bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flame-Retardant Characteristics of Natural Rubber Modified with a Bromo Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid
Authors: Menon A.R.R.
Published: March 2007

Natural rubber (NR) in a typical semi-efficient vulcanization system was modified with flame-retardant additives such as bromo derivative of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid, antimony trioxide and alumina tri hydrate (ATH). Improvement in the flame retardancy of the vulcanizates was shown by the progressive increase in Limiting Oxygen Index with the concen tration of ATH. Besides, the smoke density and the smoke release rate were reduced substantially in the presence of 100 phr of ATH in the vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher activation energy for decomposi tion and higher yields of decomposition residue for the ATH-filled NR vulcanizates. Also, the vulcanizate modified with the flame retardants showed improvements in tensile and tear strengths in presence of 50 phr of the filler.
Potential Health Hazards from Burning Aircraft Composites
Authors: Gandhi Sanjeev , Lyon Richard , Speitel Louise
Published: March 2007

Burning of polymer matrix composites in postcrash aircraft fires generates a complex mixture of combustion products comprised of gases, organic vapors, and particulate matter including airborne carbon fibers. There is concern among the fire fighting, investigative, and mishap response communities that an unusual health hazard is posed by this combination of combustion products. This paper presents an overview of the nature and potential hazards of acute exposure to airborne carbon fibers from fire and explosion involving advanced composites ma terials. Data from fire tests and crash-site investigations suggest that a small frac tion of the fibers released in fires are respirable and can be inhaled deep into the lung. Most of the carbon fibers produced in fires are 2-10 times larger than the criti cal fiber size associated with asbestos toxicity, and their concentration is well below OSHA recommended levels for chronic exposure. At issue however are the toxico logical effects of adsorbed combustion products. Chemical extraction shows that a large number of toxic organic compounds are adsorbed on these fibers, several of which are known carcinogens and mutagens in animals. At the present time there is no conclusive evidence linking airborne fibers from burning composites to any un usual health hazard. However, no toxicological studies have been conducted to as sess the long-term health effects from exposure to a single high dose of fibrous particulates and any synergistic interactions with the organic chemicals.
European Planning Doctrine: A Bridge Too Far?
Authors: Faludi Andreas
Published: March 2007

The source of inspiration for talking about European planning doctrine is a study of Dutch planning. After having given an account of current moves towards establishing a planning framework for the European Union of, since 1 January 1995, fifteen member states, the paper presents the notion of planning doctrine. If it ever came to pass, European doctrine would entail a Europe- wide principle of spatial organization and planning principles which match the nature of European institutions, in particular the subsidiarity principle governing the relations between the European Union and its member states. Research in progress into the possibilities of such doctrine is what the paper discusses next. It concludes that European doctrine is surrounded by many uncertainties but that research into it is intriguing.
Political Ecology and Planning Theory
Authors: Harrill Rich
Published: March 2007

Political ecology is the inquiry into the politi cal causes and consequences of environmental change, with the goal of facilitating sustain able development through the reconstruction of social and political systems. In this intro ductory paper, I consider how political ecol ogy might become a productive area of in quiry for planning theorists. After surveying political ecology's topical and intellectual terrain, I link the field to theory through the consideration of several planning models and roles. I argue that Deweyan pragmatism, by method of social inquiry and communitarian politics, provides an appropriate philosophical basis for integrating political ecology into planning theory.
Review : Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Petrak K.
Published: March 2007

The recent advances in the preparation, characterization and biomedical appli cations of novel polymeric materials obtained by complexing polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions are reviewed. A broad definition of a "polymeric complex" was adopted that includes not only stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric poly electrolyte complexes but also some colloids and dispersions based on polymeric materials. The use of interpolymer complexes for modifying enzymes, for mak ing special membranes, for stabilizing dispersions and for drug delivery is in cluded.
Assessment of the Effects of Attaching an Enzyme to Glass by a Poly(ethylene glycol) Tether
Authors: Harris J. Milton , Yoshinaga Koji
Published: March 2007

Modification of surfaces and proteins by attaching poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an important technique for controlling the properties of these materials. Our goal is to examine the possible combination of these effects by linking proteins to surfaces via a PEG spacer or tether. In the present work we have coupled alkaline phosphatase (as a model protein) to porous glass by means of PEG spacers, and we have compared the activity and operational sta bility of the PEG-bound enzyme to free enzyme and to enzyme immobilized by a conventional, short urea linkage. Significantly, the PEG-bound enzyme differs little in its catalytic properties from free enzyme, indicating that the bound enzyme extends into solution and is in essence free of the surface.
Effect of the Chemical Modification of Dextran on the Degradation by Dextranase
Authors: Vercauteren R. , Bruneel D. , Schacht E. , Duncan R.
Published: March 2007

