bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Phosphorus Removal from Silicon in Solvent Refining of Silicon
Authors: Khajavi Leili Tafaghodi , Barati Mansoor
Published: October 2012

Refining of silicon for solar applications using metallurgical approaches has attracted a considerable attention in the recent years. The present study involves employing solvent refining as a purification technique in which silicon recrystallization takes place from an iron-silicon alloy melt. It is believed that iron will perform as the impurity “getter” and purified silicon crystals grow from the alloy melt, while the impurities are segregated to the liquid alloy. The focus of this article is on removal of phosphorus, as a critical impurity in solar silicon. In order to assess the feasibility and efficiency of phosphorus removal through solvent refining, the distribution of phosphorus between solid Si and Fe-Si melt at 1483–1583 K (1210–1310 °C) was measured. Interaction parameter between phosphorus and iron was calculated by varying the concentration of phosphorus at each temperature.
In-Situ Sensors for Liquid Metal Quality
Authors: Guthrie Roderick , Isac Mihaiela
Published: October 2012

The development of effective methods for directly measuring liquid metal quality, prior to casting and final solidification, has long been a goal for Process Metallurgists. For aluminum, which is generally much cleaner than steel, it is first necessary to concentrate the inclusions by filtering the metal through a porous frit, before then freezing the remaining metal, and subjecting it to microscopic examination (e.g. PoDFA). An alternative method is to take a sample of metal, freeze it, and then dissolve the metal to release the particles (inclusions) through elutriation (the Slime Technique). The only true on-line, in-situ, methods are the Ultrasonic Liquid Metal Sensors (such as the Mansfield Molten Metal Sensor), and the Electric Sensing Zone Methods (such as LiMCA and ESZ-pas).

Currently, perhaps the most reliable, but least satisfying, technique is to wait for customer complaints to identify problems. JFE has developed an ultrasonic, on-line, system that registers larger inclusion clusters in rolled steel sheets as they are produced. Alternatively, many steelmakers will use PDA (Pulse Discrimination Analysis) on a small surface of solid steel, to arrive at conclusions concerning inclusions less than 10 microns. Unfortunately, this ignores the much larger inclusions normally present within a steel melt that are responsible for compromising metal properties.

The late Professor Iwase was a strong believer in the development of good techniques and methods to monitor and control metallurgical processes, including those related to metal quality. This review is dedicated to his memory, and to his strength of perseverance.
Oxidation of Pure Solid CaS with Ar-O2 Gas Mixture
Authors: Kobayashi K. , Hiraki T. , Nagasakaki T.
Published: October 2012

Synopsis

Oxidation behavior of CaS in oxidizing atmosphere has been investigated for the regeneration process of desulfurization slag by oxidation. The temperature range of oxidation of CaS reagent with Ar-21%O2 gas was 973 to 1423 K. The weight gain was observed in the lower temperature range and reached at the maximum value at 1173 K while weight gain turned to decrease when the reaction temperature was higher than 1173 K. It was clarified that CaS was oxidized to CaSO4 under 1173 K or to CaO over 1373 K by the measurement of oxidation rate, XRD and thermodynamic analysis. The results strongly suggested that sulfur removal from the sulfur containing slag may be possible at temperatures of 1223 K or higher by the oxidation of with air.
The national perinatal mortality rate in the State of Qatar during 2011; trends since 1990 and comparative analysis with selected high-income countries: The PEARL Study Project*
Authors: Nimeri Nuha , Rahman Sajjad , El Tinay Sarah , El Ansari Walid , Tamano Emirah A. , Sellami Soumaya , Salameh Khalil , Shaddad Affaf , Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Bener Abdulbari
Published: October 2012

Objective: To prospectively ascertain Qatar’s national perinatal mortality rate (PMR) during 2011, compare it with recent data from selected high-income countries, and analyze trends in Qatar’s PMR between 1990 and 2011 using historical data.

Study design: A national prospective cohort study.

Methods: National data on live births, stillbirths, and early neonatal mortality (day 0–6) were collected from all public and private maternity units in Qatar (1st January–December 31st 2011) and compared with historical perinatal mortality data (1990–2010) ascertained from the database of maternity and neonatal units of Women’s Hospital and annual reports of Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC). For inter-country comparison, country data were extracted from the World Health Statistics published by WHO in 2011 and from the European Perinatal Health Report published by the Europeristat project in 2008.

Results: A total of 20,725 births (20,583 live births plus 142 stillbirths) were recorded during the study period. Qatar’s national PMR during 2011 was 9.55 [early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) 2.7 and stillbirth rate (SBR) 6.85], which was a significant improvement from a PMR of 13.2 in 1990 [risk ratio (RR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.58–0.89, P=0.002]. This improvement in PMR was more significant in ENMR (P<0.001) than in SBR (P=0.019). The stillbirths constituted 55% of PMR in 1990, which increased to 71.72% of PMR during 2011. The RR of PMR had a significant downwards trend between 1990 and 2011 (P=0.016). Qatar’s 2011 PMR, SBR, and ENMR are comparable to those of selected high-income counties.

