bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cattle grazing velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus): influence of associated forages, alkaloid levels and population cycles.
Authors: Ralphs M. H. , Panter K. E. , Gay C. , Motteram E. , Lee S. T.
Published: November 2017

The objective of this study was to determine when cattle graze velvet lupine (L. leucophyllus) in the channel scabland region of eastern Washington, USA, and to determine whether cows that had crooked calves had a propensity to consume more lupine than those with normal calves. The study began in 2001 with 5 mature cows with crooked calves and 6 cows with normal calves. The seasonal palatability of lupine was also determined in 2001, 2002 and 2003. Cows were grazed on pastures containing lupine and other forages each year and mated with a bull. The susceptible period of gestation was compared to the periods of lupine consumption to predict the incidence of crooked calves. It was shown that there was no difference in lupine consumption between cows with crooked and normal calves. In the first part of the study, although lupine was the most nutritious forage throughout the season, cattle did not graze it until the other forages were depleted or matured. Anagyrine concentration in lupine leaves and stems decreased during the growing season, and was highest in the seeds. The breeding season of the cows in this study was during 1 May-30 July. Since the cows began to consume lupine during July and August, ingestion of the teratogenic alkaloids will likely occur during the critical period of gestation. Management recommendations including changing the breeding/calving season and pasture management to avoid lupine intoxication by cattle are given.
Effects of experience and lactation on lupine consumption by cattle.
Authors: Pfister J. A. , Lee S. T. , Panter K. E. , Motteram E. S. , Gay C. C.
Published: November 2017

Two trials were conducted in the Channel Scablands of eastern Washington, USA, in 2003 and 2004 to determine the effects of lactation and experience on the consumption of lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) by cattle. Naive cows and those which had grazed lupine-infested rangelands were placed in the pasture (2003). Lactating and non-lactating cows which also had experience in grazing lupine were also placed in the pasture (2004). Although cattle first grazed other forages until they were depleted, there was no difference in lupine consumption in 2003 by both naive and experienced cows. Similarly, there was no difference in lupine consumption between lactating and dry cows in 2004, even though other forage was abundant. In conclusion, there is no evidence that naive or lactating cattle eat more lupine compared to experienced or dry cows.
Effect of shade on alkaloid content of Lupinus leucophyllus.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Panter K. E. , Motteram E. S. , Gay J. M. , Wierenga T. , Platt T.
Published: November 2017

On a pasture in Washington, USA, with a historically high incidence of crooked calf (lupine-induced arthrogryposis), the north-facing half of each of five plants of Lupinus leucophyllus was shaded by constructing a tent with black 4-mm plastic stretching from the centre of the plant clump over to its north edge. The shading was left in place for 7 days, and thereafter, the shaded and unshaded halves of the lupine plants were harvested at midday, dried and stored at room temperature until analysis. There was no significant effect of the shade on the concentration of the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine, but a significant difference was observed with 5,6-dehydrolupanine. A significant difference was also observed with unknown alkaloid F and total alkaloids. Given the small sample size, these results suggest further studies on the effects of shade on alkaloid concentration and plant palatability are warranted.
Year-to-year variation in alkaloid concentration in Lupinus leucophyllus growing on the scablands of Central Washington.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Motteram E. S. , Panter K. E. , Wierenga T.
Published: November 2017

Monitoring transects were established at sites in Washington, USA, on four ranches with a historically high risk for crooked calf. Samples of lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) were collected during late mornings in mid-May (when ∼25% of the lupines were in early flower). There was substantial year-to-year variation in total alkaloid concentration of lupines at all sites. Total alkaloid concentration over the 5-year period (1998 to 2002) varied from a minimum of two-fold at one site to a maximum of eight-fold at another site. In any one year, the change-trend in total alkaloid concentration was the same at each site and there were years where all sites had high alkaloid concentration and years where all sites had low alkaloid concentrations. Alkaloid concentration was moderately high in young leaf materials, decreased in the more mature leaf growth, high in flower buds and highest in seeds. There was also marked year-to-year variation in the proportion of the total alkaloids represented by any one individual alkaloid and a marked variation in the proportion represented by anagyrine. Percent anagryine in total alkaloid varied from 8 to 62%, 22 to 84%, 31 to 67% and 15 to 70% at the four sites over 5 years. There was a modest increase in crooked calf disease incidence in 2000, representing pastures consumed in 1999. At all sites, lupines in 1999 had the lowest concentration of total alkaloids and the highest percentage (62-84%) of anagyrine compared with other years.
Conditioned feed aversion as a means to prevent tulp (Moraea simulans and Moraea pallida) poisoning of cattle under natural grazing conditions.
Authors: Snyman L. D. , Schultz R. A. , Joubert J. P. J. , Labuschagne L. , Basson K. M. , Molefe M. J.
Published: November 2017

