bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind Is a Primary Driver of Fungal Dispersal Across a Mainland‐Island System
Authors: Naranjo‐Orrico D. , Ovaskainen O. , Furneaux B. , Purhonen J. , Arancibia P. A. , Burg S. , Moser N. , Niku J. , Tikhonov G. , Zakharov E. , Monkhouse N. , Abrego N.
Published: February 2025

Dispersal is one of the main processes shaping ecological communities. Yet, for species‐rich communities in natural systems, the role of dispersal in community assembly remains relatively less studied compared to other processes. This is the case for fungal communities, for which predictable knowledge about where and how the dispersal propagules move across space is largely lacking. We sampled fungal communities at their dispersal stage in a lake mainland‐island system in Finland, using a regular grid of 18 × 18 km, including sites on the mainland, islands and over the water. Fungal communities were screened by applying DNA barcoding to air samples. To assess the factors determining fungal dispersal, we modelled aerial fungal communities with a joint species distribution model, including spore traits, weather‐related predictors, and spatial predictors. We found that the probability of occurrence of most species (and consequently species richness measured as the number of OTUs per sample) was lower in low‐connectivity sites (water and isolated islands) compared to high‐connectivity sites (mainland). There was a strong phylogenetic signal in how the fungal species responded to connectivity, indicating that some taxonomic groups are more dispersal limited than others, although such responses were not structured by their trophic guilds. Furthermore, wind speed influenced how species with different spore sizes responded to connectivity: in low‐connectivity sites, species with large sexual spores were detected especially when wind was high, whereas, in high‐connectivity sites, they were detected especially when wind was low. This study demonstrates that air fungal dispersal might be more predictable than previously considered and contributes to the mechanistic understanding of fungal air dispersal.
Comparative Genomics Uncovers Molecular Adaptations for Cetacean Deep‐Sea Diving
Authors: Zhang Fan , Zhang Tong , Dong Hao , Jiang Jie , Yang Guang , Seim Inge , Tian Ran
Published: February 2025

Cetaceans show remarkable diversity in diving capability, implying a range of adaptive strategies to hazards such as hydrostatic pressure and oxidative stress, but few studies have considered the evolution of extreme diving. Here, we first examined the relationship between morphological and physiological factors and diving capability and then considered the molecular evolution of candidate deep‐sea diving traits in a genomic dataset of cetaceans. Our dataset included six super‐divers, sperm whales (families Physeteridae and Kogiidae) and beaked whales (Ziphiidae), species that can dive deeper than 1000 m for about an hour or longer. We found a positive association between diving capability and oxygen‐linked globins, and super‐diver myoglobin (MB) is under positive selection and harbours a reported functional amino acid change. Blubber thickness was positively associated, likely to provide thermal insulation and hydrostatic pressure resistance. Super‐divers have gene changes that may contribute to differences in the composition of outer blubber neutral lipids (triacylglycerols and wax esters), fatty acids and cholesterol. Total lung capacity relative to body mass showed a negative association, ostensibly to limit gas bubbles that can cause decompression sickness. A functional assay suggests that an ATP8B1 amino acid substitution may reduce lung injury in super‐divers. Super‐diver XDH has two unique amino acids and a decreased ability to produce uric acid under hypoxia when its ROS‐generating XO isoform is prevalent, suggesting that it reduces cell damage from oxidative stress and uric acid accumulation in species with prolonged dives. Our study deepens the understanding of how deep‐sea diving emerged in the cetacean lineage.
Comparative Population Genomics Reveal the Determinants of Genome Erosion in Two Sympatric Neotropical Falcons
Authors: Dussex Nicolas
Published: February 2025

Studying genetic diversity in endangered species has become an important component of conservation science over the past decades. Thanks to recent developments in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, genetic parameters of conservation relevance such as neutral and functional genome‐wide variation are now routinely estimated. Since inbreeding and deleterious mutations represent significant threats to small and declining populations, assessing the dynamics of these parameters has received particular attention in many recent conservation genomics studies. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Martin et al. analyse the genomes of two Neotropical falcon species to assess the impact of their contrasting population histories on genome‐wide diversity. They show that the Orange‐breasted falcon which has had a low long‐term population size and has experienced recent population bottlenecks is more inbred but has relatively fewer deleterious variations compared to its sister taxon, the Bat falcon, which is characterised by a larger long‐term population size. This study not only provides insights into the role of past demography on the dynamics of deleterious variation in two species with contrasting population histories but also highlights the increasing importance of comparative approaches in population and conservation genomics.
Movement behavior of a blue whale between the Galapagos Archipelago and the Frontal System off Baja California Peninsula
Authors: Guzman Hector M. , Estévez Rocío M.
Published: February 2025

