bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allergic dermatitis from a new pesticide
Authors: van Ketel W. G.
Published: April 2006

In four patients suffering from allergic contact eczema, the risk of sensitization to a new residue‐leaving fungicide (Plondrel) used in spraying roses is considered. Two patients, however, were probably also sensitized to materials from the roses themselves. By gas liquid chromatography the amount of the fungicide, especially in the leaves of roses, appeared to be rather high. The role of pesticides has to be considered when sensitizing agents of plant dermatitis are investigated.
Occupational contact dermatitis from Cichorium (chicory, endive) and Lactuca (lettuce)
Authors: Friis Birgitte , Hjorth Niels , Vail James T. , Mitchell John C.
Published: April 2006

In two cases, occupational contact dermatitis was found to be due to chicory (Cichorium) used as a salad plant. In one of the two cases, contact sensitivity to lettuce (Lactuca) was also observed. The sesquiterpene lactones of the plants may be the allergens.
Etiological factors in the denture sore mouth syndrome: an investigation of 24 patients
Authors: Wakkers‐Garritsen B. G. , Timmer L. H. , Nater J. P.
Published: April 2006

A total of 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men, complaining of denture sore mouth, were studied. In 18 persons complaints had started with the wearing of the first prosthesis. In 12 patients complaints started within the first half‐hour of contact. Several prostheses had been manufactured for most patients without any beneficial result. The following investigations were performed: a. Mechanical factors were evaluated; b. Temperature was measured beneath the prosthetic denture; c. Yeast cultures were made; d. Patch tests with possible allergens were performed on the buccal mucosa and on the skin of the back.

In all these investigations, there were no significant differences with the results obtained in a control group. Finally, the influence of possible psychosomatic factors is considered.
Contact sensitization of guinea‐pigs with unsaturated and halogenated sultones
Authors: Ritz H. L. , Connor D. S. , Sauter E. D.
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing properties of unsaturated and halogenated sultones were examined in a guinea‐pig model for contact hypersensitivity. The sensitization potential of 2‐chloro‐1,3‐dodecanesullone was similar to that of 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinilrobenzene (DNCB). 2‐bromo‐1,3‐dodecanesultone, 1‐decene‐1,3‐sullone, 1‐dodecene‐1,3‐sultone, 1‐tetradecene‐1,3‐sultone and 1‐hexadecene‐1,3‐sultone were stronger sensitizers than DNCB. Extensive cross‐reactivity was observed among sultones of the same side‐chain length, but differing from each other in being either unsaturated or halogenated. Extensive cross‐reactivity was also noted among 4 unsaturated sultones of differing side‐chain lengths. The inter‐relationships among these sultones in regard to their immunogenic and tolerogenic properties are discussed.
Merthiolate testing in twins
Authors: Holst Rolf , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Positive and negative patch tests to merthiolate occur with the same frequency in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. There is no correlation to strong or weak reactions to primary irritants. Consequently, the positive mrethiolate reactions should be considered allergic rather than irritant.
Reactions to dental impression materials
Authors: Van Groeningen G. , Nater J. P.
Published: April 2006

In the department of prosthetic dentistry at Groningen, during the past four years, approximately 2,000 persons have been treated with Scutan, an epimine plastic for temporary crowns and bridges and Impregum, a polyether impression material. A total of ten patients complained of untoward reactions. Patch tests with the basic materials were performed on four of them. Positive allergic reactions were obtained to patch tests with the catalyst methyl p, toluene sulfonate 0.1 % in dibenzyltoluol present in Scutan, and the catalyst methyldichlorobenzene sulfonate 0.1 % in dibenzyltoluol present in Impregum. Four control subjects did not react to these concentrations.
Susceptibility to primary irritants
Authors: Coenraads P. J. , Bleumink E. , Nater J. P.
Published: April 2006

Patch tests with three primary irritants were performed in 600 persons with eczema and in 33 healthy controls. The irritants assayed were: croton oil (20 %) in mineral oil, thymoquinone (1 %) in ethanol and crotonaldehyde (7.5 %) plus sodium lauryl sulphate (4 %) in aqua dest. The number of positive reactions to croton oil was found to decrease with age, while for thymoquinone and crotonaldehyde and for the total irritant score no age dependence was observed. No significant correlation was found between sensitization to common contact allergens and susceptibility 10 irritants. The incidence of positive reactions to common allergens proved to increase with age.
Industrial rehabilitation of dermatitis patients
Authors: Smith W. D. L.
Published: April 2006

Industrial rehabilitation is identified as an integral part of the process of patient resettlement. The organization of the Government‐sponsored Employment Rehabilitation Service is described. The low incidence of dermatitis as seen by medical advisers in that Service is explained. Ways in which employment medical advisers can provide complementary support to consultant dermatologists is suggested.
Sensitivity to some rubber additives
Authors: Rudzki Edward , Ostaszewski Kazimierz , Grzywa Zdzislawa , Kozlowska Anna
Published: April 2006

