bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of land use on the quality of runoff along Israel′s coastal strip (demonstrated in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana)
Authors: Goldshleger Naftaly , Maor Alon , Garzuzi Jamil , Asaf Lior
Published: April 2014

This study presents an analysis of the quality of urban runoff from various land uses by remote‐sensing and GIS technology coupled with hydrological and chemical monitoring. The study areas were located in the cities of Herzliya and Ra′anana, in Israel′s coastal plain, where extensive urbanization has occurred over the last 30 years. Land uses in urban basins were analysed; rain and runoff were measured and sampled at measurement stations representing different land uses (residential, industrial, commercial and roads). The aim was to analyse uses by different remote‐sensing and GIS techniques, to evaluate the quality of urban storm water from various land uses and to verify a method for predicting the impact of urban land uses on the quantity and quality of urban storm water. The quality of urban storm water from residential areas was generally very high, and the water is suitable for reuse or direct recharge into the local aquifer. In light of the serious state of the Israeli water sector and the large amounts of unused runoff produced by Israel′s cities, together with the high quality of urban storm water drained from the residential areas, it is important to exploit this water source. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Spectral, Thermal Studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)‐arginato Complexes. Crystal Structure of Monoaquabis(arginato‐κO,κN)copper(II). [Cu(arg)2(H2O)].NaNO3
Authors: Köse Dursun Ali , Toprak Emre , Avcı Emre , Avcı Gülçin Alp , Şahin Onur , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: April 2014

Transition metal complexes of arginine (using Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) cations separately) were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, TG/DTA‐DrTG, UV‐Vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis methods. Cu(II)‐Arg complex crystals was found suitable for x‐ray diffraction studies. It was contained, one mole CuII and Na+ ions, two arginate ligands, one coordinated aqua ligand and one solvent NO3− group in the asymmetric unit. The principle coordination sites of metal atom have been occupied by two N atoms of arginate ligands, two carboxylate O atoms, while the apical site was occupied by one O atom for CuII cation and two O atoms for CoII, NiII, ZnII atoms of aqua ligands. Although CuII ion adopts a square pyramidal geometry of the structure. CoII, NiII, ZnII cations have octahedral due to coordination number of these metals. Neighbouring chains were linked together to form a three‐dimensional network via hydrogen‐bonding between coordinated water molecule, amino atoms and O atoms of the bridging carboxylate groups. CuII complex was crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21, a = 8.4407(5) Å, b = 12.0976(5) Å, c = 10.2448(6) Å, V = 1041.03(10) Å3, Z = 2. Structures of the other metal complexes were similar to CuII complex, because of their spectroscopic studies have in agreement with each other. Copper complex has shown DNA like helix chain structure. Lastly, anti‐bacterial, anti‐microbial and anti‐fungal biological activities of complexes were investigated.
Determination of Factors Affecting the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Low Severity Acid‐steam Pretreated Agro‐residue
Authors: Sen Biswarup
Published: April 2014

Agro‐residues and their hydrolyzates are precursors for synthesis of biofuels and mesoporous carbons. However, factors like pH, biomass loading, temperature, and enzyme affect the recovery of carbon sugars, and limit the hydrolysis. This study determined the main factors affecting the hydrolysis by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Corn cob was added to 1.2% hydrochloric acid and subjected to steam at 121 °C, 20 min (low‐severity, Step 1) following enzymatic hydrolysis (Step 2). Factor levels i.e., pH (4.5‐7.5), temperature (37, 45, 55 °C), biomass loading (50, 100, 200 g/L) and enzyme type (Viscozyme L and Cellulase, Sigma) were adjusted in Step 2. PCA of standardized measured variables (glucose, xylose, arabinose, reducing sugars (RS) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations; and yields of glucose, xylose and RS) at various factor levels was performed. Principal component 1 and 2 could explain ca. 96% of the data variance (Fig. 1). Low biomass loading correlated with high yields of glucose, xylose and RS, whereas pH 5.5, 45 °C and cellulase correlated with high concentrations of glucose, xylose and RS. PCA can be an effective tool in the design of efficient hydrolysis method and evaluation of factors affecting pretreatment method.
Effect of Starvation upon Activity of Microorganisms Degrading 4‐Chlorophenol
Authors: Moreno‐Andrade Iván , Kumar Gopalakrishnan , Buitrón Germán
Published: April 2014

The variation of the microbial activity during starvation of microorganisms degrading 4‐chlorophenol was evaluated in a sequencing batch reactor. During the acclimation, a reduction in the degradation time and an increase in the specific degradation rate were observed. After the acclimation, the biomass was exposed to different starvation periods (8 to 36 h). The results showed that the starvation could decrease the microbial activity and composition. A reduction from 44 to 21% was observed on the specific removal rate, and from 35 to 26% on the specific oxygen uptake rate. The extension of the deacclimation of starved microorganisms was affected by the history of the culture. The effect of starvation on the degradation rate was less significant when microorganisms were starved, recovered and then starved again, than in the case where starvation is cyclically presented without a recovery period.
Silver Nitrate‐Catalyzed Selective Air Oxidation of Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols to Corresponding Aldehydes or Ketones
Authors: Wang Jiayi , Li Yuan , Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua
Published: April 2014

