bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes about Addiction: A National Study of Addiction Educators
Authors: Broadus Angela D. , Hartje Joyce A. , Roget Nancy A. , Cahoon Kristy L. , Clinkinbeard Samantha S.
Published: December 2010

The following study, funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), utilized the Addiction Belief Inventory (ABI; Luke, Ribisl, Walton, & Davidson, 2002) to examine addiction attitudes in a national sample of U.S. college/university faculty teaching addiction-specific courses ( n = 215). Results suggest that addiction educators view substance abuse as a coping mechanism rather than a moral failure, and are ambivalent about calling substance abuse or addiction a disease. Most do not support individual efficacy toward recovery, the ability to control use, or social use after treatment. Modifiers of addiction educator attitudes include level of college education; teaching experience; licensure/certification, and whether the educator is an addiction researcher. Study implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Substance Abuse and Dependency Risk: The Role of Peer Perceptions, Marijuana Involvement, and Attitudes toward Substance Use among College Students
Authors: Lewis Todd F. , Mobley A. Keith
Published: December 2010

Many college students are using substances at levels consistent with Substance Abuse or Dependence, yet little explanation for this phenomenon exits. The aim of this study was to explore a risk factor profile that best separates those with low and high potential for having a Substance Use Disorder (SUD). A discriminant function analysis revealed that participants with a high probability of having a SUD misperceive others' alcohol and marijuana use to a greater extent than those with a low probability of having a SUD. Implications for educators and counselors on college campuses are discussed.
International Monetary Fund and Aid Displacement
Authors: Stuckler David , Basu Sanjay , McKee Martin
Published: December 2010

Several recent papers find evidence that global health aid is being diverted to reserves, education, military, or other sectors, and is displacing government spending. This is suggested to occur because ministers of finance have competing, possibly corrupt, priorities and deprive the health sector of resources. Studies have found that development assistance for health routed to governments has a negative impact on health spending and that similar assistance routed to private nongovernmental organizations has a positive impact. An alternative hypothesis is that World Bank and IMF macroeconomic policies, which specifically advise governments to divert aid to reserves to cope with aid volatility and keep government spending low, could be causing the displacement of health aid. This article evaluates whether aid displacement was greater when countries undertook a new borrowing program from the IMF between 1996 and 2006. As found in existing studies, for each $1 of development assistance for health, about $0.37 is added to the health system. However, evaluating IMF-borrowing versus non-IMF-borrowing countries reveals that non-borrowers add about $0.45 whereas borrowers add less than $0.01 to the health system. On average, health system spending grew at about half the speed when countries were exposed to the IMF than when they were not. It is important to take account of the political economy of global health finance when interpreting data on financial flows.
Why We Don't Spend Enough on Public Health: An Alternative View
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: December 2010

The primary determinants of public health are political. Comparisons among countries have shown that the importance of public health within public institutions and the priorities given by those institutions depend on the power relations in existence in that society. Authors who attribute the limited influence of public health in the United States to the public's limited understanding of the issues and/or to the supposed anti-government position of the American population miss the roots of the problem.
Elevated in Vivo Strontium-90 from Nuclear Weapons Test Fallout among Cancer Decedents: A Case-Control Study of Deciduous Teeth
Authors: Mangano Joseph J. , Sherman Janette D.
Published: December 2010

Risks to health from large-scale atmospheric nuclear weapons testing are still relatively unknown. A sample of 85,000 deciduous teeth collected from Americans born during the bomb-testing years assessed risk by in vivo measurement of residual strontium-90 (Sr-90) concentrations, using liquid scintillation spectrometry. The authors' analysis included 97 deciduous teeth from persons born between 1959 and 1961 who were diagnosed with cancer, and 194 teeth of matched controls. Average Sr-90 in teeth of persons who died of cancer was significantly greater than for controls (OR = 2.22; p < 0.04). This discovery suggests that many thousands have died or will die of cancer due to exposure to fallout, far more than previously believed.
Einfluss der Wurzeln auf das Wasserspeichervermögen hydromorpher Waldböden | Significance of roots for soil water storage capacity of hydromorphic forest soils
Authors: Lange Benjamin , Germann Peter F. , Lüscher Peter
Published: December 2010

In this study we investigated the significance of roots for the water storage capacity of hydromorphic forest soils in the northern Pre-Alps of Switzerland. Irrigation experiments were conducted on 1 m2 plots with high initial soil water content. A total of 67 horizons were investigated for water content variations using time domain reflectometry (TDR). The data was processed using a physically based model, which assumes gravity-driven and viscosity-controlled water flow along pore walls in the form of thin water films. The model calculates the contact length (L) between mobile water and the stationary parts of the soil water system in the horizontal plane. L characterises porosity which is effectively involved in water flow. A multiple linear regression analysis of all investigated horizons, including root density, bulk density and texture as predictors for L, demonstrated that the root density had the best explanatory value for L (R2 = 0.63). Thus, it can be assumed that increases in root density increase water storage capacity. Considering the extent of hydromorphicity in horizons, the relationship between root density and contact length was only significant in topsoils and hydromorphic subsoils. An increase of root density by 50% in hydromorphic subsoils would increase short-time water storage capacity from 0.03 to 0.05 m3/m3, while higher root densities in topsoils did not increase water storage capacities. To improve the water retention potential of flood protection forests on hydromorphic soils, we suggest promoting deep-rooting species which are able to sustain anaerobic periods in soils.
Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hENT1) in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Towards Individualized Treatment Decisions
Authors: Spratlin Jennifer L. , Mackey John R.
Published: December 2010

