bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Marketing Academicians' Preferences for Frameworks and Topics in Introductory Marketing Texts Changing?
Authors: Pride William M. , Ferrell O.C.
Published: March 2007

There are several different frameworks that mar keting professors can employ when teaching basic marketing, and within each framework a variety of topics can be investigated. This research effort examines marketing academician's preferences for basic marketing frameworks and topics at two dif ferent points in time -- 1973 and 1976. Marketing professors' preferences in 1973 are compared and contrasted with those reported in 1976.
Computer-Assisted Instruction for the Basic Marketing Course: a Student Evaluation
Authors: Grimm Jim L. , Skinner Steven J. , Ferrell O.C.
Published: March 2007

Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) is under-utilized as an instructional aid in the introductory marketing course due to high computer costs, insufficient computer facilities, and absence of a CAI student response program. This paper reports student evaluations of a CAI program. Student users held more positive attitudes toward CAI as an educational tool. Non-users who had access to, but did not use the CAI program, perceived the computer- assisted, self-instructional program as difficult to use. The main problems were "finding time to use terminals" and "finding terminals available for use." Benefits were: review opportunities, help in studying for examinations, and the immediate feedback. These findings suggest that CAI is a viable learning device in the introductory mar keting course.
The Role of Consumer Knowledge in the Study of Consumer Behavior
Authors: McNeal James U. , McDaniel Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

This article takes a look at one of the most significant and yet seemingly ignored topics in the field of consumer behavior-consumer knowledge. In order to aid the consumer behavior instructor, this concept is explored from the standpoint of how knowledge is interwoven with many commonly used terms and theories in consumer behavior. The synonymous use of knowledge with these other topics can be somewhat confusing to students and teachers alike. Having an understanding of this situation minimizes the difficulty of handling this topic in the classroom.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Small Business Institute Case Method
Authors: Hafer John C.
Published: March 2007

The perceived effectiveness of the Small Business Institute (S.B.I.) case approach to teaching business was compared to that of three traditional methods of instruction. The S.B.I. approach was judged to teach in the greatest depth, provide the best chance to use what has been learned, provide the best opportunity for individualized instruction, and require the most self-motivation. The students with the higher grade point averages believed that lecture discussion and the S.B.I. case approaches taught them the most; the students with the lower grade point averages stated that the large group lecture and traditional textbook case approaches taught them the most. The study's design permitted an investigation of the effect on the respondents' replies of whether the focus of the study on the S.B.I. case method was made explicit. Disguising the focus produced responses somewhat less favorable to the S.B.I case method.
Measuring Readability Levels of Undergraduate Marketing Textbooks
Authors: Shuptrine F. Kelly , Lichtenstein Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Five to seven well-known textbooks for marketing principles, marketing management, marketing research, and consumer behavior were evaluated by four readability measures. Most textbooks for the marketing principles and marketing management courses were written at the general understanding level of the average student at which the course is taken. Most of the marketing research and consumer behavior texts were written at a comprehension level above the normal grade level at which they are used. Two readability measures, the Fog Index and Flesch Reading Ease, are recommended for use in evaluating readability levels of similar written material.
MDSS: Introducing the Concept in an Advanced Marketing Case Course
Authors: Morris Linda , Morris John S.
Published: March 2007

With the advances in information technology and de facto data bases, a. new concept in computer-aided decision making emphasizing the support of "semistructured, non-routine" decisions has emerged. This article describes how an information processing model of teaching can be used to introduce the marketing decision support system (MDSS) concept in an advanced marketing case course.
Integrating Information Management Skills into the Marketing Curriculum: An Example Using the Marketing Research Course
Authors: Burger Kenneth J. , Schmidt Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

As the management of information takes on greater importance, one key question becomes that of determining how the increased emphasis of this subject will be approached within the marketing curriculum. In this article one institution's innovative and effective pedagogy to solve this challenge is described. Through a marketing research course, students are exposed to the collection, use and management of information, as well as to the more traditional aspects of research.
Improving Case Evaluations through Computer Based Grading: An Experiment Applying a Developmental Model to Case Evaluation
Authors: Barnes Howard W. , Smith Scott M.
Published: March 2007

Since the introduction of moveable type in the Fifteenth Century Europe, no other development in technology has had a greater impact on the education curriculum than the personal computer. Although the personal computer has been acclaimed as a learning tool, little attention has been given to the use of the personal computer in teaching learning skills or the evaluation of learning. This article presents the findings of an experimental study that demonstrates the effectiveness of a computer-based evaluation model that reduces variability in grading written materials.
How to Write a Painful Marketing Manuscript: Prose and Cons
Authors: Sawyer Alan G.
Published: March 2007

