bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural Stories corpus: a reading-time corpus of English texts containing rare syntactic constructions
Authors: Futrell Richard , Gibson Edward , Tily Harry J. , Blank Idan , Vishnevetsky Anastasia , Piantadosi Steven T. , Fedorenko Evelina
Published: September 2020

It is now a common practice to compare models of human language processing by comparing how well they predict behavioral and neural measures of processing difficulty, such as reading times, on corpora of rich naturalistic linguistic materials. However, many of these corpora, which are based on naturally-occurring text, do not contain many of the low-frequency syntactic constructions that are often required to distinguish between processing theories. Here we describe a new corpus consisting of English texts edited to contain many low-frequency syntactic constructions while still sounding fluent to native speakers. The corpus is annotated with hand-corrected Penn Treebank-style parse trees and includes self-paced reading time data and aligned audio recordings. We give an overview of the content of the corpus, review recent work using the corpus, and release the data.
A Comparison of Variations of Prompt Delay During Instruction on an Expressive Labeling Task
Authors: O’Neill Sean J. , McDowell Claire , Leslie Julian C.
Published: September 2020

Variations in prompt delay procedures are used in discrete-trial training to reduce the occurrence of errors before task mastery. However, the variations are seldom compared systematically. Using an adapted alternating treatments design, the present study compared progressive prompt delay with 2-s or 5-s constant prompt delay, on the acquisition of an expressive labeling task in four participants with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. While all three prompt delay methods led to mastery of the tasks, albeit only when the tasks were simplified for one participant, progressive prompt delay generally proved the most efficient method on several measures, including lower error rates. This is consistent with the nature of the progressive prompt delay procedure which allows less time for errors to occur early in training. It is provisionally concluded that selection of progressive prompt delay is supported as a wise first choice option for clinicians, as a history of high error rates may impair later learning.
Water perturbed by cellophane: comparison of its physicochemical properties with those of water perturbed with cotton wool or Nafion
Authors: Elia Vittorio , Napoli Elena , Germano Roberto , Roviello Valentina , Oliva Rosario , Niccoli Marcella , Amoresano Angela , Toscanesi Maria , Trifuoggi Marco , Fabozzi Antonio , Yinnon Tamar A.
Published: September 2020

We present experimental data on water repetitively brought in contact with cellophane. Although this hydrophilic polymer is insoluble in water, repetitively immersing it in water changes the liquid’s properties. We compare the physicochemical properties of the water left over after removing the cellophane to those of previously published data on water repetitively brought in contact with other in water insoluble polymers (cotton wool or Nafion). Some of the properties are similar. All the properties considerably differ from those of the Milli-Q® water used. On lyophilizing these waters, solid residues remain. The residues are soluble in water. The chemical nature of the residues differs from that of the perturbing polymers.
Personalized medicine, digital technology and trust: a Kantian account
Authors: Myskja Bjørn K. , Steinsbekk Kristin S.
Published: September 2020

Trust relations in the health services have changed from asymmetrical paternalism to symmetrical autonomy-based participation, according to a common account. The promises of personalized medicine emphasizing empowerment of the individual through active participation in managing her health, disease and well-being, is characteristic of symmetrical trust. In the influential Kantian account of autonomy, active participation in management of own health is not only an opportunity, but an obligation. Personalized medicine is made possible by the digitalization of medicine with an ensuing increased tailoring of diagnostics, treatment and prevention to the individual. The ideal is to increase wellness by minimizing the layer of interpretation and translation between relevant health information and the patient or user. Arguably, this opens for a new level of autonomy through increased participation in treatment and prevention, and by that, increased empowerment of the individual. However, the empirical realities reveal a more complicated landscape disturbed by information ‘noise’ and involving a number of complementary areas of expertise and technologies, hiding the source and logic of data interpretation. This has lead to calls for a return to a mild form of paternalism, allowing expertise coaching of patients and even withholding information, with patients escaping responsibility through blind or lazy trust. This is morally unacceptable, according to Kant’s ideal of enlightenment, as we have a duty to take responsibility by trusting others reflexively, even as patients. Realizing the promises of personalized medicine requires a system of institutional controls of information and diagnostics, accessible for non-specialists, supported by medical expertise that can function as the accountable gate-keeper taking moral responsibility required for an active, reflexive trust.
Massive pulmonary embolism in patients with extreme bleeding risk: a case series on the successful use of ultrasound-assisted, catheter directed thrombolysis in a district general hospital
Authors: He Jingzhou , Clayton Benjamin , Kurdi Hibba , Gibbons Michael , Watkinson Anthony , Sharp Andrew S. P.
Published: September 2020

