bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keeping Connected: Travelling with the Telephone
Authors: White Peter B. , White Naomi Rosh
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the uses of mobile and fixed telephone communications by travellers and the implications of that use for their experiences of travel. Based on interviews conducted with people travelling in New Zealand, we argue that travellers give specific attention to the accessibility of phone services while planning their travel. Once travellers' journeys and communication with distant friends and families had commenced, travellers made clear distinctions between the relative uses, benefits and drawbacks of using oral phone communications and 'texting' (short message service). Both forms of communication had similar impacts on travellers' sense of an ongoing integration into relationships from which they were temporarily physically distant. However, the two modes of communication differed with respect to what they were seen to offer. That is, oral phone communication was characterised by its 'emotionality', while texting in particular was seen to offer distinctive opportunities for spontaneous contact.
Children and Interactive Television
Authors: Frenette Micheline , Caron André H.
Published: October 2006

Interactive television or TV-i, a component of Vidéoway technology, is a new genre of programming that allows the viewer to intervene directly in the content of a programme during the broadcast through a remote control device Four major types of interactive segments have been identified content preference (e g selecting a song), story involvement (e g making decisions for a character), knowledge-base (e g solving a maths problem) and visual composition (e g selecting the viewing angle on a concert) Drawing both on the general research literature on children's understanding of linear television and on recent studies of TV-i for children, this article discusses the relevance of a cognitive developmental framework for the design of age-appropriate interactive programming The age of eight typically marks a turning point in children's comprehension of television narratives and characters and of the reality of television Accordingly, the article discusses TV-i in relation to Piaget's 'pre-operational' children and 'concrete operational' children respectively It also suggests that interactive television offers new opportunities for the creation of programmes that could facilitate children's learning and foster critical viewing skills In addition, the article raises a number of research questions relating to children and interactive television
Window of Opportunity CD-ROMs, The International Music Industry and Early Australian Initiatives
Authors: Hayward Philip , Orrock Geraldine
Published: October 2006

Over the last five years the CD-ROM has risen to become a prominent new-technology medium and consumer item. This paper documents and analyses the development of CD-ROM software by the international music industry and contextualises this development within a broader history of format successions. It discusses the influential XPLORA 1 disk assembled in collaboration with Peter Gabriel's Real World Company and the manner in which this CD-ROM set what has developed as a standard blueprint for the first wave of music CD-ROMs. The paper then provides a case study of the Australian music industry's exploratory use of the medium during 1994, and the relation of that exploration to national cultural policies. The study concludes by speculating as to the likely obsolescence of the CD-ROM form and its likely dis/re-placement by media such as the Internet
Our Wanton Abuse of the Technology
Authors: MacGregor Brent
Published: October 2006

This study, based on in depth interviews with 40 television news journalists, analyses the changing face of location based crisis news gathering in the age of globally and internationally available twenty-four hour news services such as CNN, Sky News, the BBC World Service and Euronews
Seeking Deeper Contact
Authors: Huhtamo Erkki
Published: October 2006

The term 'interactivity' has been applied to such a diverse range of technological forms that its meaning has become unclear Furthermore, a number of contradictions underlie the concept and raise innumerable questions This article argues that one way of approaching this problematic area is through the analysis of interactive art, since much recent work can be read as a `metacommentary' on the state of interactivity Through a detailed discussion of a small selection of work and their modes of address, the paper endeavours to demonstrate how interactive art can de-mythicise and de-automate prevailing discourses and applications of interactivity and thereby undertake a cultural critique of the nature of interactivity
Nations and the Internet
Authors: Mitra Ananda
Published: October 2006

With the growth of electronic communication systems such as the Internet it is now possible to imagine communities built by and around the discourses produced and exchanged on such systems. The distinctiveness of these emergent systems lies in the interactivity and the user-empowerment that such systems provide. Simultaneously with the emergence of electronic systems such as the Internet, there has also appeared a bloc of people whose traditional national identities have been disrupted by the process of migration and immigration. These diasporic communities are increasingly embracing the Internet system to produce a new sense of community where they can textually create images of their own national and tribal communities. This paper examines the uniqueness of the Internet and its structuration, and then demonstrates the ways in which the technological tool is being used to produce specific community images. Illustrations from the national Indian discussion group are used to examine some key aspects of the community building process.
Technological Thresholds
Authors: Murray Matthew
Published: October 2006

