bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Stationary Homogeneous Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
Authors: Tchen C. M.
Published: December 2004

The equations determining the spectral distributions of kinetic and magnetic energies are formulated from the magnetohydrodynamical equations. The turbulence is assumed to be incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic, and stationary. The nonlinear terms of the equations, responsible for the transfer and exchange of energies, are determined using the concept of turbulent mixing, as a generalization of the Heisenberg theory. For this purpose, a theory of mixing of waves is proposed. Although empirical, it helps to give some foundation to the Heisenberg hypothesis of a turbulent viscosity and to clarify the mechanism of interactions between the turbulence and the magnetic field.
Integrable Hamiltonian systems with vector potentials
Authors: Pucacco Giuseppe , Rosquist Kjell
Published: December 2004

We investigate integrable two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with scalar and vector potentials, admitting second invariants which are linear or quadratic in the momenta. In the case of a linear second invariant, we provide some examples of weakly integrable systems. In the case of a quadratic second invariant, we recover the classical strongly integrable systems in Cartesian and polar coordinates and provide some new examples of integrable systems in parabolic and elliptical coordinates.
Calibration of imaging plate for high energy electron spectrometer
Authors: Tanaka Kazuo A. , Yabuuchi Toshinori , Sato Takashi , Kodama Ryosuke , Kitagawa Yoneyoshi , Takahashi Teruyoshi , Ikeda Toshiji , Honda Yoshihide , Okuda Shuuichi
Published: December 2004

A high energy electron spectrometer has been designed and tested using imaging plate (IP). The measurable energy range extends from 1to100MeV or even higher. The IP response in this energy range is calibrated using electrons from L-band and S-band LINAC accelerator at energies 11.5, 30, and 100MeV. The calibration has been extended to 0.2MeV using an existing data and Monte Carlo simulation Electron Gamma Shower code. The calibration results cover the energy from 0.2to100MeV and show almost a constant sensitivity for electrons over 1MeV energy. The temperature fading of the IP shows a 40% reduction after 80min of the data taken at 22.5°C. Since the fading is not significant after this time we set the waiting time to be 80min. The oblique incidence effect has been studied to show that there is a 1∕cosθ relation when the incidence angle is θ.
Manually operated scratch tester for characterization of mechanical properties of thin films
Authors: Wang Hairong , Ong Chung Wo , Tsui Yun Cheong , Lau Woon Ming
Published: December 2004

Based on the assumption that the results of a scratch test would not be affected significantly by some degree of variations of the rising rate of normal load and the speed of scratching, a manually operated scratch tester was developed for investigating the adhesion properties of coatings. The system can detect the friction force and normal load generated during a test, and identify the critical normal load Lc where the friction force becomes unstable. Measurements were made on glass, zirconium nitride coatings and aluminum oxide coatings for examining the reliability of the system. Lc of the three samples were 2.0±0.41N, 1.4±0.32N, and 0.52±0.13N. Results show that the system is good enough to serve as an economical replacement for a conventional scratch tester.
Construction of a booster linac for the RIKEN heavy-ion linac
Authors: Kamigaito O. , Kase M. , Sakamoto N. , Miyazawa Y. , Ikezawa E. , Fukunishi N. , Kohara S. , Fujimaki M. , Hemmi M. , Chiba T. , Chiba Y. , Ryuto H. , Goto A. , Yano Y.
Published: December 2004

A linac consisting of six rf cavities has been constructed as an energy booster of the RIKEN heavy-ion linac. Various heavy ion beams have been accelerated to 5.8MeV∕u with intensities of more than 1pμA (particle microampere) in the continuous-wave mode. The booster cavities are based on a quarter-wavelength resonator of a coaxial structure. The first two cavities are frequency-variable in a range from 36to76.4MHz, whereas the last four are operated at a fixed frequency of 75.5MHz. The design study started in 1997 and the booster was commissioned in 2001. The total voltage gain of the booster ever achieved is 11MV, which is 70% of the designed value of 16MV. The high-intensity beams from the booster have been successfully applied to a systematic study on the synthesis of superheavy elements. The beam energy from the ring cyclotron has also been increased, owing to the additional velocity gain provided by the booster.
Examination of the shock wave regular reflexion phenomenon in a rarefied supersonic plasma flow
Authors: Mazouffre S. , Caubet-Hilloutou V. , Lengrand J. C. , Pawelec E.
Published: December 2004

The flow properties of a low-pressure weakly ionized supersonic argon plasma jet are examined using Fabry–Pérot interferometry and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The flow velocity and equilibrium temperature measured at the torch nozzle exit are in close agreement with computational fluid dynamics calculations. The model also predicts the plasma flow to be in a rarefied regime. Departure from thermal equilibrium is indeed observed behind the nozzle where the parallel temperature differs significantly from the perpendicular temperature. The development of the axial velocity component along the jet center stream line reveals the occurrence of the shock wave regular reflexion phenomenon: No Mach disk is formed and the flow experiences successive supersonic-to-supersonic transitions before reaching a subsonic regime. Shock wave regular reflexion is in fact favored under our experimental conditions since the speed ratio is high and the rarefaction degree is pronounced at the nozzle exit.
Precipitation effect on flowering and propagule setting in mangroves of the family Rhizophoraceae
Authors: Tyagi Anand Prakash
Published: December 2004

