bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of nutrient enrichment on the plankton community in enclosed water columns
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Thomas W. H. , Seibert D. , Beers J. R. , Gillespie P. , Bawden C.
Published: January 2012

Low level nutrient enrichment of an enclosed water column caused increases in primary, secondary and tertiary production. In addition, increases in the amount of sediment material, heterotrophic activity and accumulation of major nutrients, nitrate and phosphate, were noted. In contrast, no change was observed in species diversity that could be attributed to nutrient enrichment. The combination of these effects is suggested as a diagnostic approach to examining the early effects of marine eutrophication.
Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Decorated With One Room‐Temperature Red‐Emitting Ruthenium(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal and Optical Properties
Authors: Schulze Marcus , Jäger Michael , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: January 2012

The incorporation of room‐temperature red‐emissive [RuII(dqp)(dqp‐CH2OH)]2+ (dqp is 2,6‐di(quinolin‐8‐yl)pyridine) in poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) is explored following two routes. First, the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone is investigated using the free ligand and the complex as initiators. Alternatively, the complexation strategy utilizing PCL‐dqp as a macroligand is detailed. Both routes yield room‐temperature emissive polymers centered at 400 nm (free ligand) and 680 nm (complex) in aerated solvent. DSC and TGA showed the typical properties of PCL, for example, the melting point (59 °C).
Langevin Dynamics Simulation of Chain Crosslinking into Polymer Networks
Authors: Wu Rongliang , Li Ting , Nies Erik
Published: January 2012

A Langevin dynamics simulation method is presented to create polymer networks. The properties of the network are found to depend on the interactions between segments of the precursor chains, the FJCs, and the excluded volume chains modelled by the repulsive WCA potential. The mean square displacements of the crosslinkers in both networks show scaling behaviors with chain length. The shear modulus depends on the preparation method and is in fair agreement with theory. The method allows the study of supramolecular materials and the effects of crosslinking in combination with, e.g., changes in thermodynamic stability of the reacting mixture or the presence of nanoparticles.

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Photogrammetric survey of dinosaur skeletons
Authors: Wiedemann A. , Suthau T. , Albertz J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. To derive physiological data of dinosaurs, it is necessary to determine the volume and the surface area of this animals. For this purpose, a detailed survey of reconstructed skeletons is required. The skeletons of three dinosaurs in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin and two skeletons in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris have been surveyed using stereo photogrammetry. Two of the Berlin skeletons were also surveyed with the close range laser scanners of the Institut für Navigation of the Universität Stuttgart. Both data acquisition techniques require a geodetic control network as a geometric reference system. The surveying methods used, together with results of mathematical approaches for the determination of the volume and surface of the animals are presented in this paper. Zur Herleitung physiologischer Daten der Dinosaurier ist es erforderlich, zunächst Volumen und Oberfläche ihres Körpers zu bestimmen. Dazu wurde eine detaillierte Vermessung rekonstruierter Skelette durchgeführt. Die Skelette dreier Saurier im Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin und zweier im Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris wurden stereophotogrammetrisch vermessen. Bei zwei der Berliner Skelette wurden zusätzlich die Laserscanner des Instituts für Navigation der Universität Stuttgart eingesetzt. Beide Datenerfassungstechniken benötigen ein Paßpunktfeld als geometrisches Referenzsystem. Die verwendeten Vermessungsmethoden, die mathematischen Ansätze für die Berechnung von Volumina und Oberflächen und die Ergebnisse werden in diesem Aufsatz vorgestellt. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020108
Application of ESR spin label oximetry in food science
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Ting , Yin Jun‐Jie , Lo Y. Martin
Published: January 2012

Lipid oxidation attributed to the presence of oxygen has long been a focal area for food science research due in early years mainly to its broad impact on the quality and shelf stability. The need to effectively strategize interventions to detect and eventually eliminate lipid oxidation in food remains as evidence on nutritional and health implications continue to accumulate. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin label oximetry has been shown capable of detecting dissolved oxygen concentration in both liquid and gaseous phases based on the collision between oxygen and stable free radicals. This review aimed to summarize not just the principles and rationale of ESR spin label oximetry but also the wide spectrum of ESR spin label oximetry applications to date. The feasibility to identify in very early stage oxygen generation and consumption offers a promising tool for controlling lipid oxidation in food and biological systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR methods for beer characterization and quality control
Authors: Rodrigues J. E. , Gil A. M.
Published: January 2012

The use of high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy in the brewing industry is described; most studies having aimed at assessing the composition of beer and its raw materials and correlating it to a variety of quality parameters. First, the application of NMR to the qualitative characterization of beer is reviewed, addressing both targeted and untargeted methods and focusing on both beer extracts and direct beer analysis. A subsequent chapter addresses the NMR studies, which envisage the development of new rapid methods for beer analysis and quality control, such as site‐specific natural fractionation–NMR and multivariate data analysis methods for marker search or rapid compound quantification. Finally, possible future perspectives toward a deeper and more complete understanding of beer and its brewing process are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinically compatible MRI strategies for discriminating bound and pore water in cortical bone
Authors: Horch R. Adam , Gochberg Daniel F. , Nyman Jeffry S. , Does Mark D.
Published: January 2012

