bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating droughts in Central Asia based on several climate indices and climate factors
Authors: Latinovic Milena , Gafurov Abror
Published: September 2022

Droughts are one of the most severe natural hazards, causing extensive economical losses and often regional conflicts due to water scarcity. Central Asia is especially sensitive to droughts because the region heavily depends on water for hydropower and irrigation. The drought warning system is needed for water-related political discussions and decision-makers in the region to mitigate potential water governance and make action plans for agriculture depending on the water availability.

Central Asia has limited ground observations and additionally a lot of outdated measurement stations from the Soviet era, therefore the usage of remotely sensed data is beneficial in this region.

Here we use several drought indices to analyse historical droughts and possibly predict future droughts. Already developed indices such as Drought Severity Index (DSI) based on GRACE and GRACE-FO total water storage anomaly (TWSA) data and a widely used Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), based only on precipitation, were calculated. Additionally, other climate factors were investigated and their statistical relationship with DSI and SPI, such as groundwater and particularly, snow cover and snow water equivalent (SWE). We applied near real-time monthly TWSA data from GRACE/GRACE-FO and MSWEP (Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation). Daily snow cover data from MODIS was used and Copernicus products for groundwater and SWE.

In Central Asia, most of the water resources come from snow and glacier melt, coming from the Pamir, Tian Shan and Hindukush mountains, and the study was focused on assessing the snow cover and SWE in the winter months, particularly before the drought period. The goal was to understand and quantify the relationship between these climate factors and historical droughts based on DSI and SPI. Ultimately, the established relationship between climate factors and drought indices could provide an early warning for the upcoming arid and drought period. The obtained results show that drought conditions can be well identified using the remote sensing information in Central Asia.  The results also show that the region is experiencing more frequent drought conditions in the last 5 years.
Modelling of a strong flood event on the Mar Menor coastal lagoon with ROMS
Authors: López Castejón Francisco , Gilabert Cervera Javier , Alcaraz Oliver Nuria , Tudela Meroño Dionisio , Rodriguez de Mesas Carolina
Published: September 2022

The objective of the OPAL (ref: PID2019-110311RB-C22) project is to identify and assess the major pathways delivering nutrients, trace metals and pollutants originated from anthropogenic activities to coastal Mediterranean lagoons connected to intensively used aquifers and their consequences on the lagoon geochemical cycles. One of its goals is “To assess of the role of storms and episodic events in the input of nutrients, metals and pollutants”. Within this framework, the capability of the hydrodynamic model Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) to simulate fast increase of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon sea level due to extreme flood was tested. In September 2019 the stronger storm and flood registered in the Spanish Levantine area in 87 years occurred. In only 13 hours the sea level of the Mar Menor hypersaline lagoon of 135 Km2 increased 0.6 meters, thus creating a strong halocline due to the fresh water that entered from the floods. The sea level took near 7 days to restore. The morphology of the three outlets communicating the lagoon with the Mediterranean Sea determined their water flux going out the lagoon.

This kind of extreme events produces significant enhancements of the inputs of nutrients, metals and pollutants to the lagoon water column coming from an intensive agriculture watershed. To understand the hydrodynamics behind this phenomenon, the ROMS model was used to simulate this episode. Simulations were validated against sea level, salinity and temperature recorded in the water and included surface water inflow from the land, wet/dry areas, bidirectional nesting, water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea and air/water interaction. The result obtained show the robustness of ROMS simulating this kind of events with two layer halocline system formed due to the fresh water inflow from land in a hypersaline water mass.
Data rescue of reservoir management data on the example of Bleiloch Reservoir, Germany
Authors: Recknagel Thomas , Vuglinsky Valery , Fleischer Claudius
Published: September 2022

Reservoirs have a great influence on the flow regime of rivers. Time series of dam management can help to quantify this influence and attribute the causes of flow regime changes. Often, records of dam management in the 20th century are scattered across many different locations and are not available in digitized form. Using the example of the Bleilochtalsperre, the largest reservoir in Germany, we show how the digitization of handwritten records can be done efficiently by using contemporary tools and which conventions for data formats and metadata formats can be used. The practical example is intended to serve as a blueprint to support initiatives that increase the dataset of the International Data Centre on Hydrology of Lakes and Reservoirs (HYDROLARE), which is a WMO data center within the Global Terrestrial Network - Hydrology (GTN-H).
Ecohealth model for groundwater quality improvement on the coastal cities of Cotonou and Lomé in West Africa
Authors: Totin Vodounon Henri Sourou , Houédakor Koko Zébéto , Amoussou Ernest , Odoulami Léocadie , Makoutodé Codjo Abodourin Albert Patrick
Published: September 2022

