bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and Consequences of Professional Marginality: The Case of Poverty Lawyers Revisited
Authors: Zaloznaya Marina , Nielsen Laura Beth
Published: November 2011

A partial replication of Jack Katz's (1982)Poor People's Lawyers in Transition, this article explores the manifestations and consequences of professional marginality of legal aid lawyers. Based on thirty-five interviews with poverty attorneys and interns in Chicago, the authors show that scarce material resources and unclear expectations continue to give rise to the marginalization of this segment of the legal profession. The authors analyzed ideological, task, status, and material dimensions of attorneys' professional marginality. With no access to reform litigation, central to the legal aid “culture of significance” in the 1970s, present-day poverty lawyers seek new ways to cope with marginality. The authors argue that these lawyers' coping strategies have many negative consequences. Thus, over time, poverty lawyers' deep engagement with clients, ideals of empowerment, and social justice orientation give way to emotional detachment, complacency, and an emphasis on “making do” within the constraints of the system.
The Financial Rewards of Elite Status in the Legal Profession
Authors: Dinovitzer Ronit
Published: November 2011

This article focuses on the role of intergenerational status attainment for legal careers. By decomposing the earnings gap between elite and nonelite lawyers at two points in their careers, we find that inherited cultural capital produces an earnings advantage as soon as lawyers begin their careers and that this gap persists over time. We further find that the processes underlying this gap change as lawyers make their way through the profession. While in early careers, the elite advantage is due to stronger starting endowments, the advantage for junior lawyers results from a more complex process, which combines starting endowments, professional capital gained during the first years of practice, and the rate at which endowments are differentially rewarded in the profession. Elaborating on work that identifies the importance of maintaining and concentrating diverse forms of capital in the legal profession, we explain the process through which elite lawyers gain and retain their advantage over time.
Hiring Teams, Firms, and Lawyers: Evidence of the Evolving Relationships in the Corporate Legal Market
Authors: Coates John C. , DeStefano Michele M. , Nanda Ashish , Wilkins David B.
Published: November 2011

How are relationships between corporate clients and law firms evolving? Drawing on interview and survey data from 166 chief legal officers of S&P 500 companies from 2006–2007, we find that—contrary to standard depictions of corporate client-provider relationships—(1) large companies have relationships with ten to twenty preferred providers; (2) these relationships continue to be enduring; and (3) clients focus not only on law firm platforms and lead partners, but also on teams and departments within preferred providers, allocating work to these subunits at rival firms over time and following “star” lawyers, especially if they move as part of a team. The combination of long-term relationships and subunit rivalry provides law firms with steady work flows and allows companies to keep cost pressure on firms while preserving relationship-specific capital, quality assurance, and soft forms of legal capacity insurance. Our findings have implications for law firms, corporate departments, and law schools.
American Capital Punishment in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Johnson David T.
Published: November 2011

It is often said that American capital punishment fulfills no purposes, serves no functions, and possesses no coherent rationale. InPeculiar Institution: America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition(2010), David Garland argues that American capital punishment is functional, meaningful, and effective, especially in the cultural realm of death penalty discourse. He also demonstrates that America's radically local version of democracy helps explain why the death penalty has persisted in the United States long after it disappeared in other Western democracies and that many of the peculiar forms through which American capital punishment is now administered have been designed to deny association with the lynchings that have occurred in American history. Garland arrives at these conclusions by comparing capital punishment in contemporary America with death penalty systems from the American past and from other Western nations. This essay argues that comparison with Asia further illuminates what is peculiar—and ordinary—in American capital punishment.
Four‐year successive rearing of Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa (Diptera: Chironomidae) under laboratory condition
Authors: Baek Min Jeong , Yoon Tae Joong , Hwang Jeong Mi , Kang Hyo Jeong , Lee Song Ji , Cho Kijong , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

The dipteran Chironomidae have been commonly used as water quality indicators and toxicity test organisms. Two chironomids, Chironomus riparius Meigan and C. tentans Fabricius, are standard test organisms for toxicity (OECD), but their distribution is limited in Korea. The purpose of this study was to establish a Korean native chironomid species as a toxicity test organism. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa, distributed widely in Korean streams, was selected and reared successively under laboratory conditions for over 30 generations over 4 years.

Four G. tokunagai egg masses were collected from the Jungrang stream in Seoul, Korea in April 2007 and introduced to the laboratory for rearing. Room temperature (23.5 ± 3.2°C), larval and adult rearing cages, mating cages, and larval food were appropriately modified from conventional chironomid rearing methods. The number of eggs in an egg mass, hatching rate, and adult body sizes (head width, thorax width, wing width and length, and body length) were monitored every generation.

