bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Stress Resilience: A Study on Stress Management Strategies among Students at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Authors: Okoro E. P.
Published: May 2024

The study investigated stress management among students of Delta State University Abraka, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population which served as sample of the study comprised 982 final year students of the faculty of education and faculty of social sciences. There was no sampling since the population was manageable. An 88-item questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The questionnaire contained two parts: part A had 4 items of demographic variables of respondents – Name of faculty, department, sex and age. Part B contained 85 items based on the three Research Questions: 1 contained 34 items, 2 contained 27 items and 3 contained 24 items. The questionnaire was structured on a 4-point scale of responses: Very High Extent 4-points, High Extent 3-points, Low Extent 2-points, Very Low Extent 1-point. There was face and content validity of the instrument. To ensure internal consistency of the instrument, 155 copies of the questionnaire were administered to final year students at the Kwara State University, Malete. The data collected were subjected to Cronbach alpha which yielded the following reliability coefficient results: 1(r=0.93), 2(r=0.90) and 3(r=0.88). A total of 1024 copies of the questionnaire were administered. 982 copies were fully completed and returned giving a 91.32% rate of return. The study took a period of six weeks. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviations. All the findings are to a High Extent for causes of stress, effect of stress and stress management strategies among students of Delta State University, Abraka. Among the stress management strategies identified are learning security, adequate counselling services and avoiding of unnecessary competitions. It was recommended among others that students workload should be reduced, universities should give students access to free periodic medical examination, student should be involved in decision making and government should aid the universities to provide adequate learning facilities to reduce stress.
Search for Local Food Supplements: Study of the Nutritional Value of 15 Plant Species from Niger
Authors: Ide Soumana Sourounda , Maazou Mahamane Sabiou Sani , Sangare Saadatou Alkassoum , Salissou Maman Mahaman , Yatta Almoustapha Théodore , Hachimou Mahamane Djika , Ousseini Garba dit Gado Halidou , Alio Almou Abdoulaye , Seini Sabo Haoua , Yaovi Ameyapoh
Published: May 2024

In Niger, the prevalence of malnutrition and mortality linked to undernutrition among Nigerien children under 5 years of age remains high and constitutes a major concern for public authorities. However, the country is teeming with significant biodiversity that could help combat high levels of undernutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of 15 plant species of which 17 samples were taken as potential complementary foods. The water, ash, lipids, protein and cellulose content were determined. Carbohydrate content and energy density were calculated. Biochemical characterization of the sampled foods showed that Glycine max seeds were richer in protein (36.39%). Neocarya macrophylla almond has a relatively high lipid content (60.75%) and cellulose content (26.74%). The pulp of Hyphaene thebaica was rich in mineral elements (7.16%). The tuber of Ipomoea batatas (95.25%) and the pulp of Neocarya macrophylla (93.01%) contained sufficient carbohydrates, and the humidity was found to be higher specifically in the cereal (Pennisetum glaucum) and the tuber of Borassus aethiopum with rates of 6.72% and 5.70 %, respectively. In addition, a positive and significant correlation was observed on the one hand between the cellulose content and that of proteins and lipids and between the protein and lipid levels. In contrast, the correlation between carbohydrate levels and those of proteins and lipids was negative and very significant. The results confirm that pulps and kernels of fruits, legumes, tubers, and cereals can be incorporated into numerous preparations intended for children to supplement their diet.
Effect of Fruit Harvest Time on the Nutritional and Agronomic Quality of Oleaginous Citrullus lanatus Seeds
Authors: Philippe Eba Krou , Bertin Yao Koffi , Martin Dje Kouakou , Georges Amani N’guessan
Published: May 2024

Oilseeds of Citrullus lanatus are highly prized in African societies for their nutritional and socio-economic importance. In an attempt to improve their yield, remaining very low mainly due to lack of good nutritive and germinative quality seeds, the effect of fruit harvest time was studied. After growing plants of ʺwlêwlêʺ cultivar on Nangui Abrogoua University experimental site, fruits were harvested at six different times [15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days after anthesis (DAA)] then fermented to produce seeds for germination test concerning agronomic aspect and biochemical analysis for nutritional quality. Agronomically, results showed that delaying harvest time (from 15 to 40 DAA) significantly (P < 0.001) improved fruit weight (from 512.20 to 760.50 g) and their seed content (from 71.75 to 230.70 seeds/fruit), as well as size (from 10.69 to 11.42 mm) and weight (from 5.16 to 6.37 g) of dry seeds what lead to their optimum viability (89.50%). Nutritionally, apart from ash which didn’t vary, C. lanatus seeds reached their highest levels of flavonoids (0.03 mg/100g) and tannins (0.022 mg/100g) at 15 DAA, followed by protein (30.66%), lipids (56.60%) and vitamin C (2.25 mg/100g DM) ones at 35 days while dehydrating to reach the lowest moisture content (5.51%). Hence, this variety seeds reach their nutritional maturity earlier, already at 35 DAA, while their optimal germination quality occurs later at 40 DAA.
Structure and Floristic Composition of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Allahabad District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Umrao Rajiv , Mehera B. , Kumar Hemant
Published: May 2024

