bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sleep patterns and well‐being of Australian adolescents☆
Authors: Short Michelle A. , Gradisar Michael , Lack Leon C. , Wright Helen R. , Dohnt Hayley
Published: October 2012

Aim

Adolescent sleep patterns vary between countries, and these differences influence adolescent functioning and well‐being. The present study provides data on the sleep and well‐being of Australian adolescents.

Methods

385 adolescents aged 13–18 years were recruited from 8 South Australian schools spanning the socio‐economic spectrum. Adolescents completed survey battery during class time at school, followed by a 7‐day sleep diary.

Results

Australian adolescents, on average, obtained inadequate sleep across the school week. Adolescents commonly reported difficulty initiating sleep, unrefreshing sleep, and the subjective feeling of restless legs. Problematic levels of sleepiness, fatigue, depressed mood and anxiety were highly prevalent. Later bedtimes, longer sleep onset latencies, and shorter sleep duration were significantly associated with aspects of poor daytime functioning.

Conclusion

These results add to our knowledge of adolescent sleep and well‐being worldwide. They also highlight the need for greater attention to sleep during this phase of development, when future behaviors and outcomes are being shaped.
On the inverse limit stability of endomorphisms
Authors: Berger Pierre , Rovella Alvaro
Published: October 2012

We present several results suggesting that the concept of

C^{1}

-inverse (limit structural) stability is free of singularity theory. An example of a robustly transitive,

C^{1}

-inverse stable endomorphism with a persistent critical set is given. We show that every

C^{1}

-inverse stable, axiom A endomorphism satisfies a certain strong transversality condition (

T

). We prove that every attractor–repeller endomorphism satisfying axiom A and condition (

T

) is

C^{1}

-inverse stable. The latter is applied to Hénon maps, rational functions and others. This leads us to conjecture that

C^{1}

-inverse stable endomorphisms are exactly those which satisfy axiom A and condition (

T

).

Nous présentons différents résultats suggérant que le concept de

C^{1}

-stabilité (structurelle de la limite inverse) est indépendant de la théorie des singularités. Nous décrivons un exemple dʼun endomorphisme robustement transitif et

C^{1}

-stable ayant un ensemble critique persistant. Nous montrons que tout endomorphisme axiome A et

C^{1}

-stable vérifie nécessairement une certaine condition de transversalité forte (

T

). Nous démontrons que tout endomorphisme attracteur–répulseur vérifiant la condition (

T

) est

C^{1}

-stable. Ce dernier résultat est appliqué, entre autres, aux applications de type Hénon et aux fractions rationnelles. Cela nous amène à conjecturer que les endomorphismes

C^{1}

-stables sont exactement ceux qui vérifient lʼaxiome A et la condition (

T

).
A malfunction in triglyceride transfer from the intracellular lipid pool to apoB in enterocytes of SOD1‐deficient mice
Authors: Kurahashi Toshihiro , Konno Tasuku , Otsuki Noriyuki , Kwon Myoungsu , Tsunoda Satoshi , Ito Junitsu , Fujii Junichi
Published: October 2012

We compared lipid metabolism in the intestines of Sod1‐knockout mice with that found in wild‐type mice to elucidate the impact of oxidative stress in vivo. A high‐fat diet in wild‐type mice induced postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, but this adaptive response was impaired in Sod1‐knockout mice. While fewer triglycerides were secreted to the blood in the form of triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein, more lipid droplets accumulated in the enterocytes of Sod1‐knockout mice fed a high‐fat diet. These data collectively suggest that high‐fat diet induces oxidative stress, inhibits lipid secretion to the blood, and ultimately leads to dysfunctional lipid metabolism in enterocytes.
“η6”‐Type anion–π in biomolecular recognition
Authors: Chakravarty Suvobrata , Sheng Zi-Zhang , Iverson Bradley , Moore Brian
Published: October 2012

Theoretical and compelling experimental evidence indicates that the interaction between an anion and an aromatic π system when the anion is directly above the ring face (“η6”‐type anion–π), can be attractive. This may play an important role in the formation and recognition of biomolecular structures. We examined high‐resolution structures of proteins and nucleic acids for the presence of “η6”‐type anion–π. Though less frequent than its counterpart cation–π, “η6”‐type anion–π is observed unambiguously, occurring in protein/nucleic acid loops and often involving conserved/coevolving sites in proteins, suggesting it plays an important role in macromolecular folding and function.
Taking Social Determinants of Health Seriously: A Health Services Perspective
Authors: Denny Keith
Published: October 2012

This article seeks to outline why health systems and health services should play a more active role in addressing the social determinants of population health. Working from the premise that the supposed conflict between efficiency and equity is a bogus one and citing the example of potentially avoidable hospitalizations, the article suggests that there are pragmatic reasons for health services to engage in interventions that are informed by social determinants and health equity orientation.
Randomised controlled trials of veterinary homeopathy: Characterising the peer-reviewed research literature for systematic review
Authors: Mathie Robert T. , Hacke Daniela , Clausen Jürgen
Published: October 2012

Introduction:
 Systematic review of the research evidence in veterinary homeopathy has never previously been carried out. This paper presents the search methods, together with categorised lists of retrieved records, that enable us to identify the literature that is acceptable for future systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in veterinary homeopathy.

