bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third‐party Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Reduce Allo‐reactivity In vitro and Ameliorate the Severity of Acute graft‐Versus‐host Disease in Allo‐bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Yang J. , Li R. , Ren Y. , Yang Y. , Xie R. , Fan H.
Published: October 2013

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) potently induce and maintain tolerance based on their distinct characteristics compared with conventional DCs. Recent reports show that donor or host tDCs promote allograft survival in mice. In this study, the efficacy of third‐party tDCs in the prevention of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) was evaluated. In vitro, tDCs derived from the bone marrow (BM) of D1 mice were induced by GM‐CSF, IL‐10 and TGF‐β1. The phenotypes, expression of cytokines and suppression of tDCs were analysed. In vivo, the effects of adoptive transfer of third‐party‐tDCs were evaluated in an MHC‐mismatched aGVHD mouse model. Survival, body weight, GVHD scoring, histopathological specimens and serum cytokines were analysed in tDC‐treated mice and untreated controls. Tolerogenic DCs had low expression of MHC and co‐stimulatory molecules, expressed high levels of ‘immunosuppressive’ cytokines and suppressed allo‐CD4+T cell proliferation. In the B6→D2 mouse model, all aGVHD mice died within 18 days. Fortunately, third‐party tDCs transferred at low doses (104) effectively prolonged survival after allo‐BMT. Furthermore, in the mice treated with 104 tDCs, serum levels of IL‐10/TGF‐β were significantly higher and the percentage of Foxp3+ cells continually increased compared with the mice treated with other doses of tDCs. Third‐party tDCs play a crucial role in reducing the severity of aGVHD by modulating the secretion of various cytokines and expanding Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which suggests the possibility of using third‐party tDCs for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, special attention should be paid to the optimal range of tDCs for preventing allograft rejection.
Increased Accumulation of CD16+ Monocytes at Local Sites of Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wallquist C. , Paulson J. M. , Hylander B. , Lundahl J. , Jacobson S. H.
Published: October 2013

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) display a high prevalence of cardiovascular events and acute infections. Potential effector cells are the CD16+ monocytes, known to be increased in the peripheral circulation in CKD. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of CD16 and CX3CR1 on peripheral and in vivo extravasated monocytes in patients with CKD (GFR < 20 ml/min × 1.73 m²) using flow cytometry. In vivo extravasated monocytes were collected from a local inflammatory site, induced by a skin blistering technique. Soluble markers were assessed by Luminex. The number of CD16+ monocytes was significantly higher in patients with CKD compared with healthy subjects, both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.05) and at the site of induced inflammation (P < 0.001). Patients with CKD displayed significantly higher concentration of soluble CX3CL1 both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.01) and in the interstitial fluid (P < 0.001). In addition, patients with CKD had a significantly higher concentration of TNF‐α in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.001). On the contrary, at the inflammatory site, concentrations of both TNF‐α and IL‐10 were significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, patients with CKD have an increased percentage of CD16+ monocytes in both circulation and at the inflammatory site, and this finding is in concurrence with simultaneous changes in CX3CR1. Together with distorted TNF‐α and IL‐10 levels, this may have potential impact on the altered inflammatory response in CKD.
The novel HLA‐C*12:92 allele is characterized by one amino acid exchange located in the T‐cell receptor binding region of the alpha 2 domain
Authors: Becker P. S. A. , Seifried E. , Seidl C.
Published: October 2013

HLA‐C*12:92 contains one amino acid exchange in the T‐cell receptor binding region.
Identification of the novel HLA‐C*07:315 allele
Authors: Goldmann K. , Lauer B. , Spriewald B. M.
Published: October 2013

The HLA‐C*07:315 allele is mostly identical to HLA‐C*07:09 but has a non‐synonymous substitution of C to G in exon 2.
Effect of Change in Fuel Compositions and Heating Value on Ignition and Performance for Siemens SGT-400 Dry Low Emission Combustion System
Authors: Liu Kexin , Martin Pete , Sanderson Victoria , Hubbard Phill
Published: October 2013

