bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geological Notes on the Island of Dominica, B.W.I
Authors: Earle Kenneth W.
Published: May 2009

The island of Dominica is situated in lat. 15° 20′ N., and long. 62° 30′ W., and lies almost midway between the French islands of Guadeloupe (on the north) and Martinique (on the south). In the northern channel the Antillean plateau is submerged to a depth of about 2,100 feet, but in the southern a deep embayment entering from the west reaches a maximum depth of 6,600 feet. Some miles to the south-east of Dominica, however, the sea floor rises to within 270 feet of the surface, while the Madiana banks, east of Martinique and north of Barbados, are submerged only to about the dame depth. Lying as they do between the sedimentary parts of Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Barbados it would be interesting to ascertain, if possible, by boring, whether these banks are of a sedimentary nature in contrast to the volcanic nature of the main range of islands. On both the windward and leeward sides Dominica rises precipitously out of the sea, but this is more accnetuated on the leeward side where within six or seven miles of the shore the sea bottom reaches a depth of over a thousand fathoms. The preciepitous nature of the sea floor and the absence, of any sort of harbour at Roseau—the capital—render anchorage even at favourable times a very precarious matter, and one of great difficulty and danger in rough weather.
The Dwyka Conglomerate
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

Dr. C. G. S. Sandberg's article on the origin of the Dwyka Conglomerate calls for a wider publicity of the facts connected with the early establishment of the glacial origin of that deposit. The general history of the matter is given in the Geology of South Africa, by Drs. Hatch and Corstorphine, second ed., p. 14. The original determination was made by Dr. P. C. Sutherland in his Geology of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1868, but a number of geologists discussed it subsequently, such as C. L. Griesbach, E. J. Dunn, A. G. Bain, R. N. Rubidge, A. Moulle, G. W. Stow, R. Pinchin, A. R. Sawyer, G. A. F. Molengraaff, A. Schenck, and A. Stapff. Among the diversity of opinions expressed it was difficult to arrive at any definite conclusion at that time. In September, 1895, Dr. R. Marloth submitted to a meeting of the South African Philosophical Society a number of boulders which he thought showed glacial striations, but the evidence was not considered satisfactory by Dr. Corstorphine or myself, the only two geologists in the country.
The Geology of the Northern part of the Lickey Hills, near Birmingham
Authors: Boulton W. S.
Published: May 2009

The complex structure of the Lickey Hills, 7 miles south of Birmingham, has attracted the attention of geologists since the early part of last century, and interpretations of some details of their geology have been almost as numerous as the observers. The hills form part of the district recently remapped on the 6-inch scale by the Geological Survey.
Post-Glacial Fossil Mollusca from a Delta Deposit at Winnipeg, Manitoba
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: May 2009

The fossil deposit here described is situated on the west bank of the Red River, 3 miles (in a direct line) south of its junction with its western tributary, the Assiniboine River. More specifically the deposit is situated about 50 yards from the residence built by the late Colonel Thompson in Fort Garry, a suburb on the southern outskirts of the city of Winnipeg.
Marine Horizons in the Coal Measures of South Wales
Authors: Dix Emily , Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

The fossils of the Coal Measures of South Wales have probably not been studied so systematically or for so many years as those of certain coalfields of he north of England, and it is only within recent years that any marked progress has been made in their investigation; this is especially true of the marine fossils.
Notes on the Middle and Upper Chalk of the Cambridge District
Authors: Brighton A. G.
Published: May 2009

Of the more recent accounts of the Middle and Upper Chalk of Cambridge, only that of Jukes-Browne employs the definitions of zonal boundaries now usually accepted in England; for the most part, the horizons to which he refers the exposures are correct.
The Siluro-Devonian Junction in England
Authors: Robertson Thomas
Published: May 2009

The selection of a base for the Devonian System has evoked much controversy, and summaries of the literature are given in several papers. The subject has acquired a new significance recently through the work of Ch. Barrois and his coadjutors in the north of France, and that of W. W. King and L. D. Stamp in England. The matter has been argued at length in the papers referred to, and it is impossible to appreciate all the factors involved without reference to them.
An important specimen of Euphoberia ferox from the Middle Coal Measures of Crawcrook
Authors: Brade S. Birks-Graham
Published: May 2009

A detailed description of an important specimen of Euphoberia ferox (Salter, 1863) is given. The fossil consists of nine consecutive segments in natural association exhibiting not only dorsal structures but also some of the less-known ventral features.
On a New Species of Semionotus from the Keuper of Nottingham
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

Reference has been made in previous articles (1, 2) to the discovery of fossil fishes in the sandstone immediately overlying the basal conglomerate of the Keuper near Nottingham. The upper portion of this sandstone splits into slabs two or three inches thick along filmy partings of greenish clay. The specimen described and figured below was found lying upon the surface of one of these slabs with its head partially buried in the sandstone itself. After being carefully cleaned it proved to be a well-preserved specimen of Semionotus differing to a sufficiently marked degree from previously described species to merit the creation of a new species.
Pipes in the Coast Sandstone of Syria
Authors: ely Day Alfred
Published: May 2009