Fijian seashores are dominated by Rhizophora samoensis (Hochr.), Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. These three species were studied at two locations—western (dry zone) and eastern (wet zone) parts of Viti Levu (the Main Island of Fiji)—over 2 years consisting of a normal-precipitation and a low-precipitation (drought) year. The research was conducted to understand the flowering pattern, propagule development and propagule size at maturity before dispersal from the mother plant. The flowering pattern and number of propagules at maturity were observed to be significantly different among the three species and within species between a normal-precipitation and very low-precipitation (drought) year. In the drought year (1998), the number of flowers produced per plant and propagule setting were significantly lower than in the normal-precipitation year (1997) at both locations. Only 1–2% of total flowers in each species became mature propagules in the normal-precipitation year. This percentage was significantly lower in the drought year for all three species. Propagule size (weight, length and girth) was found to be significantly different in the three species. R. stylosa produced the biggest propagules, followed by R. samoensis and B. gymnorhiza. Longer and heavier propagules were recorded in the normal-precipitation year than in the low-precipitation year. Flowering patterns, propagule setting and propagule size at maturity are species specific, while differences within species between two zones could be due to different climatic conditions (the amount of rainfall, relative humidity and temperature regimes) prevailing over the 2 years.
Factors affecting variation in outcrossing rate in Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Patterson Briony , Vaillancourt René E. , Pilbeam David J. , Potts Brad M.
Published: December 2004

The mating system of the animal-pollinated forest tree species Eucalyptus globulus Labill. was investigated in a clonal seed orchard to determine the importance of self-incompatibility, floral timing, floral abundance and canopy position on explaining variation in outcrossing rates. Outcrossing rates were highly and significantly correlated with the degree of self-incompatibility of individual genotypes (R2 = 0.92). Outcrossing rates were also significantly higher in the upper than in the lower parts of tree canopies (0.78 ± 0.1 and 0.54 ± 0.1, respectively). In contrast, neither flowering time nor abundance of flowers on individual trees revealed consistent effects upon outcrossing rates, suggesting that these factors are either less important or inherently more unpredictable because their effects partly depend on complex interactions with animal pollinators. Screening seed orchards in order to identify trees with high self-incompatibility and restricting seed collection to these trees will ensure that a high proportion of the seed used for plantations is derived from outcrossing, thereby minimising the deleterious effects of inbreeding depression.
Genetic congruence with new species boundaries in the Melaleuca uncinata complex (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Broadhurst Linda , Byrne Margaret , Craven Lyn , Lepschi Brendan
Published: December 2004

Uninformed management decisions have the potential to create significant problems for conservation programs. In the south-western corner of Australia where conservation initiatives are directed towards restoring large tracts of land degraded by broadscale clearing and increasing levels of dryland salinity, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br. (Myrtaceae) is a species complex of considerable interest for restoration. Although M. uncinata is morphologically uniform across most of southern mainland Australia, there is considerable variation in south-western Australia and a recent morphological evaluation has recognised 11 species. Phylogenetic patterns among populations of seven of these species were examined with nuclear RFLP loci to determine whether morphological and phylogenetic boundaries were congruent before the implementation of any broadscale revegetation programs. The phylogenetic analysis was congruent with the morphological assessment, and populations of different species, including those co-occurring at the same site, clustered according to their correct morphological assignment. Some genetic structuring associated with habitat preference was also evident within two of the species. The taxonomic resolution and knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among the seven species will facilitate their further assessment for issues relevant to revegetation, such as provenance and local adaptation. It will also enable selection of appropriate germplasm in revegetation programs to maximise the genetic adaptation in restoration and minimise negative impact of plantings on remnant vegetation.
Chiral Recognition in Jet-Cooled Complexes
Authors: Seurre Nathalie , Le Barbu-Debus Katia , Lahmani Françoise , Borho Nicole , Suhm Martin A. , Zehnacker Anne
Published: December 2004

Jet-cooled complexes formed between a chiral probe [(±)-2-naphthyl-1-ethanol] and chiral bifunctional partners that show an intramolecular hydrogen bond have been studied by laser-induced fluorescence and IR fluorescence-dip spectroscopy as well as with DFT calculations. Chiral discrimination results in a chirality-dependent competition between the intramolecular and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In the case of (±)-methyl lactate, this competition manifests itself in the size of the formed adducts. In particular, while 1 : 1 complexes are the most abundant species observed when (R)-2-naphthyl-1-ethanol is mixed with (S)-methyl lactate, they are absent in the case of the SS mixture, which only forms 1 : 2 adducts.
Counter-Ion Effects and Interfacial Properties of Aqueous Tetrabutylammonium Halide Solutions
Authors: Vrbka Luboš , Jungwirth Pavel
Published: December 2004

