bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ modulate the strength of signal and alter the outcomes of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CD152)–CD80/CD86 interactions in CD4+ T lymphocytes
Authors: Ahmed Asma , Mukherjee Sambuddho , Nandi Dipankar
Published: August 2008

The costimulatory receptors CD28 and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)‐4 and their ligands, CD80 and CD86, are expressed on T lymphocytes; however, their functional roles during T cell–T cell interactions are not well known. The consequences of blocking CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 interactions on purified mouse CD4+ T cells were studied in the context of the strength of signal (SOS). CD4+ T cells were activated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and different concentrations of a Ca2+ ionophore, Ionomycin (I), or a sarcoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor, Thapsigargin (TG). Increasing concentrations of I or TG increased the amount of interleukin (IL)‐2, reflecting the conversion of a low to a high SOS. During activation with PMA and low amounts of I, intracellular concentrations of calcium ([Ca2+]i) were greatly reduced upon CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 blockade. Further experiments demonstrated that CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 interactions reduced cell cycling upon activation with PMA and high amounts of I or TG (high SOS) but the opposite occurred with PMA and low amounts of I or TG (low SOS). These results were confirmed by surface T‐cell receptor (TCR)–CD3 signalling using a low SOS, for example soluble anti‐CD3, or a high SOS, for example plate‐bound anti‐CD3. Also, CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 interactions enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies with catalase revealed that H2O2 was required for IL‐2 production and cell cycle progression during activation with a low SOS. However, the high amounts of ROS produced during activation with a high SOS reduced cell cycle progression. Taken together, these results indicate that [Ca2+]i and ROS play important roles in the modulation of T‐cell responses by CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 interactions.
Effect of aqueous extract of Bulbine natalensis (Baker) stem on the sexual behaviour of male rats
Authors: Yakubu M. T. , Afolayan A. J.
Published: August 2008

The phytochemical constituents of aqueous extract of Bulbine natalensis (Baker) stem and its effect on male rat sexual behaviour were evaluated for 7 days. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, cardiac glycoside, tannins, alkaloids and anthraquinones. Administration of the extract at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight resulted in the significant increase (p < 0.05) in mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculatory latency, ejaculation frequency, serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations, computed indices of sexual behaviour, erection, quick flips, long flips and total penile reflexes whereas the mount latency, intromission latency and post‐ejaculatory interval were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) throughout the experimental period. The 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract produced contrasting pattern to the lower doses of the extract in all the parameters of sexual behaviour monitored throughout the experimental period. The results are indicative of prosexual stimulatory potentials of Bulbine natalensis in male rats. The aqueous extract of Bulbine natalensis stem at these doses (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) may be used in the management of disorders of desire/libido, premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction in males.
Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses
Authors: Moretti E. , Cosci I. , Spreafico A. , Serchi T. , Cuppone A. M. , Collodel G.
Published: August 2008

This study was aimed at investigating whether semen characteristics in different clinical diagnoses of infertility are associated with PMN elastase, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β and TNFα levels detected in seminal plasma. Sixty‐eight patients were divided into groups according to their clinical diagnosis: idiopathic infertility (group I), varicocele with infections (group II), varicocele (group III), infections (group IV), controls (group V). Physical examination and scrotal Eco‐color Doppler was used to detect the varicocele. Patients with positive bacteriological semen analysis were considered as having an infection of the male reproductive tract. Samples were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM data were quantified with a mathematical formula furnishing a fertility index and the percentage of sperm apoptosis, immaturity and necrosis. PMN elastase/α1‐PI complex levels were determined by ELISA and IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β, TNFα by Bio‐Plex Cytokine assay. Sperm concentration (I‐II: p < 0.005; III‐IV: p < 0.0001), motility (I‐IV: p < 0.0001) and the fertility index (I: p < 0.005; II‐IV: p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the groups vs. controls, whereas sperm pathologies, except for apoptosis, were significantly higher in group I and apoptosis and necrosis were higher in group III. An increase in immaturity (p < 0.005) with a decrease in necrosis (p < 0.005) were observed in group III vs. group IV. Significantly higher levels of inflammatory mediators were detected in groups III and IV vs. controls. Despite a broad relationship among different inflammatory mediators, no correlation was found among them and the semen parameters, including indices from TEM analysis. In conclusion, patients with idiopathic infertility showed altered semen quality and normal levels of inflammatory mediators. Genitourinary infection and varicocele induced an inflammatory effect which could play a detrimental role in spermatogenesis, revealed by a decrease in sperm motility and the fertility index, concomitant with an increase in immaturity mainly in varicocele and necrosis in infection.
Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease occurring during treatment with voriconazole
Authors: Kaul D.R. , Lowe L. , Visvesvara G.S. , Farmen S. , Khaled Y.A. , Yanik G.A.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: We report a case of disseminated infection with Acanthamoeba in a patient with graft‐versus‐host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The infection involved the brain, skin, and lungs and occurred despite treatment with voriconazole for mold prophylaxis, and did not respond to treatment with multiple other agents reported to have activity against Acanthamoeba. To our knowledge, infection with Acanthamoeba has been reported in 4 other patients after HSCT or bone marrow transplant, and our case is the first to be diagnosed ante‐mortem.
Clinical features and outcomes of Legionnaires' disease in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Gudiol C. , Garcia‐Vidal C. , Fernández‐Sabé N. , Verdaguer R. , Lladó L. , Roca J. , Gil‐Vernet S. , Carratalà J.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: We identified 14 cases of Legionnaires' disease occurring in 2946 solid organ transplant recipients from 1985 to 2007. Most cases were sporadic and community acquired. The recent introduction of the urinary antigen test has accelerated diagnosis and allows prompt institution of adequate therapy. The overall mortality rate in our series was 14.3%.
Transmission of Babesia microti by blood transfusion in Texas
Authors: Cangelosi J. J. , Sarvat B. , Sarria J. C. , Herwaldt B. L. , Indrikovs A. J.
Published: August 2008

