bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fossil Energy Use in Conventional and Low‐External‐Input Cropping Systems
Authors: Cruse Michael J. , Liebman Matt , Raman D. Raj , Wiedenhoeft Mary H.
Published: May 2010

Conventional agriculture production systems in developed countries rely heavily on fossil energy, but emerging uncertainties in energy supply indicate a need to better understand energy efficiency in conventional and alternative systems. We used 6 yr of data from a cropping systems experiment conducted in Iowa to compare energy use of a conventionally managed corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] system (a 2‐yr rotation) with two low‐external input (LEI) cropping systems that used more diverse rotations and manure, but substantially lower quantities of synthetic N fertilizer and herbicides. Depending on how fossil energy costs were assigned to manure, the two LEI systems (a 3‐yr rotation of corn‐soybean‐small grain/red clover [Trifolium pratense L.], and a 4‐yr rotation of corn‐soybean‐small grain/alfalfa‐alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.) used between 23 and 56% less fossil energy than did the conventional system. In general, the primary category for fossil energy use in all systems was grain drying. The conventional 2‐yr system used substantially more fossil energy embodied in synthetic fertilizers and pesticides than did the LEI systems. Economic return, harvested crop weight, and potential energy production of the conventional 2‐yr and LEI 4‐yr systems were similar. Efficiency ratios, including crop energy output and economic return per unit of fossil energy invested, were significantly higher in the LEI 4‐yr rotation than in the conventional system. In coming years, if fossil energy prices rise significantly without concomitant increases in crop value, diversified LEI systems may become preferable to conventional cropping systems and used more widely.
Modeling Wheat and Maize Productivity as Affected by Climate Variation and Irrigation Supply in North China Plain
Authors: Chen Chao , Wang Enli , Yu Qiang
Published: May 2010

A modeling approach was used to analyze the response of crop productivity to irrigation in the North China Plain (NCP), where excessive use of water for irrigation has caused rapid decline in groundwater table. We calibrated and evaluated the farming systems model APSIM with data from three sites (Luancheng, Yucheng and Fengqiu). The calibrated model was applied to simulate the response of crop yield to climate variation and irrigation. The results show that the APSIM model was able to simulate growth and yield of wheat and maize in a double cropping system. Root mean squared error (RMSE) of yield and biomass simulations were 0.83 and 1.40 t ha−1 for wheat, 1.07 and 1.70 t ha−1 for maize, respectively. Soil water and ET were also reasonably predicted, with RMSE of 24.33 mm 1.49 mm d−1, respectively. The simulated rainfed yield range was 0∼6.1 t ha−1 for wheat and 0∼9.7 t ha−1 for maize in the double cropping system. Each 60 mm additional irrigation increased crop yield by 1.2 t ha−1 and 540 mm irrigation would be required to achieve the yield potential of 7.1 t ha−1 for wheat and 8.3 t ha−1 for maize. If >180 mm irrigation water was available, partition it to wheat and maize would lead to higher total yield than applying it only to wheat. Changing to a single crop system would lead to significantly lower annual total crop yield, although yield of the single crop could be increased due to increased stored soil moisture.
Grain Corn and Soil Nitrogen Responses to Sidedress Nitrogen Sources and Applications
Authors: Gagnon Bernard , Ziadi Noura
Published: May 2010

The efficiency of synthetic N fertilization can be improved by selecting the fertilizer source and application that best matches the soil N supply and crop demand. A field experiment was conducted for 3 yr (2004–2006) on a clay soil near Québec City, QC, Canada, to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer source and application on corn (Zea mays L.) yield, plant N accumulation, and residual soil inorganic N. Treatments consisted of an unfertilized control (0 N) and three sources of N fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate 32% [UAN], calcium ammonium nitrate [CAN], and aqua ammonia [AA]) applied at three different concentrations (100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1). Nitrogen fertilizers were banded 5 cm below the soil surface between corn rows at the six‐leaf stage every year. Fertilizer source affected grain corn with the highest mean yields (8.9 Mg ha−1) and total plant N accumulation achieved with UAN at any application. For all fertilizer sources, the linear‐plus‐plateau model best described the corn response to N application with optimum rate at 100, 124, and 128 kg N ha−1 for UAN, CAN, and AA, respectively. At harvest each year, the concentration of residual soil inorganic N increased in the upper layer. Under the cool and humid climatic prevailing conditions, UAN was the most efficient synthetic N fertilizer when banded into the soil at sidedress.
Pathways to Smoking and Snus Use Cessation - Is Spontaneous Quitting Underrated?
Authors: Toftgard Mats , Gilljam Hans , Tomson Tanja
Published: May 2010

Aim:

To investigate to what extent smokers and snus users in Sweden consider and plan their quit attempts in
advance, and to assess if spontaneity is associated with success.

Methods:

A sample of 5999 Swedish men and women between 16 and 80 years were interviewed via telephone about current
and former smoking and snus use and their latest quit attempts.

