bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Competent and Trouble Free DNA Isolation Protocol for Downstream Genetic Analyses in Glycine Species
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad Amjad , Baloch Faheem Shehzad , Rehman Hafiz Mamoon , Le Bao , Akther Fahima , Yang Seung Hwan , Gyuhwa Chung
Published: April 2017

Extraction of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) from plants is preliminary step in molecular biology. Fast and cost effective genomic DNA isolation from Glycine species for downstream application is a major bottleneck. Here we report a high throughput and trouble free method for genomic DNA extraction from leaf and seeds of Glycine species with high quality and quantity. Protocol reports the optimization by employing different concentrations of CTAB and PVP in extraction buffer. Efficiency of optimized protocol was compared with frequently used DNA extraction methods. Wide adoptability and utility of this protocol was confirmed by DNA extraction from leaves as well as seeds of G. max, G. soja, G. tomentella and G. latifolia. Extracted DNA was successfully subjected to PCR amplification of five microsatellite markers and four putative glycosyltransferase genes. DNA extraction protocol is reproducible, trouble free, rapid and can be adopted for plant molecular biology applications.
Aspir Sap ve Köklerinden Elde Edilen Uçucu Yağların Buğday, Arpa, Ayçiçeği ve Nohutun Çimlenme ve Fide Gelişimine Etkileri
Authors: Day Sibel
Published: April 2017

The phytotoxic impact of safflower extracts prepared by different plant parts like stem and root of it on germination and seedling growth of plants like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were studied. Root and stem extracts of safflower at 2.5, 5 and 10% concentrations were obtained from safflower residuals after harvest of the plants. Mean germination time and percentage, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were investigated. Essential oil composition of both root and stem extracts were determined. Results indicated that extract doses significantly influenced mean germination time of sunflower and chickpea. Germination time of wheat and barley also decreased with the increasing extract doses. The other growing parameters of all crops were also decreased with extract doses. The main essential oil compound of root extract was 1-Pentadecene (47.78%) followed by 2-Naphthalenemethanol (33.07%). The main essential oil compound of stem extract was 2-Naphthalenemethanol (49.15%) followed by Lauryl alcohol (22.26%). Root and stem extracts of safflower showed different effects. Stem extract mostly had severe impact on sunflower while root extract had this impact on wheat and barley. Consequently, removing stem parts of the safflower from field could reduce the amount of secondary metabolites released from the plant parts.
Giresun İlinde Balık Tüketiminin Araştırılması
Authors: Türkmen Mustafa , Türkmen Aysun , Duran Köksal
Published: April 2017

This study aimed to investigate the fish consumption in Giresun by survey method. Fish meat was compared with other meat types according to education, level of income, consumption rate and quantity. In research carried out according to the random sampling method. Questions were asked face to face a total of 433 persons. A total 428 participants (98.9%) stated that they consumed fish. However, the most consumed meat type is chicken, second is fish. A total 91% participant preferred marine fish. The most consumed fish species is anchovy with 34%. Fish consumption per person in Giresun is above Turkey’s average with 12.34 kg/year.
Ziraat Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Ekolojik Dünya Görüşlerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Demirtaş Bekir , Tapkı Nuran
Published: April 2017

New Ecological Paradigm Scale (NEP) is commonly used to determine people’s environmental opinion and their behaviors about it. Environment-friendly and sustainable agricultural production techniques are one of the most important issue in agricultural engineering. In this study, agricultural engineer candidates’ environmental behaviors were determined by using of NEP scale. Data was collected from 350 undergraduate students in 2015-2016 school year. Environmental behavior mean was found as 3,38 that indicates slightly better than average environmental behavior. Four sub dimensions were determined with Explanatory Factor Analysis and variance was found 68%. According to First and Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis, data showed results that confirm models. Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis explanatory rate was found 78%. Despite all technological development, mankind still under the influence of natural laws and there is a serious environmental degradation by human activities. Agricultural engineer candidates showed a behavior that is balanced between environmental awareness and meeting humans’ nutrition needs.
Uskumru (Scomber scombrus) ve Levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax ) Kemiklerinden Jelatin Ekstraksiyonu ve Karakterizasyonu
Authors: Yanar Yasemen , Gökçin Mehmet
Published: April 2017

The aims of this study were to determine the physicochemical properties of extracted gelatins from mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) bones and compare with those of commercial fish and bovine gelatins. The yield of gelatin obtained from the bone of mackerel and sea bass were 5.98 and 6.20%, respectively. Two extracted gelatins showed higher protein content, lower moisture content compared to both commercial gelatins, indicates that the gelatin has considerably high purity. Melting temperatures of mackerel and sea bass bone gelatins were 25.5 and 23°C, respectively. Mackerel bone gelatin was yellow in appearance and higher L* value than both commercial gelatins. It can be concluded from the present study that mackerel and sea bass bone are a prospective source to produce gelatin in good yield with desirable functional properties comparable to commercially available mammalian and fish gelatins.
Hatay İli Meyve Fidanı Üreticisi İşletmelerin GZFT Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Tapkı Nuran , Emeksiz Faruk , Dağıstan Erdal
Published: April 2017

