bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoramento de revistas científicas na web com a ferramenta Google Analytics: reflexões a partir da Revista Comunicação & Informação
Authors: Maricato João de Melo , Fernandes Daiane de Brito
Published: April 2015

Com a web surgem os indicadores webométricos, análogos aos tradicionais indicadores bibliométricos e cientométricos. Estes podem ser úteis para compreender a popularidade e visibilidade de revistas científicas, subsidiando reflexões gerenciais. Objetiva-se apresentar a ferramenta Google Analytics aplicando-a a Revista Comunicação & Informação, com intuito de compreender sua potencialidade para a obtenção de informações e indicadores. A ferramenta Google Analytics proporcionou a elaboração e visualização de diversos indicadores baseados em visitas realizadas no site da revista e suas inúmeras variáveis (demográficas, tipo de tecnologia, assuntos, temporais), apontando grande potencial para o apoio à gestão e planejamento editorial de revistas científicas.
Relação entre Environmental Management Accounting e Inovação: aplicação do modelo teórico de Ferreira, Moulang e Hendro (2010) em empresas do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Beuren Ilse Maria , Zonatto Vinícius Costa da Silva
Published: April 2015

O estudo objetiva identificar a relação entre práticas de contabilidade de gestão ambiental e inovação, fundamentado no modelo teórico de Ferreira, Moulang e Hendro (2010), em empresas industriais de grande porte estabelecidas no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisa descritiva foi realizada por meio de levantamento em 21 empresas industriais selecionadas por acessibilidade, com aplicação de modelagem de equações estruturais Partial Least Squares (PLS). Os resultados mostram que nem todas as empresas pesquisadas adotam práticas de sistemas de Environmental Management Accounting. Também evidenciam associação positiva entre a estratégia prospectora e o tamanho da empresa, em relação ao uso de sistemas EMA. A estratégia prospectora influencia o esforço em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e em inovação de produtos e processos. As variáveis de inovação de processos e inovação de produtos apresentaram forte correlação. As evidências encontradas permitem concluir que há associação positiva entre uso de sistemas EMA e inovação nas empresas pesquisadas.
As Reações dos Consumidores diante das Falhas de Serviços a partir da Teoria da Atribuição
Authors: Lopes Francisca Flávia Plutarco , Freitas Ana Augusta Ferreira de , Mota Marcio de Oliveira
Published: April 2015

Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de compreender as razões das rupturas das relações comerciais, a maneira como ela ocorre, as emoções relacionadas e a forma como os consumidores estão dispostos a reiniciar suas relações. A estrutura teórica utilizada para compreender esses processos foi a da Teoria da Atribuição, que examina as reações dos consumidores em falhas de serviço. Em consonância com os objetivos desta pesquisa, o modelo conceitual proposto foi testado em um estudo de campo envolvendo 245 consumidores. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a testes estatísticos por meio de modelos regressivos e modelagem em equações estruturais, no intuito de testar o modelo teórico proposto. O estudo evidencia um novo campo para explorar na literatura de marketing relacionado à retenção de clientes, baseado na reversão dos sentimentos de insatisfação que são os motivos antecedentes que levam os consumidores a romperem ou a reestabelecerem seus relacionamentos com os provedores de serviços.
A Incorporação do Empreendedorismo no Setor Público: reflexões baseadas no contexto brasileiro
Authors: Valadares Josiel , Emmendoerfer Magnus
Published: April 2015

