bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo multiphoton‐microscopy of picosecond‐laser‐induced optical breakdown in human skin
Authors: Balu Mihaela , Lentsch Griffin , Korta Dorota Z. , König Karsten , Kelly Kristen M. , Tromberg Bruce J. , Zachary Christopher B.
Published: March 2017

Importance

Improvements in skin appearance resulting from treatment with fractionated picosecond‐lasers have been noted, but optimizing the treatment efficacy depends on a thorough understanding of the specific skin response. The development of non‐invasive laser imaging techniques in conjunction with laser therapy can potentially provide feedback for guidance and optimizing clinical outcome.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the capability of multiphoton microscopy (MPM), a high‐resolution, label‐free imaging technique, to characterize in vivo the skin response to a fractionated non‐ablative picosecond‐laser treatment.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Two areas on the arm of a volunteer were treated with a fractionated picosecond laser at the Dermatology Clinic, UC Irvine. The skin response to treatment was imaged in vivo with a clinical MPM‐based tomograph at 3 hours and 24 hours after treatment and seven additional time points over a 4‐week period.

Main Outcomes and Measures

MPM revealed micro‐injuries present in the epidermis. Pigmented cells were particularly damaged in the process, suggesting that melanin is likely the main absorber for laser induced optical breakdown.

Results

Damaged individual cells were distinguished as early as 3 hours post pico‐laser treatment with the 532 nm wavelength, and 24 hours post‐treatment with both 532 and 1064 nm wavelengths. At later time points, clusters of cellular necrotic debris were imaged across the treated epidermis. After 24 hours of treatment, inflammatory cells were imaged in the proximity of epidermal micro‐injuries. The epidermal injuries were exfoliated over a 4‐week period.

Conclusions and Relevance

This observational and descriptive pilot study demonstrates that in vivo MPM imaging can be used non‐invasively to provide label‐free contrast for describing changes in human skin following a fractionated non‐ablative laser treatment. The results presented in this study represent the groundwork for future longitudinal investigations on an expanded number of subjects to understand the response to treatment in different skin types with different laser parameters, critical factors in optimizing treatment outcome. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:555–562, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local and parallel finite element algorithm for stationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Zhang Yuhong , Hou Yanren , Shan Li , Dong Xiaojing
Published: March 2017

This article presents a local and parallel finite element method for the stationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamics problem. The key idea of this algorithm comes from the two‐grid discretization technique. Specifically, we solve the nonlinear system on a global coarse mesh, and then solve a series of linear problems on several subdomains in parallel. Furthermore, local a priori estimates are obtained on a general shape regular grid. The efficiency of the algorithm is also illustrated by some numerical experiments.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1513–1539, 2017
Effect of a Set of Acids and Polymerization Conditions on the Architecture of Polycarbonates Obtained via Ring Opening Polymerization
Authors: Jiménez‐Pardo I. , van der Ven L. G. J. , van Benthem R. A. T. M. , Esteves A. C. C. , de With G.
Published: March 2017

Polycarbonate‐based polymers with a well‐defined architecture have become interesting materials due to their large range of applications. Ring opening polymerization (ROP) has been largely applied to make branched polycarbonates. The polymer architectures obtained via this method are strictly related with the polymerization mechanisms involved which depend on the polymerization conditions chosen. Hereby, we evaluate the catalytic activity of three acids, fumaric, trifluoroacetic, and methanesulfonic on the Cationic ROP of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) over a trifunctional initiator, trimethylol propane (TMP), under different reaction conditions. In‐detail characterization of the polymers showed the co‐existence of two polymerization mechanisms: the activated monomer (AM), which produces a tri‐armed branched polycarbonate with inclusion of the TMP initiator (TMP‐PTMC), and a combined AM/Activated Chain End (ACE) mechanism, which produces a linear polycarbonate (L‐PTMC). Such mixtures were identified for nearly all the reaction variables investigated, together with other side reactions. Upon optimization of the synthesis, the polymerizations in toluene with TFA at 35 °C and equimolar acid/initiator ratio were optimal, avoiding side reactions, but still resulting in a polymer mixture composed of ∼69% TMP‐PTMC and 31% of a polycarbonate linear polymer. The occurrence of such mixed polymer architectures is commonly overlooked in literature regarding CROP of branched polycarbonates. We demonstrate the importance of performing a full characterization for a successful detection of polymer mixtures having different (number of) end‐functionalities, which are critical for further use in advanced applications, such as in the biomedical or pharmaceutical filed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1502–1511
Facile synthesis of self‐healing gel via magnetocaloric bottom‐ignited frontal polymerization
Authors: Du Xiang‐Yun , Liu Si‐Si , Wang Cai‐Feng , Wu Guan , Chen Su
Published: March 2017

