bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1 Expression and Resistance to Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer
Authors: Leo Cornelia , Horn Lars-Christian , Rauscher Cora , Hentschel Bettina , Richter Christine E. , Schütz Alexander , Leo Chandra Paul , Höckel Michael
Published: February 2007

Purpose: Clinical observations suggest that intratumoral hypoxia increases the aggressiveness of tumors through clonal selection of cancer cells that have lost their apoptotic potential. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the expression of the proapoptotic protein apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) in cervical cancers and to analyze its relation to intratumoral hypoxia and apoptosis. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia and apoptosis on survival was examined.

Experimental Design: In 56 patients, intratumoral oxygenation measurements and subsequent needle biopsies were done. The obtained tissue was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling assays and by immunohistochemistry with an Apaf-1 antibody.

Results: Apaf-1 was expressed in 86% of cancers. The median apoptosis rate was 1.0%. There was no correlation between Apaf-1 expression and intratumoral hypoxia. However, Apaf-1 expression was negative in 37.5% of hypoxic cervical cancers (pO2 ≤ 10 mmHg) with low apoptosis rates (≤1.0%) compared with only 5.0% in nonhypoxic cancers and hypoxic cancers with high apoptosis (P = 0.005; Fisher's exact test). With a median follow-up period of 44 months, there was a nonsignificant trend toward worse prognosis in the hypoxic low-apoptotic group (P = 0.08).

Conclusions: Although Apaf-1 is expressed in the vast majority of cervical cancers, a significant proportion of tumors with low apoptosis rates despite intratumoral hypoxia showed a lack of Apaf-1 expression. This finding suggests that loss of Apaf-1 expression is a mechanism by which hypoxic cervical cancers acquire resistance to apoptosis. Thus, low Apaf-1 expression in hypoxic tumors may be an unfavorable prognostic factor.
Molecular Targeting and Treatment of an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Positive Glioma Using Boronated Cetuximab
Authors: Wu Gong , Yang Weilian , Barth Rolf F. , Kawabata Shinji , Swindall Michele , Bandyopadhyaya Achintya K. , Tjarks Werner , Khorsandi Behrooz , Blue Thomas E. , Ferketich Amy K. , Yang Ming , Christoforidis Gregory A. , Sferra Thomas J. , Binns Peter J. , Riley Kent J. , Ciesielski Michael J. , Fenstermaker Robert A.
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti–epidermal growth factor monoclonal antibody (mAb) cetuximab (IMC-C225) as a delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of a human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene-transfected rat glioma, designated as F98EGFR.

Experimental Design: A heavily boronated polyamidoamine dendrimer was chemically linked to cetuximab by means of the heterobifunctional reagents N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate and N-(k-maleimido undecanoic acid)-hydrazide. The bioconjugate, designated as BD-C225, was specifically taken up by F98EGFR glioma cells in vitro compared with receptor-negative F98 wild-type cells (41.8 versus 9.1 μg/g). For in vivo biodistribution studies, F98EGFR cells were implanted stereotactically into the brains of Fischer rats, and 14 days later, BD-C225 was given intracerebrally by either convection enhanced delivery (CED) or direct intratumoral (i.t.) injection.

Results: The amount of boron retained by F98EGFR gliomas 24 h following CED or i.t. injection was 77.2 and 50.8 μg/g, respectively, with normal brain and blood boron values <0.05 μg/g. Boron neutron capture therapy was carried out at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor 24 h after CED of BD-C225, either alone or in combination with i.v. boronophenylalanine (BPA). The corresponding mean survival times (MST) were 54.5 and 70.9 days (P = 0.017), respectively, with one long-term survivor (more than 180 days). In contrast, the MSTs of irradiated and untreated controls, respectively, were 30.3 and 26.3 days. In a second study, the combination of BD-C225 and BPA plus sodium borocaptate, given by either i.v. or intracarotid injection, was evaluated and the MSTs were equivalent to that obtained with BD-C225 plus i.v. BPA.

Conclusions: The survival data obtained with BD-C225 are comparable with those recently reported by us using boronated mAb L8A4 as the delivery agent. This mAb recognizes the mutant receptor, EGFRvIII. Taken together, these data convincingly show the therapeutic efficacy of molecular targeting of EGFR using a boronated mAb either alone or in combination with BPA and provide a platform for the future development of combinations of high and low molecular weight delivery agents for BNCT of brain tumors.
Poor Outcome in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancers Predicted by Loss of Plexin B1
Authors: Rody Achim , Holtrich Uwe , Gaetje Regine , Gehrmann Mathias , Engels Knut , von Minckwitz Gunter , Loibl Sibylle , Diallo-Danebrock Raihanatou , Ruckhäberle Eugen , Metzler Dirk , Ahr Andre , Solbach Christine , Karn Thomas , Kaufmann Manfred
Published: February 2007

Purpose: A common characteristic of mammary carcinomas is an inverse relationship between the estrogen receptor (ER) status and the proliferative activity of the tumor. Yet, a subset of ER-positive breast cancers is characterized by a high proliferation, suggesting malfunctions in ER responsiveness that influence the biological and therapeutic behavior of tumor cells. The expression of several ER-dependent genes seems to be dysregulated among those “uncoupled” tumors. One of those genes is plexin B1, a cell-surface receptor for the semaphorin Sema4D (CD 100). However, the biological role of plexin B1 in breast cancer is largely unknown.

