bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchrony, leadership, and association in male Indo‐pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
Authors: McCue Laura M. , Cioffi William R. , Heithaus Michael R. , Barrè Lynne , Connor Richard C.
Published: March 2020

Male Indo‐pacific bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia, have converged with humans in the formation of nested male alliances and the use of synchrony in alliance behavior. Further, the strength of association among allied male dolphins varies and the stability of alliances correlates with the rate that males consort with estrus females (and is thus a possible indicator of dominance). To examine the possibility that synchrony reflects alliance association strength and dominance relationships, we analyzed videotapes from focal follows of two groups of males that reflect the range of alliance size and the strength of association between individuals in the population. We examined two variables:leadershipduring synchronous behaviors, based on which animal in a synchronously surfacing pair surfaced first, and thedegree of synchrony, based on temporal differences in synchronous surfacing. We predicted that closer associates would exhibit a greater degree of synchrony and that one dolphin in a dyad would consistently lead. Contrary to our predictions, the degree of synchrony was inversely related to strength of association within alliances. This surprising result suggests that individuals with less secure bonds may strive more to achieve synchrony. We found no evidence of leadership during synchronous surfacing or between synchrony and other behavioral variables. Proximate mechanisms for synchronous behavior, such as entrainment and mutual motor imitation (“the mirror game” paradigm), may inhibit leadership in this context. Our results show that synchrony during surfacing is not a useful behavior to examine for dominance relationships in wild dolphins but it may be a useful tool to examine variation in alliance relationships.
Jealousy Links Comparisons with Siblings to Adjustment among Emerging Adults
Authors: Hamwey Meghan K. , Whiteman Shawn D.
Published: March 2020

Objective

To explore the correlates and implications of sibling jealousy during emerging adulthood.

Background

Rooted in research and theory on parental differential treatment (PDT) and social comparisons, we expected that more frequent social comparisons between siblings—specifically, PDT as well as upward comparisons (“my sibling is better off than I am”) and downward comparisons (“I am better off than my sibling”)—are positively linked to sibling jealousy, which, in turn, is positively related individual and relational maladjustment.

Method

Participants included 454 young adults (M = 22.44, SD = 1.50 years of age) who participated in Internet‐based surveys recruited via Amazon Mechanical
Turk.

Results

Social comparisons between siblings generally predicted feelings of sibling jealousy, which, in turn, were positively related to young adults' depressive symptoms and sibling conflict. Although PDT was salient in the lives of these emerging adults, siblings' other social comparisons were more strongly linked to their internalizing symptoms and sibling relationship qualities.

Conclusion

These findings fill a gap in knowledge about the nature and implications of sibling relationships during emerging adulthood and clarify the links between young adults' cognitions (PDT, social comparisons), affective states (jealousy), and behaviors (depressive symptoms, sibling relationship qualities).

Implications

Sibling relationships should be reflected on more broadly across the life course because family and sibling processes permeate the lives of individuals well after moving away from their family of origin. In particular, it is important for those who work with young adults, including practitioners, to consider the implications sibling relationships have for individual and relational adjustment during emerging adulthood. This includes focusing on mitigating the negative implications of sibling comparisons and sibling jealousy, which continue into emerging adulthood, and ultimately may enhance young adults' emotional and behavioral well‐being.
Influence of temperature on the δ13C values and distribution of methanotroph‐related hopanoids in Sphagnum‐dominated peat bogs
Authors: van Winden Julia F. , Talbot Helen M. , Reichart Gert‐Jan , McNamara Niall P. , Benthien Albert , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: March 2020

Methane emissions from peat bogs are mitigated by methanotrophs, which live in symbiosis with peat moss (e.g. Sphagnum). Here, we investigate the influence of temperature and resultant changes in methane fluxes on Sphagnum and methanotroph‐related biomarkers, evaluating their potential as proxies in ancient bogs. A pulse‐chase experiment using 13C‐labelled methane in the field clearly showed label uptake in diploptene, a biomarker for methanotrophs, demonstrating in situ methanotrophic activity in Sphagnum under natural conditions. Peat cores containing live Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C for two months, causing differences in net methane fluxes. The natural δ13C values of diploptene extracted from Sphagnum showed a strong correlation with temperature and methane production. The δ13C values ranged from −34‰ at 5°C to −41‰ at 25°C. These results are best explained by enhanced expression of the methanotrophic enzymatic isotope effect at higher methane concentrations. Hence, δ13C values of diploptene, or its diagenetic products, potentially provide a useful tool to assess methanotrophic activity in past environments. Increased methane fluxes towards Sphagnum did not affect δ13C values of bulk Sphagnum and its specific marker, the C23 n‐alkane. The concentration of methanotroph‐specific bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), aminobacteriohopanetetrol (aminotetrol, characteristic for type II and to a lesser extent type I methanotrophs) and aminobacteriohopanepentol (aminopentol, a marker for type I methanotrophs) showed a non‐linear response to increased methane fluxes, with relatively high abundances at 25°C compared to those at 20°C or below. Aminotetrol was more abundant than aminopentol, in contrast to similar abundances of aminotetrol and aminopentol in fresh Sphagnum. This probably indicates that type II methanotrophs became prevalent under the experimental conditions relative to type I methanotrophs. Even though BHP concentrations may not directly reflect bacterial activity, they may provide insight into the presence of different types of methanotrophs.
How Well Do Schools Mix Students from Different Neighborhoods? School Segregation and Residential Segregation in Swedish Municipalities
Authors: Malmberg Bo , Andersson Eva K.
Published: March 2020