A calcareous sandstone is found at intervals along the coast of Palestine and Syria from Gaza to Lattakia, a distance of about 300 miles. It may be a thick deposit, extending for miles along the coast and covering a wide area, as at Beirut, or it may be thin and of small extent. Some parts of the coast are entirely without it. It is the principal building stone of the coast towns. It has been mentioned by various writers. Hull (Geol. and Geog. of Arabia Petraea, Palestine, etc., Pal. Expl. Fund, 1889, p. 9) refers to it as the “Calcareous Sandstone of Philistia”. No geologist, however, has noted the remarkable holes, which in some places penetrate it in great numbers.
The Igneous Complex of Y Foel Fras, Caernarvonshire
Authors: Silvester Norman L.
Published: May 2009

The area under consideration is a portion of the mountain massif bounded on the east by the Conway River, on the north by the narrow coastal plain between Conway and Bangor, and on the west and south by the popular tourist route through Nant.-Francon pass by Llyn Ogwen and down the Afon Llugwy to Bettws y coed. The investigation includes the horseshoe-shaped ring of mountains, of which the highest is Y Foel Frâs (3,091 feet), surrounding the upper course of the Aber River (Cwm yr Afon Goch). To the north-west this igneous complex is bounded by the precipitatious crags over which the above stream descends by leaps and bounds, forming the well-known Aber Falls. Upon Sheet 78, south-east of the old Geological Survey map the area is coloured as “Massive intrusive felspathic rocks”, surrounding two oval patches indicated as “Greenstones”, whilst a further elongated patch of the latter forms the south-west boundary. The north-east boundary is limited by the Aber-Llanbedr fault. Besides the hog-backed summit of Y Foel Frâs, the area includes the similarly outlined summits of Y Drosgl West (2,483 feet), Yr Arryg (2,875 feet), Llwydmor Bâch (2,256 feet), and the more rugged summits of Bera Mawr (2,587 feet), Bera Bâch and Llwydmor (2,749 feet).
The Geology of Ascension and St. Helena Islands
Authors: Daly Reginald A.
Published: May 2009

The writings of Charles Darwin, Renard, Mellis, Reinisch, and others have already made the salient features of lonely Ascension and St. Helena accessible, if not familiar, to geologists— St. Helena has won the surprised interest of biologists, who have long speculated on the origin of its unique species of plants and animals. From each island collections of rocks have been made. Following Renard's well-known contribution to the petrography of Ascension (“Challenger” Reports, Physics and Chemistry, vol. ii, 1889), Reinisch's paper in the Report of the Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition (1901–3) gives a large number of petrographical. descriptions, including a goodly number of chemical analyses. No adequate geological map of either island has, however, been published, nor, indeed, was this really possible before the British Admiralty had issued the greatly improved chart (No. 1691) of Ascension, in 1910, with corrections added to the year 1921, and the British War Office had issued its excellent contour-map of St. Helena, dated 1904. Each map is on a large scale. Even, though lacking contour lines, the Ascension chart was obviously to be of service to anyone attempting a reconnaisance survey of that island.
On the Overlap of the Upper Gault in England and on the “Red Chalk” of the Eastern Counties
Authors: Kitchin F. L. , Pringle J.
Published: May 2009

During the years 1918–19 we investigated the relations of the beds exposed in a remarkable section at Shenley Hill, north of Leighton Buzzard. Our conclusion that lenticles of limestone of basal varians-age are there overlain by a mass of Upper Gault showing an inverted order of zones provided an interesting glacial problem. This seemed to us of less importance, however, than the discovery that these transported masses had been deposited upon a, floor formed by a basement-bed of transgressive Upper Gault, which there rests immediately upon the local top of the Lower Greensand. The chief interest attaching to this example of glacial disturbance lay in the resulting disposition of particular beds in anomalous zonal relationships. Other striking instances of the glacial transportation of large masses of rock were known to occur in the tract of country to the north-east of this locality. The difference was chiefly one of degree, not of kind. We realized that the detection here of an overlap of the Upper Gault might prove to be a matter of greater moment, possessing, perhaps, a far-reaching stratigraphical significance. A study of the literature dealing with this formation, coupled with the examination of the Gault at a few localities in other counties where an overlap takes place, convinced us that a fuller investigation of the subject would prove fruitful in results.
The Northward and Eastward Extension of the Karroo Lavas
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

The lavas which cap the Karroo beds of Southern Africa have general interest as indicating the eruptive activity prevailing at a time of complete quiescence in the European area. The sedimentaries immediately beneath them (Stormberg series) are of Rhætic or even Liassic age, so that the lavas themselves, which are many thousands of feet thick in the Drakensberg range, may confidently be ascribed to the Jurassic period.
The Lower Carboniferous Rocks of Cumberland
Authors: Earle K. W.
Published: May 2009

On glancing over back numbers of the GeologicalMagazine after eight months' residence abroad, I have been much interested to find a paper by Mr. C. Edmonds on the Carboniferous Limestone of West Cumberland.
A Cambro-Ordovician Section in the Beaverfoot Range, near Golden, British Columbia
Authors: Burling Lancaster D.
Published: May 2009

