bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic Diversity and Virulence Factors of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Healthy and Necrotic Enteritis-Affected Broiler Chicken Farms in Quebec Province
Authors: Heidarpanah Sara , Li Kevin , Thibodeau Alexandre , Meniaï Ilhem , Parreira Valeria R. , Quessy Sylvain , Segura Mariela , Fittipaldi Nahuel , Gaucher Marie-Lou
Published: December 2024

Avian necrotic enteritis due to the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens has re-emerged following the ban on antibiotic growth promoters in many poultry producing countries. The limited number of previous studies has left important gaps in our understanding of the genetic diversity and virulence traits of the pathogen. To address these knowledge gaps, in this study, we sequenced the genomes of 41 Clostridium perfringens isolates recovered from commercial broiler chicken flocks in Quebec, Canada, including isolates from healthy birds and those affected by necrotic enteritis. We sought to understand the pangenome diversity and interrogated the genomes for key virulence factors involved in necrotic enteritis pathogenesis. On average, the genomes had a GC content of 28% and contained 3206 coding sequences. A variable presence of toxins, degradative hydrolytic enzymes, and collagen-binding proteins was also found. Through pangenome analysis, we revealed a total of 10,223 genes, 652 (6.4%) of which formed the core genome. Additionally, we identified 17 different plasmids, 12 antibiotic resistance genes, and nine prophage regions. Overall, our results demonstrated a relatively high genetic diversity among chicken Clostridium perfringens isolates collected from the same geographical location, offering new insights into potential virulence mechanisms and adaptation of the pathogen within poultry populations.
Metal–Ligand Cooperation in Dihydrogen Activation by a Cationic Metallogermylene: Enhanced Activity from Tungsten to Molybdenum
Authors: Matsumoto Rikiya , Nagata Koichi , Nakamura Ryo , Watanabe Takahito , Hashimoto Hisako
Published: December 2024

Dihydrogen activation by metallogermylenes was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A neutral NHC-coordinated chlorometallogermylene was synthesized and converted to a cationic base-free metallogermylene of molybdenum via chloride abstraction. The cationic molybdogermylene showed enhanced reactivity toward H2 compared to the tungsten analog. The reaction mechanism was investigated by theoretical calculations, which revealed a novel route that proceeds via a new type of metal–ligand cooperative activation between the metal and divalent germanium moiety. The activation energy of this route is much lower than that of the alternative route via an “oxidative addition” type of reaction on the single Ge(II) center, which is generally proposed for organotetrylenes. The features of the frontier orbitals and the origin of the metal effect on the H2 activation are also described.
RNA Stability: A Review of the Role of Structural Features and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Kornienko Igor V. , Aramova Olga Yu. , Tishchenko Anna A. , Rudoy Dmitriy V. , Chikindas Michael Leonidas
Published: December 2024

The stability of RNA is a critical factor in determining its functionality and degradation in the cell. In recent years, it has been shown that the stability of RNA depends on a complex interaction of external and internal factors. External conditions, such as temperature fluctuations, the level of acidity of the environment, the presence of various substances and ions, as well as the effects of oxidative stress, can change the structure of RNA and affect its stability. Internal factors, including the specific structural features of RNA and its interactions with protein molecules, also have a significant impact on the regulation of the stability of these molecules. In this article, we review the main factors influencing RNA stability, since understanding the factors influencing this extremely complex process is important not only for understanding the regulation of expression at the RNA level but also for developing new methods for isolating and stabilizing RNA in preparation for creating biobanks of genetic material. We reviewed a modern solution to this problem and formulated basic recommendations for RNA storage aimed at minimizing degradation and damage to the molecule.
Influence of Absorber Contents and Temperatures on the Dielectric Properties and Microwave Absorbing Performances of C@TiC/SiO2 Composites
Authors: Wang Yan , Sun Xin , Xiao Zhihe , Gu Jian , Dong Qinyi , Yi Shuhang , Jin Junyang
Published: December 2024

TiC provides a promising potential for high-temperature microwave absorbers due to its unique combination of thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and robust structural integrity. C@TiC/SiO2 composites were successfully fabricated using a simple blending and cold-pressing method. The effects of C@TiC’s absorbent content and temperature on the dielectric and microwave absorption properties of C@TiC/SiO2 composites were investigated. The addition of C@TiC from 10 wt.% to 30 wt.% not only endows the composites with a higher dielectric constant and dielectric loss, but also with a greater high-temperature stability in terms of dielectric and microwave absorption properties. The composite with 30 wt.%C@TiC demonstrates a strong microwave absorption capability with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −55.87 dB, −48.49 dB, and −40.36 dB at room temperature, 50 °C, and 100 °C, respectively; the 50 wt.%C@TiC composite exhibits an enhanced high-temperature microwave absorption performance with an RLmin of −16.13 dB and −15.72 dB at 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively. This study demonstrates that the TiC-based absorbers present an innovative solution for high-temperature microwave absorption, providing stability, versatility, and adaptability in extreme operational environments.
Study on Electrical and Temperature Characteristics of β-Ga2O3-Based Diodes Controlled by Varying Anode Work Function
Authors: He Yunlong , Sheng Baisong , Lu Xiaoli , Chen Guran , Liu Peng , Zhou Ying , Wang Xichen , Chen Weiwei , Wang Lei , Yang Jun , Zheng Xuefeng , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue
Published: December 2024

