bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique expression of MUC3, MUC5AC and cytokeratins in salivary gland carcinomas
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hye , Lee Ju Han , Kim Aeree , Kim Insun , Chae Yang‐seok
Published: June 2005

The differential diagnosis of salivary gland carcinoma is often difficult because of the confusing histopathological features of the different types of salivary gland carcinomas. The expression of MUC3, MUC5AC, MUC6, cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK20 was studied in 20 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC), 20 adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCC), and 11 acinic cell carcinomas (ACC). All the cases (51/51, 100%) were positive for CK7, but they were not positive for CK20. All the cases (100%) of the MEC were positive for MUC5AC, while all MEC (100%) were negative for MUC3. Only two cases (10%) were positive for MUC6. All cases (100%) of AdCC were negative for MUC3, MUC5AC and MUC6. Eight cases (73%) of ACC were positive for MUC3, but all the cases (100%) were negative for MUC5AC and MUC6. It is concluded that the positive expression of MUC5AC is very unique to MEC, and that the positive expression of MUC3 is very unique to ACC. These findings will be very useful for the differential diagnosis of the salivary gland carcinomas.
Pyogenic granuloma of the oral cavity: Comparative study of its clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features
Authors: Epivatianos Apostolos , Antoniades Demetrios , Zaraboukas Thomas , Zairi Eleni , Poulopoulos Athanasios , Kiziridou Athina , Iordanidis Savas
Published: June 2005

There are two histological types of pyogenic granuloma (PG) of the oral cavity: the lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) and non‐LCH type. The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the clinical features, etiological factors, diameter of vascular elements and immunohistochemical features of LCH and non‐LCH histological types of PG to determine whether they are two distinct entities. Thirty cases of LCH and 26 cases of non‐LCH PG were retrieved and retrospectively studied. Clinically, LCH PG occurred more frequently (66.4%) as sessile lesion whereas non‐LCH PG occurred as pedunculated (77%). Non‐LCH PG was associated more frequently (86.4%) with etiological factors. The lobular area of the LCH PG contained a greater number of blood vessels with small luminal diameter than did the central area of non‐LCH PG. In the central area of non‐LCH PG a significantly greater number of vessels with perivascular mesenchymal cells non‐reactive for α‐smooth muscle actin and muscle‐specific actin was present than in the lobular area of LCH PG. The differences found in the present study suggest that the two histological types of PG represent distinct entities.
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Insomnia and Effect on Functioning in Elderly Populations
Authors: Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Cooke Jana R.
Published: June 2005

A good night's sleep is often more elusive as we age, because the prevalence of insomnia in older people is high. Insufficient sleep can have important effects on daytime function by increasing the need to nap, reducing cognitive ability including attention and memory, slowing response time, adversely affecting relationships with friends and family, and contributing to a general sense of being unwell. However, rather than aging per se, circadian rhythm shifts, primary sleep disorders, comorbid medical/psychiatric illnesses, and medication use cause sleep difficulties in older people, which psychosocial factors may also affect. Clinicians should ask elderly patients about satisfaction with sleep. Any sleep complaints warrant careful evaluation of contributing factors and appropriate treatment.
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Jorgensen Joseph G.
Published: June 2005

Social Impact Assessments (SIAs), prompted by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and by complementary legislation in certain states, are prepared, ostensibly, to provide expert scientific analyses of human societies; to project the probable consequences to those societies from largescale projects planned for their environments; to suggest ways to mitigate deleterious consequences; and to aid decision makers. The majority of SlAs prepared in relation to proposed energy developments have not been based on expert scientific analysis; omit crucial topics; are seldom based on primary analyses of the communities that will be affected; and often suggest ways to mitigate infrastructural problems (roads, houses and utilities) but l i t t l e else. Interests of the corporations that seek development permits are served by research houses commissioned to prepare SIAs, and by the agencies that approve the SlAs and subsequently grant permits to the corporations to commence with their energy‐related projects‐the interests of the community residents are not served. The responsibility of social scientists in preparing SlAs for communities that are scheduled for energy‐related projects and state‐of‐the‐art analyses of those communities are discussed.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND POLICY STUDIES: A NEW DELEGATION ENTERS THE U.N. OF ACADEME
Authors: Musheno Michael C.
Published: June 2005

