bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Стандарт качества рутинных методик высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии
Authors: Окунская Е.А. , Сычев К.С. , Орловский В.В.
Published: September 2020

Обсуждаются основные факторы, сдерживающие рост рынка высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ): низкая экономическая эффективность ВЭЖХ‑методик и отсутствие отраслевого стандарта качества. Подробно описаны характеристики качественной ВЭЖХ‑методики: правильность, специфичность, робастность, чувствительность, а также экономическая эффективность. Представлен и подробно рассмотрен список из шести основных требований к современным рутинным ВЭЖХ‑методикам, который может стать основой стандарта. Приведено несколько прикладных примеров, демонстрирующих основные принципы. Отмечено отрицательное влияние информационного хаоса, когда рекламируются как новые, так и устаревшие продукты, сама реклама не всегда добросовестная, а компании часто противоречат друг другу.
The rental property market for commerce and services in historic centers in Brazil: the implications of innovative conservation and annilihating destruction on the prices of heritage assets
Authors: Lacerda Norma , Abramo Pedro
Published: September 2020

In view of the importance of the rental real estate property sector intended for tertiary activities in historic centers in Brazil, the intention of this article to draw an interpretative schema of the manner in which this market functions, based on the historic center of Recife, in the state of Pernambuco. This has been undertaken through an investigation into the conduct of its agents, who, at times, acted as though driven to preserve the historical values of heritage assets (innovative conservation), while at others, to destroy them and, thus, annihilate the values contained within them (annihilating destruction). For this, a need was perceived to analyze the relevance of land rent; the characteristics of the goods traded regarding heterogeneity and the prospects for increasing supply; the profile and level of information held by the agents, and their conduct in relation to these real assets and the rent prices offered on the market.
Stressed state of two-layer strip when interacting with rigid base
Authors: Buldakova Julia M. , Kudryavtsev Sergey G.
Published: September 2020

Relevance. In the calculation of multilayer bases, when the material of one or several layers has a pronounced anisotropy, the nature of the distribution of displacements and stresses depends on the direction of the anisotropy axes in each layer. Therefore, it is necessary to have an evaluation of the influence of this factor in the design and analysis of the operation of multilayer media. The aim of the work - to research the stress state in a strip composed of two anisotropic plane-parallel layers with different physical characteristics, lying without friction on a rigid base. Methods. The integration of the equations of the plane problem of the theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body is carried out by the symbolic method in combination with the method of initial functions. The initial functions on the contact line of the strip and the base are determined from the conditions of tight adhesion between the layers, the conditions of tight contact and the absence of friction between the strip and the base, the nature of the load applied to the upper plane of the strip. After transformations, the functions of displacements and stresses in each layer are written through the normal surface load in the form of improper integrals. Results. Plots of changes in stresses in the strip from the values of the characteristics of anisotropic materials, layer thicknesses are given. The maximum stresses on the interface line of the layers and on the line of contact with the base, depending on the direction of the anisotropy axes in each layer, are presented in the tables and shown in graphs. The effect of the elastic modules of materials on the nature of the stress distribution in a strip composed of two isotropic materials is estimated.
Exclusión social y nuevas sensibilidades juveniles
Authors: Urbina Cárdenas Jesús Ernesto
Published: September 2020

El presente texto expone los resultados preliminares de la investigación sobre la pedagogía emocional de los docentes de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander. Desarrolla el objetivo orientado a la comprensión de las nuevas sensibilidades juveniles, inherentes a los jóvenes universitarios participantes del estudio, al igual que la exclusión social, que se cierne como un factor decisivo para el futuro de las nuevas generaciones. Los dos conceptos básicos que sustentan el artículo giran en torno a la idea de joven y exclusión social, jóvenes y nuevas sensibilidades, al igual que un intento de establecer los puntos de encuentro y tensión entres estas dos grandes categorías. En general, aspectos como el consumo y rasgos inherentes a la emocionalidad, conforman los ejes sobre los cuales discurren las páginas que siguen.Palabras clave: sensibilidades juveniles, exclusión social, complejidad, incertidumbre, inteligencia emocional.
Diseño de mezclas bituminosas para pavimentos con alquitrán, usando las metodologías Marshall y Ramcodes
Authors: Ochoa Diaz Ricardo
Published: September 2020

