bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of broiler chicken meat quality collected from different markets of Chittagong
Authors: Dey JC , Jahan I , Ghosh S , Halder BC , Ahmad MH , Hossain MA
Published: October 2020

The study was conducted to assess the quality of broiler meat procured from four different markets of Chittagong city, (Baddar Hat; BH, Pahartoli; PHT, Jhaowtola; JT and Riazuddin bazar; RB).  Broiler was collected from each of the market by replicating four times with five birds per replicate for assessing the meat quality in this study. A total of 20 shops was selected randomly and live broilers of similar age were collected from each shop located in the different places of metropolitan city of Chittagong to conduct the experiment.  Meat samples were taken from the live broilers to appraise the quality based on the H2O level, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), extract release value (ERV), tyrosine value (TV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value (TBARS) through the laboratory analyses. The data revealed that the TV and TBARS values differed significantly (P<0.01) between markets except for the other parameters (H2O, pH, WHC, ERV).  The highest TV value (0.66) was found in the meat of PHT market while lowest TV value (0.54) being in BH and JT markets. The TBARS value was improved (P<0.01) in the meat of BH and JT markets compared to that of other markets.  The road distance (RD) and the transporting time (TT) for carrying birds were affected (P<0.01) by markets.  It can be concluded that the quality of broiler meat of different markets appears to be good based on the chemical evaluation, even though TT and RD might influence meat quality to a bit.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 29-36
Influence of amount of red worm (Eisenia foetida) on the organic matter degradation during vermicomposting of cattle manure
Authors: Rahman A , Hashem MA , Kabir AKMA , Bhuiyan MKJ , Rahman MM
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to understand the degradation pattern of organic substances through different amount of red worms during vermicomposting of cattle manure. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with three treatments e.g., T1 (vermicomposting of 25 kg cowdung using 50 g of red worms), T2 (vermicomposting of 25 kg cowdung using 100 g of red worms) and T3 (vermicomposting of 25 kg cowdung using 150 g of red worms) with 3 replications. Parameters studied were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), crude fiber (CF), carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N) and pH at different days of intervals. Results showed that the amount of red worms has a significant influence on the quality of the final vermicompost. The highest DM content was observed in T3 and the lowest DM content was observed in T1 after 45 days of composting. There were significant (p<0.001) higher reduction rate of OM, OC and CF were found in T3 compared to T1 and T2 and the differences were also significant (p<0.001) among days intervals over 45 days of experimental period. TN content gradually increases with the increase of time. There was significant (P<0.05) difference in TN alteration among treatments along with time intervals. There was significant differences (P<0.001) in C/N among treatments and a gradual increment of C/N was found with the advancement of the vermicomposting. There were a little changes in pH of all the treatments but those treatments were not followed a trend during the total experimental period. Finally, it may be concluded that organic matter degradation rate is faster in T3 compared to T1 and T2. These might be indicated that amount of red worms are an important factors of OM decomposition or digestion during vermicomposting period.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 45-54
Effect of value addition to rice straw on the nutritional improvement and milk productivity of dairy cattle
Authors: Islam MM , Akter A , Salauddin M , Sultana MN , Uddin MM
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical value addition to rice straw on nutritional quality improvement of rice straw and its effect on milk productivity and composition. Twelve crossbred milking cows (Frisian Cross) of mid-lactation stage and second parity, having average initial body weight of 398.72 ± 42.22 kg and milk yield of 6.42± 0.78 kg were assigned to three treatment group (each group has 4 animals) and one control group. Four treatments were considered: T0 (control): loose rice straw + green grass + concentrate; T1: value addition to rice straw through chopping (physical) + green grass + concentrate; T2: value addition to rice straw through urea and molasses without chopped (Chemical) + green grass + concentrate; and T3: value addition to rice straw through urea molasses with chopping (Physical and chemical) + green grass + concentrate. The results revealed that T2 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than T0, T1 and T3 where total DM intake was 13.44± 0.26, 12.96±0.38, 12.47±0.16 and 12.06±0.31 for T2, T0, T3 and T1, respectively and the same was found for Crude protein. The daily milk yield was higher in T3 (8.12±0.30 kg/day) and followed by T0 (7.30±0.23 kg/day), T1 (6.61±1.35 kg/day) and T2 (6.78±0.09 kg/day) but daily milk yield gains were 0.31, 0.11, 1.44 and 1.46 kg in T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively and differences were highly significant (p<0.01) among the groups. Milk composition of fat (4.40, 3.97, 4.90 and 4.10%), Protein (3.88, 3.69, 3.98 and 3.72%), SNF (8.42, 8.69, 8.49 and 8.13) and TS (12.57, 12.34, 12.96 and 11.90) in T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.01) where the cows supplemented with UMS without and with chopping recorded SNF. Further study might be needed to estimate the economics of the value addition for enhancing the adoption of this technology at farm level through development of entrepreneurship.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 55-62
Performance of three meat type chicken farms maintained at different bio-security levels
Authors: Hannan MA , Ahmed MB , Islam SS
Published: October 2020

