bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Passive Heave Compensation Systems - The Next Generation
Authors: Cannell D. , Miller C. , Riddell S. , Gonsholt S. V. , Sannes S.
Published: March 2016

Passive Heave Compensation (PHC) systems used during offshore lifting operations are designed to absorb motions where it is needed, namely at the hook of the crane. This reduces motion and thus the overall forces on the deployed units. Fundamentally they are very simple and robust systems, relying on a hydraulic cylinder and pre-pressurised accumulator. Unlike Active Heave Compensation (AHC) systems, the risks of failure during critical stages are reduced, bringing greater assurance to operations. They are also less power hungry and less fatigue damaging to both ropes and sheaves within the crane. PHCs already have a long track record of successfully improving weather sensitive operations and thus productivity.

This paper considers the joint development between Technip and Cranemaster® of a new family of PHCs; the adaptive PHC system. This system brings greater flexibility, automatic weight adjustment, pressure compensation and data logging, whilst retaining the robust requirement in design.

Development of the adaptive PHC unit has included a thorough mathematical analysis to demonstrate the achievable benefits in improved performance and thus identify the increased weather window potential that this intelligent system can bring. Simulation of the instrumentation and valve system was completed to help design the automated algorithms to achieve these goals. The first adaptive PHC unit has successfully completed extensive onshore testing. This paper considers the details of the analysis, simulation and testing approach, highlighting what operational savings could be achieved through the adoption of this adaptive PHC system.

Offshore testing of the first unit will be used to validate all system functionality in a dynamic environment and allow a technology certificate to be obtained from DNV-GL.
The Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on Hydrocarbon Allocation
Authors: MacGillivray Alick
Published: March 2016

Uncertainty in the measured flow of oil and gas can create a degree of doubt that will contribute to significant financial exposure by the operator. It can also lead to significant errors in calculated flows in allocation systems. This paper demonstrates, using an industry case study, the need for good management of measurement systems to minimise errors and therefore reduce financial exposure in allocation systems.
In-Service Hull Inspections For Avoiding Dry-docking Safely
Authors: Constantinis D. , Davies P.
Published: March 2016

Hull integrity is a critical part of being able to stay on station for extended periods.

Good hull integrity requires meaningful and accurate data on hull condition and this comes from high quality inspection. Regulators require operators to assure hull integrity and this requires inspection of the hull internal structure as well as isolation valves, elements of marine piping, external appendages and mooring systems.

Current methods for external inspection of floating assets on-station use divers or ROVs but these methods incur high safety, POB and cost penalties. The data produced by current methods is restricted by marine growth and limited access to isolation valves.

The HITS (Hull Inspection Techniques and Strategy) JIP called for new methods to be developed that minimise or eliminate diving. This has now been achieved by carrying out many of the inspections from inside the hull and using advanced methods to inspect critical isolation valves and marine piping and inspection of the hull appendages by mini-ROV fly-past.

Avoiding additional tank entries for the inspections from within the hull is achieved by agreeing continuous survey ‘Long Term Inspection Plans’ that align the ‘underwater’ scope with tank entry for Continuous Hull Survey Programmes and spread the inspections over a 5 year cycle which is updated and repeated for the required life cycle of the asset.

Benefits of this alternative method include over 20% cost reductions and 70% reductions in POB (Persons On Board) coupled with minimal weather / sea state downtime and much improved inspection data.

Further advances in hull inspection are currently being developed to eliminate man-entry of confined spaces, such as tanks, and the inspection of cargo tanks with minimal cleaning effort.

This paper describes how these rapid advances have been made on inspection challenges identified by the HITS JIP and close cooperation between Operators (SBM), Classification Societies (ABS) and Service Providers (EM&I).
Role of Flow Assurance in Integrated Asset Modelling-A Comparitive Case Study
Authors: Sankararaj Rubakumar , Memon Shoaib , Jagadip Priyanka , Wadsley Andrew
Published: March 2016

Integrated Asset Management (IAM) solutions provides an excellent platform for combining data from multiple sources (subsurface to markets). The level of detail incorporated in such models determines the usefulness of such tools in reservoir management. The integrated modelling tools can be as simple as combining decline profiles to very detailed 3D numerical simulation models coupled to thermodynamic pipelines and facility network with risk management logic represented externally. This study makes an effort to address the issue of differentiating flow assurance models from forecasting tools. The advantages of using IAM tools with optimal detail for questions faced by an engineer are discussed through a real field application.

IAM solutions are becoming the norm in the industry to assist engineers and planners formulate sound investment decisions. Modern IAM tools have been documented to increase annual revenues in excess of 100 million USD. In this paper, we discuss the inputs required to build such IAM tools and the types of analysis typically conducted in such tools.

The role of flow assurance is inevitable in field development but increasingly we see the misuse of the technology under different circumstances. Here a case study is conducted on a real field Integrated Asset Model comprising of more than 20 gas/gas condensate reservoirs in Oceania. A typical network modelling tool is utilized to construct the entire field model with fields represented through pressure based type curves/ material balance tanks connecting platforms to facilities through pipelines.

The IAM model is used to conduct flow assurance study, field development optimization, short-term and long term forecasting. In each case, the effect of pipeline flow formulations, temperature tracking, velocity constraints etc., are discussed and its implications on model runtime and accuracy is presented. The understanding is important to make IAM more efficient and effective to carry out the different scenario analysis.

