bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Web 2.0 and Social Media in Today's Business World
Authors: Chen Edward T.
Published: August 2017

Social media technology is an innovative way for businesses to collaborate, network, and provide a mechanism for individuals to interact. When social media technology is used effectively, it can be a powerful tool for businesses to market themselves and obtain important data on their customers and competitors. Given the importance and public nature of today's consumer opinions, it is vital for companies to present themselves effectively on social media. Some companies and their employees are not familiar with this form of technology and do not realize the massive amount of data social media sites can generate. Therefore, companies need to develop a social media policy and educate their employees on how to analyze and respond to the data produced from social media. This chapter studies Web 2.0 tools and social media in today's business world and provides guidelines of adopting social media for organizations.
New Trends on RIAs Development
Authors: Alor-Hernández Giner , Rosales-Morales Viviana Yarel , Colombo-Mendoza Luis Omar
Published: August 2017

Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are considered one kind of Web 2.0 application; however, they have demonstrated to have the potential to transcend throughout the steps in the Web evolution, from Web 2.0 to Web 4.0. In some cases, RIAs can be leveraged to overcome the challenges in developing other kinds of Web-based applications. In other cases, the challenges in the development of RIAs can be overcome by using additional technologies from the Web technology stack. From this perspective, the new trends in the development of RIAs can be identified by analyzing the steps in the Web evolution. This chapter presents these trends, including cloud-based RIAs development and mashups-rich User Interfaces (UIs) development as two easily visible trends related to Web 2.0. Similarly, semantic RIAs, RMAs (Rich Mobile Applications), and context-aware RIAs are some of the academic proposals related to Web 3.0 and Web 4.0 that are discussed in this chapter.
Fashion Retail Innovation
Authors: Tambo Torben
Published: August 2017

Fashion retail is recognised for its strong capabilities in product innovation, while also having the potential to improve the governance of technology-based process innovation. This chapter proposes a model perspective in management of technology and innovation, including special requirements of fashion retailing. In particular, this chapter discusses the context of fashion retailing understood as product and brand-based characteristics. A case study-based methodology is then used to guide an analysis of antecedents and (expected) outcome of fashion retail innovation. IT-based innovation dominates, but innovation is suggested to include a broader scope of technologies. Contrary to innovation maturity models, this chapter proposes to consider innovation as a continuous refinement between dynamic capabilities and absorptive capacity where technologies must be adapted to the special characteristics of the fashion retail industry.
Cross-Cultural Management of the European Textile and Clothing Industries
Authors: Angelova Radostina A.
Published: August 2017

The European textile and clothing industries are among the best examples for global level business. The communication between people with different customs and cultures, which occupy different levels of the hierarchy in any company, requires cross-cultural competence and management abilities. The aim of the present chapter is to apply Hofstede's model and its national cultural dimensions to show its applicability in the cross-cultural management of the European textile and clothing industries. Hofstede's cultural dimensions could be a very important starting point for the managers at all levels of the companies' organizations as they give important knowledge of organizational responsibilities, job satisfaction, the interrelationship between workers and managers, communication style, leaderships and possible conflicts.
Study on Analysis of Cutting Mechanism of Ball End Mill for Concave and Convex Spherical Surface Using 3D-CAD
Authors: Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kuromi Ryota , Hiroshi Usuki , Hagino Masahiro
Published: August 2017

In this paper, cutting mechanism and cutting performance of ball end mill for spherical surface with contour path method is investigated. Ball end mills are used to produce molds, dies and so on. However, the edge shape is complex, so cutting process is not clear. Then, it is not clear effectively using method of the tool based on good cutting performance. Therefore, in this study, the purpose is proposal of high efficient and high accurate cutting method is using 5-axis control machine tool. At first, cutting model assembled by a ball end mill (R8 mm) and a workpiece with convex or concave spherical surface (Workpiece radius 20 mm) is carried out using 3D-CAD (SolidWorks). The pick feed direction which is from bottom to top is defined “Stepped up”, the one which is inverse direction is defined “Stepped down”. In addition, both cutting methods include up milling and down milling, then there are four cutting modes. The radius of tool path for contour path are varied from 14.0 mm to 19.4 mm for convex spherical surface, from 6.5 to 9.2 mm for concave spherical surface. The lead angle of the tool is defined the plus sign when the tool is inclined to the tool feed direction and varied from-45° to 45°. Secondly, the cutting cross-sectional area is calculated by the interference of a rake surface of the tool and an uncut chip volume which can be removed by one cutting operation. Thirdly, cutting experiments are done in order to measure cutting force. Finally, analytical and experimental results are discussed, and then the cutting conditions which are expected good cutting performance are considered.
Modeling Strength and Stress Diffusion in Hip Prostheses with Nano-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Chung Chen Yuan
Published: August 2017

nanoscale rigid particles or plates are investigated for their reinforcing properties used as a binding material for holding together many long fiber composites. Very strong and light laminates can be made by layering thin sheets of rigid fibers (e.g. carbon fibers, glass fibers) with epoxy resin, for example, as a filler for spaces between fibers. Saint-Venant’s principle is concerned with assessing the effect of anisotropy on the decay of stresses with distance from the boundary of an elastic solid subjected to self-equilibrated end loads. The distance required for this transition is longer for rigid composites than for isotropic materials. The extra distance will allow bio-stress to be diffused to the boundary where end effects occur. This study is based on a biomimetic idea come from the mechanical behavior of biological materials as governed by underlying nanostructure, with the potential for synthesis into engineered materials. Mixing extremely small, rigid, randomly oriented nanoplates or nanotubes into the binding phase between the fibers is found to make the composite more isotropic near the ends and therefore mitigate damage.
Applicability of Interrupted Micro Cutting Process “Tilling” as Surface Texturing
Authors: Usami Hatsuhiko , Sato Toshiki , Kanda Yasuyuki , Nishio Satoru
Published: August 2017

