bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
通信工程安全管理措施研究
Authors: 谢 鹏飞
Published: September 2017

随着我国科学技术的不断进步和科学技术的不断增强，网络通信活动已经渗透到人们生活的方方面面，不仅关系着我国经济社会的发展，也关系着人们日常的沟通交流，因此通信设备在人们的生活中扮演着重要的作用。而通信工程安全管理措施的实施，则是通信工程能够安全使用的基本前提。
市政路桥施工技术和质量的控制措施
Authors: 李 刚
Published: September 2017

伴随着社会的发展和科技的进步，市政路桥施工工程已经是非常重要的社会建设项目，并具备自身独特的特征和特点。要对其进行技术和质量控制，必然需要对其特征和特点进行深入分析，把握它的内在规律。本文从市政路桥施工技术的重要性入手分析，讨论了市政路桥施工技术与质量控制措施的多方面措施，对于市政路桥施工过程的技术质量控制具有一定的指导意义。
简单分析建筑设计与景观设计的融合
Authors: 刘 勇 , 秦 华伟
Published: September 2017

现在，我们国家的经济建设取得了很大的进步。在这里面建筑行业也得到了迅速发展。随着城市建设的进行还有社会主义新农村的建设，建筑行业得到了越来越多的关注。人们对建筑的设计还有建筑的质量比较关心。所以，一定要做好建筑的设计。而景观的设计决定着人们的感官享受。一个好的建筑应该是具有好的质量和美观。这就对设计师提出了很高的要求，在进行设计的时候要考虑实用和美观。把两种需求结合起来才能做到完美。文章对建筑的设计和景观的设计进行了分析和阐述，希望能够给相关的工作人员提供一些帮助。
Minority-Serving Institutions and Disability, Health, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Participation Challenges: A Review of the Literature and Policy
Authors: Manyibe Edward O. , Moore Corey L. , Aref Fariborz , Sagini Meshack M. , Zeng Steve , Alston Reginald J.
Published: September 2017

Purpose: This article provided a comprehensive overview of select challenges that oftentimes prevent minority-serving institutions (MSIs) in the United States (i.e., historically Black colleges/universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, and American Indian tribal colleges/universities) from participating optimally in the federal research enterprise (i.e., National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research and National Institutes of Health). Methods: The authors completed a detailed synthesis of the available peer review and grey literature and policy on the subject matter while using the structural empowerment and critical mass models as theoretical lenses. Results: Select research infrastructure issues (i.e., restrictive administrative culture, heavy teaching and service practices, inefficient offices of sponsored programs, the lack of research seed money units, inefficient institutional review boards, and limited library resources and technology infrastructure) and limited training opportunities (i.e., postdoctoral fellowship training programs, and grant writing training) are important considerations in MSI research capacity and productivity context. Conclusions: New state-of-the-science research capacity building approaches, paradigms, and conceptual models that address individual MSI-based investigators’ research skill development needs, institutional research infrastructure systems weaknesses, and federal research agency systems and policy issues need to be explored and scaled up for further efficacy testing through rigorous scientific methods.
Inference of Adaptive methods for Multi-Stage skew-t Simulated Data
Authors: Al-Zou’bi Loai M. A. , Al-Omari Amer I. , Al-Khazalah Ahmad M. , Alzghool Raed A.
Published: September 2017

Multilevel models can be used to account for clustering in data from multi-stage surveys. In some cases, the intra-cluster correlation may be close to zero, so that it may seem reasonable to ignore clustering and fit a single level model. This article proposes several adaptive strategies for allowing for clustering in regression analysis of multi-stage survey data. The approach is based on testing whether the cluster-level variance component is zero. If this hypothesis is retained, then variance estimates are calculated ignoring clustering; otherwise, clustering is reflected in variance estimation. A simple simulation study is used to evaluate the various procedures.
Gerakan Pembebasan Islam Patani di Thailand Selatan Studi terhadap Patani United Liberation Organization (1968-1993)
Authors: Jamaludin Jamaludin
Published: September 2017

Gerakan pembebasan Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO), diketahui bahwa lahirnya Patani United Liberation Organization pada 22 Januari 1968 diketuai oleh Tengku Bira Kota Nila, berdirinya PULO karena kebijakan asimilasi yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Thai di sektor pendidikan melarang penggunaan bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa pengantar dan perbedaan identitas, pada dasarnya perbedaan agama merupakan salah satu faktor pemicu perlawanan. Upaya yang dilakukan PULO sendiri yaitu melakukan perang gerilya dan separatis dimana PULO ingin memisahkan diri dari pemerintahan Thai yang kebijakannya ingin mengasimilasi Muslim Patani ke dalam Thai Budhha sehingga Muslim Patani hilang akan identitas jati diri Muslim-Melayu baik segi bahasa, budaya, dan agama.
PENDIDIKAN WANITA DALAM PERSPEKTIF KAUM FEMINIS
Authors: Fihris Fihris
Published: September 2017

