bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Palm Oil on Lipid Peroxidation, Reduced Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Vitamin A Levels in theCorpus uteri,Cornu uteriandCorpus luteumof Young and Adult Female Sheep
Authors: YILDIZ S. , NAZIROGLU M. , KAYA I. , AYDILEK N. , YUCE A.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the current study was to determine whether a rumen protected palm oil based diet affect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), reduced glutathione (rGSH) and vitamin A levels in the tissues ofcornu uteri,corpus uteriandcorpus luteumover the barley based isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diet, and whether the response is different between ewes and ewe‐lambs. During the breeding season, half of Morkaraman ewes (2–4‐year‐old,n=10) and ewe‐lambs (7–8‐months‐old,n=10) was offered a barley based diet and the other half was offered a protected palm oil based diet for 42 ± 0.7 days. At the end of the experiment all animals were slaughtered and measurements carried out in the tissues collected. In all animals tested,cornu uterihad the highest MDA levels followed bycorpus uteriandcorpus luteum(P<0.01) but no differences were between the tissues observed in GSH‐Px and rGSH levels (P>0.05). Vitamin A levels were, however, higher incorpus luteumthan incornu uteriandcorpus uteri(P<0.05).Corpus uteriMDA levels were not different (P>0.05) but rGSH levels were higher for the palm oil fed groups (P<0.05). GSH‐Px and rGSH levels were higher for ewe‐lambs than ewes (P<0.05).

In conclusion, it appears that MDA, rGSH, GSH‐Px, and vitamin A work in a different fashion forcorpus uteri,cornu uteriandcorpus luteum, and for ewes and ewe‐lambs. Dietary palm oil did not significantly affect the parameters studied except higher rGSH levels incorpus uteri. Levels of anti‐oxidatively active substances, such as rGSH and GSH‐Px were lower in ewes compared with those in ewe‐lambs.
Metastasizing Fibrosarcoma in a Wistar Rat – Case Report
Authors: Wöhrmann T. , Teredesai A.
Published: March 2003

A 19‐month‐old male control Wistar rat from a 30‐month inhalation study showed a subcutaneous greyish‐white mass extending from the throat to the thoracic cavity. The rat had been euthanized because of its poor general condition. Histologically, the mass was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma infiltrating the masseter muscle with metastases in the lungs, liver and heart. The primary tumour was characterized by fusiform spindle cells producing various amounts of interlacing bundles of collagen. The cells formed a characteristic herringbone pattern and mitotic figures were frequent. The histological parameters of the metastases were practically identical to those seen in the primary tumour. The diagnosis was confirmed by trichrome staining and positive immunostaining for vimentin and was differentiated from leiomyosarcomas by its negative immunostaining for desmin, from schwannomas by its negative immunostaining for S‐100 and from malignant fibrous histiocytomas by the absence of giant cells. The incidence of fibrosarcomas in Wistar rats is very low (up to 3%) and metastasis is rarely observed.
Diurnal Variation and the Effect of Feed Restriction on Plasma and Milk Metabolites in TMR‐fed Dairy Cows
Authors: Nielsen N. I. , Ingvartsen K. L. , Larsen T.
Published: March 2003

The objective was to study the diurnal variation in metabolites in plasma and milk of dairy cows fed total mixed rations (TMR) with a low‐energy (LE) or high‐energy content (HE) expected to give a minor and a major diurnal variation, respectively. Further, the purpose was to quantify and compare the responses in plasma and milk parameters when cows changed fromad libitumto restrictive feeding. Eight multiparous, early‐lactating Danish Holstein cows were used in a cross‐over design with two consecutive 14‐day periods. Blood and milk samples were collected hourly on day 11 of each period and on days 12–14 of each period, the cows were fed restrictively (65% ofad libitumdry‐matter intake). The concentration ofβ‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in plasma was significantly higher in the evening for cows fed the HE TMR, than for cows fed the LE TMR. There was a significant diurnal variation in BHB in milk, with the highest concentrations between milkings and the lowest concentrations at milking. Non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma showed significant diurnal variation that was caused by high concentrations in the morning. Plasma glucose did not show any diurnal variation. It has been argued that feeding a TMR removes diurnal changes related to feeding, which is contrary to earlier diurnal studies where concentrates have been fed twice daily. Feed restriction increased (P < 0.001) NEFA and BHB in plasma by 121 and 90%, respectively, while the glucose concentration decreased (P < 0.001) by 19%. Milk concentrations of BHB, citrate and fat increased (P < 0.001) by 163, 11 and 26%, respectively, because of feed restriction, while there were no changes in milk protein and lactose. The relatively high increase in BHB during feed restriction suggests that BHB is more advantageous as a milk indicator of metabolic status in dairy cows than citrate and fat.
Effects of A Hypertonic Saline Solution and Dextran 70 Combination in the Treatment of Diarrhoeic Dehydrated Calves
Authors: Şentürk S.
Published: March 2003

Thirty dehydrated diarrheic calves aged 2–45 days were used to study the effects of small volume intravenous 7.2% hypertonic saline and 6% dextran 70 solution in combination with alkalinising oral fluids and to compare this therapy with the large volume intravenous isotonic saline with alkalinising oral fluid treatment. This study included a total of 30 diarrhoeic dehydrated calves aged 2–45 days. After routine clinical and haematological examinations, the calves were allotted to two treatment groups. Isotonic saline solution (32 ml/kg, i.v.) with an oral electrolyte solution (22 ml/kg, p.o.) were administered to group I (control), and the combination of 7.2% hypertonic saline in 6% dextran 70 solutions (HSD) (4 ml/kg, i.v.) with an oral electrolyte solution (50 ml/kg, p.o.) were administered to group II (test). Additionally, an oral electrolyte solution (50 ml/kg, p.o.) was readministered to both groups at 12 h of the study.