Conclusions: Qatar’s PMR, ENMR, and SBR have significantly improved between 1990 and 2011, and are currently comparable to those of selected high-income countries. An in-depth research to assess the correlates and determinants of stillbirth and perinatal mortality in Qatar is indicated.
Die Abgrenzung der wichtigsten Anspruchsgrundlagen im
Schadensersatzrecht bei Leistungsstörungen
Authors: Gerhardt Till
Published: October 2012

Die richtige Anspruchsgrundlage zu bestimmen, stellt die
wichtigste Weichenstellung zu Beginn einer schadensersatzrechtlich determinierten Klausur wie bei der Bearbeitung eines realen Falles dar. Dieser Beitrag unternimmt einen Versuch,
die wichtigsten Anspruchsgrundlagen im Schadensersatzrecht
bei Leistungsstörungen voneinander abzugrenzen. Dabei
beschränkt sich die Darstellung auf die Bestimmung der
einschlägigen Anspruchsgrundlage. Darüber hinausgehende
inhaltliche Fragen der Tatbestände und Rechtsfolgen der einzelnen
Normen sollen hier keine Rolle spielen.
Die aktuelle Entscheidung Menschenrechtskonforme Auslegung als Verfassungsmehrwert: Konvergenzen von Grundgesetz und EMRK im Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zur Sicherungsverwahrung
Authors: Payandeh Mehrdad , Payandeh Mehrdad
Published: October 2012

In seinem Urteil zur Sicherungsverwahrung hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) die Regelungen dieses Instituts unter detaillierten Vorgaben für den Gesetzgeber umfassend für verfassungswidrig erklärt, nachdem es noch im Jahr 2004 weder in der Sicherungsverwahrung an sich noch in dem rückwirkenden Wegfall der zuvor vorgesehenen Höchstdauer der Unterbringung Verfassungsverstöße erkannt hatte. Mit dem aktuellen Urteil reagiert das BVerfG auf Aufsehen erregende Urteile des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR), der strukturelle Mängel der Sicherungsverwahrung in Deutschland benannt hatte. Das BVerfG passt die hierfür offenen Vorgaben des Grundgesetzes den völkerrechtlichen Anforderungen an und kommt dadurch nicht nur zu einer Fortentwicklung seiner Rechtsprechung, sondern auch zu einer
Stärkung der verfassungsrechtlichen Garantien. Die durch die Stra�burger Urteile entstandene Unsicherheit über die Umsetzung der völkerrechtlichen Vorgaben ist damit beseitigt worden.
European Governance: On the Relationship Between Democratic and Non-democratic Deliberation Within the European Multi-level System
Authors: Bieling Hans-Jürgen
Published: October 2012

A few scholars regard the European Union and its specific forms of governance as an experimental ground for the development of democratic structures and processes beyond the nation-state. Over the past years, the debate has been strongly affected by representatives of a theory of deliberative democracy who – often following the conceptual reflections of Jürgen Habermas – emphasize the communicative potential of reason inherent to European networks of deliberation and decision-making. The present article addresses the question of whether or rather to what extent the theory of deliberative democracy conceives and interprets the non-democratic character of the forms of European network governance in an appropriate way. The article argues that this is only partly the case. On the one hand, the developed theoretical perspective is instructive to focus on the procedural political-institutional embeddedness of deliberative policy-making; on the other hand, the theory of deliberative democracy is analytically too weak in order to identify the political economic and political sociological causes of the non-democratic quality of European network governance.
Mosaic Structure in the Spines of Holopneustes porossisimus
Authors: Kelm Klemens , Goetz Andreas , Sehrbrock Angelika , Irsen Stephan , Hoffmann Ramona , Schmahl Wolfgang W. , Griesshaber Erika
Published: October 2012

Sea urchin spines of Holopneustes porossisimus are porous single crystals, with the pores being filled with a material rich in carbon, silicon, fluorine and sodium. The magnesian calcite constituting the spine is highly strained. Even though the spines appear to be single crystalline on a macroscopic scale, the calcitic material exhibits an extended defect network. We find dislocations as well as rotational and other, not yet identified boundaries. We also observe within spine calcite a patterned distribution of sulphur. Both distributions, that of the defect network and that of sulphur resemble in their pattern to each other and have a similar mesh size of 50 nm. We conclude from these observations that they arise from the growth process of the spine and account for the mosaicity within the spine single crystals.
Actual State of Technology in Direct Carbon Fuel Cells
Authors: Desclaux Pauline , Rzepka Matthias , Stimming Ulrich , Hempelmann Rolf
Published: October 2012

At medium term, electricity could be partially provided by the utilization of carbon in high temperature fuel cells. The thermodynamic efficiency of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) slightly exceeds 100% in a wide temperature range due to the positive value of the reaction entropy change. Thus, the thermodynamic efficiency is higher than those of conventional fuel cell types for gaseous fuels.