The study on the Structure and Floristic Composition of Agroforestry Systems was conducted in the agricultural fields of Kashari village (site-I) and Korihar village (site-II) in Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India, from 2008 to 2010. Quantitative characteristics of the vegetation were assessed using the quadrat method. Floristic diversity was examined through random sampling, with 20 quadrats of 10m x 10m each. Parameters such as density, frequency, abundance, Importance Value Index (IVI), species diversity, dominance concentration, species richness, equitability, and beta diversity were analyzed through basic arithmetic calculations for comparing different agroforestry systems. In each site, 20 quadrats of 10m x 10m were established to observe trees and shrubs. The vegetative structure of trees and shrubs in each site was evaluated for frequency, density, and abundance using expressions formulated by Curtis and McIntosh in 1950. The dominant tree species observed in both study sites was Acacia nilotica. Kashari site exhibited superior values in terms of Concentration of Dominance (Simpson Index), Equitability, Beta diversity, and Species diversity. However, Korihar site showed higher species richness.
Revolutionizing Crop Nutrition: Exploring Nano Fertilizers in Agriculture
Authors: Jithendar Bajjurla , Kumar Rajesh , Rana Navjot
Published: May 2024

Nutrients that have been coated or encapsulated in nanomaterials to allow for regulated release and gradual soil dispersion are known as nano fertilizers. These compounds release nutrients more slowly than the commonly used bulk fertilizers, these release nutrients that are required by plants in slow process to prevent the leaching of the nutrients. The macro elements like Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are very important to plant for growth and development. Secondary nutrients like Sulphur, Calcium and Magnesium play an important role in plants like enzyme production, plant internal development, and to get good yield. Micronutrients play an important role in maintaining plants internally. The bulk application of fertilizers leads to soil, water, and environmental pollution. The application of nano fertilizers as a foliar spray increases the absorption of nutrients and decreases environmental pollution. Nano fertilizers reduce the use of conventional bulk fertilizers, therefore reduces the production cost to growers. These are very slow release in nature so maximum nutrients are absorbed by plants. These are very highly reactive in nature so sometimes causes phytotoxicity when excess amount is applied to plant than the recommended amount. The application of nano fertilizers presents a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture, offering benefits such as controlled nutrient release, improved crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. While challenges such as phytotoxicity and dosage control must be addressed, nano fertilizers hold great potential as a transformative solution to enhance agricultural productivity while mitigating environmental degradation.
Boron Impact on Maize Growth and Yield: A Review
Authors: Haque Md. Anowarul
Published: May 2024

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital crop, contributing significantly—at least 30%—to global dietary energy intake and biofuels and ethanol production. This review article delves into the dynamic interplay between boron (B) and maize growth, yield, and agricultural sustainability. Boron, a crucial micronutrient, is pivotal in essential physiological processes such as root development, leaf expansion, and cob formation. These processes are fundamental for ensuring the vigour and productivity of maize crops. Conversely, boron deficiency manifests as thinner leaves with reduced chlorophyll content, compromising plant health, and hindering yield potential. Maintaining adequate boron levels, particularly during reproductive stages, is critical for mitigating the risk of abnormal ears and maximizing the quantity and quality of maize production. Emerging research underscores the significance of foliar boron application at various growth stages of maize, which stimulates growth, facilitates cell wall development, and increases leaf area. This translates to improved light interception and photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately contributing to increased plant vigour and biomass accumulation. Furthermore, exploring innovative approaches for sustainable boron management is crucial. This includes precision fertilization techniques and biofortification strategies to ensure optimal maize production while minimizing environmental impacts. By gaining a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between boron and maize, farmers can develop customized fertilization plans that utilize strategic foliar boron application. This approach unlocks maize's full yield potential and contributes to sustainable agricultural practices, supporting global food security.
Modification of Jordanian Zeolite as Slow-release Fertilizers and Soil Conditioner
Authors: Al-Balawna Zohuir A. , Abu-Abdoun Ideisan I.
Published: May 2024

