bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIP activity in the interstimulus interval of a change detection task biases the behavioral response
Authors: Arcizet Fabrice , Mirpour Koorosh , Foster Daniel J. , Charpentier Caroline J. , Bisley James W.
Published: September 2015

When looking around at the world, we can only attend to a limited number of locations. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is thought to play a role in guiding both covert attention and eye movements. In this study, we tested the involvement of LIP in both mechanisms with a change detection task. In the task, animals had to indicate whether an element changed during a blank in the trial by making a saccade to it. If no element changed, they had to maintain fixation. We examine how the animal's behavior is biased based on LIP activity prior to the presentation of the stimulus the animal must respond to. When the activity was high, the animal was more likely to make an eye movement toward the stimulus, even if there was no change; when the activity was low, the animal either had a slower reaction time or maintained fixation, even if a change occurred. We conclude that LIP activity is involved in both covert and overt attention, but when decisions about eye movements are to be made, this role takes precedence over guiding covert attention.
Impact of cercal air currents on singing motor pattern generation in the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatusDeGeer)
Authors: Jacob Pedro F. , Hedwig Berthold
Published: September 2015

The cercal system of crickets detects low-frequency air currents produced by approaching predators and self-generated air currents during singing, which may provide sensory feedback to the singing motor network. We analyzed the effect of cercal stimulation on singing motor pattern generation to reveal the response of a singing interneuron to predator-like signals and to elucidate the possible role of self-generated air currents during singing. In fictive singing males, we recorded an interneuron of the singing network while applying air currents to the cerci; additionally, we analyzed the effect of abolishing the cercal system in freely singing males. In fictively singing crickets, the effect of short air stimuli is either to terminate prematurely or to lengthen the interchirp interval, depending on their phase in the chirp cycle. Within our stimulation paradigm, air stimuli of different velocities and durations always elicited an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in the singing interneuron. Current injection in the singing interneuron elicited singing motor activity, even during the air current-evoked inhibitory input from the cercal pathway. The disruptive effects of air stimuli on the fictive singing pattern and the inhibitory response of the singing interneuron point toward the cercal system being involved in initiating avoidance responses in singing crickets, according to the established role of cerci in a predator escape pathway. After abolishing the activity of the cercal system, the timing of natural singing activity was not significantly altered. Our study provides no evidence that self-generated cercal sensory activity has a feedback function for singing motor pattern generation.
Aquaporins in Plants
Authors: Maurel Christophe , Boursiac Yann , Luu Doan-Trung , Santoni Véronique , Shahzad Zaigham , Verdoucq Lionel
Published: September 2015

Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes of most living organisms. In plants, aquaporins occur as multiple isoforms reflecting a high diversity of cellular localizations, transport selectivity, and regulation properties. Plant aquaporins are localized in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plastids and, in some species, in membrane compartments interacting with symbiotic organisms. Plant aquaporins can transport various physiological substrates in addition to water. Of particular relevance for plants is the transport of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia or metalloids such as boron and silicon. Structure-function studies are developed to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of plant aquaporin gating and subcellular trafficking. Phosphorylation plays a central role in these two processes. These mechanisms allow aquaporin regulation in response to signaling intermediates such as cytosolic pH and calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Combined genetic and physiological approaches are now integrating this knowledge, showing that aquaporins play key roles in hydraulic regulation in roots and leaves, during drought but also in response to stimuli as diverse as flooding, nutrient availability, temperature, or light. A general hydraulic control of plant tissue expansion by aquaporins is emerging, and their role in key developmental processes (seed germination, emergence of lateral roots) has been established. Plants with genetically altered aquaporin functions are now tested for their ability to improve plant tolerance to stresses. In conclusion, research on aquaporins delineates ever expanding fields in plant integrative biology thereby establishing their crucial role in plants.
Membrane Repair: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology
Authors: Cooper Sandra T. , McNeil Paul L.
Published: September 2015

Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair response is mounted that restores boundary integrity. Calcium has been identified as the key trigger to activate an effective membrane repair response that utilizes exocytosis and endocytosis to repair a membrane tear, or remove a membrane pore. We here review what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of membrane repair, with particular emphasis on the relevance of repair as it relates to disease pathologies. Collective evidence reveals membrane repair employs primitive yet robust molecular machinery, such as vesicle fusion and contractile rings, processes evolutionarily honed for simplicity and success. Yet to be fully understood is whether core membrane repair machinery exists in all cells, or whether evolutionary adaptation has resulted in multiple compensatory repair pathways that specialize in different tissues and cells within our body.
Airway Gland Structure and Function
Authors: Widdicombe Jonathan H. , Wine Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2015

