bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Returns to Society from Offshore Hard Mineral Resource Development: special Interests Are Seeking to Monopolize Public Land Under the Sea by Doing Away with the 1953 Act
Authors: Fischer David W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A combination of the recently proclaimed extension of the offshore U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone to 200 miles and the growing demand for critical metals has led to increased attention to offshore hard mineral resource development. The U.S. Minerals Management Service began to establish the rules to govern offshore mining under its Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953 and its 1978 amendments. However, others—including environmental groups, some mining groups and many coastal states— joined together to generate an alternative law to govern offshore mining. Both approaches seek to promote the public's interest in offshore hard minerals. This article examines the returns to society as a concept and as applied under each of these competing alternatives. It concludes by noting that socially derived criteria point to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act as the socially preferable approach to offshore mining.
Private Direct Investment and Development Policy in the Caribbean: Nationalism and Nationalization Scared Away Foreign Investors but Reagan Initiative's Luring Them
Authors: Hope Kempe Ronald
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Private direct investment has been on the decline in the Caribbean countries in recent years, and so have been their private sectors. After they achieved independence, governments as well as peoples, because of growing nationalism, developed hostility to foreign investors. But a considerable number of empirical studies have made it overwhelmingly clear that private foreign investment has made a meaningful contribution to their development process and it is clear that this could be true again. Within this context, the Reagan Administration's Caribbean Basin Initiative may make a significant contribution to Caribbean development. At the outset, 285 new projects appear to be creating 36,000 new Jobs in non‐traditional areas of the economy.
Unity in the Social Thought of Adolph Lowe: A Review of “Essays in Political Economics: Public Control in a Democratic Society”
Authors: Chase Richard X.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. From the economist Adolph Lowe's voluminous‐writings, Allen Oakleyh has selected eight essays which present the gist of Lowe's thought. It unifies his structural analyses and his instrumental analyses into the system Lowe calls “Political Economics.” This pre‐orders desired ends or effects and then determines or applies goal‐adequate means to achieve these ends. Lowe's Essays in Political Economics sketches the economic paradigm by which he expands the evolutionary way of thinking from the subject —economic behavior— to the object, the socioeconomic world. He argues that instability is fundamental, basic and inherent in contemporary industrial capitalism as it has evolved physically, technologically and socially and stability can be restored by an approach which reverses the continuum to end‐means. He holds that if the world evolves, and it does, so must the goal‐adequate methods and instrumentalities to deal with it.
Henry George and Europe: As Dissident Economist and Path‐breaking Philosopher, He was a Catalyst for British Social Reform
Authors: Silagi Michael , Faulkner Susan N.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George's influence was greater in the United Kingdom than in the United States. The 80s and 90s there were particularly favorable for the reception of his revolutionary ideas. Though, thanks to such thinkers as Alfred Russell Wallace and James and John Stuart Mill, a land reform movement already existed, its sudden rise to national significance was due to George. George's writing and speaking skills and his dedication moved many serious citizens into the political Left and heavily influenced men and women who became leaders of British non‐Marxian socialism, at the formation and consolidation of their movement. While George's followers broke with both the Wallace and socialist movements, George's rhetorical talents awakened the broad circles of thinking people to a consciousness of the full range of the social question.
Labor Market Effects from Involuntary Job Losses in Layoffs, Plant Closings: The Role of Human Capital in Facilitating Reemployment and Reduced Wage Losses
Authors: Maxwell Nan L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Wage loss and reemployment following involuntary Job loss are examined, using a nationally representative sample of young men and women in their late twenties. Workers with increased human capital are less likely to suffer wage loss and unemployment after job termination. Workers characterized as having little commitment to the labor market—low skill levels, clerical and sales workers, females, and low contributors to family income—are more likely to suffer unemployment and wage loss after job loss. This suggests that human capital characteristics serve as a signal of desirable, or undesirable, worker traits to a new firm.
The Self‐concept of Black and White Women: The Influences Upon Its Formation of Welfare Dependency, Work Effort, Family Networks, and Illnesses
Authors: Benjamin Lois , Stewart James B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The concept of “self‐efficacy” is used to test the hypothesis that the negative self‐concept of welfare recipients coniributes to long term psychological and material dependency on such assistance. Self‐efficacy focuses on the extent to which people are able to produce and regulate events in their lives and is associated with self‐imposed performance expectations. The extent to which the minority status which Blacks occupy in this society decreases self efficacy relative to Whites is examined, using information generated from structured interviews with 290 low income Black and White women. Operationalizing the concept of self‐efficacy with appropriate controls for socioeconomic status, family composition and other factors results in finding no racial differences in sense of self‐efficacy between Black and White women. Observed differences in patterns of receipt of public assistance are found to be more directly related to the persistence of structural barriers to upward mobility that have differential impacts on Blacks and Whites. Long term receipt of public assistance is found to adversely affect both self‐worth and work orientation/perceived efficacy for all women.
The General Public and the Art Museum: Case Studies of Visitors to Several Institutions Identify Characteristics of Weir Publics
Authors: Hendon William S. , Costa Frank , Rosenberg Robert Allan
Published: July 2006

