bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Switching between standard coral reef benthic monitoring protocols is complicated: proof of concept
Authors: Vallès Henri , Oxenford Hazel A. , Henderson Alex
Published: December 2019

Monitoring the state of coral reefs is necessary to identify drivers of change and assess effectiveness of management actions. There are several widely-used survey methods, each of which is likely to exhibit different biases that should be quantified if the purpose is to combine datasets obtained via different survey methods. The latter is a particularly important consideration when switching methodologies in long-term monitoring programs and is highly relevant to the Caribbean today. This is because of the continuing need for regionally comparable coral reef monitoring datasets and the fact that the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)-Caribbean node is now recommending a photoquadrat (PQ) method over the chain intercept transect method widely adopted by the members of the first truly regional monitoring network, Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP), in the early-1990s. Barbados, a member of the CARICOMP network, has been using a variation of the chain intercept method in its long-term coral reef monitoring program for more than two decades. Now a member of GCRMN-Caribbean, Barbados is considering switching to the PQ method in conformity with other regional members. Since we expect differences between methods, this study seeks to quantify the nature of those differences to inform Barbados and others considering switching methods. In 2017, both methods were concurrently implemented at 21 permanent monitoring plots across three major reef types in Barbados. Differences in % cover estimates for the six major benthic components, that is, hard corals, sponges, gorgonians, macroalgae, turf algae and crustose coralline algae, were examined within and among reef types. Overall, we found a complex pattern of differences between methods that depended on the benthic component, its relative abundance, and the reef type. We conclude that most benthic components would require a different conversion procedure depending on the reef type, and we provide an example of these procedures for Barbados. The factors that likely contribute to the complex pattern of between-method differences are discussed. Overall, our findings highlight that switching methods will be complicated, but not impossible. Finally, our study fills an important gap by underscoring a promising analytical framework to guide the comparison of ecological survey methods on coral reefs.
Reflexiones sobre la traducción de documentos contables: recursos documentales, traducción encubierta y retrotraducción
Authors:   Universidade de Vigo (España), García González Marta
Published: December 2019

La traducción de documentos contables ha sido tradicionalmente una de las áreas de especialización que más dificultades plantean a los estudiantes de traducción económica, debido no solo a la falta de competencia temática que estos presentan, sino también a las importantes diferencias existentes entre el sistema contable de la cultura origen y el de la cultura meta. Aunque la adopción en un número cada vez mayor de países de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) como marco regulador de referencia ha reducido parcialmente estas diferencias, la armonización está lejos de ser completa y ha traído consigo nuevas dificultades para los traductores. Así, el traductor novel sigue teniendo que gestionar una serie de factores complejos que dificultan el proceso de toma de decisiones, entre los que destacan la alternancia de normas contables dentro de un mismo sistema, la ausencia en muchos casos de una cultura de llegada única para la traducción, la falta de fijación de la terminología contable o la coexistencia de diferentes traducciones de las NIIF. El presente artículo realiza una revisión de las principales implicaciones de la adopción de estas normas en la traducción de documentos contables, con especial atención a la traducción de los propios documentos normativos y de cuentas anuales. A continuación, se presentan los resultados de un análisis de estrategias de aprendizaje y recursos documentales que pueden ayudar al traductor novel en su trabajo. El análisis se plantea desde una perspectiva práctica, basada en el análisis de supuestos de traducción de fragmentos de cuentas anuales reales. Concretamente, se valora la utilidad que diferentes recursos pueden tener para ayudar al estudiante a realizar una traducción apropiada al mismo tiempo que refuerza su competencia temática con objeto de mejorar su capacidad de toma de decisiones. A partir de los resultados, se reflexiona sobre la práctica de la traducción encubierta como fenómeno recurrente en la formulación de cuentas anuales y sobre las ventajas de la retrotraducción como herramienta de formación de traductores de documentos contables.
Biology of the adenovirus E4orf4 protein: from virus infection to cancer cell death
Authors: Kleinberger Tamar
Published: December 2019

The adenovirus (Ad) early region 4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein is a small 14‐kDa polypeptide endowed with important viral regulatory functions. Although deletion of E4orf4 does not have a major effect on Ad replication due to redundancy among many Ad proteins, E4orf4 provides several functions that improve viral replication. E4orf4 contributes to temporal regulation of virus infection by downregulating early viral gene expression and by altering splicing patterns of Ad mRNAs. It also optimizes the cellular environment for Ad replication by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway to increase viral protein production and by impacting the cell cycle. In addition, E4orf4 participates in the inhibition of the host DNA damage response, promoting the ability of Ad to counteract this antiviral defense mechanism. To fulfill these functions, E4orf4 interacts with numerous cellular proteins, including the major E4orf4 partner, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). When expressed alone, outside the context of virus infection, E4orf4 induces an evolutionarily conserved, caspase‐independent, cancer‐selective cell death with many interesting characteristics. This review critically describes E4orf4’s contribution to Ad infection and cancer‐cell death.
Reproducibility of cognitive endpoints in clinical trials: lessons from neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Payne Jonathan M. , Hearps Stephen J. C. , Walsh Karin S. , Paltin Iris , Barton Belinda , Ullrich Nicole J. , Haebich Kristina M. , Coghill David , Gioia Gerard A. , Cantor Alan , Cutter Gary , Tonsgard James H. , Viskochil David , Rey‐Casserly Celiane , Schorry Elizabeth K. , Ackerson Joseph D. , Klesse Laura , Fisher Michael J. , Gutmann David H. , Rosser Tena , Packer Roger J. , Korf Bruce , Acosta Maria T. , North Kathryn N. ,   the NF Clinical Trials Consortium
Published: December 2019

