bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcellular mobility of the calpain/calpastatin network: an organelle transient
Authors: Hood Joshua L. , Brooks William H. , Roszman Thomas L.
Published: August 2006

Calpain (Cp) is a calcium (Ca2+)‐dependent cysteine protease. Activation of the major isoforms of Cp, CpI and CpII, are required for a number of important cellular processes including adherence, shape change and migration. The current concept that cytoplasmic Cp locates and associates with its regulatory subunit (Rs) and substrates as well as translocates throughout the cell via random diffusion is not compatible with the spatial and temporal constraints of cellular metabolism. The novel finding that Cp and Rs function relies upon tenacious hydrophobic interactions with organelle membranes offers a unifying explanation for the paradoxical and puzzling features of Cp activation and regulation such as how nM concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ can activate Cp molecules requiring μM to mM concentrations of Ca2+ for in vitro activation, and how this protease can spatially and temporally locate specific substrates and translocate throughout the cell. We hypothesize that Cp and its regulatory moieties associate with organelles to facilitate the activation of this protease resulting in the cleavage of substrates and aid in its translocation throughout the cell. BioEssays 28: 850–859, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall
Authors: Bowman Shaun M. , Free Stephen J.
Published: August 2006

The fungal cell wall is a dynamic structure that protects the cell from changes in osmotic pressure and other environmental stresses, while allowing the fungal cell to interact with its environment. The structure and biosynthesis of a fungal cell wall is unique to the fungi, and is therefore an excellent target for the development of anti‐fungal drugs. The structure of the fungal cell wall and the drugs that target its biosynthesis are reviewed. Based on studies in a number of fungi, the cell wall has been shown to be primarily composed of chitin, glucans, mannans and glycoproteins. The biosynthesis of the various components of the fungal cell wall and the importance of the components in the formation of a functional cell wall, as revealed through mutational analyses, are discussed. There is strong evidence that the chitin, glucans and glycoproteins are covalently cross‐linked together and that the cross‐linking is a dynamic process that occurs extracellularly. BioEssays 28: 799–808, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue fusion and cell sorting in embryonic development and disease: biomedical implications
Authors: Pérez‐Pomares José M. , Foty Ramsey A.
Published: August 2006

Throughout embryonic development, segregated epithelial and/or mesenchymal cell populations make contact and fuse to shape new tissue units. This process, known as tissue fusion, is a key event in many essential morphogenetic mechanisms and its disruption can lead to congenital malformations. Another mechanism whereby complex tissues can arise involves a cell sorting process in which originally intermixed cells de‐mix to generate distinct phases or layers. Different organisms use a combination of tissue fusion and cell sorting to acquire shape. Although the two processes appear to differ mechanistically, they are intricately linked inasmuch as they both involve the same molecular determinants and contribute to the same body plan. We aim to discuss the role of adhesion molecules and cell dynamics in tissue fusion and cell sorting, providing examples of their impact in embryonic development. Finally, we will advance the concept that malignant invasion may be viewed as cell sorting in reverse. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the BioEssays website (http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0265‐9247/suppmat/index.html). BioEssays 28: 809–821, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectrin mutations in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
Authors: Bauer Peter , Schöls Ludger , Riess Olaf
Published: August 2006

Recently, βIII spectrins have been recognized as ataxia disease genes, with the identification by Ikeda and co‐workers of pathogenic mutations in the SPTBN2 gene in three large (and mapped) SCA5 families of American and European origin.(1) With their discovery, the large “Lincoln” family has been traced back to the underlying genetic defect for the slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia. In addition, the involvement of this component of the cytoskeleton directs attention towards the possible role of organelle stability during neurodegeneration. The findings suggest that the mechanical properties of neurons and their dynamics may be as important as altered Ca2+ homeostasis, transcriptional dysregulation, and impaired protein degradation in neurodegeneration conditions. BioEssays 28: 785–787, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) have both life and death functions in cells?
Authors: Porter Alan G. , Urbano Alexander G.L.
Published: August 2006

Apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) is expelled from mitochondria after some apoptotic stimuli and translocates to the nucleus, which may contribute to DNA and nuclear fragmentation in some non‐physiological mammalian cell deaths. Conversely, the requirement for mitochondrial AIF in oxidative phosphorylation and energy generation provides a plausible explanation for the embryonic lethality or neurodegeneration that has been found in different AIF‐deficient mouse models. These findings may help illuminate the ability of mitochondrial AIF to suppress cytoplasmic stress granule formation and to promote the tumorigenic growth of cancer cells. AIF is ideally located in the mitochondrion to perform a vital normal function in energy production. Once it translocates to the nucleus, however, the cell might die either of energy failure or nuclear fragmentation (or both). We propose that the main function of AIF is to support energy production in both normal and transformed cell physiology, whereas nuclear‐translocated AIF might contribute to stress‐induced or pathological cell death in certain scenarios. BioEssays 28: 834–843, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sorting out Sox10 functions in neural crest development
Authors: Kelsh Robert N.
Published: August 2006

For both vertebrate developmental and evolutionary biologists, and also for clinicians, the neural crest (NC) is a fundamental cell population. An understanding of Sox10 function in NC development is of particular significance since Sox10 mutations underlie several neurocristopathies. Surprisingly, experiments in different model organisms aimed at identifying Sox10's role(s) have suggested at least four distinct functions. Sox10 may be critical for formation of neural crest cells (NCCs), maintaining multipotency of crest cells, specification of derivative cell fates from these cells and their differentiation. Here, I discuss this controversy and argue that these functions are, in part, molecularly interrelated. BioEssays 28: 788–798, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput localization of organelle proteins by mass spectrometry: a quantum leap for cell biology
Authors: Tan Denise J.L. , Martinez Arias Alfonso
Published: August 2006

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of organisms and their organization holds the key to our understanding of the processes that control Development and Physiology as well as the mechanisms that underlie disease. Traditional methods of analysis of subcellular structure have relied on the purification of organelles and the painstaking biochemical description of their components. The arrival of high‐throughput genomic and, more significantly, proteomic technologies has opened hereto unforeseen possibilities for this task. Recently two reports(1,2) show how much can be gleaned from the combination of analytical centrifugation, mass spectrometry and advanced statistical techniques focused on a high‐throughput analysis of the content and organization of plant and animal cells. The results reveal intriguing possibilities for the future and the possibility of mapping much of the known proteome onto our current map of the cell. BioEssays 28: 780–784, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The RNA‐binding protein HuD: a regulator of neuronal differentiation, maintenance and plasticity
Authors: Deschênes‐Furry Julie , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora , Jasmin Bernard J.
Published: August 2006

mRNA stability is increasingly recognized as being essential for controlling the expression of a wide variety of transcripts during neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. In this context, the role of AU‐rich elements (ARE) contained within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of transcripts has now emerged as key because of their high incidence in a large number of cellular mRNAs. This important regulatory element is known to significantly modulate the longevity of mRNAs by interacting with available stabilizing or destabilizing RNA‐binding proteins (RBP). Thus, in parallel with the emergence of ARE, RBP are also gaining recognition for their pivotal role in regulating expression of a variety of mRNAs. In the nervous system, the member of the Hu family of ARE‐binding proteins known as HuD, has recently been implicated in multiple aspects of neuronal function including the commitment and differentiation of neuronal precursors as well as synaptic remodeling in mature neurons. Through its ability to interact with ARE and stabilize multiple transcripts, HuD has now emerged as an important regulator of mRNA expression in neurons. The present review is designed to provide a comprehensive and updated view of HuD as an RBP in the nervous system. Additionally, we highlight the role of HuD in multiple aspects of a neuron's life from early differentiation to changes in mature neurons during learning paradigms and in response to injury and regeneration. Finally, we describe the current state of knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular events regulating the expression and activity of HuD in neurons. BioEssays 28: 822–833, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypothesis Tests for and against a Simple Order among Proportions Estimated by Pooled Testing
Authors: Tebbs Joshua M. , Bilder Christopher R.
Published: August 2006

The use of pooled testing as a means of estimating the prevalence of rare traits has received considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the areas of public health, genetics, animal‐disease assessment, and plant pathology. In pooled‐testing applications, observations are made on pools of individuals amalgamated together. In this paper, we examine order‐restricted hypothesis tests involving k > 2 binomial proportions estimated by pooled testing, extending the earlier work of Tebbs and Swallow (2003, Biometrika, 90, 471–477 and Biometrical Journal, 45, 618–630). In particular, we focus on (i) testing the equality of proportions versus an isotonic alternative and (ii) testing for a violation of isotonicity. We propose new tests for each scenario and provide results which characterize the small‐sample performance of our procedures. We illustrate our methods using two data sets; one from an observational HIV study and one from an agricultural experiment. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of fatty acids in the transition from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle during exercise
Authors: Hirabara Sandro M. , Silveira Leonardo R. , Abdulkader Fernando R. M. , Alberici Luciane C. , Procopio Joaquim , Carvalho Carla R. O. , Pithon‐Curi Tania C. , Curi Rui
Published: August 2006

