bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humoral immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae induced by a pneumococcal ribosomal protein fraction
Authors: Swendsen C L , Johnson W
Published: January 2020

Isolation of a protective subfraction of ribosomes from Streptococcus pneumoniae has been achieved, and the immune response it induces has been investigated. Mice immunized with pneumococcal ribosomes or purified protein extracted from the ribosomal preparation (2-CE protein) exhibit similar survival rates upon challenge by virulent S. pneumoniae. In contrast, recipients of purified ribosomal ribonucleic acid were never protected against pneumococcal challenge. Serum from mice immunized with pneumococcal ribosomes or 2-CE protein passively immunized syngeneic recipients against pneumococcal challenge, whereas spleen cells from the same donors were unable to transfer immunity. Passive immunization with antiribosome serum could be abrogated by absorption with whole ribosomes, 2-CE protein, or various serotypes of S. pneumoniae (capsular types 2, 3, 6, and 14). Antiribosome serum significantly enhanced clearance of S. pneumoniae from mouse blood in vivo and in vitro. This required phagocytic cells, since antiribosome serum alone, with or without complement, supported growth of S. pneumoniae to an extent comparable to normal serum. The data suggest that the primary immunogen of pneumococcal ribosomes resides in the protein fraction. Further, the immunity induced by the protein fraction is mediated by antibody that appears to function as an opsonin for S. pneumoniae.
Naturally occurring secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to Streptococcus mutans in human colostrum and saliva
Authors: Arnold R R , Mestecky J , McGhee J R
Published: January 2020

Human colostrum, parotid saliva, and serum were assayed for the presence of naturally occurring antibodies to five serotypes of Streptococcus mutans. Appreciable levels of agglutinins to strains AHT, BHT, 10449, 6715, and LM-7 (groups a leads to e, respectively) were detected in normal colostrum and saliva, whereas relatively low levels were found in serum. No agglutinins could be detected in the colostrum or saliva of immunodeficient patients. Molecular sieve chromatography of the colostrum on Sephadex G-200 revealed agglutinin activity in the secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA)-rich fraction only. Titration of purified colostral s-IgA confirmed the IgA nature of this agglutinating activity. Indirect immunofluorescence tests with anti-s-IgA, -IgG, and -IgM revealed S. mutans specificity only in the s-IgA class. The presence of s-IgA antibodies to indigenous oral microorganisms in colostrum, as well as in saliva, suggests that antigenic stimulation occurs at a site remote from the oral mucosa.
Comparison of replication of adenovirus type 2 and type 4 in human lymphocyte cultures
Authors: Lambriex M , Van der Veen J
Published: January 2020

Adenovirus type 2 was capable of replicating in purified lymphocyte cultures from human adenoid specimens. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation enhanced the replication of virus. Viral titers of 103 to 104 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml were reached after 4 to 8 days. Only 1 to 3 per 106 cells were found to produce virus. In contrast, there was no evidence that lymphocyte cultures could support the replication of adenovirus type 4. The life span of cultures infected with type 2 or 4 was not reduced. The possibility that lymphocytes infected with virus play a role in initiating natural, persisting adenovirus infections of human adenoids is discussed.
Variability of protection in inbred mice induced by a ribosomal vaccine prepared from Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Misfeldt M L , Johnson W
Published: January 2020

Ribosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium were effective immunogens in A/J inbred mice and C3H/HeTex, inbred mice. However, ribosomal vaccines were not protective in C57BL/6J inbred mice. A/J mice were protected against lethal challenge by attenuated S. typhimurium live-cell, ribosomal, phenol, and heat-killed vaccines. C3H/HeTex mice were protected by live-cell, ribosomal, and phenol vaccines but not the heat-killed vaccine. Only the live-cell vaccine gave significant protection in the C57BL/6J inbred mice. A comparison of the kinetics of infection in sham-immunized mice and mice immunized with ribosomes showed that ribosome preparations elicited protection against Salmonella infection in mice inherently sensitive and resistant to Salmonella.
Molecular forms of neurotoxins in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B cultures
Authors: Dasgupta B R , Sugiyama H
Published: January 2020

A modified purification method was used to isolate the neurotoxin of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B strain Lamanna. The preparation was found to be a mixture of two protein forms. They were of molecular weight 152,000 and could not be separated by ion-exchange chromatography or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. One was a single polypeptide chain, and the other was a dichain molecule (nicked toxin) held together by an interchain disulfide bond(s). Trypsinization increased the toxicity of the toxin preparation and converted the single-chain molecules into dichain forms that were indistinguishable from the endogenously generated nicked toxin. A protease of the type B culture, with substrate specificity similar to that of trypsin, did not change detectably the molecular form of unnicked type E toxin, although toxicity was increased. Higher toxicity was obtained when unnicked type E was trypsinized; the resulting preparation contained only nicked toxin molecules.
Development of a purified cholera toxoid. III. Refinements in purification of toxin and methods for the determination of residual somatic antigen
Authors: Rappaport R S , Pierzchala W A , Bonde G , McCann T , Rubin B A
Published: January 2020