As a result, the number of eggs in an egg mass decreased rapidly in early generations, and then tended to stabilize after the fourth generation (p < 0.05). The mean hatching rate was higher than 75% in all generations. The gender ratio (no. of females/total no. of adults) was 0.24–0.52. The adult body size became significantly reduced in the initial three generations and tended to be stabilized in the following generations (p < 0.05), although it depended on food supply and larval density. This is the first case of chironomid domestication in Korea that has been successfully reared longer than 4 years under laboratory conditions. This reared population of G. tokunagai can be used for various environmental studies such as bioassays, ecological risk assessments, and environmental monitoring.
Urban conflict by social wasps in Seoul
Authors: Choi Moon‐Bo , Kim Jeong‐Kyu , Lee Jong‐Wook
Published: November 2011

This study conducted an investigation on the damage by social wasps within the metropolis of Seoul and Busan of Korea. Damage by social wasps in Seoul has increased 5.5 times with total 12,406 cases in the past ten years. Damages were arisen from July to September the most at the outskirts of a city near mountains and continuously increased within the internal area of city. Social wasps turned out to inhabit open spaces such as eaves, window frame and garden among 49 nesting places and Polistes rothneyi koreanus were most frequently found of all species.

As the final outcome, increase of green space within the urban area, stability of nesting place, city temperature, stability against natural enemy, influence of media are believed to be the reasons of increase of social wasps within the city.
Geographical Distribution and Molecular Identification of Larval. Trombiculid Mites in Korea (2005∼2007)
Authors: Roh Jong Yul , Song Bong Gu , Park Won Il , Shin Eun Hee , Park Chan , Lee Hee Il , Shin E‐hyun
Published: November 2011

A surveillance of trombiculid mites was conducted by collecting wild small mammals twice a year (spring and autumn seasons) at 24 localities in Korea from 2005 to 2007 to clarify the nationwide distribution of scrub typhus vectors. Among 783 trapped rodents, Apodemus agrarius accounted for 87.4% and the trapping rate at riverside was recorded the highest. A total of 67,325 mites representing 4 genera and 14 species were collected and their chigger index (C. I.) was 86.0. The predominant species were Leptotrombidium pallidum (52.6%), L. scutellare (27.1%), L. palpale (8.2%), L. orientale (5.6%), and Neotrombicula tamiyai (1.7%). However, the portion of L. scutellare in southern area including endemic provinces such as Jeollabuk‐Do (34.3%), Jeollanam‐Do (49.0%), and Gyeongsangnam‐Do (88%) were relatively higher than middle areas where L. pallidum was predominant in. Additionally, in autumn season, the density of L. scutellare was increased up to 42.0% while that of L. pallidum was decrease to 37.6%. Now we are performing a periodic surveillance again (2011∼2013) and trying to develop a method to identify these trombiculid mites using molecular markers.
First record of Elmomorphus brevicornis Sharp (Coleoptera: Dryopidae) from Korea with its biological notes
Authors: Jung Sang Woo , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

The family Dryopidae (long‐toed water beetles) contains 263 described species belonging to 32 genera worldwide. The genus Elmomorphus includes E. brevicornis amamiensis, E. brevicornis brevicornis, E. montanus, and E. nepalensis which are distributed in the Palaearctic region. Adults of this genus can be distinguished from other genera by the following characters: elongate, oval and shiny body with sparse pubescence, short antennae, two wider antennomere, absence of carinae on pronotum, row of long strong setae on middle femurs, and very long tarsi. They are found on the pile of submerged decayed branches (Prunus sp.) in lentic areas. Larvae are little known, and adults may be herbivorous and utilize plastron respiration similar to elmid riffle beetles. In this study, we recorded Elmomorphus brevicornis Sharp as new to the Korean water beetle fauna using material collected in Byeonsanbando National Park. This is also the first record of the family Dryopidae in Korea. Diagnoses, photographs, line drawings of key characters, and biological notes are provided.
New Record of the Coastal Species, Heterota onorum Maruyama in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: Yoo In‐Seong , Kim Yoon‐Ho , Ahn Kee‐Jeong
Published: November 2011

While collecting the Korean seashore Staphylinidae, we found unusual rove beetles under decaying seaweeds along beaches of the southern coasts. As a result of the detailed study of them, we identified them as Heterota onorum Maruyama, new to Korean fauna.

Heterota Mulsant and Rey contains 11 species worldwide and one species (H. sunjaei) in Korea, all members of which are confined to coastal habitat and usually found under decaying seaweeds on rocky shore or sandy beach. The genus can be recognized by the combination of following characters: broad occiput; prominent eyes; narrow and long ligula; labial palpi with two articles; transverse pronotum; tarsal formula 4‐4‐5.

In this study, we present a habitus photographs, diagnosis, illustrations of diagnostic characters, and distributional map of the species.
One New Species and Three New Korean Records of the Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Kang Hyo Jeong , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: November 2011

The non‐biting midge subfamily Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) are a common and abundant insect group inhabiting diverse freshwater habitats. The subfamily contains approximately 1,500 species worldwide including 606 Japanese, 118 Chinese, and 166 Far East Russian species. Since the 1980s, 25 Orthocladiinae species have been recorded in Korea by several Korean chironomid taxonomists. In this study, one new species and three new Korean records of the subfamily are presented: Smittia n. sp., Corynoneura longipennis Tokunaga, Smittia akanduodecima Sasa and Kamimura, and Smittia pratora (Goetghebuer). Descriptions of male adults, line drawings, and diagnoses are provided.
Taxonomic Review of Korean Hedychrum Latreille, with a description of new species
Authors: Ha Hyeong‐Hwa , Kim Jeong‐Kyu
Published: November 2011

The genus Hedychrum Latreille is the second largest one of the tribe Elampini (Chrysidinae: Chrysididae), with 146 extant species mainly distributed in Eastern Hemisphere. Almost entire species of the genus were known to be the cleptoparasites ofsphecid subfamily Philanthinae (Kimsey and Bohart, 1990).

