bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Model Public Sector Integrity Commission
Authors: Prenzler Tim , Faulkner Nicholas
Published: September 2010

This article examines the current debate in Australia about public sector integrity and the idea of a standing anticorruption commission. From this debate the article outlines a specific type of ‘public sector integrity commission’ that in principle should have the necessary powers and techniques at its disposal to minimise corruption while ensuring efficiency and fairness. The debate has been most active in jurisdictions that have not had an anticorruption commission – mainly in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania – but debate about integrity commissions has occurred in all jurisdictions. The authors argue that anticorruption commissions are essential to ensure the integrity of the public sector and that a model commission should: cover all elements of the public sector; independently investigate serious and mid‐level complaints; have own motion powers to investigate any matter; have summary authority to apply administrative sanctions; make use of a range of investigative tools; not be tasked with combating major and organised crime; and be held accountable to citizens through a parliamentary committee and a parliamentary inspector.
The Rudd Government's Employment Services Agenda: Is it Post‐NPM and Why is that Important?
Authors: Ramia Gaby , Carney Terry
Published: September 2010

Perhaps the most potent symbol of the Howard government's faith in New Public Management (NPM) was the Job Network. Interrogating the Rudd government's replacement package, this article assesses whether the recent restructuring of employment services constitutes a post‐NPM environment. It is argued that there are major post‐NPM elements, seen most clearly in: the softening of jobseeker sanctions; greater deliberation on policy direction and results; a more inclusive employment super‐ministry and reliance on other ‘horizontal’ governance reforms; and enhanced government resources for multiple‐disadvantage clients. However, categorising these changes as post‐NPM is problematic because the steering mechanism remains the market‐based contract, a central NPM characteristic. Theoretical difficulties in applying paradigmatic concepts to services provide additional barriers to conclusive assessments, though the Rudd government's employment services regime provides a basis for taking stock in the post‐NPM debate.
What Paradox? Referential Cues Allow for Infant Use of Phonetic Detail in Word Learning
Authors: Fennell Christopher T. , Waxman Sandra R.
Published: September 2010

Past research has uncovered a surprising paradox: Although 14‐month‐olds have exquisite phonetic discrimination skills (e.g., distinguishing [b] from [d]), they have difficulty using phonetic detail when mappingnovelwords to objects in laboratory tasks (confusingbinanddin). While some have attributed infants’ difficulty to immature word learning abilities, the hypothesis presented herein is that infants are powerful word learners and this apparent difficulty occurs only when the referential status of the novel word is unclear. Across 2 experiments, 14‐month‐old infants (N = 44) used phonetic detail to map novel words to objects when conditions were conducive to word‐referent mapping (clear sentential contexts and word‐referent training), thus revealing no fundamental discontinuity in its use from speech perception to word learning.
The Contributions of Numerosity and Domain‐General Abilities to School Readiness
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Geary David C. , Compton Donald L. , Fuchs Douglas , Hamlett Carol L. , Bryant Joan D.
Published: September 2010

Contributions of domain‐general and domain‐specific numerical competencies were assessed on first graders’ number combination skill (NC) and word‐problem skill (WP). Students (n = 205) between 5 and 7 years of age were assessed on 2 aspects of numerosity, 8 domain‐general abilities, NC, and WP. Both aspects of numerosity predicted NC when controlling for domain‐general abilities, but domain‐general abilities did not account for significant additional variance. By contrast, when controlling for domain‐general abilities in predicting WP, only precise representation of small quantities was uniquely predictive, and domain‐general measures accounted for significant additional variance; central executive component of working memory and concept formation were uniquely predictive. Results suggest that development of NC and WP depends on different constellations of numerical versus more general cognitive abilities.
Structure and Strategies in Children’s Educational Television: The Roles of Program Type and Learning Strategies in Children’s Learning
Authors: Linebarger Deborah L. , Piotrowski Jessica Taylor
Published: September 2010