In this study, 6 averted and 6 control steers not previously exposed to tulp (M. simulans or M. pallida) were adapted to filed grazing or harvested maize land by grazing tulp-free sites for 2 days. The next day, one group was aversion treated by administration of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride followed by epoxyscillirosidin and tulp hexane extract by stomach tube. Averted and control steers then grazed the tulp-infested field for 5 days and tulp-infested maize land for 4 days after treatment. It was shown that 5 of the control steers were poisoned on the M. simulans-infested field compared to 2 of the averted steers. All 6 control steers were also poisoned on the M. pallida-infested harvested maize land, while none of the averted animals were affected. In conclusion, condition feed aversion is effective in reducing or preventing tulp poisoning in cattle grazing tulp-infested pastures.
Poisonous range plants on the Fort Hall Reservation in Southeastern Idaho.
Authors: Gunn D. , Panter K. E. , Gardner D. R. , Pfister J. A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the characteristics of poisonous range plants (bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus [Ceratocephala testiculata]), milkvetch (Astragalus sp.), houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), leaf spurge (Euphorbia esula), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), Kochia (Kochia scoparia [Bassia scoparia]), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) and horsetail (Equisetum laevigatum)) in Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho, USA and the effects of these plants on animal health, some of the most significant infestations in Fort Hall (poison-hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii), deathcamas (Zigadenus spp.), lupine (Lupinus spp.), tall larkspur (Delphinium occidentale and Delphinium geyeri), and low larkspurs (Delphinium andersonii and Delphinium nuttallianum)), and the available management options for their control.
Population cycles of poisonous plants.
Authors: Ralphs M. H. , Jensen D. T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents examples of population cycles of important poisonous plants (locoweeds and milkvetches (including Astragalus lentiginosus, Astragalus pubentissimus, Astragalus amphioxys, Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus wootonii, Oxytropis sericea and Astragalus emoryanus), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and lupines (Lupinus leucophyllus)) in the western USA, relates them to precipitation patterns and presents management strategies to deal with their fluctuating populations.
Grape and raisin (Vitis spp.) toxicosis in dogs.
Authors: Means C. , Eubig P. A.
Published: November 2017

The medical records of grape and raisin poisoning in dogs in North America from 1987 to 2002 were evaluated to determine clinical, laboratory, toxicological and histopathological signs and treatment and outcome. It was shown that the main clinical signs included vomiting, anorexia, lethargy and diarrhoea within the first 24 h after ingestion, followed by decreased urine output, abdominal pain, ataxia and weakness in 1-5 days. Serum creatinine, phosphorus, calcium and phosphorus levels increased within 24 h or less. Hyperkalaemia, hypokaliaemia and hypercalcaemia were also observed. The most consistent histopathologic lesion in biopsy or necropsy from dogs with acute renal failure after grape/raisin ingestion was renal tubular injury. Mineralization of the kidney and other tissues was also frequently present. Most dogs received fluid therapy, agents to increase urine production (furosemide, dopamine and/or mannitol), gastrointestinal protectants, antiemetics, antibacterial agents, corticosteroids and heparin. Blood transfusions and dialysis were also performed. 23 of the 43 cases evaluated in this study survived, 5 died and 15 were euthanized. The clinical signs resolved in the dogs that survived. More treatment recommendations are also given.
Flixweed (Descurainia sophia): a goitrogenic plant.
Authors: Knight A. P. , Stegelmeier B. L.
Published: November 2017

A herd of 28 pregnant Boer goats fed grass hay containing 10-15% flixweed produced 59 kids, of which 40.7% (17 males and 7 females) were either born dead, or died shortly after birth. Many of the affected kids (6 male and 5 females) were hairless with obvious thyroid hyperplasia and had abnormally large birth weights (7.0-7.5 kg). Glucosinolate analysis of the flixweed found in the hay revealed significant levels of 3-butenyl (gluconapin) and allyl (sinigrin) glucosinolate. Subsequent removal of the flixweed from the goat's diet and providing an iodine-containing mineral prevented further occurrence of goitre in the herd. Plants that are goitrogenic contain glucosinolates, a group of sulfur-containing glucosides found throughout the plant but especially in the seeds. Few glucosinolates are goitrogenic and the one that is most goitrogenic is 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate (gluconapin), which is the primary glucosinolate isolated from flixweed. The glucosinolate-derived thiocyanates inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland and at high doses over prolonged periods, decrease thyroid hormones (thyroxine T3 and T4).
Pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis) toxicity in livestock and rodents.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Hall J. O. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A.
Published: November 2017

