bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of molecular clumps and cores in colliding magnetized flows
Authors: Weis M , Walch S , Seifried D , Ganguly S
Published: June 2024

We simulate the formation of molecular clouds in colliding flows of warm neutral medium with the adaptive mesh refinement code flash in eight simulations with varying initial magnetic field strength, between 0.01–5 μG. We include a chemical network to treat heating and cooling and to follow the formation of molecular gas. The initial magnetic field strength influences the fragmentation of the forming cloud because it prohibits motions perpendicular to the field direction and hence impacts the formation of large-scale filamentary structures. Molecular clump and core formation occurs anyhow. We identify 3D clumps and 3D cores, which are defined as connected, CO-rich regions. Additionally, 3D cores are heavily shielded. While we do not claim those 3D objects to be directly comparable to observations, this enables us to analyse their full virial state. With increasing field strength, we find more fragments with a smaller average mass; yet the dynamics of the forming clumps and cores only weakly depends on the initial magnetic field strength. The molecular clumps are mostly unbound, probably transient objects, which are weakly confined by ram pressure or thermal pressure, indicating that they are swept up by the turbulent flow. They experience significant fluctuations in the mass flux through their surface, such that the Eulerian reference frame shows a dominant time-dependent term due to their indistinct nature. We define the cores to encompass highly shielded molecular gas. Most cores are in gravitational-kinetic equipartition and are well described by the common virial parameter $\alpha _\mathrm{vir}$, while some undergo minor dispersion by kinetic surface effects.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Authors: Banerjee Sourav
Published: June 2024

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (b. 1770–d. 1831) is considered to be one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy, and is also one of the most important figures in German idealism. His influence encompasses the whole gamut of contemporary philosophical issues, ranging from political philosophy to metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, philosophy of religion, philosophy of art, philosophy of history, and the history of philosophy. Born during the transitional period between the Enlightenment and the Romantic movements in the German regions of Europe, Hegel lived during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars and was greatly influenced by them. Hegel went to the German School and then the Latin School, studied at Stuttgart’s Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, and read authors like the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenment, such as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. In 1844, Hegel’s first biographer, Karl Rosenkranz described the young Hegel’s education by saying that it “belonged entirely to the Enlightenment with respect to principle, and entirely to classical antiquity with respect to curriculum.” His fame rests predominantly upon three of his achievements: The Phenomenology of Spirit, The Science of Logic, and finally the lectures he delivered at the University of Berlin on various topics from his Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. Throughout his work, he endeavored to address and rectify the problematic dualisms that existed in modern philosophy, essentially by referring to the resources of ancient philosophy, particularly Aristotle. Hegel vehemently argued that reason and freedom are not natural givens to men, but are historically achieved. His dialectical hypothetical procedure is based on the principle of immanence. Taking skepticism seriously, he contends that we cannot presume any truths that have not passed the test of experience; even the a priori categories of “the Logic” must attain their “verification” in the natural world and the historical accomplishments of mankind. Guided by the Delphic imperative to “know thyself,” Hegel presents free self-determination as the essence of mankind—a conclusion from his 1806–1807 Phenomenology that he argues is substantiated by the interdependence of logic, nature, and spirit in his later Encyclopedia. His claim is that Logic both conserves and incapacitates the dualism of whatever is mental and material, or in other words it covers both the difference and continuity of the fields of nature and culture. Hegel’s thought continues to exercise enormous influence across a wide variety of traditions in Western philosophy.
Critical Urban Studies
Authors: Rossi Ugo
Published: June 2024

A critical approach to the study of cities and urban societies began to take shape in English-language social sciences between the late 1960s and the early 1970s, reflecting an era of unprecedented turmoil when political engagement became a priority for students and intellectuals. The analysis of the capitalist city was at the heart of the nascent field of critical urban studies. In line with Marx’s critique of political economy, the study of the capitalist city was considered to be at the service of the revolutionary transformation of society, given the centrality acquired by urban environments in so-called late capitalist societies. While social behavior was at the center of earlier investigations of urban society, such as those of the Chicago school of human ecology, critical urban scholars centered their attention on class formation, capitalist restructuring, and social justice. The political and social turmoil of the 1960s was followed by an era of societal crisis and industrial decline since the mid-1970s, which prepared the ground for the transition to neoliberal post-Fordist societies. In the field of critical urban studies, the influence of Marxism partially persisted during the 1980s and the subsequent years, but its ideas increasingly combined with, or in some cases rivaled, emerging strands of critical thinking such as deconstructionism, feminism, postcolonialism, critical race theory, and political ecology. Over the years, what has characterized all the different approaches that can be associated with the field of critical urban studies is their common aspiration, and active struggle, for equality, solidarity, and social justice. In so doing, critical urban scholars have turned the descriptive tradition of urban studies into an intellectually engaged practice of emancipation in which scientific research and political activism find themselves in a mutually reinforcing relation.
Economic Globalization
Authors: Sowers Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