The results show the flow assurance model comprised of detailed representation of flow behavior is useful in field development planning but they tend to be very slow due to large amount of details required. The forecasting model with necessary inputs tends to produce similar results and proves to be effective in conducting large number of scenario analysis.

Recommendations are made to an engineer when looking to employ a detailed IAM model aimed at flow assurance as compared to forecasting studies. Guidelines are presented to planners/engineers on awareness of computational overhead when considering an IAM study.
Berth Mooring Influenced by Passing Effect of Ships in a River Channel
Authors: Barclay C. , Cove R. , Chan A. , Simmons Charles
Published: March 2016

In this paper, a berth mooring for a vessel at a terminal is evaluated by analytical studies. The passing induced loads and motions are calculated for representative vessels moored for offloading in a river channel.

The channel is modelled as a prismatic geometry. Passing induced loads are calculated using the ROPES software and are interfaced with ANSYS AQWA with which a series of dynamic mooring simulations are conducted for the moored vessel. The passing induced mooring line tensions, fender reactions, and vessel motions, velocities and accelerations at the moored ship's manifold are evaluated for a series of load conditions and mooring designs. The effects of changing some of the passing parameters on the mooring loads and motions are also evaluated and discussed briefly. Finally, the risks associated with damage of a single line are reviewed and the means to mitigate this risk are commented upon.
Pipeline Cathodic Protection Design Using a System-Wide Finite Element Approach
Authors: Christensen L. , Ramesh P.
Published: March 2016

The production fluids from the reservoirs of the Ichthys Gas Field, located 220 kilometers offshore from the North West coast of Western Australia in average water depths of 250 m, will be gathered using a number of 18" production flowlines, with a design temperature of 135°C. The flowlines are between 10 and 16 km long and are insulated with high integrity multi-layer polypropylene (MLPP) coating and injection moulded polypropylene (IMPP) field joints. Standard subsea pipeline corrosion protection utilizing bracelet anodes poses risk of water ingress at the anode connection points which could compromise the integrity of the coating. To mitigate this risk, secondary corrosion protection was designed to utilize anodes only on the inline structures in the system and on anode skids at discrete locations along the flowlines. This paper presents a system approach for manual calculation of the attenuation along the flowline sections assuming uniform and localised coating damage scenarios. The solution is compared with boundary element analysis results and used to demonstrate that all the flowlines have sufficient protection potentials for a 40-year design life.
Operational Excellence OE - The Catalyst for Top Quartile Drilling Performance
Authors: Tajuddin Muhammad Taufiq , Tajuddin Ahmad Wazini Ahmad , Yusmar Mat Yusof Wan Zul Atfi , Rusli Adi Rusnoor , Tuah Joroji , Hassan Mohamad Salman , Nazaruddin M. Saufee , Norazman Norashraf , Rashid Mohd Fakhrin A. , Zain Siti Nur Mahirah M.
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses on the introduction of Operational Excellence (OE) implementation during drilling operation. It highlights the culture of continuous learning and communication between all parties prior and during executing a specific operation. This resulted in noticeable improvement throughout the drilling campaign.

Operational Excellence (OE) is an initiative that has been introduced to enhance the drilling performance in meeting the goal of drilling to technical limit. It comprises of continuous communication and teamwork between operator and service providers. This process is a continuous circle which begins with preparing the Standing Instruction for Driller (SID) which will then be reviewed during the Drilling Well on Paper (DWOP) session and prior to executing the job. Upon completion of the job, After Action Review (AAR) will be conducted where best practices and improvement would be identified to be captured in the database for the lesson learned which will be incorporated in the next operation.

The success of this initiative can be highly reflected by the improvement of the drilling performance throughout the drilling campaign. The first 2 wells (new slot & side-track well) was used as the baseline drilling performance. In these first 2 wells, Invisible Lost Time (ILT), offline activities opportunity, and many performance gaps were identified during the AAR and Lesson Learn (LL) session. These are then incorporated in the SID during the planning and execution of the following wells. The improvements on the performance of the following wells can be perceived by the drilling Key Performance Index (KPI). The Well Costs Per Foot (WCPF) and Drilling Costs Per Foot (DCPF) improved from 10% below budget to 50% below budget on the last well of the campaign. The Drilling Days Per Thousand Feet (DDPTF) has improved from 40% above the allocated days to 20% below the allocated days. These continuous drilling improvement also improved the Non-Productive Time (NPT) from above 10% to below 1% in the last well of the campaign.

The successful of the Operational Excellence (OE) implementation during completing this drilling campaign will become the new culture for planning, designing and executing future drilling operation.
Foundation Design and Installation for the Ichthys Riser Support Structure
Authors: Lee K. K. , Erbrich C. T. , Aravind M. , Rayappa J. W.
Published: March 2016

The Ichthys Riser Support Structure (RSS) is a large subsea structure in 250 m water depth, which comprises a 110 m tall tower with a 130 m wide arch for supporting up to 25 flexible risers and umbilical's as they transition from the seabed to the semi-submersible Central Processing Facility (CPF). The foundation for the RSS comprises a skirted raft approximately 69 m x 38 m in plan with a central cut-out and 6.8 m deep skirts installed in uncemented carbonate sediments through a combination of self penetration and suction assistance. A 40 year design life combined with the requirement for no loss of containment during a 1 in 10,000 year metocean or seismic event made the geotechnical and foundation engineering design a challenge.

