bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MiR-139-5p/SLC7A11 Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Pancreatic Carcinoma via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Yan Qiuliang , Wang Jianwei , Chen Yan , Ye Qinghuang , Wang Zhijiang , Zhu Jinhui
Published: September 2019

Objective: Pancreatic carcinoma (PANC) is one of the important aggressive cancers, with deficiency in effective therapeutics. Studies have unveiled that miR-139-5p expression is significantly downregulated in other types of cancers. However, the functions and mechanisms of miR-139-5p in PANC remain unclear.

Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze the differentially expressed genes in the TCGA database. PANC cell line with overexpressed miR-139-5p and Solute Carrier Family 7, Member 11 (SLC7A11) was established, and has been used to detect cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in PANC. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assay were performed to confirm that SLC7A11 was a target gene of miR-139-5p. Xenograft mouse model was used to investigate the role of miR-139-5p in PANC tumorigenicity.

Results: Through bioinformatic analysis, miR-139-5p was predicted to regulate phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway by targeting SLC7A11. MiR-139-5p was found to be lowly expressed in PANC tissues, while SLC7A11 was highly expressed. Low expression of miR-139-5p and high expression of SLC7A11 were positively associated with poor clinical outcomes. PANC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion could be inhibited by miR-139-5p overexpression and could be promoted by SLC7A11 overexpression. MiR-139-5p could regulate the protein expression level of PI3K and Akt associated with phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway could be by inhibiting the expression of SLC7A11. MiR-139-5p overexpression could suppress PANC tumor growth and the expression of SLC7A11, p-PI3K, p-Akt in tumor tissues. Therefore, the inhibiting effect of miR-139-5p to PANC cell proliferation, invasion and migration, at least, was partly due to its inhibiting effect on SLC7A11 expression.

Conclusion: These results demonstrated a novel role of miR-139-5p/SLC7A11 in PANC and provided potential prognostic predictors for PANC patients.
Evaluasi Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 di Tingkat SLTA di Kabupaten Pringsewu Menggunakan Model CIPP
Authors: Trisnawati  , Leni Anggraeni  , Arief Budi Wicaksono
Published: September 2019

Kurikulum merupakan acuan bagi segala bentuk aktivitas pembelajaran guna mencapai tujuan pendidikan. Oleh karena itu penyempurnaan kurikulum pada setiap jenjang pendidikan termasuk di tingkat SMA menjadi satu hal yang mutlak harus dilakukaan oleh pemerintah. Dalam implementasinya, kurikulum perlu dievaluasi agar diketahui kesesuaian maupun permasalahan yang muncul dalam pelaksanaannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penerapan model Contexs, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana implementasi kurikulum 2013 di tingkat SMA di kabupaten Pringsewu. Ketercapaian implementasi yang dimaksud dalam penelitian mengacu pada keputusan Permendikbud RI Nomor 81 A tahun 2013 tentang Implementasi kurikulum 2013. Hal ini penting dilakukan karena kurikulum 2013 diterapkan di seluruh Indonesia sehingga diharapkan hasil penelitian ini akan menjadi masukan yang objektif untuk pihak sekolah, siswa, orang tua, maupun pemerintah tentang pelaksanaan kurikulum 2013. Masukan inilah yang bisa dijadikan acuan untuk perbaikan pelaksanaan kurikulum pada khususnya dan kemajuan dunia pendidikan pada umumnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian mengenai evaluasi implementasi kurikulum 2013 di tingkat sma/smk/ma sederajat di kabupaten pringsewu menggunakan model CIPP dapat disimpulkan implementasi kurikulum 2013 di tingkat SMA/SMK/MA sederajat di kabupaten pringsewu sudah berjalan dengan baik, tetapi aspek sarana prasarana, proses pembelajaran dan proses penilaian masih perlu penyempurnaan
Peningkatan Minat Baca dan Literasi Sains Menggunakan “Bacem Tempe” Di SMP Negeri 6 Temanggung
Authors: FA. Suprapto Mukti Nugroho
Published: September 2019

Sekolah sebagai tempat memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan belum sepenuhnya menumbuhkan budaya literasi bagi para siswanya. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengembangkan pembiasaan “Bacem Tempe” sebagai upaya meningkatkan minat baca dan literasi sains. Strategi yang digunakan yaitu dengan pembiasaan membaca, bercerita, menulis dan menempel karya atau disingkat “Bacem Tempe”. Kegiatan dilakukan selama lima belas menit sebelum pelajaran IPA, dan diimplementasikan dari Agustus hingga Oktober 2018 di kelas VII E sesuai jadwal pelajaran di SMP Negeri 6 Temanggung Tahun 2018/2019. Pembiasaan “Bacem Tempe” meliputi langkah-langkah membaca buku, bercerita atau menyampaikan kembali hal-hal yang ditemukan ketika membaca, menuliskan hasil aktivitas membaca dan menempelkan hasil karya siswa di papan tempel yang ada di kelas. Pembiasaan “Bacem Tempe” meningkatkan minat baca. Peningkatan minat baca mendorong siswa untuk belajar lebih baik dan meningkatkan literasi sains yang dilihat dari pemahaman sains siswa semakin baik.
Aktivitas Argumentasi dalam Kegiatan Eksperimen Fisika: Analisis Respon Mahasiswa
Authors: Anci Syah , S. Siswanto  , Yusiran  , Hartono  , B. Subali
Published: September 2019

