bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instructor's Transformational Leadership: University Student Attitudes and Ratings
Authors: Harvey Steve , Royal Martin , Stout Dale
Published: August 2011

We extend leadership research by examining the effect of an instructor's transformational leadership on university students. 120 undergraduate students provided ratings for their instructors on Charisma, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individual Consideration as well as the Instructors' Performance and the Students' Involvement in class. Multiple regression analyses indicated that Intellectual Stimulation and Charisma together accounted for 66.3% of the variance in the prediction of Instructor's Performance ratings. In turn, Intellectual Stimulation and Individual Consideration combined to account for 55.1% of the variance in predicting Student Involvement.
Motivation, Altruism, and Generalized Compliance: A Field Study of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Brown Lance L. , Wheeler Daniel W. , Wilhite Myra S.
Published: August 2011

This study tests the relations among five sources of motivation and two organizational citizenship behaviors. 175 employees from 31 locations of two agriculturally based companies completed the Motivation Sources Inventory and were rated by their supervisors for demonstrated organizational citizenship behaviors. There were significant positive correlations for employees' Self-concept-Internal Motivation with Altruistic Behavior of employees; while employees' Self-concept-External Motivation showed a significant negative relation with Altruistic Behavior by employees. Surprisingly, no correlation between employees' Goal Internalization Motivation and Altruistic Behavior by employees was found. Interpretation of these findings and further research are suggested.
Construct Validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale for Clients with Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Schwartz Robert C. , Del Prete-Brown Timia
Published: August 2011

The Global Assessment of Functioning Scale is a widely used although poorly researched measurement of overall mental health or illness. This study investigated construct validity for clients with anxiety disorder. Analysis suggests that current suicidality was the most significant predictor of ratings. Current homicidality, work/school problems, and inability to care for oneself were not significantly correlated with scale ratings.
Relation of Attitude toward Body Elimination to Parenting Style and Attitude toward the Body
Authors: Corgiat Claudia A. , Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to estimate the relation of attitude toward body elimination in 93 college students (27 men and 66 women), to authoritarian personality features, participants' perception of their mothers' parenting style, and attitudes toward cleanliness, sex, and family nudity. Subjects were administered the Body Elimination Attitude Scale, the Four-item F Scale, the Parental Authority Questionnaire Pertaining to Mothers, and the items “Sex is dirty,” Cleanliness is next to godliness,” and “Children should never see other family members nude.” Larger scores for disgust toward body elimination were associated with authoritarian personality characteristics, being less likely to describe mother's parenting style as authoritative (open communication) and more likely to describe it as authoritarian and lower scores for tolerance for family nudity. Implications for further research were suggested.
Predicting Job Insecurity via Moderating Influence of Individual Powerlessness
Authors: Reisel William D.
Published: August 2011

While job insecurity has been extensively studied since Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt called attention to it in 1984, this paper examined why some individuals respond to the antecedents of job insecurity with increased job insecurity while others do not. This research sought to assess whether a moderator variable, individual powerlessness, might offer explanatory information on why people experience job insecurity. Moderated multiple regression analysis on a sample of 276 managers using Caplan, Cobb, French, Van Harrison, and Pinneau's 1975 Job Insecurity scale and Ashford, Lee, and Bobko's 1989 Powerlessness scale, suggested that an individual's powerlessness moderates the effect of antecedents on measured job insecurity. An interaction was found for subjects scoring high on powerlessness and not for those scoring low as hypothesized.
HIV/AIDS Knowledge Scale in Relation to HIV Risks among African-American Women
Authors: Yancey Elleen M. , Wang Min Qi , Goodin Lisa , Cockrell Tarisha
Published: August 2011

This study assessed psychometrics of an HIV/AIDS knowledge scale and the relation of scores to HIV risk behaviors among African-American women 17 to 44 years of age ( N = 405). Data were collected from five communities located in Atlanta, Georgia. The HIV/AIDS risk-behavior knowledge scale and the HIV risk-behavior factors were collected. Analysis indicated reliability coefficients of the HIV/AIDS knowledge scale were virtually identical for high- and low-risk groups. The high-risk group scored statistically significantly better (76% correct answers) than the low-risk group (67% correct answers) The KR-20 coefficients were identical for both risk groups (.73), suggesting that the AIDS knowledge scale has suitable reliability.
Sex Differences in Attribution of Negative and Positive Traits to Obese Silhouettes
Authors: Sitton Sarah , Cruz Lucila , Spinhirne Dawn
Published: August 2011

40 college women ascribed more negative attributes to larger opposite-sexed figures than did 40 men.
Relation of Attachment Style with Marital Conflict
Authors: Besharat Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2011

