bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Space Based on Mass Customization Model
Authors: Chen Lucheng , Xie Haiqin , Yang Wen , Xiao Lin
Published: July 2022

The industrial Internet has brought the biggest economic opportunity since the mobile Internet. Haier started the exploration of intelligentization, networking, and informationalization as early as 2005 and gradually launched an industrial Internet platform COSMOPlat with independent intellectual property rights. In COSMOPlat, traditional mass manufacturing model is replaced by mass customization model (MCM), in which production is driven by users’ order rather than inventory. What the model achieved is not simply automation but also real intelligent manufacturing with high efficiency driven by high precision. With users’ participation in the whole process, manufacturing is precisely made according to the users’ dynamic needs, which will better meet actual requirements.

The article provides an overview of the mass customization model of COSMOPlat and how it facilitates enterprises for digital transformation and upgrade. Also indicated are the successful use cases in application.
International Data Spaces in a Nutshell
Authors: Pettenpohl Heinrich , Spiekermann Markus , Both Jan Ruben
Published: July 2022

International Data Spaces (IDS) enable the sovereign and self-determined exchange of data via a standardized connection across company boundaries. They address the many challenges in the overarching use of data in terms of interoperability, transparency, trust, security, and adaptation by a critical mass. For this purpose, the IDS develops a standardized architecture, which is described and continuously updated in the IDSA Reference Architecture Model (RAM) document. The core of the underlying concept is the linkage of data and usage conditions and their organizational and technical processing and enforcement. Organizational roles and responsibilities are considered on the one hand, and various technical components are defined on the other. The core of the architecture thereby, in contrast to existing solutions and approaches of completely centralized or decentralized architectures, is the paradigm of a federated structure. This enables the actual (raw) data to be exchanged exclusively between the participants without the need for a third party or a central data store. The chapter gives an overview of this approach and provides insights in terms of objectives, roles, and components that are used to enable sovereign data exchange. It enables a basic understanding of the core concept and assessing the impact of such an architecture approach.
Legal Aspects of IDS: Data Sovereignty—What Does It Imply?
Authors: Duisberg Alexander
Published: July 2022

The claim of data sovereignty is inherently linked to putting the legal instruments and tools in the hands of each participant in the ecosystem, allowing freedom of contract as well as ensuring that exercising data exchange and consorted data usage in the data economy is in compliance with general and specific regulations, ranging from anti-trust to GDPR and cyber-security regulations as well as sector specific regulations. The IDS provides a framework and a technology to allow the parties to limit their transaction costs and to ensure effective enforcement through the concept of usage control. In a future world, this will include increased automation of contract execution (conclusion, performance, and enforcement), whereas the steps to reach that goal are plentiful and, as of now, still require to “set the scene” with the means of the traditional contractual agreements. This article provides an overview and orientation on the key legal areas and aspects to consider for stakeholders, participants, and the business more generally and in the application of the IDS architecture.
Früherkennung primärer Sprachentwicklungsstörungen – zunehmende Relevanz durch Änderung der Diagnosekriterien?
Authors: Kiese-Himmel Christiane
Published: July 2022

Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (SES) sind die häufigsten Entwicklungsstörungen im Kindesalter. Die „primären SES“ (Prävalenz etwa 7 %) werden im Unterschied zu „sekundären SES“ nicht durch andere Entwicklungsstörungen bzw. Erkrankungen (mit-)verursacht. In der deutschen Modifikation der Internationalen Statistischen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme (ICD-10-GM-22) werden die primären SES als „Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens und der Sprache“ (USES) bezeichnet, wobei u. a. ein Intelligenzquotient (IQ) < 85 als Ausschlusskriterium gilt. In der ICD-11 werden primäre SES als „Developmental Language Disorder“ (DLD) angegeben.

Deutschsprachige Sprachtherapeut*innen möchten nun den Terminus „USES“ durch „DLD“ ersetzen und dabei die Diagnosekriterien verwenden, die vom internationalen CATALISE-Consortium (Criteria and Terminology Applied to Language Impairments Synthesizing the Evidence) vorgeschlagen werden, in deren Bestreben, eine Neubestimmung des Störungsbildes vorzunehmen. Nach dieser Konzeption werden jedoch nur Kinder mit einer geistigen Behinderung (IQ < 70) von der Diagnose ausgeschlossen. Dieser Wechsel in den diagnostischen Kriterien hätte höchstwahrscheinlich einen Anstieg der Prävalenz zur Folge. Damit wird die Frage der Früherkennung wichtiger denn je. In diesem Diskussionsbeitrag wird erklärt, dass die Public-Health-Relevanz der primären SES wächst und systematischen Früherkennungsuntersuchungen eine noch wichtigere Rolle zukommen wird. Mit einer frühzeitigen Diagnose und Therapie können Risiken in den Bereichen psychische Gesundheit, Verhalten und Entwicklung von Fertigkeiten gemindert werden.

