bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzyme, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets
Authors: Deng Bo , Wu Jie , Li Xiaohui , Zhang Cheng , Men Xiaoming , Xu Ziwei
Published: December 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets. A total of 72 piglets were weighed and randomly allotted into three treatments (four replication pens per treatment with six piglets/pen) for a 28-day experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control group, CTR), basal diet supplementation with antibiotic (antibiotic group, ABT), and basal diet supplementation with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis (probiotic group, PBT). The average daily gain of body weight increased in both the ABT and PBT groups, and dietary antibiotics decreased the feed:gain ratio (F:G), as compared to the CTR group (P < 0.05). Both ABT and PBT piglets had increased serum triglycerides and lipase, amylase, maltase activities and villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) in ileum (P < 0.05). The PBT group also showed an increase in serum glucose and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.05). Dietary antibiotics increased Lactobacillus johnsonii, as compared to the CTR group, but decreased bacterial diversity and increased Escherichia coli, as compared to the PBT group (P < 0.05). Piglets dietary with B. subtilis modulated the microbiota by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes (L. johnsonii, L. reuteri) and decreasing the abundance of E. coli, as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary of B. subtilis improves growth performance and intestinal health and can be a promising alternative to antibiotics in piglets diet.
Does respiratory co-infection facilitate dispersal of SARS-CoV-2? investigation of a super-spreading event in an open-space office
Authors: Weissberg Dana , Böni Jürg , Rampini Silvana K. , Kufner Verena , Zaheri Maryam , Schreiber Peter W. , Abela Irene A. , Huber Michael , Sax Hugo , Wolfensberger Aline
Published: December 2020

Background

Super-spreaders are individuals infecting disproportionately large numbers of contacts. They probably play a crucial role in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We describe a super-spreading event within a team working in an open-space office and investigate factors potentially having facilitated SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, semi-structured telephone interviews with all team members were carried out to identify symptoms, contacts, and adherence to basic hygiene measures. During site visits, we gathered information about workplace and seating arrangements. The secondary attack rate in office and households was calculated. Potential respiratory viral co-infections were assessed by multiplex PCR. SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequencing was performed using a tiled-amplicon sequencing approach.

Results

Of 13 team members, 11 fell ill with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the sequence of events and full genome sequence data, one person was considered the index case for this outbreak, directly infecting 67 to 83% of the teammates. All team members reported repetitive close contacts among themselves during joint computer work, team meetings and a “Happy Birthday” serenade. Two individuals shared nuts and dates. The arrangement of the office and meeting rooms precluded sufficient adherence to physical distancing. The index case and a further individual were diagnosed with an adenovirus serotype 4 co-infection.

Conclusion

We identified several environmental and behavioral factors that probably have facilitated the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The relevance of the adenovirus co-infection remains unclear and merits further investigation.
Crime script analysis for adult image-based sexual abuse: a study of crime intervention points for retribution-style offenders
Authors: O’Hara Abigail C. , Ko Ryan K. L. , Mazerolle Lorraine , Rimer Jonah R.
Published: December 2020

Objective

This research uses crime scripts to understand adult retribution-style image-based sexual abuse (RS-IBSA) offender decision-making and offending in offline and online environments. We explain the crime-commission process of adult RS-IBSA and identify crime intervention points at eight crime script stages.

Methods

Publicly released court transcripts of adult RS-IBSA prosecution cases (n = 18) in New Zealand from 2015 to 2018 were utilised to examine the crime-commission process of adult RS-IBSA. We analysed the court transcripts thematically at offence-level prior to constructing the crime scripts.

Findings

The study identified four types of adult RS-IBSA acts including the non-consensual dissemination of a victim’s intimate images, violent cyber sextortion, covert intimate photography, and unauthorised access of a victim’s phone/media. From our analysis, we identified three script tracks and constructed three distinct crime scripts: (1) threats, sextortion and dissemination; (2) unauthorised access of a victim’s mobile device and dissemination; and (3) covert intimate filming. We highlight areas for potential intervention for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to increase deterrence and personal security in online and offline spaces.

Conclusion

Adult RS-IBSA occurs in a range of dating and domestic contexts. This study develops crime scripts for adult RS-IBSA and advances our understanding of how the Internet/smartphones/digital media translates into virtual crime scenes with opportunities for maximum harm infliction. We offer several policy implications including revising current RS-IBSA legislation and supporting law enforcement agencies with policing online and offline intimate relationship spaces through situational prevention.
Protective effects of Erythronium japonicum and Corylopsis coreana Uyeki extracts against 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Kim Seunghyun , Boo Hee-Ock , Ahn Taeho , Bae Chun-Sik
Published: December 2020

