bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WISC-III freedom from distractibility as a measure of attention in children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Dickerson Mayes S. , Calhoun S.L. , Crowell E.W.
Published: March 2007

WISC-III data were analyzed in clinical samples of 87 children with ADHD and 32 children without ADHD. Mean FSIQ (Full Scale IQ) exceeded FDI (Freedom from Distractibility Index) at all ages from 6 to 16 years in the ADHD group but not in the nonADHD group. Further, the discrepancy between FSIQ and FDI was significantly greater in the ADHD group. The four lowest mean subtest scores for the ADHD group were Digit Span, Arithmetic, Coding, and Symbol Search, which was not the case for the nonADHD group. For significantly more children with ADHD (87%), the score for FDI plus the Processing Speed Index was less than the sum of the two remaining Index scores (VCI+POI). No children without ADHD had Digit Span and Arithmetic as two of their three lowest subtest scores, whereas this was found for 23% of children with ADHD. The presence of mood, behavior, or learning disorders affected scores in some cases. An independent replication study involving 52 referred children with ADHD and 23 without ADHD supported these findings.
Hybrid Community Energy Systems
Authors: Jody Bassam J. , Daniels Edward J. , Karvelas Dimitrios E.
Published: March 2007

The availability of efficient, economical, and reliable energy supplies can help attract industry and commercial businesses to a municipality or a region. Efficient use of energy can also improve the air quality and reduce pollution. Therefore, municipalities should explore and encourage the development and implementation of efficient energy systems. Integrated hybrid energy systems can be designed to meet the total energy requirements of large and small communities. These systems can yield significant energy and cost savings when compared with independent systems serving individual units or when compared with the conventional practice of buying power from a utility and producing thermal energy on-site. To maximize energy and cost savings, the design engineer should look beyond the conventional when designing such systems.
Proposed Air Traffic Control Strategies to Reduce Airport Delay and Improve Capacity
Authors: Nutakor Chris
Published: March 2007

The increasing delay in air traffic operations has become an issue of great concern to several research institutions involved in this field. This article presents two air traffic control strategies that have the potential to reduce air traffic delay and thus increase capacity at busy airports. These two methods are based on the more efficient management of gaps between arriving aircraft, an approach that would increase the present system’s rate of departures without reducing time headways beyond the critical value currently maintained between aircraft for safety purposes. The first method assumes the use of critical time headway rather than critical distance headway in managing takeoffs and landings. The second method also assumes the same critical time headway criteria but then optimizes airport capacity by scheduling aircraft based on the available time headways. The benefits of the proposed methods are then demonstrated through the use of simulation models that compare them with the current method.
Performance Measurement in Airports
Authors: Humphreys Ian , Francis Graham , Fry Jackie
Published: March 2007

This article examines airport performance measurement systems under varying ownership patterns in Europe andthe United States, bringing together a rich picture of different practices. The need for airports to give greater emphasis to their operational context to evaluate their performance objectively is emphasized. Many performance measures currently in use are output variables, usually quantitative andbasedon what is easy to measure rather than what is important to measure. The dysfunctional effects of measurement systems are considered, including the problems of discrepancies in the definition of key variables and of attempts to achieve direct comparability between airports.
Environmental Justice and Water Pollution Control
Authors: Imperial Mark T.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the third goal of the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water’s Environmental Justice Strategy that focuses on providing equal access to environmental infrastructure for all citizens, including those located in disadvantaged communities. One way to ensure equal access is through the equitable distribution of funding pursuant to the Clean Water Act. This article examines whether disadvantaged communities received a disproportionately low share of the funding or had a lower probability of obtaining construction grants. The article also examines 9,854 grant awards in the 48 contiguous states at the county level during the period 1983 to 1992. The results indicate that counties with relatively small populations had more difficulty obtaining construction grants. The effect of income and minority composition was more pronounced in small communities. High-income communities did better than poor communities in terms of both the share of awards and the probability of receiving grants. The results also indicate that a county’sminority composition was inversely related to the probability of obtaining a grant but positively related to the share of grant awards.
Defining Privatization
Authors: Morris John C.
Published: March 2007

The debate over an appropriate definition of privatization has been underway for nearly 30 years; Dominy’s offering provides an additional voice to that debate. In response to Dominy, the author suggests that Dominy’s typology of privatization is incomplete, empirically suspect, and ignores much of the previous theoretical work in the field. Whereas such voices are both useful and intellectually stimulating, Dominy’s typology may ultimately prove limiting to public works practitioners seeking guidance on how to improve the delivery of services.
Homicide, Voluntary Organizations, and the State in England and Wales
Authors: ROCK PAUL
Published: March 2007

