bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic Function Theory in the Skew-Field of Quaternions
Authors: Eriksson Sirkka-Liisa , Orelma Heikki
Published: October 2019

We are studying hyperbolic function theory in the total skew-field of quaternions. Earlier the theory has been studied for quaternion valued functions depending only on three reduced variables. Our functions are depending on all four coordinates of quaternions. We consider functions, called $$\alpha $$α-hyperbolic harmonic, that are harmonic with respect to the Riemannian metric $$\begin{aligned} ds_{\alpha }^{2}=\frac{dx_{0}^{2}+dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}+dx_{3}^{2}}{x_{3}^{\alpha }} \end{aligned}$$dsα2=dx02+dx12+dx22+dx32x3αin the upper half space $${\mathbb {R}}_{+}^{4}=\{\left( x_{0},x_{1},x_{2} ,x_{3}\right) \in {\mathbb {R}}^{4}:x_{3}>0\}$$R+4={x0,x1,x2,x3∈R4:x3>0}. If $$\alpha =2$$α=2, the metric is the hyperbolic metric of the Poincaré upper half-space. Hempfling and Leutwiler started to study this case and noticed that the quaternionic power function $$x^{m}\,(m\in {\mathbb {Z}})$$xm(m∈Z), is a conjugate gradient of a 2-hyperbolic harmonic function. They researched polynomial solutions. Using fundamental $$\alpha $$α-hyperbolic harmonic functions, depending only on the hyperbolic distance and $$x_{3}$$x3, we verify a Cauchy type integral formula for conjugate gradient of $$\alpha $$α-hyperbolic harmonic functions. We also compare these results with the properties of paravector valued $$\alpha $$α-hypermonogenic in the Clifford algebra $${{\,\mathrm{{\mathcal {C}}\ell }\,}}_{0,3}$$Cℓ0,3.
New Concept Air Conditioning System for the Operating Room to Minimize Patient Cooling and Surgeon Heating: A Historical Control Cohort Study
Authors: Usuki Hisashi , Kitamura Hiroaki , Ando Yasuhisa , Suto Hironobu , Asano Eisuke , Ohshima Minoru , Kishino Takayoshi , Kumamoto Kensuke , Okano Keiichi , Suzuki Yasuyuki
Published: October 2019

Background

Intraoperative hypothermia is a common adverse event. For avoiding the complication due to hypothermia, many warming devices and methods have been used in perioperative period. It has been reported that more patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery tend to have hypothermia than with open surgery. To avoid intraoperative hypothermia, many kinds of warming tools have been used. But, it was also reported that some warming methods increased perceptions of distraction and physical demand.

Methods

To achieve both patients’ normothermia and surgeons’ comfort, new air conditioning (AC) system was designed with considering the characteristics of laparoscopic surgery. The temperature of the airflows to the patient and to the surgeons can be adjusted independently in this new system. The new system has two parts. One controls the temperature of the central area over the operation table. The air from this part falls on the patients. The other part is the lateral area beside the operating table; the air from this part falls on the surgeons. The subjects of this study were 160 gastric cancer patients and 316 colorectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. The temperature of the central flow was set 23.5 °C, and the temperature of the lateral flow was set 22 °C just after the anesthesia. The number of timepoints the patient spent in hypothermic state, defined as a temperature cooler by 0.5 °C or more than that at the starting point of surgery, was determined in each patient.

Results

In the results, the rate of hypothermic state in old operation rooms was 23.8% and that in new operation rooms was 2.7% in male gastric cancer patients (p < 0.01). And those were 37.1% in old operation rooms and 0.9% in new operation rooms in female gastric cancer patients (p < 0.01). The rate of hypothermic state in old operation rooms was 30.0% and that in new operation rooms was 9.5% in male colorectal cancer patients (p < 0.01). And those were 41.6% in old operation rooms and 8.9% in new operation rooms in female colorectal cancer patients (p < 0.01). The similar results were showed in the study, which subjects were limited the patients undergoing surgery in 2015 and 2016; which were the last year the old operation rooms were used and the first year the new operation rooms were used.

Conclusions

Thus, the usefulness of the new air conditioning system for achieving both patients’ normothermia and comfort of surgeons could be verified in this study.
Acronyms Use in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: Introduction to a New Language
Authors: Ramana B. , Sinha Rudrajit , Jacob Brian , Towfigh Shirin , Rosin Danny
Published: October 2019

Background

The use of acronyms in medicine is widespread, aiming to simplify and condense communication. Online communication in social media platforms seems to enhance the use of acronyms, but their efficiency in message delivery may be negated by their abundance and unfamiliarity, causing more confusion than clarity. We analyzed the use of acronyms in a closed Facebook group dedicated to abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR), as the rapid recent development of this field has resulted in many new acronyms. Our aim was to classify the different acronyms and create a public reference.

Methods

The International Hernia Collaboration, a hernia‐related Facebook group, now communicating more than 7500 surgeons from 99 countries, was studied, by extracting acronyms used since its inception in 2012. Acronyms were categorized and interpreted, to create a small dictionary comprised of several tables.

