bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transgenic Potato Plants, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was a randomized complete block design with six replicates, planted 21 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. Each replicate consisted of a single row of ten plants 30 cm apart and separated by two blank rows plus two rows of 'Russet Burbank' potatoes. A 3.0 m space of bare soil separated blocks and surrounded the experiment. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled with three foliar applications of Dithane Mi 45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 6 whole plants in each plot. When dates of counts and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMR.T. The Asana treatment was applied on 17 Jul and 2 Aug at the label rate. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for these three months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, Potato Leafhopper, and Green Peach Aphid, 1991
Authors: Vaadeland John R. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Lagnaoui Abdelazi. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 15 Mayat the University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Plots were 4 rows wide, 10.6 m (35 ft) long, with 102 cm (40 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 2.0 m (6.7 ft) of cultivated soil. Eight experiments were planted in the same field. For each experiment, a completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. In all eight experiments, CPB control was the primary objective. Experiment 1 was to evaluate neem (Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several conventional insecticides and Kryocide. Experiment 3 was to compare several commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides at 3 rates each. Experiment 4 was to evaluate neem (RH-999) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 5 was to compare 3 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides from Ecogen Inc. at 2 rates each. Experiment 6 was to evaluate application of Furadan 4 F applied as a systemic spray at drag-off Experiment 7 was to compare performance of several insecticides when first sprays were applied at different stages of egg hatch or larval development. Experiment 8 was to compare different insecticide rotation schedules. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 8 Jun. When egg masses were found they were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application (except in Experiment 6) was based on egg hatch. Five treatment schedules were used: 0 = untreated control (UTC), 1 = Furadan 4 F applied as a spray 6 Jun just prior to drag-off, 2 = first application at 30% hatch of flagged CPB egg masses (i.e., first eggs to hatch for that generation), 3 = first application at first appearance of 2nd instar, 4 = first application at first appearance of 3rd instar. Spray applications for schedule 2 were applied 17-18, 24 Jun, 23 (second generation), 29 Jul, 6, and 13 Aug. Spray applications for schedule 3 were applied 19, 27 Jun, 24 Jul (second generation), 31 Jul, 7, and 14 Aug. Spray applications for schedule 4 were applied 22 Jun, 26 Jul (second generation), 8, 12, and 16 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with drop nozzles. Sprays were applied in 739 liters of water/ha (79 gal/acre) at 620 kPa (90 psi). CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 8 randomly selected whole plants, PLH nymphs and GPA apterae were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves. Leaf loss to defoliation by CPB feeding was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 21, 26 Jun, 25 Jul, 1, 9, and 15 Aug; defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 3, 10, 17, 22, 30 Jul, 5, and 19 Aug; PLH were counted 30 Jul and 29 Aug; GPA were counted 29 Aug. Data were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury.
Effect of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2- 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug, 5, and 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella).
Early Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Berberet R.
Published: March 2022

Seven chemical insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids on an established stand of 'Cimarron' alfalfa located on the Agronomy Research Station at Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated an infestation level of 2.6 larvae/stem, while aphids numbered <1.0/stem. Treatments were applied on 23 Mar using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzle tips (Spraying Systems Co. TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi traveling at 3.5 mph. Plots were 5 × 8 m, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Efficacy was determined from counts made by extracting AW larvae with Berlese funnels from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on 5 dates ranging from 2 to 26 DAT. Aphid numbers began to increase as the test progressed allowing efficacy estimates to be made at 13, 19, and 26 DAT. Effectiveness of insecticides in preventing aphid infestation was determined from samples of 10 stems from each plot. Dry matter yield estimates were made by harvesting a 1 × 5 m area from each plot and drying a subsample to determine moisture content.
Aphid Control in Winter Canola Using Soil Insecticides, 1990-1991
Authors: Buntin G. Davi.
Published: March 2022

