bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Older Women and Mercy Killing
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara , Hollenshead Janet D.
Published: May 2005

Mercy killing is usually defined as intentional killing, often by family members or friends, with the stated intent to end perceived suffering. International evidence suggests that mercy killing typically involves an older man killing his ailing wife. In this study, we examined U.S. cases of mercy killing recorded by The Hemlock Society for the period 1960–1993. We found that the typical case involved an older woman being killed by a man, often her husband, with her poor health as the justification for the killing. A firearm was often used in these incidents. These patterns of mercy killing are consistent with patterns of homicide-suicide among older adults. Future research should seek to understand why women are typically the targets, and men the agents of mercy killing.
Project-Based Learning: Teachers Learning and Using High-Tech to Preserve Cajun Culture
Authors: Zhang Yixin
Published: May 2005

Using project-based learning pedagogy in EdTc 658 Advances in Educational Technology, I have trained inservice teachers in Southwestern Louisiana with an advanced computer multimedia program called Director® (Macromedia, Inc.) [1]. The content of this course focused on modeling the project-based learning pedagogy and researching Acadian's traditions and legacy. With the multi-functions of microcomputers, new technologies were used to preserve and celebrate the local culture with superiority of text, graphics, animation, sound, and video. This article describes how several groups of school teachers in the surrounding areas of a regional state university of Louisiana learned computer multimedia using project-based learning and integrated their learning into local cultural heritage.
Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake Erie Basin: A 1990 Perspective
Authors: Stothers David M. , Abel Timothy J.
Published: May 2005

This article is an update to an article published under the same title by the senior author, in Man in the Northeast (1982). It is an attempt to resynthesize, reintegrate, and interpret new data and theoretical concepts pertaining to the first 8,000 years of human occupation in the western Lake Erie drainage basin. While the nature of the database has changed little, these new interpretations are derived from a much greater database than what existed in 1982, as well as new regional overview interpretations which have appeared in the literature of the past ten years. A new interpretation of the Western Lake Erie Basin Early Archaic sequence is also proposed, which abandons the traditional tri-partite taxonomy in favor of a bi-partite taxonomy. It is proposed that this interpretation better fits the archaeological phenomena as observed during the first 5,000 years of the Archaic sequence in this region of the Northeast.
The Sentiment Argument for Artificial Feeding of the Dying
Authors: Connelly R. J.
Published: May 2005

The sentiment argument emphasizes the unique symbolic significance of nourishment and associated deep seated emotions. The argument distinguishes between medical treatments which may be discontinued when there is little or no hope of recovery, and artificial feeding which should not be. To withhold basic sustenance is to starve someone to death. The article describes the probable origins of our feelings about food and drink and shows how they are rooted in our every day world of experience. It is argued that such feelings cannot be transfered without distortion to the hospital world. Rather, authentic sentiment seems to demand discontinuance of artificial feeding of the dying person.
News, Announcements, and Related Matters in Primary Journals
Authors: Manten A. A.
Published: May 2005

Several primary journals in science and technology additionally contain news items, announcements, and related matters. A brief description is given of this category of papers and some general recommendations are made about their presentation. The inclusion of such information in primary journals should preferably remain limited in order not to affect the character of these journals.
Starting from Year One: The Politics of Health in Nicaragua
Authors: Escudero José Carlos
Published: May 2005

The triumphant Sandinista revolution inherited a health situation characterized by high mortality, low life expectancy, widespread malnutrition, and a medical system limited in scope. The extent of these problems can only be estimated as a result of the somocista government's failure to develop an accurate system of vital statistics. While there are many options available for rapidly decreasing the high levels of mortality and morbidity in Nicaragua, the revolutionary government has chosen a strategy which fuses public health and politics. A health network based on popular participation and control is being formed which should not only decrease the high rates of malnutrition and infectious diseases in a cost-efficient manner, but should increase the strength of the revolution as well.
Organizational Wisdom
Authors: Limas Michael J. , Hansson Robert O.
Published: May 2005

In recent years, much theoretical and empirical attention has focused on wisdom as a psychological construct. The development of wisdom is viewed as a positive aspect of aging, but also has a complement to more traditionally-studied domains of intelligence. Two studies, involving a total of 327 adults, examined how our understanding of the construct might be furthered by its application into specific, problematic contexts, and by having its utility assessed. This involved: 1) development of an instrument that related the elements of wisdom to the context of work organizations; 2) identification of the primary ways in which wisdom contributes to well-being in work organizations; and 3) identification of types of organizations (organizational cultures) most likely to need and value wise persons of influence in their midst. Results suggest that wisdom is of greatest consequence when it fills an important gap in what is offered by the organization's (or society's) formal structure. Where the culture has developed more formal institutions, structure, and principles to guide its activities and ensure fairness in how people are treated, there may be less need for informal sources of organizational wisdom.
Building a Rural Health Service in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Horn J. S.
Published: May 2005