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers, where curative surgical resections are rare and less than 5% of patients experience long-term survival. Despite numerous clinical trials, improvements in the systemic treatment of this disease have been limited. Gemcitabine, a nucleoside analogue, is still considered the standard of care chemotherapy for most patients in the advanced disease setting. To exert its cytotoxic effects, gemcitabine must enter cells via nucleoside transporters, most notably human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). Increasingly strong evidence suggests hENT1 is a prognostic biomarker in gemcitabine-treated pancreatic cancer, and may well be a predictive biomarker of gemcitabine efficacy. In this review, we synthesize the literature surrounding hENT1 in pancreatic cancer, identify the key outstanding questions, and suggest strategies to prospectively evaluate the clinical utility of hENT1 in future clinical studies.
The Impact of the 2002 Delaware Smoking Ordinance on Heart Attack and Asthma
Authors: Moraros John , Bird Yelena , Chen Shande , Buckingham Robert , Meltzer Richard S. , Prapasiri Surasri , Solis Luis H.
Published: December 2010

In the United States, smoking is the leading cause of death - having a mortality rate of approximately 435,000 people in 2000—accounting for 8.1% of all US deaths recorded that year. Consequently, we analyzed the Delaware Hospital Discharge Database, and identified state and non-state residents discharged with AMI or asthma for the years 1999 to 2004. Statistical data analysis compared the incidence of AMI or asthma for each group before (1999–2002) and after (2003–2004) the amendment. As a result, we found that pre-ordinance and post-ordinance quarterly rates of AMI for Delaware residents were 451 (se = 21) and 430 (se = 21) respectively, representing a 4.7% reduction. Over the same time period, there was negligible change in the incidence of AMI for non-Delaware residents. After adjusting for population growth, the Risk Ratio (RR) for asthma in Delaware residents post-ordinance was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.90 to 0.999), which represented a significant reduction (P = 0.046). By comparison, non-Delaware residents had an increased RR for asthma post-ordinance of 1.62 (95% CI, 1.46 to 1.86; P < 0.0001).The results suggest that Delaware’s comprehensive non-smoking ordinance effectively was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of AMI and asthma in Delaware residents when compared to non-Delaware residents.
Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements Including Sugar Surfactants: Part Two—Injectability, Adhesive Properties and Biocompatibility
Authors: Bercier Ariane , Gonçalves Stéphane , Autefage Helène , Briand-Mesange Fabienne , Lignon Olivier , Fitremann Juliette
Published: December 2010

Addition of sugar surfactants, sucrose fatty acid esters and alkylpolyglucosides to a calcium phosphate cement, designed for bone reconstruction, is described. Thanks to their adsorption at the surface of the calcium phosphate particles, the sugar surfactants allowed a full injectability and brought a very good workability. Injectability was measured by monitoring force-distance curves. With some of the selected sugar surfactants adhesive properties of the cement pastes were also observed, which were measured by tack tests. Finally, some properties related to biological applications are described, including gentamicine release and osteoblast viability experiments. The whole study demonstrates that addition of these mild surfactants improved several properties of the calcium phosphate cement, without impairing function.
Screening and cDNA Cloning of Kv1 Potassium Channel Toxins in Sea Anemones
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshikazu , Hasegawa Yuichi , Honma Tomohiro , Nagashima Yuji , Shiomi Kazuo
Published: December 2010

When 21 species of sea anemones were screened for Kv1 potassium channel toxins by competitive inhibition of the binding of 125I-α-dendrotoxin to rat synaptosomal membranes, 11 species (two species of Actiniidae, one species of Hormathiidae, five species of Stichodactylidae and three species of Thalassianthidae) were found to be positive. Furthermore, full-length cDNAs encoding type 1 potassium channel toxins from three species of Stichodactylidae and three species of Thalassianthidae were cloned by a combination of RT-PCR, 3′RACE and 5′RACE. The precursors of these six toxins are commonly composed of signal peptide, propart and mature peptide portions. As for the mature peptide (35 amino acid residues), the six toxins share more than 90% sequence identities with one another and with κ1.3-SHTX-She1a (Shk) from Stichodactyla helianthus but only 34–63% identities with the other type 1 potassium channel toxins.
Assessment of the Content of Phenolics and Antioxidant Action of Inflorescences and Leaves of Selected Species from the Genus Sorbus Sensu Stricto
Authors: Olszewska Monika A. , Nowak Sławomira , Michel Piotr , Banaszczak Piotr , Kicel Agnieszka
Published: December 2010