In moderate physical exercise, the transition from predominantly anaerobic towards predominantly aerobic metabolism is a key step to improve performance. Increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients, such as free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, which accompanies high blood flow, is required for this transition. The mechanisms involved in the vasodilation in skeletal muscle during physical activity are not completely known yet. In this article, we postulate a role of FFA and heat production in this process. The presence of uncoupling protein‐2 and ‐3 (UCP‐2 and ‐3) in skeletal muscle, whose activity is dependent on FFA, suggests that these metabolites can act as mitochondrial uncouplers in this tissue. Evidence indicates however that UCPs act as uncouplers only when coenzyme Q is predominantly in the reduced state (i.e. under nonphosphorylation conditions or state 4 respiration) as is observed in resting muscles and in the beginning of physical activity (predominantly anaerobic metabolism). The increase in the lipolytic activity in adipose tissue in the beginning of physical activity results in elevated plasma FFA levels. The FFA can then act on the UCPs, increasing the local heat production. We propose that this calorigenic effect of FFA is important to activate nitric oxide synthase, resulting in nitric oxide production and consequent vasodilation. Therefore, FFA would be important mediators for the changes that occur in muscle metabolism during prolonged physical activity, ensuring the appropriate supply of oxygen and nutrients by increasing blood flow at the beginning of exercise in the contracting skeletal muscles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture media conditioned by heat‐shocked osteoblasts enhances the osteogenesis of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Ye Chao Peng , Heng Boon Chin , Liu Hua , Toh Wei Seong , Cao Tong
Published: August 2006

Osteogenic cells differentiated from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold much promise in bone tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. There is a dire need for well‐defined and efficient protocols to promote the osteogenesis of ex vivo cultured MSC. Hence, this study investigated whether a combination of chemical stimuli (ascorbic acid, beta‐glycerophosphate and dexamethasone) and culture media conditioned by a human foetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB) had any synergistic effect on the osteogenesis of MSC. Conditioned media with or without prior heat shock treatment (42°C for 1 h) of the hFOB cell line, were collected and tested on rabbit MSC cultures, in the presence and absence of chemical stimuli. Osteogenic differentiation of MSC was assessed on both day 14 and 21 of ex vivo culture. The results showed conclusively that conditioned media promoted osteogenesis of MSC, which was further enhanced by prior heat shock‐treatment of the hFOB cells, as well as by the presence of chemical stimuli. Among all experimental groups, the combination of culture medium conditioned by heat shocked hFOB cells together with chemical stimuli, exhibited the highest level of calcium mineralization, as assessed by Von Kossa staining. This provides clear evidence of a synergistic effect of conditioned media, heat shock and chemical stimuli. It is hoped that the data may contribute to the development of a more well‐defined and efficient in vitro culture protocol to promote the osteogenesis of MSC for both clinical and non‐clinical applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of vitamin K1 supplementation on vascular responsiveness and oxidative stress in a rat femoral osteotomy model
Authors: Tasatargil Arda , Cadir Bilge , Dalaklioglu Selvinaz , Yurdakonar Ebru , Caglar Serkan , Turkay Cengiz
Published: August 2006

The main function of vitamin K1 is to act a co‐factor for gamma‐glutamyl carboxylase. However, it has also been shown to lessen oxidative stress. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin K1 supplementation on vascular responsiveness and oxidative status in rats that underwent femoral osteotomy. Twenty‐four male rats were divided into three groups to serve as sham, osteotomy and vitamin K1 groups. Indices of oxidative stress (catalase), and oxidative damage (malondialdehyde) were analysed in erythrocytes. In order to evaluate vascular reactivity, concentration‐response curves to phenylephrine, angiotensin II, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin and histamine were constructed. The findings of this study clearly show that oxidative stress clearly increases after femoral osteotomy in rats. Also, this operation causes a significant depression in vascular responsiveness to contracting agents and endothelium‐dependent vasodilators. However, vitamin K1 supplementation prevents vascular hyporeactivity by reducing oxidative stress and may represent a novel approach during osteotomy healing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypolipidemic effect and antioxidant activity of glycoprotein isolated from Ulmus davidiana Nakai in Triton WR‐1339‐treated mouse
Authors: Ko Jeong‐Hyeon , Lee Sei‐Jung , Lim Kye‐Taek
Published: August 2006