The influence of changes in fuel composition and heating value on the performance of an industrial gas turbine combustor was investigated. The combustor tested was a single cannular combustor for Siemens SGT-400 13.4 MW dry low emission engine. Ignition, engine starting, emissions, combustion dynamics, and flash back through burner metal temperature monitoring were among the parameters investigated to evaluate the impact of fuel flexibility on combustor performance. Lean ignition and extinction limits were measured for three fuels with different heat values in term of Wobbe Index (WI): 25, 28.9, and 45 MJ/Sm3 (natural gas). The test results show that the air fuel ratio at lean ignition/extinction limits decreases and the margin between the two limits tends to be smaller as fuel heat value decreases. Engine start tests were also performed with a lower heating value fuel and results were found to be comparable to those for engine starting with natural gas. The combustor was further tested in a high pressure air facility at real engine operating conditions with different fuels covering WIs from 17.5 to 70 MJ/Sm3. The variation in fuel composition and heating value was achieved in a gas mixing plant by blending natural gas with CO2, CO, N2, and H2 (for the fuel with WI lower than natural gas) and C3H8 (for the fuel with WI higher than natural gas). Test results show that a benefit in NOx reduction can be seen for the lower WI fuels without H2 presence in the fuel and there are no adverse impacts on combustor performance except for the requirement of higher fuel supply pressure, however, this can be easily resolved by minor modification through the fuel injection design. Test results for the H2 enriched and higher WI fuels show that NOx, combustion dynamics and flash back have been adversely affected and major change in burner design is required. For the H2 enriched fuel, the effect of CO and H2 on combustor performance was also investigated for the fuels having a fixed WI of 29 MJ/Sm3. It is found that H2 dominates the adverse impact on combustor performance. The chemical kinetic study shows that H2 has significant effect on flame speed change and CO has significant effect on flame temperature change. Although the tests were performed on the Siemens SGT-400 combustion system, the results provide general guidance for the challenge of industrial gas turbine burner design for fuel flexibility.
Development of a Hydraulic Filter for Nozzle Actuation System of a Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Jothi B. Arul , Basha A. M. Junaid
Published: October 2013

The Integrated Nozzle Actuating System (INAS) of a gas turbine engine is used to vary the exhaust nozzle area to achieve an optimum performance. The nozzle actuating system is operated by four actuators driven by an Integrated Hydraulic Power Pack (IHPP) connected to the Engine Gear Box (EGB). The quality of the oil operating the precision hydraulic actuators of the INAS should be maintained contamination free to achieve an optimum efficiency of the actuators. Hence a fine hydraulic filter is used in the IHPP circuit to maintain the cleanliness level of the hydraulic oil operating the actuators. The design and development of a hydraulic filter for an aircraft engine is a challenging task involving material selection, manufacturing process quality control and stringent performance qualification test schedule to follow the International standards. The present work describes the development of a 10 micron hydraulic filter operating at 30 bar pressure with a flow of 20 lpm designed according to the specifications of a typical aircraft gas turbine engine IHPP system. The filter has been qualified through all the tests prescribed by the International MIL-F-8815E standards. The tests like Multi-pass test, cold start test, Flow fatigue test, extreme temperature test, vibration test and bubble point test are described and the results are discussed.
TLC Measurements of Heat Transfer Under Rotating Conditions at High Reynolds Number in an Innovative Trailing Edge Cooling System
Authors: Beniaiche Ahmed , Bonanni Leonardo , Carcasci Carlo
Published: October 2013

TLC experimental measurements were conducted, to study the effect of an aerothermal performances of a 30:1 PMMA scaled trailing edge (TE) model reproducing an internal cooling system under stationary and rotating conditions. The studied geometry, selected capitalizing the experience about industrial collaboration, reproduces the typical shape of ribbed surface (with an angular orientation of 60 [deg] with respect to the radial direction) of a high pressure turbine blade TE, with one row of enlarged pedestals. The airflow pattern inside the device simulates a highly loaded rotor blade cooling scheme with a 90[deg] turning flow from the radial hub inlet to the tangential TE outlet. Detailed heat transfer coefficient 2D maps describing the experimental results of the effect of different rotating number [in the range from 0 to 0.3 for a fixed Reynolds number of 10000, and in the range from 0 to 0.15 corresponding to diverse Reynolds number varying from 20000 to 40000] are presented. The effect of the rotation on the heat transfer variation at different Reynolds number is highlighted by a comparison with static settings at the same flow conditions.
Defect Diagnostics of Power Plant Gas Turbine Using Hybrid SVM-ANN Method
Authors: Lee Sangmyeong , Lee Sanghun , Lim Juchang , Lee Sangbin
Published: October 2013

A hybrid method of an artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a support vector machine (SVM) has been developed for the defect diagnostic system applied to the power plant gas turbine. This method has been suggested to overcome the demerits of the general ANN with the local minima problem and low classification accuracy in case of many nonlinear data. This hybrid approach takes advantage of the reduction of learning data and converging time without any loss of estimation accuracy therefore it has been applied for the power plant monitoring system in order to detect fails and status of compressors and turbines in detail. The results have shown the suggested defect diagnostic algorithm has reliable and suitable efficiency estimation accuracy.
Development of an Improved K-Tau Model for Film Cooling Applications
Authors: Hoda Asif , Acharya Sumanta
Published: October 2013

