bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Processed Zr-Al-Ni-Cu Bulk Metallic Glass
Authors: Kobata J. , Takigawa Yorinobu , Chung Sung Wook , Tsuda Hiroshi , Uesugi Tokuteru , Kimura Hisamichi , Higashi Kenji
Published: March 2009

Microstructure and mechanical properties in friction stir processed (FSPed) Zr-based
bulk metallic glass were investigated. The microstructure in the friction zone (FZ) exhibits an
amorphous “band-like” structure with a small number of nanoscale crystalline particles. On the
other hand, the microstructure in the FZ near the finish point of the process exhibits a large number
of nanocrystalline particles in size of less than 20nm and amorphous phase. The difference of the
microstructure in each FSP region is explained from the difference of the heat input by FSP. The
hardness in each FSPed region shows higher value compared with that of other Zr-based balk
metallic glasses with almost the same volume fraction of crystalline phase.
Fe-Metalloid Metallic Glasses with High Magnetic Flux Density and High Glass-Forming Ability
Authors: Makino Akihiro , Kubota Takeshi , Makabe Masahiro , Chang Chun Tao , Inoue Akihisa
Published: March 2009

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses with good soft magnetic softness, high strength and
relatively low material cost should have greatest potential for wide variety of applications among
many kinds of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). However, the glass-forming metal elements such as Al,
Ga, Nb, Mo and so forth in the Fe-based BMGs significantly decrease saturation magnetization (Js)
which is a essential property as soft magnetic materials. Since the coexistence of high Js and high
glass-forming ability (GFA) has been earnestly desired from academia to industry, however, has been
left unrealized over many years. Here, we present a Fe76Si9B10P5 bulk glassy alloy exhibiting with
unusual combination of high Js of 1.51 T comparable to the Fe-Si-B amorphous alloy ribbons with
thickness of about 25 μm in now practical use, because of not-containing the glass-forming metal
elements, and high GFA leading to a rod with a diameter of 2.5 mm. This alloy composed of familiar
and low-priced elements also has extremely low coercivity which should enable ultra-high efficient
transformers, therefore, has a great advantage for engineering and industry, and thus significantly
improves energy saving, conservation of earth resources and environment.
Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Carbon Nanofibers Obtained by Using Metal Chloride as Catalyst Precursor
Authors: Li Fei , Zou Xiao Ping , Cheng Jin , Zhang Hong Dan , Ren Peng Fei , Zhu Guang , Wang Mao Fa
Published: March 2009

Carbon nanofibers have been obtained by the interaction of ethanol with metal chloride
over copper plate. Different metal chloride was used as the catalyst precursor. The products were
characterized by the Raman spectroscopy for the degree of graphitization. The relative intensities and
the amount of amorphous carbon were estimated. The results indicate that the catalyst precursor has
effects on the degree of graphitization of carbon nanofibers.
Improvements in Strength and Electrical Conductivity in 7B04 Aluminum Alloy Pre-Stretched Thick Plates Via Low-Temperature Retrogression and Re-Ageing Heat Treatments
Authors: Li Zhi Hui , Xiong Bai Qing , Zhang Yong An , Zhu Bao Hong , Wang Feng , Liu Hong Wei
Published: March 2009

The effect of RRA treatment with using low retrogression temperatures between 170°C to
190°C on the strength and electrical conductivity (as an indicator of corrosion resistance) of 7B04
aluminum alloy thick plates was investigated. The research results showed that the low-temperature
RRA heat treatment provides a means for improving electrical conductivity of the aluminum alloy
7B04 pre-stretched thick plates without sacrificing the mechanical strength. The RRA temper with
retrogression at 180°C for 60 min improved electrical conductivity remarkably (reached 21.0MS/m),
with only a 3% reduction in strength below T6 temper. Furthermore, TEM observations showed that
the microstructure of RRA treated alloy was a very fine distribution of η′ MgZn2 precipitates in the
aluminum matrix, similar to T6 condition and η MgZn2 precipitates on grain boundaries distributed
similarly to T73 temper.
Carbon Nanotube Nano Composites for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Marquis Fernand D.S.
Published: March 2009

Owing to their exceptional stiffness, strength, thermal and electrical conductivity, carbon
nanotubes have the potential for the development of nano composites materials for a wide variety of
applications. In order to achieve the full potential of carbon nanotubes for structural, thermal and
electrical multifunctional applications, both single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), double wall
nanotubes (DWNTs) and multi wall nanotubes (MWNTs) need to be developed into fully integrated
carbon nanotube composites. Full integration of nanotubes requires their development beyond
conventional composites so that the level of the non-nanotube material is designed to integrate fully
with the amount of nanotubes and where the nanotubes are part of the matrix rather than a differing
component, as in the case of conventional composites. In order to advance the development of
multifunctional materials from nanotubes, this research is focused on the simultaneous control of
structural properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of fully integrated carbon nanotube
composites. These are hybrid material systems designed to surpass the limits of rule of mixtures
engineering and composite design. The goals are to implement designs to fully mimic the
properties of carbon nanotubes on larger scales for enhanced thermal and electrical management in
addition to controlled strength and toughness. These new approaches involve, functionalization,
dispersion, stabilization, alignment, polymerization and reaction bonding, in order to achieve full
integration. Typical examples of polymeric and ceramic matrices, as well as other material systems
are presented and discussed.
Pinpoint Nano-Crystallization and Magnetization in Fe-Nd-B Metallic Glass by Electron Irradiation
Authors: Nagase Takeshi , Nino Akihiro , Umakoshi Yukichi
Published: March 2009

