bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Wireworms on Fumigated and Non-Fumigated Land with Soil Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S , Etheridge A. S.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station near Reidsville, NC, to determine the effects of various soil pesticides on tobacco wireworms. In one test site, the land was fumigated with Telone C-17 on 11 Apr at 98.2 liters/ha, while the other site was not fumigated. The predominant soil type was Cecil loamy sand (pH 6.3). On 13 May, the fumigated test site was divided into 20 plots to form a RCB design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks, while the non-fumigated test was divided into 28 plots to form a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 blocks. Individual plots were 20 plants long (ca. 12.2 m) and 4 rows wide (1.14 m between rows). Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with five 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles 50.8 cm (20 inches) apart on a 6.7 m (80 inch) boom at 207 kpa (30 psi) and a delivery rate of 234 liters/ha (25 gal/acre). In the fumigated test, the Temik 15 G was applied through two fertilizer shanks attached to an electrically driven, granular applicator. The shanks were positioned 12.7 cm (5 inches) on each side of the row center and 12.7 cm below the final bed surface (SHANK). In the non-fumigated test, the Temik 15 G was applied with the electrically driven, granular applicator with a single 14 inch distributing fan centered on the row (BAND). All treatments were incorporated via ridging immediately after application. Flue-cured tobacco, (K-326, a root-knot nematode-resistant variety) was transplanted on 15 May with a single row transplanter. Soil moisture was very good (13.8%) at the time of transplanting. Nineteen days after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from row 2 in each plot were gently pulled from the soil. The roots and underground portions of the stems were visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling < 1 cm; 3 = pith tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling > 5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Using this data, the avg wireworm rating and the proportion of wireworm damaged plants was calculated. Data were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine V proportion before ANOVA.
Aphid and Budworm Control in Tobacco, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 31 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridmil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematoda suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. On 15 May, 2 insecticide treatments (Sevine and Orthene) plus an untreated control were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TX-9 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 13.7 gal/acre at 40 psi. On 27 May, these 2 treatments plus 6 additional treatments were applied as previously described. Each of the 8 treatments was reapplied on 3 Jun. Prior to tbe 27 May application, and 3 and 6 d after the first spray and 5 and 8 d after the 2nd spray, the number of live aphids and thrips on plants 2, 4 and 6 on row 2 was recorded. Also on these dates, the number of budworms were counted per 10 plants on row %. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Field Evaluation of Seed and Rescue Treatments for Cereal Aphid Control, 1992:
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Kieckhefer R. W. , Fuller B. W. , Beck D. , Jenson J. M. , Chambers W. W.
Published: March 2022

Winter wheat was planted 11 Sep at 75 lb per acre in 17.5 cm rows using a 10-row international drill near Brookings, SD. The study was arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times by pretreatment infestation level. One M2 field plots were artificially infested 9 Oct with laboratory-reared RWA at the 2-leaf stage of physiological development. A pretreatment census indicated that 15.9 RWA/tiller were present, in addition to wild populations of 7.0 and 1.1 CLA and OBC/tiller, respectively. Seed treatments (NTN 33893) were laboratory-prepared and applied to seed prior to planting. Foliar treatments were applied 16 Oct using a hand-held spray boom with Teejet 8002 nozzles delivering 20 gal/acre at 39 psi. Postapplication aphid counts were conducted at 4 and 10 DAT (days after treatment) by randomly selecting 1 tiller from each plot quadrant, and an additional tiller from the plot center. Aphid count and % reduction (preapplication – postapplication)/ preapplication) data were subjected to SAS GLM procedure and means were compared using DMRT. Adequate populations were maintained in untreated plots throughout the last sampling date (10 DAT).
Rescue Treatments for Army Cutworm Control in Winter Wheat, 1992:
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , McLeod M. J.
Published: March 2022

A winter wheat field near Wall, SD, was chosen for this experiment. Pretreatment counts indicated that the field was naturally infested with an average of 2.1 army cutworms per 2 ft2. The study involved a comparison of 8 insecticides and an untreated check. A RCB with 3 replicates was used. Plots were 36 X 36 ft separated by 3 ft alleys. Insecticide applications were made on 2 Apr using a CO2-propelled backpack canister sprayer system equipped with 8002 flat fan nozzles delivering 20 gal/acre at 29 psi. Live cutworm counts were made 7 DAT to determine insecticide efficacy. A sample consisted of randomly selecting a 2 ft section of wheat within a row, then sifting ca. 2 inches deep through a 6 inch wide swath of soil including, and on either side of the row. A total of 8 samples (2 ft2 each) was taken randomly from each plot. Two samples were taken from each quadrant within a plot. Data were analyzed via SAS GLM procedure and means were compared using DMRT. All insecticide treatments significantly reduced army cutworm levels in comparison to untreated plots. However, no significant differences existed between compounds or application rates.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid Using a Systemic Seed Treatment, 1992:
Authors: Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E. , Wichman D. M.
Published: March 2022