In the USA, seasonal tickborne transmission of Babesia microti occurs in the Northeast and upper Midwest. A resident of Texas became infected through a red blood cell transfusion from an asymptomatic local donor who had summered in Massachusetts. The patient's infection was diagnosed by blood smear examination in January, 7 weeks post‐transfusion. He died 1 week later from variceal haemorrhage complicated by haemolysis. Premortem patient specimens and archived blood from the donor unit tested positive for B. microti antibodies and DNA. Babesiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of post‐transfusion haemolytic anaemia or thrombocytopenia, regardless of the geographical region or season.
Emission of alarm pheromone by non‐preyed aphid colonies
Authors: Almohamad R. , Verheggen F. J. , Francis F. , Lognay G. , Haubruge E.
Published: August 2008

The sesquiterpene (E)‐β‐farnesene (Eβf) is the primary component of the alarm pheromone of most aphid species. It is released in response to physical stress including attack by natural enemies and causes aphids to cease feeding and disperse. Eβf also acts as a kairomonal cue for aphid natural enemies. In this study, we collected the headspace volatiles released by aphid colonies of different sizes. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of Eβf in the absence of predator attack. A quadratic relationship was found between the released (E)‐β‐farnesene amounts and aphid colony size. Behavioural impact of aphid alarm pheromone towards Episyrphus balteatus female oviposition behaviour was also demonstrated in this work. These results highlight the primary role of the small but continuous release of aphid alarm pheromone in mechanisms of decision‐making by aphid predators during their foraging and egg‐laying behaviour.
Meningeal alveolar soft part sarcoma confirmed by characteristic ASPCR1‐TFE3 fusion
Authors: Bodi Istvan , Gonzalez David , Epaliyange Prasanna , Gullan Richard , Fisher Cyril
Published: August 2008

Sarcoma metastatic to the brain is uncommon and rarely occurs as the initial manifestation of tumor. Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare but well‐studied subtype of sarcoma. A 39‐year‐old man presented with seizures due to a left temporal meningeal‐enhancing lesion with striking brain edema on MRI. The patient underwent neurosurgical resection for suspected meningioma. Histology showed large tumor cells clustering and forming small nests, in places with pseudoalveolar pattern. Diastase‐resistant periodic acid‐Schiff revealed very rare granular and rod‐like cytoplasmic inclusions. Immunohistochemistry showed convincing positivity only with vimentin and smooth muscle actin. The histological features were strongly suggestive of ASPS. At the molecular level RT‐PCR and sequencing analysis demonstrated ASPCR1‐TFE3 fusion confirming the histological diagnosis of ASPS. There was no evidence of primary extracranial tumor by physical examination and on chest and abdominal CT scan 11 months after presentation. ASPS typically arise from the soft tissues of the extremities and develop multiple metastatic deposits usually with a long clinical course. This case may represent primary meningeal ASPS although metastatic deposit from an undiscovered primary site cannot be entirely excluded.
COMPARATIVE ISSUES IN AVIATION AND SURGICAL CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: (1) ARE WE TOO SOLUTION FOCUSED?
Authors: Hunt Graham J. F , Callaghan Kathleen S. N
Published: August 2008

Although the published work in health care increasingly promotes aviation as a high‐reliability industry to be emulated, there is little empirical research to justify equating the dynamics of health care’s operating environment with that of aviation. This article examines some of the potential key areas of difference between the two professional groups with respect to crew resource management. The risks of implementing crew resource management training in health care without an evidential basis are discussed.
IN‐HOSPITAL MORTALITY OF RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM*
Authors: Grant Mark W. , Thomson Ian A. , VanRij Andre M.
Published: August 2008

Background:  New Zealand, like Australia, has a widely dispersed population in towns at long distances from the main centres. We set out to estimate the in‐hospital mortality rate for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in New Zealand and identify factors associated with mortality.

Methods:  Data were gathered prospectively as part of the Vascular Society of New Zealand’s continuous audit programme of all member surgeons. Data collection was validated by random record audit. In‐hospital mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, defined as death during hospital admission irrespective of cause, was determined for the period 1993–2005. Along with other performance indicators, differences in outcomes were assessed to take into account the trend over the time period, hospital size and number of non‐operative admissions.

