bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Noncompliant” Transplant Patient: A Persistent Ethical Dilemma
Authors: Edwards Sue Shevlin
Published: July 2017

The term noncompliant patient may evoke the image of a difficult, demanding, and troublesome patient. In the transplant environment, patients who are unable or unwilling to adhere to a prescribed plan of treatment raise a number of medical, ethical, and other concerns with respect to individual patient care. Their behavior also raises questions of justice and fairness, especially in light of the limited numbers of transplantable organs available and the very large number of people who are waiting for a transplant. Patients who are unable to do what is necessary to maintain a transplanted organ may create a moral dilemma for the healthcare providers who treat them. This article will (1) attempt to develop a more complete understanding of “patient noncompliance,” (2) address concerns that arise both before and after the transplant, and (3) suggest strategies for dealing with noncompliant patients.
Ethical Challenges in Infant Heart Transplantation: A Clinical Case Presentation
Authors: Johnston Joyce K. , Orr Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Although heart transplantation has become recognized as a viable option for the treatment of incorrectable heart disease in infants and children, its application becomes less clear in infants with potentially serious neurologic impairment. The following case study illustrates one transplant team's approach to decision making in the case of an infant born with a chromosomal deletion syndrome.
Ethics Resources of US Organ Procurement Organizations and Transplant Centers
Authors: Taylor Gloria
Published: July 2017

The medical disciplines of organ and tissue donation and transplantation present many life-enriching benefits but are often fraught with ethical ramifications. This article examines the current and potential ethics resources of US organ procurement organizations (OPOs) and transplant centers (TCs). The organizations were surveyed regarding established ethical guidelines and the frequency with which ethical issues in need of resolution were encountered. All OPOs and 76% of TCs reported confronting ethical issues in the workplace. A majority of those surveyed in TCs and OPOs felt adequately prepared to face the ethical challenges of their jobs. More than half the surveyed personnel had some type of ethics training, but only 25% of the TC staffs and 16% of the OPO staffs' training was during the survey year. The potential for ethics-related interactions for TC and OPO staff must be recognized and adequate preparatory measures provided.
Landmark registration for reverse design: a case study on footwear rapid prototyping
Authors: Jimeno-Morenilla A , Davia M
Published: July 2017

The reverse design is one of the most widely used techniques in the field of rapid prototyping in industry. In this framework, sometimes the real original model is used so as to define the characteristic lines on its computer aided design (CAD) digitized version. These lines could otherwise hardly be drawn on the two-dimensional (2D) image displayed on the computer screen. The problem posed by this technique is that the sampling device uses a different coordinate system, and therefore it is necessary to carry out an initial calibration of the sampling device for the correct positioning of the points on the surface of the original geometry. The problem, known as ‘landmark registration’, is resolved in fields such as medicine or stereoscopic vision using techniques that include the transformation relating two sets of points: the original model and the virtual model. However, the shoe last has an anthropomorphic geometry that has no corners or relevant points, making it difficult to use these techniques with precision. For this reason, current solutions in the shoe industry involve the inclusion of physical marks in the original model that decrease the digitizing quality and distort the original model. This paper presents a ‘landmark registration’ algorithm for rapid prototyping. This algorithm uses only the set of traces obtained by sampling a physical object, and does not require a pre-characterization of relevant points. The algorithm finds the ideal transformation that minimizes the positioning error and prevents the original model from being damaged. The method is applied to real cases of reverse design for the footwear industry.
Parenting the Gifted: Is This a Job for Superparent?
Authors: Coleman Dona
Published: July 2017

If I were to say that I had a retarded or physically handicapped child, people would believe me. No one would resent me, and most reactions would be sympathetic. Having a gifted child, however, I know I do better keeping quiet. People wouldn't believe me, and they would resent me. “Another bragging mother” I would be called…
Mitral Valve Replacement—Current and Future Perspectives
Authors: van der Merwe Johan , Casselman Filip
Published: July 2017

The favorable outcomes achieved with modern mitral valve repair techniques redefined the role of mitral valve replacement. Various international databases report a significant decrease in replacement procedures performed compared with repairs, and contemporary guidelines limit the application of surgical mitral valve replacement to pathology in which durable repair is unlikely to be achieved. The progressive paradigm shift toward endoscopic and robotic mitral valve surgery is also paralleled by rapid developments in transcatheter devices, which is progressively expanding from experimental approaches to becoming clinical reality. This article outlines the current role and future perspectives of contemporary surgical mitral valve replacement within the context of mitral valve repair and the dynamic evolution of exciting transcatheter alternatives.
Investigation of Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloys under Dry Sliding and Lubrication Condition
Authors: Huang W , Lin Q , Zhang X
Published: July 2017