The liquid phase selective air oxidation of benzylic and allylic alcohols to corresponding aldehydes or ketones has been achieved in high yields with catalytic amount of AgNO3 and in the presence of Na2CO3.
Boundary Properties of Factorial Classes of Graphs
Authors: Lozin Vadim V. , Zamaraev Victor
Published: April 2014

For a class of graphs X, let be the number of graphs with vertex set in the class X, also known as the speed of X. It is known that in the family of hereditary classes (i.e. those that are closed under taking induced subgraphs) the speeds constitute discrete layers and the first four lower layers are constant, polynomial, exponential, and factorial. For each of these four layers a complete list of minimal classes is available, and this information allows to provide a global structural characterization for the first three of them. The minimal layer for which no such characterization is known is the factorial one. A possible approach to obtaining such a characterization could be through identifying all minimal superfactorial classes. However, no such class is known and possibly no such class exists. To overcome this difficulty, we employ the notion of boundary classes that has been recently introduced to study algorithmic graph problems and reveal the first few boundary classes for the factorial layer.
Distinct frequency dependent effects of whole‐body vibration on non‐fractured bone and fracture healing in mice
Authors: Wehrle Esther , Wehner Tim , Heilmann Aline , Bindl Ronny , Claes Lutz , Jakob Franz , Amling Michael , Ignatius Anita
Published: April 2014

Low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration (LMHFV) provokes anabolic effects in non‐fractured bone; however, in fracture healing, inconsistent results were reported and optimum vibration conditions remain unidentified. Here, we investigated frequency dependent effects of LMHFV on fracture healing. Twelve‐week‐old, female C57BL/6 mice received a femur osteotomy stabilized using an external fixator. The mice received whole‐body vibrations (20 min/day) with 0.3g peak‐to‐peak acceleration and a frequency of either 35 or 45 Hz. After 10 and 21 days, the osteotomized femurs and intact bones (contra‐lateral femurs, lumbar spine) were evaluated using bending‐testing, µ‐computed tomography, and histomorphometry. In non‐fractured trabecular bone, vibration with 35 Hz significantly increased the relative amount of bone (+28%) and the trabecular number (+29%), whereas cortical bone was not influenced. LMHFV with 45 Hz failed to provoke anabolic effects in trabecular or cortical bone. Fracture healing was not significantly influenced by whole‐body vibration with 35 Hz, whereas 45 Hz significantly reduced bone formation (−64%) and flexural rigidity (−34%) of the callus. Although the exact mechanisms remain open, our results suggest that small vibration setting changes could considerably influence LMHFV effects on bone formation in remodeling and repair, and even disrupt fracture healing, implicating caution when treating patients with impaired fracture healing. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1006–1013, 2014.
Stakeholders' Perceptions about Fire Impacts on Lithuanian Protected Areas
Authors: Pereira Paulo , Mierauskas Pranas , Novara Agata
Published: April 2014

The aim of this work is to study Lithuanian stakeholders' perceptions of fire impacts in protected areas. For this study, the stakeholders consisted of foresters, ecologists and farmers. A clear understanding of the opinions of stakeholders about fire effects on environmental, social and economic aspects of Lithuanian protected areas will allow an assessment of the stakeholders' reaction to fire policy, including government measures towards fire prevention, suppression and application of prescribed fire to landscape management. The results showed that stakeholders in general think that fire is not a threat to Lithuania and to the ecological processes in the protected areas. However, they agree that fires have negative impacts on soil properties and fertility but are not to an irremediable or irrecoverable extent. Stakeholders disagree that fire has positive consequences for agricultural and cattle activities but agreed that vegetation recovers quickly. They do not see fire as a social and economic problem, do not agree that prescribed fire could be used to landscape management, and believe that mechanical thinning is a better management tool than prescribed fire. Stakeholders agree that fire does not have negative impacts on the biodiversity. These opinions depended on the age group of the respondent but especially on the respondent's professional occupation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of Brush Poly(phosphoamidate)s via One‐Pot Tandem Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ding Liang , Qiu Jun , Wei Jun , Zhu Zhenshu
Published: April 2014

Poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)‐based brush poly(phosphoamidate)s are successfully synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) following either a commutative two‐step procedure or a straightforward one‐pot process using Grubbs ruthenium‐based catalysts for tandem catalysis. Compared with the traditional polymerization method, combining ROMP and ATRP in a one‐pot process allows the preparation of brush copolymers characterized by a relatively moderate molecular weight distribution and quantitative conversion of monomer. Moreover, the surface morphologies and aggregation behaviors of these polymers are studied by AFM and TEM measurements.

