bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composites and its photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation
Authors: Thennarasu Ganesan , Sivasamy Arumugam
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Recently removal of emerging contaminants from water and wastewater has attracted considerable attention. The advanced oxidation process based on semiconductor photocatalysts may be a viable option to treat such contaminants; nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst was prepared, characterized and photocatalytic activity checked for degradation of a model pollutant Acid Orange 10 (AO) under visible light irradiation.

RESULTS

Nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite was synthesized by a combustion technique and characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, FE‐SEM and TEM measurements. ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst particles formed a nanolayer arrangement and with homogeneous shape in the range 30–50 nm. The ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite catalyst maximum efficacy was at pH 6.86 with 99% degradation of 0.01 g L−1 AO dye under visible irradiation. The visible photocatalytic degradation of AO was found to exhibit pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. Nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite retained catalytic activity for a series of cyclic batch experiments. The reactive intermediates of the degradation process were identified by ESI‐Mass.

CONCLUSION

The fastest degradation of AO occurred under the optimal conditions 4 g L‐1 of nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite, pH 6.86, 0.01 g L‐1 of AO and 180 min visible light irradiation. The visible photodegradation of AO was found to exhibit pseudo‐first‐order‐kinetics. The nanolayered ZnO/ZnCr2O4 metal oxide composite retained its catalytic activity at >93% even after three cycles of use. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Assay of melamine in milk products with a pH‐mediated stacking technique in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Kong Yu , Yuan Jiaqiang , Wang Zilong , Hou Zhanwu , Yu Jiang , Jin Han , Xie Meihua , Chang Nan , Xu Weiyong , Zhao Yongxi , Tang Yuhai
Published: January 2014

A pH‐mediated stacking method in capillary electrophoresis as an assay for low concentrations of melamine in milk products was established. Real samples were treated with acetone and sodium acetate and injected directly after centrifugation and filtration. Several experimental factors, such as buffer pH, buffer concentration, sample matrix, injection/sweeping ratio, sweeping time/voltages, separation voltages, as well as sample pretreatment, which affected stacking and separation, were investigated and optimized. Under the selected condition, a low LOD of 0.01 μmol/L (S/N = 5) and a wide range of linearity of 0.01∼1.0 μmol/L could be easily achieved with a good reproducibility (RSDs < 5.8% for both migration time and peak area) and an acceptable recovery of 94.0∼103.2% (for milk, infant formula, yogurt, and milk products). The proposed method was suitable for routine assay of melamine in real milk samples.
Comparing the force ripple during asynchronous and conventional stimulation
Authors: Downey Ryan J. , Tate Mark , Kawai Hiroyuki , Dixon Warren E.
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Asynchronous stimulation has been shown to reduce fatigue during electrical stimulation; however, it may also exhibit a force ripple. We quantified the ripple during asynchronous and conventional single‐channel transcutaneous stimulation across a range of stimulation frequencies. Methods: The ripple was measured during 5 asynchronous stimulation protocols, 2 conventional stimulation protocols, and 3 volitional contractions in 12 healthy individuals. Results: Conventional 40 Hz and asynchronous 16 Hz stimulation were found to induce contractions that were as smooth as volitional contractions. Asynchronous 8, 10, and 12 Hz stimulation induced contractions with significant ripple. Conclusions: Lower stimulation frequencies can reduce fatigue; however, they may also lead to increased ripple. Future efforts should study the relationship between force ripple and the smoothness of the evoked movements in addition to the relationship between stimulation frequency and NMES‐induced fatigue to elucidate an optimal stimulation frequency for asynchronous stimulation. Muscle Nerve 50: 549–555, 2014
Modulation of Eg5 activity contributes to mitotic spindle checkpoint activation and Tat‐mediated apoptosis in CD4‐positive T‐lymphocytes
Authors: Liu Min , Li Dengwen , Sun Lei , Chen Jie , Sun Xiaodong , Zhang Linlin , Huo Lihong , Zhou Jun
Published: January 2014

Tat, the transactivation factor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), represents one of the major players mediating the loss of CD4‐positive T‐lymphocytes in HIV‐1‐infected patients, primarily due to the ability of Tat to trigger apoptosis. However, the molecular events underlying this process remain elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that Tat interacts with Eg5, a microtubule‐associated motor protein, and allosterically modulates the ATPase activity of Eg5 by affecting ADP release from the enzyme's active centre. This action of Tat impairs the formation of the mitotic spindle and activates the spindle checkpoint, thereby blocking cell cycle progression at mitosis and leading to apoptosis. Further studies reveal that lysine 85 in the carboxyl terminus of Tat is critical for its interaction with Eg5 and hence its effects on Eg5 activity, mitotic progression, and apoptosis. These findings identify Tat as a viral regulator of Eg5 and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of action of Tat in mediating the reduction of CD4‐positive T‐lymphocytes. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality and safety in pediatric hematology/oncology
Authors: Mueller Brigitta U.
Published: January 2014

