bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Admission Heart Rate Predicts Mortality Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Observational Study
Authors: Noman Awsan , Balasubramaniam Karthik , Das Rajiv , Ang Donald , Kunadian Vijay , Ivanauskiene Taida , Zaman Azfar G.
Published: March 2013

Background

The prognostic value of admission heart rate (HR) on long‐term mortality in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains uncertain in the modern era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). This study aimed to assess the predictive value of admission HR on long‐term mortality following PPCI and the influence of beta‐blockers on postdischarge survival.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 2310 PPCI‐treated STEMI patients at a regional tertiary center between March 2008 and June 2010.

Results

Patients were classified according to admission HR into either low (≤70 beat per minute [bpm], n = 1015) or high HR group (>70 bpm, n = 1295). At a median follow‐up of 559 days, all‐cause mortality was 7.0% in the low HR group compared to 12.7% in the high‐HR group. In the Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for several confounders, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all‐cause mortality in the high HR group was 1.59 (1.15–2.20; P = 0.005). Every 10‐bpm increase in admission HR was associated with 17% increase in all‐cause mortality. Beta‐blockers on discharge was associated with a reduction in postdischarge mortality only in the high HR group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [0.31–0.77; P = 0.002]), but not in the low HR group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74 [0.37–1.49; P = 0.33]).

Conclusions

Elevated admission heart rate in PPCI‐treated STEMI patients is associated with long‐term all‐cause mortality. Beta blocker therapy improved postdischarge survival in patients with elevated admission heart rate.
Linking the pattern to the mechanism: How an introduced mammal facilitates plant invasions
Authors: Barrios‐Garcia M. Noelia , Simberloff Daniel
Published: March 2013

Non‐native mammals that are disturbance agents can promote non‐native plant invasions, but to date there is scant evidence on the mechanisms behind this pattern. We used wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a model species to evaluate the role of non‐native mammals in promoting plant invasion by identifying the degree to which soil disturbance and endozoochorous seed dispersal drive plant invasions. To test if soil disturbance promotes plant invasion, we conducted an exclosure experiment in which we recorded emergence, establishment and biomass of seedlings of seven non‐native plant species planted in no‐rooting, boar‐rooting and artificial rooting patches in Patagonia, Argentina. To examine the role of boar in dispersing seeds we germinated viable seeds from 181 boar droppings and compared this collection to the soil seed bank by collecting a soil sample adjacent to each dropping. We found that both establishment and biomass of non‐native seedlings in boar‐rooting patches were double those in no‐rooting patches. Values in artificial rooting patches were intermediate between those in boar‐rooting and no‐rooting treatments. By contrast, we found that the proportion of non‐native seedlings in the soil samples was double that in the droppings, and over 80% of the germinated seeds were native species in both samples. Lastly, an effect size test showed that soil disturbance by wild boar rather than endozoochorous dispersal facilitates plant invasions. These results have implications for both the native and introduced ranges of wild boar, where rooting disturbance may facilitate community composition shifts.
Cinnabar is Different from Mercuric Chloride in Mercury Absorption and Influence on the Brain Serotonin Level
Authors: Wang Qi , Yang Xiaoda , Zhang Baoxu , Yang Xiuwei , Wang Kui
Published: March 2013

The toxicity of cinnabar, a naturally occurring mercury sulphide (HgS), has long been referred to soluble mercury chloride (HgCl2). To investigate whether the speciation of mercury plays a role in its disposition and toxicity, we hereby investigated and compared cinnabar with soluble HgCl2 and pure insoluble HgS in mice on mercury absorption, tissue distribution and in relation to the biological effects. The male C57BL/6J mice were treated by oral administration of various doses of cinnabar, with 0.01 g/kg of HgCl2 for comparison, or the same dose of cinnabar or pure HgS (0.1 g/kg), once a day for 10 consecutive days. The total mercury contents in serum and tissue (brain, kidney, liver) were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). The biological effects investigated involved monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, 5‐HT) in brain as an indicator of therapeutic function, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) as a marker of hepatic damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine as markers for renal function. The mercury absorption of cinnabar or HgS was much less than that of HgCl2. The mercury levels in brains of the cinnabar group were only slightly changed and kept in a steady‐state with the dose elevated. Cinnabar or HgS suppressed brain 5‐HT levels. HgCl2 could not cause any changes in brain 5‐HT although the mercury level increased considerably. The results revealed that cinnabar or HgS is markedly different from HgCl2 in mercury absorption, tissue distribution and influence on brain 5‐HT levels, which suggests that the pharmacological and/or toxicological effects of cinnabar undertake other pathways from mercuric ions.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congener (BDE‐100) Induces Mitochondrial Impairment
Authors: Pereira Lílian Cristina , de Souza Alecsandra Oliveira , Dorta Daniel Junqueira
Published: March 2013

