bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Extraction of Structured Data from the Social Network Instagram
Authors: Frantis Petr , Bures Michal , Coufalikova Aneta , Klaban Ivo
Published: June 2024

The paper explores the extraction of structured information from the social network Instagram through a suitable application programming interface, namely the unofficial Instagram Private API. It focuses on creating a computer program that identifies which posts a user has tagged as "Likes" and then stores this information for profiling specific user profiles. The introduction of the paper highlights the general use of social media in modern society and the importance of personal data for these platforms. It specifies the aim of the study, which is to extract information from Instagram and then analyse it for user profiling. It then describes the evolution of the social network Instagram and key features such as different types of posts. This paper further focuses on the solution and implementation by using Python programming language to minimize the load on Instagram servers and reduce the risk of detection of automated processes. It describes the process of setting up new Instagram accounts, the obstacles in obtaining login credentials, and the need to simulate human behaviour to bypass the network's defence mechanisms. It then focuses on the actual retrieval of information such as the users followed, their posts and information about which posts the user has marked as favourites. It mentions that extracting data from closed profiles is difficult and elaborates on the technical challenges associated with this task. A significant part of this paper is a discussion of Instagram's defence mechanisms that respond to automated computer programs. It describes access denial, account blocking, and identity verification prompts such as CAPTCHA tests. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the results obtained, which indicate the acquisition of approximately 90,000 records for user profiling. It discusses the shortcomings of a fully automated solution due to Instagram's account creation conditions and defence mechanisms. It mentions the need for further research and highlights key gaps and challenges in this area. Overall, the study highlights the technical and security challenges in extracting information from Instagram and emphasises the need for further research and improvements in the technical procedures for extracting data from the platform.
An Analysis of Cyberwarfare Attribution Techniques and Challenges
Authors: Swate Clementine , Sithungu Siphesihle , Lebea Khutso
Published: June 2024

Identifying the source of cyber-attacks is crucial to ensuring cybersecurity. This study examines different attribution techniques, obstacles, and real-world examples in the context of cyber warfare. It explores challenges such as incorrect attributions, ethical concerns, legal barriers, and complexities in the digital environment. The discussed topic includes modern techniques such as malware analysis, network traffic study, digital forensics, and the implementation of AI/ML. These methods help improve cybersecurity and shape cyber warfare strategies. Case studies on the Standard Bank South Africa ATM fraud and the TransUnion South Africa cyber-attack illustrate the importance of attributing cyber incidents, especially with global cyber criminals. The analysis emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that takes into account legal, technical, ethical, and geopolitical considerations relevant to the evolution of computing and cyber warfare. It stresses the need for cybersecurity tools enhancement and global cooperation. The study pairs attribution challenges with techniques to deepen our understanding of threats. It underlines the need for ongoing cybersecurity research and adaptation, sustained innovation, and collaboration to fortify global cyber defenses.
Leveraging Gamification for Cyber Threat Intelligence for Resilience in Satellite Cyber Supply Chains
Authors: Kriesten Mona , Thinyane Mamello , Ormrod David
Published: June 2024

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) is collected threat information put in context to enhance decision-making before, during and after an attack. The application of CTI is widely limited to the reactive field of cybersecurity. The evolving cyber threat landscape requires a shift to an anticipatory and adaptable approach that addresses the complex and changing cybersecurity environment. CTI has the potential to support this shift to proactive threat handling towards a more resilient cybersecurity posture. This research is part of a project that aims to enhance the use of CTI for satellite cyber supply chain resilience through gamification. Cybersecurity games are established tools to raise security awareness and train security staff in red and blue team exercises. However, there is a lack of research on how gamification and serious games can be used to improve the application of CTI and enable training for security staff, even though existing literature points out the beneficial effects of gamification. Building on the gamification approach in cybersecurity, the research focuses on creating a gamified experience that simulates a cyber-attack derived from real-world examples and the utilisation of CTI to handle the simulated cyber-attack. The scenario addresses the need for informed decision-making throughout a cyber-attack by focusing on the utilisation of CTI in the context of satellite cyber supply chain security as the domain of application. This paper takes stock of the recent developments in CTI towards improving cyber resilience and presents gamification for cybersecurity and CTI to highlight the benefits of the approach. Further, it discusses the potential of gamification as an effective tool for CTI and describes the approach that is used to build a gamification solution inspired by real-world events. This paper contributes to the nascent research on gamification of CTI to strengthen cyber resilience in the context of increasingly frequent and sophisticated cyber threats, especially against space systems.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Narratives within NATO’s Doctrines
Authors: Saari Dominic , Häkkinen Teemu , Moilanen Panu
Published: June 2024

