bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incentive mechanism for promoting the uptake of green building in South Africa
Authors: Simpeh Eric Kwame , Smallwood John Julian
Published: May 2023

Purpose

The green building (GB) market is maturing after years of practice; therefore, incentives for promoting GB should be adapted to reflect the market transformation. Adapting incentives can positively influence stakeholders' motives, which in turn change stakeholders' behavioural intention towards GBs. Hence, this study aims to examine the parameters influencing the decision to adopt GB and to ascertain how incentive mechanisms promote the uptake of GB in South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a scoping literature review and a sequential mixed research method, primary data were acquired from GB experts in four South African provinces. In analysing the quantitative data, the factors were ranked hierarchically using the mean ranking technique and factor analysis was computed to identify the underlying GB incentives. The qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.

Findings

The results indicate that incentive payment from a utility energy efficiency programme, rebates and discounts relating to environmentally friendly materials and products and providing grants to homeowners and developers to go towards certification were the most essential monetary incentives for promoting GB. In the category of non-monetary incentives, recognition of consultant team members and developers and free marketing/good publicity were the most important incentives. The incentive mechanisms were subsequently categorised as “Economic incentives” and “Reward scheme and technical support”.

Research limitations/implications

This study was confined to four metropolitan areas in South Africa. Nevertheless, the outcomes have practical implications for GB projects in general and may serve as a good reference for other provinces in South Africa.

Originality/value

The findings of the study are a valuable resource for stakeholders such as the government, municipal assemblies, professional bodies and the Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) in developing effective incentive mechanisms to promote GB adoption. This study adds to the body of knowledge relevant to GB incentivisation in South Africa.
Eco-friendly materials knitting by different yarn ply for high-performance garments
Authors: Abo El Naga Heba Tolla El Sayed , Abd El-Aziz Manar Yahia Ismail
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Synthetic materials have many drawbacks in high-performance garments because they absorb less moisture and cause allergies to sensitive individuals. Cotton materials cannot satisfy all the requirements and cannot provide the required high performance. This study aims to use eco-friendly materials with a common structure to analyse their suitability for high-performance garment application.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used two eco-friendly yarns (bamboo, modal and bamboo: modal 50:50) and yarns per needle (two- and four-ply yarns). with a single jersey knit construction and gauge of 7. The physical, mechanical, appearance, comfort, thermal and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) protection characteristics were evaluated using 15 tests.

Findings

The produced knitted fabrics showed high performance for use as garments with physical, mechanical, appearance, comfort, thermal and UPF protection characteristics that were achieved, tested and analysed. The highest-achieved samples with a good UPF (>15) were made from bamboo material, which has other high-performance characteristics such as antibacterial characteristics, a soft surface, thermal insulation and others.

Research limitations/implications

The single jersey structure was used for producing fabrics as it is the common structure in the garment. Also, only gauge 7 was used for its economics and ease of production.
BATScan: A radar classification tool reveals large‐scale bat migration patterns
Authors: Werber Yuval , Sextin Hadar , Yovel Yossi , Sapir Nir
Published: May 2023

Bat movement and behaviour are still mostly understudied over large scales. High‐altitude, nocturnal activity makes visual identification of bats from the ground virtually impossible, dramatically hindering our ability to study their movement ecology. Despite the wide use of radar in aeroecology, its application to study specific taxa is limited due to incomplete target classification abilities. BATScan is a bat classifier for vertical‐looking radar data, which enables identifying bats and characterizing their unique aeroecology.

We constructed the classifier using data from 10 radar deployments, covering a wide range of habitats on a central bird migration flyway over a 7‐year period, comprising ~18 million observations. We analysed animal migration above the Hula Valley, home to over 30 species of bats spanning a range of 5–150 g in size and exhibiting a variety of ecological characteristics. We distinguished bat‐labelled radar echoes for training according to phenology, morphology and movement ecology of bats, birds and insects. Several non‐bat datasets were constructed and joined to train classifiers under increasing levels of difficulty. Class imbalance in the resulting training data was handled using a generative adversarial network for up‐sampling the much smaller bat dataset.

The resulting classification tool reached a high level of accuracy and precision, and was further scrutinized with an extensive set of ecological validations.

Bats perform seasonal migrations over long distances, but little is known about the spatial and temporal characteristics of this movement, and the ability to study it at a large scale has so far been limited. We present the Israeli BATScan dataset, containing over 60,000 bat observations spanning the entire country and representing multiple habitats. Using this data, we produce an unprecedented large scale, highly detailed documentation of the yearly movements of bats on a major migration flyway, and distinguish this pattern from bird migration over space and time.

