bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and outcomes of children with acute myeloid leukemia and Down syndrome who are ineligible for clinical trials due to severe comorbidities
Authors: Nakashima Kentaro , Hasegawa Daisuke , Tomizawa Daisuke , Miyamura Takako , Hama Asahito , Iwamoto Shotaro , Terui Kiminori , Adachi Souichi , Taga Takashi
Published: August 2019

Background

High survival rates of 80‐90% have been reported in recent clinical trials of reduced‐intensity chemotherapies for children with acute myeloid leukemia and Down syndrome (AML‐DS). However, a certain number of children with AML‐DS have complicating comorbidities, including congenital heart disease (CHD), and are therefore ineligible for enrolment in clinical trials.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with AML‐DS who were excluded from Japanese clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2015.

Results

Twelve children (six males and six females) were identified and were ineligible for CHD (n = 8) and other comorbidities, including hyperleukocytosis complicated with coagulopathy, severe hemophagocytosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (n = 1 each). The median age at the diagnosis was 14 months (range, 5 months to 11.5 years). Among all cases, 11 patients were treated with curative intent. Four patients were considered intolerant to intensive chemotherapy and received only low‐dose cytarabine‐based chemotherapy: three failed to achieve remission and died of disease, while one successfully achieved remission but eventually died of infection. Seven cases underwent regular‐intensive chemotherapy for AML‐DS: six were alive and in remission; one had relapsed disease. One patient who received the best supportive care died of disease. Finally, six patients remained in continuous complete remission, while six died. The 5‐year overall survival rate was 51%.

Conclusions

The prognosis of AML‐DS patients who received insufficient treatment due to severe complication was poor. The optimal dose intensity of curative chemotherapy for such cases should be explored.
Eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine versus 1% lidocaine injection for lumbar punctures in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Cruickshank Amy , Qeadan Fares , Kuttesch John F. , Agarwal Hemant S.
Published: August 2019

Background

The role of local analgesics for lumbar punctures (LPs) in pediatric oncology patients has not been specifically studied.

Aim

To compare the efficacy of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream to 1% lidocaine injection for LPs.

Method

This was a retrospective observational study of all patients receiving either EMLA cream (EMLA group) or 1% lidocaine subcutaneous injection (lidocaine group) in addition to fentanyl and propofol for LPs over 18 months. Demographics, vital parameters, procedural and recovery times, propofol and fentanyl doses, and adverse events were studied.

Results

Two hundred ninety LPs in 49 children were studied: 148 in the EMLA group and 142 in the lidocaine group. There was no difference in demographics or preprocedural parameters between the two groups. LPs in the EMLA group were completed in a shorter time (7.5 minutes [CI 7.0–8.1] vs 9.4 minutes [CI 8.9–9.9]) with a faster recovery time (38.7 minutes [CI 36.9–40.9] vs 43.9 minutes. [CI 41.9–45.9]) as compared with the lidocaine group (P < 0.001). The EMLA group required less maintenance doses (0.54 mg/kg [CI 0.47–0.62] vs 1.14 mg/kg [CI 1.06–1.21]) and total doses (2.58 mg/kg [CI 2.42–2.75] vs 3.12 mg/kg [CI 2.95–3.29]) of propofol as compared with the lidocaine group (P < 0.0001). Adverse events in the EMLA group were less (19% vs 41%) as compared with the lidocaine group (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The addition of EMLA cream for procedural sedation for LPs in pediatric oncology patients significantly improves pain management in comparison with 1% lidocaine injection.
Upper Critical Solution Temperature‐Type Thermal Response of Soluble Multi‐l‐Arginyl‐Poly‐l‐Aspartic Acid (cyanophycin) Conjugated with Maltodextrin
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Chi , Fang Tsuei‐Yun , Chen Chien‐Yu , Hsieh Yuan‐Chieh , Lai Wen‐Ling
Published: August 2019

Multi‐l‐arginyl‐poly‐l‐aspartic acid (MAPA), also known as cyanophycin, can incorporate lysine into the side‐chain position of arginine when being prepared with recombinant Escherichia coli. The soluble fraction (sMAPA) is known to display both lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) responses at the physiological condition. In an attempt to alter the UCST thermal response, maltodextrin was employed to conjugate onto the amine group of lysine of sMAPA via the formation of Schiff base. In phosphate buffered saline, the UCST of the conjugates appeared around 50–62°C, depending on the extent of conjugation. In contrast to the unmodified sMAPA, the UCST of the conjugate became independent of pH ranging from 1 to 11. Heating the conjugate solution to complete transparent caused a delayed and partial recovery of the original turbidity during subsequent cooling. However, the turbidity can be restored by further precipitation with ethanol or isopropanol followed lyophilization and re‐dissolution. At room temperature, below UCST, the agglomerates exhibited a size of around 200–400 nm under TEM and DLS. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2048–2055
Characteristics of patients with cancer who die by suicide: Coronial case series in an Australian state
Authors: Dwyer Justin , Dwyer Jeremy , Hiscock Richard , O'Callaghan Clare , Taylor Keryn , Ross Margaret , Bugeja Lyndal , Philip Jennifer
Published: August 2019

Objective

Suicide rates are elevated in epidemiological studies, but extrapolating population level data to the individual patient cancer is difficult, and there is a dearth of studies examining how suicidality might be linked to the cancer experience. We examine the cancer‐suicide correlates to explore clinical implications and future research directions.