In this article, we propose a new approach for assessing the extent to which schools are successful in mixing students from different backgrounds. It is based on a comparison of variation in the composition of the student population in small‐scale residential neighborhoods with variation in the composition of the student population at local schools. From this we compute a measure that corresponds to the number of small scale neighborhoods that needs to be sampled in order to arrive at the observed mixing of students in schools. Using this measure, we can show that in 2012, in a large majority of Swedish municipalities, schools are successful in mixing students from different types of neighborhoods, but in 25% of the municipalities mixing is not so good. Three fundamental determinants of mixing are large‐scale residential segregation, average school size, and number of students in the municipality. These factors are strong determinants of mixing and when they are included, other contextual factors provide very little additional explanation of why mixing varies among municipalities. With the fundamental determinants excluded the contextual factors have an effect. For example, tertiary education, many migrants, and high proportions of independent schools tend to lower the level of mixing.
Reproducibility of subtraction radiography in monitoring changes in approximal carious lesions in children: An in vivo study
Authors: Al‐Sane Mona , Ricketts David N. , Mendes Fausto M. , Altarakemah Yacoub , Deery Christopher , Innes Nicola , Rollings Sam
Published: March 2020

Background

Laboratory studies have shown that digital subtraction radiography (DSR) can be a more effective tool, than conventional radiography, in monitoring changes in carious lesions. The clinical performance of the technique, however, has not been sufficiently researched.

Aim

To compare the reproducibility of DSR to that of bitewing radiographs, in monitoring changes in approximal caries in the mixed dentition. A secondary aim was to determine whether assessment outcomes differed as a function of the method used.

Design

Six assessors evaluated 310 lesions first on bitewings, then with DSR. The overall reproducibility was evaluated via intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Intra‐ and inter‐rater reproducibility were assessed using weighted Kappa. Paired t test was used to assess differences in the reproducibility across methods.

Results

The overall reproducibility for DSR was (ICC = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.31‐0.56). Intra‐ and inter‐rater reproducibility were 0.65 and 0.44, respectively. The overall reproducibility for bitewings was ICC = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.42‐0.57. Intra‐ and Inter‐rater reproducibility were 0.71 and 0.46, respectively. Differences in the reproducibility across methods were not statistically significant. Significantly more lesions were scored as progressed using DSR.

Conclusions

The reproducibility of DSR in monitoring changes in approximal caries is comparable to that of bitewings. Additionally, DSR detected higher proportion of progression than bitewing assessments.
Thermochemical stability of Y2Si2O7 in high‐temperature water vapor
Authors: Golden Robert A. , Mueller Kendall , Opila Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2020

The thermochemical stability of Y2Si2O7 was assessed in a high‐temperature high‐velocity water vapor environment to improve the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to SiO2 depletion. Spark plasma sintered Y2Si2O7 specimens were exposed in a steam‐jet furnace at 1000°C and 1200°C for 3‐250 hours, steam velocities of 131‐174 m/s and at 1 atm H2O pressure. These exposures resulted in the selective volatilization of SiO2 to form volatile Si(OH)4 and porous Y2SiO5. Microstructural evolution from fine rectangular pores at short times to larger rounded pores at longer times was observed. Mechanisms contributing to the overall depletion reaction kinetics were evaluated and include the interface reaction to form Y2SiO5 and Si(OH)4 (g), Y2SiO5 coarsening, development of tortuosity in the pore network and diffusion of H2O (g) and Si(OH)4 (g) through pores by molecular diffusion and/or Knudsen diffusion. SiO2 depletion was found to follow parabolic volatilization kinetics (kp = 0.38 µm2/h) at 1200°C indicating the reaction is limited by a diffusion process, most likely the outward diffusion of Si(OH)4 (g) through pores. Results are utilized to assess the viability of Y2Si2O7 and other rare‐earth silicates as environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials for SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs).
Cyclic martensitic transformations and damage evolution in shape memory zirconia: Single crystals vs polycrystals
Authors: Crystal Isabel R. , Lai Alan , Schuh Christopher A.
Published: March 2020