Results

Commonly used acronyms were identified, as well as commonly used prefixes that modify the acronyms’ meaning. Tables were created, classifying acronyms by their subject:

Anatomy

Diseases and clinical conditions

Techniques and materials.

Conclusion

The use of acronyms increased in social media‐based communication. Aiming to simplify the language, the inflation of terms may have achieved the opposite, by adding a multitude of unfamiliar and confusing terms. We have created a public reference for AWR‐related acronyms. Limiting the liberal creation of new acronyms is recommended, especially in a rapidly changing field as AWR.
Parents’ Descriptions of How Their Psychosis Affects Parenting
Authors: Strand Jennifer , Boström Petra , Grip Karin
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Parental psychosis poses a risk factor for a child’s well-being. Few studies have focused on the parents’ views of how their psychosis affects their parenting, and results for parenting ability in this group are contradictory. The present study aimed to explore how parents with psychosis experience the effect(s) of their illness on parenting.

Methods

In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 parents who attended outpatient clinics specializing in psychosis. The transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Data related to the research aim were analyzed deductively according to the protection, reciprocity, control, guided learning, and group participation model of parenting. Data in each domain were subsequently coded inductively to form subthemes.

Results

Results show that all domains of parenting appear to be affected by psychosis. The parents specifically mentioned that depression, fatigue, and difficulty focusing because of hearing voices had negative impacts on their abilities to provide protection, reciprocity, and control. The parents also expressed difficulties in maintaining routines in the child’s everyday life. Furthermore, the theme “Unpredictable absences” crosses all domains and highlights the parents’ recurrent mental and physical absences from their children during psychotic episodes.

Conclusions

The present study provides some insight into how different aspects of parenting may be affected by psychosis. We suggest that these effects on parenting need to be further explored and confirmed by research focusing on the child’s perspective and on observations of parent-child interaction.
Funktionelle Morphologie der Gesichtshaut
Authors: Arnold W. H. , Sandulescu T.
Published: October 2019

Die Gesichtshaut stellt eine Besonderheit dar, da sie neben den allgemeinen Funktionen der Haut auch der Informationsvermittlung durch die Mimik dient. Sie gliedert sich in 3 Schichten: Epidermis, Dermis und Subkutis. Letztere ist im Gesicht als superfizielles muskuloaponeurotisches System (SMAS) differenziert. Dieses SMAS verbindet die mimische Muskulatur mit der Haut und induziert als eigenständig agierende funktionelle Einheit die differenzierte Mimik. Die regionale unterschiedliche dreidimensionale Architektur des SMAS trägt zur spezifischen Morphogenese der Gesichts- und Halsfalten bei. Bei chirurgischen Eingriffen im Gesichtsbereich sind die Besonderheiten des SMAS in den verschiedenen Regionen des Gesichts zu beachten.
Multilevel regulatory governance: Establishing bank-regulator relationships at the European Banking Authority
Authors: Coen David , Salter John-Paul
Published: October 2019

Following the 2007–9 financial crisis, the EU strengthened its institutional apparatus for bank regulation, creating a trio of sectoral bodies, including the European Banking Authority (EBA). Various aspects of this new system have been studied, but to date, little is known about how banks engage with their new supranational regulator. We argue that such engagement fosters an interdependence between banks and regulators, thus contributing to the efficiency and robustness of the overall regulatory regime; but also that it is contingent on the regulator exhibiting the qualities of credibility, legitimacy, and transparency. These qualities are grounded in the domestic regulatory governance literature, but we suggest that they are rendered problematic by the complexities of the EU's multilevel system and, in particular, the overlap in competences between the EBA and the European Central Bank. We examine the EBA in the light of these criteria and find that banks’ engagement remains pitched towards established national regulators and the EU's legislative arena. This poses concerns for the efficacy of agency governance in the EU's regulatory regime for banking.
Encountering the “Muslim”: Guantánamo Bay, Detainees, and Apprehensions of Violence
Authors: Rochelle Safiyah
Published: October 2019

This article focuses on the underlying sensorial entanglements that linger in spaces and moments of encounter between state violence and its targets. It argues that in Guantánamo Bay, these entanglements become routed through the bodies of the camp’s detainees, and they rely upon a particular reading of religion as being borne by bodies in such ways as to necessitate the use of specific techniques of detention and incapacitation. This discussion is framed using the notion of “apprehension,” in its affective and material forms, wherein perception, dread, and physical encounters in the camp unfold within a framing of Muslims as ontologically and materially distinct, and as being embodied in particular ways. In these processes of apprehension, the techniques and logics of violence deployed in the war on terror become further legitimated, and work reflexively to shape the ways in which the Muslim is known, encountered, and met with violence.
Hands in Cont(r)act: The Resiliency of Business Handshakes in Pandemic Culture
Authors: Hamilton Sheryl N.
Published: October 2019