Results:

Among 2272 ex-smokers and current smokers who had ever made a serious quit attempt 48% reported to not having
planned their latest attempt in advance. Furthermore, 40% reported to not even having considered giving up smoking before
they actually made the attempt. Of 809 former and current snus users 48% did not plan, and 44% did not consider quitting in
advance. Smokers and ex-smokers were more likely to remain smoke-free for at least six months if the attempt was
unplanned (sex and age adjusted OR=2.6; 95% CI=1.7-3.8). When dividing the smoking quit attempts into considered versus
not considered the advantage of the spontaneous attempts remained (adjusted OR=1.9; CI=1.3-2.9). The corresponding
analyses of snus use quitting showed similar advantages for the unplanned and the not considered quit attempts.

Conclusions:

In Sweden, a considerable proportion of the attempts to quit smoking, as well as to quit using snus, are made
without prior consideration or planning. Spontaneous quit attempts appear to have a greater chance of long-term success than
those preceded by consideration or planning.
What is a Successful Outcome Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty?
Authors: Roy Jean-Sébastien , MacDermid Joy C. , Goel Danny , Faber Kenneth J. , Athwal George S. , Drosdowech Darren S.
Published: May 2010

Background:

With variations in joint destruction, patient expectations and health status, it can be difficult to interpret outcomes following arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between different outcome indicators in 44 patients followed for two years after a reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Methods:

Prospectively collected outcomes included the Constant-Murley score, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), range of motion (ROM), strength, patient satisfaction with their care and independent clinician case-review to determine global clinical outcome. Continuous outcomes were divided in two subgroups according to definitions of functional outcomes. Cohen’s kappa was used to evaluate agreement between outcomes. Pearson correlations were used to quantify interrelationships.

Results:

Although 93% of patients were substantially satisfied, fewer had good results on the other outcomes: 68% on global clinical outcome, 46% on SST and 73% on Constant-Murley score. The SST demonstrated better than chance agreement with Constant-Murley score, ROM in flexion, abduction and external rotation, and strength in external rotation. No agreement between satisfaction and other outcomes were observed. Significant correlations were observed between Constant-Murley score and SST (r = 0.78). The Constant-Murley score and SST demonstrated variable correlation with ROM and strength in flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation (0.38 < r < 0.73); the highest correlations being observed with shoulder elevation ROM (r > 0.50).

Conclusions:

Results show that outcome varies according to patient perspective and assessment methods. Patient satisfaction with their care was related to neither self-reported nor physical impairment outcomes. Positive patient ratings of satisfaction may not necessarily be evidence of positive outcomes.
Development of a Kinetic Model for Modeling the Industrial VGO Hydrocracker Accompanied By Deactivation
Authors: Barkhordari Azita , Fatemi Shohreh , Daneshpayeh Mahdi , Zamani Hossain
Published: May 2010

Two types of kinetic modeling, continuous and discrete lump model were studied and compared in this research in order to model the industrial scale VGO hydrocracking process. The experimental data obtained from a pilot-scale fixed bed reactor over Ni-Mo/Silica-Alumina catalyst in a wide range of operating conditions was used for prediction and tuning the kinetic parameters using Genetic algorithm. In this study, the discrete lump model with four parallel reactions to four lumped products showed more convergence to the experimental data than the continuous lump model. Afterward, the discrete kinetic model was used to simulate the vacuum gas oil (VGO) industrial hydrocracking reaction accompanied by catalyst deactivation. The activity of the catalyst was taken as a time dependent variable and the first year of operational data were used to derive the deactivation parameter. The refinery test runs spanning over the last two and half years of operation were used to validate the model and interpret the simulation results. A comparison between the industrial and the predicted data showed that there is a good agreement between them and the presented model provides a reasonable fit to estimate the product yields of LPG, naphtha, kerosene, diesel.
Extraction of Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Root
Authors: Dai Jianming , Orsat Valerie
Published: May 2010

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was compared with room temperature extraction (RTE) and reflux temperature extraction (RFX) on the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh American ginseng root. The influence of various factors, i.e. extraction method, solvent type, solvent to sample ratio, extraction time, and the size of sample particles on the extraction of ginsenosides Re, mRb1, Rb1 and total ginsenosides was studied. An 86 to 300% increase in extraction rate was observed with extraction under raised temperature in the microwave. Using microwave energy instead of hotplate-heating for the extraction resulted in a 31 to 96% increase in extraction rate. Visual analysis of the chromatograms of extracts can help the selection of extracting conditions for selectively obtaining specific ginsenosides enriched extracts.
Accidents, Liability Obligations and Monopolized Markets for Spare Parts
Authors: Baake Pio
Published: May 2010