Different rates of the systemic seed treatment, NTN 33893, were evaluated for RWA control in winter wheat. Treated seed was planted in strip plots, measuring 8 ft by 50 ft on 1 Sep at the MSU-Central Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, MT. Numbers of RWA were recorded on each of 10 plants randomly selected from 3 locations in each treated and untreated plot. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and treatment means separated using LSD.
Greenbug Control in Winter Wheat with Seed Treatments and Granular Insecticides, 1991-1992:
Authors: Knutson Allen , Marshall David
Published: March 2022

NTN 33989 (imidacloprid) was evaluated for greenbug control in winter wheat planted at the following 3 locations and dates in north central TX: Dallas Co. on 11 Nov, Cooke Co. on 26 Nov and Collin Co. on 15 Nov. Soil types were as follows: Dallas Co., Austin silty clay, pH ,= 7.8; Collin and Cooke Co., Houston black clay, pH = 7.8. Wheat seed treated with NTN 33893 75WS was provided by Gustafson, Inc. Disyston 15G was used as a standard. Both granular insecticides were mixed with the seed and applied in-furrow. All wheat seed used in the trial was from the same lot. Plots measured 6 X 20 ft and were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were planted with a small plot planter at a rate of 80 lb of seed/acre. Seventeen inches of rain fell after planting through February with a total of 40 days of rain. Greenbug infestations did not develop in the test plots because of these rains. Also, greenbug parasites and predators were active throughout the mild winter and further reduced greenbug densities. To assess insecticide activity, a 2 inch diam plug of wheat plants was dug from each of the center 2 drill rows of each plot and potted in a 2.5 X 2.5 inch plastic pot. Pots were infested with greenbugs obtained from a laboratory colony which originated from the test region. Greenbugs were applied with a hand held inoculator calculated to deliver 30 greenbugs per pot. Infested pots were held in an incubator at 70° F for 7-10 d at which time the greenbugs in each pot of wheat were counted. Each test location was sampled once.
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat, Crookston, MN, 1992:
Authors: Noetzel David , Holder Bobby , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

