bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What do algorithms explain? The issue of the goals and capabilities of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Authors: Renftle Moritz , Trittenbach Holger , Poznic Michael , Heil Reinhard
Published: June 2024

The increasing ubiquity of machine learning (ML) motivates research on algorithms to “explain” models and their predictions—so-called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Despite many publications and discussions, the goals and capabilities of such algorithms are far from being well understood. We argue that this is because of a problematic reasoning scheme in the literature: Such algorithms are said to complement machine learning models with desired capabilities, such as interpretability or explainability. These capabilities are in turn assumed to contribute to a goal, such as trust in a system. But most capabilities lack precise definitions and their relationship to such goals is far from obvious. The result is a reasoning scheme that obfuscates research results and leaves an important question unanswered: What can one expect from XAI algorithms? In this paper, we clarify the modest capabilities of these algorithms from a concrete perspective: that of their users. We show that current algorithms can only answer user questions that can be traced back to the question: “How can one represent an ML model as a simple function that uses interpreted attributes?”. Answering this core question can be trivial, difficult or even impossible, depending on the application. The result of the paper is the identification of two key challenges for XAI research: the approximation and the translation of ML models.
Structural design and optimization of 3D interface structures based on betavoltaic nuclear batteries
Authors: Gao Tao , Zhang Ao , Chen Li , Li Jingmin , Liu Chong , Cui Yuxiang
Published: June 2024

Nuclear batteries, a novel energy device in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), have garnered significant attention from academia and industry due to their promising application prospects. They possess high energy density and reliable operation without human intervention and offer unique advantages in the case of long-term stable power supply. Among these, thermal conversion nuclear batteries (RTGs) represent the most mature technology and the earliest application, while betavoltaic nuclear batteries have entered commercialization. Challenges in betavoltaic nuclear batteries research include energy wastage due to the self-absorption effect of radioactive sources, low conversion efficiency, and significant radiation damage to transducer devices. These issues are attributable not only to the inherent properties of the radioactive source but also to the material and structural design of transducers. A 3D interface structure design scheme based on the wide bandgap semiconductor material GaN and the radioactive isotope 63Ni nuclear microbatteries is proposed. In the scheme, Geant4 and COMSOL Multiphysics were used to simulate the GaN-based betavoltaic nuclear battery of 63Ni source, and the PN junction 3D interface structure of the transducer was designed and optimized. The effects of the surface area, number of micropillars, thickness, and doping concentration of each region on the battery performance were analyzed. Results indicate that with P- and N- region thicknesses and doping concentrations at 0.1, 9.9 µm, 1 × 1018, and 1 × 1014 cm−3, respectively, the nuclear battery can achieve a conversion efficiency of 7.57%, a short-circuit current density of 0.3959 µA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 2.3074 V, and maximum output power of 0.7795 µW/cm2. In addition, discussion regarding the surface area and quantity of P-layer micropillars confirms the hypothesis that these variables are positively correlated with the output performance of the transducer.
On radar cross section reduction effect by filamentary discharge in a dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Choi Minsu , You Shin-Jae , Jung Jinwoo , Cho Changseok , Lee Yongshik , Kim Cheonyoung , Ha Jungje , Lee Hyunsoo , Seol Youbin
Published: June 2024

In Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction as a military technology, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is one of the most effective methods. For RCS reduction, it is reported that high plasma density over 1013/cm3 is required with high power and risk of thermal damage. For the practicality of plasma based RCSR technology, enough RCSR effect with low density plasma is required and the filamentary discharge can be a solution. In this article, RCS reduction by filamentary DBD plasma with relatively low average density is studied. Basically, DBD plasma can be operated in two modes, filament mode and diffused mode. In the case of filament mode, most of the discharge area is concentrated in the filament area, with high plasma density and current density. At first, filamentary discharge is observed in a DBD source using a high speed camera. The shape and distribution of the filaments are studied. By the computational simulation, a distinct RCS reduction effect over 15 dB is observed, which corresponds to the previous experimental results. A parametric study on RCS reduction by filaments is performed. As a result, for RCS reduction by plasma, discharges with a higher number of filaments are preferred.
Long-necked single-celled predator has mastered an unusual origami fold
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: June 2024

The tiny organism is nature’s version of a bendy straw.
Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the rock oyster Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) within two Eastern Pacific biogeographic realms
Authors: Tárula-Marín Alexis , Díaz-Cárdenas Brenda , Castro-Félix Luz Patricia , López-Uriarte Ernesto , Santerre Anne , Aréchiga-Palomera Martin A.
Published: June 2024