Education is a highly recommended in Islam, clearly Qur'an and hadith does not differentiate between men and women in providing educational opportunities. Both sexes are equally have rights and obligations in the scientific world. Acquisition of knowledge is a funda-mental right of every human being without distinction of sex. Thus, the general view of the Qur'an in terms of gender relations, in particular on the role and status of women, is very positive and constructive. Basically, the content and substance of the teachings of Islam is emphasized the spirit of equality and justice, the under-standing of this widely becoming a very urgent matter. Therefore it needs a thorough understanding of (univer-sal) in internalize the teachings of Islam so there will not arise any understanding and interpretation. A variety of data indicate how lame scientist male and female in the history of the Islamic world. There are a number of characters who are trying to think of women's educa-tion, but not enough to increase the quantity of educated women. Some figures in question is the feminist who thinks that women are entitled to the same education as men. Eventually this becomes a spectacular movement, both Islamic and Western feminists. 
REVITALISASI PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MENGURANGI TINDAK KEKERASAN TERHADAP ANAK
Authors: Munita Sandarwati Evi
Published: September 2017

Institusi keluarga dipandang sebagai sebuah lembaga yang paling berperan dalam kehidupan sosial yang sehat terutama terkait pembentukan pribadi anak. Sebagai lingkungan pertama dan utama tumbuh kembang anak, sebuah keluarga khususnya orangtua diharapkan mampu mengoptimalkan peranannya ter­utama dalam bersosialisasi dan berinteraksi dengan anak-anak mereka. Pola asuh yang sesuai serta pengajaran yang ber­orientasi pada kebutuhan dasar anak, selayaknya diupaya­kan tanpa melanggar hak-hak anak. Dalam hal ini, orang tua di­harap­kan bisa menjadi model dan teladan bagi anak serta bijak­sana dalam memberikan sanksi bagi anak yang melakukan kesalahan dengan mempertimbangkan tindakan–tindakan yang sifatnya “ramah anak”. Menyikapi berbagai fenomena sosial terkait masalah anak yang rawan tindak kekerasan saat ini, pe­nulis mencoba menggambarkan upaya–upaya revitalisasi peran keluarga khususnya orangtua dalam mengurangi tindak ke­kerasan terhadap anak.
KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH ISLAM
Authors: Mazaya Viky
Published: September 2017

Persoalan gender menjadi diskursus yang senantiasa menarik hingga saat ini. Dalam konteks sejarah, munculnya persoalan gender seringkali bermuara pada kisah penciptaan Adam dan Hawa. Sekalipun kisah tentang diciptakannya Hawa yang ber­asal dari tulang rusuk Adam telah banyak dikritisi, namun masih banyak yang memegang teguh kisah tersebut. Kedudukan dan peran wanita mengalami pasang surut sesuai dengan kon­teks masyarakatnya. Pada Masa Islam dikategorikan dengan tiga masa yaitu, kalsik, pertengahan, dan modern, yang masing me­miliki karakteristiknya sendiri.
OPTIMALISASI PERKEMBANGAN ANAK DALAM DAY CARE
Authors: Hikmah Siti
Published: September 2017

Pengasuhan anak menjadi salah satu persoalan yang banyak dialami terutama oleh para ibu yang bekerja di sektor publik. Kesulitan untuk mencari pengasuh (baby sitter) yang sesuai harapan menjadikan day care menjadi pilihan alternatif. Persoalannya tidak semua day care memenuhi harapan para orang tua. Memilih day care yang baik dan memenuhi standar menjadi sebuah keharusan bagi orang tua. Jika tidak, maka perkembangan psikologis anak menjadi taruhannya. Day care menjadi sebuah pilihan yang tepat apabila mampu memainkan perannya sebagai ‘pengganti orang tua’ dalam proses perkembang­an anak dalam berbagai dimensinya baik per­kembang­an bahasa, fisik, sosial, emosi dan psikologisnya.
HUTAN JATI BERKALUNG BESI: PENGANGKUTAN KAYU JATI DI JAWA PADA AKHIR ABAD KE-19 DAN AWAL ABAD KE-20
Authors: Warto Warto
Published: September 2017

Teak forests became one of the important resources in Java in the past. Teak forests did not only provide economic benefits for residents to fulfill their daily needs but also provided other benefits, especially in stabilizing the forest environment. However, the condition began to change when the teak forests exploited. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the environmental teak forests experienced degradation and deforestation that was difficult to control. The presence of teak logging companies at the end of the 19th century became the starting point of the accelerated deforestation. In running a business, they used modern tools that can simplify the process of harvesting and be transporting of teakwood. Some of the modern tools called trams and trains which were used to carry teak logs from the forests to shelters and ports. By utilizing modern transportation, teak woods can be transported quickly, accurately and massively. This paper shows that the opening of tram and train rail road’s in teak forests in addition to facilitating the transportation of goods and people, also led to the improvement and expansion of teak massive deforestation.
Presentación del Número
Authors: Revista de Historia y Política Ciencia Nueva
Published: September 2017

N/A
Introducing XBRL Using an Instance Document Shell
Authors: White Clinton
Published: September 2017

XBRL is a very technical language and teaching the basics in an AIS course is made more difficult by the overhead of XML. Many AIS educators do not want to devote a large portion of a semester to XBRL and/or do not want to get into the technology in depth. XBRL can be taught from a less technical perspective by using the XBRL shell presented in this paper. This paper presents an XBRL shell, a case situation, and a number of "activities" for students to do to create an XBRL instance document. Each activity is preceded by explanations and examples of why and what is being done. The activities represent major steps necessary for the creation of XBRL instance documents can be completed in a computer lab or with paper and pencil. The paper is written from an AIS instructor's perspective and is designed to provide him or her with a relatively simple, straight-forward way to teach about XBRL instance documents.
An Improved Droop Control Strategy for Low-Voltage Microgrids Based on Distributed Secondary Power Optimization Control
Authors: Li Demin , Zhao Bo , Wu Zaijun , Zhang Xuesong , Zhang Leiqi
Published: September 2017

