bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal Illumination A Comparison of Agriculture in Humans and in Fungus-growing Ants
Authors: Schultz Ted R , Mueller Ulrich G , Currie Cameron R , Rehner Stephen A
Published: November 2023

The fungus-growing ants of the tribe Attini (subfamily Myrmicinae) rely on the cultivation of fungi for food. The cultivated fungi are the sole source of nutrition for the larvae and the principal source of nutrition for the adults. All of the approximately 210 described attine ant species occur exclusively in the New World. Because the Attini are monophyletic and because no other ants are known to cultivate fungi, fungiculture is thought to have arisen a single time in ants. Attine ant fungi­ culture is perhaps the most unusual example of the more general phenomenon of ant agriculture, which has originated many times. Diverse ant species and clades cultivate mutualistic plants by removing weeds, eliminating pests, planting seeds, and providing soil and manure; other ant species herd, protect, and even breed mutualistic aphids and other homopterans (Holldobler and Wilson 1990; Schultz andMcGlynn 2000). No doubt many general ecological patterns and principles could be elucidated by comparing the full range of ant and human agriculture. This chap­ ter provides the first step in such an exercise by focusing on the much more limited comparison of the agricultural systems of fungus-growing ants and humans.
Ecology and Evolution of Mycophagous Bark Beetles and Their Fungal Partners
Authors: Harrington Thomas C
Published: November 2023

Associations between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, or family Scolytidae, depending on the classification used; Bright 1993; Farrell et al. 2001; Marvaldi et al. 2002) and fungi are varied and well known, but mycophagy (fungal feeding) by bark beetles has received relatively little attention. This may be due to the rarity or relative unimportance of fungal feeding by bark beetles, which feed in a nutrient-rich substrate, the inner bark of trees, or it may be due to a bias in research toward the possible importance of plant pathogenic fungi carried by a few coniferous bark beetles. The best studied of the more than 3500 species of bark beetles (Wood 1982; Farrell et al. 2001) construct their egg galleries in the inner bark (secondary phloem) of living trees, especially conifers in the family Pinaceae (Raffa et al. 1993).
From Mendel to Molecules: A Brief History of Evolutionary Genetics
Authors: Dietrich Michael R
Published: November 2023

Biologists have been grappling with selection ever since Darwin. Historians also face a problem of selection-not natural selection, but the selection of which events to include in their narratives. No historical narrative can be complete in the sense of including every event, actor, and idea. Historians must choose which events they will include and which they will not. Writing a survey of the history of evolutionary genetics in such a short space makes this problem of selection especially acute. A number of different approaches have been taken to the history of evolutionary genetics. Will Provine has suggested that the history of evolutionary biology is one of persistent controversy (Provine 1989; see also Lewontin 1974). Certainly one could write a history of evolutionary genetics in terms of the disputes between, for instance, the Mendelians and Biometricians, Sewall Wright and R. A. Fisher, saltationists and gradualists, the classical and balance approaches, and neutralists and selectionists (Provine 1986, 1990; Beatty 1987b; Dietrich 1994, 1995, 1998; Smocovitis 1996; Skipper 2002). Such an antagonistic view of evolutionary genetics complements histories emphasizing the great collaborations that have also characterized the history of the subject, such as those between Theodosius Dobzhansky and Sewall Wright, E. B. Ford and R. A. Fisher, or indeed those within any of the many laboratory groups working in the twentieth century (Provine 1986). More institutionally minded historians have emphasized the rise of societies, journals, and funding sources (Smocovitis 1996; Cain 1993).
Introducing Psychobiography
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2023

The aim of psychobiography is simply stated, though immensely difficult to achieve: the understanding of persons. This is what psycho-biographers spend their hours thinking and writing about: complex, creative, inevitably contradictory individual lives, many of them also at their end. If, to most research psycholo-gists—those valuing above all else the examination of single variables and part processes in contexts of careful experimental control—psychobiographers are felt to be chasing the wrong rainbows, that says more about psychology than it does psychobiography. After all, if psychology ought to strive for anything, if it hoped one sunny day to step away from its labs, one-way mirrors, instruments, and apparatuses into the uncontrolled world of life, then saying something vital about people—not single-file nameless mobs, but actual individuals with ahistory—should be job one. When I first started doing psychobiography under the guidance of Alan Elms at the University of California at Davis—indeed when I first heard the term even used—I quickly grasped its antidotal nature (it was a partial “cure “ for psychology ‘s “sicknesses “ of reductionism, scientism, trivialness, and irrelevance), and also its radicalism. It was not quite permissible. Its subjects weren ‘t anonymous. It had nothing to do with groups. It did not require statistics. It made little effort to discover general principles applicable either to everyone or to subsets of subjects.
The Psychobiographical Study of Psychologists
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: November 2023