Abstract. From case studies at several art museums, characteristics of several types of museum goers have been identified. Typically museum visitors are in the upper educational, occupational and income groups, younger than the population in general (average age is 34) and active in community and leisure‐time organizations. Frequent visitors do so to be with people, to do something they consider worthwhile, to use surroundings in which they feel comfortable and at ease, to be challenged by new experiences, to use an opportunity to learn and to participate actively in an experience they value. Replication in the U.S. of a classic study in England corroborates its findings.
Explaining the American Dream: Telling Chinese Academics What‘Liberty and Justice For All’Means Taxes Even an Eager Audience
Authors: Falk Karl L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. For more than a generation, contemporary mainland Chinese have lived under first a military dictatorship and now a political party dictatorship. How to explain to an eager Chinese academic audience what the American dream of ‘liberty and justice for all’—realized only in part in some areas but approached progressively nearer in others—really means? The U.S. has predominantly a capitalist system but its people are committed to equality of opportunity. It tempers ‘rugged individualism’ by concern for the poor, the handicapped and the unfortunate. It has many serious economic, social and cultural problems but its citizens, drawn from most of the peoples of the world—not the special interest groups trying to benefit at the expense of others—are determined to solve them equitably and rationally. The trade and budget deficits are related to government instrumentalities.
Anatomy of Corruption: An Approach to the Political Economy of Underdevelopment
Authors: Alam M. Shahid
Published: July 2006

