bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Diagnosis by PCR Testing of Nasal Swabs
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Braziel Barbara , Kautz Kira , Burge Lurinda J. , Weaver Gaylen D. , Hessman Bill
Published: February 2023

Diagnosis of viral infections has traditionally used viral isolation in cell culture and serologic testing (antibody levels) to detect active infection (rising antibody levels). These procedures require considerable time for the results, especially cell culture isolation (days to weeks for multiple passages). Serology requires the host response post infection (3-4 weeks for acute to convalescent samples), plus the antibody test performance. Use of cell culture systems for viral diagnostics is useful for selected viruses, yet some viruses may not be readily identified in cell culture or may require unique cell cultures not normally maintained in diagnostic laboratories. Also, some viruses may be quite labile and have reduced chance of recovery due to time and conditions of shipment. There are a limited number of rapid antigen detection systems available for diagnoses of viruses causing BRD. An antigen capture ELISA test for BVDV, used primarily as a test for persistently infected (Pl) BVDV cattle using fresh ear notches, is a newer and more rapid test.

Molecular diagnostic testing, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), offers a rapid means and greater sensitivity than the traditional tests like cell culture assay and serology. The nucleotide sequences for primer selection for the RT-PCR are available. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) implement RT-PCR tests for BRSV, BCV and BVDV using nasal swab samples from cattle; and 2) compare the RT-PCR results for BRSV, BCV and BVDV with cell culture assay results.
Analysis of the Association between ELISA and Nested PCR on Blood and Milk for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Detection in Holstein Cows
Authors: Pinedo P. J. , Rae D. O. , Williams J. E. , Donovan G. A. , Melendez P. , Buergelt C. D.
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants characterized by progressive weight loss and profuse diarrhea. It is caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), has a worldwide distribution and is categorized by the OIE as a List B disease that has serious economic impact or is a public health concern. Disease diagnosis is hampered by a lack of sensitive tests. Available methods fail to identify all infected animals, and many produce substantial numbers of false positives and false negatives. This is of particular importance, as they relate to detection of the organism in subclinically infected animals. Several commercial, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests are available, but it is generally accepted that their sensitivity in detecting infected animals is only about 50%. In fact, because of its low sensitivity, the ELISA test is rarely positive in animals under two years of age. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests based on the insertion element IS900 have been the most widely used for MAP identification. However, detection of the etiologic agent is limited by frequency and number of organisms present in the fluid or tissue. A combination of serologic tests, such as ELISA, and agent detection through nested PCR could be a useful strategy to improve the sensitivity of paratuberculosis diagnosis, especially when detectable target levels for each test follow different temporal patterns.

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of ELISA testing of sera, and nested PCR in milk and blood, for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Holstein cows.
Evaluation of a Milk ELISA for Bovine Paratuberculosis
Authors: Collins Michael T.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, has become a prevalent infectious disease problem for dairy cattle herds. Control programs require changes in herd management to limit opportunities for infection transmission to young stock, coupled with diagnostic testing to identify the infected, or at least most infectious, adult cattle. When within-herd infection rates are high, it is not economically feasible to cull all test-positive cows. Consequently, it is necessary to adopt testing strategies that provide both diagnostic and prognostic information. The owner needs to know which cows are most infectious and are unlikely to survive another lactation; these cows need to be removed from the herd. It also would be helpful to know which infected cows are least infectious and are capable of sustaining another lactation and generating farm income. Veterinary diagnostics for food animals are strongly affected by end-user economics. Consequently, the most accurate and informative test results must be provided to the end users at the least cost. The diagnostic technology fulfilling this need is often based on antibody detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology because of its low cost and high throughput potential through automation. Application of ELISAs to milk, instead of blood, samples brings even further efficiency. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available milk ELISA for Johne's disease and evaluate its cost-effectiveness using an economic decision analysis model.
Decision Analysis Model for Paratuberculosis Control in Commercial Dairy Herds
Authors: Dorshorst Nathan C. , Collins Michael T. , Lombard Jason E.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) control programs involve both herd management changes to limit transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections to calves, as well as testing of adult cattle to detect those that serve as the source of infection. No work has yet been reported on economic optimization, i.e., cost-benefit analysis, of paratuberculosis control programs.
Environmental Sampling for the Detection of Mycobacterium Avium subspecies Paratuberculosis in Dairies in Texas
Authors: Villarino Mario A. , Thomas G. , Jordan E. R.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic debilitating intestinal disease of ruminants, caused by the infectious agent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). JD is widely disseminated in dairy farms and known to cause considerable economic loss. Recently, interest in the detection of clinical and subclinical manifestations of the disease and MAP has created interest in developing cost efficient methods for its detection. The culture of soil samples contaminated with MAP (called environmental samples) offers an economic, easily performed, detection technique on dairy farms. The objective of this investigation was to conduct environmental testing on two dairies (E and W; n=>2500) in Texas known to have clinical cases of JD and previous isolations of MAP from fecal cultures.
Use of Distillers Grains Co-Products in Feedlot Diets in the U.S. and Canada
Authors: Peterson R. E.
Published: February 2023

