bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fact, ideology and paradox: African elements in early Black South African Jazz and Vaudeville
Authors: Ballantine Christopher
Published: September 2016

Thereâ€™s much else that could be said; but for our purposes, there are two things to stress. The first is that it was here, in the institution known as â€œConcert and Danceâ€, that South African jazz culture was incubated. And the second is that this institution derived its repertoire from two principal sources - the one mainly American, the other mainly local. In a paper at a previous Symposium (the Seventh), I talked about the former - the American source. Today I want to focus on the latter, and look at some of the ways that local music (or certain kinds of it) were incorporated into the Concert and Dance between the 1920s and the early 1940s.
Effect of acetic acid in recycling water on ethanol production for cassava in an integrated ethanol–methane fermentation process
Authors: Yang Xinchao , Wang Ke , Zhang Jianhua , Tang Lei , Mao Zhonggui
Published: September 2016

Recently, the integrated ethanol–methane fermentation process has been studied to prevent wastewater pollution. However, when the anaerobic digestion reaction runs poorly, acetic acid will accumulate in the recycling water. In this paper, we studied the effect of low concentration of acetic acid (≤25 mM) on ethanol fermentation at different initial pH values (4.2, 5.2 or 6.2). At an initial pH of 4.2, ethanol yields increased by 3.0% and glycerol yields decreased by 33.6% as the acetic acid concentration was increased from 0 to 25 mM. Raising the concentration of acetic acid to 25 mM increased the buffering capacity of the medium without obvious effects on biomass production in the cassava medium. Acetic acid was metabolized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the reason that the final concentration of acetic acid was 38.17% lower than initial concentration at pH 5.2 when 25 mM acetic acid was added. These results confirmed that a low concentration of acetic acid in the process stimulated ethanol fermentation. Thus, reducing the acetic acid concentration to a controlled low level is more advantageous than completely removing it.
Influence of the First Consultation on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-infected Patients
Authors: Peyre Marion , Gauchet Aurélie , Roustit Matthieu , Leclercq Pascale , Epaulard Olivier
Published: September 2016

Background:

Physician attitude influences the way patients cope with diagnosis and therapy in chronic severe diseases such as cancer. Previous studies showed that such an effect exists in HIV care; it is likely that it begins with the first contact with a physician.

Objective:

We aimed to explore in HIV-infected persons their perception of the first consultation they had with an HIV specialist (PFC-H), and whether this perception correlates with adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Method:

The study was conducted in Grenoble University Hospital, France, a tertiary care center. Every antiretroviral-experienced patient was asked to freely complete a self-reported, anonymous questionnaire concerning retrospective PFC-H, present adherence (Morisky scale), and present perceptions and beliefs about medicine (BMQ scale).

Results:

One hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were available for evaluation. PFC-H score and adherence were correlated, independently from age, gender, and numbers of pill(s) and of pill intake(s) per day. BMQ score also correlated with adherence; structural equation analysis suggested that the effect of PFC-H on adherence is mediated by positive beliefs.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that for HIV-infected persons, the perceptions remaining from the first consultation with an HIV specialist physician influence important issues such as adherence and perception about medicine. Physicians must be aware of this potentially long-lasting effect.
CONCERNING OF ACHIEVEMENT COMPENSATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Romanova I. P. , Chernyavska I. V. , Gonharova O. A. , Oleinikova S. P. , Kholodniy A. V. , Gasanova H. A. , Kravchun N. A.
Published: September 2016

It was studied the clinical effectiveness and was evaluated the safety of anti-diabetic drug of sulfonylureas third-generation «Glimaks®» in patients with type 2 diabetes. After three months of treatment were assessed indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the influence on functional state of the liver and kidneys. It was found the positive hypoglycemic effect of «Glimaks®», a tendency to decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, increased high-density lipoprotein, good tolerance, no negative influence on the functional state of the liver and kidneys.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PRIMARY OBESITY IN YOUNG WOMEN
Authors: Manska K. G.
Published: September 2016

The article presents data on the clinical manifestations of primary obesity in young women depending on the period of life, when the manifestation of the disease was started and depending on its duration. It was found that overweight is not perceived as a pathological condition by almost half of young obese women visiting the clinic with menstrual disorders. In 71.7 % of obese women there is an increased appetite, which may be due to the formation of pathological eating behavior in childhood. 97 % of patients have excess body fat (according to the data of objective survey). However, about half of them do not consider themselves sick and do not consider obesity a significant factor affecting health
Employee Engagement and Performance in Selected Ministries in Anambra State Civil Service of Nigeria
Authors: Obiageli Dr. Orogbu Lilian , Uzochukwu Dr. Onyeizugbe Chinedu , Leo Dr. Onwuzuligbo , Ifeyinwa Angela Agu
Published: September 2016

