bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation-Intensive FDI and Host Country Institutions
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter moves beyond firm level attributes and economic motivations to consider the impact of host country institutions on investment models of multinationals in developing countries. It adopts a comparative institutionalist perspective, and utilizes country and firm level variables to measure governance. These measures are then employed to predict innovation outcomes. This chapter demonstrates that host country institutions affect the likelihood of local innovation taking place, and its intensity. A variety of measures of institutional coherence are developed, and address such diverse concepts as intellectual property protection, corruption, democracy, and bureaucratic quality. In addition, firm surveys are used to convey firm perceptions of institutional quality in host countries. The chapter includes a discussion of the literature on firm entry modes, and considers how other host country attributes, such as education and human capital, may influence innovation outcomes alongside institutions.
Afflicted
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

While many commentators have pointed to the lack of compassion and empathy in medicine, their critiques, for the most part, have not considered seriously the deeper philosophical, psychological, and ontological reasons why clinicians and medical students might choose to conceive of medicine as an endeavor concerned solely with the biological workings of the body. Thus, this book examines why it is that existential suffering tends to be overlooked in medical practice and education, as well as the ways in which contemporary medical epistemology and pedagogy not only perpetuate but are indeed shaped by the human tendency to flee from the reality of death and vulnerability. It also explores how students and doctors perceive medicine, including what it means to be a doctor and what responsibilities doctors have toward addressing existential suffering. Contending that the being of the physician is constituted by the other who calls out to her in his suffering, this book argues that the doctor is, in fact, called to attend to suffering that extends beyond the biological. It also discusses how future physicians might be “brought back to themselves” and oriented toward a deeper sense of care through a pedagogy that encourages intentional reflection and values the cultivation of the self, openness to vulnerability, and a fuller conception of what it means to be a healer.
Turning toward Suffering Together
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

In chapter three, the philosophical work of Heidegger, Levinas, Charles Taylor, and Mikhail Bakhtin is drawn together to illustrate that in turning away from vulnerability, illness, and death in the name of objectivity and “clinical detachment,” physicians not only offer compromised care to their patients but also diminish their own practice and their own being. What is more, the argument is made that it is only through a response to the call of the face of suffering that one can offer authentic care. For it is through facing the reality of their own finitude and potentiality-for-suffering that physicians’ subjectivity is deepened and that they begin to recognize and respond to the call for care issued forth by the patient. In authentically responding to this call from the other, the doctor comes to see that she needs the patient, not only to determine how to help him, but she also needs the patient in a more fundamental way: she needs the patient in order to heal, in order to be a healer. As Heidegger would say, she needs the patient and his call outward toward her in order to become who she already is.
Evidence-Based Practice as a Driver of Pseudoscience in Prevention Research
Authors: Gorman Dennis M.
Published: September 2018

Many of the subject matters discussed under the topic of pseudoscience can be readily distinguished from science proper, and there are few individuals with any serious scientific training who would mistake these for science-based disciplines.  Harder to identify and distinguish are those disciplines that may have begun as a genuine science but have transformed into pseudosciences primarily through their pursuit of positive results. This chapter discusses one such example, drug prevention research, and contends that the adoption of so-called “evidence-based practice” by this field of study has been a key driver of its decent into pseudoscience. It discusses this process using a systems approach and focusses specifically on two negative feedback loops, one entailing flexible data analysis and selective reporting and one entailing minimal adherence to study design criteria. These lops are illustrated using examples of prevention and treatment programs that have been deemed “model” intervention by the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP).
Abuses and Misuses of Intelligence Tests: Facts and Misconceptions
Authors: Benisz Mark , Willis John O. , Dumont Ron
Published: September 2018

Although the term IQ is widely used in popular culture, the true definition of intelligence and how it is measured is misunderstood. We provide an overview of how the construct of intelligence and its measurement have evolved over the past century. Several of the most popular theories of intelligence as well as the controversy over the genetic basis of intelligence are reviewed. We also discuss some of the historical and contemporary misuses of intelligence test scores including some pseudoscientific applications of those scores. Some of the claims of brain training companies are debunked as are the validity of online IQ tests.
“HIV Does Not Cause AIDS”: A Journey into AIDS Denialism
Authors: Kalichman Seth C.
Published: September 2018

HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. This fact is well established. And yet a vocal group of fringe scientists, freelance journalists, and Internet bloggers persistently deny the existence of HIV. AIDS deniers share the same strategies and tactics seen in other denialist groups, including climate change deniers, Holocaust deniers, and anti-vaccine activists. Refuting the basic science of HIV has caused the early death of people infected with the virus who have ignored their diagnosis and refused life-saving treatments. In South Africa, AIDS denialism resulted in hundreds of thousands of senseless deaths. Most recently, AIDS denialism has infiltrated the criminal justice systems in the US, Canada, and Australia. AIDS denialism is best addressed by correcting medical misinformation, improving science literacy and calling out the pseudoscientific backgrounds and fraudulent claims of AIDS denialists.
Swaying Pseudoscience: The Inoculation Effect
Authors: Senapathy Kavin
Published: September 2018

