bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial de água no solo e na folha da videira "Sugraone" sob déficit hídrico
Authors: Marinho Lígia B. , Rodrigues José J. V. , Soares José M. , Santos Isnaldo S. , Brandão Elieth O. , Lima Filho José M. P.
Published: October 2011

Propôs-se com este estudo conhecer a variação do potencial da água no solo e na folha da videira "Superior Seedless", tal como o crescimento da baga da uva sob diferentes condições de irrigação na fase de maturação da uva, na Fazenda Agrobrás Tropical do Brasil S/A, em Casa Nova, BA, em outubro de 2007. A videira foi irrigada nas épocas 21, 13 e 5 dias antes da colheita, com lâminas de 100, 50 e 0% da evapotranspiração da cultura e um tratamento adicional ("manejo do produtor"). O potencial da água na folha e no solo foi aferido com a câmara de pressão e tensiômetros, respectivamente. O potencial da água da folha variou de -0,95 a -1,80 MPa, ao meio- dia e de -0,10 a -0,27 MPa, ao alvorecer. O potencial mátrico da água do solo atingiu valores de -5 a -79,5 kPa para os tratamentos menos e mais deficitários. O potencial da água na folha ao meio-dia sugere que, em alguns dias, o parreiral se encontrava sob estresse moderado e, em outros, sob estresse severo, independendo dos tratamentos de déficit hídrico. Ao alvorecer, o potencial indicou que as videiras estavam sob estresse suave ou em condições adequadas de manejo de água, mesmo a potencial matricial do solo elevado, em que não houve redução significativa no crescimento das bagas das uvas.
Estimativa de recarga da bacia do Rio das Fêmeas através de métodos manuais e automáticos
Authors: Albuquerque Ana C. L. S. , Chaves Henrique M. L.
Published: October 2011

Na região do oeste baiano, na qual se encontra a bacia do Rio das Fêmeas, a água subterrânea tem sido progressivamente procurada como fonte de abastecimento, haja vista a baixa densidade de drenagem da região e a crescente demanda por água, sobremaneira para projetos de irrigação. O objetivo do presente estudo é, a partir de dados de vazão, calcular a recarga da água subterrânea por meio de duas metodologias: Arnold & Allen (1999) e Rutledge & Daniel (1994), para o período de 1977 a 2007. A precipitação média anual para a bacia do Rio das Fêmeas foi de 1121,83 mm ano-1 e a vazão média anual igual a 50,28 m³ s-1, ambas apresentando tendência de queda significativa ao longo dos anos. As taxas de recarga foram de 4% da P total (Arnold & Allen, 1999) e de 17% (Rutledge & Daniel, 1994). Com referência ao escoamento de base (aproximadamente 250 mm ano-1), o último método mostrou-se melhor na estimação da recarga.
Nitrogênio disponível ao milho: crescimento, absorção e rendimento de grãos
Authors: França Solange , Mielniczuk João , Rosa Luís M. G. , Bergamaschi Homero , Bergonci João I.
Published: October 2011

Este trabalho visou quantificar o nitrogênio (N) disponível ao milho e avaliar seu efeito sobre o índice de área foliar (IAF), a produção de massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), o N absorvido pela parte aérea e o rendimento de grãos. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 52, 65, 74, 82, 99 e 160 dias após a emergência (DAE) em um experimento de manejo de solo conduzido em plantio direto desde 1985, com os sistemas de culturas de aveia/milho (A/M), aveia + ervilhaca/milho + caupi (A+E/M+C) e ervilhaca/milho (E/M) e duas doses de N (0 N e 180 N - kg ha-1) aplicadas no milho, na forma de uréia. Na safra 2000/01 foram aplicadas doses de 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N. O N estimado disponível ao milho e calculado a partir da contribuição do solo, plantas de cobertura e do adubo nitrogenado, variou de 27 a 192 kg ha-1, sendo os menores valores associados aos tratamentos apenas com gramíneas (A/M) e os maiores aos com N e presença de leguminosas no sistema (E/M e A+E/M+C). Todas as variáveis avaliadas apresentaram alta dependência do N disponível e tiveram seus valores maximizados próximos da maior disponibilidade de N (192 kg ha-1). Com esta disponibilidade foram observados, no estádio de polinização (65 DAE), o maior IAF (4,41) e a mais alta concentração de N na folha índice (2,49%), enquanto o maior acúmulo de N na parte aérea foi constatado no estádio de grão leitoso (74 DAE) e o acúmulo de MSPA no estádio de grão dentado (99 DAE). O rendimento máximo de grãos atingido foi de 8.920 kg ha-1, correspondendo a uma exportação de N pelo grão, de 112 kg ha-1.
Comportamento produtivo e econômico da alface americana em função de diferentes lâminas de água
Authors: Lima Júnior Joaquim A. de , Pereira Geraldo M. , Geisenhoff Luciano O. , Silva Welligton G. da , Vilas-Boas Renato C. , Lobato Allan K. S.
Published: October 2011