Massive pulmonary embolism (PE), characterised by profound arterial hypotension, is a life-threatening emergency with a 90-day mortality of over 50%. Systemic thrombolysis can significantly reduce the risk of death or cardiovascular collapse in these patients, by around 50%, but these benefits are offset by a fivefold increased risk of intracranial haemorrhage and major bleeding, which may limit its use in patients at high risk of catastrophic haemorrhage. We describe a case series of 3 patients presenting with massive PE, each with extreme risk of bleeding and contra-indication to systemic thrombolysis, treated successfully with ultrasound-assisted, catheter directed thrombolysis (U-ACDT). Our experience of this novel technique using the EkoSonic Endovascular System (Ekos, BTG, London, UK) on carefully selected patients has demonstrated the potential to improve clinical status in shocked patients, with minimal bleed risk. There have been several clinical studies evaluating the Ekos system. Both the ULTIMA and SEATTLE II studies have shown significant reductions in RV/LV ratio by CT scanning when compared to standard anticoagulation in patients with intermediate-risk PE, with minimal bleeding complications. However, there is a pressing need for a randomised trial demonstrating improvement in robust clinical outcomes when comparing U-ACDT to simple anticoagulation. We believe that this case series adds new insight and highlights the potential of catheter directed thrombolysis in this high-risk patient cohort and consideration should be made to its use in cases where systemic thrombolysis is felt to be too high risk.
Examining my-side bias during and after reading controversial historical accounts
Authors: Iordanou Kalypso , Kendeou Panayiota , Zembylas Michalinos
Published: September 2020

The present study examines individuals’ thinking during and after reading controversial historical accounts and the possible contribution of epistemic beliefs, emotions, and prior-knowledge in this context. Young adults (n = 39) were asked to read two accounts about a recent war in their country, an own-side account – from a historian of their ethnic group – and an other-side account – from a historian from the adversary ethnic group. Participants were asked to think-aloud and report their emotions during reading. After reading, participants were asked to write a summary. Results showed that participants exhibited my-side bias during reading and writing, while there were also interesting individual differences in epistemic beliefs and prior knowledge. Participants with evaluativist epistemic beliefs were less likely to show my-side bias in the writing task. Epistemic beliefs, along with prior knowledge and the emotion of anger, predicted also low-epistemic processing during reading of other-side text. The paper concludes with a discussion of the educational implications in promoting critical thinking about controversial issues in history.
Capturing teaching practices in language-responsive mathematics classrooms Extending the TRU framework “teaching for robust understanding” to L-TRU
Authors: Prediger Susanne , Neugebauer Philipp
Published: September 2020

Supporting language in mathematics classrooms requires both curriculum material that follows language-responsive design principles and teaching practices that enact these principles with high instructional quality. This paper presents the analytic framework L-TRU, which was developed to assess language-responsive teaching practices quantitatively. The L-TRU framework draws upon Schoenfeld’s teaching for robust understanding (TRU) framework by adapting its five dimensions to language-responsive classrooms: Mathematical Richness, Cognitive Demand, Equitable Access, Agency, and Use of Student Contributions. It is extended by two further dimensions, namely, Discursive Demand and Connecting Registers. The adapted and extended L-TRU rating scheme was applied to 41 video-recorded lessons of 26 teachers who all used the same language-responsive curriculum material on percentages. The qualitative insights gained from selected transcripts reveal that the dimensions indeed capture important distinctions in valid ways. The analysis of interrater reliability and correlations confirms that distinct dimensions are captured with reliability. The quantitative overview of the ratings of 497 episodes shows that in spite of the shared curriculum material, a large variety of instructional practices were enacted: Consistently high quality was found in the dimensions Cognitive Demand and Equitable Access and a medium quality in Connecting Registers. The dimensions Agency, Discursive Demand and Use of Contributions show the largest variance among teachers, with Discursive Demand separating most. These findings empirically substantiate an important research tool for quantitatively capturing teaching practices with respect to their general mathematics instruction quality and language-responsive quality.
Prevalence of germline TP53 variants among early-onset breast cancer patients from Polish population
Authors: Rogoża-Janiszewska Emilia , Malińska Karolina , Górski Bohdan , Scott Rodney J. , Cybulski Cezary , Kluźniak Wojciech , Lener Marcin , Jakubowska Anna , Gronwald Jacek , Huzarski Tomasz , Lubiński Jan , Dębniak Tadeusz
Published: September 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to determine spectrum and prevalence of germline mutations in TP53 gene among Polish women with early-onset breast cancer (BC), which has not been determined until now.

Methods

A cohort of 100 females with BC diagnosed ≤ 30 years of age and with a positive family history of cancer was used as a discovery cohort. 1880 women with BC ≤ 45 years old and a control group of 2000 healthy women were genotyped as a replication phase of this study.

Results

Four heterozygous pathogenic missense mutations were detected in a group of 100 patients with early-onset breast cancer. On the basis of software prediction and available literature data, all these variants were defined as pathogenic. None of these TP53 variants were detected among 1880 breast cancer patients and 2000 healthy controls. No large mutations were found among early-onset cases using MLPA reaction.

