bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ontologia para mapeamento da dependência tecnológica de objetos digitais no contexto da curadoria e preservação digital
Authors: Yamaoka Eloi Juniti
Published: June 2015

Introdução: As transformações tecnológicas que afetam a geração, tratamento e armazenagem de objetos digitais têm desafiado os profissionais quanto à dependência de hardware e de software para criar, consumir e monitorar o conteúdo de tais objetos, e garantir acesso a seus conteúdos.O trabalho apresenta os problemas decorrentes da mudança de paradigma da informação fixada em papel para o ambiente digital; os avanços alcançados nas teorias e técnicas de curadoria e preservação de objetos digitais; e a descrição de uma ontologia para sistematizar os conceitos basilares da dependência tecnológica de objetos digitais. Método: o estudo tem base bibliográfico documental apresentando conceitos e técnicas desenvolvidos no campo da curadoria e preservação digital. Descreve uma ontologia elaborada com o software Protégé. Resultados: Apresenta os conceitos de documento, documento digital, objeto digital, preservação e curadoria digital e propõe uma ontologia de apoio ao processo de mapeamento da tecnologia necessária para decodificar os objetos digitais em sinais inteligíveis a humanos. Conclusão: Uma adequada conceituação de documento digital e objeto digital permite a elaboração de soluções que visam a preservação digital. A ontologia proposta poderá apoiar as organizações no mapeamento dos riscos e das perdas que podem ocorrer numa substituição ou desativação de componentes tecnológicos em ambientes computacionais.Em trabalhos futuros a ontologia deverá ser aprimorada e validada, buscando-se investigar seu alinhamento a requisitos e padrões já especificados para a preservação digital.
Panorama brasileiro sobre a proteção de dados pessoais: discussão e análise comparada
Authors: Lima Caio Cesar Carvalho , Monteiro Renato Leite
Published: June 2015

Introdução: Considerando-se o movimento mundial relativo à segurança jurídica e aos marcos regulatórios para a proteção de dados pessoais expõe o atual panorama no Brasil e analisa o Anteprojeto Brasileiro de Proteção de Dados Pessoais. Discorre sobre distintos aspectos referentes à privacidade, à intimidade e aos dados de pessoas naturais e estabelece uma análise comparada com legislação estrangeira. Método: Levantamento de legislação, de doutrina e de jurisprudência nacional e internacional. Resultados: Atualmente o Brasil dispõe de uma proteção dispersa e não específica sobre o tema proteção de dados. Menções aparecem em capítulos, artigos, parágrafos e incisos de diferentes normas legislativas e em decisões jurisprudenciais. Ao se analisar o Anteprojeto Brasileiro de Proteção de Dados Pessoais verifica-se a necessidade de esclarecimentos e aprofundamentos em determinados artigos e incisos especialmente os que tratam da titularidade dos dados, a segurança dos repositórios de dados públicos e privados, a necessidade de criação de criação de entidade regulatória autônoma, e a ausência, no momento, de aplicação de penas em âmbito criminal. A Diretiva Europeia de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (EC 95/46) e a Lei de Proteção de Dados Canadense são as normativas que inspiraram o Anteprojeto. Conclusões: A proliferação de novas tecnologias e, principalmente, da Internet no país pressiona para a existência de marcos legais. Considerando-se que o objetivo do texto do Anteprojeto não é somente a proteção dos dados pessoais, mas também o estabelecimento de um paradigma jurídico - que possa servir de sustentáculo para investimentos econômicos e desenvolvimento tecnológico - o dispositivo também poderia contemplar as proteções de ordem econômica e das relações de consumo que envolvem o cidadão.
Plataformas móveis, gamificação e aprendizagem
Authors: Dubiela Rafael Pereira , Battaiola André Luiz
Published: June 2015

Os Professores Rafael Dubiela e André Battaiola da UFPR respondem questões elaboradas por pesquisadores da Universidade Casagrande - UCG/Equador. As perguntas se referem à aprendizagem baseada (que se utiliza) de plataformas móveis. Discorrem sobre os recursos disponíveis, as diferenças entre a aprendizagem tradicional e aquela baseada em tais dispositivos, o impacto dos equipamentos móveis na aprendizagem e discutem o que caracteriza o futuro nesta temática. [Idiomas disponíveis: português e espanhol].
Influencia de los juegos en la percepción del aprendizaje logrado y en la motivación a participar en clase: estudio de caso
Authors: Garcia Arroyo José Antonio
Published: June 2015

Introdução: O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar como uma aplicação de jogo, envolvendo temas ministrados na disciplina Planejamento Estratégico de Recursos Humanos - ministrada na Faculdade de Ecologia Humana, Educação e Desenvolvimento da Universidade Casa Grande/Equador - incentiva e motiva os alunos para participar das atividades em classe; e, como tal experiência afeta sua aprendizagem. Método: Nos semestre de aula dos anos de 2012 e 2013, os alunos foram estimulados a trabalhar em grupo e participar de desafios e atividades em sala de aula com o apoio de um jogo. Aplicou-se o questionário de avaliação padrão utilizado por toda a Universidade que visa medir as percepções da aprendizagem e inclui a metodologia de avaliação. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma relação positiva entre o uso da metodologia e os objetivos de aprendizagem atingidos, o que não foi só percebido pelos alunos, mas refletido em suas notas. Conclusões: Conclui-se que o uso de jogos incentiva e motiva os alunos a trabalhar em grupo, a participar ativamente em sala de aula, e a realizar atividades desafiadoras, inovadoras e interessantes.
Bibliotecas universitárias federais e a noção de bens públicos
Authors: Caetano Ana Carolina De Souza
Published: June 2015

