bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic variability in melon based on microsatellite variation
Authors: Monforte A. J. , Garcia‐Mas J. , Arus P.
Published: December 2004

A set of 18 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR or microsatellite) markers was used to study genetic diversity in a collection of 27 melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions, representing a broad range of wild and cultivated melons. The materials studied were highly polymorphic for SSRs and a total of 114 alleles were detected (average of 6.3 alleles per locus). Cluster analysis suggests the division of these accessions into two major groups, largely corresponding to the division of C. melo in the two subspecies agrestis and melo. The assignment of the accession to the subspecies was generally in agreement with published reports, except for those corresponding to the ‘dudaim’ and ‘chito’ cultivar groups, which, according to the observed SSR variability, should be included in subspecies agrestis. Based on cluster analysis, five groups of accessions were defined. The two most divergent groups include mainly accessions from the Mediterranean which form one group, and accessions from China, Japan, Korea and India forming the other. Both groups shared a low level of intra‐accession variation compared with the other groups, which suggests an erosion of their genetic variability because of drift and/or inbreeding. The remaining accessions, mainly from Central Africa and India, were more variable and may be an important source of genetic variation for melon breeding.
Somaclonal variation for some morphological traits, herb yield, essential oil content and essential oil composition in an Indian cultivar of rose‐scented geranium
Authors: Ravindra N. S. , Kulkarni R. N. , Gayathri M. C. , Ramesh S.
Published: December 2004

Somaclonal variation for plant height, plant spread, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf form, herb yield, essential oil content and 10 important constituents of the essential oil was studied in an Indian cultivar, ‘Bourbon’ of rose‐scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Significantly larger variance was observed among in vitro‐regenerated plants of the SC1 generation (first generation following an in vitro phase) than among parental plants raised from stem cuttings for herb yield, plant height, leaf size, essential oil content, and for the contents of cis‐rose oxide, trans‐rose oxide, isomenthone and 10‐epi‐γ‐eudesmol in the essential oil. Plants of the SC1 generation showing values beyond the higher or lower limit (depending on the trait) of the range observed among parental plants for different traits were developed into clones by their multiplication through stem cuttings, and evaluated again in the SC2 generation (second generation following the in vitro phase). Somaclones selected for plant spread, and for the contents of linalool and trans‐rose oxide in their essential oils did not breed true in the SC2 generation. However, for the remaining traits studied, 13–100% of the selected clones retained their selected traits in the SC2 generation, suggesting that the changes in these somaclones were due to genetic causes.
Determination of the frequencies of restorer‐ and maintainer‐alleles involved in CMS1and CMS2in German chive varieties
Authors: Engelke T. , Gera D. , Tatlioglu T.
Published: December 2004

There are two cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)‐systems in chives(Allium schoenoprasumL.), which can be employed in hybrid breeding. However, the probability for selection of maintainer genotypes from German open pollinated varieties is not known. Therefore, the allelic frequencies of the restorer genesXandTinvolved in CMS1were determined in 12 German commercial chive varieties by test crossing single plants to male sterile, temperature‐insensitive genotypes [(S1)xxT] for segregation analyses of offspring. Temperature sensitive genotypes [(S1)xxT_] are able to produce pollen at higher temperatures, and should therefore be excluded from hybrid breeding to avoid self‐pollination of the maternal parent. The mean value of the frequency of the non‐restoring allelexin the populations examined was 0.62. The mean value of the allelet, which is responsible for the temperature insensitivity, was 0.9. As a consequence of these allelic frequencies about one‐third of all plants of the chive varieties examined were designated CMS1maintainer genotypes, leading to the production of temperature insensitive male sterile lines. The incidence of CMS2maintainers in the German varieties examined was nearly four times lower than CMS1maintainers. The mean value of the frequency of the non‐restoring allelest2involved in the CMS2‐system was 0.29.
Reflections upon Sperm–Endosalpingeal and Sperm–Zona Pellucida Interactions In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Hunter RHF
Published: December 2004

Contents

In terms of experimental studies of the process of fertilization in mammals, this essay attempts to give a balanced assessment of current interpretations and to raise questions of direct relevance to two fields of research. First, the nature of pre‐ovulatory sperm–endosalpingeal binding is set in a physiological perspective, and examination of this dynamic process in vitro is shown to suffer from serious shortcomings. In particular, sperm–epithelial binding reactions demonstrated in cultures of endosalpingeal cells may represent only a portion of the binding reaction in vivo or, as revealed by sperm binding to the tracheal epithelium, could be largely non‐specific. Second, concerning the subsequent phase of binding of a fertilizing spermatozoon to the zona pellucida, the nature of the initial contact arrest of the sperm head is evaluated, especially in the light of the highly uneven or ‘pitted’ surface of this outer coating of the oocyte. Bearing in mind the active phase of oviduct macromolecular secretion that continues after ovulation, the question is posed as to how functional sperm binding sites are preserved on the surface of the zona pellucida rather than masked by epithelial and cumulus cell secretions. Finally, it is recalled that initial sperm : egg ratios at the site of fertilization in the ampullary–isthmic region of the oviduct are close to unity in diverse species of mammal, such fertilizing spermatozoa being released from prominent reserves in the caudal isthmus shortly before the time of ovulation. On strictly quantitative grounds, therefore, the extent to which biochemical or molecular studies portray changes in the vanguard of fertilizing spermatozoa needs to be questioned. Such studies are more likely to be descriptive of overall changes in very large numbers of sperm cells at diverse stages of maturation.
Resorption of the Element Zinc from Spermatozoa by the Epididymal Epithelium
Authors: Henkel R , Baldauf C , Schill W‐B
Published: December 2004

