bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symmetry‐Assisted Spectral Line Shapes Manipulation in Dielectric Double‐Fano Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Da‐Cheng , Tang Rong , Feng Zheng , Sun Song , Xiao Shiyi , Tan Wei
Published: December 2020

Spectral line shapes feature many essential resonant phenomena when diagnosing light–matter interactions. Particularly, tailoring spectral line shapes in photonics unveils a robust scheme to control electromagnetic waves and design functional optical devices. Here, the symmetry‐assisted manipulation of spectral line shapes in dielectric double‐Fano metasurfaces is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Composed by a free‐standing silicon membrane with subwavelength aperture arrays, the metasurfaces simultaneously support two orthogonal localized modes (symmetric and antisymmetric) with high‐quality (high‐Q) factors and a propagating mode with a low‐Q factor. The symmetric and antisymmetric modes interfere with the propagating mode, resulting in the double‐Fano resonances with opposite signs of Fano parameters. The superposition of such double‐Fano resonances can produce multiple spectral line shapes, including double‐Fano resonances, a single Fano resonance, an electromagnetic‐induced‐transparency‐like (EIT‐like) window, and a complementary EIT‐like window, which have been analytically, numerically, and experimentally verified. Moreover, the EIT‐like window exhibits a steep dispersion, which is beneficial in slow light devices. Due to the anisotropy of the design, this EIT‐like window can transform into a complementary EIT‐like window when the incident polarization is rotated by 90°. Thus, such asymmetry‐assisted double‐Fano metasurfaces provide a new route to reveal photonic phenomena and construct multifunctional metadevices.
Synthesis of Boronic Ester γ‐Lactam Building Blocks
Authors: Rodgers George , Wilson Ellen J. , Robertson Craig C. , Cox Daniel J. , Partridge Benjamin M.
Published: December 2020

Saturated heterocycles are found widely in biologically active compounds such as medicinal drugs and agrochemicals. However, boronic acid‐derived building blocks for these structures have limited availability, particularly in comparison to heteroaromatic boronic acids. We report the preparation of boronic ester γ‐lactams through a Cu‐catalysed conjugate borylation‐cyclisation protocol. Using a chiral catalyst, this can be performed in high enantioselectivity. Exploration of the further transformations of these reagents suggest that the boronic esters have much potential as chemical building blocks.

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Identification and verification of rhizosphere indicator microorganisms in tobacco root rot
Authors: Yao Xiaoyuan , Huang Kuo , Zhao Shiyuan , Cheng Qian , Zhang Shuting , Yang Liang , Ding Wei , Zhang Yongqiang
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the microbial community in the rhizosphere of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and explore the potential microbiological indicators of tobacco root rot Rhizosphere soils of healthy and diseased tobacco over different continuous cropping years were sampled, and total DNA was extracted from the soils. Afterward, 16S rRNA combined with internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing was used to study the differences in microbial communities in the rhizosphere. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma harzianum on root rot, and the relative abundance of Fusarium, Rubrobacter, and Talaromyces spp. as the potential indicators of tobacco health were identified by sequencing data Bacterial and fungal diversity decreased with the increase in years of continuous cropping. The bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere with tobacco root rot was higher than that in the healthy rhizosphere. Rubrobacter and Talaromyces spp. were more abundant in the rhizosphere soil of healthy tobacco than in that of diseased tobacco. Paenibacillus polymyxa and T. harzianum treatment led to an increase in the relative abundance of Rubrobacter and Talaromyces spp., implying that this treatment could have a plant‐promoting effect Rubrobacter and Talaromyces spp. may serve as beneficial microbiological indicators of tobacco root rot, and P. polymyxa and T. harzianum may serve as antagonistic strains for the biocontrol of tobacco root rot.
Comparing rates of mineral oil, sulfur, and phosphorous acid on Microdochium patch suppression and turfgrass quality
Authors: Mattox Clint , Dumelle Michael , McDonald Brian , Gould Micah , Olsen Conner , Schmid Charles , Wang Ruying , Kowalewski Alec
Published: December 2020

Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels and I.C. Hallett that occurs in climates similar to the cool, humid regions of North America's Pacific Northwest. Mineral oil, S, and phosphorous acid (H3PO3) have been shown to suppress Microdochium patch on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) putting greens in western Oregon. Previous research using rates of 19.9 kg mineral oil ha–1 applied every 2 wk alone or as a tank mixture with 12.2 kg S ha–1, 3.7 kg H3PO3 ha–1, or both resulted in unacceptable turfgrass thinning. The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate whether tank mixes of these products would suppress Microdochium patch and yield acceptable turfgrass quality when rates of mineral oil were reduced from 19.9 to 10.0 kg ha–1, S from 12.2 to 6.1 kg ha–1, or H3PO3 from 3.7 to 1.8 kg ha–1. In both years of the experiment, all treatments suppressed Microdochium patch to <2% disease compared to more than 40% disease in the non‐treated control. Mineral oil applied with S resulted in a larger loss of green cover compared to mineral oil applied with H3PO3 regardless of rate. These results suggest that tank mixing mineral oil and S should be avoided in the winter months. Further research studying the mitigation of green cover loss associated with these treatments is warranted.
Democratizing genomics: Leveraging software to make genetics an integral part of routine care
Authors: Snir Moran , Nazareth Shivani , Simmons Emilie , Hayward Laura , Ashcraft Kristine , Bristow Sara L. , Esplin Edward D. , Aradhya Swaroop
Published: December 2020

