bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A proposal to rethink agriculture in the climate calculations
Authors: Frankelius Per
Published: May 2020

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), agriculture is a main source of negative greenhouse gases. The calculations are based on empirical facts but also, like all research, on certain perspectives or paradigms including assumptions and subjective choices of system boundaries for analysis. Greenhouse gases in relation to agriculture are often presented in diagrams showing, for example, arrows of emissions from soil, cattle, tractors, and manure storage. However, the fundament of agriculture is the photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is caught by crops that, in turn, produce oxygen (O2) and at the same time binds carbon (C) in roots and shoots. One part of this C transforms into soil organic C, and that is sometimes discussed in research, the public debate, and by IPCC. But the main part transforms into harvested crops, that is, cereals like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and other carbohydrate products like pea (Pisum sativum L.) or oilseed. This last‐mentioned photosynthesis effect is not, in the IPCC calculations, considered as a positive climate contribution from the agricultural sector. The consequence of this might be that policymakers will not understand the whole picture of agriculture in relation to climate effects; and therefore make decisions that affect food production, climate change, and biodiversity in a not optimal way from a holistic sustainability viewpoint.
Respirometric method for kinetic modeling of ammonium‐oxidizing and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria in a membrane bioreactor
Authors: Leyva‐Díaz Juan Carlos , Muñío Maria del Mar , Fenice Massimiliano , Poyatos José Manuel
Published: May 2020

A respirometric method for the kinetic modeling of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was implemented in two membrane bioreactor (MBRA and MBRB) systems. These biological systems worked at mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of about 6.6 g L−1. MBRA worked at 6 hr of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 20.7°C, while the operational conditions for MBRB were 9.5 hr of HRT and 14.7°C. Experimental data were fitted to the kinetic model with R2 values of .9320 and .9250 for MBRA and MBRB, respectively. Both systems showed similar performances regarding organic matter and nitrogen removal. However, MBRB showed highest rates of carbon source degradation and net heterotrophic bacteria growth, and MBRA had highest rates of nitrogen source degradation and net autotrophic bacteria growth. This last system was characterized by values for YAOB, YNOB, μm,AOB and μm,NOB of 1.1749 mgVSS mgN−1, 0.6473 mgVSS mgN−1, 0.3664 hr−1 and 0.1823 hr−1, respectively.
Research Resiliency through Lean Labs
Authors: Dagdeviren Canan , Durak Tolga , Sadat David
Published: May 2020

Academic research groups, especially the ones directed by new junior faculty are under pressure to produce high‐quality work timely while constrained by limited budget, resources, and lab space. A well‐organized lab is crucial for a wide range of reasons, from keeping costs low, to protecting the health and safety of users. The focus herein is on developing lab‐level systems that create a lean and productive space in the context of academic cleanrooms. The efforts made at implementing the 5S organizational methodology to improve cleanroom functions, including regulatory compliance, organization, and resource stewardship, is described. The quantifiable result is that chemical consumption spending is reduced by 41%, between 2018 and 2019, whereas materials consumption spending is reduced by 52%. Meanwhile, there is a 116% increase in the number of fabricated devices, showing greater output using less resources. This management system also proved itself to be beneficial during emergency situations. The recent COVID‐19 pandemic is one such instance that showcased the ability to systematically ramp‐down operations within 15 min, taking a huge burden away from the research group, and thus allowing to focus on what is most important during this time of crisis: the health and safety of the group and community.
Ancient DNA reveals two paternal lineages C2a1a1b1a/F3830 and C2b1b/F845 in past nomadic peoples distributed on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Li Jiawei , Cai Dawei , Zhang Ye , Zhu Hong , Zhou Hui
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Since the third century CE, a series of nomadic tribes have been active on the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau. Characterizing the genetic compositions of past nomadic people is significant for research on the nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe region. Ancient DNA analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between historical and modern nomadic populations.

Materials and methods

Whole‐genome shotgun sequencing and capture sequencing of the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome were performed for six ancient Hg C2/M217 individuals. The individuals were interred at six separate sites on the Mongolian Plateau and represent dates spanning the late Neolithic to Yuan Dynasty (~3,500–700 BP).

Results

After NRY capture sequencing, three of the six ancient samples were attributed to C2b1b/F845 and the other three ancient samples belonged to C2a1a1b1a/F3830. Analysis of whole‐genome shotgun sequencing data shows that the ancient C2b1b/F845 individuals are closely related to She, Han and other East Asian populations, while the ancient C2a1a1b1a/F3830 individuals are more similar to modern Northeast Asian peoples, such as the Ulchi and Yakut.

Discussion

Hg C2/M217, widely distributed in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, was discovered in the ancient Central Steppe and Baikal region. This study shows that there were two important subclades of Hg C2/M217 among the ancient nomadic peoples: C2a1a1b1a/F3830, which has made important genetic contributions to modern Mongolic‐ and Manchu‐speaking populations, and C2b1b/F845, which probably originated in the farming populations of southern East Asia and made certain genetic contributions to past nomadic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau.
Lynch vs transcaruncular approach: optimizing access to the lateral frontal sinus
Authors: Husain Qasim , Banks Catherine , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: May 2020

Background

Visualization and instrumentation of the frontal sinus is not always possible with a Draf III or modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure (MELP), and external incisions can help augment exposure. We compare lateral frontal sinus access using only a MELP compared to the adjunctive transcaruncular approach and transcutaneous Lynch incision.