Perceptive observers have long noticed that there is an intimate connection between the personal life of psychologists—their experiences, troubles, preoccupations, and conflicts—and the psychological ideas and theories they create. Often this connection is spoken of as surprising or humorous. Henry A. Murray (personal communication, 1975), himself an influential psychological theorist, was talking with me once about Erik Erikson, whom he had known for many years. He pointed out that Erikson ‘s theory of human development did not fit everyone but applied to Erikson and people like him very well. Then he chuckled and, referring to theories of human development in general, said, “They ‘reall autobiographies, every one of them. “
Regulation of l Gene Expression by Transcription Termination and Antitermination
Authors: Court David I Friedman donald L
Published: November 2023

Regulatory effects on gene expression at the level of transcription elongation are now recognized to be widely operative in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (23, 97, 117, 123). Recognition of this mode of regulation can be dated to the 1969 Nature paper by Jeff Roberts (138). Not only did this work identify the Escherichia coli Rho termination protein and propose that there are specific transcription termination sites in the phage l genome, but it led to the proposal that the l N transcription regulation protein promotes gene expression by allowing RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) to transcend transcription terminators.
Phage Lysis
Authors: Wang Ry Young Ing-Nang
Published: November 2023

In general, bacteriophages must lyse their host cells to liberate the progeny virions. The most common misconception about host lysis is that it is simply the inevitable outcome of phage infection, a kind of sad denouement that follows after the elegant processes defining successive waves of gene expression and the intricate and coordinated pathways leading to virion morphogenesis. For example, in the otherwise captivating description of the molecular processes of phage life cycles in The Molecular Biology of the Gene (112), it is explained that some phage proteins are needed early, ‘‘while others, such as the viral coat proteins or the lysozyme for bacterial cell lysis, must only appear later,’’ leading to the end of the infective cycle of phage T7. ‘‘Finally, T7 lysozyme destroys the bacterial cell wall and allows newly formed phage particles to escape and renew their growth cycle in other bacteria.’’ The impression given is that lysis is caused by the late appearance of lysozyme activity, despite the fact that T7 lysozyme is an early gene.
Bacteriophage T5
Authors: Sayers Jon R
Published: November 2023

Several features of phage type 5 make this a very interesting and rather unusual lytic bacteriophage. Phage T5 does not encode an RNA polymerase, unlike the T7 phage, nor does it contain unusual DNA modifications such as the 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine present in phage T4. T5 DNA carries some of the strongest known prokaryotic promoters but they are regulated in a strictly controlled temporal sequence. Perhaps the most unusual feature is that the phage’s DNA enters the host in a two-step transfer mechanism. Transfer of the viral genome from the virion to host pauses after injection of the first 10 kb of the 120 kbp linear genome, until the pre-early phage-encoded proteins have been produced. The DNA itself is unusual in that it contains a number of cryptic nicks in one strand of its double-stranded genome. The phage is able to destroy host cell DNA rapidly, yet can quickly inactivate the nuclease responsible for this degradation.
Bacteriophage l and its Genetic Neighborhood
Authors: casjens Roger W Hendrix sherwood
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage l (lambda) was discovered at the dawn of molecular biology as an inadvertent byproduct of studies of the genetics of Escherichia coli K-12, where l resides as a prophage (221). Lambda has never been independently isolated from nature a second time, but because of its particularly fortuitous choice of time and place to make its appearance, it became one of the very small number of experimental systems that were used in elucidating our most basic understanding of biological organisms at the molecular level. It has been said for many years, and may still be true, that more scientist-years per base pair have been devoted to understanding the biology of phage than is the case for any other organism, and this is due only in part to the modest size of its genome (48,503 bp).
The Directed Facial Action Task:Emotional Responses Without Appraisal
Authors: Ekman Paul
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I first describe how my colleagues and I came up with the idea that voluntary facial actions could generate other emotional responses. Then I discuss the experiments we performed and how we attempted to rule out artifacts that might have been responsible for the phenomena. In a set of studies we showed the generality of our findings over age, sex, and culture. Next I discuss two theoretical issues: (1) whether voluntarily moving our facial muscles actually generates emotion and (2) three alternative explanations of the way voluntary actions generate emotional responses. Last, for those who might want to use the Directed Facial Action Task (DFA), I include the nuts-and-bolts information about how to administer it.
Emotional Behaviors as Emotional Stimuli
Authors: Laird James D , Strout Sarah
Published: November 2023