In this study, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analyses is done in order to reveal current status of fruit sapling suppliers in Hatay. Data collected from representative face-to-face surveys using full counting method with totally 92 suppliers in the present study. Current statuses of companies were revealed according to SWOT analyses. Favourable ecological conditions, proximity to citrus growing areas and sea, presence of unemployed person in the family and accessibility were the strengths of selected region. Low educational level, small parcels of land, suppliers without regular records, unconsciousness of producers on organizing were the weakness of the selected region, on the contrary.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Evaluation of Cnidoscolus aurifolia Leaves
Authors: Udo Uwemedimo Emmanuel , Udo Akaninyene Uwemedimo
Published: April 2017

The leaves of Cnidoscolus aurifolia were analysed for their chemical, antinutrients, proximate and mineral element compositions using standard procedures. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and tannins while anthraquinones, glycosides and phlobatannins were absent. Proximate analysis indicated high protein content (59.45 ± 0.07%) with crude fibre and fat also present in appreciable quantities. Mineral elements determination showed the presence of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and zinc. Antinutrient analysis of the leaf extract of C. aurifolia indicated low levels of phytic acid and hydrocyanide well below the lethal doses. An unusually high oxalate level of 404.80 ± 0.11 mg/100 g (dry weight) was also obtained although still below toxic level. These results support the ethnomedicinal and nutritional uses of this plant and suggest that the consumption of leaves of C. aurifolia is not harmful nutritively.
Kahverengi Yumurtacı Saf Hatlarda Bazı Yumurta Kalite Özelliklerinin Kuluçka Sonuçları Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Durmuş İsmail , Kamanlı Serdar , Alkan Sezai
Published: April 2017

This study was conducted to determine the influence of eggshell thickness, albumen height, yolk height and haugh unit on hatching results. A total of 746 eggs, which were obtained and evaluated for egg quality parameters from 100 brown pure line hens of 42 weeks of age, were used. Eggs were collected from each hen for 12 days and individual incubation was carried out. Eggs were grouped based on quality parameters and evaluated accordingly. The findings suggested that hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, early, mid and late embryonic mortality did not differ in terms of haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell thickness and yolk height groups. However, early embryonic mortality was found different between the yolk height groups. No relationship was determined among albumen height, haugh unit, eggshell thickness and hatching results. There was no relation between yolk height and hatchability of fertile eggs, hatchability, mid and late embryonic mortalities but was a positive correlation with early embryonic mortality. The results of the present study demonstrate that egg quality parameters studied here had no influence on hatching results except that early embryonic mortality increased with the yolk height.
Elemental Composition of Soils Mixed with the Grape Molasses
Authors: Kurnaz Aslı , Turhan Şeref , Gezelge Muazzez , Hançerlioğulları Aybaba , Çetiner Mehmet Atıf
Published: April 2017

Molasses, which is a traditional food substance obtained by boiling the fruit with local procedures and is abundantly eaten by Turkish people, are commonly produced from grapes. Zile, which is county of Tokat city placed in Central Black Sea region, is famous with molasses in Turkey. A special soil called as molasses soil containing CaO is added into to molasses in order to resolve acidification during production process. The purpose of this study is to determine the element concentration levels in grabe molasses soil samples collected from Zile by using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). For this purpose, thirty-eight elements and eleven oxides were detected in molasses soil samples. The average concentrations of six major oxides (MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO and Fe2O3) were found as 1.58%, 7.96%, 17.01%, 1.01%, 30.52% and 8.72%, respectively. Also, the average concentrations of three minor (Na2O, P2O5 ,TiO2) and two trace (SO3, MnO) oxides were found as 0.96%, 0.12%, 0.95% and 0.04%, 0.1%, respectively.
Nigeria: Positioning Rural Economy for Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Okunola Akinbode Michael
Published: April 2017