This study was necessitated by the inefficiency that has trailed the performance of employees in the Civil Service in Anambra state. The objective of this study is to ascertain the extent to which employee involvement correlates with goal achievement in Anambra State Civil Service. The study employed correlational survey research design, with a population of 684 employees, and a sample size of 252 was determined with the use of Taro Yamane formula of finite population, the questionnaire allocation was determined using Bowley’s proportion allocation formula. The study obtained information from the data using mean and standard deviation. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient on SPSS version 20, which establishes the extent of the relationship between the variables under consideration. The findings showed that employee involvement has a significant positive relationship with goal achievement in the selected ministries. The researcher recommended that the Civil Service should engage in induction training to specify work roles to each employee, encourage involvement of employees in decision making and feedback should be given on their performance with commensurate reward.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF STEVIOSIDE, REBAUDIOSIDE-A, REBAUDIOSIDE C AND DULCOSIDE A CONTAINED IN STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI USING HPLC-ELSD
Authors: . Supriyadi , . Siswandono , Yuwono Mochammad
Published: September 2016

Objective: To develop and validate a selective HPLC-ELSD method for determination of steviol glycosides contained in Stevia rebaudiana, mainly stevioside, rebauside A, rebaudioside C, and dulcoside A.

Methods: The chromatographic separation of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, and dulcoside A was achieved using Phenomenex Luna column 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. in isocratic system mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (35: 65). The temperature of nebulization and evaporization of the ELS detector was set at 50 oC and 70 oC, respectively.

Results: The good separation of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, and dulcoside A was obtained, yielding the resolution of all the analytes more than 1.5. All the validation parameters like specificity, linearity, range, accuracy and precision met the acceptance criteria according to ICH guidelines.

Conclusion: The proposed HPLC-ELSD method is simple and sensitive for the simultaneously detection and determination of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C and dulcoside A contained in Stevia rebaudiana. The method was successfully applied for the determination of the samples product of Stevia rebaudiana.

Keywords: Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside C, Dulcoside A, HPLC-ELSD
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS: AN EMERGING ENTERIC DISEASE IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS, BARAK VALLEY, ASSAM, INDIA
Authors: Hussain Gulzar , Roychoudhury Shubhadeep , Singha Baby
Published: September 2016

Objective: Enteric parasites are a major cause of diarrhoea in HIV-infected people. The present study was undertaken to detect enteric parasites in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea at different levels of immunity.

Methods: The study was carried out at the ART centre Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, India, between March 2013 and March 2014 among consecutively enrolled 127 HIV-infected patients presenting with diarrhoea. Stool samples were collected and examined for enteric parasites by microscopy and special staining methods. CD4 cell counts were estimated using the rapid serological tests using Combs Aids, Pareekshak® HIV ½ Triline card test and SD Bioline anti-HIV ½ test kits as per protocol provided by the supplier.

Results: A total of 127 stool samples was collected from the HIV patients attending the antiretroviral therapy (ART) center at Silchar Medical College Hospital in Assam and were isolated for Cryptosporidium oocysts during the one year period from March 2013 and March 2014. The stool samples were examined by the help of modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. It was seen that out of 127 samples, 25 were Cryptosporidium oocysts positive (19.68%), which is the higher than the prevalence range reported from the Southern Assam of India.

Conclusion: Cryptosporidium infections were detected in 19. 68 percent HIV-infected patients and low CD4 counts were significantly associated with infection. Detection of aetiologic pathogens might help clinicians decide appropriate management strategies.
TRIPLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF CYTOTOXIC POTENCY OF HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL LINES OF ULVA FASCIATA DELILE (A MARINE MACRO ALGA) USING NON-SORTING GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: Eswari J. Satya , Ahmad Shadab
Published: September 2016

Objective: The main purpose of our work was to arrive at an acceptable model for optimizing the cytotoxic potency of Ulva fasciata Delile extract on human carcinoma cell lines of which can provide believable indications as compared to experimental results.

Methods: The experimental result for cytotoxic potency of a methanolic extract of the Ulva fasciata Delile (MEUF) with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against human colon carcinoma (HT-29), human hepatocyte carcinoma (Hep-G2), and human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines was used to carry out a multi-objective (triple objective) optimization. Thirty non-dominating solutions were considered for analyses of absorbance (y1), % cell survival (y2) and% cell inhibition (y3) data.

Results: The model developed using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was compared with data obtained experimentally and the results were found to be significant. This method has distinct advantages over other methods which relied heavily on statistical-regression-models, in the sense that it does triple-objective optimization. The resulted in obtaining solutions which were not only significant or believable, but it also corroborated well with experimental results. Thus the solutions obtained during optimization provided the necessary data for generating a successful model.
Conclusion: The solutions obtained by NSGA method helped to build an acceptable model for optimizing the cytotoxic potency of Ulva fasciata Delile on human carcinoma cell lines.
DIELECTRIC RELAXATION STUDY OF BINARY MIXTURES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Navarkhele V. V.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objective of this work is to study the intermolecular interaction and hydrogen bonding of the two binary mixtures at different temperatures which are determined from static dielectric constants and their excess properties.

