bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The volatile oil of Ziziphora hispanica L.
Authors: Negueruela A. Velasco , Rico M. Mata
Published: November 2006

Analysis of the steam‐volatile leaf and flower oil of Ziziphora hispanica L. by gas‐chromatography (GC) confirmed that pulegone and piperitenone are the main monoterpenes. Lesser amounts of limonene, 1,8‐cineole, isopulegol, trans‐isopiperitenol and thymol are present. δ‐Cadinene is the main sesquiterpene together with caryophyllene oxide and cis‐nerolidol. The pulegone content of the oil tended to increase before flowering and decrease once flowering had commenced.
Volatile compounds in black currant products: An additional factor in authenticity control of fruit juices
Authors: Nijssen L. M. , Maarse H.
Published: November 2006

Gas chromatography could be a suitable method in controlling the authenticity of fruit products. In this investigation the usefulness of the method has been demonstrated in the results of the analyses of 16 black currant samples. It appeared that several commercially available products contain Buchu oil to improve the quality, without any such indication on the label. This oil is used because one of its constituents, 8‐mercapto‐p‐menthan‐3‐one, has a catty odour that is similar to the catty odour of black currants. The retention times of the two catty odours are different, so that sniffing the effluents of the gas chromatographic column is a way to detect the addition of Buchu oil.

To be able to extend the method to other fruits many data will have to be collected.
Volatile leaf oil of Coleonema pulchellum williams (rutaceae)
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V.
Published: November 2006

The steam volatile leaf oil of Coleonema pulchellum Williams contains mainly monoterpenes with α‐and β‐pinene, myrcene and β‐phellandrene between them accounting for approximately 50% of the oil. Linalol and terpinen‐4‐ol accounted for 6% of the oil, while the sesquiterpenes caryophyllene, germacrene‐D and bicyclogermacrene contributed 10%. All told, 55 compounds were detected.
GC‐MS analysis of the essential oils of four tagetes species and the anti‐microbial activity of Tagetes minuta
Authors: Héthélyi E. , Dános B. , Tétényi P. , Koczka I.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of essential oils from the flowering plants of four Tagetes species was examined by GC‐MS. Of the species examined only T. minuta L. was rich in β‐ocimene. The other major constituents of this species and of T. tenuifolia Cav. were dihydrotagetone, tagetone, and (E)‐ocimenone. These two species only contained small amounts of (Z)‐ocimenone but, in contrast, the essential oil of T. patula L. contained equal amounts of (Z)‐and (E)‐ocimenone. The oil from T. patula also contained limonene and β‐caryophyllene. The essential oil from T. erecta L. differed largely from the other three species containing mainly limonene, β‐caryophyllene, and piperitone. In agar‐diffusion experiments the essential oil of T. minuta inhibited the multiplication of fungi, Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative micro organisms.
Determination of the pungent principles of chillies and ginger by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with use of a single standard substance
Authors: Wood A. B.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative determination of the capsaicinoids and the gingerols, pungent constituents of chillies and ginger respectively, is important for objective assessment of the pungency of these spices and their oleoresins. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures applicable to these groups of compounds have been reported from several laboratories. The principal difficulty with gingerol determinations hitherto has been the lack of a stable and easily purified analytical standard, since the gingerols (and their dehydration products, the shogaols) are labile, oily liquids which are difficult to purify. Since the capsaicinoids and the gingerols and their analogues have closely related chemical structures, the possibility of selecting from among them one easily purified crystalline compound to serve as an external standard for determination of both groups of compounds by HPLC was investigated. It was found that caprylic acid vanillyl amide (CVA), one of the minor naturally occurring capsaicinoids but an easily synthesized crystalline compound, was very suitable for this purpose, and that a commercially available mixture of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin could be used as a slightly less convenient alternative. Reversed‐phase HPLC methods based on this principle are described, and shown to be suitable for the analysis (without clean‐up) of chillies and ginger or their oleoresins. An acceptable level of precision (relative standard deviation less than 2% and 5% respectively) is demonstrated for the summed major pungent principles in dried chillies and dried ginger, and it is shown that fair agreement between the HPLC and spectrophotometric difference methods can be obtained for chillies of varying pungency levels.
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of (+)‐terpinen‐4‐ol from sweet marjoram Origanum majorana L. using a chiral lanthanide shift reagent
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Bassat Michal , Putievsky Eli , Ikan Raphael , Weinstein Vera
Published: November 2006

1H‐NMR examination of (+)‐terpinen‐4‐ol, performed in the presence of various molar ratios of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent Eu(hfc)3, showed that the enantiomeric composition of (+)‐terpinen‐4‐ol isolated from the essential oil of sweet marjoram is 73%(+): 27%(−). Peak assignment of the enantiomers was achieved by spiking the natural (+)‐enantiomer with the commercial (−)‐alcohol. The method will readily reveal adulteration of natural oils with racemic synthetics.
Volatile components of Rhanterium epapposum oliv
Authors: Yaghmai Mohammad Shahram , Kolbadipour Shoaleh
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. (Compositae) growing in northeastern Iran has been investigated by TLC, liquid‐solid chromatography, capillary GLC, and GLC‐MS. The oil contained 107 volatile components of which 92% were terpenoids. The main constituents were α‐phellandrene, linalol, geraniol, bulnesol, and β‐phellandrene accounting for 55.6% of the oil. Non‐terpenoid aliphatic and aromatic structures have also been detected.
The volatile leaf oil ofEugenia javanica lamk
Authors: Suksamrarn Apichart , Brophy Joseph J.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oil of Eugenia javanica contains γ‐terpinene (28.5%), α‐pinene (18.2%) and p‐cymene (13.7%) as major components. Another 59 components have been detected in the oil, 40 of which have been identified.
Volatile constituents of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum maton) cultivated in Costa Rica
Authors: Noleau Isabelle , Toulemonde Bernard , Richard Hubert
Published: November 2006