Brominated flame retardants are used in various consumer products to increase their resistance to fire and/or high temperatures. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are representatives of this class and among the most widely used congeners, and BDE‐100 is produced on a large scale. There is a lack of toxicological data about these compounds, which has recently become a matter of concern to the scientific community. The mitochondria are recognized as the main energy‐producing organelles, as well as playing a vital role in the maintenance of many cell functions. Therefore, mitochondria were used in the present work as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the BDE‐100 congeners at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 50 μM. The results showed that high concentrations of BDE‐100 were able to induce mitochondrial alterations. It was observed that the substance had an affinity for the hydrophilic portion of the mitochondrial membrane, as monitored by ANS, inhibiting the glutamate + malate‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration and also inducing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, deregulation of calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial swelling, the latter being insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA) but partially inhibited by Ruthenium Red and N‐ethyl maleimide. In addition, a significant reduction in mitochondrial ATP content was found, but on the other hand, no oxidative stress was observed after exposure of the mitochondria to BDE‐100. These results show the key role of mitochondria in the cytotoxicity induced by BDE‐100.
Non‐Fatal Suicidal Self‐Poisonings in Children and Adolescents over a 5‐Year Period (2007–2011)
Authors: Zakharov Sergey , Navratil Tomas , Pelclova Daniela
Published: March 2013

The objective of this study was to analyse non‐fatal suicidal self‐poisonings in children and adolescents and to identify commonalities that might direct preventive health efforts. From the database of the Czech Toxicological Information Center, the inquiries due to non‐fatal suicidal self‐poisonings in children (9–13 years old) and adolescents (14–18 years old) in 2007–2011 were evaluated. From 10,492 calls about suicide attempts, 2393 concerned children and adolescents (13.5% and 86.5%, respectively). Most suicide attempts were committed during the spring (31.3%). Among toxic agents, drugs were used in 97.8% of the cases. 63% of cases involved monopoisonings and combinations of more than three drugs (10.3%) were rare. The most frequent ingestions appeared using drugs affecting the nervous system and anti‐inflammatory non‐steroids. The dose was evaluated as toxic in 73.4% of the cases and as severely toxic in 3.0% of the cases. The symptoms of moderate and severe intoxications were present in 10.5% of the cases. First aid was provided in 5.6%, and gastric lavage was performed in 21.9% of the cases. Antidotes were indicated in 13.3% and secondary elimination methods in 4.4% of the cases. Mostly, one or two easily accessible drugs were used in suicide attempts, with paracetamol and ibuprofen were the most common ones. Only one in 10 children applied a non‐toxic dose. One‐fifth of the patients received medical care within 60 min. and one‐third later than 4 hr after exposure. The time criterion for gastric lavages was fulfilled in less than half of the cases, and in every fourth case, the procedure was performed when it was unlikely to be beneficial.
Differential Myotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Pre‐synaptic Neurotoxins from Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and Irian Jayan Death Adder (Acanthophis rugosus) Venoms
Authors: Chaisakul Janeyuth , Parkington Helena C. , Isbister Geoffrey K. , Konstantakopoulos Nicki , Hodgson Wayne C.
Published: March 2013

Pre‐synaptic PLA2 neurotoxins are important components of many Australasian elapid snake venoms. These toxins disrupt neurotransmitter release. Taipoxin, a pre‐synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), causes necrosis and muscle degeneration. The present study examined the myotoxic and cytotoxic activities of venoms from the Papuan taipan (O. scutellatus) and Irian Jayan death adder (Acanthophis rugosus), and also tested their pre‐synaptic neurotoxins: cannitoxin and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a. Based on size‐exclusion chromatography analysis, cannitoxin represents 16% of O. scutellatus venom, while P‐EPTX‐Ar1a represents 6% of A. rugosus venom. In the chick biventer cervicis nerve‐muscle preparation, A. rugosus venom displayed significantly higher myotoxic activity than O. scutellatus venom as indicated by inhibition of direct twitches, and an increase in baseline tension. Both cannitoxin and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a displayed marked myotoxic activity. A. rugosus venom (50–300 μg/ml) produced concentration‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6), while 300 μg/ml of O. scutellatus venom was required to inhibit cell proliferation, following 24‐hr incubation. P‐EPTX‐Ar1a had greater cytotoxicity than cannitoxin, inhibiting cell proliferation after 24‐hr incubation in L6 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased after 1‐hr incubation with A. rugosus venom (100–250 μg/ml), O. scutellatus venom (200–250 μg/ml) and P‐EPTX‐Ar1a (1–2 μM), but not cannitoxin (1–2 μM), suggesting venoms/toxin generated cell necrosis. Thus, A. rugosus and O. scutellatus venoms possess different myotoxic and cytotoxic activities. The proportion of pre‐synaptic neurotoxin in the venoms and PLA2 activity of the whole venoms are unlikely to be responsible for these activities.
Antinociceptive and Anti‐inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract, Fractions and 8‐Methoxylapachenol from Sinningia allagophylla Tubers
Authors: Barbosa Felipe L. , Mori Lídia S. , Riva Dilamara , Stefanello Maria Élida A. , Zampronio Aleksander R.
Published: March 2013

