bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Chronic Critical Illness, Prolonged ICU Admissions, and Clinician Distress
Authors: Miles Alison H. , Rushton Cynda H. , Wise Brian M. , Moore Aka , Boss Renee D.
Published: February 2021

To gain an in-depth understanding of the experience of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) clinicians caring for children with chronic critical illness (CCI), we conducted, audiotaped, and transcribed in-person interviews with PICU clinicians. We used purposive sampling to identify five PICU patients who died following long admissions, whose care generated substantial staff distress. We recruited four to six interdisciplinary clinicians per patient who had frequent clinical interactions with the patient/family for interviews. Conventional content analysis was applied to the transcripts resulting in the emergence of five themes: nonbeneficial treatment; who is driving care? Elusive goals of care, compromised personhood, and suffering. Interventions directed at increasing consensus, clarifying goals of care, developing systems allowing children with CCI to be cared for outside of the ICU, and improving communication may help to ameliorate this distress.
Quality of Life in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Anshu Alok , Sundaravadhanan Shashivadhanan
Published: February 2021

Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one field of neurotrauma where fierce research has been going on to achieve a cure for the dreaded disease. Complete cure of this condition still remains elusive. Although focus is mainly on reversing the physical disability, not much importance is given to other factors which have an immense bearing on quality of life (QOL) of the victim. These factors include social health, psychological health, and environmental factors. The Indian Armed Forces offers the unique advantage of following up a patient from the time of injury till rehabilitation. This prospective longitudinal study is the first of its kind in India, undertaken to assess the QOL of the SCI patient from the time of trauma till end of 1 year. We have attempted to measure QOL of the SCI patients in four main domains (physical health, psychological health, social health, and environmental factors) and further tried to highlight the predictors which play a major role in improving QOL. It is proposed that identifying these important predictors and correcting them with appropriate targeted interventions can play a major role in improving the QOL in SCI patients.

Materials and Methods This prospective longitudinal study was carried out in a single tertiary care hospital from May 2017 to October 2019. All patients with SCI were treated and followed up for at least 1 year posttrauma using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire. A total of 68 patients were treated and studied. Results were analyzed and conclusions drawn.

Observations and Results Physical health was the most important domain to have an impact on QOL while environmental health had the least. Maximum improvement occurred in all domains during the first 6 months after which the improvement in scores was unimpressive. The degree of improvement correlated directly to the severity of initial motor deficits. Strong caregivers' support and structured care in a rehabilitation center played important role in improving the QOL of SCI patients.

Conclusion Our study goes on to prove that in order to improve QOL of SCI patients an assessment needs to be undertaken going beyond physical domain. Factors playing a major role in deciding QOL should be identified and then subsequently be corrected with targeted interventions.
Examining the Relationship between Concussion and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Poluyi Edward , Morgan Eghosa , Poluyi Charles , Ikwuegbuenyi Chibuikem , Imaguezegie Grace
Published: February 2021

Background Current epidemiological studies have examined the associations between moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their risks of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Concussion, also known as mild TBI (mTBI), is however quite distinct from moderate or severe TBIs. Only few studies in this burgeoning area have examined concussion—especially repetitive episodes—and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, no definite relationship has been established between them.

Objectives This review will discuss the available literatures linking concussion and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Materials and Methods Given the complexity of this subject, a realist review methodology was selected which includes clarifying the scope and developing a theoretical framework, developing a search strategy, selection and appraisal, data extraction, and synthesis. A detailed literature matrix was set out in order to get relevant and recent findings on this topic.

Results Presently, there is no objective clinical test for the diagnosis of concussion because the features are less obvious on physical examination. Absence of an objective test in diagnosing concussion sometimes leads to skepticism when confirming the presence or absence of concussion. Intriguingly, several possible explanations have been proposed in the pathological mechanisms that lead to the development of some neurodegenerative disorders (such as ALS and AD) and concussion but the two major events are deposition of tau proteins (abnormal microtubule proteins) and neuroinflammation, which ranges from glutamate excitotoxicity pathways and inflammatory pathways (which leads to a rise in the metabolic demands of microglia cells and neurons), to mitochondrial function via the oxidative pathways.