Zeolites are alumina- silicate minerals that can lose, absorb water and various ions and gases. Grinned zeolites rock is treated with selected natural material and used as environmentally friendly slow release fertilizer and found to improvement physical and chemical properties of soil. This natural mixture product can release slowly important salts of phosphate (PO4 2−) and sulphate         (SO 4-) of the elements: potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca 2+), Magnesium (Mg 2+), iron (Fe3+), Zinc (Zn 2+), Manganese (Mn 2+), Copper (Cu 2+) in the zeolites porous structure which is expected to release nutrients and even micronutrients leaching throughout crop growth and  improve soil fertility and water use efficiency.
To the grinded zeolite rocks having sizes from 0 - 4.0 mm four selected materials were added to produce an efficient slow release fertilizer named modified Zeolite, which is evaluated as fertilizer and soil conditioner for selected plants in this study, and there use found to reduce both the amount of chemical fertilizer, and irrigation water consumption, increase in plant growth in terms of quality and quantity was reported, another aspect is a decrease in the soil pH and electron conductivity upon using the prepared modified Zeolite.
Effect of Nano Zinc Supplementation on Haemato-Biochemical Profile in Assam Hill Goat
Authors: Deori Dipika , Dutta Lakshya Jyoti , Bhuyan Manjyoti , Borpuzari Dhrubajyoti , Bora Durlav Prasad , Deka Raju
Published: May 2024

The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of nano zinc (NZn) as feed supplementation on haematological and biochemical profile of Assam Hill Goat. A total of 24 numbers of 7 days post kidding doe, 2nd to 3rd pariety maintained at Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Burnihat, India were used as experimental animal and divided into one control and three treatment groups each comprising 6 animals. Control group of animals were fed with basal diet without zinc supplementation, treatment 1 group with 25 mg NZn, treatment 2 group with 35 mg NZn and treatment 3 group with 50 mg NZn/kg concentrate mixture with basal diet for a period of three months. Blood was collected from each doe upto 3 months before treatment, fortnightly thereafter and on the day of oestrus. Results indicated that supplementation of nano zinc had no effect on haematological parameter. However, among other biochemical parameter studied, serum zinc level varied significantly (P<0.01) among the groups. The serum zinc level was found to be higher in NZn-50 mg as compared to control, NZn-25 and NZn-35 mg. Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were higher (P<0.01) in 25 mg and 35 mg NZn/kg concentrate mixture supplemented diets as compared to the group fed with 50 mg NZn/kg concentrate mixture and control. Serum progesterone level varied significantly (P<0.01) on day 84th of observations in T-2 and T-3 groups whereas serum estrogen level did not differ significantly among the group.
Securing the Digital Frontier: Strategies for Cloud Computing Security, Database Protection, and Comprehensive Penetration Testing
Authors: Igwenagu Udochukwu ThankGod Ikechukwu , Salami Abidemi Ayodotun , Arigbabu Abayomi Shamsudeen , Mesode Cassandra Esambe , Oladoyinbo Tunbosun Oyewale , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji
Published: May 2024

This research paper explores the effectiveness of integrated cybersecurity strategies, focusing on the amalgamation of cloud computing security, database protection, and penetration testing into a unified risk management framework. The primary aim is to evaluate how such integration impacts the overall cybersecurity posture of organizations, offering insights into mitigating cyber threats, unauthorized access, and data breaches. Employing a survey-based methodology, the study gathered data from 365 professionals across cloud computing, database administration, and cybersecurity fields. Through descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the research explored the interrelations between various cybersecurity strategies and their collective influence on organizational resilience against cyber threats. The findings underscore the significant benefits of a holistic cybersecurity approach, revealing that penetration testing, robust database security measures, and strict adherence to cloud computing security requirements significantly reduce vulnerabilities and incidents of data breaches. Moreover, the study established that a unified risk management framework substantially enhances an organization's cybersecurity posture, highlighting the critical role of integrated security measures in fostering organizational resilience. The research confirms the hypothesis that incorporating cybersecurity strategies across different domains leads to a synergistic enhancement of security defenses, offering a more robust mechanism against the multifaceted nature of cyber threats. In conclusion, the study advocates for the adoption of a comprehensive, integrated approach to cybersecurity, emphasizing regular penetration testing, stringent database security protocols, and adherence to cloud computing security standards as essential components of a robust cybersecurity framework. This approach not only mitigates the risk of cyber threats but  also strengthens organizational resilience, ensuring a secure digital environment for future challenges.
Fostering a Love for Reading among 9th Grade Students at Gomtu Higher Secondary School, 2022
Authors: Rinzin Gembo
Published: May 2024