This study investigated the antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract (EESAl), fractions and the compound 8‐methoxylapachenol (8ML) obtained from the tubers of Sinningia allagophylla. Male Swiss mice were treated with EESAl (3–300 mg/kg) or vehicle by oral route (p.o.) 1 hr before the injection of formalin 2.5% or carrageenan (Cg) into the hind paw. EESAl (3–30 mg/kg) reduced the inflammatory phase of the nociceptive behaviour induced by formalin (around 65% for all doses). EESAl (3–300 mg/kg, p.o.) also reduced Cg‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia and oedema in a dose‐dependent fashion but did not change the hot‐plate latency or the motor performance of the animals. Oral administration of petroleum ether fraction (PE, 3 mg/kg), but not in the methanolic fraction (30 mg/kg), reduced both Cg‐induced oedema and hyperalgesia. Compound 8ML isolated from PE (1.8 mg/kg, p.o.) abolished Cg‐induced hyperalgesia but also did not change hot‐plate latency or motor performance of the animals. 8ML administration into the paw (0.75–750 pg) dose‐dependently reduced Cg‐induced hyperalgesia. 8ML (750 pg) also blocked the hyperalgesia induced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but failed to change the hyperalgesia induced by cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant‐1 (CINC‐1) and dopamine (Dopa). These results suggest that EESAl has an important antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory activity, the former one related, at least in part, to the reduction in the hyperalgesia. Similarly, 8ML reduced Cg‐induced oedema and mechanical hyperalgesia and seems to act in peripheral sites and on the prostaglandin rather than on the sympathetic component of the Cg‐inflammatory hyperalgesia.
Reduction in Sympathetic Nerve Activity as a Possible Mechanism for the Hypothermic Effect of Oseltamivir, an Anti‐influenza Virus Drug, in Normal Mice
Authors: Ono Hideki , Iwajima Yui , Nagano Yuko , Chazono Kaori , Maeda Yasuhiro , Ohsawa Masahiro , Yamamoto Shohei
Published: March 2013

Oseltamivir, an anti‐influenza virus drug, has strong antipyretic effects in mice (Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31, 2008, 638) and patients with influenza. In addition, hypothermia has been reported as an adverse event. The prodrug oseltamivir is converted to oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), an active metabolite of influenza virus neuraminidase. In this study, core body temperature was measured in mice, and oseltamivir and OC were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p). Low i.c.v. doses of oseltamivir and OC dose‐dependently produced hypothermia. Zanamivir (i.c.v.), another neuraminidase inhibitor, did not produce hypothermia. These results suggested that the hypothermic effects of oseltamivir (i.p. and i.c.v.) and OC (i.c.v.) are not due to neuraminidase inhibition. OC (i.p.) did not lower body temperature. Although mecamylamine (i.c.v.) blocked the hypothermic effect of nicotine‐administered i.c.v., the hypothermic effects of oseltamivir and OC (i.c.v.) were not blocked by mecamylamine (i.c.v.). The effect of oseltamivir (i.p.) was markedly increased by s.c.‐pre‐administered mecamylamine and also hexamethonium, a peripherally acting ganglionic blocker, suggesting their potentiating interaction at peripheral sites. The hypothermic effect of nicotine (i.c.v.) was decreased by lower doses of oseltamivir (i.c.v.), suggesting the anti‐nicotinic action of oseltamivir. These results suggest that oseltamivir (i.p.) causes hypothermia through depression of sympathetic temperature regulatory mechanisms via inhibition of nicotinic receptor function and through unknown central mechanisms.
Cytodiagnosis of erosive melanoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin using cutaneous tissue smear
Authors: Özden M. G. , Maier T. , Bek Y. , Ruzicka T. , Berking C.
Published: March 2013

Background

Cytomorphological assessment of erosive skin tumours offers a rapid and minimally invasive way to obtain a diagnosis. However, the studies so far conducted on this method have been relatively small.

Aim

To conduct a large retrospective study on cytomorphological assessment of erosive skin tumours.

Methods

In this study, 86 cytological smears prepared from erosive cutaneous tumours clinically suspicious for melanoma were examined to test the diagnostic accuracy and practicability of cytomorphological evaluation of such tumours, and to compare the assessments of two investigators with different experience levels. In a subgroup of tumours, cytological assessment was compared with dermoscopic evaluation.

Results

There was agreement in the cytological and histopathological results for 68 of 86 cases (79%) assessed by the experienced investigator and in 64 of 86 cases (74%) assessed by the inexperienced investigator. The diagnosis was confirmed cytologically in 39 and 34 of 42 melanomas, and in 28 and 27 of 35 basal cell carcinomas, respectively. The sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis was not significantly different between the two investigators. The dermoscopic evaluation showed good agreement with the cytological results for melanoma (82.4%), although use of dermoscopy was only possible for 49.9% of the lesions because of difficulties with the samples.

