bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beginner's Guide to Sketching the Fashion Figure
Authors: Steinberg Lisa
Published: June 2020

Learn the beginner level steps of fashion drawing. The book shows you illustrated step-by-step instructions that you can follow to build your skills until you're able to draw the female, male and children's fashion figures. Learn to develop fast designer concept sketches called croquis. Quick reference sheets, model poses, timed exercises, do's and don'ts, and online practice templates will help you gain confidence as you progress in fashion drawing. You'll also learn how to draw figures of diverse sizes and backgrounds, so you can design clothes for anyone.
Improving the Korean Medical Association’s organizational strength and partnership for physicians
Authors: Ahn Ducksun
Published: June 2020

The Korean Medical Association (KMA) was established by legal mandate. It is a statutory body for the medical profession. However, the collective dimension of professionalism is a foreign concept for Korean doctors; the KMA is perceived as a fraternity of physicians. Korea’s history of medical professionalization is different from that of Western countries where two different kinds of professional organization have developed: one for the public as a regulator and the other for doctors as a union or trade association. The KMA represents doctors nationally assembled by type of practice, geographic location, and function. Consequently, the KMA became a trade association. However, it is not easy for the KMA to serve two conflicting functions of self-regulation and trading body under one umbrella. It is time for the KMA to build up the organizational strength for the sake of doctors as well as the public. Having a sound trade association is a part of medical professionalism; it can advocate the critical value of medicine against undue influences from employers or governments in the era of industrialization and commercialization of medicine. To achieve this goal, the KMA should revamp its troublesome communication structure regarding its governance. Improving integration among key acting bodies within the KMA can streamline management by better communication. Preventing political feudalism to build consensus within the KMA requires new competencies for the leaders as well as the members of the KMA.
Simulator for Hydrologic Unstructured Domains (SHUD v1.0): numerical modeling of watershed hydrology with the finite volume method
Authors: Shu Lele , Ullrich Paul A. , Duffy Christopher J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Hydrologic modeling is an essential strategy for understanding and predicting natural flows, particularly where observations are lacking in either space or time or where complex terrain leads to a disconnect in the characteristic time and space scales of overland and groundwater flow. However, significant difficulties remain for the development of efficient and extensible modeling systems that operate robustly across complex regions. This paper introduces the Simulator for Hydrologic Unstructured Domains (SHUD), an integrated, multiprocess, multiscale, flexible-time-step model, in which hydrologic processes are fully coupled using the finite volume method. SHUD integrates overland flow, snow accumulation/melt, evapotranspiration, subsurface flow, groundwater flow, and river routing, thus allowing physical processes in general watersheds to be realistically captured. SHUD incorporates one-dimensional unsaturated flow, two-dimensional groundwater flow, and a fully connected river channel network with hillslopes supporting overland flow and baseflow. The paper introduces the design of SHUD, from the conceptual and mathematical description of hydrologic processes in a watershed to the model's computational structures. To demonstrate and validate the model performance, we employ three hydrologic experiments: the V-catchment experiment, Vauclin's experiment, and a model study of the Cache Creek Watershed in northern California.
Ongoing applications of the SHUD model include hydrologic analyses of hillslope to regional scales (1 m2 to 106 km2), water resource and stormwater management, and interdisciplinary research for questions in limnology, agriculture, geochemistry, geomorphology, water quality, ecology, climate and land-use change. The strength of SHUD is its flexibility as a scientific and resource evaluation tool where modeling and simulation are required.
Surface emergence of glacial plumes determined by fjord stratification
Authors: De Andrés Eva , Slater Donald A. , Straneo Fiamma , Otero Jaime , Das Sarah , Navarro Francisco
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Meltwater and sediment-laden plumes at tidewater
glaciers, resulting from the localized subglacial discharge of surface melt,
influence submarine melting of the glacier and the delivery of nutrients to
the fjord's surface waters. It is usually assumed that increased subglacial
discharge will promote the surfacing of these plumes. Here, at a western
Greenland tidewater glacier, we investigate the counterintuitive observation
of a non-surfacing plume in July 2012 (a year of record surface melting)
compared to the surfacing of the plume in July 2013 (an average melt year).
We combine oceanographic observations, subglacial discharge estimates and an
idealized plume model to explain the observed plumes' behavior and evaluate
the relative impact of fjord stratification and subglacial discharge on
plume dynamics. We find that increased fjord stratification prevented the
plume from surfacing in 2012, show that the fjord was more stratified in
2012 due to increased freshwater content and speculate that this arose from
an accumulation of ice sheet surface meltwater in the fjord in this record
melt year. By developing theoretical scalings, we show that fjord
stratification in general exerts a dominant control on plume vertical extent (and thus
surface expression), so that studies using plume surface expression as a
means of diagnosing variability in glacial processes should account for
possible changes in stratification. We introduce the idea that, despite
projections of increased surface melting over Greenland, the appearance of
plumes at the fjord surface could in the future become less common if the
increased freshwater acts to stratify fjords around the Greenland ice sheet.
We discuss the implications of our findings for nutrient fluxes, trapping of
atmospheric CO2 and the properties of water exported from Greenland's
fjords.
La justicia del derecho según el constitucionalismo (inter)nacional frente a una pregunta desorientadora
Authors: Mazzarese Tecla
Published: June 2020

