bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative anatomy of the prosubiculum, subiculum, presubiculum, postsubiculum, and parasubiculum in human, monkey, and rodent
Authors: Ding Song‐Lin
Published: July 2013

The subicular complex, including the prosubiculum (ProS), subiculum (Sub), presubiculum, postsubiculum (PoS), and parasubiculum (PaS), plays important roles in the medial temporal memory system and is heavily involved in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. In the literature, the ProS (in primate) and PoS (in rodent) are inconstantly identified, making data comparison difficult across species. This review is an attempt to discuss equivalencies and extent of the five subicular components in human, monkey, and rodent based on available information on their cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, molecular signature, and neural connectivity. All five subicular cortices exist in human, monkey, and rodent. In human and monkey, the ProS and Sub extend into the uncal region anteriorly, and the PoS and PaS reach the cingulate isthmus posteriorly. In rodent, most of the typical subicular cortices are located in the dorsal and caudal portions of the hippocampal formation, and the modified version of the ventral ProS and Sub corresponds to the modified description of the uncal ProS and Sub in monkey and human. An interesting triangular region in rodent located at the juncture of the PoS, PaS, retrosplenial cortex, and visual cortex appears to be the equivalent of the monkey area prostriata. Major connections of the five subicular cortices are also summarized based on unified criteria discussed in this review, with distinct connections revealed between the ProS and the Sub. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4145–4162, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo parahippocampal white matter pathology as a biomarker of disease progression to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Solodkin Ana , Chen E. Elinor , Van Hoesen Gary W. , Heimer Lennart , Shereen Ahmed , Kruggel Frithjof , Mastrianni James
Published: July 2013

Noninvasive diagnostic tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are limited. Postmortem diagnosis is based on density and distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid‐rich neuritic plaques. In preclinical stages of AD, the cells of origin for the perforant pathway within the entorhinal cortex are among the first to display NFTs, indicating its compromise in early stages of AD. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess the integrity of the parahippocampal white matter in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, as a first step in developing a noninvasive tool for early diagnosis. Subjects with AD (N = 9), MCI (N = 8), or no cognitive impairment (NCI; N = 20) underwent DTI‐MRI. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean (MD) and radial (RD) diffusivity measured from the parahippocampal white matter in AD and NCI subjects differed greatly. Discriminant analysis in the MCI cases assigned statistical membership of 38% of MCI subjects to the AD group. Preliminary data 1 year later showed that all MCI cases assigned to the AD group either met the diagnostic criteria for probable AD or showed significant cognitive decline. Voxelwise analysis in the parahippocampal white matter revealed a progressive change in the DTI patterns in MCI and AD subjects: whereas converted MCI cases showed structural changes restricted to the anterior portions of this region, in AD the pathology was generalized along the entire anterior–posterior axis. The use of DTI for in vivo assessment of the parahippocampal white matter may be useful for identifying individuals with MCI at highest risk for conversion to AD and for assessing disease progression. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4300–4317, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxyluciferin Photoacidity: The Missing Element for Solving the Keto–Enol Mystery?
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Simkovitch Ron , Huppert Dan , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: July 2013

The oxyluciferin family of fluorophores has been receiving much attention from the research community and several systematic studies have been performed in order to gain more insight regarding their photophysical properties and photoprotolytic cycles. In this minireview, we summarize the knowledge obtained so far and define several possible lines for future research. More importantly, we analyze the impact of the discoveries on the firefly bioluminescence phenomenon made so far and explain how they re‐open again the discussion regarding the identity (keto or enol species) of the bioluminophore.
Photo‐generated Carrier Dynamics in the Vicinity of the Donor/Acceptor Interface of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ryuzaki Sou , Onoe Jun
Published: July 2013

Change in electronic states before and after photo‐irradiation at a Donor/Acceptor (D/A) interface in organic solar cells consisting of zinc‐porphyrin and fullerene films has been examined using in situ impedance spectroscopy (IS), which makes it possible to non‐destructively measure a built‐in potential (Vbi) of both D and A films at the D/A interface. The accumulation of photo‐generated carriers in the vicinity of the D/A interface was found to increase the Vbi of both D [Zn(OEP)] and A [C60] films at the interface. In addition, it was noted that the sum of Vbi obtained on photo‐irradiation was in good agreement with the open‐circuit voltage (VOC), of which the origin is still unsolved for organic solar cells. Thus, the charge accumulation of photo‐generated carriers in the vicinity of the D/A interface plays a key role in determining VOC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(8): 1–8, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11542
Analysis of satellite remote sensing observations of low ozone events in the tropical upper troposphere and links with convection
Authors: Cooper Matthew J. , Martin Randall V. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Degenstein Doug A. , Walker Kaley A.
Published: July 2013

