bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linkage of the Actin Cytoskeleton to the Postsynaptic Density via Direct Interactions of Abp1 with the ProSAP/Shank Family
Authors: Qualmann Britta , Boeckers Tobias M. , Jeromin Monika , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Kessels Michael M.
Published: March 2004

Synaptic contacts contain elaborate cytomatrices on both sides of the synaptic cleft, which are believed to organize and link the different synaptic functions in time and space and can respond to different inner and outer cues with massive structural reorganizations. At the PSD (postsynaptic density), activity-dependent reorganizations of the cortical actin cytoskeleton are hypothesized to play a role in synaptic plasticity. Here, we report on interactions of the F-actin binding protein Abp1 with members of the ProSAP/Shank family: multidomain scaffolding PSD proteins interconnecting glutamate receptors with other synaptic components. Affinity-purification experiments demonstrate that the interactions are mediated by the Abp1 (actin-binding protein 1) SH3 (Src homology 3) domain, which associates with a proline-rich motif that is conserved within the C-terminal parts of ProSAP1(proline-rich synapse-associated protein 1)/Shank2 and ProSAP2/Shank3. The distribution of Abp1, ProSAP1, and ProSAP2 overlaps within the brain, and all three proteins are part of the PSD and are particularly enriched in cortex and hippocampus. Coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous Abp1 and ProSAP2 and colocalization studies of Abp1 and ProSAPs in hippocampal neurons indicate thein vivorelevance of the interactions. Intriguingly,in vivorecruitment assays demonstrate that Abp1 can bind to dynamic F-actin structures and ProSAPs simultaneously, suggesting that Abp1 might link different organizing elements in the PSD. Importantly, different paradigms of neuronal stimulation induce a redistribution of Abp1 to ProSAP-containing synapses. Our data suggest that ProSAPs may serve to localize Abp1 to dendritic spines, thus serving as attachment points for the dynamic postsynaptic cortical actin cytoskeleton. This creates a functional connection between synaptic stimulation and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
NT-3 Replacement with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Redirects Vestibular Nerve Fibers to the Cochlea
Authors: Tessarollo Lino , Coppola Vincenzo , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: March 2004

Survival of inner ear sensory neurons depends on two neurotrophins, BDNF and NT-3, and their respective receptors, TrkB and TrkC. Because both receptors are present in the same neuron, it has been suggested that BDNF and NT-3 are functionally redundant in promoting neuronal survival. Knock-in of one ligand into the locus of the other one confirmed this hypothesis for the cochlea, leaving open the question of why two neurotrophins are required for proper innervation of the mammalian ear. Here, we show that the precise spatiotemporal pattern of expression of the two neurotrophins is essential for proper patterning of the inner ear innervation. Mice expressing BDNF under the control of the NT-3 promoter develop exuberant projections of vestibular sensory neurons to the basal turn of the cochlea. This projection can be enhanced by combining the transgene with a null mutation of BDNF. However, vestibular fibers rerouted into the cochlea do not reach hair cells and remain outside the organ of Corti, suggesting a chemotactic role for neurotrophins on these fibers. Our data provide genetic evidence that neurotrophins in the ear exert both survival and axon guidance roles.
Alterations in Glucose Metabolism Induce Hypothermia Leading to Tau Hyperphosphorylation through Differential Inhibition of Kinase and Phosphatase Activities: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Planel Emmanuel , Miyasaka Tomohiro , Launey Thomas , Chui De-Hua , Tanemura Kentaro , Sato Shinji , Murayama Ohoshi , Ishiguro Koichi , Tatebayashi Yoshitaka , Takashima Akihiko
Published: March 2004

Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains contain neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Regional reductions in cerebral glucose metabolism correlating to NFT densities have been reported in AD brains. Assuming that reduced glucose metabolism might cause abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation, we inducedin vivoalterations of glucose metabolism in mice by starvation or intraperitoneal injections of either insulin or deoxyglucose. We found that the treatments led to abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation with patterns resembling those in early AD brains and also resulted in hypothermia. Surprisingly, tau hyperphosphorylation could be traced down to a differential effect of low temperatures on kinase and phosphatase activities. These data indicate that abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation is associated with altered glucose metabolism through hypothermia. Our results imply that serine-threonine protein phosphatase 2A plays a major role in regulating tau phosphorylation in the adult brain and providein vivoevidence for its crucial role in abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
Induction of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Plaque-Associated Glial Cells of Aged APP23 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Burbach Guido J. , Hellweg Rainer , Haas Carola A. , Del Turco Domenico , Deicke Uwe , Abramowski Dorothee , Jucker Mathias , Staufenbiel Matthias , Deller Thomas
Published: March 2004

