bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grain Yield Observations Constrain Cropland CO2 Fluxes Over Europe
Authors: Combe M. , de Wit A. J. W. , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano J. , van der Molen M. K. , Magliulo V. , Peters W.
Published: October 2017

Carbon exchange over croplands plays an important role in the European carbon cycle over daily to seasonal time scales. A better description of this exchange in terrestrial biosphere models—most of which currently treat crops as unmanaged grasslands—is needed to improve atmospheric CO2 simulations. In the framework we present here, we model gross European cropland CO2 fluxes with a crop growth model constrained by grain yield observations. Our approach follows a two‐step procedure. In the first step, we calculate day‐to‐day crop carbon fluxes and pools with the WOrld FOod STudies (WOFOST) model. A scaling factor of crop growth is optimized regionally by minimizing the final grain carbon pool difference to crop yield observations from the Statistical Office of the European Union. In a second step, we re‐run our WOFOST model for the full European 25 × 25 km gridded domain using the optimized scaling factors. We combine our optimized crop CO2 fluxes with a simple soil respiration model to obtain the net cropland CO2 exchange. We assess our model's ability to represent cropland CO2 exchange using 40 years of observations at seven European FluxNet sites and compare it with carbon fluxes produced by a typical terrestrial biosphere model. We conclude that our new model framework provides a more realistic and strongly observation‐driven estimate of carbon exchange over European croplands. Its products will be made available to the scientific community through the ICOS Carbon Portal and serve as a new cropland component in the CarbonTracker Europe inverse model.
Microengineering of Optical Properties of GeO2 Glass by Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring
Authors: Zhang Fangteng , Cerkauskaite Ausra , Drevinskas Rokas , Kazansky Peter G. , Qiu Jianrong
Published: October 2017

Nanostructuring in glass by ultrafast laser paves the way for integrated optics. In this paper, form birefringence induced by ultrafast laser direct writing in GeO2 glass is systematically investigated. It is shown that the pulse energy for maximum retardance in GeO2 glass is ≈65% lower than in fused silica. The induced retardance by laser scanning is two times higher than that by stationary irradiation under the same processing conditions. The optimum pulse duration for maximum retardance in GeO2 glass lies within sub‐picosecond region, i.e., typically around 500 fs, while in fused silica it is in the picosecond regime at around 1–2 ps. A reversed polarization dependence of retardance at low pulse densities and low pulse repetition rates is observed in GeO2 glass. As a result, two optical applications including a radial polarization vortex converter and a computer‐generated hologram are demonstrated in GeO2 glass by spatial manipulation of the optical axis of the locally induced form birefringence. The microengineering of optical properties of GeO2 glass by ultrafast laser direct writing may lead to new applications in near‐/mid‐infrared optics.
Pot‐Economical Synthesis of Hydroxylated Arylethenyl‐arylethynyl‐arenes through Sequential Decarboxylative Perkin–Sonogashira Reactions
Authors: Shard Amit , Kumar Rajesh , Equbal Danish , Sinha Arun Kumar
Published: October 2017

A simple, economical and one‐pot protocol is developed for construction of multiple carbon–carbon bonds having C(sp2)−C(sp2) and C(sp2)−C(sp) hybridization, as these intriguing molecular architectures exhibit significant optoelectronic and medicinal properties. To this end, a sequential reaction is devised that allows one‐pot three‐component reactions of hydroxybenzaldehydes (C6–C1 unit), halo‐phenylacetic acids (C6–C2 unit) and arylacetylenes (C6–C3 unit) resulting in the formation of highly π‐conjugated complex arylethenyl‐arylethynyl‐arenes (C6–C2–C6–C2–C6 unit) bearing a hydroxy group via sequential Perkin condensation–decarboxylation–Sonogashira coupling in polyethylene glycol with microwave irradiation. The process avoids protection–deprotection manipulations, generates CO2 and H2O as by‐products and is successfully extended for the efficient construction of a wide series of novel aliphatic/alicyclic/(hetero)aromatic arylethenyl‐arylethynyl‐arenes with pendant hydroxy functionality, which could undergo further chemical modification to achieve target biological and physical properties.
Ein pH‐abhängiger, mechanisch verzahnter Schalter: organometallisches [2]Rotaxan und organisches [3]Rotaxan
Authors: Altmann Philipp J. , Pöthig Alexander
Published: October 2017

Wir stellen das erste [2]Rotaxan mit einer funktionellen organometallischen Ringkomponente vor. Im Unterschied zu etablierten organischen Systemen zeigt diese molekulare Architektur eine hohe postsynthetische Modifizierbarkeit. Die Reaktivität der Ag8‐Pillarplex‐Ringkomponente bleibt vollständig erhalten, was anhand der ersten Transmetallierung an einem Rotaxangerüst zum Au8‐Analogon verdeutlicht wird. Zusätzlich kann im sauren Milieu ein ausschließlich organisches [3]Rotaxan erhalten werden; diese Reaktion ist durch Zugabe einer geeigneten Base umkehrbar und kann somit als pH‐abhängiger Schalter genutzt werden. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass die mechanisch verzahnte Natur des Moleküls die kinetische Stabilität des NHC‐Wirtkomplexes um einen Faktor >1000 erhöht, was die erste Beobachtung eines stabilisierenden “Rotaxand‐Effektes” darstellt.
Fast, Efficient and Low E‐Factor One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)Arenes
Authors: Pinxterhuis Erik B. , Visser Paco , Esser Iwan , Gualtierotti Jean‐Baptiste , Feringa Ben L.
Published: October 2017

