bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Say it once again: Effects of repeated questions on children's event recall
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Schwarzmueller April
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we review research examining the influences of repeated questioning on children's event recall. Issues addressed include how children's free recall changes across multiple recounts of the same event, whether responding to specific questions about an event affects subsequent responses to those same questions, and whether there are developmental differences in how children respond to repeated questioning. Both naturalistic studies of conversational remembering and more controlled studies using standardized interviews are discussed. Effects of repeated questioning both within and across interviews are assessed. In integrating the research findings, we present a developmental framework for understanding the effects of repeated questioning that relies on children's developing memory and narrative skills as well as their social understanding of the recall context.
Children's long‐term retention of salient personal experiences
Authors: Ornstein Peter A.
Published: May 2007

Research on young children's long‐term retention is reviewed in this article. More specifically, the abilities of 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds to remember the details of two types of medical experiences—a routine physical examination and an invasive radiological procedure—are discussed in the context of a framework for considering the flow of information in the developing memory system. The framework emphasizes four general themes about memory performance and provides a vehicle for relating research on memory development to discussions of children's testimony and adults' abilities to remember early experiences.
Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse
Authors: Follette Victoria M. , Polusny Melissa A. , Bechtle Anne E. , Naugle Amy E.
Published: May 2007

The present study investigated the relationship between trauma symptoms and a history of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and physical abuse by a partner as an adult. While there has been some research examining the correlation between individual victimization experiences and traumatic stress, the cumulative impact of multiple victimization experiences has not been addressed. Subjects were recruited from psychological clinics and community advocacy agencies. Additionally, a nonclinical undergraduate student sample was evaluated. The results of this study indicate not only that victimization and revictimization experiences are frequent, but also that the level of trauma specific symptoms are significantly related to the number of different types of reported victimization experiences. The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Coping with Ottoman Turkish genocide: An exploration of the experience of Armenian survivors
Authors: Kalayjian Anie S. , Shahinian Siroon P. , Gergerian Edmund L. , Saraydarian Lisa
Published: May 2007

This study explored the experiences of the survivors of the Ottoman‐Turkish Genocide of the Armenians (1915–1923). Coping strategies, communication patterns and the impact of continuing Turkish denial of the events were the specific research areas. Semi‐structured interviews were administered to 40 Genocide survivors, residing at two Armenian homes for older adults in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Destruction of life, physical harm, deportation, pillaging, and loss of status were identified by respondents as stressors experienced. Religion, family, work, denial, and resignation were identified as coping methods and sources of survival. Most respondents had not discussed their experiences with others. When asked about their reactions to the Turkish denial, respondents expressed a range of negative affect, including resentment, hatred, and rage. When asked about sources of pride in their lives, respondents cited accomplishments such as surviving the Genocide, surviving as Armenians and procreating. The social, developmental, and psychiatric implications of the findings were discussed.
Periodic limb movements of sleep in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Brown Terry M. , Boudewyns Patrick A.
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐five veterans suffering from combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder were studied for 1–4 nights with all‐night polysomnography. All subjects had sleep complaints. Analysis reveals that nineteen (76%) of the patients were found to have clinically significant periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMs) by the second night of study. PLMs are associated with sleep complaints in normals. For this reason the common assumption that sleep complaints in posttraumatic stress disorder are related only to the psychiatric disorder itself are challenged.
Survivors of torture and organized violence: Demography and diagnosis
Authors: van Velsen Cleo , Gorst‐Unsworth Caroline , Turner Stuart
Published: May 2007

Sixty patients, with a history of torture or other repressive state violence, newly referred to two psychiatrists, were assessed using a standard instrument. Thirty one met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (FTSD) and 21 met the criteria for MOD. Relationships between these diagnoses and history of trauma, loss of health, and social losses were investigated. Sexual torture is associated with an avoidance reaction.
Initial posttraumatic stress responses following motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Harvey Allison G.
Published: May 2007

Posttraumatic stress was assessed in 114 motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims within 2 weeks of hospital admission. Approximately one third of patients reported high levels of posttraumatic stress and anxiety. Intrusion symptoms were best predicted by fear of the MVA and absence of head injury. Avoidance symptoms were best predicted by fear of the accident and recent stressful events. Findings indicate that intrusion and avoidance responses to trauma are mediated by different patterns of injury‐related and response‐related factors.
Effectiveness of short‐term specialized inpatient treatment for war‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A role for adventure‐based counseling and psychodrama
Authors: Ragsdale Kim G. , Cox Robert D. , Finn Penny , Eisler Richard M.
Published: May 2007

