bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and harvest controls on the salmon fishery in the Gulf of Bothnia
Authors: Jounela P. , Suuronen P. , Millar R.B. , Koljonen M-L.
Published: May 2006

Interactions between grey seal, Atlantic salmon, and harvest controls on the salmon fishery in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea, were investigated for the period 1999–2003. We assessed the effects of seal-induced catch losses (fish damaged or eaten by seals in the fishing gears) and harvest restrictions (delayed sequential opening of the fishery from south to north) on the Finnish coastal salmon catch and on escapement of salmon into the Tornionjoki River, the major breeding ground of the species in the Baltic Sea. Commercial logbook data on catches and seal-induced catch losses were used in a stochastic Monte Carlo analysis, indicating that mainly because of the stricter harvest controls enforced in 1996 and 1997, the average annual spawning run abundance that approached the Finnish coastal area increased by ca. 56 700 fish between 2000 and 2002. However, these fish were caught increasingly in the northern Gulf of Bothnia (Management Areas, MAs, 3 and 4), and relatively few salmon escaped into the Tornionjoki River. The landings in MAs 3 and 4 increased by 57% and 144%, respectively, whereas in the southern Gulf of Bothnia (MA 1), landings decreased by 23%. Over the five years of the study, seal-induced catch losses in MA 1 ranged from 24% to 29% of the total catch, whereas in MAs 2, 3, and 4 it ranged from 3% to 16%. The analysis suggests, however, that in MA 1 the regulation-induced catch losses were even higher than seal-induced catch losses, indicating that the salmon fishery was being impacted by both major factors. To increase escapement into the river and potentially to increase the future wild salmon catch, the opening of the harvest in the northernmost MAs should be delayed. Seal-induced catch losses should be reduced by extensive introduction of seal-safe fishing gears and by sustainable control of the grey seal population.
Die akute obere gastrointestinale Blutung
Authors: Gschossmann  , Netzer
Published: May 2006

Auch im Jahr 2006 stellt die akute obere gastrointestinale Blutung einen der am weitverbreitesten gastrointestinalen Notfälle dar. Die Ätiologie der akuten Blutung des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes kann vielfältig sein, wobei Ulkus- und Varizenblutung mit Abstand die häufigsten Ursachen darstellen. Aufgrund des potentiell lebensbedrohlichen Charakters der Blutung muss nach Einschätzung des Schweregrades der Blutung, basierend auf klinischen und labormäßigen Parametern, die Dringlichkeit des endoskopischen Eingriffes festgelegt werden. Die Bedeutung der Ösophago-Gastro-Duodenoskopie liegt in ihrer dualen Funktion zur Diagnostik der Blutungsursache und gleichzeitigen Therapie der Blutungsquelle. Ergänzend zur Endoskopie sollte je nach Blutungsursache und Schweregrad auch eine medikamentöse Therapie erfolgen, welche in Abhängigkeit von der Blutungsursache sich auf eine effektive Säuresuppression fokussiert oder bei Vorliegen einer Varizenblutung zusätzlich eine Senkung des portalvenösen Druckes mit beinhalten muss. Bei frustanem Versuch der endoskopischen Blutstillung sind frühzeitig alternative Therapieansätze mittels Ballonkompression oder radiologischer Embolisation, transjugulärem intrahepatischen portosystemischen Shunt und chirurgischer Intervention zu diskutieren.
Die akute gastrointestinale Blutung aus der Sicht des interventionellen Radiologen – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen
Authors: Pfammatter
Published: May 2006

In der interdisziplinären Behandlung der akuten gastrointestinalen Blutung sind interventionell-radiologische Verfahren nicht mehr wegzudenken. Bei arteriellen Blutungsquellen ist deren katheterangiographische Visualisierung oft einschränkend. Bei arteriellen gastroduodenalen Blutungen spielt die Embolisation nur eine Nebenrolle und wird endoskopischen Therapieversagern oder inoperablen Patienten vorbehalten. Zur Stillung transpapillärer Blutungen ist die Embolisation die Methode der Wahl. Dank Mikrokathetern hat sich die transarterielle Embolisation im Dünndarm und Colon als sichere und wirksame Akuttherapie etabliert. Der transjuguläre intrahepatische post-systemische Shunt (TIPS) alleine oder mit transvenöser Varizenembolisation ist eine robuste Technik zur Stillung und Sekundärprävention der portalen Varizenblutungen jeglicher Lokalisation. Die TIPS-Offenheitsrate und damit die Kontrolle der Rezidivblutungen konnte durch die Einführung von ummantelten Stents in den letzten Jahren wesentlich verbessert werden. Die TIPS-assoziierte Enzephalopathie limitiert seine vorbehaltlose Applikation.
Screening und Prävention kolorektaler Karzinome
Authors: Weber
Published: May 2006

