bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mamíferos no voladores del Parque Nacional Sangay, Ecuador
Authors: Brito M. Jorge , Ojala-Barbour Reed
Published: October 2016

In this study we present the results of inventory efforts of non-volant mammals in Sangay National Park (SNP), one of the least studied regions of Ecuador. We conducted inventories at 9 locations between December 2010 and June 2015 along a gradient of elevations between 1.300 and 3.650 m. To document the presence of non-volant mammals we used capture techniques (Sherman, Tomahawk, and pitfall traps) and direct and indirect detection techniques (track and sign surveys, interviews). The trap effort consisted of 5.730 trap/nights. We detected 86 species in the study area of which rodents were the most diverse group with 36 species (41.8%). The small mammals Chilomys instans, Neusticomys vossi, Ichthyomys cf. stolzmanni, Thomasomys fumeus, Dactilomys dactylinus and Echimys saturnus, the marsupial Marmosa rubra were detected in the SNP for the first time. The shrew-opossum Caenolestes sangay, shrew Cryptotis montivaga and rodents Phyllotis haggardi, Thomasomys fumeus, T. hutsoni, T. cf silvestris, Rhipidomys sp. nov., y Cavia patzelti are endemic species that speak to the biogeographic importance of SNP. Our results with additions from other published studies indicate the presence of 103 species of non-volant mammal, positioning it as the most diverse natural area in the Andes of Ecuador, and as the second most diverse of the tropical Andes.
As traduções dos nomes próprios nas histórias em quadrinhos: um estudo de caso das tiras de Mafalda, de Quino
Authors: Silva Bárbara Zocal da
Published: October 2016

Os nomes próprios têm como principal função identificar um referente. A tradução desses nomes envolve certas convenções literárias próprias de cada língua e existem muitos procedimentos possíveis dos quais os tradutores podem se valer para realizá-la. Dependerá do valor não ficcional – nomes que não acrescentam um significado por si só, embora possam conter um valor conativo ou fazer associações determinadas (González; González 1991) – e ficcional – quando o valor informativo do nome é tido como intencional, sendo considerado inclusive como descritivo (Nord 2003). A partir dessa discussão, o presente artigo descreve quais as práticas recorrentes na tradução dos nomes próprios em histórias em quadrinhos e identifica qual o referente priorizado nas três traduções brasileiras das tiras de Mafalda, de Quino.
Clinical Impact of Subsequent Depression in Patients With a New Diagnosis of Stable Angina
Authors: Szpakowski Natalie , Bennell Maria C. , Qiu Feng , Ko Dennis T. , Tu Jack V. , Kurdyak Paul , Wijeysundera Harindra C.
Published: October 2016

Background—

Depression is prevalent among patients with myocardial infarction and is associated with a worse prognosis. However, little is known about its importance in patients with chronic stable angina. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study to determine the occurrence and predictors of developing depression in patients with a new diagnosis of chronic stable angina. In addition, we sought to understand its impact on subsequent clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results—

Our cohort included patients in Ontario, Canada, with stable angina based on obstructive coronary artery disease found on angiogram. Depression was ascertained by physician billing codes and hospital admissions diagnostic codes. We first developed multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to determine predictors of developing depression. Clinical outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, admission for myocardial infarction, and subsequent revascularization. Using hierarchical multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with occurrence of depression as a time-varying variable to control for potential immortal time bias, we evaluated the impact of depression on clinical outcomes. Our cohort consisted of 22 917 patients. The occurrence of depression after diagnosis of stable chronic angina was 18.8% over a mean follow-up of 1084 days. Predictors of depression included remote history of depression, female sex, and more symptomatic angina based on Canadian Cardiovascular Society class. Patients who developed depression had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.62–2.07) and admission for myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.10–1.67) compared with nondepressed patients.

Conclusions—

Depression is common in patients with chronic stable angina and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
Exploring Temporal Patterns in Big History Dynamics
Authors: LePoire David J.
Published: October 2016

This paper addresses the question of whether there are temporal patterns throughout history that might indicate underlying system dynamics. In the paper, I explore the rates of important events as a measure of time. Two periods of mathematical patterns are found in the decreasing rate of events following the Big Bang due to cooling and in the subsequent increase in rates due to complex adaptive systems evolving by capturing increasing energy flows. A potential inflection transition scenario for extension of this latter pattern of complex adaptive systems is explored. Our interpretation of these processes requires progress in the understanding of quantum physics and time.
Modernizing the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners – A Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Tiroch Katrin
Published: October 2016

While international human rights law provides a general framework of rights and safeguards for persons deprived of their liberty, the reality for them is often harsh. The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners are a key reference point in this context, setting forth global minimum standards and essential elements for the treatment of prisoners and the management of detention centers. However, having been adopted more than half a century ago, critics have pointed out that the Rules no longer reflect the changing nature and context of detention and practically outdate the evolution of the international system for the protection of human rights. Over the past few years, the Rules have undergone an extensive revision process with a view to addressing these deficiencies and modernizing the standards in this field. This contribution seeks to analyze the revision process and evaluate its outcome document from a human rights perspective.
Ethnocultural Diversity and Human Rights: Legal Categories, Claims, and the Hybridity of Group Protection
Authors: Pentassuglia Gaetano
Published: October 2016

