bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Nanostructured Coatings for the Protection of Apuan Marble Stone
Authors: Germinario Silvia , Fernandez Federica , Baldi Giovanni , Dami Valentina , Cioni Andrea
Published: January 2019

Nowadays the use of multifunctional nanomaterials has significantly increased with interesting applications for the cultural heritage conservation sector, leading to the definition and use of products with innovative properties. Therefore, a preliminary validation of the performances and behavior over time of these treatments becomes an unavoidable key point for a correct use of these products before being applied to historical materials, in order to avoid irreparable damage over time. In this direction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with multifunctional nanostructured products on Apuan marble. The focus of the work was to test methods to accelerate aging, in order to simulate different environmental agents of degradation to which marble in historical buildings can be exposed. Stone samples were examined after exposition to high temperature cycles in a muffle furnace, treatments in saline solution, cycles of thermal shock and aging by SO2 action in presence of humidity. After each artificial aging cycle, changes in appearance were noted and chemical-physical properties were measured in order to compare differences between fresh and treated samples. The protective qualities of the coatings were evaluated using the following tests: contact angle; photocatalytic properties by methylene blue degradation tests; photodegradation kinetics of pollutants under UVA irradiation. Before and after the treatments, scanning electron microscopy equipped by microanalysis detector (SEM-EDS) was also used to evaluate changes in the surface morphology of the samples. The results showed effects of degradation in the rock samples due to aging after each test and all the products applied to the sample surface seemed to be very efficient in relation to their functions.
WO3:Mo and WO3:Ti Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis: The Influence of Metallic Concentration on Physical Properties: An Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Study
Authors: Acosta Dwight , Hernández Francisco , López-Suárez Alejandra , Magaña Carlos
Published: January 2019

WO3:Mo and WO3:Ti thin films have been deposited on FTO/Glass substrates by the pulsed chemical spray technique at a substrate temperature of Ts= 450°C. The influence of Mo and Ti doping on the structural, electrical, and optical behavior of WO3thin films, has been studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultra Violet and Visible Spectrometry (UV-VIS), and Surface Conductivity Methods (Four Points). Doped WO3films presents similar polycrystalline structures but with noticeable modifications in surface configurations at micrometric and nanometric levels, as the Mo and Ti concentration is systematically increased in the starting sprayed solution. From processed High-Resolution Electron Micrographs (HREM), a low density of structural defects was found on pure and doped WO3grains. This lead to conclude that variations in films surface characteristics are mainly related with metallic doping concentrations which in turn, have noticeable influence in electrical and optical behaviors reported in this work.
The B Cell Activation-Induced miR-183 Cluster Plays a Minimal Role in Canonical Primary Humoral Responses
Authors: Pucella Joseph N. , Cols Montserrat , Yen Wei-Feng , Xu Shunbin , Chaudhuri Jayanta
Published: January 2019

Although primary humoral responses are vital to durable immunity, fine-tuning is critical to preventing catastrophes such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and lymphomagenesis. MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation is particularly well suited for fine-tuning roles in physiology. Expression of clustered paralogous miR-182, miR-96, and miR-183 (collectively, 183c) is robustly induced upon B cell activation, entry into the germinal center, and plasmablast differentiation. 183cGT/GT mice lacking 183c miRNA expression exhibit largely normal primary humoral responses, encompassing class switch recombination, affinity maturation, and germinal center reaction, as well as plasmablast differentiation. Our rigorous analysis included ex vivo class switch recombination and plasmablast differentiation models as well as in vivo immunization with thymus-dependent and thymus-independent Ags. Our work sways the debate concerning the role of miR-182 in plasmablast differentiation, strongly suggesting that 183c miRNAs are dispensable. In the process, we present a valuable framework for systematic evaluation of primary humoral responses. Finally, our work bolsters the notion of robustness in miRNA:target interaction networks and advocates a paradigm shift in miRNA studies.
Hypercholesterolemia Induces a Mast Cell–CD4+ T Cell Interaction in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kritikou Eva , van der Heijden Thomas , Swart Maarten , van Duijn Janine , Slütter Bram , Wezel Anouk , Smeets Harm J. , Maffia Pasquale , Kuiper Johan , Bot Ilze
Published: January 2019

Mast cells (MCs) are potent innate immune cells that aggravate atherosclerosis through the release of proinflammatory mediators inside atherosclerotic plaques. Similarly, CD4+ T cells are constituents of the adaptive immune response and accumulate within the plaques following lipid-specific activation by APCs. Recently it has been proposed that these two cell types can interact in a direct manner. However, no indication of such an interaction has been investigated in the context of atherosclerosis. In our study, we aimed to examine whether MCs can act as APCs in atherosclerosis, thereby modulating CD4+ T cell responses. We observed that MCs increased their MHC class II expression under hyperlipidemic conditions both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that MCs can present Ags in vivo via MHC class II molecules. Serum from high-fat diet–fed mice also enhanced the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on cultured MCs, whereas OVA peptide–loaded MCs increased OT-II CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. The aortic CD4+ and TH1 cell content of atherosclerotic mice that lack MCs was reduced as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Importantly, we identified MCs that express HLA-DR in advanced human atheromata, indicating that these cells are capable of Ag presentation within human atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, in this artice, we show that MCs may directly modulate adaptive immunity by acting as APCs in atherosclerosis.
Differences in Self-Recognition between Secreted Antibody and Membrane-Bound B Cell Antigen Receptor
Authors: Iype Joseena , Datta Moumita , Khadour Ahmad , Übelhart Rudolf , Nicolò Antonella , Rollenske Tim , Dühren-von Minden Marcus , Wardemann Hedda , Maity Palash C. , Jumaa Hassan
Published: January 2019

