bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delirprävention und -management durch Pflegekonsile – eine Implementierungsstrategie
Authors: Spank Juliane , Koch Cathleen , Sirsch Erika , Thomas Christine
Published: August 2024

Hintergrund

Ein Delir tritt bei älteren Personen im Akutkrankenhaus mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 10–25 % auf. Es bedarf umgehender Behandlung, um Einschränkungen der Alltagsfähigkeiten zu minimieren. Nichtmedikamentöse Delirpräventions- und Delirmanagementprogramme können die Delirprävalenz und -dauer reduzieren.

Ziel der Arbeit

Das Ziel war die Implementierung eines Pflegekonsildienstes als Eingangspforte zu Delirprävention und -management in den Abteilungen Herz-Gefäß-Krankheiten (HGK), Neurochirurgie (NC) und Unfallchirurgie/Orthopädie (UCO) zu überprüfen.

Material und Methoden

Vom 01.01.2021–31.12.2022 wurde der Durchdringungsgrad des Delirmanagements anhand von Pflegekonsilen ermittelt. Angestrebt wurde eine Anmeldung für mindestens 10 % der stationär versorgten Patient*innen ab 65 Jahren und die Nennung des Delirs bei positivem Assessment (CAM) im Arztbrief.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt wurden 846 Patient*innen dem Delirpräventions- und Delirmanagementteam AKTIVER angemeldet (2021: NC n = 133, 14,5 %; HGK n = 141, 14,66 %; UCO n = 108, 17,7 %). Im zweiten Jahr gelang eine Steigerung der Anmeldungen um 22,29 % (n = 145) bzw. 43,11 % (n = 244) in der NC und HGK. Bei 328 Patient*innen wurde ein Delir erkannt (CAM positiv), insgesamt 422 (41 %) wurden durch AKTIVER betreut. Im Arztbrief wurden <  30 % der erkannten Delire benannt (28,07 % NC; 32,69 % HGK und 16,66 % UCO), ICD-kodiert wurden 32,32 %.

Schlussfolgerung

Die erfolgreiche Implementierung eines Pflegekonsildienstes zeigt sich im Durchdringungsgrad von 17,17 % und erwies sich als geeignet, Präventions- und Managementmaßnahmen zeitnah umzusetzen. Die Diagnose des Delirs wurde allerdings nur vereinzelt kodiert oder im Arztbrief erwähnt und die hausärztliche Weiterbehandlung (sekundäre Delirprävention) dadurch erschwert.
Join operation for the Bruhat order and Verma modules
Authors: Ko Hankyung , Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Mrđen Rafael
Published: August 2024

We observe that the join operation for the Bruhat order on a Weyl group agrees with the intersections of Verma modules in type A. The statement is not true in other types, and we propose a weaker correspondence. Namely, we introduce distinguished subsets of the Weyl group on which the join operation conjecturally agrees with the intersections of Verma modules. We also relate our conjecture with a statement about the socles of the cokernels of inclusions between Verma modules. The latter determines the first Ext space between a simple module and a Verma module. We give a conjectural complete description of such socles which we verify in a number of cases. Along the way, we determine the poset structure of the join-irreducible elements in Weyl groups and obtain closed formulae for certain families of Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials.
Design optimization of a snowboard performing an ollie
Authors: Huber Xaver , Zwölfer Andreas , Caillaud Benoit , Rixen Daniel J.
Published: August 2024

The ollie, a fundamental manoeuver in snowboarding, serves as a basis for various tricks requiring high altitude and extended airtime. The maximum ollie height depends on the snowboard’s geometry and structural characteristics. In this study, the influence of these properties is investigated with a flexible multibody dynamics simulation, where the snowboard is modeled by geometrically non-linear finite elements, snow contact is considered by a penetration depth and velocity proportional normal force and ollie motion is achieved by imposing measured loads to the bindings. To maximize the height, a genetic optimization procedure is presented, which yields substantial improvements. Optimizing the camber line and the bending stiffness distribution yields enhanced performance. Less damping as well as lighter boards lead to higher jumps, no noteworthy correlation between axial stiffness and damping distribution and jump height was found, and the strain energy stored in the board during takeoff is a useful indicator for estimating ollie heights. Nevertheless, further investigations should take a more advanced and realistic rider interaction into account.
Permeability prediction method of unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs using CT scanning technology and random forest model
Authors: Liu Chen , Feng Qihong , Zhou Wensheng , Wang Chenchen , Zhang Xianmin
Published: August 2024

