bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locus of Control and Academic Achievement among Student Nurses in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbada F Ebe , Nkomo Ntu N , Efretuei Iquo Edet
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The study was carried out to determine the extent to which locus of control predict academic achievement in foundation of nursing among student nurses in Cross River State.

Methodology: Two research hypothesis were formulated and tested at .05 level of significance. The study adopted the Ex-post facto research design. To test the hypothesis, a questionnaire titled 'Locus of control and academic achievement was used. The questionnaire contained two sections; section A and section B. Section A contained 12 items with a Cronbach reliability estimate of .85. Section B contained 50 multiple choice questions with a Kuder-Richardson (k-R20) reliability estimate of .92. The questionnaires were administered on 766 student nurses from 100 to 300 level of study from all the four schools of nursing in Cross River State. The data collected were analyzed using simple linear regression and multiple linear regression.

Findings: The research finding showed that internal locus of control does not significantly predict academic achievement in Foundation of Nursing among student nurses. While external locus of control significantly predicts academic achievement in Foundation of nursing among student nurses.

Recommendations: Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that there should be attribution training for learners at all levels of education to encourage attribution to controllable factors. Also, parents, teachers, educational psychologist, counsellors and significant other should encourage students to see themselves as originals and not as pawns.
Blake’s Hebrew Calligraphy
Authors: Shiff Abraham Samuel
Published: December 2022

The exhibition at the Morgan Library and Museum of William Blake’s World: “A New Heaven Is Begun” (Sept. 2009-Jan. 2010) provided an opportunity to examine closely Blake’s Hebrew calligraphy. Three works in the exhibition contain errors in forming Hebrew characters; some are deliberate to create clever visual illusions.
Roderick Tweedy, The God of the Left Hemisphere: Blake, Bolte Taylor, and the Myth of Creation
Authors: Rovira James
Published: December 2022

Roderick Tweedy’s The God of the Left Hemisphere compares the attributes of Blake’s Urizen to the characteristics of left-brain-dominated minds, suggesting that Blake’s mythology anticipates the claims of contemporary neurologists who study the lateralization of brain functions. Tweedy’s work is based upon the premise that Blake’s descriptions of Urizen are in fact descriptions of the operations of the brain’s left hemisphere, a claim supported by his appendix, “The Symbolism of Left and Right in Blake’s Work.” His study was inspired by a TED talk delivered by Jill Bolte Taylor, a neuroanatomist currently affiliated with Indiana University, who, during her time at Harvard University, suffered a hemorrhage on the left side of her brain. Taylor believes this experience gave her insights both into the human brain and into the possibilities for the transformation of human life and experience, insights that are the subject of her talk and of her 2008 book, My Stroke of Insight (Viking). Drawing from Taylor, Chris McManus’s Right Hand, Left Hand (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002), and Iain McGilchrist’s The Master and His Emissary (Yale UP, 2009), Tweedy paints a picture of left-brain psychology as dominating, hyperrational, moralistic, egocentric, and highly destructive (39), in comparison to right-brain psychology, which is “completely committed to the expression of peace, love, joy, and compassion in the world” (Taylor, quoted in Tweedy 41). The book is an engaging, journalistic treatment of its subject that would be most interesting to a general readership.
My Blake (Part 2: In England)
Authors: Smirnov Dmitri Nikolaevich
Published: December 2022

Part 1: In Russia appears in Blake 51.4 (spring 2018). England welcomed us cordially in 1991. Our concert was a success: my Jacob’s Ladder, a musical depiction of William Blake’s magnificent Jacob’s Dream of almost two hundred years before, came from Moscow to London to be played by the London Sinfonietta under the baton of a Russian conductor. It seemed to me that Londoners appreciated this. The horn concerto by my wife, Elena, was equally well received. After the concert we were invited to the Garrick Club, and together with our small children had a joyful dinner until late at night. The next morning we moved from Kensington’s Tara Hotel; our friends took great care of us and took turns in kindly offering us temporary shelter. The newspaper reviews were positive: “Its spiralling motifs and sun-lit instrumental colours [made] a dreamlike counterpart to the visionary William Blake picture which inspired it”; “Inspired by William Blake’s drawing of the Biblical story, this beautifully crafted piece is sectional, with contrasted instrumental groupings marking the boundaries. It is also refined, revealing sensitivity for instrumental characteristics and a predilection for lyrical phrases. The ending, when the first violin emerges from a lovely texture of celesta, vibraphone, bells and the higher stringed instruments is a moment of transcendent magic. It also exemplifies the economy of Smirnov’s writing: not a note was inessential.” Our publishers were pleased and decided to print both our scores.
William Blake and His Circle: A Checklist of Scholarship in 2017
Authors: Ripley Wayne C.
Published: December 2022

