bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of equine oocytes by scraping of the follicular wall with different specifications of needles and morphological analysis of cumulus oophorus
Authors: Miguez González Suellen , Silva Camila Bizarro da , Lindquist Andressa Guidugli , Búfalo Isabela , Machado Fernanda Zandonadi , Bueno João Vitor Ravagnani , Scarpin Larissa Corrêa , Bergamo Larissa Zamparone , Silva-Santos Katia Cristina , Marinho Luciana Simões Rafagnin , Seneda Marcelo Marcondes
Published: December 2015

In follicular aspiration, physical aspects are of high significance for the technique to succeed, such as vacuum pressure, caliber of the needle and the way the follicular wall curettage is performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the recovery rate of equine oocytes aspirated by scraping of the follicular wall, testing different calibers of disposable needles, as well as the morphological evaluation of the cumulus oophorus complexes (COCs). Mares ovaries (n=447) obtained at a local slaughterhouse were transported to the laboratory in a thermal container (20 °C) and had the tunica albuginea and connective tissues dissected. The aspirated follicles had 10 to 25 mm in diameter, and 30x8 (21G 1 ¼) or 40x12 (18G 1 ½) needles were used for the aspiration, forming group A (G-A) and group B (G-B), respectively. In G-A and G-B, 480 and 548 follicles were aspirated, respectively. Under the stereomicroscope, the oocytes were evaluated according to the quality of the ooplasm and characteristics of the cumulus cells (grade I, II, III and denuded). The statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test, logistic regression and test of proportions, and differences were considered significant when P<0.05. There was no difference between recovery rates of groups G-A (66.5%; 330/496) and G-B (65.5%; 359/548). In the G-A group, grade II oocytes were related to higher recovery rates (46.9%; 145/330) than grade I (23.6%; 72/330), grade III (20.6%; 59/330) and denuded oocytes (8.5%; 24/330; P<0.05). However, in G-B, there was no statistical difference regarding the quality of the recovered oocytes: grade I (23.4%; 77/359), grade II (43.2%; 145/359), grade III (22.5%; 73/359) and denuded (11.1%; 32/359). The 30x8 (21G 1 ¼) needle provided a higher proportion of grades I and II oocytes than the 40x12 (18G 1 ½) needle, with 72.4% (239/330) and 65% (233/359; P<0.05), respectively. Both calibers of needles tested in this study provide efficient oocyte recovery rates. Aspiration with 30x8 (21G 1 ¼) needles resulted in a higher proportion of morphologically good equine oocytes for use in reproductive biotechnologies.
Characteristics of milk production systems and feed strategies for dairy cows in the North and Northwest of Paraná State
Authors: Yabe Milton Takeo , Bánkuti Ferenc Istvan , Damasceno Julio Cesar , Brito Marcel Moreira de
Published: December 2015

Although milk production is widespread, several barriers remain that limit its competitiveness, including those related to low performance parameters in milk production systems (MPS), which can be minimized through the adoption of effective nutritional strategies. The increased use of corn can provide benefits to both rural production and the entire milk production chain. Moreover, it represents the major economic strategy of adding value to grain produced in Brazil, via the transformation of milk. The objective of this study was to characterize MPS in the north and northwest regions of Paraná, Brazil, and identify the relationship between productive and structural variables across the supply of concentrate containing corn and grain corn for dairy cows. Data were collected from 185 MPS and analyzed via multivariate statistical techniques, including the analysis of hierarchical clusters, as well as hypothesis testing and means comparison using ANOVA. A cluster analysis was performed based on two qualitative and dichotomous variables: (i) concentrate containing corn fed to dairy cows and (ii) grain corn fed to dairy cows. Four groups were defined: Group 1 (N = 99 MPS) was characterized by systems where cows were fed corn only in the form of a concentrate, referred to as “Concentrate”; Group 2 (N = 41 MPS) where cows were fed corn incorporated in both concentrate and grain form, referred to as “Concentrate + Grain”; Group 3 (N = 14 MPS), where corn was supplied to cows solely in the form of grain, referred to as “Corn Grain”; and finally, Group 4 (N = 41 MPS), which included systems where no corn was supplied to cows, referred to as “Zero Corn.” When weighed against the productive and structural variables, Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), nor did Groups 3 and 4 (P > 0.05). However, Groups 1 and 2 were significantly different from Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the strategy of supplying corn either exclusively as concentrate or in combination with grain corn resulted in better responses to the structural and productive variables analyzed in the MPS. Our results indicate that this is an important strategy for aggregation of grain value via transformation of milk. In addition, no difference was noted between exclusive use of grain corn and non-use of corn.
Nutrients intake and digestibility in sheep fed with residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp
Authors: Geron Luiz Juliano Valério , Costa Fabiana Gomes da , Aguiar Silvia Cristina de , Garcia Jocilaine , Ribeiro Matheus Gonçalves , Zeoula Lúcia Maria , Silva Ana Paula da , Pereira Sheslei Ribeiro , Silveira Roberto Martins
Published: December 2015

