bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of a Black Hole
Authors: Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L , Rajapakse N.S.
Published: December 2022

A simple model was setup to find the mass variation over time for a Schwarzschild black hole. The temperature and entropy of a black hole was obtained from the numerically solved mass variation and the time variations of the black hole thermodynamic parameters were simulated. The mass of a given black hole reduces rapidly. The time taken for a black hole to vanish increases in an increasing rate with the given initial mass of the black hole. The temperature of a black hole drastically increases at the final stage of the black hole evaporation. The colour attributed to that temperature was found to be in the visible region for a significant amount of time. The black hole entropy also drastically reduces with its mass and through Hawking radiation it is added to the rest of the universe.
One-Pot Synthesis of Some Novel N-Aryl-1,4-Dihydropyridines Derivatives Bearing Nitrogen Mustard
Authors: Singala P.M. , Shah Viresh H.
Published: December 2022

The synthesis of a novel dihydropyridine, bearing carbethoxy groups at C(3) and C(5), respectively, has been achieved by applying three component Hantzsch-type condensation. The products were assayed for their in vitro biological assay antibacterial activity against with two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-96, Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 443, two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli MTCC 442, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 441 and three fungal strains Candida albicans MTCC 227, Aspergillus Niger MTCC 282, Aspergillus clavatus MTCC 1323 taking ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nystatin, and griseofulvin as standard drugs.
Synthesis and Structure of New Compounds NSAIDs-Like Using a Heterogeneous Recyclable Catalyst
Authors: Alkayal Anas , Keshe Mohammad , Madwar Rushdi , Sarko Dikran , Karam Ayman
Published: December 2022

In this research, Phenol derivatives have been reacted with aryl halides using 5 mol% Cu(I) Complex [CuClPPh3]4 as catalyst supported on Amberlyst A21. The typical reaction has been performed between p-cresol and bromobenzene. This reaction is achieved in o-xylene as solvent. However, the catalyst complex does not dissolve in o-xylene rather it acts as heterogeneous catalyst. Therefore, it is filtrated at the end of the reaction and reused several times. Accordingly, new compounds were prepared by reacting some of bromoaryl derivatives with some Phenol derivatives. It is anticipated that the synthesized compounds have a structure NSAIDs-likes that may find their applications in the pharmaceutical industries.
Correlation between Optical and Structural Properties of Chemically Deposited CdS Thin Films
Authors: Mohammed Raghad Y. , Abduol S. , Mousa Ali M.
Published: December 2022

Polycrystalline Cadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto Corning glass substrates from alkaline solutions containing CdCl2, KOH, Na3C6H5O7 and CS(NH2)2 at different deposition times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min), different bath temperatures and different concentration of the reactants. A comparative study was performed out on thin film via optical transmission and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements which reveal that the deposition time has a profound influence on the growth rate and band gap of the deposited layers. Diffraction data are used to evaluate the lattice parameter, grain size, average strain, number of crystallites per unit area and dislocation density in the film are calculated.
Infrared and 13C NMR Spectral Studies of some Aryl Hydrazides: Assessment of Substituent Effects
Authors: Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy , Sekar K.G. , Narayanan R. Lakshmi
Published: December 2022

A series of some aryl hydrazides have been synthesized. These hydrazides purities were analyzed by physical constants and spectral data. The assigned spectral group frequencies were correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral group frequencies has been discussed
Effects of Compatibilization on Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Powder Filled High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Eze Innocent Ochiagha , Igwe Isaac O. , Ogbobe Okoro , Obasi Henry C. , Ezeamaku U. Luvia , Nwanonenyi Simeon C. , Anyanwu Emmanuel Enyioma , Nwachukwu Ikenna
Published: December 2022

The effects of compatibilizer (maleic anhydride-graft-polyethylene) on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf powder (PALP) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were studied. HDPE and PALP composites in the presence, or absence of the compatibilizer, maleic anhydride -graft- polyethylene (MA-g-PE) were prepared by injection moulding technique. The filler (PALP) contents investigated were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%, while the MA-g-PE content was 3 wt% of the filler content for each formulation. The result of the mechanical tests carried out on the HDPE/PALP composites showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, abrasion resistance, and hardness of the composites increased as the filler content increases both in the presence, or absence of the compatibilizer (MA-g-PE) for all the filler contents investigated, while the elongation at break (EB) for PALP/HDPE composites was found to decrease as the filler content increases both in the presence, or absence of MA-g-PE for all the filler contents investigated. It was also observed that PALP/HDPE composites in the presence of MA-g-PE exhibited better mechanical properties than that of PALP/HDPE composites in the absence of MA-g-PE for all the filler contents investigated. The present study has proved that the mechanical properties of PALP/HDPE composites can be enhanced by incorporating a compatibilizer (MA-g-PE) into their formulations. This is so because the chemical composition of the compatibilizer (MA-g-PE) allows it to react with the fibre surface, thereby forming a bridge of chemical bonds between the fibre and matrix.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of 2,5-di-Substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Makwana Hitesh , Naliapara Yogesh T.
Published: December 2022

