bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy and Environmental Politics in Post‐Corporatist Mexico
Authors: Auer Matthew
Published: September 2010

No government that is serious about environmental protection will imitate the Mexican model. The undrinkable waters and defiled deserts of Mexico's northern border towns and the poisoned air of its capital city are infamous. But there are noticeable changes in Mexican politicians’ and lawmakers’ attitudes toward the country's environmental ills, in no small part because of changing public attitudes toward these problems. As Mexico's political system becomes more open and democratic, policy elites are increasingly attentive to environmental problems, as ordinary citizens, and especially urbanites, vent their frustration at the ballot box. Perhaps ironically, Mexico's hydrocarbon industries are potential leaders in the nascent environmental reform process. Inducements for better environmental behavior by the oil and natural gas industries are new, municipal and federal environmental regulations, stepped‐up enforcement, and local and cross‐border markets for Mexico's gas.
Same Policy Area, Different Politics: How Characteristics of Policy Tools Alter the Determinants of Early Childhood Education Policy
Authors: Rigby Elizabeth
Published: September 2010

This article tests a theory of how key characteristics of a policy tool under debate magnify the importance of particular elements of the policymaking context in U.S. states. In particular, it is expected that state use of more visible policy tools will depend on the economic context in the state, whereas state use of more coercive policy tools will vary with the ideological and partisan context in the state. These hypotheses are tested in a policy area for which states employ a range of distinct policy tools—early childhood education policy. Pooling data from all 50 states at four time points (N = 200), hierarchical linear models are estimated to examine the variation and change in states' use of four policy tools—focusing in particular on the degree of visibility and coerciveness of each tool. As expected, wealthier states typically make use of more visible tools; however, when poorer states experienced economic growth, they expanded less visible policy tools more often than visible tools. Politically liberal states used the primary coercive tool more often than conservative states; less coercive tools expanded under Democratic Party control. This empirical test of commonly accepted theories of the politics of policy tool choices reveals complex relationships between politics and policy, contributing to a fuller description of how the characteristics of the policies under consideration can actually alter the way that “politics determines policy” and “policy determines politics” in U.S. states.
Regulatory Factors of Pheo‐ and Eumelanogenesis in Melanogenic Compartments
Authors: Jimbow Kowichi , Alena Frank , Dixon Walter , Hara Hiroyuki
Published: September 2010

Melanogenesis, i.e., synthesis of melanin and melanosomes, is a “cascade'’of event which is channelled by internal and external regulatory factors. The recognition and selection of this information and subsequent differentiation of melanogenesis (melanin type and melanosomal development) would be regulated significantly by melanosomal membrane. The melangenesis type could be switched relatively easily by UV light, hormone, and availability of tyrosinase substrate. The role of sulphydryl compounds as a regulatory factor in melangenesis type (in particular for pheomelanogenesis) may not be tied to its absolute presence or absence, but rather, to the effective concentration within the melanocyte at a given time. It is, therefore, probable that the morphogenesis of melanosomes may not follow immediately in response to melanogenesis‐type changes, hence the melanocyte revealing more often mosaic forms of melanosomes in nature after exposure to non‐genetic factors. The switch of melanogenesis would be significantly controlled by structural and functional availability of vesiculoglobular bodies which are encoded or associated with HMSA‐5 (69 kDa) glycoprotein. This HMSA‐5 protein shares a significant homology with gp75 “b‐locus'’protein. However, because of our hypothesis that vesiculoglobular bodies carry post‐(and pre‐) tyrosinase regulatory factors involving in both pheo‐ and eumelanogenesis, the term “b‐protein'’which focuses only on eumelanogenesis may not be applied to HMSA‐5.
Identification of Mutations in the Pigment Cell‐Specific Gene Located at the Brown Locus in Mouse
Authors: Shibahara Shigeki , Tomita Yasushi , Yoshizawa Miki , Shibata Koushi , Tagami Hachiro
Published: September 2010

The pigment cell‐specific gene, located at the brown (b)‐locus in mouse, encodes the protein that determines the type of melanin synthesized. This protein is known as tyrosinase‐related protein, but here we tentatively term it b‐locus protein to avoid confusions with the related sequence cross‐hybridizing to the tyrosinase gene. In order to identify the mutation at the b‐locus, we have cloned and characterized the b‐locus protein gene of BALB/c mouse (b/b, c/c). The gene is about 18 kb long and organized into 8 exons and 7 introns. Sequence analysis of the b‐locus protein gene reveals four base changes within the protein‐coding regions: two missense mutations and two silent mutations. Two missense mutations result in the Cys to Tyr substitution at position 86 (codon 110) and the Arg to His substitution at position 302 (codon 326) of a b‐locus protein molecule. Using allele‐specific amplification, we confirmed that these missense mutations are actually present in the genomic DNA of two b‐mutant strains examined, BALB/c and DBA/2 (b/b, C/C) mice, suggesting that these mutations are specific for the mutant mice at the b‐locus. Moreover, we are able to show that the b‐locus protein containing Tyr 86 is not reactive with the anti‐b‐locus protein monoclonal antibody, TMH‐1, in transient expression assays.
MEK mediates in vitro neural transdifferentiation of the adult newt retinal pigment epithelium cells: Is FGF2 an induction factor?
Authors: Susaki Kanako , Chiba Chikafumi
Published: September 2010

