bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON EMERGENCE AND YIELD OF POTATOES
Authors: COLLINS W. B.
Published: March 2010

Transparent and black polyethylene and polyethylene-coated black paper mulches substantially advanced plant emergence compared with emergence of potato sets in bare soil. Earlier emergence was attributed to higher soil temperatures under the mulches during the period from planting to emergence. Yields of Netted Gem and Kennebec potatoes were not increased by the use of mulches, despite the advantage of earlier emergence. Continuation of mulching after emergence was shown to be disadvantageous.
CARROT, ONION, CELERY AND LETTUCE CROP SUCCESSION STUDIES ON AN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: HAMILTON HERMAN A. , BERNIER R.
Published: March 2010

Crop successions involving carrot (Daucus carota L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) celery (Apium graveolens L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were organized to study the effect of each crop on the yield of the subsequent crops when grown on an organic soil. Crop sequences affected yields significantly. Carrot yields were significantly greater when they followed celery or lettuce than when they followed carrot or onion. Onion yields were greatest after celery or lettuce, less after onion, least after carrot. Celery yields were greatest after celery or lettuce, less after onion, least after carrot. Lettuce yields were greater after lettuce or celery than after onion or carrot. The nematode species occurring in the largest numbers after continuous growing of carrot, onion, celery, and lettuce were Meloidogyne hapla, Paratylenchus hamatus, Pratylenchus penetrans and M. hapla, respectively.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 20. Cornus canadensis L.
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , SIBLEY JACK D.
Published: March 2010

Cornus canadensis L., bunchberry (Cornaceae), is a widespread, native herbaceous species generally growing in the litter under forest species or in the open where the climate is generally moist and cool. It occurs as a weed in lowbush blueberry fields recently developed from woodland. Cornus canadensis has been confused with Cornus suecica L. which it resembles. The two species grow side by side in Greenland, along the northern seacoasts of Eastern and Western Canada, and Alaska. The flesh of the fruit of C. canadensis is edible when cooked, but the berries with their stone-like seeds are unacceptable in the pack of frozen lowbush blueberry fruit. As C. canadensis is somewhat resistant to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), no chemical control is available at present for this species.
CHLOROGENIC ACID CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER SEED FLOUR AS AFFECTED BY SEEDING AND HARVEST DATE
Authors: DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

The effect of seeding date on the chlorogenic acid content of sunflower seed flour was determined by seeding the cultivars Krasnodarets and Peredovik at seven dates, starting on 14 May, over 3 yr. Sequential plantings were made at increments of approximately 70 growing degree days (base = 5.6 C). Plants were harvested at normal field maturity. The time and rate of deposition of chlorogenic acid was determined by harvesting plants at 7-day intervals from 21 to 49 days after flowering. The seeds were dehulled and defatted before determining the chlorogenic acid content of the flour. Chlorogenic acid content declined steadily from an average of 4.22% for the first seeding to 3.30% for the last seeding. About one-half of the total chlorogenic acid was present 21 days after flowering. Deposition continued rapidly for the next 14 days then the level began to stabilize. Delay in seeding tended to shorten the period of vegetative growth and shift the deposition of chlorogenic acid to a cooler portion of the growing season. It is suggested that a combination of these factors caused the reduction in chlorogenic acid content of sunflower flour.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEED COLOR AND VIABILITY, GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WILD SAFFLOWER ECOTYPES
Authors: BASSIRI ABDOLLAH , KHERADNAM MANOUCHEHR
Published: March 2010

Seed of wild safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha Bieb.) ecotypes were collected from six different locations. The proportion of white, gray and black seeds, viability percentage and 1,000-seed weight were determined. The proportion of gray seeds differed in different locations. The seed coats of white seeds were thinner than those of colored seeds and white seeds were smaller than dark seeds. The viability of the seed from locations with high soil salinity was low. The germination percentage and seedling lengths of scarified and non-scarified seeds of each ecotype grouped according to color were determined after 7 days at 18 ± 2 C. Significant differences were found among ecotypes for germination percentage and seedling length. Scarification improved germination but did not affect seedling length. Germination was highest in non-scarified white seeds but when seeds were scarified, black and gray seeds had the highest germinations.
FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF ALFALFA FOLLOWING LATE FALL APPLICATIONS OF 2,4-D OR 2,4-DB
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , GEBHARDT J. , PULKINEN D. A.
Published: March 2010

Dormant alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Vernal) was sprayed with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] (as amine) and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid] (as butyl ester) in late fall of 1972 and 1973. Alfalfa was damaged less, and narrow-leaved hawks-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) was controlled better by 2,4-DB than by 2,4-D. Herbicide applications had small effects on the quality factors crude protein, crude fibre, carotene, and xanthophylls, and in no case improved them significantly. Differences which were significant and similarities in effect between comparable herbicide rates in the two experiments indicate that losses in forage yield or quality or both are likely to occur when 2,4-D or 2,4-DB is applied to dormant alfalfa.
TRANSLOCATION AND PERSISTENCE OF TOPICALLY APPLIED DIAZINON AND PHORATE IN BEANS
Authors: FINLAYSON D. G. , WILLIAMS I. H. , BROWN M. J. , CAMPBELL C. J.
Published: March 2010

Diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate) and phorate (O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylthio)methyl] phosphorodithioate) were each applied to one leaf of each of 48 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to trace translocation and persistence within the growing plant. Both insecticides moved readily from the treated leaf to the opposite leaf and upward into the shoot. Residues appeared in the stem, but downward movement into the roots was limited. With diazinon, only the parent compound was recovered; with phorate, the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites were the major fractions after the 1st day. By 14 days after treatment, total residues of phorate and its metabolites had diminished to 0.02 ppm or less, except in the treated leaf itself; diazinon levels had decreased to 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 ppm in the untreated leaf, stem, and shoot, respectively.
RESPONSE OF BROCCOLI TO FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES
Authors: MAURER A. R.
Published: March 2010

Plants of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, were grown in weighing lysimeters and exposed to five soil water regimes. These regimes restored soil water to field capacity at 88% of available water for the wet treatment, 60% for the medium and 32% for the dry. In the wet–dry and dry–wet regimes, water depletion levels were changed at time of head formation. Soil water stress imposed prior to heading reduced plant size, but yield of marketable heads was not significantly reduced from that of plants grown in the wet regime when an adequate water supply was maintained after heading. Yield of marketable heads was least in the dry and wet–dry regimes and intermediate in the medium regime. Plants in the dry–wet regime did not consume as much water as those in the wet regime during the period from heading to harvest. In maritime areas which do not normally experience excessively high temperatures, withholding irrigation until heads begin to form can be recommended, provided the soil type is capable of retaining moisture and is at field capacity at planting.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL-2-BENZIMIDAZOLE CARBAMATE (MBC), MBC∙HCl, MBC∙H3PO4 AND NYSTATIN TO CERATOCYSTIS ULMI
Authors: JANUTOLO DELANO B. , STIPES R. JAY
Published: March 2010

Conidia and mycelia of Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Moreau were tested in vitro for survival after exposure for different time periods to various concentrations of methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), MBC∙HCl, MBC∙H3PO4 and nystatin. Survival of conidia was inversely related to fungitoxicant concentration and no difference in sensitivity was observed between 3-day-old and 14-day-old spores. Mycelia were more sensitive than conidia. All toxicants were fungistatic at lower concentrations and fungicidal at higher concentrations.
THREE NEW EARLY APPLES FOR NORTHWESTERN CANADA: CULTIVARS NORET, NORCUE, AND NORHEY
Authors: HARRIS R. E. , KNOWLES R. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
THREE NEW MAIN CROP APPLES FOR NORTHWESTERN CANADA: CULTIVARS NORSON, NORAN AND NORDA
Authors: HARRIS R. E. , KNOWLES R. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
RIEGER ELATIOR BEGONIA CV. NORTHERN SUNSET
Authors: MOLNAR J. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
ADAPTATION DE DEUX APPAREILS AU BATTAGE ET AU VANNAGE DE LA FEVEROLE ET DE LA GOURGANE
Authors: DRAPEAU R. , LALIBERTÉ C.
Published: March 2010

not available
SEED YIELD, SEED WEIGHT, PERCENT PROTEIN AND PROTEIN YIELD OF FIELD PEAS AS AFFECTED BY SEEDING DATES
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

The effects of seeding dates on yield, seed weight, percent protein and protein yield of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were determined by seeding four cultivars at five dates from 1970 to 1973 at two locations in Manitoba. Early seeding resulted in higher yields and heavier seeds. Protein content was lower in early-seeded peas, but the protein yield per unit area was higher than the late-seeded peas. In Manitoba, field peas should be seeded before the 1st of June to obtain high yields of both seed and protein.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN HEAT-DAMAGED RAPESEED
Authors: MILLS J. T. , CHONG J.
Published: March 2010

Gross morphology, ultrastructure and distribution of minerals in sound and severely heat-damaged, elevator-stored rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) were studied by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Sound seeds had surface reticulations and a thick seed coat of five layers: epidermis, palisade, crushed parenchyma, aleurone and inner crushed parenchyma. The aleurone cells in the seed coat and the embryonic cells contained many lipid droplets and protein bodies among the cytoplasmic organelles. Severely heat-damaged seeds had a more compressed, electron-dense seed coat with much surface debris which obscured the reticulations; embryonic tissues appeared distorted and shrunken. Aleurone cells in the seed coat and most embryonic cells were necrotic and had large structureless areas and abnormal protein bodies. In the coat of sound seeds, calcium, potassium, sulphur, silicon, magnesium and phosphorus were found in decreasing order of proportional amounts. In cotyledonous tissue the sequence was phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium and silicon with phosphorus in highest relative proportion. In severely heat-damaged seeds, cotyledonous protein bodies had lower proportions of phosphorus and sulphur, while the seed coat had a higher proportion of phosphorus and lower calcium when compared to sound seeds.
EFFECTS OF CHLORMEQUAT ON PLANT HEIGHT, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CULTIVARS OF BARLEY, OATS, AND WHEAT
Authors: CLARK R. V. , FEDAK G.
Published: March 2010

Applications of chlormequat ((2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) to field plots of cereals at the 3- to 5-leaf growth stages reduced the height of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) the most, followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.). Height reductions were cultivar-specific in the three crops. Lodging was temporarily delayed by the use of chlormequat, while disease incidence, seed yields, protein, lignin, and cellulose content of the straw were unchanged. Of 53 barley cultivars treated with chlormequat, 35 showed variable degrees of height reduction with 5 reduced significantly to a maximum of 13.2%; 6 showed no response, while 12 grew taller following treatment. In general, reaction of barley cultivars to chlormequat followed genetic relationships similar to those determined by isozyme patterns.
INHERITANCE OF THE TORN-LEAF MUTANT IN ALFALFA
Authors: BAENZIGER H.
Published: March 2010