The V-chip provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 represent a new form of media regulation in the USA. Promoted in response to complex institutional, legal, and social developments, the device will formally disperse responsibility for programme content control to the multiple sites of television production and reception. The V-chip will likely limit choices for most users as a result of the ideological commitment to 'family values' underlying its practical implementation. Invested in the V-chip's technological and discursive construction are processes of regulation designed to determine the representational limits of television texts, prescribe the formation of familial identities and the arrangement of domestic relations, and reproduce social norms. The V-chip legislation is not a universally empowering technology as its proponents claim and its normative assumptions presume, but operates to privilege certain viewers' values over others.
Broadcasting is Dead. Long Live Digital Choice
Authors: Steemers Jeanette
Published: October 2006

Drawing on examples from the United Kingdom and Germany, this paper sets out to explore the potential impact of digital television on broadcasting, and to identify what implications its introduction might have for audio-visual plurality and diversity. Through an analysis of current trends in television, it examines the difficulty of applying traditional broadcasting policy norms, and how digital technology itself is far less important than the deregulation and commercialisation of the analogue broadcasting sector in recent years. The paper argues that strategies developed by public service broadcasters and policymakers at both a national and European Union level may not be sufficient to counter longer term threats to plurality and diversity. These threats stem from the lack of a clear role for the public sector and from the increasing domination of the emerging digital television market by a small number of companies, who are active across converging industry sectors, and who control the key chains of production and distribution.
Still Guarding the Gate?
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: October 2006

As more and more newspapers begin to deliver stories in electronic forms, journalists are re-examining their traditional roles in a world of exponentially expanding information. Most of the metro reporters and editors interviewed during a trio of USA case studies in the summer and early autumn of 1995 believe their function as gatekeepers remains vital, but they see it as being modified to encompass a need for interpretation and quality control. Their role becomes less about selecting stories for dissemination and more about bolstering the value of what they disseminate so that it rises to the crest of the information tidal wave.
Cabinet of Curiosity
Authors: White Michele
Published: October 2006

This article considers the textually constructed 'virtual museum' of LambdaMOO and the users that manufacture their virtual bodies within this structure. As in traditional museums, the MOO museum functions as a legitimising force for the population's activities and as a strategy for constructing aesthetic values. The traditional museum relies on a stable culturally shared understanding of what bodies, objects, spaces, art, and viewers are in order to shape meaning. It is these very characteristics that are disordered by virtual MOO environments. The on-line virtual museum requires a new theory of spectatorship because it presents a quotation, or view, of a museum rather than a physical building structure that can be explored by the corporeal body of the viewer. These performative 'views' destabilise the spectator's ability to access a factual narrative or to remain invested in the realness of the museum system. Thus, the term 'museum' and the traditional viewing body are redefined by the components of MOO environments. This article considers the ways that virtual spectatorship and the virtual museum can constitute a kind of critical work on the traditional museum.
Untapped Potential
Authors: Moody Nickianne
Published: October 2006

In the 1980s an identifiable sub-genre of science fiction known as cyberpunk addressed the speculative integration of information technology into everyday experience. Variants of cyberpunk fiction are both celebratory and critical of these imaginative explorations. However, a common narrative diegesis is the dystopian account of social life under postindustrial corporate capitalism. Unlike other genres, a feature of this fiction is the use of incidental disabled characters. They are used as part of the articulation of the cultural anxieties of the able-bodied concerning new technology and the social organisation of work. One preoccupation of cyberpunk is the relationship between the body and cyberpunk technology. As the human body, in this fiction, is increasingly measured against superhuman standards, cyberpunk visualises a future of common disability in the work environment. Members of this workforce fear disability in a future where they have lost their civil rights, have little welfare provision and where physically and mentally impaired characters have the advantage in negotiating disabling environments.
Audio-visual Poetics in Interactive Multimedia
Authors: McPhee Scot
Published: October 2006

In this article, multimedia interactive works from an exhibition of artworks on CD-ROMs are studied in relation to several key elements. The article explores options for the analysis of multimedia works in relation to media forms considered precursors to multimedia. In particular, it questions whether Michel Chion's model of cinema soundtrack analysis can be applied to current multimedia forms.
Computers, Composition, Cognition and Culture
Authors: McQuesten Pamela
Published: October 2006

On 16 February 1995 the front page of the New York Times carried John Markoff's riveting account of events leading to the arrest of Kevin Mitnicks a 30-year old man charged with computer fraud and illegal use of a telephone access device. This paper examines a news composition process in which what could have been a simple report of the capture and arrest of an accused white collar criminal was transformed into a culturally significant tale of social order through the participation of a journalist, readers and subjects in interlocking systems of composition, cognition, and culture.
Journo-Morphosis
Authors: Bromley Michael , Purdey Heather
Published: October 2006