Dextran was modified using three different methods: a) partial periodate oxidation and subsequent reduction of the aldehyde groups, b) suc cinoylation and c) chloroformate activation with subsequent reaction with 2- hydroxypropylamine, ethylenediamine and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Degrada tion of these dextran derivatives by dextranases was investigated. It was observed that the rate of degradation decreased with increasing degree of chemical modification of the parent polysaccharide. The nature of modification had no significant influence on the rate of degradation.
XPS Analysis of Acid Etched Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Surfaces
Authors: Griesser Hans J. , Meijs Gordon F. , Mcauslan Brian R.
Published: March 2007

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) surfaces etched by H2SO 4, chloric acid (HClO4/KClO3), and HF, were analyzed by electron spectros copy (XPS) to study the surface chemical changes that led to good attachment and growth of endothelial cells on the sulfuric acid treated surface, but not on the others. Sulfonation did not occur. With all three acid treatments, the domi nant chemical structures on the new surfaces were not free methacrylic acid groups that might have been produced by hydrolysis of the ester groups. Some of the several possible reactions between the acids and the pHEMA surface are not consistent with the XPS analyses. The acid treated surfaces contain mainly hydroxyl, ether and ester groups, and one or several among these enhance cell attachment and growth. Also, our data indicate caution in using XPS data as predictors of biomedical performance.
Conformation of Poly(L-lysine) and Poly(L-ornithine) in α, ω-Type Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Hayakawa Katumitu , Fujita Makoto , Yokoi Shin-Ichi , Satake Iwao
Published: March 2007

Circular dichroism spectra of poly(L-ornithine) and poly(L-lysine) were measured in disodium α, ω-alkanedisulfate [Na2C nH2 n(SO4)2( n = 8,10, 12,16) (RDS)] solutions in the presence and absence of NaCl at various tempera tures. The 1,16-RDS induced an α-helix in poly(L-ornithine) and a β-sheet in poly(L-lysine) at 30°C, while 1,10- and 1,8-RDS induced no conformational change in either polypeptide even at a surfactant concentration where turbid ity appears. Although 1,12-RDS induced no conformational change in poly(L- ornithine), it does induce α-helix, β-sheet or stepwise transition from coil to β-sheet and then to α-helix with increasing 1,12-RDS concentration, depending on the temperature and concentration of added NaCl. The plots of α-helix con tent against temperature at various concentrations of 1,12-RDS are quali tatively consistent with the dependence of α-helix content on the size growth of surfactant cluster bound to polypeptide.
Silicone Rubber-Hydrogel Composites as Biomaterials
Authors: Vondráček P. , Lopour P. , Šulc J.
Published: March 2007

This report surveys the recent preparations and properties of hydrophilic elastomeric composite materials consisting of a matrix from sili cone rubber and a hydrogel filler. The reader will find a description of prepara tion methods for these materials and their various properties, such as mechanical, swelling, biological, transport, and surface properties, which are important for a potential use in medical and-pharmaceutical applications. The results of a microscopical study of the composite structure are also included.
Self-Sterilizing Polymers: Controlled Release of Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Greenwald Richard B. , Sze Isaac S.Y. , Mcsherry David
Published: March 2007

α,β-unsaturated derivatives of 2-methoxy-2H-3,4-dihydropyran were synthesized. Stereochemical considerations of these heterocycles are briefly discussed. These compounds undergo a rapid first order reaction with water to produce glutaraldehyde, a potent microbial sterilant. Copolymers derived from these compounds and HEMA were found to provide excellent ex amples of clear, hard-sanitizing films; presumably by reaction with at mospheric moisture. Microbiological assays indicate that the release rates of the active agent from the polymers vary greatly depending on the hydrophilic ity of the comonomers.
Modified Polyanionic Polymers for Enhanced Cell Membrane Interaction
Authors: Suda Yasuo , Kusumoto Shoichi , Oku Naoto , Yamamoto Hitomi , Sumi Masao , Ito Fumiaki , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: March 2007

The affinity of poly(maleic acid- alt-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dioxepin-5- ene) [poly(MA-CDA)] for cell membranes was improved by grafting hydrophobic groups onto the polymer. The membrane affinity of these modified polyanionic polymers was characterized by their interaction with negatively charged lipo somes. The biological activity of the modified polymers in vitro was determined with cultured cell lines. The superoxide release from DMSO differentiated HL- 60 cells, stimulated by the modified poly(MA-CDA), was remarkable compared to the unmodified poly(MA-CDA). This higher activity may be due to the im proved affinity of the modified polymers for the cell membranes. The long-term cytotoxicity of the polymers was examined using J774 cells. It was observed that the polymers were cytotoxic at relatively high concentrations, and the cytotoxicity correlated with the improved membrane aflinity. In both in vitro tests, the molecular weight of the modified poly(MA-CDA) affected the biologi cal response. The higher activities were found for the lower molecular weight polymers.
Penile Responses of Child Molesters and Normals to Descriptions of Encounters with Children Involving Sex and Violence
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , CHAPLIN TERRY C.
Published: March 2007

