bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Обоснования принятия решений будущими российскими юристами в условиях ценностно-нормативной неопределенности: aequĭtas sequĭtur legem?
Authors: Ушкин Сергей Геннадьевич , Коваль Екатерина Александровна
Published: July 2021

Профессиональная карьера зависит от ряда факторов объективного и субъективного характера. К последним, в частности, относятся ценностно-нормативные ориентации личности, характеризующие мировоззрение, уровень правовой культуры, моральное сознание. Они не только указывают на личностные особенности профессионалов, но и обладают прогностическим потенциалом для выявления установок на обоснование решений в условиях ценностно-нормативной неопределенности.
Особую ценность представляет исследование обоснования принятия решений теми, кто имеет возможность оперировать нормами, регулирующими отдельные социальные практики и общественные отношения в целом. Такими возможностями обладают представители юридических профессий, специализирующиеся в области нормотворчества и нормоприменения, то есть во многом определяющие ценностно-нормативную структуру общественного устройства. Изучение способов обоснования принятия решений в условиях ценностно-нормативной неопределенности профессионалами или будущими профессионалами позволяет в некоторой степени конкретизировать содержание представлений о социальной справедливости и действующих социальных нормах, а также оценку последних респондентами с точки зрения соотношения закона и справедливости.
С этой целью было проведено авторское социологическое исследование обучающихся на базе филиалов Всероссийского государственного университета юстиции (РПА Минюста России), расположенных в восьми российских городах — Ижевске, Казани, Калуге, Петрозаводске, Саранске, Санкт-Петербурге, Туле и Хабаровске. Всего опрошен 421 человек, по 10% от общей численности студентов очной формы обучения в каждом филиале, квотированных по полу и возрасту. Там, где было возможно, результаты сопоставлены с результатами исследования, проведенного по сходной методике в 2016 г. (N = 374).
Результаты исследования показали значимость проблемы соотношения закона и справедливости в представлениях студентов юридических специальностей и направлений подготовки. Выделено четыре модели: утилитаристская, либеральная, социалистическая и фаталистская. Выбор модели во многом определяет отношение к социальным практикам, которые проблематизируются в общественном сознании и воспринимаются или как ненормативные, или как неоднозначные.
Благодарность. Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 19-011-00082).
An integrated review on machine learning approaches for heart disease prediction: Direction towards future research gaps
Authors: Vellameeran Fathima Aliyar , Brindha Thomas
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To make a clear literature review on state-of-the-art heart disease prediction models.

Methods

It reviews 61 research papers and states the significant analysis. Initially, the analysis addresses the contributions of each literature works and observes the simulation environment. Here, different types of machine learning algorithms deployed in each contribution. In addition, the utilized dataset for existing heart disease prediction models was observed.

Results

The performance measures computed in entire papers like prediction accuracy, prediction error, specificity, sensitivity, f-measure, etc., are learned. Further, the best performance is also checked to confirm the effectiveness of entire contributions.

Conclusions

The comprehensive research challenges and the gap are portrayed based on the development of intelligent methods concerning the unresolved challenges in heart disease prediction using data mining techniques.
Evidence-based Human and Social Sciences: Forschungsunterstützung durch systematische Literaturrecherche in den Human- und Sozialwissenschaften
Authors: Ledl Andreas
Published: July 2021

Dieser Artikel möchte für die wachsende Bedeutung von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten in den Human- und Sozialwissenschaften und die diversen Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung solcher Studien von bibliothekarischer Seite sensibilisieren. Er schildert die Entwicklung systematischer Übersichtsarbeiten in den letzten zehn Jahren, analysiert, welche Rollen dabei Fachreferent*innen bzw. Information Specialists zufallen können und gibt Empfehlungen, welchen konkreten Beitrag die Berufsgruppe der wissenschaftlichen Bibliothekar*innen für solche Forschungsprojekte leisten kann.
Nationwide implementation of media literacy training sessions on internet safety
Authors: Tiemann Aline , Melzer André , Steffgen Georges
Published: July 2021

Although numerous media literacy training sessions on internet safety for children and adolescents have been conducted, their number contrasts sharply with the few systematic studies on their effectiveness. In this study, we describe the evaluation of nationwide-implemented training sessions on internet safety in Luxembourg, which included perceptions of learning outcomes and evaluations of implementation and effectiveness. Training data from 2011 to 2018 were analyzed, including 28,060 students and 5,031 teachers. Students reported pronounced learning effects, especially for younger students and for repeated training participation. Teachers greatly appreciated the implementation and effectiveness, which generally increased over the years. The perceived effectiveness of the training was significantly related to teachers’ planning to cover internet safety topics in future lessons. The present study shows that carefully planned and continuously evaluated training sessions on internet safety successfully support children’s understanding and teachers’ willingness to implement internet safety in their curriculum.
Phyllody in sunflowers; 44 years to explain the appearance of aberrant flowers
Authors: Alonso Luis Carlos
Published: July 2021

