bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CSF complement proteins are elevated in prodromal to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients and are not altered by the anti‐tau antibody semorinemab
Authors: Sandoval Cosme , Lee Julie , Toth Balazs , Nagaraj Rajini , Schauer Stephen P. , Hoffman Jennifer , Calderon Emilia , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Sanabria Bohórquez Sandra M. , Monteiro Cecilia , Teng Edmond , Hanson Jesse E. , Yeh Felix L. , Gutierrez Johnny , Biever Anne
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Growing evidence suggests a role for neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated complement pathway activity in AD patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluated its modulation by the anti‐tau antibody semorinemab.

METHODS

Immunoassays were applied to measure CSF complement proteins C4, factor B (FB), C3 and their cleavage fragments C4a, C3a, and factor Bb (Bb) in AD patients and a separate cognitively unimpaired (CU) cohort.

RESULTS

All measured CSF complement proteins were increased in AD versus CU subjects, with C4a displaying the most robust increase. Finally, semorinemab did not have a significant pharmacodynamic effect on CSF complement proteins.

DISCUSSION

Elevated levels of CSF C4a, C4, C3a, C3, Bb, and FB are consistent with complement activation in AD brains. Despite showing a reduction in CSF soluble tau species, semorinemab did not impact complement protein levels or activity. Further studies are needed to determine the value of complement proteins as neuroinflammation biomarkers in AD.

Highlights

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) complement proteins C4a, C3a, Bb, C4, C3, and factor B levels were increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to a separate cognitively unimpaired (CU) cohort.

Baseline CSF complement protein levels were correlated with neuro‐axonal degeneration and glial activation biomarkers in AD patients.

The investigational anti‐tau antibody semorinemab did not impact CSF complement protein levels or activity relative to the placebo arm.
Plasma and CSF neurofilament light chain distinguish neurodegenerative from primary psychiatric conditions in a clinical setting
Authors: Eratne Dhamidhu , Kang Matthew J. Y. , Lewis Courtney , Dang Christa , Malpas Charles B. , Keem Michael , Grewal Jasleen , Marinov Vladimir , Coe Amy , Kaylor‐Hughes Cath , Borchard Thomas , Keng‐Hong Chhoa , Waxmann Alexandra , Saglam Burcu , Kalincik Tomas , Kanaan Richard , Kelso Wendy , Evans Andrew , Farrand Sarah , Loi Samantha , Walterfang Mark , Stehmann Christiane , Li Qiao‐Xin , Collins Steven , Masters Colin L. , Santillo Alexander F. , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Berkovic Samuel F. , Velakoulis Dennis ,   The MiND Study Group
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

People with neurodegenerative disorders (ND) frequently face diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis. We investigated blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (NfL) to distinguish ND from primary psychiatric disorders (PPD), a common challenge in clinical settings.

METHODS

Plasma and CSF NfL levels were measured and compared between groups, adjusting for age, sex, and weight.

RESULTS

A total of 337 participants were included: 136 ND, 77 PPD, and 124 Controls. Plasma NfL was 2.5‐fold elevated in ND compared to PPD and had strong diagnostic performance (area under the curve, [AUC]: 0.86, 81%/85% specificity/sensitivity) that was comparable to CSF NfL (2‐fold elevated, AUC: 0.89, 95%/71% specificity/sensitivity). Diagnostic performance was especially strong in younger people (40– < 60 years). Additional findings were cutoffs optimized for sensitivity and specificity, and issues important for future clinical translation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study adds important evidence for a simple blood‐based biomarker to assist as a screening test for neurodegeneration and distinction from PPD, in clinical settings.

Highlights

NfL levels were significantly higher in ND versus PPD.

Plasma NfL showed strong diagnostic performance, comparable to CSF NfL, to distinguish ND from PPD.

Diagnostic performance was higher in younger people, where diagnostic challenges are greater.

Further research is needed on analytical and reference range factors, for clinical translation.

These findings support a simple screening blood test for neurodegeneration.
Brexpiprazole treatment for agitation in Alzheimer's dementia: A randomized study
Authors: Nakamura Yu , Adachi Jun , Hirota Naoki , Iba Katsuhiro , Shimizu Koichi , Nakai Masami , Takahashi Kaneyoshi , Mori Naoki
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's dementia (AAD) in Japanese patients.

METHODS

This was a phase 2/3 multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study. Patients with AAD were randomized to receive brexpiprazole 1 mg/day or 2 mg/day, or placebo (3:4:4) for 10 weeks.

RESULTS

For the primary endpoint (change in Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory [CMAI] total score from baseline to Week 10), both brexpiprazole 1 mg and 2 mg groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement versus placebo (2 mg: least squares [LS] mean difference –7.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): –10.0 to –4.3], p‐value < 0.0001, 1 mg: LS mean difference –3.7 [95% CI: –6.8 to –0.7], p‐value = 0.0175). The incidences of treatment‐emergent adverse events reported in the brexpiprazole 1 mg, 2 mg, and placebo groups were 76.8%, 84.6%, and 73.8%, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Brexpiprazole 1 mg/day and 2 mg/day for 10 weeks was efficacious and well tolerated.