The homocoupling of aryl halides and the heterocoupling of aryl halides with either aryl bromides or arenes bearing an ortho‐lithiation directing group are presented. The use of a Pd catalyst, in combination with t‐BuLi, allows for the rapid and efficient formation of a wide range of polyaromatic compounds in a one pot procedure bypassing the need for the separate preformation of an organometallic coupling partner. These polyaromatic structures are obtained in high yields, in 10 min at room temperature, with minimal waste generation (E‐factors as low as 1.5) and without the need for strict inert conditions, making this process highly efficient and practical in comparison to classical methods. As illustration, several key intermediates of widely used BINOL‐derived structures are readily prepared.
Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer‐based Motion Control for a Piezoelectric Actuator‐based Surgical Device
Authors: Lau Jun Yik , Liang Wenyu , Liaw Hwee Choo , Tan Kok Kiong
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a sliding mode disturbance observer‐based motion tracking control methodology. In particular, the methodology is applied to control a semi‐automated hand‐held ear surgical device for the treatment of otitis media with effusion. The proposed control methodology is utilised to deal with the undesirable effects in the motion system, such as non‐linear dynamics, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. It employs a proportional‐derivative control scheme together with a sliding mode disturbance observer for rejecting the undesirable effects. The stability of the proposed control methodology is proven theoretically and its effectiveness is evaluated experimentally. In addition, promising motion tracking experimental results are shown, and it can be observed that the proposed approach offers more robust performance for controlling the hand‐held surgical device and other similar instruments.
A joint monsoon index for East Asian–Australian monsoons during boreal summer
Authors: Chen Wei , Guan Zhaoyong
Published: October 2017

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and other data, a joint monsoon index IEAAM is defined for capturing variation features of East Asian summer monsoon and Australian winter monsoon as an entity. The East Asian–Australian monsoons (EAAM) are found to be stronger after 1993 whereas weaker before this year. When EAAM is anomalously strong, cold sea surface temperature anomalies appear around north coast of Australia, facilitating easterly wind near equator to strengthen in lower troposphere and both the Australia High and the northwestern subtropical anticyclone to intensify. The divergent flows emanating from the Southern Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) region and tropical north Pacific, respectively, force Australian High and northwestern Pacific subtropical anticyclone to reinforce. The anomalous convergence around Kalimantan Island links East Asian monsoon to Australian monsoon via the divergent flows. During strong EAAM years, rainfall is surplus over south coast of China and southern Japan whereas deficient over northwestern tropical Pacific and southwestern tropical Indian Ocean.
Spectroscopic investigation of the anticancer alkaloid piperlongumine binding to human serum albumin from the viewpoint of drug delivery
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Qian‐Yu , Wang Yu‐Ping , Liu Yi‐Ming , Liu Bin , Liu Mei‐Mei , Liu Bing‐Mi
Published: October 2017

Piperlongumine (PL) is a very promising natural agent with a high potential for cancer treatment. To overcome the poor water solubility of PL, there is a need to develop a novel water‐soluble formulation in which PL is non‐covalently bound to human serum albumin (HSA). PL binding to HSA was studied by various spectroscopic techniques under simulated physiological conditions. Spectroscopic evidence showed that the interaction of PL with HSA could form a PL–HSA complex. The binding constant (Ka) values increased with increasing temperature, and a similar dependence was observed for the number of binding sites (n) values. The number of PL molecules bound to HSA reached 8.1 when the temperature was raised to 308 K. Thermodynamic calculation results suggested that the binding reaction occurred spontaneously but was an entropy‐driven process, and hydrophobic forces played a major role in stabilizing the complex. Furthermore, PL binding induced conformational and microenvironmental changes in HSA. Displacement studies indicated that PL and warfarin had separate binding regions in site I. Therefore, it would be possible to develop a novel water‐soluble formulation involving PL and HSA. This study may provide some valuable information in terms of improving the poor water solubility of PL.
Was das Gehirn zum Lernen braucht
Authors: Roth Gerhard
Published: October 2017

In der Schule soll Wissen so vermittelt werden, dass die Inhalte langfristig im Gedächtnis der Lernenden hängenbleiben. Aus psychologisch‐neurobiologischer Sicht hängt der Lernerfolg neben Intelligenz und Begabung maßgeblich von folgenden Faktoren ab: (a) Persönlichkeit des Lehrenden, (b) Aufmerksamkeit, (c) Anschlussfähigkeit des Stoffes, (d) Motivation und Belohnungserwartung, (e) Vielfalt der Unterrichtsmethoden sowie Strukturierung des Unterrichts, (f) Fleiß und Wiederholung. Der Autor betreut seit einigen Jahren mehrere Schulprojekte, in denen auf der Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse neue Unterrichtsstrukturen erprobt werden.
Pflanzen für Milliarden – Diskussion auf der Botanikertagung 2017 in Kiel
Authors: Trösch Mirl
Published: October 2017

Pflanzen produzieren ungefähr 95 % des heutigen weltweiten Kalorienbedarfes. Doch können wir mit diesen Pflanzen die Welt in 30 Jahren noch ernähren? Fachleute verschiedener Disziplinen diskutierten über diese Frage bei einer Podiumsdiskussion anlässlich der diesjährigen Botanikertagung in Kiel.
Morbidity of cholecystectomy and gastric bypass in a national database
Authors: Wanjura V , Szabo E , Österberg J , Ottosson J , Enochsson L , Sandblom G
Published: October 2017

Background

There is a strong association between obesity and gallstones. However, there is no clear evidence regarding the optimal order of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and cholecystectomy when both procedures are clinically indicated.

