bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'industrie de la porcelaine en Berry et régions voisines. Essai de géographie historique
Authors: Letourneau Henri
Published: February 2011

Concerning the porcelain of Berry, the first half of nineteenth century constitutes the heroic era of pioneers, in the Yèvre valley, the Saint- Amandois and the Indre valley. Thanks to a porcelain-clay rapidly worked-out, plentiful of wood used as combustible and capitals coming from other regions, the factories multiply during the second half of nineteenth century; they profit by the canal of Berry, by the railway, by coal which takes the place of wood, and they reach their highest level of man-power in 1910. The two world wars and the crisis of the thirties hit decisive blows at the production but the technical reorganization of the fifties (tunnels-ovens) and of the sixties (gas from Lacq) allows to start again. But at the same time, crisis of contingency and crisis of structure (during the fifties, then during the period 1977-1983) destroy the greater part of factories which have a small capital. The syndrome of Limoges and the foreign concurrence work havoc. The concentration of undertakings, the technological research during the eighties, the orientation towards new products and towards exportation can save some factories but the future is dismal.
L'Inch, morphologie et végétation dunaire d'une flèche littorale de la baie de Dingle (Comté de Kerry, Irlande)
Authors: Deboudt Philippe
Published: February 2011

The mid-bay spit Inch is the most important dune system of the southwest coast of Ireland. The part of Pleistocene inherited features in coastal forms and deposits is considered; it outlines the originality of this coastline. A study of dune morphology is associated with a first investigation of coastal vegetation. Irish historical geography's sources and coastal landscapes show humans influences on the spit.
Birmingham grande ville industrielle
Authors: Moindrot Claude
Published: February 2011

Right in the centre of the most industrialized region of the U.K., Birmingham has a large collection of industrial businesses and a low ranking in the quality of life hit parade of British cities. Two recessions in the early 80s and the early 90s set off a painful slimming-down process, particularly in the automotive industry. Jaguar was sold to Fort Motor C° and Rover to BMW. Birmingham receives some aid from the government (the Hearthlands are an Urban Development Area) and the European Commission (Objective 2 area). The town centre is undergoing its third bout of redevelopment in 130 years.
Primeras estimaciones del tamaño del genoma para algunas familias y géneros eudicotiledóneos
Authors: Garcia S. , Garnatje T. , Hidalgo O. , Mas De Xaxars G. , Pellicer J. , Sánchez-Jiménez I. , Vitales D. , Vallès J.
Published: February 2011

La diversidad del tamaño del genoma en angiospermas es muy amplia, siendo el valor más elevado aproximadamente unas 2400 veces superior al más pequeño. Sin embargo, cerca del 45% de las familias no presentan ni una sola estimación, por lo que el rango real podría ser ampliado. Para contribuir a completar la representación de familias y géneros de angiospermas, este estudio contribuye con valores C para 19 especies de 16 familias de eudicoticotiledóneas, incluyendo los primeros valores para 6 familias, 14 géneros y 17 especies. La muestra estudiada es muy diversa, e incluye hierbas, malezas, enredaderas, arbustos y árboles. Se discuten los resultados en función de estimaciones previas del tamaño del genoma de especies o géneros estrechamente relacionados, del número de cromosomas, la forma de crecimiento o el comportamiento invasor de las especies analizadas. El presente estudio contribuye aproximadamente en un 1,5% de nuevos valores para familias de angiospermas no estudiadas previamente, de las que actualmente existe información para el 55%, según la base de datos de valores C en plantas.
Nuevos hábitats, nuevas amenazas: Centaurea x kleinii (C. moncktonii x C. solstitialis), nueva especie híbrida entre dos malas hierbas invasoras
Authors: Roché C. T. , Susanna A.
Published: February 2011

La alteración antrópica del hábitat da paso a la cohabitación de especies importadas que nunca coexistirían en su ámbito natural. Centaurea solstitialis y Centaurea moncktonii son dos especies invasoras cuyas distribuciones en Eurasia apenas se solapan. Después de su introducción en Norteamérica, la expansión invasiva condujo a distribuciones superpuestas. Aunque los requerimientos ambientales de las dos especies son distintos, la proximidad de hábitats diversos (dentro del alcance de los polinizadores) ha dado lugar a varios casos de hibridación natural entre ambas. El cruce resultante entre dos especies lejanamente emparentadas es una planta perenne estéril. Muchos de los caracteres del híbrido son intermedios entre sus especies parentales, pero morfológicamente es más parecida a Centaurea moncktonii (probablemente la especie materna y a su vez ya de origen híbrido). La nueva especie podría convertirse en una mala hierba invasora gracias a su reproducción vegetativa. La que suponemos especie materna, a la cual el híbrido se acerca morfológicamente y puede que fisiológicamente, es una mala hierba rastrera bien conocida de las praderas alpinas en toda Europa.

