bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractional synthesis rate of creatine from arginine in healthy adult men
Authors: Tomlinson Christopher , Rafii Mahroukh , Kamaleswaran Rishikesan , Ball Ronald O. , Pencharz Paul B.
Published: June 2021

Creatine is synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. We performed a study using 15N2‐guanidino arginine, to elucidate synthesis of creatine from dietary arginine in adult men. A primed, intermittent infusion of labeled 15N2‐guanidino arginine was given enterally to 5 healthy men fed a standardized milkshake diet. Blood was sampled at baseline and at plateau, between 1.5 and 3 hours. Enrichment of M+2 isotopomers of arginine, guanidino acetate (GAA), creatine and creatinine was measured by LC‐tandem MS. Plasma enrichment of the arginine tracer was 6.1 APE (Stdev ±1.05%), giving a flux estimate of 93 ìmol/kg/hr. M+2 isotopomers of creatine and GAA from the arginine tracer were detected in all subjects. There was no measurable M+2 creatinine. Enrichment of creatine was 0.55 APE (±0.1%) and GAA 4.92 APE (±0.8%). The fractional synthesis rate of GAA from arginine was 81% and 9% for creatine from arginine, these results are in keeping with synthesis of GAA being the rate limiting step in the creatine synthesis pathway. We have demonstrated synthesis of creatine from labeled dietary arginine in healthy adult humans; this method will allow in vivo studies in humans to directly measure synthesis rates of creatine.

Supported by a grant from the CIHR.
Effects of methionine supplementation on cysteine and glutathione production in malnourished infants
Authors: Green Curtis Omar , Badaloo Asha , Hsu Jean W , Taylor-Bryan Carolyn , Reid Marvin , Forrester Terrence , Jahoor Farook
Published: June 2021

A shortage of cysteine (CYS) is associated with low glutathione (GSH) synthesis in edematous childhood severe acute malnutrition (SAM). We investigated the effect of isonitrogenous (0.6 mmol/kg/d) supplementation of CYS precursor, methionine, (MET, n = 6) versus alanine (ALA, n = 6) as control on endogenous CYS production and erythrocyte GSH synthesis in edematous SAM.

Measurements were made in children aged 8.8 ± 2.6 months 3 times during early treatment for SAM with infection using constant, intravenous infusions of stable isotopes of MET at ~ 2d (Stage 1),~7d, (Stage 2), and ~14 d(Stage 3) after admission.

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3

ALA
MET
ALA
MET
ALA
MET

GSH ASR (mmol/l/d) CYS Kinetics (μmol/kg/h)
0.3 ± 0.1
0.2 ± 0.04
0.6 ± 0.08
0.6 ± 0.2
0.9 ± 0.6
0.9 ± 0.1

Dietary inflow
6.9 ± 0.2
7.3 ± 0.2
6.3 ± 0.02
6.4 ± 0.02
6.4 ± 0.02
6.3 ± 0.04

Total flux
41.3 ± 5.8
41.1 ± 7.9
44.95 ± 3.9
54.6 ± 4.6
49.7 ± 3.5
50.7 ± 3.6

Denovo Synthesis
11.8 ± 2.5
12.5 ± 2.1
10.0 ± 0.9
8.6 ± 1.4
8.5 ± 1.1
8.4 ± 1.6

Protein derived flux
21.1 ± 3.5
19.8 ± 6.8a
27.1 ± 3.1
38.15 ± 4.2
33.4 ± 2.5
34.5 ± 2.5

Mean ± SEM. ASR absolute synthesis rate;

different from stages 2 and 3 in MET group, (p < 0.05)

MET supplementation stimulated CYS supply from protein breakdown but did not significantly increase GSH synthesis. The increase in CYS supply might have contributed to CYS rich proteins associated with infection such as acute phase proteins.

Supported by NIH grant # 2RO1DK056689
BCATm and BCKDH expression in mouse adipose tissue upon different metabolic challenges
Authors: Noriega Lilia G , Torre-Villalvazo Ivan , Contreras Alejandra , Torres Nimbe , Tovar Armando R
Published: June 2021

Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are also catabolized in adipose tissue. The first two enzymatic steps of this process are catalyzed by the mitochondrial branched‐chain aminotransferase (BCATm) and the branched‐chain ‐keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC). There is evidence that these enzymes in adipose tissue may play a role during obesity, however, there is scarce knowledge about the regulation of the expression of these enzymes in this tissue. Thus, we have evaluated the expression of BCATm and BCKDH in adipose tissue of mouse after fasting or 4 h feeding a 6, 20 or 50% protein diets. In addition, we studied the expression of BCATm and BCKDH in adipose tissue of mice fed a high fat diet for 2 months, as well as the treatment with pioglitazone for one month, an activator of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. Interestingly, BCATm and BCKDH mRNA abundance was significantly increased upon refeeding independently of the amount of dietary protein consumed. Similarly, treatment with pioglitazone, increased the BCATm and BCKDH mRNA abundance. However, BCATm and BCKDH mRNA abundance was significantly reduced upon High‐fat feeding. These data demonstrate that BCATm and BCKDH expression are transcriptionally modulated in mouse adipose tissue, possibly in part mediated via PPARγ (Supported by CONACYT).
Precursors for Citrulline synthesis: Facts and artifacts
Authors: Marini Juan C.
Published: June 2021

