bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Analysis of Narrative: NarrCat and the Identification of Infrahumanization Bias Within Text
Authors: Choi Sarah , Liu James H. , Csertő István , Vincze Orsolya , Fülöp Éva , Pólya Tibor
Published: December 2019

The Narrative Categorical Content Analysis toolkit (abbreviated as NarrCat) decomposes narratives into distinct, quantifiable psychological processes. In this study, NarrCat was applied to analyze New Zealand’s historical “Speeches from the Throne” from 1854 to 1913 (68 speeches). Specifically, NarrCat’s cognition, emotion, and intention modules were applied to analyze patterns of psychological perspective, or psychological states, attributed to various groups in the speeches (Māori, British settlers, and British governing elites). This allowed us to examine infrahumanization bias, as denoted by patterns of language, in New Zealand’s governing discourses during colonization. Results showed that Māori were infrahumanized compared with the British settlers overall. However, only British Governing elites were attributed significantly greater agency (i.e., cognition and intention) in inferences of their psychological perspective compared with other groups. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed through the lens of infrahumanization theory, as well as colonizing discourses like the British Enlightenment and Good Māori–Bad Māori discourse.
Neural network-based adaptive terminal sliding mode control for the deployment process of the dual-body tethered satellite system
Authors: Liu Chenguang , Wang Wei , Guo Yong , Chen Shumin , Li Aijun , Wang Changqing
Published: December 2019

The dual-body tethered satellite system, which consists of two spacecraft connected by a single tether, is one of the most promising configurations in numerous space missions. To ensure the stability of deployment, the radial basis function neural network-based adaptive terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for the dual-body tethered satellite system with the model uncertainty and external disturbance. The terminal sliding mode controller serves as the main control framework for its properties of the strong robustness and finite-time convergence. The radial basis function neural network is adopted to approximate the model uncertainty, in which the weight vector of the radial basis function neural networks and the unknown upper bound of the external disturbance are estimated by using two adaptive laws. Finally, the Lyapunov theory and numerical simulations are used to prove the validity of the proposed controller.
Modelling electro-impulse de-icing process in leading edge structure and impact fatigue life prediction of rivet holes in critical areas
Authors: Zhang Yongjie , Liang Ke , Lan Hai , Falzon Brian G
Published: December 2019

The de-icing of a wing leading edge using an electro-impulse method benefits from its very low energy requirement and high efficiency. The high-frequency mechanical vibration activated by an electromagnetic pulse coil linked to an impulse circuit fractures the ice accumulating on the leading edge, and the ice is removed very rapidly when flying. An improved de-icing criterion based transient dynamics method is employed to accurately simulate the electro-impulse de-icing (EIDI) process. To reduce computational expenses in modelling all the rivet joints, a simplified model of leading edge structure ignoring all rivets is established using tie-constraints to identify high-stress areas or critical areas of leading edge structure during the EIDI process. Afterwards, a local detailed model of leading edge structure modelling rivets, rivet holes and their surfaces in critical areas, is set up to accurately describe the impact response and stress configuration of leading edge structure during the EIDI process. According to the EIDI local detailed model for leading edge structure, the fatigue life of critical rivet holes is predicted based on the local maximum stresses. Consequently, the endurance strength of the leading edge structure is estimated and a safe assembling scheme of the EIDI system is suggested.
Identifying and exploring linguistic expertise of psychiatrists in interviews with patients with thought disorder
Authors: Galletly Cherrie , Ash David , Sweeney Shaun , O’Neill Fiona , Crichton Jonathan
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To identify and understand the linguistic expertise of psychiatrists in clinical interviews with patients experiencing thought disorder (TD).

Method:

Qualitative analysis of 24 routine clinical interviews between psychiatrists and inpatients with TD.

Results:

Psychiatrists demonstrated the expertise with which they navigated clinical interviews and accomplished shared goals with patients experiencing TD. These findings highlight the need to rethink the notion that such patients are incapable of productive communication. Capturing and describing psychiatrists’ tacit expertise provides a foundation for documenting an under-recognised skill set.

Conclusions:

Understanding such expertise could enhance the care of patients with TD, repositioning them as active participants in the accomplishment of shared therapeutic goals. Teaching these skills to mental health clinicians during their training would improve their ability to establish effective therapeutic relationships with these patients.
Considering context: lessons from global mental health
Authors: Ouliaris Calina
Published: December 2019

Objective:

The development of international mental health has been characterised by the globalisation of Western psychiatric nosology that is arguably ill-suited to developing countries. This piece highlights the limitations of our current classification systems and explores how we may seek to overcome these limitations by considering the context in which symptoms present.