Adult newts can regenerate their entire retinas through transdifferentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. As yet, however, underlying molecular mechanisms remain virtually unknown. On the other hand, in embryonic/larval vertebrates, an MEK [mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) kinase] pathway activated by fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF2) is suggested to be involved in the induction of transdifferentiation of the RPE into a neural retina. Therefore, we examined using culture systems whether the FGF2/MEK pathway is also involved in the adult newt RPE transdifferentiation. Here we show that the adult newt RPE cells can switch to neural cells expressing pan‐retinal‐neuron (PRN) markers such as acetylated tubulin, and that an MEK pathway is essential for the induction of this process, whereas FGF2 seems an unlikely primary induction factor. In addition, we show by immunohistochemistry that the PRN markers are not expressed until the 1–3 cells thick regenerating retina, which contains retinal progenitor cells, appears. Our current results suggest that the activation of an MEK pathway in RPE cells might be involved in the induction process of retinal regeneration in the adult newt, however if this is the case, we must assume complementary mechanisms that repress the MEK‐mediated misexpression of PRN markers in the initial process of transdifferentiation.
Membrane Traffic and Cytokinesis
Authors: O'halloran Theresa J.
Published: September 2010

Cytokinesis, the last step in cell division, is a process common to all eukaryotic life forms. The many mechanisms cells use to divide one parent cell into two progeny reflect the diversity of eukaryotic life. Despite the varied mechanisms cells use, increasing evidence demonstrates that many different cells use ‘classical’ membrane trafficking proteins for cytokinesis. This review highlights recent evidence for roles for membrane trafficking proteins in cytokinesis.
Recap on Cell Migration
Authors: Bretscher Mark S.
Published: September 2010

Most animal cells move cross‐linked surface antigens to one pole of the cell, a phenomenon called ‘capping’. It is closely related to the rearward movement of particles attached to their surface. Cap formation is one of the most accessible dynamic properties of cells and is closely related to how they move. Yet, how this occurs is unknown.
Induction of Autophagy Promotes Fusion of Multivesicular Bodies with Autophagic Vacuoles in K562 Cells
Authors: Fader Claudio M. , Sánchez Diego , Furlán Marcelo , Colombo María I.
Published: September 2010

Morphological and biochemical studies have shown that autophagosomes fuse with endosomes forming the so‐called amphisomes, a prelysosomal hybrid organelle. In the present report, we have analyzed this process in K562 cells, an erythroleukemic cell line that generates multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and releases the internal vesicles known as exosomes into the extracellular medium. We have previously shown that in K562 cells, Rab11 decorates MVBs. Therefore, to study at the molecular level the interaction of MVBs with the autophagic pathway, we have examined by confocal microscopy the fate of MVBs in cells overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)–Rab11 and the autophagosomal protein red fluorescent protein–light chain 3 (LC3). Autophagy inducers such as starvation or rapamycin caused an enlargement of the vacuoles decorated with GFP–Rab11 and a remarkable colocalization with LC3. This convergence was abrogated by a Rab11 dominant negative mutant, indicating that a functional Rab11 is involved in the interaction between MVBs and the autophagic pathway. Interestingly, we presented evidence that autophagy induction caused calcium accumulation in autophagic compartments. Furthermore, the convergence between the endosomal and the autophagic pathways was attenuated by the Ca2+ chelator acetoxymethyl ester (AM) of the calcium chelator 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), indicating that fusion of MVBs with the autophagosome compartment is a calcium‐dependent event. In addition, autophagy induction or overexpression of LC3 inhibited exosome release, suggesting that under conditions that stimulates autophagy, MVBs are directed to the autophagic pathway with consequent inhibition in exosome release.
Ligand Binding Induces Cbl‐Dependent EphB1 Receptor Degradation Through the Lysosomal Pathway
Authors: Fasen Katrin , Cerretti Douglas Pat , Huynh‐Do Uyen
Published: September 2010

