bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of α‐Substituted β‐Naphthol Derivatives: Scope and Mechanistic Investigation.
Authors: Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , You Shu‐Li
Published: November 2014

This new title reaction proceeds with excellent regio‐ and chemoselectivity and a wide range of β‐naphthalenones with a quaternary carbon atom are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: C—C Coupling Through Intramolecular Dual C—H Activation Directed by a Removable Carboxylate Group: A Method for the Synthesis of Fluorenones under Mild Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Liu Lu , Wang Fang , Li Zhenghong , Wang Jianhui
Published: November 2014

The Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular oxidative coupling of diphenylacetic acids affords fluorenones.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC—Gold(I) Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition—Acyclic Addition of Dialkyl Substituted Propargylic Esters with 1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran: Synthesis of Novel Benzo[c]fluorenols and Substituted Dienes.
Authors: Kotikalapudi Ramesh , Siva Kumari A. Leela , Swamy K. C. Kumara
Published: November 2014

A new type of cycloaddition involving propargylic esters is discovered.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Lactones from Disubstituted Ketenes and Aldehydes.
Authors: Chen Shi , Mondal Mukulesh , Ibrahim Ahmad A. , Wheeler Kraig A. , Kerrigan Nessan J.
Published: November 2014

In terms of yield, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity this reaction works best for arylalkylketenes and diarylketenes with p‐substituted arylaldehydes resulting in substituted β‐lactones or β‐hydroxyacids after hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano CoFe2O4 Supported Antimony(III) as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Li Bao‐Le , Hu Hai‐Chuan , Mo Li‐Ping , Zhang Zhan‐Hui
Published: November 2014

The title catalyst is successfully applied on the multicomponent reaction of amines, nitroolefin, and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Structure of Chiral Enamine N‐Oxides.
Authors: O'Neil I. A. , McConville M. , Zhou K. , Brooke C. , Robertson C. M. , Berry N. G.
Published: November 2014

The reaction does not tolerate alkyl, aryl, or silyl substituents on monoactivated alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nitrones: Unexpected Rate Acceleration by Water in the Synthesis of Isoxazolidines.
Authors: Hou Hong , Zhu Shaoqun , Pan Fangfang , Rueping Magnus
Published: November 2014

For the first time, a visible‐light mediated oxidative nitrone formation / [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction is used for the synthesis of isoxazolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent/Oxidant‐Switchable Synthesis of Multisubstituted Quinazolines and Benzimidazoles via Metal‐Free Selective Oxidative Annulation of Arylamidines.
Authors: Lin Jian‐Ping , Zhang Feng‐Hua , Long Ya‐Qiu
Published: November 2014

An unusual solvent‐ or oxidant controlled direct synthesis of either quinazolines or benzimidazoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted Vinylsilanes via Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation Reactions of Allenes and Propiolate Derivatives with Silylboronates.
Authors: Xu Yun‐He , Wu Liu‐Hai , Wang Jun , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: November 2014

Multi‐substituted allenes with electron‐withdrawing groups, e.g. (I), (IV), and (VI) and propiolate derivatives (IX) react with silyl boronic acid ester (II) to afford silyl‐substituted butenoate derivatives (III), (V), and (VII)/(VIII) or β‐silyl‐substituted arylates (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Asymmetric Stereoablative O‐Alkylation of α‐Nitrophosphonates via O‐Azaxylylene Intermediates Generated in situ from 3‐Bromooxindoles.
Authors: Xie Xiaohua , Jing Linhai , Qin Dabin , He Wujun , Wu Song , Jin Lunqiang , Luo Gan
Published: November 2014

The first unprecedented enantioselective O‐alkylation reaction of α‐nitrophosphate is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Lepenine.
Authors: Nishiyama Yoshitake , Han‐ya Yuki , Yokoshima Satoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: November 2014

The first asymmetric total synthesis of lepenine (I) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereochemistry of Two Monoterpenoid Diastereomers from Ferula dissecta.
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Huang Chao , Huang Jian , Han Hong‐Ying , Li Guo‐Yu , Wang Jin‐Hui , Sun Tie‐Min
Published: November 2014

The title compounds show significant growth inhibitory activities against cervical cancer HeLa cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Norditerpenoids from Flickingeria fimbriata.
Authors: Chen Jin‐Long , Zhao Zhi‐Min , Xue Xue , Tang Gui‐Hua , Zhu Long‐Ping , Yang De‐Po , Jiang Lin
Published: November 2014

Seven new degraded diterpenoids [e.g. (IIa), (III), (IV)], four new ent‐pimarane type diterpenoids [e.g. (I)], and a known analog are isolated from the title stem.
ChemInform Abstract: Kurahyne, an Acetylene‐Containing Lipopeptide from a Marine Cyanobacterial Assemblage of Lyngbya sp.
Authors: Iwasaki Arihiro , Ohno Osamu , Sumimoto Shinpei , Suda Shoichiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: November 2014

The title isolated compound (I) inhibits the growth of both HeLa cells and HL60 cells and induces apoptosis in HeLa cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Kurahamide, a Cyclic Depsipeptide Analogue of Dolastatin 13 from a Marine Cyanobacterial Assemblage of Lyngbya sp.
Authors: Iwasaki Arihiro , Sumimoto Shinpei , Ohno Osamu , Suda Shoichiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: November 2014

