bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaplastic Breast Cancer with Chondroid Differentiation
Authors: Daga Garima , Kumar Rajeev
Published: July 2021

Background: Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) cancer is a rare subtype of breast carcinoma and carries a worse prognosis. Chondroid differentiation is the rarest among all its histologic subtypes. We report a case of MBC with chondroid differentiation and review its clinicopathological details, genetic basis, and management.Case presentation: A 56-year female presented with right-sided large breast lump. She noticed this lump 4 months before presenting. Trucut biopsy was suggestive of invasive ductal carcinoma. She underwent breast conservation surgery and histology was consistent with MBC with chondroid differentiation, pT2N3aM0. Tumour was triple-negative for ER, PR, and Her-2- neu receptors. Adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy was given and she has been doing fine during 11 months of follow-up.Conclusion: The MBC is an uncommon subtype with heterogeneity in biological and morphological features and its knowledge is paramount while evaluating a breast lump. Understanding the pathologic and molecular basis is imperative in developing the targeted therapy to improve outcomes.
River Sediment Transport Modeling of Ele River using Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of COMSOL Multiphysics Program
Authors: Ubah Joseph Ikenna , Orakwe Louis Chukwuemeka , Okoye Nelson Mbanefo , Ogbu Kingsely Nnaemeka
Published: July 2021

Excessive sediment deposition results to hydro-ecological problems particularly for shallow streams that experience significant point-source pollution. In recent times, models have been employed to investigate sediment transport in river systems. The aim of this research work is to model sediment transport of Ele River using particle tracing methodology. The governing equations of fluid flow and particle movement were modelled using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a. The result was validated using experimental data and the model result showed good agreement with coefficient of determination of 0.99. Study results showed that sediment at the river banks posses lower velocities compared to sediments in midstream. This implies higher sediment deposition at the banks due to low flow velocity. These sediments deposition constitute problems to the river system through degradation of water quality and blocking irrigation nozzles, impacting irrigation efficiency and crop production.
Modulation Transfer Function Analysis in Myopic Model Eye
Authors: Othman Shah Farez , Tamchek Nizam , Muhammad Farah Diana , Ithnin Mohd Hafidz
Published: July 2021

Hitherto, the eye modelling is based on the emmetropic eye taken its ocular optical components value from the population-based studies. However, no studies have been done to study the effect of aberration of myopic refractive error by modelling the eye using the parameters from ocular biometrics and ray tracing method. This study aimed to determine the modulation transfer function (MTF) of myopic refractive error using eye modelling and ray tracing technique. Three eye models had been successfully modelled in Zemax software, namely, emmetropic Liou and Brennan, myopic Liou and Brennan, corrected myopic Liou and Brennan. The optical performance of the eye models were tested using the MTF. From the MTF analysis at 100 cycles/mm, the MTF value of both tangential and sagittal rays for myopic Liou and Brennan eye was the lowest compared to its emmetropic model. Also, the MTF value of the corrected myopic Liou and Brennan model was higher compared to the uncorrected myopic model. However, the corrected myopic model produced lower MTF values for both tangential and sagittal MTF compared with the emmetropic model of Liou and Brennan. In this study, the accuracy of the MTF for myopia correction and emmetropia were calculated. It was found that the accuracy of the MTF value for corrected myopia at tangential and sagittal rays was lower.
Are There Adequate Benefits and Contributions for SOCSO’s Invalidity Pension Scheme (IPS)?
Authors: Samsuddin Shamshimah
Published: July 2021

Social security is a protection that a country legally gives to its citizens against interruption, death and loss of income. There are two kinds of protection schemes SOCSO in Malaysia, namely the Employment Injury Scheme (EIS) and the Invalidity Pension Scheme (IPS). This article aims to determine the benefits and contributions of IPS using Actuarial Cost method. In addition, this result will be used to compare with the adequacy of SOCSO contribution rate. Data of number of active populations in year 2014 for Invalidity Pension and Survivors’ Benefit are obtained from Social Security Organisation (SOCSO). The findings concluded that the claim made on benefits is higher than the contribution. This can lead to inadequate for benefits as compared to contributions.
Building the Knowledge Graph for Zakat (KGZ) in Indonesian Language
Authors: Sukmana Husni Teja , Muslimin JM , Firmansyah Asep Fajar , Oh Lee Kyung
Published: July 2021