§ 1. The Beaverfoot Range lies immediately to the east of the Rocky Mountain Trench, and is the westernmost of the ranges included in the Rocky Mountain system.
On a Small Collection of Fossil Plants from Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimens submitted to me were obtained by Dr. E. O. Teale in the Tanga Hinterland in the Tanganyika Territory from beds assigned by Bornhardt to the Stormberg series of the Karroo system. Tanga is situated approximately on Lat. 5° S. Owing to the imperfect state of preservation and the fragmentary nature of the specimens, which occur as impressions on a hard lazninated arenaceous shale, it is impossible to express with confidence an opinion on the precise geological horizon of the beds or to assign all the fossils to a definite position in the vegetable kingdom.
An Aeolian Pleistocene Deposit at Clevedon
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Other Localities.—Eight feet of loamy sand have been found in Walton Park Hotel garden, and are banked against the cliffs about 330 yards south-west of Ladye Bay. Mr. G. E. Male has lately found what he considers to be the same sands on the southern slopes of Worle Hill at Weston-super-Mare. Beyond Yatton there is some obscure stony sand in a gap of Cadbury Hill, near Cleve, and a trace of sand on the summit which cannot have been derived from waste of the limestones. No other signs of these deposits have yet been detected in Somerset, so far as I am aware, away from the Clevedon ridges, though traces of them may be looked for on the southern slopes of the Mendip and other adjacent hills
Notes on the Nature of the Containing Rocks
Authors: Smith W. Campbell
Published: May 2009

The “bluestone” which is found in the central parts of some of the concretions associated with the large spiral bodies described by Mr. B. B. Woodward is found, on microscopical examination, to be a calcareous sandstone. Sabangular grains of quartz, averaging 0·04 mm. in diameter, constitute over 50 per cent of the rock, and are set in a cement of carbonates which have crystallized in plates very much as in the Fontainebleau sandstone. These plates are sometimes 3 cm. across, and give a characteristic lustre to the stone. The quartz-grains are evenly distributed through the plates of crystalline carbonate, and are so closely packed as to be almost in contact. It is easy to imagine that with the complete removal of the carbonates by solution there would remain a friable sandstone, very porous, but still occupying almost the same volume as the bluestone.
The Use of Gryphaea in the Correlation of the Lower Lias
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

In the course of recent investigations in the littoral Lias of South Wales and parts of Somerset the writer has frequently found that almost the only fossils in some of these deposits are species of Ostræa and Gryphæa, which occur in regular sequence and are of considerable value in correlation. On consulting the literature describing these genera it became apparent that the specific names have been frequently misapplied. From correspondence with other students of Liassic rocks it also appeared that there is some difference of opinion concerning the precise horizons at which such species are to be found.
On the Pliocene Flora of Transcaucasia
Authors: Palibin J. W.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that the existing flora of Western Caucasia is of great interest from the point of view of the origin of the floras of Europe and Asia, as in it have survived to this day numerous types of plants which were widely spread over the Northern Hemisphere during Tertiary times. The Palæontological history of the Tertiary Flora of the Caucasus is very meagre. The Pliocene Flora of the Caucasus is discussed by me in my work on the presence of the leaves of the recent Caucasus beech-tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and some other species of deciduous trees and shrubs in the Pliocene beds, the so-called “Aktschagyl Series”, of the Elisapethpol province. It is worthy of remark that the wood was found in seams interstratified with beds rich in well-preserved Pliocene shells, which could be determined with certainty. It was proved that in the southern Caucasus there existed in Pliocene times the same species of beech as at present.
Notes on the Ordovician Lavas of the Mynydd Prescelly, N. Pembrokeshire
Authors: Part Gerald M.
Published: May 2009

Pembrokeshire is, on the whole—for Wales—a comparatively low-lying county, a somewhat dissected peneplain not usually rising much above four or five hundred feet above sealevel. Apart from the ragged stacks which rise up above the level of this peneplain in the northern part of the county—Carn Llidi and Pen-berry near St. Davids and the Stramble Head masses near Fishguard, for example—there is only one really prominent feature in the whole Pembrokeshire landscape, the Mynydd Prescelly, which rise near the western end of their ridge above Rosebush to a height of 1,760 feet.
Dolomitization in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Midlands
Authors: Parsons L. M.
Published: May 2009

The contents of this paper record the results of a detailed examination of certain extensive areas of dolomitization in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Midlands. During the period 1912 to 1914 the faunal succession in the Carboniferous Limestone bordering the Leicestershire Coalfield chiefly claimed my attention, but many problems associated with dolomitization arose in connexion with that work and have been discussed in a previous paper. Being thus introduced to a study of metasomatism which yielded interesting results in Leicestershire, I turned my attention to the larger Carboniferous Limestone outcrop in Central Derbyshire, where a considerable thickness of dolomitized beds awaited description. The question as to whether the dolomitization in Derbyshire affected material on similar horizons or exhibited other features analogous to those of the dolomitization of the Leicestershire outcrops afforded considerable scope for investigation. Additional incentive to this particular study lay in the fact that dolomitization in the Carboniferous Limestone of this country had not been treated as a principal theme, but had been briefly described in notes occurring in papers by various authors, whose main object was the elucidation of other problems such as faunal succession.
The Nomenclature of the Spilitic Suite. Part I: The Keratophyric Rocks
Authors: Wells Alfred Kingsley
Published: May 2009