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases play a critical role in embryonic patterning and angiogenesis. In the adult, they are involved in carcinogenesis and pathological neovascularization. However, the mechanisms underlying their role in tumor formation and metastasis remain to be defined. Here, we demonstrated that stimulation of EphB1 with ephrinB1/Fc led to a marked downregulation of EphB1 protein, a process blocked by the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin. Following ephrinB1 stimulation, the ubiquitin ligase Cbl was recruited by EphB1 and then phosphorylated. Both Cbl phosphorylation and EphB1 ubiquitination were blocked by the Src inhibitor PP2. Overexpression of wild‐type Cbl, but not of 70Z mutant lacking ligase activity, enhanced EphB1 ubiquitination and degradation. This negative regulation required the tyrosine kinase activity of EphB1 as kinase‐dead EphB1‐K652R was resistant to Cbl. Glutathione S‐transferase binding experiments showed that Cbl bound to EphB1 through its tyrosine kinase‐binding domain. In aggregate, we demonstrated that Cbl induces the ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of activated EphB1, a process requiring EphB1 and Src kinase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study dissecting the molecular mechanisms leading to EphB1 downregulation, thus paving the way to new means of modulating their angiogenic and tumorigenic properties.
Protein Trafficking to Apical Organelles of Malaria Parasites – Building an Invasion Machine
Authors: Kats Lev M. , Cooke Brian M. , Coppel Ross L. , Black Casilda G.
Published: September 2010

Malaria is caused by four species of apicomplexan protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites possess a specialized collection of secretory organelles called rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules (DGs) that in part facilitate invasion of host cells. The mechanism by which the parasite traffics proteins to these organelles as well as regulates their secretion has important implications for understanding the invasion process and may lead to development of novel intervention strategies. In this review, we focus on emerging data about trafficking signals, mechanisms of biogenesis and secretion. At least some of these are conserved in higher eukaryotes, suggesting that rhoptries, micronemes and DGs are related to organelles such as secretory lysosomes that are well known to mainstream cell biologists.
The Twists and Turns of Maurer’s Cleft Trafficking in P. falciparum‐Infected Erythrocytes
Authors: Tilley Leann , Sougrat Rachid , Lithgow Trevor , Hanssen Eric
Published: September 2010

The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, invades the red blood cells (RBCs) of its human host and initiates a series of morphological rearrangements within the host cell cytoplasm. The mature RBC has no endogenous trafficking machinery; therefore, the parasite generates novel structures to mediate protein transport. These include compartments called the Maurer’s clefts (MC), which play an important role in the trafficking of parasite proteins to the surface of the host cell. Recent electron tomography studies have revealed MC as convoluted flotillas of flattened discs that are tethered to the RBC membrane, prompting speculation that the MC could, in one respect, represent an extracellular equivalent of the Golgi apparatus. Visualization of both resident and cargo proteins has helped decipher the signals and routes for trafficking of parasite proteins to the MC and beyond.
Pregnancy Acceptance, Parenting Stress, and Toddler Attachment in Low‐Income Black Families
Authors: Ispa Jean M. , Sable Marjorie R. , Porter Noriko , Csizmadia Annamaria
Published: September 2010

Questionnaire items tapping feelings about pregnancy were administered to 173 young, low‐income primiparous Black mothers who either were pregnant or had delivered within the past year. A factor analysis indicated that 11 items together measured mothers’ acceptance of the pregnancies that resulted in the births of their first children. Links to mothers’ later parenting stress, warmth, and their toddlers’ attachment security were explored. Pregnancy acceptance was a negative predictor of one aspect of maternal parenting stress (distress resulting from feelings that parenting is burdensome) and a positive predictor of toddler attachment security. It did not, however, predict another aspect of parenting stress (feelings that interactions with children are not enjoyable) or maternal warmth.
Depression and Anger Trajectories During the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Krahn Harvey J.
Published: September 2010

The current study examined within‐person (transitions in living situation and parent status) and between‐persons (age, gender, parent education) predictors of trajectories of depressive and angry symptoms in 577 university graduates (ages 20 to 29) tracked for 7 years. Multilevel models determined that depressive and angry symptoms declined on average. Depressive symptoms were associated with leaving home when younger and living with parents when older. Becoming a parent was associated with increased anger, especially in mothers. These results were obtained after controlling for the effects of marriage and unemployment. Leaving home and parenthood may be turning points that are associated with shifts in trajectories of well‐being, depending on stable characteristics such as age and gender.
No Fun Anymore: Leisure and Marital Quality Across the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Claxton Amy , Perry‐Jenkins Maureen
Published: September 2010

This study examines changes in leisure patterns across the transition to parenthood for dual‐earner, working‐class couples, as well as the relationship between leisure and marital quality. To this end, 147 heterosexual couples were interviewed across the transition to parenthood. Findings indicate that during the transition to parenthood, husbands and wives experience an initial decline in leisure, followed by a gradual incline after the wife’s return to work. Overall, wives who reported more shared leisure prenatally also reported more marital love and less conflict 1 year later. Husbands with more independent leisure prenatally reported less love and more conflict 1 year later. Conclusions suggest leisure time is integral to well‐functioning marriages, with effects lasting throughout the first year of parenthood.
Parents’ Reports of Sexual Communication With Children in Kindergarten to Grade 8
Authors: Byers E. Sandra , Sears Heather A. , Weaver Angela D.
Published: September 2010