Satellite observations from three instruments (Microwave Limb Sounder, Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System, and Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) reveal coherent patterns of low ozone events (<20 ppb) in the tropical upper troposphere. Using a chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem), we find that these events result from deep convective processes that rapidly transport air with low ozone concentrations from the marine boundary layer. These events occur with greater frequency over the tropical South Pacific warm pool, which is consistent with ozonesonde observations. The satellite observations indicate spatial shifts in the frequency of low ozone events that we attribute to changes in convection. As the location of the warm pool shifts eastward during El Niño events, the location of the most frequent low ozone events in the satellite record follows. Mapping of low ozone events over time reveals eastward propagating systems resembling the Madden‐Julian Oscillation. These observations and analyses strengthen the link between deep convection and ozone concentrations in the tropical upper troposphere.
Hepatic cannabinoid-1 receptors mediate diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing de novo synthesis of long-chain ceramides
Authors: Cinar Resat , Godlewski Grzegorz , Liu Jie , Tam Joseph , Jourdan Tony , Mukhopadhyay Bani , Harvey-White Judith , Kunos George
Published: July 2013

Obesity is associated with increased activity of two lipid signaling systems (endocannabinoids [ECs] and ceramides), with both being implicated in insulin resistance. Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists reverse obesity and insulin resistance, but have psychiatric side effects. Here we analyzed the role of ceramide in CB1R-mediated insulin resistance in C57Bl6/J mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO), using JD5037, a peripherally restricted CB1R inverse agonist. Chronic JD5037 treatment of DIO mice reduced body weight and steatosis and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Peripheral CB1R blockade also attenuated the diet-induced increase in C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0 ceramide species with either C16 or C18 sphingosine-base in the liver. Decreased ceramide levels reflected their reduced

de novo

synthesis, due to inhibition of the activity of serine-palmitoyl transferase (SPT) and the expression of its SPTLC3 catalytic subunit, as well as reduced ceramide synthase (CerS) activity related to reduced expression of CerS1 and CerS6. JD5037 treatment also increased ceramide degradation due to increased expression of ceramidases. In primary cultured mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, the EC anandamide increased ceramide synthesis in an eIF2α-dependent manner, and inhibited insulin-induced akt phosphorylation by increased serine phosphorylation of IRS1 and increased expression of the serine/threonine phosphatase Phlpp1. These effects were abrogated by JD5037 or the SPT inhibitor myriocin. Chronic treatment of DIO mice with myriocin or JD5037 similarly reversed hepatic insulin resistance, as verified using a euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp.

Conclusion :

ECs induce CB1R-mediated, endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent synthesis of specific ceramide subspecies in the liver, which plays a key role in obesity-related hepatic insulin resistance.
1,3‐Dipolar cycloadditions of Stone–Wales defective single‐walled carbon nanotubes: A theoretical study
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhao Xiang , Nagase Shigeru
Published: July 2013

The presence of Stone‐Wales defects in single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) not only leads to new interesting properties, but also provides opportunities for tailoring physical and chemical properties, and expands their novel potential applications. With a two‐layered ONIOM method, 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions (1,3‐DCs) of a series of 1,3‐dipoles (azomethine ylide, nitrone, nitrile imine, nitrile ylide, nitrile oxide, and methyl azide) with Stone‐Wales defective SWNTs have been investigated theoretically for the first time. The calculated results demonstrate that the bond c, rather than the previously focused central bond a, exhibits the highest chemical reactivity among the defective sites. More interestingly, bond c is even more reactive thermodynamically and kinetically than the perfect CC bond in SWNTs, suggesting the feasibility of utilizing 1,3‐DC reactions to separate and purify perfect and defective SWNTs. The reactivity order for nonequivalent bonds in defective sites is different from that of [1+2] cycloaddition, indicating that the reactivity order for nonequivalent bonds depends on the kind of the chemical reactions. Except azomethine ylide, nitrile ylide and nitrile imine are found to be good candidates for 1,3‐DCs upon Stone‐Wales defective SWNTs. The SW‐A and SW‐B defective SWNTs show different chemical reactivity toward nitrile ylide, making it possible to purify and separate the SW‐A and SW‐B defective SWNTs. The SWNT diameters are found to moderately influence the 1,3‐DC reactivity of both perfect and Stone‐Wales defective SWNTs, implying that Stone‐Wales defective SWNTs with different diameter would be separated experimentally through 1,3‐DC chemistry. The above 1,3‐DC reactivity can be well understood in terms of the distortion/interaction theory, which means that instead of frontier molecular orbitals interaction energy, the distortion energy controls the chemical reactivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Social Anxiety Subtypes
Authors: Whiting Sara E. , Jenkins Whitney S. , May Anna C. , Rudy Brittany M. , Davis Thompson E. , Reuther Erin T.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is thought to underlie several internalizing disorders; however, it has only begun to be explored within social anxiety (SA). This study extends previous findings by examining IU's relation to performance and interaction SA subtypes and by accounting for obsessive‐compulsive symptoms.

Methods

A total of 472 undergraduates completed measures of IU, SA, perfectionism, worry, obsessions/compulsions, and fear of negative evaluation (FNE).