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a versatile neurotrophic factor that has been implicated in cell survival, cell differentiation, axonal growth, and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Changes in BDNF expression have also been reported during the course of several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The role of BDNF in AD, however, has remained elusive. To learn more about this neurotrophic factor, we investigated BDNF expression in brain of amyloid precursor protein overexpressing mice (APP23 transgenic mice).In situhybridization revealed BDNF mRNA signals associated with amyloid plaques. Laser microdissection in combination with quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a sixfold increase of BDNF mRNA in the immediate plaque vicinity, a threefold increase in a tissue ring surrounding the plaque, and control levels in interplaque areas comparable with those measured in age-matched nontransgenic mice. Double immunofluorescence localized BDNF to microglial cells and astrocytes surrounding the plaque. Cortical BDNF protein levels were quantified by ELISA demonstrating a >10-fold increase compared with age-matched controls. This upregulation of BDNF protein significantly correlated with the β-amyloid load in the transgenic animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate a plaque-associated upregulation of BDNF in APP23 transgenic mice and implicate this neurotrophin in the regulation of inflammatory and axonal growth processes in the plaque vicinity.
VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government
Authors: Wischermann Joerg
Published: March 2004

In spring 2000, our research team identified 322 issue-oriented organizations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, i.e., non-state, voluntary, non-profit-oriented organizations actively working on social, educational, environmental, community, and other issues. We interviewed 136 representatives of these organizations. This article presents selected findings and a theoretical analysis of the data.
MONGOLIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE PAST DECADE
Authors: Batbayar Tsedendamba
Published: March 2004

Because of its location between Russia and China, today, as in the past, Mongolia is likely to be of strategic importance to Russia. Due to its own weakened position, Moscow favors Mongolia's adopting a neutral posture vis-à-vis its two giant neighbors. This article analyzes the evolution of Moscow's policy toward Mongolia in the 1990s. Russian policy went through three stages: a breakdown of bilateral relations, stagnation, and revival of bilateral relations. Russian interests in Mongolia include both political-strategic and trade and economic aspects.
THE REVITALIZED PHILIPPINE-U.S. SECURITY RELATIONS: A Ghost from the Cold War or an Alliance for the 21st Century?
Authors: Castro Renato Cruz De
Published: March 2004

This article contends that the Philippine-U.S. post-9/11 security relationship is characterized by temporary and limited American troop deployment aimed at developing the Armed Forces of the Philippines' counterterrorism capability and fostering interoperability between the Philippine and American armed forces. The article concludes that the post-9/11 alliance is significantly different from the two countries' security relationship during the Cold War.
POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION IN HONG KONG: Repercussions for Inequality and Civil Society
Authors: Post David
Published: March 2004

Hong Kong has launched an ambitious reform of post-secondary education, expanding student access but also diversifying the missions of institutions and their finance. To illuminate repercussions for civil society, this article identifies three unresolved policy dilemmas. It then presents emergent trends in inequality of access to higher education through analysis of the 1981, 1991, and 2001 population censuses.
THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA IN 2003: All Quiet on the Eastern Front?
Authors: Pollack Jonathan D.
Published: March 2004

U.S.-Asian relations in 2003 appeared on the cusp of major change. The Bush administration (preoccupied by far more pressing challenges in the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia) sought to deflect potential crises in Korea and the Taiwan Strait, while also hoping to tether regional states to the new American security agenda. Although nearly all Asian states voiced assent for U.S. efforts to counter international terrorism, this support often reflected practical realities, not a deeper congruence of interests with Washington's. The path ahead for the United States in Asia remained unsettled, with crises deferred rather than resolved.
CAMBODIA IN 2003: On the Road to Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Albritton Robert B.
Published: March 2004

Elections in 2003, the third since the 1991 peace agreement, represent a significant step toward a multi-party democracy, but provisions of the Constitution designed to reconcile warring parties now pose problems for developing stable, democratically elected governments. Regional economic shocks to tourism have caused Cambodia to fall well below original projections for economic growth. Prospects for an international tribunal to try former Khmer Rouge leaders now appear to be moving toward limbo.
SINGAPORE IN 2003: Another Tough Year
Authors: Case William
Published: March 2004

During 2003, Singapore's prime minister, Goh Chok Tong, announced that he would be succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong some time before the next election. The country's economy was severely affected by falling export markets and SARS. A free trade agreement was concluded with the United States, while relations remained strained with Malaysia over a variety of issues.
VIETNAM IN 2003: The Road to Ungovernability?
Authors: Fforde Adam
Published: March 2004

2003 in Vietnam saw good economic performance combined with ongoing high levels of corruption and Communist Party concerns over governance issues. Social differentiation continued to climb, with signs of gathering social unrest as “trickle-down” effects fell away.
AFGHANISTAN IN 2003: The Taliban Resurface and a New Constitution Is Born
Authors: Goodson Larry P.
Published: March 2004

