bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 6‐Nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐4‐carboxylic Esters and 7‐Nitro‐3,4‐dihydroquinoxaline‐1(2H)‐carboxylic Esters by a Tandem Reductive Amination—SNAr Reaction.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Schammerhorn James E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Quick Synthesis of 1‐Arylpyrrolopyrazinones from Linear Alkynylamide Derivatives.
Authors: Pardo Leticia M. , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Trigochinins A—C: Three New Daphnane‐Type Diterpenes from Trigonostemon chinensis.
Authors: Chen Hua‐Dong , Yang Sheng‐Ping , He Xiu‐Feng , Ai Jing , Liu Zhen‐Kai , Liu Hong‐Bing , Geng Mei‐Yu , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bisleuconothine A, an Eburnane—Aspidosperma Bisindole Alkaloid from Leuconotis griffithii.
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , et al. et al.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Epothilone Lactones by an Unusual Diversion of the Grubbs′ Metathesis Reaction.
Authors: Chen Qiao‐Hong , Ganesh Thota , Jiang Yi , Banerjee Abhijit , Sharma Shubhada , Bane Susan , Snyder James P. , Kingston David G. I.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Absolute Configuration of Karlotoxin‐2, an Ichthyotoxin from the Marine Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum.
Authors: Peng Jiangnan , Place Allen R. , Yoshida Wesley , Anklin Clemens , Hamann Mark T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Chemical Syntheses of Nanostructure HgTe via a Simple Hydrothermal Process.
Authors: Salavati‐Niasari Masoud , Bazarganipour Mehdi , Davar Fatemeh
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Affinity of Novel 3‐Alkoxy‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones for CNS Central and Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors.
Authors: Pavlovsky Victor , et al. et al.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K—P System
Authors: Sangster James M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Metallacarborane Species [(Carb)M]+: Generation and Synthetic Application
Authors: Kudinov A. R. , Loginov D. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Metalated Container Molecules
Authors: Kersting Berthold , Lehmann Ulrike
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael‐Type Addition as a Convenient Method for Regioselective N‐Alkylation of Ambident Uracils
Authors: Boncel Slawomir , Gondela Andrzej , Walczak Krzysztof
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordinating Intracellular Nickel—Metal‐Site Structure‐Function Relationships and the NikR and RcnR Repressors
Authors: Iwig Jeffrey S. , Chivers Peter T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microbial Nickel Proteins
Authors: Kaluarachchi Harini , Chung Kim C. Chan , Zamble Deborah B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyacrylamide Derivatives for Fluorescent Sensing
Authors: Uchiyama Seiichi
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of High Density Magnetic Recording Media for Hard Disk Drives: Materials Science Issues and Challenges
Authors: Qin G. W. , Ren Y. P. , Xiao N. , Yang B. , Zuo L. , Oikawa K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Stereocontrol
Authors: Clayden Jonathan
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Verwendung nachwachsender Rohstoffe in Bindemitteln für Holzwerkstoffe
Authors: van Herwijnen H. W. G. , Fliedner E. , Heep W.
Published: July 2010

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe werden seit Langem für das Kleben von Holz verwendet. Die Herstellung von ersten Holzwerkstoffen wurde schon im alten Ägypten beherrscht. Auch wenn das Prinzip der Spanplatte seit 1901 bekannt ist, verhalf doch erst die Erfindung von synthetischen Bindemitteln 1907 den Holzwerkstoffen, die heute aus dem modernen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken sind, zum Durchbruch. Das Produktionsvolumen von Holzwerkstoffen und damit der Bedarf an Bindemitteln sind immens hoch. Konfrontiert mit der Endlichkeit der fossilen Rohstoffquellen und mit dem Bewusstsein für Nachhaltigkeit rückten nachwachsende Rohstoffe wieder in das Interesse der Industrie. Gleichzeitig stieg der Ruf der Verbraucher nach hochwertigen und gleichzeitig schadstoffarmen oder ‐freien Erzeugnissen. Für Holzwerkstoffe können nachwachsende Rohstoffe wie z. B. Lignin als partieller Ersatz von fossilen Rohstoffen oder synthetischen Bindemitteln verwendet werden, ohne die Eigenschaften zu verschlechtern. Durch geeignete Kombination von natürlichen Produkten gelingt es aber auch, Eigenschaften herkömmlicher Produkte gezielt zu verbessern und sie damit den Erfordernissen des Marktes anzupassen. So ermöglichen Proteine in formaldehydbasierten Bindemitteln eine drastische Reduzierung der Schadstoffemission von Holzwerkstoffen.
Thermokinetic Studies on the Activation of Arginase by Glycine
Authors: Xie Xiuyin , Wang Cunxin , Wang Zhiyong
Published: July 2010