This study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility by sheep fed diets containing residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp (RETP). We used four sheep with a mean body weight (BW) of 40.38 kg, whose pens were distributed in a Latin square design. The diet treatments contained 0, 5, 10 and 15% of RETP. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the differences observed were tested using regression equations at 5% significance. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC),expressed in g day-1, % BW and g kg0,75-1, were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by the inclusion of RETP. The intake of ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) showed a linear increase (p<0.05) as RETP content rose. However, the digestibility of DM, CP, TC, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) decreased linearly (p<0.05), while the digestibility of EE, NDF, ADF, and NFC, with average values of 62.12%; 79.95%; 41.59%; 37.12%, and 91.57%, respectively, were not significantly affected (p>0.05) when RETP was included in the diet. The inclusion of up to 15% of the residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp changes the intake of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, and reduced dry matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates in the sheep’s diet.
Effect of nutrition on the body temperature and relative organ weights of broilers
Authors: Martins Julyana Machado da Silva , Fernandes Evandro De Abreu , Bueno João Paulo Rodrigues , Carvalho Carolina Magalhães Caires , Litz Fernanda Heloisa , Masculi André Lucas Silva , Fagundes Naiara Simarro , Silva Marina Cruvinel Assunção , Silveira Márcia Marques , Moraes Cíntia Amaral
Published: December 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on the body temperature and organ biometrics in male and female broilers, of two ages. Here, 1,700 birds were used (850 males and 850 females) in a completely randomized design composed of five treatments (- 3%, - 1.5%, reference, + 1.5% and + 3%), with 10 repetitions, totaling 50 experimental units; the reference treatment based on nutritional and energy levels indicated in previous studies was calculated from this. At 35 and 42 d, the temperatures of the wing, head, shin, back, and cloaca in males and females were measured separately, and the average surface and body temperature were calculated. At 42 d, relative weights of the gizzard, liver, heart, and small intestine were calculated. The temperatures of the wings, back, and cloaca, and consequently the average surface temperature and body temperatures, were not affected by nutritional plans. Effects of increasing the nutritional and energy levels were observed on liver weights, the gizzard, and the small intestine. We conclude that the nutritional plans did not affect body temperature. Males had higher body temperatures than females. Body temperature increased with increase in age, and the increase in the nutritional plans increased liver weight and reduced the gizzard weights.
Developing Drought Rates: Why Agencies Should Prepare for a Not‐So‐Rainy Day
Authors: Gaur Sanjay , Alikhan Akbar , Crea Joe
Published: December 2015

The Case Study of California Shows how Setting Drought Rates can Help Utilities Avoid Defaulting on Loan Covenants and Maintain Reserves.
Fairmount Water Works: Celebrating 200 Years of Beauty and Ingenuity
Authors: Young Karen , Watts‐Williams Dionne
Published: December 2015

Fairmount Water Works has Evolved from a Life‐Saving Water Provider to an Educational Center that teaches Philadelphians about Water's Past, present, and Future.
New Water Pricing Models Respond to Decreasing Demand in Germany
Authors: Oelmann Mark , Czichy Christoph , Jardin Norbert
Published: December 2015

Water utilities in Germany and many other Northern European countries are being confronted with significant decreases in drinking water demand. This is not a short‐term problem and the reasons are diverse, but the consequential challenges are manifested in a rather simple problem: the cost and revenue structures are not aligned. Today German utilities face substantial revenue losses.
Waterborne Disease in the Developing World
Authors: Paunio Mikko
Published: December 2015

Compilation of letters regarding articles published in past issues of the Journal AWWA.
Substitutes for Silicon Valley: The case of the Round House Startup Factory
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Sandler Kyle
Published: December 2015

Taking a startup from creation to success is notoriously difficult. Many entrepreneurs gravitate to hotbeds such as Silicon Valley in order to enjoy high levels of intellectual and financial support that in turn make success more likely. This case examines an attempt to launch startups in the absence of ‘big city’ resources: the Round House Startup Factory. Founded in the small town of Opelika, Alabama by a former Google employee, the Round House contains three types of startups: co-working firms, incubator firms, and accelerator firms. With more than thirty companies under its roof, the Round House is trying to realize big entrepreneurial dreams by leveraging strategic and non-strategic resources, developing an innovative business model, and making astute choices about governance, culture, and structure.
Le rôle du contexte dans le jugement de pertinence en situation de repérage d’information
Authors: Boucher Martin
Published: December 2015

Cet article propose de cerner le concept de contexte en recherche d’information et de mieux comprendre son impact sur la définition de la pertinence et de son mode d’évaluation principal par l’usager, à savoir le jugement de pertinence. Après avoir abordé le concept de contexte, nous explorerons les principales définitions du concept de pertinence ainsi que quelques modèles théoriques qui démontrent l’influence grandissante de l’approche sociotechnique sur ces modèles, soit l’intégration des composantes humaines et techniques ainsi que leurs interactions. Par la suite, nous présenterons certains critères utilisés pour juger de la pertinence des résultats de recherche et nous verrons comment ces critères peuvent être affectés par différentes dimensions du contexte. Enfin, nous soulignerons le caractère dynamique et multidimensionnel des concepts de pertinence et de contexte.
Référence virtuelle, clavardage et messagerie instantanée : compétences requises et rôle éducatif du bibliothécaire
Authors: Alepin Suzanne , Ménard Elaine
Published: December 2015

