bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WATER‐CAPACITY PLANNING FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS
Authors: Piersall Charles H. , Platt Stuart F.
Published: February 2018

Creation of many small local districts has complicated and served to postpone area‐wide solutions to water‐resource management. Although the data in this article are specific to the Monroe County, N.Y., area, the proposals are not limited in scope of application. The information herein suggests that, in general, consolidation of water‐storage and ‐distribution facilities can bring a net benefit to regional users that amounts to millions of dollars.
THE NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION AND THE WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL
Authors: Schad Theodore M.
Published: February 2018

In 1965 Congress passed the Water Resources Planning Act and thereby created a (federal) Water Resources Council. It also authorized the establishment of interstate water‐resource development commissions and grants to individual states. About four years ago, Congress went a step further and authorized the creation of a (nonfederal) National Water Commission to look after the long‐range problems confronting the US in its effort to preserve its water resources. The four articles that appear under the common title, “National Water Commission and Water Resources Council,” are adapted from four related papers presented at the Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., Jun. 23, 1970.

The lead article, by Schad, moderator of the joint discussion, is a response to questions that have been raised regarding the relationship of the National Water Commission and the Water Resources Council. Because it is made up of seven members who have no other position with the federal government, the Commission is in a position to obtain an overview of existing institutions and arrangements. The Commission's job is to come up with recommendations for measures to ensure that future needs for water and water‐related services are met efficiently. Under the terms of its charter, the Commission must work closely with the Council. The article details this relationship.

The second article, by Maughan, describes the makeup and operations of the Council. In the process, the author brings the reader up to date about a current significant activity of the Council: its study of a multiple‐objective approach to the evaluation of water‐resource programs and projects.

The third in this series of articles, by McFarland, is a critical appraisal of the relative merits of the Council and the Commission. The author contends that the Council has not done the job for which it was created. He ruminates about why this condition is so and suggests ways by which the Commission can avoid the same pitfalls.

The last article, by Verkler, describes some of the ancillary benefits that are an outcome of the work by both the Council and the Commission. The author contends that many of the methods applied to the preservation of our water resources can be adapted to land‐use planning. The article is, therefore, an exposition of methods and procedures along with suggestions as to their future application.
WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL NEEDS: WHAT, WHERE, WHEN?
Authors: Vaughn Stuart H.
Published: February 2018

Each manufacturing company has a variety of water needs. Based on these needs, decisions must be made about the source of supply and whether the water is to be dumped after first use or recycled. This article discourses on many of the factors in fluencing those decisions.
MICHIGAN‐INDUSTRY REUSE OF TREATED WASTE
Authors: Shannon Edwin S. , Maass Arthur
Published: February 2018

The Midland Div. of the Dow Chemical Co. effectively has taken into its cooling water and fire‐protection system the treated sewage from the City of Midland, Mich. Here are the reasons why Dow elected to take this measure and a report about the effectiveness of the move.
RECLAMATION AND INDUSTRIAL REUSE OF AMARILLO'S WASTEWATER
Authors: Terry S. L.
Published: February 2018

A growing awareness of the need for water conservation is pervading all factions of US society. In order to husband its resources, the City of Amarillo has instituted wastewater reclamation. The first of these two papers presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 25, 1970, is devoted to the operation of that city's wastewater‐facility operation. The second paper describes how a power utility in the area uses the treated wastewater for cooling purposes.
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY
Authors: Walter Joseph W.
Published: February 2018

The paper industry demands water not only in large volume, but in quality equal to and better than municipal supplies in many cases. Suspended matter, turbidity, color, and organics cause the major problems, and they must be re moved to varying degrees for various grades of pulp and paper.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER
Authors: Wolf Harold W.
Published: February 2018

In August 1970 the Journal published “Biological Problems Encountered in Water Supplies” (Mackenthun and Keup). It represented one paper of a joint presenta tion at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970. The following two articles complete that presentation.

In the first article, the author explains that there are four types of organisms that can pollute reused water. He describes what the dangers are from each, what methods are available for detecting the pathogens, and what can be done to rid the system of them if indeed such action is necessary.

In the second article, the author discusses reservoir water intakes and explains why their depth location should be varied with the seasons.
CHLORINATION OF ODORANTS FROM ALGAL BLOOMS
Authors: Rebhun M. , Fox M. A. , Sless J. B.
Published: February 2018

Chlorination can be used to depress odors in lake and reservoir waters. In some cases, as with odors generated by Peridinium blooms, the odor elimination is complete; in other cases odor can only be reduced to some asymptotic level, regardless of chlorine concentration.
DIATOMITE FILTER ENDS MANGANESE PROBLEM
Authors: Costabile Frank J. , Perron Charles H.
Published: February 2018

Here's how one community in New Jersey solved a manganese problem in its water system.
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF FLUORIDE
Authors: Walker Robert J. , Smith Richard R.
Published: February 2018