The clinical and haematological examinations of all calves were performed both before and after the treatment at the 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h. The capillary refill time, peripheral pulse quality, dehydration degrees, mental status, haematocrit rates, haemoglobin and plasma values after treatment were found to be statistically different compared with the values before treatment. In comparison with group I, group II is observed to have shorter capillary refill time at 1, 4 and 12 h (P < 0.001) and better peripheral pulse quality at 1/2 (P < 0.05), 1, 2, 4 and 12 h (P < 0.001). Moreover, the degree of dehydration in group II, was significantly improved at 2 (P < 0.01), 4 and 12 h. Results of the study indicated that administration of low volumes of hypertonic sodium chloride and dextran 70 solution combinations with oral electrolyte solutions was concluded as quicker, practical, economical and most importantly an effective way for the treatment of dehydrated diarrhoeic calves.
Does Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Potentiate Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection in Weaner Pigs?
Authors: Depner K. R. , Lange E. , Pontrakulpipat S. , Fichtner D.
Published: March 2003

Fifteen 6‐week‐old crossbred weaners weighing about 12 kg each were randomly divided into three groups of five animals each. One group of pigs was inoculated first with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and then 3 days later with CSF virus. The second group received classical swine fever (CSF) virus, while the third group was inoculated with PRRS virus only. The aim of the experiment was to determine whether a primary PRRS virus infection influences the clinical outcome of experimentally induced CSF in young pigs.

The PRRS virus infected weaners developed mild respiratory symptoms and recovered completely. All five weaners which were inoculated with CSF virus only showed severe clinical signs typical of the acute form of CSF. One pig had to be killed 15 days post‐inoculation (p.i.); the remaining four died between the 18th and 22nd day p.i. The clinical course of the animals inoculated with both viruses was slightly different from that of the pigs that received only CSF virus. Four out of five pigs from the PRRS/CSF group became febrile and viraemic earlier than the animals which received CSF virus only. These pigs had to be killed 15–17 days post CSF virus inoculation. One animal in this group survived the acute phase of CSF and recovered completely. It was concluded that the observed divergences of the clinical courses would not have been noticed under field conditions. Therefore these findings cast doubt on the relevance of PRRS virus infection potentiating significantly the clinical outcome of CSF in young pigs.
A Screening ELISA for Brucellosis in Reindeer
Authors: Åsbakk K. , Gall D. , Stuen S.
Published: March 2003

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of brucellosis in reindeer was developed. The assay, which utilizes s‐LPS from Brucella abortus as antigen and biotin‐labelled rabbit antibody to reindeer immunoglobulin as detecting antibody, has a high specificity and sensitivity, as indicated in a validation with sera from reindeer cultured positive for Brucella suis biovar 4 and sera from reindeer free of brucellosis.
Study on Risk Factors and their Association with Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows in Trinidad
Authors: Romain H.T. , Adesiyun A.A. , Webb L.A. , Lauckner F.B.
Published: March 2003

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on dairy farms in eight milking centres in Trinidad to determine the prevalence of risk factors for mastitis and to assess their relationship to occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The California mastitis test (CMT) was used to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis by estimating the somatic cell counts in bulk and composite milk. Of a total of 177 dairy farms studied, 121 (68.4 %), 39 (22.0 %) and 17 (9.6 %) practised semi‐intensive, extensive and intensive management systems, respectively. A total of 129 (72.9 %), 37 (20.9 %) and 11 (6.2 %) farms milked cows in parlours, stanchions and pasture/out‐on‐field, respectively. Based on sanitary practices, 40 (22.6 %), 123 (69.5 %), and 14 (7.9 %) farms were classified as good, fair, and poor, respectively, while 76 (42.9 %) and 60 (33.9 %) farms reported to rarely experience and frequently experience water shortages, respectively. Amongst the 177 farms, only seven (4.0 %) used machine‐milking primarily, 152 (85.9 %) screened for mastitis as a routine, 18 (10.2 %) teat dipped, and 49 (27.7 %) practised dry cow therapy. To detect mastitis, of 152 farms involved, 20 (13.2 %) used the strip cup while only two (1.3 %) employed the CMT. Pipe‐borne water delivered directly from the hose was the only source of water to 91 (51.4 %) farms while seven (4.0 %) and eight (4.5 %) farms used only well and surface water (ponds and rivers), respectively. Based on bulk milk samples, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 60.5 % (107 of 177) with a range from 33.3 % (centre 5H) to 100.0 % (centre 2B). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01; χ2). However, using composite milk, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 52.5 % (93 of 177) with a range from 21.2 % (centre 5H) to 92.9 % (centre 2B) and again, the difference in prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0.001; χ2). Subclinical mastitis was detected in 150 (45.0 %) of 333 lactating cows screened and the range of prevalence was from 17.9 % (centre 5H) to 56.3 % (centre 1C). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001; χ2). Of a total of 14 risk factors for mastitis studied which were related to animal husbandry, personnel, mastitis control and water, only two, the herd size and practice of dry cow therapy were significantly (P < 0.05; χ2) associated with subclinical mastitis.

