bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plastic Flow Analysis in Hot Aluminum Extrusion of Asymmetric Parts
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Maw , Lin Yi Hung
Published: August 2017

In this study, a design guideline for the die cavity and die bearing length distribution is proposed during an extrusion process of an asymmetrical thin sheet, such as clips of cell-phones. The plastic flow pattern of the billet inside the die cavity is analyzed using a commercial finite element package “DEFORM 3D”. The Module of Die Stress Analysis in the finite element software “DEFORM 3D” is also used to simulate the stress, strain, and the displacement distributions of the die during extrusion of clips of cell-phones. The extrusion load, the stress and strain distributions of the die, the temperature distribution, and thickness distribution of the extruded product are investigated. Furthermore, hot extrusion experiments using A6061 as the specimen are executed. The experimental results of temperature, thickness distribution of the product, extrusion force, etc, are compared with the analytical values to verify the validity of the proposed die design guideline.
Spectroscopic Properties of TeO2-Bi2O3-ZnO-PbO Based Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Marzuki Ahmad , Wahyudi  , Pramuda Adi
Published: August 2017

Tellurite glasses with molar compositions of 55TeO2–2Bi2O3–[43-x] ZnO–xPbO (in mol%) with x= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 was fabricated by melt quenching method. Their absorption spectra ranging from ultraviolet to infrared region were measured using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer and FTIR. Minimum losses of all glasses were then estimated from the intersection of the ‘V’ curve formed from the intersection of the extrapolation of the IR edge on the long wavelength side of the spectrum and the scattering loss curve on the short wavelength side of the spectrum. From this work, it was that the estimated minimum loss of the investigated glasses were within the range between 2.31·10-3dB/m and 2.94·10-3 dB/m at wavelength around 5.5 μm.
Evolution of Residual Stresses in Linear Deposition Wire-Based Cladding of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Moztarzadeh Hadi , Hughes Darren J. , Seth Sampan , Keating Elspeth , Kiraci Ercihan , Gibbons Gregory J. , Pirling Thilo , Dashwood Richard J.
Published: August 2017

Neutron diffraction and curvature measurements were conducted to investigate the residual stresses associated with Plasma Transferred Arc Cladding (PTA) of Ti-6Al-4V on a substrate of the same material. The wire-feed PTA coupled with 3-axis CNC machine was used as an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique to build parts. A combination of the process parameters was chosen to investigate their effects on residual stress evolution. Neutron Diffraction (ND) measurements of residual strains were performed on the SALSA instrument at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France. Longitudinal stresses were also inferred by using a Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) and Euler-Bernoulli beam theorem. Furthermore, Optical Microscopy (OM) of the cross section of the parts was used to analyse the microstructural evolution. The results show the effect of shorter and longer ‘dwell time’ between layers on the evolution of residual stresses.
Neutron Diffraction Techniques in Granular Mechanics
Authors: Wensrich Christopher M. , Kisi Erich H. , Luzin Vladimir , Kirstein Oliver , Smith Alexander L. , Zhang Jian Feng
Published: August 2017

Granular materials demonstrate unique mechanical properties stemming from their discrete nature. At large length scales granular assemblies are often viewed from the perspective of continuum theory where they show complex behaviour such as elastic and plastic anisotropy related to the load and deformation history. This complex behaviour is inextricably linked to the micromechanics of load sharing and force transmission at the particle level. At these scales, bulk stress is not shared homogeneously between particles, but rather by a network of `force chains' that form a skeleton supporting the vast majority of the applied load. The formation and failure of these structures govern much of the bulk behaviour of these materials. Neutron diffraction techniques are now providing a window into the mechanics of granular materials at both bulk and particle scales. Through a combination of tomographic neutron imaging and diffraction based strain measurement it is now possible to directly examine the stress within individual particles in granular assemblies. Results of these experiments in two and three dimensions are presented and the outlook for this approach to studying the mechanics of granular materials is discussed.
Characterization of Microscopic Stresses in a Polycrystalline Fe-Ga Alloy with Large Elastic Anisotropy
Authors: Onuki Yusuke , Ukai Ryuji , Sato Shigeo , Fujieda Shun , Shinoda Kozo , Kajiwara Kentaro , Sato Masugu , Suzuki Shigeru
Published: August 2017

Fe-Ga alloys show large magnetostriction, which strongly depends on crystal orientation. This phenomenon is associated to some degree with large elastic anisotropy. In this study, white X-ray diffraction with micro-beam synchrotron radiation was used to evaluate the microscopic stresses evolved in a polycrystalline Fe-Ga alloy under tensile loading. In the analysis, the large elastic anisotropy of the Fe-Ga alloy was focused. The stress distribution in the alloy microstructure under tensile loading was estimated using a finite element method (FEM) simulation that considered the dependence of the elasticity on the crystal orientation. The crystal orientation of grains in the polycrystalline Fe-Ga alloy was measured using electron backscatter diffraction. The FEM simulation showed that the stress distribution in the microstructure depended on the crystal orientation. The X-ray diffraction stress analysis indicated that under tensile loading, the stresses in the alloy depended on the crystal orientation. This finding is similar to the results obtained from the FEM simulation, although the absolute values of the stresses may have reflected the effects of heterogeneous deformation on the stress distribution.
Deformation Heterogeneity Study of a 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Reyes-Ruiz Carlos , Figueroa Igniasio A. , Braham Chedly , Cabrera Jose Maria , Zanellato Olivier , Baiz Sarah , Gonzalez Gonzalo
Published: August 2017