Fighting pseudoscience is a noble endeavor. Even when undertaken by experts, who sometimes can't see the forest for each of their trees, there are ways to wield the big picture in this fight. The tools don't serve as swords in the fight, but as vaccines against quackery.
Connected Origins: Locating Relationality in Copyright History
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

The first chapter details how the author, user and pirate emerged collectively over the first two centuries of copyright’s existence, and argues that these subjects still intersect today. This analysis also stands as a brief introduction to the history of copyright law for unfamiliar readers, charting the emergence and subsequent development of copyright law. The chapter ends by critiquing the increased reification of authorship that has occurred over the twentieth century and makes a case for the continued relevance of relationality in this context.
Bodily Awareness and Self-Consciousness
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

We are embodied, and we are aware of our bodies ‘from the inside’ through different forms of bodily awareness. But what is the relation between these two facts? Are these forms of bodily awareness types of self-consciousness, on a par, say, with introspection? In this paper I argue that bodily awareness is a basic form of self-consciousness, through which perceiving agents are directly conscious of the bodily self. The first two sections clarify the nature of bodily awareness. Sections III to V I explore how bodily awareness functions as a form of self-consciousness and how this is connected to the property of being immune to error through misidentification relative to the first person pronoun. In section IV I consider, and remain unconvinced by, an argument to the effect that bodily awareness cannot have first person content (and hence cannot count as a form of self-consciousness). Finally, section V sketches out an account of the spatial content of bodily awareness and explores the particular type of awareness of the bodily self that it provides.
Afterword: Looking Ahead
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

My principal reason for revisiting and combining the essays in this volume was that they all converge on and develop a small number of basic themes. In the introduction, I try to bring those themes out and explain how the individual essays contribute to developing them. However, the process of editing the essays and thinking about how they connect together had a consequence that I probably should have foreseen. It made very clear where more work needs to be done. For that reason, I was very pleased when the referees for this volume suggested that I write an afterword identifying some of the challenges (and, hopefully, opportunities) that lie ahead in this area. I welcome being able at least to identify some of the gaps and problems that remain, even if I am not in a position at the moment to fill and solve them. But since this enterprise may seem a little self-indulgent, I will strive for brevity....
Moving Forward
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

At last - everything must come to an end. However, and instead of concluding this book with a final chapter that summarizes some of the main arguments presented here, I see this final chapter as an opportunity to look back, and as an opportunity for thinking about how to move forward. The focus for this book is on the ‘material turn’ in our field – how it has played out historically across the history of computing, how it has fueled a discussion on materiality in HCI, and how now sets the scene for a material-centered approach to interaction design. With one such focus I think that its important to understand that a turn is not a state, but rather a movement, and accordingly a process we should not just follow, understand and describe, but something that we should follow, probably try to trace the origins of, and probably also a process that we should try to make some predictions about in terms of where we are going. In short, how did we end up here? And where are we going next? So, in line with these lines of thinking, I suggest that it is now time for us to look back, in order to move forward.
Elpis
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that love is, in a sense, always hopeless, and yet hope belongs only to it. This is the ultimate meaning of the myth of Pandora. The fact that hope, as the final gift, remains in the box means that it does not expect its factual accomplishment in the world—not because it postpones its fulfillment to an invisible beyond but because somehow it has always already been satisfied. Here, love is stronger than the adventure. But precisely for this reason, in love, we experience at each turn our inability to love and go beyond the adventure and events. Yet, this very inability is the drive that leads us to love.
The Evolution of Cognitive Representational Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter develops a new account of the evolution of cognitive representational decision making—i.e. of decision making that relies on representations about the state of the world. The core idea behind this account is that cognitive representational decision making can—at times—be more cognitively efficient than non-cognitive representational decision making. In particular, cognitive representational decision making, by being able to draw on the inferential resources of higher-level mental states, can enable organisms to adjust more easily to changes in their environment and to streamline their neural decision making machinery (relative to non-representational decision makers). While these cognitive efficiency gains will sometimes be outweighed by the costs of this way of making decisions—i.e. the fact that representational decision making is generally slower and more concentration- and attention-hungry than non-representational decision making—this will not always be the case. Moreover, it is possible to say in more detail which kinds of circumstances will favor the evolution of cognitive representational decision making, and which do not.
The Psychological Underpinnings of Helping Behaviors
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