This article examines the persistence of the handshake in business circles despite its implication in the spread of communicable disease in contemporary pandemic culture. An examination of business etiquette discourse suggests that even during disease outbreaks or flu season, the business handshake remains an important visual and haptic legal gesture. While it may no longer produce a binding legal contract, it stages the parties as contractable subjects, as claiming the status of autonomous individuals committed to defining their intersubjective relationship through the norms of contract. The business handshake thus operates as a cultural site for the complex interaction of bodies and law, and the production of masculine, haptic-legal subjectivity.
Re-describing transnational conflict in Africa
Authors: Twagiramungu Noel , Duursma Allard , Berhe Mulugeta Gebrehiwot , de Waal Alex
Published: October 2019

This paper discusses the principal findings of a new integrated dataset of transnational armed conflict in Africa. Existing Africa conflict datasets have systematically under-represented the extent of cross-border state support to belligerent parties in internal armed conflicts as well as the number of incidents of covert cross-border armed intervention and incidents of using armed force to threaten a neighbouring state. Based on the method of ‘redescribing’ datapoints in existing datasets, notably the Uppsala Conflict Data Project, the Transnational Conflict in Africa (TCA) data include numerous missing incidents of transnational armed conflict and reclassify many more. The data indicate that (i) trans-nationality is a major feature of armed conflict in Africa, (ii) most so-called ‘civil wars’ are internationalised and (iii) the dominant definitions of ‘interstate conflict’ and ‘civil war’ are too narrow to capture the particularities of Africa's wars. While conventional interstate war remains rare, interstate rivalry using military means is common. The dataset opens up a research agenda for studying the drivers, patterns and instruments of African interstate rivalries. These findings have important implications for conflict prevention, management and resolution policies.
Godbillon-Vey helicity and magnetic helicity in magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Webb G. M. , Prasad A. , Anco S. C. , Hu Q.
Published: October 2019

The Godbillon–Vey invariant occurs in homology theory, and algebraic topology, when conditions for a co-dimension 1, foliation of a three-dimensional manifold are satisfied. The magnetic Godbillon–Vey helicity invariant in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a higher-order helicity invariant that occurs for flows in which the magnetic helicity density$h_{m}=\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{B}=\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{\cdot }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\times \boldsymbol{A})=0$, where$\boldsymbol{A}$is the magnetic vector potential and$\boldsymbol{B}$is the magnetic induction. This paper obtains evolution equations for the magnetic Godbillon–Vey field$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6C8}=\boldsymbol{A}\times \boldsymbol{B}/|\boldsymbol{A}|^{2}$and the Godbillon–Vey helicity density$h_{\text{gv}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6C8}\boldsymbol{\cdot }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\times \unicode[STIX]{x1D6C8})$in general MHD flows in which either$h_{m}=0$or$h_{m}\neq 0$. A conservation law for$h_{\text{gv}}$occurs in flows for which$h_{m}=0$. For$h_{m}\neq 0$the evolution equation for$h_{\text{gv}}$contains a source term in which$h_{m}$is coupled to$h_{\text{gv}}$via the shear tensor of the background flow. The transport equation for$h_{\text{gv}}$also depends on the electric field potential$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$, which is related to the gauge for$\boldsymbol{A}$, which takes its simplest form for the advected$\boldsymbol{A}$gauge in which$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}=\boldsymbol{A}\boldsymbol{\cdot }\boldsymbol{u}$where$\boldsymbol{u}$is the fluid velocity. An application of the Godbillon–Vey magnetic helicity to nonlinear force-free magnetic fields used in solar physics is investigated. The possible uses of the Godbillon–Vey helicity in zero helicity flows in ideal fluid mechanics, and in zero helicity Lagrangian kinematics of three-dimensional advection, are discussed.
Sino-Foreign Business Networks: Foreign and Chinese banks in the Chinese banking sector, 1890–1911
Authors: MOAZZIN GHASSAN
Published: October 2019

At the turn of the twentieth century, foreign bankers viewed China as one of the up-and-coming markets for international banking. This led to a rapid influx of foreign banks into the banking sector of the China coast. Consequently, foreign banks became a major presence in the treaty ports, where they financed China's foreign trade, provided loans to the Chinese government, and supplied Chinese banks with credit. However, their operations in the Chinese banking sector were always dependent on interaction with Chinese banks. Previous scholarship has largely portrayed the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks in terms of the former dominating and controlling the banking sector of China's treaty ports. This article challenges this view and shows that the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks was one of interdependence rather than one-sided control. It demonstrates how foreign banks had to adapt their business practices to the Chinese business environment and how they were integrated into existing Chinese business networks. Moreover, this article reveals how Chinese entrepreneurs could use their relationship with foreign banks for the benefit of their own business networks and exploit information asymmetries between foreign and Chinese banks to generate profits. The result of the development of this interdependent relationship between foreign and Chinese banks, and of the integration of the former into existing Chinese business networks was the formation of Sino-foreign business networks, which played an important role in making possible the operations of financial markets in China's transnational treaty port economy.
Spelling variations of translingual Korean English words
Authors: Ahn Hyejeong
Published: October 2019