Selected soil-applied granular insecticides were evaluated for control of aphids in fall-planted canola on a Faceville sandy loam soil near Plains, GA. Six lb of canola seed per acre was planted in 7-inch rows using a small-plot grain drill on 26 Oct. Plots measured 5 × 20 ft. Plots were irrigated immediately after planting. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble insecticide applicators attached to the grain drill. Plant number was measured 21 and 45 days after planting by counting all plants in 2 m of row per plot. Aphids were sampled by counting aphids on 10 or 15 plants per plot at 33, 45, and 87 days after planting. The percentage of aphid infested terminals also was sampled at bloom (6 Mar) by inspecting 100 terminals/plot. Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine on 17 May and yield was adjusted to 8% moisture content.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Trial 4, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Putnam Da.
Published: March 2022

A trial was located at Roseau, MN, and was planted on 9 May. Plots were 1.5 m × 6.8 ra in size, were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were mixed with the seed and drilled into the soil with the seed. Foliars were applied in 2 liters of total material/plot (.0028 ha) on 18 May. Germination was uneven but only a single foliar application was made. Stand counts were taken 29 May and height readings on 29 Jun. Each entire plot was threshed and dried. Moisture and yield of clean seed were obtained and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
European Corn Borer Control with Microbial and Conventional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Gray M. E.
Published: March 2022

Selected registered and experimental Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations and conventional insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy against ECB in field corn plots that had been artificially infested with first-instar larvae. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 14 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. On 6 Jul, 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of each plot were infested with about 20 ECB larvae that were mixed with corn grits and discharged into the whorl of each plant with a hand-held bazooka applicator. An average of 10 ECB larvae per plant were found in the whorl prior to insecticide applications on 9 Jul. Liquid insecticides were banded over the row with even flat spray tips (Teejet 8004E) delivering 36.5 gpa at 40 psi. Granules were metered over the whorls in a 7-inch band with Noble units. On 14-16 Aug, all plants that had been artificially infested were cut at the base with a corn knife and removed from the field. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. Numbers of full-grown ECB larvae were also recorded.
Apple, Concentrate Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2 mph, with the exception of HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP which were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump at 4.2 gallons of spray/tree. Pre-bloom sprays were applied at the half-inch green stage of tree development (8 Apr) for Sun 6 E Oil and the Apollo treatments and at pink (17 Apr) for AC-801757 20 EC. Post-bloom sprays were applied based on the following thresholds of motile mites/leaf: 5-10 for AC-801757 following Sun 6 E Oil, 5 for Kelthane 50 WP, and 3-5 for HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP. Kelthane sprays were delayed due to extraneous circumstances. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) were made at 1-2 week intervals throughout the experiment. Insecticides (Guthion and Lannate) were applied at 1-2 week intervals beginning with petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments against mites was evaluated by counts at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface)
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1991
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G. , Horn K. L.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Augusta County, VA, to determine the effectiveness of several commercial and experimental granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The field used in this experiment has been in continuous corn production since 1980 and has not been treated with granular insecticides at planting since 1988. The soil type for this field is a combination Allegheny-Cotaco fine sandy loam and Buchanan cobbly fine sandy loam. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 2 May at a population density of 26,100 seeds per acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Each of the regular granular insecticide applicators was removed from the planter and replaced with a wooden device designed to hold inverted pt canning jars (Mason) used in dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holders was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing 1 or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot on 7 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1°no feeding; 6°3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were not made because of irregular seed spacing that occurred in one of the rows during planting. Statistical analysis involved a two-way ANOVA with Duncan’s new multiple range test used to test for differences among treatment means.
Larvicidal Actmty of 2 Pyrethroids from Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1991
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S.
Published: March 2022