Many principles of quality of care and patient safety are at the foundation of pediatric hematology/oncology. However, we still see too many errors, continue to have problems with communication, and the culture in many of our areas is still one of worrying about retribution when mentioning a problem. This review explores why specialists in pediatric hematology/oncology should be leaders in the field of quality and safety in healthcare. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:966–969. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary outcomes in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma treated with involved field radiation
Authors: Venkatramani Rajkumar , Kamath Sunil , Wong Kenneth , Olch Arthur J , Malvar Jemily , Sposto Richard , Goodarzian Fariba , Freyer David R. , Keens Thomas G. , Mascarenhas Leo
Published: January 2014

Background

Abnormalities in pulmonary function tests (PFT) and clinical symptoms have been reported in up to one third of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treated with irradiation. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of pulmonary complications in HL patients treated using contemporary protocols.

Procedures

Eligible patients at Children's Hospital Los Angeles from 1999 to 2009 were identified from the radiation oncology database. Clinical features, radiographic findings, PFT, and radiation details were retrospectively ascertained.

Results

The median age at diagnosis of 65 patients with HL was 13.6 years and the median follow‐up was 3.7 years. The median prescribed radiation dose was 21 Gy. The prevalence of clinical symptoms was low: chronic cough (3%), dyspnea (9.2%), and supplemental oxygen requirement (1.5%). Radiological interstitial lung changes were observed in 31% of the patients. PFT results following irradiation were available in 38 patients. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow 25–75% (FEF25–75%) were decreased in 13% and 11% of patients respectively. Residual volume (RV) was elevated in 21%. Total Lung capacity (TLC) was decreased in 8%. Age at irradiation (P = 0.004), maximum lung dose (P = 0.03), and volume of lung receiving >25 Gy were associated with development of adverse pulmonary outcomes on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, older age was associated with worse outcomes.

Conclusion

In survivors of pediatric HL, involved field irradiation was accompanied by a low prevalence of pulmonary symptoms but substantial subclinical dysfunction. Older age at irradiation was associated with worse pulmonary outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1277–1281. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Zn:S molar ratio in solution on the properties of ZnS thin films and the formation of ZnS nanorods by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Dedova T. , Krunks M. , Gromyko I. , Mikli V. , Sildos I. , Utt K. , Unt T.
Published: January 2014

The ZnS layers morphology, structure, composition, and optical properties were investigated with respect to the precursors (zinc chloride and thiocarbamide, Zn:S) molar ratio in spray solution (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and growth temperatures in the range of 400–600 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), UV–VIS, and PL spectroscopy were applied to characterize the ZnS layers. Layers obtained at temperatures up to 450 °C are not well crystallized and contain residues originated from undecomposed precursors. ZnS films become crystalline at Ts = 500 °C. Layers grown from 1:1 solution at 550 °C are mixture of ZnS and ZnO phases, whereas at 600 °C layers of ZnO were obtained. Films produced from 1:2 solution at 500–600 °C are of ZnS with a wurtzite structure and Eg of 3.66 eV, but contain traces of ZnO phase when grown at 550 or 600 °C. Appearance of ZnO phase in the films grown from 1:1 and 1:2 solutions is explained by the results of the studies on the formation and decomposition of dichlorobis(thiocarbamide)zinc(II) complex as an intermediate compound formed in the solution of zinc chloride and thiocarbamide. Spraying the solutions with Zn:S = 1:3, which contain more thiocarbamide than required for the complex formation, results in single‐phase ZnS layers with wurtzite structure at growth temperatures up to 600 °C. Moreover, ZnS layers obtained from 1:3 solution at 550 °C and higher are composed of highly c‐axis oriented ZnS nanorod‐like crystals with diameter of ca. 80 nm and length of ca. 300 nm.
Communicating science to students: Investigating professional botanic garden educators' talk during guided school visits
Authors: Zhai Junqing , Dillon Justin
Published: January 2014

Botanic gardens are popular destinations for school visits to learn about plant‐based science. However, little is known about teaching and learning in such settings, in particular about school visits guided by professional botanic garden educators (BGEs). The purpose of this study was to identify the pedagogical moves of the BGEs during guided school visits. More specifically, this study follows a qualitative research design, investigating six elementary school groups (7‐ to 11‐years old) guided by three BGEs. The guided visits were videotaped and the transcripts analyzed in order to find out the patterns of the BGE and student discourse. The findings from this study indicate that although BGE‐student dialogic interactions occasionally occurred, a non‐interactive/authoritative communicative approach was the more common practice of the BGEs when communicating science to students. However, the components of storytelling and the use of analogies identified have a great potential for enriching the explanatory talk of the BGEs. The results of this study suggest that the dynamics of discourse during guided school visits were shaped by both the BGEs and students through the shift of power during this discourse. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 407–429, 2014
Azobenzene‐Functionalized SBA‐15 Material for Application in Selective Separation
Authors: Timm Jana , Stoltenberg Christian , Senker Jürgen , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: January 2014