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The ultra‐relativistic Euler equations
Authors: Abdelrahman Mahmoud A.E. , Kunik Matthias
Published: April 2014

We study the ultra‐relativistic Euler equations for an ideal gas, which is a system of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. We first analyze the single shocks and rarefaction waves and solve the Riemann problem in a constructive way. Especially, we develop an own parametrization for single shocks, which will be used to derive a new explicit shock interaction formula. This shock interaction formula plays an important role in the study of the ultra‐relativistic Euler equations. One application will be presented in this paper, namely, the construction of explicit solutions including shock fronts, which gives an interesting example for the non‐backward uniqueness of our hyperbolic system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some new nonlinear wave solutions and their convergence for the (2+1)‐dimensional Broer–Kau–Kupershmidt equation
Authors: Yan Weifang , Liu Zhengrong
Published: April 2014

We use the bifurcation method of dynamical systems to study the (2+1)‐dimensional Broer–Kau–Kupershmidt equation. We obtain some new nonlinear wave solutions, which contain solitary wave solutions, blow‐up wave solutions, periodic smooth wave solutions, periodic blow‐up wave solutions, and kink wave solutions. When the initial value vary, we also show the convergence of certain solutions, such as the solitary wave solutions converge to the kink wave solutions and the periodic blow‐up wave solutions converge to the solitary wave solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifurcation analysis of HIV infection model with antibody and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte immune responses and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response
Authors: Balasubramaniam P. , Tamilalagan P. , Prakash M.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, a mathematical model for HIV‐1 infection with antibody, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte immune responses and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response is investigated. The stability of the infection‐free and infected steady states is investigated. The basic reproduction number R0 is identified for the proposed system. If R0 < 1, then there is an infection‐free steady state, which is locally asymptotically stable. Further, the infected steady state is locally asymptotically stable for R0 > 1 in the absence of immune response delay. We use Nyquist criterion to estimate the length of the delay for which stability continues to hold. Also the existence of the Hopf bifurcation is investigated by using immune response delay as a bifurcation parameter. Numerical simulations are presented to justify the analytical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of dynamics and phase separation in polymers using 2D 1H NMR in solids
Authors: Wilhelm M. , Lehmann S. , Jäger C. , Spiess H. W. , Jerome R.
Published: April 2014

It has been demonstrated that 1H 2D NMR of solids allows the correlation of structural information [1H chemical shift via combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy, (CRAMPS)] in one frequency dimension with information on the dynamics (1H wideline) in the second dimension. Furthermore, domain sizes of individual phases found in heterogeneous solids can be determined by modelling 1H‐1H spin diffusion occurring during a mixing period tm. The experiment was applied to a poly(ethylene oxide)—polystyrene (PEO‐b‐PS) diblock copolymer. With standard double resonance magic angle spinning equipment, mobile poly(ethylene oxide) and mainly rigid polystyrene blocks in the polymer can be discriminated. By calibration with small‐angle x‐ray scattering data for the diblock copolymer, the spin diffusion coefficient for a system of intermediate mobility can be established. Thereby one can to fill the gap within the series of spin diffusion coefficients of highly mobile systems on the one hand and rigid systems on the other. Further applications of the experiment are discussed.
Quantification of cerebral perfusion using dynamic quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Xu Bo , Spincemaille Pascal , Liu Tian , Prince Martin R. , Dutruel Silvina , Gupta Ajay , Thimmappa Nanda Deepa , Wang Yi
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop a dynamic quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) technique with sufficient temporal resolution to map contrast agent concentration in cerebral perfusion imaging.

Methods

The dynamic QSM used a multiecho three‐dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient echo golden angle interleaved spiral sequence during contrast bolus injection. Four‐dimensional (4D) space‐time resolved magnetic field reconstruction was performed using the temporal resolution acceleration with constrained evolution reconstruction method. Deconvolution of the gadolinium‐induced field was performed at each time point with the morphology enabled dipole inversion method to generate a 4D gadolinium concentration map, from which three‐dimensional spatial distributions of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow were computed.

Results

Initial in vivo brain imaging demonstrated the feasibility of using dynamic QSM for generating quantitative 4D contrast agent maps and imaging three‐dimensional perfusion. The cerebral blood flow obtained with dynamic QSM agreed with that obtained using arterial spin labeling.

Conclusion

Dynamic QSM can be used to perform 4D mapping of contrast agent concentration in contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The perfusion parameters derived from this 4D contrast agent concentration map were in good agreement with those obtained using arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 73:1540–1548, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cartilage adhesive and mechanical properties of enzymatically crosslinked polysaccharide tyramine conjugate hydrogels
Authors: Wang R. , Leber N. , Buhl C. , Verdonschot N. , Dijkstra P. J. , Karperien M.
Published: April 2014