The addition of an ultrafiltration step to the purification procedures previously described for cholera toxin (Rappaport et al., (1974) permitted the preparation of highly purified antigenic toxoids essentially free of somatic antigen(s). The purity of such toxoids is established: (i) by the absence of more than about one part limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-positive endotoxin per 10(5) parts toxoid and (ii) by the inability of the toxoids to elicit a significant rise in rabbit vibriocidal antibody. The antigenicity of the toxoids is demonstrated by their ability to produce the same high levels of rabbit serum antitoxin as are produced by comparable toxoids containing small amounts of somatic antigen. The results also indicate that amounts of somatic antigen of the order of less than or equal to 1 mug/100 mug of toxoid do not exert an adjuvant effect on the toxoid, at least with respect to circulating antitoxin. Other data show that, where present, the ability of somatic antigen to elicit vibriocidal antibody is influenced by the immunization schedule employed and that a correlation exists between the LAL-determined endotoxin content of the toxoids and their ability to stimulate vibriocidal antibody. Somatic antigen-free toxoids, purified and tested by the refinements herein described, were prepared for use in the National Institutes of Health sponsored field trials, and data pertaining to their purity and antigenic properties are presented.
Improved yields of cell-free varicella-zoster virus
Authors: Schmidt N J , Lennette E H
Published: January 2020

Systematic studies on the replication of varicella-zoster virus in infected human fetal diploid lung cells have defined more optimal conditions for infection and harvesting of cultures and have led to the production of cell-free virus preparations with infectivity titers of greater than or equal to 10(6) plaque-forming units per ml. The highest yields of cell-free virus were obtained by (i) sonic treatment of the cellular phase of cultures inoculated with trypsin-dispersed infected cells at ratios of 1 infected cell to 6 to 10 uninfected cells in the monolayer and (ii) harvesting cells after 24 to 36 h of incubation at 36 degrees C. At this time the cultures showed minimal viral cytopathic effect. Spread of infectivity occurred much more rapidly in cultures inoculated with whole infected cells than in those infected with cell-free virus. Complement-fixing antigens with improved titers of greater than or equal to 1:128 were prepared from varicella-zoster virus-infected cell cultures in the same manner as cell-free virus, but harvested after 3 to 4 days of incubation when the cultures showed an advanced cytopathic effect.
Use of semisolid agar from initiation of pure Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice
Authors: Walker C B , Wilkins T D
Published: January 2020

The development of a pure Bacteroides fragilis infection in mice is described. The infection produces large subcutaneous abscesses at the site of injection which can be observed grossly within 7 days after injection. The infection was initiated by infection of pure cultures grown in semisolid agar medium. Similar infections were also produced with pure cultures of B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus. However, a distinct deoxyribonucleic acid homology group, formerly classified as B. thetaiotaomicron, did not produce abscesses in any of the mice tested.
Further purification of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin and characterization of the purified toxin
Authors: Cunningham C M , Barsumian E L , Watson D W
Published: January 2020

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) isolated from culture filtrates of strain NY-5 (type 10), and separated from other extracellular by differential solubility in ethanol and acetate-buffered saline, has previously been shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities including erythrogenic activity, pyrogenicity, enhancement of susceptibility to endotoxin shock, blockage of the reticuloendothelial system immmunosuppression, and lymphocyte mitogenicity. Toxin prepared in this way was found to consist of hyaluronic acid and several proteins which could be distinguished by thin-layer polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing (IEF), SPE has been further purified by ion exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex columns. One of the fractions isolated from QAE-Sephadex, and shown to be a homogenous protein by thin-layer IEF and Ouchterlony with hyperimmune serum, was highly active erythrogenically, pyrogenically, and in enhancing susceptibility to endotoxin. This fraction was identified as exotoxin A. A second, less active fraction identified as SPE B showed similar activities, but differed from the other fraction antigenically and in net charge and molecular weight. These findings indicate that a single highly purified protein can mediate at least three of the biological activities attributed to SPE and NY-5 produces pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in vitro as well as in vivo.
Morphological and antigenic relationships between viruses (rotaviruses) from acute gastroenteritis of children, calves, piglets, mice, and foals
Authors: Woode G N , Bridger J C , Jones J M , Flewett T H , Davies H A , Davis H A , White G B
Published: January 2020

