bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity, Seasonal Dynamics and Host Plants of Butterflies in Forest Research Centre, Siddipet, Telangana, India
Authors: Ravivarma D. , Bhargavi Ch. , Chepyala Sahith , Podishetti Varun , Shakati Swamynath , Manasa Mogilicharla , Kolagani Chandramohan
Published: October 2023

Aim: This study aims at bringing out butterfly diversity through species richness, seasonal distribution and suitable host plant preferences of identified butterflies in Forest Research Centre, Siddipet, Telangana, India.

Study Design: Line Transect Method is followed.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Forest Research Centre (FRC), Siddipet, Telangana, India during 2021-2022.

Methodology: Five line transects are laid across the research centre which are surveyed both in morning and afternoon at 9-11AM and 4-6PM respectively across the season viz., rainy, winter and summer seasons. Species identification was done based on the visual and photographical observations.

Results: The study revealed a butterfly species richness of 53, spanning 39 genera and distributed across five families. These families included Nymphalidae (23 species), Pieridae (12 species), Lycaenidae (10 species), Papilionoidae (6 species), and Hesperiidae (2 species). When it came to host plant preferences, the butterflies showed a preference for families such as Fabaceae (23%), Malvaceae (16%), Capparaceae (12%), Acanthaceae (11%), and Poaceae (8%). Additionally, several other families, including Apocynaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rutaceae, were found to host a few butterfly species. Regarding seasonal distribution, the study noted that butterfly species were more abundant during the winter season, followed by the rainy season, with the summer season exhibiting a significant difference in distribution and occurrence compared to the other two seasons.

Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that FRC reported a diverse range of butterflies distributed across all the seasons making it potential site for preservation and conservation of butterflies and its host species.
Identification of Potential Sourcing Areas for Selected Organic Fruits and Vegetables (Mango, Onion and Pomegranate) in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rajanikanth Kalva , Radhika P. , Srilatha Ch. , Meena A.
Published: October 2023

India is an agricultural country with more than half its population relying on agriculture. The diverse climate and vast potential for fruit and vegetable cultivation in India made it a forerunner in fruit and vegetable production. Excessive pesticide usage and its harmful effects have laid the emphasis on organic agriculture and it has been increasing. India has greater potential for organic cultivation of fruits and vegetables and needs to be exploited by identification of potential sourcing areas for fruits and vegetables. The present study was carried out in Nashik and Solapur districts of Maharashtra and YSR Kadapa and Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh state for the identification of sourcing areas for mango, onion, and pomegranate. A total of 150 samples of organic farming FPOs/traders/farmers in the selected districts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh were taken. Finally, based on the organic certification and availability of selected crops (onion, mango, pomegranate), 60 respondents were considered for further study. Based on the results, nine FPOs, seven traders and four farmers from the Nashik district of Maharashtra are identified as a potential source of organic onion and two FPOs, two traders and one farmer from the Nashik district and eight FPOs, four traders and three farmers from Andhra Pradesh and finally seven FPOs, four traders and two farmers from Solapur district and three FPOs, two traders and two farmers from Nashik district as potential sources for procurement of selected organic fruits and vegetables.
Impact of Different Fertility Levels and Liquid Biofertilizers on Biological Properties and Nutrient Content of Soil under Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop
Authors: Kumawat Hansa , Singh D. P. , Yadav K. K. , Khardia Neha , Sharma Sonal , Dhayal Surendra , Kumar Pramod , Salvi Kartik , Kumawat Archana
Published: October 2023

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019 at the Instructional Farm of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. The treatments comprised of four levels of fertility i.e. control, 75, 100 and 125% RDF and four levels of liquid biofertilizers i.e. control, Azotobacter, PSB and Azotobacter + PSB. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice taking wheat var. Raj.-4238 as test crop. The Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was 100:60:40 kg ha-1 of N: P2O5: K2O. The results of the study demonstrated a significant increase in several important soil parameters in the post-harvest wheat fields. This increase was observed as we applied higher levels of fertilizers and liquid biofertilizers, specifically up to the point where we used 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and a combination of Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). The application of increased fertility levels and the use of Azotobacter + PSB as liquid biofertilizers led to significant improvements in soil microbial biomass, microbial populations and enzyme activities, enhancing the overall health and fertility of the post-harvest wheat soil. Additionally, significant increases in sulphur and micronutrients (Zn, Cu Fe and Mn) in soil with the application of 100% RDF.
Response of Different Irrigation Scheduling and Nutrients on Growth, Flowering and Corm Traits of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) under Delhi Condition
Authors: Swaroop Kishan , Rohit R. , Sharma V. K. , Bhatia Reeta , Khanna Manoj , Kumar Arun
Published: October 2023