In this article I explore the interface between theoretical accounts of the field, the overlapping dimensions of international legal categories in framing ethnocultural claims, as well as the impact of international legal practice, particularly human rights jurisprudence, on addressing those claims both on their own merits and within the wider context of human rights law. By doing so, I seek to provide a perspective on ethnocultural diversity in human rights discourse that is less concerned with issues of group status and right-holding and more interested in capturing complex overarching dimensions surrounding the field. I argue that looking at the nature and structure of claims is as important as discussing how to maximise protection for tightly construed classes of groups – universally and in the Arctic region. In this context, I also argue for a hybrid understanding of group protection that puts strains on rigid conceptual dichotomies between the individual and the group in human rights law.
On Adjunct Case in Chinese
Authors: Ernst Thomas
Published: October 2016

This paper aims to account for the anomalous postverbal position of Chinese duration/frequency expressions, such as Ta lai-Ie liang ci 'S/he came twice', by saying that they receive Case from the verb. We follow Li's (1990) analysis in this, but go further in (a) justifying Case assignment to adjuncts as a fairly common phenomenon cross-linguistically, (b) showing that multiple Caseassignment by V is allowed (contra Li), and (c) proposing a specific role for Case assignment by zero prepositions for a class of specially-marked nouns.
The Character 維•惟•唯 ywij and the Reconstruction of the 月旨 Zhi 微 and Wei Rhymes
Authors: Jacques Guillaume
Published: October 2016

This article proposes a new reconstruction of two rhyme categories of Archaic Chinese. A series of dissimilatory changes caused mergers of the *-uj / *-ij and *-uj / *-ij distinctions in some environments by the time of the Shijing. This made opaque the relationship between 維, 非 and 雖 three important function words in Archaic Chinese. Using our new reconstruction, we will be able to explain their exact relationship and to disprove other etymologies on the basis of which 糸隹 is to be compared with 惠，爲 and copula in Tibeto-burman languages. Finally, the article offers a preliminary study of the phonological al rules in the fusion of words.
DU NOMBRE DANS LA LANGUE CHINOISE : A PROPOS DE -MEN
Authors: Maury Félicité
Published: October 2016

The grammatical category of number — unmarked singular vs marked plural — is lacking, right from its origin, in the Chinese language. Words used to indicate plurality can be already noticed, however, in documents prior to the Qin dynasty. Later, particles appear which play a similar role after personal pronouns and some nouns. -Men is one of them. Several hypotheses have been put forward about the origin of this suffix, which would date back to five centuries ago.

In modern Chinese, -men is used as a plural marker for personal pronouns, which can therefore be said to possess the grammatical category of number. Nouns behave quite differently. While a noun that is marked with -men must be interpreted as "plural", an unmarked noun can be interpreted as either "singular" or "plural". -Men can only be used after both animate and humain nouns that are generally definite and when an indefinite numbering operation is implied ; its presence seems to indicate totality.

The Chinese language has other means at its disposal to specify the number of nouns. Consequently, -men is not likely to be more widely used.
Aristotle’S Denial of Deliberation About Ends
Authors: Cammack Daniela
Published: October 2016

Although Aristotle stated that we do not deliberate about ends, it is widely agreed that he did not mean it. Eager to save him from implying that ends are irrational, scholars have argued that he did recognize deliberation about the specification of ends. This claim misunderstands Aristotle’s conceptions of both deliberation and ends. Deliberation is not the whole of reasoning: it is a subcategory concerning only practical matters within our power. Not deliberating about something thus does not preclude other forms of reflection on it, such as that involved in specification. Yet on Aristotle’s view, our ends are not in our power. They are generated not by individual choice but by nature, which in the case of human beings includes roles for both language and politics. Ends are thus beyond individual deliberation, though not beyond reason. This is no minor point. The claim that human beings can act rationally depends upon it.
Yunicella, a new genus in the Empoasca-complex of the Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from China and Thailand
Authors: SUO HUI-FENG , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , QIN DAO-ZHENG
Published: October 2016

A new leafhopper genus, Yunicella gen. nov., based on the type species, Yunicella rotunda, sp. nov., is described from Yunnan (southwest China) and Thailand, and placed in the Empoasca-complex of the tribe Empoascini. Habitus photos and illustrations of male genitalia of this new species are given. Differences between this new genus and related genera are also discussed.
The diversity and evolution of locomotor muscle properties in anurans
Authors: Astley Henry C.
Published: October 2016