An improved two equation model of turbulence has been developed with the objective of applying it to predicting the turbine blade film cooling problem. The model employs an equation for the turbulent time scale, tau, instead of the epsilon equation and thereby eliminates the ad-hoc prescription of boundary conditions as well as the anomalous behavior of epsilon in the close proximity of a wall. Asymptotically consistent near wall damping functions have been developed and a two-layer approach has been employed to prescribe the near-wall behavior of the turbulent time scale, tau. The model thus developed, has been validated for wall bounded non-recirculating as well as recirculating flows and has also been tested for wall-free shear flow, showing improved predictions. A detailed and systematic, step-by-step development of the model along with validation results is being presented in this study.
Evaluating Fuel Flexibility in an IGCC Combustor Using CFD
Authors: Baruah Abinash , Karim H. , Shoreh Hajiloo
Published: October 2013

Fuel flexibility and environmental performance are proving to be critically important to contemporary IGCC plants designed for various applications. Gas turbine combustion systems for IGCC power plants must have the capability to burn a variety of syngas compositions, including high hydrogen content, while maintaining low pollutant emissions and with high reliability. Evaluating an IGCC combustor for a wide range of fuels experimentally can be very expensive as a result of the cost of preparing the large quantities of synthesis gas required. CFD analysis permits many design options to be evaluated in a timely, cost-effective manner. This paper discusses the prediction of emission and combustor liner wall temperature distribution in an IGCC combustor for a wide range of fuels by using CFD.

The prediction capability of laminar finite rate and laminar flamelet approaches have been analyzed on two full scale IGCC combustors for different H2/CO ratios. The CFD analysis on full scale IGCC combustor revealed that LFR approach were able to predict the liner wall temperature distribution and emission in good agreement with the lab compared to the LFM approach.
Investigation of Geometry, Total Condition and Waves Effect on Two Phase Liquid-Vapor Flow Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Authors: Amiri H. Beheshti , Piroozi A. A. , Hamidi S. , Kermani M. J.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, a numerical method is presented to solve the two-dimensional two-phase steam flow over a series of geometries (such as nozzles, expansion corners and steam turbine blade-to-blade passages) by means of equilibrium thermodynamics model. The flow is assumed to be compressible and inviscid and obeys the ideal gas equation of state. The resulted equations are then numerically solved by the Roe’s FDS time marching scheme that has recently been modified to allow for two-phase effects. Validations of condensing steam flow through vapor nozzles have been performed, where good agreement has been achieved. Detailed parametric studies monitoring the influence of (I) the geometry expansion rate, (II) the inlet total temperature and pressure, and (III) the expansion fan or shock waves on the location of condensation onset and the rate of condensation are given. Finally as a case study, expansion of steam flow through a steam turbine blade-to-blade passage is considered, and condensation or evaporation of the steam flow through the passage and fate of the wet flow through the fan or shocks were observed.
The impact of functional limitations on long-term outcomes among African-American and white women with breast cancer: a cohort study
Authors: Izano Monika , Satariano William A , Hiatt Robert A , Braithwaite Dejana
Published: October 2013

Objectives

We examined the impact of functional limitations and functional decline during the first year following breast cancer diagnosis on the risk of mortality from breast cancer and other causes among African-American and white women, respectively.

Design

The Health and Functioning in Women (HFW) cohort study.

Setting

Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Participants

A total of 162 African-American and 813 white women aged 40–84 years with newly diagnosed breast cancer identified through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System over a 7-month period between 1984 and 1985 and followed for up to 28 years (median 11 years).

Outcome measures

Risk of mortality from breast cancer and other causes.

Results

Statistically significant increases in the risk of other-cause mortality were found for each unit increase in the number of self-reported functional limitations (HR=1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.14), 0 vs ≥1 functional limitations (HR=1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.91), difficulty in pushing or pulling large objects (HR=1.34, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.73), writing or handling small objects (HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.44), and walking half a mile (HR=1.60, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.14). Functional limitations and functional decline did not explain racial disparities in the survival of this cohort. Functional decline was associated with increased risk of other-cause mortality in women with regional and remote disease but not in women with localised disease. Whereas measures of functional limitation were not associated with breast cancer-specific mortality, each unit of functional decline (HR=1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31) and decline in the ability to sit ≥1 h (HR=2.06, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.76) were associated with increased risk of breast cancer-specific mortality. Measures of functional decline were associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality in overweight and obese women, but not in women of normal weight.

Conclusions

Whereas functional limitations were associated with increased risk of other-cause mortality, functional decline was associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality.
HOPF–FOLD BIFURCATION AND FLUCTUATION PHENOMENA IN A DELAYED RATIO-DEPENDENT GAUSE-TYPE PREDATOR–PREY MODEL
Authors: GUO SHUANG , JIANG WEIHUA
Published: October 2013

A class of delayed ratio-dependent Gause-type predator–prey model is considered. We study the eigenvalue problem for the linearized system at the coexisting equilibrium. For a critical case when the characteristic equation has a single zero root and a simple pair of pure imaginary roots, a complete bifurcation analysis is presented by employing the center manifold reduction and the normal form method. We analyzed the influence of the time delay on the Hopf–Fold bifurcation and showed the occurrence of quasi-periodic motion and bursting behavior. This phenomenon is in line with the seasonal variation law of the population.
BIFURCATION AND CHAOS ANALYSIS IN A DISCRETE-DELAY DYNAMIC MODEL FOR A STOCK MARKET
Authors: DOBRESCU LORETTI , NEAMTU MIHAELA , OPRIS DUMITRU
Published: October 2013

