bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Multimodal Fusion 3D Object Detection Algorithm for Unmanned Systems in Adverse Weather
Authors: Wang Shenyu , Xie Xinlun , Li Mingjiang , Wang Maofei , Yang Jinming , Li Zeming , Zhou Xuehua , Zhou Zhiguo
Published: November 2024

Unmanned systems encounter challenging weather conditions during obstacle removal tasks. Researching stable, real-time, and accurate environmental perception methods under such conditions is crucial. Cameras and LiDAR sensors provide different and complementary data. However, the integration of disparate data presents challenges such as feature mismatches and the fusion of sparse and dense information, which can degrade algorithmic performance. Adverse weather conditions, like rain and snow, introduce noise that further reduces perception accuracy. To address these issues, we propose a novel weather-adaptive bird’s-eye view multi-level co-attention fusion 3D object detection algorithm (BEV-MCAF). This algorithm employs an improved feature extraction network to obtain more effective features. A multimodal feature fusion module has been constructed with BEV image feature generation and a co-attention mechanism for better fusion effects. A multi-scale multimodal joint domain adversarial network (M2-DANet) is proposed to enhance adaptability to adverse weather conditions. The efficacy of BEV-MCAF has been validated on both the nuScenes and Ithaca365 datasets, confirming its robustness and good generalization capability in a variety of bad weather conditions. The findings indicate that our proposed algorithm performs better than the benchmark, showing improved adaptability to harsh weather conditions and enhancing the robustness of UVs, ensuring reliable perception under challenging conditions.
Numerical Investigation and Design Curves for Thinned Planar Antenna Arrays for 5G and 6G
Authors: Pinchera Daniele , Schettino Fulvio , Lucido Mario , Chirico Gaetano , Migliore Marco Donald
Published: November 2024

We numerically investigate the relationship between the main parameters of thinned antenna arrays using a specifically designed evolutionary algorithm, the Multi-Objective Pareto Evolution for Thinning (MOPET). We provide some useful results that allow for the assessment of the achievable performance of antenna arrays and help researchers and practitioners design radar, 5G, and 6G systems. In particular, our approach allows us to quantify the advantage of thinned arrays with respect to traditional equispaced arrays (EA); as an example, using the same number of radiators, we can obtain the same directivity of an EA with a reduction in the side-lobe level (SLL) of more than 10dB, or increase the directivity of a couple of dB maintaining the same SLL of the EA, or get a combination of the two improvements. Moreover, the advantage of thinned architectures with respect to standard EA seems to improve with the increase in the dimension of the array.
Comparative Analysis of Prompt Strategies for Large Language Models: Single-Task vs. Multitask Prompts
Authors: Gozzi Manuel , Di Maio Federico
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of prompt engineering strategies for Large Language Models (LLMs), comparing single-task and multitasking prompts. Specifically, we analyze whether a single prompt handling multiple tasks—such as named entity recognition (NER), sentiment analysis, and JSON output formatting—can achieve performance comparable to dedicated single-task prompts. To substantiate our findings, we employ statistical analyses, including paired Wilcoxon tests, McNemar tests, and Friedman tests, to validate claims of performance similarity or superiority. Experiments were conducted using five open-weight LLMs: LLama3.1 8B, Qwen2 7B, Mistral 7B, Phi3 Medium, and Gemma2 9B. The results indicate that there is no definitive rule favoring single-task prompts over multitask prompts; rather, their relative performance is highly contingent on the specific model’s data and architecture. This study highlights the nuanced interplay between prompt strategies and LLM characteristics, offering insights into optimizing their use for specific NLP tasks. Limitations and future directions, such as expanding task types, are also discussed.
Customized Weighted Ensemble of Modified Transfer Learning Models for the Detection of Sugarcane Leaf Diseases
Authors: Hu Kaiwen , Li Honghui , Fu Xueliang , Zhou Shuncheng
Published: November 2024

Sugarcane is the primary crop in the global sugar industry, yet it remains highly susceptible to a wide range of diseases that significantly impact its yield and quality. An effective solution is required to address the issues caused by the manual identification of plant diseases, which is time-consuming and has low detection accuracy. This paper proposes the development of a robust Deep Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network (DECNN) model for the accurate detection of sugarcane leaf diseases. Initially, several transfer learning (TL) models, including EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV2, DenseNet121, NASNetMobile, and EfficientNetV2B0, were enhanced through the addition of specific layers. A comparative analysis was then conducted on the enlarged dataset of sugarcane leaf diseases, which was divided into six categories and 4800 images. The application of data augmentation, along with the addition of dense layers, batch normalization layers, and dropout layers, led to improved detection accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores for each model. Among the five enhanced transfer learning models, the modified EfficientNetB0 model demonstrated the highest detection accuracy, ranging from 97.08% to 98.54%. In conclusion, the DECNN model was developed by integrating the modified EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV2, and DenseNet121 models using a distinctive performance-based custom-weighted ensemble method, with weight optimization carried out using the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) technique. This resulted in a model that achieved a detection accuracy of 99.17%, which outperformed the individual performance of the modified EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV2, and DenseNet121 models in detecting sugarcane leaf diseases.
Hybrid Energy Storage Modeling and Control for Power System Operation Studies: A Survey
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Usman , Shakhawat Nusrat Subah Binte , Shah Rakibuzzaman , Amjady Nima , Miah Md Sazal , Amin B. M. Ruhul
Published: November 2024

