bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of enzyme substitution therapy on brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognition in adults with phenylketonuria: A case series of three patients
Authors: Burlina Alessandro P. , Manara Renzo , Carretta Jessica , Cazzorla Chiara , Loro Christian , Gragnaniello Vincenza , Burlina Alberto B.
Published: October 2024

Phenylketonuria, the most common inherited metabolic disease, results from a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme activity that causes high blood phenylalanine levels. Most adults do not adhere to the gold standard therapy: lifelong treatment with a low‐phenylalanine diet. Elevated and fluctuating phenylalanine levels in untreated adults can cause white matter abnormalities, neurological symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction (executive function). Pegvaliase, a derivative of the phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase enzyme, metabolizes phenylalanine to trans‐cinnamic acid and ammonia, and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency for subcutaneous administration in adults with phenylketonuria and blood phenylalanine concentrations > 600 μmol/L. In clinical trials, it reduced blood phenylalanine, even in patients consuming an unrestricted diet. We report longitudinal results on the first three such adults, in whom phenylalanine levels were quantified monthly, starting 1 year before pegvaliase administration and continuing through achievement of a pegvaliase response (defined as six consecutive monthly blood phenylalanine concentrations < 360 μmol/L while consuming an unrestricted diet). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological assessments were performed before starting therapy and after response was achieved. Our results show that all three patients had significantly reduced white matter hyperintensities on brain MRI and improved executive function on neuropsychological assessment, especially on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, which is known to be very sensitive to white matter functioning. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of concomitant improvements in cognitive performance and white matter damage after a pharmacological intervention to normalize phenylalanine levels in adults with phenylketonuria consuming an unrestricted diet.
Associations of caring for grandchildren and great‐grandparents with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in Chinese grandparents: The moderating roles of urban–rural residence and social participation
Authors: Zhao Hanfang , Shi Hong , He Minfu , Cui Li , Wang Shixun , Zhao Jieyu , Li Wenjun , Wei Yachen , Zhang Wenjing , Chen Ziqiang , Liu Hongjian , Zhang Xiumin
Published: October 2024

This study aims to investigate the associations of caring for grandchildren and/or great‐grandparents with depressive symptoms, as well as life satisfaction in Chinese grandparents, and analyze the moderating roles of urban–rural residence and social participation. A nationally representative sample of 2973 grandparents in families with great‐grandparents and grandchildren were selected from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD‐10) and the single‐item were used to measure depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Social participation included participation in social and intellectual activities. The binary logistic regression model was employed to explore the relationship between caring and depressive symptoms, as well as life satisfaction in the whole participants, different urban–rural residence, and social participation groups, respectively. Caring was associated with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction (p < 0.05). A significant interaction existed between caring and urban–rural residence for depressive symptoms (interaction p = 0.029) and life satisfaction (interaction p = 0.027). Significant interactions were also found among caring, urban–rural residence, and social activities with depressive symptoms (interaction p = 0.025). In urban, caring for both was negatively related to depressive symptoms for the non‐social activists, while in rural, caring for great‐grandparents was positively associated with depressive symptoms for social activists (p < 0.05). Any new policy design related to preventing and reducing the possibility of mental disorders in Chinese grandparents should be tailored to heterogeneous subgroups who live in different rural–urban and social activities participation.
Warming reduces trophic diversity in high‐latitude food webs
Authors: Jackson Michelle C. , O'Gorman Eoin J. , Gallo Bruno , Harpenslager Sarah F. , Randall Kate , Harris Danielle N. , Prentice Hannah , Trimmer Mark , Sanders Ian , Dumbrell Alex J. , Cameron Tom C. , Layer‐Dobra Katrin , Bespalaya Yulia , Aksenova Olga , Friberg Nikolai , Moliner Cachazo Luis , Brooks Stephen J. , Woodward Guy
Published: October 2024

The physical effects of climate warming have been well documented, but the biological responses are far less well known, especially at the ecosystem level and at large (intercontinental) scales. Global warming over the next century is generally predicted to reduce food web complexity, but this is rarely tested empirically due to the dearth of studies isolating the effects of temperature on complex natural food webs. To overcome this obstacle, we used ‘natural experiments’ across 14 streams in Iceland and Russia, with natural warming of up to 20°C above the coldest stream in each high‐latitude region, where anthropogenic warming is predicted to be especially rapid. Using biomass‐weighted stable isotope data, we found that community isotopic divergence (a universal, taxon‐free measure of trophic diversity) was consistently lower in warmer streams. We also found a clear shift towards greater assimilation of autochthonous carbon, which was driven by increasing dominance of herbivores but without a concomitant increase in algal stocks. Overall, our results support the prediction that higher temperatures will simplify high‐latitude freshwater ecosystems and provide the first mechanistic glimpses of how warming alters energy transfer through food webs at intercontinental scales.
Historical Geography in Brazil: Examining Backgrounds and New Perspectives
Authors: Gomes da Silveira Patrícia
Published: October 2024