It was concluded that the high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Trinidad dairy herds could significantly reduce milk production with associated economic loss. Although a majority of the risk factors studied were not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis possibly due to confounding factors, the need to eliminate or reduce these risk factors cannot be over‐emphasized.
Studies on the Modulation of Leucocyte Subpopulations and Immunoglobulins following Intramammary Infusion of β1,3‐glucan into the Bovine Udder during the Dry Period
Authors: Inchaisri C. , Persson Waller K. , Johannisson A.
Published: March 2003

Inflammatory and immunological reactions after intramammary infusion of β1,3‐glucan were studied during the steady dry period and involution phase of the bovine udder. The effects of a single intramammary infusion of two different doses (100 and 200 mg) of β1,3‐glucan were evaluated during the steady dry period. In a second study, the effects of β1,3‐glucan at drying off were studied by using two treatment regimens; a single infusion at drying off, compared with two infusions of the compound, at drying off and again 2 weeks later.

Total and differential leucocyte counts were measured in both blood and udder secretions. Additionally, the expression of receptors for CD14 and MHC class II on leucocytes, and the expression of receptors for CD4, CD8, WC1, IL2R and B‐cells on lymphocytes was measured in mammary secretions by flow cytometric analyses. The concentrations of immunoglobulins in udder secretions were measured by radial immunodiffusion.

The results showed that a single intramammary infusion of β1,3‐glucan during the steady dry period causes transient enhancement of some aspects of the inflammatory and immune responses. The increases in somatic cell counts, numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and in proportions of CD14 + and MHC class II + leucocytes in udder secretions were dose‐dependent. Infusion of β1,3‐glucan also slightly increased the proportion of CD4 + lymphocytes and the concentrations of IgG1and IgG2in dry secretions. Infusion of β1,3‐glucan at drying off seemed to accelerate the involution process through an increase in somatic cells, particularly in the numbers of macrophages, in mammary secretions. The numbers of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the proportions of IL2R + lymphocytes, the proportions of CD14 + or MHC class II + leucocytes and the concentrations of IgG1and IgG2also increased in comparison with untreated controls. Moreover, a second infusion of β1,3‐glucan tended to prolong this response, indicating that this might be an effective means of enhancing the mammary defence against udder infections closer to calving.

In conclusion, the results indicate that intramammary infusion of β1,3‐glucan could be used to enhance the defence mechanisms of the bovine udder against infections, especially during early involution.
High Mortality Rate Associated with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Infection in Belgian White Blue Calves Previously Vaccinated with an Inactivated BRSV Vaccine
Authors: Schreiber P. , Matheise J. P. , Dessy F. , Heimann M. , Letesson J. J. , Coppe P. , Collard A.
Published: March 2003

In a group of 60 Belgian White Blue calves less than 8 months old still housed in barns, a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) outbreak was revealed on the basis of a direct diagnosis (immunofluorescence and virus isolation) performed on the lungs of dead animals, and the kinetics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies. Clinical signs, macroscopical and microscopical pulmonary lesions were also compatible with a BRSV infection. This outbreak is peculiar because the 35 oldest calves (204 ± 29 days old) had been vaccinated 3–4 months before with an inactivated BRSV vaccine and 30 % of these animals had died of respiratory distress. While they experienced a mild respiratory symptomatology, no death was recorded among the 25 youngest calves (69 ± 29 days old) which had been left unvaccinated. Another peculiarity was found at the histological level where a massive infiltration of eosinophils was demonstrated in the pulmonary tissues of the dead animals. Together these data parallel the dramatic story described 30 years ago in children previously vaccinated with a formalin‐inactivated human RSV (HRSV) vaccine upon a natural HRSV challenge. This illustrates that an immunopathological phenomenon also takes place after BRSV vaccination in cattle.
Polluting Profiles of Dieldrin and DDTs in Laying Hens of Osaka, Japan
Authors: Furusawa N. , Morita Y.
Published: March 2003

Contaminating/accumulating levels of organochlorine pesticides in extractable fats from a basal diet, eggs and seven tissues (adipose tissue, blood, kidney, liver, muscle, ovary and oviduct) and excreta of laying hens that were kept in a general poultry farm of Japan were examined. No benzene hexachlorides or aldrin was detected [<1 part per billion (p.p.b.)] overall. Dieldrin and all DDTs (p,p′‐DDE, o,p′‐DDT, p,p′‐DDD and p,p′‐DDT) were contaminated in the dietary fats (mean range 10–70 p.p.b.). Although dieldrin (4–58 p.p.b.), p,p′‐DDE (65–196 p.p.b.) and p,p′‐DDT (30–73 p.p.b.) were found to be accumulated in all the tissue fats and egg yolk fats, they were not detected in the dried excreta. Accumulations of o,p′‐DDT and p,p′‐DDD were found only in the liver fat (92 p.p.b.) and in the kidney fat (27 p.p.b.), respectively. In all the samples, p,p′‐DDE levels were highest in comparison with the other compounds. For all organochlorine pesticides detected, the accumulated levels were well below the practical residue limits.
Frequent Exposure of Mice to Crude Brucella abortus Proteins Down‐regulates Immune Response
Authors: Oñate A. , Andrews E. , Beltran A. , Eller G. , Schurig G. , Folch H.
Published: March 2003