Methods

Based on cross-matched data from the Swedish Register for Cholecystectomy and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (GallRiks; 79 386 patients) and the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg; 36 098 patients) from 2007 to 2013, complication rates, reoperation rates and operation times related to the timing of RYGB and cholecystectomy were explored.

Results

There was a higher aggregate complication risk when cholecystectomy was performed after RYGB rather than before (odds ratio (OR) 1·35, 95 per cent c.i. 1·09 to 1·68; P = 0·006). A complication after the first procedure independently increased the complication risk of the following procedure (OR 2·02, 1·44 to 2·85; P < 0·001). Furthermore, there was an increased complication risk when cholecystectomy was performed at the same time as RYGB (OR 1·72, 1·14 to 2·60; P = 0·010). Simultaneous cholecystectomy added 61·7 (95 per cent c.i. 56·1 to 67·4) min (P < 0·001) to the duration of surgery.

Conclusion

Cholecystectomy should be performed before, not during or after, RYGB.
Different patterns of attentional bias in antenatal and postpartum depression
Authors: Edvinsson Åsa , Skalkidou Alkistis , Hellgren Charlotte , Gingnell Malin , Ekselius Lisa , Willebrand Mimmie , Sundström Poromaa Inger
Published: October 2017

Background

Biased information processing in attention, memory, and interpretation is proposed to be central cognitive alterations in patients with major depressive disorder, but studies in women with peripartum depression are scarce. Because of the many similarities with depression in nonperipartum states as regards symptom profile and risk factors, we hypothesized that women with antenatal and postpartum depression would display attentional bias to negatively and positively valenced words.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐seven pregnant and 157 postpartum women were included. Among these, 40 suffered from antenatal depressive disorder and 33 from postpartum depressive disorder. An emotional Stroop task with neutral, positive, negative, and negatively valenced obstetric words was used.

Results

No significant difference in emotional interference scores was noted between women with antenatal depression and nondepressed pregnant women. In contrast, women with postpartum depression displayed shorter reaction times to both positive (p = .028) and negative (p = .022) stimuli, compared with neutral words. Pregnant women on antidepressant treatment displayed longer reaction times to negatively valenced obstetric words in comparison with untreated depressed women (p = .012), and a trend toward greater interference in comparison with controls (p = .061).

Conclusions

In contrast with the hypothesis, we found no evidence of attentional bias to emotionally valenced stimuli in women with untreated peripartum depression. However, the shorter reaction times to emotional stimuli in women with postpartum depression may indicate emotional numbing, which in turn, is a functional impairment that may have repercussions for child development and well‐being. Our findings emphasize the need to identify and treat women with postpartum depression at the earliest possible time point to ensure swift recovery and support for the family.
Hysteretic Two‐Step Spin‐Crossover Behavior in Two Two‐Dimensional Hofmann‐Type Coordination Polymers
Authors: Liu Fu‐Ling , Tao Jun
Published: October 2017

The reaction of ferrous salts and square‐planar tetracyanometallates [MII(CN)4]2− (M=Pd, Pt) with ligand 4‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine (Hppy) resulted in the formation of two two‐dimensional (2D) Hofmann‐like coordination polymers (CPs) with the general formula of {FeII(Hppy)2[MII(CN)4]}⋅H2O (M=Pd for 1Pd, Pt for 1Pt). The two CPs have been studied by variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry, and magnetic measurements. Polymers 1Pd and 1Pt are isostructures, in which the FeII atoms are equatorially coordinated with [MII(CN)4]2− to form 2D undulating layers and axially coordinated with Hppy ligands. Both compounds undergo cooperative, complete spin crossover (SCO), with characteristic abrupt and remarkable two equal steps, featuring hysteresis widths of 14 K and 19 K (1Pd) and 17 and 23 K (1Pt) for the two steps. The SCO cooperativity may result from the hydrogen bonds and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions within and between such 2D layers, and the two‐step SCO behavior is accompanied with phase transitions.
Evidence for a [17] π‐Electronic Full‐Fledged Non‐innocent Gallium(III)‐Corrole Radical
Authors: Basumatary Biju , Rai Jyoti , Reddy R. V. Ramana , Sankar Jeyaraman
Published: October 2017