Results

IU and obsessions/compulsions predicted performance SA beyond FNE. IU predicted interaction SA beyond FNE. Inhibitory anxiety IU contributed to both SA types but contributed more to performance SA. Prospective anxiety IU was negatively related to performance SA and unrelated to interaction SA, though a trend emerged. Contrasts between those high in one SA type, both, or neither revealed IU was highest when both types were present.

Conclusions

Inhibitory IU plays a significant role in both SA subtypes and may play a slightly greater role in performance SA.
Latitudinal and altitudinal variability of lower atmospheric inertial gravity waves revealed by U.S. radiosonde data
Authors: Zhang Shao Dong , Yi Fan , Huang Chun Ming , Huang Kai Ming , Gan Quan , Zhang Ye Hui , Gong Yun
Published: July 2013

We adopt a broad spectral data analyzing method to derive the continuous altitude variability of inertial gravity wave (GW) parameter properties in the altitude range of 2–25 km from 11 year (1998–2008) radiosonde observations over 92 United States stations locating in the latitude range from 5°N to 75°N. To our knowledge, this is the first time presenting latitudinal and continuous altitudinal variability of lower atmospheric GW parameters. The presented latitudinal distribution of GW parameters indicates that the wave energy in the troposphere and lower stratosphere peaks, respectively, at the middle and lower latitudes; and at lower latitudes, GWs usually have larger ratios of wave intrinsic frequency to Coriolis parameter, smaller intrinsic frequencies, shorter vertical wavelengths, and longer horizontal wavelengths. Our analyses also revealed continuous altitudinal variations of GW parameters, most of which are closely related to those of the background temperature and wind fields, indicating the important role of background atmosphere in excitation and propagation of GWs. Moreover, our results suggested the profound climatological impacts of GWs on background atmosphere. The GW‐induced force tends to decelerate the zonal jet at middle latitudes and produces a negative vertical shear in the northward wind closely above the tropopause altitude. The GW heat flux tends to cool the atmosphere around the tropospheric jet altitude and contributes significantly to the forming of tropospheric inversions at middle latitudes. Additionally, we demonstrated that GW energy densities, momentum, and heat fluxes have evident seasonal variations, especially at middle latitudes.
Characteristics of the designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AM‐2201 regarding its chemistry and metabolism
Authors: Hutter Melanie , Moosmann Bjoern , Kneisel Stefan , Auwärter Volker
Published: July 2013

Aminoalkylindoles, a subclass of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, show an extensive and complex metabolism in vivo, and due to their structural similarity, they can be challenging in terms of unambiguous assignment of metabolic patterns in urine samples to consumed substances. The situation may even be more complicated as these drugs are usually smoked, and the high temperature exposure may lead to formation of artifacts.

Typical metabolites of JWH‐018 (Naphthalen‐1‐yl(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methanone) were reportedly detected not only in urine samples collected after consumption of JWH‐018 but also after AM‐2201 (1‐(5‐fluoropentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐(naphthalene‐1‐yl)methanone) use. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate if typical JWH‐018 metabolites can be formed metabolically in humans and if JWH‐018 may be formed artifactually during smoking of AM‐2201. Therefore, one of the authors ingested 5 mg of pure AM‐2201, and serum as well as urine samples were analyzed subsequently. Additionally, the smoke condensate from a cigarette laced with pure AM‐2201 was investigated. In addition, urine samples of patients after known consumption of AM‐2201 or JWH‐018 were evaluated.

The results of the study prove that typical metabolites of JWH‐018 and JWH‐073 are built in humans after ingestion of AM‐2201. However, the N‐(4‐hydroxypentyl) metabolite of JWH‐018, which is the major metabolite after JWH‐018 use, was not detected after the self‐experiment. In the smoke condensate, small amounts of JWH‐018 and JWH‐022 (Naphthalen‐1‐yl[1‐(pent‐4‐en‐1‐yl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]methanone) were detected. Nevertheless, the results of our study suggest that the amounts absorbed by smoking do not significantly influence the metabolic pattern in urine samples.

Therefore, the N‐(4‐hydroxypentyl) metabolite of JWH‐018 can serve as a valuable marker to distinguish consume of products containing AM‐2201 from JWH‐018 use. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of stress‐shielding on the dynamic viscoelasticity and ordering of the collagen fibers in rabbit Achilles tendon
Authors: Ikoma Kazuya , Kido Masamitsu , Nagae Masateru , Ikeda Takumi , Shirai Toshiharu , Ueshima Keiichiro , Arai Yuji , Oda Ryo , Fujiwara Hiroyoshi , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: July 2013

