bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Plaque pH Variation with Regular Soft Drink, Diet Soft Drink and High Energy Drink: An in vivo Study
Authors: Bendgude Vikas , Jawale Bhushan Arun , Kulkarni Harshal , Mahuli Amit V , Dave Bhavana , Mittal Simpy
Published: May 2012

Background

A high incidence of dental caries and dental erosion associated with frequent consumption of soft drinks has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH response of dental plaque to a regular, diet and high energy drink.

Methodology

Twenty subjects were recruited for this study. All subjects were between the ages of 20 and 25 and had at least four restored tooth surfaces present. The subjects were asked to refrain from brushing for 48 hours prior to the study. At baseline, plaque pH was measured from four separate locations using harvesting method. Subjects were asked to swish with 15 ml of the respective soft drink for 1 minute. Plaque pH was measured at the four designated tooth sites at 5, 10 and 20 minutes intervals. Subjects then repeated the experiment using the other two soft drinks.

Results

pH was minimum for regular soft drink (2.65 ± 0.026) followed by high energy drink (3.39 ± 0.026) and diet soft drink (3.78 ± 0.006). The maximum drop in plaque pH was seen with regular soft drink followed by high energy drink and diet soft drink.

Conclusion

Regular soft drink possesses a greater acid challenge potential on enamel than diet and high energy soft drinks. However, in this clinical trial, the pH associated with either soft drink did not reach the critical pH which is expected for enamel demineralization and dissolution.

How to cite this article

Jawale BA, Bendgude V, Mahuli AV, Dave B, Kulkarni H, Mittal S. Dental Plaque pH Variation with Regular Soft Drink, Diet Soft Drink and High Energy Drink: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):201-204.
Comparison of COX2 Expression between Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Leukoplakia and Normal Mucosa
Authors: Amirchaghmaghi Maryam , Mohtasham Nooshin , Mozaffari Pegah Mosannen
Published: May 2012

Aim

To compare cyclooxygenase 2 expression (COX2-E) between normal, oral leukoplakia lesions and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Materials and methods

Around 90 paraffin embedded blocks consisting of 45 SCC, 15 leukoplakia and 17 controls were selected for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of COX2- E. COX2-E was divided in four grades, as A (0-10%), B (11-40%), C (41-70%) and D (> 70%) cellularity.

Results

Mean age of the patients was 55.17 ± 18.41 (M:57.92 ± 16.87, F:52.19 ± 19.74). A significant difference was found in COX2 expression between SCC total and, basal and spinous layers of leukoplakia (p < 0.05). COX2-E in spinous layer of normal tissue was significantly lower than SCC (p = 0.000). COX2-E was significantly different in SCC grade 3 and leukoplakia (p = 0.001) and normal tissue (p = 0.000). COX2-E was significantly higher in SCC grade 3 compared to leukoplakia (basal layer) (p = 0.000).

Conclusion

We showed a significant higher COX2-E in SCC lesions compared to leukoplakias and normal controls. In our study COX2-E was not significantly different in SCC grades 1, 2 and 3 (p > 0.05).

How to cite this article

Amirchaghmaghi M, Mohtasham N, Mozaffari PM. Comparison of COX2 Expression between Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Leukoplakia and Normal Mucosa. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):205-209.
Dentures with Phonetically Contoured Palate: A Simple Technique of Adding Customized Rugae and Palatal Contours to the Maxillary Denture
Authors: Krishna Vamsi , Reddy V Vamsi Krishna , Kumar N Praveen , Raju K Venkata Krishnam
Published: May 2012

Speech is essential to human activity, therefore phonetics must be considered with mechanics and esthetics as the cardinal factors contributing to the success of the dental prosthesis. The aim of this following procedure is to produce dentures that are mechanically functional, esthetically pleasing and permit normal speech.

How to cite this article

Krishna V, Reddy VVK, Kumar NP, Raju KVK. Dentures with Phonetically Contoured Palate: A Simple Technique of Adding Customized Rugae and Palatal Contours to the Maxillary Denture. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):216-218.
Recording ‘Sublingual Crescents’ in Lower Complete Dentures: A Technique so Effective but still Esoteric and Arcane
Authors: Kumar VV Harish , Gafoor MA Abdul , Sheejith M , Swapna C
Published: May 2012

Aim

To achieve retention in severely resorbed mandibular ridges during impression making and to maintain the retention and stability of these dentures during function.

Background

No good method with adequate clinical photographs that will empower the dentist with the necessary skill has been reported in the literature.

Technique

The technique involves making a preliminary impression in alginate to record the denture bearing area clearly, doing a border moulding procedure with excess width to fill the wide sulcus present; except in the area of anterior lingual flange from second premolar to second premolar area. The anterior lingual border of the impression is then extended sublingually without interfering with the tongue function or blocking the opening of the ducts of the sublingual gland; to maintain contact with the surrounding sublingual tissue in both protruded and retruded positions of the tongue, thereby creating good peripheral seal in the most vulnerable area in the lower denture, where the seal is easily broken during tongue movements.