The sub‐discipline of historical geography in Brazil, in contrast to the Anglophone and Francophone scholarship, often tends to be overlooked by the northern disciplinary history of this sub‐discipline. In Brazil, historical geography studies emerged in the 1980s as a result of personal initiatives. Nonetheless, in the last few years, distinct generations of Brazilian historical geographers have contributed to this sub‐discipline's promotion and recognition, mainly by diversifying their methodological approaches and research interests. Undoubtedly, developing transnational academic networks and collaborations represents a crucial contribution. This review provides an overview of the main Brazilian historical geographers engaged in studying past geographies. It delves into the central themes they address and also examines the academic conferences and research groups responsible for establishing institutional spaces to foster the practice of historical geography in Brazil in recent years. In doing so, the review calls for a ‘polyphonic’ approach to historical geography, urging the inclusion of southern sites of knowledge production and embracing a diverse scholarship beyond the English‐speaking community.
Characterization of rimegepant drug–drug interactions using the cytochrome P450 probe drugs, itraconazole, rifampin, fluconazole, and midazolam
Authors: Bhardwaj Rajinder , Morris Beth , Matschke Kyle T. , Bertz Richard , Croop Robert , Liu Jing
Published: October 2024

Objective

Reported here are the results of four rimegepant phase I studies, in healthy participants, aimed at determining the in vivo potential of rimegepant (75 mg) for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4‐related drug–drug interactions (DDIs).

Background

Rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet (Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) is a calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor antagonist approved for acute treatment of migraine and preventive treatment of episodic migraine. People with migraine commonly use multiple drug treatments, with the potential for DDIs.

Methods

Each study was an open‐label, single‐arm, single‐sequence, crossover study. Rimegepant was tested as a victim drug by separate co‐administration of itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P‐glycoprotein inhibitor) in Study 1, rifampin (a strong CYP3A4 inducer and moderate CYP2C9 inducer) in Study 2, and fluconazole (a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) in Study 3, and as a perpetrator drug by co‐administration with midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate) in Study 4.

Results

Mean values of single‐dose rimegepant maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–inf) increased with itraconazole co‐administration (n = 22) by 1.42‐fold (90% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–1.61) and by 4.14‐fold (90% CI 3.87–4.44), respectively, and decreased with rifampin co‐administration (n = 21) to 36% (90% CI 31.2–41.4%) and to 19% (90% CI 16.3–21.4%), respectively. Co‐administration with fluconazole (n = 23) increased rimegepant mean AUC0–inf by 1.80‐fold (90% CI 1.68–1.93), with no impact on Cmax (1.04‐fold; 90% CI 0.94–1.15). Co‐administration of rimegepant single dose (300 mg; n = 14) or multiple doses (150 mg/day; n = 14) increased the mean Cmax of midazolam by 1.38‐fold (90% CI 1.13–1.67) and 1.53‐fold (90% CI 1.32–1.78), respectively, and the AUC0–inf of midazolam by 1.86‐fold (90% CI 1.58–2.19) and 1.91‐fold (90% CI 1.63–2.25), respectively.

Conclusions

Based on the magnitude of DDIs, these studies indicate the following: co‐administration of rimegepant with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor should be avoided; during co‐administration with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, another dose of rimegepant within 48 h should be avoided; co‐administration of rimegepant with a strong or moderate CYP3A4 inducer should be avoided; CYP2C9 does not play a meaningful role in rimegepant metabolism; and there is no clinically meaningful CYP3A4 inhibition by rimegepant.
Chemsex and its impact on gay and bisexual men who have sex with men: Findings from an online survey in Belgium
Authors: Platteau Tom , Herrijgers C. , Barvaux V. , Vanden Berghe W. , Apers L. , Vanbaelen T.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of sexualized drug use, or chemsex, in a wide group of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) in Belgium. It examined which drugs gbMSM used before and during sex, the frequency with which they used it, whether they experienced non‐consensual sex, and evaluated the impact of chemsex on the health and professional and social lives of respondents.

Methods

We conducted an online survey among Belgian gbMSM. Five specific questions on chemsex were included in the survey. These questions assessed whether gbMSM engaged in chemsex. If they did, they were asked to provide information on which drugs they had used and how often. We asked whether their and their partners' boundaries had been respected and whether and how engaging in chemsex had affected a range of life domains.

Results

Of 836 respondents, 258 (30.9%) self‐reported having had sex under the influence of substances (“chemsex”) in the previous 6 months. Of these, 227 (88%) were considered chemsex users according to the definition used for the analysis. Poppers (73%), gamma‐hydroxybutyrate/gamma‐butyrolactone (GHB/GBL; 69%) and cathinones (68%) were the most commonly reported substances. Almost half of respondents (45%) engaging in chemsex were high on drugs during at least half of their sexual encounters. Nearly 1 in 10 (9%) reported that boundaries had not been respected, suggesting non‐consensual sexual activities. The 82 respondents experiencing negative impacts from their chemsex use reported that mental health (65%), physical health (40%) and sexual health (38%) were most impacted.