Nigeria as nation has over the years engaged in lots of developmental activities without actions which makes achievements to elude the people. Development of societies doesn’t happen in the vacuum. Thus, the adoption of Structural Adjustment Program, SAP, by Nigeria leading to the neglect of the custom periodic National Plan at a time when Nigeria had no structure for development was the beginning of journey to widened inequality and large poverty incidence, depth and severity. To close the gap between the rich and the poor, the Nigeria government had designed and implemented some programs and policies whose implementation has not solved the inherent problems. In year 2000, the world leaders subscribed to the Millennium Development Goals to ensure synergized global approach to solving the poverty menace. Programs designed in Nigeria to achieve the MDGs focused on the urban centers thereby relegating the rural areas which are responsible for the feeding of the teeming population of the urban dwellers. Farming households and the general rural communities do not have access to clean water, quality education and health facilities, good feeder roads, affordable and safe energy as well as other socioeconomic and socio-infrastructural facilities that would ensure sustainable living for the people whose contribution to the national economy cannot be overemphasized. This study therefore looks at the structural actions the Nigeria government should embarked upon to ensure that the rural dweller have access to life. As the government would be developing programs and policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals whose priority is the end poverty in all forms and everywhere by 2030, this study reveals how to position the rural economy for developmental attention from the policy makers.
Beç Tavuklarında (Numida meleagris) Yumurta Şekil İndeksinin Yumurta Kalitesine Etkileri
Authors: Alkan Sezai , Karslı Taki , Durmuş İsmail , Karabağ Kemal
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to investigated the effects of the egg shape index on egg quality characteristics in Guinea fowl. For this, the eggs were classified in terms of egg shape index, as ≤ 75, < 76 -77 > and ≥ 78. A total of 100 Guinea fowl eggs were evaluated to determine the egg quality traits ( egg weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell surface area, eggshell weight per unit surface area, eggshell ratio, albumen index, albumen ratio, yolk index, yolk ratio, yolk/albumen ratio, haugh unit and egg volume). In this study, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight per unit surface area, eggshell ratio, albumen index, albumen ratio, yolk index, yolk ratio, yolk/albumen ratio and haugh unit were not significantly affected by egg shape index groups. Whereas egg weight, eggshell surface area and egg volume were significantly affected by egg shape index groups. At the same time, there were found significant relationship between the egg shape index and egg quality traits. Egg shape index was found to be an important factor affecting the egg quality characteristics.
Vernonia amygdalina: An Underutilized Vegetable with Nutraceutical Potentials – A Review
Authors: Kadiri Oseni , Olawoye Babatunde
Published: April 2017

In recent years, studies have been focus not only on the nutritional properties of Vernonia amygdalina, but its pharmacological, medicinal and antioxidant values. The antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, haematological, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, pharmacological and medicinal value of Vernonia amygdalina is no longer in doubt and is comprehensively documented in this study. Some studies attribute its medicinal properties to its phytochemical compounds while other studies link its health benefits to its bioactive components. It is expected that this review will be useful to researchers, agriculturists and herbal medical practitioners and improve interest in the study and utilization of this plant in other part of the globe where it is not presently cultivated or utilize. Relevant information was obtained from online resources such as Google Search, Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline. Only literature highlighting the nutritional, medicinal, pharmacological, and antioxidant activities of the plant were selected for this review.
Yumurtacı Tavuklarda Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Uçucu Yağının Bazı Kan Parametreleri ve İnce Bağırsak Mikroflorası Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: Çimrin Tülay , Demirel Murat
Published: April 2017

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of antibiotic, vitamin E and rosemary essential oils in various doses on some blood parameters, beneficial and harmful microorganisms in instentine jejunum microflora of lying hens. The experiment was conducted according to random parcel experiment design. A total of 240 Bovans genotype and 32 weeks aged were equally divided into 6 groups (8 hens in each group with 5 replicates). While the control group was fed with basal diet the treatment groups were supplemented with 500 mg/kg antibiotics; 200 mg/kg vitamin E; 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg REO to basal diet for 90 consecutive days. The result showed that there were no effects of all additions to basal diets on examined blood parameters. Antibiotic and all rosemary essential oils doses to basal diet affected the instentine jejunum bacteria content by decreasing probable coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridium perfringens (Cl. perfringens) bacteria level significantly. While a 100 mg/kg rosemary essential oils dose was of the same influence with antibiotic (500 mg/kg) on all bacteria species, 200 and 300 mg/kg doses applications were more effective on E. coli compare to antibiotics. 300 mg/kg doses applications dose was more effective on probable faecal coliforms than antibiotics. As conclusion, the results shows the rosemary essential oils has the high antimicrobial effect on some pathogenic bacterias and could be used in laying hen for feed addition.
Peynir Üretiminde Pıhtı Kesim Zamanının Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Enstrümental Yöntemler
Authors: Yılmaz - Ersan Lütfiye , Omak Gizem
Published: April 2017

In cheese-manufacturing process, cutting time greatly affects moisture, yield, and quality of cheese as well as whey fat losses. The objective cutting time determination is extremely important to both the quality and the quantity of cheese being produced. Taking into account the importance of accurate cutting time determination for economic and practical aspects, numerous instrumental techniques have been developed to assess cutting time based on a wide range of mechanical, vibrational, ultrasonic, thermal or optical instrument methods. In this article, information about advanced instrumental methods applied to the analysis of cutting time will be given.
The Effects of Dairy Management on Milk Quality Characteristics
Authors: Petrov Pylyp , Zhukova Yaroslava , Yuriy Demikhov
Published: April 2017