Conclusion

Germline pathogenic TP53 variants were found in 4% early-onset Polish BC patients. No founder mutations were identified in Polish population. To improve the treatment and surveillance screening, the search for germline TP53 pathogenic variants is recommended for all female BC cases diagnosed ≤ 30 years old.
SIUMB recommendations for focal pancreatic lesions
Authors: D’Onofrio Mirko , de Sio Ilario , Mirk Paoletta , Vidili Gianpaolo , Bertolotto Michele , Cantisani Vito , Schiavone Cosima ,   The SIUMB experts committee, Accogli Esterita , Attili Fabia , Basilico Raffaella , Bertolotto Michele , Brizi M. Gabriella , Buscarini Elisabetta , Caiazzo Corrado , Calliada Fabrizio , Cantisani Vito , Carriero Alessandro , Casadei Alder , Catalano Orlando , D’Anneo Gaspare , De Prizio Marco , de Sio Ilario , Di Candio Giulio , D’Onofrio Mirko , Draghi Ferdinando , Drudi Francesco Maria , Ferraioli Giovanna , Francica Giampiero , Granata Antonio , Iannetti Giovanni , Maconi Giovanni , Magnolfi Fabrizio , Mirk Paoletta , Piscaglia Fabio , Pompili Maurizio , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Schiavone Cosima , Sconfienza Luca Maria , Serra Carla , Soresi Maurizio , Speca Stefania , Stramare Roberto , Tarantino Luciano , Valentino Massimo , Vallone Gianfranco , Vidili Gianpaolo
Published: September 2020

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is increasingly being performed in Italy and Europe, particularly in the field of hepato-gastroenterology. Initially, it was mainly carried out to characterize focal hepatic lesions, but, since then, numerous studies have demonstrated its efficacy in the differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic pathologies (D’Onofrio et al. in Expert Rev Med Devices 7(2):257–273, 2010; Vidili et al. in J Ultrasound 22(1):41–51, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to provide Italian Medical Doctors with recommendations and thereby practical guidelines on the management of these patients. The present paper reports the final conclusions reached by the SIUMB guideline commission. This paper addresses particularly percutaneous ultrasound (US) examination (transabdominal US) and is drawn up specifically for publication.
Multifaceted Bioinspiration for Improving the Shaft Resistance of Deep Foundations
Authors: Aleali Seyed Ali , Bandini Paola , Newtson Craig Michael
Published: September 2020

This paper describes the bioinspiration process to derive design concepts for new deep foundation systems that have greater axial capacity per unit volume of pile material compared to conventional deep foundations. The study led to bioinspired ideas that provide greater load capacity by increasing the pile shaft resistance. The bioinspiration approach used problem-solving strategies to define the problem and transfer strategies from biology to geotechnical engineering. The bioinspiration considered the load transfer mechanism of hydroskeletons and the anchorage of the earthworm, razor clam, kelp, and lateral roots of plants. The biostrategies that were transferred to the engineering domain included a flexible but incompressible core, passive behaviour against external loading, a longitudinally split shell that allows expansion for anchorage, and lateral root-type or setae-type anchoring elements. The concepts of three bioinspired deep foundation systems were proposed and described. The advantage of this approach was illustrated with two examples of the new laterally expansive pile in drained sand under axial compression. The finite element analysis of these examples showed that the new laterally expansive pile can provide considerably greater load capacity compared to a conventional cylindrical pile due to the increased lateral confining pressure developed along the expanded pile core.
Marine Envenomation
Authors: Hifumi Toru , Fukuchi Yoshimune , Otani Norio
Published: September 2020

With global warming and an increasing frequency of human interaction with venomous marine organisms, physicians are likely to encounter more cases of marine envenomation in clinical practice in Japan and around the world. Few review articles regarding the clinical characteristics of marine envenomation have been published and there has been no comprehensive review of available antivenoms, which are the definitive treatment. We discuss the epidemiology, venom activity, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of marine envenomation by the Okinawan box jellyfish, stonefish, Portuguese man-of-war, geography cone, and blue-ringed octopus. A comprehensive review of available antivenom treatments is also presented.
Stochastically modeled weakly reversible reaction networks with a single linkage class
Authors: Anderson David F. , Cappelletti Daniele , Kim Jinsu
Published: September 2020

It has been known for nearly a decade that deterministically modeled reaction networks that are weakly reversible and consist of a single linkage class have trajectories that are bounded from both above and below by positive constants (so long as the initial condition has strictly positive components). It is conjectured that the stochastically modeled analogs of these systems are positive recurrent. We prove this conjecture in the affirmative under the following additional assumptions: (i) the system is binary, and (ii) for each species, there is a complex (vertex in the associated reaction diagram) that is a multiple of that species. To show this result, a new proof technique is developed in which we study the recurrence properties of the n-step embedded discrete-time Markov chain.
Approaching the Legitimacy Paradox in Hong Kong: Lessons for Hybrid Regime Courts
Authors: Yam Julius
Published: September 2020