Anuran jumping is a model system for linking muscle physiology to organismal performance. However, anuran species display substantial diversity in their locomotion, with some species performing powerful leaps from riverbanks or tree branches, while other species move predominantly via swimming, short hops or even diagonal-sequence gaits. Furthermore, many anurans with similar locomotion and morphology are actually convergent (e.g. multiple independent evolutions of ‘tree frogs’), while closely related species may differ drastically, as with the walking toad (Melanophryniscus stelzneri) and bullfrog-like river toad (Phrynoides aspera) compared with other Bufonid toads. These multiple independent evolutionary changes in locomotion allow us to test the hypothesis that evolutionary increases in locomotor performance will be linked to the evolution of faster, high-power muscles. I tested the jumping, swimming and walking (when applicable) performance of 14 species of anurans and one salamander, followed by measurement of the contractile properties of the semimembranosus and plantaris longus muscles and anatomical measurements, using phylogenetic comparative methods. I found that increased jumping performance correlated to muscle contractile properties associated with muscle speed (e.g. time to peak tetanus, maximum shortening speed, peak isotonic power), and was tightly linked to relevant anatomical traits (e.g. leg length, muscle mass). Swimming performance was not correlated to jumping, and was correlated with fewer anatomical and muscular variables. Thus, muscle properties evolve along with changes in anatomy to produce differences in overall locomotor performance.
Problems of Detection and Assessment of Personnel Security Organization Vulnerability
Authors: Тимофеева  , Timofeeva A. , Кузнецова  , Kuznetsova N.
Published: October 2016

The presence of vulnerabilities in the system of organization personnel security ensuring, increases the probability of appearance and implementation of personnel threats, which entails the need for their identification and assessment. The article highlights the variety of organization personnel security vulnerabilities: personnel vulnerabilities (vulnerabilities of personal qualities and external environment) and organization vulnerabilities. As an evaluation tool of personal qualities vulnerabilities we propose to use a secure employee profile, which includes such characteristics as: employee knowledge and understanding of regulations and procedures of personnel security ensuring, professional, moral and psychological reliability, absence of various addictions, as well as an increased vulnerability to the external environment. This study is based on materials of an expert survey. The agreement among the experts verified using the Kendall’s W. The analysis resulted in a qualitative profile characteristic, comprising the description of the qualities, character traits, behavioral features of a secure employee.
Research Trends of the Labour Market in 2016
Authors: Захаров  , Zakharov Dmitriy
Published: October 2016

This article discusses the current trends, analysis and forecasts of the labor market situation in Russia. Results the effect of the global economic crisis on the labor market. It was revealed that the crisis has forced workers significantly revise their professional requirements. In particular, today the Russian top managers and key specialists emphasize employment is the stability of the company in the market, even the prospects for career and professional growth overshadowed. The recommendations on the adjustment of human resources management strategy of the organization, taking into account trends and forecasts of the labor market. The new targets have to work with the company personnel are performance evaluation and staff development. These strategic priorities, on the one hand — a direct consequence of the difficulties in the economy, dictating the most balanced market participants to expend resources, on the other hand — an attempt to control service personnel to reach a new level of business.
Dental radiography in the cat and dog
Authors: Perry Andrew James
Published: October 2016

This is the first in a two-part article reviewing dental radiography and radiology. This article reviews the rationale behind dental radiography, what equipment the general practitioners needs, and the techniques for successful radiograph acquisition. The second article will explore veterinary dental radiology and review of image evaluation, trouble shooting common image faults, normal anatomy and common pathology.
Solution of Pattern Waves for Diffusive Fisher-like Non-linear Equations with Adaptive Methods
Authors: Owolabi Kolade M. , Patidar Kailash C.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we investigate some simple numerical methods for the solution of one-dimensional reaction–diffusion problems in biological context to study the rate of diffusivity, travelling wave patterns and mechanism of logistic growth in Fisher and Nagumo equations. Hitherto, most computations in the last decade have been restricted to lower order method due to the difficulty involved in the combination of non-linearity and stiffness. In this paper, we have adopted matrix formulation techniques based on finite difference scheme of order four for the spatial discretization of the partial differential equation. For the time evolution, fourth-order exponential time-differencing (ETD) Runge–Kutta method is considered. This method provides an order of magnitude improvement over its fourth-order counterparts such as fourth-order ETD method, fourth-order ETD method of Adam-type as well as fifth-order ETD and sixth-order ETD methods whose formulations are based on ETD techniques. Applicability and suitability of our approach is demonstrated with some numerical experiments and comparison is equally made with the existing software packages.
Editing a Discourse, Not a Text: Meta-Methodological Remarks on an Editorial Endeavour
Authors: Rockenberger Annika
Published: October 2016

Whereas in literary studies poststructuralist theory (e. g. deconstruction, discourse analysis, broad concepts of intertextuality, ›Death of the Author‹-claims and several versions of anti-intentionalism) has had – and still has – a massive impact on practices of

However, within my contribution I will outline an entirely different approach by asking the question: If we actually decided to give up on author-centricity in scholarly editing and radically rejected authors’ intentions as well as authors’ single or collected works as objects of textual scholarship, could the yet unrealized project of ›editing a discourse‹ or ›discourse edition‹ work as a complement, an extension, or a replacement of traditional editions?