The activation of bovine liver arginase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of L‐arginine to L‐ornithine and urea, by glycine was studied by thermokinetic methods at 37°C in 40 mmol·L−1 sodium barbiturate‐HCl buffer solution (pH 9.4). Results of this experiment indicate that an appropriate concentration of glycine can enhance the activity of arginase, and the relative activation rate reached its maximum value, 74%, when the concentration of glycine in reaction system was 1 mmol·L−1 and the initial concentration of arginine was 5 mmol·L−1. With the increase of substrate concentration, the relative activation rate decreased in a definite glycine concentration. Michealis constant Km of reaction decreased from 5.53 to 3.31 mmol·L−1 and inhibition constant of product L‐ornithine Kp increased from 1.18 to 3.73 mmol·L−1 when glycine concentration was 1 mmol·L−1. For these reasons one possible activation mechanism of arginase by glycine was suggested that the activation effect results from the competition of glycine and arginine to enzyme activity position. When one or two of the activity positions of arginase are occupied by glycine, it is propitious for the enzyme to complex with substrate and obstruct L‐ornithine from combining with enzyme, and when all of the activity positions are occupied by glycine, the activation effect vanishs and the inhibition effect appears.
An Efficient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Dihydropyrans via Iodocyclization Reaction of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Xie Meihua , Zhang Jinhua , Zhao Xinyang , Lin Gaofeng
Published: July 2010

Iodomethyl‐ and sulfonyl‐containing polysubstituted dihydropyrans were synthesized conveniently in high yield by FeCl3·6H2O catalyzed iodocyclization of allylic alcohols.
Keggin Heteropolyacid Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoxazolo‐ [5,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(5H,7H)‐diones at Room Temperature
Authors: Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Roshani Mina , Heravi Majid M. , Mahdavi Masoumeh , Javid Ali , Emampour Jalal Sh.
Published: July 2010

Isoxazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(5H,7H)diones 2a–2f have been synthesized from the reaction of ethyl 5‐amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole carboxylate (1) with aryl isocyanates in the presence of Keggin heteropolyacid H3[PW12O40] as a green solid acid catalyst at room temperature in a one‐pot process in good yields.
Metal Ions Extraction from Solid Matrix in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with DMBP as Chelating Ligand
Authors: Tian Jia , Yang Hai‐Jian , Wang Wei , Kim Hakwon
Published: July 2010

The effects of pressure, temperature, time, and ligand to metal ratio (50:1–200:1) on the extraction efficiency of metal ions with 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl (DMBP) as a chelating ligand were systematically investigated in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc‐CO2). Eight metal ions (Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) were tested, respectively, to be extracted from solid matrix into sc‐CO2. The best extraction efficiency for Co2+ (83.68%) was obtained in the optimized condition (DMBP and perfluoro‐1‐octanesulfonic acid tetraethylammonium salt as a co‐ligand used, 25 MPa, 323 K, 20 min, ligand to metal ratio of 200). Extraction from mixed metal ions with DMBP was also achieved and the results showed that selectivity for Co2+ ion was notable (98.17%) in the above‐mentioned conditions. Finally, the detailed calculation results exhibited that the extraction constants (Kex) of the metal ions increased with the increase of the extraction efficiency in the same extraction system.
Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions by Staphylococcus aureus Biomass
Authors: Wang Xue Song , Li Yuan , Huang Li Ping , Chen Jing
Published: July 2010

Staphylococcus aureus has not been used to remove Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. In the present study, biosorption experiments for Cr(VI) were investigated using S. aureus biomass isolated from activated sludge, Lianyungang Dapu sewage treatment plant, China. The effects of solution pH, contact time reaction temperature and ionic strength on Cr(VI) uptake were studied. The biomass was characterized by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich models was tested. The correlation coefficients (R) of both models were higher than 0.9. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 27.36 mg/g for Cr(VI) at 20°C. The adsorption process was quick and found to follow the pseudo‐second‐order equation. The optimum adsorption was achieved at pH 2. The adsorption was strongly dependent on NaCl concentrations as well as on reaction temperature. The S. aureus biomass could serve as adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from industrial effluents.
Five‐year outcome of patients classified using the American Society for Radiation Oncology consensus statement guidelines for the application of accelerated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Shaitelman Simona F. , Vicini Frank A. , Beitsch Peter , Haffty Bruce , Keisch Martin , Lyden Maureen
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) consensus statement (CS) for the application of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) was applied to patients who were treated with this technique on the American Society of Breast Surgeons MammoSite Registry Trial to determine potential differences in clinical outcome based on classification group.