Economic globalization is a term generally used to encompass the wide variety of interrelationships, networks, and processes that integrate economies across and above nation-states. While there is much consternation in the popular press about globalization generally and economic globalization specifically that suggests that something new and never before seen is taking place, social scientists across a handful of decades offer a more tempered view, depicting a functionally integrated global economy as an historical thing that nonetheless transforms and develops over time. The rich literature that has developed on this topic draws the readers’ attention to particular historical times and processes that constitute the early formations of the global economy we know today, even as its size and scope has intensified in recent decades. In this vein, scholars have devoted much attention to specifying the key indicators of economic globalization including—to name just a few— trade, global commodity chains, foreign direct investment, and financialization. All of these processes are the means by which economies are globally interwoven through the production, distribution, and circulation of goods, information, money, culture, and people. A similar amount of scholarly attention has examined the outcomes of economic globalization, and how they vary for different actors. Here inequalities of resources and power are central focal points, including those within and among nations, between capital and labor, and within the world-system hierarchy. The impact of economic globalization on marginalized people and places, as demarcated by gender, race, migration status, and environmental locations, as well as on nation-states and their capacity to govern effectively, are also topics of much interest. Finally, scholars have examined the many important issues related to the governance and regulation of economic globalization, which as a set of processes is occurring at a higher level than the nation-state and includes an ever-shifting balance of power between a number of actors and institutional bodies. International organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, are examples of quasi-governmental organizational bodies, though of varied effectiveness, as are international financial institutions. Finally corporate regulation in the global economy remains scarce, although recently corporate social responsibility initiatives have begun to be investigated and evaluated as a type of self-regulation. Although economic globalization is nothing if not hotly contested subject matter, scholarly research provides an exciting conversation, mapped here through its origins, its contemporary state and constituent elements, its differential outcomes for various actors, and the problems and possibilities of its governance.
Black Women in Academia
Authors: Patton Lori D. , Haynes Davison Chayla , Mackie Tierra , McCollum Symone , Nelson Briana
Published: June 2024

Black women exist on the margins of research and curriculum, if included at all. Thus we know very little about them and how they experience academia. This article presents exemplars of some of the most influential scholarship and literature about Black women as they traverse the academic landscape of higher education as undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, institutional leaders, and administrators. The collection of selected articles is intended to present Black women in their full humanity and as people who live integrated, complete, and whole lives while simultaneously living, learning, and working at predominantly white institutions, historically Black institutions, community colleges, and various other institutional contexts. This article provides readers with an understanding of the dynamic ways in which Black women navigate postsecondary spaces and disrupts the positioning of Black women as a monolithic group. Black women of all genders, sexual identities, and varying degrees of mental, emotional, and physical abilities exist; thus Black women’s experiences must be explored through intersectional lenses and be fully captured and addressed in scholarly discourse and societal contexts. Readers will develop an understanding of the key issues shaping the experiences of Black women in higher education and the strategies they have used to achieve success. Finally, the article supports readers in their efforts to think critically about higher education institutions’ roles in promoting or undermining Black women’s success and well-being on- (and off-) campus. Noticeably, a significant increase in research and scholarship about Black women has been published in the early twenty-first century compared to years prior. Still much of the literature about Black women has also been published in less “prestigious” journals, calling into question the value that editorial boards and journal reviewers place on critical research that centers them. Furthermore, research regarding Black women in support staff and service worker positions (e.g., cashiers, custodians) is incredibly absent and deserving of much-needed attention. Despite this glaring absence, research about Black women in higher education published in the 2000s presents Black womanhood in expansive ways, grounded in Black feminist epistemologies and methodological approaches, and readily makes the intersectional erasure and extreme invisibility to which Black women have been subjected, the problem under study. Future research about Black women will and must continue to be cutting-edge, methodologically innovative, and rigorous, as scholars rely upon Black feminist epistemologies to help them frame their research inquiries and conduct studies with Black women and on their behalf.
Multimodal Ethnography
Authors: Dattatreyan Ethiraj Gabriel
Published: June 2024