Despite an explosion of media sites on the World Wide Web, a coherent framework for education and training in web journalism has not emerged in the UK. This has left a lacuna in postgraduate vocational journalism education. Courses in web journalism exist, but on the periphery and chiefly with new media practices grafted on to established forms. In the 'mediamorphic' process, old and new journalism should not only co-exist but also be co-evolving and converging within a complex adaptive system. Both new evidence, drawn from a survey of three major British journalism schools, and the historical development of journalism education and training in the UK indicate a systemic problem in engaging with change.
The Didj and the Web
Authors: Kibby Marjorie D.
Published: October 2006

Information about the Australian Aboriginal musical instrument, the didjeridu, has spread rapidly and widely over the internet. Analysing more than a hundred didj-related web sites, and monitoring the exchanges on a didjeridu mailing list, I found that the information could be roughly grouped into three categories: new age/world music pages; didjeridu musicians' forums; and Aboriginal community sites. The information represented three types of cultural exchange that ranged from the appropriation of aspects of Aboriginal culture to provide for an urban primitivism, to the articulation of new cultural meanings through the sharing of Aboriginal musical practices. While the didjeridu network does exhibit the appropriation of Aboriginality to achieve non-Aboriginal goals, it also demonstrates the creation of new cultural practices through the agency of marginalised groups, and the production of new communities through the linkages between music practices and cultural identity.
The Dark Side of Cyberspace
Authors: Oswell David
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the question of how to protect our children in conditions of information and communication technology convergence. It focuses on three traditional centres of action- government, industry and parent - in the context of the European Union. Firstly, it argues how the European Commission, in tackling the issue of internet content regulation and child protection, draws on an 'advanced liberal' form of governance. Drawing on a particular example from the UK, it secondly considers how industry has been constructed as a responsible actor and thus how the internet industry in the UK has aligned itself with the programmatic objectives of the European Commission. However, industry has also come up with regulatory solutions which are more ambivalent with regard to the European Commission objectives and the traditional principles of media and communication content regulation. Thirdly, it argues that the European Commission objective of making parents responsible for children's internet use in the home faces considerable resistance, inasmuch as the agency and geography of domestic supervision are both changing and highly contested.
Grabbing the Werewolf
Authors: Burn Andrew
Published: October 2006

This article presents an analysis of young people's readings of digital images from horror films. It reappraises theories of the cinematic image and the cinematic still; in particular, those of Eisenstein and Barthes. It suggests that the still image is employed mentally by the spectator as a means of anticipating the film, understanding and recalling it, and later interpreting and transforming it. These perspectives are aligned with recent social semiotic theory, suggesting a grammar of the still image which recognises its syntagmatic structure and its social nature. The use of computers to digitise images is presented as a small but significant improvement in the power of audiences to make their own meanings explicit. Further, these meanings are located in understandings and pleasures that derive from their popular experience of the horror genre outside the classroom as well as quasi-academic explicit study inside it. Similarly, the hybrid nature of their written discourse is related to the complex social identities which inform their transformations of the film text. Finally, the article proposes a view of the interaction between new technologies and social action, and of textual analysis as informed by practices of digital production.
Factorial designed experiment to study the effects of excipients on the mechanical properties of pellets
Authors: Bashaiwoldu Abraham B , Podczeck Fridrun , Newton J Michael
Published: October 2006

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of formulation factors on the mechanical properties of pellets produced by the process of extrusion and spheronisation. A range of properties from a simple fracture load to detailed load/displacement curves were used to study the effects of the levels of lactose monohydrate and glyceryl monostearate on the mechanical properties of pellets in terms of their surface tensile strength, pellet deformability and linear strain. A series of independent 22-factorial designs were employed to establish the relationships between composition of the formulations and pellet properties, whereby the concept of an excess variable was explored. It was found that the spheronisation aid used, microcrystalline cellulose, is the domineering factor in most mechanical properties studied, except for the surface tensile strength, which decreased significantly with an increase in glyceryl monostearate concentration. The change in binder liquid from water to a water/ethanol mixture further changed the behaviour of the systems significantly. The assumption of an excess variable being less critical for the statistical outcome of a factorial experiment has not been found feasible for the systems studied.
Hypolipidaemic and antiplatelet activity of phenoxyacetic acid derivatives related to α-asarone
Authors: Pérez-Pastén Ricardo , García Rosa Virginia , Garduño Leticia , Reyes Elba , Labarrios Fernando , Tamariz Joaquín , Chamorro Germán
Published: October 2006