Smile at the approaching friend and feel happy. Scowl into the blinding, setting sun, and rage at the drivers ahead. Race up the stairs and fear the impending meeting. When we think about the elicitors of emotion, we think immediately of events in our lives—the arrival of our friend, the tedious crawl of traffic, the threatening boss—and we imagine that the causes of our emotions are events that preceded them. Sometimes, though, the emotional feelings may arise by a different route. In this chapter we describe a family of techniques for eliciting emotional reactions, techniques that arise from a particular theoretical understanding of emotional processes. This theory suggests that often the smile is the proximal cause of happiness, the scowl causes the anger, and the pounding heart of the stair climber causes anxiety. The techniques we describe in this chapter all involve manipulating the target person’s behavior, or his or her understanding of that behavior, in order to change his or her feelings. As one might expect, these different techniques have both advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the techniques that focus on eliciting circumstances. We begin with a brief description of the background theory that is just sufficient to provide an explanation of the reasons this family of elicitation techniques can be successful. Then we discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques relative to others, so that readers can get some idea of how useful those techniques might be for their purposes. After a fuller description of these techniques, we return to the question of advantages and disadvantages in more detail.
Considerations in Studying Emotion in Infants and Children
Authors: Henderson Heather A , Fox Nathan A
Published: November 2023

Many of the concerns about eliciting emotion in infants and young children are quite similar to those with adults. Developmental psychologists, like other emotion researchers, are often challenged to identify the specific responses that determine whether a particular stimulus condition has elicited emotion. Must an infant or young child display a particular facial expression in order for the researcher to state that emotion has been elicited? Can other behavioral responses, such as motor behavior (withdrawal or approach), vocal expression, or body posture, be utilized to identify the expression of emotion? The same questions may be raised with regard to physiological measures in the measurement of emotion. Is the presence of a change in physiology sufficient to determine the presence of emotion? For example, if heart rate increases or cortisol rises in response to an elicitor, does that signify the presence of emotion? In the absence of facial expression, how can we identify discrete emotion states? Or are physiological responses non-emotion-specific and thus useful only as corollaries of more specific behavioral signs of emotion? These questions are pertinent across the life span when assessing emotion.
Investigating Human Emotion With Lesions and Intracranial Recording
Authors: Adolphs Ralph
Published: November 2023

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It is somewhat ironic that the classic and dramatic studies of emotion in the early twentieth century all used methods that are rarely or never applicable in humans. Kluver and Bucy, and before them Bard, Cannon, and others, gained insights into the regions of the brain important for the elicitation of emotional responses by experimentally introducing large lesions in animals. Olds, Milner, and Hess, in their classic studies, used another invasive method, direct electrical stimulation of the brain, to evoke emotional behaviors. And a third, more modern, common method for investigating emotion in animals is intracranial recordings. All of these methods are commonly used in animals; the reasons none is in common usage for the investigation of human emotions is obvious. Instead, modern cognitive neuroscience approaches to investigating emotion draw on a different set of techniques, notably functional imaging and scalp-evoked potential studies, among others.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Study of Emotion
Authors: Norris Catherine J , Coan James A , Johnstone Tom
Published: November 2023

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology has had both intentional and unintentional influences on the study of emotion. Brain imaging techniques have on one hand provided psychologists and neuroscientists access to brain-behavior relationships undreamed of only 20 years ago. On the other hand, the striking images produced by fMRI can convey a sense of “objectivity” that is unwarranted by the method (Olson, 2005), and critics have expressed concerns about the risk (and tendency) of too readily inferring the isolation of specific causal brain mechanisms that underlie extremely complex psychological phenomena (cf. Cacioppo, et al., 2003; Kahn, 2004).
The Search for Prolongevity: A Contentious Pursuit
Authors: Binstock Robert H
Published: November 2023

Nearly 40 years ago, historian Gerald Gruman (1966) created the term prolongevity to encompass the multiple goals of antiaging interventions over the years, defining it as significant extension of the human life span and/or average life expectancy with¬ out suffering and infirmity. In doing so, however, he observed that the idea of prolongevity and those who pursue it have tended to be relegated to a limbo reserved for impractical projects or eccentric whims not quite worthy of serious scientific or philosophic consideration. One reason for this neglect is that there is, in philosophy, science, and religion, a long tradition of apologism, the belief that the prolongation of life is neither possible nor desirable. . .. Another reason is the fact that there are few subjects which have been more misleading to the uncritical and more profitable to the unscrupulous; the exploitation of this topic by the sensational press and by medical quacks and charlatans is well known.
The Quest for Immortality: Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature
Authors: Adams Mark B
Published: November 2023