Extracts of cardamom (Ellettarie cardemomum Maton), cultivated in Costa Rica, have been analysed by GC‐MS on various columns. Among the 122 compounds found, 56 represent over 99% of the total volatile fraction, and 74 are reported for the first time. Their distribution is similar to that described in other samples of E. cardamomum, var, alpha‐minor, grown in other countries.
Biology and chemistry of conifer oils
Authors: Kubeczka K.‐H. , Schultze W.
Published: November 2006

Conifers are widespread through the northern hemisphere and many of their essential oils and oleoresins have acquired high commercial significance. After a short review of conifer taxonomy and some cytological aspects of oil secretion and accumulation, general characteristics of conifer oils and resins are discussed in more detail.

Since considerable differences can be found in literature concerning the composition of commercially important conifer oils, we have analysed some of them originating from several species of the genera Abies, Larix, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea and Pinus. The results were compared with those of self‐distilled oils from authentic botanical origin and discussed in regard to the systematic grouping of the individual conifer.

In addition to investigations of the chemistry of selected conifer oils, the paper outlines the influence of the raw material, especially the relation of needles to twigs and the effect that this variable has on the composition of an individual oil.
The composition of the headspace from fragrant flowers: Further results
Authors: Joulain Daniel
Published: November 2006

The fragrance given off by certain springtime flowers was the subject of a previous communication. We now present the results from further analyses of flower headspaces from cultivated and wild plants (including trees), which bloom at the end of spring and in summer in the Grasse region: Sambucus nigra L. (elder), Ligustrum ovalifolium (privet), Ligustrum vulgare L. (common‐privet), Ailantus glandulosa Desf., Magnolia grandiflora L. and Trachelospermum jasminoides. We bring further information about the composition of the headspace from Philadelphia coronarius L. flowers (seringat), which were only briefly reported in our first communication.

We confirm that the odoriferous emissions from flowers contain some chemical substances which are not readily detected in the corresponding extraction or hydrodistillation products. Such constituents include, for example, terpenoids and aliphatic amino acid derivatives, some of which may be considered as new natural products.
The essential oil of Mentha × villosa nm. Alopecuroides
Authors: de Pooter H. L. , Schamp N. M.
Published: November 2006

In the essential oil of Mentha × villosa nm. alopecuroides, 38 substances were identified by GC and GC‐MS. Analysis of plants collected at different sites in Belgium, and after transplantation of one plant on to different soil and water, showed the essential oil composition to be relatively independent of the medium on which the plants were grown.
Mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization of some α‐pinene and β‐pinene derivatives
Authors: Badjah Ahmed A. Y. Hadj , Meklati B. Y. , Fraisse D.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐one pinanic compounds are analysed by ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. This technique permits a clear characterization of each compound and an easy differentiation of stereoisomers. The major ion‐molecule reactions are discussed.
Chemical composition of the hexane fraction of empyreumatic wood oils from juniperus oxycedrus L. and Juniperus phoenicea L
Authors: Chalchat J. C. , Ph. Garry R. , Michet A.
Published: November 2006

The empyreumatic wood oils of Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Juniperus phoenicea L., after separation on a silica gel column, resulted in a hexane fraction which was analyzed by GC/MS.

Thirty compounds were identified in each fraction: they make it possible to determine unambiguously the botanical origin of each oil considered.
A chemotype of Mentha longifolia (L.) hudson particularly rich in piperitenone oxide
Authors: Maffei Massimo
Published: November 2006

A new chemotype of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson was selected from populations growing wild in the Piedmont Valley (Italy). The oils obtained by steam distillation were analysed using gas chromatography while the components were identified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The plant was found to possess a high content of piperitenone oxide (77.43%) and moderate amounts of germacrene D (3.7%) and 1,8 cineole (1.61%). The chromosome number (2n = 24) was determined in metaphasic squashes of root tips.
The essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss
Authors: Yaghmai Mohammad Shahram , Taffazoli Raana
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. (Labiatae) growing in the mountainous region of northeastern Iran have been analysed by TLC, LSC, GLC, and GLC‐MS. The main components of the oil were citral, caryophyllene, terpinyl acetate, and myrcene. Sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and aliphatic compounds found in this oil have not been previously reported from other species of Dracocephalum.
The essential oils of four Santolina species
Authors: Pérez‐Alonso M. J. , Negueruela A. Velasco
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of essential oils from the flowering plants of four Santolina L. species was examined by gas chromatography, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). The essential oil of S. canescens Lag. was rich in camphor (15.0%). The other major constituents of this species and of S. rosmarinifolia L. were 1,8‐cineole, β‐pinene, myrcene, sabinene, ar‐curcumene and β‐eudesmol. The oil of S. pectinata Lag. and of S. semidentata Hoffmanns. & Link contained β‐eudesmol, nerolidol + spathulenol, α‐cadinol and a sesquiterpene alcohol MW 220. The oil of S. pectinata also contained τ‐cadinol, γ‐eudesmol and elemol as major components. The absence of yomogi alcohol and artemisia ketone in the oils from S. canescens and S. rosmarinifolia is particularly surprising.
Melaleuca leucadendra L. leaf oil:Two phenylpropanoid chemotypes
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V.
Published: November 2006