Mice repeatedly immunized via the intraperitoneal route with a Brucella abortus antigen lost their ability to develop a strong in vitro lymphoproliferative response. This result correlates with a decreased tendency of the lymphoid population to produce interferon‐γ when stimulated in culture with the immunizing antigen. With respect to the humoral response, as the number of immunizations increased, the animals produced more specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G1 antibodies. It is postulated that the long‐term exposure of an animal to Brucella antigen changes the nature of the immune response from a T‐cell‐mediated response to a humoral response favouring the establishment of the disease.
A Comparative Study of the Preventive Use of Tilmicosin Phosphate (Pulmotil premix®) andMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeVaccination in a Pig Herd with Chronic Respiratory Disease
Authors: Mateusen B. , Maes D. , Hoflack G. , Verdonck M. , De Kruif A.
Published: March 2003

This study was conducted to compare the effects of a preventive in‐feed medication programme using tilmicosin (Pulmotil®200 premix, Elanco Animal Health) at 200 p.p.m. with those of aMycoplasma hyopneumoniae(Mh) vaccination programme (StellamuneTMMycoplasma, Pfizer Animal Health). A pig herd with chronic respiratory disease in which infection with Mh played an important role was selected, and a total of 204 piglets were randomly allocated to either the medication (P) or the vaccination (V) group. Pigs in the P group received medicated feed for 3 weeks after weaning (days 34–55), and for 2 weeks late in the nursery period (days 77–98). The piglets in the V group were vaccinated twice intramuscularly, at 4 and 22 days of age. The two groups were compared on the basis of average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion rate (FCR), additional curative medication days (CMD), overall mortality (major variables), a coughing index, pneumonia lesions, and serology against Mh, influenza H1N1 and influenza H3N2 viruses,Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(App) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (minor variables). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for ADG (555 g/day in P group; 567 g/day in V group), FCR (2.64 in P group; 2.41 in V group) and mortality rate (11% in P group; 7% in V group). The average number of additional curative medication days (CMD) per pig was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the P group (1.5) than in the V group (0.58). At slaughter age, the serological results and the prevalence of macroscopic lung lesions were comparable in the two groups (P > 0.05). With the exception of CMD, the preventive use of tilmicosin at this swine farm was found to confer similar beneficial effects to Mh vaccination.
The role of Isospora suis as a Pathogen in Conventional Piglet Production in Germany
Authors: NIESTRATH M. , TAKLA M. , JOACHIM A. , DAUGSCHIES A.
Published: March 2003

In order to evaluate the prevalence of Isospora suis in conventional piglet production in Germany, pooled faecal samples from 327 pig litters from 18 pig production units (20–320 sows each) were examined. At least 10 litters from each farm were investigated. I. suis was present on 83% of the farms and 42.5% of the litters, the infection rate being highest in the third week of age (48.2%). I. suis was found more frequently in samples of diarrhoea than in firm faeces (49.2% compared to 22.2%). Twenty naturally infected piglets from six of these farms underwent examination post mortem, including histology, virology and bacteriology. Histological examination revealed atrophy of the villi in various degrees, mild crypt hyperplasia, fusion of the villi, metaplastic epithelium, erosions and necrosis, especially in the medium and the posterior jejunum and in the ileum. Asexual and sexual developmental stages of the parasite were found in varying numbers in the epithelium of the whole of the small intestine. Bacteria and viruses were mostly excluded as the cause of diarrhoea, and it was concluded that I. suis was the primary pathogen inducing distinct changes and clinical symptoms of diarrhoea.
Investigation of Haematological and Biochemical Side Effects of Tilmicosin in Healthy New Zealand Rabbits
Authors: ALTUNOK V. , YAZAR E. , ELMAS M. , TRAŞ B. , BAŞ A. L. , CÖL R.
Published: March 2003

In this study, the effects of tilmicosin on some haematological and biochemical variables were investigated. Ten male New Zealand rabbits were used as material. The tilmicosin was injected (25 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously as a single injection), and the rabbits were monitored for 4 days. No negative effects of tilmicosin on haematological and biochemical variables were observed, but it did cause a temporary decrease in red and white blood cell counts.
Cytokines Gene Expression Patterns of Bovine Milk During Middle and Late Stages of Lactation
Authors: ALLUWAIMI A. M. , CULLOR J. S.
Published: March 2003

The cytokine mRNA profiles of the bovine mammary gland were investigated using newly developed TaqMan®real‐time polymerase chain reaction systems (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Transcriptional activity of six cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) was studied during the mid‐ and late‐lactation stages. Transcripts for TNF‐α, GM‐CSF, and IFN‐γ were detected in all samples of both stages. However, IL‐12 was only detected in 80 and 58 % of late‐ and mid‐lactation samples, respectively. IL‐12 expression was up‐regulated in late lactation in comparison with the corresponding level in mid‐lactation. The cytokines interaction in late lactation was more co‐ordinated and their transcriptional levels were significantly correlated among each other, whereas, in mid‐lactation significant correlation of the cytokines transcription was only seen with the TNF‐α, GM‐CSF, and IFN‐γ. Cytokine mRNA profiles between mid‐ and late lactation showed significant differences, which can be attributed to the dramatic changes that the mammary gland is subjected to during late lactation. The significant elevation of IL‐12 transcriptional activity in late lactation and its relevance to the mammary gland immunity is discussed.
Aggregation of Animal Lactobacilli with O157 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: BUJNAKOVA D. , KMET V.
Published: March 2003