The members of Hedychrum are small to medium‐sized chrysidid wasps ranging from 3.5 mm to 8.5 mm in body length, and separated from other generic members by the following combination of characteristics. Scapal basin somewhat deeply excavated and compactly cross‐ridged, presence of a sharp tooth on base of oral fossa, presence of anteromedial pit on pronotum, rounded mesopleuron with indistinct omaulus and short scrobal sulcus, lacking of medial enclosure on propodeum, presence (sometimes obsolete) of pit or depression in mid and hind tibial inner faces, enlarged hind femur, tarsal claw with sub‐parallel tooth (appearing apically bifid), forewing medial vein very slightly curved (almost straight), stigma slender and apically acute, tergum III usually with lateral tooth and sub‐apically swollen, female sternum III with sub‐basal sulcus extending toward mid‐line and often with apicomedial tubercle.

So far, taxonomic information on KoreanHedychrum has been fragmentary and secondary in previous regional‐based studies (Uchida, 1927; Tsuneki, 1953; Terayama et al., 2005) that providedjust outline of the occurrence of four species.

We reviewed the genus Hedychrumin Korea, and confirmed six species including four previously known ones. Among them, Hedychrumkoreanum Ha and Kim is here supposed to be new to science, and H. chalybaeumis new to Korea. The new species is very similar to H. okai, but easily separated by the presence of carinae on ventrolateral face of fore‐femur and difference in coloration. Key, description, additional diagnosis, and digital images are provided.
The Korean species of the genus Adota Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) with description of two new species
Authors: Lee Seung‐Gyu , Yoo In‐Seong , Ahn Kee‐Jeong
Published: November 2011

The athetine genus Adota Casey, 1910 contains seven species worldwide and six of which are restricted to seashores (Smetana 2004, Frank & Ahn 2011). Fenyes (1918, 1920) raised Adota to generic rank from a subgenus of Atheta based on the absence of infraorbital carina. Gusarov (2003) revised the Nearcic Adota species, and described one new species. Three species and four species are described in Nearcic and Palaearctic region, respectively. In the Palaearctic region, all species have been reported from Japan. Adota magnipennis is the only species recorded in the Korean Peninsula by Park et al. (2007). Most Adota species can be found under seaweeds and stones on seashore.

Members of the Adota can be distinguished from other athetine genera by combination of the following characters: body parallel‐sided, flattened dorsoventrally; surface densely pubescent and finely punctured, with isodiametric microsculpture; antennomere 2 little longer than 3; infraorbital carina absent; pronotal pubescence directed anteriorly in midline; tarsi with long setae ventrally, metatarsomere 1 about as long as 2; empodial seta about as long as claw; abdominal tergites III–VI transversely impressed in basal region; spermatheca one coiled distally.

In this study, we recognized four Adota species in Korea, including two new species, A. koreana Lee and Ahn new species and A. minuta Lee and Ahn new species. Adota ushio is recorded for the first time in Korea. A key, habitus photographs and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.
The Korean species of the genus Coenonica Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: Kim Yoon‐Ho , Ahn Kee‐Jeong
Published: November 2011

The genus Coenonica Kraatz in the tribe Homalotini Heer is composed of 154 species from the World and 38 species in the Palaearctic region. In East Asia, 17 species have been recorded from China and four species from Japan. In Korea, two species, Coenonica absurda Pace and C. lewisa (Sharp), have been recorded by Paśnik (2001) from North Korea.

Members of the genus Coenonica are characterized by the combination of following features: body depressed, pronotum with a U or V‐shaped impression, meso‐ and metaventral processes rounded or truncate apically.

During an ongoing study of the Korean Homalotini, we found four Coenonica species. Coenonica absurda Pace and C. lewisa (Sharp) are reported for the first time in South Korea, and C. sharpi (Fauvel) and C. zhejiangensis Pace from the Korean peninsula. We provide a key to the species of Korean Coenonica and illustrations of habitus photographs with line drawings of diagnostic characters. The specimens studied are deposited in the Chungnam National University Insect Collection (CNUIC, Daejeon), Korea.
Two Newly Recorded Species of tribe Eucosmini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) from North Korea
Authors: Byun Bong‐Kyu , Lee Bong‐Woo , Roh Seung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

In this study, we report two species of the tribe Eucosmini for the first time from North Korea. The purpose of this paper is to report these new faunistic date for understanding the distributional information of North Korea. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, with brief comments on the taxonomic information and biology. Examined materials in the present study are now preserved in the Lepidopterological collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), Budapest, Hungary.