The glycoprotein isolated from Ulmus davidiana Nakai (UDN) (UDN glycoprotein) has a molecular weight of 116 kDa and consists of 78.65% carbohydrate content and 21.35% protein content. In the present study, we investigated the hypolipidemic effect of UDN glycoprotein on Triton WR‐1339‐induced mice. With pretreatment with UDN glycoprotein, the triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations were significantly reduced, whereas high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentration was increased in the plasma of Triton WR‐1339‐induced mice. With respect to antioxidative activity, UDN glycoprotein significantly decreased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and improved activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), without an apparent change of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Also UDN glycoprotein significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production in Triton WR‐1339‐induced mice. These results indicate that UDN glycoprotein has a hypolipidemic effect, possesses antioxidant activity and has an ability to stimulate NO production. Thus, we speculate that UDN glycoprotein is an example of natural compound that lowers plasma lipid level together with having an antioxidant function in Triton WR‐1339‐induced mice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tripterine on mRNA expression of TGF‐β1 and collagen IV expression in BW F1 mice
Authors: Xu Xunhui , Zhong Jian , Wu Zhaolong , Fang Yi , Xu Chen
Published: August 2006

Tripterine is a chemical isolated from a traditional Chinese herb which had been testified for its anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities in a previous study. However, little is known about the effects and mechanism of action of Tripterine on treating lupus nephritis. In the present study we investigated the effect of Tripterine on the F1 hybrids of New Zealand Black (NZB) and New Zealand White (NZW) mice which functioned as a model of human systemic lupus erythematosus (BW F1 mice) and evaluated the possible mechanism implicated in the mRNA expression of TGF‐β1 and collagen IV expression of the BW F1 mice kidney tissue. Different doses of Tripterine were injected peritoneally to BW F1 mice at different stages to study the preventive effects of Tripterine on lupus nephritis glomerulosclerosis and its mechanisms. Twenty‐four hour urine protein excretion, serum anti‐dsDNA antibodies and the expression of collagen type IV were examined by immunohistochemistry while the expression of TGF‐β1 mRNA was detected by RT nested PCR. Tripterine decreased urine protein excretion and the level of serum anti‐dsDNA antibodies and also suppressed the expression of collagen type IV and TGF‐β1 mRNA in the murine kidney tissue. Administration of Tripterine before the occurrence of proteinuria had much greater protective effects than if it was administered after the occurrence of proteinuria. No significant difference was found between the 3 mg/kg/week Tripterine‐treated‐group and the 6 mg/kg/week Tripterine‐treated‐group. Tripterine had a definite protective effect on glomerulosclerosis of the lupus murine model. Tripterine could significantly reduce the amount of urine protein excretion, suppress the formation of serum anti‐dsDNA antibodies, it could also efficiently decrease the expression of renal collagen type IV probably due to its suppressive effect on the expressions of local TGF‐(1 mRNA) in this model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutathione S‐transferase gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yalin Serap , Hatungil Rezan , Tamer Lulufer , Ates Nurcan Aras , Dogruer Nil , Yildirim Hatice , Karakas Sevim , Atik Ugur
Published: August 2006

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in the metabolism of many disease‐causing electrophilic substrates and protect the cells against oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms in diabetic patients and healthy individuals and searched whether polymorphisms in GST genes are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Turkish population. The study population consisted of 98 unrelated healthy individuals and 98 patients with DM. Genotyping of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes was performed using real time polymerase chain reaction with a Light Cycler instrument. Patients had a higher frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype than the control group (Odds ratios, OR = 3.7; 95% confidence intervals, CI = 2.05–6.70). However, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms between the patients and control group. The combined analysis of these three GST genotypes showed a further DM risk increase (OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 1.51–31.07). This is the first study to determine the association of diabetes with GST gene polymorphism in the Turkish population. These results show that GSTM1 null genotype may play a significant role in the aetiopathogeneses of DM and the GSTM1 gene may be a useful marker in the prediction of DM susceptibility of the Turkish population. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct effects of atypical 1,4‐dihydropyridines on 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium‐induced toxicity
Authors: Klimaviciusa Linda , Klusa Vija , Duburs Gunars , Kaasik Allen , Kalda Anti , Zharkovsky Alexander
Published: August 2006