The spectacular developments in current biotechnology have sprung from recent theoretical and experimental breakthroughs, and they have raised a range of issues relating to ethics, human destiny, and the relationship between science and religion. Yet, although many may be unaware of it, these developments have been historically shaped by a tradition of thought that arose roughly a century ago, at the birth of what was then called the new biology. The turn of the twentieth century witnessed the birth of various new and exciting forms of experimental biology.
The Prolonged Old, the Long-Lived Society, and the Politics of Age
Authors: Binstock Robert H
Published: November 2023

For several decades gerontologists have been writing about the agi,ng society (e.g., Neugarten, 1978/1996; Pifer and Bronte, 1986), well aware from demographic analyses that the numbers and proportions of older persons in industrialized societies would swell substantially in the early decades of the twenty-first century. In the United States, for example, it has long been clear that the aging of the baby boomers-an exceptionally large birth cohort of 76 million persons born between 1946 and 1964-would result in one in five Americans being aged 65 and older by the year 2030 (Hobbs, 1996).
The Path of Understanding —A Century of Exploration
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

People suffering with depersonalization disorder and their families face a difficult task when trying to learn more about the condition. Someone dealing with cancer, diabetes, depression, or bipolar disorder can find many sources of information readily available. Libraries, bookstores, the Internet, and even newsstands provide venues for research material. But this is still not the case when it comes to depersonalization.
Tomorrow Is Another Day Living With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

In my early years as a neuropsychologist, I had very little contact with people who had multiple sclerosis (MS), and my general impression was that this demyelinating disease resulted in a range of symptoms that came and went, but that almost inevitably the sufferer became severely disabled and probably ended up wheelchair-bound. I suppose I gained this rather dismal impression of the prognosis for MS sufferers because the few cases I saw were hospitalized in the neurology ward for some sort of treatment or assessment. I gradually built up a more accurate picture of MS as I came into contact with more people with the disease, many of whom remained very capable both physically and mentally, with little or no deterioration over all the years I knew them.
A Whole Life With Half A Brain
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

If I were asked to describe Kate’s most obvious characteristics, I would say she is assertive, witty, and verbally “quick.” She is also a middle-aged woman who works full-time in a large city library, has been married and divorced, and enjoys an active social life. Kate, however, is different in one important way from the innumerable other women who would fit a similar description: She has only half a brain.
Fitting Models to Biological Data Using Linear and Nonlinear Regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Most biologists use nonlinear regression more than any other statistical technique, but there are very few places to learn about curve-fitting. This book, by the author of the very successful Intuitive Biostatistics, addresses this relatively focused need of an extraordinarily broad range of scientists. The book will likely be purchased by a high proportion of biological laboratories, for frequent reference. The author gets about 3000 visits per month to his curvefit website, with the average visitor viewing 9 pages.
The results of nonlinear regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter discussed the five most important questions to ask when reviewing results of nonlinear regression. This chapter explains the rest of the results. The plot of the best-fit curve can include the 95% confidence band of the best-fit curve, or the 95% prediction band. The two are very different. The confidence band tells you how well you know the curve. You can be 95% sure that the true best-fit curve (which you could only know if you had an infinite number of data points) lies within the confidence band.
Generating confidence intervals via model comparison
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we’ll develop a third method to obtain the confidence interval of a best-fit parameter (to complement the asymptotic and Monte Carlo methods described in the previous two chapters). It is based on the method to be discussed below in Chapter 22. That chapter explains how to compare two related fits to a set of data. This method generates an F ratio, from which you can determine a P value. If the P value is less than 0.05, we say that the fit of the two models differs significantly.
Analyzing saturation radioligand binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Saturation radioligand binding experiments measure specific radioligand binding at equilibrium at various concentrations of the radioligand. Nonlinear regression analysis of saturation binding data allows you to determine receptor number and affinity. Because this kind of experiment used to be analyzed with linear Scatchard plots (more accurately attributed to Rosenthal), they are sometimes called “Scatchard experiments”.
The Role of Exercise, Physical Medicine, and Physical Therapy
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

In our society much of what we do is passive. Many of our jobs are performed behind desks and counters with little expenditure of physical energy. Our recreation has become increasingly passive with television, computers, and electronic games. But our Western culture is paying a price for this couch potato lifestyle with rising obesity. We are now recognizing that this passivity translates into increased rates of diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes. Moreover, the complications of normal aging are exacerbated by this easy lifestyle. Osteoporosis is accelerated by lack of physical activity, with consequent hip fractures. As we age, our muscles tend to lose their tone and strength, and this is exacerbated by lack of physical activity. Our tendons and ligaments lose their elasticity with age, and a sedentary lifestyle increases the symptoms of stiffness and aching. The old adage, “If you don’t use it, you lose it,” is an irrefutable fact of aging. Graceful aging requires that we stay physically (and mentally) active to preserve our bodies as best we can. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is inextricably tied to aging. It usually starts in middle age or beyond and parallels the aging process; the longer you have PD, the older you get. Thus people with PD need to fight both their disease and normal aging. It turns out that exercise is a key element in both of these battles.
Stepping Into the Light: Modeling the lntraindividual Dimensions of Hedonic and Eudaemonic Well-Being
Authors: Ong Anthony D , Horn, John L , Walsh David A
Published: November 2023

