bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitalisierung als Distributivkraft
Authors: Pfeiffer Sabine
Published: April 2021

Nehmen uns Roboter die Arbeit weg? Wer diese Frage stellt, missversteht die Digitalisierung - sie ist keine industrielle Revolution mit anderen Mitteln. Sabine Pfeiffer sucht nach dem wirklich Neuen hinter der Digitalisierung und dem digitalen Kapitalismus. Sie stellt in ihrer Analyse dem Marx'schen Begriff der Produktivkraft die Idee der Distributivkraft zur Seite. Von der Plattformökonomie bis zur künstlichen Intelligenz wird damit verstehbar: Es geht immer weniger um die effiziente Produktion von Werten, sondern vielmehr um deren schnelle, risikolose und auf Dauer gesicherte Realisierung auf den Märkten. Neben der Untersuchung dieser Dynamik und ihrer Folgen wird auch diskutiert, warum die Digitalisierung als Distributivkraft zu einer ökologischen Destruktivkraft zu werden droht.
Die Energiewende im Bundestag: ein politisches Transformationsprojekt?
Authors: Amri-Henkel Andrea
Published: April 2021

Die Energiewende ist ein viel diskutiertes Thema im Bundestag - doch bleibt dabei auch der eigentliche Anspruch eines Transformationsprojekts bestehen? Andrea Amri-Henkel greift diese Frage in ihrer Diskursanalyse der Bundestagsdebatten von 1998 bis 2017 auf. Dazu entwickelt sie ein innovatives Forschungsdesign, das computerbasierte quantitative mit qualitativen Methoden kombiniert und auch für weitere politische Transformationsforschung anwendbar ist. Mit dem Vorsorgenden Wirtschaften erweitert sie ihre Analysen um die politische Ökonomie und verortet sie in der feministischen, sozial-ökologischen Transformationsforschung. Ergebnis: Die Energiewende wurde im Bundestag nach 2011 politisch entleert.
Ausbildung statt Ausgrenzung
Authors: Germershausen Andreas , Kruse Wilfried
Published: April 2021

Im Jahr 2005 startete der Berliner Senat ein spannendes Experiment: Wie können sich die öffentlichen Verwaltungen und Landesbetriebe öffnen und mehr Migrant*innen als Beschäftigte gewinnen? Der Senat wollte Verantwortung in eigener Sache übernehmen, da er bis dahin selbst nur wenig Personal aus Einwanderer-Communities beschäftigte. Die zentralen Fragen waren: Was sollte und konnte man an den Einstellungsverfahren und in der Ausbildung ändern? Und wie kann man als Arbeitgeber für Migrant*innen attraktiv werden? Andreas Germershausen und Wilfried Kruse zeichnen mehr als ein Jahrzehnt Berliner Teilhabepolitik nach und zeigen auf, was interkulturelle Öffnung und Diversity-#off("i")#Orientierung in der Berufsausbildung konkret bedeuten.
Mindfulness and Meditation at University
Authors: de Bruin Andreas
Published: April 2021

Why should mindfulness and meditation be taught at universities? What impact could the establishment of such programs have on students and on the education system itself? Andreas de Bruin showcases the remarkable results of the first ten years of the Munich Model »Mindfulness and Meditation in a University Context« - a program started in the year 2010 in which 2000 students have already participated. Through meditation-journal entries featured in the book, students describe the effects of mindfulness and meditation on their studies and in their daily lives. In addition to an overview of cutting-edge research into mindfulness and meditation, along with in-depth analyses and explanations of key terms, the book also contains numerous practical exercises with instructions.
Kritik der Gegenwart - Politische Theorie als kritische Zeitdiagnose
Authors: Flügel-Martinsen Oliver
Published: April 2021

Eine kritisch befragende Politische Theorie behandelt aktuelle Fragen auf augenöffnende Weise. Oliver Flügel-Martinsen stellt eine solche kritische Zeitdiagnose, die angesichts der globalen Coronakrise besondere Bedeutung hat. Dabei geht es um das Verhältnis von Wahrheitsskepsis und Politik, die neoliberale Hegemonie und ihre Krise, Ausgrenzung und Rechtspopulismus sowie den in den politischen Gegenwartsdiskursen oft verdrängten Aspekt der globalen Ungerechtigkeit. Die kritische Fruchtbarkeit dieses Ansatzes liegt nicht nur in der Gegenwartsdiagnose selbst, sondern in der Möglichkeit, zu zeigen, dass wir in dieser Gegenwart keineswegs gefangen bleiben, sondern über sie hinausgehen können.
Caracterização microclimática de cavernas turísticas do Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Gomes Mauro , Santos Darcy José dos , Azevedo Úrsula Ruchkys de , Travassos Luiz Eduardo Panisset
Published: April 2021