The year 2003 for Afghanistan was marred by a declining security situation, as resurgent Taliban and other anti-government forces made large sections of the rural areas too dangerous for sustained reconstruction work, and powerful regional warlords continued to defy the attempts of the Kabul government to strengthen statebuilding. Recognizing the danger to its investment there, late in the year, the U.S. altered its military tactics, announced a major new reconstruction grant, and sent a new ambassador. The year ended on a high note, as Afghanistan's Constitutional Loya Jirga promulgated a new Afghan constitution, modeled on the American document, and ratified it early in the New Year on January 4, 2004.
CHINA IN 2003: From SARS to Spaceships
Authors: Kraus Richard
Published: March 2004

The year began ominously for China;the nation was isolated by a major public health crisis caused by the spread of SARS from Guangdong to Beijing, Taiwan, Singapore, and Toronto, to name only the most heavily impacted regions. As the crisis developed, it became perhaps inevitably involved with the ongoing transition to new political leadership. But by the end of the year, China was flexing its economic and technical muscle, as it basked in international attention from its first successful space flight.
TAIWAN IN 2003: Plenty of Clouds, Few Silver Linings
Authors: Rigger Shelley
Published: March 2004

Taiwan faced a difficult year in 2003. In early spring, SARS affected the island profoundly, but Taiwanese leaders were not able to leverage the outbreak into a chance at observer status in the World Health Organization. Although Taiwan's economic recession lifted somewhat, frustration over its continuing international isolation and domestic political deadlock led to calls for referendums on national policy issues and a new constitution. Both of these measures provoked concern in Washington and opposition in Beijing.
INDIA IN 2003: Pre-Electoral Maneuvering and the Prospects for Regional Peace
Authors: Sáez Lawrence
Published: March 2004

This article focuses on the electoral strategies adopted by the dominant national political parties in anticipation of the 2004 general election. The success of these strategies is apt to depend on the results of various state legislative assembly elections. We conclude with observations on recent realignments in India's foreign policy, particularly with respect to China and Pakistan.
NEPAL IN 2003: Another Failed Chance for Peace
Authors: Krämer Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2004

One year after King Gyanendra dismissed the government of Sher Bahadur Deuba and assumed executive powers in violation of the Constitution, a return to a democratic system is not in sight. The royal action of October 4, 2002, appears more and more as a royal coup d'état. The initiation of a peace process with the Maoist insurgents brought new hopes for some months, but the dialogue broke down before it really began.
MALAYSIA IN 2003: Leadership Transition with a Tall Shadow
Authors: Ganesan N.
Published: March 2004

Abdullah Badawi's replacement of Mahathir Mohamad as prime minister leaves him with many challenges. These include the anointing of a deputy, healing rifts within the United Malays National Organization and the Malay community, and preparing for a general election by 2004. While Malaysia has posted positive economic growth, there is some concern over regular deficit spending. With the country at the head of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Conference, Malaysia saw some turbulence in its relations with the United States and Australia.
MYANMAR IN 2003: Frustration and Despair?
Authors: Hlaing Kyaw Yin
Published: March 2004

The diminished prospect for reconciliation between the government, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), and the main opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), at the year's outset led to frustration and despair for the people of Myanmar (Burma) in 2003. Throughout the year, Myanmar was beset with political impasse and economic difficulties triggered by a violent clash between NLD members and government supporters, as well as by the government's third detention of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and U.S. economic sanctions. Myanmar's political future remains precarious; those anticipating democracy and prosperity were left feeling frustrated and desolate.
The grandfather of the hydrogen bomb?: Anglo-American intelligence and Klaus Fuchs
Authors: GOODMAN MICHAEL S.
Published: March 2004

It has been assumed that Klaus Fuchs could not have provided significant information to the Soviet Union regarding the hydrogen bomb because the calculations he took with him from Los Alamos were flawed. Recent evidence from British, American and former Soviet sources suggest that Fuchs played an invaluable role in the early development of thermonuclear weapons in all three countries. This article considers this new evidence and places Fuchs' role in the development of the H-bomb in the context of intelligence estimates that arose following his arrest.
Fundamental physics and its justifications, 1945-1993
Authors: STEVENS HALLAM
Published: March 2004

The justifications for public expenditure on accelerator laboratories that high energy physicists deployed over the course of the Cold War are examined.It is shown how legitimization in terms of Cold War economic and national security aims was rendered ineffective during the 1960s anti-science movements. As a consequence high energy physicists framed a response that emphasized the elegance and cultural value of their work. Their story vaunted universal and fundamental concepts that could be appreciated by even an anti-scientific audience. In particular, the concept of “symmetry,” which had become a powerful tool of high energy physics, was utilized to communicate the aesthetic qualities toward which the physicists aspired. Robert Wilson realized this vision in his design and successful construction and operation of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1967-1974). During the 1980s, renewed Cold War tensions, string theory, and challenges from condensed matter physicists fragmented the physics community and broke down the high energy physicists' symmetry narrative. The multiplicity of competing stories about fundamental physics that resulted are considered as one cause of the 1993 cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider.
If we build it, who will come? Radio astronomy and the limitations of “national” laboratories in Cold War America
Authors: MUNNS DAVID
Published: March 2004