We have reported some novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole synthesized by conventional method .The reaction of 5-bromothiophene-2-carbohydrazide and different benzoic acid derivatives reflux in toluene using phosphorus oxychloride as a catalyst, yielded a series of 2,5-di-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole HM-2a to HM-2t. The newly synthesized 2,5-di-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole were purified by column chromatography and characterized by IR, Mass, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using cup plate method. All the compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity and anti fungal activity.
Simulate and Study the Effect of Compton Scattering Angle on the Radiography Inspection
Authors: Al-Alawy Iman Tarik , Kadhim Alaa B. , Ahmed Sura Salim
Published: December 2022

Radiography inspection have been used in this work to detects and image the corrosion in the outside surface of the pipe. Gamma ray with 0.662 MeV from 127Cs source have been chosen for this inspection while NaI(Tl) detector is use to detect and collect the scatter photons with radius 6cm. A simulation follow the history of photon by using Fortran Language and concerned on the effect of Compton scattering angle on the count rate of scatter photons and on the quality of the image. The Compton scattering angles that study are in the range from (90°-100°) to (170°-180°) with step 10°. The results show that the greater count rate of scattered photons is improved in the angle range (90°-100°). Therefore, the count rate decreases with increasing the angle range especially within the range (170°-180°) which has a minimum count rate and affect on the image resolution, then it could not distinguish between the corrosion and non-corrosion region.
Xerogels of Ammonium Polyvanadatomolybdate as Starting Material for Ammonia Gas Sensors
Authors: Bondarenka Vladimiras , Sereika R. , Mironas A. , Grebinskij S.
Published: December 2022

The various gas sensors were designed for detection of different gases in the air using different oxides and impurities [1-3]. For example the manufacturing of ammonia sensors on the basis of CuxS-micro-porous-Si structure includes manufacture of micro-porous silicon, drawing on it of SiO2 isolating layer, and then the CuxS layer [4, 5]. The special equipment for all these processes is needed. More usable method for sensor production is so-called soft chemistry or sol–gel synthesis [6, 7].
Characteristics of Selected Quality Parameters of the Swimming Pools Port in Swinoujscie
Authors: Cyraniak Emil , Daniszewski Piotr , Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Świnoujście, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, NO3-, PO43-, Ptot.. Port of Świnoujście is a sea port located on the Gulf of Pomorską, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, on the islands of Usedom and Wolin. The Port is located at the Świna, in Świnoujście, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The port can be placed on ships with a maximum length of 42.0 m and width 260,0 m, draught 12.8 m. The tides in the Harbor, but the water level fluctuations are possible with sudden currents entering and outgoing, which depending on the direction of prevailing winds and reaching speeds of up to 1.5 knots. At the entrance to the port at the West breakwater, It is Western.The primary function of the port of Świnoujście is the transshipment of cereals, ores, oil, paper, cellulose, general cargo, coal, iron. Trying to test water were collected by PN/C-04632.03 with a depth of about. 0.5 m below the water surface. The temperature at the place of sampling were numbered, pH.Collected water samples were fixed in accordance with the recommendations in the Polish Standard-PN/C-04632.04. Other indicators for the quality of the waters have been tagged within 24 hours from the moment of download attempts. The quality objectives was evaluated according to the criteria recommended to evaluate inland surface waters referred to in regulation of the Minister of the environment of 11 February 2004 on the classification for the present status of surface water and groundwater, how to conduct monitoring and how to interpret the results and presentation of these waters. Due to the exposure of the docks the port Świnoujście on the pollution associated with cross-what are the cereals, ores, oil, cellulose, carbon, iron, general research evaluation of the water quality of these pools, you can assess the status of water in order to keep these waters.
Communication Challenges for Electric Power Transmission Systems
Authors: Chountasis Spiros
Published: December 2022

Uninterrupted electric power supply and transmission is a part of critical infrastructure for any nation’s security, economy and healthcare systems. Essential requirements for operating and managing an industrial control system is the secure and instant data transfer between control centers and generation stations or substations. This paper review the general Energy Management System architecture implemented for the Hellenic Power Transmission System. It gives a possible direction to best suited SCADA system network communication by emphasizing on the security. A brief study of the communication protocols is also presented. This work focuses on the key role of telecommunication provision for critical distributed control infrastructures. Based on the relative analysis presented in this paper directions towards a secure critical infrastructures network communications are provided. Subject Classification Numbers: 68M01, 68M10, 94A05.
Synthesis, Hammett Spectral Correlations and Antimicrobial Activities of (E)-1-Benzylidene-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)Hydrazines
Authors: Rajarajan M. , Vijayakumar R. , Senbagam R. , Balaji S. , Manikandan V. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

