bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Global Digital Divide
Authors: Drori Gili S. , Jang Yong Suk
Published: June 2003

This article concerns the comparative dimension of the digital divide, the global digital divide, assessing processes of various sorts that shape this differentiating feature and mapping its trends of change. The authors (a) “map” the global digital divide with multiple indicators to find patterns of varying degrees of differentiation between countries worldwide and between blocs of countries and (b) assess the various national characteristics that contribute to the level of IT connectedness. The authors compare the effects of these various social national conditions on the pervasiveness of IT. Their preliminary results indicate that it is neither political nor economic national characteristics that are the determinants of IT connectedness but that cultural features are the prime causes. In this sense, the global digital divide is more a product of networking into global society than it is a mere reflection of local economic capabilities.
Electronic Rulemaking
Authors: Shulman Stuart W. , Schlosberg David , Zavestoski Steve , Courard-Hauri David
Published: June 2003

This article proposes a social science research agenda that will reflect on and inform the development of new information technology-based approaches to the electronic collection, distribution, synthesis, and analysis of public commentary in the regulatory rulemaking process. It identifies one critical area of an ongoing governance transformation: the use of web-based programs to collect public commentary on proposed agency rules. In the tradition of reflexive modernization, this article calls for deeper social science reflection during the development of a technological design in order to tap its democratic potential.
Social Theory and Agent Architectures
Authors: Sallach David L.
Published: June 2003

This article interleaves two themes: (a) the prospective role of agent simulation in developing a high-consensus, rapid-discovery social science and (b) the use of situation modeling to illustrate how the interaction of social theory and agent architectures may contribute toward such a development. The first theme suggests that computational techniques have the potential to contribute to the advancement of broadly shared social science goals. The second theme uses a relatively specialized epistemological focus, the social situation as a focus of attention and action, to illustrate how agent architectures based on that focus may contribute to scientific progress and, in particular, how they may need to evolve. Situationist epistemology is invoked to convey the important role of ontological assumptions and architectural frameworks in social scientific modeling but also to advance situational models within multilevel social theory.
Prepaid and Promised Incentives in Web Surveys
Authors: Bosnjak Michael , Tuten Tracy L.
Published: June 2003

Prepaid monetary incentives consistently exert the largest positive effect on response rates in mail surveys. For web-based surveys, it has not been possible to administer monetary incentives via the Internet in advance. Recently, several new web-based services have been introduced that can transfer money to people online. Does this really have the same positive effect on response rates as shown in traditional mail surveys? The authors investigated this question experimentally in the context of a web-based survey among members of a professional association in Virginia. The results indicate that prepaid incentives in web surveys seem to have no advantages concerning the willingness to participate, actual completion rates, and the share of incomplete response patterns when compared with postpaid incentives. Furthermore, postpaid incentives show no advantages over no incentives. Finally, compared to no incentives, prize draws increase completion rates and also reduce various incomplete participation patterns.
Survey Administration Effects?
Authors: Bandilla Wolfgang , Bosnjak Michael , Altdorfer Patrick
Published: June 2003

The module “environmental attitudes and values” of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) was administered both as a paper-and-pencil questionnaire to a representative sample of the German population and as a web-based survey to an online access panel representative for German Internet users. The two samples differ significantly with regard to sociodemographic and substantive variables. An attempt to weight the data of the web-based sample on the basis of distribution characteristics of several sociodemographic variables resulted in rather inconsistent findings for the comparison of substantive items. However, if only respondents with similar education levels are compared, neither relevant differences in item means nor differences in selected interitem correlations are observable. This means that for high coverage groups (e.g., participants with a high education level), the data gathered via the web are basically identical to those obtained in a traditional self-administered mode.
Investigating Data with Andrews Plots
Authors: Spencer Neil H.
Published: June 2003

Most data that are collected are multivariate in nature, and much of them can be regarded as continuous. In the initial stages of analysis, graphic displays can be used to explore the data, but for multivariate data, traditional histograms or two-or three-dimensional scatter plots may miss complex relationships that exist in the data set. A number of methods for graphically displaying multivariate data have been suggested. However, these are not generally available in major statistical packages and are thus largely not used by researchers. One of the most appealing methods is that of Andrews Plots. This article discusses the potential uses of Andrews Plots and makes them accessible to users through the production of a freely available add-in for Microsoft Excel. The use of Andrews Plots is demonstrated by using data from the 2001 Parliamentary General Election in the United Kingdom.
Tightening the Grip? The Impact of State Activism on Local School Systems
Authors: Malen Betty
Published: June 2003

