bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Response of Terrestrial Hydrological Cycles and Plant Water Stress to Climate Change in China
Authors: Tao Fulu , Zhang Zhao
Published: December 2010

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration CO2 and climate change are expected to have a major effect on terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress in the coming decades. The present study investigates the potential responses of terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress across China to elevated CO2 and climate change in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries using the calibrated and validated Lund–Potsdam–Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM) and eight climate change scenarios. The spatiotemporal change patterns of estimated evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture, runoff, and plant water stress due to climate change and elevated CO2 are plotted singly and in combination. Positive future trends in ET, soil moisture, and runoff—although differing greatly among regions—are projected. Resultant plant water stress over China’s terrestrial ecosystem generally could be eased substantially through the twenty-first century under the climate scenarios driven by emission scenarios that consider economic concerns. By contrast, under the climate scenarios driven by emission scenarios that consider environmental concerns, plant water stress could be eased until 2060, then begin to fluctuate until 2100. The net impact of physiological and structural vegetation responses to elevated CO2 could result in an increasing trend in runoff in southern and northeastern China, and a decreasing trend in runoff in northern and northwestern China in the twentieth century. It is projected to reduce ET by 1.5 × 109 to 6.5 × 109 m3 yr−1 on average, and increase runoff by 1.0 × 109 to 5.4 × 109 m3 yr−1 during 2001–2100 across China’s terrestrial ecosystems, although the spatial change pattern could be quite diverse. These findings, in partial contradiction to previous results, present an improved understanding of transient responses of China’s terrestrial ecosystem hydrological cycles and plant water stress to climate change and elevated CO2 in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Upper-Ocean Response to Hurricane Frances (2004) Observed by Profiling EM-APEX Floats*
Authors: Sanford Thomas B. , Price James F. , Girton James B.
Published: December 2010

Three autonomous profiling Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats were air deployed one day in advance of the passage of Hurricane Frances (2004) as part of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST)-High field experiment. The floats were deliberately deployed at locations on the hurricane track, 55 km to the right of the track, and 110 km to the right of the track. These floats provided profile measurements between 30 and 200 m of in situ temperature, salinity, and horizontal velocity every half hour during the hurricane passage and for several weeks afterward. Some aspects of the observed response were similar at the three locations—the dominance of near-inertial horizontal currents and the phase of these currents—whereas other aspects were different. The largest-amplitude inertial currents were observed at the 55-km site, where SST cooled the most, by about 2.2°C, as the surface mixed layer deepened by about 80 m. Based on the time–depth evolution of the Richardson number and comparisons with a numerical ocean model, it is concluded that SST cooled primarily because of shear-induced vertical mixing that served to bring deeper, cooler water into the surface layer. Surface gravity waves, estimated from the observed high-frequency velocity, reached an estimated 12-m significant wave height at the 55-km site. Along the track, there was lesser amplitude inertial motion and SST cooling, only about 1.2°C, though there was greater upwelling, about 25-m amplitude, and inertial pumping, also about 25-m amplitude. Previously reported numerical simulations of the upper-ocean response are in reasonable agreement with these EM-APEX observations provided that a high wind speed–saturated drag coefficient is used to estimate the wind stress. A direct inference of the drag coefficient CD is drawn from the momentum budget. For wind speeds of 32–47 m s−1, CD ~ 1.4 × 10−3.
Baroclinic Frontal Arrest: A Sequel to Unstable Frontogenesis
Authors: McWilliams James C. , Molemaker M. Jeroen
Published: December 2010

In a large-scale deformation flow, lateral and vertical buoyancy gradients sharpen through baroclinic frontogenesis near the surface boundary. A “thermally direct” ageostrophic secondary circulation cell arises during frontogenesis to maintain geostrophic, hydrostatic (thermal wind) momentum balance for the alongfront flow. Unstable three-dimensional fluctuations can grow during frontogenesis by baroclinic instability of the alongfront shear flow that converts frontal potential energy to fluctuation energy. At finite amplitude, the fluctuations provide alongfront-averaged eddy momentum and buoyancy fluxes that arrest the frontal sharpening even while the deformation flow persists. The frontal ageostrophic secondary circulation reverses to become a “thermally indirect” cell in the center of the front. This allows an approximate opposition between ageostrophic advection and eddy-flux divergence in the frontal buoyancy gradient variance (i.e., frontal strength) balance equation, implying frontal equilibration. During the approximately equilibrated phase, the energy exchange rates among the deformation flow, front, and fluctuations are all reduced in comparison with a solution without eddy-flux feedback on the frontal evolution. The mean stratification is enhanced by both frontogenesis and eddy vertical buoyancy flux. The thermally indirect secondary circulation arises from eddy fluxes acting to force a departure in thermal-wind balance for the alongfront flow, overwhelming the single-cell thermally direct circulation induced by the deformation flow. The equilibrated thermal-wind imbalance in the frontal flow is appreciable, and its magnitude is set by the cross-front eddy flux of alongfront vorticity. This demonstrates an essentially inviscid, baroclinic, dynamical process for frontogenetic arrest through frontal instability.
Estimating the Four-Dimensional Structure of the Southern Ocean Using Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Meijers A. J. S. , Bindoff N. L. , Rintoul S. R.
Published: December 2010