The city of Cotonou (Benin) in the delta of the River Ouémé and the city of Lomé (Togo) closed to the River Zio and depending lagoons have hydrosystems include aquifers and urban ecology under pressure of annual floods and discharge. So, bad sanitation and hygiene, poor physicochemical and bacteriological groundwater quality and occurrence of health risks (malaria, gastroenteritis, diarrheal) are observed ecohydrological characteristics. Well water quality data, sanitation and hygiene related public health data linking to the flow data of referred rivers are used to highlight a complexity of the ecohydrological state of the cities. With regard to the global agenda 2030 specifically the SDG 3, 6 and 11, an ecohealth model was developed to contribute in improvement of well water quality and to promote sustainable healthy living in the study area. Elaborated ecohealth model supports pathways on how improved human health could be attained from better groundwater and waste management in the whole west African coastal cities. In Cotonou and Lomé, recurrent floods, controlled by hydrological variation on the depending river basin affects urban ecology and human settlements. The footprint of the interactions is deterioration of environment patterns, of groundwater quality and higher prevalence of waterborne diseases. Referring to knowledge on public health (current and expected status), the model ecohealth is generated by establishing a relationship between floods, aquifers (hydrosystem) and sanitation and hygiene systems (disposal). Given that the urban population faces problems of unsafe sanitation and hygiene, and well water quality degradation, adequate information-education-communication (IEC) for social change approach was used to help in adoption of socio-ecological sanitation systems for water security and its accessibility. Dry toilets, above ground and watertight pit latrines and polyethylene septic tanks are the proposed sanitation disposals. Effective implementation of developed ecohealth model could have great social impacts and help in sustainable well-being in the coastal West African cities.

Keywords: River delta, coastal city, groundwater quality, floods, ecohealth model 
GMS-SNOWMED: Linking scientific knowledge with society in an open global monitoring system of snow hydrology in Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Polo María José , Herrero Javier , Contreras Eva , Pimentel Rafael , Aguilar Cristina , Herrera Elena
Published: September 2022

Weather data are one of the most consumed daily information by society. In mountain areas in Mediterranean basins, besides the general interest, the occurrence and persistence of snow constitute a key issue for water management, since different accumulation-ablation cycles during the cold season largely influence the fluvial regime with strong differences on an annual basis.

The Global Monitoring System SNOWMED in Sierra Nevada is a web-based service that provides the general public with free quasi-real time snow-related information. Based on the distributed physically-based snow model, SNOWMED, a high resolution multiscale scheme developed to solve the energy and water balance equations in the snowpack in Mediterranean mountain areas, the GMS communicates with the weather network and updates the simulation by SNOWMED on a daily basis, and retrieves selected information from the observations and results that is presented in a readable and straightforward format. Besides static information on the location and characteristics of the network, the model, and the research work that feeds the service, the target variables provided are

Daily values of weather variables (tables, and last 10-day graphical display) and statistics (on-going month and hydrological year)

Access to real-time images by web cameras

Current water volume in the snowpack in contributing areas to selected control points, and over the whole area of Sierra Nevada (table) and SWE distribution (graph from 30x30 m simulated maps)

Snowmelt cumulative volume (last 24 hours) from the contributing areas to selected control points in the river network, and aggregated over the whole area of Sierra Nevada, and distributed snowmelt daily (last 24 hours) fluxes (graph from 30x30 m simulated maps)

Since 2017, beyond the increasing number of visitors, the Water Authorities in this area regularly use the information as an early-predictor of weekly inflows to reservoirs and the recession periods after peak accumulations of snow, and report situations when simulations do not adequately match the observed flows. GMS-SNOWMED has proven to be an efficient tool not only to share the research work carried out in this area with citizens, but also to foster two-way transfer of knowledge, in a clear example of open-science for society.
Investigation of the intercepting performance of urban trees at a rainfall event basis
Authors: Alivio Mark Bryan , Zabret Katarina , Šraj Mojca , Bezak Nejc
Published: September 2022

Despite the widespread concerns of increasing precipitation extremes caused by climate change, the application of urban trees as a nature-based solution against pluvial flooding are still often overlooked and undervalued due to its limited practical value in case of extreme rainfall occurrences. Hence, this study investigated the rainfall interception performance of open-grown birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees in an urban park of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Europe) on an event basis using disdrometer data. In addition, we closely analysed the rainfall microstructure under both types of trees during the extreme storm event on September 29, 2021 and compared it to average values from the past. During this single storm event with a cumulative rainfall of 87.6 mm within 7.6 hours, birch trees intercepted 19.5% of the gross rainfall, which is lower than its average interception of 35.9% during the period of 2014-2017. On the other hand, the canopy of pine trees was able to intercept 47.0% of rainfall – higher than its average retention capacity of 37.1% during extreme events in the past (>40 mm). The total number of raindrops recorded for this event under the birch tree crown is 362,556 with a largest diameter of 13 mm, where the throughfall from birch and pine trees constitute 75% and 53% of the rainfall, respectively. For small to moderate rainfall events that occurred from August to October 2021 with an average number of 167,329 raindrops, the amount of rainfall intercepted by birch and pine tree canopies corresponds to 23.8% and 55.7%, respectively. The results show that on an event basis, both types of trees perform effectively in intercepting low to medium magnitudes of precipitation. Results also reveal that pine trees can intercept substantially more rainfall even during the high-magnitude events, which emphasizes the importance of proper selection of trees species with higher rainfall interception capacity to leverage its benefits in an urban setting during extreme conditions.

