bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invalidating Water Injection Discontinuation Plan Through Comprehensive Surveillance Data Acquisition and Interpretation
Authors: Nalasavagan Kausalyah , Razmi Nur Adibah , Rahman Harun , Rosland Eadie Azahar , Nazwar Suhenri Kurniawan , Motaei Eghbal , Bibic Ovidiu Cristian , Hoo Lien Wei
Published: April 2024

Waterflooding technology has been a longstanding practice in the oil and gas industry, with its roots dating back to its development in the US in the 1940s. The fundamental concept involves replenishing drained spaces to maintain system pressure, although the complexity arises in reservoirs filled with heterogeneities. Beyond pressure preservation, waterflooding also enhances production through efficient sweeping. The success of waterflooding hinges on the dual metrics of pressure maintenance and production rate. However, quantifying this success is not always straightforward and can be obscured by the poor performance of individual producers.

This paper presents a real case study conducted at Field S, highlighting a meticulous evaluation of the impact of water injection. Despite the drilling of two peripheral water injectors in 2021, water breakthrough shortly after injection initiation led to a nearly 20% reduction in field production. Analysis of available data pointed to injection-induced fractures, inadequate cement behind casing channeling, and high permeability contrast in multiple sand lobes as potential sources of increased water cut observed in key wells. To address this, an intermittent flow strategy was implemented at the expense of the voidage replacement ratio (VRR), allowing the gas oil ratio (GOR) to develop and improve well lifting. Various diagnostics, including streamline analysis, injection fall-off, advanced well interference tests, and capacitance-resistant model analysis, were assessed.

Field S, following its field development plan, plans to add 52 infill wells within the next 5 years to its existing inventory of 15 wells. Reservoir simulation work has been endorsed to support continuous water injection for pressure maintenance before infill, aligning with the planned recovery factor. The robustness of the water injection program faced a challenge when management proposed its discontinuation after only 30 months of injection. This paper showcases a real case study demonstrating the utilization of multiple surveillance tools and diagnostic plots to validate waterflood efficiency, enabling Field S to persist with its water injection program.

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how a tailored surveillance program and data interpretation workflows could enable petroleum engineers to proactively diagnose and troubleshoot water injection programs more efficiently with minimal intervention. Additionally, it demonstrates the application of various water injection-related diagnostic plots from published papers on the Field S dataset and their compatibility index.
Leveraging Machine Learning for Predicting Gas Separation Efficiency of a Downhole Separator
Authors: Sharma A. , Osorio L. , Ashesh S. , Gupta I. , Burak T. , Konate N. , Karami H.
Published: April 2024

Artificial lift systems, specifically Electrical Submersible Pumps and Sucker Rod Pumps, often face operational challenges due to high Gas-Oil Ratio, leading to premature tool failure and increased non-productive time. These issues underscore the necessity for efficient gas separation at upstream of the artificial lift pump to ensure uninterrupted operations. Downhole gas separators, situated upstream of the artificial lift pump, are designed to segregate gas from the fluid, reducing downtime. This study aims to predict the gas separation efficiency of the downhole gas separator using experimental data from a centrifugal separator and testing the generated models on experimental data for a gravity separator.

To predict the separation efficiency of the downhole separator, multiple machine learning models were evaluated, and a comparative analysis was performed. The experimental test data obtained for the centrifugal packer-type separator was used for model training and experimental test data for the gravity separator was used for model testing (blind test). To conduct experiments, multiphase flow setup (31ft. (9.4m) long horizontal and 27ft. (8.2m) tall vertical section of multiphase flow setup) was used. In this study, seven regression methods, including multilinear (MLR), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), ridge, lasso, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and XGBoost, were examined to assess their ability to effectively predict the gas separation efficiency. Several performance metrics, including Root mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and R-squared were evaluated to select the efficient model.

In-depth exploratory data analysis and feature engineering were performed to identify significant input parameters for model training. The scatterplot and correlation plot indicated the response variable were mostly affected by inlet liquid and gas volume flow. Therefore, liquid and gas volume flow at inlet were selected as two independent parameters to predict gas volume flow per minute at the outlet (GVFO) as the response variable. After data scaling, a comparative analysis of the seven incorporated regression models revealed that, the Random Forest model to be the most efficient for predicting GVFO, closely followed by the KNN model. The Random Forest model exhibits R-squared values of 96% and RMSE value of 112. Hyperparameter tuning and tenfold cross-validation ensured optimal values for tuning parameters and prevented oveffitting, respectively.

