bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting leukocyte integrins in human diseases
Authors: Yonekawa Karyn , Harlan John M
Published: November 2004

As our understanding of integrins as multifunctional adhesion and signaling molecules has grown, so has their recognition as potential therapeutic targets in human diseases. Leukocyte integrins are of particular interest in this regard, as they are key molecules in immune-mediated and inflammatory processes and are thus critically involved in diverse clinical disorders, ranging from asthma to atherosclerosis. Antagonists that interfere with integrin-dependent leukocyte trafficking and/or post-trafficking events have shown efficacy in multiple preclinical models, but these have not always predicted success in subsequent clinical trials (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion disorders and transplantation). However, recent successes of integrin antagonists in psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis demonstrate the tremendous potential of antiadhesion therapy directed at leukocyte integrins. This article will review the role of the leukocyte integrins in the inflammatory process, approaches to targeting leukocyte integrins and their ligands, and the results of completed clinical trials.
EDEN-BP-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression inXenopussomitic segmentation
Authors: Gautier-Courteille Carole , Le Clainche Christophe , Barreau Carine , Audic Yann , Graindorge Antoine , Maniey Dominique , Osborne H. Beverley , Paillard Luc
Published: November 2004

EDEN-BP is a Xenopus RNA-binding protein that triggers deadenylation [poly(A) tail shortening], and thereby translational repression and degradation, of a subset of maternal mRNAs soon after fertilization. We show here that this factor is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm of older embryos, the site where somitic segmentation takes place. Inhibiting EDEN-BP function using either antisense morpholino oligonucleotides or neutralizing antibodies leads to severe defects in somitic segmentation, but not myotomal differentiation. This is associated with defects in the expression of segmentation markers belonging to the Notch signalling pathway in the presomitic mesoderm. We show by a combination of approaches that the mRNA encoding XSu(H), a protein that plays a central role in Notch signalling, is regulated by the EDEN-BP pathway. Accordingly, XSu(H) is overexpressed in EDEN-BP knock-down embryos, and overexpressing XSu(H) causes segmentation defects. We finally give data indicating that, in addition to XSu(H), other segmentation RNAs are a target for EDEN-BP. These results show that EDEN-BP-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is required for the process of somitic segmentation.
Paget’s disease and cochlear implantation
Authors: Bacciu A. , Pasanisi E. , Vincenti V. , Ingegnoli F. , Guida M. , Panu F. , Bacciu S.
Published: November 2004

Paget’s disease of bone is a common disorder of unresolved etiology characterized by excessive bone resorption followed by excessive bone formation. If the skull isaffected this may result in hearing loss and eventually develop into profound deafness. To date, no cases of cochlear implantation in patients with Paget’s disease have been reported.

The authors present a case of radiographically confirmed Paget’s disease of the skull in a 77-year-old man with a 20-year history of progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing losswho underwent cochlear implantation. A successful insertion of the Nucleus 24 Contour electrodearray was achieved without surgical and postoperative complications.

At the 10 months’ postoperative evaluation, the patient had gained useful open-set speech perception. In quiet conditions, his performance scores on the word and sentence recognition tests were 100 and 98 per cent, respectively. In the presence of noise (at +10 dB. signal-to-noise ratio), his performance scores on the word and sentence recognition tests were 96 and 94per cent, respectively.
Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Colonization of Pig Carrion in South Georgia
Authors: Tomberlin JK , Sheppard DC , Joyce JA
Published: November 2004

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), is thought to colonize corpses 20–30 days postmortem. However, recent observations indicate this might not be true for all cases. Therefore, we conducted a study examining colonization by the black soldier fly and other Diptera on pig carrion in a plowed field in southern Georgia from 20 September through 21 February. Our data indicate black soldier flies could colonize a corpse within the first week after death. Knowing this information could prevent a serious mistake in estimating the time at which a corpse is colonized by this species. This study also represents the first record of Chrysomya rufifacies in Georgia.
Person Identification by Gait Analysis and Photogrammetry
Authors: Lynnerup N , Vedel J
Published: November 2004

Surveillance images from a bank robbery were analyzed and compared with images of a suspect. Based on general bodily features, gait and anthropometric measurements, we were able to conclude that one of the perpetrators showed strong resemblance to the suspect. Both exhibited a gait characterized by hyperextension of the leg joints, and bodily measurements did not differ by more than 6 mm on average. The latter was quantified by photogrammetry: i.e., measuring by using images of the perpetrator as captured by surveillance cameras. Using the computer software Photomodeler Pro®, synchronous images from different cameras were compared and concurrent body features were identified. The program could then render the perpetrator as a three dimensional, high-precision, scalable and measurable object.
Forensic Dermatopathology and Internal Disease
Authors: Kovarik CL , Stewart D , Cockerell CJ , Barnard JJ
Published: November 2004