Acknowledgments: Results are part of the CELSA project entitled “Interception experimentation and modelling for enhanced impact analysis of nature-based solution” and research programme P2-0180 supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS).
Strengthening water system research at the CGIAR to achieve a water and food secure world
Authors: Uhlenbrook Stefan , McCartney Matthew , Ringler Claudia , McDonnell Rachael , Smith Mark
Published: September 2022

The GGIAR is a global research for development partnership for a food secure future dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources including water. It comprises 13 Centers with a total of more than 10,000 staff members mainly working in the Global South. It developed the new CGIAR 2030 Research and Innovation strategy that redefined its mission and targets a systems transformation approach for food, land, and water systems. It is a major realignment of food system research that contributes to transformations to end hunger and malnutrition but also supports climate solutions, gender equality, job creation, prosperous livelihoods, opportunities for the youth, environmental health and biodiversity, and aims to develop effective solutions to achieve the SDGs.

Water will play a central role in this new strategy. This presentation will summarize key new research initiatives and their links to hydrological and water system sciences. It will discuss relevant research questions and outline possible solutions to achieve progress with the SDGs. Furthermore, ways to include the hydrological sciences community better in CGIAR research and to strengthen the links to intergovernmental programs will be suggested.
Impact of large-scale managed aquifer recharge in sustaining agricultural groundwater use: A case study of shallow hard-rock aquifer region of western India
Authors: Alam Mohammad Faiz , Pavelic Paul , Sikka Alok , Villholth Karen , Pande Saket
Published: September 2022

To mitigate groundwater depletion and enhance groundwater storage for irrigation, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is promoted globally. There has long been concern that MAR when applied in rural semi-arid areas underlain by hardrock aquifers, may not always be effective in terms of sustaining groundwater use and mitigating negative impacts of droughts. This paper presents a case study of a catchment underlain by shallow hardrock aquifer in the semi-arid western Indian state of Gujarat. Gujarat, impacted by widespread groundwater depletion, has invested heavily in MAR with an estimated ~ 100,000 structures installed (mostly check dams, CD) over the past two decades. The study estimated and compared the dynamics of increased recharge via CDs, irrigation demand and groundwater storage in the catchment. We find that the region underlain by hard rock aquifer has limited aquifer storage which is replenished and withdrawn annually, thus limiting the year-to-year buffer storage. Additionally, supply-demand feedback loops have led to significantly higher irrigation demand which has outstripped the increase in supply via CD recharge. This increase in demand along with overreliance on limited aquifer storage and low surface runoff in dry years (rainfall ~ 350-400 mm/year) means that CD capacity to enhance irrigation supply and mitigate negative impacts of drought is very restricted. On the contrary, this has increased vulnerability, with up to ~ 70 % of irrigation demands remaining unmet in dry years. This is symptomatic of sociohydrological phenomenon “reservoir effect” where overreliance on increased supply to reduce vulnerability has backfired. We also find that for good rainfall years, CDs do increase irrigation supply but that can only partially compensate for increased irrigation demand. This results in lower groundwater storage in period after the construction of CDs. The results call into question of the efficacy of MAR as a solution for enhancing groundwater storage and drought mitigation strategy in semi-arid regions underlain by hard rock. Our results show the limitation of technological solutions focusing on augmenting supply and calls for a realistic assessment of MAR explicitly accounting for coupled natural-human systems to reveal unintended and emergent dynamics that can lead to negative externalities and increased vulnerability.
Long-term satellite-derived observations unrevealed the spatio-temporal hydrological variations in the Congo River Basin
Authors: Kitambo Benjamin , Papa Fabrice , Paris Adrien , Tshimanga Raphael , Calmant Stéphane , Frappart Frédéric
Published: September 2022

Despite being the second-largest watershed with significant impacts on the global water cycle, the Congo River Basin’s (CRB) hydroclimatology remains among the least studied worldwide due to the insufficient in situ observations. To better characterize CRB surface hydrology and the variability of its different components at large scale, we jointly used a trove of large records of in situ and satellite-derived observations, specifically, Surface Water Level (SWL) from radar altimetry (a total of ~2,300 virtual stations) and Surface Water Extent (SWE) from the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellite (GIEMS) dataset. A good performance is found between SWL and in situ water height at different locations, with root mean square error varying from 10 cm for Sentinel-3A to 75 cm for European Remote Sensing-2.  The assessment of SWE also agreed relatively well over a ~25-year period with in situ discharge from sub-basin to basin scale. SWL annual amplitude exhibits large spatial variability across the basin, with Northern sub-basins varying more than 5 m while the central and the southern sub-basins vary in smaller proportions (1.5 to 4.5 m). Furthermore, SWL and SWE help capture the water travel time across the basin that varies from 0 to 3 months and the regional relative contribution to the flow at Brazzaville station characterized by a bimodal hydrological regime. Northern sub-basins and the cuvette centrale contribute much to the large peak in December-January while the southern sub-basins contribute to both peaks. We further combine these two datasets to estimate the quantity of the variability of Surface Water Storage (SWS) using two methods, one method used hypsometric curves approach combining topographic data and SWE, and the second method used SWL variation and SWE. SWS in rivers, lakes, floodplains, and wetlands of the CRB is estimated over the period 1992–2015. The CRB SWS shows an annual amplitude ranging between ~74 km3 and ~112 km3. Moreover, the combination of SWS and the annual variations of GRACE/GRACE-FO-derived terrestrial water storage permits us to estimate the long-term variation of groundwater storage. Our results provide a better understanding of the hydrological variables in the CRB and their link with climate.
On extreme rainfall scaling and stochastic storm transposition to enhance the design hydrographs definition and flash flood risk assessment
Authors: Lompi Marco , Caporali Enrica , Mediero Luis , Mazzanti Bernardo
Published: September 2022