Using a discrete-delay nonlinear dynamic system, we model the time evolution of a stock market price index and net stock of savings in mutual funds. The proposed deterministic model has a unique steady-state, so its time evolution is determined by nonlinear effects acting out of equilibrium. For this model, we find the local stability properties and the local bifurcations conditions, given the parameter space. Specifically, we find that in both versions of the model (with and without delay) a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation can occur. Moreover, we show that the system without delay has a chaotic behavior. Finally, we formulate the associated discrete stochastic model and establish the conditions for asymptotic stability. Several numerical simulations are finally performed for both the deterministic and the stochastic model to justify the theoretical results.
Evidence of active regulation of cerebral venous tone in individuals undergoing embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Ivanov Alexey Y. , Petrov Andrey E. , Vershinina Elena A. , Galagudza Michael M. , Vlasov Timur D.
Published: October 2013

Cerebral venous drainage is generally believed to be regulated primarily by hydrodynamic forces. To gain further insight into the regulation of this process, we investigated the response of blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) to local hemodynamic shifts. All procedures and assessments were performed on patients ( n = 30) undergoing embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The procedure efficiency was verified by the postembolization reduction in time-averaged maximum blood flow velocities, as well as the elevation of pulsatility index and resistance index in the arterial feeders. In cerebral veins, the dominant IJV pressure remained unchanged during the procedure. At the same time, AVM embolization caused a significant reduction in maximal CSA (84 ± 7.6 to 68 ± 7.7 mm2, P < 0.05) and minimal CSA (68 ± 7.0 to 51 ± 7.0 mm2, P < 0.01) of the IJV located ipsilateral to the AVM, while the maximal linear blood flow velocity in the IJV remained unchanged (71 ± 4.9 and 85 ± 8.4 cm/s, P = 0.098). Consistent with previously published studies, the data obtained provide further evidence of active regulation of the venous outflow, probably mediated by certain neurogenic and/or endothelium-dependent mechanisms.
Zeaxanthin Induces Apoptosis in Human Uveal Melanoma Cells through Bcl-2 Family Proteins and Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway
Authors: Bi Ming-Chao , Rosen Richard , Zha Ren-Yuan , McCormick Steven A. , Song E. , Hu Dan-Ning
Published: October 2013

The cytotoxic effects of zeaxanthin on two human uveal melanoma cell lines (SP6.5 and C918) and related signaling pathways were studied and compared to effects on normal ocular cells (uveal melanocytes, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and scleral fibroblasts). MTT assay revealed that zeaxanthin reduced the cell viability of melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner (10, 30, and 100 μM), with IC50at 40.8 and 28.7 μM in SP6.5 and C918 cell lines, respectively. Zeaxanthin did not affect the viability of normal ocular cells even at the highest levels tested (300 μM), suggesting that zeaxanthin has a selectively cytotoxic effect on melanoma cells. Zeaxanthin induced apoptosis in melanoma cells as indicated by annexin V and ethidium III flow cytometry. Western blot analysis demonstrated that zeaxanthin decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and increased the expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bak and Bax) in zeaxanthin-treated melanoma cells. Zeaxanthin increased mitochondrial permeability as determined by JC-1 fluorescein study. Zeaxanthin also increased the level of cytosol cytochrome c and caspase-9 and -3 activities, but not caspase-8, as measured by ELISA assay or colorimetric assay. All of these findings indicate that the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway is involved in zeaxanthin-induced apoptosis in uveal melanoma cells.
Constructing the Second Order Poincaré Map Based on the Hopf-Zero Unfolding Method
Authors: Ge Gen , Wei Wang
Published: October 2013

We investigate the Shilnikov sense homoclinicity in a 3D system and consider the dynamical behaviors in vicinity of the principal homoclinic orbit emerging from a third order simplified system. It depends on the application of the simplest normal form theory and further evolution of the Hopf-zero singularity unfolding. For the Shilnikov sense homoclinic orbit, the complex form analytic expression is accomplished by using the power series of the manifolds surrounding the saddle-focus equilibrium. Then, the second order Poincaré map in a generally analytical style helps to portrait the double pulse dynamics existing in the tubular neighborhood of the principal homoclinic orbit.
Expression and Significance of MicroRNA‐183 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liang Zenghui , Gao Yingtang , Shi Wenxia , Zhai Daokuan , Li Shilei , Jing Li , Guo Hua , Liu Tong , Wang Yajie , Du Zhi
Published: October 2013