Methods

Twelve cadaveric heads underwent thin‐cut computed tomography scanning. Measurement of the frontal beak, anteroposterior depth of the frontal sinus, and interorbital distance was performed. There were 4 specimens with poorly pneumatized frontal sinuses that were excluded from the study. Eight cadaveric heads (16 sides) were dissected and a MELP with bilateral transcaruncular and Lynch incisions for access to the lateral frontal sinus was performed. Under image guidance, measurements extended from the midline crista galli to the most lateral point of the frontal sinus visualized using a 0‐degree endoscope with straight suction and a 30‐degree endoscope with curved suction.

Results

The proportion of the ipsilateral frontal sinus accessed through the contralateral nare with a 0‐degree endoscope and straight suction using a MELP only, a MELP with transcaruncular approach, and a MELP with Lynch incision, respectively, averaged 41.6%, 51.6%, and 58.9% on the right, and 48.9%, 47.1%, and 61.2% on the left. Using a 30‐degree endoscope and curved suction the proportion accessed using a MELP only, a MELP with transcaruncular approach, and a MELP with Lynch incision, respectively, increased to 76.1%, 62.6%, and 91.8% on the right, and 83.2%, 62.7%, and 88.7% on the left.

Conclusion

Adjunctive external approaches can improve access and instrumentation of the frontal sinus when combined with a MELP.
GGPS1 Mutations Cause Muscular Dystrophy/Hearing Loss/Ovarian Insufficiency Syndrome
Authors: Foley A. Reghan , Zou Yaqun , Dunford James E. , Rooney Jachinta , Chandra Goutam , Xiong Hui , Straub Volker , Voit Thomas , Romero Norma , Donkervoort Sandra , Hu Ying , Markello Thomas , Horn Adam , Qebibo Leila , Dastgir Jahannaz , Meilleur Katherine G. , Finkel Richard S. , Fan Yanbin , Mamchaoui Kamel , Duguez Stephanie , Nelson Isabelle , Laporte Jocelyn , Santi Mariarita , Malfatti Edoardo , Maisonobe Thierry , Touraine Philippe , Hirano Michio , Hughes Imelda , Bushby Kate , Oppermann Udo , Böhm Johann , Jaiswal Jyoti K. , Stojkovic Tanya , Bönnemann Carsten G.
Published: May 2020

Objective

A hitherto undescribed phenotype of early onset muscular dystrophy associated with sensorineural hearing loss and primary ovarian insufficiency was initially identified in 2 siblings and in subsequent patients with a similar constellation of findings. The goal of this study was to understand the genetic and molecular etiology of this condition.

Methods

We applied whole exome sequencing (WES) superimposed on shared haplotype regions to identify the initial biallelic variants in GGPS1 followed by GGPS1 Sanger sequencing or WES in 5 additional families with the same phenotype. Molecular modeling, biochemical analysis, laser membrane injury assay, and the generation of a Y259C knock‐in mouse were done.

Results

A total of 11 patients in 6 families carrying 5 different biallelic pathogenic variants in specific domains of GGPS1 were identified. GGPS1 encodes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway, which catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, the lipid precursor of geranylgeranylated proteins including small guanosine triphosphatases. In addition to proximal weakness, all but one patient presented with congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and all postpubertal females had primary ovarian insufficiency. Muscle histology was dystrophic, with ultrastructural evidence of autophagic material and large mitochondria in the most severe cases. There was delayed membrane healing after laser injury in patient‐derived myogenic cells, and a knock‐in mouse of one of the mutations (Y259C) resulted in prenatal lethality.

Interpretation

The identification of specific GGPS1 mutations defines the cause of a unique form of muscular dystrophy with hearing loss and ovarian insufficiency and points to a novel pathway for this clinical constellation. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:332–347.
Preparation and characterization of the halogen‐free, smoke suppression, organic–inorganic hybrid flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene materials
Authors: Gu Limin , Yu Qian , Zhang Linya
Published: May 2020

Expandable polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic widely used in the field of construction, but it is flammable. This work provided a novel strategy for flame‐retardant modification of EPS. A kind of polyester polyol (JZP) with the high content of phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized. Then, intrinsic flame‐retardant polyurethane (PFWPU) with the high content of phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized by JZP acted as soft segment chain extender. Finally, a high‐efficiency flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene thermal insulation material (AF‐EPS) was prepared by the organic–inorganic hybrid flame‐retardant synergistic action of PFWPU and ammonium polyphosphate. The effects of different contents of inorganic flame retardants on flame retardancy of materials were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry , scanning electron microscopy, and so on. The test results showed that the carbon residue rate of the modified material increased from 0 to 28.5%, the LOI increased from 17 to 35.8%, and the vertical combustion test reached the highest grade V‐0. In addition, the total smoke production of AF‐EPS samples decreased from 2.33 m2to 0.57 m2, the time to ignition was increased to 41 s, and the peak heat release rate and the total heat release were decreased by 90.2 and 62.7%, respectively.
Factors influencing the career interest of SENCOs in English schools
Authors: Dobson Graeme , Douglas Graeme
Published: May 2020