Results:  Of the 740 patients admitted with a mean age of 73.9 ± 8.5 years, 78% were men and 17.8% were declined an operation. The in‐hospital mortality was 48.3% and the operative mortality was 37.8%. With univariate analysis increasing patient age, American Society of Anesthesiology score, hospital size and female sex were predictors of in‐hospital mortality. Only age and American Society of Anesthesiology score were independent predictors of operative mortality. Women were less likely to have surgery.

Conclusion:  Over the past 13 years in‐hospital mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in New Zealand remained unchanged. In provincial hospitals the operative outcomes were satisfactory, but the reported number not offered surgery was higher.
Pathological tumour diameter predicts risk of conventional subtype in small renal cortical tumours
Authors: Laudano Melissa A. , Klafter Farrah E. , Katz Mark , McCann Tara R. , Desai Manisha , Benson Mitchell C. , McKiernan James M.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether pathological tumour diameter assists in predicting conventional vs other histological subtypes in renal cortical tumours (RCTs) of ≤4 cm diameter.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 393 patients from Columbia University’s Comprehensive Urologic Oncology Database who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy between 1988 and 2005 and had RCTs of ≤4 cm were analysed. Logistic regression analysis using tumour diameter as a continuous variable was used to determine whether size predicted histological subtype. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to estimate the likelihood of having conventional histology based on diameter.

RESULTS

The median patient age at surgery was 64.3 years and median tumour diameter was 3 cm, In all, 256 (65.1%) of the RCTs were conventional subtype and 137 (34.9%) were nonconventional. Logistic regression analysis showed that for every 1 cm increase in diameter up to 4 cm, the RCT was 1.27 times more likely to be conventional (P = 0.020). The ORs showed that a 4‐cm RCT was 2.06 times more likely to be conventional than tumours of 0.6–1.5 cm.

CONCLUSION

There was a positive association between RCT diameter and the risk of having conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Given that RCC histological subtype is a prognostic indicator for outcome, these findings may be applied in the selection of treatment options. Further studies investigating tumour size and other variables predictive of tumour histology will help clinicians better predict the RCC subtype.
Prostate‐specific antigen testing and prostate biopsy: are self‐reported lower urinary tract symptoms and health‐related quality of life associated with the decision to undergo these investigations?
Authors: Avery Kerry N.L. , Metcalfe Chris , Blazeby Jane M. , Lane J. Athene , Neal David E. , Hamdy Freddie C. , Donovan Jenny L.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether men’s self‐reported health‐related quality of life and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are associated with acceptance of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing and subsequent prostate biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a prospective questionnaire study of men aged 50–69 years, nested within the primary‐care‐based Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment study in nine UK areas, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 12‐item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐12) and a self‐reported LUTS measure (ICSmaleSF) were completed immediately before having a PSA test or prostate biopsy, or after not responding to an invitation for a PSA test or refusing a biopsy. Analyses compared 348 men accepting or 232 not responding to invitations for PSA testing and 318 accepting or 48 refusing a prostate biopsy.

RESULTS

Men accepting or not responding to the invitation for a PSA test had similar HADS, SF‐12 and LUTS scores. Men accepting a biopsy had similar HADS and SF‐12 scores to those refusing biopsy, but significantly more LUTS (P < 0.01 for hesitancy, reduced stream, intermittency, incomplete emptying, frequency during the day).

CONCLUSION

Depressed or anxious mood, comorbidity and LUTS were not associated with the decision to respond to invitations for a PSA test. Men agreeing to a biopsy were more likely to have LUTS than those refusing, suggesting that men believe that LUTS are a symptom of prostate cancer. Men needing a prostate biopsy require more information about LUTS so that they can make informed choices about testing for prostate cancer.
The continent, catheterizable abdominal conduit in adult urological practice
Authors: Gowda Basavaraj D.R. , Agrawal Vineet , Harrison Simon C.W.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report a large, single‐centre experience with a continent, catheterizable abdominal conduit in adult patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the case notes of all 65 patients who had surgery to create a continent catheterizable conduit based on the Mitrofanoff principle. Operations were carried out over a 13‐year period. Data on surgical procedure, complications and final outcome were collected and analysed.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 38.4 years and mean follow‐up interval was 75.2 months. Patients with neuropathic lower urinary tracts accounted for the largest single indication for reconstruction (36 patients). The appendix was the conduit of choice and was available and suitable for use in 37 patients. There were 57 patients who continued to use their native bladder or had undergone an augmentation or substitution cystoplasty; 24.5% of these 57 individuals had also undergone closure of the bladder neck or urethra. There were postoperative complications requiring laparotomy in five (8%) patients. In all, 30 patients (46%) had catheterization problems, but most of these were easy to treat. Five patients (8%) had an incontinent conduit which was a more difficult problem to deal with. Two patients have died of unrelated cause and five patients have been converted to an ileal conduit. In all, 58 patients (92%) now have a Mitrofanoff conduit, of which 97% are catheterizable and 95% are continent.