A series of the self‐healing gels facilely fabricated by VI (N‐vinyl imidazole) and MAH‐β‐CD (β‐cyclodextrin grafted vinyl carboxylic acid groups) via bottom‐ignited frontal polymerization (BIFP) initiated by magnetocaloric effect. Once ignited the bottom phase, the heat upward propagates to generate the “front” in the upper phase. Then, no further energy is added to maintain the reaction and the whole polymerization process experiences within minutes. In this system, the dependence of frontal velocity and temperature, along with morphology, swelling capacity, mechanical property, and self‐healing efficiency, on the preparation parameters is investigated. Interestingly, the gels show good swelling capacity in the organic solvent, comparatively almost no absorption in water. Moreover, the as‐prepared gels exhibit excellent auto‐healing properties without any external stimuli at ambient temperature. The healed sample possesses 97% recovery of its tensile strength after 8 h healing time, which relies largely on the host–guest interaction between VI and MAH‐β‐CD. The results demonstrate that FP can be utilized as an efficient and energy‐saving method to synthesize self‐healing supramolecular gels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2585–2593
Polybenzimidazole‐based block copolymers: From monomers to membrane electrode assemblies for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Authors: Schönberger Frank , Qian Guoqing , Benicewicz Brian C.
Published: March 2017

In this study, PBI‐based block copolymers were developed and their performance as membranes in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells was evaluated. This type of block copolymer consists of “phosphophilic” PBI and “phosphophobic” non‐PBI segments. The final properties of such block copolymers strongly depended on the length of the individual blocks and their chemical structures. In a systematic approach, a series of various block copolymers was synthesized and characterized both in terms of ex situ properties (e.g., proton conductivity, phosphoric acid uptake, swelling behavior) and in situ fuel cell tests. A very poor membrane‐electrode interface limited the performance of the membrane electrode assemblies, but was remarkably improved in power output, stability, and long‐term durability by treating the electrode interface with a fluorinated PBI derivative. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1831–1843
Chemical warfare simulant‐responsive polymer nanocomposites: Synthesis and evaluation
Authors: Sha Sheng‐Chun , Zhu Rong , Herbert Myles B. , Kalow Julia A. , Swager Timothy M.
Published: March 2017

Nanomaterials that undergo a physical change upon chemical warfare agent (CWA) exposure can potentially be used in detectors to warn soldiers of their presence or in fabrics to provide on‐demand protection. In this study, hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by grafting a CWA‐responsive polymer from a silicon dioxide (SiO2) surface using ring opening metathesis polymerization; the covalent functionalization of the polymers on the NP surface was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The polymer‐grafted SiO2 NPs were found to undergo a pronounced decrease (approximately 200 nm) in their hydrodynamic radius upon exposure to CWA simulants trifluoroacetic acid and diethyl chlorophosphate in toluene. This decrease in hydrodynamic radius is attributed to the electrophile‐mediated ionization of the triarylmethanol responsive unit and represents a rare example of polycation formation leading to polymer chain collapse. We have ascribed this ionization‐induced collapse to the formation of a favorable stacking interaction between the planar triarylcations. These studies have important implications for the development of breathable fabrics that can provide on‐demand protection for soldiers in combat situations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3034–3040
Effect of Organic Fluoride on Combustion Agglomerates of Aluminized HTPB Solid Propellant
Authors: Zhou Xuyuan , Zou Meishuai , Huang Fenglei , Yang Rongjie , Guo Xiaoyan
Published: March 2017

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based propellants containing fixed aluminum content (18 wt %) and different amounts of organic fluoride (OF) additive were studied. Explosion heat of propellant samples and particle size distribution of the solid combustion products were experimentally measured to generally assess the effect of the organic fluoride compounds on propellants. Heats of explosion decreased approximately by 9.5 %, from 7209 (±259) to 6525 (±146) kJ kg−1, with the increase in OF content from 0 % to 6 %, and the volume fraction of particles size above 10 μm was sharply decreased. In addition, scanning electron microscope images showed the solid combustion products to be well separated, the titration analysis results also gave the amount of unburned metallic aluminum decreased. These results indicated that OF as an additive would be helpful to reduce agglomeration in the combustion products of aluminized HTPB propellants. Furthermore, a mechanism for suppression of agglomerate size can be postulated based on the X‐ray diffraction analysis data that addition of OF promotes increased content of γ‐Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) in the solid combustion products.
Synthesis and Low‐Temperature Capacitive Performances of Ternary Active Site CoNiFe Hydroxides
Authors: Su Linghao , Song Zuwei , Guo Jialiang , Li Jiujiang
Published: March 2017

CoNiFe ternary hydroxides were synthesized via hydrothermal method and the synthesis conditions (temperature, reaction time and Co/Ni/Fe molar ratio) were investigated. High temperature and long reaction time help to increase the crystallinity of the as‐prepared materials yet result in creating the impurities (Co(OH)2, Ni(OH)2 and Fe3O4) in addition to layered double hydroxide (LDH). Pure ternary CoNiFe LDH phase is obtained at the optimized condition at 130 °C for 12 h when Co/Ni molar ratios are 3:1 and 1:1. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests display the capacitive performances at −20 °C of the ternary LDH material with Co/Ni molar ratio of 3:1 is superior to binary CoFe LDH.
1D, 2D, and 2D Parallel Interpenetrated Dicarboxylato Bridged Co(II) Metal Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Fluorescence Sensing and Band Gap Calculation
Authors: Mistri Soumen , Zangrando Ennio , Vojtíšek Pavel , Manna Subal Chandra
Published: March 2017