Phyllody in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) is characterized by the appearance of bracts and ray flowers in the centre of the heads. It has been discussed for decades among the sunflower plant breeders and experts without a clear “unique” explanation for it. The erratic appearance of the phenomena has led to consider it either a disease or hybrid defect and the plants with Phyllody as off-types, raising several farmers claims to seed producers. However, the auxins gradient, in the growing Asteraceae heads, determines the differentiation pathway of the undifferentiated cells. i.e., bracts and ray flowers at the border and disk flowers in the centre of the head. Disruption of the natural auxin gradient alters the cell differentiation in the growing heads and causes bracts and ray flowers to grow where only disk flowers should grow. The disruption of the natural head bottom auxin gradients may be caused by small injures in the fast-growing head receptacle. The most common causes of Phyllody are hormonal herbicide damage and Boron (B) deficiency, even temporary. Plants growing with B deficiency have brittle cell wall and membranes while a plant with high B levels produces plastic or elastic cell wall and membranes. Brittle cell walls are susceptible to breaks during growth. Sunflowers genotypes may react to crack or small damages in the sunflower bud in two ways. Some tend to repair the damages by regrowing new organs such as ligules or bracts and forming Phyllody. Others do not regrow and only heal the wound creating the funnel hole head shape.
Micro-Injection Molding of Polymer Nanocomposites Composition-Process-Properties Relationship
Authors: Dekel Z. , Kenig S.
Published: July 2021

The mechanical, electrical, thermal, and rheological properties of micro injection molded nanocomposites comprising 2% and 5% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) incorporated in polycarbonate (PC), and polyamide 66 (PA) were studied. The design of experiments method was used to investigate the composition-process – properties relationship. Results indicated that the process variables significantly affected the flow patterns and resulting morphology during the filling stage of the microinjection molding (lIM) process, using 0.45 mm diameter lIM samples. Two distinct flow regimes have been identified in lIM using the low cross-section samples. The first was a conventional “fountain flow,” which resulted in a skin/core structure and reduced volume resistivity up to 10 X cm in the case of 5% CNTs and up to 100 X cm in 2% CNTs, in both polymers, respectively. In addition, inferior mechanical properties were obtained, attributed to polymer degradation under high shear rate conditions, when practicing high injection speeds, high mold temperatures, and high screw rotation velocities. The second was a “plug flow” due to wall slippage, obtained under low injection speeds, low mold temperatures, and low rotation velocities, leading to a substantial increase in modulus of elasticity (60%) with increased electrical resistivity up to 103 X cm for 5% CNTs and 105 X cm for 2% CNTs, respectively. The rheological percolation threshold was obtained at 2% CNTs while the electrical threshold was attained at 0.4% CNTs, in both polymers. It was concluded that in lIM, the process conditions should be closely monitored. In the case of high viscous heating, degradation of mechanical properties was obtained, while skin- core morphology formation enhanced electrical conductivity.
The role of tocilizumab therapy in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Authors: Saffo Zaid , Guo Weixia , Springer Kylie , Maksimowicz-McKinnon Kathleen , Kak Vivek , McKinnon John E. , Bhargava Pallavi
Published: July 2021

Context

Tocilizumab (TCZ), an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist, has been approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis and cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) associated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells treatment. Although TCZ is currently utilized in the treatment of critically ill coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients, data on survival impact is minimal.

Objectives

To assess the mortality rate of patients presenting with COVID-19 who received TCZ for suspected CSS.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Henry Ford Health System between March 10, 2020 and May 18, 2020. Data collection began in May 2020 and was completed in June 2020. Patients included in the study required hospital admission and had positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab. Eligibility criteria to receive TCZ, per hospital protocol, included any of the following: persistent fever, defined as 38.0 °C for at least 6 hours; a diagnosis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); serum ferritin ≥1,000 (ng/mL) or doubling within 24 hours; D-Dimer ≥ 5 (mg/L); serum lactate dehydrogenase ≥500 (IU/L); or interlukin-6 level ≥5 times the upper limit of normal. Dosing was initially determined by weight, then changed to a fixed 400 mg per hospital protocol. A comparator cohort was created from patients with COVID-19 and ARDS who did not receive TCZ. Patient survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log rank test. A multivariable cox regression was applied to evaluate the association between TCZ and mortality.

Results

One hundred and thirty patients were evaluated in the study, 54 (41.5%) of whom received TCZ. Patients who received TCZ were younger (mean age, 63.8 vs. 69.4 years; p=0.0083) and had higher body mass indices (mean, 33.9 vs. 30.4; p=0.005). Of the comorbid conditions evaluated, heart disease was more common in the comparator group than the TCZ group (27 patients [35.5%] vs. 10 patients [18.5%]; p=0.034). A Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated no difference in survival between TCZ and comparator patients (log rank p=0.495). In the multivariable Cox regression model for mortality at 30 days, treatment with TCZ was not associated with decreased mortality (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–2.3; p=0.77). Lower mean C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were demonstrated within 48 hours of disposition in the TCZ group (mean TCZ, 4.9 vs. mean comparator, 13.0; p=<0.0001).