Aqueous solvation of tetrabutylammonium fluoride and iodide was investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations in extended slab geometry. The varying propensities of the individual ions for the air/water interface were quantified and analyzed in terms of hydrophobic, polarization, and ion–ion interactions. While the cations behave as standard ionic surfactants, the surface behaviour of the halide counter ions strongly depends on the ionic size and polarizability—iodide is surface active, while fluoride is repelled from the interface. The counter-ion effects at different concentrations on the density and charge profiles across the aqueous slab are discussed in detail.
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus: serological evidence of a non-virulent RHDV-like virus in south-western Australia
Authors: Bruce John S. , Twigg Laurie E.
Published: December 2004

Although several different cELISAs have been used to assess the exposure of European rabbits to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), the interpretation of the results of such assays is not always straight-forward. Here we report on such difficulties, and on the likely presence of a non-virulent rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus–like virus (nvRHDV-LV) in south-western Australia. Analysis of sera collected from European rabbits at Kojaneerup (near Albany) in Western Australia provided the first serological evidence of the likely presence of a nvRHDV-LV in wild rabbit populations outside the east coast of Australia and New Zealand, before the deliberate introduction of RHDV as biological control agent in both countries. Six out of 30 rabbits (20%) sampled 1–2 months before the known arrival of RHDV at Kojaneerup were seropositive to RHD on the basis of their IgG isoELISAs. However, none of these positive samples were positive for the RHDV antibody cELISA (1 : 10), indicating likely exposure to nvRHDV-LV. Subsequent serological analysis of 986 rabbits sampled between September 1996 and August 1999 at Kojaneerup indicated that nvRHDV-LV persisted in these rabbits following the natural arrival of RHDV in September 1996. At least 10–34% of rabbits appeared to have been exposed to nvRHDV-LV during the 3-year study. The presence of nvRHDV-LV seemed to offer only limited protection to rabbits from RHDV during the initial epizootic; however, persistence of nvRHDV-LV may have mitigated further RHDV activity after this epizootic. Fewer than 1% of rabbits (9 of 986) showed evidence of RHDV-challenge during the 30 months following the initial RHDV epizootic. Furthermore, except for the epizootic in September 1996, no clinical signs of the disease were apparent in the population until RHDV was deliberately reintroduced in April 1999. Mortality of rabbits exposed to RHDV at this time appeared to be correlated with their IgG isoELISA titre.
Failure to degrade poly(ADP-ribose) causes increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity and early embryonic lethality
Authors: Koh David W. , Lawler Ann M. , Poitras Marc F. , Sasaki Masayuki , Wattler Sigrid , Nehls Michael C. , Stöger Tobias , Poirier Guy G. , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M.
Published: December 2004

The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is critical for genomic stability in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we show that the failure to degrade PAR by means of disruption of the murine poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) gene unexpectedly causes early embryonic lethality and enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress. This lethality results from the failure to hydrolyze PAR, because PARG null embryonic day (E) 3.5 blastocysts accumulate PAR and concurrently undergo apoptosis. Moreover, embryonic trophoblast stem cell lines established from early PARG null embryos are viable only when cultured in medium containing the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor benzamide. Cells lacking PARG also show reduced growth, accumulation of PAR, and increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity induced by
N
-methyl-
N
′-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine and menadione after benzamide withdrawal. These results provide compelling evidence that the failure to degrade PAR has deleterious consequences. Further, they define a role for PARG in embryonic development and a protective role in the response to genotoxic stress.
γ-Tocopherol or combinations of vitamin E forms induce cell death in human prostate cancer cells by interrupting sphingolipid synthesis
Authors: Jiang Qing , Wong Jeffrey , Fyrst Henrik , Saba Julie D. , Ames Bruce N.
Published: December 2004

γ-Tocopherol (γT), the predominant form of vitamin E in diets, but not α-tocopherol, the major vitamin E form in tissues and supplements, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and PC-3) and lung cancer cells (A549). In contrast, at similar concentrations, γT has no effect on normal prostate epithelial cells. Combinations of some vitamin E forms, such as γT and δ-tocopherol, exhibit additive or synergistic inhibitory effects. In this study, γT or its combination with δ-tocopherol induced apoptosis in androgen-sensitive prostate LNCaP, but not in androgen-resistant PC-3 cells, by the induction of cytochrome
c
release, activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Myriocin and fumonisin B1, specific inhibitors of key enzymes (serine palmitoyltransferase and dihydroceramide synthase, respectively) in
de novo
synthesis of sphingolipids, significantly protected cells from γT-induced DNA fragmentation, cytochrome
c
release, PARP cleavage, and the formation of active caspase 3. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, γT treatment led to pronounced dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingosine accumulation, which preceded morphological and biochemical manifestations of apoptosis. In contrast, ceramide and shpingosine levels did not increase until day 3, when substantial cell death took place. Our study demonstrates that γT and mixed vitamin E forms induce cell death by interrupting the
de novo
sphingolipid pathway in a prostate cancer cell line. Thus, certain vitamin E forms may be valuable as anticancer agents.
Gender effects in peer nominations for aggression and social status
Authors: Card Noel A. , Hodges Ernest V. E. , Little Todd D. , Hawley Patricia H.
Published: December 2004