Metal organic frameworks of Co(II), {[Co(bphz)1.5(tp)(H2O)2]⋅3.2H2O}n (1), {[Co(bphz)(ip)]⋅(bphz)0.5}n (2), and [Co(bpp)(ppda)(H2O)2]n (3) [where bphz=N,N′‐bis‐pyridin‐4‐ylmethylene‐hydrazine; tp=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate; ip=1,3‐benzenedicarboxylate; bpp=1,3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane; ppda=1,4‐phenylenediacrylate] have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies. Complex 1 is a ladder like 1D polymeric chain, 2 is a 2D porous sheet, while 3 is a 2D parallel interpenetrated network. The band gap of complexes has been calculated using solid state reflectance spectra, and results show that complexes act as semiconductor. In dispersed methanolic solution complexes 1–3 exhibit intense fluorescence at room temperature. The complexes were tested with several aromatic compounds such as benzene, nitrobenzene, o‐nitrotoluene and p‐nitrotoluene, etc., in dispersed methanol medium. Results show that complex 3 selectively senses nitro aromatic compounds and this behavior has been explained on the basis of PET and RET mechanisms.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Nitrones via Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroolefins and Subsequent Reductive Cyclization.
Authors: Szcześniak Piotr , Staszewska‐Krajewska Olga , Furman Bartłomiej , Młynarski Jacek
Published: March 2017

A direct approach to the synthesis of optically active five‐membered cyclic nitrones is described. The presented strategy is based on organocatalytic Michael addition of aldehydes to trans‐nitroalkenes and subsequent reductive cyclization. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the asymmetric synthesis of Methdilazine.
Design optimization to increase the (buckling) stability of concrete columns
Authors: Schmidt Angela , Curbach Manfred
Published: March 2017

In 2014 and 2015, concrete columns were tested under axial compression in the Otto‐Mohr‐Laboratory of Dresden University of Technology. In comparison to columns with the same volume and a constant rectangular cross section, a 25% increase in buckling resistance was attained with an optimized shape. The shape of a column can be optimized in both the longitudinal and the transverse direction. Both aforementioned possibilities were tested separately in two experimental series; the results of such tests were used to verify the accuracy of the theoretical calculations. Based on these calculations and considerations, it was determined that an even larger increase of the buckling load is possible, for example, by combining both form influences (cross section and shape in longitudinal direction). A literature review regarding the optimization of axially loaded columns was conducted in 2012 and 2013. First, the current study gives an overview of the mathematical results. Subsequently, it presents the column test results in detail. Both simply supported columns and columns with fixed ends were tested. All columns were designed with ultra‐high‐performance concrete. The outcomes of the experiments are provided and discussed. Additionally, the measured values are compared with the calculated values.
Second‐ to third‐trimester longitudinal growth assessment for prediction of small‐for‐gestational age and late fetal growth restriction
Authors: Caradeux J. , Eixarch E. , Mazarico E. , Basuki T. R. , Gratacós E. , Figueras F.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Detection of fetal growth restriction (FGR) remains poor and most screening strategies rely on cross‐sectional evaluation of fetal size during the third trimester. A longitudinal and individualized approach has been proposed as an alternative method of evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare second‐ to third‐trimester longitudinal growth assessment to cross‐sectional evaluation in the third trimester for the prediction of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) and late FGR in low‐risk singleton pregnancy.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of 2696 unselected consecutive low‐risk singleton pregnancies scanned at 21 ± 2 and 32 ± 2 weeks. For cross‐sectional growth assessment, abdominal circumference (AC) measurements were transformed to z‐values according the 21st‐INTERGROWTH standards. Longitudinal growth assessment was performed by calculating the AC z‐velocity and the second‐ to third‐trimester AC conditional growth centile. Longitudinal assessment was compared with cross‐sectional assessment at 32 weeks. Association of cross‐sectional and longitudinal evaluations with SGA and late FGR was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Predictive performance was determined by receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis.

Result

In total, 210 (7.8%) newborns were classified as SGA and 103 (3.8%) as late FGR. Neither longitudinal measurement improved the association with SGA or late FGR provided by cross‐sectional evaluation of AC z‐score at 32 weeks. Areas under the curves of AC z‐velocity and conditional AC growth were significantly smaller than those of cross‐sectional AC z‐scores (P < 0.001), although AC z‐velocity performed significantly better than did conditional AC growth (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Longitudinal assessment of fetal growth from the second to third trimester has a low predictive capacity for SGA and late FGR in low‐risk singleton pregnancy compared with cross‐sectional growth evaluation. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Anatomical subgroup analysis of the MERIDIAN cohort: ventriculomegaly
Authors: Griffiths P. D. , Brackley K. , Bradburn M. , Connolly D. J. A. , Gawne‐Cain M. L. , Griffiths D. I. , Kilby M. D. , Mandefield L. , Mooney C. , Robson S. C. , Vollmer B. , Mason G.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To assess the contribution of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in fetuses of the MERIDIAN cohort diagnosed with ventriculomegaly (VM) as the only abnormal intracranial finding on antenatal ultrasound.