Objective

Rapid developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders have increased expectations for targeted, mechanism‐based treatments. However, translation from preclinical models to human clinical trials has proven challenging. Poor reproducibility of cognitive endpoints may provide one explanation for this finding. We examined the suitability of cognitive outcomes for clinical trials in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) by examining test‐retest reliability of the measures and the application of data reduction techniques to improve reproducibility.

Methods

Data were analyzed from the STARS clinical trial (n = 146), a multi‐center double‐blind placebo‐controlled phase II trial of lovastatin, conducted by the NF Clinical Trials Consortium. Intra‐class correlation coefficients were generated between pre‐ and post‐performances (16‐week interval) on neuropsychological endpoints in the placebo group to determine test‐retest reliabilities. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reduce data into cognitive domains and account for measurement error.

Results

Test‐retest reliabilities were highly variable, with most endpoints demonstrating unacceptably low reproducibility. Data reduction confirmed four distinct neuropsychological domains: executive functioning/attention, visuospatial ability, memory, and behavior. Test‐retest reliabilities of latent factors improved to acceptable levels for clinical trials. Applicability and utility of our model was demonstrated by homogeneous effect sizes in the reanalyzed efficacy data.

Interpretation

These data demonstrate that single observed endpoints are not appropriate to determine efficacy, partly accounting for the poor test‐retest reliability of cognitive outcomes in clinical trials in neurodevelopmental disorders. Recommendations to improve reproducibility are outlined to guide future trial design.
Influence of Al Addition Strategy on the Microstructure of a Low‐Cr Oxide Dispersion‐Strengthened Ferritic Steel
Authors: Xu Shuai , Zhou Zhangjian , Long Fei , Jia Haodong , Guo Ning , Sun Yongduo , Yao Zhongwen , Daymond Mark R.
Published: December 2019

Herein, two kinds of Fe–9Cr–8Al oxide dispersion‐strengthened (ODS) steels (prealloyed and postalloyed) are fabricated via mechanical alloying (MA), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and subsequent hot forging. Microstructures of the milled powder and forged bulk materials are carefully characterized. The results show that the adding sequence of Al has a significant impact on the microstructure. For the postalloyed sample (adding Al during ball milling), a dual‐phase structure composed of reticular Al‐rich regions and a steel matrix is formed in the milled powder due to the highly mismatched deformability between the Al powder and the Fe–9Cr powder during ball milling. For the prealloyed sample (adding Al prior to ball milling), Al is solid solutionized into the steel matrix before ball milling, and there is no dual‐phase structure in the milled powder. In the final bulk materials, the average grain size of the prealloyed sample is much larger than that of the postalloyed sample. Moreover, the matrix of the postalloyed sample has a bimodal grain structure consisting of coarse grains closely surrounded by fine grains, whereas the prealloyed sample has a relatively uniform distribution of coarse grains. The coarsening mechanisms of Al addition on the microstructure are also discussed.
Synthesis of Porous Ni/SiC(O)‐Based Nanocomposites: Effect of Nickel Acetylacetonate and Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate Modification on Specific Surface Area and Porosity
Authors: Kaur Sarabjeet , Mônego Guilherme , Rezwan Kurosch , Wilhelm Michaela
Published: December 2019

Nanoporous Ni/SiC(O)‐based nanocomposites are successfully synthesized by the pyrolytic conversion of nickel‐modified polycarbosilane precursors, which are obtained by the chemical modification of polycarbosilane with nickel acetylacetonate (Ni‐SMP). High‐temperature treatment of the produced precursor in argon atmosphere leads to the homogeneously distributed in situ generated crystalline Ni nanoparticles in the amorphous SiC(O) matrix. The obtained Ni/SiC(O)‐based nanocomposites show high specific surface area (SSA; 100–200 m2 g−1) with in situ generated microporosity. Furthermore, the chemical modification of Ni‐SMP precursor with macromolecule poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGM) increases the SSA (Ni‐SMP‐PEGM; 300–350 m2 g−1) and generated micro‐mesoporosity. In terms of catalytic properties, preliminary results of the catalytic activity of the Ni/SiC(O)‐based nanocomposites show that they are active for the methanation of CO2. The CO2 conversion increases with increasing reaction temperature and decreases with increasing nanocomposite pyrolysis temperature. The maximum CO2 conversion efficiency is found for the Ni‐SMP‐PEGM‐600 (46%) at reaction temperature of ≈500 °C.
Stochastic Crystal Plasticity Models with Internal Variables: Application to Slip Channel Formation in Irradiated Metals
Authors: Zaiser Michael , Moretti Paolo , Chu Haijan
Published: December 2019