Experimental Design: Expression data of plexin B1 were obtained from Affymetrix microarray analysis of n = 119 breast cancer specimens. Validation was done by quantitative real-time PCR and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression data were compared with clinical characteristics as well as follow-up data of the disease.

Results: Low plexin B1 expression levels characterize a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The expression of plexin B1 is strongly correlated with the ER status. However, even among ER-positive tumors, loss of plexin B1 is associated with an impaired prognosis of breast cancer patients in both univariate (all patients, P = 0.0062; ER positive, P = 0.0107) and multivariate analyses (all patients, P = 0.032; ER positive, P = 0.022). Immunohistochemistry reveals that the tumor cells themselves and not the endothelial cells are the major source of plexin B1 expression in the tumor.

Conclusion: Plexin B1 acts not only as a new important prognostic but should also represent a predictive marker indicating an endocrine resistance. These data give a new insight in markers that could be involved in endocrine dysregulation of breast cancer.
Carotid Duplex Ultrasonography during Head-Up Tilt in Patients with Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Hamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Iwasa Kazuo , Okino Soichi , Yamada Masahito
Published: February 2007

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is defined by evaluating postural blood pressure (BP) change, but the correlation between postural BP decreases and OH-associated symptoms is poor. We examined carotid duplex ultrasonography during HUT in 27 patients with various neurological disorders. Nine patients were diagnosed to have OH, and 4 of them had symptoms associated with OH. Decreased end-diastolic velocity of common carotid artery in symptomatic OH patients (–24.5 ± 4.2 cm/s) was significantly larger than that in asymptomatic OH patients (–11.0 ± 8.0 cm/s; p = 0.0143), despite no significant differences in values and changes of BP between them. This may be useful for predicting the development of OH symptoms.
A Case of Pelvic Actinomycosis with Hepatic Actinomycotic Pseudotumor
Authors: Kim Hee Seoung , Park Noh Hyun , Park Keoung Ah , Kang Soon Beom
Published: February 2007

Pelvic actinomycosis in women most commonly occurs during ascending infections, usually associated with intrauterine devices (IUDs). However, secondary hepatic actinomycosis is very rare. A 47-year-old woman using IUDs for 18 years was referred under the impression of ovarian cancer. Further investigation revealed a hepatic tumor diagnosed as an inflammatory pseudotumor by fine needle aspiration biopsy, and a pelvic mass diagnosed as pelvic actinomycosis by sulfur granules in bilateral adnexa gained by an explorative laparotomy. Long-term therapy with high-dose intravenous penicillin and oral amoxicillin resulted in clinical and radiological improvement. The management of pelvic actinomycosis is based on a medical approach, although it sometimes requires surgical intervention. However, the necessity for surgical treatment is controversial in cases of secondary hepatic actinomycosis.
Response of Single Alpha Motoneurons to High-Frequency Pulse Trains
Authors: Bowman Bruce R. , McNeal Donald R.
Published: February 2007

Studies were conducted on 25 cats to document the discharge rates of alpha motoneurons during stimulation of the sciatic nerve at frequencies from 100 to 10,000 pulses per second (pps). In addition, the feasibility of using high-frequency pulse trains to block the conduction of action potentials was investigated. Two cuff electrodes were placed around the proximal portion of the left sciatic nerve, and recordings of antidromic potentials were taken from single fibers of the L7 ventral root. When stimulating through the more proximal electrode, discharge rates were generally equal to or were subharmonics of the stimulation rate up to 1,000 pps. Firing often decreased in rate during 3-min runs. At 2,000–10,000 pps, fibers responded briefly at rates of several hundred per second but stopped firing within seconds after stimulus initiation. After cessation of response to the high-frequency pulse train, action potentials generated at 50 pps at the more distal electrode did not propagate to the recording electrodes. The ‘electrical block’ so induced was maintained for up to 20 min, and recovery following termination of the pulse train was complete within 1 s.
Spinal Cord Stimulation Affects the Central Mechanisms of Regulation of Heart Rate
Authors: Meglio M. , Cioni B. , Rossi G.F. , Sandric S. , Santarelli P.
Published: February 2007

The effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on heart rate (HR) was studied in 25 patients without cardiological symptoms, who were undergoing SCS for various reasons. HR at rest signifïcantly decreased during SCS. Physiological and pharmacological maneuvers of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation or blockade before and during SCS indicate that SCS interferes with the central mechanisms of regulation of HR mainly by inducing a functional sympathectomy, and that such an effect is mediated by an action on spinal cord ascending fibers.
Anterior Zygomatic Electrodes: A Special Electrode for the Study of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Manzano G.M. , Ragazzo P.C. , Tavares S.M. , Marino Jr. R.
Published: February 2007

The position of a surface electrode over the anterior zygomatic arch is described. Epileptiform activity recorded at this position is compared with that recorded by sphenoidal electrodes in 21 cases of temporal lobe epilepsy. In 100% of the cases abnormalities were detected with both electrodes, although in 11% of the cases the findings could not be definitely described as epileptiform in the anterior zygomatic electrodes.
Murder in the Theme Park: Evangelical Animals and the End of the World
Authors: Dombek Kristin
Published: February 2007

In the cultural productions of contemporary Evangelical communities, a surfeit of cute—that is, infantilized and unthreatening—animal figures participate in and bolster a sacrificial logic of substitution that in turn underwrites a mode of violent apocalyptic thinking to which the secular public sphere is far from immune.
Captive Audiences: A Concert for the Elephants in the Jardin des Plantes
Authors: Putnam Walter
Published: February 2007

Animal presence unsettles practices of spectatorship and reframes assumptions about embodiment and affect in four differently exemplary animal performances, including one dating back to the 18th century. In all of them, the ethics of watching other animals, human or nonhuman, and the call for evaluation and judgment is complicated by recognition of the multiplicitous and mysterious nature of pain and pleasure.
Regarding the Pain of Rats: Kim Jones's Rat Piece
Authors: Harries Martin
Published: February 2007

Animal presence unsettles practices of spectatorship and reframes assumptions about embodiment and affect in four differently exemplary animal performances, including one dating back to the 18th century. In all of them, the ethics of watching other animals, human or nonhuman, and the call for evaluation and judgment is complicated by recognition of the multiplicitous and mysterious nature of pain and pleasure.
The Salon of Becoming-Animal
Authors: Ashton Edwina , Baker Steve
Published: February 2007

Animal presence unsettles practices of spectatorship and reframes assumptions about embodiment and affect in four differently exemplary animal performances, including one dating back to the 18th century. In all of them, the ethics of watching other animals, human or nonhuman, and the call for evaluation and judgment is complicated by recognition of the multiplicitous and mysterious nature of pain and pleasure.
(De)Facing the Animals: Zooësis and Performance
Authors: Chaudhuri Una
Published: February 2007

The face-to-face encounter between human and animal, a key trope in the discourse of contemporary Animal Studies as well as of zooësis—the broad field of cultural animal representations—offers a way to chart the effect of the animal presence on traditional performance genres, including tragedy.
Inappropriate/d Others: or, The Difficulty of Being a Dog
Authors: Williams David
Published: February 2007

The most successfully integrated of humanity's animal “others,” the dog surpasses all other animals in the length and complexity of its relationship to human beings. To initiate a “cartography of the canine” is both to remember a rich history and to envisage, along with many artists, new possibilities for this enduring companionship.
A Pacific Moisture Conveyor Belt and Its Relationship to a Significant Precipitation Event in the Semiarid Southwestern United States
Authors: Knippertz Peter , Martin Jonathan E.
Published: February 2007

In this study the term moisture conveyor belt (MCB) is defined as an elongated band of enhanced poleward water vapor fluxes (WVFs) above the PBL that is rooted in the Tropics. This new terminology is illustrated through an exemplary detailed case study of an MCB over the northeastern Pacific during 9–13 November 2003 that provides the moisture for a significant precipitation event in the dry southwestern United States. The analysis of the involved moisture transports and dynamics comprises both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, and is based upon output from a simulation with the University of Wisconsin-Nonhydrostatic Modeling System, as well as analysis data, surface observations, and satellite images.