The movement behavior of blue whales in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is not well understood, especially regarding the migration of Northeast (NEP) and Southeast (SEP) Pacific populations. This study presents tracking data from a satellite‐tagged blue whale recorded between the Galapagos Islands and the Baja California Frontal System. A Bayesian state‐space model (BSAM) estimated the whale's movement trajectory, and a hidden Markov model (HMM) classified behavioral states. Environmental factors like sea surface temperature, chlorophyll‐a concentration, primary productivity, and mesoscale eddies were analyzed to identify ecological drivers. The whale displayed foraging behavior in areas with lower temperatures, higher productivity, and elevated chlorophyll levels, with movements influenced by cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. These findings improve understanding of blue whale migration and the potential overlap between NEP and SEP populations in key tropical regions. They suggest that areas like the Galapagos and Costa Rica Thermal Dome may serve as ecological corridors, influenced by eddies.
Comparison of the Outcomes of Endoscopic Posterolateral Interbody Fusion and Lateral Interbody Fusion in the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hu Xijian , Yan Lei , Chai Jing , Zhao Xiaofeng , Liu Haifeng , Zhu Jinhuai , Chai Huo , Zhao Yibo , Zhao Bin
Published: February 2025

Objective

Although endoscopic technologies have been increasingly applied in lumbar fusion surgery in recent years, the advantages and disadvantages of endoscopic posterolateral fusion compared with lateral fusion remain unclear. Six different single‐level lumbar interbody fusion procedures were compared to determine whether indirect decompression fusion could achieve levels of efficacy and safety comparable to those of minimally invasive direct decompression fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease (LDD).

Method

A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, and studies on the treatment of LDD published from 2004 to March 2024 were retrieved. The data of preset clinical outcome measures, including operation time, intraoperative estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay (LOS), complications, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), were extracted from the studies.

Results

Thirty‐five studies with 3467 patients were included in this review. Network meta‐analysis revealed no significant differences in improvements in pain and disability or adverse events among the procedures, except for uniportal endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (UELIF), which resulted in a lower degree of improvement in the ODI than oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF). Stand‐alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (SA‐LLIF) exhibited the best performance in terms of indicators of early efficacy, such as surgical time and LOS. OLIF and SA‐LLIF had higher fusion rates than did UELIF and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS‐TLIF). MIS‐TLIF resulted in greater EBL than did OLIF, SA‐LLIF, and UELIF.

Conclusion

Minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion achieves good therapeutic results in LDD patients regardless of the use of indirect or direct decompression, whereas SA‐LLIF has better early efficacy.
Automated Detection and Severity Prediction of Wheat Rust Using Cost‐Effective Xception Architecture
Authors: Syeda Fouzia , Jameel Amina , Alani Noor , Humayun Mamoona , Alwakid Ghadah Naif
Published: February 2025

Wheat crop production is under constant threat from leaf and stripe rust, an airborne fungal disease caused by the pathogen Puccinia triticina. Early detection and efficient crop phenotyping are crucial for managing and controlling the spread of this disease in susceptible wheat varieties. Current detection methods are predominantly manual and labour‐intensive. Traditional strategies such as cultivating resistant varieties, applying fungicides and practicing good agricultural techniques often fall short in effectively identifying and responding to wheat rust outbreaks. To address these challenges, we propose an innovative computer vision‐based disease severity prediction pipeline. Our approach utilizes a deep learning‐based classifier to differentiate between healthy and rust‐infected wheat leaves. Upon identifying an infected leaf, we apply Grabcut‐based segmentation to isolate the foreground mask. This mask is then processed in the CIELAB color space to distinguish leaf rust stripes and spores. The disease severity ratio is calculated to measure the extent of infection on each test leaf. This paper introduces a ground‐breaking disease severity prediction method, offering a low‐cost, accessible and automated solution for wheat rust disease screening in field conditions using digital colour images. Our approach represents a significant advancement in crop disease management, promising timely interventions and better control measures for wheat rust.
Advancing treatment response prediction in first‐episode psychosis: integrating clinical and electroencephalography features
Authors: Dominicus Livia , Zandstra Melissa , Franse Josephine , Otte Wim , Hillebrand Arjan , de Graaf Simone , Ambrosen Karen , Glenthøj Birte Yding , Zalesky Andrew , Borup Bojesen Kirsten , Sørensen Mikkel , Scheepers Floortje , Stam Cornelis , Oranje Bob , Ebdrup Bjorn , van Dellen Edwin
Published: February 2025

Aims

Prompt diagnosis and intervention are crucial for first‐episode psychosis (FEP) outcomes, but predicting the response to antipsychotics remains challenging. We studied whether adding electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics improves clinical prediction models for treatment response and whether EEG‐based predictors are influenced by initial treatment.

Methods

We included 115 antipsychotic‐naïve patients with FEP. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and sociodemographic items were included as clinical features. Additionally, we analyzed resting‐state EEG data (n = 45) for (relative) power, functional connectivity, and network organization. Treatment response, measured as change in PANSS positive subscale scores (∆PANSS+), was predicted using a random forest regression model. We analyzed whether the most predictive EEG characteristics were influenced after treatment.