A fines de 2017, Gustavo Zagrebelky, lanza un ataque radicalmente duro a los derechos fundamentales y plantea la pregunta desorientadora: “si las injusticias y los males del mundo son una violación o una consecuencia de los derechos”. A partir de aquí y de su solicitación para “una jurisprudencia que [ponga] en relación las reivindicaciones de los derechos con el problema de la justicia”, este trabajo se enfoca en las dificultades específicas que hoy condicionan la conjugación de derecho y justicia dentro de las coordenadas de los principios del constitucionalismo (inter)nacional y, en particular, de su principio fundante de la tutela y implementación de los derechos fundamentales. En particular, para aclarar y justificar la respuesta que se dará en conclusión a la “pregunta desorientadora” de Zagrebelsky (§ IV), primero se especificará en que sentido es plausible afirmar que el proyecto político y jurídico del constitucionalismo (inter)nacional identifica los términos para una conjugación inédita de justicia y derecho (§ II), y luego se dirigirá la atención a las dificultades con las cuales la jurisdicción (inter)nacional se enfrenta cuando quiere atenerse al principio fundante del constitucionalismo (inter)nacional de la tutela y implementación de los derechos fundamentales (§ III).
¿Vulnerabilidad personal o contextual? Aproximaciones al análisis del derecho en perspectiva de género
Authors: Pozzolo Susanna
Published: June 2020

El trabajo desarrolla una crítica y una propuesta sobre el uso de la calificación de vulnerable desde una perspectiva de género. A partir de un análisis crítico del concepto de autonomía clásica, se propone como científicamente más productiva la noción de autonomía relacional, que se considera más apta para explicar las acciones humanas reales, de personas no idealizadas, y se revela capaz de dar sentido al caso de las acciones relativamente constreñidas. Desde esta perspectiva se aborda el análisis de algunos casos reales de aplicación del derecho donde la calificación de vulnerabilidad aplicada al contexto se muestra útil para identificar un espacio de derecho positivo perjudicial para las mujeres o las minorías.
Diseño de un sendero agro ecoturístico en forma circuito con base en los potenciales naturales y productivos del Centro Experimental ICIDRI Masatepe de la Universidad Politécnica
Authors: González García Yaritsa Yanira , Vado González Lucia Raquel , Tapia Lorío Emelina , Reyes Pérez Rosa María
Published: June 2020

El agroturismo en Nicaragua es una actividad teórico-práctica que se realiza en zonas o fincas con enfoque productivos (sean agrícolas o agropecuarias) y/o con ambientes naturales (bosques) de manera sostenible con el fin de generar productos de origen agrícola, pecuario, o forestal al usuario y propietario que lo desee. En este sentido, hace falta integrar este tema en espacios con características similares. Este estudio se realizó en el Centro Experimental del Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Desarrollo Rural Integral ubicado en la ciudad de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua, propiedad de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua, con el objetivo de realizar un diseño de un circuito agro ecoturístico sobre la base de los potenciales naturales y productivos del mismo. Se contemplaron tres etapas: (I) La de planeación y organización que facilitó a través de una visita previa, los tiempos y formas de recabar la información requerida; (II) La de trabajo de campo en el que se registró la información en dos visitas al sitio para la delimitación del área, realizar un inventario florístico y de fauna, y de la propuesta de estaciones interpretativas; y (III), de análisis e interpretación de toda la información recabada en conjunto con el equipo de docentes de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, del Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Desarrollo Rural Integral en Masatepe y de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua; se revisó la propuesta y fue aceptada. Como resultados tenemos: a partir de los escenarios encontrados, 11 estaciones interpretativas en un tiempo no mayor de tres horas, pudiéndose observar en cada una de ellas una diversidad de flora y fauna, también ofrecen una gama de actividades que promueven el contacto con la naturaleza.
Does Monetary Policy Boost Economic Growth? The Case of Small Open Economy
Authors: Aliyev Javid , Mukhtarov Shahriyar , Haydarov Khanlar , Isgandarov Murad
Published: June 2020

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of monetary policy tools on economic growth in Azerbaijan during 2005-2018 using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Also, different co-integration methods, namely, Johansen, DOLS, FMOLS and CCR were utilized for the robustness test. The outcomes of the different co-integration methods are consistent with one another and confirm the existence of long-run relationships among variables. Furthermore, the estimation results of VECM show that the monetary base and exchange rate have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the long-run, while the discount rate is insignificant. The paper concludes that the monetary base and exchange rate should be promoted by policymakers over other monetary policy tools during monetary policy implementation toward stimulating economic growth.
Eco-efficiency Assessment in Agriculture: A Literature Review Focused on Methods and Indicators
Authors: Suzigan Luis H. , Peña Carlos Rosano , Guarnieri Patricia
Published: June 2020

