bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Development: Emerging Trends in Energy Efficiency, Carbon Reduction, and Green Building Materials
Authors: Lee Jeremiah , Lee Ming-Gin , Shih Yeng-Fong , Lee Liza
Published: March 2023

On 4 March, World Engineering for Sustainable Development Day provides an opportunity to highlight what engineers and engineering have achieved in our modern world and to raise public understanding of how engineering and technology are at the heart of modern life and sustainable development [...]
An Information Management Model for Addressing Residents’ Complaints through Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Bazzan Jordana , Echeveste Márcia Elisa , Formoso Carlos Torres , Altenbernd Bernardo , Barbian Márcia Helena
Published: March 2023

Construction companies usually record customer complaints as unstructured texts, resulting in unsuitable information to understand defect occurrences. Moreover, complaint databases are often manually classified, which is time-consuming and error-prone. However, previous studies have not provided guidance on how to improve customer complaint data collection and analysis. This research aims to devise an information management model for customer complaints in residential projects. Using Design Science Research, a study was undertaken at a Brazilian residential building company. Multiple sources of evidence were used, including interviews, participant observations, and analysis of an existing database. Natural language processing (NLP) was used to build a word menu for customers to lodge a complaint. Moreover, a recommendation system was proposed based on machine learning (ML) and hierarchical defect classification. The system was designed to indicate which defects should be investigated during inspections. The main outcome of this investigation is an information management model that provides an effective classification system for customer complaints, supported by artificial intelligence (AI) applications that improve data collection, and introduce some degree of automation to warranty services. The main theoretical contribution of the study is the use of advanced data management approaches for managing complaints in residential building projects, resulting in the combination of inputs from technical and customer perspectives to support decision-making.
Mosque Typo-Morphological Classification for Pattern Recognition Using Shape Grammar Theory and Graph-Based Techniques
Authors: Ali Lana Abubakr , Mustafa Faris Ali
Published: March 2023

The prayer hall is the main space in mosques where prayer and worship take place. It is normally open with a large area where Muslims can pray together. The identification and assignment of organizational forms to formally defined classes are referred to as classification. The term typo-morphology refers to the merging of two ideas: typology, which focuses on syntactic and spatial analysis, and morphology, which focuses on form analysis. This research aims to create a typo-morphological classification of mosques by using shape grammar analysis to obtain the key prototypes that cover both traditional and modern mosque styles. Hence, the proposed mosque sample was grouped according to the extracted prototypes through graph-technique pattern recognition. The study resulted in extracting twenty different typo-morphological prototypes. The current study contributes to discovering the syntactical and formal configuration of mosque buildings, which establishes a distinct and reliable reference in mosque architecture.
Assessing Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation to Limit Aerosol Dispersion—Literature Review
Authors: Hobeika Nadine , García-Sánchez Clara , Bluyssen Philomena M.
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation, which researchers have been warning about for years. During the pandemic, researchers studied several indicators using different approaches to assess IAQ and diverse ventilation systems in indoor spaces. To provide an overview of these indicators and approaches in the case of airborne transmission through aerosols, we conducted a literature review, which covered studies both from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched online databases for six concepts: aerosol dispersion, ventilation, air quality, schools or offices, indicators, and assessment approaches. The indicators found in the literature can be divided into three categories: dose-, building-, and occupant-related indicators. These indicators can be measured in real physical spaces, in a controlled laboratory, or modeled and analyzed using numerical approaches. Rather than organizing this paper according to these approaches, the assessment methods used are grouped according to the following themes they cover: aerosol dispersion, ventilation, infection risk, design parameters, and human behavior. The first finding of the review is that dose-related indicators are the predominant indicators used in the selected studies, whereas building- and occupant-related indicators are only used in specific studies. Moreover, for a better understanding of airborne transmission, there is a need for a more holistic definition of IAQ indicators. The second finding is that although different design assessment tools and setups are presented in the literature, an optimization tool for a room’s design parameters seems to be missing. Finally, to efficiently limit aerosol dispersion in indoor spaces, better coordination between different fields is needed.
Theoretical Study and Nonlinear Finite Analysis of Four-Line Restoring Force Model for Double-Superimposed Slab Shear Walls
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Huang Binhui , Zhang Yujian , Yu Shaole , Bie Junhao
Published: March 2023

This paper is concerned with the seismic behavior of a superimposed slab shear wall. Based on the test results of the specimens under low cyclic reversal loading, the formulas with respect to the top displacement and capacity of a shear wall in the consecutive loading process are derived. The concrete grade differentiation between the prefabricated layer and the cast-in-site layer of the shear wall is considered to improve the calculating precision. With the help of these equations, the extent of participation of the prefabricated concrete layers in the different loading stages is revealed, demonstrating a great confirmation of the test results. Two ideal conditions, utterly with and without connective effect between a combined interface, are considered to investigate the action of the bond–slip effect. On this basis, the finite element analysis is completed in the framework of OpenSees. Its quadrilinear restoring force model, with the consideration of the stiffness degradation and pinching effect, is established in this paper by various feature points from the theoretical derivation of capacities in different loading stages. The rationality of the restoring force model of the shear wall is testified by the satisfactory agreement of the test results and simulation results.
Classification of Chondrosarcoma: From Characteristic to Challenging Imaging Findings
Authors: Kim Jun-Ho , Lee Seul Ki
Published: March 2023

