bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the importance of river hydrodynamics in simulating groundwater levels and baseflows
Authors: Quan Tran Quoc , Meert Pieter , Huysmans Marijke , Willems Patrick
Published: December 2019

Research to date affirmed the key role of stream–aquifer interactions in integrated water resources management. The importance of river hydrodynamics on the spatial and temporal behaviour of groundwater was, however, not yet fully investigated. In contrast to the common approach where topography‐based estimates of riverbed elevation may lead to inappropriate discretization and constant river stages, this study couples a fully hydrodynamic and one‐dimensional river model to a two‐dimensional catchment hydrological model. The surface and subsurface runoff, groundwater, and river components are integrated into a single modelling framework. The coupled model was applied to a medium sized catchment in Belgium with three model setups, in which the level of detail of representation of river hydrodynamics varies. Further model iterations were carried out for the most exhaustive setup to assess the importance of the bi‐directional interactions between model components. Results show that higher details of river hydrodynamics help to improve the simulation of time‐averaged groundwater levels. However, the impacts were not that clear for the time‐varying groundwater levels. Moreover, visual and statistical model performance evaluation indicates a strong enhancement of the coupled models compared to the output from the hydrological model with respect to river discharge observations at catchment outlet and at internal stations. It also reveals the impact of river hydrodynamics on groundwater discharges when the most detailed setting delivered the highest performance among the three coupled models.
Con la ley y sin la ley/With and without the law: Utilization of abortion services and case fatality in Mexico, 2000–2016
Authors: Darney Blair G. , Fuentes‐Rivera Evelyn , Polo Gerardo , Saavedra‐Avendaño Biani , Alexander Lily T. , Schiavon Raffaela
Published: December 2019

Objective

To describe utilization of health services for, and case fatality from, abortion in Mexico.

Method

A historical cohort study using a census of state‐level aggregate hospital discharge and primary care clinic data across Mexico's 32 states from January 2000 to December 2016. Abortive events and changes over time in utilization per 1000 women aged 15–44 years, and case fatality per 100 000 abortion‐related events were described by year, health sector, and state. Associations of location (Mexico City vs 31 other states) and time (Mexico City implemented legal abortion services in 2007) with outcomes were tested by linear regression, controlling for secular trends.

Results

The national abortion utilization rate was 6.7 per 1000 women in 2000, peaked at 7.9 in 2011, and plateaued to 7.0 in 2016. In Mexico City, utilization peaked at 16.7 in 2014 and then plateaued. Nationwide, the case‐fatality rate declined over time from 53.7 deaths per 100 000 events in 2000 to 33.0 in 2016. Case fatality declined more rapidly in Mexico City than in the other 31 states to 12.3 in 2015.

Conclusion

Case fatality from abortive events has decreased across Mexico. Where abortion became legal, utilization increased sharply but plateaued afterward.
Osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells on eggshells‐derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for tissue engineering
Authors: Patel Dinesh K. , Jin Bin , Dutta Sayan Deb , Lim Ki‐Taek
Published: December 2019

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from biowaste eggshells through sonication followed by the heat treatment. Calcium oxide as a precursor moiety for the synthesis of HAp was obtained through the heat treatment of eggshells at 900°C for 3 hr. The prepared HAp was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The appearance of the FTIR absorption peaks in between at 516–1031 and 3,636 cm−1 shows phosphate and hydroxyl groups in prepared HAp, respectively. The XRD‐patterns indicate the formation of HAp started within 5 min of sonication. The SEM morphologies suggested that the synthesized HAp was highly crystalline and compact. We tested the elemental analysis of the synthesized HAp through X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The higher Ca/P ratio has observed in heat‐treated HAp. These results show that heat treatment facilitates the formation of highly crystalline and compact HAp. Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were also evaluated in the presence of HAp. No significant cytotoxicity was noted in the presence of HAp, suggested their biocompatibility. Enhanced osteogenesis of hMSCs occurred with HAp powder, confirming the feasibility in the treatment of osteogenesis. Thus, synthesized HAp has the potential to use a biomaterial in tissue engineering applications for bone tissues.
Deterioration of Cortical and Trabecular Microstructure Identifies Women With Osteopenia or Normal Bone Mineral Density at Imminent and Long-Term Risk for Fragility Fracture: A Prospective Study
Authors: Chapurlat Roland , Bui Minh , Sornay-Rendu Elisabeth , Zebaze Roger , Delmas Pierre D. , Liew Danny , Lespessailles Eric , Seeman Ego
Published: December 2019