The effect of selected autoaggregative lactobacilli on enterohemorragic O157 Escherichia coli was studied. A total of 27 Lactobacillus sp. strains were examined for expression of autoaggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity. Autoaggregative isolates were obtained from the crops of chickens and vaginas of calves. Aggregative activity was seen between eight autoaggregative lactobacilli and six strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157. The presence of aggregation‐promoting factor (apf gene) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We propose that autoaggregative lactobacilli that aggregate with enterohemorrhagic E. coli can express a class of APF proteins that exhibit the function of an aggregative mediator. The results of this study suggest that APF‐producing lactobacilli could represent a further mechanism in the interaction of comensal microflora with enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
Natural Distemper in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Dogs in Warsaw
Authors: Jóžwik A. , Frymus T.
Published: March 2003

Two hundred and twenty‐four dogs with clinical signs of distemper were examined for the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) in mucous membranes by direct immunofluorescence assay. The study showed that 22% of the animals were CDV‐positive. Most (33/50; 66%) of the infected dogs had never been vaccinated against distemper, whereas only 11 of 50 (22%) CDV‐positive animals were immunized at least once. The difference in the infection rate between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals was statistically significant (P < 0.001), as assessed by the χ2 test. It is concluded that distemper is an important disease among dogs in Warsaw and the vaccination significantly reduces the risk of this disease.
Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Peru Basin ‐ Ecological and Taxonomic Remarks Based on Underwater Images
Authors: Bluhm Hartmut , Gebruk Andrej
Published: March 2003