What motivates an organism to help another? This is still very much an open question, despite being quite widely discussed. Given this lack of a settled account of the psychological structures underwriting helping behavior, a number of authors have tried to assess the evolutionary pressures on different cognitive architectures with a view to their ability to lead to helping behavior. As I try to make clearer in this chapter, there is much that can be said in favor of this evolutionary biological take on the psychology of helping behavior. However, as I also try to make clearer, making this evolutionary biological approach fully plausible requires shifting the focus of the analysis away from the reliability of different mind designs to lead organisms to help others—which is what existing analyses have tended to concentrate on—and towards the cognitive efficiency of different mind designs for helping others—i.e. the kind of perspective that this book has been concentrating on.
The Illusion of Conscious Will
Authors: Wegner Daniel M. , Gilbert Daniel , Wheatley Thalia
Published: September 2018

Do we consciously cause our actions, or do they happen to us? Philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, theologians, and lawyers have long debated the existence of free will versus determinism. The first edition of this book proposed an innovative and provocative answer: the feeling of conscious will is created by the mind and brain; it helps us to appreciate and remember our authorship of the things our minds and bodies do. Yes, we feel that we consciously will our actions, the book says, but at the same time, our actions happen to us. Although conscious will is an illusion (“the most compelling illusion”), it serves as a guide to understanding ourselves and to developing a sense of responsibility and morality. This new edition includes a foreword and an introduction. Approaching conscious will as a topic of psychological study, the book examines cases both when people feel that they are willing an act that they are not doing and when they are not willing an act that they in fact are doing in such phenomena as hypnosis, Ouija board spelling, and dissociative identity disorder. The author's argument was immediately controversial (called “unwarranted impertinence” by one scholar) but also compelling, and the book has been called the author's magnum opus.
The BBC: A Brief Future History, 2017–2022
Authors: Hendy David
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the two main challenges faced by public service television in Britain: one political, the other cultural; one external, the other internal. First, the political challenge: the inconvenient fact that people currently reside in a kakistocracy — ruled not by the best people, but by the worst. As with Brexit, as with Trump, as with all the ‘fake news’, as with the whole political ferment, people find themselves mesmerized and horrified as they lurch dazed and confused towards the BBC's Centenary year of 2022. The second challenge concerns the culture that seems to have taken root within the BBC over the past few years. Any length of time spent in the BBC's written archives shows that what's ended up on air for most of the past 95 years or so has usually been the result of a complex negotiation between individual personnel with hugely varied opinions and prejudices.
Television, Quality of Life and the Value of Culture
Authors: Hesmondhalgh David
Published: September 2018

This chapter foregrounds two concepts that need to be central in discussions about the future of television in the UK: quality of life, and the value of culture. It makes four main claims: (i) television can contribute to quality of life in important ways, but we should not understand that contribution in terms of ‘consumer preferences’; (ii) television's contribution to quality of life should be thought of in terms of what it enables people to do or to be; (iii) television markets, if not well constructed and regulated, are unlikely to enhance cultural quality of life adequately, because high-quality television is a particular form of ‘merit good’ and is therefore likely to be underproduced; and (iv) digitalisation does not remove the fundamental problems surrounding cultural markets and quality of life — it makes a public service ‘common provider’ more important.
Public Service Broadcasting as a Digital Commons
Authors: Murdock Graham
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that despite a communications environment increasingly organized around digital networks, there is a compelling case for extending the BBC's public service remit. There are three reasons for this. Firstly, successive cuts to public expenditure have seen a major contraction in the public information and cultural facilities previously available in local communities. These cuts render the maintenance of public service broadcasting as a comprehensive cultural and informational resource open to all and free at the point of use more essential than ever. Secondly, this is particularly true of households on low incomes. Thirdly, users accessing commercially provided ‘free’ digital facilities now encounter a system where the most popular online, activities are dominated by a handful of mega corporations — Google, Facebook, Amazon and Apple — all based outside the UK and generating profits by harvesting and selling users' personal data. According to the former president of the European parliament Martin Schulz, these companies must not be allowed to shape the new world order.
‘Public Service’ in a Globalised Digital Landscape
Authors: Volkmer Ingrid
Published: September 2018