Because of the high density of the poultry flocks in current commercial production operations and the inherent disease risks associated with this type of production, proper bio-security practices are very important for successful poultry farming. The study was undertaken to investigate the productive and economic performances of poultry farms keeping three different meat types chickens under good, fair and poor bio-security conditions in south western regions of Bangladesh. The three meat type chickens under consideration were Cobb 500 broiler strain, cockerel and Sonali (RIR x Fayoumi crossbred). According to obtained marks each of one hundred (total three hundred) surveyed farms were divided into good (≥ 80%), fair (61-79%) and poor (≤ 60%) bio-secured categories. Results revealed that market body weight, total feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization, survivability, gross return and net return of Cobb 500 broiler, cockerel and Sonali farms showed higher trends from poor to good bio-secured farms. The survivability was significantly (p<0.01) higher under good than that of fair and poor bio-secured level. The highest survivability was observed in farms kept Sonali followed by cockerel and Cobb 500. The result revealed that the Sonali was the highly benefited chicken farms than Cobb 500 broiler strain and cockerel. The broiler farms were more bio-security sensitive than Sonali and cockerel farms. Hence, good bio-security practices had significant impact on productive and economic performances of all three categories of meat type chickens. It can be concluded that the meat type chickens are more sensitive to the bio-security measures of the farms and Sonali farms are more beneficial from economic point of view as compared to cockerel and Cobb 500 farms.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 63-70
Production of value-added broiler nugget enriched with dietary fiber from oat meal
Authors: Akhter A , Hossain MM , Habib M , Hashem MA , Ali MS
Published: October 2020

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of oat meal as a source of dietary fiber to formulate enriched broiler nugget. For this purpose, nuggets were prepared into four different groups such as treatment 1: 10% wheat flour nugget, treatment 2: 20% wheat flour nugget, treatment 3:10% oat meal nugget and treatment 4: 20% Oat meal nugget. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15th and 30th days of storage period. The proximate composition of different nuggets batter was analyzed and highly significant differences were found in dry matter (%) and pH. Dry matter was lower, while pH was higher in control nugget (Treatment 1). Significant differences were found in crude protein (%), ether extract (%) among different nuggets, as well as among different storage time. Significantly higher DM (%), Ash (%) and EE (%) was found in broiler meat with 20% oat meal, while higher crude protein (%) were found in broiler meat+10% wheat flour. Crude protein (%) and DM (%) increased, while Ash (%) and EE (%) decreased with increase of storage time.  The storage period had significant effect on different biochemical (FFA, POV and TBARS value) and microbial (TVC, TCC and TYMC) tests. In all cases, the values were increased with increase of storage time. The surface color (CIE L*, a*, b*) of nuggets of different treatments at different storage period were measured.  No significant differences in b* value were found among broiler meat nuggets and storage time. On the other hand, different types of nuggets and storage period had a significant effect on L* and a* value. Significantly higher a* value was found in broiler meat with 10% wheat flour (T1). In sensory analysis, no significant differences were found in flavor, off-flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability among four types of sausages. It could be concluded that addition of oat meal as a source of dietary fiber did not differ the overall acceptability of broiler meat nuggets compare to broiler meat nuggets with wheat flour.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 71-82
Effect of concentrate supplementation during transition period on production and reproduction of indigenous buffalo
Authors: Habib MR , Islam MZ , Bari MS , Islam MZ , Sarker MAH , Rashid MH , Islam MA
Published: October 2020

This study was to investigate the impact of concentrate supplementation on the growth, milk yield and quality, postpartum heat period and days open in transient buffalo. Hence, six selected indigenous transient buffaloes were equally divided into two groups viz. control (n=3) and supplemented (n=3). About 56.0 kg mixed green fodders (Para:German=3:1) and 2.0 kg concentrate mixtures were offered as a basal diet to each buffalo. Besides these, an additional amount (0.5 kg) of concentrate mixture (wheat bran-50%, mustard oil cake-40%, common salt-2% and di-calcium phosphate-8%) was supplied to each buffalo of the supplemented group. The dry matter intake of the supplemented buffalo was 2.5 and 2% higher (p<0.001) at pre- and post-partum period, respectively than that of the control fed buffalo. Pre- and post-partum body weight, and body condition score of buffaloes between the group were found similar (p>0.05). About 20% more (p=0.02) milk was obtained in the supplemented group compared to the control group, however, the milk composition was not different (p>0.05). Calf birth weight was found ≈10% higher (p=0.51) in the supplemented group than that of the control group. Postpartum heat period and days open of the supplemented buffaloes were reduced remarkably by 13 and 14 days, respectively compared to the buffaloes in control group. Overall, concentrate supplementation to the transient indigenous buffaloes has noteworthy effects on milk yield, postpartum heat period and days open.

Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (1): 83-90
The Best Treatment of High-Risk Non-Muscleinvasive Urothelial Cancer of Bladder
Authors: Salam MA
Published: October 2020

Abstract Not Available
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.1
Effectiveness of Ureteric Reimplantation on Non-Refluxing Obstructive Congenital Megaureter
Authors: Rahman Shafiqur , Aziz Mohammad Abdul , Hasan MM , Happy Nurun Nahar , Mahjabeen Tasneem
Published: October 2020

Background: One in ten thousand children born with megaureter. A significant portion of this groups are of obstructed variety and the rest are refluxing ureter. It can cause obstructions and back pressure renal damage. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop deterioration of renal function and prevent complications like renal failure. Definitive treatment is uretero-neocystostomy with or without tailoring the ureter.
Objective: Objective of this study was to observe the effectiveness of ureteric reimplantation on non-refluxing obstructive congenital megaureter. To achieve this objective we had observed serum creatinine level pre and postoperatively and assessed structural changes in kidney by ultrasonogram, IVU, MCU and RGP pre and postoperatively. We also observed the split renal function and split GFR of the affected kidney both pre and post operatively.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. This study comprise of 35 cases of congenital non-refluxing obstructed megaureter, who were admitted in BIRDEM General Hospital and multiple other hospitals in Dhaka city from July 2013 to December 2014. Diagnosis was made by intravenous urography (IVU) reveling a dilated lower third or entire ureter with narrow tapering lower end. Obstruction was also confirmed by diuretic Tc99m DTPA scan. A voiding cystourethrogram was obtained to exclude VUR. Those with poor renal function were evaluated by ultrasonography, DTPA scan and retrograde ureteropyelography.
Results: Of 35 patients, 20 were male and 15 were female. Age range 2 to 19 years. All patients underwent ureteric reimplantation, with tailoring in 15 cases. Post-operative mean serum creatinine was 0.99±0.34 which showed improvement. Split function in DTPA renogram and split GFR of patient with POM in the affected right side also showed improvement (29.49±4.02 and 29.64±4.86) as well as affected in left side (27.77±4.18 and 28.02±5.31).
Conclusion: Ureteral tailoring with an extravesical ureteral reimplantation can be performed safely and effectively for primary obstructive megaureter. It is found that, ureteroneocystostomy ensured free renal drainage and preserved renal function as well as prevented complications and further deterioration.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p 20-24
Efficacy of Glyceryl Trinitrate Ointment for Perianal- Intrarectal Local Anesthesia in Transrectal Ultrasound- Guided Prostate Biopsy- Compared to Topical Lignocaine
Authors: Islam SK Amirul , Alam AKM Khurshidul , Rahman Mohammad Shafiqur , Islam Md Monowarul , Rahman Mohammed Mizanur , Saha Pranashis
Published: October 2020

Objective: Anorectal pain and discomfort during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy is an important issue of this procedure. Therefore present study was designed to compare whether the use of topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) ointment or lignocaine gel is more effective as an adjunct to periprostatic nerve block (PPNB) in reducing pain associated with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy.
Methods: In all, 120 consecutive patients having their first TRUS-guided prostate biopsy were randomized to receive either 0.4% GTN ointment or 2% lignocaine gel, 10 minutes or 5 minutes respectively before biopsy. All patients had a biopsy preceded by an injection with 5 ml of 2% lignocaine local anaesthesia.
Results: A 100-point visual analogue score was used to record overall pain due to the presence of the probe, the biopsy itself and pain after the procedure. There was no significant difference in age, PSA level and prostate volume between the groups. There was a significantly lower mean pain score due to probe insertion, in the GTN than lignocaine group (18.32 vs 37.48, P < 0.001); pain perception was lower for the whole procedure in the GTN group (16.59 vs 35.17, P < 0.001); and was most pronounced in men aged d”65 years (21.45 vs 40.7, P < 0.001). Five patients (8.3%) in the GTN group complained of headache.
Conclusion: So it can be concluded that, topical GTN ointment is safe and effective in reducing the discomfort and pain associated with TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, in particular the insertion of the ultrasound probe. It might be of maximum benefit in the younger patient(d”65years).
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.14-19
Urodynamic Studies for the Diagnosis of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Experience in BSMMU
Authors: Ullah ATM Aman , Haque Md Anamul , Alam AKM Khurshidul , Islam AKM Anwarul
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The aim of urodynamic testing is to obtain objective information regarding urinary bladder storage and voiding function. This investigation provides information of the underlying causes depending on the individual situation and findings.
Materials and Methods: This Retrospective study of the UDS was conducted at Urology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from January 2012 to April 2017. A total of 403 cases of urodynamic studies done. Patient age range was 10-85 years. Female Patient was only 41 and post operative cases was only six. Bladder dairy, Ultrasonography of Kidney, ureter, bladder with maximum cystometric capacity (MCC)and post void residue (PVR), Urine culture were done for most of the patient. Patient with indwelling catheter was remove and clean intermittent catheterization was demonstrated. There was no patient with pace maker or valve replacement. We didn’t use routine prophylactic antibiotics, Patients was advice to contact to UDS room physically or over telephone if they feel fever, retention, and other complications. Urodynamic tests include uroflowmetry, postvoid residual measurement, cystometric test, leak point pressure measurement, pressure flow study, and few cases with electromyography.
Results: Among them most cases are equivocal and obstructive cases are ranked second about 68 cases (16.87 These were Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), stricture urethra, atonic bladder, and dysfunctional voiding. Only five patients had urinary tract infections (1.2%) with rise of temperature but only two had cultural positive and treated with sensitive antibiotics. Organism were streptococcus aureus and pseudomonus. One female and one male patient develop retention and relived by continuous catheterisation and after 7 days removed catheter.
Conclusions: Urodynamics could help most diagnosis of LUTSs in most of the cases. We are not yet in using video urodynamics instead urethrocystoscopy may help in assessing the urethra and bladder neck.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.8-13
Outcome of Pcnl in Proximal Ureteric Stone: A Comparative Study With Laparoscopic Retrieval
Authors: Ahmed Tanvir , Kabir Md Humayun , Md Khairuzzaman - , Ahsan Md Monirul , Jahan Mirana , Islam Md Sayedul
Published: October 2020