This entry foregrounds how multimodality has come to signal a recalibration of ethnography within (and beyond) anthropology. Multimodality encourages a move toward the extra-textual to more faithfully represent the embodied nature of ethnographic research while opening new strategies to effectively move between abstraction, affect, and analysis. Multimodality also points toward an aspiration to initiate interdisciplinary conversation and to engage with broader publics. Films, art installations, websites, photo essays, and theater performances, to name a few types of multimodal output, invite a different and broader spectatorship that text-based ethnographic exegesis alone can muster. Finally, multimodality signals, for many, a reinvigorated interest in collaborative approaches to producing knowledge that harken to previous disciplinary desires (and projects) to create a shared ethnography through the sensuous and imaginative potentials of the camera. Multimodality anticipates, in this sense, the proliferation of digital tools and platforms that invite opportunities for shared ethnographic storytelling even as it doesn’t reduce its potential to technologically determined approaches and methodologies. In foregrounding the multimodal potentials of ethnography, this entry brackets a detailed discussion of how multimodality has been developed in communication studies, semiotics, and sociolinguistics as a way to understand and analyze multiple and concurrent modes of signification. It also steers clear of a discussion regarding the digital humanities, although it is important to note that initiatives under the banner of digital humanities have greatly impacted publishing in ways that have benefitted multimodal ethnography. The entry offers, rather, an introduction to multimodality as an ethnographic approach, output, and digital curatorial practice, by drawing attention to creative scholarship that moves beyond logocentric scholarly methods and modes of production—that is, approaches that take an external reference as an epistemological starting point—and toward multisensory engagements with knowing and being.
Private Military and Security Companies
Authors: Kinsey Christopher
Published: June 2024

This bibliography discusses the scholarship on private security. As many academics have observed over the past thirty years, mercenaries and private military and security companies (PMSCs) have become increasingly visible and important actors in the post–Cold War period. To be sure, the study of commercial violence has never been completely absent. Mercenaries have frequently caught the interest of historians from antiquity to the present day. However, it was not until the 1990s and the involvement of companies like Executive Outcomes (EO) in combat operations in Angola and Sierra Leone that sparked new interest in the subject. Moreover, this research is unlikely to come to an end anytime soon. Indeed, Russia’s use of Wagner, a Russian mercenary organization, suggests that mercenaries and PMSCs have a lucrative future. Academic research into their activities is therefore very likely to continue. This bibliography introduces a wide range of private security research topics across different disciplines and sub-disciplines and the academic literature they produced. These include international relations (IR), political theory, history, law and ethics, postcolonial and critical gender studies, international security studies and sociology, all of which have increased our understanding of the logics and patterns of behavior of mercenaries and PMSCs. In many ways, this bibliography is an attempt to map out the breadth and depth of the research into mercenarism and PMSCs, by examining in detail the evolution, drivers, and politics of this phenomenon. In so doing, the review is not just focused on the historical and empirical aspects of these commercial actors. It is also directed at the different theoretical arguments that seek to explain this trend in international security. Undoubtedly, this review cannot cover the whole spectrum of literature concerned with mercenarism and PMSCs. Nevertheless, the author is confident that the review does identify/cover the key literature that can explain many aspects of this important subject. In explaining the privatization of security, the bibliography starts with the first wave of research into the PMSC phenomenon before considering the phenomenon through the lenses of history, political theories, ethical and legal studies, critical theory, sociology, and African studies. It then compiles a list of books, edited volumes, and journal articles that do not fit neatly into the above list of disciplines, but that offer the reader unique insights into the mercenary and PMSC phenomenon. Finally, the bibliography brings together literature from non-academic sources, including government documents, popular books, and biographies.
Cold War Dictatorships in the Southern Cone (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile)
Authors: Casals Marcelo
Published: June 2024

