bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conference of the Adult Education Association of East & Central Africa
Authors: bown Lanage
Published: November 2008

‘There is a tendency for laymen to talk of the problem of “illiteracy” in terms which suggest that this problem is simply one of teaching people to read and write and that once they know how to read and write, all will be well…The point…is that all of us are to some extent “higher illiterates”, and that all of us need to cultivate the habit of reflective thought in order that what is seen and read may lead us to a more accurate perception of the world and its peoples. For all of us, therefore, developing the habits and skills of reading means not merely deciphering words more quickly, or abstracting ideas more effectively, or recalling more fully what we have read, but also thinking more purposefully about what we can decipher, abstract and recall.’
Statement by UNESCO on Race and Racial Prejudice
Authors: M'Baye Judge Kemba
Published: November 2008

In September 1967 a conference of 18 experts (geneticists, anthropologists, ethnologists, sociologists, historians, and jurists) from 16 countries—Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, France, India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Poland, Senegal, Sudan, Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S.S.R., the U.K., the U.S.A., and Yugoslavia—met in Paris to discuss the biological, sociological, moral, and ethnic aspects of the race question, with special reference to the propositions adopted at a similar meeting called by UNESCO in Moscow in 1964. These in turn had brought up to date earlier statements made in 1950 and 1951. The Paris Conference agreed unanimously on the following statement, recently released for publication by UNESCO:
Kongo and the King of the Americans
Authors: MacGaffey Wyatt
Published: November 2008

In this article, I try to translate what America means to a MuKongo, the ordinary inhabitant of the province of Kongo Central in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The subject has the advantage of being to some extent marginal among Kongo beliefs, and therefore more readily isolable, but it is not without relevance to international affairs.
The ‘Paradox’ of Rural Leadership: A Comment
Authors: Skinner Elliott P.
Published: November 2008

This admirable analysis of the role of traditional leaders among the Nyamwezi in Tanzania throws light on some of the most intriguing problems of government in contemporary Africa. Recent reports from African societies confirm Dr Miller's finding that the traditional rulers are not withering away, but on the contrary have survived and are helping their people to adapt to the modern state. This would not be surprising had not many of the revolutionary and non-revolutionary leaders of the modern African states shown such hostility to the traditional leaders. Many politicians felt that the chiefs were reactionary and should be eliminated so that the African states could modernise and develop. Other modern leaders favoured retaining the chiefs while encouraging or coercing them to help modernise their societies. A few modern leaders felt that the chiefs should be honoured as custodians of the cherished values of their respective societies. But even here the hope was that the chief would help in a dialectical process of change by providing a secure base from which the society could take off.
The Role of Ex-Servicemen in Nigerian Politics
Authors: Olusanya G. O.
Published: November 2008

The general assumption often made by writers that the ex-soldiers played a significant role in the politics of Nigeria breaks down when subjected to critical analysis.1 It is true that these men were potentially excellent material, who could have been effectively utilised in the struggle against colonial rule because of their training, their newly-acquired confidence, and their experience of the outside world. However, certain factors rendered their role as a group insignificant in the history of the nationalist movement in the country.
Groupe régional de planification et d'administration de l'éducation, Dakar
Authors: Bodart N.
Published: November 2008

The Regional Group for Educational Planning and Administration was instituted by U.N.E.S.C.O. at the end of 1965, to help produce and train educational planners and administrators in Africa south of the Sahara, and to encourage research, exchanges, and co-operation in this field. Established at Dakar, the Group is working directly under U.N.E.S.C.O.'s Department of Educational Planning and Finance and is co-operating with the International Institute for Educational Planning in Paris, the Regional School Building Centre for Africa at Khartoum, and other regional groups for educational planning established elsewhere in the world.
Second U.N. Conference on Trade and Development
Authors: Da Silveira A. F. Azederp
Published: November 2008

The long-heralded U.N.C.T.A.D. II took place in New Delhi's splendid conference hall, Vigyan Bhavan, equipped with every modern facility— simultaneous interpretation in five languages and a daily Journal in three, a vast secretarial staff, and an elaborate documentation service running off the millions of words written and spoken during the conference. The 133 member countries were represented, many at ministerial level, as well as all the specialised agencies and regional commissions of the United Nations, and many other international bodies. The U.N. Secretary-General himself came to inaugurate the conference with his blessing, although—significantly, perhaps—Vietnam negotiations delayed his arrival for a few days. Technical experts from all over the world were in attendance; and New Delhi felt for a time like the world capital that some say it is destined to become.
Seminar on the Administrative Aspects of Educational Planning
Authors: Kjellberg Eva
Published: November 2008