In zirconia‐based shape memory ceramics (SMCs), cracking during the martensitic transformation can be avoided in structures that reduce the relative presence of grain boundaries where high levels of transformation mismatch stress develop. This approach has been well established in single crystals, but only for sample sizes below about 5 microns. In this paper, we extend the strategy of eliminating grain boundaries to bulk specimen scales by fabricating mm‐scale single crystal SMCs via cold crucible induction melting. For 1.5 and 2.0 mol% Y2O3‐ZrO2, we study the cyclic martensitic transformation of both single crystal and polycrystal structures. Whereas single crystals have very repeatable transformation behavior in terms of hysteresis and strain amplitude, polycrystals degrade dramatically as they accumulate cracking damage with repeated cycling. As the polycrystal evolves from a pellet to granular packing of loose single crystals/grains, the energy dissipation converges with that of the single‐crystal structure, and the energy spent on cracking throughout that process is captured by calorimetry analysis. These results verify that grain boundaries play a key role in damage evolution during martensitic transformation and that microstructural control can extend the size‐scale of viable single crystal or oligocrystal SMCs from the micro‐ to the millimeter scale.
MiR‐210‐3p‐EphrinA3‐PI3K/AKT axis regulates the progression of oral cancer
Authors: Wang Lin , Song Yong , Wang Hui , Liu Ke , Shao Zhe , Shang Zhengjun
Published: March 2020

This study aimed to explore new therapeutic targets to improve the survival rate of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).MiR‐210‐3p, EphrinA3 and EMT related indices were evaluated in OSCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, the relationship between differential EphrinA3 expression and tumour progression was explored through molecular biology techniques, in vitro functional experiments and tumour xenotransplantation models. The expression of EphrinA3 (rs = −0.719, P < .05) and E‐cadherin (rs = −0.856, P < .05) was negatively correlated with the pathological grading in OSCC tissues. Protein clustering shows EphrinA3 may be associated with tumour progression. EphrinA3 also can regulate the biological behaviour of oral cancer cells. And it regulates the EMT by the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. MiR‐210‐3p targeted the gen EFNA3. Up‐regulation of miR‐210‐3p expression can decrease the expression of EphrinA3 and further to influence the biological behaviour of OSCC. The miR‐210‐3p‐EphrinA3‐PI3K/AKT signalling axis plays an important role in the progress of OSCC. EphrinA3 may serve as a novel target for oral cancer treatment.
Ultrasound: an indispensable tool to evaluate the outcome of surgical approaches in patients affected by hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Marasca C. , Marasca D. , Megna M. , Annunziata M.C. , Fabbrocini G.
Published: March 2020

Linked article: L. Fertitta et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34: e412–e413. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16359.
Gastric cancer prevention strategies: A global perspective
Authors: Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Telese Andrea , Marasco Giovanni , Bazzoli Franco , Zagari Rocco Maurizio
Published: March 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and mortality rates are still high. Primary preventive strategies, aimed to reduce risk factors and promote protective ones, will lead to a decrease in GC incidence. Helicobacter pylori infection is a well‐established carcinogen for GC, and its eradication is recommended as the best strategy for the primary prevention. However, the role of other factors such as lifestyle, diet, and drug use is still under debate in GC carcinogenesis. Unfortunately, most patients with GC are diagnosed at late stages when treatment is often ineffective. Neoplastic transformation of the gastric mucosa is a multistep process, and appropriate diagnosis and management of preneoplastic conditions can reduce GC‐related mortality. Several screening strategies in relation to GC incidence have been proposed in order to detect neoplastic lesions at early stages. The efficacy of screening strategies in reducing GC mortality needs to be confirmed. This review provides an overview of current international guidelines and recent literature on primary and secondary prevention strategies for GC.
Multinational Investigation of Fracture Risk with Antidepressant Use by Class, Drug, and Indication
Authors: Tamblyn Robyn , Bates David W. , Buckeridge David L. , Dixon William G. , Girard Nadyne , Haas Jennifer S. , Habib Bettina , Iqbal Usman , Li Jack , Sheppard Therese
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Antidepressants increase the risk of falls and fracture in older adults. However, risk estimates vary considerably even in comparable populations, limiting the usefulness of current evidence for clinical decision making. Our aim was to apply a common protocol to cohorts of older antidepressant users in multiple jurisdictions to estimate fracture risk associated with different antidepressant classes, drugs, doses, and potential treatment indications.

DESIGN

Retrospective (2009–2014) cohort study.

SETTING

Five jurisdictions in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Taiwan.

PARTICIPANTS

Older antidepressant users—subjects were followed from first antidepressant prescription or dispensation to first fracture or until the end of follow‐up.

MEASUREMENTS

The risk of fractures with antidepressants was estimated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models using time‐varying measures of antidepressant dose and use vs nonuse, adjusting for patient characteristics.

RESULTS

Between 42.9% and 55.6% of study cohorts were 75 years and older, and 29.3% to 45.4% were men. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (48.4%‐60.0%) were the predominant class used in North America compared with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in the United Kingdom and Taiwan (49.6%‐53.6%). Fracture rates varied from 37.67 to 107.18 per 1,000. The SSRIs citalopram (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11‐1.36 to HR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.11‐1.84) and sertraline (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.10‐1.68), the SNRI duloxetine (HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.06‐1.88), TCAs doxepin (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.00‐1.86) and imipramine (HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05‐1.28), and atypicals (HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.14‐1.58) increased fracture risk in some but not all jurisdictions. In the United States and the United Kingdom, fracture risk with all classes was higher when prescribed for depression than chronic pain, a trend that is likely explained by drug choice.