Visando às dificuldades encontradas pelo produtor no cultivo da alface (Lactuta sativa L.) americana, cv. Laureau, especificamente quanto à falta de informações técnicas sobre quantidade de água a aplicar, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água sobre o comportamento produtivo e econômico da alface americana. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2008, em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco fatores de evaporação, correspondentes a 0,30, 0,60, 0,90, 1,20 e 1,50 EVm, baseados na lâmina evaporada de um minitanque. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a máxima produtividade total e comercial, 65.918 kg ha-1 e 35.544 kg ha-1, foram estimadas com a aplicação de lâminas equivalentes a 152,1 e 155 mm, respectivamente, correspondentes ao fator de reposição de 92%; considerando o preço do fator água (R$ 0,67 mm-1) e o preço da alface americana (R$ 0,90 kg-1), a lâmina economicamente ótima foi 154 mm, identificando que a eficiência técnica do experimento foi significativamente igual à máxima eficiência econômica.
Produção de matéria seca e trocas gasosas em cultivares de mamoneira sob níveis de irrigação
Authors: Freitas Cley A. S. de , Silva Alexandre R. A. da , Bezerra Francisco M. L. , Lacerda Claudivan F. de , Pereira Filho João V. , Sousa Geocleber G. de
Published: October 2011

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de cinco níveis de irrigação por gotejamento, em três cultivares de mamoneira (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS Paraguaçu) mediante a quantificação da produção de matéria seca pelas diferentes partes da planta (limbo foliar, caule e pecíolo) e a mensuração das trocas gasosas (fotossíntese, condutância estomática e transpiração). O experimento foi conduzido no campo, na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CE, sob delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3 e com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram cinco lâminas de irrigação (25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evaporação do tanque Classe "A") e três cultivares. Os diferentes níveis de irrigação influenciaram as variáveis: massa seca do pecíolo, condutância estomática e fotossíntese; os valores máximos para essas variáveis foram obtidos com o nível de irrigação correspondente a 125% da evaporação no tanque Classe A. Houve uma resposta diferenciada na produção de biomassa e nas trocas gasosas entre as três cultivares avaliadas em todas as variáveis estudadas, exceto na massa seca do pecíolo.
Pontos de abastecimento de pulverizadores agrícolas: uma revisão comparando os modelos em uso
Authors: Gebler Luciano
Published: October 2011

Pontos de abastecimento de pulverizadores são locais destinados ao preparo das caldas agroquímicas e carregamento de equipamentos de pulverização agrícola, classificados pela legislação ambiental e trabalhista como equipamento de segurança ambiental. Há suficiente bibliografia técnica que recomenda e descreve os processos construtivos e de manejo de tais locais, mas há pouca clareza sobre como se chegou a esta forma consensual, aliado ao pouco embasamento científico de seus benefícios e riscos agregados. Alguns aspectos como impermeabilização, constituição do material, manejo do piso e dos resíduos de agroquímicos, interferem na capacidade de evitar que os possíveis contaminantes atinjam o solo e as águas, interferindo no descarte final. Aspectos funcionais ainda carecem de respostas, como a possibilidade do piso reter e armazenar o contaminante e se tornar um emissor a longo prazo, a definição do tempo de vida útil do equipamento, dentre outros. Recentemente houve avanços na filosofia construtiva dos pontos de abastecimento de pulverizadores, com a introdução da remediação de resíduos in situ, através da biodegradação, ganhando denominações, como biobeds, dentre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir as diferentes formas de pisos e manejo nestes locais, seus riscos e a possibilidade de se tornarem um passivo ambiental.
Cinética de remoção de matéria orgânica em sistemas alagados construídos cultivados com lírio amarelo
Authors: Chagas Renata C. , Matos Antonio T. de , Cecon Paulo R. , Monaco Paola A. V. Lo , França Luis G. F.
Published: October 2011

Objetivou-se, com a realização deste trabalho, obter o ajuste do modelo matemático adaptado de cinética de primeira ordem e os respectivos parâmetros cinéticos para descrição da degradação da matéria orgânica em SACs cultivados com lírio amarelo (Hemerocallis flava), no tratamento de esgoto doméstico. Os SACs foram cultivados com lírio amarelo e submetidos a diferentes taxas de carregamento orgânico superficial (TCOs) de esgoto doméstico: 44; 98; 230 e 395 kg ha-1 d-1 de DBO. O modelo matemático adaptado de decaimento do material orgânico apresentou bom ajuste e descreveu adequadamente a cinética de remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO) nos sistemas avaliados apresentando, geralmente, R² superior a 75%. Em ordem crescente de TCO valores de coeficientes de degradação (Kv) foram, respectivamente, de 0,45; 0,69; 1,23 e 1,72 d-1, considerados baixos para os dois primeiros SACs e normais para os outros dois, e os valores de "n" de 0,448; 0,107; 0,327 e 0,461, na faixa normalmente encontrada na literatura.
Análise termográfica da temperatura superficial de telhas
Authors: Abreu Paulo G. de , Abreu Valéria M. N. , Coldebella Arlei , Lopes Letícia dos S. , Conceição Vanessa da , Tomazelli Inaiara L.
Published: October 2011