Combining economic performance with environmental and social concern has been a developing topic in recent decades. Eco-efficiency analysis is a widely applied tool to assess the efficiency of agricultural systems, while increasingly considering their environmental and social impact. The main objective of this article is to accomplish a literature review on the application of eco-efficiency analysis in agricultural systems, focusing on methods and indicators that are most regarded for the quantitative assessment of agricultural eco-efficiency. The literature review found two main methods most widely applied to assess eco-efficiency: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which are often combined. LCA is generally focused on the assessment of the environmental impacts of products and practices. DEA is mostly used to measure the eco-efficiency of decision-making units, such as farms, regions, or countries, and has no subjective focus on neither technical nor environmental performance. Both methods share a wide range of economic and environmental indicators but fail to incorporate the social dimension of sustainability into the eco-efficiency analysis. A simple framework, based on Data Envelopment Analysis, is offered to assess the eco-efficiency of the Brazilian agriculture, aiming at identifying the benefits and limitations of the analysis.
Genetic Variation for Striga hermonthica Resistance and Yield Among Sorghum Accessions in Nigeria
Authors: Afolayan G. , Aladele S. E. , Deshpande S. P. , Kolawole A. O. , Nwosu D. J. , Michael C. , Blay E. T. , Danquah E. Y.
Published: June 2020

Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth., commonly referred to as witch weed, is a major constraint to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) production in the Northern region of Nigeria because of high yield losses due to infestation. To identify parental lines useful in breeding for S. hermonthica resistant sorghum genotypes adapted to Nigeria, twenty-five sorghum accessions were evaluated in Nigeria across three test environments. Both phenotypic and genetic components influenced the variation observed in the sorghum accessions. The estimates for the genetic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for the area under Striga number progress curve (ASUNPC), Striga emergence counts, yield and other agronomic traits, obtained in this study revealed that genetic gain for resistance to S. hermonthica could be realized through selection. Based on the performance of the 25 sorghum accessions SRN39, Danyana, Sepon82, and SAMSORG40 were the top four accessions found to be most resistant to S. hermonthica. Assessment of resistance was based on the low Striga emergence counts and the ASUNPC values. These accessions can be used as donor sources of S. hermonthica resistant genes for introgression into cultivars adapted to Nigeria, followed by recombination breeding for pyramiding the different resistance mechanisms.
Epidemiology of tuberculosis among healthcare personnel in New York City
Authors: Proops D. C. , Knorr J. A. , Meissner J. S. , Kreiswirth B. N. , Ahuja S. D.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND: We have updated the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) among healthcare personnel (HCP) in New York City (NYC), USA, during a period of declining TB burden.METHODS: Using routinely collected Health Department data for NYC TB cases from 2001 to 2014, we conducted
a retrospective descriptive analysis. P values were calculated using Pearson's χ2 or Fisher's exact test for categorical data; Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare medians. We used the Cochran-Armitage test for trend and linear regression for trend analyses.RESULTS:
HCP accounted for 6% of adults with TB throughout the study period and were more likely than other adults to be female (68% vs. 37%, P ≤ 0.0001), have extrapulmonary-only disease (31% vs. 23%, P ≤ 0.0001), have an isolate with multidrug resistance (4% vs. 2%, P =
0.0211), and report a previous history of latent TB infection (LTBI) (51% vs. 23%, P ≤ 0.0001). Compared to non-US-born HCP, US-born HCP were more likely to have HIV infection (18% vs. 8%, P = 0.0011) or a genotypically clustered isolate (67% vs. 37%, P ≤ 0.0001)
and less likely to report history of prior LTBI (43% vs. 54%, P = 0.0128).CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to explore transmission and occupational risk among HCP. New approaches are needed to optimize completion of prophylaxis for HCP with LTBI.
Okresowe oceny stanu technicznego elewacji budynków. Cz. 1. Wymagania ogólne
Authors: Runkiewicz Leonard , Sieczkowski Jan , Kopyłow Ołeksij
Published: June 2020

Elewacje budynków mają znaczący wpływ na ich bezpieczeństwo, trwałość i szeroko rozumiany komfort użytkowania, a także na wartość nieruchomości. Niewykryte w odpowiednim czasie uszkodzenia obniżają wartości estetyczne i użytkowe budynków,
a w stadium zaawansowanym mogą być przyczyną awarii, a nawet katastrof budowlanych. Przedmiotem artykułu są zagadnienia związane z okresowymi ocenami stanu technicznego elewacji. Przedstawiono wspólne dla wszystkich typów elewacji procedury badań i ocen, zwrócono uwagę na konieczność stosowania sprzętu specjalistycznego do oceny technicznej elewacji.
Wzmocnienie podłoża gruntowego pod posadowienie nawierzchni lotniskowej – przykłady praktycznych rozwiązań
Authors: Graczyk Mirosław , Kraszewski Cezary , Szymankiewicz Czesław , Łukasiewicz Anna
Published: June 2020