Derzeit erfolgen Diagnostik (und Therapie) meist relativ spät. Der Ausweg könnte in der Anwendung neurobiologischer Parameter liegen. Dazu werden jedoch weitere Studien benötigt, die Kinderkohorten in einem prospektiven longitudinalen Design auf Frühindikatoren untersuchen. Auch die Bildung eines Früherkennungsindex aus mehreren Indikatoren ist zu erwägen.
„Steal Now, Decrypt Later“
Authors: Barenkamp Marco
Published: July 2022

Gängige Verschlüsselungstechnologien können von herkömmlichen Computern nicht durchbrochen werden. Trotzdem werden heutzutage in großem Maße Daten abgegriffen und zunächst gespeichert, um sie in der Zukunft mithilfe von Quantencomputern zu entschlüsseln und gegebenenfalls missbräuchlich einzusetzen. In diesem Zusammenhang spricht man auch von der „Steal now, decrypt later“ (alternativ „Harvest now, decrypt later“)-Strategie. Experten gehen davon aus, dass dieser Zeitpunkt in 10–15 Jahren erreicht sein wird. Daher ist es bereits heute notwendig, auf diese Gefahr adäquat zu reagieren und einen Datenmissbrauch zu unterbinden.

Zum einen ist es daher wichtig, einen Datendiebstahl frühzeitig zu erkennen und adäquat darauf zu reagieren. Hierfür bieten sich unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten, wie beispielsweise die Visualisierung von Datenströmen sowie die Detektion von Anomalien innerhalb eines Netzwerks mithilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz an. Zum anderen müssen neue, hybride Verschlüsselungsverfahren (weiter-)entwickelt werden, die sowohl vor einer Entschlüsselung durch Quantencomputer als auch vor einer Entschlüsselung durch herkömmliche Computer schützen.
Translocation as an ultimate conservation measure for the long-term survival of a critically endangered freshwater mussel
Authors: Nakamura Keiko , Guerrero-Campo Joaquín , Ginés Ester , Mesquita-Joanes Francesc , Alcántara Manuel , Sousa Ronaldo
Published: July 2022

Pseudunio auricularius (Spengler, 1793) is one of the most threatened unionid species worldwide. Translocation is considered one of the ultimate actions that can save this species from extinction in the Iberian Peninsula. Since 2013, massive mortalities have been recorded in the Canal Imperial de Aragón (CIA), an anthropogenic habitat where the highest density of P. auricularius had been recorded in Spain. An adequacy habitat index was calculated assigning scores to different environmental variables to select the most suitable river stretches receiving the translocated specimens. A total of 638 specimens have been translocated: 291 in 2017, 291 in 2018, and 56 in 2019. The first-year survival in the group of individuals translocated in 2017 was 41.6%. The next year, 95% of these specimens were found alive, suggesting a successful initial establishment. Specimens translocated in 2018 and 2019 showed a survival of c. 69% and 49%, respectively. In contrast, the control group left in CIA in 2017 showed a much lower survival rate of 19.7% after one year, which remained equally low during the next two years. Currently, the conditions in the Ebro River seem to allow a higher survival rate for P. auricularius than those in the CIA; nevertheless, future monitoring should confirm their long-term success.
Blazing the Trail: Considering Browsing Path Dependence in Online Service Response Strategy
Authors: Zuo Meihua , Angelopoulos Spyros , Liang Zhouyang , Ou Carol X. J.
Published: July 2022

Competition on e-commerce platforms is becoming increasingly fierce, due to the ease of online searching for comparing products and services. We examine how the sequential browsing behavior of consumers can enable targeted marketing strategies on e-commerce platforms, by using clickstream data from one of the largest e-commerce platforms in Asia. We deploy duration analysis to i) explore how path dependence can better explain consumers’ sequential browsing behavior in different product categories, and ii) characterize the sequential browsing behavior of heterogeneous consumer groups. The findings of our work showcase i) the high accuracy of using sequential browsing path dependence to explain consumer behavior, ii) the patterns of their behavioral intentions and iii) the spell of the behavior of heterogeneous consumer groups. Our findings provide nuanced implications for strategically managing branding, marketing, and customer relations on e-commerce platforms. We discuss the implications of our findings for both research and practice, and we delineate an agenda for future research on the topic.
Structural and optical properties of barium titanium borate glasses doped with ytterbium
Authors: Marzouk S. Y. , Azooz M. A. , Elsaghier H. M. , Zidan Nehad A. , Abbas W.
Published: July 2022

Barium titanium borate glasses doped with ytterbium ions were fabricated via standard melt quenching technique. The building structure of the glass matrices doped with ascendant ratios of ytterbium ions were studied using Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. The UV–Vis–NIR optical absorption spectra were investigated and used to calculate optical bandgaps, Urbach energies, refractive indices, metallization criterion, optical basicity, and dispersion parameters. The absorption and emission cross-sections and gain spectra for 2F5/2 → 2F7/2 transition of ytterbium ions were investigated. The high values of the emission cross-sections of the studied glasses make them strong candidates for laser and amplifier applications.
Too many cooks
Authors: Horne Alex
Published: July 2022