The reovirus-like particles present in the feces of young pigs and foals with acute enteritis and the virus causing epizootic diarrhea of infant mice were found to be indistinguishable morphologically from each other, from the South African SA. 11 and "O" viruses, and from the rotaviruses of children and calves. The inner capsid layer of each of these viruses reacted seriologically with sera of children, calves, mice, piglets, and foals convalescent from infection with their respective rotaviruses. These sera reacted by immunofluorescence with human, bovine, porcine, and murine rotaviruses, SA.11, and "O" viruses in tissue cultures and with human bovine, procine, nad murine viral antigens by complement fixation and gel diffusion. However, the antisera differed in their ability to react serologically with the outer capsid layer of the viruses investigated and in their ability to neutralize tissue culture-adapted calf virus. These two tests may demonstrate strain or host specificity among rotaviruses. Since the porcine, murine, and equine viruses are closely related serologically to and are morphologically identical to the human and bovine viruses, they should be included in the group of viruses for which the term "rotavirus" has been suggested. All known members of this proposed group of viruses share a common antigen, probably situated within the inner capsid layer; thus, any one of the viruses may be used for the preparation of antigen or antibody for diagnostic tests, and this will aid in the diagnosis of virus infection in those species from which a rotavirus has not been cultured.
Initial colonization of teeth in monkeys as related to diet
Authors: Kilian M , Rölla G
Published: January 2020

The initial phases of plaque development on nonretentive tooth surfaces were studied bacteriologically in Macaca irus monkeys fed by stomach tube and provided with various oral supplements. Except for the oral implantation of Streptococcus mutans in some of the animals, the oral flora was not changed prior to the studies. Dental plaque was allowed to develop on initially cleaned tooth surfaces for 3 to 5 h. Plaque samples were collected and cultured on a number of selective and nonselective agar media, and several hundred isolates from each sample were isolated and identified. The numerically predominant organisms in initial plaque were S. mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Actinomyces viscosus. Additional organisms regularly found, but usually in smaller numbers, were Streptococcus mitior and a group of fastidious gram-negative rods including Haemophilus species, Eikenella corrodens, and Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans. The colonization of S. mutans was dependent on sucrose and occurred at the expense of S. sanguis. In these experiments S. mutans accounted for 25 to 65% of the primary plaque formers. All other species encountered colonized the teeth irrespective of the diet. It is postulated that the early sucrose-dependent establishment of S. mutans directly on the enamel pellicle plays a key role in the development of a cariogenic plaque.
Experimental endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b
Authors: Myerowitz R L , Klaw R , Johnson B L
Published: January 2020

Experimental endogenous endophthalmitis was produced in infant rats by either intranasal or intraperitoneal inoculation with Haemophilus influenzae type b and 5 days of age. The ocular disease occurred in about 50% of bacteremic animals who survived to age 12 days and probably represents metastatic bacterial infection secondary to hematogenous seeding. The lesion was a highly destructive suppurative endophthalmitis that ultimately progressed to panophthalmitis and was followed by organization of the exudate and phthisis bulbi.
Infection cycle of Rickettsia rickettsii in chicken embryo and L-929 cells in culture
Authors: Wisseman C L , Edlinger E A , Waddell A D , Jones M R
Published: January 2020

The infection cycle of Rickettsia rickettsii, studied in slide chamber cultures of chicken embryo and L-929 cells, was found to be complex and did not conform to a one-step growth cycle. Initial uptake kinetics resembled those established for Rickettsia prowazekii, but subsequent events showed very marked differences. Intracytoplasmic growth commenced exponentially without measurable lag. However, very soon after infection, intracytoplasmic rickettsiae began to escape from the host cell into the medium in large numbers, resulting in (i) failure of large numbers of rickettsiae to accumulate in the cytoplasm, (ii) sustained rapid division of the organisms in the cytoplasm, (iii) substantial accumulation of extracellular rickettsiae, and (iv) rapidly spreading infection in the culture, with most cells infected in 48 to 72 h. In the occasional cell, rickettsiae were found in the nucleus, where they multiplied to form compact masses. Thus, analysis of the growth characteristics of R. rickettsii must consider the entire culture as a unit in which the rickettsiae are distributed among three compartments in which they behave in different ways: (i) intranuclear, (ii) intracytoplasmic, and (iii) extracellular. The rickettsial traffic is bidirectional across the host cell plasma membrane and dominantly monodirectional across the nuclear membranes. The implications of this behavior with respect to location and range of receptors and substrates involved in membrane penetration are discussed. In older cultures, unique intracytoplasmic ring or doughnut colonies were common, indicating a change in the intracytoplasmic environment. The possible significance of the growth characteristics in cell culture to the characteristics of infection in humans and animals is discussed.
Fate of rubella genome ribonucleic acid after immune and nonimmune virolysis in the presence of ribonuclease
Authors: Schluederberg A , Ajello C , Evans B
Published: January 2020