In DCFC technology, three different main electrolyte concepts are used up to now: two types of liquid salt electrolytes (molten carbonate or molten hydroxide) and a solid oxide electrolyte (solid ceramic layer). For instance, it has been reported that power densities up to 210 mW cm-2 can been achieved at 750 ºC in a molten carbonate based cell, resulting to a real practical efficiency of about 60%. Recently, also combined technologies have been developed in which a maximum power density of 500 mW cm-2 is possible. In this paper, the actual state of technology will be discussed for the different concepts of direct carbon fuel cells.
High-Field EPR Spectroscopic Characterization of Spin Probes in Aqueous Ionic Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Kattnig Daniel R. , Akdogan Yasar , Bauer Christian , Hinderberger Dariush
Published: October 2012

Binary mixtures of the hydrophilic room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim+][BF4
-]) and water have been probed using high-field/high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. By adding nitroxide radicals as paramagnetic tracers, the solution structure could be assessed from typical solutes' points of view. Three probe molecules, differing in charge and hydrogen bonding affinity, have been employed: the dianionic Fremy's salt, amphiphilic TEMPO, and hydrophilic TEMPOL. High-field pulse EPR spectroscopy has been used to determine hyperfine interaction tensors and g-matrices under cryogenic conditions. Polarity-proticity plots reveal the interaction of the nitroxide moiety with apolar (TEMPO) and ionic (FS) nano-domains, depending on the probe structure. Only small variations are observed on changing the water content suggesting that the probes are well shielded from aqueous subdomains. The results indicate that addition of water in fact stabilizes IL-rich mesostructures by embedding them in pools of water.
Response to Hyperosmotic Stress
Authors: Saito Haruo , Posas Francesc
Published: October 2012

An appropriate response and adaptation to hyperosmolarity, i.e., an external osmolarity that is higher than the physiological range, can be a matter of life or death for all cells. It is especially important for free-living organisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When exposed to hyperosmotic stress, the yeast initiates a complex adaptive program that includes temporary arrest of cell-cycle progression, adjustment of transcription and translation patterns, and the synthesis and retention of the compatible osmolyte glycerol. These adaptive responses are mostly governed by the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which is composed of membrane-associated osmosensors, an intracellular signaling pathway whose core is the Hog1 MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cytoplasmic and nuclear effector functions. The entire pathway is conserved in diverse fungal species, while the Hog1 MAPK cascade is conserved even in higher eukaryotes including humans. This conservation is illustrated by the fact that the mammalian stress-responsive p38 MAPK can rescue the osmosensitivity of hog1Δ mutations in response to hyperosmotic challenge. As the HOG pathway is one of the best-understood eukaryotic signal transduction pathways, it is useful not only as a model for analysis of osmostress responses, but also as a model for mathematical analysis of signal transduction pathways. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of both the upstream signaling mechanism and the downstream adaptive responses to hyperosmotic stress in yeast.
Targeting of >1.5 Mb of Human DNA into the Mouse X Chromosome Reveals Presence of cis-Acting Regulators of Epigenetic Silencing
Authors: Yang Christine , McLeod Andrea J , Cotton Allison M , de Leeuw Charles N , Laprise Stéphanie , Banks Kathleen G , Simpson Elizabeth M , Brown Carolyn J
Published: October 2012

Regulatory sequences can influence the expression of flanking genes over long distances, and X chromosome inactivation is a classic example of cis-acting epigenetic gene regulation. Knock-ins directed to the Mus musculus Hprt locus offer a unique opportunity to analyze the spread of silencing into different human DNA sequences in the identical genomic environment. X chromosome inactivation of four knock-in constructs, including bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) integrations of over 195 kb, was demonstrated by both the lack of expression from the inactive X chromosome in females with nonrandom X chromosome inactivation and promoter DNA methylation of the human transgene in females. We further utilized promoter DNA methylation to assess the inactivation status of 74 human reporter constructs comprising >1.5 Mb of DNA. Of the 47 genes examined, only the PHB gene showed female DNA hypomethylation approaching the level seen in males, and escape from X chromosome inactivation was verified by demonstration of expression from the inactive X chromosome. Integration of PHB resulted in lower DNA methylation of the flanking HPRT promoter in females, suggesting the action of a dominant cis-acting escape element. Female-specific DNA hypermethylation of CpG islands not associated with promoters implies a widespread imposition of DNA methylation during X chromosome inactivation; yet transgenes demonstrated differential capacities to accumulate DNA methylation when integrated into the identical location on the inactive X chromosome, suggesting additional cis-acting sequence effects. As only one of the human transgenes analyzed escaped X chromosome inactivation, we conclude that elements permitting ongoing expression from the inactive X are rare in the human genome.
Structure–Function Dissection of the Frizzled Receptor in Drosophila melanogaster Suggests Different Mechanisms of Action in Planar Polarity and Canonical Wnt Signaling
Authors: Strutt David , Madder Daisy , Chaudhary Varun , Artymiuk Peter J
Published: October 2012

