bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Fuzzy Roughness Index to Roads Economic Decision Model
Authors: Roca Maximiliano , Agosta Roberto
Published: December 2011

The Roads Economic Decision Model is an assessment tool created by the World Bank for the analysis of investments on roads with low levels of traffic in developing countries. Of the variables used in this model, roughness is one showing the highest incidence in the determination of a project's net present value (NPV). The difficulty in defining roughness, a qualitative attribute of this type of road, in a precise figure may lead to biased NPV estimates. This paper introduces the application of a fuzzy roughness index based on simple fuzzy math, which enables the translation of a qualitative, firsthand appraisal of a road's roughness into a quantitative expression—a triangular fuzzy number—and thus increases the amount of information in the model. As a result, the estimation of NPV is also interpreted in terms of fuzzy math. Investment alternatives for a road may be then compared on the basis of the representation of each fuzzy NPV obtained for the investment alternatives. An analysis conducted on the basis of fuzzy roughness and fuzzy NPVs can lead to an alternative that would have been discarded with a standard approach.
Mitigating Traffic Congestion and Accidents in Thailand with Intelligent Transportation System Technology
Authors: Cheewapattananuwong Weeradej , Taneerananon Pichai , Nakatsuji Takashi
Published: December 2011

Geometrical features of intersections, such as T-intersections and four-leg intersections, can give rise to several conflict points at those intersections. Without proper control at such conflict points, accidents can occur. In Thailand, the application of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology for improvement of traffic flow and road safety is still in its infancy. This paper describes one of the pioneering uses of ITS technology to mitigate congestion and reduce accidents at intersections. The intersections under study are located in suburban Bangkok, Thailand, where major accidents have occurred as a result of red light running and speeding. Through the use of accident analysis modeling and ITS technology, it is possible to improve traffic flow and reduce the number of crashes. ITS technology, including an image-sensing concept for adaptive synchronization (green wave), was used to detect headway, spacing, number of speeding vehicles, angle of lane changing, and number of vehicles changing lanes. In particular, the image-sensing concept of traffic classified counting was used to calculate and evaluate signal phasing and cycle times for adaptive synchronization. In this operation, two closed-circuit television cameras and electronic equipment installed at each intersection were used to track vehicles passing through virtual loops, similar to the way in which induction loops in pavement detect vehicles. A variable message sign was used to flash a warning to errant drivers. After the implementation of this locally developed ITS technology, traffic flow improved significantly and the number of accidents caused by red light running and speeding decreased drastically.
Modeling Preference for School Bus Service in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Mobashwir , Choudhury Charisma F. , Wang Jason
Published: December 2011

This paper analyzes the factors that affect the choice of school buses in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the 11th largest city in the world. A multinomial logit mode choice model for school trips was developed with stated preference (SP) surveys of parents of students from a premier school zone. The design of the SP survey was challenging in several aspects, including the lack of background data on school traffic, the wide range of motorized and nonmotorized modes available for school trips, and the substantial heterogeneity in the levels of service of the various modes. A focus group was therefore conducted first, and the preliminary information was used to design the final SP survey, a paper survey based on fractional factorial design. The results show that for school buses, there are strong cost and time sensitivities as well as a significant preference for increased comfort levels. Significant market segmentation also exists for households that have high incomes, mothers who do not work outside the home, or both. The results are expected to help the Dhaka Transport Coordination Board formulate policies pertaining to school buses. The findings can also be useful for other developing countries, especially those in Asia, which share similar socioeconomic patterns.
Rickshaw Use and Social Impacts in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Maruf , Susilo Yusak O.
Published: December 2011

With primary data collected from rickshaw users in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this paper explores patterns of rickshaw use and the possible social impacts that may occur if rickshaws were banned from Dhaka. A survey of 450 rickshaw users from six different locations in Dhaka was carried out, and descriptive and multivariate (binomial and multinomial logit models) analyses were applied to explore the social impacts of rickshaws on various groups of society. The results show that the rickshaw plays a crucial role in Dhaka's transport system. The majority of people use the rickshaw as their main mode of transport for their commute and social and recreational trips. Use of the rickshaw as a school travel mode and its resilience during the monsoon period make the rickshaw invaluable for Dhaka transport and economic activity. The analyses further show that the level of importance of rickshaws is unique for each socioeconomic group. For instance, females and people from low- and middle-income groups are more likely to be socially excluded if the rickshaw were not available anymore. A multinomial logit examined a rickshaw-free scenario: results suggest that most of the modal shift would move toward auto-rickshaws and taxicabs, rather than other public transport modes, such as the bus.
Analysis of Awareness and Use of Traffic Information System with Revealed Preference Data
Authors: Khoo Hooi Ling , Ong Ghim Ping
Published: December 2011