Context Striostrea prismatica is a valuable native oyster found along the Eastern Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru. There is evidence of overexploitation of this natural resource. Thus, population genetic data can help in designing management strategies. Aims This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of S. prismatica using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Methods Oysters were collected from seven natural fishing banks in two biogeographic realms of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-simple sequence repeat markers and partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 12S rRNA (12S) and 16S rRNA (16S) genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analysed. Key results Nuclear data revealed high intraspecific genetic diversity, moderate to strong genetic differentiation among fishing banks and a subtle genetic structure among marine ecoregions. The analyses supported strong isolation by distance, but chaotic genetic patchiness was also detected. Mitochondrial data showed high haplotype diversity and evidence of a population expansion c. 25,000 years ago. Conclusions Dispersal capacity, oceanographic features and historical factors can explain the levels of genetic diversity and the pattern of population differentiation and connectivity observed in S. prismatica. Implications The information generated in this study will support future management plans for this fishing resource.
Myosin XI-mediated BIK1 recruitment to nanodomains facilitates FLS2–BIK1 complex formation during innate immunity in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Bingxiao , Zhou Zhaoyang , Zhou Jian-Min , Li Jiejie
Published: June 2024

Plants rely on immune receptor complexes at the cell surface to perceive microbial molecules and transduce these signals into the cell to regulate immunity. Various immune receptors and associated proteins are often dynamically distributed in specific nanodomains on the plasma membrane (PM). However, the exact molecular mechanism and functional relevance of this nanodomain targeting in plant immunity regulation remain largely unknown. By utilizing high spatiotemporal resolution imaging and single-particle tracking analysis, we show that myosin XIK interacts with remorin to recruit and stabilize PM-associated kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) within immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2)-containing nanodomains. This recruitment facilitates FLS2/BIK1 complex formation, leading to the full activation of BIK1-dependent defense responses upon ligand perception. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence that myosin XI functions as a molecular scaffold to enable a spatially confined complex assembly within nanodomains. This ensures the presence of a sufficient quantity of preformed immune receptor complex for efficient signaling transduction from the cell surface.
The modeling method and simulation study on the biaxially anisotropic polymer films
Authors: Li Qingwei , Wu Mengjie
Published: June 2024

Biaxially anisotropic polymer (BAP) films are very common materials, usually prepared by stretching linear polymers along two orthogonal directions in sequence. Most molecular chains of BAPs are oriented in the two stretching directions with a crossed arrangement, leading to unique properties of BAP films. However, the theoretical and simulation studies on BAPs and BAP-based devices are few until now. Here, we developed entity modeling methods to successfully simulate actual BAPs: through constructing the model of crossed rebars embedded in matrix, which respectively imitate crossed molecular chains and inter-chain van der Waals interactions, the mechanical properties of the BAP films/strips can be reproduced. Different from uniaxially anisotropic polymers, the longitudinal Young’ moduli of BAP strips have two maxima in 0°/90° directions, and their coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) also have two maxima in ±45° directions. By introducing asymmetry, the BAP film model becomes from symmetric to moderately asymmetric and then to highly asymmetric: the ratio of two modulus maxima (in 0°/90°) increases (from 1 to 1.13, then to 1.22), and the directions of maximum CTEs also change (from ±45° to ±35°, then to ±27°), making the simulated BAP films closer to reality. Moreover, we systematically studied the helical morphing behaviors of the BAP-based bimorph actuator by finite element simulations. The chirality of this strip actuator is reversed four times, while its cutting angle changes within 180°. Besides, as the asymmetry of BAP film increases, the angle of chirality reversion of the BAP-based actuators changes from ±45° to ±60°, then to ±70°.
Conformal wormholes in

f
(
R
,

L

m

)

theory
Authors: Taṣer Dog̃ukan , Ulu Dog̃ru Melis , Eraslan Erkan , Aydın Hüseyin
Published: June 2024

In this study, we present a new static and conformally symmetric wormhole solution. We develop new wormhole model in

f
(
R
,

L

m

)

gravity. Shape function of conformally symmetric

f
(
R
,

L

m

)

wormholes, provided by homothetic vector field is obtained regarding to conformal factor. It is investigated whether the function provides a stable throat infrastructure that does not allow collapsing. Anisotropic fluid matter filled the obtained conformally symmetric traversable wormholes is discussed by examining the dynamical properties of the fluid. Constructed new wormhole model violates all energy conditions. Physical significance of the sources filled constructed wormholes is discussed using volume quantifier. It is revealed that

f
(
R
,

L

m

)

theory allows traversable and conformally symmetric wormholes if supported by phantom field.
Dissipation-free modes in dissipative systems
Authors: van Seters Daan , Ludwig Tim , Yuan H Y , Duine Rembert A
Published: June 2024