A. aestivalis collected from Utah, USA, was frozen, freeze dried, ground and administered by gavage to 3 groups of Syrian hamsters each at 0, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight 4 times a day for 7 days. Serum and tissues were collected after euthanasia. It was shown that clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters in the control and low (250 mg/kg) groups were unchanged. However, the high dose (500 mg/kg) group developed diarrhoea, anorexia and were reluctant to move. They also had significantly higher serum creatine phosphokinase activities, hyperglycaemia, mild hyponatraemia, hypercreatinaemia and decreased blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. These animals also had extensive haemorrhagic gastroenteritis at necropsy. The stomach, small intestine, colon, caecum and had patchy haemorrhagic and necrotizing enterocolitis. These results indicate that A. aestivalis is also toxic to hamsters as well as livestock.
Separation and isolation of teratogenic piperidine enantiomers from Nicotiana and Lupinus species.
Authors: Lee S. T. , Panter K. E. , Molyneux R. J. , Chang C. W. T. , Gardner D. R. , Pfister J. A.
Published: November 2017

The toxicity of anabasine and ammodendrine enantiomers was evaluated in a mouse bioassay. The LD50 of the L-anabasine fraction in mice was 16.2±1.0 mg/kg, n=26 and that of the D-anabasine fraction was 10.9±0.8 mg/kg, n=26. The LD50 of L-ammodendrine in mice was 115.0±7.0 mg/kg, n=20, and that of D-ammodendrine was 94.1±7.8 mg/kg, n=23. The similarities in toxicity between the enantiomeric pairs of anabasine and ammodendrine indicate that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, both enantiomers should be taken into account in predicting the toxicity of plant samples to livestock.
Heliotropium europaeum alkaloids: a quaternary pyrrolizidine alkaloid approach to ELISA development.
Authors: Lee S. T. , Knill A. M. , Michalewicz A. , Stevens V. , Colegate S. M.
Published: November 2017

An experiment was conducted to produce antibodies that could be used in an ELISA format to detect the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides of H. europaeum simultaneously. The cross-reactivity of various pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides, using the optimized ELISA conditions. The best response was observed when the lasiocarpine-based OVA conjugate was immobilized on the ELISA plate at 25 ng per well. The levels of analytes required to cause a 20% inhibition of binding were: heleurine-N-oxide (20 ng); heleurine (18 ng); lasiocarpine-N-oxide (10 ng), lasiocarpine (1.9 ng), heliotrine-N-oxide (60 ng) and heliotrine (20 ng). Despite the similarity between supinine and heleurine, neither supinine-N-oxide nor supinine cross-reacted with the antisera. The objective of increasing the relative cross-reactivity of N-oxides compared to their parent tertiary bases was achieved by immunizing with a quaternary hapten. By rational selection of the ELISA conditions, the major heliotropic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides are detected.
The influence of pavetamine on gene expression in the rat heart.
Authors: Ellis C. E. , Schultz R. A. , Basson K. M.
Published: November 2017

Ten rats were equally divided into two groups which received 9 mg/kg pavetamine from Pavetta harborri intraperitoneally, while the second group received saline. The rats were euthanized after 23 h and the hearts were collected to analyse cardiac protein gene expression using immunolabelling and microarray techniques. It was shown that there was no difference in the expression of the myocardial protein titin between groups. Immunolabelling showed that actin expression was not changed, while differences were obtained for myosin. In conclusion, the gene expression of some of the cardiac proteins of rats are affected by pavetamine intoxication.
N-alkylated derivatives of swainsonine.
Authors: Garrossian M. , Lee S. T. , Molyneux R. J. , Gardner D. R.
Published: November 2017

Locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) continue to be a significant rangeland poisonous plant problem. The toxin in the plant has been identified as the polyhydroxy indoziline alkaloid names swainsonin. The overall reaction scheme is summarized. Initially, all reactions were conducted using swainsonine acetonide to enhance solubility in organic solvents and for protection of the hydroxyl groups. A number of N-alkylated derivatives of swainsonine could be produced by the reaction of swainsonine acetonide with 1,4-dibromo-2-butene and 1,4-diiodobutane. Alkyl addition on the nitrogen did occur, as evidenced by completed acetylation of the unprotected swainsonine derivatives (compounds 4 and 9) to give the corresponding triacetate compounds. Two possible isomers are produced, which are the cis and trans (relative to H-8a) adducts on the nitrogen, in a ratio of approximately 3:1. Both isomers were observed in LC/MS analysis of the product. Compounds 4 and 9 were reacted to yield multiple functional groups on the end of the alkyl chain, thus providing multiple chemistry options to be used later in conjugation with the carrier molecules. In general, the bromo derivatives were more reactive to a variety of functional groups than the iodo derivatives. However, the bromo reactions seemed reversible and the starting material was regenerated. The iodo derivative appeared to be more stable, but also less reactive towards OH and NH functional groups. N-iodobutane swainsonine did seem reactive towards SH groups as evidenced by the reaction with glutathione.
Dermal toxicity of the tropical cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
Authors: Stewart I. , Shen X. , Seawright A. A. , Shaw G. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the sequence of microscopic changes seen in the abdominal skin of Balb/C mice following a single exposure to cylindrospermopsin, as well as the approximate no effect concentration of cylindrospermopsin for dermatological effect.
Experimental reproduction of Aspergillus clavatus tremorgenic neurotoxicosis in a sheep.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Doncon G. , Wright D. G.
Published: November 2017

In spring 2003 dairy cows in a Western Australian farm died after being fed barley grown from the same farm. Aspergillus clavatus was isolated from culture of the fodder. The following year fungal growth was again observed on the barley despite disinfection of equipment. Fodder samples were again submitted for culture, which revealed A. clavatus and Rhizopus sp. A 15-month-old wether was experimentally fed the contaminated fodder. The sheep maintained a full appetite for the first 3 days of dosing, then feed intake dropped to about half the original intake, and on day 14, the sheep stopped eating. Tremors were first noticed on the 7th day when the sheep was handled. Over the next week rigidity of the body and the tremors increased in severity. By day 14 the tremors were present without any stimulation, with the whole body going rigid occasionally and the animal collapsing. On day 16 the sheep was found to be down in lateral recumbency with tremors over the hindquarter flanks and on all limbs. Eventually all the limbs went into extension. The sheep was euthanized and a necropsy was performed. At necropsy the liver was slightly paler, and the kidneys slightly smaller, than normal. Significant microscopic changes included substantial swelling and chromatolysis of numerous neurons in the brain stem and the entire length of the spinal cord, particularly in the ventral horns. Wallerian degeneration was also seen in the sciatic nerve. This report is believed to be the first experimental reproduction of A. clavatus-induced tremorgenic neurotoxicosis.
Mycotoxins and abnormal embryonic development.
Authors: Cawdell-Smith A. J. , Edwards M. J. , Bryden W. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews studies on the effects of mycotoxins on embryonic and fetal development, especially those toxins that are global food and feed contaminants. The toxins discussed include aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, ochratoxin which is produced by Aspergillus species particularly A. ochraceus as well as Penicillium verrucosum, ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps spp., and the Fusarium toxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol [vomitoxin], and zearalenone). These toxins have been shown to be teratogenic and/or embryotoxic in different animal bioassays. The implications of toxicity on embryogenesis, and the progress of research on these mycotoxins, are also examined.
Perspectives on plant toxicology and public health: an update.
Authors: Betz J. M.
Published: November 2017

The original 'Perspectives on Plant Toxicology and Public Health' [see In Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants (1998) 367-372], presented an overview of public health issues associated with ingestion of plants by humans. This update will focus on dietary supplements. The original categories set out in 1998 to describe adverse human/plant encounters are still largely valid, with one adulteration, misuse, and inherent toxicity. Added for this update is a category that was little known in 1998, that of drug/herb interactions.
The framework for evaluating safety of dietary supplements: an overview and potential application to poisonous plant situations.
Authors: Molyneux R. J.
Published: November 2017