CONCLUSIONS

Continent urinary diversion, based on the Mitrofanoff principle, has similar outcomes in adult urological practice to those described in published paediatric case series. There is good evidence to suggest that Mitrofanoff conduits are durable. However, patients should be aware of complications and the need for long‐term follow‐up.
Lower urinary tract phenotype of experimental autoimmune cystitis in mouse: a potential animal model for interstitial cystitis
Authors: Lin Yi‐Hao , Liu Guiming , Kavran Michael , Altuntas Cengiz Z. , Gasbarro Gregory , Tuohy Vincent K. , Daneshgari Firouz
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To examine bladder function in a newly developed experimental autoimmune cystitis (EAC) model in female SWXJ strain mice, as a potential animal model for interstitial cystitis (IC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 20 SWXJ female mice were divided into two groups: an EAC group immunized with mouse bladder homogenate in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and a control group immunized with CFA alone. At 4 months after injection, the bladder function of some mice (six) was studied with 24‐h micturition habits using metabolic cages and conscious cystometrography (CMG). The bladder and lung were harvested for histological examination and to assess interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) mRNA expression.

RESULTS

Histology examination showed obviously thickened lamina propria, infiltration of lymphocytes, giant cells, and increased mast cells in the detrusor muscle of the EAC mice. The lungs of EAC mice showed normal histology. The IFN‐γ mRNA expression increased significantly in the bladder, but not in the lung of the EAC mice. The 24‐h micturition habits measurements showed increased frequency of urination in the EAC mice compared with the controls. Similarly, CMG showed decreased intercontraction intervals and voided volumes per micturition in the EAC mice compared with the controls. However, there were no significant differences in peak voiding pressure or total voiding volume between the EAC and control mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our murine EAC model has comparable functional and histological alterations to those seen in human IC, and may provide a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of IC.
Effect of firing rate on the performance of shock wave lithotriptors
Authors: Pishchalnikov Yuri A. , McAteer James A. , Williams Jr James C.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To determine the mechanism that underlies the effect of shock wave (SW) rate on the performance of clinical lithotripters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effect of firing rate on the pressure characteristics of SWs was assessed using a fibre‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH 500, RP Acoustics, Leutenbach, Germany). Shock waves were fired at slow (5–27 SW/min) and fast (100–120 SW/min) rates using a conventional high‐pressure lithotriptor (DoLi‐50, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kennesaw, GA, USA), and a new low‐pressure lithotriptor (XX‐ES, Xi Xin Medical Instruments Co. Ltd, Suzhou, PRC). A digital camcorder (HDR‐HC3, Sony, Japan) was used to record cavitation fields, and an ultrafast multiframe high‐speed camera (Imacon 200, DRS Data & Imaging Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ, USA) was used to follow the evolution of bubbles throughout the cavitation cycle.

RESULTS

Firing rate had little effect on the leading positive‐pressure phase of the SWs with the DoLi lithotriptor. A slight reduction (≈7%) of peak positive pressure (P+) was detected only in the very dense cavitation fields (≈1000 bubbles/cm3) generated at the fastest firing rate (120 SW/min) in nondegassed water. The negative pressure of the SWs, on the other hand, was dramatically affected by firing rate. At 120 SW/min the peak negative pressure was reduced by ≈84%, the duration and area of the negative pressure component was reduced by ≈80% and ≈98%, respectively, and the energy density of negative pressure was reduced by >99%. Whereas cavitation bubbles proliferated at fast firing rates, HS‐camera images showed the bubbles that persisted between SWs were very small (<10 µm). Similar results were obtained with the XX‐ES lithotriptor but only after recognizing a rate‐dependent charging artefact with that machine.

CONCLUSION

Increasing the firing rate of a lithotriptor can dramatically reduce the negative pressure component of the SWs, while the positive pressure remains virtually unaffected. Cavitation increases as the firing rate is increased but as the bubbles collapse, they break into numerous microbubbles that, because of their very small size, do not pose a barrier to the leading positive pressure of the next SW. These findings begin to explain why stone breakage in SWL becomes less efficient as the firing rate is increased.
Penile fracture: preoperative evaluation and surgical technique for optimal patient outcome
Authors: Kamdar Ciamack , Mooppan Unni M.M. , Kim Hong , Gulmi Frederick A.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To review the preoperative diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment of penile fracture, as the condition is a urological emergency that requires immediate surgical exploration and repair.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between January 2003 and October 2007 eight patients presented to the emergency department with penile fracture after sexual intercourse. The clinical presentation, preoperative evaluation and imaging, surgical technique, and postoperative care were assessed to determine the optimal patient outcome.