To determine whether rubella virion ribonucleic acid (RNA) becomes accessible to nuclease attack after immune lysis of the viral envelope, virions containing radioactively labeled RNA were examined in three ways with the following results. (i) Incubation of purified virus with heat-inactivated rubella convalescent human serum and guinea pig complement resulted in an increase in acid-soluble RNA. Antibody was required; the reaction was temperature dependent and was blocked by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. When exogenous nuclease was added prior to lysis, radioactivity in virions was reduced to 15% of that in unlysed control pellets (ii) Sucrose gradient sedimentation profiles of RNA released from lysed and unlysed virions under controlled conditions showed that the nuclease content of serum-virus mixtures was sufficient to eliminate all RNA of genome size, although degradation was not complete. (iii) Virions were also lysed by unheated human immune sera in the absence of guinea pig complement and by some, but not all, unheated antibody-negative sera.
Cyclophosphamide pretreatment and protection against malaria
Authors: Finerty J F , Krehl E P
Published: January 2020

Mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide were able to overcome infection from a lethal malarial strain. The development of resistance was preceded by increased hypersensitivity to malarial antigens. Hypersensitivity was demonstrable by a delayed footpad swelling technique.
Amplified migration inhibition effect
Authors: Philp J R , Huffman A L , Johnson J E
Published: January 2020

Upon exposure to specific antigen in tissue culture, sensitive lymphocytes released macrophage migration inhibition factor and other lymphokines into the supernatant culture medium. Migration of peritoneal macrophages from nonsensitive animals was inhibited in the presence of such supernatants. However, with previous techniques it was found that an inhibitory effect was present at only low low titers (less than 10(2)). It is therfore of great interest that by increasing cellular density, the total number of cells being kept constant, inhibitory activity can be amplified by a factor as great as 10(10). This amplification was observed only when lymphocytes and macrophages were loosely packed, as by spontaneous sedimentation in a conical test tube. The effect was abolished by dispersing the cell suspension in a flat-bottomed flask or, alternatively, by shaking the test tube so that intimate prolonged intercellular contact was prevented.
Neutralizing antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin in human sera: evidence for in vivo toxin production during infection
Authors: Pollack M , Callahan L T , Taylor N S
Published: January 2020

Antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin was detected in human sera by using a cytotoxicity-neutralization assay. Serum antitoxin was present in high titer in all 14 patients who recovered from serious pseudomonas infections (log2 of 50% neutralization titer, mean +/- standard deviation = 6.0 +/- 1.2). In contrast, serum antitoxin was present in lower titer in four of seven patients with fatal pseudomonas infections (3.3 +/- 2.7, P less than 0.005), in 3 of 7 patients with non-pseudomonas infections (1.4 +/- 0.6 P less than 0.001), and in 6 of 14 normal control subjects (2.0 +/- 1.3, P less than 0.001). Fourfold or greater serum antitoxin rises were demonstrated in two survivors of acute infections, and toxin-neutralizing activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of human sera. Immunization of rabbits with purified exotoxin also induced high antitoxin titers.
Nonspecific resistance against infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium induced in mice by cord factor (trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate) and its analogues
Authors: Yarkoni E , Bekierkunst A
Published: January 2020

Mice pretreated intraperitoneally with trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor) were protected against an intraperitoneal challenge with Salmonella typhi strain Ty2 or Salmonella typhimurium strain SR 11. The nonspecific resistance to S. typhi and S. typhimurium was still detectable 7 and 14 days, respectively, after administration of cord factor. The effect of cord factor was local. Synthetic analogues of cord factor--trehalose-6,6'-dipalmitate and trehalose monopalmitate--also induced nonspecific resistance to the above virulent bacteria. The results are discussed.
T-lymphocyte number and function and the course of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients
Authors: De Gast G C , Houwen B , van der Hem G K , The T H
Published: January 2020

To study the relation between general cellular immunity and the course of hepatitis B within a group of chronic hemodialysis patients, T-lymphocyte number and function were investigated in 13 persistently hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg)-positive patients, in 32 HBSAg-negative patients, and in 11 patients who had recovered from hepatitis B and compared with that of 21 age-matched controls. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte stimulation in vitro and the number of circulating T-cells in the HBSAg-positive group were significantly decreased as compared with those of the recovered group and the controls. Lymphocyte stimulation by pokeweed mitogen and by an antigen cocktail showed the same tendency, but no significant differences between the HBSAg-positive and the recovered groups. Uremic sera from the three patient groups had similar depressive effects on phytohemagglutinin induced lymphocyte stimulation of controls. Serum immunoglobulin G, (IgG), IgA, and IgM were normal in the three patient groups. It is concluded that chronic hemodialysis patients, who have become persistent HBSAg-carriers, have a significantly decreased T-lymphocyte number and function as compared with hemodialysis patients who are able to eliminat hepatitis B virus (HBV). The difference could not be ascribed to the HBV infection itself. This indicates that T-cells play an important role in the elimination of HBV in hemodialysis patients.
The Syrian hamster: a reproducible model for studying changes in intestinal fluid secretion in response to enterotoxin challenge
Authors: Lepot A , Banwell J G
Published: January 2020

