bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As High a Heaven
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

The sound of wind in the trees one summer day led Thoreau to a moment of intense joy and gratitude to God for his life.

The cricket, the gurgling stream, the rushing wind amid the trees, all speak to me soberly yet encouragingly of the steady onward progress of the universe. My heart leaps into my mouth at the sound of the wind in the woods. I whose life was but yesterday so desultory and shallow suddenly recover my spirits, my spirituality, through my hearing. I see a goldfinch go twittering through the still, louring...
Death of a Concord Kingpost
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Four men, cutting at once, began to fell the big elm at 10 a.m., went to dinner at 12, and got through at 2:30 p.m. They used a block and tackle with five falls, fastened to the base of a buttonwood, and drawn by a horse, to pull it over the right way; so it fell without harm down the road. One said he pulled twenty turns. I measured it at 3 p.m., just after the top had been cut off. It was 15 feet to the first crotch. At 75 feet, the most upright and probably highest limb was cut off, and measured 27 inches in circumference. As near as I could tell from the twigs on the snow, and what the choppers said who had just removed the top, it was about 108 feet high. At 15 feet from the stump, it divided into two parts, about in equal size. One was decayed and broken in the fall, being undermost, the other (which also proved hollow) at its origin was 114/12 feet in circumference. (The whole tree directly beneath this crotch was 19 3/12 round.) … I could count pretty well 105 rings....
Boxborough’s Ancient Oaks
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

This wood is some one and three quarters miles from West Acton, whither we went by railroad. It is in the east part of Boxboro, on both sides of the Harvard Turnpike. … The old oak wood, as we saw from the bare hill at the south end, extends a great deal further west and northwest, as well as north, than we went, and must be at least a mile and a half from north to south by a mile to a mile and a quarter ...
A World Made New
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

The great pine woods have a peculiar appearance this afternoon. This rather fine snow has lodged in their limbs and given them a grayish look, but as it lies thicker along the core of the limb, it has the appearance, at a distance, of dim white lines lying at various angles like a vast network over the woods, or, rather, like cobwebs seen on the grass on summer mornings. A kind of film over them. I never saw the pitch pines better snowed up. They look like Chinese pagodas....
Sailing a Sea of Green
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

The moonlight now is very splendid in the untouched pine woods above the Cliffs, alternate patches of shade and light—the light has almost the brightness of sunlight, the fulgor. The stems of the trees are more obvious than by day, being simple black against the moonlight and the snow. The sough of the breeze in the pine tops sounds far away, like the surf on a distant shore, and for all sound beside there is only the rattling or chafing of little dry twigs—perchance a little snow falling on them, or they are so brittle that they break and fall with the motion of the trees....
Invention of Judaism
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

Judaism is often understood as the way of life defined by the Torah of Moses, but it was not always so. This book identifies key moments in the rise of the Torah, beginning with the formation of Deuteronomy, advancing through the reform of Ezra, the impact of the suppression of the Torah by Antiochus Epiphanes and the consequent Maccabean revolt, and the rise of Jewish sectarianism. It also discusses variant forms of Judaism, some of which are not Torah-centered and others which construe the Torah through the lenses of Hellenistic culture or through higher, apocalyptic, revelation. It concludes with the critique of the Torah in the writings of Paul.
Introduction
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

During the Maccabean crisis, residents of Jerusalem were forbidden even to admit that they were Ioudaioi. This chapter reviews the debate about the meaning of Ioudaioi in antiquity (Judeans or Jews?) and discusses the nature of ethnicity, and the ways in which it was formulated.
Torah as Narrative and Wisdom
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

The Torah in the Second Temple period included narratives as well as laws. Several compositions Aramaic compositions of the early Hellenistic period retell the stories to convey ethical messages. Some psalms, and also Ben Sira, treat the Torah as a source of wisdom
Torah as Law
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

In the wake of the Maccabean revolt, the literature from the land of Israel takes a halakic turn, which is evident in Jubilees, the Temple Scroll, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. While the Law was the basis of common Judaism, it was also the basis of sectarian division.
Epilogue
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

“The Deuteronomic entity called ‘Israel’ is not coterminous with Judah or its population,” writes Carly Crouch.1 The problem was not that some Judahites lived outside of Judah, but that some of the native population did not conform to Deuteronomic ideals. From the beginning, the Torah of Moses was an attempt to mold Judean identity in a particular way. There had been Judahites before Deuteronomy was composed, identified as such by their place of residence and political loyalty, and also by shared cultural traits including the (not necessarily exclusive) veneration of the God of the land, YHWH. There would still be Judeans well into the Second Temple period who did not define themselves by reference to the Torah (as seen in the earlier wisdom literature), and some even (in the case of Elephantine) who may not have been aware of its existence. Eventually, however, the composite Torah, which combined Deuteronomic and Priestly traditions, would come to be the dominant expression of Judean identity....
Women and Religious Patronage in the Timurid Empire
Authors: Arbabzadah Nushin
Published: September 2017