The frequency of positive patch tests to 13 rubber accelerators in Poland was recorded. Of particular interest was the relatively large group of patients positive to several, mostly chemically unrelated, accelerators. The mechanism of this multiple sensitivity is discussed. Positive tests to N‐isopropyl‐N‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine were observed in more than half of the patients reacting to several aromatic amines. Anamnesis indicated that in the ease of cross‐reactions to many aromatic amines, none of the patients positive to N‐isopropyl‐N‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine had complained of a reaction to rubber products.
The safety of topical erythromycin
Authors: Fisher Alexander A.
Published: April 2006

The prevention of allergic complications depends on the use of topical medications which have proved to be rare sensitizers. This is particularly true for stasis ulcers and eczemas which are notoriously readily sensitized. Topical erythromycin has proved in be such a non‐sensitizing topical antibiotic. In a series of 60 patients with stasis ulcers, erythromycin in the form of llotycin ointment (erythromycin in petrolatum) was applied. Not a single instance of allergic sensitization occurred. No instances of sensitization with positive patch tests to topical erythromycin have been reported. Maximization tests with topical erythromycin did not produce sensitization. Topical erythromycin. an effective antibiotic, should be substituted for neomycin which is a common sensitizer.
Results of routine office patch testing
Authors: Lepine Eugene M.
Published: April 2006

The results of patch testing over the past 18 months in a general dermatology clinic are presented and compared with the data recently reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Good correlation exists between the results of the two studies for all the reported allergens except nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate. The increased incidence of sensitivity to these allergens reported in our series probably reflects the tendency for all metal related contact dermatitis to be referred to our clinic, even though recognized as such by the referring physician.

The 16.8 % reactivity to a dye mix used in our screening kit, and not reported by others, proved most interesting. In the light of continuing reports of dye related allergic contact dermatitis, our experience prompts us to suggest that, a dye mix of some sort should be evaluated in future large‐scale studies of patch test screening kits.
Squaric‐acid‐diethylester ‐ a strong sensitizer
Authors: Noster U. , Hausen B. M. , Krische B. , Schulz K. H.
Published: April 2006

A patient developed a circumscribed contact dermatitis after a single contact with squaric‐acid‐diethylester (SADE). Patch tests with low concentrations of SADE were positive. Based on these observations, experimental studies on the sensitizing capacity of SADE were performed on guinea‐pigs. The results disclosed that this compound is a strong sensitizer. Derivatives of SADE, such as the nearly insoluble squaric acid, squaric‐acid‐1, 2‐diarnide and dithio‐N, N′‐dicyclohexyte‐1,2‐diamide were not able to produce allergic skin reactions in the sensitized patient nor in guinea‐pigs. The chemistry and the range of uses of squaric acid and its derivatives are briefly mentioned. A hypothesis on the molecular mechanism of conjugation of SADE to human proteins and thereby on sensitization is discussed. A warning is given for taking precautionary measures before handling this substance.
Photoepicutaneous testing with the chamber method
Authors: Suhonen Raimo , Hannuksela Matti , Pirilä Veikko
Published: April 2006

The chamber test, so far successfully applied for epicutaneous testing, proved to be suitable for photoepicutaneous testing as Well. A simple and reliable method was developed dividing the test areas (after removing the tests from the skin) into two equal parts, one for ultraviolet irradiation and the other for dark control. Variations in the amounts of the test substances had a slight influence on the size but not on the strength of the reactions.
Allergic contact response to vitamin A acid
Authors: Lindgren Sören , Groth Ove , Molin Lars
Published: April 2006

Three patients treated daily with vitamin A acid cream experienced after one week, seven weeks and 14 weeks respectively sudden redness and itching at the treated sites. Patch testing with the cream (containing 0.05% vitamin. A acid) and with vitamin A acid 0.05% in absolute alcohol produced strongly positive reactions in the patients but only slight erythema in some of the controls. Since patch testing with vitamin A acid 0.005% in absolute alcohol elicited no response in controls but positive reactions in the three patients, it is probable that these latter reactions were due to contact allergy. Histologically the test reaction showed intact epidermis and dense dermal infiltration by mononuclear cells, and thus resembled a response of the tuberculin type.
Computer‐derived exposure lists for common contact dermatitis antigens
Authors: Mac‐Eachran John H. , Clendenning William E. , Gosselin Robert E.
Published: April 2006

An established computer file was searched for lists of products containing 45 antigens recognized as causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The final lists included over 8000 products. The problem, potential and limitations of such lists are discussed.
Histological differences between irritant and allergic patch test reactions in man *
Authors: Nater J. P. , Hoedemaeker Ph. J.
Published: April 2006

The results of a study of the histological aspects of the application of DNCB on the skin of unsensitized and sensitized persons are discussed. The nature of the histological changes in primary irritant and allergic reactions to DNCB in human skin appeared to be identical. The differences appeared to be primarily of a quantitative character.

It is furthermore concluded from data in the literature that the skin of some persons may read with a primary irritant reaction to concentrations of a compound thought to cause only allergic reactions. In these persons histological examination of the patch test result may give insufficient clues us to the nature of the reaction.

