bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Incentives in an Apex Game
Authors: Oliver Pamela
Published: June 2017

The effect of a selective incentive system on the likelihood of collective action is tested using an experiment with an Apex Game, a power-imbalanced game in which the weak players choose between competing against each other to form an alliance with the strong player or cooperating with each other in a unanimous alliance of weak players (excluding the strong player). A theoretical introduction analyzes the nature and importance of selective incentives for collective action and demonstrates the relevance of Apex Game experiments for studies of collective action. Results confirm the predictions: Formation of the coalition of weak players rises from 20% in the control condition to 62% when a negative selective incentive system is added.
Diagnosing Difficulties in Learning Basic Math Facts
Authors: Dunlap William P. , Thompson Charles S.
Published: June 2017

Though most learning disabilities appear to concern reading, many children possess difficulties in mastering the basic math facts. The authors describe a specific procedure which they have found useful in teaching children with arithmetic disabilities. While no supporting data regarding the effectiveness of this procedure are available, the method is described in sufficient detail so that interested practitioners can experiment with it. Comments from our readers on the utility of the procedure and on this type of article in general would be appreciated by the editorial staff of the Journal.—G.M.S.
Linguistic Philosophy in the Light of Modern Linguistics
Authors: Herdan Gustav
Published: June 2017

Both linguistic philosophers and their opponents are apparently of the opinion that linguistic structure can be recognised intuitively and that the matter is still virgin ground. However, as this paper shows, much of the confusion and acrimony of the recent dispute on linguistic philosophy is due to the neglect of scientific linguistics as we know it to-day, and to the difference between what Wittgenstein called “linguistics” and what is now understood by that term. in particular, it is shown that two of the so-called “pillars” of linguistic philosophy, viz., the argument from paradigma cases and the argument from the contrast theory of meaning, not only receive no support from, but are invalidated by, scientific linguistics.
Objectives and Techniques of Speech Synthesis
Authors: Peterson Gordon E. , Sivertsen Eva
Published: June 2017

The synthesis of speech is discussed as one of the simpler problems of language automation While ultimately speech synthesizers will doubtless have many practical applications, their chief value at present is in basic research on the relation of speech parameters to linguistic judgments. Two basic methods of speech synthesis are considered: 1) the generation of speech from stored segments, and 2) the generation of speech through continuous control of the various speech parameters individually; in the latter case, the parameters may be physiological or acoustical. It is concluded that electronic analogues of the physiological speech mechanism provide a means of evaluating hypotheses about the physiologic – acoustic speech transformation, and that acoustical speech simulators are the most realistic and practical research tools for the experimental study of speech perception.
Cerebral Processing of Speech Presented Monaurally to Left-Handed Subjects
Authors: Slorach Neil
Published: June 2017

In a series of reaction-time experiments two groups of minimal pairs of English words were presented monaurally to the right and left ears of left-handed subjects. The minimal pairs were /bit/ : bet/ and /splei : sprei/ recorded in natural speech. The group of left-handed subjects did not show any evidence of an ear-advantage on either of the two groups, indicating that the lateralization of speech perception processes could not be demonstrated using monaural stimulation. The performance of left-handers continues to give equivocal results on tests of speech lateralization processes.
The Conduction Theory and Neologistic Jargon
Authors: Buckingham Hugh W.
Published: June 2017

In recent asphasiological studies of neologistic jargon, it has been postulated that the meaningless lexical items (most often functioning as nouns) produced (in otherwise well-formed syntactic matrices) by the patients result from severe phonological distortions of target forms. In this paper I claim that the above theory precludes explaining neologisms in terms of lexical retrieval disturbances, but rather must account for them in terms of lexical execution disturbances. That is, these theories must have a properly specified phonological string retrieved from the lexicon to serve as input to the phonemic distortion mechanism. I then show that, in many instances, neologisms adumbrate breakdowns in access to the lexicon. Subsequently, I propose another account for neologisms which is in better accord with an underlying word-finding disturbance and which incorporates the phenomenon of perseveration.
Influence of Convergent and Divergent Productive Thinking Operations On Estimates of Transition Probability in Speech
Authors: Burke John P. , Schiavetti Nicholas
Published: June 2017

Transition-probability estimates derived from contextual word predictions of subjects who were high in divergent and convergent productive thinking were compared with those of subjects low in convergent and divergent productive thinking. No significant differences were observed in transition-probability estimates or in prediction strategies employed by the two groups of subjects.
Periodic Rhythms in Conversational Speech
Authors: Warner Rebecca M.
Published: June 2017