Educational TV has been consistently linked to children’s learning. In this research, educational TV characteristics were identified, coded, and tested for their influence on children’s program‐specific comprehension and vocabulary outcomes. Study 1 details a content analysis of TV features including a program’s macrostructure (i.e., narrative or expository) and learning strategies embedded in the macrostructure that support learning in print‐based contexts. In Study 2, regression analyses were used to predict outcomes involving 71 second and third graders (average age = 7.63 years). Strategies were categorized as organizing, rehearsing, elaborating, or affective in function. Outcomes were uniformly higher for narrative macrostructures. Strategies used in narratives predicted relatively homogenous relations across outcomes, whereas strategies in expositories predicted quite heterogeneous relations across outcomes.
Tropaeolaceae: 677. TROPAEOLUM AZUREUM
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum azureum Bertero ex Colla from northern Chile is described and illustrated. Its cultivation and propagation are discussed.
Tropaeolaceae: 680. TROPAEOLUM BEUTHII
Authors: Wilford Richard
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum beuthii Klotzsch is described and illustrated. Its history and distribution in the wild are discussed and notes on its cultivation are given.
Tropaeolaceae: 681. TROPAEOLUM TRICOLOR
Authors: Wilford Richard
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum tricolor Sweet is described and illustrated. Its history and distribution in the wild are discussed and notes on cultivation are given.
Tropaeolaceae: 683. TROPAEOLUM INCISUM
Authors: Wilford Richard
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum incisum Sweet is described and illustrated. Its history and distribution in the wild are discussed and notes on cultivation are given. Reference is made to the vigorous form grown in Kew's Alpine House.
Tropaeolaceae: 688, 689. TROPAEOLUM TUBEROSUM
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. (Tropaeolaceae) and its two subspecies, subsp. tuberosum and subsp. silvestre Sparre are described and illustrated, and their cultivation and propagation discussed. The origin of the cultivar ‘Sidney’ is noted.
TROPAEOLUM SECTION CHILENSIA: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Watson John , Flores Ana
Published: September 2010

The species of Tropaeolum sect. Chilensia Sparre, are discussed. Their phytogeography, ecology, evolution and pollination are considered. Photographs of habitats, and of most of the species taken in the wild, are shown. A synopsis of all the species in the section, and a new arrangement of subsections is provided.
EU Relations with European Micro‐States. Happily Ever After?
Authors: Dózsa Dániel
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The last decade has seen the EU striving to bring uniformity into its relations with its immediate neighbours. Such endeavor has led the EU to adopt the European Neighbourhood Policy towards countries with no immediate prospects of accession and to follow more or less similar pre‐accession strategies towards candidate and to‐be candidate countries. However, European micro‐states (Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Monaco—the Vatican not being the subject of this article) have always occupied an exceptional position in the EU's web of external relations. This article provides a brief but concise overview of the international legal framework governing the bilateral relations of the EU with these small countries. Through the examination of their peculiar historical, social, geographic and economic attributes, it is argued that the advantages that micro‐states have been able to reap so far from the unique position they enjoy in the EU and the global economy may not be easily reconcilable in the future with the EU's ever‐increasing appetite to unify, standardise and harmonise.
Signal‐to‐noise ratios for measuring saliency of features extracted by eigenvector methods from ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals
Authors: Übeyli Elif Derya
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Features are used to represent patterns with minimal loss of important information. The feature vector, which is composed of the set of all features used to describe a pattern, is a reduced‐dimensional representation of that pattern. Medical diagnostic accuracies can be improved when the pattern is simplified through representation by important features. By identifying a set of salient features, the noise in a classification model can be reduced, resulting in more accurate classification. In this study, a signal‐to‐noise ratio saliency measure was employed to determine the saliency of input features of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) used in classification of ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals. Eigenvector methods were used to extract features representing the ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals. The RNNs used in the ophthalmic arterial Doppler signal classification were trained for the signal‐to‐noise ratio screening method. The application results of the signal‐to‐noise ratio screening method to the ophthalmic arterial Doppler signals demonstrated that classification accuracies of RNNs with salient input features are higher than those of RNNs with salient and non‐salient input features.
Detecting intrusion transactions in databases using data item dependencies and anomaly analysis
Authors: Hashemi Sattar , Yang Ying , Zabihzadeh Davoud , Kangavari Mohammadreza
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The purpose of the intrusion detection system (IDS) database is to detect transactions that access data without permission. This paper proposes a novel approach to identifying malicious transactions. The approach concentrates on two aspects of database transactions: (1) dependencies among data items and (2) variations of each individual data item which can be considered as time‐series data. The advantages are threefold. First, dependency rules among data items are extended to detect transactions that read or write data without permission. Second, a novel behaviour similarity criterion is introduced to reduce the false positive rate of the detection. Third, time‐series anomaly analysis is conducted to pinpoint intrusion transactions that update data items with unexpected pattern. As a result, the proposed approach is able to track normal transactions and detect malicious ones more effectively than existing approaches.
A case‐based reasoning approach to derive object‐oriented models from software architectures
Authors: Vazquez German L. , Díaz‐Pace J. Andres , Campo Marcelo R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Software architectures are very important to capture early design decisions and reason about quality attributes of a system. Unfortunately, there are mismatches between the quality attributes prescribed by the architecture and those realized by its object‐oriented implementation. The mismatches decrease the ability to reason architecturally about the system. Developing an object‐oriented materialization that conforms to the original architecture depends on both the application of the right patterns and the developer's expertise. Since the space of allowed materializations can be really large, tool support for assisting the developer in the exploration of alternative materializations is of great help. In previous research, we developed a prototype for generating quality‐preserving implementations of software architectures, using pre‐compiled knowledge about architectural styles and frameworks. In this paper, we present a more flexible approach, called SAME, which focuses on the architectural connectors as the pillars for the materialization process. The SAME design assistant applies a case‐based reasoning (CBR) metaphor to deal with connector‐related materialization experiences and quality attributes. The CBR engine is able to recall and adapt past experiences to solve new materialization problems; thus SAME can take advantage of developers' knowledge. Preliminary experiments have shown that this approach can improve the exploration of object‐oriented solutions that are still faithful to the architectural prescriptions.
The Return of the Queen of the Night: Joseph von Sternberg's Der blaue Engel and Die Zauberflöte
Authors: Richter Simon
Published: September 2010