The practical consequences of the data presented arc discussed.
Incidence of neomycin and framycetin sensitivity
Authors: Carruthurs J. A. , Cronin E.
Published: April 2006

A total of 450 consecutive patients were patch‐tested to both neomycin and framycetin (20 % in petrolatum). Thirteen patients were sensitive to both preparations, 10 to neomycin alone and four to framycetin alone. The significance of these results is discussed, with particular reference to the constituents of the preparations and the allergenic groups involved.
Compositae sensitivity among patients with contact dermatitis
Authors: Roed‐Petersen Iytte , Hjorth Niels
Published: April 2006

Patch tests with 24 Compositae species were performed on 81 patients suspected of having a plant dermatitis, of whom 16 had positive reactions to various species.

When Compositae were included in the standard series, 10 of 488 consecutive patients (2%) were found to be sensitive to one or more species. Most of the positive test reactions were relevant.

Fourteen of 16 sensitivities could have been detected by testing with two mixtures of Compositae. Alantolactone could not serve as a screening agent, since four of seven Compositae‐sensitive patients had negative reactions to it. Concomitant reactions to balsams were found in four of 10 patients with unexpected sensitivitytoCompositae.

The clinical pattern of Compositae dermatitis may be that of a lichenified photo dermatitis. These cases are invariably missed, unless patch tests with Compositae are performed. Another group of patients have hand ezcema and also require patch tests with Compositae for etiological diagnosis. Because positive, relevant reactions are common, inclusion of a safe and reliable Compositae screening test in the standard series is urgently required. At the present stage, however, our test materials are sometimes irritant and they have occasionally caused active sensitization.
Sensitizing and irritating properties of star anise oil
Authors: Rudzki Edward , Grzywa Zdzislawa
Published: April 2006

Star anise oil in 2 and 1 % concentrations produced active sensitization in 5 % of test subjects, and positive patch tests in 36 and 34 %, respectively, of consecutive patients with dermatitis. A comparison of the results of tests with balsams and oilier essential oils showed that star anise oil does not give cross‐reactions and pseudo cross‐sensitivity. Patients positive lo this oil are frequently positive to anethole and to other constituents of this oil: (α‐pinene, limonene and safrole.

In tests with star anise oil it is noteworthy that a 1 % concentration is strongly irritant, and 0.5% reveals sensitivity in only one fifth of the actively sensitized subjects. It is possible that the cause of false negative patch tests might be similar in the case of some other allergens.
Cross‐reactions between ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine
Authors: Rudzki Edward , Krajewska Danuta
Published: April 2006

A consecutive series of 1544 patients and 137 patients in occupational contact with epoxy resins were tested with ethylenediamine and/or triethylenetetramine; some were tested with ethylenediamine, Guinea pigs sensitized to triethylenetetramine were tested with ethylenc‐diamine and diethylenedtriamine. The results showed that cross‐reactions may occur between triethylenetetramine and ethylenediamine, although the majority of the patients were sensitized only one of the compounds.
Effect of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing II. Statistical analysis of data
Authors: Atkinson John C. , Rodi Stephen B.
Published: April 2006

Data obtained in tests of several potential allergens with different vehicles and at different concentrations have been analyzed statistically.
Comparison of guinea pig sensitization methods
Authors: Fahr H. , Noster U. , Schulz K. H.
Published: April 2006

Up to now, different methods in guinea pig sensitization were used, to assess contact sensitization potential of low molecular weight chemicals. In order to compare the efficiency of the epicutaneous, intradermal and combined sensitization methods, two stronger sensitizers, the water soluble chlormethylimidazoline hydrochloride (CMI) and the lipid soluble 1,3‐dinitrochlorobenicne (DNCB) were used for the experiments. Eleven modified sensitization methods were performed. In a first trial each substance was tested on 10 animals. In a further study those techniques which had produced the best results, that is the highest degree of sensitization, were applied in 25 to 30 animals. For comparison of the results of the various methods, u mean sensitization index was calculated. The best results were achieved with the Maximization Test of Magnusson & Kligman (1969) and the Split Adjuvant Technique of Maguire & Chase (1967).
Nickel dermatitis ‐ Nickel excretion
Authors: Menné T. , Thorboe A.
Published: April 2006

Nickel excretion in urine in four females ‐sensitive to nickel with an intermittent dyshidrotic eruption was measured with flameless atomic absorption. Excretion of nickel was found to be increased in association with outbreaks of vesicles. The results support the idea that the chronic condition was maintained by ingestion of nickel in food.
Psoralen photoallergy caused by plant contact
Authors: Ljunggren Bo
Published: April 2006

A case of acquired photocontact allergy to furocumarins in plants is reported. Photopatch testing was performed with four psoralens [8‐melhoxypsoralen (8‐MOP), 5‐methoxypsoralens (5‐MOP), trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and imperatorin (IMP)]. The use of serial dilutions of the test compounds made it possible to differentiate between photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. 8‐MOP gave a positive eczematous text reaction down to a concentration of 0.0001% The reactions to 5‐MOP and IMP also were positive, while that to TMP was negative. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen from a positive test site showed changes consistent with photoallergic contact dermatitis.

