bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network modelling of dry-type transformer cooling systems
Authors: Cremasco Andrea , Wu Wei , Blaszczyk Andreas , Cranganu-Cretu Bogdan
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The application of dry-type transformers is growing in the market because the technology is non-flammable, safer and environmentally friendly. However, the unit dimensions are normally larger and material costs become higher, as no oil is present for dielectric insulation or cooling. At designing stage, a transformer thermal model used for predicting temperature rise is fundamental and the modelling of cooling system is particularly important. This paper aims to describe a thermal model used to compute dry transformers with different cooling system configurations.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper introduces a fast-calculating thermal and pressure network model for dry-transformer cooling systems, preliminarily verified by analytical methods and advanced CFD simulations, and finally validated with experimental results.

Findings

This paper provides an overview of the network model of dry-transformer cooling system, describing its topology and its main variants including natural or forced ventilation, with or without cooling duct in the core, enclosure with roof and floor ventilation openings and air barriers. Finally, it presents a formulation for the new heat exchanger element.

Originality/value

The network approach presented in this paper allows to model efficiently the cooling system of dry-type transformers. This model is based on physical principles rather than empirical assessments that are valid only for specific transformer technologies. In comparison with CFD simulation approach, the network model runs much faster and the accuracies still fall in acceptable range; therefore, one is able to utilize this method in optimization procedures included in transformer design systems.
Awareness of intellectual capital among bank executives in India: a survey
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Kansal Monika , Sharma Sharad
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the awareness of terminology related to intellectual capital (IC) among executives of Indian banks and the sources in which they mostly find IC-related terminology. The paper also explores relative and specific contributions of each selected source of information in creating IC awareness among bank executives in India and determines difference among the executives from the public and private sector.

Design/methodology/approach

This research paper follows a survey-based approach to capture the perceptions of Indian bank managers working middle and top management across different banks. Regression analysis and ANOVA were applied to data from 166 responses.

Findings

The study finds that IC awareness among Indian banking executives is reasonably high and is equally spread across the three sub-categories of capital (external capital, human capital and internal capital), though the relative awareness of external capital is on the higher side. However, the sources of awareness of IC terminology differ among executives from the public- and private-sector banks.

Research limitations/implications

The sample was limited to middle and top managers in the Indian banking industry and suffers from the usual limitations of survey-based research such as the design of the survey instrument and the personal biases of the respondents. Some limitations may also have arisen because of the definitions of IC elements adopted by this study.

Originality/value

This research adds a new dimension to the IC research by exploring the practical application and awareness of IC that deviates from traditional annual report-based disclosure and valuation studies. No existing literature has examined the survey-based awareness study, particularly on the banking industry. This paper provides a foundation for future studies that examine the operational awareness and application of IC in the service industries.
Teachers’ perspectives on handwriting and collaborative intervention for children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Authors: McNamee Therese , Patton Sandra
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This study aims to investigate teacher perspectives on teaching handwriting to children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and collaboration with occupational therapists.

Design/methodology/approach

A descriptive design was applied. Purpose-designed surveys were distributed to teachers of children with ASD (aged 4-12 years) in the Republic of Ireland. A response rate of 35 per cent (N = 75) was obtained, with 25 responses analysed using descriptive statistics of closed questions and content analysis of open-ended questions.

Findings

Of 139 children with ASD, 80 (58 per cent) were reported to have difficulties with handwriting. Teachers reported specific difficulties with pencil grasp, letter formation and task concept among the children with ASD. Fourteen (56 per cent, N = 25) respondents did not give handwriting as homework. Teachers valued occupational therapy advice, individualised programmes and ongoing consultation during implementation. Interest in occupational therapy education regarding handwriting was reported.

Practical implications

Occupational therapy collaboration to address handwriting difficulties for children with ASD should include involvement in teacher education, coordination of teacher–parent collaboration and the need for involvement in early intervention provision within an emergent literacy framework.

Originality/value

Handwriting development is challenging for children with ASD. There is limited information on teaching or teacher–occupational therapy collaborative practices to address handwriting difficulties of children with ASD.
“Collective violence” and honour in Finland: a survey for professionals
Authors: Lidman Satu , Hong Tuuli
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on how honour-related violence (HRV) is understood and managed by professionals in Finland, emphasising the need to consider collectivity as an influential factor. Therefore, this paper introduces the concept of “collective violence”. By investigating the level of awareness and recognition of these violence phenomena, this paper discusses both preventative and punitive measures that Finnish authorities are able to work with.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 111 Finnish anti-violence professionals completed a survey that aimed to qualitatively investigate their perceptions of HRV and collectivity.