Methods: Dielectric measurements have been carry out using a sensor which is based on frequency domain reflectometry technique. The excess dielectric properties, Kirkwood correlation factor and Bruggeman factor of the binary mixtures have also been calculated and reported in this paper.

Results: The positive and negative behavior of excess dielectric permittivity and variation in linear relation in Bruggeman factor suggests the presence of intermolecular interaction in the binary mixtures. The angular Kirkwood correlation factor confirms the parallel and antiparallel orientation of the dipoles in the mixtures.

Conclusion: The static dielectric constant of binary systems increases with the addition of the volume fraction of water and decreases with increase in temperature. From excess properties, it is confirmed that there is an intermolecular interaction between the studied binary systems. Such study is useful in drug-receptor interaction.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TABLET PREPARED BY COAMORPHOUS SYSTEM CONTAINING ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE AND ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUG
Authors: Adahalli Sachin Basavaraj , Talluri Manjula
Published: September 2016

Objective: Amlodipine besylate (AML) and Atorvastatin calcium (ATR) belong to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II (i.e. low solubility and high permeability) which leads to variable bioavailability. Hence, the aim of this study was to enhance the solubility of both drugs by utilizing the co-amorphous technique. This converted form and physical mixture of both drugs were utilized in the formulation of tablets.

Methods: The co-amorphous system was prepared by using rotary flash evaporator. Solubility study was carried out to investigate the dissolution advantage of prepared co-amorphous form. Total twelve formulations were formulated by keeping constant drugs concentrations utilizing direct compression technique among which F1 to F6 contains co-amorphous AML-ATR (Co-A AML-ATR) and F7 to F12 contains a physical mixture of AML and ATR as active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs). Pre-compression and post-compression studies were carried out to all twelve formulations. Stability study was performed to the optimized formulations as per ICH guidelines.

Results: Mixture obtained after evaporation was found to become amorphous. FTIR study shows no evidence of intermolecular interactions between AML and ATR. The solubility of both AML and ATR were increased in almost one fold as compared to their respective crystalline counterparts. Pre-compression parameters of all twelve formulations blend fall under excellent to fair to flow properties. Post-compression parameters of all twelve formulations were within the specifications. But in vitro drug release of formulations F5, F6, F11, and F12 showed % drug release as per IP. Stability study of optimized formulations was observed with, no significant difference in % drug release.
Conclusion: The co-amorphous system can be prepared by utilizing rotary flash evaporator and the same was confirmed by XRPD and FTIR studies. The dissolution rate of the co-amorphous system was greater than that of the crystalline counterpart. Based on the results; F5 and F6 are considered as optimized formulations. Optimized formulations were stable during the stability study.
 
‘BRCA1’ RESPONSIVENESS TOWARDS BREAST CANCER-A POPULATION-WISE PHARMACOGENOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Iyer Preethi M. , P. Sanjay Kumar , S. Karthikeyan , Namboori P. K Krishnan
Published: September 2016

Objective: In the present pharmacogenomic work, the genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors associated with BRCA1 induced breast cancer, cancer proneness and its variants across different populations like Indian, Netherland, Belgium, Denmark, Austrian, New Zealand, Sweden, Malaysian and Norwegian and the ‘mutation and methylation-prone’ region of BRCA1 have been computed.

Methods: The global variations associated with the disease have been identified from the ‘Leiden open variation database (LOVD 3.0)’ and ‘Indian genome variation database (IGVDB)’. The variants, ‘single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)’ are then characterized. The epigenetic factors associated with breast cancer have been identified from the clinical reports and further scrutinized using EpiGRAPH tool. The various contributing environmental factors responsible for the variations have been considered.

Results: All the variants across different populations such as Indian, Netherland, Belgium, Denmark, Austrian, New Zealand, Sweden, Malaysian and Norwegian are found to be in a specific transcript of BRCA1 that ranges within 41,196,312-41,277,500 (81,189 base pairs) of the chromosome 17. Two ‘single nucleotide variations (SNVs)’ (5266dupC: rs397507246 and 68_69delAG: rs386833395) have been identified as risk factors in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in the global population and 39 SNPs have been identified as pathogenic and deleterious. ‘Evolutionary history’ seems to be the most significant attribute in the predictability of methylation of BRCA1. Unhealthy dietary habits, obesity, use of unsafe cosmetics, estrogen exposure, ‘hormone replacement therapy (HRT)’, use of oral contraceptives and smoking are the major environmental risk factors associated with breast cancer incidence.