In the present study, a series of nine number of (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been synthesized by condensation reaction of meta and para substituted benzaldehydes with 4-chlorophenylhydrazine using acetic acid catalyst. They are characterized by their physical constants, UV (200-450 nm), Infra-Red (KBr, 4000-400 cm−1) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectral data. The observed UV, IR and NMR spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton’s F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis the effects of substituents on the spectral data have been discussed. The antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Schiff’s Base and Aryl Aminomethyl Derivatives
Authors: Kansagara N.N. , Dangar V.R. , Shah V.R.
Published: December 2022

Schiff’s bases are obtained on heating an aldehydes with aromatic amine in presence of glacial acetic acid. These are the compounds containing characteristic –HC=N– group. Aryl amino methyl derivatives of heterocyclic compounds to synthesize by selective reduction of schiff’s bases (imine group) with sodiumborohydride in controlled experimental condition. Schiff’s base of N-Aryl-1-[6-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methanimines & Aryl amines of N-Aryl-1-[6-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methanamines were prepared. Their chemical structures were confirmed by means of IR, NMR, Mass data and by elemental analysis. All of the synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Impact of Etching Time on Ideality Factor and Dynamic Resistance of Porous Silicon Prepared by Electrochemical Etching (ECE)
Authors: Hadi Hasan A.
Published: December 2022

In this work, porous silicon layers were fabricated on p-type crystalline silicon wafers using electrochemical etching ECE process. Al films were deposited onto porous layer /Si wafers by thermal evaporation to form rectifying junction. An investigation of the dependence on applied etching time to formed PS layer was studied. Effect etching time on the electrical properties of porous silicon is checked using Current–voltage I–V characteristics. The ideality factor and dynamic resistances are found to be large than the one and 20 (kΩ) respectively by the analysis of the dark I–V characteristics of Al/PS/p-Si heterojunction.
Comparative Study of Uni-Univalent H+/Na+ and Uni-Bivalent H+/Ca2+ Ion Exchange Reactions Using Nuclear Grade Resin Indion-223
Authors: Singare Pravin U. , Mohammed Akmal L. Khan , Dixit N.N.
Published: December 2022

The present paper deals with the ion exchange equilibrium studies of uni-univalent and uni-bivalent ion exchange reactions using nuclear grade anion exchange resin Indion-223 in H+ form towards Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the solution. It was observed that with rise in temperature the equilibrium constants K values for H+/Na+ uni-univalet ion exchange reaction increases from 0.01389 to 0.01855. Similarly for H+/Ca2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reaction the equilibrium constants K values increases from 0.000397 to 0.000639. The increase in equilibrium constant values with rise in temperature indicate endothermic ion exchange reactions having the enthalpy change values of 25.55 and 38.92 kJ/ mol respectively.
Genesis of the Planet Earth
Authors: Orlov R.S.
Published: December 2022

This article is based on the theory of vortex gravitation and physical abnormalities of the Earth - slowing its rotation. Defined orbital acceleration, weight, approach to the Sun and the age of our planet. Offered to justify the creation of planetary material in the center of the Earth torsion, and not as the accumulation of cosmic dust and meteorites from outer space.
Thionylchloride Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Synthesis, Spectral Correlation and Antibacterial Activities of some 3,5-Dichloro-2-Hydroxyphenyl Chalcones
Authors: Arulkumaran R. , Vijayakumar S. , Sundararajan R. , Sakthinathan S.P. , Kamalakkannan D. , Suresh R. , Ranganathan K. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of substituted styryl 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl ketones [1-(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one] were synthesized using thionyl chloride assisted Crossed-Aldol reaction. The yields of chalcones were more than 80%. The synthesized chalcones were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic data. From the spectroscopic data the group frequencies were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analysis the effect of substituents were discussed. The antibacterial activities of these chalcones have been evaluated using Bauer-Kirby method.
Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Rainfall in Satluj River Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Santosh
Published: December 2022

Temporally and Spatially distributed measurements of precipitation have gained renewed interest in connection with climate change impact studies. The complex relationship between topography and precipitation in mountainous regions such as Himalayas is evident from the pattern of rainfall distribution. The variation in precipitation with altitude is controlled by mean height of clouds and decrease in water vapours with altitude. Precipitation values are usually available from a limited number of gauge stations and their spatial estimates can be obtained by interpolation techniques such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging and Spline. In the present study, precipitation-elevation relationship can be established using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-ASTER, 30m resolution), Spline interpolation technique in Geographical Information System (GIS) environment and point data from various gauge stations spread over the Satluj River Basin. Changes of spatial distribution of precipitation with elevation show a distinct shift. Bhakra Dam to Rampur, there is continuous variation in rainfall with increase in altitude. But beyond Rampur, variation is very high. Swarghat shows exceptional rainfall, may be due to position of mountains and their orographic effects. Maximum rainfall was observed in the lower Himalayas i.e. Shiwalik range. Negligible rainfall was observed beyond, above the elevation of around 3756 m. The general trend of rainfall exhibits that the lower and middle parts experience good rainfall whereas the upper part experiences less rainfall. Such spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with elevation provides an important platform for hydrologic analysis, planning and management of water resources.
Broadband Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Archaeological Baltic Amber
Authors: Sasaki Toru , Hashimoto Yusuke , Mori Tatsuya , Kojima Seiji
Published: December 2022

