bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Every New Grave Brought a Thousand Members
Authors: Rosenow Michael K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the politics of death in Illinois coal mining communities during the period 1883–1910, with particular emphasis on how miners and their families experienced death in one of the country's most dangerous occupations. It explores three causes of death in coal mines and how they shaped miners' experiences with death: mass-fatality mine disasters, the deadly hazards in everyday mining, and the violent confrontations between miners and employers. It also discusses the coal miners' political and cultural responses to the deaths of their coworkers, focusing on the emergence of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), which combined previous burial practices established by churches, fraternal societies, and other unions to lay the foundations for a coherent set of ritual practices for union coal miners. Finally, it describes the coal miners' creation of a repertoire of rituals of death that melded religious, fraternal, and immigrant traditions. The Illinois coal miners' experiences with death and dying highlights the human and emotional impact of industrialization.
The Big Leagues Go to Washington
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

Between 1951 and 1989, Congress held a series of hearings to investigate the antitrust aspects of professional sports leagues. Among the concerns: ownership control of players, restrictions on new franchises, territorial protection, and other cartel-like behaviors. This book chronicles the key issues that arose during the Congressional hearings and the ways by which opposing sides used economic data and theory to define what was right, what was feasible, and what was advantageous to one party or another. As the book shows, the hearings affected matters as fundamental to the modern game as broadcast rights, drafts and players' associations, league mergers, and the dominance of the New York Yankees. It also charts how lawmakers from the West and South pressed for the relocation of ailing franchises to their states and the ways by which savvy owners dodged congressional interference when they could and adapted to it when necessary.
Economics of Antitrust
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the economics of antitrust, with particular emphasis on how antitrust law affects professional team sports. In the late 1800s, Americans worried about the growing concentration of power in the hands of a few producers such as Standard Oil, American Tobacco, and other large firms that consolidated their holds over industries by merging and acquiring other companies. Other industrial leaders sought to fix prices above those obtained under competition. The Sherman Antitrust Act, enacted in 1890, contains provisions addressing “contract,” “conspiracy,” and “trade and commerce.” This chapter first considers how courts applied the Sherman Act to cases involving professional team sports before discussing the characteristics of professional sports leagues, how owners of professional sports teams reported profits and losses, the issue of player salaries and exploitation, and competitive balance and revenue sharing in professional leagues. It also describes franchise relocation and expansion and how television created demand in sports.
Should Antitrust Apply to Sports? 1957 and 1958
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1957 and 1958 to address whether basketball, football, and hockey should be given a broad antitrust exemption similar to that of baseball. It first considers the introduction of different bills pertaining to professional sports and antitrust following the Supreme Court's ruling in Radovich v. NFL, with particular emphasis on antitrust legislation focusing on the National Football League (NFL), before discussing the farm systems in baseball and hockey pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals. It also looks at the issue of the reserve clause and its effect upon competitive balance and concludes with an assessment of Congress's decision not to grant even partial antitrust exemptions for the reserve clause, draft, territorial rights, and commissioner powers in the NFL, National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Hockey League (NHL).
Can’t We All Get Along? 1966
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the antitrust implications of the proposed merger between the National Football League (NFL) and its rival American Football League (AFL). NFL owners had successfully resisted the All-America Football Conference in the late 1940s and monopolized professional football for the next decade. When Texas oilman Lamar Hunt was repeatedly rebuffed in his efforts to secure a team, he decided to form the AFL with other frustrated entrepreneurs seeking teams in mid-1959. The NFL and the AFL went on to fight for several years. Football owners understood that gaining a full-fledged antitrust exemption was not likely, so they concentrated on getting a merger agreement approved by Congress. This chapter discusses the Congressional hearings held in 1966 to tackle the issue of whether to grant antitrust exemptions to football, with particular emphasis on Pete Rozelle's testimony. It also considers House majority leader Hale Boggs's memorandum rebutting an argument that granting an exemption would lay the precedent for other industries to seek similar exemptions. Finally, it looks at the NFL's justification for its proposed merger with the AFL.