Cette revue de littérature porte sur la référence virtuelle par clavardage et messagerie instantanée. Les compétences requises des bibliothécaires sont présentées. L’évolution du rôle éducatif du bibliothécaire avec l’avènement de la référence par clavardage est également décrite. Nous portons attention aux particularités de ce nouvel environnement de travail.
Introducción
Authors: Zaragoza Ninet Gora , Martínez Sierra Juan José , Ávila-Cabrera José Javier
Published: December 2015

(...) sii la censura ya de por sí es algo grave en una misma lengua y cultura, esto se vuelve aún más peligroso si la censura opera vía traducción, es decir, de una lengua (y una cultura) a otra, puesto que si parte del sentido, función y forma de un texto origen se pierden en el paso de una lengua a otra, si además ese texto traducido viene censurado parcial o totalmente (es decir, la “no traducción”) o incluso corregido, el resultado será un texto que no guardará ni siquiera la sombra del original. La consecuencias de esto son graves, puesto que afectan no solamente a la imagen del escritor o escritora en la lengua meta, sino a la imagen, o idea, del conjunto del sistema literario de partida. Por desgracia, uno de los problemas al que nos enfrentamos cuando estudiamos la censura es la increíble dificultad para rastrearla, ¿cómo sabemos que un texto que no ha sido traducido y por tanto no está disponible en una determinada lengua, sí fue traducido en su día e inmediatamente censurado? Cuando por fortuna sí se dispone de un determinado texto traducido de otra lengua, ¿podemos afirmar con rotundidad y sin tener el original delante que ese texto ha sido “corregido” en su trasvase a la lengua meta, es decir, censurado parcialmente, suprimiéndose algunos fragmentos considerados “peligrosos” para una determinada doctrina? Pero esta dificultad transciende incluso a los casos donde la censura es sabida, siendo extremadamente complicada la búsqueda, consulta, recopilación y reproducción de expedientes de censura en su mayoría disponibles en el Archivo de Alcalá de Henares, tanto en presencia como en ausencia, pues la petición de material está sujeta a severas restricciones que dificultan el trabajo del investigador.
Dantons Tod, de Georg Büchner: Traducciones y censura en la España franquista
Authors: Julio Teresa
Published: December 2015

A finales de 1834 Georg Büchner empieza a escribir su primera pieza teatral, Dantons Tod. Durante los últimos diez años de la dictadura franquista, es traducida por la editorial Aguilar (1966), G. del Toro (1973) y Edicions Robrenyo (1976). En el presente artículo se analizan los expedientes de censura que se conservan en el Archivo General de la Administración sobre estas traducciones y las repercusiones que la censura ejerció sobre ellas, en el caso en que lo hizo. Se presta especial atención a la polémica traducción de Emilio Romero, que “manipuló” o “versionó” el texto hasta el extremo de figurar como coautor en el volumen publicado por G. del Toro. Palabras clave: Danton; Büchner; censura; traducción.
La traducción como arma propagandística: censura de Orwell, Abellio y Koestler en la España franquista
Authors: Meseguer Purificación
Published: December 2015

Este artículo trata de desentrañar el papel que desempeñó la traducción al servicio del franquismo. Para ello, se realiza un estudio de tres obras caracterizadas por un fuerte componente político y publicadas durante la dictadura: La escritura invisible, de Koestler; 1984, de Orwell; y Los ojos de Ezequiel están abiertos, de Abellio. Empleando una metodología mixta que combina el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los datos, se pretende detectar ejemplos de manipulación y establecer patrones de comportamiento censor. Los resultados muestran una clara tendencia a la “metacensura”, una estrategia que no busca suprimir contenido sino crear discursos favorables a los intereses franquistas, utilizando la traducción como arma propagandística. Palabras clave: traducción; franquismo; censura; estrategias; propaganda.
Retranslation and Counterculture in Post-Francoist and Modernday Spain: Woody Guthrie’s Bound for Glory in Star Books (1977) and Global Rhythm Press (2009)
Authors: Gutiérrez Lanza Camino
Published: December 2015

El activista político y prolífico artista Woody Guthrie (1912-1967) es conocido a nivel internacional como una de las figuras más representativas de la música folk norteamericana. Su autobiografía Bound for Glory, publicada por primera vez por E.P. Dutton en 1943, es un perspicaz relato de los años de la Gran Depresión y de los viajes subsiguientes. Star Books la publicó por primera vez en España en 1977 y en 2009 lo hizo Global Rhythm Press. Este artículo estudia el relevante papel sociocultural que ambas editoriales han desempeñado en la España posfranquista y en la época actual, cómo el texto ha sido (re)traducido y si la segunda traducción ha modernizado a la primera para colmar las expectativas de los lectores contemporáneos. Palabras clave: retraducción; contracultura; posfranquismo; Woody Guthrie; autobiografía.
Lo que se verá a mi vera de Vera. Probable etimología vera del apelativo y topónimos homónimos
Authors: García Sánchez Jairo Javier
Published: December 2015