To make this clear: So far there is no such thing as a discourse edition, so I cannot give a

One of the underlying ideas of this article is to confront contemporary edition philology (textual scholarship) – which is oriented towards categories like author, work, or text – with a ›foil‹ for contrast specifically invented for the purpose to show quite plainly that those leading categories scholarly editorial work is based on are anything but self-evident and without any alternatives but in the end rather contingent (namely upon

I designed a meta-philological thought experiment to exemplify exactly this and I will thereby reveal a discipline-specific methodological ›blindness‹, irritate seemingly unproblematic habitual ways of thinking and thus uncover a deficit of reasoning and self-reflection in the field. Basically, I will clarify some implicit (categorial and methodological) presuppositions of scholarly editing and thereby uncover some aspects of the (invisible) normative framework underlying editorial practices.

Firstly, I will clarify

Secondly, I will ask

When I will have shown that a discourse edition can actually be

Finally, I will briefly consider the question of
DIGESTIBILITY OF SELECTED FEED INGREDIENTS FOR TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Authors: Usman Usman , Williams Kevin C. , Rimmer Mike A.
Published: October 2016

The apparent digestibility (AD) of eight feed ingredients are widely available in Indonesia was determined. In each of two 5x5 latin-square experimental, tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus juveniles (100—150 g) were fed a reference diet and four test diets in accordance with the latin-square design. Test feed ingredients were substituted at rates of 40% for animal meals or 30% for plant meals. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. In determining the ingredient AD, the substitution ratio was calculated as the proportion of the nutrient (or energy) contributed by the test ingredient on an ‘as-is’ basis. Digestibility tanks were steeply slope 200 L cylindroconical tanks with a bottom outlet to facilitate faecal collection, which was carried out at 3-hourly intervals throughout the day. Each collection period took 5—7 days with a similar acclimatization time between diets. A combined ANOVA of the data for both experimental showed no difference (P>0.05) in the AD’s for each reference diets. Thus for comparative purpose, the derived AD’s of the test ingredients were analysed as a single ANOVA. The digestibility of animal meals was generally high (>59% for dry matter, >83% for protein, >65% for lipid, and >70 for gross energy) while that of plant meals was slow (<53% for dry matter, <53% for protein, <66% for lipid, and <46% for gross energy). This information will enable grow-out feeds for tiger grouper to be formulated on a least-cost digestible nutrient basis.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM-BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR SITE SELECTION OF GREEN MUSSEL, Perna viridis, MARICULTURE IN LADA BAY, PANDEGLANG, BANTEN PROVINCE
Authors: Radiarta I Nyoman , Albasri Hatim , Sudradjat Achmad
Published: October 2016

Green mussel is one of important species cultured in Lada Bay, Pandeglang. To provide a necessary guidance regarding green mussel mariculture development, finding suitable site is an important step. This study was conducted to identify suitable site for green mussel mariculture development using geographic information system (GIS) based models. Seven important parameters were grouped into two submodels, namely environmental (water temperature, salinity, suspended solid, dissolve oxygen, and bathymetry) and infrastructural (distance to settlement and pond aquaculture). A constraint data was used to exclude the area from suitability maps that cannot be allowed to develop green mussel mariculture, including area of floating net fishing activity and area near electricity station. Analyses of factors and constraints indicated that about 31% of potential area with bottom depth less than 25 m had the most suitable area. This area was shown to have an ideal condition for green mussel mariculture in this study region. This study shows that GIS model is a powerful tool for site selection decision making. The tool can be a valuable tool in solving problems in local, regional, and/or continent areas.
FREQUENT MONITORING OF WATER TEMPERATURE IN PEGAMETAN BAY, BALI: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF MARINE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Radiarta I Nyoman , Erlania Erlania , Sugama Ketut , Yudha Hirmawan Tirta , Wada Masaaki
Published: October 2016

Aquaculture currently share for nearly half of the world’s food fish consumption, and continue to be the fastest-growing animal food producing sector. The viability of aquaculture operation has greatly been affected by the characteristic of marine environment. Inventory and monitoring of marine environment are necessary and can be done through information technology implementation. Frequent monitoring of water temperature, for almost one year observation, at four aquaculture sites in Pegametan Bay and Research and Development Institute for Mariculture was investigated. Water temperature data were obtained by using logger and buoy systems. These data were contrasted against marine fish mortality. On the other hand, the suitability of species requirements with the thermal conditions was evaluated by comparing temperature range to the optimum and lethal temperature information available on marine fish species of aquaculture interest. This research could be beneficial for enhancing productivity of marine aquaculture operation in terms of possible impact of climate change. It was also possible to find the ideal temperature range for culturing fish species, taking into account the variability associated with large-scale phenomena.
STATUS INTRODUKSI IKAN DAN STRATEGI PELAKSANAAN SECARA BERKELANJUTAN DI PERAIRAN UMUM DARATAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Umar Chairulwan , Sulaiman Priyo Suharsono
Published: October 2016