Spectral analysis of the on-off vocal activity patterns from six conversations indicates that spontaneous speech tends to alternate regularly between periods of high and low activity. These regular cycles are approximately 3 minutes and 6 minutes long. These interaction rhythms may be an emergent property of social systems, or they may be due to internal cognitive or physiological rhythms that affect readiness to initiate activity. The 3-and 6-minute cycles are too long to be accounted for in terms of the existing research on cognitive planning cycles of turn-taking. These cycles are an instance of a nonobvious temporal regularity in speech, which coexists with the turn-taking and grammatical regularities that are apparent to naive observers.
The Relationship Between Head Movements and Speech Dysfluencies
Authors: Hadar U. , Steiner T.J. , Rose F. Clifford
Published: June 2017

In four subjects, the correlations between dysfluencies in spontaneous speech and head movements, monitored by polarized-light goniometry, were studied in order to establish accurately their relative timing and the interaction between their linguistic and physical properties. Speech dysfluencies were categorized according to grammatical and physical properties, while head movements were classed as previously according to kinematic properties. Distinct head movement occurred after most dysfluencies, especially in association with large increases in loudness, showing significant correlations between movement classes and dysfluency categories. For instance, wide, linear movements ("postural shifts" or PS) tended to occur after "grammatical" pauses (between clauses or sentences); narrow, rapid movements (RM) tended to occur after dysfluencies inside grammatical boundaries, especially after short pauses. Findings were interpreted as consistent with previous speculations, assigning head movement a role in speech production, especially in dissipating energy and helping to co-ordinate movements of the articulators.
How Is the Aspiration of English /p, t, k/ "Predictable"?
Authors: Lisker Leigh
Published: June 2017

Aspiration as a phonetic property of the English stop categories is usually said to be non-distinctive on the ground that its occurrence can be accounted for by context-sensitive rules. The word-pair pin -spin is often cited by way of example. The word-initial voiceless stop is aspirated; the post-/s/ voiceless stop is not. But the presence of aspiration is "predicted" only for some voiceless stops - namely those that are "spelled" phonologically /p/ and are either word-initial or in a position where the next vowel is stressed and in the same word. Initial stops that are spelled /b/, as in bin, may also be voiceless, so that a rule which predicts aspiration from the voicelessness of an initial stop will not work, since bin is never aspirated. Thus the knowledge on which the prediction is based is not the voicelessness of the stop, or indeed on any other ascertainable phonetic property. We know that in some words voiceless initial stops can be freely replaced by voiced stops without semantic effect, and that those voiceless stops are never aspirated, while in other words there are initial voiceless stops that are regularly aspirated, and cannot be freely replaced by voiced stops. In other words, we know whether a voiceless stop is to be aspirated or not if we know how it is spelled phonologically.
Repetition in Schizophrenic Speech
Authors: Manschreck Theo C. , Maher Brendan A. , Hoover Toni M. , Ames Donna
Published: June 2017

Previous research on language with the Type-Token Ratio (TTR) indicates an increased repetitiousness in schizophrenics, specifically in thought-disordered schizophrenics. The present investigation involves an analysis of oral language samples utilizing a variety of repetition measures. Subjects were 40 schizophrenics, 20 affective disorder controls and 22 normal controls. Phrase repetitions were found to be more prevalent among the schizophrenic group, and especially among the TD subgroup, and indices of phrase repetition were positively correlated with dimensions of formal thought disorder. The frequency patterns of repeated words in schizophrenic language reflect a less common, but not unusual lexicon compared to controls, thereby supporting the view that word repetition in schizophrenic utterance is not a consequence of a restricted vocabulary range. The intervals between phrase repetitions were not different for schizophrenics and controls, indicating that simple perseveration is also not a likely explanation. Rather, repetitiousness, a major characteristic of schizophrenic speech, may be due to a unique, yet undetermined mechanism responsible for the language disturbances seen in this disorder.
Adolescents' Narrative Use of Orientations and Codas
Authors: Sleight Christine C.
Published: June 2017

The use of abstracts, orientations and codas in narratives was studied in adolescents, using the Labov and Waletzky (1967) model. Subjects watched a film, then produced written narratives, and gave oral narratives to two peers. The orientation features of props, or objects, and activities of the film's actor, were used most often. Qualitative analysis revealed that subjects' references were accurate.
Automatic Processing of Morphemic Orthography By Mature Readers
Authors: Leong Che Kan , Cheng Pui-Wan , Mulcahy Robert
Published: June 2017

