bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Varying Chest Wall Target Volume Delineation on Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients with Implant-Based Reconstruction
Authors: Hou Pei-Yu , Hsieh Chen-Hsi , Hsu Chen-Xiong , Kuo Deng-Yu , Lu Yueh-Feng , Shueng Pei-Wei
Published: October 2023

Background: The target volume for post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in breast cancer patients with reconstruction has been a subject of debate. Traditionally, the RT chest wall (CW) volume encompasses the entire implant. For patients with retropectoral implants, the deep lymphatic plexus dorsal part of the implant is no longer considered high risk and can be omitted. This study aimed to assess the radiation dose distribution and treatment outcomes associated with different CW delineation according to ESTRO ACROP guideline for patients who have undergone implant-based reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of breast cancer patients who underwent a mastectomy followed by two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) between 2007 and 2022. The expanders/implants were positioned retropectorally. The chest wall target volumes were categorized into two groups: the prepectoral group, which excluded the deep lymphatic plexus, and the whole expander group. Results: The study included 26 patients, with 15 in the prepectoral group and 11 in the whole expander group. No significant differences were observed in normal organ exposure between the two groups. There was a trend toward a lower ipsilateral lung mean dose in the prepectoral group (10.2 vs. 11.1 Gy, p = 0.06). Both groups exhibited limited instances of reconstruction failure and local recurrence. Conclusions: For patients undergoing two-stage expander/implant retropectoral breast reconstruction and PMRT, our data provided comparable outcomes and normal organ exposure for those omitting the deep lymphatic plexus.
Endo-Periodontal Lesions—An Overlooked Etiology of Odontogenic Sinusitis
Authors: Wu Jianyou , Zheng Ming , Wang Xiangdong , Wang Songlin
Published: October 2023

The aim of this study was to analyze the oral etiology of patients with odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) and to compare the differences in demographic data, clinical symptoms, extent of sinus involvement, bone penetration of the maxillary sinus floor (MSF) between different etiologies. A retrospective investigation was conducted on 103 patients with ODS recruited from Beijing TongRen Hospital. All enrolled patients underwent sinus CT, nasal endoscopy, and oral examination. A comparison of the patients’ clinical symptoms, the extent of involvement of the sinuses, and bone resorption of the MSF according to odontogenic etiologies was conducted. Follow-up was based on symptoms and clinical examination. The most common odontogenic etiologies were endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs, 49.5%), apical periodontitis (AP, 32.0%), and periodontitis (PE, 8.7%). There were statistically significant differences in age (p = 0.002), sex (p = 0.036), inflammation involving the ethmoid sinus (p = 0.037), and bone penetration of the MSF (p < 0.001) between the AP, EPL, and PE groups. There were no significant differences in sinusitis symptoms (p > 0.005) among patients with different odontogenic etiologies. In conclusion, EPL is a neglected oral etiology with a destructive effect on the bone of the MSF, which deserves more attention in diagnosis and treatment.
The Impact of Model Resolution on the Southern Hemisphere in Community Climate System Model Version 4 Idealized Climate Simulations
Authors: Daher Houraa , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: October 2023

Model resolution plays a large role in accurately simulating the Southern Hemisphere circulation in both the ocean and atmosphere. Resolving the mesoscale field is important as it has been shown to have a significant impact on the large-scale climate in eddy-rich regions, which are regions of large CO2 absorption. The presence of ocean and atmospheric mesoscale features can affect sea surface temperatures, the strength and location of storm tracks, and many other air-sea processes. Additionally, with an improvement in resolution, the eddy kinetic energy in the ocean can be expected to change considerably. The significance model resolution has on the Southern Hemisphere is examined using the Community Climate System Model, Version 4, eddy-parameterizing and eddy-resolving simulations. The CO2 concentrations and ozone levels are specified independently to better understand how the mesoscale field responds to extreme changes in external forcing and the resulting climate impacts. Overall, in the eddy-parameterizing simulations, the ozone forcing is found to be more important than the changes in CO2 concentrations. However, in the case of the eddy-resolving simulations, the CO2 concentrations are found to be more dominant, especially in eddy-rich regions. These results demonstrate the need for an increase in model resolution for climate prediction.
Evaluating the Performance of a Dual-Frequency Multibeam Echosounder for Small Target Detection
Authors: Petzinna Nicholas , Nikora Vladimir , Onoufriou Joe , Williamson Benjamin J.
Published: October 2023