Conclusion: This chromosome location (41,196,312-41,277,500 (81,189 base pairs)) can be considered as the population-specific sensitive region corresponding to BRCA1 mutation. This supports the fact that stabilization within the region can be a promising technique to control the epigenetic variants associated with the global position. The global variation in the proneness of the disease may be due to a cumulative effect of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors subject to further experimentations with identical variations and populations. 
ANTI-DIABETIC AND ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA BY IN VITRO ANALYSIS
Authors: Anand Singaravelu , Arasakumari Munichetty , Prabu Panneervelu , Amalraj Arul Joseph
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the cellular level effect on glucose uptake and aldose reductase inhibitory activity of different extracts of traditional medicinal plant Psidium guajava.

Methods: Psidium guajava was selected and subjected for successive extraction from non-polar to polar solvents and subjected to glucose uptake and aldose reductase inhibition assay.

Results: Based on the results Psidium guajava methanolic extract (PGME) showed an enhancement in the glucose uptake and also up-regulates the gene and protein level expression of IRβ, IRS-1, PI3K and GLUT4. Wortmannin, a specific PI3K inhibitor confirms that the active PGME recruits glucose uptake through a PI3K dependent pathway. In the assay of aldose reductase inhibitory activity, the results suggested that PGME possesses a significant inhibitory effect.

Conclusion: The result obtained in the present study focuses on the anti-diabetic effect of PGME by studying cellular level glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and aldose reductase inhibitory activity.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LIQUORICE (GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA) IN HEPG2 CELL LINE
Authors: Shinde Dasharath B. , Koratkar Santosh S. , Sharma Neeti , Shitole Ajinkya A.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cell line.

Methods: Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra was investigated by measuring total phenolic content using folin-ciocalteu reagent (FCR), free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extract was confirmed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Furthermore, the protective effect of methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in HepG2 cells was investigated by MTT assay. HepG2 cells were exposed with five different treatments viz. liquorice, H2O2, ascorbic acid, H2O2+liquorice and H2O2+ascorbic acid, to explore the effect of the extract on malondialdehyde (MDA) production, catalase activity, and glutathione reductase levels.

Results: The total phenolic content estimated in Glycyrrhiza glabra extract was found to be 241.47 µg per 1000 µg/ml of methanolic extract. It was found that as the concentration of the extract was increased both the free radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing power was also found to increase. LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of eight different phenolic compounds in the methanolic extract which are possibly contributing to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the extract. It was also observed that liquorice treated HepG2 cells showed lower MDA and higher glutathione and catalase levels as compared to only H2O2 treated HepG2 cells where increased MDA production, decreased glutathione reductase and catalase production was observed.

Conclusion: Our results thus conclude that, the methanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra can be used as natural supplements in various disease conditions where oxidative stress has been reported. 

 
ANTIULCEROGENIC EFFICACY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF VITIS VINIFERA LEAVES IN RATS
Authors: Sayed Dawlat A. , Fahmy Sohair R. , Soliman Amel M. , Hussein Nagat S.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera leaves (VVE) (500 mg/kg body weight), ranitidine (50 mg/kg body weight) and both of them were tested for their gastroprotective and curative effects against the incidence of peptic ulcer.

Methods: The antiulcer effects of VVE were investigated using a combination of indomethacin and cold-stress for 2h. To ascertain the mechanism of action of VVE, its protective and curative effects were studied on gastric volume, gastric juice acidity, ulcer index and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione–S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) activities of both stomach and duodenum of rats. Moreover, histopathological effects on stomach and duodenum were determined.

Results: The antioxidant activity of VVE was demonstrated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. VVE was found to reduce the ulcer index, gastric volume and the level of gastric juice acidity. Also, VVE showed gastroprotective and curative activities mainly through improvement of antioxidant status and decreasing lipid peroxidation accompanied with amelioration of both stomach and duodenum architectures.

Conclusion: The prophylactic and curative effects of VVE proved to be effective in preventing gastric and duodenal ulceration which may be probably due to its antioxidant and anti-acid secretory effects.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PIRACETAM AND VANADYL SULFATE ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN RATS
Authors: Unger Banappa S. , M. Himasaila
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of piracetam and vanadyl sulfate on experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia in rats.

Methods: Piracetam (600 mg/kg, p. o.) and vanadyl sulfate (22.4 mg/kg, p. o.) were administered individually and also in combination before the induction of ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion 60 min.