The present study explores spelling variations of translingual words of Korean origin which are used in the English context across the globe. Four sets of English-language databases including the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the CNN website, Google Search and Google Trends were employed to locate and examine examples of such words. Variations in the spelling of Korean-origin words listed in the OED and on the CNN website were examined and compared with examples from the official Romanization of the Korean language published by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL). The popularity and frequency of use of these words was investigated using Google Search and Google Trends. The findings suggest that there are several English spelling variations of Korean-origin words and that amongst such variations, the OED spelling variation is the most overwhelmingly popular version used by Google and by the CNN website. This finding is discussed in the context of spreading popularity of Korean pop culture.
Extending the Ability of Near‐Infrared Images to Monitor Small River Discharge on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Haojie , Li Hongyi , Wang Jian , Hao Xiaohua
Published: October 2019

River discharge gauging is scarce in high mountainous regions, especially on the Tibetan Plateau, where rivers are widely distributed. Although remote sensing is an important mean of monitoring river discharge, previous methods are most suitable for large rivers, and the ability to monitor small rivers (with widths less than 100 m) is limited. To resolve this issue, a multiple pixel ratio (MPR) method is presented for monitoring the discharge of small rivers based on the relationship between river discharge and the near‐infrared reflectivity. Utilizing 281 Landsat images (1990–2015), we monitored river discharges in two subbasins in the upstream region of the Heihe River located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that the performance of the MPR method is more stable than the previous calibration/measurement method. The monitoring accuracy was correlated with the length and location of the selected inundated river channel. Using selected inundated river channel lengths between 300 and 600 m can provide better monitoring accuracy. The Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of monitoring results (2013–2014) of Qilian station was 0.82; the Zhamashike station (2015) was 0.45; the two stations multiyears (1990–2013) monitoring results were 0.32 and 0.41; the ungauged basin was 0.45. Our results suggest that the MPR method can expand the ability of remote sensing to monitor discharge in small rivers with widths greater than 30 m on the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the new method also has the potential to monitor the discharge of ungauged small rivers (with widths greater than 30 m).
Gravel Gives Clues to the Strength of Paleotsunamis
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: October 2019

The roundness of sediment deposits may shed light on how big tsunamis were in the past and how to evaluate hazards in the future.
Downstream and In Situ: Two Perspectives on the Initiation of Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems Over the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Meera M. , Suhas E. , Sandeep S.
Published: October 2019

Monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) contribute to more than half of the total summer monsoon rainfall over central India. As their genesis mechanism is not well understood, the LPS‐related precipitation contribution is ill represented in climate models, which has contributed to the underestimation of rainfall over central India in climate model simulations. Two hundred fifty‐six cases of LPS initiations over the Bay of Bengal during 1979 to 2017summer seasons were analyzed, and it was found that 68% of the systems were initiated in situ, while the remaining 32% were initiated by downstream amplification of wave disturbances from the western Pacific. Detailed analysis reveals that the LPS generated by the two mechanisms have similar dynamic and thermodynamic features. A declining trend is also observed in the number of downstream generated cases indicating that it would become increasingly difficult to predict the initiation of LPS in the future.
Deformation‐Based Monitoring of Water Migration in Rocks Using Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xue Ziqiu
Published: October 2019

Rock deformation induced by pore‐fluid pressure carries useful information about fluid flow owing to hydromechanical coupling. Thus, obtaining spatiotemporal changes in rock deformation could provide improved understanding of the fluid and pressure migration in aquifers or the role of fluid in the evolution of rainfall‐induced landslide. Here we deployed high‐resolution Rayleigh‐scattering‐type distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) to measure rock deformation while injecting water into low‐permeability dry sandstone. X‐ray computed tomography imaging was simultaneously used to visualize the water migration. DFOSS measurements showed the rock developed a dilation deformation that grew during water saturating process. The movement of water wetting front can be revealed by the changes in the measured distributed strain. Strain changes were shaped by poroelastic changes due to the fluid pressure buildup and swelling by the water–clay reaction (i.e., adsorption). The latter mechanism caused increase in the strain when water first entered the dry pore spaces and the change in pore pressure was slight. The mechanism continued contributed to the overall deformation to peak magnitude of ~600 μϵ together with poroelastic mechanism. However, after the rock was fully saturated, further deformation during the flow test can be explained by the poroelastic mechanism alone. Our study suggests that the two factors can be employed as signatures for effectively monitoring fluid behavior in natural sediments using DFOSS. Moreover, we obtained the spatial hydromechanical properties, permeability and stiffness, from the distributed strain measurement and pressure responses. Using DFOSS in the field may substantially improve our ability to monitor and model fluid activity related to rock deformations in reservoirs and rainfall‐induced landslides that would help in warning people of risks and preventing disasters.
Response gene to complement 32 expression in macrophages augments paracrine stimulation-mediated colon cancer progression
Authors: Zhao Peng , Wang Bing , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Wei , Liu Yan
Published: October 2019