In total, 14 heterosexual, 7 homosexual, and 4 bisexual child molesters from a maximum security psychiatric institution were compared with 8 low SES men from the local community and 6 nonsex offenders from the same institution. Penile tumescence changes were measured in response to 22 audiotaped descriptions involving consenting sex with an adult partner, sex with a child (at 3 levels of force and violence), nonsexual violence with a child victim, and neutral interactions with a child. Half of the target persons in the stories were male and half female. Child molesters preferred stories depicting sex with children to sex with adults, showed sexual interest in children of both genders, and did not respond to depictions of nonsexual violence. Compared to other child molesters, those who had physically injured their victims responded relatively more to children than adults and to coercive sex with children. Comparison subjects showed no sexual interest in any of the stories involving children.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as an Early Response to Sexual Assault
Authors: KRAMER TERESA L. , GREEN BONNIE L.
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed the acute reactions of women who had experienced sexual assault within a framework of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One hundred women treated for sexual assault at a university hospital emergency department were interviewed within 72 hours of the incident. Of the 30 women reinterviewed 6 to 8 weeks later, 22 (73.3%) met the full criteria for PTSD, and an additional 5 reported symptoms in either the intrusive or avoidant domain. Twenty (66.7%) of the women met the criteria for PTSD based on an early draft of DSM-III-R. A prior history of sexual assaults was positively correlated with the presence of PTSD and the use of an informal support network was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms.
Battered Women's Concerns About Their Children Witnessing Wife Assault
Authors: HILTON N. ZOE
Published: March 2007

There is growing evidence that behavioral disturbances, attitudes condoning violence, and a risk of future domestic violence are elevated among children who have witnessed wife assault. This article reports on interviews with 20 assaulted women about their concerns for their children and how these concerns affected the decision to leave the assailant. Fifty-five percent of the women's children had witnessed violence, and 90% had become involved in the physical or psychological abuse in some way, even after separation. Fifty-five percent of the women left because of the risks to their children. Forty-five percent saw wife assault as a learned behavior, which helped to maintain the decision to leave. The implications for expanding interventions available to the children of assaulted women are considered.
Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Phallometrically Measured Sexual Age and Gender Preference
Authors: MALCOLM P. BRUCE , ANDREWS D. A. , QUINSEY VERNON L.
Published: March 2007

The discriminant and predictive validity of phallometrically derived age and gender preference scores of 172 incarcerated sexual offenders was investigated. Subjects' age and gender preferences were assessed using penile plethysmography. Men responded significantly more to slides depicting the gender of the victim in their latest offense. Child molesters with prepubescent victims showed significantly greater preference for prepubescent models than child molesters with pubescent victims or sexual offenders against adults. The sexual age preferences of extrafamilial child molesters were not significantly different from those of familial child molesters. Of the subjects, 152 had an opportunity to fail with an average 4.21-year follow-up period. Of these, 14% were convicted of a new sexual offense and 37% were convicted of any offense. Recidivists were found to have significantly more deviant age preferences than nonrecidivists and sexual recidivists were significantly more deviant than nonrecidivists; more importantly, this effect was largest among child molesters. However, nonsexual recidivists did not differ from nonrecidivists. This article provides support for the continued use of phallometric measures of sexual preference with convicted child molesters.
The Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: MARSHALL W. L.
Published: March 2007

Quinsey, Harris, Rice, and Lalumière's conclusions that treatment for sex offenders has not been shown to be effective is challenged, as is their demand for evidence based on random-design outcome research. This author believes that the evidence is at least very encouraging regarding the effectiveness of treatment and that there is a need to create a climate that encourages treatment providers to publish outcome data. It is believed that the proposals of Quinsey, Harris, Rice, and Lalumière will discourage such efforts.
The Psychological Adjustment of Recent Crime Victims in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: FREEDY JOHN R. , RESNICK HEIDI S. , KILPATRICK DEAN G. , DANSKY BONNIE S. , TIDWELL RITCHIE P.
Published: March 2007

The goals of this investigation were to examine the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and victim service utilization among crime victims and family members recently involved in the criminal justice system ( N = 251). About one half of the participants met PTSD diagnostic criteria during their lifetime. Females were overrepresented in the more violent crimes (e.g., homicide and sexual assault). Victims of more violent crimes—who sustained physical injuries, who perceived that they would be seriously injured, and who perceived their lives were threatened—were more likely to suffer from PTSD than victims who did not have these characteristics. Most participants believed the criminal justice system should provide a range of victim services. However, most participants reported inadequate access to services. Also, receipt of psychological counseling and diagnostic status were significantly associated with crime type. Results imply that crime victims involved in the criminal justice system are at risk for developing PTSD, which often never is addressed by a mental health professional due to inadequate access to health care services.
Adolescent Reports of Parental Spousal Violence in Military and Civilian Families
Authors: CRONIN CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