This study systematically investigates the effects of anode metals (Ti/Au and Ni/Au) with different work functions on the electrical and temperature characteristics of β-Ga2O3-based Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs), junction barrier Schottky diodes (JBSDs) and P-N diodes (PNDs), utilizing Silvaco TCAD simulation software, device fabrication and comparative analysis. From the perspective of transport characteristics, it is observed that the SBD exhibits a lower turn-on voltage and a higher current density. Notably, the Von of the Ti/Au anode SBD is merely 0.2 V, which is the lowest recorded value in the existing literature. The Von and current trend of two types of PNDs are nearly consistent, confirming that the contact between Ti/Au or Ni/Au and NiOx is ohmic. A theoretical derivation reveals the basic principles of the different contact resistances and current variations. With the combination of SBD and PND, the Von, current density, and variation rate of the JBSD lie between those of the SBD and PND. In terms of temperature characteristics, all diodes can work well at 200 °C, with both current density and Von showing a decreasing trend as the temperature increases. Among them, the PND with a Ni/Au anode exhibits the best thermal stability, with reductions in Von and current density of 8.20% and 25.31%, respectively, while the SBD with a Ti/Au anode shows the poorest performance, with reductions of 98.56% and 30.73%. Finally, the reverse breakdown (BV) characteristics of all six devices are tested. The average BV values for the PND with Ti/Au and Ni/Au anodes reach 1575 V and 1550 V, respectively. Moreover, although the Von of the JBSD decreases to 0.24 V, its average BV is approximately 220 V. This work could provide valuable insights for the future application of β-Ga2O3-based diodes in high-power and low-power consumption systems.
Synergistic Effect of Iron and Zinc Nanoparticles with Recommended Nitrogen Dose on Production and Grain Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars Under Drought Stress
Authors: Abbas Mohamed , Tian Chunjie , Nagy Mohamed K. I. , Al-Metwally Maryam Sabry , Chen Xuewen , Abdel-Lattif Hashim M.
Published: December 2024

Abiotic factors, such as drought, can significantly impact the vegetative growth and productivity of maize. To investigate the effects of the combined foliar application of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles with the recommended nitrogen dose (RND) on maize production and grain chemical composition under different water regimes, two field experiments were conducted in El-Ayyat city, Giza, Egypt, during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023. This study utilized a split-split-plot experimental design with three replications. The main plots were designated to different water regimes (100, 80, 60, and 40% of estimated evapotranspiration), while the sub-plots were randomly distributed with Zn and Fe nanoparticle concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg/L). The sub-sub-plots were randomly allocated to three maize cultivars (SC-P3062, SC-32D99, and SC-P3433). The results revealed that exposure to drought conditions resulted in a significant decline in the yield and yield-related attributes across all maize cultivars examined. Grain yield decreased by 10–50% under drought conditions. However, the foliar application of Zn and Fe nanoparticles was found to significantly improve grain yield, protein content, oil content, starch content, crude fiber, ash, and macro- and micronutrient concentrations in the maize cultivars under control and drought stress conditions. The foliar application of Zn and Fe nanoparticles at a concentration of 200 mg/L to the SC-P3433 maize cultivar led to the greatest grain yield per hectare, reaching 11,749 and 11,657 kg under the irrigation regimes with 100 and 80% total evapotranspiration, respectively. According to the assessment using the relative drought index, the SC-P3062 maize cultivar demonstrated tolerance (T) to water stress conditions. In conclusion, the foliar application of Zn and Fe nanoparticles (100–200 mg/L) effectively mitigated the negative effects of drought stress on maize plants. This approach can be recommended for farmers in arid and semi-arid regions to maintain and improve maize yield and grain quality under water-deficit conditions.
Dietary Modulation of the Immune System
Authors: Méndez López Luis Fernando , González Llerena José Luis , Vázquez Rodríguez Jesús Alberto , Medellín Guerrero Alpha Berenice , González Martínez Blanca Edelia , Solís Pérez Elizabeth , López-Cabanillas Lomelí Manuel
Published: December 2024