This chapter sheds light on the foundational Timurid period in Afghan history during the fifteenth century that saw important and enduring religious institutions founded in the capital city of Herat and other urban centers. The chapter focuses on the ways in which Timurid women of the ruling class patronized shrine and mosque architecture with their own private funds. The most audacious of these female patrons, Queen Gawhar Shad (r. 1405-47), broke the longstanding traditional taboo that banned women from patronizing mosques. She built not one but two mosques; moreover, the mosques in question were not just ordinary places of worship but were prestigious Friday mosques, institutions that stood at the intersection of political and religious power. The chapter draws on original Persian records alongside contemporary European scholarship to provide an overview of Afghan women’s role in shaping the religious landscape of medieval Afghanistan.
Competing Views of Pashtun Tribalism, Islam, and Society in the Indo-Afghan Borderlands
Authors: Haroon Sana
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores descriptions of Pashtun tribes and their religious predisposition in 20th century Urdu literature associated with strategic mobilization of the Pashtun regions, and highlights the inconsistency of this discourse with other twentieth-century nationalist projects in colonial India and Afghanistan. In the first instance, the 1914-36 writings of a group called the Jama‘at-i Mujahidin were at variance with the Pashtun and Muslim nationalist positions of the Khuda’i Khidmatgars and the Jamʻiyyat al-‘Ulama-yi Hind, and with the officially sanctioned geographies of the Afghan state. In the second instance, writings published in Pakistan during the period of the anti-Soviet Afghan jihad contradicted USAID- and Kabul-funded demographic and cartographic studies of the 1970s. Such descriptions of Pashtun religious predisposition, tribal valor, resistance and autonomy must be understood as intentional and disruptive interventions in knowledge production about, and political organization in, the Pashtun regions.
Glossy Global Leadership
Authors: Fuchs Simon Wolfgang
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes a fresh look at religious arguments and debates in the context of the Afghan Jihad of the 1980s and early 1990s. Drawing on unexplored journals published by various Mujahidin parties in Persian (Dari), Urdu, Arabic, and English, it questions the common view of Afghans being exclusively at the financial and intellectual mercy of their foreign backers. Instead, I show how Afghan participants in the Jihad emphasized the international calling and the global implications of their own military and political efforts. I also argue that the experience of the Jihad gave rise not only to new conceptions of the individual, the family, and the nation. It also sparked critical reflections on the future political structure of a liberated Afghanistan that differed notably from ideological visions penned by Arab authors based in the borderlands straddling Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Vineyard Time
Authors: Bialecki Jon
Published: September 2017

Through a discussion of Worship in the Vineyard, this chapter charts the various scales of temporality that give the movement its shape. It identities the temporalities of embodiment and training, of social organization, of musical performance, of biographical arcs and of changing relations with God, and finally the cosmic ‘already/not-yet’ temporality that the Vineyard associates with messianic time and their vision of “Kingdom Theology”.
The Living Room Seminars
Authors: Bialecki Jon
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the religious pedagogy and techniques of subjectification associated with learning to hear from God, which in essence is the act of training oneself to at once prepare for and cultivate surprise. It follows a small prayer group of young Vineyard believers as they both debate about and learn how to receive prophecy. It also shows how language ideologies serves as an engine of typification and elaboration, affecting the way that prophecy is expressed, and concludes by explaining how the very act of recounting prophecy functions as an instantiation and continuation of the prophecy itself.
Urban Planning and Municipal Governance in a Period of Rapid Change:
Authors: Górzyński Makary
Published: September 2017

Rapid industrial growth in the early twentieth century, linked to the construction of railways, transformed Kalisz, located on the western edge of Russian Poland. In Urban Planning and Municipal Governance in a Period of Rapid Change: A Frontier Town in Russian Poland at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Makary Górzyński examines how Kalisz's projects for new infrastructure and public services were thwarted by Russian Poland's inefficient municipal governance system. Górzyński describes the emergence of modern urban planning discussions among the elites of Kalisz, who debated the political, legal, and social dimensions of industrial urbanization in Russian Poland. This emerging discourse ascribed the industrial city's suburbanization and ad hoc architecture to the conflictual social conditions in which Polish, Jewish, German, and Russian communities coexisted and competed. Urban planning initiatives and new theories of town management and construction developed from the urban politics of this multiethnic Polish city under Russian rule.
Patrones de sociabilidad en barrios vulnerables: Dos casos en Santiago, Chile
Authors: Link Felipe , Greene Margarita , Mora Rodrigo , Figueroa Martinez Cristhian
Published: September 2017