So far, radar aeroecology dealt primarily with birds, increasingly with insects, and only rarely with bats. We present BATScan, a classification tool that can incorporate bats into the framework of radar aeroecology to finally enable a comprehensive description of animal aeroecology.
Work integration ambitions of startups in the circular economy
Authors: Van Opstal Wim , Borms Lize
Published: May 2023

An increasing number of studies illustrate and estimate the potential of the circular economy to create new jobs, most particularly for vulnerable groups at the labor market. This creates collaborating opportunities for Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) and circular economy ventures. Since a shift to a circular economy requires new visions and strategies, startups are considered as powerful engines for the innovation processes needed to support a circular transition. Nevertheless, academic literature at the crossroads of the circular economy, work integration of target groups, and startups remains quasi non‐existent. In this paper we present results from survey‐data of startups with varying implementation levels of circular strategies, and assess their willingness to cooperate with WISEs, or to engage in other forms of target group employment. We find a strong positive relationship between the implementation of circular strategies and work integration ambitions among startups. Circular startups who need skills on production, transportation, and logistics seek collaboration with WISEs for both inner (repair and redesign) and outer circle (recycling) strategies. Our findings suggest that the circular social economy faces specific barriers that need tailor‐made enabling policies. We recommend WISEs to explicitly assess reskilling and upskilling opportunities while embracing the circular economy as a future‐proof economic activity.
Medication changes implemented during medication reviews and factors related to deprescribing:Posthocanalyses of a randomized clinical trial in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy
Authors: Kornholt Jonatan , Feizi Shafika Tapia , Hansen Alexandra Storm , Laursen Jannie Thaysen , Johansson Karl Sebastian , Reuther Lene Ørskov , Petersen Tonny Studsgaard , Pressel Eckart , Christensen Mikkel Bring
Published: May 2023

Aims

To provideposthocanalyses of a clinical trial that reported beneficial effects of medication reviews on health‐related quality of life. Specifically, to describe the medication changes with a focus on deprescribing and to explore patient‐ and medication‐related factors that may identify patients most likely to benefit from medication reviews.

Methods

Posthocanalyses of data from a pragmatic, nonblinded, randomized clinical trial investigating a medication review intervention (NCT03911934) in 408 geriatric outpatients treated with ≥9 medicines.

Results

In the medication review group (n = 196), 26% of the medicines prescribed at baseline were discontinued with 82% still being discontinued after 13 months. The most common reason for discontinuation was lack of indication (72% of discontinuations). The medicines most often discontinued in the medication review group compared with usual care included: metoclopramide (11/15 = 73% discontinuedvs. 1/12 = 8% in usual care), acetylsalicylic acid (20/48 = 42%vs. 2/47 = 4%), simvastatin (18/48 = 38%vs. 2/58 = 3%), zopiclone (23/59 = 39%vs. 4/54 = 7%), quinine (9/14 = 64%vs. 6/16 = 38%), citalopram (4/18 = 22%vs. 0/20 = 0%) and tramadol (18/37 = 49%vs. 8/30 = 27%). Factors associated with number of deprescribed medicines included: number of prescribed medicines, Drug Burden Index, patient motivation for medicine changes, and prescriptions of metoclopramide, iron preparations, antidepressants other than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, or drugs for urinary incontinence.

Conclusion

Physician‐led medication reviews resulted in persistent deprescribing of medicines in older polypharmacy patients treated with ≥9 medicines. Motivation for having their medicine changed, treatment with more medicines, and a higher burden of sedative and anticholinergic medicines characterized the patients most likely to benefit from physician‐led medication reviews.
Native vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non‐native plant richness and cover in New Zealand native shrublands
Authors: Rossignaud Laureline , Hulme Philip E.
Published: May 2023

Aim

Studies investigating the determinants of plant invasions rarely examine multiple factors and often only focus on the role played by native plant species richness. By contrast, we explored how vegetation structure, landscape features and climate shape non‐native plant invasions across New Zealand in mānuka and kānuka shrublands.

Location

New Zealand.

Method

We based our analysis on 247 permanent 20 × 20‐m plots distributed across New Zealand surveyed between 2009 and 2014. We calculated native plant species richness and cumulative cover at ground, understorey and canopy tiers. We examined non‐native species richness and mean species ground cover in relation to vegetation structure (native richness and cumulative cover), landscape features (proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, distance to nearest road or river) and climate. We used generalized additive models (GAM) to assess which variables had greatest importance in determining non‐native richness and mean ground cover and whether these variables had a similar effect on native species in the ground tier.

Results

A positive relationship between native and non‐native plant species richness was not due to their similar responses to the variables examined in this study. Higher native canopy richness resulted in lower non‐native richness and mean ground cover, whereas higher native ground richness was associated with higher native canopy richness. Non‐native richness and mean ground cover increased with the proportion of adjacent anthropogenic land cover, whereas for native richness and mean ground cover, this relationship was negative. Non‐native richness increased in drier areas, while native richness was more influenced by temperature.