Continued expansion of the ethanol industry in the United States and Canada will have a direct impact in two distinct areas of beef production. First, ethanol production is an important end user of traditional feedstuffs used in beef production (corn, sorghum, wheat), and second, increased production of ethanol will result in an increase in the supply of ethanol co-products. The majority of ethanol plant expansions appear to be dry milling plants, due primarily to their relative simplicity when compared with the wet milling process. The dry milling co-product, referred to as distillers grains (DG), can be fed wet (WDGS; 35 to 50% DM) or dry (DDGS; >88% DM) with or without solubles. Based on the current process of ethanol production from corn grain, all non-starch nutrients are concentrated 300% in distillers grains compared with the original corn grain. Important nutrients to consider in feedlot diet formulation include protein, ether extract (EE), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). These nutrient considerations can be grouped into three main categories of interest, which include environmental (protein and P), sulfur toxicity (S) and supplemental fat (EE). Environmental concerns can be mitigated with a sound nutrient management plan. Sulfur levels in DGS should be monitored as they are likely variable and can be quite high. Corn, sorghum and wheat DGS should contain approximately 12.18, 9.09 and 7.02% fat, respectively, suggesting corn DGS will be of greater value in feedlot diets when DG are fed as an energy source compared with either sorghum or wheat DGS. Other than the type of DGS that is being fed, current information regarding feedlot performance suggests the optimum level of DGS is finishing diets is affected by inclusion level of the DG product, grain processing, roughage level, and perhaps inclusion of ionophores and antibiotics.
Too Many Lame Cows
Authors: Guard Chuck
Published: February 2023

Concern about lameness in dairy cattle has mostly shifted to the herd level. What is the nature and magnitude of lameness issues for a particular herd? Arriving at useful knowledge of herd-level lameness issues requires at least within-herd consistency in recording of data. Benchmarks or goals may readily be set from past performance or from groups of herds using similar recording schemes. Targets for the incidence of specific lesions or diseases have been developed for herds in our practice and could be applied to herds in similar housing and feeding systems. The strategies for detection of lame cows are important. Locomotion scoring in some form is evolving into a standard that is used both to find cows for treatment and to qualify during welfare audits. There are predictable errors in scoring. Regardless of strategy, a shorter interval between detection and action results in a lower prevalence of lame cows. Devote effort to finding and fixing cows that can be helped.
Uterine Torsion in Llamas and Alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher
Published: February 2023

Uterine torsion is a recognized cause of dystocia in large animals. Relative frequency and severity vary between species, but both dam and offspring can be saved and torsion corrected if the condition is diagnosed in a timely fashion. Uterine torsion is recognized as a cause of colic and dystocia in llamas and alpacas, but is usually regarded as less common than malpresentations involving the long neck and limbs of crias. In fact, uterine torsion may be responsible for some of those malpresentations.
Neurological Diseases of Sheep and Goats
Authors: Navarre Christine B.
Published: February 2023

This paper discusses the most common neurological diseases in sheep and goats, including listeriosis and polioencephalomalacia. Because diagnostic techniques may be limited, a thorough history and complete physical examination are imperative. Tips for taking a history, performing a physical exam and some diagnostic techniques are presented. Treatment options are also presented where applicable.
Peripartum Metabolic Monitoring
Authors: Duffield Todd
Published: February 2023

Peripartum metabolic monitoring for the lactating dairy cow is best directed at measures of adaptation to negative energy balance. Use of serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) prepartum and a measure of ketone concentrations postpartum currently offer the best window into transition cow energy status. These tests can be directed at a herd problem investigation or used in a routine monitoring program. Routine monitoring of prepartum dairy cows should be conducted using serum NEFA. This currently poses several limitations, including cost, for many dairy farms. A regular monitoring program for measuring ketones can fit into an existing fresh cow monitoring system. Cowside ketone tests using either milk betahydroxybutyrate or urine acetone/acetoacetate tests offer adequate test performance at a reasonable cost compared to laboratory evaluation of blood or serum. Generally, the most useful information gained from these programs is identification and investigation of herd-level issues rather than diagnosis and treatment of individual animals.
Influence of Method of Colostrum Application on IgG Status, Incidence of Diseases, and Weight Gain in Neonatal Calves
Authors: Ebert A. , Heyn E. , Erhard M. , Klee W.
Published: February 2023