Stochastic crystal plasticity models are originally introduced to study slip avalanche phenomena that are ubiquitous features of the microscale plasticity of crystalline solids. Herein, a method is proposed to couple such models to the evolution of internal variables to account for microstructural hardening and softening phenomena. Specifically, strain hardening is described in terms of a Kocks–Mecking‐type dislocation density and the structural softening of irradiated metals in terms of the density of irradiation‐induced point defect agglomerates, which are cut and eliminated by moving dislocations. The interplay of both effects results in the formation of defect‐free slip channels. Critical conditions for slip channel formation are formulated, the statistical morphology of the ensuing slip channel patterns is investigated and compared with surface observations. Finally, the magnitude and nature of stress concentrations that emerge if slip channels interact with platelet‐like hard inclusions are discussed.
Metal‐Matrix Materials for High‐Temperature Applications with Liquid Aluminum
Authors: Weigelt Christian , Brachhold Nora , Eckner Ralf , Krüger Lutz , Hauser Michael , Sauke Sven-Olaf , Semrau Hubertus , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: December 2019

Herein, powder metallurgically processed transformation‐induced plasticity effect (TRIP)‐steel‐matrix composites with additions of TiO2 or Al2O3–TiO2 are investigated for their potentional use as a impact pad in aluminum melting furnaces. The composites contain volume fractions of 10% or 30% ceramic particles dispersed in a CrMnNi‐steel matrix. The formation of ceramic precipitates in the steel and the interactions between the matrix and the ceramic particles during sintering influence the microstructure of the fired materials. TiO2 promotes the formation of Mn–Ti–O spinel‐type structures whereas the Al2O3–TiO2 material induces the additional formation of Ti–Mn–Al–O solid solutions but reduces the densification progress. Despite material changes, the steel matrix undergoes α'‐martensite formation during quasi‐static tensile loading at room temperature in the reference material and in the composite variants. The yield strength in the composite variant with 10 vol% TiO2 increases by 28% (constant with 10 vol% Al2O3–TiO2), whereby the ultimate tensile strength and the fracture strain are lower for all composite variants as compared to the pure steel. The yield strength of the materials after immersion test in liquid aluminum at 800 °C is +80% (10% TiO2) or +29% (10% Al2O3–TiO2) as compared to the corroded steel material.
Advanced Actuator Materials Powered by Biomimetic Helical Fiber Topologies
Authors: Spinks Geoffrey M.
Published: December 2019

Helical constructs are ubiquitous in nature at all size domains, from molecular to macroscopic. The helical topology confers unique mechanical functions that activate certain phenomena, such as twining vines and vital cellular functions like the folding and packing of DNA into chromosomes. The understanding of active mechanical processes in plants, certain musculature in animals, and some biochemical processes in cells provides insight into the versatility of the helix. Most of these natural systems consist of helically oriented filaments embedded in a compliant matrix. In some cases, the matrix can change volume and in others the filaments can contract and the matrix is passive. In both cases, the helically arranged fibers determine the overall shape change with a great variety of responses involving length contraction/elongation, twisting, bending, and coiling. Synthetic actuator materials and systems that employ helical topologies have been described recently and demonstrate many fascinating and complex shape changes. However, significant new opportunities exist to mimic some of the most remarkable actions in nature, including the Vorticella's coiling stalk and DNA's supercoils, in the quest for superior artificial muscles.
Postoperative non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal anastomoses: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jamjittrong Supaschin , Matsuda Akihisa , Matsumoto Satoshi , Kamonvarapitak Tunyaporn , Sakurazawa Nobuyuki , Kawano Youichi , Yamada Takeshi , Suzuki Hideyuki , Miyashita Masao , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: December 2019

Aim

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to control postoperative pain; however, their postoperative use has been associated with anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal surgery. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to determine the correlation between the use of NSAIDs and anastomotic leakage.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive electronic literature search up to August 2018 to identify studies comparing anastomotic leakage in patients with and without postoperative NSAID use following gastrointestinal surgery. We then carried out a meta‐analysis using random‐effects models to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Twenty‐four studies were included in this meta‐analysis, including a total of 31 877 patients. Meta‐analysis showed a significant association between NSAID use and anastomotic leakage (OR 1.73; 95% CI = 1.31‐2.29, P < .0001). Subgroup analyses showed that non‐selective NSAIDs, but not selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors, were significantly associated with anastomotic leakage. However there was no significant subgroup difference between selective and non‐selective NSAIDs.