A gravest empirical mode (GEM) projection of temperature and salinity fields over the circumpolar Southern Ocean is presented and is used in combination with satellite altimetry to produce gridded, full-depth, time-evolving temperature, salinity, and velocity fields. Optimal interpolation of historical hydrography, including Argo floats, is used to produce GEM projections of the circumpolar temperature and salinity fields. Parameterizing these fields by dynamic height allows the use of altimetric SSH values from 1992–2006 to create synoptic temperature and salinity fields at weekly intervals on a ⅓° grid at 36 depth levels. The satellite-derived temperature and salinity fields generally capture over 90% of the property variance below the thermocline, with RMS residuals of 1.16°C and 0.132 in salinity at the surface, decreasing to less than 0.45°C and 0.05 below 500 dbar. The combination of altimetry with the GEM fields allows the resolution of the subsurface structure of the filamentary fronts and eddy features. Velocity fields derived from the time-evolving temperature and salinity fields reproduce the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) velocity structure well, and are strongly correlated (r > 0.7) with in situ measurements from current meters and drifters, with RMS velocity residuals of 4.8–14.8 cm−1 in the Subantarctic Front.
Sting Jets in Simulations of a Real Cyclone by Two Mesoscale Models
Authors: Martínez-Alvarado Oscar , Weidle Florian , Gray Suzanne L.
Published: December 2010

The existence of sting jets as a potential source of damaging surface winds during the passage of extratropical cyclones has recently been recognized. However, there are still very few published studies on the subject. Furthermore, although it is known that other models are capable of reproducing sting jets, in the published literature only one numerical model [the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM)] has been used to numerically analyze these phenomena. This article aims to improve our understanding of the processes that contribute to the development of sting jets and show that model differences affect the evolution of modeled sting jets. A sting jet event during the passage of a cyclone over the United Kingdom on 26 February 2002 has been simulated using two mesoscale models, namely the MetUM and the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO) model, to compare their performance. Given the known critical importance of vertical resolution in the simulation of sting jets, the vertical resolution of both models has been enhanced with respect to their operational versions. Both simulations have been verified against surface measurements of maximum gusts, satellite imagery, and Met Office operational synoptic analyses, as well as operational analyses from the ECMWF. It is shown that both models are capable of reproducing sting jets with similar, though not identical, features. Through the comparison of the results from these two models, the relevance of physical mechanisms, such as evaporative cooling and the release of conditional symmetric instability, in the generation and evolution of sting jets is also discussed.
Evaluation of a Strategy for the Assimilation of Satellite Radiance Observations with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
Authors: Aravéquia José A. , Szunyogh Istvan , Fertig Elana J. , Kalnay Eugenia , Kuhl David , Kostelich Eric J.
Published: December 2010

This paper evaluates a strategy for the assimilation of satellite radiance observations with the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) data assimilation scheme. The assimilation strategy includes a mechanism to select the radiance observations that are assimilated at a given grid point and an ensemble-based observation bias-correction technique. Numerical experiments are carried out with a reduced (T62L28) resolution version of the model component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS). The observations used for the evaluation of the assimilation strategy are AMSU-A level 1B brightness temperature data from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft. The assimilation of these observations, in addition to all operationally assimilated nonradiance observations, leads to a statistically significant improvement of both the temperature and wind analysis in the Southern Hemisphere. This result suggests that the LETKF, combined with the proposed data assimilation strategy for the assimilation of satellite radiance observations, can efficiently extract information from radiance observations.
Intercomparison of Mesoscale Model Simulations of the Daytime Valley Wind System
Authors: Schmidli Juerg , Billings Brian , Chow Fotini K. , de Wekker Stephan F. J. , Doyle James , Grubišić Vanda , Holt Teddy , Jiang Qiangfang , Lundquist Katherine A. , Sheridan Peter , Vosper Simon , Whiteman C. David , Wyszogrodzki Andrzej A. , Zängl Günther
Published: December 2010

Three-dimensional simulations of the daytime thermally induced valley wind system for an idealized valley–plain configuration, obtained from nine nonhydrostatic mesoscale models, are compared with special emphasis on the evolution of the along-valley wind. The models use the same initial and lateral boundary conditions, and standard parameterizations for turbulence, radiation, and land surface processes. The evolution of the mean along-valley wind (averaged over the valley cross section) is similar for all models, except for a time shift between individual models of up to 2 h and slight differences in the speed of the evolution. The analysis suggests that these differences are primarily due to differences in the simulated surface energy balance such as the dependence of the sensible heat flux on surface wind speed. Additional sensitivity experiments indicate that the evolution of the mean along-valley flow is largely independent of the choice of the dynamical core and of the turbulence parameterization scheme. The latter does, however, have a significant influence on the vertical structure of the boundary layer and of the along-valley wind. Thus, this ideal case may be useful for testing and evaluation of mesoscale numerical models with respect to land surface–atmosphere interactions and turbulence parameterizations.
A Diagnostic Examination of the Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec Wintertime Convection Event of 28 January 2010
Authors: Milrad Shawn M. , Gyakum John R. , Atallah Eyad H. , Smith Jennifer F.
Published: December 2010