Drenching or tube-feeding of neonatal calves with colostrum has been advocated as a way to minimize the risk of failure of passive transfer (fpt) of immunoglobulins. The object of this prospective controlled study was to compare the effects of drenching and traditional feeding by nipple bucket on (among other parameters) immunoglobulin G (lgG) status, weight gain, and disease incidence in neonatal calves up to the age of two weeks.
Association Between Paratuberculosis Milk ELISA Test Result and Milk Production and Breed in Dairy Cows
Authors: Sorge U. , Kelton D. , Jansen J. , Godkin A. , Cantin R.
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease (JD), is suspected to decrease the milk production in dairy cows. The objective of the study was to compare the individual cow's milk production on test day between milk-ELISA, JD-test positive and negative cows and to evaluate the relationship between breed and JD milk test results.
Economical Value of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis Fecal Shedding and Culling Due to Clinical Johne's Disease on Minnesota Dairy Farms
Authors: Raizman E. A. , Fetrow J. , Wells S. J.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (JD) is increasingly recognized as an important disease in dairy cattle in USA and throughout the world. The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS, 1996) has estimated that the annual cost to infected U.S. dairy operations is over $100 per cow in inventory, with higher costs of more than $200 per cow in inventory per year in herds with high infection levels. It is not only that these estimations were performed more than 10 years ago, they were based on serum ELISA test results, which is known to have less sensitivity than bacterial fecal culture and therefore can bias any prevalence estimation. The scientific literature provides limited information about the economical impact of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Map) fecal shedding in dairy cattle on lactation performance. Quantification of the monetary impact of Map fecal shedding or clinical JD on lactation performance is critical to participation by dairy cattle producers in JD control programs, because it enhances the relationship between stage of disease and economic loss. This information will allow dairy producers to make appropriate management decisions within their operations regarding implementation of control measures to decrease herd JD prevalence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economical cost of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Map) fecal shedding prior to calving and of cows that were culled due to clinical Johne's disease (CCJD) during the subsequent lactation.
Strategic Use of a Bolus Containing Calcium Chloride and Calcium Sulfate as a Supplemental Source of Calcium in Periparturient Dairy Cows
Authors: Spain J. N. , Sampson J. D. , Carstensen L. , Jones C. A.
Published: February 2023

The onset of lactation results in a physiologically significant loss of calcium. The loss of blood calcium requires increased mobilization of skeletal stores and a concurrent increase in the absorption of dietary calcium. The inability of the animal to maintain calcium homeostasis can result in hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia can manifest itself as a clinical disease which limits mobility. In less severe cases of hypocalcemia, the animal maintains normal mobility and locomotion, but other muscle functions such as GI tract mobility can be altered. Strategies to enhance the periparturient dairy cow's ability to maintain calcium homeostasis includes limiting total calcium intake, modifying the dietary cation-anion difference, injecting cows with calcium immediately after calving, and/or administering an oral calcium supplement immediately after calving. A project has been designed to investigate the strategic use of a mineral supplement dosed as an oral bolus at calving to increase free ionized calcium immediately post-partum.
Diagnostic Reliability of Pooled Ear-Notch Antigan Capture Immunosorbent Assay Testing for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Persistently Infected Individuals and Economic Determination of Optimum Pool Size
Authors: Funk R. A. , Thomson D. U. , Renter D. G. , White B. J. , Guillossou S.
Published: February 2023

In order to control BVD in cattle, the key component is finding and eliminating persistently infected (Pl) individuals from the herd. Many of the testing methods available are cost-prohibitive to most producers for whole-herd screening. In order to address this, the diagnostic reliability of pooled antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE) was explored as a cost effective alternative.
Assessment of Methodological Quality and Source of Variation in the Magnitude of Vaccine Efficacy
Authors: Burns M. , O'Connor A. M.
Published: February 2023

We conducted a systematic review of available literature evaluating pinkeye (Moraxella bovis) vaccines in calves to evaluate sources of variation in vaccine efficacy associated with pinkeye vaccines. The sources of variation investigated were divided into two groups: methodological study design features and study specific features.
Meta-analysis of the Production Impacts of Monensin in Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Duffield T. F. , Rabiee A. R. , Lean I. J.
Published: February 2023

Monensin increases propionic acid production through effects on rumen microbial populations. Recently, approvals for use on monensin have been obtained in Canada and the United States, while the product has been available for dairy cattle in many other countries such as Mexico, Australia and New Zealand for many years. The impact of monensin on production, especially on milk fat content have been inconsistent. Meta-analysis is a useful tool that can be employed to both summarize effects across studies and to investigate factors explaining potential heterogeneity of response.
Frequency of Pre-partum Negative Energy Balance and Post-partum Subclinical Ketosis and the Cow- and Herd-levels in North East Dairy Herds
Authors: Nydam D. V. , Stokol T. , Overton T. R.
Published: February 2023