The present experiments were undertaken for standardization of irrigation interval and nutrients on the performance of gladiolus variety under Delhi condition. The field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during the winter season of the year 2021 and 2022. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized block design with three replications and consisting of four irrigation regimes and five nutrients’ levels including bio-fertilizers. The results of two year experiments showed that maximum plant height (120.56 cm), spike length (97.26 cm), rachis length (63.13 cm) and single corm’s weight (50.73 g) and  P content % in plant before flower emergence was found maximum with the application of seven irrigations at 15 days intervals  along with treatment N4 i.e. application of Azotobacter + Bio-phosphorous +Bio-potash + Bio-iron +Bio-Zn each 3 litre per hectare foliar spray at 30 and 60 days after planting. Number of florets per spike (21.20), estimated benefit cost ratio (1:2.86), P and K content in plant before flower emergence was found maximum with the application of five irrigations at the interval of 25 days after planting with 50 % RDF + organic manure @ 5 tonnes/ha + Azotobacter + VAM +PSB + KSB @ 2 g per plant.
Comparison between Farmers’ and Commercial Cocoa Varieties in Cameroon
Authors: Sounigo Olivier , Tchoua Leblanc Feumba de , Efombagn Mousseni Ives Bruno , Nsouga Amougou Fidèle Romuald , Bourgoing Raymond , Cilas Christian
Published: October 2023

The present paper shows the results from eight on farm progeny cocoa trial plots set up in 2007 and 2008 on fallow and savannah, in four sites of Central Cameroon region. Mortality rate and yield were estimated on commercial cocoa varieties, consisting in progenies issued from pods harvested in bi-clonal seed gardens set up by researchers and managed by extension bodies, as well as on farmers’ varieties, issued from seeds obtained by farmers from pods harvested in their own fields. Despite the high variability observed among the trial plots for the three traits under assessment, it was possible to observe significant differences between some of the assessed varieties. The significantly highest yielding progeny is one of the assessed commercial varieties, issued from the cross IMC 67 x SNK 64.  The significantly lowest yielding progeny is the farmers’ traditional amelonado variety (German cocoa). No significant difference was observed between “farmers’ hybrids” and the two other assessed commercial varieties, consisting in the progeny issued from the cross between UPA 143 and SNK 64 and from a mixture of six commercial progenies. The consequences of these data on the selection and release of commercial varieties in Cameroon are discussed.
Evaluation of Cocoa Full-Sib Progenies in Challenging Conditions in Cameroon
Authors: Sounigo Olivier , Vefonge Daniel Koulou , Eyango Marie-Claire , Efombagn Mousseni Ives Bruno
Published: October 2023

The improved vegetal material cultivated by cocoa farmers in Cameroon consists in full-sib progenies issued from pods harvested in bi-clonal seed gardens set up during the 1970s. Interviews of cocoa farmers revealed their general satisfaction with the yield level obtained from these progenies but also their disappointment with the high level of susceptibility to black pod disease, a disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, which is a serious challenge for cocoa production in this country. In order to select new future varieties that would combine high yield and resistance to black pod disease, new progeny trial plots were set up from 2005, in research stations and on farm.

23 cocoa full-sib progenies were assessed and compared to 3 control progenies. in a trial plot set up in 2005 in a research station located in the south western region of Cameroon. The cocoa trees were assessed during eight consecutive years of cocoa production. A large level of variation was observed among the progenies for mortality rate (ranging between 6 and 52%), annual potential yield (ranging between 151 and 1,808 kg/ha), annual actual yield (ranging between 114 and 1,159 kg/ha) and black pod disease incidence (ranging between 19 and 39,8%) caused by Phytophthora megakarya. Nine of the assessed full-sib progenies were identified as promising and the authors suggest how to confirm their performances before their release to farmers.
Concatenation of Two Different Integrable Systems is Not Integrable
Authors: Erdélyi Béla
Published: October 2023

Aims/Objectives: Nonlinear, completely integrable Hamiltonian systems representing charged particle motion in external electromagnetic fields hold promise for models of novel intensity frontier particle accelerators. The main reason is the combination of large regions of stable orbits with damping of collective instabilities by conservative relaxation. Intensity frontier particle accelerators are essential for discovery science in particle and nuclear physics, and a host of industrial and security applications.Study Design: Mathematical proof.Methodology: Tools of Hamiltonian dynamics and differential geometry.Results: Realistic system lattices include additional sections or inserts that themselves may be integrable (such as linear optics, phase trombones, thin lenses, kicks, etc.). However, in general the full system fails to remain integrable.Conclusion: The non-integrability proof is presented and some consequences of integrability failure are explored.
Waiting for a Heart Valve—You Can’t Go Back
Authors: Menzin Eleanor R.
Published: October 2023

This essay describes a family of physicians waiting for a heart valve for their vivacious 95-year-old aunt.
Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Therapy for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Vial Theodore , Almon Alires
Published: October 2023

This Viewpoint explores common concerns about using artificial intelligence to provide mental health therapy for children and adolescents.
High‐Throughput Multiparametric Quantification of Mechanics Driven Heterogeneity in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Population
Authors: Kaonis Samantha , Aboellail Zack , Forman Jack , Ghosh Soham
Published: October 2023