Bad writing is frequent in manuscripts submitted to marketing and consumer behavior journals. This poor writing leads to pain (irritation, anger) in the review process, likely lengthens the process, and results in some otherwise publishable manuscripts being rejected. This article presents a list of what not to do when writing a marketing manuscript.
Differing Perceptions of Job Priorities for Marketing Educators
Authors: Teer Harold B. , Wisdom Barry L.
Published: March 2007

This study tests the hypothesis that different perceptions of the relative importance of teaching, service, and research may exist between deans, marketing department heads, and marketing faculty at master's degree granting AACSB-accredited business schools. Findings indicate that significantly different perceptions of the marketing educator's role, both presently and desired, exist across organizational levels.
Microcomputer Usage in Marketing Departments of Fortune 500 Firms: What Should Marketing Students Study?
Authors: Rogers John C. , Williams Terrell G. , McLeod Raymond
Published: March 2007

As microcomputer applications expand in marketing firms, providing relevant computer education for university marketing students is increasingly important. This article reports the levels and kinds of computer use in the nation's largest companies. These findings are used to recommend the content and direction of microcomputer education. Specific course content and software packages are considered.
Tips from Top Advertising Executives: Implications for Advertising Education
Authors: Ducoffe Robert H. , Ducoffe Sandra J.
Published: March 2007

As advertising degrees continue to grow in popularity, harmonizing the objectives of advertising educators with those of practitioners will grow in importance. A survey of top agency executives focused on two issues: factors contributing to their success and advice to students beginning their own careers. Implications for advertising educators are drawn.
The Use of Inter-Sectional Competition with an Oral Project in the Introductory Marketing Course
Authors: Sparkman Richard M. , Follows Scott B. , Zhou Nan
Published: March 2007

An oral-only group project was used as the major term assignment in an introductory marketing course. The effects were studied through a questionnaire administered to all students enrolled in the course. The project was found to be effective as a means of improving oral skills and as a teaching tool, and inter-group and inter-section competition produced a high level of student motivation. The use of bonus marks also served to increase the amount of student effort.
A Measure of the Short-Term Effects of Ethical Instruction
Authors: Harris James R. , Guffey Hugh J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the short-term impact of specially prepared case and video materials on marketing students' ethical beliefs. Before and after tests with a control group, using a previously validated questionnaire, were employed to ascertain the effect of ethical instruction. Statistically significant changes in students' ethical beliefs were observed.
Using Product Positioning Strategies to Establish National Images: An Exercise Using Current International Events in the Marketing Classrom
Authors: (Trey) Denton Luther
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a novel method of demonstrating product positioning in the classroom through discussions of current events on an international scale by creating and managing national images. Existing national images in the minds of students are assessed and then used to discuss national strategies from the framework of traditional product positioning strategies, the various tools that can be used to influence these images, and alternative national imaging strategies. Nations, viewed as products, are promoting ideology, credibility, physical goods and services, technology, and military cooperation using the entire gamut of promotional options, including advertising, public relations, sales promotion, and personal selling. Potential buyers include investors, political allies and opponents, military allies and opponents, tourists, and trade partners (particularly consumers of the nation's physical products, services, and technology). Various tools for creating and managing national images are presented, ranging from terrorism to the exploration of space. This exercise is illustrated with data provided by Hong Kong students.
A Computer-Aided Approach for Teaching and Learning Physical Distribution Service Concepts
Authors: Clopton Stephen W. , Perreault William D.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses an approach for teaching concepts related to physical distribution service based on an interactive computer program. The computer program, which is written for the IBM PC and available free from the authors, is based on an extended economic order quantity formulation that considers the impact on customer costs of inconsistent distribution service, as measured by the supplier's order cycle time and its variability. The article provides a set of teaching examples that demonstrate the value of consistent physical distribution service to both customers and suppliers, then discusses how the program can be used for student assignments, class discussion, or both to improve student understanding of physical distribution service.
Course Design Using Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Dubas Khalid M. , Strong James T.
Published: March 2007