Discussion

Our findings provide a snapshot of the current chemsex situation in Belgium. The frequency of chemsex is concerning because several health, professional and social aspects are impacted. Almost 1 in 10 respondents using chemsex reported that chemsex impacted consent around sex, requiring additional efforts to eradicate these non‐consensual sexual experiences. Therefore, larger scale research focusing on respected boundaries and consent during chemsex and the frequency of drug use for sex seems required. Additionally, sensitisation, as well as care and support programmes are critical.
Modeling the contribution of self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, and autonomy to professional creativity of Chinese EFL teachers
Authors: Huang Mingjun , Zhang Meiru , Greenier Vincent
Published: October 2024

In the modern educational landscape, teacher creativity has a vital role, especially in language education. Teacher creativity plays a crucial role in today's world, and some studies have explored the factors influencing creativity among language teachers. The present research explored the impact of psychological factors, self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, and autonomy on the professional creativity of Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers. These interconnected concepts provide a holistic perspective on motivation and performance, impacting both individuals and groups. In a study involving 542 English teachers from diverse backgrounds (varying in gender, age, and teaching experience) within Chinese educational settings, researchers administered four distinct scales: teacher creativity, self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, and autonomy. The responses were then analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The analysis revealed a significant relationship between Chinese EFL teachers’ self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, and autonomy, and their creativity. Specifically, regression analysis indicated that higher levels of self‐efficacy and collective efficacy were statistically associated with better creativity among teachers (p < 0.05). The model further showed that 52% of the differences in teachers’ professional creativity can be described by their self‐efficacy, while approximately 37% of the variance is attributed to collective efficacy. Additionally, autonomy accounts for approximately 61% of the variance in teachers’ professional creativity. The results from the SEM analysis corroborate the existing literature, affirming that self‐efficacy, collective efficacy, and autonomy significantly influence professional creativity among Chinese EFL teachers. These psychological factors play a crucial role in enhancing individual teacher creativity. Educational administrators can leverage these insights to design focused professional development programs that strengthen teachers’ self‐efficacy and collective efficacy. Additionally, granting teachers greater autonomy in curriculum design and implementation fosters an environment where creative teaching strategies are more likely to flourish.
The effects of work division and technology on auditor engagement and performance
Authors: Pearson Christopher A.
Published: October 2024

In this study, I report the results of an experiment that considers how inexperienced auditors respond to work division and whether they respond to work differently when they divide it with technology instead of a colleague. Although work division may benefit audit efficiency and effectiveness, prior research suggests potentially worse performance when auditors divide work with their colleagues. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these adverse effects are unclear. Likewise, it is unclear whether findings extend to settings where auditors divide work with technology instead of their colleagues. Using a 3 × 1 between‐subjects experiment that uses accounting students as proxies for inexperienced auditors, I find significantly worse performance when auditors divide work with a colleague compared with when they divide work with a technological tool or complete work independently. Additional analysis indicates that work division indirectly impacts performance through engagement, as experimental participants were less likely to engage with their work when it involved a colleague compared with when it involved technology or themselves. This study contributes by documenting how work division affects auditor performance, particularly how inexperienced auditors respond to work division involving technology compared with when involving a human colleague.
Effect of phosphorylated modification on natural inulin: structural characterisation and gel properties
Authors: Chen Qiang , Luo Denglin , Yue Chonghui , Bai Zhouya , Li Peiyan , Wang Libo , Han Sihai
Published: October 2024

To improve the gel properties of natural inulin (FI), in this study, FI was phosphorylated to prepare natural inulin phosphodiester (PDFI). The structures of FI and PDFI were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size and scanning electron microscopy. FI and PDFI gels (mass fraction 20%–40%) were prepared and stored for 0–7 days to study their effects on water‐holding capacity, rheology and texture properties. The FTIR spectra showed absorption peaks of P‐O‐C and P=O bonds, indicating that some hydroxyl groups were replaced and phosphorylation was successful. Compared with FI, the specific surface area of PDFI was increased 7.7‐fold and the microstructure was smoother. When the fraction of PDFI was 35%, the water‐holding rate of PDFI gel was 21.2%, 23.3%, 19.7%, 19.1% and 19.3% higher than FI gel at different storage time, respectively. PDFI gel with higher mass fraction (25%–40%) had lower hardness. Rheological analysis showed that PDFI gels had stronger viscoelastic and solid‐like properties. These results reveal native inulin phosphorylation improved gel properties.
Biological Reference Ranges for Healthy Indian Blood Donors: Experience of a Tertiary Care Center Vis‐à‐Vis International Literature
Authors: Goel Shalini , Tiwari Aseem Kumar , Gahlot Pawan Kumar , Singh Manish Kumar , Saxena Renu , Jadhav Vaibhav , Sethi Monisha , Jin Tan Swee
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Complete blood count is the most common, basic test requisitioned in hematology. The normal reference ranges of hematological parameters are required owing to variable socioeconomic, environmental, and genetic factors in populations. The current study determines the reference ranges of the healthy Indian donor population of a high socioeconomic group.