We performed the broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy on archaeological Baltic amber at 40 million years old. We determined the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constants in the frequency range from 0.2 to 6.5 THz. The imaginary part of the complex dielectric constants showed a broad peak at 1.51 THz and a small peak at 4.0 THz. A boson peak, which is the characteristic low energy excitation of a glassy state, was not observed above 0.2 THz even in low temperatures.
Body Centered Photonic Crystal
Authors: Jayawardana K.B.S.K.B. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

The photonic energy bands of body centered cubic photonic crystals formed from SiO2, GaP, Si, InAs, GaAs, InP, Ge and BaSrTiO3 dielectric spheres drilled in air and air holes drilled in these dielectric mediums were calculated using the plane wave expansion method. The filling factor for each dielectric material was changed until a complete energy gap was obtained and then the density of states was calculated. There were no complete band gaps for air spheres drilled in these eight dielectric mediums. The lattice constants were determined by using wavelengths in the region . The variation of the band gap widths with the filling factor and the variation of gap width to midgap frequency ratios with dielectric contrast were investigated. The largest band gap width of 0.021 for normalized frequency was obtained for GaP for the filling factor of 0.0736. The mode filed distributions were obtained by guiding a telecommunication wave with wavelength through a photonic cell formed from GaP spheres in air with a filling factor of 0.0736 for transverse electric and magnetic modes.
Structural Elucidation of Transition Metal Complexes of the Schiff Base of 5-Nitro Salicylaldehyde and Anthranalic Acid Using 1H NMR, Thermal Analysis, Diffused Reflectance and ESR Data
Authors: More Paresh S. , Mehta Bipin H.
Published: December 2022

Transition metal complexes of the type ML.nH2O [Where M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) and Zn(II), L= Schiff base of 5 nitro salicylaldehyde and anthranalic acid, n= 0,1 …..] were characterized by using 1H NMR,TGA, Diffused refluctance and ESR spectroscopy. On the basis of above studies Co(II), Ni(II) shows tetrahedral structure, Cu(II) shows binuclear structure and Zn(II) shows square planar structure.
Excess Molar Volumes, Intermolecular Free Lengths, Adiabatic Compressibilities and Acoustic Impedance of Binary Mixtures of Anisole, Toluene and Ethylbenzene with Dioxane at Different Temperatures
Authors: Dahire S.L. , Morey Y.C. , Agrawal P.S.
Published: December 2022

The present study reports densities (ρ), viscosities (η) and ultrasonic speeds (U) of pure dioxane (DOX), anisole (ANS), toluene (TOL) and ethylbenzene (ETB) and their binary liquid mixtures over the entire composition range at 293, 298, 303, 308 and 313 K. From the experimental data excess molar volume (VmE), excess intermolecular free length (LfE), excess adiabatic compressibility (βE) and excess acoustic impedance (ZE) have been computed. The excess values were correlated using Redlitch-Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations (σ). With increase in temperature, the binary mixture of DOX+ANS shows larger deviations in βE, LfE and smaller deviations in ZE, VmE. These results suggest that ANS has strong molecular interactions with DOX than ETB and TOL.
Preparation and Characterization of ZnO/TiO2 Nanocomposite by Anodization and Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Benkara Salima , Ghamri Houda
Published: December 2022

ZnO nanorod arrays were deposited by hydrothermal process via an aqueous solution with ammonia and Zinc nitrate as inorganic precursors, using TiO2 nanotube templates formed in HF solution by anodization method. The effect of NH3.H2O and ZnNO3 concentration on ZnO nanorods morphology and crystallinity were investigated. XRD demonstrates that ZnO nanorods are wurtzite crystal structure preferentially oriented in c-axis direction. The length and the diameter of the ZnO nanorod range from 1,1 mm to 3,4 mm and from 250 to 500 nm respectively.
Synthesis, Spectral Correlations and Biological Activities of Some (E)-[4-(Substituted Benzylidene Amino)Phenyl] (Phenyl) Methanones
Authors: Mayavel P. , Thirumurthy K. , Dineshkumar S. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of Schiff’s bases have been synthesized by fly-ash:p-toluenesulfonic acid (fly-ash:PTS) catalyzed microwave assisted oxidative coupling of arylamines and substituted benzaldehydes under solvent-free condition. The synthesized Schiff’s bases are characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data. The group frequencies of imines such as IR (v, cm–1) and NMR (δ, ppm) spectral data was correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. The antimicrobial activities of these Schiff’s bases have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.
Water Quality of the Surfaces Waters of the Swimming Pools Port in Swinoujscie
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr , Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Swinoujscie, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, COD-Cr, BOD5, Clˉ.
Spatial Distribution of Rainfall with Elevation in Satluj River Basin: 1986-2010, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Santosh
Published: December 2022