Recent insights into the influence of nutrition on immune system components have driven the development of dietary strategies targeting the prevention and management of major metabolic-inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the bidirectional relationship between nutrition and immunocompetence, beginning with an overview of immune system components and their functions. It examines the effects of nutritional status, dietary patterns, and food bioactives on systemic inflammation, immune cell populations, and lymphoid tissues, as well as their associations with infectious and chronic disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms by which key nutrients influence immune constituents are delineated, focusing on vitamins A, D, E, C, and B, as well as minerals including zinc, iron, and selenium. Also highlighted are the immunomodulatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as bioactive phenolic compounds and probiotics, given their expanding relevance. Each section addresses the implications of nutritional and nutraceutical interventions involving these nutrients within the broader context of major infectious, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review further underscores that, while targeted nutrient supplementation can effectively restore immune function to optimal levels, caution is necessary in certain cases, as it may increase morbidity in specific diseases. In other instances, dietary counseling should be integrated to ensure that therapeutic goals are achieved safely and effectively.
Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Mediate Health Benefits of Oat and Oat Bran Consumption in IBD Mice
Authors: Duan Wen , Zheng Bisheng , Li Tong , Liu Ruihai
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, the environment, and gut microbiota. The incidence of IBD is increasing globally. Previous studies have shown that interactions between diet and gut microbiota influence the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. Proper dietary nutrition including oat and oat bran regulates chronic inflammation, which is essential for individual health, and is one of the essential factors in reducing inflammation in the body and keeping the immune system functioning properly, which plays a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, the mechanism of action of whether oat and oat bran will alleviate chronic inflammation by modulating intestinal flora and metabolites remains unknown. Methods: Therefore, in this study, we have used a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) chronic colitis to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acid content, and the expression of the relevant genes. Results: The results showed that diets supplemented with oat and oat bran improved intestinal barrier parameters, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors, modulated the composition of intestinal microbiota, and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that dietary interventions with oats or oat bran may have potential applications in clinical nutrition and dietary interventions for chronic IBD.
Comparative Clinical Study on Magnesium Absorption and Side Effects After Oral Intake of Microencapsulated Magnesium (MAGSHAPETM Microcapsules) Versus Other Magnesium Sources
Authors: Pajuelo David , Meissner Justyna M. , Negra Teresa , Connolly Alan , Mullor Jose L.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Magnesium (Mg)-based food supplements contribute to the maintenance of adequate levels of Mg that are essential for overall health and well-being. The aim of this double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical study was to assess the plasma Mg levels in volunteers following the oral administration of a magnesium-based nutraceutical ingredient, MAGSHAPETM microcapsules (Mg-MS), in comparison to other commonly used magnesium sources, including the following: Mg Oxide (MgO), Mg Citrate (Mg-C), and Mg bisglycinate (Mg-BG). Methods: A total of 40 healthy women and men were put on a low-Mg diet for 7 days, and after 8 h of fasting, a blood sample was taken from a digital puncture before (0 h) and 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the oral intake of each product. Results: Our results showed that the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly at all tested time-points after the oral intake of Mg-MS, while the blood plasma levels of Mg increased significantly only after 1 and 4 h of the oral intake of MgO and Mg-C, respectively. However, no significant increase in Mg levels was observed upon the intake of Mg-BG. Interestingly, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology was observed to enable a sustained increase in plasma Mg levels over the duration of this study, i.e., 1, 4, and 6 h after oral intake. A direct comparison of the increase in plasma Mg levels over the 6 h period revealed that the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology significantly increased Mg bioavailability compared to the non-microencapsulated MgO. Our study also showed that, compared to the other Mg sources tested, the Mg-MS microencapsulation technology reduced adverse side effects commonly associated with Mg supplementation, specifically with regard to increased intestinal motility and sensations of gastric heaviness following oral administration. Conclusions: Altogether, this clinical study introduced MAGSHAPETM microcapsules as a bioavailable and well-tolerated alternative to existing Mg-based ingredients used in food supplements.
Pre-Adipocytes in 3D Co-Culture Underwent Self-Differentiation: New Perspectives for an Old Model
Authors: Dal-Mora Tamara , Saleh Najla Adel , Martinazzo Veridiana Pacheco Goulart , Buchele Maria Luiza Carneiro , Rode Michele Patrícia , Silva Adny Henrique , Assunção Laura Sartori , Creczynski-Pasa Tânia Beatriz , Filippin-Monteiro Fabiola Branco
Published: December 2024

Adipogenesis is a complex process influenced by various cellular interactions within adipose tissue, which plays a critical role in metabolic homeostasis. This study aimed to develop a novel in vitro three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model using murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, J774 macrophages, and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts to investigate adipogenic differentiation and inflammatory pathways. We first validated an adipogenic differentiation protocol in a two-dimensional (2D) model, where 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were subjected to a hormonal medium containing 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone and insulin. After 7 days, differentiated cells were analyzed using Oil Red O and Nile Red staining, confirming lipid accumulation. Subsequently, spheroids were formed in 3D cultures, with monospheroids and heterospheroids maintained in either control medium or MDI for 11 days. Size measurements indicated significant growth in heterospheroids, particularly in the 3T3-L1:J774 combination, underscoring the importance of cellular interactions. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that even in the absence of hormonal stimuli, control spheroids exhibited adipogenic differentiation, evidenced by a notable proportion of Nile Red-positive cells (75.7 ± 1.7%). Inflammatory profiling revealed that the heterospheroid 3:J produced the highest levels of nitric oxide (NO), with no significant differences observed between control and MDI conditions. This study highlights the potential of 3D co-culture systems for elucidating the intricate interactions among adipocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The findings may provide valuable insights into novel therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.
Immune Checkpoint Blockade Combined with AbnobaViscum® Therapy Is Linked to Improved Survival in Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Registry Study in Accordance with the ESMO Guidance for Reporting Real-World Evidence
Authors: Schad Friedemann , Thronicke Anja , Hofheinz Ralf-Dieter , Klein Reinhild , Grabowski Patricia , Oei Shiao Li , Wüstefeld Hannah , Grah Christian
Published: December 2024