Conclusion

Results of this meta‐analysis indicate that postoperative NSAID use is associated with anastomotic leakage following gastrointestinal surgeries. Caution is warranted when using NSAIDs for postoperative analgesic control in patients with gastrointestinal anastomoses.
Automation of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization
Authors: Tamasi Matthew , Kosuri Shashank , DiStefano Jason , Chapman Robert , Gormley Adam J.
Published: December 2019

Controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) techniques are widely utilized to synthesize advanced and controlled synthetic polymers for chemical and biological applications. While automation has long stood as a high‐throughput (HTP) research tool to increase productivity as well as synthetic/analytical reliability and precision, oxygen intolerance of CLRP has limited the widespread adoption of these systems. Recently, however, oxygen‐tolerant CLRP techniques, such as oxygen‐tolerant photoinduced electron/energy transfer–reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET–RAFT), enzyme degassing of RAFT (Enz‐RAFT), and atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have emerged. Herein, the use of a Hamilton MLSTARlet liquid handling robot for automating CLRP reactions is demonstrated. Synthesis processes are developed using Python and used to automate reagent handling, dispensing sequences, and synthesis steps required to create homopolymers, random heteropolymers, and block copolymers in 96‐well plates, as well as postpolymerization modifications. Using this approach, the synergy between highly customizable liquid handling robotics and oxygen‐tolerant CLRP to automate advanced polymer synthesis for HTP and combinatorial polymer research is demonstrated.
Inward‐ and Outward‐Directed Violence in the Lives of Urban Minority Adults Followed from Middle School into Their Thirties
Authors: O'Donnell Lydia , Vrba Eric , Miller Melanie , Dash Kim , Kar Heidi , Reed Gerald A.
Published: December 2019

This study explores connections between inward‐directed violence and outward‐directed violence using data from the Reach for Health sample, which was originally recruited in the 1990s from three middle schools in economically distressed, predominantly African American neighborhoods of New York City. Now in their thirties, participants (N = 595) completed surveys assessing current suicidal thoughts and behaviors as well as other violence involvements, including intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration. About 10% of males and females reported any suicidal ideation or attempt in the past 12 months. In logistic regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographics, prior reports of feeling blue in middle school (OR: 1.12, CI: 1.02–4.39) and young adult suicidality (OR: 2.54, CI: 1.30–4.95) are significantly related to later suicidality. So are concurrent aggressive behaviors, including reports of physical fighting outside the home (OR: 2.70, CI: 1.29–5.67) and IPV perpetration (OR: 2.09, CI: 1.11–3.94). Neither IPV victimization nor witnessing neighborhood violence is correlated. Findings shed light on the persistence of suicidality in the lives of those who come of age, and often remain, in communities with high levels of poverty, and confirm linkages of suicidality with externally directed aggression. Life‐stage interventions are needed to counter the interwoven causes and consequences of multiple forms of violence.
Survey of anesthesiologists on anesthetic maintenance techniques and total intravenous anesthesia for endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Yoshiyasu Yuki , Lao Veronica F. , Schechtman Samuel , Colquhoun Douglas A. , Dhillon Sabrina , Chen Philip G.
Published: December 2019

Background

Inhalational anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) are techniques used for maintenance of general anesthesia for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Growing evidence exists that TIVA may be associated with decreased bleeding and improved surgical fields, yet data suggest it is used in a minority of sinus surgery cases. The objective of this study was to investigate perceptions and approaches to anesthetic maintenance techniques in ESS among anesthesia providers.

Methods

A total of 719 anesthesiology residents, faculty, and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) at 3 tertiary academic centers in the United States were invited to participate in a survey of considerations and practice patterns for inhalational anesthesia and TIVA for ESS.

Results

Responses were received from 200 participants (28%). Sixty‐five percent of respondents reported a lack of familiarity with current literature on TIVA for ESS. Many considered factors other than surgical field visualization when choosing a maintenance technique. Most were comfortable with performing TIVA but stated they would participate in additional training.

Conclusion

The majority of anesthesiology providers were unaware of the existing literature demonstrating advantage in improved surgical visualization with TIVA. Many used a combination of inhaled and intravenous anesthetics for maintenance. These findings suggest that future opportunities may exist to develop education, training, and practice approaches specific to anesthetic techniques for ESS.
Imidazotetrazines as Weighable Diazomethane Surrogates for Esterifications and Cyclopropanations
Authors: Svec Riley L. , Hergenrother Paul J.
Published: December 2019

Diazomethane is one of the most versatile reagents in organic synthesis, but its utility is limited by its hazardous nature. Although alternative methods exist to perform the unique chemistry of diazomethane, these suffer from diminished reactivity and/or correspondingly harsher conditions. Herein, we describe the repurposing of imidazotetrazines (such as temozolomide, TMZ, the standard of care for glioblastoma) for use as synthetic precursors of alkyl diazonium reagents. TMZ was employed to conduct esterifications and metal‐catalyzed cyclopropanations, and results show that methyl ester formation from a wide variety of substrates is especially efficient and operationally simple. TMZ is a commercially available solid that is non‐explosive and non‐toxic, and should find broad utility as a replacement for diazomethane.
Stable Heterometallic Cluster‐Based Organic Framework Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Dong Long‐Zhang , Zhang Lei , Liu Jiang , Huang Qing , Lu Meng , Ji Wen‐Xin , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: December 2019