Introdução: Aborda a noção de esfera pública, bens públicos e o acesso ao conhecimento no contexto das bibliotecas universitárias federais brasileiras com o objetivo de refletir, sob a perspectiva de Habermas (2003) e Bobbio (2007), os desafios de tais instituições enquanto bens públicos e, por conseguinte, facilitadoras do acesso aos registros do conhecimento em instituições de ensino superior federais. Tem como objetivo analisar a aplicação da noção de bens públicos nas bibliotecas universitárias federais, verificando os desdobramentos deste reconhecimento nas condições de acesso aos registros do conhecimento. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica respaldada inicialmente nos autores supracitados, adicionando-se considerações derivadas de documentos que apresentam programas estatais e estudos acadêmicos que discutem a necessidade de efetiva política pública para as bibliotecas universitárias federais brasileiras. Resultados: Considerou-se que as bibliotecas universitárias federais brasileiras operam como contribuintes na construção do conhecimento científico e na formação humana e, ainda que não se reconheça a biblioteca universitária como “bem público” no âmbito da esfera pública, os documentos analisados reforçam a necessidade de articular distintas políticas públicas e investir na recomposição de quadros de bibliotecários. Conclusão: Enfatiza-se a importância das bibliotecas universitárias federais brasileiras como bens públicos devido a sua condição de agente contribuinte no acesso aos registros do conhecimento, promotora social da informação e partícipe na formação humana e como espaço a ser apropriado efetivamente por distintos atores sociais.
“Maquiagem verde” na comunicação gráfica de condomínios residenciais em Caruaru-Pernambuco
Authors: Silva Tamires Maria De Lima , Oliveira Emilio Augusto Gomes de
Published: June 2015

Introdução: O termo greenwashing (“maquiagem verde”), é utilizado para denominar o modo de comunicação desenvolvido por empreendedores ao tentar mascarar as verdades que permeiam seus produtos e serviços, o que pode denotar um fraco comprometimento ambiental. Com base na análise de meios gráficos propagativos de atributos sustentáveis de condomínios residenciais no município de Caruaru, Pernambuco visou-se compreender até que ponto o greenwashing está presente na propaganda deste segmento de mercado na Região. Método: Realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo, entre janeiro e março de 2012 em pontos de vendas de empreendimentos imobiliários, utilizando-se peças publicitárias de divulgação dos empreendimentos complementada por conversas informais com corretores e outras pessoas responsáveis pela comercialização destes. Entre os materiais gráficos disponíveis destacam-se os sites web dos empreendimentos, os folderes, catálogos e outdoors, e os estandes de venda. Resultados: Todos os empreendimentos analisados apresentaram determinado grau de inserção no contexto estabelecido para os “seis pecados do greenwashing” bem como no artigo 36º. do CONAR, referente à infração da autenticidade publicitária em seus meios gráficos. Conclusão: O crescimento exponencial da cidade de Caruaru atraiu empreendimentos dos mais diversificados setores. Contudo, urge pensar que uma cidade ao ser moldada para novos olhares e conceitos de vida, deve unicamente desenvolver-se em concordância com ações de fato consolidadas em um transparente desenvolvimento sustentável, onde todos os interessados sejam verdadeiramente contemplados.
Bioavailability of Mineral Nutrients in Plantain Based Product Enriched With Bambara Groundnut Protein Concentrate
Authors: Kiin-Kabari David B. , Giami Sunday Y. , Ndokiari Boisa
Published: June 2015

Plantain based products (amala, cookies, bread and cakes) enriched with bambara groundnut protein concentrate were produced. Total minerals content of the products were investigated using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A total of six essential minerals: iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium were determined. The bioavailability of these minerals was studied using pepsin and pancreatin enzymes in-vitro digestion method. The products developed were high in potassium, iron and phosphorous and low in sodium. However not all the minerals detected were bioavailable. Only 59.7% and 68.1% of potassium were available in soluble forms in bread and ‘amala’, respectively while 60.0% and 64.8% of iron were released in soluble forms in ‘amala’ and cookies and these values are significantly higher, compared to 53.0% Fe and 50.2% Fe released as soluble fractions in bread and cakes, respectively. The Ca/P ratio for cakes and bread are 1.1 and 0.8, respectively which is significantly higher (P > 0.05) compared to Ca/P ratio for ‘amala’ (0.4) and cookies (0.5). Therefore, the developed cakes and bread can serve as good sources of calcium and phosphorous which are considered essential for bone formation and teeth development in children.
Inbreng van giften, de legitieme en de langstlevende echtgenoot
Authors: van Es P.C.
Published: June 2015