Conclusion

This impression technique, combined with arrangement of teeth on the center of the ridge in the posterior part, use of flattened cusp posterior teeth and contoured polish surface of denture base (Fisch concept) provide sufficient retention and stability to the dentures made on these severely resorbed ridges.

Clinical significance

Patients with severely resorbed ridges cannot be rehabilitated with implants also and so normally suffer with loose lower denture fabricated with normal border moulding procedures. These patients can be rehabilitated to a great extent properly.

How to cite this article

Gafoor MAA, Kumar VVH, Sheejith M, Swapna C. Recording ‘Sublingual Crescents’ in Lower Complete Dentures: A Technique so Effective but still Esoteric and Arcane. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):222-226.
Effect of Tailored Activity Pacing on Self-Perceived Joint Stiffness in Adults With Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis
Authors: Schepens Stacey L. , Braun Marcia E. , Murphy Susan L.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE. We examined the effects of a tailored activity-pacing intervention on self-perceived joint stiffness in adults with osteoarthritis (OA).

METHOD. Thirty-two adults with hip or knee OA were randomized to a tailored or general activity-pacing intervention. Participants’ symptoms and physical activity over 5 days were used to tailor activity pacing. The outcome was self-perceived joint stiffness measured at baseline, 4 wk, and 10 wk. A linear mixed regression model was used.

RESULTS. The tailored group significantly improved in stiffness compared with the general group over time. We found a significantly different linear trend between groups (Time × Group, p = .046) in which the tailored group had decreasing stiffness over the three time points, denoting continued improvement. The general group’s stiffness improved from baseline to 4 wk but returned to baseline levels at 10 wk.

CONCLUSION. Tailoring activity pacing may be effective in sustaining improvements in self-perceived joint stiffness in adults with OA.
Score Reliability and Construct Validity of the Flinn Performance Screening Tool for Adults With Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Flinn Sharon R. , Pease William S. , Freimer Miriam L.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the psychometric properties of the Flinn Performance Screening Tool (FPST) for people referred with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

METHOD. An occupational therapist collected data from 46 participants who completed the Functional Status Scale (FSS) and FPST after the participants’ nerve conduction velocity study to test convergent and contrasted-group validity.

RESULTS. Seventy-four percent of the participants had abnormal nerve conduction studies. Cronbach’s α coefficients for subscale and total scores of the FPST ranged from .96 to .98. Intrarater reliability for six shared items of the FSS and the FPST was supported by high agreement (71%) and a fair κ statistic (.36). Strong to moderate positive relationships were found between the FSS and FPST scores. Functional status differed significantly among severe, mild, and negative CTS severity groups.

CONCLUSION. The FPST shows adequate psychometric properties as a client-centered screening tool for occupational performance of people referred for symptoms of CTS.
Systematic Review of Occupation- and Activity-Based Health Management and Maintenance Interventions for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Mosley Letha J.
Published: May 2012

We describe the results of a systematic review of the literature on occupation- and activity-based health management and maintenance interventions for productive aging. We found moderate to strong evidence that client-centered occupational therapy improved physical functioning and occupational performance related to health management in community-dwelling older adults, as well as in adults with osteoarthritis and macular degeneration. We found moderate evidence that health education programs reduce pain and increase physical activity and that individualized health action plans improve activities of daily living function and participation in physical activities. The evidence that self-management programs result in a decrease in pain and disability and that incorporating cognitive–behavioral principles into physical activity improves long-term participation in exercise was also moderate. Although the evidence for skill-specific training in isolation is limited, effectiveness increases when skill-specific training is combined with health management programs. The implications for practice, education, and research are discussed.
Computer Use Problems and Accommodation Strategies at Work and Home for People With Systemic Sclerosis: A Needs Assessment
Authors: Baker Nancy A. , Aufman Elyse L. , Poole Janet L.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE. We identified the extent of the need for interventions and assistive technology to prevent computer use problems in people with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the accommodation strategies they use to alleviate such problems.

METHOD. Respondents were recruited through the Scleroderma Foundation. Twenty-seven people with SSc who used a computer and reported difficulty in working completed the Computer Problems Survey.

RESULTS. All but 1 of the respondents reported one problem with at least one equipment type. The highest number of respondents reported problems with keyboards (88%) and chairs (85%). More than half reported discomfort in the past month associated with the chair, keyboard, and mouse. Respondents used a variety of accommodation strategies.

CONCLUSION. Many respondents experienced problems and discomfort related to computer use. The characteristic symptoms of SSc may contribute to these problems. Occupational therapy interventions for computer use problems in clients with SSc need to be tested.
Sensitivity of the Evaluation of Social Interaction Measures Among People With and Without Neurologic or Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Søndergaard Mette , Fisher Anne G.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE. To determine whether the Evaluation of Social Interaction (ESI) is sensitive enough to differentiate between people without identified diagnoses and those with neurologic or psychiatric disorders in terms of their observed quality of social interaction.

METHOD. Participants were age 16–69 and were without identified diagnoses (n = 304) or had neurologic (n = 77) or psychiatric (n = 104) disorders. They were evaluated using the ESI.

