bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-5 Enhances the in vitro Adhesion of Human Eosinophils, but Not Neutrophils, in a Leucocyte Integrin (CD11/18)-Dependent Manner
Authors: Walsh G.M. , Wardlaw A.J. , Hartnell A. , Sanderson C.J. , Kay A.B.
Published: August 2009

Interleukin (IL-5) was found to enhance the adhesion of eosinophils, but not neutrophils, to both microvascular and large vein endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) enhanced both eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion. Significant increases in eosinophil CR3 expression, but not LFA-1, were observed following pre-incubation with PAF, IL-3, IL-5 or GM-CSF. Neutrophil CR3 expression was increased significantly by pre-incubation with PAF or GM-CSF, but not IL-3 or IL-5. Enhanced adhesion to human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was inhibited by (ranked in order of potency) anti-CR3α = common β-chain > LFA-1α. Anti-p 150,95α had no measurable effect. Basal expression of eosinophil CR3 with monoclonal antibody inhibited IL-5-induced eosinophil hyperadherence to HUVEC in a manner almost identical to inhibition in the presence of excess anti-CR3. Thus, a conformational or affíntiy change in adhesion receptors following activation seems more important than a simple increase in numbers. No inhibition of unstimulated eosinophil adhesion to HMVEC or HUVEC by CD11/18 monoclonal antibody was observed. These findings demonstrate that IL-5 enhances eosinophil, but not neutrophil, adherence reactions, by a mechanism dependent, at least in part, on the CD11/18 family of adhesion glycoproteins.
T Lymphocytes and Their Products in Atopic Allergy and Asthma
Authors: Kay A.B.
Published: August 2009

Various cells are associated with inflammatory events characteristic of atopic allergy and asthma. As well as T cells and eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, mononuclear phagocytes and platelets have all to be considered particularly as their mediators have potential for contributing directly to the features of bronchial asthma. Nevertheless, mast cell/T lymphocyte/eosinophil interactions may be of particular significance. For instance, the acute symptoms of allergy and asthma such as sneezing, bronchospasm and hives are believed to be largely the result of mediator release from mast cells whereas chronic symptoms (the result of allergic inflammation) can be explained on the basis of eosinophil-mediated tissue damage. Allergen is recognized directly by T cells. Specialized T cell subsets, possibly the Th2 equivalent, predominate in allergy and elaborate IL-4 (an essential co-factor for IgE production) and IL-5 which brings about terminal differentiation and activation of the eosinophil. Basic proteins derived from the crystalloid granule together with PAF and leukotrienes produce chronic wheeze, bronchial irritability, and might also be involved in permanent nasal blockage in chronic rhinitis. This general hypothesis is continually being tested. It is clearly important to identify precise molecular targets in allergy and asthma in order to construct therapeutic strategies.
Allergic Inflammation and Its Pharmacological Modulation in Asthma
Authors: Holgate Stephen T. , Djukanović Ratko , Wilson John , Roche William , Britten Karen , Howarth Peter H.
Published: August 2009

While most asthma occurs in association with atopy, the relationship of this to clinical expression of the disease is not clearly understood. Allergen provocation causes an immediate bronchoconstriction (early asthmatic reaction) due to the release of mast-cell-derived histamine, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4. The late reaction and attendent increase in bronchial responsiveness are associated with eosinophil influx, activation and mediator secretion, resulting in mucosal swelling in addition to smooth muscle contraction. Endobronchial biopsy and broncho-alveolar lavage have provided compelling evidence that both mast cells and eosinophils contribute to disordered airway function in ‘clinical’ asthma and that these cells are under the control of T lymphocytes. Topical corticosteroids which produce beneficial clinical effects probably do so by inhibiting those factors that maintain mast cell and eosinophil populations and their enhanced activation. The most likely contenders for these regulatory functions are the cytokines, particularly interleukin-3, -4 and -5.
Effects of Corticosteroids on Cytokine Generation and Expression of Activation Antigens by Monocytes in Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Wilkinson J.R. , Lane S.J. , Lee T.H.
Published: August 2009

The capacity of corticosteroids to inhibit the secretion of cytokines and the expression of selective antigens on monocytes has been studied in corticosteroid-sensitive (CS) and corticosteroid-resistant (CR) asthmatic patients. Incubation of monocytes derived from CS subjects with hydrocortisone inhibited the production of the enhancing activity, whereas in CR subjects hydrocortisone at concentrations of up to 10––4M did not suppress the release of enhancing activity. There was a rank order of potency for corticosteroid action: hydrocortisone < methylprednisolone < dexamethasone. The major activity was characterized as a heat-sensitive peptide of 3,000 daltons. The expression of CR1, CR3 and class II on asthmatic peripheral-blood mononuclear cells was increased relative to normal control donors. Culturing monocytes for 24 h in the presence of 10––4M hydrocortisone inhibited the expression of CR1, CR3 and class II in CS subjects but not in CR individuals. These results suggest that monocytes of CR asthmatic patients can increase the inflammatory potential of neutrophils and that they are hyperactive, as indicated by increased cytokine production and enhanced expression of activation markers, despite the presence of corticosteroids.
Mucosal Exudation in Respiratory Defence: Neural or Non-Neural Control?
Authors: Persson Carl G.A.
Published: August 2009

