bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninfectivity of semen from bulls infected with bovine leukosis virus
Authors: Monke Donald R.
Published: February 2025

An opportunity for study of the potential role of semen in the transmission of bovine leukosis virus (blv) was provided when a Jersey herd was found to be blv-seronegative. This was a closed herd; new genetic material had been introduced by artificial insemination (ai), using semen collected and processed at 7 ai centers in the United States. Of 66 donor bulls from which semen had been collected for ai use in the herd during the 5 years the herd remained seronegative, 24 were consistently blv-seropositive and 2 became seropositive for blv during the study. Semen collected from the blv-seropositive bulls accounted for 1,019 semen units, representing 48.3% of the semen purchased. The maintenance of blv seronegativity in this herd for 5 years, when semen from blv-seropositive bulls was used for ai, provided evidence for the lack of infectivity of blv in bovine semen.
Relationship of hepatic lipidosis to health and performance in dairy cattle
Authors: Gerloff Brian J. , Herdt Thomas H. , Emery Roy S.
Published: February 2025

In a field study of 80 cows in 9 dairy herds, serial liver biopsies were performed over the peripartum period to determine degree of hepatic lipidosis. Cattle were separated into categories of mild, moderate, and severe hepatic lipidosis on the basis of maximal amounts of hepatic triglyceride that accumulated during this period. Number of cattle with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic lipidosis were 52, 16, and 12, respectively. Cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis had greater concentrations of hepatic triglyceride before calving and after parturition, and greater serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and body condition loss after parturition than cattle with mild hepatic lipidosis. Rate of disease and culling and death rate because of disease were greater in cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis. Cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis had reproductive performance equal to clinically normal cattle; however, cattle with moderate hepatic lipidosis had increased days to conception, possibly related to greater milk production.
Computed tomographic characteristics of primary brain tumors in 50 dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Fike John R. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Higgins Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Fifty histologically identified primary brain tumors in the dog were analyzed by computed tomography to establish criteria for identifying tumor types by computed tomography characteristics. Meningiomas could be distinguished from tumors within the brain parenchyma because they usually were broad-based, peripherally located masses that were enhanced homogeneously with contrast material. Among parenchymal tumors, astrocytomas were not distinguished easily from oligodendrogliomas because both tumors had similar features of ring-like and nonuniform enhancement, and poorly defined tumor margins. Choroid plexus tumors were seen as well-defined, hyperdense masses that had marked, uniform contrast enhancement. Pituitary tumors were distinguished readily by their location, minimal peritumoral edema, uniform contrast enhancement, and well-defined margins. Distinguishing features of other less frequently seen tumors (ependymoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, glioma, and neoplastic reticulosis) were not identified.
Nasal obstruction caused by cystic nasal conchae in cattle
Authors: Ross M. W. , Richardson D. W. , Hackett R. P. , Tulleners E. P. , Orsini J. A. , Ohnemus T. F.
Published: February 2025

Four Holstein heifers were found to have partial nasal obstruction caused by bilateral cystic conchae. Three of the heifers (age range, 4 to 6 months) had a history of progressive nasal obstruction since near birth, were affected severely, and required surgical management. Each of 2 surgical procedures, a bilateral dorsolateral nasal flap approach and a dorsal nasal flap approach, was used successfully. The fourth heifer, which was 15 months old, had signs of nasal obstruction since shortly after birth, but was affected only mildly and was not treated. Follow-up information obtained 10 to 37 months later revealed that all cattle were considered normal and had no signs of nasal obstruction.

In each case, a developmental problem or malformation of the ventral nasal concha resulting in cystic enlargement was suspected. The onset of clinical signs early in life and the bilateral nature suggested that the defect was of congenital origin.
Review of the pathophysiology of alterations in potassium homeostasis
Authors: Brobst Duane
Published: February 2025

The 2 interrelated systems of external and internal balance that regulate potassium homeostasis must function properly if normal plasma potassium concentration and total body potassium content is to be maintained. Should external balance fail, with renal or gastrointestinal wasting of potassium, hypokalemia with depletion of total body potassium may result. In the absence of this type of potassium wasting, hypokalemia most often is caused by redistribution, with potassium moving from the extracellular-fluid into cells and total body potassium content remaining unaltered. Likewise, factors regulating internal balance may redistribute potassium from cells into the extracellular fluid and cause hyperkalemia, but with normal total body potassium content. Should the kidneys or urinary system fail to excrete potassium, hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium content would result.
Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in commercial cuts of pork
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Murrell K. D. , Fayer R. , Schad G. A.
Published: February 2025

Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in tissues used for human consumption was studied in 4 naturally infected pigs (acquired infections) and in 2 experimentally infected pigs. On the day of euthanasia, pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis had serum antibody titers of 160 to 1,280 against T gondii (modified agglutination test). Experimentally infected pigs were inoculated with 10,000 oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii and were euthanatized 267 or 357 days after inoculation. On the day of euthanasia, the experimentally infected pigs had serum antibody titers of 16 and 32 against T gondii. Fifty to 100-g specimens from each of 6 cuts of meat commercially used to prepare Boston butt, arm picnic, ham, tenderloin, spareribs, and bacon and from the tongue, heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and diaphragm were collected from each pig and were digested in acid pepsin solution. Washed sediment from the digest of each specimen was inoculated sc into mice (6 mice/organ). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of the 4 pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis; T gondii was isolated from the arm picnic, Boston butt, and tongue of 3 pigs, from the ham, tenderloin, spareribs, diaphragm and heart of 2 pigs, and from the bacon and brain of 1 pig. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the kidneys of the 4 pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the arm picnic, Boston butt, ham, spareribs, bacon, tongue, diaphragm, heart, and brain of the 2 experimentally infected pigs, and from the kidneys of one of the experimentally infected pigs. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the liver of the 6 pigs evaluated. Because T gondii can survive approximately 1 year in various commercial cuts of pork and in various organs, all pork and edible organs should be cooked at 70 C before human or animal consumption.
Malignant histiocytosis in Bernese Mountain Dogs
Authors: Rosin Anne , Moore Peter , Dubielzig Richard
Published: February 2025

Malignant histiocytosis was diagnosed in 10 male and 1 female Bernese Mountain Dogs. Nine of these dogs were closely related. The disease was characterized by a rapidly progressive and inevitably fatal course. Clinical signs varied, but lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and respiratory and cns abnormalities predominated. The lungs were the primary site of tumor involvement in 10 dogs. The eleventh dog had lymphadenopathy and severe anemia. Metastatic lesions were detected in all dogs. Anaplastic pulmonary carcinoma was diagnosed originally in 6 of the 11 cases, but this diagnosis was changed to malignant histiocytosis after electron microscopic examination of tissues and immunohistochemical identification of histiocytic markers in the tumor cells.
Trichinosis in a herd of swine: Cannibalism as a major mode of transmission
Authors: Hanbury R. D. , Doby Paul B. , Miller Harold O. , Murrell K. Darwin
Published: February 2025

In a herd of approximately 1,000 hogs, evaluation of muscle specimens collected at various intervals during a 12-year period (1973 to 1985) indicated continuous transmission of Trichinella spiralis. The farm's rat population and the incidence of trichinosis in the rats was high during 1974, but diminished markedly by 1978. In January 1984, a longitudinal investigation, using tracer pigs, was performed to determine whether rodents and/or other wild animals were involved in transmission of T spiralis on this farm. Tracer pigs exposed to rodents and wild animals did not become infected with T spiralis. The rodent population on the farm was small and none of the rodents trapped and examined were found to be infected. Hog cannibalism also was evaluated as a mode of T spiralis transmission. Results of the investigation indicated that hog cannibalism was the mode of transmission for trichinosis in the herd.
Use of a nasogastric tube for gastric and esophageal decompression in the dog and cat
Authors: Crowe Dennis T.
Published: February 2025

Distension of the stomach with air and fluid was treated successfully in 9 of 10 dogs by use of an indwelling nasogastric tube. A nasogastric tube was used to remove swallowed air and gastric fluid after surgery, as a precautionary measure to prevent recurrence of gastric distension in 2 dogs. A nasoesophageal tube was used to remove retained barium sulfate and saliva in a cat with megaesophagus and esophageal obstruction caused by gastroesophageal intussusception.

Passage of the tube through the nose into the esophagus or stomach was easily accomplished in 10 of the 13 animals, requiring only mild restraint and an anesthetic instilled locally into the nostril. Moderate restraint and more than one attempt at passage of the tube through the nose (ventral meatus) were required in the other 3 animals. In one of these, passage through the ventral meatus and into the pharynx could not be accomplished.

Of the 12 animals in which the tube was inserted successfully, 11 tolerated it. The tubes remained inserted from 5 minutes to 48 hours (average, 18.5 hours) without clinically detected complications.

This technique offers an alternative to orogastric, gastrostomy, or pharyngostomy tubes for initial and continuous intubation and decompression of the stomach and/or esophagus in the dog and cat. It was found to be practical and effective for the removal of air or fluid, but not for the removal of coarse food particles.
Prognostic factors for multiple myeloma in the dog
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: February 2025

Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in 60 dogs. Diagnosis was confirmed in each case by observation of >5% plasma cells on examination of a bone marrow aspirate and detection of monoclonal gammopathy of immunoglobulin (Ig) A or IgG. Treatment with melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone was associated with long-term survival (median, 540 days). Response to therapy was significantly related to prognosis (P<0.01), whereas hypercalcemia and Ig light chain proteinuria (Bence Jones) were associated with shorter median survival times.
Incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis at American Horse Shows Association A- and B-rated shows
Authors: Bell Lance G. , Lowe John E.
Published: February 2025

A questionnaire was designed to determine the incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at American Horse Shows Association (AHSA) A- and B-rated shows, ie, those shows requiring a veterinarian in attendance. The questionnaire was sent to the show stewards and filled out by the attending veterinarians of the AHSA A- and B-rated shows held from January 1982 to October 1984. Of 2,952 questionnaires sent out, 799 (27%) were completed and returned by veterinarians; 99 of them were discarded because of incomplete or misleading information.