In Indonesia, philanthropy is identical to Zakat. Zakat belongs to a specific domain because it has its characteristics of knowledge. This research studied knowledge graph in the Zakat domain called KGZ which is conducted in Indonesia. This area is still rarely performed, thus it becomes the first knowledge graph for Zakat in Indonesia. It is designed to provide basic knowledge on Zakat and managing the Zakat in Indonesia. There are some issues with building KGZ, firstly, the existing Indonesian named entity recognition (NER) is non-restricted and general-purpose based which data is obtained from a general source like news. Second, there is no dataset for NER in the Zakat domain. We define four steps to build KGZ, involving data acquisition, extracting entities and their relationship, mapping to ontology, and deploying knowledge graphs and visualizations. This research contributed a knowledge graph for Zakat (KGZ) and a building NER model for Zakat, called KGZ-NER. We defined 17 new named entity classes related to Zakat with 272 entities, 169 relationships and provided labelled datasets for KGZ-NER that are publicly accessible. We applied the Indonesian-Open Domain Information Extractor framework to process identifying entities’ relationships. Then designed modeling of information using resources description framework (RDF) to build the knowledge base for KGZ and store it to GraphDB, a product from Ontotext. This NER model has a precision 0.7641, recall 0.4544, and F1-score 0.5655. The increasing data size of KGZ is required to discover all of the knowledge of Zakat and managing Zakat in Indonesia. Moreover, sufficient resources are required in future works.
JOSUÉ DE CASTRO
Authors: Santos Kátia Hale
Published: July 2021

O presente artigo tem como objeto de investigação o fenômeno da fome como expressão da questão social e suas repercussões sociais segundo o pensamento de Josué de Castro. Tomamos como referência os livros Geografia da fome (1946) e Sete Palmos de Terra e um Caixão (1965), pois nelas estão condensados os conceitos de fome classificados pelo autor e seus consequentes reflexos na sociedade brasileira. Detemo-nos especificamente no período correspondente ao desenvolvimentismo, quando o Estado priorizou o investimento na indústria em detrimento das atividades do setor agrário. A reforma agrária, entre outras bandeiras levantadas por Josué de Castro, não foi uma política levada a efeito no país, resultando na perpetuação da fome no Brasil.
Investigating longitudinal changes in the mechanical properties of MCF-7 cells exposed to paclitaxol using particle tracking microrheology
Authors: El Kaffas Ahmed , Bekah Devesh , Rui Min , Kumaradas Carl , Kolios Michael
Published: July 2021

Evidence suggests that compression and shear wave elastography are sensitive to the mechanical property changes occuring in dying cells following chemotherapy, and can hence be used to monitor cancer treatment response. A qualitative and quantitative understanding of the mechanical changes at the cellular level would allow to better infer how these changes affect macroscopic tissue mechanical properties and therefore allow the optimization of elastographic techniques (such as shear wave elastography) for the monitoring of cancer therapy. We used intracellular particle tracking microrheology (PTM) to investigate the mechanical property changes of cells exposed to paclitaxol, a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. The average elastic and viscous moduli of the cytoplasm of treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells were calculated for frequency ranges between 0.2 and 100 rad s–1 (corresponding to 0.03 and 15.92 Hz, respectively). A significant increase in the complex shear modulus of the cell cytoplasm was detected at 12 h post treatment. At 24 h after drug exposure, the elastic and viscous moduli increased by a total of 191.3 Pa (>8000×) and 9 Pa (~9×), respectively for low frequency shear modulus measurements (at 1 rad s–1). At higher frequencies (10 rad s–1), the elastic and viscous moduli increased by 188.5 Pa (~60×) and 1.7 Pa (~1.1×), respectively. Our work demonstrates that PTM can be used to measure changes in the mechanical properties of treated cells and that cell elasticity significantly increases by 24 h after chemotherapy exposure.
Clinical effectiveness of individual patient education in heart surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fredericks Suzanne , Yau Terrence M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The objective of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of individualized patient education interventions to standardized patient education interventions on the rate of readmission, performance of specific health behaviours, depression, anxiety, and cognition during the post-hospital discharge recovery period following cardiovascular surgery.

Design and data sources

Randomized controlled trials that included study participants who underwent their first bypass and/or valve replacement surgery; were eighteen years of age or older; and were recovering in the community.
Review methods

For all data analyzed, data was entered based on the principle of intention to treat. To be included in a given comparison, outcome data had to have been available for at least 80% of those who were randomized. Assessment of statistical heterogeneity was tested. Generic inverse variance methods based on random effects models were used to pool effect estimates across included studies.

Results

Seventeen trials involving 2624 study participants where individualized patient education was the primary interventional intent was included in this review. Four studies that included 930 participants reported on hospital readmissions. The sources of bias that remain unclear or were judged as containing high risk of bias most frequently across included trials were blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting. An effect of the individualized patient education in reducing hospital readmission rates (Mean Difference: −1.28, 95% CI −1.87 to −0.68, p < 0.00), depression (Mean Difference: −23.32, 95% CI −23.70 to −22.95, p < 0.00), and anxiety (Mean Difference: −19.34, 95% CI −20.46 to −18.23, p < 0.00) was noted. While an increase in the performance of specific health behaviours (Mean Difference: 3.45, 95% CI 3.27–3.63, p < 0.00) and cognition (Mean Difference: 11.17, 95% CI 10.66–11.68, p < 0.00) was found. Most effect estimates were prone to statistical heterogeneity among the trials.