In today's digital era, cultivating a reading habit has become increasingly rare among students, leading to a decline in their reading skills. Despite the significance of reading habits, many Bhutanese students remain unaware of their importance. This research paper addresses the need to nurture a love for reading among 9th grade students at Gomtu Higher Secondary School. Utilizing observation, survey questionnaires, and interviews as data collection tools, the study first assesses the current situation through pre-data collection. Subsequently, interventions such as situation analysis, guided reading sessions, book review compilations, book talks, and reader's theatre are implemented. Post-data collection is then conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. The findings reveal that students develop reading habits when provided with opportunities to choose books based on their interests. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of offering a diverse range of reading materials to stimulate student interest, highlighting the pivotal role of the school library in this regard. The study also identifies significant improvements in students' daily reading habits post-intervention, with 25.8% strongly agreeing and 48.4% agreeing to engage in daily reading practices, compared to 11.3% strongly disagreeing and 46.8% disagreeing during the preliminary phase. Moreover, 35.5% of students strongly agreed, and 38.7% agreed to read out of curiosity after the interventions, compared to 9.7% strongly agreeing and 35.5% agreeing during pre-intervention. Practical suggestions drawn from the study include tailoring book selections to individual interests, empowering students with autonomy in choosing reading materials, and optimizing the school library to provide a diverse range of genres and enjoyable reading materials. These findings emphasize the significance of fostering a love for reading among students and offer actionable insights to promote literacy initiatives effectively.
Ultralow Dielectric Constant Tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane Films Deposited by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD)
Authors: Trujillo Nathan J. , Wu Qingguo , Gleason Karen K.
Published: January 2010

Simultaneous improvement of mechanical properties and lowering of the dielectric constant occur when films grown from the cyclic monomer tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4D4) via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) are thermally cured in air. Clear signatures from silsesquioxane cage structures in the annealed films appear in the Fourier transform IR (1140 cm−1) and Raman (1117 cm−1) spectra. The iCVD method consumes an order of magnitude lower power density than the traditional plasma‐enhanced CVD, thus preserving the precursor's delicate ring structure and organic substituents in the as‐deposited films. The high degree of structural retention in the as‐deposited film allows for the beneficial formation of intrinsically porous silsesquioxane cages upon annealing in air. Complete oxidation of the silicon creates ‘Q’ groups, which impart greater hardness and modulus to the films by increasing the average connectivity number of the film matrix beyond the percolation of rigidity. The removal of labile hydrocarbon moieties allows for the oxidation of the as‐deposited film while simultaneously inducing porosity. This combination of events avoids the typical trade‐off between improved mechanical properties and higher dielectric constants. Films annealed at 410 °C have a dielectric constant of 2.15, and a hardness and modulus of 0.78 and 5.4 GPa, respectively. The solvent‐less and low‐energy nature of iCVD make it attractive from an environmental safety and health perspective.
Engineering Carbon Materials from the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Biomass
Authors: Hu Bo , Wang Kan , Wu Liheng , Yu Shu‐Hong , Antonietti Markus , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: January 2010

Energy shortage, environmental crisis, and developing customer demands have driven people to find facile, low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and nontoxic routes to produce novel functional materials that can be commercialized in the near future. Amongst various techniques, the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process of biomass (either of isolated carbohydrates or crude plants) is a promising candidate for the synthesis of novel carbon‐based materials with a wide variety of potential applications. In this Review, we will discuss various synthetic routes towards such novel carbon‐based materials or composites via the HTC process of biomass. Furthermore, factors that influence the carbonization process will be analyzed and the special chemical/physical properties of the final products will be discussed. Despite the lack of a clear mechanism, these novel carbonaceous materials have already shown promising applications in many fields such as carbon fixation, water purification, fuel cell catalysis, energy storage, CO2 sequestration, bioimaging, drug delivery, and gas sensors. Some of the most promising examples will also be discussed here, demonstrating that the HTC process can rationally design a rich family of carbonaceous and hybrid functional carbon materials with important applications in a sustainable fashion.
Interfacial properties of chitosan and nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether
Authors: Huang Su‐Mei , Hwang Jiunn‐Jer , Lin Li‐Huei , Liu Hsin‐Jiant , Yeh Tsung‐Che
Published: January 2010

Nonylphenols are water‐soluble surfactants that are used extensively in industry and are found in many consumer products. Nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (known commercially as TX‐100), which is one of the most popular members of this family, has a detrimental effect on the environment. Adding chitosan to a solution of TX‐100 reduces the amount of surfactant required while maintaining its surface activity. We evaluated the interfacial properties, including the surface tension, contact angle, and particle size, as well as the fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectra of various test solutions prepared from three stock solutions: (1) chitosan dissolved in dilute acetic acid, (2) TX‐100 dissolved in deionized water, and (3) a mixed chitosan/TX‐100 solution. Previous results revealed that low concentrations of TX‐100 are relatively harmless to the environment; in this study, we found that its surface activity at a higher concentration was equal to that of its chemical mixture with chitosan. In addition, we found that the presence of chitosan improved the stability of emulsions of TX‐100. The micellar particles were small, and the stability of the emulsion was maximized at a TX‐100 to chitosan ratio of 7 : 3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Degradation of poly(butylene terephthalate) in different supercritical alcohol solvents
Authors: Yang Junhe , Huang Jie , Chyu Minking K. , Wang Qing‐Ming , Xiong Danliu , Zhu Zibin
Published: January 2010