The article focuses on the impact of different dairy management types on quality characteristics of organic and conventional milk. The study was conducted during 9 months (spring-autumn), raw milk samples were collected from organic and conventional dairy farms from two Ukrainian regions. The milk samples were analyzed for dry matter, total protein and non-protein nitrogen, ammonia content and values of stable isotopes 13С/12С were measured in fat and milk protein fractions. The values of dry matter, total protein, true protein and non-protein nitrogen content do not represent a statistically significant effect of farming type. The values of ammonia content, ammonia/non-protein nitrogen and ammonia/total protein ratios were statistically significant and reflected the impact of farming type which is, probably, linked with different protein content in cows’ diet. Conversion of some parameters on the dry matter allows more precise differentiation among types of milk, including statistically significant differences (e.g. total protein and ammonia content). The values of δ13C in fat fraction (-26.00‰) and protein fraction (-22.89‰) of organic milk were statistically significant differed in comparison with conventional milk (-23.14 ‰ and -19.15‰ respectively), due to the high amount of maize in the diet on conventional farm. The values of Δδ13C also were statistically significant: 3.99‰ in conventional milk and 3.11‰ in organic. It was established that conventional milk has a greater range of the different parameter seasonal variations than organic milk.
Agricultural Extension Contact and Farmer’s Income in Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmudul Haq Abu Zafar
Published: April 2017

The impacts of extension contact on income of farmers have been examined with a view to evaluate the agricultural extension services in Bangladesh. The scope of the study was ten villages of Gazipur of Bangladesh. The objective of the study is to identify the effect of extension contact on crop income, livestock income, fisheries income, miscellaneous income, total agricultural income, nonagricultural income and total income of farmers. The sample of the study consists of 1000 farmers. Data came from field survey and multistage random sampling technique was used for the collection of data. The results indicated that the impacts of extension contact coefficients on crop income, nonagricultural income are positive and significant. However, the impacts of extension contact coefficients are not significant in the cases of livestock, fisheries, miscellaneous and agricultural incomes. But it does not mean that agricultural extension has no reward in Bangladesh. The sample data indicates that the impact of extension contact on total income of farmers is positive and significant. The study concludes that agricultural extension is necessary to raise the income of farmers.
Kaba Yem Üretiminde Hidroponik Tarım Sistemleri
Authors: Kılıç Ünal
Published: April 2017

Hydroponic farming system (HFS) is used to meet the roughage requirements of ruminants as an alternative method. In the system, forage production is achieved all over the year and germinated grains such as barley, wheat and oat, are used as fresh forage sources. In the present study, HFS, about which there are limited information, was discussed with its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the nutritive values of fresh forages produced in HFS system and also their using possibilities in animal nutrition were discussed. It was understood that HFS can be used for meeting forage requirements of ruminants if it runs effectively.
Peyzaj Planlamada Biyoklimatik Konfor Alanların Belirlenmesi: Cide Kıyı Şeridi Örneği
Authors: Cetin Mehmet
Published: April 2017

People are with overall nominal temperature, precipitation, humidity and where in certain ranges of environmental conditions such as wind they feel healthy and dynamic. In the appropriate range for the people of these values it is called the bioclimatic comfort. When bioclimatic comfort area is in the range of fair value would bother people in the area and want to get away from the area. Hence bioclimatic comfort areas used for the purpose of tourism is very important. In this study, Kastamonu-Cide bioclimatic comfort is done mapping of the coastline and thus aimed at building pad similar studies of a similar nature in the coastal areas. For this purpose, the region's climate data Cide is located; equivalent temperature according to the physiological index is bioclimatic comfort maps were prepared. To determine the structure of the field is bioclimatic comfort is collected climatic data from meteorological stations. The obtained data were evaluated by means of Rayman 1.2 and geographic information system (GIS) is used to produce thermal perception map with the help of software. According to the psychological equivalent temperatures As a result, the most appropriate time and area for outdoor recreation activities have been identified by thermal perception maps.
Doğu Akdeniz Adana Sahilleri'nden Yakalanan Has Kefal (Mugil cephalus L. 1758)'lerde Myxobolus ichkeulensis Enfestasyonu
Authors: Demirkale İbrahim , Cengizler İbrahim
Published: April 2017