A hundred-percent stone clearance was achieved in a hospital based prospective clinical trial in which 60 cases of upper ureteric stone were selected by purposive sampling for percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy & Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy between December 2012 and June 2014 in BSMMU. The mean age of the patients was 40.53±11.71 (19-61) and 41.23±10.76 (20-59) years old in PCNUL and LUL groups, respectively. The mean stone size in PCNUL group was 1.88±0.39 (1.06-2.45) cm and in LUL group was 1.97±0.42 (1.20-2.60) cm. The duration of the operations were 94.13 ± 17.34 (75-140) minutes, and 121.43 ± 19.91 (90-167) minutes (P =0.001); and the average hospital stay days were 3.73 ± 1.20 (3-8) and 4.80 ± 1.71 (3-9) days (P = 0.017) in groups PCNUL and LUL, accordingly. The mean Hb decrease in PCNUL group was 1.16±0.35 mg/dL and in LUL group was 0.77±0.31 mg/dL (P = <0.001). No statistically significant differences in terms of fever and post operative prolonged urinary leakage were detected in both groups. Therefore the compared outcome is better in percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy group although stone clearance rate was same in percutaneous nephroureterolithotomy & laparoscopic ureterolithotromy patients.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.25-30
Outcome of Anastomotic Urethroplasty in Posterior Urethral Distraction Defect With or Without Mucosal Fixation- a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hossain Sayem , Alam AKM Khurshidul , Khan Hasina Sadia , Faruque Mohammad Salahuddin , Jahan Ismat , Azam ASM Shafiul
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Anastomotic urethroplasty is the treatment of choice for posterior urethral distraction defect. To notice the high failure rate of anastomotic urethroplasty, several peri-operative factors are identified. Among the per-operative factors, mucosal fixation of the both urethral ends is one of the outcome influencing factor that is recently identified. So, this randomized clinical trial has been designed to compare the outcome of anastomotic urethroplasty in posterior urethral distraction defects with or without mucosal fixation.
Objective: To compare the outcome of anastomotic urethroplasty of PUDD patient groups with or without mucosal fixation in terms of post-operative IPSS, maximum urine flow rate and post void residual urine.
Patients and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Urology, BSMMU between January’16 - November’17. Posterior urethral distraction defects with length of gap between two urethral segments upto 3 cm. were included in the study. The patients in whom anastomotic urethroplasty were done with mucosal fixation were enrolled as study group(n=21) and patients in whom anastomotic urethroplasty were done without mucosal fixation were included as control group(n=21). All the patients were followed upto 6 months of anstomotic urethroplasty and failure of anastomotic urethroplasty (by RGU and MCU), PVR and maximum urine flow rate (Qmax) in between two groups were compared.
Result: The failure rate was found significantly higher in control group than in the study group (p=0.043). The control group showed highly significant (0.001) increase in postoperative PVR than the study group and the study group showed significant (0.007) increase in post operative maximum urine flow rate than the control group as was assumed in the hypothesis.
Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that anastomotic urethroplasty with mucosal fixation is a better option than anstomotic urethroplasty without mucosal fixation. But multicentric trial is needed to further comment.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.31-34
Posterior Urethral Valve
Authors: Gupta Sudip Das , Uddin Sharif Mohammad Wasim , Rabin Nadia
Published: October 2020

Abstract Not Available
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.35-39
Solitary Ureteral Metastasis of Carcinoma Stomach : An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Rahman Md Mahmud Ur , Hossain AKM Shahadat , Asad Hafiz Al , Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Hasan Lutful
Published: October 2020