Our previous data obtained from in vivo experiments demonstrated high neuroprotective effects of three novel atypical neuronal non‐calcium antagonistic 1,4‐dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives cerebrocrast, glutapyrone and tauropyrone. The present studies were carried out in vitro to clarify, at least in part, their mechanism of action in primary culture of cerebellar granule cells by use of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as a neurotoxic agent which causes dramatic oxidative stress. Cerebrocrast (highly lipophilic, with a classical two‐ring structure) dose‐dependently (0.01–10.0 µM, EC50 = 13 nM) reduced MPP+‐induced cell death. At the same time, the calcium antagonist nimodipine (reference drug) protected cell death at much higher concentrations (EC50 = 12.4 µM). Cerebrocrast decreased also the generation of reactive oxygen species and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, low lipophilic amino acid‐containing DHPs glutapyrone and tauropyrone (glutamate‐ and taurine‐containing, correspondingly) were without significant effects indicating their distinct mode of action in comparison to cerebrocrast. We have demonstrated for the first time an ability of atypical non‐calcium antagonistic DHP cerebrocrast (which has classical DHP structure elements and high lipophilicity) to protect MPP+‐induced deterioration of mitochondrial bioenergetics. One may suggest mitochondria as an essential intracellular target for the neuroprotective action of cerebrocrast and indicate its usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of iron transport proteins divalent metal transporter‐1, Ferroportin‐1, HFE and transferrin receptor‐1 in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Brinkmann Martin , Teuffel Regina , Laham Nihay , Ehrlich Rachel , Decker Patrice , Lemonnier Francois A. , Pascolo Steve
Published: August 2006

Iron is essential for cell survival and regulates many cell functions. In the context of the immune response, iron‐related metabolism is tightly controlled in activated lymphocytes as well as in cells of the innate immunity. More precisely, for dendritic cells (DCs), which are the key cell type in the development of a specific immune response, the importance of iron absorption was recently unravelled by showing that depletion of iron inhibits the maturation of DCs. On this basis, we studied in detail the expression of iron transport proteins and HFE in DCs. We found that iron uptake in this cell type is mediated by divalent‐metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and transferrin receptor‐1 (TfR) whereas Ferroportin‐1 is very weakly expressed. HFE that regulates TfR's activity is also detected at the mRNA level. The expression of DMT1 and HFE barely varies upon endotoxin‐induced maturation but TfR is up‐regulated and the iron export molecule Ferroportin‐1 is down‐regulated. As opposed to MHC class II molecules, the intracellular localization of TfR is not changed during maturation. Our results indicate that the uptake of iron during DCs development and maturation is mediated by a strong expression of iron‐uptake molecules such as DMT1 and TfR as well as a down‐regulation of iron export molecules such as Ferroportin‐1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypnotic imagery as an adjunct to therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: an experimental case report
Authors: Walters Valerie J. , Oakley David A.
Published: August 2006

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a debilitating condition affecting between 14 and 25% of the general population. Medication has been reported to be of limited efficacy. However, there is increasing evidence suggesting that hypnotic imagery can be an effective adjunct to therapy for this problem. The present experimental single case study aims to illustrate the process of psychological treatment of IBS with the adjunct of hypnosis and to explore the effectiveness of particular interventions. Over 10 sessions of treatment an overall reduction of 64% was seen in primary IBS symptoms. At 9‐months follow‐up this had improved further to a 72% reduction in primary symptoms and lower anxiety levels. The marked improvement seen with this client is consistent with the view that hypnosis is an effective adjunct to IBS treatments. Copyright © 2006 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Multichromophore Approach: Prolonged Room‐Temperature Luminescence Lifetimes in RuII Complexes Based on Tridentate Polypyridine Ligands
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Fang Yuan‐Qing , Bourget‐Merle Laurence , Polson Matthew I. J. , Hanan Garry S. , Juris Alberto , Loiseau Frédérique , Campagna Sebastiano
Published: August 2006

