bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetosphere‐ionosphere waves
Authors: Russell A. J. B. , Wright A. N.
Published: November 2011

Self‐consistent electrodynamic coupling of the ionosphere and magnetosphere produces waves with clearly defined properties, described here for the first time. Large scale (ideal) disturbances to the equilibrium, for which electron inertia is unimportant, move in the direction of the electric field at a characteristic speed. This may be as fast as several hundred meters per second or approximately half the E × B drift speed. In contrast, narrow scale (strongly inertial) waves are nearly stationary and oscillate at a specific frequency. Estimates of this frequency suggest periods from several tenths of a second to several minutes may be typical. Both the advection speed and frequency of oscillation are derived for a simple model and depend on a combination of ionospheric and magnetospheric parameters. Advection of large scale waves is nonlinear: troughs in E‐region number density move faster than crests and this causes waves to break on their trailing edge. Wavebreaking is a very efficient mechanism for producing narrow (inertial) scale waves in the coupled system, readily accessing scales of a few hundred meters in just a few minutes. All magnetosphere‐ionosphere waves are damped by recombination in the E‐region, suggesting that they are to be best observed at night and in regions of low ionospheric plasma density. Links with observations, previous numerical studies and ionospheric feedback instability are discussed, and we propose key features of experiments that would test the new theory.
Magnetotelluric imaging beneath the Taiwan orogen: An arc‐continent collision
Authors: Bertrand Edward A. , Unsworth Martyn J. , Chiang Chih‐Wen , Chen Chow‐Son , Chen Chien‐Chih , Wu Francis T. , Türkoğlu Ersan , Hsu Han‐Lun , Hill Graham J.
Published: November 2011

The Taiwan orogen has formed since the late Miocene by oblique collision between the Luzon Volcanic Arc on the Philippine Sea Plate, and the Eurasian continental margin. This oblique collision has produced an orogen that decreases in age from north to south, and permits study of the temporal evolution of an arc‐continent collision. These factors make Taiwan a favorable location to study the process of arc‐continent collision. The first long‐period magnetotelluric (MT) measurements were recorded in Taiwan as part of the Taiwan Integrated Geodynamics Research (TAIGER) project in 2006–7. Measurements were made at 82 sites on three transects across south, central and north Taiwan, that span the breadth of the orogen and cross all major tectonic boundaries. Robust, remote reference processing of the MT time series data resulted in high‐quality soundings that were modeled in both 2 and 3‐dimensions. These MT models support predictions of lithospheric deformation (i.e., thick‐skinned tectonics) beneath the Central Ranges in south and central Taiwan, but are inconsistent with predictions of orogen‐scale thin‐skinned models. The MT resistivity model for northern Taiwan is consistent with dewatering of the subducting Philippine slab, and with deformation described by the subducting‐indenter tectonic model. Modeling the TAIGER MT data has definitively shown that conductive, and seismically active crustal structures, exist to 30+ km beneath the orogen. These conductive regions, interpreted as interconnected fluid, map pervasive zones of collisional deformation that are lithospheric in scale.
Structural basis for interaction between the conserved cell polarity proteins Inscuteable and Leu-Gly-Asn repeat-enriched protein (LGN)
Authors: Yuzawa Satoru , Kamakura Sachiko , Iwakiri Yuko , Hayase Junya , Sumimoto Hideki
Published: November 2011

Interaction between the mammalian cell polarity proteins mInsc (mammalian homologue of Inscuteable) and Leu-Gly-Asn repeat-enriched protein (LGN), as well as that between their respective
Drosophila
homologues Inscuteable and Partner of Inscuteable (Pins), plays crucial roles in mitotic spindle orientation, a process contributing to asymmetric cell division. Here, we report a crystal structure of the LGN-binding domain (LBD) of human mInsc complexed with the N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs of human LGN at 2.6-Å resolution. In the complex, mInsc-LBD adopts an elongated structure with three binding modules—an α-helix, an extended region, and a β-sheet connected with a loop—that runs antiparallel to LGN along the concave surface of the superhelix formed by the TPRs. Structural analysis and structure-based mutagenesis define residues that are critical for mInsc–LGN association, and reveal that the activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3)-binding protein Frmpd1 [4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) and PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing protein 1] and its relative Frmpd4 interact with LGN via a region homologous to a part of mInsc-LBD, whereas nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) and the C terminus of LGN recognize the TPR domain in a manner different from that by mInsc. mInsc binds to LGN with the highest affinity (
K
D
 ≈ 2.4 nM) and effectively replaces the Frmpd proteins, NuMA, and the LGN C terminus, suggesting the priority of mInsc in binding to LGN. We also demonstrate, using mutant proteins, that mInsc–LGN interaction is vital for stabilization of LGN and for intracellular localization of mInsc.
IV.—THE FORM OF PARTICLES OF NICKEL PRODUCED BY THE CARBONYL PROCESS
Authors: Cuckow F. W.
Published: November 2011