Genetic testing can provide definitive molecular diagnoses and guide clinical management decisions from preconception through adulthood. Innovative solutions for scaling clinical genomics services are necessary if they are to transition from a niche specialty to a routine part of patient care. The expertise of specialists, like genetic counselors and medical geneticists, has traditionally been relied upon to facilitate testing and follow‐up, and while ideal, this approach is limited in its ability to integrate genetics into primary care. As individuals, payors, and providers increasingly realize the value of genetics in mainstream medicine, several implementation challenges need to be overcome. These include electronic health record integration, patient and provider education, tools to stay abreast of guidelines, and simplification of the test ordering process. Currently, no single platform offers a holistic view of genetic testing that streamlines the entire process across specialties that begins with identifying at‐risk patients in mainstream care settings, providing pretest education, facilitating consent and test ordering, and following up as a “genetic companion” for ongoing management. We describe our vision for using software that includes clinical‐grade chatbots and decision support tools, with direct access to genetic counselors and pharmacists within a modular, integrated, end‐to‐end testing journey.
Predictors of maternal‐origin microchimerism in young women in the Philippines
Authors: Pan Tiffany D. , Kanaan Sami B. , Lee Nanette R. , Avila Josephine L. , Nelson J. Lee , Eisenberg Dan T.A.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Microchimerism is the presence of a small quantity of cells or DNA from a genetically distinct individual. This phenomenon occurs with bidirectional maternal‐fetal exchange during pregnancy. Microchimerism can persist for decades after delivery and have long‐term health implications. However, little is known about why microchimerism is detectable at varying levels in different individuals. We examine the variability and the following potential determinants of maternal‐origin microchimerism (MMc) in young women in the Philippines: gestational duration (in utero exposure to MMc), history of being breastfed (postpartum exposure to MMc), maternal telomere length (maternal cells' ability to replicate and persist), and participant's pregnancies in young adulthood (effect of adding fetal‐origin microchimerism to preexisting MMc).

Materials and Methods

Data are from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, a population‐based study of infant feeding practices and long‐term health outcomes. We quantified MMc using quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 89 female participants, ages 20–22, and analyzed these data using negative binomial regression.

Results

In a multivariate model including all predictors, being breastfed substantially predicted decreased MMc (detection rate ratio = 0.15, p = 0.007), and there was a trend of decreasing MMc in participants who had experienced more pregnancies (detection rate ratio = 0.55, p = 0.057).

Discussion

These results might be explained by breastfeeding having lasting impact on immune regulatory networks, thus reducing MMc persistence. MMc may also decrease in response to the introduction of fetal‐origin microchimerism with pregnancies experienced in adulthood.
The association of parturition scars and pelvic shape: A geometric morphometric study
Authors: Waltenberger Lukas , Pany‐Kucera Doris , Rebay‐Salisbury Katharina , Mitteroecker Philipp
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Pelvic features, mostly known as parturition scars, have been extensively studied in the last decades and are frequently investigated in archaeological and forensic contexts. It is still unclear, however, whether they really relate to pregnancy and birth, or whether these features are caused by other biomechanical factors. Because the length and difficulty of labor correlates with the form of the birth canal, we studied the association between the expression of pelvic features and pelvic shape using geometric morphometrics.

Materials and Methods

We scored the expression of the preauricular sulcus, margo auricularis groove, sacral preauricular extension, dorsal and ventral pubic pitting for 54 individuals from a 19th century collection and 19 individuals from the Bronze Age cemetery of Hainburg‐Teichtal, Austria. Based on photogrammetric surface models, pelvic shape was captured by 331 landmarks and semilandmarks. The multivariate association between pelvic features and pelvic shape was explored by partial least squares analysis.

Results

Within the female subsample, we detected a significant association of a constrained birth canal with a strong expression of the preauricular sulcus, the margo auricularis groove, and a retroverted position of the acetabulum. No significant association was found among males.

Discussion

This suggests that difficult or prolonged labor may indeed cause more strongly expressed pelvic features, presumably because of increased strain of the pelvic ligaments during birth. Furthermore, the retroversion of the acetabulum, which is known to cause sacroiliac joint dysfunction, changes the strain on pelvic ligaments and can thus also result in the development of pronounced pelvic features.
Filling the Space: A Framework for Coordinated Global Actions To Diminish Academic Bullying
Authors: Mahmoudi Morteza , Keashly Loraleigh
Published: December 2020