Submucosal glands contribute to airway surface liquid (ASL), a film that protects all airway surfaces. Glandular mucus comprises electrolytes, water, the gel-forming mucin MUC5B, and hundreds of different proteins with diverse protective functions. Gland volume per unit area of mucosal surface correlates positively with impaction rate of inhaled particles. In human main bronchi, the volume of the glands is ∼50 times that of surface goblet cells, but the glands diminish in size and frequency distally. ASL and its trapped particles are removed from the airways by mucociliary transport. Airway glands have a tubuloacinar structure, with a single terminal duct, a nonciliated collecting duct, then branching secretory tubules lined with mucous cells and ending in serous acini. They allow for a massive increase in numbers of mucus-producing cells without replacing surface ciliated cells. Active secretion of Cl−and HCO3−by serous cells produces most of the fluid of gland secretions. Glands are densely innervated by tonically active, mutually excitatory airway intrinsic neurons. Most gland mucus is secreted constitutively in vivo, with large, transient increases produced by emergency reflex drive from the vagus. Elevations of [cAMP]iand [Ca2+]icoordinate electrolyte and macromolecular secretion and probably occur together for baseline activity in vivo, with cholinergic elevation of [Ca2+]ibeing mainly responsive for transient increases in secretion. Altered submucosal gland function contributes to the pathology of all obstructive diseases, but is an early stage of pathogenesis only in cystic fibrosis.
Behcet’s Disease with Intracardiac Thrombus Presenting with Fever of Unknown Etiology
Authors: Ajmani Sajal , Misra Durga Prasanna , Raja Deep Chandh , Mohindra Namita , Agarwal Vikas
Published: September 2015

A young male was referred to us for evaluation of fever of unknown origin (FUO). He had history of recurrent painful oral ulcers for one year and moderate to high grade fever, pustulopapular rash, and recurrent genital ulcers for 6 months and hemoptysis for 3 days. He was detected to have intracardiac thrombi and pulmonary arterial thrombosis along with underlying Behcet’s disease (BD). Patient responded to high dose prednisolone (1 mg/Kg/day) along with monthly parenteral cyclophosphamide therapy. This case highlights the fact that BD is an important cause for pulmonary artery vasculitis with intracardiac thrombus formation, and such patients can present with FUO.
Audiomotor Integration in Minimally Conscious State: Proof of Concept!
Authors: Naro Antonino , Leo Antonino , Cannavò Antonino , Buda Antonio , Bruno Rocco , Salviera Carlo , Bramanti Placido , Calabrò Rocco Salvatore
Published: September 2015

Patients suffering from chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC) are characterized by profound unawareness and an impairment of large-scale cortical and subcortical connectivity. In this study, we applied an electrophysiological approach aimed at identifying the residual audiomotor connectivity patterns that are thought to be linked to awareness. We measured some markers of audiomotor integration (AMI) in 20 patients affected by DOC, before and after the application of a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol (rTMS) delivered over the left primary motor area (M1), paired to a transauricular alternating current stimulation. Our protocol induced potentiating of the electrophysiological markers of AMI and M1 excitability, paired to a clinical improvement, in all of the patients with minimally conscious state (MCS) but in none of those suffering from unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS). Our protocol could be a promising approach to potentiate the functional connectivity within large-scale audiomotor networks, thus allowing clinicians to differentiate patients affected by MCS from UWS, besides the clinical assessment.
The Vitreomacular Interface in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Agarwal Daniel , Gelman Rachel , Prospero Ponce Claudia , Stevenson William , Christoforidis John B.
Published: September 2015

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading health concern and a major cause of blindness. DR can be complicated by scar tissue formation, macular edema, and tractional retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography has found that patients with DR often have diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, posterior hyaloid traction, and tractional retinal detachment. Newer imaging techniques can even detect fine tangential folds and serous macular detachment. The interplay of the vitreous and the retina in the progression of DR involves multiple chemokine and other regulatory factors including VEGF. Understanding the cells infiltrating pathologic membranes at the vitreomacular interface has opened up the possibility of new targets for pharmacotherapy. Vitrectomies for DR remain a vital tool to help relieve tension on the macula by removing membranes, improving edema absorption, and eliminating the scaffold for new membrane formation. Newer treatments such as triamcinolone acetonide and VEGF inhibitors have become essential as a rapid way to control DR at the vitreomacular interface, improve macular edema, and reduce retinal neovascularization. These treatments alone, and in conjunction with PRP, help to prevent worsening of the VMI in patients with DR.
Influence of Individual Surgeon Volume on Oncological Outcome of Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Buurma Marleen , Kroon Hidde M. , Reimers Marlies S. , Neijenhuis Peter A.
Published: September 2015

Background. Surgery performed by a high-volume surgeon improves short-term outcomes. However, not much is known about long-term effects. Therefore we performed the current study to evaluate the impact of high-volume colorectal surgeons on survival.Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of our prospectively collected colorectal cancer database between 2004 and 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: operated on by a high-volume surgeon (>25 cases/year) or by a low-volume surgeon (<25 cases/year). Perioperative data were collected as well as follow-up, recurrence rates, and survival data.Results. 774 patients underwent resection for colorectal malignancies. Thirteen low-volume surgeons operated on 453 patients and 4 high-volume surgeons operated on 321 patients. Groups showed an equal distribution for preoperative characteristics, except a higher ASA-classification in the low-volume group. A high-volume surgeon proved to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in the multivariate analysisP=0.04. Although overall survival did show a significant difference in the univariate analysisP<0.001it failed to reach statistical significance in the multivariate analysisP=0.09.Conclusions. In our study, a higher number of colorectal cases performed per surgeon were associated with longer disease-free survival. Implementing high-volume surgery results in improved long-term outcome following colorectal cancer.
Biological and Pharmacological Aspects of the NK1-Receptor
Authors: Garcia-Recio Susana , Gascón Pedro
Published: September 2015