Results: The antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzymatic levels were estimated along with histopathological studies. The concomitant pretreated group showed a more significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels as compared to ischemic reperfusion group. Histopathological damage was significantly reduced in drug treated groups as compared to ischemia-reperfusion group.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that pretreatment with piracetam and vanadyl sulfate in combination prevents the ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevented oxidative tissue damage as shown by decreased lipid peroxides, restored the antioxidant levels, histological changes such as infarct area, inflammatory changes, and edema.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MENTHA LONGIFOLIA AGAINST CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY IN RATS: A BIOCHEMICAL, ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: A.r. Ayshath Afroos Shahana , Karale Sanjiv , Kamath Jagadish V.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The current research was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of Mentha longifolia (ML) leaf extract on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Methods: Cardiotoxicity was induced in Albino wistar rats of either sex by administering a single injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i. p.) on the first day of the experimental period. Mentha longifolia (250 and 500 mg/kg, p. o.) was administered daily for 10 d immediately after administration of cyclophosphamide on the first day. The general observations such as oxidative marker enzyme assays, ECG and histopathology were examined.

Results: Cyclophosphamide administration significantly (p<0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased the levels of antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Cyclophosphamide elevated the levels of biomarker enzymes like creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), creatine kinase isoenzyme NAC (CK-NAC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Further, the cyclophosphamide-treated rats showed changes in electrocardiographic parameters. Treatment with Mentha longifolia significantly (p<0.05) reversed the status of cardiac biomarkers, ECG and oxidative enzymes in cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity. Histopathological examination was also supported the potential cardioprotective effect of Mentha longifolia with reduced damage to the myocardium.

Conclusion: The biochemical, ECG and histopathology reports support the potential benefits of Mentha longifolia against myocardial damage which could be attributed to antioxidant activity.
SYNTHESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF SOME NEW N-BENZYL AND N-BENZOYL-3-INDOLYL HETEROCYCLES
Authors: Abo-salem Heba M. , Abdel-aziem Anhar , Islam Inas E. , Yossef Mariam M. , El-sawy Eslam R.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Chalcones are one of the major classes of the natural products, which display a wide range of pharmacological properties. Also, chalcones are well-known intermediates for synthesizing various heterocyclic compounds like pyrazoline and pyrimidine derivatives. The present work is designed to synthesize new 3-indolylheterocycles starting from N-benzyl and N-benzoyl-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyds and evaluating theirs in vitro antimicrobial activity. In addition, the probability of the most promising antimicrobial compounds to inhibit ATPase, enoyl reductase and dihydrofolate reductase were studied theoretically via molecular docking.

Methods: A new series of 3-indolylchalcones 2a,b were prepared and allowed to react with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, hydroxylamine, urea, thiourea and guanidine to afford the corresponding pyrazoles 3a,b-6a,b and pyrimidines derivatives 7a,b-9a,b. On the other hand, the reaction of 2a, b with malononitrile afforded 10a, b, which upon cyclo-condensation with formic acid, formamide, urea or thiourea yielded the fused pyrido [2,3-d]pyrimidine 11a,b-14a,b. Moreover, cyclo-condensation of 2a, b with thiosemicarbazide gave pyrazolin-1-carbothioamides 15a, b, which under cyclization with phenacyl bromide afforded thiazole derivatives 16a and 16b. While the reaction of 2a, b with cyano thioacetamide afforded 2-mercaptonicotinonitriles 17a, b. The reaction of 17a, b with some halo-compounds gave S-alkyl derivatives 18a-d and 19a-d, respectively,which under heating in the presence of piperidine gave the fused thienopyridines 20a-d and 21a-d, respectively. All the newly prepared compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. In addition, molecular docking study of the most promising antimicrobial compounds against ATPase, enoyl reductase and dihydrofolate reductase theoretically is discussed.

Results: Compounds 17a and 17b were found to be the most potent compounds with MIC of 0.98, 0.49 and 0.98µg/ml against S. pneumoniae (RCMB 010010), E. coli (RCMB 010052) and A. fumigatus (RCMB 02568), respectively compare to the reference drugs. Also, compounds 17a and 17b exhibited good docking scores and could act as inhibitors of enzymes understudied.

Conclusion: Further work is recommended to confirm the ability of compounds 17a and 17b to inhibit ATPase, enoyl reductase and dihydrofolate reductase in a specific bioassay.
INFLUENCE OF SEASONS AND PLANT PARTS ON THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF THE ENDEMIC SPECIES ARISTOLOCHIA KRISAGATHRA SIVARAJAN AND PRADEEP
Authors: Murali Soumya , R. Rashmi T. , S. Francis M.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Aristolochia krisagathra, a species endemic to the Western Ghats of India is found closely allied to two other species native to India, A. indica and A. tagala. The plant is medicinally useful and hence may harbor important phytochemical constituents. The phytochemical studies on this plant are less. Hence, the objective of the research was to analyse the oil composition of this endemic plant considering the seasons and plant parts.