We examined factors associated with parents’ reports of three aspects of parent‐child sexual communication, quality, frequency with which parents encouraged questions, and extent of communication, on each of 10 sexual health topics. Participants were 3,413 mothers and 426 fathers with children in kindergarten to grade 8. Parents’ demographic characteristics, own sexual health education, knowledge and comfort talking about sexuality with their children, and ratings of the importance of comprehensive school‐based sex education plus child gender and grade level were uniquely related to their self‐reported sexual communication with their children, although different predictors were associated with various topics. These results highlight the need to include characteristics of parents, their children, and the communication itself in research on parent‐child sexual communication.
Consequences of Parental Divorce for Adult Children’s Support of Their Frail Parents
Authors: Lin I‐Fen
Published: September 2010

Using three waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, I examined the association of parental divorce and remarriage with the odds that biological, adult children give personal care and financial assistance to their frail parents. The analysis included 5,099 adult children in the mother sample and 4,029 children in the father sample. Results indicate that adult children of divorced parents are just as likely as adult children of widowed parents to give care and money to their mothers, but the former are less likely than the latter to care for their fathers. The findings suggest that divorced fathers are prone to be the population most in need of formal support in old age.
Bridal Pregnancy and Spouse Pairing Patterns in Japan
Authors: Raymo James M. , Iwasawa Miho
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we examine two aspects of recent increases in marriage preceded by pregnancy (bridal pregnancy) in Japan. Using information on 28,973 respondents to the Japanese National Fertility Surveys, we first demonstrate that increases in bridal pregnancy between 1970 and 2002 were concentrated among women without postsecondary education. We then estimate multinomial logistic regression models to evaluate change over time in the association between bridal pregnancy and patterns of educational pairing. Results indicate that bridal pregnancy is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of nonnormative educational pairing and that this relationship has become more pronounced over time. We conclude by evaluating these results in comparative context and speculating about the implications for subsequent family change in Japan.
Marriage and Socioeconomic Change in Contemporary Indonesia
Authors: Nobles Jenna , Buttenheim Alison
Published: September 2010

This study investigates the relationship between economic trends and entry into marriage in a rapidly developing setting. We examine Indonesian marriage in the 1990s, a decade of substantial economic growth followed by a sudden financial collapse in 1998. We use discrete‐time hazard models to analyze information on 4,078 women and 4,496 men from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Although previous research has shown that marriages may be postponed after economic downturn, we find no evidence of such delays at the national level following the 1998 financial crisis. In contrast, we use regional wage rate data to show that entry into marriage is inversely related to economic growth throughout the decade for all women and for men from lower socioeconomic strata.
Longitudinal Patterns of Nonresident Fathers’ Involvement: The Role of Resources and Relations
Authors: Ryan Rebecca M. , Kalil Ariel , Ziol‐Guest Kathleen M.
Published: September 2010

Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examined patterns of nonresident father involvement 1 and 3 years after a nonmarital birth (N = 893). Cluster analyses were used to determine patterns of involvement across different father behaviors. About half of fathers displayed low involvement when children were 1 and 3 years old, one fourth of fathers maintained high involvement, and equal remaining proportions increased or decreased involvement over time. Multinomial logistic analyses indicated that better relationships between parents were associated with consistently high versus low involvement. Better relationships with each others’ extended family also predicted remaining highly involved and increasing involvement over time. Parents’ romantic relationship status was closely associated with patterns of involvement.
Gendered Expectations? Reconsidering Single Fathers’ Child‐Care Time
Authors: Hook Jennifer L. , Chalasani Satvika
Published: September 2010

We take a fresh look at an important question in the sociology of gender and family: Do single fathers “mother”? We add to the theoretical debate by proposing that single fathers face competing interactional pressures, to simultaneously act like mothers and men. Using nationally representative data from the American Time Use Survey 2003 – 2006 (N = 16,654), we compare the time single fathers spend on child care to other parent types, paying special attention to differences in employment profiles, household composition, and care arrangements. Accounting for these differences, single fathers spend slightly less time caring for children than do mothers, but more time than married fathers. Interesting differences emerge, however, depending upon the age of the youngest child in the household.
Controversies in Sexual Medicine: Clinical and Basic Science Research in Sexual Medicine Must Rely, in Part, on Pharmaceutical Funding?
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Eardley Ian , Sand Michael , Hackett Geoffrey
Published: September 2010

Introduction

The conflict of interest in sexual medicine (SM) is a never-ending debate between scientists who consider possible and fruitful the partnership between science and the pharmaceutical industry (pharma) and others who are afraid that such a relationship might contaminate the veracity of scientific research. The aim of this Controversy is to appreciate opinions from both perspectives.

Methods

Four scientists (three from academic or private practice and one employee of the industry) with expertise in the area of SM were asked to contribute with their opinions.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion supported by the critical review of the currently available literature.

Result

Expert #1, who is Controversy’s section editor, and Expert #3 consider industry involvement in the field of SM problematic but potentially synergistic with the aim of science. On the other side, the Experts #2 and 4 argue that it is almost impossible to serve two masters. They believe that the pharma involved both in basic and applied research may jeopardize the independent evolution of the young SM.

