bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Modeling in Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Authors: Huang Y. , Stansberry A. R. , Lipnikov K. , Moulton J. D. , Hyman J. D. , Sweeney M. R. , Huang X. , Lei Z. , Stauffer P. H.
Published: August 2024

The coupling and interactions among rock deformation, fluid flow, heat transfer and geochemical reactions has become an essential topic in complex subsurface systems for geothermal energy production. To improve the understanding and minimize the uncertainty in subsurface geothermal energy production operations, a new coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) framework has been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) since 2020. Three LANL-developed codes: HOSS, Amanzi, and dfnWorks are integrated in the LANL-developed InyanCC THMC coupling framework. The InyanCC THMC framework has been well verified against selected benchmarking problems and the simulation results show good agreement with analytical solutions. Furthermore, the InyanCC framework is used to simulate a fully-coupled Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical problem in a stylized subsurface enhanced geothermal system to investigate the effects of fracture aperture change on the energy production rate. The simulation results represent the cooling down progress of the rock matrix and fractures, demonstrating the capability of InyanCC in simulating THM coupling problems in the field for Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The comparison of heat propagation velocity between changing aperture and fixed aperture simulation further emphasizes the significance of fracture aperture change on the heat transfer in the EGS.

1. INTRODUCTION

As one of the clean renewable and sustainable energy resources, geothermal energy has been widely applied for electricity generation, heating, and cooling in many countries. Department of Energy's GeoVision Study and EarthShot Initiative has outlined that the breakthroughs in enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technologies could unlock over 100 GW of clean power in the US (DOE 2019; Augustine et al. 2022).

Geothermal energy is often produced by circulating water through a high temperature reservoir where the fractures and joints inside the reservoir play a key role by introducing the dominant flow paths. Pandey et al. (2015) found that the dynamic change of fracture aperture will greatly affect the production temperature. A variety of studies in the past have pointed out that heat extraction rates are very sensitive to fracture spacing (Fox et al. 2013; Ekneligoda and Min Ki-Bok 2014) and fracture geometries (Andrade et al., 2004).
Probabilistic Rockfall Analysis in 3D in the Peña Colorada Open Pit (Colima, Mexico)
Authors: Yalan L. A. , Samaniego J. A. , Pozo R. R. , Jiménez E. , Villa J. A.
Published: August 2024

Rockfall events are one of the most difficult geotechnical conditions to predict and control in a mining operation. This study is focused on the Peña Colorada open pit (Colima, Mexico), where a series of rockfalls occurred on the main slope during the period of Hurricane Lidia (October 2023). The proposed methodology is based on a probabilistic analysis and field inspections to identify potential rockfall sectors. The topographic survey was obtained with photogrammetry using a drone for identifying potential sectors. Then, the properties such as restitution coefficients and the friction angle has been calibrated based on field tests of the different terrains observed on the main slope (rock and spill). The results obtained in the Rfall 3D simulations are interpreted, compared, and calibrated with real-scale field tests performed on the main slope. Finally, solutions to mitigate rockfall risk are proposed, such as temporary or permanent closure of haul roads or implementation of barriers.

1. INTRODUCTION

Open pit mining is a mining method for metallic and non-metallic minerals. While this approach has advantages in terms of accessibility and efficiency, it also presents significant challenges related to rockfall risks.

Rockfall risk in open-pit mining represents a constant hazard for workers in mining operations. Rock falls can cause serious injury or even loss of life and its origin is related to earthquakes, blasting or even weather conditions, such as rain or hurricanes.

The methodology proposed considered a field inspection, photogrammetry survey by drone, use of rockfall 3D software, calibration by field tests and geotechnical control implementation as barriers.

2. PEÑA COLORADA OPEN PIT

2.1. Open pit description

The Peña Colorada Mine is a open pit mine located in Colima, México. It is owned by ArcelorMittal and produced an estimated 3.8 million tons per annum (Mtpa) of iron. As part of the business chain, Peña Colorada Mine is one of the key assets of Ternium and ArcelorMittal in México.

Recommended interramp slope angles for Phase 4A are based on bench geometries that resulted from the backbreak analysis using an 80% reliability of achieving the required 12.7 m catch bench width for a double bench configuration. Resulting interramp slope angles for 28 m double benching range from 45 to 49°. The recommended slope design angles require average bench face angles of at least 72° (see Fig. 1).
Modeling Transient Wellbore Behavior and Near-Wellbore Damage During Carbon-Dioxide Injection in Depleted Gas Reservoirs
Authors: De Gennaro V. , Vasper A. C.
Published: August 2024

In this paper we describe a study focused on modeling the dynamic wellbore behavior and assessing completion and near-wellbore damage in the context of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection to depleted gas reservoirs. The results of the multiphase flow simulator in terms of pressure and temperature distributions along the well for various timesteps have been used as boundary conditions of the dynamic reservoir simulator. The reservoir model considers a near-wellbore region fully saturated in CO2. Thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling for completion and surrounding rock has been enabled, linking the reservoir simulator to the geomechanical simulator. A simple staggered coupling scheme [also called one-way coupling (OWC)] has been used to describe the behavior of the host rock and completion and evaluate potential damage during simulated injection scenarios. The results enable us to investigate the influence of various parameters, with the objective of supporting the design of carbon capture and storage (CCS) injection wells and materials, plus the definition of procedures that can reduce the risks associated with thermal shock.