The gross and microscopic analysis of skin lesions at autopsy can help the pathologist understand diseases and injuries inflicted premortem, perimortem, or postmortem. From January 2003 to January 2004, skin findings at autopsy were closely examined by a dermatologist and sampled for microscopic analysis at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences. Dermatologic abnormalities in some of these cases led to the discovery of internal disease and allowed for a more complete understanding of the pathologic disease processes affecting the individual. We present four autopsy cases with skin manifestations of internal disease, including pseudoxanthoma elasticum, calciphylaxis, the sign of Leser Trelat, and papular mucinosis, and demonstrate the usefulness of the dermatological assessment at autopsy. In all cases, discovery of these skin lesions and internal disease manifestations allowed contributing factors to the death of the individual to be uncovered.
Structural Determination of the Principal Byproduct of the Lithium-Ammonia Reduction Method of Methamphetamine Manufacture
Authors: Person EC , Meyer JA , Vyvyan JR
Published: November 2004

One common method- of illicit methamphetamine manufacture utilizes an alkali metal, typically lithium, and liquid ammonia to chemically reduce ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to form methamphetamine. This method is often referred to as the lithium-ammonia reduction method or the Birch reduction method. While the hydroxyl group of ephedrine is more reactive than the aromatic ring, excess alkali metal and the presence of a proton source allow the formation of a cyclohexadiene byproduct not found in samples of methamphetamine produced from other manufacturing methods. A sample enriched in this byproduct was generated and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The chemical structure of this byproduct was determined to be 1-(1ʹ,4ʹ-cyclohexadienyl)-2-methylaminopropane (CMP).
Computer-Based Production of Comparison Overlays from 3D-Scanned Dental Casts for Bite Mark Analysis
Authors: Martin-de las Heras S , Valenzuela A , Ogayar C , Valverde AJ , Torres JC
Published: November 2004

Bite mark analysis assumes the uniqueness of the dentition can be accurately recorded on skin or an object. However, biting is a dynamic procedure involving three moving systems, the maxilla, the mandible, and the victim's reaction. Moreover, bite marks can be distorted by the anatomic location of the injury or the elasticity of the skin tissue. Therefore, the same dentition can produce bite marks that exhibit variations in appearance. The complexity of this source of evidence emphasizes the need for new 3D imaging technologies in bite mark analysis. This article presents a new software package, DentalPrint® (2004, University of Granada, Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Odontology, Granada, Spain) that generates different comparison overlays from 3D dental cast images depending on the pressure of the bite or the distortion caused by victim-biter interaction. The procedure for generating comparison overlays is entirely automatic, thus avoiding observer bias. Moreover, the software presented here makes it impossible for third parties to manipulate or alter the 3D images, making DentalPrint suitable for bite mark analyses to be used in court proceedings.
Review of: Forensic Science: An Illustrated Dictionary
Authors: Brettell TA , Johnson DG
Published: November 2004

Forensic Science: An Illustrated Dictionary is an expanded version of Brenner's Forrensic Science Glossary (CRC Press. Boca Raton, Fl, 1999). This book is an effort by Brenner to keep pace with the ever-growing terminology of the disciplines that comprise the field of forensic science—a siZable task considering the recent explosion of interest in the field. Forensic Science: An Illustrated Dictionary includes terms from both the emerging and also the more traditional, but certainly expanding, branches of forensic science. It addresses a plethora of areas including, but not limited to, DNA technology, biochemistry, trace evidence, drugs, toxicology, firearms identification, questioned documents, photography, computer forensics, crime scene strictly in the light of forensic science, which is appropriate for a field-specific reference. For example, discipline is defined as “a major area of casework for which a laboratory may seek accreditation.”
Review of: Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, Third Edition
Authors: Kerrigan S
Published: November 2004

Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons is a fully revised and expanded third edition of the book formerly known as Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs. The latter has been a standard reference text in most laboratories for several decades. There are few practicing toxicologists that have not relied on this foundational text during the course of their work. It has become a staple for toxicologists in clinical, forensic, analytical, workplace and sports drugs testing, medical examiner, behavioral and research settings.
Allele Frequency Distribution of STR Loci D5S814 in Four Populations
Authors: Liang W , Lv M , Xu Y , Liao M , Zhou B , Jia Y , Lin Z
Published: November 2004

100 unrelated Chinese volunteer donors, 100 unrelated Thai volunteer donors, 100 unrelated Mongol volunteer donors, 100 unrelated Germany volunteer donors.
Allele Frequency Distribution of STR Loci D5S1486 in Three Populations
Authors: Lv M , Liang W , Zhou B , Xu Y , Liao M , Lin Z
Published: November 2004

100 unrealted Chinese volunteer donors, 100 unrelated Thai volunteer donors, 100 unrelated Germany volunter donors.
Polymorphism Data at D8S315 Locus Among Five Ethnic Groups of Kerala from South India
Authors: Ahmad S , Seshadri M
Published: November 2004