Erythronium japonicum (E. japonicum) and Corylopsis coreana Uyeki (C. coreana Uyeki, Korean winter hazel) have been shown to significantly decrease 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP)-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and CYP2E1 activity in HuH7, human hepatocytes. In this study, we expanded upon the previous study and investigated the effects of E. japonicum and C. coreana Uyeki extracts on 1,3-DCP-induced liver damage in rats. The pre-treatment of rats with these extracts alleviated a decrease in body weight and reduced 1,3-DCP-induced increase in catalytic activities of hepatic enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, in the serum. Moreover, treatment with the extracts restored the 1,3-DCP-induced decreases in anti-oxidant enzyme activities, such as the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, in the rat liver. Histopathological studies also strongly supported the results of enzyme activities. These results suggest a possibility that the extracts of E. japonicum and C. coreana Uyeki can be a remedy for alleviating 1,3-DCP-induced liver damage in animals.
Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced digital mammography in comparison with sonomammography for characterization of focal asymmetries
Authors: Soliman Gelan Ali Mahmoud , Mohammad Shaimaa Abdelsattar , El-Shinawi Mohamed , Keriakos Nermeen Nasry
Published: December 2020

Background

Mammographic focal asymmetry represents normal breast tissue, benign, or malignant lesions. Accurate characterization is important for better management. The study evaluates diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) for characterization of focal asymmetries seen in 2D mammography.

Results

The study was done prospectively on 38 females among 360 patients who underwent baseline sonomammographic assessment for diagnostic and screening purposes. Complementary ultrasound was performed only when a finding was detected in cases of screening mammograms. Focal asymmetries were evaluated according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon 2013. CEDM was performed and followed by ultrasound (US) guided core biopsy for solid lesions or aspiration for cystic lesions. CEDM processing resulted in recombined image showing enhancing abnormality. Low energy image and recombined image findings were analyzed blindly and classified into focus enhancement, mass enhancement, non-mass enhancement, and non-enhanced lesions. CEDM and sonomammography findings were compared regarding pathological probability and multiplicity. Histopathology was the reference standard.

Mass enhancement showed strong correlation with malignant pathology. Non-mass enhancement showed no correlation with particular pathology. All non-enhanced focal asymmetries were benign in pathology or normal tissue. Rim enhancement needed second look ultrasound evaluation. CEDM was superior to sonomammography with higher sensitivity (77.8%, 65.7% respectively), NPV (0.8, 0.6), accuracy (0.6, 0.2) but lower specificity (81.8% vs. 100%). Multiplicity detection by CEDM was 26.3% and by sonomammography was 10.5%.

Conclusion

CEDM is more accurate than sonomammography in determination of normal tissue, benign, or malignant lesions in cases of mammographic focal asymmetry. CEDM is more accurate in detection of multiplicity. Undesired biopsies were avoidable with proper management of suspicious and malignant lesions.
Intraoperative Management of Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices—The Challenge of Continuous Flow: A Case Report
Authors: Kumar Rishi , Patel Manish K. , Zaki John F. , Salas de Armas Ismael A. , Akay Mehmet H. , Kar Biswajit , Gregoric Igor D.
Published: December 2020

Symptomatic carotid artery disease stenosis warrants open surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) present unique challenges when vasopressors and volume are used to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure after carotid cross-clamping. This report describes patients with CF-LVADs who underwent CEA. We identify how preload, contractility, afterload, pump speed, mean arterial pressure, and anticoagulation should be addressed to maintain CF-LVAD outflow and cerebral perfusion during the procedure. Anesthesiologists can combine an understanding of continuous-flow physiology with invasive monitors to optimize cardiac output and cerebral blood flow during CEA procedures.
Η κλιματική αλλαγή και ο ρόλος της εκπαίδευσης. Η περίπτωση των σχολικών εγχειριδίων της Μελέτης Περιβάλλοντος στο Δημοτικό σχολείο
Authors: Ναντσόπουλος Μαρίνος , Μόγιας Αθανάσιος
Published: December 2020

Η παρούσα μελέτη διερευνά την ύπαρξη θεμάτων που σχετίζονται με την Κλιματική αλλαγή στα σχολικά εγχειρίδια της Μελέτης του Περιβάλλοντος στο Δημοτικό. Διασαφηνίζεται το φαινόμενο της Κλιματικής αλλαγής και περιγράφεται η αναγκαιότητα δημιουργίας ενός τύπου Εκπαίδευσης για την Κλιματική αλλαγή. Η μέθοδος που χρησιμοποιείται είναι η ποσοτική και ποιοτική ανάλυση περιεχομένου με εκ των προτέρων διαμορφωμένες κατηγορίες. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας καταδεικνύουν ότι το ζήτημα της Κλιματικής αλλαγής, που παρουσιάζεται τόσο κειμενογραφικά όσο και εικονογραφικά με λανθάνοντα κυρίως τρόπο, δεν κατέχει σημαντική θέση στα υπό διερεύνηση σχολικά εγχειρίδια, καθώς οι αναφορές είναι εξαιρετικά περιορισμένες και επιφανειακές. Τα σχετικά με την Κλιματική αλλαγή θέματα που καταγράφονται αφορούν κυρίως τη ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος από ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες, την εξοικονόμηση νερού και ενέργειας, τη διαχείριση των απορριμμάτων, τη σχέση του καιρού και του κλίματος με τον άνθρωπο και τις ανανεώσιμες και μη ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας.
Immunohistochemical analysis of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth seeded in carbonate apatite scaffold for the alveolar bone defect in Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus)
Authors: Saskianti Tania , Nugraha Alexander Patera , Prahasanti Chiquita , Ernawati Diah Savitri , Suardita Ketut , Riawan Wibi
Published: December 2020

Background: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) seeded in carbonate apatite scaffold (CAS) may have multiple functions that could be used to regenerate the alveolar bone defects. The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of SHED and CAS in alveolar bone defects using an immunohistochemical analysis.