More than 70% of women sustaining fractures have osteopenia or “normal” bone mineral density (BMD). These women remain undetected using the BMD threshold of −2.5 SD for osteoporosis. As microstructural deterioration increases bone fragility disproportionate to the bone loss producing osteopenia/normal BMD, we hypothesized that the structural fragility score (SFS) of ≥70 units, a measure capturing severe cortical and trabecular deterioration, will identify these women. Distal radial images were acquired using high-resolution peripheral quantitative tomography in postmenopausal French women, mean age 67 years (range 42–96 years); 1539 women were followed for 4 years (QUALYOR) and 561 women followed for 8 years (OFELY). Women with osteopenia or normal BMD accounted for ~80% of fractures. Women ≥70 years, 29.2% of the cohort, accounted for 39.2% to 61.5% of fractures depending on follow-up duration. Women having fractures had a higher SFS, lower BMD, and a higher fracture risk assessment score (FRAX) than women remaining fracture-free. In each BMD category (osteoporosis, osteopenia, normal BMD), fracture incidence was two to three times higher in women with SFS ≥70 than <70. In multivariable analyses, associations with fractures remained for BMD and SFS, not FRAX. BMD was no longer, or weakly, associated with fractures after accounting for SFS, whereas SFS remained associated with fracture after accounting for BMD. SFS detected two-to threefold more women having fractures than BMD or FRAX. SFS in women with osteopenia/normal BMD conferred an odds ratio for fracture of 2.69 to 5.19 for women of any age and 4.98 to 12.2 for women ≥70 years. Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analyses showed a significant area under the curve (AUC) for SFS, but not BMD or FRAX for the women ≥70 years of age. Targeting women aged ≥70 years with osteopenia indicated that treating 25% using SFS to allocate treatment conferred a cost-effectiveness ratio < USD $21,000/QALY saved. Quantifying microstructural deterioration complements BMD by identifying women without osteoporosis at imminent and longer-term fracture risk. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Contextualizing negative sense of community and disconnection among urban youth of color: “Community…We ain't got that”
Authors: Lardier David T. , Barrios Veronica R. , Forenza Brad , Herr Kathryn G. , Bergeson Carrie , Suazo Catherine Michelle , Garcia‐Reid Pauline , Reid Robert J.
Published: December 2019

We explore the experiences of urban youth of color, as well as perceptions, of feeling disconnected and having an overall negative sense of community (SOC). Drawing on data from 11 focus groups, youth (N = 59) describe their communities and lived experiences. We document several themes put forward through the lens of SOC and community connection that highlight perceived lack of membership, needs fulfillment, influence, and overall emotional connection to their community. Unpacking youth's perceptions of their community, we suggest that—in the face of such realities—community‐based organizations, such as those the youth find themselves in, aid in creating connectedness and help heal youth from the effects of social conditions experienced daily.
Synthesis, reactions, and antimicrobial activity of some novel pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[4,3‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine, and pyrazolo[4,3‐e][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐c]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Hassaneen Hamdi M. , Saleh Fatma M. , Abdallah Tayseer A. , Mohamed Yasmin Sh. , Awad Enas M.
Published: December 2019

Treatment of N‐phenyl‐substituted benzenecarbo‐hydrazonoyl chlorides 1a‐d with malononitrile in sodium ethoxide solution gave 5‐amino‐4‐cyanopyrazole derivatives 2‐5. Compounds 2‐5 were converted to formidate derivatives 6‐9 upon treatment with TEOF in acetic anhydride. The reaction of the latter products 6‐9 with hydrazine hydrate gave imino‐amino derivatives 10‐13, which was converted to hydrazino derivatives 14‐17 by refluxing with hydrazine hydrate. Hydrazino as well as imino‐amino derivatives undergo condensation, cyclization, and cycloaddition reactions to give pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine 18‐21, pyrazolo[4,3‐e][1,2,4]triazolo‐[3,4‐c]pyrimidine 22‐27, and pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6‐b][1,2,4]triazine 42‐44 derivatives. Antimicrobial studies are performed using two Gram‐positive bacteria and two Gram‐negative bacteria. Data indicated that compounds 5, 28D, 29B, and 31D are exploring elevated antibacterial effects against all strains tested. Compound 28D is the most promising antibacterial agent against the delicate bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high effectiveness (low minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value) 40 and 60 μg/mL, respectively.
Implant surface alters compartmental‐specific contributions to fixation strength in rats
Authors: Ko Frank C. , Meagher Matthew J. , Mashiatulla Maleeha , Ross Ryan D. , Virdi Amarjit S. , Sumner Dale R.
Published: December 2019

Mechanical fixation of the implant to host bone is an important contributor to orthopedic implant survivorship. The relative importance of bone‐implant contact, trabecular bone architecture, and cortical bone geometry to implant fixation strength has never been directly tested, especially in the settings of differential implant surface properties. Thus, using a rat model where titanium rods were placed into the intramedullary canal of the distal femur, we determined the relative contribution of bone‐implant contact and peri‐implant bone architecture to the fixation strength in implants with different surface roughness: highly polished and smooth (as‐received) and dual acid‐etched (DAE) implants. Using a training set that maximized variance in implant fixation strength, we initially examined correlation between implant fixation strength and outcome parameters from microcomputed tomography and found that osseointegration volume per total volume (OV/TV), trabecular bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), and cortical thickness (Ct.Th) were the single best compartment‐specific predictors of fixation strength. We defined separate regression models to predict implant fixation strength for as‐received and DAE implants. When the training set models were applied to independent validation sets, we found strong correlations between predicted and experimentally measured implant fixation strength, with r2 = .843 in as received and r2 = .825 in DAE implants. Interestingly, for as‐received implants, OV/TV explained more of the total variance in implant fixation strength than the other variables, whereas in DAE implants, Ct.Th had the most explanatory power, suggesting that surface topography of implants affects which bone compartment is most important in providing implant fixation strength.
Effect of extraction time on content, composition and sensory perception of proanthocyanidins in wine‐like medium and during industrial fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon
Authors: Lisjak Klemen , Lelova Zorica , Žigon Uroš , Bolta Špela Velikonja , Teissedre Pierre‐Louis , Vanzo Andreja
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