Conclusion:

In developing a global model of psychiatric illnesses, it is important to emphasise contextual value judgements. Doing so welcomes integration of traditional models of care and encourages partnership across nations.
The physical health Wellness Clinic model of care for patients with mental health issues who are ‘hard to engage’
Authors: Stanley Susanne H , Ferguson Lucia , Velayudhan Ajay
Published: December 2019

Objective:

People with chronic and severe mental health issues die 15–25 years earlier than people in the general population – the main reason for this is poor physical health. An innovative treatment model for the management of primary care within a mental health service setting for ‘hard to engage’ patients is presented.

Conclusion:

The Wellness Clinic model provides the final level of care, where individuals who are at risk will receive a thorough physical health check and be referred for any additional tests and scans that are needed ensuring that any health issues are addressed. Ongoing monitoring and treatment occurs with the overall aim of reintegrating individuals back into the community through linking them in with community GPs.
Publishing Bad News: A Meandering Journey
Authors: Miller Danny
Published: December 2019

I present some lessons from an unanticipated research and publishing journey. They demonstrate that research can become a highly unpredictable process whose mission fails, yielding instead, after struggle and reorientation, some useful surprises. Whereas the less controversial surprises may be welcomed by academics, the more discordant ones may resist publication – but draw significant interest from practitioners.
A state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control for a fractional-order Francis hydraulic turbine governing system
Authors: Tian Yuqiang , Wang Bin , Chen Peng , Yang Ying
Published: December 2019

A nonlinear predictive control scheme with a state estimator for a fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is studied in this article. First, a more practical fractional-order model of the hydraulic turbine governing system is introduced. Second, according to the Grünwald–Letnikov definition of fractional calculus, the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is transformed into a nonlinear discrete model. Third, based on the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy theory, a fuzzy prediction model of the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system is presented. Furthermore, a state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control scheme is proposed for the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system, and the controller gain can be obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed state estimator–based nonlinear predictive control could effectively restrain the oscillation of the fractional-order hydraulic turbine governing system under various working conditions.
A metal-free aerobic oxidative bromination of anilines and aryl ketones with 2-methylpyridinium nitrate as a reusable ionic liquid
Authors: Li Ming-Fang , Wang Jian , Ke Yong-Xin , Pan Song-Cheng , Yin Hong , Du Wenting , Li Jing-Hua
Published: December 2019

An aerobic oxidative bromination of anilines and aryl ketones catalyzed by recyclable 2-methylpyridinium nitrate ionic liquid is achieved in water using hydrobromic acid as the bromine source and molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The catalytic system shows good efficiency and atom economy.
The stem cell–specific long noncoding RNA HOXA10-AS in the pathogenesis of KMT2A-rearranged leukemia
Authors: Al-Kershi Sina , Bhayadia Raj , Ng Michelle , Verboon Lonneke , Emmrich Stephan , Gack Lucie , Schwarzer Adrian , Strowig Till , Heckl Dirk , Klusmann Jan-Henning
Published: December 2019

HOX genes are highly conserved, and their precisely controlled expression is crucial for normal hematopoiesis. Accordingly, deregulation of HOX genes can cause leukemia. However, despite of intensive research on the coding HOX genes, the role of the numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) within the HOX clusters during hematopoiesis and their contribution to leukemogenesis are incompletely understood. Here, we show that the lncRNA HOXA10-AS, located antisense to HOXA10 and mir-196b in the HOXA cluster, is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as in KMT2A-rearranged and NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Using short hairpin RNA– and locked nucleic acid-conjugated chimeric antisense oligonucleotide (LNA-GapmeR)–mediated HOXA10-AS-knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated excision in vitro, we demonstrate that HOXA10-AS acts as an oncogene in KMT2A-rearranged AML. Moreover, HOXA10-AS knockdown severely impairs the leukemic growth of KMT2A-rearranged patient-derived xenografts in vivo, while high HOXA10-AS expression can serve as a marker of poor prognosis in AML patients. Lentiviral expression of HOXA10-AS blocks normal monocytic differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mechanistically, we show that HOXA10-AS localizes in the cytoplasm and acts in trans to induce NF-κB target genes. In total, our data imply that the normally HSC-specific HOXA10-AS is an oncogenic lncRNA in KMT2A-r AML. Thus, it may also represent a potential therapeutic target in KMT2A-rearranged AML.
The neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgolides and bilobalide in cerebral ischemic injury: a literature review
Authors: Feng Zili , Sun Qian , Chen Wang , Bai Yu , Hu Daihua , Xie Xin
Published: December 2019