Like all participating academic disciplines, anthropologists entering the policy studies field face a series of “unsolvable” problems that deal with intellectual values about how to ply one's trade. For example, what are one's obligations to agencies, and to the intended clienteles of public policies, especially when the citizens are “havenots” up against well‐organized economic interests? Such questions raised by anthropologists in this volume allow one to assess the options available to applied social scientists studying public policy issues. They also lead us to recognize the existing biases of doing policy studies research. While weighing the propriety of doing applied research, anthropologists do possess critical concepts and research methods essential to the policy sciences. With a grounding in process or temporally‐based concepts like “culture, context, and symbol,” applied anthropologists will strengthen the study of policy implementation. Further, with qualitative methods gaining a strong foothold in the policy sciences, anthropologists are contributing to the refinement of methods for studying the organizational behavior of actors charged with the implementation of public policy. Moreover, anthropologists in this volume demonstrate their discipline's potential to break new ground in the policy sciences. Specifically, the world view of anthropologists is likely to add a comparative, crosscultural perspective to existing areas of concentration like public health, and to increase the range of issues of interest to the policy sciences. Also, anthropologists are already developing new units of analysis different from the aggregation of individual scores, and adding new social indicators that are group or culturally grounded. In short, the policy sciences will be enhanced by anthropologists as they bring the strengths of their discipline to bear on the field.
SPEED KILLS: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC FATALITIES AND THE 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT*
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Morgan David R.
Published: June 2005

An interrupted time‐series design is used to analyze the impact of the 55 mph speed limit on U.S. traffic fatalities over the period 1950 to 1980. In addition to speed such potential effects on highway fatalities as safety improvements, decreased speed dispersion, and decreased travel are examined.

We conclude that the overwhelming proportion of the decline in traffic fatalities from 1973 to 1974 must be attributed to the change in the speed limit.
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Schooler Dean , Ingram Helen
Published: June 2005

Both the federal and state governments have strong constitutional daims and political resources with which to influence the allocation of water resources. Until the 1970s. federal agencies were able to dominate kr setting goals and objectives. However, when the federal government attempted to implement a national water policy in the 1970s, effective opposition was mounted by the states. Both the states and the federal government now exert decisive influence in water policy.
THE STATES' ROLE IN EDUCATION POLICY INNOVATION
Authors: Kirst Michael W.
Published: June 2005

Historically, local control of education has been a sacred part of the American political culture. Since the early 1960s. however, there has been an unprecedented growth of state influence over local education. States require minimum days of school attendance, courses of study, and standards for teacher licensing, as well as minimum tax levies and expenditures. During the 1970s, states intruded heavily into school finances, initiating reforms to equalize educational opportunities.
THE STATES' ROLE IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: TRANSPORTATION POLICY
Authors: Humphrey Thomas F.
Published: June 2005

Over the past 25 years, the federal government has exerted a profound impact over transportation policy, with over one thousand policies and programs administered in 1979. States have been heavily involved in administering most of these programs. In the past, state and local governments have responded by raising the revenues necessary to match federal grants. Despite budget problems, the states' role is expected to continue.
STATE FINANCE AND TAXING POLICIES
Authors: Walzer Norman , Gove Samuel K.
Published: June 2005

The states have moved through three distinct periods in finance and taxing policies. First, until the 1930s, states dominated over congress in taxing powers. During the Great Depression, many programs were initiated which involved the states in close grant‐in‐aid arrangements with the federal government. A second period was initiated during the 1960s. when the number of federally‐funded grants exploded. States were soon involved in a variety of new responsibilities. This period has now been supplemented by a third, which is characterized by tax reductions and spending limits, often imposed through referenda.
STATE REGULATORY REFORM AND FEDERAL REGULATION
Authors: Scholz John T.
Published: June 2005

In the current political climate, it seems likely that a “New Regulatory Federalism” will push for deregulation at the federal level, with more regulatory responsibilities for the states. During the 1930s, economic regulatory responsibilities were assumed by the federal government. Protective regulation moved to the federal level in the 1960s. Dissatisfaction with centralized regulation has led to attempts at regulatory reform and decentralization. It is expected that these reforms will lead to greater flexibility, and responsiveness to regional differences.
THEORIES OF REGULATORY IMPACT: THE ROLES OF THE REGULATOR, THE REGULATED, AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: Berry William D.
Published: June 2005

Berry reviews the major theories for why legislative intent differs from regulatory output including: (1) theories of commission inadequacy, (2) group theories of political science, and (3) group theories of regulation offered by economists. He reviews the salient literature in each type and concludes that none alone incorporates a sufficient explanation for the wide range of regulatory outcomes. Such an explanation, he maintains, requires an analysis of all three actors, and of the variation in the incentives, resources, and goals of each.
REGULATION AND THE THEORY OF AGENCY1
Authors: Mitnick Barry M.
Published: June 2005

The major arguments of this paper are that there is a need for an integrating framework for the study of regulation, including the design of regulatory institutions, and that the theory of agency may provide such a framework. The paper provides a brief overview of this approach. The theory of agency is a general theory of social relationships of “acting for” that is now under development in several disciplines, particularly economics and accounting. Regulation is seen as a generic relation observed widely in social behavior, and as a particular type of agency relationship. The problems of agency relations–e.g., the problems of principals in controlling agents and of agents in acting according to the principals' desires–have their counterparts in regulation.
DEREGULATION: THE PRINCIPAL INCONCLUSIVE ARGUMENTS1
Authors: Samuels Warren J. , Shaffer James D.
Published: June 2005