The research objectives focused on the extraction of grape tannins during extended maceration. Skins and seeds were extracted separately in a wine‐like medium. In parallel, the same grapes were fermented in industrial tanks. The content and structural characteristics of extractable proanthocyanidins (PAs) were determined spectrophotometrically and using UHPLC‐DAD‐MS/MS, respectively. Skin, seed extracts and fermented wines were characterized in chemical and sensorial terms after different extraction durations.

RESULTS

The extraction of high molecular‐weight PAs (HMWPs) from seeds increased for up to 20 days, whereas low molecular‐weight PAs (LMWPs) reached a plateau earlier. The extraction of HMWPs and LMWPs from skins reached a maximum at the first sampling. Sensory evaluation confirmed greater astringency and bitterness of seed extracts with increasing time. Neither seed nor skin extracts differed statistically in terms of the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) and percentage of galloylation (%G) on different extraction days (except for seeds at the first sampling). During industrial maceration, HMWPs and LMWPs increased up to 12.7% alcohol (9 days of maceration); thereafter, the increase was not significant, whereas the mDP, %G and percentage of prodelphinidins did not significantly change after 11.4% alcohol. There were positive correlations with the wine astringency and PA content.

CONCLUSION

Looking at both simulated and industrial maceration, it can be concluded that, with a longer maceration time, the increase in HMWP content was more evident than PA structural changes. The increasing content of tannins from seeds played an important role in the greater astringency and bitterness of Cabernet Sauvignon macerated at length. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Solvent‐based strategy improves the direct determination of key parameters in edible fats and oils by 1H NMR
Authors: San Martín Emilio , Avenoza Alberto , Peregrina Jesús M. , Busto Jesús H.
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Edible fats and oils are very important in nutrition and as a main source of energy and are also essential nutrients. There are several methods for the analysis of edible fats and oils, but nowadays nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is emerging as a powerful tool (albeit complex and high‐tech demanding) to identify, quantify, and differentiate many types of food, including fats and oils. In this sense, the challenges of this technique are the simplification of methodology and taking advantage of a 400 MHz NMR instrument.

RESULTS

Through an adequate mixture of solvents, we have developed a methodology to quantify essential parameters in edible fats and oils, including 1,2‐diacylglycerol, 1,3‐diacylglycerol, and 1‐monoacylglycerol, by using a single experiment and without the need for matrix derivatization.

CONCLUSION

This methodology has been successfully applied to the analysis of olive, sunflower, corn, sesame, and peanut oils, as well as butter, walnut, salmon, and spicy pork sausage. Moreover, the evolution of thermal oxidation and lipolysis of virgin olive oil and sunflower has been analyzed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of rosemary extract on lipid oxidation of cooked pork during simulated gastric digestion
Authors: Liu Shengnan , Zhang Rong , Fan Liumin , Ma Yunfang , Xiang Qisen
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Oxidation of food lipids occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in potential adverse health effects. Rosemary extract (RE), as one of the most popular naturally sourced antioxidants, is widely used in the food industry. However, the effect of RE on lipid oxidation during gastrointestinal digestion has not been well investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of RE on lipid oxidation of cooked pork during simulated gastric digestion.

RESULTS

Results showed that RE at 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 pork effectively decreased the formation of malondialdehyde during simulated gastric digestion of cooked pork. RE also effectively mitigated the decline of fatty acids during the simulated gastric digestion of pork. The total phenolic content in RE was calculated to be 170.67 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1. RE dissolved in distilled water (pH 6.5) or potassium hydrogen phthalate–hydrochloric acid buffer solution (0.2 mol L−1, pH 3.0) both exhibited strong 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing capacity. The inhibitory effects of RE on lipid oxidation of cooked pork during simulated gastric digestion may be attributed to the phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties.