In order to find new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant potential of 70% methanolic extracts from the inflorescences and leaves of 16 species from the genus Sorbus s.s. was evaluated using two complementary in vitro test systems: the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assay and the AAPH [2,2¢-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride]-induced linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation test. The radical-scavenging capacities of the extracts towards the DPPH radical were in the range of 0.25-0.86 millimolar Trolox® equivalents/g dry weight. They were significantly correlated (r = -0.8089, p < 0.001) with the results of the LA-peroxidation test, indicating the Sorbus extracts to be universal antioxidants. Significant linear correlations were also found between the different antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents as estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further verified by serial determinations of proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid isomers and flavonoids (çrêin the range of 0.71-0.95, p < 0.001). Cluster analysis of the data matrix identified the ten samples (inflorescences of S. aucuparia, S. pohuashanensis, S. decora, S. koehneana, S. commixta, S. gracilis, and S. sitchensis, and the leaves of S. wilfordii, S. pogonopetala, and S. gracilis) exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic levels and therefore the greatest potential as effective sources for natural health products.
Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of N-(Bromobut-3-en-2-yl)-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine as a Cholinesterase Inhibitor with Regard to Alzheimer's Disease Treatment
Authors: Korabecny Jan , Musilek Kamil , Holas Ondrej , Nepovimova Eugenie , Jun Daniel , Zemek Filip , Opletalova Veronika , Patocka Jiri , Dohnal Vlastimil , Nachon Florian , Hroudova Jana , Fisar Zdenek , Kuca Kamil
Published: December 2010

A new tacrine based cholinesterase inhibitor, N-(bromobut-3-en-2-yl)-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine (1), was designed and synthesized to interact with specific regions of human acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase. Its inhibitory ability towards cholinesterases was determined and compared to tacrine (THA) and 9-amino-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (7-MEOTA). The assessment of IC50 values revealed 1 as a weak inhibitor of both tested enzymes.
Relationships Between Errors Propagated in Fraction of Vegetation Cover by Algorithms Based on a Two-Endmember Linear Mixture Model
Authors: Obata Kenta , Yoshioka Hiroki
Published: December 2010

Remotely sensed reflectance spectra may be biased by several intervening factors, and the biases are propagated into estimations of the fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) by algorithms based on a linear mixture model (LMM). The errors propagated in FVCs depend on the retrieval algorithm used, due to differences in the assumptions of the model as well as constraints employed in the algorithm. These differences should be fully understood prior to algorithm selection for practical applications. Although numerous studies have investigated the relationships between errors propagated by different algorithms, these relationships have not been fully understood from a deterministic perspective. This study introduces a technique for deriving the analytical underpinnings of error propagation in FVC based on several LMM-based algorithms. The derivation assumes that measurement noise is band-correlated additive noise. The bias errors propagated in FVC depended on the endmember spectra assumed in the algorithm, the target spectrum, and the coefficients of the spectral vegetation index, which were employed as constraints, as well as magnitude of the input error. It was found that the relationships among the propagated errors assume asymmetric elliptical forms with coefficients that are determined by the input variables. These results suggest that the relationships depend heavily on the choice of endmember spectra as well as the spectrum of the target pixel and the vegetation index employed as a constraint. The present findings should assist in the selection of an optimum algorithm based on prior knowledge of the target field.
A Low Cost Device for Monitoring the Urine Output of Critical Care Patients
Authors: Otero Abraham , Palacios Francisco , Akinfiev Teodor , Apalkov Andrey
Published: December 2010

In critical care units most of the patients’ physiological parameters are sensed by commercial monitoring devices. These devices can also supervise whether the values of the parameters lie within a pre-established range set by the clinician. The automation of the sensing and supervision tasks has discharged the healthcare staff of a considerable workload and avoids human errors, which are common in repetitive and monotonous tasks. Urine output is very likely the most relevant physiological parameter that has yet to be sensed or supervised automatically. This paper presents a low cost patent-pending device capable of sensing and supervising urine output. The device uses reed switches activated by a magnetic float in order to measure the amount of urine collected in two containers which are arranged in cascade. When either of the containers fills, it is emptied automatically using a siphon mechanism and urine begins to collect again. An electronic unit sends the state of the reed switches via Bluetooth to a PC that calculates the urine output from this information and supervises the achievement of therapeutic goals.
Ultra-Wideband Sensors for Improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Monitoring and Tumour Diagnostics
Authors: Thiel Florian , Kosch Olaf , Seifert Frank
Published: December 2010

The specific advantages of ultra-wideband electromagnetic remote sensing (UWB radar) make it a particularly attractive technique for biomedical applications. We partially review our activities in utilizing this novel approach for the benefit of high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other applications, e.g., for intensive care medicine and biomedical research. We could show that our approach is beneficial for applications like motion tracking for high resolution brain imaging due to the non-contact acquisition of involuntary head motions with high spatial resolution, navigation for cardiac MRI due to our interpretation of the detected physiological mechanical contraction of the heart muscle and for MR safety, since we have investigated the influence of high static magnetic fields on myocardial mechanics. From our findings we could conclude, that UWB radar can serve as a navigator technique for high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and can be beneficial preserving the high resolution capability of this imaging modality. Furthermore it can potentially be used to support standard ECG analysis by complementary information where sole ECG analysis fails. Further analytical investigations have proven the feasibility of this method for intracranial displacements detection and the rendition of a tumour’s contrast agent based perfusion dynamic. Beside these analytical approaches we have carried out FDTD simulations of a complex arrangement mimicking the illumination of a human torso model incorporating the geometry of the antennas applied.
Evaluation of High-Precision Sensors in Structural Monitoring
Authors: Erol Bihter
Published: December 2010