RESULTS

Seven of the eight patients were treated surgically and one refused surgical intervention. Four cases involved unilateral corporal injury, two involved unilateral corporal injury with an associated urethral injury, and one involved bilateral corporal injury with an associated urethral injury. Although retrograde urethrogram were taken of all three urethral injuries, none of them revealed the injury. Diagnostic cavernosography or magnetic resonance imaging were not used in any of the patients. No complications occurred in the patients treated surgically.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative imaging should not delay surgical repair. If an associated urethral injury is suspected, flexible cystoscopy is recommended in the operating room, as opposed to a retrograde urethrogram. A subcoronal circumcising incision is recommended to deglove the entire penile shaft and have complete access to all three corporal bodies, as well as the neurovascular bundle. Saline mixed with indigo carmine can be injected both into the corpora cavernosum or corpus spongiosum via the glans penis, after a tourniquet is placed at the base of the penis, to evaluate the surgical repair and to determine if there are any missed injuries.
Histopathological characteristics of lymph node metastases predict cancer‐specific survival in node‐positive prostate cancer
Authors: Boormans Joost L. , Wildhagen Mark F. , Bangma Chris H. , Verhagen Paul C. , Van Leenders Geert J.
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To correlate the histopathological characteristics of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer with cancer‐specific survival (CSS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The histopathological slides from 142 patients who had had a pelvic lymph node dissection for node‐positive prostate cancer were reviewed. For each patient we recorded the number of lymph nodes removed, the number of positive nodes, the diameter of the largest metastasis and extranodal extension (ENE). The lymph node metastases were graded according to the Gleason system. These variables were correlated with CSS.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 62.4 years and the mean preoperative prostate‐specific antigen level was 40.2 ng/mL. The median follow‐up was 77.5 months, and the median overall and CSS were 91 and 112 months, respectively. On univariable analysis the following variables correlated with poor CSS: a nodal Gleason score of >7 (hazard ratio 2.4, P < 0.001), a diameter of the largest metastasis of >3 mm (2.2, P = 0.025), more than two lymph node metastases (2.0, P = 0.003), and ENE in more than one lymph node (1.9, P = 0.014). Multivariable analysis showed only the nodal Gleason score and the diameter of the largest metastasis to be independent predictors of CSS (1.8, P = 0.021, and 2.2, P = 0.046, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The histopathological characteristics of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer have predictive value for the clinical outcome. The nodal Gleason score and the diameter of the largest metastasis are independent predictors of survival.
Rolipram, a specific type‐4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibits cyclophosphamide‐induced haemorrhagic cystitis in rats
Authors: Sakura Mizuaki , Masuda Hitoshi , Matsuoka Yoh , Yokoyama Minato , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the protective roles of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor in cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced haemorrhagic cystitis, as the PDE4 inhibitor has anti‐inflammatory effects but its characterization is still unknown in urinary tract diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In female Sprague‐Dawley rats, CYP was administered intraperitoneally and bladders were harvested 24 h after CYP injection. In another group, rolipram as a PDE4 inhibitor was administered before CYP treatment. The effects and mechanisms of CYP with/without rolipram pretreatment were evaluated by microscopic features, bladder wet weight, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitric oxide (NO)‐metabolite production and expression levels of inflammation‐related genes.

RESULTS

CYP injection resulted in severe cystitis. Pretreatment with rolipram significantly reduced the increase in bladder wet weight and MPO activity, and ameliorated histological inflammatory changes caused by CYP. The levels of inflammation‐related transcripts including inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α, induced by CYP, were down‐regulated significantly by pretreatment with rolipram. Also, rolipram reduced the NO‐metabolite production and iNOS protein expression in the immunohistochemical examination.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that rolipram can attenuate the development of CYP‐induced cystitis in rats by suppressing cytokine production and iNOS induction. Thus, treatment with PDE4 inhibitor has potential clinical implications of the prevention of bladder inflammatory diseases.
The oncological results of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer are equal to those of open nephroureterectomy
Authors: Waldert Matthias , Remzi Mesut , Klingler Hans Christoph , Mueller Lukas , Marberger Michael
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE

To compare the overall, tumour‐specific, recurrence‐free, and progression‐ free survival of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT‐TCC) treated with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) or standard open NU (ONU).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Clinical, pathological and follow‐up data were analysed for 43 LNUs and 59 ONUs performed at our institution from 1999 to 2006. In LNU the kidney was removed laparoscopically as in radical nephrectomy, but without transecting the ureter. The specimen was then removed intact with the entire ureter and a bladder cuff through a nonmuscle‐splitting supra‐inguinal incision. ONU was performed through separate intercostal and supra‐inguinal incisions with the entire specimen being removed intact with a bladder cuff through the latter.

RESULTS

The mean (sd) follow‐up was 41 (20) months for LNU and 41 (29) for ONU. Pathological staging was: pTa 26% vs 20%, pT1 21% vs 27%, pT2 12% vs 17%, pT3 42% vs 34% for LNU and ONU, respectively. In all, seven vs six patients had positive nodes on final histology. Recurrent tumours in the bladder were detected in 26% of patients after LNU and in 27% after ONU after the mean follow‐up. There were no local recurrences after LNU but there was local recurrence in six patients after ONU. There were no port‐site metastases during the follow‐up. Five LNU patients and seven ONU patients developed distant or lymph node metastasis. The actuarial 5‐year tumour free‐survival rate was 79% in the LNU group vs 76% in the ONU group (P = 0.82). The actuarial disease‐specific survival at 5‐years was 85% for LNU and 80% for ONU patients (P = 0.62). The surgical approach did not influence recurrence or survival.