Species accounts

Notocelia rosaecolana Doubleday

Material examined. 1♀, Prov. South Pyongan, Pyongyang Hotel, 4. Sept. 1971, leg. S. Harvatovich et J. Papp‐gen. sl. KNA 080; 1♂, Prov. South Pyongan, Pyongyang Hotel garden, 17. Aug. 1971, leg. S. Harvatovich et J. Papp‐gen. sl. KNA 016; 1♂, Prov. South Pyongan, Pyongyang Hotel garden, 11. Aug. 1971, leg. S. Harvatovich et J. Papp‐gen. sl. KNA 041; 1♂, Prov. South Pyongan, Pyongyang Hotel garden, 14. Aug. 1971, leg. S. Harvatovich et J. Papp;

Rhopobota ustomaculana Curtis

Material examined. 1♀, Prov. Ryanggang, Chann‐Pay Plateau, Sam‐Ji‐Yan 1700m 24 Jul 1975 leg J. Papp et A. Vojnits‐gen. sl. KNA 020
Comparative Insect Faunas between Ganghwado and Six others Islands of West Coastal in Incheon, Korea
Authors: Park Seong‐Joon , Kim Byung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

This paper is intended as an investigation of the biogeographic characteristics of insect faunas of the seven islands in West Coastal of Incheon, Korea, using quantitative analysis. The faunal similarity is examined using the Bray & Curtis similarity. The obtained similarity value matrix was examined by a cluster analysis using UPGMA method. The number and the distribution records of each species in the areas are 1,001 species of insects belonging to 12 orders from the seven investigated islands. Among above seven islands, Seokmodo has the highest number of species, 497 species, while Yeonpyeongdo has the lowest, 136 species. The species composition of insects reported in Ganghwado was 309 species under seven orders. The similarity values between seven localities investigated range from 24.907(Gyodongdo to Yeonpyeongdo) to 49.899(Baengnyeongdo to Ganghwado). That is, the species composition of Baengnyeongdo(47.90%) was similar to that of Ganghwado, while that of Yeonpyeongdo(25.28%) was different from that. The cluster analysis using a similarity index shows that all the islands of these areas can be divided into 3 groups at the level of 30.97%.
Effects of fermented aloe vera mixed diet on larval growth of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis and protective effects of extract of larvae of P. brevitarsis seulensis fed fermented Aloe vera against CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague‐Dawley rats.
Authors: Kang Mingu , Kang Changgeun , Kim Euikyung , Ki Jongshu , Kwon Ohseok , Lee Hyoki , Kang Hyunjun , Jang Heeseung
Published: November 2011

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fermented aloe vera mixed diet on larval growth of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe)(coleopteran : Cetoniidae) and protective effects of extract of larvae of P. brevitarsis seulensis fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet against CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague‐Dawley rats. To determine whether different diets can affect the larval growth of P. brevitarsis seulensis, six different diets were investigated in the experiment, and the results exhibited that 15% fermented aloe vera with 85% fermented oakwood sawdust was the best diet for larval growth of this insect and follow as 9% fermented aloe vera with 91% fermented oakwood sawdust. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 30) were separated into five groups of six each, as follows: control group; CCl4 group; CCl4 plus larval extract group (without fermented aloe vera); CCl4 plus 9% and 15% larval extract groups (with fermented aloe vera). All extract groups were fed with 30 mg/kg extracts of fermented Oakwood sawdust only and fermented Oakwood sawdust plus 9 and 15% fermented aloe vera, respectively once every consecutive day, with administration of CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice a week for 3 weeks. Administration of CCl4 increased the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotranseferase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in rats and reduced level of glutathione in the liver. Treatment with extract of larval fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet significantly alleviated these changes to nearly normal levels. The histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly attenuated by extract of larval fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet treatment. The results suggest that beneficial effect of FAV mixed diet on larval growth may be to stimulation of larval life cycle, and extract 15% of larval fed fermented aloe vera mixed diet exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl4–induced liver injury in rat, likely due to the increase of glutathione contents and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
Investigation on the virologic vector‐borne diseases by mosquito vector in Yeongnam, Korea
Authors: Hwang Heeju , Kang SeWon , No ByungUn , Lee Dongkyu , Lee WookGyo , Shin EHyun , Park Chan , Hwang UiWook , Yu HakSun , Han YeonSoo , Lee YongSeok , Jeong JiEun
Published: November 2011

To prevent the influx, propagation and spread of epidemic vectors (vector borne disease) that are increasing due to global warming and climate change, we kept the mosquito vectors under constant surveillance from April (2nd week) to September (3rd week), 2011 in Yeongnam area. Samples were collected at Youngdo (Busan) for Dengue fever and Yellow fever and by support of Gimcheon, Gyeongju, Ulju(Ulsan), Jinju, Hapcheon public health center for Japanese encephalitis and malaria, and also at two sites in Eulsook‐do for Westnile.

A BG‐sentinel trap was used to collect samples for Dengue fever and Yellow fever, whereas black light traps were used for Westnile and Japanese encephalitis. At first, mosquito vectors were classified according to a standard classification method and then identified as to whether or not each of the collected samples had the pathogens by using the Real‐time PCR method.