Conclusions

In this cohort study, no difference in survival was observed in critically ill patients treated with TCZ.
Agronomic and economic performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by seed bed configuration and weed control treatments
Authors: Imoloame Emmanuel Oyamedan
Published: July 2021

Poor method of weed control and indiscriminate use of herbicides led to low yields, economic returns, and increasing environmental pollution in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. These prompted the conduct of field trials in the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the effects of seed bed configuration and weed control treatments on the agronomic and economic performance of maize. The treatments consisted of flat and ridge seed beds and six weed control treatments. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split plot arrangement and replicated thrice. Results showed that seed bed configuration had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on weed density, but not on maize grain yield. All the weed control treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced weed infestation and increased maize grain yields compared to the weedy check. Furthermore, Primextra at 1.5 kg active ingredient per hectare (kg a.i. ha−1) + One supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), Primextra + Paraforce at 1.5 + 0.7 kg a.i. ha−1, and Primextra + Guard force at 1.5 + 0.03 kg a.i. ha−1 applied on flat seed beds and two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS + ridge produced higher yields, profit, and economic returns. Therefore, the above reduced herbicide rates applied on flat seed beds are recommended to farmers as alternatives to two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS for profitable production of maize.
Drawing inspiration from nature to develop anti-fouling coatings: the development of biomimetic polymer surfaces and their effect on bacterial fouling
Authors: McClements Jake , Gomes Luciana C. , Spall Joshua , Saubade Fabien , Akhidime Devine , Peeters Marloes , Mergulhão Filipe J. , Whitehead Kathryn A.
Published: July 2021

The development of self-cleaning biomimetic surfaces has the potential to be of great benefit to human health, in addition to reducing the economic burden on industries worldwide. Consequently, this study developed a biomimetic wax surface using a moulding technique which emulated the topography of the self-cleaning Gladiolus hybridus (Gladioli) leaf. A comparison of topographies was performed for unmodified wax surfaces (control), biomimetic wax surfaces, and Gladioli leaves using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the biomimetic wax surface and Gladioli leaf had extremely similar surface roughness parameters, but the water contact angle of the Gladioli leaf was significantly higher than the replicated biomimetic surface. The self-cleaning properties of the biomimetic and control surfaces were compared by measuring their propensity to repel Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes attachment, adhesion, and retention in mono- and co-culture conditions. When the bacterial assays were carried out in monoculture, the biomimetic surfaces retained fewer bacteria than the control surfaces. However, when using co-cultures of the bacterial species, only following the retention assays were the bacterial numbers reduced on the biomimetic surfaces. The results demonstrate that such surfaces may be effective in reducing biofouling if used in the appropriate medical, marine, and industrial scenarios. This study provides valuable insight into the anti-fouling physical and chemical control mechanisms found in plants, which are particularly appealing for engineering purposes.
Experimental and modeling investigations of the behaviors of syntactic foam sandwich panels with lattice webs under crushing loads
Authors: Chen Zhilin , Zhang Yu , Wang Jun , GangaRao Hota , Liang Ruifeng , Zhang Yuanhui , Hui David
Published: July 2021

The composite sandwich structures with foam core and fiber-reinforced polymer skin are prone to damage under local impact. The mechanical behavior of sandwich panels (glass fiber-reinforced polymer [GFRP] skin reinforced with lattice webs and syntactic foams core) is studied under crushing load. The crushing behavior, failure modes, and energy absorption are correlated with the number of GFRP layers in facesheets and webs, fiber volume fractions of facesheets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, and density and thickness of syntactic foam. The test results revealed that increasing the number of FRP layers of lattice webs was an effective way to enhance the energy absorption of sandwich panels without remarkable increase in the peak load. Moreover, a three-dimensional finite-element (FE) model was developed to simulate the mechanical behavior of the syntactic foam sandwich panels, and the numerical results were compared with the experimental results. Then, the verified FE model was applied to conduct extensive parametric studies. Finally, based on experimental and numerical results, the optimal design of syntactic foam sandwich structures as energy absorption members was obtained. This study provides theoretical basis and design reference of a novel syntactic foam sandwich structure for applications in bridge decks, ship decks, carriages, airframes, wall panels, anticollision guard rails and bumpers, and railway sleepers.
Two Different Storage Environments for Palm Leaf Manuscripts: Comparison of Deterioration Phenomena
Authors: Zhang Meifang , Song Xin , Wang Yaya
Published: July 2021