Inbreng van giften, de legitieme en de langstlevende echtgenoot

Deze bijdrage ziet op de regeling van de inbreng van giften, waarbij in het bijzonder aandacht wordt besteed aan: (1) de regel van artikel 4:233 lid 2 BW dat inbreng niet verplicht is voor zover de waarde van de gift groter is dan het aandeel van de erfgenaam; (2) de wijze waarop de regeling van de inbreng en die van inkorting van giften (in het kader van de legitieme) elkaar wederzijds kunnen beïnvloeden; en (3) de (on)mogelijkheid om kinderen door middel van de inbreng van giften gelijk te behandelen bij het van toepassing zijn van de wettelijke verdeling.
Has the Sun Set on Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells?
Authors: Wrenn Toshia L. , McBride James R. , Smith Nathanael J. , Rosenthal Sandra J.
Published: June 2015

A reminder, a review and a look toward the future prospects for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells — a reminder of the highly viable, energy-efficient solar cells achievable; a review of ground-breaking devices and their similarities to the near unity photon-to-electron mechanisms of photosynthesis; a look toward architectures that capitalize on the advances observed in previous work.
HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 Immunohistochemistry in Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine and Ampullary Region
Authors: Lagana Stephen , Hsiao Susan , Bao Fei , Sepulveda Antonia , Moreira Roger , Lefkowitch Jay , Remotti Helen
Published: June 2015

Context

HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 are urea cycle enzymes used to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from other carcinomas. HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, is known to be immunoreactive with normal human small intestine.

Objectives

To better define and compare the immunohistochemical staining patterns of HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 in adenocarcinomas arising in the small intestine, including the ampullary region.

Design

Staining for HepPar-1 and Arginase-1 was performed on 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas and 32 adenocarcinomas from the ampullary region. Ampullary adenocarcinomas were divided into intestinal morphology (15), pancreatobiliary morphology (14), and unclassifiable (3). Nonneoplastic small intestinal mucosa and colorectal adenocarcinomas were used as control groups.

Results

HepPar-1 stained 12 of 20 nonampullary small intestinal adenocarcinomas, with a median of 63% of cells staining in positive cases. It also stained 11 of 15 ampullary carcinomas with intestinal morphology, with a median of 75% of cells staining in positive cases. Two of 14 ampullary carcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology were positive for HepPar-1. Arginase-1 showed positivity in 2 ampullary region carcinomas and diffuse positivity in 1 duodenal adenocarcinoma. Two of 22 colorectal carcinomas stained for HepPar-1 with none positive for Arginase-1.

Conclusions

HepPar-1, but not Arginase-1, usually shows positivity in small intestinal adenocarcinomas and ampullary adenocarcinomas with intestinal morphology, but only rarely shows positivity in ampullary adenocarcinomas with pancreatobiliary morphology. HepPar-1 positivity in metastatic adenocarcinoma with intestinal morphology is suggestive of an upper gastrointestinal primary site.
Determination of Genotypes Using a Fully Automated Molecular Detection System
Authors: Spizz Gwendolyn , Chen Zongyuan , Li Peng , McGuire I. Cristina , Klimkiewicz Paulina , Zysling Devin , Yasmin Rubina , Hungerford Whitney , Thomas Benjamin , Wilding Gregory , Mouchka Gregory , Young Lincoln , Zhou Peng , Montagna Richard A.
Published: June 2015

Context

Although the value of pharmacogenomics to improve patient outcomes has become increasingly clear, adoption in medical practice has been slow, which can be attributed to several factors, including complicated and expensive testing procedures and required equipment, lack of training by private practice physicians, and reluctance of both private and commercial payers to reimburse for such testing.

Objectives

To evaluate a fully automated molecular detection system for human genotyping assays, starting with anticoagulated whole blood samples, and to perform all sample preparation, assay, and analysis steps automatically with actionable results reported by the system's software.

Design

The genotypes of 254 random individuals were determined by performing bidirectional DNA sequencing, and that information was used to statistically train the imaging software of the automated molecular detection system to distinguish the 3 possible genotypes (ie, homozygous wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant) at each of 3 different loci (CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1).

Results

—The resulting software algorithm was able to correctly identify the genotypes of all 254 individuals (100%) evaluated without any further user analysis.

Conclusions

The EncompassMDx workstation (Rheonix, Inc, Ithaca, New York) is a molecular detection system that can automatically determine the genotypes of individuals in an unattended manner. Considerably less technical expertise was required to achieve results identical to those obtained using more complex, time-consuming, and expensive bidirectional DNA sequencing. This optimized system may dramatically simplify and reduce the costs of pharmacogenomics testing, thus leading to more-widespread use.
Multiphoton Microscopy: A Potential Intraoperative Tool for the Detection of Carcinoma In Situ in Human Bladder
Authors: Jain Manu , Robinson Brian D. , Shevchuk Maria M. , Aggarwal Amit , Salamoon Bekheit , Dubin Justin M. , Scherr Douglas S. , Mukherjee Sushmita
Published: June 2015

Context

Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a precursor of invasive bladder cancer, which if left untreated, will likely progress to more aggressive disease. Approximately 50% of CIS lesions are missed on routine cystoscopy owing to their flat architecture. Furthermore, many benign but abnormal-appearing areas may be biopsied owing to lack of cellular resolution of cystoscopes. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an optical imaging technique that generates subcellular-resolution three-dimensional images from unfixed tissue without using exogenous dyes.

Objective

To assess the diagnostic potential of MPM in identifying and differentiating benign from malignant flat bladder lesions, especially CIS.