Myxobolus ichkeulensis is one of the species fish parasites within the class Myxozoa that infests the gill filaments of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). M. ichkeulensis infestation rates vary depending on environmental conditions and seasonal variations. In this research, seasonal infestation ratio of M. ichkeluensis on Grey Mullets living in 4 different environmental conditions, were determined. To accomplish this aim, 25 Grey Mullet individuals were captured monthly from 4 different stations (Karataş Port, Hurma Boğazı Lagoon, Çamlık Lagoon and Yumurtalık Port) within the coastal region of Adana province. In addition, relation between infestation ratio and the following parameters: fish size (length and weight); season and salinity were investigated. Our results revealed that, 109 fish infested out of 1200 fishes (%9.08) by M. ichkeulensis; Highest infestation level (%35.8) was recorded in summer months (July-September) interval. Parasitic cyct settlement on the gill arches was determined to be with the highest rate (48.2%) on the fist arc. The highest infestation level (21%) was recorded in Grey Mullets captured from Yumurtalık Port in comparison to other stations studied.
Kırşehir İlindeki Arılıklarda Nosema Hastalığının Belirlenmesi
Authors: Büyük Mithat , İvgin Tunca Rahşan , Taşkın Atilla
Published: April 2017

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Nosema disease caused by Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in bee colonies in Kırşehir. A hundred worker honey bee samples were collected from each of 51 beekeepers in 31 locations in 5 provinces of Kırşehir (Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar, Boztepe and Kaman) in July 2014. A total 5100 samples were used in this study. The microscopic examinations of the study suggested that there was existence of Nosema spores in Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar and Boztepe with 25%, 23.07%, 12.5% and 60%, respectively; whereas no spores were detected in Kaman province. It was found a positive correlation between humidity and numbers of nosema spores. Molecular analyses showed that N. ceranae is only Nosema type in studied all positive samples.
Characterization of Rhizobia from Root Nodule and Rhizosphere of Lablab purpureus and Vigna sinensis in Bangladesh
Authors: Pervin Safirun , Jannat Bushra , Sanjee Sohana Al
Published: April 2017

Nitrogen fixation resulting from mutual symbiosis of rhizobia and cultivated legume plants is therefore critical to food security as it directly affects agricultural production. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) can be an important factor in sustainable agriculture.The isolation and identification of different slow growing and fast growing rhizobial strains from the nodules of two leguminous plant species. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium spp. was isolated from (Lablab purpureus and Vigna sinensis). Nodules samples were collected from plants growing in different Districts of Bangladesh and the Glucose-Peptone Agar (GPA), Congo red, Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) containing 2% NaCl were employed to make presumptive decisions on the recognition and classification of the isolated bacterial strains. All the isolates were found with poor absorption of dye Congo red and little or no growth on the media of GPA and without altering the pH. Almost all of the isolates exhibit growth on 2% NaCl, poor growth on GPA, thus confirming the rhizobia. After biochemical tests like catalase test and citrate utilization test isolates were confirmed as Rhizobia. The presence of rhizobia on root nodules of leguminous Plant. Not only the leguminous Plant but also the rhizosphere contains rhizobia which help in soil fertilization.
Kahramanmaraş İli Merkez İlçe Kırsalında Çiftçilerin Gübre Kullanım Durumu
Authors: Kızıloğlu Rüveyda , Kızılaslan Nuray
Published: April 2017

In this research, fertilizer and soil analysis applications over farmers in District of Kahramanmaras Province has been determined. Investigation data cover surveys made to 379 cultivators. The result indicated that there was no effective and rational fertilizing in area. It was found that farmer’s applied fertilizers without considering soil analysis test. There were significant lack of extension and training about fertilizer use and fertilizing. Farmers need information about fertilizer and fertilizing application. Therefore, farmers training about fertilizer use should be given importance and extension programs should be improved in the research area.
Modelling the Drying Characteristics and Kinetics of Hot Air-Drying of Unblanched Whole Red Pepper and Blanched Bitter Leaf Slices
Authors: Agarry Samuel Enahoro
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the drying characteristics and kinetics of red pepper and bitter leaf under the influence of different drying temperatures. The drying experiments were carried out at dry bulb temperature of 35, 45, 55 and 75oC, respectively in an oven dryer. The results showed that as drying temperature increased, drying rate also increased and the drying time decreased. It was observed that un-sliced red pepper and sliced bitter leaf would dry within 2.5-12 h and 1.67-7 h, respectively at temperature ranging from 75 to 35oC. The drying of red pepper and bitter leaf was both in the constant and falling rate period. Four semi-empirical mathematical drying models (Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, and Logarithmic models) were fitted to the experimental drying curves. The models were compared using the coefficient of determination (R^2) and the root mean square error (RMSE). The Page model has shown a better fit to the experimental drying data of red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively as relatively compared to other tested models. Moisture transport during drying was described by the application of Fick’s diffusion model and the effective moisture diffusivity was estimated. The value ranges from 15.69 to 84.79 × 10-9 m2/s and 0.294 to 1.263 × 10-9 m2/s for red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively. The Arrhenius-type relationship describes the temperature dependence of effective moisture diffusivity and was determined to be 37.11 kJ/mol and 32.86 kJ/mol for red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively. A correlation between the drying time and the heat transfer area was also developed.
Alabalık İşletmelerinin Ekonomik Yapısı ve Sorunları: Fethiye İlçesi Örneği
Authors: Ekmekci Hicran , Gül Mevlüt
Published: April 2017