RESULTS. Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis tests and post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests revealed that the group without identified diagnoses had significantly better quality of social interaction than did either group with disabilities (Us = 3,172 and 3,189, respectively; p ≤ .001).

CONCLUSION. The ESI is sensitive with regard to detecting differences in quality of social interaction among groups expected to differ, suggesting that it is valid for use when the desired purpose is to identify people with diminished quality of social interaction.
Methodology for the Systematic Reviews on Occupation- and Activity-Based Intervention Related to Productive Aging
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah
Published: May 2012

Systematic reviews of the literature relevant to community-dwelling older adults are important to the practice of occupational therapy. We describe the four questions that served as the focus for the systematic reviews of the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for older adults living in the community. This article includes the background for the reviews; the process followed for each question, including search terms and search strategy; the databases searched; and the methods used to summarize and critically appraise the literature. The final number of articles included in each systematic review; a summary of the results; the strengths and limitations of the findings; and implications for practice, education, and research are presented.
Education free and flowing from California water district
Authors: Regueiro Liselle Degrave
Published: May 2012

Western Municipal Water District uses water education as a tool to promote water use efficiency and responsible use of this precious natural resource.
Effect of regulations on the global water treatment market
Authors: Meliton Eric
Published: May 2012

This article outlines the continued short‐ and long‐term changes directly linked to new regulations, both in North America and globally.
An international look at the water–energy nexus
Authors: Venkatesh Govindarajan , Dhakal Shobhakar
Published: May 2012

Utility carbon footprints, the power sector, consumer education, and reuse are among the concerns of water utilities across the globe.
What Do We Call Ourselves?
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: May 2012

While working on some comments for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a few weeks ago, the question was posed of what we should call ourselves, “drinking water systems,” “community water systems,” “water sector,” or something else? This one question spurred an interesting e‐mail debate/discussion. What we call ourselves is important because words are important. One word change can greatly influence its interpretation.
The Regenesis Project: A new approach for irrigated agriculture
Authors: Cech Tom
Published: May 2012

Unused consumptive‐use water can be turned into cash for irrigators while they reduce crop water use, maintain historical return flows, and protect water rights in accordance with the doctrine of prior appropriation.
Pennsylvania WARN Rises to the Occasion—and Several Others
Authors: Spence Shannon , Snyder Mike
Published: May 2012

A minor earthquake and two major storms kept Pennsylvania's Water/Wastewater Agency Response Network busy during late August and most of September 2011 as high winds and floodwaters wreaked havoc on central and eastern Pennsylvania.
Diversity Events at ACE12
Authors: Garcia Martin
Published: May 2012

This article discusses events planned by the AWWA Diversity and Member Inclusion Committee (DMIC) at the AWWA 2012 Annual Conference & Exposition. The events include the 2012 Diversity Award presentation, the Women's Networking Event, and the Wednesday session called “Changing the Course of Water” that will include six presentations selected by the committee that will provide tips, ideas, and insights regarding workforce diversity in the water industry.
Phenotypic Analyses of Agrobacterium
Authors: Morton Elise R. , Fuqua Clay
Published: May 2012

Agrobacterium species are plant‐associated relatives of the rhizobia. Several species cause plant diseases such as crown gall and hairy root, although there are also avirulent species. A. tumefaciens is the most intensively studied species and causes crown gall, a neoplastic disease that occurs on a variety of plants. Virulence is specified by large plasmids, and in the case of A. tumefaciens this is called the Ti (tumor‐inducing) plasmid. During pathogenesis virulent agrobacteria copy a segment of the Ti plasmid and transfer it to the plant, where it subsequently integrates into the plant genome, and expresses genes that result in the disease symptoms. A. tumefaciens has been used extensively as a plant genetic engineering tool and is also a model microorganism that has been well studied for host‐microbe associations, horizontal gene transfer, cell‐cell communication, and biofilm formation. This unit describes standard protocols for simple phenotypic characterizations of A. tumefaciens. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 25:3D.3.1‐3D.3.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The cis‐trans isomerization of N‐methyl‐α,β‐dehydroamino acids
Authors: Siodłak Dawid , Macedowska‐Capiga Agnieszka , Broda Małgorzata A. , Kozioł Anna E. , Lis Tadeusz
Published: May 2012

Dehydroamino acids with the methylated N‐terminal peptide group occur in natural small cyclic peptides. The structural analysis was used to investigate the cis‐trans isomerization of the N‐terminal tertiary amide group of diamides: Ac‐(Z)‐Δ(Me)Abu‐NHMe (1), Ac‐(Z)‐Δ(Me)Phe‐NHMe (2), Ac‐(E)‐Δ(Me)Phe‐NHMe (3), Ac‐Δ(Me)Ala‐NHMe (4), and Ac‐(Me)Ala‐NHMe (5). The compounds were analyzed in the solid state by an X‐ray crystallography (1–3), and in the solution by FTIR (MeCN and CHCl3) and NMR (DMSO‐d6 and CDCl3) methods (1–5). In the solid state, the studied compounds adopt the cis configuration of N‐terminal amide. In solution, this configuration also prevails for the dehydroamino acids 1–4, in contrast to the saturated analog 5. The results indicate that N‐methyldehydroamino acids present a promising tool to induce the cis configuration of the amide bond. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 466–478, 2012.
The LiCl effect on the conformation of lentinan in DMSO
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Zhang Xufeng , Xu Xiaojuan , Zhang Lina
Published: May 2012