Das kolorektale Karzinom (KRK) ist die dritthäufigste Tumorerkrankung in den industrialisierten Ländern. Mortalität und Inzidenz des Kolonkarzinoms können durch Screeningverfahren effektiv gesenkt werden. Vor dem Screening muss der Risikostatus des Patienten erfasst werden. Für Personen ohne Risikofaktoren ist ein KRK-Screening ab dem 50. Lebensjahr sinnvoll. Abhängig von der individuellen Situation des Patienten sind mehrere Screeningverfahren möglich. Die vollständige Koloskopie bietet die höchste Sensitivität und Spezifität zur Detektion von Adenomen und Karzinomen im Colon und sollte daher primär angeboten werden. Alternativ sind die Sigmoidoskopie und der Test auf okkultes Blut möglich. Trotz vielversprechender Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Schnittbildverfahren kann die virtuelle Koloskopie aktuell nicht zum Screening empfohlen werden.
Origins of the SHEBA freshwater anomaly in the Mackenzie River delta
Authors: Steele M. , Porcelli A. , Zhang J.
Published: May 2006

The formation of a low salinity anomaly observed in the southern Beaufort Gyre in fall 1997 is examined, using output from a numerical sea ice ‐ ocean climate model. The anomaly forms from locally reduced fall ice growth and from advection of river water. With regard to the latter, we find anomalous northwestward advection of water from the Mackenzie River delta (MRD) during 1997–1999, which fed a low salinity anomaly that circulated and deepened in the Beaufort Gyre until summer 2002, when it dissipated. The MRD salinity anomaly was especially fresh in 1997 because unusually convergent sea ice the previous summer and fall 1996 suppressed fall ice growth. The model shows a high correlation between advection from the MRD and salinity anomalies in the southern Beaufort Gyre until about 2002, when the correlation weakens as local sea ice melt/growth becomes the dominant forcing.
Near‐global impact of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation on rainfall
Authors: Donald Alexis , Meinke Holger , Power Brendan , Maia Aline de H. N. , Wheeler Matthew C. , White Neil , Stone Roger C. , Ribbe Joachim
Published: May 2006

The accuracy of synoptic‐based weather forecasting deteriorates rapidly after five days and is not routinely available beyond 10 days. Conversely, climate forecasts are generally not feasible for periods of less than 3 months, resulting in a weather‐climate gap. The tropical atmospheric phenomenon known as the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) has a return interval of 30 to 80 days that might partly fill this gap. Our near‐global analysis demonstrates that the MJO is a significant phenomenon that can influence daily rainfall patterns, even at higher latitudes, via teleconnections with broadscale mean sea level pressure (MSLP) patterns. These weather states provide a mechanistic basis for an MJO‐based forecasting capacity that bridges the weather‐climate divide. Knowledge of these tropical and extra‐tropical MJO‐associated weather states can significantly improve the tactical management of climate‐sensitive systems such as agriculture.
Dynamic hohlraum radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Bailey J. E. , Chandler G. A. , Mancini R. C. , Slutz S. A. , Rochau G. A. , Bump M. , Buris-Mog T. J. , Cooper G. , Dunham G. , Golovkin I. , Kilkenny J. D. , Lake P. W. , Leeper R. J. , Lemke R. , MacFarlane J. J. , Mehlhorn T. A. , Moore T. C. , Nash T. J. , Nikroo A. , Nielsen D. S. , Peterson K. L. , Ruiz C. L. , Schroen D. G. , Steinman D. , Varnum W.
Published: May 2006

Z-pinch dynamic hohlraums are a promising indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion approach. Comparison of multiple experimental methods with integrated Z-pinch∕hohlraum∕capsule computer simulations builds understanding of the hohlraum interior conditions. Time-resolved x-ray images determine the motion of the radiating shock that heats the hohlraum as it propagates toward the hohlraum axis. The images also measure the radius of radiation-driven capsules as they implode. Dynamic hohlraum LASNEX [G. Zimmerman and W. Kruer, Comments Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 2, 85 (1975)] simulations are found to overpredict the shock velocity by ∼20–40%, but simulated capsule implosion trajectories agree reasonably well with the data. Measurements of the capsule implosion core conditions using time- and space-resolved Ar tracer x-ray spectroscopy and the fusion neutron yield provide additional tests of the integrated hohlraum-implosion system understanding. The neutron yield in the highest performing CH capsule implosions is ∼20–30% of the yield calculated with unperturbed 2D LASNEX simulations. The emissivity-averaged electron temperature and density peak at approximately 900eV and 4×1023cm−3, respectively. Synthetic spectra produced by postprocessing 1D LASNEX capsule implosion simulations possess spectral features from H-like and He-like Ar that are similar in duration to the measured spectra. However, the simulation emissivity-averaged density peaks at a value that is four times lower than the experiment, while the temperature is approximately 1.6 times higher. The agreement with the capsule trajectory measurements and the ability to design capsule implosions that routinely produce implosion cores hot and dense enough to emit fusion neutrons and Ar spectra are evidence for a respectable degree of dynamic hohlraum understanding. The hohlraum shock velocity and implosion core discrepancies imply that calculations of the hohlraum radiation driving capsule implosions require further refinement.
Blast wave radiation source measurement experiments on the Z Z-pinch facility
Authors: Peterson R. R. , Peterson D. L. , Watt R. G. , Idzorek G. , Tierney T. , Lopez M.
Published: May 2006