The multiple reactions could be explained on the basis of multiple sensitization, but cross reactions cannot be ruled out.
The vehicle tray revisited: The use of the vehicle tray in assessing allergic contact dermatitis by a 24‐hour application method
Authors: Iden Donald L. , Schroeter Arnold L.
Published: April 2006

Over 700 patients were screened by patch testing for sensitivity to the components of a vehicle from July 1974 through June 1976 the Mayo Clinic. A modified version of the vehicle tray originally suggested by Fisher et al. (1971) was used, containing 14 substance commonly found in vehicles. Patches were applied for 24 rather than the usual 48 hours. Our percentage of reactivity compares favorably with the 48‐h application method, thus demonstrating the efficacy of this time‐saving technique. The method and usefulness of determining a percentage of irritancy are discussed. This was found to be a valuable tool in assessing false‐positive reactions among our percentage of reactivity. Four irritants were demonstrated: phenylmercuric acetate (0,05 % pet.), sodium lauryl sulfate 1 % aq), thimerosal (0.1 % aq) and hexachlorophene (1 % pet.).
Postsorters' rubber fingerstall dermatitis
Authors: Roed‐Petersen Jytte , Hjorth Niels , Jordan William P. , Bourlas Manuel
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of rubber fingerstall dermatitis in a Danish post office was found to be caused by minute amounts of isopropylphenyl‐para‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) in the fingerstalls. The presence of IPPD in the fingerstalls could not be explained by the manufacturer and had to be confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis.
A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent
Authors: Zaynoun S. T. , Johnson B. E. , Frain‐Bell W.
Published: April 2006

Using a standardized open photopatch test technique, the phototoxic reactions produced by bergamot oil bergapten (5‐methoxypsoralen) the active component of the oil, and xantho‐toxin 8‐methoxypsoralen) were studied. The reaction was affected by a range of factors such as the vehicle (PMF or ethanol), the concentration of ethanol in the vehicle, the skin site, the interval between application of the psoralen and irradiation, the hydration of the skin, and the degree of natural or sun‐induced pigmentation. Repented photopatch testing at the same skin site produced an increase in sensitivity.

Eye colour, natural susceptibility to suntanning, age, and sex, had no effect on the phototoxic response to psoralens.
Contact dermatitis from polyfunctional acrylic monomers*
Authors: Emmett E. A.
Published: April 2006

Five out of 26 men employed formulating radiation drying printing ink developed eczematous dermatitis. Positive patch tests were obtained with two polyfunctional acrylic monomers, pentaerythritol triacrylate and trimethylol propane triacrylate and with formulations containing these in four affected employees. Cross sensitization was observed to dipentaerythritol monohydroxy pentaacrylate in each case. A fifth employee appeared to have developed irritant dermatitis from contact with these materials.
Contact allergy due to lichens in patients with a history of photosensitivity
Authors: Thune Per
Published: April 2006

Ten patients with a history of photosensitivity and of a rash showed abnormal reactions to long‐wave UVR. The rash occurred particularly in areas exposed to light, though other areas were occasionally involved. The development of the rash could in all patients be related to contact with lichens and although exposure to sunlight usually led to an aggravation of symptoms, some patients, particularly forestry workers, showed exacerbations even during the winter. Positive responses were observed in both irradiated and non‐irradiated patch tests with different species of lichen and in several patients irradiation precipitated a stronger response. These findings suggest that lichens can cause both contact and photocontact dermatitis. The suspected allergens contained in these lichens are atranorin, physodalic and pysodic acids.
Occupational contact dermatitis due to Croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.) Sensitization by plants of the Euphorbiaceae
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Schulz K. H.
Published: April 2006

One of today's most decorative and popular ornamental potted plants is Croton. Handling this plant over a period of 6 months produced contact eczema of the hands in a nursery gardener. Patch tests with Croton leaves were positive. Control tests remained negative. Sensitization experiments in guinea pigs with a methanolic extract of the leaves were successful.

All results of the study indicate that:

– latex of croton produces no primary irritant reaction

– latex is able to induce a real contact allergy

– contact allergens are constituents of the milky sap.

Whether the di‐ and triesters of phorbol so far isolated as irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the latex of various Euphorbiaceae species and sensitizers shall be investigated in fürther experiments.
Routine patch testing with cadmium chloride
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

During a 22‐month period, 2.0% cadmium chloride in distilled water was included in our routine patch test series. Twenty‐five of 1502 eczema patients showed reactions (1.7 %), but none had any relevant history. At serial dilution test only one patient reacted to 1.0 % cadmium; all the other dilutions applied gave negative reactions. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of the cadmium chloride used for patch testing showed that it contained less than 1 μg/g of chromium, copper, cobalt and nickel. The conclusion is that no certain case of contact allergy to cadmium chloride has been revealed. An experimental study using the guinea pig maximization test is in progress.
Turpentine‐induced hypersensitivity to peppermint oil
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Deoreef H. , Holvoet C. , Maertens M.
Published: April 2006

After a dental operation a former laboratory technician was referred to our clinic because of swelling of his tongue, lips, and gingival mucosa. Patch testing with the ICDRG standard test battery gave positive reactions to colophony, balsam of Peru, and turpentine peroxides. Further patch testing revealed hypersensitivity to peppermint oil (an ingredient of several dental preparations) due to the sensitizing properties of three ingredients: α‐pinene, limonene, and phellandrene. These compounds also occur in turpentine oil, a substance used in the patient's laboratory.
Allergen change in stasis dermatitis*
Authors: Breit Reinhard
Published: April 2006