M2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor progression. It has been reported that response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) promotes M2 macrophage polarization. However, whether RGC-32 expression in macrophages could play a potential role in tumor progression remain unclear. Here we identified that increasing RGC-32 expression in colon cancer and tumor associated macrophages was positively correlated with cancer progression. In vitro studies confirmed that colon cancer cells upregulated RGC-32 expression of macrophages via secreting TGF-β1. RGC-32 expression promoted macrophage migration. In addition, stimulation of HCT-116 cells with the condition mediums of RGC-32-silienced or over-expressed macrophages affected tumor cell colony formation and migration via altered COX-2 expression. In an animal model, macrophages with RGC-32 knockdown significantly decreased the expression of COX-2 and Ki67 in the xenografts, and partly inhibited tumor growth. Together, our results provide the evidences for a critical role of TGF-β1/RGC-32 pathway in TAMs and colon cancer cells during tumor progression.
DDIT3 (CHOP) contributes to retinal ganglion cell somal loss but not axonal degeneration in DBA/2J mice
Authors: Marola Olivia J. , Syc-Mazurek Stephanie B. , Libby Richard T.
Published: October 2019

Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Chronic ocular hypertension, an important risk factor for glaucoma, leads to RGC axonal injury at the optic nerve head. This insult triggers molecularly distinct cascades governing RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration. The molecular mechanisms activated by ocular hypertensive insult that drive both RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration are incompletely understood. The cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and induction of pro-apoptotic DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) have been implicated as drivers of neurodegeneration in many disease models, including glaucoma. RGCs express DDIT3 after glaucoma-relevant insults, and importantly, DDIT3 has been shown to contribute to both RGC somal apoptosis and axonal degeneration after acute induction of ocular hypertension. However, the role of DDIT3 in RGC somal and axonal degeneration has not been critically tested in a model of age-related chronic ocular hypertension. Here, we investigated the role of DDIT3 in glaucomatous RGC death using an age-related, naturally occurring ocular hypertensive mouse model of glaucoma, DBA/2J mice (D2). To accomplish this, a null allele of Ddit3 was backcrossed onto the D2 background. Homozygous Ddit3 deletion did not alter gross retinal or optic nerve head morphology, nor did it change the ocular hypertensive profile of D2 mice. In D2 mice, Ddit3 deletion conferred mild protection to RGC somas, but did not significantly prevent RGC axonal degeneration. Together, these data suggest that DDIT3 plays a minor role in perpetuating RGC somal apoptosis caused by chronic ocular hypertension-induced axonal injury, but does not significantly contribute to distal axonal degeneration.
Human placental trophoblast cells contribute to maternal–fetal tolerance through expressing IL-35 and mediating iTR35 conversion
Authors: Liu Jia , Hao Shengnan , Chen Xi , Zhao Hui , Du Lutao , Ren Hanxiao , Wang Chuanxin , Mao Haiting
Published: October 2019

During pregnancy, trophoblast cells sustain the maternal–fetal tolerance via expressing and secreting various chemokines and cytokines. Our previous study revealed the expression of interleukin-35 (IL-35) in human first-trimester trophoblasts. Here we show that IL-35 is expressed in both human first-trimester primary trophoblast cells and a trophoblast cell line. Trophoblast cells inhibit the proliferation of human naive conventional T cells (Tconvcells) and convert suppressed Tconvcells into iTR35 in an IL-35-dependent manner. Mechanistically, trophoblast cell derived IL-35 mediates its function through phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. In vivo studies confirm that mice with immunologically spontaneous abortion have lower levels of IL-35 and iTR35 cells at the maternal–fetal interface, and neutralizing anti-IL-35 mAb enhances abortion rates. Meanwhile, exogenous IL-35 induces iTR35 and prevents immunological abortion. Our findings thus suggest that trophoblast cells have a critical function in preserving maternal–fetal tolerance via secreting IL-35 during pregnancy.
The effects of climate and catchment characteristic change on streamflow in a typical tributary of the Yellow River
Authors: Lv Xizhi , Zuo Zhongguo , Ni Yongxin , Sun Juan , Wang Henian
Published: October 2019

Hydrological cycle changes that occur due to a changing environment is a hot topic in the field of hydrological science. It is of great practical significance to study the response mechanism of hydrological process change for future water resources planning and management. In this study, the effects of climate and watershed characteristic change on the streamflow in a typical tributary of the Yellow River (the Fen River watershed) are studied based on the Budyko hypothesis. The results show that: the sensitivity coefficients of streamflow to precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and the watershed characteristic coefficient were 0.1809, −0.0551, and −27.0882, respectively. This meant that a 1 mm decrease in the precipitation would induce a 0.1809 mm decrease in the streamflow. Additionally, a 1 mm decrease in the potential evapotranspiration would induce a 0.0551 mm increase in the streamflow, and an increase of 1 in the watershed characteristic coefficient would induce a 27.0882 mm decrease in the streamflow. The streamflow of the Fen River watershed showed a significant decreasing trend during the reference period (1951–1977). In addition, the streamflow of the change period (1978–2010) decreased 26.87 mm; and this was primarily caused by watershed characteristic change which accounted for 92.27%, while climate change only accounted for 6.50%.
A novel therapeutic approach for anaplastic thyroid cancer through inhibition of LAT1
Authors: Enomoto Keisuke , Sato Fuyuki , Tamagawa Shunji , Gunduz Mehmet , Onoda Naoyoshi , Uchino Shinya , Muragaki Yasuteru , Hotomi Muneki
Published: October 2019