Results

The clinical model explained 12% variance in symptom reduction in the training set and 32% in the validation set. Including EEG variables in the model led to a nonsignificant increase of 2% (total 34%) explained variance in symptom reduction. High hallucination symptom scores and a more hierarchical organization of alpha band networks (tree hierarchy) were associated with ∆PANSS+ reduction. The tree hierarchy in the alpha band decreased after medication. EEG source analysis revealed that this change was driven by alterations in the degree and centrality of frontal and parietal nodes in the functional brain network.

Conclusions

Both clinical and EEG characteristics can inform treatment response prediction in patients with FEP, but the combined model may not be beneficial over a clinical model. Nevertheless, adding a more objective marker such as EEG could be valuable in selected cases.
Spectral unmixing of hyperspectral images revealed pine wilt disease sensitive endmembers
Authors: Jeong Seok Won , Lee Il Hwan , Kim Yang‐Gil , Kang Kyu‐Suk , Shim Donghwan , Hurry Vaughan , Ivanov Alexander G. , Park Youn‐Il
Published: February 2025

Throughout the entire cycle of leaf phenological events, leaf colour undergoes changes that are influenced by either abiotic stress or biotic infection. These changes in colouration are closely linked to the quantity and quality of photosynthetic pigments, which directly impact the primary productivity of plants. Therefore, monitoring and quantifying leaf colouration changes are crucial for distinguishing damage caused by pine wilt nematodes from natural tree senescence. In this study, a hyperspectral camera sensor was employed for the non‐invasive and non‐destructive evaluation of needle colour changes in coniferous trees grown in field tests. Three distinct needle colour variations of six coniferous tree species were selected and monitored using a hyperspectral sensor: those displaying seasonal autumn colours, undergoing nematode‐infected necrosis processes, and experiencing natural death. To mitigate the inherently mixed spectral properties of hyperspectral data, endmembers were extracted from individual images using the Purity Pixel Index algorithm under the assumption of linear mixing of endmembers. From a total of 1,321 endmembers extracted from 378 hyperspectral images of six pine species, eight endmembers were ultimately chosen to reconstruct hyperspectral images and generate abundance maps. Among these eight endmembers, four represent varying levels of photosynthetic pigment contents—ranging from very low to high. Consequently, these coniferous endmembers hold promise for assessing seasonal leaf phenology and the extent of damage in pine trees infected by pine wilt nematodes. This comprehensive approach underscores the effectiveness of spectral unmixing of hyperspectral images in advancing precision forestry through meticulous coniferous needle trait analysis.
Role of microbial mats in the genesis of soft‐sediment deformation structures in a siliciclastic environment
Authors: Cuadrado Diana G. , Maisano Lucía , Perillo Vanesa L. , Raniolo L. Ariel
Published: February 2025

This study addresses gaps in existing knowledge about what triggers deformation structures in soft sediments and the siliciclastic rocks that form from them. These structures are extremely diverse due to the variety of processes and agents that cause them, although several studies have been carried out to disentangle the triggering mechanisms of their formation. This study considers the role of microbial mats (with characteristic millimetre to centimetre‐heterolithic lamination) in the formation of soft sediment deformation structures, and proposes what processes are involved in their formation. It is hypothesized that wet microbial mats exhibit extremely flexible and plastic deformation that may be analogous to some structures found in sedimentary rocks. The present study documents convoluted sedimentary structures characterized by deformation, which were identified at a depth of 10 to 15 cm in a coastal sedimentary supratidal flat subject to flooding during storm surges and studied using morphological and petrographic analysis. The research was conducted at a modern coastal site characterized by sediments colonized by thick microbial mats. Currents during storm surges create deformed microbially‐induced sedimentary structures, such as metre‐scale microbial roll‐ups, in which the laminated microbial mats exhibit multiple folds. Additionally, microbial folds and gas domes, characterized by a convex‐upward microbial mat, have a cavity when they form that is filled with sand due to liquefaction and/or fluidization during subsequent flooding by storm surges. These processes are related to the incoming seawater and the height of the water column (up to 70 cm) above the microbial surface, which is also influenced by wave action. The results may help to provide new insights into the genesis of some soft‐sediment deformation structures in the coastal environment, documenting a non‐seismic mechanism of formation in siliciclastic deposits.
Outfits Serve as Symbols for Overlapping Feminine and STEM Identity Goals
Authors: Zaman Sadia , Spychalska‐Waszek Hanna , Doerflinger Johannes T. , Gollwitzer Peter M. , Byrka Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) juggle between their feminine and professional identity goals. The present research views these struggles from the perspective of identity goal pursuits. Women in STEM may use different, sometimes even symbolic, ways to strive for the two identity goals, for example, by wearing outfits that reflect femininity, their profession, or both. In two studies, we tested to what extent these two goals overlap (are seen as similar) and whether the higher overlap between feminine and STEM professional identity goals is related to the preference for outfits that may serve two goals at the same time or only one of them. In Study 1 (N = 232), we found that willingness to wear an outfit serving both identity goals was positively related to the participant's identity goal overlap. Study 2 (N = 226) showed that overlap was related to the evaluation of the chosen outfits. Participants evaluating the chosen outfits as more multifinal reported higher overlap between the two identity goals.
Steenrod operations via higher Bruhat orders
Authors: Laplante‐Anfossi Guillaume , Williams Nicholas J.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is to establish a correspondence between the higher Bruhat orders of Yu. I. Manin and V. Schechtman, and the cup‐ coproducts defining Steenrod squares in cohomology. To any element of the higher Bruhat orders, we associate a coproduct, recovering Steenrod's original ones from extremal elements in these orders. Defining this correspondence involves interpreting the coproducts geometrically in terms of zonotopal tilings, which allows us to give conceptual proofs of their properties and show that all reasonable coproducts arise from our construction.
The Twin Cycle Hypothesis of type 2 diabetes aetiology: From concept to national NHS programme
Authors: Taylor Roy
Published: February 2025