Main Conclusions

Adjacent anthropogenic land cover seems to not only facilitate non‐native species arrival by being a source of propagules but also aids their establishment as a result of fragmentation. Our results highlight the importance of examining both cover and richness in different vegetation tiers to better understand non‐native plant invasions.
Traits help explain species' performance away from their climate niche centre
Authors: Lynn Joshua S. , Gya Ragnhild , Klanderud Kari , Telford Richard J. , Goldberg Deborah E. , Vandvik Vigdis
Published: May 2023

Aim

Climate change impacts on biota are variable across sites, among species and throughout individual species' ranges. Niche theory predicts that population performance should decline as site climate becomes increasingly different from the species' climate niche centre, though studies find significant variation from these predictions. Here, we propose that predictions about climate responses can be improved by incorporating species' trait information.

Location

Europe.

Methods

We used observations of plant species abundance change over time to assess variation in climate difference sensitivity (CDS), defined as how species performance (colonization, extinction and abundance change) relates to the difference of site climate from the mean temperature and precipitation of each species' range. We then investigated if leaf economics, plant size and seed mass traits were associated with the species' CDS.

Results

Species that performed better (e.g. increased in abundance) towards sites progressively cooler than their niche centre were shorter and had more resource‐acquisitive leaves (i.e. lower leaf dry matter content or LDMC) relative to species with zero or the opposite pattern of temperature difference sensitivity. This result supports the hypothesis that if sites cooler than niche centres are more stressful for a species, then shorter stature is advantageous compared with taller species. The LDMC result suggests the environment selects for more resource‐acquisitive leaf strategies towards relatively cooler climates with shorter growing seasons, counter to expectations that conservative strategies would be favoured in such environments. We found few consistent relationships between precipitation difference sensitivities and traits.

Main Conclusions

The results supported key a priori foundations on how trait‐based plant strategies dictate species responses to climate variation away from their niche centre. Furthermore, plant height emerged as the most consistent trait that varied with species CDS, suggesting height will be key for theory development around species response to climate change.
How employee share ownership plans impact firms' market value: A conflict of interest theory approach
Authors: Tran Phan Huy Hieu , Tran Thu Ha , Lee Ji‐Yong
Published: May 2023

We investigated whether the market places a higher value on banks with employee share ownership plans (ESOPs) than on those without them. Using a variety of empirical models, we found that ESOPs increased the market value of banks. However, this positive effect occurred only when banks were transparent or located in countries with strong shareholder protection. Our findings demonstrated that if banks were opaque or shareholder protection was weak, outside investors' concerns about managerial entrenchment in widely held banks and behind‐the‐scenes relationships between majority shareholders and managers in closely held banks outweighed the perceived benefits of ESOPs. Our study contributes to the literature by proposing a novel approach to study the effects of ESOPs through the prism of conflict of interest theory. Our findings also shed light on stakeholders' rationales for opposing or adopting ESOPs.
Impact of volemia at admission on the effect of collateral status on functional outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy
Authors: Tang Tao , Li Di , Fan Tie‐Ping , Thomas Aline M. , Zhao Man‐Hong , Li Shen
Published: May 2023

Background and purpose

Having good collaterals is associated with better clinical outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy. This study aims to evaluate whether the effect of collateral status on functional outcomes is modified by volemia at admission.

Methods

This is a single‐center, retrospective analysis of patients who had acute proximal anterior circulation occlusion and underwent endovascular thrombectomy between January 2019 and June 2022. Volemia at admission, evaluated by blood urea nitrogen‐to‐creatinine ratio, was used to dichotomize patients into dehydrated and hydrated groups. The primary outcome was functional independence (90‐day modified Rankin Scale score = 0–2). Secondary outcomes were the rates of successful reperfusion, 24‐h symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and 90‐day all‐cause mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the interaction between collateral status and volemia at admission on outcomes.

Results

A total of 290 patients were enrolled, among whom having good collaterals was associated with functional independence (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41–5.22,p = 0.003). Having good collaterals benefited dehydrated patients (adjusted OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.45–7.63,p = 0.004) but not hydrated patients (adjusted OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 0.73–6.68,p = 0.161). However, an interaction between collaterals and volemia at admission on functional independence was not observed (p = 0.319). The rates of successful reperfusion, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and all‐cause mortality were similar between those with good and poor collaterals in both dehydrated and hydrated patients.

Conclusions

The effect of collateral status on the functional independence of patients undergoing thrombectomy is not modified by volemia at admission.
Implementing an oral health policy in long‐term care facilities for older adults in Flanders, Belgium: The Oral Health Care Track
Authors: Palmers Ellen E. , De Almeida Mello Johanna , Janssens Lynn , De Visschere Luc , Declerck Dominique , Duyck Joke
Published: May 2023

Background

The oral health of care‐dependent older people living in residential care facilities is generally suboptimal. To facilitate adequate daily oral care and timely referral to a dental professional, studies emphasise the need for sustainable, structured oral healthcare policies in aged care organisations. The effect of such interventions is often limited or uncertain owing to a lack of understanding of how effective the integration and implementation of the policy has been within the facilities. This study reports on the development of a method to adequately implement an oral healthcare policy in long‐term care organisations for older adults.