A new family of ruthenium(II) complexes with multichromophoric properties was prepared based on a “chemistry‐on‐the‐complex” synthetic approach. The new compounds are based on tridentate chelating sites (tpy‐type ligands, tpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) and most of them carry appended anthryl chromophores. Complexes 2 a and 2 b were synthesized through the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction between 9‐anthrylboronic acid and the chloro ligands on the presursor species 1 a and 1 b, respectively. The monocoupling product 2 c was also synthesized as the starting complex for a dimetallic complex under optimized Suzuki coupling conditions. The palladium(0)‐catalyzed homocoupling reaction on complexes 1 a and 2 c led to dimetallic RuII species 2 d and 2 e, respectively. The solid structures of complexes 2 a and 2 b were characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The absorption spectra, redox behavior, luminescence properties (both at room temperature and at 77 K), and transient absorption spectra and decays of 2 a–e were investigated. The absorption spectra of all new species are dominated by ligand‐centered (LC) bands in the UV region and metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) bands in the visible region. The new compounds undergo reversible metal‐centered oxidation processes and several ligand‐centered reduction processes, which have been assigned to specific sites. The complexes exhibit luminescence both at room temperature in fluid solution and at 77 K in rigid matrices; the emission was attributed to 3MLCT states at room temperature and to the lowest‐lying anthracene triplet (3An) at low temperature, except for 2 c, which does not contain any anthryl chromophore and whose low temperature emission is also of MLCT origin. The luminescence lifetimes of complexes 2 a–d showed that multichromophoric behavior occurs in these species, allowing the luminescence lifetime of the RuII‐based chromophores to be prolonged to the microsecond timescale, with the anthryl groups behaving as energy‐storage elements for the repopulation of the 3MLCT state. Nanosecond transient‐absorption spectroscopy confirmed the equilibration process between the triplet MLCT and An levels at room temperature. Thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing the equilibration time and the lifetime of the equilibrated excited state are discussed.
Organic Reaction Pathways in the Nonaqueous Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Niederberger Markus , Garnweitner Georg
Published: August 2006

Nonaqueous‐solution routes to metal oxide nanoparticles are a valuable alternative to the known aqueous sol–gel processes, offering advantages such as high crystallinity at low temperatures, robust synthesis parameters and ability to control the crystal growth without the use of surfactants. In the first part of the review we give a detailed overview of the various solution routes to metal oxides in organic solvents, with a strong focus on surfactant‐free processes. In most of these synthesis approaches, the organic solvent plays the role of the reactant that provides the oxygen for the metal oxide, controls the crystal growth, influences particle shape, and, in some cases, also determines the assembly behavior. We have a closer look at the following reaction systems in this order: 1) metal halides in alcohols, 2) metal alkoxides, acetates, and acetylacetonates in alcohols, 3) metal alkoxides in ketones, and 4) metal acetylacetonates in benzylamine. All these systems offer some peculiarities with respect to each other, providing many possibilities to control and tailor the particle size and shape, as well as the surface and assembly properties. In the second part we present general mechanistic principles for aqueous and nonaqueous sol–gel processes, followed by the discussion of reaction pathways relevant for nanoparticle formation in organic solvents. Depending on the system several mechanisms have been postulated: 1) alkyl halide elimination, 2) elimination of organic ethers, 3) ester elimination, 4) CC bond formation between benzylic alcohols and alkoxides, 5) ketimine and aldol‐like condensation reactions, 6) oxidation of metal nanoparticles, and 7) thermal decomposition methods.
Computational Modeling of Polyoxotungstates by Relativistic DFT Calculations of 183W NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Bonchio Marcella , Autschbach Jochen
Published: August 2006