Developing unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs presents a formidable challenge due to their loose formation, which often triggers alterations in pore parameters and seepage characteristics during water injection processes. This study focuses on a specific reservoir, utilizing micro-CT scanning to examine the intricate relationship between permeability and pore throat structure. Leveraging a random forest model, we establish an empirical formula tailored for high permeability reservoirs. Furthermore, we conduct in-situ CT scanning experiments across various displacement multiples to analyze the pore structure of unconsolidated sandstone cores. The derived relationship curves elucidate the positive correlations between porosity and average pore throat radius with displacement multiples, while revealing a negative correlation with tortuosity. These findings enable the formulation of quantitative formulas for permeability and displacement multiples within the studied block. Such insights prove instrumental in devising effective water injection development strategies, predicting dynamic reserves, and projecting water drive development for analogous unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs undergoing high water cut phases.
ACPSEM position paper: recommendations for a digital general X-ray quality assurance program
Authors: Ireland Timothy , Perdomo Amanda , Lee Kam L. , Jones Adam , Barnes Peter , Greig Thomas , Reynolds Susan E.
Published: August 2024

This guideline has been prepared by the ACPSEM to provide a standardised quality assurance program to be used within General X-ray imaging environments. The guideline includes the responsibilities of various multidisciplinary team members within medical imaging facilities. It must be noted that the listed tests and testing frequencies are not intended to replace or become regulatory requirements. Implementing a quality assurance program as outlined in this position paper is there to ensure best practice for imaging facilities by providing a framework to establish and monitor correct equipment performance. The current document has been produced through an extensive review of current international practices and local experience within the Australasian healthcare environment. Due to the constant evolution of digital radiographic equipment, there is no current consensus in international quality assurance guidelines as they continue to be adapted and updated. This document describes the current state of the use of digital General X-ray equipment in the Australasian environment and provides recommendations of test procedures that may be best suited for the current medical imaging climate in Australasia. Due to the everchanging developments in the medical imaging environment and the ability of new technologies to perform more complex tasks it is believed that in the future this document will be further reviewed in the hopes of producing a more globally agreed upon standard quality assurance program. Any such adjustments that are deemed to be necessary to Version 1.0 of this document will be provided in electronic format on the ACPSEM website with a notification to all parties involved in the use of digital General X-ray equipment. This guideline does not provide detailed methodologies for all the quality control tests recommended as it is it is expected that the professionals implementing aspects of this quality assurance program have the working knowledge and access to appropriate resources to develop testing methodologies appropriate for their local imaging environment.
Xiaoyankangjun tablet alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by regulating gut microbiota and JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Yang Suqin , Huang Jingtao , Tan Wenjing , Xia Xiankun , Gan Dali , Ren Yalei , Su Hanwen , Xiang Meixian
Published: August 2024

Xiaoyankangjun tablet (XYKJP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used to treat intestinal disorders in clinical practice. However, the specific therapeutic mechanism of action of XYKJP in colitis has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to reveal the multifaceted mechanisms of action of XYKJP in treating colitis. The model established based on DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice was employed to estimate the effect of XYKJP on colitis, which was then followed by histological assessment, 16S rRNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot. XYKJP alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis mainly by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and intestinal mucosal repair in colitis tissues. In addition, XYKJP regulated the intestinal flora by increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium and reducing the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002. Mechanistically, XYKJP increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces, particularly propanoic acid and butyric acid, activated their specific receptor GPR43/41, furthermore activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. XYKJP significantly alleviated the symptoms of experimental colitis and functioned synergistically by regulating the intestinal flora, increasing the production of SCFAs, and activating their specific receptors, thereby repressing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Graphical Abstract
Auditory Dysfunction After Head Trauma: Causes, Evaluation, and Treatment
Authors: Pomponio Maria K. , Roehm Pamela C.
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

Hearing loss after traumatic brain injury is common but often overlooked. This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, treatment methods, and outcomes for patients with hearing loss after traumatic brain injury.

Recent Findings

Common symptoms after TBI include hearing loss, tinnitus, hyperacusis, and dizziness. Recent literature has shown that debilitating auditory dysfunction can manifest even after mild head trauma.

There is a wide range of otologic pathologies that can occur after head trauma. All etiologies can lead to auditory dysfunction which in some cases may be permanent.
From bytes to nephrons: AI’s journey in diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Basuli Debargha , Kavcar Akil , Roy Sasmit
Published: August 2024

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a significant complication of type 2 diabetes, posing a global health risk. Detecting and predicting diabetic kidney disease at an early stage is crucial for timely interventions and improved patient outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated promise in healthcare, and several tools have recently been developed that utilize Machine Learning with clinical data to detect and predict DKD. This review aims to explore the current landscape of AI and machine learning applications in DKD, specifically examining existing literature on risk scores and machine learning approaches for predicting DKD development. A literature search was conducted using Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Scopus databases until July 2023. Relevant keywords were used to extract studies that described the role of AI in DKD. The review revealed that AI and machine learning have been successfully used to predict DKD progression, outperforming traditional risk score models. Artificial intelligence-driven research for DKD extends beyond prediction models, offering opportunities for integrating genetic and epigenetic data, advancing understanding of the disease’s molecular basis, personalizing treatment strategies, and fostering the development of novel drugs. However, challenges remain, including the requirement for large datasets and the lack of standardization in AI-driven tools for DKD. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have the potential to revolutionize the management and care of DKD patients, surpassing the limitations of traditional methods reliant on existing knowledge. Future research should address the challenges associated with AI and machine learning in DKD and focus on developing AI-driven tools for clinical practice.