Little prior research has examined children’s interpersonal perceptions of peers from a social relations model framework. This study examines the degree of actor and partner variances, as well as generalised and dyadic reciprocities, in a sample of 351 sixth graders’ peer nominations of different forms and functions of aggression and aspects of social status. Gender differences in these nominations are also explored. Results indicate significant actor and partner variances for all measures, and generalised reciprocity in social status perceptions. Clear gender differences were noted in rates of nominations, such that more same-sex than cross-sex nominations were generally given for both positive and negative aspects; however, we found mixed evidence of gender differences in the variance partitioning and reciprocity correlation estimates.
Primary Psoas Muscle Abscess Diagnosed and Treated During Pregnancy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gezer A. , Erkan S. , Erzik B. Saygi , Erel C. T.
Published: December 2004

Background: Primary psoas muscle abscess is rare and can be difficult to diagnose, particularly during pregnancy.

Case: To our knowledge, this is the first case of primary psoas muscle abscess diagnosed during pregnancy. Clinical investigation did not reveal any infection spreading from adjacent structures. Surgical drainage and simultaneous Cesarean delivery of the infant, combined with appropriate antibiotics, enabled a cure.

Conclusion: The possibility of psoas muscle abscess should be taken into account when investigating lower back pain during pregnancy if conventional approaches are unsatisfactory.
The Polarized Expression of Na+,K+-ATPase in Epithelia Depends on the Association between β-Subunits Located in Neighboring Cells
Authors: Shoshani Liora , Contreras Rubén G. , Roldán María L. , Moreno Jacqueline , Lázaro Amparo , Balda María S. , Matter Karl , Cereijido Marcelino
Published: December 2004

The polarized distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase plays a paramount physiological role, because either directly or through coupling with co- and countertransporters, it is responsible for the net movement of, for example, glucose, amino acids, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, and CO3H-across the whole epithelium. We report here that the β-subunit is a key factor in the polarized distribution of this enzyme. 1) Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (epithelial from dog kidney) express the Na+,K+-ATPase over the lateral side, but not on the basal and apical domains, as if the contact with a neighboring cell were crucial for the specific membrane location of this enzyme. 2) MDCK cells cocultured with other epithelial types (derived from human, cat, dog, pig, monkey, rabbit, mouse, hamster, and rat) express the enzyme in all (100%) homotypic MDCK/MDCK borders but rarely in heterotypic ones. 3) Although MDCK cells never express Na+,K+-ATPase at contacts with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, they do when CHO cells are transfected with β1-subunit from the dog kidney (CHO-β). 4) This may be attributed to the adhesive property of the β1-subunit, because an aggregation assay using CHO (mock-transfected) and CHO-β cells shows that the expression of dog β1-subunit in the plasma membrane does increase adhesiveness. 5) This adhesiveness does not involve adherens or tight junctions. 6) Transfection of β1-subunit forces CHO-β cells to coexpress endogenous α-subunit. Together, our results indicate that MDCK cells express Na+,K+-ATPase at a given border provided the contacting cell expresses the dog β1-subunit. The cell–cell interaction thus established would suffice to account for the polarized expression and positioning of Na+,K+-ATPase in epithelial cells.
Ablation of PRC1 by Small Interfering RNA Demonstrates that Cytokinetic Abscission Requires a Central Spindle Bundle in Mammalian Cells, whereas Completion of Furrowing Does Not
Authors: Mollinari Cristiana , Kleman Jean-Philippe , Saoudi Yasmina , Jablonski Sandra A. , Perard Julien , Yen Tim J. , Margolis Robert L.
Published: December 2004

The temporal and spatial regulation of cytokinesis requires an interaction between the anaphase mitotic spindle and the cell cortex. However, the relative roles of the spindle asters or the central spindle bundle are not clear in mammalian cells. The central spindle normally serves as a platform to localize key regulators of cell cleavage, including passenger proteins. Using time-lapse and immunofluorescence analysis, we have addressed the consequences of eliminating the central spindle by ablation of PRC1, a microtubule bundling protein that is critical to the formation of the central spindle. Without a central spindle, the asters guide the equatorial cortical accumulation of anillin and actin, and of the passenger proteins, which organize into a subcortical ring in anaphase. Furrowing goes to completion, but abscission to create two daughter cells fails. We conclude the central spindle bundle is required for abscission but not for furrowing in mammalian cells.
Novel Role for Na,K-ATPase in Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling and Suppression of Cell Motility
Authors: Barwe Sonali P. , Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai , Moon Sun Y. , Zheng Yi , Whitelegge Julian P. , Rajasekaran Sigrid A. , Rajasekaran Ayyappan K.
Published: December 2004