The phenoxyacetic acid derivatives 1–6 [2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetic acid (1); 2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetic acid (2); methyl 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetate (3); ethyl 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetate (4); methyl 2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetate (5); ethyl 2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-propenyl)phenoxyacetate (6)] related to α-asarone have been reported previously as hypolipidaemic agents in diet-induced hyperlipidaemic mice. We have aimed to expand the pharmacological profile of these derivatives by investigating their hypolipidaemic activity in rats and mice under different experimental conditions. The antiplatelet activity was tested also in-vitro from blood derived from consenting healthy volunteers. In normolipidaemic rats, compounds 2, 3 and 5 at oral doses of 40 and 80 mg kg−1 significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Moreover, analogues 3 and 5 administered to hypercholesterolaemic rats at the same doses for seven days also produced a reduction in the content of these same lipoproteins. In neither case were the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations affected. However, practically all tested compounds were found to be hypocholesterolaemic agents, and were shown to effectively lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Triton-induced hyperlipidaemic mice at oral doses of 50 and 100 mg kg−1. In all tests, all animals appeared to be healthy throughout the experimental period in their therapeutic ranges. Triton-induced hypercholesterolaemic mice appeared to be a desirable model for this class of hypolipidaemic drugs. On the other hand, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 significantly inhibited ADP-induced aggregation in-vitro. These findings indicated that all of these compounds appeared to be promising for the treatment of human hyperlipidaemia and thrombotic diseases.
Metabolism of troglitazone in hepatocytes isolated from experimentally induced diabetic rats
Authors: Meechan A J , Henderson C , Bates C D , Grant M H , Tettey J N A
Published: October 2006

Troglitazone (TGZ), the prototype 2,4-thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent, is associated with hepa-totoxicity in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Although the mechanism of toxicity has not been established, alterations in the clearance of TGZ from in-vitro hepatocyte cultures through metabolic conjugation reactions are believed to modulate the toxicity of the compound. In this study, the metabolism of TGZ in freshly isolated hepatocytes from the fat-fed streptozotocin-treated rat model of Type 2 diabetes is described. Biochemical parameters such as cellular reduced glutathione content, content of cytochromes P450 and b5, and the expression of glutathione-S-transferase α (subunits Ya and Yc2) were not affected by the induced diabetes. TGZ was metabolized primarily to a sulfonate, a quinone and a glucuronide in both control and experimentally diabetic animals. However, metabolism after induction of diabetes was characterized by a moderate increase in sulfation, a decrease in the elimination half-life of TGZ and the absence of the minor metabolites of TGZ, notably the glutathione adduct of the putative reactive intermediate (m/z = 747 (M + H)+; m/z = 745 (M — H)−).
Effect of the administration of tiagabine and gabapentin on rabbit electroencephalogram activity
Authors: Pietrzak Boguslawa , Czarnecka Elzbieta
Published: October 2006

New generation antiepileptic drugs, including gabapentin and tiagabine, are used in monotherapy or in combination with other drugs for specific seizure types. The multidirectional mechanism of activity and varied pharmacological properties of these drugs suggest that they could also be used in the therapy of other diseases. A possible limitation of new generation antiepileptic drugs is the incidence of CNS-related adverse effects. Few studies have assessed the effect of new antiepileptic drugs on electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in subjects using these drugs for diseases other than epilepsy. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of tiagabine and gabapentin on EEG recordings from the midbrain reticular formation, dorsal hippocampus and frontal cortex in rabbits. Tiagabine was administered orally at a single dose of 5 and 20 mg kg−1, or repeatedly at a dose of 5 mg kg−1 (twice a day) for 14 days. Gabapentin was administered orally at a single dose of 25 and 100 mg kg−1, or repeatedly at a dose of 25 mg kg−1 (twice a day) for 14 days. Both tiagabine and gabapentin caused changes indicative of CNS inhibitory properties, which may be associated with the adverse effects of the drugs. After repeated doses of the drugs, the changes in EEG recordings were less pronounced than after single doses, which may indicate adaptive changes. The hippocampus was found to be the least sensitive to the effect of gabapentin.
Protective effect of Mediterranean fish oil extracts on heat-induced denaturation of albumin
Authors: Puglia Carmelo , Santagati Natale Alfredo , Bonina Francesco , Trombetta Domenico , Cristani Mariateresa , Speciale Antonio , Saija Antonella
Published: October 2006