Flash floods can be considered among the worst natural hazards that usually impact small river basins, often ungauged, characterized by few hours or less of response time to short and high-intensity rainfall events. The events are characterized by sudden, small-scale heavy rains and unpredictable peak discharges. In this context, the definition of design hyetographs and hydrographs, at the basis of flood risk assessment, is a paramount task, because of the great uncertainty with concern with ungauged river basins and the short time series. The definition of synthetic hyetographs based on past observed storm events, scaled and transposed, in order to improve the flash flood risk assessment is presented here. Particularly, the spatial distribution of past observed storm events is analyzed and the Areal Reduction Factors (ARFs), to scale the observed hyetographs, for different river basins extensions, are considered. The hyetographs of past observed storm events, scaled with the ARF according the sizes of the investigated river basins,  are then applied on different locations with a  Stochastic Storm Transposition and used as input of hydrological models. The entire methodology is applied to a set of river basins in Northern Tuscany (central Italy).  The Stochastic Storm Transposition involves resampling and transposing storm events to generate synthetic events from a collection of realistic events. The synthetic hyetographs obtained by the past events are tested on river basins with a similar rainfall statistical distribution of the place in which the events occur, i.e. over catchments that can statistically have similar events, avoiding unreal comparison with the design hydrographs. The derivation of synthetic hyetographs is made by scaling recent short duration events occurred in the area to identify if the design hydrographs commonly used in the region underestimate the flash flood risk. It is shown that peak discharges of short-duration events are usually greater than the design floods, of the small river basins with an area generally less than 30 km2.
Floods in Abidjan and global changes at the neighborhood level
Authors: Borrell Valerie , Kouacou Eugène , Abdoulaye Ahmat , Kouame Brice Konan , Zile Kouadio Alex , Paturel Jean-Emmanuel , Dje Bernard , Ogilvie Andrew , Servat Eric
Published: September 2022

In Africa, floods have become “classic” hazards (David, 2004) due to climate change. If this trend continues, modeling predicts that in 2050 West Africa will experience a warming of 0.5 to 2 ° C with dramatic consequences. Galloping and poorly regulated urbanization amplifies urban runoff, exposure of the most precarious habitats and modifies the water cycle through massive deforestation and the modification of the destination of associated land uses (Montanari et al. 2013) , (Jourdan, 2019). Over a million and a half people are affected each year in Africa by flooding following heavy rains. Over the period from 2009 to 2014, there were a total of 74 deaths caused by flooding in the District of Abidjan.

In the framework of operational and scientific research actions around the updating of hydrological standards in West Africa (ActNAO Project) funded by the Institute of Research for Development, the University of Montpellier and the UNESCO ICIREWARD center, and in response to the WMO call, we carried out a study the aim of which is to define a method for characterizing the hydrological response of the watersheds of Abidjan in the face of intense rain, interpreting the states of surface and d 'land use, applicable at the level of the municipality and the district, and adapted to the nature and availability of data. The impact of past and future climate and land uses changes are studied. Ultimately, this study should make it possible to determine the runoff scenarios under various constraints of global changes and the conditions of resilience of the territory.
Building confidence curves with classical change point tests
Authors: van Nooijen Ronald , Kolechkina Alla , Zhou Changrang
Published: September 2022

A necessary first step in any hydrological study is the analysis of the available measurements and in particular their relevance to the future behaviour of the system. Periodic variations and linear trends are of special interest. However, an abrupt change in the system and the statistical processes that affect the measurements will, if uncorrected, interfere with the analysis. Detecting abrupt changes in time  series is therefore of considerable importance. The classical tests are primarily intended to test the null hypothesis “There is no change point”. If there is a change point (CP), then the usual approach reuses the classical test results to find a location. Additional work is then needed to determine the uncertainty in the position.

In 2018 two new approaches to change point analysis were presented in the statistical literature. One approach uses a deviance function and the other uses homogeneity tests. Both approaches construct confidence sets for the change point location at all confidence levels.  An interesting aspect of these approaches is that they can produce confidence sets, not just confidence intervals. For example,  in a series of annual maxima two points separated by several years may be marked as potential CP at a given confidence level without marking the intervening years as possible CPs at that level. The approach using homogeneity tests was applied to  both synthetic time series and measurement time series. The results for synthetic time series provide information on the statistical properties of the approach for small samples.  The results for measurement time series are compared with the CPs found for these series in the literature.
Interception loss as an underestimated component of evapotranspiration modelling in a forested catchment
Authors: Lamacova Anna , Vlnas Radek , Kram Pavel
Published: September 2022