Designing courses by incorporating student preferences should make the curriculum more relevant and highly satisfying to students. Student preferences can be measured and incorporated into course design using conjoint analysis. As an illustration, the authors designed an appropriate course for M.B.A.-level multivariate analysis. Five attributes were considered for this purpose: course content, level of mathematical and statistical sophistication, student career orientation, level of computer application, and class format.
An Analysis of the Sources of Articles in the Journal of Marketing Education: An Update
Authors: Clark Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the sources of articles appearing in the first 40 issues of the Journal of Marketing Education. A total of 380 articles, contributed by 558 different authors from 258 different institutions, were analyzed. The analysis showed a significant decrease in the percentage of single-author articles and a fairly large increase in the average number of references per article. This article also discusses the leading institutional and individual contributors to the JME. Additionally, the characteristics of Journal authors are analyzed, and comparisons between the present study and a similar study of the JME published in 1986 are discussed.
The Use of Simulation Games in Marketing Classes: Is Simulation Performance Due to Luck or Skill?
Authors: Wellington William J. , Faria A. J.
Published: March 2007

Inevitably, students who perform poorly in a business simulation game feel that they were the victims of the good luck of their competitors. Simulation administrators, however, generally believe that winners in the simulation competition are those students who make the best decisions. This study examines the relationship between simulation performance over two separate and distinct rounds of play in the same marketing simulation game. The rigorously controlled experiment found a medium to strong relationship between rank order performance in the two simulation rounds. This finding led to the conclusion that simulation performance is relatively stable over time and due more to the participants' marketing decision-making skills than luck.
The Midwest Review of Public Administration After the First Ten Years
Authors: Hauptmann Jerzy , Hoffmaster Roger D.
Published: March 2007

The first ten years of the Review are history. With the eleventh volume a new look became evident. At this particular phase of the journal's develop ment the Editorial Board decided to engage in a limited internal evaluation of these years.
Problems in Regulating Federal Executive Branch Publicity and Advertising Programs
Authors: Yarwood Dean L. , Enis Ben M.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the problems of regulating executive branch advertising and publicity programs. Over the years, these programs have been the object of several laws intended to restrict their growth. However, the volume of these activities, along with specific examples of agency circumvention of limitations, shows that the general legal restrictions have not been effective. The Reagan Administration has developed a model control system to deal with executive branch publicity activities. It, too, is found wanting by the authors. They suggest that a number of persistent unresolved problems will have to be addressed in developing laws and regulations in this area.
The Impact of Representative Bureaucracies: Educational Systems and Public Policies
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Stewart Joseph
Published: March 2007

Studies of representative bureaucracies are staples of public administration research; however, because of a variety of methodological problems, too few have been able to address the basic "so what?" question. Do bureaucracies with different levels of representativeness produce different policy outputs and have different policy impacts? Our research addresses these inquiries using data from the 67 public school districts in Florida. The analysis shows that when we focus on (a) bureaucrats who exercise discretion, (b) a demographic factor with a lasting impact-race, and (c) policy measures that are clearly salient to the chosen demographic factor, we can detect the relationships between bureaucratic representation and public policy outputs and outcomes. We particularly highlight the representativeness of "street-level" bureaucrats (in this case, teachers). Thus, the issue of representation in public bureaucracies possesses more than just symbolic importance.
Women and Minorities in the Work Force of Law-Enforcement Agencies
Authors: Kim Pan Suk , Mengistu Berhanu
Published: March 2007

The idea of representative bureaucracy has provoked an important series of debates in the literature about police personnel management and representation of women and racial minorities. The critical questions in this study are: (a.) Does the sworn police force reasonably reflect a cross section of the groups being policed? and (b.) What factors are considered in representation of women and minority police officers in law-enforcement agencies? Black and Hispanic representation on police forces is closely associated with its presence in community populations. Regions vary in the degree of female and minority representation, blacks being better represented in southern police forces than elsewhere; women are better represented in the northwest. However, findings reveal that men, mostly whites, continue to hold disproportionately more sworn positions in most law-enforcement agencies. The models of female and minority representation also illustrate the degree of female and minority hiring by analyzing four major contributing factors: economic, organizational, demographic, and legal.
Appraising the Performance of "Street-Level Bureaucrats": The Case of Police Patrol Officers
Authors: Gianakis Gerasimos A.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on how patrol officers define their jobs differently from how their supervisors do in a single law enforcement agency. I identify the source, substance, and degree of these differences, and I explore the relationships between definitional differences and performance appraisal outcomes-perception of fairness and average appraisal scores. The job definitions are based on a factor analysis of the ratings of the importance of generally used performance appraisal categories.