To achieve accurate reactive power sharing and voltage frequency and amplitude restoration in low-voltage microgrids, a control strategy combining an improved droop control with distributed secondary power optimization control is proposed. The active and reactive power that each distributed generator (DG) shares is calculated by extracting load information and utilizing a power sharing ratio, and is reset to be the nominal power to recalculate droop gains. The droop control curves are reconstructed according to the nominal active and reactive power and the recalculated droop gains. The reconstructed active power-frequency droop control can regulate active power adaptively and keep frequency at a nominal value. Meanwhile, the reconstructed reactive power voltage droop control can reduce voltage amplitude deviation to a certain extent. A distributed secondary power optimization control is added to the reconstructed reactive power voltage droop control by using average system voltage. The average system voltage is obtained by using a consensus algorithm in a distributed, sparse communication network which is constituted by all controllers of DGs. As a result, accurate reactive power sharing is realized, average system voltage is kept at a nominal value, and all voltage amplitude deviations are further reduced. Due to the absence of a microgrid central controller, the reliability of the strategy is enhanced. Finally, the simulation results validate the proposed method.
BMRC: A Bitmap-Based Maximum Range Counting Approach for Temporal Data in Sensor Monitoring Networks
Authors: Cao Bin , Chen Wangyuan , Shen Ying , Hou Chenyu , Kim Jung , Yu Lifeng
Published: September 2017

Due to the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), many feasible deployments of sensor monitoring networks have been made to capture the events in physical world, such as human diseases, weather disasters and traffic accidents, which generate large-scale temporal data. Generally, the certain time interval that results in the highest incidence of a severe event has significance for society. For example, there exists an interval that covers the maximum number of people who have the same unusual symptoms, and knowing this interval can help doctors to locate the reason behind this phenomenon. As far as we know, there is no approach available for solving this problem efficiently. In this paper, we propose the Bitmap-based Maximum Range Counting (BMRC) approach for temporal data generated in sensor monitoring networks. Since sensor nodes can update their temporal data at high frequency, we present a scalable strategy to support the real-time insert and delete operations. The experimental results show that the BMRC outperforms the baseline algorithm in terms of efficiency.
Railway Tunnel Clearance Inspection Method Based on 3D Point Cloud from Mobile Laser Scanning
Authors: Zhou Yuhui , Wang Shaohua , Mei Xi , Yin Wangling , Lin Chunfeng , Hu Qingwu , Mao Qingzhou
Published: September 2017

Railway tunnel clearance is directly related to the safe operation of trains and upgrading of freight capacity. As more and more railway are put into operation and the operation is continuously becoming faster, the railway tunnel clearance inspection should be more precise and efficient. In view of the problems existing in traditional tunnel clearance inspection methods, such as low density, slow speed and a lot of manual operations, this paper proposes a tunnel clearance inspection approach based on 3D point clouds obtained by a mobile laser scanning system (MLS). First, a dynamic coordinate system for railway tunnel clearance inspection has been proposed. A rail line extraction algorithm based on 3D linear fitting is implemented from the segmented point cloud to establish a dynamic clearance coordinate system. Second, a method to seamlessly connect all rail segments based on the railway clearance restrictions, and a seamless rail alignment is formed sequentially from the middle tunnel section to both ends. Finally, based on the rail alignment and the track clearance coordinate system, different types of clearance frames are introduced for intrusion operation with the tunnel section to realize the tunnel clearance inspection. By taking the Shuanghekou Tunnel of the Chengdu–Kunming Railway as an example, when the clearance inspection is carried out by the method mentioned herein, its precision can reach 0.03 m, and difference types of clearances can be effectively calculated. This method has a wide application prospects.
Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in the US Forest Sector
Authors: Baker Justin S. , Sohngen Brent L. , Ohrel Sara , Fawcett Allen A.
Published: September 2017

This study conducted an economic analysis of future US forest mitigation potential using a detailed economic model of the global forestry sector. The scenario design included a wide range of possible future carbon price incentives and climate policy structures (unilateral and global mitigation). Results across all scenarios show US forest sector mitigation potential ranging from 54 to 292 MtCO2e between 2015 and 2030 (5 to 47 percent of the additional mitigation needed to achieve the 26 to 28 percent emissions reduction target). The results from this study suggest that the US forest sector can play an important role in global greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, including efforts to meet any potential future US mitigation targets.
Innowacje produktowe w turystyce szansą dla Podkarpacia – antycypacja czy egzemplifikacja rzeczywistości?
Authors: Gierczak-Korzeniowska Beata
Published: September 2017

Cel. W myśl stwierdzenia, że „najlepszą drogą do podwyższenia wartości przedsiębiorstwa jest wprowadzenie innowacji w celu tworzenia tymczasowych monopoli na rynku”, w pracy skoncentrowano się na zidentyfikowaniu, a następnie opisaniu tych innowacji produktowych w turystyce, które bazując częściowo na zasobach naturalnych Podkarpacia, czynią je bardziej atrakcyjnym turystycznie.

Metoda. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metodę badania dokumentów oraz metodę analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa. Przy opisie indywidualnych przypadków zastosowano wywiad pogłębiony.