Nawierzchnie lotniskowe mają swoją specyfikę, przez co proces ich projektowania i oceny stanu technicznego jest znacznie bardziej skomplikowany w porównaniu z nawierzchniami drogowymi. W przypadku projektowania dróg przeważnie są stosowane typowe rozwiązania katalogowe, podczas gdy nawierzchnie lotniskowe są zawsze projektowane jako rozwiązania indywidualne. Na stan konstrukcji nawierzchni lotniskowej bardzo istotny wpływ ma nośność podłoża gruntowego. Nie zawsze jest ona wystarczająca i wymagane jest wtedy wzmocnienie podłoża. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono przykłady konstrukcji nawierzchni lotniskowych (płyty postojowe PPS) posadowionych na wzmocnionym podłożu z zastosowaniem różnych technik: stabilizacja gruntów spoiwami hydraulicznymi, konstrukcja podparta betonowymi kolumnami przemieszczeniowymi, konstrukcja na warstwie pianobetonu. W wyniku badań wykonanych konstrukcji i obliczeń uzyskano wartości liczby PCN, które potwierdziły spełnienie wymagań projektowych.
Informatyka budowlana: wyzwania i pułapki
Authors: Gajewski R. Robert
Published: June 2020

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wyzwań i pułapek związanych z miejscem oraz rolą informatyki w budownictwie. W pierwszej części pracy pokazano, jak trzy klasyczne sposoby rozumowania są wykorzystywane w realizacji podstawowych zadań inżynierskich. Następnie zaprezentowano proces transformacji informacji w budownictwie. Omówione wyniki badań ankietowych świadczą o olbrzymim potencjale zastosowań komputyki i myślenia komputacyjnego w budownictwie. W ostatniej części pracy przedstawiono wzorcową sekwencję przedmiotów informatycznych oraz ich powiązania z innymi blokami tematycznymi.
Janusz Miketta – organizer and reformer of music education in Poland
Authors: Domagała Jarosław
Published: June 2020

Janusz Miketta (1890-1954) – Polish musicologist, pedagogue and music life organizer. He studied philosophy at the University of Warsaw. He completed his music studies at the Music Institute in Warsaw and in Leipzig, as well as at the F. Chopin Higher Music School in Warsaw. Next, he was the principal of the Music School in Warsaw and from 1919 – the director of the Music Society and the S. Moniuszko Music School in Lublin. In 1924, he started his teaching career at the F. Chopin Higher Music School in Warsaw and later at the M. Karłowicz Music School in Warsaw. In the years 1926–1931, he was a desk officer for music affairs in the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment and from 1931 – the secretary of the Local Sightseeing Society in Warsaw and Stanisławów.
From 1945 to 1948, he was the head of the Music Education Section of the Music Department in the Ministry of Culture and Art and the chairman of the Program Committee of Music Education in the above-mentioned Ministry. Based on Janusz Miketta’s own concept of music education, the Ministry of Culture and Art issued a directive of 7 December 1945 on a special system of music education. Music schools in Poland were divided into vocational ones (lower, middle and higher) and those providing music appreciation classes. This three-stage structure made it possible to adjust teaching program to new needs and select a specialization based on the degree of a pupil’s talent. As a result of reforms introduced in the 1949/1950 school year, schools providing music appreciation classes were liquidated, though the three-layer structure of the school system was maintained. This schooling system, with minor changes, is still in operation in Poland.
In the years 1948-1954, Miketta was a professor of the State Higher Music School in Cracow.
Protic Reaction Media for Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Authors: S. Shinde Sandip
Published: June 2020

This chapter deals with the unusual substitution reactions in non-aprotic solvent. Selective protic solvents that are widely being accepted for nucleophilic substitution reactions not only enhance the reaction rate but also give desire for selectivity of substituted product. Protic solvents such as tert-alcohol, primary alcohol, ionic liquids with tert-alcohol and primary alcohol functionality, and bis-cationic ionic liquid with protic functionality were shown best result in substitution reactions. Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution significantly developed in protic reaction medium due to the hydrogen bonding interaction with leaving groups and nucleophile. The development of substitution reactions from past two decades are summarised in this book chapter.
Photophysics of BODIPY Dyes: Recent Advances
Authors: Çetindere Seda
Published: June 2020

BODIPY dyes are unique fluorophores that can be used in numerous application areas because of their interesting photophysical properties such as high molar absorptivity, tunable absorption and emission energies, and high fluorescence quantum yields. They show impressive photophysical property changes upon substitution of functional groups on the main core structure. Exchange of the meso-carbon on dipyrrin core with nitrogen produces an analog class of BODIPY called aza-BODIPY. Up to now, various kinds of BODIPY and aza-BODIPY derivatives have been developed and applied in science and industry. In this chapter, recent studies on photophysical properties of BODIPY derivatives are summarized.
Parathyroid Glands and Hyperparathyroidism: A General Overview
Authors: Luis Maion Casarim Andre
Published: June 2020

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a clinical condition caused by the increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis by the parathyroid glands. PTH has a central and fundamental role in the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Its action on the kidney, bone, and, indirectly, intestinal cells implies a rapid increase in extracellular calcium flow. This clinical condition may be due to an intrinsic parathyroid disorder or secondary to an imbalance of calcium metabolism in patients with systemic diseases, such as chronic renal failure. The treatment of hyperparathyroidism may be clinical, with the control of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels, or surgical, depending on the various forms presented. The purpose of the chapter is to discuss the types of hyperparathyroidism, their relationship with phosphorus and mainly calcium metabolism, as well as the main forms of diagnosis and treatment.
ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr: mujer, guerra y poder en la Arabia paleo-islámica antes de la primera fitna
Authors: Martínez Carrasco Carlos
Published: June 2020

