bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IT'S ABOUT TIME: EFFECTS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT DEPENDENT COVERAGE MANDATE ON TIME USE
Authors: Colman Gregory , Dave Dhaval
Published: July 2017

We examine how the Affordable Care Act's dependent coverage mandate (DCM) affected young adults' time allocation. Exploiting more accurate measures from the American Time Use Surveys, we find that the DCM reduced labor supply. The question then arises, what have these adults done with the extra time? Estimates suggest a reduction in job‐lock, as well as in the duration of the average doctor's visit, including time spent waiting and receiving care. The latter effect is consistent with substitution from emergency‐department utilization toward more routine care. Estimates suggest that the extra time has gone into socializing, and into educational and job‐search activities. (JEL I1, J2, H0)
Systemic treatment for sarcoidosis was needed for 16% of 1810 Caucasian patients
Authors: Martusewicz‐Boros Magdalena M. , Boros Piotr W. , Wiatr Elżbieta , Fijołek Justyna , Roszkowski‐Śliż Kazimierz
Published: July 2017

Introduction and objective

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease predominantly affecting the lungs, although granulomas can also involve all other organs. Fortunately, it is often a self‐limiting disease and aggressive treatment is not indicated in majority of cases. However, treatment is recommended when critical organs are affected or the disease is progressive. So far, there is lack of reliable information regarding the frequency of treatment in Caucasian population or data are discordant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of systemic immune‐modulating treatment in a large cohort of sarcoidosis patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients discharged from our institution with the final diagnosis ‘sarcoidosis’ (ICD‐10: D86) from January 2010 to December 2013.

Results

1810 sarcoidosis patients were hospitalized during these four years, 47.6% were females, mean age was 43.5 ± 12.2 years. The majority (80.6%) were discharged as pulmonary and/or lymph node sarcoidosis (D86.0, D86.1, D86.2). Only 281 (15.5%) patients were discharged with systemic treatment, 60.1% of them were men (OR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1‐1.9, P = .0047). The 44.8% of patients who had sarcoidosis also involving an organ other than the lungs (D86.8) were much more likely to be treated: OR 5.6; 95% CI: 4.2‐7.4, P < .0001). Older age (>50) was also identified as a risk factor for treatment (odds ratio: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5‐2.4).

Conclusions

Less than 16% sarcoidosis patients required systemic treatment. Older men with multiorgan sarcoidosis were more likely to be treated.
Barriers to globally invasive species are weakening across the Antarctic
Authors: Duffy Grant A. , Coetzee Bernard W. T. , Latombe Guillaume , Akerman Alexander H. , McGeoch Melodie A. , Chown Steven L.
Published: July 2017

Aim

Biological invasions are a substantial threat to Antarctic biodiversity and a priority conservation policy focus for Antarctic Treaty Parties and the sovereign states of surrounding islands. Key to their strategies is prevention, including assessment of establishment risk for alien species. Despite establishment of some of the worst globally invasive species across the Antarctic region, assessments of establishment potential of these species are non‐existent. Here, we address this deficit and determine whether these invasive species constitute a significant conservation threat to the broader Antarctic region both now and in response to future regional climate change.

Location

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean islands (45°–90° S).

Methods

We used ensemble species distribution models to assess the current and future climate suitability of the Antarctic region for 69 of the worst globally invasive species and 24 insect and plant species that have already established somewhere in the region.

Results

The Antarctic continent is unsuitable for all of the worst globally invasive species under current conditions, but areas of the Antarctic Peninsula are predicted to become climatically suitable for up to six globally invasive species within the next century. By contrast, all Southern Ocean islands are presently climatically suitable for additional non‐native species, with the threat increasing in the future.

Main conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that climate, which is often cited as a key barrier to alien species establishment, may afford some protection to continental Antarctica, but that this protection is not currently extended to the Southern Ocean islands. Furthermore, existing climatic barriers to alien species establishment will weaken as warming continues across the region. This not only illustrates the value of applying distribution modelling methods to this largely ice‐covered region, but demonstrates how these methods can be used to inform targeted surveillance of introduction pathways and sites that have the highest risk of establishment of invasive alien species.
Does Financial Deregulation Boost Top Incomes? Evidence from the Big Bang
Authors: Tanndal Julia , Waldenström Daniel
Published: July 2017

We estimate the impact of financial market deregulation on top income shares. Using the novel synthetic control method to investigate the two ‘Big Bangs’ of financial deregulation, the UK in 1986 and Japan in 1997–9, we find that pre‐tax top income shares increased after both deregulation episodes. This finding is robust to placebo tests, alternative ways of constructing synthetic controls, and the examination of post‐treatment trends and UK wage microdata trends. Higher earnings among financial sector employees appears to be the key mechanism behind this result.
Towards an interdisciplinary model of practice for participatory building design in education
Authors: Könings Karen D. , Bovill Catherine , Woolner Pamela
Published: July 2017

