bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM MALAYSIAN BORNEO, INCLUDING THE NEW SPECIES PSEUDO‐NITZSCHIA CIRCUMPORA SP. NOV
Authors: Lim Hong‐Chang , Leaw Chui‐Pin , Su Suriyanti Nyun‐Pau , Teng Sing‐Tung , Usup Gires , Mohammad‐Noor Normawaty , Lundholm Nina , Kotaki Yuichi , Lim Po‐Teen
Published: July 2012

Field sampling was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of Pseudo‐nitzschia Peragallo species in eight locations along the coast of Malaysian Borneo. A total of 108 strains of Pseudo‐nitzschia species were isolated, and their morphology examined with SEM and TEM. Additionally, molecular data from nuclear‐encoded partial LSU rDNA, and ITS regions, were characterized. A total of five species were confidently identified based on a combination of distinct morphological characteristics and supporting molecular evidence: P. brasiliana Lundholm, Hasle & Fryxell, P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle, P. dolorosa Lundholm & Moestrup, P. micropora Priisholm, Moestrup & Lundholm, and P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle var. pungens. However, one morphotype from Sarawak, while somewhat similar to P. caciantha, showed significant morphological distinction from this and any other of the currently described species. Most notably this morphotype possessed a characteristic pore arrangement in the poroids, with the fine pores in each perforation sector arranged in circles. Pair‐wise sequence comparison of the LSU rDNA between this unidentified morphotype and P. caciantha Lundholm, Moestrup & Hasle, revealed 2.7% genetic divergence. Phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the monophyly of the morphotype. Based upon these supporting data it is here described as a new species, Pseudo‐nitzschia circumpora sp. nov. A key to the six species of Pseudo‐nitzschia from Malaysian Borneo is presented. Molecular signatures for all species were established based on structural comparisons of ITS2 rRNA transcripts.
Indwelling Cephalic or Saphenous Vein Catheter Use for Regional Limb Perfusion in 44 Horses with Synovial Injury Involving the Distal Aspect of the Limb
Authors: Kelmer Gal , Tatz Amos , Bdolah‐Abram Tali
Published: July 2012

Objective

To describe indwelling cephalic or saphenous vein catheter use for intravenous regional limb perfusion (ID‐IV‐RLP) to treat horses with synovial injury (contamination/infection) of the distal aspect of the limb.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Horses (n = 44; 45 limbs) treated with proximal ID‐IV‐RLP.

Methods

Horses had ID‐IV‐RLP using a cephalic (21 limbs) or saphenous (24 limbs) vein. Amikacin was the most frequently used antibiotic. Number of perfusions ranged from 3 to 21 (median 7). A cast was applied to 14 injured limbs (1 tube cast, 1 full‐limb cast, 2 foot casts, and 10 half‐limb casts).

Results

Synovial sepsis of the distal portion of 87% of limbs (39) resolved, and 61% of horses returned to soundness. Catheter‐related complications occurred in 27% of the limbs but were not significantly associated with outcome. Presence of osteomyelitis was significantly associated with a poor outcome.

Conclusions

ID‐IV‐RLP using the cephalic or saphenous vein is an alternative to traditional RLP. An indwelling catheter provided prolonged venous access and facilitated successive perfusions.
Stability of Monosulfate in the Presence of Iron
Authors: Dilnesa Belay Zeleke , Lothenbach Barbara , Renaudin Guillaume , Wichser Adrian , Wieland Erich
Published: July 2012

Monosulfate (3CaO·(AlxFe1x)2O3·CaSO4·12H2O) is an AFm phase that can be formed during the hydration of cement. Fe‐containing monosulfate and (Al,Fe) mixed monosulfate were synthesized and characterized. Fe‐monosulfate is composed of a positively charged main layer [Ca2Fe(OH)6]+ and a negatively charged interlayer [1/2SO4·3H2O]−, crystallizes in the trigonal symmetry, and is isotypic with Al‐monosulfate. The solubility product at 25°C was determined to be −31.57. The formation of solid solution due to Al‐Fe substitution in the main layer structure of monosulfate was observed. Based on the evolution of the unit cell parameters and the thermodynamic investigations, a presence of solid solution from 0.0 to 0.45 Al/(Al + Fe) ratio and a miscibility gap in the range 0.45 < Al/(Al + Fe) ratio <0.95 is suggested.
Crystallization Kinetics and Phase Transformation of Bismuth Zinc Borate Glass
Authors: Shanmugavelu B. , Ravi Kanth Kumar V.V.
Published: July 2012