Research comparing the incidence of violence in the military family to civilian families has produced inconclusive results. One possible explanation for the conflicting findings is the tendency for victims, abusers, and the system to underreport violence within the military environment. The current study examined adolescent reports of parental spousal violence among American college students stationed overseas. This sample provides an excellent opportunity to compare both military and civilian families subjected to stressors characteristic of the military lifestyle. Students from military backgrounds reported higher rates of parental spousal violence than students from civilian backgrounds. Data were analyzed by military rank and ethnic status. The results also examined the possibility of using adolescent reports of parental spousal violence as a measure of incidence rates of family violence in the military.
Compensation Planning: 1976 and 1977 Problems and Prospects
Authors: Miller Ernest C.
Published: March 2007

Each company faces its own unique problems as it designs its employee compensation program. Knowing what other companies are doing, however, can often stimulate productive new ideas. Based on a special Compensation Review survey, a small group of professional compensation managers contribute useful ideas for...
Ensuring the Effectiveness of Compensation Programs
Authors: Hestwood Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Management by objectives applies just as much to managing compensation as it does to managing any other business function.
Conversion from Piece-Rate to Time-Rate Pay for Production Workers
Authors: Bentley Lynn H.
Published: March 2007

For Warner-Lambert a time-rate pay system has resulted in equivalent output and unit costs when it replaced an ineffective piece-rate system.
Long- Term Incentives for Management, Part 6: Performance Attainment Plans
Authors: Bickford Lawrence C.
Published: March 2007

As an alternative to stock options, many companies have turned to performance share and unit awards that make potential payments contingent on multiple-year financial results.
The Impact of Free Agency on Baseball Salaries
Authors: Staudohar Paul D. , Smith Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Free agency has led to higher salaries for all major league baseball players, including those who opt not to take free agency status and those who are currently ineligible.
DEFRA: A Guide Through the Labyrinth of Changes Affecting Compensation and Benefits
Authors: Hoos John O.
Published: March 2007

After providing a guide to how the Deficit Reduction Act affects employee benefit and compensation design, the author suggests that employers bring their plans into compliance within the context of corporate objectives.
Group Legal Service Plans: A Benefit Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Burger Lewis S.
Published: March 2007

Employer-provided group legal service plans are a low-cost employee benefit that provides a service that is highly visible to employees.
Contract Concessions: Is the Past Prologue?
Authors: Henderson Richard I.
Published: March 2007

Trends in collective bargaining, compensation, and job classification systems over the past 40 years may prove to be a portent of things ahead for compensation professionals.
The NLRB and the Health-Care Industry
Authors: Colosi Marco L.
Published: March 2007

Recent reversals of earlier NLRB decisions have shaken up the nation's labor relations in general. Perhaps no industry has been as hard hit as the health-care industry.
How to Develop a Sales Compensation Plan
Authors: Freedman Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Developing a successful sales compensation plan involves a seven-step custom-tailoring process. The result should be a "win-win" situation: when the salesperson wins, the company wins.
After Tax Reform, Part 1: Planning Employee Benefits Programs
Authors: Wiber Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

Tax reform will have a major impact on employee benefits programs as we know them today. Employees will have to take more responsibility for choosing their own benefits and the way in which they are funded; employee benefits managers will have to be prepared to help them make those choices.
The Case for Effective Point-Factor Job Evaluation, Viewpoint 2
Authors: Candrilli Alfred J. , Armagast Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

In another defense of point-factor job evaluation, the authors show why it is a valid means of determining an organization's pay structure.
New Jersey's Drug Court Project*
Authors: Krimmel John T.
Published: March 2007

Interpreted time series analysis was used, in this program evaluation, to assess and measure the impact of a special drug court program in New Jersey insofar as the program's ability to impact upon serious court backlogs and on case processing delay. Monthly data was analyzed using ARIMA time series methodology over a six year time span, from 1985 through 1990. New Jersey's criminal justice systen responded to the rapid increase of narcotics violation arrests at the beginning of 1988 and subsequent backlogs in the courts by implementing special trial teams designed to reduce post-indictment case backlogs.
Glucose Water Supplementation of the Breastfed Infant During the First Three Days of Life
Authors: Shrago Linda
Published: March 2007

A review of breastfeeding management literature fails to identify guidelines for use of water supplements or complements for the breastfed infant in the first three days of life. Admonitions to avoid routine provision of supplements or complements to the breastfeeding infant do not distinguish between formula or glucose water as supplements. In some hospitals, a bottle of glucose water is offered after each breastfeeding. Rationales for providing supplementary or complementary feedings of glucose water are identified. The risks and benefits of this practice are examined.
Support Network Utilization by Breastfeeding Mothers
Authors: Buckner Ellen , Matsubara Manami
Published: March 2007