Graphical abstract
Differential Trial-Type Effects in an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Extending the DAARRE Model
Authors: de Almeida Rodrigo Vianna , Barnes-Holmes Dermot , Leslie Julian C.
Published: August 2024

The differential arbitrarily applicable relational responding effects (DAARRE) model explains two effects commonly observed with the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP): the single trial-type dominance effect (STTDE) and the dissonant-target trial-type effect (DTTTE). We sought to explore variables that modulate these effects. Forty-two participants who completed an IRAP met the practice criteria (median latency ≤ 2,000 ms and accuracy ≥ 80% correct) and thus proceeded to six test blocks of trials. The IRAP had four trial-types: trial-type 1: happy-face—happy-word; trial-type 2: happy-face—fear-word; trial-type 3: fear-face—happy-word; trial-type 4: fear-face—fear-word. Participants were randomly assigned to start with a consistent (respond True, False, False, True, respectively, to the four trial-types) or inconsistent (opposite responding) block. Difference (DIRAP) scores were calculated (inconsistent minus consistent latencies). A significantly larger DIRAP score was observed in trial-type 2 relative to trial-type 3 (a DTTTE), but only for participants who started with the inconsistent block. A “happiness superiority” STTDE (i.e., larger DIRAP score on trial-type 1 relative to trial-type 4) was observed, but only for participants who failed to maintain the criteria at the trial-type level (in any of the trial-types). Overall, the findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between the functional versus relational properties of the stimuli presented within an IRAP. The modulation of the DTTTE is interpreted in terms of functional coherence between the target and response option in inconsistent blocks. A novel data-analytic algorithm is presented to identify performance criteria violations at the trial-type level. The findings suggest that a greater focus is required in relational frame theory on the impact of the functional properties of stimuli on relational framing.
High-ratio planetary gearbox with EC gearing for robot applications
Authors: Landler Stefan , Otto Michael , Vogel-Heuser Birgit , Zimmermann Markus , Stahl Karsten
Published: August 2024

The drive system of robots and robot-like systems (RLS) is often designed with a combination of an e-motor and a gearbox with a high transmission ratio to optimize performance. The various types of possible robot gearboxes can be selected based on their characteristics, which strongly influence the performance of the entire robotic system. Planetary gear drives have advantages due to their high efficiency and low design complexity. Disadvantageous is the low transmission ratio per stage and the resulting large design space required with the currently predominant involute gearing. Using special tooth profile shapes, such as the eccentric cycloid (EC) gearing, enables a high transmission ratio per stage to be achieved, thus reducing the design space required. In order to evaluate the design, a description of the geometry and characteristics of the EC gearing is necessary. The application-optimized design can be made accessible on an interdisciplinary basis using a suitable description language for the product development of the complete robotic system. The paper shows the design and analysis of a planetary gearbox with a high transmission ratio for applications in robotics. The planetary gear stage is designed with the EC gearing, which offers advantages compared to the involute gearing. The performance of the selected gearing is evaluated based on various characteristics. This allows advantages to be identified compared to the established types of transmission for robots and RLS. Overall, the paper presents a new robot gearbox with a comprehensive description and analysis directly accessible for simulation or production using additive manufacturing.
Developing a Semi-Supervised Strategy in Time Series Mapping of Wetland Covers: A Case Study of Zrebar Wetland, Iran
Authors: Shahabi Himan , Gholamnia Mehdi , Mohammadi Jahanbakhsh , Paryani Sina , Neshat Aminreza , Shirzadi Ataollah , Shahid Shamsuddin , Ghanbari Ronak , Malakyar Farzad , Clague John J.
Published: August 2024

Wetlands, essential for Earth’s health, ecological balance, and local economies, require accurate monitoring and assessment for effective conservation. Data-driven models based on remote sensing are highly capable of monitoring the status and classification of wetlands. This study developed a semi-supervised framework for mapping wetland covers in Zrebar, Iran, using Landsat time series data from 1984 to 2022. A pixel purification technique was applied to the temporal candidate images to refine the initial training data (conventional scenario) and generate purified training data (proposed scenario). The Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was utilized to classify the land cover within the wetland, and the accuracy of the two scenarios was evaluated and compared. Over the study period, the analysis of land cover changes within Zrebar Wetland revealed significant spatial and temporal changes in soil and farmland, reed, and water from 1984 to 2022. The omission error rates for the classes soil and farmland, reed, and water were decreased from 0.14, 0.14, and 0.12 for scenario 1 to 0.03, 0.05, and 0.05 for scenario 2, respectively. In addition, the commission error for these classes decreased from 0.13, 0.18, and 0.09 for scenario 1 to 0.04, 0.06, and 0.04 after applying the filtered training data in the scenario 2. Finally, the overall accuracy of the initial training data (scenario 1) and the filtered training data (scenario 2) were 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing the accuracy of land cover classification within the wetland over time, highlighting its potential for future wetland conservation efforts.
Race, Poverty, and Debt-Related Driver’s License Suspensions
Authors: Mikelbank Brian A.
Published: August 2024