The history of big science, especially physics, informs historians that the instrument is at the heart of Cold War science. This article presents the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which was consciously modeled on the Brookhaven National Laboratory and where the choice of instrument was of only secondary importance. During the planning for the NRAO, which took place from 1954 until 1956, mostly in offices in Washington, D.C. and New York, an extended debate emerged over the place of “national” facilities in science, and their relationship to established university programs, particularly those concerned with graduate student instruction. The case of the NRAO reveals the resilience of notions of dispersed scientific community, emphasizing smaller programs in many universities, as well as the perceived necessity of continued participation from a wide disciplinary array of practitioners who, cooperatively, forged radio astronomy. This essay illustrates substantial resistance to the model of scientific practice advocated by the national laboratories when applied to radio astronomy. Critics of a national facility for radio astronomy charged that the substantial funds could be better utilized within existing university-based programs, which would need to be expanded in any event to provide the researchers for the national facility. The senior researchers in radio astronomy were not American, highlighting the fallacy of the notion of national science.
Music and Language: A Developmental Comparison
Authors: MCMULLEN ERIN , SAFFRAN JENNY R.
Published: March 2004

The possible links between music and language continue to intrigue scientists interested in the nature of these two types of knowledge, their evolution, and their instantiation in the brain. Here we consider music and language from a developmental perspective, focusing on the degree to which similar mechanisms of learning and memory might subserve the acquisition of knowledge in these two domains. In particular, it seems possible that while adult musical and linguistic processes are modularized to some extent as separate entities, there may be similar developmental underpinnings in both domains, suggesting that modularity is emergent rather than present at the beginning of life. Directions for future research are considered.
Communicative Pressure and the Evolution of Musical Styles
Authors: TEMPERLEY DAVID
Published: March 2004

Music functions, at least in part, to convey certain structures to the listener via a surface of notes. For communication to occur successfully, the structures must be recoverable from the surface. I argue that this consideration has been an important factor in the shaping of musical styles, and sheds light on a number of phenomena: the greater degree of syncopation and lower degree of rubato in traditional African music and rock versus common-practice music; the extensive use of rubato in pieces with consistent repeated patterns (e.g., much Romantic piano music); the rise of swing tempo and the higher degree of syncopation in jazz as opposed to ragtime; and the greater variety of chord-tones and lower tolerance for chordal inversion in jazz as opposed to common-practice music.
Speech Patterns Heard Early in Life Influence Later Perception of the Tritone Paradox
Authors: DEUTSCH DIANA , HENTHORN TREVOR , DOLSON MARK
Published: March 2004

The tritone paradox occurs when two tones that are related by a half-octave (or tritone) are presented in succession and the tones are constructed in such a way that their pitch classes (C, C♯, D, etc.) are clearly defined but their octave placement is ambiguous. Previous studies have shown that there are large individual differences in how such tone pairs are perceived, and these differences correlate with the listener's language or dialect. We here present findings showing that perception of the tritone paradox can be heavily influenced by speech heard early in life, even for listeners who do not speak their first language fluently. Our findings point to a specific linkage between speech and music, and they also shed light on the issue of critical periods for the acquisition of intonational properties of speech.
Singing in the Brain: Insights from Cognitive Neuropsychology
Authors: PERETZ ISABELLE , GAGNON LISE , HÉBERT SYLVIE , MACOIR JOËL
Published: March 2004

Singing abilities are rarely examined despite the fact that their study represents one of the richest sources of information regarding how music is processed in the brain. In particular, the analysis of singing performance in brain-damaged patients provides key information regarding the autonomy of music processing relative to language processing. Here, we review the relevant literature, mostly on the perception and memory of text and tunes in songs, and we illustrate how lyrics can be distinguished from melody in singing, in the case of brain damage. We report a new case, G.D., who has a severe speech disorder,marked by phonemic errors and stuttering, without a concomitant musical production disorder. G.D. was found to produce as few intelligible words in speaking as in singing familiar songs. Singing “la, la, la” was intact and hence could not account for the speech deficit observed in singing. The results indicate that verbal production, be it sung or spoken, is mediated by the same (impaired) language output system and that this speech route is distinct from the (spared) melodic route. In sum, we provide here further evidence that the autonomy of music and language processing extends to production tasks.
From Sounds To Music: The Contextualizations of Pitch
Authors: THOMSON WILLIAM
Published: March 2004

Current musicology demands opposing explanations of pitch structure, a styles-driven approach that ignores both the kinetics common to diverse musics and the broadly shared bases of human perception. To establish a unified theory, a “from-bit-to-whole” path is argued, noting sensory, neural, and cognitive domains as they are relevant and empirically confirmed. After preliminary discussion of the most elemental dynamics of tone bunching into wholes, an extensive examination of melodic pitch framing ensues. The tonality frame is observed in melodies from a broad sampling of eras and cultures; thus is confirmed a conception of organization that ties the spectral content of the single tone to the chord and to melody, both bearing in common the properties of sonance and root. Such an explanation helps link current musical practice with conceptualizations and practices of both ancient and exotic cultures.
ALTERATION IN EXILE
Authors: PHILLIPSON M.
Published: March 2004

