bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of Dugons at Shark Bay, Western Australia I. Analysis of Population Size, Composition, Dispersion and Nabitat USe on the Basis of Aerial Survey
Authors: Anderson PK
Published: June 2005

In midwinter dugongs concentrate in western Shark Bay, adjacent to Dirk Hartog I., although scattered
individuals or groups remain in other regions. Up to 496 dugongs were counted in intensively surveyed
western areas in July 1979. At least 553 individuals are calculated to have been present in the region,
and a minimum population of over 900 individuals estimated for the Bay as a whole. The population
seems to be a well defined isolate, and is relatively undisturbed. Conditions are very favourable for
more detailed study.
A method for estimating the number of animals overlooked in the blind zone directly beneath the
aircraft is described. Aerial counts of dugongs varied greatly with conditions. Cloud cover had a large
depressing effect: surface turbulence and subsurface turbidity were less significant.
Dugong activity is concentrated on the sublittoral platform. Sites of major aggregation may not
be the same in successive years. Locally favoured habitats are at the seaward margins of the sublittoral
platform, and on offshore shoals. Vegetation patterns at favoured sites may reflect dugong grazing.
Persistent use of favoured localities, and local shifts in concentration were observed. Distribution of
other large vertebrates, and of boats, relative to that of dugongs was examined and a significant correlation
between sightings of large sharks and larger aggregations of dugongs was found. Analysis of
dispersion revealed that most dugongs were in groups although most sightings were of single individuals.
Cows with calves were less likely to be in the company of other dugongs than were adults without
calves. From ll to 12% of individuals were calves.
Studiesof Dugongs at Shark Bay,Western Australia. II.* Surface and Subsurface Observations
Authors: Anderson PK
Published: June 2005

Observational techniques were tested and observations made along the eastern shore of Dirk Hartog I.
in June and July of 1979. Dugongs could be closely approached by boats and divers in water with 3-5 m
subsurface visibility. Dugongs detected objects in the water from much greater distances and approached
and investigated boats and divers visually. This behaviour was highly stereotyped, and because other
behaviours did not occur in proximity to boats or divers the effectiveness of surface and subsurface
behavioural observation, photography, and attempts to catalogue individuals on the basis of distinguishing
scars and other features was limited. Observation from shoreside cliffs was more productive.
Vocalizations attributable to dugongs were not detected by hydrophones. Dugongs may vocalize only
under exceptional circumstances. When feeding on the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica dugongs strip
leaves from stalks, but do not dig into the substrate. Calves may ride on the backs of attending cows.
Calves suckle beneath the surface, lying beside the cow and behind her axilla. Dugongs and dolphins
interact, and harassment of a dugong cow and calf by a dolphin terminated when other dugongs interposed.
Dugongs avoided a boat approaching at moderate speed, but did not take evasive action when
the same boat approached at high speed.
Field Evaluation of 1080 and Pindone Oat Bait, and the Possible Decline in Effectiveness of Poison Baiting for the Control of the Rabbit, Oryctolagus Cuniculus.
Authors: Oliver AJ , Wheeler SH , Gooding CD
Published: June 2005

Two types of oat grain bait, one containing 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) and the other pindone
(2-pivalyl-1,3-indandione) were tested in south-western Australia for effectiveness in rabbit control.
No significant difference was found between the performances of the two poisons in the dry summer.
1080 was more effective in summer than in the wet winter, whereas the difference in seasonal performance
of pindone was not significant. The most likely reason for this is that 1080, unlike pindone, is readily
soluble in water. The above trials of 1080 poison (made in 1971-75) were then compared with earlier
trials, undertaken in 1958-62; this comparison suggests a marked decline in the effectiveness of poison
baiting in Western Australia. Selection for neophobia in rabbit populations is suggested as a possible
cause of this decline.
Avian Predation of the Woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio F., And Its Parasitoid Complex in Tasmania.
Authors: Madden JL
Published: June 2005

More than half the bird species occurring in a plantation of Pinus radiata in Tasmania were implicated in predation on the introduced woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. and its parasites, especially Ibalia leucospoides (Hochenw.), Rhyssa persuasoria (L.) and Megarhyssa nortoni nortoni (Cress.) The dusky woodswallow (Artamus cyanopterus), forest raven (Corvus tasmanicus) and spine-tailed swift (Hirundapus caudacutus) attacked mating swarms of S. noctilio at the tops of trees; an indirect effect was the abnormal sex ratios of emergent insects in the following generations, which indicate a serious disturbance of mating frequency. Estimates of predator success, through the controlled release of large numbers of woodwasps, and estimates of gross feeding, by bird census and numbers of woodwasps in the stomach contents of the major predators, indicated that avian predation supplemented the effects of other natural enemies. The behavioural response of birds to their insect prey is described, and measures are recommended which could maximise the beneficial effects of birds.
Do Post-Hatching Factors Limit Clutch Size in the Cape BArren Goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham?
Authors: Pellis SM , Pellis VC
Published: June 2005