This chapter calls for the need to begin the debate on the requirements of national public service media in the new discursive scopes of public ‘civic’ communication. In other words, it is necessary to begin to assess public service as no longer being only in the normative national parameter of territorial ‘boundedness’, but as a much needed civic space within today's sphere of globalised public communication. The BBC's public remit is still embedded in a bounded conception of the nation. For example, one aim of the BBC's remit is to sustain citizenship and civil society. However, given today's networked structures of communication, citizenship is also perceived as global citizenship, and relates not only to national responsibilities but rather to new responsibilities in a global civil society.
Public Service Broadcasting: A View from Scotland
Authors: Beveridge Robert
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses public service broadcasting in Scotland. The relationship between broadcasting in Scotland and broadcasting on a UK basis is analogous to that between the UK film industry and Hollywood. At the very least, it can be defined as neglect: sometimes benign; sometimes malign but in many cases, and over many decades, a refusal to enable the culture(s) and identities of the nation of Scotland to find full expression. It is argued that the Scottish Parliament should be fully responsible for media policy and media regulation in and for Scotland, including BBC Scotland. BBC Scotland also needs to have control of its own scheduling and to adopt an opt-in rather than an opt-out policy towards programming, thus taking account of the distinct and distinctive nature of the Scottish television and media market and patterns of consumption.
Public Service Television and Civic Engagement
Authors: Jackson Daniel
Published: September 2018

The news media figures prominently in most appraisals of democracy today. This is because it is the main channel of communication between elected representatives and citizens; and the (self-appointed) watchdog of the powerful. While news organisations are sometimes reluctant to accept the responsibility that comes with such power, it is implicit in the core principles of journalistic philosophy, whereby attempts to constrain or censor the news media are seen as threats to democracy itself. However, these normative roles also are surrounded by many tensions that surround the ability of our news media to perform their democratic functions. This chapter discusses four of these tensions: (i) diversity versus commonality; (ii) the information necessary for citizens to participate effectively in democratic life, versus the entertainment-driven focus of an increasingly commercial-oriented media; (iii) the need of the media to treat people as citizens on the one hand and as consumer publics on the other; and (iv) broadcasters' relationship with the press.
Afterword
Authors: Goblot Vana , Cox Natasha
Published: September 2018

The Inquiry into the Future of Public Service Television examined the role and purpose of public service television during what were (and remain) turbulent times for the industry. Over the course of a short but intense period in 2015–2016, the focus of members of the core team of the Inquiry was to bring together television industry professionals, civil society groups, academics, and campaigners to facilitate discussions and findings about the best way forward to ensure a robust and diverse public service ecology. While this volume goes a step further in updating research originally produced for the Inquiry with important contributions by industry professionals and international scholars, there are two issues that remain underdeveloped: the significance of the independent production sector and the contribution of non-traditional sources of public service content. This afterword discusses each of these in turn.
Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
Authors: Gherman Sabina , Philiastides Marios G.
Published: September 2018

Choice confidence, an individual’s internal estimate of judgment accuracy, plays a critical role in adaptive behaviour, yet its neural representations during decision formation remain underexplored. Here, we recorded simultaneous EEG-fMRI while participants performed a direction discrimination task and rated their confidence on each trial. Using multivariate single-trial discriminant analysis of the EEG, we identified a stimulus-independent component encoding confidence, which appeared prior to subjects’ explicit choice and confidence report, and was consistent with a confidence measure predicted by an accumulation-to-bound model of decision-making. Importantly, trial-to-trial variability in this electrophysiologically-derived confidence signal was uniquely associated with fMRI responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a region not typically associated with confidence for perceptual decisions. Furthermore, activity in the VMPFC was functionally coupled with regions of the frontal cortex linked to perceptual decision-making and metacognition. Our results suggest that the VMPFC holds an early confidence representation arising from decision dynamics, preceding and potentially informing metacognitive evaluation.
Get With the PROGRAM: A Guide to Compassionate Communication
Authors: Orsini Anthony J.
Published: September 2018

Despite growing interest in the importance of compassionate communication and patient experience, many physicians still feel unprepared when faced with delivering bad medical news. To address this need, few methods have been developed to offer physicians a structure for these conversations, with the goal of making the dialogues less traumatic for patients and families and less stressful for physicians. The PROGRAM method promotes compassionate communication to help physicians make a connection with their patients, which is central to improving health care quality. The objective of this article is to provide a systemic approach to structuring difficult dialogues with patients and their families.
Unge framtidsstemmer i nord
Authors: Storvoll Ragnvald
Published: September 2018

