bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discordant umbilical arteries in the umbilical cord entanglement: a light microscope study
Authors: Şenyuva İrem , Küçük Şirin
Published: January 2022

Objective The present study aimed to examine the histopathological diagnosis of the umbilical artery discordance in cases with single or multiple umbilical cord entanglement and pregnancy outcomes. Methods The vascular structure of the umbilical cord, histopathological findings of the placenta and obstetric outcomes were retrospectively examined in 50 cases. The cases were divided into two groups by the number of cord entanglement (single-multiple) and their histopathological findings and neonatal Apgar scores were assessed. Results Out of 50 cases, 38 (76%) had single and 12 (24%) had multiple cord entanglement. In 50 cases, the mean gestational age was 39.16±1.06 weeks, neonatal Apgar scores were 8.7±0.58 at 1 minute and 9.64±0.56 at 5 minute. No statistically significant difference was detected between single and multiple groups in terms of gestational age (p=0.79), 1-minute Apgar score (p=0.832) and 5-minute Apgar score (p=0.656). In histopathological examination, the diameters of umbilical arteries 1 and 2 were found to be 0.11±0.12, 0.09±0.05 µm, respectively in the single group (p=0.756) and 0.13±0.14, 0.06±0.02 µm, respectively in the multiple group (p=0.131). When the umbilical arterial diameters were compared by group, the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 was detected 0.09±0.05 µm in the single and 0.06±0.02 µm in the multiple group and statistically significant difference was detected (p=0.037). Out of 50 cases, placental hypoxia finding was detected as chorangiosis only in 10 cases (2 multiple, 8 single). Conclusion Umbilical artery discordance was detected in cases with multiple umbilical cord entanglement. However, poor pregnancy outcome was not observed in any of the cases. When multiple cord entanglement is seen during obstetric examination, umbilical artery discordance must be remembered and investigated, and also maternal-fetal condition should be considered.
Morphometric analysis of duodenum in human fetus
Authors: Karabağ Sevil , Eren Erdoğan Kıvılcım , Alsancak Perihan , Soygun Nazlı , Doran Figen
Published: January 2022

Objective The mucosa of the duodenum is lined by finger-like villi. In adults, the villus height to width ratio is about 4–5:1. The aim of this study is to evaluate the villus height to width ratio in the human fetus. Methods Eighty-one human fetal autopsies were included in the study. Three random villi were measured with the X and Y-axes. The statistical analysis was performed by Pearson correlation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-square, linear regression tests, and Student’s t-test. Results There were 29 female and 52 male fetuses. The age range was between 12 and 40 weeks of gestation. Of 81 fetuses, 2 were in the first trimester, 73 in the second trimester, and 6 in the third trimester. The mean villus height to width ratios in the first, second, and third trimesters were 2.75±0.37, 3.21±0.17, and 3.76±0.6, respectively. There was no correlation between the week of gestation and duodenum villus height to width ratio (p=0.080). The mean villus height to width ratios among females and males were 3.62±1.28 and 3.02±0.84, respectively (p=0.014). Conclusion In our study, villi were blunter and shorter in fetuses than in adults but not in children regardless of weeks of gestation compared to the literature. The gradual elongation of villi after birth may be attributed to environmental factors.
Pregnancy onset congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Upshaw-Schulman syndrome) mimicking HELLP syndrome: a case report
Authors: Ergin Başak , Kobal Berna Buse , Yazıcı Zeynep , Kaya Ali Hakan , Canbek Sezin , Muhcu Murat , Özel Ayşegül
Published: January 2022

Objective Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a thrombotic microangiopathic condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal dysfunction. Thrombotic microangiopathies such as preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are pregnancy-specific, whereas others such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome are not. In this report, we present a case at which we identified a novel mutation which led to a significant reduction of ADAMTS13 activity. Case(s) A nulliparous pregnant woman of 32-year-old presenting with epigastric pain, hypertension and low platelet count was first suspected of HELLP syndrome, but was diagnosed with congenital TTP after delivery. Conclusion HELLP syndrome co-existed with undiagnosed TTP in this case. We strive to have sufficient awareness in order to distinguish these two pathologies from each other on an antenatal basis, because the causes of the managements are entirely different.
Systemic immune-inflammation index in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies
Authors: Turgut Ezgi , Sakcak Bedri , Oluklu Deniz , Göncü Ayhan Şule , Şahin Dilek
Published: January 2022

