bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Consecration to Culture”
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 looks to Nietzsche’s deeply troubling remarks about “slavery in some sense or other” (BGE, 257). The best sort of life for most people, he maintains, is one of “slavery,” in which a person serves a flourishing culture, even just by making a lowly contribution—whether lugging the stones to build the cathedral or sweeping Beethoven’s floor. For by Nietzsche’s paternalistic lights, this is what truly ennobles most people and, according to Nietzsche, grants their lives their highest worth and dignity. Although Nietzsche is hostile to the idea of innate human dignity and its egalitarian trappings enshrined in Christianity and Kantianism, he offers his own revisionary conception of human dignity—a respect merited by what one is able to accomplish and thus possessed in radically different degrees by different people.
Ethics
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bolzano’s ethics is a variant of utilitarianism. As an early utilitarian theory, it lacks some of the refinements later developed with the help of concepts drawn from economic theory. It is nevertheless mostly up to his usual standard, with clear explanations of the key points, and fair consideration of opposing views. This relatively brief chapter presents the main points of Bolzano’s exposition of ethics, before looking at some subtle questions raised by duties with respect to beliefs, which he dealt with in a pair of sermons on self-deception and in the Treatise of the Science of Religion. (97 words)
Logic
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bolzano’s masterwork of theoretical philosophy, the Theory of Science, is devoted to logic in a very broad sense of the word, encompassing not only logic in the narrow sense, but also epistemology, heuristics, scientific methodology, and the art of scientific composition. Chapter 6, the longest of the book, deals with Bolzano’s logic in the narrow sense. After some introductory matter, his notions of propositions and ideas in themselves are examined, along with his decision to define ideas in terms of propositions rather than the other way around. The chapter then presents detailed discussions of his theories of ideas and propositions, his variation logic, and the key notion of ground-consequence, before closing with a brief treatment of the Theory of Science Proper, which deals with the organization and presentation of scientific knowledge. (133 words)
Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents Bolzano’s theory of knowledge, focusing on the account given in Book 3 of the Theory of Science. It begins with an introduction situating Bolzano in the historical context of modern philosophy and highlighting some of the most innovative features of his epistemology. There follows a section laying out the elements of Bolzano’s account of human knowledge: the nature of subjective ideas and propositions, their relations to their objective counterparts, intuitions and concepts, inference, immediate judgments, a priori and empirical knowledge. It then discusses his notions of knowledge, error, and certainty, followed by a consideration of §303 of the Theory of Science, where Bolzano describes how we might come to form some of our most basic judgments of experience. A final section discusses Bolzano’s critical stance towards the Kantian philosophy. (133 words)
Mathematics
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents an overview of Bolzano’s work in mathematics and its philosophy, while presenting some interesting samples of his work. It begins with a discussion of his views on mathematical method in their historical context, followed by an exposition of some of his best work in real analysis. In particular, the chapter discusses his early work on infinite series and his analysis of continuity, beginning with the Purely Analytic Proof (1817), and extending to his construction of a continuous, nowhere differentiable function in the 1830s, called Bolzano’s function. (85 words)
Aesthetics, the Science of Beauty
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

In the last decade of his life, Bolzano turned to aesthetics. He planned to write a series of essays on the subject, and drafted several of them for presentation at the Bohemian Royal Society. In the end, two were published: “On the Concept of the Beautiful” (1843) and “On the Classification of the Fine Arts” (1849). The former presents a careful analysis of the concept of beauty, along with a detailed literature survey; the latter, definitions of the concepts of aesthetics, arts, and artworks, along with a proposed classification of the fine arts. This chapter presents a critical introduction to these works. (103 words)
Censorship and the Representation of the Sacred in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