Design

Seventy-eight specimens (benign = 46, CIS = 23, invasive = 9, as diagnosed on histopathology) were obtained from flat bladder mucosa via transurethral resection of bladder, cold cup biopsy, or cystectomy, imaged fresh with a commercial benchtop MPM, and submitted for routine histopathology. Multiphoton microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin diagnoses were compared.

Results

In 77 of 78 specimens (99%), accurate MPM diagnoses (benign/malignant) were given on the basis of their architectural and cytologic features (nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, pleomorphism, polarity/organization of urothelial layers, etc). The sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 100%, respectively, with positive (malignant) and negative (benign) predictive values of 100% and 98%, respectively. The interobserver agreement, κ, was 0.93.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the capability of MPM to identify and differentiate benign from malignant flat bladder lesions, especially CIS. With the advent of MPM endoscopes, we foresee their potential as a biopsy guidance tool for early detection and treatment of CIS, thus reducing the rate of biopsies with benign diagnoses and their associated complications.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix: A Cytology-Histology-Human Papillomavirus Correlation in Clinical Practice
Authors: Miller Ross A. , Waters Lindsay L. , Mody Dina R. , Tams Kimberlee C.
Published: June 2015

Context

Cervical cancer mortality has declined by 74% in the United States since the implementation of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Nevertheless, more than 12 000 US women annually develop cervical cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCa) remains the predominant cervical malignancy.

Objective

To evaluate screening techniques used in the detection of SqCa of the cervix and provide insights regarding which technique(s) is (are) most efficacious in our study population.

Design

We retrospectively reviewed all available cytologic, human papillomavirus (HPV), and histologic malignancy burden data from patients diagnosed with SqCa. The clinical data were collected from 2 geographically and socioeconomically diverse hospital systems. Cases in which identified patients had a Pap test with a negative result/unsatisfactory specimen within 5 years of SqCa tissue diagnosis were considered Pap test screening failures. Cases in which patients were diagnosed with HPV-negative SqCa were considered HPV screening failures.

Results

Eighty-eight cases (patients' ages ranging from 19 to 73 years) were identified. Of those, cytologic history was available for 64 cases present in our electronic medical history record. Three cases were cytology screening failures (one being an unsatisfactory specimen) and 3 cases were HPV screening failures (one being the cytologic unsatisfactory case). Although measuring sensitivity in practice has limitations, we calculated the SqCa detection sensitivity at 95.3% by Pap test alone and 97% when HPV DNA testing was incorporated.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the necessity of combining Pap and HPV testing. Although the number of cases identified is relatively small, our data suggest detection failures will decrease as the practice of combining HPV and Pap testing increases.
Molecular and Histologic Considerations in the Assessment of Serrated Polyps
Authors: Yang Hui-Min , Mitchell James M. , Sepulveda Jorge L. , Sepulveda Antonia R.
Published: June 2015

Context

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease resulting from different molecular pathways of carcinogenesis. Recent data evaluating the histologic features and molecular basis of the serrated polyp–carcinoma pathway have significantly contributed to more comprehensive classifications of and treatment recommendations for these tumors.

Objective

To integrate the most recent molecular findings in the context of histologic classifications of serrated lesions and their implications in diagnostic pathology and colorectal cancer surveillance.

Data Sources

Published literature focused on serrated polyps and their association with colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

Three types of serrated polyps are currently recognized: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. The BRAF V600E mutation is one of the most frequent molecular abnormalities identified in hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas. In contrast, in traditional serrated adenomas, either BRAF V600E or KRAS mutations can be frequently identified. CpG methylation has emerged as a critical molecular mechanism in the sessile serrated pathway. CpG methylation of MLH1 often leads to reduced or lost expression in dysplastic foci and carcinomas arising in sessile serrated adenomas/polyps.
The State of Water/Wastewater Utility Sustainability: A North American Survey
Authors: Landis Amy E.
Published: June 2015

A North American survey on current sustainable infrastructure practices among water and wastewater utilities was conducted in April 2014. The survey queried utilities on the types of infrastructure practices they use, ranging from renewable energy to infrastructure repair to demand management. The survey also collected information on utilities' sustainability‐related reporting, project evaluation, and decision‐making. The survey found that less than half of utilities that responded implement some form of sustainability practice. Of the 125 US respondents, 18% of utilities reported publishing a sustainability policy or vision statement. A large fraction of utilities reported not using sustainability tools or metrics; 26% of respondents reported using no metrics, and 46% of utilities used no sustainability tools. Energy and water audits (30 and 28%, respectively) were by far the most common tools used by utilities to evaluate the sustainability of their infrastructure. Less than 4% of respondents reported using Envision, the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure's rating system.
Changer la face des joueurs ou amplifier leurs défauts. La leçon de morale derrière l’histoire des Lavigueur en deux temps de mesure (1986-2008)
Authors: Gadbois Jocelyn
Published: June 2015