Academic bullying is a serious issue that affects all disciplines and people of all levels of experience. To create a truly safe, productive, and vibrant environment in academia requires coordinated and collaborative input as well as the action of a variety of stakeholders, including scholarly communities, funding agencies, and institutions. In this Viewpoint, we focus on a framework of integrated responding, in which stakeholders as responsible and response‐able parties could proactively collaborate and coordinate to reduce the incidence and consequences of academic bullying while at the same time building constructive academic cultures. The outcome of such a framework would be to create novel entities (e.g. centre of excellence in academic ethics and civility) and actions (e.g. incorporating bullying records into institutional rankings) that accelerate successful responses to academic bullying.
Precise Molecular‐Level Modification of Nafion with Bismuth Oxide Clusters for High‐performance Proton‐Exchange Membranes
Authors: Liu Bailing , Hu Bo , Du Jing , Cheng Dongming , Zang Hong‐Ying , Ge Xin , Tan Huaqiao , Wang Yonghui , Duan Xiaozheng , Jin Zhao , Zhang Wei , Li Yangguang , Su Zhongmin
Published: December 2020

Fabricating proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with high ionic conductivity and ideal mechanical robustness through regulation of the membrane microstructures achieved by molecular‐level hybridization remains essential but challenging for the further development of high‐performance PEM fuel cells. In this work, by precisely hybridizing nano‐scaled bismuth oxide clusters into Nafion, we have fabricated the high‐performance hybrid membrane, Nafion‐Bi12‐3 %, which showed a proton conductivity of 386 mS cm−1 at 80 °C in aqueous solution with low methanol permeability, and conserved the ideal mechanical and chemical stabilities as PEMs. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to clarify the structural properties and the assembly mechanisms of the hybrid membrane on the molecular level. The maximum current density and power density of Nafion‐Bi12‐3 % for direct methanol fuel cells reached to 432.7 mA cm−2 and 110.2 mW cm−2, respectively. This work provides new insights into the design of versatile functional polymer electrolyte membranes through polyoxometalate hybridization.
Confinement‐Driven Enantioselectivity in 3D Porous Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Hou Bang , Yang Shi , Yang Kuiwei , Han Xing , Tang Xianhui , Liu Yan , Jiang Jianwen , Cui Yong
Published: December 2020

3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with well‐defined porous channels are shown to be capable of inducing chiral molecular catalysts from non‐enantioselective to highly enantioselective in catalyzing organic transformations. By condensations of a tetrahedral tetraamine and two linear dialdehydes derived from enantiopure 1,1′‐binaphthol (BINOL), two chiral 3D COFs with a 9‐fold or 11‐fold interpenetrated diamondoid framework are prepared. Enhanced Brønsted acidity was observed for the chiral BINOL units that are uniformly distributed within the tubular channels compared to the non‐immobilized acids. This facilitates the Brønsted acid catalysis of cyclocondensation of aldehydes and anthranilamides to produce 2,3‐dihydroquinazolinones. DFT calculations show the COF catalyst provides preferential secondary interactions between the substrate and framework to induce enantioselectivities that are not achievable in homogeneous systems.
Heterogeneous palladium (II)‐complexed dendronized polymer: A rare palladium catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of 2‐arylbenzoxazoles
Authors: George Smitha , Sreekumar Krishnapillai
Published: December 2020

The palladium complex of dendronized amine polymer (EG–Gn–Pd, n = 0, 1 and 2) having ethylene glycol‐initiated polyepichlorohydrin as core was synthesized on a Merrifield resin support and was well characterized. Generally, palladium catalysts are known for carbon–carbon coupling reactions. Here, a developed catalyst was found to be good for benzoxazole synthesis. Higher generation dendronized polymer (EG–G2–Pd) was found to be better catalyst over lower generation dendronized polymers. Moreover, dendronized polymers were found to be a better catalyst over dendrigraft polymers. The catalyst reusability was checked and good yield was obtained for five cycles.
Study of minimum entropy controller for descriptor systems
Authors: Jhang Jia‐Yao , Yung Chee‐Fai
Published: December 2020

This paper extends the results of minimum entropy
control from the state‐space system to the descriptor system. We first give an explicit definition for entropy of descriptor systems, and then derive a formula for calculating the entropy. Next, we find the parameterization of all
controllers for descriptor systems. Among these
controllers, we find the one resulting in the minimum entropy. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the obtained results.
Executive functions in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Working memory and sustained attention in the BTBR inbred mouse strain
Authors: Martin Loren A. , Hsu Fang‐Wei , Herd Brooke , Gregg Michael , Sample Hannah , Kaplan Jason
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is characterized by the congenital partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum. Several strains of mice have been reported to carry AgCC, with the BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) inbred mouse strain consistently showing a complete absence of the corpus callosum, as well as a variable reduction in the size of the hippocampal commissure. While much research has focused on the social deficits of the BTBR strain, little research on its cognitive behavior has been conducted. The goal of our study was to compare two facets of executive functioning, spatial working memory, and sustained attention between the BTBR and C57BL/6J (B6) strains.

Methods

Spatial working memory was measured utilizing a delayed matching‐to‐position (DMTP) task and sustained attention was measured utilizing an operant task in which mice were trained to distinguish signal and nonsignal events.