Conclusion mTBI constitutes majority of brain injuries. However, studies have focused mostly on moderate-to-severe TBI as highlighted above with inconclusive and paucity of studies linking concussion and neurodegenerative disorders. Although, it is highly probable that repetitive concussion (mTBI) and subconcussive head injuries may be risk factors for ALS) and AD from this review. It will be imperative therefore to conduct more research with a focus on mTBI and its association with ALS and AD.
Comparing methods of calculating COVID-19 transmission risk in classrooms
Authors: Gasparini Allison
Published: February 2021

Research compares Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wells-Riley models for the calculation of COVID-19 exposure risks in classrooms.
Satellite images used to investigate straw distribution to improve usage
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: February 2021

Mapping the distribution of winter wheat and its straw in China helped pinpoint areas the crop straw might go to waste and where it can be better used.
Sorting and identification of circulating tumor cells of gliomas with EGFR antibody-modified immunomagnetic microspheres
Authors: Huang Zhichun , Yang Fangyu , Huang Yanlin , Lin Xiaoning , Feng Wei , Tian Xinhua
Published: February 2021

This study investigated whether antibody-modified immunomagnetic microspheres (IMs) can be used to detect and quantify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) originating from gliomas in liquid biopsies and whether CTC counts in clinical samples are related to the degree of malignancy of gliomas based on clinical data. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-antibody-modified and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-modified IMs were developed, their physical properties, including particle size and zeta potential as well as their biocompatibility, were characterized, and their ability to detect CTCs originating from gliomas was evaluated using a mouse xenograft model and clinical specimens [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood collected from 30 patients with gliomas]. The results showed that EGFR-IMs and EpCAM-IMs had low cytotoxicity and that they could capture CTCs in mouse and human biofluids with high capture efficiency. Moreover, CTC counts in the human CSF were positively correlated with glioma grade. Thus, EGFR-IMs and EpCAM-IMs have clinical applicability for the diagnosis of glioma and for monitoring treatment response in patients.
Effects of lattice constraints in coarse-grained protein models
Authors: Farris Alfred C.K. , Seaton Daniel T. , Landau David P.
Published: February 2021

We compare and contrast folding behavior in several coarse-grained protein models, both on- and off-lattice, in an attempt to uncover the effect of lattice constraints in these kinds of models. Using modern, extended ensemble Monte Carlo methods—Wang–Landau sampling, multicanonical sampling, replica-exchange Wang–Landau sampling, and replica-exchange multicanonical sampling, we investigate the thermodynamic and structural behavior of the protein Crambin within the context of the hydrophobic-polar, hydrophobic-“neutral”-polar (H0P), and semi-flexible H0P model frameworks. We uncover the folding process in all cases; all models undergo, at least, the two major structural transitions observed in nature—the coil–globule collapse and the folding transition. As the complexity of the model increases, these two major transitions begin to split into multi-step processes, wherein the lattice coarse-graining has a significant impact on the details of these processes. The results show that the level of structural coarse-graining is coupled to the level of interaction coarse-graining.
Secondary subharmonic instability of hypersonic boundary layer in thermochemical equilibrium over a flat plate
Authors: Kumar Chandan , Prakash Akshay
Published: February 2021

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is a complex phenomenon and difficult to predict. There have been significant contributions over the years, enhancing the understanding of mechanisms that cause transition. The effect of chemical reactions on boundary-layer instability becomes significant for high-temperature flow. The existence of the secondary instability before the transition in a low-disturbance environment has been proved in earlier studies, although none of these studies considered high-temperature effects. The real gas (identified as a gas undergoing high-temperature phenomena) effects on the secondary subharmonic instability for a two-dimensional hypersonic boundary layer over a flat plate are studied using the Floquet model. The real gas is assumed to be in thermochemical equilibrium, where air is considered as a mixture of perfect gases in local thermal and chemical equilibrium. A five-species air model is used to compute the air mixture's thermal and transport properties. The stability of the primary disturbance is analyzed using linear stability theory, whereas a mean flow superposed with a second mode primary disturbance has been considered for the secondary instability analysis. The local and global methods have been used to solve the eigenvalue problem based on the finite difference method. The real gas effect on the secondary instability is destabilizing since the maximum secondary amplification rate is higher and appears at a lower Reynolds number for the real gas than that of the perfect gas. The increase in the primary wave amplitude increases the secondary amplification rate significantly. Furthermore, secondary disturbances decay faster into the freestream compared to primary disturbances. The eN method is employed to compute the amplification factor for the secondary amplification rate for the real and perfect gas. Based on the growth rate and N-factor for the secondary disturbances, it is found that the real gas flow is more unstable and susceptible to transitioning earlier than the perfect gas.
Filtering, averaging, and scale dependency in homogeneous variable density turbulence
Authors: Saenz J. A. , Aslangil D. , Livescu D.
Published: February 2021