Highlights

Brexpiprazole treatment for 10 weeks improved agitation in Alzheimer's dementia.

The efficacy of brexpiprazole 1 mg/day has been confirmed for the first time.

The incidence of adverse events was higher compared to the previous studies.

Both brexpiprazole 1 mg/day and 2 mg/day were generally well tolerated.
Argentina–Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: pioneering Alzheimer's Research in Latin America and its Implications for Regional Advancement
Authors: Cubas Guillen Jonathan Fernando , Chrem Méndez Patricio , Surace Ezequiel , Martin María Eugenia , Clarens Florencia , Russo Julieta , Harris Paula , Egido Noelia , Tapajoz Fernanda , Chaves Hernán , Vázquez Silvia , Martinetto Horacio , Campos Jorge , Calandri Ismael Luis , Sevlever Gustavo , Allegri Ricardo F.
Published: October 2024

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) has fostered collaboration among researchers around the world, catalyzing innovation and accelerating progress in the field. In Latin America, this initiative advanced the validation and development of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers for the first time in our region. In 2011, as part of the international ADNI, Argentina‐ADNI (Arg‐ADNI) was founded. The following years were characterized by strong support from entities such as the Alzheimer's Association, transforming into the emergence of several multinational studies focusing on prevention and diagnosis, and treatment of dementias. These studies are heirs to the tradition of Arg‐ADNI: the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, Latin American Initiative for Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent Cognitive Decline, Longitudinal Early‐Onset Alzheimer's Disease Study, and Initiative for the Study of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. These initiatives have contributed significantly to the development of regional research and serve as essential tools for health policy planning in Latin America.

Highlights

In Latin America, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) advanced the validation and development of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers for the first time in our region.

ADNI has been the basis that boosted several multinational studies focusing on both prevention and diagnosis, and treatment of dementias (Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, LatAm‐FINGER, LEADS).

These initiatives with the support from the Alzheimer's Association have contributed significantly to the development of regional research

This is an example of collaboration between high‐income countries with low‐ and middle‐income countries aimed at global scientific development and inclusion.
Untangling the complex web of avoidable nursing home‐to‐hospital transfers of residents with dementia
Authors: Powell Kimberly R. , Isnainy Mira , Amewudah Philip , Paez‐Perez Debora , Lee Suhwon , Mehr David R. , Alexander Gregory L. , Popescu Mihail
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Nursing home (NH) residents with Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD) are at high risk for hospital transfer. We aimed to (1) describe characteristics and predictors of avoidable transfer of residents with ADRD and (2) explore how “what matters” influences the decision to transfer.

METHODS

We applied an exploratory, mixed methods design using data collected as part of a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services demonstration project. Advanced practice registered nurses documented retrospective details about nursing home (NH)‐to‐hospital transfers (n = 3687) from 16 NHs.

RESULTS

NH residents with ADRD had 1.22 times higher odds of having an avoidable NH‐to‐hospital transfer (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 1.45). Factors contributing to avoidable transfers were age, stage of ADRD, what matters to the resident and their family, changes in condition, and resources available in the NH.

DISCUSSION

These findings highlight the need for enhanced specificity in the discussion and documentation of resident and family preferences and continued investments in the NH workforce.

Highlights

This article reports on factors contributing to avoidable nursing home (NH)‐to‐hospital transfer of residents with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). The mixed methods design used in this study offers insight beyond what is possible using a single‐method design.

Using data collected from a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services demonstration project, advanced practice registered nurses documented retrospective details about NH‐to‐hospital transfers (n = 3687) of residents.

NH residents with ADRD were more likely to have an avoidable NH‐to‐hospital transfer. Factors contributing to avoidable transfers were age, stage of ADRD, what matters to the resident and their family, changes in condition, and resources available in the NH.

These findings highlight the need for enhanced specificity in discussion and documentation of resident and family preferences and continued investments in the NH workforce.
Resilience and strengths in the Black autism community in the United States: A scoping review
Authors: Davis Amber M. , Telfer Nicole A. , Artis Jonet , Abubakare Oluwatobi , Keller‐Bell Yolanda D. , Caruthers Carmen , Jones Desiree R. , Pierce Nigel P.
Published: October 2024

