bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class, Consumption and the Domestication of Food
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 outlines key academic debates surrounding class, identity, consumption and food. Engaging with Bourdieu’s toolkit of habitus, capital, field and practice, it explores middle-class social positioning. It connects contemporary class analysis to everyday eating by engaging with ideas of the cultural omnivore alongside work pertaining to postmodern ideas of consumption. The chapter then uses these ideas in conversation with the concept of domestication and scholarly activity which focuses on the materialities of food consumption to get a closer understanding of the temporally and spatially situated doing of food in the home. To this end, the importance of gender comes to the fore, specifically, the relationship between classed femininity and the temporality of practices and their associated constraints and priorities. Combined, these conceptual underpinnings provide the foundations from which to explore the empirical stories which unfold in the subsequent chapters.
Homemade Food: Individualized Processes of Household Investment
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 focuses on practice, in particular the material and symbolic ways in which participants chose and restricted the food which crosses the domestic threshold. The chapter starts in one participant’s kitchen, then looks further afield to trace the complex processes by which food becomes domesticated. Looking towards the consumer marketplace, the chapter considers how participants navigate across shopping spaces to select food. In this framing, processed convenience foods clearly emerged as lacking value. Yet data generated from ‘hanging out’ in kitchens shows that there were convenience foods in all kitchens and that the dichotomous relationship between convenience and homemade is continuously reworked and contested. Furthermore, accounting for practices highlights the centrality of gender. Female participants were clearly responsible for the day-to-day doings of domestic food, integral to which is the synchronization of multiple time-space paths. The chapter concludes by reading their justifications about using convenience in relation to broader food narratives in which classed notions of femininity circulate.
Culinary Capital: Knowledge, Learnt Practice and Acquired Taste
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 explores how knowledge about food is embodied and reproduced. It begins by taking public health messaging as an example to explore how ideas of self-control operate as ‘common-sense’ knowledge. Mapping participant journeys from the past to the present, it highlights the centrality of feminized learning about practices of food provisioning, which is supplemented with accrued culinary capital (such as cookbooks). Together, this appears to produce a strategic disposition to critically select from the diverse foodscape to enact a very particular and culturally shared version of good taste. The chapter then focuses on the household meal, as the end moment of the domestic sharing of ‘good’ food, to consider how these frames come together. It especially focuses on feeding children to examine how these learnt and accrued knowledges about food unfold across the generations and shows how encouraging a disposition to make discerning choices clearly emerges as valued.
North Korean Women’s Human Rights Activism
Authors: Lim Hyun-Joo
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the narratives of North Korean women activists about their involvement in human rights activism, including critical awakening and the turning point of their identity from victim to activist. The chapter examines motivating factors for their activism, as well as challenges and strategies. The women’s narratives suggest a strong sense of altruism and concern for other people in similar situations, which have operated as motivators for their activism. In conjunction with this, their imagination of a better future for fellow North Korean women (and children) has become the driving force behind their activism. The chapter further discusses their plans from an operational perspective: what possible collaborations and works could be undertaken?
Conclusion
Authors: Lim Hyun-Joo
Published: May 2024

This final chapter provides a recapitulated overview of the book, drawing on all the chapters. It re-emphasizes the significance of activism in improving the lives of North Korean women. It also reinforces the salient contribution of Altruistic Political Imagination in unpacking human rights activism, in conjunction with its potentially wider application to the analyses of other movements and activism. Additionally, it examines what has been achieved so far through the activism of North Korean women abroad, as well as other international endeavours to improve the situations of North Korean women. This chapter further discusses some limitations of the study and makes recommendations for future research.
Introduction: Experimenting with Direct Democracy
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

Alternative consumer cooperatives (ACCs) are characterized by some practices that challenge the capitalist forms of organizing; they are based on values of solidarity, reciprocity, decommodification, non-profit-making (that is, they reject efficiency and profit motives) and the inclusion of marginalized groups (mainly women, small farmers and refugees). These cooperatives are initiated by a group of consumers, the precariat, middle-class professionals and petty commodity producers, who share concerns about the neo-liberal policies, the hegemonic capitalist logic, the commodification of nature, and the impoverishment of their social life. The ACCs claim to develop an alternative food provisioning system, which aims to bypass the intermediaries in supply and distribution, empower rural women, support small farmers, promote the de-fetishization of agricultural products, support eco-friendly traditional agricultural production, and experiment with a different type of surplus distribution that does not target capital accumulation by the founders. They also challenge the power relations that shape management and labour practices within organizations. In so doing they provide an example of an alternative form of organizing, developed around the idea of workplace democracy, and implement practices such as consensus-based decision-making, a minimum hierarchy and volunteer work. Finally, the ACCs provide a space for the creation of a public sphere which nurtures vigorous political debate and prefigurative politics where a discourse on and practices for food sovereignty is drafted.
The Politics of Food: Alignment for Solidarity and Resistance
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