Selective adsorption of large organic molecules is controlled by switchable azobenzene‐based molecules. The azobenzene molecules change their configuration after irradiation with light of 365 nm from the trans to the cis isomer. The light‐induced process occurs in the pore‐system of the mesoporous silica SBA‐15. A new synthetic route is presented allowing a distinct control of the density of functionalization on the inner pore walls of SBA‐15. This control may lead to more possible applications of the functionalized mesoporous silica material. Herein we show that the behavior of the silica matrix depends on the density of functionalization. The density of the azobenzene functionalization in SBA‐15 enables the selective up‐take of different dye molecules. Not only the density is responsible for the selective up‐take but also the configuration (cis or trans) of the azobenzene units in the pores. Furthermore dependences concerning the release of the embedded dye molecules are observed.
Morphometry to identify subtypes of leukocytes
Authors: Tozetti Pablo B , Lima Ewelyne M , Nascimento Andrews M , Endringer Denise C , Pinto Fernanda E , Andrade Tadeu U , Mittag Anja , Tarnok Attila , Lenz Dominik
Published: January 2014

INTRODUCTION:

Recent studies in image cytometry evaluated the replacement of specific markers by morphological parameters. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method to identify subtypes of leukocytes using morphometric data of the nuclei.

METHOD:

The analyzed images were generated with a laser scanning cytometer. Two free programs were used for image analysis and statistical evaluation: Cellprofiler and Tanagra respectively. A sample of leukocytes with 200 sets of images (DAPI, CD45 and CD14) was analyzed. Using feature selection, the 20 best parameters were chosen to conduct cross-validation.

RESULTS:

The morphometric data identified the subpopulations of the analyzed leukocytes with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.95 per sample.

CONCLUSION:

The present study is the first that identifies subpopulations of leukocytes by nuclear morphology.
Administrative Unit Proliferation
Authors: GROSSMAN GUY , LEWIS JANET I.
Published: January 2014

Numerous developing countries have substantially increased their number of subnational administrative units in recent years. The literature on this phenomenon is, nonetheless, small and suffers from several theoretical and methodological shortcomings: in particular, a unit of analysis problem that causes past studies to mistakenly de-emphasize the importance of local actors. We posit that administrative unit proliferation occurs where and when there is a confluence of interests between the national executive and local citizens and elites from areas that are politically, economically, and ethnically marginalized. We argue further that although the proliferation of administrative units often accompanies or follows far-reaching decentralization reforms, it likely results in a recentralization of power; the proliferation of new local governments fragments existing units into smaller ones with lower relative intergovernmental bargaining power and administrative capacity. We find support for these arguments using original data from Uganda.
Georges Canguilhem and the Philosophical Problem of Error
Authors: TALCOTT SAMUEL
Published: January 2014

There is still a question about what it means to say that Georges Canguilhem was a philosopher of error. This paper, unlike other work on the topic, investigates archival sources and early texts, up to and including the publication of theEssay on Some Problems Concerning the Normal and the Pathologicalin 1943, in order to reveal Canguilhem’s early thoughts on error and to formulate the basic philosophical problem therein, as he understood it. This work reveals a partial transformation of his thinking as he seeks to develop this question through the study of concrete human problems.
“A Bad Kind of Magic”: The Niebuhr Brothers on “Utilitarian Christianity” and the Defense of Democracy
Authors: Gaston K. Healan
Published: January 2014

In August 1947, a few months after President Harry S. Truman pledged the United States to fight communism around the globe, Time magazine delivered a stern warning to its wide readership from Reinhold Niebuhr, the nation's best-known theologian: “The new idolatry in the U.S. may be a blind, uncritical worship of democracy.” The Time article excerpted a Christianity and Crisis piece on “Democracy as a Religion” in which Niebuhr stressed the hidden dangers of the increasingly ubiquitous paeans to democracy in postwar America. That spring's commencement addresses, he noted, would give any sensible observer the distinct impression that “Americans have only one religion: devotion to democracy. They extol its virtues, are apprehensive about the perils to which it is exposed, pour maledictions upon its foes, rededicate themselves periodically to its purposes and claim unconditional validity for its ideals.”
Amos 1:3–2:8 and the International Economy of Iron Age II Israel
Authors: Hutton Jeremy M.
Published: January 2014

