bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scottish Perinatal Neuropathology Study—clinicopathological correlation in stillbirths
Authors: Becher J‐C , Bell JE , Keeling JW , Liston WA , McIntosh N , Wyatt B
Published: February 2006

Objective  To examine the neuropathology of fetuses dying before birth, to determine the timing of any brain damage seen and to ascertain clinical associations of pre‐existing brain damage.

Design  Population‐based observational study.

Setting  All 22 delivery units within Scotland, 1995–1998.

Sample  All stillborn fetuses ≥24 weeks of gestation excluding those with chromosomal abnormality or central nervous system/cardiothoracic malformation.

Methods  Clinical detail was collected on all stillborn fetuses. Requests for postmortem included separate request for detailed neuropathological examination. Stillborn fetuses were classified as full term antepartum (normal growth/growth restricted), preterm antepartum (normal growth/growth restricted), intrapartum (full term/preterm), multiple births and stillborn fetuses following abruptions. Clinicopathological correlation attempted to define the timing of brain insult. Placentas were examined for each case where available.

Main outcome measures  Presence of established and/or recent brain damage.

Results  Clinical details were available for 471 stillborn fetuses, and detailed neuropathology was possible in 191 cases. Of these 191, 13 were multiple births, 9 died following abruption, 12 were intrapartum deaths and 157 were antepartum stillborn fetuses (99 preterm and 58 full term). Recent or established brain damage was seen in 66% of the entire cohort. Thirty‐five percent of all cases showed well‐established hypoxic damage predating the last evidence of fetal life, and this was more common in preterm fetuses (P= 0.015), those fetuses with evidence of recent damage (P < 0.001), in pregnancies complicated by pregnancy‐induced hypertension (P= 0.044) and those in whom the placenta was <10th centile (P= 0.002).

Conclusions  Brain damage is commonly seen in stillborn infants, and in around one‐third of cases, damage predates the period immediately before death. Factors suggesting suboptimal placental function are associated with such damage. Early identification of placental impairment may lead to improved pregnancy outcome.
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in twin pregnancies
Authors: Yinon Y , Yagel S , Tepperberg‐Dikawa M , Feldman B , Schiff E , Lipitz S
Published: February 2006

Objective  To study the outcome of 20 twin pregnancies with evidence of primary or recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy.

Design  Observational study.

Setting  Two tertiary perinatal departments in Israel.

Population  Twenty women with twin pregnancies who were referred because of serologic investigation indicating CMV infection. Seventeen women had evidence of primary CMV infection, and three women appeared to have recurrent CMV infection.

Methods  Prenatal diagnosis was made by amniocentesis of both sacs after 21 weeks of gestation. CMV isolation was performed by culture on fibroblasts, shell vial technique and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of CMV DNA. After birth, the neonatal urine and saliva were cultured for CMV.

Main outcome measures  Intrauterine CMV infection defined as positive PCR at amniotic fluid analysis and congenital CMV infection defined as positive CMV cultures after birth.

Results  Except for one, all women underwent amniocentesis of both gestational sacs. In 14 (70%) women, no evidence of vertical transmission to any of the 28 fetuses was found and none of the newborns had evidence of congenital CMV infection. Intrauterine infection was detected by amniocentesis in five women and by ultrasound findings with positive maternal serology in one. In three women, CMV was detected in only one amniotic sac. In five of our six total cases, both twins were found to have congenital CMV infection at birth, all of whom had dichorionic–diamniotic placentation, three fused and two separate.

Conclusions  In twin gestations, as in singletons, intrauterine and congenital CMV infection occurs in about 30% of women with primary or recurrent infection. The placenta type did not predict if one or both twins would be infected. Our data do not exclude the possibility that intrauterine transmission of the virus from one fetus to the other can occur.
How long does a fetal scalp blood sample take?
Authors: Tuffnell D , Haw WL , Wilkinson K
Published: February 2006

The study aim was to identify the time from a decision to perform a fetal blood sample to the result of the test being available. A total of 100 consecutive fetal scalp blood samples taken on women in labour were identified from the blood gas analysers on the delivery suite. Eighty‐nine percent of attempts yielded a result. The median time taken was 18 minutes (interquartile range 12–25 minutes). In 9% of women, the result took longer than 30 minutes. This is important clinically when repeated testing is required or in the second stage when operative vaginal delivery is achievable. Furthermore, when retrospectively analysing cases with a poor outcome, the time to obtain a result needs to be taken into account when determining the time at which a baby could have been delivered.
Metal uptake in maize, willows and poplars on impoldered and freshwater tidal marshes in the Scheldt estuary
Authors: Vandecasteele B. , Buysse C. A. , Tack F. M. G.
Published: February 2006