The use of continuous fluoride analyzers is a big step towards complete automation. This article describes the various types of analyzers available and the reasons for choosing one particular installation.
MANPOWER‐UTILIZATION STUDIES
Authors: Baxter Samuel S. , Deem Richard E.
Published: February 2018

During a comprehensive cost survey instituted by the city government of Philadelphia, manpower practices of the Water Dept. were studied. The conclusions that were reached and the necessary corrective measures taken are described herein.
REMOTE WATER‐METER‐READING TESTER
Authors: Lee James H.
Published: February 2018

With the water‐meter arrangement as set up in the Washington, D.C., area, a water meter can be located within a house and a remote reader attached to the outside wall, thus making it unnecessary for the meter reader to gain access to the home to obtain water‐consumption readings. To check the initial instal lation, a device was developed by which the register on the meter is actuated, just as though water were flowing through the meter, and it, in turn, operates the remote reader. If the registrations do not agree, the installer will know that the equipment is defective.
US WATER‐RESOURCE RESEARCH
Authors: Butcher W. S.
Published: February 2018

With the passage of the Water Resources Research Act in 1964, a new method of funding such research came on the scene in the US. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the US program are given.
WATERSHEDS' IMPACT ON RAW‐WATER QUALITY
Authors: Dabney Henry L.
Published: February 2018

The laws governing the sanitary conditions of the watersheds in Texas vary and the condition of these waters reflects these differences. The author presents some brief analyses of several water bodies in the state and relates these findings to the “pollution” of the waters.
AN INEXPENSIVE PRECISION CONDUCTANCE METER
Authors: Rossum John R.
Published: February 2018

There are many fine conductance meters on the market. However, if you have a good shop and apt personnel, you can put a highly reliable and accurate meter together for less than $75.
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING IN TEXAS
Authors: Boswell Howard B.
Published: February 2018

Because of unusual physical problems, peculiar to the state of Texas, and the rapid depletion of ground‐water resources, the Texas Water Plan was formulated in an effort to meet future water needs in that state.
CLEANING WATER MAINS WITH FOAM PLUGS
Authors: Stearn Harold M.
Published: February 2018

Words cannot pale customers' anger over coloring in the city water supply. Frequent cleaning, however, can free pipes of color‐causing sediments. Here is the way that the District of Columbia tackles line sediment cleanout.
ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS IN PIPING
Authors: Herman James A.
Published: February 2018

The proper design of water lines is not an elementary task.
METER SETUPS FOR INDUSTRY
Authors: Wyss Gerard A.
Published: February 2018

Many factors must be considered by a water utility before a water‐metering system can be installed in an industrial facility. Among them are present and future needs of the facility, rate and velocity flows, and proper allowance for maintenance procedures.
SCHISTOSOME CERCARIAE REMOVAL BY SAND FILTRATION*
Authors: Benarde Melvin A. , Johnson Barry
Published: February 2018

Most past reports on the use of sand to remove cercariae have been negative. However, sufficient uncertainty shrouded the subject to prompt the authors to try again—this time using a twist. Rather than employ a vertical filter column, the authors turned the column on its side and thereby obtained results that merit additional evaluation.
Research Action Now
Authors: Louis Leo
Published: February 2018

In cooperation with the AWWA Research Foundation, the editors of the JOURNAL AWWA have prepared an authoritative survey of current research on water supplies written by experts on the activities of the AWWA Research Foundation, the AWWA T&P Com., municipality research, federal agency activities, and selected papers presented at the 1972 Annual Conference in Chicago.
Water‐Treatment‐Plant Waste Disposal—Action Now!
Authors: Faber Harry A. , Nardozzi Anthony D.
Published: February 2018

To aid in complying with new federal and state pollution problems, the AWWA Research Foundation surveys new and improved methods for water‐treatment‐plant waste disposal.
Computerized Procedure for Estimating Costs of Desalting Systems
Authors: Kurtz David L. , Huntsinger Ralph C. , Hatch John
Published: February 2018

Computer models are economical tools for evaluating feasibility and costs of several water‐desalting methods for a given application.
Desalting as a Source of Water Supply
Authors: Miller E. F.
Published: February 2018

The Office of Saline Water has been entrusted by Congress to provide for development of economical means of converting sea and brackish waters to a quality suitable for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use as well as to determine water demineralization costs by the leading desalting processes compared with other means of providing water.
Financial Control via Meter Managing
Authors: Cunningham Atlee M.
Published: February 2018

The utility can maintain the lowest cost and adequate service to the customer by adding and implementing a meter‐service planning program. Such a program can reach its objective by adopting design criteria set forth in this article and by adjusting the criteria in accordance with ongoing research.
Magnesium Carbonate—A Recycled Coagulant
Authors: Thompson C. G. , Singley J. E. , Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