Conclusions

Cytological assessment of erosive melanoma and BCC lesions is a useful tool for gaining additional information on clinically uncertain skin tumours, and shows good agreement between different investigators.
Clinical scoring and instrumental analysis to evaluate skin types
Authors: Mercurio D. G. , Segura J. H. , Demets M. B. A. , Maia Campos P. M. B. G.
Published: March 2013

Background

The biology of the skin is very complex, and there are a number of methods used to classify the different skin types. It is possible to measure or quantify the characteristics of the specific skin types, using a variety of techniques that can objectively evaluate the properties of the skin in a noninvasive manner.

Aim

To clinically characterize different skin types by dermatological evaluation and biophysical and skin imaging techniques, and to evaluate the relationship between the different characteristics.

Methods

The study recruited 26 volunteers. Clinical scoring was performed by a dermatologist who classified the volunteers' skin as normal or dry (group 1) and combination or oily (group 2). Objective measurements included skin microrelief, pH, oiliness, water content of the stratum corneum and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

Results

Positive correlations were found between the level of skin oiliness and skin texture obtained from both instrumental analysis and clinical scoring. The combination and oily skin types had higher clinical scores for shine intensity, oiliness and tendency to pigmentation, and also had higher objective scores for sebum secretion, TEWL and roughness.

Conclusions

Biophysical and skin imaging techniques are effective tools to help characterize skin type and assist in clinical dermatology. We found that different skin types had different characteristics related to skin microrelief, oiliness and TEWL, and therefore require specific dermatological treatments.
From ‘Rights to Action’: practitioners' perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence
Authors: Clarke Alan , Wydall Sarah
Published: March 2013

Not only has research over the past decade documented the emotional and behavioural consequences for children who witness domestic violence, but a number of studies have used children as participants thus, giving them an opportunity to describe their experiences in their own words. In policy terms, there has been a growing emphasis on children's rights and the importance and understanding of children's perspectives on their own lives. Consequently, children can no longer be perceived as forgotten victims where domestic violence is concerned. This paper explores practitioners' awareness of the needs of children and young people living with, and fleeing from, domestic violence. The research, conducted in a rural area in Wales, reveals that although the views of practitioners reflect the concerns reported by young people in other studies, there can be barriers to meeting these needs. While policy prescribes engaging with children, at the institutional level, operational priorities and increasing administrative demands can actually reduce opportunities for working directly with children. These demands may hamper the development of multi‐agency practice.
Factors influencing treatment decision‐making for maintaining or extracting compromised teeth
Authors: Lang‐Hua Bich Hue , McGrath Colman P. J. , Lo Edward C. M. , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: March 2013

Aims

To evaluate treatment decision‐making with respect to maintaining periodontally compromised teeth among dentists with or without postgraduate qualifications in implant dentistry.

Material and methods

A series of patient scenarios with varying degrees of periodontal disease levels was presented to dental practitioners. Practitioners' decision‐making outcome was determined, and intention to retain the compromised teeth was analyzed in bivariate and regression analyses (accounting for postgraduate implant training, gender, years in dental practice, and implant placement experience).

Results

This study involved 30 dental practitioners with postgraduate implant qualifications (GDPP), 33 dental practitioners without postgraduate implant qualifications (GDP), and 27 practitioners undergoing training for postgraduate implant qualifications (GDPT). Variations in treatment decision‐making were evident between the three groups. Differences in treatment approaches to retaining compromised teeth were apparent. Furthermore, variations in rehabilitation of extracted scenarios existed in terms of use of implant and number of implants need for rehabilitation. Accounting for dentist and practice factors in regression analyses,GDPP/GDPTwere three times as likely to retain periodontally compromised upper molar, with or without pain, compared toGDP(without painOR3.10, 95%CI1.04, 10.62P = 0.04; with painOR3.08, 95%CI1.09, 8.14P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Variations in treatment decision‐making with respect to retaining periodontally compromised teeth exist between dental practitioners with and those without postgraduate training in implant dentistry. Furthermore differences in management approaches in how they would retain the teeth or rehabilitate the dental arch were apparent.
Synthetic or biological mesh use in laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy – a systematic review
Authors: Smart N. J. , Pathak S. , Boorman P. , Daniels I. R.
Published: March 2013

Aim

Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR) is a surgical option for internal and external rectal prolapse with low perioperative morbidity and low recurrence rates. Use of synthetic mesh in the pelvis may be associated with complications such as fistulation, erosion and dyspareunia. Biological meshes may avoid these complications, but the long‐term outcome is uncertain. Debate continues as to which type of mesh is optimal for laparoscopic VMR.

Method

A literature search was performed of electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus (2000–12). Studies describing outcomes relating to the mesh were included for review. Only English language studies were included.