Syrian hamsters respond in a predictable and reproducible manner to intragastric administration of purified cholera enterotoxin by intraluminal accumulation of fluid in the small bowel, cecum, and proximal colon. In the majority of animals this process is self limiting, and recovery occurs with full reabsorption of intestinal fluid by 30 to 35 h. The secretory response to 75 mug of cholera toxin has been defined, and the model was utilized to study the inhibitory effects of indomethacin, polymyxin B sulfate, glucose electrolyte solutions, and colchicine. These studies demonstrate its potential usefulness as a convenient and inexpensive technique for evaluation of pharmacological agents that might inhibit intestinal fluid secretion.
Radioimmunoassay for toxoplasmosis
Authors: Gehle W D , Smith K O , Fuccillo D A
Published: January 2020

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for toxoplasmosis has been developed, and the results show good correlation with the indirect hemagglutination test.
Surface properties of extracellular malaria parasites: electrophoretic and lectin-binding characteristics
Authors: Seed T M , Kreier J P
Published: January 2020

The surface charge and lectin-binding capacity of isolated malaria parasites and host erythrocytes were analyzed and compared by chromatographic, electrophoretic, and cytochemical methods. Results indicated that at physiological pH values both freshly prepared and glutaraldehyde-fixed parasites and erythrocytes possess a net negative surface charge. Both cell types were strongly bound to cation-exchange resins and underwent cathode-directed electrophoretic migration. The isoelectric points for erythrocyte-free parasites and uninfected erythrocytes were approximately 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. The different effects of selective enzymatic digestion and solvent extraction on the electrophoretic mobilities of free parasites and erythrocytes suggested that the chemical constituents responsibile for the net negative surface charges on each type of cell are different. The surface charge of the free parasites seemed mainly to be a function of ionized phospholipids rather than of the ionogenic sialic acid moieties, which are the major contributors to the negative charge on erythrocytes. Results of lectin-binding studies indicated that specific glycosidimoieties (i.e., glucose, galactose, mannose, and n-acetyglucosamine), common to the erythrocyte surface, were either absent or in low concentration at the parasite's surface. These observations suggest that the normally intracellular malaria parasites have surface characteristics, differing from those of the host cell, characterized by a scarcity of lectin-binding receptors and sialic acid residues and by the major contribution of lipids to their surface charge.
Failure of trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (P3 or cord factor) to enhance endotoxin lethality in mice
Authors: Yarkoni E , Meltzer M S , Rapp H J
Published: January 2020

The increased endotoxin lethality in mice pretreated with BCG was not observed in mice pretreated with trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate instead of BCG.
Frentizole, a novel immunosuppressive, and azathioprine: their comparative effects on host resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and influenza (Ann Arbor) virus
Authors: Scheetz ME I I , Carlson D G , Schinitsky M R
Published: January 2020

Frentizole, 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea, a new immunosuppressive agent, and azathioprine were administered subcutaneously at predetermined immunosuppressive dose levels of azathioprine and up to 50 times an immunosuppressive dose level of Frentizole. After 10 days of treatment at these dose levels, the experimental groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or herpes simplex virus, inoculated intraveneously with Candida albicans, or infected by aerosol with Ann Arbor influenza virus. The results of these series of experiments indicate that Frentizole, even at super immunosuppressive doses, does not predispose the hose (mice) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, or Ann Arbor influenza virus.
Plasma-dependent chemotaxis of macrophages toward BCG cell walls and the mycobacterial glycolipid P3
Authors: Kelly M T
Published: January 2020

BCG cell walls, associated with oil droplets in the form of emulsions in saline, generate macrophage chemotactic activity from fresh guinea pig plasma. Serum and heat-inactivated plasma were inactive, suggesting involvement of complement or fibrinogen-derived chemotactic factors. Suspensions of cell walls and oil droplets each generated chemotactic activity from plasma, and the activity of the cell wall vaccine was due to the additive effects of these two components. A mycobacterial glycolipid (P3), which is a constituent of BCG cell walls, also had plasma-dependent chemotactic activity. The results suggest that macrophage chemotaxis may be an important part of the immunopotentiating activity of these mycobacterial products.
Characterization of membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Alexander A G , Kenny G E
Published: January 2020

Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was employed to electrophoretically identify membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of Mycoplasma arginini G-230. Five distinct cytoplasmic antigens were observed in soluble fractions prepared by digitonin lysis with electrophoretic mobilities (relative to bovine albumin) ranging from 0.36 to 0.86; four of these were common to other M. arginini strains: leonis and 23243. Five membrane antigens were identified, two of which (0.4 and 0.2) were common to the other M. arginini strains. The most prominent antigenic component of the membrane fraction (the complex membrane antigen) was electrophoretically heterogeneous, showing four antigenically related components with electrophoretic mobilities of 1.2, 0.95 to 0.76 and 0.05. The complex membrane antigen was exposed on the outside of the mycoplasmic cell because absorption of antiserum with live organisms removed antibody to this component. Antibodies to two other membrane components (0.6 and 0.2) were removed by absorption with Triton-solubilized membranes, but not by untreated membranes, indicating that these components were, at best, little exposed on either membrane surface. Antiserum was prepared against the complex membrane antigen using precipitin lines from two dimensional electropherograms as the immunogen. This antiserum reacted only with the complex membrane antigen and did not react with the other M. arginini strains, indicating that the complex membrane antigen was unique to strain G-230.
Cellular origin of interferon induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Maehara N , Ho M
Published: January 2020

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces interferons with different properties in mouse macrophages and B lymphocytes. Macrophage interferon is labile at 56 degrees C and is neutralized by anti-mouse fibroblast interferon at a dilution of 1:6,142. B cell interferon is more heat stable and is neutralized by the same antiserum only at a dilution of 1:276. Serum obtained early (1 h) after an intravenous injection of 100 mug of LPS resembled macrophage interferon, whereas serum obtained at later times resembled more and more B cell interferon. The diverse cellular origin of LPS-induced interferon may explain the broad hyporesponsiveness produced by LPS in animals.
Brain lysosomal glycosidase activity in immunosuppressed mice infected with avirulent Semliki forest virus
Authors: Suckling A J , Jagelman S , Webb H E
Published: January 2020

Mice infected with an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus show an increase in the activity of some of the brain lysosomal glycosidases. The increase in activity of these enzymes has been correlated with the histological, virological, and serological changes that result from the infection in the presence and absence of immunosuppression. Semliki forest virus alone caused the development of a mild encephalitis with perivascular infiltration, microgliosis, astrocyte hypertrophy, and a focal spongiform encephalopathy, together with an increased activity of brain N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase. Antilymphocyte serum given after infection marginally affected the course of the disease. Cyclophosphamide markedly delayed the development of the spongy changes in the increase in enzyme activities, but not the perivascular infiltration. It is suggested that the increased activity of the lysosomal glycosidases studied may be linked both to the development of a successful immune response and to the focal spongiform changes produced by the infection.
Reproduction of the eosinopenia of acute infection by passive transfer of a material obtained from inflammatory exudate
Authors: Bass D A
Published: January 2020

Studies of the eosinopenic effect of acute inflammation were conducted in mice previously rendered eosinophilic with trichinosis. Exudate removed from a pneumococcal abscess contained material (eosinopenic factor [EF]) capable of causing eosinopenia of 4- to 24-h duration when injected intraperitoneally into eosinophilic mice. The material passed through a 0.45-micronm filter, but was retained by a dialysis membrane capable of retaining protein molecules of greater than approximately 30,000 molecular weight. EF was soluble in 7% perchloric acid, was not destroyed by pneumococcal proteolytic enzymes in the presence of Trasylol, but was inactivated by heating to 56 degrees C for 30 min. EF was detectable in the exudate after 10 h and had reached its highest concentration after 20 h. When the effect of EF was expressed as a percent suppression of control eosinophil levels, there was a geometric dose response. Eosinopenia could not be ascribed to steroids present in the preparation, and the EF was effective in adrenalectomized animals. Eosinopenia was not induced by transfer of similarly treated heat-killed pneumococci, pneumococcal culture filtrate, or normal serum. The eosinopenia of acute infection may be the direct effect of a substance present at the site of acute inflammation.
Isolation of the capsular polysaccharide from culture supernatant of Haemophilus influenzae type b
Authors: Anderson P , Smith D H
Published: January 2020

The capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Haemophilus influenzae type b is known to be spontaneously released from the cells in culture. The CP is precipitable from culture supernatant by the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium. Most of the nucleic acid and some of the protein, but almost none of the endotoxin, in the supernatant are co-precipitated. Extraction of the precipitate with progressively stronger NaCl solutions separates nucleic acid and protein from the CP and also effects a molecular size fractionation. Residual endotoxin and protein can be reduced by extraction with cold phenol and ultracentrifugation. The resulting preparation has ribose, ribitol, and phosphate as principal components and contains less than 1% other sugars, protein, or nucleic acid; it elutes on Sepharose 2B as a symmetrical peak with Kav 0.51.
Evaluation of surface components of Vibrio cholerae as protective immunogens
Authors: Eubanks E R , Guentzel M N , Berry L J
Published: January 2020