It is recognised that educational environments influence learning experiences, so it is important to ensure that educational buildings are designed to be fit for purpose. In order to ensure that educational buildings meet the needs of those who use them, all relevant stakeholders should be involved in the design process. However, this is not straightforward and much remains unclear about how involvement in such complex design processes should proceed. This article presents the findings of four small heterogeneous groups of architects, educational designers, teachers and students from the UK and The Netherlands, discussing how they would envision optimal collaboration and involvement of stakeholders in the process of (re)designing educational buildings and instructional methods. Presentations from the four groups were transcribed and analysed. Informed by a review of existing models and frameworks, our findings were synthesised into a new interdisciplinary model of participatory building design in education. This new model focuses on an iterative design process with different stakeholders involved in different ways at different times. We propose that this model can inform policy and practice in educational building design, as well as within co‐creation of curricula, learning, teaching and assessment.
Inclusion complex of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil with β‐cyclodextrin: preparation, characterisation and bioavailability enhancement
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Li Wengang , Li Jian , Zu Yuangang , Zhao Xiuhua
Published: July 2017

In this study, β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was used to form an inclusion complex with peony seed oil (PSO), in order to improve its stability, transport convenience and bioavailability. Single‐factor optimisation method was applied to determine the optimum inclusion conditions. The inclusion complexes were prepared by saturated solution method and characterised by GC‐MS, SEM, FT‐IR, XRD, DSC and 1H NMR analyses. All results suggested that PSO was successfully entered into the β‐CD cavity. What is more, inclusion rate of PSO reached 68.72 ± 2.14%, resulting in a product of 25.97% PSO content, and the unsaturated fatty acids, similar to PSO, accounted for 90.05% of all fat acids in complex. The linolenic acid in inclusion complex exhibited 64.84% higher bioavailability than that in PSO. The inclusion complex possessed of better stability for storage and transportation. Overall, the fabricated complex improved the feature of PSO and thus could be used for novel applications.
Water sorption and cooking time of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): part II – mathematical models of water sorption
Authors: Jian Fuji , Jayas Digvir S. , Fields Paul G. , White Noel D.G.
Published: July 2017

Empirical, semi‐theoretical and finite element method (FEM) models were developed to simulate the water sorption of kidney beans. The data of bean moisture content and 1 D swelling ratios obtained in Part I were regressed at different soaking times, and these regression models were used to update the boundary condition and calculate the node coordinates of the FEM model. The developed models were used to calculate the effective water diffusivity (Deff). The developed new empirical model, which considered the soaking temperature and pretreatment history of beans, was the best‐fit equation. The trend of the Deff calculated by the semi‐theoretical model was inconsistent with the water sorption of the beans. The Deff value predicted by the FEM was from 10−3 to 10−7 m2 s−1 and it decreased with the increase in soaking time. There was no significant difference between the moisture contents measured and predicted by the FEM.
Sustainability and Rewriting the Book on Valuation: An Interview with Tim Koller
Authors: Bailey Jonathan , Koller Tim
Published: July 2017

In this interview that took place at the inaugural symposium of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) in December 2016, McKinsey's Tim Koller, the co‐author of what many finance practitioners take to be “the book” on the subject of valuation, discusses how accepted principles of valuation apply to corporate investments in sustainability. One clear message of Koller's book is that creating shareholder value is not the same as maximizing short‐term profit, and that inability to distinguish between them is a prescription for failure. This message is particularly important for companies attempting to assess the value of their sustainability initiatives and programs, since such programs can involve significant ongoing investments of capital that tend to reduce near‐term earnings.

Koller's main message for corporate managements in these pages is that sustainability initiatives should be evaluated as strategic investments that, when viewed over sufficiently long periods of time, have positive expected net present values. Such values can be created by increases in corporate profits from cutting waste or finding new climate‐friendly sources of revenue—or by reductions in corporate business or regulatory risks that lead investors to assign higher P/E multiples to the firm's current earnings and cash flow. But whether the increases in value are expected to come from more profit or less risk, corporate managements are urged to help investors understand the expected payoffs from such investment by providing more and better information about the environmental and social risks facing their companies, their plans to deal with such risks, and the expected effects of both their risks and plans to manage them on their long‐run profitability and value. To the extent they succeed in this, Koller argues, managements will find their companies attracting more sophisticated and longer‐term “value” investors—investors whose presence and influence should increase management's confidence in and ability to carry out its long‐run business plan, and the sustainability initiatives that are a critical part of it.
Far Beyond the Quarterly Call: CECP's First CEO‐Investor Forum
Authors: Youmans Tim , Tomlinson Brian
Published: July 2017

The authors begin by describing how the existing structure of corporateshareholder communications encourages short‐term planning and performance evaluation horizons. Then, after summarizing the substantial evidence that corporate management, boards, and investors are concerned about the failure of current corporate‐shareholder communications to reflect longer‐run corporate investment and its expected payoffs, the article holds up the long‐run plans presented by the CEOs of five large public U.S. companies (and the CFO of IBM) at the first ever CECP CEOInvestor Forum as providing a promising model for the future. Such presentations are also evaluated against a set of criteria the authors propose for assessing the effectiveness of those presentations—criteria that were developed through extensive investor and CEO feedback.