A series of stable heterometallic Fe2M cluster‐based MOFs (NNU‐31‐M, M=Co, Ni, Zn) photocatalysts are presented. They can achieve the overall conversion of CO2 and H2O into HCOOH and O2 without the assistance of additional sacrificial agent and photosensitizer. The heterometallic cluster units and photosensitive ligands excited by visible light generate separated electrons and holes. Then, low‐valent metal M accepts electrons to reduce CO2, and high‐valent Fe uses holes to oxidize H2O. This is the first MOF photocatalyst system to finish artificial photosynthetic full reaction. It is noted that NNU‐31‐Zn exhibits the highest HCOOH yield of 26.3 μmol g−1 h−1 (selectivity of ca. 100 %). Furthermore, the DFT calculations based on crystal structures demonstrate the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. This work proposes a new strategy for how to design crystalline photocatalyst to realize artificial photosynthetic overall reaction.
High Uptake and Fast Transportation of LiPF6 in a Porous Aromatic Framework for Solid‐State Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zou Junyan , Trewin Abbie , Ben Teng , Qiu Shilun
Published: December 2019

Solid‐state Li‐ion batteries (SSLIBs) have recently attracted substantial attention from scientists for the advantages of better safety performance. However, there are still several key challenges in SSLIBs that need to be addressed, such as low energy density, poor thermal stability or cycle stability, and large interface resistance. This contribution introduces a novel SSLIB with a porous aromatic framework (PAF‐1) accommodating LiPF6 that was used as the solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) replacing the liquid electrolyte and diaphragm of traditional Li‐ion batteries. The charge, discharge capacity, rate performance and cycle stability of the SSLIB were remarkably enhanced.
Elektrochemischer Zugang zu aza‐polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen: Rhoda‐elektrokatalytische Domino‐Alkin‐Anellierungen
Authors: Kong Wei‐Jun , Shen Zhigao , Finger Lars H. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: December 2019

Stickstoff‐dotierte polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (Aza‐PAKs) finden vielfältige Anwendungen in den Materialwissenschaften. Hier wurde eine modulare elektrochemische Synthese von Aza‐PAKs über eine Rhodium‐katalysierte Kaskaden‐C‐H‐Aktivierung und Alkinanellierung entwickelt. Ein multifunktionales O‐Methylamidoxim ermöglichte hohe Chemo‐ und Regioselekivitäten. Die Isolierung von zwei rhodacyclischen Schlüsselintermediaten erlaubte es, die Reihenfolge der drei C‐H‐Aktivierungsschritte genau zu bestimmen. Zusätzlich zeichnet sich die Metalla‐elektrokatalytische dreifache C‐H‐Transformation durch eine einzigartige Verträglichkeit mit funktionellen Gruppen aus, einschließlich hoch reaktiver Iod‐ und Azidsubstituenten.
Family Therapy for Child and Youth Mental Health: A Scoping Literature Review
Authors: Berry Eliza , Bruce Rosie , Oprescu Florin
Published: December 2019

Early intervention in childhood years is an important part of successful therapies for children and adolescents living with or at risk of mental illness. Family therapy acknowledges the role of family relationships, interactions, and family systems in child and youth mental health. To explore the effectiveness and delivery of family therapy in order to inform current family therapy practice in Australian public mental health services, a scoping literature review mapped key concepts of the past 11 years of family therapy research. Current gaps were noted within the following key concepts: family therapy settings and definitions, the influence of family factors on outcomes, transparency of intervention methods, and the training of family therapists. Further research could be undertaken to address current gaps in the literature, specifically: assessment and intervention processes; typical length of time for a series of family sessions; frequency of sessions; and theoretical foundations linked with most effective outcomes, as identified by clinicians, children, and their families. This research would provide a better understanding of best practice and evidence‐based family therapy practices that work for children and their families to inform family therapy practice in Australia and beyond. This scoping literature review identified that there is a noteworthy variation in the way brief family therapy is provided, both in terms of the duration and frequency of sessions, as well as the theoretical underpinnings employed. Further research is warranted to explore different service contexts and brief versions of family therapy delivery and the outcomes for the children and their families.
Si@S‐doped C anode with high cycling stability using PVA‐g‐PAA water soluble binder for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Congcong , Su Jing , Hu Jinlong , Zhang Lingzhi
Published: December 2019