Transparent Bi2ZnOB2O6 glasses were prepared by melt quenching technique. The thermal behavior of the glasses was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA), structure by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and the morphology is observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical polarization microscope. Crystallization kinetics has been studied under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions by using DTA. Two exothermic peaks were observed in the non‐isothermal DTA curve and XRD analysis confirms that the first exothermic peak belongs to crystallization of β‐BiB3O6 phase whereas the second exothermic peak belongs to formation of Bi2ZnOB2O6 phase. The obtained Avrami parameter indicates that the glass heat‐treated at its first crystallization temperature leads to surface crystallization whereas the glass heat‐treated at second crystallization temperature shows three‐dimensional bulk crystallization. The glasses heated at intermediate temperatures of the exothermic peaks exhibit both the β‐BiB3O6 and Bi2ZnOB2O6 phases indicating the presence of surface and bulk crystallizations. The glass morphological study also confirms the same behavior.
How do obese people afford to be obese? Consumption strategies of Russian households
Authors: Staudigel Matthias
Published: July 2012

This article investigates the extent to which Russian households that differ in their members’ weight status adjust their food consumption differently when their economic resources change. Using household‐panel data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) from 1995 to 2005, we estimate total expenditure elasticities of food expenditures, food quantities, and food quality for normal‐weight, overweight, and obese households, respectively. The expenditure elasticities of quality derived for obese households for meat, bread, fruits, and dairy were found to be 15–20% higher than those of normal households. Hence, a change in economic resources causes obese households to adjust the quality of purchased foods significantly more flexibly than normal‐weight households. Only few differences were found for quantity and expenditure reactions. Our results emphasize that policies aiming to reduce obesity should consider deviations in consumption behavior of normal and obese consumers in terms of quality.
On the meanings of nestedness: back to the basics
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Almeida‐Neto Mário
Published: July 2012

The ecological concepts of nestedness and β‐diversity first appeared more than five decades ago, but there is still controversy over their precise meaning and application. Here, we focus on the concept of nestedness, the ordered loss of species along environmental or ecological gradients. Because there is no species replacement if the distribution of species among a number of sites is perfectly nested, some studies have defined nestedness as the inverse of species turnover. We argue that such a redefinition relies on a misinterpretation of the original concept of nestedness as the inverse of species replacement. Such a narrow interpretation might result in misleading conclusions about the mechanisms regulating species distribution patterns. We argue, in particular, that any quantification of nestedness must be as explicit as possible about the gradient to be analyzed.
Herpesviruses Exploit Several Host Compartments for Envelopment
Authors: Henaff Daniel , Radtke Kerstin , Lippé Roger
Published: July 2012

Enveloped viruses acquire their host‐derived membrane at a variety of intracellular locations. Herpesviruses are complex entities that undergo several budding and fusion events during an infection. All members of this large family are believed to share a similar life cycle. However, they seemingly differ in terms of acquisition of their mature envelope. Herpes simplex virus is often believed to bud into an existing intracellular compartment, while the related cytomegalovirus may acquire its final envelope from a novel virus‐induced assembly compartment. This review focuses on recent advances in the characterization of cellular compartment(s) potentially contributing to herpes virion final envelopment. It also examines the common points between seemingly distinct envelopment pathways and highlights the dynamic nature of intracellular compartments in the context of herpesvirus infections.
Shock absorption ability of laminate mouth guards in two different malocclusions using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor
Authors: Bhalla Ashish , Grewal Navneet , Tiwari Umesh , Mishra Vandana , Mehla Nahar Singh , Raviprakash Suryanarain , Kapur Pawan
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The majority of orofacial injuries affect the upper jaw, with the maxillary incisors being most prone to injury, often accounting for as many as 80% of all cases. Children with malocclusion in the anterior segment of the maxilla are more prone to traumatic injuries than those exhibiting normal occlusion, because most often the damaging force impacts directly against the maxillary anterior teeth. Hence, because of the difference of dissipation of the impact force because of the presence or absence of malocclusion, the mouthguard's shock absorption capacity would be influenced by certain factors. In the present study, a unique in vitro experiment utilizing fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as distributed strain sensors was carried out to evaluate the shock absorption ability of laminate customized mouthguards in two different malocclusions compared with normal occlusion.

Material and methods

The impact was produced using a customized pendulum device with three interchangeable impact objects on typhodont models with two different malocclusions and normal occlusion from different heights. Response of gratings was monitored using an optical spectrum analyzer. Strain induced because each impact was determined from the Bragg's wavelength shifts for each grating. For every model, 12 impact strikes were measured using three different impact objects on the two specified sites by releasing the object from two different heights.

Results and conclusions

The laminated mouthguards showed significant variation in shock absorption ability when different malocclusions were compared. Hence, modifications in the original design of the laminated mouthguards should be considered for athletic competitors with malocclusion to provide adequate protection against impact. FBG sensor has shown the unique advantage of high sensitivity to strain measurement and can be used in further studies. The height of the impact is an important variable in determining the shock absorption ability of mouthguards.
The dental trauma internet calculator
Authors: Gerds Thomas Alexander , Lauridsen Eva , Ahrensburg Søren Steno , Andreasen Jens Ove
Published: July 2012

Background/Aim

Prediction tools are increasingly used to inform patients about the future dental health outcome. Advanced statistical methods are required to arrive at unbiased predictions based on follow‐up studies.