We analyze the effects of accidents and liability obligations on the incentives of car manufacturers to monopolize the markets for their spare parts. We show that monopolized markets for spare parts lead to inefficiently high prices for spare parts. Furthermore, monopolization induces the manufacturers to choose inefficiently high qualities. The key for these results is the observation that high prices for spare parts entail a negative external effect inasmuch as liability obligations imply that consumers of competing products have to pay the high prices as well.
Implicit Theories of Intelligence, Perceived Academic Competence, and School Achievement: Testing Alternative Models
Authors: Gonida Eleftheria , Kiosseoglou Grigoris , Leondari Angeliki
Published: May 2010

In the present study 3 alternative causal models concerning the relationships between implicit theories of intelligence, perceived academic competence, and school achievement were tested. The direction of changes in implicit theories and perceived competence during early adolescence also was examined. A total of 187 fifth and sixth graders were tested and retested a year later, when they were sixth and seventh graders, respectively. Cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that school achievement determined the adoption of a particular implicit theory through the mediation of perceived competence. Implicit theories were found to change toward the adoption of more incremental beliefs and perceived academic competence declined; however, high achievers, as compared with their low- and middle-level classmates, adopted more incremental beliefs and had significantly higher perceived competence.
Susceptibility to Memory Distortion: How Do We Decide It Has Occurred?
Authors: Morris Erin K. , Laney Cara , Bernstein Daniel M. , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: May 2010

When given suggestive information, some people can be led to believe that they had experiences that they did not actually have. For example, they may come to believe falsely that they got sick eating particular foods as children, and as a result of that belief they may avoid the foods. But how do we know that someone has developed a false belief or memory in this research? The criteria we choose when classifying whether someone has fallen for the suggestion are somewhat arbitrary. We reanalyze our prior data, using different criteria for deciding that a person fell for the suggestion (called a "believer") or did not (called a "non-believer"). Changing criteria obviously affects the percentage of people who are called susceptible and could conceivably affect the conclusions reached about that group. Comparisons between false memories and true memories could differ, too, depending on how memories are defined.
Do Explicit Memory Manipulations Affect the Memory Blocking Effect?
Authors: Landau Joshua D. , Leynes P. Andrew
Published: May 2010

The memory blocking effect (MBE) occurs when people are prevented from completing word fragments because they studied orthographically similar words. Across 3 experiments, we investigated how manipulations that influence explicit memory tasks would influence the MBE. Although a significant MBE was observed in all 3 experiments, manipulating depth of processing (Experiment 1), time to complete the fragments (Experiment 2), and awareness of the MBE (Experiment 3) did not change the magnitude of the MBE. We discuss these results in the context of a suppression mechanism involved in retrieval-induced forgetting.
Modern Application of Evolutionary Theory to Psychology: Key Concepts and Clarifications
Authors: Goetz Aaron T. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: May 2010

Darwinian selection has become the centerpiece of biology, and in the past few decades many psychologists and anthropologists have recognized the value of using an evolutionary perspective to guide their work. With a focus on evolved psychological mechanisms and associated information processing features, evolutionary psychology has risen as a compelling and fruitful approach to the study of human psychology and behavior. In this article we review the instrument of evolution: natural selection, the products of evolution, and the impact of evolutionary thinking on modern psychological science. We conclude that as prejudicial barriers are overcome, as more evolutionary psychological work is conducted, and as hypothesized psychological mechanisms are substantiated in other disciplines, evolutionary psychology will emerge as the metatheory for psychology.
Inductive Inference or Inductive Behavior: Fisher and Neyman: Pearson Approaches to Statistical Testing in Psychological Research (1940-1960)
Authors: Halpin Peter F. , Stam Henderikus J.
Published: May 2010

The application of statistical testing in psychological research over the period of 1940-1960 is examined in order to address psychologists’ reconciliation of the extant controversy between the Fisher and Neyman-Pearson approaches. Textbooks of psychological statistics and the psychological journal literature are reviewed to examine the presence of what Gigerenzer (1993) called a hybrid model of statistical testing. Such a model is present in the textbooks, although the mathematically incomplete character of this model precludes the appearance of a similarly hybridized approach to statistical testing in the research literature. The implications of this hybrid model for psychological research and the statistical testing controversy are discussed.
Interference and Negative Priming Effects in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Pritchard Verena E. , Neumann Ewald , Rucklidge Julia J.
Published: May 2010

Three visual selective attention tasks were used to measure potential differences in susceptibility to interference and inhibitory cognitive control processes in 16 adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 45 similar-aged controls. Susceptibility to interference was assessed using the Stroop color and word naming test. Efficiency of distractor inhibition was assessed in two conceptual negative priming tasks. The majority of studies in this area indicate that people with ADHD demonstrate higher levels of interference and lower negative priming effects in comparison with age-matched peers. However, we found that although the ADHD group was consistently slower to name target stimuli than the control group, there were no differences in interference or negative priming between the two groups.
Expectancies and Memory for an Emotional Film Fragment: A Placebo Study
Authors: van Oorsouw Kim , Merckelbach Harald
Published: May 2010