During the last decade attachment theory has been used as a framework for understanding how adult relationships function. Attachment theory should focus exploration of whether attachment history might be related to later marital conflicts. The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship of attachment styles with marital conflicts. Subjects were 20 couples who entered couples therapy for their marital conflict and a sample of 20 university student couples All answered the Adult Attachment Inventory and the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State. The university couples described themselves as more securely attached to their partners than the married couples. The Anxious and Avoidant styles were associated with greater problems in the marital relationship. Secure, Anxious, and Avoidant attachment styles seemed to be associated with the quality of marital relationships. Couples who exhibited a Secure attachment style tended to be involved in relationships characterized by greater interdependence, trust, commitment, and satisfaction whereas those with insecure styles tended to be characterized by more problems.
Central American Adolescent Acculturation and Parental Distress: Relationship to Ratings of Adolescent Behavior Problems
Authors: Razzino Brian , Joseph Jill , Menvielle Edgardo
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship of acculturation and Central American adolescents' behavioral problems as reported by their parents. Cross-sectional survey data regarding demography, acculturation, and psychosocial functioning was examined among 112 urban adolescent immigrants, aged 12 to 17 years. Analysis indicated that, when parents and adolescents differed in acculturation, parents most frequently rated their adolescent with internalizing symptoms at a clinically elevated level. Parents' education and distress predicted parents' reports of adolescents' psychosocial problems beyond demographic factors, respondents' characteristics, and parents' and adolescents' acculturation. Higher relative acculturation among adolescents, but not parents, was the most robust predictor of parental distress scores, indicating that parental distress mediates the relationship between high relative acculturation of the adolescents and their psychosocial problems as reported by parents. Implications for research and clinicians conducting mental health interventions with Central American populations are briefly discussed.
Light-Hearted Negative Terminology Used in Computer Education and Related Skill of Noncomputer Users
Authors: Lemmon Colin J. , Caltabiano Newna J.
Published: August 2011

Theory suggests that light-hearted but negative phrases and terminology used in computer literature and course titles may have a negative effect on noncomputer users. This study tested the effect of providing the suggestion of a negative dimension of computer ability labelled with a category of “Computer Dummy” and also the relation between computer ability and computer anxiety. The study incorporated 37 noncomputer users, 17 men and 20 women whose mean age was 52.1 yr. Scores on a self-report questionnaire indicated that 23 of the nonusers responded on the negative dimension of computer ability and included themselves in the category of “Computer Dummy.” Also, belief about ability and belief about computer training were associated with computer anxiety for noncomputer users.
The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: Results for 9,031 Saudi Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Al-Damaty Abdel-Ghaffar A.
Published: August 2011

The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale was administered to 9,031 male ( n = 4,143) and female ( n = 4,888) Saudis. They were students in secondary schools ( n = 4,793) and university undergraduates ( n = 4,238) recruited from scattered geographical regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ages ranged from 15 to 26 years, mean age 19.5 yr. ( SD = 2.8). The scale displayed good alphas (from .85 to .88), retest reliability (from .94 to .95), as well as good criterion-related validity (from .63 to .73) against the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Three highly loaded factors were extracted: Cognitive/Affective, Subjective, and Somatic anxiety. Sex differences overshadow age differences as sex-related differences were significant between the age groups from 16 to 25 years, i.e., females attained higher mean scores than their male peers. Saudi students attained means similar to those of Kuwaiti students, but both groups have significantly higher mean scores than American and Spanish college students. By and large, the scale can be recommended for use in research among students in the Saudi context.
Application of Herek's Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale in the Netherlands
Authors: van de Meerendonk Bas , Eisinga Rob , Felling Albert
Published: August 2011

A national sample of 921 respondents from the Dutch population completed the translated, slightly modified version of Herek's Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale, originally developed in the USA for the assessment of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. The present study was the first attempt to test the applicability of the scale in the Netherlands. In line with previous American findings, all scale items loaded highly on one factor. The scores also correlated with another measure of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, namely, ‘denial of equal rights’ ( r = .76), and with ‘traditional view of women’ ( r = .48), ‘importance of traditional marriage’ ( r = .53), and ‘authoritarianism’ ( r = .31). Data support the scale's acceptable reliability and construct and discriminant validity.
Obtaining Funding for New Researchers in Psychology
Authors: Bras̆nić James Robert
Published: August 2011

A mentor is the key person to assist a student who wishes to become an independent investigator. The federal government provides long-term funding for decades of research by an investigator, and short-term funding for years of transition from student to investigator is available from both governmental and private agencies. Grants designed for men and women and various ethnic groups are valuable resources. Courteous acknowledgment of sponsorship by the grantee facilitates continued grants from the funding source.
Diminishing Incidence of Internet Child Pornographic Images
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2011

Indecent images of children posted to web sites and newsgroups over a 4-yr. period were sampled. A significant decline in the number of such images posted was observed, probably accounted for by the pressure of groups opposed to the distribution of such exploitive material.
Effect of Backchannel Utterances on Facilitating Idea-Generation in Japanese Think-Aloud Tasks
Authors: Sannomiya Machiko , Yamakawa Ikue , Kawaguchi Atsuo , Morita Yusuke
Published: August 2011

