bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragments of Greek Lyrical Poetry: P. Oxy. 2637
Authors: Page Denys
Published: June 2019

P. Oxy. 2637 comes from a commentary on lyrical poems. There is some talk of Sappho and Ibycus; Pindar is referred to; and a number of learned men are named (Akesander, Timaeus, Theodorus, and perhaps Philostephanus). There are numerous lemmata, three of them much more substantial than the rest. The present notes may help towards the interpretation of these.
La Convention sur la prévention de la pollution résultant de l’immersion de déchets
Authors: de Mestral A. L. C.
Published: June 2019

La Convention sur la prévention de la pollution résultant de l’immersion de déchets, adoptée à Londres le 13 novembre 1972, constitue une étape importante dans la reconnaissance par la communauté internationale de la nécessité de développer les règles et les principes du droit international en ce qui concerne la pollution du milieu marin. Cette convention s’inspire avant tout du souci d’adopter des mesures propres à réglementer un problème particulier, mais si on l’analyse sous un aspect plus large, on voit qu’elle représente une première tentative de faire évoluer les principes du droit international en la matière et de faire accepter une nouvelle série de conventions traitant de toutes les sources de pollution du milieu marin.
The Transnational Protection of Ethnic Minorities: A Tentative Framework for Inquiry
Authors: Claydon J.
Published: June 2019

A particular form of group consciousness has recently re-emerged as a major factor on the global scene. It involves people everywhere coalescing around common cultural perspectives grounded in race, language, religion, shared historical experience, and a distinctive way of life. With culture as a generic and diffuse core, this type of identification is often perceived by individuals sharing it and by outsiders as transmitted intergenerationally and as ascriptive in nature. Its contemporary significance resides in the loyalty it has evoked and hence the saliency it has achieved as a focal point for a myriad of purposes.
Canada and the Control of Arms on the Seabed
Authors: Purver Ronald G.
Published: June 2019

One of the least-known and certainly least-celebrated measures of arms control to be negotiated since the Second World War is the 1971 treaty prohibiting the emplacement of nuclear weapons on the seabed. Admittedly, it is not one of the more significant agreements of its kind, being a preventative “non-armament,” rather than a truedisarmament measure, and relating to weapons which, although technically feasible, are not at present thought to be of any great military value. Nevertheless, it is important. At least one measure of the treaty’s significance is its role as a first step towards a more comprehensive demilitarization of this vast, new environment — the terrestrial analogue of outer space — which is only beginning to be opened up to human exploration and exploitation. The seabed, including the continental margin1 as well as the so-called “deep ocean floor,” covers no less than seventy per cent of the earth’s surface, or about one hundred million square miles.
Maritime Jurisdiction in the Dixon Entrance: The Alaska Boundary Re-Examined
Authors: Bourne G. B. , McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

The settlement of the Alaska-Canada boundary is one of the more colourful episodes in Canadian-American relations. After 75 years of uncertainty, disagreement, and dispute over the actual position of the boundary line between the territory of Great Britain and of Russia, and later of the United States, a tribunal was established in 1903 to interpret the treaty between Great Britain and Russia, concluded in 1825, in which the boundaries had been defined. The tribunal in rendering its decision adopted neither the contention of the United States nor that of Britain, but drew a line that corresponded more closely with official Russian maps prepared shortly after the 1825 Treaty was concluded. However, on an issue seen at the time in Canada as critical, the tribunal found in favour of the United States, awarding it the island of Sitklan and Kannaghunut at the mouth of the Portland Channel. This gave rise to a storm of protest in Canada, anger being vented particularly at the British jurist Lord Alverstone, the president of the tribunal, who was suspected of selling out to the Americans.
Le régime des cours d’eau internationaux
Authors: Patry André
Published: June 2019

Les cours d’eau et les lacs internationaux sont l’objet d’utilisations multiples, dont certaines suscitent des problèmes de voisinage entre les Etats. La présente étude s’intéressera à quelques-uns de ces problèmes et exposera les principales règles auxquelles on a eu recours, tant en Europe occidentale qu’en Amérique du Nord, pour les résoudre. I1 sera tour à tour question de la délimitation des frontières fluviales et lacustres, de la navigation fluviale et de l’utilisation industrielle et agricole des cours d’eau internationaux.
The Development of International Rules Concerning Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft
Authors: Fitzgerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

The absence of uniform international rules concerning offences and certain other acts committed on board aircraft gives rise to serious problems. If, for example, a passenger commits a criminal act on board an aircraft flying over the high seas, it is possible that no state may have jurisdiction over the act. Again, if a crime is committed on board an aircraft flying internationally at great speed and at very high altitude through the airspace of several states in a short period of time, some or all of the states traversed during the commission of the crime might seek to take jurisdiction over the suspected offender with resultant conflicts. At the same time, there are many acts which, whether or not they are an offence, prejudice the safety of the aircraft as well as good order and discipline on board; and yet, in many instances, if the aircraft commander seeks to restrain the authors of such acts, he may expose himself to legal proceedings.
Analysis of the Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Certain Expenses of the United Nations
Authors: Pharand A. Donat
Published: June 2019