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations in Salix, Populus and Zea mays grown on freshwater tidal marshes were assessed. Soil metal concentrations were elevated, averaging 9.7 mg Cd kg−1 dry soil, 1100 mg Zn kg−1 dry soil and 152 mg Cr kg−1 dry soil. Cd (1.1–13.7 mg kg−1) and Zn (192–1140 mg kg−1) concentrations in willows and poplars were markedly higher than in maize on impoldered tidal marshes (0.8–4.8 mg Cd kg−1 and 155–255 mg Zn kg−1). Foliar samples of maize were collected on 90 plots on alluvial and sediment‐derived soils with variable degree of soil pollution. For soil Cd concentrations exceeding 7 mg Cd kg−1 dry soil, there was a 50% probability that maize leaf concentrations exceeded public health standards for animal fodder. It was shown that analysis of foliar samples of maize taken in August can be used to predict foliar metal concentrations at harvest. These findings can therefore contribute to anticipating potential hazards arising from maize cultivation on soils with elevated metal contents.
Age Dependence of the Human Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell in Forming Muscle Tissue
Authors: Schäfer Ralf , Knauf Ulrich , Zweyer Margit , Högemeier Oliver , De Guarrini Francesca , Liu Xia , Eichhorn Heinz Jürgen , Koch Franz Walter , Mundegar Rustam R. , Erzen Ida , Wernig Anton
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Human skeletal muscle stem cells from healthy donors aged 2–82 years (n = 13) and from three children suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were implanted into soleus muscles of immunoincompetent mice and were also expanded in vitro until senescence. Growth of implanted cells was quantified by structural features and by the amount of human DNA present in a muscle. Proliferative capacity in vitro and in vivo was inversely related to age of the donor. In vitro, a decline of about two mean population doublings (MPDs) per 10 years of donor’s age was observed. Muscle stem cells from DMD children were prematurely aged. In general, cell preparations with low or decreasing content in desmin‐positive cells produced more MPDs than age‐matched high‐desmin preparations and upon implantation more human DNA and more nonmyogenic than myogenic tissue. Thus, a “Desmin Factor” was derived which predicts “quality” of the human muscle tissue growing in vivo. This factor may serve as a prognostic tool.
Investigation of Mitomycin‐C‐treated Fibroblasts in 3‐D Collagen Gel and Conditioned Medium for Keratinocyte Proliferation
Authors: Huang Yi‐Chau , Wang Tzu‐Wei , Sun Jui‐Sheng , Lin Feng‐Huei
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Fibroblasts produce a spectrum of necessary growth factors essential for growth and proliferation of a variety of cell types. In this study, the paracrine effect of mitomycin‐C‐treated fibroblasts with various densities in collagen gel for keratinocyte proliferation was investigated from which an optimum cell density and optimum conditioned medium would be determined to expand keratinocyte without further differentiation for skin equivalent tissue engineering. The optimum cell density in collagen feeder gel for optimum collected medium preparation will be determined by checking the level of keratinocyte growth factor and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in conventional medium. The results showed that the cell density of 1 × 105 cells/gel in the feeder gel is better to produce optimum collected medium. The conditioned medium is prepared by mixing together the optimum collected medium and molecular cellular and developmental biology (MCDB) 153 medium in different ratios for keratinocyte growth. The keratinocyte viability will be measured by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to determine the optimum conditioned medium. From the study, 67% conditioned medium was supposed as the better medium for keratinocyte proliferation. In this experiment, the optimum cell density in feeder gel to coculture with keratinocytes is also determined as 1 × 105 cells/gel. Keratin 10 (K10) and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling stain will be used to check the cell differentiation and apoptosis, respectively. The results suggest that keratinocytes should not be cultured in postconfluent conditions due to undesired apoptosis and differentiation. The result of cell viability from passages to passages shows that the optimum feeder gel plays a more important role to the keratinocyte proliferation than that of optimum conditioned medium. Keratinocytes cultured with optimum feeder gel in 67% conditioned medium could effectively promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and prevent differentiation. The combination of conditioned media and feeder gel to culture keratinocytes without external supplements can provide an inexpensive way for keratinocyte proliferation and construct an environment for real‐time communication between the two cells. The results conclude that keratinocyte cultivation in feeder gel with modified medium should be feasible in the production of high quality keratinocytes for skin equivalents preparation.
A Compact Highly Efficient and Low Hemolytic Centrifugal Blood Pump With a Magnetically Levitated Impeller
Authors: Asama Junichi , Shinshi Tadahiko , Hoshi Hideo , Takatani Setsuo , Shimokohbe Akira
Published: February 2006