Kegiatan eksperimen merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran fisika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai respon mahasiswa terhadap aktivitas argumentasi yang disisipkan dalam kegiatan eksperimen fisika. Kegiatan eksperimen yang disisipi aktivitas argumentasi yaitu tahapan aktivitas laboratorium inkuiri, yang meliputi tahap (1) mengidentifikasi masalah, (2) merumuskan tujuan, (3) merumuskan hipotesis, (4) merancang prosedur eksperimen, (5) melakukan kegiatan eksperimen, (6) melakukan interpretasi data, (7) menyimpulkan. Sedangkan aktivitas argumentasi yang disisipkan meliputi aktivitas mengajukan klaim, data, pembenaran, dan dukungan. Penelitian ini  dilakukan dengan melibatkan 100 mahasiswa di tiga perguruan tinggi yang berbeda. Data diperoleh melalui angket respon mahasiswa dan wawancara terbuka.  Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.  Secara umum, kegiatan eksperimen mendapatkan respon yang positif dari mahasiswa.
Pembelajaran Limit Fungsi Berbasis Android Aplikasi Math Expert
Authors: Fitria Khasanah
Published: September 2019

Perkembangan teknologi telah merubah perilaku manusia, termasuk siswa sekolah. Siswa sekolah pada saat ini tidak jarang yang menggunakan handphone, Sehingga tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah membawa perubahan yang signifikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Matematika saat ini masih menjadi mata pelajaran yang kurang disenangi. Seiring dengan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi dan lahirnya generasi milenial arakternya sangat kuat dengan dunia digital, maka perlu mengintegrasikan kemajuan teknologi dalam proses pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah mengimplementasikan Pembelajaran Limit Fungsi Berbasis Android Melalui Aplikasi Math-Expert untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil sampel siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 5 Malang tahun pelajaran 2017/2018. Dalam pengumpulan data, penelitian ini menggunakan angket motivasi belajar dan lembar observasi pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa selama pelaksanaan pembelajaran dengan mengimplementasikan aplikasi Math-Expert mampu meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa sebesar 7%, selama proses pembelajaran siswa juga lebih aktif dan kreatif
Pemanfaatan Kojasi Akasia dengan Wotos untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa Materi Siklus Air
Authors: Ahmad Irfan Barokah
Published: September 2019

Siklus air merupakan fenomena alam yang dekat dengan kehidupan manusia, tak terkecuali bagi anak Sekolah Dasar. Bagi anak SD di dalam siklus air banyak yang bisa dipelajari. Mulai dari mempelajari prosesnya, manfaat bagi manusia, faktor pendukung dan penghambat, serta pengaruhnya bagi kehidupan di bumi. Tentu untuk dapat mempelajari siklus air butuh pemahaman yang baik, tanpa pemahaman yang baik maka tujuan belajar tidak akan tercapai. Kojasi Akasia dengan Wotos dipilih sebagai tindakan penelitian karena peneliti berkeyakinan bahwa tindakan tersebut mampu memecahkan permasalahan pembelajaran tersebut, yaitu pemahaman siswa akan materi siklus air masih rendah. Hal ini tergambar dari hasil belajar siswa 60% masih di bawah KKM. Tujuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan penggunaan Kojasi Akasia dengan Wotos untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan minat siswa pada materi siklus air. Pemanfaatan Kojasi Akasia dengan Wotos dalam pembelajaran siklus air, terbukti tepat dan berhasil. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil penilaian akhir, dimana sebanyak 18 siswa (85,71 %) mendapat nilai A, dan 3 siswa lainnya (14,29 %) mendapat nilai B. Selain itu rata-rata penilaian siswa mencapai 90,95. Ketuntasan belajar siswa diatas nilai KKM sebesar 100 % (21 siswa). Berdasarkan data tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan Kojasi Akasia dengan Wotos dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa SDN Purborejo Kelas V pada materi siklus air
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Predict the Water Saturation in Carbonate Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Tariq Zeeshan , Mahmoud Mohamed , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez
Published: September 2019