Reactions were carried out in a batch autoclave reactor. Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and different alcohol solvents were used in the vessel. The reaction products were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Alcoholysis of PBT occurred in supercritical methanol, ethanol, and propanol, and we obtained dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), diethyl terephthalate (DET), and dipropyl terephthalate (DPT), respectively. The conversion of PBT at different temperatures showed similar trends but different degradation degrees. The reactivity for the alcoholysis of PBT in supercritical methanol was much higher than those in supercritical ethanol and propanol. DMT and 1,4‐butanediol obtained from the depolymerization of PBT in supercritical methanol reached 98.5 and 72.3%, respectively, at 583 K for 75 min. The yield of DET reached 76% for 75 min. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Rheological evaluation of the isothermal cure characteristics of medical grade silicone elastomers
Authors: McConville Christopher , Andrews Gavin P. , Laverty Thomas P. , Woolfson A. David , Malcolm R. Karl
Published: January 2010

Silicone elastomer systems have been shown to offer potential for the fabrication of medical devices and sustained release drug delivery devices comprising low molecular weight drugs and protein therapeutics. For drug delivery systems in particular, there is often no clear rationale for selection of the silicone elastomer grade, particularly in respect of optimizing the manufacturing conditions to ensure thermal stability of the active agent and short cycle times. In this study, the cure characteristics of a range of addition‐cure and condensation‐cure, low‐consistency, implant‐grade silicone elastomers, either as supplied or loaded with the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the model hydrophilic excipient glycine, were investigated using oscillatory rheology with a view to better understanding the isothermal cure characteristics. The results demonstrate the influence of elastomer type, cure temperature, protein loading, and glycine loading on isothermal cure properties. By measuring the cure time required to achieve tan delta values representative of early and late‐stage cure conditions, a ratio t1/t2 was defined that allowed the cure characteristics of the various systems to be compared. Sustained in vitro release of BSA from glycine‐loaded silicone elastomer covered rod devices was also demonstrated over 14 days. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of microcapsules containing capsaicin
Authors: Jincheng Wang , Sihao Chen
Published: January 2010

With urea‐formaldehyde (UF) resin as walls and capsaicin as core substances, microcapsules were prepared based on in situ polymerization process. The morphology and size distribution of the microcapsules were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy. The microcapsulated capsaicin (MC) agents had a mean diameter of about 30–50 μm. Moreover, the thermal properties of the MC agents were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. It was demonstrated that the melting point and thermal stability of the MC agents were greatly improved compared with that of the uncovered capsaicin, which were caused by the encapsulating crosslinked UF resin over the surface. The shell formation mechanism and the effects of the process conditions such as U/F ratio, shearing force, and acidification time on the particle size of the MC agents were discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of thermally conductive polystyrene/carbon nanotubes composites
Authors: Tu Haoming , Ye Lin
Published: January 2010

Thermally conductive polystyrene (PS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) nanocomposites was prepared through a simple solution‐evaporation method assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. To enhance the dispersion of MWNTs in PS, MWNTs were chemically functionalized with poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) (MWNT‐g‐SMA), which had benzene group and exhibited strong affinity with PS. The thermal conductive properties of PS increased and the mechanical properties decreased in presence of MWNTs, while by addition of MWNT‐g‐SMA, the properties of the composites can be improved to some extent. The thermal conductivity can reach 0.89 W/m K for the composite with 33.3 vol % MWNT‐g‐SMA, which was four times higher than that of neat PS. A linear increase of the thermal conductivity was observed with increasing MWNTs‐g‐SMA content, and the Maxwell–Eucken model and the Agari model were used for theoretical evaluation. Compared with MWNT‐OH, MWNT‐g‐SMA with larger diameter exhibited diffused boundary with the PS matrix, resulting from the strong interfacial bonding of the two phases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Evaluation of mechanical properties of polypropylene/polycarbonate/SEBS ternary polymer blends using Taguchi experimental analysis
Authors: Jazani O. Moini , Arefazar A. , Saeb M. R. , Ghaemi A.
Published: January 2010

In this work, ternary polymer blends based on polypropylene (PP)/polycarbonate (PC)/poly(styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene) (SEBS) triblock copolymer and a reactive maleic anhydride grafted SEBS (SEBS‐g‐MAH) at fixed compositions are prepared using twin‐screw extruder at different levels of die temperature (235‐245‐255°C), screw speed (70‐100‐130 rpm), and blending sequence (M1‐M2‐M3). In M1 procedure, all of the components are dry blended and extruded simultaneously using Brabender twin‐screw extruder, whereas in M2 procedure, PC, SEBS, and SEBS‐g‐MAH minor phases are first preblended in twin‐screw extruder and after granulating are added to PP continuous phase in twin‐screw extruder. Consequently, in M3 procedure, PP and SEBS‐g‐MAH are first preblended and then are extruded with other components. The influence of these parameters as processing conditions on mechanical properties of PP/PC/SEBS ternary blends is investigated using L9 Taguchi experimental design. The responding variables are impact strength and tensile properties (Young's modulus and yield stress), which are influenced by the morphology of ternary blend, and the results are used to perform the analysis of mean effect as well. It is shown that the resulted morphology, tensile properties, and impact strength are influenced by extrusion variables. Additionally, the optimum processing conditions of ternary PP/PC/SEBS blends were achieved via Taguchi analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Transparent magnesium hydroxide/acrylate nanocomposite films
Authors: Wriedt S. , Kaskel S.
Published: January 2010