CONCLUSION

Oncological results of LNU and ONU are comparable. The lower morbidity of LNU offers advantages for the patient.
Flagship regeneration project as a tool for post‐disaster recovery planning: the Zeytinburnu case
Authors: Ozcevik Ozlem , Turk Sence , Tas Elcin , Yaman Hakan , Beygo Cem
Published: August 2008

Sustainable redevelopment following disasters has been a main policy objective of post‐disaster recovery efforts over the past few decades. Yet, nine years after the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey, the redevelopment of risky housing areas is still a point of debate on the urban planning and disaster mitigation agenda. However, planning studies on mildly and moderately damaged areas located in the centre of Istanbul are ongoing. This article presents the evidence of a pilot project undertaken by Zeytinburnu Municipality, Istanbul, four years after the Marmara earthquake.2 The aim is to generate a debate on the preconditions required for a sustainable urban regeneration approach in the post‐disaster recovery phase. The results of the pilot project underline the importance of capacity building in sustaining social capital, strengthening the legal framework, restructuring planning regulations, and managing the housing redevelopment process by taking advantage of a window of opportunity afforded by the disaster recovery period.
The importance of mangrove forest in tsunami disaster mitigation
Authors: Osti Rabindra , Tanaka Shigenobu , Tokioka Toshikazu
Published: August 2008

Tsunamis and storm surges have killed more than one million people and some three billion people currently live with a high risk of these disasters, which are becoming more frequent and devastating worldwide. Effective mitigation of such disasters is possible via healthy coastal forests, which can reduce the energy of tsunamis. In recent years, these natural barriers have declined due to adverse human and natural activities. In the past 20 years, the world has lost almost 50 per cent of its mangrove forests, making them one of the most endangered landscapes. It is essential to recover them and to use them as a shield against a tsunami and as a resource to secure optimal socio‐economic, ecological and environmental benefits. This paper examines the emerging scenario facing mangrove forests, discusses protection from tsunamis, and proposes a way to improve the current situation. We hope that practical tips will help communities and agencies to work collectively to achieve a common goal.
The Missing Piece of the Lisbon Jigsaw: Is the Open Method of Coordination Effective in Relation to the European Research Area?
Authors: Morano‐Foadi Sonia
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  In the light of the subsidiarity principle, this article discusses the Community competence in relation to the ‘European Research Area’. As such it responds directly to the question of whether the European commitment to consider research as one of the new emerging priorities of the EU, is reflected in the Member States domestic research policies. To this aim, the article outlines the Community policy to enhance European competitiveness and the goals set in the Lisbon Declaration (March 2000) and reaffirmed in the Barcelona Declaration (March 2002) shaping the European Research Area. It then goes on to investigate whether the Lisbon and Barcelona agenda targets on competitiveness are likely to be met at European level. The functioning and effectiveness of the Open Method of Co‐ordination are examined as a tool to maximise synergies between national and community research and technological development activities. The article, using the Italian research policy as a case study, claims there are some inconsistencies between the Italian and the EU policies on research and technological development and transfer of best practice.
Low risk of melanoma in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Synnerstad I , Fredrikson M , Ternesten‐Bratel A , Rosdahl I
Published: August 2008

Background  There is a possible association between atopy and cancer based on the concept of atopic diseases as a hyper‐reactive state of the immune system. Melanoma is an immunogenic tumour, and since patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are subjected to local and systemic immunosuppressives, it would be expected to find an influence of AD on the melanoma risk. There is a positive correlation between the number of naevi and melanoma risk, and children and adults with AD have fewer naevi than controls although many patients receive ultraviolet treatment.

Objective  This study aims to investigate the melanoma risk in a retrospective cohort of AD patients compared with the population.

Study design  6280 AD patients born 1935–1979 visited five Dermatology clinics during 1986–2004. Mean follow‐up time was 36.7 years (SD 6.9) corresponding to 230 742 person‐years at risk. The cohort file was linked to the National Cancer register.

Results  Six AD patients with melanoma were identified, and the Poisson regression analysis adjusted for age group, sex and year resulted in an incidence rate ratio of 0.49 (95% confidence interval: 0.27–1.35, P = 0.08) for the AD group compared with the total population in the region.