Methods: ten three-month-old healthy male Wistar rats (R. novergicus) that weighed between 150–250 grams (g) were used as animal models. A simple blind random sampling method was used to select the sample that was assigned to the study group for CAS and SHED seeded in CAS (n=5). The animal study model of the alveolar bone was established by extracting the anterior mandible teeth. Rodent anesthesia was applied to relieve the pain during the procedure for all test animals. Immunohistochemistry was performed after seven days to facilitate the examination of the receptor activator of NF-κβ ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegrin (OPG), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, and osteopontin expression. The data was analyzed using the unpaired t-test (p<0.01) and Pearson’s correlation test (p<0.05).

Results: The OPG, RUNX2, TGF-β, VEGF, ALP, osteocalcin, and ostepontin expressions were higher in SHED seeded in CAS than CAS only with a significant difference between the groups (p<0.01). Furthermore, the RANKL expression was lower in SHED seeded in CAS compared to CAS only. There was a strong reverse significant correlation between OPG and RANKL expression (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The number of osteogenic marker expressing cells, such as OPG, RUNX2, TGF-β, VEGF, ALP, osteocalcin, and ostepontin, increased. However, RANKL expression in the alveolar bone defects that were implanted with SHED seeded in CAS did not increase after seven days.
Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway by specioside and the n-butanol extract from the inner bark of Tabebuia rosea (Bertol) DC
Authors: Garzón-Castaño Sandra Catalina , Jiménez-González Francisco Javier , Veloza Luz Angela , Sepúlveda-Arias Juan Carlos
Published: December 2020

Background: A large number of chemical compounds exert their antioxidant effects by activation of key transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as the transcription factor Nrf2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway by both the n-butanol extract obtained from the inner bark of Tabebuia rosea (Bertol) DC and specioside isolated from this extract.

Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extract and specioside isolated from the inner bark of T. rosea were evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) techniques, whereas their effects on the viability of HepG2 cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The effects of the compound and the extract on activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway were evaluated using a Nrf2 Transcription Factor Assay kit. Induction of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response genes HMOX-1 and NQO1 was evaluated by real-time PCR. The protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells was determined as the percent protection using the MTT method.

Results: Both the n-butanol extract and specioside exhibited activity at low concentrations without affecting cellular viability, since the cell viability was greater than 80% after 24 hours of exposure at each tested concentration. In addition, Nrf2 dissociated from Keap1 after treatment with the n-butanol extract at a concentration of 0.25 µg/mL after 4 hours of exposure. An increase in the Nrf2 level in the cytoplasm after 4 hours of exposure to 2 μM specioside was observed. Nrf2 levels stabilized in the nucleus 12 hours after stimulation with both specioside and the extract. After 6 hours of stimulation, both the extract and specioside induced the expression of HMOX-1 and NQO1.

Conclusion: The n-butanol extract from the inner bark of T. rosea and specioside produced protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.
The financial burden of reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures
Authors: Packer Timothy Wallace , Sabharwal Sanjeeve , Griffiths Dylan , Reilly Peter
Published: December 2020

Aims

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for patients with a proximal humerus fracture, using time-driven activity based costing (TDABC), and to compare treatment costs with reimbursement under the Healthcare Resource Groups (HRGs).

Methods

TDABC analysis based on the principles outlined by Kaplan and a clinical pathway that has previously been validated for this institution was used. Staffing cost, consumables, implants, and overheads were updated to reflect 2019/2020 costs. This was compared with the HRG reimbursements.

Results

The mean cost of a RSA is £7,007.46 (£6,130.67 to £8,824.67). Implants and staffing costs were the primary cost drivers, with implants (£2,824.80) making up 40% of the costs. Staffing costs made up £1,367.78 (19%) of overall costs. The total tariff, accounting for market force factors and high comorbidities, reimburses £4,629. If maximum cost and minimum reimbursement is applied the losses to the trust are £4,828.67.