The 183W nuclear shielding in a variety of tungsten polyoxometalates (POM) (Lindqvist, Anderson, decatungstates, Keggin) of different shapes and charges has been modeled by DFT calculations that take into account relativistic effects, by means of the zero‐order regular approximation (ZORA), and solvent effects, by the conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) continuum method. The charge/surface area ratio (q/A) is proposed as an indicator of the charge density to which the solvation energies of all POMs are correlated in a satisfactory way. Among the various theoretical levels tested (ZORA scalar or spin‐orbit, frozen‐core or all‐electron basis set, geometry optimization in the gas phase or in the continuum solvent, etc.), the best results are obtained when both geometry optimization in solvent and spin‐orbit shielding are included (mean absolute error of δ=35 ppm). The quality of the computed chemical shifts depends systematically on the charge density as expressed by q/A; thus, POMs with low q/A ratios display the best agreement with experimental data. The performance of the method is such that computed values can aid the assignment of the 183W NMR spectra of polyoxotungstates, as shown by the case of α‐[PW11TiO40]5−, whose six signals are ranked computationally so as to almost reproduce the experimental ordering even though the signals are spaced by as little as 5 ppm.
Synthetic Studies towards Pentacyclic Quassinoids: Total Synthesis of Unnatural (−)‐14‐epi‐Samaderine E and Natural (−)‐Samaderine Y from (S)‐(+)‐Carvone
Authors: Shing Tony K. M. , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: August 2006