It is an intimidating prospect to follow the late G. E. Bentley, Jr., in compiling even a portion of this year’s checklist. As readers of this journal well know, Bentley’s impact on the study of Blake was profound and places him in the lofty empyrean inhabited by Geoffrey Keynes, S. Foster Damon, Mona Wilson, Northrop Frye, and David V. Erdman. In the words of David Worrall, “As Bentley realized a long time ago, and the rest of us somewhat later, the study of Blake is a uniquely complex activity because the abundance, technical complexity and material diversity of Blake’s original artifacts is combined with a dearth of ‘literary’ information about his life.” In A Blake Bibliography (co-authored with Martin K. Nurmi), Blake Books, Blake Books Supplement, and “William Blake and His Circle,” Bentley brought bibliography on both Blake and scholarship about him to its present state of precision and comprehensiveness. In Blake Records, he provided scholars with an easy means of accessing all the materially known facts of Blake’s life and his contemporary reception. He edited important facsimiles that offered painstaking transcriptions of Tiriel and Vala, or The Four Zoas, and his William Blake’s Writings vied with Erdman’s Complete Poetry and Prose as the most authoritative letterpress edition of Blake’s literary works. His scholarship was frightfully prolific, even toward the end of his life, and it covered not only Blake but also a wide range of writers and publishers connected to him, including George Cumberland, the Edwardses of Halifax, and Thomas Macklin. The highest praise may be the simplest: G. E. Bentley, Jr., helped us understand Blake better.
Blake and Exhibitions, 2017
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: December 2022

The works by Blake on display in 2017 span his trajectory from early modern esoteric traditions to his role as a critic of technology and power in late twentieth-century countercultures. An exhibition on the mystical philosophy of Jacob Böhme in Dresden featured some of Blake’s watercolor illustrations to Edward Young’s Night Thoughts among works tracing the reception of Böhme from the Corpus Hermeticum to Itten, Marc, Kandinsky, Arp, and the Bauhaus in the early twentieth century. The Blakes displayed in Dresden illustrated the planetary iconography of the late Nights of Young’s poem, the tension between light and darkness, and the earthly and heavenly possibilities of the human form. Seen in the context of the visual apparatus of the Corpus Hermeticum, they showed how Blake draws on early modern traditions that understand human beings as children of the planets, while also participating in the artisanal visual culture of hermeticism. By contrast, William Blake and the Age of Aquarius showed a selection from all periods of Blake’s work to illustrate his influence on postwar American artists, from experiments in printmaking to Robert Smithson, Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are (1963), Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation, the Vietnam protests, and rock culture. The reception of Blake in music and popular culture was key to his inclusion in the final room of the Victoria and Albert Museum’s exhibition You Say You Want a Revolution? Records and Rebels, 1966–1970: Blake’s “Jerusalem” demonstrated how “dissent inspires protest across the centuries.” The information panel carefully tracked the legacy of the hymn as it was adopted by movements and parties across the political spectrum, from the suffragettes to Labour, Liberals, Liberal Democrats, and Conservatives. It also represented British identity in the 2012 London Olympics.
Blake, Paul, and Sexual Antinomianism
Authors: Hobson Christopher Z.
Published: December 2022

This essay considers the biblical contexts for the genesis, elaboration, and later reworking of what can be called Blake’s sexual antinomianism—his view of the body, genitals, and sexual love as holy, in opposition to moral law. These contexts, and Blake’s sexual antinomianism generally, are surprisingly underdiscussed; in recent decades, religious influences on Blake’s antinomianism more often have been treated through seventeenth- and eighteenth-century parallels and with regard to other issues. Here I propose that the development of Blake’s ideas on sexuality and moral law centers on a sustained appropriative and revisionary, sometimes polemical, engagement with biblical texts, particularly St. Paul’s teachings on the body and moral conduct, and that this development can be traced through several texts that interact both with one another and directly or implicitly with Paul. The three key texts in my discussion are “The Divine Image” (especially line 11); America 8.10-14, whose “every thing that lives is holy” formula—with its iterations in several other works—acts to link my chosen texts to one another; and The Everlasting Gospel section f, “Was Jesus Chaste.” Together these outline a series of attitudes that, despite some affinities to contemporaries and precursors, form a distinct, recognizably Blakean mix that persists in his later work but, I argue, is modified to allow for humanity’s deep imperfection in the state he calls Generation.
William Blake and the Age of Aquarius, Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, September 2017–March 2018; Stephen F. Eisenman, ed., William Blake and the Age of Aquarius
Authors: Michael Jennifer Davis
Published: December 2022

“Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, / But to be young was very heaven!” Thus Wordsworth looked back at the heady days of Paris in 1789 from the vantage point of 1805. Such nostalgia, of course, is a hallmark of Romanticism. Nor is it a simple recollection, but a multilayered process of memory: in this case, Wordsworth looks back at a time of looking forward, much as Blake writes in 1793 a “prophecy” of America in 1776. Then there is the memory of memory, as in Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” where the speaker remembers how a remembered scene has sustained him in the intervening five years. In the 1799 Prelude, he turns back to his earliest memories—“Was it for this?”—in an attempt to resolve his writer’s block. Looking backward in order to move forward is a quintessentially Romantic exercise, one complicated further by the uncertainty of imagining what “might will have been,” as Emily Rohrbach has shown (2). Such was the case when I visited William Blake and the Age of Aquarius at the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University, curated by Stephen F. Eisenman. The exhibition explored how and why Blake became a role model for artistic revolutionaries in postwar America, building up to the countercultural upheaval of the 1960s. But this was not a straightforward study of one-way influence in which Blake served as background. In the catalogue, Lisa G. Corrin, director of the Block Museum, expresses “hope that seeing Blake against the backdrop of the ‘Age of Aquarius’ will enable us to reconnect to the radicalism of this iconic figure and to find in his multidimensional contributions meaning for our own tumultuous times” (vii). As Eisenman adds, “the products of both periods are potentially valuable resources for social movements still to come” (6). In a Romantic act of meta-recall, this exhibition recalls the recollection of Blake. Back in 1995, Morris Eaves referred to Blake’s perennial status as “the sign of something new about to happen” (414). That “something new” begins, as ever, with a Romantic glance backward.
William Blake, Vahiy Kitapları [Prophetic Works], trans. Kaan H. Ökten
Authors: Saral Ramazan
Published: December 2022

Unfortunately William Blake is not widely known in Turkey. This obscurity is partly because of his difficult symbolism. Even people adept at English find Blake challenging and incomprehensible; some relinquish the endeavor after giving it a try, but most never take it up. Even academics in Turkish literary departments tend to stay clear of Blake (with the exception of the Songs, this is true in many places, not just in Turkey); the general public is even less exposed to him. Under these circumstances, this new translation by Kaan H. Ökten (professor at Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, İstanbul) is particularly valuable, and an important stepping stone for the introduction of Blake in Turkey.
Blake and Music, 2018
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: December 2022

Last year’s listing of settings of William Blake to music was relatively extensive. This was because of the addition of a considerable number of popular music settings that had been overlooked by Donald Fitch in his Blake Set to Music: A Bibliography of Musical Settings of the Poems and Prose of William Blake and the later “Blake Set to Music: Supplement 2001” in Blake 35.2 (fall 2001), and by Ashanka Kumari in “Adding to Blake Set to Music” in Blake 49.4 (spring 2016). This year’s list adds settings that I had missed from the one drawn up for 2017—the majority, both popular and classical, were published or recorded from 2010 onwards—and of course includes settings that were released in 2018. As before, it avoids songs that mention Blake only tangentially or provide short quotations, but it does incorporate those, such as Michael Price’s Tender Symmetry, that draw heavily on Blake’s art and poetry.
Posthumous Blake: The Roles of Catherine Blake, C. H. Tatham, and Frederick Tatham in Blake’s Afterlife
Authors: Viscomi Joseph
Published: December 2022

The following essay, though long, detailed, and comprising thirteen parts, focuses on just seven basic questions: Which of Blake’s illuminated works were produced after his death? Who produced them? Where and when were they produced? How were they sold? Why do so many posthumous copies of Songs of Innocence and of Experience seem incomplete? Why did posthumous production stop? Answering these questions requires examining closely and thoroughly the bibliographical evidence provided by posthumous prints as well as new biographical facts about Catherine Blake, Charles Heathcote Tatham, and his son Frederick Tatham. It also requires tracing the probable location and movement between 1827 and 1832 of the rolling press used to print Blake’s plates.
Sarah Haggarty, ed., William Blake in Context
Authors: Gourlay Alexander S.
Published: December 2022

As editor of this collection, Haggarty recognizes the categorical and theoretical complexities of the undertaking and has wisely determined not to worry about them too much. She has assembled an impressive array of Romanticists and Blake specialists, most of them wise veterans, to write almost two-score essays in four broad overlapping categories of contexts or quasi-contexts. The result is very successful overall, even if reading it straight through is a bit like working one’s way through an encyclopedia from A to Z. The entries offer not only various contexts but also various (largely untheorized) conceptions of context itself. Most provide cogent, tactful reviews of insights from selected recent work clustered around recognized topics, and the quality of the essays is such that, for the next decade or so, I expect that readers will be peeking into the index and table of contents as the first step in exploring a new topic in Blake, or to remind themselves of other angles when a given critical approach is not helping, or to gather their thoughts before teaching a class. It will be particularly useful to beginners in Blake studies who need sound, authoritative generalizations about him, his work, and his times as a foundation for more particular discussions.
Blake’s “Holy Thursday” and “The Martyrdom of St. Paul’s”
Authors: Simmons Clare A.
Published: December 2022

The Comic Almanack of 1838 might seem an unusual place to find a writer thinking like William Blake, but a poem for the month of June gives two views of the charity children who attended an annual service in St. Paul’s Cathedral that have some interesting similarities to those represented by Blake’s two “Holy Thursday” poems. “The Martyrdom of St. Paul’s” and its background fill out the context for Blake’s poems of innocence and experience, suggesting that he was not entirely alone in wondering whether the children involved were being exploited rather than assisted. The 1838 poem read in context helps us to see Blake’s use of the title “Holy Thursday” as a calculated choice, and thus those who suggest that at the time of writing the first poem Blake himself identified closely with his narrator’s aesthetic response to the sight may be reading overinnocently. I will first outline what is known of the background to the “Holy Thursday” poems in Blake’s time, then use the poem from the Comic Almanack to understand what would have been expected of the children.
Sibylle Erle and Morton D. Paley, eds., The Reception of William Blake in Europe
Authors: Riccardi Silvia
Published: December 2022