Conclusion

RSA may be an effective and appropriate surgical option in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures; however, a cost analysis at our centre has demonstrated the financial burden of this surgery. Given its increasing use in trauma, there is a need to work towards generating an HRG that adequately reimburses providers. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2020;1-12:731–736.
High-speed all-optical processing for spectrum
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Wang Chengming , Zhang Wenxin , Ai Shengnan , Liao Wenchao , Hsieh Jui-Cheng , He Bin , Chen Zhengyu , Hu Zhangwei , Zhang Ning , Xue Ping
Published: December 2020

Data-processing techniques in spectroscopy are fundamental and powerful analytical tools for lots of practical applications. In the age of big data, high-speed data-processing in spectroscopy is in urgent need, especially for the real-time analysis/feedback of data stream of spectroscopy or the capture of non-repetitive/rare phenomena in fast dynamic process. So far, intensive researches focus on high-speed processing of light signal in time/spatial domain but few people find a way to do it in spectral domain. Here, we report an optical computing technology for high-speed optical spectrum processing with features of real time, multiple functions, all-fiber configuration and immunity to electromagnetic interference. The software-controlled system could perform as, but not limited to, the first-order (or arbitrary fractional-order) differentiator/integrator/Hilbert transformer and tunable band-pass filter, respectively, to handle spectral data rapidly. High-speed processing of optical spectrum at a rate of 10,000,000 times per second is demonstrated.
Resonance-trapped bound states in the continuum in metallic THz metasurfaces
Authors: Niu Jiaqi , Zhai Yueqi , Han Qingqing , Liu Jingquan , Yang Bin
Published: December 2020

The realization of bound states in the continuum (BICs) in optical systems has been relying mainly on symmetry breaking. In contrast, another mechanism, known as resonance-trapped (or Friedrich–Wintgen) scenario, has been reported in the limited scope of dielectric resonant inclusions or at off-

points. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the coupling coefficient between two coplanar metallic split-ring resonators can be tuned to satisfy the Friedrich–Wintgen BIC condition with normal terahertz (THz) incidence when metals are modeled as perfect electric conductors. Temporal coupled-mode theory is applied to validate the results. Experimentally, a BIC-induced cloaking effect has been observed, owing to the intrinsic dissipation loss of the constitutive materials. Our findings suggest an alternative strategy to construct BICs in metallic metasurfaces apart from conventional symmetry-breaking methods.
Topological transition from deeply sub- to near-wavelength ripples during multi-shot mid-IR femtosecond laser exposure of a silicon surface
Authors: Kudryashov S. I. , Pflug T. , Busleev N. I. , Olbrich M. , Horn A. , Kovalev M. S. , Stsepuro N. G.
Published: December 2020

Multi-shot exposure of silicon surface in air by mid-infrared (MIR, 2.5–5 microns) femtosecond laser pulses results in an initial (Np = 2–5 shots) appearance of a bright spot with abnormally-oriented, bipolar shallow deeply-subwavelength ripples (period ∼ (0.2–0.4)λ, average trench ablation rate ∼ 10–20 nm/shot, trench depth < 100 nm), visualized by scanning confocal laser profilometry. At longer exposures (Np = 10–20 shots), the irradiated spot becomes visibly black, exhibiting normally-oriented, almost unipolar near-wavelength ripples with ultra-deep trenches (average ablation rate ≤60 nm/shot, trench depth ∼ 400–600 nm). The observed distinct topological transition from the abnormal bipolar deeply-subwavelength ripples, formed via melt displacements, to the normal unipolar ablative near-wavelength ripples was considered to be a competitive result of the related, much stronger resonant laser coupling to the second darker, rougher near-wavelength relief, accompanied by the change in mass transfer mechanisms and strong enhancement in ablation rate per shot.
YAP/TAZ deficiency reprograms macrophage phenotype and improves infarct healing and cardiac function after myocardial infarction
Authors: Mia Masum M. , Cibi Dasan Mary , Abdul Ghani Siti Aishah Binte , Song Weihua , Tee Nicole , Ghosh Sujoy , Mao Junhao , Olson Eric N. , Singh Manvendra K.
Published: December 2020

Adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) causes structural and functional changes in the heart leading to heart failure. The initial post-MI pro-inflammatory response followed by reparative or anti-inflammatory response is essential for minimizing the myocardial damage, healing, and scar formation. Bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) are recruited to the injured myocardium and are essential for cardiac repair as they can adopt both pro-inflammatory or reparative phenotypes to modulate inflammatory and reparative responses, respectively. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are the key mediators of the Hippo signaling pathway and are essential for cardiac regeneration and repair. However, their functions in macrophage polarization and post-MI inflammation, remodeling, and healing are not well established. Here, we demonstrate that expression of YAP and TAZ is increased in macrophages undergoing pro-inflammatory or reparative phenotype changes. Genetic deletion ofYAP/TAZleads to impaired pro-inflammatory and enhanced reparative response. Consistently, YAP activation enhanced pro-inflammatory and impaired reparative response. We show that YAP/TAZ promote pro-inflammatory response by increasing interleukin 6 (IL6) expression and impede reparative response by decreasing Arginase-I (Arg1) expression through interaction with the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)-nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) repressor complex. These changes in macrophages polarization due toYAP/TAZdeletion results in reduced fibrosis, hypertrophy, and increased angiogenesis, leading to improved cardiac function after MI. Also, YAP activation augmented MI-induced cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. In summary, we identify YAP/TAZ as important regulators of macrophage-mediated pro-inflammatory or reparative responses post-MI.
Optimal speed in Thoroughbred horse racing
Authors: Mercier Quentin , Aftalion Amandine
Published: December 2020