Este estudio se orienta hacia la parte menos conocida de la vida de ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr, la de los años previos a la guerra civil. Me centro en su relación con lo militar en el contexto de las guerras que dieron paso al nacimiento del islam como entidad política. Y lo hago tomando como eje tres momentos en los que ella aparece como protagonista directa o indirecta, y en este último caso saltando las barreras sociales. Una ʿĀʾisha más cercana a una “señora de la guerra” que a una matrona musulmana.
“Si pudiera convertirme en hombre”. Género, política y sociedad: la redefinición de lo femenino en el largo 48 italiano
Authors: Morandini Matteo
Published: June 2020

Durante la revolución italiana y europea de 1848, hicieron su aparición nuevos medios o estilos artísticos que entraron rápidamente en el arsenal político que caracterizó la oposición ideológica entre el movimiento nacionalista italiano y la Curia romana. Del análisis de tipologías documentales específicas e inusuales (caricatura, pintura y ficción ficticia), emergen claramente algunos núcleos temáticos que estructuran, en ambos lados, la retórica política y la disputa ideológica: la noción de personas, el anticlericalismo o el anti-republicanismo, pero sobre todo la nueva definición de masculinidad y femineidad, con la definición de los roles correspondientes. A este respecto, la atención obsesiva a la corporeidad femenina y su exposición pública no deseada, que se puede encontrar en ambas producciones, parece referirse al fenómeno más amplio de la afirmación progresiva de la sociedad burguesa y su sistema de valores (nacionalismo) y la tenaz resistencia del clero destinado a mantener el control sobre las instituciones, la familia ante todo, que consideraba el verdadero depósito de la fe y la base de las relaciones sociales.
Las últimas giras de los bailes rusos de Diaghilev en España: Barcelona (1924-1927)
Authors: Castillo Palomares Pedro
Published: June 2020

El presente trabajo analiza la cobertura mediática de la prensa publicada en Barcelona en los años que van de 1924 a 1927 del espectáculos de los bailes rusos del empresario Sergue Diaghilev y su reaparición en el Gran Teatre del Liceu desde su última actuación en el año 1918. Se describen las sesiones y la composición de los programas de los días de actuación junto con las impresiones de la crítica teatral sobre las representaciones de los ballets russes.
To the problem of reduction of dispositional terms of scientific theory
Authors: Surovyagin Dmitriy Pavlovich
Published: June 2020

This article examines the problem of reduction of dispositional terms in the scientific theory. Dispositional terms are the predicated, expressing proclivity of the body for having a certain response in particular circumstances. The difference between dispositional predicated and other descriptive terms consists in the fact that for their identification it is essential to know an empirical factor that invokes manifestation of a dispositional trait. Since disposition cannot be observed directly, it requires carrying out an experiment to reveal the needed quality of a subject. It is established that for dispositional predicates, definition should be viewed as a particular case of reduction. Such conclusion is substantiated by the fact that the two-sided reduction sentence represents a special case of a reduction pair of sentences. In constant clarification of the meaning of dispositional term empirically, the set of reference using reduction sentences is more convenient, since it can be augmented with a new sentence that describes the additional verification conditions. Presence in the language of observation of dispositional predicates, which could not be determined in a usual way, and possibility of their reduction underline nonequivalence of the methodological operations of reduction and definition in the substantive scientific theories, which also represents an argument for further research of reduction in natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.
Ciliate mitoribosome illuminates evolutionary steps of mitochondrial translation
Authors: Tobiasson Victor , Amunts Alexey
Published: June 2020

To understand the steps involved in the evolution of translation, we used Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliate with high coding capacity of the mitochondrial genome, as the model organism and characterized its mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) using cryo-EM. The structure of the mitoribosome reveals an assembly of 94-ribosomal proteins and four-rRNAs with an additional protein mass of ~700 kDa on the small subunit, while the large subunit lacks 5S rRNA. The structure also shows that the small subunit head is constrained, tRNA binding sites are formed by mitochondria-specific protein elements, conserved protein bS1 is excluded, and bacterial RNA polymerase binding site is blocked. We provide evidence for anintrinsic protein targeting system through visualization of mitochondria-specific mL105 by the exit tunnel that would facilitate the recruitment of a nascent polypeptide. Functional protein uS3m is encoded by three complementary genes from the nucleus and mitochondrion, establishing a link between genetic drift and mitochondrial translation. Finally, we reannotated nine open reading frames in the mitochondrial genome that code for mitoribosomal proteins.
Structural analysis of leucine, lysine and tryptophan mitochondrial tRNA of nesting turtles Caretta caretta (Testudines: Chelonioidea) in the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Infante-Rojas Harvey , Marino-Ramirez Leonardo , Hernández-Fernández Javier
Published: June 2020