The relation between backchannel utterance and idea-generation has hardly been studied. Based on preliminary investigations, we formulated a hypothesis that a listener's backchannel utterances facilitate a speaker's idea-generation. This study experimentally manipulated the frequency of backchannel utterances by listeners during speakers' idea-generation for think-aloud tasks. 16 Japanese female undergraduates participated. Analysis indicated that frequent backchannel utterances increased not only the number of ideas generated but also the speaking time for the tasks.
Sex Differences among Five Sources of Motivation in the Motivation Sources Inventory: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Fritz Susan M. , Plummer Brett A.
Published: August 2011

Paper reports sex differences among five sources of motivation for a sample of 208 undergraduate students who completed the Motivation Sources Inventory. t tests yielded few statistically significant sex differences for the five sources of motivation; however, Instrumental Motivation was higher among men than women, while the remaining four motives showed no sex difference. Implications and research opportunities are discussed.
Anger Expression: Parental and Cognitive Factors
Authors: Cox R. L. , Lopez N. L. , Schneider H. G.
Published: August 2011

The associations of parental moral disengagement, guilt, prosocial behavior, and anger, with their children's maladaptive anger was examined. 98 college undergraduate students and their parents participated. Both students and parents completed the Anger Response Inventory, the Mechanism of Moral Disengagement Scale, the Texas Social Behavior Inventory, the Fear of Punishment Scale, and the Need for Reparation Scale. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the students' variables which predicted maladaptive anger. Only moral disengagement was a predictor of the students' maladaptive anger. Subsequent multiple regression analyses were used to examine whether parental variables predict students' anger. Fathers' maladaptive anger, and prosocial skills were significantly related to students' maladaptive anger. Maternal variables produced an increase in the multiple R similar to the fathers', but none of the individual measures were significantly associated with the students' maladaptive anger.
Present Mood States in Brazilian Night Nurses
Authors: Bueno José Lino Oliveira , De Martino Milva Maria Figueiredo , Figueiredo Taíza Helena
Published: August 2011

Variations in the state of momentary emotions of Brazilian hospital nurses on day and night shifts were recorded. Ten graduate nurses working on day and night shifts in the clinical ward of hospitals completed the Present Mood States List of Engelmann at the beginning and end of the first and last days of each shift. Analysis indicated (a) nurses had a stable emotional profile, present at the working shift, and (b) variations in present mood states related to specific effects of shift work were observed when comparisons were made between the present mood states at the beginning and end of each shift duty.
A Factor Analysis of Furnham's Money Attitude Scale: A Response to Furnham
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Two empirically-derived scales from Furnham's Money Attitude Scale are presented. They measure money as a source of status and power and having a strong desire for money.
Correlates of Motives for Suicide
Authors: Lester David , Wood Priscilla , Williams Christopher , Haines Janet
Published: August 2011

Analysis of a large sample of suicide notes from 262 suicides in Australia showed separated/divorced suicides and suicides who abused alcohol were more likely to give love/romance as a precipitant for suicide while those who used gas (natural or car exhaust) were more likely to give depression and guilt as a motive.
Intrinsic–Extrinsic Religious Orientation and Individual Coping Style
Authors: Palmer Joseph B. , Sebby Rickard A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation and the use of specific coping strategies was investigated among 58 volunteers who ranged in age from 17 to 57 years and who reported experiencing either high or low stress. Dependent upon the amount of stress, age interacted with religious orientation to influence the use of two coping strategies, turning against an object and turning against self.
Family and Ability Correlates of Academic Achievement: Social Status Group Differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

In a set of interrelated investigations in 2001-03, García Bacete and Rosel Remírez, Marjoribanks, and García Bacete and Villanueva Badenes examined relationships among intellectual ability, family environment, and academic achievement. Analysis in this follow-up study showed that relationships among ability, environment, and achievement varied for children from different social status groups.
A Quaternary Temperament Model and Defense Cluster Preferences
Authors: Kelly Kathryn E. , Tobacyk Jerome J.
Published: August 2011