The existing literature on the rational underdetermination problem often construes it as one resulting from the ubiquity of objective values. It is therefore sometimes argued that subjectivists need not be troubled by the underdetermination problem. But on closer examination, it turns out, they should. Or so I will argue. The task of the first half of this paper is explaining why. The task of the second half is finding a subjectivist solution the rational underdetermination problem. The basic problem, I argue, is as follows. Idealizing subjectivism generates too many ideal selves to deliver determinate or commensurable options regarding what non-ideal deliberating agents ought to do. My solution: these idealized options should be assessed from the only perspective we can, in fact, occupy, namely, that of our non-ideal, actual selves. Deciding what to do therefore becomes, in part, an exercise in deciding who to be. But one might now worry this just moves the arbitrariness bump in the rug. Privileging the perspective of our actual self seems contrary to the rationale for idealizing in the first place. I consider two solutions to the problem, one democratic, the other modelled on trusteeship. In the end, I argue, our actual self has complete freedom to choose the ideal self it grants rational authority. In the final part of the paper, I present my positive proposal as a solution to the underdetermination problem confronting the idealizing subjectivist and then argue that, so understood, this account vindicates a tidied-up version of how some reflective people already do deliberate in their everyday lives. This, in turn, suggests that a decision-procedure closely connected to the account is both possible (because actual) and attractive.
The Role of High-Permeability Inclusion on Solute Transport in a 3D-Printed Fractured Porous Medium: An LIF–PIV Integrated Study
Authors: Kong Xiang-Zhao , Ahkami Mehrdad , Naets Isamu , Saar Martin O.
Published: July 2022

It is well-known that the presence of geometry heterogeneity in porous media enhances solute mass mixing due to fluid velocity heterogeneity. However, laboratory measurements are still sparse on characterization of the role of high-permeability inclusions on solute transport, in particularly concerning fractured porous media. In this study, the transport of solutes is quantified after a pulse-like injection of soluble fluorescent dye into a 3D-printed fractured porous medium with distinct high-permeability (H-k) inclusions. The solute concentration and the pore-scale fluid velocity are determined using laser-induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry techniques. The migration of solute is delineated with its breakthrough curve (BC), temporal and spatial moments, and mixing metrics (including the scalar dissipation rate, the volumetric dilution index, and the flux-related dilution index) in different regions of the medium. With the same H-k inclusions, compared to a H-k matrix, the low-permeability (L-k) matrix displays a higher peak in its BC, less solute mass retention, a higher peak solute velocity, a smaller peak dispersion coefficient, a lower mixing rate, and a smaller pore volume being occupied by the solute. The flux-related dilution index clearly captures the striated solute plume tails following the streamlines along dead-end fractures and along the interface between the H-k and L-k matrices. We propose a normalization of the scalar dissipation rate and the volumetric dilution index with respect to the maximum regional total solute mass, which offers a generalized examination of solute mixing for an open region with a varying total solute mass. Our study presents insights into the interplay between the geometric features of the fractured porous medium and the solute transport behaviors at the pore scale.
Laparoscopic and robot-assisted ureterocalicostomy for treatment of primary and recurrent pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in children: a multicenter comparative study with laparoscopic and robot-assisted Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty
Authors: Esposito Ciro , Blanc Thomas , Patkowski Dariusz , Lopez Pedro José , Masieri Lorenzo , Spinoit Anne-Francoise , Escolino Maria
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This multi-institutional study aimed to assess the outcomes of laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy (LUC) and robot-assisted laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy (RALUC) and compare them with laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in children with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO).

Methods

The data of 130 patients (80 boys), with median age 7.6 years and median weight 33.8 kg, receiving minimally invasive treatment of PUJO over a 6-year period, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to the operative approach: G1 included 15 patients, receiving LUC (n = 9) and RALUC (n = 6), and G2 included 115 patients, receiving LP (n = 30) and RALP (n = 85). Patient characteristics and operative outcomes were compared in both groups.

Results

The median patient age and weight were significantly higher in G1 than in G2 [p = 0.001]. The median operative time was similar in both groups (157.6 vs 150.1 min) [p = 0.66] whereas the median anastomotic time was shorter in G1 than in G2 (59.5 vs 83.1 min) [p = 0.03]. The surgical success rate was similar in both groups (100% vs 97.4%) [p = 0.33]. Post-operative complications rate was higher in G1 than in G2 (20% vs 6.1%) but all G1 complications were Clavien 2 and did not require re-intervention.

Conclusion

LUC/RALUC can be considered safe and effective alternative approaches to LP/RALP for PUJO repair and reported excellent outcomes as primary and salvage procedures. Robot-assisted technique was the preferred option to treat most patients with recurrent PUJO in both groups.
Relationship between CEO’s strategic human capital and dynamic capabilities: a meta-analysis
Authors: Durán William Fernando , Aguado David , Perdomo-Ortiz Jesús
Published: July 2022