This chapter aims to develop a conceptual and theoretical framework for studying alternative consumer cooperatives (ACCs) by focusing on diverse economies, alternative food networks (AFNs), the food sovereignty movement and prefigurative politics. ACCs are embedded in AFNs, which are a sub-category of diverse economies, and their practices are shaped by the values of the food sovereignty movement. These dominant values have shaped the practices of the ACCs, allowing them to experiment with a new type of governance, and surplus generation and distribution, as well as creating a space for the making of a public sphere.
Alternative Consumer Cooperatives in the Making of a Public Sphere
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

The chapter focuses on and elaborates the work of alternative consumer cooperatives (ACCs) in reclaiming the public sphere with a transformative potential that is shaped through the politicization of urban consumers and rural petty commodity producers. The ACCs’ response to the legitimacy crisis of the neo-liberal hegemonic project and decreasing public participation in politics is crystallized in the ‘making’ of an alternative public sphere. This public sphere, where the validity claims of the hegemonic system are questioned, prevailing social norms are interrogated, and alternative governance modes and alternative norms are experienced, utilizes a diverse set of institutions (shop, social media, an alternative football league), activities (workshops, talks, film screenings, celebrations, direct meetings, site visits) and a discourse that is critical, oppositional of the prevailing system and inspiring a new one.
Instead of a Conclusion
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

Operating within the capitalist system and experimenting with an alternative form of governance and food provisioning system that is against the capitalist logic renders alternative consumer cooperatives (ACCs) precarious. They are spaces of possibility and resistance. Challenging the prevailing capitalist forms of organizing and doing business by introducing fundamental changes such as bypassing the middlemen, de-fetishising foodstuff and experimenting with zero-hierarchy, consensus-based decision-making is a process of transformation that needs an ethical stance in the economic realm and a political dedication. There is no guarantee about the advancement of the transformative efforts being undertaken by the alternative consumer cooperatives: it all depends on how the activists involved and the practices developed contribute to a shift in the pessimism or maybe ‘hopelessness’ underlying the trialing of something ‘different’ and ‘new’.
Introduction
Authors: Traill Helen
Published: May 2024

While introducing the case studies and the broad argument of the book, this chapter situates the intervention of the book in the international communal growing literature, explaining the approach to community, politics and justice as empirical phenomena. The introduction introduces the concept of escape as a useful way to think about a series of important questions about how the city is lived. Collective escape centres the relationship between communal growing’s urban intervention and its politics, providing insight into the way people within the urban community projects understand their action. The chapter fleshes out how thinking through escape as an ambivalent practice can move us beyond some of the arguments around politics and subject formation to appreciate communal growing as social action. It also sets out the ethnographic research that forms the methodological basis for the book’s argument.
Who Gets to Escape?
Authors: Traill Helen
Published: May 2024

A critical question of justice drives this chapter: who gets to escape? In exploring the social politics of community land use, this starts from the ideological position of these organizations as open and inclusive but taken as a question rather than a fact. To whom are they open? Taking the case studies as contrasting organizations, this demonstrates the vicissitudes of community as a practice of closure, indeed as a practice of boundary production and maintenance. It explores the way the projects are bound to local dynamics of class, ethnicity and the reproduction of gender and motherhood within two neighbourhoods on the edges of the most affluent wedge of the city. In doing so, it questions the inclusivity narrative while recognizing the inevitability of closure within communal practices. This is to take community not as a neutral thing that exists, but as a set of dynamic practices that are replete with conflicts – drawing on contemporary theorizations of community as a verb (Rogaly, 2016; Studdert and Walkerdine, 2016b). Situating communality as a central process within urban growing (and indeed the city), I argue here that community is not an anodyne concept but a fluid and political boundary process with implications for urban justice.
Field Dynamics and Strategic Neutrality
Authors: Traill Helen
Published: May 2024

Drawing on a concept of a field in which communal growing projects are embedded, this chapter develops an understanding of the ways projects are limited by the conditions of the field. Through developing an understanding of funding and organizational dynamics and the contrast between the two sites, this draws out the implications and meanings of politics in the field. It draws on ideas from social movement theory to understand the implications of these organizational dynamics, especially pressures against social transformation and radical agendas. This is to argue that organizations are pushed towards a stance of strategic neutrality, despite their autonomous and collective internal practices, in part as a way of attracting charity funding and being therefore legible as non-profits within the landscape of third sector funding.
‘Coloring the Utterance with Some Kind of Perceivable Affect’: Constructing ‘Country’ and ‘People’ in Speeches by Theresa May and Boris Johnson – A Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Schulze Rainer
Published: May 2024