In the early nineteenth century, the biblical sublime found expression in the visual arts, the novel, the oratorio, and poetry, but spoken drama remained secular by force of precedent and law. The maintenance of this ban on religious theatrical representation was underpinned by Protestant anxieties about impersonation, performance, and the power of the image that persisted long after the Reformation. But by mid-century, the turn towards medievalism in visual culture, antiquarianism in literary history, and the ‘popular’ in constitutional reform placed England’s pre-Reformation past at the centre of debates about the uses of the public stage and the functions of a truly national theatrical literature. In this changing climate, how was England’s rich heritage of vernacular sacred drama to be understood? This book probes the tensions inherent in the idea of ‘incarnational art’—whether, after the Reformation, ‘presence’ was only to be conjured up in the mind’s eye by the act of reading, or whether drama could rightfully reclaim all the implications of ‘incarnation’ understood in the Christian tradition as ‘the word made flesh’. Chapters 1, 2, and 3 describe the recovery of the medieval mystery plays and their subsequent impact on the national imagination. The second half of the book looks at the gradual relaxation of the ban on the performance of sacred drama and asks whether Christian theatre can ever be truly tragic, whether art perpetually reanimates or appropriates sacred ideas, and whether there is any place for sacramental thought in a post-Darwinian, industrial age.
China’s Economic Emergence and Implications for Africa
Authors: Yueh Linda
Published: June 2019

China’s emergence as the world’s second-largest economy has transformed the world economy by creating a source of consumers as well as a place for production. As is consistent with becoming a major economy, China has become a net capital exporter, investing more abroad than it receives in inward foreign direct investment. The clearest manifestation of this outward investment is seen in the ‘Going Global’ policy for Chinese firms launched in the early 2000s and in the Belt and Road Initiative that began to invest in infrastructure overseas in 2013. The latter has significant implications for Africa as well as the Middle East, eastern parts of Europe, and South-east and Central Asia. This chapter explores the drivers of China’s emergence as an economic superpower and analyzes its wider potential impact, including on sub-Saharan Africa’s economic development, notably in respect of Chinese infrastructure investment in Kenya.
Evolving Debates and Outlooks on China–Africa Economic Ties
Authors: Alden Chris
Published: June 2019

China and Africa’s economic relations have evolved over time, from the tentative commercial engagements characteristic of the early 1980s to the comprehensive infrastructure loans and increased foreign direct investment being pursued across all sectors today. Expanding economic ties have been accompanied by changing debates as to the nature of China–Africa engagement and its significance for their respective development aspirations. South–South cooperation, for instance, framed the approach in this first phase of intensifying economic relations and reflected the combination of technical assistance, grant aid, and concessional loans negotiated by Chinese and Africans in exchange for access to the continent’s abundant resources. As African economies came to demonstrate sustained patterns of higher rates of growth and two-way trade with China grew proportionally, the debates shifted decidedly towards one that focused on economic complementarities between them and Africa’s integration into global value chains. Furthermore, as the African industrialization process intensifies in economies like Ethiopia, China’s key role in development finance and its sectoral experience put it in a crucial position to promote this new phase of development on the continent.
Catalysing China–Africa Ties for Africa’s Structural Transformation
Authors: Cheru Fantu , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: June 2019

Economic cooperation between China and Africa has deepened in scope and scale in recent times, and FOCAC has emerged as the largest South–South economic partnership platform. However, evidence suggests that the catalytic effect of China–Africa engagement on the economic transformation of African countries has been uneven, primarily shaped by the strategic response of the respective African countries. This chapter proposes that China–Africa economic ties should be examined from a structural transformation perspective to adequately evaluate the catalytic effect of Chinese engagement on the economic growth and diversification of African economies, the development of domestic capabilities, and lastly on Africa’s successful insertion into the globalized economy of the twenty-first century. Based on the experience of Ethiopia, the chapter unpacks the pathways to structural transformation in the African context, and the role of the state in guiding the economy through a proactive and strategic approach to economic transformation. The chapter concludes with pathways to the future.
A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume II
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
The Unexpected Stabilization of Control
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