The understanding of the functional properties of mitochondrial transfer RNA (mt tRNAs) depend on the knowledge of its structure. tRNA acts as an interface between polynucleotides and polypeptides thus, they are key molecules in protein biosynthesis. The tRNA molecule has a functional design and, given its importance in the translation of mitochondrial genes, it is plausible that modifications of the structure can affect the synthesis of proteins and the functional properties of the mitochondria. In a previous work, the mitochondrial genome of an individual of the nesting Caretta caretta of the Colombian Caribbean was obtained, where specific mutations were identified in the only tRNALeu (CUN), tRNATrp and tRNALys genes. In order to analyze the effect of these mutations on these three mt tRNAs, the prediction of 2D and 3D structures was performed. Genes were sequenced in 11 nesting loggerhead turtles from the Colombian Caribbean. Two-dimensional structures were inferred using the ARWEN program, and three-dimensional structures were obtained with the RNA Composer 3D program. Two polymorphisms were identified in tRNATrp and another one was located in tRNALys, both specific to C. caretta. The thymine substitution in nucleotide position 14 of tRNATrp could constitute an endemic polymorphism of the nesting colony of the Colombian Caribbean. Two 2D and three 3D patterns were obtained for tRNATrp. In the case of tRNALys and tRNALeu 2D and 3D structures were obtained respectively, which showed compliance to canonical structures, with 4 bp in the D-arm, 4–5 bp in the T-arm, and 5 bp in the anticodon arm. Moderate deviations were found, such as a change in the number of nucleotides, elongation in loops or stems and non-Watson–Crick base pairing: adenine–adenine in stem D of tRNATrp, uracil–uracil and adenine–cytosine in the acceptor arm of the tRNALys and cytosine–cytosine in the anticodon stem of the tRNALeu. In addition, distortions or lack of typical interactions in 3D structures gave them unique characteristics. According to the size of the variable region (4–5 nt), the three analyzed tRNAs belong to class I. The interactions in the three studied tRNAs occur mainly between D loop—variable region, and between spacer bases—variable region, which classifies them as tRNA of typology II. The polymorphisms and structural changes described can, apparently, be post-transcriptionally stabilized. It will be crucial to perform studies at the population and functional levels to elucidate the synthetic pathways affected by these genes. This article analyses for the first time the 1D, 2D and 3D structures of the mitochondrial tRNALys, tRNATrp and tRNALeu in the loggerhead turtle.
A Systematic Review of Swarm Robots
Authors: Olaronke Iroju , Rhoda Ikono , Gambo Ishaya , Oluwaseun Ojerinde , Janet Olaleke
Published: June 2020

Advances in robotics have paved the way for a novel approach of organizing large numbers of robots, otherwise referred to as multi-robots. Multi-robots can either be homogenous or heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a group of autonomous and relatively homogenous robots that interacts with one another as well as with their environment is referred to as swarm robots. Swarm robots are biologically inspired by natural swarms as found in animal societies such as birds and fishes as well as social insects such as honey bees, wasps, termites and ants. Hence, they exhibit certain properties which are similar to those found in these creatures such as aggregation, self-organization, foraging as well as flocking. Swarm robots work together to achieve a desired goal, which is usually too complex for a single robot to accomplish. They are typically characterized by simplicity of individuals, fault tolerance, autonomy, parallelism, high reliability, scalability as well as robustness. They can be used for mining, military, medical and agricultural activities. They can also be used for search and rescue missions, toxic waste cleanup, and for piling sandbags along coastlines in preparation for floods or hurricane. Nevertheless, swarm robots are plagued with the stigma of widespread, interference, uncertainty, safety and lack of reliable communication. Furthermore, studies in swarm robotics are practically limited to virtual reality simulations. Hence, the principles of swarm robotics are rarely applied to real-life problems.  It is against this background that this study systematically explores swarm robots. This study reviewed eighty literatures relating to swarm robots. These literatures were obtained from journal articles, technical reports, books, and conference proceedings. The selection of these literatures was based on their relevance to the research problem. This study revealed that the application of swarm robots to real life problems would promote the development of systems that are robust, fault tolerant and scalable.
Development of Functional Calcium Rich Beverage Mix for Lactose Intolerance People
Authors: Girija J. , Kamalasundari S. , Hemalatha G. , Maheswari T. Uma
Published: June 2020

Lactose intolerance is the most common digestive disorder caused by the inability to digest the lactose in milk. Lactose intolerance may lead to reduced bone density when accompanied by avoidance of dairy. The only treatment ever known for lactose intolerance is lactose-free food. Thus keeping this in view the objective is to develop the plant based beverage mix for lactose intolerance people using functional ingredients viz., ragi (Eleusine coracana) milk powder, green banana and ginger. The techniques used for processing the ragi milk powder are soaking, extraction of milk, dehydration, milling and roasting. Control was developed by using skimmed milk powder, green banana and ginger and in test treatment ragi milk powder was added. The developed product was analyzed for microstructure, physical, functional and sensory evaluated. The developed beverage mix was allowed for proximate nutrient analysis. The result revealed that the ragi milk powder containing treatment was acceptable in terms of all sensory attributes when compared to control. The microstructure analysis result revealed that the structure of test sample was very small and polygonal in shape whereas the control sample had large particle size and round smooth surface. The beverage mix had good protein, high calcium, low fat and no lactose. It may be concluded that the developed beverage mix is a lactose free functional food which is suitable for lactose intolerance and also calcium deficient people with improved nutritional content and reduced phytochemical content without any negative impact on sensory attributes.
Frustration of Expectations and Aspirations in Pre-adolescents as a Cause of Emotional and Social Conflict
Authors: Fykaris Ioannis , Rantzou Maria , Matiaki Vasiliki , Karolidou Sotiria
Published: June 2020

Aims: The main aim of this article is to investigate the data on prevention and management of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts in the school environment, which can cause feelings of frustration of expectations in adolescence (11-13 years).