Abstract: A magnetically levitated (maglev) centrifugal blood pump (CBP), intended for use as a ventricular assist device, needs to be highly durable and reliable for long‐term use without any mechanical failure. Furthermore, maglev CBPs should be small enough to be implanted into patients of various size and weight. We have developed a compact maglev CBP employing a two‐degree‐of‐freedom controlled magnetic bearing, with a magnetically suspended impeller directly driven by an internal brushless direct current (DC) motor. The magnetic bearing actively controls the radial motion of the impeller and passively supports axial and angular motions using a permanent magnet embedded in the impeller. The overall dimensions of the maglev CBP are 65 mm in diameter and 40 mm in height. The total power consumption and pump efficiency for pumping 6 L/min against a head pressure of 105 mm Hg were 6.5 W and 21%, respectively. To evaluate the characteristics of the maglev CBP when subjected to a disturbance, excitation of the base, simulating the movement of the patient in various directions, and the sudden interception of the outlet tube connected with the pump in a mock circulatory loop, simulating an unexpected kink and emergent clamp during a heart surgery, were tested by monitoring the five‐degree‐of‐freedom motion of the impeller. Furthermore, the hemolytic characteristics of the maglev CBP were compared with those of the Medtronic Biomedicus BPX‐80, which demonstrated the superiority of the maglev CBP.
Standard Kt/V: Comparison of Calculation Methods
Authors: Diaz‐Buxo Jose A. , Loredo Jaime Pérez
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V) makes possible the comparison of the dialytic efficiency of different therapies, with different frequencies, whether intermittent, continuous or a mixture of both. To determine stdKt/V, the clearance of urea, a function of urea generation and blood concentration, is calculated over a period of one week and is normalized to total body water. For continuous processes, clearance per se is used. For intermittent therapy, two different equations have been developed by Gotch and by Leypoldt. Both equations allow the calculation of stdKt/V from the single‐pool Kt/V (spKt/V). Gotch’s method requires spKt/V and six other variables. Leypoldt’s equation is simpler and limited to spKt/V plus two variables. The present study compared the nomograms created from both equations to determine their equivalence. The nomograms were superimposed for comparison. It also compared the stdKt/V obtained from random simulated patients with each method and the theoretic efficiency of continuous and intermittent clearances. The graphic comparison of the numeric values obtained appeared very similar in both methods, suggesting that either can be useful in clinical practice. A significant theoretic advantage was noted for continuous therapies over intermittent modalities. These results further support the use of frequent, daily, and continuous renal replacement therapies.
A Serial Copolymerization Procedure for Manufacturing Immunoadsorption Walls as a Potential Unit in Conjunction With Hemodialysis Filters
Authors: Yang Tsung‐Hua , Fang Chi‐Lin
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  A functional immunoadsorption wall for removal of beta‐2‐microglobulin has been made by partially incomplete two‐stage copolymerization of acrylamide with immunoadsorbent. However, a substantial amount of immunoadsorbent needs to be flushed away after the copolymerization process. Thus, to enhance the utilization efficiency of immunoadsorbent, the flushed‐away immunoadsorbent was further recovered, and the copolymerization was conducted in series to produce three consecutive immunoadsorption walls in this study. Preliminary removal tests show that similar removal patterns were obtained for these immunoadsorption walls. Although it is not timely to conclude that a clinically applicable immunoadsorption wall has taken shape, the development of a partially incomplete two‐stage polymerization method and its associated techniques indeed provide a good basis for large‐scale manufacturing immunoadsorption walls.
Alcohol‐Attributable Injuries in Admissions to a Swiss Emergency Room—An Analysis of the Link Between Volume of Drinking, Drinking Patterns, and Preattendance Drinking
Authors: Gmel Gerhard , Bissery Alvine , Gammeter Roland , Givel Jean‐Claude , Calmes Jean‐Marie , Yersin Bertrand , Daeppen Jean‐Bernard
Published: February 2006

Background: An association between alcohol consumption and injury is clearly established from volume of drinking, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and consumption before injury. Little is known, however, about how their interaction raises risk of injury and what combination of factors carries the highest risk. This study explores which of 11 specified groups of drinkers (a) are at high risk and (b) contribute most to alcohol‐attributable injuries.

Methods: In all, 8,736 patients, of whom 5,077 were injured, admitted to the surgical ward of the emergency department of Lausanne University Hospital between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004, were screened for alcohol use. Eleven groups were constructed on the basis of usual patterns of intake and preattendance drinking. Odds ratios (ORs) comparing injured and noninjured were derived, and alcohol‐attributable fractions of injuries were calculated from ORs and prevalence of exposure groups.

Results: Risk of injury increased with volume of drinking, HED, and preattendance drinking. For both sexes, the highest risk was associated with low intake, HED, and 4 (women), 5 (men), or more drinks before injury. At the same level of preattendance drinking, high‐volume drinkers were at lower risk than low‐volume drinkers. In women, the group of low‐risk non‐HED drinkers taking fewer than 4 drinks suffered 47.5% of the alcohol‐attributable injuries in contrast to only 20.4% for men. Low‐volume male drinkers with HED had more alcohol‐attributable injuries than that of low‐volume female drinkers with HED (46.9% vs 23.2%).