We investigated the effects of stress‐shielding on both viscoelastic properties and microstructure of collagen fibers in the Achilles tendon by proton double‐quantum filtered (1H‐DQF) NMR spectroscopy. The right hind‐limbs of 20 Japanese white rabbits were immobilized for 4 weeks in a cast with the ankle in plantarflexion. Dynamic viscoelasticity of the Achilles tendons was measured using a viscoelastic spectrometer. Proton DQF NMR signals were analyzed to determine the residual dipolar coupling of bound water molecules in the Achilles tendons. Both the dynamic storage modulus (E′) and dynamic loss modulus (E″) decreased significantly in the Achilles tendons of the stress‐shielding group. The results of the 1H‐DQF NMR examination demonstrated significantly reduced residual dipolar coupling in the Achilles tendons of this same group. The disorientation of collagen fibers by stress‐shielding should contribute to degradation of the dynamic storage and loss moduli. The alterations of the collagen fiber orientation that contributed to the function of tendinous tissue can be evaluated by performing an analysis of 1H DQF NMR spectroscopy. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1708–1712, 2013
Energy metabolism of intervertebral disc under mechanical loading
Authors: Wang Chong , Gonzales Silvia , Levene Howard , Gu Weiyong , Huang Chun‐Yuh Charles
Published: July 2013

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is closely associated with low back pain (LBP), which is a major health concern in the U.S. Cellular biosynthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is important for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing tissue degeneration, is an energy demanding process. Due to impaired nutrient support in avascular IVD, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply could be a limiting factor for maintaining normal ECM synthesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the energy metabolism in the annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) of porcine IVD under static and dynamic compressions. Under compression, pH decreased and the contents of lactate and ATP increased significantly in both AF and NP regions, suggesting that compression can promote ATP production via glycolysis and reduce pH by increasing lactate accumulation. A high level of extracellular ATP content was detected in the NP region and regulated by compressive loading. Since ATP can serve not only as an intra‐cellular energy currency, but also as a regulator of a variety of cellular activities extracellularly through the purinergic signaling pathway, our findings suggest that compression‐mediated ATP metabolism could be a novel mechanobiological pathway for regulating IVD metabolism. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1733–1738, 2013
Implementation of a novel otolaryngology clinic for indigent patients
Authors: Shuman Andrew G. , Kupfer Robbi , Simpson Katherine , Cederna Jean , Cederna Paul S. , Salow Paul , Bradford Carol R. , McKean Erin L.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study was designed to describe the implementation, utilization, and outcomes of an otolaryngology clinic for indigent patients employing a novel design.

Study Design

Pilot study.

Methods

A tertiary‐care academic otolaryngology department partnered with a nonprofit outpatient clinic for indigent patients in order to provide free subspecialty consultation services. A novel format was utilized in which the department provided on‐site, scheduled outpatient multidisciplinary consultation on weekends, staffed by volunteer health care providers and ancillary staff. A review of the program was conducted using prospectively collected data. Clinic design, staffing, utilization, and feasibility were described, along with demographic and clinical data for all patients participating in the clinic from October 2010 through January 2012.

Results

Five clinics were held over 15 months, totaling 74 patient visits, with positive feedback regarding accessibility and quality of services provided. A total of 60 procedures were performed, including audiograms, endoscopies, otologic procedures, biopsies and/or excisions. The estimated value of medical services that were provided was $37,302. Four potentially life‐threatening conditions were newly diagnosed. Twenty patients received conclusive evaluation and treatment at the time of their first visit. Eighteen patients required further subspecialty treatment and/or surgery that could not be provided in the outpatient setting, and were referred appropriately.

Conclusions

The partnership between an academic otolaryngology department and a nonprofit clinic provided free on‐site consultation for indigent patients. Such an arrangement is feasible, well utilized, and successful in delivering comprehensive specialized services to indigent patients who lack traditional access to medical care. Laryngoscope, 123:2142–2147, 2013
Effectiveness of subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Erekosima Nkiruka , Suarez‐Cuervo Catalina , Ramanathan Murugappan , Kim Julia M. , Chelladurai Yohalakshmi , Segal Jodi B. , Lin Sandra Y.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, using formulations currently approved in the United States.

Study Design

We searched the following databases up to May 21, 2012: MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

Methods

We included randomized controlled trials published in English comparing SCIT to placebo, pharmacotherapy, or other SCIT regimens that reported clinical outcomes of interest. Studies of adults or mixed age populations were included. Studies were excluded if the diagnosis of allergy and/or asthma was not confirmed with objective testing. Paired reviewers selected articles for inclusion and extracted data. We assessed the risk of bias for each study and graded the strength of evidence for each outcome as high, moderate, or low.

Results

Sixty‐one studies met our inclusion criteria. Majority of the studies (66%) evaluated single‐allergen immunotherapy regimens. The literature provides high‐grade evidence that SCIT reduces asthma symptoms, asthma medication usage, rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, conjunctivitis symptoms, and rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis disease‐specific quality of life in comparison to placebo or usual care. There is moderate evidence that SCIT decreases rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis medication usage. Respiratory reactions were the most common systemic reaction. There were few reports of anaphylaxis; no deaths were reported.

Conclusions

Generally moderate to strong evidence supports the effectiveness of SCIT for treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma, particularly with single‐allergen immunotherapy regimens. Adverse reactions to SCIT are common, but no deaths were reported in the included studies.