A named professional with responsibility for overseeing and coordinating the educational inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities has become an important school role in many countries. In England, the SENCO (special educational needs coordinator) became a mandatory role in 1994, and associated mandatory training was introduced in 2009. A questionnaire survey of 618 in‐training and actual SENCOs revealed that their motivating interest in becoming a SENCO varied. An exploratory factor analysis of 32 items covering different interests in the role yielded four interest factors in becoming a SENCO: outward‐facing factors (‘inclusion’ and ‘high‐quality provision’) and inward‐facing factors (‘educational and professional development’ and ‘leadership voice and status’). The outward‐facing factors were viewed as more important to respondents than the inward‐facing factors. Interest factors did not interact with organisational variables, including age group taught and school quality. Nevertheless, younger SENCOs and those engaged in training were more motivated by educational and professional development. SENCOs holding school leadership contracts were more motivated in developing leadership voice and status compared with their classroom teacher peers. Moreover, there was a significant overall difference with women reporting a higher interest than men across all factors.
What PISA and ASPIRES studies tell us about the nuanced influence of cultural capital on student learning: Construct complexity, student outcomes and contexts
Authors: Tan Cheng Yong
Published: May 2020

This article juxtaposes the evolving scholarship investigating the influence of cultural capital on student learning and the developing trajectory of sociologists employing quantitative research methods. It critically reviews results from 34 studies analysing PISA or ASPIRES data to generate three key insights demonstrating complexities in relationships between cultural capital and student outcomes. First, cultural capital is a complex construct with many variables (different forms of cultural capital, highbrow/non‐highbrow cultural capital) varying in their association with student literacy and parents’ cultural capital affecting student literacy both directly and indirectly. Second, the influence of cultural capital may vary with types of student outcomes measured. Specifically, there are cultural variables associated with student literacy in different subjects, some cultural capital variables are more important for student literacy for a subject, and cultural capital influences student aspirations in addition to their literacy. Third, the influence of cultural capital on student literacy may vary with educational and social contexts. Cultural capital is more important in decentralised education systems, in low‐achieving schools within differentiated education systems, in higher‐quality schools and in more unequal, developed societies. In contrast, it matters less in high‐achieving and standardised education systems, and in societies valuing education. Given the complexity in cultural capital, future research can ascertain how each cultural capital variable contributes to student learning and compare their effectiveness. It is also important to identify which cultural capital variables matter for specific student outcomes. Lastly, these insights highlight the need to recognise contextual differences in studies of social inequality.
Plagiieren als wissenschaftliche Innovation? Kritik und Akzeptanz eines vor drei Jahrhunderten skandalisierten Plagiats im Zeitalter der Exzerpierkunst
Authors: Fulda Daniel
Published: May 2020

The paper reconstructs the tension between the then emerging approach of emphasising authorial innovation and the traditional learned practice of adapting and reusing existing texts, which was cultivated in the early modern ars excerpendi. In 1717, a case of plagiarism occurred in the midst of a new historiographical genre (Reichshistorie) and attracted much attention. Complementing existing scholarship on early modern theories of plagiarism, the examination focuses on how learned communicative practice treated plagiarism. Contrary to the norm established in the discourse on plagiarism, the plagiariser and his work were not excluded from the respublica literaria. Instead, the case became part of academic memory, and was itself frequently reported in a plagiaristic manner. In closing, a comparative glance at the juridically‐based treatment of a current case of plagiarism (a politician's dissertation of 2009) is taken. The paper argues that the contradiction between the theoretical norm and the actual eighteenth‐century management of plagiarism resulted from the familiarity of unmarked „copying“ in pre‐modern scholarly practice. The paper shows that early modern learned culture, although characterised by Steven Shapin as a „moral economy,“ neither felt compelled to impose its crucial ethical norm in a case of open non‐conformance, nor did it consistently observe this norm for routine processes.
Excerpts in a Time of Untruth, or Voltaire's Practice of Excerpting and the Rehabilitation of Justice
Authors: de Senarclens Vanessa
Published: May 2020

In the history of scholarly practice, Voltaire stands out among eighteenth‐century authors for his critical attitude towards erudite reading habits. His contempt for the “compilateurs” is a radical expression of the Enlightenment desire to write free of the traditions and burdens of the past. His famous interventions in Ancien Régime court cases are also emblematic of the action‐oriented philosophy of the period. This article investigates the role played in the case of the Chevalier de La Barre by documents that Voltaire called “excerpts.” The case was the last Voltaire was involved in and concerned a young man, charged with blasphemy, who was eventually beheaded and burnt in 1766, Voltaire'sDictionnaire philosophique portatif(1764) nailed to his torso. With reference to two texts in particular—Relation de la mort du chevalier de La Barre(1766) andLe Cri du sang innocent(1775)—I focus on Voltaire's practice of excerpting from the court transcripts and on their specific role in his fight for the rehabilitation of the victims.
Hierarchical Cu(OH)2@Co(OH)2 Nanotrees for Water Oxidation Electrolysis
Authors: Tang Shasha , Li Xiaogang , Courté Marc , Peng Jingjing , Fichou Denis
Published: May 2020