Conclusions: Although all groups of drinkers are at increased risk of alcohol‐related injury, those who usually drink little but on occasion heavily are at particular risk. The lower risk of chronic heavy drinkers may be due to higher tolerance of alcohol. Prevention should thus target heavy‐drinking occasions. Low‐volume drinking women without HED and with only little preattendance drinking experienced a high proportion of injuries; such women would be well advised to drink very little or to take other special precautions in risky circumstances.
Anticoagulation with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (dalteparin) in plasmapheresis therapy: initial experience
Authors: Schinzel Helmut , Berghoff Karin , Beuermann Ingrid , Sauer Oliver , Von Mach Marc‐Alexander , Weilemann Ludwig Sacha
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND:  In contrast to other extracorporeal treatments no established regime exists for anticoagulation with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) in plasmapheresis therapy. A study was conducted to investigate whether LMWH (dalteparin‐Na) is suitable as an effective anticoagulant in plasmapheresis therapy.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Eleven patients with autoimmune neurological diseases and the necessity for a plasmapheresis therapy were enrolled. A capillary membrane filter was used. A total of 2000 mL of human plasma was isovolumetrically exchanged per plasmapheresis cycle. The anticoagulation was accomplished with a single bolus of LMWH (dalteparin) of 80 to 90 IU per kg of body weight. The system was visually monitored. Anti‐factor (F)Xa activity, thrombin–antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F 1+2) were determined at regular intervals. Samples were taken from the collected plasma pool to determine the loss of LMWH during the plasmapheresis procedure.

RESULTS:  All plasmapheresis cycles with LMWH were successful without complications. Approximately 40 percent of the initially administered LMWH bolus was lost by the large porous filter during the plasmapheresis. The anti‐FXa values were determined to be 0.5 IU per mL during the entire plasmapheresis. TAT values were elevated (TAT median, 14.3 µg/L). F 1+2 values measured before the filter cartridge remained within the normal range for the entire plasmapheresis cycle (<1.2 nmol/L) and were increasingly elevated after the filter.

CONCLUSION:  Our initial experiences with LMWH for anticoagulation in plasmapheresis indicate that a body weight adjusted dose of LMWH (dalteparin) is suitable for anticoagulation in plasmapheresis therapy. No complications were observed. The data are encouraging. Further investigations will show if and how the present anticoagulation regime could be further optimized.
RHD(T201R, F223V) cluster analysis in five different ethnic groups and serologic characterization of a new Ethiopian variantDARE,theDIII type 6,and theRHD(F223V)
Authors: Grootkerk‐Tax Martine G.H.M. , Van Wintershoven Joyce D. , Ligthart Peter C. , Van Rhenen Dick J. , Van Der Schoot C. Ellen , Maaskant‐van Wijk Petra A.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND: TheRHDphylogeny in humans shows four main clusters of which three are predominantly observed in (African) black persons. Each of the African clusters is characterized by specific amino acid substitutions relative to the EurasianRHDallele.RHphylogeny defines the framework for identification of clinically relevant aberrant alleles. This study focuses on the weak D type 4 cluster (characterized byRHD(T201R, F223V) (602C>G 667T>G)) in five ethnic groups.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1702 samples were screened for the presence of 602C>G and 667T>G by sequence‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP). Eighty samples were assigned to the weak D type 4 cluster and were molecularly characterized by PCR‐SSP andRHDsequencing. Antigens of aberrant alleles were characterized with monoclonal anti‐D according to the 37‐epitope model when possible.

RESULTS: Five new aberrant alleles,DIII type 6,DIII type 7,DARE,RHD(T201R, F223V) (without 819G>A), andRHD(F223V), were identified and DIII type 6, DARE, and RHD(F223V) were serologically characterized with monoclonal anti‐D. Both the DARE and RHD(F223V) showed epitope loss. It is postulated that the 1136C>T nucleotide substitution (characteristic for the DAU allele cluster) is present on theDVa(KOU)allele.

CONCLUSION: Identification of the new variant alleles refines the phylogeny ofRHDin humans. The proposedDVa(KOU)allele with 1136C>T (DVa(KOU)T379M) is probably caused by conversion of theDAU0allele and theDVa(KOU)allele, forming a phylogenetic link between theDVallele and theDAUcluster. By describing theRHD(F223V) (602C>G) andRHD(T201R, F223V) (602C>G and 667T>G) alleles formal proof is given for the origin of the non‐Eurasian cluster.
Pathogen inactivation of platelets with a photochemical treatment with amotosalen HCl and ultraviolet light: process used in the SPRINT trial
Authors: Pineda Alvaro , McCullough Jeffrey , Benjamin Richard J. , Cable Ritchard , Strauss Ronald G. , Burgstaler Edwin , Porter Seth , Lin Lily , Metzel Peyton , Conlan Maureen G. ,   SPRINT Study Group
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND:  A photochemical treatment (PCT) system has been developed to inactivate a broad spectrum of pathogens and white blood cells in platelet (PLT) products. The system comprises PLT additive solution (PAS III), amotosalen HCl, a compound adsorption device (CAD), a microprocessor‐controlled ultraviolet A light source, and a commercially assembled system of interconnected plastic containers.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A clinical prototype of the PCT system was used in a large, randomized, controlled, double‐blind, Phase III clinical trial (SPRINT) that compared the efficacy and safety of PCT apheresis PLTs to untreated apheresis PLTs. The ability of multiple users was assessed in a blood center setting to perform the PCT and meet target process specifications.

RESULTS:  Each parameter was evaluated for 2237 to 2855 PCT PLT products. PCT requirements with respect to mean PLT dose, volume, and plasma content were met. Transfused PCT PLT products contained a mean of 3.6 × 1011 ± 0.7 × 1011 PLTs. The clinical process, which included trial‐specific samples, resulted in a mean PLT loss of 0.8 × 1011 ± 0.6 × 1011 PLTs per product. CAD treatment effectively reduced the amotosalen concentration from a mean of 31.9 ± 5.3 µmol per L after illumination to a mean of 0.41 ± 0.56 µmol per L after CAD. In general, there was little variation between sites for any parameter.