Two species of mosquito vectors, Culex pipiens pallens and Ochlerotatus togoi were mostly collected by BG‐sentinel traps. On the other hand, Aedes vexans nipponii and Anopheles sinensis were mainly collected by black light traps (until May). Since then, the number of Culex tritaeniorhynchus gradually increased and then declined in September. The largest number, a total of 12,624 mosquito vectors were collected in the Jinju region during collection. As the result of the Real‐time PCR experiment to detect the pathogens, no viruses had been detected, until now. But it requires sustainable and long‐term monitoring because infectious disease is expected to be spread in the long term.
Monitoring of herbivore's feeding activity in three different elevations of Mt. Jirisan National Park, a Korea long‐term ecological research site
Authors: Choi In‐Young , An Jeong‐Seop , Na Sang‐Hyun , Lee Jin , Choi Sei‐Woong
Published: November 2011

The purpose of the present study is to monitor diverse herbivore's feeding activity in Mt. Jirisan National Park, a Korea LTER site in a part of investigation of plant‐insect‐bird interactions. We selected nine tree species at three survey sites in three different elevations (300 m, 900 m, and 1200 m). We measured the herbivore's feeding activity by an indirect method that calculates feeding area per leaf by diverse but unknown herbivores (ankertrass area) every two weeks from April to June. We found that the peak and duration differ along the elevation: at a low elevation site (300 m), pattern of ankertrass area increased continuously from 16thJulian week to 22nd week; at middle elevation site (900 m), pattern of ankertrass area increased continuously from 20thJulian week to 25th week; andat high elevation site (1,200 m), pattern of ankertrass area sharply increased from 22nd Julian week to 23rd week. It showed that late May (22∼23 Julian week) was the peak timing of ankertrass in all elevation site. We expected that the peak or duration of herbivore activity can be changed followed by environmental change and this can be monitored in a long term ecological monitoring.
Report on the rate of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in Hapcheon and Miryang, Korea
Authors: Kang SeWon , Hwang Heeju , Jeong JiEun , Lee WookGyo , Shin EHyun , Park Chan , Hwang UiWook , Yu HakSun , Han YeonSoo , Lee YongSeok
Published: November 2011

Most of the epidemic spread is closely related to the growth environment of insects or rodents as mediators. Climate changes make their growth environment change resulting in an epidemic infection increase. Even though the incidence of scrub typhus is increasing, little is known about scrub typhus compared with other infectious diseases in Korea. The tsutsugamushi infection prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi carried by tick was projected for surveillance from April to September in 2011. Chigger mites were collected at Miryang (Mt. Gaji) and Hapcheon (Gaya‐myeon) by the Sherman live trap and hanging method. Each collected samples were identified by microscope. Genomic DNAs were purified using CTB extraction kit and amplified by PCR using INNOPLEX TSUTSU detection kit.

The number of chigger mites was highest in April, and then gradually declined. No chigger mites were collected in July (1st week) and August (1st week). However, chigger mites were collected again after September. We detected Orientia tsutsugamushi from samples collected in May (2nd week) using INNOPLEX TSUTSU detection kit. There has been no sign of an epidemic disease caused by climate change with the exception of tsutsugamushi infection in Korea until now. But, it is gradually requiring continuous monitoring, and the development of protective technology and emergency system for rapid, accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Biological Attachment System of the Pretarsal Pulvilli in the Shield Bug Acanthosoma spinicolle (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)
Authors: Yang Sung‐Chan , Moon Myung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

Insects have the distinctive attachment apparatus in their appendages to move on smooth surface using alternatively with sticky fluids or dry adhesion devices. Here, we demonstrated the biological attachment system of the shield bug A. spinicolle to reveal its fine structural characteristics with aid of scanning electron microscope. Each appendage has a pair of tarsal claws and a pair of pretarsal pads. The claws are quite sharp and they are adapted for attaching to rough substrates. On the other hand, they attach to smooth surface by means of pretarsal pulvilli which resemble the fly's wet attachment system. The ventral surface bears numerous lamellae and rounded segments with distal extensions. By the precise examination using paraffine embedded tissue preparation technique, it has been revealed that the wet adhesion device of this bug's appendage can be accomplished with aid of additional adhesive fluid from the pad secretion.
Dragline Silk Spinning in the Orb Web Spider Nephila clavata
Authors: Kim Hoon , Moon Myung‐Jin
Published: November 2011

Although many researches have revealed that liquid phase of silk in the ampulla is turning into the polymerized dragline silk fibers as the feedstock passes through the long duct, the exact mechanism has still been not fully understood. Spider's strongest silk fiber, dragline, is mainly produced in the large ampullate glands, the biggest silk gland in the abdomen with a distinctive yellow color. Morphologically, the duct of large ampullate gland is in its unique S‐shape with 2 loops dividing the entire duct into three limbs. In addition, the diameter of the duct showed radical decrease toward the nozzle of the duct. Therefore, it assumed that the duct is playing a significant role in the entire process of silk production allowing great strength. Here, we present some of the fine structural properties of the large ampullate gland duct in Nephila clavata using various visualizations techniques.
Effect of Bee Venom on Atopic Dermatitis‐like Model NC/Nga Mice Induced by DNCB
Authors: Kang Hyun Bae , Jeon Sang Jin , Lee Hae Jin , Kim Jung ho , Koh Sang Kyun , Lee Ji‐Sook , Yun Chi‐Young
Published: November 2011