This chapter emphasizes how the Second World War unexpectedly stabilized the system of control in Northern Ireland. In the late 1930s the Northern government, like that of Newfoundland, faced possible bankruptcy, and the UUP leadership looked stale and challenged. At the same time, independent Ireland was showing evidence of consolidation of its sovereignty, economic development, and stability. The Second World War, and the eventual US leadership of the United Nations against the Axis powers, reversed the rolling out of these patterns. How and why Ulster Unionists benefited more than Irish nationalists from the Second World War is explained.
British Intervention
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

The puzzle addressed in this chapter is why one British government intervened in Northern Ireland in 1969 and why another eventually resorted to direct rule in 1972. British conduct in this period stands out in comparison with the inactivity of their predecessors during similar historical junctures when the Ulster Unionist Party had been able to repress Catholic or nationalist discontent. Though the preference of many British officials was to shore up the Stormont regime, the civil-rights movement had corroded the previous normative order protecting the UUP’s control because its marchers demanded British rights for British citizens, in the full glare of modern media. The immediate precipitants of intervention in the loss of control by the RUC and the Specials are examined. They took place against the background of the mobilization of Irish forces and field hospitals and riotous pogroms directed against Catholics in Derry and Belfast. Whether Northern Ireland was reformable is addressed, as are the dynamics of the descent into loyalist violence, British counterinsurgency, and IRA insurgency. The development of Irish government policy toward the North in 1969–70 is treated in a brief appendix.
A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
A Tract of Time between War and Peace
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes and explains the emergence and development of the Irish peace process. It discusses how the previously suspended inter-party and intergovernmental talks begun under the auspices of the Anglo-Irish Agreement were melded with that process. The Framework Documents that anticipated the 1998 Agreement are analysed, as well as the bargaining about bargaining that preceded the 1997–8 negotiations. The republican and loyalist ceasefires are examined, and the responses to which they gave rise are analysed.
Confederal and Consociational Futures
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

The concluding chapter critically reviews the role of European integration in improving British-Irish relations, and in the making of the Good Friday Agreement. Four major votes across Northern Ireland between 2016 and 2017 are surveyed, paying particular attention to the 2016 referendum on EU membership. Predictions are made about the future of Northern Ireland and its union with Great Britain or its reunification with Ireland based on unfolding developments. Transformations South and North, political, social, and economic, are emphasized. The closure of the prospects of a second partition of Ulster is highlighted. Discussion about the possible breakdown, decay, or amendment of existing consociational provisions, and possible modes and modalities of Irish reunification are considered against three twilights that are highlighted, and sketched.
Customary Norms
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

Analyzing twenty-two examples of fan fiction, Chapter 3 uncovers the unwritten customary norms that governed the production and dissemination of these works. After defining customary norms as an alternative to formal law and briefly accounting for their potential origin, this chapter analyzes each norm in detail. In all, five rules, or customary norms, governed the production of fan fiction in the eighteenth century. Together, they amounted to a customary intellectual property regime comprising rights, trespass norms, exceptions, and enforcement mechanisms. This chapter then examines an exception to the rules for publishers who held the right to publish sequels and continuations. Finally, it focuses on Nicolai’s Joys of Young Werther and Schiller’s Geisterseher as examples of the effectiveness of these mechanisms, showing how they prevented egregious departures from the customary norms.
Sanctions and Strategies of Control
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 examines the ways in which authors, publishers, and critics punished violations of the customary norms that governed the production and dissemination of fan fiction in eighteenth-century Germany. Sanctions included official complaints, advertisements, negative reviews, and literary and personal attacks—norms that scholars refer to as public shaming or truthful negative gossip. This chapter then examines the effectiveness of these mechanisms and their wider fallout. In some instances the sanctions motivated third parties, like the famous engraver Chodowiecki, to refuse to deal with perpetrator authors. In other cases, the sanctions inspired the creation of memorable texts, like Goethe’s ribald poem, “Nicolai at Werther’s Grave.” Authors’ critical notes in prefaces, footnotes, and the texts themselves were among the most common form of sanction. Traces of these enforcement mechanisms linger in the texts we read today, long after the censured fan fiction has disappeared from our collective memory. This chapter concludes by analyzing additional strategies authors used to maintain exclusive control over the characters they invented, offering a new explanation for familiar practices in the book trade, such as the practice of announcing the final volume of a novel and soliciting reader feedback for ongoing works.
Seeing Britain and the World
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter six, ‘Seeing Britain and the World’ explores the remarkably widespread practice of travelling to the far corners of Britain, its empire, and the wider world during the summer holiday. Teachers tended to go alone or with just a couple friends and preferred to venture ‘off the beaten path’. When they got back, they wrote up short accounts of their trips for their training college alumni magazines. Teachers drew on bourgeois and elite conventions, but ultimately forged their own culture of travel and social and cultural observation. They put a premium on intimate knowledge about the everyday life of the peoples among whom they travelled and frequently confronted their own assumptions about important concepts like class and state welfare, race and the nature of imperial rule. Most of all, a sense of urgency pervaded teachers’ travel narratives. Engaging with the wider world was an ethical imperative and a key facet of teachers’ personal and professional identity.
Human Geopolitics
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