The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) is the main receptor for the tachykinin family of peptides. Substance P (SP) is the major mammalian ligand and the one with the highest affinity. SP is associated with multiple processes: hematopoiesis, wound healing, microvasculature permeability, neurogenic inflammation, leukocyte trafficking, and cell survival. It is also considered a mitogen, and it has been associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Tachykinins and their receptors are widely expressed in various human systems such as the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, and immune system. Particularly, NK-1R is found in the nervous system and in peripheral tissues and are involved in cellular responses such as pain transmission, endocrine and paracrine secretion, vasodilation, and modulation of cell proliferation. It also acts as a neuromodulator contributing to brain homeostasis and to sensory neuronal transmission associated with depression, stress, anxiety, and emesis. NK-1R and SP are present in brain regions involved in the vomiting reflex (the nucleus tractus solitarius and the area postrema). This anatomical localization has led to the successful clinical development of antagonists against NK-1R in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The first of these antagonists, aprepitant (oral administration) and fosaprepitant (intravenous administration), are prescribed for high and moderate emesis.
Fabrication of Modified MMT/Glass/Vinylester Multiscale Composites and Their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Mittal Garima , Dhand Vivek , Ryu Ji Il , Rhee Kyong Yop , Kim Hyeon-Ju , Jung Dong Ho
Published: September 2015

Montmorillonite (MMT) may become a preferred filler material for fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to its high aspect ratio, large surface area, and low charge density. In the present paper, MMT/glass/vinylester multiscale composites are prepared with untreated and surface‐treated MMT clay particles with an MMT content of 1.0 wt%. Effects of surface treatment on mechanical properties of MMT/glass/vinylester multiscale composites are investigated through tensile and bending tests, which revealed enhanced mechanical properties in the case of surface‐treated MMT. Thermal properties are studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). X‐Ray diffraction is performed to investigate the interaction between MMT and the matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) is also performed for both untreated and surface‐treated MMT. Furthermore, Field Emission‐Scanning Electron Microscope (FE‐SEM) is conducted to investigate the path of fracture propagation within the composite surface, showing that the surface‐treated MMT based multiscale composite has better interactions with the host matrix than the untreated MMT multiscale composites. These composites with enhanced mechanical strength can be used for various mechanical applications.
Electronic Structure Studies and Photocatalytic Properties of Cubic Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7
Authors: Perenlei Ganchimeg , Alarco Jose A. , Talbot Peter C. , Martens Wayde N.
Published: September 2015

The photocatalytic ability of cubic Bi1.5ZnNb1.5O7(BZN) pyrochlore for the decolorization of an acid orange 7 (AO7) azo dye in aqueous solution under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been investigated for the first time. BZN catalyst powders prepared using low temperature sol-gel and higher temperature solid-state methods have been evaluated and their reaction rates have been compared. The experimental band gap energy has been estimated from the optical absorption edge and has been used as reference for theoretical calculations. The electronic band structure of BZN has been investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations for random, completely and partially ordered solid solutions of Zn cations in both theAandBsites of the pyrochlore structure. The nature of the orbitals in the valence band (VB) and the conduction band (CB) has been identified and the theoretical band gap energy has been discussed in terms of the DFT model approximations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Ni50Al50−xMox (x = 0–5) Intermetallic Compound during Mechanical Alloying Process
Authors: Khajesarvi A. , Akbari G. H.
Published: September 2015

Nanocrystalline Ni50Al50-xMox (x=0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5) intermetallic compound was produced through mechanical alloying of nickel, aluminum, and molybdenum powders. Powders produced from milling were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Results showed that, with increasing the atomic percent of molybdenum, average grain size decreased from 3 to 0.5 μm. Parameter lattice and lattice strain increased with increasing the atomic percent of molybdenum, while the crystal structure became finer up to 10 nm. Also, maximum microhardness was obtained for NiAl49Mo1 alloy.
Unfolding the Phase Space Structure of Noisy Time Series by means of Angular First-Return Maps
Authors: Briongos Javier Villa , Gómez-Hernández Jesús , Serrano Daniel , Santana Domingo
Published: September 2015