METHODS:

Patients were classified based on the CS groups of “suitable,” “cautionary,” and “unsuitable.” Rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), regional lymph node failure, distant metastases, disease‐free survival, cause‐specific survival, and overall survival were assessed.

RESULTS:

Of the 1449 cases who were treated, 1025 patients (71%) could be classified according to the CS groupings, including 419 patients (41%) who fit the “suitable” criteria, 430 patients (42%) who fit the “cautionary” criteria, and 176 patients (17%) who fit the “unsuitable” criteria. At a median follow‐up of 53.5 months, the 5‐year actuarial rates of IBTR for the “suitable,” “cautionary,” and “unsuitable” groups were 2.59%, 5.43%, and 5.28%, respectively (P = .1884). Univariate analysis of factors potentially associated with IBTR indicated that negative estrogen receptor status was the only variable associated with IBTR among patients with invasive breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 4.01; P = .0003). Larger tumor size was associated with a greater risk of distant metastasis (OR, 3.05; P = .0001). Among patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, only age <50 years and close‐positive margins were associated with IBTR (OR, 1.12 [P = .0079] and OR, 7.81 [P = .0131], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

The ASTRO CS groupings did not differentiate a subset of patients with a significantly worse rate of IBTR when they were treated with the MammoSite breast brachytherapy catheter to deliver APBI. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Peak oxygen consumption and long‐term all‐cause mortality in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Jones Lee W. , Watson Dorothy , Herndon James E. , Eves Neil D. , Haithcock Benjamin E. , Loewen Gregory , Kohman Leslie
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Identifying strong markers of prognosis is critical to optimize treatment and survival outcomes in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The authors investigated the prognostic significance of preoperative cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption [VO2peak]) among operable candidates with NSCLC.

METHODS:

By using a prospective design, 398 patients with potentially resectable NSCLC enrolled in Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9238 were recruited between 1993 and 1998. Participants performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess VO2peak and were observed until death or June 2008. Cox proportional models were used to estimate the risk of all‐cause mortality according to cardiorespiratory fitness category defined by VO2peak tertiles (<0.96 of 0.96‐1.29/>1.29 L/min−1) with adjustment for age, sex, and performance status.

RESULTS:

Median follow‐up was 30.8 months; 294 deaths were reported during this period. Compared with patients achieving a VO2peak <0.96 L/min−1, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all‐cause mortality was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46‐0.88) for a VO2peak of 0.96 to 1.29 L/min−1, and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.39‐0.80) for a VO2peak of >1.29 L/min−1 (Ptrend = .0037). The corresponding HRs for resected patients were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.46‐0.95) and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.40‐0.89) relative to the lowest VO2peak category (Ptrend = .0247), respectively. For nonresected patients, the HRs were 0.78 (95% CI, 0.34‐1.79) and 0.39 (95% CI, 0.16‐0.94) relative to the lowest category (Ptrend = .0278).

CONCLUSIONS:

VO2peak is a strong independent predictor of survival in NSCLC that may complement traditional markers of prognosis to improve risk stratification and prognostication. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Software process certification system based on K‐model for high‐performance software engineering
Authors: Hwang Sun Myung , Yeo Sang‐Soo
Published: July 2010

In order to make high‐quality software and high‐performance software, systematic development management and organizational support should be essentially considered. Since the 1990s software process models such as ISO/IEC 15504 and CMMI have been used to improve and evaluate an organization's capability. However, these models have problems that are used to apply on large‐scale organizations or large projects and hence many practices are actually required that eventually do not supply systematic metrics for process measuring. In this paper, we present the characteristics of the K‐model which can easily be applied to small‐ and medium‐sized businesses or projects, and propose the standard metrics based on the K‐model for measuring quantitative quality values. We also formally define a K‐model‐based certificate procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coherent Spin Manipulation in Molecular Semiconductors: Getting a Handle on Organic Spintronics
Authors: Lupton John M. , McCamey Dane R. , Boehme Christoph
Published: July 2010