A novel therapeutic approach is urgently needed for patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) due to its fatal and rapid progress. We recently reported that ATC highly expressed MYC protein and blocking of MYC through its selective inhibitor, JQ1, decreased ATC growth and improved survival in preclinical models. One of the important roles of MYC is regulation of L-neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) protein and inhibition of LAT1 would provide similar anti-tumor effect. We first identified that while the human ATC expresses LAT1 protein, it is little or not detected in non-cancerous thyroidal tissue, further supporting LAT1 as a good target. Then we evaluated the efficacy of JPH203, a LAT1 inhibitor, against ATC by using the in vitro cell-based studies and in vivo xenograft model bearing human ATC cells. JPH203 markedly inhibited proliferation of three ATC cell lines through suppression of mTOR signals and blocked cell cycle progression from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase. The tumor growth inhibition and decrease in size by JPH203 via inhibition of mTOR signaling and G0/G1 cell cycle associated proteins were further confirmed in xenograft models. These preclinical findings suggest that LAT1 inhibitors are strong candidates to control ATC, for which current treatment options are highly limited.
Additional Expiratory Resistance Elevates Airway Pressure and Lung Volume during High-Flow Tracheal Oxygen via Tracheostomy
Authors: Chen Guang-Qiang , Sun Xiu-Mei , Wang Yu-Mei , Zhou Yi-Min , Chen Jing-Ran , Cheng Kun-Ming , Yang Yan-Lin , Zhou Jian-Xin
Published: October 2019

The standard high-flow tracheal (HFT) interface was modified by adding a 5-cm H2O/L/s resistor to the expiratory port. First, in a test lung simulating spontaneous breathing, we found that the modified HFT caused an elevation in airway pressure as a power function of flow. Then, three tracheal oxygen treatments (T-piece oxygen at 10 L/min, HFT and modified HFT at 40 L/min) were delivered in a random crossover fashion to six tracheostomized pigs before and after the induction of lung injury. The modified HFT induced a significantly higher airway pressure compared with that in either T-piece or HFT (p < 0.001). Expiratory resistance significantly increased during modified HFT (p < 0.05) to a mean value of 4.9 to 6.7 cm H2O/L/s. The modified HFT induced significant augmentation in end-expiratory lung volume (p < 0.05) and improved oxygenation for lung injury model (p = 0.038) compared with the HFT and T-piece. There was no significant difference in esophageal pressure swings, transpulmonary driving pressure or pressure time product among the three treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the modified HFT with additional expiratory resistance generated a clinically relevant elevation in airway pressure and lung volume. Although expiratory resistance increased, inspiratory effort, lung stress and work of breathing remained within an acceptable range.
Dynamically tunable switch and filter in single slot cavity structure
Authors: Li Boxun , Zeng Lili , Zhang Xingjiao , He Biao , Liao Kun , Liu Kun , Wang Bin
Published: October 2019

A single slot cavity coupled with two waveguides has been researched in theory and simulation. The results comparison between theory and simulation shows they agree well. It is found that the lateral displacementSplays an important role in transmission properties. Moreover, increasing the width of the slot cavity results in the emergence of new resonant peaks. At the same time, the shift of the resonant peaks have been explained well. The slot cavity with Kerr nonlinear material can act as a dynamically tunable four channel switch and filter. The single slot cavity has the advantages of simple and compact structure, easy fabrication, and the excellent properties are helpful to control light in photonics circuits.
Discovery of a receptor guanylate cyclase expressed in the sperm flagella of stony corals
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chiu Yi-Ling , Chen Chieh-Jhen , Ho Yu-Ying , Shinzato Chuya , Shikina Shinya , Chang Ching-Fong
Published: October 2019

The receptor guanylate cyclases (rGCs) in animals serve as sensitive chemoreceptors to detect both chemical and environmental cues. In reproduction, rGCs were shown to be expressed on sperm and serve as receptors for egg-derived sperm-activating and sperm-attracting factors in some echinoderms and mammals. However, sperm-associated rGCs have only been identified in some deuterostomes thus far, and it remains unclear how widely rGCs are utilized in metazoan reproduction. To address this issue, this study investigated the existence and expression of rGCs, particularly asking if rGCs are involved in the reproduction of a basal metazoan, phylum Cnidaria, using the stony coralEuphyllia ancora. Six paralogous rGCs were identified from a transcriptome database ofE. ancora, and one of the rGCs, GC-A, was shown to be specifically expressed in the testis. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated thatE. ancoraGC-A protein was expressed in the spermatocytes and spermatids and eventually congregated on the sperm flagella during spermatogenesis. These findings suggest that GC-A may be involved in the regulation of sperm activity and/or functions (e.g., fertilization) in corals. This study is the first to perform molecular characterization of rGCs in cnidarians and provides evidence for the possible involvement of rGCs in the reproduction of basal metazoans.
Minor contribution of cytochrome P450 3A activity on fentanyl exposure in palliative care cancer patients
Authors: Geist Marcus J. P. , Ziesenitz Victoria C. , Bardenheuer Hubert J. , Burhenne Juergen , Skopp Gisela , Mikus Gerd
Published: October 2019