Methods

The study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at a tertiary care hospital in India and included 4098 individuals, aged 18–65 years coming for voluntary blood donation from July 2021 to October 2022. Blood samples were collected in K2EDTA, analyzed on the Sysmex XN‐1500 hematology analyzer, and using statistical tools, the normal reference ranges were calculated.

Results

The reference ranges for hemoglobin (HB) (137–185 g/L), WBC (5.1–11.7 × 109/L), platelet count (115.6–370.0 × 109/L) were noted. [Correction added on 22 10 2024, after first online publication: The WBC value has been corrected in this version.] No statistically significant changes were observed in different age groups. There were gender‐wise differences noted in nearly all parameters. The HB and hematocrit (HCT) range was slightly higher in other Indian and other Asian populations with comparable values with the Chinese, Korean populations, and Western populations; RBC parameters were overall comparable with minor differences; the WBC count was higher than the other Indian and Asian populations particularly the upper limit of lymphocyte and monocyte; and the range of platelet counts had a comparable upper limit with all populations and had the lowest lower value in males in our study, which was comparable to only the Chinese population.

Conclusions

It is concluded that reference ranges of common parameters were calculated with minor changes noted in all hematological parameters on comparing with other Indian, Asian population, and Western data.
Informal employment in the health sector: Examining gender disparities
Authors: Ehab Maye , Mosaad Fatma
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the association between informal employment as a form of non‐standard employment and the prevalence of in‐work poverty for women in the health sector. We measured in‐work poverty using a binary indicator that provides information on whether an individual has earnings above or below the low earnings threshold. The indicator takes into account household size and whether other household members are also in paid work. Using data from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey for the years 2012 and 2018 and logit models, we found that being employed within the health sector increased the likelihood of in‐work poverty among non‐standard employees, both men and women. However, higher risks of in‐work poverty were witnessed among women working informally in the health sector compared to other sectors. This increased risk was particularly observed when comparing non‐standard employment in the health sector to non‐standard employment in non‐health sectors. Furthermore, marital status plays a critical role in economic wellbeing, with never‐married women being more susceptible to in‐work poverty compared to ever‐married women.
Stellabody: A novel hexamer‐promoting mutation for improved IgG potency
Authors: Whitehead Clarissa A. , Wines Bruce D. , Davies Anna M. , McDonnell James M. , Trist Halina M. , Esparon Sandra E. , Hogarth P. Mark
Published: October 2024

Advances in antibody engineering are being directed at the development of next generation immunotherapeutics with improved potency. Hexamerisation of IgG is a normal physiological aspect of IgG biology and recently described mutations that facilitate this process have a substantial impact upon monoclonal antibody behavior resulting in the elicitation of dramatically enhanced complement‐dependent cytotoxicity, Fc receptor function, and enhanced antigen binding effects, such as targeted receptor agonism or microbe neutralization. Whereas the discovery of IgG hexamerisation enhancing mutations has largely focused on residues with exposure at the surface of the Fc‐Fc and CH2‐CH3 interfaces, our unique approach is the engineering of the mostly buried residue H429 in the CH3 domain. Selective substitution at position 429 forms the basis of Stellabody technology, where the choice of amino acid results in distinct hexamerisation outcomes. H429F results in monomeric IgG that hexamerises after target binding, so called “on‐target” hexamerisation, while the H429Y mutant forms pH‐sensitive hexamers in‐solution prior to antigen binding. Moreover, Stellabody technologies are broadly applicable across the family of antibody‐based biologic therapeutics, including conventional mAbs, bispecific mAbs, and Ig‐like biologics such as Fc‐fusions, with applications in diverse diseases.
The importance of IgG glycosylation—What did we learn after analyzing over 100,000 individuals
Authors: Krištić Jasminka , Lauc Gordan
Published: October 2024

All four subclasses of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies have glycan structures attached to the protein part of the IgG molecules. Glycans linked to the Fc portion of IgG are found in all IgG antibodies, while about one‐fifth of IgG antibodies in plasma also have glycans attached to the Fab portion of IgG. The IgG3 subclass is characterized by more complex glycosylation compared to other IgG subclasses. In this review, we discuss the significant influence that glycans exert on the structural and functional properties of IgG. We provide a comprehensive overview of how the composition of these glycans can affect IgG's effector functions by modulating its interactions with Fcγ receptors and other molecules such as the C1q component of complement, which in turn influence various immune responses triggered by IgG, including antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, the importance of glycans for the efficacy of therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy is discussed. Moreover, we offer insights into IgG glycosylation characteristics and roles derived from general population, disease‐specific, and interventional studies. These studies indicate that IgG glycans are important biomarkers and functional effectors in health and disease.
On the Brink of Change? Environmental Drivers of Voluntary Thermal Maximum in South American Pitvipers
Authors: Diaz‐Ricaurte Juan C. , Serrano Filipe C. , Camacho Agustín , Nogueira Cristiano de C. , Travaglia‐Cardoso Silvia Regina , Martins Marcio
Published: October 2024

Aim

We test the relationship between the voluntary thermal maximum (VTMax; the temperature at which an individual actively retreats to a colder site) and geographical/environmental features in the distribution of South American pitvipers. Additionally, we explore the evolution of environmental temperatures and VTMax in species' ranges.