Organic semiconductors offer expansive grounds to explore fundamental questions of spin physics in condensed matter systems. With the emergence of organic spintronics and renewed interest in magnetoresistive effects, which exploit the electron spin degree of freedom to encode and transmit information, there is much need to illuminate the underlying properties of spins in molecular electronic materials. For example, one may wish to identify over what length of time a spin maintains its orientation with respect to an external reference field. In addition, it is crucial to understand how adjacent spins arising, for example, in electrostatically coupled charge‐carrier pairs, interact with each other. A periodic perturbation of the field may cause the spins to precess or oscillate, akin to a spinning top experiencing a torque. The quantum mechanical characteristic of the spin is then defined as the coherence time, the time over which an oscillating spin, or spin pair, maintains a fixed phase with respect to the driving field. Electron spins in organic semiconductors provide a remarkable route to performing “hands‐on” quantum mechanics since permutation symmetries are controlled directly. Herein, we review some of the recent advances in organic spintronics and organic magnetoresistance, and offer an introductory description of the concept of pulsed, electrically detected magnetic resonance as a technique to manipulate and thus characterize the fundamental properties of electron spins. Spin‐dependent dissociation and recombination allow the observation of coherent spin motion in a working device, such as an organic light‐emitting diode. Remarkably, it is possible to distinguish between electron and hole spin resonances. The ubiquitous presence of hydrogen nuclei gives rise to strong hyperfine interactions, which appear to provide the basis for many of the magnetoresistive effects observed in these materials. Since hyperfine coupling causes quantum spin beating in electron–hole pairs, an extraordinarily sensitive probe for hyperfine fields in such pairs is given.
Growth of tungsten whiskers oriented in <111> direction
Authors: Zavodinsky V. G. , Lebukhova N. V. , Karpovich N. F. , Pugachevsky M. A.
Published: July 2010

The electron micro diffraction technique and pseudopotential ab initio calculations were implemented to study in details the formation and mechanism of growth of the tungsten whiskers during the reduction of nickel tungstate by CO gas. It has been shown that the W whiskers prefer to grow as crystals oriented in the <111> direction, and this process may be considered as the epitaxial growth on the hexagonal planes of Ni4W particles. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Debye temperature and melting point of II‐VI and III‐V semiconductors
Authors: Kumar V. , Jha V. , Shrivastava A. K.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, simple relations are proposed for the calculation of Debye temperature θD and melting point Tmof II‐VI and III‐V zincblende semiconductors. Six relations are proposed to calculate the value of θD. Out of these six relations, two are based on plasmon energy data and the others on molecular weight, melting point, ionicity and energy gap. Three simple relations are proposed to calculate the value of Tm. They are based on plasmon energy, molecular weight and ionicity of the semiconductors. The average percentage deviation of all nine equations was calculated. In all cases, except one, it was estimated between 3.34 to 17.42 % for θD and between 2.37 to 10.45 % for Tm. However, in earlier correlations, it was reported between 10.59 to 33.38% for θD and 6.96 to 14.95% for Tm. The lower percentage deviation shows a significant improvement over the empirical relations proposed by earlier workers. The calculated values of θD and Tm from all equations are in good agreement with the available experimental values and the values reported by different workers. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure–activity relationships of isoeugenol‐based chlorophenylpiperazine derivatives on serotonergic/adrenergic receptor, platelet aggregation, and lipid peroxidation
Authors: Shen Kuo‐Ping , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Lin Hui‐Li , Chu Li‐Wen , Chen Ing‐Jun , Wu Bin‐Nan
Published: July 2010

Three isoeugenol‐based eugenosedin chlorphenylpiperazine derivatives, Eu‐A, Eu‐B, and Eu‐C, were synthesized and tested for their serotonergic, adrenergic antagonist, antioxidant, and anti‐aggregation activities. In radioligand binding assays, all three agents displayed significant binding affinities on α1, α2, β1, 5‐HT1B, and 5‐HT2Areceptors. In human platelet, they inhibited epinephrine and 5‐HT‐induced aggregation, and in human platelet with α2and 5‐HT2Areceptors they had a competitive binding effect. Eu‐B and Eu‐C were more potent than Eu‐A. All compounds had antioxidant effects derived from aryloxypropanolamine. Eu‐ A, Eu‐B, or Eu‐C (1, 3, 5 mg/kg iv) given to normotensive Wistar rats produced a dose‐dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate and when injected into the cisternum, Eu‐A, Eu‐B, or Eu‐C (0.3, 0.03 µmol) increased blood pressure within 15 min. Pretreatment with any of the three agents inhibited clonidine (38 pmol)‐induced hypotension. In vitro experiments, Eu‐A, Eu‐B, or Eu‐C (1, 10, and 100 µM) competitively antagonized norepinephrine‐, clonidine‐, and 5‐HT (10−8–10−4 M)‐induced vasocontraction in isolated rat aorta, and competitively antagonized isoproterenol (10−8–10−4 M)‐induced positive inotropic effects in a concentration‐dependent manner in the isolated rat left atrium. In isolated rabbit ear arteries sensitized with 16 mM K+, all three agents antagonized 5‐nonyloxytryptamine‐ and 5‐HT‐induced vasocontractions. These findings show that Eu‐A, Eu‐B, and Eu‐C possess functional α1, α2, β1, 5‐HT1B, and 5‐HT2Areceptor blocking activities. In conclusion, the changes in the position of chloride at phenylpiperazine influenced the serotonergic receptor, adrenoceptor antagonistic activities, but not anti‐aggregation and antioxidant activities. Drug Dev Res 71:1–9, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and the Phase Transformation of Octacyanometallate‐Based LnIII–WV Bimetallic Assemblies with Two‐Dimensional Corrugated Layers
Authors: Yuan Ai‐Hua , Southon Peter D. , Price David J. , Kepert Cameron J. , Zhou Hu , Liu Wen‐Yan
Published: July 2010

