bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Custom poses challenges for its identification but at the same time it offers a potential for dynamism that may often be superior to that of treaty law. Recent developments, most importantly the near-universal ratification of major human rights treaties and the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the Human Rights Council, greatly facilitate the identification of customary law. It is clear that most of the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are unquestionably part of customary international law. Doubts may persist about a few rights, such as the right to property. Customary law also extends to ‘solidarity rights’ or ‘peoples’ rights’, whose reflection in treaty law is not so universal. Recognition of rights does not ensure that there are effective mechanisms for their enforcement and implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David
Published: August 2021

This introduction frames the two trends that are at the core of this book: the triumph of liberal democratic constitutional discourse and the erosion of democracy. Liberal democratic designs, doctrines, and concepts have diffused easily around the world. These norms are promoted by a thick network of actors, and link to other thriving communities such as international human rights. But the rhetorical triumph of liberal democracy has not resulted in a steady increase in democracy—instead, recent years have seen stagnation and backsliding. This seeming paradox is explained by the ease with which liberal democratic ideas can be repurposed to serve anti-democratic ends. Reliance on liberal democratic institutions for anti-democratic moves may conceal their true purpose and make both domestic and international audiences less willing or able to formulate a critique. Furthermore, many liberal democratic norms are double-edged swords that can readily be used to attack rather than protect democracy.
The Abusive Borrowing of Political Constitutionalism and Weak-Form Judicial Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the abusive borrowing of an important set of concepts associated with political constitutionalism, or the idea that political institutions such as legislatures, rather than courts, should be chiefly charged with interpreting and enforcing the constitution. It shows how regimes in Hungary and Poland have relied heavily (and erroneously) on these theories to justify attacks on their judiciaries without seeking to develop the set of political and social preconditions which would be necessary for political forms of constitutional interpretation to make sense. It also shows how allies of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in Israel, have (so far unsuccessfully) attempted to import the ‘weak-form’, dialogic, or New Commonwealth model of judicial review instantiated in Canada, which allows for a legislative override, in a context where the chief goal was immunizing the Prime Minister from ongoing criminal prosecution.
Can Abusive Borrowing Be Stopped?
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David
Published: August 2021

This chapter concludes by offering thoughts on how policymakers and scholars might design better responses to combat abusive constitutional borrowing, or the repurposing of liberal democratic designs, doctrines, and concepts for anti-democratic ends. It suggests a set of ways in which international and transnational monitoring might be made more sophisticated in recognizing and responding to the problem. It also highlights how liberal democratic theorists and practitioners might seek to design and promulgate norms that are more robust against the sometimes substantial threat of abuse. Finally, it concludes by considering how the pervasiveness of mimicry—the use of liberal democratic forms for anti-democratic goals—informs debates about liberal democratic constitutionalism and democratic erosion. It suggests that a more open contestation about the content of liberal democratic norms, bounded mainly by respect for the democratic minimum core, may be the best antidote against the threat posed by abusive constitutional borrowing.
Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema
Authors: Morrison Benedict
Published: August 2021

Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema argues that art cinema, unlike classical film, draws attention to its disjointed, multi-parted form, but that criticism has too frequently sought to explain this complexity away by stitching the parts together in totalizing readings. This stitching together has often relied on the assumption that complicated character explains articulated form and that the solution to art cinema’s puzzles lies in interpreting each film as the expression of a focalizing character’s internal disturbance. This book challenges this assumption. It argues that the attempt to explain formal complexity through this character-centric approach reduces formal achievements and enigmatic characters to inadequate approximations of one another. Reference to character cannot fully tame unschematic and unpredictable combinations of—and collisions between—contradictory levels of narration, clashing styles, discontinuously edited shots, jarring allusions, dislocated genre signifiers, and intermedial elements. Through close analyses of films by Roberto Rossellini, Robert Bresson, Luis Buñuel, Terence Davies, Peter Greenaway, and Kelly Reichardt, Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema offers an ethics of criticism that suggests that the politics of art cinema’s eccentric form are limited by character-centred readings. Each of the featured films presents inarticulate or muted characters, whose emotional and intellectual lives are unknowable, further complicating the relationship between character and form. This book argues that, by acknowledging this resistance to interpretation, critics can think in new ways about art cinema’s interrogation of the possibilities of knowledge.
Telling Tales
Authors: Morrison Benedict
Published: August 2021