CONCLUSION

The fracture risk for patients may be reduced by selecting paroxetine, an SSRI with lower risk than citalopram, the SNRI venlafaxine over duloxetine, and the TCA amitriptyline over imipramine or doxepin. There is uncertainty about the risk associated with the atypical antidepressants. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1494‐1503, 2020.
A mechanistic hypothesis for the impairment of synaptic plasticity by soluble Aβ oligomers from Alzheimer’s brain
Authors: Li Shaomin , Selkoe Dennis J.
Published: March 2020

It is increasingly accepted that early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease results in considerable part from synaptic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of a range of oligomeric assemblies of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ). Most studies have used synthetic Aβ peptides to explore the mechanisms of memory deficits in rodent models, but recent work suggests that Aβ assemblies isolated from human (AD) brain tissue are far more potent and disease‐relevant. Although reductionist experiments show Aβ oligomers to impair synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability, the responsible mechanisms are only partly understood. Glutamatergic receptors, GABAergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, insulin receptors, the cellular prion protein, inflammatory mediators, and diverse signaling pathways have all been suggested. Studies using AD brain‐derived soluble Aβ oligomers suggest that only certain bioactive forms (principally small, diffusible oligomers) can disrupt synaptic plasticity, including by binding to plasma membranes and changing excitatory–inhibitory balance, perturbing mGluR, PrP, and other neuronal surface proteins, down‐regulating glutamate transporters, causing glutamate spillover, and activating extrasynaptic GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors. We synthesize these emerging data into a mechanistic hypothesis for synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease that can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.

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Psychiatric and neurocognitive consequences of endogenous hypercortisolism
Authors: Piasecka M. , Papakokkinou E. , Valassi E. , Santos A. , Webb S. M. , de Vries F. , Pereira A. M. , Ragnarsson O.
Published: March 2020

Psychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms due to hypercortisolism were already described by Harvey Cushing in his original paper on patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS). Nowadays, it is well known that psychiatric and cognitive complaints are two of the most common, and most distressing, symptoms in patients with CS. Psychiatric symptoms are indeed a major clinical manifestation of CS. The most commonly observed psychiatric conditions are depression and anxiety, whilst mania and psychosis are less common. Several domains of cognitive function are impaired at diagnosis, including episodic and working memory, executive function and attention. Following treatment, one‐fourth of the patients still experience depressed mood, and the cognitive impairments are only partially restored. Consequently, quality of life in patients with CS is severely and persistently affected. Neuroimaging studies have also illustrated the deleterious effects of hypercortisolism on the brain by demonstrating reduced grey matter volumes and cortical thickness, altered resting‐state functional responses and during cognitive tasks, as well as widespread reduced white matter integrity, especially in structures important for cognitive function and emotional processing, both before and after successful abrogation of hypercortisolism. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the psychiatric and neurocognitive consequences of hypercortisolism in patients with CS, both before, and after successful treatment. In addition, we review the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with hypercortisolism and discuss the influence of these factors on quality of life.
Effects of excessive or restricted phosphorus and calcium intake during early life on markers of bone architecture and composition in pigs
Authors: Gerlinger Christian , Oster Michael , Reyer Henry , Polley Christian , Vollmar Brigitte , Muráni Eduard , Wimmers Klaus , Wolf Petra
Published: March 2020

Sufficient supply of pigs with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) is essential for animal health and welfare during the growth period. However, the P content in animal manure is considered as a cause of massive environmental problems in soil and aquatic ecosystems. To complement previous findings, the objective of this study is the investigation of effects of a reduced and increased Ca and P supplementation on bone mineralization and bone structure compared with the current dietary recommendation. Another aim is to find possible serum markers that would allow the assessment of adequacy of P supply for bone health during growth. The result validated that the recommended Ca and P supply is sufficient, without the addition of microbial phytases. However, addition of P has no further beneficial effects on bone stability, while P supplementation below the recommended level affects bone development and growth performance. Reduced P levels have consequences for cancellous bone density and trabecular architecture. Further fine‐tuning of the P supply in conjunction with an appropriate Ca supply will contribute to a reduction in P waste and associated environmental impact while maintaining animal health and welfare.
Current challenges for shaping the sustainable and mold-free hygienic indoor environment in humid regions
Authors: Wu H. , Wong J.W.C.
Published: March 2020

Indoor mold grows ubiquitously in humid areas and can affect occupants’ health. To prevent indoor mold contamination, one of the key measures suggested by the World Health Organisation and United States Environmental Protection Agency is to maintain an indoor relative humidity (RH) level below 75% or at 30–60%, respectively. However, in tropical and subtropical areas, maintaining these suggested RH levels is equivalent to operating a 24-h air-conditioner (AC) or dehumidifier, which is energy-consuming. As a large part of building expense, the operation time of ACs has been regularly proposed to be cut down because of the requirement of building sustainability. This leads to a trade-off between sustainable building performance and indoor mold hygiene. To balance this trade-off, more sustainable alternatives, such as those that target physical environments (e.g. nutrient and temperature level) or apply new surface coating technologies to inhibit mold growth, have been launched. Despite these initiatives, indoor mold contamination remains an unresolved issue, mainly because these alternative measures only exhibit limited effectiveness or require extra effort. This review aims to summarize the currently adopted mold control measures and discuss their limitations as well as the direction for the future development of sustainable mold control strategies.