Objective. In our previous study, we found that some miRNAs were deregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including miR‐183. However, the expression of miR‐183 in the progression of benign liver diseases to HCC and its correlation with clinicopathologic factors remain undefined. Methods. MiR‐183 expression was measured in normal controls (NC) (n = 21), chronic viral hepatitis B or C (CH) tissues (n = 10), liver cirrhosis (LC) tissues (n = 18), HCC tissues (n = 92), and adjacent nontumor tissues (NT) (n = 92) by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Results. The expression levels of miR‐183 were significantly higher in HCC than in NT, LC, CH, and NL (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.011, P < 0.001, resp.). The upregulated miR‐183 in HCC was correlated with TNM stage (P = 0.042) and cirrhosis (P = 0.025). The Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis showed that miR‐183 expression was not associated with the survival of HCC patients. However, miR‐183 yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.808 with 59.8% sensitivity and 91.8% specificity in discriminating HCC from benign liver diseases (CH and LC) or NC. Conclusions. The upregulated miR‐183 may associate with onset and progression of HCC, but not with the patient survival. A further research is needed to determine the potential of miR‐183 as biomarker for HCC.
Analysis of a Periodic Impulsive Predator-Prey System with Disease in the Prey
Authors: Wang Lianwen , Liu Zhijun
Published: October 2013

We investigate a periodic predator-prey system subject to impulsive perturbations, in which a disease can be transmitted among the prey species only, in this paper. With the help of the theory of impulsive differential equations and Lyapunov functional method, sufficient conditions for the permanence, global attractivity, and partial extinction of system are established, respectively. It is shown that impulsive perturbations contribute to the above dynamics of the system. Numerical simulations are presented to substantiate the analytical results.
Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Trunk in a Mildly Symptomatic Adult Female
Authors: Tseng Kevin Fan-Ying
Published: October 2013

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk, also known as Garland-Bland-White syndrome, is an extremely rare but potentially fatal congenital cardiovascular anomaly, and it often exists as an isolated condition. We hereby report an adult female who was admitted for mild chest discomfort and was accidentally diagnosed to have anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. This anomaly was simply repaired by using a bovine pericardial patch to obliterate the anomalous opening in the pulmonary trunk and a single coronary artery bypass graft. This report highlights the characteristic events of the anomaly in an adult with only mild symptoms.
Incomplete Phase Space Reconstruction Method Based on Subspace Adaptive Evolution Approximation
Authors: Li Tai-fu , Jia Wei , Zhou Wei , Ge Ji-ke , Liu Yu-cheng , Yao Li-zhong
Published: October 2013

The chaotic time series can be expanded to the multidimensional space by phase space reconstruction, in order to reconstruct the dynamic characteristics of the original system. It is difficult to obtain complete phase space for chaotic time series, as a result of the inconsistency of phase space reconstruction. This paper presents an idea of subspace approximation. The chaotic time series prediction based on the phase space reconstruction can be considered as the subspace approximation problem in different neighborhood at different time. The common static neural network approximation is suitable for a trained neighborhood, but it cannot ensure its generalization performance in other untrained neighborhood. The subspace approximation of neural network based on the nonlinear extended Kalman filtering (EKF) is a dynamic evolution approximation from one neighborhood to another. Therefore, in view of incomplete phase space, due to the chaos phase space reconstruction, we put forward subspace adaptive evolution approximation method based on nonlinear Kalman filtering. This method is verified by multiple sets of wind speed prediction experiments in Wulong city, and the results demonstrate that it possesses higher chaotic prediction accuracy.
Identity and typification of Diploneis ostracodarum, Diploneis budayana and Diploneis praeclara (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: JOVANOVSKA ELENA , BUCZKÓ KRISZTINA , OGNJANOVA-RUMENOVA NADJA G. , NAKOV TEOFIL , LEVKOV ZLATKO
Published: October 2013

A lectotype and isolectotype for Navicula budayana Pantocsek = Diploneis budayana (Pantocsek) Hustedt, Navicula ostracodarum Pantocsek = Diploneis ostracodarum (Pantocsek) Jovanovska, Nakov & Levkov and Navicula praeclara Pantocsek = Diploneis praeclara (Pantocsek) Cleve-Euler from Köpecz, Neogene fossil deposits in Romania have been made. Typification for each species was based on Pantocsek’s original images and material deposited at the Hungarian Natural History Museum (BP). Unfortunately, the type slides for Diploneis budayana, D. ostracodarum and D. praeclara were lost or destroyed during the course of World War II. Therefore, authentic material from the type locality Köpecz at BP was used to designate the lectotypes for these three species. Detailed LM and SEM observations have been assigned for each taxon, in order to ascertain the variation in valve morphology. Taxonomic descriptions and comments are made for each species.        Typification of taxa described by Pantocsek would potentially affect further stratigraphic, comparative or molecular phylogenetic work not just for Tertiary floras but for Recent floras as well. In particular, studies concerning comparisons of these species between localities, such as Lake Ohrid, will greatly benefit from this work. The outcome of such studies will shed light on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of diatoms in the context of geologic events on the Balkan Peninsula.
Clearing up Vietnamosasa (Poaceae, Bambusoideae): typification and nomenclature of a distinctive paleotropical bamboo genus
Authors: HAEVERMANS Thomas , NGUYEN Bich Loan , GURGAND Jacques , HAEVERMANS Agathe , DRANSFIELD Soejatmi , DIEP My Hanh
Published: October 2013