Nanocrystalline Mg(OH)2 was synthesized using four different methods and the crystallite size was calculated from X‐ray powder diffraction patterns. For the stabilization of the particles in polymer dispersions, two different surface modifiers were used [poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) and 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane]. IR spectroscopy measurements show that the surface of the particles is covered with the surface modifiers rendering the particles dispersable in monomer solutions such as butanediol monoacrylate. The dispersions were polymerized into films of 100 μm thickness by addition of a UV initiator (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, Lucirin TPO) and a crosslinking agent (trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, Laromer TMPTA) between two glass plates by UV‐polymerization. The resulting films were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scratch resistance tests. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Performance of a newly developed hydrophilic additive blended with different ultrafiltration base polymers
Authors: Dang Huyen T. , Amelot Camille , Rana Dipak , Narbaitz Roberto M. , Matsuura Takeshi
Published: January 2010

The capability of modifying ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different base‐polymers using a newly synthesized hydrophilic additive was investigated in this study. Five typical base‐polymers were tested: cellulose acetate (CA), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The changes in characteristics and performance of the membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle analysis, and solute transport tests. It was found that the effect of the hydrophilic additive was different for each polymer. Higher additive contents resulted in higher permeation flux. A visible effect on water content and permeability was obtained but the impact was not shown clearly in contact angles, possibly the additive's concentration was not sufficiently high at the surface. In term of flux enhancement the PES and PVDF membranes benefited the most by the addition of the hydrophilic additive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The effect of pH and temperature on the dye sorption of wool powders
Authors: Wen G. , Cookson P.G. , Liu X. , Wang X.G.
Published: January 2010

The sorption behavior of wool powders for three acid dyes (C. I. Acid Red 88, C. I. Acid Red 13 and C. I. Acid Red 18) and a basic dye (methylene blue) was investigated as a function of pH and temperature. The sorption capacity of wool powders depends on the pH of dye solution. The maximum uptake of acid dyes and methylene blue by wool powders occurred at pH 2.5 and pH 7.5, respectively. The effect of pH on the sorption of the hydrophilic dyes (C. I. Acid Red 13 and C. I. Acid Red 18) was more significant than that of the uptake of the hydrophobic dye (C. I. Acid Red 88). Increasing temperature enhanced the dye sorption ability of coarse wool powders, but did not impact that of fine wool powders. The dye‐absorption models of wool powders agree with the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison to activated charcoal and other sorbents indicates that fine wool powders have excellent dye sorption capacity even at room temperature, and may be used as a potential sorbent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Applicability of nanofiltration for the advanced treatment of landfill leachate
Authors: Li Guodong , Wang Wei , Du Qiyun
Published: January 2010

Landfill leachates are generated from municipal solid waste landfills under the action of water percolating through the landfilled waste. A treatment system using a combined membrane engineering process was developed to effectively treat the landfill leachate in the Dahanzhuang sanitary landfill (Tianjin, China). The process combines a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) technology to treat the leachate. The results indicate that the NF system, including the hollow‐fiber NF membrane, is an appropriate advanced treatment alternative for landfill leachates. This system provided good removal of chemical oxygen demand and color. The membrane flux renewal reached over 96% after washing with 0.01 mol/L HCl. As a result, the effluent water quality met effluent discharge standards (GB16889‐2008). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Using hop bines as reinforcements for lightweight polypropylene composites
Authors: Zou Yi , Reddy Narendra , Yang Yiqi
Published: January 2010

Whole hop bines (HBs), the peeled outer bark (OB) of HBs, and fibers chemically extracted from hop bark (HFs) were used as reinforcements to make lightweight composites with polypropylene (PP) webs or fibers as the matrix materials. Using discarded HBs for composites not only increases the value of hop crops but also provides a green, sustainable, and biodegradable material for the composite industry. Lightweight composites are preferred, especially for automotive applications because of the potential energy savings. In this research, the effects of the processing parameters on the properties of PP composites reinforced with HBs were studied. The composites reinforced with OB without any chemical treatment showed better properties than the composites reinforced with HFs or HBs. Compared with jute–PP composites of the same density (0.47 g/cm3), composites reinforced with OB had 43% higher flexural strength, 46% higher impact resistance, 56% higher Young's modulus, similar modulus of elasticity, 33% lower tensile strength, and better sound‐absorption properties. OB–PP composites with optimized properties have the potential to be used in industrial applications such as support layers in automotive interiors, ceiling tiles, and office panels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Gas phase sensors for bases using rhodamine B in nafion films
Authors: Hwang Eunhae , Levitsky Igor A. , Euler William B.
Published: January 2010