Objective To evaluate the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in twin pregnancies. Methods The retrospective study included 200 twin (dichorionic/ diamniotic and monochorionic/diamniotic) and 200 singleton pregnancies (control group). All pregnant women were in the first trimester (<14 weeks of gestation). The study and the control groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, laboratory test results, and SII values. Results The mean week of gestation was 9.7±2 in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy group, 10.4±2 in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy group and 9.4±2 for the control group (p=0.083). The lymphocyte value was lower in the dichorionic group and monochorionic group than in the control group (p=0.020 and p=0.020, respectively). The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values were higher in the dichorionic group than in the control group (p=0.002). However, there was no statistical difference between the groups for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and SII values (p>0.05). Conclusion Physiological inflammatory/immune reaction of early pregnancy may affect PLR values in twin pregnancies. We observed that chorionicity is considerable for these inflammatory indices, especially for dichorionic twin pregnancies. However, we could not detect a significant change in SII values in twin pregnancy.
Diagnostic utility of protein excretion in 24-hour urine and the protein to creatinine ratio for adverse perinatal outcomes and time of delivery
Authors: Ömeroğlu İbrahim , Dereli Akdeniz Didem , Gölbaşı Hakan , Gölbaşı Ceren , Ekin Atalay
Published: January 2022

Objective Our study aimed to evaluate the perinatal and neonatal outcomes of hypertensive pregnant women with or without proteinuria. We compared the predictivity of spot urinary protein to creatinine (P/C) ratio and 24-hour protein excretions on outcomes. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 230 pregnant women with a new diagnosis of hypertension between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation. We divided the patients into two groups according to the protein level determined by 24-hour urine collection and P/C ratio. The presence and level of proteinuria, its relationship with the P/C ratio, and the relationship between these findings and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. Results Gestational age at delivery weeks and latency period (duration between diagnosis of hypertension and delivery) were significantly earlier in pregnant women with ≥300 mg/24-h and P/C ratio ≥0.3. Adverse neonatal outcomes were significant in patients with proteinuria ≥300 mg/24-hour and P/C ratio ≥0.3. Urinary protein levels in 24-hour urine were significantly higher in pregnant women with P/C ratio ≥0.3 and a significantly positive correlation was found between 24-h proteinuria and P/C (r=0.382, p<0.001). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that a protein loss of ≥300 mg in 24-h and a P/C ratio in spot urine ≥0.3 in hypertensive pregnant women is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Furthermore, we have identified that proteinuria ≥300 mg/day and spot urine P/C ratio ≥0.3 in hypertensive pregnant women make them prone to early delivery risk.
HActivityNet: A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Human Activity Recognition
Authors: Khaliluzzaman Md. , Md. Abu Bakar Siddiq Sayem  , Lutful KaderMisbah
Published: January 2022

Human Activity Recognition (HAR), a vast area of a computer vision research, has gained standings in recent years due to its applications in various fields. As human activity has diversification in action, interaction, and it embraces a large amount of data and powerful computational resources, it is very difficult to recognize human activities from an image. In order to solve the computational cost and vanishing gradient problem, in this work, we have proposed a revised simple convolutional neural network (CNN) model named Human Activity Recognition Network (HActivityNet) that is automatically extract and learn features and recognize activities in a rapid, precise and consistent manner. To solve the problem of imbalanced positive and negative data, we have created two datasets, one is HARDataset1 dataset which is created by extracted image frames from KTH dataset, and another one is HARDataset2 dataset prepared from activity video frames performed by us. The comprehensive experiment shows that our model performs better with respect to the present state of the art models. The proposed model attains an accuracy of 99.5% on HARDatase1 and almost 100% on HARDataset2 dataset. The proposed model also performed well on real data.
Study of Nickel Extraction Process from Spent Catalysts with Hydrochloric Acid Solution: Effect of Temperature and Kinetics Study
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Wanta Kevin Cleary , Simanungkalit Ivanna Crecentia Narulita ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bahri Elsha Pamida ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Susanti Ratna Frida ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University, Gemilar Gelar Panji ,   PT Petrokimia Gresik, Astuti Widi ,   Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Petrus Himawan Tri Bayu Murti ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Published: January 2022

As one of the hazardous and toxic solid wastes, spent catalysts need to be treated before the waste is discharged into the environment. One of the substances that need to be removed from the spent catalysts is the heavy metal ions and/or compounds contained therein. The method that can be applied is the extraction method using an acid solvent. In this study, the extraction process was carried out on spent catalysts samples from PT. Petrokimia Gresik. The focus of the study is on nickel extraction by varying the temperature in the range of 30–85 oC. A 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution was used as a solvent while the extraction process was 120 minutes. The experimental results show that the maximum nickel recovery of 14.70% can be achieved at a temperature of 85 oC. Kinetic studies were carried out using two kinetic models. The results of both models evaluation on the research data show that the lump model gives better results than the shrinking core model. The average error percentage of the lump model is smaller than the shrinking core model. It indicates that the extraction process was controlled by the diffusion step through the ash layer in the solid and chemical reactions simultaneously.
PEMODELAN PROSES BISNIS PENGADAAN BARANG (STOK) MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN BUSINESS PROCESS MODELLING NOTATION (BPMN)
Authors: Novian Candra , Idah Yusyida Munsa , Rifai Zanuar
Published: January 2022