Unusually high aphid populations and a late growing season permitted this aphid control trial on headed spring wheat. Plots 7.6m x 7.6m were established in a bulk wheat field. Three treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 8 times. Pretreatment aphid counts averaged 49.8/head, with a 4:1 BCOA: EGA ratio. The wheat berries were ½ filled at this time (Feekes stage 11.0). Treatments were applied in approximately 110 liter water/ha on 11 Jul. Counts by total aphids per 20 heads were taken on 18 Jul. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.5m x 7.6m) through the better portion of each plot. Yield, moisture, test weight and protein were taken. Yields were adjusted on the basis of a standard moisture.
Insecticide X Fungicide Interaction in Aphid Control on Spring Wheat, Crookston, MN, 1992:
Authors: Noetzel David , Jones Roger , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Similar trials at 2 locations during the 1989-91 growing seasons suggested over a 600 kg/ha average yield reduction per location per year when aphids were not controlled at the flag leaf stage. The entire difference appeared to be due to the effect of insecticide (i.e., aphid control). This expanded trial of several treatments applied at different phenological stages of the wheat field was established in a bulk field of wheat. Individual plot size was 7.5m X 15m and 1.5m alleyways were cut around all sides of all plots when the 2 applications of insecticide x fungicide were applied. Individual treatments were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Pretreatment counts of aphids averaged 49.8/head with a 4:1 BCOA: EGA ratio. Materials were applied in 374 liters/ha on 30 May (Feekes stage 3, or tillering) and on 12 Jun (Feekes stage 8, or flag leaf) using a coarse droplet ground sprayer. Posttreatment aphid counts were begun on 19 Jul by collecting 20 individual heads and preserving the material in alcohol for later counting. Individual treatments were visually distinguishable so an estimate of % green tissue was made on 18 Jul. Sooty mold on untreated plots was also marked. Yields were taken by combining a 1.5m X 15.2m strip through the long axis of each plot. Moisture, protein, and wt/bu were taken, and final yields adjusted based on a standard moisture.
Control of Armyworm in Wheat, 1990:
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 14 May on ‘Florida 302’ variety winter wheat in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with a 10-ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollow cone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 10-ft wide by 40-ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated at 3 DAT by counting the number of armyworms in a 4-ft section of row in each plot.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control in Amaranth, 1991:
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Ford Harlan
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted on 7 Jun at the Southwest Experiment Station in Lamberton, MN. Individual plot size was 4 rows x 8.8 m in length. Plots were arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Soil type was a slit loam with excellent soil moisture. Soil applications were placed in a 10cm band over the row immediately after planting and lightly incorporated. Foliar materials were broadcast on 3 and 14 Aug, using 2 liters total material on .0111 ha. Plant stands were recorded. When the crop matured, heads were harvested by hand, bagged, dried and threshed. The seed was cleaned and weighed.
Surfactant Evaluation for Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways, NC, 1992:
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Orthene 75S and three surfactants were evaluated for mole cricket control on a Bermudagrass fairway at Oak Island Golf Course in Brunswick Co. Plots 45 ft wide X 70 ft long were established in areas where damage was evident. Randomly assigned treatments with three replications were used for the test. Soil had 0.2% humic matter and a pH of 5.9. The plots were pre-irrigated with 0.25 inch of water and treated on 19 Oct. Soil temperature was 68°F, air temperature 60°F, and the chemicals were applied late in the day with a Broyhill® fairway sprayer using 8006 nozzles at 40 psi. The chemicals were not watered in and the night of treatment was cool. Plots were evaluated by taking five random m2 grid samples/replicate. The grid was placed randomly and fresh damage observed in each of the nine subgrids (0 = not damage, 9 = severe damage) was recorded. Data presented are the avg of 15 ratings made/treatment for each sampling date. Evaluations were conducted on 27 Oct (8 DAT) and 6 Nov (18 DAT). All data were transformed X + 0.5. Actual means are presented in the table.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1991:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on fairways on Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, 10,000 ft2 each. All treatments were applied on 14 Oct with a Snyder Polyolefin Agro-Tank tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer. Total spray volume was 60 gal water per acre using 8003 T-jet fan nozzles with 30 psi. Immediately before and after treatment, ¼ inch irrigation water was applied to all plots except the Orthene treated plots. All plots were irrigated with ¼ inch of water each morning after treatment for two weeks. Rainfall of ¼ inch occurred on 24 Oct. At the time of application soil moisture was wet, soil and ambient temperatures were 80° and 82°F, respectively. Relative humidity was moderate with a cloud cover of 30%. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 20 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 11 Oct. and post-treatment counts were made on 29 Oct.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on Fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication was 10,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 1 May. A second (½ rate) application of Biosys #319 nematodes was made on 15 May to one treatment. All treatments were applied with a Snyder Polyolefin Agro-Tank tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer. Total spray volume was 50 gal water per acre using 8003 T-jet flat nozzles with 50 psi. Immediately before and after treatment, ⅓ inch irrigation water was applied to all plots except the Orthene treated plots. All plots were irrigated with ¼ inch of water each afternoon after treatment for four weeks. Rainfall of ½ inch occurred on 24 May and a trace of rainfall was recorded on 24, 27, 28, 29, and 30 May. At the time of application soil moisture was wet, soil and ambient temperatures were 75° and 85°, respectively. Relative humidity was moderate with a cloud cover of 20%. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 20 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 31 Apr and post-treatment counts were made on 15 and 29 May.
Efficacy of Several Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 5 May to 2.0 X 2.0m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a RCB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Rye, NY–annual bluegrass (65%), creeping bentgrass (35%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Granular materials were applied by hand using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid materials were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The Turcam and Oftanol plots were watered in by hand (ca 0.5 cm) (pH 6.2) before the Orthene plots were treated. Soil temperature was 12°C (5 cm depth) at time of application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 2 Jun by removing 5 soil cores (10.6 cm diam) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory (each plug was ca. 0.01 m2). At the time of sampling, the population was 21% 3rd instar, 27% 4th instar, 52% 5th instar.
White Grub Control in North Carolina Turfgrass, 1992
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Plots for 3 chemical treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 4 replicates on an unirrigated Kentucky 31 fairway at Rivermont Golf Course in Surry Co. The mineral soil was 0.6% H. M. and had a pH of 6.1. Sampling prior to treatment revealed high numbers of grubs present with most of the grubs occurring in the top 1.5 inch of turf. The 10 x 10 ft plots were treated 31 Aug. Sevin 90DF was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles at 40 psi. The 2 granular formulations were applied using hand held shaker jars with perforated lids. Soil temperature was 69°F and all treatments were watered in by hand (approx. 0.25 inch) with a cart mounted tank and pump. Plots were evaluated on 20 Sep (20 DAT) by digging up and counting the number of live grubs present in 2, 1 ft2 areas of turf per plot. All data were transformed VA + 0.5. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of the Cotton Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1991