Chondrosarcomas can be classified into various forms according to the presence or absence of a precursor lesion, location, and histological subtype. The new 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone classifies chondrogenic bone tumors as benign, intermediate (locally aggressive), or malignant, and separates atypical cartilaginous tumors (ACTs) and chondrosarcoma grade 1 (CS1) as intermediate and malignant tumors. respectively. Furthermore, the classification categorizes chondrosarcomas (including ACT) into eight subtypes: central conventional (grade 1 vs. 2–3), secondary peripheral (grade 1 vs. 2–3), periosteal, dedifferentiated, mesenchymal, and clear cell chondrosarcoma. Most chondrosarcomas are the low-grade, primary central conventional type. The rarer subtypes include clear cell, mesenchymal, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Comprehensive analysis of the characteristic imaging findings can help differentiate various forms of chondrosarcomas. However, distinguishing low-grade chondrosarcomas from enchondromas or high-grade chondrosarcomas is radiologically and histopathologically challenging, even for experienced radiologists and pathologists.
Reproductive Health Outcomes among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Oveisi Niki , Cheng Vicki , Ellis Ursula , Peacock Stuart , McTaggart-Cowan Helen , Brotto Lori A. , Loree Jonathan , Hanley Gillian E. , Gill Sharlene , Rayar Meera , Srikanthan Amirrtha , De Vera Mary A.
Published: March 2023

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aimed to synthesize the current literature on the impacts of adolescent and young adult (AYA, ages 15–39 years) cancer on reproductive health outcomes. Methods: EMBASE and Medline were searched from 1 January 2000 to 26 January 2022 for observational studies that included individuals with AYA cancer and controls which evaluated reproductive health outcomes. We used random effects models and 95% confidence intervals to obtain pooled measures of associations between AYA cancer, cancer treatment, and reproductive health outcomes. Results: The search identified 8625 articles; 21 were included. 62 reproductive outcomes were assessed and classified according to a sex-based framework as fetal/neonatal (n = 26), maternal (n = 11), fetal/neonatal-maternal (n = 23), and maternal-paternal (n = 2). Meta-analyses of crude estimates showed significant associations between AYA cancer and outcomes including preterm birth (pooled odds ratio [pOR] 1.31; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.42), gestational diabetes (pOR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.99), and fertility treatment (pOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.71, 4.11). We also found higher odds of preterm birth (pOR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.26) and low APGAR score at birth (pOR 2.03; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.13) among AYA cancer patients who received radiation compared to controls. Conclusions: Our SRMA quantified impacts of AYA cancers and treatments on several reproductive health outcomes.
Prevention and Treatment of HPV-Induced Skin Tumors
Authors: Hasche Daniel , Akgül Baki
Published: March 2023

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer in humans with increasing incidence. Meanwhile, a growing body of evidence has provided a link between skin infections with HPV of the genus beta (betaHPV) and the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Based on this association, the development of vaccines against betaHPV has become an important research topic. This review summarizes the current advances in prophylactic and therapeutic betaHPV vaccines, including progresses made in preclinical testing and clinical trials.
Venetoclax in Relapse/Refractory AL Amyloidosis—A Multicenter International Retrospective Real-World Study
Authors: Lebel Eyal , Kastritis Efstathios , Palladini Giovanni , Milani Paolo , Theodorakakou Foteini , Aumann Shlomzion , Lavi Noa , Shargian Liat , Magen Hila , Cohen Yael , Gatt Moshe E. , Vaxman Iuliana
Published: March 2023

Therapeutic options in relapsed refractory (R/R) light-chain (AL) amyloidosis patients are limited. Given the encouraging results in t(11;14) multiple myeloma and the high prevalence of t(11;14) in AL amyloidosis, venetoclax is an attractive treatment option in this setting. We report here the results of a multi-center retrospective study on 26 R/R AL amyloidosis patients treated off-label with venetoclax. The median lines of therapy prior to venetoclax was 3.5 (range 1–7), and 88% of our cohort had t (11;14). Twenty-two patients (85%) were previously treated with daratumumab. The overall hematologic response rate was 88%, 35% achieved a CR, and 35% achieved VGPR. The median event-free survival was 25 months (m) (95% CI 9.7 m-not reached), and the median overall survival was 33 m (95% CI 25.9–39.2 m). Most of the patients in this cohort are in ongoing deep responses and continuing venetoclax therapy. The treatment was relatively safe. One patient died due to infection, and there were two grade 3 infections in our cohort. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) was not seen in any patient. Dose reductions were frequent but did not affect the efficacy. These promising results require confirmation in a randomized controlled trial.
The Driverless Triple-Wild-Type (BRAF, RAS, KIT) Cutaneous Melanoma: Whole Genome Sequencing Discoveries
Authors: Pipek Orsolya , Vizkeleti Laura , Doma Viktória , Alpár Donát , Bödör Csaba , Kárpáti Sarolta , Timar Jozsef
Published: March 2023