Prior to the revolution in China, rural health services were virtually nonexistent. The countryside was ravaged by epidemics and millions of landless peasants suffered from gross malnutrition. Venereal disease and schistosomiasis were rampant. Solution of the problems arising from insufficient medical personnel in the countryside was sought by the following means: Redistribution of existing medical forces was accomplished by encouraging volunteer doctors, nurses, and health technicians to move from the city to the countryside; the People's Liberation Army established a network of medical schools, hospitals, and clinics to bring medical services to the people; and mobile medical teams from city hospitals worked on a rotational basis in the countryside. A key element in the creation of new rural health forces has been the training by mobile medical teams of paramedical workers from among the peasantry. Young peasants selected by their fellow villagers receive basic and continuing medical training and live and work among the people as peasant—doctors. By this means, it is hoped that within a few decades China will have a huge army of medical workers, firmly rooted in the countryside, dedicated to serving the health needs of 500 million peasants.
Neuropsychiatric Complications of AIDS: A Literature Review
Authors: Detmer William M. , Lu Francis G.
Published: May 2005

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a major public health problem with over 12,000 cases and 6,000 deaths reported to date. Although there has been an explosion of knowledge in the virology, immunology and pathology of AIDS, relatively little has been written on the neuropsychiatric aspects. This report reviews the existing literature on the neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS. As many as 40 percent of patients with AIDS have neurologic complications at some point in their illness. These complications include either focal deficits attributable to opportunistic organisms infecting the CNS or diffuse encephalopathy caused by viral infection or lymphoma infiltration. Psychiatric complications include major depression, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, and organic brain syndrome with affective, delusional or demented features. Inpatient and consulting psychiatrists must be alert to these complications of AIDS so as to make accurate diagnoses and deliver appropriate therapy. Further studies, integrating both psychiatric and neurologic perspectives, are needed to better elucidate the neuropsychiatric complications of AIDS and help plan appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Who Engages in Health Protective Behaviors?
Authors: Berkanovic Emil
Published: May 2005

The concept of health protective behaviors explicitly calls attention to the fact that individuals undertake behaviors they believe are protective of their health whether or not their beliefs correspond to professional medical advice. There are four types of health protective behaviors: life style changes undertaken with and without medical advice, and treatment regimens undertaken with and without medical advice. The present paper, which presents data on three of these four types of health protective behaviors, finds only weak associations between these behaviors and both sociodemographics and general health orientations. The implications of these findings for both health education aimed at changing these behaviors and sociological analysis aimed at understanding these behaviors is discussed.
Survey of Claimed Encounters with the Dead
Authors: Haraldsson Erlendur
Published: May 2005

In a national survey in Iceland, 31 percent of respondents reported “having perceived the presence of a deceased person.” A multinational Gallup survey conducted in sixteen western countries showed widespread claims of personal contacts with the dead, as well as, considerable national differences. Such experiences were reported most frequently by Icelanders and Italians whereas Norwegians and Danes, considered culturally closest to Icelanders, reported the lowest incidence (9%). In the Iceland survey, interviews were conducted with 127 persons on the nature of these experiences, their relationship with the deceased, the conditions under which these experiences occurred, and various characteristics of the interviewees, as well as, the deceased persons. Attempts were made to test some theories of what may elicit such experiences.
Postpartum Supplemental Vitamin Use among Hispanic Women on the US/Mexico Border: Need for Community Health Education
Authors: O'Rourke Kathleen , Redlinger Thomas
Published: May 2005

Vitamin supplements are an effective means of obtaining adequate folate but little is known about vitamin use during the postpartum period, a time when women may be at risk of folate deficiency and associated health risks. This cross-sectional study evaluated factors associated with supplemental vitamin use to facilitate development of educational programs. Personal interviews were conducted among 188 Hispanic women at WIC clinics in El Paso, Texas. Most women (91%) used vitamin supplements during pregnancy; however, the majority (65%) discontinued use by the first postpartum month. Hispanic women born in Mexico (versus U.S. born), multiparas, younger mothers, and women who never breast fed were significantly less likely to take supplemental vitamins. Educational programs on the importance of vitamin supplements during the postpartum period are needed to insure that women receive adequate folate. On the U.S./Mexico border, programs should be tailored to younger, Mexican-born women.
Grief and Abortion: Mizuko Kuyo, The Japanese Ritual Resolution
Authors: Klass Dennis , Heath Amy Olwen
Published: May 2005