The Dynamic Hohlraum (DH) radiation on the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories [R. B. Spielman, W. A. Stygar, J. F. Seamen et al., Proceeding of the 11th International Pulsed Power Conference, Baltimore, 1997, edited by G. Cooperstein and I. Vitkovitsky (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1997), Vol. 1, p. 709] is a bright source of radiant energy that has proven useful for high energy density physics experiments. But the radiation output from a DH on Z needs to be well known. In this paper, a new method is presented for measuring the radiation fluence deposited in an experiment, specifically, an experiment driven by a Z DH. This technique uses a blast wave produced in a SiO2 foam, which starts as supersonic but transitions to subsonic, producing a shock at the transition point that is observable via radiography. The position of this shock is a sensitive measure of the radiation drive energy from the Z DH. Computer simulations have been used to design and analyze a Z foam blast wave experiment.
The performance of the OSRC method for concentric penetrable circular cylinder
Authors: Yılmaz Bülent
Published: May 2006

In this paper we consider the scattering of a wave by concentric penetrable circular cylinder to examine the performance of higher order SRCs up to the L4 operator in two dimensions. We assume that in the rectangular Cartesian axes, (x,y,z), the z axis coincides with the axis of a cylinder and an incident wave propagates in a direction perpendicular to the cylinder. All the field quantities are then independent of z.
The Na2 2Πg3 state: New observations and hyperfine structure
Authors: Qi Peng , Lazarov Guenadiy , Lyyra A. Marjatta , Liu Yaoming , Cui Chengzhe , Li Li , Jeung Gwang-Hi
Published: May 2006

Many more Na2 2Πg3 v=0–43, Ω=0,1,2 levels have been observed by sub-Doppler continuous wave perturbation facilitated optical-optical double resonance fluorescence excitation spectroscopy and the hyperfine structure of the Ω=0 and 2 levels has been resolved. New molecular constants for the less perturbed v=0–43 levels have been obtained with these new and the previously reported data. The hyperfine coupling scheme of the observed 2Πg3 levels is close to Hund’s case aβ with a Fermi contact constant bF=160±5MHz, which is smaller than the Fermi contact constants of other Na2 triplet Rydberg states, bF=200–245MHz.
Flow acoustics and linearized equations for ideal barotropic fluid flows
Authors: Deryabin Mikhail V. , Willatzen Morten
Published: May 2006

In this paper we analyze the acoustic flow in periodic structures for general time-dependent problems. Mathematically, the acoustic problem reduces to analysis of the linearized Helmholtz equations of an ideal barotropic fluid in the neighbourhood of the stationary background flow. We show that in the linear approximation stationary flows are generally unstable. Explicit unbounded solutions are determined and, in some cases, expressions for the general solution of the acoustic problem are stated.
Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoparticles in dense isotropic nematogens: The role of matrix-induced long-range repulsive interactions
Authors: Tian Pu , Smith Grant D.
Published: May 2006

We have carried out molecular dynamics simulation studies of binary mixtures of spherical nanoparticles (NPs) in a matrix of dense isotropic rod-shaped nematogens, with the size of the nematogen length being similar to that of the NP diameter. NPs at even low concentrations were found to shift the isotropic-nematic (I-N) transition significantly to higher pressure at a given temperature, indicative of long-range perturbation of the nematogenic matrix by the NPs. The NPs were found to be dispersed in the dense isotropic nematogenic matrix over a wide range of NP concentrations due to long-range (compared with the molecular size of the nematogens) repulsion caused by NP-induced local order fluctuations and reduced local orientational correlation in the isotropic nematogenic matrix, in contrast to the phase separation predicted and observed in other studies where the particles were much larger or smaller than the nematogens. Furthermore, since the repulsion observed in the NP-nematogen mixtures is only microscopically long range (on the order of about ten molecular lengths of the nematogens), globally ordered clustering observed in mixtures of colloidal particles in nematic matrices resulting from macroscopically long-range interaction is not observed in our simulations.
Determination of the absolute fluence profile in pulsed laser processing using melt-induced phase changes in an amorphous silicon thin film
Authors: Leonard J. P.
Published: May 2006

A simple silicon-based thin film multilayer configuration is used to obtain measurements of beam profiles in a pulsed excimer projection system with fluence levels similar to melt-mediated materials processing. Abrupt transitions between amorphous and polycrystalline phases are found at the onset of melting, and at the attainment of complete melting in a thin silicon film encapsulated between SiO2 layers. When combined with a standard technique for absolute determination of fluence under flood irradiation using bulk melting of silicon, a device for measurement of the two-dimensional absolute fluence profile is realized. With this technique fluence profiles can be estimated within ±25mJ∕cm2 at a lateral spatial resolution of 0.5μm.
Analysis of a microelectromechanical system testing stage for tensile loading of nanostructures
Authors: Lu Shaoning , Guo Zaoyang , Ding Weiqiang , Ruoff Rodney S.
Published: May 2006

A new analytical model is developed for interpreting tensile loading data on “templated carbon nanotubes” (T-CNTs, amorphous carbon nanotubes made by pyrolysis with the channels of nanopores in anodized alumina nanopore arrays) obtained with a microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based mechanical testing stage. It is found that the force output from the actuation unit of the testing stage depends on the stiffness of the force sensing beam and the nanostructure being loaded, as well as the power input. A superposition method is used to treat the mechanics of the device structure in the linear elasticity response regime. To our knowledge this is a new approach for solving the mechanical response of MEMS structures with variable force output and of the configuration described herein. An in situ mechanical testing of individual T-CNTs was undertaken in a scanning electron microscope (LEO1525) using a new device fabricated with integrated electrodes for controlled deposition of T-CNTs by electric-field guided assembly in a liquid. The T-CNT was subsequently tensile loaded to the point of fracture. The calculated modulus of the T-CNT using the new model based on the experimentally measured displacement of the moving platform with and without the T-CNT attached falls within the range expected for amorphous carbon. The new model corrects the treatment in a previously presented model [S. Lu et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2154 (2004)].
Plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposited ultralow k for a postintegration porogen removal approach
Authors: Jousseaume V. , Favennec L. , Zenasni A. , Passemard G.
Published: May 2006