Level of Evidence

1a. Laryngoscope, 124:616–627, 2014
Endothelin‐1 gene polymorphism in sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Uchida Yasue , Teranishi Masaaki , Nishio Naoki , Sugiura Saiko , Hiramatsu Mariko , Suzuki Hidenori , Kato Ken , Otake Hironao , Yoshida Tadao , Tagaya Mitsuhiko , Suzuki Hirokazu , Sone Michihiko , Ando Fujiko , Shimokata Hiroshi , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Endothelin‐1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that is widely distributed throughout the mammalian body including the spiral modiolar artery, vestibule, and cochlea. This study aimed to investigate the association between the Lys198Asn (G/T) polymorphism (rs5370) of the endothelin‐1 gene and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).

Study Design

Case‐control study.

Methods

Seventy‐two SSNHL patients (mean age, 58.3 ± 14.0 years) were compared with 2,159 controls included in a community‐based study of aging. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for SSNHL. In subgroup analysis, patients with SSNHL who visited to the hospital within the first month of onset were selected to assess audiometric features according to genotype. Pure‐tone averages at 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz were calculated in the affected ear.

Results

Under the recessive genetic model, after adjustment for age, sex, histories of hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, the crude and adjusted ORs for SSNHL risk were 2.209 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.140‐4.281) and 2.173 (95% CI: 1.086‐4.348), respectively. No significant ORs were observed under the additive and dominant models. The severity of SSNHL differed significantly between genotypes. The mean pure‐tone averages at the initial visit were 78.6, 66.4, and 57.8 dB for the GG, GT, and TT genotypes, respectively (P = .034).

Conclusions

Our study indicates that the recessive genotype was significantly associated with increased SSNHL risk; however, the severity was lower in these individuals than it was in those with the wild‐type genotype. Endothelin‐1 may be implicated in SSNHL.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 123:E59–E65, 2013
Pattern of cervical lymph node metastasis in medial wall pyriform sinus carcinoma
Authors: Chung Eun‐Jae , Lee Sang‐Hyo , Baek So‐Hye , Park Il‐Seok , Cho Sung‐Jin , Rho Young‐Soo
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and distribution of histologic cervical lymph node metastases in medial wall pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Study Design

Retrospective study of medical records.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 68 medial wall pyriform sinus SCC patients who underwent bilateral neck dissection for primary treatment with curative intent. Thirty‐nine patients underwent central compartment neck dissection. Primary tumor was removed using conservative laryngeal surgery with partial pharyngectomy in 39 cases, near total/total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy in 24 cases, and total laryngopharyngectomy in five cases.

Results

The overall N+ contralateral lymph nodes rate on pathology was 14.7%. The rate of contralateral occult cases was 5.2%. Advanced primary (T3–4) and nodal (N2b–3) disease, and primary lesion across the midline were correlated with contralateral nodal metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed that a primary lesion across the midline was an independent factor for contralateral neck nodal metastasis. The rate of level VI node metastasis was 16.2%. The disease‐specific survival rate was significantly different according to level VI node metastasis (71% vs. 40%). Pyriform sinus apex invasion and extralaryngeal spread were correlated with level VI nodal metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed that pyriform sinus apex invasion was an independent factor for level VI nodal metastasis.

Conclusions

Contralateral nodal metastasis was less frequent than expected. Bilateral neck dissection is mandatory for primary lesion across the midline. Ipsilateral level VI lymph node should be removed in pyriform sinus apex invasion cases.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:882–887, 2014
Analysis of used frying oils
Authors: Dobarganes Carmen , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria
Published: July 2013

The analysis of used frying oils to ensure quality of fried foods has become a subject of great concern for health administrations, food processors and consumers, especially since some compounds formed at high temperatures impair the nutritional value of fats and have adverse health effects. At present, three lines of research on the analysis of frying oils stand out: first, development of techniques for the quantitative analysis of the new compounds formed; second, the evaluation of useful rapid methods to be applied in situ for monitoring oil quality in fried food outlets; and third, the application of the most advanced analytical techniques to delve into the structure of individual oxidized compounds present in fried foods.
The importance of fatty acids in glycaemic response
Authors: Henry Jeyakumar , Shu‐Fen Claudia Leong
Published: July 2013

Most diets worldwide are composed of high carbohydrate foods. Their consumption is associated with a rapid rise in blood glucose. The potential role that the degree of saturation of fatty acids may have in glycaemic response forms the basis of this paper. The addition of butter, olive oil or grapeseed oil significantly reduced the glycaemic index of white bread (white bread GI = 71; bread + butter GI = 53, bread + grapeseed oil GI = 58; bread+ olive oil GI = 50. The addition of olive oil had the greatest impact on GI. Olive oil has been widely recommended for its impact on blood lipids and cholesterol. Olive oil's influence on glycaemic response spawns a new line of research that should examine the role of lipids in carbohydrate metabolism.
The topological gradient in anisotropic elasticity with an eye towards lightweight design
Authors: Schneider Matti , Andrä Heiko
Published: July 2013

We derive a representation formula for the topological gradient with respect to arbitrary quadratic yield functionals and anisotropic elastic materials, thus laying the theoretical foundations for topological sensitivity analysis in lightweight design. For compliance, minimization involving general anisotropic materials and ellipsoidal perturbations, we give a closed formula for the topological gradient, enabling topology optimization of integrated designs involving several reinforced materials. If the materials are transversely isotropic and the perturbations are spheriodal, we even obtain an analytical formula. For general anisotropy, recent advances in the computation of Eshelby's tensor enable rapid numerical computation of the topological gradient.