The coupling between a system and its environment (or bath) always leads to dissipation. We show, however, that a system composed of two subsystems can have a dissipation-free mode, if the bath is shared between the two subsystems. Reading in reverse, a shared bath does not contribute to the dissipation of all modes. As a key example, we consider a simple model for a two-sublattice antiferromagnet, where the environment is modeled by a bath that is shared between the two sublattice magnetizations. In our model, we find that the Néel order parameter is a dissipation-free mode. For antiferromagnets, our results offer an explanation for why the dissipation rate of the Néel vector is typically much lower than that of the average magnetization. In general, our results suggest a way to reduce dissipation (and decoherence) for some modes in composite systems, which could have experimental and technological applications.
Noise analysis of NC-GAAFET cylindrical nanowire with non-uniform interface trap charge
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Maurya Ravindra Kumar , Rawat Gopal , Debnath Radhe Gobinda , Mummaneni Kavicharan
Published: June 2024

In this article, low to high frequency noise behavior analysis of negative capacitance gate-all-around field effect transistor (NC-GAAFET) MFIS structure Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) device, using Sentauras TCAD simulations, is investigated. The NC-GAAFET SiNW yields on current (ION) 5.31 times larger and off current (IOFF) is significantly reduced by ∼ 105 orders compared to baseline SiNW. The device exhibits an excellent switching ratio of 5.2 × 1014. Average subthreshold swing for the NC-GAAFET is 33 mV/dec compared to 64 mV/dec of baseline nanowire. The Negative-DIBL for the device is −20 mV/V which outshines earlier findings. Furthermore, the drain current noise power spectral density (PSD) Sid, and input referred gate voltage noise PSD (Svg) are comprehensively analyzed in the presence of Gaussian trap (non-uniform) distribution. The analysis indicates that, flicker or (1/f) noise dominates in low frequency regime, generation-recombination (G-R) noise is more influential in mid frequency regime whereas in very high frequency regime diffusion noise is leading. The device exhibits least Sid(NET) and Svg(NET) at tfe = 6 nm compared to baseline, tfe = 5 nm, and 7 nm.
Correlation of the properties of quasi-ternary Ni-based superalloys computed from DFT to elemental properties enabling predictions on the behavior of metallic alloying elements
Authors: Bhattacharya Devaparna , Thottathil Akhil , Vummethala Seshu Bai
Published: June 2024

Research on multicomponent superalloys derived from Ni3Al shows that certain elemental additions congregate at the boundary of theγ/γ′ interface while certain others partition into either theγor theγ′ phases. Such microstructural features have a strong bearing on the performance of the superalloy. However, no established correlations exist as of now, that can help predict such a behavior. The present work addresses this issue by examining the properties of the quasi-ternary alloys of Ni3Al and brings out correlations to selected lumped parameters related to the elemental properties. Computation of thermodynamic properties of 11 alloys of quasi-ternary Ni24Al7X system was carried out from first principles using Wien 2k and Gibbs2 code on a supercell constructed with 32 atoms. Elements X substituted at the Al site are selected from the information derived from the literature. Systematic variations are shown to occur in compressibility and heat of formationΔHof the alloys with average electron concentration, elemental radii and/or electronegativity of the constituent elements in the alloys. Analysis of the data computed for a supercell onΔHof quasi-ternary Ni31X alloys of Ni (theγphase) and theΔHof Ni24Al7X alloys (theγ′ phase) explains the possible reason for the enrichment of elements like Re and W at theγ/γ′ interface. Trends in the observed correlations correctly predict the experimental observations on alloying effects reported from spectroscopic studies on quasi-ternary alloys of Ni3Al. The scope of predicting alloying behavior based on basic elemental properties gains significance in the design of superalloys.
Metal dependence of spontaneous graphitization growth at room temperature
Authors: Elnobi Sahar , Asaka Toru , Abuelwafa Amr Attia , Masaki Tanemura
Published: June 2024

The low-temperature graphene growth is a crucial step toward more efficient, cost-effective, productive, cheap, and sustainable energy systems. In this work, we report the effect of transition metal nanoparticles (TMNPs) Ag, Pd, and Cu on the graphitization of amorphous carbon (a-C) deposited onto SiO2 substrates using a one-step magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature (RT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to examine the structures of TMNP-C films. The a-C around the metallic NPs spontaneously formed a disordered graphitic structure. Moreover, the 2D peak was detected in Raman spectra, and XPS analyses revealed the sp2 graphitization for the Ag-C, Pd-C, and Cu-C films deposited on the SiO2 substrates. These studies suggest that these metals’ graphitization activity is in the sequence of Pd > Cu > Ag. The highest catalytic activity of Pd NPs in graphitization at low temperatures was due to the highest carbon solubility and nano-sized particles. Thus, the control of the particle size of the catalyst to enhance the carbon solubility and decrease the melting point will open up a new strategy to grow high-quality graphene at low- temperatures.
GRB 210323A: Signature of Long-lasting Lifetime of Supra-massive Magnetar as the Central Engine from the Merger of Binary Neutron Star
Authors: Shan Yingze , Liu Xiaoxuan , Yang Xing , Yuan Haoyu , Lü Houjun
Published: June 2024