Mesenchymal stromal or stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for a myriad of cell therapy applications. Despite showing promise in numerous preclinical and clinical studies, MSC‐based therapy is not yet a reality for regenerative medicine due to its suboptimal outcome at the clinical endpoint. The mechanical environment is a critical determinant of MSC gene expression and function. This study reports that MSC population becomes phenotypically heterogenous and commits to an unwanted osteoprogenitor pathway when it experiences an abnormal mechanically stiff environment, compared to its native softer environment. A method is developed to measure the heterogeneity using nuclear shape, chromatin state, and CD73 marker. Heterogeneity is shown to be associated with a larger spread in the nuclear shape parameters and a smaller spread in the chromatin openness. Subsequently, intervention strategies are investigated to create a more homogeneous MSC population. Culturing MSCs on soft surfaces or inhibiting actomyosin on stiff surfaces can make them more homogeneous, while inhibiting YAP, Runx2, and actin polymerization helps maintain but does not fully homogenize them. This study offers insights for cell and tissue engineers, aiding in the design of optimal conditions and materials for MSC culture, ultimately enhancing their therapeutic potential.
Study on Morphology, Microstructure, and Tribo‐Corrosion Behavior of Laser‐Powder‐Bed‐Fusion‐Fabricated Titanium Alloy
Authors: Lu Peipei , Wang Hongfeng , Wu Meiping
Published: October 2023

The complicated interplay between microstructure and tribo‐corrosion behavior has long been an intriguing problem in the field of advanced materials engineering. In this study, the effects of different laser energy densities (LEDs) on the surface morphology, microstructure, and tribo‐corrosion behavior of Ti–6Al–4V produced using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology are systematically investigated. The surface morphology and microstructure of the specimens are characterized in detail using various characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Additionally, a self‐assembled friction–corrosion equipment is employed to evaluate the tribo‐corrosion behavior of the samples at different LED settings. In the results, it is shown that the LED has a significant effect on the surface morphology, microstructure, and tribo‐corrosion behavior of the Ti–6Al–4V. Increasing the LED leads to reduced surface roughness, weakened keyhole and segregation phenomena, more distinct β grain boundaries, and coarser acicular α phase. Moreover, the tribo‐corrosion behavior initially improves and then declines with increasing LED. Furthermore, tribo‐corrosion product and mechanism of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy prepared by LPBF are revealed. This study is of great significance for understanding the relationship between the microstructure and tribo‐corrosion behavior of Ti–6Al–4V manufactured by LPBF.
Transparent Superamphiphobic Material Formed by Hierarchical Nano Re‐Entrant Structure
Authors: Li Haojun , Jin Qingqing , Li Haibo , Tong Hua , Wang Keke , Chen Shuoran , Ouyang Gangfeng , Wang Zuankai , Li Yanan
Published: October 2023

Developing transparent and superamphiphobic materials that can repel low‐surface‐tension liquids is attractive for fundamental research and industrial applications. Despite great progress, it remains a daunting challenge to scalably fabricate highly transparent superamphiphobic materials because of the inherent paradox in surface roughness to achieve superamphiphobicity and optical transparency. Herein, a scalable template‐assisted spray coating method is developed to form hierarchical nano re‐entrant structures that eliminate the visible‐light scattering while maintaining optical transmittance above 88% in the visible region, besides retaining the superamphiphobicity to various low surface‐tension liquids. In addition to exhibiting improved mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities, these transparent superamphiphobic materials can also be applied on various substrates, including curved surfaces and solar panels, to enhance their optical stability. This study believes that these excellent overall properties possess enormous potential for various applications involving self‐cleaning, anti‐fouling, and anti‐counterfeiting.
Silicon‐Based Biomaterials Modulate the Adaptive Immune Response of T Lymphocytes to Promote Osteogenesis/Angiogenesis via Epigenetic Regulation
Authors: Xia Lunguo , Wu Tingting , Chen Lei , Mei Peng , Liu Lu , Li Ruomei , Shu Mengmeng , Huan Zhiguang , Wu Chengtie , Fang Bing
Published: October 2023

Silicon (Si)‐based biomaterials are widely applied for bone regeneration. However, the underlying mechanisms of the materials function remain largely unknown. T lymphocyte‐mediated adaptive immune response plays a vital role in the process of bone regeneration. In the current study, mesoporous silica (MS) is used as a model material of Si‐based biomaterials. It shows that the supernatant of CD4+ T lymphocytes pretreated with MS extract significantly promotes the vascularized bone regeneration. The potential mechanism is closely related to the fact that MS extract can reduce the expression of regulatory factor X‐1 (RFX‐1) in CD4+ T lymphocytes. This may result in the overexpression of interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) by boosting histone H3 acetylation and lowering DNA methylation and H3K9 trimethylation. Importantly, the in vivo experiments further reveal that MS particles significantly enhance bone regeneration with improved angiogenesis in the critical‐sized calvarial defect mouse model accompanied by upregulation of IL‐17A in peripheral blood and the proportion of Th17 cells. This study suggests that modulation of the adaptive immune response of T lymphocytes by silicate‐based biomaterials plays an important role for bone regeneration.
2D Bismuthine/PDMS Composite Membrane as a Potential Electrode Material for High‐Output Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Wang Minmin , Chen Qinglin , Zhao Wenwu , Tang Yanfeng
Published: October 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with great potential in the field of energy collection and self‐powered sensing have attracted great attention. However, most of the TENGs are limited by their unsatisfactory electrical output performance and mechanical properties in utilized as wearable and flexible microelectronic devices. Herein, a flexible single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator composed of bismuthene (Bi‐ene) nanosheets embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is proposed. The Bi‐ene nanosheets embedded in the PDMS film act as micro‐capacitors, which enable the Bi‐ene@PDMS film to withstand high voltage and store more electrical energy. As a result, the Bi‐ene@PDMS based TENG exhibits 26 times more power density than that of the pure PDMS based TENG at the optimum Bi‐ene content. Moreover, the prepared TENG based e‐skin can meet the practical needs of power supply, motion sensing, and tactile sensing. The results can provide fundamental insights for the design of high‐performance flexible TENG.
Light and Force Multifunctional Detector Based on the Interfacial Polarization of the ITO/MAPbBr3 Schottky Junction
Authors: Ding Yecheng , Zhao Xuefeng , Zhao Zeen , Yan Zhibo , Yuan Guoliang , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: October 2023