The present study involving two converging experiments tested the hypothesis that rapid, automatic processing of lexical items in a morphemic orthography (Chinese) is necessary, though not sufficient, for reading comprehension. The subjects consisted of 23 skilled adult comprehenders contrasted with 23 less skilled comprehenders. Experiment 1 was a vocalization latency task with 80 open class Chinese characters selected according to printed frequency (high or low) and orthographic structure (simple or complex). Analyses of variance of the vocalization latencies show significant main effects of reader ability, frequency, and structure and the greater contribution of low frequency, complex characters. Experiment 2 was a lexical decision task with another 40 open class Chinese characters similarly selected and matched with 40 pseudo Chinese characters. Analyses of variance of the lexical decision latencies show significant main effects of reader ability, lexicality, and structure and the greater contribution by pseudo characters. These results uphold the automaticity hypothesis and are generally confirmed by treating the items as random effects. The interaction of the various factors in the two experiments suggests their joint effects on the response or retrieval stage of accessing the Chinese lexicon.
Evidence for Language-Specific Rhythmic Influences in the Reduplicative Babbling of French-and English-Learning Infants
Authors: Levitt Andrea G. , Wang Qi
Published: June 2017

The reduplicative babbling of five French- and five English-learning infants was examined for evidence of language-specific rhythmic patterns. Three types of patterns were examined: final-syllable lengthening, timing of nonfinal syllables, and number of syllables per utterance. Both English and French exhibit final-syllable lengthening but, because of variable word stress, English tends to lengthen nonfinal stressed syllables, as well as final ones. Thus French final-syllable lengthening is more salient because it is the only regular source of lengthening. There is also some indication that the magnitude of final syllable lengthening is greater in French than in English. In addition, French nonfinal syllables, which are not subject to English variable word stress, are generally equal in length, whereas English tends to have more irregularly timed nonfinal syllables. Finally, French breath-groups often contain as many as four to six syllables, whereas intervals between stressed syllables in English rarely contain more than three syllables. The reduplicative babbling of the French and American infants showed characteristics of the ambient language. In particular, the babbling of the French infants showed a significantly higher percentage of final-syllable lengthening than that of the American infants. The magnitude of their final-syllable lengthening was also greater. The French infants also produced significantly more reduplicative babbles that were four or more syllables in length. Finally, the nonfinal syllables of the French infants tended to be more regularly timed than those of the American infants, although this pattern emerged only in the later stage of the infants' reduplicative babbles.
A Constraint on the Discrimination of Speech by Young Infants
Authors: Eimas Peter D. , Miller Joanne L.
Published: June 2017

Three- and four-month-old infants were tested on their ability to discriminate the third-formant transitions sufficient to signal the syllable-medial stops [t] and [k]. The stimulus patterns consisted of an initial fricative [s], 20 or 100 msec of silence, and the vowel [a], whose initial formant transitions were appropriate for [t] or [k]. Discrimination only occurred when the duration of silence was 100 msec. This constraint on discrimination is discussed in terms of a psychoacoustic explanation based on forward masking and in terms of the hypothesis that the processing of speech signals involves a species-specific system dedicated to deriving a phonetic message.
Differential effects Of Speaker and Vowel Variability on Fricative Perception
Authors: Johnson Keith
Published: June 2017

Previous research has shown that listeners' identifications of synthetic fricative noises are influenced by both rounding on an adjacent vowel and by the sex of the speaker who produced the adjacent vowel. In each case, contextual information which indicates a longer vocal tract during the production of the fricative (vowel rounding, or male speaker) results in fewer “sh” responses to the items in an [s] to [f] continuum (i.e., listeners expect generally lower vocal tract resonances from longer vocal tracts). The experiments reported here indicate that these superficially similar perceptual effects interact differently with manipulations of presentation type (blocked vs. randomized) and the interstimulus interval. When tokens produced by different speakers were presented blocked by speaker, the perceptual effect of speaker differences was reduced, and the degree of reduction depended on interstimulus interval. However, neither of these manipulations had an impact on the perceptual effect of vowel rounding.
Hindutva as an ideology of cultural nationalism
Authors: Snehi Yogesh
Published: June 2017

Hindutva, the ideology of militant Hindu nationalism, has precipitated violent hatreds between the Hindus and Muslims of India, as was evidenced in the recent rioting in the State of Gujarat, which was unprecedented in history. The factors which led to the emergence of Hindutva are reviewed and the hollowness of the ideology exposed. It is imperative to critique Hindutva's communalist approach and make concrete efforts to debunk it, it is argued.
Women's education and human fertility in India
Authors: Reddy P. H.
Published: June 2017

Data from the NFHS of 1998-1999 indicate that women who had at least a high school level of schooling attained a replacement fertility level (TFR 2.0), which was higher than the fertility of illiterate women by 42%. The considerable fertility decline that has taken place in India, the data also suggest, were due to family planning practice (which increased considerably with female education), rather than increases in the age at marriage, which, conceptually, reduces the period of risk of conception, in combination with other factors like breast feeding and post partum abstinence. Women's education is also associated with increased fecundability, lower foetal loss and a longer reproductive span for women through better nutrition and health-all fertility increasing factors, but the net effect of education was to lower fertility. Overall, contrary to findings from other surveys, fertility declined with every increasing level of women's education.
Female literacy and social development
Authors: Ghosh Arun Kumar
Published: June 2017