Electron microscopical examination of (carbonyl) nickel powders consisting of particles a few microns in diameter has revealed two types of powder consisting respectively of (a) a mixture of irregularly shaped and cube‐shaped particles each with rough surfaces and (b) characteristically shaped particles with smooth surfaces. The form of the smooth surfaced particles could not be determined until evidence from the electron microscope was combined with evidence from the light microscope. It was then inferred that the smooth‐surfaced particles were single crystals in the form of icositetrahedra, probable indices of faces {544}.
I.—CHEMICALLY INDUCED DERANGEMENTS OF CELL DIVISION*
Authors: Ludford R. J.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The same typo of mitotic aberration can be induced by substances of dissimilar chemical constitution. Conversely, in the presence of certain compounds almost every conceivable kind of abnormality of division can be observed. Nevertheless, certain substances in high dilution exert a highly specific action on dividing cells, without appreciably injuring “resting” cells.

The phases of mitosis are characterized by fluctuations in the water content of definite regions of the cell. Furthermore, hypotonicity and hypertonicity of the surrounding medium can cause derangements of all phases of mitosis. It is therefore suggested that mitotic aberrations are explicable as the result of chemical and physical reactions bringing about alterations in the normal distribution and interchange of water amongst the protein molecules of different parts of the cell at various stages of division. This conception does not invalidate the probability that in certain instances specific chemical reactions are involved which determine precisely the type of mitotic aberration that will occur.
V.—THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF THE LIVING SYMPATHETIC GANGLION CELL OF THE MOUSE, PHOTOGRAPHED BY PHASE‐CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
Authors: Gatenby J. Brontë
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The Golgi apparatus of the cœliaco‐mesenteric ganglion cells of the mouse from birth to near full size is wrapped characteristically around the nucleus, so that it can be seen clearly with the phase‐contrast microscope. As the mouse ages, the Golgi apparatus breaks up and tends to loosen from around the nucleus. Photomicrographs of the apparatus of living cells are given.
VI.—THE SPECIFICATION OF A STANDARD MICROSCOPE COVER‐GLASS
Authors: Setterington R.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

For a considerable time the consistency of the optical properties of microscope cover‐glasses was accepted without question by the majority of users. Occasionally, however, an appreciable falling off in image definition was detected and the cause was traced to discrepancies in the cover‐glass. The attention of the Standards Committee of the Royal Microscopical Society was formally drawn to this problem and they undertook to specify the optical properties of a standard cover‐glass which would be internationally acceptable. This paper describes the work done on behalf of this committee in specifying the absolute values of the variables and evaluating tolerances. The validity of the tolerances has been confirmed by practical methods, the results of which are given.
III.—MARINE DIATOMS FROM SOME WEST AFRICAN PORTS
Authors: Hendey N. Ingram
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Muds collected by immersing bakelite panels in four West African harbours were examined for diatoms. The flora was found to consist of 194 species, 13 being new to science.
VI.—TOWARDS A SOLUTION OF THE GOLGI PROBLEM: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CYTOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The Golgi techniques cause the deposition of silver or osmium on the Dalton complex (an association of double membranes, vacuoles, and granules seen in electron micrographs of the cytoplasm of many kinds of cells). It is denied that the Dalton complex occurs in all kinds of cells. In the neurones of gastropods (and in many other cells of invertebrates) the Golgi techniques reveal lipid droplets having no relationship with the Dalton complex. It is uncertain what objects in the living cell are responsible for the production of the classical Golgi apparatus of the neurones of vertebrates.

Some cells contain the Dalton complex and also phospholipid droplets; both these kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions are blackened by the Golgi techniques. Several cases are quoted in which two quite different objects in the same cell have both been called Golgi apparatus.

The following appear to be the only cytoplasmic inclusions that occur regularly in all or nearly all kinds of cells: mitochondria, lipid droplets (very diverse in structure and chemical composition), endoplasmic reticulum, “small particles” of Palad.
VII.—A NOTE ON THE DIATOM FLORA OF HARLECH SAND DUNES
Authors: Round F. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The diatom flora of dry dune side mosses, of damp sand in blow‐outs and slacks, and of Hypnoid mosses growing in the slacks has been recorded from samples collected from the Harlech dunes. Each habitat has been shown to have characteristic diatom communities and these have been compared with those found on other dune systems. A possible inter‐relation of diatom communities is outlined.
A SELF‐CONTAINED, TRANSPORTABLE CINEMICROSCOPE
Authors: Pybus W. , Roberts D. C. , Trevan D. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The construction of a self‐contained, transportable cinemicroscope based on an inverted microscope stand is described.

The apparatus provides for accurate control of the temperature of the specimen and for a wide range of photographic procedures. It is suitable for use for a variety of biological problems.

In the course of experiments on the behaviour of cells in controlled environments, it became apparent that there was a lack of suitable commercial cinephotomicrographic apparatus at a modest price, and that this was deterring a number of workers from employing cinephoto‐micrography as a technique in their investigations. Since we required apparatus additional to the simple cinemicroscope we have already described (Trevan & Roberts, 1960; Pybus, 1960) we determined as a research project to develop a cinemicroscope with the following considerations in mind:

1. It should be suitable for use for a wide variety of biological problems, including those requiring time‐lapse photography.