This study investigated whether positive ("memory-enhancing") and negative ("memory-impairing") placebos may enhance and undermine, respectively, memory of a film fragment. After watching an emotional film fragment, participants were assigned to a "memory-enhancing" placebo group (n = 30), control group (n = 30), or "memory-impairing" placebo group (n = 30). Only participants who believed in the placebo effect were included in the analyses. In the positive placebo group, memory for the film fragment was better than that of participants who received negative placebos or control participants. Participants in the negative placebo group made more distortion errors than participants in the positive placebo or control group. Our findings show that people’s expectancies about their memory may affect their memory performance. These results may have implications for both clinical practice and the legal domain.
Are Written and Spoken Recall of Text Equivalent?
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T.
Published: May 2010

Writing is less practiced than speaking, graphemic codes are activated only in writing, and the retrieved representations of the text must be maintained in working memory longer because handwritten output is slower than speech. These extra demands on working memory could result in less effort being given to retrieval during written compared with spoken text recall. To test this hypothesis, college students read or heard Bartlett’s (1932) "War of the Ghosts" and then recalled the text in writing or speech. Spoken recall produced more accurately recalled propositions and more major distortions (e.g., inferences) than written recall. The results suggest that writing reduces the retrieval effort given to reconstructing the propositions of a text.
The Relationship between Self-Reported Vividness and Latency during Mental Size Scaling of Everyday Items: Phenomenological Evidence of Different Types of Imagery
Authors: D’Angiulli Amedeo , Reeves Adam
Published: May 2010

We examined how the relationship between ratings of vividness (or image strength) and image latency might reflect the concerted action of two visual imagery pathways hypothesized by Kosslyn (1994): the ventral pathway, processing object properties, and the dorsal pathway, processing locative properties of mental images. Participants formed their images at small or large angular display sizes, varying the amount of size scaling needed. In Experiment 1, display size varied between participants, and images were trial unique. The higher the vividness, the faster the generation of small images (requiring size scaling of less than 10°), which would recruit mainly the ventral pathway. This vivid-is-fast relationship changed for large images (requiring size sccaling of 10° or more), which would recruit mainly the dorsal pathway. The size-dependent alteration of the vivid-is-fast relationship was replicated in the first block of Experiment 2. However, when repeated over 3 consecutive blocks, image generation sped up, and gradually the vivid-is-fast relationship tended to occur for all display sizes until complete automatization of image generation occurred. The findings suggest that differential patterns of vividness-latency relationship can reflect the types of images involved, their relative ventral and dorsal contributions, and the involvement of working memory.
Recalling Taboo and Nontaboo Words
Authors: Jay Timothy , Caldwell-Harris Catherine , King Krista
Published: May 2010

People remember emotional and taboo words better than neutral words. It is well known that words that are processed at a deep (i.e., semantic) level are recalled better than words processed at a shallow (i.e., purely visual) level. To determine how depth of processing influences recall of emotional and taboo words, a levels of processing paradigm was used. Whether this effect holds for emotional and taboo words has not been previously investigated. Two experiments demonstrated that taboo and emotional words benefit less from deep processing than do neutral words. This is consistent with the proposal that memories for taboo and emotional words are a function of the arousal level they evoke, even under shallow encoding conditions. Recall was higher for taboo words, even when taboo words were cued to be recalled after neutral and emotional words. The superiority of taboo word recall is consistent with cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging research.
The Psychology of Risk Taking: Toward the Integration of Psychometric and Neuropsychological Paradigms
Authors: Llewellyn David J.
Published: May 2010

The prevention of counterproductive or antisocial risk taking is a research priority. Attempts to understand risk-taking behaviors are dominated by the psychometric and neuropsychological paradigms, which have developed in relative isolation. Previous studies indicate that risk taking is associated with the sensation-seeking personality trait, although the relationship with impulsivity may be complex. Poor risk-related decision making is associated with lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Further research is necessary to establish which forms of risk taking are associated with the 5-factor model of personality and may be influenced by ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning. The relationship between risk-related decision making and personality traits is also discussed in order to provide a basis for future research adopting an integrated model of risk taking behavior.
The Visual Metacognition Questionnaire: A Measure of Intuitions about Vision
Authors: Levin Daniel T. , Angelone Bonnie L.
Published: May 2010

Recent research has revealed a series of striking limits to visual perception. One important aspect of these demonstrations is the degree to which they conflict with intuition; people often believe that they will be able to see things that experiments demonstrate they cannot see. This metacognitive error has been explored with reference to a few specific visual limits, but no study has yet explored people’s intuitions about vision more generally. In this article we present the results of a broad survey of these intuitions. Results replicate previous overestimates and underestimates of visual performance and document new misestimates of performance in tasks that assess inattention blindness and visual knowledge. We also completed an initial exploratory factor analysis of the items and found that estimates of visual performance for well-structured information tend to covary. These results represent an important initial step in organizing the intuitions that may prove important in a variety of settings, including performance of complex visual tasks, evaluation of others people’s visual experience, and even the teaching of psychology.
A Unified Theory of All-or-None and Incremental Learning Processes via a New Application of Study-Test-Rest Presentation Programs and Psychophysiological Measures
Authors: Izawa Chizuko
Published: May 2010