The incidence and mortality of strokes have increased over the past three decades in China. Ischemic strokes can cause a sequence of detrimental events in patients, including increased permeability and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, metabolic disturbance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, neuron death and apoptosis, and cognitive impairment. Thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and mechanical embolectomy with a retrievable stent are two recognized strategies to achieve reperfusion after a stroke. Nevertheless, rtPA has a narrow therapeutic timeframe, and mechanical embolectomy has limited rates of good neurological outcomes. EGb761 is a standardized and extensively studied extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The ginkgolides and bilobalide that constitute a critical part of EGb761 have demonstrated protective properties towards cerebral injury. Ginkgolides include Ginkgolide A (GA), Ginkgolide B (GB), Ginkgolide C (GC), Ginkgolide J (GJ), Ginkgolide K (GK), Ginkgolide L (GL), and Ginkgolide M (GM). This review seeks to elucidate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of ginkgolides, especially GA and GB, and bilobalide in cerebral injury following ischemic strokes.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Redox-Sensitive Chitosan Oligosaccharide Nanoparticles Coated with Phycocyanin for Drug Delivery
Authors: Cheng Ziting , Zhang Wei , Hou Xiaoya , Wang Bingjie , Zhu Yanping , Zhang Peng , Zhao Feng , Chen Daquan
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a type of phycocyanin (PC)-functionalized and curcumin (CUR)-loaded biotin-chitosan oligosaccharide-dithiodipropionic acid-curcumin (BCSC) nanoparticles, called CUR-BCSC@PCs, were designed to enhance the biocompatibility of CUR. The structure of BCSC was confirmed using 1H-NMR. In CUR-BCSC@PCs with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 160.3 ± 9.0 nm, the biomimetic protein corona gave the nanoparticles excellent stability and the potential to avoid protein adsorption in blood circulation. The in vitro release experiment verified that CUR-BCSC@PCs with redox responsive shells were sensitive to high concentrations of glutathione. In addition, CUR-BCSC@PCs were effective at increasing the inhibitory activity on the proliferation of A549 cells by enhancing the intracellular uptake of CUR. These results indicated that CUR-BCSC@PCs have great application prospects in cancer therapy as effective drug delivery carriers.
Transcriptional induction of capsidiol synthesis genes by wounding can promote pathogen signal-induced capsidiol synthesis
Authors: Kojima Tomoya , Asakura Nobuhide , Hasegawa Shiori , Hirasawa Taishi , Mizuno Yuri , Takemoto Daigo , Katou Shinpei
Published: December 2019

Background

Plants are exposed to various forms of environmental stress. Penetration by pathogens is one of the most serious environmental insults. Wounding caused by tissue damage or herbivory also affects the growth and reproduction of plants. Moreover, wounding disrupts physical barriers present at the plant surface and increases the risk of pathogen invasion. Plants cope with environmental stress by inducing a variety of responses. These stress responses must be tightly controlled, because their unnecessary induction is detrimental to plant growth. In tobacco, WIPK and SIPK, two wound-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, have been shown to play important roles in regulating wound responses. However, their contribution to downstream wound responses such as gene expression is not well understood.

Results

To identify genes regulated by WIPK and SIPK, the transcriptome of wounded WIPK/SIPK-suppressed plants was analyzed. Among the genes down-regulated in WIPK/SIPK-suppressed plants, the largest group consisted of those involved in the production of antimicrobial phytoalexins. Almost all genes involved in the biosynthesis of capsidiol, a major phytoalexin in tobacco, were transcriptionally induced by wounding in WIPK/SIPK-dependent and -independent manners. 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (EAS) is the committing enzyme for capsidiol synthesis, and the promoter of EAS4, a member of the EAS family, was analyzed. Reporter gene analysis revealed that at least two regions each 40–50 bp length were involved in activation of the EAS4 promoter by wounding, as well as by artificial activation of WIPK and SIPK. Unlike transcripts of the capsidiol synthesis genes, accumulation of EAS protein and capsidiol itself were not induced by wounding; however, wounding significantly enhanced their subsequent induction by a pathogen-derived elicitor.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a so-called priming phenomenon since the induction of EAS by wounding is only visible at the transcript level. By inducing transcripts, not the proteins, of EAS and possibly other capsidiol synthesis genes at wound sites, plants can produce large quantities of capsidiol quickly if pathogens invade the wound site, whereas plants can minimize energy loss and avoid the cytotoxic effects of capsidiol where pathogens do not gain entry during wound healing.
Serious postoperative complications induced by medical glue: three case reports
Authors: Li Wei , Xiao Mingming , Chen Yujia , Yang Jiaxing , Sun Donghui , Suo Jian , Wang Daguang
Published: December 2019

Background

Various types of medical glues/adhesives/topical coagulants’ (referred to as MG hereinafter) have widespread application as surgical adhesives, and have been shown to be safe and effective for a broad range of usage, such as in hemostasis, reinforcement of intestinal anastomoses or sites of potential fluid leakage, adhesion of two surfaces, wound closure, and vascular embolization. However, inappropriate application of MG may sometimes lead to serious complications. Herein, we describe three cases of serious postoperative complications induced by a possible inappropriate use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate MG (NBCA MG).