Results

Both the BTBR and B6 mice demonstrated a predictable decline in performance on the DMTP task as the delay interval increased and predictable increase in performance on the sustained attention task as the duration of the signal event increased. Although no significant differences were found between strains on the performance of these tasks, there was a significant difference in learning the association between lever pressing and food reward. Histological investigation confirmed the complete absence of commissural fibers from the corpus callosum, but also the hippocampal commissure, counter to a previous study.

Conclusion

The results suggest spatial working memory and sustained attention are unaffected by the absence of these commissural fibers alone.
Remote Water‐Mediated Proton Transfer Triggers Inter‐Cu Electron Transfer: Nitrite Reduction Activation in Copper‐Containing Nitrite Reductase
Authors: Qin Xin , Chen Xiaohua
Published: December 2020

The copper‐containing nitrite reductase (CuNiR) catalyzes the biological conversion of nitrite to nitric oxide; key long‐range electron/proton transfers are involved in the catalysis. However, the details of the electron‐/proton‐transfer mechanism are still unknown. In particular, the driving force of the electron transfer from the type‐1 copper (T1Cu) site to the type‐2 copper (T2Cu) site is ambiguous. Here, we explored the two possible proton‐transfer channels, the high‐pH proton channel and the primary proton channel, by using two‐layered ONIOM calculations. Our calculation results reveal that the driving force for electron transfer from T1Cu to T2Cu comes from a remote water‐mediated triple‐proton‐coupled electron‐transfer mechanism. In the high‐pH proton channel, the water‐mediated triple‐proton transfer occurs from Glu113 to an intermediate water molecule, whereas in the primary channel, the transfer is from Lys128 to His260. Subsequently, the two channels employ another two or three distinct proton‐transfer steps to deliver the proton to the nitrite substrate at the T2Cu site. These findings explain the detailed proton‐/electron‐transfer mechanisms of copper‐containing nitrite reductase and could extend our understanding of the diverse proton‐coupled electron‐transfer mechanisms in complicated proteins.
Deltex cooperates with TRAF6 to promote apoptosis and cell migration through Eiger‐independent JNK activation in Drosophila
Authors: Sharma Vartika , Mutsuddi Mousumi , Mukherjee Ashim
Published: December 2020

JNK signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that regulates a broad spectrum of cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In Drosophila, JNK signaling is activated by binding of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Eiger to its receptor Wengen, and a conserved signaling cascade operates that culminates into activation of dual phosphatase Puckered thereby triggering apoptosis. The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adaptor protein, which transduces the signal from TNFRs and Toll‐like receptor/interleukin‐1 receptor superfamily to induce a wide spectrum of cellular responses. TRAF6 also acts as the adaptor protein that mediates Eiger/JNK signaling in Drosophila. In a genetic interaction study, deltex (Dx) was identified as a novel interactor of TRAF6. Dx is well known to regulate Notch signaling in a context‐dependent manner. Our data suggest that combinatorial action of Dx and TRAF6 enhances the Dx‐induced wing nicking phenotype by inducing caspase‐mediated cell death. Co‐expression of Dx and TRAF6 also results in enhanced invasive behavior and perturbs the normal morphology of cells. The cooperative action of Dx and TRAF6 is attributed to JNK activation, which also leads to ectopic wingless (Wg) and decapentaplegic (Dpp) expression. Our results also reveal that the endocytic pathway component Rab7 may play a pivotal role in the regulation of Dx–TRAF6‐mediated activation of JNK signaling. Here, we present the fact that Dx and TRAF6 together activate JNK signaling in an Eiger‐independent mechanism.
Pitfall of left sided triple‐lumen catheter for continuous renal replacement therapy: A case report
Authors: Ijuin Shinichi , Ishihara Satoshi , Fukushima Masafumi , Fujiwara Daigo , Suga Masafumi , Kikuta Shota , Inoue Akihiko , Matsuyama Shigenari , Kawase Tetsunori , Nakayama Shinichi
Published: December 2020

We report a case of vascular injury caused by a multi‐lumen catheter for CRRT inserted through left jugular vein. Diagnosis was delayed because CRRT could be continued. Clinicians should be aware of potential vascular complications associated with the wrong placement of multi‐lumen catheters even if blood flow continues without difficulty.
Removal of Heat‐Stable Salts from Lean Amine of a Gas Refinery via Electrodialysis
Authors: Kikhavani Tavan , Mehdizadeh Hamid , Van der Bruggen Bart , Bayati Behrouz
Published: December 2020

Heat‐stable salts (HSS) can be generated by degradation of amines during absorptive CO2 capture. The removal of HSS from lean amine using electrodialysis was carried out with the aims of enhancing HSS removal efficiency and reducing energy consumption as high as possible using homogeneous and heterogeneous ion exchange membranes. The results demonstrate the significant effects of concentrated solution on removal efficiency, energy consumption, amine loss, and amount of effluent. In the case of using a lean amine of the gas refinery and water as a concentrated solution, the HSS removal can be enhanced by 30 % and the amount of effluent can be reduced by 40 % using a homogeneous membrane instead of a heterogeneous membrane. Furthermore, the energy consumption decreased by 51 %.
Optimization of Streptomyces hygroscopicus Cultivation Parameters in a Lab‐scale Bioreactor
Authors: Mitrović Ivana , Lukić Nataša , Grahovac Mila , Jokić Aleksandar , Dodić Jelena , Grahovac Jovana
Published: December 2020