Contents

In this study, elimination of the element zinc from spermatozoa during epididymal maturation was investigated. Testes and epididymides from 40 bulls were collected; epididymal fluid was flushed, pooled, labelled with 0.5 MBq 65Zn2+ per sample and proteins were separated on a Sephacryl S‐200 HR and zinc chelate column chromatography. To follow the resorption of zinc in the epididymal epithelial lining, an autometallographic technique (AMG) was performed in tissue from caput, corpus, cauda and vas deferens. The results showed a zinc‐binding protein fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 150–160 kDa, which was enriched after chelate column chromatography. Specific labelling of 65Zn was about five times higher in the caput than in the cauda epididymidis. AMG revealed no detectable zinc in the caput, but a significant increase of zinc resorption from the corpus to the cauda and vas deferens. Controls showed that the detectable zinc was located within the principal cells. In conclusion, our study proves that zinc present in the sperm flagellum starts to be mobilized in the caput epididymidis and is resorbed by the epididymal epithelium as from the corpus. This zinc elimination is a mandatory step in sperm maturation to obtain motility.
Tissue culture methods to study neurological disorders: Establishment of immortalized Schwann cells from murine disease models
Authors: Watabe Kazuhiko , Sakamoto Tsuyoshi , Kawazoe Yoko , Michikawa Makoto , Miyamoto Katsuichi , Yamamura Takashi , Saya Hideyuki , Araki Norie
Published: December 2004

Previously, the authors have established spontaneously immortalized cell lines from long‐term cultures of normal adult mouse Schwann cells. Establishment of such Schwann cell lines derived from murine disease models may greatly facilitate studies of the cellular mechanisms of their peripheral nervous system lesions in the relevant diseases. Recently, the authors have established immortalized Schwann cell lines derived from Niemann–Pick disease type C mice (NPC; spm/spm) and globoid cell leukodystrophy mice (twitcher). In the present study, long‐term cultures were maintained of Schwann cells derived from dorsal root ganglia and consecutive peripheral nerves of another NPC mouse (npcnih/npcnih, npcnih/+), myelin P0 protein‐deficient mice (P0–/–, P0+/–) with their wild‐type littermates (P0+/+), and neurofibromatosis type 1 gene (NF1)‐deficient mice (Nf1Fcr/+) for 8–10 months, and immortalized cell lines from all these animals established spontaneously. These cell lines had spindle‐shaped Schwann cell morphology and distinct Schwann cell phenotypes and retained genomic and biochemical abnormalities, sufficiently representing the in vivo pathological features of the mutant mice. These immortalized Schwann cell lines can be useful in studies of nervous system lesions in these mutant mice and relevant human disorders.
ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION OF CONDUIT AND RESISTANCE ARTERIES IN NEPHROTIC RANGE PROTEINURIA
Authors: Dogra G. , Herrmann S. , Playford D. , Irish A.B. , Watts G.F.
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction occurs in nephrotic range proteinuria primarily as a consequence of dyslipidaemia.

METHODS: Brachial artery and forearm microcirculatory endothelial function was compared among patients with nephrotic range proteinuria (NRP, n = 14 ), primary hyperlipidaemia (HL, n = 15) and normal controls (NC, n = 16). Endothelial function was studied by measuring post‐ischaemic flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high resolution ultrasonography. Endothelium‐independent, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) mediated brachial artery vasodilatation was also measured. Basal and post‐ischaemic blood flow of the forearm microcirculation was measured using venous‐occlusion strain gauge plethysmography.

RESULTS: Serum creatinine was similar among groups. The proteinuric group had a mean albumin of 27.6g/L(1.8) and 24‐hour urinary protein excretion of 6.3g(1.3). Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were not statistically different between the NRP and HL groups. Brachial artery FMD was significantly lower in the NRP and HL groups compared with the controls (NRP 4.7%(1.3)*, HL 4.9%(0.7)* and NC 8.3%(0.6), *p = 0.012 vs. NC); GTN mediated dilatation and basal and post‐ischaemic forearm blood flow were not statistically different among the three groups.