The ratings of the relative importance of the performance categories indicate that job definitions are generally idiosyncratic, although some consensus exists between the officers and supervisors on those dimensions of the job identified through the factor analysis procedure.
A Theme Worthy of Epic Treatment: N.S.B. Gras and the Emergence of American Business History
Authors: Boothman Barry E. C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the career of Norman S. B. Gras, who helped to found the field of business history in the United States. The nineteenth-century background that shaped the broader domain of economic history is initially considered, and then attention is given to Gras’s development as a scholar and the numerous difficulties associated with the establishment of business history as an area of academic endeavor.
Trade Flows in Macromarketing Systems
Authors: Layton Roger A.
Published: March 2007

This paper explains steps in transforming (X) values in an input-output table into (Z) values of a trade flow table by specifying elements of Z as a linear function of X. Estimates of flow coeffi cients for Australia 1968-69 are provided by comparing input-output tables with trade flow tables for that year.
Social Marketing: An Approach to Third-World Development
Authors: Duhaime Carole P. , McTavish Ronald , Ross Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

The major theme of this article is that social marketing can contribute to the improvement of living conditions in the third world. The ease or difficulty of this task, however, will be determined by the existence of certain enabling conditions, precipitations circumstances and societal motivations in the countries of application.
Methodological Issues in Macromarketing
Authors: Venkatesh Alladi , Dholakia Nikhilesh
Published: March 2007

This article reflects an attempt to identify some methodological issues in macro-marketing. Methodology is treated in its broader meaning of an approach to the conduct and nature of inquiry. This article examines the links between the methodological domain and the conceptual and substantive domains and draws implications for theory generation in macromarketing.
The Effect of "Blue Laws" on Consumer Expenditures at Retail
Authors: Ingene Charles A.
Published: March 2007

The retailing system is regulated in various fashions by governments at all levels. One instance of such regulation in the United States is "blue laws. " Blue laws are legally imposed restrictions on retail operating hours. They impose a temporal "burden" on consumers who would prefer to shop during the proscribed hours. However, as a form of "compensation," these laws cause prices to be lower than they otherwise would be, for they diminish retail costs. The precise relationship between "burden" and "compensation" is developed mathematically. Empirical evidence of the effect of blue laws on expenditures per household is then presented. While there is no effect of blue laws on retailing in the aggregate, this neutrality does not exist for all lines of retail trade. Some lines experience greater expenditures and some lesser expenditures.
Domesticated Markets as Barriers to New Competition
Authors: Redmond William H.
Published: March 2007

Long-term arrangements between buyers and sellers, called domesticated markets, previously have been seen to lessen horizontal competition among sellers. This article argues that domesticated markets have an additional effect on competition: the erection of barriers to entry. In particular, potential new sellers face a reduction in the number of independent buyers, which constricts available market opportunities and thereby discourages entry. A measure of the barrier effect is introduced, examples of the application of the measure are presented, and properties of the measure are discussed.
The History of Outdoor Advertising Regulation in the United States
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Chang Weih
Published: March 2007

Over time, a variety of arguments aimed at banning or severely restricting the use of billboards have been voiced. In response to these criticisms and threats of government regulation, the outdoor advertising industry became involved in self-regulation. In general, that has proven to be a potent force in responding to most antibillboard arguments. Objections based on aesthetics, however, have been enduring and have had the strongest effect on regulation.
A Historical View of Strict Liability for Product-Related Injuries
Authors: Morgan Fred W. , Boedecker Karl A.
Published: March 2007

Since the Greenman v. Yuba Power Products case in 1963, strict liability has been a part of the U.S. product liability framework. Over the years, strict liability has been increasingly applied to marketing practices and institutions. This article reviews such developments and highlights the reasons for them.
The Beginning of Mass Marketing in America: George Eastman and Photography as a Case Study
Authors: Tedlow Richard S.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an interpretation of the birth of mass marketing through an intensive study of one case: George Eastman and the photographic industry. Eastman transformed picture-taking from an expensive, technologically complex craft into a very simple process, making it accessible to a mass market. He was both a leader in his field and an example of what was happening as mass marketing swept through numerous U.S. industries late in the nineteenth century.
Dynamic Simulation of n-Axis Serial Robotic Manipulators Using a Natural Orthogonal Complement
Authors: Angeles J. , Ma O.
Published: March 2007