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the conceptualisation of current social and political change in the UK by identifying and specifying selected patterns of language use. Provided that language can be viewed as a collective repository of memory chunks, linked to units of conceptual knowledge such as schemas, categories and conceptual metaphors and metonymies or blends, two selected lexical concepts, that is, ‘the people’ and ‘country’, used in two different speeches will be seen as exponents of discursively constructed ideas and values. This study will highlight how the use of two selected lexical concepts, in the hands of two former top agents of British politics, can be a powerful conceptual and discourse strategy to frame economic, political and social issues and to serve emotional and ideological purposes. Through concomitant linguistic expressions, the strongly mediatised political, economic and ideological debate about sovereignty, identity, immigration or economics becomes effectively persuasive and manipulative. Theoretical assumptions and methodological tools are provided by different fields such as cognitive linguistics and corpus linguistics.
The Challenges of Polarisation: Lessons for (Re-)Politicising Inequality across Four English Towns
Authors: Koch Insa , Fransham Mark , Cant Sarah , Ebrey Jill , Glucksberg Luna , Savage Mike
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how intensifying inequality in the UK plays out at a local level, in order to bring out the varied ways polarisation takes place ‘on the ground’. It brings a community analysis buttressed by quantitative framing to the study of economic, spatial and relational polarisation in four towns in the UK. We distinguish differing dynamics of ‘elite-based’ polarisation (in Oxford and Tunbridge Wells) and ‘poverty-based’ polarisation (in Margate and Oldham). Yet there are also common features. Across the towns, marginalised communities express a sense of local belonging. But tensions between social groups also remain strong and all towns are marked by a weak or ‘squeezed middle’. We argue that the weakness of intermediary institutions, including but not limited to the ‘missing middle’, and capable of bridging gaps between various social groups, provides a major insight into both the obstacles to, and potential solutions for, re-politicising inequality today.
“Go Away, But Don’t Leave Us”: Affective Polarisation and the Precarisation of Romanian Essential Workers in the UK
Authors: Petcu Anisia
Published: May 2024

This chapter uses the lens of affective polarisation to analyse the precarious position of Romanian migrant workers in the UK, particularly as it was highlighted during the first COVID-19 lockdown. It explores their marginalised positions in British society, on account of their occupational, economic and educational status, their nationality, and their contested Whiteness.
The chapter argues that Romanian workers are discursively identified as one of the groups responsible for the consequences of both austerity and the neoliberal policies in the UK: shrinking social security, lower benefits, lower pay, the loss of employment opportunities. It argues that this blame shifting is possible because Eastern European workers generally, and Romanian workers in particular, are subjected to two kinds of detrimental discourses. On the one hand, there is the elitist discourse that generally casts the working classes as ‘benefit scroungers’. On the other, their Whiteness and racial identity are contested, thus opening them up to discrimination and exploitation under racial capitalism. Finally, the chapter also analyses the effect of EU neoliberal policies in Romania and the role these have played in pushing migration towards the West, thus positioning the narrative within a European scale.
Racialised Affective Polarisation in the UK
Authors: Gohrisch Jana
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the potential of the volume’s central concept analysing recent Black British and transatlantic non-fiction and fiction, semi-documentary film and film essays in comparison with earlier material to offer a historical perspective. The texts and films produced over the last decades address racial inequality and share a decided antiracist impetus. They differ in their appeal to the emotions, especially in the strategies of anger management they propose. The contextualised analysis refers to the literary field in Britain and its lack of racial and ethnic diversity.
“Now You Have to Listen”: A Historical Analysis of Britain’s Left-Behind Communities
Authors: Butterfield Harvey
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a historical account of the cultural, economic, political and social transformations that have facilitated the development of left-behind communities in Britain. Contrasting with earlier, top-down narratives, it undertakes a localised analysis of three coastal, post-industrial and rural towns across England, determining that incremental changes to the textures of residents’ daily lives have caused widespread political alienation over time. By charting how these peripheral, marginalised communities have fared under successive governments, especially since the late 1990s, the chapter details how deprived families have contrasted local hardship, joblessness and declining quality of life with the successes of socially mobile, metropolitan elites. It finds that fragmented concerns about societal decay at the local level have served as proxies through which blue-collar voters have articulated grievances with mainstream politicians and parties (and with democracy more generally), and have underpinned broader trends towards polarisation and populism. The chapter concludes that continued historical, localised analysis is essential for interpreting the nuanced causes of discontent in contemporary Britain’s peripheries, especially in light of more recent developments including Johnsonian populism and the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Language and Identity: The Taliesin Tradition
Authors: Glyn Ifor ap
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers a perspective on how affective polarisation can be helpful in considering some of the conflicting interpretations of the modern history of Wales – and how they might be reconciled. Ifor ap Glyn is a poet and documentary maker and takes the medieval tale of Taliesin the shape-shifter as a start-point for his analysis. It considers Welsh identity from a linguistic perspective; how it was transformed by industrialisation; and as a dimension of British identity. The impact of large-scale migration on Welsh identity is discussed, and the effect of a more recent population shift on the Welsh language in its western heartlands, through second homes and rural retreating. Wales remains politically distinct, but is its identity increasingly based on devolved institutions? Can the Welsh language take a wider role in the continuing reimagining of Welsh identity?
Decolonizing Development
Authors: Keahey Jennifer
Published: May 2024

