bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping the Scribal Self Through Prayer and Paideia
Authors: Newman Judith H.
Published: August 2018

While much scholarship has been concerned with the role of the scribal hand in the formation of texts, this chapter takes a new approach by assessing the scribal body of Ben Sira. The embodied actions of the scribal figure involve daily prayer which is understood to activate the spirit of wisdom and the ability to teach. Contemporary neurocognitive theory that understands the Self as a process helps to situate the scribe in relation to these practices of “lived religion.” Cultural values, especially honor and shame, also shape the scribal self in his larger communal engagement. The sage teaches his students to emulate his pious practices, to learn and augment wisdom, resulting in the expanding corpus of Sirach. The book of Sirach can thus be understood as the ongoing enactment of scribal teaching and training rather than the synchronic textual product of a single author.
Object Lessons in Race and Citizenship
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers the racial implications of object-based pedagogy at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. At Hampton, African American and Native American students were taught via a variation of object lessons and were referred to as living object lessons. At Hampton, this metaphor was employed to argue for the economic and political citizenship of its graduates and other educated African Americans and Native Americans, based on their appearances rather than their inherent civil rights. Object lessons were closely related to the school’s manual labor philosophy. This allowed the approach to be adapted for young children attending Hampton’s practice schools as well as for its own students. For example, the Kitchen Garden, a variation of object lessons organized around manual training and modeled on kindergarten, trained young children to become domestics. This chapter employs the photographs of Frances Benjamin Johnston, among other historical sources, to explore these topics.
Authoritative Input
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This chapter shows that the input stage of the moral community’s exercise of its moral authority arises from the delimited moral power of duty-holders (alone or in concert with the correlative right-holders) to specify their duty. To establish this claim, the chapter defends the Specificatory Theory of dyadic rights and duties. Like H. L. A. Hart’s Will Theory (and unlike Joseph Raz’s Interest Theory and Leif Wenar’s Kind-Desire Theory), this theory sets out to explain the existence of ontologically correlative rights and duties. It argues that these arise when the social division of moral labor addresses responsibilities regarding individuals’ monadic moral rights to specific individuals. These individuals are called upon intelligently to specify the content of their duty—a fact that explains ontological correlativity. This theory is shown to deal better with counterexamples than the Will Theory and to well support the requirements of the input stage.
Noneternal Moral Principles
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

Because this book’s central claim is that the moral community can authoritatively introduce new moral norms in the course of history, it seems to clash with the claim that all moral truths ultimately trace to eternally true principles of morality. This chapter considers the views of two philosophers whose added assumptions convert this into a real conflict—the seventeenth-century neo-Platonist Ralph Cudworth and the recently deceased Oxford philosopher G. A. Cohen. It challenges Cudworth’s addition to the claim—namely, that the route back can be traced only by reference to the nature of the relevant actions. And it undercuts Cohen’s contribution by reinforcing Thomas Pogge’s point that fact-sensitivity in a principle can reflect due humility rather than a lack of clear-headedness, by endorsing Sarah Moss’s claim that two final ends can contingently support each other, and by neutralizing Cohen’s attempt to disparage fact-sensitive principles as mere rules of regulation.
Philosophical Challenges for Scientism (and How to Meet Them?)
Authors: Rosenberg Alex
Published: August 2018

Scientism is expounded. Then its two major challenges are stated and responses to them sketched. The first challenge is to its epistemology of mathematics-how we know the necessary truths of mathematics. The second challenge is to the very coherence of its eliminativist account of cognition. The first of these problems is likely to be taken more seriously by philosophers than by other advocates of scientism. It is a problem that has absorbed philosophers since Plato and on which little progress has been made. The second is often unnoticed, even among those who endorse scientism, since they don’t recognize their own commitment to eliminativism and so do not appreciate the threat of incoherence it poses. It is important for scientism to acknowledge these challenges.
Moderate Scientism in Philosophy
Authors: Buckwalter Wesley , Turri John
Published: August 2018

Moderate scientism is the view that empirical science can help answer questions in nonscientific disciplines. This chapter evaluates moderate scientism in philosophy. It reviews several ways that science has contributed to research in epistemology, action theory, ethics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. It also reviews several ways that science has contributed to our understanding of how philosophers make judgments and decisions. Based on this research, it concludes that the case for moderate philosophical scientism is strong: Scientific practice has promoted significant progress in philosophy, and its further development should be welcomed and encouraged.
Improving the Present
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