Conclusions

After reading this Controversy, The Journal of Sexual Medicine’s readers should be able to judge by themselves the claims of the discussants and if the partnership between industry and SM is a risk or a potential benefit.
USING STATE LEGAL NEEDS STUDIES TO INCREASE ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR LOW‐INCOME FAMILIES
Authors: Fennell Monica A.
Published: September 2010

State legal needs studies quantify and classify the legal problems faced by low‐income families, which is crucial to obtaining and allocating resources. Providers and courts perceive a greater need for family law help than do low‐income households, an important disparity to examine. State legal needs of the poor studies are most valuable when they provide insights into how families' legal needs are or are not being met, allowing for more informed and effective recommendations and action. These measurements of the justice gap go beyond mere recitations of statistics and are useful in increasing access to justice for families.
DIVORCE MEDIATION WITH AND WITHOUT LEGAL REPRESENTATION: A FOCUS ON INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND ABUSE
Authors: Beck Connie J. A. , Walsh Michele E. , Ballard Robin H. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy , Applegate Amy G. , Putz John W.
Published: September 2010

A large number of litigants in family court are proceeding without legal representation and placing a significant burden on court personnel and judges. It is unclear whether this trend toward self‐representation is also true for litigants in family mediation and whether these clients also place a significant burden on mediation programs. Given concerns about mediating with violent couples, another important question is whether the type of representation differs between nonviolent couples and couples experiencing intimate partner violence and/or abuse. This article is an exploratory study of litigants in mediation in Arizona and Indiana, two very different jurisdictions. We provide descriptive statistics concerning the types of representation of clients entering mediation in these jurisdictions and the number of sessions attended by attorney‐represented versus pro se clients. We also provide descriptive statistics concerning the levels and types of violence and/or abuse reported by pro se versus represented litigants. We then explore the relationship between representation, violence and abuse, and reaching agreement in mediation. Implications of the findings for mediation are considered.
TEAM‐BASED EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT PROGRAMS: EFFECTS OF DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION
Authors: MAGJUKA RICHARD J. , BALDWIN TIMOTHY T.
Published: September 2010

In recent years, many organizations have attempted to pursue continuous improvement through team‐based employee involvement programs (EIPs). As a result, increased practical emphasis has been placed on how to design and administer EIPs, though empirical work has been slow to emerge. In the present research, a pilot study of 68 EIP administrators was used to identify those design and administrative variables thought to be associated with EIP effectiveness. Data were then collected from 72 EIP teams in two organizations and associated with participant and supervisory assessments of EIP effectiveness. Results suggest that the significant predictors of team effectiveness were the degree of openness of a team's information access structure, the degree of heterogeneity in the job functions performed by team members, and the team's size. Implications for EIP research and practice are discussed.
EFFECTS OF SELF‐EFFICACY AND POST‐TRAINING INTERVENTION ON THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPLEX INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
Authors: GIST MARILYN E. , STEVENS CYNTHIA KAY , BAVETTA ANNA G.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the effects of self‐efficacy and a two‐stage training process on the acquisition and maintenance (i.e., retention) of complex interpersonal skills. In stage one, all participants received basic training in negotiation skills; behavioral measures of negotiation performance were taken following this training. During stage two, alternative post‐training interventions (goal setting and self‐management) were offered to facilitate skill maintenance. Six weeks later, behavioral measures of performance were repeated. Results indicated that pre‐test self‐efficacy contributed positively to both initial and delayed performance. While training condition contributed to skill maintenance, self‐efficacy also interacted with post‐training method to influence delayed performance. Specifically, self‐management training attenuated the self‐efficacy performance relationship, while goal‐setting training accentuated performance differences between high and low self‐efficacy trainees. Implications of these findings are discussed for researchers and practitioners concerned with interpersonal skills training.
METHODOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES IN SETTING CUTOFF SCORES USING THE ANGOFF METHOD
Authors: MAURER TODD J. , ALEXANDER RALPH A. , CALLAHAN CATHY M. , BAILEY JEFF J. , DAMBROT FAYE H.
Published: September 2010

The present study examined several psychometric issues relevant to the use of a favored technique (the Angoff method) used to set standards in criterion referenced testing. The research was conducted within a setting which allowed (a) confident identification of expert and non‐expert judges, and (b) estimation of “true” scores for items judged so that accuracy of judgments in addition to reliability could be examined. Results suggested that expertise of judges does make a difference in producing more accurate and reliable data, underscoring the importance of using true subject matter experts (SMEs) in the judgment process. A rater analysis technique (rater‐total correlations) was illustrated, which might prove useful in improving the quality of data obtained using the Angoff method, particularly when there is some question regarding the internal consistency of ratings and expertise of some of the raters. Finally, a rater accuracy adjustment/calibration technique was examined and proved to be a potentially useful method to maximize accuracy of a standard derived using the Angoff method in settings where archival normative test data can be obtained. Other methods that could potentially be used to improve Angoff data were discussed.
AN EXPLORATORY EXAMINATION OF PERSON‐ORGANIZATION FIT: ORGANIZATIONAL GOAL CONGRUENCE
Authors: VANCOUVER JEFFREY B. , SCHMITT NEAL W.
Published: September 2010