Recent tracer studies in mice, piglets and humans have produced conflicting results on the precursors for citrulline and arginine synthesis. This may be due, at least in part, to the different tracers infused and models utilized to interpret the stable isotope data. Furthermore, the fact that previous studies generally investigated a single precursor, prevented the direct comparison among the multiple precursors involved. To further elucidate the contribution of different precursors to citrulline synthesis, all possible enteral and plasma precursors were studied in a mouse model during the fasting and feeding periods utilizing multitracer protocols. In addition, two different models were utilized to interpret the data. The utilization of the classic precursor‐product equation, developed for intravenously infused tracers, but also used to include intragastric tracers grossly overestimated the contribution of enteral precursors. Regardless of the model employed, dietary and plasma arginine were the main precursors for citrulline synthesis during feeding, and plasma arginine during fasting. A fraction of the contribution of arginine was through plasma ornithine. The predominant role of arginine and plasma ornithine seen in this study supports the observations in mice, piglets and humans that the main function of ornithine amino transferase in adults is the disposal of ornithine, and not its synthesis.
New beneficial effects of alkali‐extracted rice protein in type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats
Authors: Watanabe Reiko , Kubota Masatoshi , Ito Risa , Saito Akihiko , Fujii Mikio , Kadowaki Motoni
Published: June 2021

The number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is rapidly increasing and is becoming a serious problem all over the world. T2DM is a metabolic disease caused by lifestyle factors, and may lead to many complications such as chronic renal failure. Diet therapy is an important treatment to delay the progression of T2DM. Rice is a staple food as a major source of not only energy but also protein. Therefore, we focused on effects of alkali‐extracted rice protein (AE‐RP) on T2DM, especially diabetic nephropathy. AE‐RP used included high crude protein content (>90%). Male non‐obese type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats were fed high sucrose diets for 10 or 15 wk with 20% casein (C) or AE‐RP. The diabetic‐related markers in the blood, urine, liver and kidney were determined. The kidney tissue sections were obtained for histological analysis. AE‐RP had no effects on fasting blood glucose levels. However, the levels of plasma alkali phosphatase and urinary albumin in GK rats fed AE‐RP were significantly lower than those of C group. Renal glomerular damages were significantly higher in C group, but those in AE‐RP group were similar to those in Wistar rats fed high sucrose C diets. These results suggest that AE‐RP has a suppressive effect on progression of T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. This study was supported in part by a Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research to RW from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
Extraction of protein from red crab (Chionoeoets japonicus) shell by commercial proteases and their characteristics
Authors: Seo Bo-Young , Min Kwan-Hee , Ochirkhuu Sambuu , Song Young-Sun
Published: June 2021

To examine the possibility of usage as a protein source, red crab shell was enzymatically hydrolyzed using 6 commercial proteases (Protease A, Protamex, Neutrase, Favourzyme, Alcalase, Protease M for 24 hrs at its optimum pH and temperature. Protein concentration of hydrolysate was examined by using Bradford method, ninhydrin method, Biuret method and OD at 280nm. Recovery rate and molecular weight of protein by various enzyme treatments was different. Protease A was the most effective enzyme to hydrolyze protein from crab shell. To obtain synergistic effect of protein extraction, combination of enzymes were tried. Significant increase in protein recovery was observed when Protease A was co‐treated with Protamex, its recovery rate was increased 5‐fold compared to Protease A alone. Amino acid composition was somewhat variable by enzyme treatments. Nonetheless, Phenylalanine, glycine, alanine, and lysine were abundant amino acids, whereas tyrosine was only amino acid not detected. (This research was supported by Technology Development Program for Fisheries, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and fisheries, Republic of Korea)
Protein Distribution Effect on Indices of Satiety
Authors: Mamerow Madonna Marie , Mettler Joni A , English Kirk L , Layman Donald K , Volpi Elena , Paddon-Jones Douglas
Published: June 2021

Healthy adult men and women (n=11, 38+/−2.98 y, BMI: 26.1+/−1.1) participated in a 7‐day crossover feeding study with 30 day washout to evaluate the acute and sustained effects of protein distribution on indices of satiety. Study diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, containing 90 g total protein/day. The even protein distribution diet provided: 30 g (breakfast), 30 g (lunch) and 30 g (dinner). The skewed protein distribution diet provided: 10 g (breakfast), 15 g (lunch) and 65 g (dinner). Visual analog questionnaires measured hunger and fullness three hours after ingestion of each meal. On day one, subjects reported less hunger (p=0.02) and greater fullness (p=0.04) following the breakfast meal containing 30 g vs. 10 g of protein. Conversely, the skewed, high protein (65 g) evening meal had no greater effect on satiety than the more moderate 30 g protein meal (p>0.2). Following 7 days habituation to each diet, there was no change in satiety indices in response to the morning and evening meals. In conclusion, compared to a typical skewed daily protein intake, consuming a moderate amount of protein with each meal promotes satiety following breakfast and may enable more efficient and effective management of daily protein and energy intake.
Low‐fat dairy (LFD) favorably affects lipoprotein metabolism and C reactive protein (CRP) in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Dugan Christine E , Aguilar David , Barona Jacqueline , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