Using a home‐built tensile tester, adhesion and mechanical properties of injectable enzymatically crosslinkable hydrogels were determined by placing the hydrogels in between cartilage surfaces. Dextran–tyramine (Dex‐TA) and hyaluronic acid–tyramine (HA‐TA) conjugates as well as a 50/50 composite material of these polysaccharide conjugates were tested. To integrate the injectable hydrogels with the cartilage tissue, pretreatment of the tissue with a Dex‐TA conjugate solution strongly improved the adhesion. Only failure of the crosslinked hydrogel was observed and not at the hydrogel–tissue interface. Moduli of a Dex‐TA hydrogel are higher than those of a HA‐TA hydrogel, whereas the ultimate strain of the HA‐TA hydrogel was at least three times higher. The Dex‐TA/HA‐TA hydrogel has similar storage and elastic moduli as the Dex‐TA gel and also an ultimate strain of ~30%, similarly as found for the HA‐TA gel. The controlled biodegradability and gelation time of the Dex‐TA/HA‐TA hydrogel, the developed method for strong tissue adhesion of the gel particularly in comparison with fibrin glue, makes this material applicable as an injectable hydrogel for tissue regeneration applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Anti‐oxidant and Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Identification of Polyphenolics of the Invasive Weed Dittrichia viscosa
Authors: Trimech Imen , Weiss Erika Krisztina , Chedea Veronica Sanda , Marin Daniela , Detsi Anastasia , Ioannou Efstathia , Roussis Vassilios , Kefalas Panagiotis
Published: April 2014

Introduction

The bioactive metabolites derived from weeds have attracted the interest of the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their health benefits.

Objective

To evaluate the anti‐oxidant and acetylcholinesterase activity of Dittrichia viscosa extracts and characterise the polyphenolic metabolites using the LC coupled with diode‐array detection (DAD) and positive mode electrospray ionisation (ESI) MS method with a view to evaluating the exploitation potential of this invasive weed.

Materials and methods

Roots and aerial parts of D. viscosa were extracted with solvents of increasing polarity and their major polyphenolic metabolites were identified by LC − DAD/ESI(+)/MS. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while their anti‐oxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of their ability to scavenge the stable free radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide. Thin‐layer chromatography was used to screen for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Results

Stem extracts gave the highest phenolic content, whereas the roots showed the lowest content. Twenty‐five polyphenolic constituents of the extracts were tentatively characterised according to their MS and UV spectroscopic data. Among the extracts studied, roots–ethyl acetate and flowers–diethyl ether revealed the highest activity according to the DPPH and chemiluminescence assays respectively.

Conclusion

The metabolic profile of D. viscosa was studied and the structures of the major polyphenolic metabolites were tentatively assigned based on their MS and UV–vis spectra. The extracts exhibited high levels of anti‐oxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and the inhibitors are probably localised mainly in flowers and roots. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piper betle Leaves: Profiling Phenolic Compounds by HPLC/DAD–ESI/MSn and Anti‐cholinesterase Activity
Authors: Ferreres Federico , Oliveira Andreia P. , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula B.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Piper betle L. is a widely distributed plant in the tropical and subtropical regions, its leaves being largely consumed as a masticator and mouth freshener.

Objective

The purposes of this work were to characterise the phenolic profile of this species and to improve knowledge of its anti‐cholinesterase properties.

Methods

The phenolic composition of P. betle leaf aqueous and ethanol extracts was characterised by HPLC coupled with a diode‐array detector and combined with electrospray ionisation tandem MS, and in vitro cholinesterase inhibitory capacity of both extracts was assessed by spectrophotometric microassays. The effect on neuronal cells (SH‐SY5Y) viability was evaluated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction and lactate dehydrogenase leakage.

Results

Twelve phenolic compounds, comprising a phenylpropanoid, five cinnamoyl and six flavonoids derivatives were identified in P. betle leaves. Hydroxychavicol was the major compound in both extracts; however, the aqueous extract presented a greater diversity of compounds. Both extracts showed strong activity against both acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase, which can be due, at least partially, to the phenolic composition. Furthermore, the aqueous extract proved to be cytotoxic to human neuroblastoma cells at concentrations higher than 500 µg/mL.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the consumption of P. betle leaves as an infusion can have a positive impact in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Apigenin and luteolin derivatives are reported for the first time in this species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimisation of the Microplate Resazurin Assay for Screening and Bioassay‐guided Fractionation of Phytochemical Extracts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: O'Neill Taryn E. , Li Haoxin , Colquhoun Caitlyn D. , Johnson John A. , Webster Duncan , Gray Christopher A.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Because of increased resistance to current drugs, there is an urgent need to discover new anti‐mycobacterial compounds for the development of novel anti‐tuberculosis drugs. The microplate resazurin assay (MRA) is commonly used to evaluate natural products and synthetic compounds for anti‐mycobacterial activity. However, the assay can be problematic and unreliable when screening methanolic phytochemical extracts.

Objective

To optimise the MRA for the screening and bioassay‐guided fractionation of phytochemical extracts using Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.

Methods

The effects of varying assay duration, resazurin solution composition, solvent (dimethyl sulphoxide – DMSO) concentration and type of microtitre plate used on the results and reliability of the MRA were investigated. The optimal bioassay protocol was applied to methanolic extracts of medicinal plants that have been reported to possess anti‐mycobacterial activity.

Results

The variables investigated were found to have significant effects on the results obtained with the MRA. A standardised procedure that can reliably quantify anti‐mycobacterial activity of phytochemical extracts in as little as 48 h was identified. The optimised MRA uses 2% aqueous DMSO, with an indicator solution of 62.5 µg/mL resazurin in 5% aqueous Tween 80 over 96 h incubation.