Melaleuca leucadendra L. (family Myrtaceae) exists in three chemotypes, the volatile leaf oil of two of which are characterized by very high contents of the phenylpropanoids methyl eugenol of E‐methyl isoeugenol (up to 99% and 88% respectively). In addition to small amounts of trans‐β‐ocimene and linalol, numerous sesquiterpenes, often in traces only, are also present in these two chemotypes. Limited progeny studies indicated that the methyl eugenol form might breed true whilst seed from the methyl isoeugenol form yielded a mixture of both chemotypes in approximately equal proportions.
Constituents of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils (giant sequoia)
Authors: Chalchat J. C. , Ph. Garry R. , Michet A.
Published: November 2006

The literature reports few studies of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from a natural population approximately 110 years old on the one hand and of a young population of two origins (France and the USA) on the other hand.

Fifty‐two constitutents were identified by GC‐MS. The myrcene content is higher in the young population than in the mature one.
Composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) volatile oils from Nigeria
Authors: Ekundayo Olusegun , Laakso Into , Hiltunen Raimo
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the ginger oils (obtained by hydrodistillation) of fresh and dried rhizomes of Nigerian origin were investigated by means of a combination of column chromatography, high resolution gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐MS. The essential oils contained mainly mono‐ and sesqui‐terpenoids of which geranial, neral, 1,8‐cineole, zingiberene, β‐bisabolene and β‐sesquiphellandrene were the major components. Among the 54 constituents identified, (E)(E)‐α‐farnesene, viridiflorol and (E)(E)‐farnesal have not been found previously in ginger.
On the composition of Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. essential oil
Authors: Bicchi C. , Frattini C. , Cantamessa L. , Poggio L.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the dried leaves of Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. was analysed by a combination of capillary gas chromatography (CGC), capillary gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry (CGC‐MS) and capillary gas chromatography ‐ Fourier transform/infrared spectroscopy (CGC‐FT/ IR). 1,8‐Cineole and camphor accounted for about 32.7% of the oil which contained about fifty compounds most of them present only in traces; 24 components (92.3% of the oil) were characterized.
Direct capture of volatiles emitted by living plants. Part II
Authors: Bicchi C. , D'Amato A. , David F. , Sandra P.
Published: November 2006

Fused silica open tubular traps coated with a 15 μm film of dimethylsilicone have been successfully used to capture volatiles emitted by living plants. The atmosphere surrounding the plants is sucked into the trap in which the volatiles are retained. The trap is then installed in a multidimensional capillary GC system. The volatiles are thermally desorbed, cold trapped and then analysed on the analytical column. The total procedure is on‐line. Several examples illustrate the possibilities of the technique.
Chemical composition of fissitigma shangtzeense tsiang et P.T. Li flower extract
Authors: Fan Pu , Zheng‐ju Zhang , Ye Shi
Published: November 2006

An extract of Fissitigma shangtzeense flowers was examined by GC‐MS and GC‐FTIR. It was found to contain linalol (37.8%) and α‐terpineol (12.1%) as the major components.
The essential oil of Curcuma aromatica salisb
Authors: Catálan C. A. N. , Bardon A. , Retamar J. A. , Gros E. G. , Verghese J. , Joy M. T.
Published: November 2006

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. volatiles were examined by a combination of GC, GC‐MS, Co‐GC, CC, TLC and HPLC techniques. Out of the 45 constituents separated by GC, 32 were identified, the most notable being germacrene‐D, curzerene, germacrone, curzerenone, xanthorrhizol, curcuphenol and hydroxyisogermafurenolide. The composition of C. aromatica oil is compared with those reported for other Curcuma species.
Analysis of terpene variation in leaves and fruits of Citrus unshiu Marc. during ontogenesis
Authors: Kekelidze N. A. , Lomidze E. P. , Janikashvili M. I.
Published: November 2006

The dynamics of accumulation of mono‐and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits of a mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) during ontogenesis was studied. Limonene, linalol, p‐cymene, β‐elemene are found to accumulate intensively in fruits prior to ripening. From that time till the physiological maturity of fruits, the biosynthesis of γ‐terpinene, β‐elemene and especially that of limonene increases, while the content of linalol, β‐caryophyllene, p‐cymene and α‐terpineol decreases. From the beginning of time of blossoming until the commencement of fruit ripening, the content of γ‐terpinene and p‐cymene varies essentially in leaves. From October the content of mono and sesquiterpenoids decreases sharply and remains practically unchanged during the forced state of rest.
On the quality of the volatile oil in micropropagated peppermint
Authors: Holm Yvonne , Hiltunen Raimo , Jokinen Kari , Tormala Timo
Published: November 2006