This culminating chapter returns to various strands presented in earlier chapters of the book to articulate a decolonial theory of development. It begins with a decolonial critique of modern rationalism. Next, it draws from research findings to lay out the three features of authoritarian monocultures as an imperial mode of existence. It then identifies the features of egalitarian ecocultures, showing how this Indigenous and counterhegemonic mode of existence works to establish regenerative food, heritage and trade cultures at the fringes of the hegemonic world-system. These heterotopias of resistance offer critical insight into the relational knowledges, values and practices that support decolonization from within and without.
On-Road Inside: Music as a Site of Carceral Convergence
Authors: Waller Chris
Published: May 2024

This chapter seeks to examine the ways in which on-road culture occurs within the prison, exploring especially the ways in which the boundaries between prison and road are traversed and blurred by young people. This chapter explores the ways in which music forms cultural spaces of continuity between road and prison. By drawing on research looking at music in a local prison in Greater London the chapter seeks to explore the ways in which on-road culture is both adapted and imported into the prison. The chapter considers the cultural geography of the prison and the ways in which music provides both connection to the outside as well as a means of undertaking forms of problem-solving and identity construction. The chapter considers the importance of this spatio-cultural continuity between prison and road within on-road culture.
Conclusions, Compromises and Continuing Conversations
Authors: Levell Jade , Young Tara , Earle Rod
Published: May 2024

This chapter is written as three sets of reflections by the editors on the preceding collection and the next steps for on-road scholarship. The editors each reflect on the aspects of the collection which speak most to them and our own work, and most importantly, what the next steps are for this field of study and what questions need to be further posed and answered. Levell’s section focuses on the use of feminist theory to understand subjectivity, relationality, love and community in the collection. She argues that this humanised previously stigmatised young people. Young looks at the contentions that result from the over-focus on gangs, including enhanced racial discrimination and over-policing. Earle weaves in his own journey to on-road scholarship with reflections on the chapters, and the undercurrents of music, inequality, Whiteness, racial capitalism, and the desire to see beyond youth criminality and instead focusing on the richness of their lives.
What the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Torture Requires
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 looks at the mandate of the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) as set out in the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Torture. Using practical examples and drawing on personal experience, it begins the process of exploring how through its work and practice that mandate has been developed, including the forms of its visits. Key to this is the concept of ‘deprivation of liberty’ and the infinite range of possible forms that this might take, and as a result, the near impossibility of delimiting the potential boundaries of the SPT’s visiting mandate, including places which exercise de facto detention under the regulatory authority of the state. The SPT’s membership and composition is also explored in order to consider whether it is appropriate for the tasks it is required to undertake.
The UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and National Preventive Mechanisms
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

A central element of the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Torture system is that every state party must establish an independent ‘National Preventive Mechanism’ (NPM) which must have access to all places of detention in a manner similar to the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT). The SPT is to work with states as they set up the NPM, offering them its advice and expertise. It is then to support the work of the NPMs. This has proven to be one of the SPT’s most important and challenging tasks. This chapter considers the guidelines the SPT has developed for both states and NPMs and how it has gone about exercising its mandate in relation to NPMs over time.
Excusing the Inexcusable
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