The reactions between Ln(NO3)3·nH2O and (Bu3NH)3[W(CN)8]·H2O have led to two series of octacyanometallate‐based complexes: Ln(H2O)5[W(CN)8] [Ln = La(1), Pr(2), Nd(3), Eu(4), Gd(5)] and Ln(H2O)4[W(CN)8] [Ln = Ho(6), Er(7), Tm(8), Lu(9)]. The crystal structures of 1–9 have two‐dimensional corrugated layers in which the LnIII and WV centres are linked in an alternating fashion. Thermogravimetric (TG) and powder XRD results reveal the presence of a phase transformation in the LnIII–WV system with increasing atomic number of the LnIII atoms.
The impact of different outcome measures on estimates of remission in a 3‐year follow‐up of eating disorders
Authors: Björk Tabita , Clinton David , Norring Claes
Published: July 2010

Objective

To examine the impact of using different outcome measures on estimates of remission rates in eating disorders (ED).

Method

Adult ED patients (n = 334) included in a naturalistic, longitudinal project were assessed 3 years after intake. Remission was operationally defined using six different measures of outcome. Pairwise analyses of agreement between outcome measures were also calculated.

Results

Remission rates for the entire group varied considerably from 24.3 to 77.8% depending on how remission was defined and who made the assessment (experts or patients). Outcome measures performed differently depending on diagnosis, and agreement between measures varied from none to very good.

Conclusion

The impact of different definitions of outcome on remission estimates is considerable. There is a need to validate different estimates of remission by examining them in relation to multiple domains of outcome over time and by critically examining their relative merits both empirically and clinically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Epidemiological risk factor study concerning abnormal attitudes toward eating and adverse dieting behaviours among 12‐ to 25‐years‐old Chinese students
Authors: Tao Z.L.
Published: July 2010

Objective

Most epidemiological studies of eating disorders have been carried out in North America and Western Europe. There are few exploratory studies in China on the prevalence of eating disorders and influential factors that cause eating disorders.

Method

A survey of school and college students aged between 12 and 25 in two cities in China had 1199 participants (95.8% response rate), 767 were female (63.9%) and 432 male (36.1%) Subjects completed questionnaires including the Eating Attitude Test (EAT‐26).

Results

9.9% of the females and 2.0% of the males showed high risk scores (EAT ≥ 20) regardless of whether their weight was normal or they were underweight. Such high risk groups showed a significantly higher degree of psychological characteristics relevant to eating disorders in both female and male subjects.

Conclusion

Both Chinese females and a group of Chinese males may be at high risk for eating disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Evolution of vegetation activity on vegetated, eroded, and erosion risk areas in the central Spanish Pyrenees, using multitemporal Landsat imagery
Authors: Alatorre L.C. , Beguería S. , Vicente‐Serrano S.
Published: July 2010

The temporal evolution of vegetation activity on various land cover classes in the Spanish Pyrenees was analyzed. Two time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used, corresponding to March (early spring) and August (the end of summer). The series were generated from Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ images for the period 1984–2007. An increase in the NDVI in March was found for vegetated areas, and the opposite trend was found in both March and August for degraded areas (badlands and erosion risk areas). The rise in minimum temperature and the time variation of the cloud cover during the study period appears to be the most important factors explaining increased NDVI in the vegetated areas. In degraded areas, no climatic or topographic variable was associated with the negative NDVI trend, which may be related to erosion processes taking place in these regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mercury in the blood and eggs of American kestrels fed methylmercury chloride
Authors: French John B. , Bennett Richard S. , Rossmann Ronald
Published: July 2010