Ureteral metastasis from gastric cancer is rare. It is usually diagnosed in the setting of an advanced gastric cancer or on postmortem examination. Isolated ureteral metastasis without involvement of other sites is extremely rare. We describe a 35-years age woman with gastric cancer and right ureteral metastasis. She presented with right flank pain due to right sided hydro-ureteronephrosis following ureteral obstruction. Surgical relief of the obstruction was sought and the surgical biopsy specimens showed metastatic adenocarcinoma in the ureteral wall. A search for the primary lesion revealed gastric cancer. She denied any symptoms referable to her upper GI tract.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.40-42
Renal Cell Carcinoma in 20 Years Old Female; A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Khadka Ravi Roshan , Hasan Md Sajid , Rahman Md Shafiqur , Azam ASM Shafiul , Bista Sanjeeb Bhakta , Rahaman Md Mostafizur , Ullah ATM Aman
Published: October 2020

A 20 year old female was diagnosed, clinically, radiologically and by FNAC as a case of benign renal mass. She was observed for 5 months and on reevaluation by contract enhanced CT scan of abdomen revealed, contrast enhancing well demarcated mass with stable size. She was then planned for enucleation and frozen section biopsy. Per operatively, mass were easily enucleated but frozen section shows malignancy hence nephrectomy was done. Histopathological report showed; renal cell carcinoma, clear cell type and TNM staging; T1b Nx M0. Hence in this paper, we have reviewed the article regarding RCC in young age and a diagnostic dilemma of RCC in young age.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2018 p.43-47
Practical Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccine Design and Development
Authors: Haque Md Azizul
Published: October 2020

Abstract Not Available

TAJ 2020; 33(1): i-iii
Ultrasound Guided Needle Aspiration of Breast Abscess as an Alternative to Surgical Incision and Drainage
Authors: Ali Md Nowshad , Hannan Md Abdul , Shahid Shah Md Ahsan , Kubba Taibatul , Roy Dipankar
Published: October 2020

Breast abscess is the localized collection of pus in breast tissue. Various treatment protocols used now a day like oral drugs, hot compression, surgical incision and drainage and ultrasound guided needle aspiration. Aim of this article was to identify the ultrasound guided needle aspiration of breast abscess is an alternative to surgical incision and drainage by analysis of previous study reports. It was found that though ultrasound guided aspiration of breast abscess has some benefit than traditional surgical drainage but it not applicable for all cases.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 1-4
Factors Affecting the Survival Trend in Carcinoma Pancreas- A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Sarker Md Khalequzzaman , Paul Binoy , Haider Salahuddin Mohammed Ali , Sarker Md Moniruzzaman , Parveen Nasrin Ara , Raihan ASMA
Published: October 2020

Carcinoma pancreas is the fourth common cause of the death from cancer in man and women in USA. The condition becomes increasingly common over the age of 70 years. The total number of carcinoma pancreas patients available for the study within the stipulated time was 22. Among them 68.18% patients were male and 31.82% patients were female. 0% belonged to age group ≤ 20, 9.09% belonged to age group 21-30, 18.18% belonged to age group 31-40, 18.18% belonged to age group 41-50, 13.64% belonged to age group 51-60, 27.27% belonged to age group 61-70 and 13.64% patients were >70 years of age. Mean age was 54.87 years ± 17.65 SD. In our study, 46.7% survived ≤3 months, 33.3% 4-6 months, 13.3% 7-9 months, 06.7% 10-12 months, 0% 13-24 months and >24 months. Among 15 expired patients, 02 got curative treatment and rest of 13 got palliative treatment. Those who got curative treatment, 50% survived 7-9 months and 50% 10-12 months. Those who got palliative treatment 53.8% survived ≤3 months, 38.5% 4-6 months and 7.7% 7-9 months. Overall median survival was 04 months, for curative treatment was 09 months and for palliative treatment was 03 months.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 11-16
Comparison of Liver Function Tests in Normal Pregnancy with Non-pregnant Matched Controls
Authors: Khatun M Rokeya , Khatun Amina , Ali Md Nowshad
Published: October 2020

Background: Change of liver biochemical profiles is normal during pregnancy. It is almost impossible to understand disease processes that can threaten women during pregnancy without understanding normal physiological change. Aim of this study is to evaluate changes in serum liver function tests in normal pregnant women in first, second and third trimester.

Material and Methods: The cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh in 2019. This study consists of 90 pregnant women and 90 matched control. Among the 90 pregnant women, 30 were in first trimester, 30 were in second trimester and 30 were in third trimester. Blood samples were taken for routine liver function and protein profiles

Results: Serum total and direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower in second and third trimester. The mean ALP level was slightly increased in 2nd trimester and drastically increased in 3rd trimesters during pregnancy. Serum ALT and AST activity was significantly increased in third trimester. No significant change in serum total proteins concentration, but serum albumin concentration was significantly lower and serum globulin concentration was significantly higher in all three trimester. Serum albumin/globulin ratio was significantly reduced in second and third trimester.