The production of different metabolites by Streptomyces spp. is directly influenced by oxygen transfer. On the other hand, intensive agitation and aeration may have negative effects on productivity due to high shear stress which causes damage to cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was multiobjective optimization of main scale‐up parameters using genetic algorithms. Between diverse solutions, an increase in aeration rate leads to the maximal production of biocontrol agents effective against storage apple pathogens of the Alternaria and Fusarium genera. Simultaneously, an increase in aeration rate enables the usage of a lower stirrer speed and significantly shorter bioprocess duration which supports the profitability of a defined production.
A pilot study on parallel factor analysis as a diagnostic tool for oral cancer diagnosis: A statistical modeling approach
Authors: Kanniyappan Udayakumar , Gnanatheepam Einstein , Subramani Karthikeyan , Rajendran Mangaiyarkarasi , Chinnathambi Shanmugavel , Aruna Prakasarao , Ganesan Singaravelu
Published: December 2020

Excitation‐emission matrix (EEM) has been extensively used as the comprehensive diagnostic tool to extract the biochemical fingerprint of the intrinsic fluorophores in a single scan window. However, there is a gap between the rigorous applications of the statistical tool with respect to discrimination of different stages of the disease which has been the subject for many years. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is one among the powerful statistical modeling approaches among others. In the present study, a total of 70 EEM matrices of normal, premalignant, and malignant oral tissues were given as a input, and seven intrinsic fluorophores were extracted as “components.” The extracted components were well correlated with respect to the appropriate excitation and emission spectral characteristics of the multiple intrinsic fluorophores such as tryptophan, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), collagen‐1, porphyrin, tyrosine, and collagen. Subsequently, the student's t test and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) have been carried out with respect to the fluorescence intensity scores between normal vs. premalignant, normal vs. cancer, and premalignant vs. malignant groups. In normal vs. premalignant, all the seven fluorophores exhibit good statistical accuracy except porphyrin; normal vs. cancer exhibits higher statistical significance for tryptophan, NADH, and FAD than rest of the fluorophores, and premalignant vs. malignant shows proper classification in discriminating FAD, collagen‐1, and collagen. In summary, based on positive predictive value, the normal vs. premalignant exhibits 100% classification than the other two groups. Hence, the PARAFAC analysis could be the alternative and useful diagnostic tool in oral cancer diagnosis.
Urea‐Substituted Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl Ligands for Supramolecularly Accelerated RhIII‐Catalyzed ortho‐C−H Olefination of Benzoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Maurer David , Breit Bernhard
Published: December 2020

The design and synthesis of air‐stable and conveniently crystallizable RhIII‐cyclopentadienyl catalysts substituted with a urea moiety, which are able to accelerate the C−H olefination of benzoic acid derivatives, is reported. Through kinetic studies and NMR titration experiments, the catalysts’ substrate recognition ability mediated by hydrogen bonding was identified to be the reason for this effect. Introduction of pyridone‐phosphine ligands capable of forming additional H‐bond interactions increased the catalytic performance even further. By unveiling a proportionality between reaction rate and relative complex formation enthalpy the hypothesis of a supramolecular catalyst preformation was supported. Its application to a variety of substrates proved the catalyst system's advantages, generally increasing the yields when compared to the results obtained with widely used [RhCp*Cl2]2.
Atemgasanalyse
Authors: Ruzsanyi Veronika , Herbig Jens
Published: December 2020

Das Forschungsfeld der Atemgasanalytik beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse der ausgeatmeten Luft, die unter anderem eine Vielzahl an flüchtigen Stoffwechselprodukten enthält. Durch Atemluftanalyse können daher Informationen über Prozesse im Körper schnell und nichtinvasiv gewonnen werden. Trotz jahrelanger Forschung wird dieser Ansatz bisher nur für wenige diagnostische Anwendungen eingesetzt. Dank der stetig fortschreitenden Verbesserung der Empfindlichkeit und Selektivität der analytischen Messgeräte könnte sich die Entwicklung von neuen klinischen Anwendungen für die Atemluftanalyse stark beschleunigen.
Self‐compassion at work: A key for enhancing well‐being and innovation through social safeness at multiple levels
Authors: Lefebvre Jade‐Isis , Montani Francesco , Courcy François , Dagenais‐Desmarais Véronique
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms underlying the influence of self‐compassion on innovation and well‐being at work at multiple levels. Building on the tripartite model of affect regulation, we propose and test a mediation model in which social safeness explains self‐compassion's relationship with innovation and well‐being at the individual and group levels. The study participants were 101 employees on 26 teams from different organizations in Canada. The data were collected at two measurement times and were analyzed via multilevel modelling. Consistent with our predictions, the results indicated that social safeness mediated the relationship of self‐compassion with well‐being and innovation at the individual and group levels. We discuss the implications of this research for theory and practice.
The role of consumer ethnocentrism on boycott behaviour: What if a domestic business behaves egregiously?
Authors: Ulker‐Demirel Elif , Yuruk‐Kayapinar Pinar , Kayapinar Ozgur
Published: December 2020