An influential set of arguments defends policies of global redistribution as a response to the currently existing unjust global order. Thomas Pogge argues that this order actively harms the poor, and that the appropriate response is to tax citizens of wealthy countries to redistribute resources. The authors agree that a number of elements of the global order are unjust, such as resource and borrowing privileges, and ought to be reformed. However, Pogge’s desired redistributive conclusions require implausible assumptions about responsibility and globalization. The chapter turns to a more promising proposal to fix the problems surrounding natural resources, offered by Leif Wenar. While this proposal would be an improvement over the status quo, it still invokes a seriously problematic notion of collective ownership of natural resources. The best approach remains to treat individuals as the owners of their private property, and protect them in the freedoms for which this book argues.
Making Radio Music
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on miking methods, mixing strategies, and performance styles developed by studio workers and on-air talent for making radio music. These strategies were governed by five principles: (1) acoustic plasticity (manipulating reverberation to simulate different acoustic environments); (2) sonic restraint (eschewing forceful concert-hall projections in favor of more subdued, microphone-appropriate performance styles); (3) flattening of curves (compression of dynamic range, yielding a uniformly close-up sound); (4) sonic parsimony (reduction of sonic inputs to maintain clarity of reproduction); and (5) intelligibility (rejecting fidelity to real-world spatial relationships in favor of a clear and evenly balanced sound). Embraced for broadcasting during the early and middle years of the 1920s, these principles helped to professionalize and legitimize radio’s emerging forms of soundwork and would also inform parallel strategies pursued in recording studios and Hollywood soundstages, facilitating broader shifts in period sound culture.
Learning How to Share
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on how humans build up “moral skill,” the ability to act morally in ways that are appropriate to the social situations in which they find themselves regularly. The empirical basis for the chapter is cross-cultural studies of sharing among children and adults and the emergence of a notion of “a rightful and just share.” The spectrum of the societies considered includes those social systems in which sharing is a default strategy that children learn early in life and that is maintained in adults through their everyday practice. The chapter also discusses a tension found in many egalitarian societies, between recognizing merit or accepting inequality on the one hand and leveling inequality or disregarding merit on the other hand. Recent studies from evolutionary psychology and from philosophy are discussed from a perspective of social anthropology that highlights cultural comparison and socially shared everyday practice.
Confucian Values and Resources for Justice
Authors: Sim May
Published: August 2018

Some commentators maintain that the historical content and context of Confucian relations (based on familial hierarchical relations) prohibit Confucianism from offering a general account of relations and virtues that can be extended to equals and strangers beyond the family, that is, justice. I challenge such an account by showing that even though the Confucian virtues are cultivated first in the family, they transcend the family hierarchy and apply to everyone else. Apart from the universal applicability of the Confucian virtues, I show how self-determination is inseparable from the exercise of justice. Accordingly, I explore the familial, social and political resources in Confucianism for self-determination.
Legislating the Personal Virtue of Justice
Authors: Edwards Matthew A.
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses the prospect of using law as a tool to inculcate the personal or individual virtue of justice. Such a project arguably falls under the rubric of “virtue jurisprudence,” so the first task in this chapter is to situate the emerging virtue jurisprudence within the landscape of normative legal theory. There follows a discussion of three major challenges that would face any efforts to use the law to make people just—most notably the claim that the legislative virtue inculcation project might violate our shared liberal commitments to autonomy. Finally, the chapter highlights some of the ways to conceptualize the legislative virtue inculcation project to make it less objectionable to possible critics.
“Cyrus appeared both great and good”
Authors: Atack Carol
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Atack argues that Xenophon’s depiction of the performance of kingship by Cyrus (Cyropaedia), Agesilaus (Hellenica, Agesilaus), and other kings contains an evaluative model that explores alternative techniques a ruler can use to persuade others to be ruled. By deploying frameworks of performativity and spectacle derived from Judith Butler and Guy Debord respectively, this chapter analyses these narratives of kingship and connects them to other Greek political and ethical concerns about the role of the outstanding individual within society, linking Xenophon more closely to both Plato and Aristotle as a political and ethical theorist. Yet Xenophon’s orientation toward performativity also pulls him in the direction of analysts of status and structure. In its performative aspects Xenophon’s kingship begins to look like gender, equally established through performance and with a troubled relationship to essence.
The Boys from Cydathenaeum
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Edith Hall reconsiders the figure of Cleon, the archetypal Athenian demagogue, with the aim of illuminating Aristophanes’ Knights, in which Cleon is represented by the Paphlagonian slave of Demos. When Cleon’s story is retold in modern histories of Athens or of democracy, it is almost always colored by one of our two (hostile) major sources, Aristophanes and Thucydides. Hall points out that at the end of the Knights the Paphlagonian slave is elevated to the office of beloved statesman. A whole tradition of scholarship—motivated, Hall thinks, in part by fear of the play’s radical implications—has argued that Aristophanes ironically undermines the general joy of the ending. But in this case subtlety is being sought where little is to be found. This has implications for our understanding of Cleon’s standing among the poorer Athenians who supported him, and for our reading of Thucydides’ portrait of Cleon.
From Latö to Tsurpu
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