Starting with the 1964 coup in Brazil and followed by coups in both Chile and Uruguay in 1973, and then in Argentina in 1976, the Southern Cone in Latin America became a land of counterrevolutionary authoritarianism. Dictatorships were neither new in the region nor limited to those countries. During the Cold War, all Latin American countries experienced military dictatorships (except Costa Rica and Mexico). However, during the 1960s and 1970s, it was clear that the Southern Cone was especially influenced by Cold War bipolarity, thus attracting global attention given its explicit antidemocratic stances and brutal repressive practices. What is more, the military in power did not just act as arbiters in political disputes, but they also planned and executed projects of radical economic, political, and cultural transformation, the notorious effects of which linger in the twenty-first century. No wonder, then, that the study of Cold War dictatorships in the Southern Cone (Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil) has become a growing and dynamic field of study, with such an abundance of new publications each year that make it difficult for scholars to keep up with. This annotated bibliography gives a glimpse into this field, emphasizing the new subfields that have emerged thanks to the methodological innovations of cultural and social history. The historical study of Cold War dictatorships in the Southern Cone, therefore, is not limited to the description of political events and elites, but has come to include concerns about gender, culture, repression, resistance, collaboration, and memory struggles, among many others. This text also aims to present studies produced in Latin America to an anglophone audience, a dialogue that is not always fluid given linguistic barriers and structural inequalities in 21st-century global academia. (I would like to acknowledge the help received in the elaboration of this text by three of the most important Latin American specialists on this subject: Marina Franco, Vania Markarian, and Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta from Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, respectively. I am also grateful with El Colegio de México in Mexico City and its fantastic library, where I was able to consult many of the books mentioned here. This text received financial support from the Fondecyt Project, number 1220238 [ANID-Chile].)
Gunpowder Warfare in South Asia: 1400–1800
Authors: Chowdhury Moumita
Published: June 2024

The introduction of gunpowder had a massive impact on the global military landscape. The degree of impact can be gauged from the fact that many military historians readily used the term “revolution” to describe the introduction of this new technology. Invented in China, gunpowder technology was disseminated across Asia, Middle East, and Europe by the Mongols. In every region, this new technology had a different impact on the existing military system and character of warfare. The Middle Eastern and Asian states incorporated gunpowder weapons in their military order. This led certain historians to coin the term “gunpowder empires” to describe the new politico-military orders that emerged in Eurasia. South Asia, during the period under review, refers to undivided India, which included Pakistan and Bangladesh. Hence, here the term South Asia will refer to the Indian subcontinent. Here gunpowder first made its appearance on the military scene in the form of rockets. By the fifteenth century, gunpowder weapons such as simple cannon started emerging. By the sixteenth century, different kinds of artillery (heavy and light), muskets, etc. became a common fixture in the armies of the states of northern and southern India. This in turn, has raised many questions among historians. How did the Indian powers transform their cavalry-centric armies into firepower-centric armies? Were gunpowder weapons fully incorporated into the Indian military system or was their presence peripheral? Were the reactions different in northern and southern India? Did the impact of gunpowder weapons in India diverge from that of Europe? The growing presence of Europeans, primarily the French East India Company and English East India Company and eventually establishment of colonial rule, led to the extension of the Military Revolution debate to South Asia. In Europe, artillery played a significant role in transforming the character of combat and accelerated the demise of cavalry-centric warfare. In pitched battles, gunpowder weapons gradually replaced heavy cavalry as the shock element. In sieges, it was given prime position for reducing European forts and fortified strongholds. This raised its own set of questions. Did the British win because they possessed superior firepower and fiscal and administrative resources? Did India experience a Military Revolution? If so, when? The different aspects of the introduction of gunpowder weapons and their impact are discussed in the bibliography.
Richard Selzer
Authors: Yates Stripling Mahala
Published: June 2024

Allen Richard Selzer (b. 1928–d. 2016) was born and raised in the industrial but architecturally magnificent city of Troy, New York, in a mixed cultural stew where he experienced the ravages of the Great Depression. The son of a doctor and concert singer, he combined these arts to become a creative writer not only of memoirs about his childhood but also of works that inspired a new canon of literature. A graduate of Troy public schools, Union College, Albany Medical School, and the Yale School of Medicine, he practiced and taught surgery at the New Haven hospital from 1955 until 1985, when he retired to write full time. For seventeen of these years, he published horror and crime stories in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine and essays in Esquire, the New York Times, and Readers’ Digest. Later he wrote plays, novellas, and poignant memoirs—not the least of which was his own near-death drama, Raising the Dead. One of the first to write about modern medical practice in all its aspects, he was a small unassuming man in the macho world of surgery who dared to push past the rules of confidentiality to write about his patients. His boldness shocked some colleagues, yet he enlightened and entertained general readers. An original known for his poetic language exploring both the science and the heart of being a doctor, Selzer spurred a robust doctor-author writing movement that brought a focus back to patient-centered care in a technological age. He helped to generate significant new medical humanities programs in over 130 major medical schools in the United States. On another level, he wove ethical dilemmas into his stories, going beyond standard case studies to generate a critical canon of informed bioethics in medical schools and national bioethics councils. A well-known literary personage in his New Haven environs, he was also a benefactor to the underserved, acting as an advocate to provide needed services to the mentally ill. Although married to the same woman for sixty-one years, Selzer said at the end of his life that he never got what he wanted most—romantic love. It all makes up the long arc of a unique life and career.
Diversity and Firm Performance
Authors: Dun Karin , Santoro Michael
Published: June 2024