The vigilance behaviour of geese was measured by the amount of time per day they spent with their
heads raised, and also by the frequency with which they interrupted feeding to look up. Goslings were
vulnerable to predation in the first 4 weeks after hatching. The adults' vigilance behaviour was higher
during the 4 weeks after hatching than later, and this reduced the amount of time they spent feeding.
It is argued that brood size and the adults' ability to protect the young are inversely related, and that
larger broods, for this reason, raise the cost of reproduction. These factors are considered as posthatching
limitations on clutch size.
Records of the Mammal Survey Group of Victoria, 1966-80, on the Distribution of Terrestrial Mammals in Victoria
Authors: Hampton JWF , Howard AE , Poynton JBJL
Published: June 2005

Records collected by the Mammal Survey Group of Victoria between 1966 and 1980 have been used to
map the distributions of 48 species of mammals in Victoria. Data were collected by trapping, spotlighting
and chance encounters. On the basis of these records, 11 species were widespread: these are Tachyglossus
aculeatus, Omithorynchus anatinus, Antechinus stuartii, Trichosurus vulpecula, Pseudocheirus peregrinus,
Macropus giganteus and M. fuliginosus, Wallabia bicolor, Hydromys chrysogaster, Rattus fuscipes, Mus
musculus and Vulpes vulpes. Eleven species were very restricted: these are Antechinus minimus, Perameles
gunnii, Cercartetus lepidus, Gymnobelideus leadbeuteri, Macropus robustus, Pseudomys apodemoides, P.
shortridgei, P. fumeus, P. novaehollandiae, Mastacomys fuscus and Notomys mitchelli. The other 26 species
have distributions between these two extremes.
Growth of Grey Kangaroos and the Reliability of Age Determination from Body Measurements II.* The Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, M. f. melanops and M. f. ocydromus
Authors: Poole WE , Carpenter SM , Wood JT
Published: June 2005

Seven body measurements were taken at regular intervals throughout life from both male and female
western grey kangaroos of known birth date. For each sex of three subspecies and for each body
measurement a growth curve was fitted, and confidence intervals calculated for determining the age of
new animals. As with eastern grey kangaroos, a phase change in the growth curve was apparent at the
time when the young vacate the pouch. Join points in the curve for each subspecies of western grey
kangaroos were estimated empirically, as three-quarters through the interval between first emergence and
final vacation of the pouch by a young animal. The growth curves were represented by a four-parameter
non-linear model consisting of two hyperbolas constrained to pass through the common point. Tables
presented contrast the ages at which percentile growth values are attained for each subspecies, and also
provide examples of the determination of age from body measurements for both males and females, at
monthly intervals during their first year. As found for the eastern grey kangaroo, head length proved to
be the most reliable criterion, and all measurements of animals older than 2 years were unreliable for age
determination.
Ecogeographic and Temporal Variation in the Eggs and Nests of the Peregrine, Falco peregrinus, (Aves : Falconidae) in Australia
Authors: Olsen P
Published: June 2005

Latitudinal and temperature-related clines in egg size were found for the peregrine falcon, Falco
peregrinus, in Australia, egg size increasing with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature. The
breakdown of these clines since the 1940s corresponded temporally with the introduction of DDT to
agriculture and with greater intensification of land use. In eggs collected since the 1940s, the clines were
still present north of 33�S. and in areas where the mean maximum September temperature was e21�C,
but not south of 34�S. and in areas of mean maximum September temperature < 21�C. Mean clutch size
was 2.9 (range 1-5); without evidence of clines. Most eggs were collected in September in south-eastern
Australia. The timing of the egg-laying period was correlated with latitude and temperature,
corresponding to the seasonal influx of migrant prey species and the breeding season of major prey
species. The geographical distribution of cliff nests, stick nests and tree-hollow nests is discussed; the use
of hollow trees appears to be restricted geographically. Eggs from some tree-hollow nests were larger than
those from other types of nest.
A Technique for Assessing the Taxa, Length, Dry Weight and Energy Content of the Arthropod Prey of Birds.
Authors: Calver MC , Wooller RD
Published: June 2005

A technique is described whereby the faeces of birds are analysed to determine the order (often the family) and the length of their anthropod prey. Equations are given enabling the dry weight and energy content of prey to be estimated from length data.
The Invertebrate Diets of Small Birds in Banksia Woodland Near Perth, W.a., During Winter.
Authors: Tullis KJ , Calver MC , Wooller RD
Published: June 2005

Honeyeaters were the most abundant birds in Banksia woodland in winter, and all species ate insects. Short-billed honeyeaters and non-nectarivores took mostly beetles, ants and bugs by gleaning, whereas long-billed honeyeaters fed more on nectar and caught mostly flies and wasps by hawking. Short-billed species segregated in their foraging heights, prey types and sizes. Long-billed species, however, overlapped considerably in these respects and all took similar small insects whose capture they may have had to subsidize with energy from nectar.
NUmbers and Distribution of Kangaroos in the Queensland Pastoral Zone
Authors: Caughley G , Grigg GC
Published: June 2005

Kangaroos were censused in the pastoral zone of Queensland (537000 km2) and in an area abutting it to
its west (90000 km2) during the winter of 1980. Red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, occurred throughout the
survey area but concentrated in its south-west, and also to the west of Winton. Eastern greys, Macropus
giganteus, attained high or very high densities in the south-east of the survey area, with medium densities
along its eastern margin. Numbers within the survey area were estimated as 1.8 million red kangaroos
and 3.0 million grey kangaroos, at overall densities of 2.8 and 4.7 km-2 respectively. Densities within the
pastoral zone were not grossly in excess of those outside it, in contrast to the position in some of the other
states. Extrapolation of mapped density isoclines suggests that these two species of kangaroos in
Queensland as a whole number about 2.3 million red kangaroos and 5 million grey kangaroos. The legal
Queensland kangaroo harvest in 1980 took about 10% of the total population of each species.
Seasonal Movement PAtterns of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo in Southern Queensland
Authors: Hill GJE
Published: June 2005