Conventional Cu-ultra low K (ULK) integration schemes lead to a drastic increase of the effective dielectric constant due to porous material degradation during process steps. Although a postintegration porogen removal scheme allows overcoming these issues, only spin-on dielectrics were developed to validate this approach. In this letter, plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition is used to deposit ULK dielectric (k<2.5). The precursor chemistry and the deposition conditions have been chosen to obtain a material with the required characteristics to use a postintegration porogen removal approach: porogen thermal stability up to 325°C, good mechanical properties of the hybrid film, no metallic barrier diffusion in the film, and a minimal shrinkage after the porogen removal treatment.
Electrogastrography in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Weak correlation with metabolic control parameters
Authors: Toporowska‐Kowalska Ewa , Wasowska‐Królikowska Krystyna , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Bodalski Jerzy
Published: May 2006

Aim: To evaluate gastric myoelectrical activity with respect to duration and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: 172 children and adolescents with T1DM (mean 14.4±3.7 y), divided into subgroups depending on diabetes duration (<5 and > 5 y), and 35 healthy controls (mean 13.93±3.59 y) were examined. All subjects underwent electrogastrography (EGG) performed after overnight fasting. In subjects with T1DM, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose levels during EGG records were measured. Results: 15.69% of T1DM patients and 91.42% of the controls fulfilled normal EGG criteria (p < 0.001). T1DM subjects had a lower percentage of fasting normogastria (34.56±27.35% vs 69.84±18.16%, p = 0.0001) and higher bradygastria (51.97±30.24% vs 19.11±15.01%, p = 0.0001) compared to controls. In diabetic patients, an increase in postprandial normogastria (60.37±23.96% vs 76.68±12.38, p < 0.05) and a decrease in bradygastria percentage (25.67±21.01% vs 9.58±7.13%, p < 0.05) was observed. In children with disease < 5 y, diabetes duration correlated with power ratio (r= ‐ 0.27, p = 0.01), postprandial normogastria (r= ‐ 0.24, p = 0.03) and tachygastria (r= 0.25, p = 0.02). Weak correlations between EGG parameters and glucose (preprandial dominant frequency r= ‐ 0.19, p < 0.05; postprandial normogastria r= 0.23, p < 0.01) and HbA1c levels (preprandial bradygastria r= 0.19, postprandial dominant power r= 0.23; p < 0.05) were observed.

Conclusion: Gastric myoelectrical rhythm derangement is present in a large proportion of young diabetic patients. Bradygastria is the most prominent EGG abnormality. Weak correlation was found between EGG parameters and diabetes metabolic control.
Recent advances in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
Authors: Dekelbab Bassem H. , Sperling Mark A.
Published: May 2006

Hyperinsulinemia‐induced hypoglycemia is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in adults, children, and infants. Our understanding of the disorders responsible for this type of hypoglycemia has been increasing due to the recent discoveries in the molecular and biochemical regulation of insulin secretion. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of disorders that cause hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. We highlight the distinction between the diffuse and focal forms of the disease, especially the promising results with 18F‐L‐dopa positive emission tomography (PET) scanning for preoperative localization and distinction to guide the extent of surgical removal of pancreatic tissue that may result in cure rather than persistence of disturbed carbohydrate metabolism.

Conclusion: Despite all these discoveries, much remains to be learned, as currently about one third of infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia have no identifiable cause.
Effect of defoliation management, based on leaf stage, on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under dryland conditions. 2. Nutritive value
Authors: Turner L. R. , Donaghy D. J. , Lane P. A. , Rawnsley R. P.
Published: May 2006

A field experiment was undertaken between April 2003 and May 2004 in southern Tasmania, Australia, to quantify and compare changes in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under a defoliation regime based on stage of leaf regrowth. Defoliation interval was based on the time taken for two, three or four leaves per tiller to fully expand. At every defoliation event, samples were collected and analysed for acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations and to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible dry matter (DDM) concentrations. Amounts of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (MJ) per hectare values were subsequently calculated. There was a significantly lower (P < 0·001) NDF concentration for perennial ryegrass compared with prairie grass and cocksfoot, and a significantly lower (P < 0·001) ADF concentration for cocksfoot compared with prairie grass and perennial ryegrass, regardless of defoliation interval. The CP concentration of cocksfoot was significantly greater (P < 0·001) compared with the CP concentrations of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass. The estimated ME concentrations in cocksfoot were high enough to satisfy the requirements of a lactating dairy cow, with defoliation at or before the four‐leaf stage maintaining ME concentrations between 10·7 and 10·9 MJ kg−1 DM, and minimizing reproductive plant development. The ME concentrations of prairie grass (10·2–10·4 MJ kg−1 DM) were significantly lower (P < 0·001) than for cocksfoot (as above) and perennial ryegrass (11·4–11·6 MJ kg−1 DM) but a higher DM production per hectare resulted in prairie grass providing the greatest amounts of ME ha−1.
Reproductive tillers in cut tall fescue swards: differences according to sward age and fertilizer nitrogen application, and relationships with the local dynamics of the sward
Authors: Lafarge M.
Published: May 2006