El presente documento plantea una alternativa de utilización del alquitrán de hulla,subproducto de la industria siderúrgica, dado el problema de su acumulación eimpacto ambiental negativo. Por lo anterior, se observa la necesidad de analizar laincorporación de alquitrán de hulla como ligante en mezclas para pavimentos. Deeste modo, inicialmente se presenta la procedencia, descripción de las principalescaracterísticas y propiedades del alquitrán. Seguidamente, se formula y evalúa lamezcla, mediante el procedimiento de las metodologías Marshall y RAMCODES,para determinar su resistencia. Con los resultados obtenidos de los ensayos seobtuvieron las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la mezcla. Teniendo en cuentalos resultados de las dos metodologías se realiza una comparación para establecerla conveniencia de utilizar la metodología RAMCODES en el diseño de mezclas.Por último, se analiza la alternativa de utilizar el alquitrán de hulla como liganteen mezclas bituminosas para pavimentos.Palabras clave: Alquitrán de hulla, mezclas bituminosas, Marshall, RAMCODES.
Reacciones Internacionales ante la destrucción de patrimonio en los casos de Siria y Yemen
Authors: Del Hoyo Elena
Published: September 2020

The destruction of cultural heritage has become a constant weapon during armed conflicts. The cases of Palmira and Sana’a are paradigmatic of these dynamics; nevertheless, there have been differences between the international responses to both cases. Taking into account variables such as the space that bothstates occupy in the international power structure, different actors involved, Islamic state factor and the relationship between heritage and identity this paper analyzes international reactions towards both sites to study the ecosystem generated around each case study. To do so, reactions to both cases will be confrontedusing categories created using the models of Heritage for Peace and Al Quntar & Daniels. The review confirms a differentiated problematization of both cases in the international public agenda.
Investigating the Effects of Government Expenditure and Money Supply on Unemployment in Namibia
Authors: Shigwedha Wilhelmine Naapopye , Kaulihowa Teresia
Published: September 2020

This paper examines how government expenditure and money supply affect unemployment in Namibia. It employs the ARDL and ECM estimation techniques to establish the underlying relationship for the period 1980-2018. The results support the hypothesis that government expenditure and money supply can be used to contain unemployment. Additionally, an evidence of both long and short-run causality from government expenditure and money supply to unemployment is found. Practical policy implications indicate that in order to effectively combat unemployment problem in Namibia, the study recommends that there is a  need for policy makers to ensure that the goal of employment creation is mainstreamed in all relevant fiscal and monetary policies responses in the country. Moreover, there is also a need to identify and propose policies that can help to do away with the lack of effective policy interventions
The Effect of Capital Structure, Liquidity, and Company Size towards Profitability
Authors: Pandapotan Joy , Lastiningsih Noegrahini
Published: September 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of capital structure, liquidity, and company size on profitability in state-owned companies listed on the Indonesian state-owned enterprise website in 2016 - 2018. This research uses a quantitative approach. This study uses secondary data from company financial and annual report, the sample consists of 65 stated-owned companies. The data analysis technique in this study uses multiple linear regression, classic assumption test, and the hypothesis test consists of  the t-test. Based on the results of data analysis known that capital structure has a insignificant negative effect on profitability, liquidity has a significant positive effect on profitability, and company size has a significant negative effect on profitability. The results of this study are expected to be useful for managers in making decisions related to company management, beneficial for investors in choosing investments, and being useful as a reference for further researchers who studying profitability variables
Towards Improving Project Performance Indicators in South African Construction Sector
Authors: Adebowale Oluseyi Julius , Kukoyi Patricia Omega , Olagoke Iyabo Mercy , Ademola Badmus
Published: September 2020

Despite myriad of research effort directed at improving the performance of construction projects, poor productivity, budget overruns, quality related issues, and schedule overruns have been recurring on most construction projects. As a consequence, time, cost and quality of construction, which are among the key project performance indicators (PPIs), have suffered poor performance in many construction project undertakings. While several studies have addressed these performance dependents parameters separately and collectively, the impact of political, environmental, social, technological, economical, and legal (PESTEL) related factors on the PPIs has however not been considered. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to identify PESTEL related factors, and further determine their impact on the PPIs in the South African construction industry. South African contractors, which are registered with the CIDB (Grades 5-9) were sampled and administered questionnaires to achieve the purpose of the study. The study determined that rework, poor planning, and inadequate training are most closely associated with poor performance of the PPIs. It is believed that addressing the areas of concern identified in this study would contribute to improved performance of the PPIs in South African construction, which would ultimately engender satisfaction of construction stakeholders.
Towards a Profitable Pricing Strategy for Rural Women Indigenous Chicken Breeders: A Case of Rural Village in Zimbabwe
Authors: Nani Gwendoline Vusumuzi , Ronney Casper
Published: September 2020