A sensor and dosimeter specific to inorganic and organic amine bases composed of Rhodamine B dissolved in Nafion is prepared and evaluated. UV‐vis, emission, and IR spectroscopies are used to monitor the presence of a variety of analytes, including aliphatic and aromatic amines. The Rhodamine B serves as a visual indicator of the presence of an analyte by turning from brown to pink upon exposure to aliphatic amines after sufficient exposure, thus acting as a visual monitor. The Rhodamine B also acts as a fluorescent sensor, which turns on upon exposure to the analyte. The sulfonic acid groups in the Nafion protonate the bases, giving unique signatures in the IR spectra allowing for differentiation of the bases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A simple one‐step synthesis and polymerization of plant oil triglyceride iodo isocyanates
Authors: Çaylı Gökhan , Küsefoğlu Selim
Published: January 2010

In this study, a novel and simple route for the synthesis of the iodine isocyanate (INCO) adduct of soybean oil triglycerides is described. Soybean oil iodo isocyanate (ISONCO) was synthesized by the reaction of iodine isocyanate and soybean oil at room temperature. ISONCO was then polymerized with polyols, such as, castor oil, pentamethylene glycol, and glycerol to give the corresponding polyurethanes and with polyamines, such as, ethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, and triethylene tetramine to give corresponding polyureas. The structures of the monomer and the polymers were determined by FTIR and 1H‐NMR analyses. Thermal properties of the polymers were determined by DSC and TGA. Thermal degradation of the polyurethanes started at 150°C. Stability of the polyureas was higher than polyurethanes. Almost all polymers showed a Tg around −50°C. The mechanical properties of the polymers were determined by tensile tests. Among the polymers synthesized, castor oil polyurethane showed the highest elongation at break and the lowest tensile strength of 140 KPa. The highest tensile strength of 900 KPa was observed in the pentamethylene glycol polyurethanes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Novel poly(amide‐hydrazide)s and copoly(amide‐hydrazide)s from bis‐(4‐aminobenzyl) hydrazide and aromatic diacid chlorides: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Medhi M. , Patil A. S. , Halhalli M. R. , Choubey A. , Wadgaonkar P. P. , Maldar N. N.
Published: January 2010

A new aromatic diamine, viz., bis‐(4‐aminobenzyl) hydrazide (BABH), which contains preformed hydrazide and methylene linkage, was synthesized starting from α‐tolunitrile. The BABH and intermediates involved in its synthesis were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Novel poly(amide‐hydrazide)s were synthesized by low temperature solution polycondensation of BABH with isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). Furthermore, two series of copoly(amide‐hydrazide)s, based on different mol % of BABH and bis‐(4‐aminophenyl) ether (ODA) with IPC/TPC were also synthesized. Poly(amide‐hydrazide)s and copoly(amide‐hydrazide)s were characterized by inherent viscosity [ηinh], FTIR, solubility, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The polycondensation proceeded smoothly and afforded the polymers with inherent viscosities in the range of 0.18–0.93 dL/g in (NMP + 4% LiCl) at 30°C ± 0.1°C. These polymers dissolved in DMAc, NMP or DMSO containing LiCl. The solubility of copolymers was considerably improved in line with less crystalline nature due to random placement of constituent monomers during the copolymerization. XRD data indicated that poly(amide‐hydrazide)s from BABH alone and IPC/TPC had higher crystallinity than the corresponding copoly(amide‐hydrazide)s derived from a mixture of BABH and bis‐(4‐aminophenyl) ether (ODA). Polymers showed initial weight loss around 160°C which is attributed to the cyclodehydration leading to the formation of corresponding poly(amide‐oxadiazole)s. Copolyamide‐hydrazides showed Tmax between 400 and 540°C which is essentially the decomposition of poly(amide‐oxadiazole)s. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Modification of recycled polycarbonate with core‐shell structured latexes for enhancement of impact resistance and flame retardancy
Authors: Sun Shuangyue , He Yadong , Wang Xiaodong , Wu Dezhen
Published: January 2010