Lentinan (β‐(1→3)‐D‐glucan) was found to be successfully fractionated by the mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and lithium chloride (LiCl) as a solvent and acetone as a precipitant. Light scattering and viscosity measurements were made on solutions of fractionated samples in pure DMSO and 0.2M LiCl/DMSO in the range of the molecular weight Mw from 21.7 × 104 to 84.7 × 104. The values of Mw in both solvents were almost the same, but the remarkable difference between the values of intrinsic viscosity [η] demonstrated that the LiCl/DMSO solvent greatly enhances the stiffness of the lentinan backbone. The observed intrinsic viscosity [η] was analyzed by the Yoshizaki‐Nitta‐Yamakawa theory of a worm‐like chain, and the persistence length q and molecular weight per unit contour length ML were determined roughly as 6.0 nm and 890 g nm−1 in 0.2M LiCl/DMSO, and 5.1 nm and 890 g nm−1 in pure DMSO, respectively. This slightly larger persistent length in 0.2M LiCl/DMSO also confirmed the higher stiffness of lentinan enhanced by the LiCl/DMSO solvent. The enhancement of the chain stiffness was ascribed to the electrostatic repulsion because of the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl protons of lentinan with the chloride ion, which is in turn associated with the Li+(DMSO)n macrocation complex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 840–845, 2012.
Recurrent anaplastic medulloblastoma in cerebrospinal fluid after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Nelson Andrew C. , Singh Charanjeet , Brent Clark H. , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: May 2012

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination can be seen relatively frequently in medulloblastomas and its presence at diagnosis is important for determining both treatment and prognosis. The anaplastic variant is an aggressive variant of medulloblastoma with characteristic histopathologic features and unfavorable prognosis that was included in the latest WHO classification. Herein, we report the CSF cytologic features of a case of recurrent anaplastic medulloblastoma in a 17‐year‐old male patient who had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant as a part of the treatment protocol. The malignant cells were large, had high nucleocytoplasmic ratios, and highly pleomorphic, frequently polylobated nuclei with coarse chromatin and 1–3 visible nucleoli. These CSF cytologic features differed significantly from those of classic medulloblastoma, which usually shows small cells with rounded, rather uniform nuclei with fine (“blastic”) chromatin. The differential diagnosis of anaplastic medulloblastoma is broader than that of classic medulloblastoma, as it includes metastatic carcinomas and large cell lymphoma, a differential diagnosis especially pertinent in this patient with a history of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Awareness of these unusual but distinctive cytologic features is important for the accurate diagnosis of anaplastic medulloblastomas in CSF specimens and to avoid possible diagnostic pitfalls. Diagn. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:980–985. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral symptoms in mild cognitive impairment as compared with Alzheimer's disease and healthy older adults
Authors: Van der Mussele Stefan , Le Bastard Nathalie , Vermeiren Yannick , Saerens Jos , Somers Nore , Mariën Peter , Goeman Johan , De Deyn Peter P. , Engelborghs Sebastiaan
Published: May 2012

Background

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical concept that categorizes subjects who are in an intermediate cognitive state between normal aging and dementia. The aim of this study is to characterize behavior in MCI compared with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy older patients.

Design

A cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on behavioral symptoms of dementia and MCI was performed. The study population consisted of 270 MCI, 402 AD patients, and 108 healthy controls. Behavioral assessment was performed by means of Middelheim Frontality Score, Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale, Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia.

Results

Moderate‐to‐severe behavioral symptoms were present in 13% of MCI patients, as compared with 39% in AD patients and 3% in controls (p < 0.001). The general severity of behavioral symptoms was intermediate between controls and AD patients.

The three most frequent symptoms in MCI patients were aggressiveness (49%), affective disturbance (45%), and anxiety (38%); in AD patients, the most frequent symptoms were aggressiveness (60%), activity disturbances (54%), and psychosis (40%).

The prevalence and severity of frontal lobe symptoms, aggressiveness, activity disturbances, and delusions was intermediate between normal aging and AD. In addition, the severity of physically non‐aggressive and verbally agitated behavior and the severity of depressive symptoms were also intermediate.