In order to achieve highly‐efficient water electrolysis, an effective strategy is to design three‐dimensional hierarchical nanostructures by decorating the surface of the main catalysts with co‐catalytic metal compounds. Herein, leave‐like ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanoflakes are grown on branch‐like Cu(OH)2 nanowires via the combination of an anodization process together with an electrodeposition process. The resulting hierarchical Cu(OH)2@Co(OH)2 nanotrees can be used as efficient OER electrocatalysts with an overpotential as low as 283 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2. After 20 hours of multi‐current density stability test, the electrode shows negligible degradation while retaining an overpotential of 290 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, thus showing a high electrocatalytic capability and stability. This work provides a new strategy to improve transition metal electrocatalysts in view of low‐cost water oxidation in alkaline media.
Cavern Boundary Determination with Pseudoplastic Fluid Based on the Apparent Viscosity Method
Authors: Luan Deyu , Chen Yiming , Wang Hong , Wang Zhaorui , Wang Songsong , Li Longbin
Published: May 2020

The cavern characteristics of xanthan gum solutions stirred by impellers of a perturbed six‐bent‐bladed turbine (6PBT) were investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with laminar flow model. The apparent viscosity method was proposed to determine the boundary of the cavern. The cavern sizes predicted by apparent viscosity were in good agreement with the calculated results, and this method was not influenced by speed and impeller configuration. However, the predicted results of the cavern by the traditional speed method usually displayed a great deviation, especially at high speed. Therefore, it is feasible to determine the cavern boundary with the apparent viscosity, i.e., 0.25 times the yield viscosity of a pseudoplastic fluid, as the unified standard.
Probing the Speed Limits of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with In situ Colorimetric Imaging
Authors: Dorfi Anna E. , Zhou Shijie , West Alan C. , Wright John , Esposito Daniel V.
Published: May 2020

Due to the complex nature of probe/substrate interactions in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), SECM has been primarily limited to well‐defined probe geometries and slow scan speeds that reduce imaging throughput. Herein, we show that in situ colorimetric visualization of concentration gradients using pH indicator dyes during SECM measurements can be a powerful tool for understanding the coupled influences of probe geometry and scan speed on the dynamics of localized plumes of electroactive species that mediate probe/substrate interactions. Colorimetric images of plumes generated at a band electrode reveal that probe geometry strongly influences linescan signal distortion and hysteresis at scan speeds surpassing the conventional SECM “speed limit”. Combining mechanistic information from in situ colorimetric imaging with transport models, this article reports design principles that have the potential to enable quantitative SECM with novel probe geometries and at imaging rates that are at least an order of magnitude faster than currently employed.
P values and Ronald Fisher
Authors: Brereton Richard G.
Published: May 2020

The historic origins of the concept of P values are described together with its mathematical and statistical definition.
Small‐Scale Nanoparticles Pyrolyzed from Layered Hydrotalcite between Graphene Interlayers as Intermediates for Self‐Assembly into Metal Oxide Nanosheets and Hollow Nanospheres
Authors: Tan Hongxin , Zhang Xin , Li Zhan , Qiu Hongdeng
Published: May 2020

Although significant advances have been made in the synthesis of various two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, problems of inefficient and difficult to scale applications remain. Here, a novel strategy is reported for obtaining 2D nanosheets from the 2D interlayer space of a graphene oxide (GO) membrane through combustion, which provides a simple and rapid method for the fabrication of 2D nanosheets as well as hollow nanospheres. Layered hydrotalcite from metal nitrates is formed between GO interlayers, which can be pyrolyzed into small‐sized oxide nanoparticles (3–5 nm) and then aggregated as intermediates into large‐sized nanosheets by combustion with Co, Ni, and Cr nitrates. However, the oxide intermediates self‐assemble into hollow oxide nanospheres for nitrates of more active Cd, Ce, and Eu. Moreover, the intermediates of inactive Ag, Pb, and Bi nitrates are reduced by GO into metal nanoparticles, which can fuse into Ag nanofiber network films, or Pb and Bi composite spheres because of their low melting point. This work is helpful to understand the nature of 2D space and develops a class of micro‐scale reactors between graphene layers.
Assessment of the Higher‐Order Structure of Formulated Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics by 2D Methyl Correlated NMR and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Arbogast Luke W. , Delaglio Frank , Brinson Robert G. , Marino John P.
Published: May 2020

Characterization of the higher‐order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics, and in particular of monoclonal antibodies, by 2D 1H‐13C methyl correlated NMR has been demonstrated as precise and robust. Such characterization can be greatly enhanced when collections of spectra are analyzed using multivariate approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA), allowing for the detection and identification of small structural differences in drug substance that may otherwise fall below the limit of detection of conventional spectral analysis. A major limitation to this approach is the presence of aliphatic signals from formulation or excipient components, which result in spectral interference with the protein signal of interest; however, the recently described Selective Excipient Reduction and Removal (SIERRA) filter greatly reduces this issue. Here we will outline how basic 2D 1H‐13C methyl−correlated NMR may be combined with the SIERRA approach to collect ‘clean’ NMR spectra of formulated monoclonal antibody therapeutics (i.e., drug substance spectra free of interfering component signals), and how series of such spectra may be used for HOS characterization by direct PCA of the series spectral matrix. © 2020 U.S. Government.