We investigate relationships between statistics obtained from filtering and from ensemble or Reynolds-averaging turbulence flow fields as a function of length scale. Generalized central moments in the filtering approach are expressed as inner products of generalized fluctuating quantities, q′(ξ,x)=q(ξ)−q¯(x), representing fluctuations of a field q(ξ), at any point ξ, with respect to its filtered value at x. For positive-definite filter kernels, these expressions provide a scale-resolving framework, with statistics and realizability conditions at any length scale. In the small-scale limit, scale-resolving statistics become zero. In the large-scale limit, scale-resolving statistics and realizability conditions are the same as in the Reynolds-averaged description. Using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous variable density turbulence, we diagnose Reynolds stresses, Tij, resolved kinetic energy, kr, turbulent mass-flux velocity, ai, and density-specific volume covariance, b, defined in the scale-resolving framework. These variables, and terms in their governing equations, vary smoothly between zero and their Reynolds-averaged definitions at the small and large scale limits, respectively. At intermediate scales, the governing equations exhibit interactions between terms that are not active in the Reynolds-averaged limit. For example, in the Reynolds-averaged limit, b follows a decaying process driven by a destruction term; at intermediate length scales, it is a balance between production, redistribution, destruction, and transport, where b grows as the density spectrum develops and then decays when mixing becomes strong enough. This work supports the notion of a generalized, length-scale adaptive model that converges to DNS at high resolutions and to Reynolds-averaged statistics at coarse resolutions.
An improved set of electron-THFA cross sections refined through a neural network-based analysis of swarm data
Authors: Stokes P. W. , Foster S. P. , Casey M. J. E. , Cocks D. G. , González-Magaña O. , de Urquijo J. , García G. , Brunger M. J. , White R. D.
Published: February 2021

We review experimental and theoretical cross sections for electron transport in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and, in doing so, propose a plausible complete set. To assess the accuracy and self-consistency of our proposed set, we use the pulsed-Townsend technique to measure drift velocities, longitudinal diffusion coefficients, and effective Townsend first ionization coefficients for electron swarms in admixtures of THFA in argon, across a range of density-reduced electric fields from 1 to 450 Td. These measurements are then compared to simulated values derived from our proposed set using a multi-term solution of Boltzmann’s equation. We observe discrepancies between the simulation and experiment, which we attempt to address by employing a neural network model that is trained to solve the inverse swarm problem of unfolding the cross sections underpinning our experimental swarm measurements. What results from our neural network-based analysis is a refined set of electron-THFA cross sections, which we confirm is of higher consistency with our swarm measurements than that which we initially proposed. We also use our database to calculate electron transport coefficients in pure THFA across a range of reduced electric fields from 0.001 to 10 000 Td.
T cells selectively filter oscillatory signals on the minutes timescale
Authors: O’Donoghue Geoff P. , Bugaj Lukasz J. , Anderson Warren , Daniels Kyle G. , Rawlings David J. , Lim Wendell A.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Immune cells in the body encounter stimuli in complex temporal patterns, but our understanding of how the timing of stimulation determines immune responses is incomplete. We engineered T cells obtained from healthy human donors to respond to light as a stimulus in a laboratory setting. We discovered that T cells can filter out specific signals based only on signal frequency by stimulating engineered T cells with light-based temporal stimulation patterns designed to mimic the dynamic patterns a natural T cell might experience in the human body. This filtering mechanism could contribute to how immune cells distinguish between foreign/altered cells versus self-cells in vivo
,
since foreign/altered and self-cells exhibit highly distinct interaction dynamics with T cells within the body.
Two-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis of NiTe2-MoS2 vertical junctions with improved MoS2 transistor performance
Authors: Guo Yuxi , Kang Lixing , Zeng Qingsheng , Xu Manzhang , Li Lei , Wu Yao , Yang Jiefu , Zhang Yanni , Qi Xiaofei , Zhao Wu , Zhang Zhiyong , Liu Zheng
Published: February 2021

The primary challenge for the widespread application of two-dimensional (2D) electronics is to achieve satisfactory electrical contacts because, during the traditional metal integration process, difficulties arise due to inevitable physical damage and selective doping. Two-dimensional metal–semiconductor junctions have attracted attention for the potential application to achieve reliable electrical contacts in future atomically thin electronics. Here we demonstrate the van der Waals epitaxial growth of 2D NiTe2-MoS2 metal–semiconductor vertical junctions where the upper NiTe2 selectively nucleates at the edge of the underlying MoS2. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) studies confirmed that NiTe2-MoS2 metal–semiconductor vertical junctions had been successfully synthesized. The electrical properties of the NiTe2-contacted MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) showed higher field-effect mobilities (μ
FE) than those with deposited Cr/Au contacts. This study demonstrates an effective pathway to improved MoS2 transistor performance with metal–semiconductor junctions.
Geometrical and topological study of the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition in the XY model in two dimensions
Authors: Bel-Hadj-Aissa Ghofrane , Gori Matteo , Franzosi Roberto , Pettini Marco
Published: February 2021