Method

We used a novel database to examine all suicide deaths reported to the Coroners Court of Victoria between 2009 and 2013 in individuals with active, diagnosed cancer. Cases were classified in relation to whether cancer had been a probable, possible, or unlikely influence on suicidal ideation. Sociodemographic, clinical, health service contacts, and suicide method data were analysed to describe the characteristics of individuals with cancer at the time of their suicide.

Results

There were 2870 suicide deaths, and 118 cases met inclusion criteria. Clinically distinct patient subgroups emerged through a contrast between those cases where the data suggested a correlate between cancer and suicide, and those where the data did not. The former group had many more cancer‐related health problems than the latter group, who had a higher burden of psychiatric illness that predated their cancer diagnosis. The intent to suicide was known to most clinicians.

Conclusions

All clinicians working with cancer patients should be prepared to explore suicidal ideation. Understanding how the patient conceptualises suicidality with respect to cancer experience and mental health may be of central importance in determining whether mental health care is best provided as part of cancer care, or through a separate mental health service.
Chest wall mesenchymal hamartoma in an infant: Evaluation with electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Jardine Luke , Chen Julie , Hough Judith L.
Published: August 2019

Mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall is a rare benign nonneoplastic lesion of infancy arising from chondro‐osseous tissue. Although its natural history suggests spontaneous regression, we describe a fatal case in a neonate with significant respiratory compromise. We explored the use of electrical impedance tomography to evaluate the dynamic impact of such space occupying lesions on a ventilated infant.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni bioactive effects: From in vivo to clinical trials towards future therapeutic approaches
Authors: Salehi Bahare , López Maria Dolores , Martínez‐López Sara , Victoriano Montserrat , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Martorell Miquel , F. Rodrigues Célia , Martins Natália
Published: August 2019

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a plant from South America and indigenous of Paraguay, has shown several biological effects and healthy properties, although it is especially used in South America and some Asiatic regions. In addition, it is a natural sweetener, almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose, being attributed to its phytoconstituents prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (antihyperglycemic, insulinotropic, and glucagonostatic), antiplatelet, anticariogenic, and antitumor effects. In this sense, this work aims to provide an extensive overview on the historical practices of stevia and its effects in human health based on its chemical composition and applications for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
Antibacterial Properties of Charged TiN Surfaces for Dental Implant Application
Authors: Carey Patrick H. , Ren Fan , Jia Ziqi , Batich Christopher D , Camargo Samira E. A. , Clark Arthur E. , Craciun Valentin , Neal Daniel W. , Esquivel‐Upshaw Josephine F.
Published: August 2019

The formation and characterization of positively surface charged TiN surfaces were investigated for improving dental implant survival. Surface nitrogen atoms of a traditional TiN implant were converted to a positive charge by a quaternization reaction which greatly increased the antibacterial efficiency. Ti, TiN, and quaternized TiN samples were incubated with human patient subgingival bacteria for 4 hours at 37 °C in an anaerobic environment with an approximate 40% reduction in counts on the quaternized surface over traditional Ti and TiN. The samples were challenged with Streptococcus Mutans and fluorescent imaging confirmed significant reduction in the quaternized TiN over the traditional Ti and TiN. Contact angle measurement and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to confirm the surface chemistry changes. The XPS results found the charged quaternized nitrogen peak at 399.75 eV that is unique to the quaternized sample.
Chemo‐Selective Synthesis of Tetrazole‐Containing Cyclopentenyl Phosphanylidene Dicarboxylates
Authors: Ektefai Zahra , Marandi Ghasem , Poursattar Marjani Ahmad , Zamani Asghar
Published: August 2019

A chemo‐selective clean reaction between triphenylphosphine (TPP) and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates (DAAD) in the presence of synthesized alkyl 3‐phenyl‐2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)acrylates for generation of the 3‐alkyl 1‐alkyl 4‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐5‐(triphenyl‐λ5‐phosphanylidene)cyclopent‐1‐ene‐1,3‐dicarboxylates is described.
Immobilization of Recombinant Endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase on Ordered Mesoporous Matrices for Xylooligosaccharides Production
Authors: Shivudu Godhulayyagari , Khan Sourav , Chandraraj Krishnan , Selvam Parasuraman
Published: August 2019