During the past 20 years, a web of groups has arisen in England and Wales to support and campaign for those intimately affected by homicide. So far, they have made a barely perceptible mark on the formation of policy, and their members have not even been awarded a clear public character and legal standing by politicians and officials. Some, but not all, are generally acknowledged to be people who have suffered, and it has proved difficult to refuse them an audience. However, quite how they could or should fit into the criminal justice system is not at all certain. In this article, I examine some of the processes that have affected their relations to the state.
A Comparison of Supplementary Homicide Reports and National Vital Statistics System Homicide Estimates for U.S. Counties
Authors: WIERSEMA BRIAN , LOFTIN COLIN , McDOWALL DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article examines agreement between homicide estimates from the Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) and the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) at the county level for 1980 to 1988. NVSS and SHR estimates exactly agree in 22% of the counties (68% if agreement is defined as no more than a difference of four homicides), but in some cases, they differ substantially. Although the NVSS generally exceeds the SHR, the pattern is not uniform: 28% of the counties report more SHR homicides than NVSS homicides. Differences between estimates from the two systems are related to population size. Large-population counties often have substantial differences in homicide counts, but the deflating effect of dividing by population yields small rate differences. In contrast, dividing by population magnifies differences in small-population counties and produces discrepancies in the rates that are not present in the counts. The NVSS and SHR differ somewhat in their definition of cases, and other disagreements result from ambiguities in or failures to follow data collection procedures within each system.
The Invention of Television as a Cause of Homicide
Authors: JENSEN GARY F.
Published: March 2007

Among the studies cited by several medical associations as a guide for warning parents about the pernicious effects of television is Brandon Centerwall's (1992) analysis of the effect of the invention and distribution of television on homicide rates. Centerwall claims that the introduction of television substantially increased homicide rates in the United States and Canada and that they remained relatively stable in South Africa until the ban on television was lifted. This article reports the results of a multivariate time-series analysis testing the alternative hypothesis that relationships involving primary groups are more important for understanding variations in homicide over time than the spread of television in a society. This hypothesis is supported in all three societies, with the significant positive effect of television reduced to insignificance after incorporating marriage-divorce ratios, divorce rates, and other variables. These findings constitute a serious challenge to Centerwall's thesis but continue to support traditional sociological perspectives.
The Structural Determinants of Justifiable Homicide
Authors: MacDONALD JOHN M. , PARKER KAREN F.
Published: March 2007

Although there is an abundance of research examining the influence of structural conditions on total homicides, less is known about the differential influence of structural conditions on homicides disaggregated by type. Justifiable homicide by civilians represents one type of homicide that has received little attention in the literature, particularly at the macro level. Given the debate about the role of guns in cases of self-defense, it is clear that this category of homicide is important to study for theoretical and practical reasons. The authors provide an empirical assessment of these issues using data from 188 U.S. cities with populations of more than 100,000. The findings indicate that cities with higher rates of violence, with more divorced men, and located in states with less restrictive gun laws on concealable firearms have higher rates of justifiable homicide. In addition, as cities increase the level of police per capita, justifiable homicide rates are significantly lowered. The implications of these findings for theory and policy are discussed.
Neurological and Psychological Risk Factors among Young Homicidal, Violent, and Nonviolent Offenders in Finland
Authors: SANTTILA PEKKA , HAAPASALO JAANA
Published: March 2007

This study compares groups of homicidal offenders, violent offenders, and nonviolent offenders across a set of risk factors that included neurological disorders, early behavior problems, and abuse experiences. It was predicted that the homicidal group would present more of these risk factors than the other two groups. Also, it was predicted that the homicidal participants would show more evidence of an accumulation of these problems. The results revealed that the onset of alcohol abuse, prevalence of drug dependence, extent of physical abuse, and cruelty to animals differentiated the homicidal offenders from one or both of the other offender groups. Additionally, a combination of different risk factors proved to be a better predictor of group membership than risk factors considered in isolation from one another. The importance of targeting individuals with a combination of risk factors for preventive intervention is discussed.
Urban Homicide
Authors: AVAKAME EDEM F.
Published: March 2007