CONCLUSION: Patients with nephrotic range proteinuria have endothelial dysfunction of conduit arteries in the peripheral circulation, similar to that observed in patients with primary hyperlipidaemia. This suggests dyslipoproteinaemia is the principal cause of endothelial dysfunction of conduit arteries in nephrotic range proteinuria. Confirmation of this should be sought with an intervention trial of lipid‐regulating therapy.
Behavioral characteristics of 187 young adults with autism
Authors: KOBAYASHI RYUJI , MURATA TOYOHISA
Published: December 2004

A survey was conducted on the present behavioral characteristics of 187 cases of adult autism in patients over 18␣years of age employing Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). When their behavioral characteristics were evaluated in relation to Present Language Developmental Level (PLDL) and Present Adaptive Level (PAL), it was seen that greater variation in behavior characteristics was seen among those exhibiting increasingly lower PLDL and PAL scores. Behavior characteristics reminiscent of depression were noted even among those exhibiting high PLDL. Behavior pointing to obsession was found in common among almost all cases of autism irrespective of PLDL or PAL. Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions were absent in most cases. The results of the present study were indicative not only of the significance of obsessive behavior in autism, but also its significance in terms of delving further into the psychopathology of the disorder.
Influence of depressed mood on neuropsychologic performance in HIV‐seropositive drug users
Authors: Vázquez‐Justo Enrique , Rodríguez Alvarez Marina , Ferraces Otero Maria J.
Published: December 2004

Abstract Some studies point out that depression affects the performance of HIV patients in neuropsychological tasks, but at present this effect is not clear. The purpose of the present paper was to study whether the presence of symptoms of depression affects the neuropsychologic performance of seropositive drug users in tasks of attention/concentration, learning and memory, language, construction and visuospatial function, speed of motor performance, cognitive flexibility, manual skill and concept formation and reasoning. In order to carry out this research a sample consisting of 127 male volunteer subjects was used. These subjects were distributed in four groups: one group consisted of HIV‐seropositive drug users with symptoms of depression (n = 33); the second group consisted of HIV‐seropositive drug users without symptoms of depression (n = 47); the third group was formed by HIV‐seronegative drug users with symptoms of depression (n = 15) and the fourth group was formed by HIV‐seronegative drug users without symptoms of depression (n = 32). The results reveal the effect of symptoms of depression (evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory) on the neuropsychologic performance of seropositive drug users. This effect, however, was not observed in the seronegative group. These findings lead us to suggest that symptoms of depression constitute a risk factor for presenting neuropsychologic disturbances in seropositive subjects, which could well be acting as a factor that foments the neuropsychological effects of HIV.
Behavioral parent training for Taiwanese parents of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Huang Huei‐Lin , Chao Chia‐Chen , Tu Chuan‐Ching , Yang Pin‐Chen
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt has been observed that it is relatively difficult for children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to follow social rules and behave in a socially desirable manner. The ADHD children in Chinese culture, which emphasizes Confucian values, might encounter even greater adjustment difficulties. The purpose of the present study is to implement a behavioral parent training program in a Confucian environment and examine its effectiveness. Twenty‐three ADHD preschoolers (age: 3–6 years) and their parents were selected to participate in the present study. Fourteen of these 23 parents completed a 10‐session parent training program. Parent ratings of ADHD/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms and problem behaviors at home were collected at the first, fourth, sixth, seventh, and tenth sessions. Three instruments were used to evaluate treatment outcome: the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale‐Parent Form, Child Attention Profile, and Home Situations Questionnaire. The results showed that both ADHD/ODD symptoms and home behaviors of these 14 children improved significantly after the parent training. There was also a significant decline in the severity of symptoms and problem behaviors at home with the progression of training. These findings support the effectiveness of this parent training program for parents of ADHD children in an environment of Confucianism. Limitations of the present study and future direction for research are discussed.
Proliferation kinetics and apoptosis of serrated adenoma of the colorectum
Authors: Komori Koji , Ajioka Yoichi , Watanabe Hidenobu , Oda Koji , Nimura Yuji
Published: December 2004

To elucidate the proliferation kinetics and cell loss by apoptosis of serrated adenoma (SA) of the colorectum, we performed Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine‐triphosphate nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) method for 24 SA, and compared the results to those of normal colonic mucosa (n = 15), hyperplastic polyp (HP) (n = 18) and traditional tubular adenoma (TA) (n = 55). The growth fraction (Ki‐67 labeling index) of SA was 18.8%, which was significantly lower than those of TA (40.1%) and HP (23.8%), while the apoptotic index of SA (0.14%) was significantly lower than that of TA (1.17%). The proliferative compartment in SA was distributed either basally (47%, 60/117 crypts), or in the intermediate portion (51.3%, 55/117 crypts), and there was no superficial translocation of the proliferative compartment, which was seen in 81.2% (361/445 crypts) of TA crypts. These results indicate that SA is a tumor with low proliferative activity and its growth would be maintained by a low extent of cell loss by apoptosis. The results also indicate the neoplastic process in SA is characterized by the disorder of cell migration, maturation and exfoliation similar to HP, and its epithelial cell maturation and migration occasionally occur bidirectionally, toward the surface and to the bottom of the crypt.
Expressions of junB and c‐fos are enhanced in 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide‐induced rat tongue cancers
Authors: Ohyama Masanobu , Hirayama Yoshikazu , Tanuma Jun‐ichi , Hirano Masato , Semba Ichiro , Shisa Hayase , Hiai Hiroshi , Sugihara Kazumasa , Kitano Motoo
Published: December 2004

Activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) is a transcription factor activated in many tumors. Using 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO)‐induced rat tongue cancers (TC), the present study investigated the expression levels of genes that encode the components of AP‐1, the jun gene family (c‐jun, junB and junD) and the fos gene family (c‐fos, fra‐1, fra‐2 and fosB). Expression levels of junB and c‐fos mRNAs in TC were significantly elevated compared with those in epithelial tissue of control rat tongue, although only c‐fos mRNA levels tended to be elevated in dysplastic tongue epithelium. Histologically, all 4NQO‐induced rat TC were well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Immunostaining for JunB and c‐Fos proteins was positive in the nuclei of tumor cells of all TC. It is noteworthy that JunB was negative, but c‐Fos was positive in the dysplastic tongue epithelium of the 4NQO‐treated rats. Immunostaining for both proteins was negative in tongue mucosal epithelium of control rats. There were no mutations in the coding regions of either junB or c‐fos in all the TC examined. These results suggest the possibility that the expressions of junB and c‐fos were enhanced stepwise in 4NQO‐induced carcinogenesis of rat tongue, and that the coexpression of JunB and c‐Fos might play an important role in the establishment of TC.
Endobronchial cryptococcosis in AIDS
Authors: KASHIYAMA Tetsuya , KIMURA Akiko
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Although cryptococcosis is a common thoracic complication among patients with AIDS, endobronchial abnormalities have rarely been reported. A 45‐year‐old man presented with a productive cough, fever, and headache. His CD4+ cell count was 7/mm3 and testing for antibodies to HIV‐1 was positive. Radiological examination revealed consolidation in the left lung, including cavitation. Bronchoscopic examination demonstrated white, slightly raised, plaque‐like lesions in the trachea and left bronchi. Histopathological examination of endobronchial biopsy specimens revealed granulation tissue with abundant encapsulated yeast in the tissue. Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from the bronchial lavage specimen. Cryptococcal infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial abnormalities in patients with AIDS.
Antinuclear antibody positive pleural effusion in a patient with tuberculosis
Authors: WIN Thida , GROVES Ashley M. , PHILLIPS Gerrard D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  A patient with tuberculosis presented with a pleural effusion that was highly positive for antinuclear antibody (ANA). The pleural fluid autoimmune profile was positive for ANA IgG at a titre of 1 : 1280. Antibodies to double‐stranded DNA were not detected in the pleural fluid or in serum. The serum autoimmune profile was positive for ANA IgG at 1 : 160 and IgM at 1 : 40. Pleural fluid was positive on culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 8 weeks. Pleural biopsy for histology showed chronic inflammation and culture revealed no growth. The pleural fluid resolved with the anti‐tuberculous treatment, and signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus or malignancy did not occur, which suggests that tuberculous pleural effusion is one of the causes of high ANA in pleural fluid.
Bronchopulmonary afferent nerves
Authors: CARR Michael J. , UNDEM Bradley J.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Vagal afferent nerves are the primary communication pathways between the bronchopulmonary system and the central nervous system. Input from airway afferent nerves to the CNS is integrated in the brainstem and ultimately leads to sensations and various reflex outputs. Afferent nerves innervating the airways can be classified into various distinct phenotypes. However, there is no single classification scheme that takes all features, including conduction velocity, cell body diameter, ganglionic origin, and stimuli to which they respond (modality) into account. At present, bronchopulmonary afferent nerves are typically considered to belong to one of three general categories, namely C‐fibres, rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RARs), and slowly adapting stretch receptors (SARs). As our understanding of bronchopulmonary afferent nerves continues to deepen, we are likely to see more sophisticated classification schemes emerge. It is clear that the function of afferent fibres can be substantively influenced by airway inflammation and remodelling. The perturbations and perversions of afferent nerve function that occur during these states almost certainly contributes to many of the signs and symptoms of inflammatory airway disease. A more lucid characterization of bronchopulmonary afferent nerves, and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these nerves influence pulmonary physiology during health and disease anticipates future research.
The effect of parental smoking on lung function and development during infancy
Authors: STOCKS Janet , DEZATEUX Carol
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  While the adverse effects of parental smoking on respiratory health during childhood are well recognized, its potential impact on early lung development is less clear. This review summarizes current evidence on the effect of parental smoking on lung function during infancy. It is difficult to separate the effects of pre‐ and postnatal exposure, since the majority of mothers who smoke in pregnancy (currently around 30% worldwide) continue to do so thereafter. Nevertheless, measurements undertaken prior to any postnatal exposure have consistently demonstrated significant changes in tidal flow patterns in infants whose mothers smoked in pregnancy. While there is, as yet, no convincing evidence from studies in human infants that smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased airway responsiveness at birth, many studies have demonstrated a reduction in forced expiratory flows (on average by 20%) in infants exposed to parental smoking. While maternal smoking during pregnancy remains the most significant source of such exposure and is likely to be responsible for diminished airway function in early life, continuing postnatal tobacco smoke exposure will increase the risk of respiratory infections, the combination of both being responsible for the two‐ to fourfold increased risk of wheezing illnesses observed during the first year of life in infants whose parents smoke. These findings emphasize the need to keep infants in a smoke‐free environment both before and after birth, not least because of growing awareness that airway function in later life is largely determined by that during foetal development and early infancy.
Colonization with Group B streptococci in pregnancy and outcome of infected neonates in Trinidad
Authors: Orrett Fitzroy A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: The present study took place at the antenatal clinics of the San Fernando General Hospital located in the south and the Mount Hope Maternity Hospital located in the north‐west of the West Indies, respectively. Participants were from the lower socioeconomic group that included representatives from the two major ethnic groups, East Indians and people of African descent.