Theoretically, a supra-massive neutron star or magnetar may be formed after the merger of binary neutron stars. GRB 210323A is a short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) with a duration of lasting ∼1 s. The light curve of the prompt emission of GRB 210323A shows a signal-peaked structure and a cutoff power-law model can adequately fit the spectra with E

p
= 1826 ± 747. More interestingly, it has an extremely long-lasting plateau emission in the X-ray afterglow with a duration of ∼104 s, and then follows a rapid decay with a decay slope ∼3.2. This temporal feature is challenging by invoking the external shock mode. In this paper, we suggest that the observed long-lasting X-ray plateau emission is caused by the energy injection of dipole radiation from supra-massive magnetar, and the abrupt decay following the long-lasting X-ray plateau emission is explained by supra-massive magnetar collapsing into a black hole. It is the short GRB (SGRB) with the longest X-ray internal plateau emission powered by a supra-massive neutron star. If this is the case, one can estimate the physical parameters of a supra-massive magnetar, and compare with other SGRBs. We also discuss the possible gravitational-wave emission, which is powered by a supra-massive magnetar and its detectability, and the possible kilonova emission, which is powered by r-process and magnetar spin-down to compare with the observed data.
A frequency servo SoC with output power stabilization loop technology for miniaturized atomic clocks
Authors: Zhang Hongyang , Geng Xinlin , Ye Zonglin , Wang Kailei , Xie Qian , Wang Zheng
Published: June 2024

A frequency servo system-on-chip (FS-SoC) featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium (Cs) atomic clocks. The proposed power stabilization loop (PSL) technique, incorporating an off-chip power detector (PD), ensures that the output power of the FS-SoC remains stable, mitigating the impact of power fluctuations on the atomic clock's stability. Additionally, a one-pulse-per-second (1PPS) is employed to synchronize the clock with GPS. Fabricated using 65 nm CMOS technology, the measured phase noise of the FS-SoC stands at −69.5 dBc/Hz@100 Hz offset and −83.9 dBc/Hz@1 kHz offset, accompanied by a power dissipation of 19.7 mW. The Cs atomic clock employing the proposed FS-SoC and PSL obtains an Allan deviation of 1.7 × 10−11 with 1-s averaging time.
Power quality disturbance identification based on MD-EfficientNet
Authors: Liu Yuhang , Shi Weifeng
Published: June 2024

Aiming at the problem of the increase of complex power quality disturbance in new power systems, which leads to the difficulty of perturbation recognition, a power quality perturbation recognition method based on the combination of the Manhattan distance matrix and EfficientNet is proposed. Firstly, the one-dimensional disturbance sequence is transformed into a two-dimensional image by the Manhattan distance matrix. Then, the EfficientNet extracts features from the image, and the output feature map is finally recognized by a linear classifier. The proposed method has high recognition accuracy and good noise robustness under different conditions.
Intelligent scheduling model of main grid outage plan based on multiple indicator constraints
Authors: Zhang Mengfan , Huang Dengyi , Xu Danlei , Wang Shujun , Jiang Chunbing , Xu Fengjiao , Liu Feng
Published: June 2024

This paper proposes an intelligent scheduling method based on expert knowledge and preference filtering to address the key issues in the grid outage plan scheduling business. By combing, reconstructing, and function disassembling the manual scheduling process of the monthly outage plan, this paper proposes the initial scheduling, coordinated adjustment, rolling scheduling, and conflict retrospective process of the monthly outage plan. It conducts research on the difficult problems existing in the process. For the difficult problem of decoupling the plan adjustment and scheduling-solving process, this paper proposes an expert knowledge-based method, including knowledge graph-based plan association relationship discrimination and supervised learning-based plan prioritization. Finally, this paper carries out the system framework design, service design, database, and data structure design for the proposed intelligent scheduling method. It verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method through case tests in real power grids.
Evaluation study of peak shaving potential of battery swapping stations factoring in service capacity and resource tunability
Authors: Han Shuai , Wu Ning , Ruan Shiya , Zhang Longfei , Sun Leping
Published: June 2024