One of the most intricate branches of metrology involves the monitoring of displacements and deformations of natural and anthropogenic structures under environmental forces, such as tidal or tectonic phenomena, or ground water level changes. Technological progress has changed the measurement process, and steadily increasing accuracy requirements have led to the continued development of new measuring instruments. The adoption of an appropriate measurement strategy, with proper instruments suited for the characteristics of the observed structure and its environmental conditions, is of high priority in the planning of deformation monitoring processes. This paper describes the use of precise digital inclination sensors in continuous monitoring of structural deformations. The topic is treated from two viewpoints: (i) evaluation of the performance of inclination sensors by comparing them to static and continuous GPS observations in deformation monitoring and (ii) providing a strategy for analyzing the structural deformations. The movements of two case study objects, a tall building and a geodetic monument in Istanbul, were separately monitored using dual-axes micro-radian precision inclination sensors (inclinometers) and GPS. The time series of continuous deformation observations were analyzed using the Least Squares Spectral Analysis Technique (LSSA). Overall, the inclinometers showed good performance for continuous monitoring of structural displacements, even at the sub-millimeter level. Static GPS observations remained insufficient for resolving the deformations to the sub-centimeter level due to the errors that affect GPS signals. With the accuracy advantage of inclination sensors, their use with GPS provides more detailed investigation of deformation phenomena. Using inclinometers and GPS is helpful to be able to identify the components of structural responses to the natural forces as static, quasi-static, or resonant.
Reflectively Coupled Waveguide Photodetector for High Speed Optical Interconnection
Authors: Hsu Shih-Hsiang
Published: December 2010

To fully utilize GaAs high drift mobility, techniques to monolithically integrate In0.53Ga0.47As p-i-n photodetectors with GaAs based optical waveguides using total internal reflection coupling are reviewed. Metal coplanar waveguides, deposited on top of the polyimide layer for the photodetector’s planarization and passivation, were then uniquely connected as a bridge between the photonics and electronics to illustrate the high-speed monitoring function. The photodetectors were efficiently implemented and imposed on the echelle grating circle for wavelength division multiplexing monitoring. In optical filtering performance, the monolithically integrated photodetector channel spacing was 2 nm over the 1,520–1,550 nm wavelength range and the pass band was 1 nm at the −1 dB level. For high-speed applications the full-width half-maximum of the temporal response and 3-dB bandwidth for the reflectively coupled waveguide photodetectors were demonstrated to be 30 ps and 11 GHz, respectively. The bit error rate performance of this integrated photodetector at 10 Gbit/s with 27-1 long pseudo-random bit sequence non-return to zero input data also showed error-free operation.
Modeling the Energy Performance of Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Network by Using Static Sink and Mobile Sink
Authors: Chen Jiehui , Salim Mariam B. , Matsumoto Mitsuji
Published: December 2010

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) designed for mission-critical applications suffer from limited sensing capacities, particularly fast energy depletion. Regarding this, mobile sinks can be used to balance the energy consumption in WSNs, but the frequent location updates of the mobile sinks can lead to data collisions and rapid energy consumption for some specific sensors. This paper explores an optimal barrier coverage based sensor deployment for event driven WSNs where a dual-sink model was designed to evaluate the energy performance of not only static sensors, but Static Sink (SS) and Mobile Sinks (MSs) simultaneously, based on parameters such as sensor transmission range r and the velocity of the mobile sink v, etc. Moreover, a MS mobility model was developed to enable SS and MSs to effectively collaborate, while achieving spatiotemporal energy performance efficiency by using the knowledge of the cumulative density function (cdf), Poisson process and M/G/1 queue. The simulation results verified that the improved energy performance of the whole network was demonstrated clearly and our eDSA algorithm is more efficient than the static-sink model, reducing energy consumption approximately in half. Moreover, we demonstrate that our results are robust to realistic sensing models and also validate the correctness of our results through extensive simulations.
Insights into Arbovirus Evolution and Adaptation from Experimental Studies
Authors: Ciota Alexander T. , Kramer Laura D.
Published: December 2010

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in nature by cycling between vertebrate hosts and haematophagous invertebrate vectors. These viruses are responsible for causing a significant public health burden throughout the world, with over 100 species having the capacity to cause human disease. Arbovirus outbreaks in previously naïve environments demonstrate the potential of these pathogens for expansion and emergence, possibly exacerbated more recently by changing climates. These recent outbreaks, together with the continued devastation caused by endemic viruses, such as Dengue virus which persists in many areas, demonstrate the need to better understand the selective pressures that shape arbovirus evolution. Specifically, a comprehensive understanding of host-virus interactions and how they shape both host-specific and virus‑specific evolutionary pressures is needed to fully evaluate the factors that govern the potential for host shifts and geographic expansions. One approach to advance our understanding of the factors influencing arbovirus evolution in nature is the use of experimental studies in the laboratory. Here, we review the contributions that laboratory passage and experimental infection studies have made to the field of arbovirus adaptation and evolution, and how these studies contribute to the overall field of arbovirus evolution. In particular, this review focuses on the areas of evolutionary constraints and mutant swarm dynamics; how experimental results compare to theoretical predictions; the importance of arbovirus ecology in shaping viral swarms; and how current knowledge should guide future questions relevant to understanding arbovirus evolution.
Uveitis in Adult Patients with Rheumatic Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases at a Tertiary-care Hospital in Mexico City
Authors: JIMÉNEZ-BALDERAS FRANCISCO JAVIER , FERNANDEZ-ARRIETA GEMA , CAMARGO-CORONEL ADOLFO , AKE-UC MIGUEL ÁNGEL , VAZQUEZ-ZARAGOZA MIGUEL ANGEL , ZONANA-NACACH ABRAHAM , SÁNCHEZ-GONZÁLEZ LUIS ROBERTO , RIOS RITA , MARTINEZ-CASTRO FRANCISCO
Published: December 2010

Objective.