In recent reviews of the literature on violent criminal offending and victimization, a call has been issued for analytic models that integrate individual-level data with data from the social and geographical contexts in which people live—that is, contextual analyses. Combining data from the Homicides in Chicago (1965-1994) data file with information from U.S. Bureau of the Census's (1992) 1990 Census of Population and Housing, and using hierarchical linear modeling techniques, the current research examines theoretical arguments deriving from the economic deprivation and social ecological theoretical frameworks. Among other findings, the results lend support to Sampson and Wilson's (1995) hypothesis that a key determinant of the relationship between race and violent crime is the differential distribution of blacks in communities characterized by structural disorganization.
Murder as Self-Help: Women and Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: PETERSON ELICKA S. L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the homicidal behavior of women against intimate partners, using a modification of Black's self-help perspective. Simpson has called for theoretical perspectives that speak to the interplay of race, gender, and social class. My interpretation of self-help theory incorporates these factors as predictors of low social status. Low social status leads to decreased access to formal social control, which in turn leads some women to resort to lethal violence as a form of criminal conflict resolution in the perceived absence of available legal remedies. Conversely, low social status serves to inhibit homicidal behavior in most women, through greater fear of retribution and involvement in fewer conflicts related to honor. This may account for the wide disparity in the amount of lethal violence committed by men and women.
Serial Murder
Authors: MOTT NICOLE L.
Published: March 2007

Although research has been done on serial murder cases in general, unsolved serial murder cases have rarely been investigated. Offenders who elude identification offer little evidence for clearing cases. Thus, similarities among serial murder cases, and even more specifically among unsolved cases, need to be empirically explored to identify advantageous techniques as preventive measures against future serial murderers. This study includes two sets of data, one consisting of 399 solved and a second constituting 75 unsolved serial murder cases. In an attempt to differentiate unsolved from solved cases, five variables—rate of killing, vulnerability, body disposal, location of body disposal, and mobility—are used. Statistically significant results supporting the hypotheses are found for the first three variables.
Indirect Government Aid To the Arts: the Tax Expenditure in Charitable Contributions
Authors: Vandell Kerry D. , O'Hare Michael
Published: March 2007

Government support of the arts consists of a familiar direct portion (including the appropriations to such agencies as the National Endowment for the Arts) and a less-well known indirect portion, including what Surrey has called tax expenditures. The tax expenditure that flows through individual deductions of charitable contributions to arts institutions from taxable income is estimated from IRS data and other sources, and is found to have been between $300 million and $380 million in 1975. This figure is over four times as large as appropriations for the National Endowment for the Arts (the principal direct federal aid program) for fiscal 1975. Viewed as a subsidy to the donor, it is found to be highly regressive.
Corrective Taxes and Auctions of Rights in the Control of Externalities
Authors: Holcombe Randall G. , Meiners Roger E.
Published: March 2007

Auctions of pollution rights have sometimes been suggested as an alternative to corrective taxes. These two methods of pollution control are not, in general, equivalent, however. When pollution rights are auctioned, the right to pollute is equivalent to the right to produce, so the auction of rights raises the possibility that the competitiveness of the market could be reduced. Individual producers have an incentive to purchase large amounts of pollution rights in order to gain some degree of monopoly power over the market. This possibility does not exist when corrective taxes are used instead.
Sensitivity of Federal Expenditures To Unemployment
Authors: Johnson Darwin G.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the sensitivitv of federal spending to unemployment. The based on a review of econometrie analyses made by others, finds that several programs in addition to unemplovment benefits are sensitive to unemployment. Based on these studies, the article presents estimates of the overall sensitivity of federal spending to unemplovment.
All "NG" Up On Clubs?: a "Bran-New Flawer" of Brennan-Flowers
Authors: Yew-Kwang Ng
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to clarifv two controversial issues in the theory of clubs: (I) Abstract Is the Buchanan (Economica 1965) framework similar to the Tiebout (JPE 1956)? (2) Is the Pareto optimality condition of Ng(Economica 1973) generally applicable? Buchanan's own authoritv is invoked to give a negative answer to issue 1. A negative answer to issue 2 is refuted as being based on a misinterpreta tion of Ng's method of maximizing Pareto optimality or total net benefit ofthe whole population as that of one club.
Tax Cut Meets Bracket Creep: the Rise and Fall of Marginal Tax Rates, 1964-1984
Authors: Clotfelter Charles T.
Published: March 2007

Through the process of "bracket creep," the marginal tax rates faced by taxpayers under a progressive income tend to increase as inflation pushes up nominal incomes. Congress has sought to offset the resulting revenue increases by cutting taxes periodically in recent years. Because of the potential economic importance of marginal tax rates, this article examines changes in marginal tax rates since 1964 to assess the effect of inflation and tax cuts on the level and structure of marginal tax rates. The article finds that marginal rates generally have risen over the period, especially for upper income taxpayers. Based on official projections of nominal income growth, marginal tax rates will not, in general, fall as a result of the 1981 tax cut. Only a fundamental restructuring, such as the adoption of a "flat-rate" income tax, has the potential of reducing marginal rates significantly.
State and Local Government Utility Maximization According to Garp
Authors: DeBoer Larry
Published: March 2007