With rising interest in marine renewable energy (MRE) associated with offshore wind, waves, and tidal flows, the effects of device placement on changes in animal behaviour require proper assessment to minimise environmental impacts and inform decision making. High-frequency multibeam echosounders, or imaging sonars, can be used to observe and record the underwater movement and behaviour of animals at a fine scale (tens of metres). However, robust target detection and tracking of closely spaced animals are required for assessing animal–device and predator–prey interactions. Dual-frequency multibeam echosounders combine longer detection ranges (low frequency) with greater detail (high frequency) while maintaining a wide field of view and a full water column range compared to acoustic or optical cameras. This study evaluates the performance of the Tritech Gemini 1200ik imaging sonar at 720 kHz (low frequency) and 1200 kHz (high frequency) for small target detection with increasing range and the ability of the two frequency modes to discriminate between two closely spaced targets using a 38.1 mm tungsten carbide acoustic calibration sphere under controlled conditions. The quality of target detection decreases for both modes with increasing range, with a 25 m limit of detection at high frequency and a low-frequency mode able to detect the target up to 30 m under test conditions in shallow water. We quantified the enhanced performance of the high-frequency mode in discriminating targets at short ranges and improved target detection and discrimination at high ranges in the low-frequency mode.
A Contextually Supported Abnormality Detector for Maritime Trajectories
Authors: Olesen Kristoffer Vinther , Boubekki Ahcène , Kampffmeyer Michael C. , Jenssen Robert , Christensen Anders Nymark , Hørlück Sune , Clemmensen Line H.
Published: October 2023

The analysis of maritime traffic patterns for safety and security purposes is increasing in importance and, hence, Vessel Traffic Service operators need efficient and contextualized tools for the detection of abnormal maritime behavior. Current models lack interpretability and contextualization of their predictions and are generally not quantitatively evaluated on a large annotated dataset comprising all expected traffic in a Region of Interest. We propose a model for the detection of abnormal maritime behaviors that provides the closest behaviors as context to the predictions. The normalcy model relies on two-step clustering, which is first computed based on the positions of the vessels and then refined based on their kinematics. We design for each step a similarity measure, which combined are able to distinguish boats cruising shipping lanes in different directions, but also vessels with more freedom, such as pilot boats. Our proposed abnormality detection model achieved, on a large annotated dataset extracted from AIS logs that we publish, an ROC-AUC of 0.79, which is on a par with State-of-the-Art deep neural networks, while being more computationally efficient and more interpretable, thanks to the contextualization offered by our two-step clustering.
Hydrodynamic Loads and Overtopping Processes of a Coastal Seawall under the Coupled Impact of Extreme Waves and Wind
Authors: Yuan T. , Wang X. , Qu K. , Zhang L. B.
Published: October 2023

Driven by strong winds, huge ocean waves can cause devastating destruction to coastal regions during harsh weather events. There is growing evidence showing that extreme waves can occur in both shallow and deep waters. To protect the coast against the destructive power of huge waves, coastal protection facilities, such as seawalls, are often built along the coast. The integrity and stability of these coastal protection facilities are essential to the safety of coastal regions. Since huge waves are often accompanied by strong winds in real ocean environments, to fill the knowledge gap left by previous relevant studies, this study numerically investigates the hydrodynamic loads and overtopping of a coastal seawall model on a sloped beach under the coupled impact of an extreme wave group and wind. The influences of several main factors are considered, such as water depth, wind speed, and significant wave height. The research results reveal that strong wind can greatly increase the average overtopping rate and enhance the hydrodynamic loads exerted by the extreme wave group on the seawall.
Numerical Investigation on Interactive Hydrodynamic Performance of Two Adjacent Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Hu Yuli , Mao Zhaoyong , Ding Wenjun , Han Shiyu
Published: October 2023

This study investigates the effectiveness of UUV formations during navigation to designated target areas. The research focuses on propeller-equipped UUVs and employs a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology to analyze the hydrodynamic interactions among multiple UUV formations while en route to their targeted exploration areas. Utilizing the relative drag coefficients (rl and rf) and static thrust (Rfleets) as analytical parameters, this paper defines the relative distances (a and b) between UUVs within a formation and conducts a comparative analysis of the hydrodynamic performance between individual UUVs and formation configurations. The study establishes correlations between relative distances and the hydrodynamic performance of formations. The findings reveal the following: 1. For both the lead UUV and the following UUV within the formation, the rl and rf heatmaps exhibit two distinct regions: a thrust region and a drag region. Notably, these regions significantly overlap. The maximum rl is 31.23%, while the minimum rf is −20.9%, corresponding to relative distances of a = 0.12 and b = 1.5. Conversely, the minimum rl is −12.2%, while the maximum rf is 22.03%, with relative distances of a = 1.1 and b = 0.2; 2. An analysis of formation static thrust Rfleets reveals that it can be up to 7% greater than the drag experienced by self-propelled UUVs when relative distances a and b are set to 1.1 and 1, respectively. This highlights the enhanced performance achievable through formation navigation. The results presented in this paper offer valuable theoretical insights into the optimal design of relative distances within UUV formations, contributing to the advancement of UUV formation navigation strategies.
Utilizing Numerical Models and GIS to Enhance Information Management for Oil Spill Emergency Response and Resource Allocation in the Taiwan Waters
Authors: Chiu Chi-Min , Chuang Laurence Zsu-Hsin , Chuang Wei-Liang , Wu Li-Chung , Huang Ching-Jer , Zhang Yinglong Joseph
Published: October 2023