The concept of natural orthogonal complement is used to devise an algorithm that allows the systematic derivation of the n × n generalized inertia matrix of a general n-axis manipulator. To compute the joint accelerations from the governing equations of motion, two methods are presented, one based on the Cholesky decomposition of the generalized inertia matrix, and one based on a combination of mini mum-norm and least-squares approximations of underdeter mined and overdetermined linear algebraic systems, respec tively. Based on these methods, two corresponding algorithms for the dynamic simulation of general n-axis serial robotic manipulators are presented. The comparison of the two methods with those existing in the literature shows that the methods presented here are computationally more ef ficient. A simulation example of a well-known industrial manipulator is given.
Attitude Control of a Space Platform/Manipulator System Using Internal Motion
Authors: Fernandes Chris , Gurvits Leonid , Zexiang Li
Published: March 2007

Attitude control of a space platform/manipulator system, using internal motion, is an example of a nonholonomic motion plan ning (NMP) problem arising from symmetry and conservation laws. Common to NMP problems are that an admissible con figuration space path is constrained to a given nonholonomic distribution. We formulate the dynamic equations of a system consisting of a 3-DOF PUMA-like manipulator attached to a space platform (e.g., a space station or a satellite) as an NMP problem and discuss the controllability of the system. Then we describe the application of a simple algorithm for obtaining approximate optimal solutions. We conclude with a descrip tion of simulation software implementing the algorithm and simulation results for two experiments.
A Modular Telerobotic Architecture for Waste Retrieval and Remediation
Authors: Brady Kevin , Tarn Tzyh-Jong , Ning Xi  , Love Lonnie , Lloyd Peter , Burks Barry , Davis Hurley
Published: March 2007

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed and de ployed a telerobotic approach for the remote retrieval of hazardous and radioactive wastes from underground storage tanks. The teler obotic system, built by SparAerospace Ltd., is capable of dislodging and removing sludge and gravel-like wastes without endangering the human operators through direct contact with the environment. Working in partnership with Washington University, ORNL is im plementing an event-based planner/Function-Based Sharing Con troller (FBSC) as an integral part of their overall telerobotic archi tecture. These aspects of the system enable the seamless union of the human operator and an autonomous controller in such a way as to emphasize safety without loss of performance. The cooperation between ORNL, Spar, and Washington University requires an open and modular control software architecture to enable the parallel de velopment of various components of the system. ControlShell has been used as the underlying software architecture to help meet these criteria of generality and modularity.
Design and Control of a Novel 3-DOF Flexible Robot, Part 1
Authors: Arocena J.I. , Daniel R.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to rectify a perceived imbalance between theory and experiment in the research literature on the control of flexible manipulators. Additionally, this paper reflects the common-sense notion that judicious arm design can simplify a control task, making it more tractable, thereby leading to greater physical insight into the theoretical control problem. The theme, based on previous experi ence with flexible manipulators, is a novel 3-DOF flexible manipula tor, the Rotabot, designed and constructed at the Oxford University Robotics Laboratory. The arm is an experimental "concept" design for a full-sized industrial flexible arm, where the tractability of the final control problem has been a major design driver. As Part 1 of a two-part series, this paper describes the different design features of the Rotabot. Part 2 explains the controller design.

The kinematic and dynamic properties of the arm are evaluated, and the key design properties are demonstrated by simulation. Afull model that includes transmission compliance is presented, which forms the basis of the controller in Part 2. Experimental results derived from extensive identification exercises are used to confirm the arm properties predicted by simulation.
Are Pianists Different? Some Evidence from Performers and Non-Performers
Authors: Rostron Andrew , Bottrill Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Following in the tradition of work by Gruson (1988) and Miklaszewski (1989), some evidence about the nature of the cognitive processes operating during music production activities was gathered. Eight musicians (four performance majors and four non-performance students), matched for age and relevant musical experience, sight-read, rehearsed and performed a musical composition for piano. Exploratory data analysis of objective observations and subjects' verbal protocols revealed differences between the two groups in terms of their procedural representations of the music. The data are interpreted in terms of a theoretical model predicated on the assumption that performance skill is a function of the distribution of attentional resource between the musical foreground and the musical background, which effectuate surface level and deep-level cognitive processing respectively.