The priority of an operational forecast center is to issue watches, warnings, and advisories to notify the public about the inherent risks and dangers of a particular event. Occasionally, events occur that do not meet advisory or warning criteria, but still have a substantial impact on human life and property. Short-lived snow bursts are a prime example of such a phenomenon. While these events are typically characterized by small snow accumulations, they often cause very low visibilities and rapidly deteriorating road conditions, both of which are a major hazard to motorists. On the afternoon of 28 January 2010, two such snow bursts moved through the Ottawa River valley and lower St. Lawrence River valley, and created havoc on area roads, resulting in collisions and injuries. Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), these snow bursts were found to be associated with an approaching strong upper-tropospheric trough and the passage of an arctic front. While convection or squall lines are not common in January in Canada, snow bursts are shown to be associated with strong quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent and low-level frontogenesis, in the presence of both convective and conditional symmetric instability. Finally, this paper highlights the need for the development of a standard subadvisory criterion warning of short-lived but high-impact winter weather events, which operational forecasters can issue and quickly disseminate to the general public.
Nanocomposites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and montmorillonite clay: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Rajapakse R.M.G. , Higgins Simon , Velauthamurty Kuhamoorthy , Bandara H.M.N. , Wijeratne Salinda , Rajapakse R.M.M.Y.
Published: December 2010

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanocomposites were prepared for the first time, by exchanging exchangeable cations in the MMT interlayer with Ce(IV) followed by insertion of ethylenedioxythiophene monomer to result in spontaneous polymerization to give PEDOT—Ce(III)—MMT nanocomposites. The nanocomposites thus prepared were characterized by electrochemical methods, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and in situ conductivity measurements. Cyclic voltammograms of PEDOT—Ce(III)—MMT in 0.1 M H2SO 4 on glassy carbon electrode shows characteristics redox behavior that appear in Ce(IV)/Ce(III) and in Ce(IV)—MMTunder identical conditions together with typical electrochemical behavior of PEDOT. Further XRD results confirm that PEDOT has been intercalated within the MMT interlayer and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis implies that the organics are in their electronically conducting polymer form with significant electronic conductivity. As such, these nanocomposites may find applications in rechargeable batteries and photovoltaic devices as electrode materials and as antistatic coatings for electrical appliances.
The Mediating Path to a Stronger Citizenship: Online and Offline Networks, Weak Ties, and Civic Engagement
Authors: Gil de Zúñiga Homero , Valenzuela Sebastián
Published: December 2010

Empirical studies of citizen communication networks and participation go as far back as the 1940s, with a bolder focus in political—not civic—activities. A consistent finding reveals that individuals with larger networks are more engaged than those with smaller networks. This article expands this line of work with a number of novel tests. First, it compares the predictive power of online versus offline network size on civic engagement. It then explores the role of strong-tie versus weak-tie discussion frequency and participatory behaviors. Finally, it examines the extent to which the contribution of network size, both online and offline, on civic engagement is mediated by discussion with weak ties. Using original survey data from a large national sample of U.S. adults, results indicate that (1) the relationships between online and offline network size and civic engagement are positive and fairly similar in strength, (2) weak-tie discussion is the strongest predictor of civic behaviors, (3) weak-tie discussion largely mediates the association between participation and network size online and offline, and (4) online networks entail greater exposure to weak ties than offline networks.
Convergence Across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J. , Mitchelstein Eugenia , Walter Martin
Published: December 2010

This article contributes to understanding whether there is a thematic gap between journalists’ and consumers’ preferences, and whether the media converge or diverge across nations. The concurrent news choices of journalists and consumers in 11 online newspapers from six countries in Western Europe and Latin America were examined. A comparison of the most prominently displayed stories on the homepages of each of these sites and the most frequently clicked stories on these sites shows a pattern of convergence across divergence: A thematic gap in the online news choices of journalists and consumers that is shared by all sites despite different levels of preference for public affairs reportage (news about political, economic, and international topics). The theoretical implications and social relevance of these findings are discussed.
Hypoglossal nerve conduction study by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects
Authors: Campos Agustín , Barona Rafael , Escudero Joaquín , Montalt José , Escudero Manuel
Published: December 2010