The latest C.A.F.R.A.D. seminar dealt with an urgent issue in Africa today, for almost everywhere education is one of the main priorities and educational administration one of the main problems. Over 40 civil servants, with wide specialist knowledge and responsibilities, came from 26 different African states; there were seven senior educationalists from Morocco—a sign of the importance attached by the local Government both to the seminar and to C.A.F.R.A.D.
The African Struggle for Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Svanidze I. A.
Published: November 2008

Agriculture is the mainstay of the African economy. The well-being and even the lives of hundreds of millions of peasants, farmers, and farm- workers depend on the state of agricultural production. Exports of farm products are the principal source of foreign exchange for African countries.
L'Organisation commune africaine et malgache
Authors: Ekue Albert
Published: November 2008

The O.C.A.M. Charter was signed on 27 June 1966 in Tananarive by the Heads of State of the following 14 countries: the Federal Republic of Cameroun, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo–Brazzayule, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon, Upper Volta, Madagascar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Chad, and Togo.
The Ethiopian Coup d'Etat of December 1960
Authors: Clapham Christopher
Published: November 2008

By contrast with many other African states, the Ethiopian Government has in recent decades been almost monotonously stable. The Emperor Haile Selassie reigns and rules through a political system which remains in essentials the direct descendant of the imperial Government as it has existed down the centuries.1 In the last quarter-century, only the attempted coup d'état of December 1960 has seriously challenged his régime. The purpose of this article is to disentangle the various elements present in the coup, in order to illuminate the themes of rebellion and attempted revolution in an indigenous African polity.
Government Lending to African Businessmen: Inept Incentives
Authors: Schatz Sayre P.
Published: November 2008

Since programmes of government lending to African businessmen are widely relied upon as a means of stimulating economic development, some analysis of their efficacy is clearly needed. Peter Marris's article ‘Lending Money’ made an interesting contribution along these lines;1 but it was undermined by a fundamental flaw in his delineation of the problem. The present article has two fundamental purposes. First, it presents what the writer believes to be a more adequate analysis of the basic predicament of lending agencies in Africa. Secondly, it attempts to show that the nature of the problem calls for changes in the usual approaches not only to (a) lending programmes, but also to (b) the family of programmes to aid indigenous business (of which loans schemes are one member), and beyond that to (c) the still broader issue of policies to accelerate the growth of the directly productive sectors of the economy.
East African Political Science Research Workshop
Authors: Nursey-bray Paul F.
Published: November 2008

This workshop, sponsored by the University of East Africa and the Institute of Social Research at Makerere University College, with additional financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation, was subdivided into two brief conferences. The underlying idea was that the more traditional disciplinary concerns of the political scientists of East Africa should form the basis for the first day, after which the workshop would broaden into an interdisciplinary experiment, with additional participants.
U.C.L.A. Summer Seminar in African Area Studies
Authors: Lofchie Michael F.
Published: November 2008

The African Studies Center at U.C.L.A. has recently inaugurated an intensive 15-month seminar in African studies for 30 faculty members, nominated from I 5 out of the 75 institutions which applied to participate. The purpose of this programme, which is being financed by the U.S. Office of Education, is to encourage the growth of African studies in teacher education. The 15 participating colleges were selected on the basis of their commitment to introducing African studies or to expanding their existing courses. Each was asked to nominate two faculty members, in the conviction that by interacting with one another (as well as with administrators and other colleagues of their home institutions), two participants can do much more to stimulate African studies than could one person, acting singly. The U.C.L.A. seminar is being directed by Dr John Povey of the Department of English and Dr Michael Lofchie of the Department of Political Science; it has three distinct phases.
Africa—The Time of Choice
Authors: Vigand V. C.
Published: November 2008

The great achievements of the liberation movement in Africa in the late 1950s and early 1960s led to the winning of political independence by the majority of African countries. For the first time in their history they were able to determine for themselves their path to economic development. This happened at a period when the world was split into two socio-economic systems: socialism and capitalism. The broad distinction between them may be defined by the objective fact of the ownership of the means of production: a socialist society has decided to take in its hands all capital goods and to govern collectively the economic development of the country; a capitalist society still sticks to the principle of private ownership, thinking that individual interests may guarantee the prosperity of the whole society, but forgetting that only the socialisation of the means of production can stop the exploitation of the many by the few.
Some Aspects of the 1930s Depression in Rhodesia
Authors: Hulec Otakar
Published: November 2008

In the early 1930S the then Southern and Northern Rhodesia were in the course of major programmes of building and construction, which required tremendous financial outlay, when the world depression broke out. The regions throughout southern Africa which were living primarily off the exports of their natural wealth were necessarily influenced by the depression, particularly as it was the prices of exported raw materials which suffered mostly from speculation on the world markets. During these years of depression—a period of surpluses of finished goods—the prices of raw materials, including those from colonial dependencies, were forced down.
Centre de perfectionnement pour le développement et la cooperation économique et technique, Paris
Authors: Pepy Daniel
Published: November 2008