Advances in modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences have enabled clinically practical cortical bone imaging. Human cortical bone is known to contain a distribution of T1 and T2 components attributed to bound and pore water, although clinical imaging approaches have yet to discriminate bound from pore water based on their relaxation properties. Herein, two clinically compatible MRI strategies are proposed for selectively imaging either bound or pore water by utilizing differences in their T1s and T2s. The strategies are validated in a population of ex vivo human cortical bones, and estimates obtained for bound and pore water are compared to bone mechanical properties. Results show that the two MRI strategies provide good estimates of bound and pore water that correlate to bone mechanical properties. As such, the strategies for bound and pore water discrimination shown herein should provide diagnostically useful tools for assessing bone fracture risk, once applied to clinical MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative BOLD response of the renal medulla to hyperoxic challenge at 1.5 T and 3.0 T
Authors: Donati Olivio F. , Nanz Daniel , Serra Andreas L. , Boss Andreas
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to gage the magnitude of changes of the apparent renal medullary transverse relaxation time (ΔT2*) induced by inhalation of pure oxygen (O2) or carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) versus baseline breathing of room air. Eight healthy volunteers underwent 2D multi‐gradient echo MR imaging at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Parametrical T2* relaxation time maps were computed and average T2* was measured in regions of interest placed in the renal medulla and cortex. The largest T2* changes were measured in the renal medulla, with a relative ∆T2* of 33.8 ± 22.0% (right medulla) and 34.7 ± 17.6% (left medulla) as compared to room air for oxygen breathing (p > 0.01), and 53.8 ± 23.9% and 53.5 ± 33.9% (p < 0.01) for carbogen breathing, respectively at 3 T. At 1.5 T, the corresponding values were 13.7 ± 18.5% and 24.1 ± 17.1% (p < 0.01) for oxygen breathing and 23.9 ± 17.2% and 38.9 ± 37.6% (p < 0.01) for carbogen breathing. As a result, we showed that renal medullary T2* times responded strongly to inhalation of hyperoxic gases, which may be attributed to the hypoxic condition of the medulla and subsequent reduction in deoxyhemoglobin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Project Manager–Project Owner Interaction Can Work within and Influence Project Risk Management
Authors: Krane Hans Petter , Olsson Nils O. E. , Rolstadås Asbjørn
Published: January 2012

Inherent interest conflicts between a project management team and project owner are often neglected in project risk management. Risk management by the project management team basically focuses on project short-term survival, or project success toward handover to the customer, while for the project owner, strategic success should be more important. To see how this takes place in and influences real projects, seven large projects were studied, and interaction in project risk management between the project owners and project management team was examined for each project. The study revealed that the main focus in the studied projects was on operational risks, even within the project owner's set of high-priority risks.
Avoidant adjustment predicts lower information seeking in people with lung cancer
Authors: Mulcare Hunter , Kashima Yoshihisa , Milgrom Jeannette , Wheeler Greg , Wirth Andrew , Bishop Michelle , Schofield Penelope
Published: January 2012

Background

Few studies have examined the factors that predict information seeking by cancer patients. This study investigated the influence of different styles of adjustment to cancer, information goals and information needs on the information seeking by lung cancer patients.

Method

Lung cancer patients were recruited at their first appointment with their radiation oncologist and completed two questionnaires, one month apart, containing the Patient Information Needs Questionnaire, Mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, the number of information sources accessed and a purpose‐built measure of cancer‐related personal goals.

Results

Fifty‐nine participants completed two questionnaires. The average number of information sources accessed by participants increased over the 1‐month period, from 7.2 to 9.1 sources (p = 0.026). Information goals at time 1 predicted information seeking at time 2 (p = 0.014). Information needs at time 1 did not predict information seeking at time 2 (Disease Orientated information need p = 0.084, Action Orientated information need p = 0.229). Cognitive Avoidance at time 1 was negatively associated with the number of information sources accessed at time 2 (p = 0.046). This relationship became a non‐significant trend (p = 0.066) when baseline information seeking was controlled for. No other adjustment style (at time 1) exhibited a significant relationship with information seeking at time 2.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that information seeking may vary as a function of adjustment to cancer. Consequently, information provision to patients could be more appropriately tailored by attending to how a patient is adjusting to their diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and elevational variation in fruiting phenology of a deciduous oak (Quercus crispula) and its effect on foraging behavior of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Authors: Nakajima Ami , Koike Shinsuke , Masaki Takashi , Shimada Takuya , Kozakai Chinatsu , Nemoto Yui , Yamazaki Koji , Kaji Koichi
Published: January 2012