Stasis dermatitis of the lower leg is very often complicated by secondary contact allergy. A comparison of seven reported studies with our recent personal series of 118 cases revealed a difference in the incidence of sensitization between 39.5–90.5 %, due to selection for clinical reasons. The true incidence of contact allergy lies between 50–60 %. The importance of the individual allergens is nevertheless changing. In the last 10 years neomycin allergy has doubled; gentamycin has become an important primary allergen rather than a cross reactor.
Allergic dermatitis due to a triacrylate in ultraviolet cured inks
Authors: Smith W. D. L.
Published: April 2006

Investigation of a dermatitis incident involving the handling of UV type inks by press minders is described. Patch tests pinpointed one acrylic component of the UV ink (pentaerythritol triacrylate) as the causal sensitizer. Factors influencing the identification and incidence of sensitization to the same chemical in different work situations are discussed as are lessons in terms of prevention under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
Allergic contact dermatitis: Sex differences
Authors: Leyden James J. , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

Using the repeated insult test, Jordan & King (1977) observed that contact sensitization was more readily induced in females than in males. We reviewed data obtained by maximization testing of 185 test substances of which 73 were allergenic. The overall male‐female sensitization rates were respectively 9.9 and 9.2%. Only with the weakest allergens (sensitizing one or two subjects of a 25‐member panel) was there a possibility of female predominance in that there were twice as many panels having only female reactors as males exclusively. In these instances, the test agents were mainly fragrances. We have concluded that sex differences, in the prevalence of sensitization to particular substances, reflect past exposure and are not due to sex differences.
Contact dermatitis from an ostomy deodorant
Authors: Davids M. G. , Hodgson G. A. , Evans E.
Published: April 2006

Two patients with contact dermatitis from an ostomy agent are described. Detailed patch testing revealed contact allergic dermatitis to one of the twelve groups of ingredients which largely comprised citronella oil. The problem of dermatitis is discussed in relation to the perfume ingredients of the ostomy agent.
Reactions to peroral propylene glycol
Authors: Hannuksela M. , Förström L.
Published: April 2006

A peroral challenge lest with 2–15 ml of propylene glycol (PG) was made in 38 patients with allergic‐type epicutaneous test reactions to PG. Eight of 10 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 2% PG and seven of the other 28 patients with a positive epicutaneous reaction to 10–100 % PG developed an exanthem 3–16 h after ingestion of the drug. In all hut one case the rash disappeared within 24–48 h without any medication. In one ease the exanthem was treated with prednisone for 4 days, and the symptoms disappeared gradually in 6 days.

None of the 20 control patients had skin symptoms, Nausea, vertigo and a curious sensation were recorded in four PG‐sensitive patients and in three control patients. These symptoms were apparently due to the general pharmacodynamic effects of PG and they were regarded as non‐allergic in nature.

It was concluded that PG is a potential allergen and it must he added to the list of causes of drug exuathems
Glyceryl p‐aminobenzoate patch testing in benzocaine‐sensitive subjects
Authors: Hjorth N. , Wilkinson D. , Magnusson B. , Bandmann H.‐J. , Maibach H.
Published: April 2006

Benzocaine‐reactive patients were patch tested to two commercial sources of glyceryl p‐aminobenzoate containing varying concentrations of benzocaine as a contaminant. Eleven of 20 reacted to the source with ~ 0.3% benzocaine; none reacted to the source with ~ 0.001 % benzocaine.
Topical toxicity of various concentrations of DMSO recorded with impedance measurements and water vapour loss measurements Recording of skin's adaptation to repeated DMSO irritation
Authors: Malten K. E. , den Arend J.
Published: April 2006

The effects of topical applications on the living human forearm skin of 3 ml of DMSO 0.09 % JaCI in water solutions of various concentrations during a variety of exposure times were evaluated clinically, and with water vapour loss and impedance measurements. The water vapour loss measurement appeared not to be a sensitive parameter, since it showed only deviations from normal values if there were also clinical signs of irritation, e.g. if the skin is exposed during 15 min to a DMSO solution of 90 % or higher. Impeddance showed some increase after 15‐min exposures to 30 % DMSO. In the range of 60 to 99.9 % DMSO, decreases of impedance were found increasing progressively with strength of solution and duration of exposure. Only the longer exposures (3 h to 60 % DMSO) or the higher concentrations (90 % DMSO and over during 15‐min exposure) produced clinical signs.

Daily repeated short‐lasting (5–10 min) exposures to carefully chosen concentrations of DMSO (60, 73 and 86 %revealed that the skin of the volunteer was almost able to resist the lowest concentration. If exposed for 10 min the skin had some difficulty in recovering from the irritating influence of exposures to 60 or 73 % DMSO which took place the preceding day: there is some tendency to a progressive lowering of resistance. With repeated 5‐min exposures to 86 % DMSO, this tendency to progressive lowering of resistance is more evident although there is a clear but somewhat incomplete recovery 24 h after each preceding exposure. If the skin is exposed daily to 86 % DMSO for 10 min. the regenerative capacity after the 12th exposure is exhausted.