Dalam organisasi tentunya sudah pasti memiliki proses bisnis yang menopang kegiatan atau aktivitas bisnis didalamnya guna mecapai visi dan misi yang teridentifikasi. Saat ini proses bisnis yang berjalan di Sahabat Hutama Mandiri atau SHM Purwokerto sudah dibantu dengan sistem inventory akan tetapi sistem tersebut masih memiliki banyak kekurangan seperti kurangnya fitur-fitur sehingga admin harus membuat pencatatan secara manual untuk bagian yang belum memiliki fitur. Maka dari itu perlu dibuat Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses bisnis yang terjadi di SHM Purwokerto dan, meminimalisir kesalahan yang sering terjadi pada sistem yang ada di Sahabat Hutama Mandiri Purwokerto. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah perlu ada nya penambahan beberapa fitur-fitur seperti fitur return atau pengembalian barang yang rusak, sistem penentuan harga yang ada di sistem inventori pada Sahabat Hutama Mandiri.
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI DOMPET DIGITAL MENGGUNAKAN TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANE MODEL (TAM)
Authors: Firdaus Zuraida Yuniar , Krisbiantoro Dwi , Afiana Fiby Nur
Published: January 2022

Era revolusi industry 4.0 mendorong perkembangan teknologi dengan konsep Internet of Thing (IoT), bentuk penerapan IoT adalah penggunaan dompet digital sebagai alat pembayaran dalam kebutuhan bertransaksi. Salah satu dompet digital yang tengah berkembang di kalangan masyarakat adalah aplikasi DANA, dimana DANA memberikan kemudahan bertransaksi dengan lebih cepat dan praktis, serta memungkinkan pengguna melakukan pembayara nontunai dan tanpa kartu untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari. Beberapa pengguna DANA mengeluhkan adanya permasalahan kegagalan verifikasi identitas pengguna. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis factor-faktor penerimaan dan penggunaan aplikasi DANA menggunakan pendekatan technology acceptance model TAM) dengan menambahkan variabel mobile payment charatcetistic sebagai variabel independent. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa mobile payment characteristic secara simultan memiliki pengaruh terhadap penerimaan dan penggunaan aplikasi DANA.
DETECTION AND MITIGATION OF DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS ON NETWORK ARCHITECTURE SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING USING THE NAIVE BAYES ALGORITHM
Authors: Munir Misbachul , Ardiansyah Ipung , Santoso Joko Dwi , Mustopa Ali , Mulyatun Sri
Published: January 2022

DDoS attacks are a form of attack carried out by sending packets continuously to machines and even computer networks. This attack will result in a machine or network resources that cannot be accessed or used by users. DDoS attacks usually originate from several machines operated by users or by bots, whereas Dos attacks are carried out by one person or one system. In this study, the term to be used is the term DDoS to represent a DoS or DDoS attack. In the network world, Software Defined Network (SDN) is a promising paradigm. SDN separates the control plane from forwarding plane to improve network programmability and network management. As part of the network, SDN is not spared from DDoS attacks. In this study, we use the naïve Bayes algorithm as a method to detect DDoS attacks on the Software Defined Network network architecture
SISTEM INFORMASI ASET ORGANISASI MUHAMMADIYAH CABANG MINGGIR YOGYAKARTA BERBASIS WEBSITE
Authors: Nugroho Agung , Hilda Isna Arifatul
Published: January 2022

Kebutuhan Informasi aset Organisasi Muhammadiyah Cabang Minggir saat ini dilakukan dengan meminta kepada pengelola amal usaha untuk aset data. Akibatnya Pimpinan Cabang tidak bisa mendapatkan informasi aset secara langsung saat dibutuhkan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, peneliti mencoba menganalisis dan membangun sistem informasi organisasi aset menggunakan metode pengembangan sistem informasi SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) dengan model Waterfall, desain model proses DFD (Data Flow Diagram), desain model data ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram), desain antarmuka, dan desain database. Aplikasi yang dihasilkan berupa prototype sistem informasi aset yang akan digunakan Pimpinan Cabang untuk inventarisasi aset. Aplikasi berbasis website responsif yang fleksibel untuk diakses dari segi waktu dan tempat serta mampu menghadirkan antarmuka yang dapat beradaptasi dengan perangkat pengguna.
The Impact of Telegram on Syntactic Complexity of the Saudi Female EFL Undergraduates’ Argumentative, Classification, and Reaction Essays
Authors: Falah AlMohaya Lamyaa
Published: January 2022