Phase transitions do not necessarily correspond to a symmetry-breaking phenomenon. This is the case of the Kosterlitz–Thouless (KT) phase transition in a two-dimensional classical XY model, a typical example of a transition stemming from a deeper phenomenon than a symmetry-breaking. Actually, the KT transition is a paradigmatic example of the successful application of topological concepts to the study of phase transition phenomena in the absence of an order parameter. Topology conceptually enters through the meaning of defects in real space. In the present work, the same kind of KT phase transition in a two-dimensional classical XY model is tackled by resorting again to a topological viewpoint, however focussed on the energy level sets in phase space rather than on topological defects in real space. Also from this point of view, the origin of the KT transition can be attributed to a topological phenomenon. In fact, the transition is detected through peculiar geometrical changes of the energy level sets which, after a theorem in differential topology, are direct probes of topological changes of these level sets.
Universality in a class of the modified Villain–Lai–Das Sarma equation
Authors: Li Bin , Tan Zihao , Jiao Yang , Xia Hui
Published: February 2021

The universal scaling properties of the original and modified versions of the Villain–Lai–Das Sarma (VLDS) growth system are investigated numerically in both (1 + 1) and (2 + 1) dimensions. The modified VLDS equation with instability suppression by an exponentially decreasing function is equivalent to the VLDS with infinitely many weakly relevant nonlinear terms (VLDS∞). The growth instability and scaling properties are discussed based on the modification of the VLDS growth system. Our results show that the existence of infinitely many weakly relevant nonlinear terms in the modified VLDS system could: (i) lead to nontrivial scaling behavior in a generic way, such as anomalous scaling; (ii) be partially effective at suppressing numerical instabilities in the normal VLDS equation.
Stability Test of Colouring Agent from Pericarpium of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) Extract in Laboratory Diagnostic of Intestinal Nematode Eggs Preparation
Authors: Syafrullah H. , Supriatin Y. , Yuliani E. , Aurora N.
Published: February 2021

The red dragon fruit pericarpium contais anthocyanin as a natural red dye agent that can be extracted from plant cells. Anthocianin can be used as a colouring agent in intestinal nematode worm eggs. The aim of reseach is to determinate a stability test of natural red dye produced from 3% red dragon fruit pericarpium extract after storing for 27, 28, 29 weeks using a spectrophotometer at 504 nm wavelength and also to determine a stability test in diagnostic application in colouring of intestinal nematode worm eggs preparation. The result of the reseach indicated the longer the storage time, the lower the absorbance value obtained. Likewise with preparations, the longer the storage of these dyes the less the quality of the dye. The processing data used Anova test. From the result of the statistical test can be concluded that stability of the dye agent will be decrease according to lengh of time required. The suggestion for next result is to do resistance test for a long time accurately.
Evaluation of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyx Extract Stability for Intestinal Nematode Egg Staining
Authors: Vanawati N , Oktari A , Febriani TY
Published: February 2021

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx extract is rich in anthocyanin and it has been widely used as a natural colouring agent, for example as an alternative dye for eosin 2% in intestinal nematode egg staining. However, as a natural colour, the temperature and storage time are often altered anthocyanin activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate stability of Roselle calyx extract using various time and temperature storage and its staining properties on the intestinal nematode eggs. The Roselle calyx was extracted using maceration technique for ± 3 days and then made 80% concentration of extract. Extracted is stored within 1, 7, 14, and 21 evaluation days in room temperature (25°C) and cold temperature (4°C) for extract characterization, absorption of anthocyanin, pH, and staining observation. The result showed that natural extract from Roselle calyx stained intestinal nematode eggs and stable within 21 days storage in cold temperature (4°C).
Differences of Bio (Chemical) Characterization of Garlic and Black garlic on Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Halimah Lia Siti , Hasan Khomaini
Published: February 2021

Black garlic is a fermented garlic product that produces black color from the fermentation process at 80°C for 15 days. Interestingly, black garlic has pharmacological effects, but the properties possessed by black garlic are inseparable from the processes that occur during its manufacture which involve the heating process. This study aimed to examine the differences in biochemical characterization of garlic and black garlics that affect the antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Analysis of bio-(chemical) ingredients was conducted by mass spectroscopy method, whereas antibacterial behaviour was carried out against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The antioxidant testing was done using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results showed that black garlics had a different mass spectrum display on the mass/charge (m/z) ratio compared to garlic. The result showed that there was an elevation in the m/z ratio of 39.48, 104.74, 112.69, 175.79, 381.95 and 544.03. These was predicted to cause a change in color, texture and different taste in black garlics. The antibacterial activity of black garlic was not significantly different from garlic both against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumonia. Likewise with the DPPH antioxidant activity of black garlic is not significantly different from garlic. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the garlic fermentation process with a heating method at 80°C for 15 days can increase the m/z ratio of black garlics, change color, texture, and taste but do not significantly change the antibacterial activity or antioxidant activity.
Antioxidant Activity Of 70% Ethanol Extract Combination Of Kemangi Leaf (Ocimum Americanum Linn) and Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Using DPPH
Authors: Himawan Herson Cahaya , Isa Achmad Fauzi , Wiharja Dena Sapira
Published: February 2021