This chapter queries criticism which claims that the priest’s diary in Robert Bresson’s Journal d’un curé de campagne (1951) allows straightforward navigation through the film. Critics have often argued that this diary describes clearly the anxious young priest’s inner life. Such a reading has depended on the idea that the diary is univocal. This has necessarily disavowed the film’s articulated structure, in which the diary exists as speech (in voiceovers), written text (in images of the priest writing), and performance (in dramatized scenes). These elements are, in fact, contrapuntal, striking up productive differences and presenting conflicting, even contradictory, information. The calm of the voiceover is at odds with the frantic erasures of the writing and the confused focalizations of the dramatic scenes. The fractured diary is not the univocal presentation of the protagonist, and the inarticulate character cannot provide a stable centre for the eccentric film’s proliferating network of meanings.
Untidying the Image
Authors: Morrison Benedict
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that discontinuous editing in Luis Buñuel’s Belle de Jour (1967) produces an eccentric critique of bourgeois narrative- and myth-making. The film employs many of the startling collisions and confusions—the dépaysements—that characterize the director’s earlier surrealist films. Editing is used to create jarring juxtapositions in a montage that complicates, and does not produce, meaning. Criticism on the film, however, has often dismissed many of the achievements of this editing as untidiness, suggesting the director’s lack of care. The complicated articulated form that cannot be dismissed as untidiness has been routinely explained away through reference to Séverine, the central character, but accounts of her trauma depend on speculation and readings of the film’s source novel. This chapter argues that the form does not articulate on behalf of the inarticulate Séverine, and that Catherine Deneuve’s performance resists efforts to translate the character’s enigma into clear sense.
Democracy, the Market, and the Firm
Authors: Crès Hervé , Tvede Mich
Published: August 2021

This book is an attempt to resolve an enigma that has puzzled social scientists since Condorcet in the eighteenth century: Why are collective choices so stable and easy to make in practice, when in theory it should be totally otherwise? A striking illustration of this enigma is the almost unanimous support of shareholders in publicly traded companies for the motions tabled by directors. The first part of the book explores the interplay between the voting and trading mechanisms. Two main arguments are proposed: on the one hand, the better the market works, the easier it is for majority voting to achieve political stability; on the other hand, among all market equilibria, those that are politically stable are more likely to be economically efficient. The second part of the book explores the feedback from collective choices to individual preferences. It investigates the behavioral assumptions leading to an alignment of shareholders, even in a context of severe market failures, and provides an analysis of the philosophical and axiomatic underpinnings of these assumptions. In sum, and figuratively, the book argues that the invisible hand of the market and the active hand of democracy can work hand in hand to give rise to a better world. The analysis relies on formal models which are kept as simple as possible and make use only of elementary convex and vector analysis.
Democracy in the Firm
Authors: Crès Hervé , Tvede Mich
Published: August 2021

The problem of collective decision-making arising from market failures is addressed using the democratic principle applied within the assembly of shareholders. A basic requirement is imposed (the Pareto principle): collective choices should not be at odds with the interests of all shareholders, as expressed by their preferences. This requirement puts bounds on what the collective can choose: it should remain within the set of averages of what the shareholders want. Further refining these bounds, a notion of political stability is proposed; it is defined with respect to (super) majority voting. One searches for the smallest rate of super majority for which a stable collective choice exists. This optimal rate is reviewed under classical assumptions from the social choice literature. It is shown how the dimensionality of the collective decision-making problem and the polarization of the electorate critically impact political stability, and hence the optimal rate of super majority.
Voting and Trading in Symbiosis
Authors: Crès Hervé , Tvede Mich
Published: August 2021

The notion of political stability of Chapter 2 is applied to the general equilibrium analysis of Chapter 1, highlighting how trading and voting mechanisms help each other’s functioning. On an incomplete financial market, trading reduces the dimensionality of the collective decision-making problem; in the presence of externalities or imperfect competition, trading reduces the polarization of the electorate. In both cases, political stability obtains for lowered rates of super majority. Hence trading facilitates the emergence of a voting-stable decision. It is furthermore argued that stability with respect to the lowest possible rate of super majority is more likely to result in economic efficiency. Hence voting mitigates market failures. However, it takes different governance rules to ensure efficiency of stable decisions: shareholder governance on an incomplete financial market, stakeholder democracy when facing externalities or imperfect competition. And expectations about the outcome of the decision-making process can play a crucial, potentially destabilizing role.
Conclusion
Authors: Crès Hervé , Tvede Mich
Published: August 2021