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are emerging prebiotics, widely used in food, medicine and health care. XOS are produced by hydrolysis of xylan by acid or endoxylanase enzyme. Xylanase hydrolysis is preferred over acid due to its high specificity and absence of formation of non‐toxic byproducts. Immobilized xylanase improves enzyme‐stability and efficacy of XOS production through its repeated use. Though there are a few xylanases immobilized on conventional organic polymers for XOS production, immobilization of xylanse on mesoporous inorganic materials have not been investigated for XOS production. In this study, the recombinant endo‐1, 4‐β‐D‐xylanase (XynC) of B.subtilis KCX006 was purified and immobilized on ordered mesoporous matrices of carbon (CMK‐3), silica (SBA‐15) and zirconia (ZMF‐127). The immobilized‐XynC was characterized and used for XOS production by recycling. The recovered activity (RA) of immobilized‐XynC varied between 55 to 84%. The maximum RA was observed for XynC immobilized on ZMF‐127 matrix. All immobilized‐XynC had optimum pH similar to that of free‐XynC. But all immobilized‐XynC gained broader temperature range (50‐65°C) for optimal catalytic activity when compared with the free‐XynC. Immobilization of XynC resulted in higher Km due to substrate diffusion limit. All immobilized‐XynC produced free‐XOS of DP 2–6 (X2‐X6) and substituted‐XOS from beechwood xylan and extracted crude xylans from sorghum stalks and sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The XynC immobilized on SBA‐15 produced higher proportions of X2‐X6 compared to ZMF‐127 and CMK‐3. The XynC immobilized on SBA‐15 and CMK‐3 retained higher activity of 85–93% after four batches of repeated use. The observed efficiency of XynC immobilized on CMK‐3 and SBA‐15 are higher than the reported values. The results showed that XynC immobilized on mesoporous carbon and silica matrices would be useful for production of XOS by enzyme recycling.
Free‐standing Reduced Graphene Oxide/MoO3‐x Composite Film with High Performance for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Ms. Le , Zhao Shi‐Xi , Wang Yi‐Feng , Wu Qi‐long , Zheng Ms. Xiao‐Xiao , Wei Guodan , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: August 2019

For the fabrication of flexible supercapacitors, the biggest challenge is still the preparation of flexible electrodes with both high gravimetric and areal specific capacitances. Herein, we have successfully designed a novel rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/MoO3‐x composite film electrodes for high‐performance flexible supercapacitor. The as‐prepared electrodes exhibit a galvanostatic capacitance of 1374 F⋅g−1 and an area specific capacitance as high as 21300 mF⋅cm−2 at 0.1 A⋅g−1, which have been significantly larger compared with most recent reports. Meanwhile, the rGO/MoO3‐x composite electrodes have remarkable flexibility and solid mechanical strength. This composite film could be easily folded into various shapes, and then could recover its original appearance without any crease. Excellent cycle stability has also been validated with nearly 100% capacitance retention even after 30,000 cycles. The electrochemical performance of rGO/MoO3‐x composite films remain surprisingly stable even after continuous U‐shape bending up to 10,000 times. Moreover, flexible all‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitors were successfully fabricated with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)‐H2SO4 gel electrolyte. Our strategy provides a convenient and versatile method for designing new flexible electrode for energy storage devices and is promising for portable and wearable electronics.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of New Pyrimidyl N‐Ciprofloxacin Derivatives
Authors: Mokaber‐Esfahani Majid , Eshghi Hossein , Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Gholizadeh Mostafa , Mirzaie Yahya , Hakimi Mohammad , Lari Jalil
Published: August 2019

Herein, nucleophilic substitution reaction of pyrimidine derivatives on piperazine in ciprofloxacin resulted in the formation of new pyrimidyl N‐ciprofloxacines. These compounds were prepared at room temperature, at conventional heating and under microwave irradiation conditions. Results indicated microwave condition as a green approach in comparison with room temperature and at conventional heating condition leads to higher yields and very short reaction times. 1H, 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR, Mass spectroscopy and CHN analysis were used to characterize all the synthesized products. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity of these new compounds against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria was investigated and showed more activities for two new N‐ciprofloxacin derivatives than ciprofloxacin.
Sulfoacetate Modified Silica Supported Indium(III) Triflate [SiSAIn(OTf)2]: A Novel Solid Acid Nano‐Catalyst And Investigation of Its Catalytic Potential for One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazole Derivatives
Authors: Vaid Rupali , Gupta Monika , Kour Gurpreet , Gupta Vivek K.
Published: August 2019

Sulfoacetate modified silica supported Indium(III) triflate [SiSAIn(OTf)2], a novel solid acid catalyst was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as TEM, SAED, SEM, TGA and FTIR. The synthesized catalyst has proved its catalytic potential for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives by the reaction among various substituted aromatic aldehydes, benzil, substituted aromatic amines and ammonium acetate. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and mass spectroscopy. Among the various synthesized derivatives, 1,2,4,5‐tetraphenyl‐1H‐imidazole (C27H20N2) derivative was grown into good crystalline form and crystallizes in the triclinic space group P‐1 with the unit‐cell parameters: a= 9.9395(7), b= 10.0204(8), c= 20.8332(16) Å, α=80.791(7), β=82.138(6), γ= 82.878(7)° and Z=4. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data collected at room‐ temperature and refined by full‐matrix least‐squares procedures to a final R‐value of 0.0516 for 3111 observed reflections.
Efficient Preparation of Alkyl Benzoates by Heteropolyacid‐Catalysed Esterification of Benzoic Acid under Solvent‐Free Condition
Authors: Tiwari Ritesh , Rahman Anoosha , Bhat Navya Subray , Onkarappa Sharath Bandibairanahalli , Mal Sib Sankar , Dutta Saikat
Published: August 2019