The introduction of transcranial magnetic stimulation has allowed the study of conduction in the proximal portions and central pathways of the cranial nerves. A study is made of cranial nerve XII with transcranial magnetic stimulation at two levels, cortical and cisternal, registering the motor evoked potential by means of surface electrodes in contact with the upper face of the tongue. Motor evoked potentials were constantly observed on cortical stimulation, in a painless, easy, and reproducible way, with mean values of 10.84 ± 1.14 milliseconds (latency) and 7.81 ± 1.14 mV (amplitude). Motor evoked potentials were unconstant and showed reduced amplitues on cisternal stimulation, with mean values of 4.72 ± 0.62 milliseconds and 0.83 ± 1.26 mV. The magnetic stimulation technique allows the study of the entire motor pathway of cranial nerve XII (motor cortex‐medulla, motoneuron‐muscle). The method is efficient, noninvasive, painless, and easily reproduced, and it comes close to being an ideal clinical conduction study technique for this cranial nerve.
Occupation and visual/vestibular interaction in vestibular rehabilitation
Authors: Cohen Helen , Kane‐Wineland Maureen , Miller Laura V. , Hatfield Catherine L.
Published: December 2010

Otolaryngologists often prescribe head movement exercise programs for patients with vestibular disorders, although the effectiveness of these programs and the critical features of the exercises are poorly understood. Because many patients who dislike exercising do not follow through with their exercises, alternatives to the traditional repetitive exercises would be useful. Subjects diagnosed with vestibular disorders were treated for 6 weeks with either an outpatient exercise program that incorporated interesting, purposeful activities or a simple home program of head movements, comparable with the exercises otolaryngologists often give their patients when they do not refer to rehabilitation. Both treatments incorporated repetitive head movements in all planes in space, graduated in size and speed. Subjects were all tested before and after treatment with standard measures of vestibulo‐ocular reflex and balance, level of vertigo, gross motor skills, and self‐care independence. Subjects in both groups improved significantly on the functional measures, with slightly greater improvements in the occupational therapy group. The results were maintained 3 months after the cessation of intervention. These data suggest that graded purposeful activities are a useful alternative for treating this patient population and that the essential factor in any exercise program is the use of repetitive head movements.
Tonsil lymphoma presenting as tonsillitis after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Yellin Seth A. , Weiss Michael H. , Kraus Dennis H. , Papadopoulos Esperanza B.
Published: December 2010

Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of leukemia is increasingly successful in rendering patients disease free. However, it has become evident that the associated severe immunosuppression predisposes this population to an increased risk for other neoplastic disorders. We report on six patients in whom non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the tonsillar region developed within 5 months after T‐cell‐depleted bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of leukemia at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center from October 1990 to October 1992. These patients initially had what appeared to be infectious exudative pharyngitis/tonsillitis; however, they did not improve with medical therapy. Because of the persistence of pharyngitis/tonsillitis in association with cervical lymphadenopathy and odynophagia, the patients underwent definitive biopsy in the form of tonsillectomy, cervical lymph node biopsy, or both. Histopathologic review revealed non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. An association with Epstein‐Barr virus has been noted in five of these patients. This article is aimed at alerting the clinician to consider the diagnosis of lymphoma in a patient with persistent pharyngitis/tonsillitis despite adequate medical therapy after bone marrow transplantation.
Auditory brain stem response changes after application of endotoxin to the round window membrane in experimental otitis media
Authors: Kim Chong‐Sun , Kim Hyung‐Jong
Published: December 2010

The effects of endotoxin (purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 0111: B4) on cochlear function in normal and otitis media animals were evaluated. Two types of experimental otitis media models were developed in guinea pigs: eustachian tube obstruction and intratympanic injection of endotoxin. In normal animals, three different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/ml) of endotoxin were applied onto the round window membrane, and auditory brain stem responses were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours and 1, 2, 3, and 14 days after the application of endotoxin. Concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/ml of endotoxin did not affect the auditory brain stem response thresholds, whereas a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml resulted in elevation of the auditory brain stem response thresholds. Alteration of the auditory brain stem response threshold began at 3 hours, reached a peak at 24 or 48 hours, and returned to a normal level 2 weeks after the application of endotoxin. However, when the same concentration (1.0 mg/ml) of endotoxin was applied to the round window membranes of animals that underwent eustachian tube obstruction or intratympanic injection of endotoxin, the endotoxin did not cause any alteration of the auditory brain stem response threshold compared with normal animals.
Second Place — Resident Basic Science Award 1995: Mitochondrial Role in Hair Cell Survival after Injury
Authors: Hyde Gregory E. , Rubel Edwin W.
Published: December 2010