Norway spruce monoculture stands often represent a typical vegetation cover in Central Europe and these stands impact the hydrological pattern on a catchment scale significantly. The processes of canopy interception, throughfall, snowmelt and land surface evaporation represent an important part of the water cycle in forested catchments. This study uses a headwater catchment Lysina Critical Zone Observatory located in the western part of the Czech Republic. The catchment with a long-term monitoring (since 1989) has an area of 25 ha and vegetation cover is a Norway spruce (Picea abies) monoculture. We applied two versions of a deterministic, process oriented, lumped parameter hydrological model Brook90 that runs on daily time step. The original version and the upgraded version LWFBrook90R was fully transformed to R environment. Our primary focus was the ability of the models to capture the interception. Both model versions performed well on historic streamflow and in agreement with each other according to the catchment water budget. The annual interception on catchment was almost 30% (260 mm) of the open area precipitation in the period of 1994–2019, this was calculated based on precipitation collected on catchment in an open area (bulk precipitation) and under the forest canopy (throughfall) in monthly interval. Both model versions showed notably lower interception than observed. However, the LWFBrook90R performed much better with an interception of 15% compared to only 1% of interception in the original Brook90 version. The difference was in evapotranspiration components, especially transpiration, that compensated the lower interception loss compared to observed and thus the total evapotranspiration of LWFBrook90R and Brook90 did not differ notably. These preliminary results show a necessity to focus on better model parametrization in order to correctly capture complex hydrological processes such as interception loss in forested catchments.
Developing Non Stationary Frequency Relationships for Greater Pamba River basin, Kerala India incorporating dominant climatic precursors
Authors: Nair Arathy , Adarsh Sankaran , Meera G Mohan , Sreedevi Vi
Published: September 2022

Global climate changes significantly contribute to increased frequency of hydrologic extremes. This significantly underestimates the hydrologic design parameters, bringing of hydro systems to increased failure risk. In order to address this concern, the current practice of development of hydrologic frequency tools need to be updated accounting for non-stationarity. This study first considered a diverse set of statistical tests to examine the trend, change points, non-stationarity and randomness of streamflow, rainfall and temperature time series of scales ranging from daily to annual. The annual maxima time series indicted non stationarity against the stationary behaviour of daily series of hydro-meteorological datasets of the basin. Subsequently, this study developed the Temperature Duration Frequency (TDF), rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) and flood frequency (FF) curves of Greater Pamba river basin in Kerala India, the part of which was most severely affected by the near century return period flood event of 2018. The analysis was performed for a multitude of combinations of variations in distribution parameters with time and climatic drivers as physical covariates in the extreme value formulations. The study proposed a novel wavelet coherence (WC) based driver selection of most dominant combination of climatic precursors in developing FF and IDF relations of three locations of Kalloopara, Malakkara and Thumpamon and TDF curve of Kuttanad region in the basin, considering data of 1978-2015 period. The proposed WC framework considers bi-multi-and partial effects of climatic oscillations (COs) like ElNino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in identifying potential drivers. The different WC formulations captured in-phase relationships of streamflows and rainfall with COs at intra-annual, annual and inter annual scales upto 4 years. The methods showed that addition of climatic precursors improved the NS estimates of flood and rainfall quantiles by more accurately capturing the magnitudes of extreme streamflows and rainfalls of 2018, 2021 than the time covariate formulations. However, the role of COs on extreme temperature is not found to be influential in developing TDF relationships, which needs further investigation.
Climate change impact on flood events of Pungwe river basin
Authors: Mavaringana Moises , Gumindoga Webster , Kileshye Onema Jean-Marie , Makurira Hodson
Published: September 2022

Using the Mann-Kendal test, this study sought to analyse historical trends in hydro-meteorological variables and to establish future trends in selected variables. The study also sought to establish how climate change affects flood inundation extent for the Pungwe River Basin. The historical data was analysed to detect change-point using Pettitt, Standard Normal Homogeneity (SNH), Buishand range and Von Neumann tests. Climate ensembles of 10 Regional Climate Models (RCM’s) from the CORDEX project with RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 pathways were selected based on their documented performance on simulating temperature and rainfall in African basins. The historical rainfall and temperature time series and the downscaled climate data were input into the HBV model to generate streamflow for the period of 2022 to 2099. Flood extent for 50-, 100-and 1000-year return periods were predicted using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. At the annual time-step, a change-point was detected in 2000 and 2012 for Metuchira and Catandica rainfall stations respectively. The results of the Mann Kendall test for 1982 to 2020 indicated a statistically significant and increasing annual trend for 5 of the 9 stations, namely Pungwe Sul, Nhazonia, Catandica, Metuchira, and Pungwe Fronteira. By 2070, annual rainfall at all the 9 studied meteorological stations is predicted to reduce by a maximum of 68 % (22.04 mm/day), with increasing inter-annual variability across all the RCM’s. Temperature is expected to increase by up to 15 % (4.5 oC) over the same period. The HBV model shows good performance for the Gorongosa Ponte station during calibration and validation with Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency 89 and 83 %, respectively. By the 2040s, simulations from HBV revealed that the peak flows for the Pungwe River Basin  will vary from a maximum of about 120 % to a minimum of 57 % from the RCM’s. The analyses also show that by 2070 climate change may cause a minimum of 2784.4 km2  and a maximum of 8235.6 km2 in inundated areas for CanESM2 and CNRM-CM5 RCM’s, respectively. These results are essential for decision making on flood hazard mapping and early warning systems, prompting a pathway for sustainable development.
Impact of irrigation and reservoirs on the flow regime of small agricultural basins
Authors: Saracho Andrès , Navas Rafael , Gamazo Pablo , Alvareda Elena
Published: September 2022