There is a very close connection between ‘accepting the unacceptable’ and ‘excusing the inexcusable’. This chapter highlights how, even when something is known to be wrong – or accepted to be unacceptable – it may just not be considered sufficiently serious to merit notice, attention or comment. As a result, when challenged, often bizarre excuses are offered to justify what those offering them know to be inexcusable. The plausibility of the excuse is less important than the fact of making it, and having been made, it then becomes difficult to accept the need for change at all. A classic and stark example is the extent to which some continue to try to excuse the continued use of torture and ill-treatment itself, despite its prohibition. Critically engaging with such excuses can entrench them, yet the very structure of international human rights protection prompts excuse-making, thus rendering the prevention more complex.
Thinking Positively about Prevention
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 12 takes stock of what all these reflections might mean for improving existing systems of torture prevention, whether they are adequate and whether more fundamental or systemic change is necessary. Much can be done through existing systems and structures, and they probably have within them all that is necessary to bring about meaningful change. The real question is how to release that potential. Some of the answers lie in rather mundane but nevertheless important changes in working practices, but others are of a more profound nature and require rethinking some of the fundamental assumptions about the operation of detention systems, states and the human rights system itself. Doing so also allows us to understand better why it is that torture remains so prevalent and why the ways in which are trying to address this seem to be deficient.
Beyond Green-Washing: Sustainable Development and Environmental Accountability through Co-operators’ Eyes (A French Perspective)
Authors: Deblangy François
Published: May 2024

This chapter sets out to explore the relations between workplace democracy and environmental policy. While it is generally up to appointed executives to determine the scope of such policies and up to public relations manager to promote and implement them in conventional companies, some alternative business organizations provide living examples of how collective decision-making can give substance to sustainable production. As output and profit maximization contrasts more and more sharply with the growing awareness and experience among the population of the current ecological emergency, workers’ control over their own economic activity offers sensible perspectives for a radical reshaping of our modes of production. Worker co-operatives prove to be valuable living examples of how rank-and-file members’ empowerment can simultaneously advance social and ecological causes, as co-operators are both accountable to one another and the wider community.
Exploring the Role of Worker Co-operatives in the Co-creation of Meaningful Work
Authors: Langmead Kiri , Webster Anthony
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that, by compelling workers to act in the interests of owners, customers and shareholders, work in hierarchical capitalist organizations frequently disconnects workers from their core values and from the communities in which they live. For workers, the result is a sense of estrangement from the self, and a weakening of social cohesion with both fellow worker and the wider community. In contrast to these experiences, it is argued that worker co-operatives can create opportunities for workers to reclaim and re-embed their values in the workplace and, through this, create work that is meaningful. Drawing on data collected from two worker co-operatives, the chapter will demonstrate how worker ownership and democratic member control can enable workers to cocreate meaningful work. In doing so it will show that meaning is derived, not only through doing work that is good for the interests of society, but through the messy and ongoing process of negotiating and enacting environmental and social values. As such, worker ownership and democratic control are framed as both a precursor to, and core component of, meaningful work.
The Promise and Perils of Corporate Governance-by-Design in Blockchain-Based Collectives: The Case of dOrg
Authors: Mannan Morshed
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyses the emergence of new collectivist organizations in response to the growth of the digital platform economy, with a particular focus on a blockchain-based software developers’ collective, dOrg. This chapter shows what alternative business structures, including cooperatives, collectives and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), can offer to the discourse on creating a more sustainable and stable future of work, while also highlighting how organizations such as dOrg innovate long-standing cooperative governance structures. First, the chapter constructs a case study of this transnational collective, describing how its governance structure innovates upon and departs from Rothschild and Whitt’s two ideal types of organization – the bureaucratic organization and the collectivist-democratic organization. Second, the chapter demonstrates how dOrg addresses agency problems by way of corporate governance-by-design. The last section explains how this concept varies from traditional corporate governance and evaluates the extent to which measures introduced to achieve corporate governance-by-design, such as reputation-weighted voting, address the governance challenges faced by collectivist organizations.
Co-operation for Asset-Based Community Development: The Example of the Community Explorers Project at Leicester Vaughan College
Authors: Noble Malcolm
Published: May 2024

The Community Explorers project carried out by Leicester Vaughan College in 2019 was part of a major National Lottery-funded project aimed at addressing loneliness in older people. Part of the Co-operative Higher Education movement, Leicester Vaughan College ran this community research project, offering a small but useful pilot pointing to the value in co-operative practices and organizational formation in meeting complex social needs. Drawing on a bundle of co-operative pedagogies, and the ICA Co-operative Identity, the project enabled a broad range of individuals to become independent researchers. Explorers identified and researched issues of their own choosing across ten diverse projects with tailored training and support. This chapter argues that co-operation, co-operative pedagogies, and Education Co-operatives are a good match for Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) projects, and offers potential value to a broad range of community development work.
‘Can a Leopard Change Its Spots?’ How the Established Model of the Mondragon Co-operatives Struggles to Adapt to a Changing World
Authors: Manley Julian
Published: May 2024

