bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research to policy and practice change: is capacity building in operational research delivering the goods?
Authors: Zachariah Rony , Guillerm Nathalie , Berger Selma , Kumar Ajay M. V. , Satyanarayana Srinath , Bissell Karen , Edginton Mary , Hinderaker Sven Gudmund , Tayler‐Smith Katie , Van den Bergh Rafael , Khogali Mohammed , Manzi Marcel , Reid Anthony J. , Ramsay Andrew , Reeder John C. , Harries Anthony D.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

Between 2009 and 2012, eight operational research capacity building courses were completed in Paris (3), Luxembourg (1), India (1), Nepal (1), Kenya (1) and Fiji (1). Courses had strict milestones that were subsequently adopted by the Structured Operational Research and Training InitiaTive (SORT IT) of the World Health Organization. We report on the numbers of enrolled participants who successfully completed courses, the number of papers published and their reported effect on policy and/or practice.

Design

Retrospective cohort study including a survey.

Methods

Participant selection criteria ensured that only those proposing specific programme‐related and relevant operational research questions were selected. Effects on policy and/or practice were assessed in a standardised manner by two independent reviewers.

Results

Of 93 enrolled participants from 31 countries (14 in Africa, 13 in Asia, two in Latin America and two in South Pacific), 83 (89%) completed their courses. A total of 96 papers were submitted to scientific journals of which 89 (93%) were published and 88 assessed for effect on policy and practice. There was a reported effect in 65 (74%) studies including changes to programme implementation (27), adaptation of monitoring tools (24) and changes to existing guidelines (20).

Conclusion

Three quarters of published operational research studies from these structured courses had reported effects on policy and/or practice. It is important that this type of tracking becomes a standard component of operational research and research in general.
Clinical efficacy of low‐level laser therapy on localized canine atopic dermatitis severity score and localized pruritic visual analog score in pedal pruritus due to canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Stich Ashley N. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Griffin Craig E.
Published: June 2014

Background

Canine atopic dermatitis is a genetically predisposed inflammatory skin disease often requiring multimodal treatment. There is a need to find further low‐risk adjunctive therapies.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the localized effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on the paws of dogs with atopic dermatitis using a localized canine atopic dermatitis severity score (LCADSS) and owner localized pruritic visual analog score (LPVAS) in comparison to treatment with a placebo.

Animals

Thirty client‐owned dogs with symmetrical pedal pruritus due to canine atopic dermatitis.

Methods

Dogs were randomly assigned into two groups. In each group, one paw was treated with LLLT and one paw treated with a placebo laser (comparing either both fore‐ or hindpaws). Treatments were administered at 4 J/cm2 (area from carpus/tarsus to distal aspect of digit 3) three times per week for the first 2 weeks and two times per week for the second 2 weeks. Scores were assessed for each paw at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 5.

Results

There were no significant differences in LCADSS or LPVAS between LLLT and placebo treatments between weeks 0 and 5 (P = 0.0856 and 0.5017, respectively). However, LCADSS and LPVAS significantly decreased from week 0 at weeks 2, 4 and 5 in both LLLT and placebo groups (P < 0.0001 for all).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Low‐level laser therapy is not an effective localized treatment for pedal pruritus in canine atopic dermatitis.
Reptile‐Associated Salmonellosis in Minnesota, 1996–2011
Authors: Whitten T. , Bender J. B. , Smith K. , Leano F. , Scheftel J.
Published: June 2014

Reptile‐associated salmonellosis (RAS) occurs when Salmonella is transmitted from a reptile to a human. This study describes the epidemiology of RAS in Minnesota during 1996–2011. All Minnesotans with confirmed Salmonella infections are reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). Case patients are interviewed about illness characteristics and risk factors, including foods eaten, drinking and recreational water exposures, contact with ill people, and animal contact. Willing RAS case patients can submit stool from the reptile for culture. Serotype and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype of Salmonella isolates from reptiles and case patients are compared. Of 8389 sporadic (not associated with an outbreak) non‐typhoidal salmonellosis case patients in Minnesotans during 1996–2011, 290 (3.5%) reported reptile exposure. The median age of case patients with reptile exposure was 11 years, 31% were under the age of 5 years and 67% were under the age of 20 years; 50% were female. The median illness duration was 8 days; 23% required hospitalization. The most commonly reported reptile exposures were lizard (47%), snake (20%), turtle (19%) and a combination of reptile types (14%). Eighty‐four per cent of isolates from case patients who reported reptile exposure were Salmonella enterica subspecies I. The three most common serotypes were Typhimurium (15%), Enteritidis (7%) and subspecies IV serotypes (7%). Of 60 reptiles testing positive for Salmonella, 36 (60%) yielded the same Salmonella serotype as the human isolate. Twenty‐six of 27 reptile isolates that were subtyped by PFGE were indistinguishable from the human isolate. Of these, 88% were subspecies I; the most common serotypes were Enteritidis (12%), Typhimurium (8%), and Bareilly (8%). RAS accounts for approximately 3.5% of salmonellosis cases in Minnesota, primarily affecting children. The majority of isolates from case patients and reptiles belonged to Salmonella subspecies I, suggesting that reptiles are a source of human infection with serotypes not traditionally considered to be reptile‐associated.
Reliability and Validity of Sports Accelerometers During Static and Dynamic Testing
Authors: Kelly Stephen J. , Murphy Aron J. , Watsford Mark L. , Austin Damien , Rennie Michael
Published: June 2014

Purpose:

To investigate the validity and reliability of accelerometry of the SPI-ProX II dual data logger (GPSports, Canberra, Australia).