There are multiple conflicts between agronomic uses and environmental conservation. On the one hand, is the environmental flow that must be respected after building hydraulic structures, as reservoirs. The water regulation of Uruguay establishes the environmental flow by the 60% of exceedance probability of monthly flows. On the other hand, there is a return flow on irrigation systems that are not considered by the current regulation. The objective of this work is to assess the water cycle of the catchment under different irrigation strategies. For this purpose, interactions between atmosphere, plant, water, and soil are quantified with the SWAT model. The model was implemented for an agricultural basin at the north of Uruguay (tala catchment, 120 km2). The main crops are rice, soybeans, and corn that are irrigated by pivots and border irrigation, where the water is conducted by long dug channels. The water source is a reservoir 1200 Hm3 constructed with an earth damn and placed over vertisols soils. The swat model was cross-validated with water volumes in the reservoir and streamflows on the outlet of the catchment. Results show the effect of return flow on the natural flow regime of the catchment. Outcomes of this work could support new policies and water regulations.
FEWS - Uruguay: A platform for Flood Early Warning System and water management
Authors: Gamazo Pablo , Failache Nicolás , Saracho Andrés , Bessone Lucas , Navas Rafael , Ramos Julián , Alvareda Elena , Talsma Jan , Valles Jose
Published: September 2022

Efficient water resources management requires robust platforms to manage the information related to water resources and support decision-making processes. These platforms must incorporate information on water uses, real-time hydrological and water quality data, and weather forecasts. In Uruguay, the Ministry of the Environment and the National Emergency System (SINAE), in collaboration with the University of the Republic and Deltares from the Netherlands, are developing a hydrological platform based on the Delft-FEWS system: FEWS-Uruguay. This work describes the development and implementation of hydrological flood early warning models for the cities of Durazno and Artigas. Flood forecasts are generated by assimilating real-time data from different telemetric networks, the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) model results, and running different hydrological models. The platform generates hydrographs and maps of flood zones that are used by the National Emergency System to coordinate actions to safeguard the physical integrity of the people who inhabit the affected areas. Currently, there is an ongoing project which adds to FEWS-Uruguay the Santa Lucía Basin, the most important freshwater body of Uruguay, which supplies drinking water for 60% of the population. This basin has had quality issues related to the intense agricultural activity carried out in it. In this work, we also present the main advances made related to the water quantity, quality, and management models implemented in FEWS-Uruguay.
مآلات الفراغ التنظيمي بالمغرب على مهنة ومهمة الأخصائي النفسي (دراسة مقارنة بين مهام الأخصائي النفسي والمستشار النفسي)
Authors:   دكتوراه في علم النفس المرضي والإكلينيكي، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية عين الشق جامعة الحسن الثاني، المملكة المغربية, محمد التومي
Published: September 2022

تناسلت عدد من العيادات المستشارين النفسانيين أو ما يشار عادة بالكوتش، وهذا الانتشار والتواجد، خلق لبسا عند العامة الناس في مهنة ومهمة وحدود تدخل المستشار النفسي (الكوتش). والذي غالبا ما لا يستطيع الفرد العادي التمييز بين اختصاصات ومؤهلات وكفاءات وحدود تدخل هذا الأخير، ومهام واختصاص كل من الأخصائي النفسي من جهة ومهام واختصاص أخصائي الأمراض النفسية والعقلية، ومن هنا تكمن أهمية هذا المقال، من أنه يحاول تسليط الضوء، وتبيان الفروق والوقوف عن الخصائص والمؤهلات العلمية والتكوينية عند كل من الأخصائي النفسي في مقابل المستشار النفسي، وقد تم اعتماد منهج الدراسة المقارنة بين الأخصائي النفسي بتعدد تكويناته واعتمادا على الدليل الأخلاقي المؤطر لعمله، والإطار القانوني والتمثيلي لغير من الأسس والنظم المتعارف عليها دوليا، في مقابل الالتباس الشامل في كلما ما يتعلق بالإطار التكويني والقانوني والتنظيمي وكذلك الأخلاقي والتأطيري لعمل المستشار النفسي، حاول هذا المقال الوقوف على المرجعيات النظرية والفلسفية والتنظيمية لعمل الأخصائي النفسي في مقابل تواجد إطار مرجعي مقاولاتي لا يخضع لتأطير أكاديمي أو قانوني واضح المعالم، لذلك يسعى هدا المقال للدفع برسم الحدود البينية والواضحة بين مهام وادوار وحدود تدخل كل من الأخصائي النفسي و كذلك المستشار النفسي، لغاية تحديد المسؤوليات والنتائج المترتبة عنه. وكذلك رغبة في تطور وإشعاع كل تخصص على حدة.
دراسة تحليلية لاتجاهات أبحاث تقنيات التعليم العربية خلال جائحة كورونا في الفترة من 2020 إلى 2021
Authors:   ماجستير التعليم الإلكتروني، كلية الدراسات العليا التربوية، جامعة الملك عبد العزيز، المملكة العربية السعودية, العسيري عائض , قران أحمد ,   أستاذ الدراسات العليا المساعد في تقنيات التعليم، كلية الدراسات العليا التربوية، جامعة الملك عبد العزيز، المملكة العربية السعودية
Published: September 2022