Case presentation

Three patients presented with abdominal pain (chronic pain in cases 1 and 2, and acute pain in Case 3), hematochezia (Case 2), and intestinal obstruction (Case 3). All patients had a history of abdominal surgery and intraoperative use of NBCA MG. Abdominal computed tomography and gastroenterological endoscopy revealed foreign bodies (solidified MG in cases 1 and 2) and intestinal obstruction related to a mass of residual non-absorbed MG causing an internal hernia from a dense adhesion (Case 3). All patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, which revealed duodenal perforation, colonic erosion, and an internal hernia, all of which was related to MG use. We undertook removal of the foreign bodies (cases 1 and 2), surgical closure of the site of duodenal erosion (Case 1), partial colectomy (Case 2), and partial enterectomy (Case 3).

Conclusion

Inappropriate application of MG may induce serious complications. We emphasize the importance of careful evaluation of the indications, dosage, and spraying thickness of MG in clinical practice. Serious complications caused by inappropriate application of MG should be reported to raise awareness in the surgical fraternity.
A novel technique for repositioning a nasobiliary catheter from the mouth to nostril in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Choi Seong Ji , Lee Jae Min , Choi Hyuk Soon , Kim Eun Sun , Keum Bora , Seo Yeon Seok , Jeen Yoon Tae , Lee Hong Sik , Chun Hoon Jai , Um Soon Ho , Kim Chang Duck , Oh Chi Hyuk
Published: December 2019

Background

Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) is widely used for biliary decompression in patients with biliary disease. However, it is difficult to reposition a nasobiliary catheter from the mouth to nostril. We developed a new device, which has a curved flexible loop and bar-handle, for repositioning of ENBD catheter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the new loop-device for facilitating the repositioning of an ENBD catheter from the mouth to nostril.

Methods

Between January 2015 and December 2017, a comparative observational study was performed to evaluate the time taken for repositioning a nasobiliary catheter during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and compare the results of ENBD procedure between the new loop-device and conventional techniques. In the subgroup analysis, we evaluated the occurrence of oral cavity injury and the time taken to transfer ENBD catheter from the mouth to nostril.

Results

In all, 145 ENBD procedures were performed using these two techniques. The procedure time was significantly shorter in the new technique group than in the conventional group. (44 s vs. 194 s, p < 0.001). The total success rate of new device technique was 97.3%. No complication, including oral cavity injury, was observed.

Conclusions

The technique using our new loop-device was useful for repositioning a nasobiliary catheter from the mouth to nostril in ERCP. The new device does not require the removal of the mouthpiece before ENBD positioning, which can help perform the ENBD procedure rapidly and avoid the finger injury of endoscopists.
Diet quality and cognitive function in mid-aged and older men and women
Authors: Milte Catherine M. , Ball Kylie , Crawford David , McNaughton Sarah A.
Published: December 2019

Background

To date much research into nutrition and cognitive function has been at the nutrient or food level, with inconsistent results. There is increasing interest in the dietary pattern approach to assess whole diet quality and its association with cognitive function. This study investigated if diet quality is associated with cognitive function in men and women aged 55 years and over.

Methods

Adults aged 55–65 years in the Wellbeing, Eating and Exercise for a Long Life (WELL) study in Victoria, Australia (n = 617) completed a postal survey including a 111-item food frequency questionnaire in 2010 and 2014. Diet quality was assessed via the revised dietary guideline index (DGI-2013) and also by its individual components which assessed key food groups and dietary behaviours from the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-m) measured cognitive function in 2014. Associations between past (2010) and recent (2014) diet quality and its components, and cognitive function were assessed by linear regression adjusted for covariates.

Results

After adjustment for age, sex, education, urban/rural status and physical activity there were no associations between diet quality in 2010 and cognitive function in 2014. However participants who reported higher dietary variety (B = 0.28, 95% CI 0.03, 0.52) and women who reported “sometimes” adding salt to food after cooking (B = 0.98, 95% CI 0.25, 1.71) in 2010 displayed better cognitive function in 2014. In 2014, usual consumption of higher fibre bread choices in the total sample (B = 1.32, 95% CI 0.42, 2.23), and higher diet quality (B = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00, 0.07) and greater fluid consumption (B = 0.14, 95% CI 0.01, 0.27) in men were all associated with better cognitive function. In addition, men who reported “usually” adding salt to their food during cooking displayed poorer cognitive function (B = -1.37, 95% CI -2.39, − 0.35). There were no other associations between dietary intake and cognitive function observed in the adjusted models.