In habitats with elevational gradients, differences in the fruiting phenology of a single key food resource may affect the feeding behavior of an animal. The objectives of the present study were to assess (1) whether or not fruiting phenology and characteristics of Quercus crispula acorns differed with changes in altitude (900–1,400 m asl) and area; (2) when bears foraged acorns in relation to their phenological development; and (3) where bears engaged in acorn foraging behavior with respect to acorn phenology. No difference in the fruiting phenology of acorns at various altitudes and locations was found, with the exception of changes in color and abscission period. Acorn abscission period occurred later at a site with an elevation of 1,200 m in Tochigi and at another with an elevation of 1,400 m in Gunma, making the available energy of acorns in the tree canopy (AET) greater and available for a longer time period at those two sites. Foraging of acorns by bears was observed at sites of moderate to high altitude between late September and mid‐October. A threshold date when acorns became suitable for foraging by bears could not be identified, as the size and nutritional value of acorns increased continuously. Foraging activity of bears observed at moderate and high altitude sites corresponded with locations where AET was available in greater amounts and for a longer period of time for some sites; however, the small sample size precluded accurate assessment.
Enzymatic Synthesis of an Isopropyl Ester by Alcoholysis of Camellia Oil
Authors: Liu Liping , Qin Xiaoli , Ning Zhengxiang , Wang Yonghua , Yang Bo
Published: January 2012

A camellia oil‐based isopropyl ester (CO‐IPE) was successfully synthesized by enzymatic alcoholysis with camellia oil (CO), and its physiochemical properties were analyzed. Three commercial immobilized lipases (Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435) were screened, and Novozym 435 was the best one. The optimal reaction conditions were achieved at 240 U/g of Novozym 435 loading, a substrate molar ratio of 5:1 (isopropanol/CO), and 24 h of reaction time at 55 °C. Under the above conditions, the content of CO‐IPE was obtained as 89.83%. Purity of CO‐IPE further increased to be 96.95% after separation by rotary evaporation and molecular distillation. The viscosity of the synthesized CO‐IPE showed itself to be about six times lower than that of CO, and the refractive index of the CO‐IPE (1.449) was nearer to 1 in contrast to that of CO. It suggested that CO‐IPE could be more intensively applied in the cosmetic industry.
Overexpression of lalA, a paralog of labA, is capable of affecting both circadian gene expression and cell growth in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942
Authors: Taniguchi Yasuhito , Nishikawa Tomoe , Kondo Takao , Oyama Tokitaka
Published: January 2012

In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, LabA negatively regulates circadian gene expression under the control of Kai‐protein‐based clock. Here we conducted a molecular genetic analysis of lalA, a paralog of labA. Although a lalA loss of function mutant did not exhibit any apparent phenotype under our experimental conditions, lalA overexpression inhibited cell growth and decreased cell viability. Moderate lalA overexpression brought about abnormalities in circadian gene expression: reduced amplitude of kaiBC expression rhythm, and altered peak and trough timing of psbAI and kaiA expression rhythms. These results imply that lalA is capable of affecting circadian gene expression and cell growth.
Effect ofLactobacillus acidophilusNCDC 13 supplementation on the progression of obesity in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Arora Tulika , Anastasovska Jelena , Gibson Glen , Tuohy Kieran , Sharma Raj Kumar , Bell Jimmy , Frost Gary
Published: January 2012

There is an increased interest in investigating the relationship between the gut microbiota and energy homeostasis. Probiotics are health beneficial microbes mainly categorised under the genusLactobacillusandBifidobacterium, which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host, and have been implicated in various physiological functions. The potential role of probiotics in energy homeostasis is a current and an emerging area of research. In the present study,Lactobacillus acidophilusNCDC 13 was used to evaluate its anti-obesity potential in diet-induced obese (C57BL/6) mice. The probiotic bacterial culture was administered in Indian yogurt preparation called ‘dahi’, prepared using native starter cultures, and compared with control dahi containing only dahi starter cultures. The dietary intervention was followed for 8 weeks, and whole-body fat composition, and liver and muscle adiposity were measured using MRI. Changes in gut microbiota were assessed by fluorescentin situhybridisation in faeces and caecal contents. The feeding of the probiotic brought no changes in body-weight gain, food and dahi intake when compared with the control dahi-fed animals. No significant changes in body fat composition, liver and muscle adiposity were also observed. At the end of the dietary intervention, a significant increase (P < 0·05) in the number of totalBifidobacteriumwas observed in both faeces and caecal contents of mice as a result of probiotic dahi administration. Thus,L. acidophilusNCDC 13 supplementation could be beneficial in shifting the gut microbiota balance positively. However, its anti-obesity potential could not be established in the present study and warrants further exploration.
Interplant movement and spatial distribution of alate and apterous morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Homoptera: Aphididae) on lettuce
Authors: Diaz B.M. , Barrios L. , Fereres A.
Published: January 2012

Knowledge on colonization modes and interplant movement of Nasonovia ribisnigri can contribute to the development of optimal control of this pest. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal distribution and the mode of spread between adult morphs of Nasonovia ribisnigri, comparing spring and autumn lettuce protected crops. The spatial and temporal pattern was analyzed using the spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) methodology and other related displacement indices.