The study revealed a low incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at AHSA A- and B-rated shows. In 700 horse shows surveyed, there was a total of 231 major injuries, severe colic, or acute laminitis. Considering that the shows surveyed had a median number of 193 horses and a median duration of 3 days, the 231 injuries represent a relatively small number, compared with the general population at risk.
Ochratoxicosis in Iowa swine
Authors: Cook W. O. , Osweiler G. D. , Anderson T. D. , Richard J. L.
Published: February 2025

Ochratoxicosis was diagnosed in 2 Iowa swine herds. In both cases, clinical signs consisted of increased urination and water consumption. Pale tan kidneys were found in affected pigs at necropsy. Histologic examination of renal tissue from an affected pig revealed diffuse tubular nephrosis and interstitial fibrosis. In both cases, ochratoxin A was detected by thin-layer chromatography in extracts of whole corn and ground complete feed. Ochratoxicosis was reproduced in swine with feed obtained in one of the cases.
Enteral hyperalimentation administered via needle catheter-jejunostoma as an adjunct to cranial abdominal surgery in dogs and cats
Authors: Orton E. Christopher
Published: February 2025

Ten dogs and 2 cats that underwent extensive cranial abdominal surgery were nutritionally maintained after surgery by enteral hyperalimentation administered via needle catheter-jejunostoma for an average of 8 days after surgery. Nine of the 12 patients survived the immediate postoperative period.
Rebound hyperglycemia following overdosing of insulin in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: McMillan Franklin D. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia (rebound hyperglycemia) after overdosing of insulin was diagnosed in 6 cats with diabetes mellitus. Administration of excessive insulin induced hypoglycemia within 4 to 8 hours, followed by rebound hyperglycemia. Diagnosis was made by serial blood glucose determinations during a 20- to 24-hour period after insulin administration. Four cats had a history of difficulty in regulating the diabetic state. In 2 cats, rebound hyperglycemia was diagnosed on routine serial blood glucose determinations. All of the cats were hyperglycemic for most of the day. Rebound hyperglycemia was observed with both intermediate (neutral protamine hagedorn) and long-acting (protamine zinc iletin) insulins, and the range of insulin doses at which the disorder developed overlapped previously determined therapeutic doses for these insulins in the cat. Urine glucose and single afternoon blood glucose determinations were inadequate and potentially misleading in monitoring diabetic cats receiving excessive amounts of insulin.
Diagnosis of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever) by indirect immunofluorescence
Authors: Ristic Miodrag , Holland Cynthia J. , Dawson Jacqueline E. , Sessions Jean , Palmer Jon
Published: February 2025

The recent establishment of a system for the continuous in vitro propagation of Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (eme; synonym, Potomac horse fever), has facilitated the development of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of this disease under laboratory and field conditions.

The field diagnostic application of the test has aided in the recognition of the disease in 16 states of the United States and in 1 province of Canada. A limited epidemiologic study conducted between January and September 1985, in an area where the disease is known to be enzootic, revealed that conversion from seronegative to seropositive status is not always accompanied by clinical manifestations of the disease. Confirmatory findings in experimentally inoculated horses suggest the existence of clinically undetectable infections.
Characterization of the subclinical phase of ehrlichiosis in dogs
Authors: Codner Ellen C. , Farris-Smith Linda L.
Published: February 2025

Prevalence of subclinical Ehrlichia canis infection in a Mississippi kennel was 53%. Most of the dogs probably had been infected for 4 or 5 years. The subclinical phase of the infection was characterized by high antibody titers to E canis (9 of 10 dogs with titers of 1:5, 120), hyperglobulinemia (9 of 10 dogs), thrombocytopenia (5 of 10), absolute lymphocytosis (4 of 10), and absolute neutropenia (3 of 10). The dogs had normal pcv, serum albumin concentrations, and urine protein excretion.

Findings indicated that a high percentage of dogs in an enzootic area may develop subclinical ehrlichiosis that may last several years. Despite persistent antigenic stimulation, dogs subclinically infected for a prolonged time did not develop clinically apparent glomerular disease. However, evaluating dogs for antibody titers against E canis is recommended in endemic areas because subclinically infected dogs eventually may develop severe chronic disease, which may be less responsive to therapy.
Epidemiologic findings on a swine farm with enzootic toxoplasmosis
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Murrell K. D. , Hanbury R. D. , Anderson W. R. , Doby P. B. , Miller H. O.
Published: February 2025

A farm in Illinois had swine with enzootic Toxoplasma gondii infections. Ninety-five of 99 pigs had antibody against T gondii by the modified agglutination test; modified agglutination test titers were <1:10 (4 pigs), 1:10 (15 pigs), 1:20 (12 pigs), 1:40 (10 pigs), 1:80 (20 pigs), 1:160 (11 pigs), 1:320 (12 pigs), 1:640 (9 pigs), and ≥1:1,280 (6 pigs). To trace the route of infection, Toxoplasma-free pigs were introduced into the farm and were evaluated serologically at various intervals. Analysis of data derived from these tracer pigs indicated that cannibalism was a major source of T gondii infection in the pigs.
Border disease in a flock of sheep: Epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical findings
Authors: Sawyer Mary M. , Schore Caroline E. , Menzies Paula I. , Osburn Bennie I.
Published: February 2025

A flock of sheep in which border disease (bd) was enzootic was studied through a breeding season. At the beginning of the study (August 1981), 125 (82%) of 152 ewes were seropositive to the cross-reacting bovine viral diarrhea virus. Within 7 months, 3 (18%) of 17 seropositive ewes retested had reverted to seronegative. Of the remaining 21 ewes identified as seronegative, 7 (33%) converted to seropositive by the end of the study.