In human and animal airways, mucosal exudation of unfiltered plasma occurs promptly in response to inflammatory provocations (allergen, occupational factors, mediators). Mucosal exudation is distinctly an increase in outward permeability of vascular-mucosal barriers and it leaves the epithelial lining intact. Through its volume, its proteins including immunoglobulins, its enzyme systems and its newly generated peptides, the plasma exudate constitutes a comprehensive first-line mucosal defence. In rodent, but not in human airways, tachykinin neuropeptides have a demonstrated capacity to produce mucosal exudation.
Inflammatory Processes in Asthma
Authors: Bousquet Jean , Chanez Pascal , Campbell Alison M. , Lacoste Jean Yves , Poston Robin , Enander Ingrid , Godard Philippe , Michel François-B.
Published: August 2009

Bronchial inflammation is a characteristic of asthma, but, although postmortem and rare bronchoscopic studies had been performed, it is only after 1980 that many experiments were done. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology have enhanced our knowledge. As bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage present drawbacks, it is favorable to combine both to obtain the best insights into inflammation. The epithelium is rarely intact in asthmatic patients, the cells being both ‘fragile’ and activated. Eosinophil inflammation is highly important and likely involved in the damage of the epithelium and submucosa. Airway macrophages and monocytes are present in greater amounts and are activated in the bronchi, and they are certainly involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Mast cells are activated and some emphasis has been put on lymphocytes. Therefore, asthma appears to be a desquamative bronchitis with mixed cell infiltrate.
Possible Role of Macrophages in Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Bachert C. , Behrendt H. , Nosbüsch K. , Hauser U. , Ganzer U.
Published: August 2009

Mononuclear phagocytes have been investigated in biopsies taken from the nasal mucosa and in epithelial cell samples from 22 grass-pollen-allergic subjects before season, after allergen challenge and during season by means of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The cells were positive for CD68/EBM11 and HLA-DR, but failed to react with CD1 and CD23/BB10. The cells increased in number during season as well as after allergen challenge, especially in the upper part of the mucosa. Heteromorphy of macrophages, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, confirmed the presence of diverse macrophage subpopulations in the nasal mucosa of allergic subjects. Using brush sampling techniques, CD68-positive and HLA-DR-positive cells significantly increased in epithelial cell samples 4–8 h after allergen challenge, indicating a central role of these cells not only in antigen processing but also in late phase reactions of allergic rhinitis.
Platelet Aggregation in Allergic Reactions
Authors: Palma-Carlos A.G. , Palma-Carlos Laura , Santos Conceição B. , de Sousa Carvalho
Published: August 2009

The platelet aggregation in the presence of 4 aggregation inducers was studied in 63 allergic patients, consisting of atopic and non-atopic asthmatics and aspirin-sensitive subjects, before and after inhalation tests or in vitro incubation with allergen. Basal platelet aggregation was decreased in 43% of the atopic patients for adrenaline and also in a smaller percentage for other agonists. A decreased aggregation was also observed in 3 out of 6 nonatopic patients and in aspirin-sensitive patients. In vivo or in vitro provocation tests decreased aggregation in some additional patients. These results point out to a compromise of platelets in allergic mechanisms.
Modulation of Leukotriene Formation by Cellular Composition and Exogenous Leukotriene A4
Authors: Hilger R. , Knöller J. , König W.
Published: August 2009

We investigated the interactions of exogenous leukotriene A4 (LTA4) with isolated cells in the presence or absence of cellular stimuli. The majority of isolated cells are able to transform exogenous LTA4 into LTB4 as well as LTC4. In eosinophils, LTA4 induced 15-hydroxyeicosatetra- enoic acid formation and was converted into LTB4. The Ca-ionophore-induced generation of LTB4 from polymorphonuclear leukocytes or from the cell fraction containing lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils was significantly suppressed with LTA4 while the formation of LTC4 was increased. Conversely, the Na-fluoride- and fMLP-induced generation of LTB4 was significantly increased. Our results suggest that the stimulus and the cellular composition determine the pattern of the generated inflammatory mediators.
Effect of Nitric Oxide Generators on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Histamine Release in Isolated Perfused Guinea Pig Heart
Authors: Masini E. , Gambassi F. , Bianchj S. , Mugnai L. , Lupini M. , Pistelli A. , Mannaioni P.F.
Published: August 2009

In an ischemia-reperfusion model obtained in isolated perfused guinea pig heart by means of a double ligature of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium leads to a release of lactate dehydrogenase and histamine, related to a decrease in the microdensitometry of cardiac mast cells and to a tissue calcium overload. The perfusion of the heart with L-arginine and with nitric oxide donors significantly reduces the release of histamine, the loss of mast cell metachromasia and calcium overload. These effects were potentiated by superoxide dismutase.
Inhibition of Antigen-Induced Late Asthmatic Response and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness by Cyclosporin and FK 506
Authors: Fukuda Takeshi , Akutsu Ikuo , Motojima Shinji , Makino Sohei
Published: August 2009