American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed diets containing methylmercury chloride (MeHg) at 0, 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, or 5.0 µg/g (dry wt) starting approximately eight weeks before the onset of egg laying. Dietary treatment was terminated after 12 to 14 weeks, and unhatched eggs were collected for Hg analysis. Blood samples were collected after four weeks of treatment and the termination of the study (i.e., 12–14 weeks of treatment). Clutch size decreased at dietary concentrations above 2.8 µg/g. The average total mercury concentration in clutches of eggs and in the second egg laid (i.e., egg B) increased linearly with dietary concentration. Mercury concentrations in egg B were approximately 25% lower than in the first egg laid and similar in concentration to the third egg laid. Mercury concentrations in whole blood and plasma also increased linearly with dietary concentration. Total Hg concentrations in June blood samples were lower than those in April, despite 8 to 10 weeks of additional dietary exposure to MeHg in the diet. This is likely because of excretion of Hg into growing flight feathers beginning shortly after the start of egg production. The strongest relationships between Hg concentrations in blood and eggs occurred when we used blood samples collected in April before egg laying and feather molt. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2206–2210. © 2010 SETAC
Environmental concentrations of methoprene and its transformation products after the treatment of Altosid® XR Briquets in the city of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kuo Jen-ni , McPherson Brad , Soon Alicia , Pasternak John , Garrett Chris
Published: July 2010

Water runoff from catch basins treated with Altosid® XR Briquets for mosquito larvae control was sampled at 10 storm drainage pump stations along the outskirts of the city of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada after rainfall events in 2006 to determine the residual concentrations of methoprene and transformation products: citronellic acid, methoprene acid, and 7-methoxycitronellic acid. Runoff of prior-to-treatment, posttreatment, and 150-d-after-treatment was collected. No residues were detected in the prior-to-treatment samples. However, methoprene was detected in posttreatment, and citronellic acid was detected in posttreatment and one 150-d-after-treatment sample. The detected environmental concentrations of methoprene (0.04–0.14 µg/L) and methoprene acid (0.07 µg/L) at pump stations were below known/reported toxicity values to aquatic organisms. However, concentrations detected inside the storm drainage system in catch basins (methoprene 122 µg/L, methoprene acid 1.74 µg/L) and inspection chambers (methoprene 622 µg/L, methoprene acid 20 µg/L, citronellic acid 0.05 µg/L) are known to be toxic to invertebrates, have chronic early-life-stage fish effects, and exceeded the Draft Interim Ontario Water Quality Objective and the numerical benchmarks for protection of amphibians (1.6 µg/L), invertebrates (10 µg/L), and fish (80 µg/L). The limited detection in the present study may have resulted from significant absorption of methoprene to sample bottle walls, substance decay during sample storage before methoprene extraction, flushing of briquettes from catch basins following heavy rainfall, and the burial of briquettes under thick layers of debris. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2200–2205. © 2010 SETAC
Elektromobil in die Zukunft
Authors: Winter Martin , Kunze Miriam , Lex‐Balducci Alexandra
Published: July 2010

In Handys, Notebooks und Digitalkameras sind Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterien längst weit verbreitet. Mit neuartigen Materialkombinationen erweitert eine interdisziplinäre Forschungsinitiative nun die Potenziale der Speichertechnologie – vor allem für energieeffiziente Fahrzeugantriebe.
Ein großes „Ja”︁ mit kleinem „aber”︁
Authors: Finetti Marco
Published: July 2010

Für ihre neuen Publikationsregeln in Förderanträgen und Abschlussberichten hat die DFG viel Lob und Zustimmung erhalten – in und außerhalb der Wissenschaft. Selbst die Kritiker unterstützen die Zielrichtung der Initiative. Umstritten ist vor allem die Obergrenze von fünf Literaturangaben beim Lebenslauf. Eine Zwischenbilanz kurz vor dem Start der Regelungen
Social security health insurance for the informal sector in Nicaragua: a randomized evaluation
Authors: Thornton Rebecca L. , Hatt Laurel E. , Field Erica M. , Islam Mursaleena , Solís Diaz Freddy , González Martha Azucena
Published: July 2010

This article presents the results from an experimental evaluation of a voluntary health insurance program for informal sector workers in Nicaragua. Costs of the premiums as well as enrollment location were randomly allocated. Overall, take‐up of the program was low, with only 20% enrollment. Program costs and streamlined bureaucratic procedures were important determinants of enrollment. Participation of local microfinance institutions had a slight negative effect on enrollment. One year later, those who received insurance substituted toward services at covered facilities and total out‐of‐pocket expenditures fell. However, total expenditures fell by less than the insurance premiums. We find no evidence of an increase in health‐care utilization among the newly insured. We also find very low retention rates after the expiration of the subsidy, with less than 10% of enrollees still enrolled after one year. To shed light on the findings from the experimental results, we present qualitative evidence of institutional and contextual factors that limited the success of this program. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical solution for describing the transient temperature distribution in an aquifer thermal energy storage system
Authors: Li Kuang‐Yi , Yang Shaw‐Yang , Yeh Hund‐Der
Published: July 2010