Materials and methods

An intervention mapping protocol was used to develop a theory‐ and practise‐based methodology. This step‐by‐step approach combined findings from a literature review, experiences from earlier projects and behaviour change theories in a multilevel programme.

Results

Intervention mapping yielded a systematic programme for implementing an oral healthcare policy in aged care organisations. The Oral Health Care Track or “De Mondzorglijn” comprises seven phases, each subdivided into several tasks. The programme's implementation is guided by oral healthcare coaches.

Conclusion

By using intervention mapping, it was possible to combine behaviour change theories, information derived from needs assessment and earlier experiences into a comprehensive programme to improve the oral health and quality of life of older residents in residential care facilities. Further research is needed to evaluate the use of coaches in the implementation of the Oral Health Care Track.
Desmopressin (DDAVP) use in patients with von Willebrand disease: A single‐centre retrospective review of test response and clinical outcomes
Authors: Chandrakumaran Priya , Hews‐Girard Julia , Poon Man‐Chiu
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Peri‐procedural management of von Willebrand disease (VWD) utilizes von Willebrand factor (VWF) concentrates or desmopressin (DDAVP) to increase VWF levels. DDAVP is safe, easily administered, and inexpensive. Currently, a consensus definition for adequate DDAVP response is lacking, and outcomes of peri‐procedural DDAVP use in VWD patients are seldom reported.

Aim

This single‐centre retrospective review aims to characterize DDAVP‐responsiveness and assess clinical outcomes of peri‐procedural DDAVP use in VWD.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed records for all our adult VWD patients (age ≥18 years) who underwent DDAVP challenge testing between January 2007 and January 2022. DDAVP‐responsiveness was assessed using six definitions. Bleeding outcomes following procedures covered by DDAVP were classified as excessive or expected bleeding.

Results

Eighty‐four of 94 (89.4%) patients were DDAVP‐responsive by our definition (1‐h VWF Activity/Factor VIII ≥0.50 IU/mL). However, the proportion of DDAVP‐responders varied from 53.2% to 91.5%, depending on the literature definition used. Ninety‐nine procedures pre‐treated with DDAVP were performed during the study period. Eighty‐six (86.7%) procedures (31 major; 55 minor) were covered with only DDAVP ± tranexamic acid (TXA). Excessive bleeding occurred following 4/31 major procedures and 2/55 minor procedures (both performed in a single patient with a bleeding score of 16). When covered with DDAVP+Factor ± TXA, one each of 10 major and 3 minor procedures (performed in 2 patients with bleeding scores 15–16) resulted in post‐procedural bleeding.

Conclusions

Peri‐procedural DDAVP prophylaxis appears to be effective among individuals with VWD. Beyond DDAVP‐responsiveness, patient bleeding history and procedure invasiveness should be considered in determining suitability for DDAVP prophylaxis.
Co‐ideation and co‐design in co‐creation research: Reflections from the ‘Co‐Creating Safe Spaces’ project
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott J. , Lamb Heather , Stewart Erin , Gulliver Amelia , Morse Alyssa R. , Giugni Melanie , Banfield Michelle
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Numerous frameworks for defining and supporting co‐created research exist. The practicalities of designing and conducting co‐created research are clearly important, yet the utility of these frameworks and their operationalisation within local contexts and involving a diversity of stakeholders and interests are currently not well‐researched.

Methods

Using an instrumental case study approach, we examined the utility of a published systematic framework designed to improve clarity about co‐creation as a concept and approach. The framework is explored based on the first two processes that correspond to our own work to date: co‐ideation and co‐design.

Results

Our study showed that diverse stakeholders bring challenges regarding research priorities, methods, language and the distribution of power within co‐creation processes. Co‐creation activities were incremental, adaptable, responsive and made best use of established relationships, structures and collective leadership to meet the competing demands of funders and human research ethics committees, while ensuring the meaningful participation of multiple stakeholders.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the iterative, fluid and deeply relational nature of co‐created research. Rather than seeking to categorise these processes, we argue that the social relations of research production that provide the structures within which all co‐created knowledge is generated are more important drivers of effective knowledge mobilisation and implementation. Thus, close attention to these social relations is needed in co‐created research.