The complex relationship between topography and precipitation in mountainous regions such as Himalayas is evident from the pattern of rainfall distribution. The variation in precipitation with altitude is controlled by mean height of clouds and decrease in water vapours with altitude. Spatially distributed measurements of precipitation have gained renewed interest in connection with climate change impact studies. Precipitation values are usually available from a limited number of gauge stations and their spatial estimates can be obtained by interpolation techniques such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging and Spline. In the present study, precipitation-elevation relationship can be established using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-ASTER, 30m resolution), Spline interpolation technique in Geographical Information System (GIS) environment and point data from various gauge stations spread over the Satluj River Basin. Changes of spatial distribution of precipitation with elevation show a distinct shift. Bhakra Dam (5854.60 mm) to Rampur (4451.10 mm), there is continuous variation in rainfall with increase in altitude. But beyond Rampur, variation is very high. Swarghat shows exceptional rainfall (8031.76 mm), may be due to position of mountains and their orographic effects. Maximum rainfall was observed in the lower Himalayas i.e. Shiwalik range. Negligible rainfall was observed beyond Kaza (470 mm), above the elevation of around 3756 m. The general trend of rainfall exhibits that the lower and middle parts experience good rainfall whereas the upper part experiences less rainfall. Such spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with elevation provides an important platform for hydrologic analysis, planning and management of water resources.
Development and Behavior of Mechanical, Chemical Resistance and Morphology Properties of Silicon/Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Shirish Kumar A. , Nikil Murthy V. , Murthy C.B.N.
Published: December 2022

Room temperature cured epoxy was impregnated with coir fiber in order to synthesis composites. Coir fiber is taken in the 3&5% weight in order to suspend on epoxy resin. Two different proportions of Silicon / Coir fiber hybrid composites were prepared by incorporated into the Epoxy as the core material using rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM). Mechanical properties like flexural strength and modulus, tensile strength and modulus and morphological properties were also studied. Composites were prepared using hand layup technique in presence of hot compression molding technique. The mechanical properties of Silicon / Coir fiber hybrid composites were investigated with reference to the relative weight of Silicon and Coir fiber. The chemical resistance of hybrid composites with and without alkali treatments has been studied. Variation of a fore mentioned mechanical properties and chemical resistance has been studied with different combinations of Silicon and coir fiber as reinforced into epoxy matrix. Fiber, filler reinforced plastics have replaced the metals in Aerospace, Marine, Chemical and Transport industries. Fiber, filler reinforced plastic have gained recognition as structural material. The most important reason for replacing composite materials is that, substantial weight saving can be achieved and strength to weight, and stiffness to weight ratios are superior to the conventional materials of aircraft structures such as aluminum alloy. Composites are materials based on the controlled distribution of one or more materials, termed as reinforcement, in a continuous phase of second materials, called the matrix. The reinforcement is added to provide strength and stiffness to a composite. The matrix is also known as ‘Binder’ material.
Calculation of Diffusion Coefficients for Oxidation of Ferrocene Derivative Synthesized at Two Different Electrodes Using Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE)
Authors: Nacer Salah Neghmouche , Khelef Abdelhamid , Lanez Touhami
Published: December 2022

The electrochemical behavior of N'-Ferrocenylmethyl-N'-Phenylbenzohydrazide synthesized is studied by Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) Voltammetry to study the kinetics of oxidation and the effect of hydrazide group on ferrocene in organic medium. Thus, two different electrodes (Pt and Gc) were used in ordre to determine this latter. According to the ferrocene taken as a witness the hydrazide group related to the ferrocene made oxydation more difficult. This ferrocenic derivative showed an electrochemical stability, a reversible electrochemical system and an electronic attractor effect of these substitutional ferrocene groups. Finally, we calculated some electrochemical parameters which were: the diffusion coefficients (D), the layer thickness (δ) in addition to the electron transfer rate.
Structure Activity Relationships, QSAR Modeling and Drug-Like Calculations of TP Inhibition of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline-2-Thione Derivatives
Authors: Almi Zineb , Belaidi Salah , Lanez Touhami , Tchouar Noureddine
Published: December 2022