A total of 254 random, healthy individuals belonging to five distinct ethnic groups were analyzed for tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at autosomal microsatellite locus D8S315. The five distinct ethnic groups: Ezhavas, Nairs, Arayas, Vishwakarma, and Muslims belonged to Kerala state of South India. Muslims are religio-ethnic group while other populations mentioned above belong to distinct section of Hindu religion. All these population groups speak “Malayalam,” an Indo-Dravidian language.
Review of: Sudden Death In Infancy, Childhood And Adolescence, Second Edition
Authors: Kalelkar MB
Published: November 2004

The second edition of this text is undoubtedly an improvement of the first, in that all aspects of sudden deaths in infancy, childhood and adolescence have been addressed, from birth to early 20's. This edition has also been expanded with an additional 300 new and colorful illustrations as well as 1200 new references. This added feature of citing numerous references at the end of every chapter will be extremely beneficial to researchers and students alike who are learning to investigate pediatric deaths.
Review of: Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, Second Edition
Authors: Gage BC
Published: November 2004

The Second Edition of Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry is a most welcome addition to the forensic literature. Richard Rosner and a talented and diverse group of authors and co-editors have offered up what can only be described as the most definitive exposition of the whole of forensic psychiatry as practiced in the United States. Most notable is that it is a significant improvement on what was already the leading text of its kind. It retains, and even adds to, the breadth and accessibility needed to function as a reference text for diverse professionals while offering more depth and nuance to the experienced forensic practitioner. It is also a much more lively read, perhaps reflecting both the seasoning of the many authors who refined their chapters from the First Edition and the addition of authors in some chapters.
Successful umbilical cord blood transplantation for Fanconi anemia using preimplantation genetic diagnosis for HLA‐matched donor
Authors: Bielorai Bella , Hughes Mark R. , Auerbach Arleen D. , Nagler Arnon , Loewenthal Ron , Rechavi Gideon , Toren Amos
Published: November 2004

Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental anomalies, and a high incidence of myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia. Stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment. In the absence of matched‐ sibling donor, an alternative mismatched family or matched unrelated donor can be used, but the results are inferior to the matched‐sibling transplant and carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been increasingly used in recent years for mutation analysis for many genetic disorders and results in the birth of healthy children, saving the need for the termination of pregnancy of an affected embryo. The use of PGD for combined analysis of mutation and HLA‐matching was reported for the first time in 2001. This enables the birth of an unaffected child who can serve as a donor for an affected sibling in need for stem cell transplantation. We report successful cord blood transplantation for a Fanconi anemia patient from his HLA‐matched sibling, born after PGD that included mutation analysis for Fanconi anemia and HLA typing. PGD can provide an unaffected donor for a sibling affected by genetic disease in the absence of a compatible related donor. Am. J. Hematol. 77:397–399, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Der 2×3‐Werkzeugkasten der metallorganischen Methoden zur regiochemisch erschöpfenden Funktionalisierung
Authors: Schlosser Manfred
Published: November 2004

Dieser Aufsatz stellt ein Konzept zur überschaubaren und umfassenden Strukturvermehrung vor. Dazu werden einfache aromatische oder heteroaromatische Ausgangsstoffe, oftmals Grundchemikalien, in alle regioisomer möglichen metallischen Zwischenstufen (meist Lithium‐Verbindungen) umgewandelt, die dann mit irgendeinem von zahllosen infrage kommenden Elektrophilen umgesetzt werden können, um auf diese Weise zu begehrten neuen Synthesebausteinen, insbesondere funktionellen Derivaten, zu gelangen. Die praktische Verwirklichung des Ziels beruht auf der Anwendung eines Sortiments ausgeklügelter Rezepte (“Werkzeugkasten”), die entwickelt wurden durch mechanistisch gelenkte Abwandlungen der beiden herausragenden Permutationsverfahren zur Erzeugung polarer metallorganischer Verbindungen, nämlich des Wasserstoff‐Metall‐ und des Halogen‐Metall‐Austausches. Diese methodischen Spielarten (“alte Methoden in neuem Gewand”) vervielfältigen die bestehenden Möglichkeiten für die organische Synthese, indem sie die denkbar höchste Regioflexibilität gewährleisten. Gleichzeitig bieten sie neue Einblicke in die Umstände, die metallorganische Reaktivität regeln, und geben Hinweise, wie man diese geplant ändern oder feineinstellen kann.
The evolution of the peculiarities of mammalian sex chromosomes: an epigenetic view
Authors: Jablonka Eva
Published: November 2004

In most discussions of the evolution of sex chromosomes, it is presumed that the morphological differences between the X and Y were initiated by genetic changes. An alternative possibility is that, in the early stages, a key role was played by epigenetic modifications of chromatin structure that did not depend directly on genetic changes. Such modifications could have resulted from spontaneous epimutations at a sex‐determining locus or, in mammals, from selection in females for the epigenetic silencing of imprinted regions of the paternally derived sex chromosome. Other features of mammalian sex chromosomes that are easier to explain if the epigenetic dimension of chromosome evolution is considered include the relatively large number of X‐linked genes associated with human brain development, and the overrepresentation of spermatogenesis genes on the X. Both may be evolutionary consequences of dosage compensation through X‐inactivation. BioEssays 26:1327–1332, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scent wars: the chemobiology of competitive signalling in mice
Authors: Hurst Jane L. , Beynon Robert J.
Published: November 2004