On July 20, 1962, the International Court of Justice handed down its Advisory Opinion concerning the expenditures of the United Nations for peace-keeping operations in the Middle East and in the Congo. This Opinion is of the utmost importance, since it deals with a question affecting the very survival of the World Organization. The Court was asked to pronounce on the financial obligations of members in the fulfilment of the first purpose of the United Nations: the maintenance of international peace and security. The Opinion also involves the constitutional question of the division of powers between the General Assembly and the Security Council in the attainment of this basic purpose.
Canada and the New International Economic Order: Some Legal Implications
Authors: Wigdor Mitchell
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Suit à la deuxième guerre mondiale, l’inefficacité des structures économiques et financières internationales mises sur pied par les grandes puissances occidentales à améliorer le niveau de vie des pays du Tiersmonde a poussé ces derniers à réclamer de nouvelles structures propres à réaliser un nouvel ordre économique mondial. Ces revendications aboutirent à l’adoption par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, en décembre 1977, de la Charte des droits et devoirs économiques des Etats. Au même titre que les autres résolutions de l’Assemblée générale, cette charte n’a aucune force juridique, mais elle symbolise les aspirations du Tiers-monde. Elle constitue un défi lancé aux pays du Nord d’accepter de nouvelles règles de droit international leur imposant l’obligation de promouvoir le développement des pays du Sud.

Il y a bien longtemps que le Canada reconnaît la nécessité d’apporter de l’aide au Tiers-monde et le participer activement au sein des conférences et organismes internationaux. Le Canada étant un Etat développé mais possédant aussi des caractéristiques de pays en développement est particulièrement bien placé pour jouer un rôle d’intermédiaire entre le Nord et le Sud. Toutefois, on note une dichotomie frappante entre les promesses faites par le Canada sur la scène internationale et ses réalisations concrètes. La volonté ne suffit pas, il faut en effet au Canada adopter une stratégie intégrée à tous les niveaux; chose qui n’existe pas encore.

Cette nécessité d’adoption d’une stratégie s’impose, puisque le Canada doit assumer nombre d’obligations juridiques découlant de conventions multilatérales, mais aussi se montrer respectueux de nouvelles normes coutumières. L’auteur distingue trow nouvelles règles coutumières relatives au développement international. En premier lieu, tout Etat a l’obligation de promouvoir le développement international. Ensuite, en matière de commerce international, les pays en développement ont le droit de se voir accorder un traitement préférentiel non réciproque. Enfin, les besoins des pays les moins développés méritent une attention toute spéciale pour toute matière concernant le développement.
International Law and the Nuclear Arms of the New Damoclès
Authors: Santerre Lucette
Published: June 2019

The backbone of the legal structure set up to protect us from the use of nuclear weapons, the Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), which is a masterpiece of the art of compromise, came into force in March 1971. More than a hundred countries are now Parties to it. The NPT prohibits the transfer of any type of nuclear explosive devices, or of control over such devices, from nuclear-weapons Parties to non-nuclear weapons Parties. However, the Superpowers never intended to transfer such devices or control to other States; they may still possess nuclear weapons on the territories of their non-nuclear allies if they keep control over such arms. For their part, non-nuclear weapons Parties to the NPT committed themselves not to build, or accept transfer or control over, any type of nuclear explosive devices and, in relation to this commitment, to accept safeguards and verifications by the IAEA. Because of the strong commitments imposed to the non-nuclear Parties, the NPT is often regarded as being discriminatory to those States. The gap between nuclear and non-nuclear Parties could be narrowed if the Superpowers gave more importance to another NPT commitment, whereby they undertook, with the other Parties, to pursue negotiations in good faith for the cessation of the arms race and, eventually, for disarmament. However, the SALT talks have brought us cruise missiles and multiple warheads pursuant to the old concept of balance of nuclear power between the USA and the USSR. Will the new START talks and the negotiations on limiting medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe be more productive? The second Conference of the NPT Parties and the Second United Nations special Session on Disarmament both proved disappointing, since no concrete progress was achieved toward non-proliferation objectives.
The Human Rights Committee and the Case of Sandra Lovelace
Authors: Bayefsky Anne F.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

En vertu du Protocole facultatif au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques, tout particulier qui prétend être victime d’une violation des droits énoncés dans le Pacte peut adresser une plainte au Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U.