The article concludes by discussing the three main programs that make up CECP's Strategic Investor Initiative to further the development of such longterm plans. One program is focused on identifying different kinds of investors, with the aim of helping management attract longer‐term shareholders. A second program is designed to improve the ways companies communicate with their non‐investor stakeholder groups, with particular emphasis on The Statement of Material Audiences and its role in identifying the critical stakeholders and their contributions to the long‐run success of the company. Third and last is the development of a common language and tool‐kit for longterm plans, with the aim of bringing about the broad adoption of longterm plans as a mainstream element in corporate‐shareholder communications.
Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics: Why a Widely Used Sustainability Metric Fails and How to Improve It
Authors: Bartley Jon , Chen Al , Harvey Stephen , Showalter Scott , Zuckerman Gilroy , Stewart Levi
Published: July 2017

Most of the world's major corporations now publicly report their sustainability performance for a number of key parameters, such as water use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and waste generated. The metrics most often used to track progress are “total inventory” (for example, the total liters of water used, or the total tons of GHGs emitted) and average intensity (total liters of water used per ton of product or per $1 million revenue). Because average intensity is normalized for the company's level of business activity, it is commonly presented and viewed as a measure of the company's actual year‐to‐year efficiency. But average intensity is often not a reliable measure of a company's true performance in sustainability.

An improvement in efficiency requires a company to consume fewer resources or generate less waste in delivering a specified unit measure of goods or services. This article demonstrates that, although efficiency directly contributes to average intensity, the measure is influenced by a number of confounding factors that make the change in average intensity a potentially misleading indicator of improvements in efficiency. The authors present a more reliable measure of changes in efficiency—one that is likely to benefit corporate managements as well as users of sustainability data—that makes use of flexible budgeting techniques. Examples are provided that illustrate Bacardi Limited's application of the sustainability efficiency metric for external sustainability reporting.
Quick to the draw: How suspect race and socioeconomic status influences shooting decisions
Authors: Moore‐Berg Samantha , Karpinski Andrew , Plant E. Ashby
Published: July 2017

We examined the role of both suspect race and socioeconomic status (SES) on shooting decisions during a first‐person shooter task. Two studies revealed that both suspect race and SES influenced shooting decisions. Non‐Black participants shot armed high‐SES Black suspects faster than armed high‐SES White suspects and responded “don't shoot” faster for unarmed high‐SES White suspects than unarmed high‐SES Black suspects. No race differences appeared in the low‐SES conditions—responses resembled high‐SES Black suspect. Signal detection, misses, and false alarm analyses revealed participants erred toward not shooting high‐SES White suspects. The current studies draw attention to considering both race and SES during shooting decisions.
Sexualized images in professional contexts: Effects on anticipated experiences and perceived climate for women and men
Authors: Biernat Monica , Hawley Patricia H.
Published: July 2017

Academic conferences are important settings for socialization, scholarly engagement, and networking. Two studies explore the effects of ambient cues in such settings on women's and men's climate perceptions. Participants (undergraduates in Study 1, graduate students in Study 2) viewed a flyer advertising a professional mixer that included an eroticized image or a control image. Women and men expected a sexualized atmosphere, and women in particular anticipated lower feelings of competence and greater discomfort and objectification at the event advertised with the erotic image. The negative effect of erotic flyer exposure on competence was mediated by discomfort (Study 1) and objectification (Study 2), particularly in women. Results are interpreted in light of pipeline leakage and women's success in the Academy.
Influence of the left atrial contact areas on fixed low‐voltage zones during atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Nakahara Shiro , Hori Yuichi , Nishiyama Naoki , Okumura Yasuo , Fukuda Reiko , Kobayashi Sayuki , Komatsu Takaaki , Sakai Yoshihiko , Taguchi Isao
Published: July 2017

Background

Atrial low‐voltage zones (LVZ) are suggested as important factors for maintaining persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF). The relationship between LVZs and left atrial (LA) contact areas (CoAs) is still unclear.

Objective

To assess whether CoA regions were involved in atrial substrate properties maintaining PsAF.

Methods

A total of 50 patients with PsAF (36 long‐lasting) were analyzed. Three representative CoA detection areas (ascending aorta‐anterior‐LA, descending aorta‐left pulmonary vein antrum, and vertebrae‐posterior‐LA) were registered on the mapping geometry. Electrograms during AF and sinus rhythm (SR) were acquired, and the fractionated electrograms (CFE; < 80milliseconds) and voltages were analyzed regarding the CoAs.

