bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: MESOIONIC PURINONE ANALOGS AS INHIBITORS OF CYCLIC‐AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE: COMPARISON OF SEVERAL RING SYSTEMS
Authors: ROGERS M. E. , GLENNON R. A. , SMITH J. D. , BOOTS M. R. , NANAVATI N. , MACONAUGHEY J. E. , AUB D. , THOMAS S. , BASS R. G. , MBAGWU G.
Published: April 2016

Nach bekannten Verfahren werden die mesoionischen Verbindungen (I)‐(VII) dargestellt, die teilweise eine dem Theophyllin ähnliche inhibierende Wirkung gegenüber cyclo‐AMP‐Phosphodiesterase zeigen.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON 1, 4‐BENZOTHIAZINE. III. CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF 2‐ACYLBENZOTHIAZINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: SUGIYAMA K. , OGAWA T. , HIRANO H.
Published: April 2016

Die Thiazinderivate (I) werden unter milden Bedingungen zu den Sulfoxiden (II) oxidiert, die mit Alkali über die Zwischenstufen (III) in die Sulfoxide (IV) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ALKYLATION OF 10H‐PYRIMIDO(5,4‐B)(1,4)BENZOTHIAZINES
Authors: FENNER H. , ROESSLER H. H. + , GRAUERT R. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Barbitursäuren (I) werden in DMSO, wobei als Zwischenstufe das Ylid (II) formuliert wird, mit 2‐Aminothiophenol (III) zu "den Pyrimidobenzothiazinen (IVa) bzw. (IVb) umgesetzt, deren Methylierung und Benzylierung untersucht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME SUBSTITUTED PYRUVIC ACID (PHTHALAZIN‐1‐YL)HYDRAZONES AND (1,2,4)TRIAZINOPHTHALAZINES AS POSSIBLE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
Authors: SOLIMAN F. S. G. , KASSEM M. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Hydrazino‐phthalazin (I) und den α‐Ketosäuren (II) entstehen die Hydrazone (III), die zu den Triazinophthalazinonen (IV) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ANNULENES. 29. SYNTHESIS AND BEHAVIOR OF AZA(18)ANNULENES
Authors: GILB W. , SCHROEDER G. +
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IV) wird durch Tieftemp.‐Photolyse der tetracyclischen Azide (IId) bzw. (IIIf) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ANNULENES 30. AZA(14)ANNULENES
Authors: ROETTELE H. + , SCHROEDER G. +
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese des Aza[18]annulens erfolgt durch Tieftemp.‐Photolyse des Azids (IV) (60% Ausb.); in Lösung liegt ein Gemisch aus den drei Azaannulenen (V), (VI) und (VII) im angegebenen Verhältnis vor.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO 2,3‐BENZODIAZEPINES FROM ISOQUINOLINE N‐IMIDES
Authors: ENKAKU M. , KURITA J. , TSUCHIYA T.
Published: April 2016

Die Isochinolin‐N‐imide (I) ergeben bei der Belichtung in Gegenwart einer Base ein Gemisch der Benzodiazepine (II) und (III), von denen die Verbindungen (II) zu den Acetylierungsprodukten (IV) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: UNSYMMETRICAL CLEAVAGE REACTION OF μ‐(DIMETHYLAMINO)‐DIBORANE(6)
Authors: KELLER P. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Phenylendiamins (II) mit der Titelverbindung (I) liefert das erste Beispiel der Bildung von unsymm. Spaltungsprodukten eines u‐Aminodiborans.
ChemInform Abstract: UNSYMMETRICAL CLEAVAGE REACTIONS OF B4H10 AND THF.CNTDOT.B3H7 WITH THE CHELATING BASE N,N,N′,N′‐TETRAMETHYL‐O‐PHENYLENEDIAMINE (TMPD)
Authors: KELLER P. C.
Published: April 2016

In Toluollösung reagiert B4Hm mit dem Phenylendiamin (I) zum kristallinen, luftstabilen, ionischen Produkt (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS: THE FIRST APPLICATIONS OF SULFURYL CHLORIDE FLUORIDE SO2FCL IN SYNTHESIS
Authors: LOPUSINSKI A. , MICHALSKI J.
Published: April 2016

Sulfurylchloridfluorid (II) reagiert mit den Thionderivaten (Ia) ‐ zu den entsprechenden Fluoridaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METHOD FOR BUILDING CARBON‐PHOSPHORUS HETEROCYCLES
Authors: HOLAND S. , MATHEY F.
Published: April 2016

Aus 1‐Phenyl‐3,4‐dimethyl‐phosphol (I) erhält man nach Überführung in die Li‐Verbindung (II) mit Polymethylenbromiden (III) nach anschließender Schwefelung die w‐Bromalkylphosphinsulfide (IV), die mit N‐Phenyl‐succinimid (V) die Addukte (VI) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: SE‐PHENYL ARENESELENOSULFONATES: THEIR FACILE FORMATION AND STRIKING CHEMISTRY
Authors: GANCARZ R. , KICE J. L.
Published: April 2016

Phenylseleninsäure (I) liefert mit den Sulfinsäuren (II) die Ester (IV), deren Photolyse über radikalische Zwischenstufen zu (V) und (VI) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: POTASSIUM DIHALOMONOCYANOMERCURATES(II) KHGX2CN.H2O (X = CL, BR)
Authors: BRODERSEN K. , FROHRING H. M. , THIELE G.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelhydrate bilden sich bei der Umsetzung äquimolarer Mengen HgXQ und KCN in wäßriger Lösung.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ISOPRENOID CARBINOLS AND POLYFUNCTIONAL PHENOLS WITH TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: BASALKEVICH E. D. , SVISHCHUK A. D. , MATVIENKO L. P.
Published: April 2016

