bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Impacts of Time From Collapse to First Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Outcomes After Witnessed Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Adults
Authors: Hara Masahiko , Hayashi Kenichi , Hikoso Shungo , Sakata Yasushi , Kitamura Tetsuhisa
Published: April 2015

Background—

It is well known that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be attempted as early as possible after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, it is unclear about the impact of time to CPR on OHCA outcome by first documented rhythm (pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [pVT/VF], pulseless electric activity [PEA], and asystole).

Methods and Results—

We enrolled 257 354 adult witnessed OHCA patients between 2007 and 2012 from a prospective nationwide population-based cohort database in Japan. We evaluated relationships between time from collapse to first CPR and neurologically favorable 1-month survival defined as Glasgow–Pittsburg cerebral performance category 1 or 2 by first documented rhythm after witnessed OHCA. We used logistic model for the estimation of prognosis. The number of OHCA patients with pVT/VF, PEA, and asystole were 38 661, 96 906, and 121 787, respectively. The overall neurologically favorable 1-month survival rates were 21.3% in patients with pVT/VF, 2.7% PEA, and 0.6% asystole. The proportion of asystole increased as the time from collapse to CPR delayed, whereas those of pVT/VF and PEA decreased (trend
P
<0.001). Estimated incidences of end-point after OHCA became lower as first CPR delayed irrespective of type of first documented rhythm, but were different by the rhythm. The average percentage point decreases in neurologically favorable 1-month survival probability for each incremental minute of CPR delay were 8.3%, 4.4%, and 6.4% for patients with pVT/VF, PEA, and asystole, respectively.

Conclusions—

The OHCA outcome differed by time to first CPR and first documented rhythm. Shortening of time to first CPR is crucial for improving the OHCA outcome.
Applying the Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorem to a Two-Layer Model of Quasigeostrophic Turbulence
Authors: Lutsko Nicholas J. , Held Isaac M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo
Published: April 2015

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) provides a means of calculating the response of a dynamical system to a small force by constructing a linear operator that depends only on data from the internal variability of the unperturbed system. Here the FDT is used to estimate the response of a two-layer quasigeostrophic model to two zonally symmetric torques, both barotropic, with the same sign of the forcing in the two layers, and baroclinic, with opposite sign forcing in the two layers. The supercriticality of the model is also varied to test how the FDT fares, as this parameter is varied. To perform the FDT calculations the data are decomposed onto empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and only those EOFs that are well resolved are retained in the FDT calculations. In the barotropic case good qualitative estimates are obtained for all values of the supercriticality, though the FDT consistently overestimates the response, perhaps because of significant non-Gaussian behavior present in the model. Nevertheless, this adds to the evidence that the annular-mode time scale plays an important role in determining the response of the midlatitudes to small perturbations. The baroclinic case is more challenging for the FDT. However, by constructing different bases with which to calculate the EOFs, it is shown that the issue in this case is that the baroclinic variability is poorly sampled, not that the FDT fails. The strategies developed in order to generate these estimates may be applicable to situations in which the FDT is applied to larger systems.
Observations of Ice Microphysics through the Melting Layer
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron , Poellot Michael R. , Wood Norm
Published: April 2015

The detailed microphysical processes and properties within the melting layer (ML)—the continued growth of the aggregates by the collection of the small particles, the breakup of these aggregates, the effects of relative humidity on particle melting—are largely unresolved. This study focuses on addressing these questions for in-cloud heights from just above to just below the ML. Observations from four field programs employing in situ measurements from above to below the ML are used to characterize the microphysics through this region. With increasing temperatures from about −4° to +1°C, and for saturated conditions, slope and intercept parameters of exponential fits to the particle size distributions (PSD) fitted to the data continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size (largest particle sampled for each 5-s PSD) increases, and melting proceeds from the smallest to the largest particles. With increasing temperature from about −4° to +2°C for highly subsaturated conditions, the PSD slope and intercept continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size increases, and there is relatively little melting, but all particles experience sublimation.
Distriktssköterskans arbete med att stödja patienter i rökavvänjning
Authors: Persson Lisa , Rasmusson Emma , Pennbrant Sandra
Published: April 2015

Background

Smoking is a public health problem. Supporting patients to achieve lifestyle changes, such as smoking cessation, is one way for the district nurse to promote health.

Aim

To investigate how the district nurse promotes health and supports patients in smoking cessation.

Method

A questionnaire was sent to 124 district nurses working with smoking cessation in a region in western Sweden. The questionnaire contained both closed and open questions. The responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and manifest content analysis.