The authors suggest that most arguments in favor of deregulation are really double‐edged swords which render the debate over deregulation inconclusive at best. They challenge the following positions as inconclusive: (1) that deregulation per se is good; (2) that it protects rights; (3) that deregulation removes uncertainties concerning the marketplace; (4) that it reduces “nitpicking” and coercive regulation; (5) that deregulation promotes greater productivity and efficiency; (6) that it combats inflation; (7) that regulations often cannot be justified by benefits over costs; and (8) there are serious problems of attaining optimum levels of regulation. Special interest groups in favor of deregulation are seen to bear a remarkable resemblance to groups opposed to deregulation.
AN ASBESTOS HAZARD INDEX FOR MANAGING FRIABLE ASBESTOS INSULATING MATERIAL1
Authors: Dyer James S.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the development of an index to evaluate the potential hazard associated with the presence of asbestos in friable insulating material in a building and to recommend the appropriate action to take based on this assessment. The hazard index is determined by the number of persons exposed to asbestos fibers and by the level of their exposure. The level of the exposure is estimated from subjective assessments of several characteristics of the facility and its operations. The logic of this approach and several illustrations of its use are provided.
THE USE OF RISK ANALYSIS IN FEDERAL REGULATORY AGENCIES: AN EXPLORATION1
Authors: Kraft Michael E.
Published: June 2005

This paper reports on an exploratory study of the role of risk analysis in seven federal agencies concerned with health, safety, and environmental regulation. Interviews with key decision‐makers suggest that the use of risk analysis has increased in recent years, but that its employment in risk management decision‐making varies considerably both within given agencies and across agencies and policy areas. Despite methodological and institutional constraints, risk analysis is likely to play a greater role in the future as demands for comparative assessment of technological risks increase.
TECHNICAL DISPUTES: WHY EXPERTS DISAGREE
Authors: Rushefsky Mark
Published: June 2005

Disputes among scientists provide policymakers with rationalization for any course of action. These disputes are marked by divergent views of the risks involved in the development of specific technologies. This paper argues that such disagreements are epistemological in nature, which means that “technical” disputes cannot be resolved through mechanisms such as the science court. The case of the herbicide 2, 4, 5‐T illustrates the argument.
FORMATION OF NEW ORGANIZATIONS TO MANAGE RISK1
Authors: Zimmerman Rae T.
Published: June 2005

Differences in statutory mandates, traditions, and attitudes toward risk cause agencies to develop different standards for the same substances. As a response to this fragmentation and uncertainty, common to environment decisions, new organizations emerge to try to coordinate the agencies but usually are created to perform a specific task rather than to coordinate agencies. For these new organizational forms to succeed, they must be in place before the crisis occurs and they must be able to facilitate, not impede, normal adaptive mechanisms of organizations.
TOWARD THE PUBLIC INTEREST: REDEFINING RURAL POLICY NEEDS
Authors: Dinse John
Published: June 2005

From the perspective of a political theorist, the author advances a basic concept of the public interest derived from the work of Brian Barry. Policies for rural areas are too often monopolized by agricultural income support programs which go to an assignable interest. They, however, do little to benefit or advantage the bulk of the rural populations whose interests are quite heterogenous.
THE RURAL POOR
Authors: Daft Lynn M.
Published: June 2005

The rural poor made especially great strides in the 1970s; unlike earlier decades. Primarily as a result of federal income transfer programs, rural poverty has lost much of its harsh personal impact. Nonetheless, the residual hard core of the poor still exist, being too costly and too difficult to reach.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND INCARCERATION AMONG THE AMERICAN STATES1
Authors: Nagel Jack
Published: June 2005

Data from the 50 states for 1975 are analyzed to try to separate the presumed reciprocal effects on each other of crime rates and incarceration rates. Two‐stage least‐squares regression shows no significant effect of crime on incarceration nor of incarceration on crime. Incarceration rates are affected mainly by the percentage of blacks in the state population. Crime rates are significantly influenced by urbanization, region, mean income, and unemployment.
RATIONALISM VERSUS INCREMENTALISM IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING
Authors: Nagel Stuart
Published: June 2005

Rationalism in management science tends to mean attempting to determine the benefits and costs of the alternative decisions under consideration, and then picking the one that is best on benefits minus costs. Incrementalism tends to mean determining the decisions that actually get made under various circumstances, and then working with those existing decision rules as the basis for making adjustments to consider special or changing circumstances. Those two approaches can be well illustrated with the problem of attempting to determine what criminal sentences should be legislated to cover given crimes and prior records. The analysis tends to show that a rationalist approach is more effective in achieving societal goals when (1) alternative policies can be meaningfully related to those goals, and (2) existing decisions reflect individual goals which are generally in conflict with societal goals. An incrementalist approach is more effective when either of those criteria is absent, which is so when seeking to arrive at legislatively determined nondiscretionary criminal sentencing.
THE GILDERED SOCIETY
Authors: Roettger Walter B.
Published: June 2005