A hybrid regime court faces a legitimacy paradox: an activist court risks attracting backlash from the incumbent, whereas a deferential court may undermine public trust. The Hong Kong courts, at least in the twenty or so years following handover, provide an example of courts successfully navigating the legitimacy paradox despite the conflicting expectations from political actors. This article draws on the experiences of the Hong Kong courts to better understand the legitimacy paradox. It identifies three tools that Hong Kong courts have used to maneuver through the paradox, namely (1) the differential treatment of cases according to political stakes; (2) the use of comparative jurisprudence; and (3) the commitment to procedural justice. Studying these techniques may provide relevant insights to courts in similarly constrained political environments as to how judicial legitimacy can be earned. The article also reflects on the institutional future of Hong Kong courts in light of the increasing polarization of Hong Kong society as a result of the anti-extradition bill protests and signs of greater interference from Mainland China.
Organic food consumption and gluten-free diet, is there a link? Results in French adults without coeliac disease
Authors: Perrin Laëtitia , Allès Benjamin , Julia Chantal , Hercberg Serge , Touvier Mathilde , Lairon Denis , Baudry Julia , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: September 2020

The rising popular belief that gluten is unhealthy has led to growth in gluten avoidance in people without coeliac disease. Little information is available on their dietary profiles and their dietary behaviours. Our aim was to compare the consumption of organic foods between gluten avoiders and non-avoiders, and their places of food purchase. We described their sociodemographic and dietary profiles. The study population included participants of the NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed both a food exclusion questionnaire and an organic semi-quantitative FFQ (n 23 468). Food intake and organic food consumption ratios were compared using multivariable adjusted ANCOVA models. Associations between gluten avoidance and organic food consumption as well as places of food purchase were investigated with multivariable logistic regression. Participants avoiding gluten were more likely to be women and had a healthier dietary profile. Organic food consumption was higher among gluten avoiders (48·50 % of total diet for total avoiders, 17·38 % for non-avoiders). After adjustments for confounders, organic food consumption and purchase in organic stores were positively associated with gluten avoidance: adjusted OR (aOR)Q5 v.Q1 organic food = 4·95; 95 % CI 3·70, 6·63 and aORorganic stores v.supermarkets = 1·82; 95 % CI 1·42, 2·33 for total avoiders. Our study highlights that individuals avoiding gluten are high organic consumers and frequently purchase their foods in organic stores which propose an extended offer of gluten-free food. Further research is needed to determine the underlying common motivations and the temporality of the dietary behaviours of healthy people avoiding gluten.
In siturare earth element analysis of a lower Cambrian phosphate nodule by LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Ye Yun-Tao , Wang Hua-Jian , Wang Xiao-Mei , Zhai Li-Na , Wu Chao-Dong , Zhang Shui-Chang
Published: September 2020

Rare earth elements (REE) in marine minerals have been widely used as proxies for the redox status of depositional and/or diagenetic environments. Phosphate nodules, which are thought to grow within decimetres below the sediment–water interface and to be able to scavenge REE from the ambient pore water, are potential archives of subtle changes in REE compositions. Whether their REE signals represent specific redox conditions or they can be used to track the overlying water chemistry is worth exploring. Throughin situlaser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we investigate the REE compositions of a drill-core-preserved phosphate nodule from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Daotuo area, northeastern Guizhou Province, South China. REE distributions of the nodule show concentric layers with systematic decreases in Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*) from the core to the rim. The lowest Ce/Ce* appears in the outer rim where REE concentrations are relatively high. These results are interpreted to reflect REE exchange with pore water at a very early stage or bathymetric variation during apatite precipitation. The origin of the shale-normalized middle REE (MREE) enrichment in our sample is less constrained. Possible driving factors include preferential MREE substitution for Ca in the apatite lattice, degradation of organic matter and deposition beneath a ferruginous zone. Although speculative, the last possibility is consistent with the chemically stratified model for early Cambrian oceans, in which dynamic fluctuations of the chemocline provided an ideal depositional context for phosphogenesis.
U–Pb detrital zircon ages from Gorgoglione Flysch sandstones in Southern Apennines (Italy) as provenance indicators
Authors: Fornelli Annamaria , Gallicchio Salvatore , Micheletti Francesca , Langone Antonio
Published: September 2020