We evaluated whether inclusion of low‐fat dairy (LFD) in the diet of individuals consuming ¡Ü 1.5 serving dairy/d would favorably affect lipoprotein metabolism. Five men and 5 women 30–75 y with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to consume LFD (296 mL low‐fat milk, 170 g yogurt and 510 g cheese stick) or isocaloric control foods (42 g granola bar and 177 mL juice) daily for 6 wk. Following a 4‐wk washout period, individuals were crossed over to the alternate treatment. We analyzed dietary records, plasma lipids, CRP and lipoprotein subfraction and size at the end of each period. Energy intake and fat intake did not differ between diets, while there were increases in protein (p<0.01) and decreases in carbohydrate (p<0.01) during the LFD period. Individuals had lower triglycerides (TG) (1.63¡À0.61 vs 1.7¡À 0.62 mmol/L) and lower CRP (2.3¡À3.2 vs 4.8¡À6.1 mg/L) during the LFD compared to the control period while LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C), LDL size and small LDL particles were unaffected by increased dairy consumption. Although no changes were observed in HDL cholesterol between periods, participants had lower concentrations of total HDL particles associated with the smaller HDL subfractions (p< 0.05) during dairy consumption. These data suggest that inclusion of LFD does not increase LDL‐C or small LDL but might promote decreases in TG and in potentially atherogenic small HDL subfractions [supported by the Dairy Council]
Early biochemical changes and histological analysis in adipose tissue and liver of rats fed high‐fat diet (HFD) with different fatty acid composition
Authors: Diaz-Villaseñor Andrea , Lara Nara , Tinoco Briscia , Tovar Armando R , Torres Nimbe
Published: June 2021

Early metabolic alterations induced by a high content of fat in diet are poorly understood and less is known about if the type of fat play an important role in lipid metabolism, thus we studied rats fed 7 or 21% fat in diet for 21 d. Fat sources were coconut (CO), safflower (SF) or soybean (SB) oil. Our results showed minor significant differences in the biochemical and hormonal variables among groups during fast. Interestingly, rats fed CO had higher serum insulin in fed state resulting in lower serum glucose in comparison to SF and SB and was attenuated with HFD. On the other hand, rats fed HFD showed higher serum free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and triglycerides during the fed state, independently of the type of dietary fat. In addition, as excepted, rats fed HFD (21%) had lower serum adiponectin. No significant changes were observed for serum cholesterol, leptin and glucagon. These results indicate that in 3 wks, consumption of a HFD produced biochemical abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Histological analysis showed that rats fed 21% CO have some hepatic fat deposition and larger adipocytes. Thus, consumption of CO increased postprandial insulin release and a HFD increased lipolysis in fed state. These results also showed that previously to body weight changes, metabolic alterations induced by HFD occurred first in the fed state rather than in fast. Supported by Conacyt.
Acute effect of pistachios on postprandial endothelial function: Influence of fat quantity and quality
Authors: Sauder Katherine A , West Sheila G , Campbell Janice , Jenkins Alexandra L , Jenkins David JA , Kendall Cyril WC
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have shown that saturated fat and refined carbohydrates (CHO) acutely impair endothelial function, while unsaturated fats appear to exert a neutral effect. The purpose of this study was to examine endothelial function after meals differing in fat and CHO content. We assessed endothelial function in 20 adults with metabolic syndrome before and after each of the following meals: pistachios alone, pistachios plus white bread, white bread alone (12 and 50 g available CHO), and white bread plus cheese and butter. Endothelial function was assessed via pulse wave amplitude (EndoPAT) and reported as reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Fasting RHI did not differ among treatments, and the primary analysis examined change in RHI from fasting up to 3 hours postprandially. RHI was differentially affected by the meals (p=0.01). RHI decreased after the white bread plus cheese and butter meal (−0.09±0.09) and increased after the white bread only meals (0.17±0.09 and 0.15±0.09 for white bread 12g and 50g, respectively); this differential response was statistically significant (Tukey p<0.05). An intermediate change in RHI was observed after the pistachio meals (0.05±0.09 and −0.03±0.09 for pistachio and pistachio plus white bread, respectively). These results provide further evidence that endothelial function is differentially affected by type and quantity of dietary fat.

Funding: American Pistachio Growers
Fish oil supplementation as adjunct therapy for periodontitis
Authors: Coates Alison , Bartold Mark , Hughes Toby , Howe Peter
Published: June 2021

Long chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) found in fish oil have anti‐inflammatory properties that may benefit periodontal health.

The present study reviewed evidence for the use of fish oil supplementation as adjunct therapy for periodontitis. Medline, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched using the terms ‘omega‐3′ or ‘n‐3 PUFA’ and ‘periodontal disease’ or ‘periodontitis’. Articles were included if they were original studies, involved humans, written in English and published before November 1 2011.

Ten unique studies were identified, but two were excluded as they did not feature periodontitis. In one retrospective and three cross‐sectional studies, the prevalence of periodontitis was inversely associated with dietary intakes of LCn‐3 PUFA. Four clinical trials were identified with low participant numbers (n=30–80), LC n‐3 PUFA doses ranging from 900 – 3000 mg / day and supplementation lasting eight days to six months. Only one study included a measure of adherence to supplementation. Improvements in clinical measures tended to occur in all studies, but were significant only in two that used a combination of fish oil and aspirin.

