bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐molecule real‐time sequencing of the full‐length transcriptome of purple garlic (Allium sativumL. cv. Leduzipi) and identification of serine O‐acetyltransferase family proteins involved in cysteine biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Le , Zhang Chao , Yin Wei , Wei Wei , Wang Yonghong , Sa Wei , Liang Jian
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), whose bioactive components are mainly organosulfur compounds (OSCs), is a herbaceous perennial widely consumed as a green vegetable and a condiment. Yet, the metabolic enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of OSCs are not identified in garlic.

RESULTS

Here, a full‐length transcriptome of purple garlic was generated via PacBio and Illumina sequencing, to characterize the garlic transcriptome and identify key proteins mediating the biosynthesis of OSCs. Overall, 22.56 Gb of clean data were generated, resulting in 454 698 circular consensus sequence (CCS) reads, of which 83.4% (379 206) were identified as being full‐length non‐chimeric reads – their further transcript clustering facilitated identification of 36 571 high‐quality consensus reads. Once corrected, their genome‐wide mapping revealed that 6140 reads were novel isoforms of known genes, and 2186 reads were novel isoforms from novel genes. We detected 1677 alternative splicing events, finding 2902 genes possessing either two or more poly(A) sites. Given the importance of serine O‐acetyltransferase (SERAT) in cysteine biosynthesis, we investigated the five SERAT homologs in garlic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a three‐tier classification of SERAT proteins, each featuring a serine acetyltransferase domain (N‐terminal) and one or two hexapeptide transferase motifs. Template‐based modeling showed that garlic SERATs shared a common homo‐trimeric structure with homologs from bacteria and other plants. The residues responsible for substrate recognition and catalysis were highly conserved, implying a similar reaction mechanism. In profiling the five SERAT genes’ transcript levels, their expression pattern varied significantly among different tissues.

CONCLUSION

This study's findings deepen our knowledge of SERAT proteins, and provide timely genetic resources that could advance future exploration into garlic's genetic improvement and breeding. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
18F‐FDG positron emission tomography–computed tomography has a low positive predictive value for detecting occult recurrence in asymptomatic patients with high‐risk Stages IIB, IIC, and IIIA melanoma
Authors: Jaeger Zachary J. , Williams Gregory A. , Chen Ling , Mhlanga Joyce C. , Cornelius Lynn A. , Fields Ryan C.
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

High recurrence rates of Stages II and IIIA melanoma make close follow‐up essential, especially with new adjuvant therapies for metastatic disease. However, there are currently no consensus guidelines for routine imaging for Stages IIB, IIC, and IIIA melanoma. The study's aim is to determine the utility of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting asymptomatic recurrence of melanoma after primary surgical resection.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 158 patients with the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition Stages IIB, IIC, or IIIA cutaneous melanoma who underwent an 18F‐FDG PET/CT from 2010 to 2020. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data after a median follow‐up time of 39 months.

Results

We calculated a positive predictive value (PPV) of 32% (95% confidence interval: 11%–53%) for 154 routine PET/CTs, including six true positives and 13 false positives (FPs). PPV was 33% for Stage IIB, 50% for Stage IIC, and 14% for Stage IIIA. FPs were mostly benign or inflammatory foci (75%), and some other malignancies were found (21%).

Conclusions

This cohort of patients imaged for high‐risk melanoma demonstrated a high FP rate and low PPV. These findings suggest that routine surveillance with 18F‐FDG PET/CT may not be indicated for monitoring recurrence in this population.
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Strategy for Automated View Classification of Pediatric Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma
Authors: Kornblith Aaron E. , Addo Newton , Dong Ruolei , Rogers Robert , Grupp‐Phelan Jacqueline , Butte Atul , Gupta Pavan , Callcut Rachael A. , Arnaout Rima
Published: November 2021

Objective

Pediatric focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) is a sequence of ultrasound views rapidly performed by clinicians to diagnose hemorrhage. A technical limitation of FAST is the lack of expertise to consistently acquire all required views. We sought to develop an accurate deep learning view classifier using a large heterogeneous dataset of clinician‐performed pediatric FAST.

Methods

We developed and conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of a deep learning view classifier on real‐world FAST studies performed on injured children less than 18 years old in two pediatric emergency departments by 30 different clinicians. FAST was randomly distributed to training, validation, and test datasets, 70:20:10; each child was represented in only one dataset. The primary outcome was view classifier accuracy for video clips and still frames.

Results

There were 699 FAST studies, representing 4925 video clips and 1,062,612 still frames, performed by 30 different clinicians. The overall classification accuracy was 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.0–99.0) for video clips and 93.4% (95% CI: 93.3–93.6) for still frames. Per view still frames were classified with an accuracy: 96.0% (95% CI: 95.9–96.1) cardiac, 99.8% (95% CI: 99.8–99.8) pleural, 95.2% (95% CI: 95.0–95.3) abdominal upper quadrants, and 95.9% (95% CI: 95.8–96.0) suprapubic.