Three oily extracts, obtained by acetone extraction from the entrails of different varieties of Mediterranean fishes, such as mackerel (Scomber scombrus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), were characterized to determine their unsaturated fatty acid content. In an in-vitro model, their inhibitory effect was then evaluated against protein aggregation and their protective efficacy against heat-induced albumin denaturation assessed. The fish oil extracts tested in this study presented a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids; in particular the extract obtained from the entrails of horse mackerel proved to have higher concentrations of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and oleic acid compared with the other two oils. The in-vitro study revealed an interesting protective effect of the oil extracts (particularly the horse mackerel extract) against heat-induced denaturation of albumin.
Estimation of thermal deformation in machine tools using the hybrid autoregressive moving-average - neural network model
Authors: Kang Yuan , Chang Chuan-Wei , Chu Ming-Hui , Chang Yeon-Pun , Wang Yea-Ping
Published: October 2006

A hybrid model, which is composed of an autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) filter and a feedforward neural network (FNN), is proposed to increase prediction accuracy and to reduce learning time for the estimation of thermal deformations in a machine tool. The ARMA filter is used to yield state variables which establish the relationship between the present and past states of thermal deformations for the reservation of the influences of past temperatures and deformation. Otherwise, the quantity of FNN inputs is very vast because of the data needed for the non-linear system. These state variables, which are estimated by past measured temperatures and past estimated deformation, serve as inputs of the FNN. The algorithms of this hybrid model are presented and verified by the experimental results; also, the prediction accuracy is compared with the ARMA and FNN independently for the same learning iterations.
Parametric finite element analysis of stress evolution during friction stir welding
Authors: Chen C M , Kovacevic R
Published: October 2006

It is well known that the residual stress of the friction-stir-welded joint affects the fatigue strength and life, and the corrosion performance. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model is established to study the thermal history and stress evolution in the butt welding of aluminium alloy 6061-T6, which will comprehensively provide insight into the friction-stir-welding process. The mechanical action of the shoulder and the thermomechanical effect of the tool (including shoulder and probe) are included in the comprehensive model. The orthogonal stress evolution of the weld is given in this paper. The relationship between the calculated residual stresses of the weld and the process parameters such as the tool traverse and rotational speeds, and the fixture release are investigated and presented.
Optimization under uncertainty of sheet-metal-forming processes by the finite element method
Authors: Strano M
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the optimization, by finite element method (FEM) analysis, of the design variables of sheet-metal-forming processes. The method is useful when one or more non-controllable process parameters can be modelled as a random variable that introduces a degree of uncertainty into a process solution or, in other words, when the effect of any combination of design variables on the process response is disturbed by the non-controllable effect of a random vector of parameters. The method is particularly suited to problems with large FEM computational times, small process window, and large non-uniform variance of results. The process window is the region in the space of the design variables where the failure probability (i.e. the probability that wrinkling or excessive thinning occur) is lower than a given α value.

The problem is formulated as the minimization of a cost function, subject to a reliability constraint. The cost function is indirectly optimized through a ‘metamodel’, built by ‘Kriging’ interpolation. The reliability, i.e. the failure probability, is assessed by a binary logistic regression analysis of the simulation results.

The method is described and applied to a real production problem, a flexforming operation with large probability of failure by wrinkling, where the fluid pressure curve must be optimized. This particular industrial example has been chosen because several solutions found by process engineers did not prove to be robust in respect of a random variation in the coefficient of friction. A simple and conventional design approach would lead to an unreliable solution.
A formal design for changeover methodology. Part 2: Methodology and case study
Authors: Reik M P , McIntosh R I , Culley S J , Mileham A R , Owen G W
Published: October 2006

Rapid changeover between products is paramount if genuine manufacturing flexibility and efficiency are to be achieved. Limited guidance is currently available for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) trying to create flexible and responsive manufacturing hardware suited to their customers' needs. This paper presents a formal design for changeover (DFC) methodology. This is a generic methodology aiming to assist designers in the design of flexible and responsive manufacturing equipment. The proposed methodology guides the equipment designer through a step-by-step process from analysing changeover capabilities through to the identification of improvement opportunities. The methodology builds upon basic concepts and methods described in Part 1 of this paper. The identification of improvement ideas is supported by the change driver flow-down introduced in this part. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the methodology.
High-speed ball bearing analysis
Authors: Foord C A
Published: October 2006

The most frequently used ball bearing analysis and design computer programs are based on a quasi-static analysis of the ball dynamics which is fast and convenient, but involves assumptions that can be poor. The alternatives use a time-marching dynamic analysis that provides a better representation of the physics, but is too slow for use as a routine design tool. This article uses ideas that came from the experimental work to overcome a major assumption in the quasi-static analysis while allowing analysis of combined load bearings in real time on a standard PC.
Development of an automated preforming technology for resin infusion processing of aircraft components
Authors: Mills A
Published: October 2006