This developed machine learning workflow enables the prediction of the gas separation efficiency of different type of downhole gas separator by using experimental test data from a centrifugal downhole separator. It provides critical findings through a comparative analysis of seven regression models. This research offers valuable insights that can aid in optimizing the performance of artificial lift systems.
Measuring algorithmic bias to analyze the reliability of AI tools that predict depression risk using smartphone sensed-behavioral data
Authors: Adler Daniel A. , Stamatis Caitlin A. , Meyerhoff Jonah , Mohr David C. , Wang Fei , Aranovich Gabriel J. , Sen Srijan , Choudhury Tanzeem
Published: April 2024

AI tools intend to transform mental healthcare by providing remote estimates of depression risk using behavioral data collected by sensors embedded in smartphones. While these tools accurately predict elevated symptoms in small, homogenous populations, recent studies show that these tools are less accurate in larger, more diverse populations. In this work, we show that accuracy is reduced because sensed-behaviors are unreliable predictors of depression across individuals; specifically the sensed-behaviors that predict depression risk are inconsistent across demographic and socioeconomic subgroups. We first identified subgroups where a developed AI tool underperformed by measuring algorithmic bias, where subgroups with depression were incorrectly predicted to be at lower risk than healthier subgroups. We then found inconsistencies between sensed-behaviors predictive of depression across these subgroups. Our findings suggest that researchers developing AI tools predicting mental health from behavior should think critically about the generalizability of these tools, and consider tailored solutions for targeted populations.
Structures of H5N1 influenza polymerase with ANP32B reveal mechanisms of genome replication and host adaptation
Authors: Fodor Ervin , Staller Ecco , Carrique Loïc , Swann Olivia , Fan Haitian , Keown Jeremy , Sheppard Carol , Barclay Wendy , Grimes Jonathan
Published: April 2024

Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a public health threat, as they are capable of triggering pandemics by crossing species barriers. Replication of avian IAVs in mammalian cells is hindered by species-specific variation in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32) proteins, which are essential for viral RNA genome replication. Adaptive mutations enable the IAV RNA polymerase (FluPolA) to surmount this barrier. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of monomeric and dimeric avian H5N1 FluPolA with human ANP32B. ANP32B interacts with the PA subunit of FluPolA in the monomeric form, at the site used for its docking onto the C-terminal domain of host RNA polymerase II during viral transcription. ANP32B acts as a chaperone, guiding FluPolA towards a ribonucleoprotein-associated FluPolA to form an asymmetric dimer—the replication platform for the viral genome. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms governing IAV genome replication, while enhancing our understanding of the molecular processes underpinning mammalian adaptations in avian-origin FluPolA.
selenium and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A double- blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Abrishamkar Hengame , Helli Bizhan , Zilaei Marzieh , Rajaei Elham , Sheikhi Ali , Hosseini Seyed Ahmad
Published: April 2024

Objective: This randomized trial aimed to investigate the effects of selenium on patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Design: 50 SLE patients were randomly assigned to receive daily either 200 μg of selenium supplement or a placebo for eight weeks. Both groups received general healthy lifestyle recommendations. Blood samples to measure the stress markers were assessed before and after the intervention. The systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDA) was used to assess the clinical signs of the patients before and after the intervention.
Results: Selenium supplementation compared with the control group significantly reduced serum high-sensitive reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Except for ESR (p= 0.019), the p value of all of the said parameters was ˂0.001. Clinical manifestations of the disease such as arthritis (p= 0.012) and alopecia (p= 0.011) were also improved following the intervention.
Conclusion: A daily intake of 200 μg of selenium supplements for 8 weeks could significantly improve several metabolic markers and clinical manifestations in lupus patients.
To boldly go where no microRNAs have gone before: Spaceflight impact on risk for small-for-gestational-age infants
Authors: Corti Giada , Kim JangKeun , Enguita Francisco , Guarnieri Joseph , Grossman Lawrence , Costes Sylvain , Fuentealba Matias , Scott Ryan , Magrini Andrea , Sanders Lauren , Furman David , Calleja-Agius Jean , Mason Christopher , Galeano Diego , Bottini Massimo , Beheshti Afshin
Published: April 2024

In the era of renewed space exploration, comprehending the effects of the space environment on human health, particularly for deep space missions, is crucial. While extensive research exists on the impacts of spaceflight, there is a gap regarding female reproductive risks. We hypothesize that space stressors could have enduring effects on female health, potentially increasing risks for future pregnancies upon return to Earth, particularly related to small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. To address this, we identify a shared microRNA (miRNA) signature between SGA and the space environment, conserved across humans and mice. These miRNAs target genes and pathways relevant to diseases and development. Employing a machine learning approach, we identify potential FDA-approved drugs to mitigate these risks, including estrogen and progesterone receptor antagonists, vitamin D receptor antagonists, and DNA polymerase inhibitors. This study underscores potential pregnancy-related health risks for female astronauts and proposes pharmaceutical interventions to counteract the impact of space travel on female health.
Facial Skin Biophysical Multi-Parameter and Microbiome-Based Korean Skin Cutotype (KSC) Determination
Authors: Han Kyudong , Mun Seyoung , Jo HyungWoo , Heo Young Mok , Baek Chaeyun , Kim Hye-Been , Lee Haeun , Yun Kyeongeui , Jung Jinuk , Lee Wooseok , Jeon Dasom Jeon , Kang So Min , Kang Seunghyun , Choi Young-Bong , Han Sangjin , Kim Gabriel , Ahn Kung , Lee Dong Hun , Ahn Yongju , Lee Dong-Geol
Published: April 2024