Sibylle Erle and Morton D. Paley took up the ambitious task of editing the first comprehensive and systematic reference guide to Blake’s European afterlife, in collaboration with international scholars. The study resulted in a monumental collection of twenty-six chapters arranged in two volumes. Covering an extraordinary diversity of disciplines, Reception comprises essays on Blake editions, music, exhibitions, and the reception histories in Ireland, France, Belgium, Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia and the USSR, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. The work also contains an introduction, a thoroughly compiled timeline of Blake’s reception in continental Europe, and a detailed bibliography in each volume, divided by chapter, including the major translations in the countries covered.
The Publisher Not Mad
Authors: Mulhallen Karen
Published: December 2022

Given the facts of Richard Edwards’s life, I was surprised to read in the Tate Britain exhibition catalogue (p. 105), “After Edwards’s demise (he had become insane), Blake seems to have acquired a stock of the Night Thoughts publication and hand-coloured these for patrons, creating a luxurious new version of the illustrations for them.” There is no record of Richard going mad, nor of any issues with his bookshop and publishing activities. His brother James had a fashionable and immensely popular shop nearby and took over his stock when Richard accepted a government appointment. It is possible that the uncolored Night Thoughts remainders were given to Blake in part payment for his work with Richard Edwards at this time and not, as the Tate catalogue states, after Richard’s demise, since Blake and Edwards died in the same year, 1827, Blake in August and Richard in October.
James Rovira, ed., Rock and Romanticism: Blake, Wordsworth, and Rock from Dylan to U2
Authors: Yoder R. Paul
Published: December 2022

At the first ever World of Bob Dylan symposium in May-June 2019 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Betsy Bowden, one of the founders of Dylan criticism, called for the development of a critical language that not only recognizes the similarities between songs and poems, but also respects their differences. Rock and Romanticism: Blake, Wordsworth, and Rock from Dylan to U2, edited by James Rovira, participates in this development by connecting Romantic-period poetry to rock-’n’-roll songs, although that is not its primary agenda. Instead, Rovira says that the book “seeks not only to demonstrate the influence of Romantic literature on rock, which is already the subject of much attention, but to argue that rock itself is a late-twentieth-century expression of Romanticism” (xi-xii). He grounds this argument in the work of Robert Sayre and Michael Löwy, and most of the contributors acknowledge a debt to them as well. Sayre and Löwy defined Romanticism as “‘opposition to capitalism in the name of pre-capitalist values’” (quoted in Rovira xiii), and Rovira uses this definition to describe Romanticism “not as an era but as a response to historical conditions in a condition/​response model” (xv). Liberated from the limits of a Romantic period, the essays in the collection “assume that Romanticism continues into the present as an essential feature of modern culture and takes on a specific, musical transformation in the period following World War II” (xiv). The persuasiveness of the collection depends largely on how one views the persuasiveness of that understanding of Romanticism.
Interpreting Blake’s The Magdalene at the Sepulchre
Authors: Rosso G. A.
Published: December 2022

In 1805, Blake painted the beautiful, solemn watercolor The Magdalene at the Sepulchre for his friend and patron Thomas Butts. It illustrates a scene from the resurrection narrative in the gospel of John, capturing the moment before Mary recognizes that the figure who appears to her, outside the tomb, is the risen Jesus. The Magdalene at the Sepulchre is a consummate example of Blake’s incarnational aesthetic and a striking visualization of his interpretive approach to scripture. By choosing to illustrate this specific episode from John’s gospel, he invokes the illustrious Noli me tangere tradition while departing from it, or, more accurately, by refusing to enter it at all.
Translating Blake’s Prophetic Poetry: The Case of Milton
Authors: Steil Juliana , Flores Pereira Lawrence
Published: December 2022

This paper uses a revised version of the 2011 annotated translation into Brazilian Portuguese by Steil as its base, and discusses the translation of Blake’s prophetic verse and the poem’s processes of phonic harmonization. It starts by analyzing these elements in Milton, then goes on to investigate strategies for a poetic translation into Portuguese.
Violence, Death, and Autoeroticism: The Alternative Self-Annihilation in Visions of the Daughters of Albion
Authors: Chen Kang-Po
Published: December 2022

I argue … that aside from being a central factor in Blake’s revisionist Christian system of the “human form divine,” self-annihilation is a major source of eroticism in his portrayal of unconventional sexual experiences. Self-annihilation as an erotic phenomenon is empowered by the violent alteration of human subjectivity and the dissolution of social and biological preexisting identity. Blake’s designs of Oothoon and Theotormon in Visions exemplify this alternative aspect, as this essay attempts to demonstrate.
Edina Adam with Julian Brooks, William Blake: Visionary; Lives of William Blake: Henry Crabb Robinson, John Thomas Smith, Alexander Gilchrist, introduced by Martin Myrone
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: December 2022