Results

After SR conversion, 76% (38/50) had a significant LVZ (>5% of the total LA surface area). Patients with long‐lasting PsAF versus PsAF had larger CoA areas (7.7 ± 3.0 vs. 4.5 ± 2.5cm2, P < 0.05) and overlapped‐LVZs (8.2 [3.2–11.0] vs. 2.1 [0.7–3.7] cm2, P = 0.0126) between the SR‐LVZs (<0.5 mV) and AF‐LVZs (<0.2 mV). Overlapped‐LVZs were frequently observed in CoA regions (anterior 76.4%; LIPV antrum 78.8%, and vertebrae 39.2%), and those LVZs had smaller unipolar voltages than those distant from the CoA regions (0.64 ± 0.16 vs. 2.5 ± 1.5 mV, P < 0.0001). SR‐LVZ targeted ablation, including of CoA regions, rendered AF termination (n = 8, 21%), and 88% of the sites were not located immediately above, but adjacent to, the overlapped‐LVZs. Significant AF slowing (6.0 ± 0.6 to 5.6 ± 0.6 Hz; P < 0.05) accompanied by unintentional CFE elimination (9.8–1.8 cm2; P < .0001) was achieved in patients without termination.

Conclusion

Our data suggested that external structures in contact with the LA are involved in the creation of localized diseased myocardium necessary for PsAF maintenance.
Development and Dissemination of the El Centro Health Disparities Measures Library
Authors: Mitrani Victoria Behar , O'Day Joanne E. , Norris Timothy B. , Adebayo Oluwamuyiwa Winifred
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This report describes the development and dissemination of a library of English measures, with Spanish translations, on constructs relevant to social determinants of health and behavioral health outcomes. The El Centro Measures Library is a product of the Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro, a program funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The library is aimed at enhancing capacity for minority health and health disparities research, particularly for Hispanics living in the United States and abroad.

Design

The open‐access library of measures (available through www.miami.edu/sonhs/measureslibrary) contains brief descriptions of each measure, scoring information (where available), links to related peer‐reviewed articles, and measure items in both languages. Links to measure websites where commercially available measures can be purchased are included, as is contact information for measures that require author permission. Links to several other measures libraries are hosted on the library website. Other researchers may contribute to the library.

Methods

El Centro investigators began the library by electing to use a common set of measures across studies to assess demographic information, culture‐related variables, proximal outcomes of interest, and major outcomes. The collection was expanded to include other health disparity research studies. In 2012, a formal process was developed to organize, expand, and centralize the library in preparation for a gradual process of dissemination to the national and international community of researchers.

Findings

The library currently contains 61 measures encompassing 12 categories of constructs. Thus far, the library has been accessed 8,883 times (unique page views as generated by Google Analytics), and responses from constituencies of users and measure authors have been favorable.

Clinical Relevance

With the paucity of availability and accessibility of translated measures, behavioral nursing research focused on reducing health disparities can benefit from repositories of research instruments such as the El Centro Measures Library.
Early Language Learning: The Impact of Teaching and Teacher Factors
Authors: Graham Suzanne , Courtney Louise , Marinis Theodoros , Tonkyn Alan
Published: July 2017

This study examined the progress in lexical and grammatical knowledge among 252 learners of French in England across the last two years of primary education and into the first year of secondary school in relation to teaching and teacher factors. It compared linguistic outcomes from two different approaches, one which emphasized oracy and the other which combined literacy with attention to oracy development. We also explored the relationship between linguistic outcomes and other teaching/teacher factors: teaching time, teacher level of French proficiency, and teacher level of training in language instruction. Learners completed a sentence repetition task and a photo description task, making small but statistically significant progress in both grammatical and lexical knowledge between test points. While teaching approach had little impact on such progress, other teaching and teacher factors did, particularly the French proficiency level of the primary school teacher and the amount of teaching time devoted to French.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. All materials are publicly accessible in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Age Effects in First Language Attrition: Speech Perception by Korean‐English Bilinguals
Authors: Ahn Sunyoung , Chang Charles B. , DeKeyser Robert , Lee‐Ellis Sunyoung
Published: July 2017

This study investigated how bilinguals’ perception of their first language (L1) differs according to age of reduced contact with L1 after immersion in a second language (L2). Twenty‐one L1 Korean‐L2 English bilinguals in the United States, ranging in age of reduced contact from 3 to 15 years, and 17 control participants in Korea were tested perceptually on three L1 contrasts differing in similarity to L2 contrasts. Compared to control participants, bilinguals were less accurate on L1‐specific contrasts, and their accuracy was significantly correlated with age of reduced contact, an effect most pronounced for the contrast most dissimilar to L2. These findings suggest that the earlier bilinguals are extensively exposed to L2, the less likely they are to perceive L1 sounds accurately. However, this relationship is modulated by crosslinguistic similarity, and a turning point in L2 acquisition and L1 attrition of phonology appears to occur at around age 12.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/B2478 and at https://osf.io/G4C7Z. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Revisiting Groundhog Day: Theresa May's search for an EU ‘Yes’
Authors: Thompson Helen
Published: July 2017