Mentha x plperita L. plants were regenerated from shoot tip cultures, cultivated in the field and their volatile oil composition was studied by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). For initiation of shoots in vitro, MS‐medium was used. The effect of 11 different hormone combinations, and MS‐medium without hormones were tested in this phase. From these media three were selected for the multiplication experiments. The plants regenerated from these experiments were grown in the field in 1986 and 1987 and the composition of the volatile oil was analysed during the growing season. During the first year the micro propagated plants had a higher content of menthol than vegetative lay propagated plants from the same stock plant, but in the second year the menthol content was about the same in both the micro propagated plants and the vegetatively propagated plants.
Constituents of ayou essential oil (Aydendron barbeyana Mez)
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall‐Weyerstahl Helga , Christiansen Christian
Published: November 2006

From Ayou oil (essential oil of Aydendron barbeyana Mez. 50 constituents could be identified by 1H‐NMR spectra and GC‐MS. Main constituents are β‐bisabolol (8%), (E)‐nerolidol (6%), ar‐curcumene (6%), and δ‐cadinene (5%). The structures of a new sesquiterpene ether 1,11‐oxidocalamenene (29a) and of trans‐sesquisabinene hydrate (41b) could be confirmed by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra.
Monoterpene‐rich resins from two ethiopian species of commiphora
Authors: Abegaz Berhanu , Dagne Ermias , Bates Catherine , Waterman Peter G.
Published: November 2006

Samples of the liquid resin obtained spontaneously on cutting the woudy parts of Commiphora terbinthina Vollesen and Commiphora Cyclophylla Chiov. Have been examined. Both have been found to consist primarily of monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene as the major component; the resin from C. terbinthina was richer in sesquiterpenes.
The effect of cultivation conditions on the composition of basil oil
Authors: Nykänen Irma
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil of basil grown under various conditions in Finland was analysed by capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The growth district seemed to affect the composition of the basil oil, the four districts studied yielding two chemotypes. The essential oil of one chemotype was high in linalol and estragole, whereas the oil of the other was high in linalol and eugenol. Cultivation under cover increased the yield of essential oil (mg/kg of herb) by about 80%. Depending on the chemotype, this increase was largely reflected in an increased production of estragole or eugenol, whereas production of linalol was less affected. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer supply over the range 0 to 160kg N/ha first decreased and then increased the essential oil production (mg/kg of herb).
Essential oil of Sideritis granatensis (Pau) Rivas‐Goday (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Adzet T. , Cañigueral S. , Ibàñez C.
Published: November 2006

The air‐dried aerial parts of Sideritis granatensis (Pau) Rivas‐Goday yielded 0.27% (vol/wt) of essential oil by hydrodistillation. The oil was investigated for the first time and more than 93% was identified. α‐Pinene (20%), fenchol (18%), fenchone (9%), fenchyl acetate (8%), 1,8‐cineole (5%) and limonene (5%) were the main components.
The leaf essential oil of Salvia candelabrum Boiss
Authors: Cañigueral S. , Iglesias J. , Vila R. , Ibàñez C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil (1.9% vol/wt) of the leaves of Salvia candelabrum Boiss. is reported. More than 98% of the oil was identified. 1,8‐Cineole (32%), camphor (21%), camphene (12%) and α‐pinene (8%) were the main components.
The chemical composition of the peel oils from unripe and ripe fruits of bitter orange, Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara engl.
Authors: Boelens Mans H. , Jimenez Rafael
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of bitter orange peel oils from fully developed, living, unripe and ripe fruits was studied. Fifty constituents were quantified, comprising about 99% of the oils. Lower aliphatic constituents are formed during ripening. Ripe bitter orange peels contained higher concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes and oxygen‐containing monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes than the peels of fully developed unripe fruits. Changes were found in the concentrations of linalol and linalyl acetate (together 0.3–3.2%) and in those of limonene (92–95%) in the peel oils from living bitter oranges. The sesquiterpenes nootkatone and α‐selinenone could not be detected in the peel oils from fully developed unripe bitter oranges, whereas such oils from ripe fruits contained up to 0.15% of them. Thus, some oxygen‐containing sesquiterpenes also seem to be formed during ripening.
Gc‐ion trap detection and identification in essential oil analysis
Authors: Galletti Guido C. , Marotti Mauro , Piccaglia Roberta , Pelli Beatrice , Traldi Pietro
Published: November 2006

Gas chromatography‐ion trap detection was studied using lavandin abrialis oil as a complex natural mixture. The essential oil was pre‐separated by column chromatography and the two fractions collected were analysed by GC‐FID and GC‐ITD. The gas chromatograms obtained by these detection methods were comparable. The mass spectra recorded by GC‐ITD were influenced by the absolute amounts of the compounds, and some examples are given to illustrate this phenomenon.
The synthesis of glucosides from monoterpene alcohols and their chromatographic characteristics
Authors: Mastelič J. , Grzunov K. , Ružzič N.
Published: November 2006