Este ensaio visa ampliar o debate sobre a incorporação do tema Empreendedorismo no Setor Público (ESP) por meio da revisão de literatura sobre o caráter reflexivo que se deve ter ao transpor conceitos do setor privado para o público. Compreendeu-se que é necessária uma discussão crítica acerca do processo de apropriação desse tema no Brasil para que seja adequadamente coerente e contextualizado. Observou-se que a Administração Pública brasileira é marcada por um modelo híbrido de gestão, no qual práticas patrimonialistas, burocráticas e gerenciais coexistem, tornando a adaptação do empreendedorismo complexa. Portanto, é preciso ter cautela com as expectativas exageradas em relação a esse tema na administração pública brasileira, pois, há inúmeras limitações que vão de encontro à sustentabilidade de governos democráticos.
The decrease in mid-stratospheric tropical ozone since 1991
Authors: Nedoluha G. E. , Siskind D. E. , Lambert A. , Boone C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. While global stratospheric O3 has begun to recover, there are localized regions where O3 has decreased since 1991. Specifically, we use measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) for the period 1991–2005 and the NASA Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) for the period 2004–2013 to demonstrate a significant decrease in O3 near ~ 10 hPa in the tropics. O3 in this region is very sensitive to variations in NOy, and the observed decrease can be understood as a spatially localized, yet long-term increase in NOy. In turn, using data from MLS and from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), we show that the NOy variations are caused by decreases in N2O which are likely linked to long-term variations in dynamics. To illustrate how variations in dynamics can affect N2O and O3, we show that by decreasing the upwelling in the tropics, more of the N2O can photodissociate with a concomitant increase in NOy production (via N2O + O(1D) → 2NO) at 10 hPa. Ultimately, this can cause an O3 decrease of the observed magnitude.
Estimating collision efficiencies from contact freezing experiments
Authors: Nagare B. , Marcolli C. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Interactions of atmospheric aerosols with clouds influence cloud properties and modify the aerosol life cycle. Aerosol particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles or become incorporated into cloud droplets by scavenging. For an accurate description of aerosol scavenging and ice nucleation in contact mode, collision efficiency between droplets and aerosol particles needs to be known. This study derives the collision rate from experimental contact freezing data obtained with the ETH Collision Ice Nucleation Chamber CLINCH. Freely falling 80 μm water droplets are exposed to an aerosol consisting of 200 nm diameter silver iodide particles of concentrations from 500–5000 cm−3, which act as ice nucleating particles in contact mode. The chamber is kept at ice saturation in the temperature range from 236–261 K leading to slow evaporation of water droplets giving rise to thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis. Droplets and particles bear charges inducing electrophoresis. The experimentally derived collision efficiency of 0.13 is around one order of magnitude higher than theoretical formulations which include Brownian diffusion, impaction, interception, thermophoretic, diffusiophoretic and electric forces. This discrepancy is most probably due to uncertainties and inaccuracies in the description of thermophoretic and diffusiophoretic processes acting together. This is to the authors knowledge the first dataset of collision efficiencies acquired below 273 K. More such experiments with different droplet and particle diameters are needed to improve our understanding of collision processes acting together.
Diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations
Authors: De Smedt I. , Stavrakou T. , Hendrick F. , Danckaert T. , Vlemmix T. , Pinardi G. , Theys N. , Lerot C. , Gielen C. , Vigouroux C. , Hermans C. , Fayt C. , Veefkind P. , Müller J.-F. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We present the new version (v14) of the BIRA-IASB algorithm for the retrieval of formaldehyde (H2CO) columns from spaceborne UV-Visible sensors. Applied to OMI measurements from Aura and to GOME-2 measurements from MetOp-A and B, this algorithm is used to produce global distributions of H2CO representative of mid-morning and early afternoon conditions. Its main features include (1) a new iterative DOAS scheme involving three fitting intervals to better account for the O2-O2 absorption, (2) the use of earthshine radiances averaged in the equatorial Pacific as reference spectra, (3) a destriping correction and background normalisation resolved in the along-swath position. For the air mass factor calculation, a priori vertical profiles calculated by the IMAGES chemistry transport model at 9.30 a.m. and 13.30 p.m. are used. Although the resulting GOME-2 and OMI H2CO vertical columns are found to be highly correlated, some systematic differences are observed. Afternoon columns are generally larger than morning ones, especially in mid-latitude regions. In contrast, over tropical rainforests, morning H2CO columns significantly exceed those observed in the afternoon. These differences are discussed in terms of the H2CO column variation between mid-morning and early afternoon, using ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements available from seven stations in Europe, China and Africa. Validation results confirm the capacity of the combined satellite measurements to resolve diurnal variations in H2CO columns. Furthermore, vertical profiles derived from MAX-DOAS measurements in the Beijing area and in Bujumbura are used for a more detailed validation exercise. In both regions, we find an agreement better than 15% when MAX-DOAS profiles are used as a priori for the satellite retrievals. Finally regional trends in H2CO columns are estimated for the 2004–2014 period using SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 data for morning conditions, and OMI for early afternoon conditions. Consistent features are observed such as an increase of the columns in India and Central-East China, and a decrease in Eastern US and Europe. We find that the higher horizontal resolution of OMI combined to a better sampling and a more favourable illumination at mid-day allow for more significant trend estimates, especially over Europe and North America. Importantly, in some parts of the Amazonian forest, we observe with both time series a significant downward trend in H2CO columns, spatially correlated with areas affected by deforestation.
Kalman filter physical retrieval of surface emissivity and temperature from SEVIRI infrared channels: a validation and inter-comparison study