Wyniki. Istotnym źródłem innowacji produktowych w turystyce są te rozwiązania, które mają analogie w świecie przyrody lub też są wynikiem podpowiedzi natury. Wskazano także na potrzebę uwzględniania w procesie planowania zmian pozbawionych jakiejkolwiek regularności, tworzących nowy rynek, pozyskując przy tym klientów, o których nikt do tej pory nie pomyślał.

Ograniczenia badań i wnioskowania. Elementem ograniczającym wnioskowanie jest liczba podmiotów stanowiąca podstawę badań oraz konkretny rodzaj innowacji (produktowa), który nie odzwierciedla w pełni skali wszystkich działań innowacyjnych podjętych przez przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne omawianego województwa.

Implikacje praktyczne. Przywołane w publikacji przykłady mogą stanowić cenne źródło inspiracji dla innych podmiotów z branży turystycznej. Podkreślają także wagę działań kreatywnych w turystyce i dostarczają informacji o inwestycjach, które mogą być wynikiem współpracy klastrowej.

Oryginalność pracy. Analizowane przypadki nie były jak dotąd przedmiotem publikowanych prac naukowych. O oryginalności wyników świadczy bardzo szczegółowa, o nachyleniu specjalistycznym, prezentacja innowacji produktowych wybranych podmiotów. Istotnym atutem pracy jest zwrócenie uwagi na możliwość wykorzystania zasobów regionalnych przy tworzeniu produktów innowacyjnych, co z kolei świadczy o przedsiębiorczości zarządzających.

Rodzaj pracy. Artykuł stanowi przede wszystkim studium przypadku w oparciu o trzy przedsiębiorstwa prowadzące działalność na terenie województwa podkarpackiego. Jest także efektem badań empirycznych.
Prognostic effect of parotid area lymph node metastases after preliminary diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a propensity score matching study
Authors: Xu Yuanji , Chen Xiaolin , Zhang Mingwei , Xiao Youping , Zong Jingfeng , Guo Qiaojuan , Qiu Sufang , Zheng Wei , Lin Shaojun , Pan Jianji
Published: September 2017

Parotid area lymph node (PLN) metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare, and its prognosis remains largely unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the prognostic value and staging categories of PLN metastasis in patients with NPC and treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), to provide a reference for clinical treatment for NPC with PLN metastasis. Records for 1616 untreated NPC patients without distant metastasis was retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination prior to treatment and then received IMRT as their primary treatment. Forty‐five NPC patients (2.8%) showed initial PLN metastasis on follow‐up MRI. PLN metastasis was significantly associated with the N classification and clinical stage. Univariate analysis showed that PLN metastasis had an unfavorable influence on overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and regional relapse‐free survival (RRFS) in NPC patients. Using propensity score matching (PSM) to calibrate selection bias and confounding bias, it was observed that PLN metastasis remained an adverse prognostic factor for OS, PFS, DMFS, and RRFS. Furthermore, the 5‐year DMFS and RRFS curves for PLN metastasis were significantly separated from that for N2 disease but crossed that for N3 disease. Therefore, PLN metastasis was found to be an adverse prognostic factor for NPC and to be associated with the same DMFS as N3 disease. Therefore, more aggressive therapeutic strategies consistent with those for N3 disease are recommended for NPC with PLN metastasis to reduce distant metastasis.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Multiple‐Ascending‐Dose Study
Authors: DeLemos Byron , Richards Henry M. , Vandenbossche Joris , Ariyawansa Jay , Natarajan Jaya , Alexander Binu , Ramakrishna Tage , Murtaugh Thomas , Stahlberg Hans‐Jürgen
Published: September 2017

This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group multiple‐ascending‐dose study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride in healthy adults to inform dosage and design for a subsequent QT/QTc study. Healthy men and women, 18 to 45 years old (inclusive), were sequentially assigned to the tramadol 200, 400, or 600 mg/day treatment cohort and within each cohort, randomized (4:1) to either tramadol or placebo every 6 hours for 9 oral doses. Of the 24 participants randomized to tramadol (n = 8/cohort), 22 (91.7%) completed the study. The AUCtau,ss of tramadol increased approximately 2.2‐ and 3.6‐fold for the (+) enantiomer and 2.0‐ and 3.5‐fold for the (‐) enantiomer with increasing dose from 200 to 400  and 600 mg/day, whereas the Cmax,ss increased 2.1‐ and 3.3‐fold for the (+) enantiomer and 2.0‐ and 3.2‐fold for the (‐) enantiomer. Overall, 21 participants (87.5%) participants reported ≥1 treatment‐emergent adverse event; most frequent were nausea (17 of 24, 70.8%) and vomiting (7 of 24, 29.2%). Vomiting (affected participants and events) increased with increasing dose from 200 to 600 mg/day but was mild (5 of 24) or moderate (2 of 24) in severity. All tested dosage regimens of tramadol showed acceptable safety and tolerability profile for further investigation in a thorough QT/QTc study.
Population differentiation or species formation across the Indian and the Pacific Oceans? An example from the brooding marine hydrozoan Macrorhynchia phoenicea
Authors: Postaire Bautisse , Gélin Pauline , Bruggemann J. Henrich , Pratlong Marine , Magalon Hélène
Published: September 2017