The achievements of various States in the spheres of female literacy and other social development facets show that social development indicators like life expectancy and infant mortality are closely linked to the level of female literacy-the higher the female literacy rate, the lower is the infant mortality rate and the higher the life expectancy; conversely, the lower the female literacy rate, the higher is the infant mortality rate and the lower the life expectancy. The data show also that States which had achieved a high level of social development had a lesser gender disparity in the spheres of education and health, while conversely, States which had a low social development profile had greater gender disparity. Kerala, with a moderate income level, has done remarkably well in the area of social development in contrast to Punjab, which, in spite of being an economically better off State, has a far from satisfactory showing in the social sectors.
Burden of diseases, healthcare priorities and role of state in India
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Ghosh Saswata
Published: June 2017

The increasing abdication of the state's role in the health sector in favour of private institutions has made healthcare more inaccessible to the masses, especially the rural and tribal segments. Health services need to be prioritised throughout the country, introducing more effective control strategies and comprehensive surveillance systems for communicable diseases. The state must step up its involvement in healthcare, with greater responsiveness to the needs of people and to variations across, region, class, gender and communities in its policies and programmes.
Problems of rural housing in Bihar
Authors: Kumar Nirmal , Prasad Rajendra , Shankar Ravi , Iyer K. C.
Published: June 2017

This paper addresses the rural housing problem of Bihar. The causes of housing shortage have been identified in the context of rapid population growth, low per capita income, high poverty, unemployment, limited state resources, etc. A suitable strategy and institutional mechanism to implement the objectives of National Housing and Habitat Policy, 1998, may help ameliorate rural housing conditions in the state. This calls for creation of an institution dedicated to rural housing which would facilitate credit, subsidy, technology, formation of self-help groups and support infrastructure required for rural housing.
Sociology of health and illness in India: Present status and future strategy
Authors: Tekhre Y. L. , Rani Nisha , Singh S. P.
Published: June 2017

Sociology is going to face a number of issues, challenges and opportunities related to health and illness in the Indian context, viz. child and maternal mortality, early marriage and early pregnancy, mapping of social and cultural healthcare practices, including human health-seeking behaviour towards HIV/AIDS control and care. A particular apprehension for sociology as a discipline in India at least is that it is lagging behind the set norms of appropriate use of sociological input at the grassroots level-health education, programme implementation, preventing continuation of the existing sickly health panorama and counselling at large the various segments of needy population in general and adolescent, youth, ageing and the educationally backward/underprivileged classes, in particular. Despite policies and programmes and global partnerships, tenets of the programmes of action for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) remain unrealised. Sociology of the future thus calls for devoted professionals who combine clear theoretical thinking with realistic applications. Trained and skilled sociologists can help health-related aspects percolate to the grassroots levels for a sustainable impact of health and family welfare programmes.
Locating Dalit women in the Indian caste system, media and women's movement
Authors: Kumar Vivek
Published: June 2017

Dalit women in Indian society are triply exploited on the basis of caste, class and gender. In this context after defining the term Dalits sociologically this paper attempts to establish that Dalit women are different from general caste women on the basis of their structural location, occupations they perform and treatment meted out to them by society in general. The paper captures the existing prejudice and contempt against Dalit women which in a way gets articulated by the atrocities committed on them by the so-called upper castes. The paper explores how Mayawati has become an icon of the Dalit society by deconstructing many established images of Dalit and general caste women. We have tried to understand why the Indian media has failed to appreciate her achievements in full glory. Last but not the least why has the Indian women's movement not accepted Mayawati as part of it and defend her from onslaughts of media and prejudices of caste in the male-dominated society?
Rural out-migration: Two group discriminant analysis
Authors: Devi P. Ambiga , Geetha K. T. , Gomathi K. R.
Published: June 2017

Migration occurs in search of survival, fulfilment and a better life. Among the classified migrants, Census 2001 reported that rural out-migrants constituted the majority of 75.80 per cent. Majority of migration is from one rural area to another due to ‘marriage’ in the case of females and ‘in search of work’ in the case of males. Lack of balance between rural urban migration and urbanization carried a threat of major social and economic difficulties and it may actually block social and economic progress. The current paper analyses the determinants of rural out-migration to Coimbatore city, which stands third in the number of immigrants (Census 2001) in Tamil Nadu. A total of a hundred rural migrants in the sample area were contacted. An empirical analysis was carried out on the nature, size, type and other characteristics of migrant workers. Further the economic impact of migration and its determinants were also assessed. Rural out-migration occurs at a younger age mainly for seeking a better job. The disintegration of joint families had led to declining family income causing males to migrate to nearby cities in a larger proportion. The empirical analysis strengthened the various theories on migration, both neo-classical and sociological. From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that by providing adequate infrastructure and institutional supports in rural areas, the rural out-migration could be restricted preventing the unbalanced tilt towards cities.
Tuberculosis Control Learning Games
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: June 2017