Authors: Masiello G. , Serio C. , Venafra S. , Liuzzi G. , Göttsche F. , Trigo I. F. , Watts P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A Kalman filter based approach for the physical retrieval of surface temperature and emissivity from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) infrared observations has been developed and validated against in situ and satellite observations. Validation for land has been provided based on in situ observations from the two permanent stations Evora and Gobabeb operated by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) within the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF). Sea surface retrievals have been intercompared on a broad spatial scale with equivalent satellite products (MODIS or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and AVHRR or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) analyses. Results show that for surface temperature the algorithm yields an accuracy of ≈ ± 1.5 °C in case of land and ≈ ± 1.0 °C in case of sea surface. Comparisons with polar satellite instruments over the sea surface show nearly zero temperature bias. Over the land surface the retrieved emissivity follows the seasonal vegetation cycle and allows to identify desert sand regions because of strong reststrahlen bands of Quartz in the SEVIRI channel at 8.7 μm. Considering the two validation stations, we have that emissivity retrieved in SEVIRI channel 10.8 μm over the gravel plains of the Namib desert is in excellent agreement with in situ observations. Over Evora, the seasonal variation of emissivity with vegetation is successfully retrieved and yields emissivity values for green and dry vegetation that are in good agreement with spectral library data. The algorithm has been applied to the SEVIRI full disk and emissivity maps on that global scale have been physically retrieved for the first time.
Biogeochemical variability in the central equatorial Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition
Authors: Strutton P. G. , Coles V. J. , Hood R. R. , Matear R. J. , McPhaden M. J. , Phillips H. E.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In this paper we examine time-series measurements of near-surface chlorophyll concentration from a mooring that was deployed at 80.5°E on the equator in the Indian Ocean in 2010. These data reveal at least six striking spikes in chlorophyll from October through December, at approximately 2-week intervals, that coincide with the development of the fall Wyrtki jets during the transition between the summer and winter monsoons. Concurrent meteorological and in situ physical measurements from the mooring reveal that the chlorophyll pulses are associated with the intensification of eastward winds at the surface and eastward currents in the mixed layer. These observations are inconsistent with upwelling dynamics as they occur in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, since eastward winds that force Wyrtki jet intensification should drive downwelling. The chlorophyll spikes could be explained by two alternative mechanisms: (1) turbulent entrainment of nutrients and/or chlorophyll from across the base of the mixed layer by wind stirring or Wyrtki jet-induced shear instability or (2) enhanced southward advection of high chlorophyll concentrations into the equatorial zone. The first mechanism is supported by the phasing and amplitude of the relationship between wind stress and chlorophyll, which suggests that the chlorophyll spikes are the result of turbulent entrainment driven by synoptic zonal wind events. The second mechanism is supported by the observation of eastward flows over the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, generating high chlorophyll to the north of the equator. Occasional southward advection can then produce the chlorophyll spikes that are observed in the mooring record. Wind-forced biweekly mixed Rossby gravity waves are a ubiquitous feature of the ocean circulation in this region, and we examine the possibility that they may play a role in chlorophyll variability. Statistical analyses and results from the OFAM3 (Ocean Forecasting Australia Model, version 3) eddy-resolving model provide support for both mechanisms. However, the model does not reproduce the observed spikes in chlorophyll. Climatological satellite chlorophyll data show that the elevated chlorophyll concentrations in this region are consistently observed year after year and so are reflective of recurring large-scale wind- and circulation-induced productivity enhancement in the central equatorial Indian Ocean.
Estimation of temporal and spatial variations in groundwater recharge in unconfined sand aquifers using Scots pine inventories
Authors: Ala-aho P. , Rossi P. M. , Kløve B.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Climate change and land use are rapidly changing the amount and temporal distribution of recharge in northern aquifers. This paper presents a novel method for distributing Monte Carlo simulations of 1-D sandy sediment profile spatially to estimate transient recharge in an unconfined esker aquifer. The modelling approach uses data-based estimates for the most important parameters controlling the total amount (canopy cover) and timing (thickness of the unsaturated zone) of groundwater recharge. Scots pine canopy was parameterized to leaf area index (LAI) using forestry inventory data. Uncertainty in the parameters controlling sediment hydraulic properties and evapotranspiration (ET) was carried over from the Monte Carlo runs to the final recharge estimates. Different mechanisms for lake, soil, and snow evaporation and transpiration were used in the model set-up. Finally, the model output was validated with independent recharge estimates using the water table fluctuation (WTF) method and baseflow estimation. The results indicated that LAI is important in controlling total recharge amount. Soil evaporation (SE) compensated for transpiration for areas with low LAI values, which may be significant in optimal management of forestry and recharge. Different forest management scenarios tested with the model showed differences in annual recharge of up to 100 mm. The uncertainty in recharge estimates arising from the simulation parameters was lower than the interannual variation caused by climate conditions. It proved important to take unsaturated thickness and vegetation cover into account when estimating spatially and temporally distributed recharge in sandy unconfined aquifers.
Ice sheet mass loss caused by dust and black carbon accumulation
Authors: Goelles T. , Bøggild C. E. , Greve R.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Albedo is the dominating factor governing surface melt variability in the ablation area of ice sheets and glaciers. Aerosols such as mineral dust and black carbon (soot) accumulate on the ice surface and cause a darker surface and therefore a lower albedo. The dominant source of these aerosols in the ablation area is melt-out of englacial material which has been transported via ice flow. The darkening effect on the ice surface is currently not included in sea level projections, and the effect is unknown. We present a model framework which includes ice dynamics, aerosol transport, aerosol accumulation and the darkening effect on ice albedo and its consequences for surface melt. The model is applied to a simplified geometry resembling the conditions of the Greenland ice sheet, and it is forced by several temperature scenarios to quantify the darkening effect of aerosols on future mass loss. The effect of aerosols depends non-linearly on the temperature rise due to the feedback between aerosol accumulation and surface melt. The effect of aerosols in the year 3000 is up to 12% of additional ice sheet volume loss in the warmest scenario.
Katherine Mansfield, Rhythm, and Metropolitan Primitivism
Authors: Snyder Carey
Published: April 2015