Using a guinea pig model of asthma, we have shown that the administration of cyclosporin, a T-lymphocyte-selective immunosuppressive agent, from the beginning of the immunization period inhibits the development of the late asthmatic response and bronchial hyperresponsiveness after antigen challenge. Similar results were obtained with FK 506, a new potent immunosuppressive agent. Since these compounds have been shown to suppress the activation of guinea pig T lymphocytes, the present data suggest that T lymphocytes may be important for the elicitation of the late asthmatic response and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
New Antiasthmatic Drugs from Traditional Medicine?
Authors: Dorsch W. , Wagner H.
Published: August 2009

Several plants are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of bronchial asthma. We are trying to identify the active compound(s) and their mode of action. For the isolation and identification of the active principles, different chromatographic methods, HPLC, MPLC, elementary analysis, UV, mass, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy are used. Whole plant extracts, fractionated extracts and pure compounds are tested in the following pharmacological systems: cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, bronchial obstruction of guinea pigs after inhalation of allergens, platelet-activating factor (PAF), histamine or acetylcholine, PAF-induced bronchial hyper-reactivity of guinea pigs, histamine release, chemoluminescence and chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as thromboxane biosynthesis of human platelets. As active compounds in onion extracts, thiosulfinates and cepaenes could be identified. They exert a wide spectrum of pharmacologic activities, both in vitro and in vivo. Tetragalloyl quinic acid from Galphimia glauca, suppressed allergen- and PAF-induced bronchial obstruction, PAF-induced bronchial hyperreactivity (5 mg/kg orally) in vivo and thromboxane biosynthesis in vitro. Hitherto unknown alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica showed pronounced protection against allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs (10 mg/ml aerosol). Androsin from Picrorhiza kurroa prevented allergen- and PAF-induced bronchial obstruction (10 mg/kg orally; 0.5 mg inhalative). Histamine release in vitro was inhibited by other compounds of the plant extract yet to be identified. Pharmacological effects of plant extracts and pure compounds in man are under investigation.
Exercise-Induced Asthma in Adolescent Gym Class Population
Authors: Bransford Richard P. , McNutt Gail M. , Fink Jordan N.
Published: August 2009

The prevalence of exercise-induced asthma (ElA) was determined in a population of 12- and 13-year-old schoolchildren whose parents returned a questionnaire regarding a previous diagnosis of asthma, recent asthmatic symptoms and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. El A was defined as a >15% fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) following 6 min of free running in a gymnasium. Among the 201 children studied, 18 (8.9%) demonstrated El A. Of 21 children with symptomatic asthma in the 6 months prior to study, 9 (43%) developed El A compared to none of 6 children with asymptomatic asthma (p <0.0001). Among 48 children with a history of allergic rhinitis alone, 7 (14.6%) demonstrated El A. The mean postexercise changes in PEFR were 14.9% for 16 children with both asthma and allergic rhinitis, 6.4% among 48 children with allergic rhinitis only, and 1.8% among 125 normal children. Recent symptoms of asthma and a history of allergic rhinitis appeared to be risk factors for EIA. EIA was readily demonstrated in a gym class setting; the use of such screening may facilitate its diagnosis and treatment.
Time Course of Immediate Release and Relationships between Thrombin-Like Proteinase, Other Proteinases, Histamine, Protein and Dye Extravasation in Rat Passive Peritoneal Anaphylaxis
Authors: Wilhelms O.-H. , Lipponer L. , Linssen M.
Published: August 2009

A thrombin-like proteinase (THROLP) was detected colorimetrically as the main proteolytic activity (PROA) in the lavage fluid some minutes after antigen challenge of rats for passive peritoneal anaphylaxis (PPA) reaction. THROLP is equivalent to histamine (H) as parameter for the early phase of PPA: both increased significantly after 6 min, but decreased to prechallenge levels 20 min after challenge. H was released from serosal mast cells, in contrast THROLP originates predominantly from plasma leakage and activation of the clotting reaction in PPA. These findings underline the importance of PROA in the sequence of allergic reactions.
Late Phase Increase of Thrombin-Like Proteinase, Protein, Leukocytes in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid and Chemiluminescence of BAL after Ovalbumin Aerosol Inhalation by Actively Immunized Rats
Authors: Linssen M. , Lemmermann Ch. , Lipponer L. , Wilhelms O.-H.
Published: August 2009

A thrombin-like proteinase (THROLP) was detected colorimetrically as the main proteolytic activity (PROA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 4 and 24 h after ovalbumin aerosol (OVA) challenge of actively immunized rats. Other proinflammatory parameters increased also significantly in BALF, like chemiluminescence of leukocytes (1 h), protein and cell number (24 h after challenge). In parallel, increased bronchoconstrictions against 5-HT aerosols are detected 24 h post OVA challenge. THROLP is an indicator for plasma leakage, activation of the clotting reaction and the protracted inflammation in the airways, which induced bronchial hyperreactivity.
Smooth Muscle Mechanics: Implications for Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Schellenberg R.R. , Pare P.D. , Hards J. , Ishida K.
Published: August 2009

