicity and compare their effects on some of our local breeds of livestock.

Methodology: Field isolates Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense of Nigerian origin were used. Thirty sheep were acquired and preconditioned for two weeks in arthropod- proofed pens before the commencement of the experiment. The sheep were divided into five groups (A- T. vivax infected-treated, B- T. vivax infected-untreated, C- No infection, no treatment, E- T. congolense infected-treated and F- T. congolense infected-untreated. Packed Cell Volume, serum protein, WBC, DLC were monitored weekly for 8 weeks.

Results: There was gradual decreased in PCV of all the infected animals which was an indication of anaemia but more severe in T. vivax groups. Also decreased in plasma protein that was more pronounced and prolonged in T. vivax than the T. congolense groups, this was similar with WBC. Neutrophils had initial increased in all the groups before dropping and low value of monocyte at the early period of infections which later disappeared. There was no basophil seen in all the T.vivax groups but few were observed in T. congolense groups.  

Conclusion: Anaemia is a general feature of most parasitic infections especially in trypanosomosis. Trypanosoma vivax used in this study is more pathogenic than the T. congolense, hence may have more negative effects in sheep production in author’s environment.
Reproductive and Oxidative Stress Toxicity of Dolutegravir-Based Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Iorjiim Walter Mdekera , Omale Simeon , Bagu Great David , Gyang Steven Samuel , Alemika Emmanuel Taiwo
Published: August 2020

Background/Objective: Dolutegravir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (DTG-HAART) is the preferred regimen in the management of HIV/AIDS. However, the reproductive and oxidative stress toxicity of DTG-HAART is unknown.  This study was designed to investigate the reproductive and oxidative stress toxicity of DTG-HAART in Drosophila melanogaster.

Materials and Methods: We performed all the experiments at the Centre of Excellence in phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos, Nigeria, in 2019.  D. melanogaster, (1-4 days old), were fed with ten different concentrations of DTG-HAART (range 15 mg -595 mg) or 1000 mL distilled water per 10 g food for seven days to calculate the LD50, then treated with 93.11 mg, 46.56 mg, 23.28 mg, 11.64 mg or 1000 µL distilled water each per 10 g fly food for five days in five replicates. Subsequently, longevity, fly fecundity, and negative geotaxis evaluated. Also, activities of Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione-S-transferase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, as well as Total thiol, and Malondialdehyde levels were investigated in the whole fly homogenate. Statistical values at P<0.05 were considered significant.

Results: The LD50 of DTG-HAART in D. melanogaster was 106.4 mg. The result showed significantly decrease (P<0.001) in mean lifespan, fly emergence, Total thiol content, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione-S-transferase, Catalase, and Superoxide dismutase activities in the exposed groups compared to the unexposed. Inversely, the Malondialdehyde level in the test groups was significantly (P<0.001) elevated compared to unexposed.

Conclusion: Collectively, our results suggest that   DTG-HAART toxicity was associated with reproductive deficits and oxidative stress induction in D. melanogaster, here observed as reduced fly fecundity, mean lifespan, AChE activity, antioxidant parameters, and elevated MDA level. This study, thus, raised concerns for long term use of DTG-HAART by HIV patients.
Phytosociological Survey of Spontaneous Plants in the Culture of Agroecological Maize with Plants of Intercalar Coverage
Authors: Martinez Alexandra da Silva , Seidel Edleusa Pereira , Pan Renan , Brito Tauane Santos , Caciano Wesler Meiners
Published: August 2020

Aims: The objective was to carry the phytosociological survey of spontaneous plants in the agroecological maize crop cultivated with intercalar cover plants in the summer and fall/winter harvest.

Study Design: The experimental design used was of randomized blocks with subdivided plots in the time 4x2x2, with 5 replicates.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a farm, located in Missal – PR, managed in agroecological system since 2009.

Methodology: The crop modalities used were maize + pigeon pea, maize + showy rattlepod, maize + jack bean and monoculture (control), being evaluated during summer and fall/winter seasons, at 30 and 70 days after emergence.  Frequency, abundance, and density of plants per linear meter and the importance value index (IVI) were determined in a 1 m² area.

Results: The specie Commelina benghalensis L. and Leonorus sibiricus L, were the plants with the highest IVI for the crop modalities maize + pigeon pea and maize + showy rattlepod.

Conclusion: The cultivation of maize with cover crops, mainly showy rattlepod, may be a recommended management to reduce spontaneous plants in maize in the agroecological system.

Aims: The objective was to carry the phytosociological survey of spontaneous plants in the agroecological maize crop cultivated with intercalar cover plants in the summer and fall/winter harvest.