This study aims to establish a comprehensive workflow for developing emergency response plans for both actual and scenario oil spill incidents in the Taiwan waters while addressing the resource allocation for oil spill containment as well. This workflow comprises two vital components. The first component involves the integration of numerical tools and observational data, which includes the incorporation of wind data from sources such as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) or meteorological stations. Additionally, it incorporates ocean current data simulated by the semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) into the general NOAA operational modeling environment (GNOME) model, which is a new approach for this purpose. In order to assess the efficacy of this component, two distinct case studies were conducted. The first case study focused on an incident in a northern coastal area of Taiwan under open sea conditions, whereas the second case study examined an incident within a major commercial harbor in central Taiwan. The second component of this workflow involves creating oil risk maps by integrating the results from the first component with specific geographical factors into Google Earth. These oil risk maps serve multiple purposes. They offer real-time information to emergency response commanders regarding oil spill hazard prediction, and they also enable the effective development of emergency response strategies and disposal plans for potential oil spill incidents. This is achieved by generating risk maps for various scenarios using the approach outlined in the first component. Additionally, these maps assist in the assessment and planning of resource allocation for oil containment.
How Is Spatial Planning Adapting to Climate Change? A Textual Analysis Based on the Territorial and Spatial Plans of 368 Chinese Cities
Authors: Zhou Kebin , Wang Shifu , Feng Yucheng
Published: October 2023

Spatial planning is broadly acknowledged for its pivotal role in local climate change adaptation. Nevertheless, variations persist among countries in their perceptions and practices concerning the effectiveness and feasibility of utilizing spatial planning for climate change adaptation. Chinese cities confront the challenges of global warming, rapid urbanization, and intensified extreme weather events. Climate change adaptation agreements, frameworks, and policies have predominantly emphasized the national scale, often overlooking local adaptation efforts. However, the ongoing reform and restructuring of China’s territorial and spatial planning system encompasses the categorization, hierarchical management, control of comprehensive national land resource development, and conservation. This process is gradually establishing spatial planning strategies that synergize with the impacts of climate change, thereby offering an opportunity to integrate climate change adaptation objectives into spatial planning. This endeavor is supported by a series of regulatory standards and guidelines to ensure its effective implementation. The study scrutinizes the public draft of territorial and spatial master plans for 368 Chinese cities to assess the integration of climate change concerns at the local level and to identify disparities among cities. Employing the Awareness, Analysis, and Action Framework (3A Framework), which draws from prior scholarship and integrates relevant existing research, we identified and assessed 30 criteria for recognizing and appraising climate change adaptation strategies in territorial and spatial planning. The study’s findings indicate that: (1) The role of territorial and spatial planning in integrating climate change issues at the city level requires enhancement, as reflected in the generally low “awareness” of climate change concerns, limited “analytical capacity” regarding climate change, and a certain foundation for “action response” to climate change adaptation; (2) Large cities, characterized by robust economies and population concentrations, generally outperform small and medium-sized cities. They exhibit a superior ability to delineate quantifiable climate adaptation indicators and measures. In conclusion, the study provides prospective recommendations concerning technical approaches, spatial governance, mechanisms, and actions to more effectively incorporate climate change adaptation objectives into local-level territorial and spatial planning.
Integrated Mining and Reclamation Practices Enhance Sustainable Land Use: A Case Study in Huainan Coalfield, China
Authors: Feng Zhanjie , Hu Zhenqi , Zhang Xi , Zhang Yuhang , Cui Ruihao , Lu Li
Published: October 2023

In the coal-grain composite area (CGCA) of eastern China with a high groundwater table (HGT), underground coal mining subsidence has caused extensive submergence of farmland, posing a significant threat to regional food security. Currently, land reclamation techniques in mining subsidence areas primarily focus on post-mining reclamation (PMR) of stable subsidence land with a low reclamation rate. This study investigated the application of concurrent mining and reclamation (CMR) technology for unstable subsidence land in a representative HGT mining area, namely the Guqiao Coal Mine in the Huainan Coalfield. Firstly, mining subsidence prediction and geographic information technology were employed to simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of dynamic mining subsidence, taking into consideration the mining plan. Subsequently, phased reclamation parameters were quantitatively designed by integrating the dynamic mining subsidence and surface reclamation measures. Lastly, scenario simulations were conducted to discuss the effectiveness of CMR in comparison with non-reclamation (NR) and PMR. Additionally, reclamation and ecological restoration strategies for coal mining subsidence areas with comprehensive governance modes were proposed. The findings indicated that mining activities have led to a reduction in both the quantity and quality of original farmland, with 70% of the farmland submerged and rendered uncultivable. In contrast to PMR, which achieved a reclamation rate of 29%, CMR can significantly increase the farmland reclamation rate to 69% while also prolonging the service life of farmland. This study provides theoretical support and technical references for promoting sustainable mining practices, protecting farmland, and facilitating the high-quality development of coal resource-based cities.
Reflection on Guangzhou’s Strategic Spatial Planning: Current Status, Conflicts, and Dilemmas
Authors: Zhao Miaoxi , Yao Yuexi , Indraprahasta Galuh Syahbana
Published: October 2023