Materials and methods

The Internet risk calculator at the Dental Trauma Guide provides prognoses for teeth with traumatic injuries based on the Copenhagen trauma database: http://www.dentaltraumaguide.org The database includes 2191 traumatized permanent teeth from 1282 patients that were treated at the dental trauma unit at the University Hospital in Copenhagen (Denmark) in the period between 1972 and 1991. Subgroup analyses and estimates of event probabilities were based on the Kaplan–Meier and the Aalen–Johansen method.

Results

The Internet risk calculator shows individualized prognoses for the short‐ and long‐term healing outcome of traumatized teeth with the following injuries: concussion, subluxation, extrusion, lateral luxation, intrusion, avulsion, crown fractures without luxation, root fractures and alveolar fractures. The prognoses for pulp necrosis, pulp canal obliteration, infection‐related root resorption, ankylosis, surface resorption, marginal bone loss, and tooth loss were based on the tooth's root development stage and other risk factors at the time of the injury.

Conclusions

This article explains the database, the functionality and the statistical approach of the Internet risk calculator.
Usefulness of cone‐beam CT in the evaluation of a spontaneously healed root fracture case
Authors: Oenning Anne Caroline Costa , de Azevedo Vaz Sergio Lins , Melo Saulo Leonardo Sousa , Haiter‐Neto Francisco
Published: July 2012

Horizontal root fractures (HRF) usually affect anterior teeth of male patients as a result of trauma. The consequences can be complex because of combined damage to different tissues, but it has been reported that root fractures undergo healing in majority cases. Diagnosis of HRF must be based on clinical findings, sensibility tests, and radiographic examination. The cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) has already been proven to be superior among other radiographic modalities for diagnostic imaging of root fractures. However, CBCT in these cases needs to be used in a careful manner, and only when the radiation exposure should be justified by the potential diagnostic benefits and improvement of the treatment results. This case report describes a case of spontaneously healed horizontal root fracture with displacement of the fragments and discusses the usefulness of CBCT in the follow‐up of root fractures cases.
CITIZENSHIP AS SHARED FATE: EDUCATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A DIVERSE DEMOCRACY
Authors: Ben‐Porath Sigal
Published: July 2012

The diversity of contemporary democratic nations challenges scholars and educators to develop forms of education that would both recognize difference and develop a shared foundation for a functioning democracy. In this essay Sigal Ben‐Porath develops the concept of shared fate as a theoretical and practical response to this challenge. Shared fate offers a viable alternative to current forms of citizenship education, one that develops a significant shared dimension while respecting deep differences within a political community. It is grounded in the social and moral realities of civic life, and it seeks to weave the historical, political, and social ties among members of the nation into a form of affiliation that would sustain and expand their shared political project. Some particular educational contexts are considered through the lens of shared fate, including the resegregation of some schooling systems, linguistic diversity, and patriotic education.
The Fascinating First Roosevelt
Authors: Sempa Francis P.
Published: July 2012

Review of: Hot Time in the Old Town: The Great Heat Wave of 1896 and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt; The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898; The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
Human papillomaviruses and the specificity of PDZ domain targeting
Authors: Pim David , Bergant Martina , Boon Siaw S. , Ganti Ketaki , Kranjec Christian , Massimi Paola , Subbaiah Vanitha K. , Thomas Miranda , Tomaić Vjekoslav , Banks Lawrence
Published: July 2012

The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoprotein is fundamental to the ability of these viruses to induce human malignancy. A defining characteristic of the HPV E6 oncoproteins found in cancer‐causing HPV types is the presence of a PDZ binding motif at their extreme C‐terminus. Through this motif, E6 is able to interact with a large number of cellular proteins that contain PDZ domains. Many of these cellular proteins are involved in regulation of processes associated with the control of cell attachment, cell proliferation, cell polarity and cell signaling. How E6 targets multiple proteins containing the same recognition domain is still an open question. In this review, we highlight aspects of E6 function and biology that help to answer this question, and thereby provide insight into the role of these substrates during development of HPV‐induced malignancy.
Advanced glycation end‐products induce calpain‐mediated degradation of ezrin
Authors: McRobert Elizabeth Anne , Young Andrea N. , Bach Leon A.
Published: July 2012

Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) are important mediators of diabetic complications via incompletely understood pathways. AGEs bind to intracellular ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin and moesin) that modulate cell shape, motility, adhesion and signal transduction. AGEs bind to the N‐terminal domain of ezrin but not full‐length ezrin. The AGE binding site may be made accessible either by proteolysis releasing an N‐terminal fragment or ezrin activation by phosphorylation. Increased intracellular calcium is a primary event in cell activation by high glucose or AGEs. Calpain activity is increased concomitantly, and ezrin is a calpain substrate. The present study assessed whether glycated proteins affect ezrin cleavage and activation in renal tubule epithelial cells. After 7 days, AGE‐BSA decreased ezrin levels in MDCK renal tubular cells to 66 ± 4% of control. AGE‐RNAse, ribosylated fetal bovine serum and methylglyoxal‐BSA all had similar effects. The AGE‐BSA‐induced decrease in ezrin was abolished by calpastatin peptide, a specific calpain inhibitor, and 1,2‐bis‐aminophenoxyethane‐tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA‐AM), a calcium chelator. Ezrin breakdown products were increased in AGE‐BSA‐treated cells, with a main fragment of ∼ 43 kDa. In vitro, calpain 1 cleaved recombinant human ezrin, generating breakdown fragments including an N‐terminal fragment of ∼ 43 kDa. Studies with ezrin mutants showed that non‐phosphorylated ezrin was more susceptible to calpain cleavage. AGE‐BSA decreased phosphorylated ERM levels to 31 ± 12% in MDCK cells. Thus, AGE‐BSA promotes calpain‐mediated proteolysis of ezrin in MDCK cells by both increasing calpain activity and reducing phosphorylation. Therapies targeting both glycated proteins and calpain may provide protection against diabetic complications.

Structured digital abstract

 Calpain‐1 cleaves Ezrin by protease assay (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Crystal structure of the glycosyltransferase SnogD from the biosynthetic pathway of nogalamycin in Streptomyces nogalater
Authors: Claesson Magnus , Siitonen Vilja , Dobritzsch Doreen , Metsä‐Ketelä Mikko , Schneider Gunter
Published: July 2012

The glycosyltransferase SnogD from Streptomyces nogalater transfers a nogalamine moiety to the metabolic intermediate 3′,4′‐demethoxynogalose‐1‐hydroxynogalamycinone during the final steps of biosynthesis of the aromatic polyketide nogalamycin. The crystal structure of recombinant SnogD, as an apo‐enzyme and with a bound nucleotide, 2‐deoxyuridine‐5′‐diphosphate, was determined to 2.6 Å resolution. Reductive methylation of SnogD was crucial for reproducible preparation of diffraction quality crystals due to creation of an additional intermolecular salt bridge between methylated lysine residue Lys384 and Glu374* from an adjacent molecule in the crystal lattice. SnogD is a dimer both in solution and in the crystal, and the enzyme subunit displays a fold characteristic of the GT‐B family of glycosyltransferases. Binding of the nucleotide is associated with rearrangement of two active‐site loops. Site‐directed mutagenesis shows that two active‐site histidine residues, His25 and His301, are critical for the glycosyltransferase activities of SnogD both in vivo and in vitro. The crystal structures and the functional data are consistent with a role for His301 in binding of the diphosphate group of the sugar donor substrate, and a function of His25 as a catalytic base in the glycosyl transfer reaction.

Database
 The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited with the RCSB Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4AMB, 4AMG and 4AN4

Structured digital abstract

 snogD and snogD bind by x‐ray crystallography (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Leaf growth characteristics of Vitis vinifera and prediction of final lamina length for studies of powdery mildew
Authors: Lee G. , Evans K.J. , Merry A.M.
Published: July 2012

Total functional leaf area is a key factor in determining crop yield. A nonlinear mixed‐effects model was employed to estimate growth responses for individual leaves using repeated measures of lamina length ≥30 mm, in the absence of disease. Resulting growth curves make allowances for, and allow assessment of, leaf to leaf variability. The major source of variability in leaf growth was identified as differences in thermal time required to reach half final lamina length. Juvenile leaves of Vitis vinifera are susceptible to infection by the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe necator) which impairs leaf function. The model was used to predict unobserved final lamina length for a subset of leaves inoculated with E. necator immediately after observations ceased. The severity of infection by E. necator varies among infected leaves. A previous study identified which of the inoculated leaves developed symptoms of severe powdery mildew. Maximum severity of infection was found to occur when individual leaves were at 85.3–97.9% of predicted final lamina length.
The Relative Contribution of Specialists and Generalists to Mistletoe Dispersal: Insights from a Neotropical Rain Forest
Authors: Watson David M.
Published: July 2012

Mistletoes rely on birds for seed dispersal, but the presumed importance of mistletoe‐specialist frugivores has not been critically examined nor compared with generalist frugivores and opportunistic foragers. The contribution of these three groups was compared directly by quantifying bird visitation to fruiting mistletoe plants (Oryctanthus occidentalis:Loranthaceae) atBarroColoradoIsland,Panama, and by comparing these results with proportions calculated from other empirical studies of mistletoe visitation conducted elsewhere. After more than 100 h of timed watches, 23 bird species were recorded visiting eight heavily infected host trees (Luehea seemannii:Tiliaceae). Eight of these species visited mistletoe, of which five (all tyrannids) consumed mistletoe fruit. Although two mistletoe specialist frugivores (Tyrannulus elatusandZimmerius vilissimus) removed most fruit (73%), more than a quarter was consumed by one generalist frugivore (Mionectes oleagineus) and two opportunists (Myiozetetes cayanensisandMyiozetetes similis). Post consumption behaviour varied: the specialists flew from mistletoe to mistletoe, the generalist rested in the subcanopy and understory, and the opportunists spent most time hawking insects and resting high in the canopy. Integrating these data with previous work, the dietary specialization, short gut passage rate and strict habitat preferences of mistletoe specialists suggests that their services relate primarily to intensification and contagious dispersal, while species with broader diets are more likely to visit uninfected trees and establish new infections. The presumed importance of mistletoe‐specialist frugivores was not supported and mistletoes are considered to be comparable to many other bird‐dispersed plants, relying on both specialist and generalist frugivores, while opportunists may be disproportionately important in long‐distance dispersal.
Watermelon Pomace Composition and the Effect of Drying and Storage on Lycopene Content and Color
Authors: Arocho Yaymed D. , Bellmer Danielle , Maness Niels , McGlynn William , Rayas‐Duarte Patricia
Published: July 2012