A Look Back at the Hearings
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This conclusion discusses the aftermath of the Congressional hearings. During the hearings, the owners' general prerogatives survived essentially intact, although free agency of some sort was imminent in all sports by 1976. Legislators did not repudiate the reserve clause, the reverse-order draft, or territorial rights, despite their qualms regarding these institutions. The legislators and their aides missed some opportunities to subject the team financial data from the 1950s to analysis, which could have shed light on such questions as the effects of revenue sharing. Some fans gained when their hometown landed an expansion or existing franchise, while other fans lost when legislators did not prevent franchise relocation. Congress has held several hearings in the intervening decades since 1989. The professional sports leagues have also evolved. Technology has altered the landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter recounts Johanna Beyer's arrival in New York City. Beyer first lived in New York from April 1911 until June 1914. She then sang for three years in the Leipziger Singakademie and graduated from a German music conservatory in September 1923. She returned to New York on November 14, 1923. In the years following her arrival in New York, Beyer earned two degrees from the Mannes School of Music, and she took additional classes at Mannes through 1929. During her life after 1927 and until her passing in 1944, she composed all of the music available today: works for piano, percussion ensemble, chamber groups, choir, band, and orchestra. Indeed, Beyer's fifty-six known compositions can be divided into several broad categories: piano music, percussion music, music with text, and mixed instrumental music.
Physicality’s Sociality and Sociality’s Physicality
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the elusive and porous boundaries of the body among Punata residents as well as the relationship between physicality and sociality. It also considers the conceptualizations people have about the “fluidity” of emotions and the predicaments inherent in the expression of emotions, larger Andean notions of corporeality, sociability, and the flow of substances between individuals. It shows that the individual and social bodies are intrinsically interconnected throughout the Andes: action in one physical or emotional sphere can exert effects in another. It explains how the boundaries of the body are deeply challenged in the context of Punata and offer insights into how illness processes are conceptualized and lived. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the politics of emotional expression; how the “mechanics” of the accumulation and elimination of emotions are inextricably linked to gender, class, ethnicity, and age.
Moving Sentiments
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how emotions are influenced by migration by drawing on particular communication strategies deployed in the context of the migratory process: practices of silence, secrecy, and obfuscation. It asks what happens when emotions “travel,” what new ways of feeling and modalities of interacting with others emerge in the process of international migration, and whether affect is reconfigured by migration. To address these issues, the chapter explores changing conceptualization of emotions and practices of secrecy as Bolivians migrate to Spain in search of better economic opportunities. It first considers how emotions are constructed in Bolivia and reconstructed in Spain, as well as the ways in which envy, its relationship to sorcery, and fears of physical or economic harm “travel” across borders. It also explains how envy was reconfigured and how it affected interactions between Bolivians in Spain before concluding with a discussion of what migrants and family members intimately tell one another—and, more important, what they hide—and how it reflects the extent to which “traditional” health beliefs about illness and affect remain vibrant.
Luce, Leary, and LSD, 1963–1965
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the celebrity coverage of Timothy Leary in the early 1960s and interest in LSD at Time and Life, where the publisher Henry Luce was becoming increasingly outspoken about his interest in the drug. Reporters often treated Leary—a Harvard psychologist removed from his job as a result of drug experimentation—with skepticism while still permitting him to explain the LSD phenomenon and relying on his scholarship and wit. Journalists were often surprisingly accepting of Leary's conclusions about the drug experience, even while condemning his encouragement of drug use. Among the many magazines focusing attention on LSD, Time and Life were particularly protective of the technology and hopeful that it could be productively used by regular people.
“The Negro Nurse—A Citizen Fighting for Democracy”
Authors: Threat Charissa J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the efforts by black female nurses and white male nurses to claim a space for themselves in a profession that relegated them to the margins. It begins with a discussion of the founding of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses and the Army Nurse Corps (ANC), along with an overview of healthcare and home-front racial politics during World War II. It then turns to nurse shortages during World War I and World War II and proceeds by analyzing the World War II integration campaign by African American female nurses within the larger context of the civil rights movement. In an effort to break down racial barriers, the chapter shows that African American nurses co-opted traditional gender conventions to make the claim that the sex of the nurse, not race, should determine nursing care for soldiers. It also explores how African Americans used wartime rhetoric about equality and democracy on behalf of their campaign for equal rights, justice, and opportunity.
Introduction
Authors: Boutin Aimée
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book adopts a sensory approach to understanding the city as a sonic space that orchestrates different, often conflicting sound culture. It shows how city noise heightens the significance of selective listening in the modern urban condition and argues for an aural rather than visual conception of modernity. In nineteenth-century Paris, urban renewal did not mark the beginning of a period of diminution of sound, but rather it was a time of increasing awareness of, and emphasis on, noise. By reconsidering the myth of Paris as the city of spectacle, where the flâneur's scopophilia reigns supreme, this book attends to what has been silenced by the visual paradigm that still prevails in nineteenth-century French cultural studies. It explores perceptions of street noise in nineteenth-century Paris by selecting specific sounds from the 1830s to the 1890s—peddling sounds—that were distinctive.