Abstract. An examination and critique of the functionalist literature on corruption in the political administration of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) indicate that its claims are without empirical foundation. Its theses with regard to the political, economic and administrative effects in most LDCs contrast with the facts. No benefits for development from corruption are found; market corruption, for example, does not appear to improve allocative efficiency. The erosion in a government's capacity to formulate and implement policies making for economic growth is an obstacle to economic progress.
Allocating a ‘Scarce’ Resource, Water in the West: More Market‐like Incentives Can Extend Supply, But Constraints Demand Equitable Policies
Authors: Brajer Victor , Martin Wade E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The issue of water marketing in the western United States has generated much discussion in recent years. This is due, in part, to the commonly accepted notion that western water has become “dangerously” scarce. The nature and extent of this scarcity are examined in detail. While water may not be scarce in the West, cheap water certainly is. The optimality of water marketing is also dependent upon various ceteris paribus assumptions. These assumptions are questioned due to certain bydrologic uncertainties and external costs associated with the use and development of western water. Considerable benefit, particularly in expanding residential supply, can be achieved from more market‐like incentives to conserve in use. But the resource's social value about rights argues for policies based on equitable sharing.
Thorstein Veblen's Theories of Governmental Failure: The Critic of Capitalism and Democracy Neglected Some Useful Insights, Hindsight Shows
Authors: Leathers Charles G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In The Theory of Business Enterprise, Thorstein Veblen introduced a general theory of governmental failure in constitutional democracies based on the common man's delusion that policies benefiting businessmen also benefited him. This general theory runs consistently through Veblen's later works and was developed more fully in The Vested Interests and the Common Man. But other elements of an economic theory of government introduced in The Theory of Business Enterprise were less durable. A briefly sketched economic theory of political parties was never mentioned again in any of Veblen's subsequent writings. A concept of governmental officials pursuing their own self interest did reappear in Veblen's wartime works, but was completely missing in Absentee Ownership. The concept of a Leviathan‐type government which pursued policies detrimental to the interests of both the common man and businessmen was repudiated in The Nature of Peace. The conditions for its existence had been eroded by the influence of modern industrial technology on military operations
Henry George's Labor Theory of Value: He Saw the Entrepreneurs and Workers as Employers of Capital and Land, and Not the Reverse
Authors: Rafalko Robert J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George, the 19th century American economist and social philosopher, saw the problem of protecting the working peoples' wages and Jobs one of distributive justice. He attacked as fallacious the idea that equality of opportunity to work was a “privilege” accorded to labor. The protectionist system, he held, was based on the antidemocratic notion that “the many are called to serve and the few to rule.” The paternalism of protection, whether in the domestic or the world economy, is “the pretense of tyranny,” he argued. He holds that labor, including workers and entrepreneurs, and not landholders, or owners of capital, is the source of all economic value. Labor, he reasoned, “employs capital,” and not the reverse. George's theory of value was an improvement on Adam Smith's, putting into it a greater emphasis on the importance of land in the analysis of the distribution of wealth. But it was a production cost theory, with all its problems and advantages.
Bell, Merton and Mills as Veblen Critics: A Comment
Authors: Fischer Charles C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Professors Tilman and Simich offer some thought provoking and reasoned criticisms of the analysis and applications of Veblen's social theory by Bell, Merton and Mills. However, while Tilman and Simich identify some key concepts and ideas central to Veblen's social theory development, they fail to articulate the inner logic of Veblen's paradigm which integrates and amplifies the individual concepts and ideas: the genetic, evolutionary development of the life process. Veblen's evolutionary paradigm not only challenges but threatens the very legitimacy of much of orthodox analysis in such disciplines as sociology, economics and political science.
The Agrarian Land Question in South Africa in Its Historical Context, 1652‐1988
Authors: Daniels Rudolph
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The highly uneven land distribution in South Africa which favors the White ruling minority has its roots in many historical events and legislative measures. These include the “Great Trek” (the migration of Dutch farmers into the interior of South Africa), squatter laws in British colonies and Dutch republics, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910 whose parliament immediately took up the issue of land distribution and passed the ultimate land expropriation legislation, the Natives Land Act (1913), No. 27. Since the passage of this landmark act, indigenous Africans have been virtually landless while South Africa has emerged as one of the world's most economically advanced nations.
Interest Groups, Transfer Seeking and Democratization: Competition for the Benefits of Governmental Power May Explain African Political Instability
Authors: Kimenyi Mwangi S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The effect of permanent interest group transfer‐seeking behavior on the degree of democratization is examined, Each permanent interest group is viewed as attempting to maximize its share of wealth transfers through the political process. To maximize the share of transfers, each group undertakes competitive strategies to control the instruments of transfers. Such competition is more intense the larger the number of permanent interest groups in a given country, and the higher the likelihood that the competition would involve non‐democratic means to achieve and maintain control of the political machinery in those countries. It is predicted that the more intense the competition for transfers, which is a direct function of the number of permanent interest groups in any given country, the less democratic the system of government in that country is likely to be. This prediction is supported empirically using cross‐sectional data for 65 countries.
Guidance from an Economics Classic: The Centennial of Henry George's ‘Protection or Free Trade’
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The ideas of Henry George on free trade and land taxation are still relevant. The standard of living has risen without the adoption of his ideas on the latter in contradiction of his predictions. But the decrease in protectionism is important in explaining the failure of the predictions and upholds his views on the benefits of free trade.
Guns and Butter: The Pre‐Korean War Dispute Over Budget Allocations: Nourse's Conservative Keynesianism Loses Favor Against Keyserling's Economic Expansion Plan
Authors: Brune Lester H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Focusing on the disagreement between Edwin Nourse and Leon Keyserling, two members of the first Council of Economic Advisers, the Truman Administration's gradual shift from Nourse's belief that a choice had to be made between “guns or butter” and Keyserling's claim that an expanding economy permitted large defense expenditures without sacrificing an increased standard of living is explained. In 1949, when Keyserling gained support from such presidential friends as Dean Acheson and Clark Clifford and persuaded the President, Nourse resigned as CEA Chairman, warning about the dangers of budget deficits and increased funding of “wasteful” defense costs. Keyserling succeeded to the chairmanship. He influenced Truman's Fair Deal proposals and the economic sections of National Security Council resolution 68 which, in April, 1950, as serted that the larger armed forces America needed would not affect living standards or risk the “transformation of the free character of our economy.”
From Buchanan to Khomeini
Authors: Hosseini Hamid
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Nobel Laureate James Buchanan and his colleagues and followers have applied the tools and methods of neoclassical economics to the study of politics, developing the theory of Public Choice, the economic study of non market decision‐making. In an effort to subject this hypothetical system to empirical validation, it is confronted with the phenomena of Ayatollah Khomeini's“ideal”Islamic State as described in the leader of Iranian theocracy's writings and as developed in contemporary Iran. The prophet Muhammad recognized no separation of politics and religion, of church and state. Faith in Islam required faith not only in the oneness of God and Muhammad's prophethood but also in the prophet's religious, moral, legal and political commands. Khomeini's revolutionary heterodoxy views his theocratic despotism as establishing the rule of the “just jurists”—the upper echelons of the clergy—and makes them and property owners the beneficiaries. Thus it is not “class neutral” as Public Choice theory requires.
Violations of Human Rights—How Many?
Authors: Spirer Herbert F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Statisticians can help to improve human rights reporting. The statisticians’ approach to measurement, summary and interpretation is needed to understand and help reduce human rights violations. Statistical problems in the measurement and analysis of human rights violations include: lack of agreement on the definition, great difficulties in collecting basic data, lack of knowledge of the subject among statisticians, lack of knowledge of statistics among other human rights practitioners, and the need for appropriate methodology. The statistical problems are analogous to other measurement problems, and can be similarly resolved, but a continuing need for interdisciplinary teams is seen.
Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunity in the Nicaraguan Revolution:
Authors: Cuzán Alfred G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A resource mobilization political opportunities paradigm of revolution in the Third World yields the hypotheses; Sufficient poverty, corruption, and social, economic, and political inequalities, grievances and discontent are assumed to exist in most Third World autocracies to legitimate violent revolution. Yet, revolution is rare, having more to do with resources, organization, strategy, and opportunities than with generalized discontent. The following factors stand out: an expanding middle class, growing university enrollments, and urbanization; the existence of an internationally assisted revolutionary organization with leadership steeped in militant ideology; and a regime unable or unwilling to resort to large‐scale repression, or which fails to respond early and decisively to revolutionary challenges. One such factor describes Marxist‐Leninist revolutionaries, plus the know‐how for “stealing” a revolution. A subsequent article tests these generalizations regarding the Nicaraguan revolution.
Selecting Social Goals: Alternative Concepts of Rationality: Both the Orthodox and the Heterodox Must Be Able to Explain the Origin and Significance of Values
Authors: Ley Robert D. , Johnson L. E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The differences between the neoclassical concept of substantive rationality and the recently proposed alternative, procedural rationality, is clarified. It is demonstrated that abandoning neoclassical rationality does not, in itself, provide a rational basis for evaluating alternative institutional or policy goals. Hayek contradiction‐resolution model is examined as one way to evaluate such goals. The possibility that ends must be based on explicitly ethical criteria, selected according to the concept of “ontological rationality,” is considered. It is argued that economic analysis employing either substantive or procedural rationality of evaluate alternative goals is inadequate since both take institutional and policy ends as givens. Both the orthodoxy and its critics must be able to explain the origins of values, and to provide criteria for evaluating alternative values before any policy proposals can be defended as rational or progressive. Tillich, Galbraith, Hodgson and Dewey are considered.
The Anti‐Benthamism of J. M. Keynes: Implications for The General Theory
Authors: Mini Peter V
Published: July 2006