Carbonate rocks have a very complex pore system due to the presence of interparticle and intra-particle porosities. This makes the acquisition and analysis of the petrophysical data, and the characterization of carbonate rocks a big challenge. In this study, functional network tool is used to develop a model to predict water saturation using petrophysical well logs as input data and the dean-stark measured water saturation as an output parameter. The data comprised of more than 200 well log points corresponding to available core data. The developed FN model was optimized by using several optimization algorithms such as differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMAES). FN model optimized with PSO found to be the most robust artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict water saturation in carbonate rocks. The results showed that the proposed model predicted the water saturation with an accuracy of 97% when related to the experimental core values. In this study in addition to the development of optimized FN model, an explicit empirical correlation is also extracted from the optimized FN model. To validate the proposed correlation, three most commonly applied water saturation models (Simandoux, Bardon and Pied model, Fertl and Hammack Model, Waxman-Smits, and Indonesian) from literature were selected and subjected to same well log data as the AI model to estimate water saturation. The estimated water saturation values for AI and other saturation models were then compared with experimental values of testing data and the results showed that AI model was able to predict water saturation with an error of less than 5% while the saturation models did the same with lesser accuracy of error up to 50%. This work clearly shows that computer-based machine learning techniques can determine water saturation with a high precision and the developed correlation works extremely well in prediction mode.
Automated Surveillance of Subsurface Wellbore Integrity in a Heavy Oil Field using Passive Seismic Systems
Authors: Lolla Sri Venkata , Bailey Jeffrey , Costin Simona , Hons Michael , Liu Xinlong , Yam Helen , Akhmetov Arslan , Hayward Timothy , Brisco Colin
Published: September 2019

Continuous subsurface surveillance is important for heavy oil in-situ recovery processes where induced stresses in the overburden can compromise the integrity of the wellbores. Wellbore failure may lead to the undesirable loss of fluids into the overburden. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the use of Passive Seismic monitoring systems to aid in subsurface surveillance activities, with the ultimate goal of detecting potential integrity issues as early as possible. However, the massive volume of data recorded by these instruments is time-consuming and error-prone to process manually. This paper introduces EMMAA (ExxonMobil Microseismic Automated Analyzer), an automated workflow to reliably process continuous microseismic data, detect subsurface integrity issues, and ultimately reduce the latency in responding to wellbore integrity issues.

A novel cloud-based technology for managing microseismic data is briefly described. The seismic waveforms, recorded by a distributed array of geophone receivers, are automatically analyzed to determine the type and source of subsurface disturbances (‘events’).

First, novel frequency-domain and deep learning analyses are used to distinguish noisy signals from the seismic waveforms such as compressional and shear waves produced by the events. Next, the location of the event is calculated and its seismic attributes are computed. Finally, the type and severity of the seismic event are determined by an event classifier.

The performance of the automated workflow is examined in the context of accurate detection of casing failures in a heavy oil Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) application. The event features that distinguish casing breaks from other seismic events are described. It is shown that the methodology is able to achieve a high detection rate when back-tested against a historical data-set of known casing failures. False positives are adequately contained by preventing waveforms of electrical or mechanical noise from being processed.

In a production environment, the event processing workflow is run on distributed servers and analyzes triggered seismic data in real-time. Depending on the severity of the microseismic events detected, operators are immediately alerted via email and text messages, so that remedial actions may be swiftly initiated. The utility of this integrated system is further exemplified by the massive reduction in the time taken to detect casing breaks—from up to 36 hours historically, down to less than one hour in most instances.

Extensions of EMMAA that enable the detection of a wide variety of microseismic events are also discussed. These events include surface casing slips that occur at the casing shoe, cement de-bonding events near the wellbores, and events indicative of potential fluid migration in the overburden.
Automatic Well Interference Identification and Characterization: A Data-Driven approach to Improve Field Operation
Authors: Rahman Mohammad , Gioria Gian , Sankaran Sathish , Molinari Diego
Published: September 2019

Inter-well communication in unconventional reservoirs has received huge attention due to its significant effects on well production. Though it has long been a known side effect of hydraulic fracturing, well interference has become more prominent and frequent as the industry moves to larger completion designs with closer well spacing and infill drilling. Fracturing of infill wells ("child" wells) directly places the older adjacent producing wells ("parent" wells) at risk of suffering premature change in production behavior. Some wells may never fully recover and, in worst cases, permanently stop producing after taking severe frac hits.

This paper presents an automatic data-driven workflow developed to identify inter-well interference events and their impact on EUR (estimated ultimate recovery) based on changes in the well productivity trend. The innovative approach of the workflow is the ability to automatically analyze interference using the complete production history for all wells in a field, using routinely collected data and without introducing human bias in the derivation of the results, instead applying a consistent criteria. The final result is a comprehensive collection of all well interference events occurred in a field, which may be used as a training set for statistical and machine learning based models aiming at predicting such events.

First, the automatic identification of anomalies in the well behavior was developed and criteria set to label the interference events. Next, probabilistic simulations are run to forecast multiple scenarios to quantify the impact of a well interference event reported in terms of change in cumulative oil production. Finally, every event is analyzed in the overall context of field operations, in an attempt to present possible causes which may explain the change of production behavior.
What Drilling Automation can Teach us about Drilling Wells
Authors: Isbell Matthew Ray , Groover Austin Cody , Farrow Blakley , Hasler David
Published: September 2019

An operator and rig contractor have been implementing drilling operations automation (DOA) pursuing well design and drilling operational execution improvements in terms of safety, quality, delivery, and cost (SQDC). Today, drilling automation enables tighter process control of operations and well design stakeholders are beginning to fully understand and anticipate its value.