The aim of this exploratory experimental quantitative is to investigate the impact of the learning environment and text types on the syntactic complexity of female Saudi students majoring in English language. Specifically, the study seeks to explore how and when the syntactic complexity of these students increases/decreases as a whole and across the fourteen measures of syntactic complexity (MLS, MLT.MLC.C/S, VP/T, C/T, DC/C, DC/T, T/S, CT/T, CP/T, CP/C, CN/T, CN/C) in two learning contexts: traditional learning context (TLC) and blended learning context (BLT) across three writing tasks (argumentative, classification ,and reaction). It purports, also, to find out when and which learning context leads to the most/least increase/decrease in the syntactic complexity (as a whole and across specific measures) of Saudi undergraduate in the three writing tasks. To answer such questions, 48 female Saudi EFL undergraduate students were recruited from the pool of level six students. The participants were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. The control group consisted of 28 students; while the experimental group was comprised of 20 students. The 288 students’ writing productions were analyzed according to the fourteen measures of syntactic complex by using a paired t-test and an independent t test. For the first question, the results of this study show that there was no increase/decrease in syntactic complexity, either as a whole or partially across individual measures, for the control group for the three writing tasks (argumentation, classification, and reaction). This would suggest that traditional learning method does not reach to level to be significant to the participants in the control group. For the second research question, the t-tests showed that the syntactic complexity of the participants in the experimental group increased as a whole in both the classification and reaction essays. An increase in complexity was shown across the following measures for the classification essay: MLS, MLT, MLC, CN/T/VP/T, and CN/C. For the reaction essay, an increase in complexity was shown across MLS, MLT, MLC, and CN/T measures. Although the syntactic complexity of these participants did not increase/decrease as a whole for the argumentation essay, the CN/T measure did show some increase. Finally, the comparison between the results of the two groups revealed that, although the experimental group in this study showed more improvement in syntactic complexity than the control group, the degree of difference between the two groups was too small to draw any definite conclusion about the relative effectiveness of the two methods. This may be due to the comparatively short duration of the study: ten weeks. The findings of this research have significant implications for academic research and for Saudi EFL teachers at the university level.
THE MANDARIN ORAL MASTERY PROGRAMME AS PERCEIVED BY NON-NATIVE LEARNERS
Authors: Chua Nurul Ain , Soon Goh Ying , Ibrahim Mohd Yusri , Che Noh Che Hasniza , Mansor Noor Rohana , Embong Eusoff Abdul Mutalib , Abdul Rashid Roswati , Shen Min
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Pinyin is required in learning Mandarin. The challenge of Romanised Pinyin is that learners must decipher the meaning of words based on the change of tone. Communication research is often conducted without accounting for the effects of the change of tone in learning a language. With the aim of avoiding miscommunication while strengthening awareness, Campus Buddies Programme was employed to provide tone practice for learners and consequently explores the effectiveness of the intervention.
 
Methodology: This quantitative classroom-based research gathered information through the administration of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to 32 Mandarin Level 1 learners identified through purposive sampling. The students studied five topics from the syllabus. A total of 10 native speakers who scored A in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) mentored the learners during the programme. The participants were instructed to answer both pre- and post-tests. Part A consists of demographic details, whereas Part B focuses on the effectiveness of questions and Part C consists of 30 questions of content learned by the respondents. The data were then analysed using SPSS 26 software.
 
Findings: The respondents demonstrated a positive response towards the programme and suggested further improvement ideas such as prolonging the training session and adding more topics and oral activities. The results implicated the programme as a motivator for oral fluency. Many non-native speakers can benefit from conversation with Mandarin native speakers because it is a strong indicator and sound oral mastery strategy.
 
Contributions: This research provides insights into the effectiveness of the current programme in motivating students’ oral learning. The outcome is essential in determining the Mandarin conversation strategy. More studies adopting different variables are proposed to explore correlations from different perspectives in order to improve students’ oral learning.
 
Keywords: Tonal pronunciation, native speakers, non-native speakers, foreign language instruction, Mandarin conversation.
 
Cite as: Chua, N. A., Soon, G. Y., Ibrahim, M. Y., Che Noh, C. H., Mansor, N. R., Embong Eusoff, A. M., Abdul Rashid, R., & Shen, M. (2022). The Mandarin oral mastery programme as perceived by non-native learners.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp1-23
CHALLENGES FACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAKAFUL INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH AND INDONESIA: A REVIEW
Authors: Lubaba Saeeda , Faruq Ahmad Abu Umar , Muneeza Aishath
Published: January 2022

Takaful is the Islamic version of insurance, and the size of global takaful industry is about USD$51 billion in 2019. Limited studies have been conducted on the development of takaful sector in Bangladesh and Indonesia using a comparative approach. As such, this review aims at investigating the challenges facing the development of takaful industry in these two countries. Primary sources such as laws and regulations, and the secondary sources such as scholarly articles and books on the subject matter were reviewed to derive conclusions. This review concludes that efficiency of takaful in both countries depend on some common factors, such as having a proper and sophisticated regulatory framework for takaful with the development of required talent pool while focusing on creating awareness and education to ensure that not only the general public have the required takaful literacy; but even the existing and potential customers have the basic knowledge about takaful. Further, it is also found in this review that in order to further develop the takaful industry in both countries, it is imperative to use innovation and technology to promote takaful parallel to the conventional insurance by creating a level playing field. This review also identifies some specific issues in both countries and have suggested recommendations accordingly. It is anticipated that the outcome of this review will assist policy makers and other stakeholders to understand the inhibitions facing the development of takaful industry in these two jurisdictions with hope that these challenges can be eliminated for the sustainable development of takaful sector.
 