Conclusion

A deep learning classifier can accurately predict pediatric FAST views. Accurate view classification is important for quality assurance and feasibility of a multi‐stage deep learning FAST model to enhance the evaluation of injured children.
Effect of profilin‐1 on the asymmetric dimethylarginine‐induced vascular lesion‐associated hypertension
Authors: Ni Guo‐Hua , Cheng Jin‐Fang , Li Yuan‐Jian , Xie Qi‐Ying , Yang Tian‐Lun , Chen Mei‐Fang
Published: November 2021

Previous studies have demonstrated that the levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, are strongly associated with hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Profilin‐1, an actin‐binding protein, has been documented to be involved in endothelial injury and in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells resulting from hypertension. However, the role of profilin‐1 in ADMA‐induced vascular injury in hypertension remains largely unknown. Forty healthy subjects and forty‐two matched patients with essential hypertension were enrolled, and the related indexes of vascular injury in plasma were detected. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) were treated with different concentrations of ADMA for different periods of time and transfected with profilin‐1 small hairpin RNA to interrupt the expression of profilin‐1. To determine the role of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway, RASMCs were pretreated with AG490 or rapamycin. The expression of profilin‐1 was tested using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assays. Compared with healthy subjects, the levels of ADMA and profilin‐1 were markedly elevated in hypertensive individuals, while the levels of NO were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In vitro, studies showed ADMA‐induced profilin‐1 expression in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner in RASMCs (p < 0.05), concomitantly with promoting the proliferation of RASMCs. Furthermore, ADMA‐mediated proliferation of RASMCs and upregulation expression of profilin‐1 were inhibited by blockade of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway or knockdown of profilin‐1. Profilin‐1 implicated in the ADMA‐mediated vascular lesions in hypertension.
Treatment of RB‐deficient retinoblastoma with Aurora‐A kinase inhibitor
Authors: Yang Wen , Jiang Xing‐Xiu , Zhao Xiao‐Yan , Mao Ping‐An
Published: November 2021

Retinoblastoma, also known as ocular cancer, usually affects children under the age of five. The standard of care for managing early‐stage retinoblastoma is a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide. However, this combination‐based modality has limited applications owing to its side and late effects. Moreover, in advanced tumor stages, nearly 50% of patients would suffer a partial or full loss of vision. Therefore, therapies that preserve vision and reduce side effects are urgently required. Here, we focused mainly on the common loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutation of retinoblastoma gene 1 (RB1) in advanced retinoblastoma and investigated the synthetic lethality between RB1‐LOF and Aurora kinase inhibition. We showed that Aurora kinase A inhibition could lead to cell mitotic abnormality and apoptosis, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a mouse model xenografted with RB1‐deficient retinoblastoma. Our findings provide a promising druggable molecular target and potential clinical strategy for tackling retinoblastoma disease.
Operating theatre nurses' with managerial responsibility: Self‐reported clinical competence and need of competence development in perioperative nursing
Authors: Blomberg Ann‐Catrin , Lindwall Lillemor , Bisholt Birgitta
Published: November 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate operating theatre nurses (OTNs) with managerial responsibility, and their self‐rated clinical competence and need for competence development in perioperative nursing.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was applied using a modified version of Professional Nurse Self‐Assessment Scale of Clinical Core Competence I.

Method

Data were collected from 303 OTNs in Sweden, 80 of whom indicated that they had managerial responsibility. Statistics analysis was used to identify the relationships between background variables to compare OTNs with and without managerial responsibility and their need for competence development.

Results

OTNs with an academic degree and managerial responsibility self‐rated their clinical competence higher compared with OTNs without an academic degree. It also turned out that OTNs with RN education and 1‐year advanced nursing in theatre care, and master's 60 credits had a lower need for competence development in cooperation and consultation, professional development and critical thinking.
Acinic cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa with reconstruction by submental island flap
Authors: Ogane Satoru , Hiraga Chiho , Suzuki Taiki , Takano Masayuki , Katakura Akira , Nomura Takeshi
Published: November 2021

Background

We report a case of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the buccal mucosa with reconstruction by submental island flap.

Case Presentation

A 79‐year‐old man became aware of a mass on his left buccal mucosa. We diagnosed AciCC and performed resection of malignant salivary gland tumor of buccal mucosa and reconstruction with submental island flap.

Conclusion

Submental island flap is considered to be one of the useful options for local reconstruction in the head and neck region, including oral cancer.
The effects of the cross‐linking mechanism of low doses of gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of the natural rubber latex/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) block copolymer blend
Authors: Lazim Nurul Hakimah , Hidzir Norsyahidah Mohd , Hamzah Naim Syauqi , Mikihito Takenaka , Shamsudin Siti Aisyah
Published: November 2021