CONCLUSION

The results lend support to the possible application of rosemary or RE as a rich source of natural antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of food lipids during gastrointestinal digestion. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Hierarchical Classification of Narwhal Subpopulations Using Social Distance
Authors: Charry Bertrand , Marcoux Marianne , Cardille Jeffrey A. , Giroux‐Bougard Xavier , Humphries Murray M.
Published: December 2019

Effective wildlife management and conservation require knowledge of distribution, sex composition, and age structure of a population. We explored the distribution of the Baffin Bay narwhal (Monodon monoceros) population in August 2013 by documenting sex and age distribution across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago covering 2,317,152 km2. For 6,314 narwhals identified in 3,393 aerial images taken across the Eastern Canadian Arctic, we calculated a matrix of swimming distances between all individuals. We then used a quantitative clustering approach to partition our dataset (partitioning around the medoids). The clusters obtained from the analysis supported the delimitation of the 5 narwhal management stocks currently used by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans but did not support the hypothesized division of Jones Sound and Smith Sound stocks. Across the 5 clusters, male:female ratios varied between 0.72 and 1.44 and the proportion of newborns relative to the number of females varied between 0.07 and 0.18. As a highly detailed snapshot of narwhal distribution across a very large region, our study is a step toward better documentation of the basic population information required for stock assessment, sustainable harvest, and habitat protection of narwhals in an era of rapid Arctic change. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Competency‐Based Assessment Tool for Pediatric Tracheotomy: International Modified Delphi Consensus
Authors: Propst Evan J. , Wolter Nikolaus E. , Ishman Stacey L. , Balakrishnan Karthik , Deonarain Ashley R. , Mehta Deepak , Zalzal George , Pransky Seth M. , Roy Soham , Myer Charles M. , Torre Michele , Johnson Romaine F. , Ludemann Jeffrey P. , Derkay Craig S. , Chun Robert H. , Hong Paul , Molter David W. , Prager Jeremy D. , Nguyen Lily H. P. , Rutter Michael J. , Myer Charles M. , Zur Karen B. , Sidell Douglas R. , Johnson Liane B. , Cotton Robin T. , Hart Catherine K. , Willging J. Paul , Zdanski Carlton J. , Manoukian John J. , Lam Derek J. , Bauman Nancy M. , Gantwerker Eric A. , Husein Murad , Inglis Andrew F. , Green Glenn E. , Javia Luv Ram , Schraff Scott , Soma Marlene A. , Deutsch Ellen S. , Sobol Steven E. , Ida Jonathan B. , Choi Sukgi , Uwiera Trina C. , Shah Udayan K. , White David R. , Wootten Christopher T. , El‐Hakim Hamdy , Bromwich Matthew A. , Richter Gresham T. , Vijayasekaran Shyan , Smith Marshall E. , Vaccani Jean‐Philippe , Hartnick Christopher J. , Faucett Erynne A.
Published: December 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Create a competency‐based assessment tool for pediatric tracheotomy.

Study Design

Blinded, modified, Delphi consensus process.

Methods

Using the REDCap database, a list of 31 potential items was circulated to 65 expert surgeons who perform pediatric tracheotomy. In the first round, items were rated as “keep” or “remove,” and comments were incorporated. In the second round, experts were asked to rate the importance of each item on a seven‐point Likert scale. Consensus criteria were determined a priori with a goal of 7 to 25 final items.

Results

The first round achieved a response rate of 39/65 (60.0%), and returned questionnaires were 99.5% complete. All items were rated as “keep,” and 137 comments were incorporated. In the second round, 30 task‐specific and seven previously validated global rating items were distributed, and the response rate was 44/65 (67.7%), with returned questionnaires being 99.3% complete. Of the Task‐Specific Items, 13 reached consensus, 10 were near consensus, and 7 did not achieve consensus. For the 7 previously validated global rating items, 5 reached consensus and two were near consensus.

Conclusions

It is feasible to reach consensus on the important steps involved in pediatric tracheotomy using a modified Delphi consensus process. These items can now be considered to create a competency‐based assessment tool for pediatric tracheotomy. Such a tool will hopefully allow trainees to focus on the important aspects of this procedure and help teaching programs standardize how they evaluate trainees during this procedure.

Level of Evidence

5 Laryngoscope, 130:2700–2707, 2020
Hearing Preservation and Speech Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation in Meniere's Disease
Authors: Masood Maheer M. , Farquhar Douglas R. , Brown Kevin D. , Pillsbury Harold C. , King English R. , O'Connell Brendan P.
Published: December 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate speech perception outcomes and hearing preservation after cochlear implantation in patients with Meniere's disease (MD).

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Fifty‐one adult patients, accounting for a total of 63 implants, with MD treated at a tertiary care center were included in the study. Patients with unaided preoperative air‐conduction thresholds ≤80 dB at 250 Hz were included in hearing preservation analyses. The primary outcome measure was Consonant‐Nucleus‐Consonant (CNC) score. Hearing preservation was assessed as follows: 1) maintenance of functional hearing, defined as a postoperative unaided air‐conduction threshold ≤80 dB at 250 Hz and 2) low‐frequency pure‐tone average (LFPTA) shift.