Methods

This was a subgroup analysis of the MERIDIAN study of fetuses with only VM diagnosed on ultrasound in women who had a subsequent MRI examination within 2 weeks and for whom outcome reference data were available. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and MRI was reported in relation to the severity of VM. The difference in measurements of trigone size on the two imaging methods and the clinical impact of adding MRI to the diagnostic pathway were also studied.

Results

In 306 fetuses with VM, ultrasound failed to detect 31 additional brain abnormalities, having an overall diagnostic accuracy of 89.9% for ultrasound, whilst MRI correctly detected 27 of the additional brain abnormalities, having a diagnostic accuracy of 98.7% (P < 0.0001). There were other brain abnormalities in 14/244 fetuses with mild VM on ultrasound (diagnostic accuracy, 94.3%) and MRI correctly diagnosed 12 of these (diagnostic accuracy, 99.2%; P = 0.0005). There was a close agreement between the size of trigones measured on ultrasound and on MRI, with categorical differences in only 16% of cases, showing that MRI did not systematically overestimate or underestimate trigone size. Complete prognostic data were available in 295/306 fetuses and the prognosis category changed after MRI in 69/295 (23.4%) cases. The overall effect of MRI on clinical management was considered to be ‘significant’, ‘major’ or ‘decisive’ in 76/295 (25.8%) cases.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that a woman carrying a fetus with VM as the only intracranial finding on ultrasound should be offered an adjuvant investigation by MRI for further evaluation. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Nonadiabatic charge dynamics in novel solar cell materials
Authors: Long Run , Prezhdo Oleg V. , Fang Weihai
Published: March 2017

The review describes recent research into the nonequilibrium phenomena in nanoscale materials, with focus on charge separation and recombination, that form the basis for photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics combined with ab initio real‐time time‐dependent density functional theory enable us to model time‐resolved laser experiments at the atomistic level, emphasizing realistic aspects of the materials, such as defects, dopants, boundaries, chemical bonding, etc. A variety of systems have been considered, including bulk semiconductors sensitized by semiconducting/metallic nanoparticles and graphene, nanocrystal/molecule junctions, polymer interfaces with carbon nanotubes and nanoclusters, van der Waals heterojunctions, black phosphorus, and hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites. The detailed atomistic knowledge obtained from the explicit time‐domain modeling generates comprehensive understanding of electron‐vibrational dynamics in complex multi‐component systems, provides critical insights into quantum mechanical transport of energy and charge, and leads to valuable guidelines for improvement of solar‐to‐electric power conversion in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications and for efficient performance of transport devices. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1305. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1305

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Leaf litter decomposition of 12 tree species in a subtropical forest in Japan
Authors: Osono Takashi
Published: March 2017

The leaf litter decomposition of 12 tree species was examined for three years in a subtropical forest in Japan to follow the pattern of changes in organic chemical constituents and nitrogen (N) and the relationship between these components. The remaining mass of the leaf litter reached 7–53% of the original mass at the end of the field incubation, and the decomposition constants (k) ranged from 0.37 to 2.39 year−1. The decomposition constant was significantly negatively correlated with the initial content of acid‐unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) for all 12 tree species. A net increase of AUR that lasted for the first 3 to 6 months was noted for leaf litter of four tree species. The absolute amount of total N increased initially and then decreased thereafter in leaf litter of five tree species, whereas total N mass decreased throughout the study period in leaf litter of the other species. Contents of AUR and total N in leaf litter generally increased linearly with the accumulated mass loss of litter during decomposition, resulting in positive slopes of linear regressions. Lignocellulose index and AUR to N ratio of the litter showed convergent trends for 12 tree species as the decomposition progressed. When compared with datasets for an Asian climatic gradient, the decomposition rates in the subtropical forest was intermediate between the rates in tropical and temperate forests, and AUR and N contents in decomposing litter were consistently lower than those in temperate forests, indicating faster loss of AUR and N.
Effect of Temperature on Foaming Ability and Foam Stability of Typical Surfactants Used for Foaming Agent
Authors: Wang Hetang , Guo Wangbiao , Zheng Chuanbao , Wang Deming , Zhan Hanhui
Published: March 2017

Foam has extensive applications in a wide range of industrial fields. Some surfactants are used as foaming agents in the preparation of foam. The performance of the foaming agent directly affects the application of the foam. In this paper, experiments were designed and conducted to reveal the influence of temperature on foaming performance of 10 typical anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphiprotic surfactants. They were exposed to different temperature conditions to measure the foaming capacity (FC), foaming expansion (FE), and foam's half‐life. FC and FE represent foaming ability (FA), and half‐life represents foam stability (FS). The results show that the FC increased at elevated foaming temperature, while FS decreased with rising temperature. Anionic surfactants are less affected by temperature and have better FA and longer FS. It seems that 20–30 °C is an ideal foaming temperature. This study lays an important foundation for the efficient preparation and utilization of foam in industrial fields.
Measured PET Data Characterization with the Negative Binomial Distribution Model
Authors: Santarelli Maria Filomena , Positano Vincenzo , Landini Luigi
Published: March 2017