The megabenthos plays an important role in the abyssal ecosystem. The holothuroids have been proposed as indicators of physical disturbance of the seabed caused, for example, by commercial deep‐sea mining of manganese nodules. Environmental studies at seabed mining claims have resulted in numerous still photographs that provide an overview of the megabenthos in manganese nodule fields. Data from these investigations and from the large‐scale disturbance and recolonization experiment DISCOL have been used to summarize knowledge of the taxonomy and ecology of holothurians at manganese nodule sites.
Fragmentation as a Strategy for Caulerpa Species: Fates of Fragments and Implications for Management of an Invasive Weed
Authors: Smith Celia M. , Walters Linda J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The successful growth of fragments to full size macroalgal clones is well known for many taxa in mariculture. From an ecological context, however, few studies relate success by invasive species to the ability to fragment readily, disperse widely or re‐attach rapidly ‐ obvious hallmarks of weedy species. This study compares morphologically and ecologically distinct species of the green alga Caulerpa: in the Mediterranean, Caulerpa taxifolia is well known as an invasive weed; Caulerpa prolifera grows around or inside seagrass beds and is not apparently invasive; Caulerpa verticillata is among the most diminutive species, with potentially the most restricted reef distribution. We tested three hypotheses: (i) fragment success is independent of size, (ii) fragment success is independent of position within the plant and (iii) fragments from all species will be equally successful in establishing rhizoids, the first step to re‐attachment. The success of small fragments (5–40 mm lengths) cut from distinct locations within replicate plants was scored for survival and establishment of rhizoids in bioassays. Additionally, for C. taxifolia, estimates were made of the force needed to puncture upright and prostrate axes, thereby estimating forces required to generate fragments from these two sources. Among the three species, only upright axes of C. taxifolia readily recovered from fragmentation stress for fragment sizes > 10 mm. The forces required to fragment upright axes were substantially less than for comparable rhizome portions. Fragments of C. prolifera were viable only for rhizome portions; fragments of C. verticillata were not viable at any size examined in this study. Estimates of viable fragment size, origin and force required to fragment axes for C. taxifolia support existing field data suggesting that fragmentation is the effective propagation mechanism underlying the spread of this invasive weed.
Spring Bloom Development in the Marginal Ice Zone and the Central Barents Sea
Authors: Wassmann Paul , Ratkova Tatjana , Andreassen Inger , Vernet Maria , Pedersen Gunnar , Rey Francisco
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The knowledge of the relative contribution of algal groups and the environmental factors that control their abundance in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea is rather limited. Therefore, a field investigation to study the hydrography and the phytoplankton composition of the marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the central Barents Sea was carried out along a south‐north transect in May 1993. The weakly stratified Atlantic sector of the transect appeared to be in a pre‐bloom state and had intermittent intrusions from the meandering Polar Front and the Norwegian Coastal Current, introducing water of a more advanced bloom state. Pico‐ and nanoplankton flagellates and monads dominated, with a few diatoms and Phaeocystis pouchetii colonies. The average new production rate of 26 g C · m−2 as reflected by NO3 depletion in the euphotic zone, however, indicated that the vernal bloom had been in progress for some time in the Atlantic sector without leaving specific signals in the suspended fraction. The ice‐edge and Polar Front area was characterized by a dominance of centric colonial diatom genera Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira with some development of P. pouchetii. In the densely ice‐covered and stratified Arctic zone the vernal bloom was at its maximum and dominated by the diatom genera Fragilariopsis and Chaetoceros. Diatoms were limited by silicate concentrations <2 µM in 32% of all samples. New production, as revealed by the C equivalent of nitrate depletion in the upper layer, ranged between 12 g C · m−2 in the north to 45 g C · m−2 in the meandering Polar Front, with an average of about 27 ± 28% g C · m−2. The time development of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea in late May 1993, with its complicated zonal structure, was not from south to north, but intermittently from north to south. Later during the year the general development of the vernal bloom was, as expected, from south to north.
Resting Stages of Plankton in Recent North Adriatic Sediments
Authors: Rubino Fernando , Belmonte Genuario , Miglietta Anna M. , Geraci Sebastiano , Boero Ferdinando
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Plankton‐derived resting stages were found in 26 sediment cores collected in the North Adriatic Sea; 46 morphotypes were identified, 38 were attributed to taxa according to their morphology and, in some hatching cases, also according to the morphology of the derived active forms. Six species of Dinophyta were recorded for the first time from the North Adriatic Sea. Each morphotype was described in detail. Twenty‐nine resting stages were Dinophyta; one was a Chrysophyta; two were Tintinnina; and six were metazoans. At every site Dinophyta cysts were more abundant than Metazoa cysts. Cyst bank densities were variable, with empty forms generally more abundant than full ones; cyst concentrations were highest at the mouth of the Po River delta.
On the Problems of Epibioses, Fouling and Artificial Reefs, a Review
Authors: Svane Ib , Petersen Jens Kjerulf
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Artificial reefs in marine environments are in most cases submerged structures consisting of dumped waste material or specific constructions made with the purpose of enriching the local fish populations and other marine life to the benefit of recreational and commercial fisheries. Such structures are susceptible to fouling and will successively develop assemblages, which may or may not resemble epibioses on natural substrata. Studies of artificial reefs have focused predominantly on fish assemblages and have largely disregarded the development of sessile biota and their structural and functional relationships. In addition, most studies are from tropical or subtropical environments. To manage and understand artificial reefs, a whole‐ecosystem approach is necessary, incorporating studies of all aspects of hard substratum ecology including both structural and functional variables. This review is an attempt to evaluate the present knowledge of ecological aspects of artificial reefs, emphasising the role of sessile hard substratum biota.
Disturbance and Community Pattern of Polychaetes Inhabiting Valle Magnavacca (Valli di Comacchio, Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)
Authors: Mistri Michele , Fano Elisa A. , Ghion Francesco , Rossi Remigio
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Polychaete community structure in Valle Magnavacca, the largest basin of the Valli di Comacchio (Northern Adriatic Sea) lagoonal ecosystem, was analyzed in a three‐year study. Three shallow‐water stations were sampled at about 3‐month intervals. Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to investigate community structure changes in relation to natural and man‐induced disturbance. The polychaete community at station 3, in the central area of the lagoon, was the most disturbed, while that of station 2 was the most well structured. We hypothesize that polychaete community structure results from regular seasonal disturbances which lead to almost predictable fluctuations in species abundance. Superimposed on these regular cycles are acute disturbance events that further reduce species abundance or exclude species from the habitat.
Intertidal Rocky Shore Communities of the Continental Portuguese Coast: Analysis of Distribution Patterns
Authors: Boaventura Diana , Ré Pedro , Cancela da Fonseca Luís , Hawkins Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. A general description of rocky shore distribution patterns (“zonation”) along the whole Portuguese coast is given to provide the context for comparisons of distribution patterns of mid‐shore organisms. In order to test if there was any variation in species distribution and abundance in the upper and lower mid‐shore zone (eulittoral) along the entire intertidal Portuguese coast, three main regions were studied (north, centre and south) and nine shores were visited in each region. At each one of the 27 locations, the shore was levelled and a general qualitative description was made, which also aided stratification of subsequent quantitative sampling. An upper zone (littoral fringe) characterised by the presence of encrusting lichens, small littorinid gastropods and cyanobacteria was found on most of the shores along the Portuguese coast. The mid‐shore zone (eulittoral) is essentially dominated by barnacles and sometimes mussels. The distribution patterns observed on the lower shore (sub‐littoral fringe) showed a distinction between northern shores, where large brown algae are present, and shores located in the central and southern regions, essentially dominated by red algal turf species. Multidimensional analysis and the ANOSIM test have revealed clear differences in the structure of the upper and lower mid‐shore zone. Within each level, the northern region was considerably different from the south and central regions. SIMPER analysis revealed the species which contributed to the separation between shore levels and regions. It has also given important information on the geographical decline in abundance of species.
Symbiotic Relations of Sediment‐Agglutinating Nematodes and Bacteria in Detrital Habitats: The Enzyme‐Sharing Concept
Authors: Riemann Franz , Helmke Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

Abstract. A new concept (‘enzyme sharing’) concerning the interaction of marine nematodes and microbes in the degradation of sedimentary detritus is presented. Elements of this concept are (1) the notorious tendency of many aquatic nematodes to agglutinate detrital particles by mucus secretions, (2) new observations on the stimulation of microbial growth by nematodes in agar plates, and (3) literature data on limited endogenous proteolytic capacities of aquatic nematodes.