As the share of variable renewable energy sources in power systems grows, system operators have encountered several challenges, such as renewable generation curtailment, load interruption, voltage regulation problems, and frequency stability threats. This is particularly important for power systems transitioning to net zero. Energy storage systems are considered an effective solution to overcome these challenges. However, with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, different requirements have emerged, and a single energy storage solution may not effectively meet all of them. Hybrid energy storage systems have recently been proposed to remedy this problem. Different individual energy storage systems possess complementary characteristics that can enhance the reliability, security, and stability of power systems. However, hybrid energy storage systems often require more intricate modeling approaches and control strategies. Many researchers are currently working on hybrid energy storage systems to address these issues. This paper thoroughly reviews the modeling and control schemes of hybrid energy storage systems for different power system operation studies. It also examines the factors influencing the selection of hybrid energy storage systems for various power system applications. Finally, this paper provides recommendations for future research in this area.
Application of Squirrel Cage Generator Control System Utilizing Direct Torque Control Method as the Shaft Generator in a Seagoing Ship
Authors: Kozak Maciej , Bronsky Roman , Matuszak Marcin
Published: November 2024

The squirrel cage induction generator or SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator) belongs to the family of induction machines, which are currently used as the most common electrical machines. The use of power electronic converter systems along with advanced control vector algorithms allows for the implementation of the effective operation of squirrel cage generators in various conditions. Up to now, there are a few practical realizations of squirrel cage generators, which are installed on board the vessels; mostly, these generators act as shaft generators, and it originates from the rules that require self-excitement of main electrical generators, acting as an immediate ready-to-use voltage source. In this article, we present a solution that utilizes an SCIG that operates with varying rotational speed as a shaft generator but can also act as an emergency propeller drive in case of main combustion engine failure. The main achievement of the presented work was the creation of a control table prepared for real-time software of the machine-side inverter. The data for the table were collected during the experimental research, and such a setup allowed us to use a DTC-controlled SCIG as a generator that rotated with variable speed and under changing load.
Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Energy Transition Policy Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, Based on the MLP-PMC Model
Authors: Chang Yukun , Zou Tong , Guo Pibin
Published: November 2024

Evaluating the effectiveness of China’s energy transition policies and formulating scientific policy optimization paths are essential for advancing China’s energy transition and global carbon reduction. This paper quantitatively evaluates China’s 22 key energy transition policies during the 14th Five-Year Plan period via text excavation, the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), and the PMC index model. The research results show that the overall design of China’s energy transition policy is reasonable. Only two policies are graded as acceptable, while the rest of the policies are graded as good or higher. In addition, landscape policy, regime policy, and niche policy have a decreasing influence on energy transition projects in China. This research summarizes three common shortcomings in China’s energy transition policy: (1) the lack of explicit policy incentives and constraints; (2) the inadequate authority of policy releasers; and (3) the limited coverage of the policy focus.
A Compact Overview on Li-Ion Batteries Characteristics and Battery Management Systems Integration for Automotive Applications
Authors: Ria Andrea , Dini Pierpaolo
Published: November 2024

The transition to sustainable mobility is progressing rapidly, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing a pivotal role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. At the core of this transformation are lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), valued for their high energy density and long cycle life. However, the increasing demand for EVs necessitates continuous improvements in battery technology and the integration of advanced systems to ensure safe, efficient, and reliable performance. This review offers a clear and comprehensive summary of the latest innovations in Li-ion battery chemistry, battery pack design, and Battery Management System (BMS) functionalities. Unlike other reviews, this work emphasizes practical considerations, such as voltage, power, size, and weight for commercial vehicles. It also addresses integrated safety solutions, including disconnection systems and pre-charge circuits, which are vital for enhancing battery safety and lifespan. Additionally, it explores key BMS functions, like cell monitoring, balancing, and thermal management, all crucial for maximizing battery performance and ensuring safe operation. By consolidating current research and industry practices, this article provides essential information in a concise yet accessible format. It enables researchers to quickly gain a solid understanding of the field, distinguishing itself from reviews that focus on narrower aspects of battery technology. Its holistic approach delivers valuable insights for improving EV charging systems’ safety and performance, making it a highly useful resource for researchers and industry professionals alike.
The Propagation Characteristics of Turbulent Expanding Flames of Methane/Hydrogen Blending Gas
Authors: Zhao Haoran , Yuan Chunmiao , Li Gang , Tian Fuchao
Published: November 2024

