bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide‐locking range ÷3 injection‐locked frequency divider using direct‐injection and switching‐injection techniques
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Huang Yu‐Chiang
Published: July 2017

This research studies the RF performance of a wide locking range divided‐by‐3 injection‐locked frequency divider (ILFD) in BiCMOS process. The newly designed ILFD circuit bases on capacitive cross‐coupled oscillator with dual‐resonance RLC resonator and uses dual‐injection technique. It uses one linear mixer and one non‐linear harmonic mixer in the frequency conversion. The power consumption of the ILFD core is 5.6 mW and the locking range is from 6.8 to 11.8 GHz (53.76%) at injection power Pinj = 0 d Bm. Measured tuning range shows the dual‐band property without frequency tuning hysteresis and is from 3.73 to 2.69 GHz while varactor control voltage is tuned from 0 to 2 V.
Adaptable waveform design for enhanced detection of moving targets
Authors: Martone Anthony , Gallagher Kyle , Sherbondy Kelly , Hedden Abigail , Dietlein Charles
Published: July 2017

In this study, a spectrum sharing technique is investigated for enhanced detection of moving targets. This approach, the spectrum sensing‐multi‐objective optimisation technique, passively monitors the electromagnetic environment for radio frequency (RF) emissions radiated by RF systems. This technique then identifies a continuous frequency sub‐band that simultaneously maximises radar performance and reduces the radars spectral footprint. The goal of the investigation presented in this study is to quantify performance improvement of a notional radar model in the presence of RF emissions measured at 2.42 GHz (by a real‐time spectrum analyser). In addition to an improved signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio, the proposed radar model increases range resolution performance as the target approaches the radar.
Simulation and experiment of recycle micromixer with high reflux
Authors: He Xiuhua , Gao Lingfeng , Wang Yan , Uzoejinwa Benjamin B. , Deng Zhidan
Published: July 2017

To overcome the low mixing efficiency near the vicinity of the wall of the micromixer, a passive micromixer using the recycle flow, with the advantages of simple structure, high reflux rate and high mixing efficiency, has been designed and investigated. In this work, the influence of different structural parameters and fluid properties on the mixing performance was studied by using commercial software ANSYS CFX. The mixing effect of micromixer was also studied by the experiments. A full comparison between the experimental results and simulation results was carried out. The numerical simulation results show that as the jet intensity increases and the viscosity of fluid becomes lower, the reflux rate and mixing efficiency of the micromixer are improved continuously; when Reynolds number (Re) is >15, the maximum reflux rate of the micromixer and the mixing efficiency exceed 35 and 95%. In addition, it was also observed that the simulation results are consistent with the experiments which revealed that the numerical simulation method applied and the results obtained in this work are reliable.
Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Ammonia or Primary Alkylamines with (Hetero)aryl Sulfamates, Carbamates, or Pivalates
Authors: Stradiotto Mark , MacQueen Preston
Published: July 2017

A catalyst system capable of effecting the cross-coupling of ammonia or primary alkylamines with (hetero)aryl sulfamates, carbamates, or pivalates is reported for the first time. The air-stable nickel(II) pre-catalyst C1 tolerates a broad spectrum of heterocyclic functionality within both reaction partners, as well as ether, nitrile, pyrrole, trifluoromethyl, and boronate ester substituents. In the case of reactions involving primary alkylamines and (hetero)aryl sulfamates and carbamates, room-temperature cross-couplings were achieved.
Rhodium-Catalyzed C–C Bond Olefination of Ring-Fused Benzocyclobutenols and Application in the Construction of Polycyclic Compounds
Authors: Zhu Chen , Mao Wenbin
Published: July 2017

A novel rhodium-catalyzed C–C bond olefination of ring-fused benzocyclobutenols with ethyl acrylate is described. A variety of versatile olefinated products were efficiently generated at room temperature and then readily converted into many useful polycyclic compounds by one-step processes. The reaction provides a practical C–C bond olefination method with high atom efficiency.
Synthesis of Star-Shaped Aromatic Derivatives with Chirality Predetermined by Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Framework
Authors: Bagdžiūnas Gintautas , Stončius Sigitas , Butkus Eugenijus
Published: July 2017

Star-shaped aromatic derivatives of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with predetermined chirality were synthesized by employing the Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions. The C
3-symmetric trifunctional aromatic derivatives based on the lateral bicyclo[3.3.1]nonene moiety possess unique molecular structures. The chiroptical properties of the star-shaped compounds and the corresponding monomeric derivatives were studied, and the absolute configuration was confirmed by using the empirical octant rule for the carbonyl chromophore and the sector rule for the aromatic chromophore.
ENT Foreign Bodies: An Experience
Authors: Awad Al , ElTaher Mostafa
Published: July 2017

Introduction Ear, nose and throat (ENT) foreign bodies (FBs) are common occurrences, particularly among children. The proper recognition, study, and management of FBs are required to prevent complications. Their consequences are greatly variable, from mild disturbances that may not require hospitalization up to life-threatening complications.

Objective To analyze the clinical spectrum of ENT FBs, the methods of removal, the outcomes and complications as seen in a tertiary referral hospital.

Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional retrospective study was performed from July 2014 to June 2016. Patients with any type of ENT FBs, regardless of age, were included in the study; data was collected from 1,013 patients (572 males and 440 females) with a mean age of 12.5 years.