After decades of scholarly inattention, the musical complexity of Joseph von Sternberg's Der Blaue Engel (1930) and Friedrich Hollaender's score is beginning to be recognised. In this article, I argue that Sternberg in fact conceived Der Blaue Engel not only in quasi‐operatic terms, but also as a response to the gender politics of Mozart and Schikaneder's Zauberflöte. The Zauberflöte famously lulls its audience into initial sympathy with the Queen of the Night in the first half, only to turn the tables by reversing the perspective, reasserting masculine authority and order, and banishing the Queen of the Night from the Realm of Light. In Lola Lola's triumph over Professor Rath, Sternberg stages the return of the Queen of the Night. Many details of the movie that otherwise seem unmotivated – particularly the preponderance of ‘bird’ motifs – become meaningful when viewed in relation to the Zauberflöte.
Time to REST: epidemiology and burden
Authors: Garcia‐Borreguero Diego
Published: September 2010

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by a compelling urge to move, accompanied by disturbing sensations within the legs. It is now recognized that RLS is a common condition that has a substantial impact on sleep, daily activities and quality of life. Recent data from the REST (RLS Epidemiology, Symptoms, and Treatment) general population study show that symptoms of RLS are present in approximately 7% of the general population, and that 2–3% experience moderate or severe symptoms at least twice a week. Amongst this RLS cohort, approximately 88% reported sensory disturbances and 76% reported sleep‐related symptoms. These symptoms had a marked effect on everyday life, with up to 50% of the RLS cohort reporting disruption of everyday activities or personal relationships. Sleep disturbances in turn lead to impaired daytime functioning. RLS is associated with a significant impairment of quality of life, comparable with that seen in chronic medical conditions such as diabetes or depression. Given the significant burden of morbidity associated with RLS, there is a strong case for treatment in patients with troublesome symptoms.
RLS patients: who are they?
Authors: Schapira A. H. V.
Published: September 2010

Four essential diagnostic criteria for restless legs syndrome (RLS) have been identified. Patients experience an urge to move the legs, which typically begins or worsens during periods of rest. The symptoms are at least partially relieved by movement, and are typically worse in the evening and night than in the day. All four criteria are necessary to confirm the diagnosis of RLS. In addition, a family history of RLS, the presence of periodic leg movements in sleep, and a positive response to dopaminergic therapy are useful supportive clinical features to confirm the diagnosis. Whilst many cases of RLS are idiopathic, secondary RLS is often observed in pregnant women, patients who have severe renal dysfunction, or in those with iron deficiency. Several other conditions have symptoms similar to those of RLS, but a detailed patient history is usually sufficient to identify these differential diagnoses. The accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of RLS should result in considerable improvements in patients’ quality of life.
Considering the causes of RLS
Authors: Winkelman J. W.
Published: September 2010

The pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. The condition is predominantly a disorder of the central rather than the peripheral, nervous system, and dopaminergic dysfunction in subcortical systems appears to play a central role. Conditions associated with secondary RLS, such as pregnancy or end‐stage renal disease, are characterized by iron deficiency, which suggests that disturbed iron homeostasis may also play a role in the development of the condition. Although most patients with RLS have normal serum ferritin levels, concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid are reduced, suggesting iron deficiency within the central nervous system. Although iron is necessary for the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting step in dopamine synthesis, it is unclear whether this relationship plays a role in the aetiology of RLS. There also appears to be a genetic component, particularly when the condition develops before the age of 45 years. Candidate genetic loci have been located on chromosomes 9p, 12q and 14q, but the genes involved have yet to be identified. How these three identified aetiological factors, namely dopaminergic dysfunction, impaired iron homeostasis and genetic disposition, are inter‐related in the genesis of RLS remains unclear.
Behavioral persistence deficit in Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Schneider J. S.
Published: September 2010