In chapter 6, Rangjung Dorje is forced to leave Orgyenpa’s hermitage because of political upheavals and makes his way to the Karmapas’ primary seat, Tsurpu Monastery, near Lhasa, where he spends his late childhood and adolescence. Not everyone welcomes him back to Tsurpu. There are tensions between those advocating for Karma Pakshi’s family to maintain control of the monastery and those advocating for his reincarnation, Rangjung Dorje. Karma Pakshi’s family remains in control of the monastery, and he lives in a nearby retreat center. In the retreat center, he writes songs and stories that reimagine Tsurpu as the Karmapas’ maṇḍala. He also records his memories of past lives and reflects on how lonely he is. At the end of the chapter, he begins making short journeys around Tsurpu.
Into the Mountains
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

In chapter 7, at age eighteen, Rangjung Dorje takes full ordination and begins to travel. His first destinations are the Karmapas’ other two seats: the Karma and Kampo Nénang Monasteries. He spends time living in the forests around Karma Monastery; he is eventually welcomed there after helping to quell a forest fire that threatened retreatants and the monastery alike. His journey to Kampo Nénang is less successful, and he does not stay. Instead, he journeys to the sacred mountains of Khawa Karpo and Tsari and contributes to their reputation as sacred sites. Between these excursions, back in central Tibet, he composes his most famous works, including the Profound Inner Meaning and the Birth Stories of the Teacher.
Authoritarian Containment
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

Since the early years of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese state has sought to regulate the practice of religion. The institutions it created for that purpose were meant to ensure that religious practice would not happen outside the supervision of the state. Since the 1990s, however, unregistered religious sites have proliferated in China, and those include Protestant house churches. China is said to have more unregistered churches than registered ones. Unregistered churches have, for the most part, deliberately chosen not to register with the State Administration for Religious Affairs, and they have also bypassed a number of other central government regulations on religious activities. Despite the fact that they are illegal, local public security bureaus have tolerated those churches. The book argues that they have done so to contain the influence of Protestantism in Chinese cities. It conceptualizes containment, explains why public security bureaus have contained house churches, and discusses the strategy’s impact on authoritarian regime resilience. Autocracies other than China have similarly contained informal religious groups. The book delves into the Mukhabarat’s containment of jihadi Salafists in post-Zarqawi Jordan, and Anwar al-Sadat’s containment of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1970s Egypt.
Informal Protestantism in China and Local Government Toleration
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

Protestantism is the fastest-growing religion in China. This chapter accounts for why Chinese society has become more religious in the reform period and, most importantly, for the emergence of a large number of informal Protestant churches that challenge the central government’s policy on religious co-optation. It elaborates on some of the central government’s key regulations on religious affairs and the way they have constrained religious practice in state-sanctioned churches. Those pertain to the registration of religious sites, proselytization and religious education, the diffusion of religious materials, and religious leaders’ interactions with international actors. It sheds light on how unregistered Protestant churches have bypassed those regulations, and how local governments have turned a blind eye on their activities.
Introduction
Authors: Kay Tamara , Evans R. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter situates the book’s hook in the backlash against globalization in 2016 and suggests that understanding it requires examining a free trade agreement, NAFTA, negotiated in the early 1990s. It lays out the book’s argument about how contentious trade politics and policies emerged and developed during NAFTA’s negotiation, and how they continued to affect subsequent trade battles, reinforcing resentment among anti-trade activists, including many working class voters. It also examines the relationship between state institutions and democratic practices as it relates to NAFTA and more generally to other policies. The chapter then gives a brief history of NAFTA, and moves into a discussion of the methods, and its contribution to the extant literature.
Germain Grisez and the “New Natural Law”
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter is an extended examination of a revisionist approach to natural law, explored by Germain Grisez and John Finnis. Grisez and Finnis elucidated an entirely new paradigm that they believed to be both sounder intellectually than the paradigms of the neo-scholastics and revisionists and much closer in outline to the paradigm offered by St. Thomas Aquinas. This approach is usually labeled the “new natural law.” The author proposes that the entire “new natural law” project undertaken by Grisez and Finnis could be viewed as being about saving natural law by reestablishing it on distinctly different foundations that avoided any appeal to metaphysical claims, which modern science had long rejected as outdated and unscientific.
Lisa Sowle Cahill and the Search for a “Functionalist” Paradigm of Feminist Global Ethics
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an examination of the thoughts and writings of Lisa Sowle Cahill, a moral theologian at Boston College. Taking issue with both Germain Grisez and Jean Porter, Cahill seeks to construct a new paradigm of natural law that addresses feminist and poststructural scholars. Cahill believed that any paradigm of intercultural or interreligious ethics that purported to be describing moral duties in the real world must begin by exploring how ethical questions are intimately tied to the concrete experiences in specific (often religiously diverse) communities. Her paradigm addressed the concerns of feminist and postimperialist scholars in moving beyond the “false universalism” offered by paradigms like that of neo-scholasticism, while offering a “realist” understanding of social ethics that remained true to the realist impulses in Catholic moral theology.
Teaching Children How To Be Friends
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