Keywords: Insurance, Islamic insurance, Islamic finance, review, Shariah, Takaful.
 
Cite as: Lubaba, S., Ahmad, A. U. F., & Muneeza, A. (2022). Challenges facing the development of Takaful industry in Bangladesh and Indonesia: A review.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 100-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp100-113
ATTRIBUTES AND PERFORMANCE OF FUND MANAGEMENT COMPANIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE LARGEST SHARIAH-COMPLIANT FUND MARKETS
Authors: Marzuki Ainulashikin , Bani Atta Anas Ahmad , Worthington Andrew
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: The study examines the effect of fund management companies’ (FMCs) attributes on FMC performance in the four countries with the largest number of Islamic funds from 2007 to 2018.
 
Methodology: The study uses pooled regression analysis on 70 FMCs, comprising Saudi Arabia (25), Malaysia (20), Indonesia (14) and Pakistan (11). The sample is further divided into FMC with Islamic funds focused (IFFMC) and conventional funds focused (CFFMC).
 
Findings: Only past flows are insignificantly related to performance. Both proxies for size positively relate to returns, but only in the case of Saudi Arabia. In Pakistan, performance improves with assets under management (AUM), while in Malaysia and Indonesia, an increasing number of funds negatively relate to performance. A relatively high number of better performing funds positively affect FMC and vice versa. Additionally, there are significant differences in the factors determining IFFMC and CFFMC performance, with the number of funds and AUM positively affecting the performance of IFFMC but not CFFMC. Poorly performing funds adversely affect CFFMC but not IFFMC.
 
Contributions: This study provides useful information for investors using a top-down approach to FMC then fund selection, and for managers in evaluating the impact of factors like FMC scale and scope on performance. The impact of these attributes differs between CFFMCs and IFFMCs which lies in the performance differences commonly observed, at the FMC and fund level.
 
Keywords: Islamic funds management industries, Islamic mutual fund, fund performance, Islamic finance.
 
Cite as: Marzuki, A., Bani Atta, A. A., & Worthington, A. (2022). Attributes and performance of fund management companies: Evidence from the largest Shariah-compliant fund markets. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 114-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp114-141
MALAY DIALECT VARIANTS IN LANGKAWI: A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Ab. Hamid Norfazila , A. Hamid Shahidi , Aman Rahim , Ramli Norhasliza , Zakaria Zulayti , Iswary Ery
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Dialectical studies scrutinised the closeness, kinship or genealogy of dialects derived from a language. Previous scholars divide Malay dialects in Peninsular Malaysia into four main clusters. The first cluster are the Johor-Melaka-Selangor and Central Perak. The second cluster is a group that spreads from the Patani region covering the Patani-Kelantan-Terengganu dialect. The third is the Negeri Sembilan cluster, and the fourth is the Kedah dialect. Generally, the Kedah dialect is divided into seven groups, covering Kedah (including Langkawi), Perlis, Penang and northern Perak Taiping. This study aims to investigate the Malay dialect variants in Langkawi Island via the Historical Linguistics approach and qualitative comparison research design.
 
Methodology: This study utilised the qualitative research method. A total of 23 native speakers of Langkawi Malay dialect participated in this study. These informants were selected using NORM (an acronym for non-mobile, older, rural and males). Data collection mainly used several techniques such as interviews, recordings, and observations. The data were analysed based on the scope of comparative linguistics.
 
Findings: The findings show that there are five characteristics of separated innovation between the Kuah and Air Hangat variants in one group and the Kedawang variant in other groups. Furthermore, there are nine innovations that separate the Langkawi Malay dialect from the Proto Malayik language. This study indicates that the Kedawang variant is an earlier variant apart from the Kuah and Air Hangat variants.
 
Contributions: In addition to further strengthen the research on the various dialects spoken in Malaysia, this study attempts to highlight the complete description of the Kedah dialect varieties. This study also contributes to the science of Malay language variants and Malay Dialectology studies.
 
Keywords: Historical linguistics, reconstruction, innovation, Langkawi Island, Malay dialect.
 