However, after the 17th exposure, extra regenerative forces seem to be mobilized restricting progressively the consequences of every exposure to follow. If the skin is no longer exposed (day 21), recovery is speedier and more complete than that seen after the 5‐min exposures to the same strength. We propose calling this ‘adaptation’ or ‘hardening’.
Nickel excretion in urine after oral administration*
Authors: Menne T. , Mikkelsen H. I. , Solgaard P.
Published: April 2006

In recent years the importance of internal exposure to nickel in patients with recurrent hand eczema and nickel allergy has become evident. The present study was performed in order to investigate the value of urinary nickel determinations as an index of oral nickel intake. After oral administration of 5.6 mg nickel (as the sulfate), increased nickel excretion was found over the following 2–3 days. We conclude that consecutive urinary nickel determinations are able to disclose variations in oral intake of nickel.
Occupational dermatitis from DNFB with cross sensitivity to DNCB
Authors: Garcia‐Perez A.
Published: April 2006

A case of occupational dermatitis in a research biochemist provoked by the Sanger reagent (DNFB), used to mark the terminal amino acid of polypeptides and proteins, has been studied. The patient showed cross sensitivity to DNCB.
Immediate and delayed allergic contact reactions to polyethylene glycol
Authors: Fisher Alexander A.
Published: April 2006

The lower molecular weight liquid polyethylene glycols (PEG) varying from 200 to 700 are extensively used as solvent vehicles in topical medicaments. Four patients showed allergic reactions‐to these liquid polyethylene glycols in topical medications. Two had immediate urticarial reactions to PEG 400. Two other patients had delayed allergic eczematous reactions, one to PEG 200, and one to PEG 300. Cross reactions occurred between PEG 200. 300 and 400, but not between these liquid polyethylenes and the higher molecular weight solid polyethylenes from 1000 to 6000.
Day 7 (D7) patch test reading ‐ valuable or not?
Authors: Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Day 7 (D7) reading of 15,469 patch tests was carried out in 499 patients. In one fifth of them, positive reactions were observed at D7 having been judged negative at D2. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. I.
Authors: De Jongh G. J. , Spruit D. , Bongaarts P. J. M. , Duller P.
Published: April 2006

The nickel concentrations in urine and blood plasma of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods of 34 and 42 days each. A limited degree of correlation was found between the course of the nickel concentration in plasma, the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. Evidently other factors also influence the activity of the dermatitis; among these menstruation and stress might be expected to play a role.
Contact Dermatitis in Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Morieirty Pamela L. , Pereira Candfdo , Guimarães Newton A.
Published: April 2006

In Salvador, Brazil, 536 patients were patch tested with 24 contact allergens. The most common sensitizers included potassium dichromate, thimerosal, hydroquinone, nitrofurazone ointment and nickel sulfate. The results of this South American study are compared with those published by North American and European dermatologists. Low frequencies of positive reactions were encountered in Salvador to some substances, including mercury bichloride and p‐phenylenediamine. The influences of climate and life style in determining patterns of contact sensitivity are discussed.
Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors
Authors: Andersen Klaus E.
Published: April 2006

Toothpaste flavors are fragrance mixtures. Oil of peppermint and spearmint, carvone and anethole are ingredients with a low sensitizing potential, but they are used in almost every brand of toothpaste and caused seven cases of contact allergy in a 6‐year period at Gentofte Hospital. Toothpaste reactions are rare due to several reasons; local factors in the mouth, the low sensitizing potential of the flavors generally used, and the lack of recognition. It is emphasized that the toothpaste battery for patch testing has to be relevant and changed according to the consumers' and manufacturers' taste and fashion.
Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles
Authors: Frechrt S. , Gruvberger B. , Göransson K. , Normark S.
Published: April 2006

Two cases with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in green military uniform sweater and pants are described. Chemical analysis showed that water‐soluble chromate was released from a uniform even after repeated washings.
Photocontact dermatitis to hydrocortisone
Authors: Rietsch Robert L.
Published: April 2006

A patient was found to have a delayed positive patch lest to hydrocortisone on multiple testing. This proved to be due to a photoallergy with an action spectrum in the UV‐A range. The patient coincidently had a. polymorphous light eruption in the UV‐B range.
Dithiocarbamate therapy for nickel dermatitis
Authors: Sprutt D. , Bongaarts P. J. M. , De Jongh G. J.
Published: April 2006

Increased internal exposure to nickel can cause an exacerbation of nickel contact dermatitis. Nickel ions are chelated by diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and thereby inactivated. An oral dose of about 1 g DDC/day was given to a patient. The nickel excretion in the urine increased about tenfold; the nickel elimination in scalp hair did not increase. The slightly negative nickel balance did not exhaust the nickel content of the organs appreciably with a dose of 1.2 g DDC/day for 2 months. At the end of this experiment patch tests with nickel sulphate were still positive though less local therapy was needed, and the cross correlation between the activity of the eczema and the nickel concentration in the urine had lost its former periodicity. It is therefore not yet possible to conclude whether or not DDC may be really of help in the very nickel hypersensitive patient by reducing the exposure to nickel originating in food and other environmental sources.
Coolant oil dermatitis due to ethylenediamine
Authors: Crow K. D. , Peachev R. D. G. , Adams J. E.
Published: April 2006