In teaching health workers about tuberculosis (TB) control we frequently concentrate on the technological aspects, such as diagnosis, treatment and recording. Health workers also need to understand the sociological aspects of TB control, particularly those that influence the likelihood of diagnosis and cure. Two games are presented that help health workers comprehend the reasons why TB patients often delay in presenting for diagnosis, and why they then frequently default from treatment.
What Determines Employees' Role Perceptions? An Instrumentality-Based Explanation
Authors: Chiaburu Dan S. , Marinova Sophia V.
Published: June 2017

Based on data from a field study surveying 176 staff and supervisory employees, we examined the relationship between length of service and type of position (supervisory vs. employee) and employees' role perceptions. Length of service was unrelated to the extent to which employees considered organization- and individual-directed citizenship behaviors as part of their roles. Conversely, we found differences across job type, with supervisors perceiving citizenship behaviors more as part of their jobs than employees did. More importantly, position type moderated the relationship between organization tenure and role perceptions. While employees reported more behaviors as part of their role with increased length of service, supervisors were less inclusive as they spent more time in their jobs. These results might render support for an instrumentality-based explanation of role perceptions.
The Use of In-Basket Exercises for the Recruitment of Advanced Social Service Workers
Authors: Schroffel Alan
Published: June 2017

A turnover study in California found that 79.5% of the social workers that carried child caseloads left their agency within the first five years of employment. As one means of addressing this problem, Cooperative Personnel Services (CPS) developed an in-basket examination. The long-term goal of this exploratory project is to attract qualified and motivated workers, discourage less qualified workers, and reduce the excessive costs of training new workers who precipitously terminate their employment. Employed social service workers and administrators were used as subject matter experts to take piloted examinations and professional raters were used to evaluate these examinations. Despite some encouraging results, the small sample size and lack of randomness as a generalizability issue limits the findings.
An Exploratory Study of Student-Paced versus Teacher-Paced Accommodations for Large-Scale Math Tests
Authors: Hollenbeck Keith , Rozek-Tedesco Marick A. , Tindal Gerald , Glasgow Aaron
Published: June 2017

In this study, we examined whether a teacher-paced video (TPV) accommodation or a student-paced computer (SPC) accommodation provided differential access for students with disabilities versus their general education peers on a large-scale math test. Our results showed a statistically significant main effect for students' status. General education students outperformed students with disabilities on both the SPC and TPV math tests. When TPV versus SPC scores were analyzed by status, it was found that pacing significantly influenced the mean scores. In other words, the mean scores for students with disabilities and the lowest general education students provided differential access when the accommodation was student-paced on a computer versus when the teacher paced the accommodation via the video.
Project ACCESS: Field Testing an Assistive Technology Toolkit for Students with Mild Disabilities
Authors: Puckett Kathleen S.
Published: June 2017

The Project ACCESS toolkit includes strategies, software programs, and equipment used to access general education curriculum standards for K-8 students with mild disabilities. This article describes the contents of the toolkit and the results of field-testing with thirty-one special education teachers. The toolkit is promoted as a proactive strategy that gives ready access to essential tools that promote access to general curriculum standards and exploratory use of assistive technology.
Emerging Technologies and Cognitive Disability
Authors: Braddock David , Rizzolo Mary C. , Thompson Micah , Bell Rodney
Published: June 2017

Despite the potential of emerging technologies to assist persons with cognitive disabilities, significant practical impediments remain to be overcome in commercialization, consumer abandonment, and in the design and development of useful products.

Barriers also exist in terms of the financial and organizational feasibility of specific envisioned products, and their limited potential to reach the consumer market. Innovative engineering approaches, effective needs analysis, user-centered design, and rapid evolutionary development are essential to ensure that technically feasible products meet the real needs of persons with cognitive disabilities.