Madame Sandra Lovelace, une indienne de la banque des Tobiques du Nouveau-Brunswick, eut recours à cette procédure et présenta une communication à l’effet que l’article 12(i)(b) de la Loi sur les Indiens, S.R.C, igyo, c. 1-6 était contraire au Pacte et ce qu’il faisait perdre à une femme indienne son statut d’Indienne lorsqu’elle épousait un non-indien, le même sort n’étant toutefois pas réservé à l’homme indien mariant une femme non-indienne. La plaignante plaidait en outre que cette disposition de la législation fédérale sur les indiens violait les articles 23(1), 23(4), 26 et 27 du Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques.

Dans une constatation du 30 juillet 1981, le Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. concluait à la contravention par le Canada du Pacte et plus particulièrement à la violation de l’article 27 de celui-ci, lequel stipule que les personnes appartenant à des minorités ethniques ne peuvent être privés du droit d’avoir en commun avec les autres membres de leur groupe, leur propre vie culturelle de professer et de pratiquer leur propre religion et d’employer leur propre langue.

La procédure d’examen de la plainte s’est étendu sur une période de trois ans et demie. La nature et le contenu des explications et déclarations faites par le Canada à la demande du Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. pendant la procédure ainsi que la négligence actuelle du Canada à se plier à la constatation du Comité et à modifier son droit interne tendent à démontrer que le Canada ne se préoccupe guère de ses obligations internationales en matière de droits de l’homme.

Il est à noter que le Comité des droits de l’homme de l’O.N.U. est présentement saisi d’une plainte dans laquelle la question de la con-formité de l’article 12(1) (b) de la Loi sur les Indiens au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques est à nouveau posée. A la différence de la communication de Sandra Lovelace, la récente plainte révèle que le mariage de la femme indienne à un non-indien a eu lieu après l’entrée en vigueur du Pacte, ce qui pourrait permettre notamment au Comité de constater la violation de son article 26 qui garantit l’égalité devant la loi et l’égale protection de la loi.
La responsabilité Internationale des États-Unis pour les dommages causés par les précipitations acides sur le territoire canadien
Authors: Corten Olivier , Schaus Annemie
Published: June 2019

In this article, the authors argue that, given that there is now strong evidence to the effect that acid rain from the United States has caused and is causing damage in Canada, the United States must bear responsibility for this damage at international law. The principal consequence of U.S. responsibility is that the United States must take decisive steps to prevent further damage caused by acid rain in Canada.
L'affaire de la délimitation maritime Canada/France
Authors: Hornby Ross , Hughes Valerie
Published: June 2019

The authors contend that the ad hoc Court of Arbitration established by Canada and France to delimit the maritime boundary off the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon has come up with an equitable solution, fully consistent with the applicable international law. They argue that the decision of June 10, 1992 properly rejected the extreme claims of the Parties, and correctly applied the law in adopting a method that gave predominance to geographical factors, in particular the enormous disparity in the lengths of the Parties' coasts, with a view to arriving at a proportionate result. Although the decision leaves the bulk of the fisheries resources under Canadian control, with a view to arriving at a proportionate result. Although the decision leaves the bulk of the fisheries resources under Canadian control, the authors consider this to be commensurate with the relative interests of the Parties in the area, and suggest that the judgment has facilitated the ongoing management of both the resources and Franco-Canadian relations. In their view the emphasis in the judgment on the tendency of coasts to project in the direction in which they face, and the application of the corridor method to allow a full 200-mile zone to the French islands, finds support in both the jurisprudence and in State practice.
Visit, Search, Diversion, and Capture in Naval Warfare: Part II, Developments since 1945
Authors: Von Heinegg Wolff Heintschel
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Ici la deuxième partie de l'article qui était publié dans le volume XXIX de l'Annuaire.Elle examine la pratique des États depuis 1945.

Bien que les belligérants aient eu tendance depuis 1945 à ne pas recourir à la guerre maritime économique et à opter plutôt pour une politique de torpillage sans restriction, il est encore pertinent d'examiner les mesures relevant de la guerre maritime qui sont acceptables en vertu du droit international traditionnel et de se demander si ces règles s'appliquent à la guerre maritime moderne.

Le traitement des équipages et des passagers ainsi que la réquisition et la légalité ne sont pas abordées.
I Commerce
Authors: St-Amant Martin
Published: June 2019

L’Année 1991 Marque une pause notable dans l’action juridique du Canada au GATT. Les conflits auxquels il fut partie ainsi que l’activité qu’il a déployée cette année là, ont été en effet peu nombreux. Le Canada, en cette période d’incertitude, relativement à la conclusion des négociations commerciales multilatérales de l’Uruguay Round, a ainsi semblé s’en remettre davantage à une mise en oeuvre effective de l’Accord de libre-échange Canada-États-Unis, que ce soil pour accroître l'accès de ses produits et services sur le marché américain ou pour gérer efficacement les différendscommerciaux avec son principal partenaire économique.
III. Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