Findings

The district nurses’ work includes motivating, educating, supporting, informing and following up patients in need of smoking cessation. In total, 63% of the district nurses consider themselves to have an important function in smoking cessation. Lack of time is a substantial problem and district nurses devote 1–10 hours per week on smoking cessation. Of the 124 nurses, 43% felt that they did not have enough knowledge about smoking cessation. The district nurses wished to benefit from the experience of other colleagues.

Conclusion

District nurses experience lack of time and knowledge. In order to provide quality support for smoking cessation, district nurses should possess medical knowledge and be empathic and involved.
Communication and the Civil Sphere
Authors: Forde Kathy Roberts
Published: April 2015

This essay is an effort to introduce civil sphere theory to fellow communication scholars. The primary goals are to sketch its central concepts and theoretical framework, demonstrate its explanatory power through reference to a historical case study, and suggest how it can open new pathways of inquiry and understanding for those who study communication and social movements. The secondary goal is to persuade scholars of journalism studies that the concepts civil society and civil sphere have much to offer those who take seriously journalism’s role in democratic struggle.
Immunohistochemical pattern of T lymphocytes population within bilharzial-associated bladder neoplasm microenvironment
Authors: El-Aal Amany Ahmed Abd , Emran Ashraf Mohamed , Al-Antably Abeer Said , El Saftawy Enas Ali , Bayoumy Ibrahim R , Hassan Nabila Salah , Badawi Manal
Published: April 2015

The present work aimed to investigate the cellular and immunochemical pattern of T cells population in biopsy material from chronic schistosomiasis haematobium Egyptian patients complicated with bladder cancer. Digital real-time quantitative photocytometry was applied to auto-analyze 29 stained tissue sections from cases and 17 controls using STAT4, GATA3, FOXP3, and CD8 markers specific for Th1, Th2, T regulatory, and T cytotoxic cells, respectively. Area percentage showed significant high level of GATA, followed by FOXP3 and low level of both STAT and CD8 was reported. Tissue samples from five healthy bladder tissues showed significant lower optical density (OD) values. Tissue samples from 12 non-bilharzial bladder cancers showed variable OD values, reflecting wide disparity in the control group.

Our results hypothesized an exclusive pattern of T population in long standing complicated schistosomiasis haematobium. Our cases were poorly controlled by unbalanced Th1/Th2 in which Th2 was dominated. FOXP3 increased significantly, however, failed to downregulate Th2, instead, the relation between Th1 and T cytotoxic was forcibly limited by the high level of FOXP3, resulting in loss of their power in defending the host against both parasite and carcinogenic changes. These results provide more clarification for the immune evasion process played by the parasite and tumor cells under the supervision of T regulatory cells. Additionally a critical role of FOXP3 is suggested in manipulating STAT4 and CD8 in favor of malignant transformation in this life-threatening parasite.
Care work in the context of austerity
Authors: Baines Donna , Cunningham Ian
Published: April 2015

This introduction establishes the context for a series of articles exploring the outcomes for work, employment, worker orientation and service quality from the emerging context of austerity in public services in three countries – Canada, the UK and Australia. The paper outlines the development of outsourcing in care under new public management and identifies broad trends in work and employment pre-austerity. It reveals contracting-out and new public management-diminished public provision, radically altering the non-profit sector. The financial crisis is the latest in successive rounds of market-based reform that are deepening these tendencies. Despite some national variations, new public management led to the pay of the predominantly female front line workforce across the three countries failing to keep pace with public sector counterparts, as well as cuts in pensions, sick pay, and travel and subsistence allowances. Finally, it outlines how the accompanying papers explore new facets and themes in care work during austerity.
Willingness of Certified Health Education Specialists to Conduct Rapid HIV Testing
Authors: Santella Anthony J. , Fraser Jacquie , Prehn Angela W.
Published: April 2015

Background. Approximately 16% of people living with HIV are not aware of their infection. Health education specialists, with their training in health program design, implementation, evaluation, and work with vulnerable communities, may have the necessary expertise to conduct rapid HIV testing (RHT). Method. A national, cross-sectional, online survey of Certified Health Education Specialists (CHES) and Master CHES (MCHES) was conducted from April to October 2013, with participants recruited through the National Commission on Health Education Credentialing. We surveyed CHES/MCHES on HIV knowledge and attitudes as well as willingness to conduct RHT. Results. A total of 1,421 CHES/MCHES completed the survey, with a median age of 32 years and median level of 7 years of experience. The majority were White (70.3%), female (91.7%), and heterosexual (93.1%). The majority of respondents had high knowledge of HIV (69.7%), thought that CHES/MCHES should offer RHT (75.2%), and was willing to get trained/certified to conduct RHT (80.3%). Those willing to get trained/certified were more likely to feel comfortable educating clients about HIV prevention methods (p < .001) and planning health promotion programs for people living with HIV (p < .001). Perceived barriers to conducting RHT were related to lack of knowledge of RHT counseling (34.8%) and procedures (25%). Conclusions. CHES/MCHES have the potential to play a significant role in increasing the availability of HIV testing, and the majority of respondents expressed a willingness to become involved. However, training and implementation barriers were identified. Piloting such an approach should be considered to further evaluate the optimum ways in which expanding HIV testing can be achieved.
Silencing the agenda? Journalism practices and intelligence events: A case study
Authors: Herfroy-Mischler Alexandra
Published: April 2015