Restricting to isotropic materials and spheroidal inclusions, we obtain an analytical formula for minimizing isotropic yield functionals with applications to microscale‐scale sensitivity analysis of fiber reinforced composites or reinforcing analysis of brittle materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pontryagin maximum principle for fractional ordinary optimal control problems
Authors: Kamocki Rafal
Published: July 2013

In the paper, fractional systems with Riemann–Liouville derivatives are studied. A theorem on the existence and uniqueness of a solution of a fractional ordinary Cauchy problem is given. Next, the Pontryagin maximum principle for nonlinear fractional control systems with a nonlinear integral performance index is proved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of blood T2on oxygenation at 7 T: In vitro calibration and in vivo application
Authors: Krishnamurthy Lisa C. , Liu Peiying , Xu Feng , Uh Jinsoo , Dimitrov Ivan , Lu Hanzhang
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The calibratable relationship between blood oxygenation (Y) andT2allows quantification of cerebral venous oxygenation. We aim to establish a calibration plot between bloodT2,Y, and hematocrit at 7 T, and usingT2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging MRI, determine human venous blood oxygenation in vivo.

Methods

In vitro experiments were performed at 7 T on bovine blood samples using a Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill‐T2sequence, from which we characterized the relationship amongT2,Y, and hematocrit. T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging MRI was implemented at 7 T to measure venous bloodT2in vivo, from which oxygenation was estimated using the in vitro calibration plot. Hyperoxia was performed to test the sensitivity of the method to oxygenation changes, and the 7 T results were compared with those at 3 T.

Results

In vitro data showed that arterial and venousT2at 7 T are 68 and 20 ms, respectively, at a typical hematocrit of 0.42. In vivo measurement showed a cerebral venous oxygenation of 64.7 ± 5.0% and a test‐retest coefficient‐of‐variation of 3.6 ± 2.4%. Hyperoxia increasedYvby 9.0 ± 1.4% (P= 0.001) and the 3 and 7 T results showed a strong correlation (R= 0.95) across individuals.

Conclusion

We provided an in vitro calibration plot for conversion of bloodT2to oxygenation at 7 T and demonstrated its utility in vivo. Magn Reson Med 71:2035–2042, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation in the Indian summer monsoon intensity during the Bølling‐Ållerød and Holocene
Authors: Kessarkar Pratima M. , Purnachadra Rao V. , Naqvi S. W. A. , Karapurkar Supriya G.
Published: July 2013

Variations in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) intensity during the last 16.7 ka have been studied using organic carbon (Corg), δ15N of sedimentary organic matter, CaCO3, sediment texture, δ18OC, and Mg/Ca‐derived sea surface temperature, δ18O of sea water and sea surface salinity, in a 14C‐dated sediment core from the eastern Arabian Sea. The δ18O in water and planktonic foraminifera shells off the central west coast of India may be controlled by the ISM intensity as this area receives high precipitation and land runoff. Also, the Corg and CaCO3 contents of sediments and δ15N of sedimentary organic matter may be linked to ISM‐induced productivity and denitrification. The results of the present study reveal that between 16 and 15.2 ka BP, the ISM was weak with minor fluctuations and started intensifying around 15.2 ka BP, at the onset of the Bølling‐Ållerød (B‐A) event. The B‐A event is characterized by higher water column denitrification rates comparable to the present day. The ISM signatures observed in the δ18OC record of B‐A event compare well with those from Timta cave of the western Himalayas and also the Asian summer monsoon signatures from the Hulu caves in China and warming signatures in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) suggesting atmospheric teleconnections through Intertropical Convergence Zone. The boundary between the Younger Dryas and the Holocene is discernible with small episodes of abrupt events of increased ISM intensity. This decrease in δ18OC values at ~11.8 ka BP is contemporary with June solar insolation maximum at 30° north and the increase in methane in the GISP2 ice core supporting episodes of warmer climate and increase in ISM intensity. The ISM seems to have been most stable between 7 and 5.6 ka BP. The core exhibits periodicity of 500 years that is comparable to the Atlantic water formation and the Chinese monsoon.
A record of the last 460 thousand years of upper ocean stratification from the central Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic
Authors: Scussolini Paolo , Peeters Frank J. C.
Published: July 2013