Critics generally note a big shift in Lord Byron's style: the potently gloomy Eastern Tales, showcasing the magnetically alienated Byronic Hero, give way to a sharply contrasting style, that of the conversational Don Juan (1819-24). Accounts of Byron's career tend to treat this alteration as sudden or whimsical. In fact, it is intrinsically tied to exile, a connection illustrated by the verse-romance Mazeppa (1819), in many ways the forerunner of the contemporaneously begun Don Juan. Mazeppa is Byron's most elaborate-even systematic-depiction of exile; its hero, tied onto a wild horse and sent off into the wilderness, learns to endure amid dramatically changed circumstances. As its hero describes his travails, Mazeppa yokes together a number of entities forced to interact, uneasy pairings that include horse/water, man/horse, past/present, history/romance, and narrator/auditor. Dialogic interchange thus shapes Byron's portrayal of exile; the conversational style he developed in Italy underscores M. M. Bakhtin's emphasis on interaction across boundaries. Byron's investment in alteration helps us to frame his seemingly dismissive treatment of some contemporaries, particularly the Laker poets. As Mazeppa particularly demonstrates in its elaborate echoing of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798, revised 1817), Byron's denouncement of what he called the "wrong revolutionary poetical system" was not repudiation so much as interchange, from the vantage of exile. Unlike the Rime, Mazeppa envisions narrative as subject to unpredictable recontextualization, a submission that marks exiled poet and distanced reader as the most important dialogic pairing in Byron's late work.
"FREEDOM'S CHARTER'D AIR
Authors: SAGLIA D.
Published: March 2004

Felicia Hemans's tragedy The Vespers of Palermo (1823) dramatizes the Sicilians' struggle to free their island from the foreign domination of Charles of Anjou, culminating in their successful popular uprising of 1282. The play's narrative of events in medieval Sicily, however, also constitutes a commentary on the situation of post-Napoleonic Europe. In effect the play reßects on more general notions of liberty and tyranny, revolution, patriotism, political representation, and the roots of the national compact. More speciÞcally, it complicates issues such as the democratic process, patriotic allegiance, and an idea of community which is in many ways related to what JŸrgen Habermas would term the "public sphere." The tragedy is particularly relevant because its revision of these principles took place at a time when liberal ideas were starting to take shape in the Spanish and Italian constitutional revolts of 1820-21 and in British politics. In this essay I approach Hemans's verse-drama as yet another instance of a Romantic-period displaced representation of topical political issues; but I also propose this work as a critical reßection on its own ideological materials and on the obstacles besetting any practical realization of liberal principles. Moreover, in The Vespers of Palermo this ideological elaboration is rooted in speciÞc structural and formal strategies, the most conspicuous of which is an insistence on the semantic and metaphoric Þelds of voice and sound. Through its interweaving of ideological and formal features, Hemans's tragedy throws light on the difÞculties in separating an imperializing police state from a community based on tolerance and the respect and protection of individual freedom. Hemans thus teaches her public to read the liberal project as a developing and unÞnished process.
REVIEW OF PHILIP DAVIS, THE OXFORD ENGLISH LITERARY HISTORY, VOLUME 8
Authors: LEVINE G.
Published: March 2004

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REVIEW OF RICHARD W. SCHOCH, ED., VICTORIAN THEATRICAL BURLESQUES
Authors: DAVIS J.
Published: March 2004

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The Body and the Voice in La Muette de Portici
Authors: Clark Maribeth
Published: March 2004

This article explores changing attitudes toward actors' bodies at the Paris Opera through the performance history of D. F. E. Auber's opera La Muette de Portici from 1828 to 1879. Because a mime performed the role of Fenella and the chorus played an active role in the mise en scene, the opera placed unusual emphasis on the physical. Over this period, however, emphasis shifted from appreciation of acting to emphasis on singing. For example, during the tenor Adolphe Nourrit's tenure at the Opera critics admired his skill as an actor in the role of Masaniello. When replaced by Gilbert Duprez in 1837, critics praised the tenor's vocal power and lack of emphasis on the histrionic. During this same time, critics began to interpret the gestures of the mime playing Fenella as semantically empty, and her body as filling a space that a singer should occupy. The important role that the barcarolle plays in the opera allows in part for these transitions. Viewed as a chanson napolitaine, it accentuates the rocking of a boat and the physical body at work; however, interpreted as the song of a Venetian gondolier, the song emphasizes the enunciation of a singing voice at the expense of the body. Reviews of La Muette reflect this ambivalence toward performance styles that call attention to the body, particularly those that might be interpreted as belonging to the working classes.
The Boy Brahms
Authors: Desai Boman
Published: March 2004