In this paper we study the association between Chief Executive Officers’ strategic human resource capital, dynamic managerial capabilities, and firms’ dynamic capabilities. This study identifies the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) variables reported in the literature, and estimates the correlation of each CEO variable with the dynamic capabilities. In addition, the moderator effect of the three types of dynamic capabilities is estimated. This paper applies a meta-analysis using structural equation modeling by means of the three-level random-effects model on 446 correlations, which account for 52,767 CEOs around the world. The findings show a positive correlation of CEO education (ρ = .113), CEO personality (ρ = .162), and leadership styles (ρ = .306) with dynamic capabilities. In addition, dynamic managerial capabilities totally mediate the relationship between education and dynamic capabilities and partially the relationship of CEO personality and leadership styles with dynamic capabilities.
Measuring cognitive and affective Theory of Mind with the Italian Yoni task: normative data and short versions
Authors: Isernia Sara , Rossetto Federica , Blasi Valeria , Massaro Davide , Castelli Ilaria , Ricci Cristian , Shamay-Tsoory Simone , Marchetti Antonella , Baglio Francesca
Published: July 2022

Theory of Mind (ToM), a high-order human social cognition skill, is relevant for mental health and wellbeing and frequently impaired in many clinical conditions. To detect ToM difficulties, validated and standardized measures need to be adopted in clinical practice. The Yoni task provides a comprehensive evaluation of first-order, second-order, affective and cognitive mentalistic inferences. However, the Yoni task remains a time-demanding tool without normative data. To fill this gap, we explored the convergent and discriminant validity, the inter-item reliability and provided normative data of the Italian version of the Yoni task (98 items), and developed two short versions (48 and 36 items). For the validation, internal consistency and convergent/discriminant validity have been considered. Then, the effects of demographical variables on 98 item Yoni were explored, and normative data were provided. Our data demonstrated high reliability and a good convergent validity in all the Yoni versions. Then, two composite scores were proposed to obtain: 1) a global ToM level and 2) the balance between affective and cognitive ToM components, whose alteration represents a signature of several clinical conditions. The future standardization of the short versions of Yoni will allow a comprehensive and quick examination of ToM abilities, suitable for both research and clinical settings.
Concept of radial slippage propagation triggering self-loosening and optimisation design of novel anti-loosening structures
Authors: Gong Hao , Liu Jianhua , Feng Huihua , Huang Jiayu
Published: July 2022

Self-loosening of bolted joints can occur in a vibration environment, and it may induce bolt fatigue fracture with catastrophic consequences. It is essential to clarify the self-loosening mechanism, based on which novel anti-loosening thread structures can be developed. In this paper, we propose the concept of radial slippage propagation and provide new insights into the self-loosening process. The new theory states that the slippage along the radial direction of the thread surface induces more slippage areas (slippage propagation), and self-loosening occurs due to the dynamic evolution and propagation of contact states on the thread and bearing surfaces with an increase in the number of vibration cycles. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to validate the propagation process of slippage areas on the thread surface. A novel bolted joint with step thread engagement was developed, which could prevent the occurrence of relative motion of the external and internal threads in the radial direction and thus block slippage propagation. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the novel thread structure was established, and a test specimen was manufactured using two special tools. FEA and experiments validated its superior anti-loosening and anti-fatigue performances, and the convenience of installation and removal. Experimental validation of the radial slippage propagation theory and the performance optimisation of the step-thread structure should be performed in the future.
Applying ionic liquids as oil additives for gearboxes: Going beyond the state of the art by bridging the nano-scale and component level
Authors: Anifa Mohamed Faruck Azhaarudeen , Grützmacher Philipp G. , Hsu Chia-Jui , Dworschak Dominik , Cheng Hsiu-Wei , Valtiner Markus , Stagel Kristof , Mikšovsky Philipp , Sahoo Apurba Ranjan , Sainz Martinez Aitor , Bica-Schröder Katharina , Weigand Michael , Gachot Carsten
Published: July 2022

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used effectively in many applications for reducing problems related to friction and wear. In this work, the potential of ILs as an anti-wear and extreme pressure lubricant additive for high load-carrying gearbox applications such as helicopter transmissions has been studied. Two halide-free ILs: $${{\rm{P}}_{8881}}{\left({{\rm{BuO}}} \right)_2}{\rm{PO}}_2^ - $$

P

8881

(

BuO

)

2

PO
2
−

(1) and $${{\rm{P}}_{8881}}{\left({{\rm{MeO}}} \right)_2}{\rm{PO}}_2^ - $$

P

8881

(

MeO

)

2

PO
2
−

(2), which are blended at 5 wt% each into a standard non-additivated FVA2 base oil (BO) are examined. Their solid—liquid interface, friction and load-carrying capacity, and wear (scuffing) behavior are studied on the nano-, lab-, and component-scale, respectively, at a different range of temperature and loading conditions by using the atomic force microscopy (AFM), Schwing—Reib—Verschleiß (SRV) friction tests, and Brugger tests, as well as forschungsstelle für zahnräder und getriebebau (FZG) back-to-back gear test rig. The AFM analysis shows nearly no change of adhesion over the full range of studied temperature for the IL blends compared to the BO. Similarly, IL blends demonstrate a very stable coefficient of friction (COF) of around 0.16, which even decreases with increasing test temperatures ranging from 40 to 120 °C. A clear reduction in COF up to 25% is achieved by adding only 5 wt% of the investigated ILs in the BO, and the Brugger tests also show a pronounced enhancement of load-carrying capacity. Finally, on the component-scale, a significant improvement in gear scuffing performance has been observed for both used IL blends. A detailed characterization of the wear tracks from the SRV friction tests via the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of a phosphate (P—O)-based amorphous tribo-chemical layer of about 20 nm thickness. Therefore, this work may present an approach for ILs to be used as an additive in conventional lubricants due to their ability to enhance the lubrication properties, making them an alternative lubricant solution for high load-carrying gearbox applications.
War, States, and International Order
Authors: Vergerio Claire
Published: July 2022