The skills for forming and maintaining true friendships in which all parties in the friendship benefit are quite complex. Helping students learn to like, value, and respect one another, regardless of their differences, is an important part of creating a caring classroom that benefits the learning and development of all students. Engaging students in activities that help them get to know one another and appreciate their similarities and differences provides teachers with many natural opportunities to teach their students how to interact with others in friendly, caring, and respectful ways. When students learn to work collaboratively with all the other students in the classroom, they not only learn academic skills, but also they also learn the meaning of friendship—that friends listen, help, and forgive.
Meeting Students’ Needs for Competence and Autonomy
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Forming a nurturing relationship with students involves using authority and our knowledge of them to help them build their academic knowledge while meeting their growing need for autonomy responsibly. Children frequently make mistakes and misbehave as they struggle to meet their needs for autonomy and competence in what, for many, is the challenging world of school. How we as teachers scaffold their academic as well as their social/interpersonal learning while affording them reasonable autonomy is key to students’ ultimate school success. Helping students see that classroom learning is interesting and relevant to their lives, and providing opportunities to share their learning with others are some of the ways Laura fostered her students’ competence while meeting their needs for autonomy. As mutual trust grew, Laura was able to engage her student in joint problem solving when inevitable classroom conflicts arose.
Surveillance
Authors: Sanders Rebecca
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores shifting patterns of intelligence surveillance in the United States. The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant, but foreign spying is subject to few constraints. During the Cold War, surveillance power was abused for political purposes. Operating in a culture of secrecy, American intelligence agencies engaged in extensive illegal domestic spying. The intelligence scandals of the 1970s revealed these abuses, prompting new laws, notably the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Fearing further recrimination, the national security establishment increasingly demanded legal cover. After 9/11, Congress expanded lawful surveillance powers with the PATRIOT Act. Meanwhile, the Bush administration directed the National Security Agency to conduct warrantless domestic wiretapping. To justify this program, officials sought to redefine unconstrained foreign surveillance to subsume previously protected communications. The Obama administration continued to authorize mass surveillance and data mining programs and legally rationalize bulk collection of Americans’ data.
A Duty to Resist
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

What are our responsibilities in the face of injustice? Many philosophers argue for what is called political obligation—the duty to obey the law of nearly just, legitimate states. Even proponents of civil disobedience generally hold that, given this moral duty, breaking the law requires justification. By contrast, activists from Henry David Thoreau to the Movement for Black Lives have long recognized a responsibility to resist injustice. Taking seriously this activism, this book wrestles with the problem of political obligation in real world societies that harbor injustice. It argues that the very grounds supporting a duty to obey the law—grounds such as the natural duty of justice, the principle of fairness, the Samaritan duty, and associative duties—also impose obligations of resistance under unjust social conditions. The work therefore expands political obligation to include a duty to resist injustice even in legitimate states, and further shows that under certain real-world conditions, this duty to resist demands principled disobedience. Against the mainstream in public, legal, and philosophical discourse, the book argues that such disobedience need not always be civil. Sometimes, covert, violent, evasive, or offensive acts of lawbreaking can be justified, even required. Illegal assistance to undocumented migrants, leaks of classified information, hacktivism sabotage, armed self-defense, guerrilla art, and other modes of resistance are viable and even necessary forms of resistance. There are limits: principle alone does not justify lawbreaking. But uncivil disobedience can sometimes be required in the effort to resist injustice.
Near-Death Experience in Indigenous Religions
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: August 2018