Findings

The findings of this study indicated that collective violence is generally poorly recognised among professionals in Finland. At present, both victim services and criminal justice system lack adequate structures to deal with issues of collective violence. These findings indicate that authorities need further education on HRV and collectivity, as well as debates on whether the criminal code should be amended to meet international requirements.

Originality/value

As this violence has been researched only sporadically in the Finnish context, this study provides new insight to under-researched area of honour-related and collective violence in Finland. These findings may assist other European countries dealing with similar issues as well as guiding preventative and punitive measures within the Finnish context.
Gender diversity on boards and forward-looking information disclosure: evidence from Jordan
Authors: Aribi Zakaria Ali , Alqatamin Rateb Mohammad , Arun Thankom
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between female representation on the board and forward-looking information disclosures (FLIDs).

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses the content analysis to analyze the narrative evidence from the annual financial reports of non-financial Jordanian companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. The final sample consists of 1,206 firm-year observations during the period 2008-2013.

Findings

The study provides evidence that gender diversity on boards positively affects the level of FLIDs. Further to this, the study reveals that family firms disclose more information than non-family firms.

Practical implications

Results of this study could be beneficial for a number of users of financial information such as, regulators, investors, auditors and lenders. The users might consider the findings of this study when they are using the company’s financial information. Consequently, users of this information could be better assisted to make right decisions.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by identifying the role of gender on the level of FLID, particularly on family and non-family, a relatively little researched area.
Combating corporate tax avoidance by requiring large companies to file their tax returns
Authors: Sikka Prem
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop arguments for a public policy of requiring all large companies to make their tax returns publicly available. It is argued that such a policy would help to check tax avoidance, strengthen public accountability and secure fair competition.

Design/methodology/approach

The policy proposal rests on notions of transparency and public accountability.

Findings

The paper argues that the proposed policy is feasible.

Research limitations/implications

The paper hopes to stimulate debates about the value of public filing of corporate returns and limits of public accountability.

Social implications

The paper extends the range of public policies which might be able to check organised tax avoidance.

Originality/value

It is one of the few papers to call for public filings of large company tax returns.
From citizens to partners: the role of social media content in fostering citizen engagement
Authors: Marino Vittoria , Lo Presti Letizia
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper examines the communication modalities on Twitter to broadcast content to citizens and measures the effectiveness of the posted content in activating the citizens’ political participation proposing an retweetability rate.

Design/methodology/approach

Through content analysis of the European Commissioners’ posts, this paper identifies the most used communication modalities to broadcast content to the citizens. A retweetability rate is proposed to measure the effectiveness of the posted content in activating the political citizens’ engagement. The methodology is applied to the tweets posted by European Commissioners, who are currently facing democracy legitimation issues and Euroscepticism.

Findings

Empirical results show that Twitter is not fully used yet as a citizen engagement tool. However, the paper highlights the potentiality of Twitter to broadcast contents of value and build a relationship of citizens and institutions.

Practical implications

Measuring citizen engagement based on the posted messages can help the institutions to evaluate the effectiveness of the posted social media content. Moreover, the paper gives suggestions regarding how governments might implement social media content capable of fostering a dialogic communication with citizens.

Originality/value

A measurement of citizen engagement permits the identification of which kinds of public communication stimulate the engagement and favor a closer bond between citizens and public institutions.
A software engineering team research mapping study
Authors: DeFranco Joanna F. , Laplante Phillip
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this mapping study has been performed to identify, critically analyze and synthesize research performed in the area of software engineering teams. Teams, in a general sense, have been studied extensively. But the distinctive processes that need to be executed effectively and efficiently in software engineering require a better understanding of current software engineering team research.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, software engineering team publications were analyzed and the key findings of each paper that met our search inclusion criteria were synthesized. In addition, a keyword content analysis was performed to create a taxonomy to categorize each paper and evaluate the state of software engineering team research.

Findings

In software engineering team research, the resulting areas that are the most active are teamwork/collaboration, process/design and coordination. Clear themes of analysis have been determined to help understand how team members collaborate, factors affecting their success and interactions among all project stakeholders. In addition, themes related to tools to support team collaboration, improve the effectiveness of software engineering processes and support team coordination have been found. However, the research gaps determined from the content analysis point toward a need for more research in the area of communication and tools.