This article is a response to theoretical and methodological gaps witnessed in both journalism and intelligence literature. The goal of this research is to better our understanding of journalistic practices when covering intelligence-related events. National and international news agencies’ coverage of the failed Mossad operation in Bern in 1998 serves as an empirical case. The article discusses the benefit of grounded theory as a bottom-up inductive qualitative coding method to address these methodological gaps, and provides an empirical study that traces the evolution of the news coverage of the Bern operation, rather than merely studying the content of the final news product. Results challenge three main theoretical areas: journalist–source relationships, agenda setting, and framing. Concerning the journalist–source relationship, the article shows that, in cases of intelligence events, newsworthiness criteria depend on what other media know about the story rather than publicizing new facts. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative analyses of sources show that, in cases of leaked information, the longer that time has passed, people, media, and officials are less willing to give sourced information. Regarding agenda setting theory, this study suggests that struggles between media, statecraft, and intelligence whilst covering leaks should be conceived as ‘agenda-silencing’, where the purpose of media coverage is also to communicate and legitimize silences orchestrated by security and intelligence censorship. Finally, the data suggest that the concept of framing is altered in case of intelligence-related events. In fact, the framing relies mostly on hypotheses of interpretation which media are not able to assert openly due to various types of censorship.
Art Viewing Directives in Hospital Settings Effect on Mood
Authors: Ho Rainbow T. H. , Potash Jordan S. , Fang Fan , Rollins Judy
Published: April 2015

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect viewing directives can have when encountering art in hospitals. A secondary objective of the study was to understand the responses of viewers to an art exhibit on the theme of medical student empathy toward patient pain and suffering.

Background:

Displaying art in hospitals has been credited with increasing well-being of patients, visitors, and staff. Generally, hospital curators have focused on the type of art to display (natural, symbolic, and abstract). This focus has neglected the possibility that in addition to the type of art, the way that viewers engage art may also be responsible for the healing effect.

Methods:

Participants (n = 97) were randomly allocated into one of the viewing directives: (1) reflecting on one artwork, (2) creating a drawing or poem in response to one artwork, or (3) no direction. Prior to looking at the art and immediately after, participants were administered the Brief Mood Introspection Scale (BMIS) and offered an opportunity to participate in an interview.

Results:

Pre–post results of the BMIS demonstrated that viewers who received directions achieved some therapeutic effect. Qualitative themes from the post-exhibit interviews identified that the empathy themed exhibit was well received, although there were differences among responses from patients, visitors, and staff.

Conclusions:

The results imply that hospitals may consider offering prompts to help viewers engage with art to enhance mood and exhibiting art that demonstrates empathy for patient suffering.
Reduced graphene oxide/carbon double-coated 3-D porous ZnO aggregates as high-performance Li-ion anode materials
Authors: Wi Sungun , Woo Hyungsub , Lee Sangheon , Kang Joonhyeon , Kim Jaewon , An Subin , Kim Chohui , Nam Seunghoon , Kim Chunjoong , Park Byungwoo
Published: April 2015

The reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/carbon double-coated 3-D porous ZnO aggregates (RGO/C/ZnO) have been successfully synthesized as anode materials for Li-ion batteries with excellent cyclability and rate capability. The mesoporous ZnO aggregates prepared by a simple solvothermal method are sequentially modified through distinct carbon-based double coating. These novel architectures take unique advantages of mesopores acting as space to accommodate volume expansion during cycling, while the conformal carbon layer on each nanoparticle buffering volume changes, and conductive RGO sheets connect the aggregates to each other. Consequently, the RGO/C/ZnO exhibits superior electrochemical performance, including remarkably prolonged cycle life and excellent rate capability. Such improved performance of RGO/C/ZnO may be attributed to synergistic effects of both the 3-D porous nanostructures and RGO/C double coating.
Regulation of the inflammatory profile of stromal cells in human breast cancer: prominent roles for TNF-α and the NF-κB pathway
Authors: Katanov Christina , Lerrer Shalom , Liubomirski Yulia , Leider-Trejo Leonor , Meshel Tsipi , Bar Jair , Feniger-Barish Rotem , Kamer Iris , Soria-Artzi Gali , Kahani Hadar , Banerjee Debabrata , Ben-Baruch Adit
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Breast cancer progression is promoted by stromal cells that populate the tumors, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). The activities of CAFs and MSCs in breast cancer are integrated within an intimate inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) that includes high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we identified the impact of TNF-α and IL-1β on the inflammatory phenotype of CAFs and MSCs by determining the expression of inflammatory chemokines that are well-characterized as pro-tumorigenic in breast cancer: CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL5 (RANTES).