This paper aims to clarify and stabilize the nomenclature of the singular fire-adapted South-East Asian bamboo genus Vietnamosasa Nguyen (1990: 221), and the specific taxa it comprises, by designating lectotypes and neotypes to allow accurate application of the published names. Little attention has been given to this genus in the last 10 years, partly because its three published species are difficult to distinguish from each other, but mostly due to the fact that the type specimen of the type species is reportedly lost, and the fact that the original description is inadequate and does not include illustrations of the new taxa. The genus is readily recognizable by its special “grass-mound” appearance and the morphology of its subterranean organs: rhizomes as well as subterranean vegetative axes growing horizontally, which allow the bamboo to thrive in fire prone areas (Dransfield 2000).
Ethnic disparities in mental health treatment gap in a community-based survey and in access to care in psychiatric clinics
Authors: Nakash Ora , Nagar Maayan , Danilovich Eli , Bentov-Gofrit Daphne , Lurie Ido , Steiner Evelyne , Sadeh-Sharvit Shiri , Szor Henri , Levav Itzhak
Published: October 2013

Background:

Contrasting social status of ethnic groups differentially impacts the use of psychiatric services, including in Israel, despite its universal health system. However, relevant studies are limited.

Aims:

To examine ethnic differences in mental health treatment gap and in access to specialized care.

Methods:

Data were gathered from two sources. Study I included Mizrahi (Jews of North African/Asian origin, socially disadvantaged, n = 136) and Ashkenazi (Jews of European American origin, socially advantaged, n = 69) who were diagnosed with common mental disorders in the preceding 12 months in the Israeli component of the World Mental Health Survey. Study II included Mizrahi ( n = 133) and Ashkenazi ( n = 96) service users entering ambulatory mental health care.

Results:

Study I showed that the treatment gap was larger among Mizrahi compared with Ashkenazi respondents (28% standard error (SE) = 4.1 and 45% SE = 6.2, respectively, sought services) following adjustment for sociodemographic confounders (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–4.8). Study II showed that the access to specialized care lagged over a year among 40% of service users of both ethnic groups. No significant ethnic differences emerged in variables related to delay in accessing care.

Conclusions:

Treatment gap was larger among ethnically disadvantaged compared with the advantaged group. However, once in treatment, service users of both ethnic groups report similar barriers to care.
The identification of novel loci required for appropriate nodule development in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Domonkos Agota , Horvath Beatrix , Marsh John F , Halasz Gabor , Ayaydin Ferhan , Oldroyd Giles ED , Kalo Peter
Published: October 2013

Background

The formation of functional symbiotic nodules is the result of a coordinated developmental program between legumes and rhizobial bacteria. Genetic analyses in legumes have been used to dissect the signaling processes required for establishing the legume-rhizobial endosymbiotic association. Compared to the early events of the symbiotic interaction, less attention has been paid to plant loci required for rhizobial colonization and the functioning of the nodule. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a number of new genetic loci in Medicago truncatula that are required for the development of effective nitrogen fixing nodules.

Results

Approximately 38,000 EMS and fast neutron mutagenized Medicago truncatula seedlings were screened for defects in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutant plants impaired in nodule development and efficient nitrogen fixation were selected for further genetic and phenotypic analysis. Nine mutants completely lacking in nodule formation (Nod-) represented six complementation groups of which two novel loci have been identified. Eight mutants with ineffective nodules (Fix-) represented seven complementation groups, out of which five were new monogenic loci. The Fix- M. truncatula mutants showed symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and developed small white nodules. Microscopic analysis of Fix- nodules revealed that the mutants have defects in the release of rhizobia from infection threads, differentiation of rhizobia and maintenance of persistence of bacteria in nodule cells. Additionally, we monitored the transcriptional activity of symbiosis specific genes to define what transcriptional stage of the symbiotic process is blocked in each of the Fix- mutants. Based on the phenotypic and gene expression analysis a functional hierarchy of the FIX genes is proposed.

Conclusions

The new symbiotic loci of M. truncatula isolated in this study provide the foundation for further characterization of the mechanisms underpinning nodulation, in particular the later stages associated with bacterial release and nodule function.
Neurite outgrowth stimulatory effects of culinary-medicinal mushrooms and their toxicity assessment using differentiating Neuro-2a and embryonic fibroblast BALB/3T3
Authors: Phan Chia-Wei , David Pamela , Naidu Murali , Wong Kah-Hui , Sabaratnam Vikineswary
Published: October 2013

Background

Mushrooms are not only regarded as gourmet cuisine but also as therapeutic agent to promote cognition health. However, little toxicological information is available regarding their safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen selected ethno-pharmacologically important mushrooms for stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth and to test for any cytotoxicity.