Despite theories of degeneration and fears that the passing of time may corrupt the original principles of co-operation that are the very definition of a co-operative business, and the idea that co-operative democracy in governance declines as a result of growth in numbers of members of a co-operative, the co-operatives of Mondragon appear to both sustain themselves and continue to grow in different ways. Cornforth (1995) argued against theories of degeneration through a study of worker co-operatives in the UK, but the case of Mondragon is even more challenging in terms of size and longevity. Many predicted the beginning of the end for the Mondragon co-operatives after the fall into bankruptcy of the largest and the founding co-operative, Fagor Electrodomesticos, in 2013. Instead, the Mondragon Corporation is alive and well. This chapter asks what lessons can be learnt about the development and sustainability of co-operatives which are relevant for future planning and adaptations to new environments.
Possibilities and Challenges of the ‘Sorachi Model’: Learning from Preston’s Attempts to Rebuild the Region
Authors: Sakai Hiroshi
Published: May 2024

Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan, was the biggest coal mining region of the country. However, coal was replaced by oil, and nuclear power was introduced next. The demise of coal mining areas in Hokkaido came quite abruptly. The area I would focus on is the county of Sorachi. The area has the town of Yubari, which became bankrupt in 2007. On top of that, there are other municipalities bordering bankruptcy. How are we to revive the area? As being done in Preston, we would create a network of collaboration and support, working together to revive the area’s local economy.
Methods in Crisis
Authors: Roberts Celia , Rasmussen Mary Lou , Allen Louisa , Williamson Rebecca
Published: May 2024

Donna Haraway’s question ‘What is decolonial feminist reproductive freedom in a dangerously troubled multispecies world?’ (Haraway, 2016: 6) is a key provocation for this book, as is her insistence on bringing debates about human numbers into feminist engagement with ecological crisis, an argument developed in Making Kin Not Population (Clarke and Haraway, 2018). Our book picks up this thread, arguing that making kin and making babies are intrinsically connected and should be thought together rather than oppositionally. This chapter describes how we devised and brought together our various methods, including in-depth qualitative interviews with parents of newborn babies and with medical and professionals in medicine, architecture, air quality monitoring, public health and bushfire management. We discuss our decision to incorporate our own stories, to be read in conjunction with those we collected. One hundred images of bushfire smoke and fire were also gathered from participants along with maps they drew of their care networks, part of our multilayered methodological approach. Learning from actor-network theory, we also decided to ‘follow’ significant actors like smoke, air purifiers and flows of air quality data to understand how the smoke and fires impacted the lives of people who were pregnant or parenting a newborn baby and to think about the materialities of the Pyrocene in Canberra and SE NSW.
Spot Kick on Racism: Marcus Rashford and Criminally Damaging Penalty Shoot-Outs
Authors: Long Matt , Armstrong Catherine
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, we argue that racially motivated vandalism is a social practice which needs to be examined in its own right as much as practices such as antilocution or the verbalization of racist abuse and physical attacks. The empirical context of this chapter rests on the UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) European Football Championship 2020 and the subsequent vandalism of the mural of England football player Marcus Rashford in south Manchester following England’s defeat against Italy in the final. After locating the context of what can be framed as ‘hate vandalism’ as an ideological signifier, the chapter moves on to theorize the intersectional nature of Rashford’s race and class and how, in the current context of Black Lives Matter and child food poverty campaigns, this lends itself to postcolonial narratives. The chapter explores the long history of the mural as an art form whose creation, desecration and sometimes reconstruction have much to offer in terms of forging an understanding of contemporary race and ethnicity in 21st-century Britain.
‘England till I Die’: Memoirs of a South Asian Football Fan
Authors: Khazir Amjid
Published: May 2024