Accurate statistical model of PET measurements is a prerequisite for a correct image reconstruction when using statistical image reconstruction algorithms, or when pre-filtering operations must be performed. Although radioactive decay follows a Poisson distribution, deviation from Poisson statistics occurs on projection data prior to reconstruction due to physical effects, measurement errors, correction of scatter and random coincidences. Modelling projection data can aid in understanding the statistical nature of the data in order to develop efficient processing methods and to reduce noise. This paper outlines the statistical behaviour of measured emission data evaluating the goodness of fit of the negative binomial (NB) distribution model to PET data for a wide range of emission activity values. An NB distribution model is characterized by the mean of the data and the dispersion parameter α that describes the deviation from Poisson statistics. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate: (a) the performances of the dispersion parameter α estimator, (b) the goodness of fit of the NB model for a wide range of activity values. We focused on the effect produced by correction for random and scatter events in the projection (sinogram) domain, due to their importance in quantitative analysis of PET data. The analysis developed herein allowed us to assess the accuracy of the NB distribution model to fit corrected sinogram data, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the dispersion parameter α to quantify deviation from Poisson statistics. By the sinogram ROI-based analysis, it was demonstrated that deviation on the measured data from Poisson statistics can be quantitatively characterized by the dispersion parameter α, in any noise conditions and corrections.
Can Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Predict the Clinical Outcome in Drowned Children?
Authors: Hruşcã Adrian , Rãchişan Andreea Liana , Rödl Siegfried , Sorantin Erich
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Pediatric cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury frequently results in severe neurological outcome. Imaging with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWi) demonstrates that the acute cerebral injury and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) allow the assessment of the severity of brain damage. The main objective was to examine if spatial distribution of reductions in ADC values is associated with clinical outcome in drowned children.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 7 children (7 examinations) suffering from a hypoxic-ischemic event who underwent DWi. Seven subjects with normal DWi served as controls. The mean patient age was 4.88 ± 2.93 years and the male-to-female ratio was 5:2. The neurological outcome was divided into 2 categories: 4 children with Apallic syndrome and 3 deaths. We analysed the differences between the drowned children and the control group regarding clinical data, DWi abnormalities, and ADC values.

Results

The ADC values in the occipital and parietal grey matter were significantly different between the drowned children (765.14 ± 65.47 vs 920.95 ± 69.62; P = .003) and the control group (670.82 ± 233.99 vs 900.66 ± 92.72; P = .005). The ADC showed low values in the precentral area also ( P = .044).

Conclusion

The ADC reduction may be useful to predict the poor outcome in drowned children and can be a valuable tool for clinical assessment.
True Atomic-Scale Imaging in Three Dimensions: A Review of the Rebirth of Field-Ion Microscopy
Authors: Vurpillot Francois , Danoix Frédéric , Gilbert Matthieu , Koelling Sebastian , Dagan Michal , Seidman David N.
Published: March 2017

This article reviews recent advances utilizing field-ion microscopy (FIM) to extract atomic-scale three-dimensional images of materials. This capability is not new, as the first atomic-scale reconstructions of features utilizing FIM were demonstrated decades ago. The rise of atom probe tomography, and the application of this latter technique in place of FIM has unfortunately severely limited further FIM development. Currently, the ubiquitous availability of extensive computing power makes it possible to treat and reconstruct FIM data digitally and this development allows the image sequences obtained utilizing FIM to be extremely valuable for many material science and engineering applications. This article demonstrates different applications of these capabilities, focusing on its use in physical metallurgy and semiconductor science and technology.
Property as sequential exchange: definition and language issues
Authors: ALLEN DOUGLAS W.
Published: March 2017