Who has the right to wage war? The answer to this question constitutes one of the most fundamental organizing principles of any international order. Under contemporary international humanitarian law, this right is essentially restricted to sovereign states. It has been conventionally assumed that this arrangement derives from the ideas of the late-sixteenth century jurist Alberico Gentili. Claire Vergerio argues that this story is a myth, invented in the late 1800s by a group of prominent international lawyers who crafted what would become the contemporary laws of war. These lawyers reinterpreted Gentili's writings on war after centuries of marginal interest, and this revival was deeply intertwined with a project of making the modern sovereign state the sole subject of international law. By uncovering the genesis and diffusion of this narrative, Vergerio calls for a profound reassessment of when and with what consequences war became the exclusive prerogative of sovereign states.
Friends, Neighbours, Sinners
Authors: Brown Carys
Published: July 2022

Friends, Neighbours, Sinners demonstrates the fundamental ways in which religious difference shaped English society in the first half of the eighteenth century. By examining the social subtleties of interactions between people of differing beliefs, and how they were mediated through languages and behaviours common to the long eighteenth century, Carys Brown examines the graduated layers of religious exclusivity that influenced everyday existence. By doing so, the book points towards a new approach to the social and cultural history of the eighteenth century, one that acknowledges the integral role of the dynamics of religious difference in key aspects of eighteenth-century life. This book therefore proposes not just to add to current understanding of religious coexistence in this period, but to shift our ways of thinking about the construction of social discourses, parish politics, and cultural spaces in eighteenth-century England.
Colonising Disability
Authors: Cleall Esme
Published: July 2022

Colonising Disability explores the construction and treatment of disability across Britain and its empire from the nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Drawing on a wide range of sources, Esme Cleall explores how disability increasingly became associated with 'difference' and argues that it did so through intersecting with other categories of otherness such as race. Philanthropic, legal, literary, religious, medical, educational, eugenistic and parliamentary texts are examined to unpick representations of disability that, overtime, became pervasive with significant ramifications for disabled people. Cleall also uses multiple examples to show how disabled people navigated a wide range of experiences from 'freak shows' in Britain, to missions in India, to immigration systems in Australia, including exploring how they mobilised to resist discrimination and constitute their own identities. By assessing the intersection between disability and race, Dr Cleall opens up questions about 'normalcy' and the making of the imperial self.
Longitudinal analysis of risk factors associated with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among hemodialysis patients and healthcare personnel in outpatient hemodialysis centers
Authors: Gandra Sumanth , Li Tingting , Reske Kimberly A. , Peacock Kate , Hock Karl G. , Bommarito Silvana , Miller Candace , Stewart Henry , Dang Na Le , Farnsworth Christopher W. , Olsen Margaret A. , Kwon Jennie H. , Warren David K. , Fraser Victoria J. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: July 2022

In this prospective, longitudinal study, we examined the risk factors for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among a cohort of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and healthcare personnel (HCPs) over a 6-month period. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HD patients and HCPs was consistently associated with a household member having SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Bridging the Gap between Foreign Investor Rights and Obligations: Towards Reimagining the International Law on Foreign Investment
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M.
Published: July 2022

This article proposes to see the history of the international law on foreign investment as about the promotion of investor rights as much as the resistance to investor obligations. The argument is that the divide between investment protection and the responsibility of foreign investors is one of the most significant features of international investment law. The article shows that the different treatment of rights and obligations is grounded in the same business project and legal imagination. Maintaining this divide has never been easy, as this model faced resistance, particularly from Latin America, trade unions and human rights activists. The analysis concludes by noting that academics can contribute to reimagining the international law on foreign investment by bringing investment treaty law and business and human rights closer. This shift is already happening.
The Changing “Landscape” of Sovereignty Viewed through the Lens of International Tax: Reterritorializing the Offshore
Authors: LYTHGOE GAIL
Published: July 2022

This article reviews the “gaps” that allow for the creation of the “offshore” in international law and argues that these are instead constituted by constraints on our spatial imaginary of law than by any “real” gaps between state jurisdictions. The modern practices of sovereignty by states and non-state actors are at odds with the implicit geography of international law that assumes a static and fixed concept of territory. By rethinking the relevant legal spaces of international law and the sovereign practices that constitute the supposedly deterritorialized offshore, we can see that the offshore is actually onshore somewhere; we can reterritorialize the supposed deterritorialized competences. This article identifies a desynchronization between state territories and the actual exercise of sovereignty that presents as pseudo deterritorialization. Yet if both the concept of sovereignty and the implicit geography of international law confirm and reinforce one another in international law discourse, international lawyers are blind to the changing “landscape” of sovereignty in international law.
The Crowd Crush at Mount Meron: Emergency Medical Services Response to a Silent Mass Casualty Incident
Authors: Daniel Donald Theodore Gordon , Alpert Evan Avraham , Jaffe Eli
Published: July 2022