Tribological properties of textured surfaces fabricated using a discontinuous microcutting process were investigated. Aluminum cast alloy (AC8A) discs were used for the specimens. The texturing process was carried out using a CNC machining center with a cutting edge with a novel geometry. The resulting surface morphology consisted of micro dimples with a diameter of 200-300 μm and a depth of 5-10 μm, with controlled area fractions of 10 and 40% and a top region finished with a milling cut. The tribological properties were evaluated using a ring-on-disc type testing apparatus under lubricated conditions, and showed that the friction coefficient of the textured surfaces was low and stable from the beginning of the experiment. A dependence of the friction coefficient on the area fraction was also found. Further reductions in the friction coefficient were achieved on a textured surface with a polished top region. It can be concluded that the proposed discontinuous micro cutting process is an effective means of fabricating a micro texture for the reduction and stabilization of frictional resistance.
Stress Analysis for a Substrate Holder Module and Thin Films Grown in an MOCVD Reactor
Authors: Guo Shu Wei , Lin Chih Kuang
Published: August 2017

The aim of this work is, using finite element analysis, to study the effects of thermal load and rotation speed on the structural integrity of a substrate holder module in an MOCVD reactor. Several loading conditions are considered, including thermal load and rotational speeds of 0-1500 rpm. In addition, the wafer bow and residual stress of GaN film grown on silicon or sapphire wafer are systematically studied. Simulation results indicate the variation of critical stress with rotation speed in all of the components is small. Given a similar heat source in the MOCVD reactor, temperature of the upper components such as susceptor, substrate holders, and wafers is higher in the case of sapphire wafer than that in the case of silicon wafer. The temperature gradient of upper components is greater for the silicon wafer case. A greater temperature gradient in the film-substrate system generates a greater wafer bow and residual stress in the grown thin film. Therefore, temperature uniformity is an important parameter for the epitaxial process. The sign of residual stress is different between a GaN film grown on a sapphire wafer and a silicon wafer (compressive for sapphire wafer and tensile for silicon wafer). For growing a GaN thin film, sapphire wafer is better than silicon wafer in terms of lessening cracking in film.
Influence of Scratch Marks on Undeformed Chip Thickness in Ultra-Precision Cutting of Al-Mg Alloys
Authors: Amaki Keisuke , Maeda Yukio , Iida Tomohiro , Kato Kazuya , Tanaka Hideaki , Yazawa Takanori , Otsubo Tatsuki
Published: August 2017

Recently, high efficiency and performance have become necessary attributes of information equipment such as laser printers. Thus, demand has increased for optical scanning parts that reduce optical aberration, scatter, and diffraction are required in laser printers. Polygon mirrors are manufactured by polishing a plating or glassy material to a mirror finish. In this study, we shortened the manufacturing process to improve the productivity and ultra-precision cutting technology of polygon mirrors made of aluminum. Thus, we had to reduce the geometric surface roughness achieved by mirror-cutting Al-Mg alloy and remove tear-out and scratch marks that occur during the cutting process. We investigated the cutting edge shape by using a straight diamond tool to decrease the surface defects produced during the ultra-precision cutting of Al-Mg alloy. We examined the mechanism for the occurrence of scratch marks and a method to reduce them. First, we measured the shape of the scratch marks and the cross-section with a scanning electron microscope. We found the tool collides with crystallization to produce small pieces, which then cause scratch marks. We developed a triple-facet tool with a double-facet at the end cutting edge to remove scratch marks and investigated the influence of surface defects. We clarified that using the triple-facet for a tool setting angle of 0° to 0.04° could achieve a good-quality machined surface without tear-out and scratch marks. In addition, the undeformed chip thickness was less than 80 nm
Property and Recyclability Change of Corrosion-Inhibition-Improved Amine-Free Water-Soluble Cutting Fluid with Repeated Recycling
Authors: Yamaguchi Kenji , Ogawa Kazuo , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kondo Yasuo , Sakamoto Satoshi , Yamaguchi Mitsugu
Published: August 2017