The present study was performed to examine the degree to which decreased task persistence may contribute to deficits in the ability of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to perform a problem solving task. Patients with mild/moderate PD performed a computerized Tower of Hanoi task in which they planned and verbalized moves to solve the puzzle but did not need to produce a limb motor response. All patients were tested at least 14 h off medication. As expected from previous studies of planning abilities in PD, patients had significant problems performing this task and accuracy decreased specifically when patients were presented with the most difficult puzzles in the sequence. PD patients solved fewer of the most difficult puzzles than did control subjects, but also made significantly fewer attempts to solve those puzzles than controls. These results suggest that PD patients not only have planning and problem solving deficits as have been documented previously, but that at least part of this and perhaps other cognitive performance problems may result from difficulty in maintaining adequate mental effort to successfully complete difficult tasks.
The tau S305S mutation causes frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism
Authors: Skoglund L. , Viitanen M. , Kalimo H. , Lannfelt L. , Jönhagen M. E. , Ingelsson M. , Glaser A. , Herva R.
Published: September 2010

Members of families with mutations in the tau gene are known to be heterogeneous in their clinical presentation, ranging from frontotemporal dementia to a clinical picture more resembling corticobasal degeneration or progressive supranuclear palsy. In this report, we describe a new phenotype for the tau S305S mutation, previously described as progressive supranuclear palsy. Clinically, the three affected family members showed alterations in personality and behaviour as well as cognitive decline and late levodopa‐resistant parkinsonian symptoms, consistent with the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. One autopsied case displayed degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes together with extensive tau pathology in both neurones and glial cells. Sarkosyl‐soluble and ‐insoluble tau extracted from frontal cortex revealed a ratio shift with decreased levels of tau with three microtubule‐binding repeats and increased levels of tau with four microtubule‐binding repeats (4R tau). These findings provide further evidence for the clinical and pathological variation both within and between families with mutations in the tau gene. In addition, they support previous studies which demonstrate that the S305S mutation influences the splicing of tau exon 10 and results in an overproduction of 4R tau.
Mortality in multiple sclerosis: a review
Authors: Ragonese P. , Aridon P. , Salemi G. , D’Amelio M. , Savettieri G.
Published: September 2010

This work was undertaken to evaluate studies on mortality caused by multiple sclerosis (MS), to evaluate if useful inferences can be drawn from survival studies that can be applied to clinical practice. A literature search was carried out to find epidemiological studies on MS prognosis, survival, mortality and causes of death relevant to our aim. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports on worldwide cause‐specific mortality were also considered. Studies were evaluated according to the duration of the follow‐up study, the year of publication and the methodology used. We evaluated MS survival from a methodological point of view and considered if time trends could be drawn from study results. We conclude that mortality is only slightly higher in MS patients when compared with that in the general population. Mortality is higher particularly for older patients and those with longer disease duration.
Codon 129 polymorphism of prion protein gene in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Poleggi A. , Bizzarro A. , Acciarri A. , Antuono P. , Bagnoli S. , Cellini E. , Forno G. Dal , Giannattasio C. , Lauria A. , Matera M. G. , Nacmias B. , Puopolo M. , Seripa D. , Sorbi S. , Wekstein D. R. , Pocchiari M. , Masullo C.
Published: September 2010

Codon 129 polymorphism of the prion protein gene represents a major genetic risk factor for Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD). Both CJD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are brain amyloidoses and it would be possible that codon 129 polymorphism plays a role in the susceptibility to AD. In order to investigate this polymorphism in AD the distribution of polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene in 194 probable AD and 124 controls selected in Italy and 109 neuropathologically verified AD and 58 matched controls recruited in the USA was studied. No significant association was found for the PRNP polymorphism in AD compared to controls either in Probable or in Definite AD series even after stratification for APOE polymorphism. This study does not support a role of PRNP polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for AD.
Profile and associations of central pulse wave velocity and central pulse pressure among ischemic stroke patients
Authors: De Silva D. , Woon F.‐P. , Chen C. , Chang H.‐M. , Kingwell B. , Cameron J. , Wong M.‐C.
Published: September 2010

Arterial stiffness, a known risk factor for atherosclerosis, can be measured directly with carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (CPWV) and indirectly with central pulse pressure (CPP). We aimed to compare central and brachial pulse pressures, and to profile CPWV and CPP among ischemic stroke patients. We studied 198 consecutive prospective ethnic Chinese and South Asian ischemic stroke patients, measuring brachial pressures, central pressures and CPWV under standardized conditions using established methods. The mean CPWV was 11.6 ± 3.2 m/s and CPP was 64 ± 28 mmHg. CPP was significantly lower than brachial pulse pressure. CPWV and CPP were both independently associated with older age and hypertension. Among ischemic stroke patients, brachial pulse pressure cannot be used as a surrogate for CPP. Older age and hypertension are associated with arterial stiffening.
Postprocedural high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts carotid stent patency at 1 year
Authors: Topakian R. , Sonnberger M. , Nussbaumer K. , Haring H.‐P. , Trenkler J. , Aichner F. T.
Published: September 2010