Strategic spatial planning plays a pivotal role in effectively providing solutions for urban issues. In 2000, Guangzhou took the pioneering step of formulating China’s first strategic spatial plan, known as the Guangzhou Strategic Plan. However, existing research has predominantly focused on the content of the “Guangzhou Strategic Spatial Plan” while lacking attention to its implementation effects. To address this empirical gap, this paper analyzes Guangzhou’s current spatial structure from the perspectives of facilities, population, and industry. The results reveal that: (1) the effectiveness of the “Southern Expansion” strategy outlined in the Guangzhou Strategic Spatial Plan has been limited. It has not achieved the expected results in terms of facility construction, population attraction, industrial clustering, and value-added growth; (2) due to inherent limitations and a lack of planning support, the development of the new town presents a dilemma. Considering the current spatial structure, this paper reflects on the reasons for the failure of Guangzhou’s strategic spatial planning, aiming to provide insights for the implementation of a new round of strategic spatial planning.
Exploring the Coupling Coordination Relationship of Urban Resilience System in Ecologically Fragile Areas: Case Study of the Loess Plateau in China
Authors: Xiao Yi , Zhong Jialong , Wang Jue , Zhang Lanyue , Qian Xinmeng , Liu Wei , Huang Huan
Published: October 2023

Urban ecosystem health threats and natural disasters have a prominent influence under the rapid urbanization process, and high urban resilience (UR) is the key to response to human-natural disasters. This study attempts to construct a comprehensive index system of UR based on the DPSIR (Driving—Pressure—State—Impact—Response) framework to explore the coupling coordination relationship and driving factors of UR in ecologically fragile areas, using panel data of 39 cities in the Loess Plateau from 2010 to 2019. The empirical results have shown that most cities present low and medium levels of urban resilience, indicating that the UR of the Loess Plateau is not ideal, that there is a significant spatial difference between the urban resilience and coupling coordination degree (CCD), and the spatial characteristics are represented by “central depression”. Additionally, there are significant discordant relationships among the five subsystems of UR, which means that the pressure subsystem has the highest score, while the driving force subsystem and state subsystem have the lowest score. Regarding the driving factors, institutional quality, scientific and technological expenditure, and industrial upgrading have a significant positive impact on UR, while gross industrial output, urban carbon emissions, and urban population density have a significant negative impact on UR. This study provides a new index system and information and decision-making reference for UR exploration, which is also conducive to the future urban sustainable development planning in ecologically sensitive areas.
Characterizing and Measuring the Environmental Amenities of Urban Recreation Leisure Regions Based on Image and Text Fusion Perception: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Authors: Chen Xiawei , Zhang Ling , Zhao Zheyuan , Zhang Fengji , Liu Shaojun , Long Yi
Published: October 2023

Quantitative evaluation of the environmental amenities (EAs) in urban recreation and leisure regions (URLRs) can provide stronger support for the government to enhance the quality of urban leisure space and improve the well-being of urban residents. Considering the diversity of leisure spaces and the complexity of environmental perception perspectives, this study proposes a comprehensive environmental measurement framework based on image and text fusion perception, which utilizes big data to perceive and quantify the EA features of URLRs comprehensively and efficiently. The study of the URLRs in Nanjing, China, was conducted as an empirical study. The results indicate the following: (1) When it comes to leisure environments, the top concerns for most people are service, hygiene, reputation, and walkability. (2) The EA level of URLRs in Nanjing generally decreases from the center to the outside and shows regional differentiation. (3) EA features in Nanjing’s URLRs exhibit a spatial pattern of similarity in the center and at each district’s edges. This study enhances our understanding of leisure regions’ environmental features that contribute to quality. The measurement results support understanding the spatial heterogeneity patterns of urban leisure activities and vibrancy. Furthermore, valuable urban planning and policy suggestions are made to promote sustainable urban development.
Land–Water–Energy Coupling System and Low-Carbon Policy Simulation: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Authors: Zhai Ruoxuan , Li Kongqing
Published: October 2023