Cite as: Ab. Hamid, N., Shahidi, A. H., Aman, R., Ramli, N., Zakaria, Z., & Iswary, E. (2022). Malay dialect variants in Langkawi: A diachronic perspective analysis.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 142-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp142-167
STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF PASHTO PATH PS
Authors: Khan Sardaraz , Kainat
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Past studies categorized Pashto prepositions as pre-position, post-position and ambi-position on the basis of their syntactical position in a unit of grammar. This paper aims to analyze the Pashto path prepositions and to find out its syntactic differences from other major languages, particularly English.
 
Methodology: A data corpus consisted of 245 clauses and sentences collected from Pashto grammar books was analysed using a nanosyntax approach, following Pantcheva and Svenonius’ decomposition of Path Ps and Place Ps where the terminal nodes of Pashto path Ps in the data were identified.
 
Findings: The findings revealed that Pashto Path Ps exhibited Pantcheva’s eight functional semantic heads, but its complexity due to ambiposition and precedence of place Ps over path Ps in complex phrases required adjustments in Pantcheva and Svenonius’ syntactical models to harness the complex patterns of Pashto prepositional system. Moreover, the headedness of PPs in Pashto is flexible, as it can be both head initial and head final.
 
Contributions: This paper not only contributes to the existing literature on Pashto Path Ps but also reflects that the existing syntactic models may further be enriched by their application to cross linguistic data. This paper suggests further studies into Pashto prepositions from other syntactic and semantic perspectives such as nanosyntax algebraic models and iconicity which will not only contribute to the understanding of Pashto grammar and syntax but also to learning Pashto as a second language and translating it.
 
Keywords: Preposition, post position, ambiposition, Path Ps, Place Ps.
 
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Kainat. (2022). Structural decomposition of Pashto path Ps. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 168-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp168-195
UNTANGLING THE NEEDS OF REFUGEES IN MALAYSIA: THE WAY FORWARD
Authors: Nazri Atika Shafinaz , Talib@Khalid Kartini Aboo , Sulaiman Nidzam , Gidah Mary Ellen
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: NGOs have become the most vital actors in meeting refugees’ needs in Malaysia; alas, most of these concerns cover basic needs such as food, health care, and education. In this regard, this study investigates other forms of NGOs assistance that ought to be provided to Malaysia's refugee communities to enhance living standards.
 
Methodology: This study employs a qualitative approach consisting of semi-structured interviews with Somalian, Rohingya, Pakistani and Syrian refugees. Data were collected during observation trips in Penang, Kedah, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Johor to comprehensively understand these diasporic communities, notably regarding the challenges refugees face in Malaysia.
 
Findings: The data indicated that refugee communities are significantly in need of proper and accessible channels through which they might share their grievances, temporary shelters, mental health care, and language classes. The team concluded that these forms of assistance ought to be made available to all refugee communities in Malaysia. Without such forms of assistance from NGOs, refugees' lived realities are made invariably more difficult; this is in addition to their vulnerability to forces that threaten their security.
 
Contributions: This paper provides insights into the needs of refugees in Malaysia based on interviews and observations conducted with them. Based on the findings, this research provides recommendations to NGOs to ameliorate life necessities for refugee communities.
 
Keywords: Humanitarian assistance, Malaysia, NGOs, refugees, UNHCR.
 
Cite as: Nazri, A. S., Talib@Khalid, K. A., Sulaiman, N., & Gidah, M. E. (2022). Untangling the needs of refugees in Malaysia: The way forward.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 196-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp196-220
MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS AND THE MOTIVATION OF PAKISTANI ESL LEARNERS: A REVIEW
Authors: Jafri Uzma Atif
Published: January 2022

The aim of this paper is to review the literature and exemplify the manifestation of integrative and instrumental motivational orientations in Pakistan’s ESL learners with reference to Gardner’s Socio-Educational model. It delineates issues that impede the motivational process and contextual elements with motivational factors that could provide new insights to help practitioners plus policy makers to determine and address contemporary concerns in the holistic learning of English. The study principally sheds light on the current state of motivation in Pakistani ESL students, projecting a need to revise the English language curricula to more inclusive ones at all academic tiers; construct collegial classrooms; modify the practiced didactic approaches and focus on development of contextually suitable contents as some of the initiatives that need to be taken into consideration for nurturing students’ and teachers’ motivation in alignment with the model. The present study majorly proposes the need to utilize the Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) for comprehensive analysis of students’ motivation and it provides an adapted simplified version of AMTB that can be used to examine Pakistani ESL students’ motivation, and further tested in other similar contexts.
 
Key Words: ESL, instrumental, motivational orientations, integrative, language learning.
 