Large increases in demands for energy and nutrients occur as dairy cows transition from the last weeks of pregnancy to the first weeks of lactation. If excessive, negative energy balance (NEB) in the pre-partum period and subclinical ketosis (SCK) in the post-partum period may be associated with poor reproductive and milking performance, as well as increased incidence of metabolic (e.g. DA) and infectious diseases (e.g. mastitis). Published research suggests that SCK is the most costly disorder of dairy cows in Ontario. The objective of this study was to measure the occurrence of NEB and SCK in a large sample of progressive dairy herds to determine if there is opportunity for better management of this critical time in a cow's life.
Evaluation of a Modified Surgical Technique to Correct Urine Pooling in Cows
Authors: Prado Tulio M. , Schumacher James , Hayden Shelby S. , Donnell Robert L. , Rohrbach Barton W.
Published: February 2023

Urovagina of cows and horses often results in infertility by inducing necrotizing endometritis. This condition is seen most commonly in old, pluriparous cows and mares with poor vaginal and vestibular conformation. Adverse changes result from numerous pregnancies or from dysfunction of the constrictor vestibuli muscle caused by damage to this muscle during parturition. Cranioventral tipping of the pelvis, the result of numerous pregnancies, or damage to the constrictor vestibuli muscle causes the cranial portion of the vagina to be positioned ventral to the external urethral orifice, leading to collection of urine in the vaginal fornix. Various surgical techniques have been used to create a mucosal extension from the urethral orifice to the labia to correct urovagina in cows, but a fistula often forms in the extension, causing the surgical remedy to fail. The objective of the trial reported here was to determine if the incidence of fistula formation could be decreased by covering submucosal tissue on the floor of the vestibule, exposed by transposing mucosal flaps to create the extension, with a mucosal graft.
Siderophore Receptor and Porin-Based Vaccine For Pre-Harvest Control of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Thornton A. B. , Thomson D. U. , Lechtenberg K. L. , Loneragan G. H.
Published: February 2023

Escherichia coli O157:H7, which is harbored in the intestines of cattle, is a major food borne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic enteritis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Recent data indicate that pre-harvest prevalence in groups of cattle is associated with the subsequent post-harvest contamination of carcasses. Because of this, efforts to reduce carriage of this organism in harvest-ready cattle will likely reduce the number of carcasses that are contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. A novel vaccine that contains siderophore receptors and porin proteins (SRP) was designed to block the passage of iron into the bacterial cell, essentially eliminating its nutrients and reducing further colonization of this pathogenic microorganism. Previous studies have shown that this vaccine significantly reduced fecal shedding and promoted an immune response in 4 month-old mixed breed calves that were orally inoculated with naladixic acid resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7. Further evaluation of the efficacy of this vaccine in feedlot cattle is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the SRP vaccine on the prevalence and shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle.
Campylobacter jejuni in the Alberta Beef Industry
Authors: Hannon S. J. , Allan B. , Waldner C. , Russell M. , Townsend H. , Potter A.
Published: February 2023

Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium known to cause enteritis in people. In Alberta, campylobacteriosis is the most common foodborne disease and the third most common reportable disease after chicken pox and hepatitis C. Poultry are considered to be a primary source of human-pathogenic C. jejuni; however other domestic animals species may be important sources or reservoirs of this bacterium. The purpose of this project was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter species in feedlot cattle feces and retail ground beef in southern Alberta, and to identify C. jejuni isolates for future molecular characterization (DNA microarray).
Comparison of Transmission of Anaplasma marginale Infection using Needle-free and Standard Needle Injection
Authors: Reinbold J. B. , Coetzee J. F. , Hollis L. C. , Ganta R. R.
Published: February 2023

Iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale, associated with livestock management procedures, is a concern for veterinarians and producers worldwide. The purpose of this study was to compare transmission of A. marginale infection from an infected steer to uninfected steers following needle-free versus conventional needle injection.
Impact of Milk Temperature Monitoring on Milk Quality on Ontario Dairy Farms
Authors: Perkins N. , Kelton D. , Leslie K. , Hand K. , MacNaughton G.
Published: February 2023

The Ontario dairy industry takes great pride in providing high quality milk products to the consuming public. Milk and milk products are an important part of the daily diet of most Ontario residents. Bacterial contamination of raw milk has a major negative impact on milk quality. Even though most milk is pasteurized prior to consumption, raw milk is consumed by some farming families and is used to manufacture some food products. Dairy Farmers of Ontario have required installation of Time Temperature Recorder's (TTR's) on all Ontario dairy farms, with the intention of preventing elevated bacteria levels in raw milk under the Canadian Quality Milk Program. The TTR has two sensors, one in the bulk tank that monitors the raw milk temperature and one in the pipeline to monitor wash water temperature during the wash cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of TTR's on the bacterial content of raw milk and the loss of (dumped) bulk tank milk on Ontario dairy farms and to summarize the occurrences of the different TTR alarms.
Comparison of Systemic and Intramammary Dry Cow Treatments
Authors: Contreras G. A. , Guterbock W. M. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