Neste trabalho objetivou-se realizar imagens termográficas da superfície de telhas visando avaliar sua temperatura superficial. Os tratamentos mensurados se constituíram de: T1 -Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Cinza; T2 - Telha Coppo Venneto Ondulada Marfim; T3 - Telha Plana Marfim; T4 - Telha Plana Cinza; T5 - Telha de Barro Colonial esmaltada; T6 - Telha Ondulada de Cimento Amianto e T7 - Telha de Barro Francesa. Cada unidade experimental foi composta de três telhas sobrepostas uma sobre a outra, exceto no tratamento de telha ondulada de cimento amianto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os dados coletados em cada horário foram analisados por meio do modelo de medidas repetidas, utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS. As temperaturas da superfície inferior das telhas foram muito parecidas ao longo do dia. As telhas com coloração marfim obtiveram melhores valores de temperatura superior e inferior que as telhas com coloração cinza, nas respectivas categorias. A telha de barro colonial obteve maior temperatura da superfície inferior que as demais telhas.
Teste de caminhada de seis minutos: valores de referência para adultos saudáveis no Brasil
Authors: Soares Maria Raquel , Pereira Carlos Alberto de Castro
Published: October 2011

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver equações de regressão para a distância caminhada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (DTC6) em adultos saudáveis (20-80 anos de idade) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 132 voluntários (66 homens) sem doenças respiratórias ou cardíacas, assim como sem comorbidades que afetassem a deambulação. Os voluntários completaram três testes de caminhada de seis minutos. Foram obtidos antes e ao final de cada teste: SpO2, FC máxima e escores da escala de Borg para dispneia e fadiga de pernas. Os dados incluídos na análise final foram os derivados do teste com a maior DTC6. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de DTC6 foram de 566 ± 87 m e 538 ± 95 m em homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p = 0,08). A DTC6 aumentou com a estatura e diminuiu com a idade e com o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). O melhor modelo ajustado foi o quadrático. A equação derivada para ambos os sexos foi: DTC6 = 511 + altura² (cm) × 0,0066 - idade² × 0,030 - IMC² × 0,068. Esta equação explicou 55% da variação na DTC6. CONCLUSÕES: Valores de referência com uma elevada variância explicada foram derivados por um modelo quadrático de regressão em adultos saudáveis com ampla variação de idade no Brasil.
Manejo de crises asmáticas em crianças: conhecimento de profissionais de saúde quanto ao tópico em hospitais-escola do Recife (PE)
Authors: Lustosa Giovanna Menezes de Medeiros , Britto Murilo Carlos Amorim de , Bezerra Patrícia Gomes de Matos
Published: October 2011

OBJETIVO: O conhecimento sobre o manejo da asma aguda em crianças é um tema pouco explorado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de profissionais de saúde do Recife (PE) sobre o assunto. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de tipo inquérito com 27 médicos e 7 enfermeiros, com mais de 2 anos de trabalho, de dois grandes hospitais-escola de pediatria do Recife, avaliados através de questionários autoaplicáveis com questões fechadas. RESULTADOS: Tanto os pediatras quanto os enfermeiros apresentaram conhecimento inadequado sobre o uso de inaladores dosimetrados, nebulização, tipo e dosagem dos medicamentos, assim como técnicas de descontaminação e desinfecção do material. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento inadequado do manejo da asma aguda em crianças pode refletir em um tratamento menos efetivo nesses hospitais. Medidas educativas são necessárias para minimizar o problema.
Testes de função pulmonar e mortalidade após o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas
Authors: Mancuzo Eliane Viana , Rezende Nilton Alves de
Published: October 2011

OBJETIVO: Verificar se os resultados dos testes de função pulmonar realizados em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) estão associados com a mortalidade após o procedimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo no qual foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 15 anos submetidos a TCTH alogênico, entre janeiro de 2007 e março de 2008, no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte (MG), e que realizaram espirometria, medida de volumes pulmonares e medida de DLCO antes do TCTH. Os testes foram repetidos seis meses, um ano e dois anos após TCTH. Para a análise de sobrevida, foram utilizados o método de Kaplan-Meier e testes de log-rank bicaudal. O risco relativo (RR) e IC95% foram calculados por meio do ajuste do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. O modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizado na análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Dos 54 pacientes incluídos, 40 (74,1%) apresentaram resultados normais de função pulmonar antes do TCTH. Ocorreram 23 óbitos (42,6%) em dois anos após o TCTH, sendo que 19 aconteceram antes de 100 dias. Dos 23 óbitos, 11 (47,8%) foram por septicemia e 10 (43,4%) por insuficiência respiratória aguda associada à septicemia. As únicas variáveis que mostraram associação significativa com mortalidade após TCTH foram alteração na espirometria antes do TCTH (RR = 3,2; p = 0,016) e doador não aparentado (RR = 9,0; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES:A realização da espirometria antes do TCTH fornece valores basais para comparações futuras. Alterações nesses resultados indicam um maior risco de mortalidade após o TCTH, embora esses não contraindicam o procedimento.
Actinomicose pulmonar na forma pseudotumoral: uma apresentação rara
Authors: Ferreira Hylas Paiva da Costa , Araújo Carlos Alberto Almeida de , Cavalcanti Jeancarlo Fernandes , Miranda Roberta Lacerda Almeida de , Ramalho Rachel de Alcântara Oliveira
Published: October 2011

Algumas patologias pulmonares apresentam-se como verdadeiros desafios diagnósticos devido às suas diversas formas de apresentação. A actinomicose é uma dessas patologias, podendo atingir diversos órgãos e sistemas. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com a forma pseudotumoral pulmonar da doença, cujo seu diagnóstico geralmente só é realizado através de toracotomia ou toracoscopia.
Treatment Results at 10, 15, and 18 Years of Age in Patients with Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: An Intercenter Comparison
Authors: Lisson Jörg A. , Heib Natalie , Von Moeller Sonja , Spitzer Wolfgang J. , Ludwig Björn
Published: October 2011

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the skeletal treatment outcome in patients aged 18 years with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate who received their complete treatment until early adulthood in two centers with different treatment protocols.