The MAPbBr3 halide perovskite with a cubic paraelectric phase exhibits excellent semiconductor properties. Here, an interfacial polarization (Pin) at the ITO/MAPbBr3 Schottky junction can largely enhance photovoltaic current and be applied in the light and force multifunctional detector. An external force can alter the Pin and increase the photocurrent of the ITO/MAPbBr3/spiro‐OMeTAD/ITO detector, and a 1 N force increases the short‐circuit photocurrent by 120%. Furthermore, the ITO/MAPbBr3/ITO structure with one ITO surface in light and another ITO surface in dark exhibits an equivalent piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of up to 83 pC N−1 since the Pin and the corresponding photovoltaic current dynamically change with periodic external force. The light and force multifunctional detectors will promote the development and blend of optoelectronic devices and MEMS.
Microneedles Loaded with Dexamethasone and Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate Reverse the Imbalance of Subcutaneous Immune Homeostasis for the Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Jia Honglin , Yang Qi , Hong Jiahui , Ding Rui , Liu Tao , Yang Qunfang , Zheng Haiping , Huang Qingshan , Zhang Zhaowei , Chen Xiaohong , Sun Renshan , Yu Yunlong , Shan Wenjun
Published: October 2023

Maintaining the homeostasis of the skin's immune microenvironment is crucial for skin's health. In inflammatory skin conditions (like psoriasis), the immune microenvironment is dysregulated, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and T cell overactivation. In addition to promoting inflammation and excessive keratinocyte proliferation, ROS upregulation in psoriasis also induces glucocorticoid resistance, which poses a significant challenge to the effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment (e.g., dexamethasone, Dex) in psoriasis. To conquer this problem, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) is used to eliminate ROS production in psoriasis. Application of EGCG reduces ROS levels and improves the antipsoriasis effect of Dex in vitro. Benefiting from the unique characteristics of microneedle (MN) for transdermal drug delivery, a dissolvable MN patch containing EGCG and Dex (DEX/EGCG‐MN) is constructed, which can directly codelivery the two elements to the lesion area without stratum corneum barrier. The MN alleviates psoriasis‐like manifestations in imiquimod‐induced psoriasis mouse model, indicated by epidermal thickness and dorsal skin signs. Besides, DEX/EGCG‐MN corrects the disorder of immune cells, including innate and acquired immune cells. As a result, it mediates the balance in the skin's immune microenvironment. Meanwhile, the MN also ameliorates the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions. It is believed that this approach may offer insights for further developing antipsoriasis assays.
Ferroelectricity in Epitaxial Tetragonal ZrO2Thin Films
Authors: El Boutaybi Ali , Maroutian Thomas , Largeau Ludovic , Findling Nathaniel , Brubach Jean‐Blaise , Cervasio Rebecca , Degezelle Alban , Matzen Sylvia , Vivien Laurent , Roy Pascale , Karamanis Panagiotis , Rérat Michel , Lecoeur Philippe
Published: October 2023

The crystal structure and ferroelectric properties of epitaxial ZrO2films ranging from 7 to 42 nm thickness grown on La0.67Sr0.33MnO3buffered (110)‐oriented SrTiO3substrate are reported. By employing X‐ray diffraction, a tetragonal phase (t‐phase) at all investigated thicknesses, with slight in‐plane strain due to the substrate in the thinnest films, is confirmed. Further confirmation of the t‐phase is obtained through infrared absorption spectroscopy with synchrotron light, performed on ZrO2membrane transferred onto a high resistive silicon substrate. Up to a thickness of 31 nm, the ZrO2epitaxial films exhibit ferroelectric behavior, at variance with the antiferroelectric behavior reported previously for the t‐phase in polycrystalline films. However, the ferroelectricity is found here to diminish with increasing film thickness, with a polarization of 13 µC cm−2and down to 1 µC cm−2for 7 and 31 nm thick ZrO2films, respectively. Given that the t‐phase is nonpolar, the observations emphasize the influence of external factors, in promoting polarization in t‐ZrO2thin films. These findings provide new insights into the ferroelectric properties and structure of ZrO2thin films, and open up new directions to investigate the origin of ferroelectricity in ZrO2and to optimize this material for future applications.
Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals high genetic diversity and postglacial range expansion in Quercus mexicana
Authors: Sánchez‐Acevedo Vanessa , González‐Rodríguez Antonio , Torres‐Miranda César Andrés , Rodríguez‐Correa Hernando , Valencia‐Á. Susana , De‐la‐Cruz Ivan M. , Oyama Ken
Published: October 2023

Premise

Phylogeographical studies are fundamental for understanding factors that influence the spatial distribution of genetic lineages within species. Population expansions and contractions, distribution shifts, and climate changes are among the most important factors shaping the genetic compositions of populations.