Near-death experiences (NDEs) are indisputably part of human experience, known from accounts from around the world and throughout history. This book examines the role culture plays in how people experience and interpret NDEs, and reveals how afterlife beliefs often originate in such extraordinary experiences. It also explores the relationship between shamanism and NDEs. The book focuses on traditional indigenous societies in Africa, North America, and Oceania, drawing on historical reports of explorers, missionaries, and ethnologists. These sources indicate that though NDEs are universal, the ways in which they are experienced and interpreted vary by region and culture. In contrast, despite wide differences between shamanic practices across cultures, shamanic experiences often involve elements very similar to NDEs, including leaving the body, traveling to other realms, meeting deceased relatives, and returning with new insight or information. Through an interdisciplinary analysis incorporating ideas from anthropology, philosophy, psychology, and cognitive evolutionary science, this book explains the continuum of similarities and differences between these phenomena. It presents a fascinating and engaging journey through afterlife beliefs and experiences of indigenous peoples from three continents, presenting dozens of hitherto unrecognized NDE accounts. Along the way, it also explores themes such as possession, burial of the dead, lucid dreams, religious revitalization movements, out-of-body experiences, and implications for beliefs that human beings really do survive physical death.
Africa
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: August 2018

There are very few examples of African near-death experiences (NDEs) or statements that afterlife beliefs were grounded in them. This corresponds to beliefs that often bore few similarities to NDEs, a scarcity of relevant myths, and revitalization movements that lacked any significant relationship to NDEs. Instead, there were many myths explaining why people do not return from death; beliefs in the continued presence of ancestor spirits on Earth, and fear of their potential malevolent influence; shamanic practices that focused on possession and sorcery rather than soul travel; negative attitudes toward death, the dead, and the possibility of their return; burial practices that would not have facilitated revival; and simply a lack of interest in otherworldly afterlife speculations. When such beliefs were found, however, they did bear similarities to NDEs, perhaps indicating distant cultural memories of such experiences.
Preemption in the Wake of 9/11
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: August 2018

Chapter 5 assesses Condoleezza Rice’s contributions in the George W. Bush era as the first female national security advisor and first female African American secretary of state. In the wake of the events of 9/11, Rice developed a preemption argument that said the United States could not wait for attack before defending itself. This view, which underpinned the Bush administration’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003, was consistent with an aggressive approach to leadership that pre-dated Rice’s time in senior foreign policy office. In contrast to Albright’s sense of group consciousness, Rice was long committed to a “no victims” approach to discrimination—whether bias was based on race or sex. In that way, she amplified the conservative individualism of many Republican voters.
The Influences of Volunteer Programs on Religious Vocations
Authors: Wittberg Patricia
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the impact of spending a year in post-college volunteer service on the subsequent life choices of the volunteer, with special emphasis on its influences on the volunteer’s religious participation. Based primarily on two CARA surveys and several focus groups, it covers the characteristics of the volunteers, their experiences both before and during their year of service, and the impact of volunteering on their later religious involvement. Implications for the Church and for religious institutes are outlined at the end of the chapter, including suggestions involving meeting volunteers’ desire for discernment and reflection after their service is over.
New and Emerging Religious Communities
Authors: Wittberg Patricia
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes the trends revealed in CARA’s three directories of new and emerging religious communities in the United States, compiled in 1999, 2006, and 2017. Each directory listed Catholic communities and lay movements that were in good standing in their diocese, had at least three or four members, and had been founded and headquartered in the United States since 1965. The chapter describes the wide variations in membership criteria, in spiritual traditions, in community lifestyles, and in the ministries or apostolates the members perform. Trends in membership growth/decline and the community characteristics associated with attracting new members are also covered. The chapter concludes by outlining some implications of its findings.
Research Design and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

The chapter describes the dataset: the independent variables (presidential-election rule—runoff versus plurality—as well as years of runoff and years of plurality) and the dependent variables: levels of democracy, as measured in the Freedom House and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) indices as well as voter turnout. The chapter discusses the countries in the dataset (all Latin American countries except Bolivia) and the years in the dataset (1990–2016, with the exception of a few countries in which the beginning of the third wave was subsequent to 1990). The chapter graphs trends in Freedom House scores, V-Dem scores, and voter turnout between 1990 and 2016. It reports the regression analysis; runoff was positively related to Freedom House and V-Dem scores at the .05 level. Years of plurality was significant to Freedom House scores at the .01 level and to V-Dem almost at the .01 level.
Runoff
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