DOA requires applying a process control approach and defining well construction processes at a very detailed level. This process control approach is proposed as a method to study and improve work steps and integrate them into overall operational activities. Optimizing, much less controlling, a drilling system is a difficult task with a multitude of variables to manage. The process of automating operations may be one of the best tools to reduce the number of unknown variables and better deliver consistent SQDC results.

Automation case studies such as a downhole Weight on Bit (WOB) drilling system, a directional drilling advisory system, a sliding system for conventional steerable mud motors, and an integrated tubular running system are described to highlight the role of automation in assisting operators and contractors to efficiently manage and improve the well construction process. Process automation requires improvements in foundational systems, tools, and data quality to support operational performance. The most significant finding is how automated systems enable operations to be practically managed at a detailed level by drilling personnel, engineers, and other stakeholders. After practices and systems are proven and automated, they can be scaled and managed over an entire rig fleet. This will ultimately enable today's well construction and drilling system related risks to be mitigated and managed, leading to further SQDC rewards with more efficient well designs.

The operator and rig contractor will share perspectives for realizing value and opportunity through applying DOA. Experience shows DOA-influenced standardized operations can result in eliminating steps that are no longer needed. Automation enables changes to well design that are just beginning to be understood and anticipated by drilling teams. The challenge will be linking these opportunities to pursue new capabilities supporting well design improvement. This will be the true benefit from automating drilling operations.
Evaluation of Chemical Blends for Shale EOR
Authors: Miller Chammi , Zeng Tongzhou , Mohanty Kishore
Published: September 2019

Application of horizontal wells and multi-stage fracturing has enabled oil recovery from extremely low permeability shale oil reservoirs, but the decline in production rate is more than two thirds in the first two years. We are trying to develop chemicals that can be injected into old wells to stimulate oil production before putting the well back in production. The goal of this work is to evaluate chemical blends for such a process at the laboratory scale. The chemical blend contains surfactants, a weak acid, a potential determining ion, and a solvent. Six different solvents were screened: Cyclohexane, D-Limonene, Dodecane, Kerosene, Turpentine, and Green Solvent®. Most of the chemical blends with the solvents extracted about 60% of the oil from shale chips, but the Green Solvent® extracted about 84%. Spontaneous imbibition tests were performed with outcrop Mancos shale cores. Oil was injected into these outcrop cores at a high pressure. NMR T2 distributions were measured for the cores in the original dry state, after oil injection and after imbibition. The aqueous phase from the chemical blend imbibed into the cores and pushed out a part of the oil and gas present in the cores. The surfactant in these blends can change wettability and interfacial tension. The solvent can mix with the oil and solubilize organic solid residues such as asphaltenes. The weak acid can dissolve a part of the carbonate minerals and improve permeability. The synergy can make these chemical blends strong candidates to stimulate oil recovery in shale formations.
NE British Columbia and NW Alberta Montney: Natural Gas and Power Evolution
Authors: Child P. Eng Robert , Mauger P. Geol Simon
Published: September 2019

Today, almost half of Western Canada's natural-gas production comes from the Triassic-aged Montney formation, a six-fold increase over the last 10 years while gas production from most other plays has declined. In the last few years, demand for condensate as diluent for shipping bitumen has driven development of liquids-rich Montney natural gas leading to a surge in gas production and gas-on-gas competition in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), which has driven local natural gas prices down. This has had a material effect on the operations and finances of companies active in the Western Canada and is re-shaping the Canadian gas industry.

A significant portion of this growth has taken place in NE British Columbia and with the planned electrification of the industry in British Columbia, including the nascent LNG operations, will influence tomorrow's power industry in this region. NE British Columbia is a geographically large area with sparse population and the power supply into this region has lagged behind development of oil and natural gas resources. The area was originally served from geographically closer NW Alberta. More recently, supply was established from the BC Hydro power grid with the most significant developments being Dawson Creek-Chetwynd Area Transmission (DCAT) completed in 2016 and the additional 230 kV transmission projects scheduled for completion in 2021.
Reconsideration of Steam Additives to Improve Displacement Efficiency: Can New Generation Chemicals be Solution for Steam Induced Unfavorable Wettability Alteration?
Authors: Pratama Randy Agra , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: September 2019

In this paper, contact angles in a rock/heavy-oil/steam system were measured to observe the degree of wettability alteration when unconventional chemicals were added to steam. A heavy-crude-oil obtained from a field in Alberta (27,780 cP at 25°C) was used in all contact angle measurements and the measurements were repeated on different types of substrates (quartz and calcite). In addition to this observation, surface tension tests between heavy-oil and steam were also conducted to study the change in interfacial properties. All measurements in this research were conducted at a range of temperatures up to 200°C in a high-temperature-high-pressure IFT device. In gaining a comprehensive evaluation of this mechanism, several impacting factors such as pressure, phase change, and type of rock were taken into consideration and evaluated separately. Different types of novel chemical additives—biodiesel, Switchable-Hydrophilicity Tertiary Amines (SHTA), nanofluids (dispersed SiO2 and ZrO2), ethers, alcohols, and chelating agents—were ere applied to the steam with a range of concentrations throughout surface tension and contact angle measurements to evaluate wettability alteration performance at steam temperature and pressure.