The Utilization of Support Network Questionnaire (USNQ) was developed to determine how mothers utilize their network for successful breastfeeding. Sixty breastfeeding mothers completed the USNQ. Lactation consultants were the most utilized resources for providing expert information and answering questions. Husbands, friends, or family were important resources for closest personal facets of breastfeeding, including encouraging confidence. At two weeks postpartum, breastfeeding mothers had larger total support scores than non-breastfeeding mothers. USNQ reliably discriminated between professional and personal support for breastfeeding.
Head CT in New Geriatric Psychiatry Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Chandler James D. , Patten Julie
Published: March 2007

Computed tomography of the head (HCT) was studied prospectively in 42 new geriatric psychiatry patients. Scans were obtained in 88% of the sample. Subjects underwent a complete evaluation by a geriatric psychiatrist who was blind to the HCT results. The HCT was abnormal in 32 (86%) of the 37 patients who had a scan. The most frequent finding was atrophic changes, which were discovered in ten (27%) of the 37 patients. Subcortical vascular disease was found in 14 patients (38%). Mixed pictures with both vascular disease and atrophic changes were found in nine (24%). The only statistically significant predictor of an abnormal HCT was an abnormal neurobehavioral examination. While the information gained from the HCT did not add appreciably to the clinical evaluation in determining whether there was an organic or idiopathic psychiatric syn drome, it was crucial in determining the location and nature of the central nervous system lesions. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:101-105) .
Monosymptomatic Delusions of Parasitosis Associated With Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Flynn Frederick G. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Scheibel Joan , Wirshing William
Published: March 2007

Monosymptomatic delusions of infestation (parasitosis) occur in idiopathic psychoses but have rarely been observed in patients with neurologic or systemic illnesses. A patient was observed in whom the delusion occurred in the presence of demonstrable cerebrovascular disease. The delusional symptoms were contralateral to the principal site of ischemic injury. Delusions of infestation may reflect an acquired neurologic or metabolic disorder, and medical and neurologic evaluation should be pursued in elderly patients presenting with this syndrome. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:134-139).
Lexical Processing in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Beatty William W. , Monson Nancy
Published: March 2007

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis (MS) were categorized as normal in naming (NN) or impaired in naming (IN) based on their performance on the Boston Naming Test. All patients scored at least 23 on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Both PDIN and MSIN patient groups exhibited poor naming performance when target words were elicited with semantic, visual or rhyming cues. They also performed poorly on the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and had difficulty repeating sentences. PDNN and MSNN patients showed more selective deficits. These findings add to a growing literature demonstrating that language in general, and naming in particular, can be compromised in subcortical diseases even when global mental status is only mildly affected. The clinical implications of these observations are, however, unclear. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:145-152).
The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease on Driving Ability: A Review
Authors: Donnelly Ruth Elisabeth , Karlinsky Harry
Published: March 2007

As our elderly population continues to increase, diseases that are more prevalent with aging, such as Alzheimer's dis ease, are assuming ever greater relevance for society and the practicing clinician. An important practical situation faced by physicians caring for individuals with Alzheimer's disease is advising the affected individuals, their families, and often the licensing authorities about whether the patient can safely drive an automobile. Surprisingly, there is little guidance on how to arrive at a clinical impression of the fitness of an individual with Alzheimer's disease to drive. This article outlines potential inadequacies in driving skills that may occur with elderly people in general, and more specifically those with Alzheimer's disease. Studies that focused on Alzheimer's disease and driving are then reviewed. We conclude with rec ommendations for dealing with the problem of driving abilities in Alzheimer's disease.
The Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A Comparison With the 30-Item Form
Authors: Burke William J. , Roccaforte William H. , Wengel Steven P.
Published: March 2007

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) exists in both short and long forms. The original 30-item form of the GDS has been shown to be an effective screening test for depression in a variety of settings. However, its utility in patients with demen tia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is questionable. The short, 15-item version of the GDS was developed primarily for brev ity and, in particular, for use in populations such as the medically ill or those with dementia, where the longer form might be burdensome. How well this short form works in these populations, however, is largely undetermined.