Fish oil supplementation shows promise as an adjunct therapy for periodontitis. Long term clinical trials that include biomarkers of compliance are critical for interpreting clinical outcomes. There was no funding source for this study.
Effect of chronic fish oil supplementation on renal function parameters of healthy and cachectic rats
Authors: Fernandez Ricardo , Coelho Isabela
Published: June 2021

Fish oil (FO) supplementation, rich in n‐3 PUFA, has a positive effect on various diseases, including cancer and kidney diseases. The objective of this study was evaluate renal function of healthy and tumor‐bearing Walker 256 rats chronically supplemented with fish oil. Weanling male rats (aged 21 days) were divided in two groups, one received a standard commercial chow (C) and the other were supplemented orally for 70 days with FO, 1g/kg body weight (FO). At 90 days of age half the animals of each group were injected into the right flank with a sterile suspension of 2 × 107 Walker 256 tumor cells (W and FOW group). Renal function parameters, urinary excretion of TBX2 and immunolocalization of ED‐1 macrophage, were measured in all groups. Tumor‐bearing group present a significant reduction of total plasma protein concentration which reflects cachectic proteolysis, and FO supplementation reversed this fact. Tumor growth rate was also markedly reduced in FOW group. Glomerular filtration (inulin clearance) did not present significant changes in the FO or W groups if compared to C, but increased significantly in WFO group. Renal plasma flow (p‐aminohippuric acid clearance) increased significantly in all supplemented groups, 54% in FO and 91% in FOW. W group had low plasma osmolality compared to C, an alteration reverted in supplemented animals. The FENa+ of FO rats were similar to C. In contrast, FENa+ was slightly decreased in the W compared to C, a tendency which it is reverted in WFO group. Proximal Na+ reabsorption, evaluated by lithium clearance, was similar among the groups. Urinary excretion of TBX2 was significantly decreased after FO supplementation in C and W. The number of macrophages in renal tissue was significantly higher in W, a value that was reduced to control levels by FO supplementation. In resume, FO supplementation reduced cachexia, with a reduction in tumor growth rate, and had a renoprotector effect, with a rise in renal plasma flow and a preservation of glomerular filtration.
Role of Actinidia Chinensis on suppression of UVA‐mediated oxidative damage In HaCaT cells
Authors: Lee Kwang-Won , Lee Yan-Houy , Koo Yun-Chang , Nam Mi-Hyun , Yang Sung-Young , Ha Young-Min , Chun Su-hyun
Published: June 2021

Advanced glycation end‐products(AGEs) accumulate in human skin serves as the UV photosensitizer, and UVA inducing the formation of photoexcited states of these photosensitizers with subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more AGEs sensitizers. In this study, we demonstrated that combined action of AGEs and UVA cause higher risk of skin damage and evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of Actinidia Chinensis rind ethyl acetate extract (ACRE‐E) in HaCaT keratinocytes. ACRE‐E exhibited ability to attenuate UVA‐induced ROS generation which was measured by using DCFH‐DA reagent. To quantify AGEs formation, immunostaining of AGEs in UVA irradiated HaCaT cell was performed. Exposure to UVA causing high immunoreactivity in cells but in the presence of ACRE‐E, the immunoreactivity level was lower. This indicated that the ability of ACRE‐E to attenuate ROS generation contribute considerably to the suppression of AGEs formation. Topical application of ACRE‐E may confer protection against UVA‐induce oxidative stress and AGE formation

Grant Funding Source: Korea university
Dietary zinc intake is inversely associated with systolic blood pressure in obese Korean women
Authors: Kim Jihye , Lee Sunju
Published: June 2021

This study examined the relationship between zinc status and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Forty obese women (body mass index (BMI)≥25 kg/m2) aged 19–28 years were recruited. Usual zinc intake was estimated from 3‐day diet records. Low zinc intake was defined as less than 8 mg zinc/day (n=22). Serum and urinary zinc, and metabolic risk factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, and insulin were measured. Dietary zinc intake and energy intake were significantly lower in low zinc group than adequate zinc group (P<0.001). Serum or urinary zinc concentration did not differ between two groups. Weight, BMI, and metabolic risk factors did not differ between two groups. Dietary zinc intake was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (P<0.05) after adjustment for energy intake. Either serum or urinary zinc concentration was not correlated with any metabolic risk factors. In multivariate linear regression analysis, dietary zinc intake was inversely associated with blood pressure in obese Korean women after adjustment for protein intake and body weight. Supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea.
Association between the plasma proteome and serum ascorbic acid concentrations in humans
Authors: Da Costa Laura Anne , García-Bailo Bibiana , Borchers Christoph H , Badawi Alaa , El-Sohemy Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Vitamin C has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, but the biological pathways regulated by vitamin C are not all known. The objective was to use a proteomics approach to identify plasma proteins associated with circulating levels of ascorbic acid. Men and women (n=1,022) 20–29 years of age from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study completed a general health and lifestyle questionnaire and 196‐item food frequency questionnaire and provided a fasting blood sample. Circulating ascorbic acid was analyzed by HPLC and a mass spectrometry‐based multiple reaction monitoring method measured 54 proteins abundant in plasma. Mean protein concentrations were compared across tertiles of serum ascorbic acid using analysis of covariance. Levels of complement C9, ceruloplasmin, alpha‐1‐anti‐trypsin, angiotensinogen, complement C3, vitamin D binding protein, and plasminogen were inversely associated with levels of ascorbic acid (P<0.0009). The inverse association between ascorbic acid and vitamin D binding protein was highest in those with higher levels of total 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (interaction P=0.2). In conclusion, several plasma proteins from various physiological pathways are significantly associated with circulating levels of ascorbic acid in a population of young adults. This research was funded by the Advanced Foods and Materials Network.
Assessment of Iron Bioavailability in Lentils: Identifying Commercial Harvests with High Fe Bioavailability
Authors: DellaValle Diane M. , Glahn Raymond P. , Vandenberg Albert
Published: June 2021