Methods:
 All randomised and controlled trials of homeopathic intervention (prophylaxis and/or treatment of disease, in any species except man) were appraised according to pre-specified criteria. The following databases were systematically searched from their inception up to and including March 2011: AMED; Carstens-Stiftung Homeopathic Veterinary Clinical Research (HomVetCR) database; CINAHL; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Embase; Hom-Inform; LILACS; PubMed; Science Citation Index; Scopus.

Results:
 One hundred and fifty records were retrieved; 38 satisfied the acceptance criteria (substantive report of a clinical treatment or prophylaxis trial in veterinary homeopathic medicine randomised and controlled and published in a peer-reviewed journal), and were thus eligible for future planned systematic review. Approximately half of the rejected records were theses. Seven species and 27 different species-specific medical conditions were represented in the 38 papers. Similar numbers of papers reported trials of treatment and prophylaxis (n = 21 and n = 17 respectively) and were controlled against placebo or other than placebo (n = 18, n = 20 respectively). Most research focused on non-individualised homeopathy (n = 35 papers) compared with individualised homeopathy (n = 3).

Conclusion:
 The results provide a complete and clarified view of the RCT literature in veterinary homeopathy. We will systematically review the 38 substantive peer-reviewed journal articles under the main headings: treatment trials; prophylaxis trials.
Individualized homeopathy in a group of Egyptian asthmatic children
Authors: AbdelDayem Soha Mahmoud , Mohamed Nagwa Hassan , Shafei Heba Farid
Published: October 2012

Objectives:
To evaluate homeopathy as an adjunctive treatment for bronchial asthma in children.

Methods:
In a prospective observational longitudinal study the effects of individualised homeopathic medicines were assessed in 30 children with asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. The main outcome measures were frequency of attacks, use of medication, night awakening and spirometry at baseline and at follow-up till 6 months.

Results:
There were clinically relevant and statistically significant changes in those measuring severity, indicating relative improvements after 3 months and absolute improvements after 6 months of treatment by homeopathic medicines.

Conclusions:
This study provides evidence that homeopathic medicines, as prescribed by experienced homeopathic practitioners, improve severity of asthma in children. Controlled studies should be conducted.
The politics of biopatents in food and agriculture, 1950–2010: Value conflict, competing paradigms and contested institutionalisation in multi-level governance
Authors: Feindt Peter H
Published: October 2012

Deploying perspectives from historical institutionalism and discursive institutionalism, this paper analyses the establishment of biopatents as a case of policy change driven by two mechanisms: institutional layering and ideational struggle between competing policy paradigms. The extension of patent law to agriculture creates a new institutional layer to agriculture policy and reinforces an incremental paradigm shift from agricultural exceptionalism to market liberalism. In response, the agricultural policy community successfully entrenches sector specific exceptions within patent law, turning patent institutions into new policy venues for the ideational struggle between the competing agricultural policy paradigms. Over the decades, legislative and jurisdictional processes unfold with contradictory dynamics. The case raises important questions about legitimacy, conflicting values, multiple orders and policy change in multi-arena governance.
Jettable fluid space and jetting characteristics of a microprint head
Authors: Wong Loke-Yuen , Lim Guan-Hui , Ye Thiha , Silva F. B. Shanjeera , Zhuo Jing-Mei , Png Rui-Qi , Chua Soo-Jin , Ho Peter K. H.
Published: October 2012

The influence of fluid droplet properties on the droplet-on-demand jetting of a Newtonian model fluid (water–isopropanol–ethylene glycol ternary system) has been studied. The composition of the fluid was adjusted to investigate how the Ohnesorge number ($\mathit{Oh}$) influences droplet formation (morphology and speed) by a microfabricated short-channel shear-mode piezoelectric transducer. The fluid space for satellite-free single droplet formation was indeed found to be bound by upper and lower $\mathit{Oh}$ limits, but these shift approximately linearly with the piezo pulse voltage amplitude ${V}_{o} $, which has a stronger influence on jetting characteristics than pulse length. Therefore the jettable fluid space can be depicted on a ${V}_{o} {{\ndash}}\mathit{Oh}$ diagram. Satellite-free droplets of the model fluid can be jetted over a wide $\mathit{Oh}$ range, at least 0.025 to 0.5 (corresponding to $Z= {\mathit{Oh}}^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $ of 40 to 2), by adjusting ${V}_{o} $ appropriately. Air drag was found to dominate droplet flight, as may be expected. This can be accurately modelled to yield droplet formation time, which turned out to be $20\text{{\ndash}} 30~\lrm{\ensuremath{\mu}} \mathrm{s} $ under a wide range of jetting conditions. The corresponding initial droplet speed was found to vary linearly with ${V}_{o} $, with a fluid-dependent threshold but a fluid-independent slope, and a minimum speed of about $2~\mathrm{m} ~{\mathrm{s} }^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $. This suggests the existence of iso-velocity lines that run substantially parallel to the lower jetting boundary in the ${V}_{o} {{\ndash}}\mathit{Oh}$ diagram.
Motion of a solid particle in a shear flow along a porous slab
Authors: Khabthani Sondes , Sellier Antoine , Elasmi Lassaad , Feuillebois François
Published: October 2012