This book describes and explains how diaspora engagement institutions have spread globally and begun to unleash a new wave of human geopolitics. Migration has become an urgent priority around the world and at every level of government, but most research still focuses exclusively on immigration policy, even while most governments care more deeply about emigration and the transnational involvements of emigrants and their descendants in the diaspora. Liberal democracies long eschewed emigration controls, which may violate freedom of exit and interfere in other countries’ domestic affairs. But this is changing: in the past quarter century, more than half of all United Nations member states have established a government office devoted to ‘their’ people abroad. What explains the rise of these ‘diaspora institutions’, and how does it relate to the political geographies of decolonization, regional integration and global migration governance since World War II? In addressing these questions, this book reports quantitative data covering all UN members from 1936–2015, and fieldwork with high-level policy makers across sixty states. It shows how, in many world regions, the unregulated spread of diaspora institutions is unleashing a wave of ‘human geopolitics’, involving state competition over people rather than territory. The book suggests the development of stronger guiding principles and evaluation frameworks to govern state-diaspora relations in an era of unprecedented global interdependence.
Human Geopolitics
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the extraordinary global spread of diaspora institutions since the 2000s, and reviews existing efforts to explain this trend as an expression of state interests and national identities. The chapter then outlines the new theory presented in this book, which is based on the idea that diaspora institutions are spreading today as a result of efforts to build a global migration regime. It highlights an unintended consequence of these efforts, namely the spread of human geopolitics: strategic competition over populations rather than territories. The chapter also provides an overview of the book’s structure.
Conclusion
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 11 summarizes the central argument of the book—that the global spread of diaspora institutions is now being driven by the accelerating evolution of a global migration regime, and is enabling the re-emergence of strategic competitions over population in some parts of the world. The chapter highlights the main conceptual and practical contributions of the book, and highlights priorities for future research, including on the emergence of ‘authoritarian emigration states’ at the time of writing. It also argues that the emerging global migration regime needs more clearly articulated principles to guide the benevolent engagement of diasporas in their homelands, and to avoid outbreaks of human geopolitics. The chapter outlines principles of internal non-interference, external non-interference, non-preference as starting points.
Justified Lawbreaking
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

What kinds of strategies toward laws and political procedures are those facing persistent injustice permitted to adopt? While civil disobedience is straightforward, other cases are more challenging. This chapter outlines a set of possible strategies, and it evaluates two in depth: circumvention and nullification. In some circumstances, political actors might improve their own conditions by circumventing certain kinds of laws or political procedures, such as through illegal forms of lobbying intended to influence election outcomes. The chapter argues that circumvention of electoral or other laws would be permissible where it can reduce profound harms. The chapter then turns to the case of armed nullification, in which an Aboriginal group takes up arms at the borders of its territories to prevent the exercise of state laws or policies. The chapter argues that such nullification is often permissible, even if it must be pursued carefully to avoid harm to Aboriginal communities themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