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a natural polymer with versatile properties. However, uncured NRL has low strength and limited practical use. Therefore, we utilized low‐dose gamma irradiation to induce cross‐linking in blended NRL/poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene‐block‐styrene) (SIS). Blends were prepared in various ratios, and the 70NRL/30SIS blend gave optimal mechanical properties. The 70NRL/30SIS blend was then irradiated from 4 to 16 kGy. An exposure of 12 kGy led to the highest tensile strength (4.49 MPa), Young's modulus (0.41 MPa), gel content (45%), and cross‐link density (12.18 × 10−5 mol·cm−3). The results of study show irradiation has improved the crystallinity of the polymer blend, which has been determined by the formation of a new NRL crystal peak at 31.2° and the decrease of the crystallization temperature from 58 to 19°C due to strain‐induced crystallization. Moreover, the radiation has transformed the 70NRL/30SIS blend irradiated at 12 kGy from liquid‐like to an elastic state that degraded at a higher temperature (392.01°C). The presence of a singlet alkyl radical peak was detected in the electron spin resonance. Therefore, the cross‐links are proposed to be C‐C bonds formed via the radiation technique. Irradiation is an effective technique to improve the performance of NRL/SIS blends without introducing any chemical cross‐linking additive.
Temporospatial parameters, shoulder kinematics, and acute tendon changes in four different stroke patterns in male wheelchair users with spinal cord injury
Authors: Korkmaz Nurdan , Yardımcı Gokhan , Yılmaz Bilge
Published: November 2021

Background

Manual wheelchair propulsion causes shoulder tendon pathologies in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. Four different wheelchair stroke patterns can cause varying amounts of acute changes in the shoulder tendons.

Objective

To evaluate and compare acute changes in the supraspinatus and biceps tendons and acromiohumeral distance (AHD) after propulsion between different stroke patterns in individuals with spinal cord injury. In addition, to associate tendon changes with demographic and biomechanical characteristics.

Design

Prospective and comparative study between four groups.

Setting

Tertiary rehabilitation hospital.

Patients

Male wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.

Interventions

Participants were divided into four groups according to stroke pattern (arcing, semicircular [SC], single‐loop [SL], and double‐loop [DL]), in which they used their wheelchair on a motorized treadmill at a speed of 1 m/s. A sample of 40 people was created, 10 in each group. All participants performed a propulsion test.

Main Outcome Measures

Temporospatial variables and shoulder kinematics were analyzed. Supraspinatus tendon thickness (SSTT), long head of biceps tendon thickness (LHBTT), and AHD were measured before and after the propulsion test.

Results

SC pattern had lower cadence and larger contact angle. A reduction in SSTT and LHBTT in arcing pattern, LHBTT and AHD in SC pattern, and LHBTT in DL pattern was observed (all p < .05). However, SL pattern did not differ significantly in all ultrasonographic measurements (all p > .05). Body mass index was associated with a decrease in SSTT. Age and number of daily push‐ups were associated with a decrease in AHD.

Conclusions

Fewer tendon changes after the propulsion in the SL pattern suggested that the supraspinatus and biceps tendons were preserved in this pattern. The SL pattern may be a better choice for male wheelchair users with supraspinatus and biceps tendon pathologies.
Mucopolysaccharidosis patients have reduced functional capacity
Authors: Dias Bianca M. C. , Lanza Fernanda C. , Santos Jenifer dos , Aranda Carolina S. , Solé Dirceu , Martins Ana Maria , Wandalsen Gustavo F.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare diseases caused by an intralysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, resulting in a multisystemic clinical condition characterized by variable degrees of physical‐functional impairment.

Objective

To evaluate the functional capacity (FC) of MPS patients and compare with a healthy control group.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study of 6‐ to 39‐year‐old patients followed at a medical reference center and compared with their control peers, matched by age and sex. FC was assessed using the Sit‐to‐Stand Test (SST) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT). Heart rate (HR) and Borg rating of perceived exertion were measured before and after ISWT. HR recovery (HRR) was defined as the HR at the end of the test minus the HR in the second minute after ISWT.

Results

Nineteen (19) MPS patients, 69% with type II MPS and mean age 17 ± 11 years were evaluated. Every patient was under enzyme replacement therapy. The time to perform the SST was longer in the MPS group (10.6 ± 2.5 s vs. 6.7 ± 1.2 s; p < .01). The MPS group achieved lower values of distance covered on the ISWT (407.6 ± 329.8 m vs. 1131.9 ± 183.3 m; p < .01), with a significantly higher Borg (6 [5–8] vs. 2 [1–4]; p = .02). The MPS group's HRR was slower than the controls (32.9 ± 20.2 beats per minute [bpm] vs. 69.1 ± 25.9 bpm; p < .001).

Discussion

We observed a pronounced reduction in the MPS group's FC compared to their healthy peers and a worse HRR after completing the test.
Growth and Characterization of Stoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 Crystal Using Vertical Bridgman Technique
Authors: Peksu Elif , Terlemezoglu Makbule , Parlak Mehmet , Karaagac Hakan
Published: November 2021

Stoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) single phase crystals are successfully grown in a single‐zone vertical furnace by Bridgman technique. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy measurements are employed to investigate the structural properties of the grown crystals, which verifies the formation of mono‐phase CZTS crystals with kesterite structure. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDS) indicates the growth of CZTS single phase crystals with a nearly stoichiometric chemical composition. The carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity of the crystals are determined from Hall Effect measurements. At room temperature, the respective values are found to be 4.0 × 1015 cm−3, 1.0 cm2 Vs−1, and 1540 Ω cm. The activation energies for the acceptor levels are also determined using the temperature‐dependent hole concentration measurement. CuZn‐antisite originated acceptor level with activation energies of ≈121 meV is identified in a nearly stoichiometric kesterite structure.
Effect of Se‐Free Annealing on Cesium Fluoride‐Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films and Corresponding Solar Cells
Authors: Khatri Ishwor , Santos Pedro , Anacleto Pedro , Sharma Deepanjan , Belmoubarik Mohamed , Nicoara Nicoleta , Sugiyama Mutsumi , Sadewasser Sascha
Published: November 2021