This article explores the grief of Japanese parents after abortion and the ritual by which the grief is resolved. The ritual is Mizuko Kuyo. Mizuko means “child of the water.” Kuyo is a Buddhist offering. In a ritual drama played out by Jizo, the bodhisattva who suffers for others, the parents' pain and the child's pain are connected, and in that connection the pain of each is resolved. The child is made part of the community and does not become a spirit bringing harm to the family. The parents can fulfill their obligation to care for the child and transform the sense of kumon, sickness unto death, into a realization Buddhism's first noble truth, that all life is suffering. The subtext of the article is the search for an adequate method and language by which cross-cultural study of grief can move forward.
Social Capital, Disorganized Communities, and the Third Way: Understanding the Retreat from Structural Inequalities in Epidemiology and Public Health
Authors: Muntaner Carles , Lynch John , Smith George Davey
Published: May 2005

The construct of social capital has recently captured the interest of researchers in social epidemiology and public health. The authors review current hypotheses on the social capital and health link, and examine the empirical evidence and its implications for health policy. The construct of social capital employed in the public health literature lacks depth compared with its uses in social science. It presents itself as an alternative to materialist structural inequalities (class, gender, and race) and invokes a romanticized view of communities without social conflict that favors an idealist psychology over a psychology connected to material resources and social structure. The evidence on social capital as a determinant of better health is scant or ambiguous. Even if confirmed, such hypotheses call for attention to social determinants beyond the proximal realm of individualized sociopsychological infrastructure. Social capital is used in public health as an alternative to both state-centered economic redistribution and party politics, and represents a potential privatization of both economics and politics. Such uses of social capital mirror recent “third way” policies in Germany, the United Kingdom, and United States. If third way policies lose support in Europe, the prominence of social capital there might be short lived. In the United States, where the working class is less likely to influence social policy, interest in social capital could be longer lived or could drift into academic limbo like other psychosocial constructs once heralded as the next big idea.
Liaison Psychiatry: A Role on the Medical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Billig Nathan
Published: May 2005

A psychiatric liaison program on a medical intensive care unit is described. The principle elements of the program include the psychiatrist becoming a member of the MICU “team” via: 1) attendance at morning medical rounds; 2) conducting case conferences; 3) availability to the nursing staff as a separate entity; 4) consulting with the unit directors; and 5) supervising a resident in psychiatry in his consultative work on the unit. The liaison psychiatrist's presence on the team facilitates an holistic approach to the patient and deals with intra-staff and patient-staff reactions in the critical care setting.
Cognitive Mechanisms of Visual Memories and Visual Images
Authors: McConnell Jean , Quinn J. G.
Published: May 2005

Two experiments are reported that investigate recent claims that a visual memory and a visual image access different mechanisms within working memory and are differentially susceptible to interference. Experiment 1 demonstrates that when participants are required to hold the visual memory in consciousness, the representation is liable to interference in the same way as a visual image. Experiment 2 strengthens this interpretation by showing that the interference is specifically visual rather than general. Additionally, the experiments argue that visual noise interference is front loaded and does not require access to long-term memory structures prior to causing disruption.
Pedagogical Communication Patterns in Collaborative Telelearning
Authors: Aviv Reuven , Golan Gady
Published: May 2005

Collaborative learning is an indispensable part of Telelearning Distance Education courses. It is naturally implemented via such activities as data collection, projects, and field studies. The worldwide revolution in the telecommunication environment that has been gathering momentum in recent years is bringing radical changes in the collaboration channels. To prepare for these changes, it is vital to identify and solve a wide range of educational and organizational problems involving the embedding of learning and teaching procedures in a telecommunication rich environment. This article is concerned with the pedagogical communication patterns between students and tutors. The result of evaluating students behavior in a set of telelearning Computer Science courses show that they differentiate between the personal dimension of communicating with others and the group dimension which enable true collaborative work. The former depends mainly on the extent to which they need help, whereas the later depends on the design of the group collaboration and the creative leadership of the class teacher or the tutor.
Freud, Durkheim, and Death among the Sebei
Authors: Goldschmidt Walter
Published: May 2005