A novel approach for the affordable manufacture of carbon fibre composite aircraft secondary structures through vacuum infusion moulding is presented. The requirements for a low-cost preforming process for optimized carbon fibre composite component processing by vacuum infusion techniques are discussed. A novel technique termed high-speed tape laying is described. The process involves the laying of unidirectional fibre tapes, stabilized with a powdered resin binder using an automated gantry and a tape deposition head. Each stage of the automated process for manufacture of preforms for a complete integrated moulding for a demonstrator aircraft aileron is described. The resin transfer moulding (RTM) type process for the aileron demonstrator is described, which is cost modelled compared with conventional RTM technology. This shows a cost reduction of 20 per cent.
Coulomb formation conservation laws using differential orbit elements
Authors: Kim M , Schaub H
Published: October 2006

Recently, the concept of controlling the relative motion of spacecraft using electrostatic charging (Coulomb forces) has been proposed. For tight spacecraft formations with separation distances ranging from 10–100 m, the Coulomb forces between the spacecraft can be exploited to provide an extremely fuel and power efficient means of propulsion. As the charge of a single craft is varied, the relative motion of the entire formation is affected. The Coulomb force vector a craft experiences is restricted to be directed along the relative position vectors, which results in constraints being imposed on how the Coulomb force can be used to control a formation. This paper investigates how the conservation of angular momentum and the formation centre of mass limits the types of relative orbits that can be controlled. Considering the spacecraft formation to be a system of N particles, the formation internal Coulomb force cannot change the inertial system angular momentum vector. The centre of mass definition and angular momentum constraint are expressed using differential orbit elements to describe the relative motion. Both Cartesian and orbit element formation centre of mass are discussed. First-order transformations to the non-linear solutions are presented. Their accuracy is evaluated both analytically and using numerical simulations. The orbit element centre of mass of the charged spacecraft formation can be approximated to be Keplerian for charge feedback laws which are proportional to the orbit element tracking errors.
Compressive and lamination strength of honeycomb sandwich panels with strain energy calculation from ASTM standards
Authors: Khan M K
Published: October 2006

The experiments were designed and performed to find the material properties of honeycomb sandwich panels and to find the difference in properties between aluminium and of glass fibre facing honeycomb sandwich panels, so as to get a path for consideration of panel containing maximum stiffness to weight ratio which is the main idea behind material selection for a spacecraft/satellite structure. Flatwise and edgewise compressive tests were performed on aluminium and glass fibre facing honeycomb sandwich panels of different core thickness to investigate the out-of-plane and in-plane compressive strength. The strain energy and the critical stress were calculated in one of the compression mode. Another set of experiments was performed to find the lamination strength of bond used for joining facing and core of honeycomb sandwich panels. Again the tests were performed on both facing types of sandwich panels to check the difference in strength with the change in core thickness and facing type of the honeycomb sandwich panel. Different ASTM standards for testing honeycomb sandwich panels were used.
Plume impingement investigation using Monte-Carlo computations
Authors: Yang A-S
Published: October 2006

Numerical simulations have been performed to explore the effects of important design parameters on impingement disturbance properties of multiple hydrazine thruster plumes. The particle behaviour of the far-field plume flows near the impingement surfaces is modelled using the collisionless molecular direct simulation Monte-Carlo method with the inflow boundary condition derived from the velocity and temperature profiles at the nozzle exit. The entering molecular motions and the impact interactions between molecules and solid boundaries are treated on a probabilistic basis, whereas the main flow properties are preserved from the transformation of the microscopic fluid activities of simulated molecules. To validate the present computer code, the predicted transverse Pitot pressure profile was compared with the measured data in the far plume region of an MBB/ERNO 0.5-N conical nozzle. On the basis of the ROCSAT-1 design configuration, the calculated plume disturbance torques are examined in the yaw, roll, and pitch directions for different settings of the canted angle of the thruster mounting and the satellite centre-of-mass (CM) offset. Predictions show that the normalized yaw impingement disturbance torque reaches 6.3 per cent at the cant angle of 30°, indicating that the associated plume collision effect on the attitude control can be important at large cant angles. In addition, the location change of the satellite CM in the axial axis reveals insignificant influence on the impingement torque for the offset value varying from −5.0 to 5.0 cm.
Efficient Immobilization of Cellulose Phenylcarbamate Bearing Alkoxysilyl Group onto Silica Gel by Intermolecular Polycondensation and Its Chiral Recognition
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Yamamoto Chiyo , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: October 2006

Cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate bearing a small amount of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl residues was synthesized and effectively immobilized onto silica gel support for high-performance liquid chromatography by the polycondensation of triethoxysilyl groups. The immobilized chiral packing material (CPM) showed high chiral recognition as well as the conventional CPM prepared by coating the derivative onto silica gel, and can be used with a variety of eluents.
Dispersion and Modification of Carbon Nanotubes Using a Surface Gel–Sol Technique
Authors: Liu Yuyang , Kong Yeeyee , Cheung Chingchun , Li Li , Xin John Haozhong
Published: October 2006

The peptization process of titania gel in acidic aqueous media has been utilized for the dispersion and modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water, up to single tube level. Agglomerates and bundles of CNTs were first treated with titania precursors using a controlled adsorption process, and then the carbon nanotubes were exposed to acid moistures for forming titania gels on the surface of CNTs. Subsequently, the composite of titania and CNTs was introduced to aqueous media for the peptization of titania gel agglomerates. With the progressing of the peptization process (i.e., destruction of the titania gel agglomerates and redispersion into primary grains), these agglomerated CNTs were “drawn” apart from each other to form individual suspensions.
Results of reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage
Authors: Wehrs Roger E.
Published: October 2006

The technique of reconstructing the posterior canal wall with homograft knee cartilage originally described in 1972 is reviewed and refinements are presented along with additional cases.

The homograft knee cartilage is used in conjunction with the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles to rebuild the middle ear and mastoid as near as possible to anatomical configuration and function. Anatomical follow‐up of one year or more is reported on 63 ears. Satisfactory results were obtained in 36 of these ears or 57% of the total.

Hearing results are reported overall and in relation to different types of reconstruction. One year or more follow‐up demonstrates satisfactory hearing with an air‐bone gap of 20 db or less in 77% of the postoperative ears.
Stapedectomy — in depth analysis of 2405 cases
Authors: Ginsberg Irwin A. , Hoffman Sanford R. , Stinziano Gerald D. , White Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

An optical reader system used in conjunction with a CDC 6400 computer was utilized to obtain data summaries related to the stapedectomy procedure. Medical and audiological data of 2405 cases undergoing surgery for otosclerosis were analyzed. Results are reported in tabular, figurative and descriptive forms.
Cost‐benefit ratio in our search for cerebellopontine angle tumors
Authors: Caparosa Ralph J.
Published: October 2006

There is agreement that the morbidity and mortality of CPA tumors are directly proportional to the size of the tumor. The diagnostic difficulty, however, is indirectly proportional to the size: the large tumors are diagnosed with little difficulty, the smaller ones with considerable challenge. In the search for these tumors, it is apparent that the incidence of all sizes is low. To arrive at the diagnosis, efforts must be pursued in any patient with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus, or vertigo.

In the past 12 years, 19,000 new patients were seen in the office of the Pittsburgh Otological Association. In this new patient population, 120 tumors were proven by surgery. Six others (bilateral tumors) were diagnosed but not operated on, and four others were diagnosed but were operated on elsewhere for a total of 130 patients.

An estimate of the cost of diagnosing these tumors is presented. Consideration is given to the cost‐benefit ratio of diagnosing those diseases which must be considered also in the differential diagnosis when the above symptoms are present. These are: congenital changes, trauma, metabolic neuropathies, Meniere's disease, noise‐induced hearing loss, lues, sudden hearing loss, and unilateral symptoms of undetermined etiology.
Eustachian tube function related to the results of tympanoplasty in children
Authors: Bluestone Charles D. , Cantekin Erdem I. , Douglas Gavin S.
Published: October 2006

The results of tympanoplastic surgery to repair a perforation of the tympanic membrane are less satisfactory in children than in adults. This paper reports the results of a prospective study of 45 children (51 ears) which was undertaken to determine which, if any, detectable and controllable pre or intraoperative parameters might predict the outcome of tympanoplasty surgery. A “successful” tympanoplasty was defined as that in which the initial graft took, in which the tympanic membrane remained intact, and which was not associated with high negative middle ear pressure, otitis media with effusion, or cholesteatoma during a follow‐up period of one to two years. Assessment of hearing related to the tympanoplastic surgery was not included as an outcome measure. With this criteria, the overall success rate of tympanoplasty in children was 35%.