Among the severe plastic deformation techniques, the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) has drastically improved the mechanical properties of the processed alloys. However, information regarding friction phenomenon, which modifies the deformation at the surface and the heterogeneity microstrain state produced by the process itself, is still scarce. In the present work, the deformation heterogeneity and the friction effect, at the surface in the bulk material of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy processed by ECAP, is presented and discussed. The residual stress (RS) measurements were performed by means of X-Ray diffraction. By means of synchrotron diffraction, volumetric sections of the ECAPed samples were characterized. Finite element analysis showed a good agreement with the experimentally obtained residual stress and microhardness mapping results. The study also showed that the highest deformation zones were located at the outer parts of the deformed samples (top and bottom), while the inner zone showed strain oscillations of up to 49±2 MPa.
Unusual Plastic Deformation Behavior in Lath Martensitic Steel Containing High Dislocation Density
Authors: Harjo Stefanus , Kawasaki Takuro , Tomota Yo , Gong Wu
Published: August 2017

To understand the strengthening mechanism of a metallic material with high dislocation density, the plastic deformation behavior of lath martensite was studied by means of in situ neutron diffraction measurements during tensile deformations using a 22SiMn2TiB steel and a Fe-18Ni alloy. The characteristics of dislocation were analyzed and were discussed with the relation of stress-strain curves. The dislocation densities (ρ) induced by martensitic transformation during heat-treatment in both materials were found to be originally as high as 1015 m-2 order, and subsequently to increase slightly by the tensile deformation. The parameter M value which displays the dislocation arrangement dropped drastically at the beginning of plastic deformation in both materials, indicating that the random arrangement became more like a dipole arrangement.
Strains in Thermally Growing Cr2O3 Films Measured In Situ Using Synchrotron X-Rays
Authors: Rakotovao Felana , Tao Z. , Panicaud Benoit , Grosseau-Poussard Jean Luc , Geandier Guillaume , Renault Pierre Olivier , Goudeau Philippe , Boudet Nathalie , Blanc Nils , Vitoux Hugo , Gorges Bernard
Published: August 2017

This work takes place in the general context of a better understanding of materials degradation mechanisms in extreme environments. In particular, the aim of the present study was to correlate microstructural elements to growth stress magnitude evolution and stress release mechanisms for thermally grown chromia thin films on NiCr alloys. Strains in thermally grown oxides have been measured in-situ, as the oxides develop and evolve. Data have been acquired from oxides grown for different high temperatures evolutions on NiCr model alloys that form Cr2O3. Using synchrotron X-Ray at the ESRF (Beamline BM02) coupled with an induction furnace, Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns from the oxidizing specimen were recorded in air at temperature between 700-1000°C and during cooling. The distortion of the diffraction rings was analyzed to yield the in-plane strain. Thermal stresses imposed on Cr2O3/NiCr by abruptly reducing the sample temperature for a period of time, exploiting the thermal expansion difference between oxide and substrate, showed noticeable subsequent stress relaxation by creep. Such a mechanism was monitored using time-dependent in situ measurements of strain relaxation in the oxide. The main results obtained from these experiments are the kinetic of the growth stress from the isothermal measurements (isothermal plateau), and the study of the stress release mechanism after the low-temperature jumps. In complement, the oxide microstructure development during the course of oxidation is also investigated from both the peaks intensity and width evolution. In all cases, the steady stage growth strain was relatively low and compressive. Different degrees of relaxation were also found on cooling depending on scale microstructure through the variation of the initial oxidation conditions. Results are compared with other reports of residual stresses evolution in Cr2O3 scales.
Neutron Diffraction Study of Elastoplastic Behaviour of Al/SiCp Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Gadalińska Elżbieta , Baczmański Andrzej , Wroński Sebastian , Wróbel Mirosław , Lodini Alain , Klosek Vincent , Scheffzük Christian
Published: August 2017

The TOF neutron diffraction measurements were done for Al/SiCp metal–matrix composite (17% of SiC) subjected to T6 thermal treatment. Using three separated diffraction peaks of SiC phase and four peaks of Al phase, the lattice strains were measured for both phases independently during in situ tensile test. The experimental results were presented in comparison with elastoplastic model, which allows to find the values of parameters determining plastic deformation of Al matrix (critical resolved shear stress and hardening parameter). Additionally, the results of TOF method were compared with those which were obtained with monochromatic neutron radiation (LLB, Saclay). In the latter experiment Al/SiCp composite containing 25% of SiC was measured. It was shown that after elastoplastic deformation the mismatch stresses determined for both phases relax during tensile deformation.
A Practical Method for Measuring Residual Stress Distribution by XRD after Needle or Hammer Peening: Application to a Simple Case
Authors: Frappier Renaud , Bordiec Yvan , Grimault Benoit , Lefèvre Paul , Chateau Frédéric
Published: August 2017