Methods

The stimulatory effect of mushrooms on neurite outgrowth was assessed in differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Neurite length was measured using Image-Pro Insight processor system. Neuritogenesis activity was further validated by fluorescence immunocytochemical staining of neurofilaments. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using mouse embryonic fibroblast (BALB/3T3) and N2a cells for any embryo- and neuro-toxic effects; respectively.

Results

Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus and Grifola frondosa; as well as an ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the neurite outgrowth in N2a cells by 38.4 ± 4.2%, 38.1 ± 2.6%, 33.4 ± 4.6%, 33.7 ± 1.5%, and 35.8 ± 3.4%; respectively. The IC50 values obtained from tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed no toxic effects following 24 h exposure of N2a and 3T3 cells to mushroom extracts.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that G. lucidum, L. rhinocerotis, P. giganteus, G. frondosa and C. militaris may be developed as safe and healthy dietary supplements for brain and cognitive health.
Antioxidant properties of xanthones from Calophyllum brasiliense: prevention of oxidative damage induced by FeSO4
Authors: Blanco-Ayala Tonali , Lugo-Huitrón Rafael , Serrano-López Elizabeth M , Reyes-Chilpa Ricardo , Rangel-López Edgar , Pineda Benjamín , Medina-Campos Omar Noel , Sánchez-Chapul Laura , Pinzón Enrique , Cristina Trejo-Solis , Silva-Adaya Daniela , Pedraza-Chaverrí José , Ríos Camilo , de la Cruz Verónica Pérez , Torres-Ramos Mónica
Published: October 2013

Background

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators in a number of degenerative diseases. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of ROS and the ability to scavenge these species through endogenous antioxidant systems. Since antioxidants can inhibit oxidative processes, it becomes relevant to describe natural compounds with antioxidant properties which may be designed as therapies to decrease oxidative damage and stimulate endogenous cytoprotective systems. The present study tested the protective effect of two xanthones isolated from the heartwood of Calophyllum brasilienses against FeSO4-induced toxicity.

Methods

Through combinatory chemistry assays, we evaluated the superoxide (O2
●—), hydroxyl radical (OH●), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO—) scavenging capacity of jacareubin (xanthone III) and 2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (xanthone V). The effect of these xanthones on murine DNA and bovine serum albumin degradation induced by an OH• generator system was also evaluated. Additionally, we investigated the effect of these xanthones on ROS production, lipid peroxidation and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in FeSO4-exposed brain, liver and lung rat homogenates.

Results

Xanthone V exhibited a better scavenging capacity for O2
●—, ONOO- and OH● than xanthone III, although both xanthones were unable to trap H2O2. Additionally, xanthones III and V prevented the albumin and DNA degradation induced by the OH● generator system. Lipid peroxidation and ROS production evoked by FeSO4 were decreased by both xanthones in all tissues tested. Xanthones III and V also prevented the GR activity depletion induced by pro-oxidant activity only in the brain.

Conclusions

Altogether, the collected evidence suggests that xanthones can play a role as potential agents to attenuate the oxidative damage produced by different pro-oxidants.
Feasibility intervention trial of two types of improved cookstoves in three resource-limited settings: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Klasen Elizabeth , Miranda J Jaime , Khatry Subarna , Menya Diana , Gilman Robert H , Tielsch James M , Kennedy Caitlin , Dreibelbis Robert , Naithani Neha , Kimaiyo Sylvester , Chiang Marilu , Carter E Jane , Sherman Charles B , Breysse Patrick N , Checkley William ,   COCINAS Trial Working Group
Published: October 2013

Background

Exposure to biomass fuel smoke is one of the leading risk factors for disease burden worldwide. International campaigns are currently promoting the widespread adoption of improved cookstoves in resource-limited settings, yet little is known about the cultural and social barriers to successful improved cookstove adoption and how these barriers affect environmental exposures and health outcomes.

Design

We plan to conduct a one-year crossover, feasibility intervention trial in three resource-limited settings (Kenya, Nepal and Peru). We will enroll 40 to 46 female primary cooks aged 20 to 49 years in each site (total 120 to 138).

Methods

At baseline, we will collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and cooking practices, and measure respiratory health and blood pressure for all participating women. An initial observational period of four months while households use their traditional, open-fire design cookstoves will take place prior to randomization. All participants will then be randomized to receive one of two types of improved, ventilated cookstoves with a chimney: a commercially-constructed cookstove (Envirofit G3300/G3355) or a locally-constructed cookstove. After four months of observation, participants will crossover and receive the other improved cookstove design and be followed for another four months. During each of the three four-month study periods, we will collect monthly information on self-reported respiratory symptoms, cooking practices, compliance with cookstove use (intervention periods only), and measure peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, exhaled carbon monoxide and blood pressure. We will also measure pulmonary function testing in the women participants and 24-hour kitchen particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels at least once per period.