The Sebei, a Nilo-Hamitic people of Uganda, regularly hold in conjunction with their funeral rituals, a kind of moot in which all creditors must establish their claims on the estate. They also determine details regarding inheritance of both property and wives. As a result, the mourners enter these rituals concerned to protect and further their personal and private interests at the very time when such cupidity is most unseemly. Thus structured into the funerary customs is a strong sense of guilt. Sebei funerals focus on the polution of a generalized death rather than on the body or the soul of the deceased. This polution is seen as a response to this guilt, which derive not so much from feelings about the deceased as it does from sentiments among the living, which the fact of death (rather than the dead man) has brought to the fore.
Sortilegio: Cola Rienzi and the Blasphemy of Documentation
Authors: Di Renzo Anthony
Published: May 2005

Cola Rienzi, the 14th century notary and usurper who briefly resurrected the Roman Republic during the Avignon Papacy, is an important figure in the history of professional writing. The son of an unlettered country innkeeper, Cola combined a passion for classical rhetoric and literature with extensive training in legal documentation to create and sustain a messianic regime. By imitating Ancient Roman memos and reports in his written edicts, Cola convinced the people that he was their tribune and savior. The aristocrats and clerics chafing under Cola's authority, however, considered these documents sortilegio, sheer witchcraft. When Rienzi's edicts became increasingly self-serving and grandiloquent, the mob, sickened by his megalomania, tore him to pieces. Although he was posthumously declared anathema by the Church—partly for having invented the fountain pen—Cola's legislative reforms, and his revolutionary use of the classics to reshape administrative writing, helped pave the way for Renaissance Humanism.
Young Adult's Immediate Reaction to a Personal Alcohol Overdose
Authors: Reis Janet , Harned Ilene , Riley William
Published: May 2005

Following an emergency medical transport for alcohol overdose, first-year college students were asked to complete a survey assessing their reactions to the transport experience, their assessment of why they required this emergency response, and plans for future personal alcohol consumption. Transported students who responded to a baseline survey of all first-year students regarding expectations about alcohol are compared to first-year students overall. The 50 first-year transported students did not perceive themselves at risk for alcohol overdose prior to the event and were typically not heavy consumers of alcohol. The majority attributed the overdose event to bad decision making. Most students planned to alter the amount and the pace of their future alcohol consumption. Additional education on the circumstances of alcohol overdose may help young adults learn their own limits for safe consumption.
The Transition to Retirement: Stages and Factors That Influence Retirement Adjustment
Authors: Reitzes Donald C. , Mutran Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2005

A set of older workers from the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina metropolitan area were followed from pre-retirement to 24 months post-retirement in order to explore stages in retirement and the impact of social psychological, social background, and gender factors on the retirement adjustment. First, we found general support for Atchley's model of retirement adjustment (1976). Second, the factors that influence retirement adjustment in the data analysis revealed that: 1) pre-retirement self-esteem and friend identity meanings, as well as pension eligibility, increased positive attitudes toward retirement at six months, 12 months, and 24 months post-retirement; 2) retirement planning and voluntary retirement increased positive attitudes toward retirement earlier, but not later, in the first two years of retirement; 3) poor health decreased positive attitudes toward retirement later rather than earlier in the first two years of retirement; and 4) there were only limited gender effects.
A New Voice on Interchange: Is it Talking or Writing? Implications for the Teaching of Literature
Authors: McGrath Carolyn
Published: May 2005

While electronic discourse is silent and can be printed and subjected to the literate bias we use in evaluating formal writing, at the same time synchronous discourse contains the sound and texture of “voice” and serves the generative and communalizing function of authentic talk. Based upon analysis of discussions of fiction using Dedalus Interchange in literary analysis classes, I have found the electronic voices of my students to be unlike the voices I'd come to know from these students in speech and writing. I find the rich hyper-vocality of Interchange expands the number of ideas all are exposed to, deemphasizes traditional authority increasing metalinguistic awareness, may decrease inhibition and gender barriers, and facilitates the kind of increased social connectedness which motivates participation.
The Last Strand: Remnants of Engagement in the Later Years
Authors: Marshall Victor W.
Published: May 2005

Disengagement theorists argue that a benefit of disengagement is that it allows the individual to die without anxiety over unfulfilled plans and role-obligations. This paper examines data concerning readiness to die of persons highly disengaged but for their embeddedness in a kinship role. Readiness, and even desire to die co-exist for such aged people with the felt obligation to live in order to fulfill kinship role requirements. At the same time, while the very existence of the aged is increasingly called into question within the broader culture which devalues the aged, kinship obligations provide the aging individual with a rationale to justify his own continued existence.
Psychological Distress and Cognitive Impairment in Neurological In-Patients: Its Prevalence and its Recognition by Residents
Authors: Zlot Stefan I.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This pilot study investigated the prevalence of psychological distress and cognitive impairment in neurological in-patients by means of three widely accepted questionnaires. We examined residents' recognition of corresponding disturbances.