The durability of carotid artery stenting (CAS) is affected by the occurrence of myointimal proliferation and in‐stent restenosis (ISR). We aimed to identify clinical, angiographic, and laboratory predictors of ISR, paying special attention to postprocedural metabolic factors. A total of 102 consecutive patients with successful CAS for ≥70% atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis were followed up with neurological assessment and duplex sonography 1 day, 1 month, and 1 year after CAS. Lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c were tested at the 1‐month follow‐up visit. Ten (10%) patients had ISR ≥50% after 1 year. Compared with patients without ISR (n = 92), patients with ISR were more often current smokers (33% vs. 70%, P = 0.034) and had significantly lower 1‐month high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: median (range) 47 (24–95) mg/dl vs. 39.5 (25–50) mg/dl, P = 0.031. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified 1‐month HDL cholesterol >45 mg/dl as the only independent predictor of carotid stent patency at 1 year (P = 0.033, OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.83). Postprocedural HDL cholesterol levels predict carotid stent patency at 1 year. With the possibility of elevation of HDL cholesterol by lifestyle changes and medication, this finding may have implications for the future management of patients undergoing CAS.
Relating functional changes during hand movement to clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis in a multi‐centre fMRI study
Authors: Wegner C. , Filippi M. , Korteweg T. , Beckmann C. , Ciccarelli O. , De Stefano N. , Enzinger C. , Fazekas F. , Agosta F. , Gass A. , Hirsch J. , Johansen‐Berg H. , Kappos L. , Barkhof F. , Polman C. , Mancini L. , Manfredonia F. , Marino S. , Miller D. H. , Montalban X. , Palace J. , Rocca M. , Ropele S. , Rovira A. , Smith S. , Thompson A. , Thornton J. , Yousry T. , Matthews P. M.
Published: September 2010

We performed a prospective multi‐centre study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to better characterize the relationships between clinical expression and brain function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at eight European sites (56 MS patients and 60 age‐matched, healthy controls). Patients showed greater task‐related activation bilaterally in brain regions including the pre‐ and post‐central, inferior and superior frontal, cingulate and superior temporal gyri and insula (P < 0.05, all statistics corrected for multiple comparisons). Both patients and healthy controls showed greater brain activation with increasing age in the ipsilateral pre‐central and inferior frontal gyri (P < 0.05). Patients, but not controls, showed greater brain activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the bilateral ventral striatum (P < 0.05) with less hand dexterity. An interaction between functional activation changes in MS and age was found. This large fMRI study over a broadly selected MS patient population confirms that movement for patients demands significantly greater cognitive ‘resource allocation’ and suggests age‐related differences in brain responses to the disease. These observations add to evidence that brain functional responses (including potentially adaptive brain plasticity) contribute to modulation of clinical expression of MS pathology and demonstrate the feasibility of a multi‐site functional MRI study of MS.
Cognitive and psychiatric effects of topiramate monotherapy in migraine treatment: an open study
Authors: Romigi A. , Cervellino A. , Marciani M. G. , Izzi F. , Massoud R. , Corona M. , Torelli F. , Zannino S. , Uasone E. , Placidi F.
Published: September 2010

Few data are available on cognitive and psychiatric effects of topiramate (TPM) monotherapy in migraine. Twenty patients affected by migraine were treated with TPM monotherapy. At the same time, twenty control subjects were selected. A comprehensive neuropsychological and behavioural battery of tests were performed at baseline (T0), at titration (T1) and in maintenance period (T2). Topiramate serum levels were also investigated at T1 and T2. On comparison with the control group, no cognitive and psychiatric differences were detected at baseline. A significant reduction of word fluency score (P < 0.05) was evident after TPM treatment, both at T1 and T2. No patient developed psychiatric adverse events. TPM induced an impairment of verbal fluency and no psychiatric adverse events, demonstrating selective negative cognitive profile in migraine therapy. Slow titration, low doses, lack of previous psychiatric disorders and/or familial history may explain our data.
Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with primary cervical dystonia and in patients with blepharospasm
Authors: Fabbrini G. , Pantano P. , Totaro P. , Calistri V. , Colosimo C. , Carmellini M. , Defazio G. , Berardelli A.
Published: September 2010