Many recent state and local expenditure determinant studies have modeled public choice as the result of the constrained maximization of a utility function. This model has been tested using particular utility functions, but rejection of constrained maximization under such a test may imply only the inconsistency of the data with the chosen functional form. A nonparametric test, based on the generalized axiom of revealed preference (GARP), exists that shows whether a price-quantity data set may be rationalized by the constrained maximization of any utility function. This test is applied to various state and local government cross-section and time series data sets. It appears that the constrained maximization model can explain the bulk of public price-quantity observations in each data set tested. The results tentatively suggest that time series data are more likely to be consistent with utility maximization than are cross-section data.
Government DEBT, Immigration, and Durable Public Goods
Authors: Leeds Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Government debt is shown to be a pareto-improving policy for the native population in the presence of durable public goods and immigration. Debt is therefore neither equivalent to current taxation nor neutral in its macro-economic impact. Debt may also promote a more efficientflow of immigration by reducing the ability to free-ride on the capital provided by natives.
Mimicking of Local Tax Burdens Among Neighboring Counties
Authors: Ladd Helen F.
Published: March 2007

This article contributes to the small literature on the determination of local taxes by testing hypotheses about whether local officials consider the tax burdens of neigh boring counties when making their own decisions about taxes on residents. Based on data for large U.S. counties, evidence of tax mimicking appears first in compar isons of the degree of clustering of tax burdens among neighboring counties within metropolitan areas to that among nonneighboring counties within states. In addition, regression equations based on both 1978 and 1985 data confirm the presence of tax mimicking for total local tax burdens and for property tax burdens, but not for sales tax burdens.
Effect of Marginal Changes in Income Sources On U.S. Income Inequality
Authors: Lerman Robert I. , Yitzhaki Shlomo
Published: March 2007

The success of public policies often turns on their distributional impacts. Policy analyses often compare inequality before and after the policy change, but such global estimates are sensitive to the ordering of income sources. This article presents a method for estimating distributional effects of marginal changes in income sources—including taxes and transfers—on the Gini coefficient and the extended Gini (which permits explicit focus on segments of distribution). The authors show how to integrate robustness and behavioral effects and to compare inequality effects across programs. The application yields estimates of the inequality impact per one dollar change in various U.S. taxes and transfers.
Performance and Pay in the Public Sector: the Case of the Local Tax Assessor
Authors: Santerre Rexford E. , Bates Laurie J.
Published: March 2007

Because it is unclear, theoretically, if the compensation of public employees is based on performance, this study empirically examines the various factors underlying tax assessor pay. As neoclassical theory suggests, performance, as measured by assessment uniformity, is found to positively affect tax assessor pay. In particular, a 10% increase in assessment uniformity is shown to result in a 1.7%-2.3% increase in tax assessor pay, ceteris paribus.
Relative Energies and Structural Features of Small Amines and Their Ammonium Analogs: Results From 6-31G* Optimizations and an Mm2 Ammonium Force Field
Authors: Profeta Salvatore , Unwalla Rayomand J. , Russell Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

An MM2 force field that reproduces the structural fea tures and relative energies of quaternary aliphatic amines as derived from ab initio calculations at the 6-31G* level has been completed. The purpose of the study is to provide Medicinal Chemists with a method of evaluating the structures and conformational ener gies of ammonium species typically found in pharma ceuticals. Full Cartesian coordinate geometry optimiza tions at the 6-31G* level are followed by single-point Møller-Plesset Perturbation calculations through the MP3 level, which were performed on CRAY X-MP/4, CRAY Y-MP/464, and VAX 8800 machines using Gaus sian 80(UCSF). Methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and ethylmethyl- amines, N-Methylpiperidine, 2-Methylpiperidine, and corresponding ammonium systems are used to evalu ate changes in structure, barrier heights, and relative energies resulting from quaternization.
When is it Acceptable to Accept a Null Hypothesis: No Way, Jose?
Authors: Cortina Jose M. , Folger Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has suggested that there exists a bias in the social sciences against no-effect hypotheses. This is regrettable given the importance of establishing not only when an effect does occur but also the boundary conditions of that effect. The purposes of this article are two-fold The first purpose is to review relevant portions of the history of hypothesis testing in an attempt to identify the sources of bias against hypotheses of no effect. The second purpose is to develop and describe rigorous methods for providing evidence in support of no-effect hypotheses-methods that avoid some of the problems traditionally associated with no-effect conclusions.
Selling with “Satisfaction Guaranteed”
Authors: Fruchter Gila E. , Gerstner Eitan
Published: March 2007