[ct] L’alteració antròpica de l’hàbitat dóna pas a la cohabitació d’espècies importades que mai coexistirien en el seu àmbit natural. Centaurea solstitialis i Centaurea moncktonii són dues espècies invasores les distribucions de les quals a Euràsia gairebé no se solapen. Després de la seva introducció a Amèrica del Nord, l’expansió invasiva va portar a distribucions superposades. Malgrat que els requeriments ambientals de les dues espècies són diferents, la proximitat d’hàbitats diversos (dins de l’abast dels pol·linitzadors) ha donat lloc a diversos casos d’hibridació natural entre ambdues. L’ encreuament resultant entre dues espècies, llunyanament emparentades, és una planta perenne estèril. Molts dels caràcters de l’híbrid són intermitjos entre les seves espècies parentals, però morfològicament és més semblant a Centaurea moncktonii (probablement l’espècie materna, i al seu torn també d’origen híbrid). La nova espècie podria convertir-se en una mala herba invasora gràcies a la seva reproducció vegetativa. La que suposem espècie materna, a la qual l’híbrid s’acosta morfològicament i potser fisiològicament, és una mala herba prostrada ben coneguda de les pastures alpines a tota Europa.
Adiciones a la flora polínica de Pantepui (Guayana venezolana): la colección Maguire
Authors: López-Martínez C. , Lara A. , Rull V. , Campbell L. , Nogué S.
Published: February 2011

Este trabajo es un estudio sobre la morfología polínica de varias especies de plantas de Pantepui (Guayana venezolana), una región con elevada biodiversidad y un alto grado de endemismo, donde se espera un fuerte impacto del calentamiento global. El estudio consiste en una serie de descripciones morfológicas de taxones pertenecientes a la colección Maguire de láminas de referencia del Jardín Botánico de Nueva York (NYBG). La colección fue iniciada bajo la dirección del Curador Jefe Basset Maguire con el objeto de avanzar en estudios de sistemática, palinología y medicina; aunque actualmente también resulta útil en otras disciplinas, como por ejemplo la paleoecología, la paleoclimatología o los estudios forenses. El objetivo de este estudio de morfología polínica es aumentar la base de datos de descripciones e ilustraciones polínicas con propósitos de identificación taxonómica, para ser utilizada en reconstrucciones paleoecológicas y otro tipo de estudios actualmente en desarrollo, en particular en las cimas de los tepuis de Guayana.
Seseli farrenyi: un endemisme empordanès en vies d'extinció?
Authors: López-Pujol J. , Martinell M. C. , Massó S. , Blanché C. , Molero J.
Published: February 2011

Seseli farrenyi es un endemismo estrictamente catalán, que cuenta con un número muy reducido de poblaciones en la franja litoral norte del cabo de Creus (Alt Empordà). La especie ha sido catalogada como “En Peligro” (EN) según los criterios de la UICN basándose en una serie de estudios realizados a finales de los años noventa, incluyendo censos y cartografía detallada. Tras poco más de una década, la realización de un nuevo censo por parte del mismo equipo de investigadores revela una pérdida de más del 90% del total de individuos, así como la desaparición de la localidad clásica de la especie, justificando elevar su categoría de amenaza a “En Peligro Crítico” (CR). Una de las prioridades del plan de recuperación para esta especie (la redacción y aplicación del cual se deriva de la inclusión de S. farrenyi en el Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya) debería ser la realización de estudios demográficos que permitieran conocer las causas de este declive poblacional.

[ct] Seseli farrenyi és un endemisme estrictament català, que compta amb un nombre molt reduït de poblacions a la franja litoral nord del cap de Creus (Alt Empordà). L’espècie ha estat catalogada com a “En Perill” (EN) segons els criteris de la UICN en base a una sèrie d’estudis realitzats a finals dels anys noranta, que van incloure un cens i una cartografia detallada. Després de poc més d’una dècada, un nou cens realitzat pel mateix equip d’investigadors revela una pèrdua de més de 90% del nombre total d’individus, junt amb la desaparició de la localitat clàssica de l’espècie, justificant elevar la seva categoria d’amenaça a “En Perill Crític” (CR). Una de les prioritats del pla de recuperació per a l’espècie (la redacció i aplicació del qual es deriva de la inclusió de S. farrenyi al Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya) hauria d’ésser la realització d’estudis demogràfics que permetin conèixer la causa del seu declivi poblacional.
Sobre la presencia de Teucrium pumilum y Teucrium libanitis (Lamiaceae) en la provincia de Valencia
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. P. , Laguna E. , Peris-Gisbert J. B. , Guara M.
Published: February 2011

Teucrium pumilum y T. libanitis son dos especies que han sido citadas como presentes en la provincia de Valencia desde mediados del siglo XX, para los yesos que afloran en la comarca del Valle de Ayora-Cofrentes. El análisis de las etiquetas de los pliegos de los herbarios no es concluyente; ningún pliego testigo certificaría la presencia de estas especies. La determinación de visu por parte de Rivas Goday, y su inclusión en una tabla de inventarios fitosociológica, son el único fundamento de su existencia en la zona en algún momento determinado de la reciente historia botánica española. Además, para T. pumilum, el pliego de herbario que tradicionalmente se ha asignado a la cita valenciana se trata de una confusión en la determinación por parte de algunos autores con su congénere T. carolipaui, siendo imposible al mismo tiempo asignar una localidad geográfica concreta a este material.