Methods

We investigated the phylogeography of an endemic oak, Quercus mexicana (Fagaceae), which has a restricted distribution in northeastern Mexico along the Sierra Madre Oriental and adjacent areas. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA microsatellite markers were used to describe the genetic diversity and structure of 39 populations of Q. mexicana along its entire distribution area. We tested whether population expansion or contraction events influenced the genetic diversity and structure of the species. We also modeled the historical distributional range of Q. mexicana (for the Mid Holocene, the Last Glacial Maximum, and the Last Interglacial) to estimate the extent to which climate fluctuations have impacted the distribution of this oak species.

Results

Our results revealed high genetic diversity and low genetic structure in Q. mexicana populations. Ecological niche models suggested historical fluctuations in the distributional range of Q. mexicana. Historical range changes, gene flow, and physical barriers seem to have played an important role in shaping the phylogeographic structure of Q. mexicana.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that the genetic structure of Q. mexicana may have been the result of responses of oak trees not only to heterogeneous environments present in the Sierra Madre Oriental and adjacent areas, but also to elevational and latitudinal shifts in response to climate changes in the past.
EED related overgrowth: First report of multiple members in a single family
Authors: Goel Himanshu , O'Donnell Sheridan , Edwards Matthew
Published: October 2023

EED is a core component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) with EZH2 and SUZ12. PRC2 has H3K27 methyltransferase activity (HMTase) that catalyzes the addition of up to three methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27). Germline heterozygous variants in EED, SUZ12, and EZH2 have been identified in patients with overgrowth and multiple dysmorphic features. The clinical manifestations of these syndromes significantly overlap: generalized overgrowth, intellectual disability, and scoliosis. To date, 11 unrelated patients have been published with missense variants in EED at highly conserved amino acids. We report three affected members in a family with a previously reported missense variant. All three affected members manifested very similarly, and this represents a homogenous clinical phenotype associated with EED related intellectual disability and overgrowth. This disorder is appropriately called Cohen‐Gibson syndrome.
Impacts of climate change and habitat loss on the distribution of the endangered crested capuchin monkey (Sapajus robustus)
Authors: Heming Neander M. , Mota Flavio M. M. , Talora Daniela C. , Martins Waldney P.
Published: October 2023

The crested capuchin monkey (Sapajus robustus) is endemic to the Atlantic Forest and its transition areas within Cerrado in Brazil. The species is currently threatened by habitat loss and has been classified as endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 2015. We used ecological niche models built with MaxEnt to predict the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of this species. The models were projected onto the reference climate, considering six climate scenarios (three Global Climate Models and two Representative Concentration Pathways) from IPCC for 2050 and 2070. We showed that while the amount of suitable area is expected to change little across the species' range in most evaluated climate scenarios, climatic conditions may significantly deteriorate by 2070 in the pessimistic scenario, especially in currently warmer and dryer areas to the west. As seen on other capuchin monkeys, the potential use of tools by crested capuchins may increase the chances of the species adaptation to novel harsher environmental conditions. The major negative impacts across the species range also include habitat loss and fragmentation so that the conservation of the species relies on the protection of the forest remnants in the center of its distribution, which can harbor populations of the species in current and future climate scenarios.
Artificial intelligence for dementia prevention
Authors: Newby Danielle , Orgeta Vasiliki , Marshall Charles R. , Lourida Ilianna , Albertyn Christopher P. , Tamburin Stefano , Raymont Vanessa , Veldsman Michele , Koychev Ivan , Bauermeister Sarah , Weisman David , Foote Isabelle F. , Bucholc Magda , Leist Anja K. , Tang Eugene Y. H. , Tai Xin You ,   The Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Llewellyn David J. , Ranson Janice M.
Published: October 2023

INTRODUCTION

A wide range of modifiable risk factors for dementia have been identified. Considerable debate remains about these risk factors, possible interactions between them or with genetic risk, and causality, and how they can help in clinical trial recruitment and drug development. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) may refine understanding.

METHODS

ML approaches are being developed in dementia prevention. We discuss exemplar uses and evaluate the current applications and limitations in the dementia prevention field.

RESULTS

Risk‐profiling tools may help identify high‐risk populations for clinical trials; however, their performance needs improvement. New risk‐profiling and trial‐recruitment tools underpinned by ML models may be effective in reducing costs and improving future trials. ML can inform drug‐repurposing efforts and prioritization of disease‐modifying therapeutics.

DISCUSSION

ML is not yet widely used but has considerable potential to enhance precision in dementia prevention.

Highlights

Artificial intelligence (AI) is not widely used in the dementia prevention field.

Risk‐profiling tools are not used in clinical practice.

Causal insights are needed to understand risk factors over the lifespan.

AI will help personalize risk‐management tools for dementia prevention.