The role of mitochondrial biogenesis in hair cell survival after injury was evaluated by inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis with chloramphenicol and then studying the effects on hair cell survival after exposure to two different types of ototoxins, gentamicin and acoustic trauma. Seven‐ to 10‐day‐old chicks were treated with either a single injection of gentamicin (250 mg/kg) or noise (1500 Hz at 120 dB sound pressure level for 14 hours). A subset of the gentamicin‐ and noise‐treated animals also received chloramphenicol (1200 mg/kg during a 24‐hour period) through a subcutaneous osmotic pump. A control group received chloramphenicol alone (1200 mg/kg during a 24‐hour period). All animals were sacrificed after 5 days, and their basilar papillae (cochleas) were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Hair cell loss was quantified with stereologic techniques. Animals treated with chloramphenicol alone did not have any evidence of hair cell loss. Gentamicin‐treated animals had characteristic hair cell loss beginning at the basal tip and tapering out along the inferior edge more distally. The addition of chloramphenicol to gentamicin treatment significantly increased hair cell loss by 30%, extending the area of hair cell loss into the superior hair cell region at the distal boundary of the lesion. Pure‐tone noise exposure characteristically produced hair cell loss along the inferior edge and occasionally included hair cells along the most superior edge. Addition of chloramphenicol to noise exposure significantly increased hair cell loss by 80%, with extension of the lesion across the full width of the sensory epithelium and basally. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis is involved in cellular responses to injury. They suggest that mitochondrial function may regulate the probability of survival after metabolic challenges to hair cell integrity.
Honorable Mention — Student Research Award 1995: Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Substance P‐Mediated Ciliostimulation
Authors: Schlosser Rodney J. , Czaja Judith M. , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: December 2010

Substance P is a neuropeptide released by afferent neurons in the respiratory tract during inflammatory reactions. It produces effects on blood vessels, bronchial smooth muscle, nasal glands, and respiratory cilia. We studied the in vitro effect of substance P on the ciliary beat frequency of human adenoid explants and its mechanism of action. Substance P was added to cultured adenoid at concentrations of 10−10, 10−8, 10−6, and 10−4 mol/L. Ciliary beat frequency was determined with phase‐contrast microscopy and microphotometry. Substance P increased ciliary beat frequency a maximum of 11.9% ± 3.8% (p < 0.01). Diclofenac (10−6 mol/L) significantly blocked the ciliostimulatory effects of SP (p < 0.022), indicating that prostaglandin synthesis is an intermediate step in the action of substance P on ciliary beat frequency. The L‐arginine analogs, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester and NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine, inhibit nitric oxide synthesis from L‐arginine. L‐Arginine analogs (10−4 to 10−2 mol/L) inhibited the effect of substance P (p < 0.02 at the higher concentration). This inhibition was reversed by adding L‐arginine, demonstrating that nitric oxide production is a required step in substance P‐induced ciliostimulation. Substance P stimulates ciliary activity in human nasal mucosa as a result of secondary production and release of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide. It is likely that inflammatory disease processes that stimulate release of substance P and subsequent prostaglandin and nitric oxide production modify mucociliary transport. Pharmacologic modification of substance P and its second messengers may eventually permit regulation of this important defense mechanism and control of neurogenic inflammation.
Outcome Analysis for Lip Carcinoma
Authors: Zitsch Robert P. , Park Charles W. , Renner Gregory J. , Rea J. Lee
Published: December 2010

Carcinoma of the lip is a relatively common malignancy of the head and neck region, accounting for approximately one quarter of oral cavity cancers. Although this form of cancer is generally readily curable compared with malignancies at other head and neck sites, regional metastases, local recurrence, and even death from this disease may occasionally occur. A review of 1252 patients who were diagnosed with lip cancer from 1940 to 1987 was undertaken to identify and rank prognostic variables, clarify differential incidences of site predilection between male and female patients, and examine the correlation between tumor site and histopathologic diagnoses. Large tumor size, high tumor grade, the presence of adenopathy, a subsite other than the lower lip, and inadequate surgical margins were found to have a negative impact on determinate survival of patients with lip carcinoma. Twenty‐one percent of lip cancers in female patients arose on the upper Up, whereas only 3% of lip cancers in male patients developed on the upper lip. Basal cell carcinomas comprised 13% of upper lip cancers and only less than 1% of lower lip cancers. Recurrence developed in 15.1% of the patients reviewed and was strongly associated with large tumor size and poor differentiation. Local recurrence was associated with a determinate survival of 78%, whereas patients having regional recurrences had a survival rate of 52%. These data support aggressive treatment of lip cancers greater than 3 cm in diameter, high‐grade tumors, tumors associated with cervical lymphadenopathy, and upper lip and commissure tumors. Lip cancer in women seems to be slightly more aggressive than in men.
Intracranial Tumors Mimicking Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Dunniway Heidi M. , Welling D. Bradley
Published: December 2010

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a common type of vertigo seen by the otolaryngologist; however, intracranial tumors can mimic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in their presentation. A review of patients seen in the Department of Otolaryngology at The Ohio State University between July 1992 and August 1996 identified five patients with intracranial pathologic conditions mimicking benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. These patients were first seen with episodic vertigo associated with positional change. Failure of the symptoms to respond to the particle repositioning maneuver or the finding of associated auditory or neurologic symptoms prompted further evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, which revealed intracranial pathologic conditions including two meningiomas, a vestibular schwannoma, a glioma, and a lipoma. These findings suggest that patients seen with symptoms like those of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo who do not show improvement after undergoing the particle repositioning maneuver or those who describe associated auditory or neurologic symptoms should have magnetic resonance imaging done to rule out intracranial pathologic conditions. Additionally, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and intracranial tumors may coexist.
Resistance to Biofilm Formation on Cotologic Implant Materials
Authors: Biedlingmaier John F. , Samaranayake Ruwanthi , Whelan Philip
Published: December 2010