Methods:

Controlled laboratory assessments determined the accuracy and reproducibility of raw accelerometer data. Intra- and interdevice reliability assessed the ability of the SPI-ProX II accelerometers to repeatedly measure peak gravitational accelerations (g) during impact-based testing. Static and dynamic validity testing assessed the accuracy of SPI-ProX II accelerometers against a criterion-referenced accelerometer. Dynamic validity was assessed over a range of frequencies from 5 to 15 Hz.

Results:

Intradevice reliability found no differences (P < .05) between 4 SPI-ProX II accelerometers, with a low coefficient of variation (1.87–2.21%). SPI-ProX II accelerometers demonstrated small to medium effect-size (ES) differences (0.10–0.44) between groups and excellent interdevice reliability, with no difference found between units (F = 0.826, P = .484). Validity testing revealed significant differences between devices (P = .001), with high percentage differences (27.5–30.5%) and a large ES (>3.44).

Conclusions:

SPI-ProX II accelerometers demonstrated excellent intra- and interaccelerometer reliability. However, static and dynamic validity were poor, and caution is recommended when measuring the absolute magnitude of acceleration, particularly for high-frequency movements. Regular assessment of individual devices is advised, particularly for mechanical damage and signal-drift errors. It is recommended that guidelines be provided by the manufacturer on measuring shifts in the base accelerometer signal, including time frames for assessing accelerometer axis, magnitude of errors, and calibration of accelerometers from a stable reference point.
Influence of Number of Contact Efforts on Running Performance During Game-Based Activities
Authors: Johnston Rich D. , Gabbett Tim J. , Jenkins David G.
Published: June 2014

Purpose:

To determine the influence the number of contact efforts during a single bout has on running intensity during game-based activities and assess relationships between physical qualities and distances covered in each game.

Methods:

Eighteen semiprofessional rugby league players (age 23.6 ± 2.8 y) competed in 3 off-side small-sided games (2 × 10-min halves) with a contact bout performed every 2 min. The rules of each game were identical except for the number of contact efforts performed in each bout. Players performed 1, 2, or 3 × 5-s wrestles in the single-, double-, and triple-contact game, respectively. The movement demands (including distance covered and intensity of exercise) in each game were monitored using global positioning system units. Bench-press and back-squat 1-repetition maximum and the 30−15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30−15IFT) assessed muscle strength and high-intensity-running ability, respectively.

Results:

There was little change in distance covered during the single-contact game (ES = −0.16 to −0.61), whereas there were larger reductions in the double- (ES = −0.52 to −0.81) and triple-contact (ES = −0.50 to −1.15) games. Significant relationships (P < .05) were observed between 30–15IFT and high-speed running during the single- (r = .72) and double- (r = .75), but not triple-contact (r = .20) game.

Conclusions:

There is little change in running intensity when only single contacts are performed each bout; however, when multiple contacts are performed, greater reductions in running intensity result. In addition, high-intensity-running ability is only associated with running performance when contact demands are low.
Social Patterning in Grip Strength, Chair Rise, and Walk Speed in an Aging Population: The Czech HAPIEE Study
Authors: Jancova-Vseteckova Jitka , Bobak Martin , Kubinova Ruzena , Capkova Nada , Peasey Anne , Marmot Michael G. , Pikhart Hynek
Published: June 2014

Background:

The aim was to examine the association of objective measures of physical functioning (PF) with education and material circumstances and the decline in PF with age by socioeconomic position (SEP).

Methods:

In 3,205 subjects (60–75 years) from the Czech Republic, we assessed relationship between PF, SEP, and age. Linear regression was used to assess PF measures and SEP measures.

Results:

Cross-sectional decline in PF by age was similar in all individuals. Differences between SEP groups were similar across age groups, except for the difference in walk speed by material circumstances in men—bigger at older ages (p = .004). Men and women with the highest education were about 2 s faster at the chair rise test than those with the lowest education.