Originality/value

The goal of this work is to define the span of previous research in this area, create a taxonomy to categorize such research and identify open research areas to provide a clear road map for future research in the area of software engineering teams. These results, along with the key finding themes presented, will help guide future research in an area that touches all parts of the software engineering and development processes.
Fimasartan increases glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension compared with amlodipine
Authors: Yang Ye Seul , Lim Min Hyuk , Lee Seong Ok , Roh Eun , Ahn Chang Ho , Kwak Soo Heon , Cho Young Min , Kim Sungwan , Mari Andrea , Park Kyong Soo , Jung Hye Seung
Published: March 2018

Aim

To study the effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on insulin secretion in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

A total of 41 patients were enrolled in this open‐label, active comparator‐controlled, crossover study. After a 2‐week run‐in period with amlodipine, the participants were assigned to receive either fimasartan (60–120 mg daily) or amlodipine (5–10 mg daily) for 16 weeks. Thereafter, they were treated with the other drug for another 16 weeks. Physical examinations and laboratory tests were performed before and after each treatment.

Results

Blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values were similar with each treatment. Fimasartan treatment significantly increased median (range) homeostatic assessment of β‐cell function values (49.9 [22.5–174.4] vs 46.9 [15.6–148.0]), area under the curve of insulin during OGTT (27 284 [9501–94 525] vs 26 818 [8112–76 704] pmol/L × min), insulinogenic index at 60 minutes (19.7 [3.0–131.2] vs 15.0 [2.4–103.8] pmol/mmol) and at 120 minutes (19.1 [1.9–85.5] vs 12.6 [−4.3–178.8] pmol/mmol) compared with those with amlodipine (all P < .05); however, acute insulin response and insulin resistance indices were similar for both agents.

Conclusions

Compared with amlodipine, fimasartan increased late‐phase glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This finding suggests that ARBs would be more beneficial in such patients compared with other classes of anti‐hypertensives.
Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications among bedridden patients: A prospective multicentre study
Authors: Li Zhen , Zhou Xinmei , Cao Jing , Li Zheng , Wan Xia , Li Jiaqian , Jiao Jing , Liu Ge , Liu Ying , Li Fangfang , Song Baoyun , Jin Jingfen , Liu Yilan , Wen Xianxiu , Cheng Shouzhen , Wu Xinjuan
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectives

To gain insight into nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications (pressure ulcers, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis and urinary tract infections) and explore the correlation of nurses’ knowledge and attitudes with the incidence of these complications.

Background

Immobility complications have adverse consequences, and effective management requires appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills. Evidence about nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding immobility complications is lacking.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A total of 3,903 nurses and 21,333 bedridden patients from 25 hospitals in China were surveyed. Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications were assessed using researcher‐developed questionnaires. The content validity, reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaires were validated through expert review and a pilot study. The incidence of major immobility complications among bedridden patients from selected wards was surveyed by trained investigators. Correlations between knowledge, attitudes and the incidence of major immobility complications were evaluated with multilevel regression models.

Results

Mean knowledge scores were 64.07% for pressure ulcers, 72.92% for deep vein thrombosis, 76.54% for pneumonia and 83.30% for urinary tract infections. Mean attitude scores for these complications were 86.25%, 84.31%, 85.00% and 84.53%, respectively. Knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher among nurses with older age, longer employment duration, higher education level, previous training experience and those working in tertiary hospitals or critical care units. Nurses’ knowledge about pressure ulcers was negatively related to the incidence of pressure ulcers, and attitude towards pneumonia was negatively correlated with the incidence of pneumonia.

Conclusion

Clinical nurses have relatively positive attitudes but inadequate knowledge regarding major immobility complications. Improved knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications may contribute to reducing these complications.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Nursing managers should implement measures to improve nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications to reduce the incidence of these complications in bedridden patients.
In situ x-ray photoelectron emission analysis of the thermal stability of atomic layer deposited WOx as hole-selective contacts for Si solar cells
Authors: Zhang Tian , Lee Chang-Yeh , Gong Bin , Lim Sean , Wenham Stuart , Hoex Bram
Published: March 2018