Most driver’s license suspensions in the State of Ohio are, in fact, not the result of being a bad driver. Rather, they are based on an unpaid debt. Known as debt-related suspensions (DRS), they create physical and financial barriers, disrupting the everyday lives of those impacted. Despite progress in limiting the practice, half of all states, including Ohio, still engage in the practice, and so research into the scale, scope, and implications of DRS takes on a heightened importance. This research focuses on three understudied dimensions of DRS. First, it adds to only a handful of statewide analyses by providing an accounting of the practice in Ohio from 2016 to 2020. Second, the analysis provides specific detail in terms of the financial implications of DRS across seven different DRS categories. Third, the research examines race, poverty, and other correlates of DRS in a regression framework. Findings show DRS in Ohio to be a problem of scale: In an average year, the state has over 3.2 million active DRS on 1.7 million Ohio drivers. They levy over $758 M in fees and costs, and drivers pay over $167 M. On average, the unpaid DRS debt is over $900 M annually, reaching over $1 billion in 2018, its peak year. DRS are overrepresented in Ohio’s high poverty and high People of Color communities. Ohio’s highest poverty ZIP Codes had 40 times the DRS compared to the lowest poverty ZIP Codes. Similarly, Ohio’s ZIP Codes with the highest percent People of Color had more DRS than the lowest percent People of Color ZIP Codes—nearly 140 times more. Regression results reinforce these findings, indicating particularly severe impacts among Ohio’s working poor and in communities of color. The burden of Ohio’s debt-related suspensions rests disproportionately on the shoulders of these communities. These findings raise several questions about the state’s policy and practice surrounding debt-related suspensions.
Spatialising ‘carceral mobilities’: extracting census data for analysis of prisoner inflow, transfer and release
Authors: Xiu Gezhi , Turner Jennifer , Gross Thilo
Published: August 2024

Responding to the dearth of fully-comprehensive or summary data on prisoner or ‘carceral mobilities’, this paper provides the first comprehensive case study analysis of the flow into, between and out from prisons. By uniquely extracting data from the 2011 UK Census to identify and visualise trends in movement, highlight centrality of institutions and observe the self-containedness of regions of operation, findings reveal specific volumes and geographies of prisoner flow as well as discrepancies with the expected practices of prison category transfers and disparities between the distances travelled by prisoners in establishments with different functions. Such analysis is a critical tool in appraising (in)efficiencies with the governance of prisons at the regional and national level. In conclusion, Census Data is revealed as a viable source of data for analysis in situations where institutional data is not forthcoming/available, which provides significant potential for the advancement of the range and scope of studies in carceral mobilities and criminological research more broadly.
Facing the (Political) Elephant in the Room: On the Depoliticisation and Re-Politicisation of Refugee Trauma Amongst Therapists in Germany
Authors: Baro Lea , Matthies-Boon Vivienne
Published: August 2024

PTSD is commonly diagnosed in refugees, and since 2015 refugee mental health programmes in Germany have increased (BPtK in Bericht zur Mentalen Gesundheit Geflüchteter, 2019). Despite the vast literature on refugee trauma (Silove et al. in World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130–139, 2017), there has been little engagement with the role of therapists therein. This article addresses this lacuna by drawing on 23 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2020 and 2021 with therapists in psychosocial centres for refugees in 14 German federal states. From these interviews, it emerged that therapists occupy an ambivalent position which is characterised by a simultaneous depoliticization and repoliticization of refugee trauma. Believing that it is “so bad it is impossible to do nothing”, therapists started to engage in public political resistance, through therapeutic interactions and lobbying for change. Most therapists sought to engage in political action through a prism of detached professional neutrality. This comprises a particular conundrum since the premise of neutrality directly contravenes the practice of political action as such but also reverts to a mode of individualised medicalisation that cannot fully recognise the political nature of their client’s trauma. We propose to solve this tension through a novel German critical theoretical understanding of trauma as a form of status subordination, wherein the taken for granted presupposition of intersubjective equality is so violently breeched it results in existential disorientation and speechlessness (Matthies-Boon in Breaking intersubjectivity: A critical theory of counter-revolutionary trauma in Egypt, Rowman and Littlefield, 2022). Casting trauma in such intersubjective socio-normative terms means that therapists have the analytical tools to fully embrace their political aspirations whilst simultaneously improving the efficacy of their therapeutic interventions on an individual level.
Root-promoting Biostimulant Enhances Salinity Tolerance in Wild and Cultivated Rocket Salads
Authors: Melito S , Sarais G , Dessi D. , Santaniello A , Povero G , Piga GK , Giannini V
Published: August 2024