Twenty-one sandstone samples belonging to the intermediate part of Gorgoglione Flysch (GF) dated Middle-Miocene, cropping out in the Southern Apennines (Italy), have been studied to highlight the detritus provenance. Petrographic and chemical composition indicates that the successions consist of feldspatho-quartzose and litho-feldspatho-quartzose arenites interbedded with pelitic and calciclastic layers and reveals a provenance from a basement formed by low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks with abundant granitoids covered by sedimentary rocks in which a volcanic component was also present. In the Mediterranean area, basements with these characteristics are widespread both in western and southwestern domains. The supply provenance of Gorgoglione Flysch has been better detailed utilizing U–Pb detrital zircon ages recording the geological history of the source rocks. Fifty-eight crystals from six samples of coarse- and fine-grained sandstones have been analysed using the U–Pb isotopic systematic (LA-ICP-MS). They produce 70 concordant zircon ages forming three defined clusters at 672 ± 28 Ma, 458 ± 9 Ma and 297 ± 8 Ma, and four zircon ages corresponding to 24 ± 1 Ma. An evaluation of the entire collected data suggests that the provenance area is better identified in northwestern sectors of the Mediterranean area in which the Sardinia–Corsica (pro-part) block plays a fundamental role.
Predicting milk yield in Pelibuey ewes from the udder volume measurement with a simple method
Authors: Espinosa-Mendoza Roger Iván , Arcos-Álvarez Darwin Nicolas , Garcia-Herrera Ricardo Alfonso , Antonio-Molina Gamaliel , Vicente-Pérez Ricardo , Macias-Cruz Ulises , Ronquillo Manuel González , Chaparro Augusto Cesar Lizarazo , Chay-Canul Alfonso Juventino
Published: September 2020

In this research communication we describe the creation of an equation for the prediction of milk yield (MY) from udder volume (UV). A total of 280 measurements were collected between 5 and 15 d postpartum (pp) from 36 multiparous Pelibuey ewes. Study variables were measured between 2 and 9 weeks pp and MY was measured by manual milking, UV prior to and following milking was measured using the technique of making moulds from aluminium foil. The MY ranged from 0.09 to 0.83 kg/d, meanwhile UV prior and following milking ranged from 155 to 1940 and 90 to 1520 cm3, respectively. Measurements of UV had a moderate to high (P < 0.01; 0.58 ≤ r ≤ 0.78) correlation with MY. The UV prior to milking was the best prediction model for MY, which explained 62% of the variation in MY. This equation presented moderate precision (r2 = 0.61) and high accuracy (bias correction factor = 0.94), confirming a good reproducibility index (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.73). Modelling efficiency (MEF = 0.59) showed moderate concordance between observed and predicted values. In conclusion, MY in lactating Pelibuey ewes could be predicted in a moderate way using the predictor variable UV measured with the technique of moulds made with aluminium foil.
Optimisation of spray drying process in microencapsulated cream powder production
Authors: Himmetagaoglu Ahsen Burcin , Berktas Serap , Cam Mustafa , Erbay Zafer
Published: September 2020

In this Research Communication we describe the optimisation of spray drying conditions in the production of microencapsulated cream powder. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using maltodextrin (18 DE) and sodium caseinate as wall materials (with the total wall material per total solid content ratio of 30%) and then converted into powder by spray drying. Response surface methodology was used to optimise the factors of spray drying system i.e. inlet drying temperature, feed flow rate, and aspiration rate, where the levels were in the range of 150–190°C, 9–30 ml/min, and 50–100%, respectively. Our objective was to perform spray drying with the highest drying yield and to obtain a microencapsulated cream powder with the highest bulk density, the shortest wetting time, and the lowest surface fat content. The calculated and validated optimum conditions for the spray drying process were found to be 162.8°C for inlet drying temperature, 11.51 ml/min for feed flow rate, and 72.8% for aspiration rate. At these optimum conditions, drying yield, bulk density, wettability, and surface fat content values were 36.37%, 269.9 kg/m3, 115.2 s and 26.2%, respectively.
Development of an internationally accepted definition of reablement: a Delphi study
Authors: Metzelthin Silke F. , Rostgaard Tine , Parsons Matthew , Burton Elissa
Published: September 2020

With an ageing society, the demand for health and social care is increasing. Traditionally, staff provide carefortheir clients rather thanwiththem. In contrast, reablement aims to support people to maximise their competences to manage their everyday life as independently as possible. There is considerable variation between and within countries regarding the conceptual understanding of the approach. This variation affects the ability to evaluate reablement approaches systematically, compare and aggregate findings from different studies, and hinders the development of a robust evidence. Therefore, a Delphi study was conducted in 2018/9 with the aim of reaching agreement on the characteristics, components, aims and target groups of reablement, leading towards an internationally accepted definition of reablement. The study consisted of four Web-based survey rounds. In total, 82 reablement experts from 11 countries participated, reaching agreement on five characteristics (e.g.person-centred), seven components (e.g.goal-oriented treatment plan) and five aims (e.g.increase clients’ independency). Furthermore, most experts agreed that reablement is an inclusive approach irrespective of the person's age, capacity, diagnosis or setting. Based on these features, a definition of reablement was developed, which was accepted by 79 per cent of participating experts. This study is a significant step towards providing conceptual clarity about reablement. Future research should focus on evaluating the implementation of agreed reablement components to inform practice, education and policy.
‘MUCH TO DELIVER IN YOUR HONOUR'S EAR’: ANGELO NOTARI’S WORK IN INTELLIGENCE, 1616–1623
Authors: Mailes Alana
Published: September 2020