Tracing the enduring question of the UK's relationship with Europe: at what economic and political price can it enjoy free trade with the continent? Whether it is possible without being subsumed in political union will be at the heart of Brexit negotiations.
Playing the unplayable game: The impossible reality of Brexit
Authors: Coppola Frances
Published: July 2017

What problems lie ahead for the UK government as it takes on the Brexit negotiations?
Less politics, more democracy: Brexit and the civic culture
Authors: McCarthy Helen
Published: July 2017

Has Brexit destroyed Britain's civic culture? Has politics has become too demanding? Examining the aftershocks of the referendum on our democracy.
Multiple Visits and Data Quality in Household Surveys
Authors: Schündeln Matthias
Published: July 2017

In order to increase data quality some household surveys visit the respondent households several times to estimate one measure of consumption. For example, in Ghanaian Living Standards Measurement surveys, households are visited up to 10 times over a period of 1 month. I find strong evidence for conditioning effects as a result of this approach: In the Ghanaian data the estimated level of consumption is a function of the number of prior visits, with consumption being highest in the earlier survey visits. Telescoping (perceiving events as being more recent than they are) or seasonality (first‐of‐the‐month effects) cannot explain the observed pattern. To study whether earlier or later survey visits are of higher quality, I employ a strategy based on Benford's law. Results suggest that the consumption data from earlier survey visits are of higher quality than data from later visits. The findings have implications for the value of additional visits in household surveys, and also shed light on possible measurement problems in high‐frequency panels. They add to a recent literature on measurement errors in consumption surveys (Beegle et al., , Gibson et al., ), and complement findings by Zwane et al. () regarding the effect of surveys on subsequent behaviour.
Genetic variation and associations involving Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Bjørnstad Åsmund , He Xinyao , Tekle Selamawit , Klos Kathy , Huang Yung‐Fen , Tinker Nicholas A. , Dong Yanhong , Skinnes Helge
Published: July 2017

Resistance in oats (Avena sativa L.) to Fusarium graminearum was phenotyped in 424 spring oat lines from North America and Scandinavia and genotyped with 2974 SNP markers. Fusarium head blight (FHB), deoxynivalenol (DON) content, days to flowering (DTF) and days to yellow maturity (DTM) were scored in field trials in 2011–12. Trials with phenotypic ranges from 1 to 30 ppm, and sufficient accuracy were obtained by an augmented design and spawn inoculation. Discriminant analysis–PCA identified the different gene pools, with overlaps corresponding to known pedigrees and germplasm exchanges. Structure was negligible and GWAS (genomewide association study) was done using mixed linear models in TASSEL or partial least‐squares regression (PLSR). PLSR allows simultaneous analyses of several phenotypes (environments and/or traits) and is a promising tool for GWAS in plants and should be tested in species with sequenced genomes. FHB was associated with phenology QTLs, due to very susceptible early lines from the Midwest. Lines with consistently low DON (and early heading) were identified. Six QTLs for DON were not associated with earliness, including three QTLs reported previously.
Dynamics of amino acid redistribution in the carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) after digestion of 13C/15N‐labelled prey
Authors: Kruse J. , Gao P. , Eibelmeier M. , Alfarraj S. , Rennenberg H.
Published: July 2017

Amino acids represent an important component in the diet of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), and supply plants with much needed nitrogen resources upon capture of insect prey. Little is known about the significance of prey‐derived carbon backbones of amino acids for the success of Dionaea's carnivorous life‐style.

The present study aimed at characterizing the metabolic fate of 15N and 13C in amino acids acquired from double‐labeled insect powder. We tracked changes in plant amino acid pools and their δ13C‐ and δ15N‐signatures over a period of five weeks after feeding, as affected by contrasting feeding intensity and tissue type (i.e., fed and non‐fed traps and attached petioles of Dionaea).

Isotope signatures (i.e., δ13C and δ15N) of plant amino acid pools were strongly correlated, explaining 60% of observed variation. Residual variation was related to contrasting effects of tissue type, feeding intensity and elapsed time since feeding. Synthesis of nitrogen‐rich transport compounds (i.e., amides) during peak time of prey digestion increased 15N‐ relative to 13C‐ abundances in amino acid pools. After completion of prey digestion, 13C in amino acid pools was progressively exchanged for newly fixed 12C. The latter process was most evident for non‐fed traps and attached petioles of plants that had received ample insect powder.