Perhydrogeranio1(I) und Trimethylhydrochinon (II) reagieren mit Titantetrachlorid (III) zu einem Gemisch aus Pseudocumochinon (IV), dem Chlorderivat (V) und dem Ether (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: STABLE MONOMERIC COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM(III) AND TUNGSTEN(III)
Authors: MILLAR M. , LINCOLN S. , KOCH S. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Koordination von dreizähnigen Polypyrazolylboratliganden kann Mo(III)‐Komplexe gegen Oxidation so stabilisieren, daß der +3‐Zustand vorherrschend wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND BONDING OF THE BIS(PHOSPHENIUM) ION‐DICOBALT CARBONYL COMPLEX CO2(CO)5(μ‐PN(CH3)CH2CH2NCH3)2
Authors: HUTCHINS L. D. , LIGHT R. W. , PAINE R. T.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung des Cobaltats (I) mit dem Aminohalogenophosphjn (II) im Verhältnis l :l führt zur Bildung der kristallinen, luft‐ und feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen Titelverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A CHIRAL O‐BOUND SULFOXIDE FROM AN S‐BOUND SULFENATE ION
Authors: GAINSFORD G. J. , JACKSON W. G. , SARGESON A. M.
Published: April 2016

Die Methylierung des chelatgebundenen Sulfenat‐Ions in dem Komplex (I) erfolgt am Schwefel unter vollständiger Retention der Chiralität am S‐Center.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PENTAFLUORO((TRIFLUOROMETHYL)ACETYLENYL)SULFUR WITH NICKEL TETRACARBONYL
Authors: BERRY A. D. , DE MARCO R. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion liefert bei periodischer Entfernung von CO bei ‐196°C das flüssige Produkt (I), das IR‐ und 19F‐NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: (PH4P)2(CUCN(MOS4)) AND (ME4N)2(CUCN)2MOS4: THIOMOLYBDATE LIGANDS ON COPPER ATOMS OF A COPPER CYANIDE (CUCN) MOLECULE AND A ZIGZAG CUCN CHAIN
Authors: MUELLER A. + , DARTMANN M. , ROEMER C. + , CLEGG W. , SHELDRICK G. M.
Published: April 2016

Durch direkte Koordination des Tetrathiomolybdat‐Anions an neutrale Cu‐Verbindungen wie das CuCN‐ Molekül oder eine unendliche CuCN‐Kette werden der Zweikernkomplex (I) bzw. der catena‐Komplex (II) erhalten (Ausb.‐Angaben in g).
ChemInform Abstract: ENANTIOSITE SELECTION IN THE DISPLACEMENT REACTION OF PPH3 BY CHIRAL DIPHOSPHINES IN (η5‐C5H5)RUCL(PPH3)2
Authors: CONSIGLIO G. , MORANDINI F. , BANGERTER F.
Published: April 2016

Mittels 1H‐ und 31P‐NMR‐Spektroskopie wird die Austauschreaktion von Triphenylphosphin aus (I) durch (+)‐(R)‐(IIa), (‐)‐(R)‐(IIb) und (‐)‐(S)‐(IIc) in Dg‐Toluol untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORTHO VINYLATION OF AROMATIC AMIDES VIA CYCLOPALLADATION COMPLEXES
Authors: HORINO H. , INOUE N.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Acetanilidenil) entstehen mit Palladiumacetat die Komplexe (II), die wieder zu (I) reduziert bzw. hydriert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVITY IN REACTIONS OF ALKYL‐ARYL‐TRANSITION‐METAL COMPLEXES WITH ELECTROPHILES
Authors: JAWAD J. K. , PUDDEPHATT R. J. , STALTERI M. A.
Published: April 2016

Der Einsatz von Nitratoplatinkomplexen anstelle von Chloroderivaten erleichtert die Einführung von Methylsubstituenten zur Erlangung reiner Produkte.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE ENANTIOMER OF THE NOVEL MARINE DITERPENE ISOAGATHOLACTONE, ENT‐13(16),14‐SPONGIADIEN‐12α‐OL, AND THE PARENT HYDROCARBON ISOCOPALANE FROM METHYL ISOCOPALATE
Authors: DE MIRANDA D. S. , BRENDOLAN G. , IMAMURA P. M. , SIERRA M. G. , MARSAIOLI A. J. , RUVEDA E. A.
Published: April 2016

In einer ausführlichen experimentellen Arbeit werden die stereospezifischen Synthesen von ent‐Isoagatholacton (II), ent‐13(16),14‐ Spongiadien‐12a‐ol (III) und Isocopalan (IV) aus Methyl‐isocopalat (I) beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF EPOXY KETONES
Authors: SHAPIRO E. L. , GENTLES M. J. , KABASAKALIAN P. , MAGATTI A.
Published: April 2016

Electrochemical Reduction of Epoxy Ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS WITH 1‐AMINOCYCLOPROPANE‐1‐CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: STEWART F. H. C.
Published: April 2016

Von der Titelverbindung (Ia) werden Derivate (Ib), (Ic) bzw. (Ie) [über (Id)] dargestellt, die in verschje‐ denen Modell‐Aktivester‐Reaktionen zu den Peptiden (IIIa) bzw. (?lb) [Weiterüberführung von (IIIa)‐(IVa)‐(IVb)‐(IVc)], (VI) [Weiterüberführung über die angegebenen Stufen in das Enkephalin‐Analoge (XI)] bzw. (XIIa) [Weiterüberführung in (XIIb)] umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF Ω‐AMINO ACID PEPTIDES RELATED TO LEUCINE‐ENKEPHALIN
Authors: STEWART F. H. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Titelpeptide (II), in denen der Gly‐Gly‐Baustein von [Leu]‐Enkephalin (III) durch eine (,o‐Aminosäure ersetzt ist, geht von den Vorstufen (IVa) bzw. (VII) bzw. (IX) bzw. (X) aus und führt zunächst zu den geschützten Derivaten (Ia), (Id), (Ib) bzw. (Ic), deren Hydrierung dann (II) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF AN ACTINOMYCIN‐RELATED PEPTIDE, CYCLO‐(THR‐D‐VAL‐PRO‐SAR‐MEALA), AND CONFORMATIONAL STUDIES BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND X‐RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Authors: MAUGER A. B. , STUART O. A. , HIGHET R. J. , SILVERTON J. V.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation (Mischanhydrid‐Methode)‐der Komponenten (I) und (II) (schrittweise nach üblichen Methoden aufgebaut) liefert das lineare Pentapeptidderivat (IIIa), das über die Stufen (IIb) und (IIc) in das Benzylderivat (IVa) der Titelverbindung (IVb) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW PROTECTIVE GROUPS FOR PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS. 4. CHROMONE‐DERIVED PROTECTION FOR AMINE AND CARBOXYL FUNCTIONS
Authors: KEMP D. S. , HANSON G.
Published: April 2016