The population size of N. ribisnigri was greater in the autumn than in the spring growing seasons due to milder temperatures. The percentage of plants colonized by aphids was higher in spring than in autumn, showing the great dispersal potential of this aphid species independent of their population size. Differential propensity for initial displacement from the central plant was observed between adult morphs in spring, resulting in a greater ability of apterous than alate aphids to spread far away from the source plant. In autumn, both adult morphs showed an initial reduced displacement; however, the number of plants infested (≈20%) with at least one aphid at this initial time (seven days) was similar for both adult morphs and both growing seasons. Analysis of the spatial pattern of both adult morphs revealed a predominantly random distribution for both spring and autumn trials. This pattern was achieved by a prevalent random movement over the area (γ≈0.5). These results highlight the ability of the apterous N. ribisnigri to spread within greenhouse lettuce crops early in the spring, suggesting that detection of the pest by deep visual inspection is required after lettuce emergence.
What we need is theory of human cooperation (and meta-analysis) to bridge the gap between the lab and the wild
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Balliet Daniel P. , IJzerman Hans
Published: January 2012

This commentary seeks to clarify the potential discrepancy between lab-based and field data in the use and effectiveness of punishment to promote cooperation by recommending theory that outlines key differences between the lab and field, such as the shadow of the future and degree of information availability. We also discuss a recent meta-analysis (Balliet et al. 2011) that does not support all conclusions outlined in Guala's target article.
Special human vulnerability to low-cost collective punishment
Authors: Ross Don
Published: January 2012

Guala notes that low-cost punishment is the main mechanism that deters free-riding in small human communities. This mechanism is complemented by unusual human vulnerability to gossip. Defenders of an evolutionary discontinuity supporting human sociality might seize on this as an alternative to enjoyment of moralistic aggression as a special adaptation. However, the more basic adaptation of language likely suffices.
Parasite-stress, cultures of honor, and the emergence of gender bias in purity norms
Authors: Vandello Joseph A. , Hettinger Vanessa E.
Published: January 2012

Of the many far-reaching implications of Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) theory, we focus on the consequences of parasite stress for mating strategies, marriage, and the differing roles and restrictions for men and women. In particular, we explain how examination of cultures of honor can provide a theoretical bridge between effects of parasite stress and disproportionate emphasis on female purity.
Intra-regional assortative sociality may be better explained by social network dynamics rather than pathogen risk avoidance
Authors: Vigil Jacob M. , Coulombe Patrick
Published: January 2012

Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) model is not entirely supported by common patterns of affect behaviors among people who live under varying climatic conditions and among people who endorse varying levels of (Western) religiosity and conservative political ideals. The authors' model is also unable to account for intra-regional heterogeneity in assortative sociality, which, we argue, can be better explained by a framework that emphasizes the differential expression of fundamental social cues for maintaining distinct social network structures.
Assessing possible dynamical effects of condensate in high resolution climate simulations
Authors: Bacmeister J. T. , Lauritzen P. H. , Dai A. , Truesdale J. E.
Published: January 2012

In areas of heavy precipitation, condensed water species can add significant mass to an atmospheric column. This mass can create positive pressure anomalies of up to several hPa at the surface. This pressure is expected to force a divergent component in the low‐level flow that may have an impact on the evolution of the precipitating system. In this study we examine results from a cloud resolving model simulation of tropical convection to estimate the pressure induced by condensates. A simple parameterization of this condensate loading as a function of surface rain rate is derived and implemented in the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Our results suggest that at horizontal resolutions of 25 km condensate loading is an important factor in controlling the frequency of intense rain rates in the model.
Hall magnetohydrodynamic effects for three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection with finite width along the direction of the current
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Nakamura R. , Alexandrova A. , Kubota Y. , Nagai T.
Published: January 2012

We performed three‐dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetic reconnection with finite width along the direction perpendicular to the antiparallel magnetic field (i.e., the direction of the electric current). Previous similar simulations including the Hall term have shown that the localized reconnection region itself can broaden in the anticurrent direction when the initial current is carried only by electrons. However, there is still no clear understanding of the behavior of the reconnection region in the presence of the initial ion current as in the Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet since no simulations have been carried out under such situations. In this study, we performed a systematic parametric survey considering the cases in which the initial current is carried not only by electrons but also by ions and found that the speed and direction of the current‐aligned broadening of the reconnection region are almost equal to those of background ion and electron flows that carry the current. This result means that location and size of the localized reconnection region vary with time, depending on plasma conditions in the background current sheet in Hall MHD regime. The rate of the localized reconnection can reach close to the value in the two‐dimensional case, even when reconnection starts in an extremely narrow region with its current‐aligned width equal to an ion inertial length. The localized reconnection process also produces the asymmetry of the current‐aligned structure of the reconnection jet. These results can explain various observational features related to magnetic reconnection in the near‐Earth magnetotail.
Quality assessment of a satellite altimetry data product in the Nordic, Barents, and Kara seas
Authors: Volkov Denis L. , Pujol M.‐Isabelle
Published: January 2012