Cite as: Jafri, U. A. (2022). Motivational orientations and the motivation of Pakistani ESL learners: A review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 221-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp221-242
WHY DOES BANGLADESH REQUIRE A CENTRALIZED SHARIAH GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK FOR ISLAMIC BANKS?
Authors: Alam Md. Kausar , Thakur Oli Ahad
Published: January 2022

The main objective of this article is to describe the logical reasons why a Centralized Shariah Governance Framework (CSGF) provided by the Central Bank of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bank) is essential for the country’s Islamic banks. In doing so, it identifies the major regulatory challenges (self-developed and disparate use of Shariah Governance (SG) practices) faced by Islamic banks in Bangladesh. It considers an analytical approach to explore the significance of a CSGF for Islamic banks in Bangladesh and examines the current diversified procedures of SG practices. This article reveals that the self-developed SG practices of Islamic banks in Bangladesh have created confusion and pessimism among the practitioners, bankers and even to the general people and regulators which is negatively affecting the overall image of Islamic banks. Such incongruent governance practices have led to inconsistencies in SG structures, implementation procedures, monitoring activities. In addition, this article reveals that these deficiencies usually exist due to weak monitoring systems of the Central Bank, ineffective functioning of individual Shariah Supervisory Boards (SSB) and the absence of comprehensive SGF. The article argues that the Central Bank of Bangladesh should initiate to reform its Islamic banking industry by introducing a CSGF aimed to identify the roles, responsibilities, powers, and functions of SSB; thereby improving governance, accountability, and overall Shariah compliance quality. This article is hoped to be beneficial for the regulators and practitioners to consider revising current practices.
 
Keywords: Centralization, Bangladesh Bank, Islamic banks, Shariah governance framework.
 
Cite as: Alam, M. K., & Thakur, O. A. (2022). Why does Bangladesh require a centralized Shariah governance framework for Islamic banks?  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 24-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp24-42
PSYCHOGEOGRAPHICAL EXPERIENCE BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE PLACE
Authors: Shah Khaidzir Mohd Fadhli , Hashim Ruzy Suliza , Md. Yusof Noraini
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: The absence of psychogeographical awareness is a critical factor contributing to the lackadaisical attitudes towards the place and its environment. As a result, it enables an individual to fully experience a location, both physically and intellectually, while also gaining a feeling of self-discovery and self-realisation.
 
Methodology: The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of a group of individuals who participated in a field observation. 40 participants from a Malaysian university's foundation level were brought to Malacca to experience the environment's geographical scenery at their own leisure. The survey data was then manually transcribed and analysed in accordance with the study's aim.
 
Findings: Interactions with individuals and observation of features in the countryside and urban surroundings enabled participants to go on a psychogeographical journey that influenced their way of thinking and behaving. All participants felt that the journey had influenced their experiences and perspectives on their thinking and behaviour, highlighting the critical role of this notion in establishing the connection between place and self.
 
Contributions:  The findings of this study provide a solid foundation for future research in the field of psychogeography. The data may be used as a baseline for future studies to determine whether a comparable impact exists in other locations, with or without significant features like those found in Malacca.
 
Keywords: Psychogeography, place attachment, place meaning, self-discovery, Malacca.
 
Cite as: Khaidzir, M. F. S., Hashim, R. S., & Md. Yusof, N. (2022). Psychogeographical experience between the self and the place.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 243-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp243-263
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE DIMENSIONS AND TEACHER WELL-BEING IN MALAYSIAN INDIGENOUS SCHOOLS
Authors: Kamarudin Nor Aqilah , Binti Ahmad Azlinzuraini , Bin Abdul Halim Muhammad Abi Sofian , Bin Abdullah Ramle , Kamalrulzaman Nurul Izni
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Teaching at indigenous schools located in rural and outskirt areas is no small feat. Therefore, the teachers at these schools require a consistent and supportive school climate to enhance teacher well-being. As such, this study examines the relationship between the dimensions of school climate and well-being of teachers. It also discusses the application of five dimensions of school climate, namely collaboration, student relations, school resources, decision-making, and instructional innovation.
 
Methodology: Data for this quantitative study was gathered via a set of questionnaires. A total of 291 teachers from indigenous schools along the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, which are Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang participated in this study. A descriptive analysis of the findings was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), while an inferential analysis was conducted using PLS-SEM.
 
Findings: The empirical results show a significantly positive correlation between the five previously mentioned dimensions of school climate and teacher well-being.
 
Contributions: The findings of this study affirm the relative importance of school climate and its impact on teacher well-being. This study is significant for the Ministry of Education, indigenous school administrators, teachers, as well as policymakers in developing suitable strategies to improve the school climate and teacher well-being in Malaysian indigenous schools.
 
Keywords: Teacher well-being, collaboration, student relations, school resources, decision-making, instructional innovation.
 