Methods: The essential oil analyses of both the leaf and stem oil of the plant was carried out in three different periods, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon to analyse the major compounds present and the effect of seasons on the oil composition. Oil extraction of the shade dried leaves and stem were done in a clevenger type apparatus. 4 h of hydro distillation was done and the oil samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).

Results: The stem oil yield was higher than leaves and the oil colour of the leaves and stem varied. The results showed the predominance of sesquiterpenes. Diterpenes were completely absent in the stem oil in all the three seasons but was present in leaf oil in small concentrations. The oil yield from stem was higher than leaves. The major compound in the leaf and stem oil varied. Major compound in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon remained the same, copaene in the leaf and alloaromadendrene in the stem. The major compound in the monsoon period was delta-cadinene in leaf and spathulenol in stem. Caryophyllene, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, was present in both the stem and leaf oil irrespective of the seasons studied.

Conclusion: The study showed that the plant parts and seasons are important factors affecting the oil composition. Hence while collecting medicinal plants and their oils for various bioactivities, these factors need to be considered.
Public health risk analysis through evaluation of drinking water safety
Authors: Sotic Aleksandar , Ivetic Marko
Published: September 2016

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High-Resolution Field Evaluation of Radar-Based Dilemma Zone Protection System
Authors: Abbas Montasir M. , Wang Qichao , Higgs Bryan , Sarabi Donia Zaheri , Machiani Sahar Ghanipoor , Mladenovic Milos N.
Published: September 2016

High-speed signalized intersections are associated with vehicle crashes as a result of dilemma zone problems. Dilemma zones are areas in which, at the onset of yellow, some drivers may decide to proceed and some may decide to stop. This disagreement between drivers can lead to rear-end crashes or right-angle crashes. The research objective of this work was to conduct a field comparison of a radar-based dilemma zone protection system with high-resolution data. Researchers compared the frequency of red light runners and percentage of arrivals in green. In addition, researchers desired to shed more light on the value of using high-resolution data in such a comparison and how much data would be needed. Researchers found that 1 week of high-resolution data is sufficient to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of a radar-based dilemma zone protection system. A before-and-after comparison of red light running frequency indicated a reduction of up to 80% in red light running when a radar-based dilemma zone protection system was used.
Performance Analysis of Centralized and Distributed Systems for Urban Traffic Control
Authors: Chow Andy H. F. , Sha Rui
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the performance of systems for urban traffic control is analyzed with consideration of real-time variations and uncertainties in traffic flow. The control systems range from centralized to semicentralized to distributed. The centralized system is represented by the global brute force and genetic optimization algorithms; the semicentralized system is represented by a linear quadratic regulator formulation; and the recently proposed max-pressure controller represents the distributed system. The control systems were applied to networks with different topology and demand levels, and the network performances were evaluated through a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation framework that incorporates various sources of variations that mimic the traffic variability observed in the real world. As expected, the brute force solutions outperformed the others, although the differences between the performances of different systems were not as significant as expected. It was found that the primary benefit gained from the brute force solution came from the setting of signal offsets. This result suggests that calculation of offsets plays an important role in bridging the gap between the computationally demanding centralized systems and the parsimonious distributed systems.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Florida Mixtures at the 2012 National Center for Asphalt Technology Pavement Test Track
Authors: Willis J. Richard , Taylor Adam J. , Nash Tanya M.
Published: September 2016

The Florida Department of Transportation recently conducted a study at the National Center for Asphalt Technology Pavement test track to study cracking potential in asphalt mixtures. While cracking was the primary objective, the Florida Department of Transportation also wanted to ensure that no rutting would occur. Four mixtures were placed in test sections 100 ft in length. The four mixtures included two virgin mixtures: one used a polymer-modified binder and the other used a hybrid ground tire rubber and polymer-modified binder. The two other mixtures used combinations of polymer-modified binder with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) or both. Conventional laboratory testing for rutting and cracking was performed on each mixture. In addition to the laboratory testing, field performance was assessed for rutting, cracking, and ride quality. Laboratory correlations were developed with field performance; however, because of the rapid crack propagation in the RAP–RAS test section, the correlations between 5 and 10 million equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) changed significantly. The best correlations were developed between the resilient modulus of the mixture and cracking at 5 million ESALs and also the dissipated creep strain energy of the mixtures and cracking at 10 million ESALs. Overall, none of the mixtures experienced severe cracking in 10 million ESALs of trafficking.
Effect of Early Opening to Traffic on Fatigue Damage to Concrete Pavement
Authors: Freeseman Katelyn , Hoegh Kyle , Izevbekhai Bernard Igbafen , Khazanovich Lev
Published: September 2016