In 2002, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, was constituted to analyse the situation and develop a framework, which would provide a basis on which to predict potential toxicity of new dietary supplements or new formulations thereof, including consideration of interactions with drugs and xenobiotics, as well as effects on vulnerable populations. Prototype monographs were developed for 6 diverse dietary supplements: chaparral; glucosamine; melatonin; chromium picolinate; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens); and shark cartilage. Two of these monographs revealed a potential concern for chaparral and saw palmetto, including focused reviews of liver-related risks and antiandrogenic risks for women, respectively.
Selected herbal toxicities in dogs and cats.
Authors: Means C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents several herbs, which are popular dietary supplements, and the pharmacology and clinical signs of overdose when ingested by dogs and cats. These include Ephedra sinica, Sida cordifolia and Citrus aurantium (which contain sympathomimetics); Paullinia cupana, Camellia sinensis and Cola nitida (which contain methylxanthines) and Griffonia simplicifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Chamomilla recutita, Chamaemelum nobile, Pausinystalia yohimbe, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha pulegium, Allium sativum, Theobroma cacao, Citrus and Vitis spp.
Related sectors.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines sub-sectors of the tourism industry that are closely related to ecotourism but nonetheless distinct. It distinguishes five types of outdoor tourism that are closely related to ecotourism: nature, wildlife, adventure, cultural and farm tourism.
Environmental management.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a brief introduction and review of the types of environmental management tools that are in common use within the nature, adventure and ecotourism sector. Some of these are also broadly relevant across the entire tourism industry, others only for particular activities or places. Energy supply and conservation, water supply and conservation, materials and recycling, sewage and human wastes, washing and cleaning, atmospheric emissions, noise and disturbance, disturbance to wildlife, and codes of practice, are addressed.
Impacts.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter delves deeper into the types of environmental impacts of ecotourism and the mechanisms by which they are produced. It also considers impacts more from the perspective of a park or land manager, rather than the tour operator. The accommodation, transport and activity components of environmental impacts are considered separately.
Conservation.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines specifically how commercial tourism in general, and ecotourism in particular, can and sometimes does contribute to conservation of the natural environment. The possible mechanisms by which ecotourism can contribute to conservation include: indirect influences (i.e., the potential to contribute to conservation by merely exposing clients to the wonders of the natural world); funding private reserves; payments to national parks; in-kind contributions to park agencies; support for conservation organizations; political support for conservation; and partnerships with protected area management agencies.
Guiding, education and interpretation.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on guiding, education and interpretation in ecotourism. It addresses: guiding skills; interpretation on tour; education in parks; and post-trip learning. Also described is the specialist educational tourism sub-sector that overlaps to some degree with ecotourism.
Policy and planning.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the policy contexts for ecotourism planning by relevant government agencies, at various spatial scales. It discusses: the basic features of ecotourism plans; broad policy instruments; multiple land use management; planning tools for tourism in parks; managing tourism and recreation in other public lands; planning for tourism growth and change; the tourism destination life cycle; and recreational succession and carrying capacity.
Introduction.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents some definitions, introduces the idea of government involvement in leisure, sport and tourism, outlines the broad philosophical/political perspective adopted in the book and provides an overview of the book's structure.
Wants, needs, obligations, demands, benefits and participation.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines a number of basic concepts, such as wants, needs, demand, benefits and participation, which are widely used-and misused-in discussions of leisure, sport and tourism.
The market versus the state.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the ideas of mainstream economics, since they underpin much of the thinking from the centre-left to right of political thought, and provide the basis for economics-based analysis of state activities.
Public policymaking.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to government processes and public decision-making processes for leisure, sport and tourism.
Plans and planning for leisure, sport and tourism.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the various models of policymaking and planning for leisure, sport and tourism.
Policy and planning in particular sectors.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses policy and planning for particular leisure sectors: sport and physical recreation; the arts; outdoor recreation in natural areas; urban outdoor recreation; and tourism.
Policy and planning for particular groups.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses leisure, sport and tourism planning and policy for social groups defined by: gender; ethnicity; disability; income; and age-children, youth and the elderly.
Introduction.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides the overview of the extent to which regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) with competence over straddling or highly migratory fish stocks have adopted and implemented the international legal regime established by UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) and a range of other instruments in four thematic areas like avoiding overfishing and restoring fish stocks through the precautionary approach; introducing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management; improving decision making and strengthening monitoring, control and surveillance and enforcement.