Rocket salads (Diplotaxis spp. and Eruca spp.) are leafy vegetables appreciated for their typical taste and nutritional value. When exposed to salt stress, these plants undergo morpho-physiological and metabolic changes. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of a “root-promoting biostimulant” (Radifarm®) applied during germination (Experiment 1) and during the growth cycle (Experiment 2) on two rocket species under salt stress. Experiment 1 explored if Radifarm® can protect seed from salt stress in early-stage development. Different salt levels (0, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) were combined with different Radifarm® concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 mL L− 1). Experiment 2 investigated how Radifarm® can promote plant growth after transplantation when irrigated with saline water (0, 150, and 200 mM NaCl) until harvest. Experiment 1 showed that salt stress significantly affected the germination of rocket salads. The addition of Radifarm® did not improve the germination of D. tenuifolia grown under any salt conditions, but it was beneficial for E. sativa when the highest level of Radifarm® was applied. In Experiment 2, the application of Radifarm® significantly reduced the symptoms of salt stress in both species. In E. sativa, salt stress affected all growth parameters (plant height, leaf number and area). However, under 200 mM NaCl, plants fully recovered when Radifarm® was applied. The same recovery was observed for chlorophyll content in both species. Radifarm® also contributed to increase protein and lipid content compared to plants under salt stress. This study showed that Radifarm® was able to protect both species from salt stress.
Agricultural Managements Influence the Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Vineyards from Chilean Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems
Authors: Aguilar-Paredes Ana , Turrini Alessandra , Avio Luciano , Stuardo Cristian , Velásquez Alexis , Becerra José , Giovannetti Manuela , Seeger Michael
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a relevant crop, which is associated to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that are influenced by agricultural practices. The hypothesis of this study is that organic/biodynamic management stimulates grapevine mycorrhizal colonisation and increases AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of agricultural management on AMF association and AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards.

Methods

Mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine roots from organic/biodynamic and conventional vineyards in Northern (Elqui Valley), Central (Casablanca and Cachapoal Valleys), and Southern Chile (Maule and Itata Valleys), was determined under a microscope. AMF diversity was analysed by morphological, and molecular characterisation of spores through SSU-ITS-LSU rRNA region sequence analyses.

Results

AMF colonisation of grapevine roots was influenced by vineyard management independent of the season. Higher mycorrhizal colonisation was detected in organic/biodynamic grapevine soils (20 − 35%), compared with conventional soils (6 − 31%). Twelve AMF species were identified in vineyards, belonging to five Glomeromycota families. Interestingly, organic/biodynamic vineyards showed higher AMF diversity. The three predominant morphotypes were Funneliformis verruculosum (GL1), Septoglomus sp. (GL4) and Septoglomus constrictum (GL5). Molecular analyses of AMF spores highlighted the occurrence of Septoglomus, Acaulospora, Pacispora and Cetraspora genera in vineyards.

Conclusions

In this study, AMF diversity in Chilean vineyards is described for the first time. The diversity of AMF in vineyards in Chile was higher than the diversity reported in other wine-producing ecosystems. The understanding of agricultural practices on AMF activity and diversity may be crucial to improve the vineyard management.
Short-term microbial community dynamics induced by 13C-labeled maize root, its derived biochar and NPK in long-term amended soil
Authors: Lu Zonglin , Lu Tong , Shi Junmei , Chen Kun , Guo Hangming , Li Na , Han Xiaori
Published: August 2024

Crop residues and their derived biochar are frequently used for their potential to improve grain yield, soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the effects of root are often overlooked, and the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK) combined with root or its biochar on microbial community structure need further study. This study used 13C-labeled maize root, its biochar and soil with different fertilization for 8 years as materials and substrates. A 112-day incubation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of microbial community on the C processing. During incubation, the root-C (54.9%) mineralized significantly more than biochar-C (12.8%), while NPK addition significantly increased the root-C mineralization. Adding biochar alone did not significantly change the microbial community. Compared to the biochar treatment (BC), the root treatment (R) notably increased the contents of total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), 13C-PLFA and the proportion of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, but reduced the proportion of actinomycetes. The root mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-fungi, while biochar mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-actinomycetes. Notably, NPK addition significantly increased the contribution of biochar-C to PLFA-C pool, while decreasing the contribution of root-C. In summary, due to microbial adaptation to the lack of bioavailable C in biochar-amended soil, biochar can act as a buffer against the significant disturbance caused by NPK to microbial communities and native soil organic carbon (SOC), which contributes to the steady enhancement in soil C storage.