Results

Thirteen observational studies reported the outcome of 866 patients following laparoscopic VMR. Eleven reported the outcome using synthetic mesh with a median follow‐up ranging from 7 to 74 months. Two studies reported the outcome with biological mesh with a median follow‐up of 12 months. Pooled analysis of the studies demonstrated that 767 patients had a repair with synthetic mesh and 99 with a biological implant. There was no difference in recurrence (3.7 vs 4.0%, P = 0.78) or mesh complications (0.7 vs 0%, P = 1.0%) between synthetic and biological mesh repair.

Conclusion

Biological meshes appear to be as effective as synthetic meshes in the short term for laparoscopic VMR. Mesh complication rates are low in both groups. Long‐term follow‐up is required to ascertain if these findings persist.
A BI‐LEVEL DECISION MODEL FOR CUSTOMER CHURN ANALYSIS
Authors: Gao Ya , Zhang Guangquan , Lu Jie , Ma Jun
Published: March 2013

This paper develops a bi‐level decision model and a solution approach to optimizing service features for a company to reduce its customer churn rate. First, a bi‐level decision model, together with its modeling approach, are developed to describe the gaming relationship between decision makers in a company (service provider) and its customers. Then, a practical solution approach to reaching solutions for the bi‐level‐modeled customer churn problem is developed. Finally, experiments and case studies are conducted to illustrate the bi‐level decision model and the solution approach.
Endometrial metaplasia: correlation of histological and cytological specimens obtained from 103 cases undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Toomine Y. , Watanabe S. , Ohishi Y. , Tamiya S. , Sugishima S. , Kobayashi H. , Oda Y. , Kaku T.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the frequency of endometrial metaplasia in histological and cytological specimens from the same cases, and to determine the relationship between various types of metaplasia and clinicopathological findings.

Methods

We reviewed 103 histological specimens diagnosed as endometrioid adenocarcinoma, in which endometrial smears had been obtained before surgery. We examined the correlation between the frequency of endometrial metaplasia occurring in association with carcinoma in both histological and cytological specimens. The categories of metaplasia were eosinophilic metaplasia, squamous metaplasia, mucinous metaplasia, ciliated cell metaplasia and others. We compared the incidence of endometrial metaplasia with the clinicopathological findings for each case.

Results

Endometrial metaplasia was recognized in 90 (87.4%) of the histological and 80 (77.7%) of the cytological specimens of 103 specimens, with the respective frequency of subtypes as follows: eosinophilic metaplasia (36.0% and 43.7%), squamous metaplasia (70.9% and 68.0%), mucinous metaplasia (38.8% and 19.4%), ciliated cell metaplasia (22.3% and 2.9%) and others (11.7% and 0%). Mixed subtypes were seen in 58.3% and 41.7% of histological and cytological specimens, respectively. In histology, mucinous metaplasia was significantly more frequent in G1‐G2 than G3 carcinomas (P = 0.0089). Ciliated cell metaplasia was significantly related to endometrial hyperplasia (P = 0.0068). In cytology, eosinophilic and mucinous metaplasia were significantly associated with G1‐G2 cases (P = 0.0061 and P = 0.0385).

Conclusions

Endometrial metaplasia was seen in 87.4% of the histological and 77.7% of the cytological specimens. Where routine endometrial cytopathology is practiced, it is important to understand the detailed histological and cytological features of these changes.
Longer food chains and crowded niche space: effects of multiple invaders on desert stream food web structure
Authors: Walsworth Timothy E. , Budy Phaedra , Thiede Gary P.
Published: March 2013

Tributaries of the Colorado River Basin, historically home to a complex of endemic omnivores collectively referred to as the ‘three species’; flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), bluehead sucker (C. discobolus) and roundtail chub (Gila robusta), have experienced the establishment of numerous non‐native fish species. In this study, we examine the impacts of the trophic ecology of non‐native fishes on the ‘three species’ in the San Rafael River, Utah, USA. We employ a suite of abundance comparisons, stable isotope techniques and size‐at‐age back‐calculation analyses to compare food web structure and growth rates of the ‘three species’ in study areas with and without established populations of non‐native species. We found that the ‘three species’ are more abundant in areas with few non‐native fishes present, regardless of habitat complexity. Stable isotope analyses indicate non‐native fishes lengthen the food chain by 0.5 trophic positions. Further, the trophic niche spaces of the native fishes shift and are narrower in the presence of non‐native fishes, as several non‐native species’ trophic niche spaces overlap almost entirely with each of the ‘three species’ (bluehead sucker and flannelmouth sucker 100%, roundtail chub 98.5%) indicating strong potential for competition. However, the ‘three species’ demonstrated no evidence of reduced growth in the presence of these non‐native fishes. Collectively, these results suggest that while non‐native fishes alter the food web structure presenting novel sources of predation and competition, mechanisms other than competition are controlling the size‐structure of ‘three species’ populations in the San Rafael River.
Impact of a short‐term exposure to tributyl phosphate on morphology, physiology and migratory behaviour of European eels during the transition from freshwater to the marine environment
Authors: Privitera Lucia , Aarestrup Kim , Moore Andy
Published: March 2013