p‐Kresol (I) liefert in bekannter Weise das Z‐Trifluormethyl‐ö‐methyl‐chromon (II), das zu (V) bromiert und dann mit den Salzen (VI) zu den 2‐Trifluormethyl‐6‐chromonylmethylen‐estern (Tcrom‐Estern) (VII) verestert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT CARBOHYDRATES. 30. ANTIBIOTIC MODELS. 4. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF N‐TOSYLDAUNOSAMINE
Authors: DYONG I. , FRIEGE H. , ZU HOENE T. +
Published: April 2016

Eine neue large‐scale‐Synthese des N‐Tosyldaunosamins (VIb) gestattet es, diese Depotverbindung des Antibiotica‐Zuckers Daunosamin aus billigen Nicht‐Kohlenhydrat‐Vorstufen [→(I); bekannte Überführung] im 10 g Maßstab herzustellen.
ChemInform Abstract: USEFUL SYNTHESES OF ERYTHRO‐ AND THREO‐N‐OLEOYL‐D‐SPHINGOSINES (CERAMIDES) AND GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES (CEREBROSIDES) FROM L‐SERINE
Authors: TKACZUK P. , THORNTON E. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus L‐Serin (I) erhält man nach bekannten Verfahren den Oxazolinaldehyd (II), aus dem die Folgeprodukte (III) und (IV) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DEOXY SUGARS. DEOXYGENATION BY TREATMENT WITH N,N′‐THIOCARBONYLDIIMIDAZOLE/TRI‐N‐BUTYLSTANNANE
Authors: RASMUSSEN J. R. , SLINGER C. J. , KORDISH R. J. , NEWMAN‐EVANS D. D.
Published: April 2016

Freie Hydroxylgruppen in ansonsten teilweise geschützten Zuckern (I) werden mit Thiocarbonyldiimidazol (II) in die Thiono‐ester (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ALKALOIDS. PART 4. TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ZIZYPHINES A AND B
Authors: SCHMIDT U. , LIEBERKNECHT A. , BOEKENS H. + , GRIESSER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Peptidalkaloide Zizyphin A (XIa) und N‐Acetylzizyphin B (XIb) aus Zizyphus oenoplia wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATIONS OF THE CIS‐ AND TRANS‐13‐METHYLTETRAHYDROPROTOBERBERINES. TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (+)‐THALICTRICAVINE, (+)‐CANADINE, (.+‐.)‐, (‐)‐, AND (+)‐THALICTRIFOLINE, AND (.+‐.)‐, (‐)‐, AND (+)‐CAVIDINE
Authors: IWASA K. , GUPTA Y. P. , CUSHMAN M.
Published: April 2016

Totalsynthesen für verschiedene Protoberberine wie (III) oder (VI) werden beschrieben, die im wesentlichen auf einer Kondensation zwischen Dihydroisochinolinen wie (I) bzw. (IV) und Homophthalsäureanhydriden wie (II) bzw. (V) zu den Säuren (IIIa) bzw. (VIa) und nachfolgender Modifizierung der funktionellen Gruppen beruhen.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLIC AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS. PART 949. A TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐CORYNANTHEIDOL
Authors: KAMETANI T. , KANAYA N. , HONDA T. , IHARA M.
Published: April 2016

Durch Hydrolyse des bekannten Ketoesters (I) und anschließende Decarboxylierung erhält man ein Gemisch der Stereoisomeren (II) und (III), von denen ersteres über das Hydrierungsprodukt (III) in (i)‐Corynantheidol (V) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME STABLE MULTISUBSTRATE ADDUCTS AS INHIBITORS OF CATECHOL O‐METHYLTRANSFERASE
Authors: ANDERSON G. L. , BUSSOLOTTI D. L. , COWARD J. K.
Published: April 2016

Der Methoxyphenethylalkohol (I) wird zur Verbindung (II) acetyliert, die über das Bromacetophenon (III) das Amin (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME STABLE MULTISUBSTRATE ADDUCTS AS SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF SPERMIDINE SYNTHASE
Authors: TANG K.‐C. , MARIUZZA R. , COWARD J. K.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Isopropylidenadenosin (Ia) erhält man mit Thionylchlorid das Chlorid (Ib), dessen Formylierung zum Amid (II) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE WITH CAMP
Authors: BERES J. , MORAVCSIK E. , RADICS L.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung des Triethylammoniumsalzes von CAMP (I) mit Ethylenoxid (II) ergibt die Ammoniumverbindung (III) und nicht ,den Phosphorsäureester (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: WAVELENGTH‐CONTROLLED PRODUCTION OF PREVITAMIN D3
Authors: DAUBEN W. G. , PHILLIPS R. B.
Published: April 2016