WOx is one of the most promising high work function materials to be used as hole-selective materials for c-Si solar cells. Apart from the optical and electrical properties of such materials, their thermal stability is of crucial importance for the potential application of these contacts. The thermal stability of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposited WOx is investigated with and without an a-Si:H interface passivation layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveals that the as-deposited WOx films contain H resulting from the W precursor. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under high vacuum in the 300 to 900 K temperature range shows that tungsten starts degrading from W+6 to W+5 for temperatures >600 K. The work function is found to be stable up to temperatures of 600 K. Subsequently, hydrogen diffusion from a-Si:H decreases the work function of WOx and enhances the degradation of tungsten's oxidation state. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the reduction in the hydrogen content in the thin film stack after annealing at 600 K. Besides, the passivation level of the film stack a-Si:H/WOx showed a maximum lifetime of 3.5 ms (at 1 × 15 cm−3) after annealing at 500 K. The results are of key importance for the integration of these novel contacts in high-efficiency silicon solar cells.
Accessing High Spatial Resolution in Astronomy Using Interference Methods
Authors: Carbonel Cyril , Grasset Sébastien , Maysonnave Jean
Published: March 2018

In astronomy, methods such as direct imaging or interferometry-based techniques (Michelson stellar interferometry for example) are used for observations. A particular advantage of interferometry is that it permits greater spatial resolution compared to direct imaging with a single telescope, which is limited by diffraction owing to the aperture of the instrument as shown by Rueckner et al. in a lecture demonstration. The focus of this paper, addressed to teachers and/or students in high schools and universities, is to easily underline both an application of interferometry in astronomy and stress its interest for resolution. To this end very simple optical experiments are presented to explain all the concepts. We show how an interference pattern resulting from the combined signals of two telescopes allows us to measure the distance between two stars with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit. Finally this work emphasizes the breathtaking resolution obtained in state-of-the-art instruments such as the VLTi (Very Large Telescope interferometer).
Interesting Guided-Inquiry Labs for a Large-Enrollment, Active Learning Physics II Course
Authors: Wagoner Kasey , Hynes K. Mairin , Flanagan Daniel
Published: March 2018

Introductory physics labs often focus on a series of common experiments intending to teach the student the measurement side of physics. While these experiments have the potential to be quite instructive, we observed that our students often consider them to be boring and monotonous, which often leads to them being uninstructive. To combat this, we have designed a series of labs with two major goals: the experiments should be relevant to the students’ world, and the labs should gently guide the students to develop the experimental process on their own. Meeting these goals is difficult, particularly in a course with large enrollment where labs are instructed by graduate students. We have had success meeting these goals in our classroom, where over the last decade our introductory physics course has transformed from a traditional, lecture-learning class to a flipped class based on the textbook Six Ideas that Shaped Physics. Here we describe the structure of the new labs we have designed to capitalize on our classroom success while overcoming the aforementioned difficulties. These new labs are more engaging and instructive for our introductory physics students.
Low-frequency outdoor–indoor noise level difference for wind turbine assessment
Authors: Thorsson Pontus , Persson Waye Kerstin , Smith Michael , Ögren Mikael , Pedersen Eja , Forssén Jens
Published: March 2018

To increase the understanding of wind turbine noise on sleep, human physiological reactions need to be studied in a controlled laboratory setting. The paper presents an outdoor–indoor noise level difference as a function of frequency, applicable to creating wind turbine indoor sounds with the outdoor sounds as input. For this, a combination of measurement data and modeling results has been used. The suggested data are provided in a table.
Testing and refining a loudness model for time-varying sounds incorporating binaural inhibition
Authors: Moore Brian C. J. , Jervis Matthew , Harries Luke , Schlittenlacher Josef
Published: March 2018