Global climate change produces large amounts of CO2, and carbon emission reduction has become a global hot topic. As a key city in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Nanjing plays a significant representative role in the process of achieving the “double carbon” goals. In this paper, a land–water–energy coupling system was established and urban carbon emissions were estimated. Through the SD model, the future urban carbon emissions were predicted under the adjustment of different land, water and energy consumption scenarios. We studied the relationship between urban carbon emissions and the land–water–energy coupling system, and whether Nanjing can achieve carbon neutralization in 2060 under conditions of natural development. The results show that urban carbon emissions in Nanjing have reached a peak in 2018, but low carbon measures are still needed for Nanjing to achieve its goal of carbon neutrality by 2060. Specific measures include increasing investment in technological innovation, expansion of the application scope of clean energy, reasonably planning land use structure, water conservation and wastewater utilization and the application of advanced carbon utilization technology. The results in this paper can serve as a reference for other cities and provide guidance for future urban planning and decision making.
Impact of Water Content on the Superlubricity of Ethylene Glycol Solutions
Authors: Li Lvzhou , Gong Peng , Bai Pengpeng , Wen Xiangli , Meng Yonggang , Ding Jianning , Tian Yu
Published: October 2023

Aqueous solutions of water and ethylene glycol (EG) are prevalently employed in braking, heat transfer, and lubrication systems. However, the precise mechanism through which water content affects the lubricative attributes of EG solutions remains elusive. This research systematically examines the tribological characteristics of EG solutions at varying concentrations using a ceramic–TiAlN friction-pair system. As the concentration of EG increases, the sequential transformation of the associated molecular complex structure in the lubricating medium can be described as follows: [H2O]m·EG → [H2O]m·[EG]n → H2O·[EG]n. Among them, the stoichiometric coefficients “m” and “n” are the simplest mole ratio of H2O and EG in the molecular complex structure, respectively. The most favorable EG concentration was determined to be 50 wt.%. At this concentration, a flexible molecular complex adsorption structure ([H2O]m·[EG]n) with a significant bearing capacity (due to intense hydrogen bonding) forms on the surface of the friction pair, which results in a reduction in the running-in duration and facilitates the achievement of superlubricity, and the coefficient of friction (COF) is about 0.0047. Solutions containing 50 wt.% EG enhance the load-bearing ability and hydrophilicity of the lubricating medium. Moreover, they minimize the roughness of the worn region and curtail the adhesive forces and shear stress at the frictional interface, enabling the realization of superlubricity. Consequently, this research offers valuable insights into the optimal water-to-EG ratio, revealing the mechanism of a superlubricity system that possesses exceptional tribological attributes and holds significant potential for practical applications.
Synergetic Effect and Phase Engineering by Formation of Ti3C2Tx Modified 2H/1T-MoSe2 Composites for Enhanced HER
Authors: Xiao Lei , Yang Qichao , Zhu Xiangyang , Wei Yang , Wang Jing
Published: October 2023

The typical semi conductivity and few active sites of hydrogen evolution of 2H MoSe2 severely restrict its electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. At the same time, the 1T MoSe2 has metal conductivity and plentiful hydrogen evolution sites, making it feasible to optimize the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution behavior of MoSe2 using phase engineering. In this study, we, through a simple one-step hydrothermal method, composed 1T/2H MoSe2, and then used newly emerging transition metal carbides with several atomic-layer thicknesses Ti3C2Tx to improve the conductivity of a MoSe2-based electrocatalyst. Finally, MoSe2@Ti3C2Tx was successfully synthesized, according to the control of the additional amount of Ti3C2Tx, to form a proper MoSe2/ Ti3C2Tx heterostructure with a better electrochemical HER performance. As obtained MoSe2@4 mg-Ti3C2Tx achieved a low overpotential, a small Tafel slope and this work offers additional insight into broadened MoSe2 and MXenes-based catalyst’s electrochemical application.
A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Causal Configurations Influencing Mutual Fund Performance: The Role of Fund Manager Skill
Authors: Carmona Pedro , Momparler Alexandre , Climent Francisco
Published: October 2023

A mutual fund is a common instrument for households and corporations to invest in the financial markets through diversified portfolios of securities. Investing in managed mutual funds involves relying on a fund manager’s knowledge, expertise, and investment strategy to beat the fund’s benchmark. The purpose of this paper is to help mutual fund investors in their fund selection process. The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is the methodology applied to identify combinations of factors that facilitate the selection of performing mutual funds. The goal is to determine whether fund manager skill, as measured by Jensen’s Alpha and other qualitative factors, is a key driver of performance. Our research focuses on US-registered equity funds with a global investing scope over a 5-year period (2016–2021), and we combine three mutual fund databases to obtain more complete data while enhancing data accuracy and consistency. The findings reveal that both manager skill and fund size are pervasive factors included in all three successful combinations of sufficiency conditions leading to high-performance funds. In addition, it is verified that manager skill is the only necessary condition to ensure high returns on mutual funds. Investors’ fund selection process is a cumbersome task that can be simplified with the successful recipes provided by the fsQCA model.
Categorical Join and Generating Families in Diffeological Spaces
Authors: Macías E. , Mehrabi R.
Published: October 2023