Migrating silver European eels were exposed for 5 days in a laboratory to an environmental level of tributyl phosphate (TBP), tagged with acoustic transmitters and released below the Tange hydropower station, on the River Gudenaa, Denmark. The subsequent movements of the eels were monitored as they migrated through Randers Fjord and into the Kattegat Sea using an array of acoustic receivers. In laboratory‐based studies, exposure of eels for 5 days to a nominal concentration of 0.5 μg·l−1 TBP significantly affected plasma glucose concentration and reduced plasma levels of sodium and chloride both in freshwater and 3 days after transfer to saltwater. However, there were no mortalities when the eels were transferred to full strength sea water. Exposure to TBP did not appear to have a significant effect on the subsequent movements of the eels in the river or fjord. The eels moved rapidly through the fjord predominantly at night. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the impact of diffuse pollution on the behaviour and physiology of European eels.
Failing to fail: clinicians’ experience of assessing underperforming dental students
Authors: Bush H. M. , Schreiber R. S. , Oliver S. J.
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Anecdotal evidence within a UK dental school indicated that staff's grading did not always match their evaluation of students’ clinical proficiency. The invalid assessment of underperforming students, which has considerable ramifications, has been reported internationally for students of nursing and medicine, but a database search revealed no accounts for dental education.

Aim

To develop an understanding of clinicians’ approaches to assessing underperforming dental students.

Methodology

Seventeen clinical staff were interviewed (eleven females, six males). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A grounded theory methodology was used, with simultaneous data collection and analysis. The main analytical technique was constant comparison.

Findings

Participants’ shared basic problem was Assessing undergraduate students, expressed as how they evaluated and used the assessment system or perceived others to do so. The core category, which explains what clinical staff do to manage their difficulties with assessment, was identified as Failing to Fail and has three subcategories: Evaluating the Assessment System, Shielding the Student and Protecting Myself.

Conclusion

This study has substantiated the complexity of failing to fail and confirmed that some causes are shared across healthcare professions, although insufficient staff discussion, the avoidance of confrontation and the impact of negative student attitude are not reported elsewhere or are minor findings. It is recommended that clinical staff receive additional training in assessment and that they are made more aware of their learning needs, their attitudes and beliefs. Increased discussion between staff about assessment and about students known to be in difficulty is essential.
Do further studies of acupuncture for pain make sense? An informal review
Authors: Rose Les
Published: March 2013

Background

Therapeutic evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture is largely confined to pain, but is compromised by poor study quality, limited methodologies and selective reporting.

Objectives

To assess how the evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture for pain has developed over time, and to inform future research decisions.

Methods

PubMed was searched for meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain. No time limits were imposed.

Results

Twenty‐two meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain were identified. There was one report of positive evidence for acupuncture vs. placebo from 1990–2004, and six from 2005–2012. An apparent clustering of positive evidence in recent years could be explained by the emergence of better trial methodologies, although a placebo effect still cannot be dismissed. Treatment effects appear to be small.

Conclusions

As recent studies show small effect sizes, acupuncture may have a specific but clinically unimportant effect; alternatively, the small benefits seen may have resulted from a residual placebo effect. A better understanding of the effect of acupuncture may be achieved through deeper analysis of existing studies, rather than the conduct of new randomised controlled trials.
Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy
Authors: Schiaffino Stefano , Dyar Kenneth A. , Ciciliot Stefano , Blaauw Bert , Sandri Marco
Published: March 2013

Skeletal muscle mass increases during postnatal development through a process of hypertrophy, i.e. enlargement of individual muscle fibers, and a similar process may be induced in adult skeletal muscle in response to contractile activity, such as strength exercise, and specific hormones, such as androgens and β‐adrenergic agonists. Muscle hypertrophy occurs when the overall rates of protein synthesis exceed the rates of protein degradation. Two major signaling pathways control protein synthesis, the IGF1–Akt–mTOR pathway, acting as a positive regulator, and the myostatin–Smad2/3 pathway, acting as a negative regulator, and additional pathways have recently been identified. Proliferation and fusion of satellite cells, leading to an increase in the number of myonuclei, may also contribute to muscle growth during early but not late stages of postnatal development and in some forms of muscle hypertrophy in the adult. Muscle atrophy occurs when protein degradation rates exceed protein synthesis, and may be induced in adult skeletal muscle in a variety of conditions, including starvation, denervation, cancer cachexia, heart failure and aging. Two major protein degradation pathways, the proteasomal and the autophagic–lysosomal pathways, are activated during muscle atrophy and variably contribute to the loss of muscle mass. These pathways involve a variety of atrophy‐related genes or atrogenes, which are controlled by specific transcription factors, such as FoxO3, which is negatively regulated by Akt, and NF‐κB, which is activated by inflammatory cytokines.
Energy flow and the trophic basis of macroinvertebrate and amphibian production in a neotropical stream food web
Authors: Frauendorf Therese C. , Colón‐Gaud Checo , Whiles Matt R. , Barnum Thomas R. , Lips Karen R. , Pringle Cathy M. , Kilham Susan S.
Published: March 2013

Despite the typically high taxonomic and functional diversity of tropical habitats, little is known about the roles of individual consumers in their ecosystem structure and function. We studied the trophic basis of production in a tropical headwater stream by identifying major sources of energy, measuring energy flow through consumers and characterising interactions among trophic levels and functional groups.