Human bronchial smooth muscle preparations from 10 freshly dissected pneumonectomy samples were evaluated for their mechanical characteristics and compared with results obtained for similar samples obtained from porcine tracheae. Length-tension relationships of in vitro smooth muscle were evaluated for passive stretching as well as active isometric force generation and isotonic shortening using electrical field stimulation. At the length (Lmax) producing maximal force (Pmax) resting tension was very high (60.0 ± 8.8% Pmax) compared with porcine trachealis (5.2 ± 2.3% Pmax). Maximum shortening was 25.0 ± 9.0% at a length of 75% Lmax with suboptimal shortening occurring at Lmax (12.0 ± 3.4%) for the human bronchus, whereas optimal shortening of porcine trachealis (71.4 ± 3.6%) occurred at Lmax. Morphometric evaluation revealed threefold less muscle per cross-sectional area of tissue for human (8.7 ± 1.5%) versus porcine (24.8 ± 1.9%) preparations. We conclude that the high passive tension and the decreased maximum shortening are produced by a relatively large load which must be overcome for the muscle to shorten, presumably provided by the greater connective tissue elastic component present in the airway. We suggest that a decrease in airway wall elastance would increase smooth muscle shortening, thereby leading to excessive responses to contractile agonists as seen in vivo in asthma.
Effects of Theophylline Compared with Prednisolone on Late Phase Airway Leukocyte Infiltration in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gristwood R.W. , Llupiá J. , Fernández A.G. , Berga P.
Published: August 2009

The effects of prednisolone, theophylline or salbutamol treatment were studied on leukocyte numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid taken 72 h after ovalbumin challenge in sensitized guinea pigs. Ovalbumin challenge resulted in an approximate 3-fold increase in the number of eosinophils in BAL fluid. This increase was significantly reduced by oral administration of prednisolone (59% inhibition with 10mg/ kg × 2) theophylline (56% with 50 mg/kg × 2) but not by salbutamol (10 mg/kg × 2). A comparison with the bronchodilator potency of the above drugs indicated that in guinea pigs salbutamol appears relatively selective as a bronchodilator, prednisolone is selective as an inhibitor of eosinophilia whilst theophylline displays a balance of both activities.
Definition of Platelet-Derived Histamine-Releasing Factor and Histaminergic Receptors Modulating Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Mannaioni P.F. , Pistelli A. , Gambassi F. , Di Bello M.G. , Raspanti S. , Masini E.
Published: August 2009

Endogenous and exogenous free radical scavengers significantly decrease mast cell histamine release induced by coincubation with resting, activated platelets or with platelet-derived supernatant. Histamine and pyridylethylamine dose-dependently enhance platelet aggregation; the effect is potentiated by ranitidine and blocked by mepyramine. Histamine increases also cytosolic calcium concentration in platelets stimulated with thrombin, and binding sites for [3H]-mepyramine are present on platelet membranes.
Neurogenic Inflammation in Airways
Authors: Barnes Peter J.
Published: August 2009

Neurogenic inflammation, due to release of neuropeptides from sensory nerves, has been demonstrated in airways of several species, particularly rodents, and may contribute to the inflammatory response in asthmatic airways. Tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A) and calcitonin-gene-related peptide released from airway sensory nerves may cause bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, plasma exudation and mucus secretion. Sensory nerves may become sensitised by inflammatory products and triggered by mediators such as bradykinin, resulting in exaggerated inflammation. The effects of tachykinins may be further amplified by loss of the major degrading enzyme, neutral endopeptidase, from epithelial cells. Several strategies for reducing neurogenic inflammation are possible.
Antigen-Induced Modulation of Autonomic and Sensory Neurons in vitro
Authors: Undem Bradley J. , Myers Allen C. , Weinreich Daniel
Published: August 2009

We have addressed the hypothesis that the excitability of peripheral neurons is affected during immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Guinea pigs were actively sensitized to ovalbumin. The electrical membrane properties of neurons within the superior cervical ganglion, bronchial parasympathetic ganglion and nodose ganglion were evaluated before, during and after antigen challenge. In all preparations, antigen stimulation induced the release of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites. Our results support the hypothesis that the excitability of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory C-type neurons may be increased during immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Peptidase Modulation of the Pulmonary Effects of Tachykinins
Authors: Martins Milton A. , Shore Stephanie A. , Drazen Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2009

The physiological effects of the tachykinin peptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are limited by their microenvironmental degradation. We used the isolated tracheally superfused guinea pig lung to examine the importance of various degradative enzymes in limiting the physiological effects of exogenously administered and endogenously released tachykinins. When SP and NKA are administered via the airway epithelium, neutral endopeptidase (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) is the major degradative enzyme as indicated by the effects of NEP inhibitors alone compared to the effects of a NEP inhibitor along with a cocktail of other peptidase inhibitors. The effects of enzyme inhibitors on physiological responses is mirrored in the amounts of peptide recovered from lung perfusates as determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found similar effects when SP and NKA were released endogenously by the acute infusion of capsaicin. These data indicate that NEP is the predominant degradative enzyme modulating the effects of SP and NKA administered via the airways.
Mucosal Nerves in Endobronchial Biopsies in Asthma and Non-Asthma
Authors: Howarth P.H. , Djukanovic R. , Wilson J.W. , Holgate S.T. , Springall D.R. , Polak J.M.
Published: August 2009