Chemical haptens like 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) epicutaneously administered evoke an atopic dermatitis (AD)‐like dermatitis reaction in NC/Nga mice. Bee venom (BV) has shown to have a variety of biological activities including anti‐inflammatory reaction. However, the efficacy of bee venom for the allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma has not been completely investigated. In the present study, we examined whether treatment with bee venom suppresses AD‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by DNCB. Dorsal skin administration of BV to NC/Nga mice treated by DNCB was found to inhibit increase of the ear thickness and the skin lesions. In the evaluation of the scratching behavior, it decreased in 15‐20 percentage. The serum immunoglobuline E (IgE) production of DNCB‐treated NC/Nga mice was significantly inhibited by BV treatment. This result suggests that BV may suppress the development of AD‐like dermatitis in DNCB‐treated NC/Nga mice by reducing serum IgE production. It thus indicates that bee venom could be a useful remedy agent for treating the atopic dermatitis.
Expression profiles of tumor suppressor QM homologue in response to budded virus infection (AcMNPV) in Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Park Bo Mi , Oh Seung Han , kim Dong Hyun , Patnaik Bharat Bhusan , Lee Yong Seok , Bang In Seok , Kim Iksoo , Han Yeon Soo
Published: November 2011

It has been reported that QM may have antiviral function in invertebrate. However, it has not been seriously investigated whether insect QM plays a critical role in antiviral immunity against nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV). In this context, in silico identification and comparative analysis of Spodopetera exigua QM cDNA was conducted. As expected, it is highly conserved protein. To further examine whether entomopathogenic NPV up‐regulates the level of SeQM mRNA, budded virus (AcMNPV‐BV) was infected to the 3rd instar larvae. Real‐time PCR analysis of SeQM in virus‐infected larvae with poly I:C was conducted and potential significance of SeQM was discussed. It remains to elucidate the precise function of SeQM during antiviral immune responses by using RNA interference.
Influences of Medium Composition on Mycelial Growth, Sporulation and Chitinase Secretion of Metarhizium anisopliae HY‐2
Authors: Ji Zhen , Kim Do Young , Cho Han‐Young , Kim Yi‐Joon , Shin Dong‐Ha , Son Kwang‐Hee , Park Ho‐Yong
Published: November 2011

Metarhizium anisopliae HY‐2, an entomopathogenic fungus isolated from pest cadaver in South Korea, is applicable as a potent bio‐pesticide because of its insecticidal activity to Adoretus tenuimaculatus. Here we report this strain varied in its ability to grow under different nutritional and environmental factors. Temperature at 28°C and pH from 6 to 7 were obtained the best‐fit environmental requirements. Insect pupa and tryptone were found the optimal nitrogen sources for both mycelial growth and sporulation. The strain reached the most suitable effects at the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio from 10:1 to 20:1 when the carbon concentration was 4 g/ml provided by glucose and nitrogen supplied by tryptone. Additionally, strain HY‐2 produced an extracellular chitinase at a relatively high level (21.1 mU/ml) when cultivated for 20 days on a medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (1%) and insect pupa (0.5%), indicating that synthesis of chitinase is subject to induction by certain substrate.
Impact of the 2009/2010 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic on trends in influenza hospitalization, diagnostic testing, and treatment
Authors: Hernandez Jaime E. , Grainger Joanne , Simonsen Lone , Collis Phil , Edelman Laurel , Sheridan William P.
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Hernandez et al. (2012) Impact of the 2009/2010 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic on trends in influenza hospitalization, diagnostic testing, and treatment. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(5), 305–308.

Analysis of a US hospitalization database demonstrated that more influenza patients were hospitalized and the age distribution of hospitalizations was younger during the 2009 (H1N1) influenza A pandemic compared with the three previous influenza seasons. The duration of hospital stay remained stable in all four seasons. A higher proportion of patients was treated with antivirals (P < 0·0001), comprised almost entirely of neuraminidase inhibitors, and the proportion was highest in those with influenza confirmed by diagnostic testing (P < 0·0001). Approximately one‐third remained untreated. Young children had the lowest rate of neuraminidase‐inhibitor treatment during the 2009 pandemic (P < 0·05).
The Bystander Effect is a Novel Mechanism of UVA‐Induced Melanogenesis
Authors: Nishiura Hideki , Kumagai Jun , Kashino Genro , Okada Takuya , Tano Keizo , Watanabe Masami
Published: November 2011

We successfully identified the bystander effect in B16 murine melanoma cells exposed to UVA irradiation. The effect was identified based on melanogenesis following the medium transfer of the B16 cells, which had been cultured for 24 h after being exposed to UVA irradiation, to nonirradiated cells (bystander cells). Our confirmation study of the functional mechanism of bystander cells confirmed the reduced levels of mitochondrial membrane potential 1–4 h after the medium transfer. In addition, we observed increased levels of intracellular oxidation after 9–12 h, and the generation of melanin radicals, including long‐lived radicals, 24 h after medium transfer. Further analysis of bystander factors revealed that the administration of EGTA treatment at the time of medium transfer led to an inhibition of melanogenesis and to neutralization of the mitochondrial membrane potential level, as well as to the restoration of intracellular oxidation levels to those of controls. The results demonstrated that the UVA irradiation bystander effect in B16 cells, as indicated by melanogenesis, was induced by the increase in intracellular oxidation due to the mitochondrial activity of calcium ions, which were among the bystander factors involved in the increase.
Knowledge‐ and Evidence‐Based Education: Reasons, Trends, and Contents
Authors: Pasquinelli Elena
Published: November 2011