Gaps in research knowledge pertaining to resiliency factors and strengths among the Black autism community, inclusive of autistic persons and their support system exist. A scoping review was conducted to further explore quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies that investigate resiliency factors and related strengths in the Black autism community in the United States. A total of 436 articles were identified, with 28 studies included in the final review. Results demonstrated that (1) strengths of Black autistic persons across the life course have been disregarded in research; (2) Black caregiver advocacy, while common, is also a developmental process that can be supported by community‐based interventions; (3) informal supports including family and friends play an instrumental role in supporting the well‐under investigated being of Black parents of autistic children; and (4) spirituality is often endorsed by Black caregivers of autistic children, such as playing a role in acceptance of the autism diagnosis and with coping with difficult life situations. Research and practice implications are discussed.
The proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle stem cells are enhanced in a bioreactor
Authors: Lin Wei‐Hsuan , Tzeng Chung‐Yuh , Kao Fan‐Che , Tsao Chia‐Wen , Li Ning , Wu Chuan‐Che , Lee Sheng‐Huei , Huang Kai‐Fan , Hu Wei‐Wen , Chen Shen‐Liang
Published: October 2024

Skeletal muscle (SKM) is the largest organ in mammalian body and it can repair damages by using the residential myogenic stem cells (MuSC), but this repairing capacity reduces with age and in some genetic muscular dystrophy. Under these circumstances, artificial amplification of autologous MuSC in vitro might be necessary to repair the damaged SKM. The amplification of MuSC is highly dependent on myogenic signals, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), Wnt3a, and fibroblast growth factors, so formulating an optimum myogenic kit composed of specific myogenic signals might increase the proliferation and differentiation of MuSC efficiently. In this study, various myogenic signals have been tested on C2C12 myoblasts and primary MuSC, and a myogenic kit consists of insulin, lithium chloride, T3, and retinoic acid has been formulated, and we found it significantly increased the fusion index and MHC expression level of both C2C12 and MuSC myotubes. A novel bioreactor providing cyclic stretching (CS) and electrical stimulation (ES) has been fabricated to enhance the myogenic differentiation of both C2C12 and MuSC. We further found that coating the bioreactor substratum with collagen gave the best effect on proliferation and differentiation of MuSC. Furthermore, combining the collagen coating and physical stimuli (CS + ES) in the bioreactor can generate more proliferative primary MuSC cells. Our results have demonstrated that the combination of myogenic kit and bioreactor can provide environment for efficient MuSC proliferation and differentiation. These MuSC and mature myotubes amplified in the bioreactor might be useful for clinical grafting into damaged SKM in the future.
Transforming academic assessment: The metaverse‐backed Web 3 secure exam system
Authors: Razzaq Abdul , Zhang Tao , Numair Muhammad , Alreshidi Abdulrahman , Jing Cheng , Aljaloud Abdulaziz , Ghayyur Shahbaz A. K. , Ahmed Salman , Qurat Ul Ain Mumtaz
Published: October 2024

Metaverse—a three‐dimensional computational environment—combines physical and virtual reality to enable social relationships and immersive experiences by mimicking real‐world scenarios. Metaverse is considered the third wave of the internet revolution (exploiting Web 3.0), leveraging upcoming technologies such as extended reality and artificial intelligence shaping a new era of human–‐machine interactions. In recent years, increased research and development on educational technologies (EduTech) based on blockchain technology has seen substantial growth of metaverse‐based solutions within the higher education context. This research aims to synergize blockchain technology and metaverse environments to conduct online exams (metaExam) in a trustworthy, reliable, and secure way. The synergy between blockchain and the metaverse brings various benefits, such as improved security, cost effectiveness, and increased efficiency in the online examination process. One of the central features of the proposed solution metaExam is to leverage cryptographic protocols via blockchain to control data access, making verification faster and protecting against misuse. Exam scores and grades are stored on a blockchain ledger using a digital signature method to enhance security. We validated the proposed solution by testing a prototype on the Ethereum platform using the Sepolia Testnet network using Microsoft Windows environment. Evaluation results indicate (i) query response time (10–50 ms), (ii) and query execution performance (CPU utilization between 1%–5%) offering computationally feasible solution. This research contributes by integrating blockchain and metaverse technologies to offer a solution metaExam that can offer improved security and immersive user experience for exam management. The proposed solution and its validation can provide insights into transforming online exams, offering a fresh perspective on addressing concerns about exam grade authenticity and verifying academic credentials in EduTech.
IPLOT‐VKA: An Integral‐Method Powell‐pLOT‐Enhanced Visual Kinetic Analysis for the Determination of Orders of Reaction
Authors: Landi Alessandro , Monaco Guglielmo
Published: October 2024

Determination of partial orders of reactions in kinetics is a general entry step for any mechanistic investigation; recently, considerable attention has been given to the benefits of using visual methods to help in this task, such as easy utilization and data‐efficiency. In this respect, we here revisit and improve the classic method by Powell and Margerison for kinetic analysis. For the first time, analytical equations for a bimolecular reaction have been worked out for all values of partial orders of reactions, and the solutions have been implemented in a free, open‐access and easy‐to‐use Web‐application, named IPLOT‐VKA, which also allows estimation of the errors on the kinetic constant, and residual standard error on concentrations. Several examples, taken from reference teaching experiences and from recent literature in catalysis show the efficacy and accuracy of our approach, which also has the advantage of requiring less experimental runs than other visual methods currently available.
Cyclization by Intramolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling–A Review
Authors: Caso Carolina , Altmann Karl‐Heinz
Published: October 2024