The Na,K-ATPase, consisting of α- and β-subunits, regulates intracellular ion homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that Na,K-ATPase also regulates epithelial cell tight junction structure and functions. Consistent with an important role in the regulation of epithelial cell structure, both Na,K-ATPase enzyme activity and subunit levels are altered in carcinoma. Previously, we have shown that repletion of Na,K-ATPase β1-subunit (Na,K-β) in highly motile Moloney sarcoma virus-transformed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MSV-MDCK) cells suppressed their motility.However, until now, the mechanism by which Na,K-β reduces cell motility remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Na,K-β localizes to lamellipodia and suppresses cell motility by a novel signaling mechanism involving a cross-talk between Na,K-ATPase α1-subunit (Na,K-α) and Na,K-β with proteins involved in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) signaling pathway. We show that Na,K-α associates with the regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase and Na,K-β binds to annexin II. These molecular interactions locally activate PI3-kinase at the lamellipodia and suppress cell motility in MSV-MDCK cells, independent of Na,K-ATPase ion transport activity. Thus, these results demonstrate a new role for Na,K-ATPase in regulating carcinoma cell motility.
Inbreeding uncovers fundamental differences in the genetic load affecting male and female fertility in a butterfly
Authors: Saccheri Ilik J. , Lloyd Hywel D. , Helyar Sarah J. , Brakefield Paul M.
Published: December 2004

Inbreeding depression is most pronounced for traits closely associated with fitness. The traditional explanation is that natural selection eliminates deleterious mutations with additive or dominant effects more effectively than recessive mutations, leading to directional dominance for traits subject to strong directional selection. Here we report the unexpected finding that, in the butterflyBicyclus anynana, male sterility contributes disproportionately to inbreeding depression for fitness (complete sterility in about half the sons from brother-sister matings), while female fertility is insensitive to inbreeding. The contrast between the sexes for functionally equivalent traits is inconsistent with standard selection arguments, and suggests that trait-specific developmental properties and cryptic selection play crucial roles in shaping genetic architecture. There is evidence that spermatogenesis is less developmentally stable than oogenesis, though the unusually high male fertility load inB. anynanaadditionally suggests the operation of complex selection maintaining male sterility recessives. Analysis of the precise causes of inbreeding depression will be needed to generate a model that reliably explains variation in directional dominance and reconciles the gap between observed and expected genetic loads carried by populations. This challenging evolutionary puzzle should stimulate work on the occurrence and causes of sex differences in fertility load.
Simulated silica
Authors: Saika-Voivod Ivan , Sciortino Francesco , Grande Tor , Poole Peter H.
Published: December 2004

We review how molecular dynamics computer simulations are providing a comprehensive picture of the behaviour of silica, as modelled by the van Beest–Kramer–van Santen (BKS) potential. We have recently evaluated a number of key properties of this model system: the phase diagram, including melting lines of three crystal phases; the equation of state and free energy of the liquid phase; the dynamical equation of state; the average energy of inherent structures, and configurational entropy, associated with the potential energy landscape of the liquid; and a characterization of the local coordination environments in the supercooled liquid. The results reveal the interplay among a number of phenomena, in particular, the relationship between the energy landscape and the fragile–to–strong crossover of the liquid dynamics; and the relation of both of these to the possibility of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled liquid.
Does Land Use Planning Slow the Conversion of Forest and FarmLands?
Authors: Kline Jeffrey D. , Alig Ralph J.
Published: December 2004

Land use planning often is implemented to control development on forests and farmland, but its impact on land use remains untested. Previous studies evaluating such programs have relied on anecdotal evidence rather than on data describing actual land use change. A model of land use is specified as a function of socioeconomic factors, land rent, and landowners' characteristics, to examine how well Oregon's land use planning program has protected forests and farmland from development. The empirical model describes the probability that forests and farmland in western Oregon and western Washington were developed to residential, commercial, or industrial uses, before and after Oregon's land use planning program took effect. Land use data are provided by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis program. Results suggest that Oregon's land use planning program has concentrated development within urban growth boundaries since its implementation, but its success at reducing the likelihood of development on resource lands located within forest use and exclusive farm use zones remains uncertain.
Before and after the vocabulary spurt: two modes of word acquisition?
Authors: Nazzi Thierry , Bertoncini Josiane
Published: December 2004

This paper focuses on early lexical development, and especially the period around 18 months known as the vocabulary spurt. We first propose that this period corresponds to a shift from an associationist to a referential lexical acquisition mechanism following the developmental coupling of specific pre‐linguistic and cognitive abilities. This latter mechanism would allow the acquisition of genuine words, i.e. links between phonetically specified sound patterns and object categories. We then review the literature on early lexical acquisition by typically developing infants and infants with Down and Williams syndrome, and report some data that were recently collected on this issue. We conclude that the data so far are congruent with our proposal, but because they remain insufficient, we propose some future research that focuses on the relation between pre‐linguistic and cognitive developments.
How infants use perceptual information to guide action
Authors: Keen Rachel , Carrico Renee L. , Sylvia Monica R. , Berthier Neil E.
Published: December 2004