Watermelon pomace has potential use as a food ingredient. Watermelons were juiced, and the remaining pomace was dried using a cabinet dryer and a drum dryer. Fresh pomace was found to have a lycopene content of 0.201 mg/g, about 4.5 times higher than what has been reported for fresh watermelon, making it a concentrated source of lycopene. Lycopene loss occurred for all drying methods with drum drying causing a significant loss. In terms of color, drying resulted in an increase in L* and b* and a decrease in a*. Cabinet drying was found to be the better method for preserving the color and lycopene content of watermelon pomace. Lycopene in dried samples was stable after 1 year of storage for vacuum‐packed samples.

Practical Applications

Watermelon is an important crop in terms of production and consumption as well as being a rich source of the antioxidant lycopene. Because watermelons are mostly consumed fresh, it is important to create new value‐added products from this crop. To our knowledge, no studies exist using watermelon pomace, and few studies have dealt with the drying of watermelon. This study shows that watermelon pomace is a concentrated source of lycopene and that this trait is preserved even after drying, although some losses occurred. Also, lycopene content was found to be stable after 1 year of frozen storage. Dried watermelon pomace could be used in the future as a potential food ingredient in order to add or increase lycopene content or as a sugar substitute.
AGE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES: A BLOCKED OPPORTUNITY APPROACH*
Authors: FELSON RICHARD B. , CUNDIFF PATRICK , PAINTER‐DAVIS NOAH
Published: July 2012

We use data from the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to examine the effects of age on the risk of sexual and physical assault in prisons and jails. Our evidence suggests that male inmates of all ages tend to sexually assault young men. The preference for the young is much stronger for sexual than for physical assault, which suggests that the young are sexually assaulted because of their sexual attractiveness rather than because of their vulnerability. We argue that the strong relationship between sexual attractiveness and age reduces opportunities for consensual sex among older inmates. As a result of blocked opportunities for consensual sex, older men are much more likely to commit sexual assault than one would expect, given the general tendency of young men to be more violent. Thus, the age–attractiveness relationship can parsimoniously explain the contrasting age patterns one observes for offenders and victims.
Molecular dispersion spectroscopy – new capabilities in laser chemical sensing
Authors: Nikodem Michal , Wysocki Gerard
Published: July 2012

Laser spectroscopic techniques suitable for molecular dispersion sensing enable new applications and strategies in chemical detection. This paper discusses the current state of the art and provides an overview of recently developed chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy (CLaDS)–based techniques. CLaDS and its derivatives allow for quantitative spectroscopy of trace gases and enable new capabilities, such as extended dynamic range of concentration measurements, high immunity to photodetected intensity fluctuations, or capability of direct processing of spectroscopic signals in optical domain. Several experimental configurations based on quantum cascade lasers and examples of molecular spectroscopic data are presented to demonstrate capabilities of molecular dispersion spectroscopy in the mid‐infrared spectral region.
Protection of continence in pregnancy, labor and postpartum periods
Authors: Rathfisch Gulay , Kızılkaya Bejı Nezihe
Published: July 2012

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common problem among women. Pregnancy and labor are the major risk factors for UI among young and middle‐aged women. In some studies, the presence of incontinence before and during pregnancy has been shown to be an independent risk factor for urinary and anal incontinence after delivery and beyond. Recently, the need and consequences of many routine interventions applied during each delivery are questioned on an evidence‐based basis. Episiotomy and interventions (forceps, fundal pressure) at the second phase of delivery result in pelvic floor injury by perineal trauma. Similar interventions during delivery pose a risk for urinary and fecal incontinence. Therefore, episiotomy should be avoided as much as possible during delivery, and spontaneous and non‐interventional labor opportunities should be created.