This brief introductory chapter begins by providing some notation. This is followed by a reminder on the convolution (moving average) operation, which is presented here as a regularisation procedure. The notion of a regionalised variable is then introduced, with both its structured and its random aspects. The definition of a regionalised variable requires the data of its support and of its field. The chapter ends by comparing the deterministic approach, which uses transitive methods, and the stochastic approach, which uses intrinsic theory. Note that both approaches lead to equivalent results. Indeed, they mainly differ by their domains of application, the first one being more adapted to global questions, and the second to local ones. However, both techniques involve some statistical inference, and here the minimal requirement turns out to be the quasi-intrinsic assumption.
Kriging
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 discusses kriging; one calls kriging, or simple kriging, of the random function Y in a panel P the best linear estimator Y
K of Y by N samples Y
α‎. This optimum is given by starting from the extension variance of Y − Y
K, where Y
K = λ‎
α‎
Y
α‎, and by calculating its minimum with respect to the λ‎
α‎ upon the condition that the sum of these coefficients equals 1 (the non-bias condition). This results in the kriging equations, that is, a Lagrange linear system of equations in λ‎
α‎. When the panel P reduces to one point x moving into the space, then the kriging yields the best estimation map of the random function Y. The approach extends to the case when the samples form a continuous set. In dimension 1, the kriging system can be formally calculated, and the corresponding expressions are given for linear variograms and de Wijsian variograms.
Universal kriging
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses universal kriging, the kriging of a random function Z(x) which is not intrinsic and exhibits an expectation E [Z(x)] = m(x) variable over the space. For the function m(x), called the drift of Z(x), a model has to be chosen, usually polynomial of degree 1, 2, or 3. Then, the best polynomial coefficients are provided by a Lagrange approach similar to that used for simple kriging. However, drift estimation is not required for the true kriging, that is, for the best estimate of Z itself from a given sampling. The associated system of equations is still linear and can be formally calculated in dimension 1 for the usual drifts and variograms. Universal kriging is compared with least squares methods, and a few variants are studied, including universal kriging in the case of an implicit drift, and universal kriging of a vector random function, or cokriging.
Introduction
Authors: Kanellou Maria , Petrovic Ivana , Carey Chris
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 is designed to introduce the volume and to offer a general background both to the history of epigram as a form and to the modern scholarship. It first discusses the history and evolution of epigram as a genre and surveys some of the key factors that triggered its success as one of the most widely practised and enduring literary forms in the ancient world and its powerful and diverse influence in the modern era. A brief but detailed survey presents the major developments in modern research on inscriptional and literary epigram and briskly offers a summation of the contribution made by each of the chapters in the volume.
Epigrams on Authors and Books as Text and Paratext
Authors: Demoen Kristoffel
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 focuses on marginal texts in manuscripts that have (mainly) authors and their work as their subject (‘book epigrams’). The chapter examines their paratextual status as pieces dependent on and ancillary to a main text, which they present to the readers, shaping and influencing their expectations and reading by offering them explanation, interpretation, and advice on how to read. This status, it is argued, should be taken into account in the treatment of these epigrams in modern editions of the Greek Anthology. But the chapter also stresses their ‘fluidity’: literary transmission turns them from paratexts into texts, while variations of the same book epigram can fulfil unexpected functions.
Miniaturization of Earlier Poetry in Greek Epigrams
Authors: Harder Annette
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 offers a diachronic study of Hellenistic epigram with a focus on the issues of thematic and generic variety and on the reception and ‘miniaturization’ of earlier poetic genres—particularly of small-scale poetry such as elegy, bucolic poetry and various kinds of erotic poetry, but also of didactic poetry—in Hellenistic epigram. The chapter finds that, although these developments are more obvious in later epigrammatists, their seeds can be found in Callimachus and other poets of his generation. The earlier generations still carried out their thematic and generic experiments largely within the framework of funeral, dedicatory, or ecphrastic and the new subgenre of erotic epigram, while later epigrammatists grew bolder and explored the possibilities of ‘miniaturization’ much further.
Death of a Child
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 explores the interrelationship between literary and inscriptional epigram, principally through a study of GV 1159 = SGO 03/05/04, a poem from imperial Notion on a young boy who drowned in a well. The analysis pays particular attention to versification, narrative technique, the characterization of the boy’s speaking voice and language, and explores the poem’s use of AP 7.170 (attributed to Posidippus or Callimachus) as a way of enfolding the drowned boy within literary tradition. Attention is also paid to the debt of the epitaphic tradition both to Homer and to the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The analysis sheds light on what important features at stake in the attempt to distinguish between ‘literary’ and ‘non-literary’ epigram.
‘From atop a lofty wall…’
Authors: Romero Joseph M.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 17 examines how poets engage with philosophers and philosophy in epigram, at times modelling and championing the views of the philosopher, at others distancing themselves sharply from their subjects. The theme is sufficiently pronounced as to constitute a thematic subgenre from Callimachus to the end of classical antiquity. Careful study is paid to individual poems representative of different periods and to the techniques most commonly employed, ‘praise’ and ‘blame’. The chapter further argues that in several epigrams poets employ the recusatio to disavow philosophy both as a genre and as a discursive medium and champion instead epigram and poetry writ large as humbler and superior discursive modes.
Greek Skoptic Epigram, Ecphrasis, and the Visual Arts
Authors: Floridi Lucia
Published: June 2019