Conclusion  A low risk to develop melanoma was found in AD patients. However, the results must be interpreted with caution since the small number of expected cases of melanoma makes the risk estimate sensitive to chance effects. We hypothesize that formation of naevi and progression to melanoma is counteracted by the inflammatory process in the skin of AD patients.
The Developmental Basis of Skeletal Cell Differentiation and the Molecular Basis of Major Skeletal Defects
Authors: Blair Harry C. , Zaidi Mone , Huang Christopher L.‐H. , Sun Li
Published: August 2008

Vertebrate skeletal differentiation retains elements from simpler phyla, and reflects the differentiation of supporting tissues programmed by primary embryonic development. This developmental scheme is driven by homeotic genes expressed in sequence, with subdivision of skeletal primordia driven by a combination of seven transmembrane‐pass receptors responding to Wnt‐family signals, and by bone morphogenetic family signals that define borders of individual bones. In sea‐dwelling vertebrates, an essentially complete form of the skeleton adapted by the land‐living vertebrates develops in cartilage, based on type II collagen and hydrophilic proteoglycans. In bony fishes, this skeleton is mineralized to form a solid bony skeleton. In the land‐living vertebrates, most of the skeleton is replaced by an advanced vascular mineralized skeleton based on type I collagen, which reduces skeletal mass while facilitating use of skeletal mineral for metabolic homeostasis. Regulation of the mammalian skeleton, in this context, reflects practical adaptations to the needs for life on land that are related to ancestral developmental signals. This regulation includes central nervous system regulation that integrates bone turnover with overall metabolism. Recent work on skeletal development, in addition, demonstrates molecular mechanisms that cause developmental bone diseases.
Critical role of acrolein in secondary injury following ex vivo spinal cord trauma
Authors: Hamann Kristin , Durkes Abigail , Ouyang Hui , Uchida Koji , Pond Amber , Shi Riyi
Published: August 2008

The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the initial, primary injury followed by secondary injury processes in which oxidative stress is a critical component. Secondary injury processes not only exacerbate pathology at the site of primary injury, but also result in spreading of injuries to the adjacent, otherwise healthy tissue. The lipid peroxidation byproduct acrolein has been implicated as one potential mediator of secondary injury. To further and rigorously elucidate the role of acrolein in secondary injury, a unique ex vivo model is utilized to isolate the detrimental effects of mechanical injury from toxins such as acrolein that are produced endogenously following SCI. We demonstrate that (i) acrolein–Lys adducts are capable of diffusing from compressed tissue to adjacent, otherwise uninjured tissue; (ii) secondary injury by itself produces significant membrane damage and increased superoxide production; and (iii) these injuries are significantly attenuated by the acrolein scavenger hydralazine. Furthermore, hydralazine treatment results in significantly less membrane damage 2 h following compression injury, but not immediately after. These findings support our hypothesis that, following SCI, acrolein is increased to pathologic concentrations, contributes significantly to secondary injury, and thus represents a novel target for scavenging to promote improved recovery.
Characterization of urotensin II, distribution of urotensin II, urotensin II‐related peptide and UT receptor mRNAs in mouse: evidence of urotensin II at the neuromuscular junction
Authors: Dubessy Christophe , Cartier Dorthe , Lectez Benoît , Bucharles Christine , Chartrel Nicolas , Montero‐Hadjadje Maïté , Bizet Patrice , Chatenet David , Tostivint Hervé , Scalbert Elizabeth , Leprince Jérome , Vaudry Hubert , Jégou Sylvie , Lihrmann Isabelle
Published: August 2008

Urotensin II (UII) and UII‐related peptide (URP) are paralog neuropeptides whose existence and distribution in mouse have not yet been investigated. In this study, we showed by HPLC/RIA analysis that the UII‐immunoreactive molecule in the mouse brain corresponds to a new UII17 isoform. Moreover, calcium mobilization assays indicated that UII17 and URP were equally potent in stimulating UII receptor (UT receptor). Quantitative RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that in the CNS UII and URP mRNAs were predominantly expressed in brainstem and spinal motoneurons. Besides, they were differentially expressed in the medial vestibular nucleus, locus coeruleus and the ventral medulla. In periphery, both mRNAs were expressed in skeletal muscle, testis, vagina, stomach, and gall bladder, whereas only URP mRNA could be detected in the seminal vesicle, heart, colon, and thymus. By contrast, the UT receptor mRNA was widely expressed, and notably, very high amounts of transcript occurred in skeletal muscle and prostate. In the biceps femoris muscle, UII‐like immunoreactivity was shown to coexist with synaptophysin in muscle motor end plate regions. Altogether these results suggest that (i) UII and URP may have many redundant biological effects, especially at the neuromuscular junction; (ii) URP may more specifically participate to autonomic, cardiovascular and reproductive functions.
Involvement of miltefosine‐mediated ERK activation in glioma cell apoptosis through Fas regulation
Authors: Tewari Richa , Sharma Vivek , Koul Nitin , Sen Ellora
Published: August 2008

The anti‐neoplastic property of alkyl phospholipids has been tested for the treatment of several malignancies. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of miltefosine (Hexadecylphosphocholine – an alkyl phospholipids analogue) on glioblastoma multiforme. In this study, we demonstrate that miltefosine‐induced apoptosis is accompanied by elevated Fas, Fas‐associated death domain (FADD) expression, caspase‐8 activity and the increased distribution of Fas and FADD towards lipid raft microdomain to form death inducing signaling complex. Treatment with miltefosine resulted in increase in Ras, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and p38MAPK activity. Expression of dominant‐negative Ras (Ras N17) attenuated miltefosine‐mediated apoptosis. Although inhibition of both ERK and p38MAPK decreased the pro‐apoptotic effects of miltefosine, it was the inhibition of ERK and not p38MAPK activation that decreased Fas and FADD expression. An ERK‐dependent increase in the expression of γH2AX‐involved in response to DNA double‐stranded breaks was also observed. Taken together, our findings suggest the involvement of ERK activation in miltefosine‐induced glioma cell apoptosis.
Pregnenolone sulfate induces NMDA receptor dependent release of dopamine from synaptic terminals in the striatum
Authors: Whittaker Matthew T. , Gibbs Terrell T. , Farb David H.
Published: August 2008