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is often advised as a conservative management method in UI during pregnancy. Investigations suggest that women with stress, urge or mixed UI should be advised to perform PFMT that is part of the conservative management program. There is some evidence in primiparous women that PFMT may prevent UI on the late weeks of pregnancy and the postpartum period. When postpartum pelvic floor exercises are applied along with feedback, they induce a decrease in postpartum incontinence. Furthermore, motivation and the initiative in reminding women regarding kegel exercises were not found to be effective in the postpartum prevention of UI. Postpartum pelvic floor exercises were not found to be consistent with decreased incidence of fecal incontinence. Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to inform women about the risk of postpartum UI.
Effect of the Type of Emulsifying Salt on Microstructure and Rheological Properties of “Requeijão Cremoso” Processed Cheese Spreads
Authors: da Cunha Clarissa R. , Alcântara Maria Regina , Viotto Walkiria H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The role of different types of emulsifying salts—sodium citrate (TSC), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP)—on microstructure and rheology of “requeijão cremoso” processed cheese was determined. The cheeses manufactured with TSC, TSPP, and STPP behaved like concentrated solutions, while the cheese manufactured with SHMP exhibited weak gel behavior and the lowest values for the phase angle (G”/G’). This means that SHMP cheese had the protein network with the largest amount of molecular interactions, which can be explained by its highest degree of fat emulsification. Rotational viscometry indicated that all the spreadable cheeses behaved like pseudoplastic fluids. The cheeses made with SHMP and TSPP presented low values for the flow behavior index, meaning that viscosity was more dependent on shear rate. Regarding the consistency index, TSPP cheese showed the highest value, which could be attributed to the combined effect of its high pH and homogeneous fat particle size distribution.
Microstructural, Physical, and Sensory Impact of Starch, Inulin, and Soy Protein in Low‐Fat Gluten and Lactose Free White Sauces
Authors: Guardeño Luis M. , Hernando Isabel , Llorca Empar , Hernández‐Carrión María , Quiles Amparo
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  The microstructural, physical, and sensory properties of low‐fat sauces made with different starches, soy protein, and inulin as a fat replacer were analyzed. Gluten‐free waxy starches—rice and corn—were selected as well as soy protein to obtain sauces suitable for celiac and lactose intolerant consumers. Light microscopy was used to visualize the swollen starch granules dispersed in a protein–amylopectin–inulin phase. Inulin seemed to limit protein network development, which was related with a higher dispersion of starch granules within the sauce matrix. Therefore, the sauces made with inulin had a lower apparent viscosity (ηapp) values (P < 0.05) in comparison with oil sauces. The sauces made with rice starches also exhibited a lower viscosity (P < 0.05) since these granules did not swell as corn granules do. All the sauces had a remarkable physical stability since there were no syneresis phenomena and color did not change significantly (P < 0.05) after 15 d of refrigeration storage (4 °C). Finally, the sensory test suggests that oil could be substituted by inulin in the preparation of low‐fat sauces since no significant differences (P < 0.05) in texture and flavor were found. These results encourage further research to optimize the formulations of these types of alternative white sauces.

Practical Application:  Nowadays there is a great demand of ready‐to‐eat products due to new consumptions habits. In this context, it would be interesting to develop low‐fat sauces with inulin that could be used in this type of products improving their nutritional profile. The requirement of processed food for specific groups of population, such as celiac and lactose intolerant consumers, makes it necessary to use gluten free starches and soy protein in the formulation of sauces. The characterization of structural, physical and sensory properties is required to understand the product acceptability and its behavior during its shelf life.
Radical Scavenging Activity and LC‐MS Metabolic Profiling of Petals, Stamens, and Flowers of Crocus sativus L.
Authors: Montoro Paola , Maldini Mariateresa , Luciani Leonilda , Tuberoso Carlo I. G. , Congiu Francesca , Pizza Cosimo
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Radical scavenging activities of Crocus sativus petals, stamens and entire flowers, which are waste products in the production of the spice saffron, by employing ABTS radical scavenging method, were determined. At the same time, the metabolic profiles of different extract (obtained by petals, stamens and flowers) were obtained by LC‐ESI‐IT MS (liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry equipped with Ion Trap analyser). LC‐ESI‐MS is a techniques largely used nowadays for qualitative fingerprint of herbal extracts and particularly for phenolic compounds. To compare the different extracts under an analytical point of view a specific method for qualitative LC‐MS analysis was developed. The high variety of glycosylated flavonoids found in the metabolic profiles could give value to C. sativus petals, stamens and entire flowers.