Surface components of a motile Inaba strain (CA401) were removed from washed cells by low-speed shearing. Flagella contaminated with a vesicular material (designated as crude flagella [CFA1) were obtained by differential centrifugation of the shear fluid. Vesicles were obtained from a nonflagellated mutant by the same procedure. Homogeneous small vesicles were obtained in diminished yield from CsCl gradients of CF preparations. Treatment of CF with sodium deoxycholate removed the vesicular material and flagellar sheaths and yielded naked flagella (NF). The ability of these preparations of passively protect infant mice suckled by CFW mothers that had been immunized at the time of mating was compared, on a dry-weight basis, with commercial vaccine (CV). Eight-day-old mice were challenged orally with more than 1,000 50% lethal doses of either the homologous or a heterologous (Ogawa Ca411) strain. The most effective immunogen was CF, which provided complete protection at 1 microng against both challenges. CF and vesicles provided 50- to 100-fold greater protection than CV against homologous challenge. With heterologous challenge, vesicles were 10-fold more protective than CV, markedly less protective than CF. The NF offered only slightly greater protection than CV against both challenges. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed an antigen in CF distinct from vesicles, cell wall lipopolysaccharide or NF. This antigen is not present in the nonflagellated mutant and is apparently associated with motility,
Detection of latent cytomegalovirus in murine salivary and prostate explant cultures and cells
Authors: Cheung K S , Lang D J
Published: January 2020

After infection of adult mice, cytomegalovirus was detectable in salivary gland suspensions by tissue culture inoculation for up to 3 months. After these cultures had become negative, virus apparently latent in these tissues could be detected in explants of salivary and prostate glands and in cell lines derived from these explants. In some cases cycles of virus-induced cell injury and regrowth were observed. Murine cytomegalovirus plaque efficiency and morphology were evaluated in prostate and salivary gland cell cultures derived from previously infected and uninfected mice. No evidence of interference was detected, although plaques size was altered (larger) in prostate cells from previously infected mice. These studies indicate the presence of a range of suppression, latency, or effects of murine cytomegalovirus detectable after the resolution of active infection and provide methods for additional study of the establishment and activation of virus latency.
Antibody to Corynebacterium parvum in normal human and animal sera
Authors: Wolberg G , Duncan G S , Adlam C , Whisnant J K
Published: January 2020

Using a microtiter bacterial agglutination test, we have estimated antibodies to Corynebacterium parvum in "normal" human and "normal" and immune animal sera. Widely differing levels of C. parvum antibodies were found in the normal human sera. The median titer for all 310 human sera was 1:128, whereas that for the 1- to 17-year and 18- to 50-year subgroups was 1:64 and 1:512, respectively. Antibody titers in the various animal species were generally much lower.
Mechanisms of resistant of herpesviruses: comparison of the effectiveness of different cell types in mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Grewal A S , Rouse B T , Babiuk L A
Published: January 2020

Enriched populations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages obtained from the mammary gland and of granulocytes (PBG) and lymphocytes (PBL) prepared from peripheral blood of the same animal were compared for their ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxocity against antibody-sensitized infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-infected target cells (IBR-GBK) and antibody-sensitized chicken erythrocyte targest (CRBC). The order of effectiveness was PMN leads to macrophages leads to PBG leads to PBL. The reason why PBG (86% PMN) were less than 50% as active as mammary PMN (99% PMN) was explored and discussed. The findings that PMN were more effective on a cell-to-cell basis, required less antiserum to sensitize for cytotoxicity, and destroyed IBR-GBK cells faster and more completely than other cell types could mean that PMN may be the cell type most importnat in causing early recovery from herpesvirus infections.
Adoptive transfer of immunity from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Tewari R P , Sharma D , Solotorovsky M , Lafemina R , Balint J
Published: January 2020

This investigation was designed to compare the role of lymphoid cells and immune serum in protective immunity induced by immunization with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Spleen cells, peritoneal cells, and serum from C3H mice immunized with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells were transferred intravenously to separate groups of syngeneic recipients. All recipients along with a set of immunized and control mice were challenged intravenously with 4 x 10(6) yeast cells of H. capsulatum, and protection was assessed. Immunization with ribosomes or live cells provided 90 to 100% protection. Mice receiving filtered spleen cells or peritoneal cells from donors immunnized with live cells showed 90 to 100% protection; 80 to 90% protection was observed for mice receiving cells from ribosome-immunized donors. In contrast, no evidence of protection was seen in mice receiving serum from either live-cell- or ribosome-immunized mice. Peritoneal cells were far more efficient than spleen cells in adoptive transfer of immunity. The adoptive immunity in recipients persisted for at least 3 weeks after transfer, the longest period tested in the present study. These results indicate that the immunity elicited by immunization with Histoplasma ribosomes or live cells is mediated by a cellular mechanism.
Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages
Authors: Peterson E M , Calderone R A
Published: January 2020

Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans. Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C. albicans was inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C. albicans. Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C. albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in contrast to C. albicans alone. In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C. albicans [3H]leucine incorporation in the presence of alveolar macrophages. Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C. albicans when incubated with alveolar macrophages. Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the ingested Candida.
Scanning electron microscopic study of virulent Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1
Authors: Chen T H , Elberg S S
Published: January 2020