Past historical-critical research into Amos 1–2 has typically relied on one of two strategies in relating the historical Amos's identity as a prophet to the authority and scriptural status of the book. In the first strategy, many interpreters have detected in these eight stanzas allusions to and descriptions of particular political relations, economic contexts, or military engagements, supposing that such correlations secure the book's roots in the eighth centuryb.c.e. Such chronological benchmarks, in turn, are implicitly thought to sustain the importance of Amos's prophetic identity—i.e., the Amos of Tekoa named in 1:1—in effect constituting the text's nature as scripture. A second, somewhat related strategy has centered on the reconstructed “original” or “secondary” status of certain passages. In this redaction-critical variation of the historical-critical endeavor, interpreters assume that an understanding of the text's chronological development can help to flesh out the picture of Israel's (and Judah's) developing theology or theologies. Again, this model tacitly accepts that prophetic identity plays an intimate and necessary role in the text's authenticity (and conversely, that redactional composition contributes to a passage's supposed “inauthenticity”) and also, therefore, in its authoritativeness within various temporally-constrained interpretive communities.
Intellectuals and the One-party State in Nationalist China: The Case of the Central Politics School (1927–1947)
Authors: WANG CHEN-CHENG
Published: January 2014

This paper aims to provide a new perspective on the relationship between Nationalist Party (GMD) cadres and Chinese intellectuals. By studying the Central Politics School, a major GMD political training institute for professional party cadres, I hope to reassess the nature of the GMD one-party state and remind researchers of the difficult choices it faced between backing party-liners needed for the political struggle and accommodating depoliticized intellectuals needed for public administration. This paper will argue that GMD political impotence in competition with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was due less to an inadequate recruitment of capable experts than to the over-specialization of its well-trained cadres on technical tasks. In fact, the cadres from the Central Politics School generally resembled those considered to be ‘intellectuals’ at educational level and in ideology. This compels us to reconsider how to define ‘intellectuals’ and whether they were as uniformly alienated from the one-party state as most of the scholarly literature suggests.
Organisational Hybridity in a Post-Corporatist Welfare Mix: The Case of the Third Sector in Belgium
Authors: HUSTINX LESLEY , VERSCHUERE BRAM , DE CORTE JORIS
Published: January 2014

Although mixed public–private provisions of welfare have always been a typical characteristic of continental welfare states, recent international scholarship has pointed to a historically new process of institutional hybridisation, with a more systematic intermingling of rationalities of the state, market and third sector within one and the same organisation. In this article, we address two limitations in the current knowledge: first, the absence of an indicator-model for exploring organisational hybridity empirically; second, the lack of sensitivity to cross-national variation depending on the welfare regime. We develop a multi-dimensional analytical framework that takes regime differences into account and empirically assess organisational hybridity in a (post-)corporatist welfare regime. Based on a survey of 255 third-sector organisations (TSOs) in Flanders (Belgium) and using latent class analysis, we find three clusters of TSOs that reflect different types of organisational hybridity. Contextualising our results further shows that the positioning of TSOs in our cluster model to a large extent results from the institutional context in which TSOs operate.
Primary purulent pericarditis and secondary endocarditis: a case report
Authors: Bielefeld Kyle , O'Connor Matthew J. , Collins Ronnie T.
Published: January 2014

Purulent pericarditis is a rare diagnosis to be made. It is exceedingly rare as a primary infection. We describe the case of an 18-month-old boy who presented with primary purulent pericarditis and developed a secondary endocarditis. Current literature on the subject is reviewed and discussed.
How Do Individuals with Persecutory Delusions Bring Worry to a Close? An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Startup Helen , Pugh Katherine , Cordwell Jacinta , Kingdon David , Freeman Daniel
Published: January 2014

Background:Worry is a significant problem for individuals with paranoia, leading to delusion persistence and greater levels of distress. There are established theories concerning processes that maintain worry but little has been documented regarding what brings worry to a close.Aims:The aim was to find out what patients with persecutory delusions report are the factors that bring a worry episode to an end.Method:Eight patients with persecutory delusions who reported high levels of worry participated. An open-ended semi-structured interview technique and IPA qualitative analysis was employed to encourage a broad elaboration of relevant constructs.Results:Analyses revealed one theme that captured participants’ detailed descriptions of their experience of worry and five themes that identified factors important for bringing worry episodes to a close: natural drift, distraction, interpersonal support, feeling better, and reality testing.Conclusions:Patients with persecutory delusions report worry being uncontrollable and distressing but are able to identify ways that a period of worry can stop. The present study suggests that building on individuals’ distraction techniques, reality testing ability and their social support network could be of benefit. Research is needed to identify the most effective means of bringing paranoid worries to an end.
Alltagserfahrung und Transzendenz in der Musiktherapie
Authors: Hörmann Karl
Published: January 2014