Many mammals use scent marks to advertise territory ownership, but only recently have we started to understand the complexity of these scent signals and the types of information that they convey. Whilst attention has generally focused on volatile odorants as the main information molecules in scents, studies of the house mouse have now defined a role for a family of proteins termed major urinary proteins (MUPs) which are, of course, involatile. MUPs bind male signalling volatiles and control their release from scent marks. These proteins are also highly polymorphic and the pattern of polymorphic variants provides a stable ownership signal that communicates genome‐derived information on the individual identity of the scent owner. Here we review the interaction between the chemical basis of mouse scents and the dynamics of their competitive scent marking behaviour, demonstrating how it is possible to provide reliable signals of the competitive ability and identity of individual males. BioEssays 26:1288–1298, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal Growth and Characterization of the CdGaCrSe(4‐x)S(x) System.
Authors: Sagredo V. , Betancourt L. , de Chalbaud L. M. , Delgado G. E.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,5‐Stereocontrol in Reactions of 5‐Benzyloxy‐4‐methylpent‐2‐enyl Bromides with Aldehydes Mediated by Bi(0): Synthesis of Aliphatic Compounds with 1,5‐syn‐Related Methyl Groups.
Authors: Donnelly Sam , Thomas Eric J. , Fielding Mark
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Free Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Benzylic Halides with Aryl Boronic Acids under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Bandgar B. P. , Bettigeri Sampada V. , Phopase Jaywant
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Diaryl Hydrazides for the Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 2,2′‐Diamino‐1,1′‐biaryls.
Authors: Lim Young‐Kwan , Jung Jin‐Woo , Lee Haiwon , Cho Cheon‐Gyu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Singlet Oxygen Reactions of 3‐Methoxy‐2‐pyrrole Carboxylic Acid tert‐Butyl Esters. A Route to 5‐Substituted Pyrrole Precursors of Prodigiosin and Analogues.
Authors: Wasserman Harry H. , Xia Mingde , Wang Jianji , Petersen Anders K. , Jorgensen Michael , Power Patricia , Parr Jonathan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct C—H Bond Arylation: Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed C2‐Arylation of N‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Lane Benjamin S. , Sames Dalibor
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of Modified Flavonoids. Part 24. Synthesis of 4‐Aryloxy‐3‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐hydroxy/alkoxyphenyl)pyrazoles.
Authors: Arkhipov V. V. , Garazd M. M. , Smirnov M. N. , Khilya V. P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Chloromethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles
Authors: Natero Reina , Koltun Dmitry O. , Zablocki Jeffery A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Green Chemistry Approaches to the Synthesis of 5‐Arylidenethiobarbituric Acids by a Condensation Reaction Between Aromatic Aldehydes and Thiobarbituric Acid: Comparison of Water, Microwave Irradiation, and Grinding.
Authors: Lu Jun , Li Yingying , Bai Yinjuan , Tian Min
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Azaspirocycles.
Authors: Wipf Peter , Stephenson Corey R. J. , Walczak Maciej A. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Phthalocyanines with D,L‐Leucine Fragments.
Authors: Naumov A. O. , Kudrik E. V. , Shaposhnikov G. P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bacopasaponin H: A Pseudojujubogenin Glycoside from Bacopa monniera.
Authors: Mandal Suparna , Mukhopadhyay Sibabrata
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Electronic Structure in the Susceptibility of Metastable Transition‐Metal Oxide Structures to Transformation
Authors: Reed John , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Macrocyclic Thio‐, Seleno‐, and Telluroether Ligands
Authors: Levason W. , Reid G.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triazines, Tetrazines and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems
Authors: Ochoa Carmen , Goya Pilar
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Five‐Membered Ring Systems: Pyrroles and Benzo Derivatives
Authors: Janosik Tomasz , Bergman Jan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Porphyrins
Authors: Smith K. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Approaches to the Building of Supramolecular Radiofullerenes for Possible Biomedical and Toxicological Applications
Authors: Braun T.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Directed Synthesis of a 1D Double‐Chain Polyoxometalate Assembly: {[Ag2(bppy)3][Ag(bppy)2][Ag(bppy)]2PW11Co(bppy)O39}·2H2O
Authors: Han Zhangang , Zhao Yulong , Peng Jun , Ma Huiyuan , Liu Qun , Wang Enbo , Hu Ninghai , Jia Hengqing
Published: November 2004