Relationships between organization members’agreement on organizational goats and their attitudes and intentions regarding the organization were investigated in this study. A constituency approach was used to operationalize the organization into meaningful units as the basis for comparison between organizational members. Specifically, the congruence between hierarchical levels (supervisor‐subordinate) and within a level (member‐constituency) was examined. Both types of congruence were hypothesized to relate positively to job satisfaction and organizational commitment and negatively to intention to quit. The hypotheses were tested using data from 356 principals and 14,721 teachers, each rating the importance of goals for their school. The results confirmed the hypotheses regarding goal congruence among members of a constituency (teachers) and between hierarchical levels (principals and teachers), with member‐constituency congruence having the greater impact on teachers’attitudes and intention to quit.
TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS MEASURES AND SCORING SCHEMES: A COMPARISON
Authors: OSTROFF CHERI
Published: September 2010

This paper examines a new criterion measure, comprised of scripted situations, for training effectiveness and compares two scoring schemes–one based on expert judgments and one based on empirical weights. It was believed that a measure based on job‐related scenarios would be more sensitive to detecting change due to training than would more traditional training criteria, such as behavior and performance rating scales. Results of the study support this notion. For a sample of 67 teachers, significant training effects were found only for the new training effectiveness measure; there were no significant differences found for traditional behavior and performance measures. The comparison of expert versus empirical scoring indicated that empirical scoring produced significant results, while scoring based on expert judgment did not. Implications of these findings are discussed.
TRIANGULATING JOB ATTITUDES WITH INTERPRETIVE AND POSITIVIST MEASUREMENT METHODS
Authors: TABER TOM D.
Published: September 2010

Interpretive research methods were used to gather and interpret employees’unstructured, written expressions of satisfying and dissatisfying job experiences. Clinical judgments were made of the categories of meaning and the overall affect expressed in the written passages. The judgments and interpretations then were correlated with both traditional, positivist, self‐report satisfaction scales and objective measures of work behavior. It was found that the language employees used to describe their job experiences converged significantly with the structured satisfaction measures and work behaviors. The results provide evidence for the construct validity of some traditional methods for assessing job satisfaction. Strengths and weaknesses of interpretive and positivist approaches to job satisfaction measurement are discussed.
LOWERING FLOORS AND RAISING CEILINGS: A LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF AN EARNINGS‐AT‐RISK PLAN ON PAY SATISFACTION
Authors: BROWN KAREN A. , HUBER VANDRA L.
Published: September 2010

The attitudes of 101 bank employees were measured before and after the implementation of an earnings‐at‐risk (EAR) incentive pay plan which reduced base pay and increased employee risk and uncertainty with respect to total pay. Pay outcome satisfaction and pay process satisfaction both declined significantly over time, but the decrease in pay outcome satisfaction was the greater of the two. An examination of pay satisfaction antecedents at both points in time revealed relatively stable across‐time relationships and provided information about some of the reasons for the changes. Perceived reward‐to‐effort ratio, which declined significantly over time, influenced both dimensions of pay satisfaction at both points in time. Perceived understanding of the pay system, which also declined over time, had a somewhat greater influence on pay process satisfaction than on pay outcome satisfaction, particularly at Time 2. In contrast to actual pay levels, changes in incentive and base pay amounts added more explained variance to the pay outcome satisfaction regression model. The study points out the potential for negative employee reactions to EAR incentive plans, and indicates that managers must ensure that employees understand these systems and feel that EAR plans will reward them equitably for their efforts.
THE EFFECTS OF UNREPRESENTED STUDIES ON THE ROBUSTNESS OF VALIDITY GENERALIZATION RESULTS
Authors: ASHWORTH STEVEN D. , OSBURN H. G. , CALLENDER JOHN C. , BOYLE KRISTIN A.
Published: September 2010

Researchers conducting meta‐analyses such as validity generalization can never be certain that their review contains all studies relevant to the research domain. Indeed, several authors in the past have noted ways in which research reviews may be systematically biased. A few techniques have emerged for addressing the issue of “missing studies” including the use of Rosenthal's (1979) file‐drawer equation. Noting that Rosenthal's technique is inappropriate when applied to validity generalization findings, this paper develops a new method for assessing the vulnerability of validity generalization results to unrepresented or missing studies. The results of this new procedure are compared to the results of file‐drawer analyses for 103 findings from validity generalization studies. We illustrate that this procedure more appropriately estimates the robustness of validity generalization results.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPPORTUNITY TO PERFORM TRAINED TASKS ON THE JOB
Authors: FORD J. KEVIN , QUIÑONES MIGUEL A. , SEGO DOUGLAS J. , SORRA JOANN SPEER
Published: September 2010