Abstract Keynes severely criticized the “Benthamite tradition,” the overvaluation of the “economic criterion” He found “the love of money” corrosive of community and esthetic values and an encouragement to reckless exploitation of places that should be in the public domain In “Art and the State,” he proposes the rebuilding of large sections of modern cities to rekindle popular feelings of beauty and community values

One of the factors behind this philosophy was G E Moore's Principia Ethica (1903) It criticizes Bentham for committing “the naturalistic fallacy” of confusing means with ends and idealizes two “goods” in themselves, the pleasure of human relations and the enjoyment of beauty in nature and art These ideals Keynes saw undermined by the Benthamite tradition

Such criticism is the “moral‐political paradigm” on which The General Theory is erected Minute calculation of advantages and disadvantages, on which classical economics is based, is rejected Behind consumption and investment functions are sociological and psychological factors, “animal spirits,” and the like Calculation prevails in the stock and bond markets (liquidity preference)–to everybody's sorrow The proposed slow elimination of institutions that make liquidity preference possible, and of the rentier, follow logically Econometrics, viewed as the tool of the overvaluation of the economic criterion, is also rejected. In many articles Keynes aimed at much more than revolutionizing political economy, he aimed at weaning England from Benthamite utilitarianism and raising the cultural values of the populace By 1938 he knew that he had failed.
Sadat's Negotiations with the United States and Israel
Authors: Safty Adel
Published: July 2006