Graphical Abstract
Development of the Turkish Author Recognition Task (TART) and the Turkish Vocabulary Size Test (TurVoST)
Authors: Gedik Tan Arda
Published: August 2024

This article reports the development of two novel research tools for Turkish, the Turkish Author Recognition Task (TART) and the Turkish Vocabulary Size Test (TurVoST). Such tools have been readily available for English, Spanish, Korean, Dutch and Chinese but not for Turkish. These tools help researchers to identify the print exposure levels of L1 speakers and an approximation of L1 speakers’ receptive vocabulary knowledge, respectively. Measuring print exposure is important as it is an important driver of L1 development from a usage-based perspective (e.g., Dąbrowska in Cognition 178:222–235, 2018), which influences vocabulary, grammar, and collocation knowledge. The findings show that the TART and TurVoST are significantly correlated at 0.47 and the TART accounts for almost 18% of the variance in vocabulary knowledge. Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) scores were found to be 0.99 and 0.74 for two tests respectively. In light of similar previous studies of various ARTs and vocabulary size tests, the TART and the TurVoST are found to be reliable research instruments with correlations and reliability scores within the range of what has been reported in the literature. Potential uses of these two instruments are discussed. All data, R codes, and research instruments are publicly available at https://osf.io/u6t8m/?view_only=63cf706c381a4214950984dae5470df6.
Relief of Biofilm Hypoxia: A Synergistic Approach with Cyanobacteria and Chlorin e6-Loaded Nanoparticles
Authors: Kashif Saima , Roberts Sam , Gopal Ashna , Osorio Alejandra A. Schiavon , Nenninger Anja , Yan Li , McCormick Alistair J. , Chen Xianfeng
Published: August 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photosensitizers, oxygen, and light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the effective destruction of cancer cells or bacteria. However, in biofilm bacterial infections, the presence of hypoxia significantly reduces the efficacy of PDT. To address this issue, we have developed a synergistic approach wherein Synechococcus elongatus (PCC 7942), cyanobacteria are loaded into a sodium alginate hydrogel, and chlorin e6 (Ce6) is conjugated with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ce6-MSNs). Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms capable of releasing oxygen when exposed to 660 nm light. This property facilitates the effective production of ROS by Ce6-MSNs, even in hypoxic conditions, potentially enabling more effective PDT against MRSA planktonic bacteria and biofilm. Our results demonstrate that this system can maintain oxygen generation capacity for the test period of 30 days, thereby enhancing ROS production under hypoxic conditions. In summary, this innovative system combines cyanobacteria's photosynthetic oxygen generation with Ce6-MSNs' ROS production capabilities to address the challenge of hypoxia in biofilm infections. The promising results suggest its potential for improving the efficacy of PDT against bacterial infections, including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA.

Graphical Abstract
Procrastination – Having, or Not Having Self-Access, That Is the Question
Authors: Klingsieck Katrin B.
Published: August 2024

Abstract: There is ample theoretical and empirical support for the idea that both conscious and unconscious volitional processes, predecisional and postdecisional aspects, and the aspect of having or not having self-access play a role in procrastination episodes. The unconscious volitional processes, predecisional aspects, and the aspect of self-access are yet rather under-researched. If they are considered, however, procrastination can be understood on an even deeper level and treated more sustainably. Moreover, considering these aspects opens up a humanistic perspective on procrastination episodes, thereby, putting procrastination and procrastination interventions in the bigger picture of self-actualization, self-alienation, and self-growth.
Mars' North Polar Spiral Trough Migration Paths as Revealed Through 3D Radar Mapping
Authors: Laferriere Kris L. , Bramson Ali M. , Smith Isaac B.
Published: August 2024

We present observations and maps of Mars' northern polar spiral trough migration paths (TMPs) as revealed through the 3D SHARAD (Shallow Radar) data volume, identify patterns of TMP morphology, and provide interpretations and implications of these TMPs on past climate. This data set provides additional spatial context over traditional 2D data as it allows for radargrams to be taken perpendicular to each trough strike, which minimizes distortion of migration paths due to oblique viewing geometry. Here, we present an expanded survey of trough migration and analysis of surface troughs across the north polar layered deposits. We corroborate many previous observations of trough migration such as: the general poleward and stratigraphically upward migration from the TMP initiation point; the broadly similar depth of trough initiation across the cap; regional variability in TMP morphology; and the presence of buried promontories. Our results support the presence of two generations of troughs, though we cannot confirm that the oldest generation originated deeper than ∼600 m beneath the current surface, as previously reported. Two generations of troughs suggest that climate conditions favorable for initiation of trough migration have occurred at least twice. Trough initiation occurring only in the upper ∼600 m suggests that troughs are relatively recent features in the polar cap, developing after the formation of ∼half the current cap height. The mapped TMPs provide insight into the consistency of Mars' climate during the accumulation of the past few hundred meters of ice by recording the boundary of erosion and accumulation of ice at the troughs.
Solar Panel Arrays May Affect Soil Carbon Levels
Authors: Dieckman Emily
Published: August 2024

As research ramps up on how to maximize the benefits of colocating agriculture and solar panels, researchers are also beginning to investigate other potential ecosystem benefits.
Fast, faster, and the fastest structured illumination microscopy
Authors: Zhao Tianyu , Lei Ming
Published: August 2024