Recent scholarship has enriched our understanding of the role that Rhythm played in the emergence of early modernism, but the magazine's pronounced primitivism has gone largely unremarked. This article argues that, as co-editor and contributor, Katherine Mansfield negotiated an ambivalent relationship to the magazine's primitivism—ranging from romantic idealization of indigenous people to satirical mockery of the western European fascination with exotic cultures and artifacts that pervades Rhythm's pages. It shows that while Mansfield's Rhythm writings largely frustrate metropolitan desires for quaint exoticism, the writer did not fully escape the dynamics she ridiculed.
Photoplay, Literary Celebrity, and The Little Review
Authors: Hannah Matthew
Published: April 2015

Under the editorship of Margaret Anderson, Jane Heap, and Ezra Pound, The Little Review published many of the most celebrated modernists during its fifteen-year run. The magazine included extensive letter columns that invited readers to insinuate themselves as “critics” into aesthetic discussions. Anderson published these letters alongside letters from rising modernist artists. I read this layering alongside celebrity culture in fan clubs and film magazines that created an atmosphere of access and perpetuated desires for contact. Similarly, Anderson used the burgeoning celebrity of modernists as a draw for readers. Combining this deployment of literary celebrity with promotional contests and reading groups, Anderson marketed the magazine for aspirant-intellectuals, mirroring access narratives in film-fan magazines of the period.
Interferences of Surfactants During Determination of Chlorophenols by Acetylation Coupled to Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector
Authors: Stoichev Teodor , de Morais Paulo , Basto M Clara P , Vasconcelos M Teresa S D
Published: April 2015

The micellar extraction (ME) of chlorophenols (CPs) from solid samples is rapid and avoids the use of organic solvents. The cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is a powerful agent for ME of CPs. However, CTAB will be an important interference when the extracts are subsequently analyzed by direct solid phase microextraction (SPME) without a previous derivatization step. Therefore, CTAB is usually replaced by the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether (POLE), which causes less interference but is less efficient in extracting CPs. In order to assess to what extent the derivatization of CPs with headspace (HS) sampling would be able to reduce surfactant interferences, CPs were measured in the presence of CTAB or POLE using acetylation and HS-SPME coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. Experiments were carried out both in water and in a 0.1 g/mL solution of NaCl (salting out agent). Acetylation and HS-SPME strongly decreased the interference of CTAB for CP determination. Therefore, the application of CTAB followed by SPME determination for an efficient ME of CPs from solid samples should be reconsidered since using CTAB with HS-SPME after acetylation proved to be a potential tool for CP determination in those matrixes after method optimization.
Development and Validation of a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamins A and D3 in Fluid Milk Products
Authors: Chen Yang , Reddy Ravinder M , Li Wenjing , Yettlla Ramesh R , Lopez Salvador , Woodman Michael
Published: April 2015

An HPLC method for simultaneous determination of vitamins A and D3 in fluid milk was developed and validated. Saponification and extraction conditions were studied for optimum recovery and simplicity. An RP HPLC system equipped with a C18 column and diode array detector was used for quantitation. The method was subjected to a single-laboratory validation using skim, 2% fat, and whole milksamples at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200% of the recommended fortification levels for vitamins A and D3 for Grade “A” fluid milk. The method quantitation limits for vitamins A and D3 were 0.0072 and 0.0026 μg/mL,respectively. Average recoveries between 94 and 110%and SD values ranging from 2.7 to 6.9% were obtainedfor both vitamins A and D3. The accuracy of the method was evaluated using a National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material (1849a) and proficiency test samples.
Arsenic Speciation and Fucoxanthin Analysis from Seaweed Dietary Supplements Using LC-MS
Authors: Avula Bharathi , Wang Yan-Hong , Khan Ikhlas A
Published: April 2015

The study involves the analysis of total arsenic (As) in metallic form, and organic and inorganic As species from seaweeds and dietary supplements. The analysis provides data for dietary exposure estimatesof inorganic species that are considered more toxic to humans than organic and total As. Total As was determined by acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS. To characterize the As species, solvent extraction with sonication and microwaveextraction using various aqueous and aqueous/organicsolvent mixtures were initially evaluated. The optimum As speciation method was determined to be water extraction followed by anion exchange HPLC coupled with ICP-MS. Optimization of chromatographic conditions led to baseline separation for six As species, including As acid, arsenous acid, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine, in approximately 8 min using gradient elution. Detection limits for all six compounds were in therange of 10–15 ng/mL. The data presented herewill be valuable for the QA of analytical method development and surveys of total As and As species indietary supplements. The most abundant As species found were arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. The sum of inorganic As species present in the dietary supplements ranged from 1.2 to 31 μg/day. In addition, the dietary supplements purported to contain fucoxanthin, a carotenoid having pharmacological activities, were analyzed using ultra-performance LC-UV/MS.
HPTLC with Fluorescence Densitometry for Simultaneous Determination of Some Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Tablets and Plasma
Authors: Hussein Samiha Abd El-Rahman , El-Wadood Hanaa Mohamed Abd , Abdallah Mohamed Abou-El Wafa , Khorshed A Abd El-Hamid
Published: April 2015