2. It should be self‐contained and transportable.

3. It should be simple to construct, to operate, and to maintain.

4. It should be constructed as far as possible from standard, commercially available parts.

5. The cost should be low.
THE MATRIX IN CARIES‐RESISTANT TEETH
Authors: Little K.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A method is described for preparing sections of teeth. In caries‐prone enamel it involves the destruction of the component of the matrix which commonly occurs in prism cores, and which is the vulnerable component during the onset of caries. In caries‐free teeth, and fluorozed teeth, the method used does not remove this component. In caries‐free teeth from A.D. 150 it is also unaffected, and it is deduced that its occurrence in the more easily degraded form is a result of pathological processes.

In the calcification within dentinal tubules, often regarded as a secondary defence against caries, there are two types of calcifiable matrix, one being produced by the bacteria themselves.
CYTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS DURING SPERMATOGENESIS IN CERTAIN ARTHROPODS
Authors: Mathur R. S.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The germ cells of the arthropods Oniscus asellus, Petrobius maritimus, and Schistocerca gregaria have been studied during spermatogenesis by a variety of modern cytochemical and enzyme‐blocking techniques. The chemical composition of the Golgi bodies, mitochondrial nebenkerne, nucleus, and cytoplasm has been determined and found to have some variation in distribution. The chemical composition of the centriole could not be determined.
HINTS ON 35 mm COLOUR PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, ESPECIALLY WITH THE LEICA CAMERA
Authors: Needham George H.
Published: November 2011

Although this paper is based on a particular make of 35 mm camera, practically all the information contained herein will be of value to users of any 35 mm camera, irrespective of make.
THE ROLE OF FIXATION IN ELECTRON STAINING
Authors: Marinozzi V.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Observations made on the influence of the fixative on staining of thin tissue sections for electron microscopy permit the following statements:

After acrolein fixation it is possible to demonstrate basic proteins of the chromatin by silver impregnation. The staining appears to be mediated by the product of the reaction between the fixative and the imidazole groups of histidine.

In the absence of reduced osmium (fixation by formol or acrolein or preliminary oxidation of sections of osmium‐fixed tissue) conventional lead methods result in a selective staining of the ribonucleoproteins. Under the same conditions, a selective staining of the plasma membrane (or an associated substance) can be achieved by phosphotungstic acid.

After formol or acrolein fixation, uranyl acetate (at pH 4.5 to 5) stains the desoxyribonucleoproteins more intensely than the ribonucleoproteins. The strongest differentiation between the nucleoproteins is found to occur after formol‐osmium fixation.
ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF AVIAN TUMOURS STUDIED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: de Thé Guy , Novikoff A. B. , Beard J. W.
Published: November 2011

The cortex of the thymus of leukemic chickens diseased with the BAI strain A tumour virus responds to the infection by a strong adenosinetriphosphatase activity and by a progressive replacement of the normal lymphoid cells by a new population of blast‐like elements (de Thé, et al.). Electron microscopic studies of this ATPase activity were made on tissue fixed overnight in formol calcium (Baker, 1946) or formol phosphate (Lillie, 1954). Frozen 40 μ sections (Holt & Hicks, 1961) were incubated 4 min at room temperature in the Wachstein and Meisel medium (Wachstein & Meisel, 1957) and processed for electron microscopy.

Positive reaction was found at the cytoplasmic membrane of the blast‐like cells, and no reaction occurred in association with lymphoid cells of the morphology of those of the normal cortex. Lead phosphate precipitate also occurred about virus particles (de Thé, et al., 1962; Novikoff, et al.) in the intercellular spaces indicating the usual ATPase activity of the agent (Beard, 1962) in this situation.

Studies were made in the same way on the nephroblastoma (Heine, et al., 1962) arising in birds inoculated with BAI strain A virus and not dying of leukemia. After incubation for 10 to 50 min at 37°C in the ATPase medium, the different components of the tumour, namely, nephronic structures, sarcomatous elements and cartilage as well as the virus formed in these different components gave varied results.
THE USE OF THE PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID (PTA) AS A STAIN FOR THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Authors: Benedetti E. L. , Bertolini B.
Published: November 2011

Many investigations on the structure of cell membranes have been carried out on OsO4 or KMnO4 fixed material; however, these procedures fail to demonstrate any basic difference between the various membranes forming the outer coat of the cytoplasm, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear envelope, and the mitochondria. Thus, Robertson (1959) introduced the concept of the unit membrane, 75 Å thick; however, Finean (1961) found that in some specialized cell surfaces the unit membrane is thicker (100–120 Å).

The bleaching procedure with strong oxidants solubilizes and removes from the sections the lower osmium oxides (Merriam, 1958) and makes it possible to evaluate a specific stainability, which otherwise would be masked by the overall staining.

Marinozzi and Gautier (1961) introduced the use of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) after the bleaching procedure, and noted that the plasma membrane and some pinocytotic vesicles could be preferentially stained. More recently Latta (1962) obtained similar results, staining with PTA sections of tissues embedded in Epon.