Ring systems of all sizes are frequent core or substructures in natural products and they are important elements of many drug molecules, as they often confer high binding affinity to and selectivity for disease‐relevant biological targets. A uniform key transformation in the synthesis of such structures is the cyclization step. Among the various approaches that have been developed for ring closure, the intramolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction has emerged as a powerful option for the construction of normal‐ and medium‐sized rings as well as macrocycles, due to its stereospecificity, the mild reaction conditions, and the non‐toxic nature of the boron by‐products. In this review, we summarize the state‐of‐the‐art of the application of intramolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions in the construction of (macro)cyclic frameworks of natural products and bioactive molecules of synthetic origin, covering (mostly) examples that have been reported since 2015. Target molecules prepared via intramolecular Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling as a key step range from natural products/natural product analogs to synthetic drug candidates, featuring ring sizes from 4 to ≫12. We highlight the utility, scope, and limitations of the reaction for different ring sizes and arrays of functional groups. Where possible, comparisons with other methods of cyclization are provided.
Minimizing perovskite solar cells' lead leakage with a cost‐effective and 160 days stable encapsulant
Authors: Liu Haoxuan , Li Can , Zhang Zongxu , Shi Yating , Zhang Fei
Published: October 2024

Perovskite solar cells' (PSCs) potential lead leakage seriously threatens ecosystems and human health, significantly hindering their commercialization. In this paper, we develope a cost‐effective (less than 2$/m2) and long‐term stable SSP film by mixing sulfonated SiO2 with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) forming the encapsulation layer, it can effectively prevent over 99% of lead leakage under simulated adverse weather conditions with different structures of devices (p‐i‐n and n‐i‐p) and modules. Even after 160 days of air storage, the film maintains excellent lead sequestration efficiency. Additionally, it has no negative impact on the performance and stability. This work offers a practical and economical strategy to mitigate the toxicity of perovskite photovoltaic devices, thereby promoting their commercialization.

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Distributary channel type and high‐quality reservoirs in tight sandstone—A case study on the outcrops and reservoirs of Xujiahe formation in Western Sichuan Basin
Authors: Zhao Junwei , Zhang Ling , Tian Lei , Yang Yingtao , Chen Gongyang
Published: October 2024

The distributary channels in shallow‐water delta are well‐developed in tight sandstone. There are few studies on the channel type and diagenetic differences among them. To illustrate the relationship between channel types and high‐quality reservoirs, this study summarizes the lithofacies types and sequences in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation. We use core data, outcrops, and modern sediments observation, scanning energy spectrum, and rock thin sections. The lithofacies can be divided into 15 types, and there are four types of vertical lithofacies sequence. Lithofacies sequences are different in lithofacies, channel scale, reservoir porosity and permeability, and so forth. They are formed in various hydrodynamic environments. With the continuous bifurcation of the channels, the width and depth of the channels are decreasing, forming different lithofacies sequences. Four types of distributary channels are classified. The characteristics of these channels are described, and the sedimentary models are established. Distributary channel types are related to the diagenetic process. Channel type I and the bottom of type II develop moderate compaction–dissolution diagenetic facies, the middle and upper parts of type II and type III can develop strong compaction, moderate compaction–dissolution, or strong cementation diagenetic facies, and type IV can develop strong compaction diagenetic facies. High‐quality reservoirs are developed in limitedly distributed in distributary channels of type I and type II, and part of type III. This study provides a useful view for evaluating high‐quality reservoirs based on distributary channel types.
Sirolimus for kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: Potential mechanisms of action and resistance
Authors: Qiu Tong , Xiang Shanshan , Zhou Jiangyuan , Yang Min , Lan Yuru , Zhang Xuepeng , Gong Xue , Zhang Zixin , Ji Yi
Published: October 2024

Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas (KHEs) are vascular tumors that are considered borderline or locally aggressive and may lead to lethal outcomes. Traditional therapies, such as surgery and embolization, may be insufficient or technically impossible for patients with KHE. Sirolimus (or rapamycin), a specific inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin, has recently been demonstrated to be very useful in the treatment of KHEs. Here, we highlight recent substantial progress regarding the effects of sirolimus on KHEs and discuss the potential mechanisms of action of sirolimus in treating this disease. The prevention of platelet activation and inflammation, along with antiangiogenic effects, the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis, the attenuation of fibrosis, or a combination of all these effects, may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of sirolimus. In addition, the mechanism of sirolimus resistance in some KHE patients is discussed. Finally, we review the somatic mutations that have recently been identified in KEH lesions, and discuss the potential of novel therapeutic targets based on these further understandings of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of KHE.
Transgenic overexpression of the miR‐200b/200a/429 cluster prevents mammary tumor initiation in Neu/Erbb2 transgenic mice
Authors: Watson Katrina L. , Moorehead Roger A.
Published: October 2024