Se muestra en este trabajo cómo una vez más la homonimia y la paronimia han podido ocultar y soterrar la vera (= verdadera) génesis del sustantivo común vera, así como la de algunos topónimos que parecen contener esa misma voz. Ha sido a partir del más conocido de ellos, el almeriense Vera, de origen prerromano, sobre el que se han construido buena parte de las argumentaciones etimológicas de los demás topónimos, y también del apelativo en cuestión. Sin embargo, las explicaciones de esos nombres de lugar, entre los que también estarían los Beira gallego-portugueses, y de los sustantivos correspondientes, pueden ser diferentes de las que ha hecho suponer el nombre de la población almeriense. Palabras clave: toponimia; etimología; homonimia; vera; beira.
¿DOC? La toponimia y la deonimia francesas, en la lengua y en el lenguaje, para el Hexágono y para los países limítrofes
Authors: Calvo García de Leonardo Juan José
Published: December 2015

Desde la Edad Moderna, la práctica traductológica no estima adecuada ni la traducción ni la substitución –la naturalización o aculturación si se prefiere– de los nombres propios, sean éstos onomásticos o toponímicos. Frente a la traducción semántica del nombre ‘transparente’, frente a la substitución cultural, se impone la apropiación: la adopción o la adaptación. El presente trabajo presenta un recorrido por la toponimia y la deonimia francesas en el ámbito de la lengua y sobre todo en el de los lenguajes de especialidad, para ver en qué medida las lenguas de los países limítrofes (el inglés, español, el italiano, el alemán y el neerlandés) respetan ese carácter unívoco. También presenta una taxonomía propia para catalogar las diferentes relaciones traductológicas. Palabras clave: onomástica; terminología; toponimia, deonimia; traducción.
SOLVING TRAFFIC CONGESTION FROM THE DEMAND SIDE
Authors: Ge Ying-En , Prentkovskis Olegas , Tang Chunyan , Saleh Wafaa , Bell Michael G. H. , Junevičius Raimundas
Published: December 2015

It is nowadays widely accepted that solving traffic congestion from the demand side is more important and more feasible than offering more capacity or facilities for transportation. Following a brief overview of evolution of the concept of Travel Demand Management (TDM), there is a discussion on the TDM foundations that include demand-side strategies, traveler choice and application settings and the new dimensions that ATDM (Active forms of Transportation and Demand Management) bring to TDM, i.e. active management and integrative management. Subsequently, the authors provide a short review of the state-of-the-art TDM focusing on relevant literature published since 2000. Next, we highlight five TDM topics that are currently hot: traffic congestion pricing, public transit and bicycles, travel behavior, travel plans and methodology. The paper closes with some concluding remarks.
Analysed potential of big data and supervised machine learning techniques in effectively forecasting travel times from fused data
Authors: Šemanjski Ivana
Published: December 2015

Travel time forecasting is an interesting topic for many ITS services. Increased availability of data collection sensors increases the availability of the predictor variables but also highlights the high processing issues related to this big data availability. In this paper we aimed to analyse the potential of big data and supervised machine learning techniques in effectively forecasting travel times. For this purpose we used fused data from three data sources (Global Positioning System vehicles tracks, road network infrastructure data and meteorological data) and four machine learning techniques (k-nearest neighbours, support vector machines, boosting trees and random forest). To evaluate the forecasting results we compared them in-between different road classes in the context of absolute values, measured in minutes, and the mean squared percentage error. For the road classes with the high average speed and long road segments, machine learning techniques forecasted travel times with small relative error, while for the road classes with the small average speeds and segment lengths this was a more demanding task. All three data sources were proven itself to have a high impact on the travel time forecast accuracy and the best results (taking into account all road classes) were achieved for the k-nearest neighbours and random forest techniques.
“A dor e a delícia” do internato de atenção primária em saúde: desafios e tensões
Authors: Bezerra Daniela Fontes , Adami Fernando , Reato Lígia de Fátima Nóbrega , Akerman Marco
Published: December 2015