Kurahamide (I) strongly inhibits elastase and chymotrypsin in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Antioxidant Flavone Glycosides and Other Constituents from Premna latifolia Leaves.
Authors: Ghosh Partha Sarathi , Das Niranjan , Dinda Biswanath
Published: November 2014

The new flavone glycoside (I) is isolated along with two known compounds from the leaves of the medicinal plant, Premna latifolia Roxb (Verbenaceae).
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Secretase (BACE1)‐Inhibiting C‐Methylrotenoids from Abronia nana Suspension Cultures.
Authors: Park Se‐Hoon , Yang Eun‐Ju , Kim Sang‐In , Song Kyung‐Sik
Published: November 2014

A novel C‐methylrotenoid, abronione A (I), is isolated together with three known rotenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Nanowire Networks: The Next Generation of Transparent Conductors
Authors: Ye Shengrong , Rathmell Aaron R. , Chen Zuofeng , Stewart Ian E. , Wiley Benjamin J.
Published: November 2014

Review: [89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Multicopper Catalysts for Oxidation and Hydrocarboxylation of Alkanes
Authors: Kirillov Alexander M. , Kirillova Marina V. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: November 2014

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions in Alkaloid and Terpenoid Syntheses
Authors: Yoshimura Tomoyuki
Published: November 2014

Review: [37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Muenchnones—New Facets After 50 Years
Authors: Reissig Hans‐Ulrich , Zimmer Reinhold
Published: November 2014

Review: new multicomponent reactions and enantioselective cycloadditions; 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Activity of Plasmonic Photocatalysts
Authors: Lou Zaizhu , Wang Zeyan , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: November 2014

Review: [152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Discrimination in Nonrigid Prochiral Solutes Dissolved in Chiral Liquid Crystals: Symmetry Considerations
Authors: Lesot Philippe , Luz Zeev , Aroulanda Christie , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: November 2014

Review: 39 refs.
Exothermicity in wood torrefaction and its impact on product mass yields: From micro to pilot scale
Authors: Cavagnol Sofien , Roesler John F. , Sanz Elena , Nastoll Willi , Lu Pin , Perré Patrick
Published: November 2014

This paper focuses on the effects of exothermic reactions during torrefaction, a mild heat treatment process in the temperature range 200 to 300 °C. Three different scales are considered, the micro‐particle (powder scale), the macro‐particle (woodchips or larger) and the thick fixed bed (pilot reactor) together with three wood types, spruce, beech and locust. At the powder scale, TGA‐DSC tests indicate that exothermic reactions are noticeable principally during the first stages of torrefaction. The mass loss kinetics are used to evaluate parameters for a DAEM (Distributed Activation Energy Method) model. At the macro‐particle scale, temperature measurements within wood planks heated in an oven depict the presence of temperature overshoots due to the exothermic reactions that lead to unevenly treated particles. At the reactor scale, a large fixed bed of wood chips is heated in the same oven by an up‐flowing recirculated mixture of inert gas and volatiles. The exothermic reactions are found to generate a heat wave that propagates up the bed. Total mass losses are found to largely exceed those predicted with the DAEM model based on recorded bed temperatures. This means that, in order to reach the measured mass yields, the inner core temperatures of the wood chips must be higher than those of their outer surface and of the gas flow. Multi‐scale modelling approaches are therefore required to take into account the combined exothemicity and diffusional limitations within the wood chips and at their exchange surfaces.
Quantum Mechanical Molecular Interactions for Calculating the Excitation Energy in Molecular Environments: A First‐Order Interacting Space Approach
Authors: Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Yanai Kazuma , Ishimura Kazuya
Published: November 2014

Intermolecular interactions regulate the molecular properties in proteins and solutions such as solvatochromic systems. Some of the interactions have to be described at an electronic‐structure level. In this study, a commutator for calculating the excitation energy is used for deriving a first‐order interacting space (FOIS) to describe the environmental response to solute excitation. The FOIS wave function for a solute‐in‐solvent cluster is solved by second‐order perturbation theory. The contributions to the excitation energy are decomposed into each interaction and for each solvent.
Exploring the Free Energy and Conformational Landscape of tRNA at High Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Schuabb Caroline , Berghaus Melanie , Rosin Christopher , Winter Roland
Published: November 2014

A combined temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent study was employed to reveal the conformational and free‐energy landscape of phenylalanine transfer RNA (tRNAPhe), a known model for RNA function, to elucidate the features that are essential in determining its stability. These studies also help explore its structural properties under extreme environmental conditions, such as low/high temperatures and high pressures. To this end, fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, calorimetric and small‐angle scattering measurements were carried out at different ion concentrations over a wide range of temperatures and pressures up to several hundred MPa. Compared with the pronounced temperature effect, the pressure‐dependent structural changes of tRNAPhe are small. A maximum of only 15 % unpaired bases is observed upon pressurization up to 1 GPa. RNA unfolding differs not only from protein unfolding, but also from DNA melting. Its pressure stability seems to be similar to that of noncanonical DNA structures.
The effects of solvent and microwave on the preparation of Magnesium Oxide Precursor
Authors: Du Juan , Chen Zhen , Wu Yu‐Long , Yang Ming‐De , Dang Jie , Yuan Jian‐Jun
Published: November 2014

