bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Capacitors on Frequency of OLTC Tap Changes in the Presence of Wind Generation
Authors: Battu Neelakanteshwar Rao , Senroy Nilanjan , Abhyankar A. R.
Published: August 2015

Installation of a wind power distributed generator in a distribution system alters the reactive power drawn by the system. This affects the load bus voltages. Any deviation in load bus voltages from their limits is sensed by an on load tap changer of a transformer and it responds to maintain the bus voltages within their limits. The reactive power requirements of a wind generator vary due to the intermittent behaviour of wind, which will in turn vary the bus voltages. This has an affect on number of tap changings of a transformer. Frequent tap changing of a transformer increases wear and tear of it and ultimately reduces the life of it. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the voltage sensitivity at a load bus to the tap change of a transformer under different scenarios and conditions in the distribution system. A possible solution to reduce the number of tap changings is presented in this paper.
Effects of Amount of Batter in Baking Cup on Muffin Quality
Authors: Dizlek Halef
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of amount of batter in paper baking cup on the quality characteristics of three different muffin samples. Volume index, volume and muffin yield values increased with the increase in batter amount in baking cup, whereas upside shrinkage value and weight loss values decreased linearly. Moreover, batter weight affected the scores of sensory properties of different muffin samples. Muffins prepared with 70 g of batter gave the highest scores for appearance, crumb grain, and overall acceptability. It was found that putting optimum amount of batter in baking cup was critical to obtain expected product quality characteristics. None of the muffins prepared by using 50, 60, 65, 80 g of batter were acceptable in terms of their quality. In conclusion, muffins were satisfactorily improved in terms of physical, structural, physicochemical, and sensory properties by using 70 or 75 g of batter weight for the baking cup used in the study.
The Ideology of Rim-Sin II of Larsa
Authors: Vedeler Harold Torger
Published: August 2015

The great rebellion against Samsuiluna of Babylon represents a watershed moment in the history of ancient Mesopotamia. In the span of a single year, most of the major cities of the south rose up against Babylon, catching Samsuiluna off guard and plunging the entire region into crisis. The Kassites made their first appearance in history, fighting against both Babylon and the rebels, and when Samsuiluna finally restored his kingdom four years later, the damage caused by the fighting was so severe that much of the south was abandoned, forcing the Babylonian king to accommodate large numbers of refugees and reconsolidate his rule in the north. Rim-Sin II, the leader of the rebellion, remains, nonetheless, an enigmatic figure. Hailing from Larsa and taking his name from the famous Larsite king of a generation before, he was eventually defeated and killed by Samsuiluna, but not before he had taken steps to secure his place as king of the entire south. Based on his year names and a letter, Rim-Sin II clearly saw himself as the legitimate king of southern Mesopotamia, using culturally weighted ideology to secure the support of important figures in the cities he sought to control. This study considers how he appealed to past kings for ideological justification as he attempted to cleave his own state away from that of Babylon, and how he aligned himself to the standard Old Babylonian royal narrative of divine selection to justify his claim to power.
A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitude toward Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) among adults in selected regions of Malaysia
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Rajiah Kingston , Veettil Sajesh Kalkandi , Wei Ng Sze
Published: August 2015

Background: The objectives of this study were to determine the knowledge and attitude of adult Malaysians about Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), to understand the variation in the knowledge and attitude toward TCM among different demographic groups of adult Malaysian population and to determine the pattern of TCM use among adult Malaysians.

Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey using the convenience sampling method. A total of 400 adult Malaysians were recruited for this study. An interview-administered questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used to analyze the data. The reliability of survey data in this study may affect since closed-ended questions are used.

Results: The more commonly utilized therapy was herbal medicine (n=192, 82.1%), acupuncture (n=79, 33.8%) and oriental massage (n=58, 24.8%). The mean knowledge score and mean attitude score for the respondents were 5.00±1.71 and 7.17±2.10 respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean knowledge score between genders, among TCM users and non-TCM users, people of different education levels and ethnicity.

Conclusions: There were more TCM users than non-TCM users and the use of TCM was higher in females than males. The most popularly used TCM modalities were herbal medicines and acupuncture. Gender, education, ethnicity and use of TCM had a significant effect on adults’ knowledge toward TCM.
A New Similarity Measure of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Considering Abstention Group Influence and Its Applications
Authors: Zhou Bei
Published: August 2015

The issue of similarity measures of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) is considered in this paper. Many existing similarity measures for two IFSs fail to take the abstention group influence into consideration and may lead to counterintuitive results in some cases. To deal with the problem, this paper first discusses the limitations of the existing similarity measures by some numerical examples, then, by considering the influence of abstention group, a new similarity measure of intuitionistic fuzzy sets is proposed, and the same numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed measure. Finally, the proposed similarity measure is applied to pattern recognition, multicriteria group decision making, and medical diagnosis.
Diet of black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) on farmlands in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa
Authors: Humphries Bruce D. , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Downs Colleen T.
Published: August 2015