Neuromodulators that alter the balance between lower‐frequency glutamate‐mediated excitatory and higher‐frequency GABA‐mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission are likely to participate in core mechanisms for CNS function and may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Pregnenolone sulfate (PS) modulates both ionotropic glutamate and GABAAreceptor mediated synaptic transmission. The enzymes necessary for PS synthesis and degradation are found in brain tissue of several species including human and rat, and up to 5 nM PS has been detected in extracts of postmortem human brain. Here, we ask whether PS could modulate transmitter release from nerve terminals located in the striatum. Superfusion of a preparation of striatal nerve terminals comprised of mixed synaptosomes and synaptoneurosomes with brief‐duration (2 min) pulses of 25 nM PS demonstrates that PS increases the release of newly accumulated [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA), but not [14C]glutamate or [3H]GABA, whereas pregnenolone is without effect. PS does not affect dopamine transporter (DAT) mediated uptake of [3H]DA, demonstrating that it specifically affects the transmitter release mechanism. The PS‐induced [3H]DA release occurs via an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dependent mechanism as it is blocked by D‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid. PS modulates DA release with very high potency, significantly increasing [3H]DA release at PS concentrations as low as 25 pM. This first report of a selective direct enhancement of synaptosomal dopamine release by PS at picomolar concentrations via an NMDAR dependent mechanism raises the possibility that dopaminergic axon terminals may be a site of action for this neurosteroid.
Safer, Better Sex Through Feminism: The Role of Feminist Ideology in Women's Sexual Well-Being
Authors: Schick Vanessa R. , Zucker Alyssa N. , Bay-Cheng Laina Y.
Published: August 2008

Feminists have argued that traditional gender norms can obstruct women's sexual well-being ( Amaro, 1995 ; Morokoff, 2000 ; Tolman, 2006 ; Walker, 1997 ). Therefore, we expected feminist ideology, by virtue of this critique, to be associated with women's sexual subjectivity and sexual well-being. To test this model, we analyzed data from a survey of college-age women ( N = 424) using structural equation modeling. As hypothesized, feminist ideology was indirectly related to condom-use self-efficacy and sexual satisfaction via sexual subjectivity, and sexual motivation was directly related to sexual satisfaction. In an alternative model, feminist ideology was directly related to sexual motivation. This research indicates that feminist ideology may play a role in the promotion of women's sexual well-being.
Effects of nestboxes on the breeding biology of Southern House WrensTroglodytes aedon bonariaein the southern temperate zone
Authors: LLAMBÍAS PAULO E. , FERNÁNDEZ GUSTAVO J.
Published: August 2008

Nestboxes are known to increase clutch size, enhance breeding success and affect the social mating system of several cavity nesters. Although in recent years various cavity nesters have been studied in nestboxes in South America, the effects of boxes on the biology of the study species are unknown. We evaluated the effects of nestboxes on the breeding biology and social mating system of Southern House WrensTroglodytes aedon bonariaeby comparing birds breeding in nestboxes and tree cavities in two cattle ranches in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Southern House Wrens nesting in boxes had higher breeding success but, contrary to studies on the temperate zone, we did not find differences in clutch size between Wrens breeding in nestboxes and tree cavities. The main causes of nest failure in tree cavities were nest predation and flooding of the cavity (70 and 23% of the failures, respectively) while in nestboxes predation and desertion were the most important causes of failure (38 and 34% of the failures, respectively). The social mating system of Southern House Wrens is monogamy with biparental care, and neither was affected by the boxes. Males did not attract secondary females to additional nestboxes; however, nestboxes are safer breeding sites than tree cavities, and females seemed to prefer males with nestboxes on their territory. These results suggest that nest quality alone might be not enough for secondary females to accept polygyny.
European Union transgovernmental networks: The emergence of a new political space beyond the nation‐state?
Authors: THURNER PAUL W. , BINDER MARTIN
Published: August 2008

Abstract. Does the European Union (EU) represent a new political order replacing the old nation‐states? The assessment of the real character of political orders requires the identification of political key actors and of the specific structure of their interactions. Transgovernmental networks have been considered to be one of the most important features of EU integration. Unfortunately, the network structures, processes and the impact of these informal horizontal inter‐organisational relations between nation‐states are mostly unknown. The main objective of this article is to measure and explain the selective pattern of informal bilateral relations of high officials of the EU Member States’ ministerial bureaucracies on the occasion of an EU Intergovernmental Conference. The quantitative data used rely on standardised interviews with 140 top‐level bureaucrats. The statistical estimation of network choices is based on recent developments of exponential random graph models.