[ct] Teucrium pumilum i T. libanitis són dues espècies que han estat citades com a presents a la província de València des de mitjans del segle XX, sobre els guixos que afloren a la comarca de la Vall d’Aiora-Cofrents. L’anàlisi de les etiquetes dels plecs dels herbaris no és concloent; cap plec testimoni certificaria la presència d’aquestes espècies. La determinació de visu per part de Rivas Goday, i la seva inclusió en una taula d’inventaris fitosociològica, són l’únic fonament de la seva existència a la zona en un moment determinat de la recent història botànica espanyola. A més, per a T. pumilum, el plec d’herbari que tradicionalment s’ ha assignat a la cita valenciana es tracta d’una confusió en la determinació per part d’alguns autors amb el seu congènere T. carolipaui, essent impossible al mateix temps assignar una localitat geogràfica concreta a aquest material.
Una combinación nueva en Erica (Ericaceae)
Authors: Romo A. M. , Boratynski A.
Published: February 2011

Se propone un nuevo estatus y combinación nomenclatural para Erica
cinerea var. numidica. Se aportan nuevos datos sobre la morfología, corología y ecología de este taxón.
Anti-NeuGcGM3 Antibodies, Actively Elicited by Idiotypic Vaccination in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Patients, Induce Tumor Cell Death by an Oncosis-Like Mechanism
Authors: Hernández Ana María , Rodríguez Nely , González Jorge E. , Reyes Emma , Rondón Teresa , Griñán Tania , Macías Amparo , Alfonso Sailyn , Vázquez Ana María , Pérez Rolando
Published: February 2011

1E10 is a murine anti-idiotypic mAb specific for an idiotypic mAb that reacts with NeuGc-containing gangliosides, sulfatides, and Ags expressed in some human tumors. In melanoma, breast, and lung cancer patients, this anti-idiotypic Ab was able to induce a specific Ab response against N-glycolilated gangliosides, attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy as these glycolipids are not naturally expressed in humans. A clinical study with nonsmall cell lung cancer patients showed encouraging clinical benefits. Immunological studies performed in 20 of these patients suggested a correlation between the induction of Abs against NeuGcGM3 and longer survival times. The induced anti-NeuGcGM3 Abs recognized and directly killed tumor cells expressing the Ag, by a mechanism independent of complement activation. In the present work, we show that this cytotoxicity differs from apoptosis because it is temperature independent, no chromatin condensation or caspase 3 induction are detected, and the DNA fragmentation induced has a different pattern than the one characteristic for apoptosis. It is a very quick process and involves cytosqueleton reorganization. The Abs induce cellular swelling and the formation of big membrane lesions that allow the leakage of cytoplasm and the loss of the cell membrane integrity. All of these characteristics resemble a process of oncotic necrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the active induction in cancer patients of NeuGcGM3-specific Abs able to induce complement independent oncotic necrosis to tumor cells. These results contribute to reinforcing the therapeutic potential of anti-idiotypic vaccines and the importance of NeuGcGM3 ganglioside as antitumor target.
IL-10 Controls Cystatin C Synthesis and Blood Concentration in Response to Inflammation through Regulation of IFN Regulatory Factor 8 Expression
Authors: Xu Yuekang , Schnorrer Petra , Proietto Anna , Kowalski Greg , Febbraio Mark A. , Acha-Orbea Hans , Dickins Ross A. , Villadangos Jose A.
Published: February 2011

Cystatin C (CstC) is a cysteine protease inhibitor of major clinical importance. Low concentration of serum CstC is linked to atherosclerosis. CstC can prevent formation of amyloid β associated with Alzheimer’s disease and can itself form toxic aggregates. CstC regulates NO secretion by macrophages and is a TGF-β antagonist. Finally, the serum concentration of CstC is an indicator of kidney function. Yet, little is known about the regulation of CstC expression in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) is critical for CstC expression in primary dendritic cells. Only those cells with IRF-8 bound to the CstC gene promoter expressed high levels of the inhibitor. Secretion of IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli downregulated IRF-8 expression and consequently CstC synthesis in vivo. Furthermore, the serum concentration of CstC decreased in an IL-10–dependent manner in mice treated with the TLR9 agonist CpG. CstC synthesis is therefore more tightly regulated than hitherto recognized. The mechanisms involved in this regulation might be targeted to alter CstC production, with potential therapeutic value. Our results also indicate that caution should be exerted when using the concentration of serum CstC as an indicator of kidney function in conditions in which inflammation may alter CstC production.
Microenvironment-Derived IL-1 and IL-17 Interact in the Control of Lung Metastasis
Authors: Carmi Yaron , Rinott Gal , Dotan Shahar , Elkabets Moshe , Rider Peleg , Voronov Elena , Apte Ron N.
Published: February 2011