Parallel acquisition-readout structured-illumination microscopy (PAR-SIM) was designed for high-speed raw data acquisition. By utilizing an xy-scan galvo mirror set, the raw data is projected onto different areas of the camera, enabling a fundamentally stupendous information spatial-temporal flux.
Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues
Authors: Mihalić Andrea , Železnjak Jelena , Lisnić Berislav , Jonjić Stipan , Juranić Lisnić Vanda , Brizić Ilija
Published: August 2024

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a representative member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses, is common in the human population, but immunocompetent individuals are generally asymptomatic when infected with this virus. However, in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns, CMV can cause a wide range of often long-lasting morbidities and even death. CMV is not only widespread throughout the population but it is also widespread in its hosts, infecting and establishing latency in nearly all tissues and organs. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of and immune responses to this virus is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Multiple arms of the immune system are engaged to contain the infection, and general concepts of immune control of CMV are now reasonably well understood. Nonetheless, in recent years, tissue-specific immune responses have emerged as an essential factor for resolving CMV infection. As tissues differ in biology and function, so do immune responses to CMV and pathological processes during infection. This review discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of the immune response to CMV infection in tissues, with particular emphasis on several well-studied and most commonly affected organs.
CAR-T and CAR-NK as cellular cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors
Authors: Peng Lei , Sferruzza Giacomo , Yang Luojia , Zhou Liqun , Chen Sidi
Published: August 2024

In the past decade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach for combating cancers, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in relapsed/refractory hematological malignancies in both pediatric and adult patients. CAR-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell complements CAR-T cell therapy by offering several distinct advantages. CAR-NK cells do not require HLA compatibility and exhibit low safety concerns. Moreover, CAR-NK cells are conducive to “off-the-shelf” therapeutics, providing significant logistic advantages over CAR-T cells. Both CAR-T and CAR-NK cells have shown consistent and promising results in hematological malignancies. However, their efficacy against solid tumors remains limited due to various obstacles including limited tumor trafficking and infiltration, as well as an immuno-suppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and current challenges of CAR-T and CAR-NK cell immunotherapies, with a specific focus on the obstacles to their application in solid tumors. We also analyze in depth the advantages and drawbacks of CAR-NK cells compared to CAR-T cells and highlight CAR-NK CAR optimization. Finally, we explore future perspectives of these adoptive immunotherapies, highlighting the increasing contribution of cutting-edge biotechnological tools in shaping the next generation of cellular immunotherapy.
Sex-specific role for the long noncoding RNA Pnky in mouse behavior
Authors: Saha Parna , Andersen Rebecca E. , Hong Sung Jun , Gil Eugene , Simms Jeffrey , Choi Hyeonseok , Lim Daniel A.
Published: August 2024

The aberrant expression of specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been associated with cognitive and psychiatric disorders. Although a growing number of lncRNAs are now known to regulate neural cell development and function, relatively few lncRNAs have been shown to underlie animal behavior. Pnky is an evolutionarily conserved, neural lncRNA that regulates brain development. Using mouse genetic strategies, we show that Pnky has sex-specific roles in mouse behavior and that this lncRNA can underlie specific behavior by functioning in trans. Male Pnky-knockout mice have decreased context generalization in a paradigm of associative fear learning and memory. In female Pnky-knockout mice, there is an increase in the acoustic startle response, a behavior that is altered in affective disorders. Remarkably, expression of Pnky from a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene decreases the acoustic startle response in female Pnky-knockout mice, demonstrating that Pnky can modulate specific animal behavior by functioning in trans. More broadly, these studies illustrate how specific lncRNAs can underlie cognitive and mood disorders.
Overall health knowledge in the Philippines, multilevel confirmatory factor analysis of the Philippine National Demography Health Survey 2022 data
Authors: Lotfy Nesma
Published: August 2024

A secondary data analysis of the 2022 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey (PNDHS) was conducted to explore the underlying structure of knowledge regarding communicable and noncommunicable diseases using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The PNDHS data consist of two levels: level-1 represents within-household data (household questionnaire), and level-2 represents between-household data (primary sampling unit (PSU)). Therefore, a two-level CFA and two-level variance CFA were performed. Furthermore, a multigroup analysis assessed the structural differences between males/females and urban/rural groups. In the PNDHS survey, 30,372 household interviews were completed. Knowledge levels for cancer, heart disease, diabetes, dengue fever, TB, and COVID-19 were 96.7%, 94.9%, 97.8%, 98.4%, 96.7%, and 92.8%, respectively. The two-level CFA indicated that the coefficient loadings of each item for both levels were statistically significant (Z-test, P < 0.001). Regarding two-level variance CFA, the variance at level-1 was higher than that at level-2 (13 and 6.7, respectively). The multigroup analysis revealed that the model was non-invariant (not equal) across gender and residence (likelihood ratio test; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, level-1 has greater effect than does level-2 because the variance in level-1 is greater than that in level-2, the knowledge of COVID-19 has the lowest loading compared to other items, and rural/urban areas and females/males exhibit different levels of health knowledge.
Refining pain management in mice by comparing multimodal analgesia and NSAID monotherapy for neurosurgical procedures
Authors: Munk Anna , Philippi Vanessa , Buchecker Verena , Bankstahl Marion , Glasenapp Aylina , Blutke Andreas , Michelakaki Effrosyni , Talbot Steven Roger , Huwyler Jörg , Jirkof Paulin , Kopaczka Marcin , Merhof Dorit , Palme Rupert , Potschka Heidrun
Published: August 2024