Basil and binahong leaf are plants that can be used as medicine. Basil leaf contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Binahong leaf contain alkaloids, flavonoid and tannins. These compounds have the ability as an antioxidant to inhibit free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of a combination of basil leaf extract and binahong leaf. The method used in testing the antioxidant activity is the DPPH free radical scavenging method (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrihidrazil). Simplicia powder of basil leaf and binahong leaf were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. Each extract and extract combination was tested for antioxidant activity against DPPH by measuring the absorbance of DPPH at a wavelength of 516.5 nm. The results showed that the IC50 value for ethanol extract of basil leaf was 42.33 ppm, ethanol extract of binahong leaf was 51.57 ppm, and the IC50 value from each of the combination of ethanol extract of basil leaf and binahong leaf at a ratio of 1:1; 1:2 ; 2;1 was 59.71 ppm ; 77.18 ppm ; 24.33 ppm. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of the combination of ethanol extract of basil and binahong leaf is very strong compared to the singular both. The combination of ethanol extract of basil leaf and binahong leaf in a ratio of 2:1 has very strong antioxidant activity.
Analysis of Drug Effectiveness and Efficiency of Use of Amlodipine-Captopril Combination Compared to Amlodipine-Valsartan in the X Hospital Patients of Bogor
Authors: Effendi Ferry , Septiani Sri , Lubis Leny Fitri
Published: February 2021

Prevalence of people with hypertension are increased with the increasingly cost of health, especially the cost of drug and hypertension including disease with long life medication therefore, we need cost effectiveness analysis for hypertension in order to assist in making effectiveness the drug selection decisions by benefit and cost. This study aim to find out difference of cost-effectiveness between amlodipine-captopril combination and amlodipine-valsartan on hypertension inpatient with BPJS in X Hospital of Bogor. Cost effectiveness analysis was conducted troughpayers perspective namely BPJS from direct medical cost. The output is patient blood pleasure after medication with antihipertensi. Cost effectiveness analysis using value of ACER based difference on ratio between cost with output. Based on sociodemography hypertension inpatient most widely male sex (57,8%), age 56-65 years old (33,3%), housewife profession (36,7%), and last education in elementary school (33,3%). Result revealed theres difference of effectivity therapy and theres difference of cost effectiveness between amlodipine-captopril combination and amlodipine-valsartan combination, based on ACER value of amlodipine-captopril combination was Rp.19.361,9 and it is smaller than value ACER of amlodipine-valsartan combination was Rp 27.655,8.Indicating that amlodipine-captopril combination more effective and more cost-effective than amlodipine-valsartan.
Antioxidant Activities from Two Varieties of Pear Peel Extracts using DPPH and CUPRAC Methods
Authors: Patricia V M , Syaputri F N
Published: February 2021

Pear peels more often than not are considered nonbeneficial, therefore they generally end up discarded aside from being consumed along with the fruit. In this research, the antioxidant capacity of the peel of two most popular pears consumed in Indonesia, namely European Pear (EP) and Asian Pear (AP) is being identified and measured. For the results of DPPH antioxidant activity method, Asian pear peel extract dissolved in ethanol (IC50 50.72) has the highest antioxidant contents than European pear peel extracted in methanol 80% (67.95). For the results of CUPRAC antioxidant activity method, European pear extract dissolved in methanol 80% showed higher antioxidant activity with the value of 2.51 and even the highest activity in an incubated condition with the value of 1.54. From the measurements, it can be understood that the peel extract of Asian pears has a higher antioxidant capacity when dissolved at a normal temperature. However, in an incubated temperature extraction environment, peel extract of European pears shows the highest antioxidant capacity, with the existence of slow-reacting antioxidants in the peel of European Pears, could be the potential cause. From this research, it can be concluded that pear peels are a source of beneficial antioxidants, and the method of extraction of antioxidants from pear peel would determine the extractable useful antioxidants: In the case of European Pear peel, an incubation temperature measurement is more desired.
Potency of Deep Euteutic Solvent as an Alternative Solvent on Pretreatment Process of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Review
Authors: Sumiati Triyani , Suryadi Herman
Published: February 2021

During the last decade Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) is an alternative solvent and has proven to be effective in removing lignin and hemicellulose bonds, as well as reducing the crystallinity of cellulose in the pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass delignification. Until now, it has been reported that DES is a solvent that is widely used in various studies. DES is a solvent consisting of two or three ionic compositions which can be associated through hydrogen bonds, to form a euteutic mixture with a melting point lower than each individual component. In literature and research, these solvents are often referred to as environmentally friendly solvents. It is known that DES has physicochemical properties similar with ionic liquids but is more environmentally friendly and cheaper. Over the years, a number of studies have reported that the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass delignification is carried out chemically and physically, such as the use of dilute acids, alkalis, and steam explosions. It was reported that this method is a process that uses a lot of energy, because it requires high temperature and pressure to remove lignin. However, the proposed method is currently based on the use of DES solvents which require less energy from chemical and physical processes. DES dissolves lignin and increases the availability of cellulose at low temperatures and pressures during the pre-treatment process. In this review it aims to explain the recent progress made regarding the contribution of DES and its potential on lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment process. It also discussed the advantages of DES solvents that are environmentally friendly, cheap, non-toxic and low energy use.
Protection of Pegagan (Centella asiatica) Extract Through Hsp60 and Bax Expression on Stunting Model Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio) By Rotenone Inducted
Authors: Wijayanti Aida Ratna , Ridlayanti Annisa , Muljohadi Ali Husnul Khotimah
Published: February 2021