The friction and wear characteristics of three magnesium alloys, AZ91D, AS41, and AZ71E, under dry sliding and lubricated conditions were investigated. The results indicate that friction coefficients for selected magnesium alloys increase with the increased applied load under lubrication condition but decrease with an increase of applied load under dry sliding condition. The higher the applied load, the greater the wear rate under both sliding conditions. Moreover, addition of lubricant may significantly result in the decrease of the wear rate and friction coefficient of three magnesium alloys. Low applied load and lubrication condition lead to little difference of wear rate for three magnesium alloys, whereas high applied load leads to the least wear rate for AZ71E alloy under both sliding conditions, followed by AZ91D and AS41, which is inverse to the rank of hardness or yield strength of these alloys. Abrasive wear is the dominant wear mechanism for three magnesium alloys under lubrication condition, as well as for AZ71E alloy under dry sliding condition. Delaminative wear is the predominant wear mechanism for AZ91D and AS41 alloys under dry sliding condition.
Development of an Apparatus to Determine High-Temperature Erosive Wear up to 800 °C
Authors: Vicenzi J , Marques C M , Bergmann C P
Published: July 2017

Wear, which is attributed to the presence of powdered material, is one of the main factors responsible for material degradation in industry, affecting the performance of important equipments such as valves, vessels, pipeline walls, catalytic reactors, and steam generators. The appropriate selection of materials is of great economical relevance in such degradation situations. The evaluation of materials subjected to severe service conditions is fundamental for estimating their performance. Both low- and high-temperature erosive wears are main concerns due to the catastrophic consequences they may cause. An apparatus for the evaluation of the performance of materials subjected to erosive wear up to 800 °C is presented, described, and validated. During its validation, different materials under different parameter conditions were tested. Results show that the apparatus is able to quantify erosive wear and control process parameters with excellent accuracy.
Wear Characterization by an On-Line Ferrograph Image
Authors: Wu T H , Wang J Q , Wu J Y , Xie Y B , Mao J H
Published: July 2017

Wear characterization with ferrography is an effective off-line method for monitoring a machine's wear condition. The new challenge of real-time wear reporting appeared in condition-based maintenances. Newly developed on-line technologies focus on wear debris concentration rather than on ferrograph images. However, wear rate and wear mechanism are two necessary aspects in describing the wear condition. An on-line ferrograph image provided by an on-line visual ferrograph sensor gives a new solution. By analysing the features of an on-line ferrograph image, new wear characterization with rapid and statistical analysis was investigated for on-line wear reporting. The focus of this method is wear debris chains rather than single wear debris as focused on in traditional ferrography. First, an on-line ferrograph image is preprocessed into a binary image with improved quality. Then the binary image is transformed into a projection curve by parallel radon transformation. The low-frequency component characterizing wear debris chains is extracted from the projection curve by wavelet transformation, which shifts the focus on wear debris chains other than single wear debris. Spectrum analysis is performed to extract the wear characteristics from the low-frequency component of the projection curve. As the main result, two statistical indexes are constructed, as value of point to point and equivalent diameter of larger wear debris, representing the statistical wear debris concentration and the equivalent diameter of larger wear debris, respectively. The indexes correspond qualitatively to wear rate and wear mechanism, respectively. The method was further examined with on-line images from the bench tests of the Eaton engine and the gear reducer of the mine scraper conveyor. The results show that the indexes are effective and independent in describing wear condition, which are promising prospects for on-line wear monitoring with ferrography.
Editorial
Authors: Simanowitz Arnold
Published: July 2017

Editorial
Clinical Studies of Oestrogen Therapy for Dementia
Authors: Honjo H , Iwasa K , Urabe M
Published: July 2017

The positive effects of oestrogen on the maintenance of brain function and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have recently been reported. Oestrogen is considered to 1) improve depression, 2) increase brain blood flow, 3) stimulate neuronal function, 4) increase the number of developed gliacytes, and 5) suppress amyloid deposition and protect from the oxidative stress induced by amyloid deposition. The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for the prevention and treatment of AD has received considerable attention. Treatment with conjugated equine oestrogens 0.625mg daily produces improvement during the third week, and this is maintained for as long as therapy is continued. Medroxyprogesterone acetate seems to have an unfavourable effect on AD, causing a depressive status. Therefore systemic oestrogen treatment with vaginally administered progesterone for endometrial protection may be a suitable combination for non hysterectomised women with AD. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that oestrogen use is associated with a reduction in the relative risk of AD with greater protection with increasing dose and duration of use.
Mechanisms of Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Walters Kenneth A
Published: July 2017