Study Design: The design of the research was based on the assumption that frustration is a powerful incriminating factor in causing conflicting behaviors between students and that frustration can be used as a teaching skill in the prevention and management of conflict situations. The research in related bibliography focused on specific theories and assumptions that constituted the theoretical framework of the research.

Place and Duration of Study: The sample of the research were students aged 11, 12 and 13, attending schools in the Ioannina and Thessaloniki prefectural administrations. The specific administrations were selected based on where the researchers came from (the "convenience sample").

Methodology: The sample consisted of 50 students 11, 12 y.o., respectively attending 5th, 6th grade and 50 students 13 y.o., attending the 1st year of Junior High. All students were selected in a statistically random way. Regarding the research methodology, the research instrument used was a structured questionnaire, based on the following psychometric tools: A) Peer Conflict Scale (PCS), B) The Frustration Discomfort Scale.

Results: The analysis of the research variables correlations showed that: a) Research subjects who will vigorously pursue something, want it vigorously and find it difficult to wait for things to be done now (positive, moderate correlation P< .001. b) When there is likely to be no tolerance, then the expression of the expectation frustration may lead to conflict so that the frustration is not consolidated and the expectation of desire or pursuit is reached (positive, moderate correlation P< .001. The subjects of the sample tend to avoid negative emotions but also the situations for which they feel will cause them irritation (positive, moderate correlation P < .001. d) Statistically significant (positive, moderate correlation P< .001 is the correlation of feeling that they are receiving the attention of others, in relation to their willingness to impose on others, in order to gain respect. This does not negate the statistically significant correlation for the subjects to even claim to conflict until something changes that bothers them (positive, moderate correlation P < .001.

Conclusion: The different types of frustration and the various ways of resolving conflicts (highlighting 'compliance' as the main way) form the final research outputs, which are in line with the researchers' latest positions on the 'cancellation-aggression' hypothesis.
The compound paraquat dichloride hydrate significantly affects the in vitro growth rate of a Chromobacterium violaceum wild type strain
Authors: Gabriel Jane Eyre , De Souza Denise Andréa Silva , De Carvalho Francisco Allan Leandro , Madeira Humberto Maciel França
Published: June 2020

The present study aimed to assess the in vitro growth rate of the C. violaceum wild type strain ATCC12472 when exposed to the compound paraquat dichloride hydrate, one of the most herbicides largely employed in agriculture around the world. The bacterium was monitored using spectrophotometry to estimate the growth rate of bacterial inocula incubated in a nutrient broth medium containing the compound paraquat at different concentrations. Moreover, the number of viable bacteria cells in the samples was also estimated based on colony-forming units on the nutrient broth agar. Results showed that the compound paraquat promoted significant decreases in the growth rate of the C. violaceum bacterium in response to incubation time and dose tested. Significantly lower values of bacterial growth were also corroborated by counting the total number of colony-forming units at final concentrations of 100 (<104 CFU) and 1,000 µg mL-1 (<102  CFU) in comparison to control and 0 µg mL-1 (>108  CFU) on the nutrient broth agar. Thus, the findings described herein report the effects of the compound paraquat dichloride hydrate on the in vitro growth rate of a C. violaceum wild type strain.
Efeito modulador do óleo essencial do limão Taiti (Citrus latifolia) em células somáticas de Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Silva Bruna Cássia , Gomes Silva Oliveira Rosiane , Alves Vasconcelos Mirley
Published: June 2020

Óleos essenciais são muito utilizados para fins terapêuticos. Nas últimas décadas houve um aumento significativo do interesse pelas terapias naturais. Dentre os produtos naturais empregados em abordagens terapêuticas, o óleo essencial do limão Taiti utilizado, é descrito como produto com grande potencial terapêutico e farmacológico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito carcinogênico e/ou anticarcinogênico do limão Taiti (Citrus latifolia), por meio do teste wts em células somáticas de Drosophila melanogaster.  Larvas de terceiro estágio, do cruzamento entre fêmeas virgens wts/TM3, Sb1 com machos mwh/mwh, foram tratadas cronicamente com diferentes concentrações do óleo essencial do limão Taiti (1,5; 3,0; 6,0 µL) isoladamente e associadas à Doxorrubicina (DXR). Utilizaram-se dois controles, um negativo (Tween 1%) e um positivo (DXR 0,4 mM). Nos resultados, as concentrações isoladas apresentaram frequência de tumores que não diferiram do controle negativo (p>0,05), já as concentrações associadas, houve um efeito modulador sobre a DXR, com a redução na frequência de tumores comparada ao controle positivo (p<0,05). O presente trabalho, em condição experimental, atesta que o óleo essencial de limão Taiti (Citrus latifolia) não apresentou ação carcinogênica e sim ação anticarcinogênica em Drosophila melanogaster.
Fatores citogenéticos associados a danos reprodutivos em programa universitário de genética comunitária
Authors: Santos Vitória Ohana Ramos e , Vieira Mônica Jacobina Fonseca , Moreira Lília Maria de Azevedo
Published: June 2020