Conclusion

The study has identified an optimal procedure for the MRA when used with M. tuberculosis H37Ra that gives rapid, reliable and consistent results. The assay procedure has been used successfully for the screening and bioassay‐guided fractionation of anti‐mycobacterial compounds from methanol extracts of Canadian medicinal plants. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The overexpression of a single oncogene (ERBB2/HER2) alters the proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Amorim Maria , Fernandes Gustavo , Oliveira Paulo , Martins‐de‐Souza Daniel , Dias‐Neto Emmanuel , Nunes Diana
Published: April 2014

ERBB2/HER2 amplification activates signaling cascades that lead to a tumor cell phenotype. However, despite its remarkable importance in oncology, the consequences of HER2 amplification over the extracellular vesicles (EVs) content have not yet been investigated. Here, we isolated EVs secreted by HB4a, a mammary luminal epithelial cell line and C5.2, its HER2‐overexpressing clone. We isolated two EV sets (20 and 100 K) by ultracentrifugation and used electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis for their morphological characterization. We employed GeLC‐MS/MS combined with isotope‐coded protein labeling to evaluate cell‐derived proteins and LC‐MS/MS label free spectral counting to quantify the EVs proteome. We found higher HER2 levels in both C5.2‐derived EVs when compared with C5.2 cells, suggesting its preferential shuttling. Proteins capable of inducing malignant transformation are enriched in both C5.2 EV subsets, including two HER2‐related proteins involved in cell motility and invasion, cofilin and CD44. MetaCore™ analysis indicated an enrichment of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton‐remodeling pathways in C5.2 EVs, as well as proteins related to HER2 signaling, such as sphingosine‐1‐phosphate pathway. Together, our data indicate that in terms of protein content, distinct vesicle sets reinforce and complement each other. Our results also suggest that HER2‐upregulated proteins from EVs may be relevant for cellular malignancy and can be potential biomarkers for HER2+ cancer patients.
Thermal stability and oxidation resistance of polycrystalline Ba8Al16Si30‐based clathrates
Authors: Anno Hiroaki , Shirataki Ritsuko
Published: April 2014

Polycrystalline Ba8Al16Si30‐based clathrate samples (nominal composition Ba8Al15Si31) were prepared by combining arc melting and spark plasma sintering methods. Heat treatments were conducted at 873 K for 0–480 h in air to examine the thermal stability and the oxidation resistance, which are of practical importance when the material is used at elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the range 300–1473 K in air indicated that Ba8Al15Si31 bulk form possessed relatively good thermal stability in air below approximately 1073 K. From X‐ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was inferred that thin oxide (probably barium aluminates) layer with the thickness of approximately 0.6 µm was formed on the surface by the heat treatment. The decrease in the electrical conductivity was found to be relatively low (less than 15%) by the heat treatment for 480 h in air.
Influence of Pullulan‐Based Edible Coating on Some Quality Properties of Strawberry During Cold Storage
Authors: Eroglu Emrah , Torun Mehmet , Dincer Cuneyt , Topuz Ayhan
Published: April 2014

Pullulan‐based edible coatings were used to extend the shelf life of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa) under cold storage conditions in perforated package. Some physicochemical properties of the strawberry fruits such as weight loss, firmness, colour, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and fungal decay were determined during the storage. The coatings delayed mould formation and decreased weight loss, softening and degradation of ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the fruits. The most marked difference was recorded in the firmness value of the fruits coated with a 10% pullulan‐based emulsion. Coating with a 10% pullulan‐based emulsion successfully extended the shelf life of the strawberries for 5 days longer under cold storage conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A constrained tracking control algorithm for linear systems based on a spline‐type parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function
Authors: Wada N. , Saeki M. , Masubuchi I.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we propose a design method of a tracking control law for discrete‐time linear systems with actuator saturation. The feedback gain of the control law is actively changed online so that the control performance is improved based on the information of the state variable and the reference signal. The control law is designed with considering the rate of convergence of the tracking error. The design condition of the control law is derived as polynomially parameter‐dependent matrix inequalities, and a spline‐type parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function and a convex polytope are used to reduce the design condition to a finite number of LMIs. Three numerical examples are provided to illustrate effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bright Quantum‐Dot‐Sized Single‐Chain Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Specific Extracellular Labeling and Imaging
Authors: Liu Jie , Feng Guangxue , Liu Rongrong , Tomczak Nikodem , Ma Lin , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Liu Bin
Published: April 2014

We report a simple method to fabricate quantum‐dot‐sized nanoparticles (NPs) from poly[9,9‐bis((6‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene‐alt‐co‐2,1,3‐benzo­xadiazole dibromide] (PFBD). The transmission electron microscope results reveal that the obtained NPs have a mean diameter of ≈4 nm, which is composed of a single PFBD chain. The NPs show bright fluorescence with an emission maximum at ≈636 nm and a quantum yield of ≈26% in water. The fluorescence properties of the NPs are characterized by steady fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence dynamic study and single nanoparticle microscopy, which show superior brightness over commercial quantum dots QD655. The NPs are further conjugated with streptavidin to yield PFBD‐SA NPs, which serve as a specific extracellular labeling and imaging probe with high specificity and good photostability.
Hybrid MATLAB and LabVIEW with T‐S Cloud Inference Neural Network to Realize a Flatness Intelligent Control System
Authors: Zhang Xiuling , Zhao Liang , Zang Jiayin , Fan Hongmin , Cheng Long
Published: April 2014