Four methods including hydrothermal method, glycol‐hydrothermal method, microwave‐hydrothermal method and glycol‐microwave‐hydrothermal method were used to prepare magnesium oxide precursor by the reaction of MgSO4·7H2O with (NH4)2CO3. The composition, crystallinity, morphology, aspect ratio, yield, functional groups, atom distribution, and interplanar spacing of the sample were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scan Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). The properties of Magnesium Oxide precursor were compared with each other. The results of FT‐IR and XRD showed that the crystals were all nesquehonite. However, it was shown by FT‐IR results that the crystals prepared by glycol‐microwave‐hydrothermal method contained OH− and HCO3− groups, which indicated that the Mg(OH)(HCO3)·2H2O type crystals would be facilitated by this method. The glycol‐hydrothermal method can create high quality Magnesium Oxide precursor with a high degree of crystallinity, high purity, high aspect ratio, smooth surface, and good dispersibility.
Cobalt–Manganese‐Based Spinels as Multifunctional Materials that Unify Catalytic Water Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Indra Arindam , Sahraie Nastaran Ranjbar , Bergmann Arno , Strasser Peter , Driess Matthias
Published: November 2014

Recently, there has been much interest in the design and development of affordable and highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts that can resolve the pivotal issues that concern solar fuels, fuel cells, and rechargeable metal‐air batteries. Here we present the synthesis and application of porous CoMn2O4 and MnCo2O4 spinel microspheres as highly efficient multifunctional catalysts that unify the electrochemical OER with oxidant‐driven and photocatalytic water oxidation as well as the ORR. The porous materials were prepared by the thermal degradation of the respective carbonate precursors at 400 °C. The as‐prepared spinels display excellent performances in electrochemical OER for the cubic MnCo2O4 phase in comparison to the tetragonal CoMn2O4 material in an alkaline medium. Moreover, the oxidant‐driven and photocatalytic water oxidations were performed and they exhibited a similar trend in activity to that of the electrochemical OER. Remarkably, the situation is reversed in ORR catalysis, that is, the oxygen reduction activity and stability of the tetragonal CoMn2O4 catalyst outperformed that of cubic MnCo2O4 and rivals that of benchmark Pt catalysts. The superior catalytic performance and the remarkable stability of the unifying materials are attributed to their unique porous and robust microspherical morphology and the intrinsic structural features of the spinels. Moreover, the facile access to these high‐performance materials enables a reliable and cost‐effective production on a large scale for industrial applications.
Molecular Mechanisms of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 Precursor Activation, Agglomeration, and Ripening towards Bismuth Oxide Nuclei
Authors: Walther Markus , Zahn Dirk
Published: November 2014

Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to characterize the role of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 cage structures in DMSO solution as precursors to larger bismuth oxide aggregates. We find that the nitrate ions play a twofold role: (i) the association of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 clusters – which are fully coordinated by six nitrate ligands – is electrostatically disfavored giving rise to stable [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 solutions; (ii) in contrast, the dissociation of a single nitrate ligand results in attractive cluster–cluster interactions. This results in the formation of oligomers, which are initially bridged by one to three nitrate ions, but then form Bi–O contacts by sharing common edges and faces and eventually ripen into nuclei of bismuth oxide. Strikingly, this process may be induced by a single activated species, the [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)5+ cluster, which may bind several [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6 clusters.
Nanocomposites Based on Polystyrene Sulfonate as Sensing Platforms. Comprehensive Electrochemical Study of Carbon Nanopowders and Carbon‐Nanofibers Composite Membranes
Authors: Cantalapiedra Alberto , Gismera Ma Jesús , Procopio Jesús R. , Sevilla Ma Teresa
Published: November 2014

Nanocomposite membranes, prepared from carbon nano‐powders (CnP) or carbon nano‐fibers (CnF) dispersions in polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), were evaluated as sensing platforms. Composite surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and field‐emission electron microscopy. Electrical and electrochemical properties of composite membranes were evaluated. Percolation threshold was reached at percentages higher than 5 % CnP or 0.5 % CnF. Best electrochemical responses were obtained on electrodes modified with composites containing 10 % CnP and 1 % CnF. Using a PSS‐10 % CnP composite modified electrode, a limit of detection of 0.3 µg L−1 (1 nM) was obtained in lead determination by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.
Construction and Performance Characterization of Ion‐Selective Electrodes for Potentiometric Determination of Paroxetine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids
Authors: Khalil Mohamed M. , Issa Yousry M. , Mohamed Ali G.
Published: November 2014