In the present study, the effect of hydrogen addition on turbulent flame propagation characteristics is investigated in a fan-stirred combustion chamber. The turbulent burning velocities of methane/hydrogen mixture are determined over a wide range of hydrogen fractions, and four classical unified scaling models (the Zimont model, Gulder model, Schmidt model, and Peters model) are evaluated by the experimental data. The acceleration onset, cellular structure, and acceleration exponent of turbulent expanding flames are determined, and an empirical model of turbulent flame acceleration is proposed. The results indicate that turbulent burning velocity increases nonlinearly with the hydrogen addition, which is similar to that of laminar burning velocity. Turbulent flame acceleration weakens with the hydrogen addition, which is different from that of laminar flame acceleration. Turbulent flame acceleration is dominated by turbulent stretch, and flame intrinsic instability is negligible. Turbulent stretch reduces with hydrogen addition, because the interaction duration between turbulent vortexes and flamelets is shortened. The relative data and conclusions can provide useful reference for the model optimization and risk assessment of hydrogen-enriched gas explosion.
A Stackelberg Game-Based Optimal Scheduling Model for Multi-Microgrid Systems Considering Photovoltaic Consumption and Integrated Demand Response
Authors: Li Jie , Ji Shengyuan , Wang Xiuli , Zhang Hengyuan , Li Yafei , Qian Xiaojie , Xiao Yunpeng
Published: November 2024

To enhance the interests of all stakeholders in the multi-microgrid integrated energy system and to promote photovoltaic consumption, this paper proposes a master–slave game operation optimization strategy for a multi-microgrid system considering photovoltaic consumption and integrated demand response. Initially, an energy interaction model was established to delineate the relationships between each microgrid and the distribution network, as well as the interactions among the microgrids. Additionally, an integrated demand response model for end-users was developed. This framework leads to the formulation of a one-leader multi-follower interaction equilibrium model, wherein the multi-microgrid system acts as the leader and the users of the multi-microgrid serve as followers. It is proven that a unique equilibrium solution for the Stackelberg game exists. The upper level iteratively optimizes variables such as energy-selling prices, equipment output, and energy interactions among microgrids, subsequently announcing the energy-selling prices to the lower level. The lower level is responsible for optimizing energy load and returning the actual load demand to the upper level. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are demonstrated through the case analysis. Thus, the profitability of the multi-microgrid system is enhanced, along with the overall benefits for each microgrid user, and the amount of photovoltaic curtailment is significantly reduced.
Antibiotic Residues in Cultured Fish: Implications for Food Safety and Regulatory Concerns
Authors: Ljubojević Pelić Dragana , Radosavljević Vladimir , Pelić Miloš , Živkov Baloš Milica , Puvača Nikola , Jug-Dujaković Jurica , Gavrilović Ana
Published: November 2024

Antibiotics are widely recognized as significant chemical pollutants that enter the environment and ultimately the food chain. They are extensively used in both aquaculture and terrestrial animal breeding. Antibiotic residues in cultured fish pose significant public health risks, including the potential for antimicrobial resistance and adverse health outcomes. This review examines the widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture, highlighting key challenges such as the lack of reliable data on antibiotic consumption in many regions as well as variability in regulatory enforcement. While strict regulations in European countries help to mitigate risks, the growing, often unregulated use of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries exacerbates concerns over food safety. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of global regulatory frameworks and the impact of antibiotic residues on public health, and it offers recommendations for improving the monitoring, regulation, and responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture in order to ensure safer food products from farmed fish. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the global scope of antibiotic misuse in aquaculture and points to an urgent need for more effective management practices.
Effects of Ozone Gas and Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on the Quality of Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets from the Perspective of Muscle Protein
Authors: Qian Yun-Fang , Sun Lu , Zhang Jing-Jing , Shi Cheng-Jian , Yang Sheng-Ping
Published: November 2024

To elucidate the mechanisms of ozone gas (OG) and slight acid electrolyzed water (SA) on the quality changes in texture, water-holding capacity, and softening of salmon, the bacterial growth, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, a* value, texture properties, carbonyl content and free sulfhydryl content, myofibrillar fragmentation index, and proteolytic activities of salmon treated by OG (1 mg/m3 for 10 min) and SA (ACC 30 mg/L, 5 min) individually and in combination were studied. The results showed that total viable counts of SA + OG (dipped in SAEW for 5 min, followed by exposure to ozone for 10 min) was about 3.36 log CFU/g lower than the control (CK) (dipped in distilled water for 5 min) on day 10. Further studies indicate that at the end of storage, the hardness of SA + OG fillets only decreased by 33.95%, while the drip loss and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) were the lowest (i.e., 14.76% and 101.07). The activity of cathepsin D was extensively inhibited by SA + OG, which was only 2.063 U/g meat at the end. In addition, the carbonyl content was 1.90 μmol/g protein, and the free sulfhydryl content was 39.70 mg/mL in the SA + OG group, indicating that protein oxidation was also effectively inhibited. Correlation analysis shows that bacteria and endogenous proteases are the main causes of protein degradation. Overall, the combination of OG and SAEW is an effective way to maintain the muscle quality of salmon by inhibiting bacterial growth and endogenous enzymes.
Mathematical Modeling of Goat Meat Drying Kinetics with Thermal Oscillations
Authors: Carrillo Luis Valeria , Beristain Rios Diego , Hernández-Flores Omar Augusto , Romero-Salazar Carolina , Sandoval-Torres Sadoth
Published: November 2024