Psychological tests were administered to 24 participants of an inpatient posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment program both immediately before and following completion of treatment. Responses were compared to a treatment/wait list comparison group composed of 24 subjects awaiting entry into the program. All treatment/wait list comparison group subjects received weekly PTSD outpatient group therapy. Significant improvements were found in the inpatient treatment group in areas of hopelessness, feelings of guilt and shame, loneliness, and emotional expressiveness. Other indices of psychological functioning, including interpersonal skills, gender role stress, anxiety, anger, and PTSD symptomatology did not change significantly in response to treatment. No positive changes in any area of psychological function occurred in the treatment/wait list comparison group. Implications for treatment of PTSD and areas of future research are discussed.
The revised civilian Mississippi scale for PTSD: Reliability, validity, and cross‐language stability
Authors: Norris Fran H. , Perilla Julia L.
Published: May 2007

Examined in two studies the psychometric properties of a revised 30‐item version of the civilian form of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) developed by Keane, Caddell, and Taylor (1988). Study 1, whose sample was composed of 37 bilingual adults who had experienced a variety of traumatic events, was undertaken primarily to examine the linguistic equivalence of a Spanish translation of the scale. High cross‐language stability was demonstrated, and both English and Spanish versions showed high internal consistency. Study 2, which used a sample of 404 victims of Hurricane Andrew, provided additional evidence of scale reliability and also showed that the scale correlates in meaningful ways with known traumatic stressors. Together the results indicate that the scale is applicable to different populations and events and constitutes a valid and reliable self‐report measure of PTSD.
Interpersonal and self‐reported hostility among combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Beckham Jean C. , Roodman Allison A. , Barefoot John C. , Haney Thorn L. , Helms Michael J. , Fairbank John A. , Hertzberg Michael A. , Kudler Harold S.
Published: May 2007

The present study investigated self‐reported and interpersonal hostility in 70 Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 60 comparison community volunteer subjects. Veterans were 50 help‐seeking, male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD and 20 non‐help‐seeking male combat veterans without PTSD. Vietnam veterans with PTSD not only reported more hostility than non‐PTSD veterans and healthy community volunteers, but also reacted behaviorally with more hostility during an interpersonal interaction. Compared to veterans without PTSD, veterans with PTSD reported significantly higher levels of hostility and demonstrated significantly greater non‐verbal expressions of hostility during an interpersonal task. These results suggest that the level of hostility in PTSD combat veterans may be high as compared to comparison groups. The implications of these results and possible research directions are presented.
Childhood factors and war zone stress in chronic PTSD
Authors: Donovan Beverly S. , Padin‐Rivera Edgardo , Dowd Thomas , Blake Dudley David
Published: May 2007

This study assessed the predictive validity of combat factors and selected premilitary variables (i.e., childhood physical abuse, substance abuse in the family of origin, or being raised in a nonadaptive or noncohesive family) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) group membership. In addition, it assessed the correlation of combat exposure and selected premilitary variables with the severity of PTSD symptomology. Ninety‐three male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD were compared to 82 male Vietnam combat veterans without the disorder. The results of two hierarchical logit analyses identified combat exposure as the best predictor of PTSD‐group membership. However, physical punishment was also found to significantly predict group membership when entered first in the analyses. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses conducted with the PTSD group alone found that both combat exposure and physical abuse predicted greater PTSD symptomology. These findings suggest that childhood physical abuse as well as military trauma should be addressed in the assessment and treatment of chronic PTSD patients.
Antinuclear antibodies and thyroid function in sexually abused girls
Authors: de Bellis Michael D. , Burke Lillian , Trickett Penelope K. , Putnam Frank W.
Published: May 2007

Sexually abused girls manifest dysregulation of physiological stress response systems. In this exploratory investigation, 14 sexually abused and 13 control girls, ages 8–15 years, recruited from a prospective, longitudinal study, underwent plasma antinuclear antibody and thyroid function tests. Thyroid function tests and plasma antinuclear antibody titers did not differ between sexually abused and control girls. However, a significantly higher incidence of plasma antinuclear antibody titers was seen in abused subjects when compared with the frequency of positive antinuclear antibody liters in a sample of 22 adult healthy female volunteers, ages 20–58 years. These findings suggest that sexually abused girls may show evidence of an alteration in normal immune homeostatic function.
Compensation seeking status and psychometric assessment of combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD
Authors: Frueh B. Christopher , Smith Daniel W. , Barker Susan E.
Published: May 2007