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine reshaped global security norms, challenging the West with a strategy known as hybrid warfare. Rooted in Russia's military doctrine, this approach integrates both military and non-military means, labelled hybrid warfare in the West and non-linear warfare in Russia. Prioritizing psychological and cognitive influence, the New Generation Warfare emphasizes soft power. NATO responded by investing in strategic communications and exploring cognitive warfare as a potential sixth domain of war. Adversaries use intricate methods to manipulate civilian cognitive processes, relying on persuasive narratives. Like business corporations, nation-states now craft strategic narratives to shape political and military thinking, employing various narrative levels in information and cognitive warfare, including counter-narratives against hostile stories.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the different perspectives on the role of narratives within defence and security strategies and doctrines of NATO. The qualitative methodology employed in this study focuses on understanding how narratives are perceived within the strategies of the alliance. The approach involves a comprehensive examination and comparison of narrative practices to uncover the evolution of NATO’s narrative concepts. The sources for this study encompass a range of materials, including official NATO strategy and doctrine papers.
This article reveals that, over the period spanning from the 2003 to 2024, narratives have gained increasing significance for NATO. Initially regarded merely as a means to depict events in a preferred manner, narratives have evolved to play a pivotal role in shaping the alliance's strategy. They have transcended their initial role, now exerting influence on military operations and taking precedence at every level of NATO, from headquarters to the boots on the ground. It is highlighted in this article that NATO endeavours to align its actions with its values, aiming to establish credibility and legitimacy. NATO perceives a robust, multi-levelled, and ever-evolving narrative as an effective safeguard against hostile information and cognitive warfare.
The Optimal Organisational Structure for Cyber Operations Based on Exercise Lessons.
Authors: Arik Marko , Venables Adrian Nicholas , Ottis Rain
Published: June 2024

The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre (CCDCOE) of Excellence hosts annual Locked Shields (LS) and Crossed Swords (CS) cyber exercises to help NATO nations develop, train, and test their cyber capabilities. These exercises have successfully experimented with cyber capabilities and human organisational structures. However, there are still opportunities to optimise cyber exercise structures. This article employs a use case study based on these exercises to compare structures used by NATO nations in cyber exercises and cyber operations. This identified an optimal structure for operational-level cyber defence and offence exercises and proposed methods for their planning, development, and execution.
Asynchronous Record Alignment of Network Flows for Incident Detection and Reconstruction
Authors: Krinickij Virgilijus , Bukauskas Linas
Published: June 2024

In today's interconnected digital landscape, the distribution of cyber threats presents a significant challenge to cyber security. Moreover, as of 2016, the amount of data in the world exceeds one zettabyte. Because of this, evidence-based network flow analytics is a critical component of modern network management and security. Problems such as anomalies in the network flow, cyber security incidents, alert generation, data pre-processing, network monitoring, network flow complexity, and data flow patterns become difficult to detect in massive network data flows. These specific problems can be addressed using Packet capture (PCAP). PCAP analysis is a standard network forensics process and investigation for assessing network behaviour and identifying anomalies. This work presents a method for analysing network flows for probable alignment of asynchronously recorded communications in heterogeneous networks. Using a proposed method for alignment, we can identify the relevant recordings aligned over two data streams for faster and more conclusive incident analysis. We use synthetic network incident scenarios for research experiments, detailing the generation of cyber event data and impact on cloud network traffic, followed by in-depth PCAP analysis. The automated cyber-attacks are simulated within a network infrastructure generating network flows in a PCAP format. Simulated cyber-attacks range from standard port scans, service scans, and specific scenarios like SQL injection, phishing, DoS or DDoS. We define analysis objectives and criteria for the in-depth PCAP analysis and alignment. The evidence gathered showcases valuable information about network data flow and its behaviour.
Towards a GDPR Compliance Assessment Toolkit
Authors: Ngobeni Sipho , Thwala Ntombizodwa , Siphambili Nokuthaba , Pantsi Phumeza , Molema Bokang , Lediga Jacob , Senamela Pertunia
Published: June 2024

The European Union's (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) makes it illegal to collect, process, and store personal data unless it is done in accordance with the prescribed legal and regulatory clauses enshrined in the Act. Organisations face significant challenges in navigating GDPR requirements and assessing their level of compliance. In particular, failure to comply with GDPR may potentially expose the data Controller and Processor to steep legal penalties including possibly administrative fines of up to 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, which is imposed by the Supervisory Authority. This paper presents the results of a minimum viable product, the GDPR Compliance Assessment Toolkit (GCAT). The main objective of the GCAT is to assist organisations to assess their current state of compliance to GDPR. Drawing from an experimental research and development approach, GCAT is then compared with other existing GDPR compliance assessment technologies. Comparative analysis results shows that GCAT simplifies and optimize GDPR compliance assessments.
Enhancing Network Security: Rogue Switch Detection and Prevention in Local Area Network
Authors: Bhuse Vijay , Vellaboina Yesaswini , Wang Xinli
Published: June 2024