The development of magnetic resonance methods for quantifying intra‐organ metabolites has permitted advances in the understanding of fasting and post‐prandial carbohydrate and lipid handling in people with and without type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance in the liver was shown to be related to excess intra‐organ fat and was able to be returned to normal by weight loss. The practical effect of having muscle insulin sensitivity in the lower part of the wide normal range resulted in the obligatory shunting of carbohydrates via de novo lipogenesis into saturated fat. These observations provided the basis for the Twin Cycle Hypothesis of the aetiology of type 2 diabetes. Subsequent studies on people with type 2 diabetes confirmed the postulated pathophysiological abnormalities and demonstrated their reversibility by dietary weight loss of 10–15 kg. Overall, the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms causing type 2 diabetes has bridged physiological and clinical perspectives. Large population‐based randomised controlled trials confirmed the practical clinical application of the method of achieving substantial weight loss, and an NHS programme is now in place offering potential remission to people within 6 years of diagnosis.
Safer Floors in Public Service Buildings Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Sarıışık Gencay , Çoşkun Gültekin
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the effects of different floor surfaces on slip safety in public service buildings (PSBs) with heavy pedestrian traffic. The K-means clustering method is used to classify various floor types and slip safety risks. The dynamic friction coefficient (DCOF) for floor coverings, such as natural stone, ceramic, laminate, and PVC, was measured in both dry and wet conditions across 30 public institutions. These measurements were obtained using the GMG 200 and WESSEX S885 Pendulum testers, providing a comprehensive assessment of the slip resistance of these surfaces. The machine learning models employed in the study were XGBoost, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Support Vector Classifier (SVC). The models were evaluated using fivefold cross-validation. The analysis revealed that the most significant parameter in DCOF predictions for the XGBoost model was environmental conditions (EC). Performance analysis showed that the SVC model achieved the highest F1 score (0.75 ± 0.01) and AUC value (0.83), outperforming the other models. Additionally, DCOF values from slip tests were grouped into five clusters using the K-means method, and a slip safety risk scale was developed. Statistically significant differences were observed in DCOF values based on usage areas, environmental conditions, test methods, and surface materials. For instance, hospital floors were found to be generally safe in dry conditions but posed a risk in wet conditions. Based on these findings, actionable safety measures were suggested, such as applying antislip coatings in high-risk areas, selecting flooring materials with higher DCOF values for moisture-prone environments, and implementing regular slip resistance testing to maintain safety standards. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that machine learning models can effectively assess the slip resistance of floor surfaces. The findings offer valuable guidance for construction industry professionals and researchers in improving safety measures and minimizing slip risks. Future research with larger datasets and diverse conditions could enhance the understanding of this issue and further improve model performance.
Influence of Physical Electrodeposition Attributes on Mechano-Tribo and Wettability Characteristics of Ni-Co Enhanced Nanocoating
Authors: John Aashish , Saeed Adil , Khan Zulfiqar Ahmad
Published: February 2025