1. INTRODUCTION

CO2 sequestration has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and play a part in climate change control by safely injecting significant quantities of CO2 deep underground, while ensuring permanent containment integrity.

During injection, temperature and pressure changes within the wellbore and its vicinity impact completion equipment, tubulars including casing and liners, annular fluids, cement, and subsurface formations. Extreme temperature variations may also alter rock properties and fluid behavior. These thermal and pressure variations can affect injectivity and will induce mechanical stresses within the well system, cement, and surrounding rocks; Oldenburg (2006), Pekot et al. (2011). Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing and ensuring the integrity of the well, host rock, and seals, while minimizing or eliminating formation damage and optimizing CO2 injection strategies.

For seabed temperatures ranging between 5 to 15°C the CO2 is in liquid phase and denser. Transportation of liquid CO2 is a favored option for many offshore projects. Similar considerations may apply to the well completion, where the injection of a denser fluid reduces tubing head pressure and tubing size requirements.
Machine Learning Application for CCUS Carbon Storage: Fracture Analysis and Mapping in the Illinois Basin
Authors: Liu G. , Kumar A. , Harbert W. , Siriwardane H. , Crandall D. , Cunha L.
Published: August 2024

In this paper, an innovative method comprising of multi-tiered analysis has been developed to leverage advanced Machine Learning (ML) techniques to process passive seismic monitoring data acquired over a three-year injection period into a CO2 storage site in the Illinois Basin for potential fracture/fault analysis. The study is aimed at contributing to monitoring design and de-risking operation for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and improving monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) of injected subsurface CO2. Information on fractures from well logs and core data is integrated together to develop a comprehensive understanding of how these fractures correlate with the rock petrophysical properties. The fracture networks obtained from this approach can directly benefit field operations and reservoir management decision-making for CCUS, which include the dynamic injection scheduling/workover, risk assessment, and further monitoring design. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is potentially applicable to oil and gas assets as well as geothermal development, operations, and monitoring.

1. INTRODUCTION

Injecting significant volume of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into geological reservoirs is one of the piloted practices for greenhouse gas reduction. These operations have gained considerable traction in the last decade as a viable option to reduce the long-term environmental footprint. However, monitoring the storage reservoir to ensure safe and long-term storage of CO2 for de-risk operations and storage management is undergoing dynamic shifts, expanding opportunities for implementing innovative techniques and applications, especially for the commercial-scale deployment. This study is part of the Science-informed Machine Learning (ML) for Accelerating Real-Time Decisions in Subsurface Applications (SMART) Initiative which have funded by the US Department of Energy Carbon Storage program to transform our ability to make better, informed decisions related to the subsurface through real-time visualization, forecasting, and virtual learning. The outcomes of the SMART Initiative are science-informed machine learning-based tools that can be applied at carbon storage sites throughout the nation and the world to 1) improve the ability to consolidate technical knowledge, site-specific characterization information, and real-time data in a digestible way; 2) enable the optimization of carbon storage reservoirs by creating a capability for "real-time" forecasting of carbon storage reservoir behavior; and 3) improve the ability to understand and communicate subsurface behavior during carbon storage operations to non-experts. The ultimate objectives aim in helping accelerate the deployment of field scale carbon storage in the US and the world.
Shifting Highwall Blast Vibration Frequencies Higher Maintaining PPV Lower from Near-Field Blasts
Authors: Yang R. , Proulx J. P. R. , Rodriguez A.
Published: August 2024

Shifting blast dominant frequency at highwalls has been a desired target for an improved blast design. However, documented cases of successful frequency shifting have been little in literature. This paper presents a successful case of shifting frequency of blasts. The blast monitoring collected useful data for the site rock characterization – vibration (stress) attenuation versus scaled distance; site resonant frequency, and ground p-wave velocity from signature hole blasts. Using the multiple seed waveforms that are encoded within the site frequency response, the Multiple Seed Waveform (MSW) model accurately predicted the dominant frequency at highwalls from near-field blasts. Blast design scenarios were then modeled for blast vibration PPV's and dominant frequency. With parameters from the signature hole blast vibration and fragmentation measurement, the Multiple Blasthole Fragmentation (MBF) and MSW models are established for the site. The models can be used to explore benefits from various blast design scenarios. The delay timing in terms of lower PPV and higher dominant frequencies for the pits were recommended – an increase in frequency of 10 Hz at a hard rock pit using the recommended timing and an increase in frequency of 5 Hz at another relatively soft rock pit with the recommended timing.