In this paper, the sensitivity and specificity of the 15- and 30-item GDS are compared in a group of patients who were either cognitively intact or had mild DAT. The findings suggest that the short version of the GDS, like its longer prede cessor, is an effective screening tool in the cognitively intact. However, in a population of subjects with mild DAT, it does not appear to retain its validity. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:173-178).
Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Community-Dwelling Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Authors: McCurry Susan M. , Logsdon Rebecca G. , Teri Linda , Gibbons Laura E. , Kukull Walter A. , Bowen James D. , McCormick Wayne C. , Larson Eric B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the frequency, predictors, and impact of sleep problems in a population-based sample of 205 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Sleeping more than usual and early morning awakenings were the most common sleep problems reported but were the least disturbing behaviors for caregivers. Night-time awakenings were less common but were most disturbing to caregivers. Using logistic regression analyses, the factors most strongly asso ciated with night awakenings among patients were male gender, greater memory problems, and decreased functional status. Patient depression increased the risk for caregivers to rate patient sleep problems as more disturbing over all. Cluster analyses revealed three characteristic groups of patients who awakened caregivers: one group was inactive during the day but had few other behavior problems; one group had increased levels of fearfulness, fid geting, and occasional sadness; and the third group had multiple behavior problems, including frequent episodes of sadness, fearfulness, inactivity, fidgeting, and hallucinations. These findings indicate that the nature of sleep problems in AD is multifaceted; future research on the occurrence and treatment of sleep disturbance in dementia patients should consider the patterns of individual differences that may influence its development. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:53-59).
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Late-Life Depression and Dementia
Authors: Nobler Mitchell S. , Pelton Gregory H. , Sackeim Harold A.
Published: March 2007

Late-life depression (LLD) is characterized by abnormalities in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) for glucose. Unlike younger adults with major depression, global cortical CBF and CMR reductions have been reported in LLD. Patients with LLD are also characterized by topographic abnormalities, most commonly involving selective prefrontal, superior temporal, and anterior parietal cortex. The fate of these abnormalities with response to antidepressant treatment is highly uncertain, and heterogeneous findings have been reported in younger samples with major depression. The limited data in LLD suggest that response to electroconvulsive therapy or anti depressant medications does not involve reversal of baseline abnormalities but rather accentuation of prefrontal deficits. At minimum, these paradoxical findings suggest that abnormalities in CBF and CMR may be persistent in LLD and a trait characteristic. Characteristic profiles of CBF and CMR abnormalities have also been demon strated in samples with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of dementia. Functional imaging has shown sensitivity to disease severity and progression. Nonetheless, there is limited information regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the functional imaging modalities in the differential diagnosis of dementias. At present, the evi dence does not support the use of functional imaging in isolation as a diagnostic tool. Rather, these imaging modalities may be considered as an adjunct to careful clinical assessment, either to improve diagnosis in early cases or to assist in subtyping difficult cases. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:118-127).
Friendship in Three Metropolitan Areas: Cross-Cultural Evidence of Its Voluntariness
Authors: Palisi Bartolomeo J.
Published: March 2007

Friendship is viewed as a relationship which is based on voluntariness. It is pre dicted that people who are highly urban, high SES, young, and unmarried will be involved with friends because they are relatively free from obligations and con straints on their behavior. Data from Los Angeles, U.S.A.; London, England; and Sydney, Australia indicate that age is the best predictor of voluntary friendship. Level of urbanism and SES are not at all related to friendship. Involvement with friends has a positive affect on psychological well-being.
To read and not to eat: South Indian children between secondary school and work
Authors: Nieuwenhuys Olga
Published: March 2007

This article challenges the view that in the Third World universal schooling would provide, as is widely believed, an antidote against the widespread involvement of poor children in work. Analysing the everyday life of poor children in a coastal village, the author contends that for the children of the rural poor, expanding schooling, because it involves time to be free from work and new expenses for clothing and study material, has generally resulted in an increase in drudgery. To defray the costs of schooling, children have, by and large, had to continue to perform their customary work roles in the local economy. The combination of schooling and work has however also brought undeniable gains by providing the children of the poor with a space which seniority and gender relations, and the subordinate position of children therein, can be challenged.
You said it would be safe
Authors: Horowitz F.D.
Published: March 2007

A review of past efforts to provide compensatory education and to intervene in the lives of children being reared in poverty revealed that the hopes these programs would eradicate poverty and its effects were not realized. The conceputal scheme presented in this paper juxtaposes the micro-psychological educational efforts aimed at helping individual children against such macro-social variables as joblessness and violence. Un less there is attention to the damaging effects of the macro-social variables on the devel opment of children, the micro-psychological educational efforts designed to help indi vidual children are likely to be swamped by the macro-social variables and thus limit the effectiveness of intervention programs aimed at individual children.
The Role of Environmental Knowledge in Early Mathematical Performance
Authors: Balfanz Robert
Published: March 2007