Most treatments for coagulation now in vogue leave the water‐treatment operator with a potential pollution problem. The authors describe their laboratory work with the use of a coagulant that can be recycled and, moreover, that permits the operator greater latitude in “doctoring” the waters’ qualities in order to minimize potential corrosion problems. This is the first of two articles. Next month the JOURNAL will present the second installment, which will discuss the economic aspect.
Ozone Practices in France
Authors: Gomella Cyril
Published: February 2018

Ozone has been used in France for disinfecting water for nearly three quarters of a century. Within the last decade researchers in that country have come to understand optimum treatment techniques.
Disposal of Alum Sludges
Authors: Albrecht A. E.
Published: February 2018

Now that environmental protection is receiving increasing attention, it is becoming imminently necessary to find alternative methods for disposing of water‐treatment‐plant sludge. The author briefly reviews the technology of the field and then analyzes the significance of laboratory tests conducted to determine optimum disposition.
Mercury in Drinking‐Water Supplies
Authors: Hammerstrom Richard J. , Hissong Dale E. , Kopfler Frederick C. , Mayor Jack , McFarren Earl F. , Pringle Benjamin H.
Published: February 2018

Results of the EPA Div. of Water Hygiene's analyses for mercury in 698 samples of raw and finished waters collected from 273 drinking water supplies throughout the US indicate no health hazard, but point up a need for continuing surveillance.
Plankton Enumeration and Evaluation
Authors: Smith Arthur W.
Published: February 2018

The biological examination of water includes a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the various kinds of planktonic organisms that may be present in a water system. The information gathered will be of great importance in judging the overall quality of a water system. This article, primarily, acquaints those who may be interested in this aspect of water‐quality control with a few of the problems and procedures used in this area.
Physical & Financial Master Planning
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

When planning new water systems it is necessary to consider public wants as much as their needs. Financial planning, therefore, plays at least as important a role as the physical planning of the facility. The public must be educated to accept the costs of better service, and the utility must then implement the program so as to retain the public's confidence. All of these features must be incorporated into a 20‐yr master plan.
Controls for Operations Management
Authors: Ozan Turgut M.
Published: February 2018

The controls that management uses are considered to be functions, integrated to management systems that lead to planned objectives. In this article, productivity control is emphasized as a measure of managerial effectiveness; and the control‐system design elements are described with special reference to information needs, intensity of control, and the expected time lags in responding to corrective actions.
Safety Expectations by Employees
Authors: Binney Mel C.
Published: February 2018

The attitudes and expectations of water‐utility employees are changing, and it is necessary to change the safe‐work practices accordingly. The chair man of AWWA's Accident Prevention Committee reports on some of the factors generating the changes and tells management what it may expect as a result.
Magnesium Carbonate: A Recycled Coagulant—II
Authors: Thompson C. G. , Singley J. E. , Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

Part I, last month, detailed the use of magnesium carbonate for the coagulation of organic color and turbidity in both natural and synthetic waters and dealt primarily with the laboratory evaluations and the results of these studies. This article discusses the economic evaluation of this new process, some of the theoretical relationships derived, and its application to in‐plant use.
Quality Status of Southern Lake Michigan
Authors: Vaughn James C. , Reed Philip A.
Published: February 2018

Since 1969 there has been a measurable and continued improvement in water quality of Lake Michigan at Chicago, resulting in consider able reduction in difficulty and cost of water treatment. Most of the measured parameters of water quality shared in this improvement.
Protection of the Rhine River Against Pollution
Authors: Austin H. Montgomery , Merklein Helmut
Published: February 2018

The condition of the Rhine River, like many rivers throughout the in dustrial world, had been deteriorating. Efforts taken since the start of the 1960s appear to be slowing the rate of increase of pollution, however.
In‐House Water Savings
Authors: Howe Charles W. , Vaughan William J.
Published: February 2018

Appreciable residential savings of water are possible using appliances that husband consumption. Because water utilities could benefit from such savings, the authors set out to determine whether the residential consumer would financially benefit by adopting the most up‐to‐date water‐using appliances.
Equipment Selection
Authors: Grunwell Harry
Published: February 2018

All things not necessarily considered, the prospective equipment buyer, nevertheless, may have to take account of cost, performance, servicing, who is doing the buying, and who will be working with the equipment—among other factors. The first three of seven presentations—originally given at the Ontario Sec. meeting in Mar. 1971—of this joint discussion contain information that describe the following:

A general accounting of most of the factors involved

How the utility should buy when it is the final customer and contractor or when it contracts for the work

The customer–supplier relationship and what each should expect of the other

The last four presentations are devoted to the considerations that enter into servicing, cost, procedural guidelines, and suitability of equipment selection and the advisability of in‐house maintenance.
Meters: Replace, Repair, or Modernize?
Authors: Gallagher Robert E.
Published: February 2018

The authors offer contrasting views concerning the subject of meter improvement based on their experiences, investigations, and decisions when faced with the problem in practical situations. This joint discussion was presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 16, 1971.
Fluidics in Resource Management
Authors: Freeman Pefer A.
Published: February 2018