1. BACKGROUND

In a typical mine operation, productivity and efficiency begin with drilling and blasting efforts, however, additional challenges related to blasting can be impactful to a mining operation. Blast designs must be adapted to the site geological features and rock properties to achieve improved operations. To support the mining operator's effort, a suite of blasting technologies is required at the mine to drive blast optimization and wall control.

A large gold mine has two production pits – one with relatively competent rock and the other one with fractured rock. Current timing templates used by the short-term planning were created over 5 years ago – and given changes in geology and rock structures, the timing templates may not be providing suitable vibration or wall control outcomes.
Tunneling in Alpine Fault Zones – Case Study Semmering Base Tunnel
Authors: Wannenmacher Helmut , Entfellner Manuel , Fiest Thomas , Schubert Wulf
Published: August 2024

In Alpine fault zones with high in-situ stress, tunneling can result in substantial and enduring ground deformations. The magnitude of deformations is closely tied to the applied excavation- and support concept, though typically, they can reach tens of centimeters. The principle of yielding is based on the idea that as deformation increases, the need for support capacity decreases.

Yielding elements, as a part of the shotcrete lining, represent the state-of-the-art method for tunneling in Alpine fault zones. These elements help to prevent the shotcrete lining from being overstressed during the early curing process. This is particularly important close to the tunnel face, where the deformation rate is highest, and the shotcrete strength is at its lowest. Furthermore, long-term creep deformations of the rock mass can be absorbed with such a lining system. This lining system provides a higher support resistance level than steel sets, thus allowing for controlled deformations at a reasonable cost. This approach has proved effective and cost-efficient in numerous projects with challenging geotechnical conditions. Radial deformations caused by the rock pressure are transformed into a tangential closure of the ductile lining. Hence, the load-dependent stiffness of the yielding elements must be less than the time-dependent stiffness of the shotcrete at all times to avoid overstressing. Since displacement development depends on the distance to the face and time, the tunneling process requires high flexibility in the excavation and support concept. The Semmering Base Tunnel is a single-track, double-tube railway tunnel currently under construction in Austria. With the alignment of the 27.3 km long tunnel, major fault zones under high overburden have to be crossed. An extraordinary excavation- and support concept is applied to control the vast deformations of up to 200 cm. A temporary pilot tunnel is excavated to increase pre-relaxation of the highly stressed ground and ease excavation conditions for later tunnel widening. For both tunnels, a shotcrete lining with yielding elements is applied. A novel yielding element was invented to overcome the drawbacks of existing systems. This novel HS-EPS yielding element consists of a high-strength expanded polystyrene, which makes it lightweight and enables safe and rapid installation. Furthermore, the modular setup of the element permits on-site adaption to react to actual deformation patterns and changing ground conditions. Recent experiences from the application at the Semmering Base Tunnel are presented.
Probabilistic Distribution Model to Predict Fracture Height
Authors: Oyarhossein M. , Dusseault M. B.
Published: August 2024

The Hydraulic Fracturing Simulation (HFS) fluid pressure gradient during propagation is almost always less than the rock mass horizontal minimum stress gradient. In models with independent lateral stresses, a fracture will grow more in a direction that requires less "work" needed to extend the fracture and increase its aperture. We study geometry of a fracture where a one-layer single fracture model is present to assess how fractures propagate. We use UDEC™, to model a 2D domain, and our results offer better understandings of fracture geometry. We then provide a probabilistic model to examine which outcomes distribution is more suitable to predict fracture height. We have found that a Log Normal distribution seems more suitable for fracture height outcome values. We then examined our model results with those from other solutions equations—Sneddon, GdK, and PKN—using Monte-Carlo simulation. Our model results show an acceptable agreement with the semianalytic and analytic expressions presented in those classic contributions to the subject of hydraulic fracture propagation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the early studies of Hydraulic Fracturing Stimulation (HFS), fracture geometry has proven to be a useful and interesting subject to model and predict (Geertsma & Haafkens, 1979; Perkins & Kern, 1961). Although these models, referred to as GdK and PKN, have some limitations in the predictions of fracture heights in 2D, they are widely popular because of their simplicity and practicality. Subsequently, as more high-quality HFS field data became available (Fisher & Warpinski, 2012a, 2012b; Palmer & Kutas, 1991; Stegent et al., 2020; Warpinski, 1985, 2011b, 2011a), research has become more focused on how to verify the prediction accuracy of mathematical and numerical models, concentrating on the geometry of single induced fractures—height, width, aperture.