Objective: Rotenone is a pesticide (insecticide and fish killers) that is widely used in water. This study utilised rotenone as a model to initiate the occurrence of stunting on zebrafish larvae. Rotenone acts to inhibit the mitochondrial complex I to form an Adenine Tri Phosphate (ATP), Centella asitica(CA) is commonly used as Ayurveda medication as the triterpene in CA’s ingredient and antioxidant protect cells from oxidative damage. This study aimed to know the effect of CA extract on the stunting model zebrafish larvae induced by rotenone through Hsp60 and Bax expression. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed with rotenone [10 ppb] and CA extracts(concentration 2,5 µg/mL; 5 µg/mL and 10 µg/Ml) from the age of 2 to 72 hpf (hour post fertilization).The body length was measured at the age of 3, 6, and 9 dpf (day post fertilization) using Image Raster software. The measurement of Hsp60 and Bax expression used IHC method on wholemount zebrafish larvae through DAB colouring. Density integrated was observed with Image J software. Results: The results of the study showed, There was an increase in Hsp60 and Bax expression on the zebrafish larvae induced by rotenone. In addition, CA extract with concentration [5 µg/mL] increased the body length at the age of 9 dpf (p<0,05). The observation of Hsp60 and Bax expression showed there was a significant decline on the CA extract groups with concentration [5 µg/mL]. Conclusion: CA extracts with concentration [5 µg/mL] increase the body length of zebrafish larvae and decreased Hsp60 and Bax expression.
The Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Emulgel the Kalakai (Stenochlaena Palustris Bedd) Roots Ethanol Extract As a Sunscreen
Authors: Paramawidhita Risqika Yuliatantri , Adawiyah Rabiatul , Umaternate Agustinawati
Published: February 2021

Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris) is one of the diversity of Kalimantan typical plants that are often consumed as food but can also be used as medicinal plants. Ethanol Extract of Kalakai Root has been shown to have very strong antioxidants and has an SPF value of extreme ability level. Researchers want to examine a form of cosmetic emulgel which potentially as sunscreen. The purpose of this study is as a preliminary stage to see how the physical evaluation results (organoleptic, pH and dispersal power) of emulgel kalakai roots ethanol extract at 1% and 2% concentration. The results obtained for formula I (1%) and formula II (2%) of emulgel kalakai roots ethanol extract meet the organolepic test quality parameters, pH and spreadability test.
Simplex Lattice Design Analysis for Optimizing the Sangketan Extract (Achyranthes aspera) production
Authors: Fanani Zaenal , Setyowati Endang , Etikasari Ria
Published: February 2021

The need for medicinal raw materials is increasing, in line with the increasing of traditional medicine utilization. Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera) is one of the potential medicinal plants, considering this plant contains active compounds that are beneficial for health. In an effort to increase productivity, quality, and continuity of medicinal plants, improvement in cultivation techniques is needed. The right use of growing media, will provide optimal environmental conditions for plant growth. Animal manure and rice husk charcoal are organic material, that can be used as a mixture of growing media. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal combination of growing media, that could support the extract production from Sangketan. In Sangketan cultivation, given treatment at growing media composition of soil + rice husk charcoal, with comparison 1:1; 1:2 and 2:1. Whereas the fertigation uses goat manure fertilizer, with a concentration of 1 kg per 5 liters of water, dose of 60 ml per plant every two weeks. Sangketan is harvested after 4-5 months, then quantitative analysis is performed of resulting extracts. The research data was applied using simplex lattice design (SLD), to obtain the optimal combination of growing media. Sangketan resulting extracts was applied using SLD, obtained the equation Y = 8.94 (Charcoal) + 11.585 (Soil) + 14.26 (Charcoal.Soil). Results of this study can identify and evaluate, technologies that support the sangketan development as a raw material for traditional medicine.
Effect of Boiling Time on Content of The Total Flavonoid of Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora (L.) C. Presl.)
Authors: Arrosyid Muchson , Mustofa Choiril Hana , Sutaryono  , Rohmah Alifiasri Praptiwi
Published: February 2021

Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora (L) C. Persl) is a annual herbaceous plant that usually grows on the edge of a moist wall. The leaves of the kitolod plant can be used as medicine for healing wounds, asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and so on. Kitolod contains chemical compounds namely alkaloids namely lobelamin, isotomine and lobelin. In the leaf part of kitolod contains chemical compounds namely alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. This study aims to determine the effect of boiling time on the total flavonoid content of water extract of kitolod leaves. Extraction was done by boiling, the determination of the total amount of flavonoids was carried out by the AlCl3 method and then the absorption was measured using Spectrophotometry UV-Vis with a wavelength of 431 nm. The results showed that qualitatively the samples contained flavonoids by showing red. Quantitatively the kitolod leaves are boiled with longer time, the total flavonoid content will decrease. The total flavonoid content of kitolod leaves in boiling 5 minutes obtained an average level of 0.31995% w/w or 31.9 mg/kg, boiling 10 minutes 0.25635% w/w or 25.6 mg/kg, boiling 15 minutes 0.2239% w/w or 22.3 mg/kg, boiling 20 minutes 0.17254% w/w or 17.2 mg/kg.
Improving plastic degradation by increasing the thermostability of a whole cell biocatalyst with LC-cutinase activity
Authors: Moeis Maelita Ramdani , Maulana Muhammad Farhan
Published: February 2021

Global consumption of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) increases each year, resulting in considerable buildup of plastic waste in the environment. A whole cell biocatalyst (WBC) with LC-cutinase bound to its outer membrane had been constructed to hydrolyze PET (optimum temperature 55°C). The aim of this study was to improve WBC viability at 55°C by inserting Ef-TU gene from sugarcane into WCB cells, with the hope of improving its hydrolytic activity. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was co-transformed with two plasmids, the first contained Lpp-OmpA-LC-cutinase fused gene and the second contained Ef-TU gene. Cells transformed with only the first plasmid were used as control. The cells were grown at 37°C and 55°C and viability was analyzed by total plate count. LC-cutinase activity was measured using pNPB as substrate and its capability to hydrolyze PET was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of Ef-TU improved WCB viability at 55°C after 90 minutes incubation and LC-cutinase activity remained stable after 72 hours incubation at 55°C. LC-cutinase activity of WCB with Ef-TU was consistently higher than without EF-TU. Scanning electron micrograph of PET sheets incubated with WBC cultures with Ef-TU showed larger pockets than without EF-TU.
Method validation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn metals in Citarum River sediment using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
Authors: Koesmawati T A , Tanuwidjaja S , Nurachman A
Published: February 2021

The Citarum River has a volcanic catchment area in West Java Province. It is also one of the nationally strategic rivers in tropical Indonesia due to its roles in water supply and in power generation. However, the Citarum River has experienced a decline in quality in which one of the causes is pollutants containing heavy metals. This research is aimed to validate the ICP-OES method in analyzing metals in sediment. Several parameters have been taken into account and evaluated for the validation of method, namely: linearity, the minimum detection limit, the limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision. The linearity of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn was found satisfactory with coefficient of correlation (r) > 0.9995. The precision of all metals was calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) and was found that the RSD value was < 2/3 CV Horwitz. The recovery value of all metals was found between 80-95%. The limit of detection (LOD) value for all metals was below 10 ug/L except for Zn and Mn. The method was validated using CRM PACS-3. Metal concentrations in the Citarum River sediment for all stations after being compared with the quality standard of ANZECC are still below the threshold values.
Optimization Process In The Synthesis of Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) by Redox Method In The Context of Downstream Tin Derivative Product
Authors: Wulandari Nurul , Wismogroho A S , Widayatno W B , Amal M I , Kusuma D Y
Published: February 2021

Indonesia has been known as the Tin Island in Southeast Asian Tin Belt region. This makes Indonesia listed as the second biggest tin producer in the world after China, with production reached 33.444 metric tons. However, 95% of tin which has been exported is still in the form of bars, not the optimal downstream tin derivative products, especially in the form of tin chemicals such as SnCl2. It turned out that tin chemical products are imported to meet the needs of domestic industry. In 2014, tin import reached USD 200 million. As one of the downstream products of tin derivatives, SnCl2 can be used as a catalyst, reducing agent, and as the main ingredient for other tin derivative products. This research was conducted based on the demand of industry, PT Timah Industri, to study the synthesis of SnCl2 powder in optimum conditions with redox method. The tin powder was dissolved in concentrated HCl heated on a hotplate, with variations in the particle size of the tin, HCl concentration and the reaction temperature. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was carried out at 8000C with a heating rate of 100Cmin-1. The morphological structure of SnCl2 powder can be determined using 3D-Optical Microscope VHX-5000. As for the SnCl2 phase, it can be identified using the Rigaku SmartLab X-ray diffraction. This attempt has succeeded in synthesizing SnCl2 powder at optimum conditions with a yield percentage of 95%.
Analysis Of Organoleptic And Coliform Value In Fresh Mackerel (Rastrelliger Sp.) Fish In Tpi Sorong City
Authors: Sukmawati Sukmawati , Badaruddin Iksan , Dewi Nurul Kusuma , Situmorang Nurbaity , Mahfut Mahfut , Mustapa Fery
Published: February 2021