Precious palm leaf manuscripts are kept in public libraries, archives, museums, and temples in China. Recently, private collectors have gained interest in collecting such manuscripts as well. Different storage environments and preservation measures may have an impact on the overall condition and deterioration of manuscripts depending on the respective collecting entirety. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the storage situation of palm leaf manuscripts in different storage conditions, identify their state of deterioration and further analyze the underlying reasons. This research focuses on the palm leaf manuscripts stored at the Cultural Palace Library of Nationalities and in the Fandian Palace. Deterioration phenomena, such as acidification, staining, mold, tearing and blurred ink have occurred. The main problems could be identified as inadequate storage materials and acidification of the wrapping materials. Unfavorable storage conditions also affect aging and deterioration. By comparing palm leaf manuscripts of the two collections, we found that the manuscripts of The Cultural Palace Library of Nationalities are well preserved as a whole, with few signs of deterioration and slight damage, while the manuscripts of the Fandian Palace show more serious problems. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the storage conditions at the latter location and take some measures to prevent the palm leaf manuscripts from continuing to deteriorate.
The Institutions of Privacy: Data Protection Versus Property Rights to Data
Authors: Schneider Henrique
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates the conceptual possibility for, and the institutions relating to a positive right of private property to data. To do so, it distinguishes between structured data, as a designator, and datapoints, which are data embedded in the timeline. The reasoning being explored here is: the agents generating datapoints – he source of the data – have a right to private property to the datapoints they generate. The agents, then, can choose to retain the datapoints or to sell them to data-users, aggregators, etc. Once these data-users render property of data themselves, they can further market it. There are, however, challenges to this view. One is the relative high cost of managing private property to data versus the relative low cost of misappropriating data and datapoints. The other is network effects: more precisely, data created or enriched in networks.
Disorder and Discontinuity in Law and Morality
Authors: Katz Leo , Sandroni Alvaro
Published: July 2021

For every legal concept X, there are clear instances exemplifying an X and clear instances exemplifying a non-X. The cases that come before courts are those that seem to lie in between, being neither clearly an X nor clearly a non-X. It is tempting to think that, being in-between, they should receive an in-between treatment, that is, to the extent that they are an X they should be treated as an X. If they are sixty percent toward being an X, they should get sixty percent of the treatment due an X. But this presupposes that in-between cases can be rank-ordered at least roughly according to the degree of their X-ness. This Article explains why that generally cannot be done and why courts therefore go for an either/or approach: something gets treated either as an X or as a non-X. The explanation is rooted in the kind of phenomena explored in the theory of social choice and multi-criterial decision-making.
All-or-Nothing, or Something – Proportional Liability in Private Law
Authors: Pelled Omer Y.
Published: July 2021

Judges and juries often make factual decisions even if the facts are disputed and there is no clear-cut evidence available. Despite this common state of uncertainty, verdicts are thought of as having clear winners and losers––either the plaintiff wins and receives a full remedy, or the defendant wins and the plaintiff gets nothing. In private disputes, factfinders base their binary factual determinations on the preponderance of the evidence. There are, however, several doctrines that allow for partial remedy, discounted by the probability that the facts support the plaintiff’s case, given the available evidence (proportional liability). This Article offers a general theory for proportional liability in private law. It identifies three types of factual uncertainty—mutual uncertainty, unilateral uncertainty, and institutional uncertainty—and shows that legal economists should support proportional liability when the state of uncertainty is shared by the parties and the court (mutual uncertainty), and they should adopt an all-or-nothing rule whenever the information is observable but unverifiable (institutional uncertainty). In cases where one party holds private information (unilateral uncertainty), proportional liability is sometimes, but not always, superior to an all-or-nothing rule.
The Charitable Continuum
Authors: Kades Eric
Published: July 2021

There are powerful fairness and efficiency arguments for making charitable donations to soup kitchens 100% deductible. These arguments have no purchase for donations to fund opulent church organs, yet these too are 100% deductible under the current tax code. This stark dichotomy is only the tip of the iceberg. Looking at a wider sampling of charitable gifts reveals a charitable continuum. Based on sliding scales for efficiency, multiple theories of fairness, pluralism, institutional competence and social welfare dictate that charitable deductions should in most cases be fractions between zero and one. Moreover, the Central Limit Theorem strongly suggests that combining this welter of largely independent criteria with the wide variety of charitable gifts results in a classic bell-shaped normal curve of optimal deductions, with a peak at some central value and quickly decaying to zero at the extremes of 0% and 100%. Given that those are the only two options under the current tax code, the current charitable deduction regime inevitably makes large errors in most cases. Actually calculating a precise optimal percentage for each type of charitable donation is of course impractical. This Article suggests, however, that we can do much better than the systematically erroneous current charitable deduction. Granting a 100% deduction only for donations to the desperately poor, along with 50%, 25%, and 0% for gifts yielding progressively fewer efficiency, fairness, pluralism, and institutional competence benefits, promises to deliver a socially more desirable charitable deduction.
Das Präteritum im Alemannischen Südwestdeutschlands
Authors: Leonhard Jens
Published: July 2021