It has long been surmised that the Paduan singer, lutenist and composer Angelo Notari (1566–1663) was employed as a spy after immigrating to England circa 1610. In examining Venetian counterintelligence papers previously neglected by musicologists, I here confirm that Notari was indeed an intelligencer. More specifically, he was a paid informant for the Venetian State Inquisitors between 1616 and 1619 and participated in a contentious international trial concerning the Venetian ambassador to England, Antonio Foscarini. I argue that Notari's work as a musician was inextricable from his identity as an intelligencer and former Venetian citizen and demonstrate that Italian musicians in Jacobean London significantly influenced international diplomatic relations. By identifying intersections between the two highly social practices of music-making and intelligence-gathering, I encourage greater musicological attention to political networks that transmitted music across borders and, conversely, musical networks that transmitted political intelligence. I thus situate seventeenth-century musical transculturation within its broader diplomatic, confessional and economic contexts.
CREATING MS C: AUTHOR, WORKSHOP, COURT
Authors: Smilansky Uri
Published: September 2020

Machaut's set of complete works manuscripts forms a central pillar of our understanding of musical and generic developments and their courtly reception in fourteenth-century France. By applying the continuing scholarly advances made during the study of courtly practice and the professional Parisian book-trade to the earliest of these artefacts, this contribution reassesses the creation-history of the manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds français 1586. The results tap into a number of enduring discussions within Machaut scholarship. These range from questions of patronage, to aspects of Machaut's authorial control and involvement in the production of his books, to the importance of order on the single-work level within a generic grouping, and to the practicalities of manuscript creation and intentionality. Finally, proposed adjustments to the dating of some compositions call for a review of existing notions of generic development and polyphonic composition in the early part of the century, thus resonating beyond Machaut's personal output.
Refitting an X-ray diffraction system for combined GIXRF and XRR measurements
Authors: Ingerle Dieter , Artner Werner , Hradil Klaudia , Streli Christina
Published: September 2020

A commercial Empyrean X-ray diffractometer was adapted for combined grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis (GIXRF) measurements with X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements. An energy-dispersive silicon drift detector was mounted and integrated in the angle-dependent data acquisition of the Empyrean. Different monochromator/X-ray optics units have been compared with the values obtained by the Atominstitut GIXRF + XRR spectrometer. Data evaluation was performed by JGIXA, a special software for combined GIXRF + XRR data fitting, developed at Atominstitut. A sample consisting of a ~50 nm nickel layer on a silicon substrate was used to compare the performance criteria (i.e. divergence and intensity) of the incident beam optics. An Empyrean X-ray diffractometer was successfully refitted to measure both GIXRF and XRR data.
Modelling the potential non-breeding distribution of Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea
Authors: BRADFER-LAWRENCE TOM , BERESFORD ALISON E. , ANDERSON GUY Q. A. , AUNG PYAE PHYO , CHANG QING , CHOWDHURY SAYAM U. , CLARK NIGEL A. , GERASIMOV YURI N. , GREEN RHYS E. , HILTON GEOFF M. , HUGHES BAZ , LAPPO ELENA G. , LI JING , SYROECHKOVSKIY EVGENY E. , TOMKOVICH PAVEL S. , ZOCKLER CHRISTOPH , BUCHANAN GRAEME M.
Published: September 2020

The Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea is a ‘Critically Endangered’ migratory shorebird. The species faces an array of threats in its non-breeding range, making conservation intervention essential. However, conservation efforts are reliant on identifying the species’ key stopover and wintering sites. Using Maximum Entropy models, we predicted Spoon-billed Sandpiper distribution across the non-breeding range, using data from recent field surveys and satellite tracking. Model outputs suggest only a limited number of stopover sites are suitable for migrating birds, with sites in the Yellow Sea and on the Jiangsu coast in China highlighted as particularly important. All the previously known core wintering sites were identified by the model including the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Nan Thar Island and the Gulf of Mottama. In addition, the model highlighted sites subsequently found to be occupied, and pinpointed potential new sites meriting investigation, notably on Borneo and Sulawesi, and in parts of India and the Philippines. A comparison between the areas identified as most likely to be occupied and protected areas showed that very few locations are covered by conservation designations. Known sites must be managed for conservation as a priority, and potential new sites should be surveyed as soon as is feasible to assess occupancy status. Site protection should take place in concert with conservation interventions including habitat management, discouraging hunting, and fostering alternative livelihoods.
Dietary inequity? A systematic scoping review of dietary intake in low socio-economic groups compared with high socio-economic groups in Australia
Authors: Lewis Meron , Lee Amanda J
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Low socio-economic groups (SEG) in Australia suffer poorer diet-related health than the rest of the population. Therefore, it is expected that low SEG are less likely to consume diets conforming to Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) than higher SEG. However, dietary intake of low SEG in Australia has not been synthesised methodically. This systematic scoping review aims to explore detailed dietary intake of low SEG in Australia in comparison to higher SEG.

Design:

A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature and websites, since 1999. Data were extracted, synthesised and analysed in relation to study populations, dietary assessment methods, food groups studied, socio-economic measures and dietary intake.

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Persons of any age and gender, differentiated by a socio-economic measure.