This study reports a high‐yielding, solvent‐free, and scalable synthesis of alkyl benzoates from benzoic acid and its derivatives using heteropolyacids (HPA) as efficient and recyclable acid catalysts. The alkyl benzoates were obtained in excellent isolated yields (>85%) within 4 h at 120 °C using 1.5 equivalent of the alcohol reagent and only 0.4 mol% of the phosphotungstic acid (PTA) catalyst. The PTA catalyst was conveniently recovered and reused for three consecutive cycles without significant loss in mass or activity.
Highly Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Performance of Vanadium‐Doped MXenes in Neutral Electrolytes
Authors: Gao Zhi‐Wen , Zheng Weiran , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk
Published: August 2019

2D titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) is recognized as a promising material for pseudocapacitor electrodes in acidic solutions, while the current studies in neutral electrolytes show much poorer performances. By a simple hydrothermal method, vanadium‐doped Ti3C2Tx 2D nanosheets are prepared to tune the interaction between MXene and alkali metal adsorbates (Li+, Na+, and K+) in the neutral electrolyte. Maintaining the 2D morphology of MXene, the coexisting V3+ and V4+ are confirmed to form surface V–C and V–O species. At a medium doping level of V:Ti = 0.17:1, the V‐doped MXene exhibits the highest capacitance of 365.9 F g−1 in 2 m KCl (10 mV s−1) and excellent stability (5% loss after 5000 cycles), compared to only 115.7 F g−1 of pristine MXene. Density functional theory calculations reveal the stronger alkali metal ion–O interaction on V‐doped MXene surface than unmodified MXene and a further capacitance boost to 404.9 F g−1 using Li+‐containing neutral electrolyte is reported, which is comparable to the performance under acidic conditions.
Evaluation of the Low‐Cycle Fatigue Life of Thin Dual‐Phase Steel Sheets for Automobiles Using Miniature Specimens
Authors: Ma Zhen-Hua , Zhang Bin , Song Zhu-Man , Liu Hua-Sai , Zhang Guang-Ping
Published: August 2019

Using miniature 95 μm‐thick cantilever beam specimens, the fatigue life of a thin dual‐phase steel sheet is evaluated under deflection‐controlled repeatedly bending fatigue (RBF) loading and compared with that of 2 mm‐thick sheet specimens under strain‐controlled uniaxial tension‐compression fatigue (TCF) loading. The results indicate that the fatigue lives of the two types of specimens subjected to the respective two sorts of fatigue testing methods are almost identical in the low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) regime, whereas the fatigue life of the 95 μm‐thick foil specimens is much lower than that of the 2 mm‐thick sheet specimens in the high‐cycle fatigue regime. The fatigue performance and fracture mechanism under the two types of fatigue loadings are discussed and the application of this method using miniature cantilever beam specimens under RBF loading is further explored. The finding provides a potential way to obtain credible LCF data for vehicle steel sheets using miniature cantilever beam foils under RBF loading instead of TCF loading which becomes more difficult for the very thin steel sheets with a thickness less than 2 mm.
Sensitivity of the intensity frontier experiments for neutrino and scalar portals: analytic estimates
Authors: Bondarenko Kyrylo , Boyarsky Alexey , Ovchynnikov Maksym , Ruchayskiy Oleg
Published: August 2019

Abstract

In recent years, a number of intensity frontier experiments have been proposed to search for feebly interacting particles with masses in the GeV range. We discuss how the characteristic shape of the experimental sensitivity regions — upper and lower boundaries of the probed region, the maximal mass reach — depends on the parameters of the experiments. We use the SHiP and the MATHUSLA experiments as examples. We find a good agreement of our estimates with the results of the Monte Carlo simulations. This simple approach allows to cross-check and debug Monte Carlo results, to scan quickly over the parameter space of feebly interacting particle models, and to explore how sensitivity depends on the geometry of experiments.
Atypical cyclins: the extended family portrait
Authors: Quandt Eva , Ribeiro Mariana P. C. , Clotet Josep
Published: August 2019

Regulation of cell division is orchestrated by cyclins, which bind and activate their catalytic workmates, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins have been traditionally defined by an oscillating (cyclic) pattern of expression and by the presence of a characteristic “cyclin box” that determines binding to the CDKs. Noteworthy, the Human Genome Sequence Project unveiled the existence of several other proteins containing the “cyclin box” domain. These potential “cyclins” have been named new, orphan or atypical, creating a conundrum in cyclins nomenclature. Moreover, although many years have passed after their discovery, the scarcity of information regarding these possible members of the family has hampered the establishment of criteria for systematization. Here, we discuss the criteria that define cyclins and we propose a classification and nomenclature update based on structural features, interactors, and phylogenetic information. The application of these criteria allows to systematically define, for the first time, the subfamily of atypical cyclins and enables the use of a common nomenclature for this extended family.
A Systematic Review of Opt‐out Versus Opt‐in Consent on Deceased Organ Donation and Transplantation (2006–2016)
Authors: Ahmad M. Usman , Hanna Afif , Mohamed Ahmed‐Zayn , Schlindwein Alex , Pley Caitlin , Bahner Ingrid , Mhaskar Rahul , Pettigrew Gavin J. , Jarmi Tambi
Published: August 2019

Background

Significant numbers of patients in the USA and UK die while waiting for solid organ transplant. Only 1–2% of deaths are eligible as donors with a fraction of the deceased donating organs. The form of consent to donation may affect the organs available. Forms of consent include: opt‐in, mandated choice, opt‐out, and organ conscription. Opt‐in and opt‐out are commonly practiced. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of opt‐in versus opt‐out consent on the deceased donation rate (DDR) and deceased transplantation rate (DTR).