The observation presented that pressure does not contribute substantially to the wettability state and was perceived to be more oil-wet in steam conditions—as also confirmed by our previous research. The irreversible mechanism of wettability state was the result when phase change occurred with the presence of brine. Wettability alteration and surface tension reduction in steam condition were achieved after involving these unconventional chemicals, an example being in the steam with biodiesel application. In addition, optimum chemical concentration was also observed through surface tension and contact angle measurements.

The study and analysis of chemical additives applications provides a stronger understanding of steam-induced wettability alteration mechanisms in a rock/heavy-oil/steam system. In summary, conventional steam additives can be altered by these novel chemicals that are both cheaper and more thermally stable, thus showing potential and appearing promising for steam wettability improvement and surface tension reduction in steam applications.
Human Factors and Non-Technical Skills: Towards an Immersive Simulation-Based Training Framework for Offshore Drilling Operations
Authors: Kiran Raj , Naqavi Seyed Ali , Salehi Saeed , Teodoriu Catalin
Published: September 2019

Human factors are identified as the major contributor to oil and gas drilling and other operations related accidents. Offshore oil and gas operations involve complex scenarios and decision-making with potentially catastrophic consequences. The current simulation-based training modules are often criticized for their lack of objective and validated measures for human factors and non-technical skills. There is also a need to include measures for enhanced situational awareness and decision-making for the offshore drilling crew. In this study, we present holistic human-centered training framework equipped with assessment techniques to analyses situational awareness of partcipants in customized well-control operations.

The training exercise used in this work included real-time well control operation customized for drilling break and kick detection scenarios. The assessment approach consisted of eye-tracking data analysis, questionnaire analysis, checklist score analysis, and communication log analysis. After individual analysis from each technique, a new framework was developed to triangulate results from each technique to provide a comprehensive assessment. The participants included seven group of novices and one group of experts. The preliminary results indicate significant differences between the situation awareness and performance of participants. Furthermore, there were observed notable differences between the perceptual, comprehensive, and projection ability of novices and experts in routine jobs on a drilling platform. The eye-tracking data features included fixation count and fixation duration, and it was inferred that eye-tracking results can be representative of cognitive abilities of the partcipants. Furthermore, the fixation count and duration results were highly correlated with the checklist scores.

Overall, the adopted methodology in this study have potential to open new avenues for human- centered training framework and improvement in traditional assessment approach. Furthermore, it can also be helpful in understanding of cognitive responses of the offshore professionals.
Rapid Development and Deployment of a High Expansion Retrievable V0 Bridge Plug
Authors: Phan Anthony , Yin Shengjun , Ornelaz Richard , Jorgensen Geir
Published: September 2019

This paper presents the rapid development of a high expansion retrievable V0-rated bridge plug that effectively leveraged engineering simulation and additive manufacturing to design, optimize, and qualify the new plug in accordance with the ISO14310 and API11D1 standards. This technology was mobilized for deployment into a customer well within less than 12 months.

For this project, a major Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) operator required a high expansion wireline retrievable bridge plug with a small outside diameter (OD) that was capable of gas-tight zonal isolation in 7 in. tubing while meeting the ISO14310 and API 11D1 V0 classifications. To address this challenge, several design concepts were developed using computer-aided design (CAD) and simulated using finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the optimal design and to establish the design factor of safety. Initial prototype testing showed unexpected failures of the mechanical backup system as a result of non-uniform loading from the rubber element, which had been assumed to be evenly distributed for the initial FEA. Leveraging FEA to verify the failure mode increased its fidelity and enabled successful generation of alternate solutions with an alternate material, in this case nickel alloy 718. A revised mechanical backup system was manufactured within three weeks using internal direct metal additive manufacturing capability; it was successfully validated within an additional two weeks. The final V0 trials were successfully completed a month later with additively manufactured components, and the technology was mobilized for deployment into the operator’s well within less than 12 months.

The successful design, development, and mobilization of the 7-in. high expansion V0-rated bridge plug within only 12 months demonstrates how FEA modeling and additive manufacturing can be successfully leveraged to reduce development timelines while identifying and producing innovative solutions. Speed to market and the delivery of robust solutions on time are becoming more critical in the cost-constrained oil market; consequently, tools such as FEA and additive manufacturing are increasingly becoming fundamental methods for meeting these new challenges, as demonstrated by the 7-in. high expansion V0 bridge plug project.