On April 30, 2021, a total of 45 died and 112 were injured in a crowd crush at a religious festival on Mount Meron, Israel. Unlike a bomb blast, building collapse, mass shooting, or stampede, the incident lacked a dramatic, noticeable trigger and may be termed a “silent mass casualty incident (MCI).” This may have resulted in a slight delay in response. Magen David Adom (MDA)—Israel’s National Emergency Medical Services Organization—was the main prehospital response to the MCI. MDA’s intense planning, organization of medical infrastructure, and on-site MCI drill before the event allowed for the rapid, coordinated treatment and evacuation of casualties by ambulance and helicopter. The use of volunteers facilitated an effective response to the event. A “rolling reinforcement” system of ambulances helped treat and transport those at the scene while placing staff at stations throughout the country to serve routine emergency calls.
Combined particle image velocimetry and thermometry of turbulent superstructures in thermal convection
Authors: Moller Sebastian , Käufer Theo , Pandey Ambrish , Schumacher Jörg , Cierpka Christian
Published: July 2022

Turbulent superstructures in horizontally extended three-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection flows are investigated in controlled laboratory experiments in water at Prandtl number

${Pr}=7$

. A Rayleigh–Bénard cell with square cross-section, aspect ratio

$\varGamma =l/h=25$

, side length

$l$

and height

$h$

is used. Three different Rayleigh numbers in the range

$10^{5} < {Ra} < 10^{6}$

are considered. The cell is accessible optically, such that thermochromic liquid crystals can be seeded as tracer particles to monitor simultaneously temperature and velocity fields in a large section of the horizontal mid-plane for long time periods of up to 6 h, corresponding to approximately

$10^{4}$

convective free-fall time units. The joint application of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and thermometry opens the possibility to assess the local convective heat flux fields in the bulk of the convection cell and thus to analyse the characteristic large-scale transport patterns in the flow. A direct comparison with existing direct numerical simulation data in the same parameter range of

$Pr$

,

${Ra}$

and

$\varGamma$

reveals the same superstructure patterns and global turbulent heat transfer scaling

${Nu}({Ra})$

. Slight quantitative differences can be traced back to violations of the isothermal boundary condition at the extended water-cooled glass plate at the top. The characteristic scales of the patterns fall into the same size range, but are systematically larger. It is confirmed experimentally that the superstructure patterns are an important backbone of the heat transfer. The present experiments enable, furthermore, the study of the gradual evolution of the large-scale patterns in time, which is challenging in simulations of large-aspect-ratio turbulent convection.
Oscillations of a partially wetting bubble
Authors: Ding D. , Bostwick J.B.
Published: July 2022

We study the linear stability of a compressible sessile bubble in an ambient fluid that partially wets a planar solid support, where the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas that obeys the adiabatic law. The frequency spectrum is computed from an integrodifferential boundary value problem and depends upon the wetting conditions through the static contact angle$\alpha$, the dimensionless equilibrium bubble pressure$\varPi$, and the contact-line dynamics that we assume to be either (i) pinned or (ii) freely moving with fixed contact angle. Corresponding mode shapes are defined by the polar-azimuthal mode number pair$[k,\ell ]$with$k+\ell =\mathbb {Z}^{+}_{even}$. We report instabilities to the (i)$[0,0]$breathing mode associated with volume change, and (ii)$[1,1]$mode that is linked to horizontal centre-of-mass motion of the bubble. Stability diagrams and instability growth rates are computed, and the respective instability mechanisms are revealed through an energy analysis. The zonal$\ell =0$modes are associated with volume change, and we show that there is a complex dependence between the classical volume and shape change modes for wetting conditions that differ from neutral wetting$\alpha =90^\circ$. Finally, we show how the classical frequency degeneracy for the Rayleigh–Lamb modes of the free bubble splits for the azimuthal modes$\ell \neq 0,1$.
Formation behaviour of the kinetic Cucker–Smale model with non-compact support
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Xue Xiaoping
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we focus on the formation behaviour of the kinetic Cucker–Smale model for initial datum without compact support for the position variable. Comparing with the case of compact support, the attractive force between particles is weak. First, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of the classical solution to the kinetic Cucker–Smale model by standard approximation method. Second, by using the characteristic flow, we overcome the difficulty brought by the weak attractive force between particles through some estimates and establish the formation behaviour, i.e., consensus of velocity, of the classical solution to the kinetic Cucker–Smale model. Finally, for the measure-valued solution to the kinetic Cucker–Smale model, the formation behaviour is also established.
Population characteristics and stock assessment of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758) in coastal waters of the south-eastern Black Sea of Turkey
Authors: Çiloğlu Erhan , Şahin Cemalettin
Published: July 2022