Conclusion

The findings from this systematic review suggest favorable effects on the readmission rates. However, a major limitation notes in the current body of evidence relates to the small number of or even lacking number of trials for clinically important outcomes. As well, the individualized patient education intervention is effective in promoting statistically significant changes in quality of life, performance of health behaviours, depression, and anxiety.
Economic instruments for obesity prevention: results of a scoping review and modified delphi survey
Authors: Faulkner Guy E. J. , Grootendorst Paul , Nguyen Van Hai , Andreyeva Tatiana , Arbour-Nicitopoulos Kelly , Auld M. Christopher , Cash Sean B. , Cawley John , Donnelly Peter , Drewnowski Adam , Dube Laurette , Ferrence Roberta , Janssen Ian , LaFrance Jeffrey , Lakdawalla Darius , Mendelsen Rena , Powell Lisa M. , Traill W. Bruce , Windjeijer Frank
Published: July 2021

Background
Comprehensive, multi-level approaches are required to address obesity. One important target for intervention is the economic domain. The purpose of this study was to synthesize existing evidence regarding the impact of economic policies targeting obesity and its causal behaviours (diet, physical activity), and to make specific recommendations for the Canadian context.

Methods
Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was adopted for this study and this consisted of two phases: 1) a structured literature search and review, and 2) consultation with experts in the research field through a Delphi survey and an in-person expert panel meeting in April 2010.

Results
Two key findings from the scoping review included 1) consistent evidence that weight outcomes are responsive to food and beverage prices. The debate on the use of food taxes and subsidies to address obesity should now shift to how best to address practical issues in designing such policies; and 2) very few studies have examined the impact of economic instruments to promote physical activity and clear policy recommendations cannot be made at this time. Delphi survey findings emphasised the relatively modest impact any specific economic instrument would have on obesity independently. Based on empirical evidence and expert opinion, three recommendations were supported. First, to create and implement an effective health filter to review new and current agricultural polices to reduce the possibility that such policies have a deleterious impact on population rates of obesity. Second, to implement a caloric sweetened beverage tax. Third, to examine how to implement fruit and vegetable subsidies targeted at children and low income households.

Conclusions
In terms of economic interventions, shifting from empirical evidence to policy recommendation remains challenging. Overall, the evidence is not sufficiently strong to provide clear policy direction. Additionally, the nature of the experiments needed to provide definitive evidence supporting certain policy directions is likely to be complex and potentially unfeasible. However, these are not reasons to take no action. It is likely that policies need to be implemented in the face of an incomplete evidence base.
Validating an infrared thermal switch as a novel access technology
Authors: Memarian Negar , Venetsanopoulos Anastasios , Chau Tom
Published: July 2021

Background
Recently, a novel single-switch access technology based on infrared thermography was proposed. The technology exploits the temperature differences between the inside and surrounding areas of the mouth as a switch trigger, thereby allowing voluntary switch activation upon mouth opening. However, for this technology to be clinically viable, it must be validated against a gold standard switch, such as a chin switch, that taps into the same voluntary motion.

Methods
In this study, we report an experiment designed to gauge the concurrent validity of the infrared thermal switch. Ten able-bodied adults participated in a series of 3 test sessions where they simultaneously used both an infrared thermal and conventional chin switch to perform multiple trials of a number identification task with visual, auditory and audiovisual stimuli. Participants also provided qualitative feedback about switch use. User performance with the two switches was quantified using an efficiency measure based on mutual information.

Results
User performance (p = 0.16) and response time (p = 0.25) with the infrared thermal switch were comparable to those of the gold standard. Users reported preference for the infrared thermal switch given its non-contact nature and robustness to changes in user posture.

Conclusions
Thermal infrared access technology appears to be a valid single switch alternative for individuals with disabilities who retain voluntary mouth opening and closing.
Effect of the Backward-Facing Step Location on the Aerodynamics of a Morphing Wing
Authors: Mishriky Fadi Magdy R , Walsh Paul
Published: July 2021