I examine the five nations where levels of democracy improved and runoff worked well. Runoff opened the political arena to new parties, enhanced presidential legitimacy, and/or enticed parties at extremes toward the center. The number of parties did not increase in the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, or Uruguay and, although the number of parties was large in Brazil and Chile, two broad coalitions formed for presidential elections. This chapter first contrasts the negative effects of plurality and the positive effects of runoff in the country that is a model for runoff advocates: Uruguay. Next, it shows the negative effects of plurality in another country that adopted runoff during the third wave: the Dominican Republic. Then, the chapter turns to Brazil and Chile, where the advantages of runoff for both legitimacy and the incorporation of the left were very evident. Finally, I turn to El Salvador, where until 2014 the advantages of runoff were least apparent.
Dealing with a Violent Past
Authors: du Toit Fanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on whether the TRC maintained momentum toward inclusivity and fairness built up during the early 1990s, or if it embodied the first signs of South Africa’s stepping away from these guiding values. I argue that instead of the result of security-sector blackmail, amnesty as a tool of reconciliation went through two distinct phases that showed political dexterity and a measure of increasingly civic inclusivity. I also argue that liberals get it wrong when they accuse Archbishop Tutu of moral overreach that excluded non-Christians. Instead, the archbishop spoke in language familiar and reassuring to the vast majority of victim communities in South Africa. Finally, I argue that the liberal critique is mistaken in criticizing the TRC for its lack of formal justice—that in fact, the TRC embodied a prescient mix of formal and restorative justice—one working in favor of the other.
The Forgiving Embrace
Authors: du Toit Fanie
Published: August 2018

Moving beyond South Africa into a broader theoretical discussion, this chapter discusses the first of three typologies of reconciliation theory: reconciliation as forgiving embrace. The chapter, like previous ones, develops around three reconciliation-related questions: of inception, transition, and transformation. Those who view reconciliation as largely identical with forgiveness view its inception as a call to moral community; its unfolding as a series of steps toward restorative justice, including repentance, acknowledgment, forgiveness, and redress; and its promise as that of healing of broken relationships. I raise some difficulties with this approach: in many contexts, restorative justice does not seem appropriate, not least when perpetrators remain powerful or unrepentant, and victims vulnerable and traumatized. Moreover, I argue that one can neither prescribe nor “programmatize” forgiveness insofar as it is essentially a gift that may or may not occur. It is therefore essential to imagine reconciliation processes in the absence or not-yet-presence of forgiveness.
Introduction
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

In January 1941, Franklin Roosevelt reached a milestone that went unnoticed. For the first time in his presidency his approval rating topped 70 percent. The poll was no fluke. FDR had been inching toward such a high approval in the year before, and he would maintain it throughout the rest of his presidency until his death. It is a record that stands unsurpassed in the annals of presidential approval covering almost a century by now, and perhaps ever, if we had polls. What made Franklin Roosevelt such an especially popular president?...
Fireside Leadership
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

In 1940, the American people abandoned isolationism. While at the outset of that year polls still showed that staying out of war (World War II) was seen as the best course for the United States, by the end of 1940 that had changed to helping England win even at the risk of America getting into the war. FDR himself was the most prominent advocate of that policy. He took advantage of the new medium of radio to broadcast his views in “fireside chats,” a form of communication he himself invented, while also enlisting the services of a pollster, Hadley Cantril. FDR’s fireside chats as well as other speeches diminished the appeal of isolationism while building support for his interventionist policies. It was a masterful display of opinion leadership, using new media.
GI Partisanship
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

The generation of Americans who served in the armed forces during World War II helped give the Democratic Party its commanding lead in voter identifications for years to come. This insight comes from an analysis of polls conducted between 1937 and 1953, all but a few by the Gallup Organization. The effects of the Depression and the New Deal notwithstanding, World War II swung an even heavier proportion of young Americans to the Democratic Party and gave it a firm hold on that generation. This was true especially for those in uniform during that war. Their commander in chief, a Democrat, was immensely popular with the troops. In the election of 1944, FDR won their votes, wherever they could cast them, in a landslide. The return to civilian life did nothing to dull the wartime edge of the Democratic Party among World War II veterans. This is an unsung legacy of FDR’s popular appeal that endured long after his death.
Who Made the Women’s March?
Authors: Berry Marie , Chenoweth Erica
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the organizational tributaries that produced a tidal wave of support for the Women’s March on Washington. Ostensibly the result of a new eponymous organization, the 2017 Women’s March actually represented the sustained work of many well-established activist organizations and interest groups that spread the word and mobilized a diverse array of both new and experienced participants. This chapter argues that the Women’s March itself is an umbrella coalition rather than a singular organization. This chapter explains how the Women’s March evolved from a mostly white, elite liberal feminist movement to a more intersectional movement through various framing techniques and coalition-building. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the tactical and strategic effects of the Women’s March after the first year of the Trump administration, as well as its position in the overall landscape of social movements in the United States.
Generational Spillover in the Resistance to Trump
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: August 2018