Examined differences between compensation seeking (CS) veterans and noncompensation seeking (NCS) veterans on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 (MMPI‐2) and other psychological measures in 142 combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at an outpatient Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital PTSD clinic. Patients were grouped on the basis of their compensation seeking status, with 69% classified as CS for PTSD. The CS veterans achieved significantly more pathological scores across a wide range of psychological inventories and MMPI‐2 validity indices, although they did not differ in frequency of PTSD diagnoses from NCS veterans. Implications of these findings are discussed, and clinicians are advised to be aware of the compensation seeking status of combat‐veterans being evaluated for PTSD.
The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma
Authors: Tedeschi Richard G. , Calhoun Lawrence G.
Published: May 2007

The development of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, an instrument for assessing positive outcomes reported by persons who have experienced traumatic events, is described. This 21‐item scale includes factors of New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life. Women tend to report more benefits than do men, and persons who have experienced traumatic events report more positive change than do persons who have not experienced extraordinary events. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory is modestly related to optimism and extroversion. The scale appears to have utility in determining how successful individuals, coping with the aftermath of trauma, are in reconstructing or strengthening their perceptions of self, others, and the meaning of events.
Voluntary and professional disaster‐workers: Similarities and differences in reactions
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Kristoffersen Jakob Inge , Gjestad Rolf
Published: May 2007

Forty‐three rescuers responding to a bus crash that killed 12 children and 4 adults and injured many more answered questionnaires at 1 and 13 months following the crash. This study compared the responses of the voluntary and professional helpers, using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). For all helpers taken together, the decline in IES‐intrusion and IBS‐total scores was significant from 1 to 13 months. The voluntary helpers reported significantly more intrusion and avoidance on the IES at 1 month than professional helpers, and for avoidance the voluntary helpers still evidenced a significantly higher score than professional helpers at 13 months. The GHQ scores at 13 months reflected that the long‐term negative impact of the event was low.
Experiences of torture and ill‐treatment and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Palestinian political prisoners
Authors: Sarraj Eyad El , Punamäki Raija‐Leena , Salmi Suhail , Summer‐field Derek
Published: May 2007

The relationship between the nature and severity of experiences of torture and ill‐treatment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was studied in 550 male nonhelp‐seeking Palestinian political ex‐prisoners from the Gaza Strip. Results showed that the more a prisoner had been exposed to physical, chemical and electric torture, psychological ill‐treatment, and sensory deprivation or bombardment the more he subsequently suffered from intrusive reexperiencing, withdrawal and numbness, and hyperarousal. Existential problems were not related to torture experiences. Furthermore, duration of imprisonment, health problems during the imprisonment, harassment during arrest and after release, family, marriage and economic difficulties all predicted intrusive reexperiences of trauma. Also, ex‐prisoners who continued to be harassed by military authorities and had economic problems suffered more from withdrawal, numbness, and hyperarousal than others.
Psychiatric morbidity following Hurricane Andrew
Authors: David Daniella , Mellman Thomas A. , Mendoza Lourdes M. , Kulick‐Bell Renee , Ironson Gail , Schneiderman Neil
Published: May 2007

The nature of psychiatric morbidity in previously non‐ill subjects from the area most affected by Hurricane Andrew was investigated at 6–12 months posthurricane. Preliminary associations of morbidity with personal and event‐related risk factors were also determined. Fifty one percent (31/61) met criteria for a new‐onset disorder, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 36%, major depression (MD) in 30%, and other anxiety disorders in 20%. Thirty four subjects (56%) had significant symptoms persisting beyond 6 months. Having sustained “severe damage” was the risk factor most strongly associated with outcome. Our data underscore the range of psychiatric morbidity related to a natural disaster, and suggest a relationship to chronic stressors.
The process in psychological debriefings
Authors: Dyregrov Atle
Published: May 2007

Critical Incident Stress Debriefings have become an intervention method used in various cultures, countries and groups following critical incidents. Although the structure of such meetings has been adequately described, utilization of the group processes involved has received less attention. A model, process debriefing (PD), based on experiences from Europe, is presented. Some differences between the current CISD process in the United States and the Europe based model are outlined. Various factors that impact the process of debriefings are discussed with a special emphasis on leadership, and implications of these group process variables for psychological debriefing are presented. It is emphasized that the continued exploration and discussion of process issues is critical to advance the understanding of the critical elements of debriefing.
Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Litz Brett T. , Schlenger William E. , Weathers Frank W. , Caddell Juesta M. , Fairbank John A. , Lavange Lisa M.
Published: May 2007