O ambiente cavernícola possui condições atmosféricas muito peculiaresque influenciam diretamente a existência e manutenção do conjunto deelementos bióticos e abióticos, socioeconômicos e histórico-culturaisrepresentados pelas cavernas ou a elas associados. Nas cavernas ondesão desenvolvidas atividades turísticas, a presença humana podeafetar o delicado equilíbrio destas condições. Esta pesquisa foidesenvolvida para caracterizar o microclima cavernícola de setecavernas que integram o circuito turístico do Parque NacionalCavernas do Peruaçu, localizado na região Norte do Estado de MinasGerais, região sudeste do Brasil. Dados de temperatura e umidaderelativa do ar foram coletados por 41 medidores automatizados queacumularam pouco mais de 110.300 registros cada um. A pesquisa sedestaca por ser uma das únicas de longa duração (2017 à 2019)desenvolvida no país. A análise destas informações permitiu nãoapenas caracterizar o microclima das cavernas, mas também observara relação destes atributos com a morfologia interna e com a posição queas cavidades se encontram em relação ao relevo cárstico da região. Ametodologia desenvolvida por esta pesquisa poderá subsidiar oPrograma de Monitoramento das Condições Ambientais das Cavernasa ser implementado pela gestão do Parque Nacional e a identificaçãode ambientes mais sensíveis no interior das cavernas permitirá oreordenamento da visitação a estes atrativos.
¿Un país, dos sistemas? El futuro de Hong Kong a partir de 2047
Authors: Damborenea Trigueros Itziar
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo analiza los factores que caracterizan las relaciones sino-hongkonesas con el objetivo de analizar el futuro del régimen One Country, Two Systems desde un punto de vista del derecho constitucional. Las fuertes manifestaciones acontecidas en el año 2019, así como las últimas acciones impulsadas por el Gobierno de Pekín, como la aprobación de la ley de seguridad nacional, constituyen una señal inequívoca de la tensión experimentada en la región ante el futuro incierto del régimen de Hong Kong, que parece estar limitado por el artículo 5 de su Ley Fundamental hasta el 30 de junio de 2047. Ante esta incertidumbre, esta investigación valora tres posibles escenarios de futuro: Hong Kong pasa a formar parte de China continental, acontece una transición democrática en la región o el régimen One Country, Two Systems perdura en el tiempo.
Language Orientations of Chilean Secondary Students in Relation to the Study of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Barger Corinne , Sandoval Rubilar Pedro
Published: April 2021

Why teach English in Chile? Dominant public discourse claims for economic development, but with limited social mobility, do students from differing socio-economic groups perceive the same need? Recognising the influence of student belief systems on language acquisition, clashing language orientations could be creating unfavourable classroom environments. Thus, this study set out to identify the language orientations that secondary students recognise and hold in relation to the study of English with the purpose of helping English as foreign language (EFL) teachers become aware of the plurality of student perceptions. This was a qualitative multiple-case study which utilised a card-sorting technique paired with hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) to identify the language orientations and their constructs and semi-structured interviews and classroom observations for verification. Whilst the language orientations students recognise and hold were found to be similar across socio-economic lines, an important issue is the divergence identified between the language orientations associated with the classroom and those that represent student interests, which could be explained due to the lack of intentional and conscious dialogue about the purpose of the classroom curriculum. Vision planning is proposed as a tool for teachers to address this breach between students and classroom curriculum.
Conectividad, hipermedialidad y multimodalidad: de la cultura digital al espacio escolar
Authors: Quintana Ramírez Antonio
Published: April 2021

Este artículo da cuenta de los resultados de la tesis doctoral: “Hipertextualidad y conectividad: alternativas de la cultura digital para la configuración de ambientes educativos”, que tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir los elementos que caracterizan las prácticas educativas en ambientes en los que se favorece la conectividad, la hipermedialidad y la mutimodalidad, y que, junto con la cibercultura, se erigieron como categorías teóricas. La investigación consistió en un estudio microtecnográfico desarrollado en una Institución Educativa Distrital (IED) con un grupo de 30 estudiantes de grado quinto, en aulas dotadas con tabletas y plena conectividad. Dentro de los hallazgos y conclusiones del estudio se destacan: 1) el surgimiento del espacio de interacción como un hipermedio en sí mismo; 2) una relación entre procesos de juego y aprendizaje; 3) la aparición de nuevas dinámicas de atención distribuida; 4) la diferenciación simbólica entre el laboratorio y el aula de clase; 5) el reconocimiento de que las propuestas pedagógicas no son tan nuevas como las tecnologías digitales; 6) las tabletas no favorecen la escritura hipermedial, pero sí la multimodal y la hibridación entre lo digital y lo análogo.
Possibilities of porous-structure representation – an overview
Authors: Szűcs Herman , Vehovszky Balázs
Published: April 2021