Study Design: The experimental design used was of randomized blocks with subdivided plots in the time 4x2x2, with 5 replicates.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a farm, located in Missal – PR, managed in agroecological system since 2009.

Methodology: The crop modalities used were maize + pigeon pea, maize + showy rattlepod, maize + jack bean and monoculture (control), being evaluated during summer and fall/winter seasons, at 30 and 70 days after emergence.  Frequency, abundance, and density of plants per linear meter and the importance value index (IVI) were determined in a 1 m² area.

Results: The specie Commelina benghalensis L. and Leonorus sibiricus L, were the plants with the highest IVI for the crop modalities maize + pigeon pea and maize + showy rattlepod.

Conclusion: The cultivation of maize with cover crops, mainly showy rattlepod, may be a recommended management to reduce spontaneous plants in maize in the agroecological system.
ΔNp63 is upregulated during salivary gland regeneration following duct ligation and irradiation in mice
Authors: Ikai Kazuki , Sakai Manabu , Minagi Hitomi Ono , Gojo Nao , Sakai Takayoshi
Published: August 2020

The transcription factor p63, a component of the p53 family, has important functions in development, homeostasis, and regeneration of epithelial tissues. However, the role of p63 in the regeneration of exocrine glands, including the salivary glands (SGs), has not been fully investigated. We investigated p63 expression in SG regeneration induced by duct ligation and irradiation. The expression of ΔNp63, a p63 isoform, increased and was colocalized with keratin 5 positive cells were myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, ΔNp63 expression was regulated by FGF7 stimulation via p38 MAPK phosphorylation and affected SG morphogenesis. These results suggest that ΔNp63 is essential for SG regeneration and may be a new target for regenerative treatment.
Coupled network of the circadian clocks: a driving force of rhythmic physiology
Authors: Finger Anna‐Marie , Dibner Charna , Kramer Achim
Published: August 2020

The circadian system is composed of coupled endogenous oscillators that allow living beings, including humans, to anticipate and adapt to daily changes in their environment. In mammals, circadian clocks form a hierarchically organized network with a ‘master clock’ located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, which ensures entrainment of subsidiary oscillators to environmental cycles. Robust rhythmicity of body clocks is indispensable for temporally coordinating organ functions, and the disruption or misalignment of circadian rhythms caused for instance by modern lifestyle is strongly associated with various widespread diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge about the molecular architecture and system‐level organization of mammalian circadian oscillators. Furthermore, we discuss the regulatory roles of peripheral clocks for cell and organ physiology and their implication in the temporal coordination of metabolism in human health and disease. Finally, we summarize methods for assessing circadian rhythmicity in humans.
A study on the use of cyclone shelters in Bangladesh
Authors: Miyaji Mari , Okazaki Kenji , Ochiai Chiho
Published: August 2020

Bangladesh's geography renders it vulnerable to cyclones. The most severe cyclone occurred in 1970, resulting in severe damages and over 300 000 deaths. The government has implemented cyclone disaster mitigation primarily by providing cyclone shelters. Recently, BRAC University proposed a new type of cyclone shelter, the house‐shaped “mini‐shelter.” This study aims to contribute to the government's cyclone mitigation schemes, especially regarding the appropriate utilization and construction of cyclone shelters that can be used throughout cyclone‐prone areas. Investigations in two cyclone‐affected areas reveals that cyclone shelters, which are intended for a few hours of occupation during inundation, function as temporary living quarters during post‐cyclone reconstruction. Moreover, most cyclone shelters are elementary schools, and their storage and staff rooms may be locked during cyclones owing to poor management, which complicates their use as evacuation centers or temporary post‐cyclone living quarters. The “mini‐shelters” can be used as both evacuation centers and livestock storage during cyclones. Although locals doubt the buildings' safety because the wooden second floor is too low for protecting against storm surges, “mini‐shelters” can be useful in remote coastal areas with limited space for cyclone shelters. Hence, a combination of these cyclone shelter types affords a holistic solution to cyclone disaster mitigation.
The effects of explicit “Not Present” and “Don't Know” response options on identification decisions in computer‐administered lineups
Authors: Lucas Carmen A. , Brewer Neil , Michael Zoe E. , Foster Tammie R.
Published: August 2020