This paper analyses the increase in the use of the preterite in spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. There are almost no recent studies that explore the preterite in Upper German because of the widespread hypothesis that there is no preterite in Upper German (except for the verbsein‘to be’) due to the loss of the preterite in Upper German (Oberdeutscher Präteritumschwund). In contrast to this, I account for a language change in the timespan from 1974 to 2013 in which the preterite becomes more frequent in relation to the perfect and is now part of the spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. To account for this, I use a combination of a real time and an apparent time analysis. Additionally, all verbs forming a preterite have a specific semantic value, i. e. an inherent meaning of state. This means they are durative (=the situation lasts for a certain period of time), atelic (=the situation has no terminal point at which the situation is complete) and non-dynamic (=the situation involves no change). Perfect forms on the other hand do not have this specific semantic value.
The biogeochemical role of a microbial biofilm in sea ice
Authors: Roukaerts Arnout , Deman Florian , Van der Linden Fanny , Carnat Gauthier , Bratkic Arne , Moreau Sebastien , Lannuzel Delphine , Dehairs Frank , Delille Bruno , Tison Jean-Louis , Fripiat François
Published: July 2021

A paradox is commonly observed in productive sea ice in which an accumulation in the macro-nutrients nitrate and phosphate coincides with an accumulation of autotrophic biomass. This paradox requires a new conceptual understanding of the biogeochemical processes operating in sea ice. In this study, we investigate this paradox using three time series in Antarctic landfast sea ice, in which massive algal blooms are reported (with particulate organic carbon concentrations up to 2,600 µmol L–1) and bulk nutrient concentrations exceed seawater values up to 3 times for nitrate and up to 19 times for phosphate. High-resolution sampling of the bottom 10 cm of the cores shows that high biomass concentrations coexist with high concentrations of nutrients at the subcentimeter scale. Applying a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus model approach to this sea-ice system, we propose the presence of a microbial biofilm as a working hypothesis to resolve this paradox. By creating microenvironments with distinct biogeochemical dynamics, as well as favoring nutrient adsorption onto embedded decaying organic matter, a biofilm allows the accumulation of remineralization products (nutrients) in proximity to the sympagic (ice-associated) community. In addition to modifying the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the sea ice and providing a substrate for sympagic community attachment, the biofilm is suggested to play a key role in the flux of matter and energy in this environment.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in a case of diabetic ketoacidosis requiring ECMO support
Authors: Darrat Milad , Gilmartin Brian , Kennedy Carmel , Smith Diarmuid
Published: July 2021

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare but life-threatening complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We present the case of a young female, with no previous diagnosis of diabetes, presenting in DKA complicated by ARDS requiring extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ventilator support. This case report highlights the importance of early recognition of respiratory complications of severe DKA and their appropriate management.

Learning points

ARDS is a very rare but life-threatening complication in DKA.

The incidence of ARDS remains unknown but less frequent than cerebral oedema in DKA.

The mechanism of ARDS in DKA has multifactorial aetiology, including genetic predisposition.

Early recognition and consideration of rare pulmonary complication of DKA can increase survival rate and provide very satisfactory outcomes.

DKA patients who present with refractory ARDS can be successfully rescued by ECMO support.
New drug delivery strategies targeting the GnRH receptor in breast and other cancers
Authors: Ghaly Hany Sadek Ayoub , Varamini Pegah
Published: July 2021

Cancer is the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a specific organ. Globally, about one in six deaths is due to cancer. Despite the plethora of research being undertaken worldwide to find a cure for cancer, it remains a significant challenge. Cancer targeting via agents designed to interfere with some specifically or highly expressed molecules in cancer cells has been a shift in the treatment of various forms of cancers. The development of drug delivery systems, specifically to cancer cells, is a common approach that succeeded in increasing the efficacy and reducing the side effects of different anticancer agents. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a naturally occurring hormone with receptors overexpressed in many types of cancers related or unrelated to the reproductive system. Several drug delivery systems were developed using GnRH derivatives as targeting agents. In this review, we first discuss the role of GnRH and its receptors in cancer. Then, we provide a detailed insight into different delivery systems developed using GnRH derivatives as targeting agents in various types of GnRH receptor overexpressing cancers. Some promising findings from these studies indicate that GnRH receptor targeting is a potential strategy to efficiently guide anticancer therapeutics, diagnostic agents, and nucleic acids directly to cancer cells. Lastly, some limitations of the current research and suggestions for more successful outcomes in clinical trials of these delivery systems are highlighted.
Xylitol production from non-detoxified Napiergrass hydrolysate using a recombinant flocculating yeast strain
Authors: Ou Chung-Mao , Ma Tien-Yang , Tu Wei-Lin , Chao Yu , Guo Gia-Luen
Published: July 2021