Assessing population connectivity is necessary to construct effective marine protected areas. This connectivity depends, among other parameters, inherently on species dispersal capacities. Isolation by distance (IBD) is one of the main modes of differentiation in marine species, above all in species presenting low dispersal abilities. This study reports the genetic structuring in the tropical hydrozoan Macrorhynchia phoenicea α (sensu Postaire et al., 2016a), a brooding species, from 30 sampling sites in the Western Indian Ocean and the Tropical Southwestern Pacific, using 15 microsatellite loci. At the local scale, genet dispersal relied on asexual propagation at short distance, which was not found at larger scales. Considering one representative per clone, significant positive FIS values (from −0.327*** to 0.411***) were found within almost all sites. Gene flow was extremely low at all spatial scales, among sites within islands (<10 km distance) and among islands (100 to >11,000 km distance), with significant pairwise FST values (from 0.035*** to 0.645***). A general pattern of IBD was found at the Indo‐Pacific scale, but also within ecoregions in the Western Indian Ocean province. Clustering and network analyses identified each island as a potential independent population, while analysis of molecular variance indicated that population genetic differentiation was significant at small (within island) and intermediate (among islands within province) spatial scales. As shown by this species, a brooding life cycle might be corollary of the high population differentiation found in some coastal marine species, thwarting regular dispersal at distances more than a few kilometers and probably leading to high cryptic diversity, each island housing independent evolutionary lineages.
Meeting in difference: Revisiting the therapeutic relationship based on patients′ and therapists′ experiences in several clinical contexts
Authors: Altimir Carolina , Capella Claudia , Núñez Lucía , Abarzúa Marianella , Krause Mariane
Published: September 2017

Despite decades of research on the therapeutic relationship and the therapeutic alliance and their connection with therapeutic outcomes (Horvath, Del Re, Flückiger, & Symonds, 2011), only a handful of studies have examined how they are experienced by the therapy participants. The aim of the present study is to describe the therapeutic relationship from the subjective perspective of the patients and therapists involved in 3 clinical cases: (a) a 7‐year‐old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, (b) a 29‐year old woman diagnosed with a personality disorder, and (c) a 22‐year‐old man diagnosed with schizophrenia. We conducted semistructured interviews with patients and therapists that were later analyzed following grounded theory coding procedures (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). The results obtained reveal that the constitutive elements of the therapeutic relationship are linked to 2 dimensions of the patient–therapist meeting experience: the technical and role‐related dimension, characterized by relational asymmetry, and the affective exchange dimension, characterized by relational symmetry. The article discusses the possible association between the asymmetrical technical dimension, whose roles are defined by the organization of the helping relationship, and the notion of therapeutic alliance as commonly conceptualized and assessed; on the other hand, the experience of the bidirectional and symmetrical patient–therapist affective exchange is linked with concepts such as real relationship and intersubjectivity.
SECTION 61 OF THE TRUSTEE ACT 1925: A JUDICIOUS BREACH OF TRUST?
Authors: Haley Michael
Published: September 2017

This article is concerned with s. 61 of the Trustee Act 1925. It will analyse the origins, design and modern day operation of the jurisdiction to relieve a trustee from personal liability following a breach of trust. It will revisit the threshold conditions of honesty, reasonableness and fairness and, in the context of mortgage fraud, contend that this exculpatory jurisdiction ought not extend to the bare commercial trust that exists between the mortgagee and its solicitor. Defects, uncertainties and shortcomings associated with s. 61 will also be addressed.
ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS IN ATHENIAN CITIZENSHIP PROCEDURES
Authors: Kierstead James
Published: September 2017

This passage provides invaluable evidence on the procedures pertaining to the admission of new citizens in Classical Athens. The picture that the author has given of the roles that were played by the institutions involved in these procedures is very clear: for the reader's convenience I display it in the form of a diagram in Figure 1. According toAth. Pol., the deme voted on whether a candidate was both of legal age and of free status; if free status was denied by the deme, the candidate could appeal to the Central Court; and at the end of the process the Council of Five Hundred double-checked that the candidate was of legal age.
Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain
Authors: Mattsson Karin , Johnson Elyse V. , Malmendal Anders , Linse Sara , Hansson Lars-Anders , Cedervall Tommy
Published: September 2017

The tremendous increases in production of plastic materials has led to an accumulation of plastic pollution worldwide. Many studies have addressed the physical effects of large-sized plastics on organisms, whereas few have focused on plastic nanoparticles, despite their distinct chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Hence our understanding of their effects on ecosystem function, behaviour and metabolism of organisms remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that plastic nanoparticles reduce survival of aquatic zooplankton and penetrate the blood-to-brain barrier in fish and cause behavioural disorders. Hence, for the first time, we uncover direct interactions between plastic nanoparticles and brain tissue, which is the likely mechanism behind the observed behavioural disorders in the top consumer. In a broader perspective, our findings demonstrate that plastic nanoparticles are transferred up through a food chain, enter the brain of the top consumer and affect its behaviour, thereby severely disrupting the function of natural ecosystems.
Identification of Genetically Important Individuals of the Rediscovered Floreana Galápagos Giant Tortoise (Chelonoidis elephantopus) Provides Founders for Species Restoration Program
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Quinzin Maud C. , Poulakakis Nikos , Gibbs James P. , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Garrick Ryan C. , Russello Michael A. , Ciofi Claudio , Edwards Danielle L. , Hunter Elizabeth A. , Tapia Washington , Rueda Danny , Carrión Jorge , Valdivieso Andrés A. , Caccone Adalgisa
Published: September 2017