Patient or Public Contribution

People with lived experience of emotional distress and/or suicidal crisis, including academic researchers, service and peer workers, carers and advocates were involved in the co‐ideation and co‐design of this research. All authors identify as people with lived experience, from both academic and nonresearch backgrounds.
UK INFLATION DYNAMICS SINCE THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Nason James M. , Smith Gregor W.
Published: May 2023

Historians have suggested that there were waves of inflation or price revolutions in the United Kingdom (and earlier England) in the 13th, 16th, and 18th centuries, prior to the ongoing inflation since 1935. We study retail price inflation since 1251 and model its dynamics. The model is an AR(n) but allows for gradually evolving or drifting parameters and stochastic volatility. The long‐horizon forecasts suggest only one inflation wave, that of the 20th century. We also use the model to measure inflation predictability and price‐level instability from the beginning of the sample and to provide measures of real interest rates since 1695.
Cardiomyocyte‐derived HMGB1 takes a protective role in CVB3‐induced viral myocarditis via inhibiting cardiac apoptosis
Authors: Sun Tianle , Dong Chunsheng , Xiong Sidong
Published: May 2023

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)‐induced viral myocarditis (VMC) is characterized by immune cell infiltration and myocardial damage. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved nuclear DNA‐binding protein that participates in DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, repair response and inflammatory response in different disease models. To investigate the exact function of HMGB1 in CVB3‐induced VMC, we crossed Hmgb1‐floxed (Hmgb1f/f) mice with mice carrying a suitable Cre recombinase transgenic strain to achieve conditional inactivation of the Hmgb1 gene in a cardiomyocyte‐specific manner and to establish myocarditis. In this study, we found that cardiomyocyte‐specific Hmgb1‐deficient (Hmgb1f/fTgCre/+) mice exhibited exacerbated myocardial injury. Hmgb1‐deficient cardiomyocytes may promote early apoptosis via the p53‐mediated Bax mitochondrial pathway, as evidenced by the higher localization of p53 protein in the cytosol of Hmgb1‐deficient cardiomyocytes upon CVB3 infection. Moreover, cardiomyocyte Hmgb1‐deficient mice are more susceptible to cardiac dysfunction after infection. This study provides new insights into HMGB1 in VMC pathogenesis and a strategy for appropriate blocking of HMGB1 in the clinical treatment of VMC.
Risk of plant invasions and management planning in the Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Wei Bo , Zhang Yili , Liu Linshan , Gu Changjun , Wang Zhaofeng , Yu Haibin , Cui Bohao , Gong Dianqing
Published: May 2023

Aims

Mountain environments have high biodiversity and face an accelerating plant invasion risk. Given the enormous ecological and economic value of these ecosystems, there is an urgent need to detect and rapidly respond to invasive species risk. Here, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in China was selected to examine distribution patterns of invasive alien plants (IAPs) and propose management strategies.

Location

The Tibetan Plateau in China.

Methods

Based on native and non‐native occurrences of 123 IAPs alongside environmental variables, we assembled species distribution models and the MIGCLIM model to simulate suitable growth and dispersal areas under current climatic conditions. All IAPs were classified based on the predicted suitable area size, occurrence number and harm level to propose various management strategies.

Results

There was a significant separation between the climate niches of most IAPs and the climatic conditions of the TP, meaning the areas suitable for most IAPs were limited to low latitudes and elevations. These areas also have further dispersal risks and risks for new IAPs being introduced. Among 123 IAPs, 23 species had above‐average occurrences and suitable distribution areas; in the remaining 100 occurrences and distributions, at least one IAP was less than the average.

Main Conclusions

Suitable areas for IAPs in the TP are currently limited to low‐elevation regions, which are also at a higher risk of further expansion. Management measures should focus on potential high‐risk areas and diffusion pathways where IAPs can spread further. Efforts should prevent species that have not been established but have large potential suitable areas from being introduced, eradicate established IAPs with limited suitable areas, and control established IAPs. These results can provide a reference for developing more efficient and cost‐effective management strategies.
Hard and soft tissue healing around teeth prepared with the biologically oriented preparation technique and restored with provisional crowns: An in vivo experimental investigation
Authors: Palombo David , Rahmati Maryam , Vignoletti Fabio , Sanz‐Esporrin Javier , Salido Mari Paz , Haugen Håvard Jostein , Sanz Mariano
Published: May 2023

Aim

To evaluate the hard and soft tissues healing around teeth prepared with the biologically oriented preparation technique (BOPT) versus the chamfer technique versus non‐prepared teeth.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two teeth in eight beagle dogs were randomly prepared with the BOPT (test = 16) or chamfer (control = 16) techniques and covered with polymethylmethacrylate crowns as provisional restorations. Sixteen negative controls (non‐prepared teeth) were also used for comparison. Histological description and histomorphometrical measurements of the periodontal tissues were collected at 4 and 12 weeks in 7 out of 8 dogs, including the soft tissue height and thickness, and the horizontal and vertical bone dimensions.

Results

When compared with negative controls, test and control preparation techniques exhibited a more apical location of the free gingival margin with respect to the cement‐enamel junction (∆ = 1.1 mm for both groups at 4 weeks (p < .05), 0.99 mm for the test group (p = .043) and 0.20 mm for control group (p = 1.000) at 12 weeks). There were no significant differences between test and control groups with respect to vertical and horizontal histometric measurements.