When infants catch a rolling ball by intercepting its trajectory, the action is prospectively controlled to take account of the object's speed, direction and path. We complicated this task in two ways: by occluding a portion of the ball's path with a screen, and by sometimes placing a barrier that blocked the ball's path behind the screen. In two experiments we manipulated visual information about the barrier and the ball's trajectory to see how this would aid 9‐month‐olds’ performance. Anticipatory reaching was possible but difficult with a partially occluded trajectory; actually catching the ball was aided by full view of the trajectory although timing of reach onset was not affected. Full sight of the barrier and trajectory through a transparent screen prevented inappropriate reaching, whereas sight of the barrier alone through a ‘window’ in an opaque screen did not. We interpreted these results as evidence for decreased performance as cognitive load increased with the loss of visual information. In contrast to anticipatory reaching behavior, search for the ball after it disappeared behind the screen was facilitated by the opaque window condition, confirming previous studies that found superior search with opaque versus transparent screens.
Can dogs defy gravity? A comparison with the human infant and a non‐human primate
Authors: Osthaus Britta , Slater Alan M. , Lea Stephen E.G.
Published: December 2004

We conducted four experiments with 56 adult dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) involving tasks where food was dropped through an opaque tube connected either vertically or diagonally to one of two or three goal boxes. In the first experiment, modelled after studies with children and primates, the dogs first searched significantly more often in the location directly beneath the drop‐off point (a gravity bias), although this box was not connected with the tube. These results are comparable to those of human infants and cotton‐top tamarins. Experiments 2–4 tested which problem solving strategy the dogs applied to find the food. Results show that they do not understand the physical mechanism of the tube itself, and they apply one of three search strategies: search the gravity box (the one below the drop‐off box); search the box in the middle; learn the correct location of the goal box. When the goal box was in the same location the dogs learned to search there over trials, that is, they learned to ‘defy gravity’, but when the location of the goal box changed over trials they showed no learning. These findings are compared with those from human infants and cotton‐top tamarins: like these species, the dogs can learn to overcome a gravity bias, but only when the reward is to be found in a consistent location.
Emotion Disc and Emotion Squares: Tools to Explore the Facial Expression Space
Authors: Ruttkay Zsófia , Noot Han , Ten Hagen Paul
Published: December 2004

In the paper we present two novel interactive tools, Emotion Disc and Emotion Squares, to explore the facial expression space. They map navigation in a two‐dimensional circle, by the first tool, or in two two‐dimensional squares, by the second tool, to the high‐dimensional parameter space of facial expressions, by using a small number of predefined reference expressions. They can be used as exploration tools by researchers, or as control devices by end‐users to put expressions on the face of embodied agents or avatars in applications like games, telepresence and education.
Proof and reproof: the judicial component of episcopal confrontation
Authors: Uhalde Kevin
Published: December 2004

Nicetius of Trier was one of the most temperamental bishops to have a place in the writings of Gregory of Tours. In the tradition of St Martin, Nicetius represented one extreme of the relationship between ecclesiastical and secular authority in sixth‐century Gaul. He stands out as an example of conflict between those two spheres, in both contemporary and modern portraits. This article attempts to place Nicetius within a tradition of episcopal behaviour that undermines the element of conflict. By focusing on the judicial functions that Nicetius fulfilled in the context of penance and oath swearing, it argues that Nicetius was less an extreme example of spiritual audacity than he was an exceptional model for commonplace virtues of the ideal bishop. This article is, therefore, a case‐study for a larger project.
Rationalizing the Political Business Cycle: A Workhorse Model
Authors: Lohmann Susanne
Published: December 2004

An incumbent policymaker has incentives to expand the money supply prior to elections to stimulate the economy and thereby further her chances of re‐election. In its original formulation, the Nordhaus political business cycle hypothesis relies on adaptive inflation expectations and naive retrospective voting.