The big underlying question is whether there is an interplay between the democratic and liberal mindsets that promotes co-existence and performance in the economic, social, and political life of the polis. The democratic mindset is what guides collective action, respectful of the interest of citizens; the liberal mindset is what guides individual action, serving private interests in a free and open locus. Collective decision-making on the market is a natural setting for investigating this question. The findings of the book are projected into a reflection on the shortcomings of the democratic regimes as we know them in the West, and on their ability to address the major financial, environmental, and health crisis that we are facing.
Securing the Levantine Empire
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph
Published: August 2021

The chapter traces the struggle of British military authorities to secure their grip over the cities they occupied. New legal measures and security institutions were developed to combat the challenges emanating from the permeable, connected character of the Levantine city. Martial law and military police forces, however, proved insufficient to suppress anti-imperial movements, while their institutionalisation advanced the militarizing, anglicizing tendencies of military rule that further alienated local partners who were relied on for the functioning of this informal empire. The chapter shows how escalating urban and extra-urban violence resulted in the major retrenchment and retreat of British military forces in 1922 and 1923, bringing to an end the distinct Levantine empire that had bound these cities together over the preceding years
1914–1916
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph
Published: August 2021

This sub-chapter provides an overview of the first two years of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean. It summarises the factors that led to the breakdown of British relations with Istanbul and the Ottoman decision to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers. It shows how the Mediterranean became a key transit route for Allied colonial troops on the outbreak of the war, and provides a brief account of the failed Ottoman attempt to interrupt Allied lines of communication and raise rebellion in Egypt by attacking the Suez Canal. It also gives an overview of the development of other main fronts in the region: the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Gallipoli.
West European Politics in Turmoil?
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces the puzzle and motivation for the book. Rising support for populist radical right parties in Western Europe and increasing polarization over European integration represent a change from the politics of the 1990s. Radical right parties or candidates have achieved new levels of electoral support in many West European countries. At the same time, though, mainstream values have become increasingly liberal. Thus, recent years have not simply seen a resurgence of right-wing nationalism in Western Europe; they have seen greater polarization concerning issues of national identity and community. In short, West European electoral politics is evolving from conflict based around cleavages such as class to a new dimension of conflict centring on questions of identity, culture, and the demarcation of national boundaries. This chapter reviews existing accounts of this electoral evolution before providing an overview of this book’s arguments and findings.
Authoritarianism in West European Electorates
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

This chapter engages in a descriptive analysis of authoritarianism in Western Europe and its relationship to economic, social, and political attitudes. It considers the definition of authoritarianism and how it is distinct from related concepts such as conservatism. The descriptive analysis addresses several important questions. First, it examines the distribution of authoritarianism in West European societies, along with its relationship to education, age, and gender. Then, it examines the relationship between authoritarianism and socio-cultural, political, and economic attitudes. The analysis finds that authoritarianism is closely related to socio-cultural attitudes on matters such as acceptance of same-sex marriage, endorsement of traditional gender roles, immigration, and ethnocentrism. Authoritarianism also correlates with attitudes towards democracy and political trust. However, high authoritarians are not meaningfully different from low authoritarians on economic questions. These findings point to an important conclusion for this book’s argument. Because high authoritarians vary from low authoritarians most on socio-cultural attitudes, it is likely that the factors driving the worldview issue are socio-cultural rather than economic in nature.
Authoritarianism and Support for Populist Radical Right Parties
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between authoritarianism and the likelihood of voting for populist radical right parties in Western Europe. Radical right parties share an ideology based around nativism, authoritarianism, and populism. This ideology appeals to high authoritarians because it promises tough measures to preserve social cohesion, so high authoritarians are more likely to vote for radical right parties. This prediction is tested using national election study data from a range of West European countries. The results show that high authoritarians are more likely to vote for radical right parties, but even more so if they have weaker attachments to the political mainstream. The final set of analyses examines whether economic anxieties or anti-immigration attitudes moderate this relationship. While economic anxieties matter little to radical right party support, high authoritarians who oppose immigration are more likely to vote for a radical right party. These findings build on existing research by providing a stronger explanation of previous findings linking anti-immigration attitudes or cultural anxieties to radical right party support.
Authoritarianism and Potential Support for the Radical Right in Ireland
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