Porous media can be found in all areas of scientific life, such as medicine, civil engineering, material science, fluid dynamics. Computing has achieved high efficiency and computational capacity – so far. However, three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of microstructure remain significant challenges. Pore-scale simulations can help understand the physical processes and determine macroscopic parameters such as the high-frequency limit of dynamic tortuosity, viscous, and thermal characteristic lengths. Independent of whether the computational problem is two or three-dimensional, the geometry as input parameter must be prepared. For this reason, geometry representation methods play a crucial role in the analysis at the pore-scale, especially in numerical simulations. In this article, an insight into microstructures’ visualization capabilities is provided essentially for CFD simulations.
Professional development in English for specific purposes: designing the
curriculum of an online ESP teacher education course
Authors: Kakoulli Constantinou Elis , Papadima-Sophocleous Salomi
Published: April 2021

Despite the developments in the English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
field, the field of ESP Teacher Education (TE) remains neglected. Research
in the area of ESP TE has not been given much attention, and the
opportunities ESP practitioners have for Professional Development (PD) are
very limited. This chapter describes the development of a curriculum for an
online ESP TE course, the ReTEESP Online. The process occurred in the
context of a Technical Action Research (TAR) study, the purpose of which was
to address the needs of a group of 24 language instructors in terms of ESP
TE. The course was based on a literature review in ESP and ESP TE, including
learning theories and TE models, and recent developments in curriculum
design. The course was also informed by an analysis of the 24 language
instructors’ needs in ESP TE and a pilot implementation of the
course.
The integration of embodied learning in a language learning classroom:
conclusions from a qualitative analysis
Authors: Kosmas Panagiotis
Published: April 2021

Embodied Learning (EL) is now an emerging teaching paradigm that takes
into consideration the impact of bodily movements into the learning process.
This paradigm, in combination with movement-based technologies, provides
strategies and methods for delivering a more engaged and interactive lesson.
Following previous empirical evidence, this study presents the results of an
educational intervention, based on EL, in the context of language learning
in mainstream elementary schools. The study aims to examine whether this
practice would improve students’ language performance and enhance their
engagement in, and motivation for, learning a language. One hundred and
eighteen (N=118) elementary students and six teachers were involved in this
investigation. Data were collected from video recordings of 12 intervention
sessions in the classroom. The analysis of video recordings provided rich
information about the engagement of the students in the classroom during the
sessions. It revealed that the EL practice enabled students to actively
engage in the lesson, increasing their motivation and participation.
Finally, the manuscript discusses the use of such an EL approach in language
learning and teaching.
Balance Strategy Exercise versus Lower Limb-ROM Exercise for Reducing the Risk of Falls among Older People
Authors: Azkia Zakia , Setiyani Rahmi , Kusumawardani Lita Heni
Published: April 2021

Background: Falls are a significant health problem and the most common cause of injuries in older people. Different types of exercise have been recommended to prevent falls, including balance exercise and range of motion. However, there is a lack of evidence to compare the effect of the two exercises.Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of Balance Strategy Exercise (BSE) and Lower Limb-Range of Motion (ROM) exercise on reducing the risk of falls among older people living in long-term care facilities. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-post design without a control group. A total of 30 older adults from two nursing homes who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. A cluster randomization technique was used to assign the older people into either BSE or Lower-Limb ROM groups evenly. Treatment was given for 30 minutes per session, three sessions per week for three weeks. The risk of falls was measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The paired t-test, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Results showed significant differences in the TUG scores before and after the intervention within both the BSE (p=0.001) and the Lower Limb-ROM group (p=0.001). However, the Lower Limb-ROM group demonstrated a significantly higher reduction in TUG score than the BSE group after the intervention (p=0.008).Conclusion: Lower Limb-ROM exercise is better to reduce the risk of falls among older people living in institutional care than BSE. This exercise can be applied as part of a fall prevention program in nursing homes.
A Qualitative Study on the Breastfeeding Experiences of Young Mothers
Authors: Astuti Andari Wuri , Kurniawati Herlin Fitriana , Kurniawati Herlin Fitriani
Published: April 2021

Background: Breastfeeding practice for young mothers could be problematic, especially when supports are absent. Evidence reported that young mothers have risks of experiencing mental health problems and of behavioural problems in their children. Data showed that 36 per 1,000 childbirth occurred among Indonesian female adolescents aged 15-19 during 2018. Nevertheless, the breastfeeding experience of young mothers has not been well studied, particularly in the Indonesian context. Therefore, to develop professional caring and supporting relationships, it is important to address this knowledge gap.Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experiences of breastfeeding practices among Indonesian young mothers.Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was employed, and one-to-one in-depth interviews were conducted on 18 young mothers between May until August 2019. Data analysis was guided by Colaizzi’s thematic approach.Results: Four key themes emerged from the qualitative data, i.e., formal support of breastfeeding, the role of family, partner and peers, culture and judgement, and future aspirations and healthcare. Indonesian young mothers sought formal information on breastfeeding from healthcare providers. However, there was a lack of translation into practices due to lack of supports from partners, cultural beliefs, and parents' interference, which consequently led to the failure of breastfeeding. Indonesian young mothers were suggesting that breastfeeding information should also be provided to their circle of supports, such as partners and close relatives. Conclusion: Indonesian young mothers experienced complex situations through their journey of breastfeeding practices. A tailored maternity health service involving partners, parents, and communities into culture-sensitive programme intervention is needed to provide professional caring, and reliable supportive sources of breastfeeding for young mothers.
From Nursing to Courtroom: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of the Preparations, Motivations, and Barriers of Nurses Becoming Lawyers
Authors: Estoque Homelo Valenzuela , Padagas Reynold Culimay
Published: April 2021