Little is known about the mechanisms underlying emotional numbing (EN). The functional relationship between other classes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and EN is also not well understood. In the present study, we examined the statistical predictors of EN. We hypothesized that the severity of EN would be most strongly associated with the hyperarousal symptoms rather than the avoidance symptoms of PTSD, or comorbid depression or substance abuse. This prediction was derived from psychological and biological models that posit EN to be a product of the depletion of emotional resources subsequent to chronic hyperarousal. Using hierarchical multiple regression in two separate samples of Vietnam combat veterans, we found hyperarousal symptoms to be the most robust predictor of EN. These data suggest that there is a substantive relationship between hyperarousal symptoms and EN in PTSD.
Attentional bias in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Harvey Allison G.
Published: May 2007

This study investigated preferential encoding of threat material in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with a modified dot‐probe paradigm. This paradigm indexes attentional bias by measuring response latency to name neutral target words that are presented adjacent to or distant from threat words. Motor vehicle accident survivors with PTSD (n = 15), subclinical PTSD (n = 15), and low anxiety (n = 15) were required to name target words that were presented either adjacent to or distant from strong threat, mild threat, positive, and neutral words. PTSD subjects named targets faster when they were in close proximity to mild threat words. Results suggested that PTSD subjects' attention was drawn to the mild threat stimuli and are discussed in the context of network models of PTSD.
Using structuration theory to analyze knowledge and process management in a consortium: a case study
Authors: Gao Ping
Published: May 2007

Through a case study, this paper attempts to establish an argument that structuration theory is a suitable tool for analyzing the issue of knowledge and process management in a consortium. To do so, we first theoretically demonstrate that structuration theory can be linked with the theory of organizational knowledge creation, assuming that structure is a type of categorization of knowledge, and knowledge creation is a structuration process. We then use structuration theory to dissect a consortium designing mobile commerce services. The case study concludes that the structuration perspective enables researchers to expose the improvisatory mechanism of organizational knowledge creation, in which distributed tacit knowledge is crystallized into collective explicit knowledge. The empirical observation argues that a consortium should have a pre‐project phase when a common vocabulary is developed and an integrator is introduced. The experience of our case consortium—that the white book has emerged as a tool of knowledge and process management—can be drawn upon by other cases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An international taxicab evaluation: comparing Tokyo with London, New York and Paris
Authors: Skok Walter , Kobayashi Satoko
Published: May 2007

An exploratory study was undertaken in order to evaluate the quality of Tokyo's taxicab industry, which provides a 24/7 door‐to‐door service for a daily average of 1.3 million people. This second paper, arising from the study, analyses the current situation in Tokyo, by using the Taxi Cab Management Model (TCMM) which identifies the key processes for managing and operating a taxicab service in any international city. The model provides a benchmark for measuring performance against other capital cities in developed nations. By comparing the results of this analysis with similar case studies of London, New York and Paris, areas of best practice are identified, as well as possible operational improvements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Newcomers' use of colleagues as role models: research propositions for investigative thinking styles of law enforcement detectives
Authors: Filstad Cathrine , Dean Geoff , Fahsing Ivar Andre , Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2007

Research indicates several important differences between a variety of sub‐cultural groups nested within the larger police culture that newcomers to law enforcement must come to grips with. The investigative culture of detectives is one such police sub‐culture that this paper is concerned with in relation to how newcomers use colleagues as role models. Newcomers use several role models, adopting different types of knowledge in order to create their own personal style as police investigators. In accordance with the partial use of role models, the newcomer needs access to several potential role models. Role models represent different investigation thinking styles, such as the method, challenge, skills, or risk style. Role models enable the newcomer to acquire needed knowledge for making a choice concerning which investigation style to choose. First, by reviewing the characteristics of role models and their thinking style they use individuals that best fit to their own perceptions. Second, it is necessary to obtain knowledge directly through interaction with those role models. This is particularly the case when a thinking style involves the use of extensive tacit knowledge. Finally, who newcomers identifies with is important for whom they prefers to use as role model(s). To what extent newcomers use role models is a result of own expectations and self‐confidence, which is related to the degree to which the newcomer is proactive in own learning. Proactive newcomers get access to informal learning arenas and build relationships with successful detectives. Proactive newcomers have access to more knowledge and are more likely to succeed in their new jobs. Less proactive and insecure newcomers are less likely to succeed as a result of not obtaining enough knowledge and experience together with established colleagues. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 10/2007
Authors: Wei Wei , Xu Huifang , Qu Xiaozhong , Ji Xiangling , Jiang Wei , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: May 2007

Cover: A general approach has been proposed towards composite ring‐like toroids against copolymer (PVP/PS/PVP) self‐assembled core‐shell templates. The shell is mainly composed of PVP (blue region), while the core is PS (gray region). The desired materials can be favorably grown within or onto the shell by specific interactions. After removal of the templates, hollow composite toroids are derived. Further details can be found in the article by W. Wei, H. Xu, X. Qu, X. Ji, W. Jiang, and Z. Yang* on page 1122.
Decision‐making under uncertainty for capital budgeting and hiring
Authors: Miller Edward
Published: May 2007