One factor that can affect the transfer of technical skills to the job is the extent to which the trainee is given the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job. The opportunity to perform trained tasks was conceptualized as consisting of three dimensions: breadth, activity level, and type of tasks performed. Graduates from an Air Force technical training program and their supervisors (N= 180) responded to questionnaires measuring these three dimensions and various organizational, work context, and individual factors 4 months after the airmen had completed the training program. The results indicated that airmen obtained differential opportunities to perform trained tasks and that these differences were related to supervisory attitudes and workgroup support as well as the trainee's self‐efficacy and cognitive ability. Implications for training research and practice are discussed.
EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK AND COGNITIVE PLAYFULNESS ON PERFORMANCE IN MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE TRAINING
Authors: MARTOCCHIO JOSEPH J. , WEBSTER JANE
Published: September 2010

A field experiment of 68 full‐time employees studied the effects of performance feedback and cognitive playfulness (that is, cognitive spontaneity in human‐computer interactions) on microcomputer training performance. In addition, this research examined the impacts of performance feedback and cognitive playfulness on software efficacy perceptions and on a variety of affective outcomes, including satisfaction with feedback, satisfaction with training, and positive mood. The findings suggest that positive feedback generally results in higher test performance and more positive affective outcomes, than does negative feedback. Similarly, employees higher in cognitive playfulness demonstrated higher test performance and more positive affective outcomes than those lower in cognitive playfulness. Finally, a significant feedback × playfulness interaction on test performance was found. Specifically, employees lower in cognitive playfulness benefited more from the positive feedback than did those higher in cognitive playfulness. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
TIME‐SPENT RESPONSES AS TIME ALLOCATION STRATEGIES: RELATIONS WITH SALES PERFORMANCE IN A STOCKBROKER SAMPLE
Authors: BORMAN WALTER C. , DORSEY DAVID , ACKERMAN LAURA
Published: September 2010

Most research on job analysis treats within‐job interrater disagreement on structured job analysis surveys as measurement error. The present research conceptualized time‐spent responses as expressions of time allocation strategies for the relatively autonomous stockbroker job, and differences between responses as reflecting different strategies. Stockbrokers (n= 580) in a large financial services firm provided time‐spent data on a job analysis survey, and results showed that for relatively inexperienced stockbrokers (with 1‐4 years’job experience), and for more experienced stockbrokers with more than 4 years’experience, adjusted RS between sales performance and time spent on activity factors were both .49. Also, there was evidence suggesting that the relatively inexperienced and experienced stockbrokers spend significantly different amounts of time on some activities and that different patterns of relationships between time spent and sales performance exist for the two groups. Discussion focuses on difficulties with interpreting certain time‐spent/performance relationships, and research approaches that might better separate differential time allocation strategies from measurement error.
ORGANIZATIONAL RECRUITING AS MARKETING MANAGEMENT: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF ENGINEERING GRADUATES
Authors: MAURER STEVEN D. , HOWE VINCE , LEE THOMAS W.
Published: September 2010

With the intent of encouraging interdisciplinary research, this study applies principles, theories, and practices of marketing management to examine engineering recruitment as a process of “job marketing.” Six hypotheses concerning campus recruiters and strategic recruiting issues were proposed and investigated through a national survey of 242 graduating engineers representing five engineering fields. Survey responses revealed that both overall satisfaction with recruiting processes and likelihood of job acceptance were significantly related to recruiter interpersonal skills and interview information provided about compensation/benefits, job/career, and security/success issues. Further, student satisfaction with recruiting processes was significantly related to recruiter/job applicant similarity in gender and educational characteristics. Contrary to conventional inferences of recruiting research, students did not respond more favorably to line management or engineering recruiters than to personnel representatives. Implications of these findings are identified and discussed in terms of both the marketing and management literatures.
PERSONALITY, INTEGRITY, AND WHITE COLLAR CRIME: A CONSTRUCT VALIDITY STUDY
Authors: COLLINS JUDITH M. , SCHMIDT FRANK L.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the construct validity of personality scales, a personality‐based integrity test, and homogenous biodata scales as reflected in their ability to discriminate white collar criminals from other white collar employees. The sample included 365 prison inmates incarcerated in 23 federal correctional institutions for white collar offenses, and 344 individuals employed in upper‐level positions of authority. A cross‐validated linear discriminant function (DF) based on 16 variables selected in the developmental sample produced a large difference (1.83 standard deviation units) between the two sample groups. The pattern of score differences revealed the offenders as having greater tendencies toward irresponsibility, lack of dependability, and disregard of rules and social norms. This study indicates that there are large and measurable psychological differences between white collar offenders and nonoffenders, and that the major construct underlying these differences is “social conscientiousness.” The best measure of this difference was a personality‐based integrity test.
SOFCo Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Xue Liang A. , Barringer Eric A. , Cable Thomas L. , Goettler Richard W. , Kneidel Kurt E.
Published: September 2010