An induced fracture system is a complex phenomenon in HFS, given heterogeneities in stress, elastic properties, and rock mass fabric (bedding, joints, lithological contrasts…). Fractures (joints) can be naturally present in the rock mass, they can be created by injection, or existing fractures can be extended during the HFS operation. Opening of fractures (Mode I) is well-understood, and dilatant shear (Mode II) of appropriately oriented natural fractures can lead to larger stimulated volumes. Putting other factors aside, it is widely accepted that larger area fractures (Modes I and II) within the target formation are desirable (Kim & Moridis, 2015; Soroush et al., 2011). The overall success of HFS, if only higher production or injection rates are considered, is related to the larger surface contact area that the stimulated fracture network affords: the higher the direct surface area created and the larger the stimulated volume, the better the flow outcomes.
A Modeling Study of Injection-Induced Rupture and Seismicity in Complex Faults
Authors: Cao M. , Rutqvist J. , Guglielmi Y. , Tounsi H. , Mital U. , Cihan A. , Glubokovskikh S. , Reagan M. , Jordan P. , Birkholzer J.
Published: August 2024

The potential for activating faults associated with geologic carbon sequestration is an issue of concern both related to induced seismicity and CO2 leakage. Faults are usually simplified (e.g., single, planar and homogeneous) in numerical simulations for the sake of computational efficiency. However, such simplifications might significantly impact the outcome of the analysis related to estimating the potential for fault activation and seismic magnitude. Thus, this paper focuses on the evaluation of injection-induced rupture and seismicity in faults of complex geometry. In this paper, we use a coupled multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical simulator (TOUGH-FLAC) to investigate the impact of complex fault geometries on fault rupture temporal and areal evolution and associated seismicity. Various meshing capabilities have been tested and adapted to allow us to discretize more complex and realistic fault geometries that might exist in subsurface formations. These fault geometries are taken as an input for the TOUGH-FLAC simulator to investigate fault reactivation induced by CO2 injection. The model demonstrates the importance of fault geometry on the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of rupture.

1. INTRODUCTION

Fluid injection has the potential to induce fault reactivation during subsurface engineering activities, such as CO2 sequestration, enhanced geothermal systems, enhanced oil/gas recovery, and shale gas development (Cao et al., 2023; Cao and Sharma, 2023, 2022; Guglielmi et al., 2021; Park et al., 2020). The potential for activating faults associated with geologic carbon sequestration is an issue of concern both related to induced seismicity and CO2 leakage (Rutqvist et al., 2002; Rutqvist and Tsang, 2002). Faults are usually simplified (e.g., single, planar, and homogeneous) in numerical simulations for the sake of computational efficiency (Luu et al., 2022; Rinaldi et al., 2015, 2014; Rutqvist and Tsang, 2002). However, such simplifications might significantly impact the outcome of the analysis related to estimating the potential for fault activation and seismic magnitude. This paper focuses on the evaluation of injection-induced rupture and seismicity in non-planar faults.
Design and Implementation of Innovative, Openable, In-Trench Rockfall Catchment Fences for Improvement of Worker Safety in Steep Slope Pipeline Construction
Authors: Hajen C. , Philip L. , Gesche J. , Burgin A. , Nichols J. , Bichler A.
Published: August 2024

This paper presents the implementation of an in-trench rockfall catchment system on a steep slope in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Using a combination of drone photogrammetry, digital geological mapping, change detection tracking, and numerical rockfall modeling, Stantec identified a rockfall hazard presenting a high risk to the workers and equipment in the trench downslope. Using numerical modeling and field observations of rockfall trajectories, the construction team sought to design a rockfall mitigation system to control the rockfall hazard while satisfying a tight construction timeline and the need for an openable, gate-like design. The solution was a series of 100 kJ rock catchment fences- each 3 m high and spanning the 5 m wide trench, secured to the granodiorite trench walls with grouted dowels. The gate-style rockfall mitigation design is, to the team's knowledge, the first of its kind to be implemented in pipeline construction. The design was successfully used throughout the approximately 6-week period of pipe installation on the slope, marking a successful solution to a unique construction challenge.

1. BACKGROUND

Coastal GasLink is a 670 km (420 mi) long pipeline which will transport natural gas from Groundbirch to Kitimat, British Columbia, across some of the most rugged alpine terrain in Canada. The approved Coastal GasLink route was determined by considering Indigenous, landowner and stakeholder input, the environment, archaeological and cultural values, land use compatibility, safety, constructability, and economics. The slope of interest for this paper is within Section 8 West of the pipeline alignment- a 13 km (8 mi) long span, fraught with geohazards, across the highest passes of the Coast Mountain Range, see Fig 1.

Further details of the Coastal GasLink are provided in Coastal GasLink (2023).

The slope designated Steep Slope 6B (SS6B) by the project team is the focus of this paper, and the site at which the gate-style rockfall catchment fence system was implemented.