A new approach which uses the joint probability matrix computation of noisy time series is proposed to construct a phase space portrait which reflects the orbit visitation frequency of the different regions of the phase space. The resulting representation provides a clear cut of the dynamical reconstructed attractor giving both quantitative information and qualitative information about the attractor structure. The orbital distribution recovered in the map is studied by an angular first-return map where the orbital time used for the reconstruction is obtained from the magnitude information of the complex representation of the data belonging to the probability phase portrait. The resulting phase delay coordinates serve to identify phase intermittency. The Lorenz-like Shimizu-Morioka model and the Rossler model are used to present the methodology. Finally, some experimental pressure time series measured on gas-solid fluidized beds operated at different dynamical regimes are presented to analyze the reliability of the proposed method to deal with experimental noise time series.
Current Trends about Inner Limiting Membrane Peeling in Surgery for Epiretinal Membranes
Authors: Semeraro Francesco , Morescalchi Francesco , Duse Sarah , Gambicorti Elena , Russo Andrea , Costagliola Ciro
Published: September 2015

The inner limiting membrane (ILM) is the basement membrane of the Müller cells and can act as a scaffold for cellular proliferation in the pathophysiology of disorders affecting the vitreomacular interface. The atraumatic removal of the macular ILM has been proposed for treating various forms of tractional maculopathy in particular for macular pucker. In the last decade, the removal of ILM has become a routine practice in the surgery of the epiretinal membranes (ERMs), with good anatomical results. However many recent studies showed that ILM peeling is a procedure that can cause immediate traumatic effects and progressive modification on the underlying inner retinal layers. Moreover, it is unclear whether ILM peeling is helpful to improve vision after surgery for ERM. In this review, we describe the current understanding about ILM peeling and highlight the beneficial and adverse effects associated with this surgical procedure.
Extraction of Water Treatment Coagulant from Locally Abundant Kaolin Clays
Authors: Chigondo Fidelis , Nyamunda Benias Chomunorwa , Bhebhe Vuyo
Published: September 2015

Rapid industrialisation is contributing to water pollution. There is a need to identify cheaper and efficient methods of removing contaminants as the demand for clean water rises. A study is carried out to investigate the extraction of alum from locally abundant kaolin clays using sulphuric acid. Alum is a coagulant that is used for raw water treatment. The kaolin clay and alum were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of particle size, calcination temperature, calcination time, acid-kaolin clay ratio, acid concentration, leaching temperature, and leaching time on extraction efficiency were investigated. The optimum leaching conditions for the calcined kaolin clay were found to be particle size 100 µm, acid-kaolin clay weight ratio 6 : 1, acid concentration 4 M, leaching temperature 100°C, and leaching time 90 min. Under optimised conditions, 66.95% (w/w) aluminum sulphate was extracted. The results showed that sulphuric acid could be used on a large scale to extract alum from kaolin clay. The extracted alum showed similar structural and physical characteristics compared with commercial alum. A dosage of 40 mg/L of the extracted alum showed effective coagulant properties with a great potential of treating raw water.
The Relationship of the Facial Nerve to the Condylar Process: A Cadaveric Study with Implications for Open Reduction Internal Fixation
Authors: Barham H. P. , Collister P. , Eusterman V. D. , Terella A. M.
Published: September 2015

Introduction. The mandibular condyle is the most common site of mandibular fracture. Surgical treatment of condylar fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) demands direct visualization of the fracture. This project aimed to investigate the anatomic relationship of the tragus to the facial nerve and condylar process.Materials and Methods. Twelve fresh hemicadavers heads were used. An extended retromandibular/preauricular approach was utilized, with the incision being based parallel to the posterior edge of the ramus. Measurements were obtained from the tragus to the facial nerve and condylar process.Results. The temporozygomatic division of the facial nerve was encountered during each approach, crossing the mandible at the condylar neck. The mean tissue depth separating the facial nerve from the condylar neck was 5.5 mm (range: 3.5 mm–7 mm, SD 1.2 mm). The upper division of the facial nerve crossed the posterior border of the condylar process on average 2.31 cm (SD 0.10 cm) anterior to the tragus.Conclusions. This study suggests that the temporozygomatic division of the facial nerve will be encountered in most approaches to the condylar process. As visualization of the relationship of the facial nerve to condyle is often limited, recognition that, on average, 5.5 mm of tissue separates condylar process from nerve should help reduce the incidence of facial nerve injury during this procedure.
Serum and Vitreous Concentrations of Omentin-1 in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Wan Wencui , Li Qiuming , Zhang Fengyan , Zheng Guangying , Lv Yong , Wan Guangming , Jin Xuemin
Published: September 2015

Objective. Omentin, a new discovered adipokine, is implicated to inhibit inflammation. Inflammation is one important mechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The purpose of this work was to evaluate serum and vitreous concentrations of omentin-1 in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods. This study enrolled 204 diabetic patients (60 without DR, 49 with NPDR, and 95 with PDR) and 65 control subjects.Results. Serum and vitreous omentin-1 levels in PDR patients were markedly decreased compared with those in the other three groups. NPDR patients showed reduced vitreous omentin-1 compared with patients without DR. In addition, control subjects had significantly higher levels of serum and vitreous omentin-1 compared with diabetic patients without DR, NPDR patients, and PDR patients. In addition, serum/vitreous omentin-1 ratio was positively correlated with the development and severity of DR.Conclusion. Serum and vitreous omentin-1 levels, as well as serum/vitreous omentin-1 ratio, are correlated with the presence and severity of DR.
Survey of Programs Used to Detect Alternative Splicing Isoforms from Deep Sequencing DataIn Silico
Authors: Min Feng , Wang Sumei , Zhang Li
Published: September 2015