Significance and Impact of the Study

People spend most of their time indoors and hence the presence of indoor mold contamination can compromise the occupants’ health. With the wake of climate change which is expected to see an increase in RH and temperature, tropical and subtropical areas are even more prone to mold contamination than they used to be. This study may help facilitate the development of sustainable and effective mold control strategies in the indoor environment.
Validation of non‐invasive transcutaneous measurement for glomerular filtration rate in lean and obese C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Mullins Thomas P. , Tan Wei Sheng , Carter David A. , Gallo Linda A.
Published: March 2020

Aim

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in experimental rodents is pivotal to understanding the progression of kidney disease and benefits of treatment strategies. A non‐invasive clearance device has been developed, which measures transcutaneous decay of injected FITC‐sinistrin in conscious rodents. The technique was validated against the well‐established plasma clearance method in the same mice, but on consecutive days, using only models of uninephrectomy and polycystic kidney disease. We aimed to validate this widely used technique in the same lean or obese mice, at the same time.

Methods

Five‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice were randomised to a high fat diet (n = 12) or normal diet (n = 11) for 10 weeks. Transcutaneous and plasma clearance of FITC‐sinistrin were measured simultaneously in each mouse.

Results

In lean mice, there was a positive correlation between transcutaneous and plasma derived GFR (P < .01, R2 = .704), although there was an approximate 40% underestimation by the transcutaneous method (P < .0001). In obese mice, no correlation was observed between transcutaneous and plasma derived GFR, nor elimination half‐life which removes any effect of the conversion factor and injected dose. The limits of agreement in a Bland‐Altman plot were narrower when we used new conversion factors derived from mice in the current study and, in lean mice, a generic conversion factor which assumes 20% extracellular volume.

Conclusion

The non‐invasive clearance device may be useful for serial GFR measurements in lean and healthy mice, provided validation studies have been carried out, but its utility in obesity requires further study.
Like Heterochromatin Protein 1b represses fruit ripening via regulating the H3K27me3 levels in ripening‐related genes in tomato
Authors: Liang Qi , Deng Heng , Li Yuxiang , Liu Ziyu , Shu Peng , Fu Rao , Zhang Yaoxin , Pirrello Julien , Zhang Yang , Grierson Don , Bouzayen Mondher , Liu Yongsheng , Liu Mingchun
Published: March 2020

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play vital roles in plant development via epigenetically repressing the transcription of target genes. However, to date, their function in fruit ripening is largely unknown.

Combining reverse genetic approaches, physiological methods, yeast two‐hybrid, co‐immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that Like Heterochromatin Protein 1b (SlLHP1b), a tomato Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1)‐like protein with a ripening‐related expression pattern, represses fruit ripening via colocalization with epigenetic mark H3K27me3.

RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated downregulation of SlLHP1b advanced ripening initiation, climacteric ethylene production, and fruit softening, whereas SlLHP1b overexpression delayed these events. Ripening‐related genes were significantly upregulated in SlLHP1b RNAi fruits and downregulated in overexpressing fruits compared with wild‐type. Furthermore, SlLHP1b protein interacts with ripening regulator MSI1, a subunit of the PRC2 complex. Moreover, SlLHP1b also binds the epigenetic histone mark H3K27me3 in vivo and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR results showed binding occurs preferentially to regions of ripening‐associated chromatin marked by histone H3K27me3. Furthermore, the H3K27me3 levels in chromatin of ripening‐related genes is negatively correlated with accumulation of their transcripts in SlLHP1b down or upregulated fruits during ripening.

Our findings reveal a novel regulatory function of SlLHP1b in fruit and provide new insights into the PcG‐mediated epigenetic regulation of climacteric fruit ripening.
Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Lawlor Emma R. , Islam Nazrul , Bates Sarah , Griffin Simon J. , Hill Andrew J. , Hughes Carly A. , Sharp Stephen J. , Ahern Amy L.
Published: March 2020