Efforts must be made by advocates, designers and manufacturers to promote better integration of future software and hardware systems so that forthcoming iterations of personal support technologies and assisted care systems technologies do not quickly become obsolete. They will need to operate seamlessly across multiple real-world environments in the home, school, community, and workplace.
2003 in Review: A Synthesis of the Special Education Technology Literature
Authors: Edyburn Dave L.
Published: June 2017

The professional literature continues to be an essential resource for scholars and practioners for filtering and highlighting new advances in research and practice. However, the ongoing challenges associated with too much information, inadequate tools for managing information overload, and too little time for professional development demand that new approaches to literature analysis and synthesis be explored. The purpose of this study was to examine recent additions to the extant knowledge base in special education technology using a methodology known as the comprehensive one-year research synthesis. Two questions guided the inquiry: How widely scattered is the literature on special education technology? and What have we learned lately? The table of contents from each issue of 31 journals in special education technology (n=5), special education (n=17), and educational technology (n=9) published in 2003 were studied. The procedures yielded a corpus of 814 articles of which 224 articles (28%) were judged relevant for this review as contributing to the emerging knowledge base on special education technology research and practice. Analysis of the literature scatter revealed relevant literature could be found in 30 journals but that a core set of 11 journals contributed 70% of the relevant articles. Content analysis of the relevant articles revealed a number of dominant themes in the literature during 2003: assistive technology, implementation issues, instructional design, instructional strategies, outcomes of technology, professional development, reading and technology, and technology integration. The limitations of the comprehensive one-year research synthesis methodology are discussed along with the new importance this tool may have in filling the void created by the recent restructuring of the ERIC system.
Using an Advance Organizer Guided Behavior Matrix to Support Teachers' Problem Solving in Classroom Behavior Management
Authors: Hung Wei-Chen , Lockard James
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the design and impact of a matrix-aided performance system (MAPS) to support teachers' performance in developing intervention strategies for classroom behavior management. The design concept of MAPS is based on Ausubel's (1963, 2000) advance organizers theoretical framework with the addition of electronic performance support system (EPSS) technology and matrix metaphor interface design principles. The MAPS design framework is described to demonstrate how the advance organizer concept can be exemplified through interactive multimedia and database technology to facilitate the problem-solving process and to offer a design instrument for EPSSs. A formative field evaluation was conducted to better understand the system's applicability in the real world environment. Five inservice special education and resource teachers from two elementary schools and one junior high school participated in the evaluation. Participants used this system for four weeks, as often as they desired. Interviews were held after the four-week trial period to explore possible barriers to use and to identify potential performance improvements to enhance the system. Three EPSS design considerations—performance scaffolding, interface cues, and content comprehension—are offered to create true pedagogy-driven, usable EPSSs. Suggestions for future research conclude the paper.
Meeting the Assistive Technology Needs of Students with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Heller Kathryn Wolff , Mezei Peter J. , Avant Mary Jane Thompson
Published: June 2017

Students with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have a degenerative disease that requires ongoing changes in assistive technology (AT). The AT team needs to be knowledgeable about the disease and its progression in order to meet these students' changing needs in a timely manner. The unique needs of students with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in regard to AT and adaptations are discussed through three case studies, spanning from elementary to high school. Each case study addresses the differing AT needs for each student, how these needs changed as the disease progressed, and why some AT was rejected. The information provided in this article can assist AT teams as they develop and implement AT plans for their students.
Microcomputers: An Available Technology for Special Education
Authors: Joiner Lee Marvin , Sedlak Robert A. , Silverstein Burton J. , Vensel George
Published: June 2017

Microcomputers are becoming an available technology for special education. The article describes the capabilities and features of basic microcomputer systems and describes special education applications: computer assisted instruction, prosthesis, testing, communication, and enhancing personal relations. Problems such as the availability of authoring languages, high quality educational software, and computer safety are described. To include information about what microcomputers can do and how they function is recommended for teacher education and in-service programs.
The Development of a Classroom Communications System
Authors: McCormack James E
Published: June 2017

The individual education plans required for handicapped learners by Public Law 94-142 establish the foundation for classroom operations that emphasize coordinated planning and regular monitoring of individual learner progress. However, team implementation of education plans usually requires a modification in the role of the teacher. As manager of classroom activities conducted by various other disciplines the teacher needs to develop and maintain a system for insuring ongoing team communication. The classroom communications system, emphasizing written communications, provides the team with the day to day performance results necessary to make appropriate instructional modifications.
Programming Generalization When Mainstreaming Exceptional Children
Authors: Thorpe Harold W. , Chiang Berttram , Darch Craig B.
Published: June 2017

Many articles have been written about psychological, legal and philosophical issues related to mainstreaming exceptional students into the regular classroom; but few provide the teacher with specific procedures to accomplish the task. The authors of this paper contend that teaching strategies having the most relevance for mainstreaming can be derived from research on generalization of behaviors. Eight categories of generalization techniques for mainstreaming exceptional children are presented in this paper. The authors have specified practical procedures that interested practitioners can use in facilitating mainstreaming.
The Use of Modeling Tactics to Promote Academic Skill Development of Exceptional Learners
Authors: Hendrickson Jo M. , Gable Robert A.
Published: June 2017