Methods

Literature searches of PubMed and EMBASE between 2006 and 2016 were performed. Research studies were selected based on certain inclusion criteria which include USA, UK, and Spain; compare opt‐in versus opt‐out; primary data analysis; and reported DDR or DTR. Modeled effect on US transplant activity was conducted using public data from Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Centers for Disease Control WONDER from 2006 to 2015.

Results

A total of 2400 studies were screened and six studies were included. Four studies reported opt‐out consent increases DDR by 21–76% over 5–14 years. These studies compared 13–25 opt‐out countries versus 9–23 opt‐in countries. Three studies reported opt‐out consent increases DTR by 38–83% over 11–13 years. These studies compared 22–25 opt‐out versus 22–28 opt‐in countries. Modeled opt‐out activity on the USA resulted in 4753–17,201 additional transplants annually.

Conclusion

Opt‐out consent increases DDR and DTR and may be useful in decreasing deaths on the waiting list in the USA and other countries.

Registration number

PROSPERO CRD42019098759.
Subclassification of Tumor Extension and Nodal Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer to Improve Prognostic Accuracy of the Eighth Edition of the Tumor–Node–Metastasis Classification
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira , Kihara Minoru , Masuoka Hiroo , Higashiyama Takuya , Miya Akihiro
Published: August 2019

Background

The eighth edition of the tumor–node–metastasis classification system (TNM‐8th) reflects the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) better than the seventh edition. This study investigated methods to further improve the prognostic accuracy of the TNM‐8th.

Methods

We enrolled 5683 patients who underwent surgery for PTC at the Kuma Hospital. We subdivided tumor extension (T4a) into T4a1 and T4a2 based on intraoperative gross findings and N1 according to size ( < 3 cm and ≥ 3 cm) based on preoperative imaging findings.

Results

The corresponding 20‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rates of 4846, 403, 406, and 28 patients with TNM‐8th stages I, II, III, and IVB, respectively, were 99.3%, 93.4%, 82.6%, and 11.3%. Owing to a CSS similar to that of stage II patients, N2 or T4a2 patients <55 years were upstaged to revised stage (re‐stage) II. The CSS of stage III patients with T4a1 was significantly better (p < 0.0001) than that of those with T4a2, and the CSS of T4a1 patients was similar to that of stage II patients. Therefore, T4a1 patients ≥ 55 years were downstaged to re‐stage II. Owing to a CSS similar to that of T4a2 stage III patients, N2 stage II patients were upstaged to re‐stage III. The 20‐year CSS was poorer in re‐stage III (69.5%) than in stage III patients and similar in re‐stage II patients (91.8%) and stage II patients.

Conclusion

Subdivision of clinical tumor extension and node metastasis further improves the TNM‐8th for PTC and identifies poor risk patients more accurately.
Progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease associated with systemic autoimmune diseases
Authors: Fischer Aryeh , Distler Jörg
Published: August 2019

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common manifestation of systemic autoimmune diseases and a leading cause of death in these patients. A proportion of patients with autoimmune ILDs develop a progressive fibrosing form of ILD, characterized by increasing fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography, worsening of lung function, and early mortality. Autoimmune disease–related ILDs have a variable clinical course and not all patients will require treatment, but all patients should be monitored for signs of progression. Apart from systemic sclerosis–associated ILD, the limited evidence to support the efficacy of immunosuppression as a treatment for ILDs is based mainly on small retrospective series and expert opinion. Non-clinical data suggest that there are commonalities in the mechanisms that drive progressive fibrosis in ILDs with an immunological trigger as in other forms of progressive fibrosing ILD. This suggests that nintedanib and pirfenidone, drugs known to slow disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, may also slow the progression of ILD associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. In the SENSCIS® trial, nintedanib reduced the rate of ILD progression in patients with systemic sclerosis–associated ILD. The results of other large clinical trials will provide further insights into the role of anti-fibrotic therapies in the treatment of autoimmune disease–related ILDs.
The Impact of Parental Death in Childhood on Sons’ and Daughters’ Status Attainment in Young Adulthood in the Netherlands, 1850–1952
Authors: Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge Matthias
Published: August 2019

Previous research on the impact of parental loss on labor market outcomes in adulthood has often suffered from low sample sizes. To generate further insights into the long-term consequences of parental death, I use the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN). The HSN contains occupational information on life courses of a sample of more than 8,000 males and almost 7,000 females born between 1850 and 1922, a period of important labor market transformations. Roughly 20 % of the sample population experienced parental death before age 16. Linear regression models show that maternal loss is significantly associated with lower occupational position in adulthood for both men and women, which points to the crucial importance of maternal care in childhood for socioeconomic outcomes in later life. This interpretation is supported by the finding that a stepmother’s entry into the family is positively related with sons’ occupational position later in life. In contrast to expectations, the loss of economic resources related to the father’s death is generally not associated with lower status attainment in adulthood for men or for women. The results indicate, however, that the negative consequences of paternal death on men’s socioeconomic outcomes decreased over time, illustrating the complex interaction between individual life courses and surrounding labor market transformations.
Volatility drivers on the metal market and exposure of producing countries
Authors: Renner Sven , Wellmer Friedrich W.
Published: August 2019