Background: Recent advancements in cancer treatment have shown the potential of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) plus Viscum album L. therapy in improving survival rates for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with improved survival in NSCLC patients treated with a combination of ICB and abnobaViscum®. Methods: Patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC from the accredited Network Oncology registry were included in this real-world data study adhering to ESMO-GROW criteria with ethics approval. Survival outcomes were compared between patients receiving ICB therapy alone versus those receiving combinational ICB plus abnobaViscum® therapy using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: Among 300 patients (median age 68 years; male/female ratio 1.19), 222 received ICB alone (CTRL group) and 78 received combinational therapy (COMB group). Overall survival was significantly prolonged in the COMB group by 7 months compared to CTRL (13.8 months vs. 6.8 months, p = 0.005) with a survival rate of 16.5% in the COMB group vs. 8.0% in the CTRL group. In programmed death-ligand 1 positive (≥1%) patients treated with first-line ICB, the addition of abnobaViscum® reduced the adjusted hazard of death by 75% (aHR: 0.25; 95%CI: 0.11–0.60, p = 0.02). Conclusions: The addition of abnobaViscum® to ICB is significantly associated with improved survival in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients, irrespective of age, stage, Eastern cooperative oncology group status, surgery, or radiation. Potential mechanisms include immune modulation, reduced primary ICB resistance, and tumor microenvironment modifications. The findings warrant further validation in randomized controlled trials or registry-based randomized controlled trials. Trial registration: The study was registered (DRKS00013335).
A New Heteroleptic Zn(II) Complex with Schiff Bases Sensitizes Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel
Authors: Machado Raiane Aparecida dos Santos , Siqueira Raoni Pais , da Silva Fernanda Cardoso , Matos André Carlos Pereira de , Borges Dayanne Silva , Rocha Gislaine Gonçalves , Souza Thais Cristina Prado de , Souza Rafael Aparecido Carvalho , Oliveira Clayton Rodrigues de , Ferreira Antônio G. , Maia Pedro Ivo da Silva , Deflon Victor Marcelo , Oliveira Carolina Gonçalves , Araújo Thaise Gonçalves
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most challenging molecular subtype of breast cancer (BC) in clinical practice, associated with a worse prognosis due to limited treatment strategies and its insensitivity to conventional drugs. Zinc is an important trace element for homeostasis, and its Schiff base metal complexes have shown promise in treating advanced tumors. In this study, four new heteroleptic Zn(II) complexes (1–4) with Schiff bases were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their activity in BC cells. Methods: Compounds were synthesized, characterized, and their crystal structures were determined. Biological activity was assessed using MTT, clonogenic, scratch wound healing, caspase 3 and 8 activity, qPCR, and chemosensitization assays. Results: The complexes exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (luminal BC), MDA-MB-453 (HER2-positive BC), and MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.01 to 20 µM. Complex 4 showed reduced cytotoxicity toward non-tumor cell lines. This, complexation with Zn(II) increased the cytotoxicity of the ligands, a trend not observed for complexes 1–3. Due to its favorable profile, complex 4 was selected for further assays, in which it inhibited colony formation and the cell migration of TNBC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, this compound induced cell death independently of caspases, decreasing the activity of caspase 8. Interestingly, complex 4 sensitized TBNC cells to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, possibly modulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition mechanism, as evidenced by increased CDH1 expression. Conclusions: Results suggest the potential of complex 4 in sensitizing aggressive BC cells to chemotherapy, proving to be a promising alternative in cases of therapeutic failure.
Application of Environmental DNA Metabarcoding to Differentiate Algal Communities by Littoral Zonation and Detect Unreported Algal Species
Authors: Bombin Sergei , Bombin Andrei , Wysor Brian , Lopez-Bautista Juan M.
Published: December 2024