The non-lactating (dry) period is an important time for udder health in that infections can be either acquired or cleared. Intramammary dry cow therapy with antibiotics is routinely used. The inclusion of systemic antibiotics with intramammary therapy in a previous study gave better cures during the dry period. The use of tylosin administered in the dry period has been previously proposed because it is able to penetrate udder tissue. The objective of this study was to compare the use of tylosin in the dry period alone, or in combination with intramammary antibiotics, as compared to the use of intramammary treatment alone.
Cost of Johne's Disease Control Programs on Michigan Dairy Farms
Authors: Pillars R. B. , Kaneene J. B. , Grooms D. L. , Wolfe C. A.
Published: February 2023

The NAHMS Dairy 1996 study estimated that 22% of US dairy herds are infected with Johne's Disease (JD), but other estimates range from 21-93% depending on region and testing method used to identify infected herds. In a recent stratified random survey of dairy farms in Michigan, it was estimated that up to 49% of the state's dairy herds were infected with JD. Anecdotal reports by private practitioners in Michigan suggest this estimate is extremely conservative. Regardless of the estimate, JD is a prevalent disease on many dairy herds resulting in economic losses due mainly to lost production, increased culling, decreased cull value, and increased replacement costs. The literature estimates annual losses due to JD in US dairy herds range from $22-26 per cow across all cattle in an infected herd. Johne's Control programs are commonly recommended, but very little information is available on the cost to implement these programs. The objective of this study was to quantify the costs of JD control programs implemented on dairy herds over time and determine their impact on herd prevalence.
Relationships between the Concentration of Igf-1 in Serum in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation on Reproductive Performance and Milk Yield
Authors: Falkenberg U. , Haertel J. , Jaeschke K. , Iwersen M. , Gremmels H. D. , Heuwieser W.
Published: February 2023

The quality of the transition period determines the lactation of dairy cows and its profitability. In early lactation over 90% of the dairy cows are in a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB has its peak in the first four weeks postpartum and is associated with major alterations in the growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis. The catabolic situation leads to GH resistance of the hepatic tissue because the liver GH receptors are down regulated in dairy cows. The early lactation period in dairy cattle is characterized by elevated blood GH concentrations while insulin is down regulated. A low IGF-1 concentration in serum is the consequence of this metabolic situation. Another result of this metabolic situation is the induction of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the liver. The cause of low fertility in dairy cows is multifactorial. The objective of our study was to describe concentrations of IGF-1 in serum in the postpartum period of multiparous, high yielding, dairy cattle. We evaluated the effect of the concentration of IGF-1 in serum on reproductive performance.
Metabolic Predictors of Post-partum Diseases and Culling Risk in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Seifi H. A. , LeBlanc S. J. , Leslie K. E. , Duffield T. F.
Published: February 2023

The risk of peripartum diseases of dairy cows is mostly influenced by the nutritional and metabolic status of the cow. It is well known that negative energy balance is a problem of early lactation cows arising from milk energy output and relatively low feed intake. A large reduction in energy balance around calving may cause periparturient health disorders of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to identify metabolites and potential cut-points associated with increased risk of subsequent metabolic diseases and culling for practical application in the monitoring of transition cows.
Survey of Virginia and Maryland Dairy Practitioners on the Treatment of Metritis and a Literature Review
Authors: Currin J. F.
Published: February 2023

Metritis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cows. Cases of metritis fall into two categories, toxic (systemic) puperal metritis and acute (non-systemic) puperal metritis. Treatment of metritis by dairy practitioners varies greatly. To gain a better understanding of the current practices for the treatment of metritis in dairy cows a questionnaire on the treatment of metritis was mailed out to practitioners.
Udder Health and Milk Quality as Part of the Veterinary Herd Controlling System
Authors: Martin R. , Dieckmann S. , Mansfeld R.
Published: February 2023

Critical control points (CCP) and control points (CP) as parts of a quality assurance system (QAS) for the control areas "Udder Health" and "Milk Quality" are evaluated and implemented in the Veterinary Herd Controlling System (VHC-System) introduced by MANSFELD et al. (2002).
Reproduction
Authors: Martin R. , Probst M. , Mansfeld R.
Published: February 2023

The Veterinary Herd Controlling System (VHCSystem), introduced by MANSFELD et al. (2002), is a pyramidal, dynamic quality assurance system for dairy herds. It allows optimization of process quality and product related quality. Individual farm goals are pursued through farm specific strategies and target to performance comparison.
Current Data on Dehorning Calves
Authors: Duffield Todd
Published: February 2023

Dehorning calves is a necessary practice that should be conducted as early as possible and with appropriate anesthetic/analgesia. With the possible exception of caustic paste, calves perceive and react to acute pain during dehorning, regardless of method, when no local anesthetic is used. Extensive research has shown that dehorning stimulates both an acute pain response and a delayed inflammatory reaction. These effects have been measured through physiological, behavioural, and pain sensitivity responses. The best method to fully address pain management for dehorning should include both a local cornual nerve block and systemic analgesia, particularly when calves are dehorned at or beyond four weeks of age. Current adoption rates off arm operator's use of local anesthetics and/or systemic analgesia for dehorning are extremely low. Veterinarians are influential in designing dehorning protocols for on-farm use. A routine dehorning service conducted by trained technicians through a veterinary practice is one means of controlling dehorning protocols on-farm.
Perspectives on Animal Welfare from a Dairy Practitioner
Authors: Homan Terry
Published: February 2023