A 2-y study was made of seasonal movement patterns of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus
Shaw, in the Warwick district of south-eastern, and the Bollon district of south-western, Queensland.
Faecal pellet counts were used to obtain indices of kangaroo usage of cleared country adjacent to cover.
Kangaroos were sensitive to changes in forage status, particularly pasture phenology. As quality and
quantity of forage reserves declined, animals made progressively greater use of cleared areas. This resulted
in marked seasonal changes in distribution patterns. Of the variables quantified (rainfall, soil moisture
storage and pasture growth), rainfall provided the best correlations with kangaroo usage of cleared
country, explaining 55% (P = 0.002) of the variation in distribution at Warwick and 91% (P = 0.001) of
that at Bollon.
Extension of the Known Range of Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus, and Eastern Grey Kangaroos, M. giganteus, in New South Wales
Authors: Shepherd NC
Published: June 2005

Since 1976, M. fuliginosus has been regularly sighted in the Sturt National Park in extreme north-western
New South Wales, making up about 10% of the grey kangaroos and <10.1% of all kangaroos present.
Small groups of M. giganteus are present in the Kinchega National Park, on the Darling River near
Menindee; numbers are very low relative to those both of M. fuliginosus and of all macropods.
Capture of Kangaroos by 'stunning'.
Authors: Robertson GG , Gepp B
Published: June 2005

We describe a technique for catching kangaroos, in which they were 'stunned' before capture by a
combination of light and sound. This method has the advantages over other techniques of allowing
selective capture and reducing rates of post-capture myopathy and accidental death.
Rates of Herbage Ingestion and Turnover of Water and Sodium in Feral Swamp Buffalo, Bubalus Bubalis, in Relation to Primary Production in a Cyperaceous Swamp in Monsoonal Northern Australia.
Authors: Williams CK , Ridpath MG
Published: June 2005

During a monsoonal dry season, a free-living population of swamp buffalo inhabiting an ephemeral cyperaceous swamp on the floodplain of the South Alligator River had high rates of water turnover. The daily rate of consumption of Eleocharis sphacelata was c. 5.79 kg DM/animal or 49.2 plus or minus 2.77 g/l total body water-0.82. Annual herbage production in the 13.1 ha swamp was estimated at 80.43 t. Buffalo using the swamp varied from 42 in the mid-wet season and 20 in the late-wet season to c. 200 in the dry season. Herbaceous vegetation was grazed out by the end of the arid phase of the monsoonal cycle. The dependence of buffalo on water which confines them during the arid season and results in intense grazing and changes in floristic composition is discussed.
Ecology of the Feral Cat, Felis catus (L.), in Souht-Eastern Australia III.* HOme Ranges and Population Ecology in Semiarid North-West Victoria
Authors: Jones E , Coman BJ
Published: June 2005

This paper reports home range sizes and population ecology of feral cats in a 19000-ha study area
situated in the Victorian Mallee. Movements of six cats were monitored by radio-tracking for 8-21
months. Adults maintained discrete home ranges; areas varied from 3.3 to 9.9 (mean 6.2) km2 for males
and from 0.7 to 2.7 (mean 1 ,7) km2 for females. Rabbit warrens, hollow logs and dense thickets were
favoured daytime refuges. Mean daily straight-line distances moved bet-veen daytime refuges varied from
0.06 km for a female with juveniles to 1.67 km for an adult male. Relative abundance of cats over four
years showed seasonal fluctuations, with summer maxima and winter or spring minima; the calculated
mean summer and winter densities were 2.4 and 0.74 cats per km2 respectively. Summer maxima were
composed of adults, adolescents and juveniles; winter minima were usually composed only of adults.
Mortality, presumably caused by a nutritional stress acting particularly on subadults, maintained the
adult population at a relatively stable level.
Dispersal of the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniclus, at Urana in New South Wales
Authors: Parer I
Published: June 2005

In a natural population of rabbits, studied for 5 years, 307 dispersal movements by young rabbits were
detected. Most movements occurred at the beginning of summer and more males moved than females.
With the exception of one year there was no significant relationship between the ages of dispersing rabbits
and the distances moved. Three rabbits, less than 1 month old, moved more than 1500 m. During a
drought year the orientation of the movements was towards Lake Urana. Adult rabbits rarely changed
warrens.
Experimental Ecological Studies on a Subalpine Rabbit Population I. Mortality Factors Acting on Emergent Kittens
Authors: Richardson BJ , Wood DH
Published: June 2005