Coastal areas are the most biologically productive and undoubtedly among the most complex ecosystems. Algae are responsible for most of the gross primary production in these coastal regions. However, despite the critical importance of algae for the global ecosystem, the biodiversity of many algal groups is understudied, partially due to the high complexity of morphologically identifying algal species. The current study aimed to take advantage of the recently developed technology for biotic community assessment through the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA (eDNA), known as the “eDNA metabarcoding”, to characterize littoral algal communities in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGoM). This study demonstrated that eDNA metabarcoding, based on the universal plastid amplicon (UPA) and part of the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (LSU) molecular markers, could successfully differentiate coastal biotic communities among littoral zones and geographical locations along the shoreline of the NGoM. The statistical significance of separation between biotic communities was partially dependent on the dissimilarity calculation metric; thus, the differentiation of algal community structure according to littoral zones was more distinct when phylogenetic distances were incorporated into the diversity analysis. Current work demonstrated that the relative abundance of algal species obtained with eDNA metabarcoding matches previously established zonation patterns for these species. In addition, the present study detected molecular signals of 44 algal species without previous reports for the Gulf of Mexico, thus providing an important, molecular-validated baseline of species richness for this region.
RITA® Temporary Immersion System (TIS) for Biomass Growth Improvement and Ex Situ Conservation of Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo
Authors: Capaci Piergiorgio , Barozzi Fabrizio , Forciniti Stefania , Anglana Chiara , Iuele Helena , Accogli Rita Annunziata , Carra Angela , Lenucci Marcello Salvatore , del Mercato Loretta L. , Di Sansebastiano Gian Pietro
Published: December 2024

Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo is a rare and endangered taxon, endemic to a limited area on Mount Pizzuta in northwestern Sicily, Italy. Its population is significantly threatened by anthropogenic activities, including fires, overgrazing, and habitat alterations. Temporary immersion systems (TISs) have proven effective for large-scale propagation in various protected species, offering potential for ex situ conservation and population reinforcement of V. ucriana. This study aimed to establish a bioreactor-based micropropagation protocol for shoot multiplication and compare the efficacy of a TIS with that of conventional solid culture medium (SCM). Three different plant growth regulators (PGRs) were also compared: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), zeatin, and meta-topolin-9-riboside (mTR). The starting material originated from seeds collected from mother plants in their natural environment. The best growth outcomes (in terms of shoot multiplication, shoot length, and relative growth rate) were achieved using THE RITA® TIS, with BA (0.2 mg/L) and mTR (0.5 or 0.8 mg/L) outperforming SCM. Anomalous or hyperhydric shoots were observed with all zeatin treatments (especially with 0.8 mg/L) in both the TIS and SCM, suggesting that this cytokinin is unsuitable for V. ucriana biomass production. The rooting phase was significantly improved by transferring propagules onto rockwool cubes fertilized with Hoagland solution. This approach yielded more robust roots in terms of number and length compared to the conventional agar-based medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the genetic fidelity of the regenerants from the optimal PGR treatments, showing that all plantlets maintained the diploid ploidy level of their maternal plants. Over 90% of the in vitro derived plantlets were successfully acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. This paper represents the first report of V. ucriana biomass multiplication using a RITA® bioreactor. The stability of the regenerants, confirmed by nuclei quantification via cytofluorimetry, provides guidance in establishing a true-to-type ex situ population, supporting conservation and future reinforcement efforts.
Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress
Authors: Apostolova Emilia L.
Published: December 2024

The important processes of plants are influenced by adverse environmental factors, which can have a negative impact on their growth and development. The last decade has seen an increase in the impact of abiotic stress on plants due to climate changes. The impact of abiotic stress on plants and their defense mechanisms is presented in the Special Issue “Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress”. The studies enhance our understanding of how abiotic factors affect plants and their defense mechanisms.
Insights into the Genomic Background of Nine Common Chinese Medicinal Plants by Flow Cytometry and Genome Survey
Authors: An Chang , Li Denglin , Lu Lin , Liu Chaojia , Xu Xiaowen , Xie Shiyu , Wang Jing , Liu Ruoyu , Yang Chengzi , Qin Yuan , Zheng Ping
Published: December 2024

Medicinal plants have long played a crucial role in healthcare systems, but limited genomic information on these species has impeded the integration of modern biological technologies into medicinal plant research. In this study, we selected nine common medicinal plants, each belonging to a different plant family, including Sarcandra glabra (Chloranthaceae), Nekemias grossedentata (Vitaceae), Uraria crinita (Fabaceae), Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Cucurbitaceae), Reynoutria japonica (Polygonaceae), Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Caryophyllaceae), Morinda officinalis (Rubiaceae), Vitex rotundifolia (Lamiaceae), and Gynura formosana (Asteraceae), to estimate their genome sizes and conduct preliminary genomic surveys. The estimated genome sizes by flow cytometry were 3.66 Gb, 0.65 Gb, 0.58 Gb, 1.02 Gb, 3.96 Gb, 2.99 Gb, 0.43 Gb, 0.78 Gb, and 7.27 Gb, respectively. The genome sizes of M. officinalis, R. japonica, and G. pentaphyllum have been previously reported. Comparative analyses suggest that variations in genome size may arise due to differences in measurement methods and sample sources. Therefore, employing multiple approaches to assess genome size is necessary to provide more reliable information for further genomic research. Based on the genome survey, species with considerable genome size variation or polyploidy, such as G. pentaphyllum, should undergo a ploidy analysis in conjunction with population genomics studies to elucidate the development of the diversified genome size. Additionally, a genome survey of U. crinita, a medicinal plant with a relatively small genome size (509.08 Mb) and of considerable interest in southern China, revealed a low heterozygosity rate (0.382%) and moderate repeat content (51.24%). Given the limited research costs, this species represents a suitable candidate for further genomic studies on Leguminous medicinal plants characteristic of southern China. This foundational genomic information will serve as a critical reference for the sustainable development and utilization of these medicinal plants.
OsIAA19, an Aux/IAA Family Gene, Involved in the Regulation of Seed-Specific Traits in Rice
Authors: Jia Sha-Sha , Ren Xin-Yu , Tong Man-Ni , Jiang Si-Yao , Zhang Chang-Quan , Liu Qiao-Quan , Li Qian-Feng
Published: December 2024