Animal welfare continues to be an important issue in production animal agriculture. The veterinary profession has significant responsibility advocating for the welfare of animals in agriculture and can be an important voice to the consuming public on this issue, provided we maintain our credibility by fulfilling the responsibility our profession has taken.
Caregiver Contribution to Cattle Well-Being
Authors: Noffsinger Tom
Published: February 2023

Cattle caregivers have exciting obligations, responsibilities, and opportunities to contribute to cattle well-being. Shifting caregiver priorities from disease detection to performance enhancement results in new levels of cattle welfare.
The Feedlot
Authors: Speer N. C.
Published: February 2023

The beef industry plays an important role within the American economy mandating special consideration regarding terrorism threats. Deliberate introduction of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) poses the most influential and immediate threat to the industry. Given the lagging nature of identifying an outbreak, the rate of spread of a FMD outbreak would depend on the location of the epicenter(s) of the outbreak(s) and the extent of livestock and human movement out of the infected area(s). However, extended stop-movement orders across important geographical areas could impose serious ramifications upon the beef industry stemming from both direct and indirect economic effects. As such, improvement of security at the feedyard level possesses large upside potential. Ideally, all feedyard operations would operate within completely secure facilities, utilize dedicated and certified supply networks, and possess clearly outlined contingency plans in the event of an emergency. Such investment into basic planning and preventive security measures is critical to preventing potential commerce disruptions in business operations. Terrorism threats are relatively new to agriculture. The looming threat requires the industry to increasingly focus upon food security and requires coalitions across multiple disciplines. Producers at all stages of the production chain need to become increasingly proactive to ensure commerce continuity and avoid catastrophic losses.
Benchmarking Forage Nutrient Composition and Digestibility
Authors: Shaver R. D.
Published: February 2023

Forage quality impacts diet dry matter intake and energy density, lactation performance, supplemental grain and protein needs, cow health and feed costs. Forage quality is highly variable both among and within forage types. Benchmarks for forage quality and variation in composition for selected nutrients and digestibility parameters are summarized herein from Dairy National Research Council (2001) tabular data and results from commercial feed testing labs.
Cytology in Ruminant and Camelid Practice
Authors: Callan Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Cytology is often an overlooked diagnostic modality in food animal medicine. The reasons for this are varied but often revolve around unfamiliarity with the indications, procedures, methods of evaluation, or criteria for interpretation. Diseased tissues tend to respond with specific changes in cell type and architecture. Evaluation of these changes can aid in refining a diagnosis, establishing a prognosis and recommending specific treatment. Collection of cytological samples from both solid tissues and body fluids is a simple, efficient and economical procedure. The methods for collection and preparation of these samples including abdominocentesis, thoracocentesis, pericardiocentesis, tracheal wash aspirates and cerebral spinal fluid are described. Interpretation of cytological and fluid analysis is also discussed.
Cow Calf Practice in the Midwest
Authors: Iliff Ruel "Buzz"
Published: February 2023

I would like to present a case from a few years ago. I have been working with this herd since 1994. It started with 50 cows and is currently at 200 cows arid calve out 40 heifers annually. It is a commercial herd, Angus base and crossed with Gelbvieh to produce Fl females. The herd is well managed, nutrition is top notch and the herd is tracked on cow sense records.
Lung Pathology and Infectious Agents in Fatal Feedlot Pneumonias and Relationship with Animal and Treatment Information
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Blood K. S. , Panciera Roger J. , Payton Mark , Ridpath Julia F. , Saliki J. T. , Burge Lurinda J. , Confer Anthony W. , Welsh R. D. , Johnson Bill J. , Reck Amy
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) occurring in the feedlot represent the major disease entity during the feeding period. Several bacteria, viruses, and Mycoplasma spp are reported as causative agents. Feedlot BRD may occur at various times, although the early disease appearing after arrival and processing often receives the most attention. The diagnostician and clinician are faced with several clinical presentations and agents/lesions in the fatal cases.