Methods

Chemokine expression was determined in breast cancer patient-derived CAFs by ELISA and in patient biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Chemokine levels were determined by ELISA in (1) human bone marrow-derived MSCs stimulated by tumor conditioned media (Tumor CM) of breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) at the end of MSC-to-CAF-conversion process; (2) Tumor CM-derived CAFs, patient CAFs and MSCs stimulated by TNF-α (and IL-1β). The roles of AP-1 and NF-κB in chemokine secretion were analyzed by Western blotting and by siRNAs to c-Jun and p65, respectively. Migration of monocytic cells was determined in modified Boyden chambers.

Results

TNF-α (and IL-1β) induced the release of CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5 by MSCs and CAFs generated by prolonged stimulation of MSCs with Tumor CM of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Patient-derived CAFs expressed CCL2 and CXCL8, and secreted CCL5 following TNF-α (and IL-1β) stimulation. CCL2 was expressed in CAFs residing in proximity to breast tumor cells in biopsies of patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. CCL2 release by TNF-α-stimulated MSCs was mediated by TNF-RI and TNF-RII, through the NF-κB but not via the AP-1 pathway. Exposure of MSCs to TNF-α led to potent CCL2-induced migration of monocytic cells, a process that may yield pro-cancerous myeloid infiltrates in breast tumors.

Conclusions

Our novel results emphasize the important roles of inflammation-stroma interactions in breast cancer, and suggest that NF-κB may be a potential target for inhibition in tumor-adjacent stromal cells, enabling improved tumor control in inflammation-driven malignancies.
Editorial: Flexible Syk: turning on and off the inflammasome as needed
Authors: Fitzpatrick Elizabeth
Published: April 2015

Discussion on Syk tyrosine kinase functioning as a positive and negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis
Authors: Dabrowski Ania , Terauchi Akiko , Strong Cameron , Umemori Hisashi
Published: April 2015

Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
Cellular models and therapies for age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Forest David L. , Johnson Lincoln V. , Clegg Dennis O.
Published: April 2015

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative visual disorder that causes profound physical and psychosocial effects. Visual impairment in AMD is caused by the loss of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells and the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that they support. There is currently no effective treatment for the most common form of this disease (dry AMD). A new approach to treating AMD involves the transplantation of RPE cells derived from either human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells. Multiple clinical trials are being initiated using a variety of cell therapies. Although many animal models are available for AMD research, most do not recapitulate all aspects of the disease, hampering progress. However, the use of cultured RPE cells in AMD research is well established and, indeed, some of the more recently described RPE-based models show promise for investigating the molecular mechanisms of AMD and for screening drug candidates. Here, we discuss innovative cell-culture models of AMD and emerging stem-cell-based therapies for the treatment of this vision-robbing disease.
The Economics of Nationalism
Authors: Lan Xiaohuan , Li Ben G.
Published: April 2015

This paper provides an economic framework for examining how economic openness affects nationalism. Within a country, a region's level of nationalism varies according to its economic interests in its domestic market relative to its foreign market. All else being equal, increasing a region's foreign trade reduces its economic interests in its domestic market and thus weakens its nationalism. This prediction holds both cross-sectionally and over time, as evidenced by our empirical study using the Chinese Political Compass data and the World Value Surveys. Our framework also applies to analysis of nationalism across countries and receives support from cross-country data. (JEL F14, F52, O17, O19, P26, P33)

It is not easy to see how the more extreme forms of nationalism can long survive when men have seen the Earth in its true perspective as a single small globe against the stars.

— Arthur C. Clarke, 1951
Validity of the Social Communication Questionnaire in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities and Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Sappok Tanja , Diefenbacher Albert , Gaul Isabell , Bölte Sven
Published: April 2015

This study examined the validity of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) to identify autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 151 adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Germany. Sensitivities and specificities for ASD were 98/47% for the SCQ-current version and 92/22% for the SCQ-lifetime version. Sensitivities and specificities were increased to 89/66% and 78/48% by adjusting the recommended cut-points. The SCQ-current score correlated with the Scale for Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Mentally Retarded Persons and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, whereas the SCQ-lifetime score correlated with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Our findings support the use of the SCQ-current version for ASD screening in adults with ID, although the SCQ-lifetime version should be used with caution in this population.
Employing mindfulness via art in education
Authors: Patterson Jodi
Published: April 2015