In the first of three studies on the causes of mortality and the physiological status of emergent kittens of
Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), the time and place of death were detected by means of radios attached to the
animals. The overall mortality rate of 2.7% per day was due to mammalian predators (1.5% per day),
birds of prey (0.7% per day) and to other unidentified causes. In a second study, using different
techniques, a similar estimate of bird predation was obtained. In the third study the effects of birth date
and population density of kittens on a range of physiological measures were tested. Density, over the
range used, had little effect on the physiological status of the animals, but the birth date significantly
affected the growth rate and the proportion of lymphocytes in the white blood cell count. The animals
born later in the season also suffered from mild macrocytic anaemia.
Experimental Ecological Studies on a Subalpine Rabbit Population. 2. The Effect of Sodium and Nutritional Supplementation on Breeding and Physiological Condition.
Authors: Richardson BJ , Osborne PG
Published: June 2005

Part 1 (ibid. pp. 443-450) was not abstracted. 2. Supplements of salt, grain or both offered to wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in ACT, Australia, had no effect on length of breeding season and although the condition of the young rabbits improved they still differed in adrenal histology, incidence of anaemia and rate of growth from those in other parts of Australia. The cause of the pathology was not known, though protein deficiency was suggested as the most likely explanation.
The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison. Iii. Marsupial and Eutherian Herbivores.
Authors: Mcilroy JC
Published: June 2005

Most marsupial and eutherian herbivores that have been tested exhibit a similar high sensitivity to 1080
poison. The main exceptions are marsupial herbivore species in Western Australia, which, because of their
exposure to indigenous food plants containing fluoroacetate, have acquired a much greater tolerance to
1080. The most common signs of poisoning amongst herbivores are either hypersensitivity to stimuli or,
more frequently, lethargy, respiratory distress and finally respiratory or cardiac failure. Some species
experience convulsions, particularly just before death. Signs of poisoning amongst species tested during
this study first appeared 1.0-39.4 h after dosing. Deaths followed 3-156 h after dosing.
The overall susceptibility to 1080 of 25 species of herbivores is compared with that of the rabbit. Three
groups of marsupials are either relatively more, equally or far less susceptible to 1080 than rabbits.
Eutherians tested are also less susceptible. The actual risk an individual of each species faces during a
rabbit-poisoning campaign is also governed by other factors, particularly the amount of bait consumed
and the concentration of 1080 in the bait.
Growth Rate and Recovery of a King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, Population after Exploitation
Authors: Rounsevell DE , Copson GR
Published: June 2005

Counts of king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus. in a colony at Lusitania Bay, Macquarie I.
(54�30'S.,158�55'E.) have demonstrated a 78-fold increase in the number of chicks produced annually
between 1930 and 1980. The observed rate of growth of chick production in the colony (r = 0.097) was
constant over that period. The minimum estimated size of the population increased from 3400 birds in
1930 to 218 000 birds in 1980, after the original population was decimated in the nineteenth century. The
colony now supports the third largest population of king penguins in the world and contains at least
70 000 breeding pairs and possibly as many as 100 000 breeding pairs. The site of the colony has been fully
reoccupied, probably since 1975 when a second, new colony began to form elsewhere on the island.
Botulism Outbreak in Waterbirds at Seven-Mile Lagoon in South-East Queensland.
Authors: Woodall PF
Published: June 2005

Two outbreaks of botulism in waterbirds were investigated at Seven-mile Lagoon in south-east
Queensland in June 1978 and April 1981. Both involved many hundreds of birds and coincided with
reports of botulism from other localities in south-east Queensland. Deaths of 12 species (six anatids) were
recorded, those most severely affected were dabbling ducks. Both outbreaks were associated with a rapid
rise in water level after periods of low levels, resulting in the flooding and decomposition of much plant
material. Air temperatures were not particularly high (mean maximum: 20.8�C for June 1978; 27.5�C for
April 1981). Botulism may be a more important mortality factor for Australian waterbirds than
previously realised.
The availability and dimensions of tree hollows that provide nest sites for cockatoos (Psittaciformes) in Western Australia
Authors: Saunders D. A. , Smith G. T. , Rowley I.
Published: June 2005

A 15-ha plot of salmon gum woodland contained 241 hollows with an entrance diameter and depth exceeding 90 mm, in 173 trees, the majority (95%) in salmon gums. Occupancy of these hollows during the spring of 1978 was 47%; eight species of bird (six Psittaciformes, one Anseriformes and one Falconiformes) were involved. Galahs, corellas, red-tailed black cockatoos and Port Lincoln parrots were the most numerous hollow-nesting birds in the area; there were differences in the sizes of hollows they used, which were separable on entrance size and on inside diameter of the hollow 0.5 m below the entrance. There was a trend for hollow size to decrease in the order: red-tailed black cockatoos, corellas, galahs and Port Lincoln parrots. Red-tailed black cockatoos nested in more dead trees, or trees which were lower and had smaller canopies, than did the other three species. The woodland contained few young trees, trees were dying rapidly and there was no regeneration. This situation is typical for woodland throughout the agricultural area, and future prospects are discussed.
Seasonal Variation of Abundance and Foraging of Three Species of Australian Honeyeaters.
Authors: Collins BG , Briffa P
Published: June 2005

At Wongamine Reserve, Western Australia, in 1977-81, honeyeaters (Lichmera indistincta, Phylidonyris nigra and Melithreptus brevirostris) were observed. The birds made movements that were related to the abundance of flowers and associated nectar. No species relied on a single plant species for nectar in any season. The birds ate also arthropods picked from bark and leaves. They did not take coleopherans.
A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Tissues of the Crested Tern, Sterna Bergii. Breeding Near an Industrial Port Before and After Harbour Dredging and Ocean Dumping.
Authors: Howarth DM , Grant TR , Hulbert AJ
Published: June 2005