Design

Twenty-two patients (13 from center 1, nine from center 2) with complete primary bilateral cleft lip alveolus and palate were included. Lateral cephalograms were studied at the ages of 10 (T1), 15 (T2), and 18 (T3) years. Sagittal, vertical, and dental parameters were measured and compared. Statistics included tests for normal distribution, a three-way analysis of variance, and bilateral t tests for associated and nonassociated random samples with the significance level p < .05.

Results

Data from center 1 showed a significant decrease in ANB, WITs appraisal, and NL-NSL and an increase in Ui/NL. Data from center 2 showed a significant increase in SNB; a decrease in ANB, WITs appraisal, and ML-NSL; and an increase in Ui/NL. The intercenter comparison of means at the end of treatment (T3) revealed no significant differences for any parameter, despite few significant differences at T1 and T2.

Conclusion

The different treatment concepts did not yield significant differences in treatment outcome at early adulthood. All final skeletal parameters were comparable to those of patients without a cleft. These results indicate treatment execution may be more important than the treatment protocol.
New ICE science journals break traditional boundaries to inspire new thinking
Authors: Rae Victoria
Published: October 2011

The Institution of Civil Engineers is launching a major new series of bi-monthly science journals next year to help promote and share innovative research at the boundaries between science and engineering. ICE Publishing’s commissioning editor Victoria Rae explains.
How the Dutch plan to stay dry over the next century
Authors: Stive Marcel J. F. , Fresco Louise O. , Kabat Pavel , Parmet Bart W. A. H. , Veerman Cees P.
Published: October 2011

Over two-thirds of the Netherlands’ economy and half its population is below sea level. The Dutch government recently set out far-reaching recommendations on how to keep the country flood-proof over the next century given the likelihood of rising sea levels and river flows. This paper explains the recommendations, which are based on a gradual upgrading of safety standards in the light of economic growth and group casualty risk, together with triggers provided by debates and data on climate change. It concludes that protection is feasible both technically and economically, costing up to €3 billion a year, and that the approach could be useful for other low-lying areas.
Stadthaus, London: raising the bar for timber buildings
Authors: Wells Matthew
Published: October 2011

The nine-storey Stadthaus building in Murray Grove, London is the world’s tallest timber residential building. It is also the first building of this height to have load-bearing walls and floor slabs as well as stair and lift cores constructed entirely from cross-laminated wooden panels. While cross-laminated timber construction has been around since the 1970s, several problems limited its use above six storeys. However, the advantage of low or negative embodied carbon dioxide, clean and safe processes and rapid assembly have prompted a range of solutions enabling taller structures. This paper describes the design and construction of the project, the practical and legislative concerns addressed and the lessons learned.
Incompletely resolved phylogenetic trees inflate estimates of phylogenetic conservatism
Authors: Davies T. Jonathan , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Salamin Nicolas , Wolkovich Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2011

The tendency for more closely related species to share similar traits and ecological strategies can be explained by their longer shared evolutionary histories and represents phylogenetic conservatism. How strongly species traits co‐vary with phylogeny can significantly impact how we analyze cross‐species data and can influence our interpretation of assembly rules in the rapidly expanding field of community phylogenetics. Phylogenetic conservatism is typically quantified by analyzing the distribution of species values on the phylogenetic tree that connects them. Many phylogenetic approaches, however, assume a completely sampled phylogeny: while we have good estimates of deeper phylogenetic relationships for many species‐rich groups, such as birds and flowering plants, we often lack information on more recent interspecific relationships (i.e., within a genus). A common solution has been to represent these relationships as polytomies on trees using taxonomy as a guide. Here we show that such trees can dramatically inflate estimates of phylogenetic conservatism quantified using S. P. Blomberg et al.'sKstatistic. Using simulations, we show that even randomly generated traits can appear to be phylogenetically conserved on poorly resolved trees. We provide a simple rarefaction‐based solution that can reliably retrieve unbiased estimates ofK, and we illustrate our method using data on first flowering times from Thoreau's woods (Concord, Massachusetts, USA).
Diversity of Release Patterns for Jail Detainees: Implications for Public Health Interventions
Authors: Spaulding Anne C. , Perez Sebastian D. , Seals Ryan M. , Hallman Madhura A. , Kavasery Ravi , Weiss Paul S.
Published: October 2011

Objectives. We sought to develop a detailed description of the variety of jail release patterns and to learn what factors affect the length of stay (LOS).

Methods. The main data set for the study came from a biennial Bureau of Justice Statistics survey on felony defendants in large urban counties.