Goat meat has a high nutritional value, since it contains up to 29% protein, as well as iron, potassium and vitamin B12. To prolong the shelf life of this food, a drying process can be applied; however, there is scarce information on the kinetics and drying parameters for this food material. The objective of this work was to characterize the thermal drying process of goat meat, through the mathematical modeling of convective drying kinetics, and its validation with experimental data obtained in a drying tunnel. The experiments were carried out with samples of loin (Longissumus dorsi) of Boer goat meat from the Mixteca region of Oaxaca (Mexico). Meat samples were subjected to air convection drying at 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C (with temperature oscillation), with air velocities of 1 and 2 m/s. Drying kinetics, air and meat temperature profiles, relative humidity and air flow velocity were recorded. Four models were analyzed: two-term, Midilli’s model, Wang and Singh’s model and a heuristic model with temperature dependence. The proposed mathematical models represented drying kinetics with an accurate fitting of experimental data, with standard errors (RMSE) in the range of 0.004–0.029. The estimated diffusion coefficients are consistent with the transport properties in biomaterials. The heuristic model was based on the solution of the effective diffusion equation considering the linearization of the temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient, showing a standard error in the range of 0.007–0.028, satisfactorily representing the temperature oscillations that allows a moisture diffusion reorganization, mainly when drastic temperature changes occur.
Early Detection of Slight Bruises in Yellow Peaches (Amygdalus persica) Using Multispectral Structured-Illumination Reflectance Imaging and an Improved Ostu Method
Authors: Wu Jian , Liu Chenlin , Ouyang Aiguo , Li Bin , Chen Nan , Wang Jing , Liu Yande
Published: November 2024

Assessing the internal quality of fruits is crucial in food chemistry and quality control, and bruises on peaches can affect their edible value and storage life. However, the early detection of slight bruises in yellow peaches is a major challenge, as the symptoms of slight bruises are difficult to distinguish. Herein, this study aims to develop a more simple and efficient structured-illumination reflectance imaging system (SIRI) and algorithms for the early nondestructive detection of slight bruises in yellow peaches. Pattern images of samples were acquired at spatial frequencies of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 cycle mm−1 and wavelengths of 700, 750, and 800 nm using a laboratory-built multispectral structured-illumination reflectance imaging system (M-SIRI), and the direct component (DC) and alternating component (AC) images were obtained by image demodulation. A spatial frequency of 0.10 cycle mm−1 and wavelength of 700 nm were determined to be optimal for acquiring pattern images based on the analysis of the pixel intensity curve of the AC image; then, the pattern images of all yellow peaches samples were obtained. The ratio image (RT) between the AC image and the DC image significantly enhances bruise features. An improved Otsu algorithm is proposed to improve the robustness and accuracy of the Otsu algorithm against dark spot noise in AC and RT images. As a comparison, the global thresholding method and the Otsu method were also applied to the segmentation of the bruised region in all samples. The results indicate that the I-Otsu algorithm has the best segmentation performance for RT images, with an overall detection accuracy of 96%. This study demonstrates that M-SIRI technology combined with the I-Otsu algorithms has considerable potential in non-destructive detection of early bruises in yellow peaches.
What Is the Difference Between Laboratory-Scale and Pilot-Scale Grape-Based Products for Older Adults with Chewing Difficulties?
Authors: Kim Ye-Jun , Ryu Ji-Hye , Lee Jin-Young , Kim Yong-Suk , Kim Dasol , Kwon Yongseok
Published: November 2024