The β‐D‐glucopyranosides of citronellol, geraniol, menthol, and borneol were synthesized and characterized as their tetra‐acetates and trimethylsilyl ethers, and by enzymatic hydrolysis to their aglycones.
The essential oil of Cupressus lusitanicus Mill
Authors: Carmo M. M. , Frazão S.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves, twigs and branchlets of Cupressus lusitanicus Mill., Portuguese cypress, was analysed by capillary GC. The identified components and the percentage composition of the oil are given as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the oil, which were determined using ISO standard methods. The oil contained about 65% of monoterpene hydrocarbons.
Composition and yield of commercial essential oils from parsley. 1: Herb oil and crop development
Authors: Porter N. G.
Published: November 2006

Essential oils were extracted from aerial parts of plain and curled leaf parsley cultivars in commercial crops, from spring in the crops' second year until full seed ripeness. Continual and extensive changes in fresh weight, oil content, yield and composition in whole plants were associated with plant development stages during the growing season, and within different parts of dissected crop plants. Contribution ratios (% oil yield/% fresh weight) were calculated to identify the plant parts which accumulated oil most efficiently. Stem and leaf tissues were less efficient than umbels and more costly to extract. The aromatic characters of the oils from the different parts were determined by the balance of two groups of compounds. The typical parsley leaf character was associated most closely with p‐mentha‐l,3,8‐triene and the stronger seed character with myristicin and apiole. Single sampling of oils is inadequate for comparisons between cultivars or for effective management of commercial crops. The commercial significance of the results is discussed.
The volatile oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) savi subsp. glandulosa (req.) P. W. Ball, endemic to Greece
Authors: Kokkalou Eugenios , Stefanou Euripedes
Published: November 2006

The analysis by capillary GC and GC–MS of the volatile oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) P.W. Ball, endemic to Greece, showed the presence of at least 46 components, of which 31 were identified, corresponding to 98% of the total. The major components were found to be the two diastereoisomers of piperitone oxide (55%) and β‐bisabolene (8.5%).
Volatile components in the peel oil from fingered citron (citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis swingle)
Authors: Shiota Haruyasu
Published: November 2006

The volatile components in the peel oil from Japanese fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle) were analysed by GC–MS for the first time. The main components were limonene (47.8%), γ‐terpinene (32.1%), α‐pinene (2.9%), α‐pinene (2.7%), geranial (2.5%), myrcene (1.7%), neral (1.6%), terpinolene (1.4%) and γ‐thujene (1.33%). The peel oil was characterized by the smaller content of limonene and the larger content of β‐terpinene, geranial and neral. β‐Ionone, one of the aroma volatile components, was responsible for the characteristic osmanthus‐like odour of the fruit. A crystalline substance which separated from the peel oil was identified as 5,7‐dimethoxycoumarin (limettin) on the base of the 1H‐NMR spectrum.
The volatile leaf oil of vitex limonifolia wall
Authors: Suksamrarn Apichart , Aphaijitt Suthep , Brophy Joseph J.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oil of Vitex limonifolia Wall. contains caryophyllene (43%), caryophyllene oxide (13%) and α‐pinene (6%) as major components. Another 31 components have also been identified.
The deterpenation of orange and lemon oils using preparative adsorption chromatography
Authors: Tzamtzis N. E. , Liodakis S. E. , Parissakis G. K.
Published: November 2006

The deterpenation of orange and lemon oils has been studied by preparative adsorption chromatography using silica gel in glass columns of 43 cm length and diameters of 2.5, 5.1 and 9.0 cm.

The terpene hydrocarbons were eluted with n‐hexane/ethyl acetate 25:1 and the oxygenated compounds were eluted subsequently with ethyl acetate. The eluted fractions were collected and analysed by gas chromatography. The influence of column diameter and product feed rate on the degree of deterpenation has been studied.

An empirical equation which relates the degree of deterpenation to the recovery of enriched oil and the product feed rate has been derived. This relationship can be used to predict the performance of any given system based on silica gel adsorption chromatography.
Extraction of the volatile oil in chamomile flowerheads using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Vuorela H. , Holm Y. , Hiltunen R. , Harvala T. , Laitinen A.
Published: November 2006

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibilities of enriching the most volatile chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert) compounds in extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and to analyse them by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC). HSGC was combined with mass spectrometry for identification of the compounds. The present study shows that extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide is a convenient method for isolating volatile oils. Also the most volatile components of essential oils, that are normally lost during isolation, can be enriched in an extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
The volatile constituents of the flower concrete of chimonanthus praecox link. from china
Authors: Ueyama Yoshitaka , Hashimoto Seiji , Nii Hiromichi , Furukawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of the flower concrete of Chimonanthus praecox Link. (Calycanthaceae) from China has been investigated by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. This essential oil possesses a characteristic sweet floral odour. As the result of analysis, a total of 161 compounds were identified. The main constituents were trans‐β‐ocimene, nonanal, linalol, bornyl acetate, 3,7‐dimethylocta‐1,5(E), 7‐trien‐3‐ol, δ‐cadinene, benzyl alcohol and elemol, accounting for 32.53% of the neutral essential oil.
Chemical composition of Eucalyptus essential oils grown in Uruguay
Authors: Dellacassa Eduardo , Menéndez Pilar , Moyna Patrick , Soler Eduardo
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of essential oils from 22 Eucalyptus species growing in Uruguay are described. It was found that 1, 8‐cineole, citronellal, p‐cymene and benzaldehyde are the main constituents.
Essential oils from Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown and Aloysia chamaedrifolia Cham. (verbenaceae) from Uruguay
Authors: Dellacassa Eduardo , Soler Eduardo , Menéndez Pilar , Moyna Patrick
Published: November 2006