Eyewitness researchers recommend that “not present” and “don't know” response options should be presented with police lineups. Although it is important that witnesses—most of whom are unlikely to be familiar with the identification task—are fully cognizant of all response options available to them, an understanding of how explicit non‐identification options affect performance is lacking. Across four experiments, including 3,633 participants and 8 different stimulus sets, we tested the effects of including non‐identification options in computer‐administered lineups. When explicit non‐identification options were presented, target‐present and ‐absent choosing decreased. This decrease in choosing was characterized by a shift from filler identifications to lineup rejections. ROC analyses revealed that there was no overall difference in discriminability between guilty and innocent suspects depending on response option condition. On balance, the findings suggest that, in addition to informing witnesses about acceptable responses, displaying non‐identification response options does not undermine identification performance.
Boryl Radical‐Mediated C−H Activation of Inactivated Alkanes for the Synthesis of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Han Jia‐Bin , San Htet Htet , Guo Ao , Wang Long , Tang Xiang‐Ying
Published: August 2020

An intriguing pyridine‐boryl radical‐mediated C−H alkynylation reaction of inactivated alkanes was described. The reaction features mild operation condition and wide substrate scope, and affords the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Notably, The presence of 4‐cyanopyride N‐oxide was key to the success of the reaction. Cyclohexane are more easily to be functionalized in this reaction than toluene, which could be rationally explained by polarity‐match principle.

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A Strategy for Accessing Aldehydes via Palladium‐Catalyzed C−O/C−N Bond Cleavage in the Presence of Hydrosilanes
Authors: He Zhanyu , Wang Zijia , Ru Junxiang , Wang Yulin , Liu Tingting , Zeng Zhuo
Published: August 2020

We report the catalytic reduction of both active esters and amides by selective C(acyl)−X (X=O, N) cleavage to access aldehyde functionality via a palladium‐catalyzed strategy. Reactions are promoted by hydrosilanes as reducing reagents with good to excellent yields and with excellent chemoselectivity for C(acyl)−N and C(acyl)−O bond cleavage. Carboxylic acid C(acyl)−O bonds are activated by 2‐chloro‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine (CDMT) to form triazine ester intermediates, which further react with hydrosilanes to yield aldehydes in one‐pot two‐step procedures. We demonstrate that C(acyl)−O cleavage/formylation offers higher yields and broader substrate scopes compared with C(acyl)−N cleavage under the same reaction conditions.

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Charge and Size Dual Switchable Nanocage for Novel Triple‐Interlocked Combination Therapy Pattern
Authors: Yang Rui , Zhang Zipeng , Fu Shunli , Hou Teng , Mu Weiwei , Liang Shuang , Gao Tong , Guan Li , Fang Yuxiao , Liu Yongjun , Zhang Na
Published: August 2020

Combination therapy is a current hot topic in cancer treatment. Multiple synergistic effects elicited by combined drugs are essential in improving antitumor activity. Herein, a pH‐triggered charge and size dual switchable nanocage co‐loaded with abemaciclib and IMD‐0354 (PA/PI‐ND) is reported, exhibiting a novel triple‐interlocked combination of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemoimmunotherapy. The charge reversal polymer NGR‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(l‐lysine)‐dimethylmaleic anhydride (NGR‐PEG‐PLL‐DMA, ND) in PA/PI‐ND promotes the pH‐triggered charge reversal from negative to positive and size reduction from about 180 to 10 nm in an acidic tumor microenvironment, which greatly enhances cellular uptake and tumor tissue deep penetration. With the PA/PI‐ND triple‐interlocked combination therapy, the chemotherapeutic effect is enhanced by the action of abemaciclib to induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, together with the reduction in cyclin D levels caused by IMD‐0354. The dual anti‐tumor promoting immunotherapy is achieved by abemaciclib selectively inhibiting the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and by IMD‐0354 promoting tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) repolarization from an M2 to M1 phenotype. Furthermore, PA/PI‐ND has improved anti‐tumor efficiency resulting from the third synergistic effect provided by chemoimmunotherapy. Taken together, PA/PI‐ND is a promising strategy to guide the design of future drug delivery carriers and cancer combination therapy.
Field and model assessments of irrigated soybean responses to increased air temperature
Authors: Sima M. W. , Fang Q. X. , Burkey K. O. , Ray S. J. , Pursley W. A. , Kersebaum K. C. , Boote K. J. , Malone R. W.
Published: August 2020