The present paper deals with the properties and the nature of the PTA staining.
A method for estimating the number of cells in histological sections
Authors: EBBESSON SVEN O. E. , TANG DOUGLAS
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A general problem encountered in quantitative histology is the error caused by the inclusion of fragmented cells in the observed count from histological sections. The result of including such fragments is an overestimate of the number of cells. With this problem in mind, a method is given for estimating cell numbers in systems where cells are mononuclear with single nucleoli. The method involves applying a correction to the difference in observed counts from adjacent histological sections of different thicknesses. The proposed method is based on the same formulation of this cell counting problem as is the method of Floderus, but a major distinction, however, is that the present method does not require the estimation of the mean particle diameter or vertical height of the smallest visible fragment and thus eliminates a potential source of error.

The correction formula is derived by considering a simple model for this cell counting problem. A hypothetical cell population is studied to show the theoretical equivalence of the proposed method and that of Floderus and also to show the potential bias caused by using Abercrombie's formula which does not take into account the effect of invisible fragments. The new method is compared with other available techniques and is empirically evaluated by extensive counting in a human superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
A Kerr magneto‐optical microscope using polaroid polarizers
Authors: BOOTH A. D. , POULSEN R. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The Kerr‐effect microscope is of great utility in the static and dynamic investigation of magnetic domain patterns in thin films used for computer storage. An account is presented of the theoretical considerations which decide the optimum instrumental configuration for maximum contrast and this leads to two microscope designs: one using a single lens, and the other, two lenses. The type of domain shown by these microscopes is illustrated.
Ultrastructure of the nucleus of the green alga Closterium ehrenbergii*
Authors: BRANDHAM P. E. , GODWARD M. B. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The ultrastructure of the nucleus of Closterium ehrenbergii has been studied at interphase and at different stages of mitosis. Sections of chromosomes thought to be nucleolar‐organizing chromosomes were obtained at prophase. The spindle fibres at metaphase remain separate and do not form bundles. There is no evidence for the presence on the chromosomes of a localized point of attachment of spindle fibres. The smallest recognizable unit in the metaphase chromosome is a double coiled fibril of which each part is 50–60 Å thick.
The histochemical properties of some periodate‐reactive mucosubstances of the pregnant Syrian hamster before and after methylation with methanolic thionyl chloride
Authors: STOWARD PETER J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The mucosubstances secreted in various tissues of pregnant Syrian hamsters exhibit a wide range of histochemical characteristics.

When sections of fixed tissues containing these mucosubstances are treated with a methanolic solution of thionyl chloride for four hours at room temperature, nucleic acid phosphate groups, protein and sialomucin carboxyl groups, and the sulphate groups of many sulphomucins are apparently esterified. In sulphomucins believed to contain carboxyl and sulphate groups, only the sulphate is esterified; the carboxyls (uronic acid groups ?) are left free. If such methylated mucins are saponified (to remove their ester methyl groups) some, but not all, of their histochemical reactions for “free” sulphate are restored. Some desulphation, however, usually occurs during the methylation process. A few sulphated mucins, such as those in the goblet cells of the small intestine, are desulphated completely. The ability to esterify many sulphated mucins without either desulphating them completely or extracting them from the tissue distinguishes methanolic thionyl chloride from the hot methanolic solutions of hydrochloric acid usually used for methylating tissue sections. Moreover, methanolic thionyl chloride solutions are much easier to use.

The little chemistry that is at present known about the reactions between methanol and thionyl chloride is insufficient to explain how methanolic thionyl chloride solutions actually methylate polyanionic substances in tissue sections.
The structure and assembly of collagen fibrils*: I. Native‐collagen fibrils and their formation from tropocollagen
Authors: COX R. W. , GRANT R. A. , HORNE R. W.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Hypotheses to explain the formation of native‐collagen fibrils from tropocollagen macromolecules have been considered and their inconsistencies examined. A new model for the tropocollagen macromolecule is suggested and a new mechanism for its assembly into native‐collagen fibrils is offered. It is postulated that the tropocollagen macromolecule is divided into 5 main bonding zones separated by 4 main non‐bonding zones. The macromolecules are assembled into native fibrils by allowing a main bonding zone on a particular macromolecule an initial random choice in combining, in a structurally complementary manner, with a main bonding zone on another macromolecule. The evidence for the proposals arises from the use of negative‐staining techniques and high‐resolution electron microscopy.