The flow field around a solid particle moving in a shear flow along a porous slab is obtained by solving the coupled Stokes–Darcy problem with the Beavers and Joseph slip boundary condition on the slab interfaces. The solution involves the Green’s function of this coupled problem, which is given here. It is shown that the classical boundary integral method using this Green’s function is inappropriate because of supplementary contributions due to the slip on the slab interfaces. An ‘indirect boundary integral method’ is therefore proposed, in which the unknown density on the particle surface is not the actual stress, but yet allows calculation of the force and torque on the particle. Various results are provided for the normalized force and torque, namely friction factors, on the particle. The cases of a sphere and an ellipsoid are considered. It is shown that the relationships between friction coefficients (torque due to rotation and force due to translation) that are classical for a no-slip plane do not apply here. This difference is exhibited. Finally, results for the velocity of a freely moving particle in a linear and a quadratic shear flow are presented, for both a sphere and an ellipsoid.
Bioavailability of vitamin C from kiwifruit in non-smoking males: determination of ‘healthy’ and ‘optimal’ intakes
Authors: Carr Anitra C. , Pullar Juliet M. , Moran Stephanie , Vissers Margreet C. M.
Published: October 2012

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient in humans and must be obtained through the diet. The aim of this study was to determine vitamin C uptake in healthy volunteers after consuming kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensisvar.Hort. 16A), and to determine the amount of fruit required to raise plasma vitamin C to ‘healthy’ (i.e. >50 µmol/l) and ‘optimal’ or saturating levels (i.e. >70 µmol/l). Leucocyte and urinary vitamin C levels were also determined. A total of fifteen male university students with below average levels of plasma vitamin C were selected for the study. Weekly fasting blood samples were obtained for a 4-week lead-in period and following supplementation with, sequentially, half, one, two and three Gold kiwifruit per d for 4–6 weeks each, followed by a final 4-week washout period. The results showed that addition of as little as half a kiwifruit per d resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin C. However, one kiwifruit per d was required to reach what is considered healthy levels. Increasing the dose of kiwifruit to two per d resulted in further increases in plasma vitamin C levels as well as increased urinary output of the vitamin, indicating that plasma levels were saturating at this dosage. Dividing the participants into high and low vitamin C groups based on their baseline plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels demonstrated that it is critical to obtain a study population with low initial levels of the vitamin in order to ascertain a consistent effect of supplementation.
Fatty acid profile of the milk of cows reared in the mountain region of Poland
Authors: Rutkowska Jarosława , Adamska Agata , Bialek Malgorzata
Published: October 2012

An appropriate composition of milk fatty acids (FA) improves the nutritional value of milk and milk products, and improves milk processing. Polish dairy farms in the mountainous region are rather small, animal nutrition there is based on locally produced forages and this, together with the transitional climate zone brings about seasonal changes in FA composition of milk. The aim of the study was to evaluate the composition of FA in bovine milk fat in relation to fat intake in forages and their FA profiles. The study involved 5 herds reared in low-input mountain farms located at an altitude of 670–780 m above sea level (Beskid Mountains). The cows were fed forages produced locally. FAs in forages and milk samples were subjected to gas chromatography. Highest fat intake observed in grazing season (4·2–4·7%) and high amounts of polyunsaturated FA in forages from that period (51·8–64·1 g/100 g FA) resulted in a markedly high content of valuable FAs:t-11C18:1 (3·22 g/100 g FA),c-9, t-11C18:2 (CLA; 1·20 g/100 g FA) in milk. Lower fat intake of forages containing high amount of SFA (32·42–38·83 g/100 g FA) in the indoor period resulted in changes in milk composition. The content of total short-chain saturated FA (SCFA) was highest in winter and early spring samples (14·10 and 13·44 g/100 g FA, respectively), like the amounts of myristic C14:0 and palmitic C16:0 acids (11·80 and 37·92 g/100 g FA). Total odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA; 6·58 g/100 g FA) content was highest at the beginning of the grazing period. Fresh grass consumed by cows promoted the activity of Δ9-desaturase in mammary gland as evidenced by higher C14:1 : C14:0 (0·054) and C16:1 : C16:0 (0·026) ratios in grazing than in the indoor periods.
Generalization of the perturbation theory by using a repeating equation: A case that reveals the plasma chaotic state
Authors: XAPLANTERIS C. L. , FILIPPAKI E. D. , XAPLANTERIS L. C.
Published: October 2012