We prove that a diffeological space is diffeomorphic to the categorical join of any generating family of plots.
Variable Gap MAG Welding Penetration Control Using Rough Set Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Feng Zhiqiang , Yuan Hao , Han Junfeng , Lv Na , Li Xin , Li Quan
Published: October 2023

The establishment of the correspondence between the important features of the topside weld pool and the penetration state is a key link in penetration control. This article presents a scheme of variable gap welding penetration control based on rough-fuzzy modeling. By utilizing the basic concepts of variable precision rough sets and conditional information entropy, relevant algorithms for attribute reduction and rule extraction in decision information systems are addressed. Raw data for modeling are obtained through current–gap combination experiments, and then rough-set-based knowledge acquisition algorithms are used to generate classification rules for the penetration state. Based on the correspondence between the important features of the topside pool and the penetration state, a fuzzy control model is established. Welding experiments under variable gaps are conducted to examine the proposed control scheme, and the results indicate that the weld has good penetration and meets the requirements of welding specifications.
Exploratory Matching Model Search Algorithm (EMMSA) for Causal Analysis: Application to the Cardboard Industry
Authors: Aviles-Lopez Richard , Luna del Castillo Juan de Dios , Montero-Alonso Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2023

This paper aims to present a methodology for the application of matching methods in industry to measure causal effect size. Matching methods allow us to obtain treatment and control samples with their covariates as similar as possible. The matching techniques used are nearest, optimal, full, coarsened exact matching (CEM), and genetic. These methods have been widely used in medical, psychological, and economic sciences. The proposed methodology provides two algorithms to execute these methods and to conduct an exhaustive search for the best models. It uses three conditions to ensure, as far as possible, the balance of all covariates, the maximum number of units in the treatment and control groups, and the most significant causal effect sizes. These techniques are applied in the carton board industry, where the causal variable is downtime, and the outcome variable is waste generated. A dataset from the carton board industry is used, and the results are contrasted with an expert in this process. Meta-analysis techniques are used to integrate the results of different comparative studies, which could help to determine and prioritize where to reduce waste. Two machines were found to generate more waste in terms of standardized measures whose values are 0.52 and 0.53, representing 48.60 and 36.79 linear meters (LM) on average for each production order with a total downtime of more than 3000 s. In general, for all machines, the maximum average wastage for each production order is 24.98 LM and its confidence interval is [13.40;36.23] LM. The main contribution of this work is the use of causal methodology to estimate the effect of downtime on waste in an industry. Particularly relevant is the contribution of an algorithm that aims to obtain the best matching model for this application. Its advantages and disadvantages are evaluated, and future areas of research are outlined. We believe that this methodology can be applied to other industries and fields of knowledge.
Recent Progress of Natural and Recombinant Phycobiliproteins as Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Chen Huaxin , Deng Jinglong , Li Longqi , Liu Zhe , Sun Shengjie , Xiong Peng
Published: October 2023

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are natural water-soluble pigment proteins, which constitute light-collecting antennae, and function in algae photosynthesis, existing in cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptomonads. They are special pigment–protein complexes in algae with a unique structure and function. According to their spectral properties, PBPs can be mainly divided into three types: allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, and PE. At present, there are two main sources of PBPs: one is natural PBPs extracted from algae and the other way is recombinant PBPs which are produced in engineered microorganisms. The covalent connection between PBP and streptavidin was realized by gene fusion. The bridge cascade reaction not only improved the sensitivity of PBP as a fluorescent probe but also saved the preparation time of the probe, which expands the application range of PBPs as fluorescent probes. In addition to its function as a light-collecting antenna in photosynthesis, PBPs also have the functions of biological detection, ion detection, and fluorescence imaging. Notably, increasing studies have designed novel PBP-based far-red fluorescent proteins, which enable the tracking of gene expression and cell fate.
Phaeohyphomycosis: A Review
Authors: Sánchez-Cárdenas Carlos D. , Isa-Pimentel Mariel , Arenas Roberto
Published: October 2023

Phaeohyphomycosis, a worldwide fungal infection, refers to uncommon superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic infections caused by melanized fungi. Currently, about 70 genera and 150 species have been described. It can be confirmed by mycological, histopathological, or molecular methods. Treatment can be performed by surgery or systemic antifungals.
Encystation and Stress Responses under the Control of Ubiquitin-like Proteins in Pathogenic Amoebae
Authors: Samba-Louaka Ascel , Labruyère Elisabeth , Matondo Mariette , Locard-Paulet Marie , Olivo-Marin Jean-Christophe , Guillen Nancy
Published: October 2023