Pour illustrer l’intérêt de la théorie de la fonction sociale des faits divers de Georges Auclair et de ses successeurs, l’auteur propose d’analyser le cas de la saga de la famille Lavigueur qui a gagné, en 1986, un gros lot du Lotto 6/49. Pour ce faire, il mène une analyse sémique simple sur un corpus d’articles, de créations télévisuelles et de caricatures en deux temps de mesure, soit d’une part le moment où cette famille a gagné au Lotto 6/49 jusqu’à l’annonce de l’achat de leur résidence à l’Île-aux-Pruches et d’autre part celui de la diffusion de la télésérie Les Lavigueur, la vraie histoire. Il dégage que le traitement des faits divers entourant la famille Lavigueur a eu pour fonction de faire peur aux Québécois afin qu’ils modèrent leur consommation de jeu. En stigmatisant les Lavigueur, les journalistes, artistes et caricaturistes ont insisté sur l’idée que la loterie a le pouvoir maléfique non pas de transformer la nature humaine, mais au contraire de la révéler au grand jour, ce qui offre aux Québécois une image caricaturale d’eux-mêmes.
Le leadership et le discours dans la mobilisation d'acteurs du développement
Authors: Stecq Hervé , Simard Martin
Published: June 2015

Le phénomène de la migration des jeunes affecte les espaces ruraux et les villes petites et moyennes depuis plusieurs décennies au Québec. Avec la baisse de la natalité, cette forme de migration est devenue plus visible à partir des années 1990 et elle a suscité une mobilisation des acteurs du milieu dans la région du Saguenay−Lac-Saint-Jean. Le regroupement Action-jeunesse (RAJ02) y a orchestré l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie MigrAction, une politique originale conçue régionalement qui a nécessité la coordination fine d’un grand nombre d’acteurs sur plusieurs années. Notre recherche visait à comprendre les mécanismes d’activation d’une dynamique d’acteurs territorialisés. Le but précis de l’étude était de démontrer que la mobilisation des acteurs se manifeste à travers les interactions. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à deux éléments : le leadership et le discours. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons effectué des entrevues semi-dirigées d’acteurs régionaux et une revue de presse. La recherche a illustré les rôles du leadership et du discours lors de la mobilisation au sein d’un réseau d’acteurs. Ainsi, la construction d’un discours commun fait appel à l’exercice d’un leadership qui permet la coopération des acteurs. De plus, les jeunes acteurs du développement engagés dans la stratégie MigrAction y ont trouvé une forme d’auto-légitimation de leur choix résidentiel ainsi que des éléments d’affirmation identitaire.
Consistent global structures of complex RNA states through multidimensional chemical mapping
Authors: Cheng Clarence Yu , Chou Fang-Chieh , Kladwang Wipapat , Tian Siqi , Cordero Pablo , Das Rhiju
Published: June 2015

Accelerating discoveries of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in myriad biological processes pose major challenges to structural and functional analysis. Despite progress in secondary structure modeling, high-throughput methods have generally failed to determine ncRNA tertiary structures, even at the 1-nm resolution that enables visualization of how helices and functional motifs are positioned in three dimensions. We report that integrating a new method called MOHCA-seq (Multiplexed •OH Cleavage Analysis with paired-end sequencing) with mutate-and-map secondary structure inference guides Rosetta 3D modeling to consistent 1-nm accuracy for intricately folded ncRNAs with lengths up to 188 nucleotides, including a blind RNA-puzzle challenge, the lariat-capping ribozyme. This multidimensional chemical mapping (MCM) pipeline resolves unexpected tertiary proximities for cyclic-di-GMP, glycine, and adenosylcobalamin riboswitch aptamers without their ligands and a loose structure for the recently discovered human HoxA9D internal ribosome entry site regulon. MCM offers a sequencing-based route to uncovering ncRNA 3D structure, applicable to functionally important but potentially heterogeneous states.
Pensando com o desenvolvimento regional: subsídios para um programa forte em desenvolvimento regional
Authors: Mattedi Marcos Antônio
Published: June 2015

O texto aborda o tema do desenvolvimento regional. Mais precisamente, os pressupostos epistemológicos, teóricos e metodológicos relacionados à produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional. Argumentamos que a produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional é reflexivo, contextual e relacional. Para desenvolver esse argumento, o texto foi dividido em cinco partes: ele inicia com uma breve introdução em que são apresentados os desafios relacionados à produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional; na segunda parte são apresentadas as bases epistemológicas necessárias para a produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional, que chamamos de reflexiva; na terceira parte enfocamos os pressupostos teóricos relacionados à causalidade do desenvolvimento regional; na quarta procura-se desenvolver as bases metodológicas da produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional com base em um modelo relacional; na última parte extraímos algumas consequências do exame epistemológico, teórico e metodológico da produção do conhecimento com o desenvolvimento regional.

Código JEL | N90; O18; R10.
Oferta e procura de emprego para os jovens na região metropolitana de Goiânia (2010-2013)
Authors: Nunes Heliane Prudente
Published: June 2015

Esse estudo aborda os aspetos conceituais de emprego e desemprego no Brasil e em Goiás, como suporte teórico para a compreensão do fenômeno da oferta e procura de emprego por parte de jovens, na região metropolitana de Goiânia. A importância dessa pesquisa se justifica pelo fato de que o desemprego constitui um dos maiores problemas no mundo atual e, em especial, no Brasil, que vem enfrentando um descompasso entre o crescimento populacional e a oferta e a procura de emprego. O artigo aborda o universo sócio-cultural do jovem desempregado, buscando examinar como as diferentes dimensões da vida familiar e escolar interferem no seu desempenho, estimulando ou entravando a sua inclusão no mundo do trabalho. Avalia ainda a relação entre a maior oferta de mão de obra sem especialização e com baixo índice de escolaridade por parte dos jovens que estão em busca do emprego, e as qualificações dos trabalhadores exigidas por parte dos empresários. Parte-se de referencial ancorado em Bourdieu, Enguita e Mannheim, além de se recorrer a fontes oficiais do governo. Os dados se baseiam em pesquisa empírica realizada com jovens e empresários na região metropolitana de Goiânia.