Ultrasonic needle peening (UNP) is a post-weld high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment process. This study describes a practical method for measuring residual stress (RS) distribution after UNP and its application to a simple case. Laboratory sin²ψ XRD RS analysis is performed on an UNP single-track on a flat structural steel specimen. This situation is studied as a reference case to characterize RS creation during UNP. It is demonstrated that successive mechanical and electrochemical polishing stages combined with relatively high resolution sin²ψ XRD measurement permits to get an effective surface and in-depth characterization of longitudinal and transverse RS around the UNP groove. High magnitude longitudinal compressive RS are found in the middle of the groove whereas transverse RS compression peaks are located on both sides of the groove. Discussion is conducted about sources of error associated with the experimental method and outlook for UNP process fundamental characterization.
Development of a bread-spread using Catla catla and mature flower buds of Rhizophora apiculata
Authors: Tharaka T. H. S. , Arupala A. L. Y. H. , Jayasinghe J. M. P. , Abeyrathne E. D. N. S.
Published: August 2017

Indian carps (Catla catla) are considered as an excellent source of protein, vitamins and minerals while they are low in saturated fat. However, carps have limited consumer acceptability due to the presence of intramuscular bones. Further, mangrove plants such as Rhizophora spp. are considered as valuable therapeutic agents in both modern and traditional medicines. The present study was focused on developing a value added product from C. catla by incorporating mature flower buds of R. apiculata (Mahakadol), which is a nutritional and medicinal supplement. Bread-spread was prepared by mixing boiled and minced fish with other ingredients and pasteurizing at 85°C for 15 min. The suitable levels of ingredients were determined using 30 untrained panelists (p<0.05). The final levels included 89% (w/w) of C. catla, 6% (w/w) of mature flower buds of R. apiculata, 1% (w/w) chili, 1% (w/w) salt, 1.5% (w/w) white pepper and 1.5% (w/w) lime. Proximate analysis of the final product showed that moisture is at 72.50±0.03%, protein 20.82±1.49%, fat 2.81±0.02%, fiber 2.10±0.11% and ash 1.94±0.01% in the final product. The shelf life of the bread-spread did not change significantly within the storage period of 30 days under refrigerated condition (p>0.05), the total microbial plate counts were within the acceptable level for 28 days, and the coliform and Salmonella were absent. Therefore, the developed bread-spread can be considered as a healthy food having high nutrient and medicinal benefits and with a shelf life up to 28 days.
Stealth liposomes for the delivery of zoledronic acid into tumors enhance the anticancer activity of the drug
Authors: Zappavigna Silvia , Luce Amalia , Porru Manuela , Cossu Alessia M. , Ferri Carmela , Lusa Sara , Abate Marianna , De Rosa Giuseppe , Caraglia Michele , Leonetti Carlo
Published: August 2017

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a third generation aminobisphosphonate, commonly used for the treatment of bone metastases. Several studies have shown a direct in vitro antitumor activity of ZOL but a clear evidence of clinical activity is still lacking. Unfortunately, the use of ZOL as an anticancer agent in extraskeletal tissues is limited probably because it is rapidly removed from the blood and tends to accumulate in the bone. On these bases, we developed stealth liposomes encapsulating ZOL (Lipo- ZOL) to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Compared to free ZOL, Lipo-ZOL induced a stronger inhibition of growth in two different cancer cell lines H460 and CG5. Moreover, Lipo-ZOL also significantly caused a larger inhibition of tumor growth and increased the overall survival in murine models of human lung and breast cancer, in comparison with free ZOL. These results suggest the use of Lipo-ZOL as a potential anticancer agent in patients with neoplastic disease.
Alteration zones in the Wolverton Lake area, near Snow Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Froese E
Published: August 2017

North of Snow Lake, Manitoba, volcanic rocks and granitic intrusions, older than 1.87 Ga, have been metamorphosed to a grade corresponding to the biotite-sillimanite-almandine zone. The volcanic rocks, predominantly of felsic composition, include sulphide
occurrences, as well as ferromagnesian and aluminous alteration, characterized, respectively, by orthoamphibole-bearing and sillimanite-bearing assemblages. The distribution of alteration types, particularly in the Wolverton Lake area, is shown.
Biografie van professor Sarel Jacobus van der Merwe
Authors: Knoetze Johannes J. , Brunsdon Alfred
Published: August 2017

No abstract available.
Through the eyes of children: Exploring Grade 7 career aspirations
Authors: Robinson Lucy , Diale Boitumelo
Published: August 2017

Background: The shift in recent years towards the lifespan concept of career development, which views career behaviour as occurring in stages beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life, has meant that it has become increasingly important to assist learners in fulfilling their career goals. There is, however, a scarcity of research on the career aspirations of primary school learners, especially those from low socio-economic backgrounds.