Basic Protocol 1: NMR data acquisition

Basic Protocol 2: Full spectral matrix data processing and analysis

Support Protocol: Data visualization and cluster analysis
Clinical Trials for COVID‐19: Can we Better Use the Short Window of Opportunity?
Authors: Eichler Hans‐Georg , Cavaleri Marco , Enzmann Harald , Scotti Francesca , Sepodes Bruno , Sweeney Fergus , Vamvakas Spiros , Rasi Guido
Published: May 2020

The scientific community has risen to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) challenge, coming up with an impressive list of candidate drugs and vaccines targeting an array of pharmacological and immunological mechanisms. Yet, generating clinical evidence of efficacy and safety of these candidate treatments may be frustrated by the absence of comprehensive trial coordination mechanisms. Many small stand‐alone trials and observational studies of single‐agent interventions are currently running or in planning; many of these will likely not deliver robust results that could support regulatory and patient‐level treatment decisions. In this paper, we discuss actions that all stakeholders in the clinical trial ecosystem need to take to ensure that the window of opportunity during this pandemic will not shut, both for patients in need of treatment and for researchers to conduct decision‐relevant clinical trials.
Dynamic changes in circulating T follicular helper cell composition predict neutralising antibody responses after yellow fever vaccination
Authors: Huber Johanna E , Ahlfeld Julia , Scheck Magdalena K , Zaucha Magdalena , Witter Klaus , Lehmann Lisa , Karimzadeh Hadi , Pritsch Michael , Hoelscher Michael , von Sonnenburg Frank , Dick Andrea , Barba‐Spaeth Giovanna , Krug Anne B , Rothenfußer Simon , Baumjohann Dirk
Published: May 2020

Objectives

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the principal T helper cell subset that provides help to B cells for potent antibody responses against various pathogens. In this study, we took advantage of the live‐attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine strain, YF‐17D, as a model system for studying human antiviral immune responses in vivo following exposure to an acute primary virus challenge under safe and highly controlled conditions, to comprehensively analyse the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells.

Methods

We tracked and analysed the response of cTfh and other T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers by flow cytometry over the course of 4 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination.

Results

Using surface staining of cell activation markers to track YFV‐specific T cells, we found increasing cTfh cell frequencies starting at day 3 and peaking around 2 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. This kinetic was confirmed in a subgroup of donors using MHC multimer staining for four known MHC class II epitopes of YF‐17D. The subset composition of cTfh cells changed dynamically during the course of the immune response and was dominated by the cTfh1‐polarised subpopulation. Importantly, frequencies of cTfh1 cells correlated with the strength of the neutralising antibody response, whereas frequencies of cTfh17 cells were inversely correlated.

Conclusion

In summary, we describe detailed cTfh kinetics during YF‐17D vaccination. Our results suggest that cTfh expansion and polarisation can serve as a prognostic marker for vaccine success. These insights may be leveraged in the future to improve current vaccine design and strategies.
Tragfähigkeitserhöhung bei Mauerwerk durch textilglasgitterverstärkte Mörtelfugen
Authors: Trinko Andreas , Schranz Christian , Pech Anton
Published: May 2020

Einer der wichtigsten Werkstoffkennwerte von Mauerwerk im Hochbau ist aus konstruktiver Sicht die vertikale charakteristische Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit. Beim Werkstoff Mauerwerk setzt sich diese aus der Steindruckfestigkeit und der Mörteldruckfestigkeit zusammen. Wesentlich für das Druckversagen von Mauerwerkswänden ist dabei vor allem das Zusammenwirken der Komponenten Mauerstein und Mauermörtel. Bei Betrachtung des Verformungsverhaltens der beiden Komponenten zeigt sich, dass unterschiedliche Querdehnungen in der Kontaktfläche zwischen Mauerstein und Mauermörtel den entscheidenden Ausschlag geben. Speziell durch eine querdehnungsbehindernde Bewehrung in den Mörtelfugen, die den auftretenden Querdehnungen entgegenwirkt, kann der Tragwiderstand von Mauerwerkswänden erhöht werden.