To alleviate traffic congestion on Malaysia's highways and roads, the Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS) was established in Klang Valley, Malaysia, to collect and disseminate updated traffic information. One important aspect of this system is the use of various traffic information tools [Internet, radio, and variable message signs (VMS)] in disseminating traffic information pretrip and en route. To investigate the effectiveness of ITIS, this paper assesses the level of awareness and use of ITIS in the Klang Valley region. Using a revealed preference survey and adopting a discrete choice modeling approach, researchers found that the level of awareness (58% for VMS, 22% for radio pretrip, 48% for radio en route, and 12% for Internet) and use (29% change departure time and 22% divert) of ITIS were low in the region. Driver demographics had little impact on the awareness and use of ITIS, whereas trip characteristics played an important role. Drivers in the Klang Valley region had limited trust in the accuracy of data provided by ITIS and did not perceive such data to be useful in reducing their travel time. These findings demonstrate the need for strategies to improve awareness of ITIS and to increase its credibility.
Toward Coordinated Urban Transport Planning in India
Authors: Agarwal Om Prakash , Chauhan Ishita
Published: December 2011

Management of transport is highly fragmented in cities in India. Several agencies of the government are involved with some aspects of urban transport planning and often do not interact adequately to ensure that they are not working at cross-purposes. The government of India has, therefore, recommended that every city with a population of more than one million should set up a unified metropolitan transport authority (UMTA) to ensure proper coordination and integration of transport plans. This paper reviews the early initiatives taken in some cities and presents the strengths and weaknesses of the approach adopted. The focus of these early initiatives has been guided by the need to bring all concerned agencies together rather than set up new entities or carry out any major restructuring of existing institutions. This initial move seems to be a good one in the context of the well-established governance and administrative system in India. However, there is a need to ensure that the UMTA is not dependent on the interests of a single individual and is not weakened by change of personnel. For this to happen, the UMTA needs to be given a definite role in some matters, one of which would be the final authority to approve large projects and allocate funds for them. Subsequent efforts should be toward converting the UMTA into a full-fledged agency to take charge of all urban transport matters.
Effects of Individual Differences on Driving Behavior and Traffic Flow Characteristics
Authors: Rong Jian , Mao Kejun , Ma Jianming
Published: December 2011

Studying driving behavior has been considered an important approach to identifying solutions to increase roadway level of service, reduce roadway traffic crashes, improve vehicle designs, and develop in-vehicle safety devices. The purpose of this research was to get insight into the effect of individual differences on driving behavior and traffic flow characteristics. A method of integrating driving simulators and traffic simulation was developed to investigate the effects of driving behavior on traffic flow. First, a cluster analysis was performed to classify drivers into three categories: aggressive, conservative, and moderate. Second, the driving behavior parameters of the three types of drivers were calibrated for traffic simulation models using the experimental data collected in a driving simulator. Then the effects of driving behavior on traffic flow were analyzed by traffic simulation techniques. The results show that the roadways with aggressive drivers have the highest flow rate but least traffic flow stability. Hence, to maintain roadway level of service and improve traffic safety, it is necessary to develop public training and education campaigns to reach out to aggressive drivers.
Increasing Road Safety by Influencing Drivers’ Speed Choice with Sound and Vibration
Authors: Lank Christian , Steinauer Bernhard
Published: December 2011

This paper discusses road safety issues and the necessity for safety enhancements, especially on rural roads. Points of discontinuity in infrastructure consistently lead to serious accidents. The major causes of these accidents are inattentiveness and excessive speed. A possible measure to increase attention and reduce speed is installation of transversal rumble strips (TRS). The German government funded a research project to evaluate the use of these strips in the approaches to hazardous bends. The design of rumble strips was optimized on the basis of literature research and metrological preexaminations. The resulting design is expected to create a maximal impact on the driver. The effect of these optimized rumble strips on speed choice was tested by field studies. In the approaches to hazardous bends on rural roads, rumble strips were installed according to the design of the pretests. The impact on the drivers’ behavior, especially on speed choice, was investigated by before-and-after analyses with radar measurements and video surveying. In addition to statistical analyses of the effect on the driving speed, detailed investigations on the impact to special driver groups and car types were performed. According to the analysis made in this research project, TRS are cost-efficient and have a positive effect on driving behavior and hence on road safety.
Matching Simulator Characteristics to Highway Design Problems
Authors: Lee John D. , McGehee Daniel V. , Brown James L. , Richard Christian M. , Ahmad Omar , Ward Nicholas J. , Hallmark Shauna , Lee Joonbum
Published: December 2011

Driving simulators hold much promise for addressing roadway design issues. However, although simulators have demonstrated their value in experimental research addressing driver performance, their ability to support road design projects has not been as clearly established. This paper describes a design-centered framework to make simulators valuable for traffic engineers and geometric designers. This framework includes several steps: (a) identification of design issues that would benefit from driving simulators, (b) identification of simulator characteristics to match them to design issues, and (c) translation of driver performance data from the simulator to traffic behavior on the road. Several critical obstacles inhibit application of simulators to highway design. First, driving safety researchers and engineers comprise separate communities and their perspectives on how simulators can be applied to address road design issues often diverge. This paper seeks to reduce this divergence and make simulators useful to highway engineers. Interviews with engineers revealed important issues that simulators could address, such as intersection and interchange design. Second, driving simulators are often broadly defined as high fidelity, which provides little value in matching simulators to design issues. A survey of simulators and simulator characteristics clarifies the meaning of simulator fidelity and links it to road design issues. Third, simulators often produce data that do not correspond to data collected by traffic engineers. This mismatch can result from inadequate simulator fidelity, but can also arise from more fundamental sources—traffic engineers focus on traffic behavior and driving simulator researchers focus on driver behavior. Obstacles in using simulators for highway design reflect both technical and communication challenges.
Effects of Hybrid Interface on Ecodriving and Driver Distraction
Authors: Hallihan Gregory M. , Mayer Andrew K. , Caird Jeff K. , Milloy Shaunna L.
Published: December 2011