Abstract The outcome of the negotiations between the Egyptians and the Americans and the Israelis reflected the balance of power between the negotiators in the period 1974‐1979 But a realistic assessment of the forces at play at the beginning of negotiations in 1973 could have facilitated a fir more effective utilization of the Arab coalition power that was successfully marshalled for the 1973 military operation and for the brief political battle which ensued Anwar Sadat based his strategies on a highly personalistic assessment of the relevant policies of Israel and the United States, and of their respective relative power Sadat's decision‐making and his ability to make concessions was facilitated by the authoritarian character of his rule The documentary record suggests that Egyptian decisions and negotiating strategies from Sinai to Camp David fundamentally reflected President Sadat's psycho‐political perceptions and his highly personalized approach to diplomacy
Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy: Part I, Theoretical Postulates
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen , Krabbe J J
Published: July 2006

Abstract Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements This updating should be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided This part of the two‐part paper covers the basic theoretical considerations The next issue of this Journal will include the application of the theory
Gulf War Reparations
Authors: Morrison Rodney J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. On February 27, 1991, the government of Iraq accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 674, a measure requiring it to pay reparations to the victims of its aggression in the Gulf Crisis of 1990–1991. The economic problems and consequences that may result as Iraq faces the provisions of Resolution 674 are discussed. This latest example of international economic compensation is placed in the context of the transfer problem and the economic debate engendered by the experience of Germany in dealing with its reparations burden after World War I. Lessons gained from this historical example of reparations are then applied to the case of Iraq, one of the world's major petroleum producers, a country that must rely on oil exports to make its reparations payments.
The First U.S. Food Stamp Program: An Example of Rent Seeking and Avoiding
Authors: DeLorme Charles D. , Kamerschen David R. , Redman David C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Rent seeking involves the wasteful expenses incurred to secure, acquire, or maintain a monopoly position. Rent avoiding involves the expenditures undertaken to avoid the imposition of rent‐seeking costs. Each represents a social cost of Tullock rectangle loss in addition to the dead‐weight or Harberger triangle loss that combined to form the Harberger‐Tullock trapezoid social cost. The first Food Stamp Program in the United States came about through the rent‐seeking and/or rent‐avoiding efforts of farmers, grocers, bankers, and other economic agents and did not lead to the promotion of social welfare. The evidence of these self‐interested efforts was gleaned from articles in the New York Times and government documents. The first Food Stamp Program also fits the economic theory of regulation developed by Stigler, Jordan, Peltzman and others, and it involved imposed costs on economic agents as the program evolved.
Has Federal Student Aid Contributed to Equality in Higher Education?
Authors: Sazama Gerald W.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. TO analyze the effect of federal student aid on the structure of the higher educational system, an index of inequality of access is developed It measures the differences in the distribution of income of entering students, as compared to the U S distribution of income at thirteen different categories of institutions Its application shows that structural inequality exists in the nation's system of higher education and that while some improvements occurred in the 1970s, especially at the bottom of the system, by 1986 most of these gains had been eliminated When these indices were regressed against per capita federal student financial aid, relative student costs, and variables reflecting changes in the larger economy, using time series data, the aid variables show little or no statistical effect on the structural inequality of the nation's system of higher education, as measured by the index of inequality On the other hand, the cost variable generally has strong effect The general economic variables occasionally have significant effect
The Foundations of Rapid Economic Growth
Authors: Gulati UmushC
Published: July 2006

Abstract The fast pace of economic growth of the East Asian nations known as the “Four Tigers”–South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore–has become a legend It is usually claimed that the export‐oriented industrialization (EOI) strategy was the basic cause of that rapid growth However, it is contended that the growth strategy of these countries was the result of certain unique historical and geo‐political factors The colonial government had created the necessary infrastructure and international linkages which set the stage for initiating the EOI strategy Furthermore, because of the political support accorded to them from foreign governments, these countries, with the exception of Hong Kong, excluded major oppositional groups from sharing political power, and thus they were able to pursue effectively growth and export‐oriented policies South Korea and Taiwan also received a large amount of foreign aid from the U S This aid, and the fact the U S laid open its huge market for cheaper Asian exports without insisting on reciprocity, prepared the conditions for export‐led growth in those countries
The Resale Price Maintenance Struggle
Authors: Greco Anthony J
Published: July 2006