Three types of ion‐selective electrodes: PVC membrane, modified carbon paste (CPE), and coated graphite electrodes (CGE) have been constructed for determining paroxetine hydrochloride (Prx). The electrodes are based on the ion pair of paroxetine with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) using dibutyl phthalate as plasticizing solvent. Fast, stable and potentiometric response was obtained over the concentration range of 1.1×10−5–1×10−2 mol L−1 with low detection limit of 6.9×10−6 mol L−1 and slope of a 56.7±0.3mV decade−1 for PVC membrane electrode, the concentration range of 2×10−5–1×10−2 mol L−1 with low detection limit of 1.2×10−5 mol L−1 and slope of a 57.7±0.6 mV decade−1 for CPE, and the concentration range of 2×10−5–1×10−2 mol L−1 with low detection limit of 8.9×10−6 mol L−1 and slope of a 56.1±0.1 mV decade−1 for CGE. The proposed electrodes display good selectivity for paroxetine with respect to a number of common inorganic and organic species. The electrodes were successfully applied to the potentiometric determination of paroxetine hydrochloride in its pure state, its pharmaceutical preparation, human urine and plasma.
Metabolomics reveals significant impairments in the immune system of the APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: González‐Domínguez Raúl , García‐Barrera Tamara , Vitorica Javier , Gómez‐Ariza José Luis
Published: November 2014

Inflammatory processes and other failures related to the immune system are common features associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), in both brain and the peripheral system. Thus, the study of the main organs of the immune system may have a great potential for the elucidation of pathological mechanisms underlying these abnormalities. This is the first metabolomic investigation performed in spleen and thymus from transgenic mice of AD. Tissues were fingerprinted using a metabolomic platform comprising GC‐MS and ultra‐HPLC‐MS. Multivariate statistics demonstrated significant differences in numerous metabolites between the APP/PS1 mice and wild‐type controls, and it was proven that multiple biochemical pathways are disturbed in these organs including abnormal metabolism of phospholipids, energy deficiencies, altered homeostasis of amino acids, oxidative stress, and others. Therefore, these findings highlight the importance of the proper metabolic functioning of peripheral immune system in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
Effects of overnight fasting on working memory‐related brain network: An fMRI study
Authors: Chechko Natalia , Vocke Sebastian , Habel Ute , Toygar Timur , Kuckartz Lisa , Berthold‐Losleben Mark , Laoutidis Zacharias G. , Orfanos Stelios , Wassenberg Annette , Karges Wölfram , Schneider Frank , Kohn Nils
Published: November 2014

Glucose metabolism serves as the central source of energy for the human brain. Little is known about the effects of blood glucose level (BGL) on higher‐order cognitive functions within a physiological range (e.g., after overnight fasting). In this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind study, we assessed the impact of overnight fasting (14h) on brain activation during a working memory task. We sought to mimic BGLs that occur naturally in healthy humans after overnight fasting. After standardized periods of food restriction, 40 (20 male) healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive either glucagon to balance the BGL or placebo (NaCl). A parametric fMRI paradigm, including 2‐back and 0‐back tasks, was used. Subclinically low BGL following overnight fasting was found to be linked to reduced involvement of the bilateral dorsal midline thalamus and the bilateral basal ganglia, suggesting high sensitivity of those regions to minimal changes in BGLs. Our results indicate that overnight fasting leads to physiologically low levels of glucose, impacting brain activation during working memory tasks even when there are no differences in cognitive performance.Hum Brain Mapp 36:839–851, 2015.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosis of vocal fold paresis: Current opinion and practice
Authors: Wu Amy P. , Sulica Lucian
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

No accepted standard exists for the diagnosis of vocal fold paresis (VFP). Laryngeal specialists are surveyed to establish expert opinion on diagnostic methodology and criteria.

Study Design: Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Questionnaires were distributed at laryngology conferences in fall 2013. Responses were collated anonymously and subjected to cross‐tabulated data analysis.

Results

Fifty‐eight responses completed by posttraining physicians whose practice focused in laryngology ≥ 75% were analyzed. One (1.7%) relied principally on laryngeal electromyography, one (1.7%) on history, 10 (17%) on laryngoscopy, and 42 (72%) on strobovideolaryngoscopy for diagnosis. Only 12 (21%) performed laryngeal electromyography on > 50% of vocal fold paresis patients. Laryngeal electromyography sensitivity was considered moderate (61 ± 3.7%, σ = 28). Laryngoscopic/stroboscopic findings considered to have the strongest positive predictive value for VFP were slow/sluggish vocal fold motion (75 ± 3.0%, σ = 23), decreased adduction (67 ± 3.5%, σ = 27), decreased abduction (65 ± 3.4%, σ = 26), and decreased vocal fold tone (61 ± 3.5%, σ = 26). Asymmetric mucosal wave amplitude (52 ± 4.2%, σ = 32), asymmetric mucosal wave phase (60 ± 4.1%, σ = 31), hemilaryngeal atrophy (60 ± 4.0%, σ = 31), and asymmetric mucosal wave frequency (49 ± 4.0%, σ = 30) generated greatest disagreement.

Conclusions

Surveyed expert laryngologists diagnose vocal fold paresis predominantly on stroboscopic examination. Gross motion abnormalities had the highest positive predictive value. Laryngeal electromyography was infrequently used to assess for vocal fold paresis.