We examined gut contents of 18 dominant macroinvertebrate and two tadpole taxa and used these data, along with previously published estimates of secondary production, to quantify food‐web structure and energy flow pathways. We also examined the prevalence of omnivory and patterns of resource consumption across seasons and habitats.

Non‐algal biofilm, a heterogeneous polysaccharidic matrix, was the most utilised food resource in the stream. Contrary to some studies of Old World tropical stream food webs, detrital energy sources were consumed at relatively high rates and contributed significantly to overall energy flow, although much of this was attributable to a single shredder taxon. Algal consumption rates were similar to values reported for temperate streams and were highest during the dry season.

Omnivory was prevalent across all functional groups, particularly predators, suggesting traditional functional and trophic assignments based on temperate regions may not be appropriate for tropical systems. Seasonal patterns of resource consumption appeared linked to hydrological disturbance.

This is the first study to provide quantitative estimates of energy flow through a neotropical stream food web. Extirpation and extinction rates in tropical freshwater habitats are high; our study provides baseline information for conservation and management of remaining systems, and for quantifying the consequences of further losses of biodiversity such as ongoing amphibian declines.
Land‐use effects on resource net flux rates and oxygen demand in stream sediments
Authors: Juckers Myra , Williams Clayton J. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A.
Published: March 2013

Human land use in stream catchments modifies biogeochemical cycles. Here, 19 streams across a land use and cover gradient were investigated to determine how the landscape and associated conditions influenced sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and resource (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) net flux rates across the sediment–water interface of each stream.

Resource net flux rates and SOD were determined from intact sediment cores collected in each stream and incubated in the dark. Stream water was then passed over the top of sealed cores, and net flux rates were determined by measuring the difference in nitrate (), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), quality and quantity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved oxygen between inflowing and outflowing water.

Streams with more agricultural land in their catchments had higher ambient , SRP and protein‐like dissolved organic matter (DOM) and a larger fraction of DOM in a reduced oxidative state (as inferred using an optical DOM redox index). Sediment oxygen demand was best predicted by sediment organic content and was negatively related to wetland area and positively with row crop (arable) agriculture. These patterns indicate that streams affected by agriculture have relatively more nutrients and labile DOM than streams with greater wetland cover.

Most (75%) of the variation in net flux into the stream sediments could be explained by ambient and protein‐like DOM. All but one stream had a net release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into the water column; however, streams with higher uptake rates lost carbon to the water column more slowly. Among streams, SRP net flux was low, varied between uptake and release and did not relate to landscape and ambient conditions. Phosphorus cycling was not affected by processes captured in this study.

Net flux rates suggest that benthic net uptake increased with increased concentration and that more DOC was retained when the labile carbon pool increased with agricultural land use in the catchment. These links suggest that strategies put forward to increase the efficiency of removal should consider the composition of the carbon pool in addition to hydrological alterations.
WNK4 is an essential effector of anterior formation in FGF signaling
Authors: Shimizu Masahiro , Goto Toshiyasu , Sato Atsushi , Shibuya Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

With no lysine (K) (WNK) kinase family is conserved among many species and regulates SPAK/OSR1 and ion cotransporters. WNK is also involved in developmental and cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation in these processes remain unknown. In this study, we found that WNK4 is involved in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling during Xenopus development. In Xenopus embryos, depletion of WNK4 by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) results in a severe defect in anterior development and impaired expression of endogenous anterior markers. Defects in head formation or expression of anterior marker genes caused by suppression of endogenous WNK4 expression could be rescued by expression of wild‐type WNK4, but not mutant WNK4 lacking its kinase activity. It is notable that morphants of Xenopus WNK4 inhibited the expression of anterior marker genes and the target genes induced by FGF signaling. Moreover, knockdown of Wnk4 significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of Osr1 induced by FGF. These results provide the first evidence that FGF signaling regulates WNK4 function required for anterior formation in Xenopus development.
Phosphorylation of a conserved Thr357 in yeast Nedd4‐like ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 is involved in down‐regulation of the general amino acid permease Gap1
Authors: Sasaki Toshiya , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