Fish is one of the fishery food ingredients needed by humans because in fish meat there are compounds that are needed by the body which consists of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts. The purpose of the study was to determine the quality of fresh mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.) based on organoleptic test results, and to determine the content of fresh mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.) Coliform at the auction place of Sorong city castle bridge fish. The research method that has been used are experimental method using a complete randomized design analysis, and descriptive method that describes the Coliform bacteria in fresh fish products. Organoleptic quality value of eye condition, gill condition, texture, meat, smell mackerel at TPI Sorong city showed an influence on the storage time given. While the total coliform estimation test results on sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E in the first 3 hours and 6 hours following treatment showed that the highest total coliform was 11 MPN/g index and the lowest was 2.4 MPN/g. The conclution of organoleptic quality of fresh mackerel in the Sorong city TPI of the 5 samples showed an influence on the quality of the eye, gill, texture, fish meat and smell on the time treatment given at the α95% confidence level. While the total coliform in the first 3 hours of the 5 samples there are 4 samples (Samples A, B, C, and D) have total coliform bacteria not exceeding the maximum SNI limit.
Re-Food: Digital Platform-based Innovation Solutions for National Food Waste Problems
Authors: Pramana Rafi Yoga , Fadillah Achmad , Daryanto Arief
Published: February 2021

The problem of food waste in Indonesia is an important issue to overcome. Indonesia is the second-largest producer of food waste in the World. This makes national food waste issues get more attention. This paper aims to identify problems in food waste prevention, to formulate prototype of food waste application, to design digital platform-based business models innovation that complies with consumer preferences, and to map the impact generated by the presence of Re-Food. The method used are the customer discovery method with a qualitative descriptive approach and business model innovation methods. The results of this paper are verified social enterprise business model innovation offering an application that can help in utilizing excess food and help in the social problems of hunger and poverty. The potential impact generated by the Re-Food business model is the opportunity to contribute to social problems by utilizing environmental issues and increasing education on environmental issues, especially in food waste issues.
Implementation of Mathematics Learning-Assisted Cabri 3D Software to Improve Spatial Ability of High School Students on Three Dimensional Geometry
Authors: Yuliardi R , Mahpudin A , Rosyid A
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study to analyze student’s spatial abilities to resolve 3D geometry problems through mathematics learning-assisted using Cabri 3D software. The population in this study were students from one of High School Student in Kuningan, West Java. Selection of sample by purposed random sampling, the experimental class is taught mathematics learning-assisted using Cabri 3D, while the control class is taught by conventional learning. This study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest control group design. Data analysis using two way anova by linking between learning model with gender factor and early mathematical abilities (KAM). Based on the results; (1) The enhancement of student’s spatial abilities through Cabri 3D was higher than the conventional learning; (2) based on gender, there were no significant effect of student’s spatial abilities who exposed with Cabri 3D and conventional learning; (3) based on KAM, there was significant effect of student’s spatial abilities among ability of high, middle, and low KAM. The differences occur between high, middle and low KAM. (4) based on the questionnaire results, students ‘responses to the positive Cabri 3D positive model, as much as 73.85% agree that learning Cabri 3D can improve understanding, interest and students’ abilities to learn the concept of 3 dimensional geometry. Based on this result, mathematics learning-assisted Cabri 3D can be applied in the process of mathematics learning in high School.
Analysis of Raw Material Inventory Planning Considering Uncertainty Demands (Case Study: Model Q with Back Order at PT. X)
Authors: Dewi Nurlaela Kumala , Andriant Irayanti , Loren Julia
Published: February 2021

In the production process a variety of products owned by PT. X are very high because the company does not have the same product to make every day. In the delivery of raw materials by suppliers there is also a delay in delivery caused by the empty stock of raw materials at the supplier and also the pre-order purchasing system. Problems with PT. X are planning demand and raw material inventory by considering demand uncertainly. As a first step in choosing the right inventory policy method, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for normality test and ADI (Average Demand Interval) test are the classification of raw materials based on demand patterns. Of the five types of raw materials, the ADI value is 0, 91 and 1, which means < 1, 32. So that the completion of raw material inventory planning is done by probabilistic inventory policy method Continuous Review (Q) Back Order with Hadley - Within algorithm. The results of data processing are known to be the level of service of each type of raw material with the calculation of the proposed method, the average value of the service level for the five types of raw materials studied reaches 99, 30%. Where the probabilistic method of the Continuous Review System (Q) Hadley-Within algorithm, provides savings of 7,75% of the total cost of the existing inventory of the company.