Next-generation sequencing techniques have been rapidly emerging. However, the massive sequencing reads hide a great deal of unknown important information. Advances have enabled researchers to discover alternative splicing (AS) sites and isoforms using computational approaches instead of molecular experiments. Given the importance of AS for gene expression and protein diversity in eukaryotes, detecting alternative splicing and isoforms represents a hot topic in systems biology and epigenetics research. The computational methods applied to AS prediction have improved since the emergence of next-generation sequencing. In this study, we introduce state-of-the-art research on AS and then compare the research methods and software tools available for AS based on next-generation sequencing reads. Finally, we discuss the prospects of computational methods related to AS.
Predictors of Outcome and Severity in Adult Filipino Patients with Febrile Neutropenia
Authors: Yu Marc Gregory Y. , Villalobos Ralph Elvi M. , Juan-Bartolome Ma. Jasmin Marinela C. , Berba Regina P.
Published: September 2015

Aim. The study aimed to describe the profile of Filipino febrile neutropenia patients and to determine parameters associated with severe outcomes.Methods. This is a retrospective study of Filipino febrile neutropenia patients admitted to the Philippine General Hospital. Patients were described in terms of clinical presentation and stratified according to the presence or absence of severe outcomes. Prognostic factors were then identified using regression analysis.Results. 115 febrile episodes in 102 patients were identified. Regression analysis yielded prolonged fever >7 days prior to admission (OR 2.43; 95% CI, 0.77–7.74), isolation of a pathogen on cultures (OR 2.69; 95% CI, 1.04–6.98), and nadir absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 100 during admission (OR 1.96; 95% CI, 0.75–5.12) as significant predictors of poor outcome. Factors that significantly correlated with better outcome were granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) use (OR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11–0.85) and completeness of antibiotic therapy (OR 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10–0.67).Conclusion. Prolonged fever >7 days prior to admission, positive pathogen on cultures, and nadir ANC < 100 during admission predicted severe outcomes, whereas G-CSF use and complete antibiotic therapy were associated with better outcomes. These prognostic variables might be useful in identifying patients that need more intensive treatment and monitoring.
A New Design of the Universal Test Rig to Measure the Wear Characterizations of Polymer Acetal Gears (Spur, Helical, Bevel, and Worm)
Authors: Yousef Samy , Osman T. A. , Khattab M. , Bahr Ahmed A. , Youssef Ahmed M.
Published: September 2015

This work aims to study the wear characterization of common types of acetal polymer gears (spur, helical, bevel, and worm) using a new TS universal test rig, in order to obtain reliable results and as a reference when compared with acetal nanocomposite gears later. The TS universal test rig consists of three different units that are connected by a main driver shaft and a pair of constantly meshing metal spur gears, which transfer power to the bevel and worm test units. The first unit is used to test the bevel gears, the second unit is used to test the spur and helical gears, and the third unit is used to test the worm gears. The loading mechanism is similarly designed to block the brake mechanism. Hobbing and milling machines were used to machine an injection-moulded polymer flanges and produce the tested gears. All gear pairs, except the worm gear, have identical gear ratios. The experiments were performed at speed 1420 rpm and the torque was 4 Nm. The results showed that the wear rates (in the form of weight loss) of spur gears were consistent with the previous results and the other gear types had larger wear rates.
Retinal Damage Induced by Internal Limiting Membrane Removal
Authors: Gelman Rachel , Stevenson William , Prospero Ponce Claudia , Agarwal Daniel , Christoforidis John Byron
Published: September 2015

The internal limiting membrane (ILM), the basement membrane of the Müller cells, serves as the interface between the vitreous body and the retinal nerve fiber layer. It has a fundamental role in the development, structure, and function of the retina, although it also is a pathologic component in the various vitreoretinal disorders, most notably in macular holes. It was not until understanding of the evolution of idiopathic macular holes and the advent of idiopathic macular hole surgery that the idea of adjuvant ILM peeling in the treatment of tractional maculopathies was explored. Today intentional ILM peeling is a commonly applied surgical technique among vitreoretinal surgeons as it has been found to increase the rate of successful macular hole closure and improve surgical outcomes in other vitreoretinal diseases. Though ILM peeling has refined surgery for tractional maculopathies, like all surgical procedures it is not immune to perioperative risk. The essential role of the ILM to the integrity of the retina and risk of trauma to retinal tissue spurs suspicion with regard to its routine removal. Several authors have investigated the retinal damage induced by ILM peeling and these complications have been manifested across many different diagnostic studies.
Efficacy of Olanzapine Combined Therapy for Patients Receiving Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy Resistant to Standard Antiemetic Therapy
Authors: Abe Masakazu , Kasamatsu Yuka , Kado Nobuhiro , Kuji Shiho , Tanaka Aki , Takahashi Nobutaka , Takekuma Munetaka , Hirashima Yasuyuki
Published: September 2015