Species are being lost at an unprecedented rate due to human-driven environmental changes. The cases in which species declared extinct can be revived are rare. However, here we report that a remote volcano in the Galápagos Islands hosts many giant tortoises with high ancestry from a species previously declared as extinct: Chelonoidis elephantopus or the Floreana tortoise. Of 150 individuals with distinctive morphology sampled from the volcano, genetic analyses revealed that 65 had C. elephantopus ancestry and thirty-two were translocated from the volcano’s slopes to a captive breeding center. A genetically informed captive breeding program now being initiated will, over the next decades, return C. elephantopus tortoises to Floreana Island to serve as engineers of the island’s ecosystems. Ironically, it was the haphazard translocations by mariners killing tortoises for food centuries ago that created the unique opportunity to revive this “lost” species today.
Quantum interference in the presence of a resonant medium
Authors: Kalashnikov Dmitry A. , Melik-Gaykazyan Elizaveta V. , Kalachev Alexey A. , Yu Ye Feng , Kuznetsov Arseniy I. , Krivitsky Leonid A.
Published: September 2017

Interaction of light with media often occurs with a femtosecond response time. Its measurement by conventional techniques requires the use of femtosecond lasers and sophisticated time-gated optical detection. Here we demonstrate that by exploiting quantum interference of entangled photons it is possible to measure the dephasing time of a resonant media on the femtosecond time scale (down to 100 fs) using accessible continuous wave laser and single-photon counting. We insert a sample in the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer and observe the modification of the two-photon interference pattern, which is driven by the coherent response of the medium, determined by the dephasing time. The dephasing time is then inferred from the observed pattern. This effect is distinctively different from the basic effect of spectral filtering, which was studied in earlier works. In addition to its ease of use, our technique does not require compensation of group velocity dispersion and does not induce photo-damage of the samples. Our technique will be useful for characterization of ultrafast phase relaxation processes in material science, chemistry, and biology.
Immunological effects of different types of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on porcine cells
Authors: Li Ruiqiao , Zhang Lilin , Shi Peidian , Deng Hui , Li Yi , Ren Jie , Fu Xubin , Zhang Lei , Huang Jinhai
Published: September 2017

The agonists of toll-like receptor 9, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG sequences, stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and a variety of animal species.
A novel preparation of resin-based electrical contact material impregnated with sulfonated graphene
Authors: Song Tenghui , Tu Chuanjun , Feng Pengyang , Wu Mingzai , Chen Gang , Wang Weidong
Published: September 2017

A novel type of resin-based electrical contact material (RECM) was prepared for the first time via the second curing of a sulfonated graphene/waterborne epoxy resin after pore formation.
Antiferroelectric to relaxor ferroelectric phase transition in PbO modified (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramics with a large energy-density for dielectric energy storage
Authors: Li Bi , Liu Qiu-Xiang , Tang Xin-Gui , Zhang Tian-Fu , Jiang Yan-Ping , Li Wen-Hua , Luo Jie
Published: September 2017

The recoverable energy density and energy efficiency of the high energy density electrification PLZT2/95/5 ceramic capacitors as a function of the temperature and electric field.
Balintgruppenarbeit, Supervision und Selbsterfahrung
Authors: Petzold E. R.
Published: September 2017

Dieser Beitrag summiert psychoanalytische Kernsätze der Balintarbeit in
England und Erfahrungen aus einer Supervisionsgruppe in Deutschland. Der Akzent
lieg auf dem Umgang der Ärzte mit dem eigenen Erleben in der
Arzt-Patient Beziehung.
Microrheology of magnetorheological silicone elastomers during curing process under the presence of magnetic field
Authors: Wu Chenjun , Zhang Qingxu , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang
Published: September 2017

A microrheological method is employed for the first time to continuously and undisturbedly monitor variations of viscoelasticity of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) based on silica-coated carbonyl iron particles (SiCIPs)-filled silicone during the curing process. Results indicate that the elasticity of MREs dramatically increases with increasing magnetic field intensity, which is much more significant in comparison with the slow process of silicone curing at 25 % and 40 % SiCIPs. The formations of chain-like structure of SiCIPs and cured network of silicone are recognized, both contributing to the rheology of MREs, suggesting the possibility of developing a facile method for adjusting the rheology and fixing the structure of a wide range of MREs by applying magnetic field during the curing of matrix.
Vaccinations and Malaria Chemoprophylaxis of Adolescents Traveling From Greece to International Destinations
Authors: Maltezou Helena C. , Pavli Androula , Theodoridou Kalliopi , Katerelos Panos , Spilioti Athina , Tedoma Anastasia , Lymperi Ioanna , Theodoridou Maria
Published: September 2017

Background:

There are few publications focusing on vaccination and malaria chemoprophylaxis in adolescent travelers. We assessed pretravel vaccinations and malaria chemoprophylaxis of adolescents 12–18 years old traveling from Greece to international destinations.