Conclusion

An association between dietary variety and some limited dietary behaviours and cognitive function was observed, with variation by gender. Future research should consider trajectories of dietary change over longer time periods as determinants of health and function in older age.
Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gebrie Alemu , Alebel Animut , Zegeye Abriham , Tesfaye Bekele , Wagnew Fasil
Published: December 2019

Background

Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness. It is prevalent in areas where personal and community hygiene is poor, and it mainly affects deprived and marginalized communities most importantly in Ethiopia. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia.

Method

A systematic review and meta-analysis was employed to determine the prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors among children in Ethiopia. We searched databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. To estimate the prevalence, studies reporting the prevalence of active trachoma and its associated factors were included. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft excel and the analysis was done using STATA 14 statistical software. To assess heterogeneity, the Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used. Since the included studies revealed considerable heterogeneity, a random effect meta- analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of active trachoma. Moreover, the association between factors and active trachoma were examined.

Results

The result of 30 eligible studies showed that the overall prevalence of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia was 26.9% (95% CI: 22.7, 31.0%). In the subgroup analysis, while the highest prevalence was reported in SNNP (35.8%; 95% CI: 22.7, 48.8), the lowest prevalence was reported in Oromia region (20.2%; 95% CI: 12.2, 28.2). Absence of latrine: OR 6.0 (95% CI 2.0, 17.5), the unclean faces of children: OR 5.5 (95% CI 2.8, 10.9), and no reported use of soap for washing: OR 3.3 (95% CI 1.8, 6.0) have shown a positive association with active trachoma among children.

Conclusion

From this review, it has been concluded that active trachoma among children is still a public health problem in different districts of Ethiopia. The prevalence of almost all studies are significantly higher than WHO target for elimination. Absence of latrine, unclean faces of children, no reported use of soap for washing are the important factors associated with active trachoma among children.
Comparing alternative cholera vaccination strategies in Maela refugee camp: using a transmission model in public health practice
Authors: Havumaki Joshua , Meza Rafael , Phares Christina R. , Date Kashmira , Eisenberg Marisa C.
Published: December 2019

Background

Cholera is a major public health concern in displaced-person camps, which often contend with overcrowding and scarcity of resources. Maela, the largest and longest-standing refugee camp in Thailand, located along the Thai-Burmese border, experienced four cholera outbreaks between 2005 and 2010. In 2013, a cholera vaccine campaign was implemented in the camp. To assist in the evaluation of the campaign and planning for subsequent campaigns, we developed a mathematical model of cholera in Maela.

Methods

We formulated a Susceptible-Infectious-Water-Recovered-based transmission model and estimated parameters using incidence data from 2010. We next evaluated the reduction in cases conferred by several immunization strategies, varying timing, effectiveness, and resources (i.e., vaccine availability). After the vaccine campaign, we generated case forecasts for the next year, to inform on-the-ground decision-making regarding whether a booster campaign was needed.

Results

We found that preexposure vaccination can substantially reduce the risk of cholera even when <50% of the population is given the full two-dose series. Additionally, the preferred number of doses per person should be considered in the context of one vs. two dose effectiveness and vaccine availability. For reactive vaccination, a trade-off between timing and effectiveness was revealed, indicating that it may be beneficial to give one dose to more people rather than two doses to fewer people, given that a two-dose schedule would incur a delay in administration of the second dose. Forecasting using realistic coverage levels predicted that there was no need for a booster campaign in 2014 (consistent with our predictions, there was not a cholera epidemic in 2014).

Conclusions

Our analyses suggest that vaccination in conjunction with ongoing water sanitation and hygiene efforts provides an effective strategy for controlling cholera outbreaks in refugee camps. Effective preexposure vaccination depends on timing and effectiveness. If a camp is facing an outbreak, delayed distribution of vaccines can substantially alter the effectiveness of reactive vaccination, suggesting that quick distribution of vaccines may be more important than ensuring every individual receives both vaccine doses. Overall, this analysis illustrates how mathematical models can be applied in public health practice, to assist in evaluating alternative intervention strategies and inform decision-making.
Ultra-processed food advertisements dominate the food advertising landscape in two Stockholm areas with low vs high socioeconomic status. Is it time for regulatory action?
Authors: Fagerberg Petter , Langlet Billy , Oravsky Aleksandra , Sandborg Johanna , Löf Marie , Ioakimidis Ioannis
Published: December 2019

Background

Ultra-processed food consumption is a risk factor for obesity and has a negative environmental impact. Food companies spend billions of dollars on advertisements each year to increase the consumption of ultra-processed food. In Australia, USA, and New Zealand, most food advertisements around schools and in train stations promote ultra-processed food, but no similar studies have been conducted in Sweden. The aim of this study was to explore the proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements in two districts of Stockholm, Sweden with low vs. high socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods

Two independent researchers (per area) mapped all advertisements, including storefronts, in two Stockholm districts. During consecutive days, all advertisements were photographed in Skärholmen (low SES district), and Östermalmstorg (high SES district), on the streets inside and outside the subway stations, as well as inside and outside of local shopping malls. Advertisements promoting food products were identified and a trained dietician categorized whether they promoted ultra-processed foods. Chi-Square test was conducted to test for differences in the proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements between the two study areas.