Conclusions

The BOPT and chamfer tooth preparation protocols induced similar qualitative and quantitative changes in the healing of the supra‐crestal soft tissue complex, when compared with non‐prepared teeth. Despite the limited amount of power, it appeared that differences between the tested preparation techniques were not statistically significant.
Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates
Authors: Vinkler Michal , Fiddaman Steven R. , Těšický Martin , O'Connor Emily A. , Savage Anna E. , Lenz Tobias L. , Smith Adrian L. , Kaufman Jim , Bolnick Daniel I. , Davies Charli S. , Dedić Neira , Flies Andrew S. , Samblás M. Mercedes Gómez , Henschen Amberleigh E. , Novák Karel , Palomar Gemma , Raven Nynke , Samaké Kalifa , Slade Joel , Veetil Nithya Kuttiyarthu , Voukali Eleni , Höglund Jacob , Richardson David S. , Westerdahl Helena
Published: May 2023

Driven by co-evolution with pathogens, host immunity continuously adapts to optimize defence against pathogens within a given environment. Recent advances in genetics, genomics and transcriptomics have enabled a more detailed investigation into how immunogenetic variation shapes the diversity of immune responses seen across domestic and wild animal species. However, a deeper understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that shape immunity within and among species is still needed to gain insight into—and generate evolutionary hypotheses on—the ultimate drivers of immunological differences. Here, we discuss current advances in our understanding of molecular evolution underpinning jawed vertebrate immunity. First, we introduce the immunome concept, a framework for characterizing genes involved in immune defence from a comparative perspective, then we outline how immune genes of interest can be identified. Second, we focus on how different selection modes are observed acting across groups of immune genes and propose hypotheses to explain these differences. We then provide an overview of the approaches used so far to study the evolutionary heterogeneity of immune genes on macro and microevolutionary scales. Finally, we discuss some of the current evidence as to how specific pathogens affect the evolution of different groups of immune genes. This review results from the collective discussion on the current key challenges in evolutionary immunology conducted at the ESEB 2021 Online Satellite Symposium: Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system, from the lab to natural populations.

Abstract

Reviewing current advances in our understanding of molecular evolution underpinning vertebrate immunity, we propose hypotheses to explain differences in selection modes across immune genes and discuss supporting evidence.
Pituitary tuberculoma with panhypopituitarism masquerading as a pituitary adenoma
Authors: Aziz Khan Adil , Ahuja Sana , Malik Shaivy , Naaz Saba , Zaheer Sufian
Published: May 2023

Tuberculosis of the hypothalamo–pituitary axis is extremely uncommon. The presentation of panhypopituitarism in a case of sellar tuberculosis is an even rarer occurrence. We present a case of a 44‐year‐old man who presented with complaints of headache and right‐sided diminution of vision for six months. A hormone profile showed abnormal anterior pituitary assay suggestive of panhypopituitarism. Magnetic Resonance imaging of the brain showed a sellar mass measuring 1.8 × 1.5 × 1.3 cm with suprasellar extension suggestive of a pituitary adenoma. Histopathological examination showed multiple epithelioid cell granulomas along with Langhans giant cells and mixed inflammatory infiltrates against a necrotic background. Zeihl Neelson stain demonstrated the presence of acid‐fast bacilli. Thus, a final diagnosis of pituitary tuberculoma was made, and the patient started on antitubercular therapy. It is extremely important to correctly diagnose sellar tuberculosis as the treatment is entirely different, and the patient usually responds well to therapy.
Identified person “bias” as decreasing marginal value of chances
Authors: Stefánsson H. Orri
Published: May 2023

Many philosophers think that we should use a lottery to decide who gets a good to which two persons have an equal claim but which only one person can get. Some philosophers think that we should save identified persons from harm even at the expense of saving a somewhat greater number of statistical persons from the same harm. I defend a principled way of justifying both judgements, namely, by appealing to the decreasing marginal moral value of survival chances. I identify four desiderata that, I contend, any such justification should satisfy, and explain how my account meets these desiderata, unlike some previous accounts.
Stand biomass decreases towards the edge of a range expanding invasive plant, Mikania micrantha, but only on thick soil layers
Authors: Zhu Bin , Huang Fangfang , Wang Ya , Liu Yan , Wang Qinke , Huang Qiaoqiao
Published: May 2023