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses the movement of water molecules within the cerebral white matter thus providing information on ultrastructural brain changes. We studied 18 patients with cervical dystonia (CD), 16 with blepharospasm (BSP) and 35 years age‐matched healthy controls. DTI data were obtained with a Philips 1.5 Tesla scanner and then processed to obtain maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Twenty‐three square regions of interest of uniform size were positioned on the FA maps and then automatically transferred to the MD maps. FA and MD values in the corpus callosum, left and right putamen, right caudate, left and right pre‐frontal cortical area and left supplementary motor area in CD patients differed significantly from those in healthy controls. No significant regional differences were found between patients with BSP and healthy controls. In the CD group, age, duration and severity of dystonia did not correlate with regional FA/MD values, whereas the duration of botulinum toxin treatment correlated significantly with the MD value in the right‐pre‐frontal cortex. The abnormal DTI findings in patients with CD suggest the presence of brain ultrastructural changes in adult‐onset primary CD.
Persistent Differences in Well‐Being Between Appalachian Subregions
Authors: MENCKEN F. CARSON
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Previously it was reported that regional variations in well‐being (poverty, per capita income, and family income) among Appalachian counties did not originate from regional variations in urbanization, but from regional differences in well‐being among nonmetropolitan counties. It was argued that southern Appalachian counties had higher levels of well‐being at the end of the 1980s because nonmetropolian counties in southern Appalachia experienced greater economic growth during the 1980s than did nonmetropolitan counties in other Appalachian regions. In this paper these data are reanalyzed to test to what extent the original findings are affected by the presence (and failure to control) spatial autocorrelation. Using a spatial lag model it is shown that correcting for spatial autocorrelation statistically altered the original results. However, substantively, the conclusions from the original analysis did not change: regional differences in county well‐being in Appalachia are largely the product of regional differences among nonmetropolitan counties, even after correcting the model for spatial autocorrelation.
Labor Shock and the Diversity of Transnational Corporate Strategy in Export Processing Zones
Authors: LEE YONG‐SOOK
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
This article examines diverse transnational corporations’(TNC) strategies in response to labor shock and specific conditions that enhance TNCs’local embedding in export processing zones (EPZs). The goal of this paper is to understand the rationale behind TNCs’choice between spatial differentiation (mobility) and spatial fmity (immobility). Based on field research and data analysis from the Masan Free Export Zone (MAFEZ) in South Korea, it is argued that TNCs do not always withdraw from EPZs in reaction to wage costs and growing labor militancy. Higher labor costs can be overridden by other advantages: existing physicalkocial inhstructure, tax benefits, fured assets, localized labor skills and technology, cultural proximity, and advantages from geographical proximity to market, raw materials, and TNCs’headquarters. This paper criticizes the overly simplistic view of capital mobility. However, TNCs that choose to remain in the EPZs use both upgrading and cheapening strategies, and their remaining does not necessarily result in upgrading labor skills or improving labor conditions. This article raises a critical question of the firm‐centered view of the global enterprise literature and the local embeddedness literature of TNCs on workers’welfare. It emphasizes the important role of firms and of unions in training workers for purposes of technology and skill upgrading.
Growth and Location of Economic Activity: The Spatial Dynamics of Industries in Canada 1971–2001
Authors: POLÈSE MARIO , SHEARMUR RICHARD
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT A growing literature has accumulated that points to the stability of industrial location patterns. Can this be reconciled with spatial dynamics? This article starts with the premise that demonstrable regularities exist in the manner in which individual industries locate (and relocate) over space. For Canada, spatial distributions of employment are examined for seventy‐one industries over a thirty‐year period (1971–2001). Industry data is organized by “synthetic regions” based on urban size and distance criteria. “Typical” location patterns are identified for industry groupings. Industrial spatial concentrations are then compared over time using correlation analysis, showing a high degree of stability. Stable industrial location patterns are not, the article finds, incompatible with differential regional growth. Five spatial processes are identified, driving change. The chief driving force is the propensity of dynamic industries to start up in large metro areas, setting off a process of diffusion (for services) and crowding out (for manufacturing), offset by the centralizing impact of greater consumer mobility and falling transport costs. These changes do not, however, significantly alter therelativespatial distribution of most industries over time.
Intermodal Rail in Western Europe: Actors and Services in a New Regulatory Environment
Authors: DEBRIE JEAN , GOUVERNAL ELISABETH
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  In Western Europe, the rail freight industry is presently being liberalised, and many of the new intermodal services involve cooperation between various actors, including the port authorities, shipping lines, port terminal operators, and logistics providers. These cooperative relations are presently multiplying as the actors seek to position themselves in a partially deregulated rail freight environment. The objective of this paper is to understand the roles played by the different actors and the forms of cooperation that are necessary to mount intermodal rail services. The authors demonstrate that despite being bound by a common policy, a wide range of relationships between the actors has emerged. The new services have the potential to reinvigorate rail freight transport in Europe.
State Policies, Enterprise Dynamism, and Innovation System in Shanghai, China
Authors: WU WEIPING
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Today rapidly growing economies depend more on the creation, acquisition, distribution, and use of knowledge. As such, strategies for enhancing research and innovation capabilities have come to occupy a more important position in many developing nations, including China. Already the leading production center, and often seen as China's economic locomotive, Shanghai is striving aggressively to retain its national preeminence and has launched concerted efforts to increase local innovative output. The primary purpose of this paper is to understand how state‐led efforts have fared in promoting technology innovation. By situating the city in the national and global context, the paper shows that Shanghai has gained a substantial lead in developing an innovation environment with extensive global linkages and leading research institutions. Recent efforts in building up the research and innovation capacity of the enterprise sector have begun to show progress. Although firms are enthusiastic about its future as an innovation center, Shanghai continues to face challenges of inadequate protection of intellectual property, lack of venture capital investment, and the tightening supply of highly qualified knowledge workers.
Space, Time, and Local Employment Growth: An Application of Spatial Regression Analysis
Authors: SHEARMUR RICHARD , APPARICIO PHILIPPE , LIZION PAULINE , POLÈSE MARIO
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Local and regional employment growth is generally studied either by searching for local qualitative explanatory factors such as governance, synergy between firms, and milieu effects, or by searching for general growth factors using statistical techniques. The body of work that relies on this approach has tended, in keeping with economics’ nomothetic tradition, to assume that local and regional growth factors are constant over space. The focus of this paper is on exploring the spatial stationarity of employment growth factors in Canada, but it also seeks to clarify some of the broad principles behind spatial regression techniques in order to provide a point of entry and a conceptual framework for empirical researchers. To do so, we apply a recently developed technique, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and we explore the method's advantages and limits for answering our research question. We find evidence that growth factors differ across Canada, but we also conclude that the GWR technique, given the number and shape of regions available for our analysis and given certain limitations that are currently inherent to the method, can only provide tentative and exploratory results.
A Micro‐Simulation Approach to Modelling Spatial Unemployment Disparities
Authors: MCARTHUR DAVID PHILIP , THORSEN INGE , UBØE JAN
Published: September 2010