Hybrid interfaces are emerging in-vehicle technologies that have received minimal research attention in the literature concerning potential impacts on driver performance. Hybrid interfaces have the potential to improve driver fuel efficiency but also to distract drivers. Participants drove a number of urban and suburban routes in the University of Calgary Driving Simulator while interacting with a hybrid interface and attempting to drive fuel efficiently. A within-subjects design was used and each participant drove with and without the hybrid interface. With the hybrid interface, significant reductions in acceleration from a stop were observed when compared with driving without the hybrid interface. Participants spent significantly less time looking to the road ahead while driving with the interface than without it. The duration of participant eye glances to the interface did not exceed 1.6 s; however, drivers tended to combine glances to the interface and speedometer. This combination resulted in several glance durations above 1.6 s without looking back to the road ahead. Balancing ecodriving benefits with driver distraction costs is discussed.
Driver Behavior on Acceleration Lanes
Authors: Calvi Alessandro , De Blasiis Maria Rosaria
Published: December 2011

Acceleration lanes provide access to freeways with the aim of improving traffic flow conditions and safety. Therefore, provision of an appropriate entrance ramp and acceleration lane geometry that allows the entering vehicle to accelerate to a speed closer to the main flow speed is crucial for comfortable and safe merging maneuvers. This paper presents an analysis of driver behavior on different acceleration lanes in various traffic conditions performed on an interactive driving simulator. Three different traffic volumes combined with two lengths of acceleration lane were simulated and their effects on driving performances have been studied. It has been observed that driver behavior during merging maneuvers is significantly influenced by traffic volume on the main lane and that the acceleration lane length does not show any significant effect on drivers’ speed, trajectories, and accelerations. In particular, as the traffic volume increases, so does the merging length of the driver; the acceleration oscillations and the number of gaps rejected also increase. The general results show that the advanced techniques of driving simulation can disclose the relationships between road design parameters and behavioral aspects important to create safer road infrastructure. Further simulation studies are planned to confirm the findings and to strengthen and generalize the results.
Effect Of NPK On The Incidence Of Alternaria Leaf Blight Of Mustard
Authors: Khatun F , Alam MS , Hossain MA , Alam S , Malaker PK
Published: December 2011

A 2-year field study was carried out to find out the effect of three macro nutrients NPK on the severity of Alternaria leaf blight and yield of mustard. Nitrogen @ 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160, phosphorus @ 15, 30, and 45, and potassium @ 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha were applied. Among the nutrients, 120-30- 60 kg NPK/ha was considered as recommended dose on the basis of soil test. Fertilizer dose 120-30-90 kg/ha appeared to be the best combination of N, P, and K in reducing the disease incidence and to increase seed yield of mustard. Higher dose of K (90 kg/ha) decreased the incidence of Alternaria leaf blight but higher dose of nitrogen (140 and 160 kg N/ha) increased the disease incidence. The highest seed yield of 1718 kg/ha was obtained with 120-30-90 kg of NPK/ha which was statistically similar to the doses of 120-30-60 and 120-45- 60 kg of NPK/ha. Higher seed yield and lower disease severity was also observed under these three treatments as compared to other treatments. Keywords: Mustard; Alternaria leaf blight; nutrient management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9269 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 407-413
Efficacy Of Two Organic Amendments And A Nematicide To Manage Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Incognita) Of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum L.)
Authors: Faruk MI , Rahman MI , Ali MR , Rahman MM , Mustafa MMH
Published: December 2011