Over the last decade, aircraft morphing technology has drawn a lot of attention in the aerospace community, because it is likely to improve the aerodynamic performance and the versatility of aircraft at different flight regimes. With the fast paced advancements in this field, a parallel stream of research is studying different materials and designs to develop reliable morphing skins. A promising candidate for a viable morphing skin is the sliding skin, where two or more rigid surfaces remain in contact and slide against each other during morphing. The overlapping between each two panels create a backward-facing step on the airfoil surface which has a critical effect on the aerodynamics of the wing. This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of employing a backward-facing step on the suction side of a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 2412 airfoil at a high Reynolds number of 5.9 × 106. The effects of the step location on the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and critical angle of attack are studied to find a favorable location for the step along the chord-wise direction. Results showed that employing a step on the suction side of the NACA 2412 airfoil can adversely affect the aforementioned aerodynamic properties. A drop of 21.1% in value of the lift coefficient and an increase of 120.8% in the drag coefficient were observed in case of a step located at 25% of the chord length. However, these effects are mitigated by shifting the step location towards the trailing edge. Introducing a step on the airfoil caused the airfoil’s thickness to change, which in turn has affected the transition point of the viscous boundary layer from laminar to turbulent. The location of the step, prior or post the transition point, has a noteworthy effect on the pressure and shear stress distribution, and consequently on the values of the lift and drag coefficients.
Multistable Perception in Older Adults: Constructing a Whole from Fragments
Authors: Patel Khushi , Reed Maureen J.
Published: July 2021

Visual perception is constructive in nature; that is, a coherent whole is generated from ambiguous fragments that are encountered in dynamic visual scenes. Creating this coherent whole from fragmented sensory inputs requires one to detect, identify, distinguish and organize sensory input. The organization of fragments into a coherent whole is facilitated by the continuous interactions between lower level sensory inputs and higher order processes. However, age-related declines are found in both neural structures and cognitive processes (e.g., attention and inhibition). The impact of these declines on the constructive nature of visual processing was the focus of this study. Here we asked younger adults, young-old (65–79 years), and old-old adults (80+ years) to view a multistable figure (i.e., Necker cube) under four conditions (free, priming, volition, and adaptation) and report, via a button press, when percepts spontaneously changed. The oldest-olds, unlike young-olds and younger adults, were influenced by priming, had less visual stability during volition and showed less ability to adapt to multistable stimuli. These results suggest that the ability to construct a coherent whole from fragments declines with age. More specifically, vision is constructed differently in the old-olds, which might influence environmental interpretations and navigational abilities in this age group.
New frequency-dependent trigonometric interpolation functions for the dynamic finite element analysis of thin rectangular plates
Authors: Jayasinghe Supun , Hashemi Seyed Mohammad
Published: July 2021

The Dynamic Finite Element (DFE) formulation is a superconvergent, semianalytical method used to perform vibration analysis of structural components during the early stages of design. It was presented as an alternative to analytical and numerical methods that exhibit various drawbacks, which limit their applicability during the preliminary design stages. The DFE method, originally developed by the second author, has been exploited heavily to study the modal behaviour of beams in the past. Results from these studies have shown that the DFE method is capable of arriving at highly accurate results with a coarse mesh, thus, making it an ideal choice for preliminary stage modal analysis and design of structural components. However, the DFE method has not yet been extended to study the vibration behaviour of plates. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a set of frequency-dependent, trigonometric shape functions for a 4-noded, 4-DOF per node element as a basis for developing a DFE method for thin rectangular plates. To this end, the authors exploit a distinct quasi-exact solution to the plate governing equation and this solution is then used to derive the new, trigonometric basis and shape functions, based on which the DFE method would be developed.
A Device-Independent Efficient Actigraphy Signal-Encoding System for Applications in Monitoring Daily Human Activities and Health.
Authors: Athavale Yashodhan Rajiv , Krishnan Sridhar
Published: July 2021

Actigraphs for personalized health and fitness monitoring is a trending niche market and fit aptly in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) paradigm. Conventionally, actigraphy is acquired and digitized using standard low pass filtering and quantization techniques. High sampling frequencies and quantization resolution of various actigraphs can lead to memory leakage and unwanted battery usage. Our systematic investigation on different types of actigraphy signals yields that lower levels of quantization are sufficient for acquiring and storing vital movement information while ensuring an increase in SNR, higher space savings, and in faster time. The objective of this study is to propose a low-level signal encoding method which could improve data acquisition and storage in actigraphs, as well as enhance signal clarity for pattern classification. To further verify this study, we have used a machine learning approach which suggests that signal encoding also improves pattern recognition accuracy. Our experiments indicate that signal encoding at the source results in an increase in SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) by at least 50–90%, coupled with a bit rate reduction by 50–80%, and an overall space savings in the range of 68–92%, depending on the type of actigraph and application used in our study. Consistent improvements by lowering the quantization factor also indicates that a 3-bit encoding of actigraphy data retains most prominent movement information, and also results in an increase of the pattern recognition accuracy by at least 10%.
A methodology for predicting hybrid solar panel performance in different operating modes
Authors: Fine Jamie P. , Dworkin Seth , Friedman Jacob
Published: July 2021