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency in the world, a major cause of which is a lack of highly bioavailable dietary iron. Lentils (Lens culinaris) are a pulse crop consumed as a staple food world‐wide, and are higher in iron compared to other staple foods. We screened 28 commercial lentil lines already in use by growers in Saskatchewan, Canada for Fe concentration and relative Fe bioavailability using the in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 cell model. Fe concentration of the lentils ranged from 53.4 – 96.7 ppm Fe with 4 lines having greater than 85 ppm Fe. This indicates that some harvests are essentially biofortified, as values above 85 ppm are considered high in Fe. There were significant differences in relative Fe bioavailability among the 28 commercial lines as measured by the in vitro model. Dehulling the lentils, a practice most common for red lentils, significantly increases the Fe bioavailability. Iron concentration and Fe bioavailability were not correlated in this sample (r=−0.27, p=0.16). These results will be confirmed in vivo using a poultry model. The differences in Fe concentration and relative bioavailability appear to be genetically linked. As Canadian lentils are often exported to regions where Fe deficiency is high, this work represents a unique opportunity to conduct Fe biofortification using the tools of modern agriculture.
Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) Method with Photodiode Array (PDA) Ultraviolet Detection for Simultaneous Determination of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2, Retinol, and Tocopherols in Human Plasma
Authors: Cui Hongjie , Schulze Kerry J , Charurat Manhattan , Christian Parul
Published: June 2021

Challenges in simultaneous, accurate measurement of vitamins A, D, and E in human plasma limit our ability to comprehensively evaluate vitamin status. For vitamin D in particular, methods must be sufficiently sensitive to determine 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, as 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 to identify vitamin D deficiency and monitor the effect of supplemental vitamin D2. We developed a method to determine 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2, retinol, and α‐ and γ‐tocopherol in a single run using a Waters Acquity Hclass system with a PDA detector. Extraction of fat‐soluble vitamin forms was achieved using liquid‐liquid extraction with hexanes. Chromatographic separation was done with an Acquity UPLC carbon‐18 column using a gradient mobile phase. The method yields low intra‐ and inter‐assay variability (<8.5% for all analytes) and good recovery for 25(OH) D3 (97%) and D2 (93%) with a limit of quantitation of 9.93 nmol/L and 3.19 nmol/L for 25(OH)D3 and D2, respectively, using 100 uL of plasma. All analytes elute within 11 minutes and peaks are assessed in 4 channels. The accuracy of the method was validated using NIST Standard Reference Material 972 and 968d, with results in the range of 94–106% of expected for each analyte. The sensitivity, reproducibility, low sample volume requirement, and speed of the method make it suitable for routine clinical and research use. Support: NIAID.
Dietary resistant starch attenuates perturbations in carbohydrate and methyl group metabolism in type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Schalinske Kevin L , Smazal Anne , Smith Emily A , Small Mallory
Published: June 2021

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by aberrant carbohydrate metabolism owing to a lack of insulin production. Recently, it has also been shown that T1D in the streptozotocin (STZ)‐treated rat results in abnormal methyl group metabolism. Because previous reports have demonstrated that dietary resistant starch (RS) can attenuate hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, the focus of this study was to determine if RS could provide glycemic control in a STZ‐T1D rat model, as well as have an impact on methyl group metabolism. Male Sprague Dawley rats were acclimated to a 0, 37, or 71% RS (RS‐0, RS‐37, RS‐71, respectively) diet for 10 d. All starches were provided at 550 g/kg diet. After the acclimation period, half of the RS‐0 rats, and all of the RS‐37 and RS‐71 rats were injected with STZ (60 mg/kg body weight). After 15 d, rats were anesthetized, whole blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture, and tissue samples rapidly removed for analysis. Diabetic rats fed either the RS‐37 or RS‐71 diet exhibited significantly less weight loss compared to those fed the RS‐0‐based diet. Moreover, both RS‐37‐ and RS‐71‐fed diabetic rats exhibited significantly lower blood glucose concentrations compared to diabetic rats fed the RS‐0 diet. Thus, RS appears to be an effective dietary component that can attenuate diabetes and related metabolic alterations in T1D diabetic rats. Support: Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University.
Multivitamin (MVT) use, alcohol intake, and oxidative stress (OS) in HIV+ individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Authors: Stewart Tiffanie , Campa Adriana , Shin Dong-Ho , Martinez Sabrina Sales , Li Yinghui , Williams Shawn , Barr Shakira , Parsons Mary , Farsad Mahsa , Hatsu Irene , Luisi Sonya , Martinez Celines , Oropeza Monica , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Background

HIV disease, excessive alcohol use and ART have been associated with oxidative stress (OS). This cross‐sectional study examines the effect of reported MVT supplements and alcohol intake on OS and disease stage.

Methods

Alcohol intake, MVT use, and markers of OS (% oxidized glutathione) and disease stage (CD4 count, viral load) were collected in 89 HIV+ participants on ART. Linear regressions, correlations and Student's‐t tests were used in analyses.

Results

HIV+ adults with hazardous alcohol intake (AUDIT score >8), who also used MVT had significantly lower % oxidized glutathione than those not taking MVT (21.9% vs 25.2%, p=0.037). However, there were no significant differences in % of oxidized glutathione by MVT in those who abstained or drank alcohol in moderation. Greater alcohol intake was significantly associated with higher % oxidized glutathione (β=0.23, p=0.009) and use of MVT with lower % of oxidized glutathione (β=−3.6, p=0.005), when controlling for age and gender. In those who used MVT, hazardous drinking was correlated with viral load (r=0.430, p=0.001) and CD4 count (r=−0.457, p=0.001).

Conclusion

HIV+ adults with hazardous alcohol drinking present significantly greater OS. Our findings suggest that in HIV+ adults, MVT supplements ameliorate OS. However, despite MVT supplementation, those with hazardous drinking showed more advanced disease.