A quaternary model of temperament constructed from orthogonal axes defined by Extraversion–Introversion and Thinking–Feeling resulted in four groups: Introverted Thinking, Introverted Feeling, Extraverted Thinking, and Extraverted Feeling, Hypothesized relationships between quaternary groups and defense cluster preferences were tested by giving 158 female college students the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. There was little support for hypothesized relationships between the quaternary model and defense preferences. The only hypothesized significant group difference showed the Extraverted Feeling group recording a greater preference for the Reversal defense cluster than the Introverted Feeling group.
A Validity Study of the Positive Psychology Protective Profile
Authors: Morse Linda W. , Jacquin Kristine M. , Adams-Price Carolyn E. , Morse David T. , Wells-Parker Elisabeth
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory factor analysis to provide support for the construct validity of the Positive Psychology Protective Profile, a self-report measure based on positive psychology. 985 undergraduates completed the profile, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the College Life Stress Inventory. Scores on the first two factor scores (Positive Oudook, Negative Symptoms) for the profile correlated significantly with scores on depression and stress, whereas scores on the third profile factor (Problem-solving) correlated significantly only with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. Scores on the Positive Outlook significantly differentiated participants having either chronic illness or recent major illness from those who did not.
Mean Beck Depression Inventory-II Scores of Outpatients with Dysthymic or Recurrent-Episode Major Depressive Disorders
Authors: Ball Roberta , Steer Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory-II, published in 1996, was administered to 100 adult outpatients (Age M = 43.1 yr., SD = 15.6) who were diagnosed with a recurrent-episode Major Depressive Disorder and 100 outpatients (Age M = 42.8 yr., SD = 15.7) who were diagnosed with a Dysthymic Disorder. Each diagnostic group was composed of 50 men and 50 women who did not have a comorbid depressive disorder. The mean Beck Depression Inventory-II total score and the mean number of symptoms endorsed by the outpatients with a Major Depressive Disorder were significantly (ps < .001) higher than those for outpatients with a Dysthymic Disorder. The usefulness of the Beck Depression Inventory–II was discussed in helping clinicians discriminate between these two unipolar disorders.
Methods of Killing Employed by Psychotic Parricides
Authors: Marleau Jacques D.
Published: August 2011

Lewis, et al. in 1998 showed that psychotic women are more likely to use a weapon than nonpsychotic women to kill their children. This study presents data concerning psychotic parricide. Analysis indicated that a higher percentage used a weapon (81% versus 36%) than psychotic filicide. Reasons for this difference are discussed.
Hardy Personality: A Potential Link with Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Turnipseed David L.
Published: August 2011

Hardiness is a personality construct which is assumed to protect the individual from stress-induced illness. Although widely accepted, hardiness has shown only modest relations with the development of illness. Examining the components of hardiness indicates apparent consistency with organizational citizenship behaviors such as obedience, participation, and loyalty. This study investigated the potential relations between hardiness and organizational citizenship behavior, using Kobasa's Personal Views Survey, and Van Dyne, Graham, and Diensch's citizenship measure. Subjects were 129 unionized employees whose mean age was 37 yr.; 58% were men. Correlations and regressions indicated that scores for total hardiness and its components of commitment and control were linked to citizenship behaviors. Differential relationships were identified between hardiness and citizenship behavior for individuals with high versus low scores on hardy personality. Hardiness appears to have a positive association with organizational effectiveness through its link to citizenship behavior and consequendy may have more implications for organizational behavior than for health.
Are Parents' and Children's Thinking Styles Related?
Authors: Zhang Li-Fang
Published: August 2011

This study extends the investigation of the validity of Sternberg's theory of mental self-government to mainland Chinese secondary school students and their parents. The assumption of a ‘socialization effect’ underlying the theory was subjected to broader investigation. 232 students and their parents responded to a range of demographic questions and to the Thinking Styles Inventory which is based on Sternberg's theory. The two major findings are that (1) Sternberg's theory is valid with both samples, and (2) students' thinking styles are related not only to their personal factors, e.g., sex, grade, and self-rated abilities, but also to their parents' thinking styles. These findings have implications for school teachers and counselors as well as for parents.
Decision Frame and Procedural Justice: Interactive Effects on Perceptions of Distributive Justice
Authors: Flint Douglas H. , Cole Nina D.
Published: August 2011

This work examined the effect of procedural justice and item frame on responses to positively and negatively worded survey items. Under conditions of low procedural justice, there is a significant difference in the rating of distributive justice items positively and negatively framed, but not when procedural justice is high. Implications for decision frame theory and biasing of responses to survey items are considered.
Generalization of the Negativity Effect to Self-Attributions
Authors: Brown Jennie , Trafimow David
Published: August 2011

In 1979 Reeder and Brewer reported that people make stronger attributions for negative behaviors than for positive ones, following Hastorf and Cantril's statement that people are motivated to maintain positive self-views. The present study tested whether 67 participants would make stronger self-attributions for negative behaviors than for positive ones by having them indicate the number of times that they had to engage in a specific behavior before it would become a trait they possess. Analysis confirmed that participants make stronger self-attributions for negative behaviors than for positive behaviors.
Roles of Perceived Control and Coping Strategies on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms of Turkish Adolescents
Authors: Oğul Mine , Gençöz Tülin
Published: August 2011