Results Foreign bodies represented a large category among ENT emergencies (30%). Children were affected more frequently, particularly ≤ 6 years old. Swallowed FBs were the most common (53.6%), followed by aural FBs (24.68%), nasal FBs (19%), and inhaled FBs (2.6%). A total of 54.69% of ENT s were removed under general anesthesia (GA).

Conclusion Foreign bodies (FB) in the ears, nose or throat are a common occurrence in otorhinolaryngology (ENT) emergency services. Children are the most affected age group. The commonest site of FB lodgment is in the throat. Ear, nose and throat FBs need to be properly managed to avoid complications.
Neonatal Acute Kidney Injury: A Survey of Neonatologists' and Nephrologists' Perceptions and Practice Management
Authors: Charlton J. , Guillet R. , Gist K. , Hanna M. , El Samra A. , Fletcher J. , Selewski D. , Mammen C. , Kent A.
Published: July 2017

Background Neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 40 to 70% of critically ill neonatal intensive care admissions. This study explored the differences in perceptions and practice variations among neonatologists and pediatric nephrologists in diagnostic criteria, management, and follow-up of neonatal AKI.

Methods A survey weblink was emailed to nephrologists and neonatologists in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, and the United States. Questions consisted of demographic and unit practices, three clinical scenarios assessing awareness of definitions of neonatal AKI, knowledge, management, and follow-up practices.

Results Many knowledge gaps among neonatologists, and to a lesser extent, pediatric nephrologists were identified. Neonatologists were less likely to use categorical definitions of neonatal AKI (p < 0.00001) or diagnose stage 1 AKI (p < 0.00001) than pediatric nephrologists. Guidelines for creatinine monitoring for nephrotoxic medications were reported by 34% (aminoglycosides) and 62% (indomethacin) of respondents. Nephrologists were more likely to consider follow-up after AKI than neonatologists (p < 0.00001). Also, 92 and 86% of neonatologists and nephrologists, respectively, reported no standardization or infrastructure for long-term renal follow-up.

Conclusion Neonatal AKI is underappreciated, particularly among neonatologists. A lack of evidence on neonatal AKI contributes to this variation in response. Therefore, dissemination of current knowledge and areas for research should be the priority.
Kynurenin und Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) – immunologische Marker und Akteure
Authors: Hocher Berthold , Kellner Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2017

Die für die Gesundheit essenzielle Immunbalance wird maßgeblich durch die Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) gesteuert. Hohe Aktivität der IDO und damit einhergehende hohe Kynureninspiegel blockieren das Immunsystem und ziehen schlechte Prognosen bei Infektionen, Krebs u. a. Erkrankungen nach sich. Die IDO-Aktivität kann durch Sport und Naturstoffe wie Kurkumin gesenkt werden.
Maritimes Zytostatikum und Komplementärmedizin in der Behandlung eines fortgeschrittenen uterinen Leiomyosarkoms
Authors: Holzhauer Peter
Published: July 2017

Vorgestellt wird die Behandlung einer Patientin mit multipel metastasiertem Leiomyosarkom des Uterus. Über Jahre hinweg wurden alle heute üblichen Therapieoptionen eingesetzt und mit komplementärmedizinischen Maßnahmen begleitet. Zuletzt wurde das maritime Zytostatikum Trabectedin angewendet, wobei mögliche Interaktionen mit Lebensmitteln und Naturheilmitteln zu beachten sind.
Biological Activity of Bunium persicum Essential Oil from Western Himalaya
Authors: Stappen Iris , Tabanca Nurhayat , Ali Abbas , Wedge David , Wanner Jürgen , Gochev Velizar , Jaitak Vikas , Lal Brij , Kaul Vijay , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold
Published: July 2017

The essential oil of Bunium persicum collected from cultivated sources in the cold desert area of Lahaul-Spiti is described for its antimicrobial, larvicidal, and biting deterrent activities. Additionally, odor characterization is given. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by simultaneous GC-MS and GC-FID. γ-Terpinene and p-cymene were found to be the major compounds. Antibacterial testing by an agar dilution assay revealed low activity of the oil against all tested bacteria. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida albicans as well as three species of the strawberry anthracnose causing plant pathogen Colletotrichum. Bunium persicum essential oil demonstrated antifungal activity against all four pathogens. Biting deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti was greater than the solvent control, but significantly lower than DEET. The essential oil of B. persicum exhibited larvicidal activity with an LC50 value of 58.6 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae.
‚Healthy sick‘ oder: Wie genetisches Risiko den Krankheitsbegriff des GKV-Systsems aushebelt
Authors: Meier Friedhelm , Ried Jens , Braun Matthias , Dabrock Peter
Published: July 2017