Location

South America.

Taxon

South American pitvipers of the genera Bothrops and Bothrocophias.

Methods

We experimentally measured the VTMax of 15 species of South American pitvipers. We explored the relationship between VTMax and geographical/environmental features (e.g., latitude, topographic complexity and temperature) with PGLS regressions. Additionally, we explored the evolution of maximum (TMax) and minimum (TMin) environmental temperatures, as well as the Thermal Niche Breadth (TNB) and VTMax, using ancestral state reconstruction and testing for phylogenetic signal.

Results

Mean VTMax values for South American pitvipers clustered primarily within the 34°C–36°C range, exhibiting little variation among species or clades. No significant correlations were found between VTMax and climatic or geographic variables. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that these snakes are absent from regions where maximum temperatures surpass their preferred thermal tolerances. Ancestral state reconstruction indicated divergent evolutionary pathways for thermal limits among species, independent of phylogenetic relationships.

Main Conclusions

South American pitvipers unexpectedly exhibit similar voluntary thermal maximum values across a wide range of habitats and despite distinct phylogenetic relationships. Our results indicate that there is no strong climatic niche conservatism for South American pitvipers, with a likely weak selective pressure of VTMax.
Using peer feedback to improve critical thinking in computer‐supported collaborative argumentation: An exploratory study
Authors: Chen Wenli , Hu Hua , Lyu Qianru , Zheng Lishan
Published: October 2024

Background

Critical thinking is one of the 21st Century competencies for students. While previous research acknowledges the potential of peer feedback to enhance critical thinking skills, particularly within computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments, there is limited understanding of which specific aspects of critical thinking are improved through peer feedback and how various components of critical thinking are interrelated within a CSCL environment in K‐12 education contexts.

Objectives

This study aims to investigate how peer feedback affects secondary school students' critical thinking skills within a computer‐supported collaborative argumentation (CSCA) environment. It explores the specific aspects of critical thinking that were enhanced and examines the relationships among different critical thinking indicators using Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) to provide a deep understanding of these skills' development before and after peer feedback.

Methods

This study adopted a mixed‐method approach. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore the effect of peer feedback on students' depth of critical thinking by adopting Newman's framework. Quantitative ethnographic method known as ENA was employed to analyse the co‐occurrence patterns of critical thinking influenced by peer feedback.

Results and Conclusions

This study found that peer feedback was effective in promoting students' critical thinking measured by Newman's framework (Justification, Ambiguities, Importance, Novelty, Relevance, Width of understanding, and Linking ideas, factors, and interpretation). However, the study noted a lack of improvement in the dimensions of Bringing Outside Knowledge/Experience to Bear on the Problem (O), Critical Assessment (C), and Practical Utility (P). Peer feedback significantly influenced the co‐occurrence patterns of critical thinking. Before peer feedback, students’ arguments were characterized by confusion and narrow viewpoints, despite containing important and relevant points. After peer feedback, there was a marked improvement, with students presenting their arguments with greater clarity, breadth of information, and creativity. This suggests that peer feedback helped students refine their argumentation skills, making their points clearer and more comprehensive.
Prevention and control of cardiac arrhythmic by using therapeutic foods: A review
Authors: Wu Xue , Zhi Xiaodong , Liu Kai , Jiang HuGang , Zhao Xinke , Li Yingdong
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Arrhythmia occurs as a common heart vascular disease. Functional food is a rich source of natural compounds with significant pharmacological, The aim of this paper is to explore its effect on arrhythmia.

Methods

By reviewing the literature and summarising the findings, we described the role of functional foods in the alleviation of cardiac arrhythmias from different perspectives.

Results

Our study shows that functional foods have anti‐arrhythmic effects through modulation of ion channels, oxidative stress, and Calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II.

Conclusions

We summarize the mechanism of arrhythmia inhibition by the active ingredients of medicinal diets in this review article, intending to provide research ideas for dietary therapy to regulate arrhythmia.
Contrast‐Enhanced Micro‐CT Imaging of Murine Mandibles: A Multi‐Method Approach for Simultaneous Hard and Soft Tissue Analysis
Authors: Hildebrand Torben , Humphris Yolanda , Haugen Håvard Jostein , Nogueira Liebert Parreiras
Published: October 2024

Aim

To develop and evaluate a novel multi‐method micro‐computed tomography (μCT) imaging protocol for enhanced visualization of both hard and soft tissues in murine mandibles, addressing the limitations of traditional imaging techniques in dental research.