The genetic makeup of the triple-wild-type melanoma (BRAF, NRAS and NF1) has been known for some time, but those studies grouped together rare histopathological versions with common ones, as well as mucosal and even uveal ones. Here we used whole genome sequencing to genetically characterize the triple-wild-type melanoma (TWM), termed here as BRAF, RAS and KIT wild type (the most frequent oncogenic drivers of skin melanoma), using the most common histological forms and excluding rare ones. All these tumors except one were clearly induced by UV based on the mutational signature. The tumor mutational burden was low in TWM, except in the NF1 mutant forms, and a relatively high frequency of elevated LOH scores suggested frequent homologue recombination deficiency, but this was only confirmed by the mutation signature in one case. Furthermore, all these TWMs were microsatellite-stabile. In this driverless setting, we revealed rare oncogenic drivers known from melanoma or other cancer types and identified rare actionable tyrosine kinase mutations in NTRK1, RET and VEGFR1. Mutations of TWM identified genes involved in antitumor immunity (negative and positive predictors of immunotherapy), Ca++ and BMP signaling. The two regressed melanomas of this cohort shared a 17-gene mutation signature, containing genes involved in antitumor immunity and several cell surface receptors. Even with this comprehensive genomic approach, a few cases remained driverless, suggesting that unrecognized drivers are hiding among passenger mutations.
REV7 in Cancer Biology and Management
Authors: Murakumo Yoshiki , Sakurai Yasutaka , Kato Takuya , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Ichinoe Masaaki
Published: March 2023

DNA repair and cell cycle regulation are potential biological fields to develop molecular targeting therapies for cancer. Human REV7 was originally discovered as a homologous molecule to yeast Rev7, which is involved in DNA damage response and mutagenesis, and as the second homolog of yeast Mad2, involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Although REV7 principally functions in the fields of DNA repair and cell cycle regulation, many binding partners of REV7 have been identified using comprehensive analyses in the past decade, and the significance of REV7 is expanding in various other biological fields, such as gene transcription, epigenetics, primordial germ cell survival, neurogenesis, intracellular signaling, and microbial infection. In addition, the clinical significance of REV7 has been demonstrated in studies using human cancer tissues, and investigations in cancer cell lines and animal models have revealed the greater impacts of REV7 in cancer biology, which makes it an attractive target molecule for cancer management. This review focuses on the functions of REV7 in human cancer and discusses the utility of REV7 for cancer management with a summary of the recent development of inhibitors targeting REV7.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with Pancreaticobiliary Malignancies in Los Angeles County and Their Association with CA 19-9 Levels
Authors: Law Jade , Trieu Harry , Kaleka Guneet , Turkiewicz Joanna , Palmer Samantha , Lee Jennifer M. , Chen Kathryn T. , Tabibian James H.
Published: March 2023

Although CA 19-9 is a commonly used tumor marker in the management of PBMs, the literature describing outcomes in patients with PBMs who have undetectable or low (hereinafter “low”) CA 19-9 levels remains scarce. In this study, we sought to compare clinical features and outcomes in patients with PBMs and low CA 19-9 levels to those with normal and elevated CA 19-9 levels. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on patients with biopsy-confirmed PBMs and stratified patients into categories based on their CA 19-9 level at diagnosis. Survival curves were estimated for patients in each of the three aforementioned CA 19-9 groups using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: Of the 283 patients identified, 23 (8.1%) had low, 70 (24.7%) had normal, and 190 (67.1%) had elevated CA 19-9 levels. After controlling for sex, age, BMI, the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis, and treatment with curative intent, the hazard ratio for death in the elevated CA 19-9 group compared to the low CA 19-9 group was 1.993 (95% CI 1.089–3.648; p = 0.025). Conclusion: The elevated CA 19-9 level compared to the low CA 19-9 level and the presence of metastases were associated with an increased hazard of death, while treatment with curative intent was associated with a decreased hazard of death.
Role of the Molecular Tumor Board for the Personalized Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Focus on the State of the Art in Italy
Authors: Irelli Azzurra , Chiatamone Ranieri Sofia , Di Giacomo Daniela , Malatesta Sara , Patruno Leonardo Valerio , Tessitore Alessandra , Alesse Edoardo , Cannita Katia
Published: March 2023