Over the past three decades, the scientific study of positive human health and well-being has been driven by two major philosophical perspectives, one emphasizing hedonism or happiness and the other emphasizing eudaemonism or self-actualization (cf. Ryan & Deci, 2000; Waterman, 1993). These perspectives have shaped two prominent theories of positive health: the theory of subjective well-being (SWB; see Diener, 1984; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999, for reviews) and the theory of psychological well-being (PWB; see Ryff, 1995; Ryff & Singer, 2000, for reviews). Although both theories aim to describe how people evaluate their lives, each gives emphasis to different aspects of this evaluation. Subjective well-being defines evaluations in terms of three elements: judgments of positive and negative affect (Diener & Emmons, 1984; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and overall life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976). In contrast, PWB parses well-being into six elements: judgments of self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, and autonomy (Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).
Assessing Factorial Invariance in Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Bontempo Daniel E , Hofer Scott M
Published: November 2023

The issue of factorial invariance (FI), or more specifically the subset of FI tests that pertain to measurement equivalence, is in essence an issue of construct validity. At the conceptual level, a measure is valid when it accurately operationalizes the construct it purports to measure. The operationalization calibrates manifest indicators to theoretical constructs, which are latent in the sense that they are not directly observed. When a construct is used across multiple groups of individuals or on multiple occasions for the same individuals, the construct’s measurement is invariant (and scores may be quantitatively compared) only when the construct’s operationalization functions equivalently for each group or occasion. This is defined as measurement invariance, and multigroup requirements can be mathematically formulated (Meredith, 1993). In practice, invariance of measurements obtained in different groups is often assumed without formal test. This occurs when scale items are summed (i.e., unit-weighted) or latent factor scores (a loading-weighted sum of scale items) are calculated across groups or occasions without first establishing that the score’s meaning is invariant for each group or across occasions. For a construct operationalized as the common factor of a set of manifest indicators, measurement invariance can be demonstrated by testing a sequence of invariance hypotheses focusing on the loadings, intercepts, specific factors, and some structural elements of the common-factor measurement model. These hypotheses provide evidence for the validity of subsequent score comparisons across groups or occasions.
Experimental Approaches to Individual Differences and Change: Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Extraversion
Authors: Zelenski John M
Published: November 2023

Positive psychologists, like most other people, wish to better understand happiness. While our environments and efforts surely play roles, it is also clear that some people are dispositionally more (or less) prone to happiness. For example, the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism are among the best predictors of happiness (negatively in the case of neuroticism; Diener & Seligman, 2002; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). Nonetheless, naming these traits does not tell us what causes individual differences in happiness. The question remains: What are the processes that underlie the traits of extraversion and neuroticism, or individual differences in happiness? That is, what, specifically, are the stable aspects of personality (e.g., genes, beliefs, etc.) that contribute to behavior and experience across situations, and how do they manifest themselves, in conjunction with changing situations, over time? For example, do extraverts put themselves into more positive environments, or do they respond more positively than introverts while sharing roughly equivalent environments? In either case, how, at the level of psychological processes, is this accomplished (e.g., differences in attentional biases or emotional responsiveness)? Understanding the causal processes underlying individual differences provides an attractive goal for research, but also raises significant challenges. Most obviously, individual differences (like extraversion or happiness) are not easily manipulated and, as every psychologist learned in his or her first methods course, manipulation is the key to establishing causality in psychology.
Psychophysiological Approaches to the Study of Laughter: Toward an Integration With Positive Psychology
Authors: Devereux Paul G , Heffner Kathi L
Published: November 2023