Black-backed jackals (
Electron Impact Mass Spectrometric Detection of Freon® in Biological Specimens
Authors: Urich RW , Wittenberg PH , Bowerman DL , Levisky JA , Pflug JL
Published: August 2015

Recently the toxicity and abuse of aerosols containing Freon® have been brought to the attention of the public. Unpublished reports by the Drug Abuse Council indicate increased instances of aerosol addiction among the very poor, disenfranchised, and marginal minority groups. Also, deaths related to aerosols have been known for years. Bass [1] described 110 SSDs (Sudden Sniffing Deaths) during the 1960s, 59 of which were Freon-related. Christopoulos and Kirch [2] and Baselt and Cravey [3] demonstrated the presence of trichlorofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane in postmortem specimens of Freon-induced deaths. The above authors used gas chromatographic (GC) techniques employing electron capture and flame ionization detectors (FID), respectively, for the quantitative analyses of these compounds. Standefer [4] also reported FID-GC data on specimens from a death associated with fluorocarbon inhalation.
Identification of Phencyclidine-Related Drugs
Authors: Epstein RL , Lorimer P , Sloma EJ
Published: August 2015

The appearance of new drugs within the crime laboratory necessitates the development and improvement of analytical schemes for their detection. One class of particular interest is the phencyclidine-related drugs. The drugs studied are 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), commonly known as phencyclidine, “Angel's Dust,” or DOA [1]; the two homologs 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) pyrrolidine (PHP) and 1-(1-phenylcyclopentyl) piperidine (PPP); and an analog 1-(2[thienyl]cyclohexyl) piperidine (TCP).
Inherent Fingerprint Luminescence—Detection by Laser
Authors: Dalrymple BE , Duff JM , Menzel ER
Published: August 2015

The currently used methods of fingerprint detection may be classified into two categories: those which are dependent on the adherence of inert materials to fingerprint residues (powder methods), and those which rely on chemical interaction of a detection reagent with specific components of the latent print (for example, ninhydrin method) [1]. Both classes, in fact all conventional fingerprint detection methods, require a chemical or physical treatment of the exhibit under examination.
Occurrence of Myocarditis in Sudden Death in Children
Authors: Noren GR , Staley NA , Bandt CM , Kaplan EL
Published: August 2015

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the natural history and pathophysiology of nonrheumatic inflammatory disease of the heart in children. However, because of the wide spectrum of clinical presentations and the difficulty in establishing a rapid, definitive diagnosis, the prevalence of myocarditis in any given population remains speculative. Therefore, by necessity, most studies expressing the incidence of myocarditis are derived from retrospective reviews of necropsy material. In one such review, Gore and Saphir [1] identified 1402 cases of myocarditis in 40 000 hospital necropsies for an overall prevalence of 3.5%. Seventy of these cases were associated with viral illness, and an additional 80 cases of isolated myocarditis were presumed to have been of viral etiology, therefore giving a maximal autopsy diagnosis of viral myocarditis in this group of 0.38%. In another study, Gormsen [2] identified only 17 cases of myocarditis in 1378 cases of sudden unexpected death (1.2%), but histologic examination had been carried out in only 117 of these cases. In studies of aircraft-related accidents, Stevens et al and Sopher [3,4] have postulated that the incidence of focal myocarditis in the adult population may be as high as 5%.
A Statistical Examination of Selected Handwriting Characteristics
Authors: Muehlberger RJ , Newman KW , Regent J , Wichmann JG
Published: August 2015

The handwriting identification facet of questioned document examination suffers from the lack of statistical data concerning the frequency of occurrence of combinations of particular handwriting characteristics. While document examiners tend to assign probative values to specific handwriting characteristics and their combinations, judgments are often based almost entirely on the examiner's experience and power of recall. Since handwriting identification is a scientific pursuit, statistical data concerning frequency of occurrence of forms and combinations would seem to offer some promise for providing a basis for the opinions of document examiners.
A Five-Year Study of Mortality in a Busy Ski Population
Authors: Weston JT , Moore SM , Rich TH
Published: August 2015

In the late 1920s there were approximately 30 000 active skiers in the United States, of whom the vast majority were outdoorsmen, many identified with outing clubs within northeastern universities [1]. In this country today there are more than 4 million active skiers involved in this participant sport with more than 800 resorts in North America. For every active skier in the 1920s there are more than a thousand in this sport in the 1970s. Skiing, perhaps better than any other sport in contemporary society, reflects the trend from spectator to participant sport, and within the latter from a less active and perhaps less dangerous participant adventure to one with increased activity and greater danger than many of the others. Skiing is considered today to be, with tennis, the most rapidly growing participant sport in the nation. Recognizing the already identified and exhaustively reported morbidity associated with this sport the authors deemed it desirable to review a large active ski population where it is possible to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy the number of individuals at risk, and identify the number and nature of mortalities associated directly or indirectly with this sport.
Rehabilitation of Delinquents: The Tale of an Experience
Authors: Turns DM , Silber BL
Published: August 2015