Level of Evidence

5 Laryngoscope, 125:904–908, 2015
Non‐invasive fat reduction of the flanks using a new cryolipolysis applicator and overlapping, two‐cycle treatments
Authors: Bernstein Eric F. , Bloom Jason D. , Basilavecchio Lisa D. , Plugis Jessica M.
Published: November 2014

Background and Objectives

A sharply contoured cryolipolysis vacuum applicator was developed to improve fit and tissue draw in the abdomen and flanks to better accommodate a range of body types and a variety of treatment sites. This study was carried out to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the new applicator for treatment of flank fat (“love handles”).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A cryolipolysis vacuum applicator with a sharply contoured cup and curved cooling plates was used to treat 20 flanks. Two treatment cycles were delivered sequentially to each flank (60‐minute cycle at a Cooling Intensity Factor of 41.6). Efficacy was evaluated 12 weeks post‐treatment by physicians performing blinded, independent review of clinical photographs. Safety was assessed by the treating physician monitoring subjects for side effects and adverse events.

Results

Four blinded, independent physician reviewers properly identified the pre‐ and post‐treatment photographs 94.4% of the time. Improvement was scored from 0 (none) to 10 (complete) and showed an average 4.3 point (43%) improvement. Side‐effects were limited to erythema, edema, bruising, and numbness or tingling at the treatment site, and resolved without treatment.

Conclusions

Multiple treatment cycles from a new improved‐fit cryolipolysis applicator are safe and effective for reduction of flank fat bulges. A high degree of improvement was reported by blinded, physician evaluation of standardized photographs. Laser Surg. Med. 46:731–735, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermoresponsive Self‐Assembly of Nanostructures from a Collagen‐Like Peptide‐Containing Diblock Copolymer
Authors: Luo Tianzhi , He Lirong , Theato Patrick , Kiick Kristi L.
Published: November 2014

Temperature‐triggered formation of nanostructures with distinct biological activity offers opportunities in selective modification of matrices and in drug delivery. Toward these ends, diblock polymers comprising poly(diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (PDEGMEMA) conjugated to a triple helix‐forming collagen‐like peptide were produced. Triggered by the collapse of the thermoresponsive domain above its LCST, the conjugate undergoes a reversible transition in aqueous solution to form well‐defined nanovesicles with diameters of approximately 100 nm, with a transition temperature of 37 °C. The incorporation of CLP domains in these nanostructures may offer opportunities for the selective targeting of collagen‐containing matrices.
Acidic‐basic interactions in tungstate melts based on tungsten electroplating out of them
Authors: Onischenko V. A. , Soloviev V. V. , Chernenko L. A. , Malyshev V. V. , Bondus S. N.
Published: November 2014

Based on thermodynamic calculations of possible reactions of interaction between sodium tungstate and oxygen‐containing compounds of boron, carbon, phosphor, sulphur, metals of VI‐B group the probability of possible reactions was evaluated. The experimental verification of the assumptions was accomplished by the methods of potentiometry and IR‐spectroscopy. The possibility of existence of equilibrium (reversible) melted systems with the electrodes from metals of VI‐B group and their carbides was proved by the electrochemical measurements and thermodynamic calculations.
Mathematical model of critical implant stress testing in the weld metal of API 5L X80 steel
Authors: Tomić T. , Kralj S. , Kožuh Z.
Published: November 2014

In this paper the influence of heat input and preheat temperature on the critical implant stress was analyzed for the weld metal of API 5L X80. High strength steel marked as API 5L X80 is produced with a thermo – mechanical controlled process (TMCP), its chemical composition shows low carbon content due to which the steel has good weldability, but in the weld metal zone cold cracking can occure. The goal of this paper is to define optimal work conditions in form of flux cored arc welding (FCAW) welding parameters at which no cold cracks can be found. The experiment was conducted using central composite design (CCD) and design of experiments (DoE) with two independent variables (preheat temperature and heat input). Mathematical models were developed for all three different wire types that were used (two rutile, one basic flux cored wire). The samples in this paper which had cold cracks were further analyzed on the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Modeling of Polyamide 66 Solid State Polymerization: Drawing a Chemical Reaction Scheme
Authors: Filgueiras Viviane , Vouyiouka Stamatina N. , Konstantakopoulou Maria O. , Boussia Anastasia C. , Papaspyrides Constantine D. , Lima Enrique Luis , Pinto José Carlos
Published: November 2014

A chemical reaction scheme is proposed here to describe the polyamide 66 (PA 66) solid state polymerization (SSP) with effective kinetic parameters. The main objective of the suggested model is to predict the maximum molecular weight attainable at each SSP isotherm, which is in turn determined by the occurrence of polymer chain degradation coupled to other important side reactions. Accordingly, a number of side reactions have been firstly considered, based on which a comprehensive particle model was constructed to predict PA 66 kinetics, equilibrium, and transport phenomena. The SSP model parameters were estimated with a maximum‐likelihood estimator, using data measured under kinetic‐ and diffusion‐controlled process conditions for reaction temperatures in the range of 160–200 °C and reaction times up to 8 h. Calibration models were also developed to allow the determination of PA 66 solution viscosities.
Efficient nanostructured ‘black’ silicon solar cell by copper‐catalyzed metal‐assisted etching
Authors: Toor Fatima , Oh Jihun , Branz Howard M.
Published: November 2014