Background: Transitioning is a common phenomenon that happens such as in a career shift provoked by either internal or external factors. This phenomenon also occurs to nurses becoming lawyers. Considering its complexity, such transition entails a process.Purpose: This study aimed to describe and uncover the preparations, motivations, ad barriers of nurses who transitioned into nurse-lawyers in the Philippines. Methods: The study employed descriptive-qualitative research design utilizing twenty participants selected through purposive and snowball or referral sampling techniques. A semi-structured interview guide was used for the data collection using Google form. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis was utilized as the primary treatment of the transcribed data. Strict observance of ethical standards in conducting research was ensured.Results: The study found out several themes and subcategories from the thematic analysis conducted. These included (1) “pre-planning emotive expressions”; (2) “motivations of career shift”; (3) “support mechanisms to afford career shift”; (4) “barriers to career shift”; (5) “the interconnectedness of law and nursing”; and (6) “impacts of the career shift.” Conclusion: Generally, the career shift of the nurse-lawyers presented significant themes pertinent to their preparations, motivations, and barriers in becoming lawyers. Apparently, these are all primordial in the career transition of the nurse-lawyers. Essentially, the study provides preliminary findings that may become springboard in the construction of a grounded theory that would explicate the transition of the nurse-lawyers as a phenomenon uniting and expanding nursing and the practice of law as complementary sciences.
Abundance of the exploited red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Rodentia: Dasyproctidae) on the island of Trinidad
Authors: Rostant Luke , Nelson Howard , Devenish-Nelson Eleanor , Beddoe Lee Ann , Nathai-Gyan Nadra , Agard John
Published: April 2021

Despite their economic, ecological and cultural importance, few studies have examined the population size, distribution and trends of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) on the island of Trinidad. This study reports densities of agouti on Trinidad during a three-year period, including two years of a moratorium on hunting. Diurnal transect surveys were conducted and density estimates were calculated using the DISTANCE programme and King’s Estimator. Density varied between 7 and 44 individuals/km2 between different sites, 19–28 individuals/km2 island-wide, and with two of four sites showing a potential decline in estimated density in the final year of sampling after hunting resumed.
Personalized and targeted therapies
Authors: Wiśniewska Magdalena , Wiśniewski Michał , Lewandowska Marzena A.
Published: April 2021

Biomarker is defined as indicator of normal or pathogenic biological process or response to an intervention or exposure. There are several categories of biomarkers but predictive biomarkers play the most important role in the treatment of neoplasms. In some cancers there may be more than one potential biomarker, and their identification determines the treatment of the patient. Identification of predictive biomarkers allows the development of novel targeted therapies resulting in tailored treatment. In this chapter we discuss most important predictive biomarkers used in contemporary oncology for which there is approved therapies.
Bismuth vanadate pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard
Published: April 2021

Bismuth vanadate pigments belong to the most important inorganic yellow pigments since their market introduction in the 1970s. They have substituted the greenish yellow lead chromate and cadmium sulfide pigments in a considerable number of applications. Bismuth vanadate pigments are based on bismuth vanadate with monoclinic or tetragonal structure. Their composition ranges from pure BiVO4 up to the mixed pigment 4BiVO4▪3Bi2MoO6, where molybdenum is incorporated in the structure. Bismuth vanadate pigments are characterized by excellent optical and application characteristics in particular regarding brightness of shade, hiding power, tinting strength, weather fastness, and chemical resistance.
HUMAN PARTURITION: Does It Require Social Assistance?
Authors: Lusted E. Mary-Leigh
Published: April 2021

Human parturition is compared to that of other primates with the view to critically examining Trevathan's (1987, 1988) hypothesis that human beings require a midwife during parturition because of unique human physical and physiological traits. The supposed vast differences, both biological and social, between human childbirth and nonhuman primate parturition are questioned, using historical, ethnographic and fossil data. It is concluded that many of the complications associated with the human birth process may be the result of the Western practice of giving birth lying down, and that a midwife is not an obligatory adjunct to childbirth.
The Role of Women in Iroquoian Society
Authors: Reed Patricia
Published: April 2021

Three primary sources (Gabriel Sagard, Joseph-Francois Lafitau and Lewis Henry Morgan) written in three different centuries are consulted to discover what information they contain on the economic, social and political role of women in Iroquoian society. This information is analyzed with respect to its reliability and credibility. Recent interpretations of the ethnohistoric record (Brown, Tooker and Trigger), as well as the primary sources are considered in terms of the role of women in the authors' societies. These sources show that the role of Iroquoian women changed over time; however, the record may have been influenced by the role of women in the authors' societies at the time.
DNA Hybridization: A Decade of Molecular Discourse in Hominoid Phylogeny
Authors: Spencer Gary
Published: April 2021