This study aimed to test the importance of the match between control appraisals and coping responses as relating to the psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents. Besides this match, by means of a survey study the main effects of control appraisals and coping strategies were tested via hierarchical regression analyses, which were run for anxiety and depression symptoms separately. Participants were 396 students (204 girls, 192 boys) whose ages were 11 to 18 years. After controlling for potential factors such as appraisals concerning the problem features, some subject variables, and perceived general stress, results indicated an important discriminative feature among these symptoms, addressing greater use of problem-focused coping than emotion-focused coping, was associated with alleviated depression symptoms of adolescents. On the other hand, the preferring coping strategies were not related to anxiety symptoms. Importance of problem appraisals and coping responses in alleviating depression and anxiety symptoms were discussed together with their potential function in discriminating associates of these symptoms.
Death Anxiety, Death Depression, and Death Obsession
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 67 students, scores from Templer's and the Collett-Lester death anxiety scales, Templer, et al.'s death depression scale, and Abdel-Khalek's death obsession scale were only moderately associated, suggesting that the scales are measuring somewhat different constructs.
Perceptions of Counselor-Trainees Given Content of a Pre-Intake Form
Authors: Barlieb Deborah , Wlazelek Brian , Scandell Donald J.
Published: August 2011

88 counselor-trainees were given information about a potential client using either a problem-focused or strength-focused pre-intake form Based on the information provided, counselor-trainees rated the client on the perceived severity of client's problem, difficulty of treatment, attractiveness of case, anticipated duration of treatment, and usefulness of the pre-intake information. This pilot project suggested that the type of information provided to trainees influenced their perceptions of the case, in particular, affording a more positive view of the client.
Psychometric Properties of the Proactive Attitude Scale in Students at the University of Hong Kong
Authors: Sachs John
Published: August 2011

The 15-item Proactive Attitude Scale is defined as a unidimensional measure of belief in one's ability to effect positive life changes. The current study tested the scale's unidimensionality assumption with confirmatory factor analysis on a mixed sample of 157 fourth-year Bachelor of Education ( n = 30) and first year Masters of Education ( n = 121) students from The University of Hong Kong. 49 were men and 108 women, with a median age of 31 yr. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two-factor congeneric model fit the data significantly better than the unidimensional model. The two factors were characterized as reflecting proactive attitude and independent mindedness, respectively. The moderate correlation between these factors clearly defined them as reflecting distinct constructs, making untenable the scale's unidimensionality assumption.
Value Correlates of Collegiate Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Dollinger Stephen J. , Kobayashi Rino
Published: August 2011

This study tested whether problematic alcohol use correlates with different values clusters in the Schwartz Values Survey. Participants were 156 midwestern university students ( M = 21.6 yr., 63% women). We used two alcohol-use assessment methods, one involving behavior checklist reports with a questionnaire, the other a two-week daily log procedure. Although exploratory in nature, we took as most important those relationships between alcohol use and values which replicated across both measures. Those who drank frequently and problematically were most likely to endorse a hedonistic and stimulation-seeking values system.
Internships: Most and Least Favored Aspects among a Business School Sample
Authors: Rothman Miriam
Published: August 2011

This study reports the results of a content analysis involving 143 senior and junior year business school students enrolled in a semester-long internship course for credit (74 males and 69 females). Responses to the question, “What did you like most/least about your internship position?” are reported. Positive aspects of internship are discussed in relation to the Job Characteristics Model.
Aggressive Content of High School Students' Tv Viewing
Authors: Yoon Jina S. , Somers Cheryl L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine high school students' exposure to television programming with aggressive content and to explore whether consumption of aggressive TV varied by sex and ethnicity. Participants were 472 boys and girls from two high schools, one urban and one suburban. Definitions of both direct and indirect aggression were used to rate TV programs, and the participants' exposure to both was assessed. Analysis yielded a statistically significant effect for sex but not ethnicity as girls watched more TV programs containing indirect aggression. Also, exposure to aggressive TV content peaked in Grade 10 and fell sharply thereafter. The importance of educating adolescents about the images they view is highlighted. Implications for research are discussed.
Cognitive Styles and Learning Preferences of Undergraduate Business Students in North Cyprus
Authors: Tanova Cem
Published: August 2011

Measures of cognitive style and learning preferences were administered to 127 (75 men and 52 women) Turkish undergraduate business students. Students with analytical cognitive styles were more likely to prefer teacher-dependent and collaborative learning settings. As expected the mean Cognitive Style Index scores for the current Turkish sample was higher (more analytical) than those for similar western samples reported in the literature. Furthermore, students who had completed more credits towards the completion of their degrees had a higher mean score. The hypothesis regarding differences between scores of men and women was not supported.
Do American Citizens Consider Their Food Supply at Risk for Terrorism Attack?
Authors: Spillman Diana-Marie
Published: August 2011

Since the attacks on 9/11, 2001 Americans have been told to be alert and observant. The purpose of this research was to investigate if Americans feel that the food supply is in danger and if their food habits have changed in any way due to the traumatic events. The results indicate that very few individuals in this survey have actually changed their food habits since 9/11. However, a large percentage of our surveyed group feels that the food supply is at risk.
Contemporary University Students' Ratings of Characteristics of Men, Women, and Ceos
Authors: Kunkel Adrianne , Dennis Michael Robert , Waters Elisha
Published: August 2011