QSAR studies have been performed on twenty-one molecules of 1,3,4-oxadiazoline-2-thiones. The compounds used are among the most thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inhibitors. A multiple linear regression (MLR) procedure was used to design the relationships between molecular descriptor and TP inhibition of the 1,3,4-oxadiazoline-2-thione derivatives. The predictivity of the model was estimated by cross-validation with the leave-one-out method. Our results suggest a QSAR model based of the following descriptors: logP, HE, Pol, MR, MV, and MW, qO1, SAG, for the TP inhibitory activity. To confirm the predictive power of the models, an external set of molecules was used. High correlation between experimental and predicted activity values was observed, indicating the validation and the good quality of the derived QSAR models.
Crystallization Behavior and Microstructure of Bio Glass-Ceramic System
Authors: Mehdikhani Behzad , Borhani Gholam Hossein
Published: December 2022

The effects of Al2O3 on the crystallization behavior of glass compositions in the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effect of Al2O3 content on the mechanical, density, phase formation and microstructures of Na2O-CaO–P2O5–Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics were studied. Thermal parameters of each glass were studied by DTA. The density of the glass ceramic samples was measured by Archimedes’ method. It was found that the glass–ceramic containing 2.0 molar percent Al2O3 had desirable sintering behavior and reached to an acceptable density. Phase investigation and micro structural study were performed by XRD and SEM, respectively.
Ecofriendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ethno Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract (Jasminum auriculatum) and their Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Balasubramanian S. , Jeyapaul U. , Jelastin Kala S. Mary
Published: December 2022

The present investigation, we describe a cost effective biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The aqueous leaf extract of jasminum auriculatum are used as reducing agent and capping agent in silver nanoparticles synthesis. The biofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction, FTIR spectra and SEM with EDX analysis. FTIR studies revealed that the functional group responsible for silver reduction were found to be jasminol and triterpinoid compounds present in leaf extract. XRD analysis showed that prepared silver nanoparticles are crystalline in nature with an average diameter of 15-20 nm. The prepared silver nanoparticles have been evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activities and found to have higher antibacterial activities.
Quality Assessment of Vegetable Oil Industry Effluents in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Verla Andrew Wirnkor , Verla E.N. , Adowei P. , Briggs A. , Horsfall M.
Published: December 2022

Five composite samples of waste water were collected from waste water tank of a vegetable oil refining company and were analyzed for physiochemical characteristics, heavy metal and organic pollutants. Physicochemical determinations were done according to standard methods; heavy metals were determined by use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method while organic pollutants were determined by Gas chromatography system HP 6890 series. Sulphate was determined by vanadomolybdophosphoric acid method while phosphates and chlorides were determined by argentometric method. Results reveal that effluent pH (4.67 ±0.015), salinity (125 ±4.50 %) and BOD5 (17.83 ±1.70 mg/l) were bellow WHO standard whereas TDS (127.7 ±5.77 mg/l), TSS (563.6 ±3.15 mg/l) and COD (3959 ±3.8 mg/l) were above WHO standards. Heavy metal pollution index (0.31) showed no multi-element contamination arising from effluent. The degree of contamination (1.84) showed that the effluent has a moderate polluting potential. Lower molecular weight PAHs showed a significant difference even though most of the organic compounds in vegetable oil refinery wastewater showed good biodegradability that varied weekly. Therefore there is either no treatment or an in effective treatment of the effluents. This could result to serious environmental problems in the near future.
Stability Constant of Rare Earth Metals with Substituted Thiazoles at 298.15K
Authors: Naik A.B. , Poharkar M.S.
Published: December 2022

The stability constant on complexation of rare earth metal ions Eu (III), Gd (III), Nd (III) and Tb (III) with substituted thiazole in 70% Dioxane (Dx)-water mixture have been determined by a pH and spectrophotometric method at 298.15K and ionic strength 0.1mol.dm-3 (sodium perchlorate). At constant temperature, the stability constant of the formed complexes decreases in the order Tb (III), Gd (III), Eu (III), Nd (III). The dissociation process is non-spontaneous, endothermic and entrophically unfavorable while formation of metal complexes has been found to be spontaneous, endothermic and entrophically favorable.
Some Aspects of the Three-Dimensional Double-Diffusive Natural Convection in a Parallelepipedic Tilted Solar Distiller
Authors: Oueslati Fakher , Ben Beya Brahim , Lili Taieb
Published: December 2022

Three-dimensional double-diffusive natural convection in a parallelepipedic solar distiller inclined with an angle is investigated in the current study. Computations are performed using a home code “NASIM” based on the finite volume method and a full multigrid technique. It is found that iso-surfaces relative to temperature field undergo a central stratification while the lower and upper gradients seem to be significantly strengthened by gradually increasing the Rayleigh number values. In terms of buoyancy ratio effects, projection of thermal and solutal isocontours at the mid plane (y=1) showed that the flow intensity is significantly enhanced by monotonously increasing N for aiding flow situation (N>0). In addition, and according to all Rayleigh number values, the variation of average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers seem to be minimum for N=-1 with weaker values for opposing flow situation. On another hand, isosurfaces of the transverse v-velocity component showed the importance of the 3-D effects that manifest within the solar distiller.
Ultrasonic Study of Substituted Thiazoles at Different Temperatures
Authors: Naik A.B.
Published: December 2022