Although significant progress in the treatment of breast cancer has been achieved, toxic therapies would not be required if breast cancer could be prevented from developing in the first place. While breast cancer prevention is difficult to study in humans due to long disease latency and stochastic cancer development, transgenic mouse models with 100% incidence and defined mammary tumor onset, provide excellent models for tumor prevention studies. In this study, we used Neu/Erbb2 transgenic mice (MTB‐TAN) as a model of human HER2+ breast cancer to investigate whether a family of microRNAs, known as the miR‐200 family, can prevent mammary tumor development. Overexpression of Neu induced palpable mammary tumors in 100% of the mice within 38 days of Neu overexpression. When the miR‐200b/200a/429 cluster was co‐overexpressed with Neu in the same mammary epithelial cells (MTB‐TANba429 mice), the miR‐200b/200a/429 cluster prevented Neu from inducing mammary epithelial hyperplasia and mammary tumor development. RNA sequencing revealed alterations in the extracellular matrix of the mammary gland and a decrease in stromal cells including myoepithelial cells in Neu transgenic mice. Immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin confirmed that mammary epithelial cells in control and MTB‐TANba429 mice were surrounded by a layer of myoepithelial cells and these myoepithelial cells were lost in MTB‐TAN mice with hyperplasia. Thus, we have shown for the first time that elevated expression of miR‐200 family members in mammary epithelial cells can completely prevent mammary tumor development in Neu transgenic mice possibly through regulating myoepithelial cells.
Association between initial antibiotic route and outcomes for children hospitalized with pneumonia
Authors: Cotter Jillian M. , Zaniletti Isabella , Williams Derek J. , Ramgopal Sriram , Fritz Cristin Q. , Taft Maia , Hall Matt , Temte Elizabeth , Stassun Justine , Trivedi Krishna , Kapes Jack , Lavey Jack , Kempe Allison , Ambroggio Lilliam
Published: October 2024

Background

Initial oral antibiotics may be as effective as intravenous (IV) antibiotics for children hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP), but further data are needed.

Objective

We evaluated for associations of initial antibiotic route (IV vs. oral) with length of stay (LOS) and secondary outcomes for children hospitalized with CAP.

Methods

This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included children with CAP who were hospitalized for >48 h, had chest radiographs, and received antibiotics at four children's hospitals between 2014 and 2020. Data were obtained from the Pediatric Health Information System and manual chart review. The exposure was initial antibiotic route (i.e., first antibiotic given intravenously or orally). We performed multivariable regression modeling using inverse probability treatment weights from propensity scores. Outcomes included LOS, oxygen duration, cost, care escalation, and readmission or emergency department revisit.

Results

Of 1147 included children, 37% received initial oral antibiotics. Within the propensity balanced sample, LOS was 73.5 h (IQR 61.0, 99.5) and 78.7 (61.0, 118.0) for patients with initial oral and IV antibiotics, respectively. Children receiving initial oral antibiotics had an 8% reduction in LOS (OR 0.92 [95% CI: 0.87, 0.94]) and 14% reduction in cost (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.79, 0.94]) versus those receiving initial IV antibiotics. There were no differences in other outcomes.

Conclusions

Children with CAP receiving initial oral antibiotics had reduced LOS and hospital cost without differences in escalated care or return visits. Starting hospitalized children on oral antibiotics is likely a safe and effective alternative to IV treatment.
Innovation Through Conceptual Research: Tips for Stoking Curiosity
Authors: Wen Jun
Published: October 2024

Conceptual research represents a critical step in the theory‐building process and contributes innovative ideas that inspire empirical studies. This feature article highlights the importance of such research in academia with examples drawn from the tourism literature. It also critically discusses issues related to publishing conceptual research in premier journals. By using a five‐dimension framework of curiosity (i.e., deprivation sensitivity, joyous exploration, social curiosity, stress tolerance, and thrill seeking), scholars can assess researchers’ conceptual topics and readers’ responses when contemplating “what's new” to gauge a paper's publication potential. Several tips are offered to guide like‐minded scholars in conducting sound conceptual research: (1) interdisciplinary work offers sterling opportunities for investigators to collaboratively address pain points in society, highlighting tourism as part of the solution; (2) writing science is an art meant to communicate insights to interested parties, and effective message delivery helps to ensure impactful research that will engage stakeholders; and (3) with the proliferation of artificial intelligence, conceptual research presents a chance to bring human (and humanity)‐oriented issues to life. Overall, conceptual research opens an avenue through which scholars can make a difference in their and other disciplines as well as for society.
Association between consensus‐based nutrition pathway and growth faltering in infants with gastroschisis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Strobel Katie M. , Kramer Katelin , Rottkamp Catherine , Uy Cherry , Fernandez Erika , Moyer Laurel , Elashoff David , Sabnis Animesh , DeUgarte Daniel A. , Calkins Kara L.
Published: October 2024

Background

The University of California Fetal Consortium published that 55% of infants with gastroschisis develop growth faltering by hospital discharge. To address this problem, we developed a nutrition pathway emphasizing (1) early provision of parenteral macronutrients, (2) use of human milk, and (3) growth faltering treatment. This study's goals were to assess adherence to and efficacy of this pathway in infants with gastroschisis across six California hospitals.