Although the radical right is gaining support in many West European societies, there remain a few states such as Ireland without a successful radical right party. This absence raises the question of whether unique historical or cultural factors prevent the rise of the radical right in these countries or whether it is contingent. This chapter examines potential electoral support for a radical right party in Ireland. It presents the results of a novel survey experiment, in which voters read about the formation of a hypothetical new party and expressed their willingness to vote for it compared to existing parties. The results show that high authoritarians express greater willingness to vote for a hypothetical new radical right party compared to a hypothetical new mainstream party, while low authoritarians display the opposite pattern. In addition, high authoritarians express greater concern about declining social cohesion in Ireland. Because authoritarianism does not structure voting behaviour, a new radical right party could draw high authoritarians from all of the established parties. These results confirm that the same latent patterns of radical right party support exist in Ireland as in other West European societies and challenge arguments emphasizing cultural uniqueness.
Cultural Backlash or Worldview Evolution?
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between authoritarianism, age, and radical right party support. This book’s worldview evolution proposes that the relationship between authoritarianism and radical right party support should be stronger among younger voters. However, a rival cultural backlash argument suggests that the relationship should be strongest among older voters, who were socialized in an era of traditional values and less diversity. The analysis finds evidence consistent with the worldview evolution argument while leading to a rejection of the cultural backlash hypothesis. Neither older voters nor older high authoritarians are more likely to support radical right parties. However, the relationship between authoritarianism and radical right party support is stronger among younger voters in each country besides the United Kingdom. This finding suggests that the worldview evolution is driven more by younger voters with fewer prior party attachments, and it also should lead to a rejection of the claim that populist radical right party support comes mostly from ageing demographic groups who will soon be replaced in the electorate.
A Worldview Evolution?
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

The concluding chapter revisits the main arguments and findings of each chapter before turning to a discussion of their implications for our understanding of West European politics. The first implication is that the worldview evolution described in this book is rooted in political psychology rather than group interests or identity. Second, the worldview evolution occurring in Western Europe bears similarities to developments in the USA and other advanced democracies. Though the differences in context mediate how this evolution develops in each part of the world, similar divisions over social cohesion and community are at their heart. Finally, this book’s findings suggest that issues relating to social cohesion and diversity will remain contentious in the coming years. By contrast, economic and class issues may evolve to reflect the new structure of party conflict. Finding common ground across these worldviews will be a core challenge of West European democratic politics in the coming years.
The Ascetic Ideal
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2021

This book develops a reading of Nietzsche’s concept of ‘the ascetic ideal’, through which he tracks the evolution, mutation, and expansion of the system of slave moral values that he associates primarily with Judaeo-Christian religious belief through diverse fields of Western European culture—not just religion and morality, but aesthetics, science, and philosophy. The work of Stanley Cavell and Michael Fried, and its impact in the philosophy of film and literature, is central here, as is J. M.Coetzee’s on the philosophy of autobiography; Martin Heidegger’s critique of science and technology is also addressed. In so doing it also offers an interpretation of his genealogical method that aims to rebut standard criticisms of its nature, and to emphasize its potential for enhancing philosophical understanding more generally. The focus throughout is on developments in those fields which occurred after the end of Nietzsche’s intellectual career, and in particular on influential modes of thought and practice that have a contemporary significance. However, the goal is not simply to argue that Nietzsche’s diagnosis and critique retain considerable merit. It is also to show that Nietzsche is himself significantly indebted to the ideals he criticizes; and that this opens up a possibility of synthesizing elements of his approach with those drawn from its target. Hence, the book also tracks various ways in which the object of Nietzsche’s criticism has further mutated (just as his genealogical method would suggest), and in doing so has generated ways of pursuing the values central to asceticism that avoid Nietzsche’s criticisms.
Writing the Life of the Mind
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2021

This chapter focuses on the relation between philosophy, biography, and autobiography, as a way of tracking how the ascetic ideal informs our thinking about our relation to ourselves, and so about selfhood in general. Certain ascetic ideas about the possibility of self-identity and truthful self-characterization are shown to crop up throughout modern treatments of autobiographical theory and practice, and to generate opposition and criticism. The work of MacIntyre, Sartre, and Heidegger provides a general framework for navigating this part of the territory of life-writing; and the recent autobiographical trilogy by J. M. Coetzee is examined as a site within which ascetic practices of confession are developed, criticized, and then turned against themselves.
Knowing, Framing, and Enframing
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2021