Eight different tissues taken from crested terns, Sterna bergii, were analysed for the metals cadmium, lead,
copper, chromium, manganese, zinc and iron. Birds were taken from a breeding colony before and after
the commencement of harbour dredging and ocean dumping operations in nearby Port Kembla Harbour.
Levels of chromium and lead were similar in both adult and fledgling terns after dredging began,
indicating that chicks acquired these metals from food brought to them by adult birds. However, these
metals were found in relatively low concentrations. No conclusive evidence was found of increased
assimilation of heavy metals into the trophic structure of communities in waters adjacent to the Five
Islands after dredging and ocean dumping operations.
The Mammals of the Lower Gordon River Region South-West Tasmania
Authors: Hocking GJ , Guiler ER
Published: June 2005

The terrestrial mammal fauna of the Lower Gordon Basin, a little-known wilderness of western
Tasmania, was investigated by means of traps and observations. The occurrence of the species was
related to six vegetational structures, reduced from the 17 types recognized by Specht. Eighteen native
and one introduced species were found, all of which are widely distributed in Tasmania and which
represent 70% of the Tasmanian mammal fauna, including carnivores, insectivores and herbivores.
The absence of some species is noteworthy. Fire determines the vegetation structure and therefore
the distribution of the mammals. Only one species was abundant, the remainder showing the relatively
low density of mammals in this rainforest-sedgeland wilderness.
Variations in Group Size and Composition in Red and Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus rufus (Desmarest ) and M. fulignosus (Desmarest)
Authors: Johnson CN
Published: June 2005

Data on group size and composition in red and western grey kangaroos are analysed with respect to
population density and season. In red kangaroos, typical group sizes were correlated with density at
all times of the year. Analyses of density-group size relationships in each sex showed female typical
group size to be correlated with female density but male densities and group sizes to be uncorrelated.
Small adult males were the least likely to be with near-oestrous females, and apparently tend to disperse
into suboptimal habitats. In the seasonally breeding western grey kangaroos, densities and typical
group sizes were correlated during spring and summer, but not during autumn and winter, when
groups tended to be larger. This seasonal shift is mainly due to changes in the grouping behaviour
of males. These patterns are interpreted as being due to dominance relationships and seasonal
reproductive strategies of males.
Ranging of Eastern Grey Kangaroos and Wallaroos on a New England Pastoral Property
Authors: Jarman PJ , Taylor RJ
Published: June 2005

Eastern grey kangaroos and wallaroos were caught, collared or radio-collared, and released on part
of a developed New England pastoral property, to investigate dispersal from and within the property.
A few grey kangaroos, but no wallaroos, were detected dispersing relatively long distances (up to
17 km). Most individuals of both species were sedentary in small, overlapping home ranges.
Association of Social Classes of the Wallaroo, Macropus robustus (Marsupialia : Macropodidae)
Authors: Taylor RJ
Published: June 2005

The association of individuals of different social classes of the wallaroo was examined on two properties
(Lana and Newholme) in the New England Tablelands of New South Wales. The density of wallaroos
on Lana was seven times greater than that on Newholme. Individuals of different social classes differed
in the extent to which they were found alone. More animals were seen alone on Newholme than on
Lana but this increase was not uniform over the social classes. Individuals of different social classes
did not associate at random. Association patterns differed for individuals in groups of different size.
No differences in habitat use were found between different social classes during grazing periods;
however, during sheltering periods a greater proportion of large adult males was found in areas with
many rocks compared with medium adult males or adult females with young-at-foot. The adaptive
significance of the pattern of association of social classes is discussed.
Behaviour of the Bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid), (Marsupialia : Thylacomyidae) in Captivity
Authors: Johnson CN , Johnson KA
Published: June 2005

The behaviour was observed, in captivity, of the bilby Macrotis lagotis, a fossorial bandicoot of central
Australia. Most of the observations were made at night, but some were of below-ground behaviour
during the daylight hours. Bilbies proved to be relatively passive in comparison with other bandicoots,
and a rigid dominance hierarchy amongst males was maintained without destructive fighting. Dominant
males chased subordinate males out of and away from burrows and the alpha male maintained priority
of access to all the well used burrows in the enclosure. Males scent-marked around burrows; the
dominant male usually marked over scents left by other bilbies. Males shared burrows freely with
females, and copulation appears to take place down burrows. Information is also given on
female-female and mother-young behaviour, and some suggestions are made concerning the social
structure of wild bilbies. Activity cycles, feeding behaviour, etc. are described.
Establishment of the European Rabbit Flea on Macquarie Island.
Authors: Skira IJ , Brothers NP , Copson GR
Published: June 2005

Since December 1968, 241 600 rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)) have been released on Macquarie Island (between Australia and Antarctica) as a vector of myxomatosis for the biological control of rabbits. The flea is now established but is unevenly distributed due to its low rate of reproduction and slow rate of spread, especially into small isolated pockets of rabbits. The number of rabbits infested was greatest following the rabbit breeding season. Levels of infestation on individual rabbits were low; of 5135 rabbits shot in 3 years, only 21 carried more than 100 rabbit fleas. Limits to the spread and survival of the fleas on the island are discussed.
The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison. V. The Sensitivity of Feral Pigs, Sus Scrofa, to 1080 and Its Implications for Poisoning Campaigns.
Authors: Mcilroy JC
Published: June 2005