Unges valg av utdanning og bosted vil påvirke utviklingen også i den nordligste landsdelen. Artikkelen gir et innblikk i hvordan noen unge fra Troms ser på framtiden i nord. På den ene siden formidles en statistisk beskrivelse av framtidsperspektiver for Nord-Norge fra SSB, media og også forskere, som kan oppleves som en negativ trussel – også for ungdommen. Det demografiske framtidsbildet for landsdelen som beskrives er dystert. Dette kan bli en negativ prediksjon, nærmest en selvoppfyllende profeti. På den andre siden vokser ungdom opp i en landsdel med svært positive framtidsmuligheter; turiststrømmen øker, Nord-Norge opplever en raskere økonomisk vekst enn resten av landet, og mange nye arbeidsplasser ser dagens lys.Det er flere trekk i samfunnsutviklingen som gjør steder viktige og gjør at nye perspektiver på og teorier om sted utvikles. Økt mobilitet i verden, mer oppmerksomhet på flyt av mennesker, produkter og idéer og mer intense globaliseringsprosesser, påvirker også samfunnsmessige fenomen på nye måter i nord.Mange unge i Troms flytter for å ta utdanning og kan da både bo på flere plasser og oppleve tilhørighet til mer enn ett sted. Begrepet flerstedstilknytning og stedspolygami åpner for andre måter å forstå samhandling mellom forskjellige steder man har tilknytning til. Det er et interessant funn at en stor andel unge fra Troms ønsker å ta utdanning i utlandet. Glokale borgere med flere og parallelle identiteter, åpner for nye måter å forstå og gjenskape steder.«Mulighetens landsdel» brukes av mange om den nordligste landsdelen. I dette skjæringspunktet er ungdom utfordret, både gjennom elektronisk spørreundersøkelse, workshop og intervju om deres forståelse og syn på framtiden. Hvilke næringer ser disse ungdommene som de viktigste for regionens vekst og utvikling? Hvilke faktorer mener de unge bidrar og hindrer vekst?
Morphometric traits in the fine-leaved fescues depend on ploidy level: the case ofFestuca amethystinaL.
Authors: Rewicz Agnieszka , Tomczyk Przemysław Piotr , Kiedrzyński Marcin , Zielińska Katarzyna Maria , Jędrzejczyk Iwona , Rewers Monika , Kiedrzyńska Edyta , Rewicz Tomasz
Published: September 2018

Background

Polyploid specimens are usually characterized by greater exuberance: they reach larger sizes and/or have a larger number of some organs.Festuca amethystinaL. belongs to the sectionAulaxyper. Based on morphological features, four subspecies ofF. amethystinahave been already identified. On the other hand, it has two cytotypes: diploid and tetraploid. The main aim of our study was to distinguish morphological differences between the cytotypes ofF. amethystina, assuming that its phenotype differs significantly.

Methods

The nuclear DNA content was measured by flow cytometry in dry leaves from specimens originating from 13 populations of F. amethystina. Several macrometric and micrometric traits of stems, spikelets and leaf blades were taken into account in the comparative analysis of two cytotypes.

Results

In the case of cytotypes, specimens of tetraploids were larger than diploids. The conducted morphometric analysis of leaf cross-sections showed significant differences between the cytotypes.

Discussion

The research has confirmed for the first time that in the case ofF. amethystinathe principle of greater exuberance of polyploids is true. Differences between the cytotypes are statistically significant, however, they are not enough to make easy the distinction of cytotypes on the basis of the measurements themselves. Our findings favor the rule known inFestucataxonomy as a whole, i.e. that the ploidy level can be one of the main classification criteria.
Vibriosis in Fish: A Review on Disease Development and Prevention
Authors: Ina-Salwany M. Y. , Al-saari Nurhidayu , Mohamad Aslah , Mursidi Fathin-Amirah , Mohd-Aris Aslizah , Amal M. N. A. , Kasai Hisae , Mino Sayaka , Sawabe Tomoo , Zamri-Saad M.
Published: September 2018

Current growth in aquaculture production is parallel with the increasing number of disease outbreaks, which negatively affect the production, profitability, and sustainability of the global aquaculture industry. Vibriosis is among the most common diseases leading to massive mortality of cultured shrimp, fish, and shellfish in Asia. High incidence of vibriosis can occur in hatchery and grow-out facilities, but juveniles are more susceptible to the disease. Various factors, particularly the source of fish, environmental factors (including water quality and farm management), and the virulence factors of Vibrio, influence the occurrence of the disease. Affected fish show weariness, with necrosis of skin and appendages, leading to body malformation, slow growth, internal organ liquefaction, blindness, muscle opacity, and mortality. A combination of control measures, particularly a disease-free source of fish, biosecurity of the farm, improved water quality, and other preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) might be able to control the infection. Although some control measures are expensive and less practical, vaccination is effective, relatively cheap, and easily implemented. In this review, the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis and control of vibriosis, including vaccination, is discussed.
Evaluating the cerebral correlates of survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Ishaque Abdullah , Mah Dennell , Seres Peter , Luk Collin , Eurich Dean , Johnston Wendy , Yang Yee‐Hong , Kalra Sanjay
Published: September 2018

Objective

To evaluate cerebral degenerative changes in ALS and their correlates with survival using 3D texture analysis.

Methods

A total of 157 participants were included in this analysis from four neuroimaging studies. Voxel‐wise texture analysis on T1‐weighted brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) was conducted between patients and controls. Patients were divided into long‐ and short‐survivors using the median survival of the cohort. Neuroanatomical differences between the two survival groups were also investigated.