Methods

In 2015, the consortium standardized the care for infants with gastroschisis. To decrease growth faltering rates, between 2019 and 2020, nutrition guidelines were proposed, discussed, revised, and initiated. This study's primary outcome was weight or linear growth faltering (z score decline ≥0.8 in weight or length) at hospital discharge. Adherence measures were assessed.

Results

One hundred twenty‐six infants with gastroschisis were born prepathway; 52 were born postpathway. Median gestational age was similar between cohorts. Adherence to components of the pathway ranged from 58% to 95%. The proportion of infants with weight or linear growth faltering at discharge was lower after pathway initiation (59.4% vs 36.2%, P = 0.0068). Adjusting for gestational age and fetal growth restriction, the pathway was associated with decreased weight or linear growth faltering (odds ratio [OR] 0.35 [0.16–0.75], P = 0.0060) and decreased linear growth faltering (OR 0.24 [0.096–0.56], P = 0.0062) at discharge. Hypertriglyceridemia, cholestasis, and days to full feeds were similar to published cohorts.

Conclusion

Fewer infants with gastroschisis experienced weight or length growth faltering at hospital discharge following the implementation of a multicenter nutrition pathway.
High accuracy of component positioning and restoration of lower limb alignment using robotic medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Authors: Diquattro Emanuele , Lettner Jonathan , Adriani Marco , Prill Robert , Salzmann Mikhail , Becker Roland
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Unicondylar arthroplasty was performed using robotic medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (R‐mUKA) and gap‐balancing instrumentation. Our hypothesis was that robotic unicondylar knee arthroplasty accurately restores component positioning and lower limb alignment when compared to preoperative planning with actual implantation throughout the range of knee motion due to proper knee balancing.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively and were analysed for patients undergoing RM‐UKA. A cemented UKA was implanted using the MAKO® robotic system. Lower limb alignment at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° of flexion was recorded of the native knee, with the trial components in place and finally after component implantation. A spacer according to the femorotibial gap was introduced and the alignment was measured. The position of the final component was planned based on three‐dimensional computed tomography images before making the bone cuts. The positioning of the femoral and tibial components was analysed in all three planes.

Results

A total of 52 patients were included (mean age 66.3 ± 6.7 years; 34 males, 18 females). The difference in femoral component position after planning and final implantation was 0.04° ± 0.58° more valgus in the coronal plane (p = 0.326) and 0.6° ± 1.4° more flexion relative to the sagittal plane (p = 0.034). The tibial component was placed in the coronal plane in 0.3° ± 0.8° of more varus (p = 0.113) and in the sagittal plane in 0.6° ± 1.2° of more posterior tibial slope (p = 0.001). Lower limb alignment of the native knee in extension was 5.8° ± 2.6° of varus and changed to 3° ± 2.1° varus after UKA (p ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion

R‐mUKA helps to achieve the target of alignment and component position without any significant differences to the planning. Ligament balancing causes non‐significant changes in component position. It allows optimal component position even for off‐the‐shelf implants respecting the patient's specific anatomy.

Level of evidence

II
The collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique demonstrates superior cartilage repair compared to microfracture for cartilage defects of the knee joint, regardless of age
Authors: Kim Man Soo , Choi Keun Young , Cho Ryu Kyoung , Jang Hyuk Jin , Kwak Dong Ho , Yang Sung Cheol , Oh Seung Taek , In Yong
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This study investigated whether age affects clinical outcomes and cartilage repair quality in patients who underwent collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis.

Methods

The study included patients who underwent either the collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique or microfracture for cartilage defects of the knee joint of International Cartilage Repair Society grade 3 or 4. Patients were categorised according to an age threshold of 50 years and the treatment method, whether collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique or microfracture. Group 1 comprised 31 patients aged 50 years or older who received the collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique, Group 2 consisted of 32 patients under the age of 50 years who received the collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique and Group 3 included 243 patients aged 50 years or older who received microfracture. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the walking visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index scale score (WOMAC) two years after surgery. For patients with magnetic resonance imaging results 1 year postoperatively (Group 1: 30 patients; Group 2: 31 patients; and Group 3: 31 patients), Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) assessment was used to evaluate repaired cartilage lesions.

Results

There were no significant differences in the VAS and WOMAC scores between the three groups 2 years after surgery (all n.s.). The MOCART score in patients who underwent MRI at 1 year postoperatively showed significant differences in the degree of defect repair, integration with the border zone, surface of the repaired tissue, adhesion and total score among the three groups (all p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed no difference in the total MOCART scores between Groups 1 and 2. However, Groups 1 and 2 had significantly higher MOCART scores than Group 3 1 year after surgery (all p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The collagen‐augmented chondrogenesis technique group showed improved quality of cartilage repair compared to the microfracture group, regardless of patient age. Compared with simple microfracture treatment, there were no differences in clinical outcomes between the patient groups, related to age.