Código JEL | J21; J82; R12.
O conhecimento e sua influência na escolha pelo trabalho coletivo: estudo de caso na Rede de Catadores de Resíduos Sólidos Recicláveis do Estado do Ceará
Authors: Morais Roberto Tadeu Ramos , Gonçalves Newton José Cavalcante
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico do conhecimento e sua influência na construção do trabalho coletivo na Rede de Catadores de Resíduos Sólidos Recicláveis do Estado do Ceará. As atividades desenvolvidas pelos catadores são importantes para o meio ambiente e para a sociedade, porém tais trabalhadores são discriminados e marginalizados pela sociedade. O estudo tem por objetivo analisar se o nível de conhecimento formal do catador de material reciclável influencia na sua escolha pelo trabalho coletivo em uma rede de catadores. Com base nos principais teóricos da temática abordada, como Gonçalves (2005), Piaget (2007) e Quirino (2010), e na Lei 12.305/10, foram analisados os relacionamentos entre o conhecimento, a cooperação, a rede e os catadores de materiais. A metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se no enfoque sistêmico, aliado a uma pesquisa qualitativa em um estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados junto aos gestores e aos catadores de material reciclável. A partir dos resultados foi possível perceber que a adesão ao trabalho coletivo não se relaciona com o conhecimento formal obtido pelos catadores de material reciclável, uma vez que os mesmos quase não possuem conhecimento escolarizado.

Código JEL | J21; QR3; R10.
Murine Models of Helicobacter (pylori or felis)‐associated Gastric Cancer
Authors: Duckworth Carrie A. , Burkitt Michael D. , Williams Jonathan M. , Parsons Bryony N. , Tang Joseph M.F. , Pritchard D. Mark
Published: June 2015

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most common cancer and third most common cause of cancer‐related death in the world. The majority of these cancers develop in genetically susceptible individuals who are chronically infected with the Gram‐negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Often these individuals have also been exposed to certain environmental factors that increase susceptibility, such as dietary components. Murine models of Helicobacter‐induced gastric cancer are valuable tools for investigating the mechanisms responsible for the stepwise pathological changes of chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma. Helicobacter felis colonization greatly accelerates the development of gastric neoplasia in mice, and causes pathologies similar to those observed with Helicobacter pylori‐associated gastric carcinogenesis in humans. These mouse models are therefore useful for investigating genetic and environmental factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric cancer. Detailed in these protocols are procedures for inducing Helicobacter‐associated carcinogenesis in mice as well as the histological analysis and interpretation of gastric pathology in these animals. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time‐dependent compaction band formation in sandstone
Authors: Heap Michael J. , Brantut Nicolas , Baud Patrick , Meredith Philip G.
Published: June 2015

Compaction bands in sandstone are laterally extensive planar deformation features that are characterized by lower porosity and permeability than the surrounding host rock. As a result, this form of localization has important implications for both strain partitioning and fluid flow in the Earth's upper crust. To better understand the time dependency of compaction band growth, we performed triaxial deformation experiments on water‐saturated Bleurswiller sandstone (initial porosity = 0.24) under constant stress (creep) conditions in the compactant regime. Our experiments show that inelastic strain accumulates at a constant stress in the compactant regime, manifest as compaction bands. While creep in the dilatant regime is characterized by an increase in porosity and, ultimately, an acceleration in axial strain rate to shear failure, compaction creep is characterized by a reduction in porosity and a gradual deceleration in axial strain rate. The global decrease in the rates of axial strain, acoustic emission energy, and porosity change during creep compaction is punctuated at intervals by higher rate excursions, interpreted as the formation of compaction bands. The growth rate of compaction bands formed during creep is lower as the applied differential stress, and hence, background creep strain rate, is decreased. However, the inelastic strain associated with the growth of a compaction band remains constant over strain rates spanning several orders of magnitude (from 10−8 to 10−5 s−1). We find that despite the large differences in strain rate and growth rate (from both creep and constant strain rate experiments), the characteristics (geometry and thickness) of the compaction bands remain essentially the same. Several lines of evidence, notably the similarity between the differential stress dependence of creep strain rate in the dilatant and compactant regimes, suggest that as for dilatant creep, subcritical stress corrosion cracking is the mechanism responsible for compactant creep in our experiments. Our study highlights that stress corrosion is an important mechanism in the time‐dependent porosity loss, subsidence, and permeability reduction of sandstone reservoirs.
In Vivo Delivery of Nitric Oxide‐Sensing, Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Iverson Nicole M. , Strano Michael S. , Wogan Gerald N.
Published: June 2015

Detection of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo by single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) is based on the fluorescent properties of SWNT and the ability of NO to quench the fluorescence signal. Alterations of the signal can be utilized to detect a small molecule in vivo that has not previously been possible by other assay techniques. The protocols described here explain the techniques used to prepare NO‐detecting SWNTs and to administer them to mice by both intravenous and subcutaneous routes. These techniques can also be utilized with other SWNT sensors as well as non‐SWNT sensors. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biosensing with Virus Electrode Hybrids
Authors: Mohan Kritika , Penner Reginald M. , Weiss Gregory A.
Published: June 2015