When a hybrid solar panel produces thermal energy, it can operate in either hybrid mode, or thermal-only mode. In hybrid mode, the panel produces both electrical power and thermal power, and in thermal-only mode, only thermal power is produced. It has been shown that the thermal performance of a hybrid panel can vary by 15% on average between these two modes, but panel manufacturers are only required to publish performance data for one mode. Other studies in the literature have found a difference in panel thermal performance between these two modes, but they do not discuss a methodology to estimate alternate mode performance using manufacturer-supplied data. To alleviate this gap in the literature, this study presents a novel methodology to estimate alternate mode thermal performance of a hybrid solar panel only using manufacturer-supplied data. To match the panel information that is typically available, the second-order thermal efficiency model is used to estimate thermal performance, and temperature dependent electrical characteristics are used to estimate electrical performance. Indoor testing using a solar simulator was carried out, and the detailed test results are included. Results show that using the proposed modification technique can estimate thermal performance within 4% of actual values on average.

Keywords: Solar; Hybrid Panel; PVT Panel; Experimental Data; Efficiency
The Lived Experience of Canadian University Students with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gucciardi Enza , Hill Stephanie , Gingras Jacqui
Published: July 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of university students with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: University students participated in a 2-part focus group. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using an open-coding approach. Data analysis was guided by a framework analysis method and emergent themes were triangulated between study authors for validity.

Results: Three major themes identified in this study were food issues within the university environment, lack of diabetes awareness on campus and internal struggles related to the participants' relationships with their diabetes.

Conclusions: Results illustrate some of the unique challenges that interfere with diabetes self-management, academic performance and quality of life among this sample of university students. Findings can provide insight for diabetes educators and other healthcare practitioners regarding the issues that may interfere with optimal diabetes self-care in this population. Findings also can be used to inform university administrators how to make the university environment more diabetes friendly for its students.
A survey of diet self-efficacy and food intake in students with high and low perceived stress.
Authors: Nastaskin Robyn S. , Fiocco Alexandra
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Given the rise in obesity and obesity-related disorders, understanding the relationship between stress, self-efficacy and food choice in young adulthood may have implications for preventing negative health outcomes later in life that stem from poor eating habits. The current study examined whether stress levels and diet self-efficacy may be associated with unhealthy eating habits in young adults.

Methods:

Male and female undergraduate students (N = 136) completed questionnaires that tap into diet self-efficacy
(DSE), perceived stress (PS), sodium, and fat intake. Sex differences in choice of food were predicted, and low levels of perceived stress and high diet self-efficacy were expected to be associated with lower fat and sodium intake.

Results:

Findings indicate an interaction between perceived stress and diet self-efficacy on fat intake and a main effect for diet self-efficacy on sodium intake in this population. As expected, low levels of perceived stress and high diet
self-efficacy were associated with the lowest levels of fat and sodium intake in students. Findings were driven by females.

Conclusions:

This study provides preliminary evidence that diet self-efficacy and perceived stress levels relate to nutrient intake in young adult females, and that increasing diet self-efficacy and reducing perceived stress in young adult females may lead to reductions in fat and sodium intake, leading to healthier eating habits.
An injectable glass polyalkenoate cement engineered for fracture fixation and stabilization
Authors: Khader Basel A. , Peel Sean A. F. , Towler Mark R.
Published: July 2021

Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) have potential as bio-adhesives due to their ease of application, appropriate mechanical properties, radiopacity and chemical adhesion to bone. Aluminium (Al)-free GPCs have been discussed in the literature, but have proven difficult to balance injectability with mechanical integrity. For example, zinc-based, Al-free GPCs reported compressive strengths of 63 MPa, but set in under 2 min. Here, the authors design injectable GPCs (IGPCs) based on zinc-containing, Al-free silicate compositions containing GeO2, substituted for ZnO at 3% increments through the series. The setting reactions, injectability and mechanical properties of these GPCs were evaluated using both a hand-mix (h) technique, using a spatula for sample preparation and application and an injection (i) technique, using a 16-gauge needle, post mixing, for application. GPCs ability to act as a carrier for bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also evaluated. Germanium (Ge) and BSA containing IGPCs were produced and reported to have working times between 26 and 44 min and setting times between 37 and 55 min; the extended handling properties being as a result of less Ge. The incorporation of BSA into the cement had no effect on the handling and mechanical properties, but the latter were found to have increased compression strength with the addition of Ge from between 27 and 37 MPa after 30 days maturation.