One‐electron oxidation of a GaIII‐corrole with N(4‐BrC6H4)3SbCl6 resulted in an air‐stable non‐innocent GaIII‐corrole radical. The single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography of the 2,17‐bis‐formyl‐5,10,15‐tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrolato gallium(III)(chloride) radical ([3‐Cl].) revealed delocalization of the unpaired electron, which was further confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and spin density distribution plot. In addition, the nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS), anisotropy‐induced current density (AICD) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) supported a [17] π‐electron‐conjugated (or antiaromatic) radical.
Electro‐ and Photocatalytic Generation of H2 Using a Distinctive CoII “PN3P” Pincer Supported Complex with Water or Saturated Saline as a Hydrogen Source
Authors: Rao Gyandshwar Kumar , Pell Wendy , Gabidullin Bulat , Korobkov Ilia , Richeson Darrin
Published: October 2017

Efficient electrocatalytic production of H2 from mixed water/acetonitrile solutions was achieved using three new CoII complexes supported by the neutral pincer ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)‐2,6‐di(methylamino)pyridine (“PN3P”). At −1.9 V vs. Fc/Fc+, these catalysts showed 96 % Faradaic efficiency with added water or saturated aqueous saline at rates of up to 316 L(mol cat)−1(cm2)−1 h−1 using a glassy carbon working electrode. The complex [Co(κ3‐2,6‐{Ph2PNMe}2(NC5H3)Br2] (1) was also able to photocatalytically reduce water to hydrogen in the presence of a Ru(bpy)32+ photosensitizer and a reductant.
Analysis of Gene‐Gene Interactions
Authors: Cole Brian S. , Hall Molly A. , Urbanowicz Ryan J. , Gilbert‐Diamond Diane , Moore Jason H.
Published: October 2017

The goal of this unit is to introduce epistasis, or gene‐gene interactions, as a significant contributor to the genetic architecture of complex traits, including disease susceptibility. This unit begins with an historical overview of the concept of epistasis and the challenges inherent in the identification of potential gene‐gene interactions. Then, it reviews statistical and machine learning methods for discovering epistasis in the context of genetic studies of quantitative and categorical traits. This unit concludes with a discussion of meta‐analysis, replication, and other topics of active research. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Ovarian Tissue
Authors: Salas Sophia , Ng Nicholas , Gerami‐Naini Behzad , Anchan Raymond M.
Published: October 2017

Yamanaka and colleagues revolutionized stem cell biology and regenerative medicine by observing that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. Evidence indicates that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells retain epigenetic memories that bias their spontaneous differentiation into the originating somatic cell type, therefore epigenetic memory may be exploited to improve tissue specific regeneration. We recently showed that iPS cells reprogrammed from ovarian granulosa cells using mouse and human tissue overwhelmingly differentiate homotypically into ovarian steroidogenic and primordial germ cells. Herein we detail a protocol for the culture of human ovarian granulosa cells. We review approaches for reprogramming human ovarian granulosa cells into iPS cells. Standard methods to induce pluripotency are outlined, concentrating on integrative retroviruses. Additionally, alternative protocols for lentivirus and Sendai virus are provided. Each approach has inherent limitations, such as reprogramming efficiency, insertional mutagenesis, and partial reprogramming. Major advances continue to be made in somatic cell reprogramming to identify an optimal approach and utilization in cell‐based therapies. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Population Stratification in Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Hellwege Jacklyn N. , Keaton Jacob M. , Giri Ayush , Gao Xiaoyi , Velez Edwards Digna R. , Edwards Todd L.
Published: October 2017

Population stratification (PS) is a primary consideration in studies of genetic determinants of human traits. Failure to control for PS may lead to confounding, causing a study to fail for lack of significant results, or resources to be wasted following false‐positive signals. Here, historical and current approaches for addressing PS when performing genetic association studies in human populations are reviewed. Methods for detecting the presence of PS, including global and local ancestry methods, are described. Also described are approaches for accounting for PS when calculating association statistics, such that measures of association are not confounded. Many traits are being examined for the first time in minority populations, which may inherently feature PS. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impaired emotion processing and a reduction in trust in patients with somatic symptom disorder
Authors: Erkic Maja , Bailer Josef , Fenske Sabrina C. , Schmidt Stephanie N. L. , Trojan Jörg , Schröder Annette , Kirsch Peter , Mier Daniela
Published: October 2017

There is accumulating evidence for deficits in the perception and regulation of one's own emotions, as well as the recognition of others' emotions in somatic symptom disorder (SSD). However, investigations of SSD focusing on specific aspects of emotion processing and how these might interact are missing. We included 35 patients with SSD and 35 healthy controls who completed questionnaires on the perception and regulation of their own emotions, as well as experimental investigations of emotion recognition and trust. In line with previous studies, our results show that SSD patients in comparison to healthy controls have difficulties in the identification and description of own feelings (ηp2 = .381 and ηp2 = .315). Furthermore, we found that patients apply less cognitive reappraisal (ηp2 = .185) but tend to use more expressive suppression (ηp2 = .047). In contrast to previous studies, we found SSD patients to perform superior in emotion recognition, in particular for anger (d = 0.40). In addition, patients with SSD invested less in a trust game (d = 0.73). These results point to a higher sensitivity for negative emotions and less trust in others. Further, these findings suggest a dissociation between the ability to recognize one's own emotions versus others' emotions in SSD. Future interventions targeting emotion processing in SSD might focus on the identification of one's own emotions, prior to the training of emotion regulation.
Detecting latitudinal and altitudinal expansion of invasive bamboo Phyllostachys edulis and Phyllostachys bambusoides (Poaceae) in Japan to project potential habitats under 1.5°C–4.0°C global warming
Authors: Takano Kohei Takenaka , Hibino Kenshi , Numata Ayaka , Oguro Michio , Aiba Masahiro , Shiogama Hideo , Takayabu Izuru , Nakashizuka Tohru
Published: October 2017