Pinpoint nano-crystallization in Fe-based metallic glass was achieved by 2.0MV electron irradiation.
Circular nano-crystalline structure regions with about 1μm in diameter were formed in the
metallic glass and they were well dispersed in the amorphous matrix. In Fe77.5Nd4B18.5 alloy, micrometer
order hard magnetic nano-composite region was formed in non-magnetic metallic glass
matrix by electron irradiation. Electron irradiation induced crystallization is very effective for obtaining
superior functional metallic materials with fine magnetic domains.
Influence of Structure and Ionic Radius on Solubility Limit in the Mg–Re Systems
Authors: Zhang J.H. , Liu Hai Feng , Sun Wei , Lu H.Y. , Tang D.X. , Meng Jian
Published: March 2009

The relationship between structure, ionic radius and electronegativity and solubility of the
various rare-earth elements in Mg was studied. It is found that light RE(La-Sm, Eu, Yb) have more
complicated phase relation with Mg but the heavy RE(Gd-Lu, Sc) have the similar crystal structure
with magnesium. Also it is found that the less electronegativity difference between Mg and RE is, the
more solubility limit of RE in Mg is. The fact of the RE solubility decreased in magnesium with
lowering temperature suggests that there is a possibility of Mg supersaturated solid solution formation
and it will decomposition during aging. According to the rule, an megnesium alloy with higher
strength feature was developed. Their mechanical properties are UTS 347MPa, YTS 290MPa and
elongation 12.5% at room temperature.
A New Concept of Biomaterials to Induce Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Tabata Yasuhiko
Published: March 2009

A new therapeutic trial based on the self-healing potential of cells to naturally induce tissue
regeneration, has been recently noted. To realize this regenerative medical therapy, it is highly
required to efficiently combine cells with their local environment which basically allows cells to
survive and biologically function in vivo through the essential interaction. Tissue engineering is a
biomedical technology or methodology to create the local environment which promotes the
proliferation and differentiation of cells to induce tissue regeneration. There are some cases where
tissue regeneration can be induced only by supplying a cell scaffold of biomaterials. Drug delivery
system (DDS) with biomaterials enhanced the in vivo biological activities of un-stable growth
factor and gene for cell-induced tissue regeneration. The controlled release technology enabled
growth factors to achieve the regeneration of various tissues experimentally and clinically. The
DDS technology also augmented the biological functions of plasmid DNA and small interference
RNA. The cells genetically engineered by the DDS gene system showed an enhanced therapeutic
efficacy in cell-based tissue regeneration (cell-gene hybrid therapy). By making use of DDS
technology, it is possible to suppress the deterioration and proceeding of chronic fibrotic diseases
based on the self-healing potential inherently equipped in the living body. This paper emphasizes
significance of biomaterials in tissue engineering for regenerative medical therapy.
New Developments in Extruded Magnesium Alloys for Structural Applications
Authors: Kainer Karl Ulrich , Bohlen Jan , Letzig Dietmar
Published: March 2009

While magnesium cast components have found their application in the transportation
industries the interest is now spreading to wrought alloys due to the possibility to get even more
homogeneous and better properties compared to cast parts. Therefore alloy and process
development especially for extrusion is a main concern to enhance the application of Magnesium
wrought alloys. This paper gives an overview on the actual status of the process and alloy
development of extruded Magnesium wrought alloys.
Structure Control of Hydroxyapatite Using a Magnetic Field
Authors: Iwai Kazuhiko , Akiyama Jun , Asai Shigeo
Published: March 2009

A high magnetic field is a useful tool to control the crystal alignment of ceramic
materials. In this study, a horizontal 10T static magnetic field was imposed on slurry containing
hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals under the horizontal mold rotation during slip casting process so as
to introduce uni-axial alignment for some amount of crystals in the sample, and then it was
sintered in atmosphere without the magnetic field. From X-ray diffraction, it has been found that
the HAp crystals in the sample treated with the mold rotation under the magnetic field were
aligned its c-axis to a particular direction.
Pt4ZrO2/C Cathode Catalyst with Excellent Durability for High Temperature PEMFC Based on H3PO4 Doped PBI
Authors: Liu Gang , Zhang Hua Min , Ma Yuan Wei
Published: March 2009

Pt4ZrO2/C was prepared and compared with commercial Pt/C (46.6 wt.% TKK) in terms of
the durability as cathode catalyst in a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
based on H3PO4 doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) by a potential sweep test. The catalysts before and
after the potential sweep test were characterized by RDE, XRD, TEM and ICP-AES. After 3000
cycles potential sweep test, the overall performance loss of the Pt4ZrO2/C membrane electrode
assembly (MEA) was less than that of the Pt/C MEA. In brief, the preliminary results indicate that
Pt4ZrO2/C catalyst is a good candidate of Pt/C catalyst in high temperature PEMFC based on H3PO4
doped PBI for achieving longer cell life-time and higher cell performance.
The Influence of Process Parameters during Machining of Ti6Al4V Alloy
Authors: Palanisamy Suresh , Dargusch Matthew S. , McDonald Stuart D. , StJohn David H.
Published: March 2009