This paper will describe the innovations adopted in assessing the RSS foundation capacity against the design in-place loads and the key results and observations with respect to the installation of the foundation.
Best Laboratory Procedures Beyond API Recommendations for Improving Deepwater Liner Cementing
Authors: Gannam M. G. , Rossi L. , Gregatti A. , Khalfallah I. , Azwar C. , Aslan J. , Sledz M. , Campos G.
Published: March 2016

Production liner cementing operations are critical due to the small cement slurry volume, the requirement to achieve good mud removal in narrow annuli and, in most cases, the need to pull the running tool out of cement at the end of the operation. The risk is increased when the operations are conducted in deepwater environment, because there is increased complexity in predicting the actual bottomhole circulating temperature due to the long water layer acting as a heat exchanger for the wellbore fluids.

In deepwater environment the cement slurry suffers different heating and cooling stages, such as being heated up when batch mixed, cooled down when passing through the riser-seawater section and heated up again when sent downhole. To avoid any problem after retrieving the running tool and landing string, a synergy between the operator and service company brought an improvement to laboratory testing procedures. Non-API laboratory tests for cementing liners were developed in Brazil using temperature simulators reproducing the planned operations and performing sensitivity analysis for additives concentration, fresh water content variation, slurry density variations, contamination effects and bottomhole circulating temperature changes.

These practices allow the operator to evaluate cement slurry behavior under a number of conditions that could otherwise cause major job failure or even loss of a well. This document describes in detail the procedures that significantly decrease the risks associated with liner cement jobs and the high costs related to failures in deepwater operations. Since the implementation of these measures, the operator has not experienced any liner cement job failure related to cement slurry design.
Marginal Gas Field Development through Innovative Sand Control Completion Concept
Authors: Zamberi M. , Sallehud-Din M. Mohd , Shaffee S. , Kamaruddin N. Nik , Jadid M. B. , Johar Z.
Published: March 2016

PETRONAS is developing a marginal gas field (K Field) in Indonesia. The target reservoir is classified as unconsolidated in nature based on geological studies and core samples obtained from the field. The planned wells in the field comprises of long inclined well with requirement of downhole sand control. Gravel packing in long inclined well is operationally difficult and costly, rendering development of this marginal gas field uneconomical.

Alternatively, Open Hole Stand Alone Sand Screen (OHSAS) completion was proposed and is supported by the sieve analysis. However, sand screen in gas well is susceptible to erosion due to expected high gas flow velocity in annular section. An innovative sand control completion was proposed with the main objective to segmentize the flow into multiple compartments in order to reduce annular flow velocity, which will potentially lead to reduced erosion on sand screen. This concept has been successfully piloted in a horizontal gas well with maximum production of ~20MMscfd.

In order to apply the concept in an inclined well, CFD modelling is conducted to assess the gas velocity distribution of the concept in a long inclined open hole as it is expected that there will be variations in the pressure and inflow distributions between horizontal and inclined wells. The pressure and velocity profiles obtained from CFD in base pipe and annular section for vertical well is compared to those of inclined wells (14, 45, 76 degrees). Results from CFD modelling indicates that the effects of well inclination has a negligible effect on base pipe and annular velocity distribution for different segmentizer placement distance.

Apart from CFD analysis, parametric sensitivity study on flow rate and sand loading were conducted using an in-house proprietary methodology to optimize the number of segmentizer along the six development wells. Study indicates that flow segmentizers are capable to reduce the annular velocity below the critical limit for erosion for the 6 proposed development wells which results in reduced potential erosion risks on the sand screen. Subsequently, based on the recommendation from the study, OHSAS completion with flow segmentizers was successfully installed in 6 wells in K field in 2014. This has provided strong indication that OHSAS with flow segmentizers is a technically viable well completion option which has significant economic benefit for potential application in developing marginal gas field. K Field has achieved first gas on September 2015 with 6 wells currently online with sand production limit of below 0.5 lb/MMscf.
Optimising Data Processing for Subsea System Surveillance Through Subsea Condition Monitoring
Authors: Chze Leong Pei , Liam Cheah Wil
Published: March 2016

Vast amounts of data are generated from a typical subsea control system, which provides visibility of the current subsea system condition to the operators. However, the extent of visibility is often limited by ineffective data processing and analysis. This paper will illustrate how data processing can be optimized through the implementation of subsea condition monitoring system, and subsequently reduce operational expenses (OPEX).

Similar to the subsea control system, all data is instantaneously received by the subsea condition monitoring system to provide operator with live data updates, which also allows historical trending for easy analyzing. Raw data can easily be displayed; however will only be valuable when translated to an actionable data. The condition monitoring system processes and analyzes each data points and translates them to a measurable condition index, which defines the subsea asset's integrity and determines how severely it impacts production and system availability. Data is presented in a dedicated user interface according to equipment and issue related information, which allows onshore operator and product experts a better focus and control during troubleshooting, root cause analysis or daily surveillance. With the capability of remote surveillance and utilization of existing instrumentation and equipment, the condition monitoring system can be conveniently implemented on both new and mature fields.

The condition monitoring system's data processing methodology will be illustrated and compared with the typical subsea control system. A field operational example will be shared to demonstrate how the processed data provides an early warning whilst the equipment is still operating. Having a constant knowledge of the equipment's condition from the continuous real-time update allows early proactive maintenance planning, hence reducing system downtime and maximizing intervention efficiency.