 Observations on nematode‐microbe associations in agar plates prompted the conceptual synthesis. In agar medium without the addition of any nutrients a spectacular growth of bacteria was visible on the sinusoidal crawling trails of nematodes only 2 – 3 days after introduction of the worms (species of Adoncholaimus, Anoplostoma and Sabatieria). Juveniles of Anoplostoma that hatched in the agar cultures left their minute trails in the medium and these were rapidly occupied by bacteria. The nematodes repeatedly visited their bacterial trails, which persisted as a peculiar biotic structure for more than one year and survived the nematodes. In sterile agar preparations containing the fluorogenic methylumbelliferyl‐β‐glucoside in the presence of the nematode Adoncholaimus, an enhanced fluorescence of the medium was visible, indicating β‐glucosidase activity. We therefore assume that oncholaimid nematodes discharge enzymes that alone, or in concert with microbial activities, contribute to the hydrolytic cleavage of refractory polysaccharides containing β‐glucosidic bonds such as agar components and cellulose. The sugars thus produced may then be taken up by the nematodes and concomitantly support the conspicuous growth of microbes. Since we did not observe any feeding of the nematodes on the associated microbes in agar plates, we question the nutritive potential of intact microbial cells for a number of nematodes abounding in detrital habitats, and call attention to the significance of ambient dissolved or adsorbed organic monomeric nutrients. Consequently, we perceive the puzzling perpetual accretion of detrital organic particles to sediment agglutinations by nematodes as an adaptation for operating an ‘enzymatic reactor’ for the production of dissolved nutrients. We hypothesise a relationship of mutual commensalism of nematodes and heterotrophic microbes in detrital habitats and propose the term ‘enzyme sharing’ for this relationship. Both parties invest in a common enzyme pool that decomposes organic detritus for their nutrition. We present here evidence that nematodes contribute β‐glucosidase, which is involved in the cellulase system. Data from the literature suggest that microbial enzymatic processing of detrital proteins yields amino acids available to nematodes, which apparently have no efficient proteolytic enzyme system in their intestines.
Osmoregulation in Six Sympatric  Fiddler Crabs (genus Uca) from the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Thurman Carl L.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. As problems in taxonomy and systematic relationships among the Uca species are resolved, a definition of how each fiddler crab species partitions and utilizes habitat resources is needed. To this end, the osmoregulatory capabilities were studied in six species of fiddler crabs from the western Gulf of Mexico. Specimens were placed in 50 ml of artificial seawater ranging in osmolality from 50 to 3450 mOsm (2 to 109 ‰) for five days. Survivorship was recorded for each species. Uca rapax, U. panacea and U. subcylindrica are hardy from 200 to 3200 mOsm (6 to 101 ‰). Uca spinicarpa and U. minax survive only below 1400 mOsm (44 ‰). U. longisignalis is intermediate, with limited survival above 2500 mOsm (79 ‰). Hemolymph osmolality was determined for crabs surviving the osmotic regimen. Uca panacea, U. subcylindrica and U. rapax are equivalent in their regulation between 50 and 3200 mOsm (2 – 101 ‰). Uca longisignalis lost its ability to control hemolymph osmolality above 2200 mOsm (69 ‰). On the other hand, U. spinicarpa and U. minax become less effective hyporegulators in media above 1200 (38 ‰) and 1500 mOsm (47 ‰), respectively. Only U. longisignalis appears to exhibit clear differences in osmoregulatory capacity between populations. Population data for U. panacea and laboratory experiments with U. subcylindrica also support the notion of capacitative acclimation in Uca. These physiological capabilities correlate well with the known habitat characteristics for each fiddler crab species in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.
Dosage adjustment of fluconazole during continuous renal replacement therapy (CAVH, CVVH, CAVHD, CVVHD)
Authors: Pittrow L. , Penk A.
Published: March 2003

Continuous arterio‐venous haemofiltration (CAVH), continuous veno‐venous haemofiltration (CVVH), continuous arterio‐venous haemodialysis (CAVHD) and continuous veno‐venous haemodialysis (CVVHD) are increasingly used in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). The elimination rate of fluconazole varies considerably depending on the procedure used. (In Germany, fluconazole is approved for the treatment of life‐threatening fungal infections caused by Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans at a dosage of up to 800 mg day−1.) The elimination rate of fluconazole by CVVHD depends on the combined dialysate/ultrafiltrate flow rate, but is much higher than achieved with CVVH and intermittent dialysis, with a fluconazole clearance in patients with CVVHD 2 l h−1 exceeding the values of healthy persons. To achieve therapeutic plasma levels during continuous renal replacement therapy, the same loading dose as in patients without renal failure should be administered, followed by a maintenance dose that is adjusted for anuric patients by multiplying by a factor that takes into account the extracorporeal elimination of the absorbed dose (CAVH, CVVH×2.2, ultrafiltrate flow 0.5 l h−1; CAVHD, CVVHD×3.8, combined dialysate/ultrafiltrate flow 1.5 l h−1). Despite the broad therapeutic margin of fluconazole, drug monitoring is recommended to achieve therapeutic drug levels in life‐threatening indications because there have been only a few investigations of this, all involving relatively low dosages (up to 200 mg day−1).
Tinea capitis in Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Al‐Duboon  , Muhsin  , Al‐Rubaiy
Published: March 2003