We produce low‐reflectivity nanostructured ‘black’ silicon (bSi) using copper (Cu) nanoparticles as the catalyst for metal‐assisted etching and demonstrate a 17.0%‐efficient Cu‐etched bSi solar cell without any vacuum‐deposited anti‐reflection coating. The concentration ratio of HF to H2O2 in the etch solution provides control of the nanostructure morphology. The solar‐spectrum‐weighted average reflection (Rave) for bSi is as low as 3.1% on Cu‐etched planar samples; we achieve lower reflectivity by nanostructuring of micron‐scale pyramids. Successful Cu‐based anti‐reflection etching requires a concentration ratio [HF]/[H2O2] ≥ 3. Our 17.0%‐efficient Cu‐etched bSi photovoltaic cell with a pyramid‐texture has a Rave of 3% and an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 616 mV that might be further improved by reducing near‐surface phosphorus (P) densities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness in Internationalization in Emerging Economies: Lessons from Acquiring a Chinese Firm
Authors: Wei Tian , Clegg Jeremy
Published: November 2014

How foreign investors overcome the liability of foreignness has long been a topic for discussion in the study of inter nationalization. Whether MNCs rely on exploration or exploitation, especially in emerging economies, has not been adequately understood. Drawing on the theory of ownership advantage and local responsiveness, this study addresses the controversy in the literature by investigating the approaches to, and processes of, overcoming the liability of foreignness from a processual analysis. It reports on a case study of an American company's acquisition of a private Chinese firm. It concludes that exploration and exploitation are not merely simultaneous. Rather, these strategies are able to assimilate and deploy different categories of resources in order to build the basis for the exploitation of localization‐based resources in the later stage of integration. The findings of this study are not limited to emerging context but can be extended to any circumstance in which information deprivation exists. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Superstructure, and Vacancy‐Ordering in 2H‐CuxTa1+ySe2 (x, y = 0.52, 0 and 0.16, 0.08)
Authors: Ali Sk Imran , Mondal Swastik , van Smaalen Sander
Published: November 2014

Single crystals of CuxTa1+ySe2 were grown by chemical vapor transport. Single crystals of different compositions were obtained at slightly different reaction conditions from mixtures of the reactants of the same nominal composition. It is suggested that different diameters of the ampoules imply different contributions of convection and diffusion to the mass transport, and thus are responsible for different ratios of the amount of Cu, Ta, and Se transported. 2H‐Cu0.52TaSe2 (x = 0.52, y = 0) is formed in the narrower ampoule (diameter 15 mm). The crystal structure is based on the MoS2 type of stacking of TaSe2 layers. Partial ordering of Cu over the tetrahedral sites is responsible for a 2a0 × 2b0 × c0 superstructure with hexagonal P$\bar{6}$m2 symmetry [a0 = 3.468 (1) Å, c0 = 13.568 (3) Å]. 2H‐Cu0.16Ta1.08Se2 (x = 0.16, y = 0.08) is formed in the wider ampoule (diameter 18 mm). It possesses a NbS2‐type of stacking. A superstructure is not formed, but the presence of Cu and intercalated Ta in alternating van der Waals gaps is responsible for the reduction of symmetry from P63/mmc to P$\bar{6}$m1 [a0 = 3.439 (2) Å, c0 = 12.870 (2) Å]. Single crystals are formed towards the hotter side of the ampoules up to a temperature of 1168 K in both reactions.
The impact of work injury and permanent impairment on the probability of poverty
Authors: Tompa Emile
Published: November 2014

Objectives: We investigate the prevalence of poverty across different workers compensation programs using large representative samples of workers’ compensation claimants who have sustained a permanent impairment from a work injury. The programs, which have existed in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia, Canada over the last 25 years, are the Permanent Disability (PD) program, the Future Economic Loss (FEL) program, the Loss of Earnings (LOE) program, and the Bifurcated Benefits (BB) program. The nature of benefit determination and the return to work supports provided by the four programs are very different. The focus of the study is on evidence of programmatic impact on the probability of poverty in the nine years post injury.

Methods: The study included claimants sampled from each of the four programs who sustained a permanent impairment from a work injury. Claimants were identified in a Revenue Canada tax database know as the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD), which is a longitudinal 20% simple random sample of all Canadian tax filers. Each claimant was matched with similar uninjured controls that were also in the LAD, based on sex, age, labour-market earnings amounts and trajectories in the four years prior to injury, family income, marital status, number of children, and a propensity score. Descriptive analysis was undertaken to compare near poverty, poverty and deep poverty levels of claimants relative to their match controls using data on family and individual earnings over a ten-year period post injury. Statistical modeling was used to determine the probability of poverty and near poverty for claimants versus controls. A key issue of interest was to determine was whether the probability of poverty differed between programs.

Results: Based on after-tax adjusted family income, the level of poverty was quite low, less than 2% in every program over a ten-year period. The level of poverty was also lower for claimants than their matched controls, but only nominally so. The BB program had the lowest proportion of poverty followed by the PD program, the FEL program and then the LOE program. In the statistical modelling analysis male claimants did not have a higher probability of poverty compared to controls, though female claimants did. Both male and female claimants had a higher probability of near poverty.