A new mutant leaf character "torn-leaf" in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is described. Segregation in F1, S1, and S2 populations indicates that this character is inherited as a simple recessive. Tetrasomic ratios were observed. The gene symbol tl is proposed for this character.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ONE CYCLE OF PHENOTYPIC SELECTION FOR IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY IN BROMEGRASS AND ORCHARD GRASS
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-seven topcross and nine polycross progenies of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) were evaluated for in vitro digestibility (IVD) and yield. Two groups of polycross progenies of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were also evaluated. Bromegrass plants varied in IVD from 58 to 70%, while their topcross progenies varied from 58.2 to 64.6%. The correlation between parents and progeny was 0.55. Selection for high IVD did not result in any improvement over cv. Saratoga. One group of 10 orchard grass plants was high in IVD (62–66%), while the other was low (50–58%). The polycross progenies of these two groups were similar (68.2% vs. 68.5%). Selection for IVD was not effective in altering progeny IVD values.
FORAGE PRODUCTION OF SAINFOIN AND ALFALFA ON DRYLAND IN MIXED- AND ALTERNATE-ROW SEEDINGS WITH THREE GRASSES
Authors: HANNA M. R. , KOZUB G. C. , SMOLIAK S.
Published: March 2010

Forage yields were determined over a 5-yr period from alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Ladak) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. cv. Eski) grown alone and in mixed- and alternate-row seedings with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. cv. Nordan), Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch. cv. Sawki), and pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt. cv. Greenleaf). Total yield and yield of the legume component were consistently higher for the alfalfa–grass than for the sainfoin–grass associations. The sainfoin–Russian wild ryegrass mixed-row stand was the most productive sainfoin–grass combination, and maintained the highest yield and proportion of sainfoin. The highest grass yields and lowest legume yields were obtained from associations involving pubescent wheatgrass, which was particularly competitive with sainfoin. Sainfoin grown alone outyielded all sainfoin–grass combinations with the exception of the associations with Russian wild ryegrass. Mixed-row seedings yielded significantly more than alternate-row seedings in sainfoin–Russian wild ryegrass, alfalfa–crested wheatgrass, and alfalfa–pubescent wheatgrass associations. However, legume yield and total yield in an alternate-row seeding of sainfoin–pubescent wheatgrass were higher than in a mixed-row seeding. Sainfoin is a suitable alternative to alfalfa in parts of the prairie region, but particular attention must be paid to the selection of companion species if it is to be grown in association with a grass.
THE SEVERITY OF ROOT ROT AND PERSISTENCE OF PYTHIUM SPLENDENS IN GERANIUM CUTTINGS GROWN IN SOILLESS MIXTURES
Authors: BOLTON A. T.
Published: March 2010

Four soilless mixtures, Cornell peatlite A, Yoder mixture, turface–vermiculite, and turface–peat, were compared with unsterilized soil–sand–peat, steam-sterilized soil–sand–peat, and autoclaved soil–sand–peat to determine the effects of the growing medium on the severity of root rot and blackleg of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey), and on the persistence of the causal fungus, Pythium splendens Braun. Dilution plates demonstrated that species of Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Streptomyces were present in the soil mixtures that were antagonistic to P. splendens in vitro. No antagonistic organisms were isolated from the soilless mixture with the exception of Cornell peatlite A which contained an antagonistic species of Penicillium. Two bacterial types showing definite antagonism to P. splendens were isolated from the unsterilized soil. With the exception of Cornell peatlite A, the disease was severe in the soilless mixtures and the pathogen remained viable for 7 wk after the original infected plants were removed. In Cornell peatlite A, P. splendens failed to cause symptoms 7 wk after the original diseased plants were removed. The pathogen had the least effect on the host in unsterilized soil.
MANGANESE DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: WARD G. M.
Published: March 2010

Symptoms of manganese deficiency and toxicity on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), produced experimentally in sand culture, were related to Mn content determined in tissues of leaves, petioles, stems, suckers, roots, and fruits. The highest concentration of Mn found in tissue showing deficiency symptoms was 25 ppm, although this level of Mn also was found in some healthy tissues. Severe deficiency was associated with all tissues, except fruit, that contained 20 ppm Mn or less. An exact threshold value for the onset of Mn toxicity was difficult to define, but probably occurred between 450 and 500 ppm for young top leaves and between 900 and 1,000 ppm for older lower leaves. The tomato plant will tolerate a wide range of Mn levels in apparently healthy tissue.
A RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD OF SCREENING RAPESEED AND MUSTARD SEED FOR ERUCIC ACID CONTENT
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