En las ciudades contemporáneas el espacio construido y el social se encuentran en un proceso constante de transformación. En este contexto, el barrio es una unidad cuya función es reunir a la comunidad y a sus prácticas, al mismo tiempo que opera como vínculo entre el espacio privado de la vivienda y la metrópolis. El rol del barrio en la construcción de la comunidad cobra especial relevancia en los barrios vulnerables. En Chile después de años de políticas viviendistas que privilegiaban la construcción de casas, se ha cambiado el foco hacia el mejoramiento de los barrios con intervenciones integrales multisectoriales. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo es evaluar la relación entre las estructuras del espacio físico y las estructuras de sociabilidad en habitantes de barrios vulnerables en proceso de consolidación en Santiago, especí camente, a través del estudio de dos casos emblemáticos de la comuna de El Bosque. La hipótesis general es que el espacio físico y la con guración actual de muchos de los barrios con estas características de vulnerabilidad so- cioterritorial actúan como una estructura estructurante de relaciones sociales que es capaz de inhibir la difusión de la sociabilidad y favorecer el aislamiento metropolitano.
Irrigation, a Basic Technological Element, for Improving the Autumn Cabbage Yield in Crișurilor Plain, Western Romania
Authors: DOMUŢA Cristian G. , PEREȘ Ana C. , BREJEA Radu P. , BORZA Ioana M. , JUDE Eugen , KÖTELES Nandor , CENUȘA Nicolae , BEI Mariana F.
Published: September 2017

The researches were carried out at the Agricultural Research and Development Station, Crișurilor Plain, Oradea, during 1990-2016. They have demonstrated that irrigation is needed every year due to the extension of the drought regions in Romania. Irrigation has become a basic element in the technology of the autumn cabbage crop due to the yearly pedological drought. For cabbage, the minimum watering depth is considered 0-50 cm, while an irrigation average rate of 2,410 m3/ha, with a variation range of 1,330-4,900 m3/ha had to be imposed in order to maintain the soil moisture content on the watering depth between the easily available water content and the field capacity. Irrigation improved the microclimate conditions and the ratio water/temperature + light (Domuţa climate index) increased. Daily water consumption increased as well. As a result, total water consumption increased by 70%, with a variation range of 19-872%. Irrigation determined an yield gain of 153%; water use efficiency (kg/m3) increased by 60.0%; irrigation water use efficiency recorded an average value of 13.4 kg yield gain/m3, with variation range 6.7 kg yield gain/m3-24.2 kg yield gain/m3. The correlations quantified in the soil-water-plant system (number of days with pedological drought, yield, respectively yield gain; Domuţa climate index-yield; water consumption-yield) support irrigation for the autumn cabbage crop from Crişurilor Plain.
Structure and Spatial Distribution of Dead Wood in Two Temperate Old-Growth Mixed European Beech Forests
Authors: VASILE Diana , PETRITAN Any Mary , TUDOSE Nicu Constantin , TOIU Florin Lucian , SCARLATESCU Virgil , PETRITAN Ion Catalin
Published: September 2017

Old-growth forests are often looked at as reference for close to nature silviculture, which aims to manage forests in a natural way. An important component of these forests is the large amount of deadwood they possess; the role of dead wood in the forest ecosystem has been well recognised. A detailed investigation of dead wood characteristics (the amount per stand, species, dead wood type, decay class, size and spatial distribution) was performed in two Romanian old-growth European mixed beech forests: Runcu Grosi Reserve (sessile oak-beech) and Sinca (silver fir-beech). Dead wood pieces were classified as belonging to one of seven dead wood types and one of five decay classes. The total amount of the dead wood was greater in Runcu Grosi (240.8 m3 ha-1) than in Sinca Forest (135.5 m3 ha-1). The majority of the dead wood in Runcu Grosi was composed of sessile oak (91.7%), whereas in Sinca Forest, the main dead wood species was silver fir (67.0%); both species exhibited higher values of probability density than beech, the second most important species. The dead wood exhibited much variation in tree size and in dead wood type, and covered the entire spectrum of decomposition classes. The main spatial pattern of all standing dead trees was random in both forests (over 55%), with a reduced participation of regularity and aggregation. The results of this investigation could be used as key values derived from natural conditions to enhance the biodiversity related to dead wood in managed temperate beech mixed forests.
Effect of Anatomical Structure of Shoots in Different Flowering Phase on Rhizogenesis of Once-blooming Roses
Authors: MONDER Marta J. , KOZAKIEWICZ Paweł , JANKOWSKA Agnieszka
Published: September 2017