Abstract Bills introduced in the 100th and 101st Congresses would amend the Sherman Act in regard to retail competition Their two key provisions would seek to (1) alter the standard of proof currently used for the establishment of illicit vertical price arrangements and (2) codify into law the judicially‐established per se rule against resale price maintenance agreements The first provision seeks to overcome the effect of the establishment by the Supreme Court, in its Monsanto decision, of what is viewed as an illogical and impossible burden of proof on plantiffs seeking damages in resale price maintenance cases The second merely incorporates into statutory law the court's declarations in the Dr Miles case of the per se illegality of resale price maintenance agreements Arguments for and against this legislation are discussed and recent developments are examined
The Demand for Abortion by Unmarried Teenagers
Authors: King Randall H , Myers Steven C , Byrne Dennis M
Published: July 2006

Abstract A demand model was developed and applied to a nationally representative sample of unmarried, pregnant teenagers drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys in order to identify the economic determinants of abortion Measures of the opportunity costs of pregnancy were found to play a major role in the individual's decision to give birth or to abort Economic variables in the analysis included predicted wages, local area unemployment rates, other family income, poverty status, and school enrollment status Other factors found to be significant were age, ethnicity, and religiosity In general, young women in favorable economic circumstances were substantially more likely than others to abort a pregnancy
Building‐Tax Abatements
Authors: Severn Alan K
Published: July 2006

Abstract

AS an incentive for development, tax abatements for new buildings may be similar to a graduated tax system For macroeconomic reasons, this statement is especially true in the 1980s Unlike a graduated tax system, however, tax abatements for businesses help to offset the pro‐housing bias of the Federal income tax
Child Exemptions or Child Allowances
Authors: Pressman Steven
Published: July 2006

Abstract Eliminating Child exempitons and replacing them with a European style child allowance program would be an effective and costless antipoverty policy The distributional and poverty reducing effects of three potentral child allowance programs are examined These include a fixed dollar tax credit a dollar tax credit a tax credit that declines with income, and a taxable allowance of the some dollar amount for each child
Questioning the Traditional‐modern Dichotomy
Authors: Kfufher Ann
Published: July 2006

Abstract Dichotomizing traditional versus modern societtes has become ax tomatic in some introductory tests on third would development Based on field observations and interviews in tow That villages, this assumption should be questioned The leadership in both villages had carried out several successful, locally designed and implemented development projects Data Collected on these villages is summarized by the following significant and common factors wihich contributed to the successful development described 1 Fstablished, respected, traditional leaders undertook development initratives, 2 Traditional value systems provided the rationale for development, 3 Self sustaining, con structive change happened gradully, 4 Over time people adopted practical suggestions and carried them out themselves to improve their daily lives 5 Directed by the village leadership, change was achieved with minimal outside help These factors show traditional values and practices can lead to constructive shange Fortunately, some theoretical work has broadened the definition of development to include a human centered approach which can include any improvement in the lives of local villagers An example is provided by Higgins and Higgins’concept of a unified approach
Reason, Bounded Rationality, and the Lebenswelth
Authors: Murphy John W
Published: July 2006

Abstract Herbert Stmon introduced the concept of bounded rationality to provide a socially sensitive perspective on decision making But he was not entrrely successful in this endeavor Specifically, he has not abandoned the as sumption of perfect rationality All he has done is to recognize that perons rational manner In this paper, and thus are incapable of acting in perfectly rational manner In this paper, the attempt is made to illustrate how Simon's position can be deepened due to the work of a host of modern writers Decistion making, in ohter words, can be made socially sensitive by understanding facts and reason to originate from the I ebensu'elt
Household Economies of Scale and Changes In the Distribution of Income
Authors: Buss James A
Published: July 2006

Abstract A household's position in the distribution of income depends not only on the household's disposable income but aldo on the degree to which economies of scale in operating a bousehold exist Since the magnitude of these ‘scale effects’has never been definitively measured, three sets of assumptions about equivalent household sizes are used to construct three income distributions for 1980 and 1986 Fconomies of scale in operating a household are assumed to be strong, weak, and non existent In given vear, as these scale effects are reduced, the size of the middle segment declines It is also observed that over time, with each set of assumptions, the size of the middle segment declines Moreover, the sizes of the households found in each tail of the distribution are very sensitive to the assumption relating to economies of scale in operating a household
Plant Closing
Authors: Lfahy Peter , In Xiannuan I
Published: July 2006