The existing body of management literature explores the impact of diversity on firm performance and produces complex results that generally support the business case for diversity policies when thoughtfully implemented. A common theme gleaned from much of the literature is that hiring individuals from varied backgrounds will lead to improved innovation, creativity, decision making, and business outcomes. Leaders hope their diversity policies will increase financial returns and market value. Collectively, the research generally supports this claim. However, a number of studies identify circumstances in which one or more diversity variables negatively impact performance or produce mixed results depending on social, psychological, or environmental contexts. To achieve a cohesive understanding of diversity’s impacts on firm performance, researchers must consider confounding factors that potentially moderate the positive effects of diversity and thus yield unexpected outcomes. Where diversity is found to harm performance, the authors typically recommend potential methods to overcome the negative effects. In general, the studies highlight the significance of implementing flexible work programs and processes that incorporate diversity practices. Because the collective research indicates that contextual factors impact diversity effects, organizations should avoid implementing diversity programs by using a one-size-fits-all approach. Leaders and human resource professionals should thoroughly assess both internal and external conditions of the business, identifying factors that may moderate the effects of diversity programs. Based on such assessments, organizations should tailor diversity programs to maximize potential benefits. In addition, firms are less likely to realize the benefits of diversity when individuals from underrepresented groups are hired but lack support once employed by the organization. A number of studies find that to leverage diversity benefits effectively, leaders and management teams should encourage inclusive work environments that support varied perspectives, create new opportunities for learning, and encourage creativity. Inclusion encourages a sense of belonging and trust among team members. When employees feel included, organizations derive benefits from diversity such as increased team effectiveness, innovation, and a greater competitive advantage for the organization. The authors would like to thank research assistants Jonathan Aidlberg, Katelyn Johnson, Bethlehem Melaku, and Annabelle North for their dedication and hard work. We would also like to thank Prof. Erika George and Prof. Hooria Jazaieri for their comments on an earlier draft. In addition, the authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Francine Gordon for her pioneering course on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.
Philosophy of Music Education in Modern and Contemporary China
Authors: Xiu Hailin , Fung C. Victor
Published: June 2024

As a continuation of chapter 2, this chapter articulates the philosophy of music education in modern and contemporary China. It begins by explaining the notion of “Chinese learning as core, Western learning as application.” Next, it unpacks the ideas of leading twentieth-century music educators in China, including Cai Yuanpei, Xiao Youmei, Wang Guangqi, and Liu Tianhua. Given the importance of politics in the formation of philosophical ideas during this period, the philosophies and policies of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai are discussed as well. After further discussion of the intersection of Chinese and Western ideas, the chapter concludes by sketching some ideas about the future.
Progress and Development of the Philosophy of Music Education in China since the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wang Yaohua , Guo Xiaoli , Dou Hongmei
Published: June 2024

This chapter begins with a synopsis of Confucian philosophy, highlighting the attachment of moral principles to formal music education. Since the early twentieth century, music education in modern China has continued to evolve, but with a strong Western influx of ideas from scholars such as John Dewey. A representative figure in early-twentieth-century China who absorbed Western ideas on a Chinese foundation, Wang Guowei, emphasized aesthetic education. While Marxism had a strong hold on education in China after 1949, another wave of influence from the West has appeared since the late 1980s via Bennett Reimer, David Elliott, and others. The latest official music-education curriculum standards show traces of traditional Confucianism and a renewed commitment to music aesthetics. The high-school music curriculum standards identify aesthetic perception, artistic expression, and cultural understanding as core qualities. Music educators in China are set for an ever-deepening quest as they move music education forward.
Music for Non-Music’s Sake
Authors: Lai Mei-Ling , Wang Jui-Ching
Published: June 2024

Philosophical views supporting utilitarian functions of music can be found easily in the Western literature, such as those recommended by Plato in The Republic (Book III). These philosophical perspectives parallel Chinese thought regarding the function of music in cultivating an ideal person, often mentioned by Confucius (551‒479 BCE), which has influenced the development of music education in Taiwan. Contemporary Taiwanese history, defined by a series of political power shifts, reflects governmental responses to maximize educational benefits for the society. Utilitarian values are prominently embedded within many educational policies, despite changing political agendas and ideologies. The authors situate music education within the framework of utilitarian aesthetics to demonstrate how utilitarian values can lead to character building for the sake of cultural continuity, in order to maintain the highest state of civic harmony, a collective goal of the people in Taiwan since the end of World War II.
The Text of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles
Authors: Kraus Thomas J.
Published: June 2024