The success of tympanoplasty was not related to graft placement, although the laterally placed grafts had a higher take rate (67%) than grafts placed medially (49%). Preoperative measures, such as the assessment of Eustachian tube function using the modified inflation‐deflation test and tympanometric evaluation of the contralateral ear, failed to predict the success of tympanoplasty. Tympanoplasty universally failed in the ears in which an acquired cholesteatoma was present. Children remain uncertain candidates for tympanoplasty surgery since, as a group, their Eustachian tube function is not as good as that of adults.
Inflammatory and neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinus in children
Authors: Schramm Victor L.
Published: October 2006

This study categorizes the diseases of 376 children with inflammatory or neoplastic masses of the nose and paranasal sinuses treated at the University of Pittsburgh or reviewed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The presenting symptoms and signs of these masses, patient evaluations, and the outcome of management are reviewed. A plan for therapy of the various masses presenting in this area is suggested based on the outcome of this study.
Development of laryngeal function: Etiologic significance in the sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Sasaki Clarence T.
Published: October 2006

Recent clinical evidence implicates transient upper airway obstruction as a cause of potentially fatal cardiorespiratory disturbances. This investigation identifies age‐related neurologic mechanisms which may be pertinent to the production of abnormal laryngeal closure as a possible cause of unexpected infant death.

A period of transient laryngeal hyper‐excitability is identified in pups 50‐75 days postnatally. The mechanism of the hyper‐excitable state resulting in increased risk of laryngeal spasm, appears related to: 1. the completion of central synaptic maturation: 2. transient reduction in central latency; and 3. a reduction in central inhibition. Such observations provide clues to neurologic vulnerability occurring not immediately after birth, but during a discrete time period thereafter, prior to complete neurologic maturation. As such, these observations fulfill a criterion of utmost importance in the search for etiologic significance in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and, in a broad sense, support the concept of selective maturational failure as a possible cause for age‐dependent, unexpected infant death.
Inverting papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Authors: Calcaterra Thomas C. , Thompson Jerome W. , Paglia Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Inverting papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses can sometimes be very difficult to distinguish from other nasal tumors, and the confusion ranges from allergic nasal polyposis to carcinoma. They are also certainly characterized by multiple recurrence, particularly after limited operations.

The experience with 34 cases seen at UCLA over the past two decades is analyzed and a philosophy of treatment is outlined. We favor wide local excision which generally necessitates a lateral rhinotomy and medial maxillectomy. The operative approach will be described in detail.
Vascular anomalies of the middle ear
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Dickins John R. E. , Jackson C. Gary , Wiet Richard J.
Published: October 2006

The patient presenting with a red mass behind the eardrum and a pulsating tinnitus may well have a vascular tumor. One must be ever mindful, however, that the mass may represent a congential vascular anomaly. The most common one seen is the uncovered jugular bulb in which the vessel extends superiorly into the middle ear to or above the incudostapedial joint. More rare is the uncovered and posteriorly displaced carotid artery.

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the subject of vascular anomalies of the middle ear and temporal bone and to discuss the diagnosis and management of these lesions. Illustrative case reports with color photographs are presented as well.
The neuroendocrine nature of the glomus cells: An experimental, ultrastructural, and histochemical tissue culture study
Authors: Lawson William
Published: October 2006

Although the carotid body is an established chemoreceptor, there is considerable evidence also for its possessing a secretory function. While adrenergic neuroendocrine cells of neuroectodermal derivation exist in the central and autonomic nervous systems, the exact histogenesis of the mammalian carotid body is unsettled.

The normal human carotid body and glomus jugulare tumor have been grown in tissue culture and their constituent cells have been observed to transform from epithelial to neuronoid appearing cells with extensive dendritic processes. This conversion has been further enhanced by the addition of nerve growth factor, a polypeptide specific for neural tissue. Electron microscopy confirmed that these cultured neoplastic cells had a subcellular architecture identical to the in situ glomus cell. Histofluorescence revealed that these in vitro cells continued to synthesize and store biogenic monoamines in culture.

Comparison of the morphologic, ultrastructural and histochemical features of the glomus cell with established neuroendocrine cells (central nervous system neurons, sympathetic ganglia cells, chromaffin cells) shows striking similarities. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that the glomus cell is a modified neuron of neural crest origin.

The embryology, electron microscopy and histochemistry of the carotid body and related glomera and their tumors are reviewed.
The fine surface structure and composition of salivary calculi
Authors: Hiraide Fumihisa , Nomura Yasuya
Published: October 2006

Salivary calculi were formed by a laminated mixture of inorganic and organic substances. However, there was no regular pattern for the growth of stones, as laminal thickness and the arrangement of the laminal component were not uniform. Finger‐like radial projections, longitudinal pavements or amorphous structures were seen on the fractured surface of the calculi. No inert foreign body or microorganism was found in the calculi. There were two modes of formation in calculous nucleus, one developed by maturation of a primitive core, the other formed in homogenous mineral mass. X‐ray microanalysis proved that most salivary calculi contained chemical elements such as calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, sulfur, manganese, chromium and aluminum. As far as we have examined, these elements were distributed with almost equal density throughout the calculus.