The Aux/IAA family proteins, key components of the auxin signaling pathway, are plant-specific transcription factors with important roles in regulating a wide range of plant growth and developmental events. The Aux/IAA family genes have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. However, most of the Aux/IAA family genes in rice have not been functionally studied. Only two IAA genes have been reported to be involved in the regulation of rice grain size. Grain size is a key factor affecting both rice yield and quality. Therefore, we selected an unreported IAA member, OsIAA19, based on bioinformatics analysis to investigate its potential role in grain size control. Our study showed that OsIAA19 was constitutively expressed in all tissues tested and that the encoding protein was nuclear localized. The osiaa19 mutants were then generated using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Agronomic trait analyses showed that the OsIAA19 mutation significantly increased rice grain length and weight, but had no significant effect on plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf length and width. In addition, the chalkiness of the osiaa19 mutant seeds also increased, but their eating and cooking quality (ECQ) was not altered. Finally, seed germination analysis showed that knocking out OsIAA19 slightly suppressed rice seed germination. These results suggest that OsIAA19 may specifically regulate rice seed-related traits, such as grain shape, rice chalkiness and seed germination. This study not only enriched the functional study of the Aux/IAA genes and the auxin signaling pathway in rice, but also provided valuable genetic resources for breeding elite rice varieties.
Activated Nanocellulose from Corn Husk: Application to As and Pb Adsorption Kinetics in Batch Wastewater
Authors: Solano-Reynoso Aydeé M. , Quispe-Quispe Ruth Fany , Choque-Quispe Yudith , Taipe-Pardo Fredy , Flores-Ccorisapra Yovana , Yauris-Silvera Celia R. , Peralta-Guevara Diego E. , Carhuarupay-Molleda Yakov Felipe , Rodriguez-Cardenas Liliana , Choque-Quispe David , Ligarda-Samanez Carlos A.
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal of Pb and As from an aqueous solution using corn residue cellulose nanocrystals (NCCs). The corn husk was subjected to alkaline digestion, followed by bleaching and esterification with 3% citric acid to obtain NCCs. A 10 ppm multimetal solution of Pb and As was prepared. The adsorption process was evaluated by adjusting the pH and NCC dosage, optimized through the nonlinear regression of empirical mathematical models. Based on the optimal parameters, the kinetics were evaluated using the PFO and PSO models. The NCCs displayed nanometer-level characteristics with a particle size less than 383.7 nm, a ζ potential in the range of −28–70 mV, pHZCP with an acidic tendency, a porous crystal structure as evaluated through SEM images, and the presence of functional groups with a high chelating capacity, as identified via FTIR. Optimum values of pH 8.0 and 20 mg/L of the NCC dose were found, from which it was observed that the PFO, PSO, and Elovich kinetics showed R2 > 0.974, with an adsorption capacity in the order Pb > As. The adsorbent-formulated NCCs presented a good capacity to remove heavy metals from aqueous media.
Recent Advances in Polyurethane for Artificial Vascular Application
Authors: Ji Hua , Shi Xiaochen , Yang Hongjun
Published: December 2024

Artificial blood vessels made from polyurethane (PU) have been researched for many years but are not yet in clinical use. The main reason was that the PU materials are prone to degradation after contact with blood and will also cause inflammation after long-term implantation. At present, PU has made progress in biostability and biocompatibility, respectively. The PU for artificial blood vessels still requires a balance between material stability and biocompatibility to maintain its long-term stability in vivo, which needs to be further optimized. Based on the requirement of PU materials for artificial vascular applications, this paper views the development of biostable PU, bioactive PU, and bioresorbable PU. The improvement of biostable PU from the monomer structure, chemical composition, and additives are discussed to improve the long-term biostability in vivo. The surface grafting and functionalization methods of bioactive PU to reduce thrombosis and promote endothelialization for improving biocompatibility are summarized. In addition, the bioresorbable PU for tissue-engineered artificial blood vessels is discussed to balance between the degradation rate and mechanical properties. The ideal PU materials for artificial blood vessels must have good mechanical properties, stability, and biocompatibility at the same time. Finally, the application potential of PU materials in artificial vascular is prospected.
Application of Fuzzy Adaptive Impedance Control Based on Backstepping Method for PAM Elbow Exoskeleton in Rehabilitation
Authors: Zhao Zhirui , Hou Xinyu , Shan Dexing , Liu Hongjun , Liu Hongshuai , Hao Lina
Published: December 2024