This chapter unpacks the role identity plays in following the national football team. Is being in love with the ‘beautiful game’ enough to qualify you as a loyal supporter? If the national game is as truly as inclusive and as ‘antiracist’ as it claims to be, then why are we yet to see representation in all levels of the game in order to reflect the almost five million Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis living in the United Kingdom, [[AQ: The chapter refers to ‘almost 4.2 million people in this country’, so it would be better to use that here, for consistency. However, see the query in the chapter as to whether this figure is for England or the UK, and ensure the correct wording is used here.]] with some communities going seven or eight generations deep? To answer some of these questions, Amjid Khazir – who is Director of Media Cultured and has been involved for over two decades in work in antiracism, counter-extremism and using sport for social unity – shares his experiences as a practitioner and educator. Reflecting as both a supporter and a valued expert who has delivered sessions to football scholars at several Premier League Clubs, he describes what he sees and feels the game has, can and must do to improve representation and become truly inclusive and effective at tackling hate, in order to finally eradicate approaches based merely on lip service. As Amjid lost a family member after an alleged racist assault, this chapter is both personal and pertinent to the discourse.
Women Footballers in the United Kingdom: Feminism, Misogynoir and Hate Crimes
Authors: Caudwell Jayne , Healy Jane , Ratna Aarti
Published: May 2024

The sociology of sport literature details the nature and extent of racism in sport – mostly men’s sport, and in particular men’s football. The literature shows that racism was present in the men’s game in the United Kingdom (UK) before, and after, the inception of the 1993 Let’s Kick Racism Out of Football campaign (now Kick it Out). Sport sociologists have offered critical accounts of how racism impacts men’s football and men footballers. These analyses rarely cover women’s experiences or intersect with constructions of hate crimes and misogyny. Despite significant campaigning by feminist criminologists, the Law Commission, in its 2021 review, has recommended not to add misogyny to hate crime legislation. Currently, the law in England and Wales protects race or ethnicity, religion or beliefs, sexual orientation, disability and transgender identity. Hate crime literature has failed to consider the intersections of multiple forms of marginalization, such as the impact of both race and gender. Despite many police forces in England and Wales collecting data on misogyny, prosecutions are limited to the existing five hate crime strands, thus reducing the experiences of many women and girls to a single identity characteristic. This fails to acknowledge the reality of their lived experiences. In this chapter, we review the shortfalls in both sociological and criminological analyses of gender and racism in football. We demonstrate the value of a focus on women footballers in developing a feminist approach to gender, racism and hate crimes. In this way, we conclude that it is time to connect sexism, racism, misogynoir and football to ensure a hate crime framework that includes women and girls in sport.
The Pleasures of Consumption: The Curious Case of Phillip
Authors: Gibbs Nick
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 considers the role of pleasure and lifestyle in IPED consumption, drawing on a case study of the book’s oldest subject, Phillip. A sprawling interview conducted with Phillip in a coffee shop in Potsford is utilized to first introduce this notable participant, before unpacking his initially instrumental motivations to use IPEDs. However, although first rooted in sporting aspiration, Phillip’s consumption exemplified the age-defying, lifestyle-enhancing experiences of consuming IPEDs and his use is therefore explored in relation to medicalization, the liberal tenet of a mastery over nature, and testosterone as a gateway to ‘perma-adolescence’. Though a unique case study, this exploration serves to highlight the role of pleasure and lifestyle within the broader IPED-using population.
Production
Authors: Gibbs Nick
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8 is the first of four chapters examining the supply-side of the IPED market. It is principally concerned with how and where these compounds are produced, highlighting underground laboratories (UGLs) and licit pharmaceutical production. First, UGLs are identified as the primary domestic source of anabolic steroids and some other compounds, and the heterogeneity of these labs, ranging from extremely modest set-ups to large-scale manufacture employing a range of highly skilled chemists, is discussed. The importance of brand recognition and the need to present as legitimate is then explored, as UGLs, mirroring licit businesses, rely on customer loyalty and attempt to build an image of professionalism. Licit pharmaceutical production is then examined, which represents the principal means of producing ancillary drugs like those used for post-cycle therapy. Although some users siphon pharmaceutical products from the UK medical supply chain, the most common origin of pharmaceutical-grade IPEDs appears to be European nations with laxer regulations than the UK, and this is therefore explored. Ultimately, the chapter paints a picture of how these products are produced and entered into the UK market.
The Online IPED Market
Authors: Gibbs Nick
Published: May 2024

Chapter 11 explores the online IPED market, predominantly focusing on the social media sites Facebook and Instagram. The chapter examines retail-level sellers operating on each platform, drawing a crude typology of underground laboratory representatives and online resellers. UGL representatives, it contends, mainly operate on private or semi-private groups on Facebook and only sell on behalf of a specific UGL brand. Independent resellers, on the other hand, embody the indiscriminate nature of the social media market, proactively soliciting for business on Instagram and using hashtags and recommended follows to target prospective customers. The chapter draws upon digital ethnographic screenshots and interviews to highlight the modus operandi of these seller types, exploring their means of communication, transactions, product delivery, and strategies to avoid detection. Ultimately, connections are drawn between the IPED market as a whole, and the emergent nature of this aspect of online supply is emphasized.
Arctic Interests: How China Is Challenging the US
Authors: Carlson Cameron , Kiltz Linda
Published: May 2024