Results

Whole‐brain analysis revealed significant changes in image texture (FDR P < 0.05) bilaterally in the motor cortex, corticospinal tract (CST), insula, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and frontal regions including subcortical white matter. The texture of the CST correlated (P < 0.05) with finger‐ and foot‐tapping rate, measures of upper motor neuron function. Patients with a survival below the media of 19.5 months demonstrated texture change (FDR P < 0.05) in the motor cortex, CST, basal ganglia, and the hippocampus, a distribution which corresponds to stage 4 of the distribution TDP‐43 pathology in ALS. Patients with longer survival exhibited texture changes restricted to motor regions, including the motor cortex and the CST.

Interpretation

Widespread gray and white matter pathology is evident in ALS, as revealed by texture analysis of conventional T1‐weighted MRI. Length of survival in patients with ALS is associated with the spatial extent of cerebral degeneration.
An Insight into Machining of Thermally Stable Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals
Authors: Hammond Vincent H. , Luckenbaugh Thomas L. , Aniska Michael , Gray David M. , Smeltzer Joshua A. , Hornbuckle B. Chad , Marvel Christopher J. , Solanki Kiran N. , Schmitz Tony , Darling Kristopher A.
Published: September 2018

Recent advances have enabled the production of nano‐grained metallic alloys with a thermally stable microstructure. Consequently, the production of bulk samples and subsequent machining and testing of standardized test specimens is now a real possibility. Therefore, for the first time, the authors report on the in‐depth characterization and machinability of bulk nanocrystalline materials. In particular, this study addresses the feasibility of machining and to what extent, if any, the microstructure is altered due to the high stresses and temperature incurred during machining. Toward that goal, a series of copper–tantalum nanocrystalline threaded cylindrical tensile samples are machined from extruded rods. Advanced characterization techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, are employed which indicated that the grain size of the Cu–Ta alloy was further reduced by approximately one‐third. This reduction in grain size is quite noteworthy given an estimated total strain of 260% and moderate temperature increase resulting from the machining operation. This unexpected grain refinement is attributed to tantalum‐based nanoclusters dispersed through the matrix which limit grain growth in the initial microstructure during machining. Overall, the authors observe a continuous chip formation and machinability of bulk nanocrystalline materials, which stems from stable nano‐grains and having a near elastically perfectly plastic material behavior.
On the Hybrid Effects of Alumina, Silicon Carbide, and Carbon Ultrafine Additives, Used in the Optimization of Sintered MMCs Properties
Authors: Feldshtein Eugene E. , Dyachkova Larisa N. , Patalas‐Maliszewska Justyna , Adamczuk Krzysztof
Published: September 2018

This paper describes the changes of structure and properties of MMCs, based on FeGr1 material impregnated with the machine oil and with alumina, silicon carbide, and carbon ultrafine additives. The hybrid effects of these additives were investigated using the Simplex Lattice Design as one of DoE methods. With the addition of alumina and silicon carbide, the ferrite content increases significantly in comparison with the base material. Depending on the content and composition of the additives, MMC hardness may be reduced by up to 42% or increased by up to 20%, while residual porosity increases by up to 10–35% in comparison with the base material; sample shrinkages are between −0.9% up to −2.55%. When impregnating with oil, its content depends on the residual porosity and is equal to 1.1–2.2% of the MMC sample mass. The content of additives is determined, thus ensuring optimal values in the parameters investigated.
A Hierarchical Silver‐Nanowire–Graphene Host Enabling Ultrahigh Rates and Superior Long‐Term Cycling of Lithium‐Metal Composite Anodes
Authors: Xue Pan , Liu Shuiren , Shi Xinlei , Sun Chuang , Lai Chao , Zhou Ying , Sui Dong , Chen Yongsheng , Liang Jiajie
Published: September 2018

Metallic lithium (Li) is a promising anode for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries, but its applications are still hampered due to the limited charging/discharging rate and poor cycling performance. Here, a hierarchical 3D porous architecture is designed with a binary network of continuous silver nanowires assembled on an interconnected 3D graphene skeleton as the host for Li‐metal composite anodes, which offers a significant boost in both charging/discharging rates and long‐term cycling performance for Li‐metal batteries. This unique hierarchical binary network structure in conjunction with optimized material combination provides ultrafast, continuous, and smooth electron transportation channel and non‐nucleation barrier sites to direct and confine Li deposition. It also offers outstanding mechanical strength and toughness to support massive Li deposition and buffer the internal stress fluctuations during long‐term repeated Li stripping/plating thereby minimizing fundamental issues of dendrite formation and volume change even under ultrafast charging/discharging rates. As a result, the composite anode using this hierarchical host can work smoothly at an unprecedented high current density of 40 mA cm‐2 over 1000 plating/stripping cycles with low overpotential (<120 mV) in symmetric cells. The as‐constructed full cell, paired with LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode, also exhibits excellent rate capability and high‐rate cycling stability.
Lanthanide Ions Doped CsPbBr3 Halides for HTM‐Free 10.14%‐Efficiency Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell with an Ultrahigh Open‐Circuit Voltage of 1.594 V
Authors: Duan Jialong , Zhao Yuanyuan , Yang Xiya , Wang Yudi , He Benlin , Tang Qunwei
Published: September 2018