Indigenous chickens contribute towards poverty reduction, income generation and economic empowerment of rural women. In this regard, employment of a profitable pricing strategy in selling the indigenous chickens becomes fundamental. This study sought to find out the pricing strategies used by rural women indigenous chicken breeders in one purposively selected village in Zimbabwe. An interpretivist paradigm, a qualitative approach and a case study design were employed to examine the issue under review. Seventeen rural women indigenous chicken breeders were key informants. Data collected using semi structured questionnaires and face to face interviews was analysed to discern themes. Results revealed that rural women indigenous chicken breeders did not apply any pricing strategies when selling their chickens. Prices were approximated based on mainly the weight of the chickens. The study concluded that rural women indigenous chicken breeders were ignorant of pricing strategies and factors to consider when determining, prices for their chickens. Further to that, ignorance of appropriate pricing strategies exposed rural women indigenous chicken breeders to exploitation and loss of revenue. In light of this, the study recommended that workshops be conducted by personnel with an accounting background, to train rural women indigenous chicken breeders on the factors to consider in determining profitable prices for their indigenous chickens. The contribution of this study lies in the development of a framework of factors which rural women indigenous chicken breeders could use as a reference point when determining prices for their indigenous chickens.
Policy Coordination and Outcomes: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence in Nigeria
Authors: Adewale ADEGBOYE Abiodun
Published: September 2020

The paper discusses the fiscal-monetary coordination and the resultant outcomes in macroeconomic aggregates from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The game-theoretic technique was also used to analyse the policy mix conundrum vis-a-vis the fiscal-monetary policies interaction and how that translates into optimal outcomes in an economy. However, the situation of making or forcing monetary policy to be subordinate to fiscal policy may still not generate socially optimal results. This is not far-fetched as the payoffs in the game-theoretic model suggest the presence of minimal coordination problem but high policy conflict even if both authorities are disciplined. Coordination problem and goal conflict seem to be non-existent - when both fiscal and monetary policy blocks are committed and responsible in their choices. Further analyses indicate that the policy mix of both fiscal and monetary authorities for inflation seemed complementary. Inflation responded negatively to the shock of debt in the short run. However, in the medium term, the shock becomes positive and later returns to the initial state. The study suggests that policy designs in Nigeria must harmonise both stabilisation and growth objectives to have optimal outcomes.
Enhanced heat transfer research in liquid-cooled channel based on piezoelectric vibrating cantilever
Authors: Fu Jiahong , Chen Yichen , Yu Zhang , Zhang Xufang
Published: September 2020

In order to study the variation of vortices and heat transfer enhancement characteristics of piezoelectric vibrating cantilever in liquid-cooled channels, the effects of fluid density and viscosity, mainstream velocity, and excitation voltage on vortices were analyzed. The theoretical and numerical simulation of piezoelectric vortices was carried out by using fluid-solid coupling method. On the basis of hydrodynamic function considering the additional effect of liquid viscosity and density on piezoelectric vibrator, the vortex structure of piezoelectric vibrator was analyzed by panel method free-wake model. It is found that the larger the density of the liquid, the smaller the vortex shedding strength and the radius of the core. The larger the viscosity of the liquid, the easier to fully develop the vortex generated by the excitation. The increase of the mainstream flow velocity is beneficial to the development of the vortex structure and the increase of the vorticity intensity. Compared with the increase of the mainstream flow velocity, the excitation voltage is more conducive to the enhancement of the vorticity structure, then make it easier to mix hot and cold fluids, thus enhancing heat transfer.
Simulation on the combustion in the raceway zone of COREX melter gasifier
Authors: Sun Ye , Chen Ren , Zhnag Zuoliang , Wu Guoxi , Zhang Huishu , Li Lingling , Liu Yan , Li Xiaoliang , Huang Yan
Published: September 2020

The 2-D numerical simulation of the particle motion and combustion behavior in the raceway has been done to analyze the gas-flow field, pressure field, temperature field, distribution of gas composition, as well as the effect of coke mass-flow rate, and blowing gas temperature on the maximum temperature in the raceway zone. The results show that the temperature in the cavity reaches the maximum in the upper part of the cavity region, and the maximum value is above 3000 K. During the combustion process, the concentration of O2 decreases, and the concentration of CO increases. The highest CO content in the gas leaving the raceway zone and entering the coke bed is about 0.95, while the lowest O2 content is 0.05.
Study on hydration heat of concrete channel-box girder
Authors: Xiao Xiangnan , Peng Yunyong , Luo Guijun
Published: September 2020

Temperature is one of the important reasons causing the cracks on the bridge structure during the construction and operation. In this paper, the temperature field produced by hydration heat and early thermal stress of a 64 m simply supported channel-box girder are simulated during casting process, considering the time-varying characteristics of concrete shrinkage and creep, elastic modulus, and tensile strength. Then, various parameters influencing the temperature field are analyzed, and the corresponding measures of controlling temperature cracks are proposed.
Lexical and Grammatical Metaphors in Newsweek
Authors: Nasution Sarah , Saragih Amrin , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