To investigate neural events within the airways in asthma, endobronchial biopsies were obtained by fibre-optic bronchoscopy from 8 atopic asthmatic subjects and 8 non-atopic healthy controls. The biopsies were immediately fixed on sampling and subsequently analysed for nerves using specific indirect immunofluorescence with antisera to the neural marker PGP 9.5 and to the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Nerves were present in all the biopsies from both subject groups, with no significant difference between the asthmatics and non-asthmatics. VlP-immunoreactive nerves were equally present in both subject groups, being localized to smooth muscle and glandular sites. No immunoreactive nerves to SP or CGRP could be identified in any biopsy at any location. These in vivo findings do not identify an anatomical neuronal imbalance in asthma.
Epidemiology of the Relationship between Exposure to Indoor Allergens and Asthma
Authors: Platts-Mills Thomas A.E. , Ward, Jr. George W. , Sporik Richard , Gelber Lawrence E. , Chapman Martin D. , Heymann Peter W.
Published: August 2009

A very high prevalence of immediate hypersensitivity to common indoor allergens can be demonstrated among children and young adults, with asthma. Recent progress in the immunochemistry of cat, dust mite and cockroach allergens has made it possible to measure exposure to these allergens and to start to define threshold levels of exposure which increase the risk of sensitization and symptomatic asthma. Indeed, it is already clear that exposure to >2 μg group I dust mite allergen (or 100 mites) per gram of dust increases the risk of children developing sensitization and asthma. Furthermore, from studies on patients presenting to emergency rooms with asthma, it is clear that the risk of sensitization to allergens derived from cats or cockroaches or grass pollen is restricted to patients who are exposed to high levels of these allergens. Given the increasing morbidity and mortality of asthma it is clear that therapeutic efforts should be focused on identifying relevant allergens and advising patients about techniques for reducing exposure.
IgG Fc Receptors on Epithelial Cells of Distal Tubuli and on Endothelial Cells in Human Kidney
Authors: Aarli Aanen , Matre Roald , Thunold Svein
Published: August 2009

IgG Fc receptors (FcR) in cryostat sections of human kidney were studied using functional assays and monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Using functional assays, FcR were detected on cells in glomeruli and distal convoluted tubuli, on endothelial cells and on interstitial cells. These cells were also stained with B1D6, a MoAb reactive with a 40-kD molecule with low affinity FcR activity. Using MoAbs against leukocyte FcR, a different pattern of reactivity was obtained. MoAbs against FcR I (32.2), FcR II (IV.3 and C1KM5) and FcR III (3G8 and Leullb) stained interstitial macrophages only. The data confirm the presence of FcR on renal glomeruli and interstitial cells and also indicate that epithelial cells of distal tubuli and endothelial cells express FcR. Furthermore, renal FcR appear to be structurally different from the FcR I, II and III defined on leukocytes.
Oxygen Consumption, Shuttle Walking Test and the Evaluation of Lung Resection
Authors: Benzo Roberto P. , Sciurba Frank C.
Published: August 2009

Background: Assessment of peak oxygen uptake (VO2) is recommended in the evaluation of patients with borderline pulmonary function as VO2 is the strongest independent predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications. However, the measurement of VO2 requires expensive equipment not available in many medical facilities. The shuttle walking test (SWT) has been proposed to be used as a screening tool prior to performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Although an association exists between SWT distance and VO2, only one small study directly measured VO2 during the SWT. Objectives: The aim of this study was to further validate the VO2-SWT association by directly measuring VO2 during SWT in a larger cohort of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Fifty stable COPD patients with mild/severe disease were studied. Each patient performed an SWT while wearing a validated portable metabolic monitor. Results: Mean VO2 (ml/kg/min) measured after each finalized minute of the SWT was (95% confidence interval): 6 (5–7), 9 (8–10), 11 (10–12), 13 (11–14), 15 (14–16), 18 (16–20) and 21 (18–26) for minutes 1–7, respectively. Patients that completed the British Thoracic Society-recommended 25 shuttles (5 min or 250 m) in the SWT had a mean VO2 of 15 (14–16). The positive predictive value for walking 25 shuttles (predicting a VO2 of ≧15ml/kg/min) was 90% and the negative predictive value was 90%. Conclusions: Our findings validate the association between VO2 and SWT distance and facilitate the interpretation of the test in general practice, particularly when deciding the candidacy of a patient for surgical resection.
Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Potentially Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Comparison of CT and EUS/EUS-FNA
Authors: Yasuda Ichiro , Kato Tatsuo , Asano Fumihiro , Okubo Kenichi , Omar Salem , Kako Nobuo , Yasuda Shigeo , Sano Kimiyasu , Soehendra Nib , Moriwaki Hisataka
Published: August 2009