CONCLUSIONS:  The PCT process was successfully implemented by 12 blood centers in the United States to produce PCT PLTs used in a prospective, randomized trial where therapeutic efficacy of PCT PLTs was demonstrated. Process control was achieved under blood bank operating conditions.
Race, Inequality, and Colonialism in the New World Order
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: February 2006

In early 2004, as Americans viewed the photographs of beatings, humiliation, and abuse of the Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib with horror, they were repeating the experiences of Canadians 10 years earlier. In 1994, Canadians saw photos and videotapes of cruelty and abuse by their peacekeepers toward the Somalis they had been sent to rescue. In 2004, Americans confronted the fact that U.S. soldiers were capable of the same forms of brutality and cruelty they had come to expect from other regimes. For Canadians, proud of their status as peacekeepers to the world, this experience was also deeply distressing. How did they make sense of their behavior? Reading this event through the lens of race, Sherene Razack in Dark Threats and White Knights argues that this was not an aberrant event, the product of a few “bad apples,” or a failure of oversight but an expression of the underlying dynamics of race and imperialism that shaped the peacekeeping project in the first place.
The Practice of Law as an Obstacle to Justice: Chinese Lawyers at Work
Authors: Michelson Ethan
Published: February 2006

This article helps strengthen our comparative and theoretical understanding of lawyers as gatekeepers to justice by analyzing the screening practices of lawyers in a non-Western context. The explanation for Chinese lawyers' aversion to representing workers with labor grievances focuses on their own working conditions, on the organization of their legal labor, and on their evaluations of the moral character of prospective clients. By linking the screening practices of Chinese lawyers to their socioeconomic insecurity and to popular stereotypes informing and legitimating their screening decisions, this article identifies institutional and cultural obstacles not only to the official justice system but also to cause lawyering. After establishing motives for screening clients, this article then demonstrates lawyers' screening methods: by defining legal reality in strategic and often misleading ways, lawyers use the law as a weapon against the interests of the individuals who seek their help.
Genomics, Nutrition, Obesity, and Diabetes
Authors: Johnson Rolanda L. , Williams Scott M. , Spruill Ida J.
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To present evidence of genetic and environmental interactions as they relate to nutrition, diabetes, and obesity.

Methods: A review of seminal literature related to genetics, obesity, and diabetes.

Findings: Multifactorial interactions are important in the development of nutrition‐related disorders, but the challenge remains to explain how these interactions are expressed. Treating subpopulations of people might be important and useful to some extent at present, but in the future treating people of given genetic predispositions and other personal and environmental factors will have greater effects on quality‐of‐life indicators and life expectancies.

Conclusions: Individualization coupled with multifactorial interactions will lead to new and more effective preventive and treatment modalities of nutrition‐related disorders. With obesity and diabetes, genomics will bridge the traditional use of diet, exercise, and weight reduction with other environmental factors, ultimately leading to healthier lives.
Factor V Leiden as a Common Genetic Risk Factor for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Horne McDonald K. , McCloskey Donna Jo
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To increase nurses' knowledge of the Factor V Leiden (FVL) genetic trait for venous thromboembolism.

Organizing Framework: An overview of the history, prevalence, and predisposition of the FVL genetic mutation, including who should be tested and how and in what circumstances people with FVL should be treated.

Findings: FVL is the most commonly recognized genetic trait associated with venous thrombosis. It is found predominantly in Caucasian populations. Biochemically it causes “activated protein C resistance (APCR).” The decision to test for FVL depends on whether the information gained will potentially improve the health care of the person or family. For people who have had deep venous thrombosis, testing for FVL will likely not alter treatment approaches. Currently the advantage for testing is primarily limited to asymptomatic family members who carry FVL and who have had deep vein thrombosis. Close relatives who also carry the mutated gene might benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation when their risk of thrombosis is increased by temporary factors such as surgery.

Conclusions: Nurses are in a unique position to provide accurate information and counseling when patients and their family members are presented with the results of thrombophilia testing.
Postpartum Smoking Relapse and Becoming a Mother
Authors: Gaffney Kathleen F.
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To propose an innovative, theoretically‐derived conceptual framework for studies of postpartum smoking relapse including concepts of smoking abstinence self‐efficacy and becoming a mother.

Methods: Presentation of an existing research paradigm followed by evidence from intervention research and studies of factors associated with postpartum smoking behavior, leading to a new approach to postpartum smoking relapse.

Findings: Effectiveness of current interventions to prevent relapse is limited. Variables associated with becoming a mother are missing from studies of postpartum smoking relapse.

Conclusions: Context‐specific variables that influence a woman's progression through the stages of becoming a mother might include protective or risk factors that should be incorporated into the design of postpartum smoking relapse studies.
Integrative Review of Parenting in Nursing Research
Authors: Gage Jeffrey D. , Everett Kevin D. , Bullock Linda
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To synthesize and critically analyze parenting research in nursing.