Satisfaction Guaranteed is defined as a selling policy assuring that no consumer is worse off after purchase. The authors show that for a wide spectrum of guarantee policies, the most profitable policy is a Satisfaction Guaranteed policy. Setting a price equal to the willingness to pay of satisfied customers, but generously compensating dissatisfied customers for all costs involved, this policy can be a “creative device” to capture back-added economic value created for consumers through the guarantee. Comparing this policy with a no-guarantee policy, a Satisfaction Guaranteed policy comes with a higher price in a monopoly market and in a competitive market. Conditions under which selling with a Satisfaction Guaranteed policy is more profitable than selling without it are derived. Although this policy seems to be an attractive offer to consumers, the authors show that because of its high price, it may not. Easy-to-satisfy consumers are better off without the Satisfaction Guaranteed policy.
Role Stress in After-Sales Service Management
Authors: Wetzels Martin , de Ruyter Ko , Lemmink Jos
Published: March 2007

The implementation of a superior service strategy strongly depends on the attitude and behavior of customer contact personnel in service organizations. However, conflicting demands of organizational constraints, service managers, service teams, and customers frequently lead to role stress of service employees. In this article, the authors investigate antecedents and consequences of role stress experienced in after-sales service management of an international office equipment manufacturer from a longitudinal perspective. Empowering service employees by giving them authority and responsibility decreases their sense of role stress and, at the same time, enhances job satisfaction. Moreover, the authors notice a negative short-term and a positive long-term effect of the presence of rules and regulations. In the short term, this leads to higher role conflict. Finally, on the basis of the positive lagged effect of perceived group cohesiveness on role ambiguity, the authors conclude that creating “tight-knit” workgroups can actually prove detrimental because the norms they develop might be hard to change.
Machismo and Politics in Ecuador
Authors: ANDRADE XAVIER
Published: March 2007

This article explores the political uses of machismo and dominant notions of masculinity as tools for constructing agendas for popular redemption in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The focus is on the life and work of Pancho Jaime (1946-1989), the most controversial and widely known independent journalist in Guayaquil. Between 1984 and his assassination in 1989, Jaime illegally produced political magazines using gossip, pornographic caricatures, and obscene language to comment on the corruption of politicians and oligarchs. Jaime's strategy was to make connections between the conduct of powerful figures in public office and the “deviant” sexuality of these same individuals. This large body of cultural material is interpreted as part of a politics of masculinity historically linked to both everyday life and local populist traditions. Analyzing images and audience responses to Jaime's grotesque visual and aggressive textual discourses, ethnographic findings are discussed in relation to concepts of vulgarity, the performance of masculinity in the public sphere and carnivalesque inversions of power.
Love and Hate in D. H. Lawrence
Authors: STEVENS HUGH
Published: March 2007

Focusing on D. H. Lawrence's reaction to gay upper-class figures such as John Maynard Keynes, and his awkward relation to the writer John Middleton Murry, the article seeks to unravel the ostensibly “queer” or homoerotic aspects of Lawrence's writing by analyzing the ambivalent closeness of love and hate in his representations of male same-sex relationships. At the same time as his homophobic outbursts often exhibit the qualities of a homoerotic poetics Lawrence's language can be simultaneously homophobic and homoerotic. Lawrence's essay “David”, on Michelangelo's statue, for example, seems like a homoerotic offering from Lawrence to Murry, which Murry rejects, triggering Lawrence's furious—yet also “unbearably” ambivalent—attack on both Murry and Murry's wife, Katherine Mansfield. The proximity of love and hate in Lawrence's language shows an attraction to homoeroticism even as Lawrence wants to distance himself from the homosexual.
Class Consumption
Authors: GALILEE JOHN
Published: March 2007

During the past fifteen years, it has been asserted that men are increasingly becoming active, independent consumers especially in relation to the consumption of fashion and vanity goods. Over a much longer period, sociologists have attempted to explain clothes choices using various macro-consumer preference models. Using four of these paradigms—the fashion hierarchy, the fashion process, the neotribes model, and the mass consumer theory—this article examines how relevant elements of these four models are in explaining the clothes choices of thirty-five middle-class young men who were interviewed. The assertion that such young men are now active, independent consumers is also explored in relation to fashion goods. The data drawn on in this article challenges the mascularization of consumption thesis, as well as highlights which sections of the consumer preference models are more applicable in explaining the fashion choices of middle-class young men.
Everyday Peter Pans
Authors: REGISTER WOODY
Published: March 2007

From 1900 to 1930, many middle-class men working in new urban consumer enterprises in the United States believed that they had never grown up, valued the work because it was fun, and attributed their achievements to their eternal boyishness. In doing so, they contributed to the creation of a commercial culture of Peter Pan, which reflected and encouraged new gender identities that validated and demarcated social roles and opportunities for men in a corporate consumer society. The three men examined in this article—the Coney Island showman Fred Thompson, the ethnologist Stewart Culin, and the Broadway comic actor Fred Stone—were involved in either developing, selling, or embodying new commodities of play. Like other such men, they both reflected and helped sanction the transition from a nineteenth-century market culture that condemned play as the negation of productive manhood to a twentieth-century consumer culture that marketed itself as the playground of boys who never grow up.
Measurements of the Rate of Gas Diffusion in Rigid Cellular Plastics
Authors: Schwartz N.V. , Bomberg M.T. , Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a method for measuring gas diffusion through cellular plastics A specimen is placed in a chamber, which is then scaled and pressur ized with the test gas. The pressure increase causes some gas to enter the specicmen, and this entry results in a reduction of the chamber pressure By following the change in chamber pressure with time an appropriate transport characteristic for the material is determined

An application of this method to a core specimen of an extruded polystyrene board is presented.
The SPI/NRC-IRC Joint Research Program: Evaluation of Alternative Blowing Agents in Sprayed Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Harris T.
Published: March 2007

A cellular plastic with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) introduced dur ing manufacture, is an effective thermal insulator CFCs not only help produce small and uniform cell size but, because of their high thermal resistivity (thermal resistance per unit thickness), are also responsible for the superior insulating properties of the foam product

Development of today's technology took many years Now, in the advent of the Montreal Protocol enforcing development of alternative blowing agents, there are many questions to be answered. How can we change the methods of evaluation and the materials at the same time, without losing the experience of CFC blown prod ucts ? Can we predict 25 years of infield performance, particularly thermal perfor mance, from for example, six month laboratory testing? There are many conflicting priorities and expectations in the area of research on new products One needs a yardstick to measure the performance of the products and a basis to relate to one's own product development. Therefore cooperative programs between Industry and Government Research Laboratories is a superior way of quickly and thoroughly eval uating new products

One of the SPI(Canada)/NRC-IRC research projects deals with the evaluation of sprayed polyurethane foam systems. This project creates a knowledge base using available 1988 technology to which subsequent research and development can be related, either in terms of proprietary research or methods for material evaluation. This project includes the use of CFC and two alternate HCFC blowing agents em ployed in basically the same spray system, manufactured either without water or with a partial replacement of the blowing agent by water.

First, the properties of these polyurethane spray foams will be directly compared, then the formulation may be modified to maintain the process parameters This proj ect also includes some elements of research on application parameters
Effects of Humidity and Elevated Temperature on the Density and Thermal Conductivity of a Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foam Co-Blown with CCl3F and CO 2
Authors: Zarr R.R. , Nguyen T.
Published: March 2007

Measurements of density and apparent thermal conductivity are pre sented for specimens cut from rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam co-blown with trichlorofluoromethane (CCl 3F) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Eight specimens, nominally 580 by 580 by 27 mm, were prepared from two boards (1.2 by 2.4 m by 50 mm) of foam laminated with permeable facers. Four specimens were placed in an ambient condition of 22°C and 40% relative humidity (RH). The other four speci mens were each placed in one of the following environments: 1) 60°C and < 10% RH; 2) 60°C and 40% RH; 3) 60°C and 60% RH; and 4) 60°C and 75% RH. Mea surements of apparent thermal conductivity at 24°C were conducted over a period of 372 days at approximately 50-day intervals. Curves of specimen mass, volume, density, and thermal conductivity versus time are presented, and the implications of changes in these properties are discussed.
Effect of Initial Moisture Distribution on the Transient Heat Flow through Wet Porous Insulations
Authors: Wijeysundera N.E.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the initial moisture distribution on the transient heat transfer and moisture redistribution processes in fiberglass insulations is studied experimentally and numerically. Moisture evaporation starts from the hot side of the insulation and the drying-front sweeps across the slab. Condensation occurs in the wet side of the slab and also at the cold plate. The heat flux decreases progressively as the drying-front moves through the slab. The numerical model predicts the trends for the heat flux and temperature well. However, the measured transient variations occur at a slower rate than predicted by the model.
Policy Evaluation for Policy Communities: Confronting the Utilization Problem
Authors: Mitchell Jerry , Mitchell Jerry
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ..." and "Rejoinder to ...' will not be published in Forum - such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in the Letters section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Evaluating Grants Programs for Basic Scientific Research: Difficult Measurement Problems, Few Techniques and Slow Progress
Authors: McCullough James
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evalua tion. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Functions of the Evaluation Proposal in Preordinate and Emergent Studies
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: March 2007