This paper describes some experimental tests and modifications to a model of loudness for time-varying sounds incorporating the concept of binaural inhibition. Experiment 1 examined the loudness of a 100% sinusoidally amplitude-modulated 1000-Hz sinusoidal carrier as a function of the interaural modulation phase difference (IMPD). The IMPD of the test sound was 90° or 180° and that of the comparison sound was 0°. The level difference between the test and the comparison sounds at the point of equal loudness (the LDEL) was estimated for baseline levels of 30 and 70 dB sound pressure level and modulation rates of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz. The LDELs were negative (mean = −1.1 and −1.5 dB for IMPDs of 90° and 180°), indicating that non-zero IMPDs led to increased loudness. The original version of the model predicted the general form of the results, but there were some systematic errors. Modifications to the time constants of the model gave a better fit to the data. Experiment 2 assessed the loudness of unintelligible speech-like signals, generated using a noise vocoder, whose spectra and time pattern differed at the two ears. Both the original and modified models gave good fits to the data.
100-m Breaststroke Swimming Performance in Youth Swimmers: The Predictive Value of Anthropometrics
Authors: Sammoud Senda , Nevill Alan Michael , Negra Yassine , Bouguezzi Raja , Chaabene Helmi , Hachana Younés
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to estimate the optimal body size, limb segment length, and girth or breadth ratios of 100-m breaststroke performance in youth swimmers. In total, 59 swimmers [male: n = 39, age = 11.5 (1.3) y; female: n = 20, age = 12.0 (1.0) y] participated in this study. To identify size/shape characteristics associated with 100-m breaststroke swimming performance, we computed a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model, which was refined using backward elimination. Results showed that the 100-m breaststroke performance revealed a significant negative association with fat mass and a significant positive association with the segment length ratio (arm ratio = hand length/forearm length) and limb girth ratio (girth ratio = forearm girth/wrist girth). In addition, leg length, biacromial breadth, and biiliocristal breadth revealed significant positive associations with the 100-m breaststroke performance. However, height and body mass did not contribute to the model, suggesting that the advantage of longer levers was limb-specific rather than a general whole-body advantage. In fact, it is only by adopting multiplicative allometric models that the previously mentioned ratios could have been derived. These results highlighted the importance of considering anthropometric characteristics of youth breaststroke swimmers for talent identification and/or athlete monitoring purposes. In addition, these findings may assist orienting swimmers to the appropriate stroke based on their anthropometric characteristics.
Asymmetric photon transport in organic semiconductor nanowires through electrically controlled exciton diffusion
Authors: Cui Qiu Hong , Peng Qian , Luo Yi , Jiang Yuqian , Yan Yongli , Wei Cong , Shuai Zhigang , Sun Cheng , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: March 2018

Asymmetric photon transport was experimentally realized in a single organic semiconductor nanowire.
Quantum coherence–driven self-organized criticality and nonequilibrium light localization
Authors: Tsakmakidis Kosmas L. , Jha Pankaj K. , Wang Yuan , Zhang Xiang
Published: March 2018

We study quantum coherence–driven light localization far from equilibrium, exhibiting critical behavior and self-organization.
TonB-Dependent Receptor Repertoire of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Uptake of Siderophore-Drug Conjugates
Authors: Luscher Alexandre , Moynié Lucile , Auguste Pamela Saint , Bumann Dirk , Mazza Lena , Pletzer Daniel , Naismith James H. , Köhler Thilo
Published: March 2018

The conjugation of siderophores to antimicrobial molecules is an attractive strategy to overcome the low outer membrane permeability of Gram-negative bacteria. In this Trojan horse approach, the transport of drug conjugates is redirected via TonB-dependent receptors (TBDR), which are involved in the uptake of essential nutrients, including iron. Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of the TBDRs PiuA and PirA from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and their orthologues in
Acinetobacter baumannii
in the uptake of siderophore-beta-lactam drug conjugates. By
in silico
screening, we further identified a PiuA orthologue, termed PiuD, present in clinical isolates, including strain LESB58. The
piuD
gene in LESB58 is located at the same genetic locus as
piuA
in strain PAO1. PiuD has a similar crystal structure as PiuA and is involved in the transport of the siderophore-drug conjugates BAL30072, MC-1, and cefiderocol in strain LESB58. To screen for additional siderophore-drug uptake systems, we overexpressed 28 of the 34 TBDRs of strain PAO1 and identified PfuA, OptE, OptJ, and the pyochelin receptor FptA as novel TBDRs conferring increased susceptibility to siderophore-drug conjugates. The existence of a TBDR repertoire in
P. aeruginosa
able to transport siderophore-drug molecules potentially decreases the likelihood of resistance emergence during therapy.
Assessing Travel Conditions: Environmental and Host Influences on Bacterial Surface Motility
Authors: Mattingly Anne E. , Weaver Abigail A. , Dimkovikj Aleksandar , Shrout Joshua D.
Published: March 2018