All‐inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite solar cells have attracted enormous attention owing to their outstanding stability in comparison with organic–inorganic hybrid devices. The greatest weakness for inorganic CsPbBr3 solar cells is their lower power conversion efficiencies, mainly arising from inferior light‐absorbance range and serious charge recombination at interfaces or within perovskite films. To address this issue, the lattice doping of lanthanide ions (Ln3+ = La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Yb3+, and Lu3+) into CsPbBr3 films for all‐inorganic solar cells free of hole‐transporting materials and precious metal electrodes is presented. Arising from the enlarged grain size and prolonged carrier lifetimes upon incorporating Ln3+ ions into perovskite lattice, the performances of these inorganic CsPbBr3 solar cell devices are significantly enhanced, achieving a champion efficiency as high as 10.14% and an ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage of 1.594 V under one sun illumination. Meanwhile, the nearly unchanged efficiency upon persistent attack by 80% RH in air atmosphere over 110 d and enhanced thermal stability at 80 °C over 60 d provide new opportunities of promoting commercialization of all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells.
Inter‐country adoption in Australia: Examining the factors that drive the practice and implications for policy reform
Authors: Hilferty Fiona , Katz Ilan
Published: September 2018

The article presents the findings of an international literature review conducted to examine the factors that drive inter‐country adoption rates within both sending and receiving countries. The authors then consider the implications of these findings for inter‐country adoption policy reform in Australia. The evidence in the literature highlights a distinction between the factors that drive ICA in sending and receiving countries. Factors that drive the practice in sending countries relate to structural forms such as socio‐economic and political conditions. In contrast, it is the growing demand for a child from infertile couples that drives the practice in receiving countries. The article then considers the challenges of domestic policy reform undertaken to increase numbers of inter‐country adoptions in a context of global decline.
Infection control after and during natural disaster
Authors: Izumikawa Koichi
Published: September 2018

We encounter many natural disasters in Japan and various infectious diseases could occur during and after natural disasters. Two recent major natural disasters, the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Kumamoto Earthquake in 2011 and 2016, respectively, killed tremendous numbers of people and many were affected with infectious diseases in evacuation centers as well as shelters for long period. Infection control teams of medical facilities inside or outside of affected areas were dispatched, supported evacuees, and made great contributions to: (i) control epidemic infectious diseases such as influenza and norovirus infection, (ii) educate and encourage people, (iii) improve environments. According to the experiences and evidence accumulated from these two disasters, it is apparent that infection control activities will definitely reduce infection during and after disasters. However, unlike the Disaster Medical Assistance Team and Japan Medical Association Team, there is no organization specialized for infection control in disaster‐affected areas. A disaster infection control team should be established by leads of either of government and/or societies related to infectious diseases and infection control.
Pervasive Delocalisation Error Causes Spurious Proton Transfer in Organic Acid–Base Co‐Crystals
Authors: LeBlanc Luc M. , Dale Stephen G. , Taylor Christopher R. , Becke Axel D. , Day Graeme M. , Johnson Erin R.
Published: September 2018

Dispersion‐corrected density‐functional theory (DFT‐D) methods have become the workhorse of many computational protocols for molecular crystal structure prediction due to their efficiency and convenience. However, certain limitations of DFT, such as delocalisation error, are often overlooked or are too expensive to remedy in solid‐state applications. This error can lead to artificial stabilisation of charge transfer and, in this work, it is found to affect the correct identification of the protonation site in multicomponent acid–base crystals. As such, commonly used DFT‐D methods cannot be applied with any reliability to the study of acid–base co‐crystals or salts, while hybrid functionals remain too restrictive for routine use. This presents an impetus for the development of new functionals with reduced delocalisation error for solid‐state applications; the structures studied herein constitute an excellent benchmark for this purpose.
An electrochemical biosensor based on conductive colloid particles self‐assembled from poly(3‐thiophenecarboxylic acid) and chitosan
Authors: Zhang R. , Wang L. , Zhang C. , Yang R. , Sun X. , Song B. , Wong C.‐P. , Xu Y.
Published: September 2018