Background: Mediastinal lymph node staging (N-staging) is essential to optimize the treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has recently been introduced as a complementary method. However, in most reports, EUS-FNA has been performed in patients who have demonstrated enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) on CT findings. The yield of EUS/EUS-FNA in patients without enlarged mediastinal LNs by CT has so far only been evaluated in a few reports. Aims: Our aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of CT and EUS with or without EUS-FNA (EUS/EUS-FNA) prospectively, for N-stage in all patients with potentially resectable NSCLC, including patients with and without mediastinal LN enlargement based on CT findings. Methods: Eighty consecutive patients with potentially resectable NSCLC based on CT findings were enrolled in this prospective comparative study, and underwent EUS/EUS-FNA. Results: Pathological N-stage was established in 78 patients, while in another 2 cases, malignant pleural effusion was proven by EUS-FNA, and we avoided further N-staging. In the 78 patients, the prevalence of malignant mediastinal LNs was 21%. The accuracy of EUS/EUS-FNA (91%) was significantly higher than that of CT (71%). The negative predictive value of EUS/EUS-FNA was 90%. In addition, EUS-FNA identified 2 patients as N3 disease in 56 patients without mediastinal LN involvement on CT. Conclusions: EUS/EUS-FNA gave more accurate N-staging in patients with possibly resectable NSCLC than CT, and is thus considered to be useful to determine the optimal treatment strategy.
Polymorphisms of PHF11 and DPP10  Are Associated with Asthma and Related Traits in a Chinese Population
Authors: Gao Jinming , Li Weijuan , Willis-Owen Saffron A. , Jiang Lei , Ma Yi , Tian Xinlun , Moffatt Miriam , Cookson William , Lin Yaoguang , Zhang Youming
Published: August 2009

Background: Initial studies by positional cloning have identified the genes encoding the plant homeodomain zinc finger protein 11 (PHF11) and dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 (DPP10) as asthma susceptibility genes. The variants in the two genes have been associated with asthma in several populations of European or Latin American origin. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the common PHF11 and DPP10 polymorphisms for associations to asthma and asthma-related traits in a Han Chinese population. Methods: We genotyped six polymorphic markers in PHF11 and five polymorphic markers in DPP10 in a Han Chinese case-control cohort consisting of 408 asthma patients and 288 unrelated disease-free controls recruited from the Northern region of China. We analyzed the association between these markers and asthma as well as a number of intermediate, asthma-related traits. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype patterns were also evaluated. Results: Significant associations were identified between two makers in PHF11 (rs1046295 and rs16659) and asthma susceptibility (odds ratio, OR = 1.32, 95% con fidence interval, CI = 1.06–1.65, p = 0.0096, for rs1046295, and OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12–1.75, p = 0.0026, for rs16659). A strong association was observed between an SNP in DPP10 (rs10208402) and loge-transformed total IgE (p = 0.0003) and the percentage of peripheral blood eosinophils (p = 0.0023). A weak association between rs1430090 in DPP10 and forced expiratory volume in 1 s was also observed (p = 0.048). Haplotype analysis revealed two protective haplotypes in PHF11 against asthma. Conclusion: The results provide supporting evidence for genetic variants in PHF11 and DPP10 genes underlying asthma susceptibility and asthma-related quantitative traits in a Han Chinese population.
Enhanced Chondrogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by the Controlled Release of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 from Hybrid Microspheres
Authors: Han Yisheng , Wei Yiyong , Wang Shuseng , Song Yang
Published: August 2009

Background: Articular cartilage has a limited self-regenerative capacity, and tissue engineering is a promising solution to the problem of cartilage damage. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hybrid microspheres (MS) composed of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-loaded gelatin MS and chitosan MS on enhancement of the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) into chondrocytes in pellet culture. Methods: In vitro TGF-β1 release was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of DNA and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was tested by biochemical methods. In addition, quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of collagen II and aggrecan. Results: Increased proliferation of ASCs was observed in the hybrid TGF-β1-loaded MS in comparison to the TGF-β1-loaded gelatin MS. The chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs in both constructs was evaluated, and GAG content and the gene expression of collagen II and aggrecan were significantly higher in the hybrid TGF-β1-loaded MS than in the TGF-β1-loaded gelatin MS. Conclusions: Enhanced differentiation of ASCs by hybrid TGF-β1-loaded MS may provide an easy and effective way to construct tissue-engineered cartilage.
New Methodological Approach for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Melanocytes and Melanocytic Tumours
Authors: Ichikawa Akira , Takagi Hidemi , Suda Koichi , Yao Takashi
Published: August 2009

Background: During melanogenesis, the activity of tyrosinase (the key enzyme for melanin synthesis) is important in the diagnosis of melanomas. Methods: Nine samples were included in this study, based on the availability of four malignant melanomas and five benign tumours. Our new approach is based on a combination of the DOPA oxidase and the glyoxylic acid (GA) methods for catecholamine (named the ‘DOPA-GA method’). Here, we compared the conventional DOPA oxidase method with that of the DOPA-GA method. Results: In all malignant melanomas, the fluorescence intensity of the DOPA-GA method was strongly expressed within the cytoplasm. The melanoma cells showed an obvious sensitivity compared with the Laidlaw and Blackberg method, as did the melanocytes in the normal skin. Detection was easier with the DOPA-GA method than the Laidlaw and Blackberg method. Hence, we developed a sensitive and rapid method with a total assay time of less than 30 min. Conclusion: DOPA-GA reflects tyrosinase activity in melanocytic tumours, and our new approach is an improvement on the conventional DOPA oxidase method, with regard to both specificity and sensitivity. The DOPA-GA method will be useful for routine pathological testing and melanogenetic studies of melanocytes and melanocytic tumours.
Predictive Factors of Eczema-Like Eruptions among Patients without Cutaneous Psoriasis Receiving Infliximab: A Cohort Study of 92 Patients
Authors: Esmailzadeh Abdolrasool , Yousefi Pedram , Farhi David , Bachmeyer Claude , Cosnes Jacques , Berenbaum Francis , Duriez Paul , Aractingi Selim , Khosrotehrani Kiarash
Published: August 2009