By extending the subsea control system with a separate condition monitoring system, operator will have a full control and in-depth knowledge about the subsea production system. Proactively recognizing and understanding equipment condition based on performance trends will help avoid costly unplanned repairs.
Comparative Analysis of Well Efficiencies Achievable between Mooring and Dynamic Positioning for Deepwater Station Keeping
Authors: Ajimoko O.O. (Tayo)
Published: March 2016

Semisubmersible rigs have capacity for drilling in water depth ranging from shallow (>400 ft.) to ultra-deep water (>10,000ft). Station keeping and rig positioning over the well centre during drilling, completion and testing operation is achieved either by anchoring the rig in position via an 8 point or 12 point mooring system or by dynamic positioning (DP).

Semisubmersible rig development has progressed since the age of the 4th generation semis which is considered as the hinge or fulcrum generation consisting of a mix of old generation midwater rigs and new generation deep water rigs to the present. The rig evolution has progressed from the 4th generation rigs with water depth capability ranging from 1,500 ft. to 7,000 ft. and station keeping capabilities consisting of a mix of dynamic positioning and mooring to the most recent 7th generation semisubs which are mainly dynamically positioned. A comparative analysis of mooring and dynamic positioning will be performed in this paper.

A holistic and thematic approach will be adopted in this analysis and current operating and design guidelines as well as documented performances and limitations of vessels employing both type of station keeping methods will be reviewed. Important consideration will be given to rig-move efficiency, spudding-in, deck load requirements and motion characteristics. All the factors present significant operational opportunity to increase profitability or totally whittle it down especially in a deep water project. The potential value and efficiency of each factor will be evaluated

The station keeping drivers and degree of accuracy is driven by the type of project under consideration, either exploration, development or intervention project. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the risks, achievable efficiencies, operational limits and environmental constraints involved when employing a moored and DP rig for station keeping relative to the well objectives. Specifically, positional accuracy, ease of station keeping, ease of evacuation, riser design requirements and limitations and operational limits are some of the other key issues that will be addressed. A performance and commercial comparison of a dynamically positioned and moored semisubmersible rig on a 5 well exploration program will be used to highlight the value of each station keeping approaches
TRAJECTORY ADJUSTMENT OF MOBILE LASER SCAN DATA IN GPS DENIED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Schaer P. , Vallet J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Mobile mapping often occurs in environments with poor or no GNSS signal reception (tunnels, urban canons, canopy …). Most mobile scanning systems are equipped with tactical grade inertial systems, GNSS outages longer than 30-60 seconds may lead to a rapid decrease in absolute positioning accuracy that might be below the client's expectations. In order to guarantee sufficient positioning accuracy even in such environments the data must be corrected. This can either happen by readjusting the final point cloud using control points (3D translations) or by directly correcting the trajectory by adding external position updates. The approach presented in this paper consists in detecting targets (either existing or placed before measurement) that can easily be identified in the point cloud and that have been measured independently. By identifying the 3D point closest to the target's center, computing the coordinate difference to the corresponding GCP and retrieving its GNSS-timestamp and the internal scanner coordinates, an external position update at a given time can be computed. This procedure has proven its efficiency in several projects including scanning tunnels up to 5km length, where the positional error (in 3D) of the resulting point cloud could be reduced from 5m (in the middle of the tunnel) down to better than 5cm using GCPS only every 400m.
The Etnogenez Project: Ideology and Science Fiction in Putin's Russia
Authors: Bassin Mark , Kotkina Irina
Published: March 2016

This essay examines the Etnogenez series of science fiction and fantasy novels. Launched in 2009 by the media producer, “political technologist,” and Kremlin insider Konstantin Rykov, Etnogenez has enjoyed truly phenomenal success, developing into one of the most ambitious publishing projects of the post-Soviet period. At present it numbers more than fifty works, which circulate in millions of copies and additionally are broadly disseminated on the Internet and as e-books, audiobooks, and podcasts. There are Etnogenez fan clubs, computer games, and dozens of Internet discussion groups. Although the novels in the series differ widely in their plots and subjects, and are written in a variety of different science fiction genres, all of them are loosely inspired by the work of the historian and geographer Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev, in particular his theories of ethnogenesis (from which the project takes its name), passionarnost', and Eurasianism. The essay explores the powerful resonances between the Etnogenez project, the Gumilevian legacy, and the leading political and social narratives of Putin's Russia.
Al-Pac Catchment Experiment (ACE)
Authors: Donnelly Margaret , Devito Kevin J. , Mendoza Carl , Petrone Richard , Spafford Mark
Published: March 2016

The Al-Pac Catchment Experiment (ACE) was initiated in 2005 to examine the influence of aspen harvest and linear disturbances on water and energy movement in Boreal Plain (BP) ecosystems. A paired, pre- and post- harvest experiment in aspen-dominated stands was conducted on two meso-scale (10–20 km2) stream catchments with a range of surficial geology and low relief. Comparing flow two years pre-harvest and three years post-harvest indicated no observable differences in low and high flow discharge or geochemistry concentrations between reference and harvested catchment outflows. Reduced evapotranspiration in harvested relative to references catchments was short lived. Soil and groundwater storage buffered the impacts of harvesting on catchment stream flow and large time lags of up to four years were observed in initial response. Due to the low relief, deep and variable surficial geology and storage potential interacting with seasonal and decadal wet and dry patterns, measures of changes in (and indices of) soil moisture or groundwater recharge and storage are more meaningful than stream flow in assessing hydrologic recovery following harvesting. This study has been incorporated into hydrogeological framework to develop effective planning tools that can be used to maximize harvesting and hauling efficiencies.
Bear Creek Watershed Investigation
Authors: Hillman Graham , Rothwell Richard
Published: March 2016