Molecular tumor boards (MTBs) are multidisciplinary groups that combine molecular and clinical data from cancer patients in order to formulate treatment recommendations for precision medicine. To date, there is insufficient data to support the use of singleplex or next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to select first-line therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), but considering the high number of level II alterations, according to the ESMO scale for clinical actionability of molecular targets (ESCAT), it is suggested to include patients in molecular screening programs in order to be able to offer targeted therapies for specific genomic alterations. This article aims at reviewing the most recent literature related to the most used methodologies/approaches for molecular diagnostics and variants’ classification, summarizing the internationally published molecular screening studies in support of MTB activity and, in the end, discussing MTBs’ current position and role in Italy, the number of which is increasing, also thanks to the thrust of institutions.
Sandwich Culture Platforms to Investigate the Roles of Stiffness Gradients and Cell–Matrix Adhesions in Cancer Cell Migration
Authors: Bouzos Evangelia , Asuri Prashanth
Published: March 2023

Given the key role of cell migration in cancer metastasis, there is a critical need for in vitro models that better capture the complexities of in vivo cancer cell microenvironments. Using both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture models, recent research has demonstrated the role of both matrix and ligand densities in cell migration. Here, we leveraged our previously developed 2.5D sandwich culture platform to foster a greater understanding of the adhesion-dependent migration of glioblastoma cells with a stiffness gradient. Using this model, we demonstrated the differential role of stiffness gradients in migration in the presence and absence of adhesion moieties. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the density of cell adhesion moieties and migration, and a diminished role of stiffness gradients at higher densities of adhesion moieties. These results, i.e., the reduced impact of stiffness gradients on adhesion-dependent migration relative to adhesion-independent migration, were confirmed using inhibitors of both mechanotransduction and cell adhesion. Taken together, our work demonstrates the utility of sandwich culture platforms that present stiffness gradients to study both adhesion-dependent and -independent cell migration and to help expand the existing portfolio of in vitro models of cancer metastasis.
Poor Treatment Outcomes of Locally Advanced Cervical Adenocarcinoma of Human Papilloma Virus Independent Type, Represented by Gastric Type Adenocarcinoma: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study (Sankai Gynecology Study Group)
Authors: Seki Toshiyuki , Kojima Atsumi , Okame Shinichi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Okamoto Aikou , Tokunaga Hideki , Nishio Shin , Takei Yuji , Yokoyama Yoshihito , Yoshida Manabu , Teramoto Norihiro , Mikami Yoshiki , Shimada Muneaki , Kigawa Junzo , Takehara Kazuhiro
Published: March 2023

The revised World Health Organization classification of cervical cancer divides adenocarcinomas into human papillomavirus-associated (HPVa) and -independent (HPVi) types; the HPVi type is represented by the gastric type. The treatment outcomes of locally advanced adenocarcinoma (LaAC), based on this classification, are understudied. We investigated the outcomes of patients with HPVa and HPVi LaACs. Data for all consecutive patients with stage IB3 to IIIC1 adenocarcinoma who received treatment at 12 institutions throughout Japan between 2004 and 2009 were retrieved to analyze progression-free and overall survival. Central pathological review classified 103 and 48 patients as having HPVa and HPVi tumors, respectively. Usual- (84%) and gastric- (90%) type adenocarcinomas were the most frequent subtypes. Surgery was the primary treatment strategy for most patients. Progression-free and overall survival of patients with HPVi were worse than those of patients with HPVa (p = 0.009 and 0.032, respectively). Subgroup analysis by stage showed that progression-free survival was significantly different for stage IIB. The current surgical treatment strategy for LaACs is less effective for HPVi tumors than for HPVa tumors, especially those in stage IIB.
Prognostic Impact of Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Bone Sarcoma Patients: A Retrospective, Single-Centre Study
Authors: Smolle Maria , Kogler Angelika , Andreou Dimosthenis , Scheipl Susanne , Bergovec Marko , Castellani Christoph , Till Holger , Benesch Martin , Posch Florian , Szkandera Joanna , Smolle-Jüttner Freyja-Maria , Leithner Andreas
Published: March 2023

This retrospective study aimed at analyzing the impact of metastasectomy on post-metastasis survival (PMS) in bone sarcoma patients with lung metastases. Altogether, 47 bone sarcoma patients (24 males, median age at diagnosis of lung metastases: 21.8 (IQR: 15.6–47.3) years) with primary (n = 8) or secondary (n = 39) lung metastases treated at a single university hospital were retrospectively included. Based on a propensity score, inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW) was calculated to account for selection bias whether patients had undergone metastasectomy or not. The most common underlying histology was osteosarcoma (n = 37; 78.7%). Metastasectomy was performed in 39 patients (83.0%). Younger patients (p = 0.025) with singular (p = 0.043) and unilateral lesions (p = 0.024), as well as those with an interval ≥ 9 months from primary diagnosis to development of lung metastases (p = 0.024) were more likely to undergo metastasectomy. Weighted 1- and 3-year PMS after metastasectomy was 80.8% and 58.3%, compared to 88.5% and 9.1% for patients who did not undergo metastasectomy. Naive Cox-regression analysis demonstrated a significantly prolonged PMS for patients with metastasectomy (HR: 0.142; 95%CI: 0.045–0.450; p = 0.001), which was confirmed after IPTW-weighting (HR: 0.279; 95%CI: 0.118–0.662; p = 0.004), irrespective of age, time to metastasis, and the number of lesions. In conclusion, metastasectomy should be considered in bone sarcoma patients with lung metastases, after carefully considering the individual risks, to possibly improve PMS.
How Stereotactic Radiotherapy Changed the Landscape in Cancer Care
Authors: Kinj Rémy , Bourhis Jean
Published: March 2023