A figure seen from the back kneels at an altar before the glaring, darkened form of a numinous planet. As a frontispiece this image marks the entrance to The Song of Los, and now it also leads us into William Blake: Visionary, the stunning catalogue of the Getty exhibition that was due to open from 21 July to 11 October 2020, but has been postponed to fall 2023 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Blake and Exhibitions, 2020
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: December 2022

2020 exhibitions placed Blake within artistic traditions of drawing in The Artful Line at the Harris and of wood engraving in Scene through Wood at the Ashmolean. His role within a surrealist genealogy was reinterpreted in British Surrealism at Dulwich Picture Gallery, which took the International Surrealist Exhibition of 1936 as a starting point and measured its impact on British surrealists since then. Facsimiles of his Gray watercolors were the inspiration for contemporary poets in The Bard: William Blake at Flat Time House. While the Tate retrospective reconstructed Blake’s coordinates through a very detailed account of the artisanal, artistic, and commercial communities around him in his several London locations, The Bard rooted Blake in Peckham, reenergizing creative and critical psychogeographic approaches. Trianon Press facsimiles were put to different uses, prompting reflection on the role of reproduction as a medium that can extend the circulation of Blake and bypassing the conservation restrictions that limit the exposure of works and require intervals between loans, as well as other conditions relating to the loan of originals. As noted, unbound Trianon facsimiles facilitated a dialogue with contemporary poetic practice at Flat Time House. The National Gallery of Canada’s William Blake, 1757–​1827: Illustrated Books used them to juxtapose originals and copies, enabling comparisons between monochrome and color versions and between technologies of print and reproduction, while also documenting the archival practice of complementing originals with reproductions.
The Body in the Line: “Trasumanar” in Blake’s Dante
Authors: Riccardi Silvia
Published: December 2022

Dante’s journey in the otherworld has introduced generations of readers to the consequences of the divine judgment, the architecture of sin and salvation, the moral condemnation of materialism, and the pilgrim’s encounter with God. God is the “somma luce” (Par. 33.67) (“eternal beam,” Cary 3: 293), which cannot be grasped by means of human understanding. The blinding light of redemption thus remains a mystery untold in the Commedia. Toward the end of his life, the sixty-seven-year-old William Blake approached Dante’s incommunicable experience by revisiting his poetics of line versus color. For his illustrations to the poem, he worked back and forth on 102 designs, leaving them in various stages of development. From Inferno to Paradiso through Purgatorio, Blake captured the condition of the fallen against the purity of the redeemed. Though the two are treated with the same medium, there is ambiguity in the conception of the human frame. Are the density and articulation of colors and contours in the Dante designs accidental modifications of form, or do they spell out the artist’s own judgment upon the souls?
Susan Mitchell Sommers, The Siblys of London: A Family on the Esoteric Fringes of Georgian England
Authors: Ripley Wayne C.
Published: December 2022

Even though William and Catherine Blake are mentioned on only a handful of pages, Blakeans will be thoroughly intrigued by Susan Mitchell Sommers’s The Siblys of London: A Family on the Esoteric Fringes of Georgian London for its portrayal of groups and eclectic discourses close to, and sometimes touching, the Blakes. The Siblys were a family of booksellers who specialized in the occult, publishing on such topics as astrology, alchemy, witchcraft, and prophecy. The book focuses largely on the two oldest brothers, Manoah (1757–​1840), a Swedenborgian minister and Bank of England employee, whom the Blakes almost certainly met, and Ebenezer (1750–​99), a bookseller, freemason, quack, astrologer, political operative, bigamist, and self-described male midwife and alchemist. As Sommers points out, when the Siblys have been considered at all, they have been examined from various disciplinary frames that often misconstrued their larger lives and work. Accordingly, one of the real strengths of the book is Sommers’s careful engagement with, and correction of, the existing scholarship, based on detailed, documented research.
To See the Worlds of a Grain of Sand: Blake and Reception
Authors: Erle Sibylle
Published: December 2022

William Blake’s influence on modern culture is undeniable. Blake—​in contrast, for example, to P. B. Shelley, Wordsworth, or Byron—​has a huge presence in literature, art, and music. Striking parallels and historical evidence for connections between Blake and his modern audiences have been identified and discussed, determining why he matters. From the discussions of synergies in the intellectual and emotional climates of his time and our own arise two questions, which this special issue on Blake’s reception in Europe endeavors to address: One, what of Blake (person, poetry, and art) bridges the gulf of time, appears universal, or seems directly relevant? Two, what happens to Blake if works (texts and images) are separated and taken up by audiences that ostensibly have little in common, apart from a shared residual Christian position or other—​esoteric or secular—​values originating in Western culture? The latter, which is about ownership, leads to a further question: If there are too many idiosyncratic interpretations of Blake, does the real Blake get lost?
Reading Revolutions: Corrado Costa’s William Blake in Beulah, a Visionary Cartoon Essay in 1977 Italy
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: December 2022