The flatness control system is a multivariate and complex system with uncertainty of parameters. General modeling approaches can not satisfied the high precision demand of rolling process. And it is difficult to establish a precise mathematical model of the rolling mill. In this paper, T‐S cloud inference neural network is proposed. It is constructed by cloud model and T‐S fuzzy neural network. The uncertainty of cloud model for processing data and the rapidity of fuzzy logic are both taken into account synthetically. And it is applied for 900HC reversible cold rolling mill. A Virtual Flatness Intelligent Control System (VFICS) is successfully developed by integrating hybrid MATLAB and LabVIEW with T‐S cloud inference neural network. VFICS is a virtual experiment system, which has realized flatness pattern recognition, flatness prediction and flatness control. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used to train the network. Simulation results show that control effect of GA has higher accuracy and faster convergence and it is suitable for controller design. They are provided to confirm the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Louvre Lens – Einfachheit und Komplexität
Authors: Pfanner Daniel , Grohmann Manfred , Bollinger Klaus
Published: April 2014

Die Gebäudehüllen des Louvre Lens in Nordfrankreich vereinen nicht nur höchste gestalterische und materielle Anforderungen, sondern reagieren auch auf die strukturellen und bauphysikalischen Besonderheiten der schlanken, eingeschossigen Museumsbauten. Insbesondere die hohen Herausforderungen in der Planung der verglasten Gebäudehüllen werden beschrieben und die während des siebenjährigen Prozesses entwickelten Lösungsansätze erläutert.

Louvre Lens – Simplicity and Complexity. The building envelopes of the Louvre museum in Lens in Northern France combine highest aesthetic and material requirements. They respond to the structural and physical characteristics of the slender single‐storey buildings. The façade engineering of the envelopes will be described with regard to the high requirements and to the seven year process from scratch to inauguration, with main focus on the glazed parts.
Brandfallverhalten von VSG‐Scheiben mit PVB‐Folie im Überkopfbereich
Authors: Heinemeyer Christoph , Langosch Katharina , Feldmann Markus
Published: April 2014

Die Überdachung von öffentlichen Bereichen wie z.B. Einkaufspassagen, Bahnhöfen und auch von stark befahrenen Straßen in städtischen Gebieten stellt eine weitere innovative Anwendung von Überkopfverglasungen dar. Unabhängig vom Anwendungsfall ist die Betrachtung des Brandfallverhaltens von Überkopfverglasungen in Hinblick auf die Sicherheit von Personen (und des Rettungspersonals) bei Feuerausbreitung und aufgrund von herunterfallenden Glasstücken notwendig. Die Erkenntnisse über das Brandfallverhalten von horizontalen Verglasungen werden im vorliegenden Aufsatz präsentiert und die grundsätzlichen Unterschiede zum Brandfallverhalten von Vertikalverglasungen aufgezeigt.

Performance of overhead glazing in fire. The roofing of public places such as shopping malls, train stations and heavily traveled roads in urban areas is another innovative application of overhead glazing. For all the mentioned applications also considerations concerning the safety in case of fire are necessary. Especially walkways serving as escape routes may be affected by fire such that glass falls down and endangers occupants and/or fire brigades. Many investigations have been performed in the past to determine the fire behavior of vertical glazing such as facades and windows. Horizontal overhead glazing, however, differs significantly in loading and set‐up from vertical glazing. This paper discusses differences between horizontal and vertical glazing and presents the results of fire tests performed on typical overhead glass. Also, conclusions are drawn for the fire design of such glass structures.
Untersuchungen zum Resttragverhalten von Verbundglas: Through‐Cracked‐Tensile Test
Authors: Franz Johannes , Schneider Jens , Kuntsche Johannes , Hilcken Jonas
Published: April 2014

Das Adhäsionsverhalten von Verbundglas ist eine wichtige Eigenschaft, die Aussagen bezüglich der Eignung der Folie für bestimmte Anwendungsfälle zulässt. Diese lässt sich mit dem sogenannten Through‐Cracked‐Tensile Test (TCT Test) untersuchen, bei welchem beide Glasscheiben eines VSG senkrecht zur Zugrichtung in der Mitte gebrochen und anschließend einem Zugversuch unterworfen werden. Dadurch muss an der Bruchstelle die Zugkraft vollständig von der Zwischenschicht übertragen werden. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Versuche wurden drei unterschiedliche Wegraten und drei Haftgrade (gering, mittel, hoch) geprüft. Ziel ist es, den Einfluss dieser Parameter auf das Delaminationsverhalten zwischen Folie und Glas zu ermitteln.