The field of human microbiome research is rapidly expanding beyond the gut and into the facial skin care industry. However, there is still no established criterion to define the objective relationship between the microbiome and clinical trials for developing personalized skin solutions that consider individual diversity. In this study, we conducted an integrated analysis of skin measurements, clinical BSTI surveys, and the skin microbiome of 950 Korean subjects to examine the ideal skin microbiome-biophysical associations. By utilizing four skin biophysical parameters, we identified four distinct Korean Skin Cutotypes (KSCs) and categorized the subjects into three aging groups: the Young (under 34 years old), the Aging I group (35–50), and the Old group (over 51). To unravel the intricate connection between the skin's microbiome and KSC types, we conducted DivCom clustering analysis. This endeavor successfully classified 726 out of 740 female skin microbiomes into three subclusters: DC1-sub1, DC1-sub2, and DC2 with 15 core genera. To further amplify our findings, we harnessed the potent capabilities of the CatBoost boosting algorithm and achieved a reliable framework for predicting skin types based on microbial composition with an impressive average accuracy of 0.96 AUC value. Our study conclusively demonstrated that these 15 core genera could serve as objective indicators, differentiating the microbial composition among the aging groups. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the complex relationship between the skin microbiome and biophysical properties, and the findings provide a promising approach to advance the field of skincare, cosmetics, and broader microbial research.
Bergenia purpurascens is a non-specific ACE2 inhibitor
Authors: Shi Yongxia , Sun Xiaoning , Dai Dalan , Guo Hongyu , Mei Lijuan , Dai Jun , Yu Zhaoxia , Jiang Lei
Published: April 2024

Introduction
Bergenia purpurascens is a medicinal herb found in southwestern China. This article mainly explores its efficacy and mechanism in blocking ACE2 receptor.
Materials and methods
This study investigated the ability of water extract of Bergenia purpurascens to disrupt the formation of the complex between COVID-19 S1 RBD and ACE2. After establishing quality standards for the extract, it was shown to inhibit live virus infection of COVID-19 XBB1.5 variant using a Vero-E6 cell infection model. The mechanism by which the water extract disrupts the binding of S1 protein and ACE2 was studied using SPR. The composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS, and active compounds were identified through in silico screening and real activity testing.
Results
The water extracts of Bergenia purpurascens exhibit significantly high inhibitory activity and are found to be stable. The prominent compounds constituting the extract are Phenylpropanoids and Carbohydrates, whose abundance accounts for over 60% of the composition. The extract is highly potent in inhibiting live COVID-19 XBB1.5 virus infection, having an IC50 value measuring 0.037mg/mL. Investigation of the extract's inhibitory mechanism reveals that it acts as a non-specific inhibitor of ACE2 by exhibiting a steady-state binding affinity (KD) of 7.9×10-7M. Seventy-three percent of the high-content compounds were found to be inactive. Active compounds were identified as a group of low-content compounds, represented by Ellagic acid, working in combination.
Conclusions
The water extract of Bergenia purpurascens is a good and cheap non-specific ACE2 inhibitor.
Identification of m6A-associated diagnostic biomarkers and subtypes for osteoporosis's disease diagnosis and risk prediction based on machine learning
Authors: Luo Shengzhong , Liu Jiahao , Miao Xinxin , Deng Jianjian , Wu Tianlong , Cheng Xigao
Published: April 2024

Background
Osteoporosis(OP) is a systemic skeletal dysfunction disorder that occurs in large numbers worldwide. The aim of our study was to screen potential m6A-related diagnostic markers and establish diagnostic predictive models to provide a reference framework for the diagnosis and treatment of OP.
Methods
GSE56815 and GSE35956 were retrieved from GEO. The m6A-related diagnostic markers for OP were identified through random forest algorithm screening of GSE56815, and subsequently validated for diagnostic efficacy in GSE35956. The mechanism exploration of diagnostic markers was conducted via GO and KEGG analyses based on GSEA. Immune cell infiltration estimation was performed using ssGSEA, with correlation analysis between immune cells and diagnostic markers. Consensus clustering produced two OP patient subtypes, which were compared using m6A scores.
Results
4 m6A-related diagnostic markers for OP have been selected by random forest. Utilizing these 4 diagnostic markers, an OP diagnostic model was successfully established, and its diagnostic value was validated using independent external data. The immune infiltration analysis of ssGSEA revealed that CD56 dim natural killer cell significantly infiltrated the OP samples, while the diagnostic markers were found to possess regulatory effects on diverse immune cells. OP samples were classified into two m6A subtypes through the concordance clustering, with type A having a higher m6A score than type B. The classification can provide more instructive assistance for the diagnosis of OP.
Conclusions
A diagnostic model for OP was constructed based on four m6A-related genes in the study, which provides significant references for diagnosis of OP and holds practical significance.
Loss-of-function in testis-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (TSSKs) triggers male infertility in an invasive moth
Authors: Yang Xueqing
Published: April 2024