In this study, economic structure and problems of trout enterprise were analysed in Fethiye district. It was aimed to determine the input of enterprises engaged in aquaculture at the Fethiye district, calculation of the economic situation, investigation of the market situation and determine problems. In addition possible solutions were tried to be to problems. In the district, it was interviewed with 17 trout enterprises. Data were collected with interviewing face to face by questionnaires. These data was analysed by MS Excel and SPSS programmes. 52.9% of the enterprises were established in the foothill, 35.3% were in open field and 11.8% were established in between valleys. 58.8% of these enterprises were individual enterprises, %17.6 was simple partnership and 23.5% were commercial partnership. The most shares in the active capital were constituted working capital with a rate of 70.3% whereas the share of landlord’s capital was 29.7%. The share of own capital in passive capital was 93.9% and the usage of foreign capital was low (6.1%). The share of variable cost was 83.6% while fixed cost was 16.4% in the total production cost. The main problem of enterprises was the rise of feed costs. A feed cost was found to constitute 63.4% of total production costs. Producers should be given support in terms of technical knowledge and efforts to raise awareness of local people and consumers should be made.
Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Araştırılması
Authors: Büyükkaya Kayış Fikret , Dinçer Sadık , Matyar Fatih , Mercimek Takcı Hatice Aysun , Sümengen Özdenefe Melis , Arkut Afet
Published: April 2017

Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period).

When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.
Evaluation of Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stability of Some Waste Seed Oil
Authors: Uluata Sibel , Ozdemir Nurhayat
Published: April 2017

In this study, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and oxidative stability of cherry seed (SCO), sweet cherry seed (SCSO), mulberry seed (MSO) and plum seed oil (PSO) were determined. Oleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid (42.9-67.3%), and followed by linoleic acid (23.4-41.8%) for SCO, SCSO and PSO. Linoleic acid was determined as primary fatty acid in MSO. γ-tocopherol was determined the main and highest tocopherol isomers varied from 579.9 to 605 mg/kg oil in SCO, SCSO and PSO, whereas δ-tocopherol was determined main tocopherol isomer with 1354mg/kg oil value in MSO. Plum seed oil (PSO) was the highest antioxidant activity values in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. There was no significant differences in lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) formation among SCO, SCSO and MSO. PSO had the highest induction period (15.1 h), followed by MSO (1.4 h), SCSO (1.5 h), SCO(1.3 h). PSO was oxidatively more stable than the other oil samples. This research shows that these waste seed oils have high antioxidant capacity and tocopherol content, so they could be used in food industry.
Changes in the Quality of Black Mulberry and Blueberry Sherbets During Storage
Authors: Ergün Ahsen Rayman , Tekgül Yeliz , Bozkır Hamza , Baysal Taner
Published: April 2017

This study was evaluated the quality properties of traditional drink sherbets that are prepared from black mulberry and blueberry fruits. After production sherbets were investigated to determine their pH, acidity, °brix and colour values, total sugar, phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant contents. Moreover the sherbets stored at 4°C during 2 months and the changes in these quality properties were examined per month. As a result statistically significant changes were observed in the quality properties of these sherbets of black mulberry and blueberry fruits which are known with their rich content of phytochemical compounds. The results show that in blueberry sherbet the degradation of phenolics was faster than black mulberry sherbet. Anthocyanins that are higher in black mulberry sherbets after production were preserved better in blueberry sherbets at the end of 2nd month. L*and a* values decreased for blackberry and blueberry sherbets during storage. b* value decreased from 5.59 to 4.92 for blackberry sherbet while it increased from 0.62 to 0.79 for blueberry sherbet at the end of the storage time.
Analyses of Dynamics in Dairy Products and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Population by Molecular Methods
Authors: Sofu Aytül
Published: April 2017