Most business decisions are not merely risky but are subject to uncertainty. Different individuals estimate different measures of merit. It is shown that the traditional procedure of ranking the alternatives by their estimated measure of merit and then choosing the highest ranked alternative frequently gives the wrong answer even where the estimates are unbiased. The argument will be made using a simple decision tree. The effect will be shown to be especially serious where there is competition, direct or indirect, between the alternatives.
Lateralization of defence mechanisms: Differing influences on perception with left and right visual field presentation of anxiety‐arousing stimulation
Authors: Carlsson Ingegerd
Published: May 2007

Forty‐five undergraduate students were randomly divided into two groups and tested with the Meta‐Contrast Technique (MCT), in the left or right visual field (VF). In the MCT, the presentation of a subliminal threatening picture is intended to evoke anxiety and ego mechanisms of defence against it. More signs of repressive plus isolating defences were found in the left hemisphere (LH) group. Signs of projection plus regression tended to be more common in the right hemisphere (RH) group. The total number of anxiety signs in the MCT protocols did not differ between the groups. A clear sex difference was noticed, namely that the female LH and RH groups showed significant lateralization, while the male groups did not differ significantly on a combined defensive score. The data suggest that the left and right hemispheres may show differing perceptual styles, which are described as ego mechanisms of defence in the psychoanalytic literature.
On perceiving morality and potency: Social values and the effects of person perception in a give‐some dilemma
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Liebrand Wim B. G.
Published: May 2007

The present study examines a two‐person give‐some dilemma characterized by the conflict between the pursuit of own benefits (not giving) and collective benefits (giving). The major purpose was two‐fold: (a) to examine the effects of person perceptions manipulated along the dimensions of morality (goodness) and potency (strength) on co‐operation, and (b) to examine whether pre‐existing differences between individuals in their preference for specific self‐other outcome distributions (social values) would modify the effects of person perception. First, we predicted and found that across social values the degree of co‐operative behaviour increased as a linear function of the extent to which the other was seen as moral. Concerning the perceptions in terms of potency, we found a significant quadratic trend; another seen as moderate on potency elicited more co‐operative behaviour than another seen as either high or low on potency. These effects of person perception were not moderated by social value. More interesting was the finding that even though persons classified as pro‐social (co‐operators and altruists) and pro‐self (individualists and competitors) held about the same expectation about the magnitude of another's co‐operation, pro‐socials behaved more co‐operatively than pro‐selfs. This suggests that under certain conditions behavioural differences between pro‐socials and pro‐selfs are not conditional upon expectational differences between those two social values.
On the spontaneity of behaviour categorization and its implications for personality measurement
Authors: Claeys Willem
Published: May 2007

In the present study 36 university students were asked to read behaviour‐descriptive sentences either under memory instructions or under behaviour‐categorization instructions. It was demonstrated that after reading sentences under memory instructions sentence recall cued by a corresponding trait adjective was better than sentence recall cued by a strong semantic associate of a sentence part. This was found despite the fact that no actors were mentioned in the sentences. This result suggests that the spontaneous encoding of sentences in trait terms during the first stage of processing behavioural information has to be interpreted as the categorization of actions rather than as the attribution of traits to actors. This categorization of a behaviour is less pronounced when it occurs spontaneously than when explicit instructions are given to do so. The impact of the occurrence of spontaneous behaviour categorization on memory‐based seq‐ or other ratings with concrete behaviour‐descriptive items is discussed.
The Strelau Temperament Inventory‐revised (STI‐R): Theoretical considerations and scale development
Authors: Strelau Jan , Angleitner Alois , Bantelmann Jürgen , Ruch Willibald
Published: May 2007

The development of a revised Strelau Temperament Inventory (STI‐R) is reported. It is assumed that the STI‐R provides a measure of the basic central nervous system (CNS) properties (strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of the CNS) as understood by Pavlov. On the basis of a series of studies, the development of the final forms of the revised STI has undergone several steps. The following forms have been elaborated: (1) a 252‐item pilot form of the STI‐R; (2) a 166‐item STI‐R with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer format; (3) a short form (84 items) of the STI‐R (STI‐RS) with ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answer format; (4) a 166‐item STI‐R with a 4‐point Likert scale; and (5) an 84‐item STI‐RS with a 4‐point rating scale. The psychometric characteristics of the consecutive versions of the revised STI improved from step to step, and in general these characteristics are judged as being satisfactory. Especially recommended by the authors are versions (4) and (5), which have, among other things, the highest reliability scores. They are regarded as the final forms of the STI‐R and STI‐RS.
Broadening the concept of temperament: From disposition to hypothetical construct
Authors: Eliasz Andrzej
Published: May 2007