Triplet lambs were born, 2 of which exhibited clinical signs of bd. The virus was isolated from blood lymphocytes from both of the affected lambs. The most severely affected lamb shed virus into the urine, saliva, and feces through 10 weeks of age. Lymphocyte stimulation tests indicated that the lymphocytes from the affected lambs had decreased function in months 4 through 7, but returned to normal function by the eighth month.

Transmission of bd virus was investigated by exposing 5 seronegative ewes to the bd-infected lambs. Two of the contact ewes developed viremia and 3 converted to seropositive within the 13-week exposure period.

Evidence from this and other studies supports a model of bd in gravid, nongravid, and persistently infected adult sheep.
Cecal dilatation and volvulus in dairy cows: 84 cases (1977–1983)
Authors: Fubini Susan L. , Erb Hollis N. , Rebhun William C. , Horne Darrell
Published: February 2025

The records of 84 cows with cecal dilatation or cecal volvulus were reviewed. The diagnosis was made by exploratory laparotomy or necropsy in 21 cows with cecal dilatation, and in 45 cows with cecal volvulus. Eighteen of the cows with cecal dilatation responded to medical management and the diagnosis was made by physical examination alone. The most useful criteria for determining that surgery was necessary were the presence of a high heart rate, apparent abdominal pain, scant or absence of feces, and the apex of the cecum rotated cranially on rectal examination. The prognosis for cattle with cecal dilatation and volvulus was good following medical therapy or decompression at surgery unless there was severe vascular compromise of the cecum. There was a 10% recurrence rate, and in these cows a partial typhlectomy was performed.
Infectivity of Cryptosporidium sp isolated from wild mice for calves and mice
Authors: Klesius P. H. , Haynes T. B. , Malo L. K.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to determine the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in wild mice (Mus musculus) and the infectivity of oocysts from their feces for susceptible calves. The presence of oocysts and the duration of shedding of oocysts in the feces were evaluated in 115 wild mice. Approximately 30% of the mice shed Cryptosporidium sp oocysts, without evidence of clinical infection; recurrence of oocyst shedding was found in about 50% of the mice. Oocysts from the feces of naturally infected mice were infective for calves and mice. Calves began shedding oocysts at 7 days and shed oocysts for about 10 days. Nonfatal, clinical cryptosporidiosis developed in 7 infected calves. The mice began shedding oocysts at 6 days and shed oocysts for 12 days. Fatalities or clinical infection did not develop in 5 infected mice. The results indicated that Cryptosporidium-infected wild mice may be a source of cryptosporidiosis in susceptible calves.
Comparison of treatment methods for the control of contagious ovine foot rot
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Lincoln S. D. , Lane V. Michael , Matlock Mary
Published: February 2025

Four methods of treatment for ovine foot rot were evaluated: foot trimming and topical treatment (brief, daily foot bathing in 10% zinc sulfate); vaccination with an oil-alum adjuvanted, multivalent, Bacteroides nodosus bacterin, vaccination with the bacterin plus foot trimming and brief foot bathing, and 1-hour 10% zinc sulfate foot soaks. Compared with results of sheep in a nontreated control group, vaccination reduced the number of infected feet by 8%. Daily walk-through foot bathing reduced the number of infected feet by 16%, and vaccination and foot bathing reduced the number by 27%. In another experiment, treated but nonresponsive sheep were subjected to 2 one-hour foot soaks in 10% zinc sulfate. Compared with results in nontreated controls, the soaks reduced the number of affected sheep by 58%. Previously nontreated sheep responded with a 69% reduction of affected animals over controls.
Pulmonic stenosis in the dog: 29 cases (1975–1984)
Authors: Fingland Roger B. , Bonagura John D. , Myer C. Wendy
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study of 29 dogs with congenital pulmonic stenosis, we evaluated the clinical, radiographic, angiocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization data. Eighteen dogs had no clinical signs of disease and were referred for evaluation of a previously detected cardiac murmur, 5 dogs had congestive right-sided heart failure, and 5 dogs were examined for exercise intolerance or syncope. Dogs with heart failure tended to be older than dogs without clinical signs of heart failure (19.3 months vs 12 months). All dogs had radiographic or electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular enlargement. Poststenotic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery and apparent pulmonary undercirculation were observed frequently on survey radiographs. Isolated pulmonic valve dysplasia, representing a range of angiographic pulmonic valve abnormalities, was evident in 88% of the available 26 angiographic studies, whereas subvalvular stenosis was uncommon and observed in only 2 dogs. Muscular hypertrophy of the right ventricular infundibulum and supraventricular crest were observed in 96% and 25% of the angiocardiograms, respectively. Poststenotic dilatation of the main pulmonary artery was observed in every dog. A ratio between the width of the main pulmonary artery and the valve annulus was useful in identifying pulmonic stenosis and distinguishing this anomaly from other congenital malformations. The degree of poststenotic dilatation did not appear to be related to the severity of the systolic pressure gradient, which ranged from 20 to 228 mm of Hg (mean, 93 mm of Hg). Dogs with a high right ventricular systolic pressure (>120 mm of Hg) had a higher 5-year mortality than dogs with a low (<120 mm of Hg) right ventricular systolic pressure.