Conclusion: Relative values of various liver function tests during gestational trimesters appear to be the best guide to confirm the diagnosis and treatment strategies. Thus, gynecologists should routinely monitor liver function tests in all gestational trimesters to avoid the future complications to mother and offspring.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 17-24
Evaluation of Conventional Root Canal Treatment for Healing of Periapical Pathosis of Nonvital Teeth
Authors: Hossain Md Ismail , Parveen Monira , Choudhury Md Nahid Khurram , Wakia Tasnim , Uddin Farid , Rahman Md Shoyeb
Published: October 2020

Background: Root canal Therapy is one of the procedures for the management of nonvital tooth with periapical lesion. The principle of this therapy is the complete sterilization of the total pulp canal space thereby healing of the periradicular lesion.

Objectives: This experimental study assessed the clinical and radiological outcome of root canal treatment for nonsurgical management of nonvital teeth with periapical lesion.

Materials and Methods: A total number of 40 infected teeth with periapical lesion were treated by conventional root canal treatment. Irritants from the root canal system was removed by mechanical instrumentation( Crown down Technique), chemical irrigation with NaOCL and by using Calcium Hydroxide as intracanal medicaments and fluid tight obturation both apically and coronally resulting repairs of inflamed periradicular tissues. The protocol for follow up examination will be 3, 6 and 12 months post operatively. At the time of follow up examination a standard follow up chart will be maintained.

Results: Among 40 cases 32 cases could be treated as acceptable as their responses were good both clinically and radiologically and 5 patients came back with some complications among them 3 cases were uncertain and 2 cases were unacceptable.

Conclusion: It was concluded that conventional root canal treatment reduced clinical signs and symptoms successfully in teeth with periapical lesion and radiologically.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 25-30
Correlation Between pH of Saliva and Dental Caries among Children of Rajshahi City
Authors: Ferdose Jannatul , Shamsuzzaman AK Mohammad , Alom Md Shah , Tasnim Anika , Rahman Nahreen
Published: October 2020

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the salivary pH in dental caries children. The study was carried out with the objective of evaluation of pH of saliva by pH scale among healthy and caries children.

Materials & Methods: A hospital-based study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Rajshahi in collaboration with Dental unit, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi for a period between January to December 2017. All the cases were purposively selected from whom salivary sample were collected to measure pH using a chair side test strip. pH paper was rolled over the saliva on slide. Compare the colour against the standard to obtain a measurement.

Results: The present study suggests that there is a significant relation between salivary pH and caries.

Conclusion: We hypothesize that low salivary pH are associated with a higher dental caries rate.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 31-34
Serum CA 19.9 as a Tumour Marker in Colorectal Cancer Staging- An Experimental Study
Authors: Parveen Monira , Md Badruddoza Shah , Asafudullah SM , Khanom Khadiza , Sultana Arefa , Akhter Shameem
Published: October 2020

This cross-sectional, descriptive observational study was carried out for a period of 24 months from January 2014 to December 2015 in the Department of Pathology and Department of Surgery, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi for estimation of serum 19-9 level in total fifty four patients. Histopathological Staging was correlated with the preoperative values of serum CA 19-9 level. Data were collected by face to face interview, clinical examination and findings of laboratory investigations. Preoperative serum CA 19-9 levels were estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Method. The study revealed that the colorectal carcinoma was highest in the 5th and 6th decade and rectal area (46.3%) and male predominance was observed with male to female ratio being 3:2. A higher incidence of abnormal CA 19-9 level was found in Dukes’ D (100%) and Dukes’ C (84%) diseases than in Dukes’ B (76%) and Dukes’ A (75%) stages. The sensitivity of CA 19-9 in correctly detecting advanced stage CRC carcinoma from those who had early stage of the disease is (36/44) × 100 = 81.8% and its specificity in correctly excluding those who did not have advanced disease is (2/10) × 100 = 20%. The overall diagnostic accuracy is calculated to be (36 + 2)/54 = 70.37%. Regarding diagnostic values for colorectal carcinoma elevated level of serum CA 19-9 can be considered as an important diagnostic tool for differentiating advanced stage of colorectal carcinoma from its early stage

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 35-40
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies
Authors: Akhter Mohsena , Bhuiyan Ishrat , Khan Zulfiqer Hossain , Akhter Mahfuza , Ahmad Gulam Kazem Ali , Mumtaz Fahima
Published: October 2020

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies.

Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety.

Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47
Liver Abscess due to Enterohepatic Migration of Fish Bone
Authors: Hoque Md Mohimanul , Haque Md Azizul , Islam Md Shafiqul , Rahman Md Hafizur , Rahman Md Anisur , Haque ANM Mozammel
Published: October 2020

Liver abscess due to accidentally ingested fish bone is extremely rare; only 30 cases have been described in the literature. We are reporting a 46-year-old female presenting with liver abscess due to enterohepatic migration of accidentally ingested fish bone.

