bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement or Substitution? Internet and Protest across Different Autocracies
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

Autocratic regimes differ in the extent of individual freedoms they grant their citizens. In particular, in some autocracies, citizens are allowed to form organizations, while in others, freedom of association is severely restricted. Does digital communication serve as an alternative means to mobilize, thereby bypassing traditional restrictions in autocracies? The book analyzes the effect of Internet penetration on protest across different national environments, to test if the effect varies across depending on existing strategies of autocratic rule. In particular, it distinguishes between two scenarios: reinforcement of traditional forms of authoritarian control, where the Internet is used to strengthen traditional repression, and substitution, where the Internet helps autocratic governments regain control they have given up by partly liberalizing the political arena. The chapter presents empirical evidence in support of the latter scenario, which suggests that the Internet helps autocrats maintain political control that they no longer have through institutional channels.
Conclusion
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

The final chapter concludes the book with a summary of the key findings and a discussion of their academic and policy implications. The main insight is that increasing Internet penetration helps to keep the occurrence of protest low, but catalyzes ongoing dissent once it has started. This shows that the introduction and expansion of the Internet is a double-edged sword for autocratic governments. The book also shows, however, that violent repression against public protest continues to be an effective tactic employed by autocratic governments. At the same time, autocrats seem to be substituting these traditional forms of political control with digital ones, where the Internet can help reduce levels of popular mobilization when there are fewer institutional channels. This is an important insight for policy-makers, as it shows that seeming improvements in autocratic politics could simply be due to shifts in the ways by which political control is exerted.
Introduction
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

The Introduction opens with a vignette of James Wilson, prominent attorney and signer of the Declaration of Independence, fighting for his life against members of the Philadelphia militia in the “Fort Wilson” incident of 1779. It then turns to the primary themes of the book: treason and juries. Treason was a central issue of the American Revolution, shaping the early debates over the legality of British actions, the treatment of British adherents, and eventually the suppression of internal rebellions. Juries played a critical role in this process, and this book provides the most detailed analysis of eighteenth-century American jurors yet written. The book focuses on Pennsylvania, as this was the most critical jurisdiction for the law of treason.
The Philadelphia Treason Trials, 1778–1779
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

Philadelphia County witnessed the war’s most significant treason trials. The grand jurors who screened the proposed treason indictments were wealthy, prominent Philadelphians who had played significant roles in resistance activities, yet they indicted persons accused of treason at a lower rate than other grand juries did for other crimes. The chapter then introduces the trial jurors. Only 58 men filled 264 identifiable jury seats, and many of these served only once, leaving the other jurors to serve on multiple trials. By working backward from the jurors’ demographic characteristics, one can determine the strategies that defense counsel used in selecting jurors. Under eighteenth-century practice, defendants could peremptorily strike up to 35 jurors, whereas the prosecution could strike none. The chapter presents evidence suggesting that defense counsel used their challenges on the bases of religion, age, ethnicity, wealth, occupation, and political beliefs to shape juries that were more favorable to the defense.
Prologue
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

The book begins with three personal stories about the author’s early encounters with comparison, rating, and ranking. The stories demonstrate that ranking might reflect the reality of objectivity in certain cases, while in other cases objectivity is only an illusion. In addition, objectivity might even be manipulated. The first story tells why the only boy with a soccer ball in a grade-school class in postwar Budapest led his class’s popularity list. Then the author describes how subjective ratings of soccer players were aggregated to arrive at an “objective score” for each player at the end of the season. Finally, the author uses a folktale to show how the strongest member of a group can become a self-nominated judge and manipulate what ought to be a collective decision.
Social ranking in animal and human societies
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies how social ranking in humans emerged as the result of an evolutionary process. It starts with the story of the discovery of pecking order among chickens by a Norwegian boy. Both animals and humans need a healthy balance between cooperation and competition to ensure evolutionarily efficient strategies. The biological machinery behind social ranking is discussed. There are two distinct mechanisms for navigating the social ladder: dominance and prestige. Dominance, an evolutionarily older strategy, is based on the ability to intimidate other members in the group by physical size and strength. The group members don’t accept dominance-based social rank freely, only by coercion. Members of a colony fight, and the winners of these fights will be accepted as “dominants” and the losers as “subordinates.” The naturally formed hierarchy serves as a way to prevent superfluous fighting and injuries within a colony. Prestige, as a strategy, is evolutionarily younger and is based on skills and knowledge as appraised by the community. Prestige hierarchies are maintained by the consent of the community, without pressure being applied by particular members. The mechanisms of forming and maintaining social hierarchies are described. Social structures, both hierarchies and network organizations, are reviewed. Discussion of these structures is carried over to social and political history and the tension between democracy and authoritarianism.
Choices, games, laws, and the Web
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