Keywords: fracture fixation; distal radius fracture; germanium oxide; polyacrylic acid; injectable glass polyalkenoate cements; bovine serum albumin
Divine Unsurpassability
Authors: Kraay Klaas
Published: July 2021

One historically-significant model of God holds that God is a perfectbeing. Analytic philosophers of religion have typically understood this to mean that God is essentially unsurpassable in power, knowledge, goodness, and wisdom. Recently, however, several philosophers have argued that this is inconsistent with another common theistic position: the view that for any world that God can create, there is a better world that God could have created instead. The argument runs (roughly) as follows: if, no matter which world God creates, there’s a better creatable one, then God’s action in creating a world is necessarily surpassable. And if God’s action in creating a world is necessarily surpassable, then God is necessarily surpassable. If this argument is sound, it reveals a serious flaw in an important model of God. In what follows, I set out this argument, and I then distinguish and evaluate four replies.
Strategies to support engagement and continuity of activity during mealtimes for families living with dementia; a qualitative study
Authors: Keller Heather H. , Martin Lori Schindel , Dupuis Sherry , Reimer Holly , Genoe Rebecca
Published: July 2021

Background
Mealtimes are an essential part of living and quality of life for everyone, including persons living with dementia. A longitudinal qualitative study provided understanding of the meaning of mealtimes for persons with dementia and their family care partners. Strategies were specifically described by families to support meaningful mealtimes. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the strategies devised and used by these families living with dementia.

Methods
A longitudinal qualitative study was undertaken to explore the meaning and experience of mealtimes for families living with dementia over a three-year period. 27 families [older person with dementia and at least one family care partner] were originally recruited from the community of South-Western Ontario. Individual and dyad interviews were conducted each year. Digitally recorded transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Strategies were identified and categorized.

Results
Strategies to support quality mealtimes were devised by families as they adapted to their evolving lives. General strategies such as living in the moment, as well as strategies specific to maintaining social engagement and continuity of mealtime activities were reported.

Conclusions
In addition to nutritional benefit, family mealtimes provide important opportunities for persons with dementia and their family care partners to socially engage and continue meaningful roles. Strategies identified by participants provide a basis for further education and support to families living with dementia.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Team Member Perspectives of Person-Centered Care (TM-PCC) Survey for Long-Term Care Homes
Authors: Boscart Veronique M. , Davey Meaghan , Ploeg Jenny , Heckman George , Dupuis Sherry , Sheiban Linda , Kim Jessica Luh , Brown Paul , Sidani Souraya
Published: July 2021

Person-centered care (PCC) is fundamental for providing high-quality care in long-term care homes. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of an 11-item Team Member Perspectives of Person-Centered Care (TM-PCC) survey, adapted from White and colleagues (2008). In a cross-sectional study, 461 staff from four long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada, completed the TM-PCC. Construct validity and internal consistency of the TM-PCC were examined with a principal component analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Findings revealed a three-component structure with factor 1, Supporting Social Relationships; factor 2, Familiarity with Residents’ Preferences; and factor 3, Meaningful Resident–Staff Relationships. The TM-PCC, as compared to the original survey, presented with less components (i.e., did not address Resident Autonomy, Personhood, Comfort, Work with Residents, Personal Environment, and Management Structure), yet included one new component (Meaningful Resident–Staff Relationships). The TM-PCC has a similar internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.82 vs. White et al. 0.74–0.91). The TM-PCC can be used to assess PCC from the staff’s perspective in long-term care homes.
Restructuring the Academic Library: Teams-based Management and the Merger of Interlibrary Loans with Circulation and Reserve
Authors: Cheung Ophelia , Patrick Susan , Cameron Brian , Bishop Elizabeth , Fraser Lucina
Published: July 2021

Restructuring the Academic Library: Teams-based Management and the Merger of Interlibrary Loans with Circulation and Reserve
Detecting apoptosis using dynamic light scattering with optical coherence tomography
Authors: Farhat Golnaz , Mariampillai Adrian , Yang Victor X. D. , Czarnota Gregory J. , Kolios Michael C.
Published: July 2021

A dynamic light scattering technique is implemented using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the change in intracellular motion as cells undergo apoptosis. Acute myeloid leukemia cells were treated with cisplatin and imaged at a frame rate of 166 Hz using a 1300 nm swept-source OCT system at various times over a period of 48 h. Time correlation analysis of the speckle intensities indicated a significant increase in intracellular motion 24 h after treatment. This rise in intracellular motion correlated with histological findings of irregularly shaped and fragmented cells indicative of cell membrane blebbing and fragmentation.
Hearing Aids and Music
Authors: Chasin Marshall , Russo Frank
Published: July 2021