The author presents a description of water‐resource management through flow dynamics. Several examples of fluidic automated systems are given, including sewer regulation, chlorinaticn, water sampling, and water displays.
Practical Aspects of Tank Design
Authors: Hoedeman K. A.
Published: February 2018

Standpipes have long been built according to established standards, and their durability and long life prove the wisdom of these standards. But the author believes that new tanks can be built safely outside these standards, if close cooperation between water suppliers, designers, manufacturers, and users is realized.
Granular Carbon Filters for Taste and Odor Removal
Authors: Hansen Robert E.
Published: February 2018

Three years’ experience with granular carbon filters has been successful at Mt. Clemens, Mien., in producing a water entirely free of tastes and odors.
Designing Filtration Plant Waste‐Disposal Systems
Authors: DeFilippi John A.
Published: February 2018

The present lagooning process so prevalent throughout the water‐utility field as a first step in the disposal of sludge is in need of updating. The author draws on his experience with what he believes are more appropriate systems now in use in the wastewater field, describing approaches to the design of treatment systems and mechanical dewatering.
Instrumental Methods
Authors: Terras Michael J.
Published: February 2018

This small comparison between water laboratories in the US and Europe shows that the European laboratories are generally less advanced than the American, but that Europe's most modern ones are often running ahead of those in the US.
Meter Maintenace
Authors: Laatsch Earl , Kortens Paul
Published: February 2018

In dealing with the complete flow loop of water in closed pipes, the authors describe three types of metering devices as well as operation checks, calibration, and flow‐metering accessories.
High‐Rate Filtration
Authors: Conlex W. R.
Published: February 2018

High‐rate filtration is being used increasingly throughout the world as a result of economic necessity and better understanding of basic processes developed in recent years. The author discusses experiences and advantages of this type of operation.
Health Factors and Reused Waters
Authors: Long William N. , Frank A. Bell
Published: February 2018

Much work remains to be done regarding the determination of viral and bacterial disinfection of waters and the effects of “agent X” before direct consumptive reuse of wastewaters can be sanctioned.
Analysis of a Transmission System Containing Booster Pumps
Authors: Martin James L. , Carey Donald E. , Palasits Robert B. , III Herman C. Frick
Published: February 2018

The standard Hardy–Cross method for computing the flow conditions in a network breaks down when booster pumps are added. The authors describe a procedure for modifying the original method, making it practical for almost any utility to establish the effects of changing use patterns within the system.
Maintaining Water‐Treatment Equipment
Authors: Becker Robert J.
Published: February 2018

The good operator charged with maintaining service equipment will be aware of the telltale clues that spell imminent equipment malfunction. He will also know what to do about corrective measures. Equally important, a good operator will keep the equipment in good repair and keep a neat shop.
Responsibility Budgeting: A Management Tool
Authors: McWhinnie Robert C. , Spaulding J. M.
Published: February 2018

Here is the concept that provides the psychological basis for a budgeter to assume responsibility for the expenditures over which he has control. Thereby, all levels of management can share responsibility, in their respective areas, for the overall operation.
Construction of Precast, Prestressed Concrete Storage Tanks
Authors: Mansfield Clifford S.
Published: February 2018

Details and procedures of the construction of two of the largest precast, prestressed concrete tanks in the US—located at Warwick, R.I.—are described by the author, whose firm prepared the designs and specifications and observed the construction.
Prestressed Concrete Storage Tanks: Design and Construction
Authors: Woodside R. D.
Published: February 2018

The author briefly reviews good design and construction techniques for satisfactory prestressed concrete storage facility performance.
Minimum Service Standards
Authors: Eide Owen F.
Published: February 2018

The design of a distribution system should not stop short of the supply laterals and fixtures to the individual customer. The consumer must be assured that if he does take a shower, run the washing machine, sprinkle the lawn, and flush the toilet—simultaneously—he will have ample pressure to all fixtures. Here are the results of simulated home hookups using different sizes and types of laterals and meters, as they relate to customer‐delivered pressure.
Considerations in Large Water‐Plant Design
Authors: Cedroni Ernest
Published: February 2018

When Detroit decided to build its most recent water‐processing plant, it also decided to break the mold that had bound the concepts by which previous plant designs were formulated. Here is an article about the design and construction of the plant—including all of its facets, from intake to waste disposal.
Long‐Term Financing and Debt Administration: Planning and Marketing Bonds
Authors: Emerson E. S.
Published: February 2018

Many of the problems of long‐term financing are the same for all utilities, regardless of the utilities’ structure or location. Other problems are specific to particular locales. The joint discussion presented here, and originally given at the Southwest Sec. Meeting on Oct. 13, 1971, reviews the general and particular points of debt financing.