In this study, a fuzzy adaptive impedance control method integrating the backstepping control for the PAM elbow exoskeleton was developed to facilitate robot-assisted rehabilitation tasks. The proposed method uses fuzzy logic to adjust impedance parameters, thereby optimizing user adaptability and reducing interactive torque, which are major limitations of traditional impedance control methods. Furthermore, a repetitive learning algorithm and an adaptive control strategy were incorporated to improve the performance of position accuracy, addressing the time-varying uncertainties and nonlinear disturbances inherent in the exoskeleton. The stability of the proposed controller was tested, and then corresponding simulations and an elbow flexion and extension rehabilitation experiment were performed. The results showed that, with the proposed method, the root mean square of the tracking error was 0.032 rad (i.e., 21.95% less than that of the PID method), and the steady-state interactive torque was 1.917 N·m (i.e., 46.49% less than that of the traditional impedance control). These values exceeded those of the existing methods and supported the potential application of the proposed method for other soft actuators and robots.
Investigation of the Effect of Casing-to-Wellbore Clearance on Equivalent Circulating Density During Casing Running
Authors: Hao Chen , Wang Yucong , Xu Yuqiang , Zhuo Lubin , Chen Weifeng , Li Ping , Ren Ming
Published: December 2024

As drilling depth increases, the demand for a multi-layer wellbore structure grows. However, with the upper wellbore diameter fixed, reducing the casing-to-wellbore clearance becomes necessary to increase the number of casing strings. This poses a significant challenge to maintaining adequate casing-to-wellbore clearance. However, in actual drilling operations, the casing-to-wellbore clearance cannot be continuously reduced. Equivalent circulating density (ECD) during running casing becomes a critical factor to consider. When the casing-to-wellbore clearance is too small, excessive surge pressures can occur, increasing the risk of lost circulation. In this study, a surge pressure calculation model was developed for the casing running process to analyze the variation in ECD under 10,000 m well conditions in China. Focusing on key formations with narrow density windows, the effects of different casing-to-wellbore clearances on ECD were evaluated. The analysis determined that under the constraints of fracture pressure, the minimum allowable casing-to-wellbore clearance for this casing string is 27 mm. Subsequently, using response surface methodology, a fitting formula was derived to describe the relationship between the selected variables—drilling fluid density, casing running speed, and casing-to-wellbore clearance—and the ECD during casing operations. This provides a theoretical basis for the optimal matching of casing-to-wellbore clearance.
Preload Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Ultrasonic Motors Based on NSGA-II
Authors: Yin Hao , Wang Lupeng , Li Peifu , Liu Jiang
Published: December 2024

The preload has a significant impact on the output performance of ultrasonic motors. To achieve optimal output from the ultrasonic motor, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective optimization method for preload, utilizing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to solve the problem of determining the optimal preload. Firstly, a platform for preload adjustment and testing is established to conduct experimental tests on the motor’s characteristics. Based on the experimental data, the influence of preload on the motor’s output performance is analyzed. Secondly, linear regression models are established for three performance indicators: no-load speed, stall torque, and output efficiency with respect to preload, and the objective functions are fitted accordingly. Finally, the NSGA-II algorithm is used for multi-objective optimization with three objectives to obtain the Pareto front and determine the optimal preload for the ultrasonic motor. Simulation and experimental results show that after preload optimization, the no-load speed increased by 4.93%, stall torque increased by 26.10%, and output efficiency increased by 11.28%. Compared to existing optimization methods, this approach has lower computational complexity and better optimization performance, ensuring higher optimization accuracy and precision. The preload optimization method based on NSGA-II can improve the performance of ultrasonic motors in practical applications.
Optimal Economic and Environmental Aspects in Different Types of Loads via Modified Capuchin Algorithm for Standalone Hybrid Renewable Generation Systems
Authors: Mohamed Moayed , El-Rifaie Ali M. , Boulkaibet Ilyes , Elnozahy Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Greenhouse gas emissions have become a significant concern for many countries due to their effect on the global economy and environment. This work discusses a standalone hybrid renewable generation system (HRGS) for use in isolated areas with different load demand profiles. Three load profiles were studied in this work: educational, residential, and demand-side management (DSM)-based residential load profiles. To investigate the economic and environmental aspects, a proposed modified capuchin search algorithm (MCapSA) was implemented, and the obtained results were compared with those of different conventional optimal procedures, such as the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and HOMER. The Levy flight distribution method, which is based on random movement, enhances the capuchin algorithm’s search capabilities. The cost of energy (CoE), electric source deficit (ESD), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and renewable factor (RF) indicators were all optimized and estimated to emphasize the robustness of the proposed optimization technique. The results reveal that the shift in the residential load profile based on individual-household DSM-scale techniques leads to significant sharing of renewable sources and a reduction in the utilization of diesel generators, consequently diminishing GHG emissions. The proposed MCapSA achieved optimal values of economic and environmental aspects that are equal to or less than those achieved through PSO. From the overall results of the three scenarios, the modified algorithm gives the best solution in terms of GHG, COE, and ESD compared to other existing algorithms. The usage of MCapSA resulted in decreases in COE and GHG in three types of loads. The robustness and effectiveness of MCapSA are demonstrated by the fact that the DSM-based optimal configuration of the renewable energy sources produces the lowest CoE and GHG emissions of 0.106 USD/kWh and 137.2 kg, respectively.
Advances in Biomass and Microbial Lipids Production: Trends and Prospects
Authors: Costa Gabriela dos S. , Martinez-Burgos Walter J. , dos Reis Guilherme A. , Puche Yenis P. , Vega Fernando R. , Rodrigues Cristine , Serra Josilene L. , Campos Sofia de M. , Soccol Carlos R.
Published: December 2024