SOFCo‐EFS Holdings LLC has developed a multi‐layer, planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack that has the potential to provide superior performance and reliability at reduced costs. Our approach combines state‐of‐the‐art SOFC materials with the manufacturing technology and infrastructure established for multi‐layer ceramic (MLC) packages for the microelectronics industry. With the proper selection of SOFC materials, implementation of MLC fabrication methods offers unique designs for stacks. Over the past two years, substantial progress has been made in the design and manufacturing development of our second‐generation stack. Effective stack and manifold seals have been developed. Cell performance has been improved and relatively low non‐cell contributions to stack resistance have been achieved. Stack development has been facilitated through the implementation of two key test methods: (1) a 10‐cm single‐cell test to bridge the gap in performance data obtained from button cell tests (used for cell R&D) and stack tests; and (2) a novel instrumented short stack (<5 cells) that allows for effective isolation of individual contributions to stack resistance. As a result of progress made to date, a clear pathway for improving stack performance has been established, thereby building confidence that commercial stack performance targets will be reached.
Photocatalytic Fiber with Gradient Surface Structure Produced from a Polycarbosilane and Its Applications
Authors: Ishikawa Toshihiro
Published: September 2010

We developed a new in‐situ process for preparing functional ceramic fibers with a gradient surface layer by means of precursor methods using a polycarbosilane. After incorporation of selected low‐molecular‐mass additives into the precursor polymer from which the ceramic forms, thermal treatment of the resulting bodies leads to controlled phase separation (“bleed out”) of the additives. Subsequent calcination stabilizes the compositionally changed surface region, generating a functional surface layer. Using this technology, we developed a strong photocatalytic fiber (TiO2‐covered SiO2 fiber), which effectively decomposed many types of organic chemicals and bacteria into CO2and water by irradiation with UV light. Furthermore, we performed some field tests using a circulation purifier with a module composed of the cone‐shaped felt material of our new fiber.
Biomorphic SiC: A New Engineering Ceramic Material
Authors: de Arellano‐López A.R. , Martínez‐Fernández J. , González P. , Domínguez C. , Fernández‐Quero V. , Singh M.
Published: September 2010

Biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics are a new class of materials produced with natural, renewable resources (wood or wood‐based products). A wide variety of Si/SiC composites can be fabricated by melt Si‐infiltration of wood and cellulose‐derived carbonaceous templates. This technology provides a low‐cost and eco‐friendly route to advanced ceramic materials, with near‐net shape potential. BioSiC materials have tailorable microstructure and properties, and behave like ceramic materials manufactured by conventional approaches. Several applications, with different technological levels and developed in collaboration with industry, are presented in this paper.
Development of Advanced Low Conductivity Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Zhu Dongming , Miller Robert A.
Published: September 2010

Advanced multi‐component, low‐conductivity oxide thermal barrier coatings have been developed using an approach that emphasizes real‐time monitoring of thermal conductivity under conditions that are engine‐like in terms of temperatures and heat fluxes. This is in contrast to the traditional approach where coatings are initially optimized in terms of furnace and burner rig durability with subsequent measurement in the as‐processed or furnace‐sintered condition. The present work establishes a laser high‐heat‐flux test as the basis for evaluating advanced plasma‐sprayed and electron beam‐physical vapor deposited (EBPVD) thermal barrier coatings under the NASA Ultra‐Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program. The candidate coating materials for this program are novel thermal barrier coatings that are found to have significantly reduced thermal conductivities and improved thermal stability due to an oxide defect‐cluster design. Critical issues for designing advanced low‐conductivity coatings with improved coating durability are also discussed.
Machining and Ceramic/Ceramic Joining to Form Internal Mesoscale Channels
Authors: Case Eldon D. , Ren Fei , Kwon Patrick , Kok Chee Kuang , Rachedi Robert , Klenow Bradley
Published: September 2010

Ceramics and semiconducting materials with internal channels are crucial in a variety of diverse technologies such as “lab on a chip,” fuel cell applications, and cooling of microelectronics. In this paper, techniques for fabricating internal channels in brittle materials first are reviewed. Then, the mechanical machining of surface channels in 99.99% pure alumina partially sintered at 600°C and 700°C is discussed. After machining, the partially sintered alumina is sintered to a density of about 97% of theoretical and then joined to 96% pure alumina to convert the surface channels into internal channels.
Electrohydrodynamic Atomization of a Concentrated Nano‐Suspension
Authors: Edirisinghe M.J. , Jayasinghe S.N.
Published: September 2010

A suspension containing 20‐nm‐size inorganic particles was subjected to electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) in the stable cone‐jet mode. The droplet sizes generated were measured using laser diffraction. These results are compared to the stable cone‐jet mode of atomization of a suspension containing 500‐nm particles in the same liquid medium. Significant differences in the droplet size distributions were observed. The nano‐suspension showed a tri‐modal distribution while the micro‐suspension was near‐monodisperse.