Discussion:

Findings suggest strong educational gradient in PF, an inconsistent role of self-assessed material circumstances, and virtually no interaction of SEP with the cross-sectional decline in PF by age.
Acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Jawaid Saad , Chaudary Adeel
Published: June 2014

The paramedics brought a 60-year-old man to the emergency department after a sudden onset of shortness of breath with a subsequent drop in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). On arrival the patient looked peri-arrest. His O2saturations were 84% on 15 L of oxygen. He had gasping breathing with a completely silent chest and the GCS was 6/15 (E=1, V=1, M=4). The blood gas revealed type-2 respiratory failure. The chest X-ray was unremarkable and ECG was not indicative for cardiac catheterisation lab activation. Bedside shock scan was done which showed global hypokinesia of the left ventricle. In spite of unconvincing ECG and chest X-ray, an acute cardiac event was diagnosed in view of an abnormal bedside echo. The patient was transferred to the cardiac catheterisation lab for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention which revealed critical stenosis of the left main stem coronary artery, which was successfully stented. The patient had a good recovery from the life-threatening event.
Acute renal failure and type B lactic acidosis as first manifestation of extranodal T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Yun Seongseok , Walker Courtney N , Vincelette Nicole D , Anwer Faiz
Published: June 2014

We describe a rare case of a 19-year-old male patient with a history of epilepsy and developmental delay who presented with acute renal failure (ARF) and lactic acidosis (LA) as the first manifestation of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Renal ultrasound and CT of the abdomen showed renal parenchymal infiltration, and renal biopsy demonstrated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. LA, ARF and electrolyte abnormalities were refractory to the initial treatment of bicarbonate infusion and hydration. However, these abnormalities rapidly normalised after the initiation of chemotherapy, suggesting that the LA and ARF were secondary to lymphomatous renal infiltration.
Thermodynamic phase diagram and electronic properties of Co2VAl〈001〉 film: A first-principles study
Authors: Khosravi Heidar , Boochani Arash , Khodadadi Jabbar , Solaymani Shahram , Sartipi Elmira
Published: June 2014

The structural, magnetic and electronic properties of Co 2 VAl in both states of bulk and 〈001〉 thin film are studied as well as the Curie temperature of the first and thermodynamic phase diagram of the second form. According to the results from generalized gradient approximation+U (GGA+U) approximation, the ferromagnetic (FM) in bulk phase is of more stability than anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) and nonmagnetic (NM) ones and appear with a relatively high Curie temperature and a 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. In the case of the thin film, the Co–Co and V–Al terminations are both thermodynamically stable with a half-metallic performance at surface and a spin-polarization at Fermi level as well. Notably, the V–Al termination is a 100% spin-polarization half-metal.
Twisted skein homology
Authors: Duong Nguyen D. , Roberts Lawrence P.
Published: June 2014

We apply the techniques of totally twisted Khovanov homology to Asaeda, Przytycki, and Sikora's construction of Khovanov type homologies for links and tangles in I-bundles over (orientable) surfaces. As a result we describe a chain complex built out of resolutions with only noncontractible circles whose homology is an invariant of the tangle. We use these to understand the δ-graded homology for links with alternating diagrams in the surface.
Nonlinear Thermal Flutter Analysis of Supersonic Composite Laminated Panels Using Differential Quadrature Method
Authors: Niu Yaobin , Wang Zhongwei , Zhang Weihua
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the differential quadrature method (DQM) was extended to deal with the nonlinear thermal flutter problem of supersonic composite laminated panel. Based on Hamilton's principle, the nonlinear thermal flutter model of composite panels was first established. The model adopted the von Karman large deflection plate theory for the geometrical nonlinearity, and the third order piston theory for the supersonic aerodynamic loads. Convergence and accuracy studies were carried out to verify the proposed approach. Finally, the nonlinear thermal flutter characteristics of a supersonic composite panel were studied. Uniform temperatures were first applied to the model in order to determine general heating effects on the stability of the composite panel. Owing to the varying structural stiffness of composite panels when subjected to thermal stresses, the thermal load reduced the frequency of composite panel, as well as the frequency interval between the first frequency and the second frequency; thereby hastening the flutter of composite panel. The nonlinear thermal flutter velocity ratio was decreased with respect to increasing temperature load for all aspect ratios. However, the influence of thermal loadings on flutter with various cross angles was different. Cases of unequal temperatures were considered. The average temperature load was kept constant which differs from the temperature gradient form of loading. The results show that the nonlinear thermal frequencies are affected in the presence of different temperature distributions. The changes in the temperature distribution have a slightly greater effect than changes in the average temperature. These effects due to temperature distribution changes do not have a substantial effect on the flutter dynamic pressure.
Buckling of Laminated Composite and Sandwich Plates Using Radial Basis Function Collocations
Authors: Singh Sandeep , Singh Jeeoot , Shula Karunesh Kumar
Published: June 2014

In this paper, buckling analysis of isotropic, orthotropic, laminated composite and sandwich plates utilizing trigonometric shear deformation theory and meshless method based on the finite point formulation using thin plate, polynomial and inverse multiquadric radial basis function is presented. The convergence of the present method is studied for isotropic and laminated composite plates for different radial basis functions with optimal value of shape parameter. Numerical examples of laminated and sandwich plates subjected to various types of in-plane loads are solved to demonstrate accuracy and applicability of present method. Several new results for variety of composite and sandwich plates are presented. The present results are observed to be in good agreement with those available in literature. The effects of orthotropy ratio of material, span to thickness ratio, number of layers, core thickness and lamination scheme on the critical load of plates are also presented.
A New Toolbox for Assessing Single Cells
Authors: Tsioris Konstantinos , Torres Alexis J. , Douce Thomas B. , Love J. Christopher
Published: June 2014