Results

Speech perception scores improved significantly postimplantation; specifically, the CNC mean score was 9% preoperatively and increased to 57% by 1 year postoperatively (P < .001). Eighteen ears were included in hearing preservation analysis; the mean preoperative LFPTA was 65 dB (standard deviation [SD] = 10). The mean postoperative LFPTA at activation was 93 dB (SD = 21), and at 1 year was 102 dB (SD = 11). Twenty‐seven percent of patients achieved short‐term functional hearing preservation, whereas the longer‐term outcomes were less favorable (11%).

Conclusions

Speech perception scores improve after implantation in patients with MD. Hearing preservation is possible in patients with MD, albeit at lower rates than reported non‐MD populations. Our data suggest that there can be degradation in acoustic hearing over time.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 2019
Linking stream microbial community functional genes to dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients
Authors: Fasching Christina , Akotoye Christian , Bižić Mina , Fonvielle Jeremy , Ionescu Danny , Mathavarajah Sabateeshan , Zoccarato Luca , Walsh David A. , Grossart Hans‐Peter , Xenopoulos Marguerite A.
Published: December 2019

There is now increasing evidence for the importance of microbial regulation of biogeochemical cycling in streams. Resource availability shapes microbial community structure, but less is known about how landscape‐mediated availability of nutrients and carbon can control microbial functions in streams. Using comparative metagenomics, we examined the relationship between microbial functional genes and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), nutrients, and suspended microbial communities in 11 streams, divided into three groups based on the predominant land cover category (agriculture, forested, or wetland). Using weighted gene co‐occurrence network analysis, we identified clusters of functions related to DOM composition, agricultural land use, and/or wetland and forest land cover. Wetland‐dominated streams were characterized by functions related to nitrogen metabolism and processing of aromatic carbon compounds, with strong positive correlations with dissolved organic carbon concentration and DOM aromaticity. Forested streams were characterized by metabolic functions related to monomer uptake and carbohydrates, such as mannose and fructose metabolism. In agricultural streams, microbial functions were correlated with more labile, protein‐like DOM, PO4, and NO3, likely reflecting functional adaptation to labile DOM and higher nutrient concentrations. Distinct changes in the functional composition and loss of functional diversity of microorganisms became evident when comparing natural to agricultural catchments. Although all streams showed signs of functional redundancy, loss of species richness per function in agricultural catchments suggests that microbial functions in natural catchments may be more resilient to disturbance. Our results provide new insight into microbial community functions involved in nutrient and carbon biogeochemical cycles and their dependence on specific environmental settings.
Multi‐Factors Associated With Efficacy and Adverse Events of Fractional Erbium:YAG Laser‐Assisted Delivery of Topical Betamethasone for Stable Vitiligo: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Huang Chuchu , Li Peiyao , Wang Ben , Deng Yuxuan , Li Ji , Mao Mengping , Jian Dan
Published: December 2019

Background and Objectives

Although topical corticosteroids are still the first‐line option for vitiligo, its efficacy is still unsatisfactory for stable vitiligo. A few studies have focused on laser‐assisted drug delivery (LADD) but were limited by their sample deficiency and analyses of the influencing factors. To determine the efficacy, adverse events, and their influencing factors of fractional erbium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser‐assisted topical delivery of corticosteroids in stable vitiligo.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 1,026 lesions in 684 patients with stable vitiligo who underwent treatment with fractional Er:YAG laser‐assisted delivery of topical compound betamethasone solution between January 2014 and December 2017. Multi‐factors associated with different outcomes were analyzed by logistic regression in this study.

Results

A total of 413 of 1,026 lesions (40.3%) were effective 12 months after the first treatment. Age (<14 years old), disease duration (<1 year), lesion location (on face and neck), hairy lesions, and drug concentration were independent factors associated with effective repigmentation. A common adverse event was hyperpigmentation (14.4%), which was highly correlated with 22% density.

Conclusions

Fractional Er:YAG laser‐assisted delivery of topical compound betamethasone is a good option for the management of vitiligo. The treatment may be suggested in these situations: younger patients, shorter disease duration, and lesions on the face and neck with hair. The appearance of white hair in the lesion area does not affect our confidence in vitiligo treatment. Density >22% may cause hyperpigmentation, but it does not significantly contribute to the efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outdoor atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed to the tropical‐coastal climate of Thailand
Authors: Palsson Namurata S. , Wongpinkaew Kosit , Khamsuk Piya , Sorachot Sikharin , Pongsaksawad Wanida
Published: December 2019

This study focuses on atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel and weathering steel exposed at two different locations with dissimilar meteorological parameters and airborne pollutants in Thailand. The samples are subjected to an outdoor atmosphere for up to 36 months at Rayong, close to the Gulf of Thailand, and Phangnga, near the Andaman Sea. Thickness loss (µm), corrosion rate (µm/year) together with corrosion product morphology and composition are systematically analyzed using X‐ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. Corrosion resistance of the tested steels exposed at both locations is discussed based on the above‐mentioned parameters and calculated corrosion kinetics. The results indicate that the total time of wetness, amount of rainfall and chloride deposition rate play an important role in corrosion behavior of the tested steels. Alloying elements, copper, chromium and nickel, are shown to improve corrosion resistance of the samples when exposed at the location with a higher chloride concentration.
Out‐of‐stock, sold out, or unavailable? Framing a product outage in online retailing
Authors: Peterson Robert A. , Kim Yeolib , Jeong Jaeseok
Published: December 2019