This paper aims to construct a comprehensive model capable of simulating spatial unemployment disparities. The key feature of the model is that it simultaneously deals with commuting and migration. Much of the existing literature simply models one adjustment mechanism at a time. This paper adopts a micro‐simulation approach to build a model which can deal with equilibrium and disequilibrium unemployment disparities in a context where commuting and migration are possible. The model is then used to demonstrate the importance of considering both types of flows and to guide future empirical and theoretical work in the area.
Chronic pruritus – pathogenesis, clinical aspects and treatment
Authors: Metz M , Ständer S
Published: September 2010

Chronic pruritus is a major symptom in numerous dermatological and systemic diseases. Similar to chronic pain, chronic pruritus can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life and can worsen the general condition of the patient considerably. The pathogenesis of itch is diverse and involves a complex network of cutaneous and neuronal cells. In recent years, more and more itch‐specific mediators and receptors, such as interleukin‐31, gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor or histamine H4 receptor have been identified and the concept of itch‐specific neurons has been further characterized. Understanding of the basic principles is important for development of target‐specific treatment of patients with chronic pruritus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the pathophysiological principles of itch and provide an overview about current and future treatment options.

Key points

 Chronic pruritus is a common problem affecting a large proportion of the population.

 The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pruritus are still insufficiently understood.

 In the skin, diverse and complex interactions of keratinocytes, mast cells and sensory nerves largely determine  the occurrence and the control of pruritus.

 Management of patients with chronic pruritus requires an individually tailored therapy based on the condition of the skin (inflamed or non‐inflamed), possible underlying causes and existing co‐medication.

 Systemic treatment with antihistamines often requires up‐dosing up to 4‐fold of the recommended daily dose.

 Alternative systemic treatments of chronic pruritus are anticonvulsant drugs, μ‐opioid receptor antagonists, antidepressants and UV light therapy.

 Novel treatment options for chronic pruritus are to be expected in the near future and include H4 receptor antagonists, κ‐opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin 1‐receptor antagonists.
Gases from mud volcanoes of western and central Caucasus
Authors: KIKVADZE O. , LAVRUSHIN V. , POKROVSKII B. , POLYAK B.
Published: September 2010