Masuknya jenis ikan asing berpotensi merubah keseimbangan pada perairan umum daratan, dan di Indonesia gejala ini sudah mulai terlihat. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk membahas lebih lanjut tentang perkembangan introduksi ikan asing, strategi pelaksanaan intoduksi dan berbagai dampaknya terhadap komunitas ikan asli perairan di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan melalui penelusuran dan studi pustaka tentang: sejarah kegiatan introduksi ikan yang dilakukan ke Indonesia, jenis-ikan introduksi ikan di Indonesia dan kegiatan introduksi ikan yang telah dan dilakukan di Indonesia beserta dampaknya. Verifikasi lapangan dilakukan pada tahun 2011 di beberapa danau dan waduk antara lain Danau Sentani, Danau Kerinci, Danau Matano dan Waduk Riam Kanan. Data yang terkumpul ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa introduksi ikan asing dilakukan di Indonesia sebelum tahun 1900. Introduksi ikan yang telah dilakukan selama ini, lebih banyak dilakukan tanpa melalui kajian ilmiah yang mendalam dan telah terbukti mengakibatkan hilang atau berkurangnya populasi ikan asli atau endemik serta menjadi agen pembawa penyakit.

The entry of alien fish species could potentially change the balance of the inland waters and in Indonesia this symptoms was shown. The paper aims are to discuss more about the development introduction of alien fish species, the introduction implementation strategy and its impact to indigenous fish species communities in Indonesian inland waters. The study was conducted through a literature research about: the history of fish introductions activities which carried out in Indonesia, the species of fish introduction in Indonesia and the activities of introduction fish that have been conducted in Indonesia and its impact. Field verification was conducted in 2011 at several lakes and reservoir such us: Sentani Lake, Kerinci Lake, Matano Lake and Riam Kanan Reservoir. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that alien fish introductions were conducted in Indonesia before 1900. Introductions of fish those have been conducted so far is mostly done without in-depth scientific study and it has been shown affected in lost or reduced populations of indigenous or endemic species of fish as well as being an agent of disease carrier.
IKAN HIAS AIR TAWAR EKSPOR INDONESIA
Authors: Satyani Darti , Subamia I Wayan
Published: October 2016

Spesies ikan hias air tawar dari Indonesia yang diekspor oleh para eksportir terutama dari daerah Jabodetabek sangat banyak. Pasar ekspor merupakan pasar terbesar untuk ikan hias Indonesia. Negara tujuan ekspor hampir ke seluruh dunia, mulai dari Eropa, Amerika, Australia, Jepang, Cina, Hongkong, Singapura bahkan Timur Tengah seperti Iran dan Arab Saudi. Nilai ekspor yang tercatat pada tahun 2000 masih sekitar 4 juta dollar namun tahun 2003 sudah mencapai sekitar 15 juta dollar US versi Badan Pengembangan Ekspor Nasional, dan tahun 2006 sudah dicapai 130 juta dollar US. Walaupun demikian menurut versi BPEN pula Indonesia baru mengisi 9% pasar di Eropa dan 6% ke Amerika, sementara Singapura mengisi 25% dan 30%-nya. Ikan ekspor ini terdiri atas spesies-spesies ikan yang berasal dari perairan Indonesia sendiri dan ikan introduksi dari perairan negara lain seperti Amerika Selatan, Afrika, dan AsiaTenggara lainnya. Produk didapatkan dari hasil tangkapan alam maupun dari hasil budidaya. Beberapa merupakan ikan yang di re-ekspor dari negara asal ke negara pengimpor. Data jenis ikan yang telah dibuat dalam bentuk tabulasi didasarkan dari asal ikan didapatkan dari list beberapa eksportir yang berada di daerah Jakarta, Bogor, Bekasi, dan Depok. Dari data tersebut ternyata ikan asli perairan Indonesia masih banyak yang diambil dari alam (tangkapan), dan ikan introduksi yang masuk dan dibudidayakan disini justru lebih banyak.
PENENTUAN BAKTERI SULFAT REDUCING BACTERIA (SRB) DAN SULFUR OXIDAZING BACTERIA (SOB) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Nurjanna Nurjanna , Fajrihanif Ahmadirrahman
Published: October 2016

Pengamatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui populasi bakteri pereduksi sulfat dan pengoksidasi sulfur pada sedimen tambak menggunakan larutan pengencer yang berbeda. Sampel sedimen sebanyak 5 g digerus dengan lumpang penggerus yang steril hingga homogen. Dua jenis larutan pengencer yang steril yaitu larutan garam fisiologis (NaCl 0,85%) 9 mL dan larutan Artificial Sea Water (ASW) atau larutan air laut buatan 9 mL disiapkan. Selanjutnya masing-masing 1 g sedimen tambak yang telah homogen dimasukkan ke dalam larutan pengencer tersebut, kemudian divortex hingga homogen. Setelah homogen masing-masing diambil 100 L, kemudian dimasukkan dalam media penumbuh bakteri SRB dan SOB dalam microplate 24 lubang yang telah disiapkan sebelumnaya. Biakan tersebut kemudian diinkubasi secara Anaerobik selama 12 hari untuk bakteri SRB dan 14 hari untuk SOB. Pengamatan populasi bakteri SRB dilakukan dengan melihat adanya perubahan warna media dari warna merah muda menjadi warna hitam, sedangkan bakteri SOB dapat dilihat dengan adanya perubahan dari warna biru muda menjadi merah bata setelah penambahan larutan kalium iodid (larutan KI 1%) sebanyak 1 mL/lubang microplate. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa populasi bakteri SRB dengan menggunakan pelarut ASW dan garam fisiologis relatif sama terutama pada percobaan periode II dan IV. Sedangkan populasi bakteri SOB relatif lebih tinggi pada penggunaan pelarut garam fisiologis (NaCl 0,85%) dibanding pelarut ASW.
INFEKSI MYCOBACTERIOSIS PADA IKAN BUDIDAYA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Supriyadi Hambali
Published: October 2016

Penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri telah banyak ditemukan pada usaha budidaya ikan baik di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila telah banyak menimbulkan kerugian pada budidaya ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio), gurame (Osphronemus gouramy), dan ikan lele (Clarias batrachus). Penyakit tersebut juga telah menimbulkan kerugian yang tidak sedikit pada usaha budidaya ikan hias. Penyakit lain yang sekarang menjadi masalah yang tidak ringan pada usaha budidaya ikan adalah penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri Mycobacterium fortuitum. Penyakitnya terkenal dengan sebutan “mycobacteriosis” atau sering juga di istilahkan dengan “fish tuberculosis”. Lebih dari 150 jenis ikan baik ikan air tawar maupun ikan laut dapat terinfeksi oleh penyakit tersebut. Penyakit tersebut selain dapat menginfeksi ikan dapat juga menginfeksi manusia, terutama pada pembudidaya yang dalam menangani ikan yang terinfeksi oleh penyakit ini tidak dilakukan dengan hati-hati. Di Indonesia telah dilakukan beberapa penelitian tentang jenis ikan yang terinfeksi maupun sebarannya terutama di Pulau Jawa. Telah diketahui bahwa penyakit ini terutama menginfeksi ikan gurame (Osphronemus gouramy). Gejala klinis serangannya serta cara untuk diagnosa dan deteksi bagi penyakit tersebut telah banyak diteliti. Treatment/pengobatan terhadap penyakit tersebut relatif agak susah, jadi tindakan yang lebih baik dilaksanakan adalah tindakan pencegahan, dan segera memusnahkan dengan cara dikubur dan atau dibakar, apabila kita menemukan ikan yang terinfeksi oleh penyakit tersebut.
BEBERAPA JENIS IKAN LOKAL YANG POTENSIAL UNTUK BUDIDAYA: Domestikasi, Teknologi Pembenihan, dan Pengelolaan Kesehatan Lingkungan Budidaya
Authors: Nugroho Estu , Sukadi Mochammad Fatuchri , Huwoyon Gleni Hasan
Published: October 2016

Biodiversitas ikan-ikan air tawar lokal asli Indonesia sangat berlimpah namun belum banyak dimanfaatkan dalam budidaya. Pemanfaatan secara langsung masih dalam taraf penangkapan di alam yang dikhawatirkan dapat membahayakan populasinya di alam. Salah satu alternatif untuk pencegahannya adalah dengan upaya meningkatkan budidaya dan mengurangi penangkapan yang berlebihan. Langkah pertama yang dibutuhkan adalah melakukan domestikasi untuk mendapatkan teknologi pembenihannya dan upaya pengelolaan lingkungan yang dibutuhkannya. Sekitar 20 jenis ikan lokal asli Indonesia telah dimanfaatkan dalam budidaya ikan konsumsi, sedangkan teknologi yang telah berhasil dikembangkan tercatat pada 7 jenis ikan air tawar seperti ikan baung, jelawat, nilem, kancra, tawes, belida, dan betutu.
Radość zbierania. Filozoficzne aspekty kolekcjonerstwa
Authors: Nowak Witold
Published: October 2016

Artykuł jest poświęcony filozoficznym aspektom zbierania i kolekcjonowania rzeczy. Wychodzę od jednej z gatunkowych definicji człowieka jako „zbieracza” – zbieranie określa istotę ludzką od jej półzwierzęcych początków. Następnie przechodzę do omówienia i analizy głównych relacji, jakie łączą człowieka z rzeczami (naturalnymi i artefaktami). W zakończeniu staram się pokazać, że obcowanie z rzeczami może – pod pewnymi warunkami – przynieść człowiekowi więcej radości aniżeli ich konsumowanie.
Separation as a Primary Source of Unhappiness in Modern Society
Authors: Sadowski Sydney
Published: October 2016

This article addresses the causes of unhappiness in modern society from the perspective of three twentieth century writers. G. K. Chesterton, Josef Ratzinger (Benedict XVI) and Karl Rahner. In his work Orthodoxy, G. K. Chesterton, states that the virtues have been separated from each other and as such have gone mad. The effect of this causes separation in people as well. Josef Ratzinger proposes that in modern society death has been separated from life, the effect of which is a distortion of both. Karl Rahner demonstrates how people can become unhappy and unable to deal with the ever­‑changing situations of life because the modern person attempts to be happy by controlling and constructing his or her own future. The perspectives of these writers are used in this article to explain factors, which play upon the growing phenomenon of separateness and individualism that account for a feeling of isolation and unhappiness in modern societies.Also, a solution to these problems will be addressed suggesting a way that each individual, even from the very place of his or her own separateness, can attempt to join with others, but more specifically to help the other, as a way to overcome the isolation, fear, and separateness that lead to unhappiness.
Szczęście i perspektywa postrzegania czasu
Authors: Koc-Kozłowiec Barbara
Published: October 2016