Genetic control system at molecular level presents a promising and eco-friendly strategy for the management of pest and insect-transmitted diseases. Although considerable advancements have been achieved in gene drive applications targeting mosquitoes, endeavors to combat agricultural pests have been somewhat restricted. Here, we identified that the testis-specific serine/threonine kinases (TSSKs) family is uniquely expressed in the testes of Cydia pomonella, a prominent global invasive species. We further generated male moths with disrupted the expression of TSSKs and those with TSSKs completely knocked out using RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas 9 genetic editing techniques, resulting in significant disruptions in spermiogenesis, decreased sperm motility, and hindered development of fertilized oocytes. Further explorations into the underlying post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have revealed the involvement of lnc117962 as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-3960, thereby regulating TSSKs. Notably, orchard trials have demonstrated that the release of male strains can effectively suppress population growth. Our findings indicate that targeting TSSKs could serve as a feasible avenue for managing C. pomonella populations, offering significant insights and potential strategies for controlling invasive pests through genetic sterile insect technique (gSIT) technology.
Prolonged Hypokalemia Long After Causative Factor Elimination in Pseudo-Bartter/Gitelman Syndrome
Authors: Kondo Atsushi , Horinouchi Tomoko , Inoki Yuta , Ichikawa Yuta , Tanaka Yu , Kitakado Hideaki , Ueda Chika , Sakakibara Nana , Nagano China , Nozu Kandai
Published: April 2024

Pseudo-Bartter/Gitelman syndrome (PBS/PGS) results from medication and lifestyle factors, causing hypokalemia and potential kidney dysfunction. Treatment involves eliminating the underlying causes, typically leading to rapid improvement. However, PBS/PGS findings may persist long after the removal of causative factors, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study focused on 49 cases diagnosed with PBS/PGS based on apparent causes; the cases had no pathogenic variants related to hereditary kidney diseases. They were categorized into two groups: the current group (n = 39), where causative factors persisted, and the past group (n = 10), where more than one year had elapsed since the elimination of the causative factors at the time of examination. A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted between these groups. All patients were female, except for two in the current group. The median time since the elimination of causes in the past group was 7.5 years. Hypokalemia and kidney dysfunction were observed in both groups without statistically significant differences. Both groups exhibited overactivation of renin-angiotensin systems. This study is the first to reveal the possibility of persistent PBS/PGS findings even after the removal of causative factors. While swift removal of the cause of PBS/PGS is crucial, long-term post-removal monitoring is essential to improve renal prognosis.
Vitamin D Binding Protein and Receptor Prevalence in a Large Population with Periodontitis: Genetic Polymorphisms and Transcriptomic Profiling
Authors: Nie Ziyan , Hu Xiaopan , Hu Peinan , Li Peiqiang , Zhou Haijing , Xie Xiaodong
Published: April 2024

Background: There is an ongoing controversy regarding the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and binding protein (VDBP) genes, as well as their polymorphisms, in periodontitis. We examined eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and performed a transcriptome-level bioinformatics analysis to clarify their relationship with periodontitis.
Methods: To explore VDR and VDBP polymorphisms, 600 subjects were included, including 307 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 293 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood collected from each subject. A MassARRAY system was used to detect genetic polymorphisms, including rs1544410G/A (BsmI), rs2228570C/T (FokI), rs7975232G/T (ApaI), rs731236T/C (TaqI), rs739837G/T, rs9729G/T, and rs3847987C/Ain the VDR gene, and rs7041A/C in the VDBP gene. Then, we analyzed transcriptome sequencing datas of gingival tissues from two single-cell transcriptome sequencing studies to identify differential expression profiles. The objective was to further explore the potential association between VDR gene and gingival tissues in individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP).
Results: The regression analysis model revealed a significant relationship between rs739837G/T (P = 0.044) and rs7041A/C (P = 0.032) polymorphisms and CP susceptibility. Subjects carrying the TT genotype of rs739837showed a decreased risk of developing CP compared to those carrying the GG+GTgenotype (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.29–0.99). Individuals carrying the AC+CC genotype of rs7041 showed a reduced risk of developing CP compared to those with the AA genotype (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51–0.97). Furthermore, allele C of rs7041was found to have a protective effect against periodontitis (P = 0.033, OR = 0.7525, CI = 0.5793–0.9776). However, no association was found between CP susceptibility and six other 6 SNPs (rs1544410, rs2228570, rs7975232, rs9729, rs731236, and rs3847987). Differential levels of VDR transcription were observed in gingival tissues during CP.
Conclusions: VDR genetic variability and transcriptional expression are significant factors affecting susceptibility to CP. These findings suggested that rs739837 TT in VDR and rs7041 A/C in VDBP may be protective against periodontitis.
Evaluation of the microbial community in various saline alkaline- soils driven by soil factors of the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyu , Gao Ju-lin , Yu Xiao-fang , Borjigin Qing-geer , Qu Jiawei , Zhang Bi-zhou , Zhang Sai-nan , Li Qiang , Guo Jiang-an , Li Dong-bo
Published: April 2024