Investigation of the post‐breakage behavior of laminated glass: Through‐Cracked‐Tensile test. The adhesion behavior of laminated glass is an important property that allows conclusions about the suitability of the interlayer material for certain applications. This can be investigated by the Through‐Cracked‐Tensile test (TCT test). The TCT test is an uniaxial tensile test on laminated glass, in which both glass perpendicular to the tensile direction in the middle are broken. Therefore the interlayer must transfer the tensile at this region. In the scope of the performed TCT tests three displacement rates and three different adhesions grades (low, medium, high) were investigated. The aim of the tests is to determine the influence of these parameters on the behavior of the delamination between the interlayer and the glass.
Untersuchung der zyklischen Ermüdung von thermisch vorgespanntem Kalk‐Natron‐Silikatglas
Authors: Hilcken Jonas , Boxheimer Kaja , Schneider Jens , Wörner Johann‐Dietrich , Franz Johannes
Published: April 2014

Bauteile, die zeitlich veränderlichen und periodisch wiederkehrenden Lasten ausgesetzt sind, müssen häufig auch hinsichtlich ihres Ermüdungsverhaltens eingestuft und bemessen werden. Im Glasbau fehlen hierzu noch Grundlagen auf der Widerstandsseite, da das zyklische Ermüdungsverhalten von Glas für Anwendungen und Einwirkungen im Bauwesen bisher wenig untersucht wurde. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die bruchmechanischen Grundlagen der Ermüdung von thermisch vorgespanntem Glas erläutert, die Ergebnisse von Dauerschwingversuchen bei verschiedenen Frequenzen und Umgebungsbedingungen an thermisch vorgespannten Gläsern (ESG) vorgestellt und mit einem numerischen Modell zur Simulation des Risswachstums unter zyklischer Belastung verglichen.

Investigation of the cyclic fatigue of tempered soda lime silica glass. Structural components subjected to fluctuating and cyclic loading have to be classified and designed considering cyclic fatigue. For the design of glass elements in structural engineering, fundamental knowledge about the resistance of glasses exposed to cyclic loading is limited. This article explains the fatigue of tempered glass and presents the results of cyclic loading tests at different frequencies and environmental conditions of tempered glass. The results are compared to a numerical model to simulate crack growth under cyclic loading.
Dünne Barriereschichten auf Floatglas
Authors: Rüffer Paul , Heft Andreas , Grünler Bernd
Published: April 2014

Gewöhnliches Floatglas (Kalk‐Natron‐Silicat‐Glas) ist kein inertes Material. Seine chemische Beständigkeit kann deutlich verbessert werden. Die Glaskorrosion beginnt immer mit dem Kontakt der Glasoberfläche mit einer wässrigen Lösung. Dieser Prozess beginnt sofort nach der Produktion. In diesem Abschnitt zeigen wir, wie die erste Phase der Floatglaskorrosion durch Abscheiden von Siliciumoxidschichten (SiOx) im Bereich von bis zu 50 nm Dicke mit einem Atmosphärendruckbeschichtungsverfahren ‐ Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD‐C) ‐ unterdrückt werden kann.

Thin barrier layers on float glass. Common float glass (soda lime silicate glass) is not an inert material. Its chemical durability can be improved. Glass corrosion always starts in relation with glass‐surface‐contact to an aqueous solution. This process begins immediately after production. In this paper we show how the initial stage of float glass corrosion can be inhibited by depositing silicon oxide layers (SiOx) in the range up to 50 nm thickness using an atmospheric pressure coating method ‐ Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (C‐CVD).
Dehnungsmessung in gekrümmten Glaslaminaten mit faseroptischen Sensoren
Authors: Fildhuth Thiemo , Knippers Jan
Published: April 2014

Glas wird oft lastabtragend eingesetzt, wobei aus Gründen der Sicherheit und des Tragverhaltens Laminate zum Einsatz kommen. Insbesondere kalt gebogene, durch Lamination formstabilisierte Gläser sind ein zunehmend nachgefragtes Produkt. Herstellungsprozess und Nutzung führen in solchen Laminaten zu teils unbekannten Spannungen, welche die Aufnahme äußerer Einwirkungen begrenzen. Optische Messverfahren mit polarisiertem Licht erlauben keine Erfassung dieser Spannungen. Dünne, innen auf die Gläser geklebte faseroptische Sensoren stellen eine mögliche Lösung dar: In Versuchen an kalt gebogenen Gläsern wird gezeigt, dass optische Sensorik dem Laminationsprozess standhält und sich für kontinuierliche Dehnungsmessungen in Glaslaminaten eignet.

Fibre Optical Sensors for Strain Measurement in Cold Bent Glass Laminates. Many glass products, e.g. for structural application, are conceived as laminates for safety and load bearing behaviour reasons. Cold bent glass with shape preservation by lamination is another, increasingly popular technique. Due to manufacturing and application, such laminates can be subjected to unknown, varying interior stresses limiting the additional load bearing capacity. Optical measurement based on polarised light does not permit to determine these stresses. Thin, barely visible fibre optical sensors, glued to the interior glass surfaces, are a possible solution. R
Parametrisches Fassadensystem
Authors: Fuchs Andreas , Pelzer Michael
Published: April 2014

Die modernen digitalen Planungstools erlauben es nicht nur, komplexe frei geformte Baukörper mit überschaubarem Aufwand zu realisieren, sondern auch einzelne, klassischerweise seriell gefertigte Bauteile wie Fassadenelemente ‐ parametrisch beschrieben ‐ lokal zu differenzieren. Die Informierung der Geometrie mit energierelevanten Daten wie Wärmeeintrag, Solargewinne oder Lichtausbeute führen dabei durch rein passive (geometrische) Maßnahmen zu effizienteren Gebäuden. Das von FAT LAB in Zusammenarbeit mit Schüco entwickelte Elementfassadensystem “Parametric Concept“ steht für einen gesamtheitlichen Systemansatz, in dem das Prinzip des “Mass Customization“ von der digitalen Planung bis hin zur Fertigung und Montage konsequent umgesetzt wird.