The effect of selenium‐free annealing on cesium fluoride (CsF)‐treated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films is investigated and their solar cell performance is evaluated. Annealing of CsF‐treated CIGS thin films changes the surface morphology and the chemical composition, and reduces the Urbach energy. However, the full benefit of the reduced Urbach energies of the annealed samples is not obtained, because of an increased buffer/CIGS interface recombination as a consequence of re‐evaporation of the alkali‐containing layer from the surface region upon annealing. On the other hand, CsF‐treated CIGS thin films without any annealing after the post‐deposition treatment (PDT) preserve the alkali‐containing layer at the surface, thereby leading to an improved buffer/CIGS interface. Consequently, the open‐circuit voltage (V
OC) and fill factor improve significantly in these devices. The Urbach energies of both annealed and nonannealed solar cells are calculated from external quantum efficiency measurement to understand their impact on V
OC and V
OC deficit. No correlation between the V
OC deficit and the Urbach energies is observed.
FNAOSiPPEA[]/Zn(II) as a Bifunctional Lewis Acid/ Bronsted Base Heterogeneous Magnetic Nanocatalyst Based on Nano‐Almond Shell for Synthesis of Naphtho[1,3]oxazine Derivatives**
Authors: Mallah Dina , Mirjalili BiBi Fatemeh
Published: November 2021

Fe3O4@nano‐almondshell@OSi(CH2)3/2‐(1‐piperazinyl)ethylamine/Zn(II) abbreviated (FNAOSiPPEA/Zn(II)) as a Lewis acid/ Bronsted base double‐layer magnetic nano‐catalyst was prepared by immobilization of Zn‐diamine complex on functionalized nano‐almondshell coated Fe3O4 NPs. The properties of the FNAOSiPPEA/Zn(II) nano‐catalyst were identified by the of FT‐IR, FESEM, TGA, EDS‐MAP, XRD, VSM, and BET techniques. The catalytic performance of FNAOSiPPEA/Zn(II) as a strong and effective Lewis acid for the synthesis of 2‐aryl(alkyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐naphtho[1,2‐e][1,3]oxazine derivatives, abbreviated ADNO, was evaluated. A three‐component reaction between formaldehyde, primary amines, and phenolic compounds such as β‐naphthol, α‐naphthol, phenol, and hydroquinone was occurred in this protocol. FNAOSiPPEA/Zn(II) can be reused four times with a slight loss of catalytic activity.
Study on the Modification of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films with Barium Zirconate Titanate to Achieve Excellent Dielectric Property
Authors: Qu Jiale , Gao Shen , Hou Zhenghao
Published: November 2021

The barium zirconate titanate coated with dopamine is an excellent dielectric material. Herein, we prepared a type of BaLaZrTiO3 (BLZT) powder by hydrothermal method and coated BLZT with dopamine (DA). Then, casting method was applied to synthesize a composite film by adding BLZT/DA‐BLZT powders to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) respectively. Results show that DA‐BLZT@PVDF films perform better than BLZT@PVDF films in term of energy storage property and dielectric property. The dielectric constant and energy storage density of DA‐BLZT@PVDF films were all higher than that of BLZT@PVDF films and the dielectric loss was lower than BLZT@PVDF films. X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) demonstrated the typical perovskite structure was existing in BLZT powder. TEM and SEM also showed that the surface of BLZT powder was successfully coated with DA and uniformly dispersed in PVDF. This research provided an avenue to significantly improve the electrical properties of composite films.
Exploring the Properties of H2O@C60 with the Local Second‐Order Møller‐Plesset Perturbation Theory: Blue or Red Shift in C60 and H2O Fundamentals to Expect?
Authors: Dolgonos Grygoriy A.
Published: November 2021

The main structural, energetic and vibrational properties of H2O@C60 were computationally investigated using the density‐fitting local second‐order Møller–Plesset (DF‐LMP2) theory. Two low‐energy isomers, of C2 and C1 symmetry, were initially considered and only the latter one was identified as a true minimum with the lowest energy. The energy difference between these isomers was rather small (only 0.002 kcal/mol) and the respective interaction energy of any of the H2O@C60 isomers was −14.26 kcal/mol. These isomers were structurally similar having larger values of O−H bond lengths and angles by 0.0082 Å and 0.9 degrees, respectively, compared to a free water molecule. The calculated harmonic IR spectrum of the C1 isomer was characterized by: a) the presence of water frustrated translation frequencies at 90.5‐94.3 cm−1; b) the red shift in frequency of the first radial C60 mode (by −(1.8–2.7) cm−1) and the blue shift for the other three IR‐active C60 modes (by up to 2.2 cm−1); c) the red shift in H2O fundamentals by −19.2, −110.4 and −123.8 cm−1 for the bending, symmetric and antisymmetric mode, respectively, in excellent agreement with recently reported experimental results. The zero‐point energy contributed only 0.15 kcal/mol to the ZPE‐corrected value of H2O@C60 interaction energy which became now equal to −14.11 kcal/mol.
Fe(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Isochromene Acetals with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide
Authors: Zhan Huilin , Hou Meifeng , Li Yulin , Chen Zuliang , Wei Yingjing , Liu Suijun
Published: November 2021