Practical Application:  Waste products obtained during saffron production, could represent an interesting source of phenolic compounds, with respect to the high variety of compounds and their free radical scavenging activity.
Study of Optimal Extraction Conditions for Achieving High Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Tomato Seed Oil
Authors: Shao Dongyan , Atungulu Griffiths G. , Pan Zhongli , Yue Tianli , Zhang Ang , Li Xuan
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Value of tomato seed has not been fully recognized. The objectives of this research were to establish suitable processing conditions for extracting oil from tomato seed by using solvent, determine the impact of processing conditions on yield and antioxidant activity of extracted oil, and elucidate kinetics of the oil extraction process. Four processing parameters, including time, temperature, solvent‐to‐solid ratio and particle size were studied. A second order model was established to describe the oil extraction process. Based on the results, increasing temperature, solvent‐to‐solid ratio, and extraction time increased oil yield. In contrast, larger particle size reduced the oil yield. The recommended oil extraction conditions were 8 min of extraction time at temperature of 25 °C, solvent‐to‐solids ratio of 5/1 (v/w) and particle size of 0.38 mm, which gave oil yield of 20.32% with recovery rate of 78.56%. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracted oil was not significantly affected by the extraction parameters. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of tomato seed oil was 8.67 mg/mL which was notably low compared to most vegetable oils. A 2nd order model successfully described the kinetics of tomato oil extraction process and parameters of extraction kinetics including initial extraction rate (h), equilibrium concentration of oil (Cs), and the extraction rate constant (k) could be precisely predicted with R2 of at least 0.957.

Practical Application:  The study revealed that tomato seed which is typically treated as a low value byproduct of tomato processing has great potential in producing oil with high antioxidant capability. The impact of processing conditions including time, temperature, solvent‐to‐solid ratio and particle size on yield, and antioxidant activity of extracted tomato seed oil are reported. Optimal conditions and models which describe the extraction process are recommended. The information is vital for determining the extraction processing conditions for industrial production of high quality tomato seed oil.
Music Cognition: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Stalinski Stephanie M. , Schellenberg E. Glenn
Published: July 2012

Although music is universal, there is a great deal of cultural variability in music structures. Nevertheless, some aspects of music processing generalize across cultures, whereas others rely heavily on the listening environment. Here, we discuss the development of musical knowledge, focusing on four themes: (a) capabilities that are present early in development; (b) culture‐general and culture‐specific aspects of pitch and rhythm processing; (c) age‐related changes in pitch perception; and (d) developmental changes in how listeners perceive emotion in music.
Developing a culturally appropriate mental health care service for Samoa
Authors: Enoka Matamua Iokapeta Sina , Tenari Aliilelei , Sili Tupou , Peteru Latama , Tago Pisaina , Blignault Ilse
Published: July 2012

Mental Health Care Services are part of the National Health Services for Samoa. Their function is to provide mental health care services to the population of Samoa, which numbers 180,000 people. However, like many other countries in the Pacific region, mental health is considered a low priority. The mental health budget allocation barely covers the operation of mental health care services. More broadly, there is a lack of political awareness about mental health care services and mental health rarely becomes an issue of deliberation in the political arena. This article outlines the recent development of mental health care services in Samoa, including the Mental Health Policy 2006 and Mental Health Act 2007. It tells the story of the successful integration of aiga (family) as an active partner in the provision of care, and the development of the Aiga model utilizing Samoan cultural values to promote culturally appropriate family‐focused community mental health care for Samoa. Mental Health Care Services today encompass both clinical and family‐focused community mental health care services. The work is largely nurse‐led. Much has been achieved over the past 25 years. Increased recognition by government and increased resourcing are necessary to meet the future health care needs of the Samoan people.
Retroperitoneal laparoscopic single‐site nephroureterectomy: Initial operative experience
Authors: Okegawa Takatsugu , Itaya Naoshi , Hara Hidehiko , Nutahara Kikuo , Higashihara Eiji
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Our aim was to describe our early experience with laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) via the retroperitoneal approach for upper urinary tract tumors.

Methods

Since April 2010, 21 patients with upper urinary tract cell carcinoma were treated by our team: 12 patients have undergone LESS nephroureterectomy and 9 have undergone standard retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery. In our LESS procedure, we employed a bendable grasper in the non‐dominant hand and a standard straight laparoscopic instrument in the dominant hand. Nephrectomy was performed using procedures similar to those of conventional laparoscopic nephrectomy. In standard laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, the distal ureter and bladder cuff were excised by using the open method.

Results

All operations using retroperitoneal LESS nephroureterectomy were completed without conversion to standard laparoscopy or open surgery. No intraoperative or acute postoperative complications occurred. We compared the results of the retroperitoneal single‐port laparoscopic surgery group to the standard retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery group and found that the retroperitoneal LESS nephroureterectomy had significantly less estimated blood loss (P = 0.034). No significant difference was noted with respect to age, BMI, operation time, time to oral intake, length of hospitalization, and the visual analog pain scale score at discharge (
P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The initial reports of retroperitoneal LESS nephroureterectomy demonstrate that the technique is a safe and feasible procedure for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.
Facts and Problems of Migration Policies
Authors: Golini Antonio
Published: July 2012

“Achilles is 100 metres away from a tortoise. He runs ten times faster than the tortoise. When he arrives at the point where the tortoise was at the beginning, the tortoise will be ten metres away from him. Then it will be one metre, ten centimetres … farther. He will never meet up with the tortoise.”