Members of the Frizzled family of sevenpass transmembrane receptors signal via the canonical Wnt pathway and also via noncanonical pathways of which the best characterized is the planar polarity pathway. Activation of both canonical and planar polarity signaling requires interaction between Frizzled receptors and cytoplasmic proteins of the Dishevelled family; however, there has been some dispute regarding whether the Frizzled–Dishevelled interactions are the same in both cases. Studies looking at mutated forms of Dishevelled suggested that stable recruitment of Dishevelled to membranes by Frizzled was required only for planar polarity activity, implying that qualitatively different Frizzled–Dishevelled interactions underlie canonical signaling. Conversely, studies looking at the sequence requirements of Frizzled receptors in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster for canonical and planar polarity signaling have concluded that there is most likely a common mechanism of action. To understand better Frizzled receptor function, we have carried out a large-scale mutagenesis in Drosophila to isolate novel mutations in frizzled that affect planar polarity activity and have identified a group of missense mutations in cytosolic-facing regions of the Frizzled receptor that block Dishevelled recruitment. Interestingly, although some of these affect both planar polarity and canonical activity, as previously reported for similar lesions, we find a subset that affect only planar polarity activity. These results support the view that qualitatively different Frizzled–Dishevelled interactions underlie planar polarity and canonical Wnt signaling.
The pathomechanism of polycystic ovary syndrome in the light of novel research findings
Authors: Károlyi Zoltán
Published: October 2012

The author summarizes the factors which play a role in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome highlighting the impact of intrauterine genetic programming and the importance of the maternal steroid environment. Environmental effects, steroid receptor modulators, endocrine disruptor compounds, and the role of obesity in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome are also discussed. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1567–1569.
Electrochemical Deposition and Evaluation of Conductive Polymer Coating on Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Neural Applications
Authors: Sebaa Meriam A. , Dhillon Shan , Liu Huinan
Published: October 2012

In an attempt to develop conductive, biodegradable, mechanically strong, and biocompatible nerve conduits, pure magnesium (Mg) was used as the biodegradable substrate material to provide strength while the conductive polymer, poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as a conductive coating material to control Mg degradation and improve cytocompatibility of Mg substrates. This study explored a series of electrochemical deposition conditions to produce a uniform, consistent PEDOT coating on Mg substrates. The microstructure and morphology of the coating and Mg were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition of the surface was quantified using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Adhesion strength of the coating was measured using the tape test following the ASTM-D 3359 standard. The SEM results showed uniform and consistent PEDOT coating, and EDS analysis confirmed the elemental composition of PEDOT. The adhesion strength of PEDOT coating was within the classifications of 3B to 4B.
Behavior of Surface Adsorbed Bioluminescent Bacteria
Authors: Sasaki Satoshi
Published: October 2012

Characteristics of surface-adsorbed bioluminescent bacteria were examined. The bacteria were expected to function as an oxygen probe inside the biofilm. Luminescent behavior of the bacteria inside a typical biofilm was observed. Adsorption characteristics as well as the luminescence intensity change through the desorption process were investigated.
Avaliação qualitativa da relação de atores sociais com a loucura em um serviço substitutivo de saúde mental
Authors: Mielke Fernanda Barreto , Olschowsky Agnes , Pinho Leandro Barbosa de , Wetzel Christine , Kantorski Luciane Prado
Published: October 2012

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar qualitativamente a relação de atores sociais com a loucura a partir das experiências produzidas em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial no contexto brasileiro. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo de avaliação qualitativa realizado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial do Sul do Brasil. Baseou-se na utilização do referencial teórico-filosófico da Avaliação de Quarta Geração. Como dispositivo metodológico, aplicou-se uma versão adaptada do Círculo Hermenêutico-Dialético. Os depoimentos perseguem a desinstitucionalização como paradigma da atenção em saúde mental, evidenciando a necessidade de combater os vícios carregados de condutas cristalizadas e excludentes, típicas do modelo manicomial. No entanto, ainda é possível visualizar na prática uma mescla de modelos, responsáveis por práticas ampliadas e inovadoras, além de outras cristalizadas e excludentes. Esperamos que ele possa problematizar o cotidiano dos mesmos, abrindo caminhos para compreender melhor a loucura, o louco e suas relações.
Produção científica brasileira fundamentada na Teoria de Enfermagem de Orem: revisão integrativa
Authors: Raimondo Maria Lúcia , Fegadoli Débora , Méier Marineli Joaquim , Wall Marilene Loewen , Labronici Liliana Maria , Raimondo-Ferraz Maria Isabel
Published: October 2012

Revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e BDENF, de janeiro de 2005 a maio de 2009, com o objetivo de sumarizar a produção científica brasileira fundamentada na Teoria de Enfermagem de Orem. Obtiveram-se 23 artigos, analisados pela estatística descritiva simples. Constatou-se que 100% dos estudos se voltaram para adultos. Deste total, 65,22% voltavam-se aos portadores de patologias crônicas. Em 39,15% das pesquisas, a teoria foi utilizada na íntegra e em 34,80% um dos construtos. 91,30% das publicações objetivaram a construção e implantação da prática de cuidado estruturada e teoricamente fundamentada. Concluiu-se que a teoria vem sendo utilizada como base teórico-filosófica para fundamentar a práxis da Enfermagem em uma multiplicidade de situações, de modo a salientar o papel do enfermeiro no cuidado.
Limites e possibilidades da auditoria em enfermagem e seus aspectos teóricos e práticos
Authors: Silva Maria Verônica Sales da , Silva Lucilane Maria Sales da , Dourado Hanna Helen Matos , Nascimento Adail Afrânio Marcelino do , Moreira Thereza Maria Magalhães
Published: October 2012