The purpose of this study was to chart the fatal pneumonia cases over a one-year period in one Oklahoma feedyard, recording agent identification, observed pathology and animal treatment information. These cattle died either in the sick pen or suddenly in regular feeding pens without treatment. A clinical diagnosis of BRD was assigned to all cases charted. Samples of lung collected at necropsy (fresh and formalin fixed) were submitted for agent identification and histopathology. In the later stages of the study, skin samples were tested for BVDV by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Analysis of the Stability of Rumen pH Measurements Obtained Post-Mortem
Authors: Wileman B. W. , Thomson D. U.
Published: February 2023

Based on this study the use of rumen fluid pH as an ancillary diagnostic in the routine post-mortem examination of feedlot cattle is warranted and accurate for at least six hours post-mortem.
Comparison of Short-Term Health and Performance Effects Related to Prophylactic Administration of Tulathromycin versus Tilmicosin in Long-Hauled, Highly Stressed Beef Stocker Calves
Authors: Nickell J. S. , White B. J. , Larson R. L. , Blasi D. A. , Renter D. G.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease condition in both the stocker and feedlot stages of beef production. This syndrome causes economic loss in the form of treatment costs, loss of growth performance, decreased quality grade, and higher mortality risk. Metaphylactic antimicrobial therapy upon arrival to a feedlot facility has been intensely studied and repeatedly shown to be a cost-effective practice in  many production settings. Two approved metaphylactic drugs, tilmicosin and tulathromycin, are members of the macrolide class of antibiotics. The stocker segment of the beef industry is traditionally a grower phase for young, lightweight calves prior to their entry into a feedlot. However, stocker calves are on feed for a much shorter duration than calves in the finishing period in feedlots. Therefore, maintaining a high level of health and growth performance is imperative. The objective of this research was to determine if health and performance differences were present when comparing a longer-acting (tulathromycin) or shorter-acting (tilmicosin) antimicrobial administered to beef stocker calves at arrival.
Theory of oblique topological insulators
Authors: Moy Benjamin , Goldman Hart , Sohal Ramanjit , Fradkin Eduardo
Published: February 2023

A long-standing problem in the study of topological phases of matter
has been to understand the types of fractional topological insulator
(FTI) phases possible in 3+1 dimensions. Unlike ordinary topological
insulators of free fermions, FTI phases are characterized by fractional
\ThetaΘ-angles,
long-range entanglement, and fractionalization. Starting from a simple
family of \mathbb{Z}_NℤN
lattice gauge theories due to Cardy and Rabinovici, we develop a class
of FTI phases based on the physical mechanism of oblique confinement and
the modern language of generalized global symmetries. We dub these
phases oblique topological insulators. Oblique TIs arise when
dyons—bound states of electric charges and monopoles—condense, leading
to FTI phases characterized by topological order, emergent one-form
symmetries, and gapped boundary states not realizable in 2+1-D alone.
Based on the lattice gauge theory, we present continuum topological
quantum field theories (TQFTs) for oblique TI phases involving
fluctuating one-form and two-form gauge fields. We show explicitly that
these TQFTs capture both the generalized global symmetries and
topological orders seen in the lattice gauge theory. We also demonstrate
that these theories exhibit a universal “generalized magnetoelectric
effect” in the presence of two-form background gauge fields. Moreover,
we characterize the possible boundary topological orders of oblique TIs,
finding a new set of boundary states not studied previously for these
kinds of TQFTs.
SİGORTA ACENTESİNİN MESLEKİ SORUMLULUK SİGORTASI
Authors: KIRATLI Metin
Published: February 2023

Mesleki sorumluluk sigortası, sigortalının malvarlığını üçüncü kişilere karşı olan sorumluluğundan doğan yükümlülüklere karşı korumayı amaçlar. Bu sigorta ile sigortalının sigorta poliçesinde belirtilen mesleki faaliyetinden dolayı hukuki sorumluluğu sigorta edilmiş olur. Mesleki sorumluluk sigortası tazminat yükümlülüğünün yerine getirilmesi, hukuki koruma, ekonomik varlıkların korunması ve likidite sağlanması işlevlerini yerine getirir. Mesleki sorumluluk sigortası, sigortalının mesleki itibarının da zarar görmesini engeller. Mağdurun tazminat taleplerinin güvence altına alınması sigorta acenteliği sektörüne de olumlu etki yapacaktır ve bu açıdan mesleki sorumluluk sigortası itibar koruması işlevi de görmektedir. Mesleki sorumluluk sigortası, sigortalının poliçede belirtilen mesleği icra etmesinden doğan sorumluluğunu, sigorta acentesinin mesleki sorumluluk sigortası ise sigorta acentesinin sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulmasından ve kurulmasına aracılık etmekten doğan mesleki sorumluluğunu kapsar. Bu bağlamda, mesleki faaliyetin kapsamının belirlenmesi özellikle önemlidir. Bu kapsamda hangi tehlikenin maddi olarak meydana geldiği belirlenerek mesleki faaliyetin tespiti yapılabilir. Sigorta Acenteleri Yönetmeliği'nin 11. maddesinde, acentelerin mesleki faaliyetleri nedeniyle sebep olacakları zararlardan sorumlu oldukları ve bu sorumluluğun karşılanması için sigorta veya benzeri teminat istenebileceği hükme bağlanmıştır. Sigorta acentesinin mesleki sorumluluk sigortası ile sigorta acentesinin sigorta sözleşmesinin akdinden ve sigorta sözleşmesine aracılık etmesinden doğan mesleki sorumluluğu sigorta edilmiş olur.
A Statistical Signal Processing Approach to Islanding Detection
Authors: Lima Robson Rosserrani , Cerqueira Augusto Santiago , Ribeiro Paulo Fernando
Published: February 2023