Transdermal fentanyl is widely used to control pain in cancer patients. The high pharmacokinetic variability of fentanyl is assumed to be due to cytochrome P450 3A-mediated (CYP3A) N-dealkylation to norfentanyl in humans. However, recently published clinical studies question the importance of the described metabolic pathway. In this small study in palliative cancer patients under real-life clinical conditions, the influence of CYP3A on fentanyl variability was investigated. In addition to the determination of midazolam plasma concentration to reveal CYP3A activity, plasma concentrations of fentanyl and its metabolite, norfentanyl, were measured in identical blood samples of 20 patients who participated in an ongoing trial and had been on transdermal fentanyl. Fentanyl, norfentanyl, midazolam, and 1′-OH-midazolam were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl and norfentanyl exhibited a large variability. Mean estimated total clearance of fentanyl and mean metabolic clearance of midazolam (as a marker of CYP3A activity) were 75.5 and 36.3 L/h. Both clearances showed a weak correlation and hence a minimal influence of CYP3A on fentanyl elimination.
Highly efficient CuCr-MMO catalyst for a base-free styrene epoxidation with H2O2 as the oxidant: synergistic effect between Cu and Cr
Authors: Wang Qian , Liang Xiao , Bi Ruxia , Liu Yanan , He Yufei , Feng Junting , Li Dianqing
Published: October 2019

The synergistic effect of the bimetals and the suitable acid–basic property of CuCr-MMO contributed to the good catalytic performance of the styrene epoxidation.
Synthesis of a 3D free standing crystalline NiSex matrix for electrochemical energy storage applications
Authors: Dinara Syed Mukulika , Samantara Aneeya K. , Das Jiban K. , Behera J. N. , Nayak Saroj K. , Late Dattatray J. , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: October 2019

Self-supported heterogeneous NiSex nanocrystals grown by a facile one-step chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method show excellent electrochemical behaviour with a retention of 88% of initial capacitance even after 10 000 repeated cycles.
Inclusion and reactivity of main group radicals in the porous framework MIL-53(Al)
Authors: Stephaniuk Nadia T. , Haskings Erika M. , Arauzo Ana , Campo Javier , Rawson Jeremy M.
Published: October 2019

Inclusion chemistry of dithiadiazolyl and diselenadiazolyl radicals into the MIL-53(Al) host occurs via vapor phase diffusion.
An unusual donor–acceptor system MnIIPc-TCNQ/F4-TCNQ and the properties of the mixed single crystals of metal phthalocyanines with organic acceptor molecules
Authors: Kataeva Olga , Metlushka Kirill , Ivshin Kamil , Nikitina Kristina , Alfonsov Vladimir , Vandyukov Alexander , Khrizanforov Mikhail , Budnikova Yulia , Sinyashin Oleg , Krupskaya Yulia , Kataev Vladislav , Büchner Bernd , Knupfer Martin
Published: October 2019

Single crystals of Mn(iii)Pc·2H2O with TCNQ/F4-TCNQ radical anions are stabilized via C–H⋯π interactions. Mn(iii) is in a high spin state.
A mechanism of alkali metal carbonates catalysing the synthesis of β-hydroxyethyl sulfide with mercaptan and ethylene carbonate
Authors: Liu Dongliang , Thomas Tiju , Gong Hong , Li Fei , Li Qiang , Song Lijuan , Azhagan Tamil , Jiang Heng , Yang Minghui
Published: October 2019

The activation mechanism of the synthesis of β-hydroxyethyl sulfide with ethylene carbonate and thiol catalysed by M2CO3 has been studied.
An alternative modular ‘click-SNAr-click’ approach to develop subcellular localised fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn2+
Authors: Fang Le , Trigiante Giuseppe , Crespo-Otero Rachel , Philpott Michael P. , Jones Christopher R. , Watkinson Michael
Published: October 2019

A modular ‘bottom to top’ synthesis of organelle targeted small molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of mobile zinc.
Celamonols A–D, four triterpenoid and catechin conjugates with immunosuppressive activities from the stems of Celastrus monospermus
Authors: Qin Jun-Jun , Fu Yi-Fan , Chen Xi , Liu Yu-Ting , Zhao Ji-Hui , Zuo Jian-Ping , Li Yi-Ming , Zhu Wei-Liang , Zhao Wei-Min
Published: October 2019

Celamonols A–D (1–4), four dimers between a friedelane-type triterpenoid and a catechin, were isolated from the stems of Celastrus monospermus.
Suppressing photo-oxidation of non-fullerene acceptors and their blends in organic solar cells by exploring material design and employing friendly stabilizers
Authors: Guo Jing , Wu Yao , Sun Rui , Wang Wei , Guo Jie , Wu Qiang , Tang Xiaofeng , Sun Chenkai , Luo Zhenghui , Chang Kai , Zhang Zhuohan , Yuan Jun , Li Tengfei , Tang Weihua , Zhou Erjun , Xiao Zuo , Ding Liming , Zou Yingping , Zhan Xiaowei , Yang Chuluo , Li Zhen , Brabec Christoph J. , Li Yongfang , Min Jie
Published: October 2019

Rational material design and additive selection boost the longevity of high-efficiency non-fullerene solar cells against photo-oxidation.
Learning While Playing: A Randomized Trial of Serious Games as a Tool for Word Mastery
Authors: McGregor Karla K. , Marshall Brooke A. , Julian Samantha K. , Oleson Jacob
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether college students build their vocabularies by playing a serious game that incorporates principles of learning and memory.