Virus electrodes address two major challenges associated with biosensing. First, the surface of the viruses can be readily tailored for specific, high affinity binding to targeted biomarkers. Second, the viruses are entrapped in a conducting polymer for electrical resistance‐based, quantitative measurement of biomarker concentration. To further enhance device sensitivity, two different ligands can be attached to the virus surface, and increase the apparent affinity for the biomarker. In the example presented here, the two ligands bind to the analyte in a bidentate binding mode with a chelate‐based avidity effect, and result in a 100 pM experimentally observed limit of detection for the cancer biomarker prostate‐specific membrane antigen. The approach does not require enzymatic amplification, and allows reagent‐free, real‐time measurements. This article presents general protocols for the development of such biosensors with modified viruses for the enhanced detection of arbitrary target proteins. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SELMA: Selection with Modified Aptamers
Authors: Temme J. Sebastian , Krauss Isaac J.
Published: June 2015

In vitro selection of nucleic acid aptamers, coined SELEX, has led to the discovery of novel therapeutics and aided in the structural and mechanistic understanding of many ligand‐biomolecule interactions. A related method, selection with modified aptamers (SELMA), enables selection of DNA aptamers containing bases with a large modification that cannot undergo PCR. A key application of this method is the evolution of aptamers containing carbohydrate modifications. Carbohydrate‐binding proteins normally require several copies of the carbohydrate moiety for strong recognition. Whereas it may be difficult to rationally design synthetic scaffolds that cluster glycans in the optimal spacing and orientation for target recognition, SELMA furnishes glycoaptamers with highly optimized glycan clustering, achieving low‐nanomolar recognition. Although numerous applications can be envisioned, the protocols and discussions in this article describe procedures involved in applying SELMA to the discovery glycoDNAs that bind to the HIV broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of the Disease Activity Score in Twenty‐Eight Joints–Based Flare Definitions in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Data From a Three‐Year Clinical Trial
Authors: Dougados Maxime , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Choy Ernest H. , Bingham Clifton O. , Aassi Maher , Bernasconi Corrado
Published: June 2015

Objective

To assess the flare rate using published criteria (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28‐2] increase between visits of >1.2 or >0.6 if current DAS28 ≥3.2) in patients receiving constant treatment, and to compare published flare criteria to criteria used by study investigators after biologic treatment discontinuation in the ACT‐RAY study.

Methods

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 553) were randomized to add tocilizumab to ongoing methotrexate, or switch to tocilizumab plus placebo. If DAS28 ≤3.2 occurred at week 24, treatment remained constant until week 52; here we assessed the DAS28‐2 flare rate. Between weeks 52 and 104, patients in sustained remission (DAS28 <2.6 at 2 consecutive visits 12 weeks apart) discontinued tocilizumab and were assessed every 4 weeks. Per protocol, flare was defined as a worsening of disease activity that required treatment beyond the permitted therapy based on investigator opinions (investigator flare) and was compared with the DAS28‐2 definition.

Results

After tocilizumab discontinuation, DAS28‐2 was sensitive (88–100%), but not specific (57–65%), for detecting investigator flare. Under constant treatment, DAS28‐2 criteria were met in 136 cases per 100 patient‐years despite stable disease activity. Sustained flares were infrequent. Other DAS28‐based criteria led to similar conclusions.

Conclusion

DAS28‐based flare occurred more often than investigator‐defined flares after biologic agent discontinuation. More stringent criteria may be more appropriate for clinical practice.
On the Processing Pathway Dependence of Microstructure Evolution During Severe Plastic Deformation: Nickel as a Case Example
Authors: Prokoshkina Daria , Moros Anna , Reglitz Gerrit , Dinda Guru Prasad , Kuznetsov Dmitrij D. , Popov Vladimir V. , Stolbovsky Alexey V. , Shorohov Evgeniy , Divinski Sergiy V. , Wilde Gerhard
Published: June 2015

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) encompasses various deformation pathways with rather different processing conditions, although seemingly small changes of the initial state of a material or of its impurity content can have a strong impact on the evolution of the microstructure and the associated properties acquired by SPD processing. For analyzing the impact of the processing conditions including the temperature as well as the strain path on the microstructure evolution, nickel has been selected as a model system. Systematic variations of the relevant processing parameters has been facilitated and the resulting materials have been analyzed concerning their microstructures, defects, and also concerning specific kinetic features associated with the grain boundaries after SPD processing.
Redox Reactions at Cu,Ag/Ta2O5 Interfaces and the Effects of Ta2O5 Film Density on the Forming Process in Atomic Switch Structures
Authors: Tsuruoka Tohru , Valov Ilia , Tappertzhofen Stefan , van den Hurk Jan , Hasegawa Tsuyoshi , Waser Rainer , Aono Masakazu
Published: June 2015