Over the last four decades, state governments have become increasingly, and at times aggressively, involved in efforts to influence the public schools. This article describes that governance shift, examines contrasting views of its impact on local schools, and suggests that states may be influencing local schools in potentially powerful ways that have not been broadly recognized. This article underscores the importance of research that maps how state policies operate to affect both governance relationships and reform outcomes.
State Policy Related to Teacher Licensure
Authors: Youngs Peter , Odden Allan , Porter Andrew C.
Published: June 2003

This article is based on a study of the 2001-2002 teacher licensure requirements in all 50 states in the United States. For the study, data were collected on whether states require licensure candidates to pass tests of basic skills, subject matter knowledge, and/or pedagogical knowledge; and whether states use performance assessments in making professional licensure decisions. The main objectives of this article are to examine the extent to which states implemented performance assessments for use in making professional licensure decisions as of 2001-2002, to consider differences among various types of assessments and different ways in which they are used, and to explore challenges to their use in licensure decisions. Despite the promise of these new assessments, few states have implemented them due to concerns about costs; the need to establish evidence related to validity, reliability, and fairness; and the assessments' potential effects on teacher supply.
State Standards in the Local Context: A Survey of School Board Members and Superintendents
Authors: Feuerstein Abe , Dietrich Jonathan A.
Published: June 2003

This study examines the perceptions of superintendents and school board members in Pennsylvania with regard to state academic standards and standardized tests. From a universe of 501 Pennsylvania districts, we selected a sample of 51 districts (approximately 10%) at random. We sent surveys to superintendents, school board chairpersons, and three additional school board members from each district. Thirty-one of the 51 superintendents completed surveys for a 61% rate of return. For school board members, 76 of the 204 surveyed completed surveys for a 37% rate of return. Results of the survey show that although superintendents and school board members view standards and testing in similar ways, they differ with regard to their knowledge of standards, the ideological position they take with regard to testing, and the degree to which they believe testing has been implemented in their districts. In addition, school board members and superintendents perceive that the most influential groups in the standards-setting process are administrators, teachers, and parents.
An Outcomes Analysis of Education Litigation
Authors: Lupini William H. , Zirkel Perry A.
Published: June 2003

Based on a random sampling of reported court decisions, the primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference between the overall outcomes of education litigation from the mid-1970s and that from the mid-1990s. The secondary purposes were to determine if there were significant differences in the outcomes between the two time periods for the three plaintiff categories (students, employees, and others), the judicial forum (state and federal courts), and the interaction of these three variables (time period, category, and forum). Based on a 7-point outcome classification system ranging from a score of “7,” designating a conclusive decision completely favoring school authorities, to a “1,” representing a conclusive decision completely favoring plaintiffs, ANOVA revealed that the only significant difference between the two time periods was in the “suits by students” category and that the direction of this difference was in favor of school authorities.
Supporting Humans in Space: A Brief Historical Perspective of the US Manned Spaceflight Program
Authors: O'Rangers Eleanor A.
Published: June 2003

Space medicine can trace its origins to health care research, training, and practices in the US Air Force and Navy in the 1950s. As the US-Russian “space race” took shape following the launch of Sputnik, interest in space medicine intensified. Most of the medical research in the early days of US manned spaceflight (Project Mercury through the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project) was incorporated as mission objectives on most flights. Although this approach was not optimal for systematic data collection, it did reveal some adverse health consequences of space travel, such as space motion sickness, bone and muscle wasting, and orthostasis. Beginning with the Space Shuttle Program, dedicated space medicine and physiology missions were flown, which began to expand our knowledge of the potential effects—and hazards—of spaceflight. As we gain greater experience with long-duration spaceflight, it is hoped that countermeasures will be identified to mitigate many of the health concerns of space travel. Such work will be crucial for the conduct of interplanetary travel to Mars and beyond. With the possibility of the Chinese taking a significant foothold in space, a renewed sense of urgency regarding space medical research may emerge in the near future.
Medical Research in the Mars Society
Authors: Czarnik Tamarack
Published: June 2003