This chapter starts with the notions of “objective reality” and “subjective reality.” Objectivity attempts to represent the outside world without bias or presuppositions, while subjectivity results from personal cognition or preferences. The chapter discusses the mechanisms by which people make choices. Research conducted in the last 60 years has resulted in a shift in our understanding of human decision making from the concept of rationality to a new model that acknowledges the role of cognitive biases. Individual choices and preferences are aggregated to form social preferences, and this chapter reviews some techniques behind this aggregation. It also explains that preference ranking does not always imply a unique result because it is possible to get a cyclic pathway, as in the rock, paper, scissors game. Elements of this game appeared in both ancient religious systems and in the US governmental system. Then the chapter turns to the famous PageRank algorithm, which made Google what it is today. The algorithm is able to produce a relevant ranking of websites within a very reasonable time. The algorithm could produce different results, and rank reversal may happen in real-world situations. Ranking many elements based on some characteristic features, such as words based on the frequency of their occurrence, can use statistical methods. In many real cases, the distribution of these features strongly deviates from the bell curve, and models instead a skew distribution, technically called a power law distribution.
Inspired by your wish list
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

The majority of our purchasing decisions are being influenced by the opinion of the Web. Recommendation systems use algorithms to suggest items for us to buy, and we are often better off if we follow their advice. Nobody can force us to use Amazon, TripAdvisor, or Netflix, but we do if we trust them. While any such system can be gamed, and some illustrative examples of gaming are given, fake reviews and other tricks can be filtered, and recommendation systems can help us make better choices. Some examples are given to help readers understand the scope and limits of adopting recommendation systems.
Neoclassical Realist Theory, Alliance Politics, and Nonproliferation
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 develops neoclassical realist theory. It explicates how the two systemic variables—the current distribution of power in a region and the time horizons for threats to the hegemon’s interests in that region—can create incentives for US presidential administrations to favor coercive or accommodative strategies toward a vulnerable ally seeking nuclear weapons. When confronted with such high domestic mobilization hurdles to their preferred strategies, however, administrations will pursue hybrid strategies—ones that combine accommodative and coercive elements—toward an ally. This chapter unpacks the measurement of the variables and the types of empirical evidence that might confirm or disconfirm the hypotheses. It also outlines three alternative explanations (nuclear domino theory, security commitment theory, and credible sanctions theory) and the types of evidence that might confirm or disconfirm their hypotheses.
The United States and Israel’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1961–1973
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 posits that the overriding objective of the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations was to avoid containment failure in the Middle East. Thwarting the Israeli nuclear weapons program was a secondary objective. As Soviet arms sales to Egypt and Syria accelerated in the mid-1960s, the regional power distribution became unfavorable and the time horizons of threats to US interests grew shorter. The Johnson administration abandoned Kennedy’s demands for inspections of the Dimona reactor and instead sold M-48 tanks, A-4 Skyhawks, and later F-12 Phantoms to bolster Israel’s defenses. Congress, however, made it difficult for the Johnson and the Nixon administrations to link arms transfers to Israeli concessions on the nuclear issue. Chapter 3 examines the evolution of the US-Israeli strategic relationship against the backdrop of the Cold War from Kennedy’s demands for inspections in 1961 through the October 1973 Middle East War.
Introduction
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Critics have long sought to uncover underlying narratives in Beethoven’s instrumental music, whether through formal analysis or programmatic interpretation. These approaches, while often illuminating, are also limited. Meaning in Beethoven’s music needs to be understood in a broader sense, encompassing the many relationships that this music creates and reflects (with patrons, publics, performers, and technologies, among other things). The concept of mediation offers a useful tool for thinking about the aesthetic and the social in tandem. Coupled with a microhistorical focus, this perspective provides a new way of thinking about Beethoven’s instrumental music of 1806–7 and the historiographical problems it has posed.
After Leonore
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Beethoven turned with renewed focus to writing large-scale instrumental music in early 1806. By year’s end, he had completed his Fourth Piano Concerto, Fourth Symphony, Violin Concerto, and Three “Razumovsky” Quartets, among other works. These works seem to represent a departure from the “heroic” topics and traits that characterize Beethoven’s music of 1803–5, suggesting a stylistic turn. The nature of and motivations for this turn are explored, with a focus on Beethoven’s reactions to critics in the wake of Leonore, his expanding social network, and changes in the political climate following the French occupation of Vienna in late 1805.
Music for a Virtuoso
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