The use of the skin as a route of delivery into the systemic circulation has been exploited since the 1950s with the development of ointments containing agents such as nitroglycerin and salicylates. This has been extended since the early 1980s to hormone replacement therapy with the development of skin patches and gels. The skin affords a major barrier and the mechanisms of drug transport across it are discussed. Delivery of oestradiol and progestogens are discussed.
Intrauterine Progestogens
Authors: Hampton Naomi
Published: July 2017

An ideal contraceptive is one that that is highly effective, long acting, safe, easy to administer, not interfering with coitus and fully and immediately reversible. In addition, it should have non-contraceptive benefits. Progestogen-releasing intrauterine devices, especially one releasing levonorgestrel, fulfil many of these criteria. The contraceptive and non-contraceptive uses of the progesterone and the levonorgestrel releasing devices will be discussed in this review.
The Fluid Retention Syndrome: Recognition, Risk Factors and Management
Authors: Dunnigan MG , Czapla K , Henderson JB , Pelosi AJ
Published: July 2017

A complaint of bloating or swelling of sufficient severity to lead to medical consultation is the lead symptom of a syndrome (the fluid retention syndrome) which includes affective, somatic and autonomic symptoms. These appear to have a primary origin in a neuroendocrine disturbance of limbic and hypothalamic function and form a substantial part of the work-load of a menopause clinic. The fluid retention syndrome, in turn, is one component of a spectrum of affective-somatic-autonomic disorders which comprise a significant part of the general practitioner's work load.

Major risk factors for the fluid retention syndrome comprise a strong family history of swelling symptoms and/or diabetes mellitus, affective illness, including major life events, weight gain and obesity. Short term exacerbations of swelling are precipitated by emotional stress, high carbohydrate meals, alcohol, prolonged standing and exercise, high ambient temperatures and rebound oedema following the withdrawal of diuretic therapy.

Management involves recognition of the syndrome, a clear explanation of its nature to the patient, the control of weight-related fluid retention by reduction to a pre-morbid target weight and the avoidance of inappropriate drug therapy. In particular, diuretics should not be prescribed for fluid-retaining symptoms.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should be prescribed for patients with the fluid retention syndrome if there is biochemical evidence of ovarian failure. The role of HRT in inducing rapid bloating independently of weight gain requires evaluation by a randomised controlled clinical trial. More effective management of the syndrome awaits further understanding of the neuroendocrine substrate for the disorder.
The Economics and Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Torgerson David J , Iglesias Cynthia P
Published: July 2017

Post menopausal osteoporosis as well as being a major cause of morbidity results in an annual cost of over £1 billion per annum. Until recently the treatment of choice to prevent this disease was postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, for HRT to prevent significant amounts of hip fractures life long use is required. Whilst HRT may be a cost effective treatment for high risk perimenopausal women it is unlikely to be relatively cost effective if given to low risk asymptomatic women. On the other hand treatments such as calcium and the bisphosphonates may be relatively cost effective and even cost saving if carefully targeted at high risk older women.
Women Over 80: The Issues
Authors: Stevenson Pamela S , Fairbairn Andrew F
Published: July 2017

1999 is the United Nations “Year of Older Person”. The five key areas of concern adopted in the UN “Principles for Older Adults” are independence, participation, care, self-fulfilment and dignity. This paper highlights the interrelationships between health and socio-economic problems faced by older women. The demography of ageing is reviewed with reference to changing household structure and morbidity and mortality favouring women who will increasingly become the majority of the oldest old. Many will be healthy but many will suffer disability and dementia. Prevention, diagnosis and current treatments of some of the major illnesses affecting women over 80 are noted, including cerebrovascular disease, osteoporosis, pain, cancer and the dementias. Socio-economic issues relating to the overall ageing of the population include ageism, mobility, housing and financial matters. Care throughout old age and caring for carers are important funding issues recently addressed by the Royal Commission on Long Term Care. Ethical, legal and care standards should be such that when personal autonomy is compromised then the individual should be able to retain her dignity with full human rights. Health care planning and social policy should accommodate gender based differences in longevity which will have considerable impact on living arrangements, income, health care and social supports.
Effectiveness of Three-Dimensional Auditory Directional Cues
Authors: Calhoun Gloria L. , Janson William P. , Valencia German
Published: July 2017