Materials and Methods

We employed a contrast‐enhanced (CE) μCT imaging technique using Lugol's iodine as a contrast agent to visualize the intricate structures of murine mandibles. The protocol involved the combination of conventional μCT imaging as well as CE‐μCT, including decalcification with EDTA, allowing for simultaneous assessment of hard and soft tissues. The method is compared with standard imaging modalities, and the ability to visualize detailed anatomical features is discussed.

Results

The CE‐μCT imaging technique provided superior visualization of murine mandibular structures, including dental pulp, periodontal ligaments and the surrounding soft tissues, along with conventional μCT imaging of alveolar bone and teeth. This method revealed detailed anatomical features with high specificity and contrast, surpassing traditional imaging approaches.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate the potential of CE‐μCT imaging with Lugol's iodine as a powerful tool for dental research. This technique offers a comprehensive view of the murine mandible, facilitating advanced studies in tissue engineering, dental pathology and the development of dental materials.
Rates and risk factors of bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection with continuous warfarin or 1‐day withdrawal of direct oral anticoagulants
Authors: Hirata Shoichiro , Hamada Kenta , Iwamuro Masaya , Mouri Hirokazu , Miyahara Koji , Tsuzuki Takao , Yamauchi Kenji , Kobayashi Sayo , Takahashi Sakuma , Takenaka Ryuta , Hori Shinichiro , Inoue Masafumi , Toyokawa Tatsuya , Nishimura Mamoru , Ishiyama Shuhei , Miyaike Jiro , Kato Ryo , Matsubara Minoru , Yunoki Naoko , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Kawahara Yoshiro , Okada Hiroyuki , Ishikawa Hideki , Otsuka Motoyuki ,   Okayama Gut Study Group
Published: October 2024

Background and Aim

The 2017 Japanese guidelines recommend continuing warfarin therapy during the perioperative period or discontinuing direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) only on the day of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. However, their safety has not been sufficiently explored. This study aimed to validate this management method.

Methods

This retrospective, multicenter study analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection between July 2017 and June 2019. The patients were categorized according to the use of warfarin or DOACs.

Results

Among the 62 eligible patients, 53 (85%) were male (median age, 76 years). Warfarin was used in 10 patients (16%) and DOACs in 52 patients (84%). Fourteen patients taking DOACs (27%) used concomitant antiplatelet agents, with seven patients (13%) continuing treatment at the time of the endoscopic procedure. No postprocedural bleeding occurred in patients receiving warfarin (0%), whereas 10 cases (19%) of bleeding occurred in patients receiving DOACs: rivaroxaban, 0% (0/22); dabigatran, 0% (0/2); edoxaban, 43% (6/14); and apixaban, 29% (4/14). The type of anticoagulant (P < 0.01) and continuation of antiplatelet therapy (P = 0.02) were risk factors for postprocedural bleeding in patients receiving DOACs. Intraprocedural bleeding requiring transfusion or symptomatic thromboembolic events were not reported.

Conclusions

Continuous warfarin therapy is preferred. DOAC withdrawal 1 day before a procedure is associated with a high bleeding rate, which may differ for different types of anticoagulants. The continuation of antiplatelet medications in patients receiving DOACs carries a high risk of bleeding and is a future challenge.
Assessing older adult physical activity levels in clinical settings: The modified PAVS for older adults
Authors: Stoutenberg Mark , Rogers Michael , Denison Paige , Schlicht Jeff , Weitzel Kelsey , Ory Marcia , Kellar Garrett , Summers Louisa , Wingood Mariana
Published: October 2024

Background

Participating in recommended levels of physical activity (PA) is critical for preventing functional decline, falls, and frailty, making it essential to identify older adults not meeting national PA guidelines. However, guidance on assessing older adult PA levels, particularly in clinical settings, is lacking. This article presents an overview of clinically feasible PA assessment tools for older adults, identifies gaps in current tools, and provides recommendations on addressing these gaps.

Methods

We conducted a literature review on clinically feasible PA assessment tools, suggested modifications to an existing PA assessment for older adult patients, and highlighted opportunities for integrating the modified PA assessment tool in clinical settings.

Results

We identified 16 PA assessment tools used in clinical settings. The most widely used tool is the Physical Activity Vital Sign (PAVS), which has been successfully integrated into several electronic health records (EHR) and clinical practices. Most tools, including the PAVS, primarily focus on aerobic activities, with limited consideration for strength and balance. We recommend the use of a Modified PAVS for Older Adults that includes items on muscle‐strengthening and balance activities to better align with national PA guidelines. We then identified several existing opportunities for broad implementation of the Modified PAVS for Older Adults within clinical settings.