Abstract Using a large Current Population Survey approach, the question whether extensive job losses have consequences stmilar to natural disasters was considered for a Mid Western region Data were gathered in March 1987 on 1,625 households representing over 3,607 individuals 16 years of age or older Also collected were data by oceupation and industry at time of job loss and at time of interview, reasoons for job loss and lenght of time out of work by age, race and sex, among other varrables Results indicate that of the 436 persons aged 20 or over who had lost a job since January 1980, the majority had sufficient resources to adequately cope with job loss and continuous long term unem ployment was not prevalent However, older workers suffered more effects and wage losses were common overall A antural disaster interpretation is not ap propriate
Canada‐United State Free Trade
Authors: FRINZEI K A , Mccready Douglas J
Published: July 2006

Abstract The Canada US Free Trade AGreement (FTA) which came into force January 1. 1989 caused heated debate within Canada about the impact it would have on social programs, other directly or indirectly It was argued that Canada would have to give up some social programs because they would be deemed to be substdues to the production of goods or services Alternatively, it was feared that firms would argue that the programs would need to be cut in order to ensure that they could compete with US firms in firms in terms of taxes It is shown that public unease about the fate of social programs was based both on a misunderstanding of FTA provisions, and on ‘misperception’of the mag nitude of social program expenditures Social Programs Such as unemployment insurance, even when they subsidize particular groups of people (eg fisher men) are not normally deemed to be unfair competition which would be countervailable In addition, firsm do not expertence any greter benefit costs in Canada than in the US, albeit there is a different public/private split and thus there is no justification for firms to argue for cutting programs in order tobe competitive, other things being equal
Interest Originating from Invested Rent: Social or Prwate Property?
Authors: Anderson Robert V
Published: July 2006

Abstract Herny George contends that rent, even whten derived from land purchased with the fruits of honest toil, cannot justly be privately appropriated, because land (not being a labor product) can have no clear moral title, and because its value is nto produced by the owner but by society Although he does nto explicity address the ethical propriety of interest earned by capital originating from invested rent, his writings yield the following implieit analysis Even as rent should be returned to the community, abstractjustice also demands that interest on capital that stems from rent should be returned to the community But there is no feasible way in which to implement this demand, since it is scarcely ever possible to separate interest derived indiretly from private rent from interest not so derived however, this poses no real problem if We seek justice for the present and the future instead of reparations for injustice in the past For the socialization of rent would render accumulations of private capital, regardless of how obtained, impssible to sustam (absent special privileges confeired by government) unless directed toward the satisfaction of public de mand as reflected in the marketplace
Environmental Preservation Demand
Authors: Whitehead John C. , Thompson Carol Y.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. When the demand for environmental preservation is not explicitly revealed in markets, motivating attitudes toward environmental preservation become important. A survey approach allows revelation and measurement of demand for environmental preservation. Indices which measure the altruistic, bequest, intrinsic, and option to use motives and other attitudes are utilized as determinants in a model that measures the demand for environmental preservation. Demand is more likely with greater preservation motives. Preservation demand also depends on individual preferences for economic development, perceptions of affordability and responsibility for preservation of the wetlands.
Mineral‐led Economic Growth, Drought Relief, and Incomes Policy
Authors: Valentine Theodore R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Some analysts have hypothesized that rapid mineral led economic growth and drought in the rural economy have led to a severe worsening of the plight of the rural population in Botswana, with rural household income collapsing and income inequality worsening pronouncedly. Contrary to these hypotheses, Botswana's income data show that income distribution remained stable, since rural household incomes did not experience significant decline as a result of drought conditions. The government's incomes policy, the direct and indirect benefits of rapid employment growth, and the government's comprehensive drought relief support are seen as explanatory factors in this macroeconomic policy success.
Blood Sports and Cherry Pie
Authors: Jones J. C. H. , Ferguson D. G. , Stewart K. G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The results are reported of empirically testing two hypotheses relating to violence in a professional team sport: one, that hockey fans have a taste for violence (bockey is a “blood sport”) so that, in general, game attendance and violence in the National Hockey League are positively related; and two, more specifically, that the more extreme degrees of violence are positively associated with American, not Canadian, attendance. The data are game by game data for the 1983/84 season, violence is measured by various categories of penalty minutes (minors, majors, misconducts), and the model is a system of two reduced form equations. The results confirm that there is a significant and positive relationship between aggregate measures of violence (total penalty minutes) and attendance for games played in both American and Canadian cities; and there is a significant positive relationship between the more extreme forms of violence (proxied by majors and misconducts) and attendance only in American cities
Lowering Blood Alcohol Levels on Our Waterways
Authors: Graves Philip E. , Lee Dwight R. , Sexton Robert L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The intoxication of recreational boaters has become a serious problem. The usual policy prescription to this type of problem is to step up monitoring efforts to deter excessive drinking. However, this may be too expensive. This paper examines an alternative strategy—substituting lower blood alcohol limits for monitoring blood alcohol levels. Statutes that lower blood alcohol limits would be especially useful in areas such as recreational boating where monitoring would be very costly. This same policy could be used to curtail socially excessive blood alcohol levels in air, bus and rail transportation and recreational activities such as snowmobiling and skiing.
Robert Loring Allen's Biography of Joseph A. Schumpeter
Authors: Moss Laurence S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This biography of Joseph A. Schumpeter is unusual since it includes a great deal of personal material. While there is some question about the usefulness of this, it conventionally reviews as well his scientific contributions.
Congressional Voting Patterns on NAFTA
Authors: Kahane Leo H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.On December 8, 1993 President Bill Clinton signed into law theNorth American Free Trade Agreementand in doing so he brought to a close the lengthypolitical processthat produced thetradeagreement. This paper combines information for individuallegislatorswith state‐level economic data to conduct an empirical analysis of the House andSenatevoting patterns onNAFTA.Results from the logit model estimation confirm that expected job gains/losses, the presence of organized labor and political ideology (as represented by political party) were significant predictors of a legislator's vote on NAFTA. In addition, the expected impact of NAFTA on theenvironmentwas found to be somewhat important in explaining Congressional voting patterns for a free trade agreement withMexico.
Explaining Differences in Economic Performance Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the USA
Authors: Darity William , Guilkey David K. , Winfrey William
Published: July 2006