Unprecedented access to the biology of single cells is now feasible, enabled by recent technological advancements that allow us to manipulate and measure sparse samples and achieve a new level of resolution in space and time. This review focuses on advances in tools to study single cells for specific areas of biology. We examine both mature and nascent techniques to study single cells at the genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics level. In addition, we provide an overview of tools that are well suited for following biological responses to defined perturbations with single-cell resolution. Techniques to analyze and manipulate single cells through soluble and chemical ligands, the microenvironment, and cell-cell interactions are provided. For each of these topics, we highlight the biological motivation, applications, methods, recent advances, and opportunities for improvement. The toolbox presented in this review can function as a starting point for the design of single-cell experiments.
Biocatalysts for Natural Product Biosynthesis
Authors: Tibrewal Nidhi , Tang Yi
Published: June 2014

Natural products are important sources of pharmaceuticals, in part owing to their diverse biological activities. Enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways have become attractive candidates as biocatalysts for modifying the structures and bioactivities of these complex compounds. Numerous enzymes have been harvested to generate innovative scaffolds, large-scale synthesis of chiral building blocks, and semisynthesis of medicinally relevant natural product derivatives. This review discusses recent examples from three areas: (a) polyketide catalytic domain engineering geared toward synthesis of new polyketides, (b) engineering of tailoring enzymes (other than oxidative enzymes) as biocatalysts, and (c) in vitro total synthesis of natural products using purified enzyme components. With the availability of exponentially increasing genomic information and new genome mining tools, many new and powerful biocatalysts tailored for pharmaceutical synthesis will likely emerge from secondary metabolism.
Perspectives on Sustainable Waste Management
Authors: Castaldi Marco J.
Published: June 2014

Sustainable waste management is a goal that all societies must strive to maintain. Currently nearly 80% of global wastes are sent to landfill, with a significant amount lacking proper design or containment. The increased attention to environmental impacts of human activities and the increasing demand for energy and materials have resulted in a new perspective on waste streams. Use of waste streams for energy and materials recovery is becoming more prevalent, especially in developed regions of the world, such as Europe, the United States, and Japan. Although currently these efforts have a small impact on waste disposal, use of waste streams to extract value very likely will increase as society becomes more aware of the options available. This review presents an overview of waste management with a focus on following an expanded waste hierarchy to extract value specifically from municipal solid waste streams.
Neural control of the immune system
Authors: Sundman Eva , Olofsson Peder S.
Published: June 2014

Neural reflexes support homeostasis by modulating the function of organ systems. Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have revealed that neural reflexes also regulate the immune system. Activation of the vagus nerve modulates leukocyte cytokine production and alleviates experimental shock and autoimmune disease, and recent data have suggested that vagus nerve stimulation can improve symptoms in human rheumatoid arthritis. These discoveries have generated an increased interest in bioelectronic medicine, i.e., therapeutic delivery of electrical impulses that activate nerves to regulate immune system function. Here, we discuss the physiology and potential therapeutic implications of neural immune control.
The history of “Exercise Is Medicine” in ancient civilizations
Authors: Tipton Charles M.
Published: June 2014

In 2007, the American College of Sports Medicine, with endorsement from the American Medical Association and the Office of the Surgeon General, launched a global initiative to mobilize physicians, healthcare professionals and providers, and educators to promote exercise in their practice or activities to prevent, reduce, manage, or treat diseases that impact health and the quality of life in humans. Emerging from this initiative, termed Exercise Is Medicine, has been an extensively documented position stand by the American College of Sports Medicine that recommended healthy adults perform 150 min of moderate dynamic exercise per week. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the foundation for this global initiative and its exercise prescription for health and disease prevention has roots that began in antiquity more than two millennia ago. Individuals and concepts to remember are that Susruta of India was the first “recorded” physician to prescribe moderate daily exercise, Hippocrates of Greece was the first “recorded” physician to provide a written exercise prescription for a patient suffering from consumption, and the global influence of Galen from Rome combined with his recommendation on the use of exercise for patients in the management of disease prevailed until the 16th century. Historically intertwined with these concepts was exercise being advocated by select physicians to minimize the health problems associated with obesity, diabetes, and inactivity.
Avengers Assemble! Using pop-culture icons to communicate science
Authors: Zehr E. Paul
Published: June 2014

Engaging communication of complex scientific concepts with the general public requires more than simplification. Compelling, relevant, and timely points of linkage between scientific concepts and the experiences and interests of the general public are needed. Pop-culture icons such as superheroes can represent excellent opportunities for exploring scientific concepts in a mental “landscape” that is comfortable and familiar. Using an established icon as a familiar frame of reference, complex scientific concepts can then be discussed in a more accessible manner. In this framework, scientists and the general public use the cultural icon to occupy a commonly known performance characteristic. For example, Batman represents a globally recognized icon who represents the ultimate response to exercise and training. The physiology that underlies Batman's abilities can then be discussed and explored using real scientific examples that highlight truths and fallacies contained in the presentation of pop-culture icons. Critically, it is not important whether the popular representation of the icon shows correct science because the real science can be revealed in discussing the character through this lens. Scientists and educators can then use these icons as foils for exploring complex ideas in a context that is less threatening and more comfortable for the target audience. A “middle-ground hypothesis” for science communication is proposed in which pop-culture icons are used to exploring scientific concepts in a bridging mental landscape that is comfortable and familiar. This approach is encouraged for communication with all nonscientists regardless of age.
Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapy for Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Jin Meiling , Xie Yuansheng , Li Qinggang , Chen Xiangmei
Published: June 2014