The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical analysis on how a Thoroughbred horse should regulate its speed over the course of a race to optimize performance. Because Thoroughbred horses are not capable of running the whole race at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash the burst of speed is essential. Our model relies on mechanics, energetics (both aerobic and anaerobic) and motor control. It is a system of coupled ordinary differential equations on the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy, that leads to an optimal control problem that we solve. In order to identify the parameters meaningful for Thoroughbred horses, we use velocity data on races in Chantilly (France) provided by France Galop, the French governing body of flat horse racing in France. Our numerical simulations of performance optimization then provide the optimal speed along the race, the oxygen uptake evolution in a race, as well as the energy or the propulsive force. It also predicts how the horse has to change its effort and velocity according to the topography (altitude and bending) of the track.
Refinement of the CS6-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain B7A human challenge model: A randomized trial
Authors: Talaat Kawsar R. , Porter Chad K. , Jaep Kayla M. , Duplessis Christopher A. , Gutierrez Ramiro L. , Maciel Milton , Adjoodani Brittany , Feijoo Brittany , Chakraborty Subhra , Brubaker Jessica , Trop Stefanie A. , Riddle Mark S. , Joseph Sabrina S. , Bourgeois A. Louis , Prouty Michael G.
Published: December 2020

Background

Human challenge models for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) facilitate vaccine down-selection. The B7A (O148:H28 CS6+LT+ST+) strain is important for vaccine development. We sought to refine the B7A model by identifying a dose and fasting regimen consistently inducing moderate-severe diarrhea.

Methods

An initial cohort of 28 subjects was randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive B7A following an overnight fast at doses of 108 or 109 colony forming units (cfu) or a 90-minute fast at doses of 109 or 1010 cfu. A second cohort included naïve and rechallenged subjects who had moderate-severe diarrhea and were given the target regimen. Immune responses to important ETEC antigens were assessed.

Results

Among subjects receiving 108 cfu of B7A, overnight fast, or 109 cfu, 90-minute fast, 42.9% (3/7) had moderate-severe diarrhea. Higher attack rates (71.4%; 5/7) occurred in subjects receiving 109 cfu, overnight fast, or 1010 cfu, 90-minute fast. Upon rechallenge with 109 cfu of B7A, overnight fast, 5/11 (45.5%) had moderate-severe diarrhea; the attack rate among concurrently challenge naïve subjects was 57.9% (11/19). Anti-CS6, O148 LPS and LT responses were modest across all groups.

Conclusions

An overnight fast enabled a reduction in the B7A inoculum dose; however, the attack rate was inconsistent and protection upon rechallenge was minimal.
Laminin N-terminus α31 protein distribution in adult human tissues
Authors: Troughton Lee D. , Reuten Raphael , Sugden Conor J. , Hamill Kevin J.
Published: December 2020

Laminin N-terminus α31 (LaNt α31) is a netrin-like protein derived from alternative splicing of the laminin α3 gene. Although LaNt α31 has been demonstrated to influence corneal and skin epithelial cell function, its expression has not been investigated beyond these tissues. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to characterise the distribution of this protein in a wide-array of human tissue sections in comparison to laminin α3. The data revealed widespread LaNt α31 expression. In epithelial tissue, LaNt α31 was present in the basal layer of the epidermis, throughout the epithelium of the digestive tract, and in much of the epithelium of the reproductive system. LaNt α31 was also found throughout the vasculature of most tissues, with enrichment in reticular-like fibres in the extracellular matrix surrounding large vessels. A similar matrix pattern was observed around the terminal ducts in the breast and around the alveolar epithelium in the lung, where basement membrane staining was also evident. Specific enrichment of LaNt α31 was identified in sub-populations of cells of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen, with variations in intensity between different cell types in the collecting ducts and glomeruli of the kidney. Intriguingly, LaNt α31 immunoreactivity was also evident in neurons of the central nervous system, in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Together these findings suggest that LaNt α31 may be functionally relevant in a wider range of tissue contexts than previously anticipated, and the data provides a valuable basis for investigation into this interesting protein.
B cells were related to HBsAg seroconversion in inactive HBsAg carriers following peginterferon therapy
Authors: Cao Zhenhuan , Meng Sha , Zheng Yanhong , Wang Junli , Wang Rui , Chen Xinyue
Published: December 2020

Our recent study showed high rate of HBsAg seroconversion achieved in inactive HBsAg carriers (IHCs) treated with peginterferon (PEG-IFN). To better understand the immune-mediated component to the HBsAg seroconversion, we investigated the role of B cells in this study. A total of 44 IHCs were given 48 weeks of PEG-IFN. Fifteen cases achieve HBsAg seroconversion (R group), whereas 29 failed (NR group). The proportion of total B cells and plasma B cells were measured before and during treatment. We found that the proportion of total B cells and plasma B cells was no significant between R group and NR group at baseline, but significantly higher in R group than NR group during PEG-IFN treatment, even when the exact age-, sex-, and treatment period-match was made. In conclusion, we demonstrated the increase of total B cell and plasma B cells during PEG-IFN treatment favored HBsAg seroconversion for IHC, and B cells may play a role in HBV seroconversion.
Knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment among people incarcerated in jail: A qualitative study
Authors: Akiyama Matthew J. , Ross Jonathan , Rimawi Fatimah , Fox Aaron , Jordan Alison O. , Wiersema Janet , Litwin Alain H. , Kaba Fatos , MacDonald Ross
Published: December 2020

Introduction

While U.S. jails are critical sites for engagement in HCV care, short lengths-of-stay often do not permit treatment in jail. Therefore, linkage to HCV care after incarceration is crucial. However, little is known about HCV treatment acceptability among justice-involved individuals in U.S. jails. The goal of this study was to understand knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of HCV treatment among people living with HCV in the New York City (NYC) jail system.