This study was carried out throughout 10 fishing seasons between 2002 and 2018 to monitor the population and stock variations of Engraulis encrasicolus (L., 1758) on the south-eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Asymptotic length (L∞), growth constant (K) and growth performance indexes (φ) were calculated to be between 12.86 and 15.79 cm, 0.69 and 0.99, 2.10 and 2.29, respectively. Theoretical birth ages were determined to range between (to) −0.15 and −0.27, the maximum ages (tmax) ranged between 3.03 and 4.35, total mortality rates (Z) between 2.19 and 2.66, natural mortality rates (M) between 0.93 and 1.26, the fishing mortality rate (F) between 0.93 and 1.47, and the optimum fishing mortality rate (Fopt.) between 0.37 and 0.62. Fishing mortality rates (F) were estimated to be higher than the optimum fishing mortality rates (Fopt). Z/K ratios were determined to range between 1.91 and 3.43. Current exploitation rates (Ecurr.) were calculated to range between 0.42 and 0.62. The first recruit lengths (Lr) and first capture lengths (Lc50) were estimated to range between from 5.25–7.75 and from 7.66–8.74 cm, respectively. The first maturity lengths (Lm50) of E. encrasicolus ranged between 8.57 and 10.53 cm. The maximum sustainable exploitation levels (Emax) were determined to range between 0.72 and 0.83. These data indicate that if current levels of fishing pressure continue, anchovy stocks will collapse in the near future.
Systematic review of group-based creative arts interventions in support of informal care-givers of adults: a narrative synthesis
Authors: Watt Bec , Witt Susan , Susino Marco , Anolak Helena , Van Wegen Richard , Grocke Denise , Gordon Susan
Published: July 2022

Informal care-givers play an important role, with health-care systems relying on the billions of hours of care they provide. Care-givers experience high levels of psychological distress and isolation; however, the efficacy of what support is the best for care-givers is unclear. The primary aim of this systematic review is to determine the effect of group creative arts interventions on informal care-givers of adults. The secondary aim is to understand the impact of group type, the primary outcomes and how they are measured. Given the heterogeneous nature of the included studies, a narrative synthesis approach was taken. Database searches identified 2,587 studies, 25 of which met the full inclusion criteria. Studies included group creative arts interventions for either care-givers only (N = 8) or for care-giver/cared-for dyads (N = 17). The majority of the participants in the studies were older Caucasian females. Group creative arts interventions are beneficial for care-givers and for the person being cared for; however, benefits differ depending on whether the group is for care-givers only or for care-giver/cared-for dyads. Future research will benefit from care-givers being involved in the design of the creative arts intervention to provide input regarding group type and relevant outcome measures. Future research should consider targeting their intervention to care-givers with a low baseline score to increase the ability of the study to demonstrate a significant difference.
Barriers and enablers to leisure provision in residential aged care: personal care attendant perspectives
Authors: Stoddart Sharon Rose , Courtney-Pratt Helen , Andrews Sharon
Published: July 2022

This exploratory descriptive study investigated barriers and enablers to the provision of leisure activities for people living in three Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs) that operated under a household model of care. This research is unique in the international context, as few studies have explored the understandings and experiences of personal care attendants' (PCAs) perceptions of what impacts leisure provision for people living in RACFs. Qualitative data were collected from 17 PCAs via four focus groups. Barriers to leisure provision were identified as PCA–resident ratios, competing demands of the PCA role and a prioritisation of physical care tasks over leisure-related activities. The severity of residents' dementia (cognitive and functional deficits) as well as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia were also framed as barriers to participation in and the provision of leisure. Participants identified enablers of leisure provision as related to perceptions of leisure, the experiential knowledge of staff, organisational support and resourcing. The study findings suggest that enhancing leisure provision for people living with dementia will require attention to system issues (i.e. staffing levels, ratios, PCA role demands) as well as PCA knowledge and capability to facilitate person-centred leisure.
The Decline of Egoism
Authors: Shaver Robert
Published: July 2022

Sidgwick saw egoism as important and undefeated. Not long afterward, egoism is largely ignored. Immediately after Sidgwick, many arguments were given against egoism – most poor – but one argument deserves attention as both influential and plausible. Call it the “grounds objection.” It has two strands. It objects that there are justifying reasons for action other than that an action will maximize my self-interest. It also objects that sometimes, what makes an action right is a fact other than its maximizing my self-interest. I briefly explain and criticize many of the arguments given against egoism in the period, then explain and defend the grounds objection.
Barchan Slipface Grainflows: Characteristics and Kinematics
Authors: Sherman Douglas J. , Zhang Pei , Pelletier Jon , Ellis Jean , Farrell Eugene , Li Bailiang
Published: July 2022

Gravity‐driven grainflows on aeolian dunes are important agents of sand transport on Earth and Mars but have been the focus of few field studies. We present results from the first comprehensive field study to evaluate hypotheses posed by previous studies: (a) grainflow frequency depends on the sand transport rate; (b) grainflow magnitude is independent of sand transport rate; and (c) grainflow speed depends on its area. A barchan slipface was monitored with a terrestrial laser scanner and video camera, with measurements of wind speed and sand transport rate. More than 1,600 grainflows were detected and measured. Key findings support the first hypothesis, refute the second hypothesis, and support the third hypothesis. We also found that grainflow speeds measured in laboratory studies are substantially slower than comparable examples measured in this field study, and the grainflow speed and area relationships found for field and laboratory data are significantly different.
Space and Time Variability of Detachment‐ Versus Ramp‐Dominated Thrusting: Insights From the Outer Albanides
Authors: Mazzoli S. , Basilici M. , Spina V. , Pierantoni P. P. , Tondi E.
Published: July 2022