The upper branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation predominantly enters the Atlantic Ocean through the southeast, where the subtropical gyre is exposed to the influence of the Agulhas leakage (AL). To understand how the transfer of Indian Ocean waters via the AL affected the upper water column of this region, we have generated new proxy records of planktic foraminifera from a core on the central Walvis Ridge, on the eastern flank of the South Atlantic Gyre (SAG). We analyzed the isotopic composition of subsurface dweller Globigerinoides ruber sensu lato, and thermocline Globorotalia truncatulinoides sinistral, spanning the last five Pleistocene glacial‐interglacial (G‐IG) cycles. The former displays a response to obliquity, suggesting connection with high latitude forcing, and a warming tendency during each glacial termination, in response to the interhemispheric seesaw. The δ18O difference between the two species, interpreted as a proxy for upper ocean stratification, reveals a remarkably regular sawtooth pattern, bound to G‐IG cyclicity. It rises from interglacials until glacial terminations, with fast subsequent decrease, appearing to promptly respond to deglacial peaks of AL. Stratification, however, bears a different structure during the last cycle, being minimal at Last Glacial Maximum, and peaking at Termination I. We suggest this to be the result of the intensified glacial wind field over the SAG and/or of the invasion of the South Atlantic thermocline by Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Waters. The δ13C time series of the two species have similar G‐IG pattern, whereas their difference is higher during interglacials. We propose that this may be the result of the alternation of intermediate water masses in different circulation modes, and of a regionally more efficient biological pump at times of high pCO2.
Organosoluble polyimides derived from asymmetric 2‐substituted‐and 2,2′,6‐trisubstituted‐4,4′‐oxydianilines
Authors: Chen Jyh‐Chien , Wu Jin‐An , Chang Hui‐Wen , Lee Ching‐Yi
Published: July 2013

We report a new method for the preparation of asymmetric diamines using 4,4′‐oxydianiline (4,4′‐ODA) as the starting material. By controlling the equivalents of bromination agent, N‐bromosuccinimide, we were able to attach bromide and phenyl substituents at the 2‐ or 2,2′,6‐positions of 4,4′‐ODA. Thus, four new asymmetric aromatic diamines, 2‐bromo‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (6), 2,2′,6‐tribromo‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (7), 2‐phenyl‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (8) and 2,2′,6‐triphenyl‐4,4′‐oxydianiline (9), were synthesized by this method. Their structural asymmetry was confirmed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Asymmetric polyimides (PI10–PI13) were prepared from these diamines and three different dianhydrides (pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride) in refluxing m‐cresol. The formed polyimides, except PI10a derived from 6 and PMDA, were all soluble in m‐cresol without premature precipitation during polymerization. These polyimides with inherent viscosity of 0.41–0.96 dL g−1, measured at a concentration of 0.5 g dL−1 in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at 30 °C, can form tough and flexible films. Because of the structural asymmetry, they also exhibited enhanced solubility in organic solvents. Especially, polyimides PI11a and PI13a derived from 7 and 9 with rigid PMDA were soluble in various organic solvents at room temperature. The structural asymmetry of the prepared polyimides was also evidenced from 1H NMR spectroscopy. In the 1H NMR spectrum of PI11a, the protons of pyromellitic moiety appeared in an area ratio of 1:2:1 at three different chemical shifts, which were assigned to head‐to‐head, head‐to‐tail and tail‐to‐tail configurations, respectively. These polyimides also exhibited good thermal stability. Their glass transition temperatures ranged from 297 to 344 °C measured using thermal mechanical analysis. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Decomposition of number of life years lost according to causes of death
Authors: Andersen P. K.
Published: July 2013

We study the competing risks model and show that the cause j cumulative incidence function integrated from 0 to τ has a natural interpretation as the expected number of life years lost due to cause j before time τ. This is analogous to the τ‐restricted mean lifetime, which is the survival function integrated from 0 to τ. It is discussed how the number of years lost may be related to subject‐specific explanatory variables in a regression model based on pseudo‐observations, and the method is exemplified using data from a bone marrow transplantation study. Finally, inclusion of standard mortality rates is discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Lagrangian for a light Higgs-like scalar
Authors: Contino Roberto , Ghezzi Margherita , Grojean Christophe , Mühlleitner Margarete , Spira Michael
Published: July 2013

Abstract

We reconsider the effective Lagrangian that describes a light Higgs-like boson and better clarify a few issues which were not exhaustively addressed in the previous literature. In particular we highlight the strategy to determine whether the dynamics responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking is weakly or strongly interacting. We also discuss how the effective Lagrangian can be implemented into automatic tools for the calculation of Higgs decay rates and production cross sections.
An Analysis of Item Response Theory and Rasch Models Based on the Most Probable Distribution Method
Authors: Noventa Stefano , Stefanutti Luca , Vidotto Giulio
Published: July 2013

The most probable distribution method is applied to derive the logistic model as the distribution accounting for the maximum number of possible outcomes in a dichotomous test while introducing latent traits and item characteristics as constraints to the system. The item response theory logistic models, with a particular focus on the one-parameter logistic model, or Rasch model, and their properties and assumptions, are discussed for both infinite and finite populations.
Cognition and gait show a distinct pattern of association in the general population
Authors: Verlinden Vincentius J.A. , van der Geest Jos N. , Hofman Albert , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: July 2013

Background

With brain aging, cognition and gait deteriorate in several domains. However, the interrelationship between cognitive and gait domains remains unclear. We investigated the independent associations between cognitive and gait domains in a community‐dwelling population.