New materials and coatings are now being developed to resist permanent bacterial contamination of implanted medical devices. This study exposed several styles of middle ear ventilation tube materials and coatings to high concentrations of Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. Electron microscopy was then used to evaluate these tubes' resistance to bacterial biofilm formations. Ionized, processed silicone tubes were the only tubes resistant to Pseudomonas adhesion. Tubes that were made of fluoroplastic or that were ionized processed were very resistant to Staphylococcus contamination when compared with untreated silicone or silver oxide‐treated silicone. This study suggests that ionized, coated fluoroplastic would be a highly effective tube material in preventing bacterial biofilm contamination of implanted ventilation tubes.
Botulinum Toxin Decreases Salivation from Canine Submandibular Glands
Authors: Shaari Christopher M. , Wu Bei‐Lian , Biller Hugh F. , Chuang Sung‐Kiang , Sanders Ira
Published: December 2010

The objective of this study was to determine whether botulinum toxin types A and D reduced the production of saliva from the submandibular glands of 18 dogs. The left sub‐mandibular glands of 8 dogs were injected with increasing doses of botulinum type A toxin (range 10 to 70 units), and the left glands of 10 dogs were injected with botulinum type D toxin (50 or 100 units). The right gland of each dog was injected with equivalent volumes of saline solution to serve as control. Six days after the injection, the lingual nerve was electrically stimulated for 10 minutes (3 mAmp, 20 Hz). The resulting volume of saliva was collected and weighed. Overall, the glands injected with types A or D toxin produced significantly less saliva than comparable glands injected with saline solution. Six of 8 dogs injected with type A toxin showed a significant decrease in saliva production (range 10.1% to 19.2%, one‐sided p value = 0.0375) when compared with the controls. Nine of 10 dogs injected with type D toxin demonstrated a highly significant reduction in saliva production (total average decrease = 60%, two‐sided p value = 0.001) when compared with the controls. We concluded that intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin types A and D significantly reduced the production of saliva from canine submandibular glands. The potential applications of intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin are discussed.
Fenretinide‐Induced Apoptosis of Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Scher Richard L. , Saito Wilfred , Dodge Richard K. , Richtsmeier William J. , Fine Robert L.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) has a high incidence of recurrence and associated second primary malignancy. The retinoid 13‐cis‐retinoic acid has been shown to be effective as both a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for HNSCC, but often with treatment‐limiting toxicity. The synthetic retinoid fenretinide (N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)retinamide) (HPR) has significant antiproliferative activity against a number of animal and human malignancies and has been used in clinical trials as a chemopreventive agent in patients with breast and prostate cancer and oral leukoplakia. HPR has been shown to have a toxicity profile lower than that for other retinoids used in clinical trials.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HPR on the growth of HNSCC cell lines in vitro.

METHODS

Four HNSCC cell lines (JHU‐011‐SCC, JHU‐020‐SCC, JHU‐022‐SCC, and FaDu) were treated with a range of concentrations of HPR for various times. After HPR exposure, cell viability was determined by tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay, comparing cell survival with that of untreated control cells. HPR‐induced apoptosis was determined by flow‐cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid cell‐cycle analysis, ultrastructural analysis with electron microscopy, and deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation detected by gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

HPR caused significant growth inhibition in three of the four HNSCC cell lines in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. In two cell lines (JHU‐011‐SCC, JHU‐020‐SCC) a significant antiproliferative effect was achieved between 1 and 2.5 μ mol/L HPR after 72 hours of treatment. By deoxyribonucleic acid cell‐cycle analysis, electron microscopy, and gel electrophoresis, HPR was shown to induce apoptosis in the JHU‐011‐SCC and JHU‐020‐SCC cell lines, but not in the FaDu cell line, which was insensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of HPR.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has demonstrated that HPR reduces cell viability in HNSCC cells in vitro at clinically relevant doses, with the growth inhibition occurring through the induction of apoptosis.
Cause of Hoarseness in Elderly Patients
Authors: Lundy Donna S. , Silva Carlos , Casiano Roy R. , Lu F. Ling , Xue Jun Wu
Published: December 2010