Very few women have reached the highest echelons of corporate America, perhaps because gender stereotypes, including perceptions of women that vary from those of successful executives, block their promotion and advancement. In the current study, differences in how participants perceive similarities in characteristics of successful executives and those of both men and women were studied. The scope of the extant program of research is also extended upward in the organizational hierarchy with the operationalization of executive as “CEO” (Chief Executive Officer) rather than as “manager” or “middle-manager.” While men in general continue to be likened more to successful executives than do women in general, the gaps between male and female CEOs' similarities and between successful male and female CEOs' similarities to prototypically successful executives were smaller than reported in the 1970s. Noteworthy trends regarding 92 characteristics from Schein's Descriptive Index are also discussed.
A Recursion Formula for Bayesian Probabilities
Authors: Nijsse M.
Published: August 2011

A recursion formula for Bayes' formula is derived. The formula is useful in applications in which diagnoses are added in a stepwise way to predict a criterion. On each step, changes in various diagnostic measures can be easily evaluated.
Severity and Internal Consistency of Self-Reported Anxiety in Psychotic Outpatients
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Kumar Geetha , Pinninti Narsimha R. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

To assess the severity of self-reported anxiety in psychiatric adult outpatients (≥ 18 yr. old) who were diagnosed with psychotic disorders, the Beck Anxiety Inventory was administered to 55 (50%) women and 55 (50%) men who were diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or delusional disorders. The internal consistency of the scores was high (coefficient α = .92), and the scores were not significantly correlated with sex, being Euro-American, or age. Furthermore, the mean scores of the three diagnostic groups were comparable. Based on the interpretive cutoff score guidelines given in the manual, 24% of the patients were mildly anxious, 22% were moderately anxious, and 18% were severely anxious. The results are discussed as indicating that there is a high prevalence of self-reported anxiety in outpatients who are diagnosed with psychotic disorders.
Brief Report on Predictive Validity Evidence of Global Risk Indicators in the Lives of Court-Involved Youth
Authors: Gavazzi Stephen M. , Lim Ji Young , Yarcheck Courtney M. , Eyre Erika L.
Published: August 2011

Previous work has reported the psychometric properties and evidence for concurrent validity of a battery of items measuring global risk indicators in the lives of court-involved adolescents. The present study reports additional data on the predictive validity of this battery in a sample of 224 families of adolescents who were assessed by intake workers in a juvenile court and subsequently referred for services. Analysis yielded significant differences between groups of youth who were and were not referred to more intensive mental health-based treatment on all domains of risk in this battery.
Dimensionality of the Kansas Family Strengths Scale and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale as Revised to Capture Changes in Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Akagi Cynthia G. , Schumm Walter R. , Bergen M. Betsy
Published: August 2011

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale was modified to reflect issues of relationship development and administered, along with 19 items from a previously reported Kansas Family Strengths Scale by Schumm, Bollman, Jurich, and Hatch, to 337 married couples from a midwestern urban community. High internal consistency was obtained for the revised version (α = .93), and the dimensionality of the Kansas Family Strengths Scale was approximately similar to that reported previously. In both this and the previous study, communication and conflict resolution items factored together while items for enjoying time together and actually spending time together factored separately. Likewise, in both studies, normative and affective commitment factored separately, and the internal consistency of the affective commitment subscale exceeded that for the normative commitment subscale. While the subscales for affective commitment, communication or conflict resolution, positive interaction, and time together yielded fair to adequate internal consistency in both studies, both studies indicated very low internal consistency for the normative commitment subscale, suggesting a need for improvement in that particular subscale.
An Application of Individual Subtest Scores Calculation in the Cantonese Version of the Test of Everyday Attention
Authors: Chan Raymond C. K. , Robertson Ian H. , Crawford John R.
Published: August 2011

This study aimed to apply Crawford, et al's formula for calculating individual subtest scores of the Cantonese version of the Test of Everyday Attention. A total of 133 (72 men, 61 women) healthy Hong Kong Chinese were recruited from the general public. The sample reported a mean age and education of 35.2 yr. ( SD = 10.2) and 11 yr. ( SD = 3.1), respectively. Tables for examining whether an individual's subtest profile contains reliable and abnormal subtest discrepancies are presented and discussed. The data are useful for clinicians when they take into account cultural differences of Cantonese-speaking clinical populations.
Photo-induced chemical reduction of silver bromide to silver nanoparticles
Authors: Król-Gracz Agnieszka , Michalak Ewa , Nowak Piotr , Dyonizy Agnieszka
Published: August 2011