It is often said that the best way to teach mathematics is to expand upon the knowledge and skills children bring to school. The question which needs to be answered then is what are these skills and knowledge? The specific approach adopted here is a cross-cultural survey of the early environmental mathematical experience of children and the effects this experience has on their school performance. The focus will be on the non-industrialized world. This approach was adopted because the environmental experience of children in non-industrial countries is perhaps richer and more varied than the early environmental experience of children from industrialized nations. Customs, economic systems, habitats, and culture differ considerably in non-industrial nations and children are often exposed to adult functions at an early age. The paper is organized in the following manner. The first section examines mathematical knowledge which is explicitly acquired outside school. The second section will deal with mathematical knowledge which is implicitly acquired or implicitly available through participation in environmental activities. The third section will examine the role of environmental experience in a range of supplemental abilities which influence mathematical cognition. A note of caution needs to be kept in mind while reading this paper. The most comprehensive work on early mathematical knowledge comes from two disparate parts of the world, West Africa and Papua New Guinea. While these areas reflect complex and varied environments, they do not capture the range of economic, geographic and cultural diversity which exists in the world. Different environments and different responses to those environments may well develop different types of mathematical knowledge. Thus the conclusions drawn from the data should not be generalized too far. Rather they should be viewed as indications and possible trends.
Spontaneous Order Analysis and Anthropology
Authors: Cronk Lee
Published: March 2007

Spontaneous order analysis is applicable to patterned social phenomena that are the results of human action but not of human design. For example, the spontaneous, unplanned social orders of the market and common law codes contrast with their planned counterparts, i.e. central economic plans and statutory legal codes. The tradition of spontaneous order analysis can be traced through Mandeville, Hume, Ferguson, Smith, Menger, Hayek, and others. Invisible-hand explanation is the method of spontaneous order analysis. Convincing invisible-hand explanations must be methodologically individualistic and must not rely upon the supposition of any unusual abilities of the participants or unusual events in the process. All steps in an invisible-hand explanation must be plausible accounts of the normal course of events in the society in question. Menger's (1892, 1981, 1985) explanation of the origins of money is the paradigmatic example of an invisible-hand explanation of a spontaneously ordered social phenomenon. Anthropologists may be able to apply spontaneous order analysis to many areas of interest, including economic anthropology, the study of kinship systems, and legal anthropology.
Authority and Anarchy in a Museum Exhibition
Authors: Pearce Susan
Published: March 2007

Who does not know Turner's picture of the Golden Bough? The scene, suffused with the golden glow of the imagination in which the divine mmd of Turner steeped and transfigured even the fairest natural landscape, is a dreamlike vision of the little woodland lake of Nemi—Diana's Mirror, as it was called by the ancients. (Frazer, 1957: 1)
Jewish Economic Ethics in a Pluralist Society
Authors: Heyne Paul
Published: March 2007

This essays tries to show that Jewish economic ethics as presented by Meir Tamari in With All Your Possessions is ethics for a functioning religious and political community and that it is largely irrelevant to the transactions of modern commercial societies, which require much more abstract ethical rules to function successfully. The relevance of Jewish economic ethics to the formation of public policy in a pluralist and largely secular society will be found almost entirely in whatever witness it manages to provide through the characters of those who submit to its commands and the communities they create.
The Right Order of Polity and Economy
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: March 2007

The order of polity and economy that is set forth in Israel as recounted in the Hebrew Bible can be described and analyzed in clear and careful terms even by those who are not believers. It is the position of believers in the Hebrew Bible, whether Jews or Christians, that more than passing principles are to be found there. Thomas Aquinas, in his own reflections on the Old Law, as Hebrew revelation came to be known among Christians, found in many aspects of the Old Law a particularly direct and fruitful guide to resolving certain basic but perplexing problems with regard to property and polity, such as the legitimacy of private property and the nature of the mixed regime. This fruitfulness of revelation to reason is a remarkable source of reflection on both economics and politics.
Theorizing the West
Authors: Claes Tom
Published: March 2007

Francis Hsu signalled in 1973 two prejudices that, according to him, were at work in western anthropology. The first prejudice is the opinion that non-western anthropologists do not have anything interesting to contribute to theory formation in anthropology. The second is closely linked to the first. It consists of granting non-western anthropologists the status of privileged fact gatherers, but nothing more. The upshot of these prejudices is the failure by western anthropologists to take into account views other than those to which their cultural conditioning has led them. The effect of this is that western cultural anthropology is essentially the application of western folk theories disguised as a science—that is, as cultural anthropology. The failure hinted at earlier becomes clearly visible in studies of, among other things, non-western religions. In this 'second look' some of the implications and suggested remedies are evaluated.
How do You Learn to be Religious?
Authors: Rosemont Henry
Published: March 2007

After providing a brief exposition of several of the more significant claims in 'The Heathen in His Blindness', this essay—almost more a Review Article— proffers some criticisms of those claims against the background of a shared desire to establish a 'science of cultures', and then suggests another account that may better serve to meet the goal of establishing that science.
Cosmologers and Capitalism
Authors: Shaw Rosalind
Published: March 2007