Visual art is often misunderstood and under-applied in a venue where it has the potential to help humans the most: the general elementary classroom. Teacher training programmes that mandate an art class can help propel art’s offering by exposing future teachers to the increasing role mindfulness via art can play in school regarding cognitive, social and emotional well-being. This article cites ways and means to incorporate mindful art experiences into the classroom to help enhance both teaching and learning.
A cross-cultural collaboration exploring art literacy, creativity and social transformation in China
Authors: Silverman Jonathan , Xiaoming Yi
Published: April 2015

Two art educators, from the United States and China, reflect on their collaboration to plan, implement and assess a cross-cultural experience. They developed a ten-day residency for art education students at Nanjing Normal University in China. The pedagogy presented emphasized the interplay between skill development and personal expression, product and process, and social-directed knowledge and social transformation. Through analysing student critiques, reflective discussions and survey responses the authors framed five categories critical for planning cross-cultural exchanges and broadening the scope of art education: Sensing others’ cultural orientation, Building community, Scaffolding art literacy, Minding the gap between technique and creativity, and Reflecting on identity and visual culture. In a global society, culturally responsive art educators benefit when collaborating to help their students gain new perspectives on cultural assumptions, analyse common concepts such as aesthetics, visual literacy and critique, and reflect on the interdependence of teaching, creating art and social responsibility.

来自美国和中国的两位艺术教育者反思和评价了他们合作研究的计划、实施以及跨文化的体验。他们在中国南京师范大学开展了十天面向艺术教育专业学生的教学。整个教学强调技能发展和个人表达、结果与过程、社会导向的知识与社会变革之间的相互作用。通过分析学生的评论、反思性讨论以及对调查问题的回答，作者提出了五个开展跨文化交流和扩展艺术教育视野的关键性问题，即体验他国文化；建立共同体；构架艺术素养；关注技能和创造力之间的落差；反思身份意识和视觉文化。在一个全球化的社会，当合作有助于学生获得看待文化假设的新视角，分析诸如审美、视觉素养等共同的概念，评论和反思教学、艺术创作和社会责任之间的相互依存关系时，那么具有文化应对意识的艺术教育者将能从中获益。
Social Index of Educational Effectiveness: A New Approach from the Perspective of Promoting Equity
Authors: Leitão Ulisses Azevedo
Published: April 2015

In this article, I propose an index, called the Social Index of Educational Effectiveness (SIEE), which allows the establishment of an objective criterion to define the school’s profile concerning the promotion of educational equity. It makes it possible to differentiate schools with an “inclusionary profile,” (SIEE>0), from those with an “exclusionary profile,” (SIEE<0), depending on whether or not the school fosters educational inclusion, and therefore promoting social equity. I have analyzed 272 schools (N=11,732 students) of five urban contexts in Brazil and found behaviors markedly different for the two learning subjects; reading and mathematics, the mean SIEE yielding positive and negative values, respectively. I argue that the SIEE concept is relevant for the analysis of educational effectiveness and should be considered as such by educational researchers and policymakers.
The Standardization of Chinese Characters
Authors: Hu Zhuanglin
Published: April 2015

The standardization of Chinese characters has always been a heated topic in Mainland China and elsewhere. After a brief introduction to newly emerging disciplines such as eco-semiotics and eco-linguistics, the paper attempts to discuss the role of the standardization of Chinese characters from the perspectives of sustainability, communication, contextualization and biodiversity.
Coming to Terms with Horror
Authors: Festić Fatima
Published: April 2015

The paper discusses the possibilities of building a framework for conceptualization and understanding of the effects of the atrocities committed upon the collapse of ‘ex-Yugoslavia’. It relates the war-horrors and personal and collective traumas to the everyday of the people(s) of both the communist and post-communist times, and includes empirical cross-references from the social relations, cultural, educational and political contexts while revealing the ambivalent meanings of the ‘ghosts of the past’ and of their ‘return’. In rethinking the notions of the signifier, representation, the abject from the social/the symbolic, the text argues for the centrality of memory work based on victims’ experiences and their articulation in public spaces in the post-war societies. Envisioning the move forward and safer inter-ethnic relations on the discussed territories argues for individual responsibility in the processes of (re)construction and (re)formation of complex personal, collective and national identities, lived memory and institutions and in attempts to inter- and intracommunicate the particularized units.
Semiotic Confusion in the Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Lanigan Richard L.
Published: April 2015