I Mise en oeuvre de l'Accord de libre-échange Canada-États-Unis

Le 1er janvier 1993 marquait le quatrième anniversaire de l'Accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis (ALÉ), mais aussi le début de sa cinquième période de transition devant conduire à sa pleine réalisation en matière d'investissement. À cet égard, il convient de noter que, dans le cadre de la Loi sur Investissement Canada (LIC), le seuil donnant ouverture à l'examen de l'acquisition directe du contrôle d'une entreprise canadienne par une entreprise américaine a été établi à 150 millions de dollars canadiens, en dollars constants de 1992. Rappelons que, depuis le 1er janvier 1992, l'acquisition indirecte du contrôle d'une entreprise canadienne par une entreprise américaine n'est plus assujettie à un examen de l'agence Investissement Canada.
From the Margins to the Mainstream: The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
Authors: Waldron Marcia
Published: June 2019

The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women provided an important occasion for the international community to assess and to develop its political commitment to the protection of the human rights of women. The author discusses the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action that resulted from the conference and considers whether international machineries for the enforcement of rights will be adequate to deal with rights that traditionally have been marginalized. Recognizing the past and current limitations of international mechanisms, the author argues that working within mainstream institutions as well as developing independent special procedures are necessary measures to ensure that the international system reflects the needs of women.
Notre Mer? An Independent Québec's Maritime Claims in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Beyond
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J.
Published: June 2019

The basic fact of Québec as a coastal entity creates interesting questions when considering the implications of its independence. A historical survey of its maritime boundaries further confirms the importance of maritime boundaries for an independent Québec. The author examines Québec's possible claims in the light of recent international law cases and conventions. He also explores the application of various methods of maritime boundary delimitation on (Québec and Canada. Finally, the author explores the possibility of joint sovereignty in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the application of the condominium concept to Canada and Québec.
Environmental Harm in Developing Countries Caused by Subsidiaries of Canadian Mining Corporations: The Interface of Public and Private International Law
Authors: Seck Sara L.
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the responsibility of Canada for ensuring that Canadian transnational mining corporations do not cause environmental harm in other countries. The author discusses the liability of parent companies under Canadian law for the actions of their subsidiaries abroad and considers the jurisdictional and choice of law problems in bringing a tort action in Canadian courts. The author also considers the implications under international law of any extraterritorial application of Canadian law.
Gordon W. Smith: A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North and Related Law of the Sea Problems
Authors: Tramhel Jeannette
Published: June 2019

The title of this manuscript might astonish readers, but it will certainly not mislead them, for this is indeed a serious and involved magnum opus of considerable length on a topic of considerable complexity. It was painstakingly researched and carefully written by Gordon W. Smith over a period of about thirty years. Recognizing the value of what was largely this man’s life’s work, his executors have undertaken to realize the dream that was behind the manuscript, namely, to enable its availability for the beneWt of all Canadians, particularly those interested in history and international law as these subjects pertain to the Arctic. The original handwritten manuscript, which numbers several thousand pages of text, has been preserved in accordance with archival standards. The content has been reproduced in electronic format on CD ROM and amounts to over two million words. The executors hope to release this valuable and important piece of work for publication.
Utopia without Apology: Form and Imagination in the Work of Ronald St. John Macdonald
Authors: Knop Karen
Published: June 2019

The word “utopia” is a pun on eu topos (a good place) and ou topos (no place). While utopia in the sense of eu topos refers to an ideal society and its realization, utopia in the sense of ou topos emphasizes a mode of narrative rather than a political goal. Traditionally, the utopian form is a traveller’s account of a visit to an imaginary country where the journey is either to a far-off land or to the distant future. This article offers an appreciation of Ronald St. John Macdonald as a practitioner, presenter, and promoter of the utopian form in international law. Beyond the ability of a particular eu-topia to confront us with a complete package of ideas for international law that would otherwise remain unimagined, ou-topia generally encourages comprehensive and radical thinking about international law’s future and perhaps even jolts us into a heightened consciousness of our creativity and potential for change. The article also touches on the corresponding disadvantages of utopias and speculates that Macdonald reconciles the advantages and disadvantages partly through the fact that the power of the utopian form is available even to those who have been historically and unjustly excluded from international law.
L’importance de l’opinion publique: L’homoparentalité et la décision de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme dans l’affaire Fretté c. France
Authors: LaViolette Nicole
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Récemment, dans l’affaire Fretté c. France, l’État français a échappé d’extrême justesse à une condamnation de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme pour discrimination fondée sur l’orientation sexuelle. Dans l’affaire Fretté, la Cour européenne conWrme que l’interdiction d’adoption opposée par l’administration française aux personnes homosexuelles ne porte pas atteinte aux droits de la personne. Selon l’auteure, la Cour a négligé le fait qu’un grand nombre d’hommes gais et de lesbiennes presentment les qualités humaines et éducatives requises d’un candidat à l’adoption, et elle a préféré avaliser une différence de traitement discriminatoire et absolue envers les personnes homosexuelles. La Cour ne fonde aucunement ses motifs sur une preuve explicite et concluante quant au préjudice que peut présenter l’homosexualité d’un parent pour l’enfant adopté. Elle invoque plutôt la controverse publique pour motiver sa décision en faveur de l’interdiction d’adoption par les gais.
Diplomatic Protection: Taking Human Rights Extraterritorially
Authors: Karazivan Noura
Published: June 2019