The nanostructured Si@S‐doped C (Si/C) hybrid is synthesized via a mild hydrothermal process of glucose and the simultaneous polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and poly(sodium‐4‐styrene sulfonate) on the surface of nano‐Si powders, then followed by a calcination process. A new water soluble polymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is synthesized via a free‐radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in a 1:1 weight ratio in PVA water solution. The Si/C anode using PVA‐g‐PAA binder, exhibits improved lithium storage properties and cycling stability than that of the parallel electrode with carboxymethyl cellulose binder, which exhibits an initial coulombic efficiency (82.0%), even a reversible capacity of 487 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles with 81.2% capacity retention at 0.4 A g−1. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48764.
The effects of thermoresponsive microgel density on cell adhesion, proliferation, and detachment
Authors: Tang Dachao , Zeng Zhujun , Xia Yongqing , Chen Binghe , Gao Shuai , Cao Meiwen , Wang Shengjie , Li Dongxiang
Published: December 2019

In recent years, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based microgels have been emerged as a new thermoresponsive coating for cell/cell sheet harvesting, yet few work reports their effect on cell attachment, morphology, activity, and proliferation in details. In this work, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐styrene) (pNIPAAmSt) microgel was selected as the model to study its density on NIH3T3 cell adhesion, morphology, activity, and detachment. Results showed that 0.5 wt % pNIPAAmSt microgel density leads to more cells adhesion, higher cell activity yet lower cell proliferation. Moreover, cell adhesion location can be well controlled either by manipulating the sub‐cellular scale distances between microgels or by fabricating large scale surface patterns of the microgels on higher microgel density. By temperature stimuli, similar ratio cells detached from the microgel density surface from 0.5 to 1.5 wt %. The results in this article are worthy for the application of thermoresponsive microgels in cell regulation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48773.
1,2,3‐Trichloropropane: California's Response to a Persistent Pollutant
Authors: Love Lynleigh
Published: December 2019

Key Takeaways

1,2,3‐Trichloropropane, or TCP, is considered one of the most persistent organic groundwater contaminants and is linked to cancers and numerous damaging human health effects.

The US Environmental Protection Agency has issued guidance on TCP and since it's not federally regulated, some states have established their own maximum contaminant levels.

California's stringent TCP regulations and guidelines could serve as a blueprint for other states.
Triazolecarbaldehyde Reagents for One‐Step N‐Terminal Protein Modification
Authors: Onoda Akira , Inoue Nozomu , Sumiyoshi Eigo , Hayashi Takashi
Published: December 2019

Site‐specific modification of peptides and proteins is a key aspect of protein engineering. We developed a method for modification of the N terminus of proteins using 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbaldehyde (TA4C) derivatives, which can be prepared in one step. The N‐terminal specific labeling of bioactive peptides and proteins with the TA4C derivatives proceeds under mild reaction conditions in excellent conversion (angiotensin I: 92 %, ribonuclease A: 90 %). This method enables site‐specific conjugation of various functional molecules such as fluorophores, biotin, and polyethylene glycol attached to the triazole ring to the N terminus. Furthermore, a functional molecule modified with a primary amine moiety can be directly converted into a TA4C derivative through a Dimroth rearrangement reaction with 1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbaldehyde. This method can be used to obtain N‐terminal‐modified proteins via only two steps: 1) convenient preparation of a TA4C derivative with a functional group and 2) modification of the N terminus of the protein with the TA4C derivative.
Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalytic Activity Using a Sub‐Stoichiometric CaTiO3−δ Additive
Authors: Mazzapioda Lucia , Lo Vecchio Carmelo , Paolone Annalisa , Aricò Antonino Salvatore , Baglio Vincenzo , Navarra Maria Assunta
Published: December 2019

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Dr. Maria Assunta Navarra at the Chemistry Department of Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), in collaboration with CNR‐ITAE and CNR‐ISC. The cover picture shows a rotating disk electrode pinball where, thanks to the presence of the sub‐stoichiometric calcium titanate perovskite, the oxygen reduction reaction is facilitated to proceed via the four‐electron pathway. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/celc.201901292.
Detection of magnetic audio tape degradation with neural networks and Lasso
Authors: Ratnasena Nilmini H. , Rich Dayla C. , Abraham Alyssa M. , Cunha Larissa L. , Morgan Stephen L.
Published: December 2019

Audio magnetic tapes manufactured using polyester urethane are known to become nonplayable over time due to the degradation of the magnetic layer. Attempting to play degraded tapes to digitize them can cause extensive damage to the tape as well as to the play back device. For this reason, most of the magnetic tapes in cultural heritage institutions are in critical state. The purpose of our study is to preserve historical recordings in magnetic tapes by developing a nondestructive technique to determine degradation status. Our approach is to combine attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT‐IR) with chemometric techniques, especially neural networks and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso). The model built using neural networking was able to successfully classify playable and nonplayable with 97% to 98% accuracy when similar tape brands/models were in the training and the test set. With different brands/models in the test set, neural network model performed poorly. However, Lasso showed 95.5% accuracy for similar brand/models and 80.5% accuracy for different tape brands/models. This suggests that Lasso is the better technique to determine if a tape is degraded or not.
A Highly Stable Triazole‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Integrated with Exposed Metal Sites for Selective CO2 Capture and Conversion
Authors: Gupta Vijay , Mandal Sanjay K.
Published: December 2019