The current methods for determining criteria for opening a roadway to traffic are often overly conservative, causing unnecessary construction delays and user costs. This problem can be explained, in part, by the purely empirical nature of the current methods. These criteria require wait periods after concrete placement or certain levels of compressive or flexural strength, or both, after concrete placement, and specific site conditions are not accounted for. Further, the effect of early traffic-related loads on long-term pavement behavior has not been quantified. In this study, the effect of early opening on pavement damage was reexamined through a laboratory study and analytical modeling. The result was a mechanistic-based procedure for evaluating the effect of early opening to traffic on the accumulation long-term damage; this procedure also accounts for critical factors such as climate, traffic level, and pavement design characteristics. The basis of this method is a modification of the fatigue damage analysis in the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide; this modification enables an analysis of traffic loading on the first 28 days of pavement life. The procedure also enables an update to predictions on the basis of as-built nondestructive testing measurements of the pavement. The output of the analysis is a quantitative damage prediction that allows the road owner to do a cost–benefit analysis of the timing for opening the road on the basis of the specific site and traffic characteristics. The results presented here show how innovated opening criteria based on load restrictions can allow for early opening while mitigating any adverse effect on the long-term pavement performance.
Multiresolution Change Analysis Framework for Postdisaster Assessment of Natural Gas Pipeline Risk
Authors: Zhou Zixiang , Gong Jie , Roda Andrés , Farrag Khalid
Published: September 2016

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, pose significant threats to the integrity of natural gas pipelines. In an emergency situation following a disaster, thorough pipeline safety assessments must be performed to avoid costly postdisaster damage and to ensure the safe and reliable delivery of energy resources. This paper presents a multiresolution change analysis approach for detecting emerging threats to natural gas pipeline systems after a natural disaster. For aboveground pipeline facilities, the change analysis focuses on displacement of buildings as an indicator of whether a pipeline segment or gas meter needs repair or replacement. For underground pipeline facilities, the change analysis focuses on detecting soil movement and storm surges, all of which cause additional stress on the pipeline facilities. This approach can also be applied to estimate the likelihood of failure of buried pipelines by measuring terrain change and soil movement.
Nonhomogeneous Time Mixed Integer Linear Programming Formulation for Traffic Signal Control
Authors: Guilliard Iain , Sanner Scott , Trevizan Felipe W. , Williams Brian C.
Published: September 2016

Urban traffic congestion is on the increase worldwide; therefore, it is critical to maximize the capacity and throughput of the existing road infrastructure with optimized traffic signal control. For that purpose, this paper builds on the body of work in mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approaches that attempt to optimize traffic signal control jointly over an entire traffic network and specifically on improving the scalability of these methods for large numbers of intersections. The primary insight in this work stems from the fact that MILP-based approaches to traffic control used in a receding horizon control manner (that replan at fixed time intervals) need to compute high-fidelity control policies only for the early stages of the signal plan. Therefore, coarser time steps can be used to see over a long horizon to adapt preemptively to distant platoons and other predicted long-term changes in traffic flows. To that end, this paper contributes the queue transmission model (QTM), which blends elements of cell-based and link-based modeling approaches to enable a nonhomogeneous time MILP formulation of traffic signal control. Experimentation is then carried out with this novel QTM-based MILP control in a range of traffic networks, and it is demonstrated that the nonhomogeneous MILP formulation achieves ( a) substantially lower delay solutions, ( b) improved per vehicle delay distributions, and ( c) more optimal travel times over a longer horizon in comparison with the homogeneous MILP formulation with the same number of binary and continuous variables.
Depression: Post- Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Aftabuddin Md , Morshed Nahid Mahjabin
Published: September 2016

Abstract not availableCardiovasc. j. 2016; 9(1): 1-2
Hypertension Clinic Service is a Good Opportunity for Tobacco Cessation in Bangladeshi Villagers
Authors: Zaman M Mostafa , Ahmed Jasimuddin , Choudhury Sohel Reza , Ahmed Masud , Zissan Tashfin
Published: September 2016

Background: Tobacco use and hypertension are common and co-existent in Bangladeshi population. This study was done to assess whether a brief counseling by non-medical counselors during checkup visits for hypertension treatment can reduce tobacco use in Bangladeshi adults living in a village.Methods: This study was done in a public health clinic located in a village of Bangladesh. Consecutive 259 hypertensive patients visiting this clinic for hypertension treatment were counseled for lifestyle modification at entry and four follow-up visits at an interval of four weeks. Tobacco users were counseled for five minutes to quit tobacco use at each visit as per a cessation booklet in Bangla. Data on tobacco use, smoking and smokeless, were recorded at all visits.Results: Median age of the respondents was 55 years (in range, 18- 85 years) and three-quarter of them were women. The prevalence of tobacco use in first visit was 40.5% which declined to 1.9% on their fifth visit. Major decline was observed due to smokeless tobacco quitting; its prevalence dropped from 33.2% to 0.4%. However smoking was relatively resistant; it declined from 10.4% to 1.5% only.Conclusion: Tobacco cessation by a simple counseling has been found to be very successful in this village level public health clinic of Bangladesh. This can be replicated in similar settings such as community clinics.Cardiovasc. j. 2016; 9(1): 19-22
Early Evaluation of Renal Function in High-Risk Patients after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Ahmed Istiaq , Rahim AM Asif , Mahmood Khawaja Nasir Uddin , Ahmad Manzil
Published: September 2016