A selective, accurate, precise, and highly sensitive HPTLC assay with reflectance/fluorescence densitometry was developed to separate and quantify some angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), namely, losartan potassium, irbesartan, valsartan, and olmesartan medoxomil, in tablets and plasma. Separation of the target ARBs was performed on precoated silica gel HPTLC plates developed using chloroform–glacial acetic acid (7.5 + 2.5, v/v) mobile phase. The drugs were adequately resolved. After the exposure of the chromatograms to concentrated hydrochloric acid vapor for 10 min, the scanner was set in the reflectance/fluorescence mode with 255 nm excitation wavelength and >400 nm emission filter. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration curves of all studied drugs produced a good linear relationshipwith correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9991 to0.9999 over the concentration range of 2–20 ng/band. LOD and LOQ values of all studied drugs ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 and from 1.7 to 2.4 ng/band, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for analysis of the target ARBs in tablets and spiked human plasma samples with good precision and accuracy.
Chlorogenic Acid Stability in Pressurized Liquid Extraction Conditions
Authors: Wianowska Dorota , Typek Rafał , Dawidowicz Andrzej L
Published: April 2015

Chlorogenic acids (CQAs) are phenolic compounds naturally occurring in all higher plants. They are potentially useful in pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, food additives, and cosmetics due to their recently suggested biomedical activity. Hence, research interestin CQA properties, their isomers, and natural occurrence has been growing. Pressurized liquid extraction(PLE) is regarded as an effective and quick sample preparation method in plant analysis. The short time of PLE decreases the risk of chemical degradation ofextracted compounds, thus increasing the attractiveness of its application. However, PLE applied for plant sample preparation is not free from limitations. We found that trans-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (trans-5-CQA), the main CQA isomer, isomerizes to 3- and 4-O-caffeoylquinic acids and undergoes transesterification, hydrolysis, and reaction with water even in rapid PLE. Moreover, the number and concentration of trans-5-CQA derivatives formed in PLE strongly depends on extractant composition, its pH, and extraction time and temperature. It was not possible to find the PLE conditions in which the transformation process of trans-5-CQA would be eliminated.
Vivione Bioscience RAPID-B®E. coli O157 Test Kit and non-O157 STEC Test Kit Evaluation
Authors: Miller Melinda , Ramsaroop Shawn , Lopez Chris , Brahmanda Bharath
Published: April 2015

RAPID-B® is a high performance, integrated microbiology/infectious disease diagnostic system. The system uses hardware and software that are specifically designed for optimal detection using custom, immuno-based reagents designed to react to cell surface antigens of the target bacteria. The Vivione Bioscience RAPID-B Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) kits were validated alongside the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) 5.07 (for E. coli O157) and FSIS MLG 5B.04 (fornon-O157 STEC) reference methods for the detection of E. coli O157 and STEC. The matrixes, ground beef and beef trim, were inoculated with appropriate CFU/test portion of E. coli O157 and STEC so as to generate fractional positives results, 5 to 15 positives out of 20 inoculated samples. Samples were enriched in prewarmed Brain Heart Infusion broth at 42 ± 1°C for 6.5–7.5 h or 8.5–9.5 h depending on thesample size. All samples were confirmed using the MLG reference method, regardless of initial screen result. The RAPID-B test methods were statistically equivalent to the reference method for the detection ofE. coli O157 and STEC in all testedsamples. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing of the RAPID-B methods showed 100% specificity for both kits. Finally, the RAPID-B test methods were shown to be robust when variations were applied to enrichment time, broth temperature, and vortexing time.
Rapid Visual Detection of Eight Meat Species Using Optical Thin-Film Biosensor Chips
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhu Yepei , Chen Ying , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong
Published: April 2015

Adulteration of meat products has become a very serious issue nowadays. To protect consumer rights, food labeling is required in many countries, and efficient and accurate detection methods are essential as well. This paper reports an innovative method for the rapid detection and identification of meat species based on a silicon-based optical thin-film biosensor chip with which color change results can be perceived by the naked eye without any expensive instruments. This biosensor system can simultaneously and specifically detect eight meat species, including deer, rabbit, duck, chicken, beef, horse, sheep, and pork. The absolute detection limit of this method was 0.5 pg of deer/beef DNA, and the practical detectionlimit was 0.001%. The biosensor detection can be completed within 30 min after PCR amplification. Therefore, this assay permits specific, sensitive, rapid, and simple detection of meat species in raw or cooked meat products.
Characterization and Quantitation of Yohimbine and Its Analogs in Botanicals and Dietary Supplements Using LC/QTOF-MS and LC/QQQ-MS for Determination of the Presence of Bark Extract and Yohimbine Adulteration
Authors: Lucas Derick , Neal-Kababick James , Zweigenbaum Jerry
Published: April 2015