This article discusses the personological vs. relational approach to temperament. The first approach, which views temperament as a relatively permanent and cross‐situationally consistent disposition, is dominant. The present article presents arguments in favour of broadening the concept of temperament. This newly broadened concept will also include relatively stable determinants of behaviour dynamics specific to certain classes of situations. Moreover, temperament is defined as an element of the system of stimulation regulation. Temperament is viewed as a hypothetical construct. The surplus meaning characteristic of such hypothetical constructs is associated in this case with optimum stimulation as a regulatory standard, and with properties of the system of stimulation regulation. It is also connected with the open question of the degree of differentiation of temperament dimensions.
Self‐schemata: Ambiguous operationalizations of an important concept
Authors: Nystedt Lars , Smari Jacob , Boman Marianne
Published: May 2007

The study addresses the question of the psychometric properties of Importance ratings as a measure of self‐schemata and compares it with Trait Level measures using a somewhat different methodology from that of Burke, Kraut and Dworkin (1984). Subjects rated themselves on each of ten trait scales and also rated the personal significance of each trait. Furthermore, subjects were asked to rank order acts with regard to how representative they would be for their own behaviour in particular situations. The experiment was repeated after 2 weeks. Conclusions similar to those of Burke et al. (1984) were reached. Evidence for the discriminant validity of Importance ratings as measures of self‐schemata was weak. Furthermore, Trait Level measures predicted schema‐related behaviour better than Importance ratings. Future directions in research on self‐schemata are discussed in the light of these findings.
Personality as a risk factor in coronary heart disease
Authors: Eysenck Hans J.
Published: May 2007

The pioneering work of the authors of the Type A personality concept has now been shown to be seriously flawed, with only the traits of anger, aggression, and hostility remaining as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). There is now evidence for a much stronger relationship between CHD and personality involving a rather different set of concepts and theories. The evidence for such a relationship is summarized, and a causal link suggested. It is also shown that the CHD‐prone type of behaviour can be changed by behaviour therapy, decreasing considerably the risk of dying from CHD.
Psychological, physical, and interpersonal correlates of emotional expressiveness, conflict, and control
Authors: King Laura A. , Emmons Robert A.
Published: May 2007

This article examines the relations between emotional expression, conflict over expression, and emotional control and psychological and physical distress. Fifty married couples completed two mail‐in surveys containing the Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ), the Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (AEQ), and the Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ), as well as measures of psychological and physical well‐being. They also made expressiveness and well‐being ratings of their spouses. AEQ and ECQ scores were significantly positively correlated with measures of psychological distress and questionnaire measures of physical discomfort. In addition, AEQ scores for items dealing explicitly with anger predicted visits to health‐care provider for illness. EEQ scores did not predict either psychological distress or physical symptoms. AEQ scores were also positively correlated with spouse's symptoms and alcohol use. Wives' expressiveness ratings for their husbands were negatively correlated with a number of indices of psychological distress, while husbands' ratings of wives' expressiveness were positively correlated with measures of distress. Generally, expressiveness, inhibition, and conflict over expression in one spouse did not consistently predict well‐being of the other. Implications of these findings for future research in the area of emotion and illness as well as in relationship satisfaction are discussed.
The effect of individual differences in act prototypicality judgments on trait‐behaviour correlations and cross‐situational consistency
Authors: O'Connor Brian P.
Published: May 2007

Individuals differ in their perceptions of actprototypicality. This study examined whether incorporating such individual differences enhances trait‐behaviour correlations and provides stronger evidence for cross‐situational consistency. Three hundred and fifty‐three subjects rated the dominance prototypicality of 100 acts, indicated how often they performed each of these acts, and provided trait ratings of how dominant they were in general. There were substantial and reliable individual differences in prototypicality judgements over a 4–5 month period. A variety of weighting schemes were used to incorporate these individual differences, but none dramatically increased the trait‐behaviour correlation. Similarly, incorporating individual differences did not increase the magnitude of cross‐situational consistency correlations. However, incorporating individual differences did enhance the pattern of trait‐behaviour and consistency correlations from less prototypical to highly prototypical acts. Differences in perceptions of act prototypicality thus do not affect the magnitude of the correlations that can be obtained, but they are useful in revealing theoretically meaningful patterns of relationships.
Type A behaviour and school achievement
Authors: Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa
Published: May 2007