This study investigates lexical and grammatical metaphors in Newsweek Weekly Magazines. The objectives of the study are to identify what lexical and grammatical metaphors used in Newsweek, to describe the way those metaphors are used, and to explain why the Newsweek use those lexical and grammatical metaphors. A qualitative descriptive research was applied. The data were taken from eight texts published on November and December in 2010. The data were collected by selecting the texts contained the issue of Barack Obama, The President of United States of America because of his visit to Indonesia on November. As the result, the use of lexical and grammatical metaphors has been found in Newsweek. The metaphors in Newsweek realized into four types of lexical metaphors and eight groups data of grammatical metaphor. The Newsweek used more grammatical metaphor than Lexical metaphor in order to make information contained in Newsweek it more coherent and compact, and to help readers more easily understand the information.   Keywords: metaphors; lexical; grammatical; mass media
The effect of Teaching Methods and Learning Styles on Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Parwati Parwati , Gurning Busmin , Sibarani Berlin
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this experimental research were to investigate whether: 1) students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using CIRC method was higher than taught by using Jigsaw method. 2) students’ achievement in reading comprehension with visual style was higher than those with kinesthetic style, 3) there was interaction between teaching methods and learning styles on students’ achievement in reading comprehension. One hundred of 2011/2012 grade X students of SMAN 1 Delitua were selected as sample by applying cluster random sample technique. The research design was experimental research by using factorial design 2x2. Experimental group 1 was treated by using CIRC method and experimental group 2 was treated by using Jigsaw method. The questionnaire was conducted for classifying the students upon the visual and kinesthetic learning style. Students’ achievement in reading comprehension text was measured by using reading comprehension test. The data were analyzed by applying two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the level of significance α= 0.05. The result reveals that (1) students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using CIRC was higher than that taught by using Jigsaw method, with Fobs= 3.36>Ftab=2.70, (2) students’ achievement in reading comprehension with visual learning style was higher than that with kinesthetic learning style with Fobs= 8.64>Ftable=2.70, (3) there is interaction between teaching method and learning styles on students’ achievement in reading comprehension with Fobs=7.74>Ftable=2.70. The result of Scheffe-Test showed that visual style students got higher achievement if they were taught by using CIRC method while kinesthetic style students got higher achievement if they were taught by using Jigsaw method.
The Effect of Teaching Strategies and Learning Styles on the Students’ Achievement
Authors: Amin Teguh Satria , Setia Eddi , Sihombing Lince
Published: September 2020

This research investigates 1) students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using Direct Reading Thinking Activity (DR-TA) strategy is higher than taught by using Know, What to Learn, and Learned (KWL) strategy, 2) students’ achievement in reading comprehension with impulsive learning style is higher than students’ achievement in reading comprehension with reflective learning style, and (3) there is  interaction between teaching strategies and learning styles on the students’ achievement. Two classes containing of 70 students were chosen as sample by apllying cluster random sampling technique. The experimental group 1 was treated by using DR-TA and the experimental group 2 was treated by using KWL. The students’ achievement was measured by using test. The questionnaire was conducted to find out the students’ learning style. The data were analyzed by applying two-ways analysis of variance. The findings show that (1) the students’ achievement in reading comprehension taught by using DR-TA higher than using KWL; (2) students’ achievement in reading comprehension with impulsive learning style is lower than that with reflective learning style; (3) there is interaction between teaching strategies and learning styles on the students’ achievement in reading comprehension. The analysis revealed that the teaching strategies significantly affected the students’ reading achievement.   Keywords: DR-TA, KWL, Impulsive Learning Style, Reflective Learning Style, Reading Comprehension
The Pronouncation Erros Interferences of Nias L1 in L2
Authors: Duha Asniar , Sihombing Line , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study is aimed to find out the factors in the pronunciation errors interference of Nias (First language; L1) with Indonesian as a (Second language; L2). The objectives of the study is to see how affect pronounciation errors interference of Niasnese L1 In Indonesian as a L2, to describe the types of pronunciation errors interference dominantly used by Niasnese speakers in Nias L1 In Indonesian as a L2 and understand why the pronounciation errors interference happen to the Niasnese in Indonesian as a L2. This research used a qualitative research to find out pronunciation errors interference of Niasnese native speakers. The data obtained from ten students and the parents of Nias speakers as the samples. Based on the observation result, it is found that the pronunciation errors interference at Nias in Indonesian as a L2: Deletion, addition and blends. There are three factors affect the Niasnese pronunciation error interference in Indonesian as a L2 in Sibolga, they are Intermarriage ( same culture marriage), The sound and the letters differences between Nias Language and Indonesian, Parents speak Nias language to the children or mother tongue, environment. Keyword : Errors, Interferenc, and Pronunciation.
Minangkabau Language Maintenance by the Association of Sei Jaring Community in Medan
Authors: Uswar Yenita , Saragih Amrin , Arifin Tina Mariany
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this qualitative research were (1) to identify the factors that affect the Minangkabau language (ML) maintenance in Medan, (2) to discover the parents’ efforts in maintaining ML in Medan and (3) to find out the reason why the speakers have to maintain ML. The souree of data is the nembers of the Association of Sei Jaring Community (Ikatan Warga Sei Jaring: IWS) in Medan. The sample was 10 families including 10 parents and their children. The instruments of this study are a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire was used to answer the factors affected the maintenance of ML and how factors affected the maintenance of ML. The interview was used to discover the influence why Minangkabau’s people have to maintain ML. There are four factors in ML maintenance, the parents’ role, the role of family, the intramarriage and homeland visits. After distributing questionnaire and did some interviews it is found that IWS especially for the third generation (children) has the danger level in ML when they communicate to each other. Meanwhile, the data analysis also shows that both fathers and mothers communicate to each other with ML. This condition occurred because of the influence of the environment. Parents have to keep communication and teaching Minangkabau language continuously to their children. so, the young generation can keep the existence of ML for their future. Keywords: Minangkabau Language Maintenance, parents’ efforts, the young generation.
Improving Students’ Achievement in Reading Comprehension Through Advance Organizer Strategy
Authors: Siregar Tuti Andriani , Santoso Didik , Pulungan Anni Holila
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the improvement of the students’ achievement in reading comprehension through advance organizer strategy. The objectives of this research were to improve the students’ achievement in reading comprehension as well as the process of learning reading comprehension by using advance organizer strategy.  The subject of the study was grade XI IPA 2 Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Binjai consisting of 33 students. The data of this study were obtained by using test, observation sheets and interview. This research was conducted in two cycles because in the pre-test (without treatment), the average of the students’ score was 59,24. In the first cycle test, it was 74,30. It is lower than the minimum passing grade, and if is viewed from the observation sheets, the situation of the learning process hasn’t met the criteria of the success. So the writer continued to the second cycle. There was a significant progress on the students’ achievement in reading comprehension in the second cycle, and the average of the students was 82,94. The students were more active and enthusiastic in following the lesson. Therefore, the teaching reading comprehension through advance organizer strategy can improve the students’ achievement in reading comprehension quantitatively and qualitatively. Key words:  improving, reading comprehension, advance organizer strategy.
Politeness Strategies in Political Language
Authors: Isnaini Muhamad , Gurning Busmin , Setia Edy
Published: September 2020