A rapid and simple method of screening rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) and mustard (B. juncea (L.) Coss., and B. hirta Moench) seed for erucic acid content was developed using the solubility of the oil in absolute ethanol or a mixture of methanol and n-propanol 1.7:2.0 v/v. The time required for a warm alcoholic solution of the oil to turn opaque on cooling was related to the erucic acid content. The stability of the reagent, sensitivity, simplicity and speed of the method indicates that it is suitable for identification of low and high erucic acid seed in commerce.
SELECTION FOR AND AGAINST CREEPING-ROOTEDNESS WITHIN CREEPING-ROOTED ALFALFA CULTIVARS
Authors: HEINRICHS D. H. , GOPLEN B. P. , HANNA M. R.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) synthetics of creeping-rooted (C) and non-creeping-rooted (NC) plants selected from populations of the cultivars Roamer and Drylander contained significantly different proportions of creeping-rooted to non-creeping-rooted plants in Roamer, but not in Drylander. There was a trend for the regrowth after cutting to be somewhat greater in the NC synthetics than in the C synthetics. Forage yield differentials in seeded tests at three locations were generally not significant, but on the overall station basis the Roamer NC strain yielded 5% more than the Roamer C strain. The study indicated that creeping-rootedness in alfalfa is associated with slower regrowth, probably because most shoots of creeping plants are initiated below the ground surface while those of non-creepers arise from the crown above ground.
INTERSTOCK EFFECTS UPON APPLE LEAF AND FRUIT MINERAL CONTENT
Authors: EATON G. W. , ROBINSON M. A.
Published: March 2010

To study interstock effects upon mineral content of apples, four cultivars, Golden Delicious, Delicious, McIntosh and Spartan, were used as scions and interstocks in 16 combinations on M9 rootstock. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn were analyzed in leaves from 1971 to 1975 and Ca, Mg and K in fruits in 1975. There were many scion effects. Accumulation of P and Fe in the leaves and K and Ca in the fruits was greater in Delicious than in the other cultivars. Leaf levels of Ca and Mg were greatest in Golden Delicious. Leaf Zn, K or N content differed slightly among the cultivars. There were but slight interstock effects or scion × interstock interactions. Hence, leaf and fruit nutrition did not depend upon the interstock.
OTHER INCITANTS ASSOCIATED WITH PYTHIUM ROOT DIEBACK OF MUCK-GROWN CARROTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: WISBEY B. D. , COPEMAN R. J. , BLACK T. A.
Published: March 2010

Pythium sulcatum was recovered with a much higher frequency from necrotic compared to symptomless carrot rootlets and was isolated only from carrots grown in Pythium root dieback (PRD) problem soils. Fast-growing Pythium species were recovered with equal frequency both from necrotic and symptomless carrot rootlets grown in both PRD problem and non-problem soils. These facts implicate P. sulcatum as the primary incitant. Both necrotic and symptomless carrot rootlets from problem and non-problem soils contained Olpidium brassicae. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) was also recovered from both rootlet types, but only from carrots grown in problem soils. This association suggests that the TNV-O. brassicae complex may be involved in the PRD syndrome. Fast-growing Pythium species, O. brassicae, and TNV, but not P. sulcatum, were recovered from the rootlets of several common weeds. P. sulcatum was also recovered from lettuce, a common rotation crop.
INFLUENCE DE CERTAINS FACTEURS AGRONOMIQUES SUR LA REPRESSION DU CHIENDENT AVEC LE GLYPHOSATE
Authors: RIOUX R. , BANDEEN J. D.
Published: March 2010

Glyphosate ((N-phosphonomethyl) glycine) was evaluated in field studies as a foliar herbicide for the control of quack grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.). Best results were obtained when quack grass had at least 80% cover or was at least 15 cm in height. No advantage was found in using more than 1.68 kg/ha of glyphosate or in delaying plowing more than 1 wk following glyphosate application. Control was prolonged with the use of a competitive crop. This was due probably to a shading effect of the canopy.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FIVE FABA BEAN CULTIVARS TO POWDERY MILDEW DISEASE IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: MORRALL R. A. A. , MCKENZIE D. L.
Published: March 2010

In 1974 and 1975, powdery mildew (Microsphaera penicillata var. ludens) developed extensively in plots of five faba bean cultivars by early September. Disease intensity varied significantly between cultivars in 1974 but not in 1975. A spraying program in 1975 gave excellent disease control but did not significantly improve seed yield.
GREENLEAF PUBESCENT WHEATGRASS
Authors: WILSON D. B. , SMOLIAK S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF HIGH LEVELS OF CHLORINE IN ALFALFA SHOOTS
Authors: SMITH DALE , STRUCKMEYER B. ESTHER
Published: March 2010

not available
BRUNSWICK LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: AALDERS LEWIS E. , HALL IVAN V. , JACKSON LLOYD P.
Published: March 2010

Brunswick lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is a new vigorously growing clonal selection which is easily rooted and pollinated. It produces high yields of good fruit and shows some resistance to common foliage diseases.
RESPONSE OF SEEDS TO DRY HEAT
Authors: MAUN M. A.
Published: March 2010

The seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were more sensitive to heat than the other species tested. The germination of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) caryopses was significantly reduced by exposure for 1 h to temperatures of 100 C or over. Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and Kentucky bluegrass could withstand temperatures of up to 120 C for 1 h without any loss in germination.
INTERACTION OFCULTIVAR, SOWING DATE AND SOWING RATE ON LODGING, YIELD AND SEED WEIGHT OF BUCKWHEAT
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Two buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) cultivars, Tokyo and Tempest, were grown in 1971, 1972 and 1973 at 8.5, 17, 34 and 68 kg/ha sowing rates and at early, mid- and late June sowing dates. Tempest lodged more than Tokyo, particularly in 1971. Yield generally declined with each delay in sowing. In 1971, yield increased with each increase in sowing rate, while in 1972 there was no difference due to rate. In 1973, yield increased to the third rate and levelled out to the fourth. Therefore, a sowing rate of over 34 kg/ha may be required to assure good yields each year. Seed weight tended to decrease with delay in sowing but was not affected by sowing rate.
EFFECTS OF HIGH RATES OF NITROGEN ON NEEPAWA WHEAT GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION II. MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY
Authors: TIPPLES K. H. , DUBETZ S. , IRVINE G. N.
Published: March 2010

Forty-one composites of a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Neepawa), grown under irrigation in five fertilizer trials at four locations in Southern Alberta over a period of 3 yr, were subjected to milling, baking and allied tests. Very high protein content (e.g. over 17% on a 13.5% moisture basis) was associated in several instances with a marked weakening of physical dough characteristics and a deterioration in baking quality. Quality data from commercial railway carlots of Canadian red spring wheat were used to put the fertilizer study results into perspective and to show that although certain combinations of high nitrogen fertilizer application with location, cultivar and growing conditions may cause undesirable deterioration in baking quality, this is unlikely to cause problems in cargo quantities of wheat.
STORAGE STABILITY OF FARM-STORED RAPESEED AND BARLEY
Authors: SINHA R. N. , WALLACE H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

Rapeseed was more vulnerable than barley to pest infestation when 46 and 52 t, respectively, were stored in farm bins in Manitoba during 1973–76. The fat acidity of unheated barley did not increase in 3 yr, but that of rapeseed increased by 65% in the 1st yr and 120% by the 3rd yr; in a small heated pocket of rapeseed, fat acidity rose in the 3rd yr by 1,000%. Cladosporium was the major field fungus of rapeseed and Alternaria of barley. Penicillium and members of Aspergillus glaucus group were the major storage fungi associated with rapeseed. Unlike barley, rapeseed was heavily infested by grain mites, Acarus immobilis, Glycyphagus destructor, and their predators, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus. Test insects, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, introduced in both bins, could not overwinter. Turning of both crops in the spring reduced temperature and moisture differences between the warm center and cooler edges, but it also dispersed fungal spores and mites throughout the bulks. A succession of storage fungi developed in a rapeseed hot spot, caused by moisture leaking through the wall. Occurrence of A. candidus coincided with germination loss of rapeseed. High CO2 concentration (4%) for over a 9-mo period was found in the hot spot in the rapeseed bulk.
MANGANESE LEVELS OF OATS IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: MARTENS J. W. , McKENZIE R. I. H. , BENDELOW V. M.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr field study of the manganese content of oat (Avena sativa L.) plant tissue in Manitoba and Saskatchewan showed that levels frequently drop to below 15 ppm, a level at which ’gray speck’ symptoms are expressed. Plant manganese levels reflected available soil manganese. Oat cultivars differed in manganese uptake efficiency, and inefficient cultivars suffered sharp yield depressions when grown on manganese-deficient soils.
MONTHLY CLIMATIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE WINTER INJURY OF ALFALFA
Authors: OUELLET C. E.
Published: March 2010

A technique was developed to determine the long-term climatic contribution of each month to the winter injury of alfalfa from the start of growth in May to the end of the dormant period in April the next year. The basic hypothesis was that this contribution is proportional to the number of climatic variables (single or combined) showing a significant difference between the years of higher and lower survival, i.e. to the number of variables affecting survival. The variables were related to soil and air temperatures, soil frost depth, hours of sunshine, and rain and snow regimes. Annual curves of the monthly numbers of significant variables for Swift Current and La Pocatière were similar. Converting the number of significant variables into terms of relative winter injury, the critical months at Swift Current were: May, contributing to winter injury by 12%; October (12%); December (19%); March (11%); and April (22%). At La Pocatière, they were: May (12%); November (15%); January (10%); March (10%); and April (33%). The similarity in the relative importance of various months at both sites indicated that alfalfa survival is more particularly influenced by the climate during certain phases of its life cycle.
EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE TREATMENT ON CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE BEHAVIOR OF McINTOSH APPLES
Authors: MEHERIUK M. , PORRITT S. W. , LIDSTER P. D.
Published: March 2010

McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) were treated with different levels of CO2 for various lengths of time prior to controlled atmosphere storage. Beneficial effects of CO2 treatment on retardation of softening were observed in 1973 and in a commercial trial in 1974, but not in the 1974 and 1975 experiments. There was no effect of CO2 treatment on soluble solids or acid levels. Extensive surface and internal injury was found in apples treated with 15 or 20% CO2 for 10 or more days. In the limited commercial trial, CO2-treated fruit was significantly firmer than untreated fruit, but the difference in firmness was not considered sufficient to warrant application of the treatment for McIntosh apples.
TREATMENT OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES WITH CO2 PRIOR TO CA STORAGE
Authors: MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study on the effects of 10–20% CO2 for short periods prior to CA storage has shown British Columbia-grown Golden Delicious apples (Malus sylvestris, Mill) to be quite sensitive to the treatment. Prestorage treatment of 10–14 days with CO2 was effective in reducing the overall softening of the fruit but the injury observed in the treated apples often exceeded levels acceptable on a commercial basis. Sensitivity to external or internal injury was related to maturity of the fruit.
FATE OF PROPACHLOR APPLIED TO ONIONS AND ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: FRANK R. , SIRONS G. J. , PAIK N. J. , VALK M.
Published: March 2010

Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) was applied to an organic soil in 1972 and 1975, and to onions (Allium cepa L.) in 1974 and 1975 as pre- and postemergence treatments. Onions planted in May were harvested in September and analyzed in January. Upon analysis organic soil and onions did not contain residues of free propachlor or free N-isopropylaniline but upon hydrolysis N-isopropylaniline was recovered. In organic soil, residues of this conjugated metabolite were found 1 and 2 yr following application. Residues of this conjugated metabolite increased in onion tissues as the rate of application of propachlor was increased and as the application was made later in the stage of the onion.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 22. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb
Authors: BEST K. F.
Published: March 2010

An account is given of the biology of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. This species, commonly known as flixweed, is found throughout Canada, but is particularly prevalent as a weed in the cultivated fields of the Prairie Provinces. The paper is one of a series of the biology of Canadian weeds and is concerned primarily with those characteristics of the species which appear to present the main obstacles to its effective control.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 23. Rhus radicans L.
Authors: MULLIGAN GERALD A. , JUNKINS BONNY E.
Published: March 2010

Poison ivy (Rhus radicans L.) occurs in repeatedly disturbed habitats in every province except Newfoundland. Three varieties are recognized in Canada: var. radicans, var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydberg) Rehder, and var. negundo (Greene) G. A. Mulligan. Variety rydbergii is the most common and widespread. The biology of poison ivy and the dermatitis it causes in humans is discussed.
EFFECTS OF METRIBUZIN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SOYBEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: LITTLEJOHNS D. A. , ALLEN W. R. , PITBLADO R. E.
Published: March 2010

The response of seven soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars to 0.56, 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha pre-emergence applications of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] was evaluated in Brookston clay loam soil. Slight foliar injury and stand reduction occurred at 0.56 kg/ha but damage became more severe as the rate was increased to 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha. Plant height and bottom pod height were also reduced as the metribuzin rate was increased. Yield reductions occurred with the Steele and Harlon cultivars at the 1.12 kg/ha rate. Harosoy 63 was the cultivar most tolerant to metribuzin with Amsoy 71, Wells and Evans showing moderate damage and Steele, Harlon and XK-505 being the most sensitive.
EFFECTS OF SOILS AND SEASONAL TIME ON ACCURACY OF CROP IDENTIFICATION IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO FROM 1974 LANDSAT-1 IMAGERY
Authors: DAPAAH S. K. , PHILPOTTS L. E. , MACK A. R. , PEET F. G.
Published: March 2010

Imagery from the earth resources satellite, Landsat-1 for the dates of 2 and 20 June, and 8 July 1974, supplemented by airborne photography (1:80,000, and enlarged to 1:3,000), was used to classify crops in Kent County, Ontario. The County was stratified into five areas according to the Canadian Land Inventory Capability classification system. A minimum of three to five fields per crop was selected from each area, using the previous year’s photography, for training prior to 2 June. The percentage of fields accurately identified from the satellite data varied widely among sites, dates and crops. In general, identification accuracy of crops > 80% was achieved by stratifying the area according to soils and using appropriate dates for classifying each crop. Classification accuracy was higher with a layered classifier (developed manually) than with a minimum distance or maximum likelihood classifier. The best date for classifying barley was 2 June (100%); hay, 20 June (87%); winter wheat, 20 June to 8 July (87%); and corn, 8 July (91%). The highest level of accuracy of classification for all crops and dates occurred on the clay loam–clay soils (89%) and the lowest on the sandy loam series (78%). A multiple regression analysis of the values for the average-feature vectors computed from the radiation values of the four bands of Landsat-1 imagery showed that 69% of the variation in the vector values from the 213 fields of the five test sites for 2 and 20 June was attributable to variation in the soil, ground cover, and solar radiation rather than to crop, land class and growth stage.
AN ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE WINTER INJURY IN ALFALFA
Authors: WALLEN V. R. , BASU P. K. , BAENZIGER H. , JACKSON H. R. , DIXON R. G.
Published: March 2010

A method was developed to measure void areas and subsequent canopy development patterns in alfalfa plots and fields as affected by winter injury. The method utilizes aerial infrared photography, taken sequentially throughout the growing season, or year to year as well, followed by electronic measurements of the photographs. The method demonstrates that strong canopy recovery takes place throughout the growing season and a considerable amount of the damage is not permanent.
SOME CLUSTER THINNING AND GIBBERELLIC ACID EFFECTS ON FRUIT SET, BERRY SIZE, VINE GROWTH AND YIELD OF DE CHAUNAC GRAPES
Authors: LOONEY N. E. , WOOD D. F.
Published: March 2010

De Chaunac grapes were thinned to one- and two-flower clusters per fruitful shoot, cluster-pruned by removing part of the flower cluster of two clusters per shoot and/or sprayed with 50 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) 10 days after bloom. A low to moderate vigor vineyard was treated in 1974 and a high vigor vineyard treated in 1975. GA3 enhanced berry weight in both trials, the greatest effect being on berries in more distal clusters. GA3 did not affect berry set. Thinning to one cluster reduced yield in both tests. Thinning to two clusters coupled with cluster pruning reduced yield in the high vigor block. Berry set was enhanced by thinning to one cluster in the vigorous block and by cluster pruning in both trials. Individual berry weight was increased by thinning in 1974 and by thinning plus GA3 in 1975. Thinning to one cluster coupled with GA3 treatment increased vine growth in both experiments.
PLANT SPACINGS AND CULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR TOTEM AND SHUKSAN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A. , FREEMAN JACK A.
Published: March 2010