The study of laughter occupies a rather modest place in scientific inquiry. Overshadowed by the study of humor, laughter has been relegated to a subtopic occasionally examined within the study of emotion (Ruch, 1993), facial displays (van Hoof£, 1972), communication (Grammer, 1990), and, of particular relevance to this chapter, wellbeing (Fry, 1994). Discussions of laughter and health have mostly occurred in the context of therapeutic approaches to healing and wellness without strong scientific support. The scientific neglect of laughter is not unlike the relative neglect of positive emotion in general, and therefore it is commendable that this volume seeks to incorporate the work on laughter into positive psychology. The neglect of laughter is unfortunate because the topic of laughter has much to offer the study of positive psychology. From its benefits to the physiological system and potentially to individual health, to its indication of positive interaction and positive intraindividual emotional states, the study of laughter can inform the interpersonal, individual, and biological levels of psychological inquiry. Laughter is implicated in a wide variety of positive psychology topics (e.g., reducing perceptions of pain, reconstructing narrative, coping, resilience, creating and strengthening bonds, and mind-body linkages).
Natural Experiments: What Behavioral Genetic Approaches Can Tell Us About Human Potential
Authors: Bergeman C S , Ong Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Variation is a hallmark of human development. Implied in every question about an individual’s development, thus, is another question: How did the person get this way? And, relatedly, What kind of person will he or she become? Such questions are neither invented by nor restricted to academic psychologists. Reflections on religion, physics, education, and philosophy all lead to the issue of biological propensity and individual agency, and one has only to read Dostoyevsky to get a sense of the exigency with which these issues may be felt. Indeed, questions concerning the influence of nature versus nurture speak to the very core of what it means to be human. Does genetic inheritance restrict our range of purposeful behavior? At the same time, individual variation in genetic makeup also begs a question about identity, one that all identical twins probably struggle with to some extent: If you cannot hear the beat of your own heart, who are you? Comprehensive understanding of the complexities of human development, thus, requires methodologies that permit the assembly of an ever-expansive puzzle, the pieces of which come from different domains of inquiry. Behavior genetics is a theory and a set of methodologies that can help to bridge the arc between the language of genes and the influence of the environment (cf. Bergeman, 1997; Plomin, Defries, & McClearn, 1990).
Cultural Aspects of Quantitative Genetic Investigations
Authors: Whitfield Keith E , Brandon Dwayne T
Published: November 2023

The fields of quantitative genetics, adult development, and aging as well as cultural psychology often draw from perspectives in positive psychology to explain phenomena within their disciplines. The discussion in this chapter is on using positive psychology perspectives to further elucidate the complicated relationships found in the integration of adult development and aging research with cultural psychology, using a quantitative genetic approach to examine individual differences. Social scientists have long been engaged in an epic search for the sources of individual variation in the development and aging of humans. Research has led to various methodologies in an effort to account for the differences found between people. One of those methodologies is quantitative genetics, which, in part, grew out of opposition to the “environmentalist” view that only factors from the environment are involved in interindividual variability (Plomin, Defries, McClearn, & Rutter, 1997). However, the absence of environmental causal factors in molecular genetic models and theories swings the pendulum of reductionism too far in the opposite direction.
Understanding the Adjustment to Widowhood: Using Dynamical Systems to Assess and Predict Trajectories of Well-Being
Authors: Bisconti Toni L , Bergeman C S
Published: November 2023

The last decade has seen an explosion of research from a new area in psychology. This area, positive psychology, emphasizes the positive aspects of well-being and functioning rather than pathology (Aspinwall & Staudinger, 2003; Seligman & Czikszentmihalyi, 2000; Thompson, 2002). In fact, human beings appear to have an extraordinary capacity to maintain emotional, psychological, and physical health despite facing a myriad of stressors (Luthar, 1991; Ryff & Singer, 2002). Resiliency, or the ability to maintain or regain healthy levels of functioning under difficult or stressful circumstances (Bonanno, 2004; Masten & Reed, 2002), was first introduced in the field of child psychopathology (Masten, 1999; Masten & Garmezy, 1985); the term, however, has now been used across all disciplines in psychology to describe individuals who show adaptation and growth rather than decline or pathology under challenging conditions. In understanding adjustment to widowhood, bereavement researchers have begun to apply the concept to the characteristics of individuals who successfully negotiate the process of adjusting to conjugal loss. In fact, Bonanno (2004) held that “resilience in the face of loss ... is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience” (p. 20).
Application of Dynamic Systems Analysis to Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Felmlee Diane H
Published: November 2023