Este artigo tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise crítico-reflexiva a respeito da auditoria em enfermagem com análise dos limites e possibilidades e seus aspectos teóricos e práticos. A auditoria em enfermagem, na atualidade, é exercida e difundida nas instituições públicas e privadas, objetivando minimizar desperdício de materiais, medicamentos, equipamentos e recursos humanos. Ressalta-se a importância do registro da equipe de enfermagem, fundamental ao processo de auditoria. Ao profissional enfermeiro em auditoria compete a garantia da qualidade da assistência prestada ao usuário. São muitos os desafios a enfrentar para o desenvolvimento da auditoria em enfermagem, tais como a descoberta de uma identidade profissional e a integração com auditores enfermeiros de todo o país, entre outros.
Obstrução do trato digestório em animais de companhia, atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário no ano de 2010
Authors: Mudado Mariana Amata , Del Carlo Ricardo Junqueira , Borges Andréa Pacheco Batista , Costa Paulo Renato dos Santos
Published: October 2012

O objetivo deste estudo é relatar os tipos de obstrução do trato digestório, após ingestão de corpos estranhos, em animais de companhia, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (HVT-UFV), durante o ano de 2010; a predisposição racial e por faixa etária; a localização da obstrução; os sintomas relacionados; os achados laboratoriais; o tratamento proposto e a evolução clínica dos pacientes. Foi observada predisposição para animais de raça pequena e de faixas etárias de até um ano e após cinco anos, com predileção pela raça Teckel. O maior número de corpos estranhos foi encontrado no estômago e intestinos, com maior gravidade e elevada taxa de mortalidade, em relação aos encontrados no esôfago. O maior período de evolução do quadro clínico, desde a observação inicial, contribuiu para maiores taxas de mortalidade. A sintomatologia clínica dos animais foi variada, mas quadros de apatia e de anorexia ocorreram na maioria dos casos. Regurgitação e vômito foram frequentes, quando a localização do corpo estranho foi esofágica ou gastrointestinal, respectivamente. Os resultados dos exames laboratoriais foram inespecíficos.
Caracterização física e química de híbridos de tomate em diferentes estádios de maturação produzidos em Baraúna, Rio Grande do Norte
Authors: Ferreira Rafaella Martins de Araújo , Lopes Welder de Araújo Rangel , Aroucha Edna Maria Mendes , Mano Neidiane Conceição Sales , Sousa Cleiniane Maria Guerra de
Published: October 2012

O tomate é uma das olerícolas mais consumidas no mundo. Na região nordeste do Brasil, é comum a comercialização de cultivares industriais para consumo in natura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar algumas características de qualidade de dois híbridos de tomate industrial ('Mariana' e 'SM -16'), em quatro estádios de maturação (verde - 1; salada - 2; colorido - 3; vermelho - 4). Após a colheita, os frutos foram transportados para o Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, onde foram selecionados de acordo com a uniformidade de maturação e avaliados de acordo com diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, massa de matéria fresca, firmeza da polpa, sólidos solúveis, pH, vitamina C e açúcares totais. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (dois cultivares e quatro estádios de maturação). Os dados foram submetidos análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%. Observaram-se diferenças na qualidade física e química dos frutos, entre híbridos e entre estádios de maturação. A massa de matéria fresca dos frutos, o diâmetro transversal e a firmeza da polpa dos tomates pertencentes ao híbrido 'SM-16' foram superiores aos do híbrido 'Mariana'. Houve aumento da massa de matéria fresca até o estádio de maturação 3 e decréscimo da firmeza e do pH da polpa, com o amadurecimento dos frutos. O teor de vitamina C dos frutos aumentou do estádio 1 para o 2, e o híbrido 'Mariana' apresentou maior teor de vitamina C.
Efeito da escória de siderurgia na química do solo e na absorção de nutrientes e metais pesados pela cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Prezotti Luiz Carlos , Martins André Guarçoni
Published: October 2012

Com a redução das reservas naturais de nutrientes e o alto custo dos fertilizantes, tem aumentado a busca por fontes alternativas, sendo a escória de siderurgia uma opção, uma vez que possui compostos neutralizantes da acidez do solo e elementos químicos importantes para a nutrição das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações, nas características químicas do solo e nos teores de nutrientes e de metais pesados, na cana-de-açúcar, em função de doses crescentes de escória de siderurgia. Os tratamentos foram compostos por oito doses de escória de aciaria: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10; 20; 40 t ha-1, mais um tratamento adicional composto por uma dose de 2,5 t ha-1 de calcário, totalizando nove tratamentos, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram determinadas as características químicas de solo e planta, bem como a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. A aplicação de escória no solo elevou o pH, a saturação por bases e os teores de P, Ca, B, Fe e Mn, não influenciando os teores de K e Mg. Mesmo aplicando-se doses mais elevadas, não houve alteração nos teores dos metais pesados Cd, Pb e Ni do solo. Houve elevação do teor de Cr. O teor de P na folha e no colmo da cana-de-açúcar apresentou tendência de aumento com as doses de escória, não havendo influência para os demais nutrientes, como, também, para os metais pesados. Houve elevação da produtividade tanto da cana-planta como da cana-soca.
Teores de macronutrientes em cultivares de arroz irrigado de acordo com a parte da planta analisada e do estádio de desenvolvimento
Authors: Silva Leandro Souza da , Pocojeski Elisandra , Ceretta Carlos Alberto , Bundt Angela da Cas , Kaefer Simone , Marchesan Enio
Published: October 2012