The effects of sward age and fertilizer‐nitrogen (N) application rate on reproductive tillers and their involvement in the dynamics of swards of perennial grasses were investigated using sown swards of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Treatments included plots representing two sward ages (two and six‐year‐old swards) and two fertilizer‐N rates (150 and 350 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on the same experimental field. In each of 2 years all plots were cut at the silage stage and three times afterwards. After each cut, during two growing seasons, the vegetative tillers and stubs of cut reproductive tillers were counted in ten permanent quadrats for each of the four treatments, using a grid of 150 cells, each of 2 cm × 2 cm. The results showed a higher density, and a greater proportion of reproductive tillers, on the higher fertilizer‐N rate treatment and on the older swards. The density of vegetative tillers was found to be greater in close proximity to the reproductive tillers in all sward treatments and in both assessment years. Thus, cutting the reproductive tillers did not result in thinning of the swards. It is suggested that a mother‐tiller effect, enhancing renewal of tillers, was likely, although zones bearing reproductive tillers during the second spring were sometimes already denser than zones in the rest of the quadrats before the winter.
Gene duplication, exon gain and neofunctionalization of OEP16‐related genes in land plants
Authors: Drea Sinéad C. , Lao Nga T. , Wolfe Kenneth H. , Kavanagh Tony A.
Published: May 2006

OEP16, a channel protein of the outer membrane of chloroplasts, has been implicated in amino acid transport and in the substrate‐dependent import of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A. Two major clades of OEP16‐related sequences were identified in land plants (OEP16‐L and OEP16‐S), which arose by a gene duplication event predating the divergence of seed plants and bryophytes. Remarkably, in angiosperms, OEP16‐S genes evolved by gaining an additional exon that extends an interhelical loop domain in the pore‐forming region of the protein. We analysed the sequence, structure and expression of the corresponding Arabidopsis genes (atOEP16‐S and atOEP16‐L) and demonstrated that following duplication, both genes diverged in terms of expression patterns and coding sequence. AtOEP16‐S, which contains multiple G‐box ABA‐responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoter region, is regulated by ABI3 and ABI5 and is strongly expressed during the maturation phase in seeds and pollen grains, both desiccation‐tolerant tissues. In contrast, atOEP‐L, which lacks promoter ABREs, is expressed predominantly in leaves, is induced strongly by low‐temperature stress and shows weak induction in response to osmotic stress, salicylic acid and exogenous ABA. Our results indicate that gene duplication, exon gain and regulatory sequence evolution each played a role in the divergence of OEP16 homologues in plants.
Increased expression of lipoxygenase enzymes during pollen season in nasal biopsies of pollen‐allergic patients
Authors: Plewako H. , Holmberg K. , Oancea I. , Rak S.
Published: May 2006

Background:  Exposure of patients sensitized to pollen triggers development of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms (SAR). Eicosanoids are a group of arachidonic acid metabolites contributing to the symptoms of SAR. The aim of this study was to investigate seasonal changes in the expression of enzymes of the eicosanoid pathway in the nasal mucosa of patients with SAR.

Methods:  Twenty SAR patients allergic to birch or grass and eight healthy subjects were included in the study. Patients registered rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and use of rescue medication before and during the pollen season.

Nasal biopsies were obtained before and around the peak of the season, sectioned and stained using markers for eosinophils, mast cells, T cells and neutrophils. Antibodies against the following enzymes were also used: cyclo‐oxygenase (COX‐1, COX‐2), 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO), 5‐lipoxygenase‐activating factor (FLAP), LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4h) and LTC4 synthase (LTC4s).

Results:  During the pollen season symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis and medication score increased significantly (P = 0.001; P = 0.001 respectively).

During the pollen season numbers of eosinophils (P = 0.02) and cell positive 5‐LO (P = 0.02), LTC4s (P = 0.04) and LTA4h (P = 0.02) increased significantly. During season number of mast cells and cells expressing 5‐LO and LTA4h were higher in SAR than in healthy controls group (P = 0.02; P = 0.01; P = 0.03 respectively).