The research was conducted on five once-blooming different origin historical roses. The aims were establishing differences in the anatomical structure of shoots taken in four maturity stages and their natural ability to roots creating. There were hypothesized, that the changes in anatomical structure occur in the time of flowering and may affect the ability of rhizogenesis. Single node one leaf cuttings of chosen cultivars were cut from shoots in four maturity phases: flower buds closed, all flowers open, just after and 7-14 days after petal fall. The cuttings were planted in multipot trays in peat substrate without using rooting stimulators. The anatomical structure of shoots in the place of rhizogenesis were observed, the width of xylem layer and cambial zone, diameter of vascular cells were measured. The percentage of rooted cuttings and forming only a callus were counted. Adventitious roots appeared probably in the cambium zone, pith rays, and also in the zone of phloem and pericycle. The anatomic structure of shoots changes during the period of flowering and influences rooting percentage and the percent of cuttings which developed callus only. The width of the cambium layer of shoots influences the width of the wood layer in all cultivars. The rise of width of cambium tissue have an effect of increase of percentage of cuttings forming a callus only in ‘Hurdals’ and ‘Maiden’s Blush’. The width of the cambium layer in shoots enlarges during full blooming in four of the studied cultivars (‘Hurdals’, ‘Maiden’s Blush’, ‘Mousseuse Rouge’, ‘Semiplena’) and in one it stays at the same level for the whole duration of the experiment (‘Duchesse d’Angoulême’). The specifying in practice the period of taking rose cuttings, individual properties of cultivars and phenological phase of shoot should be taken into consideration.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FPPS) Gene from Chamaemelum nobile
Authors: LIU Xiao-Meng , TAO Ting-Ting , MENG Xiang-Xiang , ZHANG Wei-Wei , CHANG Jie , XU Feng
Published: September 2017

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), an isopentenyl transferase, catalyzes the condensation reaction of five carbon isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to form fifteen carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is the key precursor for sesquiterpene biosynthesis. In this study, a FPPS gene (CnFPPS) was cloned from Chamaemelum nobile. The full-length cDNA of CnFPPS is 1239 bp and contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1029 bp encoding 342 amino acids. The theoretical molecular weight and pI of the CnFPPS protein are 39.38 kDa and 5.59, respectively. Multiple alignment analysis showed the protein sequence of CnFPPS had a high homology with FPPS proteins from other plants. The deduced amino acid of CnFPPS contained five conservative domains such as substrate binding pocket, substrate-Mg2+ binding site, catalytic site, aspartate-rich region 1 and 2, suggesting CnFPPS is one member of FPPS family in C. nobile. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of FPPSs showed that CnFPPS was closely related to the FPPS of Matricaria chamomilla. The result of qRT-PCR revealed that CnFPPS gene was constitutively expressed in different tissues of C. nobile, with the highest expression in the root. These findings improve the understanding of the synthesis and regulation of the terpenoid compounds at the molecular level and lay a foundation for studying the regulatory functions of CnFPPS in terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in C. nobile.
Biological Control of Cryphonectria parasitica in Romanian Protected Sweet Chestnut Forests
Authors: CHIRA Dănuț , BOLEA Valentin , CHIRA Florentina , MANTALE Costel , TĂUT Ioan , ŞIMONCA Vasile , DIAMANDIS Stephanos
Published: September 2017

Asiatic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica has gradually infected all chestnut habitats, forest and horticulture plantations from the most important natural centres of sweet chestnut distribution in Romania. The objectives of this work were to understand the destruction rate of chestnut habitats under C. parasitica pressure, and to test the efficacy of pathogen control in revitalizing these protected forests. Successive inventories of forest health status were carried out in forest districts of Maramures and Gorj counties. C. parasitica biologic control using CHV1 virus has been tested. The methodology includes standard laboratory and field work techniques: local hipervirulent strain identification and conversion to hipovirulence, field canker inoculation, and treatment efficacy evaluation. The fungus killed all mature chestnut trees in roughly two decades. Field inoculation has been successful on chestnut and sessile oak (fungus secondary host) in experimental plots from both target zones. This is the first time in Romania when a forest habitat is recovered by means of biological control, after a severe dieback of the old forest caused by a lethal invasive pathogen.
Terroir - Myth and/or Reality - Outstanding Marketing Idea? A Review
Authors: SCHALLER Klaus
Published: September 2017

In former times the term terroir was connatated negatively. “Le goût du terroir” concerned wines, which could not be sold outside a region, because of quality defects. Later, “terroir products” included agricultural goods produced in specific areas. French scientists developed during the last 3 decennials a scientific base for the system “terroir”. All agricultural production systems adhere to a “unité terroir de base (UTB)”. An interaction with viticulture, changes it to a “unité terroir viticole (UTV)”. An UTV together with a farm or an AOC creates an identifiable typicity of wines. Other groups of scientists in esp. in Germany tried to find out the influences of meso- and microclima on quality parameters of grapevines as well as soil, nutrients, water and soil heat budget. Mesoclimatic, geomorphological, and soil parameters can explain approximately 60-70% of the yield formation as well as the sugar accumulation in berries.  The unexplained variability adheres to human skills, soil management, harvesting techniques etc.. Following the production chain from bunches to wine increasing interventions occur: juice extraction systems, spontaneous or controlled fermentation with defined yeast strains. Temperature control, filtration systems will exert an influence on the final wine quality. In contrast to the limited intervention during production of grapes, wine making exceed by far the first mentioned and terroir turns to a “quantité negligeable” in the final wine. Nonetheless, on the consumers’ side terroir is still in discussion. Producers have to respect these movements and have to develop strategies how to incorporate those ideas in their production schemes and their marketing activities.
In Vitro Callus Induction from Adult Tissues of Japanese Flowering Cherry Trees and Two Cherry Rootstocks
Authors: SKOČAJIĆ Dragana M. , NEŠIĆ Marija M. , NONIĆ Marina Ž. , FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ Milica M. , GRBIĆ Mihailo N. , ĐUKIĆ Matilda Š. , ŠIJAČIĆ-NIKOLIĆ Mirjana T.
Published: September 2017