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.
Effect of Jatrophaand Ethanol Biofuel Blending on Performance of Agricultural Diesel Engine Tractors - Sudan
Authors: Dahab Mohamed Hassan , Kheiry Abdalla Noureldin Osman , Tageldeen Ibramim Tageldeen Saeed
Published: April 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fuel type ( pure diesel, blending 10% of Jatropha oil with diesel (J10%), blending 14% of Jatropha oil with blending (J14%),blending 10% of ethanol with diesel (E10%), blending 14% of ethanol with diesel (E14%), blending 10% of Jatropha oil and 10% of ethanol with diesel (J10%, E10%) and blending 14% of Jatropha oil and 14% of ethanol with diesel (J14%, E14%)), on exhaust gases, engine speed, implement draft and power requirement and fuel consumption. The results showed that, Blending J14%, E14% recorded the highest rate of fuel consumption as 4.60 l/h compared with pure diesel which recorded 3.90 l/h. Pure diesel fuel recorded the lowest engine speed of 2174 rpm, while the fuel blends recorded engine speed in the range of 2529 – 2583 rpm. The fuel blend J14% recorded the lowest ppm of CO and of NO2.The J10%, E14% and J10% with E10% blending’s recorded the lowest SO2 as zero ppm. Pure diesel recorded the highest power requirement of 6.81 kW while J14% recorded the lowest power of 5.32 kW. Ethanol blending’s showed higher power than Jatropha blending by 19.7%. Statistical analysis showed that, the effect of fuel blending on draft and power, gases exhausted, engine speed and fuel consumption were not significant.
Working with Proteins in silico: A Review of Online Available Tools for Basic Identification of Proteins
Authors: Yavuz Caner , Öztürk Zahide Neslihan
Published: April 2017

Increase in online available bioinformatics tools for protein research creates an important opportunity for scientists to reveal characteristics of the protein of interest by only starting from the predicted or known amino acid sequence without fully depending on experimental approaches. There are many sophisticated tools used for diverse purposes; however, there are not enough reviews covering the tips and tricks in selecting and using the correct tools as the literature mainly state the promotion of the new ones. In this review, with the aim of providing young scientists with no specific experience on protein work a reliable starting point for in silico analysis of the protein of interest, we summarized tools for annotation, identification of motifs and domains, determination isoelectric point, molecular weight, subcellular localization, and post-translational modifications by focusing on the important points to be considered while selecting from online available tools.
Diyette Proteinler, Aminoasitler ve Bazı Diğer Aminli Bileşiklerin Kardiyovasküler Sistem Üzerine Metabolik Etkileri
Authors: Uğur Elif , Ünal Reyhan Nergiz
Published: April 2017

During the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, first cause of deaths in the world, diet has a vital role. While nutrition programs for the cardiovascular health generally focus on lipids and carbohydrates, effects of proteins are not well concerned. Thus this review is written in order to examine effect of proteins, amino acids, and the other amine consisting compounds on cardiovascular system. Because of that animal or plant derived proteins have different protein composition in different foods such as dairy products, egg, meat, chicken, fish, pulse and grains, their effects on blood pressure and regulation of lipid profile are unlike. In parallel amino acids made up proteins have different effect on cardiovascular system. From this point, sulfur containing amino acids, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glycine, and glutamine may affect cardiovascular system in different metabolic pathways. In this context, one carbon metabolism, synthesis of hormone, stimulation of signaling pathways and effects of intermediate and final products that formed as a result of amino acids metabolism is determined. Despite the protein and amino acids, some other amine consisting compounds in diet include trimethylamine N-oxide, heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and products of Maillard reaction. These amine consisting compounds generally increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases by stimulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and formation of atherosclerotic plaque.
Agricultural Credit Market and Farmers’ Response: A Case Study of Turkey
Authors: Gunes Erdogan , Movassaghi Hormoz
Published: April 2017

Agriculture is an important sector in Turkey’s economy. Access to credit financing is critical for timely acquisition of different inputs, farm productivity, and ultimately farmers’ financial well-being. Historically, Ziraat Bank and Agricultural Credit Cooperatives, supported by Turkish government, have been the principle supplier of loanable funds in the agricultural sector. However, since 2000, many private banks have discovered the potential of this market and entered the competition. This study was designed to investigate the structure of the agricultural credit market in Turkey and identify factors that influence farmers’ preference among alternative lenders. It was found that although the 550 Turkish farmers surveyed had several options among lenders, low interest rates and attainable eligibility criteria emerged as the most important differentiators among banks. Results from the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) demonstrate the rising role of private banks’ credit. However, Ziraat Banks’ subsidized credits still dominant and its composite weight is 30.74% of total amount of agricultural credit market.
Patates İşleme Endüstrisi Yan Ürünleri ve Hayvan Beslemede Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Özdemir Pınar , Malayoğlu Hatice Basmacıoğlu
Published: April 2017