Methods

In the Rotterdam Study, 1232 participants underwent cognitive and gait assessment. Cognitive assessment included memory, information processing speed, fine motor speed, and executive function. Gait was summarized into seven independent domains: Rhythm, Variability, Phases, Pace, Tandem, Turning, and Base of Support. With multivariate linear regression, independent associations between cognitive and gait domains were investigated.

Results

Information processing speed associated with Rhythm, fine motor speed with Tandem, and executive function with Pace. The effect sizes corresponded to a 5‐ to 10‐year deterioration in gait.

Conclusions

Cognition and gait show a distinct pattern of association. These data accentuate the close, but complicated, relation between cognition and gait, and they may aid in unraveling the broader spectrum of the effects of brain aging.
The relative impact of attribute, severity, and timing of psychological contract breach on behavioral and attitudinal outcomes
Authors: Eckerd Stephanie , Hill James , Boyer Kenneth K. , Donohue Karen , Ward Peter T.
Published: July 2013

A psychological contract defines the perceived reciprocal obligations that characterize a relationship between an individual and organizational entity. Breach of a psychological contract can negatively affect work behaviors and attitudinal perceptions, and may also elicit an emotional response (violation) which can help to explain these negative consequences. This research focuses on the role of psychological contracts in a supply chain setting. We explore when and how three conditions of psychological contract breach – attribute, severity, and timing – negatively impact outcomes, and assess the mediating role of psychological contract violation in this relationship. To evaluate our hypotheses, we employ a laboratory experiment in which participants assume the role of a purchasing manager. We impose various breach factors and observe their relative impact on the decision‐making behavior and fairness perceptions of the participant. We show that while the breach factors significantly impact task behavior, these relationships are not explained by psychological contract violation. However, violation is useful in explaining, in part, the results pertaining to fairness perceptions.
Behavioural response of wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata, Diptera: Anthomyiidae) larvae to the primary plant metabolite carbon dioxide
Authors: Rogers C.D. , Evans K.A. , Parker J. , Pappa V.A.
Published: July 2013

Wheat bulb fly (WBF) larvae use chemotaxis to orientate towards host-plant root exudates. This study aimed to investigate the role of the primary plant metabolite carbon dioxide (CO2) in host-plant location by WBF. Arena based behavioural experiments were used to identify whether CO2induced chemotaxis (directional movement in response to a chemical stimulus) or kinesis (non-directional movement in response to a stimulus) from WBF larvae. No chemotactic response was observed when larvae were presented to a point source of CO2. However, elevated levels of CO2induced kinesis, with both track length and tortuosity (number of twists and turns in the movement path) increasing at elevated CO2levels of 1000–2000 ppm, demonstrating increased searching behaviour. Soil emission of CO2was quantified to compare soil levels with those identified as eliciting behavioural effects on the larvae. Samples removed from soil gave a mean CO2concentration of 557 (±46) ppm, which is lower than the lowest concentration of CO2found to induce a behavioural response and higher than the lowest CO2concentration tested, which was found not to alter behaviour. It is proposed that increased CO2concentrations in the soil act as a behavioural trigger, inducing intensive searching of an area by WBF larvae. This increases the likelihood of finding more host-specific identifiers, such as secondary metabolites when near a potential host-plant.
Cognitive deficits in unipolar old-age depression: a population-based study
Authors: Pantzar A. , Laukka E. J. , Atti A. R. , Fastbom J. , Fratiglioni L. , Bäckman L.
Published: July 2013

Background

There is substantial variability in the degree of cognitive impairment among older depressed persons. Inconsistencies in previous findings may be due to differences in clinical and demographic characteristics across study samples. We assessed the influence of unipolar depression and severity of depression on cognitive performance in a population-based sample of elderly persons aged ⩾60 years.

Method

Eighty-nine persons fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for unipolar depression (mild, n = 48; moderate, n = 38; severe, n = 3) after thorough screening for dementia (DSM-IV criteria), psychiatric co-morbidities and antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Participants (n = 2486) were administered an extensive cognitive test battery.

Results

Moderate/severe unipolar depression was associated with poorer performance on tasks assessing processing speed, attention, executive function, verbal fluency, episodic memory and vocabulary. Mild depression was associated with poorer performance in processing speed, and few differences between mild and moderate/severe depression were observed. No association between depression and short-term memory, general knowledge or spatial ability was observed. Increasing age did not exacerbate the depression-related cognitive deficits, and the deficits remained largely unchanged after excluding persons in a preclinical phase of dementia. Furthermore, depression-related cognitive deficits were not associated with other pharmacological treatments that may affect cognitive performance.

Conclusions

Cognitive deficits in unipolar old-age depression involve a range of domains and the cognitive deficits seem to follow the spectrum of depression severity. The finding that mild depression was also associated with poorer cognitive functioning underscores the importance of detecting mild depression in elderly persons.