Method:

We interviewed fifty-five consecutively admitted in-patients of a neurological unit with the MMSE, GHQ-28 and BDI. We asked the neurological residents whether they found cognitive impairment or psychological disturbances in their patients and to indicate the extent of those abnormalities.

Results:

Fifteen percent of patients showed cognitive impairment, but as many as one-third showed psychological problems warranting further work-up. Recognition of such by residents as well as specification of psychiatric diagnoses and important psychosocial factors in the final reports was poor.

Conclusion:

Psychological problems are common in neurologic in-patients. They are insufficiently recognized by residents and usually not taken into consideration in patient-care. We suggest the improvement of neurologic training to include appropriate interview techniques, providing the integration of biological, psychological and social factors in diagnosis and therapy.
Evaluation of Staff Support System in a Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Quenneville Yves , Falardeau Maurice , Rochette Denis
Published: May 2005

Very little has been written on the stress of the people working in a palliative care unit for terminally-ill cancer patients. Here are the results of a prospective research conducted at the Notre-Dame Hospital Palliative Care Unit in Montreal, using a self-rated measure of psychological impairment (Langner's scale). This test was applied as soon as the Unit received its first patients. After one year, we found no increase of reported symptoms and we believe these results are attributable to a good preliminary selection and an effective staff support system.
A Personal Adaptation Group for Burn Injured Hospital Patients
Authors: Vanderplate Cal
Published: May 2005

This article describes the first reported psychotherapeutic group for hospitalized burn patients. The rationale for the group is based upon an adaptive coping model. Issues typically dealt with in groups include feelings toward hospital staff, emotional reactions to treatments, and feelings concerning their burn injury. Body image and resultant self-esteem issues are a major theme. The importance of clinical services for burn injured patients and the involvement of mental health professionals in service delivery is emphasized.
Private Insurance Reform in the 1990s: Can it Solve the Health Care Crisis?
Authors: Bodenheimer Thomas
Published: May 2005

A number of health insurance reform proposals have surfaced at the state governmental level in the United States. These include Medicaid expansion for the below-poverty or near-poverty uninsured, state subsidy to individuals and/or businesses for the purchase of health insurance, risk pools for the medically uninsurable, insurance industry–initiated reforms within the small group market, the promotion of “stripped down” insurance plans that reduce premium cost, and state mandating of employer-sponsored health insurance for the employed uninsured. All of these insurance reform proposals have serious limitations: (1) they fail to address the inequities of the underwriting principle by which older and sicker people pay more for health insurance than the young and healthy population; (2) they extend the illogical linkage of employment and health insurance; and (3) they do not slow the rate of health cost inflation nor do they contain a mechanism to finance broader health coverage through savings within the health sector. An alternative to insurance reform is the establishment of a social insurance program that brings the entire population into a single risk pool.
How Computers are Used in United States Schools: Basic Data from the 1989 I.E.A. Computers in Education Survey
Authors: Becker Henry Jay
Published: May 2005

American schools steadily increased their stock of microcomputers during the latter half of the 1980s, but made only modest changes in their pattern of hardware and software use between 1985 and 1989. Early in the decade, computers were valued for providing highly motivational skills practice and for enriching the curriculum with the subject of “computer literacy,” and late in the decade those two activities still dominated school computer use even though the range of skills practiced and the range of computer literacy activities expanded significantly during the decade. Moreover, computer-using teachers, although twice as numerous as five years ago, still only rarely provide a computer-centered classroom where students use computers for a large fraction of the time they spend on any one type of learning activity. A hint that computers will begin to take on new functions as general intellectual and information resource tools is visible in the increasing portion of computer time being spent on word processing; but most student word processing time is spent learning how to use the software rather than using it as a matter of course to draft and revise papers and essays.
The Drug Swindlers
Authors: Silverman Milton , Lydecker Mia , Lee Philip R.
Published: May 2005

In a number of important developing nations—among them Indonesia, India, and Brazil—clinical pharmacologists and other drug experts are revealing mounting concern over the marketing of fraudulent drug products. These are shaped, colored, flavored, marked, and packaged to mimic the real product They may contain the actual antibiotic or other drug indicated on the label, but so “cut” that the product provides only a small fraction of the labeled amount, or they may contain only useless flour or starch. At best, they are worthless. At the worst, they can kill. In most instances, it is believed that these “drugs” are produced and marketed by local or domestic fly-by-night groups and not by multinational pharmaceutical firms. Blame for these practices is placed on inadequate or unenforced laws, only trivial punishments, bribery and corruption, and the fact that generally “nobody inspects the inspectors.”
A Study of Teaching Reading Skills to the Young Child Using Microcomputer Assisted Instruction
Authors: Gore Dolores A. , Morrison Gary N. , Maas Martha L. , Anderson Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2005