Introdução: As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o curso de Medicina sinalizaram a necessidade de formar um médico capaz de atuar conforme as necessidades de saúde da população visando o fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde. A implantação de um estágio, na área de Atenção Primaria à saúde, na Faculdade de Medicina ABC, resultou em uma reforma mais ampliada do internato médico. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção dos estudantes quanto a inserção do ciclo de Atenção Primária à Saúde (CAPS) no internato médico. Métodos: Estudo transversal que utilizou um questionário fechado, aplicados aos estudantes do 5º e 6º anos, totalizando 157 participantes, em 2011 abordando os aspectos teóricos e práticos do CAPS. Resultados: Chamou a atenção na comparação entre o 5º e 6º anos do Ciclo de Atenção Primaria à Saúde: o CAPS no 5º ano teve o maior número de quesitos respondidos com regular e fraco, enquanto que o 6º ano teve um grande número respondido com ótimo e bom. Observaram‑se diferenças marcantes quanto à percepção dos estudantes entre os aspectos abordados do CAPS entre os estudantes do 5º e 6º, com destaque para maior grau de satisfação com o 6º ano (UBS tradicional) do que com o 5º ano Estratégia de saúde da família (ESF). Conclusão: Há indícios de que os respondentes validaram a implementação do CAPS, mas ainda restam desafios e tensões quanto à estruturação e integração ensino e serviço.
Study of InAlAs/InGaAs self-switching diodes for energy harvesting applications
Authors: Cortes-Mestizo Irving Eduardo , Briones Edgar , Briones Joel , Droopad Ravindranath , Perez-Caro Manuel , McMurtry Stefan , Hehn Michel , Montaigne François , Mendez-Garcia Victor Hugo
Published: December 2015

In order to improve the rectification efficiency and current–voltage characteristics of self-switching diodes (SSD) the DC response is analyzed using technology computer aided design (TCAD). It is demonstrated that by varying geometrical parameters of L- and V-shaped SSDs or changing the dielectric permittivity of the trenches, a near zero threshold voltage can obtained, which is essential for energy harvesting applications. The carrier distribution inside the nanochannel is successfully simulated in two-dimensional mode for zero-, reverse-, and forward-bias conditions. This process allows for the evaluation of the effect of the lateral surface-charge on the formation and spatial distribution of the depletion region, in addition to, obtaining information on the physics of the SSD through the propose optimized geometries that were designed for tailoring and matching the desired frequencies of operation. The numerical results showed some insights for the improvement of the rectification efficiency and integration density using parallel SSD arrays.
Radioluminescence properties of Sm-doped fluorochlorozirconate glasses and glass-ceramics
Authors: Okada Go , Edgar Andy , Kasap Safa , Yanagida Takayuki
Published: December 2015

We have investigated X-ray induced radioluminescence (XL) properties of Sm-doped fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glasses and glass-ceramics. The FCZ glass is a modified ZBLAN glass which shows a very high optical transmission over a wide spectral range. The glass matrix includes Sm3+-doped nanocrystals of BaCl2 after heat-treatment at temperatures above 250 °C. The glass-ceramic emits red light under UV and X-ray exposure. Since conventional Si-based photodetectors, e.g., CCDs, have the highest quantum efficiency to red light in general, the Sm-doped FCZ glass-ceramic plate can be a good candidate as a scintillator material for indirect radiation detection. Moreover, a very broad emission is present in the glass-ceramic around 300–500 nm, which is attributed to a self-trapped exciton (STE) emissions. The temperature dependence of X-ray induced luminescence and photoluminescence are very similar. The XL light yield is linearly proportional to the X-ray exposure rate for rates higher than 20 mR/s. For low exposure rates, emissions by Sm2+ are more sensitive than others, leading to a nonlinear response.
Digital preparation and osteology of the skull ofLesothosaurus diagnosticus(Ornithischia: Dinosauria)
Authors: Porro Laura B. , Witmer Lawrence M. , Barrett Paul M.
Published: December 2015

Several skulls of the ornithischian dinosaurLesothosaurus diagnosticus(Lower Jurassic, southern Africa) are known, but all are either incomplete, deformed, or incompletely prepared. This has hampered attempts to provide a comprehensive description of skull osteology in this crucial early dinosaurian taxon. Using visualization software, computed tomographic scans of theLesothosaurussyntypes were digitally segmented to remove matrix, and identify and separate individual cranial and mandibular bones, revealing new anatomical details such as sutural morphology and the presence of several previously undescribed elements. Together with visual inspection of exposed skull bones, these CT data enable a complete description of skull anatomy in this taxon. Comparisons with our new data suggest that two specimens previously identified asLesothosaurussp. (MNHN LES 17 and MNHN LES 18) probably represent additional individuals ofLesothosaurus diagnosticus.
Current Perspectives in Teaching English for Specific Purposes
Authors:   Universidad de Alcalá (España), Garcia Laborda Jesus , Frances Litzler Mary ,   Universidad de Alcalá (España)
Published: December 2015

Interest in Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) courses has grown in recent years (Harding, 2007). For this reason a paper on the current situation in the field is of relevance. The present article provides a discussion of English for Specific Purposes and it does so by reviewing the history and background of this area of teaching, proposing a definition, and describing issues affecting it today, such as course design and needs analysis, context, student and teacher characteristics, materials, and expected directions for the future.
Characterization of the interaction between Trypanosoma brucei Pex5p and its receptor Pex14p
Authors: Watanabe Yuichi , Kawaguchi Kosuke , Okuyama Naoki , Sugawara Yuri , Obita Takayuki , Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Morita Masashi , Imanaka Tsuneo
Published: December 2015