A new triazole‐functionalized tetracarboxylic acid ligand (H4L) has been synthesized and utilized for the fabrication of a 3D ZnII organic framework with a Zn4(−COO)6 cluster as the secondary building unit. The framework exhibits very good thermal stability and consists of dual functionalities of exposed Lewis acidic metal sites and accessible nitrogen‐donor Lewis basic sites. The Lewis basic nitrogen sites in the framework serve as CO2 binding sites for highly selective CO2 capture and the presence of exposed Lewis acidic metal sites in the framework make it an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the chemical fixation of CO2 into value‐added cyclic carbonates under ambient conditions.
PROTOCOL: Does executive compensation predict publicly traded firms’ financial performance or inaccurate financial reporting?
Authors: Rousseau Denise M. , Beck Donna , Kim ByeongJo , Splenda Ryan , Young Sarah
Published: December 2019

This is the protocol for a Campbell review. The objectives are as follows: One goal of this systematic review is to identify whether incentive terms in CEO contracts predict firm financial performance over time; a second goal is to identify whether incentive terms in CEO contracts predict subsequent inaccurate financial reporting as manifest in restatement of accounting data due to errors or other distortions in reporting financial information.
Dark exposure affects plasticity‐related molecules and interneurons throughout the visual system during adulthood
Authors: Carceller Hector , Guirado Ramon , Nacher Juan
Published: December 2019

Several experimental manipulations, including visual deprivation, are able to induce critical period‐like plasticity in the visual cortex of adult animals. In this regard, many studies have analyzed the effects of dark exposure in adult animals, but still little is known about the role of interneurons and plasticity‐related molecules on such mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 10 days of dark exposure on the connectivity and structure of interneurons, both in the primary visual cortex and in the rest of cerebral regions implicated in the transmission of visual stimulus. We found that this environmental manipulation induces changes in the expression of synaptic molecules throughout the visual pathway and in the structure of interneurons in the primary visual cortex. Moreover, we found altered expression in the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule and in perineuronal nets surrounding parvalbumin expressing interneurons, suggesting that these plasticity‐related molecules may be involved in the changes produced by dark exposure. Together, our findings indicate that dark exposure produces an important alteration of inhibitory circuits and molecules related to their plasticity, not only in the visual cortex but throughout the visual pathway.
Vulnerability analysis on the image‐based authentication: Through the WM_INPUT message
Authors: Lee Kyungroul , Yim Kangbin , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: December 2019

We verified the mouse data exposure using the WM_INPUT message handler that obtains the mouse‐inputted data to derive the vulnerability of the image‐based authentication. Consequently, the mouse data were exposed on most of the banking and payment sites of South Korea. Experiment results show that the mouse data are exposed in image‐based authentication in six Internet banking services. Therefore, we proved that the safety of the authentication information is vulnerable even when image‐based authentication is applied. In the future, we will propose an image‐based authentication method to solve the vulnerability found from this paper and derive a set of criteria for the vulnerability analysis of image‐based authentication for the security assessment.
Mobile device security defense method and system based on address jump using sliding window technology
Authors: Niu Xin , Yu Xiaomo
Published: December 2019

In order to solve the problem that IP address jump cannot be synchronized in real time due to the unstable speed of network data transmission in the Internet of Things system, in this paper, sliding window mechanism is introduced into network communication, and an Internet of Things system with network IP address jump function is constructed. The system adopts time synchronization scheme based on PTP protocol and IP address hopping strategy based on sliding window. The system includes three modules: time synchronization module based on PTP protocol to enhance security performance, address hopping module based on OpenFlow as core technology, and SDN routing module. The system can realize the security defense function of mobile devices on the Internet of Things. Finally, through the experimental test, it is found that, when the system time error is less than 18 s, the system's packet loss rate is stable and low. The anti‐attack ability is very strong.
The Probenecid‐story – A success in the fight against doping through out‐of‐competition testing
Authors: Hemmersbach Peter
Published: December 2019