The hypothesis that skilled and less-skilled performers differ with respect to basic cognitive processes provides an alternative to Sloboda's (1985) assertion that performance skill level is determined by the amount of relevant practice undertaken.
Personality of Rock Musicians
Authors: Gillespie Wayne , Myors Brett
Published: March 2007

The personality characteristics of rock and popular musicians were examined in a sample of 100 musicians who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and a questionnaire about musical background and experience. Profile analysis revealed that rock musicians share a common profile of high Neuroticism and Openness to Experience, average Extraversion and low Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. No background factors such as instrument played, type of music performed, time spent playing, level of musicianship or commercial success moderated this finding. These results are compared with previous research on classical and rock musicians.
Wastage from Instrumental Classes in Schools
Authors: Mawbey W. E.
Published: March 2007

A survey showed that in the schools of a large Local Education Authority one in every two children who began lessons on an orchestral instrument in September 1969 had dropped out by the end of the fourth term of lessons. Wastage was greater in the secondary schools than in the primary schools, and greater among boys than among girls. The Bentley Measures of Musical Abilities, administered after the children had begun lessons, provided evidence that many pupils had been selected who to a greater or lesser extent lacked the fundamental abilities of pitch discrimination and melodic and rhythmic memory without which any attempt to learn to play an orchestral instrument is likely to be unsuccessful. A number of other factors were examined which it was thought might be useful as predictors of perseverance with instrumental lessons. In the light of the results and of a consideration of current methods of selection for instrumental training, it is suggested that a more rigorous procedure of initial selection might greatly reduce wastage from instrumental classes.
Innovation in the Music Curriculum
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: March 2007

During the 1960s the music of the Beatles was not the only new musical influence confronting schoolchildren. In a number of classrooms in England and North America could be heard sounds which related to the work of a number of twentieth century composers, notably John Cage, Edgard Varese, Stockhausen and many others. By 1970 "creative music in schools" had arrived. [The British Inspectorate of Schools issued a paper advocating the use of various improvisatory and compositional approaches to class music. Where did this all begin? This paper attempts to explain and trace the origins of such practices.
Innovation in the Music Curriculum
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: March 2007

During the 1970s there were many who expressed a fear that music in education was in a state of crisis as far as classroom music was concerned. The traditional diet of folk and national songs together with appreciation seemed increasingly inappropriate and unpopular, yet the emergence of experimental music became the focus of heated debate. Adding further complications was the powerful hold rock music had developed over the minds of young people. To some it appeared that classroom music might disappear particularly in the wake of economic pressures. However, it is suggested in this third article that the real cause of the problem was a failure in some music educators to move away from an eighteenth century view of our perceptual processes. In much the same way as Tin Pan Alley did not understand the phenomenon of rock and roll, some music educators did not adjust their attitude to children much beyond a mind/body dualism, and concentrated their educational work entirely on the intellectual. It is proposed that the experimentalists did in fact offer a viable and valid approach to music education but that their reasoning was inadequately explicated.
Popular Musicians Under Pressure
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Wills Geoffrey I. D.
Published: March 2007

In-depth interviews were conducted with 70 male popular musicians to investigate the major sources of stress experienced by British professional popular musicians. The major sources identified were performance anxiety, public ignorance and low esteem, work overload or underload, career development worries, and relationships at work. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scores of the interview sample revealed high levels of Psychoticism and Neuroticism among popular musicians.
The Effect of Perceptual Mode Preferences and Other Selected Variables on Upper Elementary School Students' Responses to Conservation-Type Rhythmic and Melodic Tasks
Authors: Zikmund Annabell B. , Nierman Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined eight through 12-year-olds' (grades three through six) ability to perform the conservation-type tasks in music developed by Webster and Zimmerman (1983). The learning styles of the students, specifically their perceptual mode preferences, were determined by the Dunn, Dunn and Price Learning Style Inventory (1986). Students with visual, tactile, and kinesthetic preferences were chosen for the study. Specific reinforcement (graphic notation; clapping rhythm and shaping melodies) was given to the experimental groups during the musical testing. The dependent variables of rhythmic conservation and melodic conservation were analysed separately using a 4x3x2 ANOVA design. Conservation scores were evaluated with preference group (control tactile-kinesthetic, control visual, experimental tactile-kinesthetic, and experimental visual), grade (3-4, 5 and 6) and gender as independent variables. Significant effects were found for group but not for grade level or gender when melodic conservation scores were analysed. The rhythmic conservation analysis revealed significant main effects for group and grade level, as well as a significant three-way interaction.
Research Note. Preschoolers' Responses to Auditory and Vibroacoustic Stimuli
Authors: Standley Jayne M.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to ascertain whether vibrotactile stimulation ancillary to auditory stimuli would increase attentiveness or auditory com- prehension of preschoolers. Ninety-six children aged 3 to 5 years were divided into four auditory stimuli groups (N = 24 each): a musical or non- musical story experienced on a SomatroniM (a vibroacoustic mattress) or via a tape recorder. Dependent variables were cumulative seconds on-task, comprehension of the story content, and preference for the story/Somatron.