Der Vortrag setzt bei dem allgemeinen Bedauern des Verlusts des Gespürs für den Wert des Augenblicks im Alltag der Web-bestimmten Generation Y an und setzt sich dann mit dem Phänomen der Transzendenz auseinander. Nach einem kurzen geschichtlichen Rekurs wird auf Ergebnisse der Hirnforschung und auf die für die Musiktherapie besonders interessante Erlebnisphilosophie von Emile M. Cioran eingegangen. In ihr finden sich viele Parallelen zu Ansichten von Gustav Mahler, der sie in seinem Schaffen umgesetzt hat. Im zweiten Teil des Vortrags wird gezeigt, welch geringe Rolle Spiritualität und Transzendenz in der Geschichte der Psychotherapie spielen und in welch krassem Ausmaß sie ausgerechnet in der deutschen Musiktherapie, die sich doch per se mit dem Wert des Augenblicks und seiner Vergänglichkeit befassen müsste, vernachlässigt wird. Der Vortrag schließt mit dem Verweis auf die Bedeutung des Proto- und Kernselbsts in der Musiktherapie und endet mit Zitaten des Erlebnisphilosophen Cioran, dessen Sichtweise als Folie bei der Analyse und Behandlung psychophysisch-kognitiver Bewegungsspuren geeignet erscheint und den für den Behandlungserfolg oftmals maßgeblichen Aspekt der Transzendenz im Blick behält.
Transparenz und Transzendenz
Authors: Schauder Silke
Published: January 2014

Der Artikel umreißt kurz den Stellenwert, den die Transzendenz in der Kunsttherapie hat. Nach einem Rückblick der Transzendenz in der klinischen Psychologie und der Spiritualität in der Kunsttherapie werden deren Rolle und Indikation näher erläutert. Anhand eines Fallbeispiels eines Jugendlichen mit Down-Syndrom wird die symbolisierende und expressive Dynamik von Kunsttherapie und deren transzendentes Potential problematisiert. Abschließend skizziert die Autorin einen Ausblick auf neue Forschung und Praxis.
An Alternative to Self-Reports of Trait and State Affect
Authors: Quirin Markus , Bode Regina C.
Published: January 2014

Self-report measures for the assessment of trait or state affect are typically biased by social desirability or self-delusion. The present work provides an overview of research using a recently developed measure of automatic activation of cognitive representation of affective experiences, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT). In the IPANAT, participants judge the extent to which nonsense words from an alleged artificial language express a number of affective states or traits. The test demonstrates appropriate factorial validity and reliabilities. We review findings that support criterion validity and, additionally, present novel variants of this procedure for the assessment of the discrete emotions such as happiness, anger, sadness, and fear.
MMPI-2 in Child Custody Litigation
Authors: Roma Paolo , Ricci Federica , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Abbate Luigi , Lavadera Anna Lubrano , Versace Giorgia , Pazzelli Floriana , Togliatti Marisa Malagoli , Girardi Paolo , Ferracuti Stefano
Published: January 2014

In recent years, several studies have addressed the issue of positive self-presentation bias in assessing parents involved in postdivorce child custody litigations. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is widely used in forensic assessments and is able to evaluate positive self-presentation through its Superlative Self-Presentation S scale. We investigated the existence of a gender effect on positive self-presentation bias in an Italian sample of parents involved in court evaluation. Participants were 391 divorced parents who completed the full 567-item Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 during child custody evaluations ordered by several Italian courts between 2006 and 2010. Our analysis considered the S scale along with the basic clinical scales. North-American studies had shown no gender differences in child custody litigations. Differently, our results showed a significantly higher tendency toward “faking-good” profiles on the MMPI-2 among Italian women as compared to men and as compared to the normative Italian female population. Cultural and social factors could account for these differences.
Assessment With Microworlds using MicroDYN: Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Comparisons
Authors: Greiff Samuel , Wüstenberg Sascha
Published: January 2014

Computer-simulated microworlds have witnessed significant international interest over the last decades as assessment vehicles for complex mental skills. This interest strongly contrasts to what is currently known about measurement characteristics of microworlds. In this study measurement invariance and latent means of the MicroDYN measure, a computer-based assessment instrument containing an entire set of dynamic microworlds, were examined in four German subsamples of junior high school students in 8th–10th grade (n = 309), senior high school students in 11th–13th grade (n = 484), university students (n = 222), and blue-collar workers (n = 181). The findings support satisfactory measurement invariance of a two-dimensional structure of the MicroDYN measure with the dimensions knowledge acquisition and knowledge application across all samples, and yield meaningful comparisons between latent means with university students performing best. It is suggested to further explore measurement characteristics of computer-simulated microworlds to fully exploit their potential as means of modern assessment instruments. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Transition metal-promoted biomimetic steps in total syntheses
Authors: Li Xu-Wen , Nay Bastien
Published: January 2014

Important biomimetic steps in natural product synthesis have been promoted by transition metals, as exemplified by this beautiful ruthenium-catalyzed rearrangement of an endoperoxide into elysiapyrone A. Such reactions are supposed to occur during the biosynthesis, yet under different catalysis conditions.
Chemically modified diamondoids as biosensors for DNA
Authors: Sivaraman Ganesh , Fyta Maria
Published: January 2014