The communication analysis presented in the article compares the semiotic coding of visual perception in cultural theory and practice. The USA is used as an example of Western Culturology (egocentric, isometric) compared to the PRC as an example of Eastern Culturology (sociocentric, axonometric). Perception is explicated within the general context of Discourse Expression (rhetoric, aesthetics) and illustrated using examples from the visual arts, notably painting, a television image, and flower arrangement. Because contemporary popular media image production emerged from Japan, Chinese and Japanese art examples are also considered. The primary purpose of the general analysis is pedagogical, to teach semiotic phenomenological methodology in communicological and culturological research.
Obesogenic environments: environmental approaches to obesity prevention
Authors: Lipek Tobias , Igel Ulrike , Gausche Ruth , Kiess Wieland , Grande Gesine
Published: April 2015

Childhood obesity is a major concern for public health. There are multiple factors (e.g., genetic, social, and environmental) that contribute to unhealthy weight gain. Drawing from findings on “obesogenic environments” and core principles of preventive strategies to reduce health inequalities, this paper gives an overview of recent childhood prevention programs that target aspects of the physical environment (“environmental changes”). Out of the ten reviews we screened (including more than 300 studies), we identified very few that addressed aspects of the environment. We focus here on 14 programs that follow different approaches to environmental changes (e.g., access to/quality of playgrounds, changes in school cafeterias). Altering the environment offers opportunities for healthier behaviors and seems to be an effective strategy to prevent childhood obesity. However, the evaluation of those (mostly) multidimensional interventions does not allow drawing firm conclusions about the single effect of environmental changes. We conclude that obesity prevention programs should combine person-based and environmental approaches.
Synthesis and structure of zinc dichloride bis(t-butylhydrazine) monohydrate
Authors: Kociok-Köhn Gabriele , Molloy Kieran C. , Sudlow Anna L.
Published: April 2015

ZnCl
La filosofía chilena y el neoliberalismo
Authors: Lovera Lorena Zuchel , Álvarez Christian Viera
Published: April 2015

En el presente artículo, se presenta el desarrollo de la filosofía chilena en las últimas décadas, poniendo especial énfasis en los efectos que supone la imposición de un modelo neoliberal, modelo que no sólo funda la economía sino que todas las interacciones sociales. La pregunta de este trabajo es por qué y qué se está haciendo filosóficamente en Chile, cuálesson las características que el modelo económico, heredado de ladictadura, ha generado en las instituciones y disciplinas. De este modo, en definitiva, qué ocupa (o pre-ocupa) a los filósofos chilenos, como profesores e investigadores, para la comprensión y construcción de sus propios quehaceres
Economic Security as a Scientific Category: Theoretical and Methodological Aspect of Research
Authors: Metelev Sergey Efimovich
Published: April 2015

This article is devoted to the problems of providing economic security in the Russian Federation. Methodological approaches to research of economic security characteristics as an economic category are considered in this article as independent scientific fields. The special attention is paid to the analysis of scientific definitions of economic security within each of methodological approaches. The definition “economic security” is concretized on the basis of differentiation this definition from a methodological position of the research. The analysis of economic security evaluation criteria is carried out, and also measures to its providing for Russia are systematized at the federal, the regional and the local levels.
“Show, Don't Tell”
Authors: Cooper Brittney , Morris Susana M.
Published: April 2015

In this essay, Cooper and Morris review Robin M. Boylorn's award-winning autoethnography, Sweetwater. This book review foregrounds Sweetwater's significant interventions into several fields, including autoethnography, rural studies, Southern studies, and black feminist theory.
The Road to Sweetwater
Authors: Poulos Christopher N.
Published: April 2015

In this brief review, I wander the dusty back roads of Sweetwater with Robin M. Boylorn. Although I do not know this world personally, the beautiful writing in this book carries me deep into a world where race and class and gender and poverty may well be trumped by love and resilience in the experiences of rural black women. This story has great power.
Hopeful Lament
Authors: Patti Chris J.
Published: April 2015

A personal reading of Robin M. Boylorn's rich, troubling, critical, and beautifully composed text Sweetwater inspired the author to respond in the poetic form of the blues. Mixing major (hopeful) and minor (heartbreaking) themes and written as a lament, the author confronts the sorrow of marginalization and praises the brave and hopeful power of Boylorn's writing, which speaks in personal, familial, and cultural registers about the oppression and resilience of Southern black women. This song resolves by highlighting the philosophical and theoretical possibilities made possible by the critical auto/ethnographic storytelling exemplified in Sweetwater.
Sky Ops Surprise
Authors: Redden Shawna Malvini
Published: April 2015

Invoking the styling of classic spy stories, this essay provides an account of a commercial aviation emergency landing that blew the agent/author's “cover” as a full participant ethnographer. Using an experimental autoethnographic format, the piece offers an evocative portrayal of a perceived near-death experience and its aftermath, as well as critical commentary on writing autoethnography with a fictionalized framing. In the closing “debrief,” the author sheds her agent persona to describe the process of writing about traumatic events and to analyze how those events focus attention on methodological and ethical considerations for qualitative research.
THE INFLUENCE OF LASER RADIATION ON HUMAN OSTEOBLASTS CULTURED ON NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITE SUBSTRATES
Authors: Crisan Liana , Soritau Olga , Baciut Mihaela , Baciut Grigore , Crisan Bogdan Vasile
Published: April 2015

Background & Aims. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and graphene have been explored by researchers as well as the industry. Graphene is a new nanomaterial which has commercial and scientific advantages. Laser therapy has proven highly useful in biomedicine, with the use of different laser types and energies for distinct purposes. The low level laser therapy (LLLT) can have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and biostimulant effects. Recent research has shown that laser radiation has different effects on osteoblasts. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of laser radiation on human osteoblastic cells cultured on nanostructured composite substrates.Materials and methods. Four types of substrates were created using colloidal suspensions of nanostructured composites in PBS at a concentration of 30 µg/ml. We used human osteoblasts isolated from patella bone pieces harvested during arthroplasty. Irradiation of osteoblasts cultured on nanostructured composite substrates was made with a semiconductor laser model BTL-10 having a wavelength of 830 nm. The proliferation activity of osteoblast cells was assessed using the MTT assay. After laser irradiation procedure  the viability and proliferation of osteoblast cells were analyzed using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining. Results. The osteoblast cells viability and proliferation were evaluated with MTT assay at 30 minutes, 24 hours, 5 days and 10 days after laser irradiation. In the first 30 minutes there were no significant differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated cells. At 24 hours after laser irradiation procedure a significant increase of MTT values in case of irradiated osteoblasts cultivated on nanostructured hydroxyapatite, nanostructured hydroxyapatite with gold nanoparticles and 1.6% and 3.15% graphenes composites substrates was observed. A more marked proliferation rate was observed after 10 days of irradiation for irradiated osteoblasts seeded on nanostructured hydroxyapatite with gold nanoparticles and graphenes containing substrate. Using FDA staining we obtained very similar results with MTT test. Conclusions. The association between the 830 nm laser irradiation of osteoblasts and their long-term cultivation of the nanostructured composite substrates induces the cell proliferation and differentiation and, therefore, it will be a useful alternative for bone regeneration therapy.
EVALUATION OF INTERLEUKIN-10 LEVELS IN THE PLASMA OF PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS STAGES OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Ndishimye Pacifique , Seghrouchni Fouad , Domokos Bianka , Soritau Olga , Sadak Abderrahim , Homorodean Daniela , Aouada Rajae El , Pop Carmen Monica
Published: April 2015

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains one of the world’s major causes of illness and mortality. A clear understanding of the host defense against Mtb is imperatively needed for the control of this epidemic. When tuberculosis (TB) infection occurs, a variety of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a vital role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines reported to suppress the protective immune response against tuberculosis.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of plasma IL-10 levels with various disease stages of TB and the possible effects of treatment on these levels. A group of 30 patients with active pulmonary TB and a control group of 21 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The levels of IL-10 were measured before, during, and after treatment using commercially available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 5.0.The results showed that the levels of IL-10 had significant differences between the TB and control groups (p<0.05). The patients with abnormal chest X-Ray findings had higher IL-10 levels when compared to patients with normal X-Rays (p=0.03). A subgroup of 18 patients were followed during the treatment and the mean plasma concentration of IL-10 in patients before therapy was higher than in patients at 3 months of therapy and in patients after 6 months of therapy (p=0.01). However, the IL-10 level remained significantly higher in patients at the end of treatment compared with controls.These findings could be used in follow-up as clinical biomarker of the success of tuberculosis therapy.
New records of mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Insecta) from Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Lima Lucas R. C. , Salles Frederico Falcão , Pinheiro Ulisses
Published: April 2015

The knowledge about the distribution of Ephemeroptera in Brazil has increased in recent years, contributing to reduce the gaps about its distribution in this country. This paper presents an updated checklist of the species of Ephemeroptera from Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil based on bibliography and collections from numerous rivers and streams of 27 counties and 74 localities. In this study, 18 species and 11 genera are recorded for the first time from Pernambuco state, increasing from 43 to 61 the number of known species. With these results, Pernambuco becomes the state with highest number of species in Northeastern Region of Brazil. Moreover, Caenis chamie is reported for the first time from Brazil.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the recombination reduction at surface and grain boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells by valence band control
Authors: Nishimura Takahito , Hirai Yoshiaki , Kurokawa Yasuyoshi , Yamada Akira
Published: April 2015