Results. The median LOS for the felony defendants was 7 days. One quarter of the jails had a median LOS of less than 2 days; median LOS for 75% of the jails was less than 15 days. Median regression showed that male gender, previous arrests, and violent charges were predictive of longer LOS.

Conclusions. The diversity in release patterns among jails has not been previously described. A public health intervention feasible in one jail may not be feasible in another because of the heterogeneity of release patterns. Individual inmate characteristics could predict a slower rate of release.
Bacterial Lectins and Adhesins: Structures, Ligands and Functions
Authors: Anne Imberty
Published: October 2011

Infection by bacteria is often initiated by the specific recognition of host epithelial surfaces by adhesins and lectins. These glycan binding proteins (GBP) are therefore virulence factors that play a role in the first step of adhesion and invasion. The adhesins are part of organelles, they are generally located at the tip of pili or fimbriae. On the opposite, soluble lectins occur either as individual proteins, or in association with toxins or enzymes. The human targets for bacterial adhesins and lectins are mostly fucosylated human histo-blood groups and/or sialylated epitopes. The binding of lectins and adhesins to host epithelial glycoconjugates is amplified by the multivalent presentation of the binding sites. The analysis of the available crystal structures of bacterial lectins and adhesins helps deciphering the structure/function relationship for this important class of proteins. It is a prerequisite for the development of multivalent high affinity ligands in antibacterial strategies.
Oligonucleotide-Carbohydrate Conjugates
Authors: Nicolas Spinelli  , Defrancq Eric
Published: October 2011

Nucleic acids have been widely investigated as biological tools for various applications including gene silencing, DNA chips and drug targets. Interactions involving nucleic acids are generally well known making their rationalization straightforward. However, they generally suffer from a lack of bioavailability. One of the main strategies to overcome these limitations is the conjugation of oligonucleotides with an appropriate reporter. As carbohydrates are involved in a huge variety of biological processes including molecular and cell surface recognitions, oligonucleotide glycoconjugates are perhaps one of the most promising approaches to improving cellular delivery of oligonucleotides. Other applications of these conjugates have emerged like the use of DNAdirected immobilization to prepare carbohydrate biochips or the construction of glycoclusters by self organization of oligonucleotides. This chapter summarizes the applications of these conjugates and approaches to prepare them through some recent examples.
Glycoliposomes and Metallic Glyconanoparticles in Glycoscience
Authors: Marco Marradi, , ,  , Chiodo Fabrizio , Garcia Isabel , Penades Soledad
Published: October 2011

Multivalent sugar-based materials have attracted attention since the functional role of carbohydrates in biology has been disclosed. The design of artificial systems that mimics the polyvalent carbohydrate organization at cell surface has been envisaged as a strategy to study and intervene in carbohydrate-mediated interactions. One of the first synthetic glycomaterials which appeared in the literature were glycoliposomes, dynamic systems that resemble the glycocalix in the phospholipidic bilayer of cell membranes. Glycoliposomes are non-covalent systems which have been used since the seventies as multivalent tools in carbohydrate-based interactions against pathogens, for enhancing immunity and as molecular carriers in drug delivery. In former years, the advent of nanotechnology has allowed the design and construction of new materials similar in size to biologically relevant molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, etc) and displaying unique physical properties. The bio-functionalization of metallic nanomaterials with carbohydrates generated a new class of glycomaterials, named glyconanoparticles, which present carbohydrates in a highly multivalent way and in high local concentrations. At the same time, the quantum size properties of metallic nanoclusters can be used for biosensing, diagnostics, and (in perspective) therapy. This review focuses on glycoliposomes and covalently-functionalized glyconanoparticles which make use of the “glyco-code” to address specifically pathogens or pathological-related problems.
Chemoselective Glycosylation Techniques for the Synthesis of Bioactive Neoglycoconjugates, Glyconanoparticles and Glycoarrays
Authors: Francesco Peri
Published: October 2011

Chemoselective glycosylation (CG) methods have rapidly developed and diffused in glycochemist and glycobiologist's community in the last fifteen years, and an increasing number of applications confirms the enormous potential of these techniques. CG has been successfully used for the synthesis of glycoproteins, glycopeptides, glycosylated natural compounds, carbohydrate-functionalized surfaces and nanoparticles. CG techniques can be considered as subset of click reactions that allow the efficient, high-yield conjugation of sugars with unprotected aglycons in aqueous media. In this review the CG methods have been divided into two main groups: “direct” CG that uses unmodified glycans, and “indirect” CG, in which the sugar has to be chemically modified before the glycosylation reaction. Recent applications of both CG techniques are reviewed, with special focus on the chemistry of CG reactions: mechanisms, stereochemistry issues, structure and stability of the glycoconjugates.
Glycosidases in Synthesis of Glycomimetics and Unnatural Carbohydrates
Authors: Vladimir Kren
Published: October 2011