Conclusions

The behavioral profile of MCI patients is characterized as an intermediate state between normal aging and AD for the prevalence and severity of certain behavioral symptoms. Follow‐up is ongoing to test the hypothesis that behavioral disturbances in MCI predict progression to dementia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRESSURE‐PATTERN FLYING
Authors: Elliot William
Published: May 2012

“Gales have their personalities, and after all, perhaps it is not strange; for, when all is said and done, they are adversaries whose wiles you must defeat, whose violence you must resist, and yet with whom you must live in the intimacies of nights and days.”
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Authors: HARRISON J. H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. A weekly recording thermo‐hygrograph hes been modified to record over a 28‐day period, by substituting the direct clock‐work drive by 8 1 to 4 pulley drive from 8 clock‐work trein opereted by 8 felling weight.
RABELAIS' FROZEN WORDS AND OTHER UNIDENTIFIED SOUNDS OF THE AIR
Authors: Businger J. A.
Published: May 2012

Same night we anchored near Fuh‐shan‐tau [in Shan‐Tun]. This mountain, as if inhabited by a deity, utters a voice sounding mournfully, although on it neither herb nor tree exists, and neither hollow nor cavern therein. (Liu Wan‐Ping 1595)
Readers' Forum
Authors: Nunn J. L.
Published: May 2012

Readers are invited to contribute short questions on any meteorological topic. We will endeavour to obtain answers to all submitted questions.
Readers' Forum
Authors: Bjørbaek Gustav
Published: May 2012

Readers are invited to contribute short questions on any meteorological topic. We will endeavour to obtain answers to all submitted questions.
Productivity enhancement of S‐adenosylmethionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using n‐hexadecane as oxygen vector
Authors: Li Minghua , Meng Xiumei , Diao Enjie , Du Fangling , Zhao Xiaoyan
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the main microorganisms that can produce S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) from L‐methionine and ATP with high productivity. To satisfy the ATP requirement for SAM synthesis, sufficient oxygen should be supplied to the medium to improve aerobic metabolism in S. cerevisiae. In this study, n‐hexadecane used as oxygen vector for enhancement of SAM production by this yeast was investigated.

RESULTS: N‐hexadecane was most favorable for cell growth and SAM synthesis in S. cerevisiae when added at the time of inoculation. It could increase glucose consumption, reduce ethanol accumulation, and ultimately improve biomass and SAM productivity in a fermentation process. In a bioreactor, the highest yield of SAM (2.27 g L−1) was achieved in the presence of 4% (v/v) n‐hexadecane after 24 h of inoculation, which was 23.37% higher than the control (1.84 g L−1).

CONCLUSION: The addition of n‐hexadecane to cultures of S. cerevisiae significantly enhanced SAM production without increasing energy consumption, and has the potential for use in large‐scale fermentation processes to increase oxygen supply. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Ethanol and chitosan production from wheat hydrolysate by Mucor hiemalis
Authors: Heidary Vinche Masoumeh , Asachi Riehaneh , Zamani Akram , Karimi Keikhosro
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: High glucose and ethanol tolerance is among the most important requirements of ethanol‐producing microorganisms. The purpose of this study was evaluation of filamentous fungus Mucor hiemalis for ethanol production from wheat and starch hydrolysates with high glucose concentration.

RESULTS: The results showed high tolerance of the fungus in fermentation of the hydrolyzates with high glucose concentrations (as high as 190 g L−1). Interestingly, increasing the glucose concentration from 15 to 190 g L−1 was accompanied by enhancement of initial sugar uptake rate. Ethanol was the most important metabolite obtained during all fermentations and its concentration reached over 50 g L−1. Beside ethanol, chitosan was another valuable product of the process. Glucosamine, a precursor of chitosan, made up 37.3–46.7% of the cell wall of this fungus.

CONCLUSIONS: M. hiemalis is a promising microorganism for simultaneous production of ethanol and chitosan from substrates with high sugar concentrations. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The controversial origin of the abdominal appendage‐like processes in immature insects: Are they true segmental appendages or secondary outgrowths? (Arthropoda hexapoda)
Authors: Bitsch Jacques
Published: May 2012

In this article, I review the major characteristics of different types of appendage‐like processes that develop at the abdominal segments of many immature insects, and I discuss their controversial morphological value. The main question is whether the abdominal processes are derived from segmental appendages serially homologous to thoracic legs, or whether they are “secondary” outgrowths not homologous with true appendages. Morphological and embryological data, in particular, a comparison with the structure and development of the abdominal appendages in primitive apterygote hexapods, and data from developmental genetics, support the hypothesis of appendicular origin of many of the abdominal processes present in the juvenile stages of various pterygote orders. For example, the lateral processes, such as the tracheal gills in aquatic nymphs of exopterygote insects, are regarded as derived from lateral portions of appendage primordia, homologous with the abdominal styli of apterygotan insects; these processes correspond either to rudimentary telopodites or to coxal exites. The ventrolateral processes, such as the prolegs of different endopterygote insect larvae, appear to be derived from medial portions of the appendicular primordia; they correspond to coxal endites. These views lead to the rejection of Hinton's hypothesis (Hinton [1955] Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 106:455–545) according to which all the abdominal processes of insect larvae are secondary outgrowths not derived from true appendage anlagen. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kauri seeds and larval somersaults: The larval trunk of the seed mining basal moth Agathiphaga vitensis (lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae)
Authors: Dupont Steen
Published: May 2012