Density, ultrasonic velocity of pure solvent, dimethylformamide (DMF) and ligand solutions of substituted thiazoles in DMF-water mixture were measured at different temperatures (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. Acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, acoustical impedance and relative association were determined from experimental data of density and ultrasonic velocity. The effect of temperature variations on the strength of molecular interaction has also been studied. An excellent correlation represents in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction at all temperatures.
Effect on L4,5 in the ER3BP when Both Primaries are Radiating with Oblateness up to Zonal Harmonic J4
Authors: Singh Jagadish , Ashagwu Blessing
Published: December 2022

This study examines the triangular points in the elliptic restricted three-body problem when both primaries are sources of radiation as well as oblate spheroids with oblateness up to zonal harmonic J4. The positions of triangular points and their critical mass ratio are seen to be affected by the eccentricity, semi major axis, radiation and oblateness of both primaries up to zonal harmonic J4. We highlight the effects of the said parameters on the locations of the triangular points of 61 CYGNI and STRUVE 2398. The triangular points of these systems are found to be unstable.
New Mars Meteorite Fall in Marocco: Final Strewn Field
Authors: Ibhi Abderrahmane
Published: December 2022

The Tissint fireball is the only fireball to have been observed and reported by numerous witnesses across the south-east of Morocco. The event was extremely valuable to the scientific community; show an extraordinary and rare event and were also the brightest and most comprehensively observed fireball in Morocco’s known astronomical history. Since the abstract of A. Ibhi (2011) [1]. In 2012-2013 concerning a number of Martian meteorite fragments found in the region of Tata (Morocco), a number of expeditions have been made to the area. A. ibhi has done a great amount of field work. He discovered the strewn field and collected the fragments of this Martian meteorite and many information. Each expedition has had the effect of expanding the size of the strewn field which is now documented to cover more than 70 sq. kilometers. The size of the strewn field is now estimated to be about a 17 km long.
Synthesis of some Butenolides and Study of their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Noureddine Tamma , Noureddine Gherraf
Published: December 2022

Butenolides and their analogues represent a wide range of natural compounds of a medical and biological importance. In the last decades, a great number of compounds of various structures, in general from Alkylidene butenolide, were isolated and showed biological activities. In this work we have studied the reactivity of some alkylidene butenolide and their antibacterial activity. the study is of a scientific interest in terms of the synthesis of new compounds (Butenolide 01: 5-hydroxy-5-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one, Butenolide 02: 5-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one) that have not been studied before by other researchers; and of an economic importance because of its synthesis process which is easy and inexpensive. Moreover, butenolide showed a positive antimicrobial activity (antibiotic) against pathogenic bacteria (mainly Enterobacter hafniae).
Structural and Optical Properties Evolution of ‘Fused’ Multilayer Nano PbS Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Mousa Ali M. , Al-Jawad Selma M. , Al-Shammari Suad M. Kadhim
Published: December 2022

Here, we report the unusual behavior shown by the PbS samples prepared using a multilayer deposition approach by chemical solution deposition method. Thin samples were prepared by depositing several films at different deposition conditions on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction showed that final multilayer samples showed a peculiar variation. Even when they showed well defined structure the intensities of the peaks do not correspond to those of the initial films.
Three Simultaneous Superimposed Rotating System
Authors: Das Mukul Chandra , Misra Rampada
Published: December 2022

In inertial system, co-ordinate transformation from one frame to another is possible by using Lorentz transformation matrix. But in non-inertial or rotating system it is not applicable by using Lorentz transformation matrix. In this paper, co-ordinate transformation from one frame to another in three simultaneous superimposed rotating systems has been introduced. This also leads to assume a picture of space-time geometry of same system.
Quantitative Changes in Soil Properties and Plant Uptake of Metals on Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunmodede O.T. , Adewole E. , Ojo A.A.
Published: December 2022

In this work concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined in soils and plants from refuse dumpsites in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The refuse dump soils were evaluation using contamination/pollution factor (C/P), Enrichment factor (EF), Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) and Pollution load index were calculated. The observation suggests high C/P values of the dump soil are polluted by Cd, Cr and Ni acts as a sink for heavy metals contributed from anthropogenic sources in the study area. C/P data, EF, PLI and (Igeo) indicated that these heavy metals originate from anthropogenic sources. Fe and Ni loads in plants from the refuse dump soils pronounced maximum concentration than Nigeria guideline. Transfer ratios for Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe of plants from the control soils were higher than those from the refuse dump soils.
Nondestructive Radioactive Tracer Technique in Characterization of Anion Exchange Resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368
Authors: Singare P.U.
Published: December 2022