Methods
: We prospectively analyzed data on 201 third trimester pregnant women. All had singleton pregnancies. Culture specimens for group B streptococcus (GBS) were obtained from the rectum and anterior one‐third of the vagina, and inoculated directly onto selective media. Blood culture from neonates (born to GBS carrier mothers) suspected of sepsis was also screened for GBS. Group B streptococci were identified via colonial morphology, β‐hemolysis, and biochemical reactions, and confirmed via latex agglutination tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. Data were computerized and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Associations between age, ethnicity and gravidity were evaluated using Pearson's χ2 test.

Results
: The prevalence of vaginal and rectal GBS colonization was 32.9%. Group B streptococci were isolated more frequently from women >24 years (36.6%) than those younger than 24 years (26.9%), and more so, from women of East Indian descent (37.3%) than women of African descent (27.2%). Colonization rates were significantly greater among multigravid women than primigravid women (P < 0.001). Of the 13 infants admitted after delivery, five were confirmed cases of sepsis. Group B streptococci were isolated from the blood of three of these infants, and one case was fatal. Although all GBS were fully sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid, 94% were resistant to tetracycline and approximately 88% to co‐trimoxazole. Only approximately 8% were resistant to erythromycin.

Conclusion
: The carriage rate of GBS among pregnant women in the present and a previous study, remain high. Attempts to establish and implement a program aimed at GBS disease prevention have met with repeated failure. Data on the prevalence of GBS neonatal disease, preventative measures and outcome of infected infants are greatly needed.
Piperacillin plus aztreonam for treatment of neutropenic fever
Authors: Takeuchi Motohiro , Tanizawa Akihiko , Mayumi Mitsufumi
Published: December 2004

Background
: A combination of beta‐lactam plus an aminoglycoside is the most frequently used regimen for febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients. However, aminoglycoside‐related toxicity occasionally makes this regimen difficult to use as the first‐line drug therapy. In the present study, we chose aztreonam as the alternative to aminoglycoside in combination with piperacillin for neutropenic fever in pediatric patients and we evaluated its effectiveness.

Methods
: A total of 31 febrile episodes in 16 patients with malignant neoplasms were evaluted. Piperacillin (200 mg/kg per day) plus aztreonam (150 mg/kg per day) were administered intravenously following a routine fever work‐up.

Results
: The overall response rate was 67%. The response rate when neutrophil count was less than 100/mm3 was 63%. The side effects were mild and rare. In three patients, all of the microbiologically documented infections were caused by alpha‐streptococcus, which required a change in the regimen.

Conclusions
: A combination of piperacillin and aztreonam provides an effective and non‐toxic regimen for first‐line therapy in febrile patients with neutropenia. In contrast, the results of the present study suggest the need for caution with regard to alpha‐streptococcus infections.
Effect of maternal NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine administration on fetal growth and hypoxia‐induced changes in newborn rats
Authors: KiliÇ İlknur , Güven Cengiz , KilinÇ Kamer
Published: December 2004

Background
: Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition with NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) in the last trimester of pregnancy caused intrauterine growth retardation and hind‐limb disruptions in rats. In the present study, the effect of maternal NO inhibition with NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA) on hypoxic newborn rats was investigated.

Methods
: Timed‐pregnant rats were obtained on gestational day 17. Four groups of rats were used: control, hypoxic, l‐NNA and l‐NNA + hypoxic groups. In the last two groups, l‐NNA (2 mg/kg bolus, i.p.) was administered to the mothers of pups antenatally on 3 consecutive days. Hypoxia was induced in newborn rats by breathing of a mixture of 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for 3 h. Pups were then allowed to inhale normal atmospheric air for 30 min. All newborn rats were decapitated on the first day of life after hypoxia and reoxygenation. Brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney and intestinal tissues were studied biochemically. Hypoxia‐induced biochemical changes were determined by measuring lipid peroxidation. Histopathologic examination of lung tissue was performed.

Results
: Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in pregnancy did not cause fetal growth retardation. Hypoxia increased lipid peroxidation in all tissues except the heart; this increase was decreased by maternal l‐NNA administration in brain, lung, liver and kidney tissues. However, lipid peroxidation was increased by NO synthase inhibition in the intestines. In the lungs, pulmonary hemorrhage was observed in the hypoxic group. Minimal pulmonary hemorrhage was detected in the l‐NNA and l‐NNA + hypoxic groups.