The major purpose of this study was to determine if the five-year-old child could be taught reading skills through the computer. Fourteen children attending a preschool for low income families received specific reading skills instruction exclusively on the microcomputer. The curriculum used at the preschool was designed to eliminate any drill and practice on isolated reading skills. The study was a pretest/posttest single group design. All subjects were administered the Metropolitan Readiness Test and the results were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance ( p < .01). A secondary purpose was to determine if the children could learn basic computer literacy skills without direct instruction and drill. Through an analysis of the observation notes it was determined that the computer literacy skills were learned by the children while involved in the academic skills instructional program.
Evaluating the Impact of Cai on Mathematics Learning: Computer Immersion Project
Authors: Ferrell Barbara G.
Published: May 2005

A project designed to examine the effects of maximizing time on computer and computer-to-pupil ratio was implemented in an urban middle school in the Southwest. A sixth grade classroom was equipped with enough microcomputers for a 1:1 computer-to-pupil ratio. Students in two mathematics classes received instruction almost entirely on computer for the duration of the school year. Two control classes received a teacher-directed, group-centered instructional mode from the same teacher. Data were collected which examined the impact of CAI on mathematics achievement, student attitude, attendance, and discipline. Results indicated that immersion in CAI did have a significant effect on mathematics achievement. Discriminant function analysis yielded a significant function comprised of three variables: number of times tardy, number of discipline cards, and math computation raw score. The magnitude of these differences, however, was not great; 1.9 items in math computation raw score and one time tardy to math class. These results emphasized the difference between practical and statistical significance, both of which must be weighed in evaluation research.
Workplace Health and Safety: Report from Canada
Authors: Sass Robert
Published: May 2005

This article represents a critical analysis of the major policy responses to workplace health and safety in Canada. It examines the deficiencies inherent in the legislative development of Joint Health and Safety Committees in most Canadian jurisdictions, the limitations regarding standard-setting of worker exposure to contaminants, and disincentive for employers to positively improve the workplace because of Workers Compensation legislation. Collective bargaining agreements in Canada have had only limited positive effects, while the ultimate legal sanction of criminal prosecution by the regulatory agencies has weakened enforcement and compliance of existing regulations. There has never been a successful criminal prosecution of an employer in Canada, even for multiple deaths.

The article suggests the following four reasons for this “underdevelopment” of occupational health and safety in Canada: (1) the concealment of the dimension of the incidence of industrial disease based on Workers Compensation Board statistics; (2) the application of an incorrect theory of causation of both industrial disease and injury by both managers and government administrators of occupational health and safety programs; (3) the resistance of both senior and middle managers against increased worker participation in both work organization and job design questions; and (4) the general “moral underdevelopment,” rather than ignorance, of managers in favoring economic considerations or values at the expense of worker health and safety.

In light of the magnitude of the problem and the deficiencies of existing policy approaches, the author proposes the need for greater workplace democratization of production and industry as a necessary and sufficient reform of workplace health and safety.
Disenfranchised Grief Revisited: Discounting Hope and Love
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: May 2005

Kenneth Doka's two anthologies on disenfranchised grief (Doka, 1989, 2002) are filled with discussions of the effects of disenfranchisement and its scope. The present article furthers reflection on both topics. It first explores the nature of disenfranchisement as a denial of a mourner's “right to grieve” and analyzes the empathic, political, and ethical failures involved in this denial. It then notes that the literature on the subject is dominated by treatments of the disenfranchisement of suffering. And it urges that the scope of disenfranchisement extends to efforts to overcome suffering, the constructive labors of hope and love at the heart of grieving response to bereavement.
Potential Costs of Goal Imagery: The Moderating Role of Fear of Failure
Authors: Langens Thomas A.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the present study was to identify conditions under which positive goal imagery (i.e., imagining the successful attainment of a desired personal goal) leads to decreased motivation to pursue a goal. Students who had to take an important exam within the next 12 months either imagined achieving a high grade, or reflected on their current situation of not yet having passed the exam, or contrasted positive goal imagery with reflections on reality. Following the imagery exercise, students rated which grade they actually expected to attain. Time spent studying a guideline for effective preparation for exams served as a behavioral indicator of motivation. Results indicate that positive goal imagery raised grade expectations in individuals low (but not in those high) in fear of failure. Also, individuals low in fear of failure showed a low level of motivation after contrasting positive goal imagery with reality, while individuals high in fear of failure were least motivated to prepare for the exam after imagining successful goal attainment. The discussion addresses mechanisms which might mediate these effects and specifies the types of goals these effects may be limited to.
Health Care: An International Comparison of Perceived Morbidity, Health Services Resources, and Use
Authors: White Kerr L. , Anderson Donald O. , Bice Thomas W. , Kalimo Esko , Schach Elisabeth
Published: May 2005