Terms, such as “out‐of‐stock,” “sold out,” and “unavailable” are commonly used by retailers to communicate a product or brand outage. Although these terms are technically equivalent, prior research on product outage and product scarcity suggest that they may be interpreted and processed differently by consumers. The present research investigated whether the manner in which a product outage was framed elicited different consumer behavioral intentions, attributions, and perceptions in the context of online retailing. Data were collected by means of an online experiment. The experiment incorporated a hypothetical scenario approach in which research participants were asked to react to a particular combination of treatment and blocking factors. Results demonstrated that ceteris paribus, framing a product or brand outage as “sold out” produces fewer negative product and website reactions than does framing it as “out‐of‐stock” or “unavailable.”
Epigenetics/epigenomics and prevention by curcumin of early stages of inflammatory‐driven colon cancer
Authors: Wu Renyi , Wang Lujing , Yin Ran , Hudlikar Rasika , Li Shanyi , Kuo Hsiao‐Chen D. , Peter Rebecca , Sargsyan Davit , Guo Yue , Liu Xia , Kong AN
Published: December 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the US and worldwide. CRC is the second most common cancer‐related death in both men and women globally. Chronic inflammation has been identified as one of the major risk factors of CRC. It may drive genetic and epigenetic/epigenomic alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non‐coding RNA regulation. Current prevention modalities for CRC are limited and some treatment regimens such as use the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug aspirin may have severe side effects, namely gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. Therefore, there is an urgent need of developing alternative strategies. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that several dietary cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals possess anti‐inflammation and antioxidative stress activities, and may prevent cancers including CRC. Curcumin (CUR) is the yellow pigment that is found in the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Many studies have demonstrated that CUR exhibit strong anticancer, antioxidative stress, and anti‐inflammatory activities by regulating signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2, nuclear factor‐κB, and epigenetics/epigenomics pathways of histones modifications, and DNA methylation. In this review, we will discuss the latest evidence in epigenetics/epigenomics alterations by CUR in CRC and their potential contribution in the prevention of CRC.
Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury
Authors: Yang Xiaoxiao , de Caestecker Mark , Otterbein Leo E. , Wang Binghe
Published: December 2019

Treating acute kidney injury (AKI) represents an important unmet medical need both in terms of the seriousness of this medical problem and the number of patients. There is also a large untapped market opportunity in treating AKI. Over the years, there has been much effort in search of therapeutics with minimal success. However, over the same time period, new understanding of the underlying pathobiology and molecular mechanisms of kidney injury have undoubtedly helped the search for new therapeutics. Along this line, carbon monoxide (CO) has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent because of its demonstrated cytoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. CO has also been shown to sensitize cancer, but not normal cells, to chemotherapy. This is particularly important in treating cisplatin‐induced AKI, a common clinical problem that develops in patients receiving cisplatin therapies for a number of different solid organ malignancies. This review will examine and make the case that CO be developed into a therapeutic agent against AKI.
MeCP2_e2 partially compensates for lack of MeCP2_e1: A male case of Rett syndrome
Authors: Takeguchi Ryo , Takahashi Satoru , Kuroda Mami , Tanaka Ryosuke , Suzuki Nao , Tomonoh Yuko , Ihara Yukiko , Sugiyama Nobuyoshi , Itoh Masayuki
Published: December 2019

Background

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that predominantly affects girls. Its causative gene is the X‐linked MECP2 encoding the methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2). The gene comprises four exons and generates two isoforms, namely MECP2_e1 and MECP2_e2. However, it remains unclear whether both MeCP2 isoforms have similar function in the brain.

Methods

We report a case of a boy with typical RTT. Male cases with MECP2 variants have been considered inviable, but somatic mosaicism of the variants can cause RTT in males. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed to search for the genetic background.

Results

A novel nonsense and mosaic variant was identified in exon 1 of MECP2, and the variant allele fraction (VAF) was 28%. Our patient had the same level of VAF as that in reported male cases with mosaic variants in MECP2 exon 3 or 4, but manifested RTT symptoms that were milder in severity compared to those in these patients.

Conclusion

This is probably because the variants in MECP2 exon 3 or 4 disrupt both isoforms of MeCP2, whereas the variant in exon 1, as presented in this study, disrupts only MeCP2_e1 but not MeCP2_e2. Therefore, our findings indicate that MeCP2_e2 may partially compensate for a deficiency in MeCP2_e1.
Development of a new methylation‐based fetal fraction estimation assay using multiplex ddPCR
Authors: Ioannides Marios , Achilleos Achilleas , Kyriakou Skevi , Kypri Elena , Loizides Charalambos , Tsangaras Kyriakos , Constantinou Louiza , Koumbaris George , Patsalis Philippos C.
Published: December 2019

Background

Non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for fetal aneuploidies has rapidly been incorporated into clinical practice. Current NGS‐based methods can reliably detect fetal aneuploidies non‐invasively with fetal fraction of at least 4%. Inaccurate fetal fraction assessment can compromise the accuracy of the test as affected samples with low fetal fraction have an increased risk for misdiagnosis. Using a novel set of fetal‐specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and methylation sensitive restriction digestion (MSRD), we developed a multiplex ddPCR assay for accurate detection of fetal fraction in maternal plasma.