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 8 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use. During the growth phase, the plants were exposed to heavy populations of aphids. By 4 wk, all plants were moderately infested with aphids. The terminal portion (3 unexpanded leaves) of each plant was marked with a twist tie and used for aphid counts. Pre- and post-treatment counts were made on the same aphids and their young, if produced. To ensure an equal distribution of aphids/treatment, plants were assigned to treatments in a RCB design on raised greenhouse benches. Six plants/treatment were sprayed at 40 psi to runoff using a hand sprayer. All spray treatments were made weekly for 4 wk. The Merit 0.5%G soil treatment was made only once at the beginning of the trial. Pretreatment counts and treatments were made on the same day (day 0). Post-treatment counts were taken 14 and 28 DAT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Using Soil Treatments and A Parasitoid, Summer 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Four plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. On day 0, a pre-treatment count of all stages of SWF in a 2.5 cm diam circle on leaf 10 was taken. On the same day, four rates of two form, of merit (2.5 G and 240 F) were applied by hand to each pot. On day 25, a post-treatment count of all immature stages, emerged and parasitized whiteflies were made.
Biological Control of Annual White Grubs with Entomophagous Nematodes, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a perennial ryegrass golf course fairway. The turf (99% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 20°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 23.9°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 18%. Plots were 3.05 x 3.05 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied 12 Aug. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and delivering 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. The test area was irrigated prior to applications with 0.64 cm of water and periodically syringed during treatment. Immediately following applications, plots were irrigated with approximately 1.3 cm of water. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 2 Sep by removing from each plot nine, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (0.3 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 3 ft X 3ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was used for this test, at a golf course in Belmont, MI. The plots were located on irrigated rough with sandy soil. Each treatment was replicated six times. Granular insecticides were applied with modified “salt” shakers. Insecticides were mixed with 1500 ml of water and applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/acre) with a single nozzle, hand-held wand C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Insecticide applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. The nematode treatments were applied at 10 psi through an 8008 flat fan nozzle. The plots treated with nematodes were watered immediately after application with 1/2 inch of water applied with a watering can. All treatments were applied on 9 Sep except Merit which was applied on 24 Aug. Evaluations were made on 12 Oct by digging up a 14 inch x 14 inch area and counting all live grubs. Replications 5 and 6 were dropped from all treatments for analysis as they had very low counts.
Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid with Joust 4L (Oxythioquinox), 1992
Authors: Bruce Steward V.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted at Longwood Gardens, located in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania to determine the effectiveness of a foliar spray of the high labeled rate of Joust 4L for controlling hemlock woolly adegids on eastern hemlocks. Trees had moderate infestations of aestivating flrst-instar adelgid nymphs. On 1 Sep, four trees ranging in height from 3 to 4 m were treated using a Hypro Corp. diaphragm sprayer operating at 400 psi with a Green Garde JD-101L nozzle. Approximately 13 liters of spray mix were applied to each tree. Treatment was performed between 8 to 9 am, under clear skies, 17°C, 45% RH, and < 2 mph winds. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated on 21 Sep by sampling four branches from 4 sprayed and 4 unsprayed trees. The first 100 adelgids on each branch encountered were recorded as dead or alive; 1600 adelgids were examined for the treatment.
Spring Control of Pales Weevil on Fresh Cut Scotch Pine Stumps with Conventional and Experimental Formulations in Schyulkill Haven, Pennsylvania, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were applied to evaluate control of pales weevil on fresh cut stumps of Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 29 Apr and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Stump treatments were completed by drenching each stump with the formulation added to 360 ml of water. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; water pH, 7.0; 50% RH; and skies were sunny. At 167 DAT (13 Oct), the number of new chip cocoons was recorded to the first lateral root.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus in A Field Test, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a nursery field owned by Zelenka's Nursery near Allendale, MI. The part of the field used in the test consisted of 6 beds, 15-27 rows, 800 ft. long. The beds were divided into 24 treatments replicated 6 times. Each plot was 200 ft long. Eight plants per plot were flagged and the number of scale insects counted. Prespray counts were made on 18 Sep 1991 and on 25 Jun 1992. Postspray counts were made on 22 Oct 1991 and 20 Sep 1992. For all but the initial 18 Sep 1991 sample, 4 twigs from the bottom and outside of each of 8 plants were collected and evaluated for scale insects (adults and immatures) and parasites under a microscope in the lab. The initial sample was taken by visually examining each shrub for 30 s for the number of adult females. The plots in this field received the same treatments both years. In 1991 Dursban was applied in 50 or 200 gal of water per acre. In 1992, both Dursban treatments were applied in 50 gal of water per acre. Applications were made on 24-26 Sep 1991 and 7-8 Jul 1992 using a modified airblast sprayer. The sprayer concentrates the spray downward to better penetrate the shrubs.
Apple, Evaluation of Pyrellin E.C. in Dip Water to Control Redbanded Leafroller and Tufted Apple Bud Moth Larvae on Apples Before Placement in Storage, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R. L.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to gather preliminary data on the possibility of controlling RBLR adhering to fruit before it is placed in storage. Since most apples enter packing sheds via a water dump, and since the insecticide under test is registered for use on harvested produce, including fruit, adding the toxicant to the dip water appeared to be a possible, practical control method. Test No. 1: Thirty apples with RBLR larvae adhering to the surfaces of the fruit were obtained from a bin of drop apples collected from under the trees in a commercial apple orchard on 20 Oct. Larvae were disturbed as little as possible during collection and leaves covering the larval sites were left in place. Each infested apple was marked by sticking an aluminum shingle nail into the fruit some distance from the location of the insect. The infested fruit was randomly distributed among the fruit filling a one bushel packing crate. Fifty gallons of untreated well water was placed in a galvanized tank and 12 fl. oz. of Pyrellin E.C. was thoroughly mixed with the water. A wooden cover was held on top of the fruit to keep it in the crate while the crate was immersed in the pesticide solution for one minute. Following dipping, the crate was placed on an outside, roofed, loading dock where it remained until the larvae were examined twenty-four hours later. Test No. 2: This test, conducted on 26 Oct, was similar in most respects to test No. 1. However, the apples came from a different orchard. In test 2, a plastic garbage bag was placed under the crate after dipping in an attempt to capture exiting larvae. Prior to this test the grower had reported a heavy population of tufted apple bud moth, however it was found to be RBLR when larvae from the test were collected.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Cabbage and Lettuce, 1992
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T.
Published: March 2022