Benito Arrunãda's paper on the transaction cost problems involved with land, provides an excellent explanation of land legal institutions. This explanation revolves around the fact that land exists through time, and that various exchanges made with respect to land at one time affect exchanges in other times. Arrunãda refers to this as ‘sequential exchange’, and he argues that sequential exchange provides the explanation for state involvement in titling and the default nature of in rem rights. Unfortunately, Arrunãda frames his argument with an inappropriate notion of transaction costs. This creates a confusing language, and a faulty interpretation of Coasean logic. Reframing the first sections of his paper using the ‘property rights’ definition of transaction costs brings brevity and clarity to the ultimate point he is trying to make.
EEG Frequency Characteristics in Healthy Advanced Elderly
Authors: Mizukami Kimiko , Katada Akiyoshi
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity over the course of the normal aging process demonstrate that elderly individuals exhibit an increase in slow wave activity. In this study, we reexamined findings that EEG activity in healthy elderly individuals aged over 85 years (range 85–94) was the same or different compared to individuals younger than 84 years (range 65–84). We performed EEG frequency analysis to investigate the characteristics of resting state frequency components in a cross-sectional study. In individuals aged 85 and older, the dominant frequency component demonstrated a significant shift toward the slower alpha frequency in the left temporal and occipital regions. However, among the oldest individuals, a spectral peak appeared at 9.0–10.0 Hz, and power curves at peak frequency exhibited a sharp rise. Interestingly, healthy individuals older than 85 did not exhibit an appreciable change in EEG, suggesting that “slowing” is not a characteristic sign of aging.
Effect of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Panic Disorder on Defensive Responding
Authors: Katz Andrea C. , Weinberg Anna , Gorka Stephanie M. , Auerbach Randy P. , Shankman Stewart A.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Although panic disorder (PD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are characterized by heightened sensitivity to threat, no study to date has examined the effect of comorbid PD and PTSD on defensive responding. The present study probed startle eyeblink response to an acoustic probe in three groups of participants recruited from the community: (1) healthy individuals (n = 63), (2) individuals with PD without PTSD (n = 62), and (3) individuals with comorbid PD and PTSD (n = 24). Results indicated that PD individuals without PTSD exhibited greater sensitivity to threat relative to controls, and comorbid individuals displayed attenuated sensitivity to threat relative to PD individuals without PTSD (both ps < .05). The results are discussed in the context of the anxiety disorder spectrum, which postulates that anxiety disorders exist on a continuum spanning from specific/simple fear to broad distress, with defensive responding decreasing as distress increases.
What do expectant mothers need to know about oral health? A cohort study from a London maternity unit
Authors: Correia Patricia Nunes , Alkhatrash Aishah , Williams Catherine Ethel , Briley Annette , Carter Jenny , Poston Lucilla , Hosey Marie-Therese
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To determine the oral health knowledge of pregnant women and to report their future plans to provide dental care for their expected child.

Design and setting:

Prospective cohort study; Ultrasound maternity services at St Thomas’ Hospital, London, 2014. Pregnant women attending for a routine ultrasound scan completed a questionnaire.

Results:

Women did not know that milk, dried fruit or fruit juices can cause caries. Most women knew about the benefit of fluoridated toothpaste, dental floss and sugar-free chewing gum, but only a minority knew about fluoride varnish. Most pregnant women planned to read or seek advice before purchasing their child’s first toothpaste. There was no difference regarding knowledge of prevention tools (diet and fluoride supplements) for dental caries (P>0.05) between first-time mothers and those who had children already. Though the latter knew more about toothpaste dose and timing of starting toothbrushing (P<0.05).

Discussion:

Oral health knowledge among pregnant women was deficient with respect to the cariogenicity of prolonged night-time milk feeding, dried fruits and fruit juice consumption. There was also limited knowledge of the benefit of fluoride varnish and timing of starting toothbrushing.

Conclusions:

Oral health knowledge amongst pregnant women is still deficient in many aspects. In this study population the need to improve maternal knowledge was shown.
Affibody molecules as engineered protein drugs
Authors: Frejd Fredrik Y , Kim Kyu-Tae
Published: March 2017

Affibody molecules can be used as tools for molecular recognition in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. There are several preclinical studies reported on diagnostic and therapeutic use of this molecular class of alternative scaffolds, and early clinical evidence is now beginning to accumulate that suggests the Affibody molecules to be efficacious and safe in man. The small size and ease of engineering make Affibody molecules suitable for use in multispecific constructs where AffiMabs is one such that offers the option to potentiate antibodies for use in complex disease.
Biogeography and diversity of Collodaria (Radiolaria) in the global ocean
Authors: Biard Tristan , Bigeard Estelle , Audic Stéphane , Poulain Julie , Gutierrez-Rodriguez Andres , Pesant Stéphane , Stemmann Lars , Not Fabrice
Published: March 2017

Collodaria are heterotrophic marine protists that exist either as large colonies composed of hundreds of cells or as large solitary cells. All described species so far harbour intracellular microalgae as photosymbionts. Although recent environmental diversity surveys based on molecular methods demonstrated their consistently high contribution to planktonic communities and their worldwide occurrence, our understanding of their diversity and biogeography is still very limited. Here we estimated the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene copies per collodarian cell for solitary (5770±1960 small subunit (SSU) rDNA copies) and colonial specimens (37 474±17 799 SSU rDNA copies, for each individual cell within a colony) using single-specimen quantitative PCR. We then investigated the environmental diversity of Collodaria within the photic zone through the metabarcoding survey from the Tara Oceans expedition and found that the two collodarian families Collosphaeridae and Sphaerozoidae contributed the most to the collodarian diversity and encompassed mostly cosmopolitan taxa. Although the biogeographical patterns were homogeneous within each biogeochemical biome considered, we observed that coastal biomes were consistently less diverse than oceanic biomes and were dominated by the Sphaerozoidae while the Collosphaeridae were dominant in the open oceans. The significant relationships with six environmental variables suggest that collodarian diversity is influenced by the trophic status of oceanic provinces and increased towards more oligotrophic regions.
The fourth crystallographic closest packing unveiled in the gold nanocluster crystal
Authors: Gan Zibao , Chen Jishi , Wang Juan , Wang Chengming , Li Man-Bo , Yao Chuanhao , Zhuang Shengli , Xu An , Li Lingling , Wu Zhikun
Published: March 2017