Objective. Olanzapine is proved to be effective for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). But its efficacy in combination with standard antiemetic therapy is unknown. The purpose of this study is to prove the preventive effect of olanzapine for the prevention of CINV caused by highly emetogenic chemotherapy when used with standard antiemetic therapy.Method. Gynecologic cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy who had grade 2 or 3 nausea in overall phase (0–120 h after chemotherapy) despite standard therapy were assigned to this study. From the next cycles to cycles in which patients developed grade 2 or 3 nausea, they received olanzapine with standard therapy. 5 mg oral olanzapine was administered for 7 days from the day before chemotherapy. The effectiveness of preventive administration of olanzapine was evaluated retrospectively. The primary endpoint was nausea control rate (grade 0 or 1) with olanzapine.Results. Fifty patients were evaluable. The nausea control rate with olanzapine was improved from 58% to 98% in acute phase (0–24 h after chemotherapy) and 2% to 94% in delayed phase (24–120 h after chemotherapy). In overall phase, the nausea control rate improved from 0% to 92%, and it was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion. Preventive use of olanzapine combined with standard antiemetic therapy showed improvement in control of refractory nausea.
Predictors for Nursing Home Admission and Death among Community-Dwelling People 70 Years and Older Who Receive Domiciliary Care
Authors: Wergeland Jon N. , Selbæk Geir , Bergh Sverre , Soederhamn Ulrika , Kirkevold Øyvind
Published: September 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze which variables predicted nursing home admission (NHA) and death. Methods: 1,001 recipients of domiciliary care were assessed three times in a 3-year period. Through bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, associations between a covariate and the outcomes were analyzed. Results: Participants with dementia had a higher risk of NHA (odds ratio 3.88, 95% confidence interval 2.92-5.16) compared to participants without dementia. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory sub-syndrome psychosis, poorer functional impairment and age were associated with NHA. Female sex, age, worse medical health and functional impairment were associated with death. Conclusion: Support to the caregiver and education on how to meet and cope with behavioral disturbance, depressive mood and sub-syndrome psychosis will probably enable the family to better adapt to late life changes.
Inflammasomes in the Pathophysiology of Kidney Diseases
Authors: Masood Humaira , Che Ruochen , Zhang Aihua
Published: September 2015

Background: The inflammasome is a complex of proteins in the cytoplasm that consists of three main components: a sensor protein (receptor), an adapter protein and caspase-1. Inflammasomes are the critical components of innate immunity and have been gradually recognized as a critical mediator in various autoimmune diseases; also, their role in chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury has been gradually accepted. Summary: Inflammasomes triggered by infectious or sterile injuries transfer proinflammatory mediators into mature ones through innate danger-signaling platforms. Information on inflammasomes in kidney disease will help to uncover the underlying mechanisms of nephropathy and provide novel therapeutic targets in the future. Key Messages: The inflammasomes can be activated by a series of exogenous and endogenous stimuli, including pathogen-and danger-associated molecular patterns released from or caused by damaged cells. The NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in the kidney exerts its effect not only by the ‘canonical' pathway of IL-1β and IL-18 secretion but also by ‘noncanonical' pathways, such as tumor growth factor-β signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. In both clinical and experimental data, the NLRP3 inflammasome was reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Therapies targeting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome or blocking its downstream effectors appear attractive for the pursuit of neuropathy treatments.
The Impact of Gonadal Hormones on the Expression of Human Neurological Disorders
Authors: Schipper Hyman M.
Published: September 2015

The effects of gonadal steroids on neurological well-being and disease constitute a rich and rapidly expanding area of basic and clinical neuroscience. Gonadal hormones exert potent effects on monoaminergic, cholinergic and peptidergic pathways as well as neurosteroidogenesis which, in turn, impact normal brain organization and function. A spectrum of human neurological conditions are influenced by hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the menopause and use of oral contraceptives. An appreciation of these relationships may facilitate the development of specific hormonal and anti-hormonal therapies for neurological disorders as disparate as catamenial epilepsy and acute intermittent porphyria.
Sentido de la responsabilidad con la salud: perspectiva de sujetos que reivindican este derecho
Authors: Franco-Cortés Ángela María , Roldán-Vargas Ofelia
Published: September 2015