Aktuell fehlt es nicht nur an einem klaren Reglement, ob und - wenn ja - in welchem Maße prophylaktische Maßnahmen bei genetischen Risikopersonen eine Regelleistung der öffentlichen Gesundheitssystemen darstellen sollen, sondern auch an einem Konzept, mittels dessen diese Frage konsistent und transparent beantwortet werden könnte. Die Folge dieses doppelten Mangels ist, dass bspw. BRCA1/2-Mutationsträgerinnen, welche ein erhöhtes genetisches Brustkrebsrisiko haben, oft mit langwierigen und intransparent erscheinenden Entscheidungen über die Gewährung einer Leistung von Seiten der Gesundheitskassen rechnen müssen. Um diese gesundheitssystemische Frage konzeptionell adressieren und bearbeiten zu können, wird in diesem Artikel in Auseinandersetzung mit dem medizinischen Fortschritt bei der genetischen Diagnostik ein konzeptionelles Modell entwickelt (‚healthy sick‘), mit welchem sich sowohl der medizinische Behandlungsbedarf von genetischen Risikopersonen eruieren, als auch der gesundheitssystemische Status der Betroffenen abbilden und bearbeiten lässt.
The eΠg3 state of C2: A pathway to dissociation
Authors: Welsh B. A. , Krechkivska O. , Nauta K. , Bacskay G. B. , Kable S. H. , Schmidt T. W.
Published: July 2017

The lowest 13 vibrational levels, v = 0–12, of the eΠg3 state of the C2 molecule have been measured by laser-induced fluorescence of new bands of the Fox-Herzberg system. The newly observed levels, v = 5–12, which span the eΠg3 electronic state up to and beyond the first dissociation threshold of C2, were analyzed to afford highly accurate molecular constants, including band origins, and rotational and spin-orbit constants. The spin-orbit coupling constants of the previously published lowest five levels are revised in sign and magnitude, requiring an overhaul of previously published molecular constants. The analysis is supported by high level ab initio calculations. Lifetimes of all observed levels were recorded and found to be in excellent agreement with ab initio predicted values up to v = 11. v = 12 was found to exhibit a much reduced lifetime and fluorescence quantum yield, which is attributed to the onset of predissociation. This brackets the dissociation energy of ground state XΣg+1 C2 between 6.1803 and 6.2553 eV, in agreement with the Active Thermochemical Tables.
Global-density fluctuations in methane clathrate hydrates in externally applied electromagnetic fields
Authors: Waldron Conor J. , English Niall J.
Published: July 2017

Non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations of bulk methane clathrate hydrates have been conducted in a range of externally applied electromagnetic (e/m) fields. Studies into frequencies of system(or “global”)-mass-density fluctuations showed that these clathrates have three major modes: the dominant one is attributable to water molecules’ librations and occurs at 720 cm−1, regardless of any applied e/m fields. One of the more minor system-density fluctuations arises at 10-12 cm−1 and is caused by the propagation of local-density fluctuations; again, this is independent of e/m fields. The final density fluctuation is caused by e/m fields, and it only becomes apparent for field strengths of 1.2 V/nm or higher. The frequency of this mode is always twice the frequency of the applied e/m field. It was shown that the main qualitative features of the translational and librational densities of states (DOSs) were unaffected by the application of e/m fields; however, a slight coupling effect was observed, producing a peak in all DOSs at the frequency of the applied field. This study showed that e/m fields below a certain intensity threshold do not lead to any marked structural distortion or dissociation effect on pre-existing bulk clathrates, in which the hydrogen-bonding structure of the lattice remains intact. This is verified by system-density and configurational-energy values as well as radial distribution functions.
KPFM based investigation on the nature of Sb2Te3:MoS2 and Bi2Te3:MoS2 2D interfaces and its effect on the electrical and thermoelectric properties
Authors: Ahmad Mujeeb , Agarwal Khushboo , Kumari Navnita , Mehta B. R.
Published: July 2017

In this study, the effect of incorporation of 2D nanoflakes on an n type and a p type thermoelectric matrixes, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, respectively, has been studied. MoS2 has been used to prepare nanocomposite bulk samples having n-n or n-p 2D interfaces. Kelvin probe force microscopy based measurements were used to characterize nanocomposite samples which revealed a difference in potentials barrier at the 2D interface for Bi2Te3:MoS2 and Sb2Te3:MoS2 samples, respectively. The electrical conductivity of Bi2Te3:MoS2 was observed to be lower as compared to the pristine Bi2Te3 due to increased electron scattering at 2D interfaces, whereas in the case of Sb2Te3:MoS2, the incorporation of MoS2 led to the increase in the value of electrical conductivity due to higher carrier mobility. In Bi2Te3:MoS2, a large decrease in thermal conductivity due to reduced electronic contribution is observed in contrast to no change in the case of the Sb2Te3:MoS2 nanocomposite sample. The Seebeck coefficient is observed to increase in both the types of nanocomposite samples but owing to different mechanisms. The presence of potential barrier for electrons restricts the flow of majority carriers in the Bi2Te3:MoS2 nanocomposite, whereas in the case of Sb2Te3:MoS2 nanocomposite samples, the increased potential barrier helps in assisting the flow of holes, thereby increasing the mobility of carriers in the case of Sb2Te3:MoS2.
Measurement of mixing-induced thermal non-equilibrium in a supersonic shear layer using spontaneous Raman scattering
Authors: Reising Heath H. , KC Utsav , Clemens Noel T. , Varghese Philip L.
Published: July 2017