A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to find out the efficacy of poultry refuse (PR), mustard oilcake (MOC), and Furadan 5G for the management of root-knot disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of tomato. Soil was treated with PR @ 3 and 5 t/ha, MOC @ 0.3 and 0.6 t/ha 3 weeks before transplanting and Furadan 5G @ 40 kg/ha on the day of transplanting of tomato seedlings. PR @ 3 t/ha and MOC @0.3 t/ha were applied alone and also mixed with Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha. The soils of the experimental plots were inoculated with chopped severely galled (M incognita) roots of tomato at the time of treatment application. In both the years, considerable reduction in rootknot disease and increase in plant growth and fruit yield were achieved with different treatments with two organic materials applied alone or mixed with Furadan 5G. The most effective treatment was PR @ 3 t/ha + Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha followed by PR alone @ 5 t/ha. Efficacy of PR @ 3 t/ha and MOC @ 0.6 1/ha were also appreciable. In first year and second year, gall index values were 6.50 and 6.27 under control, respectively. The severity was reduced to 2.27-4.00 in first year and 1.73-4.07 in second year due to application of the four treatments. On the other hand, fruit yield under control was 50.9 t/ha at first year and 47.6 t/ha in second year. The highly effective four treatments increased fruit yield to 71.1-82.5 t/ha in first year and 60.8-82.0 t/ha in second year. The fruit yield of tomato was directly and linearly correlated with gall indices in tomato gall. Based on findings of the study PR @ 3 t/ha + Furadan @20 kg/ha and PR alone @ 5 t/ha were noted as effective treatment to manage root-knot disease of tomato. Keywords: Poultry refuse; mustard oilcake; Furadan; Meloidogjyne incognita; tomato. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9275 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 477-486
Gold/Iron Carbonyl Clusters for Tailored Au/FeOx Supported Catalysts
Authors: Bonelli Rosa , Zacchini Stefano , Albonetti Stefania
Published: December 2011

A novel preparation method was developed for the preparation of gold/iron oxide supported catalysts using the bimetallic carbonyl cluster salts [NEt4]4[Au4Fe4(CO)16] and [NEt4][AuFe4(CO)16] as precursors of highly dispersed nanoparticles over different supports. A series of catalysts with different metal loadings were prepared and tested in the complete oxidation of dichlorobenzene, toluene, methanol and in the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 (PROX) as model reactions. The characterization by BET, XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, ICP-AES and XPS point out the way the nature of the precursors and the thermal treatment conditions affected the dispersion of the active phase and their catalytic activity in the studied reactions.
The Art of Manufacturing Gold Catalysts
Authors: Prati Laura , Villa Alberto
Published: December 2011

Gold has been considered as an active catalyst only when suitable techniques of preparation provided high metal dispersion. A comprehensive survey of the different methods now available for preparing active gold catalysts is reported with particular attention to the role of the supporting material in determining catalyst characteristics.
Comparative Genomics of Aeschynomene Symbionts: Insights into the Ecological Lifestyle of Nod-Independent Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobia
Authors: Mornico Damien , Miché Lucie , Béna Gilles , Nouwen Nico , Verméglio André , Vallenet David , Smith Alexander A.T. , Giraud Eric , Médigue Claudine , Moulin Lionel
Published: December 2011

Tropical aquatic species of the legume genus Aeschynomene are stem- and root-nodulated by bradyrhizobia strains that exhibit atypical features such as photosynthetic capacities or the use of a nod gene-dependent (ND) or a nod gene-independent (NI) pathway to enter into symbiosis with legumes. In this study we used a comparative genomics approach on nine Aeschynomene symbionts representative of their phylogenetic diversity. We produced draft genomes of bradyrhizobial strains representing different phenotypes: five NI photosynthetic strains (STM3809, ORS375, STM3847, STM4509 and STM4523) in addition to the previously sequenced ORS278 and BTAi1 genomes, one photosynthetic strain ORS285 hosting both ND and NI symbiotic systems, and one NI non-photosynthetic strain (STM3843). Comparative genomics allowed us to infer the core, pan and dispensable genomes of Aeschynomene bradyrhizobia, and to detect specific genes and their location in Genomic Islands (GI). Specific gene sets linked to photosynthetic and NI/ND abilities were identified, and are currently being studied in functional analyses.
The Actin Cytoskeleton as a Barrier to Virus Infection of Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Delorme-Axford Elizabeth , Coyne Carolyn B.
Published: December 2011

Many diverse viruses target a polarized epithelial monolayer during host invasion. The polarized epithelium is adept at restricting the movement of solutes, ions, macromolecules, and pathogens across the mucosa. This regulation can be attributed to the presence of a junctional complex between adjacent cells and to an intricate network of actin filaments that provides support to the subapical membrane and stabilizes intercellular junctions. It is therefore not surprising that many viruses have evolved highly varied strategies to dissolve or modulate the cortical actin meshwork to promote infection of polarized cells. In this review, we will discuss the cell biological properties of the actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells and review the known mechanisms utilized by viral pathogens to manipulate this system in order to facilitate their infection.
Using next‐generation sequencing approaches to isolate simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in the plant sciences
Authors: Zalapa Juan E. , Cuevas Hugo , Zhu Huayu , Steffan Shawn , Senalik Douglas , Zeldin Eric , McCown Brent , Harbut Rebecca , Simon Philipp
Published: December 2011

The application of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite loci for genetic research in the botanical sciences is described. Microsatellite markers are one of the most informative and versatile DNA‐based markers used in plant genetic research, but their development has traditionally been a difficult and costly process. NGS technologies allow the efficient identification of large numbers of microsatellites at a fraction of the cost and effort of traditional approaches. The major advantage of NGS methods is their ability to produce large amounts of sequence data from which to isolate and develop numerous genome‐wide and gene‐based microsatellite loci. The two major NGS technologies with emergent application in SSR isolation are 454 and Illumina. A review is provided of several recent studies demonstrating the efficient use of 454 and Illumina technologies for the discovery of microsatellites in plants. Additionally, important aspects during NGS isolation and development of microsatellites are discussed, including the use of computational tools and high‐throughput genotyping methods. A data set of microsatellite loci in the plastome and mitochondriome of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is provided to illustrate a successful application of 454 sequencing for SSR discovery. In the future, NGS technologies will massively increase the number of SSRs and other genetic markers available to conduct genetic research in understudied but economically important crops such as cranberry.
KASS: Research Aims and Research Design
Authors: Heady Patrick
Published: December 2011