Among the theoretical and experimental situations of interest in plasma physics are the waves that rise into the plasma and are strongly affected from the plasma parameters. Therefore, the development of strong relations between unperturbed and perturbed quantities is proved to exist both experimentally and theoretically. In the present paper, the mathematical solution ended in a relation between drift and perturbed velocities, which presupposes the perturbed velocity value to be very small in comparison with the drift velocity. However, the experiment has shown that the presupposition of the small value of the perturbations is not satisfied in many laboratory instances; as a result the use of the perturbation theory is limited. To surpass this difficulty, the big perturbed quantity was divided into small and equal parts, and by using the equation between unperturbed and perturbed velocities as a repeating relation, the perturbed theory may be extended and generalized beyond the small disturbances. In addition, calculations with a little change in the initial conditions were carried out, to determine when the plasma obtains chaotic behavior.
On Shu 書 (Documents) and the origin of the Shang shu 尚書 (Ancient Documents) in light of recently discovered bamboo slip manuscripts
Authors: Allan Sarah
Published: October 2012

In light of the recent discovery of Warring States period bamboo slips, now in the collection of Tsinghua University, inscribed with texts described as shu, “documents” or “similar to shu”, this article explores the question of “what were shu?” It suggests that shu can be understood as a literary form apart from the history of the Confucian classic, the Shang shu 尚書 (Ancient Documents) or Shu jing 書經 (Book of Documents) and the Yi Zhou shu 逸周書. Formal characteristics include: shu were – or pretended to be – contemporaneous records; and shu include formal speeches by model kings and ministers from ancient times. Many shu include the expression wang ruo yue 王若曰, which is also found in bronze inscriptions, where it indicates that a royal speech was read aloud by an official. Thus, the literary form originated with the practice of composing speeches in writing before they were read out in formal ceremonies, with a bamboo slip copy presented to the officials addressed. Later shu were fictional compositions, written in the style of these ancient documents.
Economic Strain and Public Support for Redistribution: A Comparative Analysis of 28 European Countries
Authors: BLEKESAUNE MORTEN
Published: October 2012

Is public support for redistribution affected by the number of people experiencing economic strain in a country? This question is investigated by comparing twenty-eight countries in the fourth round of the European Social Survey 2008–09 using two-level linear regression models. The results show that individuals reporting economic strain support redistribution more strongly than those who do not experience economic strain. Further, individuals living in countries where many other people report economic strain also support redistribution more strongly than individuals living in countries with less economic strain. The latter correlation is not explained by objective measures of the economic situation such as household income or the income dispersal of the country. The country-level effect of economic strain holds for all income levels. It is largely driven by a tendency to strongly believe in redistribution when living in countries of widespread economic strain. The results indicate that governments would receive more rather than less public support for redistributive policies during periods of economic strain.
Zonation in a cryptic Antarctic intertidal macrofaunal community
Authors: Waller Catherine L.
Published: October 2012

Despite the general view that the Antarctic intertidal conditions are too extreme to support obvious signs of macrofaunal life, recent studies have shown that intertidal communities can survive over annual cycles. The current study investigates distribution of taxa within a boulder cobble matrix, beneath the outer, scoured surface of the intertidal zone at Adelaide Island, west Antarctic Peninsula. The intertidal zone at the study sites comprised compacted, flattened cobble pavements, which have been shown to be highly stable over time. Community structure was investigated using univariate and multivariate approaches. Virtually no macrofauna were present on the outer surface, but richness, diversity, abundance and size of animals increased with depth into the rock matrix. Abundance of taxa increased by an order of magnitude between the outer surface and the lowest level sampled. These findings show that the Antarctic intertidal is not always the uninhabitable environment currently perceived, and that under these highly variable environmental conditions at least some species have the capacity to survive.
Atrial septal defect closure with an Amplatzer septal occluder fenestrated with a coronary stent in a child with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Skinner Gregory J. , Tulloh Robert M. , Tometzki Andrew J. , Schulze-Neick Ingram , Morgan Gareth J.
Published: October 2012