Rsp5, an essential HECT‐type ubiquitin ligase, is the only yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae member of the Nedd4 family. Rsp5 triggers the ubiquitination‐dependent endocytosis of the general amino acid permease Gap1 in response to a good nitrogen source. Previously, we showed that the Thr357Ala/Lys764Glu variant Rsp5 induces the constitutive inactivation of Gap1, which is mainly involved in uptake of the toxic proline analogue, l‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylate (AZC). Here, our experimental results indicated that the Thr357Ala substitution in the substrate‐recognizing WW2 domain of Rsp5 constitutively causes the down‐regulation of four proline permeases (Gap1, Put4, Agp1 and Gnp1), leading to AZC tolerance to yeast cells. In RSP5T357A cells, Gap1 was highly ubiquitinated and constantly delivered to the vacuole from the Golgi without sorting to the plasma membrane. Analyses of RSP5 mutants using antiphosphopeptide antibody suggest that Thr phosphorylation occurred in all three WW domains and, interestingly, that Thr357 in the WW2 domain was phosphorylated, in agreement with the in vitro result for the mouse Rsp5 orthologue. Furthermore, the phosphorylation‐mimic mutant (Thr357Asp) showed strong sensitivity to AZC. From these results, we propose a possible mechanism involved in the regulation of Rsp5 activity for Gap1 down‐regulation via the phosphorylation of a conserved Thr357 in the Nedd4 family.
Online Child Sex Offenders: Challenges and Counter‐Measures
Authors: Cohen‐Almagor Raphael
Published: March 2013

The aim of this article is straightforward and practical: by utilising elements of routine activity and rational choice theories, it explains how online child sex offenders use the Internet and what can be done to counter the challenge they pose. The discussion opens with definitions of child pornography, child erotica, child exploitation material and paedophilia. Its main objective is to promote online protection of children. It is explained that online child sex offenders and paedophiles use the Internet to create virtual communities; collect, share and trade images; tempt, seduce and groom children. Then the article explores what has been done in the Western world to combat those criminal activities. Successful campaigns against child pornography require shared responsibility and effort by parents, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), legal enforcement and the international community at large.
Riots, Revolution and Rehabilitation: The Future of Probation
Authors: Collett Steve
Published: March 2013

The probation service currently faces an unprecedented attack on its future existence as a public sector agency, publicly funded and accountable to local communities. This attack is partly a reflection of the ideological drive, begun under New Labour and accelerated under the current coalition arrangements to segment and privatise correctional services, and partly a result of a renewed criticism on the effectiveness of the rehabilitative endeavour of the probation service. The author argues that this attack can only be fully understood within the context of neoliberal approaches to defining social problems and the role of the State.
Acute and chronic wound fluids influence keratinocyte function differently
Authors: Thamm Oliver C , Koenen Paola , Bader Nicola , Schneider Alina , Wutzler Sebastian , Neugebauer Edmund AM , Spanholtz Timo A
Published: March 2013

Wound healing requires a proper functioning of keratinocytes that migrate, proliferate and lead to a competent wound closure. Impaired wound healing might be due to a disturbed keratinocyte function caused by the wound environment. Basically, chronic wound fluid (CWF) differs from acute wound fluid (AWF). The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of AWF and CWF on keratinocyte function. We therefore investigated keratinocyte migration and proliferation under the influence of AWF and CWF using MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test and scratch assay. We further measured the gene expression by qRT‐PCR regarding growth factors and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in regeneration processes. AWF had a positive impact on keratinocyte proliferation over time, whereas CWF had an anti‐proliferative effect. Keratinocyte migration was significantly impaired by CWF in contrast to an undisturbed wound closure under the influence of AWF. MMP‐9 expression was strongly upregulated by CWF compared with AWF. Keratinocyte function was significantly impaired by CWF. An excessive induction of MMP‐9 by CWF might lead to a permanent degradation of extracellular matrix and thereby prevent wounds from healing.
Using Framework Analysis in nursing research: a worked example
Authors: Ward Deborah J. , Furber Christine , Tierney Stephanie , Swallow Veronica
Published: March 2013

Aims

To demonstrate Framework Analysis using a worked example and to illustrate how criticisms of qualitative data analysis including issues of clarity and transparency can be addressed.

Background

Critics of the analysis of qualitative data sometimes cite lack of clarity and transparency about analytical procedures; this can deter nurse researchers from undertaking qualitative studies. Framework Analysis is flexible, systematic, and rigorous, offering clarity, transparency, an audit trail, an option for theme‐based and case‐based analysis and for readily retrievable data. This paper offers further explanation of the process undertaken which is illustrated with a worked example.

Data source and research design

Data were collected from 31 nursing students in 2009 using semi‐structured interviews.

Discussion

The data collected are not reported directly here but used as a worked example for the five steps of Framework Analysis. Suggestions are provided to guide researchers through essential steps in undertaking Framework Analysis. The benefits and limitations of Framework Analysis are discussed.

Implications for nursing

Nurses increasingly use qualitative research methods and need to use an analysis approach that offers transparency and rigour which Framework Analysis can provide. Nurse researchers may find the detailed critique of Framework Analysis presented in this paper a useful resource when designing and conducting qualitative studies.

Conclusion

Qualitative data analysis presents challenges in relation to the volume and complexity of data obtained and the need to present an ‘audit trail’ for those using the research findings. Framework Analysis is an appropriate, rigorous and systematic method for undertaking qualitative analysis.