Mixing-induced vibrational non-equilibrium of N2 is studied in the turbulent shear layer between a supersonic cold jet and a surrounding hot air coflow. The jet fluid is either air, N2, or Ar, and the heated coflow is air at a maximum temperature of 850 K. The rotational and vibrational temperatures of N2 are determined by fitting the measured time-averaged spontaneous Raman spectra to an analytical model that allows for different equilibrium distributions for the vibrational and rotational states. The mixing of the jet fluid with the coflow gases occurs over time scales of the order of 5 μs, which is found to be sufficiently fast to induce vibrational non-equilibrium in the mixture of hot and cold gases. Results show that the non-equilibrium can be measured, but not on the cold side of the shear layer where the vibrational population in the first hot band is negligible. The effect of fluctuating temperatures within the time-averaged Raman measurement was quantified with the use of Rayleigh thermometry and found to not significantly alter the Raman scattering results. It was also found that the non-equilibrium increases in the shear layer when N2 is removed from the jet fluid, indicating that the observed non-equilibrium is an averaged result of two competing processes that occur simultaneously at a molecular scale, i.e., vibrationally hot N2 is being cooled by a fast jet fluid and vibrationally cold jet fluid is being heated by a hot coflow fluid. An interesting inference of this view is that the averaging effect is always present, regardless of the measurement resolution.
Small scale dynamics of a shearless turbulent/non-turbulent interface in dilute polymer solutions
Authors: Cocconi G. , De Angelis E. , Frohnapfel B. , Baevsky M. , Liberzon A.
Published: July 2017

We study the physics of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) of an isolated turbulent region in dilute polymer solutions and Newtonian fluids. We designed an experimental setup of a turbulent patch growing in water/dilute polymer solutions, without mean shear and far from the walls. The observations from the experiments are complemented and expanded by simulations performed using a localised homogeneous forcing to generate the turbulent front and the Finitely Extensible Elastic model with the Peterlin closure model for the polymer stress. The comparison, which shows that when Newtonian and viscoelastic TNTIs are fed by the same energy they behave in similar manner both in the experiments and in the simulations, permits to extend the applicability, on a qualitative basis, of single relaxation time polymer models also to turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces. From the detailed analysis offered by the numerical results, the alterations in the dynamics between strain and vorticity help understanding the mechanics of the polymer action on the TNTI without mean shear. The reduced vorticity stretching and increased vorticity compression terms are found to be due to the modified degrees of alignment between vorticity, polymer conformation tensor, and rate-of-strain tensor eigenvectors observed especially near the interface. These alignments at the smallest scales of the non-Newtonian turbulent flow lead to a reduced production of enstrophy and consequently to a reduced entrainment, which in this problem are seen as reduced advancement of a turbulent region.
Microdosimetry of electrons in liquid water using the low-energy models of Geant4
Authors: Kyriakou I. , Emfietzoglou D. , Ivanchenko V. , Bordage M. C. , Guatelli S. , Lazarakis P. , Tran H. N. , Incerti S.
Published: July 2017

The biological effects of ionizing radiation at the cellular level are frequently studied using the well-known formalism of microdosimetry, which provides a quantitative description of the stochastic aspects of energy deposition in irradiated media. Energy deposition can be simulated using Monte Carlo codes, some adopting a computationally efficient condensed-history approach, while others follow a more detailed track-structure approach. In this work, we present the simulation of microdosimetry spectra and related quantities (frequency-mean and dose-mean lineal energies) for incident monoenergetic electrons (50 eV–10 keV) in spheres of liquid water with dimensions comparable to the size of biological targets: base pairs (2 nm diameter), nucleosomes (10 nm), chromatin fibres (30 nm) and chromosomes (300 nm). Simulations are performed using the condensed-history low-energy physics models (“Livermore” and “Penelope”) and the track-structure Geant4-DNA physics models, available in the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. The spectra are compared and the influence of simulation parameters and different physics models, with emphasis on recent developments, is discussed, underlining the suitability of Geant4-DNA models for microdosimetry simulations. It is further shown that with an appropriate choice of simulation parameters, condensed-history transport may yield reasonable results for sphere sizes as small as a few tens of a nanometer.
Optimization of direct drive irradiation uniformity of cylindrical target
Authors: Tian Chao , Shan Lianqiang , Zhou Weimin , Liu Dongxiao , Bi Bi , Zhang Feng , Wang Weiwu , Yuan Zongqiang , Yang Lei , Gu Yuqiu , Zhang Baohan
Published: July 2017

The irradiation uniformity of a cylindrical target directly driven by laser beams has been considered, which is relevant for fast ignition electron-transport experiments. The laser intensity distribution on the cylindrical target surface is analyzed and optimized by applying the polar direct drive technique and adjusting the laser beam parameters. Moreover, the rotation of laser spot around its propagation axis is taken into consideration. A case study based on the SG-III prototype laser configuration is presented to demonstrate the optimization approach. The irradiation uniformity is reduced from 10% to 1.6% for perfectly balanced beams, and the effects of uncertainties in beam errors (power imbalance and pointing error) are also studied. Furthermore, differences in laser absorption with different incident angles are taken into account and the results show that highly uniform energy deposition can be achieved.
Bulk InAsSb with 0.1 eV bandgap on GaAs
Authors: Sarney W. L. , Svensson S. P. , Xu Y. , Donetsky D. , Belenky G.
Published: July 2017