In einem Versuchsprogramm an Mauerwerkspfeilern mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl an textilglasgitterverstärkten Mörtelfugen wurde der Einfluss dieser Bewehrung auf die Tragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass sich die Tragfähigkeit der Pfeiler mit zunehmendem Bewehrungsgrad der Lagerfugen steigert. Vor allem aus dem Verhältnis des vertikalen Abstandes zwischen den Bewehrungslagen und der Wanddicke lässt sich herleiten, dass sich ein höherer Bewehrungsgrad positiv auf die Tragfähigkeit des Mauerwerks auswirkt. Auf dieser Grundlage wird eine Empfehlung für mögliche Festigkeitssteigerungen formuliert, bei der alle Versuchsergebnisse noch auf der sicheren Seite liegen.
Bemessung von Fensterbrüstungen aus Mauerwerk unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit
Authors: Mazur René , Purkert Benjamin , Graubner Carl‐Alexander
Published: May 2020

Brüstungsmauerwerk wird in der Bemessung häufig vernachlässigt. Muss ein Nachweis jedoch explizit geführt werden, so ist dies häufig nur unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit wirtschaftlich möglich. Für diesen Anwendungsfall werden zwei Bemessungsverfahren vorgestellt, mit denen Brüstungsmauerwerk als freistehende Wand unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit nachgewiesen werden kann. Neben einem allgemeinen Verfahren auf Basis einer linear‐elastischen Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Beziehung des Mauerwerks, welches sowohl bei voll‐ als auch bei teilaufliegender Decke anwendbar ist, wird ein zweiter Ansatz vorgestellt, der eine vorhandene Deckenrandschale berücksichtigt und somit speziell für Brüstungsmauerwerk mit verringerter Auflagertiefe gilt. Beide Verfahren lassen sich mit geringfügigen Anpassungen auch zur Bemessung freistehender Wände anwenden. Abschließend wird exemplarisch die zulässige Höhe einer Brüstung aus Ziegelmauerwerk für verschiedene Anwendungsfälle bestimmt und in Abhängigkeit der einwirkenden Windlast tabelliert angegeben.
Tragfähigkeitstafeln für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk nach DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12
Authors: Förster Valentin , Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Purkert Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Im Tagesgeschäft der Tragwerksplanung sind praxisnahe Bemessungshilfen eine wichtige Unterstützung. Die Bemessung primär vertikal beanspruchter Mauerwerkswände im üblichen Hochbau kann mittels sogenannter Tragfähigkeitstafeln erfolgen. Dabei wird ausschließlich in Abhängigkeit der geometrischen Gegebenheiten ein Tafelwert abgelesen, welcher – multipliziert mit der Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit – die Normalkrafttragfähigkeit der Wand ergibt. Durch die Gegenüberstellung von einwirkender und aufnehmbarer Normalkraft können der Standsicherheitsnachweis im Kaltfall und die Bemessung für den Brandfall in einfacher und dennoch wirtschaftlicher Form erbracht werden. Die auf den überarbeiteten vereinfachten Berechnungsmethoden nach DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12 [1], [2] und DIN EN 1996‐1‐2/NA:2013‐06 [3], [4] basierenden Tragfähigkeitstafeln werden im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags vorgestellt. Dabei wird der gegenüber der vorherigen Ausgabe von Teil 3 des Eurocode 6 erweiterte Anwendungsbereich ebenso berücksichtigt wie auch die normativen Änderungen zur Bauweise mit teilaufliegender Decke.
Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall
Authors: Scaal Martin
Published: May 2020

In vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.
A neural mechanism of nuclear receptor expression and regionalization
Authors: Cabej Nelson R.
Published: May 2020

Spatially restricted expression of genes by global circulating inducers (hormones, secreted proteins, growth factors, neuromodulators, etc.) was a prerequisite for the evolution of animals. Far from a random occurrence, it is a systematically occurring, certain event, implying that specific information is invested for it to happen. In this minireview, we show for the first time that the expression and regionalization takes place at the level of receptors via a neural mechanism and make an attempt to reconstruct the causal chain from neural signaling to expression of nuclear receptors.
Intraspecific diversity at two trophic levels influences plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Noto Akana E. , Hughes A. Randall
Published: May 2020

Diversity within species can have community‐level effects similar in magnitude to those of species diversity. Intraspecific diversity in producers and consumers has separately been shown to affect trophic interactions, yet we have little understanding of how variation at these two levels could simultaneously affect trophic interactions. Salt marshes dominated bySpartina alternifloraare an ideal system in which to ask this question as this plant exhibits substantial genetically based trait variation. Further, herbivores can have sizable impacts onSpartina, but the impact of herbivore trait variation is not well understood. We conducted an experiment in a Massachusetts salt marsh to determine how herbivorous crab (Sesarma reticulatum) size diversity andSpartinagenotypic diversity affect the plant community. Herbivore effects on plant traits varied by herbivore size, with large crabs generally having stronger impacts on plants. At times, the effect of small crabs on plant traits depended on plant genotypic diversity. The effects of crab size diversity (i.e., small and large crabs combined) were most often predicted by the independent effects of each size class, though there were synergistic effects on stem density, flowering stems, and mean stem height. Finally, we tested whether herbivore size or size diversity could have reciprocal effects on plant genotypic diversity. Small‐ and mixed‐crab treatments promoted plant genotypic richness, whereas large crabs did not. Our results demonstrate that intraspecific diversity at multiple trophic levels can have simultaneous and sometimes interactive effects on species interactions, highlighting the importance of variation within species for understanding species interactions and community processes.
Liver function and prognosis, and influence of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Suzuki Kota , Claggett Brian , Minamisawa Masatoshi , Packer Milton , Zile Michael R. , Rouleau Jean , Swedberg Karl , Lefkowitz Martin , Shi Victor , McMurray John J.V. , Zucker Stephen D. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: May 2020

Aims

The prevalence of liver function abnormalities is common in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We assessed the impact of liver function on prognosis and the effect of sacubitril/valsartan on measures of liver function in patients with HFrEF.