Correctly quantifying elevated air temperature effects on crop yield through field experiments and crop modeling is essential for developing adaptation strategies under climate change. In this study, the effects of elevated air temperature on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production were investigated using a four‐year open top chamber experiment (2015–2018) in North Carolina, USA. The experimental results showed that an increase of average air temperature during growing seasons by 3.4 °C to 25.7 °C decreased seed yield by 22%, final biomass by 11%, and harvest index by 12%, but did not significantly affect maturity date. The reduction in seed yield was more associated with reduction in seed number (19%) than in seed weight (2%). Two soybean growth models (CROPGRO and HERMES) in the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) were evaluated against measured temperature responses from the four‐year experiment. Both crop models simulated lower reduction in seed yield (15% for CROPGRO and 17% for HERMES), but simulated reduction in biomass was lower by CROPGRO (7%) and higher by HERMES (20%) than that measured in the chambers. Between the two models, HERMES predicted slightly better responses of seed yield and biomass to temperature across the four years than CROPGRO, whereas the opposite was true for maturity date and harvest index. However, HERMES simulated earlier maturity dates for heated treatment than observed, suggesting that improvements are needed in the model for soybean phenology response to temperature increase.
The efficacy and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound for detecting common bile duct stones in intermediate to high‐risk patients with non‐diagnostic CT or MRCP
Authors: Lem Seng‐Gaip , Wang Szu‐Jen , Tsai Ching‐Yang , Sun Meng‐Shun
Published: August 2020

Choledocholithiasis or common bile duct (CBD) stones are found in 15% to 20% of patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. Transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are the most commonly used imaging studies for patients with suspected CBD stones. However, the sensitivity of these modalities may decline in patients with microlithiasis (CBD stones smaller than 5 to 6 mm). From literature reviewed, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was as effective as MRCP and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), with higher accuracy in small CBD stones than MRCP and less invasive than ERCP. However, there is not much evidence in the past regarding the diagnostic value of EUS for detecting CBD stones in intermediate to high probability patients based on the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines, after non‐diagnostic CT or MRCP. A total of 92 patients with intermediate to high probability of choledocholithiasis based on ASGE guidelines were recruited in this study. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of EUS for detecting CBD stones after non‐diagnostic CT or MRCP. By using univariate and multivariate analysis, we described the significance of patients' baseline characteristics and predictors that imply for further EUS study after inconclusive CT or MRCP. 35 (38%) out of 92 patients were found to have CBD stones on EUS. Among them, 30 had stones removed by ERCP, and three patients received cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy with stones removal. Two patients with positive findings of CBD stones on EUS initially, ended up with negative findings on subsequent ERCP procedure. 57 (62%) patients with negative findings of CBD stones on EUS received regular follow‐up with a period of 9 to 24 months and showed no significant change in subsequent imaging and biochemical studies. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for choledocholithiasis after non‐diagnostic CT or MRCP was 94.3%, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96.6%. Among all predictors for choledocholithiasis, the presence of clinical cholangitis was the only significant predictor in our multivariate analysis. In patients with intermediate to high probability of choledocholithiasis based on ASGE guidelines, EUS has shown a favorable accuracy and efficacy for detecting CBD stones when CT or MRCP is inconclusive. And the presence of clinical cholangitis is a significant predictor that indicates the necessity for EUS in patients with suspected CBD stones after non‐diagnostic CT or MRCP.
Biosynthesegencluster für Sestermobaraene – Entdeckung einer Geranylfarnesyldiphosphatsynthase und einer Multiprodukt‐Sesterterpensynthase aus Streptomyces mobaraensis
Authors: Hou Anwei , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: August 2020

Ein Biosynthesegencluster aus Streptomyces mobaraensis wurde identifiziert, das die ersten Beispiele einer bakteriellen Geranylfarnesyldiphosphatsynthase und einer Typ I Sesterterpensynthase kodiert. Die Strukturen von sieben durch diese Enzyme produzierten Sesterterpene einschließlich ihrer absoluten Konfigurationen wurden aufgeklärt. Der Enzymmechanismus der Sesterterpensynthase wurde durch extensive Isotopenmarkierungsexperimente untersucht.
(N‐Heterocyclic carbene) ion‐pair palladium complexes: Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling studies in neat water under mild conditions
Authors: Chen Ming‐Tsz , Lin Yu‐Hsuan , Jian Kun‐Han
Published: August 2020

The synthesis and characterization of a series of (N‐heterocyclic carbene)PdCl3−(NMe3H)+ ion‐pair complexes are presented. Applying the quaternary ammonium salt as the function with NHC–Pd(II) complexes yields the new ion‐pair complexes. The NHC–Pd(II) ion‐pair complexes work well by undergoing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction with aryl chloride substrates in water under mild conditions in air at room temperature. Twenty products resulting from Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions carried out in the presence of the new NHC–Pd(II) ion‐pair complex under mild optimal conditions were examined to determine the optimum yields.
Integrated study of benthic foraging resources for Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Pechora Sea, south‐eastern Barents Sea
Authors: Gebruk Anna , Mikhaylyukova Polina , Mardashova Maria , Semenova Varvara , Henry Lea‐Anne , Shabalin Nikolay , Narayanaswamy Bhavani E. , Mokievsky Vadim
Published: August 2020

The Atlantic walrus, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, forms a herd of nearly 4,000 heads in the Pechora Sea (south‐eastern Barents Sea). The Near Threatened status of O. rosmarus rosmarus and the relative isolation of the Pechora Sea population, as well as the potential impacts of human activities in the area, make it important to characterize key habitats, including feeding grounds, in order to protect the species.