The all-or-none (AON) versus incremental learning debate was newly examined using heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) under varied study-test-rest (STR) presentation programs. Fifty university students learned a list of 20 consonant-vowel-consonant-2-digit pairs in a simple learning situation. Three item types were analyzed: items learned, never learned, and in-between. Learning performance moved from the unlearned to the learned state in one jump in the AON fashion, despite nonsignificant incremental trends during some precriterion trials. New HR and GSR phenomena were unveiled: Persistent relaxation occurred abruptly a few trials before actual learning. The relaxation attained unconsciously, after intense conscious effort, might facilitate mastery. Unlearned items lacked such jumps for all 3 response measures. Of all conditions examined, STTTTTTT produced the most efficient learning with the greatest attention (HR), most relaxation (GSR), and least test anxiety (interprogram comparisons). By using Estes’ mathematical derivations, a unified theory is advocated: AON learning can be regarded as a special case of incremental learning. The former is associated with very simple learning situations, whereas the latter involves complex learning situations. The 2 positions are not irreconcilable; instead, they represent 2 extremes of such experiments, the simple and complex learning situations.
Effect of Context and Personality on the Forgiveness Schema
Authors: Gauché Mélanie , Mullet Etienne
Published: May 2010

This study examined the extent to which the type of aggressive behavior affected the impact of circumstances of the aggression on the victim’s willingness to forgive. The participants were 97 adults aged 17 to 68 years. They expressed willingness to forgive in 3 contexts: breaking up of a love affair, gossiping at work, and collision during a game. As hypothesized, apologies and intent had more impact in the physical aggression condition than in the psychological aggression conditions, cancellation of consequences had more impact in the psychological aggression conditions than in the physical aggression condition, the structure of the forgiveness schema varied as a function of the type of harmful situation, and participants with a higher score in emotional stability and agreeableness were more willing to forgive than participants with a lower score.
States and Households: The Social Organization of Terrace Agriculture in Postclassic Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Verónica Pérez
Published: May 2010

This is a study of agricultural intensification on the household scale in a Mixtec cacicazgo of Oaxaca, Mexico, during the Postclassic period (A.D. 800–1521). Through archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic methods this study investigates the roles of the state and the independent farming household in the emergence and operation of intensive agricultural systems, and agricultural terracing. I present data on two Postclassic houses and residential and agricultural terraces excavated at the site of Nicayuju in the municipality of San Juan Teposcolula, Oaxaca. Artifact and architectural data are reported. Ethnographic information is presented and used to create a model for terrace construction that is tested against the terrace excavation data presented in this article. It is argued that Robert Netting’s agrarian smallholder model may characterize the social organization of intensive agricultural production in prehispanic Mixtec society and that intensification may have functioned without direct state direction. The application of the agrarian smallholder model in Prehispanic Mesoamerica is significant in that it suggests that long-lasting and environmentally viable methods of agricultural production may originate and operate at the household and community levels.
On the Logic of Archaeological Inference: Early Formative Pottery and the Evolution of Mesoamerican Societies
Authors: Sharer Robert J. , Balkansky Andrew K. , Burton James H. , Feinman Gary M. , Flannery Kent V. , Grove David C. , Marcus Joyce , Moyle Robert G. , Price T. Douglas , Redmond Elsa M. , Reynolds Robert G. , Rice Prudence M. , Spencer Charles S. , Stoltman James B. , Yaeger Jason
Published: May 2010

The 2005 articles by Stoltman et al. and Flannery et al. to which Neff et al. (this issue) have responded are not an indictment of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) but, rather, of the way Blomster et al. (2005) misuse it and of the hyperbolic culture-historical claims they have made from their INAA results. It has long been acknowledged that INAA leads not to sources but to chemical composition groups. Based on composition groups derived from an extremely unsystematic collection of sherds from only seven localities, Blomster et al. claim that the Olmec received no carved gray or kaolin white pottery from other regions; they also claim that neighboring valleys in the Mexican highlands did not exchange such pottery with each other. Not only can one not leap directly from the elements in potsherds to such sweeping culture-historical conclusions, it is also the case that other lines of evidence (including petrographic analysis) have for 40+ years produced empirical evidence to the contrary. In the end, it was their commitment to an unfalsifiable model of Olmec superiority that led Blomster et al. to bypass the logic of archaeological inference.
Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic Record
Authors: Lohse Jon C. , Awe Jaime , Griffith Cameron , Rosenswig Robert M. , Valdez Fred
Published: May 2010