The essential oil composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown, and Aloysia chamaedrifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) growing in Uruguay are described. The main components are camphor, 1,8‐cineole and β‐cubebene for L. alba and globulol, spathulenol and γ‐elemene for A. chamaedrifolia.
The volatile constituents of Shi Mei (Rosa davurica Pall.) flower concrete from China
Authors: Ueyama Yoshitaka , Hashimoto Seiji , Nii Hiromichi , Furukawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of Shi Mei (Rosa davurica Pall.) flower concrete have been investigated by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. This essential oil possesses a characteristic plum‐like and Osmanthus flower‐like odour. The main constituents of the essential oil from Shi Mei flower concrete were eugenol (23.8%), benzyl alcohol (24.5%), β‐ionone (7.0%), dihydro‐β‐ionol (3.3%), linalol (6.0%) and benzaldehyde (2.5%).
Genetic affinities and essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis L., S. fruticosa Mill., S. tomentosa Mill. and their hybrids
Authors: Putievsky E. , Ravid U. , Diwan‐Rinzler N. , Zohary D.
Published: November 2006

In order to clarify the relationship between Salvia officinalis L., S. fruticosa Mill., and S. tomentosa Mill., interspecific crosses were made and were followed by a study of chromosome behaviour, pollen fertility, seed set, and essential oil composition of parents and F1 plants. The data presented show that although the three tested Salvia species have low crossability they are closely related.
The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Grown on Aruba
Authors: Fun C. E. , Svendsen A. Baerheim
Published: November 2006

Capillary GC analysis of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. grown on Aruba showed high contents of 1,8‐cineole (27‐38%) and sabinene (12‐18%). The oil showed a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus.
Composition of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum var. canum Sims and O. gratissimum L. Grown on Aruba
Authors: Fun C. E. , Svendsen A. Baerheim
Published: November 2006

Capillary GC analysis of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum var. canum Sims and O. gratissimum L. grown on Aruba showed that O. basilicum var. canum belonged to the methyl cinnamate type. Half of the material of O. gratissimum belonged to the methyl cinnamate chemotype and the other half contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and varying amounts of eugenol as the main volatile components, indicating the existence also of a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon‐eugenol chemotype of O. gratissimum.
Constituents of the volatile leaf oils of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms.
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V. , Suksamrarn Apichart
Published: November 2006

A GC–MS analysis of the sesquiterpenoid volatile leaf oils of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. from Thailand and Fiji has shown large quantitative as well as some qualitative differences between them. About 24 constituents have been tentatively identified, β‐elemene, α‐bergamotene, germacrene‐D and (E)‐gM‐bisabolene being present in major proportions.
The antimicrobial properties of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) Volatile Oil
Authors: Deans S. G. , Svoboda Katerina P.
Published: November 2006

Steam distilled volatile oil from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) was evaluated for its antibacterial and antifungal activities. A range of 25 bacterial and five fungal species was used in this study, and included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungi. The oil exerted considerable inhibitory powers against several of the bacteria, with the food‐poisoning bacterium Staphylococcus aureus being least affected. The most susceptible organisms were Beneckea natriegens, Erwinia carotovora and Moraxella sp. Of the fungi tested, Aspergillus niger proved the most susceptible to marjoram oil.
(+)‐ α‐santalol and ( − )‐ β‐santalol(Z) concentration, a new quality determinant of East Indian sandalwood oil
Authors: Verghese J. , Sunny T. P. , Balakrishnan K. V.
Published: November 2006

The level of ( + )‐ α‐santalol (1) and ( − )‐ β‐santalol(Z) (2) measured by capillary gas chromatography (CGC) constitutes a better criterion than the currently accepted index, viz. ‘not less than 90% of alcohol calculated as santalol’ to judge East Indian sandalwood oil. The limits proposed are: 40% to 55% (1) and 17% to 27% (2). This novel approach deserves inclusion in all official specifications of the oil.
Composition of the essential oils of some Thymus and Thymbra species
Authors: Kuštrak D. , Martinis Z. , Kuftinec J. , Blažević N.
Published: November 2006

A comparative study of some Thymus and Thymbra species growing wild in Yugoslavia, was carried out in order to determine the possibilities of using regional resources of medicinal plants. The essential oil contents (0.70–1.60% vol./dry wt) were determined by hydrodistillation, and the oil compositions analysed by gas chromatography.