An efficient Fe(OTf)3‐catalyzed nucleophilic addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) to isochromene acetals has been achieved for the synthesis of 1‐cyano‐isochromenes. In the presence of 1–20 mol% Fe(OTf)3, a various of 1‐cyano‐isochromenes were obtained in good to excellent yields at room temperature. This transformation provides a simple and mild methodology for the synthesis of 1‐cyano‐isochromenes.
A Designed Lithiophilic Carbon Channel on Separator to Regulate Lithium Deposition Behavior
Authors: Xu Sainan , Zhao Teng , Ye Yusheng , Yang Tianyu , Luo Rui , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: November 2021

Issues with unstable SEI formation and uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth impede the practical use of lithium anode in high‐energy batteries. Herein, a lithiophilic carbon channel on separator is designed to regulate lithium deposition behavior. The designed channel is formed by carbon nanosheet with cubic cavity (CNCC) prepared by hard template method. The CNCC with a large specific surface area and good electrolyte wettability can effectively reduce the local current density. Besides, the CNCC coated separator with high Young's modulus can mechanically inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. Notably, CNCC coating can become lithiophilic during lithium plating/striping process, which is beneficial for homogeneous lithium deposition and low lithium nucleation overpotential. As a result, based on the CNCC coated separator, the symmetric Li|Li cell cycle over 2600h at 6 mA cm−2 for 2 mAh cm−2, while the Li|Cu cell reaches average Coulombic efficiency of 98.5% at 2 mA cm−2 for 2 mAh cm−2.
Uncommon Supramolecular Phosphorescence‐Capturing Assembly Based on Cucurbit[8]uril‐Mediated Molecular Folding for Near‐Infrared Lysosome Imaging
Authors: Huo Man , Dai Xian‐Yin , Liu Yu
Published: November 2021

The construction of highly effective phosphorescence energy transfer capturing system still remains great challenge in aqueous phase. Herein, a high‐efficiency supramolecular purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP)‐capturing system via a secondary assembly strategy by taking advantage of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and amphiphilic calixarene (SC4AH) is reported. Comparing with free bromonaphthalene‐connected methoxyphenyl pyridinium salt (G), G⊂CB[8] exhibits an emerging RTP emission peak at 530 nm. Moreover, G⊂CB[8] further interacts with SC4AH to form the ternary assembly G⊂CB[8]  @  SC4AH accompanied by remarkably enhanced RTP emission. Interestingly, RTP‐capturing systems with delayed near‐infrared (NIR) emissive performance (635, 675 nm) are feasibly acquired by introducing Nile Red (NiR) or Nile Blue (NiB) as the acceptor into hydrophobic layer of G⊂CB[8] @ SC4AH, possessing ultrahigh antenna effects (352.9, 123.5) at a high donor/acceptor ratio (150:1, 300:1). More importantly, cell experiments indicate that G⊂CB[8]  @  SC4AH/NiB not only hold low cytotoxicity but also can successfully realize NIR lysosome‐targeted imaging of A549 cancer cells. This RTP‐capturing system of delayed NIR emission via multistage assembly strategy offers a new approach for NIR imaging in living cells.
Realizing Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance and Hardness in Icosahedral Cu5FeS4−xSex with High‐Density Twin Boundaries
Authors: Wang Huan , Zheng Sikang , Wu Hong , Xiong Xin , Xiong Qihong , Wang Hengyang , Wang Yang , Zhang Bin , Lu Xu , Han Guang , Wang Guoyu , Zhou Xiaoyuan
Published: November 2021

Bornite (Cu5FeS4) is an Earth‐abundant, nontoxic thermoelectric material. Herein, twin engineering and Se alloying are combined in order to further improve its thermoelectric performance. Cu5FeS4−xSex (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) icosahedral nanoparticles, containing high‐density twin boundaries, have been synthesized by a colloidal method. Spark plasma sintering retains twin boundaries in the pellets sintered from Cu5FeS4−xSex colloidal powders. Thermoelectric property measurement demonstrates that alloying Se increases the carrier concentration, leading to much‐improved power factor in Se‐substituted Cu5FeS4, for example, 0.84 mW m−1 K−2 at 726 K for Cu5FeS3.6Se0.4; low lattice thermal conductivity is also achieved, due to intrinsic structural complexity, distorted crystal structure, and existing twin boundaries and point defects. As a result, a maximum zT of 0.75 is attained for Cu5FeS3.6Se0.4 at 726 K, which is about 23% higher than that of Cu5FeS4 and compares favorably to that of reported Cu5FeS4‐based materials. In addition, the Cu5FeS4−xSex samples containing twin boundaries also obtain improved hardness compared to the ones fabricated by melting‐annealing or ball milling. This work demonstrates an effective twin engineering‐composition tuning strategy toward enhanced thermoelectric and mechanical properties of Cu5FeS4‐based materials.
Optimized Pt Single Atom Harvesting on TiO2 Nanotubes—Towards a Most Efficient Photocatalyst
Authors: Wu Zhenni , Hwang Imgon , Cha Gihoon , Qin Shanshan , Tomanec Ondřej , Badura Zdenek , Kment Stepan , Zboril Radek , Schmuki Patrik
Published: November 2021