Research on close dyads assumes that individuals who comprise couples influence each other’s behavior over time. A good deal of theoretical work on intimate relationships, for example, focuses on the ways in which romantic partners affect each other and their relationship. Yet interaction between members of a dyad seldom is modeled formally as an endogenous system in which each actor is allowed to directly affect change in the behavior of the other, and as a consequence we know little about the manner in which each member of a pair influences the other. A good deal of theoretical and empirical work also documents that dyadic social processes fluctuate, and that interaction among pairs of social actors is fluid. Nevertheless, there are relatively few systematic studies that investigate the types of changes that might occur over time in interdependent, dyadic social systems.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Positive Psychology: Parameters, Models, and Searching for a Systems Summum Bonum
Authors: Schuldberg David
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses new measurement and modeling techniques for positive psychology, methods grounded in the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS). The chapter’s primary focus is on ways to evaluate interindividual differences in variables that assess the complexity of each person’s fluctuating behavior.1 It also discusses individual differences in descriptors summarizing the pattern or shape of a participant’s variations. Whether assessing the quantity-or the quality and style-of a person’s changes, the intent is to find indices of intraindividual change that can be related to interindividual differences in positive characteristics. The emphasis here is on methods based on NDS, in contrast to more traditional timeseries techniques.
The Use of Growth-Curve Modeling in Estimating Stability and Change in Well-Being Over Time
Authors: Mroczek Daniel K , Griffin Paul W
Published: November 2023

One central goal of positive psychology is the understanding of positive psychological growth. Growth implies change. Hence, positive psychology needs tools that can accurately track growth and other types of change over time. This need calls out for longitudinal studies, of course, but also for statistical techniques that can make the most of longitudinal growth data. Growth-curve models are one such technique. Many of the research questions posed by the positive psychology movement are suitable for growth-curve modeling. For example, in what ways do the positively valenced components of well-being change over time? What aspects are stable and which change? More important, who changes and who stays stable? These questions are essential to positive psychology and are amenable to growth-curve models.
Multilevel Modeling of Social Interactions and Mood in Lonely and Socially Connected Individuals: The MacArthur Social Neuroscience Studies
Authors: Hawkley Louise C , Preacher, Kristopher J , Cacioppo john T
Published: November 2023

For all the intellectual sophistication and ingenuity of the human species, it is our rudimentary need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that motivates much of our behavior and shapes our thoughts and feelings about others. We engage in strategies that facilitate being accepted by others; we cultivate friendships and partnerships; we strive to overcome obstacles that threaten our social bonds; and we suffer when our social relationships are hurting or broken. Ultimately, the success we experience in achieving, negotiating, and maintaining our social relationships helps determine our overall satisfaction with life (Myers, 2000; Myers & Diener, 1995).
Detecting Population Heterogeneity in Stability and Change in Subjective Well-Being by Mixture Distribution Models
Authors: Eid Michael , Langeheine Rolf
Published: November 2023

The state-trait distinction has a long tradition in psychology. Particularly in emotion psychology, it is common to distinguish between an emotional state that characterizes the emotion felt at any given moment in time and an emotional trait that describes the disposition of an individual to the repeated experience of a specific emotional state (e.g., Lazarus, 1991; Spielberger, 1977). In positive psychology, it is also common to distinguish, for example, between the momentary well-being of an individual and a general well-being set point that characterizes an individual across situations and time (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi & Wong, 1991; Eid & Diener, 2004). The state-trait distinction enables positive psychologists to simultaneously analyze the effect of stable personality traits as well as fluctuating situational influences on the experience of subjective well-being.
Drawing from the Well of Wisdom
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: November 2023

Existential psychiatrist IrvingYalom once advised novice therapists to “Nurture the shudder; don’t anesthetize the pain.” There is much to be learned in the darkness—especially if we have the psychological tools and spiritual wisdom to draw strength from these experiences.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart:Developing a Personally Designed Self-Care Protocol
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: November 2023

Health care is one of the few professions where it is socially acceptable to ignore your family, your nonwork life, yourself. Gabbard and Menninger theorized many years ago with respect to physicians as to why this is so: Whether their theory is correct or not, care must be taken not to be driven in one’s career to the extent that everything else loses value and accordingly does not receive the attention it should. Although being a healing professional is a wonderful way to devote oneself, unless care is taken to ensure that the rest of one’s life is fulfilling as well, one’s life becomes too narrow, limited, and eventually distorted. This can have a negative impact not only on oneself but also on family life and other interpersonal relations.
Basic Concepts and Equations
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 developed an appreciation of the qualitative nature of natural rivers and river flows; the variables that characterize channels, flows, and sediment; and some of the quantitative relations among these variables. Chapter 3 described the properties of water that determine how it responds to forces acting on it. To complete the presentation of the foundations of the study of open-channel flows, this chapter focuses on the physical and mathematical concepts that underlie the basic equations relating fluid properties and hydraulic variables, with the objective of providing a deeper understanding of the origins, implications, and applicability of those equations. Most of these equations are based directly on the laws of classical (Newtonian) mechanics; however it is often useful or necessary to make use of equations that are not derived directly from basic physical laws, and these are introduced in the last section of the chapter.
Positive Personality Development Approaching Personal Autonomy
Authors: Leontiev Dmitry
Published: November 2023