Bei 2‐stufiger Bestrahlung einer Lösung des Provitamins D (I) läßt sich das prim. aus der UV‐Bestrahlung erhaltene Gleichgewichtsgemisch, das Tachysterin3 (II) als Hauptprodukt enthält, bei weiterer direkter Lichteinwirkung in die Titelverbindung (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGHLY CONVERGENT AND EFFICIENT TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDINS (.+‐.)‐PGA AND (.+‐.)‐PGB
Authors: MARINO J. P. , KELLY M. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Vinyliodid (Ia) erhält man über das Li‐Derivat (Ib) das Cyanocuprat (Ic), das mit dem Cyclopentadienmonoepoxid (II) zu einem Gemisch der isomeren Cyclopentenole (III) und (IV) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐(METHANESULFONYL)‐16‐PHENOXYPROSTAGLANDIN CARBOXAMIDES: TISSUE‐SELECTIVE, UTERINE STIMULANTS
Authors: SCHAAF T. K. , BINDRA J. S. , EGGLER J. F. , PLATTNER J. J. , NELSON A. J. , JOHNSON M. R. , CONSTANTINE J. W. , HESS H.‐J. , ELGER W.
Published: April 2016

Das Phosphonat (II) reagiert mit dem optisch aktiven Aldehyd (I) zum Enon (III), dessen Reduktion zu einem Gemisch von C‐1 S‐Epimeren führt.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED YIELD PREPARATION OF 3‐OXO‐2,6,6‐TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEX‐1‐ENE‐1‐CARBOXYLIC ACID, AN IMPORTANT INTERMEDIATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐STRIGOL
Authors: PEPPERMAN A. B.
Published: April 2016

(i)‐Strigol (I) wirkt stimulierend auf die Keimung bestimmter Pflanzen.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIMICROBIAL METABOLITES OF THE SPONGE RENIERA SP
Authors: FRINCKE J. M. , FAULKNER D. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Schwamm Reniera sp.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DL‐MALYNGOLIDE, A MARINE ANTIBIOTIC Δ‐LACTONE, FROM 3‐METHYLCYCLOPENTANE‐1,2‐DIONE
Authors: TORII S. , INOKUCHI T. , YORITAKA K.
Published: April 2016

3‐Methyl‐l,Z‐cyclopentandion liefert mit Nonylmagnesiumbromid das Addukt (I), das elektrochemisch zu (IIa) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A CHEMICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL STUDY OF NONOBSERVED, SYMMETRY‐ALLOWED REACTIONS
Authors: RANGANATHAN S. , RANGANATHAN D. , RAMACHANDRAN P. V. , MAHANTY M. K. , BAMEZAI S.
Published: April 2016

Review: Im Zusammenhang mit den im Titel genannten Untersuchungen werden einige von den Autoren durchgeführte Reaktionen experimentell beschrieben.
Protein synthetic machinery and mRNA in regenerating tips of spinal cord axons in lamprey
Authors: Jin Li‐Qing , Pennise Cynthia R. , Rodemer William , Jahn Kristen S. , Selzer Michael E.
Published: April 2016

Polyribosomes, mRNA, and other elements of translational machinery have been reported in peripheral nerves and in elongating injured axons of sensory neurons in vitro, primarily in growth cones. Evidence for involvement of local protein synthesis in regenerating central nervous system (CNS) axons is less extensive. We monitored regeneration of back‐labeled lamprey spinal axons after spinal cord transection and detected mRNA in axon tips by in situ hybridization and microaspiration of their axoplasm. Poly(A)+mRNA was present in the axon tips, and was more abundant in actively regenerating tips than in static or retracting ones. Target‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization revealed plentiful mRNA for the low molecular neurofilament subunit and β‐tubulin, but very little for β‐actin, consistent with the morphology of their tips, which lack filopodia and lamellipodia. Electron microscopy showed ribosomes/polyribosomes in the distal parts of axon tips and in association with vesicle‐like membranes, primarily in the tip. In one instance, there were structures with the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Immunohistochemistry showed patches of ribosomal protein S6 positivity in a similar distribution. The results suggest that local protein synthesis might be involved in the mechanism of axon regeneration in the lamprey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3614–3640, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative Interpretation of the Low‐Bias Conductance of Au–Mesitylene–Au Molecular Junctions Formed from Mesitylene Monolayers
Authors: Wang Hao , Jiang Zhuoling , Wang Yongfeng , Sanvito Stefano , Hou Shimin
Published: April 2016

The atomic structure and electronic transport properties of Au–mesitylene–Au molecular junctions formed from a mesitylene monolayer without any anchoring groups are investigated by employing the non‐equilibrium Green′s function formalism combined with density functional theory. The intermolecular and adsorbate–substrate interactions are described by the non‐local optB88 van der Waals functional. Two types of Au–mesitylene–Au molecular junctions are constructed, in which either an isolated mesitylene molecule or a mesitylene molecule embedded into a monolayer lying flat on one electrode surface is in contact with an atomic protrusion of the other electrode surface. The calculated low‐bias conductance values of these two junctions are both in quantitative agreement with the reported experimental values [S. Afsari, Z. Li, and E. Borguet, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 9771; Angew. Chem. 2014, 126, 9929]. This indicates that the measured conductance is intrinsic at the single‐molecule Au–mesitylene–Au junction and that the intermolecular interactions in the mesitylene monolayer have little effect.
A Threefold Interpenetrated Pillared‐Layer Metal–Organic Framework for Selective Separation of C2H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4
Authors: Alduhaish Osamah , Wang Hailong , Li Bin , Arman Hadi D. , Nesterov Vladimir , Alfooty Khalid , Chen Banglin
Published: April 2016

A new threefold interpenetrated pillared‐layer microporous metal–organic framework, [Zn2(cca)2(4‐bpdb)]n⋅(DMF)2n (UTSA‐85) (H2cca=4‐carboxycinnamic acid, 4‐bpdb=1,4‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene, and DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide), has been designed and generated by the solvothermal reaction of mixed ligands (H2cca and 4‐bpdb) and Zn(NO3)2⋅6 H2O. Single‐crystal XRD analysis disclosed that discrete paddle‐wheel Zn2(COO)4 clusters as secondary building units linked the cca ligands to give two‐dimensional layers, which were further pillared by 4‐bpdb ligands to form a threefold interpenetrated pillared‐layer structure. The desolvated framework, UTSA‐85 a, was revealed to exhibit permanent porosity with a BET surface area of 558 m2 g−1 and a high selectivity of 64 for C2H2/CH4 separation at 296 K owing to the microporous (≈5.0 Å) structure and functional azine groups that decorated the pore channels.
Carbon Cathodes in Rechargeable Lithium–Oxygen Batteries Based on Double‐Lithium‐Salt Electrolytes
Authors: Yoo Eunjoo , Zhou Haoshen
Published: April 2016