Background: Anti-tumor-necrosis-factor-α agents are limited by their side effects. Eczema is one of the most frequent adverse reactions affecting quality of life. Objective: To assess potential predictive risk factors for eczema in patients receiving infliximab. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including patients treated with infliximab for a variety of disorders with the exception of cutaneous psoriasis. Clinical features were compared among patients with and without eczema under therapy. Results: 92 consecutive patients were included; 15 developed eczema after the initiation of infliximab. In univariate analyses, a personal history of atopic symptoms was the only predictive factor for the occurrence of eczema (odds ratio = 3.6). Sex, age, principal diagnosis, dose and duration of infliximab and concomitant use of other immunosuppressors had no influence on the occurrence of eczema. Conclusions: A personal history of atopic symptoms is predictive of eczema under infliximab. Specific information should be provided to atopic patients starting such a treatment.
Constructing Threats and Opportunities After 9/11
Authors: Meyer David S.
Published: August 2009

President Bush war on terror emphasized domestic surveillance, enhanced police powers, and military adventures abroad, and virtually all political debates focused on the administration’s initiatives. This was not inevitable. An alternative response to the threat of terrorism could include, for example, expanded funding for language instruction and comparative religion in American schools, improved training for first responders in medical emergencies, and an overhaul of the health care system to provide rapid responses to crises. Critics of the Administration's war on terror, however, were reluctant or unable to frame 9/11 to support alternative preferred policies. In contrast, during the Cold War, advocates used fear of Communism and the Soviet Union to build support for alternative domestic policies, including civil rights and social investment. By rejecting completely the premises of the war on terror, critics may have missed an opportunity to advance broader political agendas.
Information Access and Protest Policing Post-9/11
Authors: Earl Jennifer
Published: August 2009

The War on Terror, created by the Bush administration in the wake of 9/11, has brought about changes in domestic intelligence and protest policing that have proven hard to conclusively identify, track, and explain despite the importance of these changes to research on the repression of social movements. This paper argues that a second important trend has also been part of the War on Terror: increasing government secrecy regarding its protest control and anti-terrorism programs. Using battles over access to information on NYPD’s and the City of New York's planning for, and execution of, protest control strategies at the 2004 Republican National Convention, this article examines how information secrecy operates by using fears of terrorism as a veil and examines the collateral damage to academic inquiry, and therefore also to public dialogue and debate, created by increasing government secrecy.
The Dynamics of Public Opinion on Ethnic Profiling After 9/11
Authors: Schildkraut Deborah J.
Published: August 2009

This study examines support for ethnic profiling in the United States as a counterterrorism tactic. It first compares support for counterterrorism profiling with support for profiling Black motorists. Then, it investigates whether the status of the profilee as a U.S. citizen of Arab or Middle Eastern appearance or as an immigrant alters either support for profiling or the determinants of that support. In both sets of analyses, the study investigates how competing ideas about the meaning of American identity shape opinions about profiling. Particular attention is paid to liberalism’s emphasis on the rights of citizenship and ethnoculturalism’s emphasis on the ascriptive boundaries of American identity. The results show that support for counterterrorism profiling is higher than support for profiling Black motorists, that people are more supportive of profiling immigrants than they are of profiling U.S. citizens, and that how people define what it means to be American is a powerful predictor of such support. The perspective promoted by the increasing number of radical activists on issues related to immigration—that being American means being a White European Christian—is the most powerful predictor of support for profiling. A liberal understanding of being American can offset some, but not all, of that support. The implications of these findings for future opinions and activism on post-9/11 issues are discussed.
After the Fall
Authors: Albright Karen , Abrams Courtney B. , Panofsky Aaron L.
Published: August 2009

In contrast to the audience in most of the world, New Yorkers experienced the events of 9/11 as more than symbolic images. Indeed, the experiential and practical foundations of New Yorkers’ cultural existences were transformed in the wake of 9/11, at least temporarily. The weeks following the crisis were spent coming to terms with what happened; making meaning in practical, interpersonal, and historico-political terms; and interpreting and manipulating a new flood of experiences and practices made possible by the newly problematic order of daily life. This article documents the significant, though now largely forgotten, shifts in the cultural experience of living in New York City to trace the eventual construction of “normalcy” and its attendant hegemonic and political meanings.
Institutional Activism and Community Building
Authors: Downey Dennis J.
Published: August 2009