The current work presents a systematic exploration of the pulse electrodeposition process for Ni-Co nanocoating, with a focus on the impact of varying duty cycles (20–100%) and current density (3–9 A/dm2). The work is marked by incremental changes in duty cycle and current density and employs state-of-the-art characterization techniques to analyze surface properties, mechanical strength, tribological behavior, and wettability. Ni-Co pulse electrodeposition at 20% duty cycle and 3 A/dm2 current density dominates with desired attributes for the electronics and aerospace sectors with improved mechano-tribo and contact angle properties. These coatings exhibited superior performance across all aspects that have been studied. The nanotribological experiments were conducted using a novel approach to look into the nanoscale tribological behaviors, thus setting a pioneering effort in this field. Reduction in grain size (∼57–83%) and enhancement in surface roughness (∼64–65%) were the crucial factors contributing to improved mechanical and tribological properties. The nanohardness of the coating increased to 4.36 GPa for the optimum coating, compared to other coatings with varying properties. Similar improvements were recorded in nanotribological properties, with an improvement of ∼30–70% for coatings at 20% duty cycle and 3 A/dm2. The synergetic effect of lower grain size, nanohardness, and surface roughness properties leads to an improved mechano-tribo coating. This advancement holds good potential for industrial applications where wear resistance and surface durability are critical. The optimal coating was analyzed by employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical compositions of coatings, which confirms the formation of nickel oxide and cobalt oxide. This chemical insight adds a valuable layer of understanding, reinforcing the coatings' potential for corrosion resistance and other chemical interactions in a wide range of operation environments.
Improved Analytical Model for Mesh Stiffness of Helical Gears Considering the Relationship of Friction and Flash Temperature Under Steady Temperature Field
Authors: Zheng Jiayu , Qin Datong , Liu Changzhao , Lama Tasisa Chara
Published: February 2025

In the transmission process, the thermal deformation of gears due to external factors, coupled with the thermal expansion of the tooth profile induced by flash temperature from surface friction, significantly impacts the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) characteristics. Therefore, this article proposes a novel analytical model for the TVMS of helical gears that considers these factors. In this model, the thermal deformation of the gear foundation under a bulk temperature field is first determined using the displacement method. Blok's theory is then applied to establish the relationship between tooth surface friction and flash temperature, leading to the derivation of the actual tooth profile expansion equation under steady-state conditions. After that, based on this equation and considering the friction force in tangential, radial, and axial directions, the gear tooth and foundation stiffness of helical gear in transverse and axial directions under a steady-state temperature field are accurately established. Finally, the proposed model is obtained by coupling each stiffness. By comparing with the finite element (FE) result, the model is validated, and the influence of friction coefficient, bulk temperature, and gear parameters on TVMS is studied. The analytical model and findings provide valuable insights for optimizing gear parameter design.
Transfer Models and Standard Models for Predicting Wear-Rates on the Basis of Friction Noise: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhao Honghao , Wang Mingxuan , Liu Yuquan , Deng Ping , Hu Xin , Guo Fei
Published: February 2025

Under varying working conditions, friction between polymers and metals leads to surface wear of materials, accompanied by significant energy dissipation, part of which transforms into friction noise. Despite their high nonlinearity, friction noises share certain commonalities in their generation mechanisms. This study proposes a novel transfer mapping model, which, after modeling a specific pair, can predict the behavior of other pairs. We simplify the model through Pearson feature selection and employ decision tree-based algorithms (decision tree, extreme gradient boosting, categorical boosting) to model the transfer mapping. By comparing the performance of standard models with transfer models, we identify the optimal approach for constructing the transfer model by using the categorical boosting algorithm.
Nonprofit Sport Organization Board Members’ Engagement in Decision Making
Authors: Lachance Erik L.
Published: February 2025

This study explored the engagement of nonprofit sport organization (NPSO) board members in decision making. Featuring six NPSO boards, data were collected from 36 board meeting observations, 18 interviews, and over 900 documents. Data analysis was completed quantitatively (i.e., descriptive statistics, hierarchical cluster analysis, independent sample t test) and qualitatively (i.e., codebook thematic analysis). Board members demonstrated instances of high and low engagement in decision making, with Chief Executive Officers and Chairs being the most engaged. Engagement is impacted by board members’ ability to have an alignment of priorities with their NPSO, an awareness of their responsibilities, the necessary competencies, and a feeling of trust and safety. Theoretical contributions include the operationalization of constructs and consideration for boardroom processes to empirically understand NPSO board member engagement. Practically, to promote higher levels of engagement, Chairs should embody a collective leadership style and avoid situations of groupthink or subgroups on the board.
Exploring Marginalized Perspectives: Participatory Research in Physical Education With Students With Blindness and Visual Impairment
Authors: Höger Brigitta , Meier Stefan
Published: February 2025