The use of carbon materials as air electrodes in lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries is known to be advantageous owing to their good conductivity and because they offer sites suitable for the reversible electrode reactions. However, the exact influence of carbon materials on the electrochemical performance of Li–O2 batteries is not clear. In this study the electrochemical performance of four different types of carbon materials (multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), CMK‐3, graphene nanosheets (GNSs), and Ketjen Black (KB)) as air electrodes is examined. We find that a Li–O2 cell based on an electrode of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) demonstrates good rate performance and cycle stability, when using LiNO3–LiTFSI/DMSO as electrolyte. Li–O2 cells based on such MWCNT electrodes, with a cut‐off capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1, can undergo around 90 cycles without obvious losses of capacity. Even when the discharge depth is increased to 2000 mA h g−1, stable cycling is maintained for 45 cycles at a charge potential below 4.0 V.
A novel electrode‐area‐weighted method of implementing wavelet transform processor with surface acoustic wave device
Authors: Lu Wenke , Gao Lili , Zhang Jingduan
Published: April 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the possibility of a novel electrode‐area‐weighted (EAW) method of implementing wavelet transform processor (WTP) with surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. The motivation for this work was prompted by a diffraction problem of the WTP using SAW device. In this paper, we propose a novel EAW method in order to solve the diffraction problem. When the electrode areas of the EAW wavelet interdigital transducer (IDT) (i.e. the input IDT) are designed according to the envelope areas of the wavelet function, the impulse‐response function of the EAW wavelet IDT is equal to the wavelet function, so that the novel EAW WTP using SAW device can be fabricated. In this study, we also present the diffraction problem, the substrate material, and the electrode number of the output IDT as three key problems, and the solutions to the three key problems are implemented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of metabolic health and adipose tissue function by group 2 innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Cautivo Kelly M. , Molofsky Ari B.
Published: April 2016

Adipose tissue (AT) is home to an abundance of immune cells. With chronic obesity, inflammatory immune cells accumulate and promote insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, recent studies have highlighted the regulation and function of immune cells in lean, healthy AT, including those associated with type 2 or “allergic” immunity. Although traditionally activated by infection with multicellular helminthes, AT type 2 immunity is active independently of infection, and promotes tissue homeostasis, AT “browning,” and systemic insulin sensitivity, protecting against obesity‐induced metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In particular, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are integral regulators of AT type 2 immunity, producing the cytokines interleukin‐5 and IL‐13, promoting eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages, and cooperating with and promoting AT regulatory T (Treg) cells. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in our understanding of group 2 innate lymphoid cell cells and type 2 immunity in AT metabolism and homeostasis.
Tuning the Magnetoluminescence Behavior of Lanthanide Complexes Having Sphenocorona and Cubic Coordination Geometries
Authors: Goswami Soumyabrata , Biswas Soumava , Tomar Kapil , Konar Sanjit
Published: April 2016

The reaction of the tripodal fluorophoric ligand tris(benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)amine (ntbi) with two different lanthanide salts [Ln(NO3)3 and LnCl3 (Ln = Dy, Ho, Tb)] afforded two new classes of mononuclear complexes. The class 1 complexes [{Ln(ntbi)(NO3)3}2·3CH3OH; Ln = Dy (1) and Ho (3)] exhibit very rare “sphenocorona” coordination geometries around the Ln centers, whereas the class 2 complexes [{Ln(ntbi)2}5·15Cl·xH2O; Ln = Dy, x = 18 (2) and Ln = Tb, x = 27 (4)] show “cubic” coordination geometries, as revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The class 2 complexes also exhibit a unique “double‐propeller”‐type structural feature. Owing to the significant difference in the coordination geometries around the Ln centers, prominent variations in the slow magnetic relaxation behaviors as well as the luminescence intensities are observed by alternating current magnetic susceptibility and solid‐state luminescence studies, respectively.
Organosilatranes with Acylthiourea Derivatives – Metal‐Ion Binding, Substituent‐Dependent Sensitivity, and Prospects for the Fabrication of Magnetic Hybrids
Authors: Singh Gurjaspreet , Rani Sunita
Published: April 2016

A variety of topologically interesting acylthiourea‐tethered organosilatranes (AcTu‐OS) were prepared, and their function as metal‐ion binding sites was investigated. The prepared compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis; FTIR, UV/Vis and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy; and mass spectrometry. The organosilicon complexes 4a–4e possess diverse coordination abilities for the surveyed metal ions (Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+), as was appraised by the corresponding absorption shifts in the UV/Vis spectra. In addition, a facile preparatory route for the covalent grafting of the most efficient receptor 4e onto a silica‐encrusted magnetic nanosupport was implemented. The resultant organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles (H‐NPs) were characterized by physicochemical techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TEM, field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The grafting of the sensory module afforded active sites for the adsorption of metal ions from the aqueous solution which is outlined using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potential in sensing, sorbent properties and facile magnetic recovery of the hybrid evinces the separation process practical to undertake environmental issues.
Cu0‐Promoted Cyclisation of Unsaturated α‐Halogeno Amides To Give β‐ and γ‐Lactams
Authors: Clark Andrew J. , Duckmanton Jonathan N. , Felluga Fulvia , Gennaro Armando , Ghelfi Franco , Hardiman Jack R. D. , Isse Abdirisak A. , Manferdini Claudia , Spinelli Domenico
Published: April 2016