Proposals satisfy a number of functions in evaluation work. They may serve as a work plan, a basis for a contract, a request for commitment, evidence of ability, an evaluative criterion, and, most importantly, to justify the conduct of the study. This article examines how these functions differ depending on whether the proposal concerns a preordinate study in which methods are pre specified, or an emergent study in which decisions about methods are made as the study proceeds.
"Do You Want Extra Police Coverage With Those Fries?"
Authors: Deleon-Granados William , Wells William
Published: March 2007

The free cup of coffee has long raised ethical debates in policing, but no research has yet provided a sufficient coupling of empirical and theoreti cal perspectives. Because officers report that they can self-control any po tential bias a gratuity may create, this study explores an ecological model we term the "gratuity exchange principle," which predicts the mere act of retrieving the gratuity is likely to offset patrol practices. Exploratory data from a medium-sized Midwest city are used to examine gratuity influence in light of other scaled variables: food quality, cost, convenience and loca tion. Findings suggest gratuities increase coverage. The implications for businesses, citizens and police departments are discussed.
Police Pursuits: the Legal and Policy Implications of County of Sacramento V. Lewis
Authors: Smith Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the legal and policy implications of the recent Supreme Court decision on police pursuits in County of Sacramento v. Lewis. It explores the concept of civil liability for pursuit-related injuries under federallaw, provides a detailed analysis of the Lewis decision, and helps explain why the Supreme Court ruled as it did in the case. The article also discusses police liability for pursuit-related injuries under state law and questions whether current legal doctrine denies citizens injured as the result of police pursuits a forum for their claims.
Justifying the Deadly Force Response
Authors: Hontz Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of research conducted between May and July 1996. The research was designed to determine how fast an officer can react with an accurate shot after a visual cue. This was contrasted with the speed of typical movements by suspects that would trigger a response with a firearm by a police officer. The results of the research provide empirical evidence to support justified shootings by the police as well as more closely defining when a suspect becomes a deadly force threat.
Measurement of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure
Authors: Kim Shann Dixon
Published: March 2007

Angiotensin II (ANG II), the effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of heart failure. Therefore, the measurement of ANGII has become important to characterize the role of this neurohormone in heart failure. However, because ANG II has been difficult to measure, other components of the RAS have been measured to characterize ANG II production. The RAS components (e.g., renin, angiotensin I–converting enzyme [ACE], angiotensin II) have been measured with a variety of techniques. In this review, RAS physiology and the techniques used to measure the RAS components are discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the RAS measurement methods are described.
Cytokines and the Anorexia of Infection: Potential Mechanisms and Treatments
Authors: McCarthy Donna O.
Published: March 2007

Anorexia during infection is thought to be mediated by immunoregulatory cytokines such as interleukins 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of action by which these cytokines are thought to suppress food intake during infection and examines the proposition that blocking of cytokine activity might be one approach to improving food intake of the infected host.
Tissue and Wound Healing Effects of Short Duration Postoperative Oxygen Therapy
Authors: Whitney JoAnne D. , Heiner Stacy , Mygrant Brenda I. , Wood Connie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 28% oxygen given in the first 36 hours after surgery on tissue oxygen, collagen deposition, and clinical healing outcomes. Twenty-four subjects having cervical spine surgical procedures participated in a randomized, repeated-measures pilot study of tissue and healing effects of postoperative supplemental oxygen. The treatment group (n = 13) received 28% oxygen for the first 36 postoperative hours, whereas the control group (n = 11) was maintained on room air. Subcutaneous tissue oxygen and temperature were measured at intervals up to 36 hours postsurgery. Wound healing was evaluated by hydroxyproline content in a subcutaneous polytetrafluoroethylene tube removed on the 7th postoperative day. Clinical outcomes were evaluated for the 30 days post–hospital discharge. Subjects in the treatment group had significantly higher tissue oxygen tension overall, and at postoperative hours 1, 2, 18, and 36, with mean values 10 to 20 mm Hg higher than control subjects. Significant differences were not found in hydroxyproline levels or clinical wound outcome measures. Low level, short duration, supplemental oxygen increased and sustained wound tissue oxygen and was well tolerated by subjects. Larger studies of populations at risk for wound complications are needed to investigate variables of dose and duration of oxygen therapy in relation to clinical and cellular wound healing outcomes.
Relationships of Cortisol, Perceived Stress, Genitourinary Infections, and Fetal Fibronectin to Gestational Age at Birth
Authors: Ruiz R. Jeanne , Fullerton Judith , Brown Charles E. L. , Schoolfield John
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated the role of stress and cortisol with patients having pretermlabor (PTL) and preterm birth (PTB). The relationships of maternal cortisol, perceived stress, fetal fibronectin (fFN), and genitourinary infections to PTL and PTB were studied. A prospective, longitudinal, observational study (n = 78) was conducted in a private practice in central Texas. Subjects had 4 blood draws for cortisol measurements grouped by 15-19, 20-22, 23-26, 27-30, and 31-35 weeks of gestation. Subjects had 2 vaginal swabs for fFN, chlamydia, and bacterial vaginosis screens at 23-26 and 27-30 weeks with assessment of psychosocial stress at 23-26 and 31-35 weeks. Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression. There were no significant differences between the PTB, PTL, and termgr oups on cortisol levels at any of the gestational periods. Cortisol concentrations at any gestational stage did not correlate with gestational age at birth. A relationship of cortisol to race was observed when comparing Caucasians to other ethnic groups. A correlation (r = 0.42, P < 0.001) between the change in Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score and gestational age was observed. The greater the decrease in PSS scores, the longer was the gestational age. A significant increase in cortisol at 19-21 weeks (P < 0.04), 23-26 weeks (P < 0.05), and 31-35 weeks (P < 0.01) was observed in patients having genitourinary infection. PTL was also significantly increased in subjects having positive genitourinary infections at either 23-26 weeks or 27-30 weeks (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of fFN to predict PTL collected at 27-30 weeks was 40%, specificity 86%, positive predictive value 55%, and negative predictive value 83%. These results indicate that cortisol is a poor predictor of either PTL or PTB. A decrease in perceived stress during the 2nd trimester was associated with an increase in length of gestation, suggesting the possibility of stress reduction as an appropriate intervention for lengthening gestational age.
A Town Called Jenniferann.com
Authors: Bell Claudia , Lyall John
Published: March 2007