This essay surveys the major text-critical issues in the study of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles. The relevant manuscript traditions and testimonies are presented, the method of textual criticism is briefly described, and a selection of the most important textual variants found in manuscripts of these writings are listed and discussed. It provides an overview of the attestation of the texts under discussion and a discussion of specific readings supplied by their manuscripts. The survey is not beholden to a particular method of textual criticism; however, the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method will be dealt with in some detail as it has already had a noticeable impact on the discipline. The discussion illustrates many of the results, the methodological challenges, and the refinement of results that will influence later editions of Nestle-Aland and volumes of the Editio Critica Maior of the Catholic Epistles published by the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung.
A Reception History of the Letter to the Hebrews
Authors: Whitlark Jason A.
Published: June 2024

This essay considers four areas of Hebrews’ reception and influence among Christians from the second century through the post-Reformation period: how Hebrews was deployed in debates about apostasy and the readmittance of the lapsed in the patristic period and in the Reformed tradition; Hebrews’ influence on Christian speculation about Melchizedek, including the Greek Story of Melchizedek, the Syriac Cave of Treasures, and the ninth-century Palaea historica; various frameworks used to understand the humanity of Jesus in Hebrews, such as the two-nature Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia and the exalted-human Christology of the Socinians; and art and literature that demonstrate engagement with Hebrews, such as art in Roman catacombs, the eucharistic art of San Vitale, Milton’s Paradise Lost, and Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. The reception history of Hebrews shows that it has intrigued interpreters, enriched the church’s theology, provided a source of robust hope, and made sometimes unsettling demands of covenant loyalty.
Hebrews and the Question of Supersessionism
Authors: Church Philip
Published: June 2024

This essay addresses the question of supersessionism in Hebrews. After discussing questions of definition and classification, it undertakes a survey of supersessionism in a selection of commentaries on Hebrews from Chrysostom to Robert Gordon. In suggesting a way forward, the essay considers the nature of Judaism and Christianity in the first century and the date of Hebrews and its occasion and recipients. It includes a brief exegetical treatment of Heb 8:6–13, a passage that suggests that the introduction of a second covenant means the abrogation of the first covenant with Israel. The essay concludes with a consideration of the notion of perfection in Hebrews and suggests that the book presents not the replacement but the renewal and transformation of Israel to enable unhindered access to God’s presence for all God’s people, in the past as also in the present. Jewish identity and ethnicity are compatible with allegiance to Christ. What is incompatible is a former covenant along with its associated cultus that was unable to achieve the perfection that Christ has achieved. What is superseded is not Israel but Israel’s religious system: the former covenant, with its temple and its sacrifices, as the Jewish Scriptures anticipated.
The Ecclesiology of the Catholic Epistles
Authors: Downs David J.
Published: June 2024

This essay considers three questions: How is the church’s identity depicted in the writings of the Catholic Epistles? What is the work and/or mission of the church in the Catholic Epistles? What, if anything, is indicated or implied about the ordering and structures of the church? The essay considers these questions with regard to each of the seven writings that make up this group of letters. Thus, the inquiry is framed in literary-theological terms and focuses on the presentation of “church” within the letters, rather than dwelling on histories behind the texts. The final section contains a brief reflection on the ecclesiology of the Catholic Epistles in light of their canonical form and placement. Attention is given to an influential, if not also problematic and now somewhat dated, analytical framework for the ecclesiology of these writings, that is, the contested category of “early Catholicism.”
Physical and Causal Concepts
Authors: Hankinson R. J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines Galen’s theory of elements and mixtures and its relation to his understanding of the concepts of causes, powers (dunameis), and activities (energeiai) and aims to offer a coherent synthesis of Galen’s views in these areas. It situates Galen’s causal and physical theories in their contemporary intellectual context and in relation to their main historical antecedents, both philosophical (Aristotle, Atomists, Stoics) and medical (“Hippocrates,” Empiricists, Methodists). It discusses the significance of these core concepts for Galen’s rationalist project of scientific enquiry and for his diagnostic and clinical practice and discusses Galen’s account of their epistemic status. It explores the interrelationship of these concepts within his overall account of the physical world and of the composition of the human body.
Pharmacology
Authors: Singer P. N. , Martelli Matteo , Raggetti Lucia
Published: June 2024