Rapid expansion of exotic bamboos has lowered species diversity in Japan's ecosystems by hampering native plant growth. The invasive potential of bamboo, facilitated by global warming, may also affect other countries with developing bamboo industries. We examined past (1975–1980) and recent (2012) distributions of major exotic bamboos (Phyllostachys edulis and P. bambusoides) in areas adjacent to 145 weather stations in central and northern Japan. Bamboo stands have been established at 17 sites along the latitudinal and altitudinal distributional limit during the last three decades. Ecological niche modeling indicated that temperature had a strong influence on bamboo distribution. Using mean annual temperature and sun radiation data, we reproduced bamboo distribution (accuracy = 0.93 and AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) = 0.92). These results infer that exotic bamboo distribution has shifted northward and upslope, in association with recent climate warming. Then, we simulated future climate data and projected the climate change impact on the potential habitat distribution of invasive bamboos under different temperature increases (i.e., 1.5°C, 2.0°C, 3.0°C, and 4.0°C) relative to the preindustrial period. Potential habitats in central and northern Japan were estimated to increase from 35% under the current climate (1980–2000) to 46%–48%, 51%–54%, 61%–67%, and 77%–83% under 1.5°C, 2.0°C, 3.0°C, and 4.0°C warming levels, respectively. These infer that the risk areas can increase by 1.3 times even under a 1.5°C scenario and expand by 2.3 times under a 4.0°C scenario. For sustainable ecosystem management, both mitigation and adaptation are necessary: bamboo planting must be carefully monitored in predicted potential habitats, which covers most of Japan.
Radiation of the polymorphic Little Devil poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica) in Ecuador
Authors: Roland Alexandre B. , Santos Juan C. , Carriker Bella C. , Caty Stephanie N. , Tapia Elicio E. , Coloma Luis A. , O'Connell Lauren A.
Published: October 2017

Some South American poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are chemically defended and use bright aposematic colors to warn potential predators of their unpalatability. Aposematic signals are often frequency‐dependent where individuals deviating from a local model are at a higher risk of predation. However, extreme diversity in the aposematic signal has been documented in poison frogs, especially in Oophaga. Here, we explore the phylogeographic pattern among color‐divergent populations of the Little Devil poison frog Oophaga sylvatica by analyzing population structure and genetic differentiation to evaluate which processes could account for color diversity within and among populations. With a combination of PCR amplicons (three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers) and genome‐wide markers from a double‐digested RAD (ddRAD) approach, we characterized the phylogenetic and genetic structure of 199 individuals from 13 populations (12 monomorphic and 1 polymorphic) across the O. sylvatica distribution. Individuals segregated into two main lineages by their northern or southern latitudinal distribution. A high level of genetic and phenotypic polymorphism within the northern lineage suggests ongoing gene flow. In contrast, low levels of genetic differentiation were detected among the southern lineage populations and support recent range expansions from populations in the northern lineage. We propose that a combination of climatic gradients and structured landscapes might be promoting gene flow and phylogenetic diversification. Alternatively, we cannot rule out that the observed phenotypic and genomic variations are the result of genetic drift on near or neutral alleles in a small number of genes.
The formation of an anabranching planform in a sandy floodplain by increased flows and sediment load
Authors: Słowik Marcin
Published: October 2017