Commercial cabbage and lettuce heads were purchased from a wholesale distributor (Fresno, Calif). The outer leaves were removed and the diameter of each head was measured. Head size ranged between 12-18 cm for lettuce. A replicate of six heads of either cabbage or lettuce were weighed individually, placed in a 28 liter fiberglass fumigation chamber, and fumigated for 2 h with either 32 g/m3 at 23°C, 40 g/m3 at 21°C or 48 g/m3 at 15°C. Each fumigation schedule was replicated six times for both cabbage and lettuce. Two control groups of 3-6 heads of either cabbage or lettuce for each fumigation schedule were handled in the same manner as treated heads but were not fumigated. The effect on commodity quality for each fumigation schedule was evaluated in three replicates and one control group after 1 wk in storage in three replicates and the second control group after 2 wk in storage at 1-2°C. Each head was weighed and examined for exterior damage and cut longitudinally through the stem to determine interior damage. Quality was scored as follows: cabbage, (0) no damage caused by methyl bromide exposure when compared with the controls, (1) slight damage appearing as yellowed on mottled necrotic areas that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, (2) moderate damage appearing as mottled necrotic areas that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, no internal damage; lettuce, (0) no damage caused by methyl bromide exposure when compared with controls, (1) slight damage, (2) moderate damage appearing as stippled areas of necrotic tissue prevalent around the stem end that could not be removed with the outer three leaves, browning of outer leaf veins and internal areas adjacent to the stem.
Insecticide Efficacy in German Cockroach Control, 1992
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Abamectin was applied into or near cracks and crevices with a Whitmire flowable dust applicator. Other forumulations were applied from self-pressurized, aerosol-type containers as pin-stream sprays into cracks and crevices. Single-family dwellings, located in Edgecombe or Lenoir counties, NC, served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. Insecticide reapplications were made in kitchens where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize movement of German cockroaches into treated areas. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens, were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of each kitchen floor and wall space varied the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.1 to 6.2 g and from 0.0 to 1.7 g for the reapplications, respectively. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because partical cockroach control usually resulted from the initial applications.
Evaluation of Three Cyfluthrin Ear Tag Formulations for Control of Flies on Beef Cattle, 1992
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Three herds (60-120 head per herd) of Angus cattle (cow-calf, or yearling heifers) located at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, were tagged with one of three ear tag formulations. On 19 May each of the herds was tagged (2 tags per head) with either Cutter Gold tags, experimental tags containing 10% cyfluthrin, or experimental tags containing 5% cyfluthrin and 30% piperonyl butoxide (PBO). A herd consisting of 10 yearling heifers served as untreated controls. Fly density was determined by making biweekly counts on all cattle in the untreated herd and on 15 head in the treated herds. Counts were made of face flies/face, horn flies/animal, and stable flies per front legs. One pretreatment (18 May) and 10 posttreatment counts were made.
Apple, Efficacy of Insecticide Residues on Codling Moth, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied to apple (Red Delicious) with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. Four to five trees in the same row were treated with the same product. All treatments were made on 4 Sep. Fruit were collected at 3-4 d intervals for 25 d following the application. Ten fruit were collected from each treatment each sample date. Fruit were picked by the stem so as not to disrupt residues, placed directly into 14-oz paper cups held in a large plastic food storage container. Fruit were returned to the laboratory and allowed to remain at room temperature overnight with the exception of the first sample which was allowed to come to room temperature and dry before larvae were introduced onto the apples. Codling moth eggs were obtained from a colony maintained at the USDA-ARS Fruit Research Laboratory in Yakima. This colony is known to be susceptible to azinphosmethyl and probably to all the insecticides used in this test. Five newly hatched CM larvae (less than one h old) were transferred to each apple (50 larvae per treatment) using a small camel's hair brush. Lids were placed on the food storage containers and kept at room temperature (70-75°F) for 4 d. After 4 d, fruit were removed from the cups and the number of entries (as indicated by the presence of frass) counted. Entry sites were then dissected to determine if the CM larvae were alive or dead.
Pear, Laboratory Screening of Pesticides Against Grape Mealybug, 1992
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Candidate pesticides were applied as topical sprays in a Potter spray tower to overwintering crawler-stage nymphs collected from commercial pear orchards in the Wenatchee area. Five serial dilutions and a water control were applied to two replications of 10 crawlers held in 50 X 9 mm Petri dishes. After 48 h exposure the number of dead crawlers was determined with the aid of 15 X magnification. Diazinon, the standard treatment used in commercial pear orchards, was tested against two populations; one from an orchard where this material had not provided control in 1991, the other from a pear block on the Research Center that had not been treated with insecticides during the last 20 yr. All other materials were tested against the population from the commercial orchard. Percent kill was corrected for mortality in water controls using Abbott's formula.
Tomato Fruitworm Control on Processing Tomato, 1977
Authors: Kennedy George G. , Wade Henry F.
Published: March 2022