Small diamondoids can be used as probes to sense single nucleobases through their specific hydrogen bonding to these DNA units.
Remarkable effects of substitution on stability of complexes and origin of the C–H⋯O(N) hydrogen bonds formed between acetone's derivative and CO2, XCN (X = F, Cl, Br)
Authors: Dai Ho Quoc , Tri Nguyen Ngoc , Thu Trang Nguyen Thi , Trung Nguyen Tien
Published: January 2014

What are the important factors affecting C–H bond length changes in C–H⋯O and C–H⋯N hydrogen bonds?
Rationalising the role of solid-acid sites in the design of versatile single-site heterogeneous catalysts for targeted acid-catalysed transformations
Authors: Gianotti Enrica , Manzoli Maela , Potter Matthew E. , Shetti Vasudev N. , Sun Danni , Paterson James , Mezza Thomas M. , Levy Alan , Raja Robert
Published: January 2014

Probing multifunctional acid centres in nanoporous architectures through in situ spectroscopy affords a strategy for predictive design of novel catalysts.
Reserve from wind power potential in system economic loading
Authors: Tang Xiaoqing , Fox Brendan , Li Kang
Published: January 2014

The growth of wind power in some power systems is hampered by the system requirement for emergency reserve to cover loss of the biggest infeed. The study demonstrates that reserve provision from the wind sector itself has economic and operational benefits. A heuristic algorithm has been developed that can model the relevant aspects of emergency reserve provision in a system with both thermal and wind generations. The proposed algorithm is first validated by comparing its performance with established economic scheduling methods applied to a representative power system. The algorithm is then used to demonstrate the economic benefit of reserve provision from the wind sector. It is shown that such provision reduces wind energy curtailment and thermal unit ramping. Finally, it is shown that a wind sector capable of providing emergency reserve can expand economically beyond the capacity limit that would otherwise apply.
Traumatic Dissection of Four Brain-Supplying Arteries without Neurologic Deficit
Authors: Pröscholdt Florian , Heining Sandro , Powerski Maciej , Nolte Christian H. , Ertel Wolfgang
Published: January 2014

Study Design

Case report and review of the literature.

Objectives

Case report of a traumatic dissection of all major brain-supplying arteries resulting from a horseback-riding accident. Overview of the literature on diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.

Methods

Case presentation. For the discussion, handpicked articles and PubMed database research with the keywords “dissection,” “vertebral artery,” “spine trauma,” “computed tomography,” “magnetic resonance imaging,” and “angiography” were used.

Results

Despite high-energy induced acute lesion of all four cervical arteries, this 45-year-old patient did not demonstrate signs of microemboli nor suffer from stroke.

Conclusion

In case of high-energy trauma of the head and/or the neck, emergency physicians must consider traumatic cervical artery dissection (TCAD). Thus, emergency care algorithms should routinely include computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Although the incidence of TCAD-induced stroke is low, antiplatelet therapy is recommended in the presence of TCAD.
Ground states of nonlinear Schrödinger systems with saturable nonlinearity in $\mathbb {R}^2$R2 for two counterpropagating beams
Authors: Lin Tai-Chia , Belić Milivoj R. , Petrović Milan S. , Chen Goong
Published: January 2014

Counterpropagating optical beams in nonlinear media give rise to a host of interesting nonlinear phenomena such as the formation of spatial solitons, spatiotemporal instabilities, self-focusing and self-trapping, etc. Here we study the existence of ground state (the energy minimizer under the L2-normalization condition) in two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) systems with saturable nonlinearity, which describes paraxial counterpropagating beams in isotropic local media. The nonlinear coefficient of saturable nonlinearity exhibits a threshold which is crucial in determining whether the ground state exists. The threshold can be estimated by the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality and the ground state existence can be proved by the energy method, but not the concentration-compactness method. Our results also show the essential difference between 2D NLS equations with cubic and saturable nonlinearities.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the deposition process of cold Ag-clusters under different landing conditions
Authors: Thaler Philipp , Volk Alexander , Ratschek Martin , Koch Markus , Ernst Wolfgang E.
Published: January 2014

We present a series of molecular dynamics simulations on the surface deposition process of initially free silver clusters (Agn) with different sizes (n = 100–2000) and morphologies. During the whole deposition process the morphology of the clusters was studied as a function of the landing conditions. These conditions include variations of the depth and range of the substrate potential as well as the thermal coupling to the surface and a variation of the impact velocity of the free clusters. Depending on the applied conditions the clusters' final form ranges from spread out fragments via deformed and restructured heaps to quasi unchanged spherical clusters sitting at the surface. Under certain landing conditions larger clusters retain their initial multiply twinned morphology upon deposition, while smaller ones undergo structural transitions to form single domain particles. Furthermore, the occurrence of a structural transition depends on the initial structure—initially decahedral clusters tend to conserve their morphology better than icosahedral ones. The same behavior can also be observed in our experiments, where silver clusters were grown in helium nanodroplets and subsequently deposited on amorphous carbon substrates.
Rotatable spin-polarized electron source for inverse-photoemission experiments
Authors: Stolwijk S. D. , Wortelen H. , Schmidt A. B. , Donath M.
Published: January 2014