Czas, a dokładniej jego postrzeganie, ma wpływ na poczucie szczęścia i zadowolenie z życia. Postrzeganie czasu zachodzi w trzech perspektywach: przeszłość, teraźniejszość oraz przyszłość. Myśląc o przeszłości, można przywołać w pamięci momenty dobre lub złe, co wzbudzi radość/smutek. Czynności wykonywane w teraźniejszości łączą się także z uczuciem zadowolenia (np. oglądanie pięknych przedmiotów) lub też nie. Natomiast antycypując przyszłość, człowiek indukuje określone uczucia (radość/smutek). W pracy Autorka prezentuje wyniki badań na temat perspektywy postrzegania czasu u badanych osób i ich poczucia szczęścia.
Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Collagen from Yellow Pike Conger Swimbladder with Acid-Hydro-Exctraction Method
Authors: Djailani Fernandy , Trilaksani Win , Nurhayati Tati
Published: October 2016

Swim bladder is one of marine potential byproducts for alternative source of collagen. This study aimed
to optimize hydro-extraction and characterized collagen. Extraction optimization of collagen was determined
using Box-behnken design response surface method with three variables: CH3COOH concentration, soaking
time and extraction time to yield response. Hydro-extraction collagen was characterization based on the
amino acid content, SDS-PAGE, FT-IR and DSC. Acording to the result, the concentration had significantly
influence yield. Optimum extraction conditions were variable combinations of acetic acid concentration of
0.1 M, for 1 h and hydro-extraction time of 1 h to produce the highest yield 63.35%. collagen was classified
as type I collagen by amino acid content, electrophoresis patterns and fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectra. The glass transition of collagen was 67.23oC, showed high thermal stability that can be applied to
the cosmetics industry and nutraceutical.
La técnica etimológica en la onomástica de Ovidio
Authors: Sierra Sánchez María Antonia
Published: October 2016

La técnica etimológica en la onomástica de Ovidio
Nosologie Des Enfants Dits Atypiques Dans La Societe Baoule (Cote D’ivoire)
Authors: Patrice KACOU Fato , Daouda DOUKOURE , Amédée-Pierre ATSE Achi
Published: October 2016

The study analyses the social mechanisms that govern the acceptance of children in Baoule society. It is clear to open a window on the social frames of reference from which, on the one hand, we refer to the so-called atypical children and on the other hand to classify them.. To do this, using qualitative approches, we collected data from a sexagenarian Baoulé tradi-prationer based in Bouaké, selected according to our target. The investigations led to the result that the social representations of pregnancy and child in the Baoulé society call for the observation of taboos during pregnancy and structure the typology of so-called mis fortune children. They also determine the social solutions to the cases of evil called children. That requires the urgent adoption of an interdisciplinary approch that puts together at least human and health sciences in the treatement of problems linked to infant mortality and beloyond, changes social perceptions in order to keep alive the so-called atypical children, codemned to death or socially marginalized.
Salvation and Morality: the Interconnections in African Thought
Authors: Ahortor Godson
Published: October 2016

A careful study and analysis of the religio-cultural practices of most tribal groups in Africa reveal that there is usually interconnectedness between the notions of salvation, morality and the conceptualisation of evil. It is thus believed that the ethical values and moral practices of such societies are sustained mainly by this interconnectedness of the concepts of the afterlife, morality and evil. As such, salvation among Africans in general can be said to have been greatly influenced by the ethical value systems of indigenous African societies from the perspective of their conceptualisation of evil. An investigation into the worldviews of the Tongu Mafi people reveals that this interconnectedness is firmly grounded in the beliefs and practices of the people. I contend in this paper therefore that the core indigenous beliefs, worldviews and practices of Africans are resilient and capable of sustaining their soteriological and moral practices. This paper is based on a phenomenological study of the Tongu Mafi people of Ghana mainly through interviews and observation of their religio-cultural practices. It concludes that the intersections of notions of salvation, morality and evil are couched in two moral principles: living a good life and avoiding evil. These two moral principles must be observed simultaneously in life for they constitute the foundations of the soteriological concerns and moral praxis of the Tongu Mafi people.
Evaluación De La Eficacia Del Implante Coclear En Función De La Edad De Implantación
Authors: Alegre O. M , Rodríguez M. C , Villar L. M , Pérez D
Published: October 2016