Acute oral LD50S (median lethal doses) and 95% confidence limits of 1080 poison for feral pigs, Sus scrofa, obtained by moving average and probit analysis methods are 1.04 (0.84-1.27) mg kg-1 and 1.00 (0.72-1.28) mg kg -1 respectively. These values are slightly higher than LD50S obtained for pigs by i/p dosing but similar to those obtained by oral dosing for other eutherian mammals. Signs of poisoning, either vomiting or increasing lethargy and laboured respiration, appeared from 1.9 to 47.3 h (median 6.2 h) after dosing, and deaths from 2.8 to 80 h (median 16.1 h) after dosing. Although 1080 is one of the most toxic poisons for pigs it has disadvantages, including the relatively large amounts that must be distributed in baits to kill pigs, and the comparatively greater susceptibility to it of many non-target birds and mammals. 36 species out of 40 non-target species likely to feed on poisoned baits are more susceptible to 1080 than pigs. Many other factors such as bait acceptance will govern what proportions of target and non-target populations will be poisoned. Attention to methods of poisoning or baiting techniques could minimize the risk that non-target animals face from pig-poisoning campaigns.
Movements of Cormorants in South Eastern Australia and the Influence of Flood on Breeding
Authors: Llewellyn LC
Published: June 2005

Examination of flood regimes in inland south-east Australia showed that natural flooding was an
important factor in initiating breeding of cormorants, as were small localized artificial floods. Recovery
data for banded great, little black and little pied cormorants were examined to assess dispersal patterns
from natal colonies. Dispersal of great cormorants was more marked than that of little pied and little
black cormorants; many great cormorants from the lower Murray moved upstream. Such dispersal
led to the occasional influx of large numbers of birds into the permanent cooler waters of the eastern
region of the Murray-Darling system. A case study was examined; it is suggested that the increase
in great cormorant numbers can be forecast and should be used to determine the time at which fish
are stocked, in order to improve fish survival.
Observations on the Diet of the Broad-Shelled Turtle, Chelodina Expansa Gray (Testudines: Chelidae).
Authors: Chessman BC
Published: June 2005

Stomach contents were examined of 32 broad-shelled turtles (Chelodina expansa) from the Murray River and associated waters in south east Australia. The main feed items were decapod crustaceans, aquatic bugs and small fish. C. expansa, the largest Australian chelid turtle, was wholly carnivorous and specialized for feeding on highly motile prey.
The Hawksbill Turtle, Eremochelys imbricata (L.), in North-Eastern Australia: the Campbell Island Rookery
Authors: Limpus CJ , Miller JD , Baker V , McLachlan E
Published: June 2005

Low-density nesting by hawksbill turtles at Campbell I., Torres Strait, is described. The average female
measured 83.2 cm in carapace length, weighed 51.6 kg and laid three clutches per season with a
renesting interval of 14.7 days. The average clutch contained 131.8 eggs, mean egg weight was 26 g
and mean diameter was 3.6 cm. Hatchling weight was 14.3 g, mean period to emergence was 55
days. Varanid predation is described. Scute variation of adults and hatchlings is summarized.
Validation of aging keys for eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus
Authors: Wood J. T. , Poole W. E. , Carpenter S. M.
Published: June 2005

Aging keys derived from captive grey kangaroos of known age were tested for their reliability in predicting the age of other captive animals of known age. Known ages were generally within the ranges of predicted ages. The aging keys were tested for consistency in age estimates derived from different body measurements. Although the age estimates for the additional captive animals were consistent, a sample of wild grey kangaroos appeared to have slightly different body proportions from those of the captive kangaroos.
Studies on the arboreal marsupial fauna of eucalypt forests being harvested for woodpulp at Eden, N.S.W. I. The species and distribution of animals
Authors: Braithwaite L. W.
Published: June 2005

In 379 logged areas comprising a total of 5606 ha, 930 individuals were found representing 7 species of glider and opossum. However, at 199 sites (52% of the forest area) no arboreal marsupials were found. About 63% of the individuals came from 9% of the area. From author's summary.
Studies on the arboreal marsupial fauna of eucalypt forests being harvested for woodpulp at Eden, N.S.W. II. Relationship between the fauna density, richness and diversity, and measured variables of the habitat
Authors: Braithwaite L. W. , Dudzinski M. L. , Turner J.
Published: June 2005