Under what conditions might Blake’s Beulah offer a script for a revolutionary present? This essay explores an episode in the visual reception of Blake as a letterpress poet from a time of civil unrest in Italy. Corrado Costa’s William Blake in Beulah: Saggio visionario su un poeta a fumetti (William Blake in Beulah: A Visionary Essay on a Poet in Comic Strips, 1977) is an avant-garde experiment in visual adaptation inspired by lettrism, Dada, and neo-avant-garde critiques of typography. Their analysis of the loss of the visual elements of writing certainly applies to the textual transmission of Blake’s works, which separated the poet from the artist in order to publish his poetry in typographical layouts. Abstracted from the visual form of the illuminated book, Blake’s poetry offered an ideal testing ground for Costa’s “visionary essay” in the sense of a creative-critical attempt to turn poetry into comic-strip captions. In fragmenting, resegmenting, repeating, and distributing Blake’s words across comic-strip panels, Costa releases them from the constraints of language and genre, testing how Blake might fare as a comic-strip poet. In what follows, I will explore how Costa’s comic-strip Blake subverts the orders of language, genre, and the medium of the book. I will focus on the most experimental section of Blake in Beulah, in which Costa reinvents The French Revolution as a prophetic cue for the 1977 movement.
Adam Komisaruk, Sexual Privatism in British Romantic Writing: A Public of One
Authors: Schuchard Marsha Keith
Published: December 2022

Adam Komisaruk examines “the varieties of erotic experience in an age of revolution” (1), covering British writings from c. 1780 to 1830. He posits an overriding theme of the relation between “sexual privatism” and “the public sphere,” and he cites most of the theorists (Habermas, Derrida, Foucault, Lacan, Laqueur, Sedgwick, etc.) whose ideas have long dominated such discourse. He organizes his study “according to some different sexual ‘publics’ in the period: legal treatments of rape, sodomy and adultery; high-profile sex scandal; population theory; and club culture” (7). While a large part of his narration focuses on these modern theoreticians, he also includes thematic readings of imaginative literature by Mary Hays, William Beckford, Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Erasmus Darwin, and finally William Blake.
Attribution and Reproduction: Death Pursuing the Soul through the Avenues of Life
Authors: Essick Robert N.
Published: December 2022

A splendid publication by the William Blake Trust features reproductions of Blake’s nineteen watercolors illustrating Robert Blair’s The Grave, rediscovered in 2001, and texts by Martin Butlin and Morton D. Paley. These drawings, plus Prone on the Lonely Grave—She Drops, which was once part of the group, were executed by Blake in the fall of 1805 on commission from Robert Hartley Cromek, whose edition of the poem with Blake’s illustrations, engraved by Louis Schiavonetti, appeared in 1808. Butlin’s contributions to the volume extend to a consideration of related drawings, including Death Pursuing the Soul through the Avenues of Life. He states that this work “stands out from the finished watercolours in that it is a monochrome drawing, finished in sepia washes over pencil on card in a rather heavy manner uncharacteristic of Blake’s own hand; although the invention seems to be by the artist [Blake], the work is perhaps a pencil drawing gone over by someone else to make it more saleable in the later 19th century.” A long footnote includes the following comments:When this drawing was first brought to my attention in 1965 I accepted it on the basis of a reproduction but suggested, in a letter to Sir Geoffrey Keynes of 13 December 1965, that it had perhaps been gone over in parts by someone else. By the time it was acquired by Essick in 1971 I had been able to see it and was satisfied that it was a perfectly good work by Blake and it was included without qualification in my catalogue in 1981. However, constant brooding over reproductions of this work has led me to my present doubts. Not surprisingly, these statements immediately caught my attention. In 1965 Butlin apparently believed that Death Pursuing had been “gone over” only “in parts by someone else,” but his statement in 2009 that it is “a pencil drawing” from Blake’s hand suggests that he now believes that all the washes were added by “someone else.” While I am tempted to do some teary-eyed “brooding” myself over Butlin’s partial deattribution of what I had long considered one of the more delicious examples of neo-gothic horror in my collection, his comments raise more general issues about how drawings are attributed, how the scholar/connoisseur converts subjective responses into convincing propositions, and how reproductions can play a role in those endeavors.
Sarah Haggarty and Jon Mee, eds., Blake and Conflict
Authors: Hobson Christopher Z.
Published: December 2022