Our aim is to describe the frequency of uveitis associated with rheumatic inflammatory autoimmune diseases (RIAD) in adult patients admitted to the Rheumatology Department at a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico City. We also describe the clinical features, seasonal distribution, treatment, and ocular complications associated with this disease.

Methods.

We reviewed 1332 charts of patients with RIAD and selected those that had a diagnosis of uveitis. We obtained the following data: age, sex, type of uveitis and relationship with diagnosis of RIAD, recurrences, seasonal distribution, treatment, and residual visual deficit.

Results.

We found 57 (4.27%) cases of uveitis in 1332 charts, including 38 men and 19 women (M:F ratio 2:1), aged 47 ± 16 years. Nongranulomatous acute anterior uveitis (NGAAU) comprised 90.52% of cases (52/57). In 64.91% of cases (37/57), uveitis preceded the diagnosis of RIAD by 12 ± 9 years, more frequently in winter (35.96%; p = NS). Uveitis was found in 40/93 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), in 7/11 patients with relapsing polychondritis (RP), in 8/16 patients with Behçet’s disease, in 1/16 patients with polyarteritis nodosa, and in 1/590 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ninety-six percent of the patients were treated with steroids. Upon a mean followup of 60 days (range 7–4745 days), reduction of visual acuity (≤ 20/200) was associated with recurrence of uveitis in 3/7 cases with AS, in 4/8 cases with Behçet’s disease, in 3/7 with RP, and in 1 case of uveitis and seronegative RA.

Conclusion.

NGAAU frequently precedes RIAD and is found predominately in men, with a tendency to occur in winter.
Temporal Small-Vessel Inflammation in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis: Clinical Course and Preliminary Immunohistopathologic Characterization
Authors: BELILOS ELISE , MADDOX JUDY , KOWALEWSKI ROBERT M. , KOWALEWSKA JOLANTA , TURI GEORGE K. , NOCHOMOVITZ LUCIEN E. , KHAN YAQOOT , CARSONS STEVEN E.
Published: December 2010

Objective.

To investigate the occurrence, clinical correlates, and immunohistochemical phenotype of temporal small-vessel inflammation (TSVI) in temporal artery biopsies from patients presenting with clinical features of giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods.

We retrospectively reviewed 41 temporal artery biopsy specimens for the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in small vessels external to the temporal artery adventitia (TSVI); 33 had sufficient clinical and pathological data for detailed analysis. Clinical and laboratory features at presentation and corticosteroid treatment patterns of patients with isolated TSVI were compared to those of patients with positive and negative biopsies. The cellular composition of the infiltrates was further characterized by immunohistochemistry.

Results.

Twenty-three (70%) specimens had evidence of TSVI including 10 with concurrent GCA and 13 (39%) with isolated TSVI. TSVI was found in all positive temporal artery biopsies. The proportion of macrophages and of lymphocyte subpopulations differed between infiltrates observed in TSVI and those of the main temporal artery wall. Initial erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was similar in the TSVI and positive biopsy groups and was significantly higher than in the negative biopsy group. Patients with isolated TSVI more often had symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica compared to the positive biopsy group. Patients with TSVI received corticosteroid doses that were intermediate between patients with positive and those with negative biopsies.

Conclusion.

A significant number of patients with clinical features of GCA demonstrated isolated TSVI. Differences in the clinical presentation and cellular composition suggest that TSVI may represent a subset of GCA and should be considered in the interpretation of temporal artery biopsies and treatment decisions.
Direct Cost-Modeling of Rheumatoid Arthritis According to Disease Activity Categories in France
Authors: BERESNIAK ARIEL , GOSSEC LAURE , GOUPILLE PHILIPPE , SARAUX ALAIN , BAMBERGER MARION , BREGMAN BRUNO , DUPONT DANIELLE
Published: December 2010

Objective.

The objective of this cost-of-illness study was to assess the use of direct medical resources, excluding drug costs, by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in France, and to construct cost estimates according to level of disease activity.

Methods.

Three categories of RA disease activity were defined according to Disease Activity Score 28-joint count (DAS28) thresholds: remission (DAS28 < 2.6), low disease activity state (LDAS; i.e., DAS28 ≤ 3.2), and moderate to high disease activity (MHDAS; i.e., DAS28 > 3.2). Eight resource utilization items were defined: medical visits, laboratory tests, hospitalization, imaging, physiotherapy, nursing, adaptive aids, and transportation. Resource utilization and unit costs from the national-payer perspective were estimated through expert opinion and simulated using distribution ranges for each item. Cost distributions were computed by Monte-Carlo simulations estimating overall costs per 6 months over a 2-year period.