Biomolecular studies can provide an independent test of hominoid phylogeny from anatomical methods. One type of biomolecular approach to hominoid phylogeny will be discussed here, namely DNA hybridization This paper presents the reader with a critical evaluation of the development of biomolecular research in hominoid phylogeny; consequently, both the internal and external problems that plague this research are discussed. The implications of accepting a human-chimpanzee phylogenetic connection are also considered critically. This paper argues that, due to the pivotal role that politics has played in DNA hybridization research, a more thorough understanding of the history of such political dynamics can engender a better appreciation for the role that DNA hybridization research plays in biomolecular studies of hominoid phylogeny. This unique approach of assessing research, argues for the importance of continued critical research.
Road to Ruin: Road Traffic Accidents in The Developing World
Authors: Pratte David
Published: April 2021

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the leading cause of deaths in adolescents and young adults globally (Mohan and Romer 1991). The World Bank (1993) estimates that of the 865,000 traffic deaths occurring annually worldwide, 74% are in developing countries. While the RTA rates and related death and disability are decreasing in most industrialized countries, they are increasing rapidly in many less developed countries (LDCs). RTAs also exert a considerable economic burden on developing countries, estimated to cost 1-4% of a country's GNP per annum (Zwi 1993). In an effort to examine the underlying causes of this growing burden of premature death and disability developing countries are experiencing due to RTAs, the available epidemiological and anthropological literature has been reviewed. The concepts of risk and vulnerability have been employed in order to explore the complex web of socio-cultural and politico- economic factors influencing the rapidly increasing rates of RTAs in developing countries, as illustrated by cases of Nigeria and Kenya. It is argued that an approach which incorporates elements of epidemiological and anthropological concepts of risk and vulnerability, based on a mutual understanding about the limits of knowledge, while legitimizing different way of knowing, may well be the path to a comprehensive coverage of the issues. It is further argued that, beyond the theoretical and methodological issues being explored, the highest priority should be a focus on the more immediate concerns including the apparent lack of basic data and the complete absence of anthropological studies of any sort in relation to RTAs in developing countries.
Keeping Up With the Jones's: Addressing Aspects of Archaeological Representation
Authors: Bathurst Rhonda R.
Published: April 2021

Archaeology is all about questions, and seeking the best answers for them; it has the potential to tell such wonderful tales. The issue of representing the past, primarily to an interested public, often takes a back seat to excavation or analysis. The media has mastered the art of narrative and is aware of this potential in archaeological representation. As a result, it is the media that defines archaeology in the public eye. Archaeologists need to be aware of the public's perception of their discipline and should actively work to represent themselves more effectively.
Human African Trypanosomiasis: Ethnomedical and Biomedical Relationships
Authors: Brown Justin
Published: April 2021

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) threatens more than 55 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. The focus of this paper is the relationship that exists between ethnomedical and biomedical practitioners regarding treatment of HAT. The relationship has been one of conflict. Biomedical practitioners have attempted to remove ethnomedicine from African society. This practice has been unsuccessful, especially in rural regions. Ethnomedical practitioners have adopted some aspects of biomedicine, but inadequate application and resources limit their efficacy. The biomedical community, including the World Health Organization, has not recognized the resource potential within ethnomedicine. An examination of the areas of conflict reveals differences in the explanatory models of disease causation and treatment methods. There has been some progress toward a cooperative model of healthcare, but most biomedical practitioners disregard ethnomedical techniques as primitive and ineffective. The conclusion of this paper presents a bleak future for the prevention and treatment of HAT in Africa. This future may be avoided with an increased level of cooperation and understanding between the two systems.
From 'Great Lakes Metis' to 'Aboriginal People of Canada': The Changing Identity of Canadian Metis During the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Peressini Sabrina
Published: April 2021

Many interrelated factors affect the formation of Metis identity including cultural, historical, socio-economic, and political processes (Dunn n.d.). Giraud's work Le Metis canadien: son role dans I'histoire des provinces de I'Ouest, published in 1945, was the first comprehensive scholarly history of the Metis people of western Canada. Eurocentric sentiments influenced the early studies of Metis identity and often assessed Metis social evolution with reference to European societies (Miller 1985). This paper examines Metis identity from the eighteenth century, when the Great Lakes Metis were described as a "people in the process of becoming" (Peterson 1985), to more recently, as the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples brings Aboriginal views into perspective, and emphasizes the importance of culture as a defining aspect of a community. The human processes associated with the formation and recognition of Metis identity are dynamic and unique to each community. The literature demonstrates that Metis identity has usually been defined and assigned by non-Metis people and agencies. Originally serving to identify French speaking, mixed descent individuals of the Red River Settlement, this term has evolved to define the descendants of Metis parents residing in very diverse communities throughout Canada today.
Towards a Critical Biocultural Approach: Understanding HIV/AIDS Transmission Among Women in the United States and Implications for Prevention Programmes
Authors: Retson Jillie
Published: April 2021