Résumé kass  : objectifs et programmation d’une recherche Le projet kass (Kinship and Social Security), financé par un programme européen de recherches, s’était fixé pour objectif de répondre à deux questions essentielles : jusqu’à quel point les parents s’entraident-ils et pourquoi  ? Au plan théorique, il devait enrichir le débat politique en s’appuyant sur différentes perspectives anthropologiques, y compris la théorie évolutionniste de la coopération. Au plan méthodologique, le projet associait à une recherche ethnographique des entretiens approfondis standardisés concernant les réseaux de parenté. Cet article présente la méthodologie utilisée et en détaille les fondements théoriques.
“The Natural Order of Things” and State Policies: Parenting in eastern Germany after 1989
Authors: Thelen Tatjana
Published: December 2011

Résumé « L’ordre naturel des choses » et les politiques publiques. Être parent en Allemagne de l’Est après 1989 L’idée que la parenté relève de « l’ordre naturel des choses » est inscrite autant dans les codes légaux que dans le cycle de la vie familiale. Sur la base d’une enquête qualitative, cet article explore les relations entre les politiques publiques et la transformation des idées relatives à la façon d’être parent en Allemagne de l’Est après 1989. Confrontés aux nouveaux idéaux publics de la parentalité, les Allemands de l’Est se les approprient, mais aussi y résistent ou s’y adaptent selon leur âge et leur sexe. Bien que ces changements après le socialisme soient souvent interprétés comme une modernisation, cette enquête souligne que les processus sont plus ambivalents et que le rôle des acteurs sociaux au plan local est souvent plus important que les grandes politiques publiques d’assistance.
Un ancrage familial et local fort : le cas de Dole
Authors: Amiotte-Suchet Laurent , Chevalier Sophie
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’enquête menée à Dole (Franche-Comté), définie selon les modalités du projet kass , permet de distinguer entre les liens intergénérationnels dont la solidarité entre les membres est vécue comme « naturelle », et ceux entre parents de même génération, dont le soutien est plus électif. Elle révèle surtout l’importance de la matérialisation du réseau familial dans des lieux. D’une manière générale, les ménages enquêtés valorisent la proximité géographique de la parenté, un attachement local et l’ancrage familial dans une maison de famille. Dans cette logique, ils font peu appel aux ressources publiques quand ils ont besoin d’aide, car leur choix s’exerce d’abord au sein du réseau familial.
Du voisinage à la parenté : le « système à maison » aux prises avec le changement social dans le canton d'Aurignac
Authors: Sourdril Anne , Augustins Georges
Published: December 2011

Résumé Les principes de transmission et de succession du « système à maison » dans le sud-ouest de la France induisent une solidarité intergénérationnelle forte entre parents donataires et héritiers des maisons. Dans le cadre du programme kass , nous avons montré que si les formes de solidarités familiales sont importantes, le rôle des voisins doit être également pris en compte pour qui veut saisir les règles d’entraide dans le sud-ouest rural de la France. Le système social dit « à maison », bien que mis à mal par les mutations ayant touché le monde rural au cours des xix e et xx e  siècles, a réussi à s’adapter, à maintenir et à réorganiser les formes de la solidarité qui le caractérise.
European Kinship Today: Patterns, Prospects and Explanations
Authors: Heady Patrick
Published: December 2011

Résumé La parenté en Europe aujourd’hui : modèles, perspectives, explications Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse quantitative des réseaux en ce qui concerne l’entraide, la connaissance de la parentèle, et la concentration spatiale des liens de parenté. Il fait apparaître des différences entre les régions et entre les villes et les campagnes et montre qu’il existe un lien entre l’activité agricole et la force des liens de parenté. L’auteur analyse les conséquences de ces résultats en regard de diverses perspectives théoriques sur la parenté comme des changements contemporains concernant les modèles de parenté et de fécondité. Pour finir, il s’interroge sur les effets des savoirs tant qualitatifs que quantitatifs apportés par l’enquête kass dans la perspective de nouveaux développements théoriques sur la parenté.
Jouer au-dessus du vide. Les parcours acrobatiques en hauteur : une offre hybride de loisir sportif
Authors: Hanula Ghislain , Travert Maxime , Griffet Jean
Published: December 2011