This systematic review and network meta‐analysis synthesized evidence on the effects of third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies (3wCBT) on body weight, and psychological and physical health outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity. Studies that included a 3wCBT for the purposes of weight management and measured weight or body mass index (BMI) pre‐intervention and ≥ 3 months post‐baseline were identified through database searches (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane database [CENTRAL], PsycINFO, AMED, ASSIA, and Web of Science). Thirty‐seven studies were eligible; 21 were randomized controlled trials (RCT) and included in the network meta‐analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB2, and evidence quality was assessed using GRADE. Random‐effects pairwise meta‐analysis found moderate‐ to high‐quality evidence suggesting that 3wCBT had greater weight loss than standard behavioural treatment (SBT) at post‐intervention (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.22, 0.04; N = 19; I2 = 32%), 12 months (SMD: −0.17, 95% CI: −0.36, 0.02; N = 5; I2 = 33%), and 24 months (SMD: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.42, 0.00; N = 2; I2 = 0%). Network meta‐analysis compared the relative effectiveness of different types of 3wCBT that were not tested in head‐to‐head trials up to 18 months. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)‐based interventions had the most consistent evidence of effectiveness. Only ACT had RCT evidence of effectiveness beyond 18 months. Meta‐regression did not identify any specific intervention characteristics (dose, duration, delivery) that were associated with greater weight loss. Evidence supports the use of 3wCBT for weight management, specifically ACT. Larger trials with long‐term follow‐up are needed to identify who these interventions work for, their most effective components, and the most cost‐effective method of delivery.
The speed of plot
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: March 2020

When characters travel 'at the speed of plot', they need to arrive at the conclusion of the story by the time the narrative comes to its end on the page. This article develops the popular notion of 'plot speed' into a conceptual contribution to the study of time in narrative. 'Plot speed' is the conceptual velocity of movement through plot events, and it can be rooted in the physical speed of the storyworld (where characters are in a rush) or the discourse speed (where the written form of the narrative indicates chapters, instalments, and so on). I investigate configurations of plot speed through Dumas’s The Three Musketeers, its precursor Courtilz de Sandras’s Mémoires de M. d’Artagnan, and the manuscripts in which Dumas collaborated with Auguste Maquet, thus arguing for narratological investigations that are situated in contexts of literary history and media changes.
Autografts vs Synthetics for Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sun Jian , Wei Xiao‐chun , Li Lu , Cao Xiao‐ming , Li Kai , Guo Li , Lu Jian‐gong , Duan Zhi‐qing , Xiang Chuan , Wei Lei
Published: March 2020

To describe the outcomes of autografts and synthetics in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction with respect to instrumented laxity measurements, patient‐reported outcome scores, complications, and graft failure risk. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and case controlled trials (CCTs) to compare the outcomes of the autografts versus synthetics after cruciate ligament reconstruction. Data analyses were performed using Cochrane Collaboration RevMan 5.0. Nine studies were identified from the literature review. Of these studies, three studies compared the results of bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) and ligament augmentation and reconstruction system (LARS), while six studies compared the results of four‐strand hamstring tendon graft (4SHG) and LARS. The comparative study showed no difference in Lysholm score and failure risk between autografts and synthetics. The combined results of the meta‐analysis indicated that there was a significantly lower rate of side‐to‐side difference > 3 mm (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.46, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.44–4.22, P = 0.001), overall IKDC (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.83, P = 0.01), complications (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.26–5.14, P = 0.009), and Tegner score (OR −0.31, 95% CI −0.52–0.10, P = 0.004) in the synthetics group than in the autografts group. This systematic review comparing long‐term outcomes after cruciate ligament reconstruction with either autograft or synthetics suggests no significant differences in failure risk. Autografts were inferior to synthetics with respect to restoring knee joint stability and patient‐reported outcome scores, and were also associated with more postoperative complications.
Prediction models for childhood asthma: A systematic review
Authors: Kothalawala Dilini M. , Kadalayil Latha , Weiss Veronique B. N. , Kyyaly Mohammed Aref , Arshad Syed Hasan , Holloway John W. , Rezwan Faisal I.
Published: March 2020

Background

The inability to objectively diagnose childhood asthma before age five often results in both under‐treatment and over‐treatment of asthma in preschool children. Prediction tools for estimating a child's risk of developing asthma by school‐age could assist physicians in early asthma care for preschool children. This review aimed to systematically identify and critically appraise studies which either developed novel or updated existing prediction models for predicting school‐age asthma.

Methods

Three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science Core Collection) were searched up to July 2019 to identify studies utilizing information from children ≤5 years of age to predict asthma in school‐age children (6‐13 years). Validation studies were evaluated as a secondary objective.

Results

Twenty‐four studies describing the development of 26 predictive models published between 2000 and 2019 were identified. Models were either regression‐based (n = 21) or utilized machine learning approaches (n = 5). Nine studies conducted validations of six regression‐based models. Fifteen (out of 21) models required additional clinical tests. Overall model performance, assessed by area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), ranged between 0.66 and 0.87. Models demonstrated moderate ability to either rule in or rule out asthma development, but not both. Where external validation was performed, models demonstrated modest generalizability (AUC range: 0.62‐0.83).