A análise foliar baseia-se na determinação do teor dos nutrientes no tecido vegetal, durante o cultivo das plantas. Porém, a época recomendada para análise foliar, a do estádio de florescimento, já não permite que sejam realizadas correções de adubação dentro do ciclo de cultivo, gerando, apenas, informação complementar para o próximo cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do cultivar, da parte coletada da planta e da época de amostragem nos teores dos macronutrientes no tecido foliar da cultura do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) irrigado. O experimento foi realizado a campo, utilizando-se cinco cultivares (BR-IRGA 409 e BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 417 e IRGA 421 e EPAGRI 108) e um híbrido e cinco coletas ao longo do ciclo da cultura, tanto da parte aérea da planta como da última folha completamente expandida. Após as coletas, determinaram-se os teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) do tecido vegetal. Verificou-se que há maior influência da época de avaliação nos teores de macronutrientes em plantas de arroz irrigado, do que dos cultivares utilizados neste estudo. Além da época de avaliação, também houve influência da parte da planta amostrada, exceto para os teores de P, indicando que, para este nutriente, uma mesma faixa de valores poderia ser considerada adequada. Para a indicação de valores adequados, há necessidade de estudos de calibração e de correlação com a produtividade da cultura, para qualquer um dos nutrientes.
Spatial distribution of dengue in the city of Cruzeiro, São Paulo State, Brazil: use of geoprocessing tools
Authors: Carvalho Renata Marzzano de , Nascimento Luiz Fernando Costa
Published: October 2012

The aim of this article is to identify patterns in spatial distribution of cases of dengue fever that occurred in the municipality of Cruzeiro, State of São Paulo, in 2006. This is an ecological and exploratory study using the tools of spatial analysis in the preparation of thematic maps with data from Sinan-Net. An analysis was made by area, taking as unit the IBGE census, the analysis included four months in 2006 which show the occurrence of the disease in the city. The thematic maps were constructed by TerraView 3.3.1 software, the same software provided the values of the indicators of Global Moran (I M) every month and the Kernel estimation. In the year 2006, 691 cases of dengue were georeferenced (with a rate of 864.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants); the indicators of Moran and p-values obtained were I M = 0.080 (March) p = 0.11; I M = 0.285 (April) p = 0.01; I M = 0.201 (May) p = 0.01 and I M = 0.002 (June) p = 0.57. The first cases were identified in the Northeast and Central areas of Cruzeiro and the recent cases, in the North, Northeast and Central. It was possible to identify census tracts where the epidemic began and how it occurred temporally and spatially in the city.
Contamination of public parks and squares from Guarulhos (São Paulo State, Brazil ) by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp.
Authors: Marques Jacó Pereira , Guimarães Catarina de Rezende , Boas Ailton Vilas , Carnaúba Paulo Usignolo , Moraes Josué de
Published: October 2012

The contaminated soil with mammal feces is an important factor of risk to infection with zoonotic diseases. Amongst these zoonoses are visceral larva migrans and cutaneous larva migrans caused by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp., respectively. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs and hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) in public parks and squares in the city of Guarulhos, a metropolitan area of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected, between September and December 2010, and examined using the centrifugal flotation technique with sodium dichromate and zinc sulphate as well as the modified Baermann method. Notably, 35 (74.5%) of the 47 districts surveyed in Guarulhos possessed samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. and/or eggs or larvae of Ancylostoma spp. The frequency of Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. in the samples from public areas was 68.1% and 46.8%, respectively. Overall, the eastern side of Guarulhos is the region with the highest occurrence of causative agents of larva migrans. In all collection sites, the presence of feces from dogs and cats accompanied by their owners and stray animals were observed. Notably, it is important to adopt measures to control dog and cat breeding, to treat infected animals, and provide health education to the population.
Sôbre a ocorrência de um órgão cupuliforme, com bordos pelíferos, no colo dos «Seedlings» de Eucalyptus
Authors: Accorsi Walter R.
Published: October 2012