Selected summary findings from the World Health Organization/International Collaborative Study of Medical Care Utilization are presented, based on data collected during a twelve-month period in 1968–1969 in twelve study areas in seven countries in the Americas and Europe. A household interview survey of almost 48,000 persons, representing a total population of about 15 million, elicited information on demographic characteristics, on perceptions of illness, its severity and character, and on attitudes toward and use of major components of health services. Information was also collected on the prevailing health care systems and resources available to the study population, as well as on socioeconomic characteristics of the study areas.

Standardized rates for those defined as “healthy” and “functionally healthy” are quite similar across the twelve study areas, as are the rates for persons who reported being sick within two weeks. Rates for the volume of sick days within two weeks vary widely, and levels of chronicity with disability are much higher in the four continental European study areas. Rates for volume of physician contacts within two weeks vary considerably across study areas, but rates for persons with contacts are more stable, although for persons with perceived morbidity of high severity, the corresponding rates are lower in the four continental European study areas. By contrast, the rates for persons with an administrative reason for their most recent physical examination within twelve months are substantially higher in the latter. Where unmet need for a physician contact is greatest, the volume of hospital nights used is also greatest; a direct relationship between these two measures is evident without regard to the ratio of hospital beds available to the population. Wide differences are observed between the extremes of the measures of need, resources, and use employed in the study, raising questions about the ways in which resources are organized to provide services and about the effectiveness and efficiency of these services.
Social Issues: Science, Technology and Public Policy
Authors: Tipple Bruce E. , Switzer Kenneth A.
Published: May 2005

With the support of a grant from the National Science Foundation, the Social Science Education Consortium of Boulder, Colorado, is developing and field testing ten role-play learning activities designed to enhance students' understanding of public policy issues involving science and technology. The activities are designed for use in secondary-level (grades 10–12) natural science and social science courses.

This three-year project, entitled Creative Role-Playing Experiences in Science and Technology (CREST), is based on the belief that citizens require both an understanding of issues and decision-making skills in order to reach responsible public policy decisions.

This article presents a detailed rationale for the development of the project materials, outlines the phases of project development, and briefly discusses the content of one exemplar activity.
Goodbye Old Friend: A Son's Farewell to Comiskey Park
Authors: Krizek Bob
Published: May 2005

Comiskey Park, the home of the Chicago White Sox, closed its gates for the last time on September 30, 1990, after a glorious eighty-year reign as “the world's greatest baseball palace.” I attended that event as both a social scientist engaged in an ethnographic project and a son seeking to reconnect with the memories of and feelings for his father. In the recording and analysis of the language of those in attendance that day, the scientist within me began to recognize and understand a physical “reality” of memories and the symbolic importance of “bridges” to the past. In the writing, the ethnographer soon came to appreciate and more fully explore the reflexive properties and possibilities of ethnographic research. As a son, I confronted, in part through my research activities, a variety of emotions regarding my father, his death, and my previously unaddressed grief. The son and the social scientist each began to realize the role old Comiskey Park had played in my relationship with my father. This article, a brief but emotionally faithful piece of self-reflection, is written more by the son than the researcher. It is my farewell to my father.
An Integrative Model of Personality, Coping and Appraisal for the Prediction of Grief Involvement in Adults
Authors: Meuser Thomas M. , Marwit Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

This Study Contrasts Two Opposing Conceptualizations Of Personality's Effect Upon Grief: A Traditional Ego Psychology (Risk Factor) View And Lazarus And Folkman's Contextual Coping Model. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory were administered to 101 bereaved adults. Predictor variables included neuroticism, extraversion, threat appraisal, emotion-oriented coping, task/problem-oriented coping, and avoidance coping. Significant predictive effects for emotion oriented coping, task/problem oriented coping, and grief-related variables were found. Results support contextual coping theory, indicating that immediate coping processes may be better predictors of grief involvement than longstanding personality traits. Clinical implications are discussed.
The Effects of Nonexamples on Procedure Learning
Authors: Golden Anthony R. , Bentti Fredy E. , Reigeluth Charles M.
Published: May 2005