Satellite altimetry provides high‐quality sea surface height data that have been successfully used to study the variability of sea level and surface geostrophic circulation at different spatial and temporal scales. However, the high‐latitude regions have traditionally been avoided due to the persistent sea ice cover. Most of the validation studies have focused on the areas below the polar circles. In this paper we examine the quality and performance of a gridded satellite altimetry product in the Nordic, Barents, and Kara seas. The altimetric sea level in coastal areas is validated using available tide gauge records. We show that at most locations in the Nordic seas the altimetry and tide gauge measurements are in a good agreement in terms of the root‐mean square differences and the amplitudes and phases of the seasonal cycle. The agreement deteriorates in the shallow areas of the Barents and Kara seas subject to the seasonal presence of sea ice, and where the altimetry data are contaminated by the residual aliasing of unresolved high‐frequency signals. The comparison of linear trends at the locations of tide gauges reveals discrepancies that need to be taken into account when interpreting long‐term changes of sea level in the region. Away from the coast the altimetry data are compared to drifter trajectories, corrected for Ekman currents. The drifter trajectories are found consistent with the mesoscale variability of the altimetric sea level. This study provides the first comprehensive validation of a gridded satellite altimetry data product in the high‐latitude seas.
Stratospheric influence on tropospheric climate change in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Karpechko Alexey Y. , Manzini Elisa
Published: January 2012

The role of the stratosphere in tropospheric climate response to increased concentrations of the greenhouse gases during Northern Hemisphere winter is addressed by performing and analyzing a set of simulations with the atmosphere general circulation model ECHAM5. Attention is paid to the difference in the response to doubled CO2 concentration and associated sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration anomaly between a low‐top and a stratosphere‐resolving model version. We find a larger decrease of the Arctic sea level pressure in late winter in the low‐top model when compared to the stratosphere‐resolving one. Such dependence of the response on the representation of the stratosphere is consistent with previous multimodel results, indicating that the difference is likely robust across different models. The different response of the tropospheric circulation may have important climatic consequences; for example, we demonstrate a different precipitation response over Europe in these experiments. The different tropospheric response is shown to originate from different response in the polar stratosphere which is attributable to a stronger Brewer‐Dobson circulation response in the stratosphere‐resolving model. A decomposition of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation response to contributions from resolved and parameterized processes show that both contribute toward the stronger downwelling response in the polar stratosphere in the stratosphere‐resolving model. Additional sensitivity experiments reveal that the magnitude of the Arctic sea level pressure response, but not the difference between the stratosphere‐resolving and low‐top model responses, depends on the magnitude of SST anomaly in the tropical Pacific.
CryB from Rhodobacter sphaeroides: a unique class of cryptochromes with new cofactors
Authors: Geisselbrecht Yann , Frühwirth Sebastian , Schroeder Claudia , Pierik Antonio J , Klug Gabriele , Essen Lars‐Oliver
Published: January 2012

Cryptochromes and photolyases are structurally related but have different biological functions in signalling and DNA repair. Proteobacteria and cyanobacteria harbour a new class of cryptochromes, called CryPro. We have solved the 2.7 Å structure of one of its members, cryptochrome B from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which is a regulator of photosynthesis gene expression. The structure reveals that, in addition to the photolyase‐like fold, CryB contains two cofactors only conserved in the CryPro subfamily: 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityl‐lumazine in the antenna‐binding domain and a [4Fe‐4S] cluster within the catalytic domain. The latter closely resembles the iron–sulphur cluster harbouring the large primase subunit PriL, indicating that PriL is evolutionarily related to the CryPro class of cryptochromes.
Epicutaneous immunization with DNP‐BSA induces CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells that inhibit Tc1‐mediated CS
Authors: Majewska‐Szczepanik Monika , Zemelka‐Wiącek Magdalena , Ptak Włodzimierz , Wen Li , Szczepanik Marian
Published: January 2012