Soil microbial communities play a crucial role in maintaining diverse ecosystem functions within the saline–alkali soil ecosystems. The current understanding of harnessing soil microbial communities to enhance the salinized soil environment is limited. Therefore, in this study, we collected various saline–alkaline soils from across the Inner Mongolia Hetao irrigation area. The soil chemical properties were analyzed, and the microbial diversity of bacteria and fungi was measured using Illumina MiSeq. The dynamic relationship between the soil microbial community and soil factors was analyzed using the ABT model, the co-occurrence network, and the structural equation model. The results indicated that electrical conductivity (EC) was the biggest driving force of various saline–alkaline soils, affecting the community structure of bacteria (22.80%) and fungi (21.30%). The soil samples were categorized into three treatment levels based on their EC values: the low-salinity group (L, EC: 0–1 ms/cm, n = 10), the medium-salinity group (M, EC: 1–2 ms/cm, n = 8), and the high-salinity group (H, EC > 2 ms/cm, n = 6). Significant differences were observed in the microbial diversity and community structure for the different saline-alkali soils (p < 0.01). The network diagram illustrated a positive correlation between salinity and the number of network points, network edges, and modularity coefficient, but a negative relationship with the number of modules. The results demonstrated a negative correlation between microbial abundance and salinity–alkalinity, while revealing an enhanced interrelationship among species. Saline-alkali ions were identified as the primary and direct driving factors responsible for bacterial (12.36%) and fungal (22.92%) community dynamics in various saline–alkaline soils. The alterations in bacterial (12.36%) and fungal (22.92%) communities in various saline-alkali soils were primarily driven by saline-alkali ions, which served as the principal direct factors. The negative correlation between EC and SOM exhibited the highest magnitude, whereas the positive correlation between soil organic carbon and EC demonstrated the greatest strength. Therefore, it was further substantiated that EC played a pivotal role in shaping the distinct microbial communities in saline-alkali soils.
Sexually dimorphic renal expression of Klotho is directed by a kidney-specific distal enhancer responsive to HNF1b
Authors: Jankowski Jakub , Lee Hye Kyung , Liu Chengyu , Wilflingseder Julia , Hennighausen Lothar
Published: April 2024

Transcription enhancers are genomic sequences regulating common and tissue-specific genes and their disruption can contribute to human disease development and progression. Klotho, a sexually dimorphic gene specifically expressed in kidney, is well-linked to kidney dysfunction and its deletion from the mouse genome leads to premature aging and death. However, the sexually dimorphic regulation of Klotho is not understood. Here, we characterize two candidate Klotho enhancers using H3K27ac epigenetic marks and transcription factor binding and investigate their functions, individually and combined, through CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering. We discovered that only the distal (E1), but not the proximal (E2) candidate region constitutes a functional enhancer, with the double deletion not causing Klotho expression to further decrease. E1 activity is dependent on HNF1b transcription factor binding site within the enhancer. Further, E1 controls the sexual dimorphism of Klotho as evidenced by qPCR and RNA-seq. Despite the sharp reduction of Klotho mRNA, unlike germline Klotho knockouts, mutant mice presented normal phenotype, including weight, lifespan, and serum biochemistry. Lastly, only males lacking E1 display more prominent acute, but not chronic kidney injury responses, indicating a remarkable range of potential adaptation to isolated Klotho loss, especially in female E1 knockouts, retaining renoprotection despite over 80% Klotho reduction.
Trends in Musculoskeletal Injuries Due to Firearms in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Saif Nabeel , Wentlent Zachariah , Shahriar Rajin
Published: April 2024

Background
Firearm injuries (FIs) are a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity in children. As physicians may have a role in preventing these injuries, understanding the epidemiology and identifiable risk factors associated with these injuries is important. The primary objective of this study is to assess for longitudinal trends in demographics and circumstance of injury (e.g., assault, accident, self-inflicted) in pediatric and adolescent FIs across different geographical regions in the United States. Secondary objectives included assessing the severity of outcomes and quality-of-care measures based on the nature of injury, including anatomical location and the presence of concomitant nerve injury.
Methods
Data was utilized from admissions between 1997–2019 available in Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), a nationwide database of pediatric and adolescent inpatient care admissions. All patients aged 20-years-old (y.o.) or younger with a firearm-associated injury were included in our study. Multi-level generalized linear models were employed to evaluate differences in categorical characteristics (e.g., race, circumstance of injury, geographical region) across time points.
Results
The majority of FIs in our study were 16–20 y.o., with over half due to assaults. Between 2000–2019, the probability of an FI due to an accident nearly quadrupled in Black and Hispanic patients. Between 2000–2019, the number of FI admissions in the Northeast decreased from .75 to .64, while the Midwest increased from .16 to 1.02 per, 100,000 people.
Conclusions
Our data indicates significant heterogeneity in the pattern of musculoskeletal injuries resulting from FIs. Recognizing this may allow physicians to improve counseling for patients and advocate for the best policies within the areas they serve. Future research should assess the efficacy of provider specific programs geared towards preventing these injuries.
Predictors and health outcomes of tobacco smoking among the population of Gaza: A large-scale study
Authors: Ismail Ali , Hamdar Layal , Dirawi Hiba , Kanso Mohamad , Salem Islam , Tamim Hani , Mahfoud Ziyad
Published: April 2024

Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A study in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease, chronic lung disease, and stroke. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. Adjusting for various factors, the study revealed significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as coronary artery disease and chronic lung disease. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. In conflict-affected regions like Gaza, this large-scale study sheds light on predictors of cigarette and shisha smoking and their impact on health outcomes, offering valuable insights for researchers, public health officials, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. The findings aid in predicting smoking prevalence, addressing current health challenges, and mitigating potential health and financial burdens associated with tobacco use in conflict zones.
Student and Resident Perspectives on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Events in Medical School
Authors: Nkie Veronica , Roehrs Danielle Isabella , Richardson Chante , Garg Rahul , Mafuvadze Benford
Published: April 2024

Background
Extensive research has demonstrated the necessity of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) training in Medicine, particularly in increasing cultural awareness among physicians. However, there is limited data on the perceived impact of DEI events from the perspectives of trainees. This study sought to examine the impact of DEI training in medical school from the perspectives of medical students and first-year residents.
Methods
A 17-question cross sectional survey was constructed, and data analysis including descriptive statistics and relevant data associations were conducted using the Qualtrics XM software.
Results
A majority of respondents agreed that their institutions support the promotion of DEI events on campus (81.3%), DEI training was part of their curricula (60.9%), and improved their cultural awareness (46.4%). Also, respondents indicated these events provided understanding of the need for a diverse and inclusive workforce (53.7%), and 46.4% stated they could provide excellent care to diverse patients as a result.
Among residents, 20% agreed to the use of DEI knowledge in patient care during residency. However, while 27.3% acknowledged their DEI experiences were highlighted during residency interviews, only 11.1% stated that residency programs were interested in their DEI experiences gained in medical school.
Conclusion
Medical trainees recognize the impact of DEI events in understanding the inequities in patient care. Most medical students feel DEI events is beneficial to their training. However our study shows that the impact of DEI events may be further enhanced if trainees’ views and perspectives on DEI events are considered and incorporated into program curricula.
Influence of dislocation cells in the hydrogen diffusivity, trapping and embrittlement of wrought and additively manufactured Inconel 718
Authors: Maldonado Claudia Santos , Zafra Alfredo , Pañeda Emilio Martínez , Sandmann Paul , Morana Roberto , Pham Minh-Son
Published: April 2024

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) raises a major concern for the mechanical integrity of high-strength alloys, such as Ni-based superalloys exposed to hydrogen-rich environments. The diffusion and trapping of hydrogen atoms are critical factors governing HE. In this study, the role of microstructure, particularly dislocation cells, a characteristic microstructure of alloys made by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), on hydrogen diffusion, trapping and embrittlement of additive manufactured (AM) and wrought Inconel 718 was investigated. For the first time, trapping behaviour in hydrogen-saturated AM Inconel 718 was analysed by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) coupled with numerical simulations. A high density of hydrogen traps in the cell walls attributed to dense dislocations and Laves was responsible for the local accumulation of hydrogen, causing significant loss in the cohesive strength and triggering cracking along the dislocation cell walls. This influential role of dislocation cells alters the fracture behaviour from intergranular (seen in the wrought condition) to intragranular for the AM condition. In addition, the cellular network of dislocations acts as a short circuit accelerating hydrogen diffusion, enabling faster and deeper penetration of hydrogen in the AM condition. The results obtained in this study indicate that the higher HE susceptibility of AM Inconel 718 alloys is intrinsically associated with the interaction of hydrogen with dislocation walls.
Student’s Perception of the Learning Environment in Ethiopian Medical Schools: Evidence from Jimma University Medical Centre
Authors: Wonde Shewatatek Gedamu , Tadesse Tefera , Ferede Bekalu
Published: April 2024

This study investigated medical students’ perception of the quality of the learning environment at Jimma University Medical Centre (JUMC), Jimma, Ethiopia. For this, a cross-sectional survey design was conducted at the clinical attachment wards in JUMC. The authors used the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) inventory tool, self-administered to 323 different clinical years of undergraduate medical students enrolled at the clinical attachment wards during the study period. The questionnaire consisted of five domains: student perception of learning (SPL), student perception of teacher (SPT), student academic self-perception (SAP), student perception of the atmosphere (SPA), and student social self-perception (SSSP). Mean, standard deviation, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were computed using the SPSS, IBM 20 software to analyse the data. The overall DREEM mean score was 111.35 ± 13.67 from the maximum score of 200. In this study, female students reported a significantly higher overall mean score than male students. In addition, Clinical year I students had a more positive perception of the learning environment than their senior batches. The overall mean score demonstrates that students had a more positive perception of their learning environment. However, some areas need to be revised across all five domains of the learning environment to make improvements.
Evaluation of otolith shape as an approach to stock discrimination of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the lagoon environments of Benin
Authors: Adjibayo Houeto Madel Floriane , Nicolas Andrialovanirina , Marwa Mejri , Malek Tazarki , Marius Sounouvou , Meriem Ben Ghorbel , Pierre Dossou-Yovo , Chalh Abdellah , Quignard Jean-Pierre , Monia Trabelsi , Kélig Mahé
Published: April 2024