Evidence from preceramic Paleoindian and Archaic time periods in Belize has been recorded over the past quarter of a century by a number of projects. This paper summarizes previously published information and presents new archaeological data in bringing the hunting-and-gathering and itinerant horticultural millennia of this region into a more accurate and comprehensive perspective than has been presented to date. The Paleoindian period includes influences from North as well as South America, with settlement preferences shown for river valleys and near-coastal margins. Cave sites hold particular promise for yielding new and well-preserved remains from this early period. The Archaic, beginning as early as 8000 B.C., is poorly dated until 3400 B.C. and was probably characterized by mobile hunter-foragers. The Late Archaic includes two facets, the Early (3400–1900 B.C.) and the Late (1500–900 B.C.) Preceramic, and represents the first appearance and gradual spread of cultivation together with habitat modification. The period beginning around 1500 B.C. shows intensifying maize cultivation, apparently mobile populations, and also the emergence of well-defined stone tool traditions that trend into the early Middle Preclassic. Ceramics seem to appear unevenly from ca. 1200 to 900 B.C., when the Cunil and Kanocha complexes in western Belize and Swasey sphere in northern Belize are reported.
Long-Term Trends in Prehistoric Fishing and Hunting on Tobago, West Indies
Authors: Steadman David W. , Jones Sharyn
Published: May 2010

We compare the bone assemblages of Milford 1 (TOB-3) and Golden Grove (TOB-13) in Tobago, West Indies. Milford 1 is a small preceramic occupation (ca. 3000-2800 cal B.P.), whereas Golden Grove is a large ceramic-period village (ca. 1700-900 cal B.P.). Species richness at TOB-13 is greater than at TOB-3, both in marine (67 vs. 39 fishes) and terrestrial (32 vs. 9) taxa. Major shifts in marine exploitation from the preceramic to ceramic periods can be seen in relative abundance of tuna, toadfishes, and in fishes inhabiting mangrove and brackish water environments, and decreases in relative abundance of parrotfish, carnivorous reef fishes, and sea turtles. The abundance of tuna bones at TOB-13 is uniquely high among West Indian archaeological sites. For terrestrial taxa, the difference in species richness exceeds the expected, including decreased specialization on big game (peccaries) at TOB-13, with a greater tendency to hunt reptiles, birds, and mammals of all sizes at TOB-3. Factors underlying the shifts in fishing and hunting may include different collection methods and food preferences of non-Arawakan (preceramic) vs. Arawakan (ceramic) peoples, as well as human-induced declines in populations of peccaries, sea turtles, and selected fish species. Another possible factor is site setting, with the inhabitants of TOB-13 having enhanced access to mangrove habitats.
Aztec Teotihuacan: Political Processes at a Postclassic and Early Colonial City-State in the Basin of Mexico
Authors: Garraty Christopher P.
Published: May 2010

Teotihuacan, located in the northeastern Basin of Mexico, is best known for its Preclassic and Classic period occupations (ca. 150 B.C.–A.D. 700) but was also an important city-state during the Aztec and Early Colonial periods, circa A.D. 1200–1650. Much has been written about political relations among Aztec city-states in the basin. However, the internal political structures of most city-states remain largely unknown because colonial chroniclers focused mostly on Tenochtitlan-Mexico City and collected little information on the 40 to 50 smaller city-states in the basin. This article addresses the internal political organization of Aztec Teotihuacan and how it changed over time based on analyses of pottery data from the surface collections of the Teotihuacan Mapping Project. A seriation of sherd assemblages using correspondence analysis provides a chronological framework for diachronic analyses. Changes through time pertaining to interresidential status differences and the spatial distributions of elite residences suggest a gradual process of political decentralization. Additionally, pottery and obsidian data, in conjunction with settlement pattern changes, reveal a relocation of the city-state center in the late 1300s or early 1400s, possibly indicating an episode of political upheaval or reorganization.
Ceramic Production and Exchange in Late/Terminal Formative Period Oaxaca
Authors: Joyce Arthur A. , Neff Hector , Thieme Mary S. , Winter Marcus , Elam J. Michael , Workinger Andrew
Published: May 2010

Patterns of Late/Terminal Formative period (ca. 500 B.C.–A.D. 300) ceramic exchange in Oaxaca are examined through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Samples of 453 Late/Terminal Formative period sherds were submitted to the Missouri University Research Reactor for INAA to determine elemental composition. The sherds came from 20 excavated sites and two surveys in the following regions: the Valley of Oaxaca, Mixteca Alta, Mixteca Baja, lower Río Verde Valley, and Cuicatlán Cañada. Selected for the study were vessel fragments from three recognized paste categories: grayware (gris), fine brownware (café fino), and creamware (crema). We also sampled clays and sherds from known sources in four modern pottery-making towns in the Oaxaca Valley. The research adds to the INAA database for Oaxaca by identifying the chemical signatures of six source groupings that we can link to specific regions and, in two cases, to particular source zones within regions. The evidence from chemical composition and typology indicates continuity in resource use and production practices in both Atzompa and Coyotepec from pre-Hispanic into modern times. The data show that the exchange of ceramics in Late/Terminal Formative Oaxaca was multidirectional, with ceramics imported both to and from the Oaxaca Valley.
Inter-Regional and Intra-Regional Scale Compositional Variability in Pottery from South-Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Stark Barbara L. , Speakman Robert J. , Glascock Michael D.
Published: May 2010