This study was conducted to develop a grape product that can facilitate fruit intake for elderly people with chewing difficulties. In addition, the possibility of field application for future prototype production was investigated by comparing laboratory-scale (lab-scale) and pilot-scale production. The stages (stage 1: able to eat with teeth, stage 2: able to eat with gums, stage 3: able to eat with tongue) of the products were determined according to the Korean Industrial Standards for Seniors Friendly Foods (KS H 4897), and the physicochemical composition was measured according to the general test method of the Food Code. The results of this study showed that when comparing the lab scale and pilot scale in stage 1, the hardness of the pilot scale was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Conversely, both hardness in stages 2 and 3 and viscosity in stage 3 showed a significant decrease in the pilot scale compared to the lab scale (p < 0.05). In addition, pH and sugar acidity were significantly different between the two scales in all stages (p < 0.05). These results confirmed the feasibility of developing customized grape products for the elderly with chewing difficulties, and the differences in physicochemical properties between lab-scale and pilot-scale production confirmed the importance of maintaining product quality during scaled-up production. These results can serve as a basis for developing foods for the elderly that require continuous development, and are expected to contribute to improving the dietary habits and quality of life of the elderly with chewing difficulties.
Current Insights into Industrial Trans Fatty Acids Legal Frameworks and Health Challenges in the European Union and Spain
Authors: Miró-Colmenárez Pablo Javier , Illán-Marcos Esther , Díaz-Cruces Eliana , Rocasolano María Méndez , Martínez-Hernandez José Manuel , Zamora-Ledezma Ezequiel , Zamora-Ledezma Camilo
Published: November 2024

The presence of industrial trans-fatty acids (iTFAs) in processed foods poses significant public health concerns, necessitating comprehensive regulatory frameworks. In this study, the current legal landscape governing iTFA in the European Union and Spain is analyzed, with a particular focus on regulatory effectiveness and implementation challenges. The research methodology combines a systematic review of existing regulations, including EU Regulation No. 1169/2011 and Spanish Law 17/2011, with the analysis of the scientific literature on iTFA health impacts. The results reveal significant regulatory gaps, particularly in enforcement mechanisms and iTFA detection methods. Key challenges are also identified in the present study, including inconsistent compliance monitoring, varying analytical methods for iTFA detection, and contradictions between EU and Spanish regulatory frameworks. Additionally, in this work, the need for harmonized approaches to ultra-processed food regulation is emphasized. Further, the conclusion is that despite the current regulations providing a foundation for iTFA control, it is compulsory to enhance the monitoring systems, and clearer regulatory guidelines are necessary. These would contribute valuable insights for policymakers, food industry stakeholders, and public health professionals working towards effective iTFA regulation.
Preparation of Functional Food with Enhanced Antioxidant Properties by Adding Aronia melanocarpa Polyphenol Honey
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Hao Jiahui , Wang Jie , Wang Siyu , Fan Ziluan
Published: November 2024

To enhance the functionality of honey, particularly its antioxidant capacity, the incorporation of Aronia melanocarpa polyphenols (AMPs) is an effective approach. The preparation technology and antioxidant activity of AMP added to honey were studied. AMP was extracted with ethanol and its components were analyzed and then mixed evenly with honey in different addition amounts (0.1~0.5% w/w). The product was characterized based on the active ingredients (total phenols, total flavonoids, and anthocyanin content) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power) during storage to obtain the optimal storage time. The optimal polyphenol addition amount was determined by combining honey enzyme activity (amylase, glucose oxidase, and sucrase), sensory evaluation, and acute cell toxicity experiments. The optimal preparation process is an addition of 0.4% AMP and a storage time of 14 days or more. The active ingredients of the product are positively correlated with the AMP addition, and the antioxidant activity is significantly improved (from two to eight times). AMP exhibits a notable inhibitory effect on enzyme activity, with concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.4%, resulting in enzyme activity levels in honey remaining at 75% or higher. Honey samples containing 0.1% to 0.5% AMP exhibit minimal to no acute toxicity to cells. AMP can improve the nutritional value of honey, imparting unique color and flavor while enhancing its antioxidant activity. As such, it holds significant potential as a novel functional food.
Metagenomic Insights into the Enhancement of Bioavailable Nitrogen in Continuous Cropping Soil Through the Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Residue Following Fumigation
Authors: Xu Xiangqin , Gao Xi , Gui Chen , Wang Hang , Liu Xiaowen , Wu Guoxing
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Chemical fumigation can effectively inhibit the occurrence of soil-borne diseases; however, this approach can negatively affect the structure of the soil microbial community. The combination of soil fumigant and organic fertilizer application thus represents a widely adopted strategy in agricultural practice. Traditional Chinese medicine residue (TCMR) is a high-quality organic fertilizer; however, the impact of post-fumigation TCMR application on keystone taxa and their functional traits remains uncertain. Methods: This study examined the effects of five fertilization treatments on the diversity, key species, and related functional genes of microbial communities in rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping pepper. Results: Chemical fumigation followed by TCMR application markedly enhanced soil nutrient content in the rhizosphere and significantly influenced microbial community composition as well as functional gene patterns associated with microbial nitrogen cycling. It was also strongly correlated with soil bioavailable nitrogen content. The abundance of keystone bacterial species (Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, and Bacillota) substantially increased following TCMR application, alongside a notable rise in Ascomycota abundance within the fungal community. This shift contributed to an increase in beneficial bacterial abundance while reducing that of harmful bacteria. Additionally, TCMR addition affected the abundance of denitrification and DNRA genes involved in nitrogen cycling; specifically, nirB and nirK were strongly associated with soil organic nitrogen content. Conclusions: The combined application of chemical fumigants and TCMR modified the composition of keystone microbial community species by influencing rhizosphere soil TN and other nutrients, and these alterations were linked to multiple nitrogen-cycling functional genes.
Hotspots for Disease-Causing Mutations in the Mitochondrial TIM23 Import Complex
Authors: Jain Sahil , Paz Eyal , Azem Abdussalam
Published: November 2024