The presence of an atrial septal defect in pulmonary hypertension has benefits and detractions. Even in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, a significant left-to-right shunt at atrial level may increase the pulmonary arterial pressure and exacerbate the disease. However, it is well recognised that the presence of an atrial communication may be protective in subgroups with severe disease, allowing maintenance of cardiac output during times of increased pulmonary resistance. In the present paper, we present the case of a young boy with significant idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and an atrial septal defect. We report our technique of septal occlusion using a device to decrease left-to-right shunting with concomitant stent insertion in that device to maintain the potential for right-to-left shunting during times of high pulmonary arterial pressure.
Relationship Between Time from Ambulance Call to Arrival at Emergency Center and Level of Consciousness at Admission in Severe Stroke Patients
Authors: Ohwaki Kazuhiro , Watanabe Takehiro , Shinohara Takayuki , Nakagomi Tadayoshi , Yano Eiji
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Timely access to acute medical treatment can be critical for patients suffering from severe stroke. Little information is available about the impact of prehospital delays on the clinical conditions of stroke patients, but it is possible that prehospital delays lead to neurological deterioration. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of prehospital delays related to emergency medical services on the level of consciousness at admission in patients with severe stroke.

Methods

This retrospective study assessed 712 consecutive patients diagnosed with cerebrovascular diseases who were admitted to an intensive care unit in Tokyo, Japan, from April 1998 through March 2008. Data, including the time from the call to the ambulance service to the arrival of the ambulance at the patient location (on-scene), and the time from the arrival of the ambulance on-scene to its arrival at the emergency center were obtained. The following demographic and clinical information also were obtained from medical records: sex, age, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission.

Results

The mean time from ambulance call to arrival on-scene was 7 (SD=3) minutes, and the mean time from ambulance call to arrival at the center was 37 (SD=8) minutes. A logistic regression model for predicting GCS scores of 3 and 4 at admission was produced. After adjusting for sex, age, and time from arrival on-scene to arrival at the center, a longer call-to-on-scene time was significantly associated with poor GCS scores (OR = 1.056/min; 95% confidence interval, [CI] = 1.008-1.107). After adjusting for sex and age, a longer call-to-arrival at the center time also was significantly associated with poor GCS scores (OR = 1.020; 95% CI = 1.002-1.038).

Conclusions

Prehospital delays were significantly associated with decreased levels of consciousness at admission in patients suffering from a stroke. As level of consciousness is the strongest predictor of outcome, reducing prehospital delays may be necessary to improve the outcomes in patients with severe stroke.

OhwakiK, WatanabeT, ShinoharaT, NakagomiT, YanoE. Relationship between time from ambulance call to arrival at emergency center and level of consciousness at admission in severe stroke patients. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;28(1):1-4.
Nut consumption and incidence of metabolic syndrome after 6-year follow-up: the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Follow-up) cohort
Authors: Fernández-Montero Alejandro , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Beunza Juan J , Barrio-Lopez Maria Teresa , de la Fuente-Arrillaga Carmen , Moreno-Galarraga Laura , Martínez-González Miguel Angel
Published: October 2012

Objective

To assess the long-term relationship between tree nut consumption and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Design

Nut consumption was collected using a validated 136-item FFQ. The MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute harmonizing definition. The association between nut consumption and MetS was assessed with logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders. We compared the incidence of MetS between extreme categories of nut intake (≥2 servings/weekv. never/almost never) after 6 years of follow-up.

Setting

The SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Follow-up) is a prospective cohort study, formed of Spanish university graduates. Information is gathered by mailed questionnaires collected biennially. Nut consumption and MetS information was collected by self-reported data.

Subjects

Participants (n9887) initially free of MetS or diabetes and followed up for a minimum of 6 years were included.

Results

We observed 567 new cases of MetS during follow-up. Participants who consumed nuts ≥2 servings/week presented a 32 % lower risk of developing MetS than those who never/almost never consumed (adjusted OR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·92). The inverse association was stronger among participants who were health professionals.

Conclusions

Nut consumption was significantly associated with lower risk of developing MetS after a 6-year follow-up period in a cohort of Spanish graduates.
The experience of providing end-of-life care to a relative with advanced dementia: An integrative literature review
Authors: Peacock Shelley C.
Published: October 2012

The number of people with dementia is growing at an alarming rate. An abundance of research over the past two decades has examined the complex aspects of caring for a relative with dementia. However, far less research has been conducted specific to the experiences of family caregivers providing end-of-life care, which is perplexing, as dementia is a terminal illness. This article presents what is known and highlights the gaps in the literature relevant to the experiences of family caregivers of persons with dementia at the end of life. A thorough search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed databases from 1960 to 2011 was conducted. Ten studies were identified that specifically addressed the experience of family caregivers providing end-of-life care to a relative with advanced dementia. Common themes of these studies included: 1) the experience of grief, 2) guilt and burden with decision making, 3) how symptoms of depression may or may not be resolved with death of the care receiver, 4) how caregivers respond to the end-stage of dementia, and 5) expressed needs of family caregivers. It is evident from this literature review that much remains to be done to conceptualize the experience of end-of-life caregiving in dementia.
Nitrogen fertility in semiarid dryland wheat production is challenging for beginning organic farmers
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Hergert Gary W.
Published: October 2012