Results.

For patients achieving remission, costs were estimated at a mean of €771 (SD 199) for the first 6 months and at €511 (SD 162) for each subsequent 6-month period. For patients achieving LDAS, costs were estimated at €905 (SD 263) for the first 6 months and €696 (SD 240) for each subsequent 6-month period. For patients in MHDAS, costs were estimated at €1215 per 6 months (SD 405).

Conclusion.

This cost-of-illness assessment provided current estimates of direct medical costs for RA according to disease activity in France. The findings suggest that achieving remission or LDAS is associated with substantially lower medical costs for RA versus being in MHDAS.
Botulinum Toxin Intramuscular Injections for Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: LANGEVIN PIERRE , LOWCOCK JANET , WEBER JEFFREY , NOLAN MAY , GROSS ANITA R. , PELOSO PAUL M. , ROBERTS JOHN , GRAHAM NADINE , GOLDSMITH CHARLES H. , BURNIE STEPHEN J. , HAINES TED
Published: December 2010

Objective.

To assess the effect of intramuscular botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections on pain, function/disability, global perceived effect, and quality of life (QOL) in adults with neck pain (NP).

Methods.

We searched Central, Medline, and Embase databases up to June 2010. A minimum of 2 authors independently selected articles, abstracted data, and assessed risk of bias and clinical applicability. We estimated standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI, relative risks (RR), and performed metaanalyses (SMDp) using a random-effects model for nonheterogeneous data. The approach of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group summarizes the quality of evidence.

Results.

We selected 14 trials. High-quality evidence suggested BoNT-A was no better than saline at 4 weeks [4 trials/183 participants; SMDp−0.21 (95% CI −0.50 to 0.07)] and 6 months for chronic NP. Moderate-quality evidence showed a similar effect for subacute/chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) on pain [4 trials/122 participants; SMDp−0.21 (95% CI −0.57 to 0.15)], disability, and QOL. Very low-quality evidence indicated BoNT-A combined with exercise and analgesics was not significant for chronic NP reduction at 4 weeks [3 trials/114 participants; SMDp−0.08 (95% CI −0.45 to 0.29)] but was at 6 months [2 trials/43 participants; SMDp−0.66 (95% CI −1.29 to −0.04)].

Conclusion.

Current evidence does not confirm a clinically or statistically significant benefit of BoNT-A used alone on chronic NP in the short term or on subacute/chronic WAD pain, disability, and QOL. Larger trials, subgroups, and predictors of responses defineda priori(to facilitate selection of patients most likely to benefit) and factorial designs to explore BoNT as an adjunct treatment to physiotherapeutic exercise and analgesics are needed.
Disease Activity, Smoking, and Reproductive-related Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Very Early Inflammatory Polyarthritis
Authors: VERSTAPPEN SUZANNE M.M. , McCOY MELANIE J. , ROBERTS CHRIS , DALE NICOLA E. , HASSELL ANDREW B. , SYMMONS DEBORAH P.M.
Published: December 2010

Objective.

To identify disease activity, smoking, and reproductive-related predictors of a poor prognosis in patients with very early inflammatory polyarthritis (IP).

Methods.

Patients with very early IP (symptom duration 4–11 weeks) included in our study were participants in the STIVEA (Steroids In Very Early Arthritis) randomized placebo-controlled trial. At baseline, disease-related variables were measured and patients were asked to complete a questionnaire covering smoking status and reproductive questions. Baseline predictors of poor prognosis [i.e., the need to start disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy by 6 months or the clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at 12 months] were identified, applying logistic regression analyses adjusted for treatment group.

Results.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity was one of the strongest clinical predictors of a poor prognosis: OR for DMARD therapy at 6 months, 4.00 (95% CI 2.00–8.00) and OR for a diagnosis of RA at 12 months, 9.48 (95% CI 4.48–20.07). There was a significant association between current smoking at baseline compared to never smoking and a diagnosis of RA at 12 months (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.16–8.56).

Conclusion.

About 6 in 7 patients with very early RF-positive IP were diagnosed with RA 1 year later. In addition, 1 in 4 IP patients who smoke will develop RA later. It is recommended to treat RF-positive patients who have IP with DMARD at presentation and to advise patients to stop smoking.
Les universaux d'imagination : une invention de Vico
Authors: Saint Girons Baldine
Published: December 2010

Résumé Prétendant établir les « principes » (universels et nécessaires, par définition) d’une « science nouvelle concernant la nature commune des nations », Vico postule l’existence d’un « fond commun de vérité » propre aux « idées uniformes, nées chez des peuples inconnus les uns des autres ». L’universel s’appréhende à partir du commun, mais sous la condition expresse qu’on ne se contente pas de l’observation empirique, conçue comme ultime instance de légitimation, mais qu’on privilégie le travail inventif de l’imagination et le travail critique de la raison, prise comme pouvoir de validation. L’imagination monte à l’universel et elle produit des « universaux d’imagination », dont il importe de comprendre le statut et la fonction.
L'incommensurable. Le pas de danse qui fait l'humain
Authors: Bertrand Dominique
Published: December 2010