Ever since the francophone African states, including the Malagasy Republic, were established, their governments have been conscious of the need to organise their development in the best possible conditions, and have been concerned with economic planning in order to achieve satisfactory results as soon as possible. Since they initially lacked competent national staff, they resorted to technical aid from France in this particularly sensitive field.
Fifteenth Session of the U.N.E.S.C.O. General Conference
Authors: Mate Casely M. O.
Published: November 2008

Delegates from U.N.E.S.C.O.'s 122 member states (including 39 African countries) attended this session of the General Conference, at which three additional states—Barbados, Mauritius, and the Yemen—were admitted. W. A. Eteki-Mboumoua—Minister of Education, Arts, and Letters in Cameroun, 1961–8—was elected president of the session, the first African to hold such office. In his presidential address, Mr Eteki-Mboumoua called for the preservation of oral traditions in Africa and for more—as well as more effective—aid from the developed to the developing countries.
Conference of Directors of African Schools and Institutes of Public Administration
Authors: Mills G. E.
Published: November 2008

This conference, organised by the African Centre for Training and Research in Administration for Development (C.A.F.R.A.D.), was attended by more than 40 participants from government departments, institutes of public administration, and écoles nationales d'administration of 14 francophone and 10 anglophone African countries; in addition, a number of observers were present. An international dimension was given by the presence of 14 consultants from a wide variety of countries, including France, the United Kingdom, India, Nigeria, the U.S.A., the Philippines, and Jamaica; the U.N. was also represented, by the head of its division of public administration.
International Trade and the Developing Countries
Authors: Rweyemamu J. F.
Published: November 2008

This article is concerned with an analysis of the causes of the poverty of the developing countries. The decade of the 1960s opened with a new wave of optimistic expectations for the periphery.1 There were, first of all, the massive decolonisation efforts, which to many implied the eclipse of imperialism and the possibility of meaningful economic reconstruction by the former colonial people, now that political power was in our own hands. ‘Seek ye first the political kingdom and all things shall be added unto you’, succinctly if unaptly captured the prevailing mood of the time.
Southern Rhodesian African Nationalists and the 1961 Constitution
Authors: Day John
Published: November 2008

The convening of the constitutional conference on Southern Rhodesia early in 1961 was the summit of the African nationalists' achievement, from which they subsequently declined. The conference took place less than four years after the formation of the first modern nationalist party in the territory and only two years after the Government had banned it and arrested its leaders. The second nationalist party secured, a year after its inauguration and in the face of implacable hostility from the Government, the first of its major immediate aims, this constitutional conference, which its representatives attended with status equal to that of representatives from the government party. The nationalists had the opportunity at the conference to help modify the political system, in existence since 1923, from which Africans had been almost wholly excluded.
Annual Meeting of the (American) African Studies Association
Authors: Kitchen Helen
Published: November 2008

The membership of the African Studies Association now numbers 1,731— 734 fellows, 618 associates, and 379 student associates. Some 700 of these participated in the eleventh annual meeting of the Association. Although attendance was considerably below the 1,300 registered at the New York Hilton in 1967 and the nearly 1,000 who made their way to the University of Indiana in 1966, there is no indication that this reflects a declining interest in African studies in the United States. Rather, the A.S.A. custom of bringing its annual meetings in turn to scholars in the north-east, on the Pacific coast, and in the Middle West results in predictable fluctations in registration.
Seminar on the Use of Mass Media for Social Education in Urban Areas of Africa
Authors: Judet P.
Published: November 2008

One major problem facing the countries of Western Africa is the rapid process of urbanisation and the inability of the towns to integrate untrained and generally illiterate immigrants from the rural areas.

In March 1956, U.N.E.S.C.O. established a ‘Pilot Project for the Application of New Techniques and Methods of Education’; the Dakar seminar was held to discuss the results of this project and, in particular, the use of television in social education. Delegates attended from 11 countries—Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon, Guinea, Upper Volta, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo–together with observers from interested ministries in Senegal, the I.L.O., W.H.O., the U.N. information services, O.R.S.T.O.M. (the French scientific research organisation for overseas territories), the World Association for Christian Radio and Television, the African Union of National Radio and Television Services, and the International Union for Public Health Education. Most strongly represented, of course, was U.N.E.S.C.O. itself, both by headquarters and local staff, and by the experts and consultants at work on the pilot project.
Basic Bibliography on Madagascar
Authors: Valette Jean
Published: November 2008