Recent trends in AIDS research suggest anthropologists must modify traditional conceptions to include political economics and multiple levels of analysis. A critical biocultural approach would integrate the political economy of risk behaviour; the ethnographic examination of insider understandings, meaning systems, and behaviours; and the biological analysis of health-related issues. This paper employs critical bioculturalism to investigate the factors contributing to the increased susceptibility of women in the United States to HIV/AIDS. Arguably, to develop appropriate prevention strategies, collaboration between anthropologists and community-based organizations is needed. Such strategies would help address the immediate needs of women, while advancing an agenda aimed at ameliorating oppressive conditions.
Narrative and Experience: Telling Stories of Illness
Authors: Levy Jennifer M.
Published: April 2021

Narratives of illness have a central role in medical anthropology and have the illuminated the personal and social experience of suffering. Problematizing the relationship between narrative and experience, narrative is viewed not simply as a reflection of experience. Illness narratives are seen as intersubjective products that create meaning and coherence in an otherwise fractured life. Moreover, narratives are not simply about what was, or what is, but about what will be. Thus, narratives create experience and are directed toward future action in the world.
Obstacles to Achieving Mental Health in Post-War Guatemala: The Intersection of Political and Structural Violence
Authors: Godoy-Paiz Paula
Published: April 2021

From 1960 to 1996 Guatemala was ravaged by civil war and massacres. Despite the signing of peace agreements in 1996, however, the country remains haunted by the suffering and violence of the past. This essay focuses on the psychological consequences of the war and examines the various obstacles to achieving mental health in post-war Guatemala. It examines the climate of fear, reprisal, and intimidation still present as the residues of political violence, and argues that it poses great limitations on the possible outcomes of mental health work in the country. This essay also examines the structural violence that pervades Guatemala and demonstrates that the effects of political violence are exacerbated by the effects of ongoing structural violence, making the goal of achieving mental health more distant. Additionally, this essay considers how social problems resulting from the intersection of political and structural violence in Guatemala, such as tile high levels of crime, insecurity and everyday violence, may become embodied by individuals.
A Comparison of Maritime Archaic Indian and Intermediate Indian Site Distribution in Labrador
Authors: Brake Jamie
Published: April 2021

This paper is concerned with Maritime Archaic Indian and Intermediate Indian cultures in Labrador and the differences in site distribution patterns between these cultural periods. A brief summary of what is currently known about each culture is presented followed by an examination and comparison of site distribution. All known Maritime Archaic Indian and Intermediate Indian sites in Labrador are considered here. It is shown that over 91% of known Labrador Maritime Archaic Indian sites are located on the coast. In contrast, 56% of known Intermediate Indian sites in Labrador are found in the interior. These results support suggestions that the beginning of the Intermediate Indian period (approximately 3500 B. P.) was a time of change for Indian populations in Labrador and that the interior became much more important for Indian groups at that time (Fitzhugh 1972; Nagle 1978; Tuck n.d.). The possible meanings of these differences in site distribution patterns are discussed and suggestions for future research on this topic are given.
The Consumption of Conservation: Ecotourism in Costa Rica
Authors: Iveniuk James
Published: April 2021

Ecotourism has put pressure on the Costa Rican peasant not only to get a job in the ecotourism industry, but also participate in the ideology of nature-as-aesthetic - that is, the view that nature is a spectacle that must be experienced for its authenticity in a world where unchecked consumption has destroyed much of the "pristine" natural world. Costa Rica, which still has much of its rain forests, stands in a position to sidestep global trends and forestall consumption of their economic base in favour of turning the forest into another kind of resource, one that can be exploited for spectacle, and therefore without consuming it. However, one cannot claim that a Costa Rican worker's move from a peasant position to that of a tourism worker has been voluntary. This essay will marshal secondary research and first-hand tourist experience to show that the Costa Rican has been strongly influenced by lobby groups, government education programs and forest development projects which corral them into a position as "aesthetic labourer," one who must satisfy the ecotourist's desire for spectacle. For the most part, this has been accomplished, and now the process of education or indoctrination is self-perpetuating, but the industry itself may not be. The ecotourism industry will still have to change consumption patterns and avoid the ideological pitfall that consumption is always total and inevitable.
Huzuni na Hadithi: Grief and Stories in Southern Tanzania
Authors: Jordan Erin Colleen
Published: April 2021