هدف البحث الحالي التعرف إلى اتجاهات مناهج البحث في أبحاث تقنيات التعليم العربية في ظل جائحة كورونا في الفترة من 2020 إلى 2021. كذلك التعرف إلى الأدوات المستخدمة ومجتمع وعينة أبحاث تقنيات التعليم العربية في ظل جائحة كورونا، كما هدف البحث الحالي الكشف عن أكثر تقنيات التعليم استخداماً في أبحاث تقنيات التعليم العربية وتحديد أكثر الدول العربية بحثاً في تقنيات التعليم في ظل جائحة كورونا في الفترة من 2020 إلى 2021. واستخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، بالأسلوب المسحي وتم اختيار الأبحاث العلمية المحكمة في قواعد المعلومات العربية (دار المنظومة) وذلك لوصفها أكبر قواعد المعلومات العربية التي تتضمن مجلات عربية محكمة لأكثر من دولة عربية، وتوصلت الدراسة في نتائج إلى أن أكبر نسبة حصلة عليها هي فئة (الأبحاث الوصفية التحليلية) بنسبة (71.79%)، بينما جاءت فئة الأبحاث التي طبقت المنهج التجريبي بنسبة (28.20%). وفي الأبحاث التي تم تحليلها وفق مجتمع وعينة البحث، أن أكبر نسبة حصلة عليها هي فئة (طلاب الجامعة) بنسبة (35.89%). كما بينت النتائج أن أكبر نسبة حصلة عليها هي فئة (أداة واحدة) بنسبة (89.74%)، وأن أكبر نسبة حصلة عليها هي فئة (الاستبيان) بنسبة (69.23%). كذلك أظهرت النتائج أن أكثر تقنيات التعليم استخداماً في أبحاث تقنيات التعليم العربية هي فئة (التعليم عن بعد) بنسبة (30.67%)، وأن أكثر الدول بحثاً في تقنيات التعليم في ظل جائحة كورونا هي المملكة العربية السعودية بنسبة بلغت (46.15%)، بينما كانت أقل الدول العربية هي الكويت والأردن بنسبة بلغت (2.56%). وفي ضوء هذه النتائج أوصى الباحث ضرورة توجيه الباحثين إلى الاهتمام بتقنيات التعليم المتوفرة والمستخدمة بالمؤسسات التعليمية لتنويع بحوث تقنيات التعليم، وتحقيق التوازن البحثي في تخصص تقنيات التعليم.
Tafonomia de restos de Anura (Amphibia) do Holoceno da Gruta Cuvieri, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Chahud Artur
Published: September 2022

A Gruta Cuvieri foi alvo de inúmeros trabalhos paleoambientais, paleontológicos, porém nenhum destacou os restos fósseis e subfósseis de Anura. Este trabalho reporta a ocorrência de partes ósseas de anuros do Holoceno. O material recuperado é constituído de ossos axiais e apendiculares de tamanhos e proporções diferenciadas, sugerindo a presença de diferentes espécies. Os espécimes foram observados em dois períodos, sendo que os mais antigos ocorrem no limite Pleistoceno-Holoceno e a grande maioria em camadas com idades inferiores a 6 mil anos AP (antes do presente). O período de ausência no registro coincide com o período conhecido com Archaic Gap em que houve baixa ou nenhuma ocupação humana em Lagoa Santa.
Strategi Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Madrasah melalui Total Quality Management (TQM) di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Wahid Hasyim Yogyakarta
Authors: Maghfiroh Lailatul
Published: September 2022

Abtrak : Konsep Total Quality Management (TQM) di MI Wahid Hasyim mempunyai karakteristik sebagai berikut: fokus pada pelanggan baik pelanggan internal maupun eksternal, memiliki obsesi yang tinggi terhadap kualitas, menggunakan pendekatan ilmiah dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pemecahan masalah, memiliki komitmen jangka panjang, membutuhkan kerjasama tim (teamwork), memperbaiki proses secara berkesinambungan, menyelenggarakan pendidikan dan pelatihan, memberikan kebebasan yang terkendali, memiliki kesatuan tujuan, dan adanya keterlibatan dan pemberdayaan SDM. Sedangkan pelaksanaan Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Terpadu di Madrasah meliputi Perencanaan Strategi Mutu (visi, misi, tujuan, strategi institusional jangka panjang, pengawasan dan evaluasi), peningkatan mutu proses (Kurikulum dan Proses pembelajaan), peningkatan mutu Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM), peningkatan mutu lingkungan, peningkatan mutu pelayanan, peningkatan mutu output.
Modernisasi Pendidikan Islam: Gagasan Alternatif Fazlur Rahman
Authors: Fazlurrahman Muhammad
Published: September 2022