The work described includes a more detailed discussion of some preliminary findings reported earlier (Grant, Home, & Cox, 1965b).
Highly informative genic and genomic SSR markers to facilitate molecular breeding in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Pandey Manish K. , Gautami Bhimana , Jayakumar Thandoniappan , Sriswathi Manda , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Gowda Makanahally V. Chennabyre , Radhakrishnan Thankappan , Bertioli David J. , Knapp Steven J. , Cook Duglas R. , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: November 2011

With 3 figures and 7 tables

With an objective of identification of highly informative set of SSR markers in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a total of 4485 markers were used for screening using a set of 20 parental genotypes of 15 mapping populations. Although 3582 (79.9%) markers provided scorable amplification, only 1351 (37.3%) markers showed polymorphism. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.10 (GM742) to 0.89 (S009) with an average of 0.31. Similarly, number of alleles ranged from 2 to 14 with an average of 3.2 alleles. In general, the SSR markers based on dinucleotide repeats displayed higher PIC value and number of alleles. Based on these polymorphism features, 199 markers with >0.50 PIC values have been identified. Polymorphism features of these markers along with the primer sequences, for the first time, for a total of 946 SSR markers have been provided. It is anticipated that the identified set of highly informative markers, instead of starting from the random set of SSR markers, should be very useful to initiate molecular genetics and breeding studies in cultivated groundnut.
Development of sequence‐tagged site markers linked to the pillar growth type in peach (Prunus persica)
Authors: Sajer Osama , Scorza Ralph , Dardick Chris , Zhebentyayeva Tetyana , Abbott Albert G. , Horn Renate
Published: November 2011

With 5 figures and 3 tables

In peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], trees showing columnar (also termed pillar or broomy) growth habit are of interest for high‐density production systems. While the selection of the pillar homozygous phenotype (brbr) can be carried out prior to field planting, the intermediate heterozygous upright phenotype is difficult to distinguish from standard trees until they are quite large in the field. Application of marker‐assisted selection would be helpful in establishing more efficient breeding programmes developing pillar and upright varieties. Thirty‐four amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified by bulked segregant analyses mapped together with the br gene on linkage group 2 (LG 2) of the Prunus reference map. The linkage group covers 92.9 cM. The AFLP marker ETGM61_291R mapped with 4.8 cM to the br gene on one side and the closest AFLP markers ETAM56_267A, ECAM61_426A and ETAM48_279A with 3.8 cM on the other side. These four AFLP markers were sequenced, and two, ETGM61_291R and ETAM48_279A, were successfully converted into sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers for marker‐assisted selection. BLAST searches against the peach genome placed the br gene in the region 17–18 Mb on LG 2.
Export Versus FDI in Services
Authors: Bhattacharya Rudrani , Patnaik Ila , Shah Ajay
Published: November 2011

In the Helpman et al. model (HMY), costs of transportation shape the decisions of firms about serving foreign customers by exporting or by doing FDI. The analysis of FDI in IT‐related services presents a challenge given the low cost of transportation through telecom networks. This study extends the HMY model by considering uncertainty in product quality. This reverses the ordering of the firms that do FDI. These predictions are tested using Indian data in two industries: chemicals and software. Chemicals represents a conventional setting, and we find that the most productive firms invest abroad. However, in the case of the software industry, where there is uncertainty about product quality and the transportation cost is low, the results are consistent with the predictions of the extended model: less productive firms invest abroad.
Ruth Ellis and Public Contestation of the Death Penalty
Authors: Seal Lizzie
Published: November 2011

This article examines public reactions to the case of Ruth Ellis through an analysis of letters sent to the Home Secretary. The vast majority of these requested a reprieve, and highlighted themes such as her status as a mother, the murder as a crime of passion, David Blakely's mistreatment of her and the unfairness of applying the death penalty in her case. I argue that we need to analyse the public's views on Ruth Ellis in order to understand why her case was a pivotal one in turning the tide against capital punishment as a mandatory penalty for murder.
Geologically‐driven pore fluid pressure models and their implications for petroleum exploration. Introduction to thematic set
Authors: O’CONNOR S. , SWARBRICK R. , LAHANN R.
Published: November 2011

Abnormal pressure, either low or high, is commonly found in many basins around the world. A clear understanding of these pressure regimes is needed if wells are to be drilled safely. One of the prerequisites for this planning is prediction of pore fluid pressure, in both reservoirs and also in shales and other low‐permeability lithologies. To this end, recent advances, captured in this thematic set, have seen the development of geologically derived pressure models, underpinned by an understanding of the multiple mechanisms that cause abnormal pressures. These understandings lead to more accurate pore fluid pressure interpretation in more complex lithological regimes such as carbonate/clastic systems and salt‐dominated systems that often contain highly overpressured intra‐salt reservoirs. Further, these models are now being used to drive new exploration plays by improving velocity predictions to improve sub‐salt pore pressure predictions and identifying hydrodynamic aquifers that provide lateral migration paths for fluids.
Catheter Outcomes in the Short‐term Inpatient Setting: A Controlled Quality Improvement Study Comparing Citrate and Heparin Lock
Authors: Parikh Samir , Nijmeh Ruba , Van Cleef Sheri , Timmerman Sue , Bhatt Udayan Y. , Agarwal Anil K.
Published: November 2011