Natural aural directional cueing in the cockpit should relieve the demands placed on the visual modality, reduce display clutter and alleviate cognitive attention needed to process and extract meaning from coded formats. This experiment compared the effectiveness of three-dimensional (3-D) auditory cues to conventional visual and auditory methods of directing visual attention to peripheral targets. Five directional cues were evaluated: visual symbol, coded aural tone, speech cue, 3-D tone (white noise appearing to emanate from peripheral locations) and 3-D speech (speech cue appearing to emanate from peripheral locations). The results showed significant performance differences as a function of directional cue type in peripheral target task completion time, as well as eye and head reaction time. Results, such as these, will help improve the application of directional sound in operational cockpits.
Human Factors Design in Special Purpose Workstations for Space Station: Panel Discussion
Authors: Mount Frances E.
Published: July 2017

The word “Workstations” means different things to different people. In the world of space vehicles command and control is usually the first workstation function that comes to mind. Actually, specialized workstations fall into many categories. This panel will discuss various specialized workstations being developed for the upcoming United States Space Station. As part of the design process the human being, a very integral part of each workstation is carefully considered.
Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement
Authors: Endsley Mica R.
Published: July 2017

Situation awareness (SA) is an important component of pilot/system performance in all types of aircraft. It is the role of the human factors engineer to develop aircraft cockpits which will enhance SA. Research in the area of situation awareness is is vitally needed if system designers are to meet the challenge of providing cockpits which enhance SA. This paper presents a discussion of the SA construct, important considerations facing designers of aircraft systems, and current research in the area of SA measurement.
Variable Magnification Considerations for Airborne, Moving Map Displays
Authors: Allen Charles P.
Published: July 2017

Color moving-map displays are increasingly being recommended for inclusion in the crewstations of modern aircraft. Research evaluates display magnification requirements for color, moving-map display systems for two map scale uses, three map scales and two lighting conditions. Results show significant differences in magnification requirements for different map uses, map scales and lighting conditions. Results suggest the need for new guidelines.
User Interface Consistency in the DECwindows Program
Authors: Good Michael
Published: July 2017

A major goal of the DECwindows program is to provide a consistent, state-of-the-art user interface for workstation software.1 This interface extends across operating systems and many different types of application programs. Within the DECwindows program we have addressed both the technical and organizational aspects of developing consistent user interfaces across applications. Traditional methods for developing user interface consistency, such as the use of an interface style guide and toolkit, were supplemented with more innovative techniques. An exhibition and catalog of DECwindows application designs helped to develop a DECwindows school of interface design. Electronic conferencing software played an important role in facilitating communication among DECwindows contributors throughout the company. Preliminary user interviews suggest that the DECwindows interface style gives a consistent, usable feel to Digital's workstation applications.
There's More to Direct Manipulation than meets the Eye
Authors: Root Robert W. , Canby Annette
Published: July 2017

The term “direct manipulation” (or DM) often evokes images of interfaces which are intuitive, obvious, and easy to learn. We conducted an experiment to determine whether subjects could learn to use a DM interface without instruction, i.e., whether they could learn the interface syntax on their own merely by inspection and exploration of the interface. The research vehicle was a prototype DM applicationdesigned to allow end users to customize a telecommunications application. Three variations of the interface were created by manipulating elements of the DM syntax, specifically, moded operations and rules about selectingobjects before acting on them. Subjects carried out a set of five tasks in the presence of an experimenter, who was allowed to provide structured help when the subject could not make further progress. Results indicated that the syntax manipulations affected both the number and type of user errors and the amount of help needed to complete the tasks: the use of modes and selection rules significantly interfered with learning, and only four subjects out of thirty were able to perform the complete set of tasks without experimenter assistance. We also found, however, that more than half of the errors made by subjects were not directly related to syntax manipulations. These errors appear to stem more from conceptual problems, i.e., mismatches between the user's developing model of the interface and the model instantiated by the interface designer in the rules of interaction. These conceptual problems were observed across syntax manipulations and represent a significant portion of user's difficulties in learning the interface. Thus, our results shed light on the relationship between interface syntax, learning and usability in the DM paradigm, but they also point out the need for a cognitive account of the processes by which users acquire knowledge of interface characteristics and how that knowledge is related to interface design elements.
Empirical Evaluation of Entry and Selection Methods: For Specifying Dates
Authors: Gould John D. , Boies Stephen J. , Meluson Mia , Rasamny Marwan , Vosburgh Ann Marie
Published: July 2017