Several in vitro biotechnological techniques have been developed, all of which require a reliable protocol to produce a responsive callus mass. One of these techniques is callus fusion in vitro, which is reliable for the early detection of (in)-compatibility of scions and rootstocks. In this paper, the possibility to obtain friable callus tissues was explored by callus induction of adult tissues of Japanese flowering cherry trees from the group Sato zakura (Prunus serrulata ‘Amanogawa’, ‘Kanzan’ and ‘Kiku-shidare-zakura’) and two domestic cherry rootstocks – Prunus avium and Prunus ‘Colt’. The explants used in the research were: leaf petiole, leaf base with a part of a petiole, part of lamina with a midvein and a stem with an axillary bud. Among three plant growth media (MS, SH and WP) that were used in this study, the MS proved to be the most favourable for the majority of taxa during the callus induction process. For the sweet cherry tree and the cultivars ‘Kanzan’ and ‘Colt’, the SH plant growth medium was also acceptable. The best results in callogenesis were obtained for the majority of taxons with auxin at the concentration 2 mgL-1 NAA and cytokinin BAP 0.5 mgL-1. It is also possible to use 2.4-D at the same concentration as a substitute for the genotypes Prunus avium, Prunus ‘Colt’ and Prunus serrulata ‘Kanzan’, whereas IBA proved to be an inappropriate auxin for callus induction. The protocol described herein is proved to be efficient callus induction in a range of taxa of genus Prunus.
Chemical Composition of Seed Propagated Chestnut Genotypes from Northeastern Turkey
Authors: AKBULUT Mustafa , BOZHUYUK Mehmet Ramazan , ERCISLI Sezai , SKENDER Azra , SORKHEH Karim
Published: September 2017

Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and Bolivia and the country has unique chestnut populations including valuable and diverse seed propagated chestnut genotypes. In this study, chestnuts (Castanea sativa) were collected during the 2016 harvest season from Northeastern part of Turkey from promising 12 different seedling origin genotypes. Tree growth habit, nut weight, kernel ratio, kernel color, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and fatty acid content of fruits belongs to 12 genotypes were determined. The results showed that, the majority of genotypes had semi upright tree growth habit. The nut weight and kernel ratio were between 5.05 g (K-10) and 10.10 g (K-5) and 71.10% (K-1) and 82.44% (K-3) among genotypes. The total crude fat content ranged from 0.87% (K-7) to 2.61% (K-1) while the crude protein ranged from 4.80% (K-7) to 7.65% (K-1). The dietary fiber content made up no more than 3.61% of the remaining portion of the kernel. It was found that total polyphenols was between 1.66 and 2.70 g GAE/kg and antioxidant activity was between 5.80 and 9.07 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight basis. Oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in all chestnut fruits and followed by palmitic and linolenic acid. The results showed that there was enough variations among seed propagated chestnut genotypes for most of the searched parameters and this highlights the importance of conserving the genotypes, as their high levels of heterogeneity allow them to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses and adapt to low-input farming systems.
Growth of Mycelium of Different Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms on Medium Supplemented with Digestate from AD Biogas Plant
Authors: JASIŃSKA Agnieszka , DAWIDOWICZ Luiza , SIWULSKI Marek , KILINOWSKI Patryk
Published: September 2017

Digestate is remaining material after anaerobic digestion (AD) of a biodegradable feedstock. The AD process produces two main products: digestate and biogas; digestate is considered as a waste; however, it found application in agriculture i.e. as a soil conditioner or cultivation substrate component. Digestate is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and can be used as a substrate component for mycelial growth of mushrooms. Aim of the study was examination of agar media supplementation with digestate from AD of foodwaste material on mycelial growth of cultivated and medicinal mushrooms. Mycelial growth of four mushroom species was investigated: Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum; Agaricus subrufescens and Laetiporus sulphureus. First experiment investigated four mushroom species and 3 digestate-only based agar media with growing amount of digestate extract. Later fastest growing mushrooms from exp. 1, C. comatus and G. lucidum, was chosen, mycelial growth was performed on 2 digestate-only based agar media and 2 what/digestate extract based agar media. Wheat-based and manure-based agar media was used as control medium. Study confirmed positive effect of digestate from AD as an addition or main component of agar media culture for mushroom mycelium growth. The amount of digestate extract affected mycelial growth of investigated species. The best agar media was digestate-based only with 25 g of extract and wheat/digestate based (150/50 g extract). The fastest and the best growth were obtained for C. comatus. The residue from AD biogas production could have found additional application as media product for mushroom mycelia production and further as a component for mushroom cultivation substrate.
Floristic Change at the Drought Limit of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens) Forest in the Temperate Climate of Central Europe
Authors: REIF Albert , XYSTRAKIS Fotios , GÄRTNER Stefanie , SAYER Uwe
Published: September 2017