In the present work the authors show that anodic TiO2 nanotubes (NT) show excellent harvesting properties for Pt single atoms (Pt SAs) from highly dilute Pt solutions. The tube walls of anodic nanotubes, after adequate annealing to anatase, provide ample of suitable trapping sites—that is, surface Ti3+‐Ov (Ov: oxygen vacancy) defects that are highly effective to extract and accumulate Pt in the form of SAs. A saturated (maximized) SA density can be achieved by an overnight immersion of a TiO2 NT layer to a H2PtCl6 solution with a concentration that is as low as 0.01 mm Pt. Such TiO2 NTs with surface trapped Pt SAs provide a maximized high activity for photocatalytic H2 generation (reaching a turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.24 × 106 h−1 at a density of 1.4 × 105 Pt atoms µm−2)—a higher loading with Pt nanoparticles does not further increase the photocatalytic activity. Overall, these findings show that anodic TiO2 nanotubes provide a remarkable substrate for Pt extraction and recovery from very dilute solutions that directly results in a highly efficient photocatalyst, fabricated by a simple immersion technique.
Engineered Platelet‐Based Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Li Ting , Chen Tiantian , Chen Huan , Wang Qi , Liu Zhiyong , Fang Leyi , Wan Mimi , Mao Chun , Shen Jian
Published: November 2021

Engineered platelets (PLT) can bring new possibilities for diseases treatment due to the specific response for a variety of physiological disease environments. However, the deep penetration of engineered PLT in diseased tissues such as tumor is still an important challenge that restricts the therapeutic effect. Herein, the engineered PLT micromotor (PLT@PDA‐DOX) is constructed by a universal self‐polymerization modification method of dopamine, and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded by both π–π stacking interaction with polydopamine (PDA) and cellular endocytosis of PLT. The experimental results prove that PLT@PDA‐DOX can target to tumor site by the specific binding of PLT with cancer cells, and then the secondary PLT‐derived microparticles (PMP@PDA‐DOX) are released with the activation of PLT@PDA‐DOX by tumor microenvironment (TME). Besides, benefiting from the photothermal conversion capability of PDA, PLT@PDA‐DOX micromotors and PMP@PDA‐DOX nanomotors are driven by near‐infrared light to realize deep penetration. And the PLT‐based micro/nanomotors with propulsion capability possess good performance for tumor ablating in vitro and in vivo. In consideration of the operability, mildness, universality of this modification method and the good biocompatibility of PDA, this work may provide a general paradigm for the construction of engineered cells in disease treatment.
Polypyrrole Serving as Multifunctional Surface Modifier for Photoanode Enables Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Xu Weiwei , Meng Linxing , Tian Wei , Li Shengnan , Cao Fengren , Li Liang
Published: November 2021

Conjugated polymer polypyrrole (PPy) with high electrical conductivity and excellent photothermal effect has been adopted as multifunctional surface modifier on ternary metal sulfide (CdIn2S4, CIS) photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for the first time. As a p‐type conducting polymer, PPy forms p–n junction with n‐type CIS to relieve the bulk carrier recombination. Besides, the incorporation of Ni ions into PPy matrix further enhances the surface charge carrier transfer at photoanode/electrolyte interfaces. Furthermore, the excellent photothermal effect of PPy produces heat under near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation, which can elevate the temperature of CIS photoanode in situ and further enhance the PEC performance. As a result, the optimum CIS/Ni‐PPy photoanode shows an obviously enhanced photocurrent density of 6.07 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode under the irradiation of AM 1.5G combined with NIR light, which is the highest among all the CIS based photoanodes reported to date. The synergetic effect of Ni‐PPy significantly suppresses the bulk recombination, decreases the carrier transfer resistance, and accelerates the surface water oxidation dynamics, resulting in high carrier injection efficiency over 80% in the measured potential range. The universality of the multifunctional surface modifier strategy has also been confirmed on metal oxide photoanode.
Integrated 3D Open Network of Interconnected Bismuthene Arrays for Energy‐Efficient and Electrosynthesis‐Assisted Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: He Ying‐Chun , Ma Dong‐Dong , Zhou Sheng‐Hua , Zhang Min , Tian Jian‐Jun , Zhu Qi‐Long
Published: November 2021