The performances of two strawberry cultivars, Totem and Shuksan, were compared in two planting systems, hill row and matted row, at two original plant spacings within each. The highest marketable yield over a 2-yr period was produced by Totem grown in matted rows in which original plants were spaced 61 cm apart. Totem in matted rows originally spaced at 46 cm yielded significantly less than at the wider spacing as did hill row plots with plants spaced at 38 and 31 cm. Shuksan planted in matted rows at an original spacing of 46 cm did not differ significantly in marketable yield from Totem in hill rows at 38 cm. Otherwise, the Shuksan treatments yielded significantly less than the Totem treatments. The poorer performance of Shuksan, compared to Totem, for all treatments is probably due to the greater susceptibility of Shuksan to virus diseases.
EFFECTS OF FUNGICIDES ON WILT AND YIELD OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES GROWN IN FUSARIUM-INFESTED SAWDUST
Authors: ATKINSON R. G. , ADAMSON R. M.
Published: March 2010

Fungicides were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in controlling Fusarium wilt and improving yields of greenhouse tomatoes (cv. Vantage) grown in plastic bags containing infested sawdust and irrigated with nutrient solution through trickle tubes. In experiments with spring and fall crops over several years, a single pre-plant drench of benomyl or of thiophanate methyl consistently reduced the number of wilted or dead plants and increased marketable yields significantly. Optimum rates were 100 and 150 ppm (w/v sawdust), respectively. Lower rates of these fungicides applied by trickle irrigation at transplanting, and twice later at 2-wk intervals, were only slightly less effective. When drenches of benomyl or thiophanate methyl were delayed until wilt symptoms appeared, the incidence of wilting was reduced, but significant increases in yield were not obtained.
TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSES OF EARLY-MATURING SORGHUM HYBRIDS
Authors: KEBEDE YILMA , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

This study was designed to assess the response of three early-maturing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids, Pride P130, X4043, and X3160, to different day and night temperature regimes and photoperiods under controlled environment conditions. Day/night temperatures were 25/20, 30/20, 35/20, 30/15, 30/25 C with a 12-h photoperiod and 30/20 with a 16-h photoperiod. Data on days to bloom, plant height, number of leaves, number of panicles per plant, duration of grain filling, grain weight, shoot weight and harvest index were obtained. Largest grain weights were obtained at 25/20 C. Grain weight, number of panicles, and grain-filling period were reduced markedly by 5 C increments in day temperature. X4043 and X3160 bloomed soonest at 30/20 C. P130 bloomed and matured in fewer days than the other hybrids at all temperatures. The response of the hybrids to a 16-h photoperiod indicated that they all had a long-day type of behavior at the temperature regime tested.
RELATION ENTRE LE DEGRE DE POURRITURE RACINAIRE, L’IMPEDANCE DES TISSUS, LA REFLECTANCE ET LE RENDEMENT DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: RICHARD C. , GAGNON C.
Published: March 2010

Yield, root rot index, impedance and reflectance of alfalfa plants of different ages and root diameter were investigated. The degree of root rot affects the values of impedance and reflectance of the root tissue. An inverse correlation between yield and the two parameters, impedance and reflectance, was found in many cases. No direct relationship between rot index and yield was established.
ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES GROWN IN ALBERTA. FENNEL OIL (FOENICULUM VULGARE VAR. DULCE)
Authors: EMBONG M. B. , HADZIYEV D. , MOLNAR S.
Published: March 2010

Annual sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Mill.), raised by direct field seeding, was evaluated for its horticultural performance and its oil quality over three consecutive growing seasons. Plant vigor and growth under irrigation and fertilizer treatments were rated only as medium. At harvest the majority of umbels were green, and by the first killing frost at least 50% of the plants were still in bloom. Oil yields for herb and fruit were 1.22 and 1.50%, respectively. Oil quality, as reflected by its major and minor constituents, was determined by combined TL- and GL-chromatography and by mass spectral and infrared analyses. Nineteen constituents were identified in the herb oil and 14 in the fruit oil. This corresponded to 96 and 98% of the total oil content. Trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole and limonene represented 79.2% of the herb and 93.1% of the fruit oil. Oil composition appeared to be constant over the 3 yr. Though the oil quality would be acceptable to the food industry, the low yield obtained suggested that a variety with a shorter growth period would be required before carrying out further feasibility studies on commercial production of fennel on the Prairies.
SEEDLING COMPETITION OF SOME FORAGE LEGUMES IN MONO- AND MIXED CULTURE UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: SMOLIAK S. , HANNA M. R.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of a rapid-developing legume — sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) — and two slow-developing legumes — birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) — were grown in monocultures and in mixed cultures in the greenhouse and evaluated at 7 wk for leaf area, leaf, root, and total weight, and specific leaf weight. Leaf, root, and total weights of sainfoin seedlings were similar to those of cicer milkvetch when grown in monoculture. Sainfoin was more aggressive than birdsfoot trefoil or cicer milkvetch in mixed culture, and cicer milkvetch was more aggressive than birdsfoot trefoil. Mixtures of birdsfoot trefoil and cicer milkvetch were most compatible during early seedling growth in the greenhouse, but seedings should be made under field conditions to determine whether this relationship would exist with mature plants.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 24. AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.
Authors: WERNER PATRICIA A. , RIOUX R.
Published: March 2010