Electric power demand response is an indispensable way to alleviate the pressure on the power system’s supply service and optimize energy utilization. Battery swapping stations (BSSs) feature flexible energy storage resources and a certain degree of autonomy in their charging behaviors, conferring them with certain advantages in participating in the process of power grid regulation. If considering the participation of BSSs in an organized regulation as a means of grid adjustment to formulate a reasonable regulatory strategy, it is imperative to evaluate the potential for different BSSs to participate in grid regulation. Accordingly, commencing by collecting operational data related to these stations, this paper analyzes the key influencing factors for BSSs to participate in demand response for grid peak shaving from dimensions such as their service capacities, swapping demands, and tunable charging loads. This involves constructing a comprehensive evaluation system for the multi-dimensional peak-shaving potential of BSSs and developing corresponding algorithmic models. The aim is to identify and determine the tunability characteristics of BSS resources in peak shaving scenarios within the grid, thereby providing support for the precise formulation of demand response strategies.
EPL-based medium- and long-term end-use energy service demand forecasting model for parks
Authors: Fang Lei , Sun Huazhong , Wang Juanjuan , Cao Kai , Li Guoqiang , Liu Ming
Published: June 2024

Aiming at the problem of medium and long-term energy demand forecast in parks, which is limited by meteorological factors, industry production plans, energy policies, energy prices, and other uncertainties which has low accuracy, this paper takes the multi-energy load data of typical parks in Weifang City from 2022 to 2023 as the research object, comprehensively considers a variety of influencing factors, and proposes a medium- and long-term end-user energy service forecasting model for parks based on EPL. The demand prediction model adopts Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) to decompose the load and its drivers into several intrinsic modal functions and residual terms. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) correlation analysis separates the decomposed feature sub-sequence into period and trend terms. Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) is constructed for period and trend forecasting respectively. Finally, the forecasting results are superimposed to receive the final results. The application results show that the EPL-based model for predicting the load demand of the park in the medium and long term has good applicability and reliability.
Research on machine learning-based device fingerprint recognition technology for power internet of things
Authors: Dang Fangfang , Yan Lijing , Yang Ying , Li Shuai , Li Dingding , Niu Dong
Published: June 2024

With the rapid development of Electric Power Internet of Things (IoT) technology, a large number of devices are being networked and exposed to cyberspace. Due to the disparity in security design levels and lax management during usage, electric power terminals are susceptible targets for network attackers. This not only causes losses to device owners but also poses a threat to the overall cybersecurity of the network, as compromised devices can serve as nodes for botnets. The importance of addressing this issue cannot be underestimated. Asset identification is a prerequisite for the secure management of IoT devices. This paper analyzes and studies existing asset identification technologies. Existing device identification methods based on message content features have problems such as reliance on textual features of message content and difficulties in labeling large-scale data. To overcome these limitations, a machine learning-based classification method for IoT devices is proposed. This method extracts features from the web homepage of devices and generates feature vector fingerprints. By leveraging the random forest algorithm, the accuracy of IoT device classification is improved. This approach is suitable for asset identification of IoT devices and provides support for the precise implementation of vulnerability scanning for IoT devices.
Thermal performance analysis of an AA-CAES system integrated with CSP and ORC
Authors: Chen Guang , Chen Laijun , Cui Sen , Chen Siyuan , Zhu Zhichao
Published: June 2024

To promote the performance of compressed air energy storage systems and solve the problem of limited initial temperature of AA-CAES turbines, the concept of solar thermal storage CAES and waste heat recovery system (AA-CAES+CSP+ORC) was raised. The mathematical model under the new system was built. Besides, we analyze the superiorities and disadvantages of coupling systems and traditional AA-CAES systems. Accordingly, the effect of main thermodynamic arguments on system characteristics in coupled systems has been studied. The results show that, compared to traditional AA-CAES systems, the electrical-to-electrical transform efficiency of AA-CAES +CSP systems has been improved to a certain extent. Moreover, CSP+AA CAES+ORC achieved 77.1%, and the system efficiency was also improved by nearly 7%. The system can effectively enhance the electrical-to-electrical efficiency. Furthermore, the variation law of the thermal characteristics of the system by the initial heat of the expander and the outlet heat of compression side heat flux are analyzed.
An automatic diagnosis method of power consumption anomaly of station users based on the k-medoids clustering algorithm
Authors: Liu Ningtao , Du Jie , Chang Shiliang , Zheng Ke , Xiao Ji , Zhang Jiaming , Zhou Feng
Published: June 2024

Obtaining reliable data on electricity consumption can be difficult due to faulty or inaccurate data acquisition equipment. Therefore, a k-medoids clustering algorithm is used to design an automatic diagnosis method of power consumption anomaly. The K-Medoids algorithm was used to cluster the power consumption data of users in the Taiwan area. The data dimensions suitable for automatic diagnosis are screened by the ADF method. Based on this, the power consumption anomaly of the distribution network station area is automatically diagnosed, and the marked power consumption behavior data characteristics are checked step by step to realize the automatic power consumption anomaly diagnosis of station area users. The experimental results show that the K-medoids clustering algorithm can reasonably avoid the influence of transient abnormal data caused by isolated points on the automatic anomaly diagnosis results. For different types of abnormal automatic diagnosis rate of more than 98.6%, can accurately diagnose the abnormal power consumption of users in the station area.
How much methane removal is required to avoid overshooting 1.5 ∘C?
Authors: Smith Chris , Mathison Camilla
Published: June 2024