The subtle changes of the early 1960s in the practice of institutional psychiatry were suddenly accelerated by the desire for freedom that swept the world later in that decade. The growing interest in the therapeutic community approach, the shift from custodial care to community placement, and the new respect for patients' rights substantially altered the life and the fate of mental patients in civil institutions. However, only in the last few years have public opinion and legislation focused on two other groups of institutionalized persons: the “mentally retarded” and the “criminally insane.” In the wake of the Willowbrook scandal and the von Wolfersdord case [1], official policy backed by legislation resulted ‘in the placement in civil institutions of persons with a history of criminal conduct. More often than not the court decisions first affected individuals, then groups of individuals. This paper studies what happened when a group of 19 mentally retarded individuals were transferred to a newly created unit in a civil institution as the result of a New York State Court of Appeals ruling in 1973. We recorded the events following the transfer, the staff-patient interactions, the difficulties encountered, and their resolution. We also monitored the patients’ patterns of behavior to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the new treatment approach to which they were exposed.
A Review of Contemporary Violence
Authors: Kangas RR
Published: August 2015

This is an academic exploration of the topic of violence as it is delineated by Dr. Wilber and his collaborators. Although the book is written primarily for law enforcement officers, it represents an objective study that approaches the subject from a number of angles—no aspect of violence is left untouched. True to its subtitle, “A Multi-Disciplinary Examination,” the volume represents the contributions of five authors, an anthropologist, a sociologist, a psychologist, and two zoologists, each taking a unique and refreshing approach. The editor relies on his own extensive background to draw the entire package together.
A Review of Guideline for In-Service Training of Forensic Scientists
Authors: Jones JW
Published: August 2015

Guideline for In-Service Training of Forensic Scientists is a most welcome and valuable asset to the forensic scientist and the forensic science community. This manual is a guideline for detailed training programs in the areas of drug identification, firearms and toolmark examination, document examination, forensic serology, trace evidence examination, and forensic toxicology. Using a “teaching guide” format, the manual gives a thorough guideline for a training program for each of the mentioned areas. Included in each area guideline are program curriculum, minimal prerequisite evaluations, and numerous references and case studies. The manual will provide nonscientific administrators with basic ideas of a forensic science training program, and by its evaluations, curricula, and requirements, it will provide the forensic science community with a standard of professionalism and qualifications for an expert witness in the courtroom.
Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine Excretion in Humans
Authors: Hamilton HE , Wallace JE , Shimek EL , Land P , Harris SC , Christenson JG
Published: August 2015

Cocaine is rapidly and extensively metabolized. Studies with 3H-labeled cocaine have demonstrated that the drug is biotransformed to at least ten metabolites in the rat, with the concentration of unchanged cocaine in the urine being less than 10% that of the metabolite benzoylecgonine [1]. Information on the metabolism and excretion of cocaine in man is limited. Montesinos [2] has reviewed investigations performed in the 1950s and 1960s on chewers of coca leaf. However, these studies not only used analytical methods less specific and sensitive than those available today, but also employed routes of administration different from those currently used for therapy [3] or abuse. Although several recent investigations have demonstrated that cocaine is extensively metabolized to benzoylecgonine in man [4,5] and that plasma cocaine levels diminish rapidly [6], knowledge concerning the extent and rate of metabolism and excretion of parent drug and metabolite is almost nonexistent. Wallace et al [7] measured the urinary excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in ten patients who had been administered cocaine hydrochloride prior to rhinoplastic surgery. These studies were limited to the initial 24 h after drug administration and consisted of three consecutive 8-h collective specimens per patient. It was observed that the excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine diminishes rapidly, that benzoylecgonine concentrations in urine consistently exceeded the corresponding cocaine concentrations by a significant amount, and that the benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratios of urine concentrations varied significantly, demonstrating the impracticability of attempting to predict cocaine concentrations from benzoylecgonine data, or conversely.
Processing and Interpreting Mass Spectral Data in Forensic Identification of Drugs and Explosives
Authors: Yinon J , Zitrin S
Published: August 2015

Mass spectrometry has become a well-established analytical method in the forensic identification of drugs and explosives [1,2]. In electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry (MS) the investigated sample is ionized by an electron beam having an energy of 70 eV. Because of this high ionization energy, the ions, after their formation, will usually decompose to fragmentation products including both charged and neutral species. The complexity of the EI mass spectrum, while often an important asset because of its “fingerprint” value, is clearly a disadvantage when complex mixtures are to be analyzed. When the compound is more complex, the amount of fragment ions is larger and the chances of observing a molecular ion are smaller. Electron impact mass spectrometry can be applied to mixtures, but only after separation, usually performed by a gas chromatograph-MS combination.
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry—A New Forensic Science Technique
Authors: Saferstein R , Manura JJ
Published: August 2015

Pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) has found wide acceptance in forensic science laboratories as a technique for identifying and comparing many types of synthetic polymeric materials, particulary paints, adhesives, and fibers [1–5]. As a tool for identification, this technique is restricted to assorting polymeric materials into broad classes. Wheals and Noble [4] have demonstrated the ease of identifying thermosetting alkyd finishes, acrylic lacquers, and acrylic enamels by PGC. Stewart [2] has used PGC to distinguish the three types of nonaqueous dispersion acrylic enamels commonly used by American automobile manufacturers, thereby facilitating the identification of a car's make and model from the pyrogram of its paint binder.
Toxicology and Sudden Infant Death
Authors: Smialek JE , Monforte JR
Published: August 2015

Sudden infant deaths, like all sudden deaths, come under the jurisdiction of the local medical examiner or coroner. The cause of death is then determined by a process of investigation and a postmortem examination, not necessarily autopsy.
Legal Preparation of a Case of Traumatic Impotence
Authors: Broderick EF
Published: August 2015

Recently there was a civil case tried before a jury in the Superior Court of New Jersey of Morris County on behalf of a plaintiff seeking damages for traumatically induced impotence. The issue was one of first impression in the New Jersey courts and raised a number of interesting medicolegal problems. This paper attempts to illustrate them for the forensic psychiatrist, medical expert, and practicing attorney.
Comparison of Typewriter Ribbon Inks by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Brunelle RL , Negri JF , Cantu AA , Lyter AH
Published: August 2015

Examiners of questioned or disputed documents are frequently asked to ascertain whether or not the text of a typewritten document has been altered by the use of either a different typewriter or the same typewriter at a later date. Any technique that can distinguish among the various commercially available typewriter ribbon inks is a potentially valuable tool to the examiner of questioned documents.
A National Survey of Laboratory Questioned Document Reexaminations—Are They Being Done?
Authors: Epstein G
Published: August 2015

In order to better understand why this survey was conducted, a brief review of some of the current thoughts on the subject of reexamination of questioned document cases may be helpful.
Influence of the Medical Examiner on Cadaver Organ Procurement
Authors: Davis JH , Wright RK
Published: August 2015

Patients who die from severe head injuries constitute a major reservoir of potential kidney donors, for such injuries usually occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Death from injury mandates a medical examiner's investigation, and jurisdiction over the body occurs at the moment of pronouncement of death. In Florida, when any person dies of criminal violence, by accident, by suicide, suddenly when in apparent good health, when unattended by a practicing physician or other recognized practitioner, in any prison or penal institution, in police custody, in any suspicious or unusual circumstances, by criminal abortion, by poison, by disease constituting a threat to public health, by disease, injury, or toxic agent from employment; or when a dead body is brought into the state without proper medical certification; or when a body is to be cremated, dissected, or buried at sea, the medical examiner shall determine the cause of death and shall make or have performed such examinations, investigations, and autopsies as he shall deem necessary [1]. It is the duty of any person who becomes aware of such a death under the circumstances described above to report such death and circumstances immediately to the medical examiner [2].
Medical Examiner Report of a Boeing 727-95 Aircraft Accident
Authors: Rumsch BJ
Published: August 2015

This is a report on a Boeing 727-95 that crashed on landing. The aircraft, which was designed for a 91-passenger capacity, was carrying 81 passengers and 7 crew members. Of these, 51 survived (including 5 crew members), and 37 died (including 2 crew members).
Detection of Gunshot Residues on the Hands by Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Krishnan SS
Published: August 2015

In the investigation of cases involving shooting, one of the important links in the chain of proof is evidence that a person fired the gun or was in some way connected with the firing. This has long been attempted by the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of the suspect. One of the early methods was the familiar “paraffin cast” or “dermal nitrate” technique. Warm paraffin was poured on the hands; the paraffin, upon cooling, formed a cast. The cast was then peeled off and the adhering powder residue was detected by means of a color reaction of the nitrate with diphenylamine reagent. Although the paraffin cast was accepted as a method of lifting the residues, the diphenylamine reaction proved to be unsatisfactory in that numerous false positives were encountered. Any substance containing nitrate, such as cigarette ash and urine, gave a positive reaction. The method was therefore abandoned as a means of detecting gunshot residues [1].
The Determination of Isoantigenic Activity from Latent Fingerprints: Mixed Cell Agglutination Reaction in Forensic Serology
Authors: Ishiyama I , Orui M , Ogawa K , Kimura T
Published: August 2015