Aim: This article describes research conducted on the career aspirations of Grade 7 learners at a community school.

Setting: The study is set within an interpretivist paradigm and utilises a generic qualitative research design.

Methods: The study involved a purposefully selected group of Grade 7 learners from a local community school. As part of the study, each learner completed a collage and sociogram, and took part in a group interview.

Results: Themes that emerged from the data analysis were: career aspirations that seek to fulfil hopes and dreams, the role of the family in shaping career aspirations and counting the ‘cost’ of career aspirations.

Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that there is a need to explore learners’ career aspirations from an early age in order to expose them to various career choices in the constantly changing world of work.
Exploring women’s perceptions regarding successful investment planning practices
Authors: Venter Elmarie , Kruger Janine
Published: August 2017

Background: Compared to men, women are not as confident and knowledgeable about financial and investment matters. As a result, women often do not conduct investment planning until it is too late, and they are confronted with a financial crisis or a life predicament such as a divorce or death. In addition, limited scientific research exists on the investment planning practices of women in South Africa. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on investment planning by better understanding the unique financial needs and challenges of women. Recommendations made by this study will assist women and financial planners to make more informed investment decisions as they progress through life.Aim: Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to investigate the factors that influence women’s perceived successful investment planning in the Nelson Mandela Bay area. After conducting a comprehensive literature study, six factors (independent variables), namely, values, attitudes, time horizon, personal life cycle, risks and returns, and investment knowledge, were identified as influencing the perceived successful investment planning (dependent variable) of women.Setting: As this study focussed on the perceptions of women concerning the factors that influence successful investment planning, the target population was all women in the Nelson Mandela Bay area older than 20 years with some investment experience.Methods: A quantitative research methodology was followed, and data were collected from 207 women using a structured self-administered questionnaire.Results: The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that only one independent variable emerged as having a significant influence on perceived successful investment planning of women, namely, investment knowledge.Conclusion: Based on the empirical results of this study, several recommendations have been made in an attempt to assist women to make more informed investment decisions and manage their investment planning more effectively as they progress through life.
Can an inadequate cervical cytology sample in ThinPrep be converted to a satisfactory sample by processing it with a SurePath preparation?
Authors: Sørbye Sveinung Wergeland , Pedersen Mette Kristin , Ekeberg Bente , Williams Merete E. Johansen , Sauer Torill , Chen Ying
Published: August 2017

Background:

The Norwegian Cervical Cancer Screening Program recommends screening every 3 years for women between 25 and 69 years of age. There is a large difference in the percentage of unsatisfactory samples between laboratories that use different brands of liquid-based cytology. We wished to examine if inadequate ThinPrep samples could be satisfactory by processing them with the SurePath protocol.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 187 inadequate ThinPrep specimens from the Department of Clinical Pathology at University Hospital of North Norway were sent to Akershus University Hospital for conversion to SurePath medium. Ninety-one (48.7%) were processed through the automated “gynecologic” application for cervix cytology samples, and 96 (51.3%) were processed with the “nongynecological” automatic program.

Results:

Out of 187 samples that had been unsatisfactory by ThinPrep, 93 (49.7%) were satisfactory after being converted to SurePath. The rate of satisfactory cytology was 36.6% and 62.5% for samples run through the “gynecology” program and “nongynecology” program, respectively. Of the 93 samples that became satisfactory after conversion from ThinPrep to SurePath, 80 (86.0%) were screened as normal while 13 samples (14.0%) were given an abnormal diagnosis, which included 5 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 5 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 2 atypical glandular cells not otherwise specified, and 1 atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. A total of 2.1% (4/187) of the women got a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or higher at a later follow-up.

Conclusions:

Converting cytology samples from ThinPrep to SurePath processing can reduce the number of unsatisfactory samples. The samples should be run through the “nongynecology” program to ensure an adequate number of cells.
Edge-Maximal Graphs on Surfaces
Authors: McDiarmid Colin , Wood David R.
Published: August 2017

We prove that for every surface ∑ of Euler genus g, every edge-maximal embedding of a graph in ∑ is at most O(g) edges short of a triangulation of ∑. This provides the first answer to an open problem of Kainen (1974).
On equivariant asymptotic dimension
Authors: Sawicki Damian
Published: August 2017

The work discusses equivariant asymptotic dimension (also known as "wide equivariant covers", "

N

-

\mathcal F

-amenability" or "amenability dimension" and "

d

-BLR condition") and its generalisation, transfer reducibility, which are versions of asymptotic dimension invented for the proofs of the Farrell–Jones and Borel conjectures.