AI could target specific patient groups that will benefit most for clinical trials.
Clean Synthetic Strategies to Biologically Active Molecules from Lignin: A Green Path to Drug Discovery**
Authors: Afanasenko Anastasiia M. , Wu Xianyuan , De Santi Alessandra , Elgaher Walid A. M. , Kany Andreas M. , Shafiei Roya , Schulze Marie‐Sophie , Schulz Thomas F. , Haupenthal Jörg , Hirsch Anna K. H. , Barta Katalin
Published: October 2023

Deriving active pharmaceutical agents from renewable resources is crucial to increasing the economic feasibility of modern biorefineries and promises to alleviate critical supply‐chain dependencies in pharma manufacturing. Our multidisciplinary approach combines research in lignin‐first biorefining, sustainable catalysis, and alternative solvents with bioactivity screening, an in vivo efficacy study, and a structural‐similarity search. The resulting sustainable path to novel anti‐infective, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer molecules enabled the rapid identification of frontrunners for key therapeutic indications, including an anti‐infective against the priority pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae with efficacy in vivo and promising plasma and metabolic stability. Our catalytic methods provided straightforward access, inspired by the innate structural features of lignin, to synthetically challenging biologically active molecules with the core structure of dopamine, namely, tetrahydroisoquinolines, quinazolinones, 3‐arylindoles and the natural product tetrahydropapaveroline. Our diverse array of atom‐economic transformations produces only harmless side products and uses benign reaction media, such as tunable deep eutectic solvents for modulating reactivity in challenging cyclization steps.
Supra‐Cyanines: Ultrabright Cyanine‐Based Fluorescent Supramolecular Materials in Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Lu Haicheng , Wang Yuqian , Hill Sophie K. , Jiang Hanqiu , Ke Yubin , Huang Shaohui , Zheng Dunjin , Perrier Sébastien , Song Qiao
Published: October 2023

Fluorescent materials with high brightness play a crucial role in the advancement of various technologies such as bioimaging, photonics, and OLEDs. While significant efforts are dedicated to designing new organic dyes with improved performance, enhancing the brightness of existing dyes holds equal importance. In this study, we present a simple supramolecular strategy to develop ultrabright cyanine‐based fluorescent materials by addressing long‐standing challenges associated with cyanine dyes, including undesired cis‐trans photoisomerization and aggregation‐caused quenching. Supra‐cyanines are obtained by incorporating cyanine moieties in a cyclic peptide‐based supramolecular scaffold, and exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields (up to 50 %) in both solution and in the solid state. These findings offer a versatile approach for constructing highly emissive cyanine‐based supramolecular materials.
Densely Packed CO2 Aids Charge, Spin, and Lattice Ordering Partially Fluctuated in a Porous Metal–Organic Framework Magnet
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Hiwatashi Yoshie , Amamizu Naoka , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Zhang Jun , Miyasaka Hitoshi
Published: October 2023

Partial charge fluctuations in the charge‐ordered state of a material, often triggered by structural disorders and/or defects, can significantly alter its physical characteristics, such as magnetic long‐range ordering. However, it is difficult to post‐chemically fix such accidental partial fluctuations to reconstruct a uniform charge‐ordered state. Herein, we report CO2‐aided charge ordering demonstrated in a CO2‐post‐captured layered magnet, [{Ru2(o‐ClPhCO2)4}2{TCNQ(OMe)2}] ⋅ CO2 (1⊃CO2; o‐ClPhCO2−=ortho‐chlorobenzoate; TNCQ(OMe)2=2,5‐dimethoxy‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane). Pristine porous layered magnet 1 had a partially charge‐fluctuated ordered state, which provided ferrimagnetic ordering at TC=65 K. Upon loading CO2, 1 adsorbed one mole of CO2, forming 1⊃CO2, and raising TC to 100 K. This was because of the vanishing charge fluctuations without significantly changing the framework structure. This research illustrates the post‐accessible host–guest chemistry delicately combined with charge, spin, and lattice ordering in a spongy magnet. Furthermore, it highlights how this innovative approach opens up new possibilities for technology and nanoscale magnetism manipulation.
Guaiacol as an Organic Superoxide Dismutase Mimics for Anti‐ageing a Ru‐based Li‐rich Layered Oxide Cathode
Authors: Lee Jeongin , Kim Min‐Ho , Lee Hosik , Kim Jonghak , Seo Jeongwoo , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Hwang Chihyun , Song Hyun‐Kon
Published: October 2023

High‐capacity Li‐rich layered oxides using oxygen redox as well as transition metal redox suffer from its structural instability due to lattice oxygen escaped from its structure during oxygen redox and the following electrolyte decomposition by the reactive oxygen species. Herein, we rescued a Li‐rich layered oxide based on 4d transition metal by employing an organic superoxide dismutase mimics as a homogeneous electrolyte additive. Guaiacol scavenged superoxide radicals via dismutation or disproportionation to convert two superoxide molecules to peroxide and dioxygen after absorbing lithium superoxide on its partially negative oxygen of methoxy and hydroxyl groups. Additionally, guaiacol was decomposed to form a thin and stable cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer, endowing the cathode with the interfacial stability.
Ag+‐Doped InSe Nanosheets for Membrane Electrode Assembly Electrolyzer toward Large‐Current Electroreduction of CO2to Ethanol
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Jiang Zhiwei , Wang Peng , Chen Zheng , Sheng Tian , Wu Zhengcui , Xiong Yujie
Published: October 2023