In forensic serology, A-B-H blood group substances have been successfully detected by mixed agglutination and absorption-elution techniques. By modifying the methods of Kouvarik et al [1] and Davidsohn [2], Ishiyama et al [3] recently developed a new technique for mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) as follows: 1. Specimens were affixed onto the adhesive side of cellophane tape and then placed on a microscope slide. 2. Anti-A and anti-B agglutinins and Ulex anti-H lectin were used for sensitization. 3. The specimens were thoroughly washed to remove nonreactive agglutinins. 4. A corresponding indicator cell aliquot was added (sandwich method). 5. The slide was reversed and immersed in saline so that the nonreactive cells would dissociate spontaneously. 6. The results were read microscopically.
Cocaine-Related Death
Authors: Lundberg GD , Garriott JC , Reynolds PC , Cravey RH , Shaw RF
Published: August 2015

Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine), a local anesthetic and intoxicant in use for hundreds of years, currently is enjoying widespread popularity in the United States. This frequent use probably is due to the profound stimulatory effect of cocaine on the central nervous system and is occurring despite aggressive law enforcement activity because cocaine is a Schedule II substance [1].
A Review of Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety
Authors: Cravey RH
Published: August 2015

The proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety are conveniently divided into five sections: (1) the epidemiology of alcohol and drug-related traffic accidents; (2) pharmacological, physiological, and psychological aspects relevant to driving impairment; (3) analytical aspects; (4) control and prevention; and (5) public education and information.
A Review of Why Did My Baby Die?
Authors: Mueller KH
Published: August 2015

The title of this slim book, hardly more than a bound pamphlet, is meant to catch the browser's eye in the local library. It caught mine, perhaps because I have heard the question put sometimes angrily, sometimes beseechingly, and was therefore naturally curious about the authors' answer. The message is essentially Paul's recommendation to the Corinthians—faith, hope, and charity: faith that continued investigation will turn up something useful; hope that this will come about in the near future; and especially charity, the greatest of the three, directed toward the stunned and grieving parents. If you must deal with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), be you policeman, physician, neighbor, relative, or friend, then perusal of this book will be worth your while. The authors' style is vigorous, their argument lucid; their rhetoric is sometimes polemical, but nearly always persuasive. Summing up: a helpful book on a distressingly common mystery.
Marihuana: Current Assessment
Authors: McBay AJ
Published: August 2015

Marihuana, which has been known for over 2000 years, has become a subject of major controversy in the last decade or so. Unfortunately, the scare stories attributed to the use of marihuana in the late 1930s [1] have been replaced by studies of recent origin, some of which are poorly controlled and from which questionable conclusions have been drawn [2,3]. The government has published an objective evaluation of the effects of this drug on health [4]. The interest in this drug may be measured by the number of recent articles which have appeared in this journal [5–8].
Gases Released from Tissue and Analyzed by Infrared and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Techniques
Authors: Luskus LJ , Kilian HJ , Lackey WW , Biggs JD
Published: August 2015

To help establish the cause of or contributory factors leading to death, gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used to analyze volatile compounds given off as gases from postmortem tissues. Problems seldom arise during confirmatory analyses because available evidence indicates from the start what compounds are likely to be present. When little evidence is available, however, GC by itself is a poor technique for sample identification. Combining a mass spectrometer (MS) and computer system with a gas chromatograph has frequently solved the identification problem. A recent paper [1] describes the routine use of such a system to identify drugs and their metabolites in body fluids of overdose victims. In an effort to expand applications in this area, we describe a technique to release gases from tissues and to analyze toxic gases by a GC/MS computer system. Infrared (IR) spectroscopic analyses were also performed on all gas samples, and results were compared with analyses by the more sophisticated and expensive GC/MS computer method.
Forensic Characterization of Papers. II: Determination of Batch Differences by Scanning Electron Microscopic Elemental Analysis of the Inorganic Components
Authors: Polk DE , Attard AE , Giessen BC
Published: August 2015

Paper is often used in the course of criminal activities, including kidnapping, bombings, forgery, conspiracy, threatening letters, and gambling. Thus the examination of paper is a common task for the document examiner [1].
Comparison of Window Glasses by Isotope Dilution Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Haney MA
Published: August 2015

Comparison of glass fragments in forensic work is commonly done by measurements of refractive index and density. These methods are particularly well-suited for flat glass such as in windows. Further differentiation has been shown feasible by elemental analysis. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) [1], spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) [2], and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) [3] have all been successful in differentiating window glasses having identical physical properties.
A Comparison of the Borate-Celite Column Screening Technique with Other Extraction Methods in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Dusci LJ , Hackett LP
Published: August 2015