Radioactive tracer isotopes 131I and 82Br were used to characterize anion exchange resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368 by application of nondestructive technique. The resin characterization was based on their performance during iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. It was observed that during the iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 62.10% to 68.10 % using Purolite NRW-8000 resins and from 44.20% to 46.80% using Duolite A-368 resins. Also at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were calculated as 0.260, 0.500, 0.130 and 11.8 respectively for Purolite NRW-8000 resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.130, 0.345, 0.045 and 6.7 as that obtained for Duolite A-368 resins. The similar trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. From the overall results it appears that under identical experimental conditions, Purolite NRW-8000 resins show superior performance over Duolite A-368 resins. It is expected here that the present nondestructive technique can be extended further for characterization of different industrial grade ion exchange resins, which will help in their selection for specific industrial application.
Potentiometric Sensors for the Determination of Valdecoxib in Pharmaceutical Preparation
Authors: Rassi Salwa Fares
Published: December 2022

Valdecoxib (VALD) selective electrodes based on VALD-5,6-diamino-2-thiouracil hydrochloride (DTUH) (VALD-DTUH) ion pair in PVC matrix membrane were constructed. The plasticizers used were dibutylphthalate (DBP) (Electrode B) tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) (electrode C), or dioctylphthalate (DOP) (electrode) A. The electrodes gave the linear range between 6.0×10−6-17.9×10−3, 2.5×10−5–8.3×10−3M, M and 2.5×10−6–2.0×10−2M respectively. The slopes for linear range ranged from 39.29 to 58.76mV/decade with correlation coefficients lying between 0.997, 0.989 and 0.999 respectively. The best detection limit was 1.50×10−6M for the electrode based on DOP. Selectivity coefficients of VALD related to a number of interfering cation and some organic compounds and excipients were studied using matched potential method (MPM(, and there were negligible interference caused by most of the investigated species. The pH and life time of the electrodes were also studied. The direct determination of VALD shows an average recovery of (100.08-100.61 and 99.75-101.00)% and a mean relative standard deviation of (2.70-0.61 and 2.39-0.56)% for sensor A and B respectively. The results obtained by determination of VALD in tablets using the proposed sensors which comparable favorably with those obtained by spectrophotometric method. Validation of the method shows the suitability of the electrodes for the determination of VALD in pharmaceutical formulation.
Synthesis of Benzthiazole Derivatives Grouping with Substituted Azetidinone Ring and its Functional Behaviour
Authors: Kapadiya Khushal M. , Namera Dipti H. , Kavadia Kishor M. , Khunt Ranjan C.
Published: December 2022

A series of Schiff derivatives (5a-q) and azetidinone by way of amide linkage analogues (6a-q) containing 2-amino benzthiazole have been synthesized. Amide linkage were adapted from acid via reaction with hydrazine hydrate followed by reaction with different substituted aldehyde derived various Arylidene derivatives comprising with various donor and acceptor functional group. The structures of the new synthesized azetidinone derivatives were characterized on the basis of 1H-NMR, Mass, IR and elemental analysis data.
Observations of Different Type of Bursts Associated with M 6.3 Solar Flares
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M.
Published: December 2022

Variation of solar bursts due to solar flares such as type an isolated type III , a complex type III, U is being highlighted. These bursts occurred on 9th March 2012 at the National Space Centre, Sg. Lang, Selangor, Malaysia Here, we study a unique case with a combination of two types burst associated with solar flare and CMEs. Our observation is focused on the low frequency region starting from 150 MHz till 400 MHz. We found that a solar flare type solar flare type M 6.3 which occurred in active region AR 1429 starting from 3:32 UT and ending at 05:00 UT. The flare has been confirmed to be the largest flare since 2005. Some physical parameters will be measured. We then compared our results with X-ray data from NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre (SWPC).
The Contents of Cadmium in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as Affected by Application of Multicomponent Fertilizers
Authors: Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 16 and Polimag 306, at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of cadmium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The increasing rates of nitrogen decreased soil pH and, thereby, enhanced the availability and concentration of heavy metals in perennial ryegrass.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation on the Bank of Noyyal River at Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Hussain A. Zahir , Mohamed Sheriff K.M.
Published: December 2022

Tiruppur is a textile city located on the banks of Noyyal River a tributary of the River Cauvery. Twenty groundwater samples were collected in identical locations from bore wells. The concentrations of physicochemical parameters of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl and NO3 were analyzed. The results of the concentrations were interpreted and measured with different irrigation indexes like Percent Sodium (%Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), CAI-1 and CAI-2 were analyzed.