Although there is an extensive body of literature on ethnocentrism and boycott behaviour toward foreign products, this study focuses on how consumer behaviours with ethnocentric tendencies are affected by a boycott movement caused by an egregious act committed by a domestic business. The results show that although consumers tend to boycott strongly, given the egregious acts of a domestic business, their boycott behaviour is largely eliminated by ethnocentric sentiments. Therefore, no matter how the extent of the egregious act, ethnocentric tendencies seem to cause consumers to lose their sensitivity toward that kind of behaviour and to change their consumption preferences accordingly.
Recyclable Heterogeneous Radical Generators Toward In‐Flow Polymer Elaboration System
Authors: Ji Yue , Oka Minami , Honda Satoshi
Published: December 2020

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Satoshi Honda from the University of Tokyo. The cover picture shows a “Shodo” and “Origami” art of a Kanji character meaning “flow” and a girl having a column for chromatography. Shodo is Japanese Calligraphy with a brush and India ink and recognized as a traditional craft art drawing, which requires herculean effort to create a good piece. One of the authors in the paper, Ms. Minami Oka, is a Shodo Master, which means like Jedi Master in Star Wars films and created the cover. The brush indicated in the figure is the column for chromatography as the mechanism for creating Kanji character in Shodo is similar to paper chromatography. The Kanji character reflects the main story of “in‐flow” polymerization described in the paper. Read the full text of their Communication at 10.1002/cmtd.202000016.
Real‐world outcomes of patients with locally advanced or metastatic epithelioid sarcoma
Authors: Gounder Mrinal M. , Merriam Priscilla , Ratan Ravin , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Chugh Rashmi , Villalobos Victor M. , Thornton Mark , Van Tine Brian A. , Abdelhamid Amr H. , Whalen Jennifer , Yang Jay , Rajarethinam Anand , Duh Mei Sheng , Bobbili Priyanka J. , Huynh Lynn , Totev Todor I. , Lax Angela K. , Agarwal Shefali , Demetri George D.
Published: December 2020

Background

Limited data are available on the real‐world effectiveness and safety of systemic therapies for advanced (surgically unresectable and/or metastatic) epithelioid sarcoma (ES).

Methods

A retrospective medical records review was conducted in patients with advanced ES who were initiating first‐line or ≥2 lines of systemic therapy (2000‐2017) at 5 US cancer centers. The real‐world overall response rate (rwORR), the duration of response (rwDOR), the disease control rate (rwDCR) (defined as stable disease for ≥32 weeks or any duration of response), and progression‐free survival (rwPFS) were assessed by radiology reports. Overall survival (OS), rwDOR, and rwPFS were estimated from the time therapy was initiated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Serious adverse events were assessed.

Results

Of 74 patients (median age at diagnosis, 33 years; range, 10.6‐76.3 years), 72% were male, and 85% had metastatic disease. The median number of lines of therapy was 2 (range, 1‐7 lines of therapy), and 46 patients (62%) received ≥2 lines of systemic therapy. First‐line regimens were usually anthracycline‐based (54%) or gemcitabine‐based (24%). For patients receiving first‐line systemic therapy, the rwORR was 15%, the rwDCR was 20%, the median rwDOR was 3.3 months (95% CI, 2.1‐5.2 months), the median rwPFS was 2.5 months (95% CI, 1.7, 6.9 months), and the median OS was 15.2 months (95% CI, 11.4‐21.7 months). For those who received ≥2 lines of systemic therapy, the rwORR was 9%, the rwDCR was 20%, the median rwDOR was 4.5 months (95% CI, 0.7‐5.6 months), and the median rwPFS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 3.2‐7.4 months). Over one‐half of patients (51.4%) experienced an adverse event, most frequently febrile neutropenia (14%), pain (10%), anemia, dyspnea, fever, thrombocytopenia, or transaminitis (5% each).

Conclusions

Systemic therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in patients with advanced ES and have associated toxicities.
Anion Vacancy Engineering in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Gao Ying , Liu Cuibo , Zhou Wei , Lu Siyu , Zhang Bin
Published: December 2020

Electrochemical water splitting is an eco‐friendly and sustainable energy conversion technology, while its large‐scale application is limited by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts. Notably, anion vacancy engineering, with functions of enhancing intrinsic activity, providing/increasing active sites, improving electrical conductivity, and strengthening stability, has been widely applied to boost the activity of electrocatalysts. In this review, we focus on anion vacancy engineering on electrocatalysts for water splitting. First, various synthesis strategies are introduced. Then the characterization techniques are classified and summarized into three catalogs: microscopy characterization, spectroscopy characterization, and theoretical studies. Lastly, the functions and challenges of anion vacancies in electrocatalysts for water splitting are briefly discussed.
Recent Advances in Bio‐Templated Metallic Nanomaterial Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Pan Yani , Paschoalino Waldemir J. , Szuchmacher Blum Amy , Mauzeroll Janine
Published: December 2020