Résumé Depuis une douzaine d’années, on assiste au développement des parcours acrobatiques en hauteur. Installés dans les montagnes, puis dans les campagnes et aujourd’hui dans les villes, ces parcs rassemblent en un même lieu des dispositifs d’origine utilitaire très diverse. Ce processus d’hybridation produit une offre de loisir ludique intense, accessible au plus grand nombre. Dans un cadre agréable, suspendus dans le vide, les pratiquants partagent avec des amis des impressions fortes. En toute sécurité, les consommateurs jouent à se faire peur.
L'efficacité des thérapies « psychodynamiques » : une validation empirique de la psychanalyse ?
Authors: Prades Pierre
Published: December 2011

En comparant les résultats des études empiriques sur l’efficacité des psychothérapies, Jonathan Shedler affirme que, contrairement aux idées reçues, les thérapies d’inspiration psychanalytique sont au moins aussi efficaces que les thérapies cognitives comportementales, et plus durablement. De plus, il se peut que les TCC doivent en partie leur efficacité au fait qu’elles utilisent implicitement des principes actifs issus de la psychanalyse. Le facteur commun permettant aux thérapeutes talentueux d’obtenir de bons résultats, quelle que soit leur école, serait l’interaction affective avec le patient, autrement dit le transfert. Les conclusions de Shedler peuvent contribuer à relégitimer la psychanalyse dans le champ des psychothérapies. Mais elles confirment aussi la permanence d’un facteur thérapeutique immémorial, dont le transfert ne serait qu’un avatar contemporain : un rapport de confiance impliquant la foi dans les pouvoirs du thérapeute.
Élaborer une critique sociale actuelle, à partir de Lefort et Castoriadis
Authors: Delmotte Fabien
Published: December 2011

L’héritage de Lefort et de Castoriadis nourrit une interrogation actuelle sur la critique sociale et le projet d’émancipation. Contrairement à d’autres variantes « anti-totalitaires », ces pensées valorisent la vitalité du conflit social et politique, la dynamique féconde de remise en question de l’institué. Leurs divergences sont centrales, concernant le capitalisme, la démocratie ou l’appréciation de notre temps. Demeure, dans les dernières années, une inquiétude partagée sur les conséquences du néo-libéralisme et les difficultés à y faire obstacle.
La démocratie agonistique. Entre ordre symbolique et désordre politique
Authors: Vitiello Audric
Published: December 2011

Plutôt que comme un ordre social ou politique identifié à certaines caractéristiques juridiques ou institutionnelles, la démocratie agonistique doit être appréhendée de façon dynamique, comme un processus infini de désorganisation et de réorganisation de la réalité sociale-historique. En effet la démocratie, en affirmant la liberté et l’efficacité de l’action humaine, induit un conflit récurrent portant sur la légitimité du monde présent et à venir, sur la manière dont il convient d’agir et de transformer le monde. C’est ce caractère agonistique de la démocratie à elle-même et au monde qui, par sa puissance critique et créatrice, impulse et entretient le déploiement de l’autonomie politique – un déploiement logiquement interminable, puisque toujours susceptible de remettre en question l’ordre des choses au nom de l’autonomie humaine.
La subjectivation à l'épreuve de la partition individuel-collectif
Authors: Dardot Pierre
Published: December 2011

Le sujet n’est jamais donné, il est toujours le produit d’un processus historique de constitution (ou processus de subjectivation). La question posée ici est de savoir si l’opposition de l’individuel et du collectif est pertinente relativement à la différence des formes de subjectivation. Pour en décider, il convient de prêter attention aux deux figures que peut prendre le collectif : la première est celle du collectif comme « collection » ou comme « ensemble », la seconde celle du collectif comme tout intégratif supérieur à ses parties, ou encore comme être collectif. La gouvernementalité néolibérale opère tout à la fois par totalisation et individualisation, sa formule est celle du gouvernement de tous par le gouvernement de chacun. Elle produit par là non une simple sommation d’éléments extérieurs, mais une collection organisée par la mise en œuvre de multiples techniques de pouvoir individualisantes (la « population »). Aussi serait-il vain d’opposer à une telle forme de subjectivation une valorisation de l’individu ou, à l’opposé, une célébration du tout comme être supérieur. Il s’agit d’échapper à l’alternative « collection ou être collectif » en pensant la constitution d’un collectif de singularités dans et par l’agir commun.
Le nouveau sujet du capitalisme
Authors: Laval Christian
Published: December 2011

Un certain nombre de psychanalystes font aujourd’hui l’hypothèse d’une désymbolisation des rapports sociaux, laquelle s’accompagnerait de l’avènement d’un néosujet. Ce type d’analyse s’inscrit sans aucun doute dans le fil de pensée aussi bien de Freud que de Lacan quant au destin du sujet dans la culture et rejoint un certain nombre de constats établis par la sociologie, en particulier celle de Durkheim. La question du devenir de la « dette symbolique » envers une instance Autre dans le cadre du capitalisme apparaît comme centrale. On se demandera s’il ne faut pas abandonner l’hypothèse de la désymbolisation au profit de celle, plus féconde, de la mutation de l’ordre symbolique. Ce qui supposerait de considérer la nature pleinement symbolique de l’économie capitaliste.
Pluralisme et neutralité de l'État
Authors: Policar Alain
Published: December 2011