Conclusion
Authors: Boutin Aimée
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that the collective experience of sounds is what gives aurality meaning, even though there is an element of idiosyncrasy in sound perception. The street cries of peddlers and hawkers were meaningful sounds that resonated as a shared cultural experience in the nineteenth century, even for those who rarely heard them, or chose not to write about them. In the twenty-first century, peddlers still operate and vocalize in locations as diverse as New York City, Mexico City, Dakar, Port-au-Prince, Calcutta, Sidi Bouzid, and even Paris. Modern forms of peddling are alive and well, and the intrusiveness of street trade remains a point of contention in today's noise-conscious society.
String Chamber Music and Its Audiences in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses string chamber music, which fostered a variety of social interactions that helped build communities within communities in the nineteenth century. Chamber music for strings resists easy incorporation into the dominant narrative of musical developments centered on technological progress and compositional innovation. This is because chamber music's association with musical conservativism and orthodoxy has colored its reception since at least the 1840s. One reason for string music's apparent orthodoxy lies in the fact that stringed instruments themselves experienced only subtle organological changes in the nineteenth century in comparison to the piano or to wind instruments, which radically changed the timbre of the orchestra in symphonic and operatic works. Moreover, observations that string chamber music remained essentially conservative in its treatment of genre, form, harmony, and the like betray modern historiography's obsession with innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: May 2017

This book investigates how the practice of placing children with farmers in the rural Midwest that lasted from the early decades of the 1800s until after World War I eventually fell out of favor as a matter of policy. It explores the problems of abuse, neglect, and overwork that some children faced once they went into placement homes, along with efforts to remedy the problems with farm placements. It also considers how Progressive efforts at studying child welfare and farm life further cast doubts on the wisdom of farm placements and free placements in general. The book attributes the rise and fall of farm placements as a reflection of an important series of changes in dependent child care; between the 1870s and 1920s, farm placements for dependent children increased alongside the number of children institutionalized. However, problems with farms and farm placements forced reformers to discard this method in favor of paid foster care, adoptions, and family preservation. This introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Legitimizing Empire
Authors: Caronan Faye
Published: May 2017

When the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico, it reconciled its status as an empire with its anticolonial roots by claiming that it would altruistically establish democratic institutions in its new colonies. Ever since, Filipino and Puerto Rican artists have challenged promises of benevolent assimilation and portray U.S. imperialism as both self-interested and unexceptional among empires. This book interprets the pivotal engagement of novels, films, performance poetry, and other cultural productions as both symptoms of and resistance against American military, social, economic, and political incursions. Though the Philippines became an independent nation and Puerto Rico a U.S. commonwealth, both remain subordinate to the United States. The book's juxtaposition reveals two different yet simultaneous models of U.S. neocolonial power and contradicts American exceptionalism as a reluctant empire that only accepts colonies for the benefit of the colonized and global welfare. Its analysis, meanwhile, demonstrates how popular culture allows for alternative narratives of U.S. imperialism, but also functions to contain those alternatives.
Conclusion
Authors: Caronan Faye
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated how Filipino American culture and U.S. Puerto Rican culture across various genres critique narratives of U.S. exceptionalism that justify U.S. colonial projects. It has shown that hegemonic narratives of U.S. multiculturalism, U.S. exceptionalism, and the good immigrant all function to define and discipline Filipino Americans and U.S. Puerto Ricans. It has described these Filipino American and U.S. Puerto Rican cultural productions as all selective traditions that have been carefully deployed to affirm hegemonic U.S. narratives that imagine the end of empire as the reproduction of U.S. liberal, democratic, and capitalist values around the world. It has argued that Filipino American and U.S. Puerto Rican cultural critiques such as novels, documentary films, and performance poetry challenge the eventual outcomes of benevolent assimilation, thus questioning the initial sincerity of the promises of U.S. imperialism as exceptional. They imagine a different end to empire, an end that entails the empowerment of those who have been exploited by imperialism and subsequently by globalization.