A 1D double‐chain assembly based on the monosubstituted Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) with pendant ligands and of formula {[Ag2(bppy)3][Ag(bppy)2][Ag(bppy)]2PW11Co(bppy)O39}·2H2O (1) [bppy = 5‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐(4‐pyridinyl)pyridine] has been synthesised and characterised. The crystals of 1 belong to the space group P$\bar 1$
, Mr = 5801.06, a = 18.720(4) Å, b = 19.474(4) Å, c = 19.815(4) Å, α = 96.30(3), β = 96.07(3), γ = 90.12(3)°, V = 7139(2) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalcd. = 2.699 Mg·m−3. The final statistics based on F2 are GOF = 1.007, R1 = 0.0620 and wR2 = 0.1346 for I > 2σ(I). X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the structure of 1 contains a 1D chain constructed from a monosubstituted tungstophosphate with one pendant conjugated ligand, five silver−bppy groups and two water molecules. The periphery of the Keggin cluster consists of five Ag−bppy groups so that a bicapped trisupporting Keggin structure is obtained. It is rare that a Keggin anion cluster is simultaneously coordinated to five transition metal atoms. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
CuII and ZnII Coordination Chemistry of Pyrazole‐Containing Polyamine Receptors − Influence of the Hydrocarbon Side Chain Length on the Metal Coordination
Authors: Miranda Carlos , Escartí Francisco , Lamarque Laurent , García‐España Enrique , Navarro Pilar , Latorre Julio , Lloret Francisco , Jiménez Hermás R. , Yunta María J. R.
Published: November 2004

The synthesis of a new macrocyclic receptor (L4) containing two 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole units connected by dipropylenetriamine bridges is reported for the first time; pH‐metric titrations indicate that L4 shows six protonation steps in the pH range 2−11. In the absence of metal ions, the pyrazole moieties are not involved in acid‐base processes in this pH range. Addition of CuII and ZnII results in deprotonation of the pyrazole moieties which act as bis(monodentate) η1:η1 ligands. This induced deprotonation occurs at higher pH values than in the complexes of the analogous ligand containing diethylenetriamine bridges (L1). The crystal structures of [Cu2(H−2L4)](ClO4)2 and [Zn2(H−2L4)](ClO4)2 obtained by treatment of Na2[H−2L4] with either Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O or Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O in methanol followed by recrystallisation from water/methanol also show the deprotonation of the pyrazole moieties. The coordination geometry around each metal ion is square‐pyramidal and involves all nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle. The crystal structure of [Zn2(H−2L1)](ClO4)2 shows full involvement of all the nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle in the coordination to the metal ions. The coordination geometry can be defined as midway between a square pyramid and an irregular trigonal bipyramid. Treatment of neutral L4 in methanol with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O yields a blue complex which, after heating in boiling water, crystallises as a red compound. Elemental microanalyses, ESI‐MS and FAB‐MS data of both forms of this complex are consistent with the formula [Cu2L4](ClO4)4·2H2O. Furthermore, these data along with the paramagnetic 1H NMR spectrum of the red form of the compound suggest a structure in which the pyrazole rings are deprotonated while the central nitrogen atoms of the bridging chains are protonated and consequently uncoordinated. The change from the blue (square‐pyramidal) to the red form (square‐planar) can be ascribed to dissociation of the water molecules which occupy the axial positions in the CuII coordination spheres of the blue form. The variation of the magnetic susceptibility of the red complex [Cu2L4](ClO4)4·2H2O and the complex [Cu2(H−2L4)](ClO4)2 with temperature has been studied in the 2−300 K temperature range. Fitting of the experimental data provides J values which are among the highest found for doubly pyrazolate‐bridged dicopper(II) complexes {J = −299 cm−1 for red‐[Cu2L4](ClO4)4·2H2O and J = −286 cm−1 for [Cu2(H−2L4)](ClO4)2}. A trinuclear CuII complex of formula [Cu3(H−2L4)](ClO4)4·2MeOH was also isolated after treatment of L4 with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O solutions of higher concentration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Frying as a science – An introduction
Authors: Stier Richard F.
Published: November 2004

Frying is an ancient process, but it is only in the past fifty years that it has gained the attention it deserves from the scientific community. Early frying research tended to focus almost exclusively on the chemistry of the frying oil. Some of the pioneering work is summarized. Recent work has been looking at frying as a system, that is, the oil, the food, the fryer and the operation in general. This approach has yielded greater understanding of the process and has already led to improvements in frying operations. New ideas and aims are presented and these may lead to and create a framework for future work in deep‐fat frying.
Mass spectrometric characteristics of decabromodiphenyl ether and the application of isotopic dilution in the electron capture negative ionization mode for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Authors: Björklund J. , Tollbäck P. , Östman C.
Published: November 2004

The mass spectrometric properties of 12C‐and 13C‐labeled decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐209) in the low‐resolution mass spectrometry electron capture negative ionization mode (ECNI‐MS) is described in detail and are compared with those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with a lower degree of bromination. The mass spectrometric properties of BDE‐209 make it possible to apply 13C‐labeled BDE‐209 as an internal surrogate standard for the determination of BDE‐209 by isotopic dilution. A combination of the [Br]− and [C6Br5O]− fragment ions is proposed for the detection with ECNI‐MS in the selected ion monitoring mode to increase selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy in the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether together with other polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The importance of optimizing the instrument parameters to obtain optimal response from the mass spectrometer in the analysis of PBDEs is discussed in detail. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Local Chain Conformation‐Based Approach to Physical Ageing Fundamentals of Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Guarrotxena Nekane , de Frutos Manuel , Retes Jesús
Published: November 2004

Summary: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples prepared at various temperatures have been submitted to a substitution reaction for purposes of selectively removing the GTTG–TT conformations of the mmr termini of long isotactic sequences. The physical ageing of all samples has been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Surprisingly, a straight relation between the loss of enthalpy and the above GTTG–TT content, which pass through a minimum, has been found. Such a novel relationship should further lead to better understanding of the reasons why polymeric materials experience nonequilibrium states which are known to cause physical ageing.