Amoebae found in aquatic and terrestrial environments encompass various pathogenic species, including the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and the free-living Acanthamoeba castellanii. Both microorganisms pose significant threats to public health, capable of inducing life-threatening effects on humans. These amoebae exist in two cellular forms: trophozoites and cysts. The trophozoite stage is the form used for growth and reproduction while the cyst stage is the resistant and disseminating form. Cysts occur after cellular metabolism slowdown due to nutritional deprivation or the appearance of environmental conditions unfavourable to the amoebae’s growth and division. The initiation of encystation is accompanied by the activation of stress responses, and scarce data indicate that encystation shares factors and mechanisms identified in stress responses occurring in trophozoites exposed to toxic compounds derived from human immune defence. Although some “omics” analyses have explored how amoebae respond to diverse stresses, these studies remain limited and rarely report post-translational modifications that would provide knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying amoebae-specific stress responses. In this review, we discuss ubiquitin-like proteins associated with encystation and cell survival during oxidative damage. We aim to shed light on the signalling pathways involved in amoebic defence mechanisms, with a focus on their potential clinical implications against pathogenic amoebae, addressing the pressing need for effective therapies.
Developments and Prospects of Farmland Application of Biogas Slurry in China—A Review
Authors: Wang Zichen , Sanusi Isaac A. , Wang Jidong , Ye Xiaomei , Kana Evariste B. Gueguim , Olaniran Ademola O. , Shao Hongbo
Published: October 2023

Biogas slurry (BS) is an attractive agricultural waste resource which can be used to regulate soil microbial communities, enhance nutrient absorption capacity of crops, promote plant–soil interactions, and consequently, increase crop productivity. Presently, BS discharge is not environmentally friendly. It is therefore necessary to explore alternative efficient utilization of BS. The use of BS as fertilizer meets the requirements for sustainable and eco-friendly development in agriculture, but this has not been fully actualized. Hence, this paper reviewed the advantages of using BS in farmland as soil fertilization for the improvement of crop production and quality. This review also highlighted the potential of BS for the prevention and control of soil acidification, salinization, as well as improve microbial structure and soil enzyme activity. Moreover, this review reports on the current techniques, application methods, relevant engineering measures, environmental benefits, challenges, and prospects associated with BS utilization. Lastly, additional research efforts require for optimal utilization of BS in farmlands were elucidated.
Exploration on Electronic Properties of Self-Assembled Indium Nitrogen Nanosheets and Nanowires by a Density Functional Method
Authors: Zhao Running , Chen Rui , Zhao Hua , Lin Fan , Han Ju-Guang
Published: October 2023

Equilibrium geometries and properties of self-assembled (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters (nanowires and nanosheets) are studied using the GGA-PBE (general gradient approximation with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerh) method. The relative stabilities and growth patterns of semiconductor (InN)12n nanoclusters are investigated. The odd-numbered nano-size (InN)12n (n is odd) have weaker stabilities compared with the neighboring even-numbered (InN)12n (n is even) ones. The most stable (InN)48 nanosheet is selected as a building unit for self-assembled nano-size film materials. In particular, the energy gaps of InN nanoclusters show an even–odd oscillation and reflect that (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters are good optoelectronic materials and nanodevices due to their energy gaps in the visible region. Interestingly, the calculated energy gaps for (InN)12n nanowires varies slightly compared with that of individual (InN)12 units. Additionally, the predicted natural atomic populations of In atoms in (InN)12n nanoclusters show that the stabilities of (InN)12n nanoclusters is enhanced through the ionic bonding and covalent bonding of (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters.
Investigation of NO Role in Neural Tissue in Brain and Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Andrianov Viacheslav V. , Kulchitsky Vladimir A. , Yafarova Guzel G. , Bazan Leah V. , Bogodvid Tatiana K. , Deryabina Irina B. , Muranova Lyudmila N. , Silantyeva Dinara I. , Arslanov Almaz I. , Paveliev Mikhail N. , Fedorova Ekaterina V. , Filipovich Tatiana A. , Nagibov Aleksei V. , Gainutdinov Khalil L.
Published: October 2023

Nitric oxide (NO) production in injured and intact brain regions was compared by EPR spectroscopy in a model of brain and spinal cord injury in Wistar rats. The precentral gyrus of the brain was injured, followed by the spinal cord at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Seven days after brain injury, a reduction in NO content of 84% in injured brain regions and 66% in intact brain regions was found. The difference in NO production in injured and uninjured brain regions persisted 7 days after injury. The copper content in the brain remained unchanged one week after modeling of brain and spinal cord injury. The data obtained in the experiments help to explain the problems in the therapy of patients with combined brain injury.
Polyphenol Composition by HPLC-DAD-(ESI-)MS/MS and Bioactivities of Extracts from Grape Agri-Food Wastes
Authors: Ueda Jonata M. , Griebler Karoline Ribeiro , Finimundy Tiane C. , Rodrigues Daniele B. , Veríssimo Lavínia , Pires Tânia C. S. P. , Gonçalves João , Fernandes Isabel P. , Pereira Eliana , Barros Lillian , Heleno Sandrina A. , Calhelha Ricardo C.
Published: October 2023