Organic farming systems use green and animal manures to supply nitrogen (N) to their fields for crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of green manure and composted cattle manure on the subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) crop in a semiarid environment. Dry pea (Pisum sativumL.) was seeded in early April and terminated at first flower in late June. Composted cattle manure was applied at 0, 11.2 or 22.5 Mg ha−1just prior to pea termination. Winter wheat was planted in mid September following the green manure or tilled summer fallow. No positive wheat response to green manure or composted cattle manure was observed in any of the 3 years of the study. In 2 of the 3 years, wheat yields and grain test weight were reduced following green manure. Green manure reduced grain yields compared with summer fallow by 220 and 1190 kg ha−1in 2009 and 2010, respectively. This may partially be explained by 40 and 47 mm less soil water at wheat planting following peas compared with tilled summer fallow in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Also, in 2008 and 2009, soil nitrate level averaged 45 kg ha−1higher for black fallow compared with green manure fallow when no compost was added. Organic growers in the semiarid Central Great Plains will be challenged to supply N fertility to their winter wheat crop in a rapid and consistent manner as a result of the inherently variable precipitation. Growers may need to allow several years to pass before seeing the benefits of fertility practices in their winter wheat cropping systems.
ON FORMALIZING CAUSATION BASED ON CONSTANT CONJUNCTION THEORY
Authors: LIU HU , WEN XUEFENG
Published: October 2012

Constant conjunction theory of causation had been the dominant theory in philosophy for a long time and regained attention recently. This paper gives a logical framework of causation based on the theory. The basic idea is that causal statements are empirical, and are derived from our past experience by observing constant conjunction between objects. The logic is defined on linear time structures. A causal statement is evaluated at time points, such that its value depends on what has been in the past. We first give a semantics that contains basic conditions that, we think, must hold for a concept of causation, on which we define the minimal causal logic. Then we discuss its possible extensions for various concepts of causation. Complete deductive systems are given.
Stationary flux ropes at the southern terminator of Mars
Authors: Beharrell M. J. , Wild J. A.
Published: October 2012

Flux ropes have long been observed in the upper atmosphere of Venus and more recently at Mars. Here we present magnetic field measurements of flux ropes encountered at the southern terminator of Mars by Mars Global Surveyor and compare them to a flux rope model. This allows several parameters of each rope to be inferred. Remarkably similar flux ropes are met repeatedly at the southern terminator over a period of the Martian year, when strong crustal magnetic fields are upstream of their position, indicating that they are most likely stationary and attached to the upstream crustal fields. A mechanism is described that could produce the observed flux ropes.
Long‐term heat exchanges over a Mediterranean lagoon
Authors: Bouin Marie‐Noëlle , Caniaux Guy , Traullé Olivier , Legain Dominique , Le Moigne Patrick
Published: October 2012

Heat exchanges between a medium‐sized Mediterranean lagoon and the atmosphere are investigated at various time scales using long‐term observations including 9 months of eddy covariance measurements. Turbulent heat fluxes are assessed using both eddy covariance and aerodynamic methods with a relative accuracy estimated at 15%. At time scales ranging from the diurnal to the seasonal cycle, heat exchanges appear to be dominated by evaporation, and most of the heat release of the lagoon occurs on time scales between 2 and 20 days. Seasonal variations are mainly due to the effects of net radiation and air temperature, while daily and short‐term fluctuations of the sensible heat flux are influenced by air temperature and wind. In the short term, low relative humidity is more efficient than high wind speeds to produce strong peaks of evaporation (latent heat flux more than 350 W m−2). Episodes of Tramontane, a regional orography‐induced wind, are shown to be responsible for 84% of the cooling of the lagoon surface (for cooling of more than 0.5°C) and for 70% of the heat loss due to evaporation. Short‐term heat transfers between the lagoon and the atmosphere are largely punctuated by the two regional winds. The Tramontane generates pulses of evaporation lasting 1 to 4 days, while Marin episodes result in very low or negative latent heat fluxes and negative sensible heat fluxes corresponding to heat transfer from the atmosphere to the lagoon.
Persistence neutralization transformation: An effective way to improve short‐lead forecast skill
Authors: Lee Yung‐An , Tzeng Ren‐Yow
Published: October 2012

In this study, we introduce a novel variable transformation scheme to improve short‐lead forecast skills of statistical models. This transformation is called persistence neutralization transformation because it can effectively eliminate persistence characteristic of a time series by absorbing the damped persistence part of the original series into the time mean state of the transformed series. Therefore, one can expect that any statistical model using such a transformation to preprocess the predictand will always yield forecast skills comparable to or better than those of persistent forecasts. Results from retroactive forecast experiments of global tropical sea surface temperature between 1980 and 2008 clearly showed that the persistence neutralization transformation indeed provides an effective way to improve short‐lead forecast skills. Furthermore, this transformation allows that lead‐lag relations among variables can be more faithfully reflected in forecast capability of statistical models without the distortion by persistence characteristics of individual time series. Therefore, it can also be used to search for predictors with better forecast capability for each lead time to further improve statistical models' forecast skills.
How do vegetation bands form in dry lands? Insights from numerical modeling and field studies in southern Nevada, USA
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , DeLong Stephen B. , Orem Caitlin A. , Becerra Patricio , Compton Kathleen , Gressett Katrina , Lyons‐Baral John , McGuire Luke A. , Molaro Jamie L. , Spinler Joshua C.
Published: October 2012