While neurosurgical interventions are frequently used in laboratory mice, refinement efforts to optimize analgesic management based on multimodal approaches appear to be rather limited. Therefore, we compared the efficacy and tolerability of combinations of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen, a sustained-release formulation of the opioid buprenorphine, and the local anesthetic bupivacaine with carprofen monotherapy. Female and male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to isoflurane anesthesia and an intracranial electrode implant procedure. Given the multidimensional nature of postsurgical pain and distress, various physiological, behavioral, and biochemical parameters were applied for their assessment. The analysis revealed alterations in Neuro scores, home cage locomotion, body weight, nest building, mouse grimace scales, and fecal corticosterone metabolites. A composite measure scheme allowed the allocation of individual mice to severity classes. The comparison between groups failed to indicate the superiority of multimodal regimens over high-dose NSAID monotherapy. In conclusion, our findings confirmed the informative value of various parameters for assessment of pain and distress following neurosurgical procedures in mice. While all drug regimens were well tolerated in control mice, our data suggest that the total drug load should be carefully considered for perioperative management. Future studies would be of interest to assess potential synergies of drug combinations with lower doses of carprofen.
Origin of the Laurentian Great Lakes fish fauna through upward adaptive radiation cascade prior to the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Backenstose Nathan J. C. , MacGuigan Daniel J. , Osborne Christopher A. , Bernal Moisés A. , Thomas Elizabeth K. , Normandeau Eric , Yule Daniel L. , Stott Wendylee , Ackiss Amanda S. , Albert Victor A. , Bernatchez Louis , Krabbenhoft Trevor J.
Published: August 2024

The evolutionary histories of adaptive radiations can be marked by dramatic demographic fluctuations. However, the demographic histories of ecologically-linked co-diversifying lineages remain understudied. The Laurentian Great Lakes provide a unique system of two such radiations that are dispersed across depth gradients with a predator-prey relationship. We show that the North American Coregonus species complex (“ciscoes”) radiated rapidly prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (80–90 kya), a globally warm period, followed by rapid expansion in population size. Similar patterns of demographic expansion were observed in the predator species, Lake Charr (Salvelinus namaycush), following a brief time lag, which we hypothesize was driven by predator-prey dynamics. Diversification of prey into deep water created ecological opportunities for the predators, facilitating their demographic expansion, which is consistent with an upward adaptive radiation cascade. This study provides a new timeline and environmental context for the origin of the Laurentian Great Lakes fish fauna, and firmly establishes this system as drivers of ecological diversification and rapid speciation through cyclical glaciation.
Behavioural compatibility, not fear, best predicts the looking patterns of chacma baboons
Authors: Allan Andrew T. L. , LaBarge Laura R. , Bailey Annie L. , Jones Benjamin , Mason Zachary , Pinfield Thomas , Schröder Felix , Whitaker Alex , White Amy F. , Wilkinson Henry , Hill Russell A.
Published: August 2024

Animal vigilance is often investigated under a narrow set of scenarios, but this approach may overestimate its contribution to animal lives. A solution may be to sample all looking behaviours and investigate numerous competing hypotheses in a single analysis. In this study, using a wild group of habituated chacma baboons (Papio ursinus griseipes) as a model system, we implemented a framework for predicting the key drivers of looking by comparing the strength of a full array of biological hypotheses. This included methods for defining individual-specific social threat environments, quantifying individual tolerance to human observers, and incorporating predator resource selection functions. Although we found evidence supporting reactionary and within-group (social) vigilance hypotheses, risk factors did not predict looking with the greatest precision, suggesting vigilance was not a major component of the animals’ behavioural patterns generally. Instead, whilst some behaviours constrain opportunities for looking, many shared compatibility with looking, alleviating the pressure to be pre-emptively vigilant for threats. Exploring looking patterns in a thorough multi-hypothesis framework should be feasible across a range of taxa, offering new insights into animal behaviour that could alter our concepts of fear ecology.
Towards bridging thermo/electrocatalytic CO oxidation: from nanoparticles to single atoms
Authors: Wei Kai , Wang Xian , Ge Junjie
Published: August 2024

This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advancements in preferential CO oxidation (CO-PROX) thermocatalysts and anti-CO poisoning hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) electrocatalysts.
Dual jet-mixing reactor for fully continuous synthesis of core@shell Au@Ag nanocomposites
Authors: Ranadive Pinaki , Khan Faiz , Winter Jessica O. , Brunelli Nicholas
Published: August 2024

Sequential jet mixing reactors enable core@shell nanomaterial synthesis.