Developing metallic nanocatalysts with high reaction activity, selectivity and practical durability is a promising and active subfield in electrocatalysis. In the classical “bottom‐up” approach to synthesize stable nanomaterials by chemical reduction, stabilizing additives such as polymers or organic surfactants must be present to cap the nanoparticle to prevent material bulk aggregation. In recent years, biological systems have emerged as green alternatives to support the uncoated inorganic components. One key advantage of biological templates is their inherent ability to produce nanostructures with controllable composition, facet, size and morphology under ecologically friendly synthetic conditions, which are difficult to achieve with traditional inorganic synthesis. In addition, through genetic engineering or bioconjugation, bio‐templates can provide numerous possibilities for surface functionalization to incorporate specific binding sites for the target metals. Therefore, in bio‐templated systems, the electrocatalytic performance of the formed nanocatalyst can be tuned by precisely controlling the material surface chemistry. With controlled improvements in size, morphology, facet exposure, surface area and electron conductivity, bio‐inspired nanomaterials often exhibit enhanced catalytic activity towards electrode reactions. In this Review, recent research developments are presented in bio‐approaches for metallic nanomaterial synthesis and their applications in electrocatalysis for sustainable energy storage and conversion systems.
Anhedonia, positive affect dysregulation, and risk and maintenance of binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Mason Tyler B. , Smith Kathryn E. , Anderson Lisa M. , Hazzard Vivienne M.
Published: December 2020

Low positive affect has been identified as an antecedent of binge‐eating episodes among individuals with binge‐eating disorder (BED), yet positive affect has received far less attention in eating disorders research than its counterpart, negative affect. In this article, we argue that the low levels of positive affect which occur with anhedonia (i.e., loss of interest or pleasure in activities) may contribute to the onset and maintenance of BED. We introduce a theoretical model in which anhedonia increases the risk for BED through its interrelationships with dysregulated eating and weight gain, and we describe potential direct (e.g., reward‐related processes) as well as indirect (e.g., influences on depressive symptoms and physical activity) pathways by which anhedonia may lead to adverse eating‐ and weight‐related outcomes. We also propose a momentary maintenance model in which low positive affect and positive affect dysregulation occurring with anhedonia maintain binge eating directly and indirectly through maladaptive health behaviors, such as decreased physical activity, less healthy eating, and fewer social interactions, which in turn maintain anhedonia. We draw upon outside literature to present evidence that aligns with the proposed risk and maintenance models and conclude by outlining avenues for future research—including methodological/measurement, theoretical, and clinical research directions.
Potential for ecological nonlinearities and thresholds to inform Pacific salmon management
Authors: Munsch Stuart H. , Andrews Kelly S. , Crozier Lisa G. , Fonner Robert , Gosselin Jennifer L. , Greene Correigh M. , Harvey Chris J. , Lundin Jessica I. , Pess George R. , Samhouri Jameal F. , Satterthwaite William H.
Published: December 2020

Ecology is often governed by nonlinear dynamics. Nonlinear ecological relationships can include thresholds—incremental changes in drivers that provoke disproportionately large ecological responses. Among the species that experience nonlinear and threshold dynamics are Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). These culturally, ecologically, and economically significant fishes are in many places declining and management focal points. Often, managers can influence or react to ecological conditions that salmon experience, suggesting that nonlinearities, especially thresholds, may provide opportunities to inform decisions. However, nonlinear dynamics are not always invoked in management decisions involving salmon. Here, we review reported nonlinearities and thresholds in salmon ecology, describe potential applications that scientists and managers could develop to leverage nonlinear dynamics, and offer a path toward decisions that account for ecological nonlinearities and thresholds to improve salmon outcomes. It appears that nonlinear dynamics are not uncommon in salmon ecology and that many management arenas may potentially leverage them to enable more effective or efficient decisions. Indeed, decisions guided by nonlinearities and thresholds may be particularly desirable considering salmon management arenas are often characterized by limited resources and mounting ecological stressors, practical constraints, and conservation challenges. More broadly, many salmon systems are data‐rich and there are an extensive range of ecological contexts in which salmon are sensitive to anthropogenic decisions. Approaches developed to leverage nonlinearities in salmon ecology may serve as examples that may inform analogous approaches in other systems and taxa.
Excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza lowers variability in soil respiration but slows down recovery from perturbations
Authors: Veresoglou Stavros D. , Yang Gaowen , Mola Magkdi , Manntschke Annette , Mating Moritz , Forstreuter Manfred , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: December 2020

The role of mutualisms in mediating temporal stability in an ecosystem has been debated extensively. Here, we focus on how a ubiquitous mutualism, arbuscular mycorrhiza, influences temporal stability of a key ecosystem process, ecosystem respiration. We discriminated between two forms of temporal stability, temporal variability and resilience, and hypothesized that excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza would be detrimental for both of them. We analyzed a set of 10 parallel manipulation experiments to assess how excluding arbuscular mycorrhiza modulates temporal stability compared to other common experimental factors. We quantified the temporal variability of ecosystem respiration and the resilience to experimental perturbations (i.e., pulses, stresses, and a disturbance) following manipulations of mycorrhizal state. We observed lower temporal variability in the absence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in discord to our main hypothesis. Manipulating arbuscular mycorrhiza had a stronger impact on temporal variability than the pulse (application of urea), the stress (addition of salt), and a disturbance (experimental defoliation) but weaker than excluding primary producers or comparing across different plant species. Resilience to experimental perturbations declined in non‐mycorrhizal microcosms. We present an empirical study on how mutualisms impact temporal stability. Arbuscular mycorrhiza differentially alters temporal variability and resilience, highlighting that generalizing across different forms of temporal stability could be misleading.
Analyzing vegetation change in a sagebrush ecosystem using long‐term field observations and Landsat imagery in Wyoming
Authors: Shi Hua , Homer Collin , Rigge Matthew , Postma Kory , Xian George
Published: December 2020