Education is in need of reform, and the development of the sciences of mind and brain are candidates to contribute to the renovation of the way people are instructed and of the tools that mediate learning. Knowledge‐ and evidence‐based approaches to education put forward the fact that educational systems are inadequate to provide an answer to the challenges of the 21st century and claim that education should be guided by scientific principles rather than by intuition and professional wisdom only (or, worst, by tradition). This is because sciences that are capable of shedding light into learning process have dramatically advanced during the last half‐century and, still more meaningfully, during the last 20 years. The time has come for a new science of learning to rise, which is structured around cognitive and neuroscience, investigates topics that stem from educational problems, and rests on rigorous forms of in‐laboratory and in‐vivo evaluation.
Survey‐Based Approach for Hydrological Vulnerability Indicators Due to Climate Change: Case Study of Small‐Scale Rivers1
Authors: Jung Yong , Choi Minha
Published: November 2011

Jung, Yong and Minha Choi, 2012. Survey‐Based Approach for Hydrological Vulnerability Indicators Due to Climate Change: Case Study of Small‐Scale Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 256‐265. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00608.x

Abstract:  The vulnerability indicators can be used to develop water resource policy in the context of climate change. The Delphi method, an interactive prediction technique, is an efficient way to apply weighting functionality to vulnerability indicators consisting of three parts: Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity on climate change. The Delphi method is an anonymous iterative survey of expert opinion, which is then shared with other participants. A total of three different rounds were carried out. The first round was a problem selection set, and the second and third were the standard Delphi survey. Fifty‐eight experts (66% academic and 34% practitioner) were invited. The rates of reply were 59, 50, and 38% for the first, second, and third Delphi processes, respectively. The degree of consensus of the Delphi survey was validated via variance changes and Kendall’s W test. Exposure and Adaptive Capacity presented increased levels of agreement among respondents in their given priorities. Particularly strong convergence (0.20 to 0.71 in Kendall’s W) of the experts’ opinions for Adaptive Capacity was observed. The results of this study indicate that finalized factors with ultimate weights through the Delphi method can be a strong support for governmental policy making with respect to climate change.
Genomic toolboxes for conservation biologists
Authors: Angeloni Francesco , Wagemaker Niels , Vergeer Philippine , Ouborg Joop
Published: November 2011

Conservation genetics is expanding its research horizon with a genomic approach, by incorporating the modern techniques of next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Application of NGS overcomes many limitations of conservation genetics. First, NGS allows for genome‐wide screening of markers, which may lead to a more representative estimation of genetic variation within and between populations. Second, NGS allows for distinction between neutral and non‐neutral markers. By screening populations on thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers, signals of selection can be found for some markers. Variation in these markers will give insight into functional rather than neutral genetic variation. Third, NGS facilitates the study of gene expression. Conservation genomics will increase our insight in how the environment and genes interact to affect phenotype and fitness. In addition, the NGS approach opens a way to study processes such as inbreeding depression and local adaptation mechanistically. Conservation genetics programs are directed to a fundamental understanding of the processes involved in conservation genetics and should preferably be started in species for which large databases on ecology, demography and genetics are available. Here, we describe and illustrate the connection between the application of NGS technologies and the research questions in conservation. The perspectives of conservation genomics programs are also discussed.
Metrology development for extreme ultraviolet lithography: Flare and out-of-band qualification
Authors: Lorusso G. F. , Hendrickx E. , Davydova N. , Peng Y. , Eurlings M. , Feenstra K. , Jiang J.
Published: November 2011

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the leading candidate for lithography beyond the 22 nm half-pitch device manufacturing node. These geometries impose tighter requirements for standard critical dimension metrology and call for new strategies able to quantify and monitor extreme ultraviolet (EUV) specific parameters. In this paper, the approaches to measure two key EUV imaging parameters, namely flare and out-of-band (OoB) radiation, are discussed. EUV sources are known to emit a broad spectrum of wavelengths ranging from EUV to deep ultraviolet (DUV) and beyond. As the DUV can contribute to the photoresist exposure and degrade imaging performance, it is critical to accurately determine the amount of DUV OoB in EUVL exposure tools at the wafer level. In this paper, a methodology using an aluminum-coated reticle to measure the DUV/EUV ratio in resist is discussed. Such a mask is able to provide quantitative in situ information on the scanner DUV content thanks to its ability to transmit DUV and absorb EUV. The experimental OoB results for two EUVL tools are reported and compared with modeling predictions. Flare in EUVL is caused by light scattered by the surface roughness of the optical elements and has a larger impact as compared to optical lithography. As a consequence, a precise and accurate flare metrology is essential to guarantee a proper qualification of the effect, as well as to implement an effective compensation strategy. However, the flare level estimate has been historically based on operator and tool-dependent procedures that are unable to meet the requirements for accuracy and precision dictated by EUVL. A robust in-line approach to flare metrology is developed and qualified. As in the case of OoB, experimental flare results for two EUVL tools are reported. The experimental data are compared to full-chip simulations using the point spread function of the tool’s optical system.
Morphology of the Au-Si interface formed during solidification of liquid Au/Si(111) islands
Authors: Jungwirth Nick , Dailey Eric , Madras Prashanth , Drucker Jeff
Published: November 2011