The author of the first article explains that the problems of municipal financing today are more complicated than previously. However, there are organizations not previously available to which the utility manager can turn for help. And the utility manager can help his cause further by availing himself of staff advisers in the fields of law, engineering, and finance to meet the specific requirements of fiinancing and to coordinate all of the elements involved.

The theme of the second article is that the utility that wants to raise monies for financing improvements through the issuance of bonds has two choices: general‐obligation bonds and revenue bonds. The process of financing via the latter offers the utility many procedural options. Which one is chosen depends upon the laws and their interpretation.
Design of Ralph D. Bollman Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Stone Brian G.
Published: February 2018

The successful application of high‐rate pretreatment and filtration processes in an 80‐mgd water‐treatment plant in California demonstrates that turbidity goals established by AWWA can be economically achieved. During 1971 the Ralph D. Bolfman Plant was granted certification by the California Dept. of Public Health to operate at 10 gpm/sq ft after proving exceptional continuous efficiency for 2 yr.
Ozone for Supplementary Water Treatment
Authors: Sommerville R. Craig , Rempel George
Published: February 2018

Winnipeg is in need of additional water sources by 1977. A test program was therefore established to evaluate the suitability of ozone treatment as a supplement to microstraining for the treatment of two alternative sources.
Pressure Testing the Distribution System in Milwaukee
Authors: Kocol Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

The author contends that considerable benefit can be derived by a utility that can check out the worthiness of its older pipelines and suggests a reasonable approach to do it.
Rate Design in the 70s
Authors: Abramson Martin
Published: February 2018

Many factors are involved in determining equitable rates of return, not the least of which are the accounting practices employed and allowed. The author briefly “touches base” with several considerations and makes some interesting observations.∗
Public Relations for $200
Authors: Mattausch Tom
Published: February 2018

The need today is greater than ever for communication between water utilities and the communities they serve. Sound‐and‐slide presentations are one way in which utilities can tell their story. The author outlines a practical step‐by‐step procedure for creating a “do it yourself” presentation of this kind.
Detecting & Treating Organic Taste‐&‐Order Compounds in the Missouri River
Authors: Popalisky J. R. , Pogge Franklyn W.
Published: February 2018

There are times when water from the Missouri River looks like tea—a condition caused by the organic pollutants that charge it as it runs its 1,500‐mi course. The dissolved matter naturally creates taste and odor problems. Here is an article detailing the success of laboratory work to measure the dissolved solids and relate results to the magnitude of the problem.
PVC Pipe
Authors: Morris R. B.
Published: February 2018

The following comment is offered relative to a paper previously published in the JOURNAL.
Urban Water Management
Authors: Koelzer Victor A.
Published: February 2018

Six areas define the functional problem of urban water management; and there is also the financial problem. Possible resolutions are integrated and areawide management and their combination. Here are detailed analyses of the conundrum's resolutions.∗
Fluoride‐Handling Safety
Authors: Seferian Sam
Published: February 2018

The right concentration of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial. The operator in charge of placing the material into the water must be concerned about overexposure due to improper handling of the material. Knowing fluoride's dangers and knowing how to work with the material effectively will make the operator a better worker.
Getting the Employee Into “Action Now”‐Motivating Employees
Authors: Corey John B. W.
Published: February 2018

Employee morale is not only a quality that can be sensed, it can be measured. The manager who permits himself to lose sight of the need for evaluating employee‐management relations can find himself unexpectedly confronting troubled times.

The first article explains that concern about the attitudes of employees is a relatively recent development, but experience has shown how essential it is to ensure the success of an organization. Any discussion about motivating people must recognize that they are different in many ways and must be treated individually to achieve best results.

The second article explains that management has to face the fact that it must deal with the employee through collective bargaining. Public‐employee unions share similarities with their cousins in the private sector, but there are differences that are worth noting.

The third article explains that civil service and union regulations can stifle employee performance since, in general, everyone within the same stratum benefits equally with regard to pay boosts. However, with those employees for which it is possible, it makes sense to give greater rewards to topflight performers at the expense of the lesser valued.

The fourth article explains that finding out what the employee thinks about his relationship with management possibly is best accomplished by simply asking the employee.
Computer Control at San Jose
Authors: Kendall Nathaniel J. , Dunton Lucien F.
Published: February 2018

At San Jose a computer‐based system has been found to respond routinely to all operational changes, to keep accurate records, and to simplify a complex control situation. The assurance has been gained that recorded data are not subject to human error, and operational improvements are not subject to erosion through turnover or memory atrophy.
Metropolitan Toronto Central Pumping Control
Authors: Emery Paul M.
Published: February 2018

As of Apr. 1973, all high‐lift pumping in the Metropolitan Toronto Water Works System will be controlled by a single operator from a central control room. The development and ramifications of this system are discussed below.
Computer Application in Distribution System Operations‐Experience in Philadelphia, Pa.
Authors: Pagnotto Victor A.
Published: February 2018

As computers become more and more versatile in their monitoring and operating capabilities, water‐distribution systems must begin to incorporate their use for more efficient, reliable, and (in many cases) centrally controlled operations.