Juridical status of fish stocks.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the juridical classification of fish stocks, particularly straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA). The political and legal division of the oceans into various zones of jurisdiction and resulting maritime boundaries demarcate aquatic ecosystems and the resources they support into areas under national jurisdiction and the area within international waters known as the high seas. The chapter begins with a discussion of the terminology associated with the juridical classification of fish stocks, the governance implications associated with defining these fish stocks, and some related issues. The two classification of fish stocks (joint or shared stocks) now commonly referred to as transboundary stocks; and discrete or purely high seas fish stock are presented.
State of the fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E. , Fuller S. D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the overview of fisheries reference points, particularly maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and related concepts. The chapter also includes the terminology associated with overfishing and demonstrates that since the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982, the avoidance and reduction of overfishing and the obligation to maintain or restore populations of harvested species at levels that can produce MSY have become interrelated and fundamental objectives of the regime governing fisheries management. The evolution of the concept of MSY, its short-comings, and its formulation under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), and the concept of maximum economic yield and the associated issues of overcapacity and subsidization are highlighted. Lastly, the chapter also presents the status of key commercial straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks regulated by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs).
The precautionary approach to fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter briefly outlines the history and definition of the precautionary approach (PA) and its incorporation into international fisheries law. The PA is discussed in terms of its specific applications in determining reference points and decision rules as well as its wider application in fisheries management decision making. This chapter also provides a discussion on efforts to adopt and apply precaution by regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) as well as on the degree to which these RFMOs have established measures that reflect the PA. Challenges in implementing the PA as well as opportunities to integrate the concept into management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks are also reviewed.
The ecosystem approach to fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the ecosystem approach to fisheries which recognizes the dynamic, complex and systemic interrelationships among living organisms and between these organisms and their environment, as well as the ecological influences on the variety and variability of living organisms and species. The chapter focuses on the legal basis for the use of the ecosystem approach in fisheries management, and the associated terminology of ecosystem-based fisheries and ecosystem-based fisheries management. The assessment in the progress of the implementation of the ecosystem approach by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) and some of the practical challenges to the implementation of the concept in international fisheries management are also presented.
How to plan a research project.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter gives practical advice on planning a tourism research project. Advice is presented on: (1) setting research goals and objectives; (2) formulating research questions and hypotheses; (3) conducting literature reviews; (4) collecting data; and (5) choosing an analytical method.
How to select a sample.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a number of core concepts related to sampling in tourism research. These include the logic of sampling, as well as key tasks in selecting a sample, such as the choice of sampling frame and developing a target for sample size. Practical guidelines are presented for estimating confidence intervals for a given sample size, as well as for estimating whether differences in results between two survey percentages are statistically significant. Also presented is a short case study of the sampling of a community festival.
How to conduct personal interviews and focus groups.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to some basic principles and techniques associated with doing personal interviews, as well as the basics of coding and analysing the transcripts of interviews in the context of tourism research. It also looks at a special form of interviewing called focus groups, highlighting its uses, limitations and techniques.
How to construct and use indices and scales.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how to develop and use indices and scales in tourism research and identifies the limitations in their application. Three different indices that are particularly useful in more serious tourism research are examined: the location quotient, the Gini coefficient and the nearest-neighbour ratio. Two scales explored in this chapter are the semantic differential scale and the Likert scale. Also presented is a tool that combines two scales into a single tool: importance-performance analysis.
Metrics for decision making.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at some metrics (also known as indicators) for making decisions in a variety of tourism contexts, from destination marketing organizations, through regional planning and impact assessment, to the performance of tourism enterprises. The focus is on the measurement tools themselves, not on their application. The chapter begins by considering indicators relevant to assessing the performance of tourism destinations, particularly from a marketing perspective. It then looks at metrics relevant to the basic components of tourism sustainability: economic, environmental and social impacts. Finally, the concept of benchmarking is discussed.
How to prepare a research report or presentation.
Authors: Smith S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers three forms of presenting tourism research results: written reports, oral presentations and poster presentations. It also includes some advice on the use of PowerPoint slides as part of an oral presentation.
The spirit of a place on a plate.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses: the ancient origins and modern trends of food and wine tourism; how food and wine tourism is integrated with other types of tourism, including cultural tourism; the impacts of tourism on the environment, economy and society; how food and wine tourism can be integrated into sustainable development; and the notion of tourism quality.
The environment: tools of the trade.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