Methods and results

The PARADIGM‐HF trial was a randomized, double‐blind, active treatment‐controlled trial. We included 8232 HFrEF patients with available measures of liver function, including transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin; the primary endpoint was a composite of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular (CV) death. At screening, 11.6% of study patients had total bilirubin above the upper limit of normal (20.5 μmol/L) and 9.2% had ALP above the upper limit of normal (123 IU/L). Although ALP and albumin were associated with an increased risk of outcomes, among conventional test of liver function, total bilirubin was the strongest predictor for the primary endpoint [hazard ratio (HR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.15; P < 0.001], HF hospitalization (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.07–1.22; P < 0.001); CV death (HR 1.07; 95% CI 1.00–1.14; P = 0.040), and all‐cause death (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02–1.14; P = 0.009). All conventional measures of liver function were significantly improved in the sacubitril/valsartan group compared with the enalapril group after randomization (between‐group reduction: total bilirubin 2.4%, 95% CI 0.7–4.2%, P = 0.007; aspartate aminotransferase 7.9%, 95% CI 6.7–9.0%, P < 0.001; alanine aminotransferase 7.7%; 95% CI 6.2–9.3%, P < 0.001; ALP 5.4%, 95% CI 4.4–6.4%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Total bilirubin was a significant and independent predictor of CV death or HF hospitalization and all‐cause mortality in patients with HFrEF enrolled in PARADIGM‐HF. Sacubitril/valsartan improved measures of liver function compared with enalapril.
Uncoupled rocking and shear base‐mechanisms for resilient reinforced concrete high‐rise buildings
Authors: Tong Fei , Christopoulos Constantin
Published: May 2020

High‐rise buildings are an efficient solution to meet the housing challenges of global urbanization that is happening at an incredible pace. Code‐based seismic design philosophies are aimed at achieving collapse‐prevention under major earthquakes, implying extensive structural damage associated with important losses. A number of high‐performance systems have been investigated for enhancing the resilience of high‐rise buildings whose design is especially challenging due to higher‐mode effects even when a flexural mechanism is formed at the base of the structure. To this end, this paper proposes a new concept consisting of a three‐dimensional uncoupled rocking and shear mechanism system for high‐rise buildings where reinforced concrete (RC) core walls are used as the lateral‐force‐resisting system. The proposed system provides a dual‐mechanism at the base that independently limits both overturning moments (OTMs) and shear forces and thus more effectively mitigates higher‐mode effects. The characteristic mechanics of the proposed system are first studied through an idealized model. A physical embodiment is then designed, detailed, and validated through advanced models and extensive nonlinear dynamic analyses. A 42‐story RC core‐wall building that is located in Los Angeles and was studied as part of the PEER Tall Buildings Initiative is used as a reference structure in this study. Results confirmed that the proposed system eliminates damage at the base of the walls and minimizes the inelastic demands over the height of the building. In a general sense, the proposed concept provides a framework in which the intended dual mechanism can be implemented to a wider range of high‐rise structures.
On seamless and high‐bandwidth connectivity for cognitive multi‐unmanned aerial vehicle‐assisted networks
Authors: Ul Hasan Najam , Ejaz Waleed , Zghaibeh Manaf , Ejaz Naveed , Alzahrani Bander
Published: May 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be useful in many different scenarios including disaster management. UAVs can immediately reach the disaster area and collect data that can help relief and rescue activities. Nevertheless, these advantages can be further improved when multiple UAVs coordinate for data collection from different vantage points simultaneously. However, seamless, high‐bandwidth communication between UAVs is required for this coordination. Nonetheless, due to the scarcity of bandwidth, a UAV network operating on an unlicensed ISM band may not be feasible. In this article, we follow a conceptual approach in which UAVs can access the licensed spectrum opportunistically. However, it is highly likely that various UAVs may have different sets of approved channels available and are unable to coordinate. Therefore, UAVs are divided into clusters to establish coordination in this scenario based on the availability of a common channel between different UAVs. Clustering based on a single common channel may still not be practical, due to the sporadic availability of common channels that often causes reclustering. Therefore, we present a multi‐UAV clustering scheme in which clusters of UAVs are established with more common channels to prevent repeated reclustering by having one main channel and the rest as backup channels. However, this may reduce the size of the cluster which can be addressed by limiting the number of backup channels. In this article, we present two variants of the proposed scheme: Multi‐UAV clustering‐I and multi‐UAV clustering‐II. The multi‐UAV clustering‐I scheme attempts to cluster UAVs with as many common channels as possible, whereas the multi‐UAV clustering‐II scheme attempts to limit the number of common channels to two. In addition, we propose a method for choosing the main channel from the different channels, where these channels are rated on the basis of bandwidth capacity and the channel with the highest rank is selected as the main channel. The remaining and the rest of the channels are kept as a backup. Simulation results demonstrate smooth and high‐bandwidth communication among UAVs.
Tracking Fisheries Through Time: The American Fisheries Society as a Historical Lens
Authors: Whelan Gary E , Day Diana M , Casselman John M , Gephart Laura , Hall Carolyn J , Lichatowich James , Matylewich Michael , Miranda Leandro , Roulson Leanne , Shirey Patrick D , Mercado-Silva Norman , Waldman John , Winters Drue
Published: May 2020