This article argues that states should have a limited obligation — and not only a privilege — to extend diplomatic protection to their nationals when they are facing violations of their most basic human rights abroad. The author addresses the current state of international law regarding diplomatic protection, with a focus on the International Law Commission's failed attempt to impose a duty on states to exercise protection in cases of jus cogens violations. A review of domestic case law, particularly in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and South Africa, shows that while some courts recognize legitimate expectations to receive diplomatic protection, all are reluctant to exercise judicial review of a denial of diplomatic protection. The author nevertheless examines whether adherence to international human rights treaties could entail a positive obligation for states to exercise diplomatic protection in order to protect the human rights of their nationals that are ill-treated abroad.
Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2006–7 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2006–7
Authors: van Ert Gibran
Published: June 2019

Evidence — letters rogatory — public policy against extraterritorial applications of US law

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP v. Gauthier (2006), 82 OR (3d) 189 (29 August 2006). Ontario Superior Court of Justice.

The applicant MLB was a US law firm carrying on business principally in Philadelphia. It sought an order from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice giving effect to a letter of request issued by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. This court sought the assistance of the Ontario court in obtaining document production and testimony from the respondent, Claude Gauthier, a Canadian citizen resident in Ontario.
Objectivity and Statutory Interpretation: End Use in the Canadian Customs Tariff
Authors: Irish Maureen
Published: June 2019

The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System) has been adopted by the major trading nations of the world, including Canada. Decisions of the European Court of Justice are influential for interpretation of the Harmonized System. According to these decisions, goods should be classified under the Harmonized System on the basis of their physical characteristics, while factors that relate to use after importation should be considered only if they are reflected in the physical characteristics. The author rejects this narrow approach and argues that interpretation will be successful only if it is done in light of the full commercial context, including use after importation, advertising, distribution, and market indicators such as price. The article reviews Canadian case law since implementation of the Harmonized System in 1988 as well as some decisions interpreting the pre-1988 Canadian nomenclature, which contained many tariff items that depended on the end use of goods after importation.
Civil Disobedience and International Law: Sketch for a Theoretical Argument
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: June 2019

This article argues that there is an increasing trend of civil society resorting to civil disobedience in relation to international legal values. International law, however, has not caught up with this trend. In fact, both international law and civil disobedience can gain much from a better understanding of their interaction. The article briefly traces the record of arguments drawn from international law in civil disobedience cases, highlights the theoretical constraints of the debate, and seeks to establish some basic foundations for an international legal theory of legitimate civil disobedience.
Khadr's Twist onHape: Tortured Determinations of the Extraterritorial Reach of the CanadianCharter
Authors: Currie John H.
Published: June 2019

This comment reviews the Supreme Court of Canada’s May 2008 decision inCanada (Justice) v. Khadr, in which the Court announced an exception to its June 2007 holding inR. v. Hape. Hapeheld, on international legal grounds, that application of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsto the acts of Canadian officials abroad is “impossible.”Khadrheld that this was not so if the acts of Canadian officials abroad amount to participation in a process that violates Canada’s international legal obligations. The author welcomes this partial retrenchment of theHapeprinciple, which, it is argued, is ill-founded in international law. However, the author is also critical of the Court’s failure to engage directly withHape's many flaws or to justify in any way the seemingly arbitrary exception to it propounded inKhadr. These failures, it is argued, serve only to deepen the legal and logical incoherencies that currently characterize, in the name of respect for Canada’s international legal obligations, the rules governing the extraterritorial applicability of theCharter.
Liability Rules in the International Carriage of Passengers by Air and the Notice of Denunciation of the Warsaw Convention by the United States of America
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

The United States notice of denunciation of the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air, opened for signature at Warsaw on October 12, 1929, even though now withdrawn, marks the end of an era in the development of private international air law. The notice of denunciation was communicated to the Polish government, depositary of the Convention, on November 15, 1965, because, according to the United States of America, the present limit of liability — which amounts approximately to $8,300 U.S. — applicable in the case of death of, or injury to, a passenger in international carriage was considered to be no longer adequate to protect United States citizens of practically all economic levels who in ever-increasing numbers are making use of international air transport. On May 13, 1966, just two days before the denunciation was to take effect, the United States dramatically withdrew its notice after a series of eleventh-hour discussions and consultations culminating in an agreement by thirty-four airlines to accept a limit of liability of $75,000 U.S. per passenger and, with the exception of three American airlines, to accept also the absolute liability of the air carrier. The notice of denunciation of what has often been described as one of the most widely accepted conventions of its kind sent a wave of uneasiness through the world of international civil aviation. As a result of that notice, the Warsaw system came under searching examination and, in view of the agreement mentioned above, will, no doubt, be substantially modified when, in due course, a diplomatic conference is convened to amend the Convention.
Coexistence, National and International: The First Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Law Association (Canadian Branch)
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