Vegetation bands are periodic bands of vegetation, separated by interband spaces devoid of vegetation, oriented parallel to the topographic contour in some gently sloping arid to semiarid environments. Models of vegetation band formation attribute their formation to positive feedbacks among vegetation density, soil porosity/permeability, and infiltration rates. Here we present an alternative model based on field measurements at our study sites in southern Nevada. In this model, interband spaces between vegetation bands form because topographic mounds beneath vegetation bands detain water upslope from vegetation bands, leading to hydrologic and sedimentologic conditions that inhibit the survival of plants in interband spaces. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to create high‐resolution (∼10 cm2/pixel) raster data sets of bare‐earth topography and canopy height for four study sites. Analyses of the TLS data, in addition to measurements of soil shear strength and particle size, document the potential for detention in interband spaces and a near‐inverse proportionality between band spacing and regional slope. We describe a cellular automaton model (herein called model 1) for vegetation band formation that includes just two user‐defined parameters and that generates vegetation bands similar to those at our field sites, including the inverse proportionality between spacing and regional slope. A second model (model 2) accurately predicts the width of vegetation bands in terms of the number and spacing of plants and the geometry of individual plant mounds. We also present a GIS‐based analysis that predicts where bands occur within a region based on topographic and hydroclimatic controls.
Analytical model of leakage through fault to overlying formations
Authors: Zeidouni Mehdi
Published: October 2012

A fault is generally composed of a fault core surrounded by damage zones and can accommodate both lateral and vertical flow. In this paper we develop an analytical model to evaluate the leakage rate through a fault and corresponding pressure changes in the injection zone and a shallower permeable interval. The leaky fault connects the upper interval and the target zone, which are otherwise separated by a confining layer. We account for both across‐fault and up‐fault flow to honor the general architecture of the fault. We extend the two‐formation analytical solution to consider multiple overlying formations with alternating confining layers offset by the fault. The solution methodology involves writing and transforming the coupled governing flow equations successively into the Laplace and Fourier domains and solving the resulting ordinary differential equations. The solution is verified through a comparison with existing analytical solutions for bounding cases. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the behavior and potential applications of our analytical model.
Protease-catalysed Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction in Organic Solvent
Authors: Xue Yang , Li Ling-Po , He Yan-Hong , Guan Zhi
Published: October 2012

We reported the first enzyme-catalysed, direct, three-component asymmetric Mannich reaction using protease type XIV from Streptomyces griseus (SGP) in acetonitrile. Yields of up to 92% with enantioselectivities of up to 88% e.e. and diastereoselectivities of up to 92:8 (syn:anti) were achieved under the optimised conditions. This enzyme's catalytic promiscuity expands the application of this biocatalyst and provides a potential alternative method for asymmetric Mannich reactions.
Project BRAIN: Working Together to Improve Educational Outcomes for Students With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Denslow Paula , Doster Jean , King Kristin , Rayman Jennifer
Published: October 2012

Children and youth who sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at risk for being unidentified or misidentified and, even if appropriately identified, are at risk of encountering professionals who are ill-equipped to address their unique needs. A comparison of the number of people in Tennessee ages 3–21 years incurring brain injury compared to the number of students ages 3–21 years being categorized and served as TBI by the Department of Education (DOE) motivated us to create this program. Identified needs addressed by the program include the following: (a) accurate identification of students with TBI; (b) training of school personnel; (c) development of linkages and training of hospital personnel; and (d) hospital-school transition intervention. Funded by Health Services and Resources Administration (HRSA) grants with support from the Tennessee DOE, Project BRAIN focuses on improving educational outcomes for students with TBI through the provision of specialized group training and ongoing education for educators, families, and health professionals who support students with TBI. The program seeks to link families, hospitals, and community health providers with school professionals such as speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to identify and address the needs of students with brain injury.
An Overview of the Attention Improvement Management (AIM) Program With Outcomes for Three Pilot Participants
Authors: Lee Jaime , Harn Beth , Sohlberg McKay Moore , Wade Shari L.
Published: October 2012