Our paper comprehensively examines ways to detect and handle unauthorized switches in Local Area Networks (LANs) within today's intricate and interconnected network landscape. We demonstrate the utilization of PortFast and BPDU guard configurations to reinforce LAN security against unauthorized devices and potential complications arising from the spanning tree protocol. These measures not only enhance network performance but also function as robust protective mechanisms, safeguarding the integrity of the LAN infrastructure.
Furthermore, this paper delves into advanced techniques for the proactive identification and prevention of rogue switches, fostering an overall enhanced security posture within LANs. By synergistically integrating PortFast, BPDU guard, and advanced rogue switch detection methods, the paper proposes a robust methodology to strengthen LAN security and maintain uninterrupted network operations. It equips organizations with crucial resources to establish a resilient, secure, and dependable digital infrastructure, addressing the evolving demands of network security.
Cybercrime and Digital Transactions Law in Nigeria: A Review
Authors: Uzoka Ngozi Chisom , Umejiaku Nneka Obiamaka
Published: June 2024

The internet is a tool that drives globalization and enhances global inclusion and integration. It has become imperative to make use of information and communication technology in this era of increased broadband access to the internet. The use of information and communication technology has increased the commission of cybercrime such as data breaches, identity theft and cyber fraud. This paper aims to identify the relevance, authenticity and nexus between digital transactions and cybercrimes in Nigeria. This paper seeks to give a summary of cybercrime and digital transaction laws in Nigeria, as well as the challenges inherent in applying them. The methodology adopted is the doctrinal method of legal research approach in literature review, analysis of cases and access to internet sources. This paper made use of primary sources of data such as such as enabling laws, acts and secondary sources of data, conventions, journal articles and the study is also analytical and comparative in nature. The paper finds that the legal and institutional framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria is somewhat limited. Some digital forensic tools have not been recognized by our laws in Nigeria. The paper concludes that the extant legal framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria has lapses that impair the evidence emanating from digital tools/records. This paper recommends amongst others; training of prosecution officers, legal practitioners and judicial officers in the collection and use of forensic/digital evidence in court of law, review of some of our extant laws and creation of institutional framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria.
Harmonizing Rights and Rewards: Music NFTs as a Paradigm for Equitable Compensation in the Digital Era
Authors: Dzihan-Zamagna Stephanie , Pfeiffer Alexander
Published: June 2024

This paper provides a critical examination of Music Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) within the context of the digital transformation of the music industry, focusing on the implications for equitable artist compensation. As digitalization reshapes consumption and revenue models, the advent of Music NFTs, predicated on blockchain technology, presents a nuanced paradigm for artist-fan interactions and compensation structures. Through an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates literature review and expert interviews, this study scrutinizes the operational mechanisms of Music NFTs, their potential to reconfigure the economics of music production, and the attendant legal and technical challenges. While Music NFTs proffer an innovative approach to direct artist revenue and engagement, this inquiry reveals a complex landscape fraught with legal ambiguities, technological hurdles, and market volatility. The findings underscore the dialectical relationship between the potential benefits of Music NFTs for artists and the prevailing challenges that circumscribe their efficacy.
Identifying Information Technology (IT) and Cybersecurity Executives’ Competencies to Support Comprehensive Cybersecurity Programs
Authors: Wagner Paul , Mapp William
Published: June 2024