The degree to which surface-motile bacteria explore their surroundings is influenced by aspects of their local environment. Accordingly, the regulation of surface motility is controlled by numerous chemical, physical, and biological stimuli. The discernment of such regulation due to these multiple cues is a formidable challenge. Additionally, inherent ambiguity and variability from the assays used to assess surface motility can be obstacles to clear the delineation of regulated surface motility behavior. Numerous studies have reported single environmental determinants of microbial motility and lifestyle behavior, but the translation of these data to understand surface motility and bacterial colonization of human host or environmental surfaces is unclear. Here, we describe the current state of the field and our understanding of exogenous factors that influence bacterial surface motility.
Immunogenicity and Cross-Reactivity of Rhesus Adenoviral Vectors
Authors: Iampietro M. Justin , Larocca Rafael A. , Provine Nicholas M. , Abbink Peter , Kang Zi Han , Bricault Christine A. , Barouch Dan H.
Published: March 2018

Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are being investigated as vaccine candidates, but baseline antivector immunity exists in human populations to both human Ad (HuAd) and chimpanzee Ad (ChAd) vectors. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of a panel of recently described rhesus adenoviral (RhAd) vectors. RhAd vectors elicited T cells with low exhaustion markers and robust anamnestic potential. Moreover, RhAd vector immunogenicity was unaffected by high levels of preexisting anti-HuAd immunity. Both HuAd/RhAd and RhAd/RhAd prime-boost vaccine regimens were highly immunogenic, despite a degree of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) between phylogenetically related RhAd vectors. We observed extensive vector-specific cross-reactive CD4 T cell responses and more limited CD8 T cell responses between RhAd and HuAd vectors, but the impact of vector-specific cellular responses was far less than that of vector-specific NAbs. These data suggest the potential utility of RhAd vectors and define novel heterologous prime-boost strategies for vaccine development.

IMPORTANCE
To date, most adenoviral vectors developed for vaccination have been HuAds from species B, C, D, and E, and human populations display moderate to high levels of preexisting immunity. There is a clinical need for new adenoviral vectors that are not hindered by preexisting immunity. Moreover, the development of RhAd vector vaccines expands our ability to vaccinate against multiple pathogens in a population that may have received other HuAd or ChAd vectors. We evaluated the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of RhAd vectors, which belong to the poorly described adenovirus species G. These vectors induced robust cellular and humoral immune responses and were not hampered by preexisting anti-HuAd vector immunity. Such properties make RhAd vectors attractive as potential vaccine vectors.
What interventions can improve quality of life or psychosocial factors of individuals with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review with meta-analysis of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials
Authors: Briani Ronaldo Valdir , Ferreira Amanda Schenatto , Pazzinatto Marcella Ferraz , Pappas Evangelos , De Oliveira Silva Danilo , Azevedo Fábio Mícolis de
Published: March 2018

Objective

To systematically review evidence of primary outcomes from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of treatment strategies on quality of life (QoL) or psychosocial factors in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Design

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Data sources

Medline, Embase, SPORTDiscus, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2017.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

We included RCTs investigating the effect of conservative interventions on QoL or psychosocial factors in individuals with knee OA. Only RCTs considering these outcomes as primary were included.

Results

Pooled data supported the use of exercise therapy compared with controls for improving health-related and knee-related QoL. There was limited evidence that a combined treatment of yoga, transcutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasound may be effective in improving QoL. Limited evidence supported the use of cognitive behavioural therapies (with or without being combined with exercise therapy) for improving psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy, depression and psychological distress.

Summary/Conclusion

Exercise therapy (with or without being combined with other interventions) seems to be effective in improving health-related and knee-related QoL or psychosocial factors of individuals with knee OA. In addition, evidence supports the use of cognitive behavioural therapies (with or without exercise therapy) for improving psychosocial factors such as self-efficacy, depression and psychological distress in individuals with knee OA.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42016047602.
Therapeutic effects of aerobic and resistance exercises for cancer survivors: a systematic review of meta-analyses of clinical trials
Authors: Fuller Joel T , Hartland Michael C , Maloney Luke T , Davison Kade
Published: March 2018

Objective

To systematically appraise and summarise meta-analyses investigating the effect of exercise compared with a control condition on health outcomes in cancer survivors.

Design

Umbrella review of intervention systematic reviews.

Data sources

Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and MEDLINE databases were searched using a predefined search strategy.

Eligibility criteria

Eligible meta-analyses compared health outcomes between cancer survivors participating in an exercise intervention and a control condition. Health outcomes were cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, health-related quality of life, cancer-related fatigue and depression. Pooled effect estimates from each meta-analysis were quantified using standardised mean differences and considered trivial (<0.20), small (0.20–0.49), moderate (0.50–0.79) and large (≥0.80). Findings were summarised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.