Purpose: This paper discusses participatory research as a way to amplify the voices of students with blindness and visual impairment, drawing on insights from a participatory research project on the perceived barriers and opportunities for these students to participate in specialized PE, as well as their imaginations of a digitized, and more inclusive future. Method: Against the theoretical background of a critical investigation of ableism, the principles of Youth Participatory Action Research, and Inclusive Participatory Action Research, we combined Clark’s Mosaic approach with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. We provide insights into our research process from navigating academic framework conditions, building relationships with participants to selecting and applying methods. Results: With two exemplary data extracts, we illustrate how our methodological approach facilitated the exploration of students’ lived and embodied experiences of opportunities and barriers to participation in PE. Discussion: We conclude with a discussion of future opportunities for the active engagement of students with disabilities in research to facilitate inclusion, participation, and empowerment in PE.
Modulatory impact of
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
longum
BL21 on the gut–brain–ovary axis in polycystic ovary syndrome: insights into metabolic regulation, inflammation mitigation, and neuroprotection
Authors: Dong Yao , Yang Shengnan , Zhang Shu , Zhao Yuan , Li Xinlan , Han Mei , Gai Zhonghui , Zou Kang
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the efficacy of
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
longum
BL21 in mitigating symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in DHT-induced PCOS model mice. It focuses on BL21’s role in modulating metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and neuroprotection via the gut–brain–ovary axis. Employing an 8-week treatment regimen, this research assessed the effects of BL21 on prenatal androgen-induced PCOS in ICR mice. Evaluations included body weight, glucose tolerance tests, serum analyses of BDNF, inflammatory markers, sex hormone levels, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for gut microbiota diversity and composition. Twenty-four ICR mice with induced PCOS served as subjects to examine the probiotic’s impact. Mice were administered a daily oral dose of 1 × 10
9
CFU of BL21 continuously for a total of 8 weeks. BL21 significantly enhanced sex hormone levels (
P
< 0.05), particularly those of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2), indicating improved ovarian function and offering a novel PCOS treatment approach. The intervention notably curbed weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in PCOS mice (
P
< 0.05). BL21 reduced inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), while increasing IL-10, BDNF, FSH, and E2 levels (
P
< 0.05 for all). It also enriched gut microbiota diversity, enhancing populations of
Bifidobacterium
and
Lactobacillus
. Correlation analyses underscored the positive shifts in microbiota linked to beneficial hormonal and inflammatory profiles. BL21 shows promise in alleviating PCOS symptoms through metabolic regulation, inflammation reduction, and neuroprotection, validating its potential in integrated therapeutic strategies.

IMPORTANCE

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by metabolic irregularities, hormonal imbalances, and chronic inflammation. Existing treatments are often inadequate, addressing symptoms without targeting the underlying etiological factors. The investigation of
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
longum
BL21 as a probiotic intervention offers a novel approach by potentially regulating the gut–brain–ovary axis. This could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies that not only manage but also potentially reverse the multifaceted symptoms of PCOS, enhancing quality of life and reproductive health.
Supplemental Material: Young zircon ages and compositions at Oregon’s Mount Hood as evidence of high-silica magma storage underneath an andesitic arc volcano
Authors: Klemetti Erik W. , al. et
Published: February 2025

Table S1: Locations of samples used in this study. Table S2: U-Th isotope data along with U-Th model ages for Mount Hood zircons. Table S3: EBT, 91500, and MAD/MADDER standard values for analytical sessions covered in this study. Table S4: Zircon trace-element compositions for Mount Hood zircons.
Trends in congenital anomalies and associated factors among newborns in Eastern Ethiopia: an 8-year open cohort analysis of the Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System
Authors: Didisa Muluken Kumera , Baye Yohannes , Tamiru Eyerusalem , Mengesha Gezaheng , Solbana Lencho Kajela , Yadeta Tesfaye Assebe
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the trends and factors associated with congenital anomalies (CAs) among newborns in Eastern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2022.

Design

Open cohort study.

Setting

The Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS), which is located in the Kersa district of the Oromia region in Eastern Ethiopia, covering 24 kebeles.

Population

Newborns registered at birth in the database of the KHDSS site in Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

The KHDSS tracks demographic and health changes in the community. Newborn data were extracted using a checklist. Trends in CAs over time (in years) were analysed and the associated factors were identified through logistic regression analysis.

Outcome measure

Newborn CAs, which are structural or functional abnormalities present at birth, were assessed through thorough physical examinations and detailed interviews conducted by trained data collectors using a standardised questionnaire.

Results

Between 2015 and 2022, a total of 27 350 newborns were recorded in the KHDSS, 104 of whom had CAs. The overall rate of CAs was 3.83 per 1000 live births (95% CI 3.19, 4.61). There was a significant increase in the trend of CAs over the study period, with a Mantel-Haenszel χ2of 82.76 (p=0.001). Factors associated with CA included maternal age over 35 years (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.68, 95% CI 1.07, 2.62), place of birth (AOR=2.04, 95% CI 1.04, 4.02) and normal birth weight (AOR=0.14, 95% CI 0.04, 0.47).

Conclusion

The data from the KHDSS revealed a rising trend in CAs. CA was associated with factors such as the mother’s age, place of birth and the baby’s birth weight. It is crucial for healthcare providers and stakeholders to consider these factors in efforts to reduce the prevalence of CAs.
Assessment of patient preferences for assisted reproductive technology in China: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Chen Jiali , Bao Yuwen , Liu Yanyan , Sun Yanjun , Qian Xiaodan , Fang Kexing , Wan Bin , Ding Haixia , Zhang Lingli , Li Xin
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Given China’s low fertility rate, assisted reproductive technology (ART) can be used assist infertile patients in having children. This study aimed to analyse patients’ preferences for ART and to determine the relative importance (RI) and willingness to pay (WTP) of key attributes.