The formation of the MCB is related to a quasi-stationary upper-level cutoff low (COL) resulting from a wave-breaking event over the North Pacific. A pronounced upper-tropospheric baroclinic zone and a strong, inertially unstable subtropical jet (STJ) are found to the east of the COL, where at later stages an elongated tropical cloud plume developed in association with a marked flare-up of ITCZ convection. Part of the extratropical air that subsides to the west of the COL becomes involved in this convection; another part feeds the so-called dry slot at the base of the COL. The actual MCB consists of midlevel trajectories that curve anticyclonically away from the moist tropical easterlies and cause a northeastward-directed WVF maximum at around 700 hPa over the subtropical northeast Pacific and a marked humidity gradient toward the subsided extratropical air. At late stages, frontogenetic circulations lead to WVF convergence involving air from the midlevel subtropical troposphere. At the surface, cyclogenesis and thermal contrasts are weak, and northeasterly trade winds prevail, which clearly distinguishes this MCB from a classical extratropical warm conveyor belt. Other important differences are the high elevation of the WVF maximum, as well as the quasi-horizontal track and origin above the PBL of most moist trajectories. Three precipitation regions with different influence factors can be distinguished. 1) Close to the COL center, moist tropical air is overrun by the dry slot, resulting in convective instability and extreme hail in the Los Angeles, California, area. 2) To the north and east, quasigeostrophic forcing and midlevel warm frontogenesis generate ascent, where the northern branch of the MCB circulates around the COL. 3) Along the anticyclonic shear side of the STJ, convection forms within potentially unstable MCB air benefiting from the inertial instability at the outflow level. It is suggested that this set of circumstances is quite similar to those that conspire to produce heavy precipitation events in subtropical West Africa.
Reexamination of Tropical Cyclone Wind–Pressure Relationships
Authors: Knaff John A. , Zehr Raymond M.
Published: February 2007

Tropical cyclone wind–pressure relationships are reexamined using 15 yr of minimum sea level pressure estimates, numerical analysis fields, and best-track intensities. Minimum sea level pressure is estimated from aircraft reconnaissance or measured from dropwindsondes, and maximum wind speeds are interpolated from best-track maximum 1-min wind speed estimates. The aircraft data were collected primarily in the Atlantic but also include eastern and central North Pacific cases. Global numerical analyses were used to estimate tropical cyclone size and environmental pressure associated with each observation. Using this dataset (3801 points), the influences of latitude, tropical cyclone size, environmental pressure, and intensification trend on the tropical cyclone wind–pressure relationships were examined. Findings suggest that latitude, size, and environmental pressure, which all can be quantified in an operational and postanalysis setting, are related to predictable changes in the wind–pressure relationships. These factors can be combined into equations that estimate winds given pressure and estimate pressure given winds with greater accuracy than current methodologies. In independent testing during the 2005 hurricane season (524 cases), these new wind–pressure relationships resulted in mean absolute errors of 5.3 hPa and 6.2 kt compared with the 7.7 hPa and 9.0 kt that resulted from using the standard Atlantic Dvorak wind–pressure relationship. These new wind–pressure relationships are then used to evaluate several operational wind–pressure relationships. These intercomparisons have led to several recommendations for operational tropical cyclone centers and those interested in reanalyzing past tropical cyclone events.
Facing the Challenges of the International Airways Volcano Watch: The 2004/05 Eruptions of Manam, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Tupper Andrew , Itikarai Ima , Richards Michael , Prata Fred , Carn Simon , Rosenfeld Daniel
Published: February 2007

Devastating eruptions occurred at Manam, Papua New Guinea, from October 2004 to January 2005. An unprecedented set of pilot reports were obtained; ground-, air-, and satellite-observed eruption heights differed greatly. Satellite postanalysis and satellite CO2 slicing techniques give consistent heights. The climactic eruption, on 27 January 2005, reached 21–24 km MSL; four other eruptions reached 16.5–19 km. Tracking of these ice-rich clouds was done by monitoring strong “ice” signatures on 11–12-μm infrared imagery (for two eruptions), by using reflectance-based techniques (during the daytime), and by using SO2 detection (available only in postanalysis). A remote lightning detection network could not detect the eruption clouds, despite detecting lightning from thunderstorms in the area. The eruptions appeared to enhance the nocturnal cycle of (ash contaminated) deep convection above the island, consistent with previous work on diurnal volcanic cumulonimbus at Mount Pinatubo. The communications and infrastructure challenges of the region strongly affected the performance of the volcanic ash warning system, but can be partially addressed with the development of appropriate strategies. A strategy of gradual advisory cessation at the end of each event generally worked well but failed where numerical modeling and satellite observation were insufficient. An aircraft apparently encountered SO2 from the cloud over Dili, Timor-Leste; no engine damage was reported, but no close inspection was made at the time. It is suggested that maintenance guidelines be developed to help clarify the risk of volcanic ash damage from encounters with clouds where only SO2 odor is observed.
Evaluation of Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts Determined from Eta and AVN Forecasted Amounts
Authors: Gallus William A. , Baldwin Michael E. , Elmore Kimberly L.
Published: February 2007