‘Campbell 37’ processing tomatoes were direct seeded on June 2, 1977, at the North Carolina State University, Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. There were 40 single-row plots 20 ft long and 3.75 ft wide. Plots were separated within rows by 5 ft of bare ground and between rows by one untreated row of tomatoes. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied as sprays using a CO2-Powered back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles and delivering 100 gal/A at 40 psi on July 28, August 4, 11, 19, 26, and September 2, 1977. All ripe, ripening, and rotten fruits were harvested on August 28 and September 12 and examined for injury by FT. zea.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1977
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded November 9, 1976, in Rockdale soil and later thinned to 1 plant per ft. Each plot was a single row, 15 ft long on a 6-ft center. There were 4 replica-tions per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly (except for Temik which was applied as a preplant, 1-ft-wide band) from December 16 to March 31 with a tractor-mounted sprayer using 5 nozzles per row and delivering 100 gal water/A at 250 psi. On January 5 the number of live L. sativae larvae and apterous M. persicae per terminal trifoliate of 10 randomly selected leaves (fourth fully expanded leaf from the growing terminal) per plot were counted. The number of live K. lycoperscella larvae were determined from the same sampling procedure on April 1. Pink and ripe fruit were harvested March 17, 24, 30, and April 7. The percent S. eridania and K. lycoperscella damaged fruit was determined by examining 10 randomly selected fruit from each plot on March 30 and April 7. Leafminer and pinworm pressure was less severe than normal as a result of the severe freeze January 20. The plants were saved by the use of overhead irrigation. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate treatment means.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Rosemount, Minnesota, 1977
Authors: Amaya Luz M. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Insecticidal sprays were applied to ‘Vernal’ alfalfa in 3 experiments at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Experiment A was sprayed July 8, experiment B sprayed August 1 and again August 16, and experiment C sprayed September 6. Second year alfalfa was used for experiment A and B, 1st year alfalfa for experiment C. A complete randomized block design was used for each experiment with 3 replications in experiment A and B and 4 replications in experiment C. For experiment A, individual plots were 16 X 85 ft; for experiment B, 22 X 150 ft; and for experiment C, 10 X 60 ft. The sprays were applied by a tractor-drawn boom sprayer in 60 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Arthropods were sampled by sweep net in experiments A and B and by vacuum-machine in experiment C. In experiment A, samples were based on 25 sweeps per plot of a standard insect net, in experiment B on 50 sweeps per plot, and in experiment C samples were based on 10 “put-downs” of an 8 inch dia vacuum-hose (equivalent to a sample of ca 3.5 ft2/plot). In each experiment, plots were sampled 1 day following application of insecticidal sprays.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa was planted at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York, on April 23, 1975. First spray went on when alfalfa was 4-6 in. high; however, heavy rain of 1/4 in. washed off sprays which were reapplied on July 1, 1976 when alfalfa was 8-10 in. high. A complete randomized block design of 3 replications was used. Each plot was 12 x 25 ft (300 sq ft/plot). Clear seeding was done with seed drill 2 in. between units at 20 lb/A. On April 27, 1976, 600 lb/A of 1-10-40 fertilizer with boron was applied. Eptam and other PPI treatments applied on April 23, 1976. Broadcast foliar sprays were applied with 6 ft hand held boom with a CO2 bottle sprayer using 1/2 gallon bottles per plot and applying 72.6 GPA.
Furadan 10G (Carbofuran) Applied to Alfalfa at Planting for Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Pienkowski R. L. , Blakeslee R. D.
Published: March 2022