Résumé La transmission des droits de l’homme – en miroir de la transmission de l’art musical – apparaît comme transmission d’une relation paradoxale entre mesure et démesure, paradoxe qui « fait » l’humain. Le passage du modèle cosmique immuable et parfait – hérité des anciens – à la vision moderne s’opère au xvii e  siècle, au moment où la musique passe du « Modal » au « Tonal » par le fait d’introduire la tension propre à la dissonance du Diabolus-in-musica dans le modèle imitant la perfection céleste de la musique des Sphères. C’est aussi le passage d’une référence fixe à une référence mutable, caractéristisque de cette entrée dans la modernité.
Ce qui insiste dans l'acte de danse
Authors: Mauri Colette
Published: December 2010

Résumé La danse performative contemporaine recherche une qualité de présence à travers le processus expérimental qui la fonde et qu’elle met à l’œuvre à travers l’improvisation. À partir de l’aléatoire, de la vacuité, du discontinu, elle instaure une démarche d’expérimentations pour faire apparaître de l’extra-ordinaire et viser ainsi l’indéterminé. C’est un traçage instantané qui s’opère par l’improvisation et, inversement, par la répétition. La persistance des procédés d’expérimentation s’inscrit dans la recherche d’un renouvellement permanent. Le geste dansé est singulier d’énonciation déjouant la fixation et la fixité du code acquis qui fait censure. Il fait acte pour le sujet. Mais quelle transmission est possible en dehors de celle des processus ? Une transmission par transmutation. Ainsi, dans une liberté qui ne trahit pas son fondement, la danse performative permet de se saisir de soi-même dans l’acte du sujet qui s’adresse à l’autre.
Pour une insistance face au Surmoi
Authors: Vivès Jean-Michel
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le surmoi est d’essence vocale affirmait déjà Freud en 1923. L’auteur de cet article s’attache à montrer comment la pulsion invocante et son insistance permettent au sujet de pouvoir renoncer aux sirènes du surmoi pour pouvoir devenir.
Humour, droit et voix : Le sourire de l'Autre
Authors: Vinot Frédéric
Published: December 2010

Résumé À partir du texte de Freud « L’humour » (1927), les liens entre humour et Droit sont explorés notamment par le biais de la thématique de l’identification au Père. L’auteur poursuit ensuite par une articulation entre rire et sourire, permettant d’envisager ce dernier comme une manifestation de la pulsion invocante.
« Voix crues, voix dévoyées »
Authors: Gillie Claire
Published: December 2010

Résumé Déclaration de guerre ou traité de paix ; ce sont par des paroles que l’on déclare des guerres, par des mots choisis que l’on signe des traités de paix. Cela ne saurait se faire sans le discours politique ni la voix qui le porte, quitte à ce que voix et parole entrent en dissidence. Allant jusqu’à opérer une coupure entre le son et le sens, la voix de l’homme politique peut s’effacer devant la parole du discours politique, comme elle peut à d’autres instants – dans sa matérialité sonore – user des artifices qui soumettront l’écoute des auditeurs à son emprise. De quel emblème vocal l’homme politique se fait-il le porteur, lui, l’acteur d’un discours qui peut guetter l’effet d’une jouissance qui n’est pas celle de la « prise de la parole », mais qui fait jouer un nouage subtil entre « pulsion d’emprise » et « pulsion invocante » ? Quel est l’effet de cette voix, parfois « crue », parfois « dévoyée », qui n’est pas que « voix sonore » mais aussi voix pulsionnelle, et qui peut venir subvertir l’ordre de la parole et de la structure du discours ?
Le crépuscule et les vivants et les dieux
Authors: Albisson Gérard
Published: December 2010

Résumé Pourquoi des poètes ? Pourquoi des poètes en temps de détresse ? Questions essentielles en ce début de xxi e  siècle. Le recours à des poètes comme Hölderlin, Georges Trakl ou Gustave Roud sur fond de pensée heideggérienne devrait nous permettre de circonscrire l’abîme, tout autant angoissant que structurant. La psychanalyse avec Freud et Lacan a poursuivi cette entreprise d’appréhender le réel comme impossible. L’espace et le temps dans leurs conjugaisons nouées, et dans leurs logiques nous invitent chaque matin et chaque soir à réinventer l’énonciation… pour que la détresse ne soit pas soumission.
L'« Israëlité », une expérience « singulièrement universelle »
Authors: Mitchélée
Published: December 2010

Résumé Genèse XXXII Il reprit : « Jacob ne sera plus désormais ton nom, mais bien Israël ; car tu as jouté contre des puissances célestes et humaines et tu es resté fort. » Nous portons potentiellement en nous la possibilité de choisir entre la vie et la mort, que cela soit littéralement ou symboliquement. Chaque fois que nous faisons un mouvement vers la vie, nous sommes mis dans la posture de Jacob qui se dresse devant les forces divines et humaines et sommes dès lors en position de conquérir le nom d’Israël Parce que cette conquête potentielle (parfait antidote contre l’idolâtrie) concerne chacun d’entre nous, quel que soit son genre, quelles que soient ses origines, ses appartenances religieuse et social, et parce que cette enquête participe d’une démarche singulière, elle nous amène à expérimenter l’universel. Nous essayerons de montrer que choisir la vie équivaut à « attester » l’universel, tandis que choisir la mort nous entraîne au contraire vers la « détestation » de l’universel. Le langage sera notre allié dans cette tentative.
Fortune du féminin
Authors: Charmoille Jean
Published: December 2010