Experienced and inexperienced computer users used seven different interaction methods to specify dates of events. Key results were that the three entry methods were faster, more accurate, and preferred over the four selection methods—by both experienced and inexperienced computer users. The rank order of performance with these methods was about the same for both groups. Number of keystrokes required by each method was a good predictor of performance time. For selection tasks, decomposing them into separate fields is advisable.
The Effects of Case and Spacing on Menu Option Search Time
Authors: Williams James R.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of spacing and case (use of upper- or lowercase letters) on search time for menus presented on a contemporary high resolution PC display. Twenty Bellcore staff members, all experienced computer users, were presented two sets of four menus each (representing the combinations of case and spacing). Search time was recorded and participants were asked for their preferences among the four menu styles. Analysis of variance results indicated that double-spacing yielded significantly shorter search times in both menu sets. Although case was significant only for the first menu set, a significant case by spacing interaction for the second set indicated that double-spacing had more effect on search time for uppercase options than for lowercase options. Preference data also indicated that 85% of the participants preferred the double-spaced menus.
Constraints on Training: Informativeness and Breadth in Procedural Skill Learning
Authors: Robertson Scott P. , Koizumi David , Marsella Stacy C.
Published: July 2017

Three training methods were compared in a computer text editing situation. Training varied on the degree of constraint imposed on the behavior of learners. For complex methods, completely constrained and completely unconstrained training situations led to worse test perfomance than an unconstrianed training condition in which subjects were informed about their compliance with a method and allowed to reset the system at will. The results argue against a strict “training wheels” approach to learning environments but support the general notion of “guided exploration,” especially for complex methods.
Optimization of User and System Knowledge
Authors: Hammer Ann G. , Birdwell Gerald G. , Snyder Harry L. , Bogle R. H.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the perspective of a user system knowledge continuum which recasts traditional user system components (user interface, context-sensitive help, completion aids, manuals, training) as interrelated knowledge components tasked with appropriately distributing required knowledge between user and system. It suggests that maximizing user system effectiveness is best viewed as optimization of a set of such knowledge components. The paper relies upon a case study showing this perspective at work in the development of APT - Applications Productivity Tool™, an integrated software environment for industrial automation applications.
Design Practice and Application Domain: Primary Factors in Intelligent User-System Interface Design
Authors: Hockenberger Roik L. , Ritchie R. Jay
Published: July 2017

Through the use of AI technology, the potential exists to make revolutionary changes in military command and control. Knowledge based systems can enable a commander and staff to accommodate large amounts of information efficiently and effectively, to generate operations plans rapidly, and thereby allow exploitation of early maneuver opportunities. This paper addresses the issues of application domain and human factors design practice as they relate to the development of effective user system interfaces for expert systems.
When Electronic Devices Outnumber Flower Bouquets in the Hospital Room
Authors: Wiklund Michael E. , Hoffman Lawrence R.
Published: July 2017

Today's hospital room is dominated by electronic devices that monitor, control, and document a patient's condition. The devices do what machines do best: tedious, repetitive tasks such as cardiac and respiratory monitoring requiring unerring accuracy. However, the proliferation of the devices, fueled by technological advances and the application of computers, is causing environmental and usability problems. Innumerable controls, displays, and alarms produce sensory overload. The devices congest the workspace, present tripping hazards, and produce unwanted noise, heat, and light. Using the equipment is not intuitive and requires substantial training. As a result, nurses and physicians spend more time working with the equipment and less time providing direct patient care. Reversing this trend requires better design and integration of equipment through the application of a usability engineering approach to product design and a commitment to design standards.
A Touch-Only User Interface for a Medical Monitor
Authors: Weisner Steven J.
Published: July 2017

A touchscreen interface was tested as the exclusive means for interacting with a computer-based monitor for the hospital intensive care environment. The use of touch in the medical environment combined with the fact that it was the sole means of user communication presented several human engineering challenges. Human factors testing of the design used 75 hours of mockup review by 38 clinical and administrative staff. In addition, 680 hours of field trial testing in the intensive care environment by 39 hospital staff were performed. The minimum size of visual and touch-sensitive target areas and the proximity of adjacent areas was determined. The touch recognition algorithm was modified to more accurately recognize near-edge targets. The use of a touch-sensitive QWERTY keyboard for patient name and id entry was shown to be acceptable. N-key rollover was deemed not viable with a touch interface in the critical care area. A swivel mount was introduced to compensate for different height and handed end-users.
Making Behavioral Data Useful for System Design Applications: Development of the Engineering Data Compendium
Authors: Lincoln Janet E. , Boff Kenneth R.
Published: July 2017

In spite of the critical need to match the capabilities of complex human-interfaced systems to the capabilities and limitations of the human operator, relevant research findings on human perception and performance are seldom given systematic consideration in the design of control and display systems. A major reason is that the costs and risks associated with accessing, interpreting, and applying these data are unacceptably high to designers already overburdened with technical information. To help reduce these costs, the Integrated Perceptual Information for Designers (IPID) program has developed: (1) a procedure for compiling and integrating widely scattered human performance research data with potential application in system design; and (2) a format for presenting these data so they can be used directly by practitioners to support design decisions and trade-offs. This data consolidation procedure and presentation format have been used to produce a full-scale demonstration data resource, the Engineering Data Compendium, that integrates information from over 75 subareas of human perception and performance into a 4-volume reference work for designers.
Everything you always Wanted to Know about HOS Micromodels but were Afraid to Ask
Authors: Harris Regina M. , Iavecchia Helene P. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: July 2017