Information Technology (IT) and cybersecurity executives play a pivotal role in shaping the cybersecurity posture of an organization. Their ability to make informed decisions, allocate resources, and communicate effectively with cybersecurity professionals is paramount. Consequently, these executives must acquire the necessary competencies that encompass cybersecurity risk management, legal and regulatory compliance, and strategic planning combined with foundational business and technical competencies. An interdisciplinary approach bridging the gap between business, technical skills and strategic decision-making is crucial to navigate the ever-evolving and complex cybersecurity challenges facing organizations today. Failure to do so may result in catastrophic consequences for both individual enterprises and society. Further, the growing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats pose significant risks to organizations and individuals alike. To effectively counter these threats, it is imperative to not only develop cybersecurity talent but also to equip IT and cybersecurity executives with essential competencies in this domain. Equally important, is to identify the specific competencies and develop an approach to train or teach them. According to Burrell, Aridi, & Nobles (2018) there is an extremely urgent need of leadership development for cybersecurity and information technology professionals to prepare these professionals with the foundational skills to excel in leadership, management, and directing an enterprise-level program. This paper underscores the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of both Information Technology (IT) and cybersecurity executive competencies and cybersecurity executive development. Integrating these two aspects is critical to improve an organization’s cybersecurity posture and ensure alignment between organizational objectives and cybersecurity strategies. The two must work in tandem to create a robust and resilient cybersecurity infrastructure. This paper provides an analysis of the current literature regarding IT/Cybersecurity roles and responsibilities, leadership competencies, and technical competencies of IT/Cybersecurity executives to identify the gaps in existing research. The authors propose a survey instrument to conduct a quantitative analysis to identify executives’ beliefs as to how important it is to possess each administrative competency. The survey is part of a future research plan to identify and evaluate administrative and technical competencies of IT/Cybersecurity executive leaders.
Enhancing Metaward: Integrating Digital Forensic Readiness in the Metaverse
Authors: Robertson Shelley , Baror Stacey , Venter Hein
Published: June 2024

As virtual currencies gain traction as rewards and with the evolving landscape of remote and hybrid work environments, the need for adaptive and comprehensive reward systems becomes imperative. This research builds upon the foundation laid in prior studies, focusing on the integration of Digital Forensic Readiness (DFR) into the Metaward reward model, within the Metaverse. However, as more individuals engage with and use the Metaverse, it is crucial to implement DFR to the Metaverse. The problem of this research is the absence of DFR processes integrated into the Metaverse, particularly within the context of the Metaward reward system. With the increasing importance of cybersecurity and digital forensics (DF) in organizational operations, the integration of such measures aims to enhance the security and integrity of the Metaward model. This enhancement aims to ensure a proactive and effective response to potential security incidents, while maintaining the integrity of digital evidence. This research employs a comprehensive methodology, encompassing literature review, analysis of DF measures, and the development of an extended conceptual model. By considering factors such as the security implications of virtual currencies, incident response capabilities, and proactive DF measures, the study seeks to provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of this augmented reward model. The proposed model acknowledges the significance of balancing motivation and engagement with the imperative need for robust DFR. It explores potential synergies between these seemingly different elements, aiming to create a reward system that not only motivates employees but also ensures the resilience and security of the organizational digital infrastructure. This study's findings hold promise for organizations navigating the complex terrain of modern work paradigms, offering a strategic approach to bolstering employee motivation, engagement, and DFR. The conclusion reflects on the implications of the proposed integration and outlines avenues for further research in the dynamic intersection of virtual currencies, reward systems, and DF.
Cyber Game-Based Learning for DoD CEs
Authors: Valente Jillian , Reith Mark
Published: June 2024

Cyber competition and conflict remain an enduring concern for the Department of Defense (DoD). Positive control of cyberspace is crucial across the vast diversity of military operations and supporting activities.  People play an important role in cyber prevention, detection, and remediation, but they receive relatively little training outside of the annual Cyber Awareness Challenge. While this gamified training is a reasonable baseline, it primarily addresses cybersecurity from the office worker's perspective. Other career fields within the DoD may benefit from specialized training in cybersecurity, in particular the civil engineering (CE) community supporting critical infrastructure protection. This paper surveys a range of contemporary cyber serious games and assesses each for potential inclusion into CE training. Furthermore, it suggests game elements and characteristics that are likely to benefit the CE community.
Evaluating SIEM RADAR: A New Metric for Enhancing Regulatory and Compliance Efficiency
Authors: Akbaş Ertuğrul
Published: June 2024

This research paper explores the modern cybersecurity landscape, particularly focusing on the risks associated with SIEM products and SOC services. It underscores the critical issue of insufficient logging practices that compromise an organization's threat detection and response capabilities, thereby increasing the risk of security breaches. The importance of real-time log retention to address evolving digital threats is highlighted, with recommended retention periods from authoritative sources such as the White House, OWASP, MITRE, and SANS. The paper also addresses scalability challenges due to the exponential growth of log data, the necessity for effective correlation within SIEM systems for timely threat detection, and the importance of compliance with various standards and regulations to enhance security. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for cybersecurity professionals, organizations, and policymakers.
The Impact of Operational Technology Requirements in Maritime Industries
Authors: Simola Jussi , Paavola Jarkko , Satopää Piia , Vanharanta Jani
Published: June 2024