Conclusion:  In sensitized patients exposure to pollen allergen results in increased expression of enzymes of the eicosanoid pathway.
A critical role for the glial‐derived neuromodulator d‐serine in the age‐related deficits of cellular mechanisms of learning and memory
Authors: Mothet J. P. , Rouaud E. , Sinet P.‐M. , Potier B. , Jouvenceau A. , Dutar P. , Videau C. , Epelbaum J. , Billard J.‐M.
Published: May 2006

Age‐associated deficits in learning and memory are closely correlated with impairments of synaptic plasticity. Analysis of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAr)‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 hippocampal slices indicates that the glial‐derived neuromodulator d‐serine is required for the induction of synaptic plasticity. During aging, the content of d‐serine and the expression of its synthesizing enzyme serine racemase are significantly decreased in the hippocampus. Impaired LTP and NMDAr‐mediated synaptic potentials in old rats are rescued by exogenous d‐serine. These results highlight the critical role of glial cells and presumably astrocytes, through the availability of d‐serine, in the deficits of synaptic mechanisms of learning and memory that occur in the course of aging.
Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: Using Federal Data to Support Local Programs to Eliminate Disparities
Authors: Sequist Thomas D. , Schneider Eric C.
Published: May 2006

To reduce racial and ethnic disparities in health care, managers, policy makers, and researchers need valid and reliable data on the race and ethnicity of individuals and populations. The federal government is one of the most important sources of such data. In this paper we review the strengths and weaknesses of federal data that pertain to racial and ethnic disparities in health care. We describe recent developments that are likely to influence how these data can be used in the future and discuss how local programs could make use of these data.
Electrophysiologic Characteristics and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Children with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome
Authors: LEE PI‐CHANG , HWANG BETAU , CHEN YI‐JEN , TAI CHING‐TAI , CHEN SHIH‐ANN , CHIANG CHERN‐EN
Published: May 2006

Background: The majority of cardiac arrhythmias in children are supraventricular tachycardia, which is mainly related to an accessory pathway (AP)‐mediated reentry mechanism. The investigation for Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome in adults is numerous, but there is only limited information for children. This study was designed to evaluate the specific electrophysiologic characteristics and the outcome of radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation in children with WPW syndrome.

Methods: From December 1989 to August 2005, a total of 142 children and 1,219 adults with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) who underwent ablation at our institution were included. We compared the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics between children and adults with WPW syndrome.

Results: The incidence of intermittent WPW syndrome was higher in children (7% vs 3%, P=0.025). There was a higher occurrence of rapid atrial pacing needed to induce tachycardia in children (67% vs 53%, P=0.02). However, atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred more commonly in adult patients (28% vs 16%, P = 0.003). The pediatric patients had a higher incidence of multiple pathways (5% vs 1%, P < 0.001).Both the onset and duration of symptoms were significantly shorter in the pediatric patients. The antegrade 1:1 AP conduction pacing cycle length (CL) and antegrade AP effective refractory period (ERP) in children were much shorter than those in adults with manifest WPW syndrome. Furthermore, the retrograde 1:1 AP conduction pacing CL and retrograde AP ERP in children were also shorter than those in adults. The antegrade 1:1 atrioventricular (AV) node conduction pacing CL, AV nodal ERP, and the CL of the tachycardia were all shorter in the pediatric patients.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the difference in the electrophysiologic characteristics of APs and the AV node between pediatric and adult patients. RF catheter ablation was a safe and effective method to manage children with WPW syndrome.
Good school performance is a risk factor of suicide in psychoses: a 35‐year follow up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort
Authors: Alaräisänen A. , Miettunen J. , Lauronen E. , Räsänen P. , Isohanni M.
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Our aim was to analyse the relationship between good school performance and risk of suicide in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, especially in psychoses.

Method:  A total of 11 017 cohort members who were alive at the age of 16 years were followed up to the age of 35 years. School performance was measured by the school marks given at age 16 at the end of comprehensive school. School, diagnostic and mortality data were based on national registers.

Results:  For psychotic persons having good school performance (highest 20%), the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for suicide was 3.56 (0.97–13.05) compared with the remaining 80%. In the non‐psychotic population (97% without psychiatric hospitalization), accordingly, adjusted HR was 0.28 (0.07–1.16). Interaction (school performance × psychiatric diagnosis) was significant (P = 0.01) even when adjusted with gender, social class and age of onset of illness.

Conclusion:  Good school performance at age 16 years is associated with increased risk of suicide (before age 35 years) in persons who develop psychosis, whereas in persons who do not develop psychosis, it is associated with lower suicide risk.
Perinatal risk factors and infantile autism
Authors: Maimburg R. D. , Væth M.
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Suboptimal conditions during pregnancy and birth have been suggested as a cause of infantile autism. We have studied the association between obstetric factors and infantile autism.

Method:  A population‐based, matched case–control study of infantile autism. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results:  The risk of infantile autism was increased for mothers aged >35 years, with foreign citizenship, and mothers who used medicine during pregnancy. A higher risk of infantile autism was seen among children with low birth weight and with congenital malformations. Birth interventions, pathological cardiotocography, green amnion fluid and acidosis during delivery were not associated with increased risk for infantile autism.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that suboptimal birth conditions are not an independent risk factor for infantile autism. A high prevalence of low birth weight and birth defects among autism cases seems to explain the suboptimal birth outcome.
α‐Sarcoglycan is Recycled from the Plasma Membrane in the Absence of Sarcoglycan Complex Assembly
Authors: Draviam Romesh A. , Wang Bing , Shand Stuart H. , Xiao Xiao , Watkins Simon C.
Published: May 2006