Methods:

We prospectively studied 239 adolescents 12–18 years old during 2008–2016. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results:

Adolescents sought pretravel services at a mean of 24.1 days before departure. Their main destinations were sub-Saharan Africa (79 adolescents; 33.1%), Latin America (56; 23.5%) and North America (26; 10.9%). Almost half (46.1%) of them planned to stay abroad for at least 3 months. Sixteen (7.4%) adolescents planned to visit friends and relatives. The yellow fever vaccine and the typhoid vaccine were the most frequently administered vaccines (74.1% and 20.5%, respectively), while the hepatitis A vaccine and the tetanus–diphtheria vaccine accounted for most routine vaccinations (18% and 14.2%, respectively). The rabies and the typhoid fever vaccines were administered inadequately to adolescents traveling to endemic areas. Malaria chemoprophylaxis should have been prescribed in many cases traveling to sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

Conclusions:

Only a small number of adolescents from Greece traveling abroad seek pretravel counseling. We found significant gaps in typhoid fever and rabies vaccinations of adolescents traveling to endemic areas. We also found gaps in prescription of malaria chemoprophylaxis for those traveling to high-risk areas. There is a need to develop communication strategies to access adolescent travelers and improve appropriate vaccination and use of malaria chemoprophylaxis.
Facilitating NPDP Role Development
Authors: Butlar Marti , Pilcher Jobeth , Flanagan Eileen , Haley Kelsey
Published: September 2017

Transitioning into the Nursing Professional Development Practitioner role requires development of new knowledge and competencies, which takes time and resources. One healthcare system took advantage of the skills and experience of its expert Nursing Professional Development Specialists to efficiently and economically facilitate novices’ role development. They created an online repository of learning materials to provide useful resources and demonstrate various presentation methodologies, thereby sharing their expertise and extending support to those new to nursing professional development practice.
Advanced vascular exams improve the accuracy of conventional parameters in distinguishing normal tension from primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Barbosa Breda J. , Van Keer K. , Abegão Pinto L. , Nassiri V. , Willekens K. , Vandewalle E. , Rocha Sousa A. , Stalmans I.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The role vascular factors play in glaucoma is still not fully understood. We aim to understand if advanced vascular exams can improve our ability to distinguish primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) from normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients.

Methods

We applied multivariate logistic regression on the Leuven Eye Study data (182 NTG and 202 POAG patients), and created three prediction models. One with conventional parameters, one with parameters from advanced vascular exams [colour Doppler imaging (CDI), retinal oximetry, ocular pulse amplitude and choroidal thickness] and one where both kinds of parameters were allowed in (mixed). The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and compared between them. Intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) and IOP‐related variables were excluded.

Results

The conventional model included Raynaud phenomenon, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central corneal thickness, migraine, visual field mean deviation (VF MD), cup‐disc (C/D) ratio, visual acuity and mean retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) thickness (in decreasing order of importance). The advanced vascular model included parameters from CDI and retinal oximetry. The mixed model included Raynaud phenomenon, MAP, arterio‐venous retinal oxygen saturation difference, acceleration (acc) of central retinal artery (CRA), end‐diastolic velocity of CRA, resistive index of ophthalmic artery, VF MD, C/D ratio, mRNFL thickness, acc of temporal posterior ciliary artery and migraine (in decreasing order of importance). The AUCs were 0.687, 0.677 and 0.743, respectively. The mixed model was able to significantly increase the prediction ability of the conventional model (p = 0.049).

Conclusions

Adding advanced vascular exams increased the accuracy of the conventional model to distinguish between groups. These results show how important vascular factors can be in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Reproducibility of angle metrics in children using hand‐held spectral domain optical coherence tomography: intra‐observer and inter‐observer variability
Authors: Edawaji B. , Shah S. , Proudlock F. , Gottlob I.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To evaluate intraobserver and interobserver agreements of anterior chamber angle measurements in children using hand‐held spectral domain optical coherence tomography (HH‐SDOCT).

Methods

HH‐SDOCT (Leica Microsystems Ltd) was used to scan the anterior chamber of 30 normal children (mean age = 5.12 ± 3.5 years, range: 2 days to 12 years). Two independent observers analysed the same B‐scan showing both clear nasal and temporal angles using ImageJ. They identified iridocorneal angle landmarks: scleral spur (SS), Schwalbe`s line (SL) and angle recess (AR) and used them to calculate parameters such as trabecular meshwork length (TML), SS angle opening distance (SSAOD), SL angle opening distance (SLAOD), SL angle (SLA), SS limbal distance (SSLD), SL limbal distance (SLLD), trabecular iris surface area (TISA500), nasal to temporal SS distance (SS‐SSD) and pupil diameter (PD). The reproducibility of measurements were assessed using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland‐Altman plots.

Results

Repeated measurements of anterior chamber were calculated in 141 images. Both intra‐observer and inter‐observer agreements of most measurements ranged from fair to excellent (0.66 to 0.97). Intra‐observer and inter‐observer ICC for SSAOD, SLAOD, SLA, SSLD, SLLD, TISA500, SS‐SSD and PD were 0.74, 0.78, 0.81, 0.72, 0.80, 0.76, 0.96, 0.96 and 0.83, 0.85, 0.77, 0.91, 0.89, 0.83, 0.84, 0.97, respectively. TML reproducibility was poor, ICC were 0.42 and 0.33, respectively. Bland Altman plots showed no significant difference between repeated measurements (p value were >0.05) for parameters with ICC reproducibility ≥0.7.