As we have shown previously that protein antigen applied epicutaneously (EC) in mice inhibits TNP‐specific Th1‐mediated contact sensitivity (CS), we postulated that the maneuver of EC immunization might also suppress Tc1‐dependent CS response. Here we showed that EC immunization of normal mice with 2,4‐dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP‐BSA) applied on the skin in the form of a patch induces a state of subsequent unresponsiveness due to regulatory T cells (Treg) that inhibited sensitization and elicitation of effector T‐cell responses. Suppression is transferable in vivo by TCRαβ+ CD4+ CD25+ lymphocytes harvested from lymph nodes (LNs) of skin‐patched animals. Flow cytometry revealed that EC immunization with DNP‐BSA increased TCRαβ+ CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ lymphocytes in subcutaneous LNs, suggesting that observed suppression was mediated by Treg cells. Further, in vitro experiments showed that EC immunization with DNP‐BSA prior to 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzen sensitization suppressed LN cell proliferation and inhibited production of TNF‐α, IL‐12 and IFN‐γ. Using a transwell system or anti‐CTLA‐4 mAb, we found that EC induced suppression required direct Treg–effector cell contact and is CTLA‐4‐dependent.
A Novel Technique for Attaining Maxillomandibular Fixation in the Edentulous Mandible Fracture
Authors: Knotts Christopher , Workman Meredith , Sawan Kamal , El Amm Christian
Published: January 2012

Edentulous mandible fractures present a unique and challenging surgical problem, particularly because of lack of occlusive dental surfaces to capitalize upon maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). We present a novel technique to achieve MMF using rigid plates spanning the oral cavity to fixate the maxilla to the mandible. The process is rapid and allows stability using the established principles of rigidity, external fixation, and osteosynthesis. This technique allows for a faster MMF than with a Gunning splint and allows for easier oral hygiene. An illustrative case and pre- and postoperative imaging are provided.
Computer-Aided Design and Rapid Prototyping–Assisted Contouring of Costal Cartilage Graft for Facial Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Lee Shu Jin , Lee Heow Pueh , Tse Kwong Ming , Cheong Ee Cherk , Lim Siak Piang
Published: January 2012

Complex 3-D defects of the facial skeleton are difficult to reconstruct with freehand carving of autogenous bone grafts. Onlay bone grafts are hard to carve and are associated with imprecise graft-bone interface contact and bony resorption. Autologous cartilage is well established in ear reconstruction as it is easy to carve and is associated with minimal resorption. In the present study, we aimed to reconstruct the hypoplastic orbitozygomatic region in a patient with left hemifacial microsomia using computer-aided design and rapid prototyping to facilitate costal cartilage carving and grafting. A three-step process of (1) 3-D reconstruction of the computed tomographic image, (2) mirroring the facial skeleton, and (3) modeling and rapid prototyping of the left orbitozygomaticomalar region and reconstruction template was performed. The template aided in donor site selection and extracorporeal contouring of the rib cartilage graft to allow for an accurate fit of the graft to the bony model prior to final fixation in the patient. We are able to refine the existing computer-aided design and rapid prototyping methods to allow for extracorporeal contouring of grafts and present rib cartilage as a good alternative to bone for autologous reconstruction.
Room-temperature single molecular memory
Authors: Kano Shinya , Yamada Yasuyuki , Tanaka Kentaro , Majima Yutaka
Published: January 2012

Single molecular memory operation was observed on a porphyrin derivative by scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature. A porphyrin derivative with four disulfide groups was chemically synthesized and chemisorbed on a Au(111) surface. Coulomb blockade behaviors and switching behaviors in current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were observed on a single porphyrin derivative by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Based on the switching behaviors, the memory operation of electrical conductance in the porphyrin derivative was demonstrated by applying a programmed pulse sequence with an on/off ratio of 2.9 at room temperature.
The electric double layer structure around charged spherical interfaces
Authors: Yao Zhenwei , Bowick Mark J. , Ma Xu
Published: January 2012

We derive a formally simple approximate analytical solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the spherical system via a geometric mapping. Its regime of applicability in the parameter space of the spherical radius and the surface potential is determined, and its superiority over the linearized solution is demonstrated.
Growth and photoluminescence of self-catalyzed GaP/GaNP core/shell nanowires on Si(111) by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Kuang Y. J. , Sukrittanon S. , Li H. , Tu C. W.
Published: January 2012

We report a study on self-catalyzed GaP/GaNP core/shell nanowires (NWs) grown on Si(111) by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Scanning electron microscopy images show that vertical and uniform GaP NWs and GaP/GaNP core/shell NWs are grown on Si(111). The density ranges from ∼1 × 107 to ∼5 × 108 cm−2 across the substrate. Typical diameters are ∼110 nm for GaP NWs and ∼220 nm for GaP/GaNP NWs. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) signal from the GaP/GaNP core/shell NWs confirms that N is incorporated in the shell and the average N content is ∼0.9%. The PL low-energy tail is significantly reduced, compared to bulk GaNP.
Constant connections: piloting a mobile phone-based peer support program for Nuer (southern Sudanese) women
Authors: Wollersheim Dennis , Koh Lee , Walker Rae , Liamputtong Pranee
Published: January 2012