Xylose derived from lignocellulose can be utilized to produce ethanol and other high-value chemicals, such as xylitol. The xylitol production through fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysate by microorganisms offers advantages of high product yield, high selectivity, and efficacy in mild conditions. In this study, non-detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate from napiergrass was used for xylitol production by a recombinant flocculating strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An optimization study was conducted with the strain at 35 °C. A promising xylitol yield of 0.96 g/g xylose with no addition of glucose required during the fermentation process, which suggests an extensive potential improvement for the economics of lignocellulosic xylitol production.
Water resistance of heat-treated welded Iroko, ash, tulip, and ayous wood
Authors: Zor Mustafa
Published: July 2021

The friction welding method has been an effective criterion in determining the mechanical performance of wood joints in wood industry applications compared to traditional methods. Although it is used in structural applications, joints from linear vibration are quite sensitive to water. In this study, the water resistance of the heat-treated woods, iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), tulip wood (Liriodendron tulipifera) and ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon), were investigated by friction linear welding. The weld line density profiles were examined. The resistance of heat-treated welded wood joints to water remarkably decreased compared to the control sample, depending on water immersion time. The highest shear strength loss was found in tulip wood (60% to 65%) and the lowest shear strength loss was found in ash wood (3%) for the heat-treated group and in Iroko wood (17%) for the control. The heat-treated samples increased in density with welding but had a slightly lower density than the control group. According to the TGA results, it was found that the thermal degradation of untreated welded woods was lower than that of heat-treated welded woods. This difference could be due to the chemical constituents of hardwood and tropical wood. X-ray computed tomography (CT-scanning) is feasible and usable for welding line density change.
Effects of thermo-hydro-mechanical treatments on various physical and mechanical properties of poplar (Populus) wood
Authors: Shao Yali , Li Lili , Chen Zhangjing , Wang Sunguo , Wang Ximing
Published: July 2021

Poplar (Populus) wood was subjected in this work to thermo-hydro-mechanical treatment. The influence of the treatment parameters on the physical and mechanical properties were investigated. The wood samples were densified under three compression ratios (0%, 30%, and 50%), and thermally treated at three temperatures (180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C), at three thermal treatment durations (3 h, 4 h, and 5 h). The density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, radial hardness, and thickness swelling were measured. The results showed that the densities of the samples increased by 36.6% to 49.7%. As the compression rate increased, the temperature, duration, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and hardness increased. However, the dimensions of the densified samples were less stable. Compared to the densiﬁed samples, the maximum thickness swelling could be reduced by 74% (from 29.7% to 7.8%) when subjected to a thermal treatment at 220 °C for 3 h.
Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A Review
Authors: Kropat Marcel , Hubbe Martin A. , Laleicke Frederik
Published: July 2021

This review considers three aspects of the weathering of wood – natural weathering, accelerated weathering, and simulated weathering. Natural weathering begins when unprotected wood, such as an unpainted board, is exposed to cycles of solar radiation and rain. Unpainted barns and fenceposts take on a gray coloration and their surfaces may become rough, loosened, or checked with the passage of time. The underlying causes of such changes involve ultraviolet light, the effects of cyclic wetting and drying, and the action of certain fungi. Accelerated weathering tests have been used not only to evaluate the effectiveness of varnishes and paints, but also to aid in the understanding of factors affecting natural weathering. Simulated weathering usually has the goal of quickly and conveniently changing the appearance of fresh wood to give the impression of weathering. This might increase its appeal for various decorative purposes. Information about simulated weathering, though largely absent from the scientific literature, is very much alive in social media. This article considers the science behind all three types of weathering in the light of published accounts.
Integrated Management Model for Learning Organization on Sufficiency Economy in Small School, Thailand
Authors: Treputtharat Saowanee , Arirattana Wallapha , Piasiri Siripong
Published: July 2021

The aim of this research was to study an integrated management model for learning organization on sufficiency economy of small schools. Thus, to synthesize the indicators of the integrated management model, and finally propose the integrated management model for learning organization on sufficiency economy in small schools. This research was conducted in three phases as follows: The first phase was a documentary analysis. This is followed by the second phase to confirm and verify the model based on the indicators identified by collecting empirical data. Lastly the third phase was to conduct the connoisseurship focus group discussions for confirming and verifying the findings from the second phase. The target group of this study included small schools under the Office of Khon Kaen Primary Educational Service Area. The key informants consist of school administrators, teachers, students and school boards. Data are collected by using in-depth Interview for the teachers, school administrators, students, and school boards. Data obtained from in-depth interview, observation, documentary analysis, and focus group discussion analyzed by using content analysis, and presented in descriptive form. Findings indicated that the integrated management needs to cover the combination of various perspectives including the school administrators, teachers, students, administrative factors, environmental condition in school and community. All these factors are associated to administer the school organization a whole system for usefulness and succeeded in implementing various school activities. Furthermore, from the result of empirical data shows that the major components and indicators of the integrated management model for learning organization on sufficiency economy that comprised of the administrators, teachers, students, administrative factors, school and community environmental factor. According to the documentary data, environmental condition in school found to be an additional factor. Each aspect of component can be practiced in more detained and obvious. The proposed integrated management model for learning organization on sufficiency economy in small schools by connoisseurship, has confirmed the six components are the school administrators, teachers, students, administrative factors, and environmental condition in school.
Особливості будови міжблокової границі в двошаровій структурі сполук типу AIILn2B2 IIIO7 (AII = Sr, Ba, Ln, BIII = Al, Fe, Sc, In)
Authors: Тітов Ю.О. , Білявина Н.М. , Чумак В.В.
Published: July 2021