Anabranching rivers evolve in various geomorphic settings and various river planforms are present within these multi‐channel systems. In some cases, anabranches develop meandering patterns. Such river courses existed in Europe prior to intensive hydro‐technical works carried out during the last 250 years. Proglacial stream valleys, inherited from the last glaciation, provided a suitable environment for the development of anabranching rivers (wide valleys floors with abundant sand deposits). The main objective of the present study is to reconstruct the formation of an anabranching river planform characterized by meandering anabranches. Based on geophysical and geological data obtained from field research and a reconstruction of palaeodischarges, a model of the evolution of an anabranching river formed in a sandy floodplain is proposed. It is demonstrated that such a river system evolves from a meandering to an anabranching planform in periods of high flows that contribute to the formation of crevasse splays. The splay channels evolve then into new meandering flow paths that form ‘second‐order’ crevasses, avulsions and cutoffs. The efficiency of the flow is maintained by the formation of cutoffs and avulsions preventing the development of high sinuosity channels, and redirecting the flow to newly formed channels during maximum flow events. A comparison with other anabranching systems revealed that increased discharges and sediment loads are capable of forming anabranching planforms both in dryland and temperate climate zones. The sediment type available for transport, often inherited from older sedimentary environments, is an important variable determining whether the channel planform is anabranching, with actively migrating channels, or anastomosing, with stable, straight or sinuous branches. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Uric Acid–Lowering Effects of Febuxostat Based on Electronic Medical Records in Two Hospitals
Authors: Muraki Shota , Moriki Kuniaki , Shigematsu Saki , Fukae Masato , Kakara Makoto , Yamashita Daiki , Hirota Takeshi , Takane Hiroshi , Shimada Miki , Hirakawa Masaaki , Ieiri Ichiro
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacodynamic (PPD) model to describe uric acid (UA)–lowering effects in patients treated with febuxostat based on electronic medical records in 2 independent hospitals (university and city hospitals). Interhospital differences in the PPD model were also evaluated. We conducted the following 2 approaches to build the PPD models. A PPD model was developed separately using individual hospital data, and structural models and covariates between the two hospitals were compared (approach A). Another PPD model was developed using all available data from both hospitals, and differences between the 2 hospitals were evaluated by performing a covariate analysis on all PPD parameters (approach B). PPD analyses were performed by NONMEM using data from 358 patients. In both approaches, one indirect response model was established. In approach A, 2 diuretics (loops and thiazides) and renal function tests (Scr or BUN) were selected as covariates for the UA baseline level (serum UA levels just before the febuxostat treatment), whereas 2 diuretics and BUN were selected in approach B. A covariate analysis indicated that loops and thiazides increased UA baseline levels by 7%–14% and 6%–11%, respectively. In approach B, “hospital” was identified as a significant covariate for the UA baseline level; the baseline level was 7% higher in the city hospital. A PPD analysis may provide a precise description of the time course of the UA‐lowering effects of febuxostat and quantitatively detect an interhospital difference in the UA baseline level.
Moral Leadership in an Age of School Accountability
Authors: Belcher Daniel
Published: October 2017

Although a sense of moral purpose is a strong motivational force for school leaders, it can be at odds with the prevailing political agenda of performativity and accountability. The current paper seeks to reassert moral leadership as a foundation stone for school leaders and policy makers. Through consistent ethical action the moral leader must do what is right as well as what is effective. There is robust empirical evidence that strong values are a key characteristic of outstanding leaders, contributing to improved student outcomes. In the face of transient accountability measures, enacting a moral leadership approach may prove not only the right thing to do, but it may also lead to the outcomes sought by politicians.
The Extension of Neutralization Theory to Business Ethics
Authors: Polding Brian
Published: October 2017

Many times those who commit an unethical act are not people we perceive as being unethical people. So how can they do something bad? One explanation can be found in neutralization theory from the field of criminology. Neutralization theory, developed by Gresham Sykes and David Matza, and extended by Carl Klockars and William Minor, is a social learning model suggesting people learn deviant behavior much as they learn conventional behavior and develop specific techniques of neutralization. The current paper discusses each technique with examples of how each might be used to justify unethical business behavior, and provides ways an organization can inoculate itself against neutralizing attitudes.
Water sampling for environmental DNA surveys by using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Doi Hideyuki , Akamatsu Yoshihisa , Watanabe Yutaka , Goto Masuji , Inui Ryutei , Katano Izumi , Nagano Mariko , Takahara Teruhiko , Minamoto Toshifumi
Published: October 2017

Environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques utilizing DNA fragments from water have recently been developed to investigate the distribution and abundance/biomass of aquatic organisms. The eDNA technique is based on the analysis of DNA fragments in sampled water; thus, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV; drone) would be a useful way of collecting water for eDNA sampling, and may consequently allow us to extend eDNA surveys both spatially and temporally. Here, we developed a new method of water collection by using UAV with bleachable equipment, to avoid DNA contamination. To test the performance and contamination risk of UAV water sampling in eDNA surveys, we sampled water from a dam reservoir, detected eDNA from two fish species, and compared the water samples obtained by UAV with those obtained by boat. Additionally, we investigated contamination using blank samples. The results revealed that our UAV water sampling method performed similar to the boat sampling method. No positive signals were detected in the blank samples, including those used for UAV sampling, transportation, filtering, and PCR blanks. Our UAV method can be used to investigate species distributions using eDNA. Combinations of UAV technologies, including remote and thermal sensing, will enable efficient environmental monitoring in various waterbodies.
Job‐related stress in psychiatric assistant nurses
Authors: Yada Hironori , Abe Hiroshi , Omori Hisamitsu , Ishida Yasushi , Katoh Takahiko
Published: October 2017

Aim

We aimed to clarify how stress among psychiatric assistant nurses (PANs) differed from Registered Nurses (PRNs).

Design

Cross‐sectional survey study was conducted with PRNs and PANs working in six psychiatric hospitals in Japan.

Methods

The Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale (PNJSS) and the job stressor and stress reaction subscales of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire measured stress in 68 PANs and 140 PRNs. The results were statistically analysed.