Historically, the primary concern for hearing aid design and fitting is optimization for speech
inputs. However, increasingly other types of inputs are being investigated and this is certainly
the case for music. Whether the hearing aid wearer is a musician or merely someone who
likes to listen to music, the electronic and electro-acoustic parameters described can be
optimized for music as well as for speech. That is, a hearing aid optimally set for music can
be optimally set for speech, even though the converse is not necessarily true. Similarities
and differences between speech and music as inputs to a hearing aid are described. Many of
these lead to the specification of a set of optimal electro-acoustic characteristics. Parameters
such as the peak input-limiting level, compression issues—both compression ratio and kneepoints—and number of channels all can deleteriously affect music perception through hearing
aids. In other cases, it is not clear how to set other parameters such as noise reduction and
feedback control mechanisms. Regardless of the existence of a “music program,” unless the
various electro-acoustic parameters are available in a hearing aid, music fidelity will almost
always be less than optimal. There are many unanswered questions and hypotheses in this
area. Future research by engineers, researchers, clinicians, and musicians will aid in the clarification of these questions and their ultimate solutions.
Assessing depression symptoms in those with insomnia: An examination of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II)
Authors: Carney Colleen , Ulmer Christi , Edinger Jack D , Krystal Andrew D , Knauss Faye
Published: July 2021

Background: Due to concerns about overlapping symptomatology between medical conditions and depression, the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) has been assessed in various medical populations. Although Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Primary Insomnia (PI) share some daytime symptoms, the BDI-II has not been evaluated for use with insomnia patients. Method Participants (N = 140) were screened for the presence of insomnia using the Duke Structured Clinical Interview for Sleep Disorders (DSISD), and evaluated for diagnosis of MDD using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID). Participants’ mean BDI-II item responses were compared across two groups [insomnia with or without MDD) using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and the accuracy rates of suggested clinical cutoffs for the BDI-II were evaluated using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The insomnia with depression group had significantly higher scores on several items; however, the groups did not differ on insomnia, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, libido, increased appetite, and thoughts relating to suicide, self-criticism and punishment items. The ROC curve analysis revealed moderate accuracy for the BDI-II’s identification of depression in those with insomnia. The suggested BDI cutoff of ≥ 17 had 81% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Use of the mild cutoff for depression (≥14) had high sensitivity (91%) but poor specificity (66%). Conclusion Several items on the BDI-II might reflect sleep disturbance symptoms rather than depression per se. The recommended BDI-II cutoffs in this population have some support but a lower cutoff could result in an overclassification of depression in insomnia patients, a documented problem in the clinical literature. Understanding which items discriminate insomnia patients without depression may help address this nosological issue.
Geomatics in Injury Prevention: The Science, the Potential and the Limitations
Authors: Cusimano Michael D. , Chipman Mary L. , Glazier Richard H. , Rinner Claus , Marshall Sean P.
Published: July 2021

Background: Geomatics describes the activities involved in acquiring and managing geographical data and producing geographical information for scientific, administrative and technical endeavors. As an emerging science, geomatics has a great potential to support public health. Geomatics provides a conceptual foundation for the development of geographic information systems (GIS), computerized tools that manage and display geographical data for analytical applications. As descriptive epidemiology typically involves the examination of person, place and time in the occurrence of disease or injury, geomatics and GIS can play an important role in understanding and preventing injury.
Aim: This article provides a background to geomatics for those in the injury prevention field who are unfamiliar with spatial analysis. We hope to stimulate researchers and practitioners to begin to use geomatics to assist in the prevention of injury.
Methods: The authors illustrate the potential benefits and limitations of geomatics in injury prevention in a non-technical way through the use of maps and analysis.
Results: By analysing the location of patients treated for fall injuries in Central Toronto using GIS, some demographic and land use variables, such as household income, age, and the location of homeless shelters, were identified as explanatory factors for the spatial distribution.
Conclusion: By supporting novel approaches to injury prevention, geomatics has a great potential for efforts to combat the burden of injury. Despite some limitations, those with an interest in injury prevention could benefit from this science.
Bird harvesting practices and knowledge, risk perceptions, and attitudes regarding avian influenza among Canadian First Nations subsistence hunters: implications for influenza pandemic plans
Authors: Charania Nadia A. , Martin Ian D. , Liberda Eric , Meldrum Richard , Tsuji Leonard J. S.
Published: July 2021

Background
There is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans. Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. This study aimed to examine if knowledge and risk perception of avian influenza influenced the use of protective measures and attitudes about hunting influenza-infected birds among subsistence hunters.

Methods
Using a community-based participatory research approach, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with current subsistence hunters (n = 106) residing in a remote and isolated First Nations community in northern Ontario, Canada from November 10–25, 2013. Simple descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the distributions and relationships between variables. Written responses were deductively analyzed.