Design: Qualitative, integrative review of nursing research studies about parenting 1993‐2004.

Methods: Studies published by nurse researchers in peer‐reviewed journals were systematically searched using CINAHL and Medline databases. Data were organized and analyzed with a sample of 17 nursing research studies from core nursing journals.

Findings: The majority of parenting research has been focused on mothers, primarily about parenting children with physical or developmental disabilities. Research about fathers as parents is sparse. Parenting across cultures, parenting in the context of family, and theoretical frameworks for parenting research are not well developed.

Conclusions: The scope of nursing research on parenting is limited. The roles, functions, and contexts of parenting are not well defined. Further research is required to describe parenting and how parenting affects the health of individuals and families.
Use of Computer Technology to Enhance Immigrant Families' Adaptation
Authors: Tsai Jenny Hsin‐Chun
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To summarize how computer technology influenced immigrant families' adaptation to life in the United States.

Design: Critical ethnography.

Methods: Data were collected from 1998 to 2000 from 13 parents and 16 children from nine Taiwanese immigrant families using semi‐structured interviews and a questionnaire. Narrative analysis was used with interview data.

Findings: Participants faced the demands of language proficiency, economic survival, loss of social networks, and social disconnection during resettlement. Computer technology provided participants with new occupational opportunities and strategies to overcome the barriers and stress created by resettlement. Internet and E‐mail access greatly facilitated these participant families' adaptation.

Conclusions: Study findings warrant further exploration to assess how new computer technology promotes immigrant families' adaptation and alleviates stress associated with resettlement, including information about their health and health care.
Nurse Dose as a Concept
Authors: Brooten Dorothy , Youngblut JoAnne M.
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To describe the concept of Nurse Dose.

Methods: The concept of nurse dose has been identified from decades of clinical research as a concept essential in the delivery of safe and high quality health care. The components of nurse dose were conceptualized through review of the literature from nursing, medicine, and health services research.

Findings: Nurse dose is conceptualized as having three equally essential components: dose, nurse, and host and host response. Dose in the macro view includes the number of nurses per patient or per population in cities, states, regions, or countries. Dose in a micro view includes the amount of nurse time and the number of contacts. The nurse component consists of the education, expertise, and experience of the nurse. Host is represented by an organization and its characteristics (culture, autonomy, practice control) in a macro view and by the patient and characteristics (beliefs, values, culture) in a micro view. Host response includes response to the autonomy and acceptability of the nurse.

Conclusions: Greater nurse dose has been associated with decreases in patient mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs.
Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Properties and Seebeck Coefficient of AlN–SiC Ceramics
Authors: Kobayashi Ryota , Tatami Junichi , Wakihara Toru , Meguro Takeshi , Komeya Katsutoshi
Published: February 2006

AlN–SiC ceramics composed of AlN–SiC solid solutions were fabricated by pressureless sintering without sintering additives. The microstructure and electrical properties of the AlN–SiC ceramics were investigated for compositions between 0 and 75 mol% AlN. The AlN–SiC ceramics had a porous structure, and a 2H polytype was found in all compositions. The electrical conductivities and Seebeck coefficients of the AlN–SiC ceramics increased with temperature. The electrical conductivity of 25 mol% AlN–75 mol% SiC ceramics was the highest in all compositions: 32.7 S/m at 300°C. In contrast, the electrical conductivity of 75 mol% AlN–25 mol% SiC ceramics was much lower than that of other samples: 10−2 S/m at 300°C. The Seebeck coefficient of 50 mol% AlN–50 mol% SiC ceramics was the highest of all samples: 210 μV/K at 300°C. The electrical and thermoelectrical properties of SiC can be controlled by the formation of AlN–SiC solid solutions.
Diffuse granulomatous necrotizing scleritis
Authors: Pecorella Irene , La Cava Maurizio , Mannino Giuseppe , Pinca Marco , Pezzi Paola Pivetti
Published: February 2006

Case report:  A 34‐year‐old man presented with anterior scleral thinning in the right eye (RE) and a painful nodular scleritis in the left eye (LE). Fundus examination showed a healed vasculitis and an inferior epiretinal neovascular membrane in the LE. Topical and systemic oral steroids and antiviral medication were prescribed. One year later, optic disc hyperaemia and swelling and macular oedema became apparent in the LE. Pulsed intravenous steroids were administered for 1 year, when a nasal septum perforation and vitreous haemorrhage in the LE were diagnosed. The eye was enucleated 3.5 years after the initial complaint. Necrotizing granulomatous tissue replacing the sclera and subconjunctival granulomatous tissue were observed. Six months later, oedema and neovascularization of the right optic disc were observed and cyclophosphamide was started, with regression of the clinical signs. No systemic abnormalities have so far become apparent.