Asana-XL and Karate applied to cotton with 2 flat fan nozzles, Spraying Systems Co. 8002E and 650033, were evaluated for mortality of TBW larvae and fruit damage. The 2 nozzles, which were selected to give different spray droplet spectrums, also delivered different spray rates. AI rates used in the study were 0.0168 and 0.014 kg/ha for Asana-XL and Karate, respectively. These rates, which are half of the lowest recommended rate for each pyrethroid, were used in the study to better-detect treatment differences and because preliminary studies indicated extended persistence of these pyrethroids in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 0.5 m. A susceptible strain of laboratory-reared TBW moths deposited eggs on paper towel strips. These strips, with emerging larvae, were placed on untreated cotton plants, and larvae were allowed to feed for 2 days before being used in the tests. The 2 spray treatments were applied in a spray table to a series of plants for subsequent application of larvae on selected DAT. The treated plants were then returned to the greenhouse. Characteristics of the spray plumes from the 2 nozzles in the test sections where the plants were placed for treatment were:
Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees near Douglas, MI (C-Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 24 Apr (1/2 inch green) and 1 May (Pink). Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 18 May, 100 terminals per replicate (400 per treatment) were rated for presence or absence of rosy apple aphids.
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of experimental and nonlabeled insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut. Peanuts were planted 2 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied as bands twice, at late cracking time (band, late cracking), about 2 wks after planting (17 May) and again most, about 5 weeks after planting (6 Jun). Each was applied in a 12 to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through on 8004 E nozzle per row. Temik 15 G was applied in-furrow at planting as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicants; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Baciujus Thuringiensis Products for Control of Corn Earworm on Heading Grain Sorghum, 1990
Authors: Young S. Y. , Ali Abbas
Published: March 2022

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated in 2 tests against corn earworm in AR. In the first test the grain sorghum variety was 'High Performer 1330'. Treatments against first to third instars were applied on 6 Jul with a backpack sprayer equipped with a 1-row boom using a single TX-10 nozzle operating at 30 psi. The volume of spray was 96 liters per ha. The pH of water used in the test was 7.0. A randomized complete block experiment was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 5 rows with 1.03-m spacing × 23.1 m long. Plots were separated by a 2-row buffer and 3.1 m on each end. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 6 DAT. Ten heads per plot were randomly chosen from the 3 inside rows and shaken into a 9.5-liter pail. Larvae were collected, counted, and the numbers recorded. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the test were 23.9° and 35.8°C, respectively. No rainfall occurred during the period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures. The second test was conducted using the same procedures from the first test. It was conducted in Miller Co. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug on the grain sorghum variety 'Pioneer 8358'. Plots were 6 rows with 0.97 m spacing × 23.1 m long. Larvae were collected from 20 heads per plot on 4 and 7 DAT. The pH of water used in the tank mixture was 7.3. Bactec I and Bactec III preparations were buffered to pH 7.0 as recommended by Bactec Corp. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the test were 22.6 and 36.4°C, respectively.
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by four trees (12 trees/unit), each replicated 3 times. Applications were made on 30 Apr (Pink), 15 May (PF), 25 May (1C), 7 Jun (2C), 19 Jun (3C), 2 Jul (4C), 16 Jul (5C), 28 Jul (6C), 9 Aug (7C), 22 Aug (8C), and 5 Sep (9C). Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Early season pest damage was evaluated by picking 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate (300 per treatment). Pest damage at harvest, 17 Sep, was evaluated from fruit sampled as described on 24 Jul.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Soybean Looper Control, 1991
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Mink J. S. , Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J. , Burns E. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

A small plot insecticide trial was conducted at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides and rates for soybean looper control. Plots measuring 19.8 m × 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and COapressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 3.36 kg/cm2 through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied 28 Aug to 'Deltapine 105' soybeans in the R5 growth stage. Two sets of 25 sweep samples (38.2 cm diam sweep net) per plot were taken at 2 and 6 DAT.
Mexican Rice Borer Control on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, cultivar 'TCP 81-3058', located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, TX. The field was sectioned into plots of 27 rows (152.4-cm centers) × 374.3 m, with the 11 treated rows in the center. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was aerially applied to the crop canopy on 16.8-m swath wide (11 rows) at a rate of 18.9 liters finished formulation (insecticide + water + ValBuff at 20 pt/100 gal)/acre. Prespray counts of infested leafsheaths from randomly-collected stalks (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were made 28 May. Treatments were applied beginning 4 Jun and continued after leafsheath infestations exceeded 10%. Postspray sample counts of bored internodes (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were taken 16 Jul and 2 Oct to evaluate injury levels. Yield and quality parameters were measured at harvest (14-15 Oct).
Control of Banded Sunflower Moth, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Ford Harla.
Published: March 2022