In both his Fourth Piano Concerto and Violin Concerto, Beethoven inverts the standard formula of the concerto by foregrounding lyricism and introspection rather than bravura and brilliance. In so doing, he responds to contemporary conceptions of virtuosity that privileged expressiveness over technical proficiency, proffering a new kind of relationship between virtuoso and public that centered on Innigkeit—the spectacle of the self—as the hallmark of the true virtuoso. But concertos are mutable texts; Beethoven’s revisions to the solo part of the Fourth Piano Concerto reveal a desire to further exploit the disjunction between the brilliant and lyrical styles in performance.
Music for a Diplomat
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Beethoven’s treatments of the Russian folksongs in the “Razumovsky” String Quartets, Op. 59, nos. 1 and 2, have long elicited sharp criticism. A closer look at these treatments allows for a reappraisal of the quartets and the circumstances of their commission. The settings seem especially designed to appeal to the quartets’ dedicatee, Count Andrey Razumovsky, a European Russian whose intense interest in serious music has been understated. These conclusions are brought to bear on Opus 59, no. 3, the only quartet in the opus lacking a labeled thème russe. Rather than returning to the Lvov-Pratsch Collection (1790/1806) for material, Beethoven appears to have incorporated a Russian folksong from a German source in the Andante’s main theme. The movement fulfills in an unexpected way his pledge to weave Russian melodies into all three quartets.
Music for a Culture Hero
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Beethoven’s Fourth Symphony has often been described as “Haydnesque.” But neither the extent of Haydn’s influence nor Beethoven’s motivations for emulating him has been carefully explored. In early 1806, publisher Breitkopf & Härtel began issuing the “London” Symphonies in full score, allowing many connoisseurs to study the works for the first time. Beethoven’s Fourth Symphony, composed that summer, bears numerous compositional affinities to these works (especially Nos. 99, 102, and 103). By turning to the “London” Symphonies for inspiration, Beethoven memorialized his former mentor while capitalizing on the Haydn mania that was sweeping theaters, concert halls, and the pages of journals like the Leipzig Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung.
Rumblings in the West
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

No newsboys were more militant than those on the urban frontier. Though primarily self-employed, most identified with the interests of labor over capital, as reflected by the many unions and protests they organized between the 1880s and early 1900s. Newsboys mounted strikes and boycotts in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. They distributed union circulars and marched in Labor Day parades. Boys also distributed newspapers in the Hawaiian Islands and Yukon gold fields. Western newsboys represented all races and ethnicities, including Native Americans. They encountered work hazards unknown to their eastern counterparts, such as mountain lions, prairie fires, and gunfighters. Like the newspaper they sold, these children were catalysts of social change. As rugged individualists who relied on cooperation more than competition, they exemplified the contradictory values of their communities.
Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This book is concerned with the modes and procedures of Anglo-papal diplomacy in the period 1305–60, when diplomatic affairs between England and the papacy intensified following the transfer of the papal curia to southern France in 1305 and on account of the on-going Anglo-French hostilities, which resulted in the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War in 1337. On the one hand, the book investigates how diplomatic and administrative practices developed in England and at the papal curia from a comparative perspective, whilst, on the other, it questions the legacy and impact of international and domestic conflicts on diplomatic and administrative practices. In Part I, the book explores how foreign and diplomatic relations, conducted through both official and unofficial diplomatic communications among polities, prompted the need to adapt and ‘translate’ different traditions in order to forge a ‘shared language of diplomacy’. This was achieved thanks to the adaptation of house styles, formularies, and ceremonial practices, as well as through the contribution of intermediaries and diplomatic agents acquainted with different diplomatic and legal traditions. Part II of the book further assesses the impact of political change and conflict on administrative and diplomatic practices by means of four relevant case studies.
Bureaucratization of Polities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