During the late twentieth century, the veracity of a particular aspect of Johannes Brahms's boyhood came under challenge. Had he played the piano in Hamburg's dockside bars as many of his biographers had recorded, or had he not? The two sides of the story were debated in the spring 2001 issue of 19th-Century Music. Jan Swafford, Brahms's definitive biographer in English, provided the case for the status quo, citing all the known instances of times when Brahms himself had mentioned the story to friends and biographers. Styra Avins, a translator of many of Brahms's heretofore untranslated letters into English, provided evidence to the contrary by saying all the friends and biographers were mistaken. Swafford's inventory of sources is complete, but there remained more to be said. In "The Boy Brahms" I have attempted to show how Avins's evidence is strictly circumstantial and speculative. At this remove from the incidents in question it can be nothing more. I have attempted to refute the conclusions she has drawn from the young Brahms's handwriting, the testimony of neighbors, and the laws governing attendance in the bars, among other things. I have also attempted to show inconsistencies in Avins's arguments that throw into question her thesis and support the veracity of the original story.
Orientalism and the Lied: Schubert's "Du liebst mich nicht"
Authors: Gramit David
Published: March 2004

Franz Schubert's "Du liebst mich nicht" (D. 756) has often been discussed as an extreme example of chromatic harmony, but one important possible motivator of the song's extravagance--its representation of one of the most exotic of the Orientalizing texts that Schubert set--has largely been overlooked. By considering the song and its interpretation by several recent critics, this essay suggests that the exotic is here represented not by overtly Orientalistic stylistic features, but rather by a pervasive ambiguity, which parallels the features ascribed to the Oriental in a variety of contemporary sources, including a review by Schubert's acquaintance Matthaus von Collin. Unlike such public evaluative texts, however, Schubert's song directly evokes the patterns of emotion and experience associated with the Orient rather than describing and critiquing from a critical distance. A brief consideration of the other songs of op. 59, "Dass sie hier gewesen" (D. 775), "Du bist die Ruh" (D. 776), and "Lachen und Weinen" (D. 777), reveals that "Du liebst mich nicht" opens the collection with an extreme representation of otherness from which the remaining songs gradually retreat.
UNA MUJER SIN FRONTERAS
Authors: RUIZ V.
Published: March 2004

Making strategic choices regarding her class and ethnic identiÞcation for the cause of social justice, Luisa Moreno was the most visible Latina labor and civil rights activist in the United States during the Great Depression and World War II. Vice-president of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA-CIO), this charismatic Guatemalan immigrant organized farm and cannery workers across the Southwest, achieving particular success among Mexican and Russian Jewish women in southern California plants. In 1939 she was also the driving force behind El Congreso de Pueblos de Hablan Espa–ola (the Congress of Spanish-speaking Peoples), the Þrst national Latino civil rights assembly. A feminist and leftist, she faced government harassment and red-baiting in the late 1940s, especially for her past Communist Party membership.
MAKING DEMOCRACY SAFE FOR THE WWORLD
Authors: HART J.
Published: March 2004

Recent literature has argued that, beginning in the late 1940s, the increasing ideological competition between the Soviet Union and the United States-or, more broadly, between communism and capitalism-transformed America's record of racial discrimination and violence into an international issue with consequences for U.S. foreign policy. This article challenges that historiography by raising questions about both the timing and the cause of the increasing importance of civil rights to the U.S. foreign policy process. It focuses roughly equally upon the damage that discrimination against Latinos in the Southwest did to the Good Neighbor Policy and the dif�culties of the World War II propaganda organization, the Of�ce of War Information, in portraying America's racial practices to the world. To account for these examples requires us to recognize the World War II years-not the Cold War-as the decisive turning point when the history of domestic race relations could no longer be sanguinely ignored by U.S. policymakers.
THE PATH TO PARADISE
Authors: KRAY R. M.
Published: March 2004

The city of Palm Springs gained fame as an exclusive resort in the 1920s. Thereafter, the city elite became consumed with maintaining its reputation. Because public policies in Palm Springs increasingly re�ected the interests of local business, real estate, and village elites, social engineering and control over land use became the driving forces behind the city's political economy. Collaborating with local businessmen and attorneys, Palm Springs civic leaders persecuted their lower-income constituents who resided on the local Native American reservation . Attempting to dispossess the Indians of their tribal lands and erase any blighted neighborhoods that might degrade "the city beautiful," Palm Springs of�cials successfully removed the city's people of color and restructured the race and class con�guration of the city.
Assessment of contraceptive vaccines based on recombinant mouse sperm protein PH20
Authors: Hardy Christopher M , Clydesdale Gavin , Mobbs Karen J , Pekin Jenny , Lloyd Megan L , Sweet Clive , Shellam Geoffrey R , Lawson Malcolm A
Published: March 2004