George Gilder, Wealthand Poverty
COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR NON‐ECONOMISTS?
Authors: Crowell Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

Edward Gramlich, Benefit‐Cost Analysis of Government Programs

Peter G. Sassone and William A. Schaffer, Cost‐Benefit Analysis: A Handbook

Robert Sugden and Alan Williams, The Principles of Practical Cost‐Benefit Analysis

Mark S. Thompson, Benefit‐Cost Analysis for Prognm Evaluation
FINANCIAL INDICATORS AND TRENDS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: A STATE‐BASED POLICY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Stevens John M. , McGowan Robert P.
Published: June 2005

Recent federal reports, the projected “new” federalism, research in financial and economic trends, and the emerging consensus concerning local government distress have highlighted the fact that no comprehensive or systematic federal, state, or local policies exist to deal with the problems that have been identified. The purpose of this article is to perform a statebased study of financial patterns and trends in local governments that have implications for state policy. Included in the analysis were correlations between constant dollar financial indicators and an instability index for four data points. The results of the analysis and trends suggest that certain consistent patterns which have implications for state policy exist.
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURAL POLICIES AND THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Authors: Heaton George R.
Published: June 2005

Structural policy has two elements: rules of competition and concentration in the marketplace, and deliberate attempts to structure industrial sectors. Historically, Europe, Japan, and the U.S. have pursued quite dissimilar structural policies, reflecting their differing perceptions of the national interest, different international imperatives, and different conceptions of the role of the state. The automobile industry offers sharp cross‐country comparisons of structural policy at i t s most vigorous. In this paper, the successes and failures of U.S. antitrust activity toward the automobile industry are considered in comparison to the relative absence of such policies abroad. Similarly, governments' attempts to develop internationally competitive automobile industries in Europe and Japan contrast with the domestic regulatory orientation in the U.S. This historical analysis suggests the current need for reorientations in national structural policies in order to deal effectively with internationalized markets, firms, and competition in the automobile and other industries today.
AN ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT INNOVATION POLICIES
Authors: ROTHWELL ROY , ZEGVELD WALTER
Published: June 2005

The authors compare the innovation policies of industrialized countries along several dimensions: the policy tools (e.g., supply, demand, environment) they use or prefer, and their national philosophies, especially whether they have explicit policies toward the development of specific industries or technologies. They also identify the principal difficulties that existing innovation policies have suffered. Among them are the lack of market know‐how among policymakers, bias toward research and development‐oriented stimuli rather than other aspects of innovation such as demand, and vulnerability of policies to changes in political philosophy. They conclude with a list of questions that governments initiating policies of technological choice should consider to avoid some of these pitfalls.
POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF STATE HIGH TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
Authors: FELLER IRWIN
Published: June 2005

The euphoria associated with bold new ventures by the states to initiate high technology development programs can obscure many of the political and economic realities that condition and constrain them. This article introduces and explores the implications of a number of hypotheses about these relationships. Current state high technology development programs are placed within historical context by comparing current initiatives with the science/research‐based economic development strategies of the 1960s. Potential conflicts among universities, state officials, and other parties‐at‐interest related to the time frame and payoffs of high technology development programs are identified and discussed.
POLLUTION CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
Authors: MARCUS ALFRED A.
Published: June 2005

Elizabeth H. Haskell. The Politics of Clean Air

Robert W. Crandall. Controlling Industrial Pollution

Eric Ashby and Mary Anderson. The Politics of Clean Air
INTERNATIONAL FUTURES AND POLICY
Authors: CLUTE ROBERT E.
Published: June 2005

Donna Meadows with John Richardson and Gerhart Bruckman. Groping in the Dark: The First Decade of Global Modelling.

Brita Schwarz with Uno Svedin and Björn Wittrock. Methods in Future Studies: Problems and Applications.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Global Models, World Futures, and Public Policy: A Critique.