Glomerulonephritis (GN), characterized by immune-mediated inflammatory changes in the glomerular, is a common cause of end stage renal disease. Therapeutic options for glomerulonephritis applicable to all cases mainly include symptomatic treatment and strategies to delay progression. In the attempt to yield innovative interventions fostering the limited capability of regeneration of renal tissue after injury and the uncontrolled pathological process by current treatments, stem cell-based therapy has emerged as novel therapy for its ability to inhibit inflammation and promote regeneration. Many basic and clinical studies have been performed that support the ability of various stem cell populations to ameliorate glomerular injury and improve renal function. However, there is a long way before putting stem cell-based therapy into clinical practice. In the present article, we aim to review works performed with respect to the use of stem cell of different origins in GN, and to discuss the potential mechanism of therapeutic effect and the challenges for clinical application of stem cells.
Formal Specification and Validation of a Localized Algorithm for Segregation of Critical/Noncritical Nodes in MAHSNs
Authors: Alnuem Mohammed , Zafar Nazir Ahmad , Imran Muhammad , Ullah Sana , Fayed Mahmoud
Published: June 2014

Timely segregation of critical/noncritical nodes is extremely crucial in mobile ad hoc and sensor networks. Most of the existing segregation schemes are centralized and require maintaining network wide information, which may not be feasible in large-scale dynamic networks. Moreover, these schemes lack rigorous validation and entirely rely on simulations. We present a localized algorithm for segregation of critical/noncritical nodes (LASCNN) to the network connectivity. LASCNN establishes and maintains a k-hop connection list and marks a node as critical if its k-hop neighbours become disconnected without the node and noncritical otherwise. A noncritical node with more than one connection is marked as intermediate and leaf noncritical otherwise. We use both formal and nonformal techniques for verification and validation of functional and nonfunctional properties. First, we model MAHSN as a dynamic graph and transform LASCNN to equivalent formal specification using Z notation. After analysing and validating the specification through Z eves tool, we simulate LASCNN specification to quantitatively demonstrate its efficiency. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the performance of LASCNN is scalable and is quite competitive compared to centralized scheme with global information. The accuracy of LASCNN in determining critical nodes is 87% (1-hop) and 93% (2-hop) and of noncritical nodes the accuracy is 91% (1-hop) and 93% (2-hop).
Preparation and Characterization of P(AN-VAc-PMMT) Nanocomposites and Nanofibers
Authors: Liu Jun , Zhuo Yuguo , Li Qingshan , Hong Wei , Xing Guangzhong
Published: June 2014

P(AN-VAc-PMMT) nanocomposites were prepared usingin situemulsion polymerization and further confirmed by FTIR. A polymerizable quaternary ammonium ion monomer was used to modify montmorillonite. XRD testing showed that the quaternary ammonium ion was successfully intercalated into the montmorillonite chip layer. This is the first paper to discuss an investigation of P(AN-VAc-PMMT) nanofiber morphology using SEM. The fibers were prepared through electrospinning.
Doped Heterojunction Used in Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Gao Yanyan , Zou Xiaoping , Huang Zongbo
Published: June 2014

Incorporated foreign atoms into the quantum dots (QDs) used in heterojunction have always been a challenge for solar energy conversion. A foreign atom indium atom was incorporated into PbS/CdS QDs to prepare In-PbS/In-CdS heterojunction by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method which is a chemical method. Experimental results indicate that PbS or CdS has been doped with In by SILAR method; the concentration of PbS and CdS which was doped In atoms has no significantly increase or decrease. In addition, incorporating of Indium atoms has resulted in the lattice distortions or changes of PbS or CdS and improved the light harvest of heterojunction. Using this heterojunction, Pt counter electrode and polysulfide electrolyte, to fabricate quantum dot sensitized solar cells, the short circuit current density ballooned to 27.01 mA/cm2from 13.61 mA/cm2and the open circuit voltage was improved to 0.43 V from 0.37 V at the same time.
Fear-Potentiated Behaviour Is Modulated by Central Amygdala Angiotensin IIAT1Receptors Stimulation
Authors: Marinzalda Maria de los Angeles , Pérez Pablo A. , Gargiulo Pascual A. , Casarsa Brenda S. , Bregonzio Claudia , Baiardi Gustavo
Published: June 2014

Central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is one of the most important regulatory centres for the emotional processes. Among the different neurotransmitter systems present in this nucleus, AT1receptors have been also found, but their role in the generation and modulation of emotions is not fully understood. The present work evaluated the effect of intra-amygdalar injection of losartan (AT1receptor antagonist) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the anxiety state induced by fear-potentiated plus maze in male Wistar rats. Fear in the elevated plus maze can be potentiated by prior inescapable footshock stress. The decrease in the time spent in the open arms induced by the inescapable footshock was totally prevented by losartan (4 pmol) administration in CeA. It was also found that Ang II (48 fmol) administration decreased the time spent in the open arms in animals with or without previous footshock exposure. The locomotor activity and grooming behaviour were also evaluated. The results obtained from the different parameters analyzed allowed us to conclude that the Ang II AT1receptors in CeA are involved in the anxiety state induced by stress in the fear-potentiated plus-maze behaviour.
Uncertain Programming for Network Revenue Management
Authors: Mou Deyi , Wang Xiaoxin
Published: June 2014