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., quack grass, is an introduced perennial grass found in all provinces of Canada and the Northwest Territories. In most agricultural areas it is a serious weed of cultivated crops; alternately it can be used as pasture or hay. A summary of the biology of quack grass is presented as part of a series of the biology of Canadian weeds.
INFLUENCE OF SEED SIZE, PROTEIN CONTENT AND CULTIVAR ON EARLY SEEDLING VIGOR EM WHEAT
Authors: EVANS L. E. , BHATT G. M.
Published: March 2010

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the influence of seed size, protein content and cultivar on seedling vigor of wheat measured as seedling dry weight at 20 days. The simple and partial correlation coefficients among the variables were all positive and significant. No significant interaction occurred between seed size and genotype. The genotypic differences in seedling vigor may lead to its use as a selection criterion in wheat breeding programs.
GENETICS OF PROTEIN AND OIL CONTENT IN SUMMER RAPE: HERITABILITY, NUMBER OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS, AND CORRELATIONS
Authors: GRAMI BAHRAM , STEFANSSON B. R. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

The estimates of broad sense heritability in the F2 generation derived from a cross involving two summer rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars were approximately 0.26 for each of percent protein and percent oil, and 0.33 for the "sum" of protein and oil as a percentage of the seed. The number of effective factors conditioning parental differences in percent protein, percent oil, and sum were estimated as five to seven, one, and two, respectively. Average phenotypic and genotypic correlations between protein and oil content were −0.81 and −0.71, respectively. These strong negative correlations, often considered undesirable, can be utilized in oilseed breeding programs by selecting for the sum of protein and oil rather than for either component.
EFFET DE L’APPLICATION D’AZOTE ET DU STADE DE CROISSANCE A LA RECOLTE SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE)
Authors: ST-PIERRE J. C. , PELLETIER G.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of time and rate of nitrogen fertilization and stage of growth at first cut on yield and digestibility of dry matter and protein content of two timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, at each of two cuts, No difference in yield or chemical composition was found between cultivars. Highest yields and crude protein contents were measured at rates of nitrogen fertilizer of 112 and 224 kg/ha. Higher yield and protein content were obtained with NH4NO3 applied totally or in split applications in the spring than with urea in the fall. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) was not affected by nitrogen at rates of 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha. First cut was taken at two different stages of growth, and the second cut was taken on the same day in all the plots. At anthesis, yields were higher than at the head stage but DDM and protein content were lower. The opposite was found at the second cut. Except in 1973, total dry matter yield was not affected by the stage of growth at first cut.
GLYPHOSATE FOR THE CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE ON SUMMER FALLOW
Authors: KIRKLAND K. J.
Published: March 2010

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] combined with normal tillage operations afforded effective control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) during the summer fallow period. Thistle control was greatest when glyphosate was applied to plants at the late-bud and flower stages of growth. Competitive effect of Canada thistle in the untreated check reduced barley yields as much as 89%.
WALKER POPLAR
Authors: LINDQUIST C. H. , CRAM W. H. , HOWE I. A. G.
Published: March 2010

Walker poplar has proven superior to other poplar clones in Saskatchewan with respect to growth and resistance to disease. This poplar has been widely planted on the Canadian Prairies as a shelterbelt tree.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OAT CULTIVARS TO BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS IN MANITOBA
Authors: GILL C. C. , McKENZIE R. I. H.
Published: March 2010

In greenhouse trials, seven oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.) grown in western Canada, Kelsey, Harmon, Sioux, Rodney, Russell, Victory, and Garry, all proved to be susceptible or highly susceptible based on seed yield, to one or more isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Harmon oats was highly susceptible to a Macrosiphum avenue-specific isolate, susceptible to a Rhopalosiphum padi-specific isolate and to two aphid non-specific isolates, and moderately tolerant to a R. maidis-specific isolate of BYDV. In a growth cabinet trial a New Zealand line, M-921, and a Quebec line, FF64-74, were tolerant and moderately tolerant, respectively, to a virulent non-specific isolate, while 10 advanced lines in the Winnipeg breeding program were rated as susceptible or very susceptible. M-921 and FF64-74 may be useful sources of tolerance to BYDV in the oat breeding program.
PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT (USTILAGO TRITICI) IN BRAZIL
Authors: MEDEIROS MILTON C. , NIELSEN J.
Published: March 2010

The occurrence in Brazil of physiologic races of loose smut, Ustilago tritici, (Pers.) Rostr., has been demonstrated. Twelve races were identified amongst 50 field collections of loose smut. Five of the races were classified as being similar to Canadian race T 2, and two races as T 8 when the standard set of differential cultivars was used. However, further differentiation of these races was possible on three supplemental differentials. Another four races were virulent on several differential cultivars of common wheat and on Pentad, a differential cultivar of durum wheat, and thus appear to invalidate the claim that formae speciales of Ustilago tritici exist on common wheat and on durum wheat.