Abstract. By utilizing self‐reported race and ancestry in the 1980 and 1990 USA censuses and the Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition technique, the extent of wage discrimination experienced by women and by men is examined across 50 ethnic/racial groups. Systematic evidence of negative discrimination is revealed in both census years for Asian, Indian, black (African‐American), Vietnamese, Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Native American males. To assess the charge that the Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition indicates cultural rather than discriminatory differentials, two additional data experiments are performed—one that controls for color and varies culture, and one that controls for culture and varies color. Race appears to matter.
Economic Development and the Distribution of Land Rents in Singapore
Authors: Phang Sock‐Yong
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Independent Singapore, which has a tradition of free trade, has implemented large doses of Henry George's prescriptions. It has successfully captured land rents for redistribution through its land acquisition, public housing and other programs. These policies have been instrumental in the successful economic development of the island city state. Industrial estates on state‐owned land were leased to foreign multinationals for export‐oriented manufacturing which created the bulk of jobs in the sector. Commercial developments are built by the private sector on land leased through the government sale of sites program. Affordable 99‐year leasehold housing, built by the state, provided added economic incentives for employment, and helped keep inflation and wages down. Private motor vehicle ownership and usage are heavily taxed. While land‐related policies have improved international competitiveness and wealth distribution generally, particular aspects have generated wipeouts and windfalls in an almost lottery‐like manner. George would have approved of the former but not the latter. Apart from the horizontal equity issues of selective taxes, selective subsidies and partial takings, successful land value capture has contributed to large and persistent budget surpluses with implications for inter generational equity. The progress which Singapore has made from the poverty of the 1960s represents an excellent case for the ideas of Henry George.
The Iron/Lead Transporter Superfamily of Fe3+/Pb2+ Uptake Systems
Authors: Debut Aurore J. , Dumay Quentin C. , Barabote Ravi D. , Saier Jr. Milton H.
Published: July 2006

Oxidase-dependent ferrous iron uptake transporters of the OFeT family and lead uptake transporters of the PbrT family comprise the iron/lead transporter (ILT) superfamily (transporter classification No. 9.A.10). All sequenced homologues of the ILT superfamily were multiply aligned, and conserved motifs, including fully conserved acidic residues in putative transmembrane segments (TMSs) 1 and 4, previously implicated in heavy metal binding, were identified. Topological analyses confirmed the presence of 7 conserved TMSs in a 3 + 3 + 1 arrangement where the two 3 TMS elements are internally repeated. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of several sequence divergent clusters of orthologous proteins that group roughly according to the phylogenes of the organisms of origin. The results serve to characterize and provide evolutionary insight into a novel superfamily of heavy metal uptake transporters.