Inflammatory cytokines modulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment during progression/metastasis. In this study, we have assessed the role of IL-1 and IL-17 in the control of antitumor immunity versus progression in a model of experimental lung metastasis, using 3LL and B16 epithelial tumor cells. The absence of IL-1 signaling or its excess in the lung microenvironment (in IL-1β and IL-1R antagonist knockout [KO] mice, respectively) resulted in a poor prognosis and reduced T cell activity, compared with WT mice. In IL-1β KO mice, enhanced T regulatory cell development/function, due to a favorable in situ cytokine network and impairment in APC maturation, resulted in suppressed antitumor immunity, whereas in IL-1R antagonist KO mice, enhanced accumulation and activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells were found. Reduced tumor progression along with improved T cell function was found in IL-17 KO mice, compared with WT mice. In the microenvironment of lung tumors, IL-1 induces IL-17 through recruitment of γ/δ T cells and their activation for IL-17 production, with no involvement of Th17 cells. These interactions were specific to the microenvironment of lung tumors, as in intrafootpad tumors in IL-1/IL-17 KO mice, different patterns of invasiveness were observed and no IL-17 could be locally detected. The results highlight the critical and unique role of IL-1, and cytokines induced by it such as IL-17, in determining the balance between inflammation and antitumor immunity in specific tumor microenvironments. Also, we suggest that intervention in IL-1/IL-17 production could be therapeutically used to tilt this balance toward enhanced antitumor immunity.
Apolipoprotein A-II Suppressed Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis via the Inhibition of CD4 T Cell Function
Authors: Yamashita Junji , Iwamura Chiaki , Sasaki Tetsuya , Mitsumori Kunitoshi , Ohshima Kazutoshi , Hada Kaori , Hara Naoko , Takahashi Munehisa , Kaneshiro Yoshiaki , Tanaka Hitoshi , Kaneko Kenji , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: February 2011

Con A-induced hepatitis has been used as a model of human autoimmune or viral hepatitis. During the process of identifying immunologically bioactive proteins in human plasma, we found that apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II), the second major apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein, inhibited the production of IFN-γ by Con A-stimulated mouse and human CD4 T cells. Con A-induced hepatitis was attenuated by the administration of ApoA-II. The beneficial effect of ApoA-II was associated with reduced leukocyte infiltration and decreased production of T cell-related cytokines and chemokines in the liver. ApoA-II inhibited the Con A-induced activation of ERK–MAPK and nuclear translocation of NFAT in CD4 T cells. Interestingly, exacerbated hepatitis was observed in ApoA-II–deficient mice, indicating that ApoA-II plays a suppressive role in Con A-induced hepatitis under physiological conditions. Moreover, the administration of ApoA-II after the onset of Con A-induced hepatitis was sufficient to suppress disease. Thus, the therapeutic effect of ApoA-II could be useful for patients with CD4 T cell-related autoimmune and viral hepatitis.
DNA Alkylating Therapy Induces Tumor Regression through an HMGB1-Mediated Activation of Innate Immunity
Authors: Guerriero Jennifer L. , Ditsworth Dara , Catanzaro Joseph M. , Sabino Gregory , Furie Martha B. , Kew Richard R. , Crawford Howard C. , Zong Wei-Xing
Published: February 2011

Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with the development of human cancer and resistance to anticancer therapy. We have previously shown in tumor xenografts that DNA alkylating agents induce sporadic cell necrosis and regression of apoptosis-deficient tumors. Sporadic tumor cell necrosis is associated with extracellular release of cellular content such as the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and subsequent recruitment of innate immune cells into the tumor tissue. It remained unclear whether HMGB1 and the activation of innate immunity played a role in tumor response to chemotherapy. In this study, we show that whereas DNA alkylating therapy leads to a complete tumor regression in an athymic mouse tumor xenograft model, it fails to do so in tumors deficient in HMGB1. The HMGB1-deficient tumors have an impaired ability to recruit innate immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells into the treated tumor tissue. Cytokine array analysis reveals that whereas DNA alkylating treatment leads to suppression of protumor cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, loss of HMGB1 leads to elevated levels of these cytokines upon treatment. Suppression of innate immunity and HMGB1 using depleting Abs leads to a failure in tumor regression. Taken together, these results indicate that HMGB1 plays an essential role in activation of innate immunity and tumor clearance in response to DNA alkylating agents.
Mitochondria as Crucial Players in Demyelinated Axons: Lessons from Neuropathology and Experimental Demyelination
Authors: Campbell Graham R. , Mahad Don J.
Published: February 2011

Mitochondria are the most efficient producers of energy in the form of ATP. Energy demands of axons, placed at relatively great distances from the neuronal cell body, are met by mitochondria, which when functionally compromised, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess. Axons are made metabolically efficient by myelination, which enables saltatory conduction. The importance of mitochondria for maintaining the structural integrity of myelinated axons is illustrated by neuroaxonal degeneration in primary mitochondrial disorders. When demyelinated, the compartmentalisation of ion channels along axons is disrupted. The redistribution of electrogenic machinery is thought to increase the energy demand of demyelinated axons. We review related studies that focus on mitochondria within unmyelinated, demyelinated and dysmyelinated axons in the central nervous system. Based on neuropathological observations we propose the increase in mitochondrial presence within demyelinated axons as an adaptive process to the increased energy need. An increased presence of mitochondria would also increase the capacity to produce deleterious agents such as ROS when functionally compromised. Given the lack of direct evidence of a beneficial or harmful effect of mitochondrial changes, the precise role of increased mitochondrial presence within axons due to demyelination needs to be further explored in experimental demyelinationin-vivoandin-vitro.
Amyloid Oligomer Neurotoxicity, Calcium Dysregulation, and Lipid Rafts
Authors: Malchiodi-Albedi Fiorella , Paradisi Silvia , Matteucci Andrea , Frank Claudio , Diociaiuti Marco
Published: February 2011