Pharmacology constitutes a huge and significantly under-researched part of Galen’s work, representing roughly one-seventh of his enormous written output. It also accounts for a major part of his significance and influence in later centuries, in many periods and socio-medical contexts and through a wide variety of pathways of transmission. The aim of the present chapter is threefold. First, it gives a theoretical overview, looking at the nature and scope of Galen’s pharmacological texts and at the theory that they expound, placing this theory in relation to the previous and contemporary pharmacological tradition. Secondly, it considers Galen’s pharmaceutical practice, exemplified by his use of both “simple drugs” and recipes. Finally, it explores the significance and influence of his pharmacological work in later centuries, focusing on the particular example of the early Arabo-Islamic tradition.
Galen on Food, Diet, and the Healthy Life
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: June 2024

Galen inherited strong theories of the environment and nutrition from the Hippocratic authors and from numerous predecessors whom he had researched closely. Nutrition for Galen comprised a third of medical practice, along with drugs and surgery, and was integrated with pharmacology in his major treatise Simple Drugs, and with health and well-being in social contexts in his Health. His treatise devoted to nutrition, The Capacities of Foodstuffs, considers foods as eaten in the daily diet. Nutrition was an area of active research for Galen, who reports many experiments and observations taken from his patients and their diets.
Galen
Authors: Boudon-Millot Véronique
Published: June 2024

After his early studies in Pergamum, where he was born in 129, Galen trained with the best physicians and philosophers in Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria before returning to his hometown, where he served as physician to the gladiators. Building on his early medical successes, particularly with the treatment of wounds (reflecting his excellent anatomical knowledge), he moved to Rome, where he treated some of the most influential citizens of his time, including the emperor Marcus Aurelius himself. His medical corpus, written entirely in Greek, including many commentaries on a vast number of Hippocratic treatises, was by far the most significant in antiquity in terms of both the mass of accumulated knowledge and the range of subjects covered: anatomy, physiology, therapeutics, hygiene, nosology, sphygmology, and pharmacology, but also philosophy, ethics, and lexicology.
Galen in the Late Imperial and Early Byzantine Periods
Authors: Salazar Christine
Published: June 2024

Although Galen left instructions on how to study his works, these did not determine how his writings were approached after his death. They soon became the object of commentaries and of epitomes and compilations. In the course of the roughly five centuries between Galen’s lifetime and the seventh century, Galen’s writings came to occupy an increasingly important role in medical education. The three encyclopedists Oribasius, Aetius, and Paul produced increasingly succinct and practice-oriented versions, playing down the theoretical side of his medicine. Together with material produced in Alexandria for the teaching of medicine, these compilations reshaped Galen’s legacy to create Galenism.
Galenus Chirurgus
Authors: Bliquez Lawrence J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses surgeries actually performed and perhaps performed by Galen. These range from cupping to heavy-duty interventions like trepanning, excision of growths, lithotomy, and suturing of an abdominal wound, a process called gastrorrhaphia. His cautious approach to executing any surgical intervention is emphasized. In general, it seems he avoided surgeries when he could, preferring to heal pharmaceutically and by adjustments to lifestyle. Also explored are the circumstances under which he worked and locations that he used or may have used. Consideration will also be given to the instruments at his disposal and to innovations he made by passing wax models on to bronze-smiths for forging.
The Historiography of the South African Sports Boycott
Authors: Jacobs Sean
Published: June 2024

There is now a broad consensus that sports were central to the projects of imperialism, colonialism, and apartheid in South Africa, but that sports boycotts also played a significant part in apartheid’s downfall. The foundational histories of the sports boycott researched and written during apartheid are derived from two different but interrelated sources: accounts by leaders and activists and those by activist-academics and researchers. The second group included professional historians, political scientists, sociologists, and journalists. Since the late 1990s and into the first decades of the next century, revisionist histories of aspects of the sports boycott began to proliferate, revisiting events in major sports like the Olympic games, rugby, cricket, and soccer but also uncovering the histories of marginal sports. The work is, however, relegated largely to subfields like international and diplomatic history, conference sections on the history of sports, specialist journals, or via the revival of the memoir as a genre.
Evolving Sectoral Structures in Africa
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: June 2024

Africa’s economies have long been dominated by primary industries, and the distribution of economic activity into secondary and tertiary industries has lagged behind that of most other regions. Beginning in the early 21st century, however, changes in the global environment and in African policymaking and business activity have been accelerating the pace of change in the sectoral distribution of Africa’s diverse economies. The opportunities provided by new information and communications technologies and the global shift to service industries have opened new possibilities for African countries. The chapter puts these recent developments into their historical context by tracing the changing sectoral dynamics in African economies. The discussion will focus on the policies and impact of colonial regimes and developmental efforts since the 1960s.
EMDR Therapy, Mindfulness, and Posttraumatic Growth
Authors: Marich Jamie
Published: June 2024