The petrologist who attempts the systematic investigation of igneous rocks is unfortunately too familiar with the difficulty of naming the rocks examined. The discovery of a border-line type necessitates a choice of two alternatives: either the introduction of a new name to a science already overburdened with such, or the widening of the definition of the nearest established type to include the newly described rock. The decision is no easy one to make, especially if the petrographer is young and eager for the transient fame won by the discovery of something new. In such a case the temptation to create a new name is very strong. As a result, both student and teacher spend tedious hours in trying to discover differences between rocks bearing different names, differences which, however, have been magnified out of all proportion to their importance as diagnostic characters.
II.—Observations on some Basic Dykes and their Bearing on certain Problems of Rock Genesis
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

It is a common feature of the dolerite dykes in Rhodesia, especially where they penetrate the great granite masses of the country, that they show, even in hand-specimens, the presence of quartz. Usually this quartz occurs in good-sized corroded fragments which are quite obviously xenoliths derived from the surrounding rocks. Of this a fine example is to be seen close to Bulawayo Railway Station, where a small dyke is at one point so full of quartz fragments, up to several inches across, as to resemble a conglomerate more than an igneous rock. Other parts of this same dyke and many other basic dykes throughout the country contain quartz, either in separate granules or in the form of micropegmatite, whose origin is not so clear. It is with a view to elucidating this point that the present notes have been put together. They deal entirely with two intrusions cutting the great Matopo granite mass. The relative ages of the dykes and the granite cannot be given in precise terms, as the data are much too imperfect.
VI.—On the Origin of the Cylindrical Cavities in certain Sandstones of the Fayûm, Egypt
Authors: Beadnell H. J. Llewellyn
Published: May 2009

In an article published in a recent number of this journal, Dr. Henry Woodward discusses the origin of the curious cylindrical cavities which occur in such profusion in certain concretionary blocks of sandstone and on exposed rock-surfaces at two distinct levels in one or two localities in the Fayûm depression. These perforated rocks, first noted by Schweinfurth, were examined by me some ten years ago and referred to as “apparently the work of marine boring mollusca” in my memoir on the region in question. Both Dr. Schweinfurth and I had considerable misgivings in regarding the cavities in question as shellborings, but in my case, and I believe in his also, this explanation appeared to involve fewer difficulties than any other which suggested itself.
VII.—Glaciers of the Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

The United States Geological Survey has issued a paper, by Professor R. S. Tarr, of Cornell University, on the Physiography and Glacial Geology of the Yakutat Bay Region of Alaska. Here we have high coastal ranges, culminating in Mounts Cock and Seattle, from which descend great glaciers to the sea, and also other glaciers which come down to the waters of Russell Fiord. The whole region shows signs of intense glaciation during quite recent times, and on this account is an admirable area for the study of glaciers and their work.
IV.—On the Formation of a Laterite from a practically Quartz-free Diabase
Authors: Harrison J. B.
Published: May 2009

After I had forwarded the paper on “The Residual Earths of British Guiana commonly termed ‘Laterite’”, published on pp. 439–52, 488–95, and 553–62 of the GeologicalMagazine for October, November, and December, 1910, I visited the neighbourhood of Christianburgh and Akyma on the Demerara River in British Guiana and examined a small long-deserted quarry in a very fine-grained diabase intrusive in hornblende - granitite - gneiss near the latter pluce. I obtained from the lateritic earth lying on the mass of unaltered diabase a boulder of that rook in which the central parts were ideally fresh, whilst the outer parts were decomposed into laterite. I separated these parts with great care into an outer red one, apparently an ordinary ferruginous laterite, and an inner one, buff-coloured with whitish spots in it, which was in actual contact with the unaltered rock. When I obtained the boulder these crusts were quite soft, but after a few days' exposure to the air they hardened considerably.
IV.—On the Structure of the Roof of the Skull and of the Mandible of Peloneustes, with some remarks on the Plesiosaurian Mandible generally
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

In the course of the preparation of the second part of the Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay in the Collection at the British Museum, it has been necessary to examine in detail the structure of the skull and mandible of the Pliosaurs, especially of Peloneustes philarchus, several excellent specimens of which are included in the Leeds Collection. In the course of this examination several peculiarities have been observed, which on the one hand tend to reconcile the conflicting views as to the structure of the skull roof that have been put forward, and on the other serve to correct the interpretation of the elements of the mandible given in the first part of the Catalogue.
III.—On the Structure and Evolution of the Phyllodes in some Fossil Echinoidea
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