Conclusions

Widespread integration of the Modified PAVS for Older Adults will better support healthcare providers in identifying individuals not meeting national PA recommendations, assisting them in prescribing tailored PA prescriptions and better connecting their patients to appropriate resources and professionals for further support.
Reading m6A marks in mRNA: A potent mechanism of gene regulation in plants
Authors: Nguyen Thi Kim Hang , Kang Hunseung
Published: October 2024

Modifications to RNA have recently been recognized as a pivotal regulator of gene expression in living organisms. More than 170 chemical modifications have been identified in RNAs, with N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) being the most abundant modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. The addition and removal of m6A marks are catalyzed by methyltransferases (referred to as “writers”) and demethylases (referred to as “erasers”), respectively. In addition, the m6A marks in mRNAs are recognized and interpreted by m6A‐binding proteins (referred to as “readers”), which regulate the fate of mRNAs, including stability, splicing, transport, and translation. Therefore, exploring the mechanism underlying the m6A reader‐mediated modulation of RNA metabolism is essential for a much deeper understanding of the epigenetic role of RNA modification in plants. Recent discoveries have improved our understanding of the functions of m6A readers in plant growth and development, stress response, and disease resistance. This review highlights the latest developments in m6A reader research, emphasizing the diverse RNA‐binding domains crucial for m6A reader function and the biological and cellular roles of m6A readers in the plant response to developmental and environmental signals. Moreover, we propose and discuss the potential future research directions and challenges in identifying novel m6A readers and elucidating the cellular and mechanistic role of m6A readers in plants.
Rising trend of dentist‐prescribed antibiotics in Brazil: 2011–2021
Authors: Cruz Alex Junio Silva , Martins Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras , Batista Victor Santos , Santos Jacqueline Silva , Santos Thiago Rezende dos , de Castilho Lia Silva , Sohn Woosung , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To describe the trends in antibiotic prescribing by dental practitioners and to investigate the relationship between these trends and some factors of public oral health services in Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.

Methods

This was a time‐series analysis of antibiotics prescribed by dental practitioners between January 2011 and December 2021. The outcome variables were number of defined daily doses (DDD) and DDD/1000 population/year in a sample of cities in MG. Covariates were public oral healthcare factors, such as coverage, estimates of dental procedures, and frequency of dental pain. Linear time‐series regression models were used to examine trends and the influence of covariates on antibiotic prescribing.

Results

Overall, the number of prescriptions increased by 334.69% between 2011 and 2021, with amoxicillin being the most commonly prescribed drug (78.53%). The number of DDD for all antibiotics increased from 17,147.13 to 77,346.67 and the average DDD/1000 inhabitants/year was 126.66 (SD: 130.28). The linear time‐series regression model showed that for each one‐year increase, the average log DDD/1000 inhabitants increased by 0.35 (standard error = 0.07, p < 0.001). No covariates were found to be associated with the outcome.

Conclusions

In Minas Gerais, Brazil, a significant upward trend was observed in the number of prescriptions and the number of DDD of antibiotics prescribed by dental practitioners. No influence of factors related to public oral healthcare services on the outcome was observed, thereby emphasizing the need for further research on factors influencing medication use in dental practice.
A custom‐built single‐channel in‐ear electroencephalography sensor for sleep phase detection: an interdependent solution for at‐home sleep studies
Authors: Borges Daniel Filipe , Soares Joana Isabel , Silva Heloísa , Felgueiras João , Batista Carla , Ferreira Simão , Rocha Nuno Barbosa , Leal Alberto
Published: October 2024

Sleep is vital for health. It has regenerative and protective functions. Its disruption reduces the quality of life and increases susceptibility to disease. During sleep, there is a cyclicity of distinct phases that are studied for clinical purposes using polysomnography (PSG), a costly and technically demanding method that compromises the quality of natural sleep. The search for simpler devices for recording biological signals at home addresses some of these issues. We have reworked a single‐channel in‐ear electroencephalography (EEG) sensor grounded to a commercially available memory foam earplug with conductive tape. A total of 14 healthy volunteers underwent a full night of simultaneous PSG, in‐ear EEG and actigraphy recordings. We analysed the performance of the methods in terms of sleep metrics and staging. In another group of 14 patients evaluated for sleep‐related pathologies, PSG and in‐ear EEG were recorded simultaneously, the latter in two different configurations (with and without a contralateral reference on the scalp). In both groups, the in‐ear EEG sensor showed a strong correlation, agreement and reliability with the ‘gold standard’ of PSG and thus supported accurate sleep classification, which is not feasible with actigraphy. Single‐channel in‐ear EEG offers compelling prospects for simplifying sleep parameterisation in both healthy individuals and clinical patients and paves the way for reliable assessments in a broader range of clinical situations, namely by integrating Level 3 polysomnography devices. In addition, addressing the recognised overestimation of the apnea‐hypopnea index, due to the lack of an EEG signal, and the sparse information on sleep metrics could prove fundamental for optimised clinical decision making.
Functional characterization of extracellular and intracellular catalase‐peroxidases involved in virulence of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Mirzadi Gohari Amir , Mehrabi Rahim , Kilaru Sreedhar , Schuster Martin , Steinberg Gero , de Wit Pierre P. J. G. M. , Kema Gert H. J.
Published: October 2024