All law," as Professor Gregory Tunkin, the former Principal Legal Adviser to the Soviet Foreign Ministry, has remarked, "is a species of coexistence." I take it that Dr. Tunkin means by that that legal norms, if they are to be really meaningful as law-in-action in any community, must proceed on a basis of the reconciliation of the competing claims advanced by the main social interestgroups in that community. The international law of the era of the Soviet-Western détente, that hopefully has succeeded to the erstwhile Cold War conflicts, is based on just such a species of intersystems accommodations and compromises, highlighted of course by the Moscow Test Ban Treaty of August 1963 but represented also in a series of lesser agreements and adjustments of fundamental interests-conflicts. The essence of international law-making under these circumstances, if it is to yield a viable system of norms that actually will operate as law-in-action in the contemporary World Community, becomes one of looking for genuine mutuality and reciprocity of interest as between the main political-ideological groupings in the World Community.
Economic Sanctions in the International System
Authors: MacDonald R. ST. J.
Published: June 2019

Our special area is international law and organization and our particular concern is the process by which international public policy is enforced by international political organizations, especially through the media of economic modalities.

It is a commonplace that much of the analytical philosophy of law of the last one hundred years controls and conditions, consciously or unconsciously, the thinking and, perhaps, the practice of law and modern affairs. This fact is of special importance to international lawyers because the analytical approach to law contains a bias in favour of domestic or national law. This is understandable, for legal philosophy was first propounded to explain domestic phenomena.
La Commission internationale des pêches pour d’Atlantique Sud-Est
Authors: Carroz J. E.
Published: June 2019

La question de l’établissement d’un organisme intergouvernemental chargé d’assurer l’exploitation rationnelle des stocks de l’Atlantique Sud-Est a été examinée par la Conférence de la FAO dès ses premières sessions. En 1946, la Conférence passa en revue les divers secteurs maritimes non desservis par un organisme approprié et porta l'Atlantique Sud-Est sur la liste des secteurs auxquels la FAO devait accorder la priorité.
The UNCTAD Code of Conduct for the International Transfer of Technology: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Fairley H. Scott , Rowcliffe Peter J.
Published: June 2019

The task … is to restructure existing relationships between suppliers and recipients of technology so as to facilitate the Third World’s access to the accumulated promise of mankind’s scientific and technological achievements.

Developed countries have offered the example of industrial societies based upon technology and the fruits of technological endeavour. The result has been that the process of effectively transferring technology is now widely perceived as an indispensible element for improving the economic lot of less advantaged nations. Less developed countries (LDCs) have recognized that the existing legal mechanisms and practices for the transfer of technology, established predominantly by public and private actors in advanced economies, have not served their interests and, indeed, may have prejudiced their efforts to acquire an indigenous technological capability which would enable them to achieve their primary objective of independent economic development. Thus the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has undertaken the negotiation and drafting of an International Code of Conduct with a view to redressing the apparent inequities of the system as presently constituted. With diplomatically phrased understatement, an early UNCTAD report on the task ahead observed that “transactions involving the transfer of technology have occurred in a manner which has not produced entirely satisfactory results for developing countries.”
Souveraineté fonctionnelle et consentement préalable: déblocage possible en droit spatial
Authors: Fauteux Paul
Published: June 2019

Malgré l’impressionnante somme de papier produite par le débat international sur la radiodiffusion directe par satellites (R.D.S.), celui-ci n’a toujours pas permis d’en arriver à un ensemble cohérent de principes directeurs applicables en la matière. C’est pourtant là le but avoué de ces discussions, qui cherchent à assurer l’encadrement juridique de la mise en service prochaine d’une technologie aujourd’hui au stade pré-opérationnel. Suite à la dernière réunion du Sous-Comité juridique du Comité des utilisations pacifiques de l’espace extra-atmosphérique des Nations Unies (C.U.P.-E.E.A.), le projet de principe maintes fois révisé sur les "consultations et accords entre Etats" demeure entièrement exprimé entre crochets. On se voit donc obligé de conclure, pour le moment et l’avenir immédiat, à l’échec de ce processus de réglementation dont les origines remontent à près de deux décennies.
A Migratory Cariboo Convention
Authors: Bankes N. D.
Published: June 2019