Dependence of the area of the endothermic peak (Qt) on the degree of the substitution of PVC (sample X) in cyclohexanone solution.

image

Dependence of the area of the endothermic peak (Qt) on the degree of the substitution of PVC (sample X) in cyclohexanone solution.
Self‐Consistent Brownian Dynamics Simulation of an Anisotropic Brush Under Shear Flow
Authors: Tupitsyna Alla I. , Darinskii Anatoly A. , Birshtein Tatiana M. , Amoskov Victor M. , Emri Igor
Published: November 2004

Summary: The behavior of an anisotropic polymer brush under a lateral shear flow is considered in the framework of a hybrid method combining a self‐consistent field approach and Brownian dynamics simulation. It is shown that such a flow can induce the compression of an anisotropic brush at shear rates much smaller than those which induce the compression of a conventional isotropic brush. Moreover, a lateral flow can initiate a thermotropic collapse which occurs as an LC phase transition. This collapse takes place at higher temperatures than in the absence of the flow. This can help to find brush compression experimentally. The variation of the internal structure of a brush (density, order parameter, and director orientation profiles, distribution of terminal groups) is also investigated. An anomalous effect of brush densification and ordering near the outer surface is observed. At large shear rates the distribution of chains over their deformation has a bimodal character: one fraction of chains is strongly stretched and another fraction remains unperturbed by the flow. Average characteristics of a brush were compared with predictions of the lattice theory for the box model where the lateral force is applied to chain ends. Satisfactory agreement was observed.

Polymer brush under an influence of lateral flow.

magnified image

Polymer brush under an influence of lateral flow.
Buckling analysis of shear deformable plates by boundary element method
Authors: Purbolaksono J. , Aliabadi M. H.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, the derivation and numerical implementation of boundary integral equations for the buckling analysis of shear deformable plates are presented. Plate buckling equations are derived as a standard eigenvalue problem. The formulation is formed by coupling boundary element formulations of shear deformable plate and two dimensional plane stress elasticity. The eigenvalue problem of plate buckling yields the critical load factor and buckling modes. The domain integrals which appear in this formulation are treated in two different ways: initially the integrals are evaluated using constant cells, and next, they are transformed into equivalent boundary integrals using the dual reciprocity method (DRM). Several examples with different geometry, loading and boundary conditions are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the formulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. II. Stem nitrate as an indicator of nitrogen availability
Authors: Papastylianou I , Puckridge DW
Published: November 2004

The effect of cultural treatments and fertilizer nitrogen on nitrate nitrogen concentration of cereal steins and the relation between nitrate nitrogen and cereal production were examined in a three-year experiment. Five cultural treatments in the first year were medic or subterranean clover pasture, field beans, oats or bare fallow. These were oversown in the second year with barley, wheat and triticale, with 0, 30, 60 or 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer nitrogen. Wheat was sown over the whole area in the third season. There were marked differences in nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the second year cereals as a result of the previous cultural treatments and the current application of fertilizer nitrogen. For cultural treatments the concentrations were highest after fallow, intermediate after legumes, and lowest after oats. There was an asymptotic increase in nitrate nitrogen as fertilizer nitrogen increased. The second year had low rainfall, and there was little correlation between nitrate nitrogen concentration and production, but measurements of nitrate nitrogen clearly indicated relative availability of nitrogen. In the third season's wheat crop the residual effects of first year subterranean clover gave highest nitrate nitrogen, but effects of fallow were almost as high. Second year fertilizer had less effect than first year cultural treatments. Grain yield of wheat in the third year was closely related to nitrate nitrogen concentration during early growth stages. This was a year with good rainfall. Measurement of nitrate concentration in plant stems could be useful for determining the need for fertilizer nitrogen.
A comparison of breeds and their crosses for beef production. II. Growth and puberty of heifers
Authors: Morgan JHL
Published: November 2004