SS6B is 250 m (820 ft) long and is sloped at approximately 30 degrees. It is located near the junction of two converging glacial valleys in the headwaters of the Kitimat River. At an elevation of 860 m (2820 ft), SS6B is approximately halfway between the glaciofluvial and colluvial debris in the valley bottoms and the 2000 m (6500 ft) high, glacially-eroded mountain peaks which surround both valleys.
Characterizing Rock Degradability as Basis for Slope Instability Mitigation for Open Pit Closure
Authors: Carter T. G. , Lorig L. J. , de Graaf P. J. H.
Published: August 2024

Worldwide, degradable, poor quality rock units frequently exist within the final perimeter walls of large open pits, sometimes en-masse and sometimes intercalated within otherwise competent rocktypes. Almost irrespective of location and origin, degradable zones pose a longevity instability problem and need to be dealt with as part of open pit mine closure planning, as with time and duration of exposure, major reductions in rock competence occur. This paper firstly outlines methods for assessing and characterizing degradable rock units as basis for quantitatively describing appropriate time-dependent geomechanical property change. It then discusses analytical and numerical evaluation approaches for assessing impact of progressive failure effects driven by degradability impact on pit wall stability. Conclusions relating to mitigation of degradation-induced instability effects are then discussed in a pit closure setting.

1. INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, degradable poor quality rock units frequently exist within the final perimeter walls of large open pits. These frequently pose a long-term stability risk that needs to be addressed for closure. Often, the most such degradable rock units are present as alteration halos around the mined orebody. Other times they are present as distinct stratigraphic units within the country rock that the mined ore zone cuts through. In tropical and subtropical areas of the world, often deep saprolitic weathered zones exist that are highly degradable. Even in otherwise competent rocktypes, where little regolith exists due to glaciation, penetrative weathering may extend to great depth along faults and other major structural features, creating a degradable zone that needs to be dealt with in a pit wall. Sometimes palæoweathering zones exist, most notably along major unconformity contacts. Thick sequences of variably indurated Quaternary transported materials may also be exposed in pit slopes. In all these situations, susceptible rock units that will degrade with exposure may remain in final pit walls, thus potentially affecting closure slope stability.

For some of the most susceptible rocktypes, such as that shown in Figure 1, significant strength weakening can occur in a matter of hours to days, as degradation is rapid; while, for other rock types the processes are much slower. In fact, in the most competent rocktypes, degradation may be so slow that physical rock breakdown may not become evident for centuries. In an open pit context, post closure, ongoing degradation of susceptible rocktypes, potentially can lead to subsequent instabilities. Predicting future stability influence is not straightforward, as assessing potential degradation rates and strength loss over long time scales is a significant challenge.
Towards Mine Closure: Assessing the Long-Term Stability of Open Pit Mine Slopes
Authors: Eberhardt Erik
Published: August 2024

The long-term stability of engineered slopes is becoming a critical focus point as the number of open pit mines anticipated to close in the coming years is increasing, and governments, regulators, and society are collectively placing more emphasis on sustainable management of mineral resources and land use (IISD, 2021). However, there are currently few guidelines on assessing long-term slope stability. Of central importance is the recognition that rock mass properties are not constants, and therefore, open pit slopes that are presently stable may not remain so in the future. Conventional engineering analyses generally assume the strength of a rock mass to be constant and, in doing so, fail to explain the temporal nature of rock slope behavior seen in monitoring data. Data shows that pit slope movements are intermittent, correlating with benching and seasonal precipitation patterns. These initiate episodic damaging events that, in the closure context, control strength degradation and impact long-term slope performance through progressive failure (Eberhardt et al. 2004).

This talk will summarize the author's research over the last 20 years into progressive failure, its advancement of our mechanistic understanding of deep-seated rock slope failure, and recent results and guidance in applying it to open pit slope stability assessments and mitigation efforts to aid mine closure designs. Empirical data will be presented to show the evidence for progressive failure, with a focus placed on transient pore pressures driven by seasonal precipitation. Upon closure, changes to the slope geometry (i.e., benching) cease, but seasonal precipitation continues. Progressive failure posits that transient pore pressures in response to infiltration or groundwater recharge act to locally decrease effective stresses, promoting slip along non-persistent discontinuities, which in turn may cause the slip of adjacent fractures and/or the failure of intact rock bridges. Such repeated fluctuations in pore pressures and effective stresses thus are a key driver of progressive failure and can be equated to fatigue, where the rock slope experiences a slow weakening through repeated load cycles.