Funded by NIDA and NIAAA
Association between Selenium (Se) intake, plasma Se levels and disease progression in HIV‐infected adults in Miami
Authors: Trivedi Riddhi , Campa Adriana , Martinez Sabrina Sales , Page John Bryan , Lai Shenghan , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

Se deficiency is associated with increased mortality and disease progression in HIV/AIDS. We explored the relationship between inadequate Se intake (<55 mcg/daily) and plasma levels (>0.085 mg/L) with disease progression in HIV+ adults.

Methods

With IRB approval, a cross‐sectional secondary analysis of the de‐identified database from “Zinc Therapy in Zinc deficient HIV+ Adults in Miami” study was performed.

Results

Of 231 HIV+ adults, 144 were on ART; 73.2 % were male. Mean CD4 cell count was 373 SD±279 cells/μL, viral load was 4.0 SD ±1.0 log10 copies/mL and plasma Se levels were 0.121 SD±0.29 mg/L. Higher plasma selenium levels were associated with controlled viral load (β=0.002, p=0.022), and remained significant after controlling for diarrheal disease and C‐reactive protein (p=0.039), and were correlated with Se intake (r=0.3, p>0.001). No association was found between Se intake or plasma Se levels with CD4 cell count. There were no differences in Se status (intake or plasma) between those in early HIV stages (CD4>200 cells/μL) and those with advanced disease (CD4<200 or CD4<100 cells/μL).

Conclusion

Adequate Se status appears to depend on adequate Se intake and viral load control in HIV+ adults. Further studies on the effect of normalizing Se status and the mechanism through which adequate Se contributes to slower disease progression are needed.

Funded by NIDA
Spanish Black Radish (Raphanus Sativus L. Var. niger) Diet Enhances Clearance of DMBA and Diminishes Toxic Effects on Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Authors: Kemp Michael Quentin , NˈJai Alhaji , Metzger Brandon , Hanlon Paul , Williams Melissa , Czuyprynski Chuck , Barnes David
Published: June 2021

Cruciferae vegetable contain high levels of chemopreventative glucosinolates. Spanish black radishes (SBR) are unique crucifers that contain 4X more glucosinolates than other crucifers, such as broccoli. This study examined whether feeding mice a diet containing 20 % Spanish black radish for two weeks prior to treatment with the carcinogen 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) could enhance metabolism of this carcinogen and inhibit the DMBA‐mediated bone marrow toxicity. Expression of Phase I and Phase II detoxification enzymes was significantly greater for mice on SBR diet. The blood levels of DMBA in SBR‐fed mice were significantly lower than those on control diets. DMBA significantly reduced BM cells of mice fed control diet, whereas mice on the SBR diet showed diminished effect. Colony forming assays demonstrated that mice on the SBR diet had significantly: 1) less reduction in lymphoid CFU‐preB progenitor cells, 2) greater recovery of CFU‐preB progenitor cells, and 3) less reduction of CFU‐GM progenitor cells. Therefore, mice fed a 20% SBR diet for two weeks had higher expression of detoxification enzymes, faster metabolism of DMBA and a reduction in DMBA‐induced bone marrow toxicity.
A randomized parallel‐group dietary feasibility study for stage II‐IV ovarian cancer survivors
Authors: del Rocio Berglund Maria , Paxton Raheem J , Garcia-Prieto Celia , Hernandez Mike , Hajek Richard A , Handy Beverly Carol , Brown Jubilee , Jones Lovell A
Published: June 2021

Background

We conducted a study to assess the feasibility of two comparable dietary interventions in ovarian cancer survivors (OCS).

Methods

In a parallel‐group trial, 51 women (mean 53 yrs) stage II–IV OCS were randomly assigned to a plant‐based (PB) diet or a modified NCI diet supplemented with a soy‐based beverage and encapsulated fruit & vegetable juice concentrates (FVJCs). Changes in clinical measures, serum carotenoid & tocopherol levels, dietary intake, anthropometry, and quality of life (HRQOL) were assessed with paired t‐tests.

Results

At baseline, 28% & 45% of women met guidelines for intake of fiber & fruits and vegetables, respectively. After 6 mo, total serum carotenoid levels and α‐ & β‐carotene were significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.01); β‐carotene was increased more in the FVJC group. Serum β‐cryptoxanthin levels, fiber intake (+5.2 g/day), servings of juice (+0.9 servings/day) & vegetables (+1.3 servings/day) were all significantly increased in the PB group (all P < 0.05). Serum levels of albumin, lutein & zeaxanthin, retinol, and retinyl palmitate were significantly increased in the FVJC group (all P < 0.05). No changes in CA‐125, anthropometry, or HRQOL were observed.

Conclusion

This study supports the feasibility of designing dietary interventions for OCS and provides preliminary evidence that encapsulated FVJCs provide comparable amounts of nutrients as the PB diet in OCS.
Cinnamon decreases excitation toxicity in primary neuronal cultures from chick embryos
Authors: Gomada Yuki , Jamison Brandon Y , Maitin Vatsala , Vattem Dhiraj A.
Published: June 2021

Excitation neurotoxicity induced dysregulation of stress response signaling has been implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Cinnamon was previously reported to beneficially modulate stress response signaling in C. elegans and may have therapeutic potential. The objective here was to evaluate the dose dependent neuroprotective effect of cinnamon on L‐glutamate and NDMA induced excitation toxicity in cultured primary neurons from chick embryos. Results suggest that cinnamon treatment decreased neuronal cell death in L‐glutamate and NDMA induced excitation toxicity by 20% and 15% respectively. Evaluation with fractionated cinnamon extract characterized by HPLC/DAD/ELSD/MS suggests that protection against L‐glutamate toxicity was primarily due to the polar neutral fraction which increased neuronal cell survival by 23%. Neuroprotective effects in NDMA treated primary cultures were predominantly due to polar basic fraction which decreased cell death by 25% compared to control.