Chapter 18 explores the interaction of skoptic epigram with the ecphrastic subgenre and the visual arts. It argues that skoptic epigram satirizes unskilled artists or the subject of their works of art, reversing ecphrastic topoi; sometimes motifs and devices closely tied with specific works of art or iconographic motifs are adapted, altering the role that they hold in ecphrastic models. In spite of its jocular character, skoptic epigram thus elicits the same kind of response prompted by an actual ecphrastic epigram, since it implicitly requests its audience to supplement the poet’s words with mental images of specific iconographic models. Such a visualisation serves the purpose of enhancing the effect of the joke.
Introduction
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

The introductory chapter provides an overview of the issues discussed in the book and sets the framework and logic of analysis presented in the subsequent chapters. It summarizes the importance of the topics discussed, as well as the book’s motivation and its contribution to the literature and methodology. It formulates the two main research questions of the book: whether non-democratic regional organizations are different from democratic ones in terms of governance and membership and whether non-democratic regional organizations contribute to authoritarian consolidation at the national level. It outlines the structure of the book and sketches the main ideas of each chapter. It then sets out the terminology and vocabulary used throughout the book as well as the definition of the key terms.
Regionalism and Political Regimes
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

This chapter contributes to these ongoing debates and critically re-examines existing literature on regional integration and modern autocracies. In particular, it addresses some of the streams of the literature: theoretical studies looking at regionalism world-wide; studies on whether autocracies can cooperate; and studies on autocracy diffusion and cooperation. The chapter identifies the research gaps in the literature and raises theoretical and empirical questions, which are addressed in the book. This chapter provides an overview of the existing literature on democratic peace and the emerging studies on dictatorial peace; on the external dimension of authoritarianism; and on the international cooperation of autocracies.
Past Non-Dependency in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