Over the last decade several proposals have been made for the creation of an international wildlife range between northeast Alaska and northern Yukon Territory, and for a convention between Canada and the United States to regulate the Porcupine caribou herd. The herd, one of the largest barren ground caribou herds in North America, regularly migrates across the United States-Canadian boundary. It is harvested in both countries by Indians and Inuit. Since the vitality of the caribou herd may be affected by developments on either side of the border, such as overharvesting, construction of pipelines or highways, influx of tourists, open access hunting policies, and oil and gas drilling, the herd requires co-operative management.
The Comparative Properties of the Pulsars
Authors: Lyne A. G.
Published: June 2019

This paper reviews the outstanding characteristics of the pulsars and, in particular, compares the properties of the Crab Nebula pulsar with those of the other pulsars. The Crab pulsar is unique in that it has a remarkably short period, emission outside the radio band, some strange amplitude variations and an abnormally large interpulse.
Polarization of Pulsars
Authors: Moffet Alan T.
Published: June 2019

A survey is given of the polarization properties of pulsars. Many pulsars, although showing pulse-to-pulse variations in polarization, have a stable mean polarization characteristic. Several pulsars like 0833-45 show changes in the position angle of linear polarization across the pulse which can be interpreted as due to the changing direction of the magnetic field as envisaged in the oblique magnetic dipole model of pulsars. Faraday rotation measurements when taken with dispersion measures yield values for the interstellar magnetic field of several microgauss.
Radiative Ionization of the Filaments in the Crab Nebula
Authors: Davidson Kris , Tucker Wallace H.
Published: June 2019

We have attempted to explain the observed excitation conditions in the filamentary system of the Crab Nebula in terms of ionization and heating by high frequency radiation. It was found that it is possible to reasonably fit most of the observed lines by assuming either (1) an ultraviolet continuum which smoothly joins the optical and X-ray data and a gas composition in which the number densities of hydrogen and helium are equal, (2) a spectrum which drops off about as steeply as v-2 and therefore does not smoothly fit the X-ray spectrum, or (3) an ultraviolet continuum which smoothly joins the optical and X-ray data plus strong emission-line features near 20 eV. A UV continuum which is much larger than in these models results in too much ionization in the filaments. The calculations suggest that most of the filaments consist of outer ionized regions with cores of neutral gas, so that the mass of the filamentary shell may be considerably larger than the 1.45 M⊙ required to explain the emission line intensities.
Differential Rotation and Global-Scale Velocity Fields
Authors: Howard Robert , Yoshimura Hirokazu
Published: June 2019

A review is given of the observational and theoretical background of global-scale velocity fields on the solar surface. A newly-developed method of reduction of the Mount Wilson velocity data is described, and the results from this new method are compared with the results of the old method. A preliminary analysis is made of the new results over a short time interval. Small-scale latitude irregularities in the differential rotation are shown to exist. Variations in time which occur in the rotation rate are broadly distributed in latitude and longitude. Although a non-solar (instrumental) cause cannot be found for these variations, such a cause cannot be ruled out at this time. Global-scale non-axisymmetric velocity field patterns intermediate between solar diameter and super-granular scale are shown to exist on the solar surface as predicted by theory.
The Motions in the Central Region of NGC 4736
Authors: Van Der Kruit P. C.
Published: June 2019

Spectroscopic observations of the central part of NGC 4736 show strong noncircular motions connected with the triple radio source. It is also found that a central ring of H II regions is probably expanding at about 30 km s−1.
Strömgren photometry of F-type stars in M67 and NGC3680
Authors: Nissen P. E.
Published: June 2019

Photoelectric uvby photometry has been obtained for about 30 F-type stars in each of the open clusters M67 and NGC3680. For some of the stars the H-beta index was also observed. The photometry was carried out with the Danish 1.5 m telescope at La Silla by the aid of a four-channel uvby photometer and a two channel H-beta photometer.
Statistical analysis of the red giant distributions of old open clusters
Authors: Barbaro G. , Pigatto L.
Published: June 2019

In order to verify the agreement with the theory of the observed HR diagram as a whole, 38 open clusters with (B-V)o, t≥0.10 at the turnoff, have been analyzed with particular regard to the RGB luminosity function.
Observations of low mass stars in clusters: Some constraints and puzzles for stellar evolution theory
Authors: Cannon R.D.
Published: June 2019

This review will attempt to do two things: (i) discuss some of the data which are available for testing the theory of evolution of low mass stars, and (ii) point out some problem areas where observations and theory do not seem to agree very well. This is of course too vast a field of research to be covered in one brief review, so I shall concentrate on one particular aspect, namely the study of star clusters and especially their colour-magnitude (CM) diagrams. Star clusters provide large samples of stars at the same distance and with the same age, and the CM diagram gives the easiest way of comparing theoretical predictions with observations, although crucial evidence is also provided by spectroscopic abundance analyses and studies of variable stars. Since this is primarily a review of observational data it is natural to divide it into two parts: (i) galactic globular clusters, and (ii) old and intermediate-age open clusters. Some additional evidence comes from Local Group galaxies, especially now that CM diagrams which reach the old main sequence are becoming available. For each class of cluster I shall consider successive stages of evolution from the main sequence, up the hydrogen-burning red giant branch, and through the helium-burning giant phase.
Spectroscopy of main-sequence and subgiant stars in globular star clusters
Authors: Hesser James E. , Harris Gretchen L.H. , Bell R.A. , Cannon R.D.
Published: June 2019