Type A behaviour related to school achievement was studied in 1640 randomly selected 12‐, 15‐, and 18‐year‐old subjects. Type A behaviour was both self‐assessed by the subjects and evaluated by their mothers. Results indicated that school achievement was not related to the global score of Type A behaviour but correlated with three Type A dimensions, i.e. positively with Responsible Hard‐driving and Leadership Competitiveness, and negatively with Aggressive Competitiveness. It has previously been shown that hard‐driving correlates with a high level of somatic CHD risk factors, while leadership competition is a protective factor, i.e. it is associated with a low level of somatic CHD risk. So, school achievement differentiated adjusted and maladjusted Type A competitors, but not individuals with high and low somatic CHD risk. The results were manifest for boys and girls and for all age groups. Moreover, it was shown that the results were obtained independently of the methods used.
Individual development: A longitudinal perspective
Authors: Magnusson David
Published: May 2007

This report is a presentation of a longitudinal research programme which was established at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, in 1965 under the title of Individual Development and Adjustment (IDA). It briefly summarizes the interactional theoretical background and presents sub‐projects on (a) biological maturation and social development in girls, (b) educational and occupational careers of girls, (c) social development in boys, and (d) biological factors and antisocial behaviour in a developmental perspective. Methodological and ethical issues are discussed and the importance of longitudinal research for understanding the process of individual development is strongly emphasized.
Trapnell versus the Lexical Factor: More Ado About Nothing?
Authors: Saucier Gerard
Published: May 2007

Although Trapnell (1994) provides an interesting demonstration of the orthogonal relations between intuitively constructed English‐language adjective scales for competence and liberalism, the critique of an earlier article (Saucier, 1992) is marred by recurrent conceptual confusions between lexical and questionnaire factors, and by an overly narrow and misleading conception of the lexical Factor V. As one antidote to future confusions, I point toward an appropriately broad conceptual interpretation of the lexical Factor V.
Situational effects in trait assessment: The FPI, NEOFFI, and EPI questionnaires
Authors: Deinzer Renate , Steyer Rolf , Eid Michael , Notz Peter , Schwenkmezger Peter , Ostendorf Fritz , Neubauer Aljoscha
Published: May 2007

While most researchers do agree now that situations may have an effect in the assessment of traits, the consequences have been neglected, so far: if situations affect the assessment of traits we have to take this fact into account in studies on reliability and validity of measurement instruments and their application. In the theoretical part of this article we provide a more formal exposition of this point, introducing the basic concepts of latent state–trait (LST) theory. LST theory and the associated models allow for the estimation of the situational impact on trait measures in non‐experimental, correlational studies. In the empirical part, LST theory is applied to three well known trait questionnaires: the Freiburg Personality Inventory, the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It is shown that significant proportions of the variances of the scales of these questionnaires are due to situational effects. The following consequences of this finding are discussed, (i) Instead of the reliability coefficient, the proportion of variance due to the latent trait, the consistency coefficient, should be used for the estimation of confidence intervals for trait scores, (ii) To reduce the situational effects on trait estimates it may be useful to base such an estimate on several occasions, i.e., to aggregate data across occasions. (iii) Reliability and validity studies should not only be based on a sample of persons representative of those to whom the test will be applied; they should also be conducted in situational contexts representative of the intended applications.
The relation between category breadth and social desirability: A contest between two explanations
Authors: Hofstee Willem K. B.
Published: May 2007

Hampson, Goldberg and John (1987) reported a positive correlation between category breadth and social desirability of trait descriptive adjectives. Two possible explanations for this finding are as follows, (a) Undesirable traits represent denials of desirable traits, and are thus more difficult to process cognitively; therefore, fewer instances of negative traits can be imagined, (b) Undesirable behaviours are less frequent; therefore, fewer instances spring to mind. With respect to root/negation pairs of traits in which the negation is socially desirable (e.g. Unenvious/Envious), Hypothesis (a) predicts a lower category breadth for the negation, whereas Hypothesis (b) predicts the reverse. Using the relevant trait pairs in Table 1 from Hampson et al. (1987), Hypothesis (b) appeared to be victorious in 10 of the 12 cases (p < 0.05).
Construct validity and generalizability of the Kirton Adaption–Innovation Inventory
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Foxall Gordon R.
Published: May 2007

The factor structure of the Kirton (1976) Adaption–Innovation inventory was examined by use of confirmatory factor analysis. A three‐factor structure was found, characterized by distinct, yet positively associated, facets, thereby challenging the oft‐assumed unidimensional conceptualization of adaption–innovation. The measures were found to achieve satisfactory levels of reliability for the separate facets and to exhibit strong evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. This was demonstrated for the full 32‐item inventory, as well as 20‐item and 13‐item abridgments. Subjects were postgraduate students from the United Kingdom (N = 149), Australia (N = 142), and the United States (N = 131). The three‐factor solution was found to generalize across all three samples in the sense of yielding identical factor loadings, error variances, and correlations among facets. Differences in the means of factors were found across samples.
Personality–event interaction models of depression
Authors: Robins Clive J.
Published: May 2007