First total syntheses of unnatural (−)‐14‐epi‐samaderine E (5) and natural (−)‐samaderine Y (2) were accomplished from (S)‐(+)‐carvone (6) in 18 and 21 steps, respectively. The syntheses are short, efficient (with an average yield of 80 % plus for each transformation), enantiospecific, and produce nine new chiral centers. The crucial points of the syntheses included a regioselective allylic oxidation on ring C, regio‐ and stereoselective reduction of ketone, a stereocontrolled epoxidation, an epoxymethano‐bridge formation, a chemoselective Grignard reaction, an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction, an intramolecular aldol addition, and a newly developed manganese(III)‐catalyzed allylic oxidation on ring A.
Development of the 1,2‐Oxaza‐Cope Rearrangement.
Authors: Zakarian Armen , Lu Chong‐Dao
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Selective Modification of the Furan Ring.
Authors: Harding Wayne W. , Schmidt Matthew , Tidgewell Kevin , Kannan Pavitra , Holden Kenneth G. , Dersch Christina M. , Rothman Richard B. , Prisinzano Thomas E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformation of 20‐Hydroxyecdysone to Inokosterone (III)
Authors: Savchenko Rimma G. , Shafikov Ruslan V. , Afonkina Svetlana R. , Odinokov Viktor N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of β2‐Amino Acid by Homologation of α‐Amino Acids Involving the Reformatsky Reaction and Mannich‐Type Imminium Electrophile.
Authors: Moumne Roba , Lavielle Solange , Karoyan Philippe
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Stephanotic Acid Methyl Ester.
Authors: Bentley David J. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Moody Christopher J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric, anti‐Selective Scandium‐Catalyzed Sakurai Additions to Glyoxyamide. Applications to the Syntheses of N‐Boc D‐Alloisoleucine and D‐Isoleucine.
Authors: Evans David A. , Aye Yimon , Wu Jimmy
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
De Novo Synthesis of Sugar‐Aza‐Crown Ethers via a Domino Staudinger Aza‐Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Menand Mickael , Blais Jean‐Claude , Valery Jean‐Marc , Xie Juan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Palladium‐Catalyzed Preparation of Condensed Tetracyclic Heterocycles and Their Application to the Synthesis of rac‐Mangochinine (I).
Authors: Vincze Zoltan , Biro A. Beatrix , Csekei Marton , Timari Geza , Kotschy Andras
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies Toward Spiroleucettadine.
Authors: Chang Jonah J. , Chan Bryan , Ciufolini Marco A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Galanthamine (I).
Authors: Hu Xiang‐Dong , Tu Yong Qiang , Zhang En , Gao Shuanhu , Wang Shaohua , Wang Aixia , Fan Chun‐An , Wang Min
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Explorations on the Total Synthesis of the Unusual Marine Alkaloid Chartelline A (I).
Authors: Sun Cuixiang , Lin Xichen , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stille Coupling of Thiophene with a Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid.
Authors: Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Base and Side‐Chain Modified Pyrimidine 1‐[2‐(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl] Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Thymidine Phosphorylase (PD‐ECGF) from SD‐Lymphoma.
Authors: Pomeisl Karel , Votruba Ivan , Holy Antonin , Pohl Radek
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Δ2‐OPC‐8:0 and OPC‐6:0.
Authors: Yagi Kaori , Nonaka Hisato , Acharya Hukum P. , Furukawa Kazushi , Ainai Takayuki , Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Feroniellins A—C, Novel Cytotoxic Furanocoumarins with Highly Oxygenated C10 Moieties from Feroniella lucida.
Authors: Phuwapraisirisan Preecha , Surapinit Serm , Sombund Sitthidesch , Siripong Pongpun , Tip‐pyang Santi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Cascarillic Acid (I).
Authors: Cheeseman Matt , Bull Steven D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis of a Tetracylic Antibiotic, (‐)‐Tetrodecamycin.
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Suzuki Yasuaki , Furuyama Akiho , Ikegami Hiroshi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Abyssomicin C and atrop‐Abyssomicin C.
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Harrison Scott T.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Dictyostatin.
Authors: O'Neil Gregory W. , Phillips Andrew J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Enhanced Ionothermal Synthesis of Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves.
Authors: Xu Yun‐Peng , Tian Zhi‐Jian , Wang Shao‐Jun , Hu Yue , Wang Lei , Wang Bing‐Chun , Ma Ying‐Chong , Hou Lei , Yu Jia‐You , Lin Li‐Wu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Role of Cu2+ as an Additive in an Electroless Nickel—Phosphorus Plating System: A Stabilizer or a Codeposit?
Authors: Chen Chun‐Han , Chen Bing‐Hung , Hong L.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nonequilibrium Cation Distribution, Canted Spin Arrangement, and Enhanced Magnetization in Nanosized MgFe2O4 Prepared by a One‐Step Mechanochemical Route.
Authors: Sepelak Vladimir , Feldhoff Armin , Heitjans Paul , Krumeich Frank , Menzel Dirk , Litterst Fred Jochen , Bergmann Ingo , Becker Klaus Dieter
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Understanding Macroscopic Diffusion of Adsorbed Molecules in Crystalline Nanoporous Materials via Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Sholl David S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ba‐Hexaferrite Films for Next Generation Microwave Devices
Authors: Harris V. G. , Chen Zhaohui , Chen Yajie , Yoon Soack , Sakai Tomokuza , Gieler Anton , Yang Aria , He Yongxue , Ziemer K. S. , Sun Nian X. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fe—S—Ta (Iron—Sulfur—Tantalum)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fe—Pr—Pt (Iron—Praseodymium—Platinum)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fe—Pb—Sb (Iron—Lead—Antimony)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) in Trinuclear and Tetranuclear Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium, and Osmium
Authors: D'Alessandro Deanna M. , Keene F. Richard
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cationic Organometallic Complexes of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanoids
Authors: Zeimentz Peter M. , Arndt Stefan , Elvidge Benjamin R. , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mononuclear Organomolybdenum(VI) Dioxo Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Kuehn Fritz E. , Santos Ana M. , Abrantes Marta
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Switchable Nonlinear Optical Metallochromophores with Pyridinium Electron Acceptor Groups
Authors: Coe Benjamin J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tetrahedra, Super‐Tetrahedra, Bipyramids, Boxes and More: Polymetallic Clusters of Benzotriazole
Authors: Collison David , McInnes Eric J. L. , Brechin Euan K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Equilibrium Analysis: Amino Acids as Ligands of Cations
Authors: Bottari Emilio , Festa Maria Rosa
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
π‐Bonded Quinonoid Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Reingold Jeffrey A. , Son Seung Uk , Kim Sang Bok , Dullaghan Conor A. , Oh Moonhyun , Frake Paul C. , Carpenter Gene B. , Sweigart Dwight A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exploitation of Acetylenic Coupling Reactions in the Synthesis of Extended Tetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Nielsen Mogens Broendsted
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nonheme Iron(II) Complexes of Macrocyclic Ligands in the Generation of Oxoiron(IV) Complexes and the Catalytic Epoxidation of Olefins
Authors: Suh Yumi , Seo Mi Sook , Kim Kwan Mook , Kim Youn Sang , Jang Ho G. , Tosha Takehiko , Kitagawa Teizo , Kim Jinheung , Nam Wonwoo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polymer Design Catalysts ‐ a Comprehensive Picture
Authors: Murthy J. S. N. , Kumar D. Rajesh , Saritha M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: McGowin Audrey E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis (SPOS) of Modulators of Estrogenic and Androgenic Action
Authors: Poirier Donald , Maltais Rene
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tricyclic Marine Alkaloids: Synthetic Approaches to Cylindricines, Lepadiformine, and Fasicularin
Authors: Schar Pascal , Cren Sylvaine , Renaud Philippe
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.