Hoarseness is a common symptom in older individuals and may reflect a wide variety of pathologic, medical, physiologic, and/or functional causes. Although vocal fold atrophy is one of the more common reported findings in the elderly, inconclusive information is known about the differential diagnosis and cause of dysphonia in older individuals. The purpose of this investigation was to review the cause of hoarseness in all patients older than 65 years and to determine any correlation with advancing age and other demographic factors. Additionally, we wanted to determine the effect vocal pathology has on objective voice measures with advancing age. The two most common causes of hoarseness found in 393 patients older than 65 years were vocal fold bowing and unilateral vocal fold paralysis, followed by benign vocal fold lesions, voice tremor, and spasmodic dysphonia. Although objective measures of vocal function were abnormal compared with reported normative data, they did not increase in severity with advancing age. Apparently, the compounding effect of age on underlying vocal pathology does not increase the severity of the vocal disturbance, at least as represented by objective voice measures. The high incidence of medical illnesses seen in this population also needs to be kept in mind because it may further affect the underlying voice disturbance. It might be interesting to compare data on the patients' perceptions of their vocal disturbance for each disorder as a function of age. It would also be helpful to know whether patients responded to treatment differentially based on age.
Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery for Snoring: Results in 192 Patients
Authors: Cheng David Shoou‐Taw , Weng Jimmy Chih‐Ming , Yang Po‐Wen , Stephen Cheng Liang‐Hsin
Published: December 2010

Laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty has been introduced as an alternative to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for treatment of snoring and potentially of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Between July 1994 and June 1996, 192 patients underwent 227 laserassisted uvulopalatoplasty procedures. Loud habitual snoring was evaluated in 42 women (21.8%) and 150 men (78.2%), who were then treated with laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty. Among the 192 patients (227 procedures), with ages from 18 to 81 years (mean 42.6 years), 15.6% (30 patients) had more than one laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty treatment. In our series, 80 patients (42.1%) had a history of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in addition to snoring. Laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty treatment in patients with loud snoring resulted in elimination of snoring in 61%, partial improvement of snoring in 26%, and no improvement in 13%. The overall success rate was 87%. The mean body mass index was significantly higher in the patients with no response after the operation (27.9 kg/m2) compared with that in the patients with a good response (25.9 kg/m2). Obese (body mass index >30 kg/m2) patients were more likely to have no response to laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty treatment of snoring than patients with an ideal body weight (body mass index <25 kg/m2) (p < 0.01). We conclude that the body mass index may be of significant value in the postoperative success rate of laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring.
Intratumoral cisplatin/epinephrine‐injectable gel as a palliative treatment for accessible solid tumors: A multicenter pilot study
Authors: Burris A. Howard , Vogel Charles L. , Castro Dan , Mishra Lopa , Schwarz Maurice , Spencer Sharon , Oakes David D. , Korey Andrew , Orenberg Elaine K.
Published: December 2010

Intratumoral injections of cisplatin/epinephrine‐injectable gel were administered weekly for 4 weeks in 45 patients with malignant tumors of various histologic types. Tumors were located on the skin and subcutaneous tissue primarily of the head, neck, and trunk, and on the tongue, oral pharynx, and esophagus. Patients were not candidates for surgery, radiation, or systemic chemotherapy. Each of the treated tumors (n= 82) was evaluated 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the final injection. The initial dose of cisplatin was 1 mg/cm3tumor volume, with escalation to 6 mg/cm3allowed, depending on observed toxicities. The mean cumulative dose per patient for the four treatments ranged from 0.56 to 380 mg cisplatin. No dose‐limiting cisplatin‐related toxicities, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, or ototoxicity, were observed. The overall objective tumor response rate was 50% (41 of 82), with 40% (33 of 82) complete responses and a median response duration of 160 days. Complete responses for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were 58% (21 of 36) and 38% (12 of 32), respectively. These results justified further clinical trials to evaluate the role of local chemotherapy with intratumoral cisplatin/epinephrine‐injectable gel in the palliative treatment of patients with selected accessible solid tumors.
The cochlear aqueduct: An important landmark in lateral skull base surgery
Authors: Aslan Asim , Falcioni Maurizio , Balyan Fatih Ridvan , De Donato Giuseppe , Taibah Abdelkader , Russo Alessandra , Sanna Mario
Published: December 2010

The cochlear aqueduct (CA) is used as a landmark in lateral skull base surgery. In this study anatomic relationships between the CA and adjacent neurovascular structures were examined by dissecting 32 temporal bones. Observations of the relationship of the external opening (EO) of the CA with the ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves, inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), and intrapetrous carotid artery (ICA) were noted. In addition to the distance of the EO of the CA to the vertical portion of the ICA, the entire length of the CA and the width of the EO were also measured. The ninth nerve was the only structure lodged at the EO of the CA in 34.4% of bones. However, in 40.6% of bones only the IPS crossed the EO of the CA, although the ninth nerve was situated just anteroinferiorly in the vicinity of the EO. In 15.6% of bones it was possible to observe both the ninth nerve and the IPS crossing the EO. In 9.4% of bones the EO of the CA was found to be occupied by the tenth and eleventh nerves. It was also observed that the ICA was located anteriorly on the same sagittal plane with the EO in 15.6% of bones. It was concluded that although in 90% of cases the EO of the CA was in close relation with the ninth nerve, other structures such as the IPS, the tenth and eleventh cranial nerves, and the ICA were also at risk during drilling in this area because of their intimate relationships with the EO of the CA.
Transient‐Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Children after Cisplatin Chemotherapy
Authors: Allen Gregory C. , Tiu Christopher , Koike Kazunari , Ritchey A. Kim , Kurs‐Lasky Marcia , Wax Mark K.
Published: December 2010