Metal nanoclusters have recently attracted extensive interest not only for fundamental scientific research, but also for practical applications. For fundamental scientific research, it is of major importance to explore the internal structure and crystallographic arrangement. Herein, we synthesize a gold nanocluster whose composition is determined to be Au60S6(SCH2Ph)36 by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray crystallography (SCXC). SCXC also reveals that Au60S6(SCH2Ph)36 consists of a fcc-like Au20 kernel protected by a pair of giant Au20S3(SCH2Ph)18 staple motifs, which contain 6 tetrahedral-coordinate μ4-S atoms not previously reported in the Au–S interface. Importantly, the fourth crystallographic closest-packed pattern, termed 6H left-handed helical (6HLH) arrangement, which results in the distinct loss of solid photoluminescence of amorphous Au60S6(SCH2Ph)36, is found in the crystals of Au60S6(SCH2Ph)36. The solvent-polarity-dependent solution photoluminescence is also demonstrated. Overall, this work provides important insights about the structure, Au–S bonding and solid photoluminescence of gold nanoclusters.
Field-emission from quantum-dot-in-perovskite solids
Authors: García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Gong Xiwen , Sabatini Randy P. , Liu Min , Kim Gi-Hwan , Sutherland Brandon R. , Voznyy Oleksandr , Xu Jixian , Pang Yuangjie , Hoogland Sjoerd , Sinton David , Sargent Edward
Published: March 2017

Quantum dot and well architectures are attractive for infrared optoelectronics, and have led to the realization of compelling light sensors. However, they require well-defined passivated interfaces and rapid charge transport, and this has restricted their efficient implementation to costly vacuum-epitaxially grown semiconductors. Here we report solution-processed, sensitive infrared field-emission photodetectors. Using quantum-dots-in-perovskite, we demonstrate the extraction of photocarriers via field emission, followed by the recirculation of photogenerated carriers. We usein operandoultrafast transient spectroscopy to sense bias-dependent photoemission and recapture in field-emission devices. The resultant photodiodes exploit the superior electronic transport properties of organometal halide perovskites, the quantum-size-tuned absorption of the colloidal quantum dots and their matched interface. These field-emission quantum-dot-in-perovskite photodiodes extend the perovskite response into the short-wavelength infrared and achieve measured specific detectivities that exceed 1012Jones. The results pave the way towards novel functional photonic devices with applications in photovoltaics and light emission.
Synthesis and reactivity of a mononuclear non-haem cobalt(IV)-oxo complex
Authors: Wang Bin , Lee Yong-Min , Tcho Woon-Young , Tussupbayev Samat , Kim Seoung-Tae , Kim Yujeong , Seo Mi Sook , Cho Kyung-Bin , Dede Yavuz , Keegan Brenna C. , Ogura Takashi , Kim Sun Hee , Ohta Takehiro , Baik Mu-Hyun , Ray Kallol , Shearer Jason , Nam Wonwoo
Published: March 2017

Terminal cobalt(IV)–oxo (CoIV–O) species have been implicated as key intermediates in various cobalt-mediated oxidation reactions. Herein we report the photocatalytic generation of a mononuclear non-haem [(13-TMC)CoIV(O)]2+ (2) by irradiating [CoII(13-TMC)(CF3SO3)]+ (1) in the presence of [RuII(bpy)3]2+, Na2S2O8, and water as an oxygen source. The intermediate 2 was also obtained by reacting 1 with an artificial oxidant (that is, iodosylbenzene) and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. In particular, the resonance Raman spectrum of 2 reveals a diatomic Co–O vibration band at 770 cm−1, which provides the conclusive evidence for the presence of a terminal Co–O bond. In reactivity studies, 2 was shown to be a competent oxidant in an intermetal oxygen atom transfer, C–H bond activation and olefin epoxidation reactions. The present results lend strong credence to the intermediacy of CoIV–O species in cobalt-catalysed oxidation of organic substrates as well as in the catalytic oxidation of water that evolves molecular oxygen.
High-performance and compact-designed flexible thermoelectric modules enabled by a reticulate carbon nanotube architecture
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Fan Qingxia , Zhang Qiang , Cai Le , Li Kewei , Gu Xiaogang , Yang Feng , Zhang Nan , Wang Yanchun , Liu Huaping , Zhou Weiya , Xie Sishen
Published: March 2017

It is a great challenge to substantially improve the practical performance of flexible thermoelectric modules due to the absence of air-stable n-type thermoelectric materials with high-power factor. Here an excellent flexible n-type thermoelectric film is developed, which can be conveniently and rapidly prepared based on the as-grown carbon nanotube continuous networks with high conductivity. The optimum n-type film exhibits ultrahigh power factor of ∼1,500 μW m−1 K−2 and outstanding stability in air without encapsulation. Inspired by the findings, we design and successfully fabricate the compact-configuration flexible TE modules, which own great advantages compared with the conventional π-type configuration modules and well integrate the superior thermoelectric properties of p-type and n-type carbon nanotube films resulting in a markedly high performance. Moreover, the research results are highly scalable and also open opportunities for the large-scale production of flexible thermoelectric modules.
Lifespan Gyrification Trajectories of Human Brain in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Major Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Cao Bo , Mwangi Benson , Passos Ives Cavalcante , Wu Mon-Ju , Keser Zafer , Zunta-Soares Giovana B. , Xu Dianping , Hasan Khader M. , Soares Jair C.
Published: March 2017