Two ranges were planted to sunflower on 30 May at Lamberton, MN. Plots consisted of four × 76.2 cm rows, 9.15 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast applied on 1 and 7 Aug in 30.4 liter/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure using a handheld CO2 sprayer. Five heads were collected from the 2 center rows, dried, and broken up. A subsample was removed from this uncleaned sample from which 200 seeds were examined for BSM injury. Yields were taken on 11.4 m2, dried, and adjusted for moisture.
Control of Tobacco Budworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 29 Apr in a field with a mix of Fuquay loamy sand and Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 4 rows (45 inches apart) wide by 25 plants (ca. 55 ft) long, arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 10 treatments and 4 blocks. On 5 Jun, 10 uniformly sized and undamaged plants from each of the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged with surveyor's tape and artificially infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. Larvae were transferred to the bud with a camel's hair brush. The 2 right-most rows provided an untreated buffer between plots. Sprays were applied with a Co2-pressurized sprayer through a single D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at a rate of 25 gal/acre and 60 psi on 6 Jun. Four and lid after application, the number of surviving larvae on the tagged plants was counted. Budworm feeding damage (0-4) was determined after 14 d. On 2 Jul, all plants in the untreated buffer rows were cut off at 3-4 leaves above the ground. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves, and on 18 Jul all but one healthy, undamaged sucker were removed. A natural infestation of budworms and tobacco hornworms was present for this test. Sprays were applied on 9 Aug as described above. Four and 9 or 10 d after treatment, the number of surviving budworms and tobacco hornworms on 10 plants in each plot was counted. Before ANOVA, count data were transformed to count + 0.5. Treatments means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test (K = 100, a = 0.05). Means of untransformed data are presented.
Effect of Soil-Applied Insecticides and Insecticide Placement on Tobacco Flea Beetle and Tobacco Aphid in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Sterling Southern P. , Browne Micou M.
Published: March 2022

Combinations of soil-applied and over-the-top insecticides and insecticide placement and timing were tested in two trials conducted on commercial farms in Lenoir Co. (LC) and Wayne Co. (WC), NC. Plots were 4 rows wide and 0.02 acre in area, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by a 16-20 ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4 replications. Tobacco (K-149, LC; K-326, WC) was transplanted on 19 Apr (LC) and 25 Apr (WC) into a Norfolk sandy loam. Broadcast treatments were applied on 10 Apr (LC) through 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering 21 gal/acre at 20 psi and incorporated immediately by discing twice. Granular band treatments were applied in an 8 inch band using an electrically driven granular applicator and incorporated by bedding over the band. Shanked treatments were applied immediately prior to transplanting into a pre-formed bed which had been leveled to final transplanting height. A narrow (1.5 inch) fertilizer shank placed granules 5 (WC) or 6 (LC) inches below the bed surface in the row center or 5-6 inches below the bed surface and 5 inches to one or both sides of the row center. In the latter treatment, 1/2 rate was delivered to each side. Soils were moist but not wet and above 21°C at the time of all insecticide applications. Transplant water (TW) treatments were made in Lenoir Co. using the farmer's mechanical transplanter delivering 125 and in Wayne Co. by hand applying 130 gal/acre. Over-thetop (OT) sprays were applied through 3 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi delivering 24 gal/acre. These sprays were applied at threshold for the tobacco aphid (10% plants infested) or on 1 or 2 schedules (5, 7, and 10 wk after transplanting or 5, 7, and 9 weeks after transplanting). Plots were checked weekly through the growing season. Flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 and 5 plants respectively in each of the 2 center rows of the plot. Aphid infestation was rated on all plants in each plot (0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-9 aphids on most infested leaf, 2 = 10-49 aphids on most infested leaf, 3 = 50-200 aphids, 4 = 200-500 aphids, 5 = 500+ aphids on most infested leaf). Plants rated 3 or above were considered infested in determining thresholds. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Warnes Denni.
Published: March 2022