Results

There were 65 eligible articles that reported a total of 140 independent meta-analyses. 139/140 meta-analyses suggested a beneficial effect of exercise. The beneficial effect was statistically significant in 104 (75%) meta-analyses. Most effect sizes were moderate for cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength and small for cancer-related fatigue, health-related quality of life and depression. The quality of evidence was variable according to the GRADE scale, with most studies rated low or moderate quality. Median incidence of exercise-related adverse events was 3.5%.

Conclusion

Exercise likely has an important role in helping to manage physical function, mental health, general well-being and quality of life in people undergoing and recovering from cancer and side effects of treatment.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42015020194.
National Football League Head, Neck and Spine Committee’s Concussion Diagnosis and Management Protocol: 2017-18 season
Authors: Ellenbogen Richard G , Batjer Hunt , Cardenas Javier , Berger Mitchel , Bailes Julian , Pieroth Elizabeth , Heyer Robert , Theodore Nicholas , Hsu Wellington , Nabel Elizabeth , Maroon Joe , Cantu Robert , Barnes Ronnie , Collins James , Putukian Margot , Lonser Russell , Solomon Gary , Sills Allen
Published: March 2018

One of the National Football League’s (NFL) Head, Neck and Spine Committee’s principal goals is to create a ‘best practice’ protocol for concussion diagnosis and management for its players. The science related to concussion diagnosis and management continues to evolve, thus the protocol has evolved contemporaneously. The Fifth International Conference on Concussion in Sport was held in Berlin in 2016, and guidelines for sports concussion diagnosis and management were revised and refined. The NFL Head, Neck and Spine Committee has synthesised the most recent empirical evidence for sports concussion diagnosis and management including the Berlin consensus statement and tailored it to the game played in the NFL. One of the goals of the Committee is to provide a standardised, reliable, efficient and evidence-based protocol for concussion diagnosis and management that can be applied in this professional sport during practice and game day. In this article, the end-of-season version of the 2017–18 NFL Concussion Diagnosis and Management Protocol is described along with its clinical rationale. Immediate actions for concussion programme enhancement and research are reviewed. It is the Committee’s expectation that the protocol will undergo refinement and revision over time as the science and clinical practice related to concussion in sports crystallise
Reappraisal of previously reported meta-analyses on antibiotic prophylaxis for low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Matsui Yoichi , Satoi Sohei , Hirooka Satoshi , Kosaka Hisashi , Kawaura Takayuki , Kitawaki Tomoki
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Many researchers have addressed overdosage and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Many meta-analyses have investigated antibiotic prophylaxis for low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the aim of reducing unnecessary antibiotic use. Most of these meta-analyses have concluded that prophylactic antibiotics are not required for low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomies. This study aimed to assess the validity of this conclusion by systematically reviewing these meta-analyses.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken. Searches were limited to meta-analyses and systematic reviews. PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched from inception until March 2016 using the following keyword combinations: ‘antibiotic prophylaxis’, ‘laparoscopic cholecystectomy’ and ‘systematic review or meta-analysis’. Two independent reviewers selected meta-analyses or systematic reviews evaluating prophylactic antibiotics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All of the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) analysed in these meta-analyses were also reviewed.

Results

Seven meta-analyses regarding prophylactic antibiotics for low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy that had examined a total of 28 RCTs were included. Review of these meta-analyses revealed 48 miscounts of the number of outcomes. Six RCTs were inappropriate for the meta-analyses; one targeted patients with acute cholecystitis, another measured inappropriate outcomes, the original source of a third was not found and the study protocols of the remaining three were not appropriate for the meta-analyses. After correcting the above miscounts and excluding the six inappropriate RCTs, pooled risk ratios (RRs) were recalculated. These showed that, contrary to what had previously been concluded, antibiotics significantly reduced the risk of postoperative infections. The rates of surgical site, distant and overall infections were all significantly reduced by antibiotic administration (RR (95% CI); 0.71 (0.51 to 0.99), 0.37 (0.19 to 0.73), 0.50 (0.34 to 0.75), respectively).