Two outbreaks of hand dermatitis in light engineering works are reported. In both cases a number of workers shown to be allergic to soluble coolant oils were found to be allergic to ethylenediamine, which had either been incorporated into the oil or had been addedto it later.
Recent trends in the immunology of contact sensitivity. I*
Authors: Polak L.
Published: April 2006

The article reviews the recent experimental data that influenced the present concept, of contact sensitivity. Particular emphasis is on the mechanism of stimulation of antigen‐inexperienced specific lymphocytes, the eliciting phase, and the role of suppressor cells in sensitization and tolerance.
Contact allergy in 330 dermatological patients
Authors: Blondeel A. , Oleffe J. , Achten G.
Published: April 2006

A total of 330 patients with eczematous lesions were tested with 27 topical substances. Among the 88 patients with leg ulcers, 85 (2 %) were allergic to one or more substances present in one out of two cases of allergy to wool alcohol. Among the 242 patients suffering from eczematous dermatitis, ihe percentage of allergic reactions reached 54.6 %. A great number of allergic reactions to cetyl alcohol (11.2 %), chloramphenicol (10 %) and sodium lauryl sulfate (6.4 %) was observed. These allergens are not included in the European standard series adopted by the ICDRG. The findings are discussed and compared with data taken from the literature.
Lanolin and derivatives chemistry: Relationship to allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Schlossman Mltchell L. , McCarthy Justin P.
Published: April 2006

This paper summarizes lanolin, the composition of its esters, acids and alcohols, its chemical and physical modifications, and refining. It discusses lanolin, its constituents and derivatives, and their relationship to allergic contact dermatitis.
Temperature‐dependent nickel release from nickel alloys
Authors: Menne T. , Solgaard P.
Published: April 2006

Nickel release from Danish one krone coins and metal buttons from jeans has been measured at 20°C in distilled water and at 35°C in distilled water and synthetic sweat, The temperature elevation increased She nickel release from the coins and two of the nine metal buttons investigated. Obviously the sensitivity to temperature elevation differs from one alloy to an other.
Chrome sensitivity in Israel
Authors: Wahba A. , Cohen T.
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐two Israeli Jewish patients suffering from chrome sensitivity (C.S.) were investigated with regard to their ethnic origin, age of onset of the dermatitis, occupational history and socio‐economic level, Forty‐eight patients suffering from various skin conditions and drawn from the outpatient dermatological clinic were used as controls. The socio‐economic status of C.S. patients was found to the very low, regardless of ethnic origin. Ninety‐four percent of the patients were non‐Ashkenazi Jews and it significantly increased proportion of those (24%) were of Kurdish descent. There were no major differences in their occupations. Patients of Kurdish origin manifested the disease at a significantly earlier age than other non‐Ashkenazi patients, although the socio‐economic conditions of the different ethnic groups of patients were similar.
Phototoxic polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives [Effects on human skin]
Authors: Towers G. N. H. , Arnason T. , Wat C.‐K. , Graham E. A. , Lam J. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives were tested for their effects on human skin. Topically applied α‐terthienyl evoked bi‐phasic phototoxic dermatitis and the appearance of ‘sunburn’ cells in human epidermis. None of 11 polyacetylenes had the same effect although they mimicked α‐terthienyl in their phototoxic effects on Candida albicans and certain pathogenic microorganisms. The UV‐mediated antibiotic activity of the compounds and their apparent lack of phototoxicity towards the skin suggest a potential topical therapeutic role for them in yeast, fungal and bacterial infections and light‐responsive dermatoses. Their topical sensitizing capacity, however, has not yet been studied.
Nickel dermatitis provoked by buttons in blue jeans
Authors: Brandrup Flemming , Larsen Finn Schultz
Published: April 2006

A total of 79 nickel‐sensitive patients (65 women, 14 men) were examined with regard to a present or past eczema corresponding to contact with metallic buttons in blue jeans; 63 % of the women and 64% of the men had or had had eczema of this kind. Among 40 % of the women below 30 years this was the primary site of manifestation. The seriousness of this sensitivity is illustrated by the fact that two‐thirds of the nickel sensitive patients with button dermatitis had or had had eczema of the hands.

The conclusion is that blue jean buttons should he made of a material which does not contain nickel, for instance zinc alloys which are presently used for some metallic buttons, or they should be designed in such a way that the button does not directly contact the skin.
Irritant and allergic reactions to topically applied Micatin® cream
Authors: Wadi Thomas R. , Jones Henry E. , Artis William A.
Published: April 2006

Miconazole nitrate (Micatin® cream) is a potent antifungal agent. Few side effects have been reported with topical application. We report on 10 patients who exhibited an intolerance to topical use of this drug. Most of the reactions were irritant in nature but in two instances, an allergic contact dermatitis was observed. Patch tests were positive to the cream base.
Detection of environmental depigmenting substances
Authors: Gellin Gerald A. , Maibach Howard I. , Misiaszek Maria H. , Ring Marsha
Published: April 2006