Results from mine closure analyses will be presented, demonstrating how slope displacement monitoring and modeled groundwater fluctuations can be used to calibrate numerical models and establish the degree of criticality present in a slope. The modeling of seasonal variations further enables reference to be made to time in calculations that are otherwise limited to stress-strain behavior. This provides a means to assess displacement rate thresholds at which behavior change may occur for a given failure mode, which can be used to establish and constrain early warning alarm thresholds and trigger action response plans (TARPs). Examples will also be provided incorporating allowances for the development of a pit lake post-closure and for long-term stability improvement through engineered buttress designs.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI
Authors: Newman Sharon
Published: August 2024

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the Underground Injection Control (UIC) Class VI regulations under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), specifically for the injection of carbon dioxide into deep subsurface formations for the purpose of geologic sequestration. The Class VI regulations are built upon the long-standing protective framework of the UIC Program to prevent the endangerment of underground sources of drinking water, with requirements that are tailored to address issues unique to carbon dioxide injection. These include requirements that address the large injection volumes anticipated at geologic sequestration projects, higher reservoir pressures relative to other injection formations, and the behavior of the injected carbon dioxide (e.g., its relative buoyancy, mobility within subsurface geologic formations, and corrosivity in the presence of water). The regulations establish technical requirements for geologic site characterization, area of review, corrective action on artificial penetrations, well construction, testing and monitoring, reporting, well plugging, post-injection site care, site closure, and financial responsibility.
Time for a Change? the Role of Rockmass Characterization and Discrete Fracture Networks on the Assessment of Caving Rockmasses
Authors: Carvalho Jose L.
Published: August 2024

With the trend for block and panel caving projects being in typically deeper, stronger and more heterogenous rock mass conditions, the need for better rock mass characterization has never been greater so that a reliable design can be developed. However, with many of the worldwide caving operations been carried out in more massive rock masses with relatively few joints being present, there is a requirement to improve rock mass characterization which has historically been focused on joints which are not often present in porphyry deposits at depth, the typical caving host rock masses. Failure to step outside historic characterization approaches has resulted in mis-characterized resources and a significant difference between forecasted and actual caving performance.

Increasingly improvements in rock mass characterization methods have benefited from more detailed investigations of veining, their role in rock failure mechanisms, and their integration within Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models. DFN modelling allows for a more statistical approach to rock fabric description by explicitly building 3D synthetic rock mass descriptions for improved visualization and analysis.

The objective of rock mass characterization is to be able to accurately define the nature of the rock mass being excavated in terms of whether it is massive, moderately jointed/veined or highly blocky. This understanding is the basis for better analysis with both empirical design methods and advanced numerical modelling. Collectively, the assessments based on a more robust, statistically significant geomechanical representation of these rock masses provides for improved forecasts of extraction level stability, production ramp-up rates, hangup management requirements need for preconditioning, and ground support.
Fiber Optic Monitoring in Mines
Authors: Wang Herb , Fratta Dante
Published: August 2024

Fiber-optic cable can be deployed in underground mines over kilometers in distance. The sensing interrogator and data acquisition can be operated remotely using lead-in fiber. Fiber-optic sensors can be either discrete or distributed. Fiber-Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were grouted into the walls and roof of a small alcove at a depth of 4100 ft (1250 m) to measure deformation while jacking the roof (Gage et al., 2014). The modulus as a function of depth showed the profile of the Excavation Damage Zone (EDZ). Although FBGs can be embedded into long runs of optical fiber to create a quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor, Brillouin and Rayleigh optical scattering can turn optical fiber itself into Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) arrays, respectively. DAS has the greatest potential for mine monitoring. A 250- meter-long DAS array in the Lafarge-Conco mine in northern Illinois demonstrated the potential for using seismic tomography for monitoring velocity changes in pillars of a limestone mine (Zeng et al., 2022). At SURF we deployed 3050 meters of cable along the mine's ramp system between depths of 4100-ft (1250 m) and 4850-ft (1478 m). The total fiber path of 5440 meters included internet fiber to connect the DAS interrogator on the 4100-ft level to the cable on the ramp. Data were collected over a two-week period in May 2022 and the month of February 2023. We recorded numerous excavation blasts and mine activities, including cage movement, air doors opening and closing, and foot traffic, as well as regional and teleseismic earthquakes (Cunningham et al., 2023; Fratta et al., 2023). The DAS array distinguished the details of blast timing pattern, amplitude and duration. The importance of cable coupling to the mine floor was studied by comparing recordings on a 230-meter section of cable that was loosely coupled on the surface in 2022 but grouted into a groove a few centimeters deep in 2023.
Scalable Civil Infrastructure Monitoring Through Non-Dedicated Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Liu Jingxiao , Yuan Siyuan , Biondi Biondo , Noh Hae Young
Published: August 2024

Climate change significantly threatens the integrity of civil infrastructure assets like bridges, railways, and roadways. We've seen an 83% increase in climate-related disasters, rising from 3,656 events between 1980 and 1999 to 6,681 in the past two decades. This surge places immense pressure on our extensive inventory of aging infrastructure, posing significant challenges to the economy and public safety. Effective monitoring of various infrastructure assets, including their structural health and surrounding urban environments, is an important step toward making our city safer, enhancing its resilience, and preparing for future climates. Currently, dedicated sensors such as cameras and vibration sensors have been deployed directly on infrastructure for monitoring. Nevertheless, these dedicated sensors require on-site installation and maintenance, which is inefficient and costly for large-scale infrastructure monitoring.