The human mitochondrial proteome comprises approximately 1500 proteins, with only 13 being encoded by mitochondrial DNA. The remainder are encoded by the nuclear genome, translated by cytosolic ribosomes, and subsequently imported into and sorted within mitochondria. The process of mitochondria-destined protein import is mediated by several intricate protein complexes distributed among the four mitochondrial compartments. The focus of this mini-review is the translocase of the inner membrane 23 (TIM23) complex that assists in the import of ~60% of the mitochondrial proteome, which includes the majority of matrix proteins as well as some inner membrane and intermembrane space proteins. To date, numerous pathogenic mutations have been reported in the genes encoding various components of the TIM23 complex. These diseases exhibit mostly developmental and neurological defects at an early age. Interestingly, accumulating evidence supports the possibility that the gene for Tim50 represents a hotspot for disease-causing mutations among core TIM23 complex components, while genes for the mitochondrial Hsp70 protein (mortalin) and its J domain regulators represent hotspots for mutations affecting presequence translocase-associated motor (PAM) subunits. The potential mechanistic implications of the discovery of disease-causing mutations on the function of the TIM23 complex, in particular Tim50, are discussed.
The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem on the Relationship Between Job Satisfaction, Leisure Satisfaction, and Quality of Life Among Korean Police Officers
Authors: Han Seung-Woo , Yoon Hyun-Seok
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: This study was to determine how self-esteem mediates the relationships between leisure satisfaction, job satisfaction, and quality of life (QoL) among Korean police officers. In addition, the purpose is to comprehensively understand the quality of life of police officers by confirming the influence of variables affecting the quality of life of police officers and the direct and indirect effects of each variable and to provide scientific basis data for the application of intervention programs to improve the quality of life. Methods: The study was conducted with police officers working in three police stations in K Metropolitan City and J Province from August 1 to 20, 2024. Data collected were analyzed using the PROCESS Macro (Model 6), which assessed the significance of indirect effects and the variations across mediation pathways. Results: When looking at factors affecting QoL, self-esteem had statistically significant direct and total effects (γ = 0.115, p = 0.001). Leisure satisfaction was found to have a statistically significant total effect (γ = 0.296, p < 0.001) due to the direct effect (γ = 0.273, p < 0.001) and indirect effect (γ = 0.023, p < 0.05) on QoL. In addition, job satisfaction was found to have a statistically significant total effect (γ = 0.450, p < 0.001) due to the direct effect (γ = 0.416, p < 0.001) and indirect effect (γ = 0.034, p < 0.05) on QoL. Conclusions: These results emphasize the necessity of developing programs aimed at increasing the QoL and mental health of police officers by exploiting these relational dynamics. In addition, the fact that self-esteem played a mediating role in the quality of life among each variable suggests that it is necessary to develop and apply programs to improve self-esteem.
Indexes for Estimating Outdoor and Indoor Microclimates: A Case Study at the San Panfilo Church in Tornimparte, Italy
Authors: Racca Eleonora , Bertoni Davide , Ferrarese Silvia
Published: November 2024

In this work, we consider the indoor and outdoor microclimatic conditions and the influence of the building on their relationship. Microclimatic indexes are a useful tool to characterize microclimatic environments, and they can be used to compare indoor and outdoor microclimate conditions and to evaluate the influence of the building itself on the microclimate. The case study refers to the ancient building of San Panfilo church in Tornimparte (Italy), preserving an important cycle of frescoes by depicted by Saturnino Gatti from 1491 to 1494. The microclimatic conditions were measured during a dedicated campaign at several sites in the church and two sites outside: one in a near-building position and one in an open-air site. In order to characterize the indoor and outdoor microclimatic conditions, some statistical indexes were applied. The results show the comparison in microclimatic conditions in the different sites in the church and between indoor and outdoor environments, allowing for the detection of the influence of the building in the microclimatic conditions.
Changes in Physical Attributes, Activities of Fruit Softening Enzymes, Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Fruit Quality of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as Influenced by Maturation and Ripening
Authors: Kaur Jashanpreet , Singh Zora , Mazhar Muhammad Sohail , Shah Hafiz Muhammad Shoaib , Woodward Andrew
Published: November 2024