Building on Max Weber’s definition of bureaucracy, this chapter questions the extent to which bureaucratization was a shared feature of European polities during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries and, if so, whether bureaucratization took place in different regions at the same time because of parallel developments or rather owing to mutual influences. The chapter primarily reviews relevant secondary literature in order to outline the historiographical debate, which lies behind my original contribution, and specifically engages with the creation of chanceries and financial offices in England and also at the papal curia between the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries.
Chancery Practices in England and at the Papal Curia During the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that throughout the fourteenth century bureaucratic developments across Europe went hand in glove with the practice of diplomacy. The ultimate outcomes of such growth of administrative and diplomatic practices were the implementation of shared administrative procedures, which could effectively support diplomatic activities, and the creation of a ‘shared language of diplomacy’. In order to assess how shared administrative practices and a ‘language of diplomacy’ came into existence, this chapter first addresses the formation of chancery practices at the papal curia and in England between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with a special focus on the management of diplomatic activities and correspondence. It further questions the extent to which administrative practices of writing and record-keeping of diplomatic correspondence in those two polities were comparable and focuses on the modalities of communication amongst them.
The Importance of Unofficial Contacts
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates how in the later Middle Ages the English crown also actively cultivated unofficial contacts at the papal curia thanks to networks of ‘friends’ and ‘protégés’. During the fourteenth century informal contacts between England and the Apostolic See supplemented administrative deficiencies, whereas the process of bureaucratization in both polities facilitated Anglo-papal diplomatic discourse. Three specific questions are answered in this chapter. First, who were the English crown’s contacts at the papal curia during the first half of the fourteenth century? Second, how did informal networks at the papal curia facilitate Anglo-papal diplomatic discourse, particularly during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War? And finally, how did the English crown reward its ‘friends’ at the papal curia for their services?
Representatives and Proctors
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

Diplomatic representatives and proctors were responsible for managing and shaping the written and oral communication among polities and were to different degrees involved in actual diplomatic missions. The changing domestic and international political circumstances and conflicts that characterized the first decade of Edward III’s reign between 1327 and 1339 led to the increasing specialization of administrative and diplomatic personnel in England and in other leading European polities. We therefore ought to focus on ‘teams of representatives and agents’ with complementary specializations rather than on individuals. In this chapter I exemplify through the means of relevant case studies how between 1306 and 1360 the Anglo-papal diplomatic discourse was managed owing to teams of agents and representatives, firstly focusing on the English representatives at the papal curia and then moving on to papal envoys in England.
Benedict XII and the Outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

When questioning how far political change and conflict affected the growth of diplomatic and administrative practices in late Medieval Europe, and how human agency contributed to bureaucratic reforms, especially with regard to record-keeping, the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War in 1337 ought to be considered as a major turning-point. This chapter specifically focuses on Pope Benedict XII (1334–42) to see how the outbreak of the conflict between England and France impacted on Anglo-papal diplomatic discourse and practice during his pontificate. First, it addresses the Anglo-papal diplomatic relations in the period 1335–42. Second, it focuses on the chancery records of the English crown, especially the Roman rolls and the so-called Treaty rolls, which enroll most of the diplomatic correspondence exchanged between England, the papal curia, the Empire, and France in the 1330s, as well as other diplomatic documents. These records will be investigated to question how diplomatic and administrative practices provided a satisfactory means to inform the diplomatic discourse between England and the papacy, especially within the political milieu that characterized the first few years of the Anglo-French conflict, itself notoriously subject to sudden changes of alliances.
From the Battle of Poitiers to the Treaty of Brétigny-Calais
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the period between the battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356), when the English defeated the French army and managed to capture the French king, John II, and the ratification of the Treaty of Brétigny-Calais (24 October 1360), which concluded the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War and marked Edward III’s renunciation of the French crown in return for ample territorial concessions in northern France. The Anglo-French negotiations of 1356–60 overlapped with noticeable bureaucratic developments in England and the papal curia, where the management and record-keeping of diplomatic correspondence was increasingly administered not in the chancery, but by the privy seal office and the pope’s secretariat in the apostolic chamber. The chapter investigates how far smaller and less institutionalized departments took over the management of diplomatic correspondence not only because of administrative necessity but also owing to changing political circumstances that characterized the complex Anglo-French peace negotiations in 1356–60, first looking at the activity of the chancery and privy seal in England and then moving to the work of the papal chamber.
A Theory of International Organization
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