Lambek's monumental volume is currently the best full study of multiple religious discourses. His opposition between 'objective' (textual) and 'embodied' knowledge among the three disciplines of cosmology (or sorcery), Islam, and spirit possession on Mayotte, however, is problematic. Thus whereas he characterizes cosmology/sorcery as the most 'objective' discipline, its textual knowledge is inseparable from the transformed bodily capacities it entails. Pushing the interpretation of cosmology and sorcery further, this article develops Lambek's suggestion that sorcery embodies a submerged history of slavery and colonial labour. Far from being irrelevant to present concerns, this paper argues that these 'sorcery memories' appear especially salient as moral commentaries on recent processes of entrepreneurship and impoverishment.
Play and (Post)Modern Culture
Authors: Minnema Lourens
Published: March 2007

This essay presupposes that the recent Western scientific interest in play as a phenomenon and as a metaphor is characteristic of the way in which contemporary (post)modern culture sees itself: as a game without an overall aim, as play without a transcendent destination but not without the practical necessity of rules agreed upon and of (inter)subjective imagination; as a complex of games each one having its own framework, its own rules, risks, chances, and charms. The essay tries to demonstrate from a socio-cultural point of view how this recent self-image of (post)modern culture can be interpreted as the outcome of a long development. It does so in order to reconstruct and clarify, against this background, the historically changing scientific interest in, and the gradual formation of, the concept of play as a phenomenon and as a metaphor.
Cultural Politics and the State
Authors: Van Der Veer Peter
Published: March 2007

Taking off from the contributions by Baumann and Caglar this paper examines the problem of cultural difference (ethnic, religious) within the nation-state. It rejects the thesis that the modern nation-state produces a homogeneous national culture. Instead it argues that it produces a space in which new differences, new resistances and new inequalities emerge.
Virgin Mothers: Philo on the Women Therapeutae
Authors: Taylor Joan E.
Published: March 2007

Philo of Alexandria describes the Jewish men and women known as the 'Therapeutae' in his treatise De Vita Contemplativa (c. 41 CE) as people who are truly good. They live a virtuous existence, practicing an ascetic, contemplative life of philosophy. However, in antiquity women philosophers could be seen as unfeminine and dangerously sexual. Women Therapeutae were therefore a rhetorical problem for Philo, as it would have been difficult for him to ensure that they were clearly seen as 'good'. To solve the problem Philo insists on their virginity, while also characterizing them as maternal (thereby feminine). By considering Philo's rhetoric here we not only better understand his concerns but also aspects of the historical Therapeutae that this rhetoric can both illuminate and obscure.
Modification of PETI-5K Imide Oligomers: Effect on Viscosity
Authors: Simone Christopher D. , Scola Daniel A.
Published: March 2007

A phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped oligoimide of number average molecular weight Mn 5000, known as PETI-5K was modified by: (1) varying molecular weight; (2) addition of phenylethynyl (PE) end-capped reactive diluents to PETI oligomides; (3) incorporation of 1,4-cyclohexanyl diamine with PETI-5K diamines; (4) incorporation of 2,4,5-triaminopyrimidine with PETI-5K; and (5) replacement of the PETI-5 diamines, 3,4′-ODA and APB with 2,2′-bis [4-(4-amino-phenoxy) phenyl] hexafluoropropane (4-BDAF) to determine the effects on glass transition temperature and minimum melt viscosity. All approaches caused a reduction in complex minimum melt viscosity, but the minimum melt temperatures were only sufficiently low enough for the material to have melt stability for a hot-melt coating application in methods (2), (4), and (5). The reduction in the complex minimum melt viscosity of oligomer prepared by method (4) may be due to unreacted monomers and a lower oligomer molecular weight, Mn, than calculated.
Editing Tony Benn
Authors: Winstone Ruth
Published: March 2007

The relationship between Tony Benn MP and the British Press is one of continuing fascination to journalists, politicians, academics- and indeed all voters. Ruth Winstone has been editing the political diaries of Tony Benn since April 1986 and four volumes have now been published covering the years 1963 to 1980. A fifth, now in preparation for publication in 1992, will encompass Labour's prolonged period of Opposition during the 'Thatcher Decade' and its immediate aftermath. Ruth Winstone has written a personal piece for the British Journalism Review in which she discusses the problems of working on the Benn chronicles and of the difficulties involved with the media in working with a highly controversial political figure.
The camera cannot lie
Authors: Cudlipp Hugh
Published: March 2007

Some of the greatest journalism of all time has been produced by a single photograph, capturing all the drama of life and death, pathos and bathos, grandeur and absurdity. Yet the camera can deceive just as much as the written word; and deception is by no means a characteristic of contemporary journalism, as the former editor of the Sunday Pictorial/Sunday Mirror describes ...
The menace of Calcutt - and Mackenzie
Authors: Linklater Magnus
Published: March 2007

Consider what you think justice requires, and decide accordingly. But never give your reasons; for your judgement will probably be right, but your reasons will certainly be wrong.
A novice gets his foot in the door
Authors: Ellis Andy
Published: March 2007

Most contributors to the British Journalism Review are established journalists, some of great distinction. This article, for a change, is by a humble aspirant to the profession.