Twenty-one dogs had surgical correction of pulmonic stenosis. Closed valvulotomy was performed on 17 dogs and a modified patch graft technique was performed on 4 dogs. The mean survival for 8 surgically treated dogs with preoperative right ventricular systolic pressures of >120 mm of Hg was 3.75 years. Three of these dogs were alive and clinically normal at the conclusion of the study reported here (July 1985).
Shoeing principles for the management of navicular disease in horses
Authors: Turner Tracy A.
Published: February 2025

Navicular disease was diagnosed in 36 horses. Each horse was treated, using shoeing as the only major means of treatment. Phenylbutazone was used initially for 10 days after shoeing. Shoeing was designed to correct preexisting problems, enhance physiologic function of the foot, and ease breakover of the foot. The horses were evaluated over a period ranging from 12 to 54 months. The lameness improved in all horses. Thirty-one of the 36 horses treated were not lame when last evaluated. Shoeing was most effective when performed within 8 months of the first signs of lameness. Also, horses used for show ring performance classes had a better response to treatment than did horses used for gaming or jumping.
Equine laminitis caused by distal displacement of the distal phalanx: 12 cases (1976–1985)
Authors: Baxter Gary M.
Published: February 2025

Clinical data from 12 cases of equine laminitis characterized by distal displacement of the distal phalanx (P3) were reviewed. Clinical features of horses that survived the syndrome were compared with the nonsurvivors to obtain prognostic indicators. Animals affected included 8 Quarter Horses, 2 Welsh ponies, 1 Thoroughbred, and 1 Arabian. Eight of the animals were females (67%), 2 were stallions, and 2 were geldings. The mean age of affected animals was 8.6 years (2 to 14 years), and the mean body weight was 442 kg. The survivors weighed less than the nonsurvivors (384 kg vs 473 kg, respectively), suggesting that body weight may be of prognostic value for horses affected with distal displacement of P3. Ten of the 12 animals (83%) were admitted because of a disorder other than laminitis, but subsequently developed laminitis during the treatment period. All affected animals had clinical evidence of endotoxemia and/or sepsis before the onset of laminitis.

Cavitation or depression of the dorsal coronary band was detected in all animals and was the most reliable clinical indicator of distal displacement of P3. Five horses had fluid (blood or serum) ooze from their coronary bands and 2 of these sloughed one or more of their hooves. Necropsy findings of the 8 horses that were euthanatized included severe hemorrhagic, congested laminae and complete detachment of P3 from the hoof wall. Histologic examination of affected laminae revealed vascular thrombosis and multifocal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Radiography failed to reveal distal displacement of P3 in 8 animals, but the remaining 4 animals had an accentuation of the dorsal proximal hoof wall and cavitation of the coronary band visible on lateral radiographs.

The type of horse that was at the greatest risk of developing distal displacement of P3 was a large, middle-aged female that developed laminitis in all 4 feet subsequent to a primary septic, endotoxemic, or metabolic condition that required intensive medical treatment. Treatment for this condition was strictly empirical and most often unsuccessful, leading to euthanasia of most affected animals.
Strategic deworming for spring-calving beef cow/calf herds
Authors: Bumgarner S. C. , Brauer M. A. , Corwin R. M. , Thomas E. A. , Myers G. H.
Published: February 2025

Strategic application of an anthelmintic was tested during the 1982 grazing season as part of the continued study of the epidemiology of beef cattle parasitism in central Missouri. Forty Hereford and Hereford × Simmental cow/calf pairs were assigned to 2 treatment groups. The 20 cow/calf pairs in group 1 were nonmedicated controls. After calving in mid-March, the 20 cows in group 2 were drenched with a 10% suspension of the anthelmintic fenbendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight). Ten cow/calf pairs were placed on each of four 20-acre fescue or orchard grass pastures in mid-May. Cows and calves in treatment group 2 were drenched with the 10% fenbendazole suspension (5 mg/kg) in mid-July. Body weights and fecal specimens were obtained monthly.

Nematode egg counts in cow and calf fecal specimens collected monthly were significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatment group 2 than in treatment group 1. Numbers of larvae cultured for speciation revealed that Ostertagia ostertagi was the predominant nematode species. Developmental arrest of O ostertagi was found to be significantly (P<0.05) greater than zero from mid-May to mid-July. An important significant difference (P<0.01) was shown in body weights of calves, with the calves in treatment group 2 having a higher mean weight gain of 22.5 kg in adjusted 205-day weaning weights, and a higher mean daily gain of 0.11 kg. Weight maintenance of cows was not affected significantly by anthelmintic treatment. Nematode egg counts in monthly cow and calf fecal specimens were not significantly different between those animals on different pastures. Pasture composition also had no significant effect on the body weights of cows or calves.
Treatment of severely comminuted diaphyseal fractures in the dog, using standard bone plates and autogenous cancellous bone graft to span fracture gaps: 11 cases (1979–1983)
Authors: Walter Mary C. , Lenehan Timothy M. , Smith Gail K. , Matthiesen David T. , Newton Charles D.
Published: February 2025