Results

In total, 4092 advertisements were photographed in Skärholmen (n = 1935) and Östermalm (n = 2157). 32.8% of all advertisements promoted food, while 65.4% of food advertisements promoted ultra-processed foods. A significantly higher proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements out of total food advertisements was identified in the low SES area, irrespective of the researcher taking the pictures (74.6% vs. 61.8%, p < 0.001 and 70.4% vs. 54.8%, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of food advertisements out of total advertisements between the two areas.

Conclusions

This study provides initial evidence about the scale and the differences in exposure to food advertisements across areas in Stockholm. The observed high proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements is concerning and is in sharp contrast to the Swedish dietary guidelines that recommend reduced consumption of such foods. Based on our results, residents in low SES areas might be more exposed to ultra-processed food advertisements than those in high SES areas in Stockholm. If such findings are confirmed in additional areas, they should be considered during the deployment of food advertisement regulatory actions.
Complementary medicine use among Australian patients in an acute hospital setting: an exploratory, cross sectional study
Authors: Waddington Freya , Lee Jenny , Naunton Mark , Kyle Greg , Thomas Jackson , O’Kane Gabrielle
Published: December 2019

Background

The use of Complementary Medicines (CMs) has significantly increased in Australia over the last decade. This study attempts to determine the extent to which complementary and alternative medicines are recorded, ceased or initiated in the acute hospital setting and investigate which health professionals have a role in this process.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of inpatients was conducted at a major tertiary teaching hospital. Patient’s medical records were examined to determine the rates of complementary medicine (CM) use and recording on medication charts and discharge prescriptions. Patient progress notes were audited to determine which health professionals were involved with the initiation or cessation of CMs during the inpatient stay.

Results

Three hundred and forty-one patients were included for analysis of which 44.3% (n = 151) participants were recorded as utilizing a CM. Patients were admitted on a mean of 2 (±1.4[Sd]; 0–9[range]) CMs and discharged on a mean of 1.7 CMs (±1.3[Sd]; 0–5[range]). 274 individual CMs were recorded on inpatient medication reconciliation forms with multivitamins, magnesium, fish oil and cholecalciferol recorded the most frequently. One hundred and fifty-eight changes to patient CM usage were recorded during the patient hospitalisation. One hundred and seven of these changes (68%) were not accounted for in the patient progress notes.

Conclusion

Patients use of CM in this hospital setting do not reflect the national estimated usage. On the occasions that CM products are included in patient records, they are subsequently deprescribed following patient examination in hospital. It is currently unclear which health professionals have a role in this deprescribing process.
Impact of faculty development programme on self-efficacy, competency and attitude towards medical education in Bhutan: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Tenzin Karma , Dorji Thinley , Choeda Tshering , Pongpirul Krit
Published: December 2019

Background

Soon after Bhutan’s first medical university was established in 2012, Faculty Development Programmes (FDPs) were adopted for efficient delivery of postgraduate medical curriculum. Medical education was an additional responsibility for the clinicians who already had multi-dimensional roles in the healthcare system where there is acute shortage of healthcare professionals. We studied the impact of FDPs on postgraduate medical education in Bhutan.

Methods

This was a mixed-methods study with a quantitative (cohort study – quasi-experimental with 18 participants) and concurrent explanatory qualitative component (focused group discussion (FGD) with 11 teaching faculty members). The 18 participants were given a structured FDP designed by the University. The FGD assessed teacher self-efficacy and competency using standard tools before and after the FDP. Thematic analysis of the FGD explored the impact of FDPs in the delivery of postgraduate residency programmes.

Results

There were significant increase in the teacher self-efficacy (31 vs 34,p = 0.009) and competency scores (56 vs 64,p = 0.011). There were significant improvements in self-efficacy in the domain of the teaching relevant subject contents and developing creative ways to cope with system constraints. In teaching-learning assessments, there was a significant appreciation of the effectiveness of lectures and tutorials and the use of essay questions. The FGD demonstrated the acceptance of FDPs and its importance in quality improvement of postgraduate medical education, professional development of teachers and improvement of their communication skills. The teachers have now migrated from the conventional methods of teaching to workplace-based teaching and assessment. The FDPs also resulted in review and revision of postgraduate medical curriculum soon after the first batch graduated in 2018. Lack of adequate support from relevant stakeholders and lack of a medical education centre in the University were seen as major challenges.