Conclusion

Existing prediction models demonstrated moderate predictive performance, often with modest generalizability when independently validated. Limitations of traditional methods have shown to impair predictive accuracy and resolution. Exploration of novel methods such as machine learning approaches may address these limitations for future school‐age asthma prediction.
Root‐specific expression of chickpea cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 6 leads to enhanced root growth, drought tolerance and yield without compromising nodulation
Authors: Khandal Hitaishi , Gupta Santosh Kumar , Dwivedi Vikas , Mandal Drishti , Sharma Nilesh Kumar , Vishwakarma Niraj Kumar , Pal Lalita , Choudhary Megha , Francis Aleena , Malakar Paheli , Singh Nagendra Pratap , Sharma Kapil , Sinharoy Senjuti , Singh Narendra Pratap , Sharma Rameshwar , Chattopadhyay Debasis
Published: March 2020

Cytokinin group of phytohormones regulate root elongation and branching during post‐embryonic development. Cytokinin‐degrading enzymes cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKXs) have been deployed to investigate biological activities of cytokinin and to engineer root growth. We expressed chickpea cytokinin oxidase 6 (CaCKX6) under the control of a chickpea root‐specific promoter of CaWRKY31 in Arabidopsis thaliana and chickpea having determinate and indeterminate growth patterns, respectively, to study the effect of cytokinin depletion on root growth and drought tolerance. Root‐specific expression of CaCKX6 led to a significant increase in lateral root number and root biomass in Arabidopsis and chickpea without any penalty to vegetative and reproductive growth of shoot. Transgenic chickpea lines showed increased CKX activity in root. Soil‐grown advanced chickpea transgenic lines exhibited higher root‐to‐shoot biomass ratio and enhanced long‐term drought tolerance. These chickpea lines were not compromised in root nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The seed yield in some lines was up to 25% higher with no penalty in protein content. Transgenic chickpea seeds possessed higher levels of zinc, iron, potassium and copper. Our results demonstrated the potential of cytokinin level manipulation in increasing lateral root number and root biomass for agronomic trait improvement in an edible legume crop with indeterminate growth habit.
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Phytophthora infestans in South Korea during 2009–2016 reveals clonal reproduction and absence of EU_13_A2 genotype
Authors: Choi Jang‐Gyu , Hong Su‐Young , Kessel Geert J. T. , Cooke David E. L. , Vossen Jack H. , Cho Ji‐Hong , Im Ju‐Seong , Park Young‐Eun , Cho Kwang‐Soo
Published: March 2020

In order to better understand the Phytophthora infestans population structure in South Korea, 172 isolates were collected between 2009 and 2016 from four major potato cultivation areas. Fungicide (metalaxyl and dimethomorph) response, mating type, and microsatellite (SSR) genetic fingerprints were analysed to characterize these isolates. Ten isolates collected in Gyeongnam Province, which specializes in protected winter cultivation in polytunnels, were A2 mating type. All other isolates were A1 mating type. Overall, 42% of the isolates were resistant to metalaxyl, and 43% were sensitive. All isolates were sensitive to dimethomorph. From the SSR fingerprints, 45 distinct genotypes were identified, which could be clustered into four clonal lineages: KR_1_A1, KR_2_A2, SIB‐1, and US‐11. KR_1_A1 was the predominant P. infestans genotype in South Korea. KR_2_A2 was only found in Gyeongnam Province; all isolates were A2 mating type and resistant to metalaxyl. SIB‐1 was dominant until 2013 but its frequency has gradually decreased in more recent years. US‐11 was first found in 2014, after which its frequency has increased to become codominant with KR_1_A1. The calculated standardized index of association (IA) suggests that the South Korean P. infestans population is undergoing clonal reproduction. When compared with populations of P. infestans from the Netherlands, it has less genetic diversity and the dominant Netherlands P. infestans genotype, EU_13_A2 (Blue_13), was not found in South Korea. Such monitoring of the pathogen population contributes to a more efficient integrated pest management‐based control strategy for potato late blight control in South Korea.
Defining maternal obesity in studies of birth outcomes: Comparing ICD‐9 codes at delivery and measures on the birth certificate
Authors: Wall‐Wieler Elizabeth , Abrams Barbara , Snowden Jonathan M. , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: March 2020

Background

Using ICD‐9 codes underestimates the prevalence of obesity in adults; however, the validity of these codes in studies of pregnancy‐related outcomes is not known.

Objectives

To compare classification of maternal obesity based on ICD‐9 codes in hospital discharge records versus data from birth certificates in the same women, examine predictors of agreement, and assess how associations between obesity and two birth outcomes differ by source of weight data.

Methods

This population‐based study included 2 329 145 California births between 2007 and 2012. We compared data on obesity from childbirth hospital discharge records (ICD‐9 codes for obesity) and birth certificates (pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) calculated from weight and height) and identified predictors of agreement between the two sources. Logistic regression models assessed whether the two definitions of obesity resulted in different estimates of the associations of obesity with caesarean birth and large‐for‐gestational age.

Results

Overall, 464 754 women (20.0%) had obesity based on their pre‐pregnancy BMI while only 100 002 (4.3%) had an obesity‐related ICD‐9 code. The sensitivity of ICD‐9‐based obesity was low at 16.2%; however, obesity codes were highly specific at 98.7%, with a negative predictive value of 82.5% and a positive predictive value of 75.2%. Among women with obesity identified by the birth certificate, those with pre‐pregnancy and pregnancy‐related complications (eg diabetes and hypertension) were more likely to have an obesity‐related diagnosis in their delivery hospital discharge record. Using ICD‐9 codes overestimated the association of obesity with caesarean birth and newborn large‐for‐gestational age.