An increase in drought could cause shifts in species composition and vegetation structure. In forests it limits the occurrence of drought sensitive tree species which become replaced by drought tolerant tree species and forest communities. Under temperate macroclimatic conditions, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) naturally dominates the forested landscape, except on extremely shallow soil in combination with high irradiation. On these sites beech reaches its drought limit, and is replaced by forests dominated by species like downy Oak (Quercus pubescens s.l.) and English Oak (Quercus petraea L). Phytosociological and ecological data were collected in the transition (ecotone) between European beach stands and stands of more drought tolerant species in order to quantify the drought intensity threshold, above which beech is replaced by drought tolerant species. It was shown that favourable topographic and soil conditions partially compensated the unsuitable climatic conditions for beech. The ecotone between these forest types was found to be characterized by shallow soils with an available soil water storage capacity of 73 l/m² or less, and an irradiation intensity of 6000 MJ/m2 or more during the growing season. This indicates that under conditions of climate change beech would naturally still remain the dominant tree species on the majority of central European forest sites.
Effect of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Nitrate Spraying on Qualitative Properties and Storability of Fresh Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujube Mill.)
Authors: ZERAATGAR Hadi , DAVARYNEJAD Gholam Hossain , MORADINEZHAD Farid , ABEDI Bahram
Published: September 2017

Chinese jujube is among the important medicinal plants grown in Iran. Its valuable fruit have a short post-harvest life. Delaying of quality reduction for few days can help maintaining the shelf life of fresh jujube fruit. The current study was conducted to investigate the possible effects of pre-harvest foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 2 and 4 mM) and calcium nitrate (0, 1 and 2%) on physico-chemical characteristics and shelf life of fresh jujube fruit during storage at 10-days intervals, for 40 days. Results indicated that salicylic acid and calcium nitrate played an important role in maintaining and extending post-harvest quality of fresh jujube fruit, as both substances increased fruit firmness, titrable acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and catalase enzyme, but reducing total soluble solids. The highest total phenolic content (2.38 µg gallic acid/gFW), antioxidant activity (76.73 mmolTrolox/g), ascorbic acid (222.4 mg/100g FW) and catalase enzyme (16.67 U. mg-1 protein), as well as the lowest total soluble solids content (23.11%) were observed when salicylic acid 4 mM was used. Furthermore, maximum fruit firmness (4.22 N) was obtained in the treatment containing calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 2 mM and calcium nitrate 2% had the highest amount of titrable acidity TA (0.45 %). Based on the results, reducing trends of some components like ascorbic acid, antioxidant and phenol, were very fast, even when using salicylic acid and calcium nitrate; their application could cause a delay in these processes, but the quality reduction found could not be compensated. In other characteristics that had a slower quality reducing trend, the application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate could cause at least a 10-day delay in the reduction of the amounts of these attributes.  In press: Online First articles have been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. They will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number. After the pagination, the articles will be included in Volume 45, Issue 1, 2017. These articles are searchable and citable by they DOI (Digital Object Identifier), but DOI will become active after the articles will be included in the complete issue.
Management of Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew Using Bicarbonate Salts and Other Alternative Organic Products with Fungicide Effect in Apple Cultivars
Authors: MITRE Viorel , BUTA Erzsébet , LUKÁCS Lehel , MITRE Ioana , TEODORESCU Răzvan , HOZA Dorel , SESTRAȘ Adriana F. , STĂNICĂ Florin
Published: September 2017

The control of apple scab and powdery mildew is a challenge for organic fruit growing. Bicarbonate salts are already consecrate in reducing the attack of scab and powdery mildew in organic apple culture. In the current study the influence of some products accepted in organic apple production to control scab and powdery mildew (potasium bicarbonate, lime sulphur, wettable sulphur, potassium silicate, cooper ammonium-phosphate, potassium bicarbonate + potassium silicate, potassium bicarbonate + wettable sulphur) in comparison with untreated control, were used.  The biological material was represented by three scab resistant cultivars (‘Luna’, ‘Topaz’ and ‘Sirius’) and three scab susceptible cultivars (‘Elstar’, ‘Pinova’ and ‘Golden Delicious’). The experiments were carried out during 2014-2016 at Steluța LTD, Cluj-Napoca, N.W. Romania, as a bifactorial experiment arranged in randomized blocks. The trees were planted in 2011 at a density of 3,175 trees/ha. Depending of the year, a number of 18-22 treatments were made annually after each rain. It can be concluded that the combination of potassium bicarbonate + wettable sulphur significantly reduced the attack degree of scab and powdery mildew on leaves and fruits and increased the yield of the scab-susceptible and scab resistant cultivars. Good results were obtained in the case of treatment with potassium bicarbonate with potassium silicate, potassium bicarbonate and cooper ammonium phosphate. The treatments with the products used in the experiments did not register symptoms of phytotoxicity on leaves or fruits, except lime sulphur and wettable sulphur and cooper ammonium phosphates.
Micropropagation of Inula germanica L. from the Seedlings Explants
Authors: TREJGELL Alina , KAMIŃSKA Monika , LISOWSKA Karolina , TRETYN Andrzej
Published: September 2017