Conclusions

The FDPs have brought tangible professionalization of postgraduate medical education at an early stage of the medical university. There is a need for continued efforts to strengthen, sustain and consolidate the gains made thus far.
Comparing different supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction
Authors: Uddin Shahadat , Khan Arif , Hossain Md Ekramul , Moni Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2019

Background

Supervised machine learning algorithms have been a dominant method in the data mining field. Disease prediction using health data has recently shown a potential application area for these methods. This study aims to identify the key trends among different types of supervised machine learning algorithms, and their performance and usage for disease risk prediction.

Methods

In this study, extensive research efforts were made to identify those studies that applied more than one supervised machine learning algorithm on single disease prediction. Two databases (i.e., Scopus and PubMed) were searched for different types of search items. Thus, we selected 48 articles in total for the comparison among variants supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction.

Results

We found that the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is applied most frequently (in 29 studies) followed by the Naïve Bayes algorithm (in 23 studies). However, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm showed superior accuracy comparatively. Of the 17 studies where it was applied, RF showed the highest accuracy in 9 of them, i.e., 53%. This was followed by SVM which topped in 41% of the studies it was considered.

Conclusion

This study provides a wide overview of the relative performance of different variants of supervised machine learning algorithms for disease prediction. This important information of relative performance can be used to aid researchers in the selection of an appropriate supervised machine learning algorithm for their studies.
Factors associated with contracted services of Chinese family doctors from the perspective of medical staff and consumers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Huanyan , Shi Lei , Han Xuanye , Zhang Jinchan , Ma Yuanshuo , Yang Xi , Liu Ming , Fan Lihua , Lou Fengge
Published: December 2019

Background

The family doctor system has developed rapidly all over the world, and in the past few years, China has actively explored family doctor-type contracted services. This study aimed to explore the related factors of Contracted Family Doctors Services (CFDS) from the perspectives of medical staff and consumers, and to provide a stronger basis for the development and promotion of CFDS.

Methods

A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. A self-reported questionnaire was designed through a literature analysis, group discussions, expert consultations and a pre-investigation, and conducted among community health service providers in 12 community health service centres across four provinces of China. A total of 389 participants participated, and 320 valid questionnaires were obtained, with an effective response rate of 82.3%. A total of 36 consumers participated in in-depth interviews, and the effective rate was 100.0%. An exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, inductive methods, and expert consultations were used to analyse the related factors of CFDS.

Results

The related factors of CFDS from the perspectives of medical staff were divided into four dimensions, with the following weighting coefficients: national government factors (31.9%), community health service agency factors (24.7%), consumer-related factors (22.6%), and contracted doctor-related factors (20.8%). The related factors of CFDS from the perspectives of consumers were divided into four dimensions, with the following frequency sequence: national government factors, contract doctor-related factors, community health service agency factors, and consumers-related factors. National government factors played an important role in CFDS from the perspectives of medical staff and consumers.

Conclusions

The related factors of CFDS were the same from the perspective of medical staff and consumers, but the weight of each factor was different. The development of CFDS is inseparable from the support of policies. It is suggested that the government should strengthen the publicity of CFDS, expand the coverage, introduce personalised contract programs that meet the needs of different groups, and promote the rapid development of CFDS.
Different expression of Defensin-B gene in the endometrium of mares of different age during the breeding season
Authors: Crociati M. , Capomaccio S. , Mandara M. T. , Stradaioli G. , Sylla L. , Monaci M. , Cappelli K.
Published: December 2019

Background

Despite being one of the major causes of infertility in mares, the mechanisms responsible for equine endometrosis are still unclear and controversial. In the last few years, many investigations focused on local immune response modulation. Since it is generally accepted that endometrial fibrosis increases with age, we hypothesize that older mares could show altered local immune modulation, initiating a pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling cascade of events that could lead to endometrosis. The aim of this study, indeed, is to evaluate and describe the local gene expression of genes involved in acute inflammatory response and fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, TNFA, MMP9, IL6, TGFB1 and TGFBR1), together with others associated to immune modulation (DEFB4B, IDO1 and FOXP3), in uterine specimens from mares of different age.