(analítico): En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación que realizamos con el objetivo de comprender el sentido que tiene la responsabilidad con la salud para miembros de organizaciones sociales que se movilizan por el derecho a la vida saludable. Es una investigación cualitativa, soportada epistemológica y metodológicamente en la hermenéutica y en la fenomenología social. Develamos tres tendencias sobre el sentido de la responsabilidad con la salud que orientan las acciones individuales y colectivas de estos sujetos: la responsabilidad como compasión (perspectiva judeo-cristiana) y como actitud de servicio con quien está enfermo; como tensión entre la presencia del Estado y la resistencia/movilización de los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas por el derecho a los servicios; y como compromiso político y vinculación solidaria a un proyecto colectivo por una sociedad distinta.
Dilemas de la guerra: un estudio desde las narrativas médicas en Colombia
Authors: Urrego-Mendoza Diana Zulima , Quintero-Mejía Marieta
Published: September 2015

En esta investigación buscamos comprender las situaciones dilemáticas e identificar los principios que guían la toma de decisión que en la práctica afrontan los médicos y médicas en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. Para lograrlo realizamos un estudio con enfoque cualitativo hermenéutico interpretativo, en el que utilizamos como estrategia metodológica las narrativas ricoeurianas. Identificamos las siguientes situaciones dilemáticas: El valor de la vida: actuar como médico o médica o el cuidado de sí, Marcando territorios médicos: ¿Rebeldía o sometimiento?, Ser médico o médica, el protocolo o el cuidado del otro y Más allá de la medicina: el consultorio o el cuidado colectivo. En relación con los principios morales identificamos la obligación moral, el deber profesional, el respeto, la autonomía, la dignidad, la amistad, la honestidad, la igualdad, y los lineamientos del derecho internacional humanitario, entre otros.
La comunicación verbal colaborativa en tres grupos etarios y dos contextos socioeconómicos
Authors: Castellaro Mariano A. , Roselli Néstor D.
Published: September 2015

(analítico): Se comparan las características diferenciales de la interacción verbal colaborativa entre distintos grupos etarios (4, 8 y 12 años) y contextos socioeconómicos (favorecido y desfavorecido). El estudio asume un enfoque socioconstructivista del desarrollo, lo que supone entender a éste como un proceso sociointeractivo atravesado por el contexto. Se utilizó un diseño evolutivo descriptivo. Participaron 41 díadas que realizaron una tarea de construcción con bloques. Las verbalizaciones fueron analizadas mediante categorías ad hoc. Las diferencias más notorias según edad se observan entre 4 y 8 años, en ambos contextos socioeconómicos. Las diferencias más marcadas según nivel socioeconómico se registran en los 8 y 12 años. Se concluye que el desarrollo de la colaboración intersubjetiva, motor del crecimiento cognitivo individual, está ligado al desarrollo de la función comunicativa y regulatoria del lenguaje.
Anorexia nerviosa: el cuerpo y los mandatos sociales-superyóicos
Authors: Murguía-Mier Sonia Patricia , Unikel-Santoncini Claudia , Blum-Grynberg Bertha , Taracena-Ruiz Bertha Elvia
Published: September 2015

(analítico): En este trabajo analítico y cualitativo presentamos los resultados de una investigación aplicada a cinco chicas con diagnóstico de anorexia nerviosa o trastorno alimentario no especificado. Utilizamos metodología de la sociología clínica en seis sesiones grupales y dos entrevistas individuales, para conocer las instancias psíquicas que se ponen en juego cuando la joven con anorexia nerviosa es capaz de lastimar su cuerpo tan gravemente, y continuar con esa dinámica a veces hasta la muerte. Encontramos que no las mueve un ideal de delgadez estético y que la enfermedad es regulada por el superyó, sostenida por lo que llamamos mandatos sociales- superyóicos, que son frases coaguladas -carentes de sentido-, que las instala en un fuera de control, como un regulador implacable, propiciando el dominio de la pulsión de muerte
No Evidence of Myocardial Oxygen Deprivation in Nonischemic Heart Failure
Authors: Dass Sairia , Holloway Cameron J. , Cochlin Lowri E. , Rider Oliver J. , Mahmod Masliza , Robson Matthew , Sever Emily , Clarke Kieran , Watkins Hugh , Ashrafian Houman , Karamitsos Theodoros D. , Neubauer Stefan
Published: September 2015

Background—

Whether the myocardium in nonischemic heart failure experiences oxygen limitation remains a long-standing controversy. We addressed this question in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using a dual approach. First, we tested the changes in myocardial oxygenation between rest and stress states, using oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Second, we sought to assess the functional consequences of oxygen limitation at rest by measuring myocardial energetics before and after short-term oxygen supplementation.