The importance of monitoring shrublands to detect and understand changes through time is increasingly recognized as critical to management. This research focuses on ecological change observed over 10 yr of field observation at 126 plots and over 35 yr of the Landsat archive in a shrubland ecosystem. Field data consisting of the fractional cover of shrubs, sagebrush, herbs, litter, and bare ground components were collected to be directly comparable to Landsat time‐series predictions at an ecoregion level. We used these data to test three hypotheses. First, that precipitation and temperature govern changes in the proportions of shrubland components on an interannual time scale. Second, that longer‐term component change is related to climate change. Finally, that change intensity varies by shrubland communities clustered by biophysical conditions. We found that the field observations and Landsat times‐series predictions generally responded similarly to interannual variation in weather, chiefly driven by precipitation. Landsat times‐series data provided a reasonable means of scaling up the findings of the field observations to a larger temporal and spatial window. The results of the analysis indicate that shrubland component change intensity significantly varies by biophysical clusters, and indicate a significant increase in the cover of shrubs and sagebrush in long‐term monitoring plots between 2008 and 2017 and in the Landsat time‐series data across the Wyoming Basin study area from 1985 to 2017 and from 2008 to 2017. Our results indicate that the Landsat time series can be used to answer critical questions regarding the influence of climate change and the suitability of management practices in shrubland ecosystems.
Shape stabilization of phase change material by polymerized high internal phase emulsion for thermal energy storage
Authors: Zhao Jiaojiao , Zhang Wei , Gao Chengqian , Yin Dezhong
Published: December 2020

To prepare shape‐stabilized phase change material (SS‐PCM), polymerized high internal phase emulsion (PolyHIPE) was used as the support material, and the hexadecanol was immersed through the vacuum impregnation method. Structure and thermal properties of prepared SS‐PCM were characterized by mercury injection test, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and thermal cycling test. The pore properties of PolyHIPE can be adjusted by internal phase ratio, surfactant content and crosslinking agent content of HIPEs. Experimental parameters for PolyHIPE preparation were optimized in term of phase change enthalpy and shape stability of resultant SS‐PCM. Under optimal condition, the obtained SS‐PCM possess high impregnation ratio (92.6%), high phase change enthalpy (210.4 J·g−1) and excellent long‐term shape stability (2.53% leakage after 1000 thermal cycles). It is highly feasible to use polyHIPE as a support material to prepare SS‐PCMs, and the SS‐PCMs have good energy storage capability, showing brilliant prospects in the field of thermal storage and temperature regulation.
Evaluating the drop of electrochemical performance of Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScSZ solid oxide fuel cells operated with dry biogas
Authors: Arifin Nor Anisa , Shamsuddin Abd Halim , Steinberger‐Wilckens Robert
Published: December 2020

This work is aimed at evaluating the influence of carbon deposition on the power density drop of in‐house fabricated Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScSZ solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating in dry internal reforming of simulated biogas (CH4/CO2 = 2). An immediate drop of open‐circuit voltage (OCV) and maximum power densities is observed when the fuel changes from hydrogen to biogas, 86.5% and 33.3% for the Ni/YSZ and Ni/ScSZ cells, respectively with mass transfer polarisation dominates Ni/YSZ polarisation. Carbon deposition is investigated as the cause of the reduction in performance by quantification of deposited carbon by temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and catalytic activity test. Results from TPO analysis show unexpectedly higher amount of carbon on the Ni/ScSZ cells (2.35 × 10−3 mgC/mgcat) as compared to Ni/YSZ (5.68 × 10−4 mgC/mgcat) despite higher performance of the former. Catalytic activity tests reveal a low carbon oxidation rate compared to an initially higher methane decomposition reaction, leading to carbon deposition in both cells, in which the methane decomposition reaction of Ni/ScSZ is higher. Different effects are observed on the pellets, where the carbon deposited on Ni/YSZ deactivates the reforming reaction sites as quick as 20 minutes into the operation, whereas carbon deposited on the Ni/ScSZ pellet did not show the same blocking effect on the catalyst due to the different carbon morphology formed. A graphitic whisker‐like rod structure is observed on Ni/ScSZ while amorphous non‐crystalline carbon covers the Ni/YSZ pellets with 3 hours exposure to high methane content dry biogas (CH4/CO2 = 2). The difference of carbon structure affects the amount of carbon quantified in the TPO analysis where most of the amorphous carbon oxidises while some of the graphitic carbon deposits remain.