Results

Twenty-five Standardbred mares were involved in the study with age ranging from 7 to 19 years (mean 10.40 ± 4.42). They were divided by age into two groups: G1 (n = 15, less than 10 years old) and G2 (N = 10, greater than 11 years old). Specimens from the uterus’ right horn-body junction were collected and processed for histology evaluation and RT-qPCR assay.Gene expression of DEFB4B, MMP9 and TNFA was higher in younger mares, suggesting a balance in immune modulation and tissue remodeling. Interleukin-6 and COL3A1 gene expressions were greater in older animals, probably indicating inflammatory pathways activation and fibrosis increase. Although no differences in fibrosis and inflammation distribution could be found with histological examination among G1 and G2, our results suggest a possible involvement of DEF4BB in regulating the local immune response in younger mare’s uterus (G1); age may contribute to the dis-regulation of DEFB4B transcription and, indirectly, influence the extracellular matrix homeostasis. Transcription of IDO1 and FOXP3 genes, instead, does not seem to be age related, or to be involved in local immune-response and tissue remodeling functions.

Conclusions

Further investigations are needed in order to clarify the interactions between the expression of DEFB4B, IL6, TNFA, COL3A1 and MMP9 and other local signals of immune-modulation and tissue remodeling, in mares in a prospective study design.
Vaccine strain Listeria monocytogenes abscess in a dog: a case report
Authors: Musser Margaret L. , Berger Erika P. , Parsons Cameron , Kathariou Sophia , Johannes Chad M.
Published: December 2019

Background

Listeria monocytogenes is a promising therapeutic vaccine vector for cancer immunotherapy. Although highly attenuated, three cases of systemic listeriosis have been reported in people following treatment with Listeria-based therapeutic vaccines. This complication has thus far not been reported in canine patients.

Case presentation

A dog previously diagnosed with osteoblastic osteosarcoma was presented for care following administration of three doses of the Canine Osteosarcoma Vaccine-Live Listeria Vector. On routine staging chest radiographs, mild sternal lymphadenopathy and a right caudoventral thoracic mass effect were noted. Further evaluation of the mass effect with computed tomography and ultrasound revealed a cavitated mass associated with the 7th right rib. Aspirates of the mass cultured positive for Listeria monocytogenes. The mass and associated ribs were surgically removed. Histopathology was consistent with metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma. Treatment was continued with doxorubicin chemotherapy and at the time of publication, the dog was alive over 1 year following diagnosis with no evidence of further disease progression. Genotyping of the abscess-derived L. monocytogenes was consistent with the vaccine strain.

Conclusions

This case represents the first veterinary case to describe development of a Listeria abscess following administration of a Listeria-based therapeutic vaccine.
Karyotyping and prenatal diagnosis of 47,XX,+ 8[67]/46,XX [13] Mosaicism: case report and literature review
Authors: Sun Shaohua , Zhan Fang , Jiang Jiusheng , Zhang Xuerui , Yan Lei , Cai Weiyi , Liu Hailiang , Cao Donghua
Published: December 2019

Background

Trisomy 8 mosaicism has a wide phenotypic variability, ranging from mild dysmorphic features to severe malformations. This report concluded a female pregnant woman with trisomy 8 mosaicism, and carefully cytogenetic diagnoses were performed to give her prenatal diagnostic information. This report also provides more knowledge about trisomy 8 mosaicism and the prenatal diagnostic for clinicians.

Case presentation

In this present study, we reported one case of pregnancy woman with trisomy 8 mosaicism. Noninvasive prenatal testing prompted an abnormal Z-score, but further three dimension color ultrasound result suggested a single live fetus with no abnormality. The phenotypic of the pregnant woman was normal. Based on our results, there were no abnormal initial myeloid cells (< 10− 4), which suggested that the patient had no blood diseases. The peripheral blood karyotype of the patient was 47,XX,+ 8[67]/46,XX [13], and karyotype of amniotic fluid was 46, XX. The next generation sequencing (NGS) result suggested that the proportions of trisomy 8 in different tissues were obviously different; and 0% in amniotic fluid. Last, the chromosomes of the patient and her baby were confirmed using chromosome microarray analysis (CMA), and the results were arr[GRCh37](8) × 3,11p15.5p13(230750–33,455,733) × 2 hmz and normal.

Conclusions

This pregnancy woman was trisomy 8 mosaicism, but the phenotypic was normal, and also the fetus was normal. Carefully cytogenetic diagnoses should be performed for prenatal diagnose.
Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review
Authors: Asadollahi Amin , Khoobdel Mehdi , Zahraei-Ramazani Alireza , Azarmi Sahar , Mosawi Sayed Hussain
Published: December 2019

Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species ofAnopheles. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents againstAnophelesmosquitoes. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants againstAnophelesmosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect was identified fromLigusticum sinenseextract, followed by citronella, pine,Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint andRhizophora mucronataoils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5 h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, andCurcuma longaalso showed good repellency with 8 h complete repellency against different species ofAnopheles. Essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents againstAnophelesspecies. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.