The anti-Trump Resistance involves activists from an unusually wide range of political and chronological generations: movement veterans from the 1960s and 1970s, Generation X activists politicized in the 1980s and 1990s, Millennials who entered activism in the 2000s, and newcomers of all ages. Political generations differ in worldview based on both age and time of entry into activism. Generational spillover—the mutual influence, difference, and conflict among political generations—includes explicit attempts to teach organizing, and indirect influences on frames, organizational structures, tactics, ideologies, and goals. This chapter discusses generational spillover in the Resistance, including transmission and conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Meyer David S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews the first year of political activism with particular emphasis on three challenges the Trump presidency and the Resistance pose: to the understanding of social movements; to the American Left; and to the stability of American political institutions. The Resistance extends beyond familiar demonstrations and direct-action efforts to include activism within political institutions. It challenges left and liberal activism to negotiate their relationship with mainstream political institutions. The Trump presidency and Resistance also challenge the flexibility and stability of American institutions to respond to defiance of previously accepted political norms. This chapter concludes by outlining potential different futures.
The War on Women
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

This chapter looks at how the War on Women is manifested in multiple vulnerabilities for women, namely economic, bodily, and reproductive health. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that the legal restrictions placed on women’s bodies and lives serves to police and limit women’s citizenship and contribution to America’s polis. A need to control women is an anxious response to women’s continued independence, which is seen as a threat to patriarchal structures. As such, the chapter turns to the language used by the National Coalition for Men, the Red Pill forum on Reddit, and Breitbart to describe women’s positions in US and international society, demonstrating the sexual objectification and violently paternalistic attitude toward women that helped promote the Trump campaign.
The Urban Origins of Jewish Degeneration
Authors: Ury Scott
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between Jews and the modern city, and more specifically how urban life contributed to Jewish degeneration, by drawing on the arguments advanced by Yuri Slezkine in his book The Jewish Century. While some scholars praised The Jewish Century, others were critical of Slezkine’s work. The chapter first looks at intellectuals who influenced the turn-of-the-century discourse on the city, including Georg Simmel, Louis Wirth, Arthur Ruppin, and Theodor Herzl, before discussing the combined impact of the historical and sociological processes of urbanization and assimilation, on the one hand, and of individual adaptation and mental degeneration, on the other, on the sociological meaning of being Jewish. It also considers the discourse regarding the intersection between race and environment, taking into account arguments by physicians such as Jacob Snowman and Abraham Myerson.
An Urban Semiotics of War
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the changing urban topography of Amsterdam under Nazi occupation during World War II, focusing on how the Dutch city’s once recognizable sights and sounds, familiar movements, and rhythms were disrupted by the so-called semiotics of war: signs and symbols of an external military force. It shows how the Nazis altered Amsterdam’s urban texture in which local residents lived, worked, and moved, and how the Nazification of the city’s grammar and semiotic communication reconfigured well-established social practices and reappropriated Dutch space. It argues that the construction of a visual and aural semiotics of war helped define relations between occupier and occupied, between Nazi sympathizers and antagonists, and also between Jews and non-Jews. While Nazi territorial expansion depended on military might and physical dominance, the chapter also explains how ideological coercion found expression in the colonization of the urban landscape and soundscape.
Restoring and Reconstructing
Authors: Sinn Andrea A.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the path toward recovery of the Jewish community in the city of Munich after World War II. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, a small group of German Jews settled in larger cities outside the displaced persons camps. Against all odds, these Jews began to engage in the process of restoring Jewish communal structures in Germany. The chapter considers the process of restoring and rebuilding Jewish life in postwar Germany as well as the tensions between Jewish displaced persons, German Jews, and international Jewish organizations over the question of whether to remain or to leave. It suggests that the path toward recovery of the Jewish community in the Federal Republic of Germany was made possible by the emergence of a group identity among the so-called stayers and a change in mindset regarding Jewish life in Germany within the global Jewish community.
Religious Societies for Distributing Books
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