This note examines the connection between the probability of precipitation and forecasted amounts from the NCEP Eta (now known as the North American Mesoscale model) and Aviation (AVN; now known as the Global Forecast System) models run over a 2-yr period on a contiguous U.S. domain. Specifically, the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF)–probability relationship found recently by Gallus and Segal in 10-km grid spacing model runs for 20 warm season mesoscale convective systems is tested over this much larger temporal and spatial dataset. A 1-yr period was used to investigate the QPF–probability relationship, and the predictive capability of this relationship was then tested on an independent 1-yr sample of data. The same relationship of a substantial increase in the likelihood of observed rainfall exceeding a specified threshold in areas where model runs forecasted higher rainfall amounts is found to hold over all seasons. Rainfall is less likely to occur in those areas where the models indicate none than it is elsewhere in the domain; it is more likely to occur in those regions where rainfall is predicted, especially where the predicted rainfall amounts are largest. The probability of rainfall forecasts based on this relationship are found to possess skill as measured by relative operating characteristic curves, reliability diagrams, and Brier skill scores. Skillful forecasts from the technique exist throughout the 48-h periods for which Eta and AVN output were available. The results suggest that this forecasting tool might assist forecasters throughout the year in a wide variety of weather events and not only in areas of difficult-to-forecast convective systems.
Application of the NCEP Ensemble Prediction System to Medium-Range Forecasting in South Africa: New Products, Benefits, and Challenges
Authors: Tennant Warren J. , Toth Zoltan , Rae Kevin J.
Published: February 2007

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Ensemble Forecasting System (EFS) is used operationally in South Africa for medium-range forecasts up to 14 days ahead. The use of model-generated probability forecasts has a clear benefit in the skill of the 1–7-day forecasts. This is seen in the forecast probability distribution being more successful in spanning the observed space than a single deterministic forecast and, thus, substantially reducing the instances of missed events in the forecast. In addition, the probability forecasts generated using the EFS are particularly useful in estimating confidence in forecasts. During the second week of the forecast the EFS is used as a heads-up for possible synoptic-scale events and also for predicting average weather conditions and probability density distributions of some elements such as maximum temperature and wind. This paper assesses the medium-range forecast process and the application of the NCEP EFS at the South African Weather Service. It includes a description of the various medium-range products, adaptive bias-correction methods applied to the forecasts, verification of the forecast products, and a discussion on the various challenges that face researchers and forecasters alike.
Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on Winter Precipitation and Drought during Years of Neutral ENSO in the Western United States
Authors: Goodrich Gregory B.
Published: February 2007

The influence of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on important hydroclimatic variables during years of neutral ENSO for 84 climate divisions in the western United States is analyzed from 1925 to 1998. When the 34 neutral ENSO years are split by cold (12 yr) and warm (22 yr) PDOs, the resulting winter precipitation patterns are spatially similar to those that occur during years of La Niña–cold PDO and, to a lesser extent, years of El Niño–warm PDO, respectively, although the characteristic ENSO dipole is not evident. The PDO influence is similar when the winter Palmer drought severity index is analyzed, although the core area of influence moves from the Southwest to the northern Rockies. Correlations between Niño-3.4 SSTs and the hydroclimatic variables reverse sign when the neutral ENSO years are split by PDO phase. The greatest difference between correlations occurs in the characteristic dipole between the Pacific Northwest and the desert Southwest. Since seasonal forecast guidance based on ENSO conditions in the tropical Pacific often yields a forecast of “equal chances” during years of neutral ENSO, forecasters may be able to improve their forecasts for the southwestern United States depending on if the PDO is known to be in the cold (drier than normal) or warm (wetter than normal) phase. However, this can be difficult to implement considering the current uncertainty of the phase of the PDO.
Migration, Development, and Segmented Assimilation: A Conceptual Review of the Evidence
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: February 2007

This article first gives attention to the ongoing debate about the role of remittances on development. The author presents evidence showing that monetary transfers can induce economic vitality but also expand inequalities in countries of origin. Second, the author examines a phenomenon given little attention until now: the extent to which policies aimed at curtailing unauthorized immigration to the United States are promoting instead the permanent immigration and settlement of vulnerable workers and their families, thus increasing the likelihood that some of their children will respond to hostility and limited opportunity through downward assimilation. When deported, those youngsters transfer deviant styles of life learned abroad to their home communities. International migration has thus become a key element in the study of development.
Rethinking Civil Society in the Age of NAFTA: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Shefner Jon
Published: February 2007

This article offers an analysis and critique of the concept of civil society and its relationship to neoliberalism as an economic and political project. The author argues that the high level of imprecision in the usage of civil society has enabled both opponents and advocates of neoliberal policies to claim it. We forget that civil society must be understood as a stratified body whose members occupy specific class positions and, therefore, contend for control of vital resources. The author's critique is largely based on the ignoring of class among those who study the intersection of neoliberalism and civil society. In the second part of this article, the author offers an illustration by focusing on Mexico's recent history of democratization in tandem with the application of neoliberal policies.
Globalizing Restricted and Segmented Markets: Challenges to Theory and Values in Economic Sociology
Authors: Light Donald W.
Published: February 2007