Methods

We initially performed MSRD followed by methylation DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and NGS on fetal and non‐pregnant female tissues to identify fetal‐specific DMRs. DMRs with the highest methylation difference between the two tissues were selected for fetal fraction estimation employing MSRD and multiplex ddPCR. Chromosome Y multiplex ddPCR assay (YMM) was used as a reference standard, to develop our fetal fraction estimation model in male pregnancy samples. Additional 123 samples were tested to examine whether the model is sex dependent and/or ploidy dependent.

Results

In all, 93 DMRs were identified of which seven were selected for fetal fraction estimation. Statistical analysis resulted in the final model which included four DMRs (FFMM). High correlation with YMM‐based fetal fractions was observed using 85 male pregnancies (r = 0.86 95% CI: 0.80–0.91). The model was confirmed using an independent set of 53 male pregnancies.

Conclusion

By employing a set of well‐characterized DMRs, we developed a SNP‐, sex‐ and ploidy‐independent methylation‐based multiplex ddPCR assay for accurate fetal fraction estimation.
Resolution enhancement for inverse synthetic aperture radar images using a deep residual network
Authors: Gao Xunzhang , Qin Dan , Gao Jingkun
Published: December 2019

A framework for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image resolution enhancement using a deep residual network is proposed. Our framework directly learns an end‐to‐end mapping in the form of a deep residual network (ResNet) between the input low‐resolution (LR) images and the output high‐resolution (HR) images with respect to the point spread function (PSF). In our network, residual blocks without batch normalization (BN) layers are applied to retain ISAR image contrast, and parametric rectified linear unit (PReLU) which can adaptively learn the negative coefficients is used as the activation function. The complex‐valued ISAR imagery is divided into two real‐valued channels to preserve phase information implicitly. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain higher quality HR images compared with traditional sparsity‐driven methods while freeing itself from a prior model for radar echoes and a complicated parameter estimation process.
Optical imaging method to quantify spatial dose variation due to the electron return effect in an MR‐linac
Authors: Andreozzi Jacqueline M. , Brůža Petr , Cammin Jochen , Pogue Brian W. , Gladstone David J. , Green Olga
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Treatment planning systems (TPSs) for MR‐linacs must employ Monte Carlo‐based simulations of dose deposition to model the effects of the primary magnetic field on dose. However, the accuracy of these simulations, especially for areas of tissue‐air interfaces where the electron return effect (ERE) is expected, is difficult to validate due to physical constraints and magnetic field compatibility of available detectors. This study employs a novel dosimetric method based on remotely captured, real‐time optical Cherenkov and scintillation imaging to visualize and quantify the ERE.

Methods

An intensified CMOS camera was used to image two phantoms with designed ERE cavities. Phantom A was a 40 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm clear acrylic block drilled with five holes of increasing diameters (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 cm). Phantom B was a clear acrylic block (25 cm × 20 cm × 5 cm) with three cavities of increasing diameter (3, 2, 1 cm) split into two halves in the transverse plane to accommodate radiochromic film. Both phantoms were imaged while being irradiated by 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) beams within a MRIdian Viewray (Viewray, Cleveland, OH) MR‐linac (0.34 T primary field). Phantom A was imaged while being irradiated by 6 MV FFF beams on a conventional linac (TrueBeam, Varian Medical Systems, San Jose, CA) to serve as a control. Images were post processed in Matlab (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA) and compared to TPS dose volumes.

Results

Control imaging of Phantom A without the presence of a magnetic field supports the validity of the optical image data to a depth of 6 cm. In the presence of the magnetic field, the optical data shows deviations from the commissioned TPS dose in both intensity and localization. The largest air cavity examined (3 cm) indicated the largest dose differences, which were above 20% at some locations. Experiments with Phantom B illustrated similar agreement between optical and film dosimetry comparisons with TPS data in areas not affected by ERE.

Conclusion

There are some appreciable differences in dose intensity and spatial dose distribution observed between the novel experimental data set and the dose models produced by the current clinically implemented MR‐IGRT TPS.
Is our current understanding and management of nocturia allowing improved care? International Consultation on Incontinence‐Research Society 2018
Authors: Hervé Francois , Abrams Paul , Bower Wendy , De Wachter Stefan , Epstein Matthew , Lombardo Riccardo , Robinson Dudley , Tubaro Andrea , Wein Alan , Weiss Jeffrey P. , Everaert Karel
Published: December 2019

Aims

Nocturia or waking at night, to urinate is a common cause of awakenings and may lead to sleep disturbance, impaired somatic health, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality.