Malagasy literary output and books about the Republic have already been dealt with in a bibliography of major importance, by Guillaume Grandidier, Bibliographie de Madagascar, vols. I and II (Paris, 1905–6 and 1935), vol. III (Tananarive, 1957), and vol. IV (in preparation). Since 1964 the national and university libraries have been working jointly on an annual bibliography, of which two volumes, for 1964 and 1965, have been published (Tananarive, 1967 and 1968). This short note does not aim to offer a complete bibliographical survey, but to provide for cultivated English-speakers a short but comprehensive list of non-specialised publications which would enable the ‘common reader’ to acquire a respectable knowledge of Madagascar.
Gandhi in South Africa
Authors: Power Paul F.
Published: November 2008

The centenary of Mahatma Gandhi's birth during 1969 (October 2) provides a reason for reassessments of the Indian leader's thought and career. Among the matters which deserve reconsideration is his South African phase, which began in 1893, on his arrival in Natal as a fledgling barrister, and ended in 1914, when he left for India by way of England to begin his main work as an Indian nationalist. A reappraisal of this period is needed principally because there is a tendency in biographical studies and Gandhi's own account of his South African years to romanticise or simplify the record and to leave unanswered questions about the development of his ideas and activities during a critical two decades of his life.1 A reappraisal is possible chiefly because of the recent appearance of Gandhi's Collected Works as a rich source for newer interpretations of what he said and did in Natal and the Transvaal.2 As an effort to contribute to reconsiderations of Gandhi's African phase, this article will examine his views of Europeans and Africans and his protest policies and tactics as they emerged over 21 years. Special attention is given to Gandhi's outlook on Africans and the circumstances surrounding his first disobedience campaign. A close inquiry into these matters helps to explain better Gandhi's role in modern South African history and the nature of his legacy to continuing issues in the continent.
Port Harcourt: Ibo Politics in Microcosm
Authors: Wolpe Howard
Published: November 2008

To the political scientist concerned with the relationship between social and economic modernisation, on the one hand, and political change and integration, on the other, the Ibo experience has long held particular interest. In his pioneering study of Nigerian nationalism, James Coleman observed that Ibos had played a singular role in the post-war political era: ‘Ibos overwhelmingly predominated in both the leadership and the mass membership of the N.C.N.C., the Zikist Movement, and the National Church. Postwar radical and militant nationalism, which emphasized the national unity of Nigeria as a transcendent imperative, was largely, but not exclusively, an Ibo endeavor’1But radical and militant pan-Nigerian nationalism was only one part of the Ibo political posture. No less noteworthy was the parallel development of a highly cohesive and organisationally sophisticated pan-Ibo movement, the very success of which ultimately undermined the pan- Nigerian aspirations of the Ibo-led N.C.N.C. and, subsequently, was one of several factors operating to impair the national legitimacy of an Ibo-led military régime. It is this paradoxical blending of ‘civic’ and ‘primordial’ sentiments which, perhaps, best defines the modern Ibo political experience2.
African Studies in Colorado
Authors: Mallakh Ragaei El
Published: November 2008

In the past two years there has been an upsurge in interest in African studies in the State, particularly through the activities of the faculties of the Universities of Colorado and Denver, and Colorado State University. Beginning in the 1967–68 academic year, the University of Colorado offered a Bachelor of Arts degree in African and Middle Eastern Studies, and is expanding its graduate courses with a multi-disciplinary approach. In the spring of 1969 the Center on International Race Relations at the Graduate School of International Studies of the University of Denver began operation with primary emphasis on Africa and Asia. Of equal importance, however, is the high level of co-operation in African studies among the institutions of higher learning throughout the State. This effort involves the maximisation of Africanist talent via the exchange of staff and students, and regional meetings and conferences.
Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung, Hamburg
Authors: Heidelberg Wolfgang
Published: November 2008

At the beginning of 1963 the German Institute for African Research (D.I.A.F.) was founded in Hamburg, in order to further the systematic study of regional aspects and practical problems of contemporary Africa. The approach of the Institute is interdisciplinary: research is carried out into the economic, legal, social, and historical problems of Africa. Regular colloquia organised at the Institute enable research workers and those in the field to exchange experiences.
Le Centre de hautes études sur L'Afrique et L'Asie modernes, Paris
Authors: Froelich J.-C.
Published: November 2008

The Centre for Higher Administrative Studies in Modern Africa and Asia (C.H.E.A.M.) was founded in 1936 and is attached to the University of Paris. It has a dual role in that it ensures liaison between the public service and the University; the Centre receives not only civil servants for training and refresher courses, but also academic students for courses of study and research.
Il Congreso Hispano—Africano de Cooperacion y Comercio
Authors: Bouvet Janine
Published: November 2008

The Spanish-African Congress for Co-operation and Trade was organised jointly by the Institute for Co-operation between Spain, Africa, and Asia (R.Y.A.C.E.) and the committee of the annual International Fair at Barcelona, where it coincided with that event. The Congress was financed partly by a grant from the Spanish Government, and partly by the Fair committee, the R.Y.A.C.E., and by voluntary contributions, some of them substantial, from businessmen in the host country.
An African Village in Transition: research into behaviour patterns
Authors: Axinn George H. , Axinn Nancy W.
Published: November 2008

Even the more remote and isolated villages of dynamic and disparate Africa are changing rapidly. To understand this transition, a detailed descriptive record of human activity enables comparisons to be made of different groups and of one group at different times.