HOS-IV is a general purpose simulation tool for modeling human operators, systems, and the environment. To build a simulation, inputs to the model typically include descriptions of the system design, procedures for using the system, human operator characteristics, and a mission scenario. A set of operator micromodels are available to the HOS user to assist in the development of the simulation. These micromodels contain algorithms, based on experimental literature, that can predict the timing and accuracy of basic human cognitive, perceptual, and psychomotor actions. This paper describes the current set of human performance models available in HOS-IV as well as micromodels planned for development.
Human Factors in the Space and Naval Warfare Command: Display System Standardization
Authors: Andrews Phillip J. , Permenter Kathryn E. , Eike David R. , Malone Thomas B.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the state and status of human factors within the Space and Naval Warfare Command (SPAWAR) by focusing on a major effort currently being pursued within SPAWAR, that of developing a standard workstation design concept for Navy applications. Human factors concerns were paramount in the assessment of requirements for a standardized workstation applicable to Navy-wide requirements. The major human factors concern was display usability.
Determination of Program Initiation Phase Manprint Requirements for the Lighter, Amphibious Heavy-Lift (Lamp-H)
Authors: Heasly Christopher C. , Permenter Kathryn E. , Malone Thomas B. , Baker Clifford C. , Lawrence Louis G.
Published: July 2017

The objective of this paper is to describe the approach utilized in the development of MANPRINT requirements for the Lighter, Amphibious — Heavy Lift (LAMP-H). LAMP-H is an air cushioned vehicle with a crew of six: a pilot, a navigator, and four stevedores who load and unload equipment from the vessel. The project was initiated during the program initiation phase of development. Several types of Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) lighter craft were evaluated as baseline comparison systems for LAMP-H. The effort involved insuring compliance with human engineering design criteria and practice, incorporating lessons learned from analogous air-cushioned vehicles lighter craft, and addressing habitability, noise and other design issues affecting crew performance of tasks critical to the operation and maintenance of the LAMP-H. This paper details the analyses and techniques implemented in the early phases of the weapon system acquisition process for designing improved soldier-machine systems, as well as the products of the effort.
A Workload Assessment Aid for Human Engineering Design
Authors: Fontenelle Gail , Laughery K. Ronald
Published: July 2017

The Workload Assessment Aid (WAA) is a software tool developed for the Army Research Institute as part of the MANPRINT effort. This software toolkit is specifically designed to predict operator workload at the earliest stages of design. It builds upon a task network simulation tool, Micro SAINT, by incorporating several other predictive workload techniques, in addition to several new dimensions. In its final form the tool will automatically make task reallocation recommendations based on workload profiles, personnel characteristics and display-control accessibility.
Integrating Human Engineering into the Design of the User Interface of a Large Scale System
Authors: Wick Daniel T.
Published: July 2017

This paper proposes allocating to user and developer organizations a portion of the human engineering required to design a user interface of a large scale system. The integration of the human engineering activities and the benefits realized by both organizations are discussed.
Development and Validation of a Scale of Automation-Induced “Complacency”
Authors: Singh Indramani L. , Molloy Robert , Parasuraman Raja
Published: July 2017

In the present studies, a scale was developed for measuring attitudes toward automation technology that reflect a potential for complacency. In the first, developmental study, a 20-item questionnaire consisting of statements concerning various aspects of automation was administered to 139 undergraduates at Catholic University. Factor analysis of the complacency potential rating scale (CPRS) revealed five independent factors, namely: general, confidence- reliance-, trust-, and safety-related complacency. The internal consistency reliability coefficients of the five factors and the scale as a whole were found to be high, and the scales revealed satisfactory test-retest reliabilities. The pattern of correlations among CPRS score, age, gender, computer use, and computer experience were consistent with previous studies examining attitudes toward microcomputer usage (Igbaria and Parasuraman, 1991). In the second, validation study, the 20-item CPRS was cross-validated on a sample of 175 undergraduate students at Drexel University. Factor analysis similarly revealed five factors with high alphas. The results indicate that the potential for complacency can be evaluated by assessing attitudes towards automation technology.
Mode Error in Supervisory Control of Automated Systems
Authors: Sarter Nadine B. , Woods David D.
Published: July 2017