Cite as: Kamarudin, N. A., Ahmad, A., Abdul Halim, A. S., Abdullah, R., & Kamalrulzaman, N. I. (2022). The correlation between school climate dimensions and teacher well-being in Malaysian indigenous schools.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 292-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp292-315
THE TASTE OF HOME: THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH COMMENSALITY AMONGST FEMALE MALAY STUDENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Ibnu Ireena Nasiha
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Commensality is an act of eating together among migrant communities as a means of passing down the culture and ethnic identity. There is very limited discussion on commensality that pays attention to food sharing and eating that extends beyond the traditional forms of social relationships, identity, and space among the Malay community abroad. Thus, this article aims to explore the connections of social relationships through food, space and identity amongst female Malay students in the United Kingdom.
 
Methodology: This research is based on one-year ethnographic fieldwork amongst female Malaysian Muslim students in Manchester and Cardiff.  Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with both undergraduate and postgraduate students from sciences and social sciences courses. Besides, in-depth interviews, participant observation, conversation and fieldnotes methods were deployed as supplementary for data collection.
 
Findings: This paper argues that cooking and eating together in a private space is a way for them to maintain social relationships and overcome stress in their studies, and fulfil their desire to create harmony and trust at home. Besides, places such as the kitchen, play an essential space in building the Malay identity and social relationships between female Malay students’ communities in the host country.
 
Contributions: This study has contributed to an understanding of the meaning of friendship, identity, space, and the discussion on the anthropology of food from international students’ perspectives and migration studies.
 
Keywords: Food and identity, commensality, Malay students, friendship, international students.
 
Cite as: Ibnu, I. N. (2022). The taste of home: The construction of social relationships through commensality amongst female Malay students in the United Kingdom. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 316-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp316-334
EXPLORING METACOGNITIVE READING STRATEGIES USED BY LOW AND HIGH PROFICIENCY FORM THREE ESL STUDENTS
Authors: Jeevaratnam Jessica Abisheganathan , Stapa Mahani
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the metacognitive reading strategies used by low and high proficiency Form Three ESL (English as Second Language) students and highlight suitable strategies that can be exposed to the low proficiency students.
 
Methodology: To serve the purpose of this research, an explanatory sequential mixed method design was used. As for the sampling, purposive sampling was employed in this study. The respondents were drawn from two Form Three classes in the selected secondary school in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. There were twenty-four boys and thirty-six girls. They were all fifteen years old and represented three main ethnic groups which are Malays, Indians and Chinese. The number of respondents was equally the same for both groups; 30 from the low proficiency group and 30 from the high proficiency group.
 
Findings: The data gathered in this study revealed that the most popular metacognitive reading strategy among the respondents is self-evaluation. In addition, the most significant difference between the high and low proficiency students is that the latter employed fewer metacognitive reading strategies than the former. Furthermore, through the findings, this research also suggested the metacognitive reading strategies suitable for the low proficiency students; advanced organization, selective attention, self-management, directed attention and monitoring.
 
Contributions: This research aids the teachers in adapting their instructions and putting extra effort into training students, especially low proficiency students, to use suitable metacognitive reading strategies.
Keywords: Low proficiency students, high proficiency students, purposive sampling, metacognitive reading strategies, explanatory sequential mixed method design.
 
Cite as: Jeevaratnam, J. A., & Stapa, M. (2022). Exploring metacognitive reading strategies used by low and high proficiency form three ESL students. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 335-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp335-365
FORMAL EDUCATION, WORK EXPERIENCE AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE FISHING COMMUNITY IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
Authors: Tuan Sembok Tuan Muhammad Zukri , Wan Ismail Wan Ahmad Amir Zal
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose: Efforts in bringing about changes to fishers' lives are often met with obstacles due to their lack of participation in empowerment programmes as well as their excessive reliance on external assistance. However, such situations are said to be the results of their level of education and work experience. This paper also examines the relationship between work experience with empowerment and formal education as a control variable to the relationship. Therefore, this paper aims to observe the reality of empowerment among fishing communities from the lens of participation and self-reliance among fishers in Terengganu, Malaysia. Concurrently, this study also reviews the theme mentioned above from the lens of formal education and work experience and their impacts on the fishing community empowerment.
 
Methodology: This study used a survey design and involved 220 coastal fishers, who were identified through multi-stage sampling. Data were gathered using a questionnaire, and data analysis was done through descriptive statistics and the Analysis of Variance Test (ANCOVA).
 
Findings: The empowerment of the fishing community in this study is not influenced by the number of years they have spent as fishers. On the other hand, their level of education plays a pertinent influence on their empowerment. Such a finding clearly shows that experience is not only a major factor in increasing the empowerment of the fishing community.
 
Contributions: This study contributes to our understanding that it is undeniably true that formal and informal education play an integral role in empowering the fishing community, where through education, fishers are more participative in their community and exhibit autonomy towards their work.
 
Keywords: Fishers, empowerment, formal education, experience, community development
 
Cite as: Tuan Sembok, T. M. Z., & Wan Ismail, W. A. A. Z. (2022). Formal education, work experience and empowerment of the fishing community in Terengganu, Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 366-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp366-389