The hourly, daily, and yearly behaviour patterns of rural people living in the Nsukka division of the former Eastern Region of Nigeria (now Biafra) are briefly described below. This information is based on field research carried on during 1966 in eight clusters of compounds near Nsukka town. At the time that the study was made, this was a rapidly developing Igbo village 43 miles from the regional capital city of Enugu.
Crude Private Neo-Imperialism: A New Pattern in Africa
Authors: Schatz Sayre P.
Published: November 2008

This article presents the hypothesis that there has developed in Africa in recent years a group of practices which constitutes a new pattern, to be called here ‘crude private neo-imperialism’. This term refers to unprincipled exploitation by some foreign firms of African governments that establish government-controlled, directly productive enterprises in an effort to accelerate economic development. The pattern referred to is ‘crude’ in that it involves outright dishonesty or hoodwinkery. It is ‘private’ in that the exploitative practices are carried on by private companies rather than by governments (although the latter have frequently given tacit and even explicit support). It is imperialism or ‘neo-imperialism’ in that the practices constitute not simply a series of similar incidents but a general phenomenon attributable to substantial contemporary causes.
Representative Institutions in Ethiopia
Authors: Markakis John , Beyene Asmelash
Published: November 2008

Representative institutions are a feature of political systems everywhere. The political systems of the new states that have emerged since World War II are no exception. Despite the far-reaching changes made by them in the institutions bequeathed by their colonial masters, they have almost everywhere retained, albeit with significant modifications, the representative assembly.
Conference on Agricultural Sectoral Planning in East Africa
Authors: Helleiner G. K.
Published: November 2008

This conference was the third in a series of biannual conferences organised by academics and civil servants working in agricultural economics in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Delegates from Ghana, Nigeria, Botswana, U.S.A., and the F.A.O. also attended and participated in the discussions. The conference was financed by the Ford Foundation, organised and sponsored by the Economic Research Bureau of the University College, Dar es Salaam, and supported by the three East African Governments.
The Revolutions of ‘Portuguese’ Africa
Authors: Whitaker Paul M.
Published: November 2008

To try to summarise in a few pages the present situation in ‘Portuguese’ Africa is at best a difficult task. Briefly, the three ‘Overseas Provinces’ (since the Portuguese constitutional revision of 1951 they are no longer called ‘colonies’) are in rebellion against continued Portuguese rule. Or, rather, elements in these territories are in rebellion. Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau are the sites of increasingly violent conflict as African nationalists intensify their guerrilla campaigns against a hardening Portuguese military resistance.
Urban Revolt in South Africa: a Case Study
Authors: Feit Edward
Published: November 2008

Thisarticle has as its theme the organisation of an African urban revolt in South Africa from 1960 to 1965. Reference is made mainly to events in Port Elizabeth and its near neighbour, East London; it need hardly be added that there were similar developments in other parts of the country. The way in which the revolt was organised was little reported at the time, and the details emerged only in the verbatim court records of the trials of both leaders and followers. Press reports of these trials are scattered over a number of South African newspapers, whose reporting—while good—is not as detailed as the documents; and a few items appear in the overseas press. The importance of this revolt, which is still being waged from outside South Africa's borders, might justify an analysis of what took place in the country itself, even if the research on which it is based remains incomplete.
Seminar on Regional Cooperation in Africa: prospects and problems
Authors: Kagwe Solomon
Published: November 2008

The eighth inter-African public administration seminar, sponsored jointly by
the Government of Liberia and the Ford Foundation, was attended by 37 leading civil servants from English-speaking Africa, as well as by observers from I.D.E.P., C.A.F.R.A.D., and U.N. E.C.A.