Heparin and citrate are used as catheter lock solutions to reduce risk of catheter dysfunction and infection in hemodialysis. There is a paucity of data comparing these two locks in the short‐term, inpatient setting. We compared the efficacy of 2.2% acid citrate dextrose (ACD) versus 5000 U/ml heparin as catheter lock in the inpatient setting. The study was conducted at two sites within our system, with ACD locks used at site 1 and heparin locks at site 2. We assessed catheters for catheter dysfunction and infection. Both nontunneled dialysis catheters (NTDC) and tunneled dialysis catheters (TDC) were evaluated. We studied 250 catheters and 139 met inclusion criteria: 90 catheters in the ACD group and 49 in the heparin group. ACD had superior outcomes for NTDC; event rate was 0.052 for NTDC/ACD and 0.125 for NTDC/heparin (p = 0.032). There was no difference for TDC. Univariate (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, confidence interval [CI]: 0.931, 3.82) and multivariate (OR: 1.35, CI: 0.64, 2.87) analyses demonstrated a trend toward increased odds of event with heparin. Catheter lock with 2.2% ACD has lower risk of catheter dysfunction as compared with that of 5000 U/ml heparin in the short‐term inpatient setting in NTDC and similar risk in TDC.
Active Wound Dressing With Artificial Capillaries for Temporary Wound Irrigation and Skin Cell Supply
Authors: Plettig Jörn , Johnen Christa M. , Bräutigam Kirsten , Zeilinger Katrin , Borneman Reinhard , Gerlach Jörg C.
Published: November 2011

Medical treatment of burns and chronic wounds remains a challenge. We discussed a therapy concept that combines skin cell spray transplantation with a novel wound dressing based on artificial hollow fiber membrane capillaries. In skin cell‐based therapy development, autologous skin progenitor cells are isolated from a healthy skin area and sprayed onto the wound. A medical device was introduced that uses perfused capillaries, known from clinical plasma separation, as a temporarily applied extracorporeal wound capillary bed. The functions of the dressing are comparable with those of dialysis; the capillaries, however, are applied externally onto the wound. Perfusion with a clinical peripheral nutrition and buffer solution can provide wound irrigation, wound debris removal, cell nutrition, pH regulation, and electrolyte balance while potentially serving to address delivery of regenerative factors and antibiosis. An innovative active skin wound dressing that provides cell support and stimulates regeneration by wound irrigation is discussed.
Effect of hemodialysis and hemofiltration on plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations
Authors: Leypoldt John K. , Loghman‐Adham Mahmoud , Jordan Paul , Reigner Bruno
Published: November 2011

C.E.R.A., a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, is a long‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent approved for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although the large molecular weight and the carbohydrate chain make it unlikely that C.E.R.A. could be removed during hemodialysis or hemofiltration, no such data have been published. In vitro studies were performed to assess the removal of C.E.R.A. during hemodialysis and hemofiltration, using both low‐flux and high‐flux membranes and parameters very similar to those used in clinical practice. Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis were also performed following subcutaneous injection of C.E.R.A. In the in vitro studies, plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations were not significantly different from baseline values in the primed blood reservoir over a 4‐hour period during hemodialysis (P = 0.12). C.E.R.A. concentrations in the plasma obtained from the venous end of the hemofilter increased proportionally with the plasma total protein concentrations, reflecting the consequence of hemoconcentration and suggesting that C.E.R.A and plasma total proteins were retained by hemofiltration membranes to a similar degree. These in vitro studies showed that C.E.R.A. was not removed by simulated hemodialysis or hemofiltration either via transmembrane transport or adsorption to the membrane. The results were corroborated by the clinical pharmacokinetic data, which showed no detectable changes in plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations during hemodialysis using either low‐flux or high‐flux dialyzers. These results suggest that C.E.R.A. can be administered to patients at any time during hemodialysis or hemofiltration without appreciable loss in the extracorporeal circuit.
Excess epicardial fat mass misrepresented as cardiomegaly in dry‐weight assessment of a dialysis patient
Authors: Kircelli Fatih , Gunduz Mehmet , Gungor Ozkan , Ok Ercan
Published: November 2011

Obesity is a major health problem that has entered the nephrology community and is challenging our conventional management strategies. In this case report, we present a morbidly obese dialysis patient whom dry‐weight assessment was disturbed by excess epicardial fat mass due to obesity. This case suggests that problems related to obesity seem not to be limited to dealing with obesity‐associated kidney injury, chronic kidney disease and mortality, but also other concepts in nephrology such that, as described, excess epicardial fat mass related to morbid obesity in this patient erroneously suggested a high cardiothoracic index, and misled patient management. Interpretation of chest X‐ray in dry‐weight assessment should take into account the patient's body weight especially in obese cases and alternative diagnostic methods for correct determination of fluid status are highly needed.
Melted gold and national bodies: The hermeneutics of depth and the value of history in Brazilian racial politics
Authors: COLLINS JOHN
Published: November 2011

Anthropologists have long puzzled over a supposed lack of explicitly racial identification among Brazilians who face racial discrimination. Yet a clear uptick in Afro‐Brazilian identification and contestation of racism is observable in Brazil today. In this article, I examine the transformation of Salvador, Brazil's Pelourinho neighborhood into a heritage center, a process that includes the commodification of residents’ lifeways, so as to link semiotic relationships encouraged by the patrimonializing of buildings, people, and their habits to alterations in racial politics. This case suggests that racial consciousness ties into popular concerns with secrets, depths, and hidden relations encouraged by heritage‐based reifications of everyday habits as potentially alienable forms of property.
Apocalyptic futures: The violent transformation of moral human life among Ayoreo‐speaking people of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco
Authors: BESSIRE LUCAS
Published: November 2011