TAJ 2020; 33(1): 48-50
AJARAN KONSEP KARMA SANYASA DAN YOGA SANYASA DALAM LONTAR CANDRA BHERAWA
Authors: Ariyoga I Nyoman
Published: October 2020

Masuknya agama Hindu ke Indonesia, menimbulkan pembaharuan yang besar, misalnya berakhirnya jaman prasejarah Indonesia, perubahan dari religi kuno ke dalam kehidupan beragama yang memuja Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dengan kitab Suci Weda dan juga munculnya kerajaan yang mengatur kehidupan suatu wilayah. Ajaran agama Hindu yang diwarisi secara turun-temurun dapat diketahui salah satunya melalui peninggalan berupa lontar. Salah satu lontar yang sarat dengan nilai kehidupan beragama dan nilai tattwa adalah Lontar Candra Bherawa.  Lontar Candra Bherawa adalah lontar yang berisi ajaran dua tattwa yang sangat berbeda dalam pelaksanaanya. Namun tujuan dari masing-masing ajaran itu adalah kemanunggalan dengan Tuhan. Ajaran Konsep Yoga Sanyasa yaitu cara atau jalan untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan dengan melakukan yoga atau pengendalian pikiran sebagai jalan utama. Sedangkan Ajaran Konsep Karma Sanyasa yaitu jalan atau cara untuk mendekatkan diri terhadap Tuhan dengan memilih jalan melakukan kerja sebagi suatu persembahan, ia bebas dari ikatan kerja, serta untuk mencapai kesucian jasmani dan rohani.
MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN INDIVIDU MELALUI AJARAN KARMAPHALA
Authors: Hartaka I Made
Published: October 2020

Human behavior determines the results they will receive later. Rational thinking continues to look for the true meaning of life that we live today. with the ability to receive knowledge empirically or based on literacy sources, humans look for the right equivalent of the life they have received from birth to death. The deepening of faith continues to be carried out in the hope of enlightening the search for answers to these questions. The doctrine of teaching has been given concretely, that life is influenced by our past, present, and future behavior. Literary sources become doctrines that are held by Hindus to navigate the ocean of life. The current period requires humans to quickly make decisions. Thoughts about how we behave are suggested to accommodate this. But many are trapped by the desire to follow developments that ignore religious noble values. Self-discipline needs to be improved, so that someone returns to the path of Dharma based on the Vedic scriptures.
PENGUSADHA DALAM FILSAFAT YOGA DARSANA (Studi Kasus di Desa Payangan, Kecamatan Marga, Kabupaten Tabanan)
Authors: Gunawijaya I Wayan Titra
Published: October 2020

Ilmu pengobatan berkembang dengan pesat seiring perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, meskipun perkembangannya sangat cepat terdapat beberapa hal yang belum dapat dipecahkan dalam dunia medis yaitu penyakit mistik/ non medis. Percaya atau tidak banyak masyarakat mengalami penyakit tersebut yang tidak dapat disembuhkan dalam ilmu pengobatan modern yang kemudian dapat tersembuhkan hanya dengan bantuan obat herbal yang diramu oleh balian/ penekun pengobatan usadha Bali. Dalam proses pengobatannya balian melibatkan energi alam semesta melalui pranayama dan samadhi. Ajaran filsafat yoga asanas dipegang teguh, serta diterapkan dalam proses pengobatan. Untuk mengkaji hal tersebut tentunya akan dilaksanakan penelitian melalui metode kualitatif sebagai dasar pelaksanaan penelitian. Metode pengumpulan data berdasarkan observasi, wawancara, dan metode kepustakaan sebagai pendukung hasil penelitian lapangan, yang kemudian di sajikan dalam bentuk deskrifsi kualitatif.

Pengobatan alternative usadha Bali masih eksis dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat umum terlihat dari antusian masyarakat yang berobat cukup tinggi, begitu juga pemerintah berupaya memfasilitasi Balian diberikan kedudukan di rumah sakit umum untuk melakukan praktek pengobatan. Swadharma seorang balian adalah melakukan pengobatan kepada pasien yang berobat sesuai kode etik balian dalam melakukan pengobatan. Balian berperan sebagai pengobat/ yang mempraktekkan ilmu pengobatan warisan leluhur, sarana yang dipergunakan pun adalah tanaman herbal. Selain itu balian di Bali dalam melakukan pengobatan melakukan kolaborasi dengan filsafat yoga asana khususnya pranayama dan samadhi, kedua hal tersebut menjadi ilmu wajib yang dikuasai oleh balian dalam menekuni ilmu pengobatan.
KOSMOLOGI HINDU DALAM TEKS PURWA BHUMI KAMULAN
Authors: Sandi Untara I Made Gami
Published: October 2020