Ti6Al4V alloys are considered difficult materials to machine, especially at high cutting
speeds due to their low thermal conductivity and specific heat which causes high localized cutting
temperatures at the tool-workpiece interface. For these reasons machining titanium alloys usually
results in excessive tool wear and its low modulus promotes chatter. This regenerative vibration or
chatter is a significant problem. In the investigation reported here, vibration monitoring has been
used to optimise machining processes by correlating machining process parameters with vibration
severity. Machining experiments were carried out under wet and dry machining conditions while
vibrations were measured and analysed. The results have demonstrated that the application of a
vibration monitoring system can be an important tool to increase machining speed.
Degradation Properties of Hydrogen Storage Alloys and Change of Microstructure during the Degradation
Authors: Tanaka Hideaki , Han Song , Xu Qiang , Kuriyama Nobuhiro , Aihara K. , Taoka Naoki
Published: March 2009

Ti-Cr-V alloys with body-centered cubic (BCC) structure were investigated on hydrogen
absorbing-desorbing cyclic durability by using H2 without and with several concentrations of CO
(Hereafter, they are described as pure H2 and n ppm CO, respectively.). The alloy which offers the
excellent durability except the early stages of cyclic absorption-desorption under pure H2 atmosphere
gave good durability also in a flow of low concentration of CO. However, capacities’ degradation
curves under high CO concentration reflected that duration and concentration effects competed with
each other. The results suggests to be able to express each degradation by intrinsic and extrinsic
factors as an aggregation of several prime functions.
HRTEM Study of Nanostructures in Hydrogen-Absorbing Mg-Ni and Mg-Ni-La Alloys Prepared by Melt-Spinning
Authors: Tanaka K. , Miwa T. , Morishita K. , Sasaki Katsuhiro , Kuroda Kotaro
Published: March 2009

The structure of melt-spun and crystallized Mg-10%Ni and Mg-10%Ni-5%La alloys is
studied using HRTEM, coupled with ED and EELS techniques, for specimens subjected to
hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. The presence of nano-sized (5-10nm) Mg2Ni grains dispersed
in the matrix of Mg nano-grains is observed before hydrogenation. This structure is almost
preserved after hydrogenation and dehydrogenation at 300°C. In the hydrogenated specimen,
nanoboundaries lying between MgH2 and Mg2NiH4 nano-grains are observed. They appear to
provide main routes for the hydrogen transport in these nanostructured materials.
Processing of Nanoporous Gold by Dealloying and its Morphological Control
Authors: Hakamada Masataka , Mabuchi Mamoru
Published: March 2009

Nanoporous gold was fabricated by dealloying and their pore characteristics were further
modified by thermal or acid treatment. The fabricated nanoporous gold had a ligament size of
approximately 5 nm. Thermal treatment on the nanoporous gold increased the ligament size to
approximately 500 nm. During the thermal treatment, ligaments are bonded across the cracks which
had been generated during the dealloying. Acid treatment also increased the ligament size to
approximately 500 nm; however, the acid treatment had a different effect on the pore characteristics
from the thermal treatment. As a result, nanoporous gold prism microassembly with anisotropic
structure was spontaneously fabricated by the acid treatment. The mechanical properties of
nanoporous gold were also examined. It is estimated that the yield strength of nanosized ligaments in
nanoporous gold is very high and close to the ideal strength of gold.
Electro-Deposition for Foamed Zinc Material from Zinc Sulfate Solution
Authors: Tian Qing Hua , Guo Xue Yi , Xue Ping , Song Yu , Duan Lian
Published: March 2009

It is very possible for the foam zinc materials to take the place of zinc powder and become
a new ideal material of electrode for zinc-air battery, because of its excellent three dimensional
reticulated structure, high porosity, high specific surface area and uniform quality, and was widely
used in many other fields. A novel method for preparing very porous zinc foam was proposed, in
which the polyurethane foam as substrate was processed by degreasing process, roughening process,
activation, electroless plating and zinc electrodeposition. Then, experiments were carried out to
explore the effects of the solution composition（concentration of ZnSO4）and the operation conditions （such as the interelectrode distance; current density, temperature, pH value of electroplating
solution and so on) on the morphology of the foam zinc and the current efficiency. The optimum
experimental conditions were determined by optimizing the factors. On these conditions the foam
zinc presents a three-dimensional reticular structure with high porosity, and uniformity, and the
outward appearance of the coating is bright.
Unusual Wetting Behavior of Liquid Metals on Porous Layer Formed at Surface of Iron Substrate Prepared by Oxidation-Reduction Process
Authors: Takahira Nobuyuki , Yoshikawa Takeshi , Tanaka Toshihiro
Published: March 2009

Unusual wetting behavior of liquid Cu was found on a surface-oxidized iron substrate in reducing
atmosphere. Liquid Cu wetted and spread very widely on the iron substrate when a droplet was
attached with the substrate in Ar-10%H2 after the surface oxidation of the substrate. The oxidationreduction
process fabricates a porous layer at the surface of the iron substrate. The pores in the
porous iron layer are 3-dimensionally interconnected. Thus, liquid metals, which are contacted with
the reduced iron samples, penetrate into these pores by capillary force to cause the unusual wetting
behavior. It has been already confirmed that liquid Ag, Sn, In and Bi show this phenomenon onto
surface-porous iron samples as well as liquid Cu. This unusual wetting behavior of a liquid metal
has been correlated to the normal contact angle of the liquid metal on a flat iron substrate.
Fabrication of Functionally Porous Structures by the Sheet Lamination Method
Authors: Yamasaki K. , Fukuda S. , Murakami Takashi , Maekawa K.
Published: March 2009