The term “stereotactic body radiotherapy” (SBRT) refers to high-precision radiotherapy techniques using numerous beams converging in a small target volume, allowing the delivery of high doses per fraction (>6–7 Gy) in a very few number of fractions [...]
HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Available Treatments and Current Developments
Authors: Essadi Ismail , Benbrahim Zineb , Kaakoua Mohamed , Reverdy Thibaut , Corbaux Pauline , Freyer Gilles
Published: March 2023

For several years, the overexpression of the HER2 receptor in breast cancer has been correlated with a poor prognosis and an increased risk of developing brain metastases. Currently, the combination of anti-HER2 double blockade and taxane and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) are considered the standard treatments for metastatic breast cancer overexpressing these receptors in the first and second line. Very recently, the development of a new antidrug conjugate, trastuzumab–deruxtecan, has improved the overall survival of patients, even in second-line treatment. However, trastuzumab–deruxtecan has become a new standard. Despite the benefits of these antidrug conjugates, this benefit in patients with brain metastases remains unclear. Tucatinib is a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has given hope for the treatment of these patients. The objective of this article was to review data on the established drugs and novel agents for HER2-positive MBC and to discuss how to incorporate anti-HER2 therapies in first and later-line settings.
Non-Interventional Management of Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Patients with von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Authors: Halperin Reut , Tirosh Amit
Published: March 2023

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. Patients with VHL have a high risk for developing retinal and central nervous system hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN). About a fifth of patients with VHL will develop PNEN, and only a tenth of them will develop metastatic or unresectable (advanced) PNEN requiring medical intervention. In this review, we performed a literature search for studies, written in English, on the medical interventions for VHL-related localized and advanced PNENs and their clinical outcomes. We detail the various medical interventions for this rare group of patients, including their mode of action and potential efficacy and toxicity. Finally, based on the current literature, we delineate a possible management algorithm for patients with VHL and advanced PNEN. We can conclude that data on the efficacy of various vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitors, and on the efficacy of belzutifan, a novel hypoxia-inducible factor 2 inhibitor, for the management of advanced PNEN in VHL, are scarce. Hence, deduction from the management of sporadic PNEN is required, and is implemented in the proposed management algorithm provided within this review.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Induced Photocatalysis in 2D/2D Graphene/g-C3N4 Heterostructure for Enhanced Degradation of Amine-Based Pharmaceuticals under Solar Light Illumination
Authors: Al Marzouqi Faisal , Selvaraj Rengaraj
Published: March 2023

Pharmaceuticals, especially amine-based pharmaceuticals, such as nizatidine and ranitidine, contaminate water and resist water treatment. Here, different amounts of graphene sheets are coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets (wt% ratio of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 wt% of graphene) to verify the effect of surface plasmon resonance introduced to the g-C3N4 material. The synthesized materials were systematically examined by advanced analytical techniques. The prepared photocatalysts were used for the degradation of amine-based pharmaceuticals (nizatidine and ranitidine). The results show that by introducing only 3 wt% graphene to g-C3N4, the absorption ability in the visible and near-infrared regions dramatically enhanced. The absorption in the visible range was 50 times higher when compared to the pure sample. These absorption features suggest that the surfaces of the carbon nitride sheet are covered by the graphene nanosheet, which would effectively apply the LSPR properties for catalytic determinations. The enhancement in visible light absorption in the composite was confirmed by PL analysis, which showed greater inhibition of the electron-hole recombination process. The XRD showed a decrease in the (002) plan due to the presence of graphene, which prevents further stacking of carbon nitride layers. Accordingly, the Gr/g-C3N4 composite samples exhibited an enhancement in the photocatalytic performance, specifically for the 5% Gr/g-C3N4 sample, and close to 85% degradation was achieved within 20 min under solar irradiation. Therefore, applying the Gr/g-C3N4 for the degradation of a pharmaceutical can be taken into consideration as an alternative method for the removal of such pollutants during the water treatment process. This enhancement can be attributed to surface plasmon resonance-induced photocatalysis in a 2D/2D graphene/g-C3N4 heterostructure.
Targeting YAP/TAZ in Combination with PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Papavassiliou Kostas A. , Marinos Georgios , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: March 2023

The survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has improved in the last decade as a result of introducing new therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, in the clinic. Still, some NSCLC patients do not benefit from these therapies due to intrinsic resistance or the development of acquired resistance and their malignant disease progresses. Further research on the molecular underpinnings of NSCLC pathobiology is required in order to discover clinically relevant molecular targets that regulate tumor immunity and to develop reasonable therapeutic combinations that will promote the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Yes-associated Protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), the final effectors of the Hippo signaling transduction pathway, are emerging as key players in NSCLC development and progression. Herein, we overview studies that have investigated the oncogenic role of YAP/TAZ in NSCLC, focusing on immune evasion, and highlight the therapeutic potential of combining YAP/TAZ inhibitory agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors for the management of NSCLC patients.
The Tobacco Smoke Component, Acrolein, as a Major Culprit in Lung Diseases and Respiratory Cancers: Molecular Mechanisms of Acrolein Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Hikisz Pawel , Jacenik Damian
Published: March 2023

Acrolein, a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that seriously threatens human health and life. Due to its high reactivity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, acrolein is involved in the development of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus and even the development of cancer. Traditional tobacco smokers and e-cigarette users are particularly exposed to the harmful effects of acrolein. High concentrations of acrolein have been found in both mainstream and side-stream tobacco smoke. Acrolein is considered one of cigarette smoke’s most toxic and harmful components. Chronic exposure to acrolein through cigarette smoke has been linked to the development of asthma, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and even respiratory cancers. This review addresses the current state of knowledge on the pathological molecular mechanisms of acrolein in the induction, course and development of lung diseases and cancers in smokers.
Monocyte and Macrophage in Neuroblastoma: Blocking Their Pro-Tumoral Functions and Strengthening Their Crosstalk with Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Vitale Chiara , Bottino Cristina , Castriconi Roberta
Published: March 2023

Over the past decade, immunotherapy has represented an enormous step forward in the fight against cancer. Immunotherapeutic approaches have increasingly become a fundamental part of the combined therapies currently adopted in the treatment of patients with high-risk (HR) neuroblastoma (NB). An increasing number of studies focus on the understanding of the immune landscape in NB and, since this tumor expresses low or null levels of MHC class I, on the development of new strategies aimed at enhancing innate immunity, especially Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages. There is growing evidence that, within the NB tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which mainly present an M2-like phenotype, have a crucial role in mediating NB development and immune evasion, and they have been correlated to poor clinical outcomes. Importantly, TAM can also impair the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells upon the administration of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the current standard immunotherapy for HR-NB patients. This review deals with the main mechanisms regulating the crosstalk among NB cells and TAMs or other cellular components of the TME, which support tumor development and induce drug resistance. Furthermore, we will address the most recent strategies aimed at limiting the number of pro-tumoral macrophages within the TME, reprogramming the TAMs functional state, thus enhancing NK cell functions. We also prospectively discuss new or unexplored aspects of human macrophage heterogeneity.
Observation of an Extremely Dry Atmospheric Air Column above Bern
Authors: Hocke Klemens , Wang Wenyue
Published: March 2023

The water vapour column density or vertically integrated water vapour (IWV) ranges from about 8 mm in winter to about 25 mm in summer in Bern, Switzerland. However, there can be day episodes when IWV drops to 2 mm or even less so that the atmosphere is extremely dry. We selected an event in February 2021 when the tropospheric water radiometer TROWARA measured a mean IWV value of about 1.5 ± 0.2 mm for a time interval of about one day in Bern. The ECMWF reanalysis ERA5 indicated a slightly higher IWV value of about 2.2 ± 0.4 mm where the uncertainty is the standard deviation of IWV during the time of IWV depression. The ERA5 profiles of relative humidity and specific humidity during this episode are reduced by 50% and more compared to the monthly mean profiles. On a global map, it can be seen that Bern is within a mesoscale dry region on that day with descending wind. Back trajectory analysis gives the result that the dry air masses in Bern came from the North and the trajectories are descending in altitude so that dry air from the mid troposphere came into the lower troposphere. These descending air masses from the North explain the minimum of IWV observed in Bern on 13–14 February 2021. The surface climate in Switzerland was dominated by a cold wave at that time. At the same time, severe cold waves occurred in Greece and Northern America.
Application of Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) to Address Climate-Induced Risks through the Lens of Africa Borderland
Authors: Kogachi Aki , Shaw Rajib
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study is to gain a holistic and enhanced understanding of the characteristics of the livelihood of communities in the Liptako-Gourma region. This region, known for the tri-border area, has become the epicenter of the conflict since 2015. The study employs the Sustainable Livelihood Approach to guide survey results, as well as a focus group discussion. The results of the survey are analyzed to assess the linkage between climate-induced risks and development challenges in the region. Furthermore, the paper explores the interactions between climatic stresses and conflict risk. By taking the Liptako-Gourma region (Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso) as a focal study and analyzing the factors impacting the livelihoods of people in the region, a survey was conducted. It included questions related to agriculture, animal husbandry, and natural resource management, among other things. The survey had seven sections and was conducted with 287 people aged between 25 to 77 years from Bagawa and Tin-Akoff. Climate perceptions were evaluated through individual and group interviews. The result from the cohort study showed a close association between security and developmental challenges in the Liptako-Gourma region. This is due to the region’s reliance on agriculture and animal husbandry, which involves frequent migration and population movement across the borders. Furthermore, the study revealed that (1) climate-induced shocks are increasingly manifested, (2) the adaptive capacity to weather climate shock remains low, (3) mobility and migration is a common strategy, and (4) the conflict over the usage of natural resources exists; however, it is not the primary cause of conflicts.
Special Issue “Recent Developments on Functional Coatings for Industrial Applications, Volume II”
Authors: Calabrese Luigi , Proverbio Edoardo
Published: March 2023