Discussion:  Posterior scleritis is most often observed in patients with no signs of associated systemic autoimmune disease. The diagnosis in this case is most probably one of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). In WG, the diagnosis is based on necrotizing granulomas of the respiratory tract, generalized focal necrotizing vasculitis and focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Eye involvement with WG has been reported in up to 58% of cases. Evaluation of the scleritis patient should include a detailed medical history, chest X‐rays, blood tests, autoantibody serology and analysis of urinary sediment. Cyclophosphamide is the treatment of choice for patients with ocular manifestations of WG, polyarteritis nodosa or rheumatoid arthritis, either alone or in combination with systemic steroids. Visual loss is expected in 85% of individuals with severe necrotizing posterior scleritis.
Optical coherence tomography in the detection of retinal break and management of retinal detachment in morning glory syndrome
Authors: Ho Tzyy‐Chang , Tsai Po‐Chung , Chen Muh‐Shy , Lin Luke L. K.
Published: February 2006

Purpose:  To determine the efficacy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the management of retinal detachment in morning glory syndrome (MGS).

Design:  Prospective, interventional case series.

Methods:  Five eyes of five consecutive MGS patients who developed retinal detachment between August 2000 and June 2004 were enrolled and examined by OCT at presentation of retinal detachment. Four eyes were found to have a slit‐like break at the margin of the excavation by careful OCT scanning 360 degrees around the excavation. All four eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy, gas injection and postoperative laser photocoagulation. Postoperative OCT was performed to confirm the closure of the retinal break and reattachment of the retina.

Results:  Optical coherence tomography detected a slit‐like break at the margin of excavation in four of five patients. The retina reattached in all five eyes over the subsequent 3−50‐months (average 28 months) follow‐up period. Postoperative OCT showed retinal break closure at the margin of the excavation. In the one eye in which no retinal break could be detected by OCT, the retina was reattached after pars plana vitrectomy and removal of gel‐like tissue.

Conclusions:  Optical coherence tomography is beneficial in the detection of subtle slit‐like breaks at the margin of excavation in retinal detachment in MGS. It provides good guidance in subsequent surgery and is very helpful in confirming the closure of the retinal break.
Widespread occurrence of antibodies against circumsporozoite protein and against blood forms of Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae in Brazilian wild monkeys
Authors: Duarte Ana Maria R. de C. , Porto Maura A.L. , Curado Izilda , Malafronte Rosely S. , Hoffmann Erika H.E. , de Oliveira Salma G. , da Silva Adriana M.J. , Kloetzel Judith K. , Gomes Almério de C.
Published: February 2006

Background  A survey of malaria antibodies was carried out over 7 years and a total of 777 serum samples from wild monkeys were collected in three distinct ecological areas of Brazil where autochthonous malaria has been reported: the ‘Cerrado’ (similar to savanna), the Atlantic Forest and the Atlantic Semideciduous Forest.

Methods  We carried out enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the presence of IgG antibodies against peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) repeat region of ‘classic’Plasmodium vivax, P. vivax VK247, human P. vivax‐like/P. simiovale, P. brasilianum/P. malariae and P. falciparum. We also carried out immunofluorescence assay with asexual forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum.

Results  The high prevalence of antibodies against CSP in all areas indicates that the monkeys had intense contact with sporozoites from infected anophelines. The immune response against asexual forms of Plasmodium in the monkeys from the Atlantic Forest indicates the development of the infection.

Conclusions  We discuss the possibility of monkeys being malaria reservoirs in non‐endemic areas.
Polarized Apical Sorting of Guanylyl Cyclase C is Specified by a Cytosolic Signal
Authors: Hodson Caleb A. , Ambrogi Ilana G. , Scott Robert O. , Mohler Peter J. , Milgram Sharon L.
Published: February 2006

Receptor guanylyl cyclases respond to ligand stimulation by increasing intracellular cGMP, thereby initiating a variety of cell‐signaling pathways. Furthermore, these proteins are differentially localized at the apical and basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. We have identified a region of 11 amino acids in the cytosolic COOH terminus of guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) required for normal apical localization in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. These amino acids share no significant sequence homology with previously identified cytosolic apical sorting determinants. However, these amino acids are highly conserved and are sufficient to confer apical polarity to the interleukin‐2 receptor α‐chain (Tac). Additionally, we find two molecular weight species of GCC in lysates prepared from MDCK cells over‐expressing GCC but observe only the fully mature species on the cell surface. Using pulse‐chase analysis in polarized MDCK cells, we followed the generation of this mature species over time finding it to be detectable only at the apical cell surface. These data support the hypothesis that selective apical sorting can be determined using short, cytosolic amino acid motifs and argue for the existence of apical sorting machinery comparable with the machinery identified for basolateral protein traffic.
Mandible analysis in sex steroid‐deficient rats
Authors: Armada L , Nogueira CRR , Neves UL , dos Santos Souza P , Detogne JP , Armada‐Dias L , Moreira RM , Nascimento‐Saba CCA
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate, by morphologic techniques, the effects of sex steroid deficiency on mandible bone remodeling of female rats, in groups of different experimental periods and to compare the results with 90‐day orquiectomized males. Female and male Wistar rats, 3 months old, were divided into experimental groups and at the end of each experimental period were killed, and mandibles were extracted. The left mandibles were prepared with rote technique bone and examined by a light microscope. Morphological analyses of the mandibles demonstrated resorption signals in the alveolar bone, after 30 days in ovariectomized females, but it was more intense 90 days after castration. The orquiectomized group exhibited some signals of resorption similar to the ovariectomized group of 60 days. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone thickness in females after 60 days was in agreement with morphological results. However, the analysis of periodontal ligament thickness did not show any significant difference. There were variations in sexual hormone deficiency in the mandibles of males and females and they seemed to be more precocious in ovariectomized than in orquiectomized rats. It is important for a health professional to have knowledge about bone metabolism to improve the quality of life of postmenopaused and old people.
Effects of alendronate and hormone replacement therapy, alone and in combination, on saliva, periodontal conditions and gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase‐8 levels in women with osteoporosis
Authors: Eviö S , Tarkkila L , Sorsa T , Furuholm J , Välimäki MJ , Ylikorkala O , Tiitinen A , Meurman JH
Published: February 2006