Two types of core‐shell structured latexes, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene) (MBS) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methylphenyl siloxane‐co‐styrene) (MSiS) were used to modify recycled polycarbonate (PC) for the enhancement of toughness and flame retardancy. The impact strength of the modified PC blends was not improved after melt‐blending recycled PC with these two kinds of latexes, probably because the latex particles were not evenly dispersed in the PC matrix because of the incompatibility between PC and PMMA shell of the latexes. Addition of a compatibilizer, e.g. diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A or poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), can effectively enhance the toughening effect of recycled PC with core‐shell structured modifiers. The presence of compatibilizer in the blends reduces the interfacial tension and introduces a steric hindrance to coalescence, and thus enhances the interfacial adhesion between PC domain and PMMA shell, and improves the dispersion of core‐shell structured particles in the PC matrix. The ternary blends achieve a high impact resistance by cavitation of the particles, which relieves the triaxial stress and promotes massive shear yielding of the matrix, and then enables the matrix to fracture by the plane stress ductile tearing mode. Additionally, MSiS has a silicone‐based core and can effectively retard the combustion of recycled PC. The blends containing 7 wt % MSiS and 3 wt % compatibilizer can achieve a UL94 V‐0 rating in vertical burning test. We proposed that, during combustion, a fine dispersion of MSiS particles in the PC matrix facilitates the rapid migration of MSiS and formation of a uniform and highly flame resistant char barrier on the surface of the modified PC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The putative‐farnesoic acid O‐methyl transferase (FAMeT) gene of Ceratitis capitata: characterization and pre‐imaginal life expression
Authors: Vannini Laura , Ciolfi Silvia , Spinsanti Giacomo , Panti Cristina , Frati Francesco , Dallai Romano
Published: January 2010

Farnesoic acid O‐methyl transferase (FAMeT) is the enzyme involved in the penultimate step of insect juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis and is thus a key regulator in insect development and reproduction. We report the characterization of the putative‐FAMeT in the medfly or Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. This gene was identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization and completely sequenced by the screening of a medfly cDNA library. The obtained sequence was analyzed for conserved protein domain identification and its expression profile was evaluated by quantitative Real‐Time PCR in medfly pre‐imaginal life. The tissue expression of the isolated gene was verified by in situ hybridization on third instar larvae sections. The characterization of the isolated gene pointed out several typical features of methyl transferase genes. The pre‐imaginal putative‐FAMeT expression levels were consistent with JH titer change in Diptera. As recognized in some crustaceans, this gene seems to be widely expressed in the medfly as well. Ceratitis capitata is one of the most relevant agricultural pests against which insecticides and the sterile insect technique (SIT) are extensively used in spite of the well‐known limitations of these approaches. Although results are not conclusive for the physiological role of the isolated gene, they suggest the characterization of a new gene in the Mediterranean fruit fly potentially involved in JH biosynthesis and may, therefore, have implications for pest control. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of BmNOX in two strains of Bombyx mori with contrasting viral resistance phenotype
Authors: Selot Ruchita , Kumar Virendra , Sekhar Sreeja C. , Kumar Pradeep G.
Published: January 2010

We recently documented the identification of a 26.5 kDa protein named BmNox in the gut fluid of Nistari strain of Bombyx mori, which possessed antiviral activity against BmNPV in vitro. In this report, we report the characterization of the full‐length gene encoding BmNOX and the levels of expression of this gene in select tissues of silkworm larvae from a BmNPV‐susceptible and a BmNPV‐resistant strain to the defense capability in Bombyx mori larvae challenged with BmNPV. We also evaluated the BmNox expression in various stages of larval life of a resistant and a susceptible strain of Bombyx mori selected from among a panel of strains of silkworm. Nistari, a multivoltine strain of silkworm, expressed BmNOX during all five larval stages, and were highly resistant to BmNPV infection. In sharp contrast, CSR2, a bivoltine strain, showed weaker expression of BmNOX in the anterior midgut in larval life and was highly susceptible to BmNPV infection. BmNOX is a secretory protein with dual expression in gut fluid and mid gut tissue. BmNOX is expressed heavily in the posterior mid gut, with weaker expression in the fore‐ and mid‐gut regions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during work tasks at 110 kV substations in the Tampere region
Authors: Korpinen Leena H. , Pääkkönen Rauno J.
Published: January 2010

The occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during various work tasks at seven 110 kV substations in Finland's Tampere region was studied. The aim was to investigate if the action values (10 kV/m for the E‐field and 500 µT for the B‐field) of the EU Directive 2004/40/EC were exceeded. Electric and magnetic fields were measured during the following work tasks: (1) walking or operating devices on the ground; (2) working from a service platform; (3) working around the power transformer on the ground or using a ladder; and (4) changing a bulb from a man hoist. In work task 2 “working from a service platform” the measured electric field (maximum value 16.6 kV/m) exceeded 10 kV/m in three cases. In the future it is important to study if the limit value (10 mA/m2) of Directive 2004/40/EC is exceeded at 110 kV substations. The occupational 500 µT action value of the magnetic flux density field (B‐field) was not exceeded in any working situation. Bioelectromagnetics 31:252–254, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.