The sarcoglycan complex consists of four subunits in skeletal muscle (α, β, γ, and δ‐SG). Mutations in α‐sarcoglycan (α‐SG) result in the most common form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy. However, the function of α‐SG remains unknown. In this report we attempt to clarify its function by delineating the trafficking pathway of α‐SG in live cells. We present evidence, utilizing total internal reflection microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and photoactivation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) constructs, that pools of α‐SG are able to translocate to the plasma membrane in the absence of the remaining sarcoglycans. Internalization assays and drug treatment experiments demonstrate that α‐SG recycles from the plasma membrane and accumulates in recycling endosomes. We also establish that α‐SG utilizes well‐described clathrin mediated mechanisms and microtubules to traffic within the cell. Finally, we show that the most commonly reoccurring limb girdle muscular dystrophy (R77C) mutation causes a fundamental defect in protein biosynthesis, trapping the mutant protein in the endoplasmic recticulum (ER). These results demonstrate that α‐SG requires assembly into the sarcoglycan complex for stability at the plasma membrane rather than export out of the ER. Furthermore, this data suggests that α‐SG utilizes known trafficking machinery to control deposition at the plasma membrane through recycling.
Follow‐up visits as a measure of adaptation process to removable prostheses
Authors: Panek Halina , Krawczykowska Honorata , Dobosz Anna , Napadłek Piotr , Panek Beata A. , Sosna‐Gramza Magdalena
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  The paper was aimed to establish the influence of some general and local factors on adaptation process to removable prostheses (RPs). The adaptation process is a complex issue, which is often associated with painful reactions. Those complaints force patients to visit a dentist who makes alterations to reduce the patient's discomfort.

Material and methods:  The study involved analysis of 300 dental records of patients who visited our Department for RPs. The authors analysed the influence of gender, age, condition of general health, maintenance of the prosthetic base tissues and the kind of prostheses on the process of adaptation. It was measured by means of a number of follow‐up visits of the patients to our polyclinic. The findings were analysed statistically by means of chi‐squared test. The level of significance was assumed to be p < 0.05.

Results and conclusions:  Adaptation to RPs without any correction was revealed by about one‐fifth of patients. Men adapted to RPs better than women. The biggest problems with adaptation to RPs were observed in patients using a complete and partial prosthesis simultaneously. The number of follow‐up visits by patients who were treated with RPs for the first time or had been treated before was almost the same. Adaptation of RPs on an atrophic muco‐osseous ridge was associated with more multiple visits than in the case of a well‐preserved ridge. Healthy patients adapt to RPs better than patients with systemic disorders. Taking into account the limitations of the study, the number of follow‐up visits may be used as a helpful indicator of the adaptation process.
Oral hygiene and the need for treatment of the dependent institutionalised elderly
Authors: Montal Sylvie , Tramini Paul , Triay Jean‐Albert , Valcarcel Jean
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To assessing the oral hygiene and treatment needs of a geriatric institution in southern France.

Background:  For various reasons, the care demand from elderly people is low and difficult to determine, whereas their oral status would need long and complicated treatments.

Materials and methods:  From 2003 to 2004, a cross‐sectional study of 321 elderly patients was conducted at several geriatric services of Montpellier, France. The clinical evaluation of dental status was recorded together with medical information. Dental and prosthetic hygiene, status of dentures, caries experience, dependence conditions and treatment needs were evaluated.

Results:  The prevalence of edentulism was 27%, with no gender difference (23% of the men and 29% of the women). Among them, 16.7% (upper jaw) and 18.1% (lower jaw) were totally edentulous with no denture. The mean number of decayed and missing teeth was 3.7 for men and 2.8 for women and 21.5 for men and 21.0 for women, respectively. The mean number of filled teeth was 0.8 for men and 1.3 for women, with no statistical difference according to gender for the three indexes. Most of the subjects needed prostheses (53%), 45.1% extractions and 30.6% conservative treatments. Only 2.4% did not need any treatment.

Conclusion:  The prevalence of edentulism was relatively low, while the need for prosthodontic rehabilitation, especially for men, was still very high. The dental hygiene was globally inadequate. This evaluation emphasises the care demand and the need for help in oral hygiene procedures for the dependent institutionalised elderly.
The oral health of individuals with dementia in nursing homes
Authors: Adam Helen , Preston Antony J.
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To determine if moderate to severe dementia has an effect on the oral health of individuals resident in nursing homes.

Background:  A significant proportion of the elderly population lives in nursing homes and suffers from varying degrees of dementia. Dementia might affect an individual's ability to implement oral care. Previous work in this area has focused on individuals with mild dementia living in the community setting.

Material and methods:  Two matched cohorts of subjects resident in four nursing homes in Cheshire were recruited (n = 135). One cohort's subjects were deemed to have no or mild dementia, whereas the other cohort's subjects were deemed to have moderate to severe dementia. Oral parameters were scored, including Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) scoring, dental deposit scoring, denture assessment and the noting of any other pathology.

Results:  There was a statistically significant difference in the relative level of dementia of the subjects between the two cohorts (p < 0.01, Student's t‐test). The DMFT scores were similar for both groups. The mean number (±SD) of decayed and missing teeth for the no/mild dementia group was 1.11 (±3.42) and 28.22 (±6.64), whilst that of the moderate/severe dementia cohort was 0.80 (±1.87) and 27.28 (±7.73), respectively. Eleven per cent of the moderate/severe dementia cohort wore an upper denture alone as compared with 16% in the no/mild dementia group.