The aim of the present study was to integrate multiple sources of environmental and biological data collected by satellite telemetry, remotely operated vehicle (ROV), and benthic grab sampling to examine the distribution and diversity of benthic foraging resources used by walrus in the Pechora Sea.

Analysis of satellite telemetry data from seven males tagged on Vaigach Island helped to identify areas of high use by walruses near haulout sites on Matveev and Vaigach islands, and in between. Field data were collected from those feeding grounds in July 2016 using ROV video recordings and bottom grab sampling. Analysis of 19 grab stations revealed a heterogeneous macrobenthic community of 133 taxa with a mean biomass of 147.11 ± 7.35 g/m2. Bivalve molluscs, particularly Astarte borealis, Astarte montagui, and Ciliatocardium ciliatum, dominated the overall macrobenthic biomass, making up two‐thirds of the total.

Analysis of 16 ROV video transects showed high occurrences of mobile benthic decapods (3.03 ± 2.74 ind./min) and provided the first direct evidence that areas actively used by walrus in the Pechora Sea overlap with the distribution of the non‐native omnivorous snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio.

Integrating multiple data sources provides an early foundation for the kinds of ecosystem‐based approaches needed to improve Pechora Sea resource management and to underpin Russia’s nascent marine spatial planning initiatives. Factors that need to be considered in marine spatial planning include impacts on benthic feeding grounds from offshore oil and gas development and the spread of the snow crab.
Investigation of the Mechanism Behind Conductive Fluorescent and Multistimuli‐responsive Li+‐enriched Metallogel Formation
Authors: Shukla Jay , Kumar Yeeshu , Dixit Manish K. , Mahendar Chinthakuntla , Sharma Vinay K. , Kalam Abul , Dubey Mrigendra
Published: August 2020

A fluorescent metallogel (2.6 % w/v) has been obtained from two non‐fluorescent components viz. phenyl‐succinic acid derived pro‐ligand H2PSL and LiOH (2 equiv.) in DMF. Li+ ion not only plays a crucial role in gelation through aggregation, but also contributed towards enhancement of fluorescence by imposing restriction over excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) followed by origin of chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) phenomenon. Further, the participation of CHEF followed by aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) in the gelation process have been well established by fluorescence experiments. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis disclosed the sequential creation of nanonuclei followed by nanoballs and their alignment towards the generation of fibers of about 3, 31 and 40 nm diameter, respectively. The presence of a long‐range fibrous morphology inside the metallogel was further attested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rheological studies on the metallogel showed its true gel‐phase material nature. Nyquist impedance study shows a resistance value of 7.4 kΩ for the metallogel which upon applying ultrasound increased to 8.5 kΩ, while an elevated temperature of 70 °C caused reduction in the resistance value to 4.8 kΩ. The mechanism behind metallogel formation has been well established by using FTIR, UV‐vis, SEM, TEM, PXRD, 1H NMR, fluorescence and ESI‐MS.
Double‐dipping to refine stellar rotation periods
Authors: Tan Joanne , Basri Gibor
Published: August 2020

We present a refined analysis of 15,038 Kepler main sequence light curves to determine the stellar rotation periods. The initial period estimates come from an autocorrelation function, as has been done before. We then measure the duration of every intensity dip in the light curve, expressed as fractions of the initial rotation period estimate. These dip duration distributions are subdivided into several regions whose relation to each other helps determine which harmonic of the initial rotation period is most physically plausible. We compare our final rotation periods to those from McQuillan et al. (2014) and find that the great majority agree, but about 10% of their periods are doubtful (usually twice as long as is most plausible). We are still refining our method, and will later extend it to more stars to substantially increase the sample of reliable stellar rotation periods.
Water Utility Communications Can Build Trust During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Retzlaff Kimberly J.
Published: August 2020

Key Takeaways

In April 2020, AWWA hosted a webinar on how utilities can be a trusted source of information during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Following a communications plan and using a spokesperson, water utilities should focus on simple messages that use basic terminology.

Utilities should express empathy, focus on facts, and be transparent to build and reinforce public trust during a crisis.