L’affirmation des différences culturelles constitue-t-elle un approfondissement de la dynamique égalitaire des sociétés démocratiques ? Pour tenter d’y voir clair, cet article pose deux questions : l’exigence pluraliste concerne-t-elle vraiment le champ de la culture ; et quelle est la capacité de l’humanisme civique à remplir les exigences du pluralisme moral ? Si la réponse à ces questions est négative, c’est parce qu’elles contiennent implicitement une adhésion à l’idéal d’un républicanisme parfait. Toute contrainte au respect de l’autre au nom d’un rapport moral à soi semble relever ainsi d’un idéal collectif de type perfectionniste. Cet article suggère qu’il reste possible d’éviter cette conclusion malheureuse à condition que l’on propose une conception « épaisse » de la neutralité de l’État.
Effect of Elemental Composition on the Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Ozone Production Activity of Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ni Electrodes Prepared by Thermal Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Shekarchizade Hamed , Amini Mohammad K.
Published: December 2011

Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ni electrodes with various Ni- and Sb-doping levels have been prepared by dip-coating thermal pyrolysis procedure, and their simultaneous electrochemical ozone production (EOP) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were investigated. The effects of electrode composition on the nanostructure, morphology, electrochemical behavior, kinetic parameters, and lifetime of the electrodes were systematically studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry. Dissolved ozone was produced in a quartz cell and its concentration was monitored by in situ UV spectrophotometry. The presence of small amounts of Ni (Ni : Sn atomic ratio of 0.2 : 100) gives valuable characteristics to the electrodes such as increasing EOP activity and service life. Higher Ni concentrations increase the electrode film resistance and decrease its capacitance, roughness factor, and service life, while increasing Sb level up to 12 atom% improves the electrode performance with respect to these parameters. Nevertheless, the Sb/Sn atomic ratio of more than 2% reduces the EOP current efficiency in favor of OER. The optimum composition of the electrode for EOP was determined to be Sb/Sn and Ni/Sn atomic ratios of 2% and 0.2%, respectively. The highest current efficiency was 48.3% in 0.1 M H2SO4solution at room temperature.
Cell-Type-Dependent Thyroid Hormone Effects on Glioma Tumor Cell Lines
Authors: Alexandros Liappas , Iordanis Mourouzis , Athanasios Zisakis , Konstantinos Economou , Robert-William Lea , Constantinos Pantos
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The present study investigated the potential effects of long-term T3 treatment on glioma tumor cell lines. Thyroid hormone action on cell growth, differentiation and survival during development may be of therapeutic relevanceMethods and Results1321N1 cell line, an astrocytoma grade II, and U87MG, a glioblastoma grade IV, were exposed for 2 and 4 days in medium deprived of T3 and in medium containing 1 nM T3. T3 promoted re-differentiation in both cell lines. However, T3 increased cell proliferation in 1321N1 (2 days) which declined thereafter (4 days) while in U87MG resulted in suppression of cell proliferation. At the molecular level, a 2.9 fold increase in the expression of TRα1 receptor was observed in U87MG versus 1321N1,P< 0.05. TRβ1 receptor was undetectable. These changes corresponded to a distinct pattern of T3-induced kinase signaling activation; T3 had no effect on ERK activation in both cell lines but significantly increased phospho-Akt levels in 1321N1.Conclusion. In conclusion, T3 can re-differentiate glioma tumor cells, whereas its effect on cell proliferation appears to be dependent on the type of tumor cell line with aggressive tumors being more sensitive to T3. TRα1 receptor may, at least in part, be implicated in this response.
Evoked potentials in pediatric cerebral malaria
Authors: Bhanushali Minal , Taylor Terrie E. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Sapuwa Monica , Mwandira Eunice , Birbeck Gretchen L.
Published: December 2011

Cortical evoked potentials (EP) provide localized data regarding brain function and may offer prognostic information and insights into the pathologic mechanisms of malariamediated cerebral injury. As part of a prospective cohort study, we obtained somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and brainstem auditory EPs (AEPs) within 24 hours of admission on 27 consecutive children admitted with cerebral malaria (CM). Children underwent follow-up for 12 months to determine if they had any long term neurologic sequelae. EPs were obtained in 27 pediatric CM admissions. Two children died. Among survivors followed an average of 514 days, 7/25 (28.0%) had at least one adverse neurologic outcome. Only a single subject had absent cortical EPs on admission and this child had a good neurologic outcome. Among pediatric CM survivors, cortical EPs are generally intact and do not predict adverse neurologic outcomes. Further study is needed to determine if alterations in cortical EPs can be used to predict a fatal outcome in CM.
The A142V Polymorphism of the G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 Gene Predicts Natriuretic Response to Saline Challenge in Young Normotensive Lean Black and White South African Men
Authors: Rayner Brian , Musekiwa Alfred , Lombard Carl , Ramesar Raj S.
Published: December 2011