Conclusion:  For individuals resident in nursing homes, moderate to severe dementia might have a deleterious effect on oral health. Further work in this area is required.
Raising the antioxidant levels within mouse muscle fibres does not affect contraction‐induced injury
Authors: Rader Erik P. , Song Wook , Van Remmen Holly , Richardson Arlan , Faulkner John A.
Published: May 2006

A protocol of 75 lengthening contractions (LCP) administered to skeletal muscles of mice causes an initial force deficit owing to the mechanical disruption of sarcomeres and a reduction in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. During the 3 days following the LCP, a ‘sealing off process’ and inflammatory response occurs. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by invading inflammatory cells produce a secondary force deficit that is more severe than the initial deficit. The timing of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and increase in force deficit relative to the sealing off process is not well documented. We tested the null hypothesis that following a lifetime of overexpression of the genes for the intracellular antioxidants manganese superoxide dismutase, copper zinc superoxide dismutase or catalase in transgenic mice, the force deficits 3 days following the administration of a 75 LCP to in situ extensor digitorum longus muscles are not different from those of wild‐type mice. Following the LCP, the force deficits ranged from 39 to 59% for the muscles of transgenic mice that overexpressed the genes for intracellular antioxidants and were not different from the force deficit of 44% observed for muscles of wild‐type mice. The results provide evidence that the ROS damage does not occur within the cytosol of the injured fibres. Apparently, the hypercontraction of sarcomeres and accumulation of vesicles seal off and protect the intact portions of damaged fibres, such that the ROS damage and repair occurs in the milieu of the necrotic segments that are continuous with the extracellular matrix.
ULTRA HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO TELESCOPES
Authors: HULTH PER OLOF
Published: May 2006

The Neutrino Telescopes NT-200 in Lake Baikal, Russia and AMANDA at the South Pole, Antarctica have now opened the field of High Energy Neutrino Astronomy. Several other Neutrino telescopes are in the process of being constructed or very near realization. Several thousands of atmospheric neutrinos have been observed with energies up to several 100 TeV but so far no evidence for extraterrestrial neutrinos has been found.
THE UNIVERSE IS A STRANGE PLACE
Authors: WILCZEK FRANK
Published: May 2006

Our understanding of ordinary matter is remarkably accurate and complete, but it is based on principles that are very strange and unfamiliar. As I'll explain, we've come to understand matter to be a Music of the Void, in a remarkably literal sense. Just as we physicists finalized that wonderful understanding, towards the end of the twentieth century, astronomers gave us back our humility, by informing us that ordinary matter – what we, and chemists and biologists, and astronomers themselves, have been studying all these centuries constitutes only about 5% of the mass of the universe as a whole. I'll describe some of our promising attempts to rise to this challenge by improving, rather than merely complicating, our description of the world.
Effect of positional changes of anatomic structures on upper airway dilating muscle shortening during electro- and chemostimulation
Authors: Oliven A. , Odeh M.
Published: May 2006

Positional changes of anatomic structures surrounding the upper airway are known to affect pharyngeal mechanics and collapsibility. We hypothesized that these alterations also affect the ability of the upper airway dilator muscles to enlarge the pharynx by altering their ability to shorten when activated. Using sonomicrometry, we evaluated in seven anesthetized dogs the effects of changes in tracheal and head position on the length of the genioglossus (GG) and the geniohyoid (GH) and the effects of these positional changes on the magnitude of shortening of the two muscles in response to electro- (ES) and chemostimulation (CS). Caudal traction of the trachea lengthened the GG and GH in all dogs, whereas cranial displacement of the trachea and flexion of the head to a vertical position shortened the muscles. Compared with the magnitude of ES-induced shortening in the neutral position, ES-induced shortening of the GG was 144.7 ± 14.6, 49.3 ± 4.3, and 33.5 ± 11.6% during caudal and cranial displacement of the trachea and during head flexion, respectively. Similar effects of the positional changes were found for the GH, as well as for both muscles during respiratory stimulation with Pco2of 90 Torr at the end of CO2rebreathing, although inspiratory muscle shortening during CS reached only one-quarter to one-third of the magnitude observed during ES. We conclude that positional alterations of anatomic structures in the neck have a dramatic effect on the magnitude of shortening of the activated GG and GH, which may reduce substantially their ability to protect pharyngeal patency.
Eyelid-Sparing Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kurli Madhavi , Finger Paul T. , Schneider Susan , Tena Lawrence B.
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To describe the use of debulking surgery with adjuvant external beam irradiation as an eyelid-sparing treatment for renal cell carcinoma. Design: Interven tional case report. Methods: A 63-year-old male presented with a right upper lid tumor. He had a history of renal cell carcinoma and pulmonary metastasis treated with surgery and systemic chemotherapy. The eyelid tumor was biopsied, followed by debulking surgery and external beam radiation therapy to treat this metastatic tumor. Results: Histopathological evaluation of the excised tumor revealed a metastatic renal cell carcinoma, clear cell type. At 4 months’ follow-up, he had no evidence of recurrence or radiation oculopathy. He was pleased with his cosmetic result. Conclusions: Meta static renal cell carcinoma presenting in the eye and orbit can be the initial manifestation of the primary tumor. It is important to include this tumor in the differential diagnosis of recurrent eyelid lesions. Debulking surgery followed by external beam radiation therapy can be used to control the tumor with an eyelid-sparing cosmetic result.