Cu and Ag redox reactions at the interfaces with Ta2O5 and the impact of Ta2O5 film density on the forming process of Cu,Ag/Ta2O5/Pt atomic switch structures are investigated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that under positive bias to the Cu (Ag) electrode, Cu is preferentially oxidized to Cu2+, while Ag is oxidized to Ag+ ions. Subsequent negative bias causes a reduction of oxidized Cu (Ag) ions at the interfaces. The diffusion coefficient of the Cu and Ag ions in the Ta2O5 film is estimated from the results from different bias voltage sweep rates. It is also found that the redox current is enhanced and the forming voltage of the Cu/Ta2O5/Pt cell is reduced when the density of the Ta2O5 film is decreased. This result indicates the importance of the structural properties of the matrix oxide film in understanding and controlling resistive switching behavior.
Characterization of Polysulfide Radicals Present in an Ether‐Based Electrolyte of a Lithium–Sulfur Battery During Initial Discharge Using In Situ X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Experiments and First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Wujcik Kevin H. , Pascal Tod A. , Pemmaraju C. D. , Devaux Didier , Stolte Wayne C. , Balsara Nitash P. , Prendergast David
Published: June 2015

The presence and role of polysulfide radicals in the electrochemical processes of lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries is currently being debated. Here, first‐principles interpretations of measured X‐ray absorption spectra (XAS) of Li–S cells are leveraged with an ether‐based electrolyte. Unambiguous evidence is found for significant quantities of polysulfide radical species (LiS3, LiS4, and LiS5), including the trisulfur radical anion S3
−, present after initial discharge to the first discharge plateau, as evidenced by a low energy shoulder in the S K‐edge XAS below 2469 eV. This feature is not present in the XAS of cells at increased depth of discharge, which, by our analysis, exhibit increasing concentrations of progressively shorter polysulfide dianions. Through a combination of first‐principles molecular dynamics and associated interpretation of in situ XAS of Li–S cells, atomic level insights into the chemistries are provided that underlie the operation and stability of these batteries.
Genetic studies on the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques: A review of 40 years of research
Authors: Widdig Anja , Kessler Matthew J. , Bercovitch Fred B. , Berard John D. , Duggleby Christine , Nürnberg Peter , Rawlins Richard G. , Sauermann Ulrike , Wang Qian , Krawczak Michael , Schmidtke Jörg
Published: June 2015

Genetic studies not only contribute substantially to our current understanding of the natural variation in behavior and health in many species, they also provide the basis of numerous in vivo models of human traits. Despite the many challenges posed by the high level of biological and social complexity, a long lifespan and difficult access in the field, genetic studies of primates are particularly rewarding because of the close evolutionary relatedness of these species to humans. The free‐ranging rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) population on Cayo Santiago (CS), Puerto Rico, provides a unique resource in this respect because several of the abovementioned caveats are of either minor importance there, or lacking altogether, thereby allowing long‐term genetic research in a primate population under constant surveillance since 1956. This review summarizes more than 40 years of genetic research carried out on CS, from early blood group typing and the genetic characterization of skeletal material via population‐wide paternity testing with DNA fingerprints and short tandem repeats (STRs) to the analysis of the highly polymorphic DQB1 locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The results of the paternity studies also facilitated subsequent studies of male dominance and other factors influencing male reproductive success, of male reproductive skew, paternal kin bias, and mechanisms of paternal kin recognition. More recently, the CS macaques have been the subjects of functional genetic and gene expression analyses and have played an important role in behavioral and quantitative genetic studies. In addition, the CS colony has been used as a natural model for human adult‐onset macular degeneration, glaucoma, and circadian rhythm disorder. Our review finishes off with a discussion of potential future directions of research on CS, including the transition from STRs to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and whole genome sequencing. Am. J. Primatol. 78:44–62, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed‐species associations in cuxiús (genusChiropotes)
Authors: Shaffer Christopher A. , Barnett Adrian A. , Gregory Tremaine , de Melo Fabiano , Moreira Leandro , Alvim Thiago H. G. , Moura Viviane S. , Filó Anderson , Cardoso Tatiane , Port‐Carvalho Marcio , Santos Ricardo Rodrigues dos , Boyle Sarah A.
Published: June 2015

Polyspecific or mixed‐species associations, where two or more species come together to forage and travel as a unit, have been reported in many primate species. These associations appear to offer a number of benefits to the species involved including increased foraging efficiency and decreased risk of predation. While several researchers have suggested that cuxiús (genusChiropotes) form mixed‐species associations, previous studies have not identified the circumstances under which cuxiús form associations or whether they form associations more often than would be expected by chance. Here we present data on the formation of mixed‐species associations by four species of cuxiús at eight different sites in Brazil, Suriname, and Guyana. We analyzed data from two of the study sites, (Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP), Brazil and the Upper Essequibo Conservation Concession (UECC), Guyana, to assess whether associations occurred more than would be expected by chance encounters and identify the factors influencing their formation. Cuxiús showed a high degree of inter‐site variation in the frequency of time spent in association (ranging from 2 to 26% of observation time) and duration of associations (mean duration from 22 min to 2.5 hr).Sapajus apellawas the most common association partner at most sites. At BDFFP, cuxiús formed associations more frequently but not for longer duration than expected by chance. For much of the year at UECC, associations were not more frequent or longer than chance. However, during the dry season, cuxiús formed associations withS. apellasignificantly more often and for longer duration than predicted by chance. Cuxiús at UECC formed associations significantly more often when in smaller subgroups and when foraging for insects, and alarm called significantly less frequently during associations. We suggest cuxiús form mixed‐species associations at some sites as an adaptive strategy to decrease predation risk and/or increase foraging efficiency. Am. J. Primatol. 78:583–597, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.