Recent trends in bio technology have resulted in the need for accurate fabrication of pore
structure of sophisticated porous materials used in advanced applications such as substrates for tissue
growth, and various kinds of implants. Control of pore size is important for promoting growth of
blood vessels and adequate fluid flow. In the present study, an attempt has been made to fabricate
functionally porous structures using titanium, including an internally controlled three-dimensional
(3-D) fractal structure. A novel 3-D modeling method that combines rapid prototyping with spark
plasma sintering (SPS) is proposed, which enables us to control the internal porous structure.
Titanium powder-tape or sheet is sintered or cut by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to form 2-D fractal
cross-sections. These 2-D layers are temporarily laminated in a carbon mold, being then jointed by the
SPS method to maintain the internal porous structure. Process parameters for the sheet lamination
method have extensively been investigated.
Application of Combustion Synthesis to the Production of Actinide Bearing Nitride Ceramic Nuclear Fuels
Authors: Reigel M. , Donohoue C. , Burkes Douglas , Moore John J. , Kennedy J.R.
Published: March 2009

Self-propagating high temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS) is being used to
develop several synthesis and processing routes for the next generation of ceramic nuclear fuels.
These fuels are based on an actinide nitride within an inert matrix. The application of SHS is
particularly important in the synthesis of americium (Am) based ceramics; since the rapid heating
and cooling cycles used in this process will help to minimize vaporization loss of Am, which is a
major problem in synthesizing Am-based ceramics. Manganese, praseodymium, and dysprosium
are being used as physical and chemical surrogates for various actinides. Actinide nitride powders
produced using auto-ignition combustion synthesis (AICS) are subsequently reacted with zirconium
powder using SHS to produce a final fuel pellet. This paper will discuss the research to date on the
synthesis of Am-N powders as well as the production of dense Zr-Am-N pellets as a model ceramic
fuel system.
Localized Deformation in Neutron-Irradiated Zirconium and Zircaloy-4
Authors: Hashimoto Naoyuki , Byun T.S.
Published: March 2009

The effects of neutron-irradiation near 80°C on the deformation behavior of hexagonal
close packed (hcp) materials, zirconium and zircalloy-4, were investigated by transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). Particular emphasis is placed on the deformation microstructure responsible for
the changes in mechanical behavior. Neutron irradiation at low temperature up to 1 dpa induced a
high number density of defect clusters, which resulted in irradiation-induced hardening.
Dislocation channel deformation is observed for doses greater than 0.1 dpa, and is coincident with
prompt plastic instability at yield. TEM analysis suggests that the loss of work hardening capacity
in irradiated zirconium and zircaloy-4 at higher doses is mainly due to dislocation channels that are
formed under a high local resolved shear stress, leading to the observed localized deformation.
Material Structure Simulation Techniques and Applications
Authors: Zhou Jie , Zhou Tian Rui
Published: March 2009

The deformation ability of metals and the mechanic characteristics of metal parts are
closely related to the material’s microstructure and grain size, so it’s important to study the simulation
techniques of microstructure evolution. Common microstructure simulation techniques include
digital simulation and graphic simulation. This paper firstly introduced the simulation techniques of
microstructure, and then focused on the graphic simulation technique that can directly show grain
boundary network’s evolution process. It then built a Monte Carlo model of the grain growth during
super plastic deformation, and implemented the graphic illustration of grain growth using Visual
Studio software. The result matched well with the experimental outcome, which proved the usability
of the technique
A Simplified CA Method for Simulating the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloy Components
Authors: Huo Liang , Han Zhi Qiang , Liu Zhi Yong , Liu Bai Cheng
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a simplified cellular automaton (CA) model was proposed for modeling the
evolution of microstructure in solidification process of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Since the
calculation time was significantly reduced, it might be used to predict the microstructure field of a real
Mg component after solidification. The stochastic nucleation, competitive growth processes of many
grains with various crystallographic orientations and the formation of eutectic structure were also
taken into account. Furthermore, step castings were poured with sand and permanent molds and
metallographic experiments were carried out for validating the developed models. It was shown that
the simulation results are in good agreement with those obtained in the experiments.
First-Principles Studies on Grain Boundary Energies of [110] Tilt Grain Boundaries in Aluminum
Authors: Inoue Y. , Uesugi Tokuteru , Takigawa Yorinobu , Higashi Kenji
Published: March 2009

The grain boundary structure and its energy are necessary for the fundamental
understanding of the physical properties of materials. In aluminum, three distinct atomic structures
of a Σ9(221)[110] tilt grain boundary have been reported in previous studies using atomistic
simulations and a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In this work, we
studied the atomic structure and energy of the Σ9 tilt grain boundary in aluminum using
first-principles calculations. A comparison of the grain boundary energies among the three distinct
Σ9 tilt grain boundaries determined through first-principles calculations allowed us to identify the
most stable atomic structure of Σ9 tilt grain boundary in aluminum.
Study on Dynamic Measurement of Thermal Stress during Solidification of a Casting Specimen
Authors: Zhang Jia Feng , Kang Jin Wu , Liu Bai Cheng
Published: March 2009

A method was presented for the indirect measurement of dynamic stress of casting in this
paper. A stress sensor embedded in the sand mold close to the casting was used to reveal the pressure
resulted by the shrinkage of casting which could figure out the dynamic stress of the frame-shaped
casting indirectly. The numerical simulation was also carried out by FDM/FEM method. The results
showed that the pressure grew up quickly in the rapid cooling period and then kept on a steady value.
The experimental and calculated results were in good agreement.
Finite Element Modeling the Effect of Pressing Temperature and Temperature Rise on ECAE Process of CP-Ti
Authors: Jiang Hong , Xie Chao Ying
Published: March 2009

The aim of equal channel angular extrusion is to get ultrafine grained bulk materials. The
practice process is not under isothermal conditions. It is important to understand the details of the
deformation and temperature transient within the shear zone. The temperature rise and temperature
distribution in the billet and die during equal channel angular extrusion at different pressing
temperatures were investigated by using 3D FEM.
Ab Initio Lattice Dynamics and Thermodynamics of MgS and Related II-VI Semiconductors in Zincblende Structure
Authors: Wang Shao Qing
Published: March 2009

The lattice dynamics and thermodynamic properties of MgS and related II-VI compounds
are studied by the first-principles linear-response function calculation in the framework of densityfunctional
perturbation theory. The ab initio structural, mechanic and dielectric parameters of these
phases are presented. From the theoretical phonon dispersion relations, the linear thermal expansion
coefficient and its temperature dependence are calculated. The differences in structural and
thermodynamic behaviors of these compounds are explained from their phonon dispersion
characters.
Cosmic Micromechanics Connection with Irreversible Deformation Processes in Spatially Extended Crystalline Systems
Authors: Muñoz-Andrade Juan Daniel
Published: March 2009

The goal of this work is to describe the cosmic micromechanics connection with
irreversible deformation processes in spatially extended polycrystalline systems, where the nature of
the crystalline structure of the universe in a relativistic framework at Max Plank scale and Edwin
Hubble scale play and important role. In this physical construction by applying the theoretical
model of Muñoz-Andrade the activation energy for irreversible deformation processes in spatially
extended polycrystalline systems is obtained. Consequently, the main results of this work are
analyzed in the context of the unified interpretation of Hubble flow, plastic flow and super plastic
flow.
The Thermal, Mechanical and Electronic Properties of Nanoscale Materials: Ab Initio Study
Authors: Masuda-Jindo Kinichi , Van Hung Vu , Menon M.
Published: March 2009

The mechanical, thermal and electronic properties of the nanoscale materials are studied
using an ab initio molecular dynamics (TBMD) method and statistical moment method (SMM). We
investigate the mechanical properties of nanoscale materials like carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphens
and nanowires in comparison with those of corresponding bulk materials. The electronic density of
states and electronic transports of the nanoscale materials, with and without the atomistic defects
are also discussed. We will show that the thermodynamic and strength properties of the nanoscale
materials are quite different from those of the corresponding bulk materials.
Optimization of Bending Process of Large Marine Crankthrow by Computer Simulation
Authors: Sun Ming Yue , Lu Shan Ping , Li Dian Zhong , Li Yi Yi
Published: March 2009

The conventional method of bending the large crankthrow was investigated by computer
simulation combined with manufacturing trial, and the typical forging defects, such as constricted
waist, folded cracks and horn mouth on forged blank were analyzed. On the basis of these results, a
novel forging shape of preformed blank was proposed using anti-transformation method by
computer simulation. The FEM simulated results show that all the above defects can be avoided by
carrying out the novel method, furthermore, the maximum resistance of the novel bending
deformation was reduced to 72% of conventional process, and the weight of forging blank can be
decreased by 15%. Finally, the optimum forging shape was applied to the actual process, the
simulation results were confirmed by manufacturing trial, and qualified forged piece was gained.
The FEM model established can be used for further optimization of other types of crankthrow.
Stability of Crystallographic Orientations in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of HCP materials: Application to Texture Analysis in Titanium
Authors: Li Sai Yi
Published: March 2009

A numerical analysis of orientation stability is conducted for equal channel angular
extrusion (ECAE) of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) materials based on lattice rotations from
rate-sensitive crystal plasticity simulations. The relatively stable orientations associated with five slip
modes are identified and then applied to interpret the characteristics of texture evolution in
ECAE-processed titanium. The results indicate that during ECAE deformation, the slip plane and slip
direction tend to rotate respectively towards the macroscopic simple shear plane and shear direction.
Study of the Early Stages of Recrystallization in a Cold Rolled ELC Steel Using FIB-EBSD Tomography
Authors: Xu Wan Qiang , Ferry Michael
Published: March 2009

An extra low carbon steel was cold rolled to 85% reduction and annealed at 680 °C to
generate a microstructure containing ~2 % recrystallized grains. A partly recrystallized volume was
analyzed using 3-D FIB-EBSD tomography. The results show that nucleation and subsequent growth
of recrystallizing grains is more complex processes than that revealed using 2-D metallographic
techniques. In the present steel, it was found that subgrains were found to be the origin of nucleation
and these grains exhibit an internal structure similar to the surrounding deformation substructure.
However, a certain subgrain keeps expanding to a stage where some part or parts of the boundary
reach(es) and consume(s) a high stored energy deformation zone(s) to form (a) local dislocation free
zone(s) having an orientation similar to the subgrain. After this stage, the residual dislocations in the
original subgrain are annihilated and nuclei enter a well-defined growth stage. The overall growth of
recrystallization nuclei was found to be controlled by the variation in both the stored energy and
orientation of the surrounding deformation substructure that results in heterogeneous growth by
so-called orientation pinning.
Structural Characterization of Cu50Zr45Ti5 Glassy Alloy under Thermal Annealing and Electron Irradiation
Authors: Xie Guo Qiang , Zhang Qing Sheng , Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V. , Zhang Wei , Inoue Akihisa
Published: March 2009

We investigated the crystallization behavior of the melt-spun Cu50Zr45Ti5 alloy ribbon on
thermal annealing and electron irradiation using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
structure composed of a monoclinic CuZr phase with an average grain size of about 8 nm and a glassy
matrix was formed by electron irradiation induced crystallization, while by thermal annealing the
equilibrium Cu10Zr7 and CuZr2 crystalline phases directly precipitated in the glassy phase of the
Cu50Zr45Ti5 glassy alloy.
Growth and Characterization of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Crystals by a Single-Step Low-Temperature Process
Authors: Chen Xiu Li , Fan Hui Qing
Published: March 2009

Relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) crystals were grown at low temperature by
a single-step hydrothermal process, using the mixture of PbO, MgO and Nb2O5 as precursors. The
precursors were just heated to 150 oC for 24 h. The effect of the KOH concentration on the
morphology and microstructure of PMN crystals was systematically investigated. The optimum KOH
concentration was found to be 11M, which led to the stabilization of the perovskite crystals against
the pyrochlore phase, and to the growth of high-quality PMN crystals suitable for subsequent
characterization. According to morphological evolution during the reaction, two possible growth
mechanisms are proposed. When the KOH concentration is 11M, at the early stage of the reaction, the
starting materials dissolve, and then promote the formation of spherical intermediate pyrochlore
phase followed by the formation of primary cubic PMN crystals. At the same time, a platelet-shaped
intermediate pyrochlore phase also forms and then grows into larger platelet-shaped PMN crystals.
Characterization of Nano-Scale Particles in Hot-Rolled, High Strength Low Alloy Steels (HSLA)
Authors: Timokhina Ilana B. , Hodgson Peter , Ringer Simon P. , Zheng Rong Kun , Pereloma Elena V.
Published: March 2009

The contribution of nano-scale particles observed using Atom Probe Tomography in an
increase of yield strength of conventional and advanced HSLA steels was studied. The advanced
HSLA steel showed higher yield strength than conventional HSLA steel. There were two types of
carbides, which primarily contribute to an increase in yield strength of conventional HSLA steel: (i)
coarse TiC with average size of 25±5nm and (ii) fine TiC with average radius of 3±1.2nm. The
presence of two types of carbides was found in the microstructure of advanced HSLA steel: (i)
nano-scale Ti0.98Mo0.02C0.6 carbides with average radius of 2.2±0.5nm, and (ii) C19Cr7Mo24 particles
with an average radius of 1.5±0.3nm. The contribution of precipitation hardening in the yield
strength of advanced HSLA steel due to the nano-scale particles was 174MPa, while this value in
the conventional HSLA steel was 128MPa.
Determination of Sr Content in Mg-Sr Alloys Using Faas
Authors: Peng Xiao Dong , Feng Yan Bin , Nie Hua , Xie Wei Dong , Wei Qun Yi
Published: March 2009

The Air-acetylene Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) was used to measure
Sr content in Mg-Sr Alloys. The experiment conditions including acetylene flow rate, measurement
height, flame wavelength were studied and the disturbing factors were discussed. It was found that, as
dissolution agent of alloys and LaCl3 as the deionization agent and flame wavelength being 460.7nm,
the detection limits is 1.16mg/L and the relative standard deviations is less than 0.3% and the recovery
rates of Sr is more than 95%. The advantages of this method were summarized as: high sensitivity and
precision, low chemistry disruption, good selectivity, good recurrence characteristics of the
measuring conditions. The method is suitable for the control analysis and sample-system analysis of
determination Sr content in the Mg-Sr Master Alloys.
Crystallographic Analyses on Cracks Initiated by Rolling Contact Fatigue in High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel
Authors: Hiraoka Kazuhiko , Fujimatsu Takeshi , Hashimoto Kazuya , Fukumoto Shinji , Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: March 2009

Crack formation by a rolling contact fatigue in a high carbon chromium bearing steel has
been discussed. Newly developed method for preparing specimens including pre-existing voids
enabled one to observe the early stage of fatigue crack formation. Many fatigue cracks were formed
around the voids. The positions of crack formation and the direction of the cracks were consistent
with those forecasted by finite element analysis. Fatigue crack formation was followed by formation
of the WEAs.
Multi-Scale Modeling of the Corrosion of Metals under Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Cole Ivan S. , Muster T.H. , Paterson D.A. , Furman S.A. , Trinidad G.S. , Wright N.
Published: March 2009

A holistic model of the atmospheric corrosion of metals is being developed. The model
is based on integrating modules that define such processes as marine aerosol production by oceans
and breaking surf, transport of marine aerosols across landscapes, deposition of aerosols onto
structures, cleaning of surfaces by wind and rain, and the wetting and drying of surfaces throughout
surface temperature and relative humidity cycles. The integration of these modules into a software
framework enables the user to extract accurate estimates of surface conditions for structures located
at any geographical location in Australia. Current research is aimed at developing a more
fundamental approach to estimating corrosion based on the response of a metal to its environment.
Creep Damage Evaluation by Hardness in Advanced High Cr Ferritic Steels
Authors: Armaki Hassan Ghassemi , Yoshimi Kyosuke , Maruyama Kouichi , Yoshizawa Mitsuru , Igarashi Masaaki
Published: March 2009

The apparent activation energy for rupture life sometimes changes from a high value of
short term creep to a low value of long term creep. This change results in overestimation of rupture
life recognized recently in advanced high Cr ferritic steels. The present study examined how to
detect the decrease of activation energy in 9-12 %Cr steels with tempered martensitic lath
microstructure. During aging without stress hardness of the tempered martensite microstructures
remains almost constant in short term, whereas it decreases with increasing time after long term
exposure. The onset of hardness drop can be a good measure of the decrease of activation energy.
Causes of the hardness drop and the decrease of activation energy are discussed.
A Combination of Mathematical Morphology and Thermal Analysis of Wear Debris Explaining Polymer Sliding Mechanisms
Authors: Samyn Pieter , Ledda Alessandro , Quintelier Jan , Van Driessche Isabel , Schoukens Gustaaf , de Baets Patrick , De Waele Wim
Published: March 2009

Polymer wear debris particles undergo a thermal and mechanical (shear) cycle since their
generation and therefore contain information on the friction and wear processes, while it is often
difficult to draw quantitative data from them relating to transitions in tribological behaviour. Results
from thermal DTA/TGA analysis and morphological pattern spectra of debris are presented and
related to a transition at 180°C sliding temperatures own to hydrolysis and imidisation.
In Situ-Tracking Evaluation for Corrosion Progress at Fusion Boundary of Dissimilar Steel Welded Joints in H2S Containing Solution
Authors: Pan Chun Xu , Fu Qiang
Published: March 2009

The present work studied the corrosion property around the fusion boundaries of a dissimilar steel welded joint in as-welded condition and after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) in H2S containing solution with different times. An in-situ-tracking observation was proceeded for evaluating corrosive progress at the fusion boundary by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the fusion boundary was the worst region for corrosion resistance when comparing with other zones, and a broad boundary had a stronger resistance for hydrogen induced disbonding than a narrow one.
Characteristics of Electrical Discharge Pulse Sound for Hammering Test
Authors: Akematsu Yoshiaki , Kageyama Kazuro , Mohri Naotake , Murayama Hideaki , Kanai Makoto
Published: March 2009

In this study, the possibility of electrical discharge pulse sound for new inspection
technologies instead of hammering test was investigated. Electrical discharge pulse sound was
applied for hammering sound and sensor by using sound detection was applied for the optical fiber
vibration sensor. Elastic wave was detected by optical fiber vibration sensor during electrical
discharge. The plate thickness was changed from 0.5mm to 10mm. On the assumption that generation
factor of elastic wave was only depending on a force, numerical analysis by using the finite element
method (FEM) was adapted. The numerical analysis result using the FEM and the experimental result
along with the electrical discharge were compared. The plate thickness was estimated by comparing
with experimental signal and simulation one. It was found that plate thickness was able to estimate
from comparing with experimental signal and simulation one. Moreover, a quasi-defect was created
the plate by comparing with experimental results and simulation one. It was found that the defect
shape was able to estimate by comparing with experimental results and simulation one.
HRTEM Observation of β’-Phase in Cu-40.26 at.% Zn Alloy
Authors: Nishiyama Masaaki , Hamatani Daisuke , Matsuda Kenji , Kawabata Tokimasa , Uetani Yasuhiro , Ikeno Susumu
Published: March 2009

There have been many reports about the bainitic phase decomposition of annealed Cu-Zn
alloy. During annealing at 523 K, the hardness of this alloy increased at the early stage of annealing,
although the β-phase couldn't be observed in the matrix of β'-phase (CsCl). The crystal structure of
β' phase, thus, was investigated by a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to
find its structural change. As the result, the striations were observed in the HRTEM image of matrix
at the early stage of annealing. The selected area diffraction pattern was also obtained from this area,
and it showed the extra streaks which couldn't be explained by the normal CsCl structure of the
β’-phase.
Shape Memory Behavior of Ti-50.9at%Ni Alloy after ECAE Processes
Authors: Fan Zhi Guo , Xie Chao Ying
Published: March 2009