The nature of US–China relations is changing and evolving in a new direction, with past differences becoming more acute while new areas emerge, such as the Arctic region, intensifying the US–China security dilemma. The rapidly changing climate and subsequent “opening” of the Arctic has given rise to China’s emergence as a major influence within the region. This chapter discusses how abrupt climate change, in combination with Chinese actions in the Arctic, could create unpredictable black swan events that undermine US and regional security. This chapter provides an analysis of China’s Arctic objectives using black swan and weak signal theories as well as the methodology of horizon scanning technique. Finally, it highlights possible scenarios of China’s impact on the Arctic in the future
Why Gendering Green Criminology Matters
Authors: Milne Emma , Davies Pamela , Heydon James , Peggs Kay , Wyatt Tanya
Published: May 2024

Our ambition for this book is to bring together feminist and green criminology for the first time in a scholarly volume where all contributions are devoted to the project of gendering green criminology. The editorial team is comprised of experts in gender and crime and in green criminology/environmental harm. The idea for the edited collection, and some of the chapters included, arose from a conference organised by the editors through the ‘Green Criminology’ and ‘Women, Crime and Criminal Justice’ Networks of the British Society of Criminology. That conference inspired us to expand the discussion and scope of inquiry into the gendering of green criminology.
Queering Green Criminology: The Impacts of Zoonotic Diseases on the LGBTQ Community
Authors: Pedroni Laurence , Kromash Benja
Published: May 2024

This research uses the lenses of green criminology, eco-feminism and necrocapitalism to analyse how green crimes disproportionately harm queer peoples, especially trans women of colour. Structures of patriarchal domination have led to the exploitation of nature and intense harms to marginalised communities. This research traces environmental harms that further the spread of zoonotic diseases and disproportionately victimise queer peoples. These structures of domination have led to the proliferation of pandemics, including HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, both of which have uniquely harmed queer peoples. We apply eco-feminism and necrocapitalism to understand how the victimisation of queer lives and environmental degradation both lead to state-sanctioned profits. We argue that when governments allow climate change to further the spread of zoonotic diseases it is an abandonment by the state that results in widespread injustices. Policies and research that do not work to mitigate climate change and its intersectional impacts fail both nature and queer peoples. To counter destructive structures of cisheteronormativity and better understand green crimes, we call for a queering of green criminology. This chapter explores what a queer feminist green criminology could look like and demands that the subjugation of nature and queer communities be addressed with immediate action.
‘Daughters of Dust’: An Eco-Feminist Analysis of Debt-for-Nature Swaps and Underage Marriage in Indonesia
Authors: Omrow Delon Alain
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents the theoretical promise of eco-feminism in explaining how the oppression of young women and girls is connected to the oppression of nature. Central to both forms of oppression is the ‘logic of domination’ – a conceptual framework maintaining harmful value dualisms and hierarchies. This logic also draws concrete parallels between the eco-violent commodification of nature and women’s bodies, theorising debt-for-nature (DFN) swaps and underage marriage in Indonesia through an eco-feminist lens. The interconnections of DFN swaps and various forms of violence against women and young girls in the context of human and environmental security prompt immediate responses from international organisations.
David and Goliath: Exploring the Male Burdens of Patriarchal Capitalism
Authors: White Rob
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the burdens experienced by men in combating ecological destruction and in particular contesting the pressures and limits of patriarchal capitalism. Masculinity is multidimensional – it has ‘heroic’ and ‘caring’ aspects, as well as destructive and oppressive dimensions. Men are both complicit in and opposed to the damage wrought by the state and corporate capitalist machine. The ‘Davids’ are those fighting against the structural power and institutional weight of patriarchal capitalism. The ‘Goliaths’ are those at the helm of the existing global capitalist power structure (male and female) whose class interests necessarily involve exploitations of humans (men, women and children) and natural resources (minerals, trees, fish, seeds). The Goliath structure is comprised of patterns of behaviour, culture and institutional power, affecting all men and women, that variously benefit or disadvantage particular individuals (men and women) depending upon where they are located in the overarching power structure. The burdens of patriarchal capitalism are both structural (in the sense of narrowly shaping human experience insofar as it is informed by specific notions of ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and ‘economic imperatives’) and oppressive (in the sense that pushing back against the power structure inevitably comes at a cost – financial, reputational, employment and, in some instances, lives).