Methods

We recruited 36 HCV-antibody-positive individuals in the NYC jails using clinical data reports and performed semi-structured interviews to explore participants’ attitudes toward HCV treatment in jail and following return to the community. We continued interviews until reaching thematic saturation and analyzed interviews using an inductive, thematic approach.

Results

Participants were mostly male, Latina/o, with a mean age of 40 years. Nearly all were aware they were HCV antibody-positive. Two thirds of participants had some awareness of the availability of new HCV therapies. Key themes included: 1) variable knowledge of new HCV therapies affecting attitudes toward HCV treatment, 2) the importance of other incarcerated individuals in communicating HCV-related knowledge, 3) vulnerability during incarceration and fear of treatment interruption, 4) concern for relapse to active drug use and HCV reinfection, 5) competing priorities (such as other medical comorbidities, ongoing substance use, and housing), 6) social support and the importance of family.

Conclusions

Patient-centered approaches to increase treatment uptake in jail settings should focus on promoting HCV-related knowledge including leveraging peers for knowledge dissemination. In addition, transitional care programs should ensure people living with HCV in jail have tailored discharge plans focused on competing priorities such as housing instability, social support, and treatment of substance use disorders.
Age patterns in subjective well-being are partially accounted for by psychological and social factors associated with aging
Authors: Stone Arthur A. , Broderick Joan E. , Wang Diana , Schneider Stefan
Published: December 2020

Subjective well-being has captured the interest of scientists and policy-makers as a way of knowing how individuals and groups evaluate and experience their lives: that is, their sense of meaning, their satisfaction with life, and their everyday moods. One of the more striking findings in this literature is a strong association between age and subjective well-being: in Western countries it has a U-shaped association over the lifespan. Despite many efforts, the reason for the curve is largely unexplained, for example, by traditional demographic variables. In this study we examined twelve social and psychological variables that could account for the U-shaped curve. In an Internet sample of 3,294 adults ranging in age from 40 to 69 we observed the expected steep increase in a measure of subjective well-being, the Cantril Ladder. Regression analyses demonstrated that the social-psychological variables explained about two-thirds of the curve and accounting for them significantly flattened the U-shape. Perceived stress, distress-depression, an open perspective about the future, wisdom, satisfaction with social relationships, and family strain were measures that had pronounced impacts on reducing the curve. These findings advance our understanding of why subjective well-being is associated with age and point the way to future studies.
Identification of the Clostridial cellulose synthase and characterization of the cognate glycosyl hydrolase, CcsZ
Authors: Scott William , Lowrance Brian , Anderson Alexander C. , Weadge Joel T.
Published: December 2020

Biofilms are community structures of bacteria enmeshed in a self-produced matrix of exopolysaccharides. The biofilm matrix serves numerous roles, including resilience and persistence, making biofilms a subject of research interest among persistent clinical pathogens of global health importance. Our current understanding of the underlying biochemical pathways responsible for biosynthesis of these exopolysaccharides is largely limited to Gram-negative bacteria. Clostridia are a class of Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria and include the important human pathogens Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridioides difficile, among numerous others. Several species of Clostridia have been reported to produce a biofilm matrix that contains an acetylated glucan linked to a series of hypothetical genes. Here, we propose a model for the function of these hypothetical genes, which, using homology modelling, we show plausibly encode a synthase complex responsible for polymerization, modification and export of an O-acetylated cellulose exopolysaccharide. Specifically, the cellulose synthase is homologous to that of the known exopolysaccharide synthases in Gram-negative bacteria. The remaining proteins represent a mosaic of evolutionary lineages that differ from the described Gram-negative cellulose exopolysaccharide synthases, but their predicted functions satisfy all criteria required for a functional cellulose synthase operon. Accordingly, we named these hypothetical genes ccsZABHI, for the Clostridial cellulose synthase (Ccs), in keeping with naming conventions for exopolysaccharide synthase subunits and to distinguish it from the Gram-negative Bcs locus with which it shares only a single one-to-one ortholog. To test our model and assess the identity of the exopolysaccharide, we subcloned the putative glycoside hydrolase encoded by ccsZ and solved the X-ray crystal structure of both apo- and product-bound CcsZ, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH-5). Although not homologous to the Gram-negative cellulose synthase, which instead encodes the structurally distinct BcsZ belonging to GH-8, we show CcsZ displays specificity for cellulosic materials. This specificity of the synthase-associated glycosyl hydrolase validates our proposal that these hypothetical genes are responsible for biosynthesis of a cellulose exopolysaccharide. The data we present here allowed us to propose a model for Clostridial cellulose synthesis and serves as an entry point to an understanding of cellulose biofilm formation among class Clostridia.
Comparison of the human microbiome in adults and children with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Park Il-Ho , Lee Joong Seob , Park Joo-Hoo , Kang Sung Hun , Hong Seok Min , Park Il Seok , Yoon Joo Heung , Hong Seok Jin
Published: December 2020