A one-way analysis of variance showed that on-task time ranged from78% to 88% and was not significantly different among groups. Storycomprehension was significantly reduced for both Somatron groups (p< 04, df=3, F-2.78). Neither the vibroacoustic stimulation, nor the musiccondition significantly affected the preschoolers' preference for the story.Those hearing the non-musical story with vibration preferred the Somatronsignificantly more than did the other groups.
Research Note: Field Dependence-Independence and Texture Discrimination in College Non-music Majors
Authors: Ellis Mark
Published: March 2007

The intent of this study was to investigate the association between field dependence-independence (FDI) and the ability of college non-music majors to discriminate among music textures, and to look for evidence that could help explain such an association. Subject variables included Group Embedded-Figures Test (GEFT) scores, American College Testing Assessment (ACT) scores, years of previous music experience, and gender. The dependent variable was the 20-item Texture Discrimination Test (TDT). Before taking the TDT, subjects participated in a short lesson about common music textures. The GEFT explained a substantial portion (13.7%, p<O0001) of variance in TDT scores not accounted for by other variables. Field dependent (FD) individuals were significantly less accurate than field independent (FI) individuals in identifying homophonic and polyphonic textures. Moreover, FD individuals were more likely than FI individuals to respond "monophonic" to homophonic items and "homophonic" to polyphonic items. No differences were found for monophonic items. These results lead to the conclusion that the association between FDI and texture discrimination resulted from individuals disembedding at similar levels of effectiveness across tasks.
Musical Tempo and Time Perception in a Gymnasium
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J. , Heath Sarah J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of fast and slow music on retrospective estimates of time duration in a university gymnasium, testing the hypothetical positive relationship between the perceived duration of a given event period and the amount of information that is encoded within it. Since fast music contains more information within a given time period, people who attended the gymnasium whilst fast music was played should perceive themselves as having spent longer therein than people who attended in the presence of slow music. To test this, fast or slow music was played in the gymnasium on two consecutive days, and as they left, participants were informed of their time of entry and asked to estimate the present time. The results showed that musical tempo did not influence time duration estimates in any one particular direction, but that slow music led to a greater degree of inaccuracy in estimations than did fast music. Subjects also tended to underestimate the amount of time they spent in the gymnasium overall, and this was more pronounced for female than male subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of their commercial implications and the congruence between music and the listening situation.
Children's Conception and Practice of Musical Improvisation
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis A.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on children's conception of musical improvisation as exemplified in their practice of spontaneous music making. Fieldwork was carried out with a class of ten eight-year-olds. An ethnographic, open-ended process of generating data was employed, the researcher adopting the stance of an informal interviewer, an empathetic receiver of the music, and, at times, a co-player. In their engagement with music making the children were immersed into a meaning-making process, giving specific meanings to notions such as "player", "audience", "teacher", "playing", "inquiring". Interpreting the children's insights within the context of their musical conduct became the principal means for the organisation of analysis. In the process of interpretation, the children's specific and contextually-determined understandings are placed within the wider theory of music making as collective action.

The study suggests three analytic concepts as a means for capturing the essential principles of the children's understanding and practice of improvisation:

(a) Objectification; joint creation of the notion of improvised "piece", based on the development of a participation framework which emphasises the irrevocable "diving into" creating music, with the player(s) feeling a sense of "being inside" a framed musical journey attended by the group. (b) Thoughtfulness; the children's awareness of their immersed involvement into self-determined musical thinking. (c) Shared intentionality; a sense of being heard, and a sense of listening, a feeling that music making is essentially a form of joint action and communication of intentions.

The examples presented in this paper constitute instances of positing questions and developing answers through self-determined action. These questions have little to do with skills: they have to do with concepts, which are immanent to the nature of music and its making.

I want to listen to music with my ears,

and not to see it with my eyes.

To make it myself,

not to be told how it is made. [Manos, aged 8]
Litigation Life
Authors: Edmond Gary , Mercer David
Published: March 2007

In recent decades, large-scale product liability litigation, so-called `mass torts', have become increasingly visible on the US legal and political landscape. Invariably, mass tort litigation incorporates a range of specialist scientific knowledges. Drawing upon fairly conventional images of law and science, most judges and legal commentators attribute the apparent difficulties encountered in addressing the refractory issues involved with scientific evidence in mass torts to uncertainties, jury incomprehension, partisan scientists and the distortion of evidence caused by the adversarial legal system (`sociologies of error'). Adopting a more symmetrical social constructivist approach to scientific evidence, this paper endeavours to account for some of the complexities in the litigation surrounding the anti-nausea drug Bendectin. Rather than interpret the Bendectin litigation as an instance of the judges eventually valuing the scientific evidence properly, and thus resolving the controversy (the truth winning out), this paper explores the manner in which lawyers, scientists and judges together `negotiated' a series of cases and judgments which privileged epidemiology as a means of `resolving' a recurrent socio-legal `problem'
Trust, Conflict and Performance in Scientific Collaborations
Authors: Shrum Wesley , Chompalov Ivan , Genuth Joel
Published: March 2007