Визначені межі існування і встановлені особливості будови шаруватої перовськітоподібної структу ри (ШПС) фаз систем BaLa2–xSmxIn2O7 (0 ≤ х ≤1,8) та BaNd2–xSmxIn2O7 (0 ≤ х ≤1,8). Значення факторів недостовірності RB лежать у інтервалі 0,037—0,057 для BaLa2–xSmxIn2O7 та 0,032—0,057 для BaNd2–xSmxIn2O7. Аналіз особливостей будови ШПС сполук і фаз типу AIILn2B2IIIO7 (AII = Sr, Ba, BIII = Al, Fe, Sc, In) виявив взаємозв’язки між їх складом та будовою міжблокової границі ШПС. Зменшення розміру атомів РЗЕ у рядах сполук і фаз типу AIILn2B2IIIO7 (AII = Sr, Ba) спричиняє поступове зменшення довжини міжблокової відстані (АII, Ln)—О та послідовне збільшення ступеня деформації міжблокових поліедрів (АII, Ln)О9. У рядах сполук SrLn2B2IIIO7 (BIII = Al, Sc) зменшення розміру атомів РЗЕ призводить до поступової зміни характеру розпо- ділу атомів Sr та РЗЕ в їх ШПС: від частково упорядкованого (Ln = La) із переважною локалізацією атомів Sr у внутрішньоблокових поліедрах АО12 до повністю упорядкованого (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, BIII = Sc) або майже повністю упорядкованого (Ln = Ho, BIII = Al) з локалізацією атомів Sr лише у поліедрах АО12, а менших за розмірами атомів РЗЕ — лише в міжблокових поліедрах LnO9 . У рядах сполук і фаз типу BaLn2B2IIIO7 має місце повністю упорядковане розміщення великих атомів Ва у внутрішньоблокових поліедрах АО12 їх ШПС, а атомів РЗЕ — лише в міжблокових поліедрах АО9 . Виявлено, що в аналогічних за елементним складом спо- луках типу An+1BnO3n+1 товщина перовськітоподібного блока зумовлює істотне (в 2—6 разів) збільшення ступеня деформації поліедрів АО9 та зменшення довжини міжблокового зв’язку А—О. Аналіз одержаних даних показав, що величини ступеня деформації міжблокових поліедрів (АII, Ln)О9 та довжини міжблокового зв’язку (АII, Ln)—О є одними із основних факторів, які визначають стабільність двошарових сполук типу AIILn2B2IIIO7.
THE FACTORS OF POST-COVID RECOVERY IN THE GROWTH OF UKRAINIAN ECONOMY IN 2021-2022
Authors:   State Institution ", Yatsenko Hanna ,   Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Published: July 2021

Given the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, the study focuses on the higher risk of negative long-term consequences of the pandemic in developing economies (particularly in Ukraine). This is due to the limited fiscal support of economies in these countries, in contrast to the numerous measures taken by the governments of developed countries to support citizens and businesses during the corona crisis. The devastating long-term effects of the coronary crisis on the economies and populations of poorer countries will continue until governments take steps towards economic recovery and promotion of economic growth. Based on the identification of the main drivers of economic growth in Ukraine in 2016-2019, as well as the generalization of the experience of post- COVID economic recovery in other countries (including Australia, USA, EU, Japan and advanced Asian countries), the study proposes ways to restore Ukraine’s economy and minimize adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author proposes to promote the recovery of the Ukrainian economy through expanding domestic (both consumer and investment) demand and intensifying innovation-based development. As shown by the analysis of international experience, consumer demand under the pandemic conditions should be encouraged, in particular through the development of domestic tourism; assistance to small businesses in diversifying their sales channels; promotion of demand in the online market. The author points out that in order to promote investment demand it is necessary to emphasize the development of infrastructure, introduction of temporary investment incentives, and transfer of losses received in previous tax periods. It is proposed to intensify the innovative development of Ukraine by creating an environment favorable to the development of small innovative enterprises (startups), increasing research and development costs, and integrating business, education, and research organizations.
BANK LENDING IN UKRAINE AND SIMULATION OF CREDIT ACTIVITY BY METHODS OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS
Authors:   National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy, Hlushchenko Svitlana , Ivakhnenkov Sergiy ,   National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy, Demkiv Sofiia ,   National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy
Published: July 2021