The maritime ecosystem and industry require more efficient and coordinated cybersecurity governance. No common cybersecurity mechanism in the maritime sector may steer the whole supply chain management, for example, in the port areas and fairways. Cyberthreat prevention mechanisms in harbor areas and port terminals must be standardized more in the Western world. It has been recognized that understanding cybersecurity of operational technology in the harbor area is based on a more traditional experience of what it requires. The overall security of the maritime ecosystem requires more than random checks of passengers and vehicles and customs functions on cargo and passenger transportation, which are mainly physical security service routines. Traditional physical threats have changed to a combination of threat types. Hybrid threats may prevent everyday harbor activities so that damage can become long-lasting and harm overall business continuity management. It is crucial to prevent cyber threat factors in the maritime domain. The research provides transnational and EU-level cyber security assessments regarding cyber security regulation. The findings determine where to direct and concentrate a focus maritime domain and why it is essential to survey cyber security requirements set for member states to apply. In Finland, this research belongs to the cybersecurity governance of operational technology in the sector connected to the smart energy networks (CSG) research program. The project aims to develop a common cybersecurity governance model for operational technology.
State of research: Relevance of Computer Emergency Response Teams in Operational Technology
Authors: Öztürk Asiye
Published: June 2024

The increasing integration of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) in industrial environments has led to increased vulnerability to cyber threats. This article examines the need for a dedicated Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) for OT to ensure the security, integrity, and resilience of critical infrastructure, particularly in the energy sector. OT is subject to specific challenges that differ from those in traditional IT networks. Cyberattacks on OT systems can not only cause financial losses, but also have a significant impact on physical security and the environment. A specific CERT for OT is necessary to address the unique characteristics of these environments. This requires expertise in industrial protocols, control systems and SCADA systems. The CERT for OT should be able to respond quickly to security incidents, perform forensic analysis and implement effective countermeasures to ensure business continuity. Research shows that implementing a specialized CERT for OT leads to improved threat detection, faster response, and more effective defense against attacks. In addition, this article emphasizes the importance of collaboration and communication between IT and OT security teams to ensure comprehensive system resilience. The following article provides a detailed literature analysis that comprehensively examines the current state of research on CERTs in the context of OT. The analysis of the relevant literature highlights the increasing threat to OT systems and emphasizes the specific requirements arising from the integration of IT and OT. By identifying research gaps and summarizing current findings, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on this topic.
Evaluating Cybersecurity Class Activities Based on the Cognitive Continuum Theory: An Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Heverin Thomas , Lilholt Addison , Woodward Emily
Published: June 2024

With the cybersecurity workforce estimated to have grown to 5.5 million in 2023 but still facing a significant shortage, there is an urgent need for educational strategies that can effectively enhance decision-making skills in this domain. This paper explores the application of Hammond's Cognitive Continuum Theory (CCT) in the context of K-12 cybersecurity education, aiming to address the global cybersecurity workforce shortage and skills gap by preparing the next generation of cybersecurity professionals. This study adopts a case-study methodology to investigate the use of CCT in a high school "Cybersecurity and Ethical Hacking" class, analysing 104 tasks across six class activities to determine how different cognitive modes (Analytical Cognition, Quasi-Rational Cognition, and Intuitive Cognition) are induced by various task characteristics from CCT’s Task Continuum Index (TCI). Analytical cognition consists of rational decision making while Intuitive Cognition represents intuitive decision making. Quasi-Rational Cognition represents a blend of these two decision making styles. 
 
Directed content analysis and thematic analysis reveal that most tasks in the case promoted Analytical Cognition, with a significant presence of tasks inducing Quasi-Rational Cognition and fewer tasks facilitating Intuitive Cognition. The findings also highlight the dominance of information retrieval and analysis, methodical approaches in information seeking, and synthesis and decision-making across the cognitive modes, pointing towards the critical role of information behaviour in cybersecurity tasks. This research provides insights into how CCT can potentially inform the design of educational activities in cybersecurity, suggesting that a balanced inclusion of tasks across the cognitive spectrum can better prepare students for the complexities of the cybersecurity field. The paper discusses the implications for cybersecurity education, emphasising the need for instructional strategies that encompass a range of cognitive modes to reflect real-world challenges and enhance decision-making capabilities in future professionals. Additionally, the findings make a connection between cybersecurity tasks and school library instruction which focuses heavily on information behaviours. Limitations and directions for future research, including expanding data collection and connecting CCT to other theoretical frameworks, are also discussed.
The Role of Digitalisation in Shaping a Country's Image
Authors: ADEJUMO Dauda Adegoke , Wynn Martin , Vale Vera Cristina Fontes Teixeira
Published: June 2024