Council on Environmental Quality and Department of State. The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the Twenty‐First Century

Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development, Interfutures: Facing the Future: Mastering the Probable and Managing the Unpredictable

Richard Barnet. The Lean Years: Politics in the Age of Scarcity

Lester Brown. Building a Sustainable Society

Orio Giarini. Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare: An Alternative View of World Capital Formation

Julian Simon. The Ultimate Resource

Michael Marien and Lane Jennings (Eds.). Future Survey Annual
AMERICAN STATES AND THE INDUSTRIAL POLICY DEBATE
Authors: Dubnlck Mel
Published: June 2005

The current popular debate over industrial policy tends to be Indifferent to the possible relevance of economic policies in American states. The states are not only very active in this arena through their Industrial and economic development efforts, but also have untapped potential for influencing business decisions. As an integral part of the Amerlcan economic policy arena, states cannot and should not be ignored by industrial policy advocates. Some constitutional, policy, and programmatlc implications of this point are briefly discussed.
WHAT HAVE POLICY STUDIES TOLD US ABOUT AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND WHERE CAN WE QOFROM HERE?
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: June 2005

Twenty years after the enactment of the Civil Rights Act o 9 4, politica moral, and legal debates continue over aspects of i t s implementation through the use of affirmative action. Members of the recently reconstituted U.S. Commission on Civil Rights have expressed skepticism over reliance on affirmative action in the future thereby adding new fuel to these discussions. Regrettably, when we turn our attention to policy studies of affirmative action in one key area that of federal employment it is evident policy research has not done enough to answer what many now pose as the central question: Does affirmative action work? The essay assesses the state of knowledge pertaining to this question and suggests how future research might be undertaken to provide a more comprehensive answer.
POLICYMAKERS’ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PEASANT SOCIETY: MYTH OR REALITY?
Authors: Turan Ilter
Published: June 2005

Referring to studies of peasant society and behavior and utilizing information from field research conducted in Turkey, this article examines assumptions national administrators make about rural areas and peasants in the formulation and the implementation of rural development programs. It is observed that national administrators tend to: 1) think of villages in terms of stereotypes which may bear little relationship to those which are targets of policies; 2) treat villages as undifferentiated clusters whereas many programs may produce different consequences for different segments of village society; 3) formulate programs without substantive familiarity w i t h the field; 4) be concerned with only those consequences of policies in which they are interested, whereas others may in fact determine the chances of success or failure of projects; 5) explain failure of peasants to behave in expected directions as being irrational, whereas the lattersl behavior may serve their purposes quite well. It is argued that the modification of these assumptions, which necessitate greater familiarity with peasant thinking, behavior, and the characteristics of village society on the part of administrators, would serve to improve the chance of success of rural development programs.
GENOCIDE
Authors: Beres Louis Rene
Published: June 2005

Genocidal tendencies that exist today are due to the embrace of realpolitik and the glorification of the state. Unrestrained nationalism can only lead to mass killing with conviction and pure heart. Genocide is the commission of specific acts with intent to destroy, wholly o r in part, a national ethnic, racial o r religious group. There are many cases of genocide today which the U.S. ignores because it makes anti‐Sovietism the centerpiece of I t s foreign policy. International law is not enough to prevent genocide. Natural law and the judgements at Nuremberg as well are not sufficient. The problem is one of individuals who must reduce their loyalty to the state as the dominant imperative of political life. Only then will realpolitik be controlled.
POLITICIANS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC POLICIES
Authors: Llneberry Robert L.
Published: June 2005

Policy scientists can make important contributions to the study of policy distribution, a question that is likely to be among the most crucial national issues to be discussed throughout this decade. One aspect of this question that has been neglected is the theoretical assumption associated with public choice theory that politicians, once elected, will reward their supporters through the distribution of policy benefits. However, empirical research indicates that policy benefits seldom are distributed in this way. Instead, politicians follow the principle of universalism. In league with bureaucracies and policy communities, politicians define need and then ask bureaucracies to allocate benefits. This makes politicians roles as distributors of policy very different than simplistic models suggest.
ENERGY POLICY: HOW FAILURE WAS SNATCHED FROM THE JAWS OF SUCCESS
Authors: Kashand Don E. , Rycroft Robert W.
Published: June 2005

Prior to the energy crisis of 1973, the U.S. did not have an energy policy. The failure of the American political system to anticipate and respond to the changing facts of energy was an inevitable outcome of the way policy is made. Consistent with tradition, the search for a consensus was begun from 1973–1980. The U.S. abandoned cheap energy as a high priority and adopted secure, abundant and clean energy. Conservation came to be viewed as a source of energy along with nuclear power and synfuels. Price deregulation was the most important policy tool. The Reagan administration upset this consensus and substituted the market place as the means for maximizing supplies rather than reduce demand.