We report on the growth of near-minimum bandgap (0.1 eV) bulk InAs0.54Sb0.46 on GaAs with pronounced photoluminescence. Combining strain-mediating techniques effectively manages the ∼10% lattice mismatch. An interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array allows a GaAs substrate and a GaSb buffer layer to act as a direct substitute for a conventional GaSb substrate. We further increase the lattice constant with a linearly graded metamorphic buffer layer of AlGaInSb, upon which we grow an AlInSb virtual substrate with the targeted lattice constant of the active InAsSb region. We observe that the graded buffer not only manages the mismatch between GaSb and InAsSb but also reduces the density of residual threading dislocations from the GaSb/GaAs IMF by a factor of ∼10×. Material characterization demonstrates the viability of using the coupled approach of metamorphic, graded buffers and IMF arrays to manage the large lattice mismatch between the substrate and the mixed group V ternary InAsSb.
Striations in electronegative capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasmas: Effects of the pressure, voltage, and electrode gap
Authors: Liu Yong-Xin , Korolov Ihor , Schüngel Edmund , Wang You-Nian , Donkó Zoltán , Schulze Julian
Published: July 2017

Capacitively coupled radio-frequency (CCRF) CF4 plasmas have been found to exhibit a self-organized striated structure at operating conditions, where the plasma is strongly electronegative and the ion-ion plasma in the bulk region (largely composed of CF3+ and F– ions) resonates with the excitation frequency. In this work, we explore the effects of the gas pressure, the RF voltage, and the electrode gap on this striated structure by phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy and particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions simulations. The measured electronic excitation patterns at different external parameters show a good general agreement with the spatio-temporal plots of the ionization rate obtained from the simulations. For a fixed driving frequency, the minima of the CF3+ or F– ion densities (between the density peaks in the bulk) are comparable and independent of other external parameters. However, the ion density maxima generally increase as a function of the pressure or RF voltage, leading to the enhanced spatial modulation of plasma parameters. The striation gap (defined as the distance between two ion density peaks) is approximately inversely proportional to the pressure, while it exhibits a weak dependence on the RF voltage and the electrode gap. A transition between the striated and non-striated modes can be observed by changing either the pressure or the RF voltage; for 13.56 and 18 MHz driving frequencies, we present a phase diagram as a function of the pressure and voltage amplitude parameters.
Injection of plasma plume into radio frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge
Authors: Guo Ying , Han Qianhan , Wang Xiaodong , Shi Jianjun
Published: July 2017

The influence of a high voltage sub-microsecond pulsed plasma plume on a radio frequency discharge at atmospheric pressure is studied experimentally. The discharge characteristics and dynamics of pulsed discharge and radio frequency discharge are characterized in terms of voltage and current waveforms and spatio-temporal evolution of discharge. It is found that the plasma bullet generated by pulsed discharge can inject into the radio frequency discharge region with the average travelling speed of 70 km/s. The radio frequency discharge intensity is elevated to be 3 times higher as the plasma bullet penetrating the interelectrode gap of radio frequency discharge. The enhancement is attributed to the injection of energetic electrons by the plasma bullet, which is demonstrated by the temporal evolution of discharge image intensity and optical emission spectroscopy intensity.
Structural characteristics of the shock-induced boundary layer separation extended to the leading edge
Authors: Tao Y. , Liu W. D. , Fan X. Q. , Zhao Y. L.
Published: July 2017

For a better understanding of the local unstart of supersonic/hypersonic inlet, a series of experiments has been conducted to investigate the shock-induced boundary layer separation extended to the leading edge. Using the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering, we recorded the fine structures of these interactions under different conditions and paid more attention to their structural characteristics. According to their features, these interactions could be divided into four types. Specifically, Type A wave pattern is similar to the classic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, and Type B wave configuration consists of an overall Mach reflection above the large scale separation bubble. Due to the gradual decrease in the size of the separation bubble, the separation bubble was replaced by several vortices (Type C wave pattern). Besides, for Type D wave configuration which exists in the local unstart inlet, there appears to be some flow spillage around the leading edge.
Effects of Sm doping content on the ionic conduction of CeO2 in SOFCs from first principles
Authors: Fu Zhaoming , Sun Qian , Ma Dongwei , Zhang Na , An Yipeng , Yang Zongxian
Published: July 2017

Sm-doping effects on ionic conduction of the CeO2 electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are investigated using the first-principles calculations. We focus on the influence of the Sm content on ionic conductivity in Sm-doped ceria (SDC). In previous studies, the Sm-doping effects are attributed to the increase in the oxygen vacancies induced by Sm3+. However, our investigations reveal that Sm doping contents play multiple roles in affecting the ionic conductivity. First, the activity of oxygen migration can be controlled by the Sm concentration. Second, the association energy between the dopant and oxygen vacancies, which is very important for O conductivity in SDC, can also be tuned by changing the dopant content. In addition, oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions will significantly modify the band structures of SDC. Our work is helpful to understand the mechanism of high ionic conductivity in the electrolyte of Sm-doped ceria in SOFCs.
X-ray diffraction measurements of plasticity in shock-compressed vanadium in the region of 10–70 GPa
Authors: Foster J. M. , Comley A. J. , Case G. S. , Avraam P. , Rothman S. D. , Higginbotham A. , Floyd E. K. R. , Gumbrell E. T. , Luis J. J. D. , McGonegle D. , Park N. T. , Peacock L. J. , Poulter C. P. , Suggit M. J. , Wark J. S.
Published: July 2017