Mode errors are one kind of breakdown in human-computer interaction. The concept was developed originally in the context of relatively simple reactive computerized devices such as word processors. When a device possesses multiple modes, where something is done one way in one mode and another way in another mode, there is increased potential for erroneous actions. In this paper we extend and expand the concept of mode error to supervisory control of automated resources in event-driven situations such as pilot interaction with cockpit automation. In this type of situation, the state of the automated system can change in response to either operator input, situation factors or system factors. This creates complexities in tracking system mode changes over time, surprises created by “uncommanded” mode changes, and the possibility of errors of omission as well as commission in managing multiple system modes. Progress in our understanding of mode error in the context of highly automated systems is important in our ability to develop effective countermeasures for mode-related problems in human-computer cooperation.
“Soft” Controls for Hard Displays: Still a Challenge
Authors: Degani Asaf , Palmer Everett A. , Bauersfeld Kristin G.
Published: July 2017

Future trends in design of controls and displays for cockpit sub-systems (electrical, pneumatics, fuel, etc.), will undoubtedly focus on replacing dedicated “hard” controls with reconfigurable “soft” controls depicted on the sub-system schematic display. This concept would allow for direct manipulation of mechanical components via the display. The case study reported here discusses the approach, redesign, and evaluation of soft controls and multi-functional displays for the Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator (ACFS), a two-engine, “generic” airliner. The redesign effort focused on the input interface (a touch sensitive screen), the display concept, and improving “navigation” among sub-system displays. The paper concludes with a summary of questionnaire data and comments of 26 airline pilots who flew a four-segment mission in the simulator. The subjective results indicated that pilots favored the direct manipulation concepts and the ability to link alerts, procedures, and configuration tasks. However, the technology used to support this concept still requires improvements.
Multi-Modal Cockpit Warnings: Pictures. Words. or Both?
Authors: Selcon S. J , Taylor R. M. , Shadrake R. A.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the requirement for, and benefits of, multi-modal information presentation in cockpit warning systems. It also attempts to provide an account of the nature and levels of processing involved when information from one source is integrated with a supposedly redundant additional source to provide a performance gain in choice reaction time (RT) tasks, and its applicability to other cockpit systems. An experiment is described which used warning/caution ‘icons’ (pictorial representations of danger situations) and verbal warning messages, both singly and in combination. The visual icons were generated by RAF aircrew, using an iterative design process, as being meaningful pictorial representations of real-world warnings. Subjects were required to identify whether the situations presented warnings i.e. high priority/immediate action or cautions i.e. low priority/immediate awareness. The results obtained showed a significant decrease in response latencies when correlated bi-modal information was given as compared to the uni-modal conditions. The high level of abstraction of these icons strongly implied that the performance gains occurring must be as the result of the integration of ‘information’ rather than ‘data’. Subjective Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART) scores also showed that benefits may also be accrued through reduced workload and increased depth of understanding. The results of these experiments are considered in terms of current Information Processing and Neural Network theories and an attempt to provide a cognitive model of this integrality effect is also described.
Computer-Simulated Aircraft Inspection Tasks for Off-Line Experimentation
Authors: Latorella K. A. , Gramopadhye A. K. , Prabhu P. V. , Drury C. G. , Smith M. A. , Shanahan D. E.
Published: July 2017

Previous research on civil aircraft inspection and maintenance, (e.g., Shepherd, 1990) has shown the potential for human factors interventions. However, for specific interventions to be tested and detailed models to be developed a system for rapid, off-line experimentation is required. Two computer-simulated inspection tasks are described, one for non-destructive inspection and the other for visual inspection. Both systems have been used for experiments, the brief results of which are presented. Future extensions to the programs, and other experiments under way, are discussed.
Distance Metrics in Multifunction Displays
Authors: Seidler Karen S. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: July 2017

The need to scan and integrate sources of information in multifunction displays (MFDs) forces consideration of the relationships between the screens in the database. This paper develops a spatial metaphor that can be used to explore these underlying relationships. Three metrics of distance - navigational (the number of choice points lying between screens), organizational (the structure of the hierarchy), and cognitive (the user's mental representation of information relatedness) - were identified and empirically examined by using a simulated, hierarchically arranged, menu-driven MFD in an aviation context.
Viewing Evaluation of two Cupola Locations on Space Station Freedom (SSF)
Authors: Stealey Sheryl L. , Mount Frances
Published: July 2017