The Bear Creek Watershed Investigation was initiated to obtain hydrological data from the northern part of Alberta because there were no data existing on this unique region in the province. Investigators were interested in developing a basic understanding of flood discharges, runoff, and retention capacity with the idea of potential future harvesting of northern Alberta forests or introducing agriculture in the future. Unfortunately, problems with accessibility and cost of maintenance resulted in the project being abandoned. This summary outlines the basic data that were collected during this project.
Wounding stimulates ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE gene and increases the level of jasmonic acid in Ipomoea nil cotyledons
Authors: Wilmowicz Emilia , Kućko Agata , Frankowski Kamil , Zabrocka-Nowakowska Barbara , Panek Katarzyna , Kopcewicz Jan
Published: March 2016

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) encodes the first enzyme in the lipoxygenase pathway, which is responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) formation. In this study we report the molecular cloning and characterization of InAOS from Ipomoea nil. The full-length gene is composed of 1662 bp and encodes for 519 amino acids. The predicted InAOS contains PLN02648 motif, which is evolutionarily conserved and characteristic for functional enzymatic proteins. We have shown that wounding led to a strong stimulation of the examined gene activity in cotyledons and an increase in JA level, which suggest that this compound may be a modulator of stress responses in I. nil.
Optimization of Pyrogallol Autoxidation Conditions and Its Application in Evaluation of Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Capacity for Four Antioxidants
Authors: Zhang Qing-An , Wang Xi , Song Yun , Fan Xue-Hui , García Martín Juan Francisco
Published: March 2016

In this study, some factors influencing pyrogallol autoxidation, including EDTA, temperature, and solvent, were systematically investigated to improve its feasibility in the evaluation of antioxidants for the first time. Subsequently, the improved pyrogallol autoxidation conditions were used to assess the superoxide anion scavenging activity (SASA) of four commonly used antioxidants, namely, ascorbic acid, rutin, catechin, and gallic acid, by both the reaction rate method and the terminated method. The results indicate that pyrogallol autoxidation could be successfully used to determine the antioxidant capacity of ascorbic acid and rutin, which correspondingly suggests the feasibility of its use to measure the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of polysaccharides and flavonols, because these compounds have a similar basic structural unit as ascorbic acid and rutin, respectively. Unexpectedly, however, pyrogallol autoxidation cannot be used to evaluate the SASA of catechin and gallic acid, although their good antioxidant capacity was confirmed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. Together, these results suggest the importance of noting the conditions used for pyrogallol autoxidation when assessing the SASA of targeted compounds.
Human Posture Recognition Based on Images Captured by the Kinect Sensor
Authors: Wang Wen-June , Chang Jun-Wei , Haung Shih-Fu , Wang Rong-Jyue
Published: March 2016

In this paper we combine several image processing techniques with the depth images captured by a Kinect sensor to successfully recognize the five distinct human postures of sitting, standing, stooping, kneeling, and lying.

The proposed recognition procedure first uses background subtraction on the depth image to extract a silhouette contour of a human. Then, a horizontal projection of the silhouette contour is employed to ascertain whether or not the human is kneeling. If the figure is not kneeling, the star skeleton technique is applied to the silhouette contour to obtain its feature points. We can then use the feature points together with the centre of gravity to calculate the feature vectors and depth values of the body. Next, we input the feature vectors and the depth values into a pre-trained LVQ (learning vector quantization) neural network; the outputs of this will determine the postures of sitting (or standing), stooping, and lying. Lastly, if an output indicates sitting or standing, one further, similar feature identification technique is needed to confirm this output. Based on the results of many experiments, using the proposed method, the rate of successful recognition is higher than 97% in the test data, even though the subjects of the experiments may not have been facing the Kinect sensor and may have had different statures. The proposed method can be called a “hybrid recognition method”, as many techniques are combined in order to achieve a very high recognition rate paired with a very short processing time.
Kommunikation og udvikling
Authors: Paludan Kristian
Published: March 2016

Hvilken rolle spiller kommunikation for udvikling? Holdningerne til dette

spørgsmål har ændret sig de sidste tyve år. Kristian Paludan beskriver

den udvikling, der er sket i forholdet mellem de private hjælpeorganisa-

tioner i Nord og bistandsmodtagerne i Syd, specielt hvad angår kommu-

nikation. Hvor kommunikation før blev opfattet som et værktøj og man

lagde størst vægt på hardware, opfattes kommunikation som en del af

udvikling, som en proces, hvor deltagerne opnår selvværd og bevidst-

hed. De alternative videoproducenter spiller en vigtig rolle f.eks. i Latin-

amerika og der er sket en tilnærmelse mellem dem og udviklingsorga-

nisationerne de sidste år. Begge parter står i et dilemma overfor TV -

de vil gerne kommunikere til et massepublikum, man oplever, at deres

budskaber forvrænges af TV. Til slut i artiklen giver Paludan nogle bud

på det fremtidige samarbejde mellem Syd og Nord på kommunikations-

området. Artiklen er det oplæg Paludan holdt på Folkekirkens Nød-

hjælps Konference om TV og Video og Latinamerika, november 1992.
Sociologi og målgruppe. Nogle erfaringer med at operationalisere Bourdieu
Authors: Dahl Henrik
Published: March 2016