We present a ROtatable Spin-polarized Electron source (ROSE) for the use in spin- and angle-resolved inverse-photoemission (SR-IPE) experiments. A key feature of the ROSE is a variable direction of the transversal electron beam polarization. As a result, the inverse-photoemission experiment becomes sensitive to two orthogonal in-plane polarization directions, and, for nonnormal electron incidence, to the out-of-plane polarization component. We characterize the ROSE and test its performance on the basis of SR-IPE experiments. Measurements on magnetized Ni films on W(110) serve as a reference to demonstrate the variable spin sensitivity. Moreover, investigations of the unoccupied spin-dependent surface electronic structure of Tl/Si(111) highlight the capability to analyze complex phenomena like spin rotations in momentum space. Essentially, the ROSE opens the way to further studies on complex spin-dependent effects in the field of surface magnetism and spin-orbit interaction at surfaces.
Communication: Three-dimensional model for phonon confinement in small particles: Quantitative bandshape analysis of size-dependent Raman spectra of nanodiamonds
Authors: Korepanov Vitaly I. , Witek Henryk , Okajima Hajime , Ōsawa Eiji , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: January 2014

Raman spectroscopy of nano-scale materials is facing a challenge of developing a physically sound quantitative approach for the phonon confinement effect, which profoundly affects the phonon Raman band shapes of small particles. We have developed a new approach based on 3-dimensional phonon dispersion functions. It analyzes the Raman band shapes quantitatively in terms of the particle size distributions. To test the model, we have successfully obtained good fits of the observed phonon Raman spectra of diamond nanoparticles in the size range from 1 to 100 nm.
An Energy Expenditure Approach for Estimating Walking Distance
Authors: Hsu Chaug-Ing , Tsai Yau-Ching
Published: January 2014

A walking distance of approximately a quarter mile is normally used as an estimate of willingness to walk when planning a pedestrian-related infrastructure. However, there are variations in walking distance across pedestrian environments, yet there is scant empirical literature on the subject. In this study we propose an energy-based approach to aid the planner in establishing reasonable walking distances while taking into account the effect of pedestrian environment quality. The Pandolf et al model (Pandolf et al, 1977 Journal of Application Physiology 44 577–581) is used to analyze the walking energy expenditure (WEE). The terrain factor is adjusted using the calibrated regression function to fit the urban street space in the experiment. A goodness-of-fit test for the 385 WEEs surveyed suggests a gamma distribution. Using the isoenergy curves, walking distances are shown according to energy level, street type, and gender in order to improve the traditional single measure. The results of this study suggest that, instead of a concentric pattern, the pattern of accessible walking distance around a service facility should be designed based on the service contour lines which take into account the different pedestrian environments.
Achieving Residential Connectivity and Density Goals with Computer-Generated Plans in a Greenfield Area
Authors: Sun Yuchao , Qiu Min , Taplin John
Published: January 2014

An algorithm has been developed to generate, without external intervention, a road and land-use plan for a regular or irregular site. It starts from an ‘embryo’ and grows a plan rather than trying to modify an initial solution. The basic modules are universal building blocks which change and adapt in a guided search with random selection of branching points followed by operations to add links or make connections. Deletion operators guide development by removing branches which do not improve the outcome. A hypothetical application, maximizing combined everyone-to-everyone connectivity and dwelling density, has evolved a highly interconnected street plan. However, no step is specific to the example; the operators will grow a road and land-use network under various specifications and constraints guided by an objective function. Making the process applicable to an actual development might require more constraints and certainly an enlarged objective function. Cost and other goals can be included so long as each goal is functionally related in some way to every change in the plan made by the search procedure.
Conceptual Engawa: The Experience of Ring-Based Circulation in Tadao Ando Museums
Authors: Wong Joseph Francis
Published: January 2014