This paper discusses the experimental results of the production of nanocolloidal silver using photoreduction method. Ultrafine crystalline gelatine-stabilised aqueous suspensions of silver bromide were used as a substrate for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The influences of the reductant to substrate molar ratio, the medium’s pH, the type of the source of actinic radiation and the time of exposure to the efficient production of the Ag NPs were studied. A typical reaction was suggested, which involves the photo-induced reduction of silver bromide nanocrystals in the presence of ascorbic acid under specified physicochemical conditions. The properties of resultant silver particles were examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In addition, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used for imaging the silver nanoparticle suspensions.
Ruthenium(II)-bis(4′-(4-ethynylphenyl)-2,2′:6′, 2″-terpyridine) — A versatile synthon in supramolecular chemistry. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Siebert Ronald , Schlütter Florian , Winter Andreas , Presselt Martin , Görls Helmar , Schubert Ulrich , Dietzek Benjamin , Popp Jürgen
Published: August 2011

A homoleptic ethynyl-substituted ruthenium(II)-bisterpyridine complex representing a versatile synthon in supramolecular chemistry was synthesized and analyzed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry. Furthermore, its photophysical properties were detailed by UV/Vis absorption, emission and resonance Raman spectroscopy. In order to place the results obtained in the context of the vast family of ruthenium coordination compounds, two structurally related complexes were investigated accordingly. These reference compounds bear either no or an increased chromophore in the 4′-position. The spectroscopic investigations reveal a systematic bathochromic shift of the absorption and emission maximum upon increasing chromophore size. This bathochromic shift of the steady state spectra occurs hand in hand with increasing resonance Raman intensities upon excitation of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transition. The latter feature is accompanied by an increased excitation delocalization over the chromophore in the 4′-position of the terpyridine. Thus, the results presented allow for a detailed investigation of the electronic effects of the ethynyl substituent on the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states in the synthon for click reactions leading to coordination polymers.
A B3LYP/6-31G(d) study of Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes
Authors: Jasiński Radomir , Koifman Oskar , Barański Andrzej
Published: August 2011

The B3LYP/6-31G(d) simulations of competing CDA and HDA reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes prove that regardless of the medium polarity, the processes leading to respective 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3,4 (paths A and B) should be most favoured, and the more electrophilic (E)-2-(p-nitrophenyl)-nitroethene should be more reactive than the less electrophilic (E)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-nitroethene. Asymmetry of the transition complexes on the favoured pathways increases with increase of medium polarity, but not sufficiently to enforce the zwitterionic mechanism. Analysis of competing pathways leading to HDA adducts proves that not all these compounds can be formed directly from the adducts. In particular, on the path C, the initially formed 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3 is converted to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nona-3,7-diene N-oxides 5 as a result of a [3.3]-sigmatropic shift. On the paths D–F leading to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nonadienes N-oxides 6–8, the reaction proceeds according to a one-step mechanism.
High Stokes shift long-wavelength energy gap regulated fluorescence in the series of nitro/dimethylamino-substituted ortho-analogs of POPOP
Authors: Iliashenko Rodion , Zozulia Olexiy , Doroshenko Andrey
Published: August 2011

A series of novel nitro-substituted ortho-analogs of POPOP was synthesized. Like the most of the other known compounds of this class, the synthesized molecules demonstrate high Stokes shift fluorescence emission owing to the planarization of their molecules at electronic excitation. Significant fluorescence quenching in polar solvents was described as the “energy gap law” action rather than the specific effect of the dialkylamino group excited state twisting.
DFT calculations on the Friedel-Crafts benzylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene using ZnCl2 impregnated montmorillonite K10 — inversion of relative selectivities and reactivities of aryl halides
Authors: Waterlot Christophe , Couturier Daniel , Rigo Benoît , Ghinet Alina , Backer Marc
Published: August 2011

Zinc was bound on montmorillonite K10 by cation exchange to obtain a catalyst named clayzic. In the Friedel-Crafts benzylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, this catalyst was used for the synthesis of substituted diphenylmethanes using 4-chlorobenzyl chloride and 4-bromobenzyl bromide. During the reaction, sub-products from a second benzylation reaction process were observed. For a better understanding of their formation, reactions were carried out at different times to obtain data on the progress of benzylation and the relative ratio of each product was calculated using two different analytical methods. It was shown that the selectivity and reactivity of both aryl halides were reversed under these experimental conditions contrary to those obtained using the more conventional catalyst, zinc dichloride. These results were explained by geometrical and electronic considerations. It was found that the formation of transition states and Wheland intermediates from aryl bromide and chloride in the presence of clayzic can be explained in terms of preferential absorption. Moreover, the high percentage of 4-chlorobenzyl chloride conversion was attributed to its covalent radius, which is smaller than that of Br. At the same time it was shown that the presence of a Brönsted acid, due to the liberation of HCl during the benzylation, is responsible for the poisoning of the clayzic catalyst. Moreover, poisoning effect of the bromine anion could not be excluded.
Role of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Obese Asian Indians with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Shivakumar Nirupama , Kumar Meghanaa , Aswathanarayan Manasa , Venkatesh Maanasa , Sheshadri Manasa , Deshmukh Shreehari , Srinivasan Pranav , Dharmalingam Mala , Marcus Sara
Published: August 2011