Level of Evidence

Level Ⅲ.
Microplastics stress alters microorganism community structure and reduces the production of biogenic dimethylated sulfur compounds
Authors: Liu Qian , Gao Xu‐Xu , Li Yan , Jiang Yong , Yu Juan , Liu Shan‐Shan , Lang Xiao‐Ping , Yang Gui‐Peng
Published: October 2024

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a plentiful organic sulfur metabolite and the primary precursor for dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which plays a crucial role in global sulfur cycling, the formation of clouds, and cooling the warming earth. The origin and fate of DMSP are intricately linked to marine microorganisms, making the variation of the microorganism community crucial for DMSP dynamics. Nonetheless, the impact of pervasive marine microplastics on microorganisms and processes related to DMSP synthesis and degradation remains insufficiently investigated. To bridge this gap, a 14‐d deck‐based microcosm experiment was conducted, revealing that microplastics significantly altered the composition of microorganism communities and dramatically inhibited the release of DMS and DMSP. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the variations both in environmental variables and microorganism communities caused by microplastics were forcing factors in reducing DMS and DMSP release. In addition, the predicted function of the bacterial community showed a significant reduction in the presence of dddP and dmdA genes when exposed to microplastics, which directly disrupted both the demethylation and cleavage pathways of DMSP. These results indicate that the release of DMS and DMSP in marine ecosystems can be significantly affected by microplastics through influencing microorganisms. Thus, it is imperative to conduct research on controlling the synthesis and degradation of DMSP in the ocean, particularly in response to these environmental pollution issues. Such research can help discern new patterns from specific phenomena and identify crucial processes.
Toward widespread use of virtual trials in medical imaging innovation and regulatory science
Authors: Abadi Ehsan , Barufaldi Bruno , Lago Miguel , Badal Andreu , Mello‐Thoms Claudia , Bottenus Nick , Wangerin Kristen A. , Goldburgh Mitchell , Tarbox Lawrence , Beaucage‐Gauvreau Erica , Frangi Alejandro F. , Maidment Andrew , Kinahan Paul E. , Bosmans Hilde , Samei Ehsan
Published: October 2024

The rapid advancement in the field of medical imaging presents a challenge in keeping up to date with the necessary objective evaluations and optimizations for safe and effective use in clinical settings. These evaluations are traditionally done using clinical imaging trials, which while effective, pose several limitations including high costs, ethical considerations for repetitive experiments, time constraints, and lack of ground truth. To tackle these issues, virtual trials (aka in silico trials) have emerged as a promising alternative, using computational models of human subjects and imaging devices, and observer models/analysis to carry out experiments. To facilitate the widespread use of virtual trials within the medical imaging research community, a major need is to establish a common consensus framework that all can use. Based on the ongoing efforts of an AAPM Task Group (TG387), this article provides a comprehensive overview of the requirements for establishing virtual imaging trial frameworks, paving the way toward their widespread use within the medical imaging research community. These requirements include credibility, reproducibility, and accessibility. Credibility assessment involves verification, validation, uncertainty quantification, and sensitivity analysis, ensuring the accuracy and realism of computational models. A proper credibility assessment requires a clear context of use and the questions that the study is intended to objectively answer. For reproducibility and accessibility, this article highlights the need for detailed documentation, user‐friendly software packages, and standard input/output formats. Challenges in data and software sharing, including proprietary data and inconsistent file formats, are discussed. Recommended solutions to enhance accessibility include containerized environments and data‐sharing hubs, along with following standards such as CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium). By addressing challenges associated with credibility, reproducibility, and accessibility, virtual imaging trials can be positioned as a powerful and inclusive resource, advancing medical imaging innovation and regulatory science.
Nutrition support in children with medical complexity and chronic critical illness: A narrative review
Authors: Perez Jennifer M. , Graham Robert J. , Mehta Nilesh M. , Martinez Enid E.
Published: October 2024

Children with medical complexity (CMC) and children with chronic critical illness (CCI) represent growing populations with high healthcare use and dependence on specialized care, both in the hospital and community setting. Nutrition assessment and delivery represent critical components of addressing the short‐term and long‐term health needs for these populations across the care continuum. This article provides a framework and reviews existing literature for the assessment of nutrition status and subsequent delivery of nutrition prescriptions in CMC and children with CCI. The specific aims are to (1) describe the epidemiology of health services experience for CMC and children with CCI, with a focus on their nutrition outcomes; (2) detail how to assess their nutrition status and energy requirements; (3) review methods of delivery of the nutrient prescription; (4) introduce perioperative considerations; (5) highlight examples of special populations of CMC and children with CCI; and (6) propose future research initiatives to improve nutrition and overall outcomes for these populations.
Analyzing nutrition risks and blood biomarkers in hospitalized patients with tuberculosis: Insights from a 2020 hospital‐based study
Authors: Li Zhuo , Wang Pei , Ma Jiaojie , Chen Yang , Pan Da
Published: October 2024

Background

There exists a bidirectional relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and nutrition, wherein they mutually influence and interact causally. However, current guidance for providing nutrition support to individuals diagnosed with TB remains inadequate, leading to a significant gap in comprehensive patient care. This study aims to assess the nutrition status of patients with TB and endeavors to provide insights into early nutrition interventions for individuals vulnerable to TB‐associated malnutrition.