This is the first communication of micropropagation system for Inula germanica using seedling explants germinated in vitro. The development of this system gives the possibility of future reintroduction of I. germanica providing a way to stabilize or re-establish its population. Shoot tips and fragments of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots were isolated from ten-day-old seedlings. Explants were put on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg l-1 naphthaleneacetic acid and cultured under continuous white fluorescent light (45 μmol.m-2.s-1) at 26 ± 1 °C. The highest percentage of shoot organogenesis (83.3%) was recorded for hypocotyl, while the highest average number of shoots per explant (12.0) was recorded for shoot tips. In subsequent subcultures, multiplication rate decreased to 3.0-4.9 shoots per explant. Less than 19% shoots were able to root on the solid medium without auxins. The highest rooting efficiency (69.3%) was recorded for solid medium supplemented with indolebutyric acid, but growth of roots was inhibited. The percentage of rooted shoots (62.2%) and number of roots per shoot (2.4 per shoot) into the liquid medium were comparable to medium with 0.1 mg·l-1 indolebutyric acid. showing a positive impact on the process of acclimatization. The regenerated plants were able to flowering in the first year after acclimatization. Developed micropropagation system for I. germanica is efficient and can be a useful tool for the active protection of this species.
Physicochemical and Bioactive Characteristics of Wild Grown Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Genotypes from Northeastern Turkey
Authors: CELIK Ferit , BOZHUYUK Mehmet Ramazan , ERCISLI Sezai , GUNDOGDU Muttalip
Published: September 2017

In present study, fruit weight, fruit firmness, external fruit color, soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity of eight wild bilberry grown in Coruh valley in northeastern Turkey were determined. The blueberry cv. ‘Bluecrop’ is also included study to make comparison with bilberry genotypes. Antioxidant activity of bilberry and blueberry fruits were comparatively assessed by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. Significantly higher content of phenolics and anthocyanins was found in bilberry fruits than in blueberry fruits. However blueberry cv. ‘Bluecrop’ exhibited higher fruit weight and vitamin C content than bilberry fruits. Total phenolic and total anthocyanin content was 327 mg gallic acid equivalent and 142 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruit in cv. ‘Bluecrop’ while it was between 492-563 mg gallic acid equaivalent and 307-342 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruits of  bilberry accessions. Moreover, wild accessions approximately had 2-3 folds higher antioxidant capacity than cv. ‘Bluecrop’. Results suggest the possibility of improving the bioactive and antioxidant properties of bilberry cultivars based food products by using wild ones in cross breeding. It was also concluded that genotypes significantly affect their bioactive content and consequently the possibility of using wild bilberry fruits as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food industry.
Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) Plants Cultivated under Photovoltaic Panels
Authors: KAVGA Angeliki , TRYPANAGNOSTOPOULOS Georgios , ZERVOUDAKIS George , TRIPANAGNOSTOPOULOS Yiannis
Published: September 2017

Energy demand of greenhouses is an important factor for their economics and photovoltaics can be considered an alternative solution to cover their electrical and heating needs. On the other hand, plants cultivated under different solar radiation intensities usually appear different physiological adaptations. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of photovoltaic panels’ induced partial shading on growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) plants. Our results indicate that lettuce productivity and the corresponding photosynthetic rate were not affected under the photovoltaic cultivation in comparison with the reference one. On the other hand, the rocket cultivation was less productive and showed lower photosynthetic rate under photovoltaic panels than in the reference greenhouse. The different physiological response between lettuce and rocket seems to be associated with the effect of environmental factors such as solar radiation intensity, temperature and humidity apart from the possible inherent characteristics of each plant species.
Assay of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Compounds in some Romanian and Cypriot Wine
Authors: LUCHIAN Camelia E. , COLIBABA Cintia L. , CODREANU Maria , TUDOSE-SANDU-VILLE Ştefan , NICULAUA Marius , COTEA Valeriu V.
Published: September 2017