Semen from Hereford (H), Friesian (F), Charolais (C) and Brahman (B) bulls was used to inseminate H and F cows in August and September of each year from 1970 to 1973. After weaning at 8 months of age, the heifer progeny were grazed on improved pastures and oestrus was detected by sterilized bulls fitted with chin-ball harnesses. Average daily liveweight gains (kg/day) from weaning to 21 months and liveweights (kg) at 21 months were: HH, 0.44, 373 ; FH, 0.47, 402; CH, 0.47,402; BH, 0.45, 374; HF, 0.42, 428; FF, 0.43, 427; CF, 0.44, 451; BF, 0.40, 401. Mean ages (days) and liveweights (kg) at puberty, and the proportions (%) of heifers reaching puberty by 15 months of age were: HH 464, 290, 41; FH 347, 263, 85; CH 470, 326, 38; BH 568, 336, 14; HF 277, 285, 100; FF 298, 294, 98; CF 309, 313, 97; BF 397, 306, 64. Heterosis in HF and FH crosses for age and weight at puberty were - 59 days and - 17.4 kg respectively. These results indicate that, relative to the use of straightbred Hereford heifers, early breeding in the progeny would be facilitated by crossing Hereford with Friesian, unaffected by crossing with Charolais, but made more difficult by crossing with Brahman, in a temperate environment.
Tryptophane requirements of pigs between 28 and 56 days of age
Authors: Leibholz J
Published: November 2004

Sixty-four male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were fed ad libitum on diets based on maize and meat meal, supplemented with 0 - 0.8 g of L-tryptophanelkg of diet. It was found that the tryptophane requirement of pigs for maximum weight gain and feed conversion ratio was met by 1.64 - 1.67 g/kg of diet between 28 and 56 days of age. There was a linear increase in the retention of nitrogen by the pigs up to the highest level of dietary tryptophane fed in these experiments, viz. 1.67 g/kg of diet. The concentration of urea and tryptophane in the blood plasma suggest that the tryptophane requirement was met by 1.64 g/kg of diet.
Deposition of copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in the ovine foetus and associated tissues
Authors: Langlands JP , Bowles JE , Donald GE , Smith AJ , Paull DR , Davies HI
Published: November 2004

Merino ewes, some of which were supplemented with copper and selenium, were mated with Merino rams and were slaughtered between 70 and 150 days after mating. Copper, manganese, selenium and zinc were determined in the conceptus and associated tissues. Supplementation with copper and selenium increased the concentration of these elements in the conceptus. Relationships were derived for predicting the quantities of copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in the foetus and conceptus from the age of the foetus, and, in the case of copper and selenium, from their concentration in the dam's liver or blood. The use of these relationships for predicting nutrient requirements for pregnancy is discussed.
Digestion of a ground and pelleted diet in the stomach and intestines of young sheep from two breeds
Authors: Margan DE , Faichney GJ , Graham NM , Donnelly JB
Published: November 2004

Some aspects of digestion were studied in small groups of fistulated wether lambs from two breeds, Dorset Horn and Corriedale. The Iambs were given a ground and pelleted diet of equal parts hay and concentrates once daily at two levels of intake. At the same liveweight (25 kg), the higher intake was associated with reduced digestion of organic matter (OM) and fibre in the whole gastro-intestinal tract; rumen mean retention times were also reduced, as was the proportion of OM digestion which occurred in the rumen. An increase in the amount of protein entering the intestines appeared to be composed of both undegraded dietary protein and microbial protein. Despite a reduction in the digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen in the intestines, more crude protein was digested there per unit of digestible OM intake (25.9 v..23.6%; P < 0.05). Differences between the breed groups were smaller than those associated with level of feeding. Nevertheless, particularly at lower relative intakes, rumen mean retention times were longer, rumen digesta content was greater, and rumen OM and fibre digestion tended to be greater in the Dorset Horn lambs; crude protein digestion in the intestines per unit of digestible OM intake also tended to be less at the low intakes. More than three-quarters of the cellulose digestion but less than half the hemicellulose digestion occurred in the rumen. The proportion of the urea synthesized that was degraded in the gastrointestinal tract (0.24-0.30) was consistently lower in these lambs than has been reported for adult sheep.
Oxidized copper wire particles for copper therapy in sheep
Authors: Judson GJ , Brown TH , Gray D , Dewey DW , Edwards JB , McFarlane JD
Published: November 2004

Ninety Merino weaner sheep were assigned to one of six groups on the basis of liveweight and liver copper concentrations. Sheep in four groups each received one oral dose of oxidized copper wire particles, viz. 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 g per animal. Sheep in another group each received a subcutaneous injection of 12 mg copper as diethylamino cupro-oxyquinoline sulfonate and another group of sheep did not receive any copper supplement. Liver copper concentrations responded positively to copper oxide load. The 2.5 g dose of copper oxide wire was more efficacious than the commercial injectable product in raising copper status, but the higher doses of oxide raised liver copper concentrations to values similar to those recorded in cases of copper poisoning. Copper concentrations in blood plasma, muscle and kidney were not altered by the copper load. No clinical signs, nor biochemical or histological evidence of acute copper toxicity, were found. Liver copper values fell in all sheep from 10 weeks after copper therapy until the end of the trial at 50 weeks post-therapy. Over this period of 40 weeks, the rate of mobilization of liver copper was linear and was positively related to the initial concentration of copper in the liver. A significant proportion of the oxidized copper wire dosed to sheep was recovered in the forestomachs and abomasa of selected sheep 4 weeks after dosing. No evidence of abomasal damage due to particles could be established. It is concluded that oral dosing of oxidized copper wire is a safe and effective method of copper supplementation to sheep.
Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover
Authors: Rossiter RC , Collins WJ , Haynes Y
Published: November 2004