Both long-distance and localized chemical relationships in pottery and their implications for studies of Gulf lowland exchange can be examined with instrumental neutron activation. New pottery samples from Classic period (A.D. 300-900) contexts in the western lower Papaloapan basin were subjected to chemical compositional analysis. The sample represents three groups, coarse utility jars, common orange slipped serving bowls, and fine paste, higher-value white slipped serving bowls. At an intraregional scale, four localities in the western basin were sampled, but not all proved to be compositionally distinct. A mangrove zone pottery group contrasts compositionally with groups from riverine farmlands to the west. At a larger interregional scale, pottery from neighboring geomorphological areas as well as distant alluvial systems up and down the Gulf lowlands yielded chemically distinct groups. Considerable intraregional trade is suggested, but little is evident at the interregional scale. The interregional analysis is the first integrated overview of Gulf lowland ceramic chemical compositions, and the intraregional analysis begins assessment of Classic period pottery production and exchange within the western lower Papaloapan basin. Methodologically, we use sand sources in the region to determine if differences in tempering of pastes are likely to account for differences in compositional groups.
Bioarchaeological Evidence for Social and Temporal Differences in Diet at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
Authors: Scherer Andrew K. , Wright Lori E. , Yoder Cassady J.
Published: May 2010

In this bioarchaeological study of Classic Maya subsistence, we analyzed porotic hyperostosis, dental caries, and stable isotopes on skeletal remains recovered from 118 burials at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. The abundant porotic hyperostosis and dental caries at Piedras Negras, coupled with a high mean δ13C (mean -9.2 ± 1.0‰) provide evidence for high levels of maize consumption. The isotope data show slight differences among social status groups. Chronological changes in diet are more evident. The Early Classic (A.D. 350-625) skeletons are characterized by moderate heterogeneity in isotope ratios relative to skeletons of the Yaxche phase of the Late Classic (A.D. 625-750). In Yaxche phase skeletons, a prosperous time for Piedras Negras, δ13C and δ15N are homogenous, with an emphasis on dietary maize and terrestrial fauna. In Chacalhaaz times (A.D. 750-825) isotope signatures became much more diverse, with some individuals consuming less maize and/or more freshwater fish. We attribute these changes to significant perturbations in the system of food production and distribution at Piedras Negras in the late eighth century, a process that may have been linked to the disintegration of dynastic kingship at the site and its collapse.
From Independence to Integration: The Corporate Evolution of the Ford Motor Company of Canada, 1904–2004
Authors: Anastakis Dimitry
Published: May 2010

In the century since its founding, the Ford Motor Company of Canada has evolved from a relatively independent entity within the Ford empire, with a strong element of minority ownership and its own overseas subsidiaries, to a fully integrated and wholly owned part of Ford's North American operations. The unique emergence and transformation of Ford-Canada among Ford's foreign enterprises is explained by Canada's changing automotive trade policies, the personal relations of the Ford family with its Canadian offspring, and a corporate strategy pursued by Henry Ford's successors and the American Ford company, which sought to bring Ford-Canada more directly under Detroit's control.
Trampling Experiments in the Search for the Earliest Americans
Authors: Lopinot Neal H. , Ray Jack H.
Published: May 2010

Experiments were undertaken to evaluate a natural versus cultural origin for a set of modified pebbles and cobbles found in pre-Clovis-age contexts at the Big Eddy site (23CE426) in southwest Missouri, U.S.A. Two experiments involving Asian elephants and American bison provided evidence that pre-Clovis-age modified cobbles, pebbles, and flakes probably were produced by the trampling of large mammals traversing alluvial gravel bars in search of food and water in a riparian environment. The production of “zoofacts” and behavioral aspects of elephants are described with respect to research on the earliest Americans.
Communities Make Theory: A Response to Bleed and Roper
Authors: Mitchell Mark D.
Published: May 2010

In their comments, Bleed and Roper acknowledge the profound effects routine research practices have had on the conceptual development of Plains archaeology, though both disagree with aspects of my analysis. Bleed disputes my characterization of current theory in Plains archaeology but fails to appreciate the extent to which Plains archaeology continues to emphasize culture historical research. Bleed further argues that there are few connections between the research practices established by the Missouri Basin Project (MBP) and those of more recent Plains archaeologists. However, such a stance discounts the powerful influence of construct paradigms or exemplars on the development of method and theory. Roper provides valuable insights into the role played by direct historic analogy in the development of theory in Plains archaeology. However, her analysis glosses over the fact that all aspects of archaeological research are informed by theoretical propositions, whether explicitly stated or merely assumed.
Mediators in the International Marketplace: U.S. Advertising in Latin America in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Scanlon Jennifer
Published: May 2010