This study deals with politeness strategies in political language. The aim of the study is to describe how Indonesian politicians realize politeness in their language. The subject was taken nine parties who have representatives. They come from different parties: Democrat, Golkar, PDIP, PKS, PPP, PKB, PAN, Gerindra and Hanura. Data were classified and verified with reference to the criteria of politeness strategies as determined by Brown & Levinson (1987); cover the bald on record strategy, positive strategy, negative strategy and off-record strategy. The finding show that there were four types of politeness strategies used by Politicians in different of types of illocutionary acts; positive strategy, bald on record strategy, negative strategy, and off-record strategy. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive strategy. The most dominant type was due to fact that speakers in interaction try to get closer the hearers. They use the group identity marker in addressing someone so there is no distance relationship between the speaker and hearer. They also gave the reasons when they speak in order to satisfy the hearer. Key words: politician; political language; politeness strategy
Pragmatic Features In The Utterances Of Male And Female Of Siladangnese
Authors: Minda Sri , Murni Sri Minda , Zein T. Tyrhaya
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study is to describe the pragmatic features of tag question and hedge in the utterances of male and female of Siladangnese. The research was designed with qualitative descriptive method. The data were obtained by implementing participant observation and interview. The finding shows that there are two types of pragmatics features of tag question in the utterances of male and female of Siladangnese. Five pragmatic features of hedge in the utterances of male and female of Siladangnese found; a) hedge as a means of protection, b) hedge as a means of certainty, c) hedge as a means of uncertainty, d) hedge as a means of politeness, and e) hedge as a means of limitation. Male Siladangnese tend to utter modal tag as a sign of uncertainty while female Siladangnese tend to utter affective tag as a sign of politeness. One of the pragmatic features of hedge in the utterances of female Siladangnese is a means of politeness, but it was not found in the utterances of male Siladangnese. The total number of tag question and hedge in the utterances of male and female of Siladangnese is different but it did not show a significant differences.   Keywords: Pragmatic feature; tag question; hedge; gender.
Grammatical Metaphor in English Textbook of Junior High School
Authors: Perdana Purnama Rika , Saragih Amrin , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study investigates grammatical metaphor in the English textbook of Junior High School. The objectives of the study are to identify what grammatical metaphor are used in Junior High School English textbook, to describe the way those grammatical metaphor are used, and to explain the reason why the English textbook of Junior High School uses those grammatical metaphors. The research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. The data for this study were texts taken from an English textbook for Junior High School. The data were collected by selecting the texts based on their subjects, then retyping the passage of the text, editing the passage by breaking down the clauses into a data, and printing out the data. The findings of the study show that there are five grammatical metaphors used in the English textbook, namely the realization of epithet = thing, event = thing, event = epithet, head = modifier, and manner = epithet. It is found that the reason why the English textbook uses the grammatical metaphors is in order to make the information compact or denser which directs the students to a scientific writing model mostly applied in their higher educational level. Keywords: grammatical metaphor, English textbook, Junior High School
The Structure of English Classroom Discourse in SMP Negeri 1 Tebing Tinggi
Authors: Siregar Eva Novelia , Sinar T. Silvana
Published: September 2020