Virulent Yersinia pestis was grown on heart infusion blood agar and examined by scanning electron microscopy, exposing the fraction 1 envelope antigen on cell surfaces as a lumpy coating that spilled into the surrounding milieu. The amount of antigen depended on both the duration and temperature of incubation. Comparison of the cultures grown at 37 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h with those grown at 22 degrees C for identical periods demonstrated that the antigen increased in amount with the length of incubation, and that the overall production of antigen was much greater of 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. These experiments visually confirmed the findings of our previous immunological studies. Moreover, we established that the closely related, virulent organism Y. pseudotuberculosis bears no such antigenic coating at any temperature or incubation period. In addition, the emergence of multiple flagella was noted when Y. pseudotuberculosis was grown at 22 degrees C in a liquid medium, whereas Y. pestis remained without these organelles. These observations preceptibly corroborated the absence of fraction 1 envelope antigen and the presence of flagella, respectively, for distinguishing Y. pseudotuberculosis from Y. pestis.
Additional evidence that a new virulence-associated antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not of pilus origin
Authors: Pierce W A , Leong J K
Published: January 2020

Triton-X-100-treated pilus suspensions prepared from Neisseria gonorrhoeae produced a single line of precipitate in immunodiffusion tests. This line was distinct from that of the virulence-associated antigen.
Stimulation of macrophages by cord factor and by heat-killed and living BCG
Authors: Yarkoni E , Wang L , Bekierkunst A
Published: January 2020

Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor; CF) injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice induced stimulation of the peritoneal macrophages, evidenced both by increased activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and by increased phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes. The increase in enzyme activity and phagocytosis was similar to that induced by killed or living BCG. When administered intravenously, CF or BCG did not induce stimulation of peritoneal macrophages. CF when added to tissue cultures of normal peritoneal cells did not induce increased acid phosphatase activity or increased phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes.
Capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans: control and relationship to virulence
Authors: Dykstra M A , Friedman L , Murphy J W
Published: January 2020

Capsule size of five isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans was controlled by cultivation in media containing varying amounts of sugar. High concentrations of sugar (e.g., 16%) suppressed encapsulation whereas low concentrations (e.g., 1%) allowed maximal encapsulation. Suppression of capsule size was attributed at least in part to the increased osmolarity of the medium because a medium with low sugar concentration but having high osmolarity (by virtue of added sodium chloride) also produced cells having small capsules. The extent of control was more marked with certain of the isolates than with others. Mice were intravenously inoculated with cells of a single isolate cultivated so as to have either small or large capsules, and virulence was measured by comparing death rates. Results indicate that virulence after such an inoculation is a constant characteristic of an isolate and is not affected by size of the capsule of the cells in the inoculum.
Complications and immunological studies of measles virus infection in antithymocyte-treated hamsters
Authors: Cremer N E , Hagens S J , Taylor D O , Lennette E H
Published: January 2020

A study was done to investigate possible late central nervous system (CNS) complications of latent measles infection in hamsters. Signs of CNS disease, consisting of myoclonus and paralysis, occurred in some weanling hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 or 9 days of age with antithymocyte serum (ATS) and measles virus, but no late complications in adult life attributable to measles virus were seen. A single series of ATS injections plus an injection of measles virus resulted in sustained antibody formation postulated due to establishment of a latent viral infection, whereas similar treatment with normal rabbit serum plus virus caused no or minimal antibody response. The majority of hamsters receiving ATS as newborns and ATS plus virus as weanlings also did not produce antibody. This differential effect of ATS may be due to combined elimination of suppressor and helper cells in the latter ATS-treated group and of suppressor cells only in the former ATS-treated group. Cellular immunity could not be evaluated since lymphocytes from inoculated and uninoculated hamsters released equal and variable amounts of 51Cr for both infected and noninfected labeled, allogeneic hamster target cells.
Decreased oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans during aging of Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Van Houte J , Upeslacis V N , Edelstein S
Published: January 2020

The colonization by streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus mutans strains of the teeth of conventional and ex-germfree Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages fed either a high-sucrose or a high-glucose diet was studied. Bacterial colonization occurred with increasingly greater difficulty as the rats became older. This was observed in studies of the implantation of the test organism after oral inoculation with different cell numbers as well as its transmission between infected and uninfected rats. With rat fed sucrose diet, the effect of age could not be demonstrated until they were age 3 months or older; the results from rats fed a glucose diet suggest that changes may already have occurred early after weaning. Changes in susceptibility to colonization during aging manifested themselves as a decrease in the proportions of rats which became infected as well as lower population levels in infected rats. The possible mechanism(s) involved as well as the possible significance of the findings was discussed.