Methane is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. With an atmospheric lifetime of around a decade, methane mitigation starting immediately has the potential to avoid substantial levels of additional warming by mid-century. In addition to the methane emissions reductions that are necessary to limit warming, we address the question of whether technological methane removal can provide additional benefits by avoiding global mean surface temperatures exceeding 1.5 ∘C above pre-industrial—the high-ambition Paris Agreement climate goal. Using an adaptive emissions methane removal routine in a simple climate model, we successfully limit peak warming to 1.5 ∘C for overshoots of up to around 0.3 ∘C. For substantially higher overshoots, methane removal alone is unable to limit warming to 1.5 ∘C, but in an extreme scenario could limit peak warming by an ensemble median 0.7 ∘C if all atmospheric methane was removed, requiring huge levels of net removal on the order of tens of petagrams cumulatively. The efficacy of methane removal depends on many emergent properties of the climate system, including climate sensitivity, aerosol forcing, and the committed warming after net zero CO2 (zero emissions commitment). To avoid overshooting 1.5 ∘C in the low-overshoot, strong-mitigation SSP1-1.9 scenario, a median cumulative methane removal of 1.2 PgCH4 is required, though this may be much higher if climate sensitivity is high or the zero emissions commitment is positive, and in these cases may require ongoing methane removal long after peak warming in order to stabilise warming below 1.5 ∘C.
The role of hydrogen as long-duration energy storage and as an international energy carrier for electricity sector decarbonization
Authors: Shiraishi Kenji , Park Won Young , Kammen Daniel M
Published: June 2024

With countries and economies around the globe increasingly relying on non-dispatchable variable renewable energy (VRE), the need for effective energy storage and international carriers of low-carbon energy has intensified. This study delves into hydrogen’s prospective, multifaceted contribution to decarbonizing the electricity sector, with emphasis on its utilization as a scalable technology for long-duration energy storage and as an international energy carrier. Using Japan as a case study, based on its ambitious national hydrogen strategy and plans to import liquefied hydrogen as a low-carbon fuel source, we employ advanced models encompassing capacity expansion and hourly dispatch. We explore diverse policy scenarios to unravel the timing, quantity, and operational intricacies of hydrogen deployment within a power system. Our findings highlight the essential role of hydrogen in providing a reliable power supply by balancing mismatches in VRE generation and load over several weeks and months and reducing the costs of achieving a zero-emission power system. The study recommends prioritizing domestically produced hydrogen, leveraging renewables for cost reduction, and strategically employing imported hydrogen as a risk hedge against potential spikes in battery storage and renewable energy costs. Furthermore, the strategic incorporation of hydrogen mitigates system costs and enhances energy self-sufficiency, informing policy design and investment strategies aligned with the dynamic global energy landscape.
Investigation of the effects of polarisation and alignment method of retarders in isoSTED microscopy
Authors: Park Ilkyu , Lee Dong-Ryoung
Published: June 2024

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a powerful tool for observing subcellular structures beyond the diffraction-limited resolution. To achieve improved isotropic three-dimensional (3D) resolution in STED microscopy, 4Pi-geometry, which is equipped with two opposing objectives, is adopted; this approach is known as isoSTED microscopy. In isoSTED microscopy, constructive and destructive interference occur at the shared focal plane for lateral and axial depletion, respectively. The performance of isoSTED microscopy depends critically on the polarisation status and optical power differences of the two beams of the 4Pi cavity, which are adjusted using retarders. Misalignment of the retarders creates a nonzero core of the depletion focus owing to partial destructive interference. We analytically investigated the effects of retarder misalignments and proposed a simple and accurate alignment method for retarders. We also demonstrate that the proposed method can generate a completely destructive interference pattern and consequently achieve a sub-40-nm 3D resolution.
Hetero-core fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensor with ionic liquid gel coating for CO2 sensing
Authors: Kosugi Yoshimi , Suzuki Mitsuhiro , Nishiyama Michiko , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Ida Junichi
Published: June 2024

Fiber-optic CO2 sensors are free of electromagnetic interference and highly resistant to corrosion but often require expensive measurement systems or sophisticated preparation procedures. To address this challenge, we developed a CO2 sensor comprising a hetero-core fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensor coated with an ionic liquid (IL) gel as a cost-effective CO2 sensing system. Among the various sensors tested, the sensor using ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]) as the IL, prepared at a pull-up speed of 4.5 mm s−1, showed the best CO2 sensing performance. A hybrid membrane of [EMIM][BF4] and a CO2-absorbing polymer (monoethanolamine) demonstrated higher sensitivity for CO2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 100%. The highlight of the proposed system is its low-cost configuration comprising an 850 nm-wavelength LED and a photodiode as the light source and signal detection device, respectively. Along with facile preparation and low-cost system configuration, the proposed system exhibited significant potential for CO2 sensing in various fields.
Cloud-based serverless computing enables accelerated monte carlo simulations for nuclear medicine imaging
Authors: Bayerlein Reimund , Swarnakar Vivek , Selfridge Aaron , Spencer Benjamin A , Nardo Lorenzo , Badawi Ramsey D
Published: June 2024