We prove that groups of null equivariant asymptotic dimension are exactly virtually cyclic groups. We show that a covering of the boundary always extends to a covering of the whole compactification. We provide a number of characterisations of equivariant asymptotic dimension in the general setting of homotopy actions, including equivariant counterparts of classical characterisations of asymptotic dimension. Finally, we strengthen the result of Mole and Rüping about equivariant refinements from finite groups to infinite groups.
Equicontinuous actions of semisimple groups
Authors: Bader Uri , Gelander Tsachik
Published: August 2017

We study equicontinuous actions of semisimple groups and some generalizations. We prove that any such action is universally closed, and in particular proper. We derive various applications, both old and new, including closedness of continuous homomorphisms, nonexistence of weaker topologies, metric ergodicity of transitive actions and vanishing of matrix coefficients for reflexive (more generally: WAP) representations.
Slow north-south dynamics on $\mathcal {PML}$
Authors: Bell Mark C. , Schleimer Saul
Published: August 2017

Note by the authors: This article is in the public domain.

We consider the action of a pseudo-Anosov mapping class on

\mathcal {PML}(S)

. This action has north-south dynamics and so, under iteration, laminations converge exponentially to the stable lamination.

We study the rate of this convergence and give examples of families of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes where the rate goes to one, decaying exponentially with the word length. Furthermore we prove that this behaviour is the worst possible.
Rational approximation and Lagrangian inclusions
Authors: Shafikov Rasul , Sukhov Alexandre
Published: August 2017

We show that any real compact surface

S

, except the sphere

S^2

and the projective plane

\mathbb RP_2

, admits a pair of smooth complex-valued functions

f_1, f_2

with the property that any continuous complex-valued function on

S

is a uniform limit of a sequence of

R_j (f_1, f_2)

, where

R_j (z_1, z_2)

are rational functions on

\mathbb C^2

.
Histological Examination in Obtaining a Diagnosis in Patients with Lymphadenopathy in Lima, Peru
Authors: Kirwan Daniela E. , Ugarte-Gil Cesar , Gilman Robert H. , Hasan Rizvi Syed M. , Cerrillo Gustavo , Cok Jaime , Ticona Eduardo , Cabrera José Luis , Matos Eduardo D. , Evans Carlton A. , Moore David A. J. , Friedland; Jon S. , _ _
Published: August 2017

The differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy is wide and clinical presentations overlap, making obtaining an accurate diagnosis challenging. We sought to characterize the clinical and radiological characteristics, histological findings, and diagnoses for a cohort of patients with lymphadenopathy of unknown etiology. 121 Peruvian adults with lymphadenopathy underwent lymph node biopsy for microbiological and histopathological evaluation. Mean patient age was 41 years (Interquartile Range 26–52), 56% were males, and 39% were HIV positive. Patients reported fever (31%), weight loss (23%), and headache (22%); HIV infection was associated with fever (P < 0.05) and gastrointestinal symptoms (P < 0.05). Abnormalities were reported in 40% of chest X-rays (N = 101). Physicians suspected TB in 92 patients (76%), lymphoma in 19 patients (16%), and other malignancy in seven patients (5.8%). Histological diagnoses (N = 117) included tuberculosis (34%), hyperplasia (27%), lymphoma (13%), and nonlymphoma malignancy (14%). Hyperplasia was more common (P < 0.001) and lymphoma less common (P = 0.005) among HIV-positive than HIV-negative patients. There was a trend toward reduced frequency of caseous necrosis in samples from HIV-positive than HIV-negative TB patients (67 versus 93%, P = 0.055). The spectrum of diagnoses was broad, and clinical and radiological features correlated poorly with diagnosis. On the basis of clinical features, physicians over-diagnosed TB, and under-diagnosed malignancy. Although this may not be inappropriate in resource-limited settings where TB is the most frequent easily treatable cause of lymphadenopathy, diagnostic delays can be detrimental to patients with malignancy. It is important that patients with lymphadenopathy undergo a full diagnostic work-up including sampling for histological evaluation to obtain an accurate diagnosis.
GLOBAL BURDEN OF TRACHOMA AND ECONOMICS OF THE DISEASE
Authors: FRICK KEVIN D. , HANSON CHRISTY L. , JACOBSON GRETCHEN A.
Published: August 2017

Interest in the economics of trachoma is high because of the refinement of a strategy to control trachomatous blindness, an ongoing global effort to eliminate incident blindness from trachoma by 2020, and an azithromycin donation program that is a component of trachoma control programs in several countries. This report comments on the economic distribution of blindness from trachoma and adds insight to published data on the burden of trachoma and the comparative costs and effects of trachoma control. Results suggest that 1) trichiasis without visual impairment may result in an economic burden comparable to trachomatous low vision and blindness so that 2) the monetary burden of trachoma may be 50% higher than conservative, published figures; 3) within some regions more productive economies are associated with less national blindness from trachoma; and 4) the ability to achieve a positive net benefit of trachoma control depends importantly on the cost per dose of antibiotic.
PLASMODIUM VIVAX: TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING IMMUNITY IN A MALARIA-ENDEMIC AREA OF COLOMBIA
Authors: ARÉVALO-HERRERA MYRIAM , SOLARTE YEZID , ZAMORA FELIPE , MENDEZ FABIÁN , YASNOT MARIA FERNANDA , ROCHA LEONARDO , LONG CAROLE , MILLER LOUIS H. , HERRERA SÓCRATES
Published: August 2017