Severely comminuted diaphyseal fractures in 11 dogs were repaired with standard bone plates that spanned a fracture gap filled with autogenous cancellous bone graft. Five dogs had closed injuries, 4 dogs had open fractures, and 2 dogs had infected nonunion fractures for which previous attempts at internal pin fixation had failed. A second autogenous cancellous bone graft was performed in 3 of the dogs during the healing period. The technique was successful in all dogs. The technique was considered a versatile and relatively simple alternative, compared with meticulous small fragment reconstruction and cortical bone allografts.
New perspectives in cardiology: Recent advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy
Authors: Novotny Mark J. , Adams H. Richard
Published: February 2025

During the past decade, advances in basic and applied cardiology have led to the introduction of several new antiarrhythmic drugs that have distinct clinical advantages over their older counterparts. These therapeutic advantages comprise either a more favorable pharmacokinetic disposition in the patient or new and perhaps novel mechanisms of antiarrhythmic actions. The class IV agent verapamil, for example, selectively blocks the slow inward Ca++ current in excitable tissues and this action is proving to be quite effective in controlling supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Tocainide is a newly approved class I agent that exerts lidocaine-like effectiveness in treating serious ventricular arrhythmias. Unlike lidocaine, however, tocainide is not restricted to intensive care because it is effective after oral administration and has comparatively longer duration of antiarrhythmic action. Other recently approved or investigational agents include bretylium and amiodarone (class III), and aprindine, mexiletine, and disopyramide (class I). Along with clinical advantages, however, each drug has a characteristic pharmacologic-toxicologic profile and resulting spectrum of therapeutic application for only particular cardiac dysrhythmias. The advantages and disadvantages of each compound should be weighed equally when the new antiarrhythmic drugs are assessed as therapeutic alternatives for the older ones.
Quantitative buffy coat analysis of blood collected from dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Levine Robert A. , Hart Allan H. , Wardlaw Stephen C.
Published: February 2025

Using quantitative buffy coat analysis (qbca), rapid and accurate measurements can be made of the erythrocyte pcv, total wbc count, and platelet count, and the leukocyte population can be differentiated into total granulocytes (including quantitation of eosinophils), and lymphocytes and monocytes. The qbca is performed by placing a blood sample (50 to 111 μl) into a high-precision-bore microhematocrit tube that contains a freely moving, closely fitting, cylindrical plastic float. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the buffy coat components separate by density. The plastic cylinder floats in the buffy coat, thereby expanding the lengths of the buffy coat layers. The layers are measured in a manner that is similar to that used for measuring pcv. Results of qbca of blood samples from dogs, cats, and horses indicated that the hematologic values obtained correlated with results obtained by use of conventional methods. The accuracy and ease of use of qbca and the availability of results while the animal is still being examined make qbca a useful tool for hematologic evaluation of animals.
Ophthalmic complications following megavoltage irradiation of the nasal and paranasal cavities in dogs
Authors: Roberts Steven M. , Lavach J. D. , Severin Glenn A. , Withrow Stephen J. , Gillette Edward L.
Published: February 2025

Megavoltage x-radiation was used to treat orbital, nasal, and paranasal cavity malignant neoplasia in 29 dogs. In each instance, the globe and adnexal tissues were within the treatment portals (entry and/or exit). Doses administered to tumors ranged from 3,680 to 5,000 cGy. Ocular reactions after irradiation were classified as mild in 5 of 29 cases (17.2%) and severe in 17 of 29 cases (58.6%). No ocular complications were noticed in 7 of 29 cases (24.1%). Complications frequently noticed included severe keratitis (41%), mild conjunctivitis (34%), severe conjunctivitis (28%), cataract (28%), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (24%). Ocular complications that developed were not life threatening, but posed a threat to visual function and patient quality of life. Treatment for the complications included control of bacterial infection, reduction of tissue inflammation, and ocular surface protection when tear film deficiencies were noticed. Mild complications represented acute effects of irradiation, and typically resolved. Severe complications developed both acutely and as late irradiation effects. Those attributed to late irradiation effects were more vision threatening and altered the quality of life more than did the early effects.
Intraoperative radiotherapy of carcinoma of the prostate gland in ten dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane M.
Published: February 2025

Ten dogs with carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated with intraoperative orthovoltage radiotherapy (radiation therapy to surgically exposed tumors). Seven dogs had tumor growth confined to the prostate gland and urethra, and 3 dogs had carcinoma of the prostate gland and regional lymph node involvement. Total radiation doses delivered to the prostate gland of 9 dogs and the affected regional lymph nodes of 3 dogs, using orthovoltage x-rays, ranged from 20 to 30 Gy. Carcinoma of the prostate gland of one dog was intraoperatively irradiated to 15 Gy and was then given a boost of 40 Gy, using cobalt-60 teletherapy.

Survival time ranged from 41 to 750 days after intraoperative radiotherapy. Median and mean survival times for all dogs were 114 and 196 days, respectively. The median survival time for 7 dogs with localized prostatic carcinoma was 180 days, which was longer, but not significantly longer (P = 0.09), than the median survival time of 80 days in 3 dogs having prostatic carcinoma and metastatic disease.