The interaction of Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) Pex5p and its receptor TbPex14p is essential for the translocation of newly synthesized matrix proteins into the glycosome. Here, we reveal that only the third WXXXF/Y motif of TbPex5p is involved in the interaction and that negative charge of the fourth amino acid is important. We suggest that Phe35 and Phe52 of TbPex14p interact with Trp318 and Phe322 in the third motif and that the Lys56 adjacent to Phe35/Phe52 associates with the fourth Glu in the motif to make the complex. This information is expected to be useful for developing anti‐trypanosomal drugs.
Germ cell‐specific expression of Cre recombinase using the VASA promoter in the pig
Authors: Song Yuning , Lai Liangxue , Li Li , Huang Yongye , Wang Anfeng , Tang Xiaochun , Pang Daxin , Li Zhanjun , Ouyang Hongsheng
Published: December 2015

The Cre–loxP system is a powerful tool for genetic analysis of distinct cell lineages and tissue‐specific gene knockout in animal models. VASA is specifically expressed in reproductive tissues, and is known to play important roles in spermatogenesis and germ‐cell growth. In this study, Cre recombinase transgenic pigs under the control of the VASA promoter were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Germ cell‐specific expression of Cre recombinase in VASA‐Cre transgenic pigs was shown by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. VASA‐Cre transgenic pigs will be a useful tool for germ cell‐specific gene knockout and a disease model for disorders of the reproductive system.
Retirement, Transition to
Authors: Bozzelli Elizabeth K. , Beehr Terry A.
Published: December 2015

Retirement is now considered a transitional process as opposed to an event in the lives of older adults. The termretirementitself can easily be defined in numerous ways. This entry provides an overview of different trajectories following full‐time work (including bridge employment), theoretical approaches to the topic, the retirement decision‐making process and contributing factors, aspects of postretirement, and recommendations for future research on the subject.
Five‐Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Soto Christopher J. , Kronauer Anna , Liang Josephine K.
Published: December 2015

The five‐factor model of personality (FFM) is a set of five personality trait dimensions, often referred to as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Originally derived from research examining the structure of personality‐descriptive language and personality inventories, the FFM is now the most widely used model of personality structure. Research using the FFM has found that each Big Five dimension develops across the lifespan in response to biological and environmental influences. Measures of the Big Five have shown considerable reliability and interrater agreement, and can be used to predict a variety of important social, occupational, psychological, and health outcomes.
Cross‐sectional Designs
Authors: Ellingsen Victor J. , Ackerman Phillip L.
Published: December 2015

Cross‐sectional designs are commonly used in developmental studies and aging research to investigate age differences in a variety of psychological constructs that may change across the lifespan. Participants of different ages are enrolled in the study at a single point in time, and differences between the age groups are assumed to reflect the effects of aging. This design has several advantages and is efficient in terms of cost and resources but also has significant disadvantages, including confounds between the effects of aging and of birth cohort differences.
Age and Scientific Creativity
Authors: Stroebe Wolfgang
Published: December 2015

It is widely believed that new ideas in science come disproportionally from younger persons. There is little evidence to support this belief. Although research conducted before the turn of the century typically found a curvilinear relationship between scientific productivity and age, the single peak of this curve was around age 40 indicating that it was the middle‐aged, who were most productive. Further, this relationship between age and productivity has not been replicated in some of the more recent research. Several recent studies found productivity to increase until retirement, particularly for samples of more productive scientists. It is suggested that this change in the relationship between age and productivity is due to major changes in the university system such as the abolition of compulsory retirement in the United States and Canada, the greater competition for university jobs, and the increase in pressure to publish.
Cognitive Reserve
Authors: Karbach Julia , Küper Kristina
Published: December 2015

The concept of
cognitive reserve
refers to substantial interindividual differences in the expression of clinical symptoms after neurodegenerative changes in the aging brain and explains why some individuals cope better with the same degree of brain damage than others. The extent of this reserve has been associated with protective factors such as educational attainment, occupational level, and intelligence. This entry describes the neuropathological and neurobiological correlates of cognitive aging, introduces the concept of cognitive reserve, and links it to neuroplasticity in the aging brain.
Capacity Assessments
Authors: Carney Kelly O'Shea
Published: December 2015

Determining the clinical and legal capacity of an aging individual is a serious undertaking that requires a complex process involving multiple professionals and a painstaking assessment encompassing a range of factors. The process is intended to ensure that the safety of the individual is appropriately balanced with their rights and autonomy. In order to achieve this balance, legal, medical, cognitive, functional, and psychiatric factors must be considered in the context of the individual's values, risk factors, and environment, as well as the legal statutes within the jurisdiction.
Remaining Time
Authors: Zacher Hannes , Kirby Grace
Published: December 2015