Plasmodium vivax transmission-blocking activity was assessed in sera from acutely infected patients from a malaria-endemic area in Colombia. We measured reduction in the number of oocysts that developed in the midguts of Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes artificially fed with blood from these patients. Of 88 mosquito batches that developed infections when parasites were mixed with normal AB human serum, one-third (36.4%) showed full transmission-blocking activity (≥ 90% inhibition) when mixed with autologous sera, 29.6% showed partial activity (50–89%), 17.0% did not block transmission (0–50%), and 17% did not enhance transmission. Transmission-blocking activity correlated with antibody titer by an immunofluorescent antibody test and decreased with the serial dilution of the sera. This activity disappeared at a 1:4 dilution in most sera tested. Afro-Colombian individuals showed lower activity than other ethnic groups and febrile patients produced stronger inhibition than those without fever.
Durability studies on the high calcium flyash based GPC
Authors: Manickavasagam R , Mohankumar G
Published: August 2017

Geopolymer concrete is an environment friendly green concrete which is comparatively of lower carbon footprint. Most of the studies reported is about the development of low calcium flyash based GPC only and and that too mostly on achieving the compressive strength and not much on its durability related properties. In this study, the novel idea of using high calcium flyash based GPC is considered with Sodium based alkaline solution having different concentrations and cured in hot oven at 60oC for 24 hours. Three different grades namely GM20, GM30 and GM40 are designed and common durability related properties like water absorption, acid resitance and corrosion resistance by constant voltage polarization test are determined using relevant concrete specimens and compared with similar grades of conventional concrete. High calcium flyash based GPC is observed to possess superior durability related properties over OPCC.Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, high calcium flyash, durability, corrosion resistance, polarisation test
Critical Update on Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Authors: Chernichenko Natalya
Published: August 2017

Salivary gland neoplasms are relatively rare tumors with a wide range of biologic behavior. Early low-grade malignancies could be adequately treated with surgery alone, while larger locally advanced tumors will require adjuvant radiation therapy. The role of chemotherapy remains palliative. The goal of this article is to provide a critical review of recent literature on diagnosis and management of salivary neoplasms.

How to cite this article

Chernichenko N. Critical Update on Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasms. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):71-75.
Trends in Maternal Mortality in Medical College Jabalpur, India in the last 15 Years
Authors: Sahu Bharti , Tiwari Priyadarshini , Saraogi Pooja , Badkur Poorva , Choudhary Varsha R
Published: August 2017

Aim

The aim of our article was to study the causes of maternal deaths in our institution from the year 2001 to 2015 and to see whether there has been any decline in the preventable causes of death and if our results are comparable with the statistics of the state.

Materials and methods

The data pertaining to maternal mortality from 2001 to 2016 were entered in Excel sheets, and data analysis was done in Excel software. The impact of government schemes on mortality and antenatal care was evaluated and the problems at the tertiary care center were analyzed.

Results

Eclampsia and anemia, which are largely preventable causes of death, were and still continue to be the leading causes of mortality in our institution which is the tertiary referral center for a large tribal belt. Though data differ, the maternal mortality in our institution rose at the time of implementation of government schemes to fall to previous levels by 2015.

Conclusion

There has been a definite reduction in the maternal mortality of the state. In spite of various government schemes for promoting hospital deliveries and registering antenatal patients for care, the preventable causes of death still appear to be leading in maternal mortality. Our antenatal care needs further improvement and so does our tertiary level care.

Clinical significance

Government schemes have helped in getting critical referrals to tertiary care centers. Further reduction in mortality can be achieved only if our antenatal care and tertiary care can be improved.

How to cite this article

Tiwari P, Badkur P, Sahu B, Saraogi P, Choudhary VR. Trends in Maternal Mortality in Medical College Jabalpur, India in the last 15 Years. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):239-244.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Authors: Shankar Poornima , Gunasingh Shaanthy
Published: August 2017

Aim

To study the effect of age and parity in pelvic floor anatomy in women with pelvic floor dysfunction and the changes in pelvic floor anatomy after a course of pelvic floor exercises.

Design

A prospective study at Government Kilpauk Medical College (KMC), Chennai.

Materials and methods

Patients with pelvic floor dysfunction are subjected to clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The changes in anatomy are analyzed in terms of levator hiatus dimension and descent of the pelvic organs. Substratified analysis is done and mean diameters in each degree of prolapse are identified (Chi-square tests using cross tables). Patients with cystocele, rectocele, or enterocele are also compared in both clinical examination and MRI and the degree of correlation is measured (inter-rater kappa). The changes in pelvic floor anatomy in terms of H line, M line, and levator plate angle with respect to age and parity are studied. In patients with lower degrees of prolapse, the changes in anatomy in terms of H line, M line, and levator plate angle are studied after a course of pelvic floor exercises (post hoc tests and paired t-tests). The area under curve of receiver-operating curve in each degree of prolapse is seen and the critical cut-off value of the various anatomical parameters above which a patient develops a prolapse is calculated.