The mathematical model for airline network seat inventory control problem is usually investigated to maximize the total revenue under some constraints such as capacities and demands. This paper presents a chance‐constrained programming model based on the uncertainty theory for network revenue management, in which the fares and the demands are both uncertain variables rather than random variables. The uncertain programming model can be transformed into a deterministic form by taking expected value on objective function and confidence level on the constraint functions. Based on the strategy of nested booking limits, a solution method of booking control is developed to solve the problem. Finally, this paper gives a numerical example to show that the method is practical and efficient.
Fracture Property of Y-Shaped Cracks of Brittle Materials under Compression
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhu Zheming , Liu Hongjie
Published: June 2014

In order to investigate the properties of Y-shaped cracks of brittle materials under compression, compression tests by using square cement mortar specimens with Y-shaped crack were conducted. A true triaxial loading device was applied in the tests, and the major principle stresses or the critical stresses were measured. The results show that as the branch angleθbetween the branch crack and the stem crack is 75°, the cracked specimen has the lowest strength. In order to explain the test results, numerical models of Y-shaped cracks by using ABAQUS code were established, and the J-integral method was applied in calculating crack tip stress intensity factor (SIF). The results show that when the branch angleθincreases, the SIFKIof the branch crack increases from negative to positive and the absolute valueKIIof the branch crack first increases, and asθis 50°, it is the maximum, and then it decreases. Finally, in order to further investigate the stress distribution around Y-shaped cracks, photoelastic tests were conducted, and the test results generally agree with the compressive test results.
A Study on the Void Formation in Residual Wall Thickness of Fluid-Assisted Injection Molding Parts
Authors: Park Hyung-Pil , Cha Baeg-Soon , Park Soo-Bin , Choi Jae-Hyuk , Kim Dong-Han , Rhee Byung-Ohk , Lee Kye-Hwan
Published: June 2014

In fluid-assisted injection molding, the distribution of the residual wall thickness on the inside and outside of the curved area is different, and void is formed due to the effect of the shrinkage on the outside where the residual wall thickness is thicker. The shrinkage that takes place in the residual wall is affected by the rheological changes in the polymer caused by temperature change and also by the thermal properties of the penetration fluid. In this study, the different effects on void formation in residual wall during fluid-assisted injection molding were analyzed, and water and silicone oil that had different thermal properties were used for the fluids. For this, heat transfer analysis and injection molding analysis were conducted. The void formation occurred due to the different temperature distribution and volumetric shrinkage in the direction of the residual wall in the curved area with a hollow section. It was also found that the void formation in the curved area decreased in the case of silicone oil compared to the case of water from simulation and experiments.
State of Oral Mucosa as an Additional Symptom in the Course of Primary Amyloidosis and Multiple Myeloma Disease
Authors: Czerniuk Maciej R. , Jurczyszyn Artur , Charlinski Grzegorz
Published: June 2014

Multiple myeloma (myeloma multiplex (MM)) is a malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma derived from B cell. Its essence is a malignant clone of plasma cells synthesizing growth of monoclonal immunoglobulin, which infiltrate the bone marrow, destroy the bone structure, and prevent the proper production of blood cells components. The paper presents a case of 62-year-old patient who developed symptoms in addition to neurological and haematological changes in the oral mucosa in the course of multiple myeloma. The treatment resulted in partial improvement. The authors wish to draw attention not only to nonspecificity and rarity of changes in the mouth which can meet the dentist but also to the complexity of the multidisciplinary therapy patients diagnosed with MM.
Analysing Psychosocial Difficulties in Depression: A Content Comparison between Systematic Literature Review and Patient Perspective
Authors: Kamenov Kaloyan , Mellor-Marsá Blanca , Leal Itziar , Ayuso-Mateos Jose Luis , Cabello Maria
Published: June 2014

Despite all the knowledge on depression, it is still unclear whether current literature covers all the psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) important for depressed patients. The aim of the present study was to identify the gaps in the recent literature concerning PSDs and their related variables. Psychosocial difficulties were defined according to the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). A comparative approach between a systematic literature review, a focus group, and individual interviews with depressed patients was used. Literature reported the main psychosocial difficulties almost fully, but not in the same degree of importance as patients’ reports. Furthermore, the covered areas were very general and related to symptomatology. Regarding the related variables, literature focused on clinical variables and treatments above all but did not report that many psychosocial difficulties influence other PSDs. This study identified many existing research gaps in recent literature mainly in the area of related variables of PSDs. Future steps in this direction are needed. Moreover, we suggest that clinicians select interventions covering not only symptoms, but also PSDs and their modifiable related variables. Furthermore, identification of interventions for particular psychosocial difficulties and personalisation of therapies according to individuals’ PSDs are necessary.
Essential Amino Acids and Exercise Tolerance in Elderly Muscle-Depleted Subjects with Chronic Diseases: A Rehabilitation without Rehabilitation?
Authors: Aquilani Roberto , D’Antona Giuseppe , Baiardi Paola , Gambino Arianna , Iadarola Paolo , Viglio Simona , Pasini Evasio , Verri Manuela , Barbieri Annalisa , Boschi Federica
Published: June 2014