Conclusions
: These data suggest that antenatal administration of an NO synthase inhibitor acts as both a destructive and protective agent in hypoxic newborn rats.
Body mass index percentiles among adolescent girls living in Edirne, Turkey
Authors: KarasalİhoĞlu Serap , Öner Naci , Ekuklu Galip , Vatansever Ülfet , Pala Özer
Published: December 2004

Background
:  Body mass index (BMI) is the simplest way to measure obesity; therefore, it is chosen by many authorities as a screening method for adolescent obesity. Body mass index is positively correlated with the complications of childhood and adolescent obesity, such as hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, hyper­tension and long‐term development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to produce percentile curves for bodyweight, height and BMI in a representative sample of adolescent girls living in urban and rural areas of Edirne, Turkey, and to compare these percentile curves with curves from other countries.

Methods
: The present study was a cross‐sectional study, including a representative sample of 1687 adolescent girls from rural and urban areas of Edirne, who were evaluated between May and July 2001. Bodyweight and height were measured using standard procedures. Body mass index (kg/m2) was calculated as the ratio of bodyweight to body height squared. Smoothed percentiles for these variables were calculated using polynominal regression models. Crude weight, height and BMI percentile values, as well as smoothed percentile curves are presented.

Results
: Body mass index, weight and height reference curves for adolescent girls were produced. When we compared the BMI values of subjects in the present study with those of other countries, 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI in the present study were found to be generally lower than those for other ethnicities.

Conclusion
: Our findings show ethnic differences in BMI among adolescent girls. It will be usefull for each country to produce its own BMI percentiles.
Long‐term outcome after sclerotherapy withor without a beta‐blocker for variceal bleeding in children
Authors: Sökücü Semra , SüoĞlu ÖzlemDurmaz , Elkabes Berna , Saner Günay
Published: December 2004

Background
: Esophageal variceal bleedingis a life‐threatening complication of portal hypertension. Optimal treatmentfor the prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding in children has not yetbeen determined. In the present study, we aimed to compare the long‐termefficacy of endoscopic sclerotherapy with or without oral beta‐blockertherapy in the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding.

Methods
: Thirty‐eight children who hadundergone endoscopic sclerotherapy (EST) sessions for variceal bleedingin the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Istanbul UniversityIstanbul School of Medicine, were entered into this retrospectivecohort study. Twenty patients (mean ± SD age 7.0 ± 2.7years) had undergone only sclerotherapy sessions (SG), whereas 18patients (mean age 6.8 ± 3.4 years) hadreceived oral propranolol (1−2 mg/kgper day) additionally for 2 years (SPG). The number of patientswith successful obliteration, the time required for obliterationand variceal recurrence rate were analyzed as primary indicators ofthe effectiveness of therapy.

Results
: Variceal obliteration was achievedin 16 of 20 patients (80%) in the SG group and in 16 of18 patients (88%) in the SPG group. Time required for varicealobliteration was significantly shorter in the SPG group comparedwith the SG group (4.1 ± 1.4 vs 3.2 ± 0.9months; P < 0.05). The variceal recurrencerate was 65 and 38.8% in the SG and SPG groups, respectively.Compared with the SG group, less variceal rebleeding was observedduring EST in the SPG group (25 vs 16.6%, respectively).However, these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions
: Endoscopic sclerotherapycombined with oral propranolol treatment shortens the time required forvariceal obliteration. However, the other indicators of treatmenteffectiveness are not influenced statistically by the addition ofpropranolol to the treatment regimen. Randomized prospective clinicalstudies in larger pediatric series are needed before offering acombination of EST with oral propranolol as the most rational approachin the secondary treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding in children.
Echocardiographic evaluation of wheelchair‐bound basketball players
Authors: Karagoz Tevfik , Ozer Sema , Bayrakci Volga , Ergun Nevin
Published: December 2004

Background: Cardiopulmonary function in sedentary men whose lower limbs have been immobilized for years has been shown to be markedly lower than normal. However, the cardiopulmonary function of paraplegics who regularly activate their upper limps and trunk has been suggested to be almost normal in a few studies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the left ventricular dimensions, left ventricular mass, systolic and diastolic function in adolescent wheelchair‐bound basketball players using echocardio­graphy, and to compare the results with those of sedentary adolescents unable to use their lower extremities and the results of able bodied controls.

Methods: The study group consisted of 22 male adolescent high school students who were unable to use their lower extremities: 11 were members of a high school basketball team who had been regularly playing basketball for at least 2 years, and 11 were sedentary adolescents none of whom was engaged in any kind of routine training program. The control group consisted of 11 healthy able‐bodied male adolescents of similar age.

Results: There were no significant differences in left ventricular dimensions and wall thickness, aortic root, left atrium diameters, or left ventricular filling characteristics between the three groups. Wheelchair‐bound basketball players had increased left ventricular ejection fraction and shortening fraction compared with the sedentary unable‐bodied individuals. Although left ventricular ejection fractions were significantly lower than in normal adolescents, all ejection fraction values except one were within the normal limits in the unable‐bodied basketball players.

Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that an upper extremity exercise program and sports such as basketball can improve the cardiac functions and additional echocardiographic functions of people unable to use their lower extremities, potentially to normal levels.
Low dose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist treatments with early discontinuation for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in an in vitro fertilization program
Authors: Lee Su‐Long , Su Jinu‐Hwang , Ikuta Katsuo , Suzumori Kaoru
Published: December 2004

Aim:  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the applicability of a protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) featuring early discontinuation of low dose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) for ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods:  Four hundred and eighty‐seven women undergoing 555 IVF cycles were recruited into the study. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was achieved by using either a short protocol of low dose GnRHa (for 5 days only; groups 1 and 2) or a modified long protocol with early discontinuation of GnRHa (groups 3 and 4). Groups 1 and 3 received urinary follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and groups 2 and 4 received recombinant FSH. Oocyte retrieval was performed 34 to 36 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, followed by embryo transfer 3 days later.

Results:  Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on the hCG injection day were lower with the modified long protocol (groups 3 and 4) than with the short 5‐day treatment (groups 1 and 2). There were higher LH levels in group 1 than in groups 2, 3 and 4, resulting in a worse fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy rate. There were no statistically significant differences between groups 2, 3 and 4 in the rates of fertilization, clinical pregnancy and delivery. A higher estradiol (E2) level in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 resulted in a worse implantation rate.

Conclusion:  Early cessation of GnRHa may not induce a premature LH surge in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, while a low dose also offers a useful alternative to a long protocol of IVF. Ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (rFSH) is considered to be favorable in this low dose GnRHa treatment. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 25–30)
Studies on the effects of initial injection doses of follicle stimulating hormone on the pregnancy and the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome incidence in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiko , Takasaki Akihisa , Sugino Norihiro , Tamura Hiroshi , Takiguchi Shuji , Takayama Hisako , Harada Ayako , Kato Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

Background:  Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are often resistant to clomiphene citrate, which causes the need for subsequent gonadotropin treatment. However, careful administration is required because of the potential side‐effects, that is, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and multiple pregnancy.

Methods:  Forty‐three cycles in 22 patients with PCOS were enrolled in this study. Ovarian stimulation was initiated on day 7 of the menstrual cycle with 150 IU/day of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; 150 IU course), 100 IU/day (100 IU course), and 75 IU/day (75 IU course), successively. If follicles over 12 mm in diameter did not develop after 1 week, the dose was increased. In each treatment course, the number of developed follicles, the serum estradiol level before ovulation, total FSH dosage and duration of administration, the incidence of OHSS, and pregnancy rate were examined.

Results and Conclusion:  The largest number of developed follicles and the highest serum estradiol level were found in the 150 IU course. In contrast, the total FSH dosage and duration of administration were highest and longest in the 75 IU course. The incidence of OHSS and pregnancy rate were highest in the 150 IU course and in the 75 IU course, respectively. The present study indicates that 100 IU or 75 IU of FSH is recommended as an initial injection dose for PCOS patients. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 63–67)
Which Patients with Congestive Heart Failure May Benefit from Biventricular Pacing?
Authors: GALIZIO NESTOR O. , PESCE RICARDO , VALERO ELINA , GONZALEZ JOSE L. , FAVALORO ROBERTO R. , FAVALORO LILIANA , PERRONE SERGIO , DAVILA PABLO , GODOY MIGUEL
Published: December 2004

GALIZIO, N.O., et al.: Which Patients with Congestive Heart Failure May Benefit from Biventricular Pacing?
Background: Biventricular pacing improves the clinical status and ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and intraventricular conduction delay. However, patient selection criteria including NYHA functional class, rhythm, PR interval, QRS duration (QRSd), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), and other variables are not clearly defined. Objective: To determine which and how many patients referred for an initial cardiac transplantation evaluation may be eligible for biventricular pacing (BP) according to the criteria of recently completed trials of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods: This was a retrospective review of 200 patients, whose mean age was

51 ± 13

years (173 men). Sinus rhythm was present in 88% of the patients, 107 had a QRSd >120 ms, and 38% had left bundle branch block. LVDD was

72.5 ± 12  mm

and LVEF

21.7 ± 9.3%

; 54% had mitral regurgitation. Results: When NYHA class, electrocardiographic, and ventricular function criteria were considered separately, a high proportion of patients appeared to be candidates for CRT: 70.5% were in NYHA functional class III/IV, 34% had QRSd ≥150 ms, 60% had LVDD ≥60 mm and 53.5% LVEF ≤35%. However, the proportions of patients eligible for CRT were different according to the selection criteria of recently completed trials: 18% of the patients with InSync criteria, 13% of the patients with MUSTIC SR criteria, 0.5% with MUSTIC AF criteria, 27% of patients with MIRACLE criteria, and 35% of the patients with CONTAK CD criteria (without considering indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator). Conclusion: In this population‐based study, a wide range of patients (13% to 35%) would have been candidates for CRT, according to the selection criteria of different completed trials.(PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:158–161)
Automatic Sensor Algorithms Expedite Pacemaker Follow‐ups
Authors: KLONIS DEMO , ZHANG XIAOZHENG , PATEL UMESH , GULAMHUSEIN SAJAD , PATEL JAGDISH , HURWIT HANDRE , BANISH DOROTHY , MARCO DAVE
Published: December 2004

KLONIS, D., et al.: Automatic Sensor Algorithms Expedite Pacemaker Follow‐ups.
Objective: Automatic algorithms can be used to optimize settings and reduce the duration of pacemaker (PM) clinical follow‐up. Methods: This study prospectively evaluated 87 patients (