Results

Ninety patients with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction were studied with clinical examination and MRI. Levator hiatus width cut off at rest above 5 cm and at straining above 5.8 cm develops clinical first-degree prolapse. Levator plate angle of more than 44.4° develops a clinical first-degree prolapse. With increasing age there is an increase in mean values of levator hiatus width at straining, levator plate angle, and descent of various organs. With increasing parity, there is an increase in mean values of levator hiatus width at rest and straining and increase in descent at straining.

Conclusion

Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered as a pretreatment planning tool when the physical findings are equivocal.

How to cite this article

Shankar P, Gunasingh S. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):250-254.
Prospective Case–control Study to Predict the Obstetrical (Maternal and Fetal) Outcome after First Trimester Bleeding
Authors: Chandra Subhash , Gaur Sushma , Khajotia Santosh , Falodia Swati
Published: August 2017

Aims

To study the obstetrical complications in women with first trimester bleeding, to evaluate the perinatal outcome in women with first trimester bleeding, to prognosticate the obstetrical and perinatal outcome based on severity of first trimester bleeding, and to compare it with the obstetrical and perinatal outcome in women having normal pregnancy.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PBM and associated group of hospitals attached to Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, India, during the study period of 1 year, i.e., January 2014 to December 2014.

Results

The percentage of stillbirth in study group was 4.9% and in control group it was only 1%. The percentage of early neonatal death in study group was 3.7% and in control group was 2.1%. The difference was found statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). According to antenatal complications, all the parameters were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) except pregnancy-induced hypertension preterm labor and antepartum hemorrhage where the difference was found statistically significant (p < 0.05), and abortion where the difference was found statistically highly significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In conclusion, considering the results of our study, first trimester vaginal bleeding can be a predicting factor for adverse outcome of mother and infant. It is necessary to increase the knowledge of pregnant women in this regard for close observation. Also, the study is appropriate because the clinical intervention of attentive obstetrician has important role in not only the continuation of pregnancy but also decreasing fetal complications in these high-risk pregnancies.

How to cite this article

Gaur S, Khajotia S, Chandra S, Falodia S. Prospective Case–control Study to Predict the Obstetrical (Maternal and Fetal) Outcome after First Trimester Bleeding. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):255-259.
Sirenomelia: A Rare Congenital Anomaly
Authors: Bhardwaj Davinder , Sinha Shivendra K , Heer Arvinder K
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Sirenomelia is a congenital structural anomaly characterized by abnormal development of the caudal region of the body. The peculiar characteristics of sirenomelia are complete fusion of bilateral lower limbs giving the fetus an appearance of mermaid. The other anatomical defects may be renal agenesis, gastrointestinal defects, and absent external genitalia. The outcome of the condition is usually fatal for the baby despite attempts for corrective surgery. This abnormality was initially confused with caudal regression syndrome, but later was given a new name, i.e., sirenomelia mermaid syndrome.

Case report

We present a case of a 23-year-old primigravida unbooked case reported at 25 weeks 6 days period of gestation with complaint of decreased fetal movements. The ultrasound was suggestive of single live intrauterine fetus of 24 weeks with severe oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index 1–2 cm). Based on fetal magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed multiple congenital anomalies including nonvisualization of kidneys and poorly formed lower limbs, provisional diagnosis of sirenomelia with renal aplasia incompatible with life was made. She delivered a baby 943 gm with features and appearance suggestive of mermaid syndrome (sirenomelia). Patient was discharged with advice to report early in next pregnancy.

Conclusion

Sirenomelia is a very rare disorder, with prevalence of 1 in 100,000 live births with a total of 300 cases reported until today in which 9 are from India. The precise etiology of sirenomelia is not well understood. Many theories have been proposed, but none of these is considered definitive. It is very important to diagnose this universally fatal condition by ultrasonography in early pregnancy, so that termination of pregnancy can be carried out.

How to cite this article

Verma P, Bhardwaj D, Sinha SK, Heer AK. Sirenomelia: A Rare Congenital Anomaly. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):271-273.
Early Screening of Diabetes and Hypertension in Primary Care Dental Clinics at King Saud University in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Awan Kamran Habib , Hadlaq Emad M , Faraj Ziyad T , Gamdi Fahad M Al , Obathani Faisal A Al , Abuabat Mashael F
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the leading chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia; 23.1% of the Saudi population are diabetic and 25.5% are hypertensive. This cross-sectional study was made on dental setting to determine the effectiveness of screening of diabetes and hypertension in dental clinics.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out in the primary care dental clinics at the Dental College in King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Before starting any treatment, a face-to-face interview was administered to collect a brief medical history and personal data followed by measurement of body mass index (BMI). After that, blood pressure level reading was obtained using electrical sphygmomanometer. Finally, a glucose level reading was obtained from capillary blood from the patient's third fingertip using glucose reader.

Results

Our study included 283 participants, 118 of whom were females (41.7%). Our study showed that a significant amount of the participants are at risk of having hypertension (44.8%). In addition, a significant number (10.2%) of the participants are at risk of having diabetes. Furthermore, 35.7% of the sample had obesity as a risk factor for diabetes and hypertension.