The aim of this report is to point out and discuss the aspects and issues that need to be addressed to improve the care of nocturia.

Methods

This paper is a report of the presentations and subsequent discussion of a Think Tank session at the annual International Consultation on Incontinence‐Research Society (ICI‐RS) in June 2018 in Bristol.

Results and conclusion

Nocturia is a known risk factor for in‐hospital falls. Unfortunately, its assessment in acutely hospitalized (older) people is not the current practice and ward‐based care plans are not tailored to this symptom. A new care pathway for hospitalized patients who have nocturia should be considered.

More research into the relation of cardiovascular disorders and nocturnal polyuria (NP) is warranted and management of NP patients may be improved by involving a cardiologist in their management. There is definitely a need for phenotyping nocturia in relation to bladder capacity, filling phase, and emptying phase symptoms and how to treat the different phenotypes.

In the near future, smart automated monitoring devices and applications might help us to diagnose and treat nocturia with less efforts.
Is the value of urodynamics undermined by poor technique?: ICI‐RS 2018
Authors: Gammie Andrew , Almeida Fernando , Drake Marcus , Finazzi Agrò Enrico , Kirschner‐Hermanns Ruth , Lemos Nucelio , Martens Frank , Mehnert Ulrich , Rosier Peter , Valentini Francoise , Abrams Paul
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The quality of urodynamic measurements in clinical practice has been debated as a matter of concern. It is considered plausible that this has a direct bearing on patient care and the perceived value of urodynamic testing.

Methods

This is a report of the proceedings of the Think Tank: “Is the value of urodynamics undermined by poor technique?” from the Annual International Consultation on Incontinence—Research Society, which took place in June 2018 in Bristol, UK. The Think Tank discussed the evidence for deficiencies in urodynamic test quality and considered the implications of improvements for clinical diagnosis and practice.

Results

There is evidence that technique affects urodynamic quality, and that urodynamic practice is variable. Factors such as team skill set, technologies used, and training received will also affect the quality of urodynamic service. Questions exist regarding the influence of technique on the utility and perceived value of urodynamics.

Conclusions

We suggest research questions that will provide the necessary evidence on the link between technique, reporting, and outcome, and clarify the role of good practice in the utility of urodynamic testing.
Can we predict the success of prostatic surgery for male lower urinary tract symptoms: ICI‐RS 2018?
Authors: De Wachter Stefan , Hervé Francois , Averbeck Marcio
Published: December 2019

Aims

Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common and bothersome symptoms in the aging population, of which the etiology is multifactorial. Prostatic surgery may be considered to alleviate some of these LUTS, especially in patients in which benign prostatic obstruction is believed to be the underlying cause.

The aim of this paper is to discuss underlying pathophysiology, signs, and conditions that may lead to success or failure after prostatic surgery in male patients with LUTS.

Methods

The paper is a report of presentations and subsequent discussions at the annual International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society, in June 2018 in Bristol.

Results and conclusions

Unfavorable outcomes after prostatic surgery are reported in 25% to 30% of the patients. This may be due to persistent or de novo symptoms, related to the multifactorial origin of symptoms. Specific underlying conditions such as with detrusor overactivity, detrusor underactivity, and nocturnal polyuria are discussed in their relationship with prostatic surgery. Knowledge gaps are addressed and specific research questions proposed.
How can we better manage drug‐resistant OAB/DO? ICI‐RS 2018
Authors: Chermansky Christopher , Schurch Brigitte , Rahnama'i Mohammad S. , Averbeck Marcio A. , Malde Sachin , Mancini Vito , Valentini Francoise , Sahai Arun
Published: December 2019

Aims

Botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A), sacral nerve stimulation (SNM), and posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) are established treatments for idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to oral drug therapy. At the ICI‐RS meeting in Bristol in 2018 a think tank was convened to address the question of how to better manage drug‐resistant OAB/DO (detrusor overactivity).

Methods

The think tank conducted a literature review and an expert consensus meeting focusing on the evidence for predicting response and adverse events (AEs) with the current therapies for drug‐resistant idiopathic OAB.

Results

Several factors have been associated with poor outcomes using BTX‐A including increasing age, body mass index, male sex, and frailty. Voiding dysfunction with BTX‐A also appears to be more prevalent in those with increasing age, male sex, higher baseline postvoid residual and with poorer contractility as assessed by urodynamic parameters. SNM full implantation appears to be higher with the first stage tined lead placement procedure compared to percutaneous nerve evaluation. Urodynamics do not appear to predict outcomes with SNM. Patients with psychiatric comorbidity are more likely to experience AEs with SNM. Outcomes related to lead positioning and the number of active electrodes are mixed in predicting long term success. Patients with increased daytime frequency and lower first sensation of bladder filling were independent factors associated with success with PTNS.

Conclusions

Further research is required to optimize these procedures and to better understand which patients will benefit from the various options available in managing refractory OAB.