Introduction and objective: Childhood hearing loss affects cognitive, emotional and language development of children causing difficulties in communication. Therefore, many organizations stress the importance of early detection of hearing loss and early cochlear implantation. The purpose was to verify the effect of cochlear implants performed in children from Tenerife (sorted by chronological age, age at cochlear implantation and time of use of cochlear implant) in lexical comprehension and communication skills. Method: A psycholinguistic profile of all children implanted in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife during the years 2007-2012 using two standardized tests were developed: The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and the Picture Vocabulary Test (Peabody). Results: Most of the children studied were implanted at a late age (over 3-yearolds). This situation carries some functional use of the implant but causes an indiscernible development of oral communicative functions of children. Specifically, 20% of the sample (28 children) was implanted with less than 2- year-olds; another 28% of children was implemented between the ages of 2 and 3 years old; finally, 58% of children was implemented with more than 3- year-olds. The latter age of implantation may affect the standard language development. Conclusions: This study has become evident that early implantation has a positive effect on language development of deaf children.
Well Placement with Multilayer Bed Boundary Detection Technology as the Key to Reduce Complex Uncertainties
Authors: Dunaev V. , Makhambetov A. , Leontyev D. , Nazipov D. , Khabibullin R. , Sharov M. , Karpov V. , Karandey A.
Published: October 2016

To operate with the maximum efficiency and lead in the industry, the operators should utilize the most innovative technology. An operator, RITEK JSC, is one of the subsidiaries of the LUKOIL group, whose objectives are to implement the most up-to-date technologies.

Implementation of innovations is the fundamental principle of operations and development of the operator. Since 1992, the operator has been developing and implementing high-performance technologies to sustain and increment hydrocarbon reserves and improve production rates, upgrading operating facilities, optimizing work processes and employing highly experienced professionals.

One of the fields where the innovative technology was implemented, was the field named after V. Vinogradov, previously known as Bolshoe Olkhovskoe. The field, discovered in 1986, is located in Beloyarsky district of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District of Tyumen region. According to the volume of hydrocarbon reserves, the field is considered medium size, with complex geology.
Calculation Algorithm for Oil PVT-Properties
Authors: Darya Serebryakova
Published: October 2016

This paper describes a new algorithm for calculating oil PVT-properties and associated petroleum gas. The technique was created to increase the accuracy of the standard "Black Oil" model.

The method proposed is based on new correlation dependencies, material balance and correlation dependencies published by other authors in the past. To obtain new correlations, new compositional simulator (written in Visual Basic) and synthetic-oils were used. Bank of synthetic-oils covers a range of the PVT properties of real-oils (mainly Russian oil fields). Synthetic-oils are assumed to include only hydrocarbon components. Oil and gas PVT-properties at different temperature and pressure conditions were obtained by calculation using Peng-Robinson equation of state with shift parameter. Then correlations for properties at pressure below bubble-point pressure conditions have been created.

New correlations were tested on real oils from Data Bank (certain from Russian fields). For this comparative calculations have been carried out. Calculations based on the new correlations were compared with calculations based on compositional models. Resulting correlations were found applicable. Resulting correlations may be used for calculations with the proposed method as well as independently as an alternative to other existing calculate correlations. In general, for the calculations using the method concerned, parameters the only required are the same as for the model Black Oil: the density of oil and gas in standard conditions, the initial gas-oil ratio, temperature and pressure. Since the calculations with the approach developed are based on simple mathematical equations with use of minimum of input parameters and they don't require special software, the technique involved can be easily applied in making engineering decisions.
Mechanism of Oil Displacement During Polymer Flooding in Porous Media with Micro-Inhomogeneities
Authors: Shandrygin A. , Shelepov V. , Ramazanov R. , Andrianov N. , Klemin D. , Nadeev A. , Safonov S. , Yakimchuk I.
Published: October 2016

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process selection is an important part of field development strategy. One of the most important categories of EOR methods utilize certain chemical components that enhance the fluid properties. Polymer-enhanced waterfloods are one of the examples. During conventional waterfloods, the flow characteristics and displacement efficiency usually depends on a certain rock type in study. In a chemical EOR flood, there are a large number of parameters needed to be defined and optimized that impact process efficiency. The attempt to execute corefloods for various combinations of these parameters for each rock type would lead to a large number of tests not executable in a time frame compatible with timely decision making. And the destructive nature of the experimental chemical EOR floods prohibits repeated testing on the same core sample. The natural difference between the samples selected for the study can prevail over the process efficiency difference related to the certain design parameter in the study.

Digital core analysis can help to optimize design of EOR floods and reduce the associated uncertainty. In this work we apply digital core analysis to investigate the dynamics of oil displacement, using water and water-based polymer solutions in porous media. The described technology application includes scanning of core samples using X-ray microtomography, creating digital models for the samples in study, and running pore-scale hydrodynamic modeling using the density functional hydrodynamics (DFH) method, which combines density functional theory with compositional multiphase hydrodynamics. The results include visual snapshots of phase distributions at pore scale for various times during the waterflooding and polymer solution flooding at various concentrations.

Polymer-enhanced waterflooding increased the displacement coefficient by almost 2% and 20% for low- and high-concentrated polymer solutions, respectively. This effect was further explained by analyzing the dynamics of oil displacement on a pore scale. The results show an exemplary sensitivity study that investigates the dependency of the displacement coefficient on the polymer solution type and concentration. Additional sensitity studies with varying design parameters (slug size, injection sequence, polymer type, etc.) can be also performed.