The Presence of Unknown Soldiers and Imaginary Spirits
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes close readings of photographs of the battlefield dead at Antietam, published accounts of photographs of unknown soldiers, and public commentary and trial transcripts related to the practice of spirit photography. Such photographs posed considerable reading problems for viewers who were unaccustomed to the idea of photographic representations of death and the afterlife. In a time of national crisis, grief, and trauma, viewers made sense of such images by drawing on their recognition of photography's capacity to produce presence. The chapter first provides an overview of Civil War photography before turning to photographs of unknown soldiers at the Battle of Antietam. It also considers how the most permanent of absences were seemingly erased by the mysterious appearance of the apparent spirits of deceased family and friends in photographic portraits. During a period in which the collective grief of the “republic of suffering” vividly animated public life, those who read both war and spirit photographs recognized the medium's capacity for producing presence in the face of the most traumatic of absences.
Fantasy Worlds
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Bujold's fantasy novels. Since the turn of the millennium Bujold has produced seven fantasy novels and just three science fiction novels. Her first fantasy novel was The Spirit Ring (1992), inspired by Agricola's treatise on metallurgy and the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, both written in the mid-sixteenth century. Her next fantasy venture was the Chalion trilogy (2001–2005), modeled on fifteenth-century Europe. Chalion is a disorienting version of Castile, in the generation before a queen of Castille set about the unification of Spain through a marriage alliance. With many fantasy novels, the way the author has developed a unique magical system is often the major point of interest; with Chalion, however, it is Bujold's imaginative theological system that sets it apart from its rivals: Chalion and its neighbors worship five gods who form a family.
War, Leadership, and Honor
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the themes of war, leadership, and honor explored in Bujold's fictional work. While there is no evidence in her books that Bujold is a pacifist, in the sense of opposing all war on principle, what seems to interest her most is not the fighting, or even the peacemaking, but the whole question of what makes a good leader, which is perhaps at its most focused and immediate among the military. Bujold's work presents us with models of good leadership, both within the armed services and in civil society, and models, too, of its opposite: mismanagement or, at the extreme, tyranny. Sometimes these models seem a little like caricatures; yet this is offset by an ability to dissect political contests with more subtlety than one finds in any other writer of space opera.
Study Abroad
Authors: Macleod Beth Abelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the experience of U.S. music students in late nineteenth-century Vienna as well as the musical scene at that time. In the 1870s and 1880s, Viennese audiences attended the premieres of works by Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi. They also flocked to piano recitals by Rafael Joseffy, Anton Rubinstein, Hans von Bülow, and Franz Liszt. The chapter considers Fanny Blumenfeld's living conditions, her struggles with health problems, and her studies with Theodor Leschetizky, which culminated in successful performances before Viennese critics that provided her with the European stamp of approval that was almost always necessary for success in the United States. It also recounts her first meeting with her future husband, Sigmund Zeisler.
Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler and Judaism
Authors: Macleod Beth Abelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role that Judaism played in Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler's life and career. It begins by summarizing the experiences of nineteenth-century European musicians of Jewish heritage and the extent to which music, unlike other professions, allowed them a pathway to success. It then considers the portrayal of Jewish musicians in novels and plays of the period, with particular emphasis on Israel Zangwill's The Melting Pot. It also discusses various Jewish aspects of Bloomfield-Zeisler's life, including early conflicts within her immediate family, her experience in Chicago attending a Christian boarding school, and her time in Vienna during a period of increasing anti-Semitism. Finally, it analyzes the reasons for Bloomfield-Zeisler's frequent comparison with Sarah Bernhardt; allusions to her Jewishness in reviews; and the Zeislers' monthly salons in Chicago, which attracted an impressive range of prominent U.S. and European intellectuals—musicians, authors, jurists, artists, writers, scientists, and philanthropists.
“Westward the Jug of Empire”
Authors: Meyer Sabine N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the emergence of a temperance movement in Minnesota during the period 1819–1865. It goes back to Minnesota's preterritorial beginnings where the story about “the Jug of Empire” began to unfold. It first looks at the founding of the frontier settlement that would later become St. Paul, which soon turned into a trading hub for furs and whiskey. It then considers the involvement of St. Paul's Irish Catholics in the temperance movement, and particularly in the campaign for a Maine Law, along with the German Americans' opposition to the movement in the antebellum period. It also examines women's support for the Maine Law as part of their temperance activism and concludes by arguing that the temperance movement that was inaugurated in Minnesota country was not simply an imitation and transplantation of Eastern anti-liquor activism but also a response to the rampant whiskey consumption that preceded and accompanied the process of settlement.