Changes in physicochemical parameters, fruit softening enzymes and cell wall polysaccharides at four different maturation stages were investigated in two jackfruit genotypes (‘Accession 242’, ‘Accession 341’). For the first three maturity stages, fruit were harvested at 90, 110, and 130 days after flowering (Stage I, II and III, respectively), while Stage IV was determined based on the presence of a dull hollow tapping sound. The fruit edible portion and seed percentage increased, whilst the core and rag percentage decreased with advancement in fruit maturation and ripening. The fruit harvested at Stage IV had comparatively higher soluble solids content (SSC), ascorbic acid and flavonoids, along with lower titratable acidity (TA) and phenolics, than other maturity stages. Bulb firmness was higher at Stage I in both genotypes, along with higher total pectin, protopectin and cellulose compared to other maturity stages. The activity of cell wall hydrolases was higher during later maturity stages. Fruit harvested at Stage IV had higher edible portions, carotenoids, flavonoids and SSC, as well as better colour attributes, while those harvested at Stage I exhibited higher phenolics, TA, pectin and cellulose. These findings could serve as a baseline for future research related to the intended use and maturity standardisation of jackfruit.
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Momentary Associations Between Availability of Physical Activity Space and Physical Activity Opportunities Among Children from Rural, Urban, and Suburban Locales
Authors: Kuhn Ann , Wang Yan , Deitch Rachel , Zemanick Amy , Dunton Genevieve , Turner Lindsey , Hager Erin R.
Published: November 2024

Using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), this study examined associations between momentary availability of physical activity (PA) space and accessibility of PA opportunities among 608 elementary and middle school students who were participating in an obesity prevention trial in one mid-Atlantic state in the U.S. Smartphones prompted EMA surveys at random times to assess children’s perceived availability of PA space and accessibility of PA opportunities during out-of-school time, three to seven times each day over seven days. Multilevel logistic regression, which accounted for multiple responses per student, examined within- and between-person relations as well as the moderating effects of locale. The participants (M age = 10.88 years) lived in suburban (64%), rural (23%), and urban locales (13%). PA space availability was associated with greater PA opportunity accessibility (within-person OR = 9.82, p < 0.001; between-person OR = 22.61, p < 0.001). Locale moderated within-person relationships (p < 0.001), indicating that urban students with space were unable to use it or could be active but were without space. These findings advance our knowledge of temporal and environmental aspects related to childhood PA across diverse locales and can be used by policymakers to make informed decisions to ensure the use of age-appropriate, high quality, and safe spaces, particularly for children in urban areas.
Effect of Group Antenatal Care on Breastfeeding Knowledge and Practices Among Pregnant Women in Ghana: Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lanyo Theresa Norpeli , Williams John , Ghosh Bidisha , Apetorgbor Veronica E. A. , Kukula Vida A. , Zielinski Ruth , Awini Elizabeth , Moyer Cheryl , Lori Jody R.
Published: November 2024

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after birth to ensure child health and survival. Antenatal care provides an opportunity to educate pregnant women on optimal breastfeeding practices. A cluster-randomized control trial in Ghana examined the impact of group antenatal care on breastfeeding knowledge and practice. The study enrolled 1761 pregnant women from 14 health facilities in Ghana. The intervention group (n = 877) received eight group sessions, while the control group (n = 884) received individual, routine care. Data were collected at baseline and post intervention. Pearson’s chi-square test was performed to examine categorical data, while odds ratios were calculated using separate logistic regression models to examine differences between the intervention and control groups over time. Women enrolled in group antenatal care had higher odds of following WHO recommendations to exclusively breastfeed for the first six months (odds ratio [OR]: 3.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.1, 6.3) and waiting to introduce solid food until six months of age (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 6.9). Our results found that women who participated in group antenatal care were more likely to follow the recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding developed by the WHO.
Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Collection Construction of Ancient Sophora japonica L. Using SSR Markers
Authors: Fu Yinyin , Li Shuangyun , Ma Bingyao , Liu Cuilan , Qi Yukun , Pang Caihong
Published: November 2024