The insecticide was applied to the soil surface at planting (Apr 15, 1977). Field size was ca. 1.2 ha with 3 other similar fields nearby on a contour planted slope in Montgomery Co., Va. Soil type and fertility prior to planting was Allen sandy-loam, pH 6.5, Ca 1959, Mg 398, P 165, K 210. Plot size was 3 x 6 m, replicated 4 times. Insects were sampled using 15 pendulum sweeps per plot with a 37.5 cm diameter net. Alfalfa height was measured at 5 locations in each plot on July 5. Stem density at a height of 25 cm was measured July 6 at 3 locations per plot for a total area of 0.1 m2/plot. No direct yield samples were taken because of the high density of common ragweed, Ambrosiaartemisiifolia L., and common lambsquarters, Chenopodiumalbum L. An estimate of yield was obtained by multiplying average height times average stem density.
Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J. E.
Published: March 2022

In a field test at Charlotte Court House, Virginia, five insecticides were tested to determine their efficacy in controlling fall armyworm on conventionally tilled corn. Furadan 10G, Dyfonate 20G, and Dyfonate I0GK were applied with a cyclone seeder to large non-replicated plots (0.1 m x 44.2m). Penncap-M and two concentrations of Lorsban 4E were applied with a 11.4 litre hand compressed air sprayer calibrated at the rate of 87.1 litre per acre at 25-30 psi. Three replications of each treatment were applied to .9 m x 44.2 m plots per replicate in a randomized block design. Evaluations of treatments were made 48 hr after application by counting the number of live fall armyworms from the center 10.1 m row of each replicate. Percent control was calculated on untreated checks. All insecticides were compared to controls witbin the design.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1977
Authors: Onsager Jerome A. , Mazuranich Philip C.
Published: March 2022

An undiluted formulation containing 92% technical fenitrothion (supplied by Stauffer Chemical Company) was applied at rates of 4 and 6 fluid oz/acre to 4 square 10-acre plots per dosage near Laurel, Montana on July 12, 1977. Applications were made at 45 psi pressure with a Piper Pawnee aircraft equipped with 2 or 4 Tee-jet flat fan No. 8001 nozzles. Flight speed was 90 mph, flight height was 20 ft, and swath width was 75 ft. These treatments were compared with a standard application of 8 fluid oz of ULV malathion/acre applied under the same conditions except that 8 nozzles were used. All nozzles were directed 45 degrees down and back to prevent atomization of droplets. Results were assessed by counting grasshoppers in 50 estimated 1-yd2 subsamples in each treated plot and also in 4 contiguous untreated plots located outside of the experimental area. Counts were made on ‘ July 11, 15, 19, and 26. The species listed above comprised 49, 25, 6, and 11% of the pretreatment infestation, respectively.
Soybean, Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