“Talking against a Stonewall”
Authors: Meyer Sabine N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of a High License consensus in Minnesota during the period 1888–1897. In the decade after the passage of the High License Law, there was an almost complete standstill of temperance reform in Minnesota due to the existence of a High License consensus. The moderate reformers, the leaders of the Republican Party, and even many of the law's opponents argued in favor of maintaining it. This situation did not change when two groups of Minnesotans joined the radical reformist camp: the Scandinavian Americans and the members of the state's Populist movement. This chapter also discusses the temperance activism of Irish women, with particular emphasis on the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's fight for women's rights, and the German Americans' use of the temperance movement to strengthen their ethnic position in American society. Finally, it considers how the High License consensus resulted in greater cooperation among the High License Law's opponents and in the founding of the Minnesota Anti-Saloon League (ASL).
Deep Time of Media Infrastructure
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the significance of historical media infrastructures that precede the digital era. Adopting a media archaeological approach, it studies how historical networks layered in urban space shape contemporary media systems. These networks extend back far beyond nineteenth-century telegraph wires to include much earlier Greek-inspired aural, inscriptive, and architectural forms. Suggesting that research on early media infrastructures can usefully inform studies of the media city, which typically begin with modern media and rarely include discussions of infrastructure, the chapter delineates a number of potential interdisciplinary engagements for media infrastructure studies, ranging from geology to architectural history. It then looks at what media studies can gain from further engagement with archaeological and infrastructural research.
Cellular Borders
Authors: Tawil-Souri Helga
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the conditions and contestations underlying cellular phone infrastructures in Israel–Palestine. It shows how cellular infrastructures in the occupied territories are dynamic manifestations of territorial disputes and tensions. Indeed, the arrangement of telecommunication systems is not merely a metaphor for the conflict; rather, “it is the conflict in material form.” The chapter then focuses on three locations—Migron, Ramallah, and Qalandia—and describes the material infrastructures and regulatory regimes that shape conditions in each. Rather than connecting people, these infrastructures are critical dimensions of state power and territoriality, and as such they function in ways that divide and disconnect.
Protocols, Packets, and Proximity
Authors: Dourish Paul
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the materialities of Internet protocols, focusing on the relationship between content and conduit, which involves both the compression and modulation of signals. Network protocols are shaped by material constraints. Similarly, the centrality of routing to the Internet can be understood materially in terms of the arrangement of network nodes, the cost of routing, the structure of networks, the size of routing tables, and the dynamics of connectivity. Critically, this materiality cuts across apparently different domains of concern—from the practice of network operations to the rhetoric of democratic access. The chapter then contrasts two different protocols, the Routing Information Protocol and the Exterior Gateway Protocol, which emerged in different historical moments and cultural conditions. Examining the social construction of these network protocols can help differentiate the actual Internet from a possible or imagined Internet.
Introduction
Authors: Parks Lisa , Starosielski Nicole
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of signal traffic in the contemporary era of media globalization—an era characterized by contradictory global mediascapes and multiple media infrastructures. Signal traffic refers to the movement of electronic media across various parts of the planet. Today, broadcasting, cable, satellite, Internet, and mobile telephone systems are used simultaneously, and sometimes in coordinated ways, to route signal traffic to and from sites around the world. The content and form of contemporary media—whether television programs or online games—are shaped in relation to the properties and locations of these distribution systems. As a suggestive concept, then, signal traffic demarcates a critical shift away from the analysis of screened content alone and toward an understanding of how content moves through the world and how this movement affects content's form.
“The Whole World Is Our Country”
Authors: Zimmer Kenyon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the continuous development of local anarchist movements—New York, Paterson, and San Francisco—and their engagement with struggles beyond America's borders. America's Yiddish and Italian anarchists are committed “internationalists” and cosmopolitans who supported revolutionary and anticolonial struggles throughout the world and gave their support, their meager finances, and at times their lives on behalf of these struggles. The anarchist press kept readers informed of revolutionary efforts, labor struggles, and anarchist activities worldwide, all presented side by side on the front page of the Fraye Arbeter Shtime or in La Questione Sociale under the heading “The Social Movement.” If the whole world was their country, then revolution anywhere was part of the larger “social movement” within which anarchists situated themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Zimmer Kenyon
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses how the Second World War presented the remnants of the anarchist movement with another seemingly impossible choice between ideology and necessity. Fascism represented all the anarchists despised, and its destruction of the once powerful anarchist movements of Southern and Central Europe only heightened their hatred of it. Anarchists also bore no love for British and French colonialism or the U.S. government, and were sworn enemies of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, as the Allies battled fascism in Europe but left Franco's Spain untouched, the war in the Pacific was steeped in brutality and racism. In such circumstances, no consistent anarchist position existed. Nor did the Cold War that followed leave room for anarchist politics in a world sharply divided between the Soviet-centered Left and anticommunist Right.
Somatic Movement Arts
Authors: Fraleigh Sondra
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses somatic movement arts and provides an extensive definition of movement-based somatic practices. The chapter describes somatics as a kinesthetic field for study and cultivation of movement arts, including the author’s experiences and conceptualizations of somatic methods in dance performance. The chapterbegins with a thumbnail sketch of somatic history, noting how somatic inquiry was buoyed by growth of existentialism and phenomenology, before considering the relationship of somatics to affect attunement, kinesthesia, and matching through touch. It also explains somatic methods, including those based on movement, and possible selves; the somatic affects of butoh; haptic perception, clearing processes, and repatterning; and the ways that soma promotes healing. The chapter concludes by outlining some Shin Somatics movement-based experiences and methods that the author and her colleagues explore with students and clients.
Living Shin
Authors: Schaeffer Catherine A.
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author reflects on the ways that living Shin has enriched her work as a university professor, professional dancer, choreographer, and human being. She first talks about her history in somatic modalities of Ideokinesis, Laban, Keleman, and Hanna Somatics, along with their relation to Shin Somatics and how this work has benefited her professionally and personally. She then describes her applications of somatic knowledge to dance pedagogy, creating choreography, and the teaching and practice of yoga, healing, and wellness at Eastwest Somatics Institute. She also discusses her personal transformative somatic experiences and concludes by sharing key findings and insights that ground her in living Shin.
Somatic Awakenings
Authors: Way Ruth
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author talks about somatic awakenings by sharing the story of her transformative passage through somatic studies and how her study of somatics has directly influenced her both personally and in her roles as an artist and educator. Drawing on some of the leading practitioners, performers, and scholars such as Sondra Fraleigh, Pina Bausch, Thomas Hanna, and Anna Cooper Albright, the author explores the link between creativity in performance practice and guiding principles in somatic movement training. Her aim is to show how embodied knowledge can be realized as a creative tool for personal transformation and sociopolitical change. She also reflects on her collaboration with visual artist and fimmaker Russell Frampton in directing and producing dance films.
Gender Implementation in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) reinforces a logic that upholds social hierarchies while also opening new spaces to consider a gender analysis. When the PTRC began its investigation in August 2001, a gender analysis was not included. However, the commission was compelled to integrate the issue of gender into its investigation due to international pressure coupled with funding sources that required a gender component, as well as Peruvian women's and feminist movements' advocacy. This chapter analyzes the struggle for inclusion within the PTRC by focusing on the debate around the meaning of gender, its methodological operationalization, and incorporation into the final report. It shows how the push to document direct human rights violations against women led the PTRC to make a concerted effort to include a gender analysis and to address gender-based violence, specifically sexual violence.
National Reconciliation through Public Hearings
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) turned from policy suggestions to the symbolic realm of public hearings as part of its efforts to construct and implement a new space of horizontal communication to facilitate the national reconciliation process. The PTRC public hearings aimed to build a new national narrative by giving voice to the victims/testimoniantes and educating the public on lesser-known aspects of the conflict utilizing a human rights framework. This chapter analyzes how procedural and representational issues hindered the full potential of the PTRC public hearings, including the selection of testimonies and the testimonies themselves that demonstrate the restricted qualities of both victimhood and motherhood. It also considers the politics of reception that characterizes the hearings and concludes by suggesting that careful attention to the workings of language, temporality, and gender representation could aid in overcoming the discrimination that impedes democracy and social harmony.
Coming Up the Hard Way
Authors: Bussel Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the early lives and education of Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway. Gibbons was born on April 10, 1910, in Archibald Patch, a coal mining camp in the town of Taylor, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of twenty-three children. Calloway was born on January 1, 1909, in Heberton, a tiny town in Fayette County, West Virginia. Both Gibbons and Calloway's fathers were coal miners, and their experiences reflected the influential role played by the coal industry in shaping America after the Civil War. This chapter considers the working conditions of miners, coal mine unions, and miners' attempts at union organizing in West Virginia and Pennsylvania during the time of Calloway and Gibbons. It also examines how the coal patch, ethnic and racial intolerance, and corporate domination converged as the catalysts for Calloway and Gibbons's subsequent efforts to craft a “total person unionism” that fostered interracial and interethnic solidarity.
“The Life of No Colored Man Is Safe”
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts new developments in Kansas race relations at the turn of the century. The combination of the law, jailhouse defenses, and increasingly professionalized police forces during this period essentially spelled the end of that grisly symbol of white supremacy. The demise of lynching, however, did not signify an end to racist violence. Other types of sensational violence continued apace, all of them capable of reasserting white supremacy and intensifying black fears. All types of routine violence kept the black community on edge. In particular, the chapter looks at killings-by-police and the frequency and spontaneity of the formation of posses and crowds meant to threaten blacks. It also considers the political and economic developments occurring at the early decades of the twentieth century, and how these developments have also served to heighten racial tensions.
War against Women
Authors: Boje John
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the varied responses of Winburg’s women to British military occupation during the South African War. When the men went off to fight, most Boer women stayed at home and took on entirely new and unfamiliar responsibilities. Aside from having to exercise authority over male farmworkers, women increasingly had to take on farming operations themselves. For the most part they continued to play a support role in relation to the fighting burghers, but some were friendly toward the British, assisted them, and even collaborated with them. This chapter first considers how the British sought to justify their actions as consistent with their self-image of chivalry before discussing the reasons for the devastation of the countryside. It then describes the Boer women’s experience in terms of their sense of betrayal, the ruthlessness of the British military, and the violation of female space. It also looks at the British’s defense of the concentration camps and concludes with an assessment of the militancy of the Boer woman.
Funk the Erotic
Authors: Stallings L. H.
Published: May 2017

Funk, this book exclaims, is a multisensory and multidimensional philosophy used in conjunction with the erotic, eroticism, and black erotica. It is the affect that shapes film, performance, sound, food, technology, drugs, energy, time, and the seeds of revolutionary ideas for black movements. But funk is also an experience to feel, to hear, to touch and taste, and this book uses funk in all its iterations as an innovation in black studies. The book uses funk to highlight the importance of the erotic and eroticism in black cultural and political movements, debunking “the truth of sex” and its histories. Brandishing funk as a theoretical tool, the book argues that Western theories of the erotic fail as universally applicable terms or philosophies, and thus lack utility in discussions of black bodies, subjects, and culture. In considering the Victorian concept of freak in black funk, the book proposes that black artists across all media have fashioned a tradition that embraces the superfreak, sexual guerrilla, sexual magic, mama's porn, black trans narratives, and sex work in a post-human subject position. Their goal: to ensure survival and evolution in a world that exploits black bodies in capitalist endeavors, imperialism, and colonization. Revitalizing and wide-ranging, the book offers a needed examination of black sexual cultures, a discursive evolution of black ideas about eroticism, a critique of work society, a re-examination of love, and an articulation of the body in black movements.
Introduction
Authors: Stallings L. H.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter talks about sexual expressivity or explicitness in black literature and culture as a rejection of the Western will to truth, or the quest to produce a truth about sexuality, and underscores such truth as a joke. It describes how black cultural producers have strategized against the sexual con of white supremacist, capitalist patriarchy outside of politics. The chapter references novelist Ralph Ellison and former pornographic actress Vanessa del Rio as a way of underscoring lineages that have been ignored in the quest for a sexual politics, which includes pleasure and questions about agency. These questions need to be considered for black women, men, children, and transgender folk; and needs to begin in home fictions rather than home truths.
Conclusion
Authors: Stallings L. H.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter focuses on Herukhuti's explanation of why he founded the Black Funk Center. His states that black people can and do create revolutionary sexual cultures that can become the foundation for centers of sexual health, well-being, and decolonization. Black communities need more sexual cultural centers like Black Funk, but since sexuality and eroticism tend to be ignored, there are few political ideologies or organizations that see such centers as a part of black revolutionary movements. By exploring spaces and sites where narratives and performances of the body provocatively intersect with expressions of interior movement, the chapter argues that the need for such centers has already been articulated elsewhere—in profane sites of memory.