Since the mid-1970's it has been apparent that giant stars of similar V and B-V within a “normal” globular cluster [i.e., one with a narrow giant branch in its color-magnitude diagram (CMD)] exhibit a perplexing range of strengths for such spectral features as CH, CN and NH. This complex subject has been reviewed by Kraft (1979), McClure (1979) and Freeman and Norris (1981). DDO photometry first revealed star-to-star differences of CN strengths at MV>+1, where observational confusion between asymptotic and first-ascent giant stars is removed (Hesser, Hartwick and McClure 1976, 1977; Hesser 1978). Subsequently, we have sought to place observational constraints on possible mechanisms by studying such questions as: At what MV's do spectral differences first become observable? Do spectral features other than those from CNO-based molecules vary from star-to-star? Can small temperature or gravity differences produce the observed ranges?
Non — LTE analysis of massive O-stars
Authors: Simon K. P. , Kudritzki R. P.
Published: June 2019

Non-LTE analyses of five very massive O-stars yield effective temperature, gravity and helium abundance of their photospheres. From these results together with photometric data an estimation of the stellar mass is possible. The comparison of the position in the log g — log Teff diagram relative to theoretical evolutionary tracks allows three compatibility-checks: (1) masses, (2) helium-abundance and (3) age of the stars. From these checks it is inferred, that (a) the stars are in an advanced main-sequence-phase, and (b) they have suffered from considerable mass-loss. Furthermore it seems to be likely that (c) mass-loss-rates do not scale with N > 200, (d) the age of the stars in the η Carinae region is less than 2 mio yrs., and (e) HD 93128 is in the background of Tr14.
P Cygni stars as an intermediate stage between red supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars
Authors: Lamers Henny J.G.L.M. , de Groot Mart , Cassatella Angelo
Published: June 2019

P Cygni's evolutionary status is evaluated using its recently redetermined basic parameters (Lamers et al. 1983) to plot the star on the HRD (Figure 1). The theoretical evolutionary track of a 60 M⊙ star passes through P Cygni's error box twice. From a comparison of the time scales along the two parts of the track it is found to be twenty times more probable to find a star in the He-core burning plus H-shell burning phase evolving to higher Teff than in the thick H-shell burning phase evolving to the RSG region of the HRD.
The “age” of OB associations
Authors: Doom C. , de Greve J.P. , de Loore C.
Published: June 2019

For the determination of ages of OB associations, the traditional approach is to compare isochrones, derived from theoretical models to the observed distribution of stars in the HR diagram (see e.g. Stothers, 1972). However, even a casual look at the HR diagram of the association Per OB1 (Fig.1) shows that it is impossible to fit a unique isochrone to all stars of the group, even by allowing some scatter. We will therefore adopt a different approach and determine the initial mass and the age of each individual star in a given association. As an example, we will discuss Per OB1.
Observational study of the evolution of massive binary stars
Authors: Burki G. , Mayor M.
Published: June 2019

Six years ago an observational program on supergiant stars using CORAVEL was initiated at Geneva Observatory. About 1500 radial velocities were obtained out of a sample of 181 northern supergiants of F, G, K, M type. Nineteen new SB have been discovered and 16 others are suspected to be SB. The total rate of binary systems among northern supergiants is in the range of 31–38 % (Burki and Mayor, 1983). This value neither depends on spectral type nor luminosity class.
Observational constraints from models of close binary evolution
Authors: De Grève J.P. , Packet W.
Published: June 2019

The evolution of a system of 9 MO + 5.4 MO is computed from Zero Age Main Sequence through an early case B of mass exchange, up to the second phase of mass transfer after core helium burning. Both components are calculated simultaneously. The evolution is divided into several physically different phases. The characteristics of the models in each of these phases are transformed into corresponding ‘observable’ quantities. The outlook of the system for photometric observations is discussed, for an idealized case. The influence of the mass of the loser, mli, and the initial mass ratio qi is considered.
Observations of evolutionary changes in the pulsation period of cepheids
Authors: Szabados L.
Published: June 2019

In spite of the fact that Cepheid variables pulsate quite regularly their pulsation period remains constant only in the first approximation. The pulsation period is subject to variations because of stellar evolution. The calculations made by Hofmeister (1965) predicted that the evolutionary period changes of classical Cepheids should be observed on a time scale of several decades or longer. No detailed analysis of the observed period changes has been made since Hofmeister's fundamental theoretical work.