This chapter aims to provide a different approach to the development of regional IOs since World War II, by singling out non-democratic tendencies in regionalism from a historical perspective. It explores differences between the functioning of DROs and NDROs over the last 70 years—from coerced organizations such as COMECON to modern alliances of autocrats. The chapter argues that the twenty-first-century NDROs (e.g. SCO) are different from those of the last half of the twentieth century (e.g. COMECON) in terms of membership composition, governance structure, and the characteristics discussed in earlier chapters. While historical NDROs were driven by ideologies such as Communism, in the main modern NDROs lack an ideological foundation (with the exception of ALBA and the Islamic world). The ideological foundation of Islamic ROs has changed—from pan-Arabism in the 1940s and 1950s to the dominance of various forms of political Islam and a focus on specific political institutions (e.g. the conservative rule of Gulf monarchies in the GCC).
The Enigma of Eurasian Regionalism
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

This chapter lays the foundation for the analysis of the post-Soviet Eurasian regional organizations. First, it provides empirical details necessary for understanding the evolution of regionalism in this part of the world. Second, it identifies three specific factors affecting the development of Eurasian regionalism: the role of historical legacies of the Communist era; the role of the limiting factor as a specific feature of many economies in Eurasia; and the impact of territorial conflicts and secessionism. The chapter analyzes how these features affected the development trajectories of Eurasian regionalism, as well as discusses whether, because of these specific phenomena, a study of regionalism in Eurasia can produce generalizable results.
Conclusion
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

The final chapter systematizes the empirical lessons derived from the detailed analyses of the various chapters. It generalizes the theoretical results of the empirical analyses and reconsiders these issues within the theories of regionalism and autocracies. It sums up the findings for post-Soviet Eurasia, but also makes generalizations beyond the specific regions, presenting implications for the world-wide experience of the failure or success of democratization and opening up new lines of investigation at an international level. The conclusion discusses implications for the further development of a theory of regionalism, autocracies, and for policy making. It also describes an agenda for future research, which can be derived from our investigation.
‘Forgive Me, Love…It Was Stronger than I am’: Negotiating Intimacy and Sexuality
Authors: Cullen Niamh
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores intimacy and sexuality in courtship. The ordinary experiences of the diaries and memoirs are set against the (somewhat) differing codes of morality dictated by the Catholic Church, the Communist Party (PCI), and mass culture so that we can see how people often measured their choices and experiences against their ideas of how a model man or woman should behave. We see how the rituals, rules, and surveillance common in upper- and middle-class courtships in the 1950s often left little room for intimacy. Meanwhile, the piazza, a common site of courtship in most towns and cities, was all too often about display rather than real communication. By the late 1950s, the economic boom was beginning to open up new spaces of leisure and intimacy for young Italians, particularly the beach and the car. As couples began to spend more time out of the home together, courtship was becoming both more public and more private, with these new spaces providing more space for intimacy and sexuality, with increasingly shared leisure and communication between the sexes.
‘The Marriage Outlaws’: Experiences of Marriage Breakdown Before Divorce
Authors: Cullen Niamh
Published: June 2019

This chapter charts experiences of marriage breakdown and attitudes towards separation from the late 1940s to the 1970s. Although divorce was not legal until 1970, legal separations were permitted in this period. This chapter thus makes use of evidence from a case study of legal separations in late 1940s and 1950s Turin and from a smaller sample of diaries and memoirs that provide a broader geographical picture. While many of these writers separated in the 1970s, 1980s, and later, this chapter argues that the roots of breakdown can frequently be found in the economic miracle years, when the growing media focus on romantic love often did not match up to the reality of married life. Just as women were more likely to be ambivalent about their wedding, they were much more likely than men to ask for a separation or divorce. What we see also in these years is perhaps not simply greater dissatisfaction in marriage, but new languages to comprehend and give shape to it. The idea of marriage for love was key to the divorce campaigns, although the reality was that it was still very difficult for a woman to leave her marriage even up to the 1970s. While we see alternative narratives about love, marriage, and commitment developing from the unofficial culture around the post-war PCI to 1968, this chapter shows how work and feminism often gave women the tools they needed to leave their marriages.
The Global Reach of EU Law
Authors: Scott Joanne
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the mechanisms that enable the EU to extend the global reach of its laws. These include extraterritoriality, territorial extension and the ‘Brussels Effect’. It offers multiple examples of territorial extension operating at different levels and considers the relationship between territorial extension and the Brussels Effect. The second part of the chapter includes a case study on territorial extension in EU environmental law. While it is increasingly accepted that the ‘effects’ doctrine may be invoked to regulate foreign conduct that entails significant effects at home, this chapter considers whether the concept of complicity may help to justify EU regulation that seeks to address environmental problems that are manifested outside the EU.
Financial Stability and the Global Influence of EU Law
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: June 2019