The random gene segment rearrangement during B cell development ensures Ab repertoire diversity. Because this process might generate autoreactive specificities, it has been proposed that stringent selection mechanisms prevent the development of autoreactive B cells. However, conventional assays to identify autoreactive B cells usually employ in vitro–generated Abs, which differ from membrane-bound BCRs. In this study, we used a cell-based assay to investigate the autoreactivity of membrane-bound BCRs derived from different B cell developmental stages of human peripheral blood. Contrasted to soluble Ab counterparts, only a few of the tested BCRs were autoreactive, although the cell-based assay sensitively detects feeble Ag recognition of a germline-reverted murine BCR that was selected after OVA immunization of mice, whereas conventional assays failed to do so. Together, these data suggest that proper identification of autoreactive B cells requires the membrane-bound BCR, as the soluble Ab may largely differ from its BCR counterpart in Ag binding.
Fc Sialylation Prolongs Serum Half-Life of Therapeutic Antibodies
Authors: Bas Mathilde , Terrier Aurélie , Jacque Emilie , Dehenne Aurélie , Pochet-Béghin Virginie , Beghin Cécile , Dezetter Anne-Sophie , Dupont Gilles , Engrand Anaïs , Beaufils Benjamin , Mondon Philippe , Fournier Nathalie , de Romeuf Christophe , Jorieux Sylvie , Fontayne Alexandre , Mars Lennart T. , Monnet Céline
Published: January 2019

The long serum t1/2 of IgGs is ensured by their interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which salvages IgG from intracellular degradation. Fc glycosylation is thought not to influence FcRn binding and IgG longevity in vivo. In this article, we demonstrate that hypersialylation of asparagine 297 (N297) enhances IgG serum persistence. This polarized glycosylation is achieved using a novel Fc mutation, a glutamate residue deletion at position 294 (Del) that endows IgGs with an up to 9-fold increase in serum lifespan. The strongest impact was observed when the Del was combined with Fc mutations improving FcRn binding (Del-FcRn+). Enzymatic desialylation of a Del-FcRn+ mutant or its production in a cell line unable to hypersialylate reduced the in vivo serum t1/2 of the desialylated mutants to that of native FcRn+ mutants. Consequently, our study proves that sialylation of the N297 sugar moiety has a direct impact on human IgG serum persistence.
Abatacept Targets T Follicular Helper and Regulatory T Cells, Disrupting Molecular Pathways That Regulate Their Proliferation and Maintenance
Authors: Glatigny Simon , Höllbacher Barbara , Motley Samantha J. , Tan Cathy , Hundhausen Christian , Buckner Jane H. , Smilek Dawn , Khoury Samia J. , Ding Linna , Qin Tielin , Pardo Jorge , Nepom Gerald T. , Turka Laurence A. , Harris Kristina M. , Campbell Daniel J. , Bettelli Estelle
Published: January 2019

Abatacept is a CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein that binds to the costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 and blocks their interaction with the CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors expressed by T cells, therefore inhibiting T cell activation and function. Abatacept has shown clinical efficacy in treating some autoimmune diseases but has failed to show clinical benefit in other autoimmune conditions. The reasons for these disparate results are not clear and warrant further investigation of abatacept’s mode of action. Longitudinal specimens from the Immune Tolerance Network's A Cooperative Clinical Study of Abatacept in Multiple Sclerosis trial were used to examine the effects of abatacept treatment on the frequency and transcriptional profile of specific T cell populations in peripheral blood. We found that the relative abundance of CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and regulatory T cells was selectively decreased in participants following abatacept treatment. Within both cell types, abatacept reduced the proportion of activated cells expressing CD38 and ICOS and was associated with decreased expression of genes that regulate cell-cycle and chromatin dynamics during cell proliferation, thereby linking changes in costimulatory signaling to impaired activation, proliferation, and decreased abundance. All cellular and molecular changes were reversed following termination of abatacept treatment. These data expand upon the mechanism of action of abatacept reported in other autoimmune diseases and identify new transcriptional targets of CD28-mediated costimulatory signaling in human regulatory T and Tfh cells, further informing on its potential use in diseases associated with dysregulated Tfh activity.
Funding and inclusion in higher education institutions for students with disabilities
Authors: Chiwandire Desire , Vincent Louise
Published: January 2019

Background: Historically, challenges faced by students with disabilities (SWDs) in accessing higher education institutions (HEIs) were attributed to limited public funding. The introduction of progressive funding models such as disability scholarships served to widen access to, and participation in, higher education for SWDs. However, recent years have seen these advances threatened by funding cuts and privatisation in higher education.Objectives: In this article, the funding mechanisms of selected developed and developing democratic countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India are described in order to gain an insight into how such mechanisms enhance access, equal participation, retention, success and equality of outcome for SWDs. The countries selected are often spoken about as exemplars of best practices in relation to widening access and opportunities for SWDs through government mandated funding mechanisms. Method: A critical literature review of the sample countries’ funding mechanisms governing SWDs in higher education and other relevant government documents; secondary academic literature on disability funding; online sources including University World News, University Affairs, newspaper articles, newsletters, literature from bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Disabled World and Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Data were analysed using a theoretically derived directed qualitative content analysis.Results: Barriers which place SWDs at a substantial educational disadvantage compared to their non-disabled peers include bureaucratisation of application processes, cuts in disability funding, means-test requirements, minimal scholarships for supporting part-time and distance learning for SWDs and inadequate financial support to meet the day-to-day costs that arise as a result of disability.Conclusion: Although the steady increase of SWDs accessing HEIs of the sampled countries have been attributed to supportive disability funding policies, notable is the fact that these students are still confronted by insurmountable disability funding-oriented barriers. Thus, we recommend the need for these HEIs to address these challenges as a matter of urgency if they are to respect the rights of SWDs as well as provide them with an enabling environment to succeed academically.
Sewage sludge compost in zoysia grass sod production
Authors: Mota Flávia Diniz , Bôas Roberto Lyra Villas , Mateus Caroline De Moura D´Andréa , Silva Tatiane Bortoletto Gomes da
Published: January 2019

This study evaluated whether the use of composted sewage sludge in zoysia grass sod production can partially or completely substitute fertilization based on urea. The experiment was conducted on a sod farm located in Itapetininga, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with five replications and experimental plots of 5 m2 in a 2x6 factorial scheme. The first factor was the method of application (single or split), and the second factor was composted sewage sludge fertilization and two controls (no fertilization and a standard dose of conventional fertilizer). The conventional fertilizer (urea) dose corresponds to 300 kg N ha-1 and the sewage compost doses correspond to 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N ha-1 . The experiment began with the liming of the total area at 60 days after the previous harvest of zoysia grass sod. Three methods were used to evaluate sod production: soil cover rate, green color intensity, and leaf analysis. At 212 days after the beginning of the experiment, the compost treatment of 30 Mg ha-1 (300 kg ha-1 of N), applied in a single dose, allowed for complete sod formation (100% soil cover rate).
Разрезания трапеций на трапеции, гомотетичные трапециям заданного набора
Authors: Zverev Ivan Sergeyevich
Published: January 2019

Доказано несколько теорем, связанных с разрезанием трапеций на трапеции, гомотетичные заданным.
Доказывается, что гомотетиями трапеции с рациональным отношением оснований можно замостить любую трапецию с рациональным отношением оснований и такими же углами, но нельзя замостить никаких других трапеций.
Рассматриваются трапеции, отношение оснований которых является квадратичной иррациональностью. Для некоторых пар трапеций доказывается, что их гомотетиями можно замостить любую трапецию с такими же углами и отношением оснований из того же квадратичного поля. Еще для некоторого класса трапеций с квадратично-иррациональным отношением оснований приведено необходимое условие на трапеции, которые можно ими замостить. Это условие примечательно тем, что содержит трансцендентную функцию. Это первое появление трансцендентной функции в задачах о замощении многоугольников подобными многоугольниками.
Библиография: 8 названий.
Concepts: neither Representations nor Abilities but Rules
Authors: Castellano Federico
Published: January 2019

Philosophers have always tried to explain what concepts are. Currently, most neo- Fregean philosophers identify concepts with abilities peculiar to cognitive agents. Philosophers who defend a psychological view, in contrast, identify concepts with representations located in the mind. In this paper, I argue that concepts should be understood neither in terms of mental representations nor in terms of abilities. Concepts, I argue, are rules for sorting an inferring. To support this, I follow Ginsborg’s Kantian conception of concepts. Nevertheless, unlike Ginsborg, I provide an explanation of the cognitive relationship between concepts and thinkers that presupposes no linguistic awareness of any normative concept. In doing so, a dispositional approach to the normativity of concepts is proposed.
Do Safety Failures Preclude Knowledge?
Authors: Fett J. R.
Published: January 2019

The safety condition on knowledge, in the spirit of anti-luck epistemology, has become one of the most popular approaches to the Gettier problem. In the first part of this essay, I intend to show one of the reasons the anti-luck epistemologist presents for thinking that the safety theory, and not the sensitivity theory, offers the proper anti-luck condition on knowledge. In the second part of this essay, I intend to show that the anti-luck epistemologist does not succeed, because the safety theory fails to capture a necessary requirement for the possession of knowledge. I will attack safety on two fronts. First, I will raise doubts about whether there is any principled safety condition capable of handling a kind of case, involving inductive knowledge, that it was designed to handle. Second, I will consider two cases in which the safety condition is not met but the protagonist seems to have knowledge nonetheless, and I will vindicate my intuitions for thinking that those are in fact cases of knowledge by contrasting them with traditional, well-known Gettier cases. I want to conclude, finally, that safety failures do not necessarily prevent one from acquiring knowledge.
Searching for Subversives
Authors: Chopas Mary Elizabeth Basile
Published: January 2019

When the United States entered World War II, Italian nationals living in this country were declared enemy aliens and faced with legal restrictions. Several thousand aliens and a few U.S. citizens were arrested and underwent flawed hearings, and hundreds were interned. Shedding new light on an injustice often overshadowed by the mass confinement of Japanese Americans, this book traces how government and military leaders constructed wartime policies affecting Italian residents. Based on new archival research into the alien enemy hearings, this in-depth legal analysis illuminates a process not widely understood. From presumptive guilt in the arrest and internment based on membership in social and political organizations, to hurdles in attaining American citizenship, this book uncovers many layers of repression not heretofore revealed in scholarship about the World War II home front. In telling the stories of former internees and persons excluded from military zones as they attempted to resume their lives after the war, this book demonstrates the lasting social and cultural effects of government policies on the Italian American community, and addresses the modern problem of identifying threats in a largely loyal and peaceful population.
Campaign of Giants--The Battle for Petersburg
Authors: Greene A. Wilson , Gallagher Gary W.
Published: January 2019

Grinding, bloody, and ultimately decisive, the Petersburg Campaign was the Civil War's longest and among its most complex. Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee squared off for more than nine months in their struggle for Petersburg, the key to the Confederate capital at Richmond. Featuring some of the war's most notorious battles, the campaign played out against a backdrop of political drama and crucial fighting elsewhere, with massive costs for soldiers and civilians alike. After failing to bull his way into Petersburg, Grant concentrated on isolating the city from its communications with the rest of the surviving Confederacy, stretching Lee's defenses to the breaking point. When Lee's desperate breakout attempt failed in March 1865, Grant launched his final offensives that forced the Confederates to abandon the city on April 2, 1865. A week later, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House. Here A. Wilson Greene opens his sweeping new three-volume history of the Petersburg Campaign, taking readers from Grant's crossing of the James in mid-June 1864 to the fateful Battle of the Crater on July 30. Full of fresh insights drawn from military, political, and social history, A Campaign of Giants is destined to be the definitive account of the campaign. With new perspectives on operational and tactical choices by commanders, the experiences of common soldiers and civilians, and the significant role of the United States Colored Troops in the fighting, this book offers essential reading for all those interested in the history of the Civil War.
All Power, All Poetry, to the People
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the revival of “Lift Every Voice and Sing” within the context of the rise of the Black Power movement and the attendant institutional life. It reads Black Power in terms of both the failed promises of civil rights, and the idea of return and recovery of Black traditions.
Keep the Days
Authors: Stowe Steven M.
Published: January 2019

Americans wrote fiercely during their civil war. War surprised, devastated, and opened up imagination, taking hold of Americans’ words as well as their homes and families. The personal diary—wildly ragged yet rooted in day following day—was one place Americans wrote their war. Diaries, then, have become one of the best-known, most-used sources for exploring the life of the mind in a war-torn place and time. Delving into several familiar wartime diaries kept by women of the southern slave-owning class, Steven Stowe recaptures their motivations to keep the days close even as war tore apart the brutal system of slavery that had benefited them. Whether the diarists recorded thoughts about themselves, their opinions about men, or their observations about slavery, race, and warfare, Stowe shows how these women, by writing the immediate moment, found meaning in a changing world. In studying the inner lives of these unsympathetic characters, Stowe also explores the importance—and the limits—of historical empathy as a condition for knowing the past. He demonstrates how the plain, first-draft text of a diary can offer new ways to make sense of the world in which these Confederate women lived.
Review of Christopher Borsing's Daniel Defoe and the Representation of Personal Identity
Authors: Napier Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2019

A reveiw of Christopher Borsing's recent book Daniel Defoe and the Representation of Personal Identity (New York: Routledge, 2017).
Review of David Sytsma's Richard Baxter and the Mechanical Philosophers
Authors: Connolly Patrick J.
Published: January 2019

A review of David Sytsma's recent book Richard Baxter and the Mechanical Philosophers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Review of Victor Nuovo's John Locke: The Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso
Authors: Connolly Patrick J.
Published: January 2019

A review of Victor Nuovo's recent book John Locke: The Philosopher as Christian Virtuoso (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Relações de trabalho, gênero e geração das jovens camponesas em assentamentos de reforma agrária
Authors: Schwendler Sonia Fatima , Rielli Vieira Catarina , Amaral Mariana Ribeiro Do
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo analisa a inserção das jovens camponesas no trabalho do campo tendo como foco a questão de gênero e geração. Para esta análise, toma-se por referência pesquisa realizada em assentamento de reforma agrária no Estado do Paraná, com jovens entre 14 e 20 anos. Por meio da metodologia da história de vida e do grupo focal buscou-se compreender a trajetória de vida da juventude camponesa, em especial das jovens, e as relações de gênero que estabelecem no contexto do trabalho familiar. Argumenta-se que as hierarquias de gênero e geração, que estruturam as relações de poder em regimes patriarcais, são questionadas e/ ou subvertidas pelas jovens camponesas quando estas têm acesso à escolarização e tomam consciência das desigualdades de gênero. Isso se torna possível por meio de seu engajamento em movimentos sociais (de luta pela terra, juventude, mulheres) os quais permitem a construção de novas práticas e discursos, ressignificando o lugar social da jovem camponesa.
Contextos e Negociações: ética em pesquisa etnográfica na rede de assistência em saúde mental em Campinas
Authors: Sartori Lecy
Published: January 2019

O município de Campinas é reconhecido por sua Rede de assistência em saúde mental construída em parceria com o Serviço de Saúde Dr. Cândido Ferreira (SSCF). A literatura antropológica sobre ética em pesquisa aponta para uma relação de submissão do modo de fazer etnografia às normas biomédicas que fundamentam a avaliação de pesquisas das ciências humanas em instituições de saúde. O objetivo do artigo é mostrar o processo de autorização para a realização de minha pesquisa de campo no Serviço Residencial Terapêutico (SRT), gerido pelo SSCF. Com isso, apresento a problemática atual sobre ética em pesquisa, as negociações do início de minha pesquisa de campo e como a produção de um saber antropológico é determinada por uma relação ética com os interlocutores de pesquisa.
Apresentação da ferramenta “UX enquire”
Authors: José Araújo dos Santos Yago , José da Silva Elton
Published: January 2019

A execução de testes com usuários é fundamental para detectar e corrigir falhas no desenvolvimento de produtos. A fim de auxiliar os avaliadores na execução de tais testes, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta que incorpora os métodos de avaliação de UX existentes, que são o AttrakDiff e o Método de Valência. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as principais características desta nova ferramenta chamada “UX enquire”.
Računalniško podprto merjenje parametrov sagitalne orientacije medenice iz rentgenskih slik
Authors: Korez Robert , Putzier Michael , Vrtovec Tomaž
Published: January 2019

Izhodišča: Sagitalna orientacija medenice je pomemben element sagitalnega ravnovesja, kvantitativno pa jo lahko opredelimo na podlagi merjenja geometrijskih parametrov medenice, in sicer naklona križnične končne ploskve (SS), nagiba medenice (PT) in naklona medenice (PI). V tem članku predstavljamo rezultate popolnoma samodejnega računalniško podprtega merjenja parametrov sagitalne orientacije medenice na podlagi rentgenskih slik ter testiramo hipotezo, da ni statistično pomembnih razlik med dobljenimi in referenčnimi ročnimi meritvami.Metode: Samodejno računalniško podprto merjenje parametrov sagitalne orientacije medenice temelji na najnovejših tehnologijah iz področja obdelave in analize medicinskih slik, in sicer na konvolucijskih nevronskih mrežah kot posebni obliki tehnik globokega učenja. Na podlagi teh tehnologij se v sagitalni rentgenski sliki medenice najprej samodejno določijo območja zanimanja (križnična končna ploskev ter kolčni sklepni glavi), nato pa se znotraj teh območij določijo značilne točke, in sicer anteriorni rob, središče in posteriorni rob križnične končne ploskve, na katere se kasneje prilega premica, ter središči obeh kolčnih sklepnih glav s pripadajočo sredinsko točko, ki predstavlja os medenice. Na podlagi osi medenice ter premice vzdolž križnične končne ploskve in njenega središča lahko končno izračunamo SS, PT in PI.Rezultati: Merjenje je bilo retrospektivno opravljeno na sagitalnih rentgenskih slikah medenice 38 oseb (15 moških in 23 žensk; povprečna starost 71,1 let). Statistična analiza referenčnih ročnih in samodejnih računalniško podprtih meritev parametrov sagitalne orientacije medenice je pokazala na relativno dobro ujemanje in majhno odstopanje. Za SS, PT in PI je bila povprečna absolutna razlika (standardni odklon) namreč 5,2º (3,8º), 2,2º (2,0º) in 5,1º (4,4º), korelacijski koeficient 0,73, 0,94 in 0,82 (p < 10-6), ničelna hipoteza pa je bila na podlagi parnega t-testa vedno potrjena (p > 0,05).Zaključek: Rezultati so pokazali, da ni statistično pomembnih razlik med referenčnimi ročnimi ter samodejnimi računalniško podprtimi meritvami parametrov sagitalne orientacije medenice. Poleg tega so odstopanja od referenčnih ročnih meritev znotraj ponovljivosti in zanesljivosti samega ročnega določanja teh parametrov, zato je z samodejnim računalniško podprtim merjenjem mogoče natančno določiti parametre sagitalne orientacije medenice. Vsekakor pa pregleda in potrjevanja tako izmerjenih vrednosti ne smemo popolnoma opustiti, saj so lahko odstopanja v določenih primerih precej velika, predvsem zaradi naravne biološke variabilnosti človeške anatomije ter lastnosti rentgenskega slikanja.
Sickness, medical welfare and the English poor, 1750-1834
Authors: King Steven
Published: January 2019

This book explores the welfare experiences of the sick poor between the 1750s and through the so-called crisis of the Old Poor Law ending in the 1830s. It brings together a large dataset of accounts, vestry minutes, bills, contracts and letters by or about the poor to provide a comprehensive and colourful overview of the nature, scale and negotiation of medical welfare. At its core stand the words and lives of the poor themselves, reconstructed in painstaking detail to show that medical welfare became a totemic issue for parochial authorities by the 1830s. The book suggests that the Old Poor Law confronted a rising tide of sickness by the early nineteenth century. While there are spectacular instances of parsimony and neglect in response to such rising need, in most places and at most times, parish officers seem to have felt a moral obligation to the sick. Indeed, we might by and large construct their responses as considerate and generous. To some extent this reflected Christian paternalism, but we also see other factors at play. These include a growing sense that illness, even illness amongst the poor, was and should be remediable and a shared territory of negotiation between paupers, advocates and officials. The result was a canvas of medical welfare with extraordinary colour and depth. By the 1820s, more of the ill-health of ordinary people was captured by the poor law and being doctored or sojourning in an institution became part of pauper and parochial expectation. These trends are brought to vivid life in the words of the poor and their advocates, such that the book genuinely offers a re-interpretation of the Old Poor Law in it slater phases form the bottom up.
FACT and Ubp10 collaborate to modulate H2B deubiquitination and nucleosome dynamics
Authors: Nune Melesse , Morgan Michael T , Connell Zaily , McCullough Laura , Jbara Muhammad , Sun Hao , Brik Ashraf , Formosa Tim , Wolberger Cynthia
Published: January 2019

Monoubiquitination of histone H2B (H2B-Ub) plays a role in transcription and DNA replication, and is required for normal localization of the histone chaperone, FACT. In yeast, H2B-Ub is deubiquitinated by Ubp8, a subunit of SAGA, and Ubp10. Although they target the same substrate, loss of Ubp8 and Ubp10 cause different phenotypes and alter the transcription of different genes. We show that Ubp10 has poor activity on yeast nucleosomes, but that the addition of FACT stimulates Ubp10 activity on nucleosomes and not on other substrates. Consistent with a role for FACT in deubiquitinating H2B in vivo, a FACT mutant strain shows elevated levels of H2B-Ub. Combination of FACT mutants with deletion of Ubp10, but not Ubp8, confers increased sensitivity to hydroxyurea and activates a cryptic transcription reporter, suggesting that FACT and Ubp10 may coordinate nucleosome assembly during DNA replication and transcription. Our findings reveal unexpected interplay between H2B deubiquitination and nucleosome dynamics.
Motor context dominates output from purkinje cell functional regions during reflexive visuomotor behaviours
Authors: Knogler Laura D , Kist Andreas M , Portugues Ruben
Published: January 2019

The cerebellum integrates sensory stimuli and motor actions to enable smooth coordination and motor learning. Here we harness the innate behavioral repertoire of the larval zebrafish to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of feature coding across the entire Purkinje cell population during visual stimuli and the reflexive behaviors that they elicit. Population imaging reveals three spatially-clustered regions of Purkinje cell activity along the rostrocaudal axis. Complementary single-cell electrophysiological recordings assign these Purkinje cells to one of three functional phenotypes that encode a specific visual, and not motor, signal via complex spikes. In contrast, simple spike output of most Purkinje cells is strongly driven by motor-related tail and eye signals. Interactions between complex and simple spikes show heterogeneous modulation patterns across different Purkinje cells, which become temporally restricted during swimming episodes. Our findings reveal how sensorimotor information is encoded by individual Purkinje cells and organized into behavioral modules across the entire cerebellum.
scRNA-Seq reveals distinct stem cell populations that drive hair cell regeneration after loss of Fgf and Notch signaling
Authors: Lush Mark E , Diaz Daniel C , Koenecke Nina , Baek Sungmin , Boldt Helena , St Peter Madeleine K , Gaitan-Escudero Tatiana , Romero-Carvajal Andres , Busch-Nentwich Elisabeth M , Perera Anoja G , Hall Kathryn E , Peak Allison , Haug Jeffrey S , Piotrowski Tatjana
Published: January 2019

Loss of sensory hair cells leads to deafness and balance deficiencies. In contrast to mammalian hair cells, zebrafish ear and lateral line hair cells regenerate from poorly characterized support cells. Equally ill-defined is the gene regulatory network underlying the progression of support cells to differentiated hair cells. scRNA-Seq of lateral line organs uncovered five different support cell types, including quiescent and activated stem cells. Ordering of support cells along a developmental trajectory identified self-renewing cells and genes required for hair cell differentiation. scRNA-Seq analyses of fgf3 mutants, in which hair cell regeneration is increased, demonstrates that Fgf and Notch signaling inhibit proliferation of support cells in parallel by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Our scRNA-Seq analyses set the foundation for mechanistic studies of sensory organ regeneration and is crucial for identifying factors to trigger hair cell production in mammals. The data is searchable and publicly accessible via a web-based interface.
Progress and promise
Authors: Schekman Randy
Published: January 2019

As he prepares to step down as the Editor-in-Chief of eLife, Randy Schekman reflects on the origins of the journal, the eLife approach to peer review, and current challenges in scientific publishing.
Strong reduction in diapause survival under warm and humid overwintering conditions in a temperate‐zone butterfly
Authors: Klockmann Michael , Fischer Klaus
Published: January 2019

Anthropogenic climate change poses substantial challenges to biodiversity conservation. Effects of climate change on summer conditions and associated heat and desiccation stress have attracted much research interest, while the implications of changing winter conditions on hibernation have hitherto received fairly little attention. This is surprising as the latter may also strongly affect biodiversity. By investigating the effects of overwintering conditions on diapause and postdiapause survival in a temperate‐zone butterfly, we found that warmer and moister winter conditions substantially decreased survival rates. However, detrimental effects were restricted to survival during diapause and subsequent development and had no clear effects on butterfly performance. We suggest that overwintering survival is an important driver of vulnerability to climate change. Our study stresses the importance of collating more data on overwintering survival in species with different hibernation strategies to predict the impact of ongoing climate change on biodiversity.
Metallogels: Availability, Applicability, and Advanceability
Authors: Wu Huiqiong , Zheng Jun , Kjøniksen Anna‐Lena , Wang Wei , Zhang Yi , Ma Jianmin
Published: January 2019

Introducing metal components into gel matrices provides an effective strategy to develop soft materials with advantageous properties such as: optical activity, conductivity, magnetic response activity, self‐healing activity, catalytic activity, etc. In this context, a thorough overview of application‐oriented metallogels is provided. Considering that many well‐established metallogels start from serendipitous discoveries, insights into the structure–gelation relationship will offer a profound impact on the development of metallogels. Initially, design strategies for discovering new metallogels are discussed, then the advanced applications of metallogels are summarized. Finally, perspectives regarding the design of metallogels, the potential applications of metallogels and their derivative materials are briefly proposed.
Solvent‐Induced Self‐Assembly Strategy to Synthesize Well‐Defined Hierarchically Porous Polymers
Authors: Gao Tu‐Nan , Wang Tao , Wu Wei , Liu Yali , Huo Qisheng , Qiao Zhen‐An , Dai Sheng
Published: January 2019

Porous polymers with well‐orchestrated nanomorphologies are useful in many fields, but high surface area, hierarchical structure, and ordered pores are difficult to be satisfied in one polymer simultaneously. Herein, a solvent‐induced self‐assembly strategy to synthesize hierarchical porous polymers with tunable morphology, mesoporous structure, and microporous pore wall is reported. The poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene (PEO‐b‐PS) diblock copolymer micelles are cross‐linked via Friedel–Crafts reaction, which is a new way to anchor micelles into porous polymers with well‐defined structure. Varying the polarity of the solvent has a dramatic effect upon the oleophobic/oleophylic interaction, and the self‐assembly structure of PEO‐b‐PS can be tailored from aggregated nanoparticles to hollow spheres even mesoporous bulk. A morphological phase diagram is accomplished to systematically evaluate the influence of the composition of PEO‐b‐PS and the mixed solvent component on the pore structure and morphology of products. The hypercrosslinked hollow polymer spheres provide a confined microenvironment for the in situ reduction of K2PdCl4 to ultrasmall Pd nanoparticles, which exhibit excellent catalytic performance in solvent‐free catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons and alcohols.
Alkali‐Metal‐Intercalated Percolation Network Regulates Self‐Assembled Electronic Aromatic Molecules
Authors: Hu Yong , Zhong Guohua , Guan Ying‐Shi , Lee Nam Hoon , Zhang Yuan , Li Yang , Mitchell Travis , Armstrong Jason N. , Benedict Jason , Hla Saw‐Wai , Ren Shenqiang
Published: January 2019

In the continuously growing field of correlated electronic molecular crystals, there is significant interest in addressing alkali‐metal‐intercalated aromatic hydrocarbons, in which the possibility of high‐temperature superconductivity emerges. However, searching for superconducting aromatic molecular crystals remains elusive due to their small shielding fraction volume. To exploit this potential, a design principle for percolation networks of technologically important film geometry is indispensable. Here the effect of potassium‐intercalation is shown on the percolation network in self‐assembled aromatic molecular crystals. It is demonstrated that one‐dimensional (1D) dipole pairs, induced by dipole interaction, regulate the conductivity, as well as the electronic and optical transitions, in alkali‐metal‐intercalated molecular electronic crystals. A solid‐solution growth methodology of aromatic molecular films with a broad range of stability is developed to uncover electronic and optical transitions of technological importance. The light‐induced electron interactions enhance the charge‐carrier itinerancy, leading to a switchable metal‐to‐insulator transition. This discovery opens a route for the development of aromatic molecular electronic solids and long‐term modulation of electronic efficacy in nanotechnologically important thin films.
Large‐Area, Optical Variable‐Color Metasurfaces Based on Pixelated Plasmonic Nanogratings
Authors: Wu Shangliang , Ye Yan , Duan Huigao , Gu Yu , Chen Linsen
Published: January 2019

Color printing based on plasmonic nanostructures has attracted much attention due to its broad potential applications. It is still an open question regarding how to achieve large‐area plasmonic colors for practical use. In this study, large‐area plasmonic metasurfaces that incorporate a dielectric grating, an aluminum nanopatch array, and a silicon nitride layer are designed and fabricated. The asymmetric geometry of the metasurfaces produces a strong asymmetry‐induced color rendering effect, wherein different transmitted colors are observed in perpendicular planes with the same incident angle. Originating from surface plasmonic resonance and a guided mode resonance, a transmission efficiency of ≈60% is achieved. Furthermore, distinctive colors covering the entire visible range are generated by varying the grating period. Remarkably, large‐area colorful surfaces based on pixelated nanogratings with different periods can be fabricated using continuously variable spatial frequency photolithography. The experimental results coincide with simulations and show great potential for various applications such as large‐area color printing and anti‐counterfeiting certifications.
Ethnicity, educational attainment, and physical health of older adults in the United States
Authors: Assari Shervin
Published: January 2019

Objective

Minorities’ diminished returns theory suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) resources generate fewer health benefits for racial and ethnic minority groups, compared to the majority group. The current study aimed to compare Hispanic and non‐Hispanic white older adults for the association between educational attainment and poor physical self‐rated health (SRH).

Methods

The first wave of the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging (UM‐NPHA) included 1820 older adults who were 50‐80 years old and were either non‐Hispanic white (n = 1618) or Hispanic white (n = 202). The main independent variable of interest was educational attainment. The main dependent variable of interest was poor physical SRH. Gender, age, marital status, and employment status were covariates. Ethnicity was the focal effect modifier.

Results

Overall, higher level of educational attainment was associated with better physical SRH. A significant interaction was found between ethnicity and level of educational attainment, which was indicative of a smaller physical SRH gain due to high educational attainment for Hispanic white compared to non‐Hispanic white older adults. In ethnic‐specific models, we found evidence suggesting that high educational attainment reduced the odds of poor physical SRH for non‐Hispanic whites but not for Hispanic whites.

Conclusion

Compared to non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanic whites gain less physical SRH benefits from their educational attainment.
Boron‐Catalyzed Carbonate Functionality Transfer Reaction
Authors: Rao Santhosh , Ashwathappa Puneeth Kumar Someswara , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: January 2019

A carbene transfer reaction has been studied to understand the nature of the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane stabilized donor‐acceptor carbene. For this, a carbonate (or dicarbonate) molecule has been employed resulting in an overall carbonate functionality transfer. The results show that the diazo‐derived carbenic carbon displays an electrophilic character. This also presents an opportunity to develop future carbene transfer reactions using a multitude of unconventional nucleophiles with the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalyst.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Induced Degradation of Ultrathin Gadolinium Oxide Nanoscrolls for Magnetic‐Resonance‐Imaging‐Monitored, Activatable Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Wu Miaomiao , Xue Yumeng , Li Na , Zhao Hongyang , Lei Bo , Wang Min , Wang Jianwei , Luo Meng , Zhang Chao , Du Yaping , Yan Chunhua
Published: January 2019

The development of biodegradable inorganic nanoparticles with a tumor microenvironment‐activated therapeutic mode of action is urgently needed for precision cancer medicine. Herein, the synthesis of ultrathin lanthanide nanoscrolls (Gd2O3 NSs) is reported, which biodegrade upon encountering the tumor microenvironment. The Gd2O3 NSs showed highly controlled magnetic properties, which enabled their high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Importantly, Gd2O3 NSs degrade in a pH‐responsive manner and selectively penetrate tumor tissue, enabling the targeted release of anti‐cancer drugs. Gd2O3 NSs can be efficiently loaded with an anti‐cancer drug (DOX, 80 %) and significantly inhibit tumor growth with negligible cellular and tissue toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This study may provide a novel strategy to design tumor microenvironment‐responsive inorganic nanomaterials for biocompatible bioimaging and biodegradation‐enhanced cancer therapy.
Unraveling the Homologation Reaction Sequence of the Zeolite‐Catalyzed Ethanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Process
Authors: Chowdhury Abhishek Dutta , Lucini Paioni Alessandra , Whiting Gareth T. , Fu Donglong , Baldus Marc , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2019

Although industrialized, the mechanism for catalytic upgrading of bioethanol over solid‐acid catalysts (that is, the ethanol‐to‐hydrocarbons (ETH) reaction) has not yet been fully resolved. Moreover, mechanistic understanding of the ETH reaction relies heavily on its well‐known “sister‐reaction” the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbons (MTH) process. However, the MTH process possesses a C1‐entity reactant and cannot, therefore, shed any light on the homologation reaction sequence. The reaction and deactivation mechanism of the zeolite H‐ZSM‐5‐catalyzed ETH process was elucidated using a combination of complementary solid‐state NMR and operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, coupled with on‐line mass spectrometry. This approach establishes the existence of a homologation reaction sequence through analysis of the pattern of the identified reactive and deactivated species. Furthermore, and in contrast to the MTH process, the deficiency of any olefinic‐hydrocarbon pool species (that is, the olefin cycle) during the ETH process is also noted.
Active‐Oxygen‐Enhanced Homogeneous Nucleation of Lithium Metal on Ultrathin Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Liu Ke , Fan Kui , Yang Yusen , Shao Mingfei , Wei Min , Duan Xue
Published: January 2019

The development of safe lithium‐metal anodes is crucial for the next‐generation rechargeable batteries. To stabilize Li metal anodes, pre‐planting Li nucleation seeds on lithiophilic substrates is an efficient strategy to regulate initial nucleation process of Li metal. Now, activated ultrathin layered double hydroxide (U‐LDHs) are reported as a promising lithiophilic 2D material to realize the uniform deposition of Li metal. The experimental studies and DFT calculations reveal that the active oxygen on U‐LDHs provides abundant atomic‐scale active sites for Li homogeneous nucleation and plating. Moreover, the lithiophilic properties of active oxygen is also related to its coordination environments. This work opens up an opportunity to more accurate regulation and understanding of Li nucleation from atomic‐scale based on 2D ultrathin materials.