The first half of this chapter is an exercise in the philosophy of film, which treats Christopher Nolan’s body of cinematic work as Nietzsche treats a Wagner opera in the final essay of the Genealogy—as a key cultural site at which the complex interaction of the elements of the ascetic ideal play themselves out. The second half takes the analysis into the realms of science and philosophy: taking orientation from certain of Nietzsche’s claims about how modern philosophy adopts a scientistic stance, it weaves together these suggestions with some complex and controversial arguments advanced by the later Heidegger, to defend the idea that our contemporary age is best understood as the age of technology, and how this has informed and deformed some central cultural projects—in art, particularly the advent of modernist painting and its continuation in contemporary photographic practices; and in philosophy, in its treatment of secondary qualities, and more generally in its willingness to regard physics as metaphysics.
Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe
Authors: Rybak Jan
Published: August 2021

Everyday Zionism in East-Central Europe examines Zionist activism during the years of war, occupation, revolution, the collapse of empires and the formation of nation states in the years 1914 to 1920. Before the background of the Great War, its brutal aftermath and consequent violence, the day-to-day encounters between Zionist activists and the Jewish communities in the region gave the movement credibility, allowed it to win support, and to establish itself as a leading force in Jewish political and social life for decades to come. Through activists’ efforts, Zionism came to mean something new. Rather than being concerned with debates over Jewish nationhood and pioneering efforts in Palestine, it came to be about aiding starving populations, organizing soup-kitchens, establishing orphanages, schools, kindergartens, and hospitals, negotiating with the authorities, and organizing self-defence against violence. It was in this context that the Zionist movement evolved from often marginalized, predominantly bourgeois groups into a mass movement that attracted and inspired tens of thousands of Jews throughout the region. The book approaches the major European events of the period from the dual perspectives of Jewish communities and the Zionist activists on the ground, demonstrating how war, revolution, empire and nation held very different meanings to people, depending on their local circumstances. During the war and its aftermath, the territories of the Habsburg Empire and formerly Russian-ruled regions conquered by the German army saw a large-scale nation-building project by Zionist activists who fought to lead their communities and shape for them a national future.
Representing the Nation
Authors: Rybak Jan
Published: August 2021

With the collapse of the old imperial order in 1918, Zionists anticipated that nationhood would be the defining paradigm for the political reorganization of the region. Chapter 5 shows how Zionists fought to establish the Jewish nation as an equal participant in this process, and to attain recognition of its nationhood and national rights by both their non-Jewish neighbours and the Great Powers. It analyses one of the most important forms of Zionist organization and political practice after the end of the First World War: the Jewish national councils. The chapter focuses on three sites where those institutions evolved out of different forms of wartime activism and gained significant influence in Jewish society for a time—East Galicia, Vienna, and Prague—as well as on similar efforts in Poland, Lithuania, and at an international level. It examines the day-to-day work of the Jewish national councils, their political aims, how they corresponded and related to other nationalist movements, and how they attempted to turn their claim to represent the Jewish nation into a reality. In this process, Zionists built on their wartime experiences, their standing in society, and their relations with the new rulers, demonstrating how previous engagements determined the viability of national claims and projects in the postwar era. The chapter connects the ‘big’ story of the Paris Peace Conference to local events and activists by analysing the role nationalist representatives played in the context of the peace negotiations and the struggle for national and minority rights.
Martial’s Epigrams as Domitianic Literature
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: August 2021

This chapter reads Martial’s Epigrams in chronological order. It pays particular attention to the poems about the emperor. It is sensitive to their quantity, quality, and position relative to the remaining poems. Themes from the imperial poems are put in contact with other non-imperial poems, especially poems that are proximate to poems about the emperor. The narrative arc is fairly clear. One begins with a narrative voice that conjures a rising star who is on the make and playing a pseudo-dangerous game with power. Over time the poetry draws closer to an emperor who is himself waxing in size and strength. The poetic voice becomes ever more exuberant even as the relationship to power feels increasingly split. The poet admires the prince. The poet is also afraid of him. The last is never stated, though. The symptomatic figure of this split is Earinus, the emperor’s beautiful and disgusting eunuch boyfriend. Domitian’s death precipitates a disastrous liberation. The chapter ends with an examination of the fraught project of constructing a post-Domitianic Martial in the wake of what had come before. The poet is reluctant to even say what, exactly, had come before. Instead, one finds books of poems that are marked by erasures, rewrites, and chronological irregularities. They celebrate a “newfound freedom” and a “return to art,” but things are falling apart. The poet praises a new Rome that he ends up leaving.
Conclusion
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: August 2021