Results
ANOVA showed that males hunted significantly more birds per year than did females (F1,96 = 12.1; p = 0.001) and that those who hunted significantly more days per year did not perceive a risk of AIV infection (F1,94 = 4.4; p = 0.040). Hunters engaged in bird harvesting practices that could expose them to AIVs, namely by cleaning, plucking, and gutting birds and having direct contact with water. It was reported that 18 (17.0%) hunters wore gloves and 2 (1.9%) hunters wore goggles while processing birds. The majority of hunters washed their hands (n = 105; 99.1%) and sanitized their equipment (n = 69; 65.1%) after processing birds. More than half of the participants reported being aware of avian influenza, while almost one third perceived a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Participants aware of avian influenza were more likely to perceive a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Our results suggest that knowledge positively influenced the use of a recommended protective measure. Regarding attitudes, the frequency of participants who would cease harvesting birds was highest if avian influenza was detected in regional birds (n = 55; 51.9%).

Conclusions
Our study indicated a need for more education about avian influenza and precautionary behaviours that are culturally-appropriate. First Nations subsistence hunters should be considered an avian influenza risk group and have associated special considerations included in future influenza pandemic plans.
The Role of Ethnic Retailing in Retrofitting Suburbia: Case Studies from Toronto, Canada
Authors: Zhuang Zhixi Cecilia , Chen Amanda Xiaoxuan
Published: July 2021

Today’s immigrants to Canada are increasingly and directly settling into suburban areas of major cities; a trend that has resulted in new retail opportunities: suburban ethnic shopping centres are a growing phenomenon in areas with major immigrant settlement. This paper discusses the development and retrofitting processes of three suburban Chinese shopping malls in the Toronto area. The paper explores how these malls successfully regenerated areas once affected by business decline and how they can act as a catalyst to develop a new urban form that makes the suburban landscape less uniform and more sustainable. Various perspectives from key players involved in ethnic retail activities and developments were collected, including surveys with entrepreneurs and shoppers, and semi-structured interviews with city councillors, city planners, developers, and an architect. The paper suggests that municipalities could invest in established ethnic retail places as an innovative means of “retrofitting suburbia".
The Rogue Poster-Children of Universal Design: Closed Captioning and Audio Description
Authors: Udo John-Patrick , Fels Deborah
Published: July 2021

To abide by the tenants of universal design theory, the design of a product or service
needs to not only consider the inclusion of as many potential users and uses as possible
but also do so from conception. Control over the creation and adaption of the design
should, therefore, fall under the purview of the original designer. Closed captioning has
always been touted as an excellent example of an design or electronic curb-cut because it
is a system designed for people who are deaf or hard of hearing, yet is used by many
others for access to television in noisy environments such as gyms or pubs, or to learn a
second language. Audio description is poised to have a similar image. In this paper, we
will demonstrate how the processes and practices associated within closed captioning and
audio description, in their current form, violate some of the main principles of universal
design and are thus not such good examples of it. In addition, we will introduce an
alternative process and set of practices through which directors of television, film and
live events are able to take control of closed captioning and audio description by
integrating them into the production process. In doing so, we will demonstrate that closed
captioning and audio description are worthy of directorial attention and creative input
rather than being tacked on at the very end of the process and usually to only meet
regulatory or legislative mandates.
Seeing music performance: Visual influences on perception and experience
Authors: Thompson William F , Graham Phil , Russo Frank
Published: July 2021

Drawing from ethnographic, empirical, and historical / cultural perspectives, we examine the extent to which visual aspects of music contribute to the communication that takes place between performers and their listeners. First, we introduce a framework for understanding how media and genres shape aural and visual experiences of music. Second, we present case studies of two performances, and describe the relation between visual and aural aspects of performance. Third, we report empirical evidence that visual aspects of performance reliably influence perceptions of musical structure (pitch related features) and affective interpretations of music. Finally, we trace new and old media trajectories of aural and visual dimensions of music, and highlight how our conceptions, perceptions and appreciation of music are intertwined with technological innovation and media deployment strategies.
Application of grammar-based codes for lossless compression of digital mammograms
Authors: Li Xiaoli , Krishnan Sridhar , Ma Ngok-Wah
Published: July 2021

A newly developed grammar-based lossless source coding theory and its implementation was proposed in 1999 and 2000, respectively, by Yang and Kieffer. The code first transforms the original data sequence into an irreducible context-free grammar, which is then compressed using arithmetic coding. In the study of grammar-based coding for mammography applications, we encountered two issues: processing time and limited number of single-character grammar G variables. For the first issue, we discover a feature that can simplify the matching subsequence search in the irreducible grammar transform process. Using this discovery, an extended
grammar code technique is proposed and the processing time of the grammar code can be significantly reduced. For the second issue, we propose to use double-character symbols to increase the number of grammar variables. Under the condition that all the G variables
have the same probability of being used, our analysis shows that the double- and single-character approaches have the same compression rates. By using the methods proposed, we show that
the grammar code can outperform three other schemes: Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW), arithmetic, and Huffman on compression ratio, and has similar error tolerance capabilities as LZW coding under similar circumstances.