For two months in the summer of 2010, I lived in Peramiho Village with a Tanzanian family and conducted ethnographic fieldwork on grief rituals and support systems for my undergraduate thesis. When I returned to Peramiho from September 2011 to November 2012, my further observations of the mourning process more clearly foregrounded narratives. This article focuses on grief narratives in Tanzania as stories that connect people to each other and to the land. Short-term narratives in particular act as rites of incorporation: storytellers initiate others into a shared community and show survivors grappling to ground their experiences with death, a form of control over chaos as they repeatedly narrate events. The mourning process that follows, which includes a secondary funeral ritual and year-long restricted practices, transforms grief and memory, and therefore the narratives themselves. Collected stories provide the structure of this essay, marking shifts in my experience and understanding of the grief process in Peramiho.
Incest Avoidance
Authors: Arbuthnot Nancy L.
Published: April 2021

There are several social and genetic reasons why the avoidance of mating between close relatives may be advantageous, and an examination and evaluation of recent research in the area of primate sexual behaviour and group interaction suggests that such an avoidance exists among the non-human primates. Furthermore. certain behaviours such as the differential dispersal of males and females in the natal area, the inter-troop transfer of individuals of one sex, and reduced sexual attraction between individuals raised in close association, may function as incest avoiding mechanisms. Yet, in attempting to account for human incest prohibitions. several authors maintain that there is no "natural" human tendency to avoid incest and that the aversion to incestuous behavior arises out of the prohibition itself. This position, however, must be questioned given the fact that the non-language bearing primates also appear to avoid incestuous matings.
Lake Temagami and the Northern Experience
Authors: Gordon Diana Lynn
Published: April 2021

My current research in Ontario archaeology is centred on the analysis and interpretation of the Three Pines Site (Druid's Cove) CgHa-6, a multi-component site on Lake Temagami in northeastern Ontario. Lake Temagami is located 50 miles north of the city of North Bay. This paper title: Lake Temagami and the Northern Experience, caused me to reflect on how this current work has been influenced by my previous experiences in prehistoric archaeology and ethnoarchaeology in Boreal Forest regions of Subarctic Ontario and Quebec. In this paper, I would like to give an impression of what it is like to do archaeology in the northern forest, show how I have approached research on Lake Temagami, and indicate how this current work has developed out of my own earlier northern experiences.
NO ANTHRO-APOLOGY: Der(r)id a ing a Discipline!
Authors: Mourrain J.A.P , Denüvo Renée
Published: April 2021

It was like a (bad) dream and in slow motion -- or rather SUPER SLO-MO according to the new technology -- with the detail and magnification of an ob-scene and obsessed pornographic representation: clearer than clear, more real than real -- hyperreal.
BROKEN MIRRORS: The Deconstruction of Straw Women, and Mutual Understanding
Authors: EppHeise Linda J.
Published: April 2021

This paper deconstructs the anthropological claim to mutual understanding. I use the life-story project of female anthropologists to support my claim that life-stories are communicative events. As 'negotiated dialogue' they arise more from difference than from mutual understanding.
TEASE AND SYMPATHY: Exotic Dancers and Their World
Authors: Renault Wendy
Published: April 2021

This paper is the result of an exercise in ethnographic investigation. Data was collected in fieldwork in a local northend strip bar. To lend support to my analysis I have used as comparison the institution of geisha in modern Japan. The bar is located in the north end of downtown Hamilton. This section of the city comprises several Mediterranean ethnic neighbourhoods along with light manufacturing and a thriving ethnic retail area. The county detention centre and the city's largest hospital are located nearby. It is a large building with oversized signs advertising 'EXOTIC DANCERS', and 'FRENCH TABLE DANCERS'. One can enter through the front door, the lesser- used entrance, or the back door which opens on a parking lot. When you enter through the back door, you are in a short, darkened hallway (a liminal area of transition from the normal ... ) and have to go through another door to enter the bar ( ... to the exotic). The room is large and is generally darkened, with strategic lighting. To the right is a large T.V. screen continuously showing sports broadcasts. Further to the right is a raised section of the room with a number of pool tables. To the left of the door is the back of the stage which protrudes about a third of the way into the room. At the front of the room is a heating table for hot food service, and the bar. On the left hand wall there is a sign lit in red lights with the names of the girls as they appear in their stage routines. In the remaining space are about seventy tables, each with three or four chairs.
KETU MYTHS AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN: A Structural Interpretation
Authors: Babatunde Emmanuel
Published: April 2021

Modern literature on the status of Yoruba women of South Western Nigeria has corrected the view that Yoruba women were suppressed, by throwing into relief areas of their prominence. B. Awe has drawn attention to the prominent part women like Iyalode played in traditional Yoruba politics (1977, 1979). J.A. Atanda (1979) and S.O. Babayemi (1979) have stressed the significant roles of women in the palace organization of Oyo. N. Sudarka (1973) and Karanja (1980) have explored the interesting area of Yoruba market women, showing that the economic strength which such economic enterprises confer made Yoruba women not only prominent but independent. Karanja, on the other hand, accepted that although economic enterprise brought a considerable measure of strength and prominence to the Yoruba woman, her relationship with her husband may not be interpreted as one marked with complete independence. In drawing attention to the role of women as mothers and as occupiers of the innermost and sacrosanct space within Yoruba domains, H. Callaway has demonstrated the importance of Yoruba women to central features of Yoruba society (1978). In this present work I discuss some Yoruba myths in order to throw into relief the prominence of women.
Jesus and the Movies
Authors: Klukach John
Published: April 2021