Results

Psychiatric assistant nurses had significantly higher scores than PRNs on the job stressor subscales in psychiatric nursing ability, interpersonal relations and in the stress reaction subscales of irritability and somatic symptoms. “Psychiatric nursing ability,” “Communication” and “Use of techniques” were associated with almost all stress reactions in PANs than in PRNs.
Towards Fingermark Dating: A Raman Spectroscopy Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Andersson Per Ola , Lejon Christian , Mikaelsson Therese , Landström Lars
Published: October 2017

Fingermarks have, for a long time, been vital in the forensic community for the identification of individuals, and a possibility to non‐destructively date the fingermarks would of course be beneficial. Raman spectroscopy is, herein, evaluated for the purpose of estimating the age of fingermarks deposits. Well‐resolved spectra were non‐destructively acquired to reveal spectral uniqueness, resembling those of epidermis, and several molecular markers were identified that showed different decay kinetics: carotenoids > squalene > unsaturated fatty acids > proteins. The degradation rates were accelerated, less pronounced for proteins, when samples were stored under ambient light conditions, likely owing to photo‐oxidation. It is hypothesized that fibrous proteins are present and that oxidation of amino acid side chains can be observed both through Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Clearly, Raman spectroscopy is a useful technique to non‐destructively study the aging processes of fingermarks.
Magnet assisted composite manufacturing: A novel fabrication technique for high‐quality composite laminates
Authors: Pishvar Maya , Amirkhosravi Mehrad , Altan M. Cengiz
Published: October 2017

A novel fabrication method, Magnet Assisted Composite Manufacturing (MACM), is developed to produce high‐quality composite laminates out of an autoclave. This technique involves the placement of high‐temperature Neodymium permanent magnets on a vacuum bag to generate sufficiently high consolidation pressure during cure, thus eliminating the necessity of using an autoclave. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the ability of MACM to fabricate high‐performance laminates, which have comparable mechanical properties, fiber volume fraction, and void content to those achieved by autoclave curing. Towards this goal, eight‐ply, woven carbon/epoxy laminates were fabricated in an oven by MACM and in an autoclave using the same thermal cycle. The thickness of the laminates cured by MACM indicated that an effective consolidation pressure of 0.29 MPa (42 psi) can be generated by the magnets during cure at 177°C (350°F). The high flexural properties, high fiber volume fraction, and the low void content of the laminates fabricated by MACM validated the feasibility of this process as a lower‐cost alternative to autoclave cure, without compromising the part quality. Considerable reduction of void content to under 1% was also achieved by applying magnets during cure when the resin viscosity was at a minimum. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:159–169, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Alkaloids of Amaryllidaceae as Inhibitors of Cholinesterases (AChEs and BChEs): An Integrated Bioguided Study
Authors: Cortes Natalie , Sierra Karina , Alzate Fernando , Osorio Edison H. , Osorio Edison
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Enzymatic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AChE inhibitors are the first‐line drugs for it treatment. However, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), contributes critically to cholinergic dysfunction associated with AD. Thus, the development of novel therapeutics may involve the inhibition of both cholinesterase enzymes.

Objective

To evaluate, in an integrated bioguided study, cholinesterases alkaloidal inhibitors of Amaryllidaceae species.

Methodology

The proposed method combines high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) with data analysis by densitometry, enzymatic bioautography with different AChEs and BChEs, the detection of bioactive molecules through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of spots of interest, and theoretical in silico studies.

Results

To evaluate the bioguided method, the AChE and BChE inhibitory activities of seven Amaryllidaceae plant extracts were evaluated. The alkaloid extracts of Eucharis bonplandii exhibited a high level of inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.72 ± 0.05 μg/mL) against human recombinant AChE (hAChE). Regarding human serum BChE (hBChE), the bulb and leaf extracts of Crinum jagus had the highest activity (IC50 = 8.51 ± 0.56 μg/mL and 11.04 ± 1.21 μg/mL, respectively). In the HPTLC spots with high inhibitory activity, several alkaloids were detected using GC–MS, and some of these alkaloids were identified. Galanthamine, galanthamine N‐oxide and powelline should be the most prominent inhibitors of substrate accommodation in the active site of the Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE), hAChE and hBChE enzymes.

Conclusions

These results are evidence of the chemical relevance of the Colombian's Amaryllidaceae species for the inhibition of cholinesterases and as potent sources for the palliative treatment of AD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Three Xanthomonas spp. Cultured in Minimal and Rich Media
Authors: Park Hye‐Jee , Bae Nahee , Park Hanbi , Kim Dae‐Wi , Han Sang‐Wook
Published: October 2017

Bacteria change their gene expression when exposed to different nutrient conditions. The levels of proteins do not always correlate with those of RNAs, hence proteomic analysis is required for understanding how bacteria adapt to different conditions. Herein, differentially abundant proteins from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), and X. axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag), which were cultured in rich media and in minimal media, were determined using label‐free shotgun proteomic analysis and clusters of orthologous groups classification. The detected proteins from all three species ranged from 1190 to 1187. Among them, 702, 584, and 529 proteins from Xoo, Xcv, and Xag, respectively, were more (> twofold) abundant depending on the media, indicating that about 11.4–13.8% of proteins from the three species were differentially expressed. The levels of abundant proteins in minimal media were significantly higher than those in rich media for all three species, demonstrating how Xanthomonas species actively change their protein expression in different nutrient conditions. These results will lead to new insights in elucidation of cellular mechanisms involved in virulence and adaption of bacteria to harsh environments for further studies. The MS proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD006310.
A Low‐Sensitivity Composition Based on FOX‐7
Authors: Belaada Amel , Trzciński Waldemar A. , Chyłek Zbigniew , Paszula Józef
Published: October 2017