The Mars Society promotes the near-term human exploration of Mars. Nevertheless, although many of the environment-related medical concerns can be “engineered out,” numerous concerns remain. This article presents an overview of the various areas of physiological and psychological concerns being evaluated by members of the Mars Society, organized as primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Recommendations regarding areas of needed research are made, and “engineered” solutions versus medical interventions are contrasted. Engineering solutions (primary prevention) can prevent injuries (as they have on Earth), but other areas of concern remain. Although study of engineered (primary) preventions predominate, Mars Society members actively engage in secondary and tertiary preventive research as well. Through its conferences, electronic discussion boards, and initiation of and funding for research projects, the Mars Society supports diverse areas of research toward the human exploration of Mars. At least 3 areas of concern—assured communications, tether dynamics, and Mars suits—remain understudied and underdeveloped. The society-initiated program TransLife, a privately developed biosatellite providing the first in-depth study of mammals in a Mars gravity environment, may supply data vital to the survival of humans on Mars.
Screening, Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Levy Steven B. , Cohen Henry
Published: June 2003

Type 2 diabetes is increasing in prevalence. It is pragmatic to screen patients for diagnostic testing. Diet, exercise, and oral therapy remain the primary treatment modalities for type 2 diabetes. First generation sulfonylureas have fallen out of favor due to adverse effects. Second generation sulfonylureas, metformin, or their combinations are recommended first-line. Glipizide and glimepiride are preferred in elderly, hepatically, and renally impaired patients. Metformin is not recommended with chronic heart failure, renal insufficiency, and in the elderly due to lactic acidosis risks. Glitazones are for second-line therapy, should be used cautiously with cardiac insufficiencies, and require routine monitoring of liver enzymes. Meglitinides, not first-line, may offer an alternative to sulfonylureas. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, most effective with impaired glucose tolerance, may be combined with sulfonylureas or metformin. Pharmacists play an integral role in management and pharmacotherapy services in diabetes may be implemented in collaborative drug therapy monitoring for maximizing cost effectiveness.
Factors Associated with Ambulatory Care—Sensitive Hospitalizations among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Carter Mary W.
Published: June 2003

Objectives: This study examined patient-level, facility-level, and area market-level factors affecting ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalization (ACSH) rates among nursing home residents. Although ACSH has long been used to monitor accessibility to health care services among community-dwelling populations, the use of ACSH rates as an indicator of potential quality-of-care problems affecting nursing home residents has not been employed. Methods: Three years of quarterly Medicaid reimbursement data from more than 500 nursing homes were linked to 4 years of Medicare Provider Analysis and Review hospital claims data, nursing facility attribute data, and Area Resource File data to investigate the relative contribution of patient-, facility-, and market-level risk factors to ACSH among nursing home residents. Results: Logistic regression results indicate that facility-level factors and nursing home quality-of-care indicators significantly contribute to the risk of ACSH. Discussion: Findings underscore the need for continuing efforts to improve quality-of-care practices in nursing homes, particularly with respect to associations between quality-of-care indicators and facility structural/organizational characteristics with ACSHs.
Home- and Community-Based Alternatives to Nursing Homes:
Authors: Schwab Timothy C. , Leung Kwan-Moon , Gelb Eve , Meng Ying-Ying , Cohn Jodi
Published: June 2003

Objectives: This study analyzes home- and community-based services (HCBS) use patterns and determines the costs of purchasing in-home services comparable to those offered by SCAN®, a Social HMO. Methods: Administrative data on 8,229 nursing home certifiable members were used to profile use patterns; a telephone survey gathered data on the market value of these services. Results: Frail Social HMO members used a variety of HCBS to remain independent at home. These individuals would spend an average of $4,900 out of pocket per year to purchase equivalent HCBS, if they were not enrolled in the Social HMO. Discussion: Findings suggest that the costs of maintaining a Social HMO member at home are modest and affordable, yet offer a substantial benefit, particularly to low- and moderate-income older people. With the aging of the population, an integrated medical and social program, such as the Social HMO, offers a viable policy solution.
Thinking Ahead:
Authors: Rosnick Christopher B. , Reynolds Sandra L.
Published: June 2003

Objectives: This article examines why older adults do or do not execute advance directives Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted on data from the Charlotte County (Florida) Healthy Aging Study, on 451 adults who were relatively healthy and affluent. Exploratory logistic regressions were conducted on the probability that respondents had executed advance directives. Results: Findings indicated that increasing age and higher income were the most consistent indicators of having executed an advance directive. Also, individuals reporting taking more prescription medications were more likely to have all the advance directives, except the durable power of attorney for health care. Reporting more negative life events was predictive of having executed the durable power of attorney for health care. Discussion: These findings suggest that in addition to awareness of advance directives, demographic, health, and situational factors may affect the willingness of older adults to execute advance directives. Further research should examine other, more representative, samples to confirm these findings.
The History of the Working Definition of Practice
Authors: Holosko Michael J.
Published: June 2003

This article reviews the history of efforts to develop a comprehensive definition of social work practice, including the attempts by the Charity Organizational Societies and Settlement Houses, the scientific philanthropy movement, the Flexner conference, the Milford conference, the United Nations' survey, the Hollis-Taylor report, the 1958 working definition, the Boehm curriculum study, Barlett's analysis, the Madison meeting, the O'Hare meeting, the International Federation of Social Workers definition, and the Kentucky conference.
Gordon Versus the Working Definition: Lessons from a Classic Critique
Authors: Wakefield Jerome C.
Published: June 2003

The author critiques Gordon's influential analysis of the National Association of Social Workers' working definition of social work practice (WD). Gordon's critique contains well-founded objections leading to the elimination of the WD's method, purpose, and sanction components. However, Gordon's implied conclusion that social work can be defined by a broad value (i.e., self-realization) and a distinctive knowledge domain (i.e., social transactions) involves fundamental errors repeated in subsequent definitional attempts. Rather than being distinguished by a unique knowledge domain, social work, like other professions, must be defined by a value that is distinctive of the profession yet shared by all social work fields.
Defining Social Work: Does the Working Definition Work Today?
Authors: Risler Ed , Lowe Laura A. , Nackerud Larry
Published: June 2003

The components of the working definition's constellation that makes up social work practice are examined. This article suggests that the working definition, as stated, is not appropriate today. It is suggested that it is not the knowledge and methods of social work practice but the values and purpose underlying social work that define it. It is emphasized that the definition of social work should be inclusive of different attitudes and opinions, yet limited, avoiding the incorporation of other problem issues. Furthermore, it is suggested that the definition, if inclusively stated, can remain constant through time and environment. It is also suggested that alternatives have been offered that may be more appropriate in the current environment of global awareness and sensitivity. More inclusive statements, although allowing for growth and change in the profession, do not necessitate change in the definition itself.
A Client-Focused Definition of Social Work Practice
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: June 2003

The 1958 working definition of social work practice highlights past and current paradoxes, competing interests, confusions, and mystifications in social work. Outcomes are not mentioned in this definition, reflecting the lack of attention to describing variations in services and their outcomes. This, as well as not clearly distinguishing between objectives selected based on what is good for society and what is valued by individual clients, reveals this definition not to be client focused. The definition downplayed social control functions of social work and controversies concerning how problems are defined. A definition that encourages practitioners to focus on their key responsibility—providing services most likely to help clients attain goals they value while considering others' interests—is needed. Current interest in describing variations in practice and their outcomes, attending to populations and individuals in the distribution of scarce resources, and increased Internet access to practice- and/or policy-related research findings may encourage such a definition.
Transforming the Working Definition of Social Work into the 21st Century
Authors: Ramsay Richard F.
Published: June 2003

Still in its organizational infancy, the National Association of Social Workers' working definition was a groundbreaking contribution to the evolution of social work in the 20th century. As a forerunner to Bartlett's common base of social work, the profession was defined by the following five core components: value, purpose, sanction, knowledge, and method. Transforming the definition to 21 st-century relevancy is the subject of this article. Ontological and practice issues are discussed in relation to transformational underpinnings that would evolve social work from its mechanistic and entity-centered roots associated with pre-20th-century science to the organic and relationship-centered discoveries of 20th-century science. An organizing framework is proposed that will transform the common base of social work to a new common whole of social work.
Bartlett's Definition of Social Work Practice: A Generalist Educator's Perspective
Authors: Turner Joanne C.
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this article is to comment on the contemporary relevance of Harriet Bartlett's 1958 article and definition of social work practice from the perspective of a BSW generalist-based educator. As with other commentaries in this edition, there is agreement that Bartlett's paradigm gives us the structure from which a definition can be built, but as she points out, because of the dynamic nature of the profession, its definition is always in process and hence never finalized. Some of the external factors and internal changes that have taken place in the profession since Bartlett's time are identified. An overall criticism of Bartlett is that she, as do the generalists, tends to view social work practice from a problem-solving approach rather than a more contemporary, holistic growth-oriented perspective.
A Generalist Working Definition of Social Work: A Response to Bartlett
Authors: Sallee Alvin L.
Published: June 2003

As a profession, social work is still in its formative stages as the continued discussion in this special edition journal over the working definition of social work indicates. This article identifies the need for a practical definition, reviews the history of the debate, and suggests a generalist definition with implications for practice.
Toward a Definition of Social Work Practice: Reframing the Dichotomy
Authors: Feit Marvin D.
Published: June 2003