This study is concerned with the structure of English classroom discourse in SMP Negeri 1 Tebing Tinggi. The objectives of this study were to describe the structures of English classroom discourse, to describe how the structures are linguistically realized and to reason for the realizations of the English class structure. The source of the data in this study was English teachers and also the students while the data are the utterances from the teacher and the students and semiotic markers as marked in the text. The instruments used for colleting data were video tape recorder and researcher’s fieldnote. The data were collected by observing and recording the utterances uttered by the teachers and students and writing all semiotics then classified them into types of exchanges as Sinclair and Coulthard theory. The research result mentioned that he structure of English classroom were teacher elicit, teacher direct, teacher information, boundary, pupil elicit, check, repeat, reinforce and reinitiating (II). These structures were dominantly realized by IR structure. English as a foreign language was also one point made the students afraid of uttering the utterances in teaching learning process.   Keywords: classroom discourse, pattern, Sinclair and Coulthard theory, structures.
Politeness Strategies of Directive Utterance Used by the Host of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One
Authors: Sumarni Sumarni , Zainuddin Zainuddin
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the politeness strategies of directive utterance used by the host of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One. This study employs qualitative design which aims at describing the politeness strategy of directive utterance used by the host. The strategy of politeness is related to those proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record strategy, Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-record strategy. Directive utterance is related to those proposed by Vanderveken (1990); there are 56 types of directive utterances. The subject is the host as the interviewer in three episodes who participated in this research. The results show that the host expresses her directive utterances in request, questions, interrogates, urge, invite, and cautions. The host applied the four types of politeness strategies to relate directive utterances as politeness strategies stated by Brown and Levinson they are (1) bald on record, (2) positive politeness, (3) negative politeness, (4) off record. The most type is question (30%) as positive politeness. It is caused by the host wants to give questions respects the H’s negative face want and will not (or will only minimally) interfere with the H’s freedom of action. Keywords: politeness strategies, directive utterances
Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the Jakarta Post
Authors: Fitriani Eka Surya , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

The objectives of the study were to find out: (1) the realization of presupposition triggers in editorials of The Jakarta Post (2) the reasons for using presupposition triggers. The study was descriptive qualitative. The source of data was The Jakarta Post online website. The data of the study were the sentences or clause which triggered the presupposed meaning in editorials. The data were identified, analyzed, and categorized based on Levinson’s theory. The findings of the study showed that: (1) 12 from 13 presupposition triggers were found namely: definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verbs, judging verbs, iterative item, cleft sentences, questions, temporal clause, comparison clause, counterfactual conditional sentence and non-restrictive relative clause, while implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found. (2) The reasons were a) commonly to present the background information which is assumed to be true, b) to recall the readers toward the information of the event that they have not unintentionally acknowledged, c) to interpret the editorialists’ attitude on the fact of the event and d) to awaken the readers’ curiosity to the questioning things.   Keywords: Editorials, Presupposition Triggers, Levinson theory.
Conversational Maxim Violations in Satu Indonesia Talk Show Program on Net TV
Authors: Sinaga Dewi Suhartini , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study was aimed at examining the violations of conversational maxim in Satu Indonesia talk show. The objectives of this study were to examine the types of conversational maxim violations occurred in the talk show, to examine the realization of conversational maxim violations, and to elaborate the reasons. This study was conducted by descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was Satu Indonesia talk show. There were 44 episodes of Satu Indonesia talk show in 2014 which were consisted of 14 politics, 15 economics, and 15 socials. Then, the utterances of host and guests in 3 episodes of politics, 3 episodes of economics and 3 episodes of social were the data of this study. The technique of data collection was documentary technique and the instrument of data collection was recorder. The technique of data analysis was interactive model by Miles and Huberman. The findings showed that all conversational maxim violations. Quality maxim was dominantly violated in topic of politics; quantity maxim violation was dominantly violated in the topic of economics and social. Realizations of conversational maxim violations were realized through understatement, overstatement, contradiction, sarcasm, metaphor, associative clues, presupposition, personification, synecdoche, and analogy.   Key Words: Conversational Maxim, Maxim Violations, Talk Show
The Attitudes of University Students of Batubara in Medan Towards Batubara Malay Language
Authors: Izar Julisah , Ginting Siti Aisah
Published: September 2020