Conclusions: Poverty levels are very low for workers’ compensation claimants who sustain permanent impairments from a work injury across different programs and time periods in Ontario and British Columbia. Overall the Bifurcated Benefits program from British Columbia had the lowest proportion of claimants in poverty in absolute terms and relative to non-injured workers. Increased levels of poverty due to work injury and permanent impairment are particularly a concern for female claimants, though both female and male claimants have a higher chance of near poverty compared to non-injured workers.
Individual dispositions that impact readiness, preparedness and confidence in returning to work / Return to work journey: an injured worker perspective
Authors: Odgers Peta
Published: November 2014

Background: It is widely recognised that the type of injury sustained plays a role in an individual's ability to return to work (RTW). Employers are quick to point out, though, that the injury alone does not always impact an injured/unwell worker's RTW outcome.

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to provide Comcare with greater insights and a better understanding of the factors that influence RTW outcomes for workers in the Australian federal workers’ compensation scheme.

Methods: A total of 47 in-depth interviews were conducted with injured workers from both premium paying and self-insured organisations in four Australian States and Territories. An independent research company conducted the interviews on behalf of Comcare between December 2012 and February 2013. A purposeful sampling approach was employed, however, this was influenced by the willingness of people to participate.

Findings: Personal situation, expectations of the organisation, relationship with the organisation and personality traits were identified as key factors influencing an individual's ability to return to work. The two driving characteristics of ‘personal resilience’ and ‘trust in the employer’ were used to identify four key types of claimants – Strivers, Temporarily Floored, Defensive & Entitled, and Victims.

Discussion: Although individuals were found to have a clear disposition towards one typology over another, it was apparent that they could move between these typologies depending on how their RTW journey was going. For example, a ‘Temporarily Floored’ individual encountering perceived ‘unfair or harsh’ judgement from their employer could develop a ‘Victim’ mindset.

Conclusion: Understanding that core individual dispositions impact a person's readiness, preparedness and confidence to RTW, has provided Comcare with the framework to further explore how we can identify and use these personal characteristics at the beginning of a claim to improve the recovery and RTW outcomes of our claimants.
Unfit for work or alternate duties: what predicts the type of medical certificate for injured workers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ruseckaite Rasa
Published: November 2014

Background: General Practitioners (GPs) play an important role in worker's treatment and return-to-work (RTW).

Objectives: To establish what factors potentially predict the type of medical certification that GPs provide to injured workers following work-related injury.

Methods: A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of a number of factors on the likelihood that an injured worker would receive an alternate (ALT) vs. Unfit for work (UFW) duties certificate from their GP. Compensation Research Database, containing claims and medical certification data of Victorian injured workers was accessed for the research purposes.

Results: A total of 119,900 claims were included into this study. The majority of the injured workers were males, mostly age of 45–54 years. Nearly half of the workers with UFW and 36.9% with ALT certificates had musculoskeletal injuries. The regression analysis revealed that older males were less likely to receive ALT as opposed to the younger females (25–34 years old) in most occupations. Living in rural areas was associated with smaller odds of receiving ALT. We also found that seeing a GP who is more experienced with workers’ compensation increased the odds of ALT certificates. However, suffering from mental health issues decreased the odds of receiving the ALT in all workers.

Discussion: To our knowledge this is the first study to describe factors predicting GP medical certification of injured workers. The results clearly indicate that workers with physical injuries, female workers, and workers visiting GPs with a higher injured worker case load in metropolitan area are more likely to receive an ALT certificate.

Conclusions: The findings of this study help to identify groups of injured workers that are less likely to be recommended ALT certificates. It also suggests that certain health service providers and policy makers might require more education on the health benefits of RTW.
LEVEL OF SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AGED SIX YEARS FROM AN URBAN AGGLOMERATION IN POLAND WITH RESPECT TO SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: TRZCIŃSKA DOROTA , TABOR PIOTR , OLSZEWSKA ELŻBIETA
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the somatic development of children from an urban agglomeration in Poland at the end of preschool education and the beginning of primary education with respect to selected socioeconomic and educational conditions. Data were collected for 742 children from selected Warsaw kindergartens in spring 2011 and 2012. Their mean age was 5.84±0.31 years. The sex categories were equal: 371 boys and 371 girls. Kindergartens chosen for the study constituted a representative sample. The diagnostic survey method (questionnaire technique) was used to assess the selected environmental conditions of development in the participating children. Body height and the sum of six skin folds (over the biceps, over the triceps, under the scapula, on the abdomen, over the wing of ilium and on the calf) were chosen from the assessed anthropometric parameters for the purpose of determining somatic development of study participants. The obtained data were analysed using selected descriptive statistics methods (including cluster analysis), data standardization (normalization by mean values and SD) and the chi-squared test. The results showed certain relationships between the selected parameters of somatic development and family living conditions. These relationships involved differences between individual clusters depending on given living conditions and were most prominent for mother's education, for which variable differences between clusters were found for both sexes. The somatic build of boys (including body height and body adiposity) also differed depending on the number of offspring in the family, while the somatic build of girls differed depending on father's employment and father's education. Furthermore, the obtained results lead to the conclusion that the total number of differences between the analysed clusters was relatively low. This indicates that the biological effects of social stratification tend to diminish in the environment of an urban agglomeration.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CHILDHOOD FEVER IN AREAS OF THE OUAGADOUGOU HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, BURKINA FASO
Authors: BOUBA DJOURDEBBÉ FRANKLIN , DOS SANTOS STÉPHANIE , LEGRAND THOMAS K. , SOURA ABDRAMANE BASSIAHI
Published: November 2014