In recent years, carbohydrate-processing enzymes have become the enzymes of choice in many applications thanks to their stereoselectivity and efficiency. This chapter presents recent development in glycosidase-catalyzed synthesis of unnatural semisynthetic carbohydrate structures via two complementary approaches: the use of wild-type enzymes with engineered substrates and mutant glycosidases. Genetic engineering has recently produced glucuronyl synthases, an inverting xylosynthase and the first mutant endo-β-Nacetylglucosaminidase. A careful selection of enzyme producing strains and aptly modified substrates has resulted in rare glycostructures, such as N-acetyl-β-galactosaminuronates, β1,4-linked mannosides and β1,4-linked galactosides. The efficient selection of mutant enzymes is facilitated by high-throughput screening assays involving the co-expression of coupled enzymes or chemical complementation. Selective glycosidase inhibitors and highly specific glycosidases are finding attractive applications in biomedicine, biology and proteomics.
Challenges Facing the Use of Human Rights to Address Negative Impacts of Development: The Case of Indonesia
Authors: Hadiprayitno Irene I.
Published: October 2011

The importance of human rights in development is gaining prominence. In concrete settings and contexts, however, contesting development practices with human rights normative standards is controversial. The article outlines this controversy and complexity in Indonesia. It highlights tensions in human rights regulatory frameworks and development policies pertaining to housing and promotions of healthy environments. The main challenge faced by human rights to address development in Indonesia is to understand the complexity of state and market relationship, in designing the process and mitigating the negative impacts of development. Such a complexity is argued to shape the enforcement and susceptibility of international and national human rights laws.
Dose-Response Thresholds for Progressive Diseases
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: October 2011

Many diseases, including cancers, heart diseases, and lung diseases, can usefully be viewed as arising from disruption of feedback control systems that normally maintain homeostasis of tissues and cell populations. Excessive exposure can destabilize feedback control loops, leading to sustained elevation of variables to saturated levels and clinical consequences such as chronic unresolved inflammation, destruction of tissue (as in emphysema), proliferation of cell populations (as in lung cancer), and increases in reactive oxygen species and protease levels (as in coronary heart diseases and chronic obstructive lung disease). We propose a framework for understanding how exposure can destabilize normally homeostatic feedback control systems and create sustained imbalances and elevated levels of disease-related variables, by creating a new, locally stable, alternative equilibrium for the dynamic system, in addition to its normal (homeostatic) equilibrium. The resulting model, which we call alternative-equilibria (AE) theory, implies the existence of an exposure threshold below which transition to the alternative equilibrium (potential disease) state will not occur. Once this threshold is exceeded, progression to the alternative equilibrium continues spontaneously, even without further exposure. These predictions may help to explain patterns observed in experimental and epidemiological data for diseases such as COPD, silicosis, and inflammation-mediated lung cancer.
Hormesis for Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: October 2011

The hypothesis of hormesis – that substances that harm health at high exposures can reduce risks below background at low exposures, e.g., if they activate defenses without overwhelming them – becomes important for practical policy making if it holds for regulated substances. Recently, the U.S. EPA concluded that reductions in ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air caused trillions of dollars worth of human health benefits for a compliance cost of only about $65 billion per year. This conclusion depends on an unverified assumption of a positive, causal, straight-line relation between PM2.5 concentrations and mortality risks. We review empirical data on PM2.5 and mortality risks (and their precursors, inflammatory responses) and conclude that the PM2.5 concentration-response relation may be J-shaped, rather than linear. This possibility implies that the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment may well have produced no (or negative) human health benefits, rather than the trillions of dollars worth of reduced mortalities ascribed to it by EPA; and that attempts to achieve further risk-reduction benefits by further reducing PM2.5 concentrations may be counterproductive. This creates a very high value for scientific information that better reveals the true shape of the PM2.5 concentration-response function at and below current ambient levels.
Risk of Poor Outcomes with Novel and Traditional Biomarkers at Clinical AKI Diagnosis
Authors: Hall Isaac E. , Coca Steven G. , Perazella Mark A. , Eko Umo U. , Luciano Randy L. , Peter Patricia R. , Han Won K. , Parikh Chirag R.
Published: October 2011

Background and objectives

Studies have evaluated acute kidney injury (AKI) using biomarkers in various settings, but their prognostic utility within current practice is unclear. Thus, we sought to determine the prognostic utility of newer biomarkers or traditional markers (fractional excretion of sodium [FeNa] and urea [FeUrea] and microscopy) over clinical assessment alone.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This is a prospective cohort study of adults on the first day of meeting AKI criteria. We measured urine concentrations of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and IL-18 and determined FeNa, FeUrea, and microscopy score for casts and tubular cells. Primary outcome was worsened AKI stage from enrollment to peak serum creatinine or in-hospital death.

Results

In 249 recipients, 57% were ≥65 years old, 48% were from intensive care, and mean baseline GFR was 69 ± 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. AKI was considered prerenal in 164 (66%), acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in 51 (20%), and “other” in 34 (14%). All mean protein biomarker concentrations, FeNa, FeUrea, and microscopy scores were statistically different between prerenal and ATN. Seventy-two patients (29%) developed the primary outcome. There was an approximate three-fold increase in adjusted risk for the outcome for upper versus lower values of NGAL, KIM-1, IL-18, and microscopy score (P values <0.05). Net reclassification improved after adding these to baseline clinical assessment. FeNa and FeUrea were not useful.