Conclusions

Prophylactic antibiotics reduce the incidence of postoperative infections after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Assessment of patient-reported outcomes after polytrauma: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Gnass Irmela , Ritschel Michaela , Andrich Silke , Kuske Silke , Moschinski Kai , Herrmann-Frank Annegret , Metzendorf Maria-Inti , Flohé Sascha , Sturm Johannes , Windolf Joachim , Icks Andrea
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Survivors of polytrauma experience long-term and short-term burden that influences their lives. The patients’ view of relevant short-term and long-term outcomes should be captured in instruments that measure quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after a polytrauma. The aim of this systematic review is to (1) collect instruments that assess PROs (quality of life, social participation and activities of daily living) during follow-up after polytrauma, (2) describe the instruments’ application (eg, duration of period of follow-up) and (3) investigate other relevant PROs that are also assessed in the included studies (pain, depression, anxiety and cognitive function).

Methods and analysis

The systematic review protocol is developed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols statement. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the trials registers ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform will be searched. Keywords, for example, ‘polytrauma’, ‘multiple trauma’, ‘quality of life’, ‘activities of daily living’ or ‘pain’ will be used. Publications published between January 2005 and the most recent date (currently: August 2016) will be included. In order to present the latest possible results, an update of the search is conducted before publication. The data extraction and a content analysis will be carried out systematically. A critical appraisal will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination

Formal ethical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed publication.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42017060825.
Role of viral and bacterial pathogens in causing pneumonia among Western Australian children: a case–control study protocol
Authors: Bhuiyan Mejbah Uddin , Snelling Thomas L , West Rachel , Lang Jurissa , Rahman Tasmina , Borland Meredith L , Thornton Ruth , Kirkham Lea-Ann , Sikazwe Chisha , Martin Andrew C , Richmond Peter C , Smith David W , Jaffe Adam , Blyth Christopher C
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Introduction of the conjugateHaemophilus influenzaeB and multivalent pneumococcal vaccines in developed countries including Australia has significantly reduced the overall burden of bacterial pneumonia. With the availability of molecular diagnostics, viruses are frequently detected in children with pneumonia either as primary pathogens or predispose to secondary bacterial infection. Many respiratory pathogens that are known to cause pneumonia are also identified in asymptomatic children, so the true contribution of these pathogens to childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains unclear. Since the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, very few comprehensive studies from developed countries have attempted to determine the bacterial and viral aetiology of pneumonia. We aim to determine the contribution of bacteria and viruses to childhood CAP to inform further development of effective diagnosis, treatment and preventive strategies.

Methods and analysis

We are conducting a prospective case–control study (PneumoWA) where cases are children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia admitted to Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (PMH) and controls are healthy children identified from PMH outpatient clinics and from local community immunisation clinics. The case–control ratio is 1:1 with 250 children to be recruited in each arm. Nasopharyngeal swabs are collected from both cases and controls to detect the presence of viruses and bacteria by PCR; pathogen load will be assessed by quantitative PCR. The prevalence of pathogens detected in cases and controls will be compared, the OR of detection and population attributable fraction to CAP for each pathogen will be determined; relationships between pathogen load and disease status and severity will be explored.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the human research ethics committees of PMH, Perth, Australia (PMH HREC REF 2014117EP). Findings will be disseminated at research conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.
Prevalence and factors associated with medication adherence among patients with hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Agbor Valirie Ndip , Takah Noah Fongwen , Aminde Leopold Ndemnge
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Hypertension is the leading cardiovascular risk factor globally, associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The high prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is associated with contrastingly low awareness, treatment and control rates. Adherence to medication remains a major determinant of optimal blood pressure control. This systematic review aims to determine the prevalence, and factors associated with adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy among patients with hypertension in SSA.

Methods and analysis

We will include studies published in Africa up to 31 December 2017. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS and Web of Science to identify potential studies without language restriction. To minimise chances of missing studies, resources specific to African literature such as WHO AFROLIB, African Index Medicus and African Journals Online will also be searched. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, extract data and critically appraise included studies for risk of bias, and a third reviewer will resolve discrepancies. A random-effects meta-analysis is planned to pool study-specific estimates to obtain a summary measure presented in Forest plots. Heterogeneity of included studies will be assessed using the χ2test on Cochrane’s Q statistic and quantified using I2. Publication bias will be assessed using the Egger’s test and funnel plots. This protocol has been prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses for Protocols 2015 statement.

Ethical and dissemination

An ethical approval is not required for the proposed study, as it will be based on already published data. The end report will be presented at conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42017079838.