This paper shows how leveraging FEA in conjunction with fundamental testing failure analysis can be critical to overcoming technical challenges. Furthermore, combining these capabilities with additive manufacturing can accelerate timelines and increase the probability of project success and operator satisfaction.
Who Needs Two Trips? Remotely Activated Downhole Tools Facilitate a Deep-Water Single Trip Completion. A Case Study of the First Deployment
Authors: Murdoch Euan , Walduck Steve , Munro Chris , Edwards Andrew , Choquet Caroline
Published: September 2019

Successfully deploying a single trip completion system in a deep-water environment requires an innovative technical solution to address the risks that come with this environment. Following a request from the operator for a deep-water single trip solution, a number of different system options were proposed. Each system was evaluated against the operator’s requirements, and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology-based system was selected as it offered the greatest flexibility in both activation and contingency methods to meet the demands of the project.

It was proposed to hold a 2 stage System Integration Test (SIT) at a test rig in Aberdeen. The first SIT was performed with a small number of tools that could be setup in different modes to prove the system’s logic against the operator’s expectations. Whilst this was conducted successfully a number of learnings and operational optimisations were captured. These were fed into a full-scale SIT which was deployed at the same test rig. This second SIT involved a complete representation of the single trip system and was designed to test the final system logic prior to deployment into an offshore environment.

The system was then installed successfully in November 2018, on a subsea well, offshore Nigeria with no intervention. It resulted in an operational time saving of at least 60% over the previous best recorded time for a conventional two-trip completion from the same rig. This represented a step change in operational efficiency and will now be the operator’s base case completion methodology as they develop the field further.

This is the first time a single trip completion has been deployed in this fashion in a deep-water, offshore environment. The demonstrable step change in operational time and resultant project OPEX savings, proves that the use of RFID and remote actuated tools within completions offer excellent alternatives to traditional methods.
Breaking Barriers: 350°C Rated Permanent Magnet Motor Design for Electric Submersible Pumps in SAGD wells
Authors: Mansir Hassan , Rimmer Michael , Waldner Leon , Graham John , Hong Claire , Wycislik Kerry , Duong Bruce
Published: September 2019

The development of a High-Temperature Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) was initiated with the main objective to bring forth a technical solution to significantly increase temperature capability and run life of ESPs in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) beyond current technology. This is in response to operators needs for improved safety margins and increased production rates.

Existing ESP motor technologies are limited to approximately 300°C internal motor winding temperatures, driven by the available motor electrical insulation systems. The use of PMMs in SAGD was also prohibited by the availability of magnet materials capable of operating in such temperatures, without partial or full de-magnetization.

The project's aim is to break this barrier and extend internal temperatures to 350°C and beyond, allowing well ambient temperatures to be pushed beyond the 260°C downhole environment. In addition, for assurance of motor reliability, rigorous and methodical design validation and qualification testing of basic materials, components, sub-assemblies were undertaken.
Saturation Height Function Coupled with Rocktype in Complex Clastic Reservoir in the North of Albert Basin, Uganda
Authors: Zhang Yingchun , Xu Wei , Zou Jingyun , Jing Zhiyi , Fang Lei , Liu Jun
Published: September 2019

In complex clastic reservoirs, deviation often exists in oil saturation derived from logging interpretation due to the borehole conditions and log quality. Especially in thin-sand reservoirs, oil saturation is generally lower than actual results because of boundary effect. An innovative approach of saturation height function coupled with rocktype is provided to improve the accuracy of saturation prediction in well logs and spatial distribution. The model results are compared with log derived results.

The new approach is based on the routine and special core analysis of over 100 core samples from the complex clastic reservoir in the north of Albert Basin in Uganda. Discrete rocktypes (DRT) are determined by flow zone index and pore throat radius which indicate the fluid flows. After converting the capillary pressure (Pc) data to reservoir conditions, Lambda curve fitting (Sw = A * PcB + C) is used to fit each capillary pressure curve. Then, a robust relationship between the fitting coefficients (A, B, C) and rock properties (i.e. porosity and permeability) is expressed as a nonlinear function for each DRT. Combined with the height above free water level, a water saturation (Sw) model is constructed by SHF within DRT model.

Using the porosity and permeability obtainedfrom routine core analysis, FZI and pore throat radius are calculated (e.g., by Winland function). Five different rocktypes (DRT1-5) are defined in the delta sand reservoir in the north of Albert Basin with distinct pore textures. The distinguishment is in accordance with the shape of capillary pressure curve, that is, the flow capability increases from DRT1 to DRT5. A strong correlation between Pc and Sw processed by Lambda curve is acquired for each core sample. Meanwhile, 3 coefficients A, B and C can be obtained in Lambda formula. By nonlinear regression, coherent relation between each factor and reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) for each DRT are obtained. Height above the free water level is estimated by geometrical modeling on the oil water contact. The Sw model is constructed by the new SHF function coupled with DRT model. It showed that the water saturation derived from SHF is highly consistent with log derived results and NMR results. Moreover, it provides more precise results in thinner sands and in spatial distribution.