Single plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were grown from seed of 13 commercial Seaton Park seed samples and of five pastures sown to Seaton Park at least 8 years previously. Most populations had several variants of Seaton Park, though the predominant genotype was that usually considered to be the Seaton Park strain - herein differentiated as Western Australian Seaton Park (W.A.S.Pk). The original Seaton Park - from the Royal Adelaide Golf Course in South Australia - differed slightly but clearly in several characters, including some seed isozyme patterns, from W.A.S.Pk. It was present in half of the populations, but at low frequencies (1-6% of the total). One genotype (strain S) comprised 20% or more of the populations from three commercial seed samples; it contained significant levels of the oestrogenic isoflavone formononetin. The origin of W.A.S.Pk remains unclear. The present commercial strain (cv. Seaton Park) is being re-built, based on W.A.S.Pk alone.
The natural abundance of 15N in an irrigated soybean crop and its use for the calculation of nitrogen fixation
Authors: Bergersen FJ , Turner GL , Gault RR , Chase DL , Brockwell J
Published: November 2004

In a field experiment at Leeton, N.S.W., Chaffey soybeans were grown with irrigation at various plant spacings and with various inoc~ilation treatments and two pre-planting soil treatments. Uninoculated plants were almost completely non-nodulated. Measurements of the natural abundance of 15N (S15N) in the total nitrogen of the plants were made at all stages of growth and in the grain at harvest. The 6lSN in all nodulated treatments declined progressively with time in comparison with un-nodulated plants, due to the incorporation of atmospheric N2 of lower 15N concentration than the soil nitrogen. This enabled calculation of the proportions of plant-nitrogen obtained from the soil and by symbiotic N2-fixation. The main findings were as follows: There was a gradient of S15N in plant-available nitrogen across the experimental area. Therefore, treatments were compared by using the nearest non-nodulated plot for the estimate of S15N in plantavailable soil nitrogen. Despite large differences in plant size due to plant spacing, S15N in mature nonnodulated plants did not differ significantly, indicating that the natural abundance of 15N in plantavailable soil nitrogen was uniform in root zones of different sizes. In well-nodulated plants, the proportion (p) of shoot nitrogen derived from N2-fixation increased with time, reaching approximately 70% and 90% in previously fallowed and previously cropped soil respectively, during a period of rapid growth between 78 and 98 d& after planting. The fixed N, in the best-nodulated treatments at (114 days) was 143 and 244 kg N ha-1 respectively for previously fallowed and previously cropped soil. There were consistent trends for increased N2 fixation with increased inoculation rates. In non-nodulated plants, nitrogen recovered in the grain represented most of that present in the shoots at maturity. In well-nodulated treatments, grain nitrogen, although similar in S15N to that of shoots + fruits, represented only 47 and 59% of the 406 and 348 kg N ha-1 present at maturity in shoots + fruits from previously fallowed and previously cropped soils respectively. After harvesting more than 3 t ha-1 of grain, the nitrogen balance in the previously cropped soil, if all of the residual nitrogen in the soybeans could have been retained in the soil, was positive. In the previously fallowed soil there could have been a net depletion of soil nitrogen.
Reproductive development during winter and spring of Merino ram lambs grown at three different rates
Authors: Sutama IK , Edey TN
Published: November 2004

Twenty-four spring-born Merino ram lambs which had grown too slowly to reach puberty in their first autumn of life here studied from 5 months of age onwards. At 7 months of age, when their mean weight was 25.5 kg, groups of eight rams were allocated to three feeding levels, 130% (group L), 165% (group M) and 200% (group H) of their energy maintenance requirement. Development of testes, penis, sexual activity and ejaculate characteristics was assessed at 2-week intervals for the next 22 weeks. The ram lambs grew at 83.8, 130.3 and 182.8 g per day for groups L, M and H respectively. Groups M and H reached full penis development 4 weeks earlier than group L. At the end of the experiment groups L, M and H had mean testis volumes of 312.5, 368,7 and 437.5 ml (P < 0.05), respectively. For groups L, M and H, respectively, at the end of the experiment, the mean sperm density was 1.47 x 109/ml, 2.07 x 109/ml and 2.51 x 109/ml (P < 0.05). The total numbers of sperm per ejaculate were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the H group than in the M and L groups. Other ejaculate characteristics (ejaculate volume, motility score, percentage of live and abnormal sperm) were not significantly different between the groups. Libido, assessed in 5-min and 20-min tests, tended to increase during the experiment, but there were no significant differences in libido score at any time of testing. Thus in Merino rams which had failed to reach pubertal weights in their first autumn, more generous subsequent feeding allowed puberty to be reached when appropriate weights were achieved in the following winter and spring.