The compound yohimbine HCl has been restricted in Australia and categorized as a scheduled prescription drug in other parts of the world, including the United States where it is monographed as a drug in the U. S. Pharmacopeia. However, the bark of the yohimbe plant and its extract is considered a botanical that can be used as a dietarysupplement in some partsof the world. For these reasons, methods to characterize the indole alkaloids of the bark and quantify yohimbine and its analogs are presented using accurate mass LC/quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF)-MS and triple quadrupole LC/MS, respectively. Samples were extracted with a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method to characterize and quantify the indole alkaloids. With the LC/QTOF-MS in auto MS/MS mode the indole alkaloids were identified,and the isomeric response of each could be used to determine whether the actual bark or extract was in samples of dietary supplements and not adulteration with yohimbine HCl. Analogs were identified and include yohimbic acid, methyl yohimbine, and hydroxyl yohimbine. Many isomers of each were also detected, butidentified only by the number of chromatographic peaks. Quantification of yohimbine and ajmalicine spiked extracts showed recoveries of 99 to 103% with RSD of 3.6% or lower and LODs of less than 100 ppt. Calibration of the two standards gave r2 = 0.9999 in a range from 0.1 to 100 ppb. Dietary supplements quantified for these two compounds showed a range from not detected to 3x the amounts found in thebark.
First tsunami gravity wave detection in ionospheric radio occultation data
Authors: Coïsson Pierdavide , Lognonné Philippe , Walwer Damian , Rolland Lucie M.
Published: April 2015

After the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Tohoku, the ionospheric signature of the displacements induced in the overlying atmosphere has been observed by ground stations in various regions of the Pacific Ocean. We analyze here the data of radio occultation satellites, detecting the tsunami‐driven gravity wave for the first time using a fully space‐based ionospheric observation system. One satellite of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) recorded an occultation in the region above the tsunami 2.5 h after the earthquake. The ionosphere was sounded from top to bottom, thus providing the vertical structure of the gravity wave excited by the tsunami propagation, observed as oscillations of the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC). The observed vertical wavelength was about 50 km, with maximum amplitude exceeding 1 total electron content unit when the occultation reached 200 km height. We compared the observations with synthetic data obtained by summation of the tsunami‐coupled gravity normal modes of the Earth/Ocean/atmosphere system, which models the associated motion of the ionosphere plasma. These results provide experimental constraints on the attenuation of the gravity wave with altitude due to atmosphere viscosity, improving the understanding of the propagation of tsunami‐driven gravity waves in the upper atmosphere. They demonstrate that the amplitude of the tsunami can be estimated to within 20% by the recorded ionospheric data.
Ion distributions in the Earth's foreshock: Hybrid‐Vlasov simulation and THEMIS observations
Authors: Kempf Yann , Pokhotelov Dimitry , Gutynska Olga , Wilson III Lynn B. , Walsh Brian M. , Alfthan Sebastian von , Hannuksela Otto , Sibeck David G. , Palmroth Minna
Published: April 2015

We present the ion distribution functions in the ion foreshock upstream of the terrestrial bow shock obtained with Vlasiator, a new hybrid‐Vlasov simulation geared toward large‐scale simulations of the Earth's magnetosphere (http://vlasiator.fmi.fi). They are compared with the distribution functions measured by the multispacecraft Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission. The known types of ion distributions in the foreshock are well reproduced by the hybrid‐Vlasov model. We show that Vlasiator reproduces the decrease of the backstreaming beam speed with increasing distance from the foreshock edge, as well as the beam speed increase and density decrease with increasing radial distance from the bow shock, which have been reported before and are visible in the THEMIS data presented here. We also discuss the process by which wave‐particle interactions cause intermediate foreshock distributions to lose their gyrotropy. This paper demonstrates the strength of the hybrid‐Vlasov approach which lies in producing uniformly sampled ion distribution functions with good resolution in velocity space, at every spatial grid point of the simulation and at any instant. The limitations of the hybrid‐Vlasov approach are also discussed.
What frequencies of standing surface waves can the subsolar magnetopause support?
Authors: Archer M. O. , Plaschke F.
Published: April 2015