Background: Grape agri-food wastes, such as skin, seeds, and other discarded by-products, contain phytochemical compounds that offer potential health benefits. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol composition and bioactivities of different extracts obtained from grape marc and seeds, with the goal of exploring their potential for application as natural food additives. Results: Regardless of the extraction method used (dynamic maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), all extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of phenolic compounds. The chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of specific compounds and chemical groups associated with each extraction methodology. Moreover, the extracts displayed satisfactory antioxidant activities, especially in inhibiting lipoperoxidation as assessed by the TBARS assay. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated effective inhibition against different strains of bacteria and fungi known as food contaminants. Taken together, these findings indicate that those extracts have the potential to be tested as natural antioxidants and preservatives with sustainable origins in food and beverage systems. Among the extraction methods evaluated, traditional maceration and UAE provided extracts with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Conclusions: Our results suggest the opportunity to explore grape marc and seeds discarded by the winery industry in Portugal as natural sources of bioactive compounds, which could be employed as functional food ingredients or technological additives. The valorization of grape biowastes offers a promising strategy to reduce waste and harness their potential health benefits.
A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
Authors: Hossain Rahni , Sultana Abida , Nuinoon Manit , Noonong Kunwadee , Tangpong Jitbanjong , Hossain Kazi Helal , Rahman Md Atiar
Published: October 2023

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes’ upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.
Large Subunit of the Human Herpes Simplex Virus Terminase as a Promising Target in Design of Anti-Herpesvirus Agents
Authors: Krasnov Victor P. , Andronova Valeriya L. , Belyavsky Alexander V. , Borisevich Sophia S. , Galegov George A. , Kandarakov Oleg F. , Gruzdev Dmitry A. , Vozdvizhenskaya Olga A. , Levit Galina L.
Published: October 2023

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an extremely widespread pathogen characterized by recurrent infections. HSV-1 most commonly causes painful blisters or sores around the mouth or on the genitals, but it can also cause keratitis or, rarely, encephalitis. First-line and second-line antiviral drugs used to treat HSV infections, acyclovir and related compounds, as well as foscarnet and cidofovir, selectively inhibit herpesvirus DNA polymerase (DNA-pol). It has been previously found that (S)-4-[6-(purin-6-yl)aminohexanoyl]-7,8-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-[1,4]benzoxazine (compound 1) exhibits selective anti-herpesvirus activity against HSV-1 in cell culture, including acyclovir-resistant mutants, so we consider it as a lead compound. In this work, the selection of HSV-1 clones resistant to the lead compound was carried out. High-throughput sequencing of resistant clones and reference HSV-1/L2 parent strain was performed to identify the genetic determinants of the virus’s resistance to the lead compound. We identified a candidate mutation presumably associated with resistance to the virus, namely the T321I mutation in the UL15 gene encoding the large terminase subunit. Molecular modeling was used to evaluate the affinity and dynamics of the lead compound binding to the putative terminase binding site. The results obtained suggest that the lead compound, by binding to pUL15, affects the terminase complex. pUL15, which is directly involved in the processing and packaging of viral DNA, is one of the crucial components of the HSV terminase complex. The loss of its functional activity leads to disruption of the formation of mature virions, so it represents a promising drug target. The discovery of anti-herpesvirus agents that affect biotargets other than DNA polymerase will expand our possibilities of targeting HSV infections, including those resistant to baseline drugs.
Ammonium–Amine Co-Activation: Promoting the Sulfurization of Azurite and Its Effect on Xanthate Adsorption
Authors: Su Chao , Liu Dianwen , Cai Jinpeng , Shen Peilun
Published: October 2023

Enhanced sulfurization has always been the focus of research on the flotation of copper oxide minerals. In this study, combined ammonium–amine salts were innovatively applied to improve the sulfurization of azurite. Flotation tests were carried out to evaluate the promoting effect of ammonium–amine co-activation on the sulfurization–xanthate flotation of azurite, and the microstructure evolution of sulfurized products was investigated to reveal the mechanism underlying this promoting effect. Compared with single ammonium (amine) salt activation, ammonium–amine co-activation improved the floatability of azurite to a greater extent, i.e., the flotation recovery increased by over 4 percentage points. ToF-SIMS, ICP-OES, FESEM-EDS, AFM, XRD, and UV-vis analyses indicated that ammonium–amine co-activation combined the advantages of inorganic ammonium for buffering pH and organic amine for copper ion complexation, thus promoting the growth of sulfurized crystal products (covellite) and enhancing the adhesion stability of sulfurized products on azurite. Therefore, increasing amounts of copper sulfide components were generated under the ammonium–amine–Na2S system, promoting the adsorption of additional xanthate on azurite. This study provides theoretical support for the application of combined ammonium–amine salts for the sulfurization flotation of copper oxide.