1 - Os estudos sôbre o órgão cupuliforme datam de 1941, ocasião em que observávamos os "seedlings" de Eucalyptus tereticornis e Eucalyptus citriodora, com o propósito de colher material para estudos anatômicos comparativos das citadas espécies (1). 2 - Examinámos, a seguir, "seedlings" de outras espécies de Eucalyptus, comprovando em tôdas a existência do órgão cupuliforme. 3 -BRIOSI e WARMING, ambos mencionados por HABER-LANDT (4), assinalaram a presença de longos pêlos absorventes, no limite entre radícula e caulículo, respectivamente de plantas aquáticas e de Eucalyptus e outras Myrtaceae, sem contudo se reportarem à existência de qualquer órgão na região considerada. 4 - Revendo a bibliografia especializada, entre as quais a "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus" de Maiden (6) e a "Eucalyptographia" do Baron Ferd. von Mueller (7), nenhuma referência encontrámos a respeito de qualquer órgão ou de pêlos absorventes, na região do colo dos "seedlings" de Eucalyptus. 5 - As sementes das 105 espécies constantes dêste trabalho foram obtidas no Serviço Florestal da Cia. Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, em Rio Claro, por nímia gentileza dos Drs. Edmundo Sampaio e Ruben Foot Guimarães, respectivamente Chefe e Encarregado da Secção de Genética do Serviço Florestal. 6 - As sementes foram postas num substrato de esfagno ou "musgo branco", reduzido a pó, coberto com papel de filtro e recebendo apenas água destilada, quer durante a germinação, quer durante o período de crescimento dos seedlings". 7 - Cientificámo-nos que no embrião o órgão cupuliforme já se encontra diferenciado, apresentando-se, nesse estágio, como um anel, disposto à volta do colo, em cujo centro se pode ver a ponta cônica da radícula. 8 - Os pêlos absorventes vão surgindo nos bordos do anel, à medida que este se expande, durante o processo de crescimento dos "seedlings". 9 - A forma, o tamanho, o diâmetro da bôca do órgão cupuliforme, bem como a quantidade e o comprimento dos pêlos absorventes dos seus bordos variam segundo as espécies estudadas. 10 - Do ponto de vista anatômico, a estrutura do órgão é simples. Consta de um parênquima cortical, revestido pela mesma epiderme que recobre a radícula e que se continua pelo caulículo. Os pêlos absorventes, que nascem nos bordos, são semelhantes aos que se produzem na zona pelífera da radícula. 11 - A importância ecológica do órgão é óbvia, uma vez que as sementes de Eucalyptus, sendo exalbuminadas, os "seedlings" devem, o quanto antes, adaptar-se prontamente ao solo, para evitar a solução de continuidade no processo fisiológico da nutrição.
Mathematical analysis of maximum power generated by photovoltaic systems and fitting curves for standard test conditions
Authors: Gabriel Filho Luís R. A. , Viais Neto Daniel dos S. , Cremasco Camila P. , Seraphim Odivaldo J. , Caneppele Fernando de L.
Published: October 2012

The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I-100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.
Efeitos da velocidade e da direção do vento na uniformidade de aplicação de água de sistemas autopropelidos
Authors: Oliveira Henrique F. E. de , Colombo Alberto , Faria Lessandro C. , Prado Giuliani do
Published: October 2012

A velocidade e a direção de incidência do vento, em relação ao eixo de deslocamento do aspersor, são variáveis apresentadas em vários trabalhos como fatores importantes para a determinação da uniformidade de aplicação de água dos equipamentos autopropelidos de irrigação. No entanto, em razão das dificuldades de se conduzir estudos de campo com canhões hidráulicos sob condições controladas de direção e velocidade do vento, as recomendações de espaçamento entre carreadores, em sua maioria, consideram apenas o efeito da velocidade do vento, sem mencionar a direção de sua incidência. Neste trabalho, a aplicação de coeficientes semiempíricos do modelo Richards & Weatherhead, ajustados com base em ensaios de campo do canhão PLONA RL-250, possibilitou realizar, por meio de simulações digitais, uma análise quantitativa dos efeitos da velocidade e da direção do vento sobre a uniformidade de aplicação de água dos sistemas autopropelidos. As simulações indicaram que, na medida em que a incidência do vento passa de perpendicular para paralela ao eixo de deslocamento, os efeitos prejudiciais da velocidade do vento sobre a uniformidade são ampliados. Desta forma, fica evidenciado que tanto a direção como a velocidade do vento devem ser consideradas nas recomendações de espaçamento entre carreadores.
Effect of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses on quality of Tanzania grass
Authors: Oliveira Filho Jair da C. , Oliveira Rubens A. de , Oliveira Ednaldo M. de , Cecon Paulo R. , Martins Carlos E.
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses in the quality of Tanzania grass, in the southern of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted on strips of traditional sprinklers, and used, as treatments, a mixture of fertilizer combinations of N and K2O always in the ratio of 1 N:0.8 K2O. This study determined throughout the experiment: plant height (PH), the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The highest plant height obtained was 132.4 cm, with a fertilizer dose of 691.71 kg ha-1 in the proportion of N:0.8 K2O, in other words, 384.28 kg ha-1 of N and 307.43 kg ha-1 of K2O, and water depth of 80% of the ETc. The highest crude protein content was 12.2%, with the fertilizer dose application of 700 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the proportion of 1 N to 0.8 of K2O, in other words, 388.89 kg ha-1 of N and 311.11 kg ha-1 of K2O and absence of irrigation. The lowest level of neutral detergent fiber was 60.7% with the application of the smallest dose of fertilizer and highest water depth. It was concluded in this study that there was an increase in plant height by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. The crude protein content increased 5.4% in the dry season, by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. In the dry season, there was an increase of NDF content by 4.5% by increasing the application of fertilizer and water depth.
Establishment of Xaraés and Marandu grasses under levels of soil compaction
Authors: Bonfim-Silva Edna M. , Valadão Júnior Daniel D. , Reis Rafael H. P. dos , Campos Jader J. , Scaramuzza Walcylene L. M. P.
Published: October 2012