The nature of social work practice is explored, and whether a definition can be achieved that is inclusive of all social work practitioners. Several sources of difficulty in achieving an inclusive definition are presented, such as the profession's history, the range of social work jobs and the different settings. The original definition of social work practice was conceived as a work in progress. There is no reason to believe that a uniform definition will be achieved, if we continue to view social work in a dichotomized manner, i.e., direct and indirect services, and clinical and administration. Reframing the definitional search is presented from the vantage point of the reality of one's job, where direct and indirect tasks and responsibilities are inherent in every social work job. It is the emphasis, focus, and amount of these responsibilities that differs by level. Thus, social work practice remains as a work in progress.
The Working Definition of Social Work Practice: Does it Work?
Authors: Leslie Donald R. , Cassano Rosemary
Published: June 2003

This article explores the impact of the working definition of social work practice first articulated almost one half century ago. Its influence on both beginning and advanced levels of practice is considered. This consideration is examined in the contexts of social work education and professional identity. The authors conclude that the working definition has assisted in the development of clear and consistent theory underpinning generalist social work practice. On the other hand, the authors conclude that it has weakened social work's professional identity, thus reducing social work practice effectiveness in the Canadian environment.
Resource and Educational Empowerment: A Social Work Paradigm for the Disenfranchised
Authors: O'Brian Charles
Published: June 2003

It is unfair to criticize a set of principles written at a different time and a different place. However, a reflection with the advantage of 40 years of hindsight gives us an opportunity to examine Harriet Bartlett's working definition of social work practice. It is important to understand the times in which this definition emerged and the context of history and social change that influenced her proposal. There are lessons to be learned for those trying to understand the social work mission in our own current troubled times, in various countries of the world.
Living the Golden Rule: Reciprocal Exchanges among African Americans with Cancer
Authors: Hamilton Jill B. , Sandelowski Margarete
Published: June 2003

Giving is receiving, and receiving is giving. This is the key finding from interviews conducted with 28 African American women and men with cancer who were active participants in dynamic relationships characterized by both giving and receiving. These participants engaged in reciprocal relationships varying in the number of persons involved, types of resources exchanged, and timing of exchange. Findings suggest the need to reconceptualize social support as caregiving and caregiving as social support. This study also points to the need to redesign intervention studies to be more inclusive of components that allow the elderly in illness-related situations to maintain their status as givers in their social networks.
Reconstructing a Meaning of Pain: Older Korean American Women's Experiences with the Pain of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Dickson Geri L. , Kim Jong Im
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to gain a deeper understanding of older Korean American women's experiences of chronic osteoarthritic pain. The data included a set of 3 interviews with 7 women over age 60, field notes, observations, memos, and the literature about the chronic pain of osteoarthritis. Through constant comparative analysis and coding typical of grounded theory, a five-stage process emerged inductively from the data. The core variable, Reconstructing a Meaning of Pain, included the concepts of the process in the grounded theory through which the women learned to manage and tolerate the pain. During this process, the women came to perceive their pain as a component of aging rather than as a symptom of disease.
Legal, Financial, and Ethical Ambiguities for Mexican American Families: Caring for Children with Chronic Conditions
Authors: Rehm Roberta S.
Published: June 2003

The author reports findings from a study about experiences of 17 Mexican American families caring for children with serious chronic conditions. Legal, financial, and ethical ambiguities arose when parents' desire to provide necessary care for their children and providers' professional commitment to offer this care conflicted with United States laws, including welfare reform initiatives, requiring providers to determine eligibility before providing care to immigrants and to report undocumented care seekers to authorities. Families frequently felt intimidated because health care systems are complex, and legal residency status often varied among family members. Findings imply that official policy and education of family members should aim to assure that children with chronic conditions receive needed services without relying on providers to enforce immigration laws.
Understandings of Health and its Determinants among Clients and Providers at an Urban Community Health Center
Authors: McKague Meredith , Verhoef Marja
Published: June 2003

The authors' aim was to explore clients' and health care providers' perceptions of health and its determinants in preparation for the development of a screening tool to assess client health determinants at a community health center through template and editing analyses of interviews with 6 health care providers and 7 clients. Participants defined health as a multidimensional state, with common themes including the ability to cope and to function according to expectations. They identified multiple interrelated factors that affect health. The findings support existing health determinant frameworks but provide greater detail about specific determinants within broad categories presented in these frameworks. The results create a foundation for the development of a screening tool to assess client health determinants.
Overcoming Ambivalence: The Challenges of Exploring Socially Charged Issues
Authors: Clarke Laura Hurd
Published: June 2003