This study dealt with the attitudes of university students of Batubara towards Batubara Malay language. The data were collected from 20 university students of Batubara in Medan. The instruments used for collecting the data were observation sheet, questionnaire sheet and depth interview. The data were analyzed by Moleong’s theory. The findings showed that the respondents’ attitudes were: 12 (60%) negative and 8 (40%) positive. The attitudes levels of university students included in negative and positive attitudes namely in: receiving 11 (55%) negative and 9 (45%) positive, responding 12 (60%) negative and 8 positive, valuing 10 (50%) negative and 10 (50%)  positive,  organizing 12 (60%) positive and 8 (40%) negative, and internalizing values 12 (60%) negative and 8 (40%) positive. The factors influenced the university students’ attitudes were language disloyalty 12 (60%) negative and 8 (40%) positive, language pride lack 14 (70%) negative and 7 (30%) positive, in the unawareness of the norms 11 (55%) negative and 9 (45%) positive. Bahasa Indonesia is dominantly spoken by the university students of Batubara in Medan which caused they have less frequency in using their Batubara Malay language with their friends who are from same region in Medan. Key words: Attitudes, University Students of Batubara, Batubara Malay Language
Language Shift by the Javanese in Balee Village
Authors: Musliadi Musliadi , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

This study deals with Javanese language shift in Balee Village, North Aceh. It aims to find out the factors of Javanese language shift into Acehnese language in Balee Village, North Aceh, the pattern of Javanese language shift and the reasons of Javanese language shift in Balee Village, North Aceh. The data were obtained from the family of Javanese living in Balee Village, North Aceh. The study employs qualitative research design with a single case study to get the understanding on this study. The subjects of this study were 10 families. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely parents and children. The findings showed that the shift of Javanese into Acehnese Language in Balee village, North Aceh was influenced by bilingualism, migration, economy, society, demography, institution, and attitudes. The Javanese language shift to Acehnese language occurred in the pattern of relationship between parents and children and among children. The shifts of Javanese to the Acehnese are mostly caused by social conflict. Keywords: language shift, Javanese, social conflict
TRANSLATION SHIFT IN GARFIELD “TAKES HIS LICKS” A BILINGUAL TEXT
Authors: Maisaroh Enni , Lubis Syahron , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

The research deals with translation shift in Garfield takes his licks a bilingual text. The objectives of the study were: (1) to find out the types of shifts in Garfield “Takes His Licks” a Bilingual Text, (2) to describe how the shifts occur in Garfield “Takes His Licks” a Bilingual Text, (3) to analyze the reasons why translation shifts occur in Garfield “Takes His Licks” a Bilingual Text. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this study were words, phrases, and clauses were translated from English into Indonesian. The data were collected through documentary technique. The technique of data analysis was interactive model. The findings of this study revealed that: (1) The category shifts in Garfield “Takes His Licks” a Bilingual Text are 1) structure shift, 2) class shift, 3) unit shift, 4) intra system shift, and 5) double types of shift. (2) There were some ways of translation shift used in Garfield “Takes His Licks” a Bilingual Text, namely grammatical change occurred, change in different word class, change in ranks and change in number. (3) There were four reasons of using translation shifts are (1) Different language systems, (2) Grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, (3) Literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL (naturalness between SL and TL) and (4) replacing virtual gap by grammatical structure.Keywords: Structure Shift, Class Shift, Unit Shift, Intra System Shift.
TRANSLATION ERRORS OF FLIGHT ATTENDANT STUDENTS OF PSPP YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Andesta Heri Wira , Dirgayasa I Wayan , Setia Eddy
Published: September 2020

This research dealt with Translation Errors of Flight Attendant Students of PSPP Yogyakarta in translating flight attendant announcement. The aims of this study were (1) To investigate the kinds of error in translating flight attendant announcement made by flight attendant students, and (2) To explain the reasons of the students made the errors. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative.The subjects are nineteenfligth attendant students of PSPP Yogyakarta. The instruments for collecting data aretranslation testand interview. The translation test was used to obtain the kinds of error, and the interview was used to obtain the reasons of flight attendant students made the errors.The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubberman and saldana’s data analysis. The result of this research showed that (1)there are five kinds of error made by flight attendant students,but they are not proportional distributed the example,semantic errors(43.69), and errors in the production of verb group (5.63). (2) there arethreecauses of error made by flight attendant students,but they are not proportional distributed the example,intralingual transfer (58.26), and translation (8.66). Keywords: Flight Attendant Student, Translation Errors
GENDER LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS USED BY STUDENTS IN BOARDING HOUSE
Authors: Simaremare Herois T. , Saragih Amrin , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