We report experiments in which powder-diffraction data were recorded from polycrystalline vanadium foils, shock-compressed to pressures in the range of 10–70 GPa. Anisotropic strain in the compressed material is inferred from the asymmetry of Debye-Scherrer diffraction images and used to infer residual strain and yield strength (residual von Mises stress) of the vanadium sample material. We find residual anisotropic strain corresponding to yield strength in the range of 1.2 GPa–1.8 GPa for shock pressures below 30 GPa, but significantly less anisotropy of strain in the range of shock pressures above this. This is in contrast to our simulations of the experimental data using a multi-scale crystal plasticity strength model, where a significant yield strength persists up to the highest pressures we access in the experiment. Possible mechanisms that could contribute to the dynamic response of vanadium that we observe for shock pressures ≥30 GPa are discussed.
Liquid jet leaping from a free surface
Authors: Zou Jun , Lin Fangye , Ji Chen , Pan Min
Published: July 2017

We investigate the characteristics of a liquid jet ejected from an inclined tube, which is submerged immediately under a free surface. Jets are classified into three regimes: the curtain regime, transition regime, and column regime. In all regimes, the jet trajectories deviate from the standard projectile function. An important reason is that additive liquid is entrained from the bulk. The capillary force also contributes to the deviation in the curtain regime. Models are established to predict the horizontal distance that a jet travels above the free surface in the curtain regime and column regime.
Solute transport within grape berries inferred from the paramagnetic properties of manganese
Authors: Dean Ryan J. , Clarke Simon J. , Rogiers Suzy Y. , Stait-Gardner Timothy , Price William S.
Published: July 2017

Tracer compounds used for studying solute transport should ideally have identical functions and transport properties to the molecules they are designed to mimic. Unfortunately, the xylem-mobile tracer compounds currently used to infer solute transport mechanisms in botanical specimens such as the fruit of the grapevine, Vitis vinifera L., are typically xenobiotic and have difficulty exiting the xylem during berry ripening. Here it is demonstrated that the transport of paramagnetic Mn ions can be indirectly observed within the grape berry, using relaxation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mn ions from a 10 mM Mn chloride solution were taken up into the grape berry via the pedicel and moved through the peripheral vasculature before exiting into surrounding pericarp tissue. Mn did not exit evenly across the berry, implying that the berry xylem influences which sites Mn exits the vasculature ‘downstream’ of the berry pedicel. It was also found that when the cellular membranes of pericarp tissues were disrupted, the distribution of Mn through the pericarp tissue became noticeably more homogenous. This indicates that the cellular membranes of extra-vascular cells affect the spatial distribution of Mn across the berry extra-vascular pericarp tissue upon exiting the grape berry vasculature.
Crop and microbial responses to the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in Mediterranean wheat-cropping systems
Authors: Duncan Elliott G. , O’Sullivan Cathryn A. , Roper Margaret M. , Peoples Mark B. , Treble Karen , Whisson Kelley
Published: July 2017

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as 3,4,-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), are used to suppress the abundance of ammonia-oxidising micro-organisms responsible for nitrification. In agriculture, NIs are used to retain soil mineral nitrogen (N) as ammonium to minimise the risk of losses of N from agricultural soils. It is currently unclear whether DMPP-induced nitrification inhibition can prevent losses of N from the light soils prevalent across the main rain-fed cropping regions of Western Australia, or whether it can improve the productivity or N uptake by broadacre crops such as wheat. Herein, we report on a series of glasshouse and field studies that examined the effect of applications of DMPP in conjunction with urea (as ENTEC urea; Incitec Pivot, Melbourne, Vic., Australia) on: (1) soil nitrification rates; (2) the abundance of ammonia-oxidising bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA respectively); and (3) wheat performance (grain yield, protein content and N accumulation). A glasshouse study demonstrated that DMPP inhibited nitrification (for up to ~40 days after application) and reduced the abundance of AOB (by 50%), but had no effect on AOA abundance, wheat grain yield or protein content at any fertiliser N rate. Across six field experiments, DMPP also limited nitrification rates and reduced AOB abundance for approximately the first 40 days after application. However, by the end of the growing season, DMPP use had not increased soil mineral N resources or impaired AOB abundance compared with urea-only applications. In addition, DMPP had no effect on AOA abundance in any trial and did not improve crop performance in most trials.
Auditory cortex interneuron development requires cadherins operating hair-cell mechanoelectrical transduction
Authors: Libé-Philippot Baptiste , Michel Vincent , Boutet de Monvel Jacques , Le Gal Sébastien , Dupont Typhaine , Avan Paul , Métin Christine , Michalski Nicolas , Petit Christine
Published: July 2017

Significance

In early-onset genetic forms of deafness, deficits of the auditory sensory organ are sufficient to account for the hearing impairment. However, the possibility that intrinsic deficits of the auditory cortex (AC) coexist with the peripheral deficits is still unexplored. We show, in rodents and primates, that the cadherin-related proteins cdhr23 and cdhr15 are expressed by many interneuron precursors targeted specifically to the AC. A deficiency of either protein results in the failure of these interneuron precursors to enter the embryonic cortex and in abnormally small numbers of parvalbumin interneurons in the AC only. These findings should lead to an improvement of hearing rehabilitation strategies in patients and open up new genetic approaches for studying AC development and function.
L’analyse de corpus comparables en contexte de formation en traduction
Authors: Cennamo Ilaria
Published: July 2017