In this article, the author considers the challenges associated with the investigation of sensitive and socially charged issues. Drawing on a qualitative study of older women's body image and embodied experience, she discusses how societal ambivalence toward older women's bodies and appearances shapes and constrains the establishment of rapport between a young researcher and the study participants. Exploring the internalized anxiety expressed by the women, she investigates how life history narratives, multiple interviews, photographs, location of the interview, self-disclosure, information sharing, provision of assistance, student and stranger statuses, collaborative interviewing, and impression management combine to enhance rapport and ease the women's sense of discomfort.
Clinical Profile of Acute Confusion in the Long-Term Care Setting
Authors: Cacchione Pamela Z. , Culp Kennith , Laing Joan , Tripp-Reimer Toni
Published: June 2003

Aspects of acute confusion (AC) including risk factors, behavior patterns, and outcomes are not well documented in long-term care (LTC) residents. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe the clinical profile of AC in LTC including risk factors, behavior patterns, etiologies, and 3-month outcomes. Seventy-four elderly LTC residents were assessed for AC, depression, and global cognitive impairment. Risk factors associated with AC included hearing deficits, depression, pulmonary disorders, and abnormal serum sodium or potassium levels. Behavior patterns of acutely confused residents included hyperactive (n = 9, 31%), hypoactive (n = 8, 28%), and mixed (n = 7, 24%). In the majority of the AC cases, the etiology was multifactorial: Infections and dehydration were the most common causes. Residents with AC had very poor 3-month outcomes. Thirty-four percent (n = 10) of the residents with AC died within 3 months of the evaluation. This study highlights the complexity and serious nature of AC in this frail population.
The Sleep Experience of Medical and Surgical Patients
Authors: Tranmer Joan E. , Minard Janice , Fox Lee Ann , Rebelo L.
Published: June 2003

This study described and compared the sleep experience of medical and surgical patients during a hospital stay. During 3 consecutive nights, patients (n = 110) self-reported sleep quality using the Verran and Snyder Sleep Scale (VSH) and potentially disruptive factors using items from the Factors Influencing Sleep Questionnaire (FISQ). Surgical patients, on the first night, received more procedural care (p = .001), less sedative medication (p < .001), reported more sleep disturbance (p = .02), less sleep effectiveness (p = .03), and more need for sleep supplementation (p = .03). Variance in sleep effectiveness was explained by the FISQ score, age, and length of time in hospital (F = 6.86, p < .001). The sleep experience of patients varies between diagnostic groupings and across the hospital stay. Unit environmental and personal factors, factors that are amenable to therapeutic interventions, strongly influence the sleep experience.
The Challenge and Promise of Cognitive Career Assessment
Authors: Gottfredson Linda S.
Published: June 2003

Abilities are as important as interests in career choice and development. Reviving cognitive assessment in career counseling promises to help counselees better understand their career options and how to enhance their competitiveness for the ones they prefer. Nearly a century of research on human cognitive abilities and jobs' aptitude demands in the U.S. economy reveals that the two domains are structured in essentially the same way. The author describes that common structure and how it can be used in assessing person-job match in terms of general ability level and ability profile. She also suggests ways of resolving various technical and professional questions, such as which cognitive abilities to assess, how to assess them, what the most useful aptitude-based occupational classification would be, and how to use cognitive assessments in a broader “reality-based exploration” process intended to expand people's career opportunities.
Implications of the Theory of Successful Intelligence for Career Choice and Development
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: June 2003

The theory of successful intelligence provides a perspective on career choice and development that is somewhat different from the perspective provided by conventional theories of abilities. The article opens with a discussion of some general issues in career choice and development. It then describes the theory of successful intelligence. Next, it presents data validating the theory. Finally, it draws some conclusions.
Multiple Intelligences and Business Diversity
Authors: Martin Joyce
Published: June 2003

This study tests the viability of using Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences as a structure for identifying knowledge diversity in business students and whether such knowledge increases identification of self and others as potential sources of knowledge. The results from business students with substantial work histories indicate that the Multiple Intelligence Preference Inventory gives a valid and reliable indication of their preferred intelligences and that knowledge of these results is associated with assessments of self as sources of knowledge for others and, conversely, identification of others as potential sources of knowledge. Despite the limitations of a small and interrupted sample and the need for continued refinement to items, the results are supportive of further investigations into the use of the inventory and knowledge of multiple intelligence theory not only as part of a knowledge identification and sharing program for students but also as a tool for recognizing, respecting, and benefiting from such diversity in the workplace.
Intelligence, Personality, and Interests in the Career Choice Process
Authors: Ackerman Phillip L. , Beier Margaret E.
Published: June 2003