In all the Regular Echinoids, with the exception of the Cidarids, and in the Irregular Echinoids other than the Clypeastroids and Spatangids, there is a tendency for the ambulacral plates to become crowded together as they approach the margin of the peristome. This is the inevitable result of the continuous formation of fresh plates at the edges of the oculars in the apical system, and their less rapid resorption at the opposite extremity of the ambulacrum. The compression of the ambulaeral plates results in a crowding of the pore-pairs in the peristomial region, and this character seems to serve a sensory as well as a motor purpose.
IV.—On a New Species of Eryon from the Upper Lias, Dumbleton Hill
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Various forms of Macrourous Decapod Crustacea referable to the genus Eryon have attracted my attention from an early date, and in the GeologicalMagazine for 1888 I gave a summary of all the then known species.
II. On the Brick-earth of the Nar
Authors: Rose C. B.
Published: May 2009

A Post-Tertiary deposit, under the above denomination, lies upon the ‘Drift’ in the valley through which the River Nar takes its course towards its junction with the Ouse at Lynn; the united streams terminating in the Wash, an estuary bounded by the shores of Norflok and Lincolnshire.
IV.—Descriptions of New Species and of a New Genus of Polyzoa from the Palæozoic Rocks of North America
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Polyzoary (?) forming a simple, flattened, unbranehed, two-edged frond, with sub-parallel sides, consisting of two series of cells, the bases of which rest upon opposite sides of a thin longitudinally-striated central membrane or laminar axis, from which they pass obliquely outwards in opposite directions. The cells open in longitudinal rows on the two flat or slightly convex surfaces of the frond, and have the form of more or less cylindrical tubes, which are septate or are divided transversely by a series of well-developed tabulæ. In the only species known the cells of a few of the median rows of the frond are straight, but those of the lateral rows are oblique. Cell-mouths unknown.
VI.—Supplement to the Paper on West Indian Tertiary Fossils
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmerb
Published: May 2009

The descriptions of two of the species enumerated in my paper on the Tertiary Fossils of the West Indies having been accidentally omitted, the defect is now supplied.
I.—On the Gault Aporrhaïdæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

In this paper I purpose giving a history and description of the Cretaceous group of Aporrhaïs, as far as they are at present known to me, especially of those forms which are so beautifully preserved in the Gault of Folkestone, and so-called Upper Greensand of Blackdown. I regret that I cannot include the Aptien and Neocomien species, but the collections at present open to me are too meagre to give anything like a complete account of them. In the whole group there are even now many points which require further research; the correlation of some of the forms with those on the Continent is still unsatisfactory, from the difficulty experienced in comparing actual specimens. The figures available, even in the most modern works, appear in some cases to have been restored, and not therefore to represent the form of any shell that has been really met with.
III.—On the Original Form of Sedimentary Deposits
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

The form of the deposits that are taking place on the sea-bottom at the present day is one of the essential elements required to be known when we wish to interpret the submarine contours, as throwing light on the submergence or elevation of the land in late geological times, or when we propose to use the variation of thickness of the strata deposited during any epoch as an indication of the position of the shore-lines at that time.

In the case of deposits in small or temporary masses of water, their form and arrangement may sometimes be observed directly; but in the case of the deposits in the sea, where we can neither remove the water nor make borings beneath it, we can only avail ourselves of theoretical considerations.

It might have been expected that the original form of various sedimentary deposits would have been considered in detail long ago, but as a matter of fact the few writers who have touched upon the question have mostly been content with the assumption that deposits taken as a whole are thickest near the source of supply, and the figures given in illustration of the arrangement of various kinds, and thereby the shape of each, are remarkable for their variety.

As the theoretical results at which I have arrived differ fundamentally from the ordinary assumptions, it is to be hoped that some one will be able to point out the fallacy, if any, which has led me astray, and to explain more satisfactorily the observed features which appear to confirm the theory.
V.—Notes on Fossil and Recent Shells Obtained on a Visit to Cornwall
Authors: Johnson J. P.
Published: May 2009

The following notes were made during the little time I was able to devote to leisure while staying at Camborne in order to study the methods there employed of mining and dressing the tin-bearing rock. They therefore deal only with places within easy reach of that town.
VI.—On the Original form of Sedimentary Deposits
Authors: Blake Rev. J. F.
Published: May 2009

We may now examine how far these theoretical conclusions explain and are confirmed by what is seen in nature. First we know that in most formations there are great masses of what is now, or must have been once, fine-grained sediment. These often make up the bulk of the formation. We may quote the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian slates, the Keuper, Lias, Oxford and Kimmeridge Clays, the G-ault and London Clay; but we can give no such list of thick masses of marine sandstone. Fine sediment, therefore, has, as a matter of fact, made thicker masses of rock than coarse sediment; but this could not be the case if deposits thinned out seawards, where the fine sediment is carried. Again, it is impossible to imagine a thickness of a thousand feet and more constantly occupying a position near the shore; there is no room for it. If you depress the land, you remove the shore.
VIII.—Soratches on Minerals in thin Sections
Authors: Jevons H. Stanley
Published: May 2009