The paper focuses on minor metals and coupled elements and aspires to understand individual incidents of imbalance on the mineral markets during the last 100 years and gain insight into the acting dynamics—those dynamics are commodity-specific but remain largely unchanged in their nature to date—and to identify the factors in play. The conclusions allow for a critical analysis of the widespread security-of-supply narrative of industrialized countries. They point at a market that is mostly a buyers’ market, in which prices and their volatility are largely dictated by shifting demand patterns and much less by supply constraints. Neither high country concentration nor poor governance seem to have a substantial or lasting impact on market balance. Short-term market imbalances are generally neutralized by a dynamic reaction on the demand side via substitution, efficiency gains or technological change. The paper also assesses the impact of those quickly shifting demand patterns and the related price volatilities on producing countries. It shows how mineral price volatilities can expose developing countries’ economies to significant economic risk, if their economy is heavily dependent on mineral production. Two cases that illustrate country exposure are explored in detail—the saltpeter crisis in Chile and the tin crisis in Bolivia. Both led to state bankruptcy. The paper concludes with an attempt to quantify economic exposure of producing countries to price volatilities of specific metals and suggests policies that adapt to the characteristic challenges of highly volatile demand.
Atrocity Prevention in the New Media Landscape
Authors: Hamilton Rebecca
Published: August 2019

Journalists have traditionally played a crucial role in building public pressure on government officials to uphold their legal obligations under the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. But over the past twenty years there has been radical change in the media landscape: foreign bureaus have been shuttered, young freelance journalists have taken over some of the work traditionally done by experienced foreign correspondents, and, more recently, the advent of social media has enabled people in conflict-affected areas to tell their own stories to the world. This essay assesses the impact of these changes on atrocity prevention across the different stages of the policy process. It concludes that the new media landscape is comparatively poorly equipped to raise an early warning alarm in a way that will spur preventive action, but that it is well-positioned to sustain attention to ongoing atrocities. Unfortunately, such later stages of a crisis generally provide the most limited policy options for civilian protection.
The Justice and Security Dialogue Project: Building the Resilience of Non-State Actors to Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Rausch Colette
Published: August 2019

The doctrine of “responsibility to protect” obliges all states to protect populations from “atrocity crimes”—namely, genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing—under three “pillars” of protection. Pillar One requires a state to protect its own population from atrocity crimes. Pillar Two obliges the international community to help states to exercise this responsibility through diplomatic, humanitarian, and other peaceful means. When both of these approaches fail, states must pursue a “Pillar Three” strategy: the UN Security Council must “take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner.”
A Public Health Response to a Mudslide in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2017: Lessons Learnt
Authors: Musoke Robert , Chimbaru Alexander , Jambai Amara , Njuguna Charles , Kayita Janet , Bunn James , Latt Anderson , Yao Michel , Yoti Zabulon , Yahaya Ali , Githuku Jane , Nabukenya Immaculate , Maina Jane , Ifeanyi Stanley , Fall Ibrahima Socé
Published: August 2019

On August 14, 2017, a 6-kilometer mudslide occurred in Regent Area, Western Area District of Sierra Leone following a torrential downpour that lasted 3 days. More than 300 houses along River Juba were submerged; 1141 people were reported dead or missing and 5905 displaced. In response to the mudslide, the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in Sierra Leone moved swiftly to verify the emergency and constitute an incident management team to coordinate the response. Early contact was made with the Ministry of Health and Sanitation and health sector partners. A Public Health Emergency Operations Center was set up to coordinate the response. Joint assessments, planning, and response among health sector partners ensured effectiveness and efficiency. Oral cholera vaccination was administered to high-risk populations to prevent a cholera outbreak. Surveillance for 4 waterborne diseases was enhanced through daily reporting from 9 health facilities serving the affected population. Performance standards from the WHO Emergency Response Framework were used to monitor the emergency response. An assessment of the country’s performance showed that the country’s response was well executed. To improve future response, we recommend enhanced district level preparedness, update of disaster response protocols, and pre-disaster mapping of health sector partners.
Priorities and preferences for school-based mental health services in India: a multi-stakeholder study with adolescents, parents, school staff, and mental health providers
Authors: Parikh R. , Michelson D. , Sapru M. , Sahu R. , Singh A. , Cuijpers P. , Patel V.
Published: August 2019

Background.

Schools are important settings for increasing reach and uptake of adolescent mental health interventions. There is limited consensus on the focus and content of school-based mental health services (SBMHSs), particularly in low-resource settings. This study elicited the views of diverse stakeholders in two urban settings in India about their priorities and preferences for SBMHSs.

Methods.

We completed semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with adolescents (n  =  191), parents (n  =  9), teachers (n  =  78), school counsellors (n  =  15), clinical psychologists/psychiatrists (n  =  7) in two urban sites in India (Delhi and Goa). Qualitative data were obtained on prioritized outcomes, preferred content and delivery methods, and indicated barriers.