The article identifies trends in bank lending to companies and households in Ukraine and considers modeling and integrated mapping of demand and supply of bank loans using the methods of system dynamics. The article shows that by 2020 the main trends in the Ukrainian banking sector are: a) increased dynamics of return on capital (29.7%) and reduced dynamics of interest rates on deposits (6.6%) and loans (14.8%); b) growth of the dynamics of bank loans in general, including the following characteristics: the largest share of the bank loan portfolio is accounted for by loans to economic entities, while loans to households account for 21.9%; loans to households are growing faster compared to the growth rate of loans to businesses; in the sectoral context, the largest share in lending is accounted for by the trade sector; short-term consumer loans predominate in household lending (82%); half of the loan portfolio of commercial banks consists of short-term loans; the share of non-performing loans in the total volume of issued loans remains high (48.75%); c) the deposit portfolio is dominated by household deposits, but in the dynamics there is a tendency to decrease in their share. Based on the methods of system dynamics, the authors present a model that allows to trace the relationship between commercial banks and legal entities and individuals, as well as to forecast the amounts of bank loans in accordance with the demand for loans from businesses and households (weighted by the maximum value credit load) and supply of credit resources by commercial banks. From a practical point of view, characterization of trends in banking, modeling the interaction of major participants in bank lending and determining the volume of bank loans using methods of system dynamics will help identify the main factors influencing the supply and demand of bank credit resources at the current stage of development of Ukraine and predict future dynamics of lending.
Tensiones progresistas: integración, hidrocarburos y medio ambiente
Authors: Rubiños Cea Simón
Published: July 2021

A fin de obtener recursos para financiar políticas sociales, los gobiernos progresistas de Sudamérica de comienzo del siglo XXI intensificaron la tensión entre desarrollo y medioambiente. Lo anterior se refleja tanto en el impulso de la iniciativa por la integración regional – IIRSA – como en la aceleración de la extracción de hidrocarburos, situaciones que han tenido sendos impactos ambientales mientras se fomentan como estrategias centrales para el desarrollo de mercados y el flujo de recursos para la región. Así, a pesar de haberse erigido como alternativas en/desde Sudamérica, en materia medioambiental estos gobiernos intensificaron la contradicción para sostener el progreso, sin superar el modelo anterior sino más bien desarrollando una continuidad de la territorialidad neoliberal.
Retos de la política ambiental colombiana frente a los desafíos de la OCDE y los ODS
Authors: Pérez Vásquez Manuel Antonio
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es identificar los retos ambientales en Colombia frente a los desafíos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos OCDE y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ODS. En lo metodológico, el artículo es de tipo descriptivo- analítico, con base en la obtención de información de fuentes de tipos secundaria. Los hallazgos obtenidos, indican que se requiere mayor coordinación y capacidad entre las organizaciones ambientales para establecer más control de tipo ambiental al interior de la nación, y en concomitancia, con la aplicación de la normatividad ambiental vigente. Se concluye, que en Colombia, se requiere darle un mayor grado de cumplimiento a las normas ambientales, tanto nacionales como extranjeras, debido a que existe un débil compromiso institucional en el país frente a las exigencias de la OCDE y los ODS.
Dental Students’ Self-Perception: Health and Academics During COVID-19 Quarantine
Authors: Frias Emilio , López-Santacruz Hiram Daniel , Ayala-Herrera José Luis
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the self-perceived general health, oral care, stress, academic environment, and harmful habits of Mexican dental students during the COVID-19 quarantine period.  This descriptive observational study consisted of a self-perception survey that was sent to dental students undergoing virtual classes. Five sections were analyzed: General Health, Oral Health, Stress, Academic Environment and Habits. For each question, students were asked to rate their perception prior to, and during the contingency, which allowed a comparison to be made between both times for each inquiry. The answers were collected into Microsoft Excel and the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.20. A statistically significant difference was observed between the academic years for the variables: “physical exercise” prior to quarantine, “emotional problems” and “work-load” during quarantine, and “academic efficiency” for both times. A trend towards unfavorable perception in relation to general health, academic environment, and harmful habits was observed among dental students during social isolation derived from the pandemic. It is notable that 1st-year students presented a greater impact on all the variables of interest.
Dificultad del término ‘sagrado’ a la luz del pensamiento confuciano
Authors: Morales Marcos Carmelo
Published: July 2021

Es una realidad la dificultad que trae consigo el calificar algo de sagrado o religioso. Otro inconveniente es también la poca capacidad de ampliación del concepto de religión. En la aversión de los chinos a la religión tiene mucho que ver las ideas comunistas. Existen elementos suficientes en los textos del canon confuciano para afirmar que la tradición confuciana tiene una base sagrada. He pretendido demostrar en este artículo que, a pesar de todas estas dificultades, la tradición confuciana cumple con los requisitos para ser catalogada como una tradición sagrada.