The instructional utility of employing modeling strategies to promote skill acquisition in the content areas of arithmetic, spelling, reading, expressive language and handwriting is presented vis-a-vis descriptions of several basic modeling strategies and teaching procedures in which models are integral components. Examples of instructional procedures wherein models have been used successfully as prompts and corrective feedback are given. It is argued that despite research evidence that modeling strategies are viable teaching tactics across categories of exceptionality and skill areas, systematic application of the use of models is not widely practiced.
The Use of an Electronic Switch to Increase Independent Head Control in a Severely Handicapped Student
Authors: May Deborah C.
Published: June 2017

Children with severe handicapping conditions often need adaptive equipment and physical positioning in order to interact with their environment This paper discusses the use of active stimulation devices which use various types of electronic switches to provide positive reinforcement for desired movement. Data are presented that show the effects of using an electronic switch to increase independent head control in a spastic quadriplegic severely handicapped girl. The problems and benefits of using electronic switches are discussed.
The Effect of Gestural Facilitation on the Acquisition of Noun-Verb Labeling Responses with Severely Retarded Individuals
Authors: Duker Pieter C. , van Grinsven Dorine , Winckelsteegh
Published: June 2017

It is often stated that pairing of verbal stimuli and gestures may facilitate the acquisition of verbal responses. This hypothesis was tested with three severely developmentally retarded individuals. It was found that verbal training only and verbal training plus gestures both resulted in the acquisition of noun-verb labeling responses. So, the procedures did not differentially influence the percentage of correct verbal labeling responses. The finding that gestural responses, although never explicitely followed by reinforcement, were shown across all conditions was discussed in terms of their potential role in maintaining verbal reponses.
Electronic Augmentative Communication Aids for the Nonreading Student: Selection Criteria
Authors: Hooper Eva Horn , Hasselbring Ted S.
Published: June 2017

A discussion of augmentative communication aids for non-reading severely physically handicapped children is presented. Three specific topics are discussed: factors in movement to electronic communication aids, basic components of electronic aids, criteria for selection of aids, and specific training suggestions. The importance of maintaining flexibility is stressed. Augmentative communication aids for this population should reflect a dynamic rather than static philosophy. They must meet the needs and abilities of the student in present and future environments.
Computerized Symbol Processors for Individuals with Severe Communication Disabilities
Authors: Osguthorpe Russell T. , Chang Linda Li
Published: June 2017

Although computerized devices have been used to aid handicapped individuals with their speech, little attention has been given to devices to aid them in producting written communication. The purpose of this article is to describe a study in which newly developed computerized systems were tested with nonspeaking individuals. Students in the study were pretested and posttested on their accuracy and speed in using the symbol boards. The results of the studies showed that students with severe communication impairments can be trained in a relatively short period of time to express themselves independently in writing. Regarding the relative merits of the two systems tested in the studies, it was concluded that both can be effectively used by severely and multiply handicapped students, although one system was viewed as having some unique advantages over the other. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
Effect of a Computerized Individual Education Program (IEP) Writer on Time Savings and Quality
Authors: Jenkins Marcia W.
Published: June 2017

This study compared the amount of time 42 special education teachers in the state of Hawaii took to write handwritten and computer-generated Individual Education Programs (IEPS) after 12 hours of training on “IEP Writer,” a word processing method. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 wrote IEPs using their newly learned computer skills and Group 2 wrote IEPs by writing them out by hand. It was hypothesized that the computer method would take significantly less time and the quality of the computer-generated IEP would be significantly higher. Both hypotheses were compared by t-tests. Results showed: 1) The computer group took significantly less time to write their IEPs. 2) The quality of the computer generated IEP was significantly higher than the handwritten IEP.
The Relationship of Group Configuration to the Interactions of Students Using Microcomputers
Authors: Lieber Joan , Semmel Melvyn I.
Published: June 2017

In order to maximize student access to microcomputers, teachers have assigned students to work at the computer in groups. There is little empirical evidence, however, to indicate the effect of grouping students on the social and instructional interactions that occur within those groups. Twenty learning-handicapped and twenty nonhandicapped boys from upper elementary grades participated for 10 minutes, three times per week for a 4-week period on a mathematics problem-solving task. Students worked in three different configurations: individually, with a handicapped partner, and with a nonhandicapped partner. All sessions were videotaped and interactions that occurred were assigned to categories using an observational instrument. Results indicated that nonhandicapped students behaved differently in heterogeneous dyads and homogeneous dyads. In heterogeneous dyads they made more management comments and used the computer rather than their partner as a resource. The task-related behavior of learning-handicapped students was similar in both configurations. As the task became more difficult, instructional behavior increased in all dyads. In all dyads, interactions were primarily task-related and positive in tone.
Computerized IEPs: Guidelines for Product Evaluation
Authors: Majsterek David J. , Wilson Rich , Mandlebaum Linda
Published: June 2017

This article reviews the adaptability of the IEP process to a computerized format Following a discussion of studies that support the use of computer-managed IEPs and potential deterrents to using this software application, software evaluation criteria are summarized. For administrators who are considering computerized IEPs, a checklist/rating scale is presented. The proposed evaluation form focuses on (a) the extent to which software includes all elements of an IEP and (b) the technological sophistication and user friendliness of the software. The evaluation form is explained and applied to two nationally advertised software programs: the Talley Goals and Objectives Writer (1986), a software program which is related to the Brigance Comprehensive Diagnostic Inventory of Basic Skills (Brigance, 1977), and IEPs Unlimited (Goode, 1985).
Technology as a Tutor, Tool, and Agent for Reading
Authors: Higgins Kyle , Boone Randy
Published: June 2017

The use of computer-based technology in teaching reading with students with disabilities is outlined in this article. Research from the last 10 years is presented and discussed using the metaphors of Tutor, Tool, and Agent as categories of instructional purpose. Although the new multimedia technologies now dominate much of the discussion and investigation concerning technology and reading instruction, drill and practice and tutorial computer assisted instructional programs are the most thoroughly researched area of computer use in reading and provide most of the substantive data that is supportive of computer use for students in special education.
Student Satisfaction with Two-Way Interactive Distance Learning for Delivery of Early Childhood Special Education Coursework
Authors: Gallagher Peggy A. , McCormick Katherine
Published: June 2017

Two-way interactive television (ITV) can be a viable alternative to traditional course delivery in Early Childhood Special Education. ITV involves students and faculty at different locations in the live transmission of two way auditory and visual signals simultaneously between sites. Two preservice master's level courses in Early Childhood Special Education, Characteristics of Young Children with Disabilities and Methods of Young Children with Disabilities, were taught twice across two academic years through distance learning using ITV Results from structured telephone surveys evaluating student satisfaction with ITV are presented. Factors critical to the successful implementation of an ITV model are discussed and include establishing a collaborative learning environment, providing an experienced instructor who can promote interaction, promoting a support system for ITV within and across institutions of higher education, and assuring high quality and delivery of the technology used.
Restoring Global Financial Stability
Authors: Smith John Grieve
Published: June 2017

Recent crises reflect fundamental weaknesses in the operation of the present global financial system and the need for wide-ranging reform. Public debate has been mainly limited to the issues of prudential regulation with little discussion of the basic problems of volatile capital movements, and asset price and exchange rate instability. The degree of leverage now available to financial institutions through the development of derivatives is excessive and should be reduced. The pressure to abolish control over capital movements in developing countries needs to be reconsidered. A central feature of any “new financial architecture” must be a more stable exchange rate system. There are major drawbacks with both “fixed” and free floating rates. We need to devise workable systems of managed rates with stated parities and bands. Changes in parities should be relatively small and frequent to minimise the potential gains for speculators. Such systems are only workable by mutual agreement between limited numbers of countries and currencies. This suggests the need for a two-tier approach with both regional and global arrangements.
Evolution of Multinational Corporate Technological Systems in the UK and US
Authors: Cantwell John , Dunning John , Janne Odile
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the evolution since 1969 of the industrial structure of local technological development by US-owned multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the UK, by comparison with UK-owned MNEs in the US. The data used are the patents granted in the US to the largest US-owned and UK-owned firms, organised by the principal industry of the firm and the original location of the innovative facility responsible for each patented invention. The evidence illustrates the effect of a shift towards internationally integrated strategies for corporate technological development. In each case the local innovation of MNEs has moved closer to the industries of host country technological advantage, and hence to utilising location-specific capabilities as a source of competitive advantage in the MNE. We interpret this as a shift from an asset-exploiting towards an asset-augmenting form of foreign direct investment (fdi).
Book Review: Global Economy, Global Justice: Theoretical Objections and Policy Alternatives to Neoliberalism
Authors: Michie Jonathan
Published: June 2017

George F. DeMartino, Global Economy, Global Justice: Theoretical Objections and Policy Alternatives to Neoliberalism, London & New York: Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-415-22401-2, xiv + 279 pages, index.
Book Review: The Political Economy of British Regional Policy
Authors: Porter J.H.
Published: June 2017

The Political Economy of British Regional Policy., D.W. Parsons, Croom Helm, 1985. £19.95. pp. 294.