This study explores the ecological diversity of otoliths in Mugil cephalus by analysing data from 190 individuals collected at different sites, including the Porto Novo lagoon, the Cotonou lagoon and Lake Nokoué. The results revealed significant differences in otolith morphology, showing significant associations with the biological characteristics of the fish at each site. Analysis of the asymmetry between the right and left sides reveals distinctions between these two aspects. There is a significant structuring of stock units according to otolith shape, with marked differences between the different geographical sampling areas. The asymmetry percentages illustrate marked differences between the study sites, suggesting variations in the impact of environmental factors on otolith morphology. The higher asymmetry percentages observed in the Porto-Novo lagoon and the Cotonou lagoon indicate a different morphological response compared to Lake Nokoué, which could be attributable to distinct environmental conditions and specific selective pressures.
Effects of brief remote high ventilation breathwork with retention on mental health and wellbeing: A randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Fincham Guy W. , Epel Elissa , Colasanti Alessandro , Strauss Clara , Cavanagh Kate
Published: April 2024

High ventilation breathwork with retention (HVBR) might be beneficial for mental/physical health and has been growing in popularity over the past decade. However, little research has investigated the potential therapeutic effects of brief, remotely delivered HVBR and the tolerability profile of this technique. This study (NCT06064474) was the largest blinded randomised-controlled trial on HVBR to date in which 200 young, healthy adults balanced for gender were randomly allocated in blocks of 2 by remote software to 3 weeks of 20 min daily HVBR (fast breathing with long breath holds) or a placebo HVBR comparator (15 breaths/min with short breath holds). The trial was concealed as a ‘fast breathwork’ study wherein both intervention and comparator were masked, and only ~ 40% guessed their group assignment with no difference in accuracy between groups. Both groups reported analogous credibility and expectancy of benefit, subjective adherence, positive sentiment, along with short- and long-term tolerability. At post-intervention (primary timepoint) for stress level (primary outcome), we found no significant group x time interaction, F(1,180) = 1.98, p = 0.16, ηp2 = 0.01, d = 0.21), nor main effect of group, (F = 0.35, p = 0.55, ηp2 < 0.01) but we did find a significant main effect of time, (F = 13.0, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.07). There was a significant improvement in stress pre-post-intervention in both groups, however there was no significant difference in such improvement across groups. In addition to stress at follow-up, we found no significant group x time interactions for secondary trait outcomes of anxiety, depression, mental wellbeing, and sleep-related impairment. This was also the case for state positive and negative affect after the first session of breathwork and at post-intervention. Brief remote HVBR therefore may not be more efficacious at improving mental health than a well-designed active comparator in otherwise healthy, young adults. Funders: The Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund, and PsyDAO.
Adsorption of mercury(II) to volcanic rock: Characteristics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, regeneration and wastewater treatment applications
Authors: Khedr Abdalla M. , Elwakiel Nadia , Halawia Sameh E. , Mansour Ramadan Abdelghany
Published: April 2024

Andesite was employed to effectively extract mercury(II) in aqueous solution. After evaluating its characteristics, andesite was characterized applying modern techniques such as FTIR, BET and TGA methods. The study employed SEM and TEM measurements to analyze the variation in the surface shape and crystallinity of the metal due to adsorption. Adsorbent quantity (0.05-1) mg, contact time (5-60) minutes, pH (2–10), temperature (25–60)°C, and dose [2.738, 4.413, 12.550, 15.520, 39.95] ppb, all affect the amount of removal that increases with the increase in contact time, pH, dose and temperature, but drops as the metal ion concentration rises . The ideal values for contact time, pH, metal ion concentration, dose, and temperature were found to be, respectively, 30 minutes, 8, 15.520 ppb, 0.4 mg, and 40°C. The calculation of thermodynamic parameters, including ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS, was imperative in establishing that the mechanism of heavy metal adsorption on andesite was endothermic, exhibiting a physical nature that escalated with temperature rise. The Freundlich adsorption equation's linear form is matched by the adsorption of mercury(II) on andesite, constant n was 1.85, 1.06, 1.1, and 1.1, whereas the Langmuir constant qm was found to be 1.85, 2.41, 3.54, and 2.28 mg/g at 25°C to 60°C. Furthermore, adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order, rate constant was 3.08, 3.24, 3.24 and 13 under the identical temperature conditions, as opposed to a first-order, rate constant was 4, 3, 2.6, and 2. Hg2+, NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, K+, H2S, and CH3SH were all extracted from wastewater by this application.
Numerical Study and Statistical Approach of the Impact of Nanofluids on Mixed Convection in a Ventilated Cavity
Authors: Brahimi MERYEM , Benderradji RAZIK , Raouache ELHADJ , Chetbani YAZID , Chamkha ALI J
Published: April 2024