The trunk morphology of the larvae of the kauri pine (Agathis) seed infesting moth Agathiphaga is described using conventional, polarization, and scanning electron microscopy. The pine seed chamber formed by the larva is also described and commented on. The simple larval chaetotaxy includes more of the minute posture sensing setae, proprioceptors, than expected from the lepidopteran larval ground plan. The excess of proprioceptors is suggested to be necessary for sensory input concerning the larval posture within the seed chamber. The trunk musculature includes an autapomorphic radial ventral musculature made up of unique multisegmental muscles. The combined presence of additional proprioceptors and the unique ventral musculature is proposed to be related to the larval movement within the confined space of the seed chamber, especially to a proposed somersault movement that allows the larva to orientate itself within the chamber. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional outcomes and gait analysis of patients after periacetabular sarcoma resection with and without ischiofemoral arthrodesis
Authors: Carmody Soni Emily E. , Miller Benjamin J. , Scarborough Mark T. , Parker Gibbs C.
Published: May 2012

Background

Treatment of periacetabular sarcomas remains a difficult challenge. Many reconstruction options are fraught with high complication and failure rates. Little is known about patients' functional outcomes, and there have been no studies that examine how these reconstructions affect patients' gait parameters. The purpose of this study is to evaluate gait parameters and functional outcome in patients whom have undergone periacetabular resections with either an ischiofemoral pseudoarthrodesis or soft tissue reconstruction only.

Methods

Ten patients with sarcoma of the periacetabular region were identified from our database. Functional outcome was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scores (MSTS) and Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) scoring systems. Gait analysis was performed on all subjects.

Results

Patients in both surgical groups had average functional scores. All patients were ambulatory. Cadence and velocity in the surgical group were significantly slower than the control group, however, the remainder of the gait parameters examined were similar to controls.

Conclusion

Patients who underwent minimal reconstruction following periacetabular resections demonstrated average functional scores, comparable to those undergoing more extensive reconstructions. With the exception of speed, gait parameters were not significantly different than controls. Complication rates were low. Pseudoarthrodesis or even no bone reconstruction following periacetabular resection is reasonable and functional options for many of these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:844–849. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of CSN5/JAB1 in Wnt/β‐catenin activation in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Schütz Anke K. , Hennes Thomas , Jumpertz Sandra , Fuchs Simone , Bernhagen Jürgen
Published: May 2012

CSN5/JAB1 is a critical subunit of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) and is overexpressed in many human cancers, but little is known about the role of CSN5 in colorectal cancer (CRC). To explore the functional role of CSN5 in colorectal tumorigenesis, we applied siRNA technology to silence CSN5 in HeLa, SW480, HCT116, HT29, and CaCo2 cells. CSN5 knock‐down led to reduced β‐catenin and phospho‐β‐catenin levels and this was paralleled by reduced CRC cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis rates, whereas the short‐term β‐catenin protein stability was enhanced by CSN5 knock‐down in SW480 cells. Together, these data implicate the CSN in the pathogenesis of CRC via regulation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway.
Nonlinear liquid sloshing in a square tank subjected to obliquely horizontal excitation
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Ibrahim Raouf A. , Harata Yuji , Kuriyama Tasuku
Published: May 2012

Nonlinear responses of surface waves in rigid square and nearly square tanks partially filled with liquid subjected to obliquely horizontal, sinusoidal excitation are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Two predominant modes of sloshing are significantly coupled nonlinearly because their natural frequencies are nearly identical resulting in 1:1 internal resonance. Therefore, if only one of these modes is directly excited, the other mode is indirectly excited due to the nonlinear coupling. In the nonlinear theoretical analysis, the modal equations of motion are derived for the two predominant sloshing modes as well as five higher sloshing modes. The linear viscous terms are incorporated in order to consider the damping effect of sloshing. The expressions for the frequency response curves are determined using van der Pol’s method. The influences of the excitation direction and the aspect ratio of the tank cross-section on the frequency response curves are numerically examined. Planar and swirl motions of sloshing, and Hopf bifurcations followed by amplitude modulated motions including chaotic motions, are predicted when the excitation frequency is close to one of the natural frequencies of the two predominant sloshing modes. Lyapunov exponents are calculated and reveal the excitation frequency range over which liquid chaotic motions occur. In addition, bifurcation sets are shown to clarify the influences of the parameters on the change in the structural stability. The theoretically predicted results are in good agreement with the measured data, thus the theoretical analysis was experimentally validated.
Two-dimensional modal method for shallow-water sloshing in rectangular basins
Authors: Antuono M. , Bouscasse B. , Colagrossi A. , Lugni C.
Published: May 2012

A two-dimensional model for the analysis of sloshing phenomena in shallow-water conditions has been defined using Boussinesq-type depth-averaged equations. Thanks to a modal decomposition of the spatial field, the present model allows a straightforward and simple treatment of the exciting forces and can describe a generic motion. Comparisons with the experimental data available in the literature and with a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) scheme proved the proposed shallow-water model to be accurate, fast and robust.
Evolution of fluid-like granular ejecta generated by sphere impact
Authors: Marston J. O. , Li E. Q. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: May 2012