Objective:  To compare the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), alendronate and their combination on oral health of elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Materials and methods:  Sixty patients, aged 65–80 years (mean 71 years), with a T‐score of bone mineral density of −2.5 s.d. or less at either the lumbar spine or the femoral neck, were randomized to receive 2 mg of estradiol plus 1 mg norethisterone acetate (HRT) (n = 20), 10 mg of alendronate (n = 18), or their combination (n = 22) for 2 years. Periodontal and oral status and mouth symptoms were recorded, and salivary analyses made at the beginning and at the end of the study. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐8) levels were determined to address destructive events in periodontal tissue.

Results:  Resting salivary flow rate decreased by 19% (P < 0.05), and GCF MMP‐8 tended to increase in the alendronate group. None of the regimens affected subjective feelings of dry or burning mouth. There were no significant changes in dental or periodontal status, stimulated flow rate or composition of saliva during the study.

Conclusions:  Alendronate decreased resting salivary flow rate but otherwise HRT or alendronate separately or in combination had no effect on oral health in elderly women with osteoporosis.
PROCEDURAL INJUSTICE, VICTIM PRECIPITATION, AND ABUSIVE SUPERVISION
Authors: TEPPER BENNETT J. , DUFFY MICHELLE K. , HENLE CHRISTINE A. , LAMBERT LISA SCHURER
Published: February 2006

We used data collected from a field survey of 334 supervisor–subordinate dyads to test a model of the antecedents of abusive supervision. Path analytic tests of moderated mediation provided support for our prediction that supervisors' depression mediates the relationship between supervisors' procedural justice and subordinates' perceptions of their supervisors' abusiveness and that the mediation framework is stronger when subordinates are higher in negative affectivity. We discuss the study's implications for theory, research, and practice.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMAL MENTORING PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS AND PERCEIVED PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: ALLEN TAMMY D. , EBY LILLIAN T. , LENTZ ELIZABETH
Published: February 2006

Formal mentoring programs continue to gain popularity within organizations despite limited empirical research regarding how these programs should be designed to achieve maximum effectiveness. This study examined design features of formal mentoring programs and perceived program effectiveness from both mentor and protégé perspectives. Mentor commitment and program understanding were examined as mediators. Substantial support for the proposed path analytic model was found. These results help begin to bridge the gap between science and practice concerning the design of formal mentoring programs.
Numerical Simulations to Assess the Monitoring Zone Achieved during Low‐Flow Purging and Sampling
Authors: Varljen Mark D. , Barcelona Michael J. , Obereiner James , Kaminski David
Published: February 2006

A detailed three‐dimensional numerical simulation of ground water flow into the screen of a monitoring well during “low‐flow” purging and sampling provides a means to investigate the actual monitoring zone (i.e., “where the water comes from”) achieved during these sampling operations. Such a simulation allows for examination of the influence of several variables such as pump placement, well screen and sand‐pack configuration, and aquifer heterogeneities on the actual part of the aquifer that is interrogated. In these simulations, ground water was sampled from the entire length of the well screen, although as could be expected, flux was higher into the well screen from zones of higher permeability, if present. Furthermore, at low flow rates, pump position within the screen had little influence on the vertical distribution of flux into the well, and in all cases where a monitoring well partially penetrates an aquifer, the zone monitored extended above and below the well screen. At the low flow rates examined (250 and 500 mL/min), there was no increase in flux (from the aquifer into the well screen) adjacent to the pump intake. The major implications of these findings are that a detection monitoring approach predicated on sampling from the entire well screen is valid when purging at low flow rates (i.e., contaminants are not “missed”), or conversely, that discrete vertical sampling may only be accomplished with very short well screens due to potential concentration averaging that would occur along the entire length of a screen. Finally, the simulation results emphasize that aquifer heterogeneities must always be recognized and considered in ground water monitoring design. Aquifer heterogeneities have the most significant influence on the actual monitoring zone (and therefore the potential to “hit” or “miss” contaminants in a detection program). Pump placement and purging rate have little influence on the vertical interval that is sampled (as compared to screen length and placement) and therefore should be selected only so as to minimize sampling artifacts and promote sampling efficiency.