Résumé La découverte de Freud aura été de reconnaître la sexualité au-delà des relations sexuelles et de venir buter sur une question : « Que veut la femme ? » Il aura fallu Lacan pour mettre en valeur que la conception par Freud d’une libido essentiellement masculine ne donnait aucun droit au savoir féminin et qu’ainsi le champ des êtres parlants qui en assument le statut était masqué. Pour rendre officiant ce droit tout entier livré à la fortune, est convoqué Descartes à partir de la note adressé à son maître Beeckman « Sur le point de monter sur la scène du monde, je m’avance masqué ».
Le travail institutionnel : origines théoriques, défis et perspectives
Authors: Ben Slimane Karim , Leca Bernard
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le travail institutionnel permet de saisir le caractère complexe, collectif et conflictuel de l’interaction entre les acteurs et leur environnement institutionnel. Le but de cet article est double. Premièrement il propose de retracer et d’analyser l’évolution de la théorie néo institutionnelle sur les trois dernières décades et ainsi d’expliciter les origines de la notion de travail institutionnel. Les apports de cette notion et les pistes de recherche qu’elle offre pour la stratégie d’entreprise sont discutées dans un second temps.
Toutes les trajectoires se valent-elles ? Schémas cognitifs et succès de carrière
Authors: Pralong Jean
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le paradigme dominant considère les carrières comme des trajectoires gérées par des sujets autonomes à la recherche du succès subjectif. Il néglige l’influence des contextes et des régulations sociales qui limitent et donnent forme aux trajectoires. Ce texte s’intéresse aux limites plutôt qu’aux carrières « sans frontières » et propose un modèle socio-cognitif du succès de carrière. Il explore l’influence des schémas cognitifs sur les succès subjectif et objectif. Trois études de cas sont présentées. Les trois cas étudiés ne diffèrent ni par leur âge, leur sexe et leur formation initiale. L’examen de leurs trajectoires et leurs satisfactions, très différentes, permettent d’illustrer comment les différences de schémas contribuent à expliquer les différences de succès. Les schémas cognitifs sont décrits grâce à une technique originale de cartographie cognitive. Les résultats permettent de discuter la place des normes organisationnelles.
De l'influence implicite de la publicité sur les comportements alimentaires des enfants. Une confrontation des discours des enfants aux pratiques des publicitaires
Authors: Ezan Pascale , Gollety Mathilde , Guichard Nathalie , Nicolas-Hemar Valérie
Published: December 2010

Résumé Dans le contexte de lutte contre l’obésité des enfants, la publicité télévisée fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses. Certaines recherches l’accusent de favoriser la consommation de produits gras et sucrés, d’autres remettent en cause ce constat en démontrant que la publicité ne peut être considérée comme la seule responsable de cette pandémie. Cette recherche tente de recadrer ce débat en interrogeant les enfants sur leurs choix de consommation et en visionnant les publicités portant sur des produits alimentaires dont ils sont les destinataires. Elle débouche sur un repérage des leviers utilisés par les annonceurs pour promouvoir leurs marques auprès des jeunes consommateurs.
L'enfant, les aliments plaisir et l'équilibre alimentaire : paradoxe ou complémentarité ?
Authors: Rajohanesa Norovola , Ayadi Kafia , Masserot Claire
Published: December 2010

Résumé A l’heure où le problème de l’obésité des enfants est devenu alarmant, différentes mesures ont été mises en place en France par les pouvoirs publics. Parmi ces mesures, les préconisations du Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) à travers les bandeaux sanitaires recommandent la consommation d’une alimentation saine et la pratique d’activité physique. Les entreprises agroalimentaires sont de ce fait contraintes dans la composition de leur produit à allier nutrition et plaisir alimentaire. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence les résultats empiriques de la confrontation des produits plaisir aux allégations nutritionnelles pour les enfants ainsi que l’impact des messages sanitaires.
Ce produit est-il bon pour la santé ? La représentation des packagings de céréales du petit déjeuner chez les enfants
Authors: Muratore Isabelle , Guichard Nathalie
Published: December 2010

Résumé Cette recherche s’intéresse, dans le contexte actuel de croissance de l’obésité enfantine, à la représentation que forment les enfants des packagings de céréales pour le petit déjeuner bons ou non pour la santé. Elle s’appuie sur des discours et des dessins de packagings d’enfants de primaire pour identifier les couleurs et les éléments textuels à préconiser pour communiquer sur le caractère sain de produits alimentaires lorsque leur cible est constituée d’enfants.
Le goûter générateur d'interactions sociales chez l'enfant ?
Authors: Damay Coralie , Ezan Pascale , Gollety Mathilde , Nicolas-Hemar Valérie
Published: December 2010

Résumé La montée de l’obésité enfantine invite à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes conduisant les enfants à adopter de bonnes pratiques alimentaires. Partant du rôle important que jouent les pairs dans la socialisation des enfants, notre recherche s’intéresse aux interactions sociales des enfants réunis autour d’un goûter. A partir d’observations filmées de ce repas partagé entre enfants, nous montrons que les choix alimentaires sont liés aux préférences individuelles et sont peu influencés par le choix des autres enfants.