Results:

Results from thirty-three included studies confirmed that overall dietary nutritional value/quality tended to be lower in low SEG than higher SEG in Australia. However, findings were inconsistent across studies for all food groups or all socio-economic measures. Large variations were found between study metrics, definitions, dietary assessment methods, granularity of results and conclusions. Quantitative intakes of all ADG food groups by SEG were not reported in most studies and, where reported, were not comparable.

Conclusion:

The review showed detailed dietary data are lacking to inform policy and practice and help develop targeted interventions to improve diet-related health of Australian low SEG. There is urgent need for regular, granular assessment of population dietary data to enable comparison of intake between SEG in the context of national food-based dietary guidelines in Australia.
Procedural Arguments of Persuasive Games
Authors: Jacobs Ruud S. , Werning Stefan , Jansz Jeroen , Kneer Julia
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Studies into the effects of persuasive games – games designed to change players’ attitudes – have not yet yielded insight into the psychological processes involved in persuasion through procedural rhetoric. As a type of nonverbal argument embedded in game systems, it is an open question whether procedural rhetoric leads players to elaborate on a message in the same way as traditionally delivered arguments do. The current study tested 241 participants in a 2 (rhetoric strength) × 2 (level of cognitive load) between-subjects experiment, using game stimuli generated through analytical game design. Results indicate that procedural rhetoric strength meaningfully added to persuasive effects. Participants in high-cognitive-load conditions were not driven to process the games’ message differently. We outline the empirical process required to further investigate effects of procedural rhetoric on elaboration, and conclude how the current study contributes to conceptions of arguments borne out through gameplay.
Mount Rushmore’s Six Grandfathers and Four Presidents
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: September 2020

Living in Geologic Time: How long will it take for erosion to erase Mount Rushmore?
Restored Tropical Forests Recover Faster Than Those Left Alone
Authors: El-Said Mohammed
Published: September 2020

The costs of active restoration may be offset by aggressive carbon pricing demanded by the Paris Agreement.
Physical and Biological Controls of the Drake Passage pCO2 Variability
Authors: Jersild Annika , Ito Takamitsu
Published: September 2020

The Southern Ocean is an important region of ocean carbon uptake, and observations indicate its air‐sea carbon flux fluctuates from seasonal to decadal timescales. Carbon fluxes at regional scales remain highly uncertain due to sparse observation and intrinsic complexity of the biogeochemical processes. The objective of this study is to better understand the mechanisms influencing variability of carbon uptake in the Drake Passage. A regional circulation and biogeochemistry model is configured at the lateral resolution of 10 km, which resolves larger mesoscale eddies where the typical Rossby deformation radius is
(50 km). We use this model to examine the interplay between mean and eddy advection, convective mixing, and biological carbon export that determines the surface dissolved inorganic carbon and partial pressure of carbon dioxide variability. Results are validated against in situ observations, demonstrating that the model captures general features of observed seasonal to interannual variability. The model reproduces the two major fronts: Polar Front (PF) and Subantarctic Front (SAF), with locally elevated level of eddy kinetic energy and lateral eddy carbon flux, which play prominent roles in setting the spatial pattern, mean state and variability of the regional carbon budget. The uptake of atmospheric CO2, vertical entrainment during cool seasons, and mean advection are the major carbon sources in the upper 200 m of the region. These sources are balanced by the biological carbon export during warm seasons and mesoscale eddy transfer. Comparing the induced advective carbon fluxes, mean flow dominates in magnitude, however, the amplitude of variability is controlled by the eddy flux.
Environmental stability impacts the differential sensitivity of marine microbiomes to increases in temperature and acidity
Authors: Wang Zhao , Tsementzi Despina , Williams Tiffany C , Juarez Doris L , Blinebry Sara K , Garcia Nathan S , Sienkiewicz Brooke K , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T , Johnson Zackary I , Hunt Dana E
Published: September 2020

Ambient conditions shape microbiome responses to both short- and long-duration environment changes through processes including physiological acclimation, compositional shifts, and evolution. Thus, we predict that microbial communities inhabiting locations with larger diel, episodic, and annual variability in temperature and pH should be less sensitive to shifts in these climate-change factors. To test this hypothesis, we compared responses of surface ocean microbes from more variable (nearshore) and more constant (offshore) sites to short-term factorial warming (+3 °C) and/or acidification (pH −0.3). In all cases, warming alone significantly altered microbial community composition, while acidification had a minor influence. Compared with nearshore microbes, warmed offshore microbiomes exhibited larger changes in community composition, phylotype abundances, respiration rates, and metatranscriptomes, suggesting increased sensitivity of microbes from the less-variable environment. Moreover, while warming increased respiration rates, offshore metatranscriptomes yielded evidence of thermal stress responses in protein synthesis, heat shock proteins, and regulation. Future oceans with warmer waters may enhance overall metabolic and biogeochemical rates, but they will host altered microbial communities, especially in relatively thermally stable regions of the oceans.
Activity-based cell sorting reveals responses of uncultured archaea and bacteria to substrate amendment
Authors: Reichart Nicholas J , Jay Zackary J , Krukenberg Viola , Parker Albert E , Spietz Rachel L , Hatzenpichler Roland
Published: September 2020