This book explains the design and development of international organization in the postwar period. It theorizes that the basic set up of an IO responds to two forces: the functional impetus to tackle problems that spill beyond national borders and a desire for self-rule that can dampen cooperation where transnational community is thin. The book reveals both the causal power of functionalist pressures and the extent to which nationalism constrains the willingness of member states to engage in incomplete contracting. The implications of postfunctionalist theory for an IO’s membership, policy portfolio, contractual specificity, and authoritative competences are tested using annual data for seventy-six IOs for 1950–2010.
Measuring International Authority
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 explains why it makes sense to conceptualize international authority as delegation and pooling, and how these abstract qualities can be measured. A processual model of IO decision making disaggregates the rules for agenda setting, final decision making, bindingness of decisions, ratification, and dispute settlement across each of six decision areas—policymaking, constitutional reform, the budget, financial compliance, membership accession, and the suspension of members—for individual IO bodies. The chapter concludes by summarizing variation in pooling and delegation for seventy-six major IOs cross-sectionally and over time (1950–2010).
The Resistible Rise of International Authority
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 explains change in pooling and delegating authority to an IO. An IO’s authority is responsive to two pressures, one functional and one social. Functional pressures stem from the need to make decision making tractable under an expanding policy portfolio. This induces an IO’s member states to pool authority in majoritarian decision making and to delegate agenda setting to independent agents who can develop proposals and mediate disputes. Socio-political pressures arise from nationalist resistance to the loss of national self-rule. Politicization can constrain IO authority even in the presence of intense functional pressures. A two-stage model confirms the hypothesis that functional pressures are socially conditioned.
Review of Bipartite Bell Scenarios
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews some of the Bell scenarios that go beyond CHSH, studied both with the tools of nonlocality and with quantum theory. In particular, we present the I3322 inequality, the chained inequalities, the family of CGLMP inequalities, the classic Hardy’s test and the Magic Square test.
Signaling and Measurement Dependence
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

This last chapter studies the relaxation of the conditions of no-signaling and measurement independence. For signaling models, after stressing the need for fine-tuning, it is shown that the speed of the hypothetical influence cannot be finite. For measurement dependence, the tolerable amount is discussed, and the related notion of randomness amplification is introduced.
Plucking Off the Mask of Mystery
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses Bentham's critique of Common Law theory and practice. Bentham's critique is of special interest because that criticism reflects the considerations and arguments that moved him to his positivist conception of law. This radical critique of both the practice and the theory of Common Law rests on the same set of principles and arguments, drawn from his social and political theory, in particular his conception of the primary tasks and functions of law, and the best or most efficient means of serving them. Thus, Bentham's defence of his conception of the nature of law rests not on normatively neutral, analytical, or conceptual considerations, but on his analysis of fundamental human and social needs, and the ways in which law can be used to meet them. Jurisprudence draws directly on political theory. His is a distinctively utilitarian positivism.
Utilitarian Adjudication within the Shadow of the Code
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

The previous chapters traced the development of each of the central elements of Bentham's theories of law and adjudication. This chapter considers whether these elements can be stitched together into a coherent and systematic theory. Bentham's theory combines in one account both central elements of the codification movement and elements of the theory of equity. Bentham gave institutional expression to an essentially standard Aristotelian view of the role of equity. Burke expressed well the Aristotelian dictum which lies at the heart of Bentham's theory of adjudication: ‘As no legislators can regard the minima of equity, a law may in some instances be a just subject of censure without being at all an object of repeal’.
Afterword
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Bentham and the Common Law Tradition (BCLT) is a work of philosophical jurisprudence. Philosophical jurisprudence recognizes that, like law itself, reflective thinking about law is inescapably historical. This chapter considers the challenges to the interpretation of Bentham's legal theory advanced in BCLT. The most important challenge to BCLT concerns the author's interpretation of Bentham's view of judicial reasoning. The author argued that consistently throughout his life Bentham understood the principle of utility to be the sole ultimate decision principle, the principle structuring and guiding deliberations of all rational agents. Judges, rational practical agents like all others, reason in this distinctively utilitarian way as they work within the framework of the law. This is true whether the judge operates within shadow of Bentham's pannomion or outside it.
Normative Theory
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