Understanding how pathogens defend themselves against host defence mechanisms, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, is crucial for comprehending fungal infections. H2O2 poses a significant threat to invading fungi due to its potent oxidizing properties. Our research focuses on the hemibiotrophic fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici, enabling us to investigate host–pathogen interactions. We examined two catalase‐peroxidase (CP) genes, ZtCpx1 and ZtCpx2, to elucidate how Z. tritici deals with host‐generated H2O2 during infection. Our analysis revealed that ZtCpx1 was up‐regulated during biotrophic growth and asexual spore formation in vitro, while ZtCpx2 showed increased expression during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth and in‐vitro vegetative growth. Deleting ZtCpx1 increased the mutant's sensitivity to exogenously added H2O2 and significantly reduced virulence, as evidenced by decreased Septoria tritici blotch symptom severity and fungal biomass production. Reintroducing the wild‐type ZtCpx1 allele with its native promoter into the mutant strain restored the observed phenotypes. While ZtCpx2 was not essential for full virulence, the ZtCpx2 mutants exhibited reduced fungal biomass development during the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth. Moreover, both CP genes act synergistically, as the double knock‐out mutant displayed a more pronounced reduced virulence compared to ΔZtCpx1. Microscopic analysis using fluorescent proteins revealed that ZtCpx1 was localized in the peroxisome, indicating its potential role in managing host‐generated reactive oxygen species during infection. In conclusion, our research sheds light on the crucial roles of CP genes ZtCpx1 and ZtCpx2 in the defence mechanism of Z. tritici against host‐generated hydrogen peroxide.
Relationship between death anxiety and resilience among critical care nurses in Oman
Authors: Qutishat Mohammed
Published: October 2024

Background

Critical care nurses encounter numerous work‐related stressors that might lead to depression and anxiety. Areas with higher patient mortality can lead to burnout, higher turnover and death anxiety. The possession of resilience and good attitudestowardsmental health is of utmost importance for nurses, given their role as influential figures within society.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between death anxiety and resilience among critical care nurses in Oman.

Study Design

This study employed a cross‐sectional design with convenience sampling, sending 300 invitations via a URL link on a popular social media platform for critical care nurses in Oman. Out of 218 responses, the initial response rate was 72.7%. After data cleansing to remove incomplete and illegible submissions, the final sample consisted of 183 nurses who completed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). The survey was conducted in December 2023.

Results

The study found that the mean death anxiety and resilience scores were 38.23 (SD = 6.96) and 37.62 (SD = 5.32), respectively. Most of the participants exhibited a low level of death anxiety and a moderate level of resilience. The results of this study found a significant proportional correlation between death anxiety and resilience among critical care nurses in Oman (p = .000); nurses with a higher degree of resilience were shown to be significantly correlated with a lower level of death anxiety. The results showed that resilience explained 14.9% of the variation in death anxiety.

Conclusions

The research in Oman reveals that critical care nurses in the country experience moderate death fear. This anxiety stems from the demanding nature of their profession, which involves providing care for critically ill patients in high‐pressure environments. Factors such as cultural and religious beliefs and educational attainment are also influencing this anxiety. Resilience is positively associated with the ability to confront challenges with courage, and a positive correlation exists between resilience and death anxiety. This suggests that nurses with higher resilience may also experience higher death anxiety because of their profession's inherent responsibilities and decision‐making.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The study on critical care nurses in Oman highlights that workplace stress and high death anxiety negatively impact their well‐being and patient care quality. Factors like job demands, cultural beliefs and education influence these experiences, with resilience playing a key role in coping. Enhancing resilience and coping strategies can improve care quality and reduce turnover in nursing.
Dormancy promotes coexistence in fluctuating environments
Authors: Jones Natalie T. , Bundus Joanna D. , Shurin Jonathan B. , Rifkin Scott A.
Published: October 2024

Dormancy allows organisms to survive hostile conditions and is hypothesized to enable species to coexist in fluctuating environments. Although determining how species avoid extinction is critical to understanding the dynamics of natural populations, experimental work exploring if and when dormancy rescues populations from extinction remains rare. We conducted an experiment, where we grew two species of nematode at three temperatures. Strains of Caenorhabditis elegans had mutations altering their propensity to enter a dormant stage and Caenorhabditis briggsae was a single strain with a wildtype background. We used those empirical results to parameterize a model and simulate competitive outcomes in fluctuating environments between the two species. We show that upregulating the dormancy pathway rescues populations that would otherwise go extinct, thereby increasing coexistence between competing species. By leveraging the genetic tools available from a model system, this study provides experimental confirmation that dormancy specifically facilitates species coexistence and thereby promotes diversity. This study system could be used more expansively to explore the role of dormancy in species interactions.