Results.

All stakeholders indicated the need for and acceptability of SBMHSs. Adolescents prioritized resolution of life problems and exhibited a preference for practical guidance. Parents and teachers emphasized functional outcomes and preferred to be involved in interventions. In contrast, adolescents' favored limited involvement from parents and teachers, was related to widespread concerns about confidentiality. Face-to-face counselling was deemed to be the most acceptable delivery format; self-help was less frequently endorsed but was relatively more acceptable if blended with guidance or delivered using digital technology. Structured sensitization was recommended to promote adolescent's engagement. Providers endorsed a stepped care approach to address different levels of mental health need among adolescents.

Conclusion.

SBMHSs are desired by adolescents and adult stakeholders in this setting where few such services exist. Sensitization activities are required to support implementation. School counsellors have an important role in identifying and treating adolescents with different levels of mental health needs, and a suite of interventions is needed to target these needs effectively and efficiently.
A two-dimensional numerical and experimental study of piston and sloshing resonance in moonpools with recess
Authors: Ravinthrakumar Senthuran , Kristiansen Trygve , Molin Bernard , Ommani Babak
Published: August 2019

The piston and first sloshing modes of two-dimensional moonpools with recess are investigated. Dedicated forced heave experiments are carried out. Different recess lengths are tested from $1/4$ to $1/2$ of the length of the moonpool at the mean waterline. A theoretical model to calculate the natural frequencies is developed based on linearized potential flow theory and eigenfunction expansion. Two numerical methods are implemented: a boundary element method (BEM) and a Navier–Stokes solver (CFD). Both the BEM and CFD have linearized free-surface and body-boundary conditions. As expected, the BEM over-predicts the moonpool response significantly, in particular at the first sloshing mode. The CFD is in general able to predict the maximum moonpool response adequately, both at the piston and first sloshing modes. Both numerical methods fail to predict the Duffing-type behaviour at the first sloshing mode, due to the linearized free-surface conditions. The Duffing behaviour is more pronounced for the largest recess. The main source of damping in the proximity of the first sloshing mode is discussed.
An adjoint compressible linearised Navier–Stokes approach to model generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by sound
Authors: Raposo Henrique , Mughal Shahid , Ashworth Richard
Published: August 2019

The generation of the first-mode instability through scattering of an acoustic wave by localised surface roughness, suction or heating is studied with a time-harmonic compressible adjoint linearised Navier–Stokes (AHLNS) approach for subsonic flow conditions. High Strouhal number analytical solutions to the compressible Stokes layer problem are deduced and shown to be in better agreement with numerical solutions compared to previous works. The adjoint methodology of Hill in the context of acoustic receptivity is extended to the compressible flow regime and an alternative formulation to predict sensitivity to the angle of incidence of an acoustic wave is proposed. Good agreement of the acoustic AHLNS receptivity model is found with published direct numerical simulations and the simpler finite Reynolds number approach. Parametric investigations of the influence of the acoustic wave angle on receptivity amplitudes reveal that the linearised unsteady boundary layer equations are a valid model of the acoustic signature for a large range of acoustic wave obliqueness values, failing only where the wave is highly oblique and travels upstream. An extensive parametric study of the influence of frequency, spanwise wavenumber, local Reynolds number and free-stream Mach number over the efficiency function for the different types of wall perturbation mechanisms is undertaken.
Reconceptualizing and Redirecting Research on Guanxi: ‘Guan-Xi’ Interaction to Form a Multicolored Chinese Knot
Authors: Li Peter Ping , Zhou Steven Shijin , Zhou Abby Jingzi , Yang Zhangbo
Published: August 2019

Guanxiis one of the most popular topics in Chinese and Western scholarship concerning social ties in China. However, several problems in research onguanxipersist, and multiple debates are still ongoing without much consensus in sight. This study has two goals. First, we offer a systematic review of the current literature onguanxi, especially by differentiatingguandyads fromxinetworks. This reconceptualization ofguanxienables us to clarify the concept ofguanxiby differentiating its two dimensions. Second, based on this literature review, we propose a redirection of future research onguanxisuch thatguandyads andxinetworks are not examined in isolation; rather, their holistic and dynamic interaction is the most fruitful avenue for future research, especially the four mechanisms of their interaction. The proposed reconceptualization and redirection are our two contributions to the literature.
Existence of multi-travelling waves in capillary fluids
Authors: Audiard Corentin
Published: August 2019

We prove the existence of multi-soliton and kink-multi-soliton solutions of the Euler–Korteweg system in dimension one. Such solutions behave asymptotically in time like several travelling waves far away from each other. A kink is a travelling wave with different limits at ±∞. The main assumption is the linear stability of the solitons, and we prove that this assumption is satisfied at least in the transonic limit. The proof relies on a classical approach based on energy estimates and a compactness argument.
High Precision 14C Analysis in Small Seawater Samples
Authors: Casacuberta Núria , Castrillejo Maxi , Wefing Anne-Marie , Bollhalder Silvia , Wacker Lukas
Published: August 2019