It is has been proposed that the subsolar magnetopause may support its own eigenmode, consisting of propagating surface waves which reflect at the northern/southern ionospheres forming a standing wave. While the eigenfrequencies of these so‐called Kruskal‐Schwarzschild (KS) modes have been estimated under typical conditions, the potential distribution of frequencies over the full range of solar wind conditions is not known. Using models of the magnetosphere and magnetosheath applied to an entire solar cycle's worth of solar wind data, we perform time‐of‐flight calculations yielding a database of KS mode frequencies. Under nonstorm times or northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the most likely fundamental frequency is calculated to be  mHz, consistent with previous estimates and indirect observational evidence for such standing surface waves of the subsolar magnetopause. However, the distributions exhibit significant spread (of order ±0.3 mHz) demonstrating that KS mode frequencies, especially higher harmonics, should vary considerably depending on the solar wind conditions. The implications of such large spread on observational statistics are discussed. The subsolar magnetopause eigenfrequencies are found to be most dependent on the solar wind speed, southward component of the IMF, and the Dst index, with the latter two being due to the erosion of the magnetosphere by reconnection and the former an effect of the expression for the surface wave phase speed. Finally, the possible occurrence of KS modes is shown to be controlled by the dipole tilt angle.
Overview and early results of the Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements mission
Authors: Sato M. , Ushio T. , Morimoto T. , Kikuchi M. , Kikuchi H. , Adachi T. , Suzuki M. , Yamazaki A. , Takahashi Y. , Inan U. , Linscott I. , Ishida R. , Sakamoto Y. , Yoshida K. , Hobara Y. , Sano T. , Abe T. , Nakamura M. , Oda H. , Kawasaki Z.‐I.
Published: April 2015

Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM‐GLIMS) is a space mission to conduct the nadir observations of lightning discharges and transient luminous events (TLEs). The main objectives of this mission are to identify the horizontal distribution of TLEs and to solve the occurrence conditions determining the spatial distribution. JEM‐GLIMS was successfully launched and started continuous nadir observations in 2012. The global distribution of the detected lightning events shows that most of the events occurred over continental regions in the local summer hemisphere. In some events, strong far‐ultraviolet emissions have been simultaneously detected with N2 1P and 2P emissions by the spectrophotometers, which strongly suggest the occurrence of TLEs. Especially, in some of these events, no significant optical emission was measured by the narrowband filter camera, which suggests the occurrence of elves, not sprites. The VLF receiver also succeeded in detecting lightning whistlers, which show clear falling‐tone frequency dispersion. Based on the optical data, the time delay from the detected lightning emission to the whistlers was identified as ∼10 ms, which can be reasonably explained by the wave propagation with the group velocity of whistlers. The VHF interferometer conducted the spaceborne interferometric observations and succeeded in detecting VHF pulses. We observed that the VHF pulses are likely to be excited by the lightning discharge possibly related with in‐cloud discharges and measured with the JEM‐GLIMS optical instruments. Thus, JEM‐GLIMS provides the first full set of optical and electromagnetic data of lightning and TLEs obtained by nadir observations from space.
The relative influence of environmental characteristics on tropical deep convective morphology as observed by CloudSat
Authors: Igel Matthew R. , van den Heever Susan C.
Published: April 2015

Utilizing a previously developed CloudSat cloud object database, the sensitivity of oceanic, mature, deep convective cloud morphology to cloud‐scale environmental characteristics is examined. Convective available potential energy (CAPE), aerosol optical depth, midlevel vertical velocity, and tropospheric deep shear are all used to characterize the environment. The sensitivity of various aspects of convective morphology to each one of these environmental quantities is assessed individually. The results demonstrate that clouds tend to be invigorated by higher CAPE, aerosol, and upward midlevel vertical velocity. Stronger shear tends to make clouds wider but also shallower. The relative importance of each of these and some additional environmental measures to trends in cloud morphology are compared. It is found that aerosol, deep‐layer shear, and sea surface temperature tend to be the most influential environmental factors to convective morphology. The results are shown to be insensitive to the manner in which the environmental characteristics are defined. The potentially surprising weak sensitivity of cloud morphology to CAPE is discussed in detail.
A theory‐based parameterization for heterogeneous ice nucleation and implications for the simulation of ice processes in atmospheric models
Authors: Savre J. , Ekman A. M. L.
Published: April 2015

A new parameterization for heterogeneous ice nucleation constrained by laboratory data and based on classical nucleation theory is introduced. Key features of the parameterization include the following: a consistent and modular modeling framework for treating condensation/immersion and deposition freezing, the possibility to consider various potential ice nucleating particle types (e.g., dust, black carbon, and bacteria), and the possibility to account for an aerosol size distribution. The ice nucleating ability of each aerosol type is described using a contact angle (θ) probability density function (PDF). A new modeling strategy is described to allow the θ PDF to evolve in time so that the most efficient ice nuclei (associated with the lowest θ values) are progressively removed as they nucleate ice. A computationally efficient quasi Monte Carlo method is used to integrate the computed ice nucleation rates over both size and contact angle distributions. The parameterization is employed in a parcel model, forced by an ensemble of Lagrangian trajectories extracted from a three‐dimensional simulation of a springtime low‐level Arctic mixed‐phase cloud, in order to evaluate the accuracy and convergence of the method using different settings. The same model setup is then employed to examine the importance of various parameters for the simulated ice production. Modeling the time evolution of the θ PDF is found to be particularly crucial; assuming a time‐independent θ PDF significantly overestimates the ice nucleation rates. It is stressed that the capacity of black carbon (BC) to form ice in the condensation/immersion freezing mode is highly uncertain, in particular at temperatures warmer than −20°C. In its current version, the parameterization most likely overestimates ice initiation by BC.
Coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2007 M5.5 Ghazaband fault earthquake, Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: Fattahi H. , Amelung F. , Chaussard E. , Wdowinski S.
Published: April 2015