Exercise intolerance remains problematic in subjects with chronic heart failure (CHF) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent studies show that supplemented essential amino acids (EAAs) may exert beneficial effects on CHF/COPD physical capacity. The results from 3 investigations (2 conducted on CHF and 1 on COPD subjects) served as the basis for this paper. The 3 studies consistently showed that elderly CHF and COPD improved exercise intolerance after 1–3 months of EAA supplementation (8 g/d). In CHF exercise capacity increased 18.7% to 23% (watts; bicycle test), and 12% to 22% (meters) in 6 min walking test. Moreover, patients reduced their resting plasma lactate levels (by 25%) and improved tissue insulin sensitivity by 16% (HOMA index). COPD subjects enjoyed similar benefits as CHF ones. They increased physical autonomy by 78.6% steps/day and decreased resting plasma lactate concentrations by 23%. EAA mechanisms explaining improved exercise intolerance could be increases in muscle aerobic metabolism, mass and function, and improvement of tissue insulin sensitivity (the latter only for the CHF population). These mechanisms could be accounted for by EAA’s intrinsic physiological activity which increases myofibrils and mitochondria genesis in skeletal muscle and myocardium and glucose control. Supplemented EAAs can improve the physical autonomy of subjects with CHF/COPD.
Cutting Speed-Feed Coupled Experimental Model for Geometric Deviations in the Dry Turning of UNS A97075 Al-Zn Alloys
Authors: Trujillo F. J. , Sevilla L. , Marcos M.
Published: June 2014

In this work a study of the influence of cutting speed and feed on different geometric deviations (straightness, parallelism, roundness, and circular run-out) of dry turned UNS A97075 (Al-Zn) cylindrical bars has been carried out. The experimental data have revealed a low sensitivity to change of these deviations with cutting speed and feed, within the range of cutting parameters evaluated. In addition, several parametric models have been developed from the experimental results. These models allow predicting the behavior of these deviations as a function of cutting parameters applied. In order to do this, different parametric models (potential, exponential, and polynomial) have been tested. For all analyzed geometric deviations, the exponential model has shown the best fit to the experimental data.
Ethanol Extract of Alismatis rhizome Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation of OP9 Cells
Authors: Park Yeon-Ju , Kim Mi-Seong , Kim Ha-Rim , Kim Jeong-Mi , Hwang Jin-Ki , Yang Sei-Hoon , Kim Hye-Jung , Lee Dong-Sung , Oh Hyuncheol , Kim Youn-Chul , Ryu Do-Gon , Lee Young-Rae , Kwon Kang-Beom
Published: June 2014

The rhizome of Alisma orientale (Alismatis rhizome) has been used in Asia for promoting diuresis to eliminate dampness from the lower‐jiao and to expel heat. In this study, an ethanol extract of the rhizome of Alisma orientale (AOE) was prepared and its effects on adipocyte differentiation of OP9 cells were investigated. Treatment with AOE in a differentiation medium for 5 days resulted in dose‐dependent inhibition of lipid droplet formation in OP9 cells. Furthermore, AOE significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation by downregulating the expression of the master transcription factor of adipogenesis, peroxisome proliferation‐activity receptor γ (PPARγ), and related genes, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), fatty acid‐binding protein (aP2), and fatty acid synthase (FAS). AOE exerted its inhibitory effects primarily during the early adipogenesis stage (days 1‐2), at which time it also exerted dose‐dependent inhibition of the expression of C/EBPβ, a protein related to the inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion. Additionally, AOE decreased the expression of autophagy‐related proteins, including beclin 1, and the autophagy‐related genes, (Atg) 7 and Atg12. Our results indicate that AOE’s inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation of OP9 cells are mediated by reduced C/EBPβ expression, causing inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion and autophagy.
Some New Generating Functions forq-Hahn Polynomials
Authors: Zhou Yun , Luo Qiu-Ming
Published: June 2014

We obtain some new generating functions forq-Hahn polynomials and give their proofs based on the homogeneousq-difference operator.
N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate as a Thermoresponsive Substrate for Corneal Endothelial Cell Sheet Engineering
Authors: Madathil Bernadette K. , Anil Kumar Pallickaveedu RajanAsari , Kumary Thrikkovil Variyath
Published: June 2014