A novel kind of conductive self‐assembled colloid particles (CPs) was prepared from poly(3‐thiophenecarboxylic acid) (PTPCA) and chitosan (CS) via electrostatic interaction and π–π interaction. The resultant CPs were then cast on the electrode surface to provide a platform for fabricating high‐sensitive biosensor. It should be noted that the good conductivity of PTPCA can accelerate the electron transfer and facilitate the signal transduction from the CP film to the underlying electrode. This advantage endowed the biosensor with high sensitivity for H2O2 detection. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 1 × 10−11 to 1 × 10−5 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 3 × 10−12 mol L−1 was obtained for H2O2 detection. The biosensor can be used to detect H2O2 in commercial disinfector with satisfactory results. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46764.
Yellow–green luminescent poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite thick films as effective spectral manipulators
Authors: Kundachira Subramani Nithin , Kasargod Nagaraj Shilpa , Shivanna Sachhidananda , Siddaramaiah Hatna
Published: September 2018

Highly flexible and visibly transparent yellow–green fluorescent poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based nanocomposite (NC) films with rubidium zincate (Rb2ZnO2) nano impregnates were developed through aqueous solution casting. The introduced rubidium zincate nanofillers impart UV shielding properties to PVA host, through UV to visible (fluorescent yellow–green) photon cutting. The rubidium zincate nanofiller impregnated PVA systems were also characterized for their structural, morphological, optical, and electrical behaviors by various analytical tools. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies shed light on the changes in gross structural properties of PVA. WhileScanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) profiles support uniform filler dispersions, which aid high visible transparencies. Further, the UV–visible spectral measurements depict the changes in electronic band structure that validates novel fluorescent emission properties, established through fluorescent emission studies. The NC films show excellent visible transparency (72–84%), near hydrophobic surface wettabilities (ϴ = 82°–93°) and enhanced charge conduction, in addition to high flexibilities and UV photons induced fluorescent emission (
λEmi=585 nm). The yellow–green luminescent, Rb2ZnO2 nanofillers reinforced PVA NC films are effective spectral manipulators, which may be used as competent packaging materials for photonic display devices and to extend the short wavelength limit of solar cells. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46854.
Flexible polyurethane foam‐based sandwich composites: Preparation and evaluation of thermal, acoustic, and electromagnetic properties
Authors: Wu L.‐W. , Ban J.‐Y. , Jiang Q. , Li T.‐T. , Shiu B.‐C. , Peng H.‐K. , Huang S.‐Y. , Lou C.‐W. , Lin J.‐H.
Published: September 2018

This study proposes producing sandwich composites that have functionalities in addition to good mechanical properties. Flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam is used as the core, whereas nonwoven fabrics are used as the top and bottom panels. The functionalities, including flame‐retardant (FR) efficacy, acoustic absorption, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE), help in expanding the application fields. In this study, FR agent is added to FPU foam to form the core, while the low‐melting point polyethylene terephthalate (LPET) nonwoven fabric with/without carbon fiber (CF) fabric is used as panels. One‐step molding and hot pressing are used to make these materials into LPET/FPU and CF‐LPET/FPU sandwich composites. The cell structure of the FPU foam is examined, after which the limit oxygen index (LOI), the compression modulus, and heat insulation efficacy of LPET/FPU sandwich composites are examined, thereby examine the influence of FR agent. The test results show that the mechanical properties of sandwich composites are dependent on the amount of FR agent. Using 50 wt %, FR agent provides LPET/FPU sandwich composites with an optimal LOI of 28. In addition, the combination of CF fabric further provides CF‐LPET/FPU composite sandwich with the maximum acoustic absorption coefficient of 0.90376 and an optimal EMSE of 50 dB. The proposed sandwich composites have functionalities of FR efficacy, acoustic absorption, heat insulation, and EMSE and thus are qualified for protective partitions used in karaoke and kindergartens. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46871.
The fabrication of optical and magnetic responsive deforming multilayered film
Authors: Ni Y. , Chen K. , Long K. , Ji R. , Hua Y. , Zhang X. , Fu Y. , Wei Y. , Zhuang S.
Published: September 2018

Optical and magnetic responsive deforming multilayered films with rapid deforming recovery property were successfully fabricated by electrospinning technology. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/liquid crystal (LC) 5CB (4‐cyano‐4'pentylbiphenyl)/graphite fiber film was orderly collected on the thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) substrate film by parallel electrode electrospinning method. Graphite and nano‐magnetic particles had been added to endue it with optical and magnetic responsibility. Evaluated by a customized 3D‐printed platform, the deforming multilayered film shows its high deforming recovery speed. Therefore, the proposed deforming multilayered films can be applied in the field of bionic control with the advantage of rapid optical and magnetic responsibility, nontoxicity, and simple fabrication approach. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46884.