Grant Funding Source: VRDÜR Foundation
Producing Functional Soy‐based Yogurt Incubated with Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 isolated from Healthy Adult Koreans
Authors: KANG JOO YEON , KIM MIN JI , MOON JUNG SOON , LEE DO KYUNG , LEE KANG HO , SHIN HEA SOON , HA NAM JOO
Published: June 2021

Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 isolated from Korean feces inhibited the activity of fecal harmful enzymes of rat. Therefore, the current study was to measure the possibility of B. longum SPM1205 to obtain a curd‐type soy‐based yogurt with respect to a curd formation, proximate composition and sensory attributes and then to examine the changes in pH, lactic acid, and lactic acid bacteria during cold storage. B. longum SPM1205 was capable of producing moderate sour taste and good overall acceptability in curd type of plain soy‐based yogurt for 8 hours. Most sensory qualities were not significantly different in the strawberry soy‐based yogurt compared to those of commercial milk‐based yogurt. The pH of strawberry soy‐based yogurt was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in days of storage (day 0; 5.18, day 1; 4.80), but slowed down after 3 days of storage. The lactic acid content and lactic acid bacteria population of plain and strawberry soy‐based yogurt were not significantly changed over 10 days of storage. The products contained over 8 log of viable lactic acid bacteria. The results provide a feasibility that a curd‐type soy‐based yogurt can be manufactured using B. longum SPM1205. However, more experiments are needed to improve the sensory qualities such as beany or astringent flavor and color.
Fatty Acid and Dietary Fiber Content of the Mesocarp of Hawaii Grown Avocados: Potential for Improved Health Benefits
Authors: Iwasaki Justin Kai Tadao , Dieron Karlo , Stewart Maria L.
Published: June 2021

Previous research has shown that nutrient content of avocados (Persea americana) depends on growing location. Current avocado entries in USDA Nutrient Database represent only California (CA) and Florida (FL) grown avocados. Over 150 varieties of avocado are currently grown in the state of Hawaii. This study characterized selected nutrients (fatty acids and dietary fiber) in four varieties of Hawaii grown avocados. Crude lipid content was determined by soxhlet extraction. Fatty acids were derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters and analyzed by GC‐FID. Dietary fiber was determined by AOAC method 991.43. Moisture content was determined by freeze‐drying. Crude lipid differed among Hawaii grown avocados (14.2–28.2 g/100 g edible sample). Compared to FL and CA varieties, Hawaii grown avocados contained additional myristate and arachidate. Total fiber content in Hawaii grown avocados was greater than FL and CA varieties (15.3–23.68 g vs. 5.6–6.8 g /100 g edible sample). Hawaii grown avocados had a larger range of % moisture (63–77%) as compared to FL and CA varieties (77–78%) that may impact sensory qualities, nutrient and energy density values. Hawaii grown avocados have higher nutrient content as compared to FL and CA grown avocados which warrants further research on potential health benefits. Funded by USDA‐NIFA Agricultural Diversification Grant: Hawaii Tropical Specialty Fruits. R&D Award 2010‐34172‐21693.

Grant Funding Source : USDA‐NIFA Agricultural Diversification Grant: Hawaii Tropical Specialty Fruits. R&D Award 2010‐34172‐21693
Development of Korean Traditional Pancake(Jeon) Containing Black Soybean for the Global Marketing as a Functional Food
Authors: jung ji-hye , yang jinyoung , park junghyun , shin junghee , kim hyunsook
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to develop a Korean traditional pancake containing black soybean for the globalization of Korean food. We prepared black soybean which cultivated at Jeollanam‐do and examined its quality characteristic. In addition, the contents of chemical components such as total polyphenol and antioxidant activity of Korean traditional pancake containing black soybean(0% BSBP, 23% BSBP, 33% BSBP) were evaluated. Total polyphenol content of 33% BSBP was the highest value of 150.41 mgGAE/100g sample. Antioxidant activity of BSBP which measured by using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity was increased in a dose dependent manner, showing about 17.12% at 33% BSBP, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity(ORAC) activity showed about 276.21 μmTE/L at the same concentration. The BSBP also demonstrated by the analysis of isoflavone, and the content was increased in a dose dependent manner(33%BSBP‐ daidzin; 26.035 ppm, genistin 14.519 ppm, daidzein; 1.799 ppm, genistein; 7.514 ppm). These results indicate that Korean traditional jeon containing black soybean expected to develop a functional pancake. This work was supported by Korean Food Foundation and BK 21.

