Dexmedetomidine versus Magnesium as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine-Induced Caudal Block in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Trial
Authors: Refaee Hagar Hassanein , Abo Elela Amel Amel Hanafy , Hanna Maha Gamil , Ali Mai Ahmed , El Khateeb Amira Mohamed 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Caudal block remains fundamental in pediatric anesthetic practice. It is very useful in a wide range of surgical procedures and has proved to have a remarkable safety record, But one of the major limitations of the single-injection technique is the relatively short duration of postoperative analgesia .Prolongation of caudal analgesia using single-shot technique has been achieved by the addition of various adjuvant.
objectives:
The aim of this work is to compare magnesium and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine-induced caudal block in children undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery.
Study design: Randomized double blind trial
Settings: pediatric OR  of a tertiary care center
Methods
A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 36 children, aged between 1 and 7 years, scheduled for lower limb orthopedic surgery. Patients received general anesthesia in addition to caudal block. Patients were divided into three groups: Dexmedetomidine group (n=12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + 2 mcg/Kg dexmedetomidine, Magnesium group (n=12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + 50 mg magnesium, and control group (n=12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + normal saline. Patients were compared according to: duration of analgesia, pain scores, sedation scores, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate.
Results
Both magnesium group and dexmedetomidine group showed better analgesic profile (duration of analgesia and pain scores) compared to the control group without significant difference between the two former groups. Dexmedetomidine group showed higher sedation score, lower mean arterial pressure and lower heart rate compared to other groups.
limitations: 1- It is a single center study. 2- We used single dose for each drugs. 3-  We performed as single shot caudal block; thus, we could not extrapolate our findings in continuous blocks.
Conclusions
Both magnesium (50mg) and dexmedetomidine (2 mcg/Kg) improved the analgesic profile of bupivacaine-induced caudal block in children. Dexmedetomidine administration was accompanied with higher sedation score and negative hemodynamic profile.
Keywords
Caudal block, children, Magnesium, Dexmedetomidine.
BACKGROUND: Caudal block remains fundamental in pediatric anaesthetic practice. It is very useful in a wide range of surgical procedures and has proved to have a remarkable safety record, But one of the major limitations of the single-injection technique is the relatively short duration of postoperative analgesia. Prolongation of caudal analgesia using single-shot technique has been achieved by the addition of various adjuvant.
AIM: This work aims to compare magnesium and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine-induced caudal block in children undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.
STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind trial.
SETTINGS: Pediatric or of a tertiary care centre.
METHODS: A double-blinded, randomised controlled trial included 36 children, aged between 1 and 7 years, scheduled for lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Patients received general anaesthesia in addition to the caudal block. Patients were divided into three groups: Dexmedetomidine group (n = 12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + 2 mcg/Kg dexmedetomidine, Magnesium group (n = 12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + 50 mg magnesium, and control group (n = 12): received 0.5 mL/Kg bupivacaine + normal saline. Patients were compared according to the duration of analgesia, pain scores, sedation scores, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate.
RESULTS: Both magnesium group and dexmedetomidine group showed better analgesic profile (duration of analgesia and pain scores) compared to the control group without significant difference between the two former groups. Dexmedetomidine group showed higher sedation score, lower mean arterial pressure and lower heart rate compared to other groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Both magnesium (50 mg) and dexmedetomidine (2 mcg/Kg) improved the analgesic profile of bupivacaine-induced caudal block in children. Dexmedetomidine administration was accompanied with higher sedation score and negative hemodynamic profile.