Den franske sociolog Pierre Bourdieu har været em af mediefor-

skernes største guruer siden midten af 1980´erne. Hans centrale

begreber "habitus", "kapital", "smag" og "praksis" er belvet brugt

og misbrugt af forskere og studerende, der havde brug for en ram-

me, der kunne forklare sammenhængen mellem klasse, socialisia-

tion og menneskers mangfoldige adfærd på det mediekulturelle om-

råde. Bourdieus appel har bl. a. bestået i, at han konsekvent har

bestræbt sig på ikke at falde i nogen af de traditionelle sociologiske

grøfter: subjektivisme/objektivisme, determinisme/voluntarisme, osv.

Samtidig er der inden for den kommercielle medieforskning opstået

en voksende skepsis over for de klassiske demografiske faktorers

forklaringskraft i forhold til f.eks. markedsføring. I stedet har man

udviklet analysemodeller, der i første omgang udelukkende katego-

riserer mennesker ud fra deres livsværdier (f.eks. den såkaldte

RISC-model). Sociologen Henrik Dahl har i en årrække været fas-

cineret af de slående ligheder mellem Bourdieus teorier og RISC-

analysen. I denne artikel fremlægger han for første gang sit arbejde

med at sammentænke disse tilgange teoretisk og empirisk. Efter en

præsentation af RISC-analysen gennemprøves den i forhold til Bour-

dieus nøglebegreber. Desuden sætter artiklen med rammende ka-

rakteristikker nutidigt dansk kød og blod på den Bourdieuske kultur-

analyse, hvis anvendelse i en dansk sammenhæng hidtil har været

begrænset af dens oprindelse i 1960´ernes Frankrig.
Dokumentarfilmen som frit kunstnerisk udtryk?
Authors: Jacobsen Ulla
Published: March 2016

Dokumentarfilmen eksisterer i spændingsfeltet mellem kunst, industri og

politik. Modsat fiktionsfilmen har den aldrig været økonomisk rentabel,

hvad der har gjort den afhængig af eksterne financieringskilder. I denne

artikel belyser Ulla Jacobsen dokumentarfilmens historie i et økonomisk

perspektiv og behandler de finansielle faktorers konsekvenser for indhold,

tendens og æstetik. Hvor dokumentarfilmen i mellemkrigstiden var af-

hængig af stat og private sponsorer, der satte deres præg på indhold og

politisk tendens, er den i efterkrigstiden blevet afhængig af public service

TV og offentlige fonde. Dette har medført en spaltning i hhv. journalistiske

og auteur-prægede dokumentarfilm i Vesteuropa; denne oversigt bygger

på rapporten "The Eurepean Documentary Sector", som forfatteren sam-

men med Gitte Hansen har skrevet for EU´s Documentary-program.
Kropssprog i medieret form
Authors: Grodal Torben Kragh
Published: March 2016

Med referencer til og eksempler hentet fra såvel Kurosavas film, talk-

shows, sæbeoperaer og endda Anja Andersens raserianfald på TV-

skærmen, kommer Torben Grodal i denne artikel med en illustrativ

introduktion til, hvordan ikke-sproglig kommunikation fungerer, her-

under hvilke interaktionelle karakteristika denne kommunikationsform

besidder. Forfatteren præsenterer nogle grundbegreber inden for den

ikke-sproglige kommunikation og analyserer, hvordan forskellige aspek-

ter af vor medfødte kropssprog overføres og udtrykkes i audiovisuelle

medier. Slutteligt argumenterer Grodal for nødvendigheden af at give

analyserne af den ikke-sproglige kommunikation en central plads i ana-

lyser af den audiovisuelle kommunikation.
Massekommunikation og parasocial interaktion: Et indlæg om intimitet på afstand
Authors: Horton Donald , Wohl R. Richard
Published: March 2016

Denne artikel af Donald Horton og Richard Wohl blev først offentliggjort

i 1956 i det amerikanske tidsskrift Journal of Psychiatry: Den var en af

de tidligste undersøgelser af, hvordan medierne of mediernes personlig-

heder/ optrædende skaber illusionen om et personligt forhold mellem

optrædende og seer. Forfatterne kalder dette en parasocial relation ",

fordi det er baseret på en underforstået overenskomst mellem den op-

trædende og seeren om, at de vil lade som om forholdet ikke bliver for-

midlet - at begge parter vil lade som om dette er et personligt møde,

ansigt til ansigt. Mange fjernsyns- og radioprogrammer benytter den

"parasociale" teknik, hvor journalisten-analytikeren-kommentatoren

taler direkte til 3n, indvier 3n i følelser, vitser og personlige referencer.