Sophora japonica is an important native tree species in northern China, with high ornamental, medicinal, and ecological value. In order to elucidate the genetic resources of ancient S. japonica, 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to evaluate its genetic diversity and population structure and build a core collection of 416 germplasms from the Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei provinces. A total of 160 alleles were detected, the mean major allele frequency (MAF)was 0.39, and the mean effective number of alleles (Ne) was 4.08. Shannon’s information index (I), the observed heterozygosity (Ho), the expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) were 1.58, 0.64, 0.74, and 0.70, respectively, indicating relatively high genetic diversity in ancient S. japonica germplasms. Low genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst = 0.04) and frequent gene flow (Nm = 9.74) were found in the tested S. japonica populations, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the genetic variation mainly came from within individuals (84%). A genetic structure and cluster analysis indicated that 416 ancient S. japonica germplasms could be divided into five subgroups, and there were obvious genetic exchanges among different subgroups. A core collection consisting of 104 (25% of the original collection) germplasms was constructed using the R language package Genetic Subsetter version 0.8 based on the stepwise regression method. The retention rates of the number of alleles (Na), Ne, I, He, and PIC were 87.50%, 106.24%, 103.02%, 102.50%, and 102.74%, respectively. The t-test analysis suggested that there were no significant differences between the core collection and the original collection. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the core collection was uniformly distributed within the initial collection and was able to fully represent the genetic diversity of the original collection. These results provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of ancient S. japonica germplasms.
Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Subnetwork Biomarkers for Women with Breast Cancer Using Integrative Genomic and Network-Based Analysis
Authors: Al-Harazi Olfat , El Allali Achraf , Kaya Namik , Colak Dilek
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer remains a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Early detection and effective treatment are essential in improving patient survival. Advances in omics technologies have provided deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer. This study aimed to identify subnetwork markers with diagnostic and prognostic potential by integrating genome-wide gene expression data with protein–protein interaction networks. We identified four significant subnetworks revealing potentially important hub genes, including VEGFA, KIF4A, ZWINT, PTPRU, IKBKE, STYK1, CENPO, and UBE2C. The diagnostic and prognostic potentials of these subnetworks were validated using independent datasets. Unsupervised principal component analysis demonstrated a clear separation of breast cancer patients from healthy controls across multiple datasets. A KNN classification model, based on these subnetworks, achieved an accuracy of 97%, sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 94%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 96%. Moreover, the prognostic significance of these subnetwork markers was validated using independent transcriptomic datasets comprising over 4000 patients. These findings suggest that subnetwork markers derived from integrated genomic network analyses can enhance our understanding of the molecular landscape of breast cancer, potentially leading to improved diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies.
Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Non-Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoparticles on DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Malinowska Kinga , Tarhonska Kateryna , Foksiński Marek , Sicińska Paulina , Jabłońska Ewa , Reszka Edyta , Zarakowska Ewelina , Gackowski Daniel , Górecka Karolina , Balcerczyk Aneta , Bukowska Bożena
Published: November 2024

The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration- and size-dependent effects of non-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) of varying diameters (29 nm, 44 nm, and 72 nm) on specific epigenetic modifications and gene expression profiles related to carcinogenesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. This in vitro human-cell-based model is used to investigate the epigenetic effect of various environmental xenobiotics. PBMCs were exposed to PS-NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 µg/mL for 24 h period. The analysis encompassed epigenetic DNA modifications, including levels of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC), as well as the levels of 2′-deoxyuridine (dU) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (5-hmdU) by mass spectrometry methods, methylation in the promoter regions of selected tumor suppressor genes TP53 (P53), CDKN2A (P16), and CDKN1A (P21) and proto-oncogenes (CCND1, BCL2, BCL6), along with the expression profile of the indicated genes by real-time PCR assays. The results obtained revealed no significant changes in global DNA methylation/demethylation levels in PBMCs after short-term exposure to non-functionalized PS-NPs. Furthermore, there were no changes observed in the level of dU, a product of cytosine deamination. However, the level of 5-hmdU, a product of both 5-hmdC deamination and thymine oxidation, was increased at the highest concentrations of larger PS-NPs (72 nm). None of the PS-NPs caused a change in the methylation pattern of the promoter regions of the TP53, CDKN2A, CDKN1A, CCND1, BCL2 and BCL6 genes. However, gene profiling indicated that PS-NPs with a diameter of 29 nm and 44 nm altered the expression of the TP53 gene. The smallest PS-NPs with a diameter of 29 nm increased the expression of the TP53 gene at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, while PS-NPs with a diameter of 44 nm did so at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. An increase in the expression of the CDKN2A gene was also observed when PBMCs were exposed to PS-NPs with 29 nm in diameter at the highest concentration. The observed effect depended on both the concentration and the size of the PS-NPs.
Effects of PEMF and LIPUS Therapy on the Expression of Genes Related to Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Schwann Cells
Authors: Siwak Mateusz , Piotrzkowska Danuta , Skrzypek Maciej , Majsterek Ireneusz
Published: November 2024

Peripheral nerve regeneration remains a major challenge in neuroscience, despite advancements in understanding its mechanisms. Current treatments, including nerve transplantation and drug therapies, face limitations such as invasiveness and incomplete recovery of nerve function. Physical therapies, like pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and low-intensity ultrasound (LIPUS), are gaining attention for their potential to enhance regeneration. This study analyzes the effects of PEMF and LIPUS on gene expression in human primary Schwann cells, which are crucial for nerve myelination and repair. Key genes involved in neurotrophin signaling (NGF, BDNF), inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β), and regeneration (CRYAB, CSPG, Ki67) were assessed. The results of this study reveal that combined PEMF and LIPUS therapies promote Schwann cell proliferation, reduce inflammation, and improve the regenerative environment, offering potential for optimizing these therapies for clinical use in regenerative medicine.