The objective of this study is to examine the complex role played by digital technologies in shaping a country's image on the global stage. In recent times, with the rapid evolution of digital communication platforms, developing nations have increasingly turned to digital technologies to project their cultural, economic, and political narratives to an international audience. This paper examines the relevant literature relating to how digital technologies contribute to the creation and dissemination of a country's image, impacting the opinions and views of global stakeholders. It so doing, the paper reviews the challenges and opportunities arising from the integration of digital tools in country branding efforts, including misinformation concerns, digital diplomacy, cybersecurity, and the democratization of narrative-building. The paper then puts forward a provisional conceptual framework for primary research in Nigeria that will examine the interplay of digitalisation and country image. The paper concludes that digitalisation has a significant influence on a country's image, affecting perceptions of technological advancement, economic development, access to information, social transformation, and global competitiveness, and suggests that the framework put forward here may act as a model for cross-country comparisons in subsequent studies.
AI-Enhanced VPN Security Framework: Integrating Open-Source Threat Intelligence and Machine Learning to Secure Digital Networks
Authors: Hasan Mohamad , Malik Tania
Published: June 2024

In today's digital age, ensuring network privacy and integrity is of utmost importance. To address this, our work proposed an advanced VPN security framework that integrates open-source threat intelligence and machine learning (ML) to enhance cyber defences. By combining Wazuh for threat detection and analysis, and pfsense for firewall capabilities, with state-of-the-art ML algorithms, we present a robust VPN security solution to the challenges presented by the evolving landscape of cyber threats, representing a significant advancement in securing digital networks. This framework is strengthened by the integration of four ML algorithms— Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Dense Deep Learning (DDL)— chosen for their classification efficacy and their ability to process complex security data, thereby improving the efficiency and accuracy of threat detection. Results indicated significant improvements in threat detection accuracy following the integration of ML algorithms. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm, in particular, stood out for its exceptional accuracy and ability to handle various threat scenarios, showcasing its efficacy in identifying sophisticated cyber threats through network traffic pattern analysis. Further performance benchmarking confirmed the feasibility of deploying the advanced VPN security framework, demonstrating minimal impact on network latency and throughput.
Navigating the Cyber Front: Belarus' State Control and Emerging Cyber Threats
Authors: Štitilis Darius , Laurinaitis Marius , Malinauskaitė-van de Castel Inga , Warren Matthew
Published: June 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the cyber landscape in Belarus, with a focus on the Belarus government's use of cyber activities from an offensive and defensive context, the emergence of opposition cyber activities, and the broader implications for cybersecurity and legal compliance. In the course of the research, researchers try to assess Belarus as a source of cyber-threats, both domestically and to neighbouring states (especially those supporting Ukraine). The first section of the paper outlines the Belarusian government's engagement in cybercrimes against its citizens, especially under President Lukashenko's regime, highlighting extensive online surveillance, repression, and the escalation of these activities following the 2020 presidential elections. In this political context, Belarus is also examined as a country initiating and/or contributing to Information Warfare activities, which are mainly directed at western countries. The second section of the paper delves into Belarus's cybersecurity legal framework, examining various national strategies and concepts, the absence of a formal cybersecurity strategy, and the focus on 'information security' as part of national security. The third section presents case studies of cyber activities in Belarus, contrasting government-backed hacking efforts with those of opposition groups like the Belarus Cyber Partisans. It explores the Partisans' attacks on state infrastructure and information leaks as a form of protest against the government, and the pro-government hackers' disinformation / information campaigns website defacements, and data breaches, particularly targeting Ukraine. This section highlights the evolving nature of cyber conflict in Belarus, where both government and opposition forces use cyber tools for political ends, reflecting broader geopolitical tensions in the region. This part of the report compares the Belarusian pro-government hacktivist and Cyber Partisans groups, their activities and manifestations within the country (inside), as well as the cyber threats they pose to foreign countries. The article attempts to answer the question of what kind of threat Belarus as a country poses in the context of cybersecurity, hybrid-cyber threats. This country is often included in Russian hybrid-cyber threats strategies, Belarus entities also work with Russian and sometimes Chinese groups in undertaking cyber activities against other countries.
Dampak Keberadaan Wisata Kuliner Wasaka dan Mawarung Baimbai Dalam Mendorong Perekonomian Masyarakat Sungai Jingah Banjarmasin
Authors: Diany Adista Anjar
Published: June 2024