The federal role was limited to bringing publicly‐owned bonds into the marketplace. At the same time, it reduced RED and concern for the environment. Thus, the Reagan administration succeeded in snatching failure from the jaws of success.
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF GOVERNMENT'S RELIANCE UPON OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS TO PROVIDE ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT SERVICES
Authors: Becker Fred W. , Hebert F. Ted
Published: June 2005

The federal government spends vast sums of money for management and analysis services. The authors contend that the selection process to determine the winners of the awards of contracts to perform these services too often disregards cost competitiveness as a factor in the award. The relative importance of technical proficiency and cost are examined and a model is proposed whereby a high level of technical expertise can be obtained at a more reasonable cost.
ADOPTING PERSONNEL PRODUCTIVITY INNOVATIONS IN AMERICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Davis Charles E. , West Jonathan P.
Published: June 2005

Improving the productivity of public employees has increasingly attracted the attention of urban policymakers and administrators concerned about the quality, cost, and efficiency of governmental service delivery. A national survey of local personnel managers was undertaken to ascertain the degree of jurisdictional receptivity to personnel‐based management tools, preferred approaches, and the most serious policy and institutional barriers to the implementation of these changes. Research findings concerning the adoption of personnel reforms are generally consistent with those reported in prior studies except for an increase in the utilization of job enrichment techniques by local administrators. The reluctance of labor organizations to accept productivity bargaining and the unwillingness of local authorities to consider financial incentive plans for governmental executives are cited b y our respondents as the chief obstacles to greater managerial effectiveness.
SOME NEGLECTED POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF COMPARABLE WORTH
Authors: Gleason Sandra E. , Moser Collette
Published: June 2005

Comparable worth, the lkivil rights issue of the eighties, is based on the notion that women in traditional female occupations such as nursing make, on average, wages 20 percent lower than men In traditionally male occupations such as truck drivers despite the fact that both jobs are of equal value to the employer. The question is who will bear the cost; employers who implement comparable worth will bear the cost, but if pay inequities continue, women will. The cost can be mitigated if comparable worth is implemented incrementally. The problem cannot be solved by women shifting to male dominated occupations, for that would cost more than comparable worth. Comparable worth would help the women who work full time but are still below poverty and, while it would cost employers, taxpayers would realize a savings of $186 million. If the employer is a public agency, the taxpayer burden remains constant.
EVALUATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY: LESSONS FROM DETROIT'S CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL PARK PROJECT
Authors: Bachelor Lynn
Published: June 2005

Success in implementing the Central Industrial Park project required clearing a 500‐acre site for a new General Motors assembly plant, at a public sector cost of more than $200 million, in less than two years, to meet a deadline set by the corporation; clearance involved relocation of 3.500 people and more than 100 businesses, and demolition of 1,500 structures. Despite the complexity of the project and the need for approvals from multiple decision makers at the local, state, and national level, timely implementation was possible because of consensus on the project and i t s importance, formulation of special organizational structures and procedures, the actions and influence of the mayor and his development director as I'fixers, and redefinition and expansion of the statutory authority of officials responsible for project implementation. The crisis atmosphere in which project decisions were made, a consequence of corporate deadlines and the city's desperate economic situation, was essential to the effective combination of these forces. The price for success was steep, however, including higher acquisition and relocation costs, reduction of property tax revenues from the project to minimal levels for 30 years, and transfer of control over the formation and implementation of economic development policy to the private sector.
EDUCATING BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY ABOUT DISASTERS: LEGISLATIVE PROBLEMS IN THE ADOPTION OF MODIFIED LENDING TERMS BY HOME MORTGAGE LENDERS
Authors: Palm Risa
Published: June 2005

The regulation of home mortgage‐lending is another strategy for mitigating the danger of natural disaster through such regulation. Property owners could be made aware of the dangers posed to their property and required to share the risk of damage by purchasing subsidized insurance. This strategy, however, has not been utilized to an optimal degree in mitigating site specific geologic hazards due to legal barriers. Nevertheless, such barriers are not insurmountable and are amenable to legal remedies.
AN INTERORCANIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON LOCAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Authors: Sink David
Published: June 2005

Using an open‐systems model, this article discusses performance in civil defense agencies as a function of crucial environmental variables. These, in turn, are conceptualized in predicting uncertainty and dependency. Such analysis helps managers and scholars pinpoint the constraints on goal achievement. Case studies illustrate the uncertainties and dependencies induced. The model and examples, in turn, facilitate discussion of conditions affecting organizational effectiveness.
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND THE GOVERNMENTAL PROCESS
Authors: Lambright W. Henry
Published: June 2005

As technology increases to predict earthquakes, government must be prepared to expand upon it, legitimate the prediction, and design a program towards effective utilization. The parties involved in this process, in addition to all levels of government, include the scientific community and the media. Unfortunately, the prediction‐warning effort in the United States lags behinathat of other countries, most notably Japan. Lacking is a national policy commitment spurred by the party most vulnerable to a catastrophic earthquake event (e.g., the state of California).
THE HUMAN EQUATION IN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND WARNINGS
Authors: Mileti Dennis S.
Published: June 2005

For natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornados, prediction systems and public warning programs have been operational for many years. Earthquake prediction, however, is only an emerging technology. Given the potential for catastrophe in a large earthquake and the great difficulty in specifying time, location and magnitude of impact, certain substantial policy problems emerge; hence, the maximum benefit of scientific earthquake predictions is realized. Policy planners must concentrate on public education and the creation of organizational linkages which would comprise the public warning information system (i.e., how and what is said, and monitoring public response to any warning). Most important is that the issue of prediction‐warning be addressed now since planning can produce benefits even if no predictions are issued.
THE USE OF TAX INCENTIVES FOR PUBLIC TRANSIT AS A SUBSIDY ALTERNATIVE
Authors: Anjomani Ardeshir , Amico Louis T.
Published: June 2005

The objective of this paper is to propose a positive means of encouraging the use of public transit, through the creation and utilization of incentives aimed at stimulating demand. A tax incentive is proposed and examined as a form of revenue source subsidy which can be coupled with a congestion tolllgasoline tax policy to accomplish this demand stimulation, and is examined in light of the associated public policy issues. Taken into account are the typology of subsidy, the justification for subsidy, the sources of subsidy and the impact of different types of subsidy on economic factors, such as price and cost.
THE MARKET FOR INDUSTRY: WHERE ANGELS FEAR TO TREAD?
Authors: Peretz Paul
Published: June 2005

This paper investigates one of the perennial mysteries in the area of state and local finance, the provision of tax and other subsidies to business by federal, state and local governments in the face of solid evidence that such incentives do little to nothing to influence business location or job creation. The paper looks at the upsurge in such governmental aid in the last decade and considers whether this upsurge has occurred because such aid is more efficacious than it used to be or whether it has occurred for political reasons unrelated to its effectiveness.
THE MYTH OF PRIVATE SECTOR SUPERIORITY IN PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Chandler Ralph Clark
Published: June 2005

This article addresses the assumption that private sector management is more efficient than public sector management. It identifies the ways in which public and private sector personnel management are alike, and the ways in which they are different. The differences help the reader understand the reasons for the myth o f private sector superiority. This essay argues that, given the purposes of government employment which have littlet do with management efficiency, and which even militate against it, the criterionof efficiency is misplaced in the evaluation of the effectiveness of public administration. Using a variety of behavioral and motivational measures, it is demonstrable that workers in the public sector are not less likely to seek opportunities for personal fulfillmerit in their jobs than workers in the private sector. The lazy and indolent stereotype does not hold up.
COLLECTIVE DELUSION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: PUBLISHING INCENTIVES FOR EMPIRICAL ABUSE
Authors: Weimer David L.
Published: June 2005

The implications o f the editorial bias of academic journals for the selection of articles with apparently statistically significant findings are widely recognized but largely ignored. Few worry about the incentives the publishing bias presents to researchers for empirical abuse that brings into question the basis of social science knowledge. One possible solution, desirable but probably impractical, is to review articles with statistical results and conclusions omitted. Another, more practical, approach is to guarantee journal space for replication of previously published research. Finally, editors should take greater care in warning readers about findings that implicitly make unfounded statistical claims.
COMPARABLE WORTH IN STATE GOVERNMENT; TRENDS AND ISSUES
Authors: Chi Keon S.
Published: June 2005

Comparable worth continues to be a controversial issue both in the private and public sector, but particularly in state government. Between 1981 and 1985, a t least 38 states entertained the comparable worth issue at some level. Based on three surveys conducted in 1984 and 1985, this study found that the extent o f states' comparable worth activities, when measured by the introduction of comparable worth bills, tends to vary depending upon the states' geographical location, party line‐ups in the legislatures, unionization of state employees, and the states' votes on the Equal Rights Amendment. The study also identifies a few issues in implementing comparable worth in state government–such as job evaluation, and costs of comparable worth.
INDEMNITY FOR COMPANIES ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION CHANGES
Authors: Agthe Donald E.
Published: June 2005

The problem addressed by this paper is the conditions under which the government may wish to indemnify firms for losses suffered when environmental regulations are revised. Larger firms are likely to be in a better competitive position than smaller firms when environmental standards are raised. Financial risks discourage firms from investing in environmental capital unless some of the cost is shared by the public. Not having a compensation program will slow compliance with new regulations and make markets less competitive. The examples o f TRIS and the herbicides 2,4,5‐T and Silvex are described.
EVALUATION AS SOCIAL POLICY
Authors: Johansen Elaine
Published: June 2005

Policy research has become an integral part of the policymaking process but is changing as the goals and emphases o f policies change. The paper explores the shift in emphasis in evaluation research away from predominantly programmatic concerns and toward accountability issues in personnel and job evaluation. It depicts an inward turning in domestic policies from the provision of services to evaluation of government itself, and an acceleration in conflict over how the work of government should be structured and performed, and by whom. Using examples from three levels o f government, it describes what makes policies controversial, their evaluations political, and how the search for legitimacy and legitimizing technologies raises the stakes for all actors in the policy process–elected officials, administrators, consumers, and evaluators. Conclusions are drawn regarding the effect on research o f these changes in policy.
THE USE OF MANDATORY SENTENCING LEGISLATION AS SYMBOLIC STATEMENTS
Authors: Nienstedt Barbara Cole
Published: June 2005