Introdução: Perdas gestacionais esporádicas são comuns e estima-se que aproximadamente 30 a 50% de todas as concepções não terminem em um recém-nascido vivo. Patologia materna ou alteração genética de natureza cromossômica, em um dos progenitores, são fatores de risco favoráveis a esses acontecimentos. Outras situações que podem estar relacionadas às alterações cromossômicas são a infertilidade e a ocorrência de mola hidatiforme (neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional), caracterizada por interferência na formação e desenvolvimento do embrião. Embora haja um consenso sobre o caráter multifatorial das perdas gestacionais, incluindo componentes anatômicos, imunológicos, endócrinos, genéticos e ambientais, ainda assim, a causalidade pode permanecer desconhecida. Objetivos: Analisar e quantificar achados de dificuldades reprodutivas relacionados a presença de alterações cromossômicas encontrados no serviço de genética realizado pelo programa Genética&Sociedade, do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e analítico, realizado por meio de consulta a fichas de anamneses, preenchidas durante o atendimento de casais, que buscaram o serviço de genética comunitária para aconselhamento genético no período de vinte anos. Resultados: Entre os 73 casais selecionados para estudo, 59 (80,8%) relataram abortos recorrentes, 9 (12,3%) tinham histórico de mola hidatiforme e 5 (6,8%) apresentaram infertilidade. Entre as alterações foram verificadas translocações, inversões, além de polimorfismos de regiões heterocromáticas. Conclusões: O presente estudo confirma a importância das alterações cromossômicas na etiologia das dificuldades reprodutivas, justificando a busca pelo aconselhamento genético. Em termos de saúde pública, traz contribuições para o entendimento das condições genéticas da comunidade beneficiada pelo programa Genética&Sociedade.
Quantitative study of the evolution of notified cases of Zika Virus and the relationship with rainfall indexes in the state of Rondônia
Authors: Da Silva Aline Maricato , Prati Wesley Joventino , Da Silva Correia Gisleive Gões , Cunha Pamella De Oliveira , Da Silva Francisco Carlos
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The Zika Virus is a virus transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which is of great medical importance because it causes numerous public health issues. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the history of probable cases of the infection caused by the Zika Virus in the state of Rondônia from January 2016 to December 2018, demonstrating the relation between the evolution of cases (increase or decrease) with the rainfall indexes occurred during the study period. Additionally, to compare the reported cases in the state of Rondônia with the other states of the North region and to compare the reported cases in the North region with other regions of the country. Methods: The data collected for statistical analysis were acquired through epidemiological bulletins published by the Secretariat of Health Surveillance and by the Ministry of Health. Results: The data demonstrated a total of 1,107 probable cases of the acute disease caused by the Zika Virus between the years of 2016 and 2018 in the state of Rondônia, being that 89% of this total were registered only in 2016, demonstrating a relation with the high rainfall index occurred in the same year in the state. Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, the development of new studies addressing the clinical development of the disease among those notified with the infection becomes of extreme scientific relevance.
Impacto do uso da reação em cadeia da polimerase para o diagnóstico de meningite bacteriana em substituição a contraimunoeletroforese
Authors: Souza Mariana Brena de , Colpas Daniela Rodrigues , Carmo Andreia Moreira dos Santos , Campos Ivana Barros de
Published: June 2020

Introdução: A meningite bacteriana ainda é um grave problema de Saúde Pública mundial, tendo como principais agentes: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae e Haemophilus influenzae. A metodologia de diagnóstico empregada no Instituto Adolfo Lutz – Centro de Laboratório Regional Santo André até o ano de 2011 era a técnica contraimunoeletroforese (CIE), depois foi substituída pela reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR), que é uma técnica de maior sensibilidade. Objetivo: Este trabalho objetivou comparar ambas as metodologias no período de 2009 a 2018, para avaliação do impacto da introdução da qPCR no diagnóstico das meningites bacterianas nos 7 municípios da região do ABC do Estado de São Paulo. Metodologia: Foram avaliadas a quantidade total de exames realizados, a média mensal, a positividade no período, os municípios requisitantes e a prevalência das bactérias circulantes, no período de abril/2009 até dezembro/2018. Resultados: Observou-se aumento crescente na média de exames realizados ao longo dos anos, até 2013, quando houve queda nos anos seguintes. Além disso, observou-se aumento de resultados positivos/ano após 2011, quando a técnica de qPCR foi introduzida, sendo N. meningitidis responsável pela maioria dos casos de meningite bacteriana entre 2011 e 2013, enquanto que entre 2014 e 2018 foi S. pneumoniae. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que a técnica de qPCR foi mais eficiente em detectar os agentes etiológicos causadores de meningite bacteriana na região do que a técnica de CIE. Por fim, este trabalho suporta a implantação da metodologia de qPCR para diagnóstico de meningite em substituição de técnicas menos sensíveis.