bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Codon based co-occurrence network motifs in human mitochondria
Authors: Shinde Pramod , Sarkar Camellia , Jalan Sarika
Published: February 2018

The nucleotide polymorphism in the human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) tolled by codon position bias plays an indispensable role in human population dispersion and expansion. Herein, genome-wide nucleotide co-occurrence networks were constructed using data comprised of five different geographical regions and around 3000 samples for each region. We developed a powerful network model to describe complex mitochondrial evolutionary patterns among codon and non-codon positions. We found evidence that the evolution of human mitochondria DNA is dominated by adaptive forces, particularly mutation and selection, which was supported by many previous studies. The diversity observed in the mtDNA was compared with mutations, co-occurring mutations, network motifs considering codon positions as causing agent. This comparison showed that long-range nucleotide co-occurrences have a large effect on genomic diversity. Most notably, codon motifs apparently underpinned the preferences among codon positions for co-evolution which is probably highly biased during the origin of the genetic code. Our analysis also showed that variable nucleotide positions of different human sub-populations implemented the independent mtDNA evolution to its geographical dispensation. Ergo, this study has provided both a network framework and a codon glance to investigate co-occurring genomic variations that are critical in underlying complex mitochondrial evolution.
The Mechanisms of Bushen-Yizhi Formula as a Therapeutic Agent against Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Cai Haobin , Luo Yunxia , Yan Xin , Ding Peng , Huang Yujie , Fang Shuhuan , Zhang Rong , Chen Yunbo , Guo Zhouke , Fang Jiansong , Wang Qi , Xu Jun
Published: February 2018

Bushen-Yizhi prescription (BSYZ) has been an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for hundreds of years. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, a systems pharmacology approach was developed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of BSYZ in treating AD. First, we obtained 329 candidate compounds of BSYZ by in silico ADME/T filter analysis and 138 AD-related targets were predicted by our in-house WEGA algorithm via mapping predicted targets into AD-related proteins. In addition, we elucidated the mechanisms of BSYZ action on AD through multiple network analysis, including compound-target network analysis and target-function network analysis. Furthermore, several modules regulated by BSYZ were incorporated into AD-related pathways to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of this prescription in AD treatment. Finally, further verification experiments also demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BSYZ on cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, which was possibly via regulating amyloid-β metabolism and suppressing neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, we provide an integrative systems pharmacology approach to illustrate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of BSYZ formula action on AD.
Protection from experimental cerebral malaria with a single intravenous or subcutaneous whole-parasite immunization
Authors: Heiss Kirsten , Maier Marion Irmgard , Hoffmann Angelika , Frank Roland , Bendszus Martin , Mueller Ann-Kristin , Pfeil Johannes
Published: February 2018

Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening complication ofPlasmodiainfection and a major cause of child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. We report that protection from experimental cerebral malaria in the rodent model is obtained by a single intravenous or subcutaneous whole-parasite immunization. Whole-parasite immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites was equally protective as immunization with non-attenuated sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis. Both immunization regimens delayed the development of blood-stage parasites, but differences in cellular and humoral immune mechanisms were observed. Single-dose whole-parasite vaccination might serve as a relatively simple and feasible immunization approach to prevent life-threatening cerebral malaria.
Retraction Note: Hacking on decoy-state quantum key distribution system with partial phase randomization
Authors: Sun Shi-Hai , Jiang Mu-Sheng , Ma Xiang-Chun , Li Chun-Yan , Liang Lin-Mei
Published: February 2018

Correction to: Scientific Reports 4: Article number: 4759; published online: 23 April 2014; updated: 09 February 2018. The authors of the study request that this Article be retracted. The authors identified an error in the Matlab code used to generate Figure 3 and Figure 4 of the Article. Although the formulas described in the Article are correct, the mistake in the code led to incorrect estimation of the final key rate when Eve is present.
Self-assembly of singlet-emitting double-helical silver dimers: the curious coordination chemistry and fluorescence of bisquinolylpyridone
Authors: Farrow Charlotte M. A. , Akien Geoffrey R. , Halcovitch Nathan R. , Platts James A. , Coogan M. P.
Published: February 2018

The previously unreported ligand 2,6-bis(2-quinolyl)-4(1H)-pyridone spontaneously assembles into double helical dimers with Ag+ – its fluorescence is BLUESHIFTED upon complexation.
An intramolecular ortho-assisted activation of the silicon–hydrogen bond in arylsilanes: an experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Durka Krzysztof , Urban Mateusz , Czub Maja , Dąbrowski Marek , Tomaszewski Patryk , Luliński Sergiusz
Published: February 2018

An intramolecular activation of the Si–H bond in arylsilanes by selected ortho-assisting functional groups based on boron, carbon and phosphorus was investigated experimentally and by means of theoretical calculations.
Rapid removal and recovery of emulsified oil from ASP produced water using in situ formed magnesium hydroxide
Authors: Dong Wenjing , Sun Dejun , Li Yujiang , Wu Tao
Published: February 2018

In situ formed magnesium hydroxide (IFM) can be used as a promising technology for emulsified oil removal and recovery.
Can coconut oil and treadmill exercise during the critical period of brain development ameliorate stress-related effects on anxiety-like behavior and episodic-like memory in young rats?
Authors: da Silva Débora de Cássia , Tavares Maryane Gabriela , do Nascimento Camila Karina