Metagenomic studies have revolutionized our understanding of the metabolic potential of uncultured microorganisms in various ecosystems. However, many of these genomic predictions have yet to be experimentally tested, and the functional expression of genomic potential often remains unaddressed. In order to obtain a more thorough understanding of cell physiology, novel techniques capable of testing microbial metabolism under close to in situ conditions must be developed. Here, we provide a benchmark study to demonstrate that bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing can be used to identify anabolically active members of a microbial community incubated in the presence of various growth substrates or under changing physicochemical conditions. We applied this approach to a hot spring sediment microbiome from Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA) and identified several microbes that changed their activity levels in response to substrate addition, including uncultured members of the phyla Thaumarchaeota, Acidobacteria, and Fervidibacteria. Because shifts in activity in response to substrate amendment or headspace changes are indicative of microbial preferences for particular growth conditions, results from this and future BONCAT-FACS studies could inform the development of cultivation media to specifically enrich uncultured microbes. Most importantly, BONCAT-FACS is capable of providing information on the physiology of uncultured organisms at as close to in situ conditions as experimentally possible.
Identifying domains of applicability of machine learning models for materials science
Authors: Sutton Christopher , Boley Mario , Ghiringhelli Luca M. , Rupp Matthias , Vreeken Jilles , Scheffler Matthias
Published: September 2020

Although machine learning (ML) models promise to substantially accelerate the discovery of novel materials, their performance is often still insufficient to draw reliable conclusions. Improved ML models are therefore actively researched, but their design is currently guided mainly by monitoring the average model test error. This can render different models indistinguishable although their performance differs substantially across materials, or it can make a model appear generally insufficient while it actually works well in specific sub-domains. Here, we present a method, based on subgroup discovery, for detecting domains of applicability (DA) of models within a materials class. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by analyzing three state-of-the-art ML models for predicting the formation energy of transparent conducting oxides. We find that, despite having a mutually indistinguishable and unsatisfactory average error, the models have DAs with distinctive features and notably improved performance.
Extended anharmonic collapse of phonon dispersions in SnS and SnSe
Authors: Lanigan-Atkins T. , Yang S. , Niedziela J. L. , Bansal D. , May A. F. , Puretzky A. A. , Lin J. Y. Y. , Pajerowski D. M. , Hong T. , Chi S. , Ehlers G. , Delaire O.
Published: September 2020

The lattice dynamics and high-temperature structural transition in SnS and SnSe are investigated via inelastic neutron scattering, high-resolution Raman spectroscopy and anharmonic first-principles simulations. We uncover a spectacular, extreme softening and reconstruction of an entire manifold of low-energy acoustic and optic branches across a structural transition, reflecting strong directionality in bonding strength and anharmonicity. Further, our results solve a prior controversy by revealing the soft-mode mechanism of the phase transition that impacts thermal transport and thermoelectric efficiency. Our simulations of anharmonic phonon renormalization go beyond low-order perturbation theory and capture these striking effects, showing that the large phonon shifts directly affect the thermal conductivity by altering both the phonon scattering phase space and the group velocities. These results provide a detailed microscopic understanding of phase stability and thermal transport in technologically important materials, providing further insights on ways to control phonon propagation in thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and other materials requiring thermal management.
Pharmacologically reversible zonation-dependent endothelial cell transcriptomic changes with neurodegenerative disease associations in the aged brain
Authors: Zhao Lei , Li Zhongqi , Vong Joaquim S. L. , Chen Xinyi , Lai Hei-Ming , Yan Leo Y. C. , Huang Junzhe , Sy Samuel K. H. , Tian Xiaoyu , Huang Yu , Chan Ho Yin Edwin , So Hon-Cheong , Ng Wai-Lung , Tang Yamei , Lin Wei-Jye , Mok Vincent C. T. , Ko Ho
Published: September 2020

The molecular signatures of cells in the brain have been revealed in unprecedented detail, yet the ageing-associated genome-wide expression changes that may contribute to neurovascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. Here, we report zonation-dependent transcriptomic changes in aged mouse brain endothelial cells (ECs), which prominently implicate altered immune/cytokine signaling in ECs of all vascular segments, and functional changes impacting the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and glucose/energy metabolism especially in capillary ECs (capECs). An overrepresentation of Alzheimer disease (AD) GWAS genes is evident among the human orthologs of the differentially expressed genes of aged capECs, while comparative analysis revealed a subset of concordantly downregulated, functionally important genes in human AD brains. Treatment with exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, strongly reverses aged mouse brain EC transcriptomic changes and BBB leakage, with associated attenuation of microglial priming. We thus revealed transcriptomic alterations underlying brain EC ageing that are complex yet pharmacologically reversible.