Abstrak: Modernisasi pendidikan Islam terus saja dilakukan, namun upaya-upaya tersebut masih saja dihadapkan pada problem-problem yang tiada hentinya. Maka Fazlur Rahman, salah satu pemikir pendidikan Islam, berusaha untuk memperbaharui pendidikan Islam, mulai dari tujuannya sampai bagaimana langkah-langkah yang harus di ambil dalam rangka memajukan pendidikan Islam serta dapat bersaing. Rahman menawarkan tiga pendekatan pembaharuan pendidikan yang dilakukan pada waktu itu, yaitu pengislaman pendidikan sekuler modern, menyederhanakan silabus-silabus tradisional, dan menggabungkan cabang-cabang ilmu pengetahuan lama dengan cabang-cabang ilmu pengetahuan modern.
Aktualisasi Kurikulum Terintegrasi di SMA Trensains Tebuireng Jombang
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Fajri Wildanul
Published: September 2022

Pendidikan bermutu dihasilkan oleh proses yang bermutu. Melalui pembentukan/ pengembangan nilai-nilai karakter yang diinternalisasikan  menjadi pribadi yang unggul akan menghasilkan mutu lulusan yang unggul. Untuk menghasilkan mutu lulusan yang berkarakter unggul dibutuhkan desain kurikulum yang baik, baik perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan yang efektif terkait dengan kurikulum yang diterapkan pada lembaga yang dikelola
Pengambilan Keputusan (Decision Making) Untuk Total Quality Management In Education (TQME) di Tengah Tantangan Global
Authors: Futaqi Sauqi
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study discusses decision making used in the application of total quality management in Education (TQME). The decisions taken in TQME have different characteristics, because its priority is customer satisfaction. Therefore, decisions need to consider the global challenges, because it’s as well as sufficient influence customer needs and interests of educational services. The decision-making for TQME must consideration that is always be responsive and contextual appropriate with an indicator of customer satisfaction.
MANAJEMEN PEMBERDAYAAN GURU DALAM LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Sofandi Aris
Published: September 2022

Islamic Educational Institutions quality are related to its teachers’ quality. Qualified teacher will be able to help the institution to reach its vision. There are not a lot of good teachers. Therefore, the Islamic institution should apply teacher empowerment management system in order to increase the number of empowered and qualified teacher. Planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling are the main functions in management. Strategies to empower teacher are analysis and design of work, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, professional development, compensation, and work culture.
PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER ANAK MENURUT ABDULLAH NASHIH ULWAN
Authors: Hambal Muhammad
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study is to discuss the urgency of Islamic education for children and how the theory of character formation of children according to Abdullah Nashih Ulwan. This research is a qualitative study with the type of library research (library research), and the data analysis technique uses inductive and deductive. The findings of this study can be concluded: first, Islamic education is education oriented to the five pillars of religion, namely faith, etiquette, morals, worship, and muamalat. Two pillars are closely related to the afterlife, namely faith and worship. While the other three pillars are related to world affairs, namely morals, manners and muamalat. If you accept the pillars as intended in education, this education will give birth to people who have strong faith, truly worship, both moral and ethical, and are able to involve the community and be involved in life in accordance with the skills (expertise) they have. Second, the theory of the formation of children's characters in accordance with Ulwan began since the creation, and the formation of children's characters to become a being insan kamil (perfect human being) is not enough just to reform the morals, but must discuss some aspects of coaching, good faith education, religious education, moral education, scientific education, and physical education. Because humans are not only like walking objects, but humans consist of spirits and bodies. The morality that is seen is the fruit of the faith and spirituality that is in the soul and feelings. Likewise man was created not to live alone, but he is a social creature that lives and bermuamalah with others.
MANAJEMEN STRATEGI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN BUDAYA AKADEMIK MADRASAH MUALLIMIN
Authors: Prayoga Ari , Irawan Irawan
Published: September 2022

Academic culture that has not been implemented in accordance with the vision, mission and objectives of the madrasa includes students who are not present in the learning process because they play truant at class time, educators who also hold positions outside the madrasah as religious counselors, educators at the tsanawiyah madrasa levels, educators are not every day in school and only comes when they have class time, centralized administration in administration that doubles as an educator. This study aims to uncover the managerial strategies of madrasas in developing academic culture in accordance with the vision and mission of the institution. The method of research using descriptive qualitative intends to uncover the phenomena that occur in the muallimin madrasa. Data collection techniques with the study of interviews with the madrasa head, madrasa deputy head of the curriculum and educators, documentation studies relating to the academic culture of madrasas and madrasa environment observation. The results showed that; first, the vision and mission are formulated in accordance with national foundation and education guidelines; second, the strategic plan is divided into three namely short, medium and long; third, self-development includes three types, namely counseling, extracurricular and habituation; fourth, the foundation of organizational culture compilation namely socio-culture, juridical and Islamic; fifth, operational arrangements based on Islam, nationalism and culture.
PELANGGAN DAN KARAKTERISTIKNYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Irwasyah Irwasyah , Suradji Muchamad
Published: September 2022

The development of the world in this era of globalization requires a lot of changes to a national education system that is better and able to compete in a healthy manner in all fields. One way that the Indonesian nation must do so as not to be left behind with other countries is to improve the quality of its education first. And one of the efforts to improve the quality of education is by paying attention to Total Quality Management (TQM). The Total Quality Management System is a management strategy aimed at instilling quality awareness in all processes within the organization. It is hoped that Islamic education will implement the TQM concept that is appropriate and in accordance with the goals and philosophy of Islamic education to improve the quality of educational services with quality insight so that it will be able to survive in accordance with the needs of the community without losing the main goal of Islamic education.