Pengetahuan tentang penciptaan alam semesta atau Kosmologi banyak terdapat dalam karya sastra Jawa Kuna yang sangat penting dikaji agar umat Hindu mengetahui secara mendalam mengenai Kosmologi yang terdapat dalam karya sastra Jawa Kuna.  Salah satu karya sastra Jawa Kuna yang mengandung pengetahuan Kosmologi adalah Purwa Bhumi Kamulan. Purwa Bhumi Kamulan termasuk kelompok lontar Tattwa. Lontar ini berisi ajaran tentang penciptan dunia yang diuraikan secara mitologis. Seluruh ajarannya bersifat siwaistik. Proses penciptaan yang diuraikan pada Purwa Bhumi Kamulan dimulai dari Bhatari Uma lahir dari pergelangan kaki Bhatara Guru. Dari kekuatan yoga Bhatara dan Bhatari, lahirlah para Dewata, Panca Rsi, Sapta Rsi sebagai isi dunia ini. Setelah itu barulah dunia ini diciptakan. Pemeliharaan (stithi) dalam teks Purwa Bhumi Kamulan ketika manusia harus senantiasa harus melakukan pemujaaan-pemujaaan kepada Bhatara-Bhatari agar terjadinya keseimbangan dalam dunia ini dan peleburan (pralina) dalam teks Purwa Bhumi Kamulan ketika Selain itu Bhatari Durga juga memakan manusia sebagai upah telah menciptakan dunia ini akan tetapi tidak semua manusia yang ada di dunia ini yang dimakan oleh Bhatari Durga. Adapun manusia yang dimakan dengan enaknya oleh Bhatari Durga, tidak lain yang dimakan adalah orang yang lahir pada Wuku Carik, yaitu orang yang lahir pada Wuku Wayang, lahir kembar siam (kadana-kadini), bersaudara lima, tunas tunggul (tunggak wareng), unting-unting.
Relationship between migraine and internet addiction in pharmacy students
Authors:   Division of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan, Ishii Masakazu ,   Division of Physiology and Pathology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan, Katoh Hirotaka ,   Kuramae Kato Medical Clinic, Tokyo, Japan,   Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, Kasai Hideyo ,   Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, Ishibashi Masaaki ,   Division of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan,   Division of Physiology and Pathology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
Published: October 2020

Background: In recent years, with the rapid popularization of the Internet, lifestyle disturbances, such as insufficient sleep due to excessive use of the Internet, is of concern. Sleep problems are known to trigger migraines. To clarify the relationship between migraine and Internet addiction, a questionnaire survey was conducted for pharmacy students at university. Methods: Internet addiction symptoms were assessed using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and migraine was evaluated using modified Japanese migraine screening. Continuous variables were analysed using the unpaired Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple Turkey's comparison tests. Categorical variables were analysed by the χ2 test. Results: The recovery rate was 98.9% (442 / 447 students). Of the 288 students who had headaches in the past 3 months, 145 students (32.8%, 145/442 students) were judged as having migraines by migraine screening. Sleep problems (62.1%) were observed in the migraine group. Moreover, sleep deprivation due to headache was noted in 31.7% of the migraine group. The percentage of students with Internet addiction in the migraine group was significantly higher than that in the other headache group or no headache group. Conclusions: Internet addiction was associated with the presence/absence of migraine in pharmacy students at university
A model of empowering fishermen communities in improve the welfare of Belawan sub-district, in Medan Belawan, Indonesia
Authors: Sismudjito . , Sitorus Henri , Lase Eko
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to examine the lives of fishermen communities, found, and also discussed appropriate empowerment models for fishermen communities in Sub-District Belawan, Medan. Data collection through survey methods was done by distributing questionnaires to 100 fishermen communities. An in-depth interview method was also done to 4 informants consisting of the local chief and the fishermen communities. Through the results of descriptive analysis, it was found that the partnership – based empowerment model was an appropriate model with the situation and conditions of the fishermen communities in Sub-District Belawan, Medan. This partnership-based empowerment consisted of facilities assets, training, governance, developing access facilities of fisheries business, and strengthening fishing skills. However, some other aspects needed to be renewed in the fishermen communities, such as built the concepts of understanding the education meaning for fishermen communities and made approaches in mass, individual, and group to the communities. This was done to increase communities' motivation to participate in existing empowerment activities. The results of this paper were formulated in the form of communities and appropriate technology for the fishermen communities of Belawan.
Season and technique of green pruning on physiological and sensorial aspects of Maciel peaches
Authors: Dotto Marcelo , Pirola Kelli , Cassol Darcieli Aparecida , Alegretti Alexandre Luiz , Zanella Juliano , Wagner Junior Américo , Conceição Paulo César
Published: October 2020

One of the aspects that should be considered regarding the fruit market is the quality. Appearance is considered an important factor as the color of the skin. One of the management techniques to improve the peach quality is green pruning. The objective of this study was to determine the season and the technique for green pruning. The study was carried out in a commercial orchard atDois Vizinhos city, Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized experimental with four replications and two trees by experimental unit. The techniques were first to remove vertical branches facing the center of the canopy and in the base of the tree with reference to broken and poorly ones and, the second the belding of these. The use of green pruning for Maciel peach tree in five to four weeks before harvesting, improved fruit quality.