Extraction techniques are an important aspect of forensic toxicology, providing the starting point for drug identification and quantitation. They must be rapid and efficient, giving good recoveries of as wide a range of drugs as possible, and provide clean extracts. There is at present no method for extracting postmortem tissue that fulfills these requirements.
Rapid Phenotyping of the Group Specific Component by Immunofixation on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Zajac PL
Published: August 2015

A new method for phenotyping the group specific component (Gc) yields clear and unambiguous results within 60 to 80 min on multiple samples. This procedure employs electrophoresis using a cellulose acetate supporting medium, followed by immunofixation.
Determination of Adenylate Kinase Variants in Two Washington, D.C., Population Samples: A Microcellulose Acetate Procedure
Authors: Stombaugh PM , Kearney JJ
Published: August 2015

In the forensic science laboratory erythrocyte adenylate kinase (AK) polymorphism has been used successfully to further individualize dried bloodstains [1,2]. Three distinct phenotypes of adenylate kinase, AK-1, AK2-1, and AK-2, have been identified in the population and are directed by two common autosomal alleles AK1 and AK2 [3]. Several other less common variants have also been reported [4].
Validity of Psychotraumatic Reactions
Authors: Braverman M
Published: August 2015

The psychiatrist who is called upon to provide an expert court opinion in cases of personal injury or workmen's compensation certainly may expect to be asked, “What is a posttraumatic psychiatric reaction?” There are many designations for this reaction, including the historically classic traumatic neurosis first described by Oppenheim [1], who regarded organic aspects as important in the origin of the condition; accident and industrial neurosis; stress reactions; compensation neurosis; or neuroses following trauma [2]. There is also the post-accident anxiety syndrome of Modline [3]. A larger list of designations for posttraumatic psychiatric states has been presented by Culpan and Taylor [4]. Keiser [5] wrote an excellent review of the earlier history of this condition. For reasons which will be presented in a subsequent paper, I have used the term “posttraumatic neurotic reaction” to characterize psychiatric sequelae to injury. The psychiatrist asked to respond to the above question has the additional burden of explanation posed by the absence of any specific designation for this condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association [6], although the concept has been honored in many books and papers and certainly is part of the working diagnosis catalog of the psychiatrist (and physician and surgeon) concerned with this area of medicine. The American Handbook of Psychiatry [7], an important reference, includes a section of neuroses following trauma. Keiser [5] presents 299 references in his book; my references are somewhat more extensive, numbering 2500, including the German literature.
The Use of Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra in the Identification and Authentication of Monomethoxyamphetamines and Dimethoxyamphetamines
Authors: Bailey K , Legault D
Published: August 2015

The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of amphetamine, the three monomethoxyamphetamines, and the six dimethoxyamphetamines and their hyrochlorides were determined. The spectra are distinctive and suitable for identification and authentication purposes. The signals may be assigned by comparisons of chemical shifts with those of model compounds and by an internally consistent analysis of chemical shift differences, supported by the results of appropriate proton-decoupling techniques. Data from the spectra and details of their interpretation are presented. Ortho methoxyl groups relatively shield the α andβ side-chain carbon signals. The ring substituents affect the resonances of the ring carbons in a consistent manner. The data should be valuable in the forensic science identification and structural authentication of these and related substances and further confirm the power of 13C NMR spectroscopy in distinguishing between isomeric structures.
Studies of Models of Striated Marks Generated by Random Processes
Authors: Deinet W
Published: August 2015

Computer-aided studies of the degree of similarity of striated marks are described. Digitized image data on 40 grinding marks were fed into a minicomputer, and the position values of the lines were determined semiautomatically. Idealized models were defined for an objective comparison of striated marks and then applied to the grinding mark data. Necessary conditions of the models were tested by comparing them with actual, measured properties of the marks. Results of the model calculations are presented and the properties of the models discussed.
I. A Hypnotherapeutic Approach to Exhibitionism: Outpatient Therapeutic Strategy
Authors: Mutter CB
Published: August 2015

A technique to cause cessation of impulse and to shorten the course of treatment for individuals who engage in exhibitionism is described. The patients were carefully selected. The psychodynamics were described and identified for each patient, and the results have been favorable to date. The great advantages of the methods used have been keeping the patient functional in society, shortening the duration of treatment, and reducing cost. The technique has been successful in the treatment of patients suffering from other forms of impulse disorders. Long-term follow-up studies are recommended for any patient receiving this method of hypnotic treatment.
Expert Testimony and Scientific Evidence in Arson-Related Cases
Authors: Kantrowitz SB
Published: August 2015

The paper surveys scientific evidence in arson-related cases. In particular, accelerant-detection procedures are discussed. The admissibility of types of evidence and testimony is commented on, and an analysis of possible methods of attacking the weight accorded to the evidence is presented.
An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys. II: Applicable Law of Recent Origin
Authors: Joling RJ , Stern WW
Published: August 2015