In contemporary power engineering and microelectronics, the efficiency of cooling systems is of crucial importance. To meet this requirement, specialized approaches and the use of nanofluids are employed to improve the heat dissipation of heat-generating components. This study presents a methodology based on a numerical investigation and statistical analysis using the Response Surface Method (RSM) to estimate the average Nusselt number associated with mixed convection in a ventilated cavity. A quadratic mathematical model was developed by RSM, the precision of which was assessed via a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a coefficient of determination R2 close to 1. The study considered pure water and mixtures of nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, and TiO2) as heat transfer fluids, exploring various values of the Richardson number (0.1 to 100) and volume fractions (0–8%). The outcomes demonstrate a direct relationship between the volume fraction of nanoparticles and the augmentation of heat transfer, wherein silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles exhibit superior efficacy in enhancing heat exchange. The RSM evaluation highlights that a Richardson number of around 61, associated with copper (Cu) and/or silver (Ag) nanoparticles with a volume fraction of around 8%, leads to a higher average Nusselt number, reaching up to 47. Additionally, multi-objective optimization identifies optimal levels of volume fractions (8%) and Richardson numbers (61) with copper (Cu) nanoparticles, with a desirability high reaching 0.9999 (99.99%).
The Changing Pattern of Anticholinergic Prescribing in a Low- to Middle-income Country: Comparison of Two Datasets
Authors: Xu Xiang Jiang , Myint Phyo Kyaw , Lee Shaun Wen Huey , Ramasamy Kalavathy , Lim Siong Meng , Majeed Abu Bakar Abdul , Wong Yuet Yen , Mat Sumaiyah , Saedon Nor Izzati , Mahadzir Hazlina , Hasmukharay Kejal , Tan Maw Pin
Published: April 2024

Background: While the effects of anticholinergic drug use have been increasingly highlighted, the trends and patterns of anticholinergic drug use are, however, less well understood.
Aim: To determine the changes in frequency and pattern of anticholinergic drug use within a low- to middle-income country.
Method: Comparisons were made between two datasets obtained in 2013-15 and 2020-22 from population-based surveys conducted among Malaysian residents aged 55 years and older. Anticholinergic exposure was determined using the anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) tool. The frequency of prescriptions were reported by the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) groups.
Results: Medication data were available in 1616 and 2733 participants from 2013-15 and 2020-22 respectively, of whom 293 (18.1%) and 280 (10.2%) participants were on at least one medication with ACB score ≥ 1. Within ATC classes, cardiovascular medications were the most commonly prescribed in both surveys but had reduced over time. The use of nervous system medications had increased, in the increase seen in antipsychotic prescribing. The prescription of medications within the alimentary and respiratory classes had reduced. Multivariate analyses found that those interviewed in 2020-22 had significantly less likely than those in 2013-15 to have total ACB score=1-2 (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.473[0.385-0.581]) and ACB ≥ 3 (0.251[0.137-0.4600]) compared to ACB=0 after adjustment for potential confounders.
Conclusion: A reduction in anticholinergic exposure was observed over time. However, more types of medications with anticholinergic effects were prescribed with an increase in the prescription of nervous system medications. The increase in antipsychotic use, in particular, is of concern and deserves further evaluation.
Management Process of a neonate with severe meconium aspiration syndrome and PPHN delivered by a mother with COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Jinghui , Liu Ling , Han Tongyan
Published: April 2024

A full-term newborn was delivered by emergency cesarean section due to intrauterine distress with a mother infected with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in another hospital. Grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid was observed at delivery. The neonate developed respiratory distress soon after birth and was transferred to our neonatal intensive care unit 3.5 h after birth. After admission, the neonate had progressively worsening dyspnea and was diagnosed with severe meconium aspiration syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Despite respiratory and circulatory support, as well as treatment with pulmonary surfactants, the neonate developed severe respiratory distress, severe pulmonary hypertension, cardiac failure, and acute renal injury during the first 24 h of birth, with a maximum oxygenation index of 27. After initiating invasive high-frequency assisted ventilation with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy, the neonate’s condition gradually stabilized. But after a brief improvement, the infant's condition worsened again on the 11th day after birth, likely due to pulmonary infection, alveolar collapse, and cardiac failure. The treatment plan was adjusted, and prone positioning ventilation was applied to improve oxygenation. Invasive ventilation was eventually successfully withdrawn after 19 days, and the neonate was successfully weaned off oxygen 33 days after birth without significant persistent neurological complications. This case occurred during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By using iNO with multiple pulmonary vasodilators and cardiopulmonary circulatory support, prone ventilation, and point-of-care ultrasonography, the neonate was successfully treated without ECMO.