Mouse PH20 (mPH20), the mouse homologue to guinea pig hyaluronidase protein PH20 (gpPH20), was used to produce contraceptive vaccines that target both sexes of mice. Previously, immunization with a female gamete antigen (the zona pellucida subunit 3 protein) delivered in a recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), or as a purified recombinant protein, has been shown to induce infertility in female mice. There is evidence, however, that sperm protein antigens could provide broader contraceptive coverage by affecting both males and females, and the most promising has been gpPH20 when tested in a guinea pig model. Mice were therefore either inoculated with a recombinant MCMV expressing mPH20 or immunized directly with purified recombinant mPH20 protein fused to maltose-binding protein. Mice treated with either vaccine formulation developed serum antibodies that cross-reacted to a protein band of 55 kDa corresponding to mPH20 in Western blots of mouse sperm. However, there was no significant reduction in the fertility of males or females compared with control animals with either formulation. We conclude from our data that recombinant mPH20 is not a useful antigen for inclusion in immunocontraceptive vaccines that target mice.
Endometriosis and the neoplastic process
Authors: Varma Rajesh , Rollason Terrance , Gupta Janesh K , Maher Eamonn R
Published: March 2004

Endometriosis is a frequent disorder that commonly presents with infertility and pelvic pain. Although the precise aetiology of endometriosis is unclear, it is generally considered to involve multiple genetic, environmental, immunological, angiogenic and endocrine processes. Genetic factors have been implicated in endometriosis but the susceptibility genes remain largely unknown. Although endometriosis is a benign disorder, recent studies of endometriosis suggest endometriosis could be viewed as a neoplastic process. Evidence to support this hypothesis includes the increased susceptibility to develop ovarian clear-cell and endometrioid cancers in the presence of endometriosis, and molecular similarities between endometriosis and cancer. In this article we discuss (i) the evidence suggesting that endometriosis might be viewed as a neoplastic process, and (ii) the implications of this hypothesis for elucidating the pathogenesis of endometriosis and developing novel methods of diagnostic classification and individualised treatments.
Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Authors: Fisher Jane S
Published: March 2004

The amount of research into endocrine disruption has exploded over the past decade and a re-evaluation of the state of research in this area is timely. There are debates about whether human male reproductive health is really declining and whether endocrine disrupting chemicals play any role in the perceived decline. Most data currently conclude that there are wide geographical variations in semen quality and in the incidence of testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias. This review aims to give a brief overview of the issues surrounding the perceived decline in human male reproductive health and the importance of the hormonal environment for the development of the testis and reproductive tract. The consequences for the male reproductive tract of abnormal androgen levels or action are discussed with reference to environmental anti-androgenic compounds. Thein vivodata on several anti-androgenic compounds that have been administered to pregnant rodents during the period of male reproductive tract development are assessed with attention to the effects on the male offspring. Finally, the data onin uterophthalate administration are discussed in detail to illustrate the similarities between the effects of some phthalate esters and the human male reproductive tract disorders which comprise testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS).
Wildlife conservation and reproductive cloning
Authors: Holt William V , Pickard Amanda R , Prather Randall S
Published: March 2004

Reproductive cloning, or the production of offspring by nuclear transfer, is often regarded as having potential for conserving endangered species of wildlife. Currently, however, low success rates for reproductive cloning limit the practical application of this technique to experimental use and proof of principle investigations. In this review, we consider how cloning may contribute to wildlife conservation strategies. The cloning of endangered mammals presents practical problems, many of which stem from the paucity of knowledge about their basic reproductive biology. However, situations may arise where resources could be targeted at recovering lost or under-represented genetic lines; these could then contribute to the future fitness of the population. Approaches of this type would be preferable to the indiscriminate generation of large numbers of identical individuals. Applying cloning technology to non-mammalian vertebrates may be more practical than attempting to use conventional reproductive technologies. As the scientific background to cloning technology was pioneered using amphibians, it may be possible to breed imminently threatened amphibians, or even restore extinct amphibian species, by the use of cloning. In this respect species with external embryonic development may have an advantage over mammals as developmental abnormalities associated with inappropriate embryonic reprogramming would not be relevant.
Age-induced apoptosis in the male genital tract of the mouse
Authors: Jara M , Carballada R , Esponda P
Published: March 2004

We have examined the effects of ageing on the increase in apoptotic cells numbers in the male genital tract of the house mouse (Mus musculus). We have found that not all organs have the same response. There is an induction of apoptosis in both the epididymis and ventral prostate. However, seminal vesicles and other prostatic lobes remain unaffected. Apoptosis was assessed by several methods: TUNEL, detection of the active fragment of caspase-3 and the pattern of DNA fragmentation on agarose gels. This increase in apoptosis is related to the fall in testosterone levels, although there is only a partial decrease in androgen receptor (AR). AR is still present in all tissues and only moderately reduced in the epididymis and ventral prostate. A more intense increase of lipofuscin granules, which may be indicative of oxidative stress, occurred in these tissues. Finally, testosterone supplementation reverses the changes (both in apoptosis and lipofuscin content in the tissue), suggesting a role of androgens in these processes.
Centromere protein b-null mice display decreasing reproductive performance through successive generations of breeding due to diminishing endometrial glands
Authors: Fowler K J , Wong L H , Griffiths B K , Sibson M C , Reed S , Choo K H A
Published: March 2004