In this article, I describe the social topography of apocalyptic futurism among recently contacted Ayoreo‐speaking people in Paraguay to examine the novel senses of being in the world that are emerging in harsh postcontact conditions. I show how apocalyptic futurism exceeds the temporal confines of both “traditional culture” and “Christianity.” Rather, it derives from the afterlife of violence and a general consensus that biological survival now requires a reconstitution of the terms of humanity. Apocalyptic sensibilities are concerned with more than local values or the transcendence of death; rather, as I show, they mark a new threshold between the human and the nonhuman.
Food selection in adults and larvae of three species of Lepidoptera: a behavioural and electro physiological study
Authors: Blaney W. M. , Simmonds M. S. J.
Published: November 2011

Adults and larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, Heliothis virescens and Heliothis armigera were tested with a range of sugars, amino acids, sugar alcohols and allelochemics. Feeding behaviour was correlated with the electrophysiological responses of maxillary styloconic sensilla in the larvae and proboscis styloconic sensilla in the adult. The neural response was more vigorous in larvae than in adults but otherwise the spectra of responses were similar in the two life stages. Phagostimulants and antifeedants stimulated maximally different sensilla in larvae but not in adults. The responses of adult sensilla to sugars and amino acids were significantly correlated to behaviour in all three species, but only in H. armigera was there a similar correlation with the sugar alcohols and allelochemics.
Finding electronic information for health policy advocacy: A guide to improving search results
Authors: Olsan Tobie H. , Bianchi Carolanne , White Pamela , Glessner Theresa , Mapstone Pamela L.
Published: November 2011

Purpose: The success of advanced practice registered nurses' (APRNs') health policy advocacy depends on staying well informed about key issues. Searching for high‐quality health policy information, however, can be frustrating and time consuming. Busy clinicians need strategies and tips to reduce information overload and to access synthesized research for evidence‐based health policy. This article therefore offers APRNs practical guidelines and resources for searching electronic health policy information.

Data sources: Scholarly databases and Internet sites.

Conclusions: Electronic health policy information is generated by a wide variety of public and private organizations and disseminated in hundreds of journals and Web pages. Specialty search tools are needed to retrieve the unindexed gray literature, which includes government documents, agency reports, fact sheets, standards, and statistics not produced by commercial publishers. Further, Internet users need to examine search results with a critical eye for information quality.

Implications for practice: Expertise in searching electronic health policy information is a prerequisite for developing APRNs' leadership in political arenas to influence health policy and the delivery of healthcare services.
The isolated cremaster muscle preparation and (external) spermatic nerve-cremaster muscle preparation of the guinea-pig
Authors: Kelkar V V , Gupta R S , Gokhale S V
Published: November 2011

The isolated cremaster muscle preparation and spermatic nerve-cremaster muscle preparation of the guinea-pig were studied in vitro to determine their suitability as pharmacological test models. The preparation was contracted by acetylcholine, carbachol, succinylcholine and decamethonium (pD2 values, 4·2, 5·3, 7·3 and 7·4, respectively) through an action on a curare-sensitive cholinoceptor. Lobeline and DMPP were ineffective. Nicotine contracted the muscle, but there was tachyphylaxis. Tubocurarine and hexamethonium presumably competitively antagonized acetylcholine (pA2 values, 7·3 and 5·8); lobeline was a noncompetitive antagonist (pD′2 value, 6·4). Atropine and mecamylamine exerted a dualistic action against acetylcholine (final pD′2 values, 5·3 and 6·7, respectively). Tubocurarine, succinylcholine and decamethonium exhibited their typical action when tested with spermatic nerve-cremaster muscle preparation; the latter two drugs also produced muscle spasm. Hexamethonium was a weak blocker of neuromuscular transmission. Atropine, mecamylamine, lobeline and DMPP exhibited neuromuscular blocking activity; however, directly evoked muscle twitches were also notably affected. The cremaster muscle preparations seem to add usefully to the list of currently used in vitro tests, with the added advantage that a mammalian skeletal muscle model is used for simultaneous quantitative studies.
Some factors influencing dissolution from salicylic acid-urea solid dispersions
Authors: Collett J H , Flood B L , Sale F R
Published: November 2011

Solid dispersion systems of salicylic acid-urea have been prepared using a fusion method. Two different methods of cooling the melt were employed, rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen and slow cooling in air. Differential scanning calorimetry and an X-ray diffraction technique were employed to investigate the nature of the fused mixture. Evidence was found of compound formation between the constituents. Dissolution rates of drug from non-disintegrating discs of solid dispersion systems were measured. Rapid cooling of the melt resulted in a much faster drug dissolution rate than from a corresponding mixture prepared by a slow cooling method. This phenomenon is explained by a difference in the sizes of drug particles produced under the different cooling conditions. Rapid cooling favoured the generation of many nucleation sites for the solid drug particles as the liquid was cooled, and hence many small particles were obtained. Conversely, slow cooling favoured the growth of the first few nuclei of solid drug particles, rather than the production of new nuclei, and hence large drug particles were obtained.
Inverse Dynamics of a Redundantly Actuated Four-Bar Mechanism Using an Optimal Control Formulation
Authors: Luppi Silva Olavo , Luporini Menegaldo Luciano
Published: November 2011