Conclusion

The dental team can play an important role in screening of diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. In Saudi Arabia, public awareness of the chronic diseases is still critically insufficient.

Clinical significance

Our study showed the importance of the screening even for patients with negative history of diabetes or hypertension.

How to cite this article

Hadlaq EM, Faraj ZT, Al Gamdi FM, Al Obathani FA, Abuabat MF, Awan KH. Early Screening of Diabetes and Hypertension in Primary Care Dental Clinics at King Saud University in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(8):652-659.
Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Changes by Cirrus High-definition Optical Coherence Tomography in Myopia
Authors: Sharma Reetika , Singh Divya , Agarwal Esha , Mishra Sanjay K , Dada Tanuj
Published: August 2017

Introduction

To evaluate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by Cirrus high-definition (HD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the axial length and refractive error of the eye.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 eyes of 100 healthy subjects (age 20-34 years with M/F ratio of 57/43), comprising 50 eyes with emmetropia [spherical equivalent (SE) 0 D], 25 eyes with moderate myopia (SE between -4 D and -8 D), and 25 eyes with high myopia (SE between -8 D and -12 D) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Average and mean clock hour RNFL thicknesses were measured by cirrus HD-OCT and compared between the three groups. Associations between RNFL measurements and axial length and SE were evaluated by linear regression analysis.

Results

The average RNFL measurements were significantly lower in high myopia (78.68 +/- 5.67) and moderate myopia (83.76 +/- 3.44) group compared with emmetropia group (91.26 +/- 2.99), also in the superior and inferior mean clock hours. Significant correlations were evident between RNFL measurements and the SE and axial length. The average RNFL thickness decreased with increasing axial length (r = –0.8115) and negative refractive power (r = 0.8397). Myopia also affected the RNFL thickness distribution. As the axial length increased and the SE decreased, the thickness of the superior, inferior, and nasal peripapillary RNFL decreased.

Conclusion

The axial length/refractive error of the eye affected the average RNFL thickness and the RNFL thickness distribution. Analysis of RNFL thickness in the evaluation of glaucoma should always be interpreted with reference to the refractive status. When interpreting the RNFL thickness of highly myopic patients by OCT, careful attention must be given to the inherently thinner RNFL to avoid a false diagnosis of glaucoma.

How to cite this article

Singh D, Mishra SK, Agarwal E, Sharma R, Bhartiya S, Dada T. Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Changes by Cirrus High-definition Optical Coherence Tomography in Myopia. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(2):52-57.
Comparison of Efficacy of Different Doses of Clonidine with 0.5% Bupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia in Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries
Authors: Murthy KT Venkatesh , Nadkarni Maya D , Amaranath N
Published: August 2017

Clonidine, a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist has been under use as an adjuvant with hyperbaric bupivacaine for prolonging analgesia and maintaining hemodynamic stability during lower limb orthopedic and lower abdominal surgeries.

The purpose of our study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intrathecal Clonidine 50 and 75 μg as adjuvant to hyperbaric Bupivacaine 15 mg (3 mL), and hyperbaric Bupivacaine 3 mL with saline 0.5 mL for onset and duration of anesthesia, hemodynamic stability, and side effects if any.

This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on 120 patients scheduled for lower limb orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The study population was divided into three groups with 40 patients in each group. Group I (controlled group) received 3 mL (15 mg) of 0.5% Bupivacaine heavy and 0.5 mL of normal saline. Group II received 50 μg of clonidine followed by Bupivacaine 0.5% 3 mL (15 mg) and group III received 75 μg of clonidine followed by Bupivacaine 0.5% 3 mL (15 mg) intrathecally. Time taken for onset of sensory and motor blockade, duration of anesthesia, and any perioperative and postoperative complications was noted.

We found that clonidine 75 μg given prior to bupivacaine, 3 mL, significantly prolongs the duration of anesthesia with minimal changes in hemodynamic parameters and postoperative complications.

How to cite this article

Murthy KTV, Nadkarni MD, Amaranath N. Comparison of Efficacy of Different Doses of Clonidine with 0.5% Bupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia in Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries. J Med Sci 2017;3(2):45-49.
SUICÍDIO EM BOM LUGAR Bullying homofóbico juvenil na zona rural maranhense
Authors: Gomes Fabio José Cardias , Viana Antônia Iracilda Silva , Rosa Claudia Regina Arrais
Published: August 2017

Este artigo apresenta o relato de caso de um adolescente de 13 anos, vítima de bullying homoafetivo escolar que comete suicídio no município de João Lisboa, sudoeste do Maranhão. Foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com a mãe do adolescente e conversas sob visitas técnicas com o diretor e professores da escola. Resultados e discussões apontam: a) falta de conhecimento da magnitude do problema e privação de afeto por parte da mãe; b) atitudes de omissão por parte da escola, e; c) retrata uma situação de desamparo familiar, escolar e comunitário vivenciada pela vítima. Conclui-se que as estruturas que deveriam oferecer apoio não o fizeram, o que leva a suposição de que se esse apoio tivesse ocorrido essa tragédia poderia ter sido evitada.