The integration of distributed generation (DG) sources in the electric energy systems may bring new problems that need attention, one of these problems is the occurrence of unintentional islanding. Islanding is a condition in which part of the distribution network is disconnected from the system, and consumer units are still powered by one or more DGs, which can cause damage to equipment and pose risks to the safety of technicians. This paper shows an islanding detection method (IDM) in Power Systems with DG based on statistical signal processing. We used a MathWorks Simulink model of a grid-connected 250 kW photovoltaic (PV) array to simulate the behavior of the three-phase voltage signal in the point of common coupling (PCC) under the nominal operation, islanding condition, and fault condition using different load compositions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to extract the transitory events from the voltage signals, and then we used second-, third-, and fourth-order cumulants to generate features and the best ones were selected using the Fisher’s Discriminant Ratio (FDR). A Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) makes the classification of the events. We found that, for this setup, we can achieve detection rates of 99% for both islanding condition detection and fault occurrence classification, no matter the power mismatch between the load and the DG.
Significance of hydraulic complexity parameters M1 and M2 based on the laboratory and field data
Authors: Bahmanpouri Farhad , Termini Donatella , Barbetta Silvia , Dionigi Marco , Moramarco Tommaso
Published: February 2023

Hydraulic complexity metrics referred to as M1 and M2 play an important role when it comes to the analysis of habitat metrics. In the present paper, the significance of these parameters is analysed by using laboratory data as well as field observations along the Tiber River in Italy. Based on the laboratory data, the estimated parameters allow us to characterise the high/low-velocity areas. Based on field observations, larger magnitudes of M1 are linked to the zones with large changes in cross-sectional flow velocity. Larger magnitudes of M2 are observed at the left bank of the channel for all flow conditions, suggesting locations with larger kinetic energy consumption for aquatic organisms. Overall, the findings of the present research would be of particular interest in quantifying biologically important ﬂow patterns occurring at different spatial scales within different streams and flow conditions.
Microbiological monitoring of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in public drinking water fountains: Pathogenicity factors, antimicrobial resistance and potential health risks
Authors: Santos G. A. C. , Dropa M. , Martone-Rocha S. , Peternella F. A. S. , Veiga Denise P. B. , Razzolini Maria Tereza Pepe
Published: February 2023

The presence of opportunistic bacteria such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) in drinking water poses public health concerns because of its potential to cause human infection and due to its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diversity. This study evaluated the occurrence, virulence markers and AMR of CoNS in 468 drinking water samples from 15 public fountains located in four urban parks of São Paulo city (Brazil). Out of 104 samples positive for the presence of Staphylococcus genus, we detected CoNS in 75 of them (16%), which did not meet the Brazilian sanitary standards for residual chlorine. All isolates were of concern to public health for being responsible for infection in humans from low to high severity, nine of them are considered the most of concern due to 63.6% being multiresistant to antimicrobials. The results demonstrated that CoNS in drinking water must not be neglected. It is concluded that the presence of resistant staphylococci in drinking water is a potential health risk, which urges feasible and quick control measures to protect human health, especially in crowded public places.
The Comparison of Periostin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid among
Patients with Endometrial Cancer and Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Khalajian Azade , Bayani Mojtaba , Nakhostin Afrooz , Abdolalian Fatemeh , Zamani Ashraf
Published: February 2023

Background:

Serum periostin in cancer patients and chronic periodontitis (CP) is the lowest
and could be linked to the association between CP and endometrial cancer (EC). Periostin is a matricellular
protein secreted by fibroblasts associated with cancer and is also secreted in chronic inflammatory
conditions such as CP.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to compare the GCF periostin level among CP, EC, and healthy
people and the evaluation of the plausible role of periostin in this association.

Methods:

This case-control study was conducted on 80 participants including 20 people with both EC
and CP (EC-CP), 20 only CP cases (H-CP), 20 only EC cases (EC-H), and 20 healthy people (H-H).
Then, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) periostin levels for all the participants were measured
through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the data were analyzed using Stata
software version 11.

Results:

The mean value of periostin levels was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001) and
the lowest and highest mean was observed in EC-CP and H-H groups, respectively. The mean of GCF
periostin before treatment in the EC-CP group was 2.14 which was lower than that after treatment;
however, this difference was not significant (p = 0.086). Also, the mean of GCF periostin in the H-CP
group was 3.96 before non-surgical treatment and after treatment it significantly raised to 6.79 (p =
0.049).

Conclusions:

Periostin is a potential biomarker for CP diagnosis in EC patients and also can be used to
prevent CP. However, further studies are required to confirm this role.