Grant Funding Source: Korean Food Foundation
Analyses of chemical constituents and chlorophylls of soy sprouts
Authors: Lee Kyongae , Kim Yongho
Published: June 2021

The present study investigated chemical compositions and chlorophylls(a and b) in soy sprout by the parts (cotyledon and hypocotyls) and cooking. Soy sprouts cultivated with five soybean cultivars(Nokchaekong, Dawonkong, Seonamking, Oriatae and Pungsannamulkong) in a lab and then used for analyses. Carbohydrate, protein, lipid and ash were found more, while moisture found lesser, in the cotyledon than in the hypocotyl of fresh soy sprout, regardless of the soybean cultivars. There was only a small difference between fresh and cooked soy sprouts in chemical compositions. Each soy sprout showed different tendency in chlorophyll a and b contents in both cotyledon and hypocotyl parts. In case of fresh soy sprout, chlorophyll a in cotyledon and hypocotyl were 3.31(Orialtae)~9.07(Nokchaekong) and 0.35(Seonamkong)~1.06(Nokchaekong)ug/g, respectively, whereas chlorophyll b in them were 5.99(Orialtae)~15.90(Nokchaekong) and 0.64(Seonamkong)~1.77(Nokchaekong)ug/g, respectively. Cooking made reduction in contents of chlorophylls. These results demonstrated that the cotyledon of fresh soy sprout could be a good dietary source with its high content of chlorophyll.
Micronutrient content of herbal teas
Authors: Benatrehina Annecie P. , Morris Larry , McWhinney Ludine , Clinger Kent , Marshall Autumn
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to determine the amount of micronutrients in herbal teas. Herbal teas are widely consumed mainly for their claimed health values, but rarely has their mineral content been determined. In this study, infusions of twelve herbal teas were prepared similarly to commercial directions and the mineral content of the teas was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The tea samples include blueberry leaf, dandelion root, Echinacea herb and root, eleuthero root, ginger root, golden seal, hawthorn berry, lemon balm, peppermint, red clover seed, and raspberry leaf. The results show that none of these infusions contains a significant source of Mn, S, Fe, Na, or Al. However, higher amounts of P, K, Ca, and Mg were observed in several of these infusions, especially in Echinacea herb, ginger root, and golden seal. This research was funded in part by a Vitamin Settlement Grant from the State of Tennessee. Annecie Benatrehina was the recipient of a Langford‐Yates summer research fellowship from Lipscomb University in 2011.
DHA supplementation does not improve Western diet induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Frye Melinda A , Jeckel Kimberly M , Mulligan Christopher M , Hegarty Jennifer R , Chapman Phillip J , Pagliassotti Michael J , Veeramachaneni DN , Chicco Adam J
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify gross, cellular and ultrastructural myocardial changes with consumption of a Western diet, and subsequent modification with DHA supplementation.

Methods

Wistar and SD rats were fed 1 of 3 diets for 12 weeks (n = 10): control (CON); Western (WES); Western + DHA (WES+DHA). Myocardial structure and function were measured echocardiographically. Tissue was processed for fatty acid analysis (TLC‐GC) and quantitation of collagen (Masson's trichrome, hydroxyproline), lipid (Oil Red O, TG content) and myocyte area. Ultrastructure was evaluated by TEM.

Results

WES+DHA rats had diastolic dysfunction and more global left ventricular wall thickening compared to WES rats. Myocardial phospholipids reflected diet; a strain effect was present in that SD had less EPA and DPA, and more arachidonic acid. Myocardial TG were lower with WES and WES+DHA feeding. Myocyte area was increased in WES rats compared to CON. In both fat‐fed groups, TEM revealed myofibril degeneration, mitochondria with disorganized cristae and associated lipid vacuoles consistent with fatty degeneration.

Conclusions

In the absence of hypertension and calculated insulin resistance, consumption of a Western diet was associated with altered myocardial structure and function that was either exacerbated or unchanged by DHA feeding. Strain differences in FA accretion may underlie heterogeneous data from rodent dietary obese studies.

Funding provided by the NIH National Center for Research Resources and the Colorado State University College Research Council
Acute effects of ingestion of a novel whey‐derived extract on vascular endothelial function in middle‐aged men and women
Authors: Ballard Kevin D. , Kupchak Brian R. , Volk Brittanie M. , Mah Eunice , Shkreta Aida , Liptak Cary , Ptolemy Adam S. , Kellogg Mark S. , Bruno Richard S. , Seip Richard L. , Maresh Carl M. , Kraemer William J. , Volek Jeff S.
Published: June 2021

Whey protein intake reduces CVD risk, but little is known whether whey‐derived bioactive peptides regulate vascular endothelial function (VEF). We determined the impact of a whey‐derived extract (NOP‐47) on VEF in men and women (n=21) with impaired flow mediated dilation (FMD) (Mean±SE; 55±1.3 y, 27.8±0.6 kg/m2, FMD = 3.7±0.4%). Participants completed a randomized, crossover study to examine whether NOP‐47 (5 g) ingestion improves postprandial VEF. Brachial FMD, plasma amino acids, insulin, and endothelium‐derived vasodilators and vasoconstrictors were measured for 2‐h after ingestion of NOP‐47 or placebo. Acute NOP‐47 ingestion increased FMD at 30 (4.6±0.5%) and 120 min (5.1±0.5%) post‐ingestion (P<0.05, time x trial interaction) and FMD responses at 120 min were significantly greater in the NOP‐47 trial compared to placebo (4.3±0.5%). A significant inverse relation was detected between baseline diameter and FMD in the NOP‐47 trial. Plasma amino acids increased by 30 min (P<0.05) and insulin increased at 15, 30 and 60 min (P<0.001) following NOP‐47 ingestion. No changes were observed between trials for plasma nitric oxide and prostacyclin metabolites or endothelin‐1. Ingestion of a rapidly absorbed extract derived from whey protein improved endothelium‐dependent dilation in older adults by a mechanism independent of changes in circulating vasoactive compounds. Future investigation is warranted in individuals at an increased CVD risk to further elucidate potential health benefits and underlying mechanisms of extracts derived from whey. Funding provided by Glanbia Nutritionals.