Au islands grown on Si(111) substrates at substrate temperatures of 500 and 600 °C, both of which are greater than the bulk Au-Si eutectic temperature of 363 °C, are characterized using atomic force (AFM) and electron microscopy. Specific islands are imaged using AFM before and after Au dissolution using aqua regia to characterize the Au-Si interface formed as the islands solidify from the liquid phase while cooling from the growth temperature. Subsequent to Au dissolution, the islands present a craterlike morphology with a pit that may extend below the substrate surface depending on growth and annealing conditions. Craters formed beneath islands grown at a substrate temperature of 600 °C exhibit pits that penetrate below the substrate surface to a depth that is proportional to the area of the island footprint and possess a well-developed (111) facet at their base. Facets are also sometimes observed in the crater sidewalls and are more prevalent in samples slowly cooled through the solidus temperature than those that are radiatively quenched. Transmission electron micrographs of etched islands indicate the presence of segregated Au nanocrystals entrained in the crater lip.
The acoustic emissions of cavitation bubbles in stretched vortices
Authors: Chang Natasha A. , Ceccio Steven L.
Published: November 2011

Pairs of unequal strength, counter-rotating vortices were produced in order to examine the inception, dynamics, and acoustic emission of cavitation bubbles in rapidly stretching vortices. The acoustic signatures of these cavitation bubbles were characterized during their inception, growth, and collapse. Growing and collapsing bubbles often produced a sharp, broadband, pop sound. The spectrum of these bubbles, and the peak resonant frequency can generally be related to quiescent flow bubble dynamics and corresponding resonant frequencies. However, some elongated cavitation bubbles produced a short tonal burst, or chirp, with frequencies on the order of a few kilohertz. Theses frequencies are too low to be related to resonant frequencies of a bubble in a quiescent flow. Instead, the frequency content of the acoustic signal during bubble inception and growth is related to the volumetric oscillations of the bubble while it interacted with vortical flow that surrounds the bubble (i.e., the resonant frequency of the vortex-bubble system). A relationship was determined between the observed peak frequency of the oscillations, the highly stretched vortex properties, and the water nuclei content. It was found that different cavitation spectra could relate to different flow and fluid properties and therefore would not scale in the same manner.
Suppressing shape instabilities to discover the Bjerknes force instability (L)
Authors: Alibakhshi Mohammad A. , Holt R. Glynn
Published: November 2011

For sufficiently strong acoustic forcing in a standing wave field, subresonant size bubbles are predicted to be repelled from the pressure antinode. Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) conditions in water do not allow the observation of this instability. This study investigates the possibility that increasing the viscosity of the host liquid can preferentially suppress shape instabilities of a bubble and allow SBSL experiments to be limited by the Bjerknes force instability.
Effect of static pressure on acoustic energy radiated by cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids under ultrasound
Authors: Yasui Kyuichi , Towata Atsuya , Tuziuti Toru , Kozuka Teruyuki , Kato Kazumi
Published: November 2011

The effect of static pressure on acoustic emissions including shock-wave emissions from cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids under ultrasound has been studied by numerical simulations in order to investigate the effect of static pressure on dispersion of nano-particles in liquids by ultrasound. The results of the numerical simulations for bubbles of 5 μm in equilibrium radius at 20 kHz have indicated that the optimal static pressure which maximizes the energy of acoustic waves radiated by a bubble per acoustic cycle increases as the acoustic pressure amplitude increases or the viscosity of the solution decreases. It qualitatively agrees with the experimental results by Sauter et al. [Ultrason. Sonochem. 15, 517 (2008)]. In liquids with relatively high viscosity (∼200 mPa s), a bubble collapses more violently than in pure water when the acoustic pressure amplitude is relatively large (∼20 bar). In a mixture of bubbles of different equilibrium radius (3 and 5 μm), the acoustic energy radiated by a 5 μm bubble is much larger than that by a 3 μm bubble due to the interaction with bubbles of different equilibrium radius. The acoustic energy radiated by a 5 μm bubble is substantially increased by the interaction with 3 μm bubbles.
Natural frequencies of two bubbles in a compliant tube: Analytical, simulation, and experimental results
Authors: Jang Neo W. , Zakrzewski Aaron , Rossi Christina , Dalecki Diane , Gracewski Sheryl
Published: November 2011

Motivated by various clinical applications of ultrasound contrast agents within blood vessels, the natural frequencies of two bubbles in a compliant tube are studied analytically, numerically, and experimentally. A lumped parameter model for a five degree of freedom system was developed, accounting for the compliance of the tube and coupled response of the two bubbles. The results were compared to those produced by two different simulation methods: (1) an axisymmetric coupled boundary element and finite element code previously used to investigate the response of a single bubble in a compliant tube and (2) finite element models developed in comsol Multiphysics. For the simplified case of two bubbles in a rigid tube, the lumped parameter model predicts two frequencies for in- and out-of-phase oscillations, in good agreement with both numerical simulation and experimental results. For two bubbles in a compliant tube, the lumped parameter model predicts four nonzero frequencies, each asymptotically converging to expected values in the rigid and compliant limits of the tube material.