The oil of Thymus glabrescens Willd. contained 29% 1, 8‐cineole, 0.2% thymol and 2% carvacrol. Oil samples of Thymus pulegioides L. contained less than 0.7% 1, 8‐cineole, but 6–15% p‐cymene, 1–22% thymol and 10–30% carvacrol, while one of these samples consisted of 50% linalol. In the oil of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl, the main components were p‐cymene (26%), thymol (40%) and carvacrol (8%). The oil of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. [ = Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb. f.] was characterized by large amounts of carvacrol (76–83%).
The synthesis of enantiomerically pure (S)(+)‐α‐phellandrene from (R)(−)‐carvone
Authors: Sen A. , Grosch W.
Published: November 2006

α‐Phellandrene is widely distributed in spices and herbs. In the essential oils, the (−)‐form appears more commonly in Mentha, Pinus, Lavandula and Zanthoxylum species.1.2 The (+)‐form of α‐phellandrene is most significant in Ridolfa species,2 and has been recently associated in the dill herb3 with a strong and typical dill‐like aromatic note. In order to clarify, and to confirm by synthesis, the odour characteristics related to the stereochemical properties of the (+)‐form, it was necessary to provide the pure enantiomer with the known absolute configuration.
Genuineness characters of calabrian bergamot essential oil
Authors: Dugo Giovanni , Cotroneo Antonella , Verzera Antonella , Donato Maria G. , Duce Rosa Del , Licandro Giavincenzo , Crispo Francesco
Published: November 2006

The composition of 432 samples of bergamot essential oil, absolutely genuine and produced in Calabria using a ‘pelatrice’ (peel machine) during the 1986/87 and 1987/88 seasons, has been studied by HRGC.

The results obtained, together with those of 409 samples produced in the 1984/85 season, establish that the quantitative composition of bergamot essential oil (1) shows peculiar and reproducible variations for some compounds during the whole productive season and (2) greatly depends on the provenance of the fruit, the latitude but not the altitude being the determining factor.

The ranges of the compounds studied are wider than those observed previously for lemon and mandarin essential oils.

The results obtained help in the determination of genuineness and the quality of bergamot essential oils.
The characteristics of the peel oil obtained from Shima‐Mikan (Citrus kinokuni Hort. ex Tanaka)
Authors: Shiota Haruyasu , Itoo Saburo
Published: November 2006

The composition of the peel oil from Shima‐mikan (Citrus kinokuni Hort. ex Tanaka) was investigated at monthly intervals and it was found that the concentration of methyl N‐methylanthranilate (MMA) decreased gradually as the fruit matured. However, MMA was not detectable in the peel oils from Kishiu‐mikan and Sakurajima‐mikan, even though Shima‐mikan has been described as a member of the same botanic group as these two species of citrus. The composition of the peel oil from Shima‐mikan was found to resemble that of the Mediterranean mandarin.
Volatile constituents of ethanol extracts of Hierochloe odorata L. var. Pubescens kryl.
Authors: Ueyama Yoshitaka , Arai Toshiyuki , Hashimoto Seiji
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents obtained from ethanol extracts of the root and the aerial parts of Hierochloe odorata L. var. pubescens Kryl. growing in the east of China were examined by a combination of GC, GC‐MS and HPLC techniques. A total of 169 volatile compounds were identified. This volatile oil was rich in coumarin, which accounted for 10.3 % of the root oil and 24.9% of the aerial part oil. Quantitative analysis by HPLC showed that ethanol extract of the roots to contain 3.57% (m/m) of coumarin and that of the aerial parts 3.72% (m/m).
Composition of leaf and flower essential oil from Monarda didyma L. cultivated in France
Authors: Carnat A. P. , Lamaison J. L. , Rémery A.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from flowers and leaves of Monarda didyma L. (cv. Cambridge Scarlet) was investigated by means of GC and GC‐MS. Linalol proved to be the main component, together with other typical compounds of the Lamiaceae family.
On the characterization of some terpenes from Renealmia alpinia rott. (maas) oleoresin
Authors: Lognay G. , Marlier M. , Severin M. , Haubruge E. , Gibon V. , Trevejo E.
Published: November 2006

Renealmia alpinia Rott. (Maas) (Zingiberaceae) seeds contain 14% of a dark brown oleoresin which was investigated by a combination of chromatographic and spectrometric techniques. The volatiles (4.4% of the oleoresin) extracted from the oil by hydro‐distillation were mainly monoterpene hydrocarbons (β‐pinene 22.3%, limonene 18.4% and β‐phellandrene 38.0%). The oleoresin was further fractionated by column chromatography. β‐Carotene, nerolidol and manool were detected. The main constituent (45%) was unambiguously identified as 8(17),12 (E)‐labdadien‐15,16‐dial and details of its structure were provided by NMR spectroscopy. Three other unidentified labdane diterpenes were also found in low amounts.
Relation between the antimicrobial activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of Sidevitis sipylea boiss. (labiatae)
Authors: Gergis V. , Spiliotis V. , Argyriadou N. , Poulos C.
Published: November 2006

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Sideritis sipylea Boiss. (Labiatae) was studied. The essential oil was separated into five fractions by preparative TLC and the antimicrobial activity of each fraction was tested. The results showed that the different fractions varied in their antimicrobial activity. The fractions with the highest activity were analysed by GC‐MS analysis and it was shown that the main constituents responsible for the antimicrobial activity were alcohols.
Essential oils from two medicinal plants of Fiji: Dysoxylum richii (A. Gray) C.D.C. fruit and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. leaves
Authors: Aalbersberg William G. L. , Singh Yogendra
Published: November 2006