This chapter considers the influence of European Union law in the post-crisis regulation of financial institutions on a global basis. The financial crisis of 2007–2009 created incentives for jurisdictions to ‘export’ their legislative solutions globally, in order to promote domestic stability. The resulting frictions were reduced by (a) promoting international agreement on optimal regulatory strategies and (b) using some form of mutual recognition strategy at the level of individual jurisdictions. The chapter argues that the European Union had relatively little influence on (a) because the international standard-setters are still dominated by the individual Member States. On the other hand, with the adoption of a Union level common rule book, implementation of (b) was placed in the hands of Union institutions. A case study of EU/US recognition of each other’s rules on central counterparties for derivatives clearing shows how cumbersome and political recognition may be.
The Global Reach of EU Competition Law
Authors: Monti Giorgio
Published: June 2019

The chapter explores the extraterritorial application of the EU’s cartel rules, rules on unilateral conduct and merger control through case studies. It suggests that whilst the Commission’s global reach is extensive, this is tempered by the cooperative approach that the Commission nurtures with other competition agencies as well as a global drive towards convergence of antitrust standards. The scope for cooperation is more extensive in certain fields (e.g. merger control) and much less in others where there is disagreement on the superior standard (e.g. unilateral conduct). At the same time the chapter identifies the limits to the many forms of cooperation which the EU pursues and to the global quest for convergent standards.
A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
Revival of the Silk Roads in Asia
Authors: Rana Pradumna B. , Chia Wai-Mun
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on infrastructure connectivity issues that are required for providing efficient service links between production blocs. It argues that after enjoying a rich history of about 1,600 years, the Silk Roads (land connectivity) went into disrepair. Now, for various reasons, land connectivity is once again making a comeback in Asia. First, is the growing importance of supply chain trade or parts and component trade which require efficient service links. The second is the ‘Go West’ policy and the ‘One Belt, One Road’ policy in China. The third is the opening of Myanmar, the node between SA and EA. This chapter also reviews bilateral, regional, and Asia-wide efforts to revive land connectivity including the ASEAN–India Connectivity projects and the recently initiated Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor. The chapter then proposes several new Trans-Himalayan Economic Corridors for seamless Pan-Asian connectivity between South Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia.
Of Apples and Mangoes
Authors: Dann Philipp , Bönnemann Maxim , Herklotz Tanja
Published: June 2019

Discussing several methods of comparative legal research and emphasizing upon the point that the two or more systems to be compared should not either be so similar that there is nothing for the one to learn from the other, nor should they be so dissimilar that there is no relationship whatsoever between them. Following this principle, this chapter finds that there is enough similarity as well as dissimilarity between the Indian legal system and the legal system of the European Union. Acknowledging that fact, the chapter then proceeds to compare some of the aspects of European and Indian legal systems from which both of them may benefit.
Constitutionalizing Public Participation in Kenya
Authors: Cottrell Jill
Published: June 2019

Examining the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the chapter picks up its concept of public participation in decision-making and a more active form of democracy than simply voting once in five years. In Kenya, Parliament and other legislatures, as well as executive bodies and the judiciary’s administration regularly invite public input into their decision-making processes. The courts have held some legislation, though not at the national level, invalid for want of adequate participation, while the Supreme Court, rather the chief justice, has set out principles of participation in a major judgment. The chapter traces the rationale and the history of this development, and attempts a preliminary assessment of its impact on Kenyan democracy. Suggestions are also made for making public participation more effective.