The concept of “remaining time” refers to the duration of the timespan that is left before an important life ending, such as graduation, exit from the workforce, or death. Researchers have distinguished between objective and subjective conceptualizations of remaining time. Perceived remaining time has been conceived as the main dimension of individuals' future time perspective, a core concept in socioemotional selectivity theory. According to this theory, individuals' perceptions of remaining time influence their social and emotional goal priorities. Remaining time has been investigated as an outcome, predictor, mediator, and moderator variable. Constructs related to remaining time include individuals' subjective life expectancy and focus on opportunities/limitations. Recently, researchers have begun to investigate remaining time in different domains (e.g., work, health, economics) and to examine longitudinal change in remaining time. Overall, extant research suggests that remaining time is a key concept in the fields of lifespan development and aging.
Body Image
Authors: Sabik Natalie J.
Published: December 2015

Body image is a multidimensional construct that focuses primarily on an individual's perceptions of his or her body. For many individuals, body image concerns are central to identity and self‐worth, and body image is associated with health and psychological well‐being. Body image is an important factor for older adults because age‐related changes in the body, such as cosmetic changes (e.g., wrinkles, hair color), changes in health status, and limited physical mobility may affect self‐perceptions and body satisfaction. Body image is a key factor to consider when assessing quality of life among older adults.
Retirement, Cognitive Effects
Authors: Potočnik Kristina , Kowalski Tina
Published: December 2015

Research on cognitive effects of retirement, drawing on different theoretical approaches, such as disengagement theory, activity theory, and human capital theory, has argued that the loss of employment following retirement might lead to the absence of engagement in intellectually stimulating activities which, in turn, suggests that cognitive impairment may be more pronounced in retirees compared to their counterparts still in active employment. Although most of the empirical evidence to date has supported this assumption showing negative effects of retirement on cognitive performance, this field is faced with a number of challenges that should be considered when interpreting the causality of such phenomena. Taking into account the changing nature of work and of retirement, with an increasing number of older employees postponing their retirement and retirees taking up active and productive roles in our societies, this area provides exciting avenues for future research.
Community Mental Health
Authors: Yang Janet Anderson , Anthony Vernée
Published: December 2015

Community mental health services provide accessible, community‐based treatment options to adults, including older adults, with serious mental illness. Community mental health services began in the United States in 1963, following large‐scale closing of mental institutions, and the “deinstitutionalization” movement. These services tend to be oriented toward persons with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, but also may include prevention. Services are intended to be accessible to all who need them and enable persons with mental illness to live in the least restrictive setting possible. The recovery model is coming to be embraced in the community mental health system. Older adult community mental health services typically include special emphasis on integration with medical care, in‐home services, and integration with the aging social services.
National Center for Creative Aging
Authors: Jeffri Joan , Hanna Gay
Published: December 2015

The National Center for Creative Aging (NCCA) fosters understanding of the vital relationship between creative expression and healthy aging and develops programs that build upon this understanding. The arts can serve as a powerful way to engage older adults in creative and healing processes of self‐expression, enabling them to create works that honor their life experience. The NCCA's key activity is an annual convening, a national/international conference, with a policy summit, congressional briefing, leadership exchange and professional development institute. Programs include an online artist training toolkit, an interactive caregiver resource platform, a healing arts program with veterans, and Communities of Practice with state arts agencies, a national program directory and Beautiful Minds Campaign. The NCCA's affiliate, the Research Center for Arts and Culture, examines the situation of the living artist in America, shedding light on such issues as the challenges facing dancers as they transition out of performance careers, communities and support structures that sustain jazz musicians, and the imperiled legacy of aging artists.
Long‐Term Care Ombudsmen
Authors: Bentrott Merea D.
Published: December 2015

Long‐term care ombudsmen in the United States are state and federal mandated advocates for residents of long‐term care facilities. Their role is multifaceted and involves investigating and resolving complaints at the request of long‐term care residents, assisting residents and family members with questions related to long‐term care, and promoting positive quality of life in the long‐term care environment. Under the authorization of the federal Older Americans Act, the Long‐Term Care Ombudsman Program operates as an autonomous entity headed by a full‐time state ombudsman in all
US
States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam.
Work Motivation
Authors: Howe Michael , Johnson Russell E.
Published: December 2015

Motivation in the workplace is an important determinant of performance, and organizations invest a considerable amount of resources to effectively motivate their employees. As part of this effort, employees are often assigned difficult specific performance goals to enhance their motivation. While goals of this nature are generally effective in maximizing employee motivation, they are not universally optimal. By examining the underlying foundations of motivation using an established self‐regulatory perspective, important individual and situational factors that moderate the effectiveness of performance goals are presented. In addition to discussing important situational moderators (including the nature of the task itself and the rate at which goal progress is being made), a particular emphasis is placed on highlighting aspects of the aging process that may influence how employees respond differently to performance goals as they age.
Memory and Memory Theory
Authors: Fernandes Myra A. , Wammes Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2015