Refugee women have poor psychosocial health as a result of past trauma and difficulties associated with settlement. This study was a pilot to find out how to use mobile phone-based peer support to improve the psychosocial health of, and facilitate settlement in a group of nine Nuer refugee women in Melbourne, Australia. Nine participants recruited by a community leader received peer support training over two five-week periods. They were further provided with mobile phone recharge vouchers to call one another to practice peer support techniques. The fifth and final sessions were focus groups to evaluate the intervention. Notes from the focus groups were thematically analysed. The women reported greater confidence and empowerment as they received more support, had better connections within the group and better access to information. Relationships with friends, family and the community became richer as they adopted and experienced more functional communication patterns. Using mobile phones for peer support helped to re-create community by bridging the geographical distance that separates refugee women. It allowed the women, from similar backgrounds and with similar experiences, to provide mutual support and exchange information through a verbal channel, the form of communication they are most comfortable with. The program demonstrates the positive psychosocial effect of peer support in a refugee community, and provides a viable model for using mobile phones in health promotion interventions. The successful outcomes, as perceived by the participants, are indicative of the potential of using technology to bridge health inequities in a marginalised group.
Daily bursts of biogenic cyanogen bromide (BrCN) control biofilm formation around a marine benthic diatom
Authors: Vanelslander Bart , Paul Carsten , Grueneberg Jan , Prince Emily K. , Gillard Jeroen , Sabbe Koen , Pohnert Georg , Vyverman Wim
Published: January 2012

The spatial organization of biofilms is strongly regulated by chemical cues released by settling organisms. However, the exact nature of these interactions and the repertoire of chemical cues and signals that micro-organisms produce and exude in response to the presence of competitors remain largely unexplored. Biofilms dominated by microalgae often show remarkable, yet unexplained fine-scale patchy variation in species composition. Because this occurs even in absence of abiotic heterogeneity, antagonistic interactions might play a key role. Here we show that a marine benthic diatom produces chemical cues that cause chloroplast bleaching, a reduced photosynthetic efficiency, growth inhibition and massive cell death in naturally co-occurring competing microalgae. Using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS, we demonstrate that this diatom exudes a diverse mixture of volatile iodinated and brominated metabolites including the natural product cyanogen bromide (BrCN), which exhibits pronounced allelopathic activity. Toxin production is light-dependent with a short BrCN burst after sunrise. BrCN acts as a short-term signal, leading to daily “cleaning” events around the algae. We show that allelopathic effects are H
2
O
2
dependent and link BrCN production to haloperoxidase activity. This strategy is a highly effective means of biofilm control and may provide an explanation for the poorly understood role of volatile halocarbons from marine algae, which contribute significantly to the atmospheric halocarbon budget.
Decreased osteoclastogenesis in serotonin-deficient mice
Authors: Chabbi-Achengli Yasmine , Coudert Amélie E. , Callebert Jacques , Geoffroy Valérie , Côté Francine , Collet Corinne , de Vernejoul Marie-Christine
Published: January 2012

Peripheral serotonin, synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH
1
), has been shown to play a key role in several physiological functions. Recently, controversy has emerged about whether peripheral serotonin has any effect on bone density and remodeling.We therefore decided to investigate in detail bone remodeling in growing and mature TPH
1
knockout mice (TPH
1
−/−
). Bone resorption in TPH
1
−/−
mice, as assessed by biochemical markers and bone histomorphometry, was markedly decreased at both ages. Using bone marrow transplantation, we present evidence that the decrease in bone resorption in TPH
1
−/−
mice is cell-autonomous. Cultures from TPH
1
−/−
in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator for NF-KB ligand (RANKL) displayed fewer osteoclasts, and the decreased differentiation could be rescued by adding serotonin. Our data also provide evidence that in the presence of RANKL, osteoclast precursors express TPH
1
and synthesize serotonin. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of serotonin receptor 1B with SB224289, and of receptor 2A with ketanserin, also reduced the number of osteoclasts. Our findings reveal that serotonin has an important local action in bone, as it can amplify the effect of RANKL on osteoclastogenesis.
Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 regulates histone 3 lysine 27 methylation during bovine preimplantation development
Authors: Canovas Sebastian , Cibelli Jose B. , Ross Pablo J.
Published: January 2012