Research has shown that nonexamples are an effective strategy in teaching concepts. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of common errors (CE) as an effective strategy in teaching a procedure (i.e., a set of steps that one follows to achieve a goal). A total of fifty-six sophomore students were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control condition in their regular classrooms. The experimental design was pretest-posttest. Materials and task involved two sets of identical slide projectors and tape recorders to teach the procedure for color correction of color transparencies. The experimental group received instruction on an extra sample of colors most commonly confused with each of the six colors of the standard color wheel. Results indicated that application-level learning of procedures was significantly facilitated by the presentation of common errors (CE) in addition to examples. In conclusion the use of common errors of great divergence is beneficial. The use of common errors is more effective when they are made apparent, or when a clear distinction between a correct and incorrect response is taught.
Including Social Factors in the Analysis of Reminiscence in Elderly Individuals
Authors: Lamme Simone , Baars Jan
Published: May 2005

Developmental psychologists have studied reminiscence in elderly individuals using widely varied conceptions of adult development. Determinist psychologists conceived of reminiscent behavior in elderly individuals as constituting the last phase in normal development. Contextualist psychologists have pointed to the historical and cultural relativity of adult development, and highlighted the variation in elderly persons with respect to reminiscent behavior. However, they do not fully acknowledge the role the environment plays in establishing reminiscent behavior in elderly people. Therefore, sociological life course theory should be included in the analyses and interpretation of this behavior.
Improving Practice through Updating Our Theoretical Base
Authors: Cernada George P.
Published: May 2005

If there is nothing more practical than a good theory, as Lewin indicated, then one of the best ways to improve practice is to update and codify our theoretical base. A half-dozen newer concepts needing integration into community health education theory include an “audience” oriented mass communication orientation, a problem-solver perspective, a more sophisticated notion of perception, a refocusing of the attitude/behavior change continuum, emphasis on “other-orientation,” and an updated learning theory. These combine to re-emphasize the need for communities to be involved in and take charge of the learning process and to work on structural changes to avoid victim-blaming.
Evaluating Technical Communication Faculty: Some Empirically-Based Criteria and Guidelines
Authors: Stevenson Dwight W.
Published: May 2005

To evaluate Technical Communication faculty requires understanding of the distinctive nature of the research, teaching, and service performed by faculty in the field. This article documents the work situations and accomplishments of a cadre of twenty-four accomplished faculty members in Technical Communication. The study group, identified by a prior survey of 275 people in technical writing, composition, and rhetoric, provides an empirical basis for defining the kinds and quantities of work that currently can be expected in the field. The article thus helps to provide empirically-based guidelines and criteria for evaluation. Included also is a discussion of other relevant research on faculty evaluation.
Empirical Analysis, Gender Assumptions, and the Language of Narration in Eighteenth-Century British Fiction
Authors: Stewart Larry
Published: May 2005

This study attempts first to determine whether quantitative and empirical methods can indicate differences in the language of male and female narrators in eighteenth-century British fiction and second to suggest some preliminary conclusions about gender assumptions arising from this investigation. A principal components analysis using word frequencies as variables (the Burrows technique) demonstrates that male and female narrators in Daniel Defoe's major novels can be differentiated according to the language that they use. Preliminary analyses of a sample of other eighteenth-century novels suggest that the differences of vocabulary frequencies in Defoe's fiction may hold true in the language of narrators created by other eighteenth-century writers as well: female narrators created by male writers use certain items of vocabulary at a rate significantly different than those items are used by male narrators created by male writers or by any narrators created by female writers. More specifically, female narrators use the language of contingency (as evidenced by the word if) more frequently than other narrators; they are more self-referential than other narrators, using I, me, and my at a significantly greater rate than other narrators; and they use a language of social engagement with he, she, her, and him appearing much more frequently than in the language of other narrators. If these results are substantiated by further analyses, there would seem to be empirical evidence for the claim that eighteenth-century male writers held certain assumptions about the language used by women or, at least, that these male writers believed that readers would more readily accept as female narrators who used language in a certain way. Such evidence could give an empirical base to our understanding of some gender assumptions in eighteenth-century England.
Strategies for Teaching and Administering Technical Writing
Authors: Crodian Bevin
Published: May 2005

This paper distinguishes Skill I, the ability to communicate with the lay audience, from Skill II, the ability to communicate with the technically expert audience. It also discusses the origins of the misunderstanding of the role of these two skills in the technical writing classroom and demonstrates how this failure works against an efficient and successful technical writing program. Some suggestions are offered to remedy this situation which, if followed, would not only remedy the existing problem but would form the base for a comprehensive technical communications curriculum.