Amyloid proteins constitute a chemically heterogeneous group of proteins, which share some biophysical and biological characteristics, the principal of which are the high propensity to acquire an incorrect folding and the tendency to aggregate. A number of diseases are associated with misfolding and aggregation of proteins, although only in some of them—most notably Alzheimer′s disease (AD) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)—a pathogenetic link with misfolded proteins is now widely recognized. Lipid rafts (LRs) have been involved in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with protein misfolding at several levels, including aggregation of misfolded proteins, amyloidogenic processing, and neurotoxicity. Among the pathogenic misfolded proteins, the AD‐related protein amyloid β (Aβ) is by far the most studied protein, and a large body of evidence has been gathered on the role played by LRs in Aβ pathogenicity. However, significant amount of data has also been collected for several other amyloid proteins, so that their ability to interact with LRs can be considered an additional, shared feature characterizing the amyloid protein family. In this paper, we will review the evidence on the role of LRs in the neurotoxicity of huntingtin, α‐synuclein, prion protein, and calcitonin.
Aberrantly Expressed Genes in HaCaT Keratinocytes Chronically Exposed to Arsenic Trioxide
Authors: Udensi Udensi K. , Cohly Hari H.P. , Graham-Evans Barbara E. , Ndebele Kenneth , Garcia-Reyero Natàlia , Nanduri Bindu , Tchounwou Paul B. , Isokpehi Raphael D.
Published: February 2011