This article attempts to broaden the perspective of attorneys, but it should be of value to all forensic scientists. Although the subject matter is directed to attorneys, it nevertheless is applicable to the professional understanding of members of all professional disciplines. It covers the applicable law of recent origin, and the cited court decisions and rules of evidence should enable the reader to find a base from which to begin additional research.
The Determination of Carbonic Anhydrase-2 Phenotypes in Dried Bloodstains by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis
Authors: Noppinger KE , Morrison RD
Published: August 2015

A new, simple, and rapid method for phenotyping carbonic anhydrase-2 (CA2) on bloodstains 15 weeks old was performed. Separation of the CA2 isozymes was accomplished by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The staining substrate was fluorescein diacetate.
Wounding Characteristics of “Shotshell” Ammunition: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Zumwalt RE , Campbell B , Balraj E , Adelson L , Fransioli M
Published: August 2015

Wounds caused by “shotshells” in three homicides are presented. Characteristics of shotshell ammunition based on test firings of 38 Special shotshells are detailed. Differences between shotshell wounds and shotgun wounds may include pattern spread, number of pellet defects, and defects caused by the shotshell wadding and plastic capsule.
A Tetrachloroethylene Fatality
Authors: Levine B , Fierro MF , Goza SW , Valentour JC
Published: August 2015

This case report concerns a fatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene at a dry cleaning establishment. A sensitive analytical method was developed and the distribution of the chemical in various fluids and tissues was determined. Although several fatalities from tetrachloroethylene have been reported, little previous quantitative toxicological data have been found in the literature.
Postmortem Wound Dehiscence: A Medicolegal Masquerade
Authors: McGee MB , Coe JI
Published: August 2015

Postmortem artifactual changes associated with decomposition have been well reported throughout the forensic literature. The recognition and correct interpretation of these artifactual changes are of paramount importance in determining if injuries were sustained before or after death. Presented is a case report of surgical wound dehiscence associated with bloating in the postmortem decomposition state. Previously undescribed in the current forensic science literature, this entity can present difficulties in interpretation. The artifact is described and the methods used in its identification are discussed.
A Review of The Medical Report and Testimony
Authors: Mant AK
Published: August 2015

This book is a short and elementary survey of the examination of patients following injury. It gives advice on the preparation of a medical report and on giving evidence in court.
New Dimensions in Infrared Luminescence Photography
Authors: Hilton O
Published: August 2015

This study indicates that infrared luminescence examination can produce not only bright luminescence but also, in some instances, dark lines. They represent an additional criterion for differentiating similarly colored writing materials. These dark lines are obtained when the particular writing instrument is used on different paper bases and when the infrared luminescence photographs are made with different basic illumination properly filtered in the photographic process.
Application of the Microcomputer to Analytical Toxicology
Authors: Peel HW , Perrigo BJ
Published: August 2015

The recent availability of the microcomputer, marketed primarily for home use, has given the analytical toxicologist a very inexpensive source of computer capability. Probative studies have shown that the microcomputer can be applied to statistical analysis, to data base searching, and to calculations of the discriminating power of analytical systems.
A Simple Technique for Comparing Paper Samples by Their Performance as a Chromatographic Sorbent (Inverse Paper Chromatography)
Authors: Ziderman II
Published: August 2015

Evidence in the form of paper documents can be highly valuable in crimes of fraud. Available methods of examination do not provide absolute certainty that two samples have the same origin. A new technique for testing paper, known as inverse paper chromatography, is based on using the paper as a chromatographic sorbent medium on which a known mixture of dyestuffs is separated under standard conditions. The resulting chromatogram will uniquely designate the paper grade and composition. This principle has been validated in a standard test with more than 30 types of paper. The experimental technique is simple, inexpensive, and largely nondestructive. Only a small specimen is required, and it provides a permanent exhibit for evidence. While printing on the paper or wetting it does not alter its chromatographic behavior, artificial aging by heat or exposure to sunlight does. The individualization of paper specimens for unambiguous identification requires further research.
A New Enzymatic Method for the Demonstration of Choline in Human Seminal Stains
Authors: Suzuki O , Matsumoto T , Oya M , Katsumata Y , Asano M
Published: August 2015

A new, simple method for the identification of seminal stains based on the reaction of choline oxidase with choline is presented. The key reaction is the production of hydrogen peroxide by the oxidase action on choline, whereby hydrogen peroxide reacts with N-ethyl-N-(3-methylphenyl)-N'-acetylethylenediamine and 4-aminoantipyrine (ampyrone) in the presence of peroxidase to produce a purple color so that seminal fluid can be identified. Some data are presented on the sensitivity, stability, and specificity of the present method.
A Review of Modern Legal Medicine, Psychiatry, and Forensic Science
Authors: Wiecking DK
Published: August 2015