Standing (K)in
Authors: Margaretten Emily
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws on an analytical framework of “relatedness” to illustrate the everyday attachments—the kinships, friendships, and sexual partnerships—of the Point Place youth. To convey the fluidity of these relationships, the chapter refers to the idiom of ukuma, which in isiZulu means “to stand.” The youth's various enactments of ukuma speak to the hierarchies of urban survival as well as to the commensalities. The chapter reveals the practices of solidarity that maintain the Point Place youth on a day-to-day basis. With ukuma at the forefront of its investigations, it shows how the youth negotiate their standing in society precisely through their relationships with one another.
The Melancholy That Is Not Her Own
Authors: Singleton Jermaine
Published: May 2017

This chapter elaborates on the mutually constitutive nature of the blueswoman's grievances and those of a burgeoning normative social body rife with social loss. It argues that if the discourse of racial difference is underpinned by nationalist gender and sexual anxieties, then it makes sense to examine culturally sanctioned figurations of black female sexuality to better understand the psychic legacies of our unacknowledged past of racial segregation and its link to the persistence of racial inequality in our “postracial” moment. Through a close reading of literary and cultural representations of blueswomen, the chapter explores normative American nationhood's reticence about its historical and social construction even as the former absorbs the shock of its social loss and unresolved grief. This cultural field of symbiotic melancholic states provides a context for understanding the co-implication of the material and the psychical in the performance of gender, class, and sexual choices and associations that bolster and stand in for racial identifications discreetly.
Flame, Nyaradzo, and Pretty
Authors: Shaw Carolyn Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines three types of women that are central to the book's study of the promises of feminism in Zimbabwe: women combatants/veterans (“Flame”), feminist activists (“Nyaradzo”), and beauty and modeling contestants (“Pretty”). There are seven categories or classes in Zimbabwe, according to education, income, residence, occupation, ownership of property, and attitudes toward family and social change. Groups 3, 4, and 5 constitute the middle class—this is the group to which Flame, Nyaradzo, and Pretty belong. Each of these women wants more from her society, all are eclectic in their principles and goals, and at one time, they each had reason to hope. All resist the stasis of an overwhelming presentism that is an alternative to cruel optimism. The chapter also considers several paradoxes in assessing the effectiveness of women's movements in changing policies in African countries.
Reflections
Authors: Shaw Carolyn Martin
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated feminism's contribution to women's power/empowerment as well as conventional feminine powers in Zimbabwe. It has argued that feminism, the development of consciousness of sexism and the willingness to join with others to end discrimination against women, is not always quiet. Sometimes it is very much evident as in the liberation war or in street protests. At other times it is unobtrusive, as in women's inklings that something is wrong at work, without having the words to name that something. The book has also addressed cruel optimism as a promise of a future good life that is thwarted by the political economy, state spectacles of violence, and conventional attachments. This concluding chapter reflects on some of the important lessons that can be learned about middle-class women in Zimbabwe, and more specifically on the promises of freedom and feminism. It suggests that feminism stirs the promise of a better life, but the economy, politics, and society often do not conjoin to realize that promise.
Carceral Matters
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This book explores the intersection of race, gender, sex, and geography in Chicago. It examines the relationship between people and place, as well as the geographic lessons Black Chicagoans learned during the twentieth century and the role housing and architecture, politicians and police played in those lessons. Through an analysis of interracial sex districts, cramped apartments, project housing, street gangs, urban planning, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Chicago, the book reveals the workings of spatialized blackness in Chicago. It argues that policing, surveillance, and architectures of confinement were used to “spatialize blackness” in the city, with racialized and gendered consequences for Black people, especially on the South Side. The book also considers how parts of Chicago's South Side were confronted with daily forms of prison or carceral power that effectively prisonized the landscape. The effects of carceral power on Black masculinity are discussed, from its entrance into Black Chicago from the first leg of the Great Black Migration to the end of the twentieth century. This introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Policing Interracial Sex
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how carceral power became a permanent fixture in Black Chicago during the Progressive Era. It documents the rise of policing in the Black Belt and shows how carceral power entered Black Chicago via attempts to control interracial sex and socializing in the Black/white sex districts on the South Side. The chapter first provides an overview of policing on Chicago's Black Belt as well as the geography of lynching and that of interracial social spaces in the city. It then considers the ways that policing of the Black Belt served as a mechanism to access and consolidate whiteness, organize the racial geography of the city, and for the Black middle class to push for the sexual regulation of Blacks. It also explores how interracial sex districts shaped Chicago's response to Black migration and the subsequent measures it took to control Black masculinity. Finally, it considers the role race scholars and Reconstruction discourses from the South played in framing and mobilizing the hysteria around interracial socializing and sex in Chicago.