Methods

Data from 2204 newly admitted patients at Beijing Chest Hospital in 2020 were collected, with 1735 patients with confirmed TB aged ≥18 years after exclusions. Patient data, encompassing diagnosis and results from routine blood tests and biochemical analyses conducted on the day after admission, were gathered using the electronic medical records system. Nutrition risk screening was conducted using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) tool, and questionnaire‐based assessments were administered. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 software.

Results

Among 1735 patients with TB, the occurrence rate of nutrition risk was 74.58%. Factors such as age ≥65 years, sputum smear positivity for TB, and concurrent illnesses significantly increased the occurrence rate of nutrition risk. Nutrition risk among patients with TB exhibited negative correlations with parameters such as body weight, hemoglobin, and serum albumin level while showing positive correlations with white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein, among others.

Conclusion

The occurrence rate of nutrition risk among patients with TB at Beijing Chest Hospital was notably high, particularly among older individuals, those with sputum smear positivity, and those with concurrent illnesses.
Sex Differences in Obstructive Patterns on Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy
Authors: Husman Tiffany , Benjamin Tania , Durr Megan L. , Chang Jolie L.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To identify and characterize sex differences in collapse patterns on drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting

An outpatient tertiary care academic medical center.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary care institution was performed from 2020 to 2023. All adult patients who underwent a DISE were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare differences between males and females on DISE.

Results

117 patients who underwent DISE were included in this study, including 30% females (n = 35). The average age was 54.7 years (SD 15.2), mean BMI was 28.6 kg/m2 (SD 4.1), and mean apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was 32.3 events per hour (SD 21.3). Most patients had severe OSA (48.7%). There was no difference in palatine or lingual tonsil size between sexes. On DISE, a significantly lower proportion of females demonstrated complete oropharyngeal lateral wall collapse (25.7% females vs 51.2% males, P = .008). Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex was independently associated with the presence of complete collapse at the oropharynx (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.005‐1.868], P = .048) but not at other levels. Additionally, higher BMI was associated with any collapse (partial or complete) at the oropharynx (OR 1.30, 95% CI [0.131‐0.392], P < .001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a lower proportion of females have complete oropharyngeal lateral wall collapse even when controlling for BMI and AHI. Additional studies are needed to better understand the differences in OSA physiology between the sexes.
Feasibility of telehealth exercise and nicotinamide riboside supplementation in survivors of childhood cancer at risk for diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bhandari Rusha , Lukas Kara , Lee Kyuwan , Shamunee Justin , Almeida Brady , Guzman Tati , Echevarria Meagan , Lindenfeld Lanie , Nenninger Christian , Iukuridze Aleksi , Albanese Sophia , Rhee June‐Wha , Chen Sitong , Brenner Charles , Wong F. Lennie , Armenian Saro H.
Published: October 2024

Background

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) have a 50% higher risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with the general population. Interventions in survivors with prediabetes (fasting glucose 100‐125 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c 5.7%‐6.4%) may mitigate the development of DM and its attendant morbidity, but there is limited information on the feasibility of secondary prevention in this setting.

Methods

This 6‐week pilot feasibility 1:1 randomized controlled trial enrolled 20 CCS on a structured telehealth exercise program ± nicotinamide riboside (NR), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursor. Feasibility metrics were: (1) ≥50% of eligible CCS enrolled onto study; (2) ≥70% of participants completed baseline and end‐of‐study assessments; (3) ≥70% compliance with exercise and NR. Secondary endpoints included changes in biomarkers associated with glucose homeostasis and muscle health.

Results

Median age (years) at cancer diagnosis was 16.5 (range, 1.5‐21.5) and 35.5 (range, 18.0‐67.0) at study enrollment. Enrollment rate was 87%, and 85% of participants completed baseline and end‐of‐study assessments. The mean percentage of exercise sessions completed was 86.6%; NR compliance was > 90%. There were no severe adverse events attributable to study interventions. Secondary endpoints were not significantly different between study arms at study completion. Myostatin decrease was observed in participants who completed a higher median number of exercise sessions and was associated with decreased intramuscular adipose tissue and increased lower extremity muscle cross‐sectional area.

Conclusions

A telehealth exercise intervention ± NR supplementation was feasible in CCS with prediabetes. Future studies in larger cohorts may be needed to evaluate their beneficial effects on muscle health and DM risk among CCS.