Sensitivity to salt is common in Blacks. We aimed to determine if blood pressure (BP) and natriuretic responses were different in indigeneous Africans (Blacks) compared to Caucasians (Whites), and if this was related to G-protein coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK-4)polymorphisms. Sixty healthy White and Black men received 2 liters normal saline over 2 h. Baseline demographics, sodium (Na), potassium (K), renin, and aldosterone were recorded. BP, urine output, and urinary Na were measured hourly for 4 h, and renin and aldosterone repeated at 4 h. The R65L and A142V polymorphisms of the GRK-4 gene were determined. At baseline, Blacks had significantly higher diastolic BP (77 vs 71.2 mm Hg, P<0.002) and K (4.57 vs 4.32 mmol/L, P=0.01), and lower aldosterone levels (132.6 vs 298.3 pmol/L, P<0.0001). After saline challenge, the incremental increase of Na excretion was blunted in Blacks, and there was greater suppression of aldosterone levels. The R65L polymorphism had no effect on natriuresis or aldosterone. Incremental Na excretion was highest in the CC, intermediate in the CT and lowest in the TT of the A142V polymorphisms (P<0.001). Aldosterone levels were highest in the CC group, intermediate in the CT, and lowest in the TT (P<0.001). The CT/TT genotypes were significantly more common in Blacks (P<0.001). Black subjects have different natriuretic and aldosterone responses to saline challenge. This appears to be determined by A142V polymorphisms.
A rare case of an aldosterone secreting metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 31-year-old male
Authors: Wanta Stephen M. , Basina Marina , Chang Steven D. , Chang Daniel T. , Ford James M. , Greco Ralph , Kingham Kerry , Merritt Robert E. , Kunz Pamela L.
Published: December 2011

We report a rare synchronous presentation of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A 31-year-old male first presented with a large left adrenal mass that was identified during the workup for refractory hypertension due to hyperaldosteronism. The mass was removed surgically with pathology showing ACC. The patient was then treated with adjuvant radiation therapy and mitotane chemotherapy. Four months post ACC resection, metastatic ACC to the right upper lung and PTC in the left lobe of the thyroid were found in surveillance imaging. He subsequently developed pulmonary, contralateral adrenal and brain metastases from his ACC. Li Fraumeni syndrome and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I (MEN I) were considered, but testing of both P53 and menin genes showed no mutation. We also performed a review of the literature and found three similar cases, however gene mutation analysis was not performed..
Evaluating Translocation Gene Fusions by SNP Array Data
Authors: Liu Hong , Zilberstein Asher , Pannier Pascal , Fleche Frederic , Arendt Christopher , Lengauer Christoph , Hahn Chang S.
Published: December 2011

Somatic cell genetic alterations are a hallmark of tumor development and progression. Although various technologies have been developed and utilized to identify genetic aberrations, identifying genetic translocations at the chromosomal level is still a challenging task. High density SNP microarrays are useful to measure DNA copy number variation (CNV) across the genome. Utilizing SNP array data of cancer cell lines and patient samples, we evaluated the CNV and copy number breakpoints for several known fusion genes implicated in tumorigenesis. This analysis demonstrated the potential utility of SNP array data for the prediction of genetic aberrations via translocations based on identifying copy number breakpoints within the target genes. Genome-wide analysis was also performed to identify genes harboring copy number breakpoints across 820 cancer cell lines. Candidate oncogenes were identified that are linked to potential translocations in specific cancer cell lines.
Psychosocial Aspects of Geographic Relocation: The Development of a New Social Network
Authors: Starker Joan E.
Published: December 2011

The United States is a strikingly mobile nation. Every year almost 20 percent of its population changes residence and about 45 percent moves at least once every five years. Relocation, however, can be a stressful life experience which impacts physical and emotional health and family life. Although there has been extensive research on the role of social support in moderating stress, there has been little attention in the literature to the way in which networks naturally evolve and change over time. This study of newly relocated adults describes the early development of social networks. Two structured interviews were completed three months apart. Although an increase in levels of intimacy occurred over time, the new networks were in transition and unstable. Newcomers received minimal social support even after several months and were increasingly dissatisfied with friendships. Implications for clinical practice and employee assistance programs are discussed.
Community Cholesterol Screenings: The Impact of Follow-up Letters and Incentives on Retest Rates and Biometric Changes in Follow-up Screenings
Authors: Owen Neville , James Ray , Henrikson Denise , Van Beurden Eric
Published: December 2011

Total serum cholesterol was measured for 12,067 people as part of a community-based cholesterol screening program in New South Wales, Australia, in the fall of 1987. Forty-three percent had levels over 210 mg/dl and the average was 207 mg/dl. Those with levels over 210 mg/dl were counseled on how to reduce their cholesterol level and invited to take a second test in four to five months. Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three interventions: testing and counseling plus either 1) a reminder letter one month before the retest, 2) all of the above plus additional information on nutrition and exercise, or 3) all of the above plus a lottery ticket giving them a chance to win a microwave oven if they completed the retest. A total of 3,157 (60.8%) returned for the retest. There was no significant difference between the three intervention conditions in participation rates and a number of biometric measures. These results suggest that additional health information and prize incentives do not enhance rates of return for retest or changes in dietary and exercise behaviors within the context of a community screening program in Australia.