Spatial ring structures play a prominent role in creating route choices in buildings. Ring structures are explored as a prevalent theme in the museum designs of the Japanese architect Tadao Ando by analysing their spatial configurations with the space syntax tool of justified graphs. The study shows that the traditional edge-based ringiness measures of space-link ratio and convex ringiness are not adequate to fully evaluate the key properties of ring structures that have emerged: Composition ringiness, connectivity ringiness, and complexity ringiness. New ring-based measures—d-ness, transcyclomatic number, and ring-island ratio—are introduced to assess the ringiness characteristics of the Ando museums. Drawing further on graph theory, second-order graphs are used to analyse the transring combinations in the spatial configurations of the more complicated museum layouts.
An Alternative Approach to the Calculation and Analysis of Connectivity in the World City Network
Authors: Hennemann Stefan , Derudder Ben
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the empirical ‘world city network’ (WCN) literature by proposing an analytical framework that considers the significance of the positions of cities in the urban networks created by multinational corporations. To this end, we introduce an approach in which network centrality measures are interpreted against a randomized baseline model that retains the network's original degree distribution. Our framework is applied to Taylor's (2001 Geographical Analysis 33 181–194) specification of world cities being ‘interlocked’ through the office networks of globalized service firms. We thereby develop a new analytical take on Taylor's specification by using a primary-linkage algorithm that produces a one-mode directed graph based on the initial two-mode city and firm network data. We then randomize the resultant empirical network with a bootstrapping simulation approach, and compare the simulated parameters of this null model with our empirical network parameter, that is, betweenness centrality. We show the potential and limitations of our framework by discussing the position of cities such as Tokyo, Sydney, Melbourne, Almaty, and Karachi, which seem to hold more strategic and valuable positions than is suggested in Taylor's analyses. We discuss the wider significance of our approach by showing that the analytical strategy of interpreting measures against a randomized baseline model can also be adopted in other WCN approaches, including those using other data sources and network-related measures.
Isovist-Based Occlusion Maps Representing Critical Variations in Le Corbusier's Museum of Unlimited Extension
Authors: Christenson Mike
Published: January 2014

The application of occlusion maps (ie, two-dimensional isovists deployed in a field) to several iterations of Le Corbusier's Museum of Unlimited Extension are described. Built and unbuilt works are considered. Special focus is given to Le Corbusier's design for the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo both before and after additions. Comparison and analysis of occlusion maps in the context of floor plans and perspective images are used to highlight critical variations between the projects.
Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals
Authors: Cruz Dexter W. dela , Villanueva Ronald D. , Baria Maria Vanessa B.
Published: January 2014

Due to unregulated blast fishing and episodic bleaching events, the back-reef zone near Barangay Lucero in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines, was reduced to a barren area of unconsolidated sand and coral rubble. Anecdotal accounts from local inhabitants, scientific reports, and examination of rubble on the substratum revealed that the area had been dominated by staghorn Acropora corals prior to degradation. With no significant signs of natural recovery, a low-tech restoration method that is both transferable to the community and cost-effective was devised and implemented. Through the help of local inhabitants, 450 fragments of two staghorn coral species (Acropora intermedia and A. pulchra) were transplanted, without using SCUBA equipment, in a total of six 4 × 4 m plots. There were two transplant density treatments: low and high, receiving 25 and 50 fragments of each coral species, respectively. Survivorship and growth of transplants, as well as the assemblage of fishes and macroinvertebrates inside the transplantation and control plots, were monitored periodically for up to 19 months. Transplant survivorship was generally high (68–89%) at the end of the study. There was also an average of a 15-fold increase in ecological volume of the transplants (from 1784.25 ± 162.75 to 26 540.765 ± 4547.25 cm3). Consequently, a significantly higher number of fish and of macroinvertebrates was recorded inside the transplantation plots than in the control plots, indicating signs of restoration success with the reintroduction of the two coral species. Exhibiting significant differences in coral cover, fish biomass and abundance, high-density is more cost-effective than low-density treatment, attaining optimal effects on key reef recovery parameters. The total cost of restoring a thicket of Acropora in a sandy-rubble field using this low-tech rehabilitation method with community participation was estimated to be US$9198.40 ha−1 (US$0.90 m−2), and thus ∼60% cheaper than without community involvement. Community involvement not only reduced the cost of the restoration activity but also provided the community with a sense of ownership and responsibility for their resources, thus ensuring the long-term success of the intervention.
Structure of a rare non-standard sequence k-turn bound by L7Ae protein
Authors: Huang Lin , Lilley David M.J.
Published: January 2014

Kt-23 from Thelohania solenopsae is a rare RNA kink turn (k-turn) where an adenine replaces the normal guanine at the 2n position. L7Ae is a member of a strongly conserved family of proteins that bind a range of k-turn structures in the ribosome, box C/D and H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs and U4 small nuclear RNA. We have solved the crystal structure of T. solenopsae Kt-23 RNA bound to Archeoglobus fulgidus L7Ae protein at a resolution of 2.95 Å. The protein binds in the major groove displayed on the outer face of the k-turn, in a manner similar to complexes with standard k-turn structures. The k-turn adopts a standard N3 class conformation, with a single hydrogen bond from A2b N6 to A2n N3. This contrasts with the structure of the same sequence located in the SAM-I riboswitch, where it adopts an N1 structure, showing the inherent plasticity of k-turn structure. This potentially can affect any tertiary interactions in which the RNA participates.