President Tubman delivered the keynote address, in which he recognised the need for regional economic co-operation, urged the investigation of the problems and difficulties on the way, and stressed the essential role of civil servants in bringing about such co-operation. In the discussion that followed many participants expressed the view that goals and objectives must be denned as carefully and realistically as possible if both short- and long-term results are to be achieved. It would also be important to take into account the current level of development in African countries.
L'Institut des sciences humaines du Mali, Bamako
Authors: Koumare Abdoulaye
Published: November 2008

In 1962, shortly after independence, the Government of Mali established the Institute of ‘Human Sciences’, thereby replacing the former Institutfrançais d'Afrique noire in Soudan, known as ‘Centre IFAN’ pour le Soudan. The National Archives, the National Library, and the National Museum, with collections inherited from I.F.A.N., were reorganised, and at the same time three research Divisions were created: for History and Civilisation, Linguistics and Literature, and Socio-Economics.
Seminar on African Refugee Problems
Authors: Ladouceur Paul
Published: November 2008

At the outset of the 1970s it is estimated that there are upwards of one million refugees in Africa, with about equal numbers from independent African states, and from non-self-governing and minority-ruled states. The largest single group are the Angolan refugees in Congo-Kinshasa, now estimated to number 400,000. Other large groups of refugees are from Rwanda, Sudan, and Guinea-Bissau. There are also smaller groups from Congo-Kinshasa, Ethiopia, and Zambia, as well as from Mozambique, South Africa, Namibia, and Rhodesia.
The Withdrawal of the U.N. Force from the Congo: a note for the historical record
Authors: Sherry George L.
Published: November 2008

Much of the literature, scholarly and journalistic, about certain aspects of the United Nations operation in the Congo has been marked by the twin short. comings of a lack of authentic information on the one hand and the ignoring of such information, even where it is readily available, on the other.

There is not much that can be done for the time being about the lack of information, especially in view of the confidential relationship of the United Nations Secretariat with Member States, which inevitably means that the Secretary-General's position often to some extent goes by default before public opinion. This is a pity, but the Secretariat obviously could not operate if governments could not rely on its discretion, which they are entitled to take for granted.
The Evolution of African Monetary Institutions
Authors: Abdel-Salam Osman Hashim
Published: November 2008

The 55 countries and territories of Africa can be classified today from the monetary point of view into six major groups. Of these, four are monetary areas based on the currency of the former or actual metropolitan country: the French franc, the pound sterling, the Portuguese escudo, and the Spanish peseta. The sterling area includes the area of the South African rand; and finally there is a group of independent countries, some with very new central banks and others with a longer tradition of monetary independence.
The Algerian Revolution in Search of the African Revolution
Authors: Mortimer Robert A.
Published: November 2008

Amongthe states of Africa, Algeria has been one of the most active participants in international politics. Its leaders have defended their considerable concern with foreign policy by arguing that the distribution of world power is a major variable in the success of the country's development objectives. Aware that many Third-World states have not attributed the same importance to the international situation, Algerians have insisted that it is in the general interest of the Third World to increase its influence in world politics. In the absence of economic and military strength, Algeria has emphasised political consciousness as an instrument to defend the interests of the developing countries. This approach has been particularly important in Algeria's relations with black Africa. This article is intended as a study in inter-African politics, examining the impact of Algeria's African policy upon the inter- African system and, to some extent, upon the Algerian political system.
Inadequacies of the Notion of Assimilation in African Education
Authors: Clignet Remi
Published: November 2008

Our understanding of educational processes is often obscured by ideological considerations. This is very well illustrated in the common term, ‘assimilation’, used to characterise European colonial policy towards Africa. Thus it is often asserted that French authorities promoted the emergence of a class of ‘black Frenchmen’, with values, aspirations, and cognitive styles analogous to those of European educational institutions. In contrast, the British have been viewed as repudiating such a notion in their system of indirect rule, which attempted accommodation with Africa and aimed at perpetuating African existing social organisations.
Fertility and Family Planning in Africa
Authors: Dow Thomas E.
Published: November 2008

As the result of recent demographic research, we now have a reasonable basis for estimating rates of birth, death, and population growth in subSaharan Africa. These findings suggest that fertility is higher, and mortality lower, than had previously been assumed. This combination of high fertility and declining mortality implies a high rate of population growth. The compatibility of such a growth rate with existing plans for social and economic development is doubtful. This article examines the findings and issues, and seeks to determine the feasibility of population control in sub-Saharan Africa.
Conference on Public Enterprises in Nigeria
Authors: Kingibe Baba
Published: November 2008

This three-day national conference was organised by the Extension Services Department of the Institute of Administration at Ahmadu Bello University, at the suggestion of the Nigerian Society for Public Administration. It was attended by chairmen, general managers, and secretaries of the major public corporations, delegates from government ministries responsible for public corporations, trade union representatives, and university teachers.
Policies and Progress Towards Universal Primary Education
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: November 2008