All around the world, particularly in developed countries, fresh potato consumption decreased while the consumption as fast food, snack and convenience food was increased. Potato processing industry has by-products such as cull potato, peel, pulp, and waste water. These by-products can be utilized for production of ethyl alcohol, single cell protein, microbial enzymes, lactic acid, organic fertilizer and bioethanol. The pulp obtained from the processing of potato for starch production can be considered as an energy source with starch content in animal nutrition. Recently, potato peel with the contents of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic, caffeic, gallic, protocatechuic acids) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects have been intensely focused on. Conversion of by-products of potato processing industry into value-added products is economically important. It was reviewed here by-products of potato processing industry and their evaluation in animal nutrition.
Konjuge Linoleik Asit ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi
Authors: Ulus Canan Asal , Gücükoğlu Ali
Published: April 2017

The development in science  technology and the researches made in the health field showed that nutrition increases the effectiveness of medical treatment as well as maintaining the human health and singularly effective in the treatment of certain diseases. In recent years, the importance of nutritional elements called ‘Functional foods’ has increased. Functional foods provide physiological benefits and can reduce the risk of chronic diseases beyond their nutritional benefits. One of these functional compounds is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers which have significant effects on human health and previously have been demonstrated in the researches carried out on people and animals. CLA’s attracted more attention after detection of its body fat accumulation reducing, antidiabetic, immune system enhancing, arteriosclerosis reducing, bone mineralization increasing effects.
2-Fazlı Zeytin Pirinasının Değerlendirilmesinde Kurutmanın Önemi
Authors: Baysan Ulaş , Koç Mehmet , Ertekin Figen
Published: April 2017

With starting healthy consumption awareness in people throughout world, olive oil demand has increased and it is expected that this demand will increase day by day. As a result of increase in the demand for olive oil, the rise in amount of olive pomace that emerges after olive oil production is evident. The differences in olive oil production methods result in varied wastes in terms of property and quantity. Olive mill waste water and olive pomace possessing 35-40% moisture come out in 3-phase system while only olive pomace possessing 60-70% moisture comes out in 2-phase system. The quantity and pollution degree of waste water coming out in 3-phase system are considerably high from 2-phase system. Recycling of 2-phase olive pomace containing also olive mill waste water, which is highly harmful for environment and is generally discharged to nature without any treatment, is considerably important by processing. This review gives information about the necessity of drying of olive pomace and related studies with this subject.
Attitude of Farmers towards Thai Koi Farming in Selected Upazila of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Farruk , Zulfikar Rahman Mohammad , Sheheli Shonia , Dev Debashish Sarker
Published: April 2017

The main purposes of the study were to determine the attitude of farmers towards Thai Koi farming in a selected area of Mymensingh district. Attempt was also made to identify the problems faced by the farmers in Thai Koi farming. Data were obtained from randomly selected 70 Thai Koi farmers of Shaiod and Ahmedpur villages in Kheruajani Union under Muktagachha Upazila of Mamensingh district during April, 2015. Attitude of the farmers was measured in respect of different aspects of Thai koi production. A three-point rating scale was used to indicate the Thai koi farmers’ response against each statement. The possible score for each respondent could range from 15 to 45 and observed score ranged from 31 to 41. It is evident that ‘I believe that Thai koi farming in pond can supply protein and nutrition to the family members ranked first as a statement in attitude scale of Thai Koi farmers. Second is ‘I like Thai Koi farming because it has higher growth rate than that of other local Koi’. Most of the Thai Koi farmers had highly favourable attitude. Among the problems, ‘high sensitivity to disease of Thai Koi’ got the highest problem confrontation score and stood the first ranked problem and other problem were ‘High price of Thai koi feed’, High price of drugs’ and ‘High price of farm labour’ etc. Farmers suggested from their experiences that there should have need-based spot training on effective management of Thai Koi farming. In achieving this target, Department of Fisheries and allied NGOs may play a crucial role.
The Importance of Edible Landscape in the Cities
Authors: Çelik Filiz
Published: April 2017

The 21st century sustainable city requires the merging of urbanism with sustainable food systems. The challenges industrial food system separates people from their food sources. The design strategies for edible landscape are about re-inviting food back into the city and re-connecting people with their local/regional food system to promote a healthier lifestyle. Edible landscapes are a movement in transition and sprouting up as a response to the slow food movement and living a greener lifestyle. These urban agricultural landscapes are fast becoming iconic media darlings and are demonstrating that they are far more than growing vegetables and fruits on abandoned lots. Edible landscaping is the use of food plants as design features in a landscape. These plants are used both for aesthetic value as well as consumption. Edible landscapes encompass a variety of garden types and scales but do not include food items produced for sale. Edible landscaping is the practical integration of food plants within an ornamental or decorative setting. Using edibles in landscape design can enhance a garden by providing a unique ornamental component with additional health, aesthetic, and economic benefits. In this study; emergence of edible landscape, edible landscape design and maintenance, samples of edible landscape, productive plants, importance of edible landscaping for urban environments have been explained.