To address these challenges, we introduce a scalable civil infrastructure monitoring system that repurposes the existing network of telecommunication fiber-optic cables as distributed acoustic sensors. This approach to civil infrastructure monitoring is not only cost-effective but also highly scalable, as it avoids the costs and logistical demands of conventional sensor deployments. Utilizing these non-dedicated sensors, we effectively evaluated the structural health conditions of bridges and performed subsurface imaging.
Tunnel Design and Construction in Ohio Shale Formation
Authors: Park Chi , Rogoff Gregory , Murray Brad
Published: August 2024

The Doan Valley Tunnel Storage (DVT) Project is part of the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District's (NEORSD) Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan (CSO-LTCP). The project involves the construction of a storage tunnel and conveyance tunnel system that will reduce the number of overflows from CSO outfalls that flow to Lake Erie. The Project includes the construction of three tunnel systems: Doan Valley Storage Tunnel (DVT), Martin Luther King Conveyance Tunnel (MLKCT), and the Woodhill Conveyance Tunnel (WCT). These systems include the construction of approximately 19,300 linear feet (LF) of tunnel in rock, seven shafts, two adits, and near surface diversion structures, consolidation sewers, an emergency overflow, overflow structures, gate control vaults, and vents. Flows within the Project system are driven by gravity. This presentation summarizes the design approaches and construction challenges that were encountered to mitigate risks during design and construction stages.
DAMPAK KOREAN WAVE TERHADAP KRITERIA MEMILIH PASANGAN HIDUP PADA PENGGEMAR MUSLIM (Studi Kasus Penggemar K-pop di Lampung)
Authors: Irawan Yufitri Syafia , Khuluq Arif Husnul
Published: August 2024

Budaya Korea Selatan sangat populer di banyak negara sekarang ini, tidak terkecuali di Indonesia. Perlahan Korean Wave ini merubah banyak pemikiran dan kebiasaan penggemarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak ketertarikan pada K-Pop terhadap kriteria penggemar K-Pop muslim di Lampung khususnya dalam mencari pasangan. Peneliti memilih metode kualitatif dalam penelitian dengan pendekatan studi kasus, data diambil dengan wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kegemaraan dan kecintaan terhadap K-Pop berdampak pada kebiasaan dan pemikiran penggemar muslim, di antaranya pada kriteria pemilihan pasangan hidup. Dampak terbesar dari Korean Wave pada penggemar K-Pop muslim di Lampung terjadi pada kriteria karakter, paras dan fisik pasangan, karena adanya penggambaran karakter, paras dan fisik idola yang baik dan sempurna. Bersamaan dengan ini para penggemar muslim masih memperhatikan beberapa kriteria yang ditetapkan Islam, seperti agama Islam, berakhlak baik, dan melihat kesetaraan latar belakang ekonomi, nasab atau keluarga yang baik, dan pendidikan pasangan.
Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomy
Authors: Aleixo Everton Lima , Colonna Juan G. , Cristo Marco , Fernandes Everlandio
Published: August 2024

Deep Learning models have achieved remarkable performance in tasks such as image classification or generation, often surpassing human accuracy. However, they can struggle to learn new tasks and update their knowledge without access to previous data, leading to a significant loss of accuracy known as Catastrophic Forgetting (CF). This phenomenon was first observed by McCloskey and Cohen in 1989 and remains an active research topic. Incremental learning without forgetting is widely recognized as a crucial aspect in building better AI systems, as it allows models to adapt to new tasks without losing the ability to perform previously learned ones. This article surveys recent studies that tackle CF in modern Deep Learning models that use gradient descent as their learning algorithm. Although several solutions have been proposed, a definitive solution or consensus on assessing CF is yet to be established. The article provides a comprehensive review of recent solutions, proposes a taxonomy to organize them, and identifies research gaps in this area.
Loculated Fluid Visualized in Hepatorenal Space with Point-ofcare Ultrasound in Patient with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Caused by Group A Streptococcus
Authors: Makhhijani Neil , Sondheim Samuel E. , Saul Turandot , Yetter Elizabeth
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a screening and diagnostic modality frequently used in the emergency department to assess patients with abdominal pain. Case Report: We present a case describing the unusual finding of intraperitoneal fluid with loculations visualized in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen in a patient ultimately diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), a pathogen rarely implicated in the disease. Conclusion: Uncommon findings on abdominal POCUS should trigger further investigation. In a patient not responding to antibiotics administered for typical PID coverage, GAS should be considered as a possible etiology and a penicillin-based antibiotic administered to prevent progression to tubo-ovarianabscess formation, peritonitis, and sepsis.
The need for strategy development ın constructıon ındustry enterprıses
Authors:   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Aliev A.M , Allazov E.А ,   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Qanbarli I.O ,   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction
Published: August 2024