The study deals with the gender language characteristics used by students in boarding house. This study attempted to find out the gender language characteristics used by students and to describe the reason why are the gender language characteristics used by students in boarding house. This study was conducted by using qualitative design. The data in this study were taken from the recorded utterancesof the students in boarding house and interview. The source of data were four male and four female students. The utterances were recorded and transcribed in order to be analyzed. The data were analyzed by using interactive model by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The findings showthat all the male language characteristics used by male and female students in boarding house. While, not all female language characteristics used by them, the male students used 7 kinds of female language characteristics and the female students used 8 kinds of female language characteristics. The most dominantly of male language characteristics used by gender students is judgement adjectives, while the most dominantly of female language characteristics is taq questions. Meanwhile, there were four reasons that affect the using of language characteristics used by students in boarding house.Keywords:  Gender Language, Male Language Characteristics, Female Language Characteristics, Utterances
THE LI NIHA MAINTENANCE AMONG NIAS TEENAGERS OF ORAHUA MAHASISWA NIAS (OMN) MEDAN IN KELURAHAN LAUCI MEDAN TUNTUNGAN
Authors: Zega Riswan , Gurning Busmin , Sihombing Lince
Published: September 2020

This study explained the Li Niha Maintenance among Teenagers of OrahuaMahasiswaNias (OMN) Medan in Kelurahan Lauci Medan Tuntungan. The objectives were (1) to investigate what maintenance of Li Niha is preserved by the Nias teenagers of OMN Medan (2)to describe how is the Li Niha maintained by the Nias teenagers of OMN Medan (3) to explain the reason why is the Li Niha maintained by the Nias teenagers of OMN Medan. This study applied phenomenological design as a part of qualitative research design. Data were words or utterances of 20 persons teenager of OMN Medan collected through observation and interview techniques. The data were analyzed by using Bogdan & Biklen, (1992). The findings of this study showed that: (1) four types of Li Niha maintenance preserved by the teenagers of OMN Medan namely strong, dominant, moderate and weak maintenance; (2) four ways of Li Niha maintained by Nias teenagers of OMNMedan,; and (3) five reasons the teenagers of Orahua Mahasiswa Nias (OMN) Medan  in Kelurahan Lauci Medan Tuntungan maintain Li Niha. Keywords: Language Shift, Maintenance, Intermarriage, Qualitative
PROCESS AS A TRANSITIVITY ELEMENT IN CLASSROOM DISCOURSE
Authors: Yuniar Yuniar , Sinar T. Silvana , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

The purposes of the study is to describe about the experiential realization through transitivity analysis in classroom discourse, and only concerns with  one  component  of  the  metafunctions   that is the experiential meaning. The problem investigated in this study are (1) The transitivity processes used by the teachers in English classroom context; (2) the description of processes realized by teachers in the classroom context; and (3) the field of discourse in which the processes are realized in the classroom context. This study is data -based with descriptive qualitative and quantitative in nature and the method is observational. The location of the sudy were in 2 schools,and the subjects of the study are 3 English teachers from both  schools in Aceh tamiang 2016. In collecting the data, this study is used a means of audio-visual  recording and transcriptions, and  analyzed by  employing  Interactive Model. The result of the study from  data analysis with total of  clauses produced by 3 teachers each two sessions are 2175 clauses. It gained 726 clauses of Material Process (33.38%), followed by behavioural process gained 425 clauses (19.54%), relational process gained 296 clauses (13.60%), existantial process gained 287 clauses (13.19%), mental process gained 250 clauses (11.49 %), and verbal process gained 191 clauses (8.78 %).Keywords: Classroom Discourse, Process of Transitivity,  Systemic Functional Linguistic
INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR IN “INDONESIA NOW” ENGLISH NEWS TV PROGRAM
Authors: Purba Desi Kristina , Ginting Siti Aisyah , Pulungan Anni Holila
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThis study investigates interpersonal metaphor in “Indonesia Now” English news TV program based on Systemic Functional Linguistics approach. The objective of the study are to identify what types of interpersonal metaphors in “Indonesia Now”, to describe how those interpersonal metaphors are used, and to explain in what context those interpersonal metaphor are used. A qualitative descriptive research design was used in this study. The data were taken from one weekly broadcast Indonesia Now in January to June 2017. The data were collected by recording the “Indonesia Now” program on Metro TV, then transcribing the program broadcasts into written text, classifying the data into types of interpersonal metaphors and then drawing conclusion from the data. The findings of the study show that there are five types of interpersonal metaphor used in “Indonesia Now”, namely metaphor of mood, modality, epithet, euphemism, and connotation. The use of interpersonal metaphor in “Indonesia Now” is realized by use of incongruent types of expressing meaning in interaction. In addition, the use of interpersonal metaphor, it is also found that expressing emotion as the new findings of this study which not in line with the previous theories. The speaker use interpersonal metaphor to accurately reflect their point of view and express the emotion and this purpose can be achieved with the reference to social context which named context of situation. Keywords: Interpersonal Metaphor, Systemic Functional Linguistic, Indonesia Now