A new method to extract CO2 in seawater samples for the determination of F14C has been developed in the Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics at ETH Zurich. The setup consists of an automated sampler designed to extract dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 7 samples in a row, by flushing the seawater with He gas to extract CO2. The fully automated method is controlled via a LabVIEW program that runs through all consecutive steps: catalyst preconditioning, CO2 extraction, CO2 trapping, thermal CO2 release from the trap into the reactor and finally the graphitization reaction which is performed simultaneously in the 7 reactors. The method was optimized by introducing a Cu-Ag furnace that was placed between the water and zeolite traps, which resulted in a better and faster graphitization performance (<2 hr) compared to previously used techniques. The method showed to be reproducible with an unprecedented precision of 1.7‰ even though consuming only 50–60 mL of seawater. The high throughput of 21 samples per day allows for coverage of future oceanographic transects with high spatial resolution, thus fostering the use of radiocarbon (14C) as water mass tracer.
Effect of Crystallinity of Apatite in Cremated bone on Carbon exchanges during burial and reliability of Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Minami M , Mukumoto H , Wakaki S , Nakamura T
Published: August 2019

This study characterized cremated bone to better understand isotope exchanges during burial, using archeological samples. The cremated bones of Jokei, a Buddhist monk (AD 1155–1213), found in an urn from the Jisho-in Temple, Nara Prefecture, Japan, were used for the analysis. 14C dates were determined for eight of Jokei bone fragments of different colors (black, gray, and white). The white fragments had the highest x-ray diffractometry (XRD) crystallinity index (CI) values (0.89–1.05), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) splitting factor values (IRSF) of 5.3–7.1, and the lowest Ba concentrations. The calibrated date of the white bone fragments is 1152–1216 cal AD, consistent with Jokei’s lifespan, showing these fragments yield reliable 14C ages. Meanwhile, the black and gray fragments, which probably experienced lower temperatures during cremation, had lower CI and IRSF values of 0.25–0.46 and 4.2–4.9, respectively, and higher Ba concentrations. The black and gray fragments tended to show unreliable younger 14C dates and higher 87Sr/86Sr values close to the soil value due to soil contamination. The results in this study indicate that it is important to check crystallinity of apatite and soil contamination using chemical indexing methods such as Ba capture, to clarify the reliability of 14C dates for cremated bone samples.
Diversity, Leadership, and Authenticity in the Undocumented Youth Movement
Authors: Lauby Fanny
Published: August 2019

The undocumented youth movement is diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, and immigration status. I argue that racial and immigration status diversity has a direct impact on the movement's ability to “expand the scope of conflict,” that is to say recruiting new members, reaching out to elected officials, and establishing representative leadership—elements that are critical to the sustainability and effectiveness of a movement. Findings also indicate that immigration status diversity plays a complex role. The presence of citizen allies brings both risks and benefits to the movement, as they reinforce the electoral connection sought by elected officials while at the same time jeopardizing the authenticity of the movement. Results are based on field research conducted between 2012 and 2015 in NJ and NY, including participant observation in state-level campaigns and interviews with over 130 immigrant youths, allies, and elected officials. This article contributes to the social movement literature by providing empirical evidence of the challenges present within diverse coalitions. It addresses the question of immigration status diversity, an issue that affects the immigration movement but speaks more broadly to the role of allies in social movements.
Vote Expectations Versus Vote Intentions: Rival Forecasting Strategies
Authors: Murr Andreas E. , Stegmaier Mary , Lewis-Beck Michael S.
Published: August 2019

Are ordinary citizens better at predicting election results than conventional voter intention polls? The authors address this question by comparing eight forecasting models for British general elections: one based on voters' expectations of who will win and seven based on who voters themselves intend to vote for (including ‘uniform national swing model’ and ‘cube rule’ models). The data come from ComRes and Gallup polls as well as the Essex Continuous Monitoring Surveys, 1950–2017, yielding 449 months with both expectation and intention polls. The large sample size permits comparisons of the models' prediction accuracy not just in the months prior to the election, but in the years leading up to it. Vote expectation models outperform vote intention models in predicting both the winning party and parties' seat shares.
Fight Club, 1880: Boxing, Class, and Literary Culture in John Boyle O'Reilly's Boston
Authors: RYAN JAMES EMMETT
Published: August 2019

Because late nineteenth-century American sport was connected to both immigrant assimilation and cultural prestige, this essay first describes Boston amateur athletics during the later nineteenth century. Ireland-born poet/lecturer/newspaper editor John Boyle O'Reilly (1844–90) provides an important example of social and intellectual class mobility from the perspective of an immigrant writer. We observe through O'Reilly's sporting experiences and literary career how the development of upper-class amateur athletics in Boston and the popularity of boxing among its Irish working classes gave him exceptional influence among both groups. His history of boxing,Ethics of Boxing and Manly Sport(1888), is examined in detail as a key statement on pugilism, masculinity, and American citizenship fame. This view of Boston's intellectual and physical cultures, observed from the standpoint of O'Reilly, a talented writer and a sort of literary counterpart of famed pugilist John L. Sullivan (his friend, occasional sparring partner, and fellow celebrity among the Irish American community), sheds light on newly available pathways to social mobility made possible by simultaneous engagement with literary and athletic cultures.