A mathematical model is developed for predicting the temperature distribution in an aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system, which consists of a confined aquifer bounded from above and below by the rocks of different geological properties. The main transfer processes of heat include the conduction and advection in the aquifer and the conduction in the rocks. The semi‐analytical solution in dimensionless form for the model is developed by Laplace transforms and its corresponding time‐domain solution is evaluated by the modified Crump method. Field geothermal property data are used to simulate the temperature distribution in an ATES system. The results show that the heat transfer in the aquifer is fast and has a vast effect on the vicinity of the wellbore. However, the aquifer temperature decreases with increasing radial and vertical distances. The temperature in the aquifer may be overestimated when ignoring the effect of thermal conductivity. The temperature distribution in an ATES system depends on the vertical thermal conduction in the rocks and the horizontal advection and thermal conduction in the aquifer. The present solution is useful in designing and simulating the heat injection facility in the ATES systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revealing the preferences of the US Federal Reserve
Authors: Ilbas Pelin
Published: July 2010

We use Bayesian methods to estimate changes in US post‐war monetary policy in the Smets and Wouters model. We perform the estimations by allowing for a break in monetary policy at the time of Volcker's appointment as chairman. This enables us to capture changes in the monetary policy regime introduced by Volcker during the Volcker–Greenspan period. We find support for the assumption that monetary policy in the Volcker–Greenspan period performed optimally under commitment. Our estimation strategy allows us to estimate the preferences of the US Federal Reserve in the Volcker–Greenspan period, where the main objective of policy appears to be inflation, followed by interest rate stabilization, output growth and interest rate smoothing. We find that the Great Moderation of output growth is explained by a combination of two factors: the decrease in the volatility of the structural shocks and the improved monetary policy conduct. Inflation Stabilization, however, is mainly due to the change in monetary policy that took place at the beginning of Volcker's mandate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGF-23: More than a regulator of renal phosphate handling?
Authors: Jüppner Harald , Wolf Myles , Salusky Isidro B.
Published: July 2010

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is likely to be the most important regulator of phosphate homeostasis, which mediates its functions through FGF receptors and the coreceptor Klotho. Besides reducing expression of the sodium-phosphate cotransporters NPT2a and NPT2c in the proximal tubules, FGF-23 inhibits the renal 1α-hydroxylase and stimulates the 24-hydroxylase, and it appears to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in short-term studies. FGF-23 synthesis and secretion by osteocytes and osteoblasts is upregulated through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and through an increased dietary phosphate intake. FGF-23 levels are elevated or inappropriately normal in patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia and several inherited hypophosphatemic disorders, but the most significant increases are found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). During the early stages of CKD, increased FGF-23 production enhances urinary phosphate excretion and thus prevents the development of hyperphosphatemia, reduces the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3, and therefore contributes to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), FGF-23 levels can be extremely high and were shown to be predictors of bone mineralization, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular calcification, and mortality. It remains to be determined, however, whether FGF-23 represents simply a sensitive biomarker of an abnormal phosphate homeostasis or has, independent of serum phosphate levels, potentially negative “off-target” effects. Nonetheless, reducing the production and/or the biologic activity of FGF-23 may be an important therapeutic goal for this patient population. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Proton transfer in phenol–amine complexes: Phenol electronic effects on free energy profile in solution
Authors: Aono Shinji , Kato Shigeki
Published: July 2010

Free energy profiles for the proton transfer reactions in hydrogen‐bonded complex of phenol with trimethylamine in methyl chloride solvent are studied with the reference interaction site model self‐consistent field method. The reactions in both the electronic ground and excited states are considered. The second‐order Møller‐Plesset perturbation (MP) theory or the second‐order multireference MP theory is used to evaluate the effect of the dynamical electron correlation on the free energy profiles. The free energy surface in the ground state shows a discrepancy with the experimental results for the related hydrogen‐bonded complexes. To resolve this discrepancy, the effects of chloro‐substitutions in phenol are examined, and its importance in stabilizing the ionic form is discussed. The temperature effect is also studied. In contrast to the ground state, the ππ* excited state of phenol–trimethylamine complex exhibits the proton transfer reaction with a low barrier. The reaction is almost thermoneutral. This is attributed to the reduction of proton affinity of phenol by the ππ* electronic excitation. We further examine the possibility of the electron–proton–coupled transfer in the ππ* state through the surface crossing with the charge transfer type πσ* state. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
New ω‐substituted anisoles. VIII. Aryloxymethyl quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Barber H. J. , Green M. B.
Published: July 2010

Phenoxymethyl chlorides react readily with tertiary amines to give well‐defined quaternary salts, many of which show considerable bactericidal activity. Phenylthiomethyl chlorides react similarly but more slowly. The quaternary salts break down on heating with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
The drawing of ‘terylene’
Authors: Marshall I. , Thompson A. B.
Published: July 2010

A method of analysis of continuous‐drawing processes in terms of the basic load/extension/temperature properties of high polymers is given. Experimental work has been largely confined to polyethylene terephthalate (‘Terylene’ multi‐filament yarn), for which material quantitative results are presented. This includes load/extension curves covering the temperature range in which uniform extension takes place, and results on ‘natural’ draw ratios when the extension proceeds by ‘necking’.