Efficient 5‐exo‐trig atom‐transfer radical cyclisation of 13 unsaturated α‐halogeno amides mediated by Cu0 (copper wire) with tripyridylmethanimine ligand (TPMA; 1 mol‐%) in a mixed solvent of EtOAc/EtOH (3:1) is reported (89–98 %), with recycling of the copper wire. A substantial improvement in conversion and selectivity was obtained when Na2CO3 (5 mol‐%) was added to the reaction mixture. The Cu0 acts as a supplementary activator and reducing agent in a SARA‐ATRC process. The protocol was extended to the cyclisation onto alkynes and the formation of β‐lactams, although these reactions gave lower yields (35–76 %).
Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles by Oxidative Cyclization of 2‐(Arylazo)ethene‐1,1‐diamines: A One‐Pot Approach
Authors: Gavlik Kseniya D. , Lesogorova Svetlana G. , Sukhorukova Ekaterina S. , Subbotina Julia O. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Benassi Enrico , Belskaya Nataliya P.
Published: April 2016

A one‐pot approach for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐5‐amino‐1,2,3‐triazoles is reported. This approach involves a tandem nucleophilic addition of alkylamines to hydrazonoyl cyanides and in situ oxidative cyclization of the resulting 2‐(arylazo)ethene‐1,1‐diamines in the presence of copper(II) acetate and air. The described one‐pot procedure is characterized by good yields, excellent selectivity, methodical simplicity, and uses readily available chemicals. This method was applied to the gram‐scale synthesis of 2‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
A General and Mild Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Cyanamides, Amines, and Diaryl­iodonium Triflates
Authors: Li Jihui , Wang Hongxing , Hou Yifeng , Yu Weiguang , Xu Shuying , Zhang Yucang
Published: April 2016

A highly efficient copper‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of cyanamides, amines, and diaryliodonium triflates was developed for the synthesis of guanidines. The mild reaction accommodates both aromatic and aliphatic amines and provides the products in good yields with good functional group tolerance. Moreover, it was demonstrated that C–H activation of the arenes could be realized for the direct preparation of guanidines.
‘SWEATCH’: A Wearable Platform for Harvesting and Analysing Sweat Sodium Content
Authors: Glennon Tom , O'Quigley Conor , McCaul Margaret , Matzeu Giusy , Beirne Stephen , Wallace Gordon G. , Stroiescu Florin , O'Mahoney Niamh , White Paddy , Diamond Dermot
Published: April 2016

A platform for harvesting and analysing the sodium content of sweat in real time is presented. One is a ‘watch’ format in which the sampling and fluidic system, electrodes, circuitry and battery are arranged vertically, while in the other ‘pod’ format, the electronics and battery components, and the fluidics electrodes are arranged horizontally. The platforms are designed to be securely attached to the skin using a velcro strap. Sweat enters into the device through a sampling orifice and passes over solid‐state sodium‐selective and reference electrodes and into a storage area containing a high capacity adsorbent material. The liquid movement is entirely driven by capillary action, and the flow rate through the device can be mediated through variation of the width of a fluidic channel linking the electrodes to the sample storage area. Changing the width dimension through 750, 500 and 250 µm produces flow rates of 38.20, 21.48 and 6.61 µL/min, respectively. Variation of the sweat uptake rate and the storage volume capacity enables the duration of usage to be varied according to the needs of the user. The devices can be easily disassembled to replace the electrodes and the high capacity adsorbant material. The storage sweat is available for subsequent measurement of the total volume of sweat harvested and the average concentration of sodium over the period of use. Signals generated by the electrodes are passed to a custom designed electronics board with high input impedance to accurately capture the voltage. The real‐time data is transmitted wirelessly using incorporated Bluetooth circuitry to a remote basestation (laptop, mobile phone, tablet) for data visualization and storage in standard formats. Results obtained during trials over a period of ca. 30 minutes controlled exercise are consistent with previously published data, showing a gradual relatively slow increase of the sodium concentration in the sweat during this period.
Increased yield and selected properties of bacterial cellulose exposed to different modes of a rotating magnetic field
Authors: Fijałkowski Karol , Żywicka Anna , Drozd Radosław , Junka Adam Feliks , Peitler Dorota , Kordas Marian , Konopacki Maciej , Szymczyk Patrycja , El Fray Mirosława , Rakoczy Rafał
Published: April 2016

Rotating magnetic field (RMF) is an interesting alternative to conventional bacterial cellulose (BC) production methods. The BC synthesis processes may be affected by RMF, which facilitates the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the media to the microbial cells. RMF may also directly influence the various physical and chemical properties of BC. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the RMF on the BC in regard to its yield and material properties. The correlation between the efficiency of polymer production and the different time of exposure to the RMF was also analyzed to determine the conditions of lower energy consumption during the cellulose formation process. It was found that the Gluconacetobacter xylinus cultures exposed to the RMF for a half of the time of the entire cellulose production process (72 h), considering the results obtained in controls, synthesized BC more effectively than bacteria continuously exposed to the RMF for 144 h. Furthermore, the application of the RMF, regardless of the exposure mode, did not negatively affect the polymer material properties. It was concluded that the use of the RMF may provide a novel technique for altering cellulose biogenesis and may be used in multiple biotechnological applications.
Modified three‐dimensional seismic assessment method for buildings based on ambient vibration tests: extrapolation to higher shaking levels and measuring the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion
Authors: Mirshafiei Farshad , McClure Ghyslaine
Published: April 2016