Design

This study used a single-site, prospective, randomized trial with 2 branches: immediate and delayed treatment. Outcome measures were obtained after a 1-month intervention and, for the immediate group only, after a 1-month retention interval.

Setting

College students from the University of Iowa were recruited via mass e-mail. The intervention took place in the participants' homes; the testing took place in a university laboratory.

Participants

Forty undergraduates (32 women, 8 men) who planned to take the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE;
Educational Testing Service, 2018
) within the year following the treatment participated in the study. Participants were allocated to 1 of the 2 treatment branches via biased coin randomization.

Intervention

The treatment consisted of vocabulary training on
Vocabulary.com
for a minimum of 20 min (dose) 4 times per week (frequency) for 4 weeks (treatment duration), for a total cumulative treatment intensity of 320 min.

Outcome Measures

The prespecified primary outcome measures of word learning were the number of words mastered during
Vocabulary.com
play and the percentage of mastered words accurately defined. The depth of information included in the definitions was a secondary outcome. The prespecified primary outcome measure of functional impact was change in the verbal GRE practice test scores from pre- to posttreatment. The examiners scoring the definitions were blind to treatment assignment. All other outcomes were measured automatically by the relevant computer program so blinding was moot.

Results

The participants averaged 5.33 hr of play during the treatment interval and mastered 124 words. Amount of play and mastery were highly correlated. Accuracy of definitions was 55% or 59% (depending on treatment branch) after treatment and 55% 1 month later, an insignificant decline. The game itself did not result in GRE gains, but participants who mastered more words per minute of play had higher GRE scores than other participants.

Conclusion

Vocabulary.com
, an evidence-based game, showed promise as a way to build vocabulary knowledge, but at the intensity of treatment provided, it did not result in gains in high-stakes test performance.

Trial Registration

This trial was not preregistered.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9936374
Key Elements of Robust Vocabulary Instruction for Emergent Bilingual Adolescents
Authors: Crosson Amy C. , McKeown Margaret G. , Robbins Kelly P. , Brown Kathleen J.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

In this clinical focus article, the authors argue for robust vocabulary instruction with emergent bilingual learners both in inclusive classroom settings and in clinical settings for emergent bilinguals with language and literacy disorders. Robust vocabulary instruction focuses on high-utility academic words that carry abstract meanings and appear in texts across content areas (e.g.,diminish,ambiguous). For emergent bilinguals, vocabulary instruction should be infused with morphological analysis emphasizing Latin roots to support students to problem-solve meanings of new, unfamiliar words and make connections between semantic clusters of related words in English. An innovative and critical component of this instructional approach is to support emergent bilinguals to leverage their linguistic resources by making connections to their home languages. Five design principles for teaching emergent bilinguals to engage in morphological analysis with Latin roots are presented. These design principles are illustrated with examples of evidence-based practices from intervention materials for instruction. Examples are drawn from varied instructional contexts. We present a synthesis of findings from implementation trials of our instructional program. Finally, application of the approach to clinical settings for speech-language pathologists are addressed.

Conclusions

Clinical practice with emergent bilingual learners at intermediate and advanced stages of proficiency should incorporate robust vocabulary instruction for emergent bilinguals from a variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Clinicians should focus on high-utility academic words, and they should teach morphological problem-solving skills for generative word learning. Clinicians should leverage emergent bilingual learners' home language resources for developing morphological problem-solving skill.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9745169
A Review of Middle School Vocabulary Interventions: Five Research-Based Recommendations for Practice
Authors: Elleman Amy M. , Oslund Eric L. , Griffin Natalie M. , Myers Katie E.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this tutorial is to explain key concepts about vocabulary acquisition and instruction and to translate research from middle school vocabulary interventions into practice recommendations for practitioners. In this tutorial, we consider the relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension, describe vocabulary acquisition including the development of semantic networks, provide a review of high-quality middle school vocabulary studies, and make recommendations for practice.

Method

We reviewed the experimental and quasi-experimental literature examining the impact of vocabulary instruction on the vocabulary and reading comprehension development of middle school students. We searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PsycInfo, ERIC, Scopus, Google Scholar) using combinations of specific search terms (i.e.,vocabulary, intervention, instruction, middle school, adolescent), searched reviews of vocabulary research, and conducted bibliographic searches of included studies. We then extracted information from each included study about the intervention, participants, and outcomes.

Results

We identified 17 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were conducted with students from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Only 1 study focused exclusively on students with learning disabilities, language impairments, or reading disabilities, highlighting the need for more vocabulary experimental research studies with special populations of students in middle school.

Conclusion

After reviewing the middle school studies, we make 5 recommendations based on the literature: (a) teach vocabulary intentionally, (b) teach independent word-learning strategies (morphological analysis), (c) focus on developing semantic networks, (d) increase opportunities to use new words in discussion and writing, and (e) provide a motivating and language-rich learning environment.