Little is known about cisplatin ototoxicity in pediatric patients. Measurement of otoacoustic emissions is a rapid, reproducible, objective method of evaluating hearing. We examined whether transient‐evoked otoacoustic emissions in pediatric patients exposed to cisplatin in the past correlated with audiographic findings. Twelve patients were entered into the study (mean age at treatment 7.8 years, mean cumulative dose 442.5 mg/mm2, mean 7.1 doses). Hearing at 3000 Hz was preserved in 82.6% of patients. In the higher frequencies significant sensorineural hearing loss was noted: 43.5% at 4 kHz; 81.0% at 6 kHz; and 90.5% at 8 kHz. Transient‐evoked otoacoustic emissions were measurable in 11 of 12 patients. Middle ear disease accounted for abnormal otoacoustic emission seen in three patients (1 with effusion, 2 with significant negative middle ear pressure). When the middle ear was normal, a statistically significant correlation was seen between the transient‐evoked otoacoustic emissions reproducibility and pure‐tone threshold (correlation coefficient = −0.69, p = 0.008). Increased hearing loss was also associated with young age at first dose of cisplatin (p = 0.044), high number of chemotherapy cycles (p = 0.042), and high cumulative dose (p = 0.042). (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:584–8.)
Expression of the Adenocarcinoma‐Related Antigen Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody 44‐3A6 in Salivary Gland Neoplasias
Authors: Bentz Brandon G. , Haines G. Kenneth , Vonschlegell Ahmed S. , Elseth Kim M. , Hanson David G. , Radosevich James A.
Published: December 2010

The monoclonal antibody 44‐3A6 detects a cell‐surface protein that has been shown to be a useful marker in distinguishing adenocarcinomas from other histologic tumor types in a variety of tissues. The objective of this study was to determine whether 44‐3A6 could be used as a tool in the classification of salivary gland neoplasms. These complex tumors share overlapping pathologic features but distinct clinical outcomes. This study used 44–3A6 to immunohistochemically describe the pattern and frequency of this antigen in salivary gland neoplasms. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of 22 benign and 26 malignant salivary tumors were evaluated. The patient population consisted of 25 (52.1%) women and 23 (47.9%) men selected from archival pathology files to reflect a range of salivary gland diseases. Normal surrounding salivary glands were found to have intense focal staining almost exclusively localized to ductal luminal cells. There was little staining of either myoepithelial or acinar cells. A wide spectrum of expression was found between and within tumor types, but a trend toward more expression of this antigen with decreasing differentiation was seen. A significant increase in staining was also seen in those tumors with ductal differentiation (n = 41) as opposed to those with predominantly acinar (i.e., acinic cell carcinoma) or myoepithelial (i.e., myoepithelioma; n = 8) differentiation (2.6 vs. 1.3, p < 0.05). No correlation was found between staining intensity and facial paralysis, pain, skin involvement, TNM stage, residual disease, or disease‐free or total survival. Therefore this antigen appears to designate a duct luminal phenotype in normal and neoplastic salivary tissues. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:603–9.)
Comparison of Concentric Needle Versus Hooked‐Wire Electrodes in the Canine Larynx
Authors: Jaffe Debra M. , Solomon Nancy P. , Robinson Robert A. , Hoffman Henry T. , Luschei Erich S.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

The use of a specific electrode type in laryngeal electromyography has not been standardized. Laryngeal electromyography is usually performed with hooked‐wire electrodes or concentric needle electrodes. Hooked‐wire electrodes have the advantage of allowing laryngeal movement with ease and comfort, whereas the concentric needle electrodes have benefits from a technical aspect and may be advanced, withdrawn, or redirected during attempts to appropriately place the electrode.

OBJECTIVES

This study examines whether hooked‐wire electrodes permit more stable recordings than standard concentric needle electrodes at rest and after large‐scale movements of the larynx and surrounding structures. A histologic comparison of tissue injury resulting from placement and removal of the two electrode types is also made by evaluation of the vocal folds.

METHODS

Electrodes were percutaneously placed into the thyroarytenoid muscles of 10 adult canines. Amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured and compared during vagal stimulation before and after large‐scale laryngeal movements. Signal consistency over time was examined. Animals were killed and vocal fold injury was graded and compared histologically.

RESULTS

Waveform morphology did not consistently differ between electrode types. The variability of electromyographic amplitude was greater for the hooked‐wire electrode (p < 0.05), whereas the mean amplitude measures before and after large‐scale laryngeal movements did not differ (p > 0.05). Inflammatory responses and hematoma formation were also similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Waveform morphology of electromyographic signals registered from both electrode types show similar complex action potentials. There is no difference between the hooked‐wire electrode and the concentric needle electrode in terms of electrode stability or vocal fold injury in the thyroarytenoid muscle after large‐scale laryngeal movements. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:655–62.)