This paper presents applications of the modified 3D‐SAM approach, a three‐dimensional seismic assessment methodology for buildings directly based on in situ experimental modal tests to calculate global seismic demands and the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion. Considering that the building modal properties change from weak to strong motion levels, appropriate modification factors are proposed to extend the application of the method to stronger earthquakes. The proposed approach is consistent with the performance‐based seismic assessment approach, which entails the prediction of seismic displacements and drift ratios that are related to the damage condition and therefore the functionality of the building. The modified 3D‐SAM is especially practical for structures that are expected to experience slight to moderate damage levels and in particular for post‐disaster buildings that are expected to remain functional after an earthquake. In the last section of this paper, 16 low to mid‐rise irregular buildings located in Montreal, Canada, and that have been tested under ambient vibrations are analyzed with the method, and the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion of the dataset is reported and discussed. The proposed methodology is appropriate for large‐scale assessments of existing buildings and is applicable to any seismic region of the world. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit with a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System for Refrigerated Truck Application
Authors: Venkataraman V. , Pacek A. W. , Steinberger‐Wilckens R.
Published: April 2016

Modeling studies have been carried out to investigate coupling of an solid oxide fuel cell auxiliary power unit (SOFC APU) with a small scale NH3–H2O based vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) for a refrigerated truck/trailer application, by using hot cathode exhaust from the SOFC stack to drive the VARS. A bottom up design and modeling approach has been adopted where the end requirements, cooling load in this case, are identified first followed by upstream modeling of the SOFC and VARS unit. This approach enables design of system/components to meet the desired end requirements rather than compromise or fall short of the desired goal.

Initial modeling results show that it is indeed possible to couple an SOFC with a VARS on a small scale (< 10 kW cooling load) for the refrigerated truck application. As this novel strategy utilizes both heat and power from the SOFC it promises a higher total efficiency up to 80% and also removes a significant part of the load from the main diesel engine, thereby leaving the engine to carry out the task of only propelling the vehicle. The excess electrical power from the SOFC could also be used to charge the vehicle batteries.
Pre‐Hispanic and Colonial Flood Plain Destabilization in the Texcoco Region and Lower Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico
Authors: Cordova Carlos E.
Published: April 2016

Stratigraphic sequences in the flood plains of the eastern Basin of Mexico reveal episodes of intense flooding in the past 3000 years, represented by the deposition of alluvial units C, D, and E, and their respective soil horizons. Unit C correlates with the initial growth of population and clearance of vegetation in the piedmont during the Formative period, followed by a stable period ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 800 represented by a dark A‐horizon (soil S3). Unit D is associated with land use changes in the Late Classic and Early Toltec periods, sometime between approximately A.D. 800 and 1100. A relatively stable period occurred during the Toltec and Aztec periods, marked by an A‐horizon (soil S4). Unit E represents rapid sedimentation that occurred during the Spanish Colonial period. Previous research in this area suggests that flood plain destabilization in the Early Colonial period occurred as a result of rapid abandonment of terraces, check dams, and settlements in the watersheds of the main rivers. It is possible that the previous period of stabilization (unit D) was influenced by the abandonment of previously managed environments. In the three rapid sedimentation phases, it is possible that climatic fluctuations played an indirect role, if at all.
Isolated limb perfusion with biochemotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy combines with radiotherapy and surgery to overcome treatment resistance in an animal model of extremity soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Wilkinson Michelle J. , Smith Henry G. , Pencavel Timothy D. , Mansfield David C. , Kyula‐Currie Joan , Khan Aadil A. , McEntee Gráinne , Roulstone Victoria , Hayes Andrew J. , Harrington Kevin J.
Published: April 2016

The management of locally advanced or recurrent extremity sarcoma often necessitates multimodal therapy to preserve a limb, of which isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is a key component. However, with standard chemotherapeutic agents used in ILP, the duration of response is limited. Novel agents or treatment combinations are urgently needed to improve outcomes. Previous work in an animal model has demonstrated the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy when delivered by ILP and, in this study, we report further improvements from combining ILP‐delivered oncolytic virotherapy with radiation and surgical resection. In vitro, the combination of radiation with an oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV‐1h68) and melphalan demonstrated increased cytotoxicity in a panel of sarcoma cell lines. The effects were mediated through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In vivo, combinations of radiation, oncolytic virotherapy and standard ILP resulted in delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival when compared with standard ILP alone. However, local disease control could only be secured when such treatment was combined with surgical resection, the timing of which was crucial in determining outcome. Combinations of oncolytic virotherapy with surgical resection and radiation have direct clinical relevance in extremity sarcoma and represent an exciting prospect for improving outcomes in this pathology.
SOCS3 induces neurite differentiation and promotes neuronal cell survival
Authors: Mishra Kanchan Kumar , Gupta Sakshi , Banerjee Kakoli
Published: April 2016

Cytokines and growth factors play an important role in neuronal survival as well as cell death. The family of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, which includes SOCS1‐7 and cytokine‐induced suppressor (CIS), has been shown to act as negative regulators of cytokine‐induced signalling. In this report, we highlight the role of SOCS3 in regulating neuronal differentiation and survival. We observed increased SOCS3 expression upon differentiation of PC12 cells as well as neural stem cells. SOCS3 overexpression upregulated differentiation of both neural stem cells and PC12 cells even in the absence of NGF, as evidenced by enhanced neurite outgrowth and upregulation of GAP43, marker associated with neurite outgrowth. siRNA‐mediated silencing of SOCS3 confirmed the potential role of SOCS3 in neuritogenesis. We observed that, SOCS3‐induced neurite differentiation was mediated via the PI3 kinase pathway. Another interesting observation was that SOCS3 overexpression promoted neuronal cell survival under H2O2‐mediated stress indicating its fundamental role in cell survival. In conclusion, our results indicate that SOCS3 promotes differentiation and survival of neural cells and could be potentially useful in future therapy for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):468–476, 2016
SERS and integrative imaging upon internalization of quantum dots into human oral epithelial cells
Authors: Cepeda‐Pérez Elisa , López‐Luke Tzarara , Plascencia‐Villa Germán , Perez‐Mayen Leonardo , Ceja‐Fdez Andrea , Ponce Arturo , Vivero‐Escoto Juan , de la Rosa Elder
Published: April 2016

CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are widely used in bio‐applications due to their size and highly efficient optical properties. However internalization mechanisms thereof for the variety of freshly extracted, not cultivated human cells and their specific molecular interactions remains an open topic for discussion. In this study, we assess the internalization mechanism of CdTe quantum dots (3.3 nm) capped with thioglycolic acid using non cultivated oral epithelial cells obtained from healthy donors. Naked gold nanoparticles (40 nm) were successfully used as nanosensors for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to efficiently identify characteristic Raman peaks, providing new evidence indicating that the first interactions of these QDs with epithelial cells occurred preferentially with aromatic rings and amine groups of amino acid residues and glycans from trans‐membrane proteins and cytoskeleton. Using an integrative combination of advanced imaging techniques, including ultra‐high resolution SEM, high resolution STEM coupled with EDX spectroscopy together with the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy, it was determined that thioglycolic acid capped CdTe QDs are efficiently internalized into freshly extracted oral epithelial cells only by facilitated diffusion, distributed into cytoplasm and even within the cell nucleus in three minutes.

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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Canakinumab in Patients With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Sun Haiying , Van Linh M. , Floch David , Jiang Xuemin , Klein Ulf R. , Abrams Ken , Sunkara Gangadhar
Published: April 2016

The characterization of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties in pediatric patients is essential in supporting the recommended dosage of canakinumab in the relevant population. Here the PK and PD properties of canakinumab—a monoclonal antibody—in pediatric patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) are presented. Blood samples were obtained from 4 phase 2/3 clinical studies in patients with SJIA. Canakinumab PK properties and total interleukin (IL)‐1β kinetic properties were characterized by a population‐based PK‐binding model. On administration, canakinumab increased total IL‐1β complex in SJIA patients. Canakinumab clearance and volume of distribution were not impacted by age in pediatric patients after correction for the patient's body weight. The estimated serum clearance of canakinumab was 0.106 ± 0.00689 L/day, with a corresponding volume of distribution at steady state of 3.2 L and an estimated half‐life of 22 days, based on a model typical body weight of 33 kg. Body‐weight–based dosing provided comparable canakinumab exposure across the age groups in patients 2 to <20 years with SJIA. In younger children, a modest increase in the turnover rate of IL‐1β was observed. Compared to other indications, IL‐1β production rate was higher and clearance was slower in patients with SJIA. Low immunogenicity incidence of 3.1% was observed, and none of the patients had neutralizing antibodies. In conclusion, the PK/PD findings further support dose selection of canakinumab in patients with SJIA.
Training Professionals and Eroding Relationships: Donors, Aids Care and Development in Urban Zambia
Authors: Patterson Amy S.
Published: April 2016

Driven by the goal of sustaining programmes, donors that seek to combat AIDS have promoted trainings and income‐generating projects for volunteers who care for people living with HIV. This article uses focus group discussions, interviews and participant observation conducted in 2011 among urban Zambian churches to question the effects of these projects for ‘good care’ or relationships rooted in reciprocity, empathy and trust, values that scholars claim foster development capabilities. It compares two church AIDS care programmes with linkages to donors with two without such ties. It finds that all caregivers were motivated by perceived benefits from the ‘AIDS industry’ or the thousands of AIDS projects in Zambia. Groups with donor linkages were more professional, although their caregivers faced more time constraints and patronage expectations, factors that eroded empathy and trust and problematised building development capabilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI in the evaluation of localization‐related epilepsy
Authors: Martinez‐Rios Claudia , McAndrews Mary P. , Logan William , Krings Timo , Lee Donald , Widjaja Elysa
Published: April 2016

This article covers the MRI evaluation of patients with epilepsy, with a focus on neuroimaging in those with localization‐related epilepsy who may be potential epilepsy surgery candidates. The article includes structural MRI to identify a lesion, functional MRI to identify the eloquent cortex and diffusion tensor imaging to identify the eloquent white matter tracts. We consider the equipment, protocol or procedures, and reporting of MRI in patients with epilepsy. Recommendations for both adult and pediatric patients are described for protocols and procedures. The authors hope that this article will provide a standardized approach for clinical imaging of patients with suspected localization‐related epilepsy who may be evaluated for epilepsy surgery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016.
A revised drought index based on precipitation and pan evaporation
Authors: Li Binquan , Liang Zhongmin , Zhang Jianyun , Wang Guoqing
Published: April 2016

Drought episode identification and its severity characterization are crucial to evaluate and reduce the risk of drought disaster. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) with two different potential evapotranspiration formulations, i.e. the Thornthwaite and Penman–Monteith equations, (denoted asSPEI‐Th andSPEI‐Pm, respectively) are two popular drought indices used today. These twoSPEIversions have the limitations of overestimation of drought (as a response to global warming) and high data requirements, respectively. A newSPEIvariant was developed with precipitation and pan evaporation (Epan) as its inputs (denoted asSPEI‐Pe), which overcomes the shortcomings ofSPEI‐Pm andSPEI‐Th. Climatic data at ground stations in the Yunnan Province (YP) of China were collected to validate this newSPEIvariant withSPEI‐Pm as the standard measure. Month‐by‐month comparison ofSPEIssuggested thatSPEI‐Pe had a better agreement with theSPEI‐Pm standard thanSPEI‐Th, with the criterion measures of mean absolute error and refined index of agreement (dr). The sensitivity analysis showed that two energy variables, net and global radiation are the most influential factors for evapotranspiration, and forSPEI‐Pm and differences betweenSPEI‐Pm and other two variants too. The validity ofSPEI‐Pe was also tested against the historical drought records in YP. Results demonstrated thatSPEI‐Pe generally agreed with historical drought events at different durations with only several exceptions, and thus it had a comparable performance to identify drought episodes with the other twoSPEIvariants inYP. The results suggest thatSPEI‐Pe has a better agreement withSPEI‐Pm thanSPEI‐Th, and that it provides a good replacement for the standard measure when underlying climatic data (especially the energy variables) are not available.