During spread in the new range, invasive plants may evolve distinctive traits that make them rapidly occupy the suitable and empty sites at the invasion front, such as rapid growth rate and high seed dispersal ability. However, less is known about how competitive ability evolves during range expansion, and no study has examined whether stand biomass (i.e. biomass production of dense monocultural stands, which may indicate the invasion speed and impacts of invasive plants) changes during range expansion. In this study, using 27 populations of an invasive plant, Mikania micrantha, which is expanding its range on Hainan island of China, we examined how competitive ability and stand biomass change along the invasion route. We grew plants of M. micrantha either singly or with common intraspecific competitors originating from different populations in 3 liter pots to evaluate competitive ability, and grew six plants from the same population together in 3 or 11 liter pots to evaluate stand biomass. When grown alone or with competitors, plant biomass and competitive ability did not correlate with distance from invasion center. Stand biomass was negatively correlated with distance from invasion center in 11 liter pots with a thick soil layer, but not in 3 liter pots with a thin soil layer. Stand biomass was negatively correlated with root to shoot ratio (RSR) in 3 liter pots but not in 11 liter pots, possibly because excessive allocation to roots for belowground competition reduced the overall performance at the stand level when soil space was highly limited. Stand biomass was unrelated to competitive ability. Our results indicate that edge populations of invasive plants may have reduced stand level performance in habitats with thick soil layers. In habitats with shallow soil layers, populations of invasive plants may evolve greater allocation to roots and reduced stand level performance.
Clinical Outcomes of Closed Reduction and External Fixation for Isolated Second Metacarpal Base Fracture‐Dislocations
Authors: Yao Zhi‐Yuan , Fan Shu‐Yao , Huang Jie‐Feng
Published: May 2023

Objective

The isolated second metacarpal base fracture‐dislocations in adults are rare, and the traditional main treatments include closed reduction with the plaster or splint and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF). However, closed reduction with the plaster or splint is not solid enough and ORIF can damage the surrounding important tissues. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical outcomes of closed reduction and external fixation (CREF) for the treatment of isolated second metacarpal base fracture‐dislocations.

Methods

Ten patients who suffered isolated second metacarpal base fracture‐dislocations between January 1, 2010, and February 1, 2020, were reviewed. All of the patients were treated by CREF. Radiographs and computed tomography scans were performed regularly after the operation. The grip and pinch strength, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, American Society for Surgery of the Hand total active movement (TAM) and total active flexion (TAF) scores, Cooney score, Sollerman hand function test (SHFT) score, QuickDASH score, and range of motion of the index finger were recorded at the last follow‐up visit to evaluate functional recovery; the injured and healthy hands were compared and we also recorded postoperative complications. The paired samplest‐test was used to compare the healthy and injured sides.

Results

The patients were followed up for a median of 29.50 ± 4.2 months. There were no significant differences in the grip strength, pinch strength, angle of proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) flexion, or angle of distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) flexion between the injured and healthy sides at the final follow‐up visit (allp > 0.05). The mean TAM (268.20 ± 4.21) and TAF scores (270.60 ± 4.17) on injured side were significantly lower than those on healthy side (allp < 0.05). The mean Cooney score (93.50 ± 7.47) and SHFT score (78.50 ± 1.08) on injured side were lower, while the mean QuickDASH score (7.05 ± 3.11) on injured side was higher than those on healthy side (allp < 0.05). The mean VAS pain score was 0.50 ± 0.53 on injured side. There were no significant postoperative complications except for traumatic arthritis in one patient without obvious clinical symptoms.

Conclusion

CREF achieves the satisfactory curative effect, and the patients obtain the good functional recovery without significant postoperative complications. CREF is a safe and effective treatment for isolated second metacarpal base fracture‐dislocations with satisfactory clinical outcomes.
Warts in pediatric oncology patients: A single‐institution retrospective study
Authors: Ho Tina , Iriarte Christopher , Zuniga Jorge , Huang Jennifer
Published: May 2023

Background

Pediatric oncology patients undergoing cancer treatment can often have numerous and recalcitrant cutaneous warts due to their underlying immunosuppression. There are little published data on the optimal management of warts in pediatric oncology patients undergoing active cancer treatment compared to patients having completed treatment. Our objective was to analyze the clinical course of warts treated within this patient population at Boston Children's Hospital over a 10‐year period.

Methods

This was a single‐institution retrospective study of 72 pediatric oncology patients from 1 September 2011 to 1 September 2021 who were treated for warts at Boston Children's Hospital. All patients had a diagnosis of cutaneous warts with at least one follow‐up visit and were receiving active treatment for cancer either during or after concurrent treatment of their warts. We examined the modality and effectiveness of wart treatments while both on and offactive treatment of their cancer.

Results

The median age was 12 years (range 4–18). Fifty‐four percent of patients were documented to have plantar warts. Sixty percent of patients with a documented number of warts had more than five warts at presentation. For cases in which outcomes were specified, treatment resulted in complete resolution of warts in only 24.0% of patients undergoing active cancer treatment compared to 63.3% of patients not on active treatment. Warts persisted or worsened in 56.0% of patients undergoing active cancer treatment compared to only 13.4% of patients not on active treatment.