Centromere protein B is a highly conserved constitutive protein found at centromeres. Gene knockout studies in mice have unexpectedly identifiedCenpbas a candidate gene involved in uterine function. The present study further explores the role ofCenpbin mice by intermatingCenpb-null mice over several generations. Breeding studies and analysis of uterine tissue indicate thatCenpb-null mice lose reproductive fitness over a number of generations due to a significant reduction in endometrial glands. These results suggest thatCenpbmay play an important function in the short- and long-term maintenance of uterine integrity.
Multilayer Microwires: Tailoring Magnetic Behavior by Sputtering and Electroplating
Authors: Pirota K. , Hernández‐Vélez M. , Navas D. , Zhukov A. , Vázquez M.
Published: March 2004

A novel technique for preparing multilayer microwires with controlled magnetic behavior has been developed. This technique involves combining sputtering and electroplating procedures to deposit (magnetic or non‐magnetic) metallic nano‐ and microlayers onto glass‐coated amorphous magnetic microwires. A suitable choice of magnetostrictive amorphous metallic nucleus, together with the specific stresses induced by the deposited layers, allows the tailoring of specific magnetic behavior. In this way, the preparation of multilayer microwires characterized either by square‐shaped hysteretic loops (typical of magnetically bistable microwires with longitudinal easy axes), or by nearly non‐hysteretic loops (for those microwires with a circumferential magnetization easy axes), can be achieved.
n‐Type Doping of Organic Thin Films Using Cationic Dyes
Authors: Werner A. , Li F. , Harada K. , Pfeiffer M. , Fritz T. , Leo K. , Machill S.
Published: March 2004

We present an approach to stable n‐type doping of organic matrices using organic dopants. In order to circumvent stability limitations inherent to strong organic donors, we produce the donor from a stable precursor compound in situ. As an example, the cationic dye pyronin B chloride is studied as a dopant in a 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) matrix. Conductivities of up to 1.9 × 10–4 S cm–1 are obtained for doped NTCDA, two orders of magnitude higher than the conductivity of NTCDA doped with bis(ethylenedithio)‐tetrathiafulvalene as investigated previously, and four orders of magnitude higher than nominally undoped NTCDA films. Field‐effect measurements are used to prove n‐type conduction and to study the doping effect further. The findings are interpreted using a model of transport in disordered solids using a recently published model. Combined FTIR, UV‐vis, and mass spectroscopy investigations suggest the formation of leuco pyronin B during sublimation of pyronin B chloride.
New perspectives in primate cognitive ecology
Authors: Garber Paul A.
Published: March 2004

The papers in this issue are from a symposium presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists held in Buffalo, New York, in April 2002. In the light of recent theoretical and methodological advances and debates in the study of cognition, this symposium addressed questions concerning primate cognitive ecology and decision‐making from a variety of perspectives. These include ontogenetic patterns of brain growth and learning, paleoecology and evolution, sensory adaptations, foraging strategies, tool‐using behavior, and concepts derived from the study of human cognition, such as schemata, planning, and rehearsal of activities. In this issue, data are presented on New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. It is argued that the ability to make decisions based on the recognition that tertiary relationships in one context can be used to understand cause‐and‐effect relationships in an unrelated context may enable nonhuman primates to effectively reduce uncertainty and solve problems in changing social and ecological environments. Am. J. Primatol. 62:133–137, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution
Authors: LEIGH S.R.
Published: March 2004

This study investigates brain size ontogeny in a sample of seven anthropoid primate species (including humans) in order to evaluate longstanding ideas about the relations between brain size, brain ontogeny, life history, and cognition. First, this analysis tests the hypothesis that primate brain growth patterns vary across species. Second, the relations between the duration of the brain growth period and the duration of the preadult period are evaluated. Brain growth data, derived from a number of sources, are analyzed through parametric and nonparametric regressions. The results indicate that primates are characterized by significant variation in patterns of brain growth. In addition, the degree to which brain growth is allocated to either the pre‐ or the postnatal period varies substantially. Analyses of phylogenetically adjusted data show no correlation between the lengths of the brain growth period and the juvenile period, but there are correlations with other life‐history variables. These results are explained in terms of maternal metabolic adaptations. Specifically, primates appear to present at least two major metabolic adaptations. In the first, brain growth occurs mainly during the prenatal period, reflecting heavy maternal investment. In the second, brain growth occupies large portions of the postnatal period. These differing patterns have important implications for maturation age, necessitating late maternal maturation in the first case and enabling relatively early maternal maturation in the second. Overall, these adaptations represent components of distinctive life‐history adaptations, with potentially important implications for the evolution of primate cognition. Am. J. Primatol. 62:139–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.