Steam distillation of Dysoxylum richii (A. Gray) C.D.C. fruits gave a greenish coloured oil in 0.19% yield while Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. leaves gave a yellow oil in 0.02 % yield. The composition of the essential oils was determined by the use of capillary gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The oil from Dysoxylum richii fruits was found to be rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (58 %) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (35 %). The major components of the oil are δ‐cadinene (20.4%), germacrene‐D (16.6%) and cadinol isomers (21%). The classes of compounds detected in the leaf oil of Synedrella nodiflora were aliphatic alcohols, monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The major components of this oil are β‐caryophyllene, β‐farnesene, germacrene‐D and β‐cubebene.
The chemical composition of two clary sage chemotypes and their hybrids
Authors: Elnir Oz , Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Dudai Nativ , Ladizinsky Gideon
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of two essential oil types of Salvia sclarea L. during early and late flowering stages was analysed. A new chemotype with relatively high citral, geranyl acetate and geraniol content was observed in two small populations growing in northern Israel. Comparison of the new chemotype with a Russian type showed a great difference in composition and organoleptic character between the two oils. The highest amount of mono‐ and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was detected in the Israeli type, at the early flowering stage. The relative quantity of most components of hybrid oils was intermediate between those of the parent plants.
Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. V. volatile components of three zingiberaceae from Cameroon: Aframomum melegueta (roscoe) K. Schum., A. Daniellii (hook. f.) K. Schum. and A. Sulcatum (oliv. and hanb.) K. Schum.
Authors: Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Zollo P. H. Amvam , Atogho B. M. , Abondo R. , Bessière J. M.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from the seeds of Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum., A. danielli (Hook. f.) K. Schum. and A. sulcatum (Olive. and Hanb.) K. Schum. by hydrodistillation were analysed by GLC and GC‐MS. The essential oil of A. melegueta presents a characteristic composition with β‐caryophyllene(8.5%), α‐humulene(31.3%) and their epoxides (respectively 17.9% and 27.7%) as main constituents. With its high content of 1,8‐cineole(48.9%), the A. danielli oil can be related to other species of the same genus already studied. The sesquiterpenoid content of A. sulcatum amounts to about 85%, mainly hydrocarbons (81%); among them, the guaienes are the most abundant (47.2%). Other constituents that are important markers of individual species include linalol (A. melegueta), β‐, limonene and α‐terpineol (A. daniellii), limonene and β‐selinene (A. sulcatum).
The constituents of cascarilla oil (croton eluteria bennett)
Authors: Hagedorn Myrna L. , Brown Sharon M.
Published: November 2006

Commercial Cascarilla oil was fractionated by liquid chromatography on silica and alumina, and by preparative gas chromatography. On the basis of 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, GC‐MS and GC‐FTIR data, 143 constituents were identified (75% of the oil). Five sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (II, III, V‐VII), a non‐terpenoid ester (VIII) and ketone (IX), two eudesmane alcohols (XI, XII), one sesquiterpene phenol (XIII), and a Clerodane diterpene (XIV) were new compounds. The stereochemistry of β‐cedren‐10‐ol (X), previously reported in Cascarilla, was also determined.
Volatile flavour components of ocimum basilicum var. hispidum (lam.) Chiov.
Authors: Ruberto Giuseppe , Spadaro Angelo , Piattelli Mario , Piozzi Franco , Passannanti Salvatore
Published: November 2006

The volatile components obtained by steam‐distillation ofOcimum basilicum var. hispidum (Lam.) Chiov. (Labiatae) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 21 compounds, representing ca 90% of the total oil, were identified. The identity of the main component (82%), dihydrotagetone, was confirmed by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. This is the first report of this compound in the genus Ocimum.
Composition of the essential oil of an italian thymus vulgaris L. ecotype
Authors: Piccaglia Roberta , Marotti Mauro
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil from a Thymus vulgaris L. type growing wild in northern Italy was determined by GC and GC‐MS. Forty‐four components of the oil were identified, monoterpenes being the most abundant (about 80%). The biogenetic sequence γ‐terpinene → p‐cymene → thymol probably defines the chemotype. The effect of environmental conditions over the two consecutive trial years was evaluated with respect to the quali‐quantitative composition of the essential oils and some agronomic parameters.
Essential oil constituents of Cyperus tuberosus rottb. Rhizomes
Authors: Ekundayo Olusegun , Oderinde Rotimi , Ogundeyin Mojisola , Stahl‐Biskup Elisabeth
Published: November 2006

Hydrodistillation of Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. rhizomes yielded an essential oil (0.65%, fresh weight basis). The chemical composition of the volatile oil was investigated in detail by means of a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Of the 43 compounds that were identified, humulene, β caryophyllene and four of their isomeric epoxides accounted for more than 70% of the oil. The other 37 constituents amounted to only 25%. The essential oil from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes was also analysed and significant compositional differences were found between the two essential oils. These variations may be chemotaxonomically significant.
Fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Tagetes erecta l. against Pythium aphanidermatum fitz. the damping‐off pathogen
Authors: Kishore N. , Dwivedi R. S.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of the leaves of Tagetes erecta L. exhibited complete inhibition of growth of Pythium aphanidermatum Fitz., the damping‐off pathogen, at a concentration of 2000 ppm. The oil possessed a broad fungitoxic spectrum, no phytotoxicity and superiority over three synthetic fungicides, viz. Captan, Agrosan G.N. and Dithane Z‐78. Moreover, during pot trials the oil indicated its efficacy for controlling the damping‐off of seedlings of tomato up to 50%.