The effectiveness of doping control in sport has been improved continuously during the past 50 years. One of the major steps forward was the introduction of unannounced and targeted out‐of‐competition testing in order to control the misuse of anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS), mainly during the end of the 1980s. It also led to the misuse of masking agents in case a surprise control was performed. Athletes tried to be “prepared”, when the doping control officer showed up. The disclosure of the masking agent probenecid in 1987 is a perfect example of a memorable finding, of a suspected and purported case of performance manipulation. Probenecid and its metabolites were identified in five urine samples collected from Norwegian athletes in an out‐of‐competition test, while they were staying and training in the USA. Probenecid is a drug that reduces the urinary excretion of AAS from the body. It was the first time that it had showed up in a doping control sample. The athletes were sanctioned for hampering the analysis of their urine sample, although probenecid was not yet specified on the Prohibited List. Its detection was the result of a successful collaboration of laboratories and investigative diligence and enthusiasm following up suspicious observations in the actual samples. Immediately afterwards probenecid was added to the Prohibited List for 1988 as well as including the manipulation of doping control samples.
Unprecedented Formation of 2,5‐Diaminoquinones from the Reaction of Vanillin with Secondary Amines in Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Barbero Mauro , Papillo Valentina A. , Grolla Ambra A. , Negri Roberto , Travaglia Fabiano , Bordiga Matteo , Condorelli Fabrizio , Arlorio Marco , Giovenzana Giovanni B.
Published: December 2019

Vanillin is widely used as a flavoring agent in foods, perfumes and in several other applications. Even if huge amounts of vanillin are annually employed in these manufacturing processes, its reactivity is underexplored, especially for the formation of potentially toxic substances. In this context, we observed the formation of orange to red crystalline compounds in the reaction of vanillin with secondary amines in aerobic conditions. NMR and HRMS allowed identifying the products as 2,5‐diamino‐1,4‐benzoquinones. Preliminary investigations of this reaction led to a proposed mechanism involving an oxidative fragmentation of vanillin as the key step. MTT tests did not show any toxic effect up to 0.1 mm.
Development of a paste for passive fire protection mainly composed of granulated blast furnace slag
Authors: Ríos Jose D. , Arenas Celia , Cifuentes Hector , Vilches Luis F. , Leiva Carlos
Published: December 2019

In this study, the behavior of granulated blast furnace slag as a component of passive fire protection materials is evaluated. To investigate the performance of blast furnace slag, different replacement levels from 0 to 80 wt% have been analyzed. Different properties, such as physical, mechanical, and insulating capacity and leaching, have been thoroughly analyzed. Pastes made of a combination of granulated blast furnace slag and gypsum can be potentially used as a component in construction materials for passive protection against fire. The results indicate that the mechanical properties diminish when the slag content increases. It was concluded that replacements lower than 60 wt% comply with all the mechanical demands. A slight reduction of the insulating capacity was observed when the slag content was increased. Additionally, no heavy metal leaching problems have been detected.

Significance

The current research presents the results of a study to reuse granulated blast furnace slag in fire‐resistant pastes with gypsum. Blast furnace slags decrease the thermal diffusivity of the paste at high temperatures, improving its insulating capacity. It facilitates its use in specific and high‐value applications with similar properties to commercial materials and increases the recycling rate with any heavy‐metal leaching problem.
Chemical characterization of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) sprout extracts and their regulation of inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells
Authors: Kim Mina , Hwang In‐Guk , Kim Sang‐Bum , Choi Ae‐Jin
Published: December 2019

The balloon flower (BF) is a potent natural source of phytochemical compounds and is associated with our health. The sprouting process is accompanied by significant changes in phytochemical compounds in comparison with their original plants. Even though many studies are conducted with BF, there are not yet reports of BF sprouts. In the present study, we determined the chemical composition and biological activity of BF sprouts that had been cultivated for 50 days. Kaempferol‐3‐O‐galactoside and 1‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid were identified as major components of whole BF sprouts. The leaves/stems of the sprouts had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and lower IC50 values in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging assays than whole sprouts or roots. The roots of the sprouts had the highest polygalacin D content (1.44 mg/g). We also determined the effects of different parts of BF sprouts on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. When these cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), their nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production increased. BF sprouts suppressed the LPS‐induced production of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6 in a concentration‐dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects. Nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production were significantly inhibited by the roots and leaves/stems, respectively. The inhibitory effects of BF sprouts on LPS‐stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were associated with suppressed NF‐κB activation. These findings suggest that BF sprouts could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds and exert anti‐inflammatory effects due to their polygalacin D, deapi‐platycodin D3, and polyphenol content.
Provenance of Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene Krosno Formation sandstones in the Skole Nappe (southeast Poland): New insights from heavy minerals
Authors: Salata Dorota , Uchman Alfred
Published: December 2019

Heavy minerals have been studied in order to address the problem of provenance and source area for the uppermost Oligocene to Early Miocene Krosno Formation in the Skole Nappe (Poland). The heavy mineral composition of the Krosno Formation in the Skole Nappe points to a metamorphic origin, mainly from pelites affected by amphibolite facies conditions. The Krosno Formation was deposited at least partly as a result of the uplift of the Sanok Island, whose petrography and geological affiliation remain enigmatic. This island was probably built of metamorphic and/or sedimentary rocks belonging to a pre‐Alpine‐uplifted ridge and its cover, exhumed in the transpression belt of the Węglówka Ridge, an interbasinal ridge located between the Skole and Silesian basins. Chemical composition of provenance sensitive minerals from the Krosno Formation suggests that their parent rocks could be genetically related to the Variscan system of ridges in the Carpathian region.