Parametric façade system. As well as allowing for the construction of complex free‐form Buildings, modern CAD‐tools also make use of parametric principles to locally differentiate components such as facade elements which are traditionally manufactured in a classical serial manner. Their geometry can be informed with energetically relevant data like heat load, solar gains and daylight yield and therefore improve the building performance by applying passive (geometric) measures. ‘Parametric Concept’ is an element facade system developed by FAT LAB in cooperation with Schüco. It represents a fully integrated, systematic approach to façade realisation, implementing principles of mass‐customization into every step of the process from CAD planning to digital manufacturing and product assembly.
Glas‐Beton‐Konstruktion ‐ Glasdach mit neu entwickelter Lastabtragung
Authors: Baumgärtner Thomas
Published: April 2014

Die Eingänge zum Bahnschacht, einer im Norden von Nürnberg befindlichen U‐Bahnstation, bestehen zum größten Teil aus Glas und Beton. Die reine Glasdachkonstruktion wird durch seitlich parallel angeordnete Betonscheiben gehalten. Die in der Konstruktion verwendeten Glasschwerter als Träger der Glasdachscheiben weisen einen ständig wechselnden Neigungswinkel auf, der sich nach dem Lauf der Betonscheiben richtet. Die einzelnen Glasschwerter werden über eine speziell für dieses Projekt entwickelte Abspannkonstruktion stabilisiert. Die Dachkonstruktion selbst wurde unsichtbar in die Wand eingelassen. Hierfür wurde eine technisch anspruchsvolle Lösung für die Lagerung der Dachkonstruktion entwickelt.

Glass‐ concrete‐construction ‐ glass roof with newly developed load transfer. The entrances to the tunnel of a subway station located in the north of Nuremberg consist mainly of glass and concrete. The glass‐only roof structure is supported by lateral concrete walls arranged parallel to one another. The glass fins used in the design as supports for the glass roof sheets have a continually changing inclination angle that follows the curvature of the concrete walls. The individual glass fins are stabilized using a bracing system designed specifically for this project. The roof structure itself was invisibly integrated into the wall. To do so, a technically ambitious solution for the mounting of the roof structure was developed.
Demographic characteristics of elk in the Glass Mountains, Texas
Authors: Pohler Paula Skrobarczyk , Harveson Louis A. , Harveson Patricia Moody
Published: April 2014

Historically distributed throughout North America, most populations of elk (Cervus elaphus) were extirpated by the early 20th century. Merriam elk (C. e. merriami) were once native to Texas, USA, and became extinct after the beginning of the 20th century through excessive hunting and degradation of habitat. Since then, landowners and state agencies have reintroduced Rocky Mountain elk (C. e. nelsoni) into the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas. We determined herd composition, density, and survival rate of elk in the Glass Mountains, Texas. Twenty‐six total density surveys were conducted in September and October of 2009 and 2010. Survival rate was determined by monitoring radiocollared elk. Collectively, calf:adult female:adult male ratios were found to be at moderate levels of 49:100:39. Our density estimate of 0.39 elk/km2 (95% CI = 0.18–0.78 elk/km2) indicated the population could have stayed the same or possibly doubled in size since 1983 (0.21–0.22 elk/km2; Grace 1983). The elk density in the Glass Mountains was much higher than that estimated for the much larger Trans‐Pecos region, which was 0.14 elk/km2 (95% CI = 0.03–0.33 elk/km2). We estimated annual survival of mature male elk at 97.1% and of female elk at 94.4%, both of which are comparable to other sustainable populations in arid lands. Elk are not subject to a regulated harvest in Texas. Forming a cooperative management program and improved estimates of population dynamics will result in better management recommendations to resource managers. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Dynamics of the conductivity bodies of pendulum types in alternating magnetic field
Authors: Skubov D.Yu. , Vavilov D.S.
Published: April 2014

The investigations fulfilled in this article are founded on two results. The first is experiments of M. Beteno, Y. Duboshinsky. The description of these experiments is adduced in [1]. In these experiments the low frequency oscillations of iron ball suspended on the thin string [1] were obtained (frequency of these oscillations is order to eigen frequency of pendulum). And the second is theoretical conclusions about possible stabilizations of early (without alternating magnetic field) unstable equilibrium positions. This theoretical result was obtained by the asymptotical solution of Lagrange‐Maxwell equations of dynamic of electromechanical systems suspended in alternating magnetic field [2].