We argue that prey‐derived amino acids contribute to respiratory energy gain and loss of 13CO2 during conversion into transport compounds (i.e., 2 days after feeding), and that amino‐nitrogen helps boost photosynthetic carbon gain later on (i.e., 5 weeks after feeding).
Analysis of Spatial Data with a Nested Correlation Structure
Authors: Adegboye Oyelola A. , Leung Denis H. Y. , Wang You-Gan
Published: July 2017

Spatial statistical analyses are often used to study the link between environmental factors and the incidence of diseases. In modelling spatial data, the existence of spatial correlation between observations must be considered. However, in many situations, the exact form of the spatial correlation is unknown. This paper studies environmental factors that might influence the incidence of malaria in Afghanistan. We assume that spatial correlation may be induced by multiple latent sources. Our method is based on a generalized estimating equation of the marginal mean of disease incidence, as a function of the geographical factors and the spatial correlation. Instead of using one set of generalized estimating equations, we embed a series of generalized estimating equations, each reflecting a particular source of spatial correlation, into a larger system of estimating equations. To estimate the spatial correlation parameters, we set up a supplementary set of estimating equations based on the correlation structures that are induced from the various sources. Simultaneous estimation of the mean and correlation parameters is performed by alternating between the two systems of equations.
Mass Killings in the United States from 2006 to 2013: Social Contagion or Random Clusters?
Authors: Lankford Adam , Tomek Sara
Published: July 2017

In line with previous research on suicide and social contagion, there has been widespread speculation that mass killings—which often involve suicidal offenders—are socially contagious for up to 14 days. This study tested these claims by making comparisons (i) between observed chronological clusters of mass killings in the United States from 2006 to 2013 and clusters in 500 simulations containing 116,000 randomly generated dates, and then (ii) between observed mass killings receiving varying levels of public attention. No evidence of short‐term contagion was found, although longer term copycat effects may exist. Further scholarly and policy implications are discussed.
Performance of clinical prediction rules for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in a high‐incidence setting
Authors: Solari Lely , Soto Alonso , Van der Stuyft Patrick
Published: July 2017

Objectives

Diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (PT) is still a challenge, particularly in resource‐constrained settings. Alternative diagnostic tools are needed. We aimed at evaluating the utility of Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs) for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in Peru.

Methods

We identified CPRs for diagnosis of PT through a structured literature search. CPRs using high‐complexity tests, as defined by the FDA, were excluded. We applied the identified CPRs to patients with pleural exudates attending two third‐level hospitals in Lima, Peru, a setting with high incidence of tuberculosis. Besides pleural fluid analysis, patients underwent closed pleural biopsy for reaching a final diagnosis through combining microbiological and histopathological criteria. We evaluated the performance of the CPRs against this composite reference standard using classic indicators of diagnostic test validity.

Results

We found 15 eligible CPRs, of which 12 could be validated. Most included ADA, age, lymphocyte proportion and protein in pleural fluid as predictive findings. A total of 259 patients were included for their validation, of which 176 (67%) had PT and 50 (19%) malignant pleural effusion. The overall accuracy of the CPRs varied from 41% to 86%. Two had a positive likelihood ratio (LR) above 10, but none a negative LR below 0.1. ADA alone at a cut‐off of ≥40 IU attained 87% diagnostic accuracy and had a positive LR of 6.6 and a negative LR of 0.2.

Conclusion

Many CPRs for PT are available. In addition to ADA alone, none of them contributes significantly to diagnosis of PT.
Estimation of the roll angle in a triplet towed array using oceanic surface-generated ambient noise
Authors: Lee Keunhwa , Seong Woojae , Kim Seongil
Published: July 2017

This paper proposes a roll-angle estimation method for the triplet towed array using the oceanic ambient noise recorded in the mid-frequency range of 1 to 10 kHz. Here, the dominance of oceanic surface-generated noises such as wind-driven and shipping noises is expected. The ratio between the approximated phase parts of the noise-coherence function regarding the triplet hydrophones is used for the roll estimation. Advantage of this technique is that explicit input regarding the oceanic environment is not required, especially for an ocean with an azimuthally uniform noise field or dominant noise sources at the end-fire direction of the horizontal array. In other cases, a roll-angle bias occurs depending on the horizontal directionality. This proposed technique is applied to ocean-ambient-noise measurements that were collected in the East Sea of Korea during August 2015. The roll angles of the triplet array are estimated from the measurements and compared with roll-sensor-measured data. The estimated roll angles agree with the measured ones within the root mean square error of 10°, and their difference tends to decrease with increasing wind speed.
Opportunities and Benefits for Powerchair Users Through Power Soccer
Authors: Jeffress Michael S. , Brown William J.
Published: July 2017