Using data on 825 under-5 children from the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System collected in 2010, this article examines the effects of aspects of the immediate environment on childhood fever. Logit regression models were estimated to assess the effects of the quality of the local environment on the probability that a child is reported to have had a fever in the two weeks preceding the survey, after controlling for various demographic and socioeconomic variables. While the estimated impact of some environmental factors persisted in the full models, the effects of variables such as access to water and type of household waste management decreased in the presence of demographic, socioeconomic and neighbourhood factors. The management of waste water was found to significantly affect the occurrence of childhood fever. Overall, the results of the study call for more efforts to promote access to tap water to households at prices that are affordable for the local population, where the threats to child health appears to be greatest.
Consistent Forecasting vs. Anchoring of Market Stories: Two Cultures of Modeling and Model Use in a Bank
Authors: Wansleben Leon
Published: November 2014

Argument

It seems theoretically convenient to construe knowledge practices in financial markets and organizations as “applied economics.” Alternatively or additionally, one might argue that practitioners draw on economic knowledge in order to systematically orient their actions towards profit-maximization; models, then, are understood as devices that make calculative rationality possible. However, empirical studies do not entirely confirm these theoretical positions: Practitioners’ actual calculations are often not “framed” by models; organizations and institutions influence the choice and adoption of models; and different professional groups in financial markets have diverging attitudes towards model calculations. In order to account for this diversity, this article proposes the concept ofcultures of economic and financial expertise; the concept focuses on the patterns of knowledge practices and knowledge-related self-definitions of groups within financial organizations and markets; it also facilitates an analysis of the relations between and, more specifically, the hierarchies among different practices and identities. The article then goes on to explore the process of foreign exchange forecasting in a particular bank. The description immediately reveals that two groups are involved in this process: economists and analysts. These groups maintain quite different practices and self-descriptions in relation to models: While the economists in the bank use the models as organizational resources for consistent forecasting procedures and observe data with the help of simple model structures, analysts approach model forecasts from the perspective of critics: They see limits in the variable-centered, as opposed to a “thematic” approach and they disregard a model's imposed temporality. Nevertheless, analysts use model forecasts as anchors for developing their own “paths” and stories about possible future expectation changes in the markets. The specific division of labor between economists and analysts, and specifically the dominant role of analysts in the forecasting process, fit into a larger picture: The rise of institutional investors in the foreign exchange markets and their demand for genuine market knowledge for speculative investment projects has contributed to the rise and dominance of analysts’ culture.
Antarctic subglacial hydrology: current knowledge and future challenges
Authors: Ashmore David W. , Bingham Robert G.
Published: November 2014

Flood-carved landforms across the deglaciated terrain of Victoria Land, East Antarctica, provide convincing geomorphological evidence for the existence of subglacial drainage networks beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, and motivate research into the inaccessible environment beneath the contemporary ice sheet. Through this research, our understanding of Antarctic subglacial hydrology is steadily building, and this paper presents an overview of the current state of knowledge. The conceptualization of subglacial hydrological behaviour was developed at temperate and Arctic glaciers, and is thus less mature in the Antarctic. Geophysical and remote sensing observations have demonstrated that many subglacial lakes form part of a highly dynamic network of subglacial drainage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Recent research into subglacial water flows, other than those directly concerned with lakes, has discovered potentially significant impacts on ice stream dynamics, ice sheet mass balance, and supplies of water to the ocean potentially affecting circulation and nutrient productivity. Despite considerable advances in understanding there remain a number of grand challenges that must be overcome in order to improve our knowledge of these subglacial hydrological processes.
Drivers of abrupt Holocene shifts in West Antarctic ice stream direction determined from combined ice sheet modelling and geologic signatures
Authors: Fogwill C.J. , Turney C.S.M. , Golledge N.R. , Rood D.H. , Hippe K. , Wacker L. , Wieler R. , Rainsley E.B. , Jones R.S.
Published: November 2014

Determining the millennial-scale behaviour of marine-based sectors of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is critical to improve predictions of the future contribution of Antarctica to sea level rise. Here high-resolution ice sheet modelling was combined with new terrestrial geological constraints (in situ14C and 10Be analysis) to reconstruct the evolution of two major ice streams entering the Weddell Sea over 20 000 years. The results demonstrate how marked differences in ice flux at the marine margin of the expanded Antarctic ice sheet led to a major reorganization of ice streams in the Weddell Sea during the last deglaciation, resulting in the eastward migration of the Institute Ice Stream, triggering a significant regional change in ice sheet mass balance during the early to mid Holocene. The findings highlight how spatial variability in ice flow can cause marked changes in the pattern, flux and flow direction of ice streams on millennial timescales in this marine ice sheet setting. Given that this sector of the WAIS is assumed to be sensitive to ocean-forced instability and may be influenced by predicted twenty-first century ocean warming, our ability to model and predict abrupt and extensive ice stream diversions is key to a realistic assessment of future ice sheet sensitivity.