We present results from an experimental study of the speed and shape of the ejecta formed when a solid sphere impacts onto a granular bed. We use high-speed imaging at frame rates up to 100 000 f.p.s. to provide direct measurement of individual grain velocities and ejecta angles as well as the overall evolution of the granular ejecta. For larger grain sizes, the emergence velocities of the grains during the ‘early stage flow’, i.e. before the main ejecta ‘curtain’ forms, increase with the kinetic energy of the impacting sphere but are inversely proportional to the time from impact. We also observe that the fastest grains, which can obtain velocities up to five times that of the impacting sphere (${V}_{g} / {V}_{0} = 5$), generally emerge at the earliest times and with the lowest ejection angles. As the grain size is decreased, a more ‘fluid-like’ behaviour is observed whereby the ejected material first emerges as a thin sheet of grains between the sphere and the bed surface, which is also seen when a sphere impacts a liquid pool. In this case, the sheet velocity is approximately double that of the impacting sphere (${V}_{s} / {V}_{0} = 2$) and independent of the bulk packing fraction. For the finest grains we provide evidence of the existence of a vortex ring inside the ejecta curtain where grains following the air flow are entrained through the curtain. In contrast to predictions from previous studies, we find that the temporal evolution of the ejecta neck radius is not initially quadratic but rather approaches a square-root dependence on time, for the finest grains with the highest impact kinetic energy. The evolution therefore approaches that seen for the crown evolution in liquid drop impacts. By using both spherical glass beads and coarse sands, we show that the size and shape distribution are critical in determining the post-impact dynamics whereby the sands exhibit a qualitatively different response to impact, with grains ejected at lower speeds and at later times than for the glass beads.
SPIRITS, POWER AND THE POLITICAL IMAGINATION IN LATE-COLONIAL GABON
Authors: Cinnamon John M.
Published: May 2012

Through narratives of an anti-‘fetish’ movement that swept through north-eastern Gabon in the mid-1950s, the present article traces the contours of converging political and religious imaginations in that country in the years preceding independence. Fang speakers in the region make explicit connections between the arrival of post-Second World War electoral politics, the anti-fetish movements, and perceptions of political weakening and marginalization of their region on the eve of independence. Rival politicians and the colonial administration played key roles in the movement, which brought in a Congolese ritual expert, Emane Boncoeur, and his two powerful spirits, Mademoiselle and Mimbare. These spirits, later recuperated in a wide range of healing practices, continue to operate today throughout northern Gabon and Rio Muni. In local imaginaries, these spirits played central roles in the birth of both regional and national politics, paradoxically strengthening the colonial administration and Gabonese auxiliaries in an era of pre-independence liberalization. Thus, regional political events in the 1950s rehearsed later configurations of power, including presidential politics, on the national stage.
SELF-RELIANCE AND THE STATE: THE MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY POST-COLONIAL TANZANIA
Authors: Lal Priya
Published: May 2012

This article uses a key principle of the Tanzanianujamaaproject – self-reliance – as an analytical lever to open up the historical landscape of development politics in that national context during the 1960s and early 1970s. Throughout this period Tanzanians understood and experienced self-reliance in a variety of ways: as a mandated developmental strategy or a collective developmental aspiration, a condition of dignity or privation, a hallmark of national citizenship or a reflection of local survivalism, a matter of luxury or necessity. I trace these multiple meanings through three distinct but overlapping fields of inquiry: first, by cataloguing the plural ideological registers indexed by self-reliance within official development discoursevis-à-visdomestic and international politics; second, by illuminating a diverse range of rural elders' accounts ofujamaavillagization and self-reliance policy in the south-eastern region of Mtwara; and third, by examining the ambivalent position of self-reliance within public debates about regional development in relation to the national scale. In doing so, I expose the dialectical friction between competing constructions of citizenship and development at the heart ofujamaa, and suggest new avenues forward for conceptualizing the afterlives of ‘self-reliance’ and the changing meaning of development in contemporary Tanzania and beyond.
Length of stay in surgical patients: nutritional predictive parameters revisited
Authors: Almeida Ana Isabel , Correia Marta , Camilo Maria , Ravasco Paula
Published: May 2012

Nutritional evaluation may predict clinical outcomes, such as hospital length of stay (LOS). We aimed to assess the value of nutritional risk and status methods, and to test standard anthropometry percentilesv.the 50th percentile threshold in predicting LOS, and to determine nutritional status changes during hospitalisation and their relation with LOS. In this longitudinal prospective study, 298 surgical patients were evaluated at admission and discharge. At admission, nutritional risk was assessed by Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and nutritional status by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), involuntary % weight loss in the previous 6 months and anthropometric parameters; % weight loss and anthropometry were reassessed at discharge. At admission, risk/undernutrition results by NRS-2002 (P< 0·001), MUST (P< 0·001), % weight loss (P< 0·001) and SGA (P< 0·001) were predictive of longer LOS. A mid-arm circumference (MAC) or a mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMA) under the 15th and the 50th percentile, which was considered indicative of undernutrition, did predict longer LOS (P< 0·001); conversely, there was no association between depleted triceps skinfold (TSF) and longer LOS. In-hospital, there was a high prevalence of weight, muscle and fat losses, associated with longer LOS. At discharge, patients with a simultaneous negative variation in TSF+MAC+MAMA (n158, 53 %) had longer LOS than patients with a TSF+MAC+MAMA positive variation (11 (8–15)v.8 (7–12) d,P< 0·001). We concluded that at risk or undernutrition evaluated by all methods, except TSF and BMI, predicted a longer LOS. Moreover, MAC and MAMA measurements and their classification according to the 50th percentile threshold seem reliable undernutrition indicators.
Variety in fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Puerto Rican adults
Authors: Ye Xingwang , Bhupathiraju Shilpa N. , Tucker Katherine L.
Published: May 2012