Despite their markedly different structural setting, the northern and southern outer Albanides share a common tectonic evolution from detachment‐dominated to ramp‐dominated, basement‐involved thrusting. The former process (mainly Oligocene to Miocene) is essentially related with the occurrence of a thick décollement level represented by Triassic evaporites, while the latter involves basement ramps splaying out from a middle crustal décollement. As this weak crustal layer is inherited from the Mesozoic rifting stage, the original continental margin architecture is interpreted to strongly influence subsequent convergent deformation. The profoundly different nature of the two dominant décollements in the study area controlled the structural style of the fold and thrust belt. The decoupling capacity of the upper décollement is strongly dependent on the thickness of the Triassic evaporites. Where this is significant (≫1 km; southern outer Albanides), the occurrence of such a thick incompetent layer at the base of competent carbonate units favored the development of break‐thrust folds and imbrication of the sedimentary cover. Fold and thrust belt propagation was instead hindered where original stratigraphic variations resulted in a reduced thickness (≤1 km) of Triassic evaporites. On the other hand, the deeper middle crustal décollement is controlled by basement rheology. Its reactivation during plate convergence was assisted by collision‐related thermal weakening of the crust. This process governed late‐stage (<5 Ma) crustal‐scale tectonic inversion and plays a major role in controlling present‐day seismicity.
Organizing structural principles of the IL-17 ligand–receptor axis
Authors: Wilson Steven C. , Caveney Nathanael A. , Yen Michelle , Pollmann Christoph , Xiang Xinyu , Jude Kevin M. , Hafer Maximillian , Tsutsumi Naotaka , Piehler Jacob , Garcia K. Christopher
Published: July 2022

The IL-17 family of cytokines and receptors have central roles in host defence against infection and development of inflammatory diseases1. The compositions and structures of functional IL-17 family ligand–receptor signalling assemblies remain unclear. IL-17E (also known as IL-25) is a key regulator of type 2 immune responses and driver of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic asthma, and requires both IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) and IL-17RB to elicit functional responses2. Here we studied IL-25–IL-17RB binary and IL-25–IL-17RB–IL-17RA ternary complexes using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, single-molecule imaging and cell-based signalling approaches. The IL-25–IL-17RB–IL-17RA ternary signalling assembly is a C2-symmetric complex in which the IL-25–IL-17RB homodimer is flanked by two ‘wing-like’ IL-17RA co-receptors through a ‘tip-to-tip’ geometry that is the key receptor–receptor interaction required for initiation of signal transduction. IL-25 interacts solely with IL-17RB to allosterically promote the formation of the IL-17RB–IL-17RA tip-to-tip interface. The resulting large separation between the receptors at the membrane-proximal level may reflect proximity constraints imposed by the intracellular domains for signalling. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of IL-17A–IL-17RA and IL-17A–IL-17RA–IL-17RC complexes reveal that this tip-to-tip architecture is a key organizing principle of the IL-17 receptor family. Furthermore, these studies reveal dual actions for IL-17RA sharing among IL-17 cytokine complexes, by either directly engaging IL-17 cytokines or alternatively functioning as a co-receptor.
Evaluation of early innate and adaptive immune responses to the TB vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG and vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c
Authors: Gunasena Manuja , Shukla Rajni Kant , Yao Naiquan , Rosas Mejia Oscar , Powell Michael D. , Oestreich Kenneth J. , Aceves-Sánchez Michel de Jesús , Flores-Valdez Mario Alberto , Liyanage Namal P. M. , Robinson Richard T.
Published: July 2022

The vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) elicits an immune response that is protective against certain forms of tuberculosis (TB); however, because BCG efficacy is limited it is important to identify alternative TB vaccine candidates. Recently, the BCG deletion mutant and vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c was demonstrated to survive longer in intravenously infected BALB/c mice due to enhanced biofilm formation, and better protected both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against TB-induced lung pathology during chronic stages of infection, relative to BCG controls. BCGΔBCG1419c-elicited protection also associated with lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL6, TNFα) at the site of infection in C57BL/6 mice. Given the distinct immune profiles of BCG- and BCGΔBCG1419c-immunized mice during chronic TB, we set out to determine if there are early immunological events which distinguish these two groups, using multi-dimensional flow cytometric analysis of the lungs and other tissues soon after immunization. Our results demonstrate a number of innate and adaptive response differences between BCG- and BCGΔBCG1419c-immunized mice which are consistent with the latter being longer lasting and potentially less inflammatory, including lower frequencies of exhausted CD4+ T helper (TH) cells and higher frequencies of IL10-producing T cells, respectively. These studies suggest the use of BCGΔBCG1419c may be advantageous as an alternative TB vaccine candidate.