Budaya adalah keseluruhan sistem gagasan, tindakan dan hasil karya manusia. Budaya masyarakat Banjar yang suka bertutur dan “mawarung” merupakan warisan budaya yang dapat menarik wisatawan karena tradisinya. Kuliner adalah kegiatan pariwisata yang melibatkan penyediaan makanan dan minuman. Budaya yang menjadi sektor pariwisata ini berdampak pada perekonomian masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak wisata kuliner dalam mendorong perekonomian masyarakat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive dan snowball sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan mereduksi data, menyajikan data dan menarik kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa wisata kuliner Wasaka dan Mawarung Baimbai lebih banyak memberikan dampak positif terhadap perekonomian masyarakat di sektor ini. Peningkatan pendapatan dan terbukanya lapangan pekerjaan menjadi hal yang paling signifikan dengan adanya wisata kuliner ini. Sayangnya, kurangnya izin dan komunikasi dengan perwakilan masyarakat dan pemerintah membuat wisata kuliner ini sering kali tutup. Promosi juga diperlukan untuk memberikan informasi yang lebih luas, menarik perhatian generasi muda dan menjadikan keberadaan wisata kuliner tidak hanya sekedar euforia sesaat.
Ophthalmic injuries in female victims of domestic abuse
Authors: Bista Dikshya , Pant Suresh Raj , Pant Pujan
Published: June 2024

Purpose: Ophthalmic injuries in female victims of domestic abuse are not uncommon but are often underreported. The purpose of this study is to examine the occurrence of ophthalmic injuries in such battered women and note the pattern of injuries. We also aim to raise awareness among ophthalmologists that these injuries are more common than one might think and frequently go undetected.
Study design: Prospective cohort study.
Methods: A prospective cohort study of all ophthalmic injuries in female victims of domestic abuse was conducted in Geta Eye Hospital (Dhangadhi, Nepal) from April 2021 to September 2021 for a period of 6 months. Visual acuity, age, level of education, mechanism of trauma, ophthalmic findings, and Ocular Trauma Score were documented. Other physical injuries, past history of abuse, and denial of gender-based violence were also included. The data were collected via a questionnaire and exported to an Excel sheet. Analysis was performed using mean and standard deviation.
Results: The study included a total of 15 women with ages ranging from 22 to 58 years. Ocular findings of subconjunctival haemorrhage and ecchymosis were present in all cases; 1 case had lens dislocation, lid laceration was present in 1 case, commotio retinae, and hyphaema were present in 2 cases each. The ocular trauma score was 100 in 66.7 % cases. Sixty percent of the victims had a lower level of education than their male partners. History of similar abuse was present in 4 cases (26.7%). The abuser was under the influence of alcohol in 6 cases (40%).
Conclusion: Domestic violence can lead to serious ocular injuries. Considering that ophthalmologists frequently encounter such cases as primary caregivers, it is imperative to uphold a heightened level of vigilance. Our research findings indicate the recurrence of an abusive past, suggesting that ophthalmologists cannot onlyaddress eye injuries but also guide individuals toward a safer life.
Ten-year review of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction: clinical profile, management, and outcomes
Authors: Zahar Nirna Hazeera , Wan Md Kasim Wan Mariny , Talib Norlaila , Lott Pooi Wah
Published: June 2024

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical profile, management, and outcome in cases of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO).
Methods: Retrospective analysis of 40 patients during a 10-year period in one of oculoplastic centre in Malaysia.
Results: Forty patients were included in this study, in which 31 patients were male (77.5%) and 9 were female (22.5%). Age ranged from 19 to 72 years, with a mean of 36.7 years of age. The most common aetiology was motor vehicle accident, accounting for 95%, while the remaining 5% was due to blunt trauma. A total of 32 patients underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with bicanaliculi intubation, 6 patients underwent DCR and another 2 were planned for external DCR but abandoned intraoperatively due to the presence of extensive scar tissue involving lacrimal sac and severe disruption of anatomical site. The surgical outcomes, anatomical success seen in 87% (n = 28) of cases. However anatomical success can be divided into anatomical and functional success seen in 82% (n = 26), while anatomical success with functional failure seen in 5% (n = 2) of cases.
Conclusion: The majority of traumatic NLDO occurred in males who were involved in motor vehicle accidents. External DCR with bicanalicular intubation provided anatomical and functional success of 82% in cases of traumatic NLDO.
Kualitas Fisik Silase Jerami Jagung dengan Pemberian Tepung Ubi Kayu (Mannihot Uttilissima) Sebagai Bahan Aditif
Authors: Churriyah A. Ni’mahtul , Khatifah Khatifah , Astaman Putra , Intan Intan , Ramli Salmiati
Published: June 2024