Cortical gyrification of the brain represents the folding characteristic of the cerebral cortex. How the brain cortical gyrification changes from childhood to old age in healthy human subjects is still unclear. Additionally, studies have shown regional gyrification alterations in patients with major psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, whether the lifespan trajectory of gyrification over the brain is altered in patients diagnosed with major psychiatric disorders is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the trajectories of gyrification in three independent cohorts based on structural brain images of 881 subjects from age 4 to 83. We discovered that the trajectory of gyrification during normal development and aging was not linear and could be modeled with a logarithmic function. We also found that the gyrification trajectories of patients with MDD, BD and SCZ were deviated from the healthy one during adulthood, indicating altered aging in the brain of these patients.
Chromosomal integration of HHV-6A during non-productive viral infection
Authors: Gulve Nitish , Frank Celina , Klepsch Maximilian , Prusty Bhupesh K.
Published: March 2017

Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are two different species of betaherpesviruses that integrate into sub-telomeric ends of human chromosomes, for which different prevalence rates of integration have been reported. It has been demonstrated that integrated viral genome is stable and is fully retained. However, study of chromosomally integrated viral genome in individuals carrying inherited HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) showed unexpected number of viral DR copies. Hence, we created an in vitro infection model and studied retention of full or partial viral genome over a period of time. We observed an exceptional event where cells retained viral direct repeats (DRs) alone in the absence of the full viral genome. Finally, we found evidence for non-telomeric integration of HHV-6A DR in both cultured cells and in an iciHHV-6 individual. Our results shed light on several novel features of HHV-6A chromosomal integration and provide valuable information for future screening techniques.
Renin-angiotensin system acting on reactive oxygen species in paraventricular nucleus induces sympathetic activation via AT1R/PKCγ/Rac1 pathway in salt-induced hypertension
Authors: Su Qing , Huo Chan-Juan , Li Hong-Bao , Liu Kai-Li , Li Xiang , Yang Qing , Song Xin-Ai , Chen Wen-Sheng , Cui Wei , Zhu Guo-Qing , Shi Xiao-Lian , Liu Jin-Jun , Kang Yu-Ming
Published: March 2017

Brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could regulate oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the development of hypertension. This study was designed to explore the precise mechanisms of RAS acting on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in salt-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats were administered with a high-salt diet (HS, 8.0% NaCl) for 8 weeks to induced hypertension. Those rats were received PVN infusion of AT1R antagonist losartan (LOS, 10 μg/h) or microinjection of small interfering RNAs for protein kinase C γ (PKCγ siRNA) once a day for 2 weeks. High salt intake resulted in higher levels of AT1R, PKCγ, Rac1 activity, superoxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, but lower levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in PVN than control animals. PVN infusion of LOS not only attenuated the PVN levels of AT1R, PKCγ, Rac1 activity, superoxide and decreased the arterial pressure, but also increased the PVN antioxidant capacity in hypertension. PVN microinjection of PKCγ siRNA had the same effect on LOS above responses to hypertension but no effect on PVN level of AT1R. These results, for the first time, identified that the precise signaling pathway of RAS regulating ROS in PVN is via AT1R/PKCγ/Rac1 in salt-induced hypertension.
Comparison of validation and application on various cardiovascular disease mortality risk prediction models in Chinese rural population
Authors: Sun Changqing , Xu Fei , Liu Xiaotian , Fang Mingwang , Zhou Hao , Lian Yixiao , Xie Chen , Sun Nan , Wang Chongjian
Published: March 2017

This research aims to assess application of different cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk prediction models in Chinese rural population. Data was collected from a 6-year follow-up survey in rural area of Henan Province, China. 10338 participants aged 40 to 65 years were included. Baseline study was conducted between 2007 and 2008, and followed up from 2013 to 2014. Seven models: general Framingham risk score (general-FRS), simplified-FRS, Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation for high (SCORE-high), SCORE-low, Chinese ischemic CVD (CN-ICVD), Pooled Cohort Risk Equation for white (PCE-white) and for African-American (PCE-AA) were assessed and recalibrated. The model performance was evaluated by C-statistics and modified Nam-D’Agostino test. 168 CVD deaths occurred during follow-up. All seven models showed moderate C-statics ranging from 0.727 to 0.744. Following recalibration, general-FRS, simplified-FRS, CN-ICVD, PCE-white and PCE-AA had improved C-statistics of 0.776, 0.795, 0.793, 0.779, and 0.776 for men and 0.756, 0.753, 0.755, 0.758 and 0.760 for women, respectively. Calibrations χ2 of general-FRS, simplified-FRS, SCORE-high, CN-ICVD and PCE-AA model for men, and general-FRS, CN-ICVD and PCE-white model for women were statistically acceptable, indicating these models predicts CVD mortality risk more accurately than others and could be recommended in Chinese rural population.