Numerous psychological studies show that old age is associated with a reduction in performance on some memory tasks. Despite these declines, other cognitive abilities and memory capacities remain intact or even increase with advancing age. Some theories suggest the pattern of physiological changes in the aging brain can account for these effects, whereas others suggest age‐related changes in performance arise because of the ways in which older adults attempt to compensate for these deteriorations. Several theories have been put forth to explain the mechanism underlying the pattern of age‐related changes in abilities.
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Yeager Catherine A.
Published: December 2015

Trauma experiences are integral to the human condition and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a recognized diagnosis since the 1980s. Although the disorder is well characterized in children and younger adults, PTSD at older ages is not as well understood. This entry addresses what is currently known about PTSD at late life, including the epidemiology of PTSD and subsyndromal conditions; the nature of the disorder at older ages, including complicating factors; the state of art in treatments for PTSD; and topics for much needed research that will attend to the diverse and complex needs of aging individuals.
Continuity Theory
Authors: Lynch Karen M. , Hanni Agnieszka A. , Reed Suzette Fromm , Olson Bradley D.
Published: December 2015

The continuity theory of aging is a theoretical framework for the study of adulthood. Continuity theory suggests that both development and adaptation are continuous, cumulative, and incremental throughout life, occurring in a series of ongoing, smooth, small steps. It is a construct that suggests that learning is based on experience. For example, an older adult solving a problem is likely able to apply decades of life experience to the task. Continuity theory asserts that the behavior and thinking of older adults' behavior tend to follow the individual patterns (both continuity of selfhood and external sense of belonging) of behavior and thought established throughout life, while flexibly adapting to life's ongoing changes. Continuity theory connects adaptive change with experience to a successful aging process, focusing on continuity (stability) but also, equally, discontinuity and the necessity of flexibility toward positive outcomes.
Creativity
Authors: Kozbelt Aaron
Published: December 2015

Creativity occurs when someone devises something novel and valuable. Creativity is by nature complex and interdisciplinary, but since the 1950s considerable scientific progress has been made in demystifying it. Contemporary theoretical frameworks specify the so‐calledsix Psof creativity and a range of levels of creative achievement. In terms of understanding creativity as it relates to adulthood and aging, well‐established findings about creative output over the lifespan include a prototypical single‐peaked age function with a maximum around age 40, as well as domain, historical, and individual differences that can modify this basic trajectory considerably. Quantitative data on lifespan creativity can be interpreted via several well‐developed contemporary theories, which emphasize blind variation and selective retention, expert knowledge, or typological differences between categories of creators. Anevolving systemsapproach, detailing significant long‐term themes in creators' work, can supplement the more quantitative approaches with greater qualitative richness.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis (Behavioral Genetics and
GE
)
Authors: Hamdi Nayla R. , Krueger Robert F. , South Susan C.
Published: December 2015

Quantitative genetic researchers use twin and adoption studies to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on phenotypes (i.e., observable characteristics or traits). The total variation in a phenotype is generally divided among additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) variance. A is equal to the sum of each genetic variant's individual effect; C captures experiences that make members of the same family similar; and E includes influences that make family members different. Early quantitative genetic studies were interested in the degree to which behavioral traits were genetically influenced, but in the 2000 the field moved on to studying how genetic influences vary by context—a phenomenon called gene‐by‐environment interaction (G×E). Several models allow researchers to investigate this question empirically. Overall, our understanding of G×E is still evolving, and additional research is needed to develop a fuller account of how G×E affects human functioning.
Spirituality, Cultural Factors, and Aging
Authors: Manning Lydia
Published: December 2015

Research suggests that spirituality is important to a large percentage of the older adult population. Existing evidence from previous studies indicates that spirituality is positively correlated with life satisfaction, health, and subjective well‐being for older adults. This entry reviews the research to explore spirituality, relevant cultural factors, and aging. Four major themes dealing with spirituality and aging are presented here: defining spirituality; spiritual development and aging; spirituality and gender related to aging; and spiritual capital and competency. The selection of themes is based on a review of the literature and the personal preference of the author. This review is intended to be cursory and not exhaustive.
Retirement Incentive Programs
Authors: Rau Barbara L.
Published: December 2015

Retirement incentive programs, also called early retirement incentive programs (ERIPs), are an important tool for managing staffing levels in organizations. Managing these programs such that the overall benefits outweigh the costs can present a significant challenge. The primary features of ERIPs include benefit level, eligibility requirements, benefits, and phased retirement options. While these features will influence acceptance of early retirement, several other variables are also important (e.g., age, marital status, expected earnings). The features of ERIPs, steps for designing and planning them, and the effects of these plans on employer and employee outcomes are discussed.
Ethics in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Doll Gayle , Tenenbaum Evelyn M.
Published: December 2015

Caregiving offered within long‐term care settings must balance safety and protection with honoring residents' dignity and independence. The residential care institutions of the past historically limited the freedoms of the people living within them, leading to the present aversion to nursing homes. Ensuring ethical treatment depends upon providing residents with the opportunities to make their own decisions. The presence of dementia can alter a caregiver's willingness to provide these opportunities. Substituted judgment and best interest are two practices that help caregivers promote autonomy and control for dementia sufferers.