Design

We identified six attributes of ART and used a D-efficient design to generate choice sets for conducting a discrete choice experiment. Patients were asked to choose between two scenarios that differed in participation in treatment decision-making (TDM), clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate, risk of maternal and neonatal complications, and out-of-pocket cost.

Setting

Jiangsu province, China. The anonymous survey was carried out between December 2022 and February 2023.

Participants

Female patients aged 20–45 years, with low fertility or experience of ART treatment. We recruited 465 participants.

Outcomes measures

Patient-reported preferences for each attribute were estimated using a mixed logit model. The latent class model was also used to investigate preference heterogeneity.

Results

All attributes were associated with patient preferences. Patients considered the live birth rate as the most important attribute (RI=29.05%), followed by participation in TDM (RI=21.91%). The latent class model revealed two distinct classes named ‘outcome driven’ and ‘cost driven’. Preferences varied according to their age, monthly household income and location.

Conclusions

This study investigated the preferences of infertile patients when seeking medical assistance for infertility. The study outcomes can contribute to evidence-based counselling and shared decision-making and provide an empirical basis for creating and implementing future policies.
Qualitative study on nurse preceptors’ preparedness, roles and familiarity with the basic principles of teaching and learning in a district hospital in Ghana
Authors: Boakye Dorothy Serwaa , Amoah Vida Maame Kissiwaa , Boateng Edward Appiah , Antwi John , Yeboah Joyce , Owusu Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Objective

This qualitative study explored the experiences, preparedness, instructional practices and roles of preceptors supervising nursing students in a clinical setting.

Design

Exploratory descriptive study employing semi-structured interviews.

Setting

A district hospital in the Kumasi Metropolis accredited for training nursing students in clinical practice.

Participants

12 nurse preceptors, each holding at least a Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

Major findings

Findings revealed gaps in the preparation of preceptors and a lack of a clear definition of preceptors’ roles and responsibilities from the outset, contributing to feelings of under-preparedness. While demonstrating inherent strengths like using probing questions, prompting techniques and assuming multifaceted roles, including role modelling, coaching and teaching, preceptors expressed uncertainty about over-reliance on passive demonstration-based teaching. Environmental barriers like noise concerns hindered the adoption of more interactive, student-centred pedagogies.

Conclusion

The study highlights the need for comprehensive preceptor training programmes that provide robust onboarding, set clear expectations and equip preceptors with diverse evidence-based teaching methodologies tailored to healthcare contexts. Continued research involving larger samples, multimodal data and stakeholder perspectives can inform ongoing programme refinement.
Routes to social prescribing outside National Health Service (NHS) structures: a systematic map
Authors: Hazeldine Emma , Westwood Sophie , Hassannezhad Mohammad , Tierney Stephanie , Gavens Lucy , Husk Kerryn
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Social prescribing, linking to community-based interventions to support individuals’ health and well-being, has become established across social medicine in the UK. Currently, most of the evidence and knowledge about how social prescribing pathways’ function focuses on primary care, and we know less about how social prescribing operates outside of these structures. This review explored the evidence concerning non-health service delivered social prescribing with a view to developing guidance that would support social prescribing pathways that function outside of the health service framework.

Design

This paper reports a systematic mapping review of evidence concerning how community-based social prescribing pathways were delivered, exploring what these looked like, what needed to be in place for these to function, what outcomes were measured and how could non-health service pathways be supported to deliver these outcomes. The review searched database and grey sources and synthesised findings relating to how social prescribing pathways’ function.

Setting

Community settings, outside of formal National Health Service (NHS) structures without statutory service input.

Participants

All participants that experienced pathways were included; no limits were applied.

Interventions

Non-NHS social prescribing pathways that included the core components of social prescribing.

Main outcome measures

Rich descriptions of functions of pathways.

Results

This mapping review included 17 studies. The synthesis indicated that NHS and non-NHS social prescribing pathways are intertwined and mutually reliant, such that it was neither sensible nor valuable to view them as separate.

Conclusions

Our review provides further evidence for social prescribing as a concept, variable across all components, rather than a single, coherent model. While there exists a ‘core’ health service pathway, we suggest that further work should be done with those delivering services to understand the roles and functions that contribute but may not presently be funded.
Cigarette filter ventilation, product appeal and regulatory options: a review of the influence of ventilation on consumers’ sensory and risk perceptions
Authors: Rees Vaughan W , Hatsukami Dorothy , Talhout Reinskje
Published: February 2025

Objective

Cigarette filter ventilation may enhance product appeal, support initiation and sustained smoking, and increase smoking prevalence. We reviewed recent evidence on how filter ventilation affects consumers’ perceptions of product appeal and considered product use preferences to inform regulatory options.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched up to December 2023. Systematic search strategies used terms based on cigarette filter ventilation, and multiple constructs comprising product appeal and user perceptions.