Growers in Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) clubs were found to be prophylactically treating by adding an insecticide to fungicide application when protecting wheat. To examine its value, plots were established at the West Central Experiment Station, Morris, MN. Pathways of 1.8 m were removed from around a 7.6 m × 15.3 m plot just prior to treatment. The treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design. A combined application of insecticide and fungicide was made on 22 Jun (wheat stage Feekes = 8). Approximately 15.2 liters/has of total material was applied at a pressure of 7 kg/cm2 using a hydraulic plot Ser. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.5 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. The grain was dried, and moisture, protein, and test wts taken. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly in Wheat, 1991
Authors: Buschman L. L. , El Houssaini K.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1990-91 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible variety, Nesma, was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) x 9 m long. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (30 Nov 1990) to control the first generation HF. Seed treatments were applied by spraying the insectecide on the seed in a rotating drum. In Feb, 20 plants, 5 from each of the center 4 rows, were collected from each plot and examined in the laboratory for Hessian fly and Phorbia sp.
Apple, Broad-Spectrum Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI ('A' Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with a CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 17 Apr (1/2 inch green), 2 May (P), 16 May (PF), 29 May (IC), 3 Jun (2C), 12 Jun (3C), 24 Jun (4C), 8 Jul (5C), 19 Jul (6C), 31 Jul (7C), 12 Aug (8C), 23 Aug (9C), and 4 Sep (IOC). Javelin and San 420 I were applied on 3 Jun, 12 Jun, 24 Jun, 19 Jul, and 26 Jul. Dodine, Rubigan, Captan, NAA, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Early-season pest damage was evaluated on 18 Jun by examining 25 apples per replication (100 per treatment). Harvest fruit damage was evaluated on 10 Sep by picking 100 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree for each replicate (400 per treatment). Samples for ERM, ZM, and AF were taken on 4 Jun, 2 Aug, and 9 Aug, consisting of 50 leaves per tree (200 per treatment) picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. Adults, eggs, and mite predators (AF and ZM) were counted with the aid of a microscope.
Control of White Grubs with Insect Growth Regulators (Igr’S) on a Home Lawn, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Daniels John F.
Published: March 2022

Three IGR’s and 2 standard insecticides were evaluated for control of white grubs. At treatment time (2 Jul), the grub population consisted of 75% Japanese beetle (all 1st instars) and 25% Phyllophaga sp. (75% 1st instars and 25% 2nd instars). The avg no. grubs in pretreat samples was 32.5/ft2. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design and replicated 3 times. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Treatments were applied in 2 liters of water with a hand-held sprinkling can and irrigated immediately with 4 liters of water applied with a hose proportioner. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 29°C; RH, 51%; soil, moist; soil temperature, 29°C (2 inches); soil pH, 6.0; organic matter, 5.2%; thatch layer 0 to 1/8 inch. Precipitation over the 9 wk posttreatment period was 5.1 inches. Four locations on each plot were sampled using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 6-15 tree plots in a block of'Bartlett' (82%), 'Bosc' (9%), D'Anjou' (7%), and 'El Dorado' (2%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 × 24 ft. and were 13-yrs-old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. All treatments were applied dilute to run off with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. An average of 2.5 gal was applied per tree at 190 GPA. Refer to the tables for application dates. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate, Streptomycin, Ziram, and Topsin-M. All sampling was conducted on a center 'Bartlett' tree in each replicate. Evaluation of treatments containing Sun 6 E Oil and Asana was made from 7 Mar to 10 Apr by counting psylla eggs on samples of 4 twigs from each replicate. On 24 Apr these treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs from samples of 5 spur leaves per tree. Thereafter, all treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples at 4°14 day intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 1-28 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal leaf samples from 31 May to 14 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 21 Jun to 12 Jul. Russet ratings are based on 30 'Bartlett' pears/replicate, 120/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges were 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Western Cherry Fruit Fly Control on Tart Cherry, 1990 and 1991
Authors: Alston D. G.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 double-tree replicates/treatment. Treatments were separated by unsprayed buffer trees. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and with an output rate of 3800 liters/ha. Yellow sticky traps with additional ammonium carbonate bait were placed in the orchard to determine activity of the first flies, which were caught on 1 and 12 Jun in 1990 and 1991, respectively. In 1990 the dates of application were as follows: Cygon 400 on 6 Jun, Guthion 35 W on 6 and 27 Jun, Imidan 50 W on 6 and 20 Jun, and diazinon 50 W on 4 Jul. In 1991 all insecticide treatments were applied on 18 Jun and 2 Jul. At harvest (13 and 17 Jul in 1990 and 1991, respectively), 50 fruit were randomly collected from each tree and 50 fruit were picked up from the ground underneath each tree to determine percent infestation by WCFF. WCFF-infested fruit ripened prematurely and dropped to the ground early.
Cherry, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All Season Test, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature sweet cherry trees in Douglas, MI at a rate of 100 gpa (200 gpa at bloom application) with a FMC 3000 CP airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 1 May (Bloom), 9 May (PF), 20 May (1C), and 31 May (2C). Funginex and Rovral were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations on 12 Jun were made by examining 100 cherries per replicate for plum curculio stings for a total of 400 cherries per treatment.
Trials of Nonconventional Insecticides for Control of the Eastern Grape Leafhopper, 1990
Authors: Martinson Timothy E. , Dennehy Timoth. , Kamas Jame.
Published: March 2022