There is an exceedingly simple method of distinguishing biotite from brown hornblende in thin sections under the microscope, which, so far as I am aware, has not yet been described. As it may possibly be of assistance to beginners, I submit a brief account thereof.
IX.—Note on an Unmapped Toadstone Bed in the Derbyshire Mountain Limestone
Authors: Moore Samuel
Published: May 2009

In the Summer of 1901 I found in a pasture, between Oxlow Rake and Cop Round (IX S.E.), some blocks of Toadstone in a bed of clay that has all the characteristics of decomposed Toad-stone. The clay was being dug for puddling a new mere, and the deposit is well known to natives. I traced the outcrop south-west to Starvehouse Mine, and my inference that the clay was decomposed Toadstone was soon verified by the Toadstone itself coming to day-light and replacing the clay. I did nothing more that year, but in the Summer of last year I continued to follow the bed, and have traced it as far as Bushy Heath House (XV N.E.), a distance of about two miles from its starting-point.

The outcrop starts as a clay bed, at the southern end of an enclosure called Old Moor (IX S.E.), at a point about 50 yards south-east of two old mine shafts, and where a spring issues from under the limestone scarp, at a height of 1,400 feet above mean sea-level (by aneroid). Thence it runs in a general south-west direction for half a mile, along a line of five springs at the base of the limestone escarpment, to the north wall of Starvehouse Mine (IX S.E.), which it cuts at an altitude of 1,500 feet.

There is no throw at the Starvehouse lode, and the bed contours round the point of Cop Round and crosses Dick Lane 30 yards from the summit gate (1,510 feet); from there it runs south-east with the dip of the limestone to Moss Rake (IX S.E.), the base passing just above the letter n of Piece Barn on the map. It reaches the lode at 1,350 feet.
V. — Vein-Quartz and Sands
Authors: Hunt A. E.
Published: May 2009

Some time ago my friend Mr. Jukes-Browne asked me to examine some sand, with a view to ascertaining whether it was derived from Dartmoor. Dartmoor quartzes have so many specific characters that it is often easy to say that a quartz is not derived from that region; but owing to the fact that quartz-veins have not been studied, it is usually impossible to say whence various sands have in fact come.
VI.—The Use of a Geological Datum
Authors: Thompson Beeby
Published: May 2009

A proper interpretation of some geological phenomena requires that allowance shall be made for differential earth-movements that have taken place since the period of occurrence of the events or conditions under consideration.

Present differences of level in rocks of the same age may be partly due to actual differences in depth of the sea-floor on which they were deposited, but they may also be the results of subsequent differential earth-movements either of a regional or of a local character, the latter including ‘fauhs.’

In order to estimate the amount of displacement or differential movement, it is necessary to select a particular rock as a datum. The rock selected should combine, as far as possible, the following characteristics:—

1. It should be comparatively thin.

2. It should have a considerable horizontal extension.

3. It should combine similarity in physical characters and palæontological contents over a large area, so that uniformity of depth of deposit may be postulated.
II.—A New Carboniferous Arachnid
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: May 2009

Last April Dr. Anton Friê, of Prague, applied to the Natural History Museum for the loan of a fossil Arachnid which he had seen during a short visit to London in the Summer of 1902, and wished to include in a descriptive monograph of Carboniferous Arachnida which he has now in preparation. Since the specimen is unique, it was unfortunately impossible to accede to the request. Dr. Smith Woodward, however, kindly suggested that I should examine the specimen and, if necessary, describe and figure it, so that perchance an account of it might yet be in time to find a place in the monograph above referred to. The specimen, imbedded in the two pieces of a split nodule of clay-ironstone from the Carboniferous measures at Coseley, near Dudley, belonged formerly to the collection of Mr. Henry Johnson. It bears the register number 1551, and is ticketed by Dr. H. Woodward “Eophrynus, sp. nov.” The dorsal surface is exposed, part of it adhering to one face of the matrix, part to the other.

1.—Description of the Specimen; its generic and specific features.

The carapace unfortunately is crushed, and nothing positive can be affirmed as to its structure save that it appears to have been slightly wider than long, with a shallow, postero-lateral constriction and a straight, transverse, posterior border. In the middle line behind, however, there is an acutely angular impression, obviously representing the median impression occupying the same position and presenting much the same form in Eophrynus prestvicii, H. Woodw. The crushed condition of the carapace suggests that its median area was axially elevated as in the last - mentioned species and in Kreischeria wiedei.
V.—The Palæontological and Geological Collections of the Bohemian Museum in Prague
Authors: Fritsch Dr. Ant
Published: May 2009