In food and wine tourism, a visitor's relationship with the physical environment, in all its manifold connotations, can be stronger than in other tourism sectors: the parameters by which individual tourists judge the success of their holidays, in terms of sensory and emotional experiences, tend to be much greater in gastronomic tourism. Thus, tourism planners needs to be familiar with certain aspects of geographic theory and have a precise geographic knowledge of the destination in which they work or which they wish to promote. To enable them to apply this knowledge, there are certain key instruments that can help in interpreting geographic features. The present chapter discusses the notions of terroir, milieu, territory/region, and landscape, as well as geographic theories, including approaches for configuring tourist flows and space, evolutionary theories, and an interdisciplinary approach for interpreting the landscape and creating multiple experiences in a gastronomic destination.
Tourists on the food and wine trail: who are they?
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes some of the characteristics that are common in food and wine tourists as well as their behaviour; discusses the classification of target groups in this tourism market; and draws up some useful guidelines that food and wine tourists could put into practice to meet the sustainability criteria.
Transforming a terroir into a tourist destination.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

A region and its food or wine production may not in themselves be sufficiently appealing or attractive to warrant visitor interest. In fact, before a terroir can be transformed into a tourist destination, research into the area's resources must be carried out and a critical analysis made of the findings. Once this has been done, resources and attractions can be linked together and organized in a thematic way, so that together they form a complete, coherent and competitive tourist product. This chapter discusses this process, including the determination of whether a gastronomic product can be a core resource or an ancillary tourism component, as well as the communication of the identity of a gastronomic destination.
The supply side: the actors involved in food and wine production.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter first outlines some of the benefits that can be gained by food and wine producers in welcoming visitors on a guided tour, as well as the key factors that should be considered before a business takes steps to extend the core product (which remains centred in agro-food production) and open up to tourism. The chapter then presents guidelines for creating the tourist product, from planning the right type of welcome, to the organization of the visit, as well as with regard to the tasting session, architectural style (of the visitor centre or tasting room), informative literature, and the staff. A different set of guidelines is presented for gastronomic tourism for children (and their parents).
Designing a life experience: itinerary planning and organization.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G.
Published: November 2017

The ability to construct a life experience in the way that tour operators (or travel agents and tour guides) are required to do is a skill that is extremely useful for many actors in the tourism industry, particularly in the food and wine sector. In this chapter, suggestions are presented for planning the package travel, preparing and designing the brochure, and organizing culture and gastronomy tours. Also discussed is the advantage of an interdisciplinary approach and target in planning the gastronomic tour.
Introduction: Leisure, recreation and tourism research. .
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk E. , Uysal M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the nature and importance of research in leisure, recreation and tourism, and describes the research process. It provides research typologies that include exploratory research, descriptive research and explanatory research. The chapter further introduces the concept of the unit of analysis in research.
Leisure, recreation and tourism research design.
Authors: Hammitt W. , Aybar-Damali B. , McGuire F. A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces some of the basic research concepts and design in leisure, recreation and tourism. It starts by discussing the purpose and types of leisure, recreation and tourism research and then how to formulate and evaluate potential research topics and problems. The objective of the chapter is accomplished by a discussion of: the identification of a research purpose; hypotheses formulation; concepts and constructs; variables; significance and significance testing; causality and association; and reliability and validity.
Qualitative research in leisure, recreation and tourism.
Authors: Ruddell E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the broad family of techniques called qualitative research methods, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. It discusses: the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research; the qualitative research process; and four qualitative methods (in-depth interviews, participant observation/ethnography, focus groups, and case studies).
Evaluation research methods in leisure, recreation and tourism research.
Authors: Jennings G. R.
Published: November 2017