"The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God", Mark wrote nearly fifty years after Jesus' death, beginning the first text in a palimpsest of mythology that has expanded for nearly 2000 years. Since Mark wrote his gospel, theologians, writers, artists, and, today, film directors, have recreated and idealized the life of Christ in their texts. With each new text, the historical Jesus has been idealized and used to communicate the cultural information of a particular time and place. Each new text is an intertext composed of previous texts and new individual and cultural embellishments. Previous texts are not obscured by new ones; instead they co-exist and add to the number of meanings that the myth is capable of communicating.
Sexual Selections: "Explorations in the Anthropology of Sex
Authors: Herring Ann
Published: April 2021

The following selection of papers arose out of a half-year seminar course, The Anthropology of Sex, held at McMaster University in the winter of 1990. The course was originally conceived as a vehicle for scrutinizing the physical anthropological significance of current understandings of human sexuality and reproduction. As such, I imagined we would discuss human sexuality from the point of view of human and non-human primate biology, diversity, and evolution. I dutifully sketched out a fairly predictable range of topics, which included the origins and evolution of sexual reproduction, sex and sexuality in human evolution, factors affecting human fertility, the uniqueness (or not) of human sexual response and eroticism, variation in human sexual anatomy and physiology, sexual selection theory, sex differences between human and non-human primates, biological constructs of 'male' and 'female', sociobiological views of sex, the origins and evolution of sexually-transmitted diseases, and so on.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: El-Sayes Abdullah
Published: April 2021

The isolation of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 has since fueled the ideology that stem cells may eventually be used for human disease therapies as well as the regeneration of tissues and organs. The transformation of somatic cells to a pluripotent state via somatic nuclear transfer and embryonic stem cell fusion brought the scientific community nearer to understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular pluripotency. In 2006, the first induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell was reported, where a mouse somatic cell was successfully converted to a pluripotent state via transduction of four essential factors. This cellular breakthrough has allowed for robust scientific investigations of human diseases that were once extremely difficult to study. Scientists and pharmaceuticals now use iPS cells as means for disease investigations, drug development and cell or tissue transplantation. There is little doubt that scientific progress on iPS cells will change many aspects of medicine in the next couple of decades.
How McMaster is Fulfilling the Need for Physician Assistants in Canada
Authors: Khani Sophia Helena Adelaide
Published: April 2021

The Physician Assistant (PA) profession has been growing over the past decade in Canada, and McMaster University was the first institution in Ontario to establish a PA program in 2008. The PA profession occupies a niche in the health care field and is needed to extend physician services contributing to the improvement of patient care. McMaster’s PA Education Program (PAEP) fosters collaboration and problem-based learning (PBL) in order to provide students with skills that are transferable to the workplace. McMaster’s PBL approach arms graduates with lifelong learning skills that are practical in a clinical setting. The following interviews with PAs provide a more comprehensive understanding of the development of the PA niche and proffer a glimpse into how McMaster’s PAEP equips its graduates with practical skills, which will allow them to excel in the workforce.
Alternative Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: Porphyromonas gingivalis Inhibitors
Authors: Sadeghighazichaki Pouriya
Published: April 2021

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), has been identified as a primary pathogen in causing chronic periodontitis, or gum inflammation. P. gingivalis was also isolated in brain samples of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. A virulence factor of P. gingivalis called gingipains, releases proteases responsible for neurodegeneration and has been identified in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s. Studies show that mice infected with P. gingivalis demonstrate an increase in amyloid plaque deposition in brain samples. Further investigation identified gingipains as a neurotoxic agent, both in vivo and in vitro, which impacts the structure of tau protein, responsible for the normal functioning of neurons. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting gingipains are utilized to prevent the neurotoxic effects of gingipains and facilitate neuronal regeneration. Inhibition of this virulence factor reduced the overall bacterial load, blocked amyloid-beta production, prevented neuroinflammation, and allowed for neuronal recovery. These findings provide a new outlook for the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and elucidate a much-needed potential treatment for the condition.
Interview with Dr. Ayesha Khan on Science Meets Community
Authors: Mastroianni Tressa Maria
Published: April 2021

At McMaster University, community-engaged education gives students the opportunity to contemplate the importance of their learning on a broader level. Dr. Ayesha Khan’s influence on this type of education in the Faculty of Science is important due to the impact it has made and will continue to make in the future. Community-engaged education in science allows students to approach what they are learning from different perspectives and to understand how it applies to different groups of people. As individuals in the Faculty of Science are trying to make a positive impact on outside communities through what is learned and taught within science courses, community-based education is crucial and fortifying for the parties involved.