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) toward formate production can be operated under mild conditions with high energy conversion efficiency while migrating the greenhouse effect. Herein, an integrated 3D open network of interconnected bismuthene arrays (3D Bi‐ene‐A/CM) is fabricated via in situ electrochemically topotactic transformation from BiOCOOH nanosheet arrays supported on the copper mesh. The resulted 3D Bi‐ene‐A/CM consists of 2D atomically thin metallic bismuthene (Bi‐ene) in the form of an integrated array superstructure with a 3D interconnected and open network, which harvests the multiple structural advantages of both metallenes and self‐supported electrodes for electrocatalysis. Such distinctive superstructure affords the maximized quantity and availability of the active sites with high intrinsic activity and superior charge and mass transfer capability, endowing the catalyst with good CO2RR performance for stable formate production with high Faradaic efficiency (≈90%) and current density (>300 mA cm−2). Theoretical calculation verifies the superior intermediate stabilization of the dominant Bi plane during CO2RR. Moreover, by further coupling anodic methanol oxidation reaction, an exotic electrolytic system enables highly energy‐efficient and value‐added pair‐electrosynthesis for concurrent formate production at both electrodes, achieving substantially improved electrochemical and economic efficiency and revealing the feasibility for practical implementation.
Silane‐Functionalized Carbon Dots and Their Polymerized Hybrids: From Optoelectronics to Biotherapy
Authors: Dong Xuezhe , Wang Yunfeng , Guan Ruifang , Ren Junkai , Xie Zheng
Published: November 2021

Nanomaterials usually manifest unique properties in solutions but will be undermined in the solid state. It is necessary to incorporate them into substrates or hybrid them with other functional materials for multiple devices and applications. Though there are a variety of methods to inherit their intrinsic properties like fluorescent and mechanical performance, most nanohybrid materials would lose their transparency irreversibly when construct solid‐state devices. As a hot topic of nanomaterials in recent years, scientific works found a type of carbon dots using silane coupling agents as precursors that can overcome the shortcoming. These carbon dots, called silane‐functionalized carbon dots (SiCDs), are catching increasing interest due to their versatility. Silane coupling agents endow SiCDs with the ability to disperse in solvents or polymerize with matrices by blending or covalent bonds without loss of transparency and decline of performance. The distinguishing features make SiCDs an ideal high transmittance, high doping concentration nanomaterial. The synergistic effect of SiCDs and hybridized sol–gel solid structures can not only hold the optical features of CDs but also enhance their original physical and chemical performance. This highlight focuses on the connection between SiCDs and organosilanes. Plus, preparation methods, applications, and prospective of SiCDs are mentioned.
Water‐Soluble Nanoparticles with Twisted Double [7]Carbohelicene for Lysosome‐Targeted Cancer Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhao Hao , Xu Xiushang , Zhou Long , Hu Yunbin , Huang Yiming , Narita Akimitsu
Published: November 2021

Helicene‐based therapeutic agents for organelle‐targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) involving both type I and II are challenging and still underexplored. Herein, water‐soluble nanoparticles containing twisted double [7]carbohelicene (D7H‐NPs) are prepared through self‐assembly with 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)‐2000] by a nanoprecipitation method. D7H‐NPs display high water solubility with an average size of 46 ± 2 nm. Notably, D7H‐NPs can generate efficient singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion (O2· −) upon white light irradiation, forming the basis of PDT. Moreover, the typical accumulation in lysosomes of 4T1 cancer cells paves the way to use D7H‐NPs for lysosome‐targeted cancer phototherapeutics. This paper reports a promising helicene‐based phototherapeutic agent involving both type I and II PDT for organelle‐targeted biotherapy.
Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures
Authors: Gao Yanjing , Chen Jielin , Chen Guorui , Fan Chunhai , Liu Xiaoguo
Published: November 2021

The one‐atom‐thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large‐area and uniform films with high‐quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based‐electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom‐up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well‐defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as‐grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer‐related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer‐free approaches are discussed.
Electronic Structure Regulations of Polymeric Carbon Nitride via Molecular Engineering for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Jin Xixiong , Zhang Lingxia , Shi Jianlin
Published: November 2021

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has initiated another wave of studies on its properties and behavior since the discovery of its photocatalytic ability. However, pristine PCN is unable to cope with the growing varieties of applications. Making PCN more adaptive to evolving conditions is one of the greatest challenges. Molecular engineering strategy proves to be a powerful tool to modify PCN with specified purpose, revealing that what is really appealing on PCN is its structural and electronic adjustability. By tuning the molecular structure of PCN, the in‐plane electronic environment is accordingly changed, hence improving its photocatalytic activity. Herein, to further understand the relationship between the molecular structure of PCN and its photocatalytic performance, a comprehensive review on the recent progress of molecular engineering on PCN photocatalysts is presented. After introducing the fundamental properties of PCN and typical molecular engineering methodologies, the effects of different approaches of molecular structure modifications on the electronic structure of PCN are discussed in detail to unveil the role of molecular structures in electronic configuration regulation and the resultant photocatalytic performance. Finally, design principles of efficient PCN photocatalysts based on molecular engineering are provided, facilitating the understanding of its photocatalysis mechanism on the electronic level.
p‐Type Antimony Selenide via Lead Doping
Authors: Huang Menglin , Lu Shuaicheng , Li Kanghua , Lu Yue , Chen Chao , Tang Jiang , Chen Shiyou
Published: November 2021

p‐type doping in antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is an important issue to improve its photovoltaic performance, because the as‐grown Sb2Se3 usually shows weak p‐type conductivity and leads to low open‐circuit voltage. However, no effective p‐type doping strategy has been reported so far. Herein, combining theoretical calculation and experiment, it is demonstrated that lead doping can effectively enhance the p‐type conductivity because of the low formation energy of the substitutional acceptor PbSb with a (–/0) transition level of 0.15 eV. This is further validated by a conductivity measurement that observes a shallow acceptor level. As a result, a free hole carrier density as high as 1016 cm−3 is achieved for the first time. Furthermore, theoretical analysis on defect densities related to experimentally characterized device performances after Pb doping is presented. The study provides a new p‐type doping strategy as well as the implicit defect physics, which can be useful for further improvement of Sb2Se3 solar cells.
Methodologies for >30% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells via Enhancement of Voltage and Fill Factor
Authors: Chen Jiangzhao , He Dongmei , Park Nam-Gyu
Published: November 2021