Mandatory sentencing legislation often results in laws which use provisions and set penalties in order to make strong symbolic and political statements. Thus, in addition to protecting society, they are powerful vehicles for expressing moral outrage. This is especially evident in mandatory sentencing for drug and alcohol offenses. The present research examines the consequences of that practice on one state's criminal justice system. Interviews with key actors along with examinations of official documents, newspaper publicity and media campaigns illustrate the political decisions and symbolic statements which pervade driving‐while‐intoxicated (DWI) legislation. The process is studied from before the lawls enactment through its subsequent outcome.
PUBLIC BUDGETING: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Kane Thomas J.
Published: June 2005

Robert W. Burchell, James H. Carr, Richard L. Florida and Jarnes Nemeth. The New Reality of Municipal Finance: The Rise and Fall of the Intergovernmental City.

Government Finance Officers Association. Capital Budgeting: Blueprints for Change.

Edward A. Lehan. Budgetmaking: A Workbook of Public Budgeting Theory and Practice.

Thomas D. Lynch. Public Budgeting in America, 2nd Edition.

John L. Mikesell. Fiscal Administration: Analysis and Applications for the Public Sector, 2nd Edition.
AMERICA AND SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Beres Louis Rene
Published: June 2005

The Reagan policy of constructive engagement was not really mean to succeed; it was meant to make apartheid palatable. Convinced that the contest between the United States and the Soviet Union overrides all other considerations of international relations, the Reagan administration has always been prepared to tolerate apartheid as the “lesser evil,” and when apartheid is overthrown, this country may be in an active insurgency against the new regime. These policies are contrary to the American political tradition and the rules of international law.
U.S. SOUTH AFRICA POLICY IN THE 1980s: CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT AND BEYOND
Authors: Manzo Kate
Published: June 2005

In this article no attempt is made to defend the Reagan administration's six‐year‐old policy of constructive engagement toward the Republic of South Africa, for to all but a few diehards the policy is indefensible. Instead, my response to Beres contains three components. First, I take issue with his dismissal of constructive engagement as no more than a ruse by which “to make apartheid palatable” to the American people, and argue that the purpose of the policy was to enable the Reagan administration to take credit for achieving a Namibia independence settlement. Second, I show that Beres' plea for popular opposition to an unjust policy comes too late, for a large number of Americans, during the past two years in particular, have been doing his bidding. Finally, I conclude with an assessment of the nature of the policy debate over South Africa that such popularity has prompted, in which direction U.S. South Africa policy now appears headed, and what issues, if any, remain to be resolved.
POLICY ANALYSIS AND POLITICAL MORALITY: A REJOINDER TO ANNE E. SCHNEIDER'S CRITIQUE OF MY PRESCRIPTIONS FOR A SCHOLARLY DIVISION OF LABOR
Authors: Hofferbert Richard I.
Published: June 2005

Although Schneider agrees with me that policy analysis does not occupy a central position in political science, she disagrees with my prescription for increasing its acceptance in the discipline. At the present time, political scientists are unwilling to address questions about how policy tools can be used to increase democracy in a country. But I believe this is an important priority for policy analyses as well as political science.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN COSTA RICA: PRE‐CONDITIONS FOR MILITARIZATION?
Authors: Lauderdale Pat
Published: June 2005

Controversy continues to surround the issue of militarization in Costa Rica. On one side, claims are made that external forces such as the Reagan administration or other foreign powers have created the recent period of social and economic instability in order to militarize Costa Rica and extend military influence in Central America. On the other hand, it has been argued that some of these external agents are simply offering aid to their Costa Rican friends during a period of social and economic instability. Similar contentions suggest that Costa Rica is only protecting itself from its neighbor to the north, Nicaragua, or that the present move toward militarization is only the professionalization of the police force. This paper examines some of the conditions that promote militarization in Costa Rica and explores moral, economic, and political issues related to the militarization of a country that has pursued a “no army” policy for almost forty years.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES
Authors: Esseks J. Dixon , Kraft Steven E.
Published: June 2005

When making its case to Congress and other audiences the Conservation Technical Assistance program of USDAIS Soil Conservation Service, which is the federal government's most extensive and expensive soil conservation program, based its argument on data about its clients. Missing have been comparisons between clients and nonclients that address the issue of whether clients might not have exhibited just as good conservation behavior without the program. Using multiple regression analysis that relates the diversity of conservation practices used to farm operators' receipt lnonreceipt of technical assistance, and controlling for relevant other variables, this study found statistically and substantively significant program effects in each of six diverse survey sites.