Twenty-eight soybean plots were located 2 miles northeast of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30 in. centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 7 treatments. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting on May 23. Granular insecticidetwere applied with a 2-row John Deere 71 flex planter. Plants emerged June 1 and were rotary hoed June 4. Plots were samples (10-ft2/plot) with a D-Vac vacuum insect net (1-ft2 sampling core) on June 15 (15-days post-emergence, plants with 2 trifoliate leaves), June 30 (30-days post-emergence, 6 trifoliate leaves), July 15 (45-days post-emergence, beginning bloom) and July 29 (59-days post-emergence, pods beginning to form). Samples were examined for potato leafhoppers in the laboratory. Stand counts were taken and plants examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., discoloration of leaves and stunting of plants on July 15. Total rainfall for the sampling period was 2.94 in., 8.07 in. less than normal for the same period.
Wireworm Control on Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Horton R. H. , Collins W. K. , Todd F. A.
Published: March 2022

On-farm tests were conducted in Craven, Hertford, Lee, Martin, Orange, Sampson, and Wayne counties to determine the effectiveness of insecticides applied separately and in various combinations for control of wireworms on flue-cured tobacco. Four replications were used at Craven and Wayne while other sites had only 2 replications, with 4 rows (42 in apart and 78 ft long) per plot. Additionally, at Hertford, Martin, and Sampson sites, small plots consisting of 2 rows 26 ft long were established with 4 replications. Some insecticides were disced into the soil and rows riged while others were placed in the transplanter water. Ten to 14 days after transplant, 25 plants per plot (which had been double set on the center 2 rows) were dug and removed to the laboratory where stems were washed, split lengthwise and examined for wireworm injury according to the following numerical evaluation criteria: 0 - no damage; 1 - no apparant damage other than scarification feeding on the epidermis; 2 - little apparent damage but feeding holes reach pith of stem; 3 - plants greatly weakened from tunneling in stem; 4- plants killed due to extensive tunneling. Wireworm specimens were collected and identified from plants and adjacent soil. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Knockdown and Residual Effects of Foliar Sprays, IRRI Laboratory, 1976
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S.
Published: March 2022

Four replications of one 45 day old plant each were sprayed with 12.5 ml of a 0.04% spray solution per plant using a fine drop atomizer while revolving on a turntable. Plants were placed in an air conditioned room at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C. One day after treatment (DT) 15 adult insects of each species were placed on the treated plants which were covered with a mylar cage. Mortality values were determined at 48 hours after placing the insects on the treated plants. At 7 and 14 DT a new group of insects were placed on the plants and mortality values recorded to determine residual activity. Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott’s formula.
Contact Toxicity of O,O-Dimethyl 2,2,2-Trichloro-l-Hydroxyethyl Phosphonate and Its Acyloxy and Vinyl Derivatives, 1970-71
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Crisp Carl E. , Look Melvin
Published: March 2022

Topical application tests of the contact toxicity of trichlorfon and a congeneric series of acyloxy and vinyl derivatives were conducted on last-stage western spruce bodworm. Except for the lower acyloxy derivatives, all acyloxy trichlorfon derivatives were synthesized by the slight excess (5%) of trichlorfon and freshly distilled acid chloride in refluxing benzene. After termination of the hydrogen chloride evolution, the benzene solution was washed with water to remove unreacted trichlorfon, dried with sodium sulfate, and the solvent removed to yield acyloxy trichlorfon. The lower acyloxy (C1 to C4) trichlorfon derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of acid anhydride with trichlorfon. After termination of the reaction, they were processed in the same way as the higher derivatives. Insects tested were from the 28th to 30th generations of a non-diapausing laboratory colony. Four concentrations serially diluted from a freshly prepared concentrate were used in each of 3 replications of each test. All chemicals were applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M micro-applicator equipped with a 1/4-cc tuberculin syringe. A dose of 1 μl/100 mg body weight was applied to the thoracic dorsa of CO2-anesthetized larvae weighing 70-110 mg. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Andorra Juniper, Fletcher Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

On May 27, 1977, a series of five treatments were applied to an experimental planting of Andorra junipers at the Purdue Agronomy Farm. The junipers were infested with the Fletcher scale and at the time of treatment the crawlers were emerging. Sprays were applied with a B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. Air temperature was 85 F and the wind was calm. The experiment was replicated five times. One month after treatment 6 inch twig samples were removed, placed in paper sacks and returned to the laboratory and refrigerated until counts of the nymphs were made under a binocular microscope. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity.