bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fair Trade: What Does It Mean and Why Does It Matter?
Authors: Miller David
Published: June 2016

The paper begins by locating the issue of trade within the broader literature on international and global justice. It then sets out eight different conceptions of ‘fair trade’, and examines the principles that lie behind them. They fall into three broad categories: procedural fairness accounts, which apply principles of equal treatment to the international rules under which trade takes place; producers’ entitlement accounts, which claim that trade must be structured so that all participants are safeguarded against harms such as exploitation or poverty; and fair exchange accounts, which require trade to be conducted on terms that produce a particular division of resources or benefits between the trading partners. These conceptions are partly complementary, but may on occasion pull in different directions, requiring us to reflect on the relative weights we attach to different aspects of fairness in trade.
Fantasy Memories and the Lost Honor of Madame Chiang Kai-shek
Authors: Johansson Perry
Published: June 2016

The tale of a sexual tryst between China’s first lady Soong Mayling and the 1940 Republican u.s. presidential candidate Wendell Willkie on his visit to China in September and October 1942 has circulated in biographies and in the press. Yet there is no credible evidence of such a liaison. Drew Pearson, a political gossip columnist, probably cooked it up. He embellished an account he had learned from Gardner Cowles, a respected long-time Republican magazine publisher, who then “recovered” a memory based on his reading of Pearson’s story about the affair. The popularity of this fantasy suggests that it functions as what Sigmund Freud called a “screen memory” constructed around Soong Mayling as a “Dragon Lady” and covers over a traumatic memory of the American “loss of China” to communism.
Security Trumps Ideology
Authors: Kim Inhan
Published: June 2016

An important unresolved issue in u.s. policy in Asia after World War ii is the variation in the scale of land reforms in Japan and southern Korea during postwar American military occupation of these nations. The u.s. occupation authority in Japan conducted sweeping land redistribution, while the military government in Korea implemented very limited reform of landholding. This study asserts that the source of the variation lies in the different degrees of security threat to the two u.s. occupations. In Japan, the United States enjoyed a favorable security environment. No political force, either internal or external, challenged the authority of the occupation. Without fear of the islands falling to a hostile rival, u.s. occupation leaders focused on dissolving the concentration of wealth in rural society. By contrast, south of the 38th parallel in Korea, the u.s. occupation had to deal with challenges strong domestic Communist groups posed to its authority. In this unfavorable security environment, land reform might exacerbate existing chaos. The u.s. military government had to accommodate landed conservative elites as its governing partners to counter Communist organizations. Later, these former partners grew strong enough to block u.s. efforts to alter landholding and forced the occupiers to return home after only partial reform.
To Catch a Tiger by Its Toe
Authors: Schieder Chelsea Szendi
Published: June 2016

This article discusses a global theatrical spectacle that Moral Re-Armament (mra), a spiritual movement originating in the United States, produced in 1961. mra used contemporary protests in Japan, and actors ostensibly involved in them, as a strategy to bolster its authority in the context of U.S. Cold War policy in East Asia. How it claimed to represent Japan to the world and attempted to transform itself into the spokesman for the “Free World” offers insight into the symbolic position of East Asia in the United States and the areas it sought to influence during the early 1960s, a key moment in the intensifying U.S. involvement in East Asia, and offers a case through which to explore Christina Klein's model of “Cold War Orientalism.” mra tapped into this more inclusive discourse and also exploited ignorance in the United States about Japan to bolster widespread misconceptions about demonstrations in Tokyo. While introducing mra’s history, this essay teases out a gap between the reality and representation of Japanese politics and protest in the case of The Tiger, which reflects the historical context in which popular culture excluded real knowledge about how U.S. foreign policy affected, and often threatened, local political autonomy.
Sinostoma yunnanicum, the first nemastomatine harvestman in China (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae)
Authors: MARTENS JOCHEN
Published: June 2016

The easternmost Nemastomatinae species, Sinostoma yunnanicum n. gen., n. sp., from northern Yunnan, China is described. It extends the geographic distribution of Nemastomatinae by roughly 3000 km southeastwards. Within Nemastomatinae Sinostoma displays plesiomorphic characters, including the long, basic bulb of the truncus shaft and the extremely short glans of penis, armed with short robust spines. Sinostoma may represent a relict line in the early evolution of nemastomatine harvestmen.
Dynamics of Orographic Gravity Waves Observed in the Mesosphere over the Auckland Islands during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE)
Authors: Eckermann Stephen D. , Broutman Dave , Ma Jun , Doyle James D. , Pautet Pierre-Dominique , Taylor Michael J. , Bossert Katrina , Williams Bifford P. , Fritts David C. , Smith Ronald B.
Published: June 2016

On 14 July 2014 during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE), aircraft remote sensing instruments detected large-amplitude gravity wave oscillations within mesospheric airglow and sodium layers at altitudes z ~ 78–83 km downstream of the Auckland Islands, located ~1000 km south of Christchurch, New Zealand. A high-altitude reanalysis and a three-dimensional Fourier gravity wave model are used to investigate the dynamics of this event. At 0700 UTC when the first observations were made, surface flow across the islands’ terrain generated linear three-dimensional wave fields that propagated rapidly to z ~ 78 km, where intense breaking occurred in a narrow layer beneath a zero-wind region at z ~ 83 km. In the following hours, the altitude of weak winds descended under the influence of a large-amplitude migrating semidiurnal tide, leading to intense breaking of these wave fields in subsequent observations starting at 1000 UTC. The linear Fourier model constrained by upstream reanalysis reproduces the salient aspects of observed wave fields, including horizontal wavelengths, phase orientations, temperature and vertical displacement amplitudes, heights and locations of incipient wave breaking, and momentum fluxes. Wave breaking has huge effects on local circulations, with inferred layer-averaged westward flow accelerations of ~350 m s−1 h−1 and dynamical heating rates of ~8 K h−1, supporting recent speculation of important impacts of orographic gravity waves from subantarctic islands on the mean circulation and climate of the middle atmosphere during austral winter.
Algorithm for Determining the Statistical Properties of Cloud Particles through In Situ Ensemble Measurements
Authors: Hayman Matthew
Published: June 2016

An algorithm is described for inverting individual particle properties from statistics of ensemble observations, thereby dispelling the notion that coincident particles create inherently erroneous data in particle probes. The algorithm assumes that the observed property obeys superposition, that the particles are independently randomly distributed in space, and that the particle distribution is stationary over the accumulation distance. The fundamental principle of the algorithm is based on a derived analytical relationship between ensemble and individual particle statistics with fully defined derivatives. This enables rapid convergence of forward inversions. Furthermore, this relationship has no dependence on the particular instrument realization, so the accuracy of the relationship is not fundamentally constrained by the accuracy to which a measurement system can be characterized or modeled. This algorithm is presented in terms of a single observed property, but the derivation is valid for correlated multiparameter retrievals. Because data are collected in histograms, this technique would require relatively little storage and network bandwidth on an aircraft data system. This statistical analysis is derived here for measuring particle geometric extinction cross sections, but it could also be applied to other particle properties, such as scattering cross-section and phase matrix elements. In this example application, a simulated beam passes through a sampled environment onto a single detector to periodically measure beam extinction. This measured extinction may be the result of one or more particles, but it is shown that the probability distribution function of the ensemble (multiparticle) extinction measurement can be used to obtain the distribution of individual particle extinction cross sections (used here as a proxy for particle size distribution).
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome During Combined Modality Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wakasaki Takahiro , Gotoh Seiji , Tomonobe Eri , Mihara Takenao , Fukushima Junichi
Published: June 2016

Objectives:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare and acute disease with central nervous system symptoms. Without appropriate therapy, patients may exhibit a poor prognosis. PRES should be recognized as a possible problem during therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods:

A 56-year-old female developed PRES during combined modality therapy for HNSCC. On the fourth day after surgery and following chemoradiotherapy, PRES developed with a sudden visual disorder, followed by headache located at the back of the head and convulsions accompanied by impaired consciousness. We diagnosed PRES based on the clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging data.

Results:

The patient recovered from PRES by appropriate treatment.

Conclusion:

This is the first case report of PRES developed during treatment for HNSCC. Masked by other cerebrovascular disorders, more cases of PRES could exist than usually expected; therefore, we should consider PRES as a differential diagnosis for central nervous system disorders developing during high-intensity therapy.
Tweeting to Health
Authors: Chung Arlene E. , Skinner Asheley C. , Hasty Stephanie E. , Perrin Eliana M.
Published: June 2016

We developed and pilot tested a mHealth intervention, “Tweeting to Health,” which used Fitbits, Twitter, and gamification to facilitate support for healthy lifestyle changes in overweight/obese (OW) and healthy weight (HW) young adults. Participants tracked activity and diet using Fitbits and used Twitter for messaging for 2 months. Physical activity, dietary intake, and Tweets were tracked and participants completed surveys at enrollment, 1 month, and 2 months. Descriptive statistics were used to examine steps/day, physical activity intensity, lifestyle changes, and total Tweets. Participants were on average 19 to 20 years old and had familiarity with Twitter. OW participants had on average 11 222 daily steps versus 11 686 (HW). One-day challenges were successful in increasing steps. Participants increased fruit/vegetable intake (92%) and decreased their sugar-sweetened beverage intake (67%). Compliance with daily Fitbit wear (99% of all days OW vs 73% HW) and daily dietary logging (82% OW vs 73% HW) and satisfaction was high.
Kamau Brathwaite’s Rhythms of Migration
Authors: Gargaillo Florian
Published: June 2016

This article considers Kamau Brathwaite’s formal articulation of the migrant experience in Rights of Passage (1967). More specifically, it demonstrates how Brathwaite uses patterns of repeated sound — and the way those repetitions work in conjunction with, run counter to, or enter into a complicated relationship with, the metre of a line and stanza — to explore the role of migration in the Caribbean. This rhythmic principle closely mirrors his theory of Caribbean history as “tidalectic” rather than “dialectic”, cyclical rather than linear. Thus the rhythmic shifts described in this essay enact, and give poetic shape to, a historical reality specific to the poet’s native region.
Study on aerodynamic frictional drag on the surface of flexible fabric
Authors: Yan Yuxiu , Nie Yusi , Wu Jiahong , Jin Zimin , Tao Jianwei
Published: June 2016

This paper focused on investigating impact factors and relationships of the aerodynamic frictional drag on the surface of flexible fabrics. Firstly, based on fluid dynamics, a preliminary model for aerodynamic frictional drag was defined as [Formula: see text], where P is pressure difference between both sides of the fabric, f is the air frictional drag coefficient, and v is wind speed. Wind tunnel testing was carried out on 27 groups of textile samples of varying fibers, blending ratios, and structures. Utilizing a Visual Basic program, the model was established as [Formula: see text], which was proven to be reliable by model fitting of experimental data by the least-squares theory. The air frictional drag coefficients of 27 samples were calculated accordingly. Finally, correlation analysis was made on the blending ratio, structure, and air frictional drag of nine groups of textile samples. As a result of this work, the blending ratio of fibers was found to be positively correlated with air frictional resistance on the surface of the fabric such that the higher the ratio of cotton fiber, the lower the air frictional resistance of the fabric, which was due to the fuzz irregularly distributed on the surface of the yarn that brought forward the transition point from laminar to turbulent flow. Meanwhile, the evaporation rate of the textile was also positively correlated with air frictional drag. The study could provide the basis for the development of low drag fabrics and sportswear, thus promoting athletes’ performance in competitions.
New directions for universities?
Authors: Heap Stephen
Published: June 2016

Universities help shape individuals and societies. Contemporary Anglican theologians argue the shaping universities are involved in should be towards the common good, including by creating graduates as citizens. That is well within the mainstream of what universities have traditionally been about. It is also consistent with what other commentators are currently saying. Present higher education policy focuses on universities serving the economy and enabling social mobility. Both those are important, but society faces other and complex challenges which universities should be involved in addressing, including by helping society and graduates seek the good, and, some argue, God, in the midst of those challenges. If universities do not rise to such challenges, they will fail their students and society.
Restoring the Political
Authors: Weaver Timothy
Published: June 2016

This article focuses on the key contributions made by Adolph Reed Jr., focusing on his efforts to “restore the political” to analysis of urban politics and race. Reed’s position resists the lamentable tendency to “naturalize” political phenomena through abstractions such as the rational, utility-maximizing individual; the unitary city interest; and notion of a corporate black interest. In particular, Reed brings into sharp relief the deficiencies of Paul Peterson’s “city limits” idea and the widely popularized notion that African Americans share a “collective racial interest.” I offer an interpretation of Reed’s work that suggests, notwithstanding the centrality of critique in his work, that he offers an optimistic vision that opens up the possibility of alternatives to neoliberalism and its attendant ills.
Nothing succeeds like success? Equity, student outcomes, and opportunity to learn in high- and middle-income countries
Authors: Santibañez Lucrecia , Fagioli Loris
Published: June 2016

A strong relationship between article background and educational outcomes fuels a negative inequality cycle. This paper explores the interplay between student socioeconomic status and educational outcomes, and the mediating role of Opportunity-to-Learn (OTL) in high- and middle-income countries. Using data from PISA 2012, we find that the relationship between OTL and mathematics achievement is mostly positive. The magnitude of this relationship is higher in more affluent societies. Our results raise the possibility that unobserved teacher quality, school leadership, or other features of schools in lower-income countries make OTL less productive than in more developed nations. This lends support to the “complementary process” hypothesis and the notion that success (or riches) begets success. The analysis also shows that OTL mediates the effect of individual socioeconomic and cultural background on educational outcomes. This finding lends support for a policy emphasis on classroom-level practices as one key lever for improving learning and upward mobility for disadvantaged students.
Development of the Galaxy Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Model Using Data from ECLIPSE: Internal Validation of a Linked-Equations Cohort Model
Authors: Briggs Andrew H. , Baker Timothy , Risebrough Nancy A. , Chambers Mike , Gonzalez-McQuire Sebastian , Ismaila Afisi S. , Exuzides Alex , Colby Chris , Tabberer Maggie , Muellerova Hana , Locantore Nicholas , Rutten�van Mölken Maureen P. M. H. , Lomas David A.
Published: June 2016

Background. The recent joint International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research / Society for Medical Decision Making Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force emphasized the importance of conceptualizing and validating models. We report a new model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (part of the Galaxy project) founded on a conceptual model, implemented using a novel linked-equation approach, and internally validated. Methods. An expert panel developed a conceptual model including causal relationships between disease attributes, progression, and final outcomes. Risk equations describing these relationships were estimated using data from the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) study, with costs estimated from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) study. Implementation as a linked-equation model enabled direct estimation of health service costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for COPD patients over their lifetimes. Internal validation compared 3 years of predicted cohort experience with ECLIPSE results. Results. At 3 years, the Galaxy COPD model predictions of annual exacerbation rate and annual decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second fell within the ECLIPSE data confidence limits, although 3-year overall survival was outside the observed confidence limits. Projections of the risk equations over time permitted extrapolation to patient lifetimes. Averaging the predicted cost/QALY outcomes for the different patients within the ECLIPSE cohort gives an estimated lifetime cost of £25,214 (undiscounted)/£20,318 (discounted) and lifetime QALYs of 6.45 (undiscounted/5.24 [discounted]) per ECLIPSE patient. Conclusions. A new form of model for COPD was conceptualized, implemented, and internally validated, based on a series of linked equations using epidemiological data (ECLIPSE) and cost data (TORCH). This Galaxy model predicts COPD outcomes from treatment effects on disease attributes such as lung function, exacerbations, symptoms, or exercise capacity; further external validation is required.
Why Do Health Economists Promote Technology Adoption Rather Than the Search for Efficiency? A Proposal for a Change in Our Approach to Economic Evaluation in Health Care
Authors: Scotland Graham , Bryan Stirling
Published: June 2016

At a time of intense pressure on health care budgets, the technology management challenge is for disinvestment in low-value technologies and reinvestment in higher value alternatives. The aim of this article is to explore ways in which health economists might begin to redress the observed imbalance between the evaluation of new and existing in-use technologies. The argument is not against evaluating new technologies but in favor of the “search for efficiency,” where the ultimate objective is to identify reallocations that improve population health in the face of resource scarcity. We explore why in-use technologies may be of low value and consider how economic evaluation analysts might embrace a broader efficiency lens, first through “technology management” (a process of analysis and evidence-informed decision making throughout a technology’s life cycle) and progressing through “pathway management” (the search for efficiency gains across entire clinical care pathways). A number of model-based examples are used to illustrate the approaches.
Macrophage Subsets Within Granulomatous Intestinal Lesions in Bovine Paratuberculosis
Authors: Fernández M. , Benavides J. , Castaño P. , Elguezabal N. , Fuertes M. , Muñoz M. , Royo M. , Ferreras M. C. , Pérez V.
Published: June 2016

Animals infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis show a variety of granulomatous lesions that range from focal forms, seen in the subclinical stages, to diffuse lesions associated with clinical signs. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize the macrophages present in the different lesion types using immunohistochemical methods. Lesions from a total of 23 animals with bovine paratuberculosis, natural and experimental, were examined by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CD163, interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp-1), calprotectin, Ki-67, CD68, lysozyme, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) molecules were employed. Samples were scored semiquantitatively using a complete histological score (H-score), reflecting the staining intensity and the percentage of immunolabeled macrophages. Differences in the H-score were seen depending on the lesion type. In focal lesions, with none or few acid-fast bacilli (AFB), macrophages were polarized toward M1 phenotype, with high H-scores for iNOS and TNF-α. Diffuse multibacillary lesions showed M2 differentiation, with high expression of CD163, IL-10, and TGF-β as well as Nramp-1 and MHC class II antigens. Macrophages in diffuse paucibacillary forms showed high H-scores for iNOS but low ones for TNF-α. Diffuse lesions, either multibacillary or paucibacillary, showed high calprotectin and low Ki-67 expression, suggesting a progressive character, while focal forms, with low H-scores for these antigens, would be consistent with latency. Lysozyme and CD68 expression were related to the amount of AFB. H-score for Iba-1 antibody was similar among all types. The findings of this study provide insights into the polarization status of macrophages and lesion development in bovine paratuberculosis.
The Orientation and Variation of the Acromioclavicular Ligament
Authors: Nakazawa Masataka , Nimura Akimoto , Mochizuki Tomoyuki , Koizumi Masahiro , Sato Tatsuo , Akita Keiichi
Published: June 2016

Background:

Several biomechanical studies have shown that the acromioclavicular (AC) ligament prevents posterior translation of the clavicle in the horizontal plane. In anatomy textbooks, however, the AC ligament is illustrated as running straight across the AC joint surface.

Hypothesis:

The AC ligament does not run straight across the joint surface, and the configuration of the AC ligament may vary.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

We used 16 pairs of shoulder girdles in this study. After identifying the AC ligament, we macroscopically investigated the orientation and attachment of the ligament and measured the angle between the ligament and the line perpendicular to the AC joint surface by using a digital goniometer. In addition, the AC joint inclination angle was measured, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the joint inclination and the ligament angle was calculated. Finally, we sought to classify the AC ligament based on its configuration. Of the 16 pairs of specimens, 3 pairs of shoulders were histologically examined.

Results:

The AC ligament was divided into 2 parts: a bundle at the superoposterior (SP) part and a bundle at the anteroinferior (AI) part of the joint. The well-developed SP bundle was consistent and ran obliquely at an average ± SD 30° ± 6° in relation to the AC joint surface, from the anterior part of the acromion to the posterior part of the distal clavicle. The joint inclination was 70° ± 12°, and a negative moderate correlation was found between the joint inclination and the ligament angle ( P = .02, r = −0.46). In comparison, the AI bundle was thin and narrow, and it could be categorized into 3 types according to its various configurations.

Conclusion:

The AC ligament could be separated into the SP bundle and the AI bundle. The SP bundle ran posteriorly toward the distal clavicle from the acromion at an average angle of 30° to the joint surface.

Clinical Relevance:

Anatomic reconstruction, based on the current findings in combination with findings regarding the coracoclavicular ligament, could facilitate improved outcome in the treatment of AC joint disruption.
Comprendre le robot : commentaires sur Goudey et Bonnin (2016)
Authors: Belk Russell
Published: June 2016

Goudey et Bonnin démontrent de manière indiscutable notre volonté d’accepter les robots, indépendamment de l’ampleur de leur apparence humaine. Cette réflexion vise à approfondir leur point de vue de deux manières. Tout d’abord, en élargissant notre conception de ce qui constitue un robot, j’estime que nous avons déjà accepté bon nombre de robots non humanoïdes et que même les entités robotiques dépourvues de présence visuelle peuvent être convaincantes et attrayantes. Deuxièmement, je propose d’élargir l’analyse psychologique de « l’ambigüité catégorielle » de la publication originale grâce à l’approche anthropologique de Mary Douglas. Douglas laisse entendre que l’ambigüité catégorielle est inacceptable, car tout ce qui est perçu comme une transgression des frontières catégorielles remet en cause nos croyances culturelles et l’ordre social. Dans le cas des robots, les convictions ébranlées sont les notions fondamentales de ce qui rend les êtres humains uniques et privilégiés dans le monde. A mesure que les machines deviennent de plus en plus performantes, selon certaines sources, elles menacent d’éclipser, voire de supplanter, la race humaine. Je propose plusieurs thèmes de recherche d’ordre comportemental et éthique qu’il est indispensable d’aborder, si nous voulons faire face et nous préparer à de telles éventualités.
Parenteral Nutrition and Infection Risk in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: McCleary Emily J. , Tajchman Sharla
Published: June 2016

The safety of parenteral nutrition (PN) administration in critically ill patients has been the subject of much controversy. Historically, PN administration has been associated with an increased risk of bacterial and fungal infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Much of the data showing increased infectious complications compared with either no nutrition or enteral nutrition was derived from early studies conducted in the 1980s–2000s. Poor glucose control and hyperalimentation are confounding factors in many early studies, making it difficult to determine the true PN infection risks. While PN studies conducted during the past 10 years have failed to show the same infection rates, these risks continue to be cited as dogma. Potential reasons for such discordant results include improved glycemic control, avoidance of overfeeding, and improved sterility and central venous catheter care. Understanding the true infectious risk of PN administration in the intensive care unit is necessary to optimize patient care, as inappropriately withholding such nutrition is potentially deleterious. This review is meant to serve as a practical guide to the bedside clinician who is evaluating the risks and benefits of initiating PN in a critically ill patient. Each component of PN will be evaluated based on risk of infection, and the potential ways to mitigate risks will be discussed.
The complex relationship between transparency and accountability: A synthesis and contribution to existing frameworks
Authors: Mabillard Vincent , Zumofen Raphael
Published: June 2016

Accountability and transparency are of growing importance in contemporary governance. The academic literature has broadly studied the two concepts separately, defining and redefining them, putting them into various frameworks, and sometimes mistakenly using them as synonyms. Curiously, the relationship between the two concepts has been studied only by a few scholars with preliminary approaches. This theoretical article focuses on both concepts, attempting first to describe them, taking into account the various evolutions in the literature and recent developments, and also the first attempts to link the two concepts. In order to show a new approach linking the concepts, theoretical situations in which the concepts are linked are portrayed, demonstrating the need to reconsider the relationship between transparency and accountability. Consequently, a new framework amending the most recent approaches is presented, theoretically delimited and exemplified through practical cases.
A novel monitoring method for turning tool wear based on support vector machines
Authors: Yang Songsong , Wang Shilong , Yi Lili , Xue Hong , Cao Yang , Sun Shouli
Published: June 2016

Tool wear monitoring is critical for ensuring product quality and productivity. This article presents a novel tool wear prediction model based on improved least squares support vector machine method, combined with leave-one-out technique and Nelder–Mead technique. Leave-one-out is applied to tune the regularization factor and radial basis function kernel parameter of least squares support vector machine for enhancing the global search ability. Nelder–Mead is applied to raise the local search ability. The optimized least squares support vector machine based tool wear prediction model is constructed by learning the highly nonlinear correlationships between tool cutting conditions and actual tool wear. The effectiveness of the proposed prediction model is validated by experiments. Compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm-based least squares support vector machine and basic least squares support vector machine, Nelder–Mead-leave-one-out-based least squares support vector machine demonstrates a better performance in prediction accuracy, generalization, robustness, and convergence. The average accuracy obtained in tests for tool wear prediction is above 97%. This model provides theoretical basis for the machining condition configuration in the actual processing.
James Moores Ball: Ophthalmologist, medical historian, bibliophile
Authors: Feibel Robert M
Published: June 2016

James Moores Ball (1862–1929) was an ophthalmologist in St. Louis, Missouri, who excelled as a medical historian and collector of rare and historic books about the history of anatomy. During his lifetime, he was best known as the author of a comprehensive, authoritative, and popular textbook titled Modern Ophthalmology. First published in 1904, there were five further editions. Ball was very interested in the history of anatomy and wrote two books on this subject, the first being a biography of Andreas Vesalius, one of the earliest in English, and the second a history of the resurrection men or grave robbers who sold corpses to professors of anatomy and surgery for teaching purposes. His legacy today is the 470 volumes of his personal library, which are now in the Archives and Rare Books department of the Becker Medical Library of the Washington University School of Medicine. These texts are one of their major collections, concentrating on the history of anatomy, beginning with a first edition of Vesalius's De Humani Corporis Fabrica and holding many important and beautiful landmark volumes of anatomical atlases.
Dissent and Displacement of Subalternity in Malayalam Cinema: A Cultural Analysis of Papilio Buddha by Jayan K. Cherian
Authors: Raj Sony Jalarajan , Gopinath Swapna , Sreekumar Rohini
Published: June 2016

The theme of subalternity with its inherent ramifications is yet to find favour among film makers in India. Progressive film makers of the 1960s attempted to address the theme of subaltern and dared to give the subaltern a voice, but they remained singular attempts. Through a case study on a Malayalam film (a regional film industry from the state of Kerala in India) Papilio Buddha this article tries to analyze the representation of Dalit community in Indian cinema. Though Malayalam film industry has tried to address the concern of Dalits, they have been stereotyped in many ways and reduced to being sidekicks to villains or unskilled labourers having no identity. They remained as instruments to idolize the hero, to act as a contrast to the elite protagonist or as the poor helpless victims who offer the protagonist an opportunity to display his heroism. Papilio Buddha grabbed media attention when it was denied clearance by the censor board as it explores the territory of Dalit consciousness by focusing the lens on the land strike by the Dalit communities and creating a counter narrative to the hitherto idealized images created by the state.
Experimental and numerical studies on the flow-induced vibration of propeller blades under nonuniform inflow
Authors: Tian Jin , Croaker Paul , Li Jiasheng , Hua Hongxing
Published: June 2016

This article presents the experimental and numerical studies on the flow-induced vibration of propeller blades under periodic inflows. A total of two 7-bladed highly skewed model propellers of identical geometries but different elastic characteristics were operated in four-cycle and six-cycle inflows to study the blade vibratory strain response. A total of two kinds of wire mesh wake screens located 400 mm upstream of the propeller plane were used to generate four-cycle and six-cycle inflows. A laser Doppler velocimetry system located 100 mm downstream of the wake screen plane was used to measure the axial velocity distributions produced by the wake screens. Strain gauges were bonded onto the propeller blades in different positions. Data from strain gauges quantified vibratory strain amplitudes and excitation frequencies induced by the wake screens. The propellers were accelerated through the flexible propeller’s fundamental frequency to investigate the effect of resonance on vibratory strain response. The numerical work was conducted using large eddy simulation and moving mesh technique to predict the unsteady forces acting on the propeller blade when operating in a nonuniform inflow.
Supporting Biomedical Students Struggling With Second-Choice-Syndrome to Thrive Rather Than Just Survive First Year
Authors: Taylor Donnalee B. , Harrison Glenn J.
Published: June 2016

The James Cook University (JCU) Biomedical Science students struggle with their first year and “second-choice-syndrome” as evidenced by high inter-degree transfer rates and low primary degree completions despite the cohort having high subject or unit grade point averages. This project evaluated the impact of two extracurricular support initiatives (email newsletters and themed luncheons) to deliver just-in-time information and support on student engagement and success. Students and academics rated the initiatives highly with positive support themes of networking, collegiality, belonging and engagement; there was no direct improvement in subject grades or degree satisfaction metrics. However, there was an increase in degree, college, and university student retention. It is becoming increasingly important to recognize and separate the classic academic measures of grades as an indication of success and that more personal or social support is required for students to thrive regardless of cohort demographics or career path. A student’s initial experience on campus is important and influences students’ persistence in higher education and their believed capabilities.
Lifting simulation of an offshore supply vessel considering various operating conditions
Authors: Jeong Dong-Hoon , Roh Myung-Il , Ham Seung-Ho
Published: June 2016

Recently, an offshore support vessel is being widely used to install an offshore structure such as a subsea equipment which is laid on its deck. The lifting operation which is one of the installation operations includes lifting off, lifting in the air, splash zone crossing, deep submerging, and finally landing of the structure with an offshore support vessel crane. There are some major considerations during this operation. Especially, when lifting off the structure, if operating conditions such as ocean environmental loads and hoisting (or lowering) speed are bad, the excess of tension of wire ropes of the crane and the collision between the offshore support vessel and the structure can be occurred due to the relative motion between them. To solve this problem, this study performs the lifting simulation while the offshore support vessel installs the structure. The simulation includes the calculation of dynamic responses of the offshore support vessel and the equipment, including the wire tension and the collision detection. To check the applicability of the simulation, it is applied to some lifting steps by varying operating conditions. As a result, it is confirmed that the conditions affect the operability of those steps.
Smoke on the water: A case report of chronic renal failure resulting from the ingestion of smoke machine fluid
Authors: Trimble Alice , Partridge Richard
Published: June 2016

We report the case of an 18-year-old male admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, who developed chronic kidney disease following the ingestion of smoke machine fluid. Smoke machine fluid may contain ethylene glycol, and a diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicity with calcium oxalate nephropathy was made. This case resulted in a National Poisons Information Service internal review of the subject and a new TOXBASE entry for smoke machine fluid ingestion.
Disassociating the Agent From the Self
Authors: Seto Elizabeth , Hicks Joshua A.
Published: June 2016

Undermining the belief in free will influences thoughts and behavior, yet little research has explored its implications for the self and identity. The current studies examined whether lowering free will beliefs reduces perceived true self-knowledge. First, a new free will manipulation was validated. Next, in Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to high belief or low belief in free will conditions and completed measures of true self-knowledge. In Study 2, participants completed the same free will manipulation and a moral decision-making task. We then assessed participants’ perceived sense of authenticity during the task. Results illustrated that attenuating free will beliefs led to less self-knowledge, such that participants reported feeling more alienated from their true selves and experienced lowered perceptions of authenticity while making moral decisions. The interplay between free will and the true self are discussed.
Protective factors and risk factors
Authors: Thompson Bryant , Ravlin Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

Dyadic work relationships are fundamental to effective organizing and are a means by which individuals find meaning at work. Such relationships may contain latent competencies with the potential to infuse the dyad with purpose. Meaningful dyadic relationships depend on the dyad’s ability to be resilient to within-dyad adversity. Our conceptual analysis examines how interpersonal interactions emerge to dyad-level phenomena in the wake of such adversity. We introduce dyadic resilience, detail the process by which it emerges, identify protective factors and risk factors of dyadic resilience, and posit that the emergence of dyadic resilience influences dyadic thriving over time.
Internet use for mental health information and support among European university students: The e-MentH project
Authors: Montagni Ilaria , Donisi Valeria , Tedeschi Federico , Parizot Isabelle , Motrico Emma , Horgan Aine
Published: June 2016

The aim of the present study was to describe the socio-demographic variables associated with the use of the Internet for mental health information-seeking by European university students, including participants’ trust in the Internet, and their use of the Internet in comparison to traditional formal mental health care. A cross-sectional anonymous 25-item survey was conducted with 2466 students in three courses (Computer Science, Law, Nursing) from four European universities (France, Ireland, Italy, Spain). Participants were equally distributed in all four countries; they were mostly females (57.5%), with a mean age of 21.6 years. Overall, female, French and Nursing students were more likely to look for mental health information. The majority (69.7%) of students reported that information about mental health on the Internet was unreliable. Among all participants, Spanish students reported a higher trust in web content. The findings suggest that university students frequently use the Internet for mental health information-seeking but not for mental health support. Furthermore, they do not entirely trust the Internet for mental health-related issues. This should be considered in planning Internet-based programmes for mental health promotion and prevention in university students.
Characterization of aberrant splicing of von Willebrand factor in von Willebrand disease: an underrecognized mechanism
Authors: Hawke Lindsey , Bowman Mackenzie L. , Poon Man-Chiu , Scully Mary-Frances , Rivard Georges-Etienne , James Paula D.
Published: June 2016

Key Points

Aberrant splicing is an underrecognized mechanism causing VWD and is affected by shear stress. Alternative splicing of endothelial VWF occurs in the normal population.
Neonatal and Maternal Temperature Regulation During and After Delivery
Authors: Perlman Jeffrey , Kjaer Klaus
Published: June 2016

An important goal of obstetric anesthesia is to provide for the safety and comfort of the mother as well as to optimize physiologic outcomes for the neonate. Markers of neonatal physiologic outcome include cord umbilical artery pH and Apgar scores. Neonatal temperature has often been overlooked by anesthesiologists as an important physiologic outcome measure, but it may be significantly affected by operating room conditions and obstetric anesthesia technique at cesarean delivery. There is a dose-dependent increase in mortality with decreasing body temperature as well as an increased likelihood for more severe early respiratory distress. Multiple neonate-focused strategies have been shown to decrease the incidence of neonatal hypothermia. Because fetal temperature is affected by maternal temperature, strategies to mitigate maternal hypothermia at the time of delivery may also be important in preventing neonatal hypothermia. This focused review will examine the importance of neonatal temperature and discuss its relationship to maternal temperature as well as strategies for maintaining neonatal normothermia after delivery.
Peripheral Venous Pressure as an Indicator of Preload Responsiveness During Volume Resuscitation from Hemorrhage
Authors: Kinsky Michael , Ribeiro Nicole , Cannesson Maxime , Deyo Donald , Kramer George , Salter Michael , Khan Muzna , Ju Hyunsu , Johnston William E.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:

Fluid resuscitation of hypovolemia presumes that peripheral venous pressure (PVP) increases more than right atrial pressure (RAP), so the net pressure gradient for venous return (PVP-RAP) rises. However, the heart and peripheral venous system function under different compliances that could affect their respective pressures during fluid infusion. In a porcine model of hemorrhage resuscitation, we examined whether RAP increases more than PVP, thereby reducing the venous return pressure gradient and blood flow.

METHODS:

Anesthetized pigs (n = 8) were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg and resuscitated with stored blood and albumin for pulmonary artery occlusion pressures (PAOPs) of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm Hg. Venous pressures, inferior vena cava blood flow (ultrasonic flowprobe), and left ventricular diastolic compliance (Doppler echocardiography) were measured. Stroke volume variability was calculated.

RESULTS:

With volume resuscitation, the slope of RAP exceeded PVP (P ≤ 0.0001) when PAOP is 10 to 20 mm Hg, causing the pressure gradient for venous return to progressively decrease. Inferior vena cava blood flow did not further increase after PAOP > 10 mm Hg. The E/e′ ratio increased (P = 0.001) during resuscitation indicating reduced diastolic compliance. A significant curvilinear relationship was found between PVP and stroke volume variability (R
2 = 0.62; P < 0.001), where fluid responders had PVP < 15 mm Hg.

CONCLUSIONS:

Fluid resuscitation above a PAOP 10 mm Hg reduces myocardial compliance and reduces the venous return pressure gradient. The hemodynamic response to fluid resuscitation becomes limited by diastolic properties of the heart. PVP measurement during hemorrhage resuscitation may predict fluid responsiveness and nonresponsiveness.
Total Joint Replacement Perioperative Surgical Home Program: 2-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Cyriac James , Garson Leslie , Schwarzkopf Ran , Ahn Kyle , Rinehart Joseph , Vakharia Shermeen , Cannesson Maxime , Kain Zeev
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:

Previously, our group successfully established one of the nation’s first Perioperative Surgical Homes (PSHs) aimed at coordinating services to patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). As we now focus on extending the PSH to other service lines within the hospital, the long-term sustainability of this practice model is an important factor to consider moving forward.

METHODS:

We prospectively collected data from all patients who underwent elective primary TKA and THA at our institution between October 1, 2012, and September 30, 2014. Prospectively collected data included length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission rate, postoperative pain scores, and complications.

RESULTS:

During the 2-year period, there were 328 primary joint arthroplasty patients. Overall, the median LOS was significantly shorter in the second year of the PSH initiative (P = 0.03). Stratified by procedure, the median LOS for patients undergoing THA was significantly shorter in the second year (P = 0.02), whereas the median LOS for patients undergoing TKA did not differ between the 2 time periods. In the second year of the PSH initiative, significantly more patients were discharged home than to a skilled nursing facility compared with year 1 of the PSH initiative (P = 0.02). Readmission rates within 30 days after surgery to our institution were 0.9% (0.0–4.4) in the first year of the PSH initiative and 3.3% (confidence interval, 1.3%–7.2%) in the second year of the PSH initiative (P = not significant). Pain scores did not change significantly from year 1 to year 2 (P = not significant).

CONCLUSIONS:

Data for the second year of implementation demonstrate similarly positive results in LOS, pain control, discharge destination, readmission, transfusion rates, and complications.