In Philadelphia, a city with a population of 2 million, a computer is used for load dispatching. The acquisition and implementation of the system is discussed, and the observation of an experimental system is described.

Denver is a large city with certain specific water‐distribution problems; and computers, with the aid of careful planning and design, are helping to solve them.

Santa Clara County has a computer‐aided super visory control system that provides data from remote sites and controls turnout valves and pump stations. Some problems involved in implementing the computer system are discussed, along with the need for standardization.
High Yield From the Bull Run Watershed
Authors: Luchin Luciano V.
Published: February 2018

In order to determine whether water production is higher or lower than should be expected, the magnitude of water loss to components of the hydrologic cycle must be measured. In this article, the actual discharge of the Bull Run watershed is compared with computed yields.
Better Water for People in Las Vegas
Authors: Rice Thomas R.
Published: February 2018

Las Vegas is a quickly growing city that faces an ever‐increasing demand for a water supply. As described in this article, the resourcefulness of water‐utility management can make the difference between plentiful water or a water shortage.
British Water Distribution Practices
Authors: Barrett Stanley G.
Published: February 2018

Water‐supply legislation and practice can often differ greatly from country to country. In this article, some interesting practices concerning water supply and distribution in Great Britain are discussed.
Some Effects of Evaporation Suppression on Reservoir Ecology
Authors: Silvey J. K. G. , Sharp H. Bryan , Dickson Kenneth L. , Allison Richard C. , Stiles John C.
Published: February 2018

The use of chemicals to suppress evaporation from surface water can have many ecological ramifications. The application of hexadecanol to Lake Hefner had many effects on the biological, chemical, and physical aspects of the water, some of which are studied in this article.
Instrument Operation and Maintenance
Authors: Henn Earl L.
Published: February 2018

Modern‐day technology and the problem of environmental pollution are two factors that make the understanding of water‐treatment instruments of key importance to every water‐plant operator. In this article, the major water‐treatment techniques and instruments are clearly outlined.
Water Use, Consumption, and Outlook in the US in 1970
Authors: Murray C. Richard
Published: February 2018

Every 5 yr the USGS does a study of water use in the US, and every 5 yr the JOURNAL publishes a summary of the report. In this summary of the report for 1970, many interesting comparisons and estimates are made, and every major type of water use is investigated.
Dewatering of Water‐Plant Sludges
Authors: Schwoyer William L. , Luttinger Lionel B.
Published: February 2018

A unit that has been used successfully in wastewater systems has been tested by the authors on different types of water‐treatment plant sludge. Although information is insufficient to draw general conclusions, the method is said to have definite possibilities.
Characterization of Chemical Sludges
Authors: Calkins Ronald J. , Novak John T.
Published: February 2018

Sludge solids generated from water‐treatment plants along the major midwestern rivers present a particularly difficult disposal problem. Since these waters are both hard and often very turbid, large quantities of solids are produced. In this article, chemical sludges from plants along the Missouri River were related to variations in treatment schemes and raw‐water quality.
Safety Beyond the Law
Authors: Becker Harry W.
Published: February 2018

Safety is a state of mind, and to put the employee in the proper framework to carry out his duties without an accident, it is necessary for the manager to fulfill seven needed elements of a good safety program.
Utility Emergency Planning Pays Off‐Hurricane Procedures in Corpus Christi, Tex.
Authors: Cunningham Atlee M.
Published: February 2018

The rapid population growth and an increasing dependence on potable water create the need for improved methods of operating water systems throughout periods of emergency conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and civil strife. The water supply is of the utmost importance to the health and welfare of the general public, especially during and after disasters, and precautionary measures can be taken whereby minimum but safe water service can be made available under even the most adverse condition. This Joint Discussion, presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 7, 1971, describes the experiences of water‐utility managers under different emergency conditions.

For quick and effective response, there is no satisfactory substitute for a utility haying its own work force that knows how its system functions and how to repair it. The hurricane experience in Corpus Christi, Tex., has led the author of the first article to advise all water‐utility personnel of the wisdom in planning ahead and setting up emergency procedures. The second article describes water‐utility procedures during and after the Los Angeles earthquake of Feb. 1971. The Elizabethtown, N.J., Water Co. had to cope with major flood conditions resulting from tropical storm Doria. The third article describes its successes. The last article concerns experiences of water‐supply managers during a flood in Chester, Pa.
Computer Control of Chemical Addition at a Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Manning Alan W.
Published: February 2018

In today's semiautomated water‐treatment plants, chemical feed is based primarily on one variable‐flow rate. This method, according to the author, usually proves inaccurate and wasteful of expensive chemicals. The more desirable solution to this problem is complete automation of the dose rate based upon accurate information provided by on‐line sensors that measure varying chemical constituents of water. In this article, the author describes a computer‐controlled system developed for such a facility.
PROJECT INTERFERENCE BY ENVIRONMENTALISTS OR … How Not To Lose a Bond Issue
Authors: Seeger William R.
Published: February 2018