Conclusions

On the first day of AKI, urine protein biomarkers and microscopy significantly improve upon clinical determination of prognosis, indicating their potential utility in current practice.
Heteracidosis in pheasants
Authors: Pavlovic Ivan , Kulisic Zoran , Florestean Iulia
Published: October 2011

Diseases of parasite etiology present a great part of the pheasant game pathology in both natural domiciles and artificial breeding. Based on the research conducted in our country and abroad, we have come to the conclusion that heteracidosis, along with coccidiosis, syngamosis, and ascaridiosis present one of the most significant parasite diseases in these birds. Heteracidosis in pheasants is caused by Heterakis isolonche and H. gallinarum. According to our findings H. isolonche is detect in 26,1 % of pheasants aged from 4 to 14 weeks, and 14,4 % of adult pheasants in organized maintenance conditions, and in 18,1 % of pheasants in nautural domiciles. Hetarkis gallinarum is found in 25,1 % of pheasants aged from 4 to 14 weeks and 4,3 % of adult pheasants in pheasant farms, and 15,3 % pheasants in natural domiciles. For these reasons, in this paper we present the carriers, pathological changes and clinical picture of the disease, as well as prevention and control methods.
Comparative analysis of antibiotic residue in milk using enzyme and microbiological methods
Authors: Petrovic Jelena , Katic Vera
Published: October 2011

Antibiotic residue can have a harmful effect on human health and can disrupt the processing of milk and milk products. In order to prevent these unwanted effects of residue, different screening methods are used today. The basic goal of this paper is to compare screening methods performed during the testing of milk from different points of the production chain. In this paper we have comparatively analyzed three screening methods: microbiological methods - the Delvo SP test and the diffusion method with B. stearothermophilus as the test microorganism, and an enzyme method - the Penzym S test. Twenty samples of farm milk from collective tanks were analyzed, as well as 20 samples of milk from transport cisterns, 10 samples of pasteurized milk and 10 samples of sterilized market milk. Based on the comparative analysis of the diffusion method, Delvo SP test and Panzym S test, we conclude that all three methods are in hgih mutual accordance (the kappa value oscillates from nearly ideal to ideal coinciding) and thus meet one of the criteria for being included in the systematic control of milk for the presence of antibiotic residue.
Effect of diet on maintenance of acid-basal balance in blood of dairy cows
Authors: Gaál T.
Published: October 2011

High-performance breeds of ruminants often exhibit production disorders which can be accompanied by a disturbed acid-basal balance. Most of the disorders in the acid-basal balance are closely related to digressions in the diet norms of these animals. A deficiency or surplus of energy equally cause disorders in the acid-basal status of the organism. Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent of the four types of basic disorders in the acid-basal balance in ruminants. It appears as a consequence of rumen acidosis, ketosis, or diarrhea. Acute disorders in the acid-basal balance are far more dangerous than chronic ones. Therapy of the basic diseases is generally sufficient compensation for the effects of the acid-basal disorders, but in certain cases it is necessary to perform alkalization, that is, acidification of the rumen content using the necessary preparations.
Immunology of the mammary gland
Authors: Lazarevic Miodrag
Published: October 2011

The mammary gland is an organ of specific structure whose elementary task is to supply offspring with nutritive and other biologically active substances during the first weeks, or, depending on the species, the first months of life. This prolongs the period of close contact between the mother and her young, which is necessary for their regular growth. Most mammal offspring are born with physiological agammaglobulinaemia, because of the specific structure of the placenta, so that they receive the first specific protection against pathogenic microorganisms through colostrum. Furthermore, this gland is in direct contact with the outer environment through the secretary ducts, so that there are great possibilities for the occurrence of infections. It is therefore necessary to secure protective mechanisms which would prevent such infections. It is clear that there is a distinct connection between the immunological system and the mammary gland, and that link is the central topic of this paper. It presents the basic mechanisms of mammary gland defense which are divided into two categories: nonspecific (innate) and specific immune response. The mammary gland secretion contains several types of leukocytes, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophiles, as well as 2% epithelial cells. On the average, there are 0.2 x 106 somatic cells in one mililiter of milk. Macrophages account for most of these (58%), as well as lymphocytes (28%), while a smaller number of somatic cells (12%) are polymorphonuclears (PMN). The paper considers the characteristics and main functions of these cell types.
Significance of coprological examinations in diagnosis of major helminthoses in domestic animals
Authors: Dimitrijevic Sanda , Ilic Tamara
Published: October 2011

The biggest number of parasitic diseases in our country are caused by helminths. The causes of these diseases differ among each other according to biomorphological characteristics, which consequently accounts for the different nature of the disease that they cause. In order to approach the curbing and treatment of these diseases in animals, it is necessary to make a precise etiological diagnosis. A correct and timely diagnosis secures insight into the episootiological situation concerning the existing parasitic diseases in the studied field. Moreover, it enables an estimate of the health condition of animals, which determines the quality of the production process in cattle breeding. Coprological diagnostic methods are among the direct diagnostic methods and are of great practical importance in diagnosing parasitic diseases, because they are based on the finding of the immediate causes (parasites) in any stage of development. These methods are mostly applied for diagnosis of helminthoses, since the biggest number of helminths is localized in the digestive tract and the communicating organs, which is why their eggs and larvae are eliminated into the outer environment through the feces of the diseased animals.
Heisenberg and the philosophy of nature
Authors: Acimovic Mirko
Published: October 2011