Based on the identified different rocktype, a new SHF derived from capillary pressure data is utilized to establish the relationship between saturation, the height above the free water level and rock properties. The approach can significantly improve the accuracy of saturation prediction of thin reservoir and reasonably depict the spatial distribution characteristics of saturation. Furthermore, the approach will provide a more precise result in hydrocarbon volume calculation and numerical simulation.
Core Floods vs. Field Pilot – Effectiveness of Microemulsions in Conventional and Unconventional Waterfloods
Authors: Stephenson Tim , Oswald Darin , Dwyer Pat , Brown Derek , Ndefo Emeka , Smith Jeff , Gaffney Breandan , Kiran Sumit
Published: September 2019

Application of chemistries for waterflooding has traditionally required a significant upfront investment in core flood testing. Investments of this sort equate to money and time spent on a reservoir screening tool which does not guarantee an accurate translation into pilots. The aim of this paper is to explore core flood results in conjunction with pilot results for conventional and unconventional reservoirs where microemulsions are deployed in order to enhance oil recovery.

Microemulsions act as a delivery platform for solvent (terpene) and surfactant mixtures throughout a given rock volume. Their ability to alleviate damage and change the energetics of surfaces is believed to enhance mobilization of oil. They’re optimized for a given reservoir in the laboratory based on fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions. This includes adsorption (persistency), asphaltene wash-off, demulsification, drop size, and interfacial tension testing. We in turn label changes in injectivity of water as well as increases in oil production as indicators of success in core floods and pilots.

The above strategy has led to microemulsion optimization in Taylorton Bakken (which is more conventional) and Lower Shaunavon (which is more unconventional) in SE and SW Saskatchewan, Canada. These are characterized by changes in permeability, temperature, mineralogy (quartz vs calcite), oil (paraffinic vs asphaltenic) and water (high vs low salinity). This study demonstrates a beneficial core flood and pilot response in conventional reservoirs using microemulsions. What’s however interesting and noteworthy is that the core flood response is negligible in unconventionals (<5% incremental oil recovery) due in part to asphaltenes plating out on the core’s exterior surface during restoration of wettability, whereas the pilot response is quite positive.

The major highlight of this work is the need to address the discrepancy in core flood testing and pilot results in unconventional reservoirs. This is required before core flood testing can be used as a reliable screening tool for unconventional reservoirs. We’ve furthermore demonstrated the beneficial impact of microemulsions in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs as well as the need for optimization based on fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions.
A Novel Systematic Approach for the Identification and Evaluation of Environmental and Social Aspects in Oil and Gas Projects Mexico
Authors: Purewal Satinder , Pacheco-Roman Francisco J. , Hernández Juárez Mayelli , León Mella José A. , Mera Avecias Guillermina
Published: September 2019

The objective is to present a matrix to identify environmental and social aspects which may impact the initiation, assessment, approval of final investment decision and implementation of oil and gas projects in Mexico. The matrix is applied to 19 blocks. The results demonstrate the usefulness in ease of identification of key elements which may be focus of attention to project feasibility. This may be used as tool for resource classification, and thus adapted to other countries.

The Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment (ASEA) with collaboration from the Energy Ministry (SENER) were involved while the project selection was integrated by the National Hydrocarbon Commission (CNH). CNH selected 19 blocks for review with 75 oil and gas projects. SENER and ASEA developed a matrix with clear identification of environmental and social aspects which may have an impact on the potential implementation of each project. The traffic light and multivariate analysis methods were adopted to colour code the environmental and social elements. This coding allowed quick identification of key areas which need to be addressed for project feasibility.

The selected blocks were located both offshore and onshore with different environmental and social issues. Unconventional and conventional resource developments were covered in the projects. The use of the matrix provided a consistent tool for better identification and understanding of the social and environmental aspects interacting in each block. It also emphasized the main sources of information and the best way to evaluate systematically the social and environmental aspects. The application of the matrix on real blocks exposed the social and environmental aspects that must to be addressed for the oil industry to develop from a sustainable vision. The evaluation of diverse blocks allowed for the identification of common characteristics and the subsequent classification of the blocks. The developed matrix may be used as a tool for making energy policy decisions. At the national level, it may also assist in understanding and meeting some of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).

This paper presents a novel matrix to identify environmental and social elements relevant for the development of any oil and gas project. It also proposes a useful traffic light and multivariate analysis methods for the evaluation of these elements. The matrix allows quick and easy reference for identification of the key elements which may be focus of attention to oil and gas project feasibility. This approach may benefit the decision-making process within an integrated sustainability perspective.
Survival of an Optical Fiber Flatpack Due to Perforation
Authors: Craddock G. G. , Wood Stuart , Holley Eric
Published: September 2019

Optical fiber flatpacks, which are cable-reinforced plastic-encased fiber bundles used for local temperature and acoustic measurements, can be stressed when near a perforating gun. The fiber itself is floated in metal tubes with gel. Understanding the behavior under severe shock causes the use of potential mitigation schemes. In this work, the flatpack containing optic fibers is simulated for survivability on the casing of a perforating gun system. Using a shock hydrocode in two-dimensions (2D), a flatpack is simulated on the 5 1/2-in. casing of a 3 3/8-in. gun with a 21-g shaped charge. Effects of concrete encasement, clamps, and off-angle shots are considered. The view is in the plane of one shaped charge.