This paper presents an approach to estimating joint torques in a four-bar closed-chain mechanism with prescribed kinematics and redundant actuation, i.e., with more actuators than degrees of freedom. This problem has several applications in industrial robots, machine tools, and biomechanics. The inverse dynamics problem is formulated as an optimal control problem (OCP). The dynamical equations are derived for an open-chain mechanism, what keeps the formulation simple and straightforward. Sets of constraints are explored to force the three-link open-chain to behave as a four-bar mechanism with a crank rotating at a constant velocity. The controls calculated from the OCP are assumed to be the input joint torques. The standard case with one torque actuator is solved and compared to cases with two and three actuators. The case of two actuators presented the smallest peak and mean torques, using one specific set of constraints. Such torques were smaller than the solution obtained using an alternative method existing in literature that solves the redundancy problem by means of the pseudo-inverse matrix. Comparison with inverse dynamics solutions using well-established methods for the one-actuator closed-loop four-bar were equal. Reconstructed kinematical trajectories from forward integration of the closed-loop mechanism with the OCP obtained torques were essentially similar. The results suggest that the adopted procedure is promising, giving solutions with lower torque requirements than the regularly actuated case and redundantly actuated computed with other approaches. The applicability of the method has been shown for the four-bar mechanism. Other classes of redundantly actuated, closed-loop mechanisms could be tested using a similar formulation. However, the numerical parameters of the OCP must be chosen carefully to achieve convergence.
Conformality of remote plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition processes: An experimental study
Authors: Kariniemi Maarit , Niinistö Jaakko , Vehkamäki Marko , Kemell Marianna , Ritala Mikko , Leskelä Markku , Putkonen Matti
Published: November 2011

In total, five metal oxide and one metal plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) processes were studied with respect to the conformality of the coatings. The study reveals that also high aspect ratio structures (up to 60:1) can be coated conformally with remote PEALD. Oxides could relatively easily be deposited into demanding 3D structures with rather short cycle times but not the silver metal. The key factor in achieving excellent conformality seems to be that sufficient radical density is required to overcome the loss of radicals by recombination. In the case of metals where hydrogen plasma is applied the recombination of hydrogen radicals causes major difficulties in obtaining perfect conformality.
Local, direct-write, damage-free thinning of germanium nanowires
Authors: Roediger Peter , Mijic Mario , Zeiner Clemens , Lugstein Alois , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Bertagnolli Emmerich
Published: November 2011

A crystallinity-retaining, implantation-free focused electron beam induced etching (FEBIE) process has been exploited to modify germanium nanowires. This technique shows a high selectivity to the metal contacts applied to the nanowires as well as to the substrate which did not exhibit significant etching. Raman-spectroscopic as well as electrical measurements have been performed on the FEBIE-modified nanowires. Experimental data obtained in this study suggest than unintentional stress is often applied to the nanowires by the defined electrical contacts. Electrical measurements indicate that the electronic properties of the as-grown Ge nanowires can be significantly altered already by a slight surface modification, resulting in an increased conductivity of more than two orders of magnitude.
Core-shell nanowire arrays of metal oxides fabricated by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Thomas M. A. , Cui J. B.
Published: November 2011

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has proven to be an excellent candidate for the deposition of thin layers onto various nanostructures to create core-shell structures with new functionalities and improved device application potential. The authors have used ALD to fabricate metal oxide core-shell nanowires based on electrodeposited ZnO nanowire arrays and Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 shells. The authors observe distinctive features of the core-shell nanowires induced by the shell coatings. Most notably, the photoluminescence of the nanowire cores can be enhanced or depleted by the shell, depending on the choice of shell material. Specifically, ZnO–Al2O3 core-shell nanowires display improved optical characteristics over their bare ZnO nanowire core equivalents. These results have important implications for related optoelectronics based on ZnO nanowires or their core-shell nanostructures.
Protostellar Feedback Halts the Growth of the First Stars in the Universe
Authors: Hosokawa Takashi , Omukai Kazuyuki , Yoshida Naoki , Yorke Harold W.
Published: November 2011

Simulations suggest that most of the first stars in the universe might have been less massive than previously thought.
Evaluation of Rapid Antigen Point-of-Care Tests for Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Species in Human Fecal Specimens
Authors: Minak Juliana , Kabir Mamun , Mahmud Iqbal , Liu Yue , Liu Lei , Haque Rashidul , Petri William A.
Published: November 2011

In Bangladesh, a new parasite rapid antigen test was investigated demonstrating accuracy and feasibility. For
Giardia
species, it had a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 100%, respectively. For
Cryptosporidium
species, it had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. These are higher than or equal to the sensitivities and specificities of other tests on the market.