Cutting fluid is commonly used during metal cutting process for cooling and lubrication. Fluid types are generally classified into mineral or fatty oils and water miscible oils. In Japan, the former is called water-insoluble coolants, and the latter is called water-soluble coolants. Water-insoluble coolants are specified as dangerous material by the Japanese law due to its flammability. Therefore, the water-insoluble coolants are not appropriate for unmanned operation of machine tools. Therefore, the usage rate of water-soluble coolants is increasing. Water soluble coolants are diluted with a water by several ten times. The waste management of the water-soluble coolant become important for environment-conscious green manufacturing. We have been developing a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. In the recycle system, water is extracted from the waste coolant and the water is then reutilized as a diluent of a new coolant. We have developed various types of chemical or bio-chemical water recovery methods for recycling systems. We found a commercially available amine-free water-soluble coolant is suitable for the recycling system. The processing time, processing cost, and the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand of the extracted water are improved by the amine-free water soluble coolant compared with a conventional amine-containing coolant. However, its corrosion inhibition performance was poor in general machining applications. Our cooperative company developed a prototype of a corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting coolant. The prototype coolant showed a good stability and cooling and lubricating performances, and its recyclability was as good as that of conventional amine-free coolants. In this study, we focused on repeated recycling of the prototype coolant. We repeatedly applied the water recycling process to the recycled coolant. The recyclability of the prototype coolant was not affected by repeated recycling; however, process residues increased with the number of recycles, and a deterioration was noticed in the corrosion-inhibition performance of the coolant diluted with recycled water.
Deposition of a Diamond-Like-Carbon Film by Ion Plating and Investigation on its Adhesiveness
Authors: Zhu Xia , Kubo Kasuki , Toyota Hiromichi , Nomura Shinfuku , Iwamoto Yukiharu , Gautama Pria
Published: August 2017

Diamond-like-carbon (DLC) films are promising as coating materials. Ion plating, an excellent method in terms of adhesiveness, step coverage, and deposition rate, can form not only pure metal films but also oxide films, nitride films, and carbonized films. In this study, which aimed to form a DLC film with good adhesiveness and a diamond crystal structure, a DLC film, with a SiC interlayer formed by ion plating with introduction of tetramethylsilane (TMS), was formed. It was experimentally revealed that as the interlayer thickness increases, the crystal structure in the DLC film becomes more diamond rich, and the adhesiveness of the DLC film and substrate is thereby improved.
Popliteal Vein Aneurysm as Rare Cause of Recurrent Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Eminian Sylvain , Grimm Jochen M. , Corpataux Jean-Marc , Qanadli Salah Dine
Published: August 2017

We present a case of popliteal venous aneurysm causing recurrent pulmonary embolism successfully treated by surgical resection.
Mapeamento de ações coletivas de ocupação urbana: uma análise etnofotográfica
Authors: Pizzinato Adolfo , Hamann Cristiano , Simonetti Cargnelutti Ezequiel , Iankilevich Golbert Roberta , Burton-Ferreira Lígia , Oliveira-Machado Rodrigo
Published: August 2017

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de mapear ações de ocupação do espaço público em Porto Alegre, assim como compreender aspectos do funcionamento destas micropolíticas de ação. Para tanto, a investigação guiou-se a partir de três etapas simultâneas: o levantamento de informações através da mídia e redes de relacionamento; a observação de ocupações e o estabelecimento de contato com participantes e a realização de entrevistas, auxiliadas por uma proposta de produção etnofotográfica estabelecida previamente. A partir deste procedimento de coleta de dados, pôde-se estabelecer um panorama de temáticas que figuram em ocupações urbanas; locais e rotas utilizadas; formas de divulgação e organização dos eventos; assim como discutir aspectos vinculados ao público envolvido. As ocupações urbanas etnografadas emergem como possibilidades de dissenso político e ressignificação, muito diversificadas e em sintonia com as novas formas de organização social, onde a internet e a flexibilidade de papéis sociais despontam como tônica das ações.
Intensidades reflexivas sob a égide do caos
Authors: Maheirie Kátia
Published: August 2017

Editorial
Brewing Unequal Exchanges in Coffee: A Qualitative Investigation into the Consequences of the Java Trade in Rural Uganda
Authors: Austin Kelly F.
Published: August 2017

This study represents a qualitative case study examining the broad impacts of coffee cultivation from a rural region in Eastern Uganda, the Bududa District. Over 20 interviews with coffee cultivators provide insights into how the coffee economy impacts gender relations, physical health, deforestation, and economic conditions. While there are some material benefits from cultivating and selling coffee beans, a lack of long-term economic stability for households and the consequences for the status of women, the health of the community, and the local environment calls into question the efficacy of coffee production as a viable development scheme that significantly enhances overall community well-being. This research hopes to bring attention to the mechanisms that enable broader unequal exchange relationships by focusing on the perspectives and experiences of growers in Bududa, Uganda, where a considerable amount of world coffee is grown and supplied to consumers in core nations.
Humanitarianism and Unequal Exchange
Authors: Swamy Raja
Published: August 2017

This article examines the relationship between humanitarian aid and ecologically unequal exchange in the context of post-disaster reconstruction. I assess the manner in which humanitarian aid became a central part of the reconstruction process in India's Tamil Nadu state following the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This article focuses on how the humanitarian “gift” of housing became a central plank of the state's efforts to push fishers inland while opening up coastal lands for various economic development projects such as ports, infrastructure, industries, and tourism. As part of the state and multilateral agency financed reconstruction process, the humanitarian aid regime provided “free” houses as gifts to recipients while expecting in return the formal abandonment of all claims to the coast. The humanitarian “gift” therefore helped depoliticize critical issues of land and resources, location and livelihood, which prior to the tsunami were subjects of long-standing political conflicts between local fisher populations and the state. The gift economy in effect played into an ongoing conflict over land and resources and effectively sought to ease the alienation of fishers from their coastal commons and near shore marine resource base. I argue that humanitarian aid, despite its associations with benevolence and generosity, presents a troubling and disempowering set of options for political struggles over land, resources, and social entitlements such as housing, thereby intensifying existing ecological and economic inequalities.
Hegemonic Crisis, Comparative World-Systems, and the Future of Pax Americana
Authors: Hung Ho-Fung
Published: August 2017