Discussion

Findings from this study will help us better understand the behavioral, biological, and environmental changes that occur with a cookstove intervention. If this trial indicates that reducing indoor air pollution is feasible and effective in resource-limited settings like Peru, Kenya and Nepal, trials and programs to modify the open burning of biomass fuels by installation of low-cost ventilated cookstoves could significantly reduce the burden of illness and death worldwide.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT01686867
Is switching from brand name to generic formulations of phenobarbital associated with loss of antiepileptic efficacy?: a pharmacokinetic study with two oral formulations (Luminal® vet, Phenoleptil®) in dogs
Authors: Bankstahl Marion , Bankstahl Jens P , Löscher Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

Background

In human medicine, adverse outcomes associated with switching between bioequivalent brand name and generic antiepileptic drug products is a subject of concern among clinicians. In veterinary medicine, epilepsy in dogs is usually treated with phenobarbital, either with the standard brand name formulation Luminal® or the veterinary products Luminal® vet and the generic formulation Phenoleptil®. Luminal® and Luminal® vet are identical 100 mg tablet formulations, while Phenoleptil® is available in the form of 12.5 and 50 mg tablets. Following approval of Phenoleptil® for treatment of canine epilepsy, it was repeatedly reported by clinicians and dog owners that switching from Luminal® (human tablets) to Phenoleptil® in epileptic dogs, which were controlled by treatment with Luminal®, induced recurrence of seizures. In the present study, we compared bioavailability of phenobarbital after single dose administration of Luminal® vet vs. Phenoleptil® with a crossover design in 8 healthy Beagle dogs. Both drugs were administered at a dose of 100 mg/dog, resulting in 8 mg/kg phenobarbital on average.

Results

Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) following Luminal® vet vs. Phenoleptil® were about the same in most dogs (10.9 ± 0.92 vs. 10.5 ± 0.77 μg/ml), and only one dog showed noticeable lower concentrations after Phenoleptil® vs. Luminal® vet. Elimination half-life was about 50 h (50.3 ± 3.1 vs. 52.9 ± 2.8 h) without differences between the formulations. The relative bioavailability of the two products (Phenoleptil® vs. Luminal® vet.) was 0.98 ± 0.031, indicating that both formulations resulted in about the same bioavailability.

Conclusions

Overall, the two formulations did not differ significantly with respect to pharmacokinetic parameters when mean group parameters were compared. Thus, the reasons for the anecdotal reports, if true, that switching from the brand to the generic formulation of phenobarbital may lead to recurrence of seizures are obviously not related to a generally lower bioavailability of the generic formulation, although single dogs may exhibit lower plasma levels after the generic formulation that could be clinically meaningful.
Intrathoracic giant pleural lipoma: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Chen Ming , Yang Jun , Zhu Lei , Zhao Heng
Published: October 2013

This report describes a giant pleural lipoma that arose from the pleura of the 7th anterior intercostal space and occupied approximately 75% of the right pleural cavity in a 49-year-old woman. The tumor was completely excised by right thoracotomy. The complete histopathological investigation showed pleural lipoma, and we made a review of literature.
Immunophenotypic Characterization of T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Chen Xueyan , Cherian Sindhu
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

To review clinical data, cytogenetic findings, and flow cytometric analysis in 20 patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), a rare, aggressive, mature T-cell leukemia with poor prognosis and short survival.

Methods:

Using multiparameter flow cytometry with a large combination of antibodies, we summarize the immunophenotypic features of T-PLL, including unusual immunophenotypic variants, and illustrate immunophenotypic clues that may help distinguish this entity from other T-cell malignancies.

Results:

By flow cytometry, T-PLL is characterized by a postthymic mature T-cell immunophenotype with a variety of abnormalities that usually allow distinction from other mature T-cell leukemias.

Conclusions:

Although definitive diagnosis of T-PLL requires a systemic approach with integration of clinical data, morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics/fluorescence in situ hybridization, and molecular features, our results indicate immunophenotyping by multiparameter flow cytometry greatly facilitates diagnosis and assists with subclassification of this mature T-cell leukemia.
From extemporised to engineered: advances in concrete technology during the First World War
Authors: Oldham Peter
Published: October 2013

This paper provides an assessment of the increase in knowledge of concrete technology, and its military application, during the First World War. The paper illustrates the level of concrete knowledge at the beginning of the war and the rapid expansion of technology during the last 12 months of the conflict. Examples are given of early, generally poor-quality constructions (albeit built under extremely strenuous and dangerous conditions), with details of later experimental work and subsequent increases in the structural integrity of both in situ and pre-cast structures. Examples are also given of high-quality, strong and durable structures which still exist in France and Belgium.