Inorganic arsenic is a known environmental toxicant and carcinogen of global public health concern. Arsenic is genotoxic and cytotoxic to human keratinocytes. However, the biological pathways perturbed in keratinocytes by low chronic dose inorganic arsenic are not completely understood. The objective of the investigation was to discover the mechanism of arsenic carcinogenicity in human epidermal keratinocytes. We hypothesize that a combined strategy of DNA microarray, qRT-PCR and gene function annotation will identify aberrantly expressed genes in HaCaT keratinocyte cell line after chronic treatment with arsenic trioxide. Microarray data analysis identified 14 up-regulated genes and 21 down-regulated genes in response to arsenic trioxide. The expression of 4 up-regulated genes and 1 down-regulated gene were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The up-regulated genes were AKR1C3 (Aldo-Keto Reductase family 1, member C3), IGFL1 (Insulin Growth Factor-Like family member 1), IL1R2 (Interleukin 1 Receptor, type 2), and TNFSF18 (Tumor Necrosis Factor [ligand] SuperFamily, member 18) and down-regulated gene was RGS2 (Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2). The observed over expression of TNFSF18 (167 fold) coupled with moderate expression of IGFL1 (3.1 fold), IL1R2 (5.9 fold) and AKR1C3 (9.2 fold) with a decreased RGS2 (2.0 fold) suggests that chronic arsenic exposure could produce sustained levels of TNF with modulation by an IL-1 analogue resulting in chronic immunologic insult. A concomitant decrease in growth inhibiting gene (RGS2) and increase in AKR1C3 may contribute to chronic inflammation leading to metaplasia, which may eventually lead to carcinogenicity in the skin keratinocytes. Also, increased expression of IGFL1 may trigger cancer development and progression in HaCaT keratinocytes.
A secondary organic aerosol formation model considering successive oxidation aging and kinetic condensation of organic compounds: global scale implications
Authors: Yu F.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The widely used two-product secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation model has been extended in this study to consider the volatility changes of secondary organic gases (SOG) arising from the aging process as well as the kinetic condensation of low volatile SOG (LV-SOG). In addition to semi-volatile SOG (SV-SOG) with saturation vapor pressure at 290 K (C*290) in the range of ~3 ppt–3 ppb and medium-volatile SOG (MV-SOG) with C*290 in the range of ~0.3–300 ppb, we add a third component representing LV-SOG with C*290 below ~3 ppt and design a scheme to transfer MV-SOG to SV-SOG and SV-SOG to LV-SOG associated with oxidation aging. This extended SOA formation model has been implemented in a global aerosol model (GEOS-Chem) and the co-condensation of H2SO4 and LV-SOG on pre-existing particles is explicitly simulated. We show that, over many parts of the continents, LV-SOG concentrations are generally a factor of ~2–20 higher than those of H2SO4 and the kinetic condensation of LV-SOG significantly enhances particle growth rates. Comparisons of the simulated and observed evolution of particle size distributions at a boreal forest site (Hyytiälä, Finland) clearly show that LV-SOG condensation is critical in order to bring the simulations closer to the observations. With the new SOA formation scheme, annual mean SOA mass increases by a factor of 2–10 in many parts of the boundary layer and reaches above 0.5 μg m−3 in most parts of the main continents, improving the agreement with aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) SOA measurements. While the new scheme generally decreases the concentration of condensation nuclei larger than 10 nm by 3–30% in the lower boundary layer as a result of enhanced surface area and reduced nucleation rates, it substantially increases the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei at a water supersaturation ratio of 0.2%, ranging from ~5–20% over a large fraction of oceans and high latitude continents to more than 50% over some parts of South America, Australia, and Indonesia. Our study highlights the importance for global aerosol models to explicitly account for the oxidation aging of SOGs and their contribution to particle growth.
Correlation of black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide concentrations measured in the high-altitude environment of Mt. Huangshan, Eastern China
Authors: Pan X. L. , Kanaya Y. , Wang Z. F. , Liu Y. , Pochanart P. , Akimoto H. , Dong H. B. , Li J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Understanding the relationship between black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) will help improve BC emission inventories and the evaluation of global/regional climate forcing effects. In the present work, the BC (PM1) and CO mixing ratio was continuously measured at a~high-altitude background station on the summit of Mt Huangshan between 2006 and 2009. Annual mean BC concentration was 654.6 ± 633.4 ng m−3 with maxima in spring and autumn, when biomass was burned over a large area in Eastern China. The yearly averaged CO concentration was 446.4 ± 167.6 ppbv, and the increase in the CO concentration was greatest in the cold season, implying that the large-scale domestic coal/biofuel combustion for heating has an effect. The BC–CO relationship was found to have different seasonal features but strong positive correlation (R > 0.8). Back trajectory cluster analysis showed that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio of plumes from the Yangtze River Delta region was 6.58 ± 0.96 ng m−3 ppbv−1, which is consistent with result from INTEX-B emission inventory. The ΔBC/ΔCO ratios for air masses from Northern, Central Eastern and Southern China were 5.2 ± 0.63, 5.65 ± 0.58 and 5.21 ± 0.93 ng m−3 ppbv−1, respectively. Over the whole observation period, the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio had unimodal diurnal variations and had a maximum during the day (09:00–17:00 LST) and minimum at night (21:00–04:00 LST) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, indicating the effects of the intrusion of clean air mass from the high troposphere. The case study combined with measurements of urban PM10 concentrations and satellite observations demonstrated that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio for a plume of burning biomass was 12.4 ng m−3 ppbv−1 and that for urban plumes in Eastern China was 5.3 ± 0.53 ng m−3 ppbv−1. Transportation and industry were deemed as controlling factors of the BC–CO relationship and major contributions to atmospheric BC and CO loadings in urban areas. The loss of BC during transportation was also investigated on the basis of the ΔBC/ΔCO–RH relationship along air mass pathways, and the results showed that 30–50% BC was lost when air mass traveled under higher RH conditions (>60%) for 2 days.
A multivariate regional test for detection of trends in extreme rainfall: the case of extreme daily rainfall in the French Mediterranean area
Authors: Neppel L. , Pujol N. , Sabatier R.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. In this paper we present a multivariate regional test we developed for the detection of trends in extreme rainfall, which takes into account the spatial dependence between rainfall measurements with copula functions. The test is based on four steps. It was applied to a set of 92 series of Annual Daily Maxima (ADM) rainfall in the French Mediterranean area, sampled during the 1949–2004 observation period. The results show a low significant trend, concerning mainly the mountains area in the west part of the French Mediterranean region. The position's parameters of the ADM rainfall probability distribution functions present a low but significant increasing trend of about 5% to 10%, the same increase as that observed in ADM rainfall quantiles in the last 56 years. Further work is needed to understand if this significative trend is related to the global climate change or to the natural variability of Mediterranean climate.