“Recent Developments on Functional Coatings for Industrial Applications, Volume II” addresses the provision of further insights into new and emerging research assets concerning the design, manufacturing, characterization and optimization of functional coatings for industrial applications. The aim of this Issue is to further contribute to the improvement of knowledge on functional coatings synthesis, characterization and tailoring, emphasizing its emerging industrial applicability in several industrial fields. The multidisciplinary nature of the theme represents a further stimulus aimed at enhancing the applicative importance and the technological versatility of the engineering design of functional surfaces. A multidisciplinary approach will act as a further stimulus in encouraging researchers to exploit suitably the applicative relevance and adaptability of functional coating and surface engineering design and tailoring.
Laminated Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Foil by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Cutroneo Mariapompea , Torrisi Lorenzo , Silipigni Letteria , Havranek Vladimir , Mackova Anna , Malinsky Petr , Miksova Romana , Maly Jan , Stofik Marcel , Aubrecht Petr , Fajstavr Dominik , Slepicka Petr
Published: March 2023

A cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is a thermoplastic polymer endowed with glass-like optical transparency, unique biocompatibility, low autofluorescence, good chemical stability, and excellent water vapor barriers. COC is a promising new material for optics, medical devices, nanotechnology, and microelectronics. The applicability of the COC depends on its modification through different techniques from plasma treatment to lithography. Presently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is employed to deposit an aluminum thin film on selected areas of the COC surface. The study of the wettability, morphology, composition, and optical characteristics of both pristine and modified COC has been evaluated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, the sessile drop method, and UV/ViS optical spectroscopy. The prospective recycling of the COC deposited by PLD is proposed.
Growth of Zn1−xNixO Thin Films and Their Structural, Optical and Magneto-Optical Properties
Authors: Stolyarchuk Ihor , Kuzyk Oleh , Dan’kiv Olesya , Dziedzic Andrzej , Kleto Gennadiy , Stolyarchuk Andriy , Popovych Andriy , Hadzaman Ivan
Published: March 2023

The radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering technique has been used to prepare Zn1−xNixO thin films with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08. Composite targets were obtained by mixing and pressing NiO and ZnO powders. Sapphire, quartz and glass were used as substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis of Ni-doped ZnO films indicates that all samples are crystalised in a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a preferred orientation along the (002) plane. Any secondary phase, corresponding to metallic nickel clusters or nickel oxides was not observed. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image observed for Zn1−xNixO thin film shows a strong preferred orientation (texture) of crystalline columns in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. Different surface morphology was revealed in AFM images depending on the film composition and growth condition. Optical absorption spectra suggest the substitution of Zn2+ ions in the ZnO lattice by Ni2+ ions. The energy bandgap value was also found a complex dependence with an increase in Ni dopant concentration. In photoluminescence spectra, two main peaks were revealed, which are ascribed to near band gap emission and vacancy or defect states. Faraday rotation demonstrates its enhancement and growth of ferromagnetism with the increase in Ni content of Zn1−xNixO thin films at room temperature.
TiO2-SnS2 Nanoheterostructures for High-Performance Humidity Sensor
Authors: Yu Wencheng , Chen Duo , Li Jianfei , Zhang Zhenzhen
Published: March 2023

The larger surface-to-volume ratio of the hierarchical nanostructure means it has attracted considerable interest as a prototype gas sensor. Both TiO2 and SnS2 can be used as sensitive materials for humidity sensing with excellent performance. However, TiO2-SnS2 nanocomposites are rarely used in humidity detection. Therefore, in this work, a new humidity sensor was prepared by a simple one-step synthesis process based on nano-heterostructures, and the humidity sensing performance of the device was systematically characterized by much faster response/recovery behavior, better linearity and greater sensitivity compared to pure TiO2 or SnS2 nanofibers. The enhanced sensitivity of the nanoheterostructure should be attributed to its special hierarchical structure and TiO2-SnS2 heterojunction, which ultimately leads to a significant change in resistance upon water molecule exposure. In consideration of its non-complicated, cost-effective fabrication process and environmental friendliness, the TiO2-SnS2 nanoheterostructure is a hopeful candidate for humidity sensor applications.
Effect of the Growth Interruption on the Surface Morphology and Crystalline Quality of MOCVD-Grown h-BN
Authors: Zhang Qi , Guo Yanan , Liu Zhibin , Wang Dadi , Li Qiang , Yan Jianchang , Li Jinmin , Wang Junxi
Published: March 2023