Five materials acceptable to “organic” growers were compared with the standard treatment of carbaryl. Trials were carried out in 2 mature ‘Concord’ Vineyards, one in Fredonia, NY, on Lake Erie, and one in Penn Yan, NY, in the Finger Lakes region. At both vineyards, the rows were 9 ft apart with the vines set at 8 ft within the row. Each treatment consisted of 1 vine, and was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, where each row was a block. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer (Solo 425; Solo, Inc. Newport News, VA) equipped with a pressure gauge, with the pressure maintained at 30 psi. Two control treatments were used: Water only was applied in one treatment and no spray was applied to the second treatment. Counts of EGLH nymphs on leaves 3-7 (numbered from basal node) were made on 3 shoots in each treatment at the time of treatment and again on the same shoots at 7 days post-treatment. Mean number of EGLH nymphs per shoot were calculated, and statistically separated using Fisher’s protected LSD test.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1991
Authors: Hall Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Four acaricides were evaluated for control of PLSM on pecan. The study was conducted at the Pecan Research-Extension Station on 59-yr-old trees of the ‘Stuart’ cultivar. Trees having a past history of PLSM infestations were selected. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 blocks, with one tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 9 Aug. Application of foliar applied materials were made on 12 Aug using an FMC 957 speed sprayer calibrated to deliver 29 gal of finished spray per tree (261 gal/ acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 9 and 23 d after treatment (DAT). Sampling consisted of counting the number of PLSM and PLSM eggs on 10 pairs of leaflets per tree. Data were subjected to the appropriate statistical analysis.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse transplants were planted 30 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots (including check) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, with 1-2 additional untreated plots established on east and west borders of each block. Sprays were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 3, 18, and 26 Jul and on 1 Aug. Heavy rainfall the week of 8 Jul prevented a scheduled application. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot on 6-8 Jul, and 4 plants/plot from replicates 1-3 only on 4-7 Aug). Quality ratings (Greene et al. 1969. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800) of mature cabbage heads in replicates 1-3 (5 plants per plot) were determined 8 Aug.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Adjuvants, Endosulfan and Amitraz, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 9 Apr in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 6 May into spray chambers (25 cm X 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and-six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Treatment applications were made on 7 and 13 May. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adult re-infestation. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 and 72 hours after the first application and at 24 hours after the second application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled on one 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk/plant and numbers were recorded by instar on the oldest of second oldest leaf at 72 hours after the first and second applications.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Collards, 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Collards were transplanted Mar, 1990, near Greenville, NC, using a row spacing of 42 inches. Single row plots, 20 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton AG-98 or B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 19, 28 Sep, 5, 15, 19, 30 Oct, and 6 Nov. Visual estimates of foliar damage and/or insect counts on 3 plants per plot were made before spraying on 28 Sep, 5, 15, 19, 30 Oct, 1, 6, and 14 Nov. All plots were inadvertently oversprayed by the grower with MVP (2 qt/acre) + SunSpray Oil (1 qt/acre) 23 and 28 Oct.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Head Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Marutani Mari , Lali T. S. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings of K-K Cross cabbage were transplanted on 11 Jun in a soil classified as clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents in Yigo, Guam. A plot consisted of four 1.2 m rows with the length of 3.7 m. There were 8 plants per row. Three treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with back-pack sprayers on 22 and 28 Jul. Numbers of larvae and pupae/6 plants in two inner rows were recorded on 20, 22, 24, 27, 30 Jul, 5 and 6 Aug. Plants were harvested on 11 Aug. wt, width and length of 10 heads per replication were recorded.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with AC 303630 at the Pink Stage of Apple Bud Development, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