Tujuan Penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kualitas fisik silase dengan memanfaatkan limbah sisa hasil pertanian berupa Jerami jagung menggunakan teknik pengolahan silase dengan penambahan tepung ubi kayu (Mannihot uttilissima) sebagai bahan aditif. Metode Penelitian ini, yaitu menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 kali ulangan, dengan pengamatan warna, aroma atau bau dan tekstur silase. Hasil pengamatan di peroleh hasil kriteria warna silase yang paling baik di pilih panelis adalah A4 (3,73), A3 (3,60), A2 (3,20), dan A1 (3,07). Perolehan aroma atau bau yang di hasilkan silase yaitu perlakuan A4 (3,67), A3 (3,53), A2 (2,80), dan A1 (2,13). Hasil pengamatan kualitas silase berdasarkan tekstur yang menunjukkan kualitas terbaik yaitu perlakuan A4 (4,00), A3 (3,93), A2 (3,93) dan A1 (3,20). Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas fisik silase Jerami jagung dengan penambahan bahan aditif tepung ubi kayu mempengaruhi warna, aroma atau bau dan tekstur silase pada perlakuan A4, A3 dan A2. Kualitas fisik jerami jagung dengan penambahan bahan aditif tepung ubi kayu mempengaruhi warna, aroma/bau dan tekstur silase pada perlakuan A4, A3 dan A2.
RITUAL MAPPACCI PADA UPACARA PERNIKAHAN DI KABUPATEN PINRANG
Authors: Usman Alwi Usra , Jayadi Karta , A. Sakka Abdul Rahman , Najamuddin Najamuddin
Published: June 2024

This research aims to find out: (1) the procession of implementing mappacci in the Bugis tribe community, Pinrang Regency. (2) the symbolic meaning of the equipment used in the mappacci procession in the Bugis tribe community, Pinrang Regency. To achieve this goal, researchers used data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The data obtained from the research results were processed using qualitative analysis with a phenomenological approach to the Mappacci implementation procession in the Bugis Tribe community in Pinrang Regency and the symbolic meaning of the equipment used during the Mappacci implementation procession in the Bugis Tribe community in Pinrang Regency. Based on the results of this research, it shows that, (1) There are three stages in the process of implementing mappacci in the Bugis community of Pinrang Regency, the first stage is dio majeng and assa' demmeang, the second stage is barasanji and the last stage is mappacci. (2) There are nine pieces of equipment used during the mappacci procession in the Bugis community of Pinrang Regency, the first piece of equipment is henna leaves which symbolize purity, the second piece of equipment is a pillow which symbolizes comfort, the third piece of equipment is a silk sarong which symbolizes moral values, the fourth piece of equipment is banana leaves which symbolize continuity, the fifth equipment is rice which symbolizes development, the sixth equipment is candles which symbolize wisdom, the seventh equipment is jackfruit leaves which symbolize straightness, the eighth equipment is a pacci container which symbolizes unity and the last equipment is brown sugar and coconut which symbolize loyalty
PENGUATAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PADA MATA KULIAH WAJIB KURIKULUM (MKWK) DI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR
Authors: Mustari Mustari , MS Hadyan Hashfi
Published: June 2024

This study aims to determine the strategy for implementing MKWK lectures to support strengthening character education at Makassar State University. The type and approach of this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique is a questionnaire/questionnaire.The results of the study indicate that students who participate in MKWK generally know and understand that MKWK is a course that functions to shape dignified student character and civility, knowing the nature of MKWK is a course that strengthens students' spiritual commitment. In general, the respondents stated that the information was obtained from MKWK lecturers. Related to the character values that will be achieved by MKWK. Regarding the lecture strategy by MKWK lecturers, respondents also stated that the lecturer used the discussion and question and answer method, as well as problem solving case studies associated with strengthening character education. MKWK lecturers in the lecture process have developed intellectual (thought) aesthetic (taste), ethics and spiritual (heart), in developing and implementing teaching materials by integrating and connecting real life as part of the cash method, taking into account the problem of local wisdom. MKWK lecturers in terms of delivering character values, in this case smart, honest, caring, tough and academic culture are also the focus of attention in the process of implementing lectures.
Identifikasi Peran Gender Perempuan Pemecah Batu di Kelurahan Temu, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Hura Teddy Berkham Kalendi Laki , Nugrohowardhani Rambu Luba Kata Respati
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the gender roles of women engaged in stone breaking in Kelurahan Temu, East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This research seeks to understand the gender roles of female stone breakers through the lens of gender role theory, which distinguishes between domestic and public roles, as well as theory on women's roles categorized into reproduction, production, and social interactions. Utilizing qualitative research methods, data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Informants were purposefully selected based on specific criteria. The collected data underwent qualitative analysis, compared with existing research findings, leading to conclusive insights.The findings highlight that female stone breakers in Kelurahan Temu actively perform their roles as homemakers, laborers, and participants in both domestic and public spheres. Therefore, it is evident that these women effectively carry out various gender roles, including reproductive, productive, and social roles, in accordance with community norms and expectations.