The ultimate ground of Bentham’s normative philosophy was the principle of utility. It functioned for Bentham as the fundamental evaluative and decision principle and principle of institutional design. The principle combines universal consequentialism (the ultimate aim of morality is to promote the overall good of the community) with impartial hedonism (that the good of the community must be understood in terms of the subjective well-being or happiness of each considered impartially). Bentham maintained that at bottom moral judgments are expressions of approval or disapproval that appeal beyond themselves to some public matters of fact and that appeal to pleasures and pains can only serve this purpose. This essential meta-ethical requirement of publicity of moral judgment supplied the basic elements for an indirect argument for the principle of utility and the foundation of his critique of natural rights. Justice, he argued, is not opposed to utility so understood, but rather is a species of utility.
Utility and Command
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Bentham located the foundations of his universal jurisprudence in two overlapping traditions. From the Epicurean tradition, he took his motto: “Utility is the mother of justice and equity.” From Hobbes, and the long thetic tradition before him, Bentham took his model: laws “are not Philosophy as is the Common-Law, and other disputable arts, but are Commands or Prohibitions.” These notions influenced thinking about law since classical times and inspired Bentham’s thinking. However, early in his career, Bentham discovered that, for his purposes, the received command model could not capture key features of law. These serious defects called for the model to be refined rather than abandoned; nevertheless, his refinements dramatically transformed the model.
Telling Revolutionary Lives
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the Brezhnev-era ‘biography boom’, when biography was collected, consumed, and critiqued with extraordinary interest, thanks in part to ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ as one of the most prominent and prolific biographical series. This biography boom grew out of the post-Stalinist shift to more private forms of reading and more psychologically sophisticated literature, and was supported by developed socialism’s unprecedented ideological focus on the individual personality (lichnost′) as multi-faceted. The series served as a laboratory of different models of ‘revolutionary’ selfhood, and as a forum for novelistic experimentation with biographical narrative that often exceeded contemporary developments in the genre in the West (as well as in other types of Soviet biography). However, this experimentation endured onerous suspicion and interference. The series’ texts were caught between traditional views of revolutionary identity and more innovative, even subversive, explorations of psychology and ethics. This helps to explain why the series consistently produced a significant quotient of much more conventional biographies, especially of Bolsheviks, complicating its identity for writers, critics, and readers.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ (Plamennye revoliutsionery) series of over 150 biographies and historical novels, published by Politizdat throughout late socialism until the Soviet collapse. It contextualizes the decision to create the series, and to target sophisticated literary and historical writers regardless of their ‘official’ reputations, within the party’s urgent and persistent post-Stalinist demands for more emotionally and intellectually engaging revolutionary propaganda. At the same time, it suggests that this ‘historical turn’ was not just a top-down initiative, by highlighting the passionate interest in historical investigation and reflection shared by many post-Stalinist writers and ordinary Soviet readers. It also introduces key conceptual frameworks to understand the series’ operations within Politizdat, Soviet publishing, and the Soviet (and unofficial) literary worlds: ‘niches’ and ‘oases’ within official institutions; ‘in between’ and ‘grey zone’ literature; and the complex ‘circuit’ of Soviet writing, publishing, and reading.
Heaney, Yeats, and the Language of Pastoral
Authors: O’Donoghue Bernard
Published: September 2019

Starting with Seamus Heaney’s essay on the beneficence of pastoral in extremis, I will argue that Heaney moves significantly between pastoral as healing in troubled times and its capacity for a more literary, simple language (as claimed by William Empson) so that the form works for literal rural description as well as for political description and argument. I want to argue that Heaney turned to classical pastoral in the volume Electric Light (2001) in the same way as Yeats turned to it in the volumes after 1916 in Ireland. In both cases there is a tension between what Heaney called ‘The Real Names’ and the generic names within the form, as in Yeats’s ‘Shepherd and Goatherd’ about Robert Gregory and in the name ‘Augusta’ as applied to Lady Gregory and to Heaney’s benefactor Ann Saddlemyer.
‘The Forewarned Journey Back’
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: September 2019

In his poem ‘The Conway Stewart’ the parental gift of a fountain pen, on the eve of Heaney’s departure to boarding school, performs a symbolic katabasis (descent), as the nib drinks deep of the fresh black liquid in a Lethean prelude to new birth. The pen’s mystical immersion signals the moment of severance from home and family but it also anticipates a return, a reconnection. In his earlier poem ‘Digging’ the pen was to be Heaney’s spade, the instrument that would connect him to the soil of his forbears. Now the pen is transfigured, it is his golden bough, his passage to the netherworld of the past, bearing with it the power to elegize, to revivify memory. This chapter will examine Seamus Heaney’s lifelong preoccupation—culminating in his final collection Human Chain (2010) and his posthumously published translation of Aeneid VI—with the numinous essence of Home and his continual association of the act of nostos (homecoming) with that of katabasis, with crossing and rebirth. It will also consider his notion of ‘poetry as a point of entry into the buried life of the feelings or as a point of exit for it’.
Uncertain ecosystems: the conceptual framework
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