This paper is a theoretical contribution to the reconstruction of Heisenberg's concept in the science of the Philosophy of Nature. In order to expound Heisenberg's theory of elementary particles, the author discusses epistemological, ontological and logical problems of the contemporary physics, especially of the quantum theory.
The global elite of power
Authors: Pecujlic Miroslav
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the author discusses contradictions in the contemporary process of globalization related to its current proponents (participants). The first part of the papers tries to solve the enigma of the key participants and social forces shaping the globalization, so it discusses the tree rival theories: the theory of classes, oligarchy and elite of power. The author chooses the third theory of the global elite of power. Its theoretical foundations range from classic theories of elite (Pareto Mosca, Weber) to Mill's famous elite of power. However, the trans-national elite of power is an entirely new social entity. The global elite of power is firmly established in the economic sphere, in the ownership and management of global means of production and capital, and in the use of global labor force. It is characterized by a highly articulated status culture or "class consciousness" - the cosmopolitan "Davos-culture". It represents more a network of groups than one monolithic entity, so it should be discussed synthetically. The second part analyses a collective portrait of the global elite of power in which the outstanding place is occupied by the owners and top managers of trans-national corporations and banks (whose capital highly surpasses the wealth of many countries in the world) together with them, there is the political elite (the leaders of the G-7 Group and the rulers of the trans-national organizations like MMF, World Bank, Security Council of the UN,NATO). The intellectual elite, like "The Trilateral Committee" or "Economic Forum" occupies a less conspicuous, but not insignificant place. The third part discuses the current role of the dominant (authoritarian) wing of the global elite of power, and the fourth points to the alternative possibilities and potential participants in the democratization of the global world order. The concluding, fifth part points to the historical situation in which the democratic alternative although necessary, is almost powerless. Due to the un-intended consequences of the activities of the global elite of power, future of the world society is quite uncertain.
Family and rural community in Sumadija
Authors: Pavkovic Nikola
Published: October 2011

The paper presents ethnological studies of two rural settlements in Sumadija with the characteristics of agricultural, industrial and mining production. They are typical settlements with all significant elements of traditional Serbian culture, but are undergoing significant changes and modernization. The greatest part of the research was carried out from 1971 to 1975, with the additional researches in 1981 and 1982; the researches deal with the period of the first eight decades of the 20th century. The topics of the research are marriage, family and households, rural cooperatives, village as a socio-economical and ceremonial-religious community, elements of law related to rural life. Since 1980, the phenomena of retraditionalization have been observed in rural life.
Stereotypes about the Serbs and the break-up of Yugoslavia
Authors: Vukovic Slobodan
Published: October 2011

The article deals with the influence of Western press, mainly German Austrian and American on the break-up of the second Yugoslavia. Regarding German and Austrian press, it only renewed old and created new stereotypes about the Serbs and Serbia in the eve and during the break-up of Yugoslavia. Comparative analysis shows that these are the long lasting structures and that this writing is in accordance with a long tradition. At the end, German and Austrian elites reached consensus regarding these specific issues, that is, break-up of Yugoslavia. On the other hand, the attitude of the USA press was changing in accordance with the changes in the position of the administration. American media have a unique standpoint towards the foreign public and they represent the proclaimed interests of the administration. This means that the USA government, through the controlled media, prepared its public for its future steps in order to justify the recognition of separated republics.
current social conflicts and criminality in Serbia
Authors: Mitrovic Milovan
Published: October 2011

This paper consists of two parts. The first part, in a theoretical-hypothetical manner, discusses social organization, conflicts and criminality, while the second discusses some specific problems related to corruption and organized crime in Serbia. The first part expounds the hypothesis that the social conflicts (war, external sanctions and the breakdown of the regime) led to a deep crisis and destruction (disorganization) of the Serbian society, which directly caused the sharp increase in all kinds of criminality in Serbia. Starting from the assumption that criminality has the characteristics of a total social phenomenon as well as many faces and seamy sides, the author distinguishes three sociologically most significant social roots and forms of criminality in Serbia, that is the systemic, anomic and transitional ones. The second part specially discusses corruption as a form of systematic and transitional criminality and as the backbone of organized crime in Serbia. The author believes that the deepest causes of corruption have their roots in the old socialist system and recent transitional regimes in which the public property (state and social property) was managed by the powerful individuals and privileged groups, usually according to their own will. In that sense, the author concludes that corruption and organized crime are, on the one hand, the consequences of war and disintegration of the socialist system and the heritage of the former regime, and on the other the consequences of interest blockades in the construction of new and more efficient institutions of social control and regular mechanisms of modern development, so in that sense they are a newly-created transitional phenomenon of the unfinished democratic system. Therefore, the paper points out that the reformed and strengthened public institutions are the only serious and efficient obstacle to corruption and all other forms of organized criminality. In the first place, reforms should imply the withdrawal of the state from the direct administrative management of economic activities, leaving them to a legally ordered market. Strengthening of public institutions would imply more efficient minimal state functions; all other institutions should get, on the one hand, real means and mechanisms to implement their duties, and on the other they themselves should be under public control in their work which has to be more "transparent" than it is today.