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is one promising material class for applications in DUV optoelectronics due to the layered structure and ultra-wide bandgap. The synthesis of h-BN with smooth surface morphology and high quality on dielectric substrates is the key to construct efficient functional devices thereon. In this study, we reported wafer-scale h-BN on c-plane sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition utilizing the flow modulation epitaxy (FME) with growth interruptions. The effect of the growth interruption location within FME on the surface morphology and crystalline quality of h-BN films was systematically investigated. The interruption after the TEB injection could promote the mobility of B adatoms, and the interruption after the NH3 injection could further relieve the passivation of N terminal growth fronts and mitigate the parasitic gas-phase reaction between growth precursors. By simultaneously employing interruptions after TEB and NH3 injections, the growth rate of h-BN increased significantly from 0.16 nm/min to 4.76 nm/min, and the surface roughness of 2-nm-thick h-BN was reduced to 0.587 nm. In addition, h-BN grown with an interruption solely after the NH3 injection presented the best crystallinity because the relatively slow growth rate reduced the possibility of impurity incorporation.
Mechanochemically Synthesized Chalcogenide Cu3BiS3 Nanocrystals in an Environmentally Friendly Manner for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Dutková Erika , Baláž Matej , Sayagués María Jesús , Kováč Jaroslav , Kováč Jaroslav
Published: March 2023

Ternary wittichenite Cu3BiS3 nanocrystals were prepared mechanochemically using a planetary ball mill from elemental copper, bismuth and sulfur in a stoichiometric ratio in only 5 min. The orthorhombic wittichenite Cu3BiS3 was nanocrystalline with an approximate crystallite size of 38 nm ± 9 nm, as confirmed by Rietveld refinement. The nanocrystalline character of orthorhombic Cu3BiS3 was also proven by transmission electron microscopy. The measured Raman spectrum confirmed the formation of pure wittichenite Cu3BiS3. The morphology characterization demonstrated the homogeneity of the sample. The value of the specific surface area for pure mechanochemically prepared Cu3BiS3 after 5 min was 2.7 m2g−1. The optical properties were investigated using UV–Vis absorption and micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy. From the absorption UV–Vis spectrum, the value of the bandgap energy was determined to be 1.52 eV, which creates an assumption for the use of wittichenite Cu3BiS3 in photovoltaic applications. The optoelectrical properties of the prepared Cu3BiS3 nanocrystals were verified by current–voltage measurements in the dark and under white light illumination. The photocurrent increased by 26% compared to the current in the dark at a voltage of 1 V. The achieved results confirmed a very fast and efficient way of synthesizing a ternary wittichenite Cu3BiS3, which can be used for applications in solar cells.
Effect of Surface Texture on Light Extraction Efficiency for LEDs
Authors: Lai Fu-Der
Published: March 2023

The light extraction efficiency of an LED is dependent on its surface texture. However, the surface of the p-GaN layer is not easy to be etch with inverted hexagonal pyramid structures (IHPS) with small top widths and large depths using existing methods. Therefore, it is important to discuss the expected effect of the conditions of thermal annealing and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) for the generation of nano-pin-holes in the photoresist and fabrication of the top surface structure of GaN-based LEDs, in order to enhance the light output power. In this study, the following four items will be discussed: (1) the effect of thermal annealing on the composition of the photoresist; (2) the effect of thermal annealing and ICP RIE on the generation of the nano-pin-holes in the photoresist; (3) the effect of ICP RIE on the IHPS; and (4) the effect of surface texture of the IHPS on the light output power. It has been found that a nano-pin-hole structure in the photoresist etching mask is needed for the fabrication of many IHPS on the LED surface. A maskless via-hole etching technique was used for texturing the photoresist to produce nano-pore structures with diameters of less than 50 nm. The relationship between the light extraction efficiency and the surface texture is discussed in detail. The simulation results show the best light extraction efficiency (LEE) ratio of 358% to be obtained when the distance between two neighboring IHPS patterns (DBNP) is 300 nm. This in turn allowed the formation of IHPS with small top widths and large depths on the LED surface. A LEE ratio of 305% was obtained with the fabrication of IHPS with a top width of 290 nm, a depth of 170 nm and a DBNP of 180 nm on the LED surface.
Anal Cancer: The Past, Present and Future
Authors: Gondal Talha Ashraf , Chaudhary Noman , Bajwa Husnaat , Rauf Aribah , Le Duc , Ahmed Shahid
Published: March 2023

Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression are major risk factors for anal cancer. The management of anal cancer has evolved over the past several decades and continues to do so. Chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay for treatment for most patients with early-stage disease, whereas systemic therapy is the primary treatment for patients with metastatic disease. Patients with persistent disease or recurrence following chemoradiation therapy are treated with salvage surgery. Access to novel cytotoxic combinations and immunotherapy has improved the outcomes of patients with advanced disease. This review provides an overview of advances in the management of anal cancer over the past two decades. This paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and management of localized and advanced anal squamous cell cancer, highlights current knowledge gaps in the management of anal cancer, and discusses future directions.