This article develops a simple model of a political cycle in inflation and output growth, assuming rational inflation expectations and rational retrospective voting. Voter scrutiny of the incumbent's economic performance has policy and selection effects, with ambiguous consequences for welfare: the policymaker manipulates the money supply for electoral purposes, but an incumbent of above average quality is more likely to remain in office.
Are PACs Trying to Influence Politicians or Voters?
Authors: Levitt Stephen D.
Published: December 2004

Political Action Committees (PACs) can affect public policies in either of two ways: altering legislators’ roll‐call voting behavior, or influencing election outcomes. This paper develops a dynamic model demonstrating that the relative importance of the election‐influencing channel is easily underestimated. A one‐time contribution to a candidate who supports the PAC's position that alters an election outcome yields benefits to the PAC as long as that candidate holds office. In contrast, roll‐call vote buying is likely to operate on a quid‐pro‐quo basis, limiting the PAC's return on investment. Empirical tests based on the theoretical model suggest that PACs value the election‐influencing aspect of contributions at least as much as the roll‐call vote‐buying channel.
Interests Versus Ideology in the Ratification of the 16th and 17th Amendments
Authors: Holcombe R. G. , Lacombe D. J.
Published: December 2004

The ideology of Progressivism that peaked in the early years of the 20th century brought with it the 16th amendment, which allowed the federal government to tax incomes, and the 17th amendment, which mandated direct elections of Senators. Both were ratified in 1913. The 16th amendment provided the financing for government to expand its scope, and the 17th amendment created more democratic accountability, which both were goals of the Progressive movement. An examination of House and Senate voting on these amendments suggests that those opposed to the amendments voted against them based on interests rather than ideology.
Do Crises Induce Reform? Simple Empirical Tests of Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Drazen Allan , Easterly William
Published: December 2004

We find evidence for the crisis‐induces‐reform hypothesis at extreme values of the inflation rate and the black market premium. Episodes of extremely high inflation or black market premiums are followed by periods of better performance than episodes of moderately high inflation or black market premiums. We fail to find similar evidence of the crisis hypothesis when crisis is measured as a high current account deficit, a high budget deficit, or a negative per capita growth rate. The pattern of foreign aid disbursements may help explain the results. Foreign aid is reduced at extreme values of inflation or the black market premium, while it is actually increased for more extreme values of the current account deficit and the budget deficit.
A note on measuring the unofficial economy in the former Soviet Republics1
Authors: Alexeev Michael , Pyle William
Published: December 2004

This note argues that the most commonly used estimates of the size of the unofficial economies in the former Soviet republics are flawed. Most important, they are based on calculations that disregard the variation in unofficial economic activity across space in the pre‐transition Soviet Union. In addition, these estimates appear to understate the size of the unofficial economies in these countries. We propose alternative estimates and find that they are more strongly related to the institutional factors commonly used to explain the size of the unofficial sector. Our estimates also show that the size of a country's pre‐transition unofficial economy is an important predictor of its size during the transition. This suggests that the size of the unofficial economy is to a large extent a historical phenomenon only partly determined by contemporary institutional factors.

JEL classification: O17, P2, P3.
The Origins of the ‘Nonmarket Economy’: Ideas, Pluralism & Power in EC Anti‐dumping Law about China
Authors: Snyder Francis
Published: December 2004

‘Market’ and ‘market economy’ exercise a powerful, even magnetic grip on our collective imagination. But what do we mean by ‘market economy’? Does it make sense to speak of a ‘nonmarket economy’, and if so, what does it mean? How are the ideas of ‘market economy’ and ‘nonmarket economy’ related? Focusing on EC anti‐dumping law, this article seeks to answer these questions. It argues that the legal concept of ‘nonmarket economy’ in EC anti‐dumping law has been socially constructed, by means of relations among a plurality of institutional and normative sites, as part of a changing configuration of legal ideas in specific historical circumstances, and in contexts of political, economic, social, and symbolic power. This argument is articulated in three parts. First, the concept of ‘nonmarket economy’ in EC anti‐dumping law, though drawing on earlier elements, had its main roots in the early Cold War. Second, starting in the 1960s, the GATT multilateral negotiating rounds began to define more specific international rules of the game, but a variety of more localised processes played essential roles as forces of change. Of special importance were, first, the tension between legislative rules and administrative discretion in the United States, and, second, the Europeanisation of foreign trade law in the course of European integration. Third, the EC law concept of ‘nonmarket economy’ was born in the late 1970s. The main reasons were changes in the international anti‐dumping law repertoire, specific ideas in Europe about comparative economic systems, and the perceived emergence of new economic threats, including exports from China.
The Transposition of EU Law: ‘Post‐Decisional Politics’ and Institutional Autonomy
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos Dionyssis G.
Published: December 2004