Studies of globalization and immigration will benefit by taking into account the relationship between goals, means, and outcomes. In this article, the author introduces the term pernicious competition as an alternative to the better known concept of market failure to more accurately describe what happens when vital human needs are not efficiently met as a result of global competition. The extended protections of intellectual property in new free trade agreements are an example of market segmentation being used to raise the prices of and reduce access to vital drugs for treating patients with HIV-AIDS. Vital public goods and services should be made distinct from technical public goods so that the dangers of pernicious competition in markets that benefit dominant suppliers or buyers can be identified and the concept of a moral economy can be developed.
Liberalism and the Good Society in the Iberian World
Authors: Centeno Miguel Angel
Published: February 2007

This article investigates the causes behind the limited success of neoliberal economic policies in the Iberian world. In addition to Latin America, the author includes Portugal, Spain, and the Philippines in the analysis. The author argues that, in the absence of strong liberal states able to enforce the rule of law, economic liberalization has failed, expanding inequalities rather than bequeathing prosperity. The article gives special attention to variations in the outcomes of liberalization that expose the limitations of cultural explanations.
Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration
Authors: Fernández-Kelly Patricia , Massey Douglas S.
Published: February 2007

In this article, the authors first give attention to main factors that resulted in the passage of NAFTA and subsequently investigate Mexican migration to the United States during roughly the same period that the bilateral treaty has been in effect. At the center of the relationship between economic liberalization and immigration is the paradox of increasing capital mobility and attempts at controlling more tightly the movement of immigrant workers. Although immigration from Mexico has remained flat over the past ten years, the Mexican population in the United States has grown rapidly, partly as a result of the unanticipated effects of harsh immigration policies since 1986. Prior to that date, Mexicans engaged in cyclical movements, but as security measures became harsher, especially in the 9/11 period, more immigrants and their families settled in the United States hoping to avert the dangers of exit and reentry. This analysis shows the slanted function of borders that have become permeable for capital but increasingly restrictive for immigrants.
Organizational Preparedness for Coping With a Major Crisis or Disaster
Authors: Fowler Karen L. , Kling Nathan D. , Larson Milan D.
Published: February 2007

This research presents the results of an exploratory empirical study that assessed perceived organizational preparedness for coping with a major crisis or disaster. A scale was developed and tested to measure perceptions of organizational preparedness. Hypotheses were tested to examine variations in perception of crisis preparedness. Potential for occurrence of crises was also examined and demographics collected. Findings indicate that top-level and middle-level managers have a higher level of perceived preparedness than employees, no differences in perceived preparedness based on size of the city where organizations operate, government organizations expressed a higher perception of crisis preparedness than for-profit organizations, and the highest perception of preparedness was exhibited by organizations employing more than 500 employees.
Corporate Social Responsibility in France
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Sobczak André
Published: February 2007

This article explores the dynamics of the discourse and practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in France to illustrate the interplay between endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of CSR in a country. It shows how the cultural, socioeconomic, and legal traditions influence the way ideas are raised, the kinds of questions considered relevant, and the sorts of solutions conceived as desirable and possible. Furthermore, the article traces how expectations and practices evolve as a result of various social and economic factors within a country and, increasingly, as a result of global influences such as the international academic discourse, the international practices of multinational companies, nongovernmental organizations and trade unions, and initiatives of supranational organizations. The article closes with reflections about what can be learned from the French experience with CSR and how to stimulate such cross-border learning.
Parental Relationship Quality and Masculine Gender-Role Strain in Young Men
Authors: Fischer Ann R.
Published: February 2007

Research has demonstrated that experiences with attachment to and psychological separation from parents predict men's reports of masculine gender-role stress and conflict. This article extends the literature by examining possible variations in these links that may be accounted for by men's core personality characteristics. The author hypothesizes that Big Five personality traits mediate the association between parental relationship quality and masculine role strain. Results from structural equation modeling with data from 307 young men generally were consistent with these hypotheses, with several key findings: (a) Replicating past research, the author observed several associations between parental relationship quality and masculine role-strain variables; (b) as expected, indirect effects were obtained for neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, though those for openness and extraversion were not statistically significant; (c) comparison of alternate models suggested that a fully mediated model fit the data reasonably well; and (d) this model accounted for a large proportion of variance in masculine role strain (41%).
Qualitative Research in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Morrow Susan L.
Published: February 2007

Beginning with calls for methodological diversity in counseling psychology, this article addresses the history and current state of qualitative research in counseling psychology. It identifies the historical and disciplinary origins as well as basic assumptions and underpinnings of qualitative research in general, as well as within counseling psychology. It identifies the foundational elements of qualitative research, including its purposes and goals, paradigmatic bases, and underlying characteristics. Finally, it locates qualitative research in counseling psychology in the research genre and explores the promise that this form of research holds for counseling and psychotherapy research as well as counseling psychology's multicultural and social justice agenda.
Qualitative Research Designs
Authors: Creswell John W. , Hanson William E. , Clark Plano Vicki L. , Morales Alejandro
Published: February 2007

Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.
The Pond You Fish In Determines the Fish You Catch
Authors: Suzuki Lisa A. , Ahluwalia Muninder K. , Arora Agnes Kwong , Mattis Jacqueline S.
Published: February 2007

Qualitative research has increased in popularity among social scientists. While substantial attention has been given to various methods of qualitative analysis, there is a need to focus on strategies for collecting diverse forms of qualitative data. In this article, the authors discuss four sources of qualitative data: participant observation, interviews, physical data, and electronic data. Although counseling psychology researchers often use interviewing, participant observation and physical and electronic data are also beneficial ways of collecting qualitative data that have been underutilized.
Paradigms, Purpose, and the Role of the Literature
Authors: Haverkamp Beth E. , Young Richard A.
Published: February 2007

The authors have identified three areas that are central to the rationale for conducting a qualitative research project, yet which produce confusion and uncertainty for some psychologists trained in traditional research methods. In this article, they consider how philosophy of science paradigms relate to the foundational rationale for qualitative inquiry and present suggestions for how researchers can formulate a statement of purpose and research questions that are congruent with an identified paradigm. They examine the role of scholarly literature in two areas: those of developing a rationale and in enhancing the impact of qualitative research. Examples from contemporary counseling psychology research are used to illustrate core concepts.
The impact of social class and social cognitive domain on northeastern Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of parental control
Authors: Lins-Dyer Maria Tereza , Nucci Larry
Published: February 2007

The impact of social class was explored on Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of who should, and who actually would control decisions regarding the daughters' actions. Participants were 126 middle class and 126 lower class girls aged 11–16 years, and their mothers. No social class differences were found in daughters' judgments about who should control decisions. Lower class daughters perceived mothers as exerting greater actual control than did middle class daughters. Lower class mothers claimed higher control over prudential and conventional matters than did middle class mothers. Findings that daughters and mothers in both social classes viewed personal matters as under the daughters' control challenged the notion that interdependence is fostered by the mother–daughter relationship and are consistent with more recent views that an individualism–collectivism dichotomy should not be used to characterize cultures.
Effects of experimentally manipulated peer rejection on children's negative affect, self-esteem, and maladaptive social behavior
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Lambert Anne
Published: February 2007

Children ( n = 88) aged 8 and 10 years participated in a minimal group study in which their rejection versus acceptance, by one other person versus a group of three people, was experimentally manipulated. Analysis of their self-reported negative affect, self-esteem, and maladaptive social behavior, revealed that, regardless of the source of the rejection (i.e., an individual versus a group), peer rejection caused a significant increase in the children's negative affect, but had no effect on their self-esteem. The findings also indicated that peer rejection instigated an increased tendency towards maladaptive social behavior, and that the latter effect was fully mediated by the children's negative affect. The implications of the findings for peer-rejection research are discussed.
Socioemotional characteristics and school adjustment of socially withdrawn children in India
Authors: Prakash Kavita , Coplan Robert J.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore correlates of childhood social-withdrawal in India. Participants were n = 929 elementary school-aged children in New Delhi. Children completed peer nominations of social-withdrawal, aggression, and sociometric status, as well as self-report measures of loneliness and depressive symptoms. Teachers rated child social and academic adjustment at school. Consistent with North American findings, the results indicated that, compared with their average counterparts, socially withdrawn children reported greater loneliness and depressive symptoms, were rated by teachers as more anxious, and were more likely to be rejected by peers. Although girls were rated as being more socially withdrawn than boys, contrary to expectations, few interactions with gender were found. The results are discussed in terms of the meaning of social-withdrawal within the context of the Indian culture.
Age differences in learning from text: The effects of content preexposure on reading
Authors: Noh Soo Rim , Shake Matthew C. , Parisi Jeanine M. , Joncich Adam D. , Morrow Daniel G. , Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A.L.
Published: February 2007

This study investigated age differences in the way in which attentional resources are allocated to expository text and whether these differences are moderated by content preexposure. The organization of the preexposure materials was manipulated to test the hypothesis that a change in organization across two presentations would evoke more processing effort (i.e., a “mismatch effect”). After preexposure, reading time was measured as younger and older adults read a target text to produce recall, answer comprehension questions, and solve a novel problem. Relative to the young, older readers allocated more time as they encountered new discourse entities and showed a stronger serial position effect, which are patterns of resource allocation that suggest more extensive processing of the discourse situation. Younger adults took advantage of repeated exposure to produce more extensive reproduction of text content, as well as more text-specific solutions to solve a problem. Older adults generated more elaborated inferences and were similar to young adults in terms of the dimensional complexity of problem solutions. Whereas younger readers showed weak evidence for a mismatch effect, older readers did not. These data are consistent with the proposal that older readers favor the situation model over textbase content in allocating resources to text, but this effect was not enhanced by introducing organizational difficulty in reprocessing.
Children's perceptions of group variability as a function of status
Authors: Guinote Ana , Mouro Carla , Pereira Maria Helena , Monteiro Maria Benedicta
Published: February 2007

Two studies focused on perceived ingroup and outgroup variability in children as a function of status. In the first study, 7- and 9-year-old White and Black children distributed White and Black faces along the levels of several dimensions. White children perceived more ingroup than outgroup variability, whereas Black children perceived more outgroup than ingroup variability. In addition, White children favored their ingroup, whereas Black children did not. In a second study, 7- and 9-year-old boys and girls distributed ingroup and outgroup faces along the levels of several dimensions. As expected, boys displayed outgroup homogeneity and girls did not. The consequences of these findings are discussed.
Negotiation styles in mother—child narrative co-construction in middle childhood: Associations with early attachment
Authors: Gini Motti , Oppenheim David , Sagi-Schwartz Abraham
Published: February 2007

This study examined associations between infant—mother attachment, assessed using Ainsworth's Strange Situation at 12-months, and mother—child narrative co-construction in 110 Israeli mothers and their 71/2 year-old children to examine aspects of Bowlby's (1973) notion of Goal-Corrected Partnerships. Narrative co-constructions were classified into a mutual-balanced style or one of two non-mutual/unbalanced styles of affective negotiation. Dyads with children classified as secure were more likely to be classified as mutual-balanced than dyads with children classified as insecure (ambivalent or disorganized). The latter were likely to be classified into one of the two Non-mutual/Unbalanced classifications (i.e., Disengaged or Overwhelming). Contributions of this study to broadening our understanding of secure-base in the post-infancy years, and for increasing our knowledge about goal-corrected partnerships, are discussed.
The allure of a mean friend: Relationship quality and processes of aggressive adolescents with prosocial skills
Authors: Hawley Patricia H. , Little Todd D. , Card Noel A.
Published: February 2007

Recent theory on social dominance suggests that aggressive individuals should be socially successful if they also display prosocial behavior. The combination of coercive and prosocial strategies of resource control (i.e., bistrategic control) is thought to facilitate hierarchy ascension. Adolescents ( N = 929, grades 7–10) were queried about the quality of their friendships and their friends' behavior towards them. The friendships of the aggressive bistrategic controllers (derived by peer nomination) were rated among the highest on intimacy, fun, and conflict. Additionally, bistrategic friendships had high levels of overt and relational aggression. Thus, bistrategic friendships yield high benefits but also costs. This study attempts to illuminate the peer regard - aggression paradox via an evolutionary approach to human status hierarchies.
Trajectories of depressive mood in adolescents: Does parental work or parent-adolescent relationship matter? A follow-up study through junior high school in Finland
Authors: Sallinen Marjukka , Rönkä Anna , Kinnunen Ulla , Kokko Katja
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this follow-up study was to investigate stability and change in depressive mood and possible explanatory factors between ages 13 to 16. The sample consisted of 116 Finnish adolescents (50 boys and 66 girls) drawn from two junior high schools in Central Finland.The data were obtained by means of questionnaires which were completed by the same adolescents three times, in 1999 (mean age 13.0 years), in 2001 (mean age 14.7 years), and in 2002 (mean age 15.9 years). The semiparametric group-based mixture modeling revealed four developmentally different trajectories in depressive mood, two indicating stability and two showing change in the level of symptoms over time. The majority (63%) of the adolescents (typically boys) managed the transition phase without depressive feelings while one quarter (typically girls) tended to experience some depressive thoughts and feelings throughout the follow-up. There was a small group of adolescents (6.5%) among whom symptoms increased until the end of follow-up, and another group (5.5%) who suffered from depressive mood only at the beginning of the follow-up. Variability in adolescents' depressive mood wasconnected to conflicts with parents (especially with fathers) and experiences of negative spillover from parental (especially fathers') work to the parent–adolescent relationship. Furthermore, the relationships between an adolescent and his/her parents (especially the father) seemed to become gradually more distant throughout the follow-up, and most of the life changes were experienced in the beginning of the junior high school.
Campaign Politics and the Digital Divide
Authors: Herrnson Paul S. , Stokes-Brown Atiya Kai , Hindman Matthew
Published: February 2007

The Internet has created a digital and a political divide. Just as the elderly, those less well educated, and some minorities are less likely to use the Internet than other Americans, candidates for lower-level offices are less likely to use it than presidential and congressional candidates. Beyond this, little is known about candidates' Internet use. Using data describing state legislative candidates' characteristics, campaigns, and districts, the authors find that candidates who have younger and better-educated constituents do more campaigning online. The number of years a candidate has spent in electoral politics also is relevant. The strategic and structural circumstances of the race have a major impact on candidates' Internet use.