Historically, many researchers have considered the domains of intellectual abilities, personality, and interests to be both distinct and distant from one another. Recent meta-analytic reviews and new empirical research suggest that there are fundamental communalities among particular measures of cognition, affect, and conation. These communalities, in turn, yield a relatively small set of trait complexes—groups of traits that are related to one another and that appear to be differentially related to career choices and adult intellectual development. Derivation of trait complexes is described; empirical data on trait complexes, career choice, and domain-specific knowledge are reviewed; and implications for developments in vocational and educational counseling are suggested.
Integrating Abilities and Interests in Career Choice: Maximal versus Typical Assessment
Authors: Darcy Maria , Tracey Terence J. G.
Published: June 2003

The present article focuses on ways in which structural information from the ability and interest domains can be usefully integrated to inform career development and choice processes as well as allied research. Examining the structural models in these two domains, in addition to the distinction between maximal and typical assessment, the authors suggest that self-assessments of ability/self-efficacy have greater utility than assessments of maximal ability for informing career exploration and choice. Given this, they note several ways that self-ratings of ability can be integrated with interest information in clinical settings. In the second section, they focus on the definition of the general factor in vocational interest data. The authors hypothesize that this factor can be interpreted as interest flexibility and is particularly salient as a moderator in the person-environment fit-career outcome relation. They then propose a number of testable hypotheses relevant to this relation.
Paternal Investment Prospects and Cross-National Differences in Single Parenthood
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: June 2003

Previous research has shown that when young women have diminished prospects of paternal investment in their children, they are more likely to reproduce as teens. This study investigated whether high rates of nonmarital births for 85 countries would be predicted by diminished prospects of paternal investment as measured by high male unemployment, low wealth (gross national product [GNP]), low sex ratios, and high teen birth rates. It was predicted that single parenthood would increase with female literacy, used as an index of career orientation. In correlational and regression analyses, single parenthood rates generally declined as paternal investment increased. Single parenthood increased with female literacy in the regression analysis, possibly because the greater economic power of women in developed countries makes them less reliant on economic support from husbands. Single childbearing can thus be seen either as a response to diminished prospects of or diminished reliance on paternal investment.
A Family Systems Nursing Interview Following a Myocardial Infarction: The Power of Commendations
Authors: Bohn Ursula , Wright Lorraine M. , Moules Nancy J.
Published: June 2003

The onset of life-threatening or chronic illness irrevocably changes the trajectory of the lives of individuals and their families. The beliefs held about the illness may affect the way individuals and family members cope with the illness as well as the illness itself. The illness beliefs model proposes that a therapeutic conversation that includes the identification of, assessment of, and intervention with constraining beliefs about illness may have a powerful and sustaining influence on individuals' and family members' ability to integrate illness into their lives. The authors present a therapeutic conversation that occurred during two sessions in the Family Nursing Unit at the University of Calgary, with a woman experiencing “feeling overwhelmed and stressed” 6 weeks following the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. Highlighted is one family nursing intervention, commendations, which shows promise in challenging constraining beliefs that may diminish the perception of strengths and increase suffering.
Self- and Dependent-Care Responsibility of Adolescents with IDDM and their Parents
Authors: Dashiff Carol J.
Published: June 2003

The purposes of this study were to describe perceptions of the division of diabetes self- and dependent-care responsibility among young adolescents and their parents in two-parent families and to examine the relationship of these perceptions to metabolic control of diabetes. Respondents were 31 adolescents, aged 12 to 15 years and their parents from two-parent families. Illness-related self-care responsibility of adolescents (adolescent self-care) and parent dependent care were assessed with a modification of the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire. Metabolic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at two intervals 2 months apart. There was significant difference between pairs of respondents on perceptions of diabetes responsibility. Individual perspectives were unique enough to retain individual scores rather than combining scores. Adolescents' perceptions that they had less responsibility (r = −43, p = .02) and that their mothers had more responsibility (r = .41, p = .03) were associated with prior poorer metabolic control but not current metabolic control.
The Family in the Intensive Care Unit: Living the Possibility of Losing a Child
Authors: Bousso Regina Szylit , Angelo Margareth
Published: June 2003