It is an appealing approach to CO2utilization through CO2electroreduction (CO2ER) to ethanol at high current density; however, the commonly used Cu‐based catalysts cannot sustain large current during CO2ER despite their capability for ethanol production. Herein, we report that Ag+‐doped InSe nanosheets with Se vacancies can address this grand challenge in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. As revealed by our experimental characterization and theoretical calculation, the Ag+doping, which can tailor the electronic structure of InSe while diversifying catalytically active sites, enables the formation of key reaction intermediates and their sequential evolution into ethanol. More importantly, such a material can well work for large‐current conditions in MEA electrolyzers with In2+species stabilized via electron transfer from Ag to Se. Remarkably, in an MEA electrolyzer by coupling cathodic CO2ER with anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the optimal catalyst exhibits an ethanol Faradaic efficiency of 68.7 % and a partial current density of 186.6 mA cm−2on the cathode with a full‐cell ethanol energy efficiency of 26.1 % at 3.0 V. This work opens an avenue for large‐current production of ethanol from CO2with high selectivity and energy efficiency by rationally designing electrocatalysts.
Recent Advances in the Development of Non‐Invasive Imaging Probes for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Kazim Muhammad , Yoo Euna
Published: October 2023

The last two decades have witnessed a major revolution in the field of tumor immunology including clinical progress using various immunotherapy strategies. These advances have highlighted the potential for approaches that harness the power of the immune system to fight against cancer. While cancer immunotherapies have shown significant clinical successes, patient responses vary widely due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of tumors and immune responses, calling for reliable biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to maximize the benefits of immunotherapy. Especially, stratifying responding individuals from non‐responders during the early stages of treatment could help avoid long‐term damage and tailor personalized treatments. In efforts to develop non‐invasive means for accurately evaluating and predicting tumor response to immunotherapy, multiple affinity‐based agents targeting immune cell markers and checkpoint molecules have been developed and advanced to clinical trials. In addition, researchers have recently turned their attention to substrate and activity‐based imaging probes that can provide real‐time, functional assessment of immune response to treatment. Here, we highlight some of those recently designed probes that image functional proteases as biomarkers of cancer immunotherapy with a focus on their chemical design and detection modalities and discuss challenges and opportunities for the development of imaging tools utilized in cancer immunotherapy.
Assessment of composition, color, and oxidative stability of mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel fats from various Ivorian varieties
Authors: Kouassi Alfred Kouakou , Alabi Taofic , Cissé Mohamed , Purcaro Giorgia , Moret Sabrina , Moret Erica , Blecker Christophe , Danthine Sabine
Published: October 2023

Seven mango seeds of Ivorian varieties, that is, Amelie, Kent, Keitt, Brooks, Palmer, Dadiani, and Djakoumankoun were collected from Northern Ivory Coast as wastes from local processing factories and local markets; their kernels were then quickly separated and sun‐dried to ensure lipases inactivation. This study was carried out to elucidate (1) the variability in the proximate composition (protein, ash, and fat content) of the so‐obtained kernels and (2) the characteristics of the extracted fat including acidity, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matters, phospholipid content, iodine value, fatty acid (FA), and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, sterol content, oxidative stability, color, and carotenoid content. It was found that the fat content ranged from 4.9% to 9.6% (dry matter) depending on the variety. Whatever the variety, oleic (O, 35.9%–47%) and stearic acid (St, 30.3%–48.3%) were the most abundant FA. A wide range of variation in TAG composition was however observed: the major were StOSt (23.9%–45.9%), StOO (15.5%–25.8%), and StLSt (10.4%–12.5%). A classification of the seven varieties based on their FA, TAG, and sterol content, was established using multivariate analysis: principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). According to their main FA and TAG, the seven varieties may be grouped into four clusters: cluster I = Amelie, cluster II = Keitt, Palmer, and Kent, cluster III = Brooks and Dadiani and, cluster IV = Djakoumankoun.
From leaves to labels: Building modular machine learning networks for rapid herbarium specimen analysis with LeafMachine2
Authors: Weaver William N. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: October 2023

Premise

Quantitative plant traits play a crucial role in biological research. However, traditional methods for measuring plant morphology are time consuming and have limited scalability. We present LeafMachine2, a suite of modular machine learning and computer vision tools that can automatically extract a base set of leaf traits from digital plant data sets.

Methods

LeafMachine2 was trained on 494,766 manually prepared annotations from 5648 herbarium images obtained from 288 institutions and representing 2663 species; it employs a set of plant component detection and segmentation algorithms to isolate individual leaves, petioles, fruits, flowers, wood samples, buds, and roots. Our landmarking network automatically identifies and measures nine pseudo‐landmarks that occur on most broadleaf taxa. Text labels and barcodes are automatically identified by an archival component detector and are prepared for optical character recognition methods or natural language processing algorithms.

Results

LeafMachine2 can extract trait data from at least 245 angiosperm families and calculate pixel‐to‐metric conversion factors for 26 commonly used ruler types.