The historical context of current environmental conditions offers vital guidance to North American fisheries professionals as they strive to develop effective management plans and policies. Through this retrospective we highlight the remarkable historic fisheries resources and reasons for establishing public fisheries agencies and the American Fisheries Society (AFS). Through a review of primary historical documents and literature for North America, this paper identifies factors contributing to the founding of AFS and public fish commissions; shows how selected resource issues evolved; and documents how and why selected fisheries and aquatic habitat policies changed in response to those issues. Overexploitation, landscape-scale habitat alterations, mining, and dams were the causative agents for emergence of fisheries agencies and AFS, and these factors remain relevant today. Beginning in the 1960s, after 100 years of policy inaction, North Americans grew tired of degraded waters and fisheries and forced policy changes that have directly and indirectly affected the fisheries we manage today. The historical events and resulting corrective legislation are taken for granted by those unaware that AFS has actively participated in developing policies to address these environmental harms. Further, AFS continues to play a vital role in identifying key issues, providing conduits for information to cope with impairments, and advocating for policies to conserve intact habitats and improve degraded systems. The struggles documented in this paper offer crucial lessons as we continue to be challenged by legacy resource issues and face emerging environmental stressors, such as climate change, as well as regression in long-standing environmental protection policies.
Developmental assessments during the first 5 years of life in infants fed breast milk, cow's milk formula, or soy formula
Authors: Bellando Jayne , McCorkle Ginger , Spray Beverly , Sims Clark R. , Badger Thomas M. , Casey Patrick H , Scott Holly , Beall Sarah R. , Sorensen Seth T. , Andres Aline
Published: May 2020

Objective

To investigate the effects of infant feeding mode on childhood cognition and language as the differential effects of infant feeding on development remain understudied.

Methods

Breastfed [BF, 174], cow's milk‐based formula‐fed [MF, 169], or soy protein‐based formula‐fed [SF, 161] children were longitudinally tested from age 3 to 60 months for neurodevelopment. Data were analyzed using mixed models while adjusting for multiple covariates. Sex differences were also assessed.

Results

Standard scores were within established norms for all groups. There were no differences in mental development to age 24 months, yet BF children had significantly higher motor development scores at age 3 months than SF children (99.1 versus. 97.2). BF children had significantly higher composite intelligence scores at 48 months than MF and SF children (113.4 versus. 109.6 and 108.4, respectively) and higher verbal intelligence scores than SF children at 48 (105.6 versus. 100.7) and 60 months (109.8 versus. 105.9). Greater total language scores at ages 36 and 48 months were found in BF children compared with children fed MF or SF (p < .001), with differences between sexes for auditory comprehension. Higher total language scores at age 60 months were found between BF and SF (105.0 versus. 100.1).

Conclusion

Breastfeeding was associated with small, statistically significant, differences between children ages 3 and 5 years in verbal intelligence, expressive communication, and auditory comprehension with the latter having potential sexual dimorphic effects. Yet, these differences remain small and may not be of clinical relevance. Overall, MF and SF did not significantly differ.
Energy Management of a Hybrid Tidal Turbine‐Hydrogen Micro‐Grid: Losses Minimization Strategy
Authors: Barakat M. , Tala‐Ighil B. , Chaoui H. , Gualous H. , Hissel D.
Published: May 2020

This paper presents the modeling and energy management system (EMS) of a hybrid marine‐hydrogen power generation system. The proposed system aims to convert the static nature of the tidal energy into an active system by using a hydrogen energy storage system. The system of the tidal energy converter (TEC) considers the fixed pitch direct drive technology while the hydrogen system consists of 1.0 MW (megawatt) proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. A MATLAB/Simulink based model has been developed for studying and evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed EMS. The developed model depends on scaling up a 50 W proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer model to 1 MW scale by adapting the model parameters for providing the same key performance indicators (KPIs). The EMS aims to convert all the TEC generated energy into hydrogen with considering the efficient and safe operation of the different system components. Thus, the loss minimization (efficiency maximization) of the tidal turbine generator is integrated as one of the EMS goals to evaluate its effect on hydrogen production. The generator of the TEC is controlled by two different strategies for estimating the surplus hydrogen that could be produced. The strategies are the maximum torque/ampere and the loss minimization.