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an unphysiological state and widely regarded as an important contributor to renal failure. Despite improvement in cardiopulmonary bypass technique, anesthesia and intensive care, perioperative renal dysfunction still represents a significant and potentially lethal complication after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Renal dysfunction is a serious complication of coronary revascularization with CPB and results in increased morbidity, mortality and prolonged hospital stay. We compared the incidence of perioperative renal dysfunction in patients who underwent CABG, on-pump and off-pump (OPCAB) Methods: A total of 60 high -risk patients with ischaemic heart diseases were included in the study who underwent CABG. Out of the total 60 patients, 30 were in the Off-pump group (Group A) and the rest 30 were in the On-pump group (Group B). They were diagnosed as high-risk patients considering serum creatinine level>1.7mg/dl with age ?60 years, ejection fraction 30-40%. Renal function was evaluated in both groups preoperatively and postoperatively (on 1st, 2nd and 7th postoperative day) and compared between two groups.Results: One patient in the On-pump group died on 6th postoperative day. Preoperative renal parameters were also similar and showed no statistically significant difference. So both groups were comparable. Comparison of renal parameter in OPCAB and on-pump CABG between preoperative and 7th day postoperatively found in this study were blood urea 50.33±6.29, 39.87±4.8 vs 52.67±9.05 , 66.21±6.91 ; S. Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.94±0.19 , 1.28±0.19 vs 2.07±0.31 , 2.82±0.47; Creatinine Clearance Rate(ml/min) 46.61±4.1, 71.51±12.3 vs 46.53±4.6, 34.02±4.49 ; Urine output (ml/24 hrs)1692.7±71.53, 1755.7±82.91 vs 1591.2±78.76, 1492.1±196.29 all are statistically significant(p<0.05). Mean period of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and total postoperative hospital stay were significantly greater in On-pump group. One patient of Group B died due to multi organ failure including acute renal failure on 6th postoperative day (3.3%) (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference of renal parameters in different postoperative days showed evidence of well preservation of renal function in OPCAB.Conclusion: Adaptation of OPCAB offers better preservation of renal function as well as better early postoperative outcome specially in high-risk CABG patients.Cardiovasc. j. 2016; 9(1): 23-30
Stroke - A Syndrome, Not A Diagnosis
Authors: Habib Mansur
Published: September 2016

Abstract not availableJ Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 24, No.1, April, 2015, Page 1-2
Arterial Pattern of The Kidney In A Bangladeshi Population - A Postmortem Study
Authors: Johora Fatema , Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Siddiqua Dilruba , Perven Hosna Ara , Ara Shamim
Published: September 2016

Context: The kidney is a highly vascular organ in the human body. The aim of the present study was to see the variations in perihilar branching pattern and morphology of the main renal arteries in a Bangladeshi population based on autopsy.Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, based on collection of 140 post mortem human kidneys from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue. All the samples were divided into three age-groups: A (10-19 years), B (20-39 years) and C (40-59 years). Morphological examination was done to identify main renal arteries and accessory renal arteries with their sites of origin and perihilar branching pattern of the renal arteries as well. The length of the renal artery was measured by using a measuring tape. Besides, renal angiography was done to see the intrarenal branching pattern.Results: The length of the right and left renal arteries were found 3.09±0.08 cm and 2.09±0.09 cm; 3.48±0.17 cm and 2.34±0.17 cm; 3.88±0.17 cm and 2.81±0.16 cm in group A, B and C respectively. The length of the right renal artery was found greater than of the left (P<0.001) in all age-groups. Besides, age related changes were also found in the length of the renal arteries (P<0.001). Accessory renal arteries were present in the right side in 33.4%, 23.35 and 33.3% specimens in group A, B and C respectively, while in the left side, in 59.7%, 27.9% and 13.4% in group A, B and C respectively. The number of anterior divisions of the both renal arteries were 2 in 8.3%, 3 in 12.5% and 4 in 79.2% specimens in group A, while in group B, 2 in 7%, 3 in 17.4% and 4 in 75.6% specimens, and in group C, 2 in 3.3%, 3 in 3.3% and 4 in 93.3% specimens. Number of posterior division was found only 1 in all the groups. Renal angiography revealed intrarenal branching pattern which showed segmental arteries divided into several lobar arteries and interlobar arteries.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 24, No.1, April, 2015, Page 12-16