A brief account of a theory of ‘cold‐drawing’ is given.
Crystallization phenomena in fibre‐forming polymers
Authors: Morgan L. B.
Published: July 2010

The present position reached in a general study of how fabrication conditions affect the crystalline texture and therefore the properties of crystalline polymers is reviewed. The mechanism by which long‐chain molecules order themselves into some form of crystalline array is postulated to be one involving normal nucleation processes, but modified to take account of the fact that polymers melt over a range of temperatures, and the nucleation act is followed by preferential crystal growth in the direction of the polymer chains. This mechanism, with the additional concept of coiling growth, is not inconsistent with kinetics that fit the crystallization‐rate processes on the one hand and observable structure in crystalline polymers on the other.

It is considered that lateral accretion of the polymer molecules to the already formed long helical polymer‐crystal results in haphazard branching growth with the new fibril developing along a path parallel to the parent crystal. This leads to the formation of coiled families of fibrillar crystals and this structure appears to be a suitable model on which to explain the many wide‐angle and low‐angle X‐ray observations that have been made at various stages of the drawing and relaxing of filaments of crystalline polymers.
Production of fibres from 6, 6‐, 6, 10‐ and 6‐polyamides
Authors: Meacock G.
Published: July 2010

The differences in physical and chemical properties of 6, 6‐, 6, 10‐ and 6‐polyamides are reflected in the conditions required for the production of the fibres, and in their properties. These factors have been compared.

The 6, 6‐polymer has the highest melting‐point and the least thermal stability. On the other hand, 6‐polymer produces a fibre containing sufficient monomer to involve process complications, and its initial modulus is low. The 6, 10‐fibres absorb less moisture than 6, 6 or 6.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. I. The preparation of butyltin compounds by a Wurtz reaction
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of tetrabutyltin by a Wurtz reaction from stannic chloride, butyl chloride and sodium is described. To avoid losses of tin, due to the reduction of stannic chloride, a cyclic process is developed: instead of stannic chloride, dibutyltin dichloride is used as a starting material in the Wurtz reaction. The tetrabutyltin obtained is treated with stannic chloride to give dibutyltin dichloride, part of which has to be recycled.

The disproportionation reaction used in the preparation of dibutyltin dichloride from tetrabutyltin and the chlorination of hexabutyldistannane, obtained as a by‐product in the Wurtz reaction, are briefly dealt with.
The mechanism of the corrosion‐inhibitive action of paints, with special reference to basic pigments
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , van Rooyen D.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown previously that water becomes non‐corrosive to iron and steel after contact with certain metal soaps (Pb, Zn, Ba, Sr, Ca) of linseed‐oil fatty acids.

Aqueous extracts of the lead and calcium soaps have now been analysed, mainly by chromatography. The extracts contained salts of formic acid, azelaic acid and an unsaturated hydroxy‐acid derived from pelargonic acid; small quantities of the salts of acetic, propionic, butyric and suberic acids were also detected.

Immersion tests showed that lead and calcium formates were corrosive, but the lead and calcium salts of azelaic acid, suberic acid and pelargonic acid were inhibitive at pH 4.6. A synthetic mixture was made, which had inhibitive properties similar to those of a natural extract.

Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the results.
Studies on the ammonium sulphate fractions of groundnut protein
Authors: Kelly Kirsteen O. , Naismith W. E. F. , Thomson R. H. K.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the three fractions of groundnut protein—arachin, conarachin I and conarachin II. Both the conarachin fractions are coagulated at 75–80°. The amino‐acids in the three fractions and the total protein have been examined by two‐dimensional paper partition chromatography, the same amino‐acids being found present in each. Diffusion chromatography has been employed to examine the relationship of arachin, the two conarachin fractions and the X fraction of Thomson. The X fraction, which occurs in spray‐dried groundnut protein but not in the nut, is probably derived at least in part from arachin. An appreciable increase in viscosity increment of arachin and conarachin II occurs by raising the pH above 12, and both these fractions can be readily extruded into fibre at the high pH value. With conarachin I the increase in the viscosity increment is less appreciable and this fraction can be spun into fibre only with difficulty. The fibres from both conarachin fractions are poor.