Climate sets the potential biomass of trees and physiologists have made considerable progress in understanding and predicting that potential and applying it in global vegetation models. The problem is in understanding and predicting tree cover where it is far from the climate potential. Vast areas of non-forested vegetation occur where climates are suitable for forests. Arguments over why forests are absent, ongoing for over a century, are generally polarized between favouring bottom-up factors (resource constraints) or top-down factors (herbivory, predation, fire). There is increasing support for hypotheses invoking the interaction between the two. This chapter introduces the key hypotheses, their assumptions and predictions. Trophic ecology is a useful framework for exploring departures from the climate potential for trees, focussing explicitly on regulation by consumers, including fire. Alternative stable state theory is emerging as particularly appropriate for explaining forest/non-forest mosaics with each state maintained by positive feedbacks to the preferred environment.
International Government
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

The meagre financial returns from Leonard’s two novels and short stories led him to abandon fiction, but reviews and articles for the Nation and the New Statesman meant steady employment as a political journalist, while leaving time for his involvement with the Women’s Co-operative Guild. Beatrice and Sidney Webb enlisted him in Fabian research on international control of foreign policy and ways of eliminating war. Leonard’s 1916 study International Government became his most influential book. Immediately regarded as authoritative, it shaped British proposals for a League of Nations and was cited by British delegates to the Versailles conference. His basic premise was that the only way to prevent war was to establish machinery for the peaceful settlement of conflicts, including an International High Court to resolve justiciable disputes. His contribution was acknowledged in his appointment as secretary to the Labour Party’s Advisory Committee on International Questions, a post that he retained from 1918 to 1946.
The Semantics and Pragmatics of Honorification
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

This book provides an approach to the semantics and pragmatics of honorifics and expressions with honorific import, treating them as carrying expressive content which contributes either directly or indirectly to a register corresponding to the current formality of the speech situation. This system is given empirical application to a wide range of honorific expressions including utterance and argument honorifics in Japanese, Thai and several other languages, and it is proposed that languages use distinct strategies for honorification which has implications for the grammaticality of certain combinations of honorifics; on the theoretical side, philosophical connections are drawn to a wider range of issues in theory of the construction of social reality, social meaning, and the expression of gender.
How Significant is the Use/Mention Distinction?
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

It is argued that the use/mention distinction, if it is to be a clear-cut one, cannot have the significance that it is usually thought to have. For that significance attaches to the distinction between employing an expression in order to draw attention to, or to talk about, some aspect of the world, as determined by the expression’s meaning, and employing it in order to draw attention to, or to talk about, the expression itself—and this distinction is not a clear-cut one. In the final section of the essay this argument is extended to cast doubt on a rather glib appeal to the use/mention distinction that is frequently made in the philosophy of language.
The Underdetermination/Indeterminacy Distinction and the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

Two of Quine’s most familiar doctrines are: that there is a distinction between underdetermination and indeterminacy; and that there is no distinction between analytic and synthetic truths. An argument is given that these two doctrines are incompatible. In terms wholly acceptable to Quine and based on the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, an exhaustive and exclusive distinction is drawn between two kinds of true sentences, which, it is argued, corresponds to the traditional analytic/synthetic distinction. An appendix is used to develop one aspect of the underdetermination/indeterminacy distinction, as construed here, and to discuss, in passing, some of Quine’s more general views on truth.
Transcendental Idealism in Wittgenstein, and Theories of Meaning
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay involves exploration of certain repercussions of Bernard Williams’ view that there is, in Wittgenstein’s later work, a transcendental idealism akin to that found in the Tractatus—sharing with it the feature that it cannot be satisfactorily stated. It is argued that, if Williams is right, then Wittgenstein’s later work precludes a philosophically substantial theory of meaning; for such a theory would force us to try to state the idealism. In a postscript written for the reprint of the essay, reasons are given for thinking that Williams is not right: Wittgenstein’s later work actually helps us to repudiate as ill-conceived all those questions whose answers invite us to embrace any such idealism. But the main thesis of the essay remains intact. Indeed the idea that Wittgenstein’s later work precludes a philosophically substantial theory of meaning is reinforced.
The Metaphysics of Perspective:
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay first appeared as a contribution to a symposium on Barry Stroud’s book The Quest for Reality. Stroud is deeply sceptical in that book about whether we can successfully undertake what he calls ‘the philosophical quest for reality’. This essay is an attempt to defend the idea that we can successfully undertake such a quest. One way of doing this, it is proposed, would be by arguing that any fact can be represented from no point of view. The essay exploits various analogies between tense and colour—among other resources—to rebut reservations that Stroud might be expected to have about this proposal.
Being, Univocity, and Logical Syntax
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