The statistical studies of the inner boundary of plasma sheet
Authors: Cao J. B. , Ding W. Z. , Reme H. , Dandouras I. , Dunlop M. , Liu Z. X. , Yang J. Y.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The penetration of plasma sheet ions into the inner magnetosphere is very important to the inner magnetospheric dynamics since plasma sheet ions are one of the major particle sources of ring current during storm times. However, the direct observations of the inner boundary of the plasma sheet are fairly rare due to the limited number of satellites in near equatorial orbits outside 6.6 RE. In this paper, we used the ion data recorded by TC-1 from 2004 to 2006 to study the distribution of inner boundary of ion plasma sheet (IBIPS) and for the first time show the observational distribution of IBIPS in the equatorial plane. The IBIPS has a dawn-dusk asymmetry, being farthest to the Earth in the 06:00 08:00 LT bin and closest to the Earth in the 18:00–20:00 LT bin. Besides, the IBIPS has also a day-night asymmetry, which may be due to the fact that the ions on the dayside are exposed more time to loss mechanisms on their drift paths. The radial distance of IBIPS decrease generally with the increase of Kp index. The mean radial distance of IBIPS is basically larger than 6.6 RE during quiet times and smaller than 6.6 RE during active times. When the strength of convection electric field increases, the inward shift of IBIPS is most significant on the night side (22:00–02:00 LT). For Kp ≤ 0+, only 16% of IBIPSs penetrate inside the geosynchronous orbit. For 2 ≤ Kp < 3+, however, 70% of IBIPSs penetrate inside the geosynchronous orbit. The IBIPS has weak correlations with the AE and Dst indexes. The average correlation coefficient between Ri and Kp is −0.58 while the correlation coefficient between Ri and AE/Dst is only −0.29/0.17. The correlation coefficients are local time dependent. Particularly, Ri and Kp are highly correlated (r=−0.72) in the night sector, meaning that the radial distance of IBIPS Ri in the night sector has the good response to the Kp index These observations indicate that Kp plays a key role in determining the position of IBIPS.
East Siberian Sea, an arctic region of very high biogeochemical activity
Authors: Anderson L. G. , Björk G. , Jutterström S. , Pipko I. , Shakhova N. , Semiletov I. P. , Wåhlström I.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Shelf seas are among the most active biogeochemical marine environments and the East Siberian Sea is a prime example. This sea is supplied by seawater from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and has a substantial input of river runoff. All of these waters contribute chemical constituents, dissolved and particulate, but of different signatures. Sea ice formation during the winter season and melting in the summer has a major impact on physical as well as biochemical conditions. The internal circulation and water mass distribution is significantly influenced by the atmospheric pressure field. The western region is dominated by input of river runoff from the Laptev Sea and an extensive input of terrestrial organic matter. The microbial decay of this organic matter produces carbon dioxide (CO2) over-saturating all waters from the surface to the bottom relative to atmospheric values, even if the nutrient concentrations of the surface waters showed recent primary production. The eastern surface waters were under-saturated with respect to CO2 illustrating the dominance of marine primary production. The drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon equals a primary production of ∼1 mol C m−2, which when multiplied by half the area of the East Siberian Sea, 500 000 km2, results in an annual primary production of 0.5×1012 mol C or 6×1012 gC. Even though microbial decay occurs through much of the water column it dominates at the sediment surface where the majority of organic matter ends up, and most of the decay products are added to the bottom water. High nutrient concentrations and fugacity of CO2 and low oxygen and pH were observed in the bottom waters. Another signature of organic matter decomposition, methane (CH4), was observed in very high but variable concentrations. This is due to its seabed sources of glacial origin or modern production from ancient organic matter, becoming available due to sub-sea permafrost thaw and formation of so-called taliks (layers of thawed sediments within the permafrost body). Riverine transport as well as leakage of groundwater rich in methane from decay in fresh water systems could add to the CH4 shelf water inventory as minor sources. The decay of organic matter to CO2 as well as oxidation of CH4 to CO2 contribute to a natural ocean acidification making the saturation state of calcium carbonate low, resulting in under-saturation of all the bottom waters with respect to aragonite and large areas of under-saturation down to 50% with respect to calcite. Hence, conditions for calcifying organisms are very unfavorable.
Modeling subsurface transport in extensive glaciofluvial and littoral sediments to remediate a municipal drinking water aquifer
Authors: Bergvall M. , Grip H. , Sjöström J. , Laudon H.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Few studies have been carried out that cover the entire transport process of pesticides, from application at the soil surface, through subsurface transport, to contamination of drinking water in esker aquifers. In formerly glaciated areas, such as Scandinavia, many of the most important groundwater resources are situated in glaciofluvial eskers. The purpose of the present study was to model and identify significant processes that govern subsurface transport of pesticides in extensive glaciofluvial and littoral sediments. To simulate the transport processes, we coupled a vadose zone model at the point scale to a regional groundwater flow model. The model was applied to a municipal drinking-water aquifer, contaminated with the pesticide-metabolite BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzoamide). A sensitivity analysis revealed that hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate accounted for almost half of the model uncertainty. For a ten-meter-deep vadose zone of coarse texture, macropore flow was found to be of minor importance for contaminant transport. The calibrated model was applied to optimize the location of extraction wells for remediation, which were used to verify the predictive modeling. Running a worst-case scenario, the model showed that the establishment of two remediation wells would clean the aquifer in four years, compared to nine years without them. Further development of the model would require additional field measurements to assess the importance of macropore flow in deep, sandy aquifers. We also suggest that future research should focus on characterization of the variability of hydraulic conductivity and its effect on contaminant transport in eskers.
Communicating earthquake risk: mapped parameters and cartographic representation
Authors: Gaspar-Escribano J. M. , Iturrioz T.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Earthquake risk assessment is probably the most effective tool for reducing adverse earthquake effects and for developing pre- and post-event planning actions. The related risk information (data and results) is of interest for persons with different backgrounds and interests, including scientists, emergency planners, decision makers and other stakeholders. Hence, it is important to ensure that this information is properly transferred to all persons involved in seismic risk, considering the nature of the information and the particular circumstances of the source and of the receiver of the information. Some experience-based recommendations about the parameters and the graphical representations that can be used to portray earthquake risk information to different types of audiences are presented in this work.
Analysis of a Typical Angle Abrasion Machine
Authors: Vogt W. W.
Published: February 2011