Intraoperative radiotherapy was tolerated well and caused complete response in 5 dogs. However, surgical complications in 2 dogs, which had subtotal lymphadenectomy or prostatic biopsy performed concurrently at the time of irradiation, resulted ultimately in their deaths. The 2 other dogs with metastatic disease and 1 dog without metastatic disease also had poor response to treatment.

Our results indicated that intraoperative radiotherapy is an effective treatment for localized prostatic carcinoma in the dog.
Histopathologic features of pyotraumatic dermatitis
Authors: Reinke Susan I. , Stannard Anthony A. , Ihrke Peter J. , Reinke Jerome D.
Published: February 2025

The skin of 17 dogs with pyotraumatic dermatitis was studied microscopically. Two patterns were seen. The first pattern was a superficial, ulcerative, inflammatory process of undetermined cause and pathogenesis. Current recommended treatment, which includes corticosteroids, was believed to be appropriate for such lesions. The second pattern, suppurative folliculitis, was considered to be localized pyoderma. Dogs with severe folliculitis were believed to represent those cases of pyotraumatic dermatitis in which the response to corticosteroid treatment has been poor. It was concluded that antibiotics should be used for treating pyotraumatic dermatitis with suppurative folliculitis, in lesions responding poorly to treatment with corticosteroids, or possibly in any severe lesion of pyotraumatic dermatitis, especially in Golden Retrievers and Saint Bernards.
Urinary bladder fibromas in dogs: 51 cases (1981-1985)
Authors: Esplin D. Glen
Published: February 2025

Between Jan 1, 1981, and June 30, 1985, fibromas were diagnosed in tissues removed from the urinary bladders of 51 dogs. Hematuria, the most common clinical sign, was associated with the fibromas in 47 of 50 cases. Most dogs responded well to surgical excision of the neoplasms, with rapid resolution of the hematuria followed by long periods without abnormal clinical signs. Three dogs were euthanatized because of continuing or recurrent clinical problems, which included bladder dysfunction. One dog required continuing medication with antibiotics and corticosteroids to control hematuria.
Primary degenerative joint disease of the shoulder in a colony of Beagles
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Pool Roy R. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi
Published: February 2025

Shoulder joints of 149 Beagles over 8 years old at the time of death (mean age, 13.8 years, ± 3.21), were examined radiographically throughout their lifetimes for the frequency of degenerative joint disease (djd). Clinical histories revealed no underlying cause for djd. The shoulder joints of a subgroup of 18 dogs were examined at necropsy, and thin sections of the joints were evaluated radiographically and histologically. Serial clinical radiographic studies indicated that normal shoulder joint development during the first year of life was followed by the appearance of subchondral bone sclerosis and bony remodeling of normal joint contour, and by the formation of periarticular osteophytes and enthesiophytes. All changes were progressive with age and typical for djd in dogs. Bilateral involvement was common. Evaluation of specimens obtained at necropsy revealed: articular cartilage change with roughening of the surface layer, degeneration and death of superficial chondrocytes, exposure of deeper layers of chondrocytes that had proliferated with fissuring of the damaged cartilage, total cartilage loss with polishing of the exposed subchondral bone, mixed patterns of subchondral bone sclerosis and osteoporosis, change in contour of the articular surfaces, and formation of periarticular osteophytes and enthesiophytes. Joint capsule thickening, synovitis, pannus formation, and synovial chondroma formation were observed. Because of the available clinical information, in addition to the typical changes of djd, it was thought that the changes were primary. Instability appeared to play a role in the pathogenesis of the joint disease described; however, it was not clear whether the instability caused abnormal forces on healthy cartilage or whether the primary cartilage wear caused the instability.
Pseudohyperkalemia in Akitas
Authors: Degen Melisa
Published: February 2025

Hyperkalemia was observed in a clinically normal Akita with normal ACTH stimulation test results, endogenous ACTH concentration, and SUN concentration. A diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia caused by red cell hemolysis was made by comparing plasma potassium content from hemolyzed and nonhemolyzed specimens. Red cell potassium content was measured in 8 Akitas and 6 non-Akita control dogs. Six of 8 Akitas had high erythrocyte potassium content relative to their plasma and to that of the control dogs. Five of eight Akitas had microcytosis. Plasma from affected dogs had high potassium content after being refrigerated in contact with red cells for 4 hours or more. The increase in plasma potassium content was progressive with prolonged contact with the red cells and was accompanied by a decrease in plasma sodium content.
Evaluation of some prognostic factors for advanced multicentric lymphosarcoma in the dog: 147 cases (1978-1981)
Authors: MacEwen E. Gregory , Hayes Audrey A. , Matus Robert E. , Kurzman Ilene
Published: February 2025

A total of 147 dogs treated with a combination of chemotherapy procedure (vincristine, l-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate) were evaluated for response to therapy and the influence of age, sex, clinical stage, and body weight to duration of response. Complete response was achieved in 113 dogs (77%), partial response in 26 dogs (17.7%), and no response in 8 dogs (5.4%). The median survival time for the dogs with complete and partial responses was 265 days. An analysis of factors associated with prognosis revealed that age, clinical stage, and body weight were not associated with response to therapy, whereas sex was. Females had a significantly prolonged remission and survival time (P = 0.0001).
Technique and postoperative management for successful cardiopulmonary bypass and open-heart surgery in dogs
Authors: Klement Petr , del Nido Pedro J. , Mickleborough Lynda , MacKay Cheryl , Klement Giannoula , Wilson Gregory J.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-six healthy mixed-breed dogs (25 to 35 kg) underwent hypothermic (27 C) cardiopulmonary bypass. The heart was arrested with cold (4 C) cardioplegic solution, and left ventriculostomy performed. Postoperative mortality was 11.5% (3/26). Two deaths were attributable to ventricular fibrillation the night after surgery, and one death 2 weeks later was the result of pulmonary embolization. All other dogs recovered promptly and were well at follow-up evaluation 6 weeks later.