Social studies of science have ascribed a central rôle to trust in the constitution of knowledge, yet there are few studies of its operation in the large, interorganizational structures increasingly required for scientific work. We begin an examination of 53 collaborations in physics and related sciences with two unexpected findings: (1) trust is no higher in projects formed through pre-existing relationships than those without such ties; and (2) there is no relationship between trust and performance. Why, then, is trust viewed as important? Because trust is inversely associated with conflict. In the second part of this paper, three axes of conflict are described, as well as their sources in the interdependencies of collaborative projects. More important than trust for an understanding of large scientific collaborations is the organization of interaction between structural components such as research teams. In the third part, we examine participant accounts of performance. Collaborations that experience uncertainties in resource acquisition are more likely to be viewed as successful than those formed under more routine conditions. In conclusion, we suggest that the segmentation of scientific collaborations through bureaucratic organization can impose a structure for interaction resembling work that is actually noncollaborative.
Science Studies and Activism
Authors: Woodhouse Edward , Hess David , Breyman Steve , Martin Brian
Published: March 2007

Might a rapprochement be desirable and possible between the more academic and the more activist wings of STS? What can each learn from the other? A promising trajectory for this purpose may be to reinterpret and extend research in the constructivist tradition, building on recent work that appears to constitute the beginnings of a reconstructivist scholarly tradition.

Some of the necessary work would be explicitly prescriptive: given that technology and society are mutually and reciprocally constructing, how should technologies be constructed, which social groups deserve inclusion in which processes, and how should closure be reached? But other issues might be taken up by scholars motivated exclusively by curiosity, or by the intention of building a subfield: what factors slow or prevent the emergence of entire subfields of technoscientific endeavour, as arguably has occurred with `green chemistry', `alternative health', and alternatives to weaponry-oriented national defence?

Our intention is not to prescribe, but to help catalyse a next round of friendly discussion in STS about these and related matters, encouraging greater reflexivity of the field as a whole.
Normal Explanations of the Paranormal: The Demarcation Problem and Fraud in Parapsychology
Authors: Pinch Trevor J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the problem of demarcating genuine science from 'pseudo- science'. It is shown that it is possible to turn the demarcation arguments which have been used against 'pseudo-sciences', such as parapsychology, against the fraud hypothesis - which is the principal normal counter-explanation for the parapsychological evidence. It is argued that the fraud hypothesis fails to be scientific on the grounds of replication, metaphysical bias, falsifiability and lack of theory. Since fraud is accepted and parapsychology rejected, the role of demarcation criteria in determining acceptable science is challenged. An alternative account of their role is presented. It is argued that the rejection of parapsychology rests on cultural differences which demarcation criteria serve to legitimate.
Organization and Control: Professionals and Amateurs in American Astronomy, 1899-1918
Authors: Rothenberg Marc
Published: March 2007

Spurred by concerns that amateur researchers would organize Independent of the guidance of the professional astronomical community, professional astronomers established the Amencan Association of Variable Star Observers and the Amencan Meteor Society to provide direction for and ensure the utilization of amateur observations. Concurrently, the American Astronomical Society, established In 1899 after a half-century of abortive efforts, evolved Into an organization open to all astronomical researchers. This paper discusses the events which resulted m this interlocking, hierarchical network of astronomical researchers and societies, focusing especially on the history and ultimate demise of the Society for Practical Astronomy - the only major effort on the part of American amateurs during this period to establish their own national society. Representing a potential challenge to the hegemony of the professionals, the Society for Practical Astronomy became the target of an effective assault by the professional community
Cognitive Changes in Scientometrics during the 1980s, as Reflected by the Reference Patterns of its Core Journal
Authors: Schubert András , Maczelka Hajnalka
Published: March 2007

The journal Scientometrics (and the research field it represents) has moved slightly from the `soft' towards the `harder' sciences. This proposition has been tested and supported by analyzing the references of the research articles published in the journal in the periods 1980-81 and 1990-91, respectively.