New data on He and C isotopes in gases from Caucasus mud volcanoes located in Taman Peninsula (TP, Russia) and Kakhety District (KD, Georgia) have been produced and included in a wider metadata‐set, allowing a comparison between gas geochemistry of the two regions. In TP, the 3He/4He (R) ratios are typical of radiogenic crustal helium (R/Ratm ∼ 0.03, on average). In KD, the helium isotopic ratio Rmax = 223 × 10−8 (R/Ratm = 1.59) indicates an admixture of mantle‐derived helium in gases from the central segment of the Caucasus. The repeated sampling showed that the 3He/4He values in both TP and KD mud volcano emanations are effectively constant through time, unlike δ13C values in accompanying CH4 and CO2. Moreover, δ13C values in these gases show lateral variations within the limits of volcanic edifice. Positive correlations found between the pairs (3He/4He)meas–(4He/20Ne) and (3He/4He)corr–[He] suggests that there are two helium end‐members in KD gases representing ‘near‐surface’ and ‘deep‐originated’ components. There is no correlation between methane and mantle‐derived helium in Caucasian mud volcano gases. CH4 and radiogenic helium are generated in Cenozoic molasse sequences that fill structural depressions.
Genetic differentiation of the Thorn‐tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda (Furnariidae: Passeriformes) revealed by ISSR profiles suggests multiple palaeorefugia and high recurrent gene flow
Authors: GONZALEZ JAVIER , WINK MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

Nucleotide sequence data (cytochrome b) and ISSR genomic fingerprints were used to analyse the genetic variation and population differentiation in Thorn‐tailed Rayadito, a widespread Patagonian forest bird. We included samples from eight populations of Thorn‐tailed Rayadito covering most of the distribution range of the species: from fragmented patches of Olivillo forest in northern Chile to Isla Navarino forests in the extreme south of South America. Low levels of genetic diversity were found among populations, with a large within‐population molecular variance indicating high levels of gene flow. The multivariate and cluster analyses based on ISSR markers show that the subspecies bullocki (from Mocha Island) differs significantly from all other populations. The subspecies fulva (Chiloé Island) shows less differentiation than bullocki, sharing several alleles with continental populations. Bayesian analyses suggest that the Mocha Island population contributes most to the total genetic diversity observed in the species. Mantel tests revealed no significant correlation between geographical distance and pairwise genetic distance and cytochrome b sequence analyses failed to detect differentiation among subspecies. Mocha Island might have been a palaeorefuge and this population may have diversified by genetic drift after the last glacial maximum. There is also the possibility of a postglacial colonization of the Thorn‐tailed Rayadito from an austral palaeorefugium, supporting a multiple refugia hypothesis. This study illustrates the usefulness of the rarely used ISSR genomic fingerprint method in avian phylogeography.
PREHISTORIC CULTURE, CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE AT YUCHISI, ANHUI PROVINCE, CHINA
Authors: XU LIBIN , SUN LIGUANG , WANG YUHONG , XIE ZHOUQING , ZHU RENBIN , LIU XIAODONG , WANG JIHUAI , TANG LINGYU
Published: September 2010

A palaeoculture sediment profile from the Yuchisi site, Mengcheng County of Anhui Province, China, was sampled to study the concentrations of elements, total carbon content, grain size and pollen percentages, to reveal information on food supply based on statistical analysis of elements between 5050 cal. yr bp and 4000 cal. yr bp. The variations in the reconstructed food supply and pollen percentages are in good agreement with the results of other archaeological methods. The results from pollen and element analyses indicate that the Longshan Culture at the Yuchisi site was not developed from the local Dawenkou Culture, and the cultural transition corresponds with an extremely dry event, which may have caused the change.
Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) birds and pterosaurs from the Cornet bauxite mine, Romania
Authors: DYKE GARETH J. , BENTON MICHAEL J. , POSMOSANU ERIKA , NAISH DARREN
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  We revisit a small but extremely significant collection of bird and pterosaur bones from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of western Romania. These fossils were collected in the late 1970s and early 1980s from a Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) conglomerate lens deep in a bauxite mine at Cornet, close to the city of Oradea, Romania, and they caused a sensation when first described. Some fossils were initially ascribed to the early bird genus Archaeopteryx as well as to the modern clade Neornithes, an astonishing avian assemblage if correct. Described pterosaurs include dsungaripterids and a cervical vertebra that is likely the oldest azhdarchid pterosaur known from Europe and perhaps the world. Not only does the Cornet azhdarchid support an Eurasian origin for this clade, it is also significant because of its size: it is one of the smallest representatives of this pterosaur clade yet reported. Aside from their phylogenetic affinities, these unique Romanian fossils are also important because of their age; in particular, very few birds are known globally from the earliest Cretaceous. Re‐examination of collections in Oradea confirms the presence of both birds and pterosaurs in the Cornet bauxite: although the fragmentary bird remains are mostly indeterminate, one record of a hesperornithiform is confirmed. There is no evidence for Archaeopteryx at the Cornet site while the two supposed neornithines (Palaeocursornis biharicus Kessler and Jurcsák and Eurolimnornis corneti Kessler and Jurcsák) are based on undiagnostic remains and are here regarded as nomina dubia.