We systematically screened the depigmenting capacity of several phenols, catechols and organic antioxidants. Clear‐cut depigmentation was achieved with monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MMH) and tertiary butyl catechol (TBC) using black guinea pigs and black mice as animal models. A goal was to establish a reliable in vivo method to demonstrate or to predict the depigmenting action of chemicals on mammalian melanocytes. There was no universal solvent or optimal body site, although all tested areas could be depigmented. Irritation induced by some vehicles and test materials produced false positive responses. False negative responses with known depigmenting chemicals were observed. Utilising these observations, we propose a model for screening medicinal and industrial chemicals for depigmenting capacity.
2‐Hydroxy‐ ethyl‐methacrylate and di and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate: Contact sensitizers in a photoprepolymer printing plate procedure
Authors: Malten K. E. , Bende W. J. M.
Published: April 2006

In a platemaking procedure differing from Nyloprint and Letterflex, contact sensitizations to 2‐hydroxy‐ethyl‐methacrylate, di‐ and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate and nicotinic acid were found. Preoperational testing of the complete mixture gave a false impression of safely. Preventive measures and enumeration of acrylic substances so far recognized as sensitizers or cross‐sensitizers are discussed.
Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt
Authors: Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

During a 5‐year period, 286 of 4,034 (7.1 %) standard tested eczema patients reacted to cobalt. Fifty (1.2 %) showed “isolated” cobalt reactions (i.e. without simultaneous reaction to chromium and/or nickel). A follow‐up study of 36 of these patients included a serial dilution test (SDT). Eleven of 15 patients with negative reactions in the SDT had demonstrated weak reactions in the previous standard test, whereas stronger initial reactions had been noted in 19 of 21 patients who reacted positively. Sixteen SDT‐positive and six SDT‐negative patients were definitely or probably exposed to cobalt in their working or home environments. The majority of patients with “isolated” cobalt sensitivity also had other contact sensitivities (especially to rubber chemicals) or atopic dermatitis. Therefore in some cases of “isolated” cobalt reactions another contact sensitivity or skin disease may be a prerequisite for the development of cobalt allergy. It is however possible that the simultaneous presence of reactivities to different test substances is only a reflection of general skin vulnerability. An uncertainty in testing methodology must also be considered when evaluating test reactions to cobalt. Finally, present results show that cobalt allergy unassociated with contact sensitivity to other substances or other skin diseases is rare.
Persistence of contact allergy to chromium
Authors: Thormann J. , Jespersen N. B. , Joensen H. D.
Published: April 2006

Forty‐eight patients with a positive patch test to potassium dichromate 0.5% were retested after 4–7 years; 38 patients (79%) still had a positive patch test. Chromate allergy seems to be persistent. In 72% of the cases a history of occupational exposure to chromates could be proved.
Captafol dermatitis in the timber industry
Authors: Stoke J. C. J.
Published: April 2006

Captafol is a common cause of dermatitis amongst workers in the timber industry. In a survey of 14 timber treatment plants 23 % of 133 workers exposed to captafol gave a history suggestive of occupationally induced dermatitis. Although allergic dermatitis can occur, irritant dermatitis is far more common. Attention to plant and personal hygiene will reduce the prevalence of captafol dermatitis significantly, Recommendations on how to achieve this are made.

“The ultimate end… is not knowledge, but action. To be half right on time may be more important than to obtain the whole truth too late,” (Aristotle).
Brilliant Lake Red R as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis
Authors: Kozuka Takehito , Tasihro Minoru , Sano Shigeharu , Fujimoto Keiichi , Nakamura Yumi , Hashimoto Seiichi , Nakaminami Gen
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐three patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by cosmetics containing Brilliant Lake Red R were observed. Commercial samples of Brilliant Lake Red R proved to contain many ethyl acetate extractable impurities; 1‐phenylazo‐2‐naphthol and azobenzene were isolated and identified.

To determine the responsible allergens, five patients were examined by patch tests with purified samples of azo‐dyes and the unidentified fractions of ethyl acetate extractable impurities. Three out of five showed weaker reactions to purified samples of Brilliant Lake Red R and the other two showed equal reactions compared to the commercial product.

1‐Phenylazo‐2‐naphthol was found to be a strong allergen in all cases but none showed a positive reaction to azobenzene. Some unidentified fractions also gave positive results.

Patch tests were performed with 4‐phenylazo‐1‐naphthol, 4‐phenylazo‐1‐naphthol‐2‐carboxylic acid, and 2,4‐bis(phenylazo)‐1‐naphthol, as structurally related compounds derived from 1‐naphthol. All gave negative and they were not detected in the ethyl acetate extractable impurities by thin‐layer chromatography.
Nickel concentration of blood, urine and sweat after oral administration
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Möller Halvor , Andrasko Ludmila , Lagesson Verner
Published: April 2006

Healthy volunteers without nickel hypersensitivity were given 5.6 mg nickel orally. The nickel concentration was assayed in urine, serum and saune‐provocated sweat from hands and trunk before and after nickel ingestion. The nickel concentration in serum increased in all subjects, and in most cases in urine, but not decisively in sweat.