Power soccer (or powerchair football), the first competitive team sport for users of motorized wheelchairs, is receiving increased attention among people with disabilities, healthcare professionals, and academics. The present study provides a qualitative analysis of the experiences of 34 American power soccer athletes. Participant observation and in-depth interviews with 11 female and 23 male athletes were conducted between 2007 and 2013. Results indicate that involvement in power soccer provides participants with an increased sense of empowerment, acquisition of social capital, and psychosocial benefits, including a deep satisfaction of the desire to participate in competitive sports and an opportunity to be independent. Implications of these findings for improving the quality of life of people with physical disabilities and for future research are discussed.
Motor Control and Learning in the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA): The First 40 Years
Authors: Christina Robert W.
Published: July 2017

By 1967, motor control and learning researchers had adopted an information processing (IP) approach. Central to that research was understanding how movement information was processed, coded, stored, and represented in memory. It also was centered on understanding motor control and learning in terms of Fitts’ law, closed-loop and schema theories, motor programs, contextual interference, modeling, mental practice, attentional focus, and how practice and augmented feedback could be organized to optimize learning. Our constraints-based research from the 1980s into the 2000s searched for principles of “self-organization”, and answers to the degrees-of-freedom problem, that is, how the human motor system with so many independent parts could be controlled without the need for an executive decision maker as proposed by the IP approach. By 2007 we were thinking about where the IP and constraints-based views were divergent and complementary, and whether neural-based models could bring together the behavior and biological mechanisms underlying the processes of motor control and learning.
Crystal nucleation initiated by transient ion-surface interactions at aerosol interfaces
Authors: Davis Ryan D. , Tolbert Margaret A.
Published: July 2017

Aqueous droplets crystallized via collisions with amorphous organic aerosols, indicating an ion-specific crystallization pathway.
Gender discrimination lawsuit at Salk ignites controversy
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: July 2017

Institute's critique of plaintiffs' science comes under fire
Zika rewrites maternal immunization ethics
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: July 2017

A push to vaccinate pregnant women to protect babies presents quandaries
Saving Europe's salamanders
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: July 2017

A Belgian couple discovered a lethal new threat to amphibians. Now, they wonder:
Can it be stopped?
Can immunotherapy treat neurodegeneration?
Authors: Schwartz Michal
Published: July 2017

Cancer immunotherapy could guide treatment for Alzheimer's disease
Epigenetic plasticity and the hallmarks of cancer
Authors: Flavahan William A. , Gaskell Elizabeth , Bernstein Bradley E.
Published: July 2017

Cancer epigenetics in the driver's seat

Recent cancer genome projects unexpectedly highlighted the role of epigenetic alterations in cancer development. About half of human cancers were found to harbor mutations in chromatin proteins. In a Review, Flavahan
et al.
propose that chromatin and epigenetic aberrations have the potential to confer on cells the full range of oncogenic properties represented in the classic “hallmarks” depiction of cancer. They suggest that genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors can make chromatin aberrantly permissive or restrictive. Permissive chromatin creates a state of “epigenetic plasticity,” which can activate oncogene expression or cell fate changes that drive cancer development.

Science
, this issue p.
eaal2380
Experimentally realized mechanochemistry distinct from force-accelerated scission of loaded bonds
Authors: Akbulatov Sergey , Tian Yancong , Huang Zhen , Kucharski Timothy J. , Yang Qing-Zheng , Boulatov Roman
Published: July 2017

Pulling on bonds counterintuitively

Experimental mechanochemistry has largely focused on the application of force along chemical bonds to accelerate their cleavage. Akbulatov
et al.
now demonstrate that force can also play a more subtle role. They generated strained macrocyclic rings photochemically and then studied the influence of that strain on the rates of reactions that cleaved either phosphorus-oxygen or silicon-oxygen bonds. P-O cleavage was accelerated by force orthogonal to the bond axis, whereas the Si-O cleavage was inhibited by force along the bond. Both results were consistent with the respective transition states predicted by theory.

Science
, this issue p.
299
Ratchet-like polypeptide translocation mechanism of the AAA+ disaggregase Hsp104
Authors: Gates Stephanie N. , Yokom Adam L. , Lin JiaBei , Jackrel Meredith E. , Rizo Alexandrea N. , Kendsersky Nathan M. , Buell Courtney E. , Sweeny Elizabeth A. , Mack Korrie L. , Chuang Edward , Torrente Mariana P. , Su Min , Shorter James , Southworth Daniel R.
Published: July 2017

Untangling aggregates one step at a time

Conserved AAA+ protein complexes exploit adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis to unfold and disaggregate their substrates in response to cell stress, but exactly how they do this has been unclear. Gates
et al.
determined high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the Hsp104 disaggregase bound to an unfolded polypeptide substrate in its channel. The structures reveal substrate interactions and two different translocation states. Hsp104 undergoes conformational changes that drive movement along the substrate by two-amino-acid steps. These states help explain how this molecular machine can solubilize protein aggregates and amyloids.