The chapter focuses on evaluation and evaluation research in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism. It discusses the background and purpose of evaluation and describes various evaluation models, perspectives, processes and strategies. The chapter presents strategies of formative evaluation and summative evaluation and ends with discussions on the meaning of ethical and responsible research practice.
Experimental research.
Authors: Oppewal H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses why one needs to conduct experiments in leisure, recreation and tourism research, and presents the basic principles of the design and analysis of experiments. A worked example concerning a museum trying to increase its visitor numbers is presented throughout the chapter.
Cross-cultural research: issues and concerns.
Authors: Dimanche F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines some of the issues and concerns that one should consider and address when planning a cross-cultural study or when reading a document reporting on cross-cultural issues, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism. The chapter proposes methodological guidelines to help increase the validity and reliability of cross-cultural studies, and to help in better understanding the limitations of some of the studies that one may read and use to make managerial decisions.
Summarizing data.
Authors: Baloglu S. , Usakli A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with how to summarize data from leisure, recreation and tourism research. There are two basic ways of summarizing a set of data. The first way is to present it in the form of a graph. The chapter presents the most commonly used graphical representations such as frequency table, pie chart, bar chart, histogram, boxplot, scatterplot, Q-Q plot, and stem-and-leaf display. The second basic way of summarizing a set of data is to compute a numerical measure. The chapter focuses on the three commonly used measures of central tendency (the mode, the median and the mean) and the measures of variability (the range, the interquartile range, the variance and the standard deviation). The chapter also covers two measures of shape: skewness and kurtosis.
Inferential analysis of data.
Authors: Andereck K. L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the concept of inferential data analysis, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. This form of analysis is used to make general conclusions about a large population based on a sample of that population. The use of inferential analysis relies upon random sampling of members of the larger group of people one is interested in knowing about. The sampling error and confidence interval are directly related to the size of the sample and the amount of variability in the study data. These two aspects of the generated data also influence the statistical significance of the inferential statistics used to test relationships among the variables in the data set. The chapter also provides some further discussion on the importance and meaning of tested relationships from a managerial standpoint.
Relationship analysis: t-tests, analysis of variance and cross tabulations.
Authors: Gau J. M. , Gursoy D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the basic uses of two parametric tests (t-tests and ANOVA) and one non-parametric test (Χ2) in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. For each test, the chapter discusses the purposes of the test, the assumptions (if any) underlying it, and the types of data that are appropriate and inappropriate for this test. Moreover, the chapter stresses the difference between statistical significance and substantive meaning. The chapter provides discussion on reporting effect sizes and always questioning research results that are not accompanied by effect size estimates.
Describing linear bivariate relationships: correlation analysis.
Authors: Huang C. C. , Pennington-Gray L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses two frequently used statistical analyses: correlation analysis and simple linear regression, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. The chapter explains several types of relationships between two variables and two methods to explore these relationships. In addition, simple linear regression is introduced as a method to predict the value of a dependent variable by the value of an independent variable. Finally, since tourism researchers and practitioners typically face more complex relationships than merely a bivariate relationship (two variables), multiple regression analysis is also explored.
Communicating research results.
Authors: Tierney P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on communicating and reporting research results (in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism) and discusses four different types of research reports (class assignments, a thesis or dissertation, a research journal article and a technical report) and their common elements. Also discussed are two broad types of research presentations: a thesis or dissertation defence; and a research conference presentation. The chapter presents typical steps in the thesis or dissertation defence process and stages in getting accepted and presenting at a research conference. The chapter ends with a discussion of ethical and legal considerations for publishing, presenting and protecting one's work.
When implicit prejudice does not predict explicit prejudice: Spanish version of the Concern with Acting Prejudiced scale / Cuando el prejuicio implícito no predice el explícito: versión española de la escala Concern with Acting Prejudiced
Authors: Urbiola Ana , Willis Guillermo B. , Ruiz-Romero Josefa , Moya Miguel
Published: November 2017

The aim of this research was to adapt and validate the Concern with Acting Prejudiced (CAP) scale for a Spanish sample. This measure evaluates concern about appearing prejudiced to others or oneself and the motivation not to deviate from personal egalitarian standards. First, we completed the translation and an item content validity analysis. Then, in Study 1 ( N = 198), we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2 ( N = 383), we conducted a confirmatory analysis of the unifactorial structure of the Spanish version of the scale and examined its validity. In Study 3 ( N = 89), we explored the moderating role of participants’ concern with acting prejudiced in the relation between implicit prejudice and explicit prejudice. The results confirmed the unifactorial structure of the scale, its appropriate psychometric properties and its predictive validity. Moreover, we confirmed that the CAP moderated the relation between implicit and explicit prejudice. In participants with a low concern with acting prejudiced, implicit prejudice was positively related with modern prejudice; in participants with a high concern with acting prejudiced, these variables were not related.
Relationship to place among Spanish immigrants in the United Kingdom: effects on perceived prejudice / Relación con el lugar de inmigrantes españoles residentes en Reino Unido: efectos en el prejuicio percibido
Authors: Vallejo-Martín Macarena , Moreno-Jiménez María-Pilar
Published: November 2017

Spanish citizens have migrated to other European countries in recent years, looking for employment and new opportunities. This study examines the relationship to place developed by Spanish immigrants in the UK using residential satisfaction, place attachment and place identity. It also assesses the possible influence of these variables on perceived prejudice. Place was conceptualized as an interchangeable relationship between physical-spatial characteristics and social-human ones. With a sample of 474 participants, the results showed that people felt satisfied in their new places of residence and attached to them, although those places were largely not part of their identity. It was also noted that the longer the length of residence, the higher the levels of the psycho-environmental variables measured. However, higher income levels in the new country only had positive effects on residential satisfaction. Finally, with regard to perceived prejudice, residential satisfaction was the only explanatory factor with a residual effect (5.5%) in the sample dataset. However, taking into consideration length of residence, it was noted that for those residents who had lived in the country for more than five years, residential satisfaction was a key factor that explained 42.9% of perceived prejudice.