N/A
The Semi-Periphery, World Revolution, and the Arab Spring: Reflections on Tunisia
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: August 2017

N/A
Estrategias para construir humor. Las figuras retóricas en relatos humorísticos de niños de 8 y 12 años
Authors: Marimón Llorca Carmen
Published: August 2017

Las figuras retóricas han sido consideradas desde la Antigüedad como recursos esenciales para la consecución del humor verbal. En este trabajo nos proponemos comprobar cómo utilizan niños y niñas de 8 y 12 años las figuras retóricas para conseguir efectos humorísticos en narraciones motivadas. Para ello se han escogido siete mecanismos retóricos recurrentes para crear humor verbal que, además, se encuentran entre los recursos expresivos propios de escolares entre las edades objeto de estudio. Son los siguientes: repetición, comparación, hipérbole, oposición, onomatopeya, metáfora y juegos de palabras. Mediante el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las ocurrencias se quieren estudiar los detalles de su uso en término de variabilidad, tendencias comunes, progresión en la forma de expresar el humor mediante el recurso, así como la proximidad con los usos canónicos de la figura correspondiente.
Enhancing a Role and Reference Grammar approach to English motion constructions in a Natural Language Processing environment
Authors: Luzondo-Oyón Alba , Jiménez-Briones Rocío
Published: August 2017

This paper puts forward a finer-grained computational treatment of the English caused-motion construction (e.g. He kicked the ball into the net) within a knowledge base for natural language processing systems called FunGramKB. This computational project is largely based on Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), which is a functional projectionist theory of language. We argue that the RRG-based characterization of the caused-motion construction in FunGramKB is insufficient to account for the semantic and syntactic complexity of realizations such as He walked the dog to the park, I will show you out, or Mac flew Continental to Bush International Airport. Thus, drawing on insights from Constructions Grammars, three minimally distinct transitive motion sub-constructions are formalized within FunGramKB. It is through the inclusion of additional constructional schemas that the machine will be able to capture the various ways in which verbs and constructions interact to yield different input texts.
SOBRE CONHECIMENTO E JUSTIFICAÇÃO DE CRENÇAS MORAIS
Authors: Oliveira Marco
Published: August 2017

Como em epistemologia, a discussão entre internalistas e externalistas sobre a justificação de crenças também pode ser aplicada em casos morais. Poderíamos imaginar, por exemplo, situações nas quais um agente adquire crenças morais por sorte ou acidentalmente; de um modo que não poderíamos afirmar que ele estaria autorizado em manter essas crenças. Uma posição tipicamente externalista seria afirmar que o status epistêmico das crenças morais de um agente não depende daquilo que está disponível a esse agente. Ao contestar a necessidade da evidência, defendida por internalistas, o externalismo epistêmico questiona uma tradição epistemológica que remonta a Descartes. Em outras palavras, podemos estar justificados sem o saber. Embora a relação entre o problema do conhecimento e as crenças morais não seja uma novidade, a epistemologia moral, entendida como um ramo da Metaética, ainda é um campo de estudo pouco explorado. Depois de uma breve apresentação do problema da justificação de crenças morais, comentarei sobre uma interessante analogia do famoso caso do chicken-sexter.
Posição canguru em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso: estudo descritivo
Authors: Farias Samilly Rodrigues , Dias Flávia De Souza Barbosa , Silva Juliana Bastoni da , Cellere Ana Lidia De Lucca Ribeiro , Beraldo Lidia , Carmona Elenice Valentim
Published: August 2017

Descrever o número de períodos em que recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso estiveram em posição canguru durante internação na unidade neonatal e buscar relações entre variáveis maternas e neonatais com a realização da posição canguru. Estudo descritivo retrospectivo com todos os recém-nascidos pré-termo admitidos em 2012, com peso de nascimento igual ou inferior a 1500g e idade gestacional menor que 31 semanas, classificados como pacientes de maior risco clínico, segundo o Clinical Risk Index for Babies. Foram investigados 38 sujeitos, cujo período de hospitalização variou entre 18 a 136 dias. O início da posição canguru ocorreu em média aos 30,8 dias de vida pós-natal (DP=18,5) e a quantidade de períodos em que estiveram em posição canguru foi em média 10,7 vezes. A ocorrência da posição canguru foi menos frequente que as oportunidades advindas da presença materna e esteve relacionado ao maior oferecimento de leite em livre demanda.
New requirements for phase I trials: a challenge for Italian clinical research
Authors: Marchesi Emanuela , Monti Manuela , Nanni Oriana , Bassi Lisette , Piccinni-Leopardi Martina , Cagnazzo Celeste
Published: August 2017

Background:

In 2015, the Italian Medicines Agency (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco; AIFA) issued the Determination 809/2015 with new requirements for phase I clinical trials. Before it came into force, we explored the extent to which several Italian oncology centers were working to implement it.

Methods:

A survey was conducted among 80 Italian centers involved in clinical trials. Investigators and research coordinators were surveyed.

Results:

Answers from 42 institutions were collected: among them 88.1% were involved in oncology research. In the last 5 years, 55% had conducted from 1 to 5 phase I trials, and only 16.7% more than 5. A third were involved in not-first-in-human research and none with healthy volunteers. The majority (57.1%) of the centers did not run any projects and trials are non-commercial, and about 35%, no more than 2. While 9.5% already met the standards for self-certification, 71.4% were working to achieve them. Standard operating procedures dedicated to research and the required good clinical practice training had been established by 57.1% and 76.2%, respectively. Fifty percent of laboratories were almost compliant with the Determination. After 10 months from its coming into force, 98 sites had applied for certification, of which 34 were oncology units.

Conclusions:

The new AIFA Determination imposes a certified organizational model on units and laboratories involved in phase I trials. Our results showed that great efforts were made to qualify for phase I research suggesting that other oncology units will apply for certification in the near future. Predictably, Italy will set the pace as a highly qualified country in which to conduct early-phase research.
Effectiveness of highly purified urofollitropin treatment in patients with idiopathic azoospermia before testicular sperm extraction
Authors: Cocci Andrea , Cito Gianmartin , Russo Giorgio I. , Falcone Marco , Capece Marco , Timpano Massimiliano , Della Camera Pier Andrea , Morselli Simone , Tasso Giovanni , Morelli Girolamo , Morgia Giuseppe , Minervini Andrea , Serni Sergio , Carini Marco , Natali Alessandro , Gacci Mauro
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Recent evidences demonstrated that male factor alone is responsible for about 30% cases of infertility. Human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) has been introduced to increase sperm concentration, spermatogonial population, or both natural or assisted pregnancy rates (PRs) in oligozoospermic subjects with normal concentrations of gonadotropins.

Methods:

Fifty infertile men affected by idiopathic azoospermia were enrolled in this study, after undergoing medical history, physical and clinical examination, baseline semen parameters and hormonal plasma concentrations. Inclusion criteria were infertility for at least 2 years, idiopathic azoospermia, FSH <12 mIU/ml. Twenty-five patients were allocated to treatment with hFSH three times/week per 3 months (Fostimon), and 25 patients underwent just testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without medical treatment. All patients underwent, after 3 months, assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs) with TESE. The primary outcome was represented by the differences in the sperm retrieval rate (SRR) between groups, while the secondary outcomes were the differences in PR and fertilization rate (FR).

Results:

We observed a PR of 15% (3/25) and 28% (7/25) in control and treated group, respectively. SRR after medical treatment and ART was 24% (6/25), while in the control group was 12.5% (2/25). The sperm in the ejaculate of five patients (20%) after medical treatment exhibited a mean concentration of 0.9 million/ml and a mean motility of 12%. The FR was significantly greater in the treatment group with respect to the control group, 30% and 20%, respectively.

Conclusions:

FSH treatment showed greater efficacy rather than control by increasing the rate of PR and FR in azoospermic patients who underwent TESE.
An assessment of Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria for active surveillance of clinically low-risk prostate cancer patients
Authors: Da Silva Vitor , Cagiannos Ilias , Lavallée Luke T. , Mallick Ranjeeta , Witiuk Kelsey , Cnossen Sonya , Eastham James A. , Fergusson Dean A. , Morash Chris , Breau Rodney H.
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Active surveillance is a strategy to delay or prevent treatment of indolent prostate cancer. The Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria were developed to select patients for prostate cancer active surveillance. The objective of this study was to compare pathological findings from PRIAS-eligible and PRIAS-ineligible clinically low-risk prostate cancer patients.Methods: A D’Amico low-risk cohort of 1512 radical prostatectomy patients treated at The Ottawa Hospital or Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre between January 1995 and December 2007 was reviewed. Pathological outcomes (pT3 tumours, Gleason sum ≥7, lymph node metastases, or a composite) and clinical outcomes (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] recurrence, secondary cancer treatments, and death) were compared between PRIAS-eligible and PRIAS-ineligible cohorts.Results: The PRIAS-eligible cohort (n=945) was less likely to have Gleason score ≥7 (odds ratio [OR] 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49‒0.75), pT3 (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.31‒0.55), nodal metastases (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.10‒1.31), or any adverse feature (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.45‒0.69) compared to the PRIAS-ineligible cohort. The probability of any adverse pathology in the PRIAS-eligible cohort was 41% vs. 56% in the PRIAS-ineligible cohort. At median followup of 3.7 years, 72 (4.8%) patients had a PSA recurrence, 24 (1.6%) received pelvic radiation, and 13 (0.9%) received androgen deprivation. No difference was detected for recurrence-free and overall survival between groups (recurrence hazard ratio [HR] 0.71; 95% CI 0.46–1.09 and survival HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.36–1.47).Conclusions: Low-risk prostate cancer patients who met PRIAS eligibility criteria are less likely to have higher-risk cancer compared to those who did not meet at least one of these criteria.
Radical cystectomy in patients with disseminated disease: An assessment of perioperative outcomes using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database
Authors: Wallis Christopher , Khana Suneil , Hajiha Mohammad , Nam Robert K. , Satkunasivam Raj
Published: August 2017

Introduction: We sought to determine the effect of the presence of disseminated disease on perioperative outcomes following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Methods: We identified 4108 eligible patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. We matched patients with disseminated cancer at the time of surgery to those without disseminated cancer using propensity scores. The primary outcome of interest was major complications (death, reoperation, cardiac or neurological event). Secondary outcomes included pulmonary, infectious thromboembolic, and bleeding complications, in addition to prolonged length of stay. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between disseminated cancer and the development of complications.Results: Following propensity score matching and adjusting for the type of urinary diversion, radical cystectomy in patients with disseminated disease was associated with a significant increase in major complications (8.6% vs. 4.0%; odds ratio [OR] 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–6.11; p=0.045). The presence of disseminated disease was associated with an increase in pulmonary complications (5.8% vs. 1.2%; OR 5.17. 95% CI 1.00‒26.66. p=0.049), but not infectious complications, venous thromboembolism, bleeding requiring transfusion, and prolonged length of stay (p values 0.07–0.79).Conclusions: Patients with disseminated cancer undergoing cystectomy are more likely to experience major and pulmonary complications. The strength of these conclusions is limited by sample size, selection bias inherent in observational
Improving access to urologists through an electronic consultation service
Authors: Witherspoon Luke , Liddy Clare , Afkham Amir , Keely Erin , Mahoney John
Published: August 2017

Introduction: Access to specialist services is limited by wait times and geographic availability. Champlain Building Access to Specialist Advice (BASE) has been implemented in our service region to facilitate access to specialists by primary care providers (PCPs). Through a secure web-based system, PCPs are able to send eConsults instead of requesting a formal in-office consultation.Methods: Urology eConsults completed through the Champlain BASE service from March 2013 to January 2015 were analyzed. Each consult was characterized in regard to the type of question asked by the referring physician and the clinical content of the referral. Using the mandatory close-out surveys, we analyzed rates of referral avoidance, physician satisfaction, and overall impact on patient care.Results: Of 190 eConsultations, 70% were completed in less than 10 minutes. The most common clinical questions related to the interpretation of imaging reports (16%) and tests to choose for investigating a condition (15%). The most common diagnoses were hematuria (13%) and renal mass (8%). In 35% of cases, referral to a urologist had originally been contemplated and was avoided. In 8% of cases, a PCP did not believe a consultation was initially needed, but a referral was ultimately initiated after the eConsultation.Conclusions: Our study shows that although certain clinical presentations still require a formal in-person urological consultation, eConsultations can potentially reduce unnecessary clinic visits while identifying patients who may benefit from early urological consultation. Through both these mechanisms, we may improve timely access to urologists.
Agency Conflicts, Socioemotional Wealth, and the Debt Maturity Structure of Family Firms: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Domenichelli Oscar
Published: August 2017

This paper aims to study the impact of the distinctive agency and socioemotional features of family firms on their debt maturity choices using a literature analysis of this topic, still substantially unexplored. Therefore, the paper examines the relationships between owners and managers; majority and minority shareholders, and family shareholders and family outsiders; and owners and creditors. The analysis suggests that the propensity of family businesses to use long-term debt depends on the generation leading the family firm, family blockholders, motivation for expropriating minority shareholders, family outsiders and their socioemotional orientation. Much still remains to be empirically studied. One interesting issue to explore further would be the influence of country-specific factors worldwide, in combination with firm-specific characteristics relating to agency conflicts and socioemotional wealth, on the debt maturity decisions of family firms, compared to non-family ones. Given the international importance of family firms, and their widespread presence and activity worldwide, additional empirical results on this topic may help governments adopt specific policies, that will better support family businesses, in light of their peculiar and unique economic and non-economic aspects.
What Affects the Relationships between Oil and Industrial Sector? Case of Eurozone
Authors: Kamisli Melik , Kamisli Serap , Temizel Fatih , Esen Ethem
Published: August 2017

Oil, which is one of the fundamental energy sources, is an important cost item especially for industrial sector. Increases in oil prices decrease the profits of the firms by causing increase in the production costs. For this reason, it is claimed that there is a strong relationship between oil price and industrial sector profitability. On the other hand, oil is an alternative investment vehicle that can be included to the portfolio. Therefore, in this study the relationships between oil price and industrial sector returns of European countries are analyzed with Maki (2012) cointegration test under multiple structural breaks, on the basis of European Debt Crisis. The results show that announcements of credit rating agencies, elections, resignations, announcements of European Central Bank and IMF, recovery packages and economic developments cause structural breaks in relationships. Results also indicate that there is no cointegration between oil price and industrial sector returns of Austria, Belgium and Holland.
Mot eit moderne norskfag
Authors: Rogne Magne
Published: August 2017

Artikkelen tek for seg tekstomgrepet i norskfaget gjennom læreplananalysar. Først kjem ein faghistorisk gjennomgang med vekt på spørsmålet om norskfaget kan seiast å vere dynamisk i den forstand at det tek opp i seg tekstkulturelle endringar i samfunnet, særleg knytt til medie- og kommunikasjonsutviklinga. Denne gjennomgangen endar opp i ei drøfting av om dagens norskfag kan seiast å ha eit føremålstenleg tekstomgrep i høve til den funksjonen faget skal ha i dagens skule, med eit særleg fokus på spenninga mellom danning og nytte. Artikkelen konkluderer med at norskfaget har endra seg i tråd med samfunnsutviklinga når det gjeld kva type tekstar det er viktig å arbeide med, men òg at dei svake krava til det å meistre tekstproduksjon i dagens plan ikkje er i samsvar med overordna målsetjingar for faget.
A Case for Improved Reading Instruction for Academic English Reading Proficiency
Authors: Hellekjær Glenn Ole
Published: August 2017

This article presents a study of the academic reading proficiency in English of 217 senior level Norwegian upper secondary school students who upon graduation are considered qualified for higher education. Testing with an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Academic Reading Module revealed that two thirds of the 178 respondents with ordinary EFL courses did not achieve the equivalent of the IELTS Band 6 score minimum that is usually required for admission to British and Australian universities. In comparison, two thirds of a sample of 39 respondents with a single, sheltered Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) subject achieved a Band 6 score or better. Closer analysis indicates that the poor test scores can be attributed to weaknesses in current English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction where reading is neglected, where students do not learn to adjust how they read to reading purpose, and where they do not learn how to handle unfamiliar words to avoid disrupting the reading process. The article ends with suggestions on how to improve EFL instruction, in Norway and elsewhere.
”Hvis du redder et menneske, så har du reddet hele verden”. Den gode moralen og den dialogiske samtalen i et norsk klasserom
Authors: Penne Sylvi
Published: August 2017

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i observasjoner fra et klasserom på ungdomstrinnet der elevene arbeider tverrfaglig i norsk, KRL og samfunnsfag. Temaet er blant annet jødenes situasjon før og under krigen. Læreren er faglig dyktig, erfaren og sterkt engasjert i å formidle overgrepene som ble begått mot jødene, og elevene er velvillige. Likevel er elevenes konklusjon at de i en krigssituasjon med en etisk fordring, ikke ville ha våget å gjøre noe for å hjelpe jødene.
     Med utgangspunkt i diskursteori, sosiokulturell teori og nyere kognitiv teori diskuteres disse svarene som ”naturlige” svar i den konteksten som skapes i klasserommet, og gjennom det språket som elevene utfordres i, deres ”mediational means”. Et konkret didaktisk problem er at den historiske fortellingen er borte og erstattet av empatisk innlevelse. Artikkelen avslutter med å hevde at uten en narrativ ramme forsvinner muligheten for etisk erkjennelse gjennom konteksten som skapes, og gjennom materialet som foreligger. Her ligger imidlertid nye didaktiske muligheter for engasjerte lærere, ikke minst gjennom litteraturundervisning.
Hvem vet best? Om styringen av grunnopplæringen under Kunnskapsløftet
Authors: Aasen Petter , Sandberg Nina
Published: August 2017

Emnet for artikkelen er iverksettingen av Kunnskapsløftet som styringsreform. Kunnskapsløftet ble av nasjonale utdanningsmyndigheter introdusert som en reform der forutsetningen for å lykkes innebar et systemskifte i styringen av norsk grunnopplæring. Klare nasjonale mål, kunnskap om resultater, tydelig ansvarsplassering, lokal handlefrihet og et godt støtte- og veiledningsapparat skulle være bestanddelene. Artikkelens problemstilling er denne: Hva var statlige myndigheters uttalte intensjoner med systemskiftet, og hvordan oppfatter og vurderer skoleeiernivået den nye styringsmodellen for grunnopplæringen?

Artikkelen bygger på prosjektet Evaluering av Kunnskapsløftet - Forvaltningsnivåenes og institusjonenes rolle. Prosjektets datamateriale inkluderer alle forvaltningsnivå (sentralstat, regionalstat, skoleeiere, skoler, lærebedrifter) og rommer både kvalitative og kvantitative data. I denne artikkelen bygger fremstillingen av intensjonene bak systemskiftet på dokumenter i reformforarbeidene. Kommuner og fylkeskommuners forventninger til og vurderinger av det signaliserte systemskiftet avdekkes via kvalitative intervju blant utvalgte skoleeiere, som dermed gir innblikk i oppfatninger av systemskiftet generelt og rolle- og ansvarsfordelingen spesielt. Spørreskjemadata fra skoleeiernivået synliggjør allmenne vurderinger av styringsreformen og sier noe om de kvalitative funnenes utbredelse.

Funnene våre tyder på at Kunnskapsløftets signaliserte systemskifte ikke virker etter hensikten. Blant skoleeierne er det generelt uklart hva systemskiftet innebærer. Det er heller ingen utbredt oppfatning av at det faktisk skjer endringer i styringer av grunnopplæringen i den retningen reformen la opp til. I vår analyse av forholdet mellom forvaltningsnivåene har vi lagt særlig vekt på spørsmålene om tydelig ansvarsplassering og lokal handlefrihet. Skoleeierne erfarer ikke stor lokal handlefrihet. Fristillingen følges og begrenses av sentral styring i form av rapportering og tilsyn. Både skoleeierbegrepet og skoleeiers ansvar er uklart og forstås ulikt. Vi finner begrenset tillit og dialog mellom forvaltningsnivåene.

Da Kunnskapsløftet ble presentert, var det en proklamert forutsetning at reformen måtte ledsages av en ny type styring for å lykkes. Vi drøfter våre funn i lys av internasjonale studier av reformimplementering, og hevder at funnene er forståelige i lys av mangel på felles forståelse, uklare styringssignaler og mangelfulle forbindelseslinjer mellom styringsnivåene i implementeringen av reformen. Så langt tyder vårt prosjekt innenfor evalueringen av Kunnskapsløftet at viktige elementer i den nye styringsmodellen gjenstår å gjennomføre. I den forstand svikter en av de prosjekterte bærebjelkene i reformen.
Bruk av ordlæringsstrategier blant norske tyskelever
Authors: Gausland Anna , Haukås Åsta
Published: August 2017

Interessen for forskning på læringsstrategier er økende i Norge. Det finnes likevel ennå ingen publiserte empiriske studier som fokuserer på læringsstrategier i andre fremmedspråk. Hensikten med den foreliggende artikkelen er å gi et første innblikk i 54 norske tyskelevers bruk av ordlæringsstrategier. Studien er gjennomført som en skriftlig spørreundersøkelse hvor elevene beskrev hvordan de hadde arbeidet for å lære en liste med tysk-norske ordpar. Samlet sett ser vi at elevene behersker ordlæringsstrategier av ulik art, men at noen få strategier er hyppig forekomne hos de fleste elevene. Det viser seg at elevene i hovedsak bruker ordlæringsstrategier som inneholder element av repetisjon, altså strategier som krever lite kognitiv bearbeiding. Dernest blir metakognitive strategier som organiserer og planlegger læringen mest brukt. Artikkelens siste del sammenligner funn fra undersøkelsen med internasjonale studier og skisserer videre forskningsbehov innen feltet.
From 'essay' to 'personal text': The role of genre in Norwegian EFL exam papers 1996-2011
Authors: Ørevik Sigrid
Published: August 2017

Introduction
This article investigates developments in the use of genre in Norwegian EFL exam papers for first year upper secondary school during the time period from 1996 to 2011, describing genres rendered in texts for reception (attached text material) and texts for production (task options in the main exam assignment) in the two curriculum periods Reform 94 and the Knowledge Promotion of 2006. Genre-related patterns are identified and compared, and the aspect of multimodality in texts for reception and production in EFL exams is discussed.

Material and method
Sixteen exam papers from 1996 to 2011 constitute the corpus material of the study. Genres rendered in attached text material are categorized, as well as specified and inferred genre instructions in the chief assignment for text production. The study employs a mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Findings
The results show significant changes in genres rendered in texts for reception. A few computer-generated genres are observed in the last curriculum period; but no increase in multimodal texts from R94 to LK06 is observed. The range of genres for production remains largely unchanged through the period of investigation, although the distribution among the genres changes. Moreover, genre instructions in text assignments are, to a certain extent, unclear or mixed in both curriculum periods, although more so in R94 than in LK06.

Discussion and conclusion
Based on these findings the article suggests further investigation and debate concerning genre awareness connected to EFL exams, among education authorities as well as among teachers and students of English.
Wikipedias inntog på kildelista – holdninger blant lærere og elever til Wikipedia i en skolekontekst
Authors: Blikstad-Balas Marte , Høgenes Tora
Published: August 2017

I denne artikkelen diskuterer vi hvordan elever og lærere forholder seg til et av verdens mest populære nettsteder, det digitale leksikonet Wikipedia. Internasjonal forskning antyder at mens Wikipedia er svært populært blant elever, kan mange lærere styre sin begeistring for Wikipedia som faglig kilde i skolearbeid. Studien vi presenterer kombinerer to ulike datakilder for å belyse empirisk hvordan elever og lærere forholder seg til Wikipedia. Dataene om elevers holdninger er skriftlige svar 168 elever i videregående skole har gitt på spørsmål om hva de anser som de største fordelene og de største ulempene med Wikipedia i skolesammenheng. Dataene som sier noe om hvordan lærere forholder seg til det samme nettstedet er kvalitative intervjuer av fire samfunnsfaglærere. Lærerne intervjues om hvordan de forholder seg til elevenes bruk av Wikipedia og i hvilken grad de selv integrerer Wikipedia i undervisningen sin. Studien viser at mens elevene er svært samstemte om Wikipedias kvaliteter, er det stor individuell variasjon i lærernes holdninger til Wikipedia, og i hvilken grad de eksplisitt gir elevene opplæring og råd om kildekritikk. Vi finnes også at flere elever anser lærernes skepsis som en av Wikipedias største ulemper i skolesammenheng og tilpasser seg lærernes preferanser på ulike vis. Avslutningsvis diskuterer vi implikasjoner av studien og argumenterer for at det kan være uheldig om det er tilfeldig om Wikipedia adresseres eksplisitt i undervisning eller ei.