With Blake and Conflict Palgrave Macmillan extends its role as the academic press now most consistently showcasing new Blake scholarship. The volume presents selected revised papers from a conference of the same title held in Oxford in 2006. Although it does not entirely surmount the miscellaneous quality that most conference anthologies have, synergies among several contributions provide a fairly strong thematic coherence. Sarah Haggarty and Jon Mee’s introduction outlines two kinds of conflict as salient for the volume, both involving the conversation of “Visionary forms dramatic” that Blake envisions in humanity’s future (Jerusalem 98, E 257). The first centers on ideological or intellectual conflict as an aspect of pluralistic harmony: Blake, the editors say, imagines “the kind of community that arises from the communication between differences” (4). A second, more mundane, type of conflict involves Blake’s contentious “relationships with his precursors and precursor texts,” and these too, for the editors, are relationships among “Contraries,” so that conflict emerges as a “risk inherent in fully engaging with the other” (4, 5). This breakdown, however, only partly accounts for the volume’s contents; more than half the essays involve “conflict” with recent views of Blake or Blake-like ideas as complicit with imperialism and its ideological categories, with elite political domination, or with masculinist gender conceptions. These essays suggest a turn away from a “complicit” Blake by at least some now working in the field.
Relationship Between Performance Appraisal and Teachers’ Burnout in Public Secondary Schools in Sabatia Sub-County, Vihiga County
Authors: Mungasia J.A. , Otieno Prof. K. , Ouda Dr. J.B.
Published: December 2022

Globally, an effective performance appraisal system assists in holding teachers’ accountable, addressing underperformance, enhancing performance and best practice. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship between teachers’ performance appraisal and burnout, and find out relationship between self-efficacy, performance appraisal, and burnout among public secondary school teachers in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County. This study was anchored on the self-efficacy theory component of the social cognitive theory by Bandura. It adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of twelve schools selected using purposive and stratified random sampling from the sampling frame developed for all public secondary schools in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County, Kenya out of which 227 teachers were sampled using random sampling. Principals of each sampled school were included in the sample. The Sabatia Sub-county TSC Director was part of the respondents. Data for this study was collected using interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. Validity of data collection tools was established through piloting with ten respondents who were not included in the study. Reliability was established using test-retest reliability. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics and analyzed findings presented using frequency tables, percentage and mean scores. The R value from the model summary of the regression between self-efficacy, performance appraisal and burnout was 0.810. The R square value was 0.656, which implied 65.6 % effect on burnout was attributed to performance appraisal and self-efficacy. The results show a constant t-value of 6.944 at p=0.001. When performance appraisal was introduced into the equation, it reduced to -8.977 at p=0.000.In addition, when self-efficacy was introduced into the relationship, it further reduced to -11.161. The results show that there was a negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings of the study may be useful to the Ministry of Education and Teachers’ Service Commission in designing programs that focus on increasing teacher efficacy, perfecting performance appraisal, and reducing their burnout and the study may raise issues that may be a base for further research.
Bangladesh V Myanmar Maritime: Boundary Delimitation Case
Authors: Haider Iffat Ara
Published: December 2022

This article describes technical difficulties of Bangladesh and Myanmar’s maritime boundary dispute (the “Bay of Bengal case”). This was the first maritime delimitation case that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) resolved. A maritime border for the seabed and subsoil of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf (ECS) was decided by international adjudication for the first time in 2012. It was also the first time detailed technical quantification of seabed areas in the EEZ and ECS was needed for an international forum. After reviewing the ITLOS’s delimitation principles, this article evaluates St. Martin’s Island’s legal status and delimitation effect. The ITLOS concluded that the EEZ and continental shelf legal regimes should not be distinguished in the present instance, but a different approach is proposed for future cases. This article discuss about how to make an equitable boundary and indicates a model for adjusting provisional equidistance lines to accommodate the complicated geophysical rules for the outer limits of the ECS set by the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).
Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera from Miocene carbonates in the Center and Southeast of the Nam Con Son basin
Authors: Pham Thi Duyen , Mai Hoang Dam , Ta Thi Hoa , Nguyen Van Su , Nguyen Thi Tham
Published: December 2022

In biostratigraphical studies, the planktonic foraminifera, nannofossils, and palynomorphs are recorded rarely in shallow water limestones. Meanwhile, larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) have an important role in defining the stratigraphic range and the depositional environment of carbonate formations is recorded abundantly. The precise identification of LBF’s taxonomy depends on the recognition of its internal structures using polarised microscopes.

Results from the study in the Central and South-eastern Nam Con Son basin show that LBF occurred frequently in the Miocene and, especially, became extremely dominant in the Middle Miocene. In the Early Miocene (Te5 - lower Tf1), they appeared sparsely in the Te5 but became abundant in the lower Tf1. In the Middle Miocene (middle Tf1 - Tf3), they were predominant and diverse in many genera and species, marked by the disappearance of Miogypsina, Miogypsinoides, Katacycloclypeus, and most of the species of Lepidocyclina and Cycloclypeus at the top of the sub-epoch. In the Late Miocene (Tg), LBF was not varied, mainly Amphistegina and Operculina. However, some significant species of the genus Lepidocyclina were extant and dwelled on the isolated carbonate platforms in the Southeast area of the basin. The association of larger benthic foraminifera with small millioids and rotalids, planktonic foraminifera, coral, and/or algae, crinoids, bivalves, etc., may implicate the palaeoenvironmental zone of the carbonate deposits in the wells of the studied region, ranging from the lagoon, shelves surrounding reef to relatively deep, open marine conditions. The occurrence of LBF in carbonate deposits is the key to defining the age, identifying the stratigraphy and depositional environment, and correlating the carbonates.
Refinery-petrochemicals integration: Downstream trends and recommendations for refineries having Petrovietnam’s contributed capital
Authors: Huynh Minh Thuan , Le Duong Hai , Vo Thi Thuong , Truong Van Nhan , Nguyen Manh Huan , Nguyen Thi Chau Giang , Nghiem Thi Ngoan , Hua Duy Dat , Dinh Van Nhan , Nguyen Huu Luong
Published: December 2022

Crude oil and natural gas are two important feedstocks for petrochemical production worldwide. At present, the domestic production of petroleum and petrochemical products (e.g. from Dung Quat and Nghi Son refineries) is not enough to satisfy the domestic demand. It is forecasted that materials such as plastics (PE, PP, PVC, ABS, PS) and rubers (SBR, NBR) will still have to be imported to meet the development of some potentially sustainable areas such as electric and electronic appliances, automotive, medicals and pharmaceuticals. In this study, petrochemical production is evaluated on the following criteria: (i) Feedstock and product market; (ii) Historical and forecasted prices; (iii) Technology evaluation, and (iv) Trend and experience on crude oil to petrochemicals. Resulting from that, some potential scenarios are proposed for petrochemical productions in Vietnam in the short-/middle- and long-term based on the imported feedstock and domestic supply.
Assessment of the Attitude of Staff Nurses towards Hospitalised Psychiatric Patients in Kolar (Karnataka)
Authors: R Sreevani  , S Revathi
Published: December 2022

As in other fields, the awareness of patients regarding their rights in seeking right or opting for particular modality of treatment is on the increase. This study sought to assess the attitude of staff nurses towards psychiatric patients hospitalised in a hospital in Karnataka. The study included 15 Diploma and as many Degree level nursing students. Using convenience sampling technique, authors conclude that graduate nurses were more articulate in asserting that hospitalised psychiatric patients were justified in seeking information about their illness and treatment or declining treatment than diploma students. The authors also suggest in-service education programme for nurses so as to inculcate a more positive attitude towards mentally ill patients.
Health Problems among Menopausal Women in Udupi District (Karnataka)
Authors: D Souza Leena , C Rao Anitha
Published: December 2022

Menopause among women, occurring in middle age, brings in its wake, a set of health problems that needs to be handled distinctly by the care givers. A study undertaken to determine the magnitude of health problems in Udupi district of Karnataka included 100 menopausal women in the age group 45-55 years, 50 each from urban and rural pockets. Using demographic proforma, modified socioeconomic scale and structured interview schedule as tools, it was concluded that menopausal health problems were more common in women in rural areas than in their urban counterparts; they were also less articulate and less aware about managing or preventing menopausal health problems.
Effect of Informational Booklet on Legal Responsibilities of Nursing Personnel in terms of Knowledge and Practice of Nursing Personnel
Authors: Ahlawat Sunita
Published: December 2022

With enhancement in awareness levels of patients and the Right to Information Act in force, it is imperative for healthcare and medical personnel to have reasonable knowledge of legalities involved in care of the patients. The present study attempted to develop an information booklet on legal responsibilities of nursing personnel, assess the effect of such booklet before and after administration of booklet, and determine the acceptability of such booklet. It was an evaluative research study covering 50 staff nurses / nursing personnel from a Government hospital in Haryana. It is concluded that nurses had scant knowledge about legal issues associated with their job responsibilities and that the booklet was quite beneficial in upgrading their knowledge on legal matters and related issues as reflected in pre- and post-tests.
Effectiveness of Semi Sitting Position during 2nd Stage of Labour on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes among Primigravida
Authors: MD Santhi , MD Anuratha , Kokilavani
Published: December 2022

This post-test experimental study was conducted among 50 primigravida mothers - 25 each in experimental and control groups in a maternity centre of Coimbatore (TN) with a view to assess the effect of semi-sitting position during second stage of labour on maternal and neonatal outcomes. It was found that semi sitting position is beneficial in enhancing thrust and directing the uterine contraction force on foetus that lead to fewer late decelerations and increased APGAR score.
Assessment of Computer-Related Health Problems Among Post-Graduate Nursing Students
Authors: Khan Shaheen Akhtar , Sharma Veena
Published: December 2022

The study was conducted to assess computer-related health problems among post-graduate nursing students and to develop a Self Instructional Module for prevention of computer-related health problems in a selected university situated in Delhi. A descriptive survey with co-relational design was adopted. A total of 97 samples were selected from different faculties of Jamia Hamdard by multi stage sampling with systematic random sampling technique. Among post-graduate students, majority of sample subjects had average compliance with computer-related ergonomics principles. As regards computer related health problems, majority of post graduate students had moderate computer-related health problems, Self Instructional Module developed for prevention of computer-related health problems was found to be acceptable by the post-graduate students.