Endothelial keratoplasty is a recent shift in the surgical treatment of corneal endothelial dystrophies, where the dysfunctional endothelium is replaced whilst retaining the unaffected corneal layers. To overcome the limitation of donor corneal shortage, alternative use of tissue engineered constructs is being researched. Tissue constructs with intact extracellular matrix are generated using stimuli responsive polymers. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of using the thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate) polymer as a culture surface to harvest viable corneal endothelial cell sheets. Incubation below the lower critical solution temperature of the polymer allowed the detachment of the intact endothelial cell sheet. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy revealed the intact architecture, cobble stone morphology, and cell-to-cell contact in the retrieved cell sheet. Strong extracellular matrix deposition was also observed. The RT-PCR analysis confirmed functionally active endothelial cells in the cell sheet as evidenced by the positive expression of aquaporin 1, collagen IV, Na+-K+ATPase, and FLK-1. Na+-K+ATPase protein expression was also visualized by immunofluorescence staining. These results suggest that the in-house developed thermoresponsive culture dish is a suitable substrate for the generation of intact corneal endothelial cell sheet towards transplantation for endothelial keratoplasty.
Pricing Chinese Convertible Bonds with Dynamic Credit Risk
Authors: Li Ping , Song Jing
Published: June 2014

To price convertible bonds more precisely, least squares Monte Carlo (LSM) method is used in this paper for its advantage in handling the dependence of derivatives on the path, and dynamic credit risk is used to replace the fixed one to make the value of convertible bonds reflect the real credit risk. In the empirical study, we price convertible bonds based on static credit risk and dynamic credit risk, respectively. Empirical results indicate that the ICBC convertible bond has been overpriced, resulting from the underestimation of credit risk. In addition, when there is an issue of dividend, the conversion price will change in China's convertible bonds, while it does not change in the international convertible bonds. So we also empirically study the difference between the convertible bond's prices by assuming whether the conversion price changes or not.
Mathematical Modeling of the Expert System Predicting the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Ivanchuk Maria A. , Maksimyuk Vitalij V. , Malyk Igor V.
Published: June 2014

The method of building the hyperplane which separates the convex hulls in the Euclidean space Rn is proposed. The algorithm of prediction of the presence of severity in patients based on this method is developed and applied in practice to predict the presence of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Spatial Modulation Concept for Massive Multiuser MIMO Systems
Authors: Humadi Khaled M. , Sulyman Ahmed Iyanda , Alsanie Abdulhameed
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the concept of spatial modulation (SM) scheme for massive multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) system. We consider a MU-MIMO system whereKusers, each equipped with multiple antennas, are jointly serviced by a multiantenna base station transmitter (BSTx) using appropriate precoding scheme at the BSTx. The main idea introduced here is the utilization of the user’s subchannel index corresponding to the precoding matrix used at the BSTx, to convey extra useful information. This idea has not been explored, and it provides significant throughput enhancements in a multiuser system with large number of users. We examine the performance of the proposed scheme by numerical simulations. The results show that as the number of users and the receiving antennas for each user increase, the overall system throughput gets better, albeit at the cost of some degradation in the BER performance due to interantenna interference (IAI) experienced at the receiver. We then explore zero-padding approach that helps to remove these IAI, in order to alleviate the BER degradations.
Sodium Is Not Required for Chloride Efflux via Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger from Rat Thymic Lymphocytes
Authors: Stakišaitis Donatas , Meilus Vaidevutis , Juška Alfonsas , Matusevičius Paulius , Didžiapetrienė Janina
Published: June 2014

Sodium-dependent Cl−/HCO3-exchanger acts as a chloride (Cl−) efflux in lymphocytes. Its functional characterization had been described when Cl−efflux was measured upon substituting extracellular sodium (Na+) by N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG). For Na+and Cl−substitution, we have used D-mannitol or NMDG. Thymocytes of male Wistar rats aged 7–9 weeks were used and intracellular Cl−was measured by spectrofluorimetry using MQAE dye in bicarbonate buffers. Chloride efflux was measured in a Cl−-free buffer (Cl−substituted with isethionate acid) and in Na+and Cl−-free buffer with D-mannitol or with NMDG. The data have shown that Cl−efflux is mediated in the absence of Na+in a solution containing D-mannitol and is inhibited by H2DIDS. Mathematical modelling has shown that Cl−efflux mathematical model parameters (relative membrane permeability, relative rate of exchanger transition, and exchanger efficacy) were the same in control and in the medium in which Na+had been substituted by D-mannitol. The net Cl−efflux was completely blocked in the NMDG buffer. The same blockage of Cl−efflux was caused by H2DIDS. The study results allow concluding that Na+is not required for Cl−efflux via Cl−/HCO3-exchanger. NMDG in buffers cannot be used for substituting Na+because NMDG inhibits the exchanger.
H∞ILC Design for Discrete Linear Systems with Packet Dropouts and Iteration-Varying Disturbances
Authors: Xuhui Bu , Hongwei Zhang , YunZhong Song , Fashan Yu
Published: June 2014

AnH∞iterative learning controller is designed for networked systems with intermittent measurements and iteration-varying disturbances. By modeling the measurement dropout as a stochastic variable satisfying the Bernoulli random binary distribution, the design can be transformed intoH∞control of a 2D stochastic system described by Roesser model. A sufficient condition for mean-square asymptotic stability andH∞disturbance attenuation performance for such 2D stochastic system is established by means of linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, and formulas can be given for the control law design simultaneously. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.