74.2 ± 10.7

years old, 52% men) who received PM with the Autoslope algorithm. Patients randomized to the manual group (group M,

n = 43

) performed a walk test and used sensor‐indicated rate histograms to adjust the sensor, while in the automatic group (group A,

n = 44

) the sensor was automatically adjusted by the Autoslope. The patients were followed for 6 months. Follow‐up time required for device interrogation and optimal sensor set‐up, and the number of sensor parameters reprogramming were recorded. Changes in the patients' activity level were also evaluated. Results: Group A required significantly less follow‐up time than group M (

9.4 ± 5.7  min

vs

13.5 ± 8.5  min, P = 0.0002

). The average number of sensor parameters reprogrammed during visits was significantly lower in group A than M

(0.6 ± 0.9

vs

0.9 ± 1.3, P = 0.048)

. Threshold was adjusted 34.4% of the time in the sensor evaluations in group M versus 12.9% in group A (P = 0.0004). Although more patients in group A reported being more active, the changes in patients' activity level did not lead to increasing sensor setup time or number of parameter reprogramming in either group. Conclusions: Auto sensor adjustment required less time during routine PM clinical follow‐up by reducing steps needed for manual sensor threshold adjustment.(PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:225–228)
Management of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias: Benefits of Pacemaker Diagnostics
Authors: FAUCHIER LAURENT , BRIAND FLORENT , XAVIER SOTO FRANÇOIS , QUENNELLE FRANCK , LÉVY JACQUES , DARMON JEAN PHILIPPE , LELLOUCHE DAVID , LAVERGNE THOMAS , PORET PHILIPPE , PELADE CHRISTELE , BABUTY DOMINIQUE
Published: December 2004

FAUCHIER, L.,

et al.:

Management of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias: Benefits of Pacemaker Diagnostics.
The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to assess the clinical benefits of the Selection (Vitatron) pacemaker diagnostic functions (AF 1.0) in the management of AF. Forty patients (

71 ± 9  years

of age), with documented AF and conventional pacing indications, received a Selection. The AF 1.0 function of the pacemaker was programmed to document the AF burden, onset, daily distribution, duration, premature atrial beats before onset, and mode of onset of the last 12 episodes for AF episodes exceeding 180 beats/min. By comparing patients' symptoms records, patient conventional assessment at follow‐up and AF 1.0 data, the investigators evaluated the usefulness of AF 1.0 in AF management at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. Usefulness was defined as a change in arrhythmia management prompted by the disclosure of AF 1.0 data. AF recurrences were recorded in 71% of the follow‐ups with symptoms reported by patients in only 16%. Thirty‐nine percent of therapeutic changes based on conventional assessment were confirmed by AF 1.0 data, and in 61% of instances, the initial changes were modified by AF 1.0 data. Changes included pacing parameters in 56% of cases, AF prevention with pacing algorithms in 37%, and medical treatment in 7%. All investigators indicated that AF 1.0 was useful in all patients. The AF 1.0 diagnostic functions offered a unique documentation of AF in asymptomatic patients, and allowed therapeutic adjustments impossible otherwise. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:233–238)
Enhancement of J–ST‐Segment Elevation by the Glucose and Insulin Test in Brugada Syndrome
Authors: NOGAMI AKIHIKO , NAKAO MOTOHIRO , KUBOTA SHOICHI , SUGIYASU AIKO , DOI HIROSHI , YOKOYAMA KEN , YUMOTO KAZUHIKO , TAMAKI TOSHIYUKI , KATO KEN‐ICHI , HOSOKAWA NORIYO , SAGAI HIROSHI , NAKAMURA HIROYUKI , NITTA JUN‐ICHI , YAMAUCHI YASUTERU , AONUMA KAZUTAKA
Published: December 2004

NOGAMI, A., et al.: Enhancement of J–ST‐Segment Elevation by the Glucose and Insulin Test in Brugada Syndrome.
The effects of glucose and insulin on J–ST‐segment elevation were evaluated in seven men

(mean age 45 ± 10 years)

with Brugada syndrome. Six patients had been reanimated from VF and one patient had experienced syncope. The effects of intravenous (1) pilsicainide 50 mg, (2) glucose 50 g, and (3) glucose 50 g plus regular insulin 10 IU on the precordial ECG leads were examined. Pilsicainide significantly enhanced J‐ST elevation in all patients and induced VF in 1 patient. A significant accentuation of the abnormal J‐ST configuration was observed in all patients at a mean of

51 ± 40

minutes after glucose and insulin infusion. Changes in blood glucose and serum potassium concentration were

111 ± 158 mg/dL

and

−0.30 ± 0.48 mEq/L

, respectively. These changes were not directly related to the ECG changes. Glucose infusion without insulin caused a subtle increase in J‐ST elevation. In conclusion, the administration of glucose and insulin safely unmasked or accentuation the J–ST‐segment elevation in Brugada syndrome. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations may be factors modulating the circadian or day‐to‐day ECG variations in this syndrome. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:332–337)