Water and power projects throughout the US are being harassed by suits to stop them. The case of Marin County, Calif., is described to show the problems facing water and other utilities and to suggest what the utilities can do to meet the demands of environmentalists, conservationists, and other community groups.
Better Pump Installation
Authors: Goldthorpe J. C.
Published: February 2018

Here is a primer for the plant operator on understanding, installing, and maintaining various types of pumps.
Identification and Incidence of Klebsiella in Chlorinated Water Supplies
Authors: Ptak Donald J. , Ginsburg Walter , Willey Benjamin F.
Published: February 2018

Recovery and identification of Klebsiella from chlorinated water supplies substantiate the need for improved laboratory procedures in water‐treatment plants.
Planning for Water Reuse
Authors: Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

The problems of reusing waters from polluted rivers and from wastewaters may be solved efficiently in various ways that will increase the supplies of both potable and nonpotable waters.
Water‐Resources Planning
Authors: Banks Harvey O. , Williams Jean O.
Published: February 2018

This article is a summary of a report prepared for the National Water Com. by the Consulting Panel on Water Resources Planning. The panel was convened in Sep. 1970 by the executive director of the commission and was charged to examine the present US programs of water‐resources planning in the light of current and probable future conditions and to recommend changes to improve the planning process and the resulting plans for management of US water and water‐related resources. The panel's report was submitted in May 1972.
Application of Water Rates
Authors: Patterson W. L.
Published: February 2018

The multifarious problems of rate making—often subtle or intricate or “three times removed” like cousins—though tackled by thoroughgoing cost analysis, are ultimately disposed of by local policy decisions. Community confidence in a utility depends on its sound financial programs and its good public‐relations practices. The author discusses some of these problems.
Rate Increase Without a Bond Issue
Authors: McCullough Don R.
Published: February 2018

In a long‐range capital‐improvements program the projected increases in water rates should be sufficient to meet the costs of all worn‐out and obsolete equipment, debt service, and additions and extensions to the utility. These should be projected and itemized as minutely as possible for petition to the Public Service Com.
Aluminum in Fluoridated Drinking Water: Analytical and Physiological Problems
Authors: Ruzicka J. A. , Mrklas L.
Published: February 2018

In a laboratory test, mice were given to drink suspensions and solutions of sodium fluoride and aluminum sulphate with controlled pH levels. These tests revealed the effects of different forms of aluminum and of different pH levels on the utilization by human beings of fluoride in drinking water.
Direct Filtration: An Economic Answer to a City's Water Needs
Authors: Sweeney George E. , Prendiville Paul W.
Published: February 2018

When population studies indicated that Springfield, Mass., would soon need new water facilities, the Bd. of Water Comrs. took immediate steps to improve the city's facilities. This article describes how they were able to increase their output at a lower cost and in less time than was originally expected.
Series Filtration Using Local Filter Media
Authors: Frankel Richard J.
Published: February 2018

An appropriate technology for Southeast Asia was developed to provide potable water for rural communities using local filter materials. A series filtration system using these materials produced a sparkling clear water from highly turbid surface waters without the aid of coagulants. Effluent quality is comparable to that obtained from the best slow sand filters.
Design and Operation of a 200‐mgd Direct‐Filtration Facility
Authors: Spink Charles M. , Monscvitz J. T.
Published: February 2018

A flexible system for treating water with consistently low turbidities but greatly varying odor levels is described in this article. Pretreatment, filtration, and odor‐control procedures are discussed, among other aspects of the system.
Gas‐Turbine Standby‐Power Generation for Water‐Treatment Plants
Authors: DeMarco T. C.
Published: February 2018

In only 20 yr the gas‐turbine generator has become an important industrial prime mover, reaching a total worldwide horsepower production of 140 million. As a standby for existing generators it is incomparable—in ways outlined in this article.
Nitrates and Ground‐Water Management in the Fresno Urban Area
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D.
Published: February 2018

Nitrates in ground water present a problem. Since they come from many sources—both natural and man‐related—many methods must be used to reduce their entry into drinking‐water supplies. Here some of the most prevalent sources of nitrates are discussed, and ways the water‐resource manager can inhibit the occurrence of nitrates in ground water are presented.
The New England Water‐Utility Story
Authors: Cobb Edwin B.
Published: February 2018

Because AWWA's Annual Conference is to be held this year in Boston, Mass., interest in New England's water‐utility facilities will be high. This Joint Discussion was organized, at the Suggestion of AWWA, by Edwin B. Cobb, author of the Introduction, and submitted to the JOURNAL on Dec. 23, 1973. Each article presents the water‐utility story of one of the six New England states. The articles appear in the following order: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Although all of these states are part of New England, the history and development of their water Utilities are as individüal as the states themselves.
The Direct Reuse of Reclaimed Wastewater: Pros, Cons, and Alternatives
Authors: II William J. Phillips
Published: February 2018