The particular modification of the angle type rotating ring abrasion machine as described in this paper can be used to obtain a figure for the over-all energy consumed in causing abrasion of rubber. The writer is undecided as to whether or not the energy which actually goes towards causing abrasion is a large enough percentage of the total over-all energy consumption to warrant any belief that the energy of abrasion has yet been measured.
Rate of Cure of Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Shepard Norman A. , Palmer Henry F. , Miller George W.
Published: February 2011

Data are presented emphasizing the well-known fact that reclaimed rubber vulcanizes at a much more rapid rate than new rubber, and that, even in small concentration, in a new rubber stock it materially increases the rate of cure. Possible reasons for this are discussed and experimental evidence given to show the influence of the residual alkali in the reclaim, and the effect of the heat treatment in itself. Neither of these explains the rapid rate. The need for, and methods of, compensating for this rapid rate of cure in compounding with reclaimed rubber are discussed, with especial emphasis on the influence of the rapid rate of cure on the aging characteristics of a stock.
Value of the Rubber Hydrocarbon in Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Vogt W. W.
Published: February 2011

Tire-tread stocks containing reclaim were so compounded that their ultimate composition was the same except for the percentage of reclaimed-rubber hydrocarbon substituted for new-rubber hydrocarbon. Cures were adjusted to give the technical optimum in the same time of cure. The cured stocks were subjected to tensile and abrasion tests by five methods. The results show that the value of the reclaimed-rubber hydrocarbon varies from zero, when substituted in small percentages, up to a maximum of 50 per cent of the value of new rubber, when compounded in large percentages. IN ORDER to determine the value of the hydrocarbon present in reclaimed rubber compared with that in new rubber, it is necessary to compound the stocks in such manner that the percentage and kind of fillers, softeners, etc., are constant, the only variable being the percentage of the total rubber hydrocarbon which has been introduced in the form of reclaimed hydrocarbon. It is also necessary to adjust curing ratios in such fashion as to compensate for the accelerating or activating effects of the reclaim, so that all stocks reach technical best cure in the same length of curing time.
Pigment Reënforcement of Reclaimed Rubber
Authors: Winkelmann H. A. , Croakman E. G.
Published: February 2011

COMPOUNDING ingredients of many types are in use in rubber compounds and, although their effect on rubber has been extensively investigated, there has been very little work published to show their effect on reclaim alone. The behavior of reclaimed rubber in compounds which also contain crude rubber, accelerators, and pigments is well known. The presence of these variables makes it impossible to determine the effect of the pigment on the reclaim itself. In this study we propose to show (1) the effect of varying volume loadings of different pigments on a whole-tire reclaim cured with sulfur, (2) the effect of accelerators and activators, and (3) the effect of curing at lower temperatures. With crude rubber the desired physical properties may often be obtained by cure or, by the combined effect of cure and the ree^nforcing action of compounding ingredients. Owing to the degree of disaggregation of the reclaimed rubber the effect of cure is greatly decreased and the action of ree^nforcing pigments is necessary to bring out the maximum physical properties of the reclaim. The soluble and insoluble phases of reclaimed rubber differ in chemical and physical properties, indicating varying degrees of disaggregation of the rubber hydrocarbon. Reclaimed rubber affords a very good medium for the dispersion of pigments. Dispersions of pigments in a reclaim may serve a dual function in improving both the physical properties and the working conditions. A pigment, to function as a reenforcing agent, must absorb the rubber, resulting in a “drying up” effect of the more highly disaggregated portion of the reclaim. A pigment must reenforce every portion of the reclaimed rubber hydrocarbon before it can be classed as a reenforcing pigment.
Effect of Certain Metallic Salts on the Aging of a Tread Compound
Authors: Taylor Bert S. , Jones Webster N.
Published: February 2011

The effect on aging produced by the addition of low concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, and mercury salts of higher aliphatic organic acids to a tread compound was investigated. The data obtained from aging in the bomb show that the presence of copper and manganese salts of organic acids in very small concentrations is harmful to the aging of rubber. As little as 0.1 per cent of either cupric stearate or manganic oleate is detrimental. Iron stearate has a less deleterious effect, but 0.5 per cent iron stearate produced much poorer aging than the blank. The mercury salts in the concentrations used—0.1 to 1.0 per cent—did not affect the aging so noticeably as the other salts. The effects of aging in the Bierer-Davis bomb and in the Geer oven are markedly different, both as to tensile strength and the hardening of the test strips. The bomb test at 70° C. was much more severe than the oven test at the same temperature. Further investigation will be made to determine which type of artificial aging test most nearly corresponds to the natural aging of these stocks. The presence of copper chloride on the surface of the test strips exerts a deteriorating influence on the stock in the aging bomb. The effect is similar to that obtained when copper stearate is compounded into the stock.
Direct Determination of Rubber in Soft Vulcanized Rubber
Authors: Kemp A. R. , Bishop W. S. , Lackner T. J.
Published: February 2011

A modification of the Wijs method is shown to be suitable for determining the rubber content of vulcanized rubber. A procedure for the direct determination of sulfur combined with rubber is outlined. The effect of compounding ingredients is shown. Results of analyses of four reclaimed rubbers by the proposed and difference methods are given for comparison. THE need for a rapid direct method for determining rubber in vulcanized rubber has long been recognized. In a previous paper a direct method was given for determining the hydrocarbon content of crude rubber and gutta-percha based upon the additive reaction of iodochloride (Wijs solution) with their hydrocarbons. It is the purpose of the present paper to describe a modification of this method for determining the rubber content of soft vulcanized rubbers.
Carbon Blacks and Their Use in Rubber. I—Comparative Properties of Blacks and Tests in Uncured Rubber
Authors: Goodwin Norris , Park C. R.
Published: February 2011

The physical and chemical characteristics of several carbon blacks and of rubber stocks containing them have been investigated in order to determine their suitability as pigments in tire-tread stocks. Five blacks have been studied—Charlton lampblack, Micronex, Super Spectra, Thermatomic, and Goodwin. Part I represents a study of the properties of the blacks themselves and their use in raw rubber. Part II, to be published in a subsequent issue, will describe tests on various cured rubber stocks containing the same blacks. OUR knowledge regarding the physical and chemical characteristics of pigments which make them more or less suitable as reenforcing agents in cured rubber goods is very incomplete. In spite of several brilliant contributions in the field, we are still far from a satisfactory understanding of the principles involved in the preparation of coin-pounds. Lack of systematically arranged information is perhaps partly responsible for this state of affairs. The object of this paper was to assemble more detailed and well-organized information in a small field. It is believed that a sufficient number of systematic efforts will place us in a position to understand more completely the colloidal behavior of pigments in rubber and perhaps in other media.