This article represents an attempt to understand the family's experience of having a child admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and to identify the meanings that the family attributes to the experience of having a child in the PICU. The study used grounded theory as a research methodology. The data analysis gave meaning to the family's experience in the identification of the phenomenon of living with the possibility of losing a child, a phenomenon that involves family efforts to protect its members from family rupture or breakdown in the face of the life-threatening situation of the child's hospitalization. This phenomenon has relevancy in the daily practice of nursing as one explanation in understanding experiences of families in the PICU.
Media Coverage of Conflicts of Interest in Science
Authors: McComas Katherine A. , Simone Leah M.
Published: June 2003

Some scientists are concerned that too much news media coverage of conflicts of interest in science threatens the public's belief in the integrity of the field, whereas other scientists worry that news media do not pay enough attention to conflicts of interest. To examine news media coverage of conflicts of interest in science, we conducted a ten-year content analysis of stories from the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, and USA Today. The results suggest a steady stream of stories highlighting negative aspects of conflicts of interest in science.
Work Setting, Publication, and Scientific Responsibility
Authors: Rier David A.
Published: June 2003

Semistructured interviews (N = 61) with toxic exposure epidemiologists indicate that those in government settings (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], state health departments, and National Institutes of Health [NIH]) were more aware of and responsive to societal consequences of their publications than were those in universities. The NIH data were surprising, given NIH's ivory tower image, but in part appear to stem from a broad trend toward greater accountability in science. Other worksite influences included “institutional voice”: epidemiologists from NIH or CDC were aware of speaking in the “voice of the government.” There was also limited evidence suggesting the importance of the local unit environment: investigators in the same research unit often reported being influenced by the tone set by the unit chief and colleagues. This preliminary study suggests that work setting influences how epidemiologists define and execute their ethical responsibilities toward social consequences of their work, and it generates questions and five hypotheses for future research.
Assessing Mass Media Reporting of Disease-Related Genetic Discoveries
Authors: Mountcastle-Shah Eliza , Tambor Ellen , Bernhardt Barbara A. , Geller Gail , Karaliukas Reda , Rodgers Joann Ellison , Holtzman Neil A.
Published: June 2003

Objective: To develop an instrument to assess the content and balance of media stories about genetic discoveries relevant to human diseases and assess its ability to detect variability. Methods: Consumer focus groups to help develop the instrument, and surveys of scientists and journalists to evaluate the items. Ratings by at least two readers assessed reliability. Variability was measured by comparing scores of 47 stories emanating from two discoveries.

Results: Reader agreement on content items was good (kappa = 0.74). Consumers, scientists, and journalists were in substantial agreement about what content items should be included. Some items deemed essential by journalists appeared in very few stories. One-third of stories exaggerated the benefits of the discovery and one-third presented a balanced selection of expert opinion. Coverage of specific items varied from 11.5 percent to 84.6 percent.

Conclusions: The instrument is reliable; contains items deemed important by consumers, scientists, and journalists; and detects variability.
Reconsidering Democracy
Authors: Huijer Marli
Published: June 2003

What options are open for people—citizens, politicians, and other nonscientists—to become actively involved in and anticipate new directions in the life sciences? In addressing this question, this article focuses on the start of the Human Genome Project (1985-1990). By contrasting various models of democracy (liberal, republican, deliberative), I examine the democratic potential the models provide for citizens' involvement in setting priorities and funding patterns related to big science projects. To enhance the democratizing of big science projects and give citizens opportunities to reflect, anticipate, and negotiate on new directions in science and technology at a global level, liberal democracy with its national scope and representative structure does not suffice. Although republican (communicative) and deliberative (associative) democracy models meet the need for greater citizen involvement, the ways to achieve the ideal at a global level still remain to be developed.
Report: Science Communicators Experience the Beat of African Drums
Authors: Joubert Marina
Published: June 2003

PCST 2002 was the seventh in the series of the network meetings. Held in December 2002 in Cape Town, South Africa, the conference attracted more than four hundred delegates from fortyone countries to discuss theoretical and practical issues in science communication. Following is a report on the conference by the conference chair.
Activism Against Domestic Violence in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Milwertz Cecilia
Published: June 2003

This article is concerned with nongovernmental or popular activism against domestic violence in the People's Republic of China. The article focuses on how three factors—first, the political context; second, 10 years of activist experience; and finally, international exchange—have influenced and formed activism from the early 1990s to the present. The article addresses the following questions: (a) How and why did activism against domestic violence emerge as an issue addressed by new forms of organizing? (b) How has international interaction influenced and inspired understandings of and action against violence against women? (c) What forms of domestic and international constraints and support have activists encountered?