Tinea capitis is the most common type of dermatophytosis constituting 35.2% (173/491) of all cases of dermatophytosis seen at two out‐patients dermatological clinics of the Basrah General Hospital and at two private dermatological clinics between October 1994 and December 1995. Males were more commonly affected than females represented by 60 and 40%, respectively. Out of 173 mycologically positive cases, 143 specimens were culture‐positive, represented by five dermatophyte species; Trichophyton violaceum was the most frequent causative agent (38.5%), followed by Trichophyton verrucosum (28.7%), Microsporum canis (26.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (5.6%) and Microsporum gypseum (0.7%). Six atypical cases appeared as cases of seborrheic dermatitis or dandruff and were proved to be atypical cases of tinea capitis caused by T. violaceum.
Tinea capitis in Siena, Italy. An 18‐year survey
Authors: Romano Clara
Published: March 2003

In the period 1980–1998, 181 cases of tinea capitis out of a total of 1480 cases of dermatophytosis were observed in Siena, Italy; 176 cases were children (mean age 6 years, range 45 days to 14 years; 91 boys, 85 girls) and the other five cases were postmenopausal women. Diagnosis was made on the basis of culture which was positive in 179 cases, and direct microscopic observation which was positive in 155 of 179 cases. In two cases, positive direct microscopic results were not confirmed by the culture. The most frequently isolated mycete was Microsporum canis (162 cases, 90.5%) and the main source of infection was the cat, which was often a healthy carrier. The second most frequent mycete was Trychophyton mentagrophytes. Trichophyton violaceum, a dermatophyte practically absent from our province since the 1960s, was isolated in five patients. All patients were successfully treated. One adult was treated with oral ketoconazole and the other four with oral itraconazole. The children were all treated with griseofulvin and topical antimycotics. Two children, observed in 1997–1998, who did not respond to griseofulvin, achieved clinical and mycological recovery with oral itraconazole.
Topical treatment of dermatophytosis and cutaneous candidosis with flutrimazole 1% cream: double‐blind, randomized comparative trial with ketoconazole 2% cream
Authors: Del Palacio Amalia , Cuétara Saledad , Pérez Ana , Garau Margarita , Calvo Teresa , Sánchez‐Alor Gracia
Published: March 2003

In a double‐blind, randomized study the efficacy and tolerance of flutrimazole 1% cream were compared with ketoconazole 2% cream, applied once daily for 4 weeks, in 60 patients with culturally proven dermatophytosis (47 patients) or cutaneous candidosis (13 patients). Both groups of patients and distribution of target lesions were similar. The sum of clinical scores had an even distribution in both groups at the end of treatment. The proportion of patients with negative microscopy and culture after 4 weeks of treatment was 70% in the flutrimazole group and 53% in the ketoconazole group; seven ketoconazole‐treated patients (23%) compared with two flutrimazole‐treated patients (6.6%) were asymptomatic carriers (clinically cured with positive cultures) at the end of treatment. At the assessment 6 weeks after the end of therapy the percentages of flutrimazole‐ and ketoconazole‐treated patients with negative mycology were 57 and 70%, respectively. There were one relapse (3.3%) in the ketoconazole group and four (13.3%) in the flutrimazole group. One patient treated with ketoconazole (3%) had a premature termination due to adverse events attributable to the medication. The results of this study show that flutrimazole 1% cream is as effective and safe as ketoconazole 2% cream for Candida and dermatophyte skin infections.
Case Report. Rosacea‐like Tinea incognito
Authors: Gorani A. , Schiera A. , Oriani A.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  We report a case of dermatophytosis of the face due to Microsporum canis that was exacerbated and altered clinically by a long‐term application of topical corticosteroids. We considered this case a rosacea‐like tinea incognito of the beard area.
Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants
Authors: Crespo M. J. , Abarca M. L. , Cabañes F. J.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  During a study on the occurrence of Malassezia spp. in 112 animals (50 horses, 25 goats, 25 sheep and 12 cows), Malassezia spp. were isolated from 60% of horses, 28% of sheep, 44% of goats and 58% of cows. In these animals, the occurrence of lipid‐dependent species (42%) was much greater than the occurrence observed for M. pachydermatis (3%). Among the results obtained, we point out the first isolation of M. sympodialis, M. globosa and M. restricta from sheep, M. pachydermatis, M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. obtusa, M. globosa and M. restricta from goats and M. furfur, M. slooffiae, M. obtusa, M. globosa and M. restricta from horses. To the authors' knowledge, this survey also states the first description of the presence of M. restricta in animals.
Case Reports. Infection due toScedosporium apiospermumin renal transplant recipients: a report of two cases and literature review of central nervous system and cutaneous infections byPseudallescheria boydii/Sc. apiospermum
Authors: Montejo M. , Muñiz M. L. , Zárraga S. , Aguirrebengoa K. , Amenabar J. J. , López‐Soria L , Gonzalez R.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Two cases of infections due toScedosporium apiospermumin renal transplant recipients, one localized in the central nervous system, the other in the skin, are presented, and a literature review of 21 cases of central nervous system and cutaneous infections due toPseudallescheria boydii/Sc. apiospermumis given.