Mindfulness heavily influenced Dr. Shapiro as she developed EMDR therapy and it constitutes the foundation of the standard EMDR protocol. Many scholars and practitioners also accept that mindfulness, described as the practice of returning to or remaining in the present moment without judgment, is one of the mechanisms of action for successful EMDR. Mindfulness is the heart of Buddhist meditation, although the ubiquitous phenomenon for healing and growth presents in many spiritual traditions throughout the globe and can also be practiced in a secular context. This chapter explores various approaches to mindfulness and explains its true meaning for EMDR therapists. Such knowledge will allow them to appreciate more fully EMDR history, the EMDR standard protocol, and the importance of working with mindfulness practices in all phases of EMDR therapy. A case is also made for how cultivating a personal mindfulness practice is imperative throughout training and development as practitioners of EMDR therapy.
Referrals
Authors: Bricker Benjamin , Carrubba Clifford J. , Gabel Matthew J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses and provides a thorough review of scholarship on judicial referrals. The scholarship on referrals has grown tremendously in the twenty-first century, with most of that scholarly work focusing on the Court of Justice of the European Union and its preliminary reference procedure. Within this growing area of study there are several major areas of research: (i) why national courts and judges file references; (ii) why and how private litigants seek out CJEU referrals; and (iii) how the CJEU uses and participates in the preliminary reference system. The chapter also examines the scholarship focusing on other international courts, as well as the less-developed literature examining how ordinary and/or lower courts within national legal systems use referral processes. After a brief overview of referrals, the chapter begins by examining the major questions posed in the CJEU preliminary reference literature, the most developed literature and research on referrals. It concludes with some thoughts on the scholarship on referrals in other major international courts and national court systems.
How Did the Nos’ei Kelim (“Arms-Bearers”) Read Shulhan Arukh?
Authors: Samet Noam
Published: June 2024

Almost immediately upon the publication of Shulhan Arukh, a rich and complex exegetical literature, called the nos’ei kelim (“arms-bearers”) literature, developed around it. This article examines the process by which the nos’ei kelim developed and their complex relationship with Shulhan Arukh. The commentaries of the nos’ei kelim played a prominent role in the canonization of Shulhan Arukh and contributed greatly to its reception and centrality. At the same time, they also subvert the primary goal of Shulhan Arukh—to serve as a concise and straightforward code of halakhah—by reverting to conditions of open halakhic debate that entails talmudic exegesis—as was commonly practiced in the Ashkenazic academies. The chapter also addresses how the format of the printed page of Shulhan Arukh evolved over recent centuries. This enables us to see how the nos’ei kelim influenced the reframing of halakhic discourse in the modern era.
Back to Sound School
Authors: St. John Matt , Hoyt Eric , Sapienza Stephanie
Published: June 2024

Practitioners and defenders of contemporary National Public Radio (NPR) programs have often pushed back against generalizations about “NPR voice” by contrasting their work to earlier educational broadcasting, characterized as authoritative, monotonous, and lecture oriented. This chapter’s central research questions respond to this debate: Is the dismissive characterization how educational radio really sounded? What other approaches to soundwork were used and forgotten? To answer these questions, the chapter utilizes the Unlocking the Airwaves database—an online collection that links the papers and recordings of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. By analyzing a range of programs and programming documents, primarily from the 1950s, this chapter stresses the aesthetic variety that existed in this period, even as most educational radio lacked diversity in the types of voices it shared with audiences. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the aesthetics of educational broadcasting are too varied and complex to reduce to a singular voice.
Finding Queer Soundwork
Authors: Copeland Stacey
Published: June 2024

Over the decades, community radio has played a key role in queer activism: as entertainment, a political project, a community space, and part of a larger queer information infrastructure. Radio shows such as The Lesbian Show and Dykes on Mykes offer a glimpse into a lesbian feminist past in which “visibility”—or in this case “audibility”—was key to establishing political rights and social education around women’s sexuality. At the same time, listening to these shows is not so different from listening to a queer podcast in the early twenty-first century. How might past practices of information activism in lesbian feminist media inform contemporary queer and feminist approaches to radio and podcasting? This feminist information study advocates for media scholars and practitioners alike to look to lesbian feminist radio practices of community safety, accountability, and discoverability as an activist media model toward more equitable future queer and feminist media world-making.