In modern conditions, the construction industry plays a special role in economic development. Due to its characteristics, it is quite capital intensive, creates a large number of jobs, and the product it produces is used by the society for housing, urban infrastructure, roads, etc. meets their basic needs. At the current stage, the construction complex is a fairly fragmented set of independently operating economic entities with their own specific characteristics. In terms of economic content, the construction complex is heterogeneous, it is a living and embodied labor system of organizations and enterprises that ensure the creation of new capital funds for production and non production purposes and the modernization of existing capital funds and has a complex. Fragmentation does not contribute to the efficient development of the industry as a whole. The main tool for the development of the construction industry is strategy, strategic planning. Strategic planning is essential in determining the direction of your construction company. Having a well thought out strategic plan focuses your efforts and ensures that all of your stakeholders and project team members are working toward a common goal.
Main directions of entrepreneurial activity in the construction sector in modern conditions
Authors:   Azerbaijan Architectural and Construction University, Aliyeva R.T , Hacıyev M.A ,   Azerbaijan Architectural and Construction University
Published: August 2024

The article deals with current problems of entrepreneurial activity in the construction seсtor, ways of their solution and directions of effective development. In modern conditions the main purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to obtain economic benefits. In the construction sector the purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to produce and offer such goods, for which there is a demand, both in the domestic and foreign markets and which brings profit to the entrepreneur. In recent years, the construction sector has received investments from both external and internal sources. And the greatest growth is observed in private investment in housing construction. State investments are mainly directed to improve the socio economic situation of the regions.
The impact of the development and opening of Zangezur transport communications on international transportation
Authors:   Аzеrbаijаn Univеrsity of Аrchitеcturе аnd Construction, Аhmаdzаdеh Е.А
Published: August 2024

In this аrticlе, thе pеrspеctivеs of thе Zаngеzur Corridor, which mаdе thе modеrn gеopoliticаl, culturаl аnd еconomic coopеrаtion importаnt in thе rеgion аftеr our 44 dаy victory, which еndеd with thе victory of Аzеrbаijаn, in 2020, аrе prеsеntеd in thе dеvеlopmеnt of thе trаnsport аnd communicаtion sphеrе. Rеsеаrchеs hаvе bееn conductеd on thе rolе аnd еconomic importаncе of А. Zаngеzur Corridor will plаy аn importаnt rolе in thе sеcurity of nеwly libеrаtеd lаnds. Thе Novеmbеr аgrееmеnt dаtеd Novеmbеr 10, 2020 will mаrk thе importаncе of thе pаst stаtus quo. This will hеlp our country to rеаlizе its most аmbitious commitmеnt in rеcеnt timеs thе rеconstruction of Kаrаbаkh, which hаs bееn еxploitеd by Аrmеniа for yеаrs аnd whosе infrаstructurе hаs rеаchеd а stаtе of ruin.
Urban infrastructure renewal: analysis of the economic outlook and governance of the city of Baku
Authors:   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Ganiyev Kh.I , Mukhtarov R.S ,   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction
Published: August 2024

Regarding the advancement of our nations economy, the capital city of Baku is particularly significant. It should be mentioned. The financial, material, human, and scientific cultural resources of Azerbaijan are mostly concentrated in this metropolis. In order to maintain the citys competitiveness in the global market, attract investment, and lessen the reliance of the capital and national economies on the oil and gas industry, it is imperative that the city pursue long term economic diversification. Its peculiarity stems from its location at the crossroads of migration and commercial routes that go from west to east and from north to south the Silk Road, as well as from the abundance of fuel and energy. Bakus architecture planning structure has taken shape, but its evolution in this direction hasnt always been consistent. This article examines Bakus economic infrastructure and identifies the key procedures and processes that underpin the citys change. The essay also explores Bakus history of urban planning and growth, evaluates the key ideas of the citys most recent regional development plan, and offers recommendations for future work.
Typological characteristics of traditional settlements in Eastern Zangezur
Authors:   Azerbaijan Universiy of Architecture and Construction, Axundova I.N
Published: August 2024

This essay provides a historical analysis of development, typological features of residential areas in the mountainous settlements of Eastern Zangezur with an analysis of the results of its evolution, in order to identify trends and propose conceptual direction vectors for further urban development.The work consists of 3 chapters 1. Historical analysis 2. Analysis of the consequences of planning and development of Eastern Zangezur in the modern period 3. Theoretical solutions.The issue of restoration of the economic region damaged by the war and destroyed by occupation, as well as the typological features of residential areas in the mountainous settlements of Eastern Zangezur are mainly considered. Eastern Zangezur is located in the west of Azerbaijan.It includes Kalbajar, Lachin, Gubadli, Zangilan and Jabrayil regions. The area of the economic region is 7.47 km2, which is 9% of the entire territory of Azerbaijan. The project includes a general analysis of the region and all districts also, diagrams of the natural ecological framework, cultural heritage monuments and national economy are presented for all regions