Since its creation in 1971, the Orange County Human Relations Commission (OCHRC) has established itself as a central actor in addressing issues of diversity and social justice in Orange County, California, a region with a growing Muslim population approaching 200,000. Following the events of 9/11, the OCHRC organized a programmatic response linked to broader community-building initiatives that sought to promote inclusion of Muslim Americans into civic institutions, to expand networks among institutional and community activists countywide, and to cultivate capacities for deeper political engagement. Their response represents an example of institutional activism undertaken through the means of community organizing and helps us to understand how such noncontentious activities can work within institutional constraints and still contribute to long-term social change. This research is based primarily on a series of focused qualitative interviews and is part of broader historical research on the OCHRC.
Democracy, Action, and the Internet After 9/11
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A. , Brown Jordan
Published: August 2009

This study examines the role of the Internet in challenging the state after 9/11. Drawing on interview data with members of the Internet-based group MoveOn.org and participant observation data collected at MoveOn events, the authors argue that the Internet provides citizens an opportunity to lodge democratic challenges against the state during hostile political climates. There are at least three features of the Internet that make it a useful tool for challengers after political shocks such as 9/11: (a) it provides a free space for challengers to form oppositional points of view away from dominant groups; (b) it allows individuals to participate anonymously and, thus, buffers challengers from the high costs of activism; and (c) it moves challenges from the virtual to the real world by engaging citizens in intermediary forms of activism. In short, the Internet engages individuals in a broader range of activities—and this has important implications for democratic processes.
Creating a Liberal-Left Alliance for Social Change
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: August 2009

Based on research in the social sciences, this article suggests new directions and compromises that might make it possible for liberals and leftists to work together in the hopeful post-9/11, post-Bush/Cheney era. There are five basic issues—electoral strategy, the role of social movements, the need for a new model for the economy, the need for a reframing of who is “us” and who is “them,” and the creation of a new organizational structure. It first explains why leftists should organize themselves into Egalitarian Democratic Clubs within the Democratic Party, followed by an analysis of why social movements are more valuable than many liberals have acknowledged but only when they embrace strategic nonviolence as their sole method of social disruption. It then suggests a new framework for thinking about an egalitarian economy that would allow liberals and leftists to work together even while disagreeing about how egalitarian that economy could become. Finally, it suggests a reframing of “us” and “them” in terms of people’s values and policy prescriptions, not their class, race, gender, or sexual orientation, and the creation of a network of organizations that share a commitment to the proposed electoral, social movement, and economic strategies.
Mortality after First Myocardial Infarction in Greek Patients: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kolovou Genovefa D. , Mihas Constantinos , Kotanidou Anastasia , Dimoula Yvoni , Karkouli Georgia , Kadda Olga , Anagnostopoulou Katherine , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Marvaki Christina
Published: August 2009

Background

Death associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) depends in part on the time since the myocardial infarction (MI) and modification of risk factors.

Methods

This observational, retrospective 4-year follow-up study consisted of 804 patients (628 men). The participants completed a questionnaire reporting diet, demographic factors, personal behavior (smoking, physical activity), anthropometry, prior medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes mellitus), and recent medication.

Results

During 48 months of follow-up, 12% of men and 15% of women died. Older age, longer duration of smoking, and frequency of exercise were significantly different between survivors and the deceased ( P = .014, P = .014, P = .001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed associations with years of smoking (odds ratio, OR: 1.10, P = .025), treatment with nitrates (OR: 4.81, P = .024), and increased frequency of exercise (OR: 0.42, P = .013), adjusting for age and gender.

Conclusions

We should emphasize cessation of smoking and increased physical activity in MI survivors. Antismoking programs should start at an early age.
Revisiting “Color Names and Color Notions”
Authors: Wilder JeffriAnne
Published: August 2009

Employing the pioneering work of Charles Parrish as a basis of comparison, this study serves as a follow-up to “Color Names and Color Notions” by deconstructing the contemporary language and attitudes surrounding skin color. Nine focus groups with 58 black women between the ages of 18 and 25 reveal that the color names and color notions offered were consistent with many of the terms and stereotypes that Parrish found, thereby indicating that there has been no change in colorist ideology among African Americans. Participants discussed 40 color names regularly employed to describe light, medium, and dark skin tones. The terms and attitudes associated with light skin tones were generally negative; conversely, the terms and attitudes associated with dark skin tones were derogatory. The language and beliefs connected to medium skin tones indicate that colorism operates as a three-tiered structure rather than the traditionally situated binary paradigm.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Dry Cleaning on Low-stress Mechanical Properties, Air Permeability and Crease Pressing Performance of Men’s Suit Fabrics
Authors: Rombaldoni Fabio , Demichelis Roberto , Mazzuchetti Giorgio , Ferri Ada , Banchero Mauro , Dotti Francesca
Published: August 2009

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming a promising alternative to perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. In this work, the effect of CO2 dry cleaning on some physical and mechanical properties of six different pure wool and wool/cashmere fabrics was investigated in order to detect any possible fabric modification. It was found that the CO2 dry cleaning process especially affected the thickness and compressional energy, making the fabrics thicker and fuller. A marked increase in shear hysteresis was detected, while no particular variations in bending and tensile properties or crease pressing performance were noted. Finally, there was a significant decrease in the air permeability of three of the six fabrics involved.