Conclusions

Reproducible quantitative measurements in children using HH‐SDOCT was possible with ICC of up to 0.97. Anterior segment OCT could be a potential method in understanding the normal and abnormal ocular development of children.
Using biomarkers in clinical trials in ophthalmology
Authors: Beuerman R.
Published: September 2017

Detailed investigations of the composition and changes in the composition of the tears of the ocular surface have provided new ways of evaluating patient outcomes. This intimate knowledge comes from the ability to very accurately quantify proteins found in the tears. As such proteomics as a method is rather similar to performing hundreds or thousands of ELISA assays (which would be an impossible task as the tear volume is insufficient). Moreover, the results using only a few microliters of tears are reproducible so that patients can be statistically evaluated for examining outcomes. Tear proteins can be evaluated in some cases according to their source: for example, lacritin, and lysozyme are secreted from the lacrimal gland while the pro‐inflammatory proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are secreted by PMNs and ocular surface epithelial cells. The ability to indicate which proteins support ocular surface and which are inflammatory can reveal how a therapeutic treatment is changing or has not changed the basic pathology.
Practical examples of proteomic studies
Authors: Uusitalo H.
Published: September 2017

Proteomics, along with other omics, is a potentially valuable tool of personalized medicine and thus helping in selecting the most cost‐effective diagnostic and therapeutic options for each patients. This type of personalized approach is becoming more common in the future, since new diagnostic and therapeutic methods are constantly being developed. On the other hand, processing and analyzing of the proteomic samples is becoming easier, more accurate and also cheaper. Tear fluid and ocular surfaces are important and easily available source of samples reflecting not only the state of the anterior segment of the eye but also eye and even human body in general. This presentation is based on the previous ones describing methods of sample processing and mass spectrometric analysis methods of this type of samples as well as on aspects of bioinformatics analysis of proteomic data. It is aimed to provide basic scientists and clinicians an overview of the aspects that are important by using practical examples of this type of research. These examples are covering clinical studies on dry eye, glaucoma medication, glaucoma surgery and refractive surgery.
Neural retina identity is specified by lens‐derived BMP signals
Authors: Gunhaga L. , Pandit T. , Patthey C. , Jidigam V.
Published: September 2017

During early development of the CNS, the anterior neural domain becomes restricted into different regions as: the telencephalon, the optic cup and the diencephalon. Simultaneously, lens progenitors are specified in the neural plate border. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the induction and maintenance of eye‐field cells, and the specification of neural retina cells in relation to other forebrain domains have been poorly defined. If prospective lens cells affect the early development of retinal progenitors have been debated. We have analysed these issues in intact chick embryos and explant assays. Our results show that BMP signals emanating from the lens ectoderm maintain eye‐field identity, inhibit telencephalic character and induce neural retinal cells. This highlights a novel role for BMP signals during the early development of the retina that is distinct from previously described roles in dorso‐ventral patterning and fate choice between neural versus RPE cells. Our findings link the requirement of the lens ectoderm for neural retina specification with the molecular mechanism by which cells in the forebrain become specified as neural retina by BMP activity.
Choroidal thickness assessed by swept‐source optical coherence tomography in patients with diabetes
Authors: Horváth H. , Kovács I. , Sándor G. , Czakó C. , Récsán Z. , Somogyi A. , Zoltán Nagy Z. , Ecsedy M.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To measure choroidal thickness (CT) in diabetic subjects and to correlate it to the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods

Prospective study using swept‐source optical coherence tomography. Choroidal thickness maps of 117 eyes of 60 diabetic patients were compared to 45 eyes of 24 healthy controls. The type of DR (no retinopathy: n = 18 eyes; non proliferative DR – NPDR: n = 62 eyes, proliferative DR – PDR: n = 37 eyes), the type of DME (no DME: n = 39 eyes, diffuse: n = 36 eyes, cystoid: n = 36 eyes, mixed: n = 6 eyes), the duration of diabetes, blood hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level and hypertension (HT) were recorded, and their relation to CT was evaluated using multiple regression models.

Results

No significant difference in central subfoveal and mean overall CT was observed between diabetic patients and controls (p > 0.05). A significantly thinner choroid was measured in PDR eyes compared to NPDR group (p < 0.01). CT did not show any correlation with type of DME (p > 0.05). Analysing the whole cohort, the decrease of CT was assessed in subjects with HT (p < 0.05). Aging showed significant correlation with choroidal thinning (30 μm/10 years; p < 0.001) after adjustment for HbA1C level and HT. In diabetic patients the duration of the disease significantly correlated with choroidal thinning (15 μm/10 years; p < 0.05) after adjusting for the effect of age, HbA1C level and HT.

Conclusions

The thinning of the choroid is affected more significantly by the age and HT, than the presence of diabetes. In diabetic patients the duration of the disease is an independent predictor of choroidal thinning.
Infectious posterior uveitis
Authors: Markomichelakis N.
Published: September 2017

Several infectious agents (parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses) can invade the eye and lead to ocular inflammation. Infectious causes should always be considered and ruled out in all patients with posterior uveitis. Toxoplasma gondii is by far the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis in all ages, while Toxocara canis infects typically children. Onchocerciasis and other parasitic diseases may also cause posterior uveitis, more commonly in developing countries. Nowadays, old bacterial diseases, tuberculosis and syphilis, emerged as common causes of posterior uveitis. Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi are other bacteria that can also cause posterior uveitis.Fungal posterior uveitis usually occurs in immunosuppressed patients or in intravenous drug users. Herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV) are also associated with infectious retinitis, in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients, with quite destructive clinical course. Recently, more viruses (such as West Nile virus, Rift valley fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya) have been recognized as etiologic factors of posterior infectious uveitis. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is of high importance for the successful treatment and visual outcome of infectious uveitis. Techniques and methods, such PCR and detection of specific antibodies in the intraocular fluids (Goldmann‐Witmer coefficient), play a key role towards the detection of the pathogen of posterior infectious uveitis.