Quantitative results include pressure temporal profiles, velocity profiles, and g acceleration at the fibers. Pressure at the flatpack peak is in the hundreds to thousands of psi, and accelerations peak in the hundreds to thousands of g. Unconfined flatpacks tend to launch from the casing, while confined flatpacks tend to oscillate at their location. Pressure contour models show the shaped charge breaking into multiple pressure pulses. The primary shocks are in front of and behind the charge. Secondary pulses occur off-axis near the base of the charge and from the jet bow shock near the top of the charge. Overall comparative simulation results indicate optimum flatpack location and configuration. Novel mitigation schemes are identified and simulated. A fiber-optic flatpack has been simulated in a zero- degree loaded gun for the first time; this information helped with understanding survivability against shaped charge shocks.
Customizable Synergistic Polymer Micro-Dispersions for Treating Challenging Waxy Crudes in Cold Regions
Authors: Feustel Michael , Goncharov Victor , Kaiser Anton , Smith Rashod , Sahl Mike , Kayser Christoph , Wylde Jonathan , Chapa Amanda
Published: September 2019

Transportation of waxy crude oils and mitigation of wax deposition are major challenges especially in regions with cold climate. A viable solution for minimizing organic precipitation and fouling in pipelines or storage tanks is the use of inhibitors and dispersants, however, often those pour point depressants (PPDs) have their own challenges due to their own high product pour points. To overcome these issues a series of high active winterized polymer micro-dispersions were developed. Composition and physical properties of several light to heavy waxy crudes were fully explored based on SARA analysis, wax content and paraffin carbon chain distribution. Performance of candidate chemistries from four major classes of polymeric paraffin inhibitors were studied using industry standard methods. Selected high performing chemistries were processed into micro-dispersions using solvents and surfactants under high shear/ high pressure blending. The new polymer micro-dispersions (MDs) were characterized by their pumpability and stability at cold climates. Series of pour point measurements, rheology profiles and wax deposition tests were carried out for performance comparison of MDs to standard polymers in solution. Processes developed here were versatile to convert polymers from all classes of chemistries into micro-dispersion. Binary and ternary polymeric dispersions were also created showing synergistic effects on the pour point reduction and inhibition of wax deposition of the selected challenging crude oils. The performance of the new polymer micro-dispersions was found comparable to superior with standard polymers in solution. Hence, it was possible to create pumpable inhibitors for extreme cold climates without compromising on performance. The systematic approach used here allowed development of more customized solution based on crude characteristics and desired performance. Micro-dispersions were found stable for long term storage in temperatures ranging from -50°C to +50°C. Multiple global field trials are on-going with very positive results demonstrating early success in lab-to-field deployment. Based on lab and field data, this paper demonstrates that highly active micro-dispersed polymers can perform at significantly lower dosage rate when compared to winterized polymers in solution. Cold storage stability and pumpability eliminated the needs for heated tanks and lines reducing operation and capital expenditures.
Influences of Anisotropy on Shale Brittleness Evaluation
Authors: Salah Mohamed , Ibrahim Mohamed Mohamed , Ibrahim Mazher , Pieprzica Chester
Published: September 2019

Shale brittleness is one of the most important parameters to assess how the shale behaves upon subjecting to applied stress and evaluate the hydraulic fracturing treatment. Presence of lamination is a common feature in organic-rich shales which significantly create anisotropy in elastic properties and rock brittleness due to the platy minerals such as clays that have the tendency to be aligned in parallel orientation during burial and the digenesis process. Characterization of anisotropy and the understanding the controlling factors on the reservoir rock elastic properties, rock strength and rock brittleness are crucial for successful production and development of shales.

The objective of this paper is to extend the previous discussion by (Ibrahim et al 2019), in which an integrated approach has been developed for evaluating the shale fracability, to explain the influences of shale lamination and emphasize on the effects of anisotropic in elastic properties on brittleness of organic-rich shales to better demonstrate the process of screening hydraulic fracturing candidate intervals and improve the hydraulic fracturing design which can eventually improve the production forecast.

In this paper, we propose the vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) modeling to investigate the effect of shale lamination and anisotropy on rock elastic properties, tensile failure and wave velocity normal to bedding plane, which differ than they are when parallel to bedding plane.

Throughout this study, it is observed that there is a remarkable effect of anisotropy parameters on rock elastic properties and tensile failure. This method help obtain more accurte brittleness index and give precise guide to optimize perforation depths choice and hydraulic fracturing design that can result in optimized hydrocarbon productivity.