Dans le présent article, nous évoquerons trois dénominateurs communs entre processus traductionnel et processus rédactionnel issus de l’Analyse du Discours (AD). Notre but est de montrer l’intérêt pédagogique d’une formation (en traduction tout comme en rédaction) basée sur l’analyse de corpus. En raison des objectifs spécifiques de notre recherche post-doctorale, nous nous concentrerons tout particulièrement sur l’intérêt lié à l’adoption de corpus comparables en tant qu’instruments pour une analyse discursive appliquée à la traduction, centrée notamment sur le rapport entre production langagière et expression d’une identité culturelle.
Increasing desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in fresh beef intramuscular fat.
Authors: Vahmani P. , Rolland D. C. , Mapiye C. , Dunne P. G. , Aalhus J. L. , Juarez M. , McAllister T. A. , Prieto N. , Dugan M. E. R.
Published: July 2017

Beef is an excellent source of protein, B vitamins and trace minerals and can be an important source of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated (PUFA) and other bioactive fatty acids such as vaccenic acid (VA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). However, beef consumption has been declining mainly due to concerns over its saturated fat content. Despite generalizations about beef fat, fatty acid analyses of retail beef suggests that lean beef falls within dietary recommendations for fat intake (total and saturated), can be a rich source of heart healthy
cis
-monounsaturated fatty acids and has a low n6-/n3-PUFA ratio. Since the 1970s, numerous attempts have been made to increase the PUFA content of beef, particularly n-3 PUFA and to further increase the content of VA and CLA. This has been mainly done by feeding cattle PUFA rich sources such as fresh forage (pasture), conserved forage, oil seeds, plant or marine oils or their combinations. The main challenge when trying to enrich beef with PUFA has been their extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen resulting in limited deposition compared with monogastrics (e.g. pigs and chickens). To address this, several techniques to protect PUFA against ruminal biohydrogenation or to reduce the extent of biohydrogenation have been investigated including different methods of feed processing, encapsulation of oil inside a microbial resistant protein matrix (e.g. formaldehyde-treated protein), chemical modification of fatty acids (calcium salts or amides) or protection using plant secondary metabolites and enzymes. The present review examines the fatty acid composition of retail beef in relation to human health and evaluates the effectiveness of different feeding strategies and possibilities for future improvement in the content of healthful fatty acids in beef, specifically vaccenic, rumenic and omega-3 fatty acids.
Price Dynamics in Biological Production Processes Exposed to Environmental Shocks
Authors: Asche Frank , Oglend Atle , Selland Kleppe Tore
Published: July 2017

This paper demonstrates a mechanism by which environmental shocks in biological production processes can lead to extreme price movements and thus be a contributing factor to short‐term food price volatility. In biological production processes, environmental shocks can lead to a stock‐out when the harvest transitions to a new stock (year class) with a different marginal value. The result in the market is a temporary price spike, or bubble, bounded by the marginal value of the new stock. We highlight this phenomenon in a cohort, or year class, biological production setting. Each year class in the model is a finite “non‐renewable” capital stock, and capital theory is used to solve for the stochastic dynamic competitive equilibrium. The model is parameterized to be representative of the Norwegian salmon aquaculture industry. Results suggest that the model can replicate much of the observed patterns in price, harvest, and capital stock dynamics, including the infrequent occurrence of extremely high prices in the market.
Analysis of evidence in international criminal trials using Bayesian Belief Networks
Authors: McDermott Yvonne , Aitken Colin
Published: July 2017

This article demonstrates how different actors in international criminal trials could utilise Bayesian Networks (‘Bayes Nets’), which are graphical models of the probabilistic relationships between hypotheses and pieces of evidence. We argue that Bayes Nets are potentially useful in both the examination of international criminal judgments and the processes of trial preparation and fact-finding before international criminal tribunals. With the use of a practical case study based on a completed case from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), we illustrate how Bayes Nets could be used by international criminal tribunals to strengthen judges' confidence in their findings, to assist lawyers in preparing for trial, and to provide a tool for the assessment of international criminal tribunals' factual findings.
Commentary: Treatment Considerations for Patients With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases in the Era of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Vaca Silvia Daniela , Connolly Ian David , Ho Clement , Neal Joel , Hayden Gephart Melanie
Published: July 2017

Brain metastasis is a serious complication of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) affecting up to 40% of NSCLC patients. A subset of NSCLC tumors has mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, and determination of tumor EGFR mutation status is essential in guiding treatment decisions, as it directly affects the treatment approach. Patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC have a higher cumulative incidence of brain metastases, and are especially sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Patients with newly diagnosed EGFR-mutated lung cancer presenting to a neurosurgeon with a new diagnosis of brain metastases now have a variety of treatment options available, including whole brain radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and targeted therapeutics such as the EGFR TKIs. In this review, we discuss the impact of EGFR mutation status on brain and leptomeningeal metastasis treatment considerations. Additionally, we present clinical cases of patients treated with EGFR TKIs alone and in combination with other therapies to highlight treatment alternatives.
Bone Accrual in Children and Adolescent Nonelite Swimmers: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Collins Andy C. , Ward Kenneth D. , McClanahan Barbara S. , Slawson Deborah L. , Vukadinovich Christopher , Mays Kamra E. , Wilson Nancy , Relyea George
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To examine differences in bone mass between children and adolescents swimming competitively at nonelite levels (locally and regionally) and nonathletes and to assess changes in bone mass in these 2 groups over 24 months after taking into consideration several known confounders of bone mass.