After transferring the collections to the new building in the year 1892, more than ten years work was necessary to finish the arrangement of 251 cases, which occupy seven large rooms. Now nearly all this labour is completed, and those who are interested in palæontology will be glad to learn some details as to the general arrangement of the Museum.
II. Notes on Ocean Island (Banaba)
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Ocean Island, which is also known as Banaba or Paanopa, lies in the Pacific west of the Gilbert group, in lat. 0°52′S., long. 169° 35′ E. Our knowledge of it is but scanty; Darwin briefly mentioned it, and it is not the same Ocean Island as Dana described, for the latter lies in lat. 28°25′ N. and long. 178° 25′ W. It may be therefore of some interest to record a few notes on a small collection of specimens of phosphatic and coral rocks made on it by Capt. R. Tupper, R.N., of H.M.S. “Pylades,” who hoisted the British flag there in the year 1900. I am also indebted to him for a description of the island, and to the Pacific Islands Company, Ltd., for kindly furnishing me with further particulars of its physical features and analyses of the phosphatic rocks.
III.—On Some Isochilinæ from Canada and Elsewhere in North America
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Among a large number of Canadian fossils sent to me by Col. C. C. Grant, of Hamilton, Ontario, for transmission to the British Museam (Natural History Branch), there were three particular specimens of fossiliferous limestone worthy of careful examination. These came from a glacial drift at Hamilton, known as ‘Bala Drift.’ There being no real ‘Bala’ strata in Canada, the appellation of ‘Bala Drift’ at Hamilton applies to a glacial drift containing fossils more or less allied to those of Bala, most probably to the Trenton Limestone, a Lower Silarian (or Ordovician) formation.
IV.—The Circular form of Mountain Chains
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

I am a stranger in the field of speculation, and am quite unacquainted with the intricacies of its authorized boundaries. It is therefore with some hesitation, lest I should tread upon forbidden ground, that I venture to offer a suggestion on one point in Professor Sollas's paper on “The Figure of the Earth.”

It has long been observed that mountain ranges and chains of islands (which, indeed, are only mountain ranges partially submerged) are generally curvilinear in form, but Professor Sollas is, I believe, the first to show clearly that the curve often coincides almost exactly with an arc of a circle. Such a mountain chain is frequently defined along its convex margin by a great reversed fault over which the mountain mass has slid forward; and in these cases, at least, we may safely adopt Suess's conception, and look upon the chain as the crumpled edge of a ‘scale’ of the earth's crust which has been pushed forward over the part in front of it. The surface along which the movement has taken place is called a thrustplane. If this surface really is a plane, then the edge of the ‘scale’, that is the mountain chain itself, must necessarily be circular in form; for if any plane cuts a sphere, in any position whatever, the outcrop of the plane on the surface of the sphere will always be a circle. There can be no deviation from the circular form unless the ‘sphere’ is not truly spherical, or the ‘thrust-plane’ is not a true plane.
II.—Notes on the Geology of Basutoland
Authors: Dornan S. S.
Published: May 2009

The rocks composing Basutoland belong to the Stormberg Series of the Karroo System. They cover a much larger area than Basutoland, extending into the Orange River Colony on the west and north, on the south and east into Cape Colony and Natal, and, I am informed, across the Vaal into the Transvaal. The area is thus not less than 45,000 square miles. The whole of that part of the Orange River Colony known as “the Conquered Territory,” east of a line drawn from Thaba 'Nchu to Vrede, is occupied by the whole or portions of these rocks.
On Evidence of two Ornithosaurians referable to the Genus Ornithocheirus, from the Upper Greensand of Cambridge, preserved in the Collection of W. Reed, Esq., F.G.S.
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

The fragments of jaws of Ornithosaurs from the Cambridge Greensand show a greater variety in size, form, and proportion than those from any other formation. The largest species were apparently the most singular in the shape of the snout, but after five-and-twenty years of collecting we still seem destined to know them only from fragments which, though extraordinary and suggestive, are tantalizing from their imperfect condition. It is impossible to tell whether the head was short or long, or what proportion it bore to the body, in the oase of these isolated specimens, but some of them, like the jaw-fragment which I am about to describe, show a power of tooth and massiveness of bone which could only have pertained to one of the most destructive and probably one of the largest of these animals.
On the Relation of the Escharoid Forms of Oolitic Polyzoa to the Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata
Authors: Longe Francis D.
Published: May 2009

The Oolitic Polyzoa have been very little studied in this country. They are badly represented in our museums, and no systematic account of them has been given by any English writer. Their remains, however, are both abundant and often well-preserved in the Pea-grit beds of the Inferior Oolite near Cheltenham, and in the Forest-marble beds near Bath. Some Inferior Oolite beds near Metz, and the Forest-marble beds near Caen in Normandy, are still more prolific, and the produce of these several beds has furnished a very full illustration of the more prevalent forms of this class which lived in the Oolitic seas.
Notice of New Fish Remains from the Blackband Iron-stone of Borough Lee near Edinburgh
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The Blackband Ironstone, at present extensively wrought at Borough Lee, Dryden Vale, about 5½ miles to the south-east of Edinburgh, is a member of the Middle Division of the Carboniferous Limestone Series. It abounds in fish remains, most of them unfortunately in a fragmentary and scattered condition, nevertheless many of these are clearly new to science. Such of these new forms as are most distinctly marked I propose to notice in the present communication ; the list will, however, doubtless be considerably extended by additional patient research, and we may also hope, that some further light will be thrown on the fishes, to which some of these fragments belonged.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