Science
, this issue p.
273
Tailored semiconductors for high-harmonic optoelectronics
Authors: Sivis Murat , Taucer Marco , Vampa Giulio , Johnston Kyle , Staudte André , Naumov Andrei Yu. , Villeneuve D. M. , Ropers Claus , Corkum P. B.
Published: July 2017

Hitting the highs in solid state

The ability to generate high harmonics of optical frequencies through the nonlinear interaction between intense light pulses and gas atoms has opened up the area of ultrafast optics and spectroscopy. Sivis
et al.
now show that high harmonics can also be generated with a solid-state sample. They used nanofabricated structured targets of ZnO and varied the chemical composition of the sample to demonstrate that (modest) high harmonics can be generated as the light interacts with the target materials. The results present the possibility of developing solid-state ultrafast optical devices.

Science
, this issue p.
303
Photoinduced decarboxylative borylation of carboxylic acids
Authors: Fawcett Alexander , Pradeilles Johan , Wang Yahui , Mutsuga Tatsuya , Myers Eddie L. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: July 2017

Lighting the way to carbon borylation

Boron substituents provide versatile reactivity, and their utility has been emerging in pharmaceutical contexts. Fawcett
et al.
show that visible light can induce replacement of carboxylic acid groups with boronate esters, which will ease their introduction into a wide variety of compounds. Once the acids are activated with phthalimide substituents, they can react with catecholborane dimers under illumination in amide solvents, with no need for catalysts or other additives. The reaction appears to proceed by radical chain propagation after photoinitiation.

Science
, this issue p.
283
Promote scientific integrity via journal peer review data
Authors: Lee Carole J. , Moher David
Published: July 2017

Publishers must invest, and manage risk
Remobilization of crustal carbon may dominate volcanic arc emissions
Authors: Mason Emily , Edmonds Marie , Turchyn Alexandra V.
Published: July 2017

Volcanoes find a new carbon platform

The geological carbon cycle assumes that carbon is emitted by volcanic eruptions and removed through various forms of burial. Mason
et al.
found that not all volcanic eruptions have the same source for carbon in their volcanic gas. Arc volcanic activity appears to harvest carbon from old carbonate platforms, which results in a massive difference in the isotopic signature of the carbon emitted during eruption. This discovery requires revision of the global carbon cycle, decreasing the amount of organic carbon believed to be being buried.

Science
, this issue p.
290
Sliding chains keep particles together
Authors: Ryu Jaegeon , Park Soojin
Published: July 2017

A polymeric pulley relieves stress as charging silicon particles expand inside a battery
Integrity of the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton Is Required for Efficient Herpesvirus Nuclear Egress
Authors: Klupp Barbara G. , Hellberg Teresa , Granzow Harald , Franzke Kati , Dominguez Gonzalez Beatriz , Goodchild Rose E. , Mettenleiter Thomas C.
Published: July 2017

Herpesvirus capsids assemble in the nucleus, while final virion maturation proceeds in the cytoplasm. This requires that newly formed nucleocapsids cross the nuclear envelope (NE), which occurs by budding at the inner nuclear membrane (INM), release of the primary enveloped virion into the perinuclear space (PNS), and subsequent rapid fusion with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). During this process, the NE remains intact, even at late stages of infection. In addition, the spacing between the INM and ONM is maintained, as is that between the primary virion envelope and nuclear membranes. The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex consists of INM proteins with a luminal SUN (Sad1/UNC-84 homology) domain connected to ONM proteins with a KASH (Klarsicht, ANC-1, SYNE homology) domain and is thought to be responsible for spacing the nuclear membranes. To investigate the role of the LINC complex during herpesvirus infection, we generated cell lines constitutively expressing dominant negative (dn) forms of SUN1 and SUN2. Ultrastructural analyses revealed a significant expansion of the PNS and the contiguous intracytoplasmic lumen, most likely representing endoplasmic reticulum (ER), especially in cells expressing dn-SUN2. After infection, primary virions accumulated in these expanded luminal regions, also very distant from the nucleus. The importance of the LINC complex was also confirmed by reduced progeny virus titers in cells expressing dn-SUN2. These data show that the intact LINC complex is required for efficient nuclear egress of herpesviruses, likely acting to promote fusion of primary enveloped virions with the ONM.

IMPORTANCE
While the viral factors for primary envelopment of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane are known to the point of high-resolution structures, the roles of cellular components and regulators remain enigmatic. Furthermore, the machinery responsible for fusion with the outer nuclear membrane is unsolved. We show here that dominant negative SUN2 interferes with efficient herpesvirus nuclear egress, apparently by interfering with fusion between the primary virion envelope and outer nuclear membrane. This identifies a new cellular component important for viral egress and implicates LINC complex integrity in nonconventional nuclear membrane trafficking.