Free radicals have an important role in food and in chemical material degradation, contributing to the occurrence of many human health problems, but the antioxidants can considerably delay or prevent the oxidation of easily oxidable substrates. The present research aimed to assess the antioxidant activity, expressed by the presence of polyphenols, flavonols, flavones, anthocyanidins and flavanols, in several Romanian and Cypriot wines. The wine phenolics content was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) Shimadzu equipped with two chromatographic columns. Higher concentrations were registered in all red wines. The antioxidant activity quantification was carried out by the DPPH method, a simple and cheap approach based on the absorbance decrease determination of the DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl) in the presence of antioxidants. The highest antioxidant activity for white wines was determined at ‘Spouriko’ for Cypriot wine from 2013 (EC 50 = 1/38) while for Romanian wines, the highest value was found in a ‘Tămâioasă românească’ (EC50 = 1/58) and for red wines at ‘Maratheftiko’ wine from 2012 (EC50 = 1/680) and in ‘Fetească Neagră’ wine from 2014 (EC50 =1/590). This study provides relevant information to consumers and industry alike regarding the beneficial role wine plays for human health. It also can act as a baseline for choosing a certain product, according to its sanogenic potential.
The Impact of Management Practices on Soil Fertility and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations in a Spruce (Picea abies Link) Forest Ecosystem of Rodopi Mountainous Area, in Northern Greece
Authors: PAPAIOANNOU Evgenia , CHATZISTATHIS Theocharis , MENEXES Georgios
Published: September 2017

After forest harvesting, organic matter accumulation and soil nutrient availability are usually negatively influenced, especially during the first years. The hypothesis that 15 years after selective harvesting (15Y) the increased forest biomass, together with the enhanced nutrient recycling rates, compared to 5-years after harvesting (5Y), could restore nutrient availability and organic C accumulation (both in forest floor and soil) to similar levels to the intact site, was tested. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the timing of management practices (intact forest-control, 5Y, 15Y) on organic matter content, nutrient concentrations in needles, forest floor and soil, in a forest ecosystem of Picea abies L., in Rodopi mountainous area, in northern Greece. Significant differences between the intact site and the other two treatments were found in: i) soil N, P, C/N and exchangeable Ca, ii) organic matter and nutrient accumulation (basically in the upper 30 cm), iii) foliar K, Fe and Zn concentrations. In conclusion: i) forest management practices clearly influenced soil fertility and organic matter accumulation, ii) 15 years after selective harvesting nutrient and organic C accumulation in forest floor, as well as K and Fe accumulation in soil were restored to similar levels to the intact sites; thus, our hypothesis was partially correct.
The Effect of Selected Cultivation Factors on the Growth of Mycelium of Pleurotus cystidiosus Miller
Authors: DAWIDOWICZ Luiza , JASIŃSKA Agnieszka , SIWULSKI Marek
Published: September 2017

Pleurotus cystidiosus occurs in natural areas in North America. Its carpophores are characterized by a slightly sweet and mild taste. Fruiting bodies of P. cystidiosus are valued as source of nutrients and biologically active substances. The aim of the study was the selection of the optimal incubation temperature and the best substrate for the fastest mycelium growth. Two cultivars of P. cystidiosus – B1 and B122 was taken. Incubation of mycelium was performed in the temperature range from 15 to 30 °C. The influence of a substrate made of wheat straw, hemp shives and energetic grasses – Panicum virgatum and Miscanthus × giganteus. The experiment compared the growth of mycelium on a substrate with wheat straw (control sample) and with wheat straw and the addition of hemp shives and energetic grass in increasing amounts: 10, 20 and 30%. It has been shown that the growth of mycelium of tested strains on different substrates varied. The best growth of mycelium occurred on the substrate with wheat straw and the addition of hemp shives, P. virgatum and M. × giganteus in the amounts of 20% and 30%. The temperature of incubation also had a significant impact on the growth of the mycelium of P. cystidiosus. The optimal temperature was 25 °C. An investigation of the mutual dependence between morphological and qualitative characteristics of the type of agar medium allows optimization of the production of P. cystidiosus. The development of a low-cost and simple method for the production of P. cystidiosus can contribute to the introduction of this species into intensive cultivation. Use of waste materials in mushroom production will significantly increase the profitability of crops and reduce their costs.
Biological Traits of Impatiens parviflora DC. under Different Habitat Conditions
Authors: BARABASZ-KRASNY Beata , MOŻDŻEŃ Katarzyna , SOŁTYS-LELEK Anna , STACHURSKA-SWAKOŃ Alina
Published: September 2017

Small balsam Impatiens parviflora DC. (Balsaminaceae) is the invasive species that colonises natural European forest. The morphological and physiological traits of the species under different natural conditions were analysed. The studies were carried out in the forest communities in the National Park (Ojców National Park – Southern Poland) with the known history of the plot: P1 – bottom of the valley, Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943, P2 – terrace of the valley, Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962 stachyetosum, P3 – south slope of the valley, Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962 typicum. The plots differed with the soil parameters and microclimatic conditions as well as with species richness, species composition and cover of I. parviflora. The significant statistical differences in the length of the aboveground parts of collected small balsam specimens on the studied plots were showed. The longest shoots among specimens growing in plot P1, and the shortest in plot P3 were observed. In the above ground part of plants, the highest values of water content among the specimens on plot P1 and the lowest on plot P3 were revealed. The highest percentage of electrolytes leakage among the specimens from the plot P2 and the lowest of the plot P1 were observed. The significant differences of the chlorophyll a fluorescence of I. parviflora leaves on the plot P2 were observed, compared to specimens from the two remaining plots. The results pointed that disturbance light availability in dense forest canopy could influence on abundance the local population of small balsam.