Design:

Observational prospective study.

Participants:

White nonelite swimmers (n = 128) and nonathletes (n = 106) 8 to 18 years of age from Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Main Outcome Measures:

Participants underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to assess total body and hip bone mineral content (BMC) at baseline and 12 and 24 months later.

Results:

At baseline, swimmers had 4.2% and 6.1% higher adjusted BMC for the total body and hip, respectively, compared with nonathletes (P values < 0.027). Averaging across assessment points, swimmers had 73.5 and 2.2 g higher BMC for the total body and hip, respectively, than nonathletes. Although there was a significant annual increase in total body and hip BMC in both groups (33.5 and 0.7 g, respectively), there was no difference in annualized bone accrual between swimmers and nonathletes for either total body BMC (swim by time effect; P = 0.213) or hip BMC (P = 0.265).

Conclusions:

Competitive swimming at nonelite levels during childhood and adolescence does not seem to compromise bone accrual.
Chordoid Glioma: A Neoplasm Found in the Anterior Part of the Third Ventricle
Authors: Yang Dianxu , Xu Zhiming , Qian Zhongrun , Wang Lili , Nie Quanmin , Ge Jianwei , Qiu Yongming , Wang Guisong
Published: July 2017

Chordoid glioma is a rare low-grade tumor that originates almost exclusively in the anterior part of the third ventricle. The diagnosis and treatment of the tumor remain controversial. In this article, the authors present a novel case of chordoid glioma of the third ventricle. The patient was treated with less invasive microsurgery followed by low-dose gamma knife radiosurgery. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a decrease in tumor size and necrosis in the central region of the tumor, without significant complications at follow-up 14 months later. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that less invasive microsurgical resection followed by low-dose gamma knife radiosurgery is safe and effective for the treatment of chordoid glioma of the third ventricle.
Relationship Between Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Non–Human Papillomavirus Pap Smear Abnormalities
Authors: Menhaji Kimia , Harvie Heidi S. , Cheston Emily , Levin Pamela J. , Arya Lily A. , Andy Uduak U.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the association between pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and non–human papillomavirus (HPV) Papanicolaou (Pap) smear abnormalities.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of women aged 40 to 70 years who presented for consultation at our institution between 2010 and 2015 and had results of a Pap smear and HPV test available within 5 years of their visit. We extracted demographic information, medical and social history, Pap smear, and HPV results from the electronic medical record. Associations between the presence of POP and non-HPV Pap smear abnormalities were estimated using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results

We reviewed 1590 charts and excluded 980 women, leaving 610 women in the study: 183 with POP and 427 without POP. Women with POP were significantly older (58.2 ± 7.2 vs 55.6 ± 6.6, P < 0.01) and more likely to have a remote (>10 year) history of abnormal Pap smear (24.0% vs 14.8%, P < 0.01). The rate of non–HPV-associated abnormal Pap smears was higher in the POP group than in the non-POP group (12/183 [6.6%] vs 12/427 [2.8%], P = 0.029). In the POP group, the rate of non-HPV Pap smear abnormality was significantly associated with increasing prolapse stage (stage 1: 0/16 [0%], stage 2: 5/77 [6.5%], stage 3: 3/73 [4.1%], stage 4: 4/17 [23.5%]; P = 0.02). After controlling for age and remote history of abnormal Pap smear, the odds ratio for non-HPV Pap smear abnormalities in the POP group remained significant (2.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–5.79).

Conclusions

Human papillomavirus–negative Pap smear abnormalities may be related to POP. Our findings have important implications for surgeons seeking to leave the cervix in situ in women with POP.
Cadmium Disrupts Vestibular Function by Interfering with Otolith Formation
Authors: Green Adrian J. , Mattingly Carolyn J. , Planchart Antonio
Published: July 2017

Cadmium (Cd2+) is a transition metal found ubiquitously in the earth’s crust and is extracted in the production of other metals such as copper, lead, and zinc1,2. Human exposure to Cd2+occurs through food consumption, cigarette smoking, and the combustion of fossil fuels. Cd2+has been shown to be nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and osteotoxic, and is a known carcinogen. Animal studies and epidemiological studies have linked prenatal Cd2+exposure to hyperactivity and balance disorders although the mechanisms remain unknown. In this study we show that zebrafish developmentally exposed to Cd2+exhibit abnormal otolith development and show an increased tendency to swim in circles, observations that are consistent with an otolith-mediated vestibular defect, in addition to being hyperactive. We also demonstrate that the addition of calcium rescues otolith malformation and reduces circling behavior but has no ameliorating effect on hyperactivity, suggesting that hyperactivity and balance disorders in human populations exposed to Cd are manifestations of separate underlying molecular pathways.