In Cerrado soils under grazing, changes occur in physical attributes, such as increased density, decreasing on the size of water stable aggregates, and macroporosity reduction. Thus, the aim of this study was to study the effect of compaction on the establishment of two forages. It was adopted a completely randomized design with three replications, in 2 x 4 factorial design, and two forages (Xaraés grass and Marandu grass), and four levels of compaction (soil densities of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 Mg m-3). The following variables were evaluated 48 days after sowing: tiller population, plant height, dry matter production of shoots and components, leaf and stem, as well as the root dry mass. The stem dry mass decreased with soil density in a similar manner for both forages. It was observed that the leaf dry mass and shoots dry mass of Xaraés grass remained constant in the levels of soil compaction, not adjusting to any regression model. The establishment of Xaraés grass has not been negatively affected by compaction, which may be suitable for situations where there may be layers that restrict the growth of different forages.
Calibration of angles of nozzles and deposition of an axial-flow sprayer on dwarf cashew
Authors: Mion Renildo L. , Sousa Beatriz M. de , Cordeiro Igor M. , Sombra Weberte A. , Duarte José M. de L. , Lucas Fidel C. B.
Published: October 2012

The study aimed to determine an optimum angle for the nozzles axial-flow sprayers a deposition for better vertical distribution focused on cashew. In laboratory tests were conducted adjusting the angle of the nozzle axial-flow sprayers. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The treatment for this test were two settings (with and without the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles ) and tree application volumes 273, 699 and 954 L ha-¹.The study was conducted in an orchard of dwarf cashew, with eight years of age. It was concluded that the volumetric distribution profile showed better vertical distribution uniformity when the angles of the nozzles were regulated for the canopy, the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles for the canopy provided greater deposition of droplets, the increased volume of application resulted in higher depositions in the leaves of the crop.
Lung morphology and growth of rats exposed to tobacco smoke and alcohol
Authors: Magnani Karla Luciana , Cataneo Daniele Cristina , Capelozzi Vera Luiza , Defaveri Julio , Hasimoto Erica Nishida , Cataneo Antônio José Maria
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE: Investigate the morphological effects of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke inhalation and alcohol consumption on the lungs and on the growth of rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, tobacco, alcohol, tobacco + alcohol, for a period of study 260 days. Morphological analysis was conducted by optical and electron microscopy. Rat growth was investigated by measuring the snout-anus length, body mass index and body weight. RESULTS: The three groups exposed to the drugs presented lower growth and lower weight than the control group. The percentages of alveolitis, bronchiolitis and the mean alveolar diameter were greater, particularly in the groups exposed to tobacco smoke, but were not significantly different from the control group. Electron microscopy revealed more intense apoptotic and degenerative lesions in the smoking group, while degenerative lesions in the lamellar bodies were more intense with the association of both drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model showed morphological alterations observed by electron microscopy, principally due to tobacco smoke exposure. Alcohol and tobacco hindered the growth of rats, such that tobacco showed a greater effect on body length and alcohol on body weight.
Modified technique to increase nostril cross-sectional area after using rib and septal cartilage graft over alar nasal cartilages
Authors: Wulkan Marcelo , Sá Alvaro Julio de Andrade , Alonso Nivaldo
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE: Describe a modified technique to increase nostril cross-sectional area using rib and septal cartilage graft over alar nasal cartilages. METHODS: A modified surgical technique was used to obtain, carve and insert cartilage grafts over alar nasal cartilages. This study used standardized pictures and measured 90 cadaveric nostril cross-sectional area using Autocad®; 30 were taken before any procedure and 60 were taken after grafts over lateral crura (30 using costal cartilage and 30 using septal cartilage). Statistical analysis were assessed using a model for repeated measures and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) for the variable "area". RESULTS: There's statistical evidence that rib cartilage graft is more effective than septal cartilage graft. The mean area after the insertion of septal cartilage graft is smaller than the mean area under rib graft treatment (no confidence interval for mean difference contains the zero value and all P-values are below the significance level of 5%). CONCLUSIONS: The technique presented is applicable to increase nostril cross section area in cadavers. This modified technique revealed to enhance more nostril cross section area with costal cartilage graft over lateral crura rather than by septal graft.
Influence of aging on the quality of the skin of white women: the role of collagen
Authors: Baroni Eloina do Rocio Valenga , Biondo-Simões Maria de Lourdes Pessole , Auersvald André , Auersvald Luiz Augusto , Montemor Netto Mário Rodrigues , Ortolan Morgana Cláudia Aparecida Bergamo , Kohler Juliana Nemetz
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE: Evaluate the influence of aging on the quality of the skin of white women, analyzing the dermal collagen. METHODS: Pre-auricular flaps were collected for histological and morphometric analysis of 218 white women who underwent spontaneous facial aesthetic plastic surgery. Picrosirius ultrared stain was used for analysis and quantification of collagen in five age groups (<40 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years and 70 to 79 years) . RESULTS: Histological analysis showed changes suggestive of skin aging (fragmentation and disorganization of collagen fibers), especially in patients over 60 years. There were no significant changes in the relationship of age with the thickness of the dermis and epidermis, but there was with the percentage of the collagen I, III and total (p<0.001), which decreased with increasing aging. CONCLUSION: There is reduction in collagen with increasing age, and an increase in its degradation, leading to fragmentation of the fibers.