Objective. This study investigates the potential of cloud-based serverless computing to accelerate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for nuclear medicine imaging tasks. MC simulations can pose a high computational burden—even when executed on modern multi-core computing servers. Cloud computing allows simulation tasks to be highly parallelized and considerably accelerated. Approach. We investigate the computational performance of a cloud-based serverless MC simulation of radioactive decays for positron emission tomography imaging using Amazon Web Service (AWS) Lambda serverless computing platform for the first time in scientific literature. We provide a comparison of the computational performance of AWS to a modern on-premises multi-thread reconstruction server by measuring the execution times of the processes using between

10

5

and

2
·

10

10

simulated decays. We deployed two popular MC simulation frameworks—SimSET and GATE—within the AWS computing environment. Containerized application images were used as a basis for an AWS Lambda function, and local (non-cloud) scripts were used to orchestrate the deployment of simulations. The task was broken down into smaller parallel runs, and launched on concurrently running AWS Lambda instances, and the results were postprocessed and downloaded via the Simple Storage Service. Main results. Our implementation of cloud-based MC simulations with SimSET outperforms local server-based computations by more than an order of magnitude. However, the GATE implementation creates more and larger output file sizes and reveals that the internet connection speed can become the primary bottleneck for data transfers. Simulating 109 decays using SimSET is possible within 5 min and accrues computation costs of about $10 on AWS, whereas GATE would have to run in batches for more than 100 min at considerably higher costs. Significance. Adopting cloud-based serverless computing architecture in medical imaging research facilities can considerably improve processing times and overall workflow efficiency, with future research exploring additional enhancements through optimized configurations and computational methods.
Analysis of failure mechanism of concrete pole based on finite element extended method
Authors: Lian Li-Ming , Zhang Runfeng , Ma Haishu , Shen Peng
Published: June 2024

Concrete poles play an important role in distribution networks and are prone to degradation due to environmental influences. Fracture failures primarily result from structural deterioration, including both damage to the concrete structure under stress overload conditions and the deterioration of the concrete material itself. Due to the lower tensile strength compared to compressive strength, concrete structures often exhibit cracking and fractures. This study initially analyzes the structural deterioration process of concrete electric poles and subsequently develops a damaged model using the finite element method. The results reveal that the maximum tensile strength of concrete electric poles occurs at 2.4 m, while the compression is maximum within the 2–6 m range. Furthermore, an analysis of the main factors contributing to fracture failures and structural deteriorations of these poles is conducted using the finite element extension method. It is determined that shallower crack depths and higher concrete strength enhance fracture resistance and the bearing capacity of concrete poles. Notably, annular cracks at the 2.4 m height are more prone to spreading.
NO2 sensing characteristics by α-Fe2O3 nanorod arrays with atomic layer deposited amorphous Al2O3 overlayer
Authors: Dhua Swati , Singh Ashish K , Rani Sanju , Rath Jatin K , Roy Somnath C
Published: June 2024

We have grown α-Fe2O3 nanorods by solution processing followed by the deposition of Al2O3 overlayer using atomic layer deposition. Al2O3 layer was deposited for two different thicknesses 4 nm and 8 nm and a post-deposition annealing at 550 °C for 2 h in air atmosphere was performed. Crystallinity analysis through x-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the α-Fe2O3 nanorods crystallized into rhombohedral structure, whereas the outer Al2O3 layers remained largely amorphous. Interestingly, the interface showed signs of AlFexOy formation as observed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. Gas sensing characteristics were studied using NO2 with 10, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations at operating temperatures of 30 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C and 190 °C. The room temperature sensitivity values obtained in response to 10 ppm NO2 were 31%, which surpassed the previously reported values. A higher concentration of surface adsorbed oxygen on the Al2O3 overlayer, as revealed by the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, led to enhanced NO2 sensing at room temperature. A lower activation energy (0.29 eV) of barrier to charge transport for Al2O3 coated α-Fe2O3 nanorods compared to that of bare nanorods (0.45 eV), as calculated from the temperature dependent I-V measurements, supported observation of higher sensitivity at room temperature.
Managing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in the Copenhagen CKD Cohort
Authors: Freese Ballegaard Ellen Linnea , Carlson Nicholas , Buus Jørgensen Morten , Sørensen Ida Maria Hjelm , Trankjær Helene , Almarsdóttir Anna Birna , Bro Susanne , Feldt-Rasmussen Bo , Kamper Anne-Lise ,   for The Copenhagen CKD Cohort Study Group
Published: June 2024

Background

Although cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are substantial in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), guideline-directed treatment of cardiovascular risk factors remains a challenge.