Fører radio disc jockeyen en samtale med dig når du kører bil? Tænk

på hvor mange af disse stedfortrædende personlige relationer vi har til

de optrædende i medierne. Artiklen er oversat af Gunhild Wernblad.
Internettets historie
Authors: Christensen Jens
Published: March 2016

Internettet er langt fra nogen ny opfindelse, - det frembærer sin egen

særlige historie. I denne artikel gennemgår Jens Christensen Internet-

tets udvikling fra pionertiden i 1960´erne og 70´erne, over forskernet-

værk i 80´erne, frem til det globale samfundsnet i 90´erne. Under den-

ne gennemgang gives også beskrivelser af de centrale teknologiske

nyskabelser, der ligger bag computermedieret kommunikation. Afslut-

ningsvis leveres et overslag over Internettets aktuelle størrelse samt

en oversigt over brugere, udbydere og anvendelsesmuligheder.
Barndom i forandring, medier i forandring. Nye dagsordner inden for forskning i børns mediekultur
Authors: Buckingham David
Published: March 2016

David Buckingham analyserer i artiklen de forandringer, der i de seneste

årtier har karakteristisk såvel barndomsbegrebet som børns forhold til

medierne. På baggrund af beskrivelser af forskningsnæssige, kulturelle

og sociologiske udviklingstræk på begge områder, analyserer han hvor-

ledes udviklingen på de to områder i hovedtrækkene er indbyrdes for-

bundne. Denne analyse bidrager til Buckinghams mere overordnede pro-

jekt, nemlig at problematisere traditionelle måder at gribe forskning i børns

mediebrug an på. Han taler på baggrund af analysen for en kobling mellem

forskelli ge analysemetoder således at f.eks. receptionsanalyse kobles

med tekstanalyse og institutionsanalyse, og endvidere at denne mangefa-

cetterede tilgang til feltet perspektiveres ved såvel at se på børn og barn-

dom i et sociologisk perspektiv som i lyset af barndommens historie.
Særtræk i den 7. og 9. kunstart
Authors: Groensteen Theirry
Published: March 2016

Tegneserien betragtes i mange sammenhænge som et æstetisk opkog af

den fortællende film. Dette er et dogme, som stadig hersker, på trods af at

de tidlige filminstruktører var milevidt fra de samtidige tegneseriekunstneres

narrative virtuositet. I “Særtræk i den 7ende og 9ende kunstart” argumente-

rer Thierry Groensteen for, at tegneserier og film nok i nogle henseender

betjener sig af samme betydningsregistre, men tillige er karakteriseret ved

særtræk i teknologi, produktion og udtryksmateriale.
Welcome to the pleasure dome! Et forløb i dansk
Authors: Fiil Steen
Published: March 2016

Welcome to the pleasure dome! Et forløb i dansk
Om at blive student i massemedier på det frie gymnasium
Authors: Heinskou Birgit , Nygaard Anne-Mette
Published: March 2016

Om at blive student i massemedier på det frie gymnasium
Intelligent design af fokusgrupper - om metodisk design af fokusgrupper og menneskets forskellige intelligenser
Authors: Heiselberg Lene
Published: March 2016

Når man arbejder professionelt med at gennemføre kvalitative mini- og fokusgruppeanalyser, kan det ikke undgås, at man som moderator indimellem tænker: Hvorfor deltager hun ikke? Hvad kan jeg gøre for at inkludere hende i diskussionen? Ofte skyldes nogle deltageres manglende engagement, at mini- eller fokusgruppens metodiske design favoriserer de deltagere, som har en fremtrædende verbalsproglig intelligens, og samtidig ekskluderes de, der har andre fremtrædende intelligenser, fra at yde det maksimale. En sådan situation er meget uheldig og kan i værste fald give en undersøgelse bias. Derfor har vi i DR Medieforskning arbejdet med en pragmatisk tilgang til problemet, hvor vi har afprøvet et metodisk design, som inkluderer kvalitative interviewteknikker og procesværktøjer, som appellerer til samtlige intelligenser. Som et resultat af en målrettet indsats for at inkludere flere intelligenser i det metodiske design, oplever vi, at deltagerne har mere lyst til at engagere sig og gør det med større selvsikkerhed. Desuden oplever vi i mindre grad fænomenet “cognitive tuning” , og derfor kan vi arbejde med flere og bedre data i analyse- og fortolkningsfasen.

Intelligent design of focus groups - article about methodological design of focus groups and the different intelligences

When you work professionally with the conducting and moderating of qualitative mini- and focus groups, you can't avoid sometimes thinking: Why isn’t she participating? What can I do to include her in the discussion? A participant's apparent lack of enthusiasm is often caused by the methodological design of the focus group giving preference to participants who have an explicit verbal intelligence, and as a consequence excludes participants with other explicit intelligences from contributing. A situation like the one described above is very undesirable and in a worst-case scenario it can cause a study to be biased. In order to try to solve this problem DR Media Research applied a methodological design which includes qualitative interviewing techniques and processing tools, which appeal to all of the intelligences instead of just one. As a result of this work, we find that the participants are more eager to participate and that they do it with greater self-confidence. In addition we encounter less cognitive tuning, and are therefore able to work with richer data in the phases of analysis and interpretation.
Women Watching Television
Authors: Brunsdon Charlotte
Published: March 2016

Women Watching Television
Myth and Reality in Women's Employment in Broadcasting. Ten Years of Equal Opportunity
Authors: Gallagher Margaret
Published: March 2016

Myth and Reality in Women's Employment in Broadcasting. Ten Years of Equal Opportunity
Det er dansk - men er det dejligt?
Authors: Larsen Peter
Published: March 2016