Methods and Results—

Twenty-six subjects (14 DCM and 12 normal) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla to assess cardiac volumes, function, oxygenation, and first-pass perfusion (0.03 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA bolus) at stress and rest (4–6 minutes IV adenosine, 140 μg/kg per minute). Signal intensity change (SIΔ) and myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) were measured from oxygenation and perfusion images, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen supplementation on resting myocardial energy metabolism was tested using
31
P MR spectroscopy, measuring PCr/ATP ratios in both groups at baseline and after 4 hours of oxygen via facemask in the DCM group. During stress, there were equivalent rises in rate pressure product in both groups (DCM, 76±15% and normal, 79±9%;
P
=0.84). MPRI was significantly reduced in DCM (1.51±0.11 versus normal 1.86±0.10;
P
=0.03). However, there was no difference in oxygenation between groups: SIΔ in DCM 17±3% versus normal 20±2% (
P
=0.38). Furthermore, at a left ventricular segmental level, there was no correlation between oxygenation-sensitive SIΔ and MPRI (
R
=0.06;
P
=0.43). Resting PCr/ATP was reduced in DCM (1.66±0.07 versus normal 2.12±0.06;
P
=0.002). With oxygen supplementation, there was no change in PCr/ATP (1.61±0.08;
P
=0.58; Δ=0.04±0.05). There was also no effect of oxygen on systolic function (ejection fraction pre oxygen, 34±1%; post oxygen, 36±2%;
P
=0.46; Δ 2±1%).

Conclusions—

Our results demonstrate dissociation between microvascular dysfunction and oxygenation in DCM, suggesting that the impairment of perfusion is not sufficient to cause deoxygenation during stress. Cardiac energetics are unaffected by oxygen supplementation, indicating the absence of relevant myocardial hypoxia at rest. Our study suggests that novel treatments for nonischemic heart failure should focus on efforts to directly target cardiomyocyte function and metabolism rather than oxygen delivery and microvascular function.
miR-206 Mediates YAP-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Survival
Authors: Yang Yanfei , Del Re Dominic P. , Nakano Noritsugu , Sciarretta Sebastiano , Zhai Peiyong , Park Jiyeon , Sayed Danish , Shirakabe Akihiro , Matsushima Shoji , Park Yongkyu , Tian Bin , Abdellatif Maha , Sadoshima Junichi
Published: September 2015

Rationale:

In
Drosophila
, the Hippo signaling pathway negatively regulates organ size by suppressing cell proliferation and survival through the inhibition of Yorkie, a transcriptional cofactor. Yes-associated protein (YAP), the mammalian homolog of Yorkie, promotes cardiomyocyte growth and survival in postnatal hearts. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of YAP in cardiomyocytes remains unclear.

Objectives:

We investigated whether miR-206, a microRNA known to promote hypertrophy in skeletal muscle, mediates the effect of YAP on promotion of survival and hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes.

Methods and Results:

Microarray analysis indicated that YAP increased miR-206 expression in cardiomyocytes. Increased miR-206 expression induced cardiac hypertrophy and inhibited cell death in cultured cardiomyocytes, similar to that of YAP. Downregulation of endogenous miR-206 in cardiomyocytes attenuated YAP-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that miR-206 plays a critical role in mediating YAP function. Cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-206 in mice induced hypertrophy and protected the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas suppression of miR-206 exacerbated ischemia/reperfusion injury and prevented pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. miR-206 negatively regulates Forkhead box protein P1 expression in cardiomyocytes and overexpression of Forkhead box protein P1 attenuated miR-206–induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that Forkhead box protein P1 is a functional target of miR-206.

Conclusions:

YAP increases the abundance of miR-206, which in turn plays an essential role in mediating hypertrophy and survival by silencing Forkhead box protein P1 in cardiomyocytes.
Jindou: A Musical Form Found in Southern Song  Lyric Songs
Authors: Yuanzheng Yang
Published: September 2015

By introducing a newly-discovered manuscript copy of the lyric song anthology of the poet-musician Jiang Kui (1155–1221), this article aims to elucidate a hitherto unnoticed musical form of the genre: the jindou form. A comparison between the manuscript and all the early modern editions reveals discrepancies in the stanzaic divisions of four of Jiang’s seventeen songs for which he provided notation. Through musical analysis it is argued that the opening line of the second stanza in all the early modern editions may have been intentionally placed at the end of the first in the newly-discovered manuscript in order to remind the singer of the jindou form, in which the cadential notes of the first stanza immediately repeat at the beginning of the second. Therefore, these “unusual” stanzaic divisions are not mistakes, but indications of conventional performance practice in the Southern Song dynasty as dictated by musical factors. 

S’appuyant sur une copie manuscrite récemment découverte de l’anthologie de poèmes chantés du poète et musicien Jiang Kui (1155–1221), cet article s’attache à élucider une forme musicale propre à ce genre et à laquelle on n’a jamais prêté attention : la forme jindou. La comparaison entre ce manuscrit et l’ensemble des éditions de la fin de la période impériale révèle des différences dans la division strophique de quatre poèmes de Jiang sur les dix-sept pour lesquels la notation musicale est fournie. L’analyse musicale permet d’établir que le premier vers de la seconde strophe dans toutes les éditions de la fin de l’empire a été délibérément placé à la fin de la première strophe dans le nouveau manuscrit, ce afin de rappeler au chanteur la forme jindou, dans laquelle les notes cadentielles de la première strophe sont immédiatement répétées au début de la seconde. Cette division inhabituelle entre strophes n’est donc pas le résultat d’une erreur: elle signale ce qui était le mode d’exécution conventionnel, basé sur des facteurs purement musicaux, à l’époque des Song du Sud.