Methods

Observational, cross-sectional study including patients aged 30–75 years with CKD stage 1–5 without kidney replacement therapy from a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic. Data were obtained through patient interview, clinical examination, biochemical work-up, and evaluation of medical records and prescription redemptions. Guideline-directed treatment was evaluated as pharmacological interventions: antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy including adverse effects and adherence estimated as medication possession ratio (MPR); and non-pharmacological interventions: smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity.

Results

The cohort comprised 741 patients, mean age 58 years, 61.4% male, 50.6% CKD stage 3, 61.0% office blood pressure ≤140/90 mmHg. Antihypertensives were prescribed to 87.0%, median number of medications 2 (IQR 1;3), 70.1% received renin–angiotensin system inhibition, 25.9% reported adverse effects. Non-adherence (MPR < 80%) was present in 23.4% and associated with elevated blood pressure (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.03;2.27)) and increased urinary albumin excretion, P < 0.001. Lipid-lowering treatment was prescribed to 54.0% of eligible patients, 11.1% reported adverse effects, and 28.5% were non-adherent, which was associated with higher LDL cholesterol, P = 0.036. Overall, 19.2% were current smokers, 16.7% overconsumed alcohol according to Danish health authority recommendations 69.3% had BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, and 38.3% were physically active <4 hours/week. Among patients prescribed antihypertensives, 51.9% reported having received advice on non-pharmacological interventions.

Conclusions

Improved management of cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD entails intensified medical treatment and increased focus on patient adherence and non-pharmacological interventions.
Use of lung ultrasound to assess volume status and its association with physical examination in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Raz Michal Ariela , Grupper Ayelet , Soetendorp Hila , Feder Omri , Amsterdam Dana , Schwartz Doron , Kliuk-Ben Bassat Orit
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Defining the optimal hydration status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging, and the quest for an objective accurate method continues. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a well-validated technique to estimate volume status. Previous studies examining the relationship between LUS and physical examination demonstrated conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between LUS results and physical examination for assessing volume status in patients with CKD, and to compare different LUS protocols.

Methods

A prospective, single-center trial correlating physical examination findings to LUS results in different CKD groups, including non-dialysis and dialysis patients. Hemodialysis patients were tested twice, before and after dialysis, to compare results with ultrafiltration volume. Different LUS protocols were performed and compared, including 16-, 12-, and 8-zone measurements.

Results

We recruited 175 participants. A strong positive correlation was demonstrated between 16- and 12-zone protocols [r = .91 (P < .001)] and between 12- and 8-zone protocols (r = .951, P < .001). Correlation was significant in various CKD groups. While blood pressure did not correlate with LUS score, there was a significant correlation between LUS and other components of the physical examination including lung crackles (OR = 1.15 (95%CI 1.096–1.22), P < .01), pleural effusion (OR = 1.15 (95%CI 1.09–2.13), P < .01) and peripheral edema (r = .24, P < .001). Ultrafiltration volume did not correlate significantly with change in LUS scores pre- and post-dialysis (r = .169, P = .065).

Conclusion

Most components of physical examination findings correlated with extravascular lung water assessment on LUS in CKD patients. The use of a simplified pragmatic LUS protocol may facilitate LUS use in clinical practice.
Individual heterogeneity promotes the evolution of cooperation on temporary networks
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Tu Lilan , Wang Yichao , Yu Xinyi
Published: June 2024

Social dilemmas are a common issue in human society, which is solved by seeking appropriate mechanisms to achieve cooperative consensus among populations. The rapid development of modern interpersonal engagements has led to shorter durations of social interactions. How to enhance intra-group cooperation in short-time interactions is a crucial evolutionary game problem. In this article, we present a novel tuning function to modulate individuals’ imitation behaviour, which is based on Fermi updating rule. To reflect the individual heterogeneity, a new strategy-updating rule involving individual historical game information, population environment and personality factors is designed. Using temporal networks, Prisoner’s Dilemma game and the strategy-updating rule newly proposed, an example, whose data are derived from face-to-face interactions during the 2009 SFHH conference in Nice, France, is conducted to explore the cooperative evolution characteristics of social groups. Compared to the classical Fermi updating rules, the novel strategy-updating rule significantly increases the frequency of cooperators in a shorter time, performs more stable and is insensitive to temptation parameters in the payoff matrix. The cooperators eventually dominate the entire population. In addition, when the intensity of individual personality inclination is influenced by internal psychology and external environment, it is more conducive to the diffusion of cooperation. Further, external environment is more significant than internal psychology.