Several theorists have suggested that excessive concerns about social relatedness or autonomous achievement create vulnerabilities to depression in response to negative interpersonal or achievement events, respectively. In this paper, I describe these models and review empirical studies of them. I then discuss a number of methodological and conceptual issues that arise from these studies and that need to be addressed as this research area matures. Finally, I discuss findings that need to be incorporated by these models, which suggest that the relations among personality, events, and depression are more complex, bi‐directional, and recursive.
Personality and depression: A multilevel perspective
Authors: Heltema P. Joop
Published: May 2007

In personality psychology, depression is currently studied from different, largely unrelated, perspectives. This paper argues that our understanding of complex phenomena such as depression may benefit from a multilevel approach, ordering and connecting the findings obtained at different levels of inquiry. Not only can findings at a particular level be explained in terms of the lower levels, but this approach can also provide a framework for integration. Depression is examined at different levels, including genes, neurology, biochemistry, physiology, learning, social behaviour, and traits. Several interlevel connections are indicated. The findings are discussed in the context of self‐regulation as a general framework.
XPS Investigation of Plasma‐Deposited Polysiloxane Films Irradiated with Helium Ions
Authors: Gelamo Rogério V. , Landers Richard , Rouxinol Francisco P. M. , Trasferetti Benedito C. , Bica de Moraes Mário A. , Davanzo Celso U. , Durrant Steven F.
Published: May 2007

This work describes an XPS investigation of plasma‐deposited polysiloxane films irradiated with 170 keV He+ ions at fluences, Φ, ranging from 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1016 cm−2. Modifications in the atomic concentrations of the surface atoms with Φ were revealed by changes in the [O]/[Si], [O]/[C] and [C]/[Si] atomic ratios. Surface chemical structure modifications were evidenced by the increasing C1s peak width and asymmetry as Φ was increased, due to the formation of ether and carboxyl functionalities. Moreover, structural transformations were indicated by the positive binding energy shift of the Si2p peaks, due to the increasing Si oxidation. Correlations of the XPS data with other results from previous work on polysiloxanes illustrate the role of ion beam‐induced bond breaking on the structural modifications.

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Comparison of Direct and Indirect Effects of Non‐Thermal Atmospheric‐Pressure Plasma on Bacteria
Authors: Fridman Gregory , Brooks Ari D. , Balasubramanian Manjula , Fridman Alexander , Gutsol Alexander , Vasilets Victor N. , Ayan Halim , Friedman Gary
Published: May 2007

Direct and indirect influence on microorganisms of non‐thermal atmospheric‐pressure DBD in air is compared in terms of bacterial inactivation rates. It is demonstrated that direct influence of the plasma, where charged particles contact bacteria directly, produces inactivation much faster than the indirect treatment, where plasma afterglow is delivered to the bacteria with a gas flow through the plasma region. This leads to an important conclusion that the effect of charged particles on plasma plays the essential role in interaction with living organisms, although synergy with longer living active molecules and atoms as well as UV radiation generated in plasma and at the surface of tissues may also play a role in inactivation.

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Plasma Process. Polym. 4/2007
Authors: Martin Ina T. , Dressen Brian , Boggs Mark , Liu Yan , Henry Charles S. , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: May 2007

Cover: A scanning Auger map of the FKLL signal of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchip that was treated with a C3F8 inductively‐coupled rf plasma is shown (right). The photograph in the article by I. T. Martin, B. Dressen, M. Boggs, Y. Liu, C. S. Henry, and E. R. Fisher* on page 414.
Electrical and microscopy analysis of dislocations in present generation devices
Authors: Mica I. , Polignano M. L. , Moreau O. , Codegoni D. , Prestini P. F. , Magni P.
Published: May 2007

One of the most critical issues of the STI process is the reduction of the stress generation during the oxidation steps. This stress can create defects later on in the process, leading to increased leakage. In this work microscopy analyses confirm the link between dislocations and anomalous leakage current. The leakage current of transistors and diodes is measured as a function of temperature and the dislocations responsible of this leakage are characterized by the spectrum analysis of the Emission Microscopy. However, in addition to an accurate characterization of the defects, it is necessary to identify a method to detect the formation of crystal defects at an early stage in the device fabrication process. In this paper, we describe how the passive voltage contrast in the KLA‐Tencor eS31 tool is used for this purpose. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)