In the year 2000, a small conservative New Zealand town received a new name. Pokeno became JenniferAnn.com. Why take on such a name? Familiar to motorists as the town at the end of the Southern Motorway, in the 1990s Pokeno was also “Bacon Country.” Distinctive welcome signs featured pink pigs that smiled at the 12,000 motorists entering Pokeno daily. They sat within a plethora of messages: Coca Cola, Mobil, Kodak, speed limit signs, and utility instructions. In 1999, the motorway bypassed Pokeno. With reduced traffic, how could this little town retain a place on the map? Enter JenniferAnn.com, brainchild of the owner of an Internet lingerie business. Renaming the town JenniferAnn.com was a stunt to propel Pokeno—and JenniferAnn.com—to great publicity. The town moved from having a name to being a brand. The highly local became global. Pokeno—now JenniferAnn.com—became a site in cyberspace.
Neighbouring as an Occasioned Activity
Authors: Laurier Eric , Whyte Angus , Buckner Kathy
Published: March 2007

To illustrate the decline in a strong sense of community the characteristics of suburban living are often cited by social and cultural commentators. Spatially dispersed, lifeless during the daytime due to commuting, an excessive concern with keeping up appearances in terms of lawns, flowerbeds, and property maintenance, suburbia suffers perhaps worst of all from weak social relations between residents. Such disparaging commentary is frequently a premise for social scientists to define their version of “the good community,” bemoan its absence or decline, and has little concern for the phenomena of daily life in suburbia. In its concern to advance one or another political agenda conventional stipulative studies miss just how suburban residents organise their everyday lives at ground level. Drawing on the insights of ethnomethodology and other studies of social practice we proffer an alternative approach to the study of community and its moral and spatially implicated organisation. From our ethnographic fieldwork in a UK suburb we show, via the incident of the search for a lost cat, how everyday talk formulates places and is formulated by its location in the ongoing occasioned activities of neighbours.
An Examination of Managers' Beliefs about their Roles as Facilitators of Learning
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D. , Bostrom Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings associated with managerial beliefs from a recent exploratory qualitative study that was designed to examine the multiple ways in which managers perceive themselves to facilitate the learning of their employees in learning oriented organizations. The Critical Incident Technique was adapted for use in this study to capture the beliefs or mental models of managers as they facilitated learning episodes. The results indicate that managers in this study perceive the roles of manager and of facilitator of learning to be distinct from each other. This finding contradicts much of the management literature that has historically categorized coaching as a subset of management. Additionally, managers revealed their beliefs about learners and the learning process. Examining these beliefs in the context of managerial behavior advances our understanding of the challenges and opportunities that managers confront when they are attempting to adopt roles consistent with the concept of learning-oriented organizations. Implications for practice and research are presented.
Getting into Self Employment
Authors: Lessem Ronnie
Published: March 2007

As unemployment rises, lifestyles change, and communications technology opens up new possibilities, so many more of us are considering self-employment. In this Paper, divided into three parts, I1 shall be considering, based on experiences of helping 1000 or so entrepreneurs to set up business: