bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methcathinone is a Substrate for the Serotonin Uptake Transporter*
Authors: Cozzi Nicholas V. , Foley Kevin F.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: We previously reported that the psychostimulant drug methcathinone inhibits serotonin accumulation via the plasma membrane serotonin uptake transporter. By analogy to known substrates for the serotonin transporter, we hypothesized that methcathinone is also a substrate for this transporter and that inhibition of serotonin uptake by methcathinone occurs in part through competition for substrate recognition sites within the transporter. To test the hypothesis we preloaded human platelets with [3H]5‐HT then superfused the platelets with either methcathinone or with the known serotonin uptake transporter substrate para‐methylthioamphetamine. Under superfusion conditions, transporter substrates will evoke an increase in released [3H]5‐HT through a carrier‐mediated exchange process. For direct assessment of methcathinone transport via the serotonin uptake transporter, we tested whether [3H]methcathinone would be accumulated by cells stably expressing the cloned human serotonin uptake transporter (293SERT cells). Supporting the hypothesis, superfusion of [3H]5‐HT‐containing platelets with methcathinone or with para‐methylthioamphetamine produced a large increase in tritium efflux. The efflux declined when the drugs were removed. When increasing concentrations of [3H]methcathinone were incubated with 293SERT cells under conditions used to assess serotonin transport, saturable, single‐site accumulation of radiolabel was observed. The uptake of [3H]methcathinone was temperature, inhibitor, and sodium‐sensitive, and was not observed in wild‐type HEK 293 cells. Non‐linear regression analysis of specific [3H]methcathinone uptake produced values for KM and Vmax of 244±51 nM and 202±25 fmol/min./mg protein, respectively. These data support the notion that the reported serotonergic neurotoxicity of methcathinone may arise through accumulation of the drug within serotonergic neurones.
The platelet window: examining receptor regulated second messenger processes in psychosis and depression
Authors: Berk M , Malhi G S
Published: November 2003

Peripheral markers of psychiatric illness provide a potentially important window into the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric illnesses. Direct access to pathophysiological processes is fraught with difficulty. However, receptor-regulated second messenger-mediated calcium shifts are an accessible and practical method by which to examine changes in a clinical population. This is possible because platelets and neurons share some physiological features. The platelet intracellular calcium response to receptor stimulation has previously been used as a peripheral marker of psychiatric illness across a range of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. This review considers the specificity and selectivity of this response and its use in psychotic and mood disorders.
We Are What We Post? Self-Presentation in Personal Web Space
Authors: Jensen Schau Hope , Gilly Mary C.
Published: November 2003

This article examines personal Web sites as a conspicuous form of consumer self-presentation. Using theories of self-presentation, possessions, and computer-mediated environments (CMEs), we investigate the ways in which consumers construct identities by digitally associating themselves with signs, symbols, material objects, and places. Specifically, the issues of interest include why consumers create personal Web sites, what consumers want to communicate, what strategies they devise to achieve their goal of self-presentation, and how those Web space strategies compare to the self-presentation strategies of real life (RL). The data reveal insights into the strategies behind constructing a digital self, projecting a digital likeness, digitally associating as a new form of possession, and reorganizing linear narrative structures.
A novel approach to micro-sample X-ray powder diffraction using nylon loops
Authors: Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. P. , Reibenspies Joseph H.
Published: November 2003

A novel method for sample mounting to obtain powder diffraction from very small amounts of samples (ranging from micrograms down to a few nanograms), by using a combination of multiwire area detector, three-circle diffractometer, monochromatic CuKα radiation and 10 µm nylon loops, has been developed. This method exploits customary single-crystal approaches to collect the powder diffraction pattern, which overcomes many of the limitations of conventional powder X-ray diffraction.
Surface morphology and defect formation of the {100} face of ZnCd(SCN)4crystals investigated by AFM
Authors: Jiang X. N. , Xu D.
Published: November 2003

Surface morphology and defect formation of the prismatic {100} face of ZCTC crystals were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both screw-dislocation-controlled growth and two-dimensional nucleation growth occur on the face at a supersaturation of 0.03. Steps advance with strong kinetic anisotropy along theb-axis direction, probably because different parts of the ZCTC molecules are exposed along different crystallographic directions. By comparing heights of elementary steps with the structure of the ZCTC crystal, it is deduced that the growth of ZCTC crystals occurs mostly by direct incorporation of monomers or dimers of ZCTC molecules into the crystal. Defects of hollow channels, negative crystals and cracks that are oriented preferentially along the direction of theborcaxis were observed. The formation of the defects is mainly related to the growth mechanism and structural features of the ZCTC crystal.
Setting or mixed ability? Teachers’ views of the organisation of pupils for learning
Authors: Smith Chris M. M. , Sutherland Margaret J.
Published: November 2003

This paper examines how staff in schools formulate decisions about pupil organisation. A small sample of primary and secondary schools from across Scotland was involved in the study.

In 1996 Her Majesty's Inspectors published a report entitled Achievement for All (SOEID, 1996) which, it was envisaged, would form the basis of school evaluations into the effectiveness of classroom organisation. This report, and in particular the six principles on which it suggested effective organisational arrangements should rest, formed the organising framework for the study.

The study had three main aims:

to ascertain the extent to which the principles outlined in the HMI report had been used by school staff when making decisions about which form of organisation to use

to comment on the perceptions of teaching staff of how well the arrangements in place were working

to ascertain how the impact on teaching and learning was being evaluated.
Appearance of a New Oscillation (Named Oscillation C) in H2O2-Reduction Reaction on a Pt Electrode in Acidic Solutions by Addition of a Small Amount of Chloride Ions
Authors: Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Konishi Hidemitsu , Nakanishi Shuji , Nakato Yoshihiro
Published: November 2003

A new electrochemical oscillation with a short period of 2 to 10 ms, named oscillation C, appears in H2O2-reduction reaction on a Pt electrode in H2SO4 solutions when a small amount of chloride ions is added to the solution. It is suggested that oscillation C is caused by competition between H2O2 reduction and chloride-ion adsorption, contrary to previously reported oscillations A and B which are caused by competition between H2O2 reduction and H+ reduction.
Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to γ-Substituted Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Yoshida Yayoi , Ukaji Yutaka , Fujinami Shuhei , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: November 2003

The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to γ-substituted allylic alcohols was achieved by the use of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding 3,4,5-trisubstituted-2-isoxazolines with high regio- and enantioselectivities. 4,5-trans-2-Isoxazolines derived from ethyl (E)-4-hydroxy-2-butenoate were transformed to the corresponding 4,5-cis-2-isoxazolines by the treatment with a base through isomerization and lactonization.
A New SOx Deactivation-Free NOx Reduction System Using Rh/Alumina and periodical Rich and Lean Conditions
Authors: Nakatsuji Tadao , Yasukawa Ritsu , Tabata Keiichi , Ueda Kazuyuki , Niwa Miki
Published: November 2003

A SOx deactivation free catalytic NOx reduction system in the presence of excess oxygen has been demonstrated. This system functioned well in the periodical two steps, which consisted of a short operation in oxidizing conditions and a far shorter operation in reducing conditions. In this system, only a Rh catalyst effectively catalyzed NOx reduction. In the presence of 50 ppm SOx, this system did not deteriorate at all.
Oxidation of Benzene to Benzoquinone during Electrolysis of Water over the Carbon Fiber-Anode
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Furukawa Taishi , Otsuka Kiyoshi
Published: November 2003

Direct oxidation of benzene to benzoquinone was performed by the electrolysis of water over the porous anodes. The porous anodes made from carbon materials, especially vapor-grown-carbon-fiber, and PTFE were active for the formation of benzoquinone. Graphite structure of carbon is essential for the electro-oxygenation of benzene with H2O
FT Raman Study of the Surface Oxygen Species on the BaX2 (X = F, Cl) Promoted Y2O3 and Nd2O3 Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane
Authors: Ji Weijie , Zeng Ling , Chen Yi
Published: November 2003

The BaX2(X = F, Cl) promoted Y2O3 and Nd2O3 catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane(ODE) have been studied by using FT-Raman spectroscopy in light of formation, types, stability and reactivity of the surface oxygen species involved in various atmosphere at different temperatures or the ODE reaction.
Electronic Structure of Polysilanes Studied by Femtosecond Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Matsui Yoshinori , Seki Shu , Iwamoto Toshiyuki , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: November 2003

Transient absorption spectra were obtained in solution of poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPS) and poly(methyl-n-propylsilylene) (PMPrS) at room temperature in the wavelength range 340-500 nm, using femtosecond laser flash photosysis. Transient absorption bands in near UV region, were ascribed to exciton states.
Hydrosulfido-Bridged Titanium-Ruthenium Heterobimetallic Complex: Stepwise Construction of Ti2Ru2S4 Cubane-Type Sulfido Cluster
Authors: Kuwata Shigeki , Hidai Masanobu
Published: November 2003

Reaction of [Cp2Ti(SH)2] (Cp = η5-C5H5) with [(Cp*Ru)4(μ3-Cl)4] (Cp* = η5 - C5Me5) afforded the hydrosulfido-bridged titanium-ruthenium heterobimetallic complex [Cp2Ti(μ2-SH)2RuClCp*] (3), which was further converted into the heterobimetallic cubane-type sulfido cluster [(CpTi)2(Cp*Ru)2(μ3-S)4] (4) upon treatment with an excess of triethylamine. The structures of 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis, Structure, Tautomerism, and 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Thermally Stable, Crystalline 1,4-Dipoles
Authors: Nakayama Juzo , Kitahara Taku , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Otani Takashi , Ishii Akihiko
Published: November 2003

Phenyl isothiocyanate reacted with 2-methylene-1,3-dimethylimidazolidines to give thermally stable, crystalline adducts that possess an inner salt (1,4-dipolar) structure or its tautomeric thioamide structure depending on substituent on the methylene part. Tautomerism between the 1,4-dipolar form and the thioamide form, X-ray diffraction analysis, and 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition with DMAD of these adducts are reported.
Preparation of New Main-Chain-Type Polyquinones and Their Electrochemical Response
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Shiraishi Kouichi
Published: November 2003

New main chain type polyquinones, poly(3,7-dihexylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-4,8-dione-2,6-diyl), have been prepared by organometallic polycondensation. In accord with a highly electron-accepting property of the monomeric unit, the polymer receives electrochemical reduction at a higher potential than poly(anthraquinone)s.
Thermal Decomposition of 1-Cyclohexyl-1-methylethyl Peroxypivalate
Authors: Nakamura Tomoyuki , Busfield W Ken , Jenkins Ian D , Rizzardo Ezio , Thang San H , Suyama Shuji
Published: November 2003

The thermal decomposition of a novel peroxyester, 1-cyclohexyl-1-methylethyl peroxypivalate 1a in cumene has been studied using the radical trapping technique employing 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yloxyl T, a stable aminoxyl radical, as the scavenger. Comparable amounts of cyclohexyl radicals and t-butyl radicals were generated from the thermolysis of 1a. Thus, 1-cyclohexyl-1-methylethoxyl radicals 2a undergo β-scission exclusively. The efficiency of radical generation for 1a was determined to be 0.56, which is slightly higher than that for t-butyl peroxypivalate (0.53).
AFM Observation of Organogel Nanostructures on Graphite in the Gel-Assisted Transfer Technique
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Shimizu Masafumi , Fujikawa Shigenori , Fujimura Kotaro , Sano Masahito , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: November 2003

An ultrathin layer of organogel comprised of an L-glutamate-based ammonium amphiphile was transferred from the bulk gel surface onto a graphite plate. Atomic force microscopy showed the presence of fibrous and helical nanostructures on the graphite, reflecting their existence at the original gel surface.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes Using Triphenylene Derivatives as a Hole Transport Material
Authors: Tanaka Shinichi , Adachi Chihaya , Koyama Toshiki , Taniguchi Yoshio
Published: November 2003

We elucidated that hexaalkoxytriphenylenes (HATs) are useful as a hole transport layer (HTL) in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In particular, the insertion of a thin phthalocyanine layer between the anode and HTL drastically improved electroluminescent (EL) performance. Furthermore, we observed that the alkyl chain length of HATs greatly affected carrier transport and EL properties.
Novel Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction Involving a Thionitroso Group: Formation of a 3,3a-Dihydro-2,1-benzisothiazole from an o-Alkylthionitrosoarene
Authors: Tan Bo , Goto Kei , Kobayashi Junji , Okazaki Renji
Published: November 2003

A thionitrosoarene generated by the desulfurization reaction of a stable N-thiosulfinylaniline bearing a bowl-type substituent underwent the intramolecular cyclization reaction involving the ortho-alkyl group to afford the corresponding 3,3a-dihydro-2,1-benzisothiazole. The intermediacy of the thionitrosoarene was corroborated by a trapping experiment with aniline.
Thermal Ring Contraction of 1,2-Digermacyclohexadienes Coordinated with Iron Tricarbonyl Fragment
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Hatanaka Wakako , Wada Tohru , Sekine Akiko , Ohashi Yuji , Yamamoto Akio
Published: November 2003

1,1,2,2-Tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-dienes (1) reacted with iron pentacarbonyl to give the corresponding tricarbonyl(η4-1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-diene)iron (2). Heating 2 caused extrusion of dialkylgermylenes to give (η4-1,1-dialkyl-2,5-dipenyl-1-germacyclopenta-2,4-diene)tricarbonyliron (3). The structures of the (diene)iron tricarbonyls were deterimined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Studies on Precrystalline Aggregates of 2Zn-Insulin by a Self-assembly Theory
Authors: Waizumi Kenji , Matsumoto Takami , Fukushima Nobuhiro , Masuda Hideki
Published: November 2003

Concentration changes of supersaturated solutions of 2Zn-insulin during crystallization have been measured for 50∼100h at 20°C by monitoring absorbance at 276 nm. The self-assembly theory has been applied for the analysis, which revealed that aggregate of insulin at precrystallization stage is composed of four insulin hexamers.
Is the First to Market the First to Fail? Empirical Evidence for Industrial Goods Businesses
Authors: Robinson William T. , Min Sungwook
Published: November 2003

When entering a new market, the first entrant typically faces the greatest market and technological uncertainties. Memorable phrases reflect the associated survival risk, such as “the first to market is the first to fail” and “the pioneer is the one with the arrows in its back.” Although research estimates the market pioneer's survival rate, the typical pioneer survival rate has not been compared with that of early followers. The authors' study compares survival rates for 167 first-entrant market pioneers versus 267 early followers. For these industrial goods businesses, 66% of the pioneers versus 48% of the early followers survived at least ten years. The main conclusion is that the pioneer's temporary monopoly over the early followers plus its first-mover advantages typically offset the survival risks associated with market and technological uncertainties. These results are consistent with previous research in the sense that first-mover advantages that increase a pioneer's market share also help protect the pioneer from outright failure.
Visual Object Recognition
Authors: Tarr Michael J. , Vuong Quoc C.
Published: November 2003