Positive development has not yet found its place among the “pillars of positive psychology” (Seligman, 2002a, 2002b). However, it appears no less important than positive emotions, positive traits, and positive institutions. Unlike positive emotions, it is always synergetic: It brings benefits not only to the developing person, but also to other persons surrounding him or her. Unlike positive traits, it is something a person cannot reach, but rather must cultivate all the time with incessant efforts. Unlike positive institutions, it is something for which a person can take full responsibility. What Seligman calls the Nikki principle—”by identifying, amplifying, and concentrating on these strengths in people at risk we will do effective prevention” (Seligman, 2002b, p. 5)—is not so much about the strengths themselves, but rather about the process of their actualization.
Integrating Perspectives on Human Body Perception
Authors: Knoblich Gunther , Thornton Ian , Grosjean Marc , Shiffrar Maggie
Published: November 2023

It is virtually impossible not to perceive one’s own body. When we wake up in the morning, our bodies are the first things we feel and see. As the day goes on we continue to perceive our bodies; in one way or another they are always present, in our perceptual experience, until we fall asleep again at night. Almost equally ubiquitous is the perception of others’ bodies, be it those of our partners, children, colleagues, or strangers in real life, on TV, or in projected images.
From “Body in the Brain” to “Body in Space”:Sensory and Intentional Components of Body Representation
Authors: Maravita Angelo
Published: November 2023

Our body is many things. From a sensory perspective the body is the physical space where all somatosensory input is coded. From a motor point of view, the body is the effector through which each one of us can interact with objects in external (extrapersonal) space.
When the Other Influences the Self:Interference Between Perception and Action
Authors: Blakemore Sarah-Jayne
Published: November 2023

The notion that actions are intrinsically linked to perception goes back to the 19th century when William Carpenter developed the principle of “ideomotor action,” in which simply thinking about an action is sufficient to lead to the performance of an action (Carpenter, 1888). Similarly, William James claimed, “[E]very mental representation of a movement awakens to some degree the actual movement which is its object” (James, 1890, p. 293). The implication is that observing, imagining, or in any way representing an action excites the motor programs used to execute that same action (Jeannerod, 1994; Prinz, 1997). Interest in this idea has grown since the 1990s due in part to the neurophysiological discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. These neurons discharge both when the monkey perfom1s certain hand movements and when it observes another monkey or human perfomling the same movements (Gallese et al., 1996; Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Fogassi, & Gallese, 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Sue
Published: November 2023

In this edition of Women in Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future, we offer updated perspectives on the progress of women candidates and officeholders, their challenges, and prospects for their future in light of their ongoing quest for diverse and balanced political representation. Four themes dominate the chapters in this volume: (1) although women have made progress as candidates and officeholders, they are still vastly underrepresented on the state and federal levels; (2) women make a difference in office: they bring distinctive attitudes and behaviors to legislatures, and real policy differences are the result of their contributions; (3) evidence suggests that the political playing field is not level; rather, women tend to pay a higher cost than men for the same levels of success; and (4) the higher cost and the underrepresentation can be explained, in large part, by the concept of “institutional gendering,” or persistent experiences of discrimination and structures designed to extend male privilege. The fourteen chapters that follow illuminate these themes and speak to the future of equality of political representation. —ARISTOTLE, Politics, book IV, chapter 4 There cannot be true democracy unless women are given the opportunity to take responsibility for their own lives. There cannot be true democracy unless all citizens are able to participate fully in the lives of their country.
Do Women and Men State Legislators Differ?
Authors: Epstein Michael J , Niemi Richard G , Powell Lynda W
Published: November 2023

Once in office, do women legislate differently from men? Are their political attitudes distinctive? Michael J. Epstein, Richard G. Niemi, and Lynda W Powell draw on two national surveys of state legislators from 1995 and 2002 to explore these questions. Their key findings include the fact that, though this wasn’t always the case, today women legislators are more professionalized than men in their perceptions of their careers and their behavior in office. For example, women spend more time communicating with their constituents, negotiating with other legislators to build coalitions, and studying legislative proposals.
Minds on Trial
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Everyday, in courtrooms everywhere, people's lives are touched and shaped by judgments and verdicts influenced by the testimony of psychologists and other mental health experts. This casebook details 20 high-profile court cases that turned, at least in part, on the expertise of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists and involved such psychological issues as insanity, criminal profiling, capital punishment, competence to stand trial, infanticide, domestic violence, false confessions, and psychological autopsies. The defendents in these cases range from household names such as Woodly Allen, Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, and Jeffrey Dahmer to others whose brief brush with infamy has long been forgotten. But regardless of their notoriety or celebrity status, each of these carefully selected cases teaches important lessons about the role that psychology and the other behavioral sciences play in our legal system.