1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX‐7) is considered to be an explosive combining comparatively high performance and low sensitivity. In the present study, FOX‐7 has been evaluated as a possible replacement of RDX in TNT‐based melt‐cast compositions. A composition containing FOX‐7, TNT, Al and wax, and a method of preparing it were proposed. Its sensitivity to impact, friction, shock wave, jet impact, fast heating, and its thermal stability were tested. Some detonation parameters like the detonation pressure, velocity and heat were measured. Moreover, the Gurney velocity, the so‐called effective exponent of the expansion isentrope and the JWL equation of state of the detonation products were determined from the results of a cylinder test. The detonation characteristics were compared with that obtained for cast TNT.
PDE4 inhibitor rolipram inhibits the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 by a mechanism dependent on MAP kinase phosphatase‐1
Authors: Tuure Lauri , Hämäläinen Mari , Moilanen Eeva
Published: October 2017

Phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) inhibitors have recently been introduced to the treatment of COPD and psoriatic arthritis. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1) is an inducible enzyme synthesizing PGE2, the most abundant prostanoid related to inflammation and inflammatory pain. mPGES‐1 is a potential drug target for novel anti‐inflammatory treatments aiming at an improved safety profile as compared to NSAIDs. Here we investigated the effect of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram on the expression of mPGES‐1 in macrophages; and a potential mediator role in the process for MAP kinase phosphatase‐1 (MKP‐1) which is an endogenous factor limiting the activity of the proinflammatory MAP kinases p38 and JNK. The expression of mPGES‐1 was decreased, whereas that of MKP‐1 was enhanced by rolipram in wild‐type murine macrophages. Interestingly, rolipram did not reduce mPGES‐1 expression in peritoneal macrophages from MKP‐1‐deficient mice. A reduced phosphorylation of JNK, but not p38 MAP kinase, was specifically associated with the decreased expression of mPGES‐1. Accordingly, mPGES‐1 expression was suppressed by JNK but not p38 inhibitor. These findings underline the significance of the increased MKP‐1 expression and decreased JNK phosphorylation associated with the downregulated expression of mPGES‐1 by PDE4 inhibitors in inflammation.
Estimation of Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching Damage of Boron‐Doped Diamond Using X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Kato Yukako , Kawashima Hiroyuki , Makino Toshiharu , Ogura Masahiko , Traoré Aboulaye , Ozawa Naoto , Yamasaki Satoshi
Published: October 2017

Diamond has attracted considerable attention as an advanced‐generation material for power devices because it shows high breakdown characteristics and carrier mobility. For the development of high‐performance diamond power devices, each interfacial atomic structure must be optimized to encourage carrier conduction. Advanced etching processes without material damage could solve this issue. In this study, the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching, a basic device processing technique for diamond power devices is focused on. The electrical properties of diamond are deteriorated under repeated processing for mesa‐structured devices; therefore, it is estimated the ICP etching effect on diamond surfaces by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At first, damage to the etched diamond surface is observed. The 2‐nm thickness of the damaged layer is reduced by decreasing the set bias voltage. However, graphite components appear with etching at lower bias voltages. Because annealing and mixed‐acid treatments effectively remove these graphite components, a three‐step method of zero‐bias‐voltage ICP etching, annealing, and mixed‐acid treatment is used for the damage reduction process. A clean surface is obtained using hydrogen plasma treatment as a finishing process.
Green Electroluminescence of Al/Tb/Al/SiO2 Devices Fabricated by Electron Beam Evaporation
Authors: Frieiro Juan Luis , Blázquez Oriol , López‐Vidrier Julian , López‐Conesa Lluis , Estradé Sònia , Peiró Francesca , Ibáñez Jordi , Hernández Sergi , Garrido Blas
Published: October 2017

In this work, the fabrication and the structural, optical and electrical properties of Al‐Tb/SiO2 nanomultilayers have been studied. The nanomultilayers were deposited by means of electron beam evaporation on top of p‐type Si substrates. Optical characterization shows a narrow and strong emission in the green spectral range, indicating the optical activation of Tb3+ ions. The electrical characterization revealed conduction limited by the electrode, although trapped‐assisted mechanisms can also contribute to transport. The electroluminescence analysis revealed also emission from Tb3+ ions, a promising result to include this material in future optoelectronics applications as integrated light‐emitting devices.
Ab initio Calculation of the Depth‐Dependent Optical Reflectance From Layer‐by‐Layer Atomic Disorder
Authors: Anderson Sean M. , Mendoza Bernardo S. , Carriles Ramón
Published: October 2017

We present a simple model to study the effects of displacing a single atomic monolayer on the linear optical properties of a material. As an example, we calculate the change in reflectance of a Si(111)(1 × 1):H slab after disordering successively deeper atomic layers. We find that the reflectance varies significantly at photon energies above 2.0 eV, and that the disordered slab produces a larger reflectance than the relaxed slab. The results also show a quantitative difference in the contribution from the odd and even atomic layers to the calculated reflectance. This simplified model is a first approach; also, it can be extended to consider more realistic systems that can be probed by techniques such as coherent acoustic phonon (CAP) spectroscopy, and can also be applied to two‐dimensional materials.