"TV-mediets basale sprog, billedsproget, er internationalt, udviklet på baggrund af det ligeledes internationale filmsprog. I processen har de anglo-amerikanske TV-producenter været den altafgørende faktor. Enhver dansk TV-produktion er grundlæggende bestemt af og opleves af seerne i forhold til professionelle og tekniske normer, udviklet et andet sted", skriver Peter Larsen i denne artikel. Men hvordan så med indholdet i TV-programmerne? Hvordan gør man det "dansk" - og dejligt? Peter Larsens bud på det kunne man måske antyde ved en lettere omskrivning af et gammelt bevinget ord: Alt nationalt TV er dårligt. Alt godt TV er nationalt.
Massekommunikation er kommet i gymnasiet - eller er det?
Authors: Westh Claus
Published: March 2016

Massekommunikation er kommet i gymnasiet - eller er det?
Modtagerforskning og kulturstudier. Om kvantitativ og kvalitative tilgange i dansk medieforskning
Authors: Bang Jørgen
Published: March 2016

Dansk medieforskning går i mange henseender sine egne veje. Det gør sig

også gældende i receptionsforskningen. Hvor forholdet mellem kvantitative

og kvalitative metoder står på dagsordenen i den internationale debat om

modtager forskningen, fokuseres der i den danske diskussion på forholdet

mellem den æstetiske analyse af teksten og empiriske studier af modtager-

nes forståelser og oplevelser. Gennem personsammenfald glider de to

diskussioner imidlertid ind i hinanden.

I denne artikel forsøger Jørgen Bang at rede trådene ud fra hinanden for

derefter at vurdere, hvilke muligheder der ligger for en dialog mellem de

forskellige forskningstraditioner.

På den ene side argumenterer han for nødvendigheden i at forlade den

traditionelle humanistiske kulturopfattelse, hvor der opereres med et ab-

solut skel mellem kunst og kulturindustri, til fordel for en antropologiske

kulturopfattelse, der fokuserer på mediernes funktion i forskellige

befolkningsgruppers livssammenhæng. På den anden side ønsker han at

fastholde den humanistiskeforståelse af, at medieteksten iscenesætter

intersubjektive forestillinger blandt de seere/lyttere/læsere, som lader sig

"fange ind" af den. På hvilke sociale, psykologiske og tekstuelle betingelser

selve tilegnelser sker, mener han imidlertidig fortsat er et uafklaret spørgs-

mål, som kun en empirisk orienteret modtagerforskning kan finde svar på.
Kritisk teori, æstetik og receptionsforskning
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: March 2016

Det er receptionsforskningens uomtvistelige fortjeneste, at den har sat

focus på modtagernes oplevelser og vurderinger. Brugerne tages tilsyne-

ladende alvorligt, i modsætning til den kritiske teori (Frankfurterskolen m.v.),

der i debatten om receptionsforskningen er blevet beskyldt for at være

formynderisk: Den tager stilling til æstetisk og indholdsmæssig kvalitet på

brugernes vegne.

I denne artikel forsøger Ib Bondebjerg at fastholde en del næsten glemte,

men fundamentale nuancer (ikke mindst mht. tekstens status i forhold til

oplevelsen) i både den kritiske teori, semiotikken og dele af receptions-

forskningen. Hermed bidrages til den diskussion om hvem der skal fast-

lægge den kulturelle og æstetiske værdi i et medieprodukt som tages op

af både Jensen, Schrøder og Skovmand i dette nummer. Indirekte viser

Bondebjerg, at der sker en afpolitisering af medierne, hvis de alene

eksisterer i en uproblematiseret relation mellem afsender og modtager.

Populært TV konstrueres jo netop så det fremtræder lyst- og spændings-

fyldt og kommer herved til at virke som et passivt spejl for modtagerne.

Hvis kunsten forråder det smertefulde og tabuiserede, bliver den ufarlig.

Mediernes eneste formål bliver da at igangsætte et på forhånd kalkuleret

ping-pong-spil mellem den enkeltes erfaringer, oplevelser og fantasier.

Heroverfor stiller Bondebjerg den demokratiske radikalisme hvor æstetik-

ken udgør et kampområde. Kunsten er med andre ord en politisk agent,

hvor både afsenderen, modtageren og samfundet selv aktivt er med i

forandringsprocessen. - "Perspektivet er at gøre modtagerne til kvalifi-

cerede producenter i videste forstand".
Bourdieu og medie/kulturforskningen
Authors: Skovmand Michael
Published: March 2016

I den danske kulturdebat har feltet "livsstil" næsten udelukkende

været anvendt i forbindelse med ungdomskulturforskningen, der

har ladet sig inspirere af Birminghamskolens arbejder. Det er i høj

grad den franske kultursociolog Pierre Bourdieu´s fortjeneste, at

spørgsmålet om livsstile og de dertil knyttede forestillinger om god

og dårlig smag nu relateres til samfundsstrukturen i bred forstand.

Det sker på en måde der provokerende bryder med vores vane-

forestillinger om den kulturelle smag som noget absolut og næsten

naturgivet.

Bourdieu retter bl.a. et frontalt angreb på den i sit væsen politiske

æstetik, der får selv venstreintellektuelle til at bidrage til et elitært

kultursyn, i stedet for at arbejde for et ægte kulturelt demokrati, der

respekterer befolkningens smag og kulturelle behov. Efter en intro-

duktion til Bourdieu´s teori viser Michael Skovmand, Hvordan den

kan anvendes i analysen af konkrete medieprodukter.

"Hvordan kan folk finde på at kalde

deres søn Brian? Er de slet ikke

klar over, hvordan det placerer

både ham og dem?"

En universitetskollega.

"Smag er afsmag".

P. Bourdieu.