Conclusions

ICD‐9 codes in childbirth discharge records captured only one in five women with pre‐pregnancy obesity. Sensitivity varied by maternal characteristics and conditions. This misclassification resulted in bias when examining the association of obesity and pregnancy‐related outcomes.
PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORS at the interface of light and temperature signalling
Authors: Balcerowicz Martin
Published: March 2020

Plant development displays a remarkable degree of plasticity and continuously adjusts to the plant's surroundings, a process that is triggered by the perception of environmental cues such as light and temperature. Transcription factors of the PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) family have long been established as key negative regulators of light responses; within the last decade, increasing evidence suggests that they are also core components of temperature signalling, and multiple mechanisms by which temperature regulates activity of these transcription factors have been discovered. It has become clear that these temperature responses cannot be considered in isolation, but that they occur in the context of, and are influenced by, other environmental signals. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which temperature affects PIF function and how these mechanisms are influenced by the light environment.
The critical role of the institution‐led market in the technological catch‐up of emerging market enterprises: evidence from Chinese enterprises
Authors: Wei Jiang , Sun Cong , Wang Qing , Pan Qiuyue
Published: March 2020

Innovation scholars have, in the past, applied the concept of ‘windows of opportunity’ to study latecomer firms’ catch‐up. Previous research treats this concept as three separate aspects, i.e., technological, institutional and market. The role of government was seen as being concerned only with institutional windows of opportunity. However, governments in emerging markets exert influence not only through traditional means of institutional support but, also, via market‐driven mechanisms. The former refers to state procurement, resource provision, legislation, and administrative control, whereas the latter is concerned with demand creation, resource allocation, and the regulation of market orders. This multifaceted nature of government in promoting economic growth, guiding technological development, and influencing enterprise behavior remains under‐researched. Yet, it plays a crucial role in the catch‐up of emerging market enterprises. Therefore, based on innovation studies literature and an institution‐based view of international business, the present research proposes a new construct, termed the institution‐led market, with the aim to encapsulate the complex role of government in the catch‐up of emerging market enterprises. The institution‐led market is defined as a unique type of market that is well‐timed and strategically created by the government and supported by institutional policies and resources. A large database of 259 Chinese firms in 37 industries was created and analyzed using a hierarchical logistic model to empirically test the relationship between the institution‐led market and technological catch‐up of emerging market enterprises. We demonstrate that the institution‐led market positively affects the catch‐up of emerging market enterprises; furthermore, it significantly moderates the effect of technological discontinuity on the catch‐up. Finally, the theoretical contributions and managerial implications of the present research are discussed.
Geological, mineralogical, and oxygen isotope studies of the Chandmani Uul iron oxide–copper–gold deposit in Dornogobi Province, Southeastern Mongolia
Authors: Oyunjargal Luvsannyam , Hayashi Ken‐ichiro , Maruoka Teruyuki
Published: March 2020

The Chandmani Uul deposit is located in Dornogovi province, Southeastern Mongolia. Iron oxide ores are hosted in the andesitic rocks of the Shar Zeeg Formation of Neoproterozoic to Lower‐Cambrian age. Middle‐ to Upper‐Cambrian bodies of granitic rocks have intruded into the host rocks in the western and southern regions of the deposit. The wall rocks around the iron oxide ore bodies were hydrothermally altered to form potassic, epidote, and sericite–chlorite alteration zones, and calcite and quartz veinlets are ubiquitous in the late stage. Since granitic rocks also underwent potassic alteration, the activity of the granitic rocks must have a genetic relation to the ore deposit. The ore mineral assemblage is dominated by iron oxides such as mushketovite, euhedral magnetite with concentric and/or oscillatory zoning textures, and cauliflower magnetite. Lesser amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite accompany the iron oxides. Among all these products, mushketovite is dominant and is distributed throughout the deposit. Meanwhile, euhedral magnetite appears in limited amounts at relatively shallow levels in the deposit. By contrast, cauliflower magnetite appears locally in the deeper parts of the deposit, and is associated with green‐colored garnet and calcite. Sulfide minerals are ubiquitously associated with these iron oxides. The oxygen isotope (δ18O) values of all types of magnetite, quartz, and epidote were found to be −5.9 to −2.8‰, 10.5 to 14.9‰, and 3.6 to 6.6‰, respectively. The δ18O values of quartz–magnetite pairs suggest an equilibrium isotopic temperature near 300°C. The calculated values of δ18O for the water responsible for magnetite ranged from 2 to 10‰. All the data obtained in this study suggest that the iron oxide deposit at the Chandmani Uul is a typical iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, and that this deposit was formed at an intermediate depth with potassic and sericite–chlorite alteration zones under the oxidized conditions of a hematite‐stable environment. The δ18O range estimated implies that the ore‐forming fluid was supplied by a crystallizing granodioritic magma exsolving fluids at depth with a significant contribution of meteoric water.