“Where does a 3050-g, 7.5-cm-thick textbook come to rest? Anywhere it wants to,” to paraphrase the old joke—but preferably, for this book, on the ready reference shelf of every pathologist who does forensic science cases, and certainly in the library of every forensic pathology training program. The authors of this weighty compendium state that it is “the first comprehensive single volume work covering the entire field of legal medicine and the allied forensic sciences.” Although it may not live up to that claim of universality, it does appear to be the first major single-volume textbook on forensic pathology and forensic science in this country since the classic 1954 edition of Gonzales et al (not counting Professor Camps' updates of Gradwohl [1968 and 1976], which are British in orientation, nor the recent multivolume work of Tedeschi et al [1977]).
Microscopic Determination of Age at Death in an Autopsy Series
Authors: Thompson DD
Published: August 2015

The core technique was used to estimate age at death in 54 forensic science cases. Femurs provided the most accurate age estimates, followed by tibiae, then humeri. Accurate age estimates were derived for two groups of individuals: younger than and older than 40 years of age. Certain skeletal abnormalities and conditions were found to affect the accuracy of this technique.
Sites of Suicidal Gunshot Wounds
Authors: Eisele JW , Reay DT , Cook A
Published: August 2015

Two hundred twenty-six suicides by firearms were analyzed to determine the entrance wound site. Overall, the head was the most favored site, accounting for 74% of the wounds; specifically, the right temple accounted for 39% of the wounds. The data were further examined in terms of specific weapon types. In the case of handguns, the preference for the temple was even more prominent, with this site accounting for nearly two thirds of the wounds. With long guns the predominance of head wounds was less pronounced but still present. Correlations with sex and age showed no significant differences in choice of site but did show differences in selection of gunshot as the means of suicide. Correlations of site with handedness showed that most individuals held true to form but that a significant proportion (8%) inflicted their wounds on the other side. Finally, three cases of suicide by multiple gunshots are presented.
The Evaluation and Selection of Uncorrelated Paired Solvent Systems for Use in the Comparison of Textile Dyes by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Resua R , DeForest PR , Harris H
Published: August 2015

This paper describes a systematic approach to the evaluation and selection of paired solvent systems for the comparison of dyes extracted from textile fibers by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The use of two solvent systems, unless relatively uncorrelated, may offer little if any more information than a single solvent system. Ten paired solvent systems are evaluated mathematically (correlation coefficients) and graphically (Rf values of the major dye components). The ability of the individual solvent systems to separate minor colored dye components in “pure” commercial dyes (resolving power) is also considered. Fifty-six commercial acid and basic solid dye samples are used. In addition, acid and basic dyes extracted from 30 black nylon and acrylic fiber samples containing different lots of “identical” dye mixtures are separated. A comparison of the theoretical and actual discriminating power of the solvent systems is then presented. The method is general and may be applied in the selection of paired solvent systems for use in TLC of any usage class of textile dye.
The Role of the Defense Psychiatrist in Workmen's Compensation Cases
Authors: Parlour RR , Jones LR
Published: August 2015

Tomorrow's psychiatrist should be more cognizant, competent, and comfortable in forensic science matters. Psychiatric cases are increasingly the subjects of litigation, but justice in the courts depends on able advocacy by all parties. Advocacy for patient-plaintiffs is more similar to customary clinical roles than is advocacy for defendant insurance companies, which nevertheless are as needful of competent psychiatric experts as patient-plaintiffs if justice is to be done. Ironically, defense psychiatrists can do much to help patient-plaintiffs if they understand their roles correctly. Since legal systems are designed to produce justice, not therapy, the forensic competence of future psychiatrists will help to make litigation more therapeutic and just for patients. This paper describes the peculiarities of psychiatric work in litigated workmen's compensation cases, focusing on the role of the defense psychiatrist. We will highlight the constructive and therapeutically gratifying potentials of this work. Greater familiarity with the process will help to enlist the interest and participation of psychiatrists in workmen's compensation cases for the ultimate benefit of the patients and improvement of the legal system.
Examination of Automobile Rubber Bumper Guards by Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Authors: Blackledge RD
Published: August 2015

A piece from an automobile rubber bumper guard was found at the scene of a hit-and-run accident and was compared to a sample obtained from the front bumper guard of a suspect's vehicle. The samples were examined by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with data system.
Rapid Histological Examination of Trace Evidence by Means of Cellophane Tape
Authors: Ishiyama I
Published: August 2015

Histological and histochemical examinations of trace evidence were performed by lifting the specimens onto cellophane tape. To ensure adhesion of the samples during the staining, the surface of the tape was coated with 2% agarose after the sampling. These samples were ready for such direct stains as hematoxylin and eosin, benzidine, and periodic acid-Schiff to determine proteins and acid phosphatase. Histological analyses may be performed with the same range of smear preparations.