Analyses are continuing in the Man-Systems Division of NASA Johnson Space Center, on the restructured Space Station Freedom (SSF). Viewing requirements for the SSF indicate that assembly and extravehicular crew operations should be viewed by direct means whenever possible. To analyze the extent to which the Cupola meets this requirement, positions on the port side of Node 2 and the zenith side of Node 1 were evaluated. These analyses utilized the tasks from Mission Build (MB) 6 through 16 to investigate these two Node positions. The analyses conducted were based on a 4-position rating scale (Excellent, Good, Marginal, and Inadequate) which solicited data from both expert crewmembers and specialists in the field of robotic assembly operations. To remedy the potential direct viewing problems identified through this investigation, it was recommended that additional camera ports be placed along the truss and on the modules to provide indirect orthogonal viewing for berthing operations and pressurized module attachment. It was also recommended that additional Node positions be investigated to determine the optimal location for the Cupola based on crew considerations, direct viewing requirements, lighting issues, and operational tasking issues.
Age-Related Effects in Consistent Memory Search: Performance is the Same but What about Learning?
Authors: Cooper Brian P. , Lee Mark D. , Goska Robert E. , Anderson Marjo M. , Gay Paul E. , Fickes Lynne Ann , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms which underlie the learning in consistently mapped (CM) memory search. In Experiment 1, old and young adults were trained in both CM and variably mapped (VM) category search. The training results replicate previous findings by Fisk and Rogers (1991). Even though older adults are initially at a disadvantage relative to young adults, the comparison times of young and old adults are near zero after CM training. For VM, older adults remain at a disadvantage relative to younger adults, even after extensive training. A full reversal manipulation was implemented in Experiment 2 to investigate the learning in memory search. Initially, the young subjects were less affected by the full reversal condition compared to the performance of the older adults. However, older subjects quickly recovered and both young and old were performing at trained CM levels within 60 trials of additional practice. These results suggest: (a) attention is not being trained in CM memory search; (b) automatic category activation does not contribute much, if at all, to the performance improvement in memory search; and (c) age-invariant learning mechanisms account for performance improvement in CM memory search.
Manual Performance of Older and Younger Adults with Supplementary Auditory Cues
Authors: Jagacinski Richard J. , Greenberg Neil , Liao Min-Ju , Wang Jian
Published: July 2017

Subjects attempted to perform the same manual movement pattern on repeated trials using a visual display of error. Additionally, some subjects heard a tone that was proportional to either the position or velocity of the ideal movement pattern. With the tone, both older and younger adults demonstrated increased anticipation in the form of an increased correlation of their movement pattern with the ideal velocity pattern. However, males exhibited this effect most with the tone that was proportional to ideal velocity, and females, with the tone that was proportional to ideal position. The benefit of the auditory displays did not carry over after they were withdrawn. These results demonstrate one technique for improving perceptual/motor performance. Although older adults exhibited a longer effective time delay, the older and younger adults benefitted from the additional cues to comparable degrees
Spatial and Temporal (RAPCOM) Visual Display Formats and the Proximity Compatibility Principle
Authors: Uhlarik John , Joseph Kurt M.
Published: July 2017

RAPCOM (rapid communication) displays involve temporal presentation of information in the same spatial location and have been suggested to have useful potential for human-computer interactions involving high information transfer rates (cf., Matin and Boff, 1988). An experiment was conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various spatial and temporal display formats for presenting information pertaining to the likelihood of aircraft stall using the simulated dynamics of a light aircraft. Specific spatial and temporal characteristics of the display formats were based on the proximity compatibility principle (PCP) which attempts to integrate findings regarding the benefits and limitations of displaying multiple sources of information in similar or “proximal” ways (Wickens and Andre, 1990; Carswell and Wickens, 1990).

The effectiveness of these display formats were compared for judgments which required the integration of three display parameters (airspeed, bank, and flap angle) to determine stall probability with those requiring focused attention necessitating the recall of the specific value of one of the parameters. For the complex monitoring task used in this experiment, temporal display formats were generally associated with the most accurate performance. Furthermore, the overall pattern of results was not consistent with design guidelines suggested by the PCP, and suggest difficulties when attempting to define “proximity” in terms of physical metrics based on spatial or temporal parameters.
Is Performance Tradeoff an Experimental Artifact?
Authors: Velazquez Velma L. , Tsang Pamela S.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of the resource notion, which is the basis for the secondary task technique of workload assessment. The unbiased optimum-maximum method proposed by Navon (1984) was used to manipulate task priority without conveying to the subjects that time-shared performance must tradeoff. Three task pairs that fell on a continuum of degree of shared resources were tested. The data showed that performance tradeoff is not an experimental artifact. Moreover, the data suggested that increased degree of shared resources led to increased resource allocation optimality and decreased time-sharing efficiency, as predicted by multiple resource theories. The present data suggests that resource theories are useful in explaining dual task performance, and that the secondary task can be a useful workload assessment tool.