There is no positive evidence that any species of Nerita has been found in the Corallian Rocks of Yorkshire. It is true that Nerita lœvigata, Sow., is quoted by Phillips (G. Y. 1875, p. 258), but this fossil is well known to be a Monodonta, and it is doubtful if the exact form occurs on this horizon (see postea, Turbo Erinus). The same author also quotes “Nerita bullata” as occurring in the Coralline Oolite. I can find no reference to this species, and am at a loss to understand what fossil is intended to be thus designated. There are casts in the Coral Rag of North Grimston which may belong to a species of Nerita.
II.—On a Case in which various massive Crystalline Rocks including Soda–Granite, Quartz–Diorite, Norite, Hornblendite, Pyroxenite, and different Chrysolitic Rocks, were made through Metamorphic Agencies in one Metamorphic Process
Authors: Dana James D.
Published: May 2009

The hornblendic and associated rocks referred to in the above title cover a large part of the township of Cortland—the north-western of Westchester County, New York—between Croton River on the south and the parallel of Peekskill on the north, an area of about 25 square miles. They differ widely from the ordinary rocks of the county, and may well be designated the Cortland series. In fact, a series so remarkable in constitution, so diversified in kinds, and so full of geological interest, is seldom found together within so small an area anywhere on the globe. They reach the banks of the Hudson just south of the Peekskill railroad station, and at several points beyond; yet considerable portions of the shore region are occupied by narrow strips of common kinds of mica schist and gneiss, and occasionally limestone.
VI.—On the Discovery of a nearly entire Rhizodus in the Wardie Shales
Authors: Stock Thomas
Published: May 2009

The fact of the occurrence of Rhizodus at Wardie has been known for a good many years. It appears as an addendum to a list of fossils from that locality published in 1861 by the Geological Survey of Scotland. The specimens hitherto collected, however, have been the merest fragments, consisting principally of detached scales. Almost the first fossil obtained by the writer from Wardie was a badly-preserved fragment of the jaw of Rhizodus containing teeth. Since then a few fragments have occurred referable to the same genus. From the fact that these were invariably found along a particular part of the beach, the suspicion was gradually awakened that they had been derived from a common source. This suspicion was confirmed by the discovery of the remarkable specimen which is the subject of this notice. It was found lying in the direction of the strike of the beds, its head seawards, its tail to the shore.
I.—On the Connexion between Travelled Blocks in the Upper Punjab and a supposed Glacial Period in Upper India
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

The transported blocks of the Indus Valley are not without some interest in connexion with the theory of an Indian Glacial Period akin to that of Europe, and with regard to the support they do or do not give to that supposition.
III.—On a Case in which various massive Crystalline Rocks including Soda-Granite, Quartz-Diorite, Norite, Horn-blendite, Pyroxenite, and different Chrysolitic Rocks, were made through Metamorphic Agencies in one Metamorphic Process
Authors: Dana D. James
Published: May 2009

The extent of these bands, their number, uniformity of direction and apparently of dip, and the identity of the material constituting them with beds of the schist, especially the more northern, are such as to warrant the following section (Fig. 15).
V.—The Fossil Flora of the Ingleton Coal-Field (Yorkshire)
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

The Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Ingleton Coal-field in North-West Yorkshire present a difficult study, and at the present time they are very imperfectly known. As mapped by the Geological Survey, there is apparently a perfect succession, passing up from the Yoredales, through the Millstone Grits, to the Lower and Middle Coal-measures. The coal-measures are in part overlain hy a series of red rocks, which have been assigned to the Permian, as in the case of other of the Midland Coal-fields. In the index of the Survey map of the north-eastern portion of the coal-field, the Deep Coal is taken as the top of the Lower, and the bottom of the Middle Coal-measures.
VI.—New Devonian Fossils from Cornwall
Authors: Thomas Ivor
Published: May 2009

A Short time ago a Devonian fossil of considerable interest was found in the grits of the Ladock neighbourhood. It had been found by a workman in a road-heap on the Grampound Road and was placed for preservation in the Truro Museum. A cast was kindly made by Mr. C. Davies Sherborn and presented to the Museum of Practical Geology [22466]. This fossil was named Orthis sp., and is referred to as such in the Memoir of the Geological Survey on the geology of the country near Newquay (p. 35).
VI.—On the Occurrence of Submerged Forests in certain Inland Lakes in Donegal
Authors: Weight W. B.
Published: May 2009

For many years past the Swedish geologists have been directing the attention of the scientific world to the curious phenomenon of the occurrence of submerged forests in certain of their inland lakes. In our own country such evidences of change of level are a familiar sight along our sea-coasts, and, if we bear in mind the extreme instability of the sea-level, their presence is little to be wondered at. In all bodies of water which hare no outlet—and the sea is only the largest of these—the surface-level is determined by the balance between supply and evaporation, and oscillation is inevitable. In the case of freshwater lakes, however, the level is determined within small limits by the overflow, and the occurrence of tree stumps in the position of growth beneath their waters presents therefore a problem of considerable interest.