Conclusion

These data may help guide clinicians in evaluating and treating warts in pediatric oncology patients.
Atypical pediatric presentation of alopecic and aseptic nodules of the scalp with features of dissecting cellulitis
Authors: Gambichler Thilo , Scheel Christina H. , Chatzipantazi Maria , Kautz Ocko , Heinzer Ekaterina , Boms Stefanie
Published: May 2023

Alopecic and aseptic nodules of the scalp (AANS) and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) are rare, closely related conditions of young men that exclusively affect the hair‐bearing scalp. We describe a 9‐year‐old boy who presented with a 6‐year history of chronically relapsing, sterile, partially scarring nodules of the scalp and facial skin. Histopathology revealed mixed inflammatory infiltrates consisting of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the deep dermis, consistent with the morphological pattern of suppurative, partly granulomatous dermatitis. The present atypical case is characterized by prepubertal onset and facial involvement which, to our knowledge, has not yet been described before, may be included in the spectrum of “typical” AANS and “typical” DCS.
Spatial analysis of thunderstorms and lightning casualties in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md. Mahabubur , Ara Tasnim , Ibn Shafique Mohiuddin , Rahman Md. Abdur , Rahman Mohammad Lutfor
Published: May 2023

Considering the adverse outcomes of thunderstorm‐mediated lightning in recent years, this study aimed to identify the most thunderstorm‐and‐casualty prone regions and seasons in Bangladesh, via geospatial mapping. We attempted to forecast the number of yearly thunderstorm (TS) days for each meteorological station and district‐level lightning casualties by using TS days as a proxy variable. Data on TS days and lightning casualties were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department and Network for Information, Response And Preparedness Activities on Disaster respectively. This study analysed 629 fatalities and 232 injuries. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation with Matern covariance function was employed to assess the spatial pattern of TS days. Polynomial regressions were used to forecast the number of TS days and the single clustered Generalized Estimating Equations method was employed to explore the relationship between the number of TS days and lightning casualties. The results indicated that the mean number of TS days per station increased in recent years, particularly in February, March, April, and September. We found the months of April, May, June, and September to be the most threatening months due to TS events and related casualties. The northeast region was identified as the most TS‐prone region with the highest number of casualties in Bangladesh. Our analysis suggests that it might remain the most hazardous region in coming years.
Studies on the growth mechanism of aluminide coating on K444 alloy surface by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Mo Weijun , Shao Mingpeng , Wu Yong , Sun Qingyun , Xia Siyao , Wen Feng , Wang Yongxin
Published: May 2023

The studies of the growth mechanism of aluminide coatings by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an important prerequisite for optimizing the thermal protection properties of aluminide coatings and improving the CVD process parameters; however, the current research on the growth mechanism of CVD aluminide coatings on nickel-based alloys is relatively limited, and there is a lack of systematic studies in this area. In this work, aluminide coatings were prepared on the surface of nickel-based superalloys by the CVD method, and elemental diffusion and microstructure effects between coating and substrate at different deposition temperatures and times, as well as the growth kinetics and formation mechanism of CVD aluminide coatings were investigated. The results showed that the coating prepared on the surface of K444 nickel-based high-temperature alloy by CVD was an externally diffused aluminide coating with a bilayer structure: the outer layer of the coating was the β-NiAl phase. The interdiffusion layer was mainly composed of nickel-aluminum compounds, carbides, and topologically close-packed phase. The growth of the CVD aluminide coating was mainly controlled by the grain boundary diffusion mechanism.
Jaynes-Cummings interaction between low-energy free electrons and cavity photons
Authors: Karnieli Aviv , Fan Shanhui
Published: May 2023

The Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian is at the core of cavity quantum electrodynamics; however, it relies on bound-electron emitters fundamentally limited by the binding Coulomb potential. In this work, we propose theoretically a new approach to realizing the Jaynes-Cummings model using low-energy free electrons coupled to dielectric microcavities and exemplify several quantum technologies made possible by this approach. Using quantum recoil, a large detuning inhibits the emission of multiple consecutive photons, effectively transforming the free electron into a few-level system coupled to the cavity mode. We show that this approach can be used for generation of single photons, photon pairs, and even a quantum SWAP gate between a photon and a free electron, with unity efficiency and high fidelity. Tunable by their kinetic energy, quantum free electrons are inherently versatile emitters with an engineerable emission wavelength. Hence, they pave the way toward new possibilities for quantum interconnects between photonic platforms at disparate spectral regimes.
Understanding brain functional architecture through robotics
Authors: Prescott Tony J. , Wilson Stuart P.
Published: May 2023

Robotics is increasingly seen as a useful test bed for computational models of the brain functional architecture underlying animal behavior. We provide an overview of past and current work, focusing on probabilistic and dynamical models, including approaches premised on the free energy principle, situating this endeavor in relation to evidence that the brain constitutes a layered control system. We argue that future neurorobotic models should integrate multiple neurobiological constraints and be hybrid in nature.