Higher variety in fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases. It remains unclear whether such associations exist relating to cognition. The authors examined associations between total quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function in a cross-sectional sample of 1412 Puerto Rican adults, aged 45–75 years from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, 2004–9. Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed with a FFQ. Cognitive function was measured with a battery of seven tests; the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administrated to assess global cognitive function. Greater variety, but not total quantity, of fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a higher MMSE score after multivariate adjustment (P for trend = 0·012). This association remained significant after further adjusting for total quantity of fruit and vegetable intake (P for trend = 0·018). High variety of fruit and vegetable intake was also associated with individual cognitive domains, including executive function, memory and attention (all P for trend < 0·05). Variety, more than total quantity, of fruit and vegetable intake may offer cognitive protection in middle-aged and older adults, but longitudinal studies are needed to clarify direction of causality.
Plasma free choline, betaine and cognitive performance: the Hordaland Health Study
Authors: Nurk Eha , Refsum Helga , Bjelland Ingvar , Drevon Christian A. , Tell Grethe S. , Ueland Per M. , Vollset Stein E. , Engedal Knut , Nygaard Harald A. , Smith David A.
Published: May 2012

Choline and betaine are nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism. Choline is essential for neurodevelopment and brain function. We studied the associations between cognitive function and plasma concentrations of free choline and betaine. In a cross-sectional study, 2195 subjects (55 % women), aged 70–74 years, underwent extensive cognitive testing including the Kendrick Object Learning Test (KOLT), Trail Making Test (part A, TMT-A), modified versions of the Digit Symbol Test (m-DST), Block Design (m-BD), Mini-Mental State Examination (m-MMSE) and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Compared with low concentrations, high choline (>8·4 μmol/l) was associated with better test scores in the TMT-A (56·0v. 61·5,P= 0·004), m-DST (10·5v. 9·8,P= 0·005) and m-MMSE (11·5v. 11·4,P= 0·01). A generalised additive regression model showed a positive dose–response relationship between the m-MMSE and choline (P= 0·012 from a corresponding linear regression model). Betaine was associated with the KOLT, TMT-A and COWAT, but after adjustments for potential confounders, the associations lost significance. Risk ratios (RR) for poor test performance roughly tripled when low choline was combined with either low plasma vitamin B12( ≤ 257 pmol/l) concentrations (RRKOLT= 2·6, 95 % CI 1·1, 6·1; RRm-MMSE= 2·7, 95 % CI 1·1, 6·6; RRCOWAT= 3·1, 95 % CI 1·4, 7·2) or high methylmalonic acid (MMA) ( ≥ 3·95 μmol/l) concentrations (RRm-BD= 2·8, 95 % CI 1·3, 6·1). Low betaine ( ≤ 31·1 μmol/l) combined with high MMA was associated with elevated RR on KOLT (RRKOLT= 2·5, 95 % CI 1·0, 6·2). Low plasma free choline concentrations are associated with poor cognitive performance. There were significant interactions between low choline or betaine and low vitamin B12or high MMA on cognitive performance.
Testing the Language–Power Assumption of Critical Discourse Analysis: The Case of Israel's Legislative Discourse
Authors: Shenhav Shaul R. , Rahat Gideon , Sheafer Tamir
Published: May 2012

Abstract.The growing interest in the relation between language and politics brings new assumptions and theoretical frameworks to the study of politics. This study presents a simple empirical test of a major assumption of the critical discourse analysis school: that power is a major factor in political discourse. It examines whether the discourse of Israeli members of parliament (Knesset) represents a view of the world through the prism of power or whether parliament members refer to the experience of similar democracies. We demonstrate that power is a strong and significant factor in Israeli legislative discourse through time and across issues while relevance plays no role.

Résumé.L'intérêt grandissant que suscite le lien entre langage et politique, génère de nouvelles hypothèses et de nouvelles théories de l'étude du politique. Cette étude propose de tester l'une des principales hypothèses de l'analyse critique de discours, à savoir que le pouvoir serait un facteur essentiel du discours politique. Le discours des membres du parlement israélien (la Knesset) est analysé afin de déterminer s'il reflète une vision du monde à travers le prisme du pouvoir, ou si au contraire les membres du parlements se réfèrent plutôt à l'expérience d'autres démocraties sous différents angles, en particulier celui de la similaritê de leur travail parlementaire. Cette étude démontre que le pouvoir constitue un facteur important et significatif du discours législatif israélien, à la fois sur la longue durée et concernant une variété de sujets, alors que le facteur de la pertinence ne joue aucun rôle.