We hypothesized that differences in the microbiome could be a cause of the substantial differences in the symptoms of and treatment options for adult and pediatric patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). First, we characterized the differences in the nasal microbiomes of pediatric and adult CRS patients. Swabs were obtained from 19 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (9 children and 10 adults). The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was pyrosequenced to compare the microbiota of the middle meatus. No significant differences were found in species richness and alpha-diversity indices between the two groups. However, in the comparison of diversity between groups using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering of microbiome taxonomic profiles, we observed a relatively clear separation between the adult and pediatric groups. Actinobacteria had a significantly higher relative abundance in the adult group than in the pediatric group at the phylum level. At the genus level, Corynebacterium showed significantly higher relative abundance in the adult group than in the pediatric group. This is a comparative study between the microbiomes of adult and pediatric CRS patients. We expect this study to be the first step in understanding the pathogenesis of CRS in adults and children using microbiome analysis.
The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur
Authors: Delshad Samaneh , Collins Michael John , Read Scott Andrew , Vincent Stephen James
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To investigate the change in axial length (AxL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in response to continuous and alternating episodes of monocular myopic and hyperopic defocus.

Methods

The right eye of sixteen young adults was exposed to 60 minute episodes of either continuous or alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus (+3 DS & -3 DS) over six separate days, with the left eye optimally corrected for distance. During alternating defocus conditions, the eye was exposed to either 30 or 15 minute cycles of myopic and hyperopic defocus, with the order of defocus reversed in separate sessions. The AxL and ChT of the right eye were measured before, during and after each defocus condition.

Results

Significant changes in AxL were observed over time, dependent upon the defocus condition (p < 0.0001). In general, AxL exhibited a greater magnitude of change during continuous than alternating defocus conditions. The maximum AxL elongation was +7 ± 7 μm (p = 0.010) in response to continuous hyperopic defocus and the maximum AxL reduction was -8 ± 10 μm of (p = 0.046) in response to continuous myopic defocus. During both 30 and 15 minute cycles of alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus of equal duration, the effect of opposing blur sessions cancelled each other and the AxL was near baseline levels following the final defocus session (mean change from baseline across all alternating defocus conditions was +2 ± 10 μm, p > 0.05). Similar, but smaller magnitude, changes were observed for ChT.

Conclusions

The human eye appears capable of temporal averaging of visual cues from alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus. In the short term, this integration appears to be a cancellation of the effects of the preceding defocus condition of opposite sign.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) differentially regulate rice antiviral immune response against rice dwarf virus
Authors: Qin Qingqing , Li Guangyao , Jin Lian , Huang Yu , Wang Yu , Wei Chunhong , Xu Zhihong , Yang Zhirui , Wang Haiyang , Li Yi
Published: December 2020

There are 25 auxin response factors (ARFs) in the rice genome, which play critical roles in regulating myriad aspects of plant development, but their role (s) in host antiviral immune defense and the underneath mechanism remain largely unknown. By using the rice-rice dwarf virus (RDV) model system, here we report that auxin signaling enhances rice defense against RDV infection. In turn, RDV infection triggers increased auxin biosynthesis and accumulation in rice, and that treatment with exogenous auxin reduces OsIAA10 protein level, thereby unleashing a group of OsIAA10-interacting OsARFs to mediate downstream antiviral responses. Strikingly, our genetic data showed that loss-of-function mutants of osarf12 or osarf16 exhibit reduced resistance whereas osarf11 mutants display enhanced resistance to RDV. In turn, OsARF12 activates the down-stream OsWRKY13 expression through direct binding to its promoter, loss-of-function mutants of oswrky13 exhibit reduced resistance. These results demonstrated that OsARF 11, 12 and 16 differentially regulate rice antiviral defense. Together with our previous discovery that the viral P2 protein stabilizes OsIAA10 protein via thwarting its interaction with OsTIR1 to enhance viral infection and pathogenesis, our results reveal a novel auxin-IAA10-ARFs-mediated signaling mechanism employed by rice and RDV for defense and counter defense responses.
Standing the provincial ground: Childhood and parental authority in Dangal (2016)
Authors: Kumar Akshaya
Published: December 2020