Study selection

Two reviewers screened all 917 retrieved titles and abstracts independently and applied a consensus strategy to identify 16 articles that met eligibility criteria.

Data extraction

Extracted data focused on study design, dependent variables or outcomes, and major conclusions.

Data synthesis

While remaining popular, awareness and risk perception of ventilated cigarettes is generally low. Cigarettes with filter ventilation are perceived as smoother and less irritating than non-ventilated cigarettes. These modified sensory experiences shape perceptions of reduced health risks. Pack text descriptors and colours convey further information to consumers about smoothness, supporting lowered risk perceptions.

Conclusions

Filter ventilation and its associated marketing continue to influence consumers’ perceptions of smoothness creating misperceptions about health risks. Standardised (‘plain’) packaging regulations are recommended to restrict communication of ventilation themes as well as evidence-based health communications to correct consumer misperceptions about smoothness and health risks. Since filter ventilation has no benefits for public health, policy makers could consider banning filter ventilation or even disallowing filters.
The FA–SAA Algorithm for CVaR Optimization
Authors: Lin Nifei , Jeff Hong L.
Published: February 2025

This paper develops a unified algorithm to address the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) optimization problem characterized by two levels of expectations, where the inner-level expectation handles the repricing of the financial instruments and the outer-level expectation represents the risk measure. We propose an FA–SAA algorithm that tackles the inner-level expectation through function approximation (FA) method and addresses the outer-level expectation by sample average approximation (SAA). A variety of machine learning methods can be incorporated into this algorithm and eventually the optimization problem is reformulated into a linear programming problem, whose optimal value and optimal solution converge to the actual ones. Besides, we demonstrate that the convergence rate of optimal value can achieve [Formula: see text]. The numerical results substantiate the efficacy of our proposed algorithm.
The characterization of A-m-isometric weighted shift operators in semi-Hilbertian spaces
Authors: Gherairi K. , Jeridi N. , Saddi A.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we will study the characterization of [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-isometric unilateral and bilateral weighted shift operators. We shall prove that any such operator is a [Formula: see text]-Hadamard product of [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-isometries and [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-isometries. We also study weighted shift operators whose powers are [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-isometric.
California’s AI Act Vetoed
Authors: Samuelson Pamela
Published: February 2025

Why the recent statewide artificial intelligence regulation legislation was vetoed.
Direct Rendering of Intrinsic Triangulations
Authors: Celes Waldemar
Published: February 2025

Existing intrinsic triangulation frameworks represent powerful tools for geometry processing; however, they all require the extraction of the common subdivision between extrinsic and intrinsic triangulations for visualization and optimized data transfer. We describe an efficient and effective algorithm for directly rendering intrinsic triangulations that avoids extracting common subdivisions. Our strategy is to use GPU shaders to render the intrinsic triangulation while rasterizing extrinsic triangles. We rely on a point-location algorithm supported by a compact data structure, which requires only two values per extrinsic triangle to represent the correspondence between extrinsic and intrinsic triangulations. This data structure is easier to maintain than previous proposals while supporting all the standard topological operations for improving the intrinsic mesh quality, such as edge flips, triangle refinements, and vertex displacements. Computational experiments show that the proposed data structure is numerically robust and can process nearly degenerate triangulations. We also propose a meshless strategy to accurately transfer data from intrinsic to extrinsic triangulations without relying on the extraction of common subdivisions.
Tuning the Structural, Optical, and Photoluminescence Properties of Nano Zn0.95Mg0.05M0.05O by Doping with Transition Metals (M = Cu, Ni, Mn)
Authors: Heiba Zein K. , Farag Noura M. , Mohamed Mohamed Bakr , Badawi Ali
Published: February 2025

Nano Zn0.95Mg0.05O and Zn0.9Mg0.05M0.05O (where M = Cu, Mn, Ni) were produced at low temperatures via solid-state reaction technique. Structure and microstructure of all samples were established using Rietveld analysis. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence studies revealed that M+2 ions are incorporated into the ZnO lattice by replacing Zn ions. In the visible-IR ranges, the absorption intensity of Zn0.95Mg0.05O sample is greatly enhanced from 20%-40% to 30%-80% depending on the dopant element in the host matrix. Optical band gap values of Zn0.9Mg0.05M0.05O were 3.27, 3.27, 3.34, and 3.24 eV for pure and doped with Cu, Mn, Ni samples, respectively. Different models were used to calculate refractive indexes of all samples. Nonlinear optical parameters reached their peak values in Zn0.95Mg0.05O doped with Ni, whereas they displayed their minimum values in Zn0.95Mg0.05O doped with Mn. Both the PL peaks positions and intensities are obviously changed upon doping. The CIE chromaticity coordinates plot indicates that the Zn0.95Mg0.05O sample displayed a cyan-green color. The color transitioned to blue, dependent upon the kind of dopant element. Following doping, there is a significant quenching of the PL intensity for both bands, which enhances the suitability of the doped samples for photocatalytic applications.