Discussion

LeafMachine2 is a highly efficient tool for generating large quantities of plant trait data, even from occluded or overlapping leaves, field images, and non‐archival data sets. Our project, along with similar initiatives, has made significant progress in removing the bottleneck in plant trait data acquisition from herbarium specimens and shifted the focus toward the crucial task of data revision and quality control.
Insect cuticle and insecticide development
Authors: Ren Yunuo , Li Ying , Ju Yingjie , Zhang Wen , Wang Yiwen
Published: October 2023

Insecticide resistance poses a significant challenge, diminishing the effectiveness of chemical insecticides. To address this global concern, the development of novel and efficient pest management technologies based on chemical insecticides is an ongoing necessity. The insect cuticle, a highly complex and continuously renewing organ, plays a crucial role in this context. On one hand, as the most vital structure, it serves as a suitable target for insecticides. On the other hand, it acts as the outermost barrier, isolating the insect's inner organs from the environment, and thus offering resistance to contact with insecticides, preventing their entry into insect bodies. Our work focuses on key targets concerning cuticle formation and the interaction between the cuticle and contact insecticides. Deeper studying insect cuticles and understanding their structure–function relationship, formation process, and regulatory mechanisms during cuticle development, as well as investigating insecticide resistance related to the barrier properties of insect cuticles, are promising strategies not only for developing novel insecticides but also for discovering general synergists for contact insecticides. With this comprehensive review, we hope to contribute valuable insights into the development of effective pest management solutions and the mitigation of insecticide resistance.
Unveiling the chemistry of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and thiadiazols: A comprehensive review
Authors: Gour Vivek K. , Yahya Shaikh , Shahar Yar Mohammad
Published: October 2023

Oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles are malleable heterocycles that have recently generated major interest in the field of medicinal chemistry. Compounds based on these moieties have versatile biological applications such as anticonvulsant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant agents. Due to the versatile nature and stability of the oxadiazole and thiadiazole nucleus, medicinal chemists have changed the structural elements of the ring in numerous ways. These compounds have shown significant anticonvulsant effects, demonstrating their potential in the management of epileptic disorders. In this review, we have covered numerous biological pathways and in silico targeted proteins of oxadiazole and thiadiazole derivatives for treating various biological disorders. The data compiled in this article will be helpful for researchers, research scientists, and research chemists who work in the field of drug discovery and drug development.
Discovery of novel potent PI3K/mTOR dual‐target inhibitors based on scaffold hopping: Design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity
Authors: Yang Yang , Sun Xin , Luo Leixuan , Peng Rujue , Yang Ruiqing , Cheng Zhenjie , Lv Yao , Li Hongfeng , Tang Qidong , Zhu Wufu , Qiao Dan , Xu Shan
Published: October 2023

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the most common dysregulated signaling cascade responses in human cancers, playing a crucial role in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Therefore, the development of anticancer drugs targeting the PI3K and mTOR pathways has become a research hotspot in cancer treatment. In this study, the PI3K selective inhibitor GDC‐0941 was selected as a lead compound, and 28 thiophenyl‐triazine derivatives with aromatic urea structures were synthesized based on scaffold hopping, serving as a novel class of PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors. The most promising compound Y‐2 was obtained through antiproliferative activity evaluation, kinase inhibition, and toxicity assays. The results showed that Y‐2 demonstrated potential inhibitory effects on both PI3K kinase and mTOR kinase, with IC50 values of 171.4 and 10.2 nM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Y‐2 on mTOR kinase was 52 times greater than that of the positive drug GDC‐0941. Subsequently, the antitumor activity of Y‐2 was verified through pharmacological experiments such as AO staining, cell apoptosis, scratch assays, and cell colony formation. The antitumor mechanism of Y‐2 was further investigated through JC‐1 experiments, real‐time quantitative PCR, and Western blot analysis. Based on the above experiments, Y‐2 can be identified as a potent PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor for cancer treatment.
Exploration of 1,2,3‐triazolo fused triterpenoids as inhibitors of human coronavirus 229E targeting the viral nsp15 protein
Authors: Wang Rui , Stevaert Annelies , Truong Tien Nguyen , Li Qifei , Krasniqi Besir , Van Loy Benjamin , Voet Arnout , Naesens Lieve , Dehaen Wim
Published: October 2023

The coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic has raised major interest in innovative drug concepts to suppress human coronavirus (HCoV) infections. We previously reported on a class of 1,2,3‐triazolo fused betulonic acid derivatives causing strong inhibition of HCoV‐229E replication via the viral nsp15 protein, which is proposedly related to compound binding at an intermonomer interface in hexameric nsp15. In the present study, we further explored the structure–activity relationship (SAR), by varying the substituent at the 1,2,3‐triazolo ring as well as the triterpenoid skeleton. The 1,2,3‐triazolo fused triterpenoids were synthesized by a multicomponent triazolization reaction, which has been developed in‐house. Several analogs possessing a betulin, oleanolic acid, or ursolic acid core displayed favorable activity and selectivity (EC50 values for HCoV‐229E: 1.6–3.5 μM), but neither of them proved as effective as the lead compound containing betulonic acid. The 18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid‐containing analogs had low selectivity. The antiviral findings were rationalized by in silico docking in the available structure of the HCoV‐229E nsp15 protein. The new SAR insights will aid the further development of these 1,2,3‐triazolo fused triterpenoid compounds as a unique type of coronavirus inhibitors.