The focus of this essay is the idea of the univocity of being, championed by Duns Scotus and given prominence more recently by Gilles Deleuze. Although one concern of the essay is with how this idea can be established, its primary concern is with something more basic: how the idea can even be properly thought. This issue is explored with the aid of some ideas about logical syntax borrowed from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. One incidental benefit of the exercise is to indicate how there can be dialogue between analytic philosophers and those of other traditions.
Ineffability and Nonsense
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

Criteria of ineffability are presented which, it is claimed, preclude the possibility of truths that are ineffable, but not the possibility of other things that are ineffable—not even the possibility of other things that are non-trivially ineffable. Specifically, they do not preclude the possibility of states of understanding that are ineffable. This, it is argued, allows for a reappraisal of the dispute between those who adopt a traditional reading of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and those who adopt the new reading recently championed by Cora Diamond, James Conant, and others. By maintaining that what the nonsense in the Tractatus is supposed to convey is ineffable understanding, rather than ineffable truth, we can do considerable justice to each of these readings. We can also do considerable justice to the Tractatus.
Introduction
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

The introduction begins with an overview of all the essays in the collection. It highlights a tension among them: a thesis that surfaces at various points in the essays in Part I is that some things are ineffable, while a thesis that surfaces at various points in the essays in Part II is that nothing is ineffable. The essays in Part III, deriving their inspiration from the early work of Wittgenstein, indicate how this tension is to be resolved. We can construe the first of these theses as a thesis about states of knowledge or understanding, and the second as a thesis about facts or truths. An outline is then given of the contribution that each essay makes to this Keywords
Predicting the effects of climate change on bird population dynamics
Authors: Sæther Bernt-Erik , Engen Steinar , Gamelon Marlène , Grøtan Vidar
Published: September 2019

Climate variation strongly influences fluctuations in size of avian populations. In this chapter, we show that it is difficult to predict how the abundance of birds will respond to climate change. A major reason for this is that most available time series of fluctuations in population size are in a statistical sense short, thus often resulting in large uncertainties in parameter estimates. We therefore argue that reliable population predictions must be based on models that capture how climate change will affect vital rates as well as including other processes (e.g. density-dependences) known to affect the population dynamics of the species in question. Our survey of examples of such forecast studies show that reliable predictions necessarily contain a high level of uncertainty. A major reason for this is that avian population dynamics are strongly influenced by environmental stochasticity, which is for most species, irrespective of their life history, the most important driver of fluctuations in population size. Credible population predictions must therefore assess the effects of such uncertainties as well as biases in population estimates.
Changes in migration, carry-over effects, and migratory connectivity
Authors: Ambrosini Roberto , Romano Andrea , Saino Nicola
Published: September 2019

Studies of the timing (phenology) of bird migration provided some of the first evidence for the effects of climate change on organisms. Since the rate of climate change is uneven across the globe, with northern latitudes experiencing faster warming trends than tropical areas, animals moving across latitudes are subject to diverging trends of climate change at different stages of their annual life cycle, and, consequently, they can become mistimed with the local ecological conditions, with potentially negative effects on population size. This chapter reviews the modifications induced by climate change in different migration traits, like the timing of migration events, the distribution of organisms, and the direction and the speed of movements. It also considers the effects of ecological carry-over effects and migratory connectivity on the response of birds to climate change.
Projected population consequences of climate change
Authors: Iles David , Jenouvrier Stéphanie
Published: September 2019

To anticipate the future state of avian populations in a changing climate, forecasts must rigorously account for uncertainty in future climate and population processes. This requires fusing IPCC-class climate projections with population models. In this chapter, we review the steps for developing climate-dependent population forecasts, while highlighting key biological considerations and methodological challenges. Throughout, we use examples from a long-term study of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) to illustrate key points. We then conduct a literature review to compile a list of studies that have linked IPCC climate models with avian population models. At present, only a handful of studies have fused IPCC climate projections with avian population models, and generalities across systems thus remain elusive. Yet, the increasing availability and sophistication of climate models, coupled with new population modelling methods, hold promise for reducing forecast uncertainties and improving the relevance of population forecasts for policy.