In the sales pitch for the 2016 blockbuster film Dangal, the gender question was heavily foregrounded to hail the sports biopic of a commonwealth gold medallist from rural Haryana. However, the film was also criticized for the patriarchal control of the desires of the wrestler-daughters, who gradually take cognizance of their potential. This article argues that we need to address a different trajectory to make full sense of the film, in spite of its marketing strategy. Taking its cues from sports biopics, figurations of obstinate provincial masculinity and neoliberal childhood, Dangal revisits much-maligned parental authority to foreground the question of moral resourcefulness. The state and nation in Dangal, I would argue, are decoupled from a provincial vantage point. Standing apart from generic biopics, Dangal’s heroes are in a standoff with the state’s essentially colonial character and its metropolitan kernel. Their public insubordination deserves a robust analysis of the antecedents from within film history, to reassemble Dangal’s urgent critique.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: ON THE EVOLUTION OF THEORETICAL CONCEPTS
Authors: Vukovich Galina Grigoryevna
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the mechanism of personnel management. It is proved that personnel management is a sphere of theoretical and practical knowledge focused on the effective use of human resources of the company. The system of labor motivation as a key block of personal management is considered, modern tendencies of diversification of forms of motivation of the personnel are described. Personnel management as the most important reserve of competitiveness of the company is investigated. The system of personnel management through a variety of specialized methodological approaches is characterized: since the methodological platform of personal management is constantly evolving, in so far as labor collectives are faced with the task of adapting tools to the needs and requirements of competitive enterprises and organizations in the social and labor sphere.
eBEST platform a KKV-klaszterek operatív és együttműködési folyamatainak támogatására (eBEST platform for supporting operational and cooperative processes of SME's clusters)
Authors: Ternai Katalin , Borbásné Szabó Ildikó
Published: December 2020

Az Európai Bizottság jelentése szerint a magyar kis- és középvállalkozások helyzete 2005 óta stagnál. Bár ezek a vállalkozások adják a magyar vállalkozások 99%-át, mégis a közbeszerzési, valamint a növekvő piacokhoz való hozzáférés terén számos akadállyal kerülnek szembe. Az eBEST projekten (Empowering Business Ecosystems of Small Service Enterprises to Face the Economic Crisis) belül kialakított platform olyan funkcionalitással bír, ami mindamellett, hogy lehetővé teszi a vállalkozások szervezett csoportokba, azaz ökoszisztémákba rendeződését, hozzá tud járulni a fogyasztói igények kielégítése érdekében létrejövő ellátási lánc, illetve egyedi folyamatok mentén fellépő információszerzési, kommunikációs vagy együttműködési akadályok lebontásához. ____ It is widely recognised that the most important factor for increasing the productivity of small companies is a deep adoption of computer-based applications and services. The FP7 SME eBEST project proposed a new operational environment specifically conceived for net worked small companies, supported by an advanced suite of ICT services, the eBEST platform. The paper aims at presenting the projects achievements that are validated by a number of company clusters of different EU countries and industry sectors. The general objectives of the eBEST project are attracting customers to work with the clustered companies, facilitating companies to collaborate with each other, and enabling associations to foster the devised innovation.
Relação entre insegurança alimentar e frequência do consumo da alimentação escolar em crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas de Viçosa, MG
Authors: Rocha Naruna Pereira , Milagres Luana Cupertino , Castro Ana Paula Pereira , De Albuquerque Fernanda Martins , Filgueiras Mariana de Santis , De Novaes Juliana Farias
Published: December 2020

A vivência da situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional consiste em violação do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. Alguns Programas públicos como o Programa Nacional de Alimentação escolar (PNAE) atuam para reduzir a vulnerabilidade do seu público alvo (escolares) com a implementação de ações que forneçam uma alimentação adequada e saudável, com melhoria do estado nutricional e perpetuação de bons hábitos alimentares aos escolares e em toda a sua família. A alimentação ofertada na escola muitas vezes pode ser a única refeição completa que os alunos em vulnerabilidade social podem ter acesso. Relacionar as prevalências de insegurança alimentar com a proporção de consumo da alimentação escolar em crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 268 escolares de 8 e 9 anos da rede pública de ensino. Foram realizadas entrevistas sobre a alimentação escolar por meio de questionários semiestruturados com as crianças e os pais/responsáveis. A situação de insegurança alimentar foi avaliada pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). A análise estatística foi realizada no software Stata versão 13.0, sendo considerado o nível de significância estatística a probabilidade inferior a 5%. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Altas prevalências de insegurança alimentar foram encontradas nas famílias dos escolares (57,84%). Não houve diferenças entre a frequência do consumo da alimentação escolar de acordo com o sexo da criança (p=0.052). Entretanto, diferenças entre o consumo da alimentação nas escolas municipais das estaduais foram encontradas (p=0.004). O maior consumo da alimentação escolar esteve associado à situação de insegurança alimentar das crianças (ß=6.06; IC95%: 3.74-8.37, p=0.008). Entre os escolares, 22.2% relataram a falta da alimentação escolar em dias letivos. A insegurança alimentar acometeu mais da metade das famílias das crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas. As crianças em situação de insegurança alimentar apresentaram maior consumo da alimentação escolar e relataram ausência da oferta desta alimentação em alguns dias letivos. Esse resultado demonstra a vulnerabilidade social que essas crianças se encontram. Nesse aspecto, o ambiente escolar atua como importante meio na oferta e garantia de uma alimentação adequada e saudável por meio do PNAE. O monitoramento constante deste Programa é importante para que a ausência da oferta da alimentação escolar nos dias letivos não ocorra.