Direct attention training (DAT) and metacognitive strategy instruction have been employed to treat the cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and are supported by an emerging evidence base (e.g., Butler et al., 2008; Galbiati et al., 2009; Luton, Reed-Knight, Loiselle, O’Toole, & Blount, 2011; van’t Hooft et al., 2007). The importance of treatment intensity is well established for DAT (Sohlberg et al., 2003), yet restrictions in the delivery and funding of rehabilitation services, the availability of well-trained interventionists, and access by geographic locale remain critical barriers to the provision of intensive services. Computer-delivered treatments that incorporate a home practice component address the gulf between the intensive, daily practice suggested by the efficacy research and these clinical delivery constraints. The purpose of this paper is to (a) review the literature evaluating the integration of DAT and metacognitive facilitation to treat children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI); (b) present the rationale and description of a computerized program, Attention Improvement Management (AIM); (c) detail the program components; and (d) present outcome data from three pilot participants who completed the intervention. A specific and growing subset of children with TBI have attention impairments following mild brain injuries or concussions (Schatz & Scolaro Moser, 2011) and served as the pilot participants in this study. Pilot participants demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements on attention outcome measures and generalization of the metacognitive strategies trained within the program to contexts outside of therapy, including both academic and social settings. Though initial results are promising, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of the AIM intervention to treat the attention and executive function impairments associated with pediatric TBI.
Soft Tissue Coverage for Mandibular Fractures Using Two Miniplates
Authors: Shah Ajul , Patel Anup , Steinbacher Derek
Published: October 2012

Recent reports have raised the concern that the two miniplate fixation technique for mandibular symphysis and body fractures may lead to greater complications than previously thought. However, it is possible that the surgical exposure and methods of soft tissue closure may be a major contributor to plate exposure. In this article, we detail a technique for vascularized tissue coverage of the hardware used to repair these mandibular fractures. We believe that this soft tissue coverage is crucial for minimizing complications associated with plate fixation.
A rice mutant lacking a large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase has drastically reduced starch content in the culm but normal plant morphology and yield
Authors: Cook Frederick R. , Fahy Brendan , Trafford Kay
Published: October 2012

A mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was identified with a Tos17 insertion in Os05g50380, a gene encoding a plastidial large subunit (LSU) of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) that was previously called OsAPL3 or OsAGPL1. The insertion prevents the production of a normal transcript. Characterisation of the mutant showed that this LSU is required for 97% of the starch synthesised in the flowering stem (culm), approximately half of the AGPase activity in developing embryos and that it contributes to AGPase activity in the endosperm. Despite the near absence of starch in the culms and reduced starch content in the embryos, the mutant rice plants grow and develop normally, and show no reduction in productivity. The starch content of leaves is increased in the mutant, revealing plasticity in the distribution of photosynthates among different temporary carbohydrate storage pools within the plant.
Spatial variation in the structure of mangrove forests with respect to seawalls
Authors: Heatherington C. , Bishop M. J.
Published: October 2012

Artificial structures, such as seawalls, are increasingly disrupting the transition zones between terrestrial and marine systems. They can impede the transport of resources across habitat boundaries and impact adjacent sedimentary ecosystems by modifying hydrodynamics which, in turn, influence sedimentology and erosion. We assessed how structural elements of Avicennia marina mangrove forests along the Parramatta River estuary, Sydney, Australia, differ in the presence or absence of a seawall on the landward side of the forest. These forests are of importance to resident and transient fauna. Sampling of paired mangrove forests, with and without seawalls, supported our hypotheses of structural differences between them. Mangrove forests with seawalls were in some instances less than a third of the width of unconstrained mangrove forests, and had up to twice the pneumatophore density. They often contained less leaf litter and had fewer saplings than forests without seawalls. These results suggest that as shoreline armouring continues, urban mangrove forests and their important ecosystem functions may be negatively impacted. Studies are now needed to ascertain the mechanisms by which seawalls modify these systems.
Ontogenetic diet shifts and food partitioning between two small sympatric skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Barbini S. A. , Lucifora L. O.
Published: October 2012

Knowing how sympatric species partition their resources is very important for understanding the mechanisms that influence marine community structure. We test the hypothesis of resource partitioning between two sympatric, closely related, morphologically similar, small skates, Psammobatis bergi and P. extenta. The diets of the two species were different. P. bergi fed predominantly on crabs, amphipods, isopods and polychaetes. P. extenta consumed mainly amphipods and shrimps. Changes in the diet with body size, maturity stage and season varied among species. The consumption of amphipods decreased with increasing size of both species. The consumption of crabs increased with increasing size of P. bergi, but decreased with increasing size of P. extenta. The consumption of cumaceans increased with size of P. extenta and decreased with size of P. bergi. Adults preyed on isopods more heavily than juveniles for both species. P. extenta preyed on shrimps more heavily in the warm season and, on the contrary P. bergi preyed on shrimps more often in the cold season. The dietary breadth was higher in P. bergi than in P. extenta and was higher in females than in males. Our results showed that these sympatric and closely-related species have clearly different trophic traits.