In the early twentieth century, companies relied on advertising to inform international audiences about their products and services, just as they do today. The J. Walter Thompson Company, a New York–based advertising agency, entered the global stage early, and by 1928 Thompson advertisements had appeared in twenty-six languages in over forty countries. Reaching international audiences and expanding their tastes required an understanding of local cultures and the ways in which they conducted their businesses, and advertisers often had to act as mediators for their clients. The J. Walter Thompson Company's efforts in Argentina provide an excellent case study of how both “local” and “global” messages of consumption were understood–and often misinterpreted–when they were transmitted to other countries from the United States.
The Business Life of Emmett Jay Scott
Authors: Dailey Maceo Crenshaw
Published: May 2010

Emmett Jay Scott was private secretary to Booker T. Washington and later became secretary treasurer of Howard University. He was involved in numerous business activities, ranging from the establishment of the National Negro Business League to the founding of an investment clearing-house, an insurance company, and an overseas trading firm. Scott also promoted the black township of Mound Bayou and backed African American entertainment enterprises. His business activities were largely unheralded, and the frustrations he encountered illustrate both the obstacles and the opportunities for black entrepreneurs in the first half of the twentieth century.
Wood of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Pine (Pinusspp.) by the Ancient Lowland Maya
Authors: Morehart Christopher T. , Lentz David L. , Prufer Keith M.
Published: May 2010

The recovery of pine (Pinus spp.) charcoal remains from ceremonial contexts at sites in the Maya Lowlands suggests that pine had a significant role in ancient Maya ritual activities. Data collected by the authors reveal that pine remains are a regular component of archaeobotanical assemblages from caves, sites that were used almost exclusively for ritual purposes, and that pine is often the dominant taxon of wood charcoal recovered. Comparisons with archaeobotanical data from surface sites likewise reveals that pine is common in ceremonial deposits. The authors propose that the appearance of pine remains in ceremonial contexts indicates pine was a valued element of Maya ritual paraphernalia. By basing interpretations with analogous information from ethnography, ethnohistory, iconography, and epigraphy, the use of pine during rituals is argued to be have been linked with a symbolic complex of ritual burning and offering “food” sacrifices to deities. The possibility is raised that burning pine, perhaps as torches, during some ancient rituals was similar to the modern use of candles. The diversity of ceremonial contexts yielding pine suggests that burning pine may have been a basic element of ritual activities that was essential to establish the legitimacy of ritual performances.
Clarifying Color in the Codex Mendoza
Authors: Hammond Norman
Published: May 2010

Color differences between the original illustrations in the Codex Mendoza and the facsimile most widely used by scholars can be calibrated using a standard set of Munsell soil color charts. The discrepancies are potentially misleading about the presence and origin of some pigments used and the cultural significance of what is being shown in the document.
The Viejo Period of Chihuahua Culture in Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Stewart Joe D. , Kelley Jane H. , MacWilliams A. C. , Reimer Paula J.
Published: May 2010

“Chihuahua culture” refers to two prehistoric periods of ceramic agricultural occupation in northwestern Mexico. It has long been known that the Medio period (ca. A.D. 1200–1450), with substantial adobe pueblo villages and towns, and ceramics that included elaborate polychrome wares, occurred over a vast region in western and northern Chihuahua and northeastern Sonora. It was also recognized that the preceding Viejo period, with pithouse and wattle-and-daub surface architecture, and less elaborate ceramics, was ancestral, at least in part. However, the geographical extent, dating, and nature of the Viejo-Medio transition were unclear. Recent research by several field projects has demonstrated that Viejo and Medio period occupations were geographically coextensive, as was the transition. A foundation for Viejo period chronometric dating (ca. A.D. 700–1200) is now established by 30 radiocarbon determinations from excavations in west central Chihuahua and one from northeastern Sonora. We discuss the dimensions of the Viejo period in west central Chihuahua with data from 1998–2000 excavations by the PAC (Proyecto Arqueológico Chihuahua). It provides an example of a broad-based transition from a relatively simple to a relatively complex pattern, and new perspectives on the interpretation of radiocarbon dating.”
More on Mesoamerican Cosmology and City Plans
Authors: Šprajc Ivan
Published: May 2010

In a recent comment Michael Smith argues that the cosmological interpretations of Maya urban layouts proposed in an article by Ashmore and Sabloff are vague and unconvincing. He also summarizes some other comparable studies in order to show that arguments for the cosmological significance of archaeologically recovered urban patterns are, in general, subjective and lack methodological rigor. I argue that his view is an unwarranted generalization and that his references to some archaeoastronomical interpretations do not adequately reflect the advances in this field of research and its relevance for the understanding of ancient city plans. I summarize the results of several studies in Mesoamerica, focusing on Teotihuacan and the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan discussed by Smith, to show that rigorous methods not only have been applied in archaeoastronomical research but also have resulted in explicit conclusions about specific aspects of worldview and political ideology underlying Mesoamerican architecture and urbanism.