Time series analysis of interferometric synthetic aperture radar data reveals coseismic and postseismic surface displacements associated with the 2007 M5.5 earthquake along the southern Ghazaband fault, a major but little studied fault in Pakistan. Modeling indicates that the coseismic surface deformation was caused by ~9 cm of strike‐slip displacement along a shallow subvertical fault. The earthquake was followed by at least 1 year of afterslip, releasing ~70% of the moment of the main event, equivalent to a M5.4 earthquake. This high aseismic relative to the seismic moment release is consistent with previous observations for moderate earthquakes (M < 6) and suggests that smaller earthquakes are associated with a higher aseismic relative to seismic moment release than larger earthquakes.
GRACE gravity observations constrain Weichselian ice thickness in the Barents Sea
Authors: Root B. C. , Tarasov L. , van der Wal W.
Published: April 2015

The Barents Sea is subject to ongoing postglacial uplift since the melting of the Weichselian ice sheet that covered it. The regional ice sheet thickness history is not well known because there is only data at the periphery due to the locations of Franz Joseph Land, Svalbard, and Novaya Zemlya surrounding this paleo ice sheet. We show that the linear trend in the gravity rate derived from a decade of observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission can constrain the volume of the ice sheet after correcting for current ice melt, hydrology, and far‐field gravitational effects. Regional ice‐loading models based on new geologically inferred ice margin chronologies show a significantly better fit to the GRACE data than that of ICE‐5G. The regional ice models contain less ice in the Barents Sea than present in ICE‐5G (5–6.3 m equivalent sea level versus 8.5 m), which increases the ongoing difficulty in closing the global sea level budget at the Last Glacial Maximum.
Pattern of cryospheric seismic events observed at Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Hammer Conny , Ohrnberger Matthias , Schlindwein Vera
Published: April 2015

Mobility of glaciers such as rapid retreat or disintegration of large ice volumes produces a large variety of different seismic signals. Thus, evaluating cryospheric seismic events (e.g., changes of their occurrence in space and time) allows to monitor glacier dynamics. We analyze a 1 year data span recorded at the Neumayer seismic network in Antarctica. Events are automatically recognized using hidden Markov models. In this study we focused on a specific event type occurring close to the grounding line of the Ekström ice shelf. Observed waveform characteristics are consistent with an initial fracturing followed by the resonance of a water‐filled cavity resulting in a so‐called hybrid event. The number of events detected strongly correlates with dominant tide periods. We assume the cracking to be driven by existing glacier stresses trough bending. Voids are then filled by seawater, exciting the observed resonance. In agreement with this model, events occur almost exclusively during rising tides where cavities are opened at the bottom of the glacier, i.e., at the sea/ice interface.
Three‐dimensional current systems and ionospheric effects associated with small dipolarization fronts
Authors: Palin L. , Jacquey C. , Opgenoorth H. , Connors M. , Sergeev V. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Nakamura R. , Reeves G. D. , Singer H. J. , Angelopoulos V. , Turc L.
Published: April 2015

We present a case study of eight successive plasma sheet (PS) activations (usually referred to as bursty bulk flows or dipolarization fronts), associated with small individual increases on 31 March 2009 (0200–0900 UT), observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms mission. This series of events happens during very quiet solar wind conditions, over a period of 7 h preceding a substorm onset at 1230 UT. The amplitude of the dipolarizations increases with time. The low‐amplitude dipolarization fronts are associated with few (1 or 2) rapid flux transport events (RFT, Eh>2 mV/m), whereas the large‐amplitude ones encompass many more RFT events. All PS activations are associated with small and localized substorm current wedge (SCW)‐like current system signatures, which seems to be the consequence of RFT arrival in the near tail. The associated ground magnetic perturbations affect a larger part of the contracted auroral oval when, in the magnetotail, more RFT are embedded in PS activations (>5). Dipolarization fronts with very low amplitude, a type usually not included in statistical studies, are of particular interest because we found even those to be associated with clear small SCW‐like current system and particle injections at geosynchronous orbit. This exceptional data set highlights the role of flow bursts in the magnetotail and leads to the conclusion that we may be observing the smallest form of a substorm or rather its smallest element. This study also highlights the gradual evolution of the ionospheric current disturbance as the plasma sheet is observed to heat up.