Role of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Obese Asian Indians with Metabolic Syndrome

Retinol-binding protein 4 is an adipocytokine separately implicated in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and proatherogenic lipid profile, however, its role in humans is unclear. This study was carried out to assess the role of retinol-binding protein 4 as a potential marker of metabolic syndrome in obese Asian Indians (a high-risk population for diabetes). 52 obese (BMI >23 kg/m2) Asian Indians were grouped into those with and without metabolic syndrome based on IDF criteria and compared with healthy controls. The anthropometric and biochemical parameters (fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, serum insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and retinol-binding protein 4) were estimated. The obese groups had significantly altered adiposity indices, insulin resistance parameters (fasting blood sugar (only in the metabolic syndrome group), serum insulin, HOMA-IR and QUICKI), index of inflammation (C-reactive protein) and proatherogenic dyslipidemic profile (serum triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio). Retinol-binding protein 4 levels were elevated in the obese groups, but were not significant. Retinol-binding protein 4 levels were correlated with anthro-pometric parameters and atherogenic lipids, while C-reactive protein was correlated with anthropometric and insulin resistance parameters in the entire group of subjects. Although these correlations were not observed in the obese groups, in the control group, retinol-binding protein 4 was correlated to the lipid parameters and C-reactive protein to adiposity indices. Thus, the role of retinol-binding protein 4 as a potential marker of metabolic syndrome is limited to the prediction of proatherogenic risk among Asian Indians.
Detection of Macroprolactinemia and Molecular Characterization of Prolactin Isoforms in Blood Samples of Hyperprolactinemic Women
Authors: Chawla Rajinder , Antonios Tibebe , Berhanu Esaiyas , Ayana Gonfa
Published: August 2011

Detection of Macroprolactinemia and Molecular Characterization of Prolactin Isoforms in Blood Samples of Hyperprolactinemic Women

Prolactin (PRL) circulates in the blood in the form of monomeric prolactin, dimeric prolactin and macroprolactin. Macroprolactin is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of macroprolactinemia in hyperprolactinemic women and to undertake the biochemical characterization of macroprolactin. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on one hundred hyperprolactinemic patients. All the sera were subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and were divided into true hyperprolactinemics (PRL recovery >60%), probable macroprolactinemics (PRL recovery between 40 and 60%) and macroprolactinemics (PRL recovery < 40%). The prevalence of macroprolactinemia was found to be 34%. Sera from each group were further analyzed for isoforms of prolactin by gel filtration chromatography (GFC). The clinical spectrum of presenting complaints in the hyperprolactinemic cohort included oligomenorrhea, galactorrhea and infertility, but the presentation did not differ between macroprolactinemic and truly hyperprolactinemic patients. GFC showed three major PRL isoforms, viz., 23.5 kDa (monomeric), 47 kDa (dimeric) and 150-174.6 kDa (PRL-IgG complexes) along with the medium and heavy weight aggregates of prolactin. The results of the study showed that macroprolactinemia is one of the causes of hyperprolactinemia with high prevalence. It is recommended that all hyperprolactinemic patients be screened for macroprolactinemia.
Parasite community structure of cod from Bear Island (Barents Sea) and Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea)
Authors: Sobecka Ewa , Łuczak Ewa , Więcaszek Beata , Antoszek Artur
Published: August 2011

Parasite community structure of cod from Bear Island (Barents Sea) and Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea)

A total of 142 cods: 60 from the South-East Ground of Bear Island and 82 from the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea) were examined for their ecto- and endoparasites. Twenty different parasite species, comprising one Myxosporea, three Cestoda, four Digenea, seven Nematoda, three Acanthocephala and two Crustacea were found. The parasite component communities comprised 1446 individuals (17 species, six higher taxa) from the Bear Island and 6588 individuals (nine species, three higher taxa) from Pomeranian Bay. The observed parasite host specificity was low, and the intensity in a single fish ranged from one to 279 specimens. The eudominant parasite species were Echinorhynchus gadi, Hemiurus levinseni and Contracaecum osculatum. The dominant parasite communities from the Bear Island were nematodes, but acanthocephalans dominated in cod from the Baltic Sea. It appears that one group of parasites, better adapted for the specific conditions of the macrohabitat, has replaced another. The most prevalent parasites were E. gadi, Anisakis simplex, C. osculatum and Hysterothylacium aduncum, and the mean values of crowding were the highest for E. gadi and Pomphorhynchus laevis. The nematode Camallanus lacustris was noted in this host species for the first time. Only six species of parasites were common to cod from both fishing grounds.