Understanding the mechanisms of epigenetic remodeling that follow fertilization is a fundamental step toward understanding the bases of early embryonic development and pluripotency. Extensive and dynamic chromatin remodeling is observed after fertilization, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. These changes underlie the transition from gametic to embryonic chromatin and are thought to facilitate embryonic genome activation. In particular, trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is associated with gene-specific transcription repression. Global levels of this epigenetic mark are high in oocyte chromatin and decrease to minimal levels at the time of embryonic genome activation. We provide evidence that the decrease in H3K27me3 observed during early development is cell-cycle independent, suggesting an active mechanism for removal of this epigenetic mark. Among H3K27me3-specific demethylases, Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3), but not ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat X (UTX), present high transcript levels in oocytes. Soon after fertilization JMJD3 protein levels increase, concurrent with a decrease in mRNA levels. This pattern of expression suggests maternal inheritance of JMJD3. Knockdown ofJMJD3by siRNA injection in parthenogenetically activated metaphase II oocytes resulted in inhibition of the H3K27me3 decrease normally observed in preimplantation embryos. Moreover, knockdown ofJMJD3in oocytes reduced the rate of blastocyst development. Overall, these results indicate that JMJD3 is involved in active demethylation of H3K27me3 during early embryo development and that this mark plays an important role during the progression of embryos to blastocysts.
The maximum rate of mammal evolution
Authors: Evans Alistair R. , Jones David , Boyer Alison G. , Brown James H. , Costa Daniel P. , Ernest S. K. Morgan , Fitzgerald Erich M. G. , Fortelius Mikael , Gittleman John L. , Hamilton Marcus J. , Harding Larisa E. , Lintulaakso Kari , Lyons S. Kathleen , Okie Jordan G. , Saarinen Juha J. , Sibly Richard M. , Smith Felisa A. , Stephens Patrick R. , Theodor Jessica M. , Uhen Mark D.
Published: January 2012

How fast can a mammal evolve from the size of a mouse to the size of an elephant? Achieving such a large transformation calls for major biological reorganization. Thus, the speed at which this occurs has important implications for extensive faunal changes, including adaptive radiations and recovery from mass extinctions. To quantify the pace of large-scale evolution we developed a metric, clade maximum rate, which represents the maximum evolutionary rate of a trait within a clade. We applied this metric to body mass evolution in mammals over the last 70 million years, during which multiple large evolutionary transitions occurred in oceans and on continents and islands. Our computations suggest that it took a minimum of 1.6, 5.1, and 10 million generations for terrestrial mammal mass to increase 100-, and 1,000-, and 5,000-fold, respectively. Values for whales were down to half the length (i.e., 1.1, 3, and 5 million generations), perhaps due to the reduced mechanical constraints of living in an aquatic environment. When differences in generation time are considered, we find an exponential increase in maximum mammal body mass during the 35 million years following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event. Our results also indicate a basic asymmetry in macroevolution: very large decreases (such as extreme insular dwarfism) can happen at more than 10 times the rate of increases. Our findings allow more rigorous comparisons of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns and processes.
The flexible semantic integration of gestures and words
Authors: Gerwing Jennifer , Allison Meredith
Published: January 2012

One measure of the communicative function of gestures is to test how speakers’ gestures are influenced by whether an addressee can see them or not, that is, by manipulating visibility between participants. We question traditional dependent variables (i.e., rate measures), suggesting that they may have been insufficient for capturing essential differences in the gestures speakers use in each condition. We propose that investigating the qualitative features of gestures is a more nuanced, and ultimately more informative approach. We examined how speakers distributed information between their gestures and words, testing whether this distribution was affected by the visibility of their addressee. Twenty pairs of undergraduates took part in conversations that were either face to face (n = 10) or on the telephone (n = 10). Each speaker described a drawing of an elaborate dress to the addressee. We used a semantic feature analysis to analyze descriptions of the dress’ skirt and assessed when words or gestures contributed information about five categories pertaining to features of the skirt’s unusual shape. Although speakers’ rates of gesturing and number of words did not vary significantly between conditions, speakers contributed more information and conveyed more categories in their gestures when the addressee would see them, while words carried the informational burden when addressees would not see the gestures (p’s < .001). These results suggest that gestures serve a communicative function. The semantic feature analysis is thus an example of how to explore gestures’ qualitative features within a quantitative paradigm.
The cytoskeletal adapter protein 4.1G organizes the internodes in peripheral myelinated nerves
Authors: Ivanovic Aleksandra , Horresh Ido , Golan Neev , Spiegel Ivo , Sabanay Helena , Frechter Shahar , Ohno Shinichi , Terada Nobuo , Möbius Wiebke , Rosenbluth Jack , Brose Nils , Peles Elior
Published: January 2012

Myelinating Schwann cells regulate the localization of ion channels on the surface of the axons they ensheath. This function depends on adhesion complexes that are positioned at specific membrane domains along the myelin unit. Here we show that the precise localization of internodal proteins depends on the expression of the cytoskeletal adapter protein 4.1G in Schwann cells. Deletion of 4.1G in mice resulted in aberrant distribution of both glial adhesion molecules and axonal proteins that were present along the internodes. In wild-type nerves, juxtaparanodal proteins (i.e., Kv1 channels, Caspr2, and TAG-1) were concentrated throughout the internodes in a double strand that flanked paranodal junction components (i.e., Caspr, contactin, and NF155), and apposes the inner mesaxon of the myelin sheath. In contrast, in 4.1G−/− mice, these proteins “piled up” at the juxtaparanodal region or aggregated along the internodes. These findings suggest that protein 4.1G contributes to the organization of the internodal axolemma by targeting and/or maintaining glial transmembrane proteins along the axoglial interface.