To further improve power conversion efficiency (PCE) toward Shockley−Queisser limit efficiency approaching 32% for a single‐junction perovskite solar cell (PSC) based on a lead halide perovskite with a bandgap of about 1.45 eV, it is important to improve the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor (FF) significantly without sacrificing short‐circuit current density. Herein, the advancements of the formamidinium‐rich PSCs with PCEs exceeding 23% from the viewpoints of composition engineering, solvent engineering, additive engineering, and interface engineering are summarized and discussed. Based on the lessons, the possible strategies, methods, and research directions are proposed to further improve voltage and FF for ideal PCEs.
Hierarchically Porous Polymeric Carbon Nitride as a Volume Photocatalyst for Efficient H2 Generation under Strong Irradiation
Authors: Li Yuexiang , Ji Mengfei , Ma Zhiyun , Meng Luhui , He Rongchang , Peng Shaoqin
Published: November 2021

Generally, photocatalytic reaction efficiency decreases quickly with increasing irradiation intensity. Thus, it is a great challenge to achieve a high reaction efficiency under strong irradiation. Volume photocatalysis (VPs) is a new strategy for improving photocatalytic reaction efficiency. Herein, hierarchically porous polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) U‐PCN‐480 as a novel volume photocatalyst is fabricated by a template‐free pyrolysis of needle‐like urea. It is found for the first time that the hierarchical pore structure endows U‐PCN‐480 with the enhanced photoabsorption ability under strong irradiation. Consequently, Pt/U‐PCN‐480 displays excellent VPs activity for hydrogen evolution in the formic acid reaction system. Notably, the activity and apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) are significantly enhanced with increasing irradiation intensity, and the AQE reaches 62.7% and 70.4% at 400 and 380 nm with the irradiation intensity of 30.5 mW cm−2, respectively, the highest values among the reported data for PCN‐based photocatalysts. This effect of enhanced activity and AQE is the result of the synergy between VPs and the enhanced photoabsorption. The findings offer an approach to resolve the difficult problem of low photocatalytic reaction efficiency under strong irradiation and open a way to develop efficient photocatalyst materials and reaction systems.
Decolonizing campus spaces to include mixed‐race Indigenous students
Authors: Bazemore‐James Cori , Boyd Beth
Published: November 2021

This article delves into the uniquely layered barriers faced by mixed‐race Indigenous college students in campus environments. Observations are provided on how to decolonize our practices to better support their identity development and inclusion.
Motivations of Multiracial women in monoracial sororities at a predominately white institution
Authors: Snider Jeanette
Published: November 2021

This article explores the motivations, and decision‐making factors implored by twelve Multiracial women in various monoracial sororities at a predominately White institution and provides suggestions for practitioners.
Colorism's impact on the experiences of Black/White multiracial women at predominately White institutions
Authors: Harris Shauna
Published: November 2021

This article provides context for understanding how colorism shapes the identity and lived experiences of multiracial women in college and how higher education institutions can create inclusive and supportive environments for racially mixed students on their campus.
Constructing STEM identity: An expanded structural model for STEM identity research
Authors: Dou Remy , Cian Heidi
Published: November 2021

Identity development frameworks provide insight into why and to what extent individuals engage in STEM‐related activities. While studies of “STEM identity” often build off previously validated disciplinary and/or science identity frameworks, quantitative analyses of constructs that specifically measure STEM identity and its antecedents are scarce, making it challenging for researchers or practitioners to apply a measurement‐based perspective of participation in opportunities billed as “STEM.” In this study, we tested two expanded structural equation models of STEM identity development, building off extensions of science and disciplinary‐identity frameworks, that incorporated additional factors relevant to identity development: gender, ethnicity, home science support, parental education, and experiencing science talk in the home. Our models test theorized relationships between interest, sense of recognition, performance‐competence, and identity in the context of STEM with undergraduate students (N = 522) enrolled in introductory STEM courses at a Hispanic Serving Institution. Our findings support our measurement of STEM identity and its indicators, providing researchers with a predictive model associated with academic intentions across disciplinary domains in STEM. Further, our expanded model (i.e., Model I+) indicates significant contributions of participant gender, which has a larger indirect effect on STEM identity (β = 0.50) than the direct effect of STEM interest (β = 0.29), and of home support in relation to performance‐competence in academic contexts. Our model also posits a significant contribution of family science talk to sense of recognition as a STEM person, expanding our understandings of the important role of the home environment while challenging prior conceptions of science capital and habitus. We situate our results within a broader discussion regarding the validity of “STEM identity” as a concept and construct in the context of communities often marginalized in STEM fields.