This chapter traces the beginning and development of tract publication and distribution from the later seventeenth through to the early nineteenth centuries, with accounts in chronological order of the aims, methods, membership, and publications of six societies: the Welsh Trust, an early example of nonconformists and conformists cooperating; the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, a Church of England society, the largest and most long-lasting of those analysed; the interdenominational and evangelical Society for Promoting Religious Knowledge among the Poor; John Wesley’s Society for Distributing Religious Tracts among the Poor; the Unitarian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; and the Religious Tract Society.
North American Connexions
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

This chapter begins by illustrating the importance of the transatlantic trade in religious books, the relations between English, Scottish, and North American readers, correspondents, and book donors, and the British interest in the New England revivals. The main focus is the editing, publishing, and interpreting in England and Scotland of the Americans Jonathan Edwards and David Brainerd. Editions and abridgements were made by Isaac Watts, John Guyse, Joseph Williams, John Erskine, William Gordon, John Wesley, John Styles, Josiah Pratt, and James Montgomery. The theological and other differences between the rival editions are clearly set out, and their reception by Methodists, Congregationalists, Baptists, Scottish Presbyterians, and Church of England evangelicals is explored.
Practical Works
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

Practical works were designed to enable readers to practise the Christian life. This chapter begins with comparative accounts of collections of sermons and prayers and their intended audiences. Some sermon collections were meant for family worship on Sunday evenings, such as those by the Congregationalists Isaac Watts and John Mason; John Wesley’s were for Methodist preachers and societies; George Burder’s were for poor villagers and Sunday schools. Prayer collections analysed are Elizabeth Rowe’s Devout Exercises and those by the Presbyterian Samuel Bourn, the Unitarian William Enfield, the Congregationalist Samuel Palmer, and the Church of England evangelical James Stonhouse. The chapter is largely devoted to case studies of three devotional handbooks, William Law’s A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, Philip Doddridge’s The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, and Henry Venn’s The Complete Duty of Man, with accounts of editions, adaptations, and readers’ responses.
Expressivism by Force
Authors: Yalcin Seth
Published: August 2018

There is on the one hand the traditional speech act-theoretic notion of illocutionary force, and there is on the other hand the kind of notion of force we have in mind when we are theorizing in formal pragmatics about conversational states and their characteristic modes of update. These notions are different, and occur at different levels of abstraction.They are not helpfully viewed as in competition.The expressivist idea that normative language is distinctive in force can be developed in two sorts of directions, depending on which of the two senses of ’force’ is emphasized. I suggest expressivists do better to take the path stressing conversational update: they do better to start with the idea that normative discourse is distinctive in respect of its dynamic effect on the state of the conversation.
Semantics as Model-Based Science
Authors: Yalcin Seth
Published: August 2018

This chapter critiques a number of standard ways of understanding the role of the metalanguage in a semantic theory for natural language, including the idea that disquotation plays a nontrivial role in any explanatory natural language semantics. It then proposes that the best way to understand the role of a semantic metalanguage involves recognizing that semantics is a model-based science. The metalanguage of semantics is language for articulating features of the theorist’s model. Models are understood as mediating instruments—idealized structures used to represent select aspects of the world, aspects the theorist is seeking some theoretical understanding of. The aspect of reality we are seeking some understanding of in semantics is a dimension of human linguistic competence—informally, knowledge of meaning.
Wind, hydro and tides Fully sustainable energy
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

Wind-turbine science and technology is outlined, following the work of Betz. Rotor design, blade construction and aspects of electric power generation are described, principally for large horizontal-axis devices, with some mention of vertical axis wind turbines. Hydropower and pumped storage are treated, with mention of Francis and Kaplan turbines. A summary of tidal energy is included. We now go into detail on some aspects of these topics. As these forms of energy come either from the Sun (in an indirect fashion) or from the motion of the Earth and Moon, they are available on an indefinite term into the future.
Solar Thermal Energy
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

The Sun’s spectrum on Earth is modified by the atmosphere, and is harvested either by generating heat for direct use or for running heat engines, or by quantum absorption in solar cells, to be discussed later. Focusing of sunlight requires tracking of the Sun and is defeated on cloudy days. Heat engines have efficiency limits similar to the Carnot cycle limit. The steam turbine follows the Rankine cycle and is well developed in technology, optimally using a re-heat cycle of higher efficiency. Having learned quite a bit about how the Sun’s energy is created, and how that process might be reproduced on Earth, we turn now to methods for harvesting the energy from the Sun as a sustainable replacement for fossil fuel energy.