As water supplies diminish and needs increase, reuse of wastewater becomes more and more attractive. There are facts and figures to support the belief that the use of reclaimed water is safe, but there is also evidence to the contrary. This article documents both sides of the question and then presents viable alternatives to wastewater reuse.
Factors in Regional Assessment of Wastewater Reuse
Authors: Horsefield David R.
Published: February 2018

Because of reuse technology, wastewater has become a resource. The advantages of reuse must be evaluated in each region where reuse is possible, but the ways in which reclaimed wastewater can be used are many and varied so reuse is likely to be feasible. This article discusses reuse in Texas.
Feasibility of Water Reuse at Highway Rest Stations
Authors: Parker Clinton E.
Published: February 2018

The quality of wastewater discharged from some rest rooms in Virginia has been defined to determine how to treat it for nonconsumptive uses.
Polyelectrolytes as Primary Coagulants for Potable‐Water Systems
Authors: Robinson Correl N.
Published: February 2018

After observing conventional treatment processes through several seasonal changes in characteristics of the turbid Kansas River, one concludes that there is much room for improvement in the methods of clarification still in use today. Laboratory investigations, and subsequent actual application to the river over a two‐year period, have shown the so‐called polyelectrolytes to be much more effective than Standard coagulants.
High‐Rate Filtration
Authors: Rice Archie H.
Published: February 2018

Why is it that coal can be better than sand, or vice versa, when it is used in a particular application? When are multimedia filters worthwhile, and what should be the relation between the grain sizes of the media of such filters? These and other questions are answered in this article in a simple, direct manner.
The Importance of Drinking‐Water Programs to the Total Environmental Goal
Authors: Morris Earle E.
Published: February 2018

In recent times US water quality has declined and environmental concern has increased. Overall programs are the best answer to these problems, especially in light of the complexity of chemical and bacterial contaminants. A few examples of problems and programs illustrate what is needed.
The Water Industry in the Decade of Environmental Concern
Authors: Gilbert Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

As public concern with water use increases, governments have created legislation to manage water quality and quantity. The water industry should respond to the changes in public awareness and demands by participating in new organizations, planning programs, and joint efforts with wastewater agencies.
Environmental‐Impact Assessment for Plant Design and Operation
Authors: Jones Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Environmental‐impact statements are not to be considered lightly. They should be well‐conceived and cover — as far as feasible — all impacts, whether good or bad, that a planned project will have upon its area. Here is a well‐conceived rundown about EIS preparation.
The Environment and Water‐Resource Development
Authors: Clapper Louis S.
Published: February 2018

Those who are interested in preserving the environment do not necessarily have to be in conflict with those who want to develop resources. Good planning, public participation, and environmental awareness can enhance the environment without halting progress.
Recover Alum to Reduce Waste‐Disposal Costs
Authors: Fulton George P.
Published: February 2018

Alum is widely used in water treatment, but there are now investigations of other coagulants to be used instead because it is difficult to dispose of alum sludge. There is a relatively easy and inexpensive method available now, however, that makes possible pretreatment of alum sludge in such a way that it can be dewatered and reused.
Water‐Treatment‐Plant Wastes Disposal‐Part 1
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P. , Daly Martin P.
Published: February 2018

When the area served by the Sturgeon Point Water Treatment Plant required more water, improvements had to be made. But these improvements had to be in compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and with regulations of the New York State Dept. of Health. Determining wastewater characteristics and constructing and evaluating primary concentration facilities were the first steps in achieving a “zero discharge” of wastewater to Lake Erie. Part 2 of this report will appear next month.
Preface to Distribution Issue
Authors: MORRIS W. K.
Published: February 2018

AWWA's Distribution Div. is at work on many projects at this time and will be taking on more studies in the future. This work and the importance of examining distribution problems are discussed here.
An Application of Computers to Water System Control: Santa Clara Valley Water District
Authors: Garrett Jerry W.
Published: February 2018

Computers play a significant part in Santa Clara's water‐distribution system. This article offers some insight into both the processess and problems of such a system.
Distribution‐System Design vs Inner‐City Redevelopment
Authors: LiBrizzi Gilbert C.
Published: February 2018

The social‐economic changes that occurred after World War II created an exodus from the cities of America. Suburbs grew and expanded while inner‐city areas suffered blight and decay — all of which placed demands on the distribution system of US cities. No longer can one perform stop‐gap engineering; one must plan for the future.
Experiences with Butterfly Valves
Authors: Popalisky J. R.
Published: February 2018

More than twenty years' study concerning the use of rubber‐seated butterfly valves is discussed in this article. Experience has revealed an understanding of early failures and led to present favorable acceptance.