The transposition of European Union (EU) law into national law is a significant part of the EU policy process. However, political scientists have not devoted to it the attention that it deserves. Here, transposition is construed as part of the wider process of policy implementation. Drawing on implementation theory from the field of public policy, the article outlines three sets of factors (institutional, political, and substantive) that affect transposition. Second, the article examines the manner in which eight member states transpose EU legislation, and identifies a European style of transposition. An institutionalist approach is employed to argue that this style is not the result of a process of convergence. Rather, it stems from the capacity of institutions to adapt to novel situations by means of their own standard operating procedures and institutional repertoires. It concludes by highlighting (a) the partial nature of efforts at EU level to improve transposition, themselves impaired by the politics of the policy process and (b) some ideas regarding future research.
Civil Society and the Re‐imagination of European Constitutionalism
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The twin concepts of constitutionalism and democracy, which offer a complex template for the structural organisation of a polity, can be understood in terms of a dialectic of complementary but competing values, values represented by responsiveness to an existing order and innovation towards a potentially new order. Recognising this necessarily dynamic relationship, an essentialist reading of a constitutionalisation of the demos is abandoned, and an examination of the extent to which the dialectic can credibly or legitimately be played out in a supranational ‘community’ and in the context of an emerging transnational civil society can be undertaken. Rather than seeking credibility or legitimacy through the rationalisation of a community by an ethical consensus as in some forms of republicanism and communitarianism, the dialectic opens up the norms and boundaries of the polity and leads to an understanding of the ‘community’ in less rigid and more diffuse, even plural, terms. Once understood in this way the possibility emerges for legitimacy to be pursued through a public sphere enlarged by a context‐transcending constitutional discourse mediated by transnational civil society. Alternatively the normative ‘openness’ of the polity might be prioritised and with it the uncertainty/fluidity of the constitutional arrangement itself; in this way the legitimate pursuit of constitutionalism is understood in terms of a never‐ending agonistic struggle or experimental practice.
Are Private Sector Standards Enough? An Example From Public Sector Hospitals in New Zealand
Authors: Van Peursem K. A. , Pratt M. J.
Published: December 2004

The aim of this paper is to assess whether and to what extent public sector hospital reports in New Zealand disclose information which best support the public interest. We analyse the content of the annual reports of Crown Health Enterprises (CHEs) for 1994, 1995 and 1996. It is concluded that the developments in public sector accounting, with respect to the public interest, have not permeated these reports to any significant extent. The following changes would improve these reportings: Reports providing costs relative to non‐financial accomplishments; removing the traditional ‘revenue’ disclosure; disclosing non‐financial as well as financial resources and obligations; providing further disaggregation in the reports; disclosing budgetary information and valuing assets alternatively. Implications of the lens used for the analysis are also considered.
The Unimportance of Labels: The Diffusion of the Personnel/HRM Function
Authors: Gennard John , Kelly James
Published: December 2004

The important debate on the relationship between personnel specialists and line managers is the theme of this article. It argues, on empirical evidence, that the development of the relationship has not been to the detriment of personnel managers but has secured mutual benefits for both themselves and their line counterparts.
The Changing Relations of Production: Union Derecognition in the UK Magazine Industry
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: December 2004

This article examines the motives and strategies of employers in implementing derecognition, the union response to this, and effect on wages and conditions, union‐management relations and union membership and organisation. In particular the author analyses the circumstances in which a large number of employers have chosen such a ‘radical’ method to re‐order the employment relationship.
The Disability Discrimination Act—an early response of employers
Authors: Cunningham Ian , James Philip
Published: December 2004

This article seeks to provide an insight into how employers have initially responded to the DDA. From a study of twenty four organisations it was found that many were revising their policies and procedures on disability as a result of the Act. However, it is suggested that there were problems of implementation due to attitudes among the workforce, operational and budgetary restrictions within decentralised management structures and lack of information and ambiguity regarding key provisions of the DDA.
Industrial relations law, employment security and collective bargaining in India: myths, realities and hopes
Authors: Sen Gupta Anil K. , Sett P. K.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the debate on reforms in industrial relations law in India, needed to support its economic liberalisation programme. Analysing a distinctively Indian experience of state intervention in industrial relations, it concludes that the thrust of the reform should be towards entrusting union recognition and promotion of dispute settlement to an authority that is independent of the state executive.
Ageism, early exit, and British trade unions
Authors: Duncan Colin , Loretto Wendy , White Phil
Published: December 2004

Union responses to ageism and the early exit phenomenon are here examined, based on documentation received from some 40 British unions. Our results show that though age discrimination is now accorded some prominence in union agendas, policies towards exit are only partially informed by current conceptions of ageism.
Employee relations in British television‐regulation, fragmentation and flexibility
Authors: Saundary Richard
Published: December 2004

The impact of regulatory change on employee relations within the UK television industry is examined. While collective labour regulation was initially eroded, employment fragmentation, combined with increased demand for programming and a shortage of skills provided the basis for the maintenance of the bargaining power of key groups of workers.
The renewed ‘American Challenge’: a review of employment practice in US multinationals
Authors: Edwards Tony , Ferner Anthony
Published: December 2004

Despite the extensive literature concerned with IR practice in American multinational companies (MNCs), there are serious gaps in our understanding of how this group of firms manages their international workforces. In this paper, we set out a framework of ‘four key influences’ on the way MNCs approach the management of labour and go on to use this framework to assess existing literature concerned with US MNCs. While this review reveals a number of general tendencies—for example, American MNCs tend to be highly centralised in the decision making on IR matters—it also reveals a number of gaps and weaknesses. In particular, we argue that previous research has failed to develop a convincing understanding of how the ‘embeddedness’ of US MNCs in their country of origin informs the behaviour of these firms as employers outside the USA. The paper ends by outlining a programme of research into US MNCs.