The relationships were examined between measurements of forest habitat (10 explanatory variables: X) and densities of three species of arboreal marsupials (greater glider, feathertail glider and sugar glider); the sum of these three and an additional five species that occurred; species richness and diversity of all eight species present in the area (six response variables: Y). The habitat variables were: landform profile; elapsed time since a severe fire; degree of forest maturity (total basal area of wood); an index
of den tree density; ratio of number of regeneration size trees to den trees; floristic diversity; basal area of peppermints; basal area of gums; basal area of eucalypts with a low level of nutrients in their foliage; and an index of potassium concentration in the foliage.
The principal component transformation of the X set of variables (PCA) was used as an aid to interpret the individual response of Y to joint intercorrelated explanatory variables X. The regressions of Y on PCA-transformed X explained 76.2% of variation in density for the greater glider, 50.4% for the feathertail glider, 21.1% for the sugar glider, 68.3% for all arboreal marsupials, 49.7% for species richness and 30.1% for species diversity. The weak regressions obtained for densities for the sugar glider were attributed to probable non-measurement of important understorey habitat variables for this species, and those for species richness and diversity, to the presence of a curvilinear rather than linear relationship to foliage nutrients.
The gradient in foliage nutrient concentration appears to be the major determinant of the density and species richness and diversity of arboreal marsupials in the Eden forests. Exceptions to the trend seem to occur where the forests include certain xeromorphic eucalypt species that are high in foliage nutrients yet poor in fauna, and, for the feathertail and sugar glider, in those sections of the Eden
forests exhibiting fire successional stages and that are usually composed of eucalypts with low nutrient levels in their foliage.
Humoral Immunity to Myxoma Virus in Wild Rabbits.
Authors: Wetherall JD , Clay DE , King DR
Published: June 2005

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect antibody to myxoma virus in serum of rabbits. In ten laboratory rabbits vaccinated with attenuated myxoma virus, antibody levels were seen to increase for four weeks, after which they declined. Antibody levels in a large number of wild rabbits collected at Cape Naturaliste area, Western Australia, in 1974 were high, following an outbreak of myxomatosis. When serum samples from the same population were tested in 1978, levels of antibody were low. Using gel filtration chromatography, the main anti-myxoma virus antibody activity seemed to be in the IgG fraction, although IgM and IgA were also present.
The Ingestion of Artifically Coloured Grain by Birds, and its Relevance to Verebrate Pest Control
Authors: Brunner H , Coman BJ
Published: June 2005

In 23 field and aviary trials with several species of ground-feeding birds, the short-term uptake of
grain coloured red, blue, green, yellow and black was compared with that of natural (uncoloured)
grain. In all trials, one or more of the artificial colours caused a significant depression in the amount
of food eaten. Although the preferences for grain of the five colours varied from trial to trial, the
uptake of both blue and green grain was significantly lower than for untreated grain in all trials, and
that of black, red and yellow grain was significantly lower than the control in 22, 19 and 15 trials
respectively. Uptake of both blue and green grain was often significantly lower than that of the other
three colours. Crimson rosellas, Platycercus elegans, which were fed on blue grain for 3 weeks before
being presented with the full range of coloured and natural grain showed some association of the
unnatural colour with food. They did not do so when pre-fed for less than 7 days. The possible use
of coloured lethal baits to increase target specificity in the control of mammalian pests is discussed.
A Comparison of Seasonal Changes in the Pollen Loads of Nectarivorous Marsupials [Tarsipes] and Birds [Honeyeaters].
Authors: Wooller RD , Russell EM , Renfree MB , Towers PA
Published: June 2005

Pollen loads on nectar-feeding marsupials (Tarsipes) and honeyeater birds were monitored for a year
at a site on the south coast of Western Australia. Birds carried more pollen grains than the mammals.
Both groups carried the same pollens of the main nectar-producing plants in the area and their pollen
loads followed the patterns of flowering. Those Banksia species whose pollen was carried most by
vertebrates set most seed.
Populations of the Murray River Tortoise, Emydura (Chelodina): the Effect of Egg Predation by the Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes
Authors: Thompson MB
Published: June 2005

Regular inspection of tortoise nesting sites along the Murray River in South Australia showed that
over 96% of eggs were taken by predators. Endemic predators accounted for less than 3% of this total.
Foxes took the rest. Comparison of the age structure of the Emydura species in the Murray and
Cooper Creek revealed that the populations were very different. The Murray population of Emydura
rnacquarii contained a disproportionately large number of old individuals; this difference was attributed
to egg losses. The same was true for Chelodina longicollis. As these old animals die recruitment of
juveniles into the population will probably fall even further. As a result tortoise populations in the
Murray will decline.
Crocodylus johnstoni in a Controlled-Environment Chamber: a Raising Trial
Authors: Webb GJW , Manolis SC , Buckworth R
Published: June 2005

Crocodylus johnstoni hatchlings were raised in a constant-environment chamber of the type used for
Alligator mississippiensis by Joanen and McNease. Minced marine fish with vitamin and mineral
supplements appeared an adequate diet for growth, but growth rates were highly variable. Density
was an important determinant of mortality and food conversion rates. No significant variation in
growth rate was attributable to sex, but mortality in low-density pens was slightly higher for males
than for females; samples were too small to determine whether or not this was significant. Daily
feeding resulted in higher conversion rates and a greater intake of food per pen than feeding 5 days
per week, but within the period tested significant differences in linear growth were not apparent. This
could reflect excessive fat deposition, which is known to result in chronic obesity. No significant
difference in growth was attributable to chopped or minced food. Food intake and conversion rates
dropped during the dry season, when feeding and growth in the field are also retarded. The application
of constant-environment chambers for testing variables likely to influence raising success is discussed;
however, C. johnstoni may not be as suited to this style of raising as are some other crocodilians.
At all densities tested fighting was a problem, and even minor disturbances were associated with
reduced food intake and defensive behaviour.
The Feeding Ecology of the Dingo. 1. Stomach Contents From Trapping in South-Eastern Australia, and the Non-Target Wildlife Also Caught in Dingo Traps.
Authors: Newsome AE , Corbett LK , Catling PC , Burt RJ
Published: June 2005

In stomach contents of 530 dingoes (Canis familiaris dingo) in south east Australia, 89.3% of feed, by occurrence, was large and medium-sized marsupials (Wallabia, Macropus, Pseudocheirus and Trichosurus). Of 26 dingoes with sheep or cattle remains in the stomach, 11 had eaten it as carrion, judging from the presence of maggots, and 5 of those had obtained it from carcasses used as bait for the traps. There was 4% of feral pig, 0.3% of horse and 7.8% of rabbit, which are all regarded as pests. There were 26 species of prey altogether. Of the 25 other species caught in the traps, over 20 were protected wildlife.
Counting the Same Populations of Large Tropical Mammals from the Ground and from the Air
Authors: Ridpath MG , Begg RJ , Dudzinski ML , Forbes MA , Graham A
Published: June 2005

The population of feral buffalo occupying 614 km2 of sedgelands and woodlands at Kapalga in the Northern Territory was counted from a fixed-wing aircraft, a helicopter and a vehicle on the ground over six consecutive days in August 1981. Aerial counts on sedgelands were 1.7-2.0 times greater than counts from ground level because of the greater lateral visibility; whereas counts from ground level of wooded habitats, much the commonest situation, were 1.7-1.8 times greater than aerial counts because ofthe reduced vertical visibility for the latter. The area of all habitats combined which would have to be sampled for a given precision differed little between the three techniques, but in wooded situations alone counting from the ground was twice as precise. Aerial counts repeated over consecutive days had a coefficient of variation of c. 10% for all habitats combined but c. 20% for wooded habitats alone. Counting from fixed-wing aircraft has great advantage in costs and logistics for extensive broad-scale surveys. Counting from a helicopter is more expensive but has advantages in a less extensive survey covering habitats in which visibility differs widely. Counting from the ground over small areas is cheap and has a particular advantage when detailed demographic data is required. The overall density of the introduced feral buffalo at Kapalga is 13 per km2 which is equivalent to a biomass of c. 5200 kg km-2. Such a biomass is high compared with wild indigenous tropical populations in Asia, at the lower end of the African range, and low by comparison with cattle in slightly drier habitats in Asia.
Evaluation of Fencing to Control Feral Pig Movement
Authors: Hone J , Atkinson B
Published: June 2005

Eight fence designs with and without electrification were tested for their ability to stop feral pigs crossing
from one paddock to another.Fences of 8:80:15 hingejoints were pig-proof, whereas fences of 6:70:30
hingejoint or plain wires allowed some pigs to cross. Electrification of the fences significantly reduced
the frequency of pig movement through fences to as little as 6.3% of test pigs. The behaviour of feral pigs
relative to the fences and their implications are described.
The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison VI.* Bandicoots
Authors: Mcilroy JC
Published: June 2005

Bandicoots are more tolerant to 1080 poison than are most other mammals in eastern Australia.
LD*50S obtained for Isoodon obesulus, Perameles nasuta and P. gunni ranged from c. 5.4 to 7.7 mg
kg-1. Signs of poisoning observed were typical of those for insectivores and carnivores and first
appeared at from 2 h to over 7 days after administration ofthe 1080. Deaths occurred from 4 h to almost
9 days after dosing. To obtain a median lethal dose of LD*50 individuals of each species of bandicoot
tested would have to eat more 1080 than all the common target pests except the pig. Theoretically, they
are capable ofdoing this if the baits are poisoned carrots or pellets intended for herbivore pests or meat
baits intended for pigs. Only meat baits intended for dingoes do not appear to pose a serious
hazard.
Analysis of an Instaneous Census Method for Heathland Birds
Authors: Pyke GH
Published: June 2005

Birds were censused from the top of a 2.5-m ladder positioned at the centre of circles of radius 20 m.
Every 1 min the observer visually scanned one half of a circle, recording the identity of and the distance
to every bird seen. This procedure was carried out for about eight scans and then repeated for the
complementary semicircle. Birds tended to be repulsed from the observer and/or ladder. Consequently
the census method cannot be used to estimate absolute densities. However, the frequency distribution of
bird-observer distances was found to be independent of time of day, time of year, and bird species. The
method can, therefore, be used at a particular location to compare different bird species and different
times. Vegetation height affected the frequency distribution of bird-observer distances and so the
method cannot provide accurate comparisons of bird densities in different areas. Fewer birds were seen
per scan when the census was carried out 4-6 h after sunrise. The two observers in the study saw the
same average number of birds per scan.
Vocal Repertoire and Individual Vocal Recognition in the Short-Billed White-Tailed Black Cokcatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris CArnaby
Authors: Saunders DA
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the 15 different types of vocalization produced by the short-billed form of the
white-tailed black cockatoo. The majority of calls appear to be related to group maintenance and
co-ordination. The paucity of vocalizations used in sexual situations is probably related to the fact that
the birds are long-lived, with pair bonds which are maintained throughout the life ofone ofthe partners.
Analyses of one of the types of calls showed that it is possible to identify individuals from their calls and
that this may be achieved by discrimination of the lengths of parts of the call. The importance of being
able to identify individuals from their calls is discussed.