In 1961, soon after the beginning of the first United Nations Development Decade, a conference of African Ministers of Education was convened by Unesco. The meeting resolved, inter alia, that by the year 1980 primary schooling throughout the continent should be ‘universal, compulsory and free’.1 As we have now reached that date, it is appropriate to review progress. A few countries have achieved the goal, but many others have fallen short. This article will examine the experience of the last two decades, and assess its implications for ultimate objectives and the strategies for achieving them. Despite national policy variations and divergent social and economic conditions, instructive overall patterns may be discerned.
The Rôle and Position of Petty Producers in a West African City
Authors: Kennedy Paul
Published: November 2008

In the last few years there has been a growing interest in that very considerable and hitherto mostly unrecorded part of the economic life of the Third World which flourishes outside the state and foreign-owned medium and large-scale concerns. This great mass of non-enumerated enterprises and activities is a major source of employment and production. For the purpose of this article, it will be argued that many of those undertaking research in this sector can be regarded as belonging to one or other of two fairly distinct schools of thought formed by (1) a number of officials from the International Labour Organisation, the World Bank, and other international and government agencies, as well as some purely academic writers,1 and (2) the majority of social scientists attached to the British Sociological Association Development Group, some of whom operate to a greater or lesser extent within a Marxian or neo-Marxian perspective.2 For purposes of abbreviation only, these will be referred to as the ‘I.L.O.’ and the ‘Radical’ groups.
Tradition and the Veil: Female Status in Tunisia and Algeria
Authors: Marshall Susan E. , Stokes Randall G.
Published: November 2008

Theories of modernisation and social change have been increasingly challenged during the past decade by events in the Middle East and other areas of the developing world. Leaders of oil-rich nations are choosing to industrialise but not to westernise, and Islamic revivals are shaping new patterns of political and social development. For example, improvements in female status can no longer be regarded as the inevitable concomitants of industrialisation; to the contrary, gender inequality may actually be exacerbated by national resurgences of religious and cultural traditions which often accompany planned social change.1
Collective Bargaining as an Internal Sanction: the Rôle of U.S. Corporations in South Africa
Authors: Coker Christopher
Published: November 2008

Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.

Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.
Trade Diversification in Black Africa
Authors: Moss Joanna , Ravenhill John
Published: November 2008

Third-World governments have frequently professed the virtues of trade diversification, and they have voiced a number of legitimate concerns about what can happen if this is not achieved. First, the greater the geographical concentration of their export trade, the more vulnerable are they to fluctuations arising from changes in the level of imports, devaluations, or other developments in their principal markets.1When, for instance, exports were directed predominantly towards the relatively slow-growing European Economic Community in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the exporting countries might have been better off if their outlets had been more diversified. Second, various pressures may be exerted to induce smaller countries to purchase most of their needed imports from the larger trading partner that has bought most of their exports.2Those with geographically concentrated exports are particularly vulnerable in tariff disputes, or what J. A. Conybeare has termed ‘trade wars’.3Finally, countries which are particularly dependent on individual export markets are vulnerable to ‘linkage’ pressures – attempts by their powerful partners to utilise economic leverage to force concessions on non-trade issues, often political in nature.4
Resolving Epistemological Contradictions in Marxist African Studies
Authors: Marenin Otwin
Published: November 2008

The Epistemological status of their own consciousness is the core contradiction of Marxist thought. This difficulty has not been acknowledged by African Marxists, nor do they explicitly admit to the varieties of radical scholarship which form their intellectual heritage, and which their own worl seeks to modify and elaborate. Marxist scholars have been unable to develop a cogent, persuasive justification for radical theorising as an alternative to positivist social science, largely because of their unwillingness to confront and affir, their own historical specificity. As argued by Bogumil Jewsiewicki:
The Report of the National Commission to Study the Question of National Unity in Burundi: a Critical Comment
Authors: Lemarchand René
Published: November 2008

In May 1989 the National Commission for the Study of National Unity appointed by President Pierre Buyoya issued its eagerly awaited report, ostensibly designed to find a lasting solution to the bloody confrontations that have repeatedly pitted Hutu against Tutsi. For the first time in the history of independent Burundi an official statement has been made public which explicitly recognises the centrality of the Hutu-Tutsi problem, and sets forth specific solutions to resolve it. As such this is a document of historic significance, and the sum of its recommendations must be seen as an important breakthrough towards national reconciliation.
Religion and Political Turbulence in Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin
Published: November 2008

There 15 increasing evidence that social movements constitute an important repository of Africa's political practice. Émile Durkheim reminds us that although social facts, expressed in thought, feeling, or action, are derived from an environment external to the individual, they impose on him a route that he is obliged to follow. He suggests, therefore, that we study the public law that codifies existing political values and the sanctions that oblige obedience. The problem, however, is that formal institutions are sometimes unable to penetrate and impose their logic on social movements.
Tragic Tradeoffs: Democracy and Security in Chad
Authors: Miles William F. S.
Published: November 2008