The initial coarse grains of Ti-50.9at%Ni were obviously refined after eight ECAE
processes. Effects of pressing number on the transformation behavior have been investigated in
detail. Comparing with the initial solution-treated Ti-50.9at%Ni, the R-phase transformation was
stimulated and the martensitic temperature Ms decreased with ECAE processes at 773K. The shape
memory properties of Ti-50.9at%Ni alloy before and after ECAE processes at 773K have been
measured. Good one way shape memory and superelasticity were obtained for the submicron-grained
Ti-50.9at%Ni alloy.
Surface Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel after High Current Pulsed Electron Beam Treatment
Authors: Hao Sheng Zhi , Wu Ping Sheng , Grosdidier Thierry , Dong Chuang
Published: March 2009

HCPEB treatment of 316L stainless steel (SS) was carried out and the microstructure
change in the modified surface layer were characterized with optical microscopy and X-ray
diffractometry techniques. The evolution regularity of surface craters and grain refinement effect, as
well as the preferred orientation of (111) crystal plane occurring in the HCPEB treatment at different
working parameters were discussed combining with their influence on corrosion resistance.
Intergranular Corrosion of Ultrafine Grain Copper Fabricated by ECAP
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Mimaki Takura , Vinogradov Alexei , Hashimoto Satoshi
Published: March 2009

Corrosion of ultra-fine grain (UFG) copper fabricated by equal-channel angular pressing
(ECAP) has been investigated in comparison with that of recrystallized coarse grain (CG) copper.
Corrosion current was estimated by a Tafel extrapolation method to examine the kinetics of corrosion
in a modified Livingstone etchant, which attack dislocations and grain boundaries preferentially.
UFG copper have exhibited a lower corrosion current in comparison with that in its recrystallized
coarse grain (CG) counterpart despite the fact that the dislocation density and total fraction of grain
boundaries are much greater in UFG copper than in CG copper. Corrosion damage on its surface is
macroscopically rather uniform whereas obvious attack at grain boundaries and selective corrosion of
some grain interiors were observed in CG copper.
Fatigue Life Enhancement by Surface Coating of Ni/Cu Multilayered Films
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihisa , Nishijima Y. , Sanda T. , Hashimoto Satoshi
Published: March 2009

Effect of Ni/Cu multilayer coating on fatigue durability was investigated. The Ni/Cu
multilayered films were coated on cylindrical copper specimens by electroplating technique.
Thickness of individual component layers was h=20nm and 100nm and the total thickness was 5μm.
The specimens with a conventional nickel coating and uncoated specimens were also prepared.
Push-pull fatigue tests were carried out in air at room temperature. It was found that the specimens
with the Ni/Cu multilayered coatings exhibited the fatigue lives longer than those of the conventional
nickel coating. In particular, the fatigue life with the h=100nm multilayer was at least ten times longer
than that with the nickel coating at the stress amplitude of 90MPa. From the electron channelling
contrast imaging (ECCI) observation of subsurface areas of the copper specimens, dislocation
structures peculiar to fatigue deformation was suppressed by the surface coatings.
Dependence of Vickers Hardness on Annealing Temperature at Co/Cu Multilayered Films
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihisa , Sakakibara H. , Hashimoto Satoshi
Published: March 2009

Co/Cu and Ni/Cu multilayers fabricated by electroplating technique were annealed at
various temperatures in order to investigate thermal stability of multilayered structures. Vickers
hardness tests on the annealed Co/Cu and Ni/Cu multilayers were conducted at room temperature. It
was recognized that after the annealing at 1023K the Co/Cu multilayer still maintained the hardness
of as-deposited state. On the other hand, the hardness of Ni/Cu multilayer was almost identical to
copper substrate after the annealing at 903K.
Influence of Surface Finishing and Binder Phase on Friction and Wear of WC Based Hardmetals
Authors: Bonny Koenraad , de Baets Patrick , Van der Biest Omer , Vleugels Jef , Lauwers Bert
Published: March 2009

At present, cobalt is the most commonly used binder material in tungsten carbide based
hardmetals. Current research on sliding wear performance of these cemented carbides, however,
reveals promising results for nickel binder as well. Test samples of WC-Co and WC-Ni hardmetals
have been machined and surface finished by wire-EDM and grinding. From comparative dry sliding
pin-on-plate experiments on wire-EDM’ed, ground and polished grades, correlations are derived
between wear volume loss and friction on the one hand and contact pressure, sliding distance,
binder phase and microstructure on the other hand. The lowest wear levels are encountered with
polished cemented carbides. The EDM induced surface modification turns out to deteriorate wear
resistance, especially during the running-in stage of sliding. These findings are in agreement with Xray
diffraction measurements of the residual stress level in the WC phase.
Subsurface Microstructure Induced by Sliding Wear in a Copper Single Crystal
Authors: Ohno Yoshihiro , Inotani J. , Kaneko Yoshihisa , Hashimoto Satoshi
Published: March 2009

A sliding wear test was conducted in a copper single crystal having (001) surface.
Microstructures induced by the sliding wear were investigated by means of the electron channelling
contrast (ECC) imaging and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The microstructures
below the worn surface consisted of the stack of dislocation cell structure, layered structure and
equiaxed fine-grained structure. At the dislocation cell structure, there was no significant change in
crystallographic orientation. On the other hand, the crystal at the layered structure rotated
continuously around the axis which was perpendicular to sliding wear direction. In the fine-grained
structure, preferential orientations no longer existed. The authors attempted to explain grain boundary
formation in terms of a rotation angle gradient which is proportional to density of
geometrically-necessary dislocations.