We carried out theoretical calculation for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells with energy bandgap of 1.4 eV assuming formation of a Cu-poor layer on the surface of CIGS films. This calculation result revealed that formation of a thinner Cu-poor layer such as a few nanometers leads to improvement of the solar cells performance. This is because interfacial recombination was suppressed due to repelling holes from the interface by valence band offset (ΔEV). Next, we investigated composition distribution in the cross section of CIGS solar cells with Ga contents of 30% and 70% by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). It was revealed that the Cu-poor layer was formed on the surface and at the grain boundary (GB) in the case of conversion efficiency (η) of 17.3%, although it was not formed in the case of lower η of 13.8% for a Ga content of 30%. These results indicate that formation of the Cu-poor layer contributed to improvement of cell performance by suppression of carrier recombination. Moreover, it was also confirmed that although the Cu-poor layer was observed on the surface, it was not observed at the GB in the case of CIGS solar cells with a Ga content of 70% which had η of 12.7%. It is thought that the effect of repelling holes by ΔEV is not obtained at the GB and the solar cell performance in the Ga content of 70% is lower than that in the Ga content of 30%. Thus, we suggest importance of the Cu-poor layer at the GB for high efficiency of CIGS solar cells with high Ga contents.
Irad Malkin, A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greeks Overseas (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), xviii + 284pp. ISBN: 9-780-1997-3481-8. £40.00 (hbk).
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: April 2015

Irad Malkin, A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greeks Overseas (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), xviii + 284pp. ISBN: 9-780-1997-3481-8. £40.00 (hbk).
Cognitive Historiography
Authors: McCorkle William
Published: April 2015

Introduction to JCH 1.2
On the Way Towards a Cognitive Historiography
Authors: Xygalatas Dimitris
Published: April 2015

The publication of the first issue of the Journal of Cognitive Historiography essentially aimed to mark the birth of a new interdisciplinary field, which is willing to take upon the challenge of exploring how people in past societies thought and behaved. Cognitive Historiography thus becomes the latest addition to a number of inter-disciplinary areas which combine a subject matter from the humanities with methods and theories from the cognitive sciences, such as Cognitive Linguistics, Cognitive Anthropology, Cognitive Archaeology, Cognitive Semiotics, and others. In what follows I offer a critical assessment of Cognitive Historiography as an emergent field, and particularly as it is represented in the inaugural issue of JCH.
Commentary on Journal of Cognitive Historiography, Issue 1
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: April 2015

Commentary on Journal of Cognitive Historiography, Issue 1
Conhecendo os Meandros da Doação de Sangue: Implicações para a Atuação do Enfermeiro na Hemoterapia
Authors: Silva Gilce Erbe de Miranda , Valadares Glaucia Valente
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: o estudo tem como objetivo discutir os significados apreendidos pelos não doadores de sangue, considerando o contexto e as consequências para a atuação do enfermeiro na hemoterapia. Método: optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, com o referencial teórico do Interacionismo Simbólico e o método daGrounded Theory. A produção de dados foi realizada por entrevista intensiva com sujeitos de três grupos amostrais de um Hospital Universitário da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: o fenômeno gerou duas categorias de análise: "Percebendo a questão do sangue" e "Refletindo sobre as campanhas de doação de sangue". Observou-se que o ambiente do não doador é composto pelo contato com o outro e com as informações que este possa alcançar, inclusive a mídia. Conclusão: estas foram as principais bases para o conhecimento sobre a doação de sangue, que fazem nexo com as suas crenças, cultura e valores. Portanto, todos estes aspectos devem ser considerados pelo enfermeiro que atua na captação de doadores.
Eventos adversos e segurança na assistência de enfermagem
Authors: Duarte Sabrina da Costa Machado , Stipp Marluci Andrade Conceição , Silva Marcelle Miranda da , Oliveira Francimar Tinoco de
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: identificar as publicações científicas sobre os eventos adversos na assistência de enfermagem em pacientes adultos hospitalizados e discutir os principais eventos adversos na assistência de enfermagem. Método: Revisão integrativa com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados nas bases LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF e na biblioteca SCIELO, e submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: eventos adversos na assistência de enfermagem; principais causas dos eventos adversos na assistência de enfermagem; o posicionamento da equipe de enfermagem frente ao evento adverso. Identificou-se os principais eventos na assistência de enfermagem, destacando-se os erros na administração de medicação, não realização de curativos e as quedas. Salienta-se a importância dos instrumentos de notificação de eventos adversos nas instituições, porém o medo dos profissionais acerca da punição poderá estimular a subnotificação. Conclusão: é importante discutir estratégias de prevenção de eventos realmente eficazes, que assegurem a segurança do paciente nas instituições de saúde.