AC 303630 was evaluated for control of overwintered PLR larvae. The test was conducted in a commercial orchard located near Wenatchee. Test trees were four-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 18 Apr, at the pink stage of fruit bud development. Pre-treatment evaluations (15 Apr) consisted of examining 25 growing points per tree (125 per replicate, 500 per treatment) and recording the number infested with live leafroller larvae. After treatment (26 Apr), each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) was recorded. Weather during the test period was generally good, without significant rainfall.
Evaluation of Systemic Insecticides for Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Seedling Cauliflower, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. , Shaw M. , Thiessen J.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied to cotyledon stage cauliflower on 12 Sep with a back pack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 22.2 gal/acre at 25 psi with a single T-Jet 8002 VS nozzle. Treatments were made as a concentrated band over the plant row. Plots consisted of 50 ft of row on beds with 3.5 ft centers, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adult SPWF were present and migrating through fields. Samples were collected 17, 26 Sep, and 10 Oct. Samples consisted of 5 plants/plot cut at ground level and placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory. Eggs and nymphs were counted on both cotyledons and leaves on 26 Sep, and on leaves only in all other samples. Plant size in leaf area from samples collected on 26 Sep and 10 Oct were obtained using a Li-Cor 3100 area meter.
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft. in length on 15 Jun ’92. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 25% silk on 4, 8, and 11 Aug. At harvest (21 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Control of Onion Thrips on Dry Bulb Onions, 1992
Authors: Vaughn Ty T. , Hoy Casey W.
Published: March 2022

‘Capable’ onions were seeded at the Muck Crops Branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Celeryville, OH, on 5 May. Plots were 3 rows wide on 20 inch centers, 15 ft long, and separated by 3 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 27 Jul using a backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. The nematode application was delivered with 100 gal water/acre directed at the base of the leaves at 50 psi. Five plants from the center row of each plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for thrips larvae and adults on 30 Jul, 3, 10, and 17 Aug.
Bell Pepper: European Corn Borer Control, 1991:
Authors: Ashley R.
Published: March 2022

‘Lady Bell’ pepper plants were transplanted on 24 May in Storrs, Connecticut. Plots consisted of 11 plants, 1.5 ft apart, in a single row, with an untreated guard row on each side. Seven treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Rotenone, Dipel, Ryania and hydrated lime were applied on 28 Jul, 2, 11, 16, 23, 29 Aug, and 6 Sep. Orthene and Ambush were applied on alternate weeks beginning on 28 Jul. Hydrated lime was applied with a crank-style duster at 50 lb/acre immediately after wetting the foliage and fruit with water. Water and all other treatments were applied with a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer, operating at 25 psi and delivering 40 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from the top and from each side, by hand with a single hollow cone nozzle. Fruit was harvested, counted, weighed, and opened to inspect for borer injury or infestation on 26 Jul, 2, 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug, 6, and 13 Sep.
Foliar Insect Control on Potato, Crookston, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on the Northwest Experiment Station where resistance has been demonstrated to all labeled classes of synthetic insecticides. B-size seed was planted 18 May in clay soils with adequate moisture. Individual plots were 4 rows, 1.1 m in width and 7.6 m in a length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Granular materials (Disyston 15 G Thimet 20 G, and NTN 33893 2.5 G) were applied on 19 May. Broadcast foliars were applied on 10, 17, 24 Jul and 11 Aug. Low doses (0.013 kg Al/ha) of Karate 1 E were applied on 17 Jul and 11 Aug on Margosan O, M-Trak, Foil, Cryolite 96 W and Kryocide 96 W to prevent potato leafhopper from affecting yields. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested and weighed for yields.
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1991
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 5 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3, 20-ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 6, 9, 16, 24 Sep, 2, 7, 15, 21, 29 Oct, 6, 12, 19, 27 Nov and 24 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 75 gal/acre the next three sprays (6 nozzles) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 20 stems from the middle row of each plot on 30 Dec. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoGV) transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size was harvested on 21 Nov, 4 and 17 Dec and the fruit was counted and weighed.