Object recognition concerns itself with two questions: What is the form of object representation? and How do observers match object percepts to object representations? Many objects look similar and most contain no single feature that uniquely identifies them. Furthermore, objects are rarely seen under identical viewing conditions: Objects change their size, position, orientation, and relations between parts, viewers move about, and sources of illumination turn on and off or move. Successful object recognition requires generalizing across such changes. Two different approaches to these issues have been adopted.Viewpoint‐invarianttheories assume that there are specific invariant cues to object identity that may be recovered under almost all viewing conditions.Viewpoint‐dependenttheories suggest that no such general invariants exist and that object features are represented much as they appeared when originally viewed, thereby preserving shape information and surface appearance. Despite many differences, theories of object recognition include some common principles. These include the decomposition of an image into component features, the coding of the spatial relations between such features, multiple views to represent feature sets arising from different object viewpoints, generalization mechanisms to normalize over changes in viewing conditions, and the flexibility to support recognition tasks ranging from item‐specific individuation to basic‐level categorization.
Motor Control
Authors: Rosenbaum David A.
Published: November 2003

Motor controlenables creatures to stabilize or move the body or physical extensions of the body (tools) in desired ways. Typical activities studied by investigators ofmotor controlare walking, reaching, making facial expressions, talking, typing, and writing. Four questions are central to this area of research: (1) How are the elements ofmovement sequencestimed? (2) How does motor activity change as a function of practice? (3) How do particular forms of motor activity emerge when more than one form allows a task to be completed? and (4) How are motor activity and perceptual activity interrelated? The research summarized in this chapter, which addresses these questions through behavioral, neurophysiological, and computational means, shows thatmotor controlrelies on surprisingly rich computational machinery.
Taste
Authors: Halpern Bruce P.
Published: November 2003

Mammalian taste systems are complex. Taste buds, the taste receptor organs, are composed of many gustatory receptor cells that are themselves transient structures, and contain a wide variety of transduction mechanisms. Some details of these transduction mechanisms are now known, and candidate receptor molecules for initial interactions with tastants have been identified. Often, the degree to which these observations can be generalized to humans is unresolved. For humans, tasting requires the presence of taste buds. Initial processing of taste responses may occur in taste buds before any neural output to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS gustatory anatomy of humans and other higher primates is fundamentally different from that of most mammals, further limiting facile generalizations. Imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET, as well as recording approaches such as MEG, are revealing the complex CNS functional anatomy and processing of the human taste system. A fundamental theoretical issue, the organizational and informational characteristics of the human taste systems, remains debatable, with both the Basic Tastes model and the Pattern model receiving empirical support. Although some differences between these models may be only semantic or illusory, other differences generate opposite testable predictions and lead to divergent research programs.
Problem Solving
Authors: Lovett Marsha C.
Published: November 2003

Problem solving is the analysis and transformation of information toward a specific goal. This goal may be well‐ or ill‐defined; it may be directly attainable or require insight; and the solution may rely on a vast or sparse body of domain‐specific knowledge. Problem‐solving research reflects this variety of problem types through its breadth and extent. This chapter organizes the research according to three key processes involved in problem solving: (1) Representation—the process by which a solver selectively encodes the information given in a problem; (2) Choice—the process of selecting a single problem‐solving step among multiple possible ones; and (3) Learning—the process by which a solver's knowledge state is updated based on problem‐solving experience. For each process, major empirical results and theoretical models are presented. In particular, the chapter emphasizes theoretical work that uses computational modeling to explain and predict problem‐solving behavior.
Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Dayan Peter
Published: November 2003

Reinforcement learning studies the prediction and control of events of affective importance in terms of psychological and neural rules for adaptation. Reinforcement learning began as a marriage between ideas in mathematical behavioral psychology and artificial intelligence, and now has links all the way from neuromodulatory systems in vertebrates to engineering and statistical theories of adaptive optimizing control. In this chapter, we describe the basic theory underlying reinforcement learning and its links with neuroscience, psychology, statistics, and engineering.
Neural Analysis of Learning in Simple Systems
Authors: Krasne Frank
Published: November 2003

This chapter reviews work on several kinds of behavioral learning and neural analogs of learning that have been analyzed at the physiological level in recent years. The specific forms of behavioral learning discussed are habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning in Aplysia, and classical conditioning of eyeblink responses in mammals. The form of synaptic plasticity known as long‐term potentiation, which provides a neural model of classical conditioning, is also discussed as is research concerned with the possible role of hippocampal long‐term potentiation in behavioral learning. Currently available data suggest that learning may be due to intrinsic changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission due to altered transmitter release, altered responsiveness of neurons to released chemical transmitters, and morphological changes at synapses. These changes appear to be induced via intracellular chemical signalling systems with phosphorylation of biological active proteins such as receptors, channels, and enzymes playing important causative roles. Current information on mechanisms involved in stabilizing synaptic change (i.e., memory), including the likely involvement of new genetic transcription in establishment of long term memory, are discussed. Also considered are physiological insights into the conditions responsible for production of new learning, including discussion of the relationships between contiguity and effect and possible mechanisms of blocking.
Temporal Learning
Authors: Church Russell M.
Published: November 2003

Humans and other animals can learn to make different responses as a function of the time between stimuli, as observed in experiments on temporal generalization, duration discrimination, classical conditioning, and temporal preference. They also can learn to adjust the times of their responses as a function of the times of reinforcement, as observed in experiments on the fixed interval reinforcement, the peak procedure, and the differential reinforcement of low response rates procedure. They are also able to track a sequence of intervals, in some cases by using an interval as a discriminative stimulus for the next interval. Although most research on temporal learning has involved a fixed interval between events, their ability to time is not restricted to constant intervals. The initial learning of a temporal interval, and transitions from one interval to another can be rapid. Research on temporal learning has been based on concepts and procedures developed in the study of classical and instrumental conditioning, human and animal psychophysics, and biological rhythms. At present there is no general consensus regarding the relationship between the circadian clock and the various temporal abilities of animals described in this chapter. The same quantitative principles of interval timing apply both to experiments in which time is an attribute of the stimulus and in which it is an attribute of the response. These principles, such as Weber's law for timing, make it possible to develop process models of the process involved in temporal perception and temporal production. Two of the most influential quantitative models of timing are Scalar Timing Theory and the Behavioral Theory of Timing.
Language Acquisition
Authors: Fisher Cynthia , Gleitman Lila R.
Published: November 2003

Learning to speak and understand a language is probably one of the most complicated tasks we ever do. Yet this learning task is regularly accomplished by very young children. Three fundamental components of this task structure our review: discovering the words (and other linguistic forms), entertaining concepts of the kind expressed by those linguistic forms, and mapping linguistic elements onto their meanings.

First, children must analyze the stream of speech to find the particular linguistic forms used in their community. We review evidence that listeners, from infancy to adulthood, are exquisitely sensitive to the details and the statistics of their experience with spoken language.

Second, children must be able to entertain concepts of the kind that are expressed in languages. Here we recruit evidence from the field of infant cognition to argue that pre‐linguistic infants form object categories and factor their knowledge of events into objects (e.g., cup, ball) and relations between them (e.g., containment). These structured concepts constitute the semantic building blocks of language. Striking evidence that usefully‐structured concepts precede language learning comes from the invented communication systems (Home Sign) of linguistically isolated deaf children.

Third, children must accomplish a specific mapping between linguistic elements and the ideas they evoke. We propose that children learn a core vocabulary of concrete words (including many names for things) by observing which words systematically occur with particular elements in the world. This is no simple process—it depends on every aspect of the child's developing conceptual apparatus and nascent understanding of human intentions. This initial vocabulary, in turn, boosts the child into a better position to learn other words, and to begin to work out the phrase structure of the language. Even very young children use partial knowledge of syntax to guide sentence interpretation, and therefore to learn new words.
Anatomy of Motivation
Authors: Watts Alan G. , Swanson Larry W.
Published: November 2003

The past thirty years have seen a revolution in our understanding of neural connectivity. The enormous amount of new neuroanatomical data has significantly altered our ideas about how different parts of the brain interact to control behavior. This chapter assesses what we currently understand about the neuroanatomical basis of motivated behaviors. These behaviors enable animals to organize their interactions with the goal objects that promote the survival of an individual or maintain sustainable numbers of individuals within a species. Four classes of behavior are recognized: ingestive and thermoregulatory behaviors, which are the behavioral adjuncts of physiological homeostasis, and defensive and reproductive behaviors, which organize those social interactions that are more concerned with individual security and the maintenance of the species.
Methodology and Statistics in Single‐Subject Experiments
Authors: Anderson Norman H.
Published: November 2003

Single‐subject design and analysis are an experimental ideal because perception, thought, and action all have their locus within the individual organism. Single‐subject design thus avoids confoundings with individual differences that trouble many group experiments. Furthermore, single‐subject design yields reliable data. But many single‐subject experiments face the serious problem that responses may not be independent. There may be position effects, carryover effects from one trial to another, or successive responses may be correlated. Lack of independence means that each new response carries only partial information. To obtain independence, two main methods have been used. One is with treatment randomization, in which treatment conditions are randomly assigned to trials. The other is by allowing ample time between trials or by interpolating a baseline treatment to bring the subject to a common state before the next trial. With independent responses, standard statistical techniques become applicable, especially valid confidence intervals. To illustrate the broad potential of single‐subject design and analysis and to emphasize the fundamental importance of extrastatistical research judgment, this chapter includes 10 illustrative experiments from perception, operant psychology, judgment‐decision, developmental, and person cognition.
Analysis of Response Time Distributions
Authors: Zandt Trisha Van
Published: November 2003

Response times are one of the most commonly collected dependent measures in empirical investigations of human cognition. Issues of response time analysis are becoming more important as models are developed that make explicit predictions about the shape of the response time distribution. This chapter addresses the general problem of response time analysis. First, I present the concept that response time data form a random sample from some distribution. I discuss how random variables are characterized, defining the density, distribution, survivor and hazard functions. I pay special attention to problems of estimation, including familiar issues involving central tendency (mean) and dispersion (variance) and the effects of outliers on these statistics. I also address parameter estimation in the context of specific models of the response time distribution. Methods for obtaining empirical estimates of the distribution, density and hazard functions are presented. Finally, in the last section of the chapter, I demonstrate and discuss the use of distributional analysis in testing processing models of cognition.
Personality and Individual Differences
Authors: Petrill Stephen A. , Brody Nathan
Published: November 2003

Our chapter provides an overview of individual differences in research in the area of personality by examining five broad topics. First, we describe the analysis of relationships among one or more measures of the same or related constructs. Second, we examine continuity and change in personality constructs over time. Third, we describe the relationships among different constructs. We indicate how exploratory and confirmatory methods may be used to construct taxonomies and to infer causal relationships among personality constructs. Fourth, we examine cases in which constructs are structurally invariant and structurally variant for different groups. Fifth, we consider cross‐domain relationships between individual difference constructs and constructs derived from biological, genetic, and cognitive experimental psychology. At several places we indicate the way in which theoretical assumptions structure methodological approaches.
A New Method for Nitration of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Shi Min , Cui Shi‐Cong
Published: November 2003

Phenolic compounds can be nitrated by 65% nitric acid in the presence of catalytic amounts of montmorillonite KSF and bismuth(III) nitrate to give the corresponding nitrated products in good yields in a heterogeneous phase. The co‐catalyst of KSF and Bi(NO3)3 can be easily recovered and reused in the next batch of nitration.
Klassifikation der rastersondenmikroskopischen Verfahren
Authors: Friedbacher Gernot , Fuchs Harald
Published: November 2003

In den letzten Jahren hat die Rastersondenmikroskopie eine große Bedeutung in verschiedenen Bereichen der naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Forschung erlangt. Die Erfindung des Rastertunnelmikroskops im Jahre 1981 hat eine rasante Entwicklung ausgelöst, aus der eine Reihe neuer Oberflächenanalysetechniken hervorgegangen ist, die unter dem Begriff Rastersondenmikroskopie zusammengefasst werden können. Das große Potenzial der Rastersondenmikroskopie findet seinen Niederschlag in weit über 1000 Publikationen pro Jahr. Als Folge der historischen Entwicklung existieren heute für identische Techniken zum Teil mehrere Bezeichnungen und Ausdrücke, die manchmal auch irreführend sind. Daher zielt dieser Bericht auf eine Einteilung der wichtigsten Rastersondentechniken und einen Überblick über sie sowie eine Diskussion der entsprechenden Terminologie ab. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der analytischen Bewertung der Rastertunnel‐ und der Rasterkraftmikroskopie, weil diese beiden Techniken bis jetzt die größte Bedeutung für analytische Anwendungen erlangt haben.
Ecdysone agonists: Mechanism and importance in controlling insect pests of agriculture and forestry
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , Krell Peter , Feng Qili , Arif Basil
Published: November 2003

Molting is the result of the expression of a cascade of genes that is sequentially both up and down‐regulated by the molting hormone, 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E), which is secreted as a pulse during each instar. Benzoyl hydrazine analogs of 20E act like the native molting hormone at the molecular level by binding with the ecdysone receptor complex and transactivating a succession of molt initiating transcription factors that, in turn, induce the expression of a group of molt‐related genes. As a result of the expression of these up‐regulated genes, the larva undergoes apolysis and head capsule slippage and takes on the appearance of the pharate larva. However, unlike 20E, which is cleared at this juncture, allowing the down‐regulated genes to be expressed, these synthetic analogs bind strongly to the receptors and remain in place and repress all the down‐regulatory genes such as the ones necessary for cuticle elaboration, sclerotization, and ecdysis resulting in a developmental arrest in this state. As a result, the treated larva goes into a precocious incomplete molt that is lethal. Two of the analogs, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide, are lepidopteran specific and have good control potential for open feeding larvae that ingest this material while a third one, halofenozide, acts on coleopteran larvae. Since they specifically act through an insect receptor complex, they have little or no effect on non‐target species, making them environmentally attractive pest control agents. Some insects, however, show resistance to these analogs and this could be, inter alia, due to an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter like system that selectively pumps out the analogs. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:187–199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The structure of tri‐proline in water probed by polarized Raman, Fourier transform infrared, vibrational circular dichroism, and electric ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy
Authors: Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard , Eker Fatma , Perez Alejandro , Griebenow Kai , Cao Xiaolin , Nafie Laurence A.
Published: November 2003

Tripeptidesserve as model systems for understanding the so‐called random‐coil state of peptides and proteins. While it is well known that polyproline or proline‐rich polypeptides adopt the very regular polyproline‐II (PPII) or left‐handed 31‐helix conformation, it was thus far not clear whether this is also the predominant structure adopted by proline‐containing tripeptides. To clarify this issue, we have investigated the amide I′ band profile in the ir, isotropic, and anisotropic Raman, and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectrum of cationic and zwitterionic tri‐proline in D2O. The data were analyzed by modifying a recently developed algorithm, which allows one to obtain the central dihedral angles of tripeptides from the amide I′ band intensities (R. Schweitzer‐Stenner, Biophysical Journal, 2002, Vol. 83, pp. 523–532). Our analysis revealed that the peptide adopts a nearly canonical PPII structure in water with ψ and ϕ values in the range of 175°–165° and −70°–(−80°), respectively. This is fully confirmed by the respective electronic ultraviolet‐CD spectra. Our result indicates that the strong PPII propensity of trans proline results from local interactions between the pyrrolidine ring and the backbone and is not due to any long‐range interactions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 558–568, 2003
Monitoring Molecular Beacon DNA Probe Hybridization at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Yao Gang , Fang Xiaohong , Yokota Hiroaki , Yanagida Toshio , Tan Weihong
Published: November 2003

We have monitored the reaction dynamics of the DNA hybridization process on a liquid/solid interface at the single‐molecule level by using a hairpin‐type molecular beacon DNA probe. Fluorescence images of single DNA probes were recorded by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence signal of single DNA probes during the hybridization to individual complementary DNA probes was monitored over time. Among 400 molecular beacon DNA probes that we tracked, 349 molecular beacons (87.5 %) were hybridized quickly and showed an abrupt fluorescence increase, while 51 probes (12.5 %) reacted slowly, resulting in a gradual fluorescence increase. This ratio stayed about the same when varying the concentrations of cDNA in MB hybridization on the liquid/surface interface. Statistical data of the 51 single‐molecule hybridization images showed that there was a multistep hybridization process. Our results also showed that photostability for the dye molecules associated with the double‐stranded hybrids was better than that for those with the single‐stranded molecular beacon DNA probes. Our results demonstrate the ability to obtain a better understanding of DNA hybridization processes using single‐molecule techniques, which will improve biosensor and biochip development where surface‐immobilized molecular beacon DNA probes provide unique advantages in signal transduction.
Diamination of Olefins: Synthesis, Structures and Reactivity of Osmaimidazolidines
Authors: Muñiz Kilian , Iesato Atsushi , Nieger Martin
Published: November 2003

The diamination of certain olefins bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents proceeds with well‐defined bisimido and trisimido complexes of osmium. The products are obtained as osmaimidazolidines which are of unprecedented stability with regards to olefin functionalisation. Osmium complexes from related dihydroxylation or aminohydroxylation are significantly less stable and thereby promote catalytic reactions. This difference in reaction profile has been investigated and chiral osmium heterocycles obtained from olefin difunctionalisation were characterised by X‐ray analysis for the first time. Kinetic studies on the reaction profile have also been carried out. An asymmetric version of this reaction is based on chiral non‐racemic auxiliaries and leads to diastereomerically enriched osmaimidazolidines with up to 90 % de. This sequence represents the first asymmetric diamination of olefins. Attempts on the use of chiral ligands for direct asymmetric diamination as well as the consequences of osmaimidazolidine properties for a catalytic reaction are discussed.
Preparation and Properties of Centrally Bridgehead‐Substituted Hexacyclo[4.4.0.02,1.03,5.04,8.07,9]decanes (“Diademanes”) and Related (CH)10Hydrocarbons
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Lee Chih‐Hung , Bengtson Bengt , Pohl Ehmke , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Schreiner Peter R. , Boese Roland , Haumann Thomas
Published: November 2003

6‐Trimethylsilyl‐ (1 b), 6‐hydroxymethyl‐ (1 e), and 6‐methyldiademane (1 f) have been prepared by irradiation of the corresponding snoutene derivatives, in 23, 2.8, and 17 % yields, respectively, together with the isomeric 1‐trimethylsilyl‐ (10 b) and 1‐methyldiademane (10 f) (8 and 2 % yields, respectively). The starting 4‐trimethylsilyl‐ (9 b) and 4‐(trimethylsilyloxymethyl)snoutene (9 d) were prepared from the correspondingly substituted cyclooctatetraenes4 band4 cin several steps in 20 and 8 % overall yields, respectively. Upon heating, as well as under the conditions of gas‐chromatographic separation, diademanes1 b, 10 b, 1 f, and10 frearranged into the corresponding C10‐ and C1‐substituted triquinacenes3 b, 3 f, 11 b, and11 f, respectively. Rough kinetic measurements of these rearrangements indicate some acceleration of the reaction caused by the presence of a methyl substituent and retardation by that of a trimethylsilyl substituent, relative to the parent diademane1 a. At this insufficient precision, however, the activation energies (Ea) of 29.0 and 28.1 kcal mol−1, respectively, are essentially the same as that reported for1 a(28.3 kcal mol−1). An X‐ray crystal structure analysis of trimethylsilylsnoutene9 brevealed a significant lengthening of the distal (with respect to the substituent) bond (1.534 versus 1.505 Å) in the unsubstituted cyclopropane ring. In the substituted cyclopropane ring, the two proximal bonds are lengthened (1.530 Å) and the distal bond is slightly shortened 1.492 Å). This indicates a small, but significant electron‐withdrawing effect of the trimethylsilyl group in9 b. An X‐ray crystal structure analysis of 6‐hydroxymethyldiademane1 eshowed pronounced alternation of the bond lengths in the six‐membered ring, with 1.494(4) between and 1.539(4) Å within the three cyclopropane moieties, in close agreement with computations at different theoretical levels. This structural feature corroborates a predisposition of the tris‐σ‐homobenzene skeleton of this molecule in the ground state to undergo the facile [σ${_{{\rm s}}^{2}}$+σ${_{{\rm s}}^{2}}$+σ${_{{\rm s}}^{2}}$] cycloreversion to the triquinacene skeleton observed for the parent diademane1 a, its derivative1 band1 f, as well as for other tris‐σ‐homobenzene derivatives.
The Convergent Synthesis of Poly(glycerol‐succinic acid) Dendritic Macromolecules
Authors: Luman Nathanael R. , Smeds Kimberly A. , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: November 2003

The high‐yield convergent synthesis of dendrons, dendrimers, and dendritic–linear hybrid macromolecules composed of succinic acid, glycerol, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is described. This convergent synthesis relies on two orthogonal protecting groups; namely, the benzylidene acetal (bzld) for the protection of the 1,3‐hydroxyls of glycerol and the tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) ester for protection of the carboxylic acid of succinic acid. These novel polyester dendritic macromolecules are composed entirely of building blocks known to be biocompatible or degradable in vivo to give natural metabolites. Derivatization of the dendritic periphery with a methacrylate affords a polymer that can be subsequently photo‐cross‐linked. The three‐dimensional cross‐linked gels formed by ultraviolet irradiation are optically transparent, with mechanical properties dependent on the initial cross‐linkable dendritic macromolecule.
Management of nonsinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Barker Jerry L. , Glisson Bonnie S. , Garden Adam S. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Morrison William H. , Ang K. Kian , Chao K. S. Clifford , Clayman Gary , Rosenthal David I.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Nonsinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas (NSNEC) of the head and neck are rare and pose a diagnostic and management challenge. The authors undertook a retrospective study to gain insights into the spectrum of clinicopathologic characteristics, patterns of failure, and optimal management of patients with this disease.

METHODS

The authors treated 23 adults with pathologically proven, nonmetastatic, primary NSNEC from 1984 to 2001. The majority (13 patients) had laryngeal origin with the following American Joint Committee on Cancer stage distribution: Stage I disease in 1 patient, Stage II disease in 2 patients, Stage III disease in 6 patients, and Stage IV disease in 14 patients. Nine patients underwent definitive surgery with or without postoperative radiation, and 14 patients received definitive radiotherapy. The median definitive radiation dose was 66 grays (Gy) (range, 44–72 Gy) using conventional fractionation. Fourteen patients received chemotherapy, with two to four cycles of induction platinum plus etoposide used most commonly.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up time for surviving patients was 40 months (range, 15–89 months). The actuarial 2‐year and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 53% and 33%, respectively; and the disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 41% and 25%, respectively. Both the 2‐year OS rate (68% vs. 30%;P= 0.002) and the 2‐year DFS rate (55% vs. 17%;P= 0.004) were improved with chemotherapy compared with local therapy alone. Seventy‐five percent of patients with measurable disease had complete clinical responses to induction chemotherapy. There was 100% complete clinical response of tumor after radiotherapy. The actuarial 2‐year local failure rate was 23%. Chemotherapy did not reduce local failure (P= 0.91). There was no regional failure. The 2‐year and 5‐year distant metastasis rates were 54% and 71%, respectively. The 2‐year rates of metastases without and with chemotherapy were 79% and 39%, respectively (P= 0.006). The 2‐year and 5‐year rates of intracranial metastases were 25% and 44%, respectively, and the 2‐year and 5‐year rates of isolated brain metastases were 21% and 41%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these results, the authors' treatment strategy for patients with NSNEC is sequential chemotherapy and radiation. They recommend full‐dose radiotherapy alone for patients with NSNEC who achieve a complete clinical response to induction chemotherapy. Newer chemotherapeutic regimens or additional adjuvant chemotherapy should be investigated for patients with NSNEC given the high rate of distant failure. Due to the very high rate of brain metastases among patients in the current study, the authors now consider incorporating prophylactic cranial irradiation into primary radiotherapy for individual patients who have complete clinical responses to induction chemotherapy. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.