The most important considerations were (1) the surgical approach, ie, combining left lateral thoracotomy with cannulation of the right atrium and left femoral artery for cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb) (avoiding median sternotomy and aortic arch perfusion), (2) the adherence to strict criteria for cpb perfusion, consisting of blood flow of at least 2.2 L/m2/min, pcv no less than 25%, gas flow through the oxygenator (97% O2, 3% CO2) of at least 3.5 L/min, maintenance of a mean arterial blood pressure > 60 mm of Hg, and heparinization to maintain activated clotting time over 480 seconds, (3) the use of dipyridamole infusion to preserve platelets during cpb, resulting in decreased postoperative blood loss and (4) the monitoring of cardiac, respiratory, renal, and neurologic functions before, during, and after the operation, with particular emphasis on fluid balance and electrolytes.

We concluded that a high success rate is possible for open-heart surgery in the dog requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, but only through meticulous surgical technique and the combined application of many monitoring techniques, with timely intervention to correct serious departures from homeostasis.
US market for food animal veterinary medical services
Authors: Wise J. Karl
Published: February 2025

American agribusiness is undergoing significant change and stress. In the future, agriculture faces continued instability and uncertainty because of ever-changing global economic conditions, rapid technological advances, increasing production efficiencies, shifts in demand for agricultural products, and a growing dependence of US producers on increasingly competitive world markets.

In order to better understand changes and trends facing food animal veterinarians, the AVMA's Executive Board at its March 1986 meeting approved a proposal from the Council on Public Relations for a study of the US food animal market for veterinary medical services.

The objectives of the study were to describe the current market for veterinary medical services, products, and information; determine and explain the demand for food animal veterinary services provided by private practicing veterinarians; and identify markets representing potential demand for which marketing strategies could be developed.
Evaluation of fenbendazole for larvacidal effect in experimentally induced Parascaris equorum infections in pony foals
Authors: Vandermyde C. R. , DiPietro J. A. , Todd K. S. , Lock T. F.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen pony foals were inoculated with 1,500 ± 298.7 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments included 10 mg of fenbendazole /kg given once on post-inoculation day (pid) 11, 10 mg of fenbendazole /kg given daily on pid 11 to 15, and no treatment (controls). The foals were euthanatized on pid 25 and examined for P equorum larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean numbers of P equorum larvae were found in the small intestine of foals treated on pid 11 to 15 (1.4 [range, 0 to 6]) than in the small intestine of foals treated on pid 11 (428.2 [range, 0 to 777]) and in controls (500 [range, 284 to 802]).
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of portacaval shunts in young dogs
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Konde Linda J. , Park Richard D. , Lebel Jack L.
Published: February 2025

Ultrasonography was performed on 21 young dogs with portacaval shunts. Initial ultrasonography revealed a small hypovascular liver in all dogs. Eight portacaval shunts (4 intrahepatic, 4 extrahepatic) were detected. Supplementary ultrasonography of dogs under general anesthesia and subjected to positive-pressure ventilation identified 6 additional intrahepatic portacaval shunts.
Hemolysis caused by phosphofructokinase deficiency in English Springer Spaniels: Seven cases (1983-1986)
Authors: Giger Urs , Harvey John W.
Published: February 2025

Seven English Springer Spaniels (6 adult males and 1 female) with chronic hemolysis and sporadic intravascular hemolytic crises were determined to have a deficiency in erythrocyte phosphofructokinase (pfk) activity, a key regulatory enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis. Intermittent severe pigmenturia concomitant with weakness, lethargy, and anorexia were the major clinical signs and commonly were related to exercise or other stressful situations that caused panting or barking (hyperventilation). Pale or icteric mucous membranes, fever, mild hepatosplenomegaly, and muscle wasting sometimes were evident. Results of routine laboratory testing indicated a persistent marked bilirubinuria and reticulocytosis with normal pcv, to severe anemia and intermittent hemoglobinuria and hyperkalemia.

Erythrocyte pfk activities were severely reduced to 8% to 22% of values for control dogs. The block of glycolysis at the pfk step caused a markedly diminished erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content, resulting in an increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and compensatory accelerated erythrocyte production. Phosphofructokinase-deficient erythrocytes had increased alkaline fragility in vitro and in vivo. Hemolytic crises were induced in vivo by hyperventilation that caused transient, mild alkalemia. Studies of family members of a pfk-deficient dog suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Carrier dogs with half-normal erythrocyte pfk activities appeared clinically normal.