Anarchic tendencies in Chad serve as a cautionary example of what the on-going reconfiguration of Africa may entail. Interim institutions of government set up by a Sovereign National Conference, which was convened two years after the downfall of the despotic régime of Hissène Habré in December 1990, have generated deep disappointment. Democratisation has proceeded fitfully. The economy remains stagnant. Strikes in the public sector reflect the ‘social crisis’. Worst of all, the security situation has deteriorated substantially and the state is suffering from a severe lack of authority.
The UN and the Resolution of Conflict in Mozambique
Authors: Alden Chris
Published: November 2008

The signing of the General Peace Agreement in Rome in October 1992 marked the formal cessation of 17 years of intermittent warfare in the former Portuguese colony of Mozambique.1 The bitter struggle by the guerrilla movement known as the Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (Renamo) to topple the avowedly Marxist–Leninist régime established by the leaders of the Frente de Libertção de Moçambique (Frelimo) was in many respects a regional expression of the cold war politics which dominated the international environment. The transformations in the Soviet Union and South Africa, blunting the ideological and logistical support which had fuelled the conflict, provoked a crisis for the protagonists. With over a million casualties, a greater number of refugees in neighbouring countries, and an economy devastated by war and mismanagement, the Government and Renamo at last sued for peace.2
US Policy and Democratisation in Africa: the Limits of Liberal Universalism
Authors: Moss Todd J.
Published: November 2008

Withoutthe overriding concern of Soviet domination, Americans are engaging in an introspective re-evaluation of their national interests, values, and priorities. Despite the heterogeneity of all the participants, including the key opinion-makers, a near-consensus has emerged that the United States should be pushing and supporting an external process that has come to be known as ‘democratisation’. This policy stems from widespread perceptions about the special nature of America's identity and rôle in the world. The thesis presented here is that the United States is primarily defined by a particular liberal philosophy and concept of modernity, and that the projection of ‘democracy’ abroad is not necessarily a ‘natural’ or universal evolution of human development. Africa's increasing marginalisation has allowed certain groups committed to spreading ‘American values’ an unprecedented ability to shape policy and turn the continent into a liberal socio-political experiment.
Freedom of Expression in the Cameroonian Democratic Transition
Authors: Fombad Charles Manga
Published: November 2008

Freedom of expression is not only a fundamental human right but also constitutes one of the essential elements in the establishment of a democratic society. No country can seriously profess to be a democracy, or pretend to be making efforts towards this, if its citizens cannot freely express their opinions. Recent moves to introduce freedom of expression in Cameroon have come at a particularly difficult time. Like most African countries, it is on the horns of a dilemma. As it struggles to cope with an ever deepening economic crisis, it has come under strong internal and external pressure to democratise. The winds of change which blew into Africa at the end of the 1980s, when former communist-block single-party régimes collapsed, appeared to herald the beginning of a new era. But as leaders are increasingly pressed by impatient citizens to unfreeze their political, social, and economic rights, tyrants and dictators posing as democrats seem to be determining the nature and guiding principles of the new order.
‘A Moment of Truth’? The Church and Political Change in Malawi, 1992
Authors: Newell Jonathan
Published: November 2008

The immediate origins of the democratic elections held in Malawi in 1994, which brought to an end over 30 years of political dominance by President Kamuzu Banda and the Malawi Congress Party (MCP), lie in the unprecedented events which shook the entire nation in 1992. Although that turbulent year was characterised by industrial action, serious urban riots, student demonstrations, the emergence of new domestic political groupings, and the Government's agreement to hold a national referendum on the future of the one-party system in the country, in retrospect perhaps what was most remarkable about these developments was that they were sparked off by the Catholic Church, and that their momentum was sustained at crucial stages by other Christian denominations in Malawi.1
Some Evidence on Informal Sector Apprenticeship in Uganda
Authors: Livingstone Ian , Kemigisha Susan
Published: November 2008

The system of apprenticeship within the so-called informal sector in East and Central Africa is generally thought to be more limited than in West Africa, albeit less well documented. This note reports briefly some findings from Uganda, based on a survey covering 45 metal-working and 45 wood-working establishments in and around Kampala from June to August 1993. Selected on a more or less random basis, all 90 were in the ‘micro-enterprise’ category, employing less than to persons, with a mean size of 5·7 (metal) and 5·0 (wood). As regards the first trade, 25 of these establishments were located in Katwe, seven in Kisenyi, six in Bwaise, four in Nbeeda, and three in Nakawa. The sample of wood-working establishments was selected more widely from 16 different locations, the most from any one place being seven.