This is a survey of the intersecting problems of politics, aesthetics, and criticism. The identification of poetic personae, artistic play, and ironic reserve cannot be the ultimate target of criticism. An analysis of art executed in purely aesthetic terms elides the political dimension more generally. And this move specifically fails to grapple with the self-serving politics of “art for art’s sake.” The glorious plenitude of art needs to be considered next to its partner, the glorious plenitude of imperial power. These two ineffable marvels are in communication with one another. And the artist is the one who has crafted the dialog. When we move past the terms of the debate set by the artist we can find a psychic life of power that is complicated and disturbing. Talk of the mastery of the master-craftsman hides this from us. It hides both the political complicity and the painful paradoxes that must be lived in order to embrace the glory and shame of complicity. Such talk hides the way in which artistry captures, reflects, reproduces, intervenes in, and celebrates the socio-political milieu more generally. Or, to the extent one does discuss the above, an overly sentimental discourse of “resistance” is allowed to guide the discussion. We finish with an appraisal of the problematic politics of intertextuality and allusivity as critical obsessions. The narrowness of such a research agenda can itself become politically complicit by offering a bibliophilic hiding place for people who have something to hide.
Enhanced Cooperation and European Tax Law
Authors: Heber Caroline
Published: August 2021

The enhanced cooperation mechanism allows at least nine Member States to introduce secondary EU law which is only binding among these Member States. From an internal market perspective, enhanced cooperation laws are unique as they lie somewhere between unilateral Member State laws and uniform EU law. The law creates harmonisation and coordination between the participating Member States, but it may introduce trade obstacles in relation to non-participating Member States. This book reveals that the enhanced cooperation mechanism allows Member States to protect their harmonised values and coordination endeavours against market efficiency. Values which may not be able to justify single Member State’s trade obstacles may outweigh pure internal market needs if an entire group of Member States finds these value worthy of protection. However, protection of the harmonised values can never go as far as shielding participating Member States from the negative effects of enhanced cooperation laws. The hybrid nature of enhanced cooperation laws—their nexus between the law of a single Member State and secondary EU law—also demands that these laws comply with state aid law. This book shows how the European state aid law provisions should be applied to enhanced cooperation laws. Furthermore, the book also develops a sophisticated approach to the limits non-participating Member States face in ensuring that their actions do not impede the implementation of enhanced cooperation between the participating Member States.
Experience with Enhanced Cooperation—Success and Failure
Authors: Heber Caroline
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the successes and failures of enhanced cooperation. A comparison between the legislative initiatives which were successfully pursued under the enhanced cooperation procedure and those which failed (because the Member States either did not issue the necessary request to the European Commission or did not reach the necessary consensus to enact secondary EU legislation) identifies the areas which are likely to be regulated by enhanced cooperation law. These areas are particularly defined by three concerns: incapability, fear, and simplification. Incapability refers to policy areas where a single Member State is unable to address a particular issue properly and thus may be willing participate in enhanced cooperation. Fear may determine a common legislative action of some Member States if the law imposes negative effects upon the Member States, such as dislocation effects. Simplification is, thus far, the only real concern which has bound some Member States together and has led to the use of the enhanced cooperation procedure. Simplification is achieved by a unified framework which is built on mutual recognition.
The Rights and Obligations of Non-participating Member States
Authors: Heber Caroline
Published: August 2021

This chapter elucidates the most important value inherent to enhanced cooperation: the value of tolerance. The notion of tolerance is not a one-way street: Member States within enhanced cooperation have to respect fellow Member States outside enhanced cooperation, as well as their wish to pursue the European objectives on a unilateral path. Likewise, Member States outside enhanced cooperation have to respect that some Member States will pursue a legislative act jointly. The chapter clearly shows that the principle of tolerance is different from the principle of sincere cooperation, since the protection of Art 327 of the TFEU demands more than a loyal interaction between Member States. International law and constitutional law provisions on cooperation in federal states provide guidance on how to develop a framework for the principle of tolerance within enhanced cooperation.
The grammaticalization of pe
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: August 2021

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the hypotheses relevant to the origin and the evolution of pe as a DOM particle in Romanian. As a contribution to this debate, the chapter demonstrates that pe went through a Case marking functional preposition stage at some point before the earliest preserved texts, at which time it did not serve for DOM. Eventually, further bleaching (i.e., loss of Case assigning property) and reanalysis of pe took place, which qualified this element as a topic marker in DOM constructions (in Old Romanian texts) and, further, as a nominal marker of specificity/animacy for Modern Romanian DOM. The discussion summarizes the findings on pe-DOM in previous studies and complements the discussion with new evidence from texts and cross-linguistic comparative considerations.
Formal approaches to DOM
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: August 2021

Chapter 6 introduces the formal perspectives on DOM relevant to the data presented in this book. In a nutshell, the chapter reviews current cross-linguistic analyses of DOM, especially those proposed for Spanish DOM, and verifies them against the Romanian data. The comparative tests indicate that the analyses in López (2012) and Ordóñez & Roca (2018) cannot be extended to Romanian DOM, whereas elements from the analysis in Bernstein et al. (2019) do match the empirical data presented in the previous chapters. In sum, a formal analysis that locates the DOM trigger on the verb spine, as in López (2012) and Ordóñez & Roca (2018), is unsuitable for Romanian DOM, whereas an analysis that locates the DOM trigger on the nominal spine, as proposed by Bernstein et al. (2019) for Sardinian, is more appropriate to capture the diachrony of pe presented in Chapter 5.
Discussion and Conclusion
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

This chapter tries to give an overall summary of the book. For this purpose, the success factors in their overall importance are discussed across all models. After the discussion of the limitations of this work, the new findings are summarized for a quick overview of the most important advancements of this study. These include a synthesis of influencing factors for ecological success, their operationalization and application to large data sets. Robust models with a high goodness-of-fit are now available for fisheries, forest management, and irrigation systems. Some factors, like monitoring, have to be re-evaluated in their relevance for ecological success. The book concludes with a summary and an outlook on future fields of research.
Appendix
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

This chapter contains supplementary information on all parts of the book. It includes the description how variables have been recoded, and the expert evaluation results on the relevance of the success factors for ecological success. Furthermore, all variables for ecological success are described for each data set (CPR, NIIS, IFRI). These tables are followed by the descriptive statistics, histograms and full correlation matrices of the success factors. Next, the comprehensive success factor synthesis consisting of 260 variables is presented. The chapter concludes with the reference section.
Empowering TGE Students with Inclusive Policies
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

This chapter begins with the idea of safe people creating safe spaces beyond the classroom and into environments in which co-curricular activities take place. Creating policies through a process of consideration and careful planning can impact student learning. Policies, then, can serve as tools for teacher to advocate on behalf of TGE youth. Readers move through a step-by-step guide for evaluating existing policies and generating new policies to honor and affirm TGE persons in school music settings. Examples of federal policy impact on state and local school policies frame considerations of access equity for TGE students. A discussion of inclusive and gender-neutral school music uniform policy concludes this chapter.
Employment and Labor Law
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

Antitrust law cannot directly address wage suppression that occurs as a result of search costs and job differentiation, which cause frictions in labor markets. The question arises whether other employment and labor regulations can be used to reduce the monopsony power of employers that arises from these sources, or to mitigate its ill effects. These regulations include minimum wage law, tax and wage subsidies, mandatory benefits, job protection, licensing, training, job standardization, labor law, governance reforms, and macroeconomic reform. While some of these regulations, if well-designed, can help mitigate the harms of labor monopsony, many of them are ill-suited to this task.
The Lost Souls of Meshugah
Authors: Schwarz Jan
Published: August 2021

Great works of literature always take root in particular linguistic, cultural and national traditions, but they are at the same time capable of transcending the limitations of the local and the parochial to reach readers beyond the boundaries of their provenance, either in the original forms or in successful translations....
The Discovery and Recovery of Hebrew Manuscripts
Authors: Lehnardt Andreas
Published: August 2021

In recent years, numerous and wide-ranging efforts both in Europe and in North America have sought to recover and identify sources of Jewish culture and history. Digitization projects in libraries and archives have made accessible a great number of important ancient, medieval, and early modern manuscripts in high-quality reproductions. Moreover, many manuscript collections have been reexamined and newly cataloged; in several cases, long-forgotten or neglected manuscripts or fragments have come to light and have been made available for further research. Among the more prominent new websites in the field are those dealing with manuscript fragments or genizah material....
Digitization of Jewish Nahdah Texts
Authors: Bracha Guy
Published: August 2021

In 1909, an Arabic book was published in Egypt under the title Al-Talmud: asluhu wa-tasalsuluhu wa-adabuhu (The Talmud: Its Origin, Transmission, and Ethics).1 As will later be discussed in more detail, this volume, containing a translation of the mishnaic tractate Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers) was intended to be the first of a multivolume translation of the Talmud into Arabic. However, the chief rabbi of Cairo, R. Raphael Aharon ben Shimon, objected to the book, and this led to its being disregarded by the Jewish public....
Transferring Jewish Knowledge
Authors: Engelhardt Arndt
Published: August 2021

One of the best-known publications of the publishing house founded by Salman Schocken is the series known as Schocken-Bücherei (Schocken Library), published in Germany between 1933 and 1938. This series comprised 83 volumes on Jewish history and culture dating from antiquity until the modern era, including works by such disparate figures as Philo of Alexandria, Maimonides, Heinrich Heine, and Franz Kafka. The reasonably priced volumes had average sales of 4,000–5,000 copies, with the most popular works selling up to 10,000 copies: this was the most successful series put out by Schocken. At a time when the rights of Jews in Germany were being curtailed and Jews were being expelled from German culture, ...
Matthew Baigell, The Implacable Urge to Defame: Cartoon Jews in the American Press, 1877–1935. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2017. 240 pp. Matthew Baigell, Social Concern and Left Politics in Jewish American Art, 1880–1940. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2015. 280 pp.
Authors: Baigell Matthew
Published: August 2021

Matthew Baigell has accomplished the enviable achievement of juggling two distinguished careers as an art historian. He first came to prominence as a scholar of the arts of the United States, writing both on canonical painters (among them, 19th-century landscapists Thomas Cole and Albert Bierstadt) and on 20...
“Grasping the Assassin’s Mace”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 considers the military component of China’s grand strategy to blunt American power in Asia. It shows that the “traumatic trifecta” at the end of the Cold War prompted China to depart from a “sea control” strategy increasingly focused on holding distant maritime territory to a “sea denial strategy” focused on preventing the US military from traversing, controlling, or intervening in the waters near China. That shift was challenging, so Beijing declared it would “catch up in some areas and not others” and vowed to build “whatever the enemy fears” to accomplish it—ultimately delaying investments in costly and vulnerable vessels like aircraft carriers and instead investing in cheaper, asymmetric denial weapons. The chapter discusses Beijing’s construction of the world’s largest mine arsenal, the world’s first anti-ship ballistic missile, and the world’s largest submarine fleet—demonstrating a motivation in all these investments to undermine US military power.
“Permanent Normal Trading Relations”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 6 considers the economic components of China’s grand strategy to blunt American power. It demonstrates that the “traumatic trifecta” at the end of the Cold War laid bare China’s dependence on US markets, capital, and technology. Beijing had previously been relatively unconcerned about the annual US congressional votes that granted China “most-favored nation” (MFN) trade status, but that changed overnight. Washington’s post-Tiananmen sanctions and its threats to revoke MFN trade status—which could have seriously damaged China’s economy—deeply concerned China’s leaders. Beijing sought not to decouple from the United States but instead to bind the discretionary use of American economic power, and it worked hard to remove MFN from congressional review through “permanent normal trading relations,” leveraging negotiations in APEC and the WTO to obtain it.
An Asymmetric Strategy for US-China Competition
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 13 outlines a US response to China’s ambitions for displacing the United States from regional and global order. This approach would address the China challenge not through changing China’s internal political structure or reassuring it through a grand bargain, but by limiting China’s ability to convert its power into regional and global order. Given the scale of China’s challenge, the United States needs an asymmetric response, one that strengthens the “forms of control” upon which American order depends while undermining those that Chinese order will soon require. It shows how the United States can avoid competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan by adopting an asymmetric approach that blunts Chinese advances at lower cost than China expends in generating them, all while reinvesting in the sources of American order that generate disproportionate advantage relative to the costs of maintaining them. The chapter discusses military, political, and economic components of these asymmetric approaches.
Conclusion
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

This concluding chapter discusses China strategy amid present debates over whether America is in decline. It argues that decline is not a product of immutable historical forces, but a choice, and that fatalism about the US competitive position relative to China is premature. It explains that the United States has faced four waves of “declinism” in the last century and has rallied after each of them, with “declinists” playing a role in preventing that which they predicted. This time, the downward path runs through the country’s polarized political system, and the path away from decline may run through a rare area susceptible to bipartisan consensus: the need for the United States to rise to the China challenge. The chapter argues that the arrival of an external competitor has often pushed the United States to become its best self and that, handled judiciously, it can once again.