               Zeno of Elea
No More White History
Authors: Seitz Phillip
Published: July 2012

Abstract   History museums and historic sites that back away from telling difficult history do a disservice to the victims of the trauma, the bearers of the historical knowledge, and the public. Staff members and visitors alike are frequently uncomfortable with broaching these subjects, yet helping people talk about difficult topics can promote a sense of relief, bonding, and affirmation. Silence and selective amnesia only perpetuate injustice.
Curating Queer Heritage: Queer Knowledge and Museum Practice
Authors: Steorn Patrik
Published: July 2012

Abstract   Important work in the last decades within the museum studies field has laid bare the implicit nationalist, evolutionist, and patriarchal narratives of the traditional museum. So far, though, only a few writers have discussed the museum’s role in supporting “heteronormative” narratives that consolidate heterosexuality as a norm within social and cultural life. This article is a critical discussion of methodological aspects of a queer perspective in interpreting, exhibiting, and organizing museum collections. Two shows with LGBT / queer perspective that were exhibited in Stockholm, Sweden during EuroPride 2008 are the focus of this article’s analysis. They consist of the photo exhibition Show Yourself! at the Nordic Museum, and Queer: Desire, Power, and Identity at the National Museum of Fine Arts. The author himself was the curator of the latter exhibition. This article offers personal reflections on the methodological challenges of translating an abstract queer perspective into museum practice in order to envision online and on‐site museum encounters that can mobilize various kinds of pluralistic passions.
Transient Behavior of Glow Plugs in Direct-Injection Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Xu Cheng Stewart , Wallace James S.
Published: July 2012

Glow plugs are a possible ignition source for direct injected natural gas engines. This ignition assistance application is much different than the cold start assist function for which most glow plugs have been designed. In the cold start application, the glow plug is simply heating the air in the cylinder. In the cycle-by-cycle ignition assist application, the glow plug needs to achieve high surface temperatures at specific times in the engine cycle to provide a localized source of ignition. Whereas a simple lumped heat capacitance model is a satisfactory representation of the glow plug for the air heating situation, a much more complex situation exists for hot surface ignition. Simple measurements and theoretical analysis show that the thickness of the heat penetration layer is small within the time scale of the ignition preparation period (1–2 ms). The experiments and analysis were used to develop a discretized representation of the glow plug domain. A simplified heat transfer model, incorporating both convection and radiation losses, was developed for the discretized representation to compute heat transfer to and from the surrounding gas. A scheme for coupling the glow plug model to the surrounding gas computational domain in the KIVA-3V engine simulation code was also developed. The glow plug model successfully simulates the natural gas ignition process for a direct-injection natural gas engine. As well, it can provide detailed information on the local glow plug surface temperature distribution, which can aid in the design of more reliable glow plugs.
Modeling of Thermoplastic Materials for the Process-Simulation of Press-Fit Interconnections on Moulded Interconnected Devices
Authors: Fellner Thomas , Zukowski Elena , Wilde Jürgen , Kück H. , Richter H. , Schober M. , Buckmüller P.
Published: July 2012

This investigation is aimed at the modeling of both the fabrication process and the reliability of press-fit interconnections on moulded interconnect devices (MID). These are multifunctional three-dimensional substrates, produced by thermoplastic injection moulding for large-series applications. The assembly process and subsequently the durability of press-fit interconnections has been modeled and proved with a finite element software. Especially, a simulation tool for process optimizations was created and applied. In order to obtain realistic results, a creep model for the investigated base material, a liquid-crystal polymer (LCP), was generated and verified by experiments. Required friction coefficients between metal pin and base material were determined by adapting simulations and experiments. Retention forces of pins pressed into substrate holes during as well after the assembly process, and after temperature loads were predicted by simulations. Additionally, the decreasing extraction forces over time due to creep in the thermoplastic base material have been predicted for different storage temperatures as well with finite element analyses. Following, the numerical results of the process and reliability modeling were verified by experiments. It is concluded that the behavior of the mechanical contact of the pin-substrate system, can be suitably described time- and temperature-dependent.
End-of-Injection Behavior of Diesel Sprays Measured With X-Ray Radiography
Authors: Kastengren Alan , Powell Christopher F. , Tilocco F. Zak , Liu Zunping , Moon Seoksu , Zhang Xusheng , Gao Jian
Published: July 2012

The behavior of diesel fuel sprays at the end of injection is poorly understood, yet has important implications regarding diesel engine emissions. Recent research has shown that at the end of injection, an entrainment wave is created, causing the fuel spray to rapidly entrain ambient gas. This rapid entrainment creates a dilute mixture of fuel that may be a source of unburned fuel emissions. In this study, X-ray radiography is used to quantitatively probe the fuel mass distribution in diesel sprays at the end of injection. Analysis of the spray velocity at steady-state suggests an entrainment wave speed of several hundred m/s, which is supported by the appearance of a traveling entrainment wave at low ambient density. The spray density declines most rapidly near the nozzle, a behavior that matches the expected entrainment wave behavior. The dilution of the spray plume is most prominent in the central dense region of the spray. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the spray density at the end of injection show that the spray plume considerably widens, enhancing the dilution caused by the reduction in fuel flow.