Biotechnology is increasingly being used as a tool to replace traditional production methods due to concerns about the increasing damage caused by global warming. Bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and microalgae are microorganisms able to transform residues into value-added bioproducts. They produce microbial biomass that can result in the production of several products, such as biofuels, microbial proteins, fatty acids, bioactive polysaccharides, carotenoids, industrial enzymes, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and biofertilizers, among others. To improve microbial biomass and lipid yield, modern genetic engineering techniques can be applied as a way of optimizing processes and conditions. This review aims to explore the latest trends and technological advances in microbial biomass and lipid production, including optimization strategies for cultivation conditions and the use of genetic engineering to enhance yields and efficiency. It also discusses the challenges and future prospects for scaling up production for industrial applications. The potential of microbial lipids to contribute to a sustainable bioeconomy, as well as their applications in renewable energy and food industries, underscores their importance in a world increasingly seeking alternatives to fossil fuel dependence and unsustainable agricultural practices.
Evaluation of Circulating MicroRNAs in Schizophrenia: From Epigenomic Dysregulation to Potential Biomarkers
Authors: Rodrigues André Luiz de Souza , Sant’Anna Carla de Castro , Alcantara Diego Di Felipe Ávila , Cohen-Paes Amanda , Imbiriba Margareth Maria Braun Guimarães , Burbano Rommel Mario Rodriguez
Published: December 2024

To evaluate the expression profile of circulating miRNAs in patients with schizophrenia (hsa-miR-34a, miR-449a, miR-564, miR-432, miR-548d, miR-572, and miR-652) in relation to individual negative controls for the disease. This was an analytical, case-controlled, cross-sectional study, using samples previously collected from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 650) and a control group (N = 924). Samples were analyzed after RNA extraction and quantification. After making a general comparison between the case and control groups, regardless of gender and other variables, all seven miRNAs showed statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05). This also occurred in the variables gender, smoking, and alcoholism. Thus, the results indicated that depending on the clinical characteristics in the face of suspected schizophrenia, the miRNAs explored here seem to work as possible biomarkers, as they demonstrated, at various times, important differences between the studied groups.
Statistical Gravity Through Affine Quantization
Authors: Fantoni Riccardo
Published: December 2024

I propose a possible way to introduce the effect of temperature (defined through the virial theorem) into Einstein’s theory of general relativity. This requires the computation of a path integral on a ten-dimensional flat space in a four-dimensional spacetime lattice. Standard path integral Monte Carlo methods can be used to compute this.
Microstructural Analysis, Compressive Strength, and Wear Properties of Spark-Plasma-Sintered Al–Mg–PPA Composites
Authors: Edosa Osarue Osaruene , Tekweme Francis Kunzi , Olubambi Peter A. , Gupta Kapil
Published: December 2024

One technique for sintering green compacts and imparting the required qualities to meet the specific application requirements is spark plasma sintering (SPS). This study examines the effects of SPS parameters (sintering temperature and pressure, holding time, and heating rate) and plantain peel ash (PPA) reinforcement concentrations (0, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%) on the microstructure, compressive strength, and wear characteristics of the fabricated Al–Mg–PPA composites. As a result of the ball milling machine’s high efficiency, the PPA reinforcement was evenly dispersed throughout the aluminum matrix after 90 min of milling. At lower sintering temperatures and pressures, microstructural flaws such as weak grain boundaries, micro-pores, and micro-cracks were more noticeable than at higher ones. The PPA reinforcement and magnesium powder (wetting agent) increased the composites’ compressive strength by improving the wettability between the PPA reinforcement and the Al matrix. At a weight fraction of 5 wt% PPA, the maximum compressive strength of 432 MPa was attained for the sintered composites, which is a 222% improvement over the sintered aluminum matrix. Additionally, the PPA reinforcement enhanced the wear properties of the sintered Al–Mg–PPA composites by reducing the wear loss. Increasing the wear load resulted in a higher wear rate. The COF for the sintered composites ranges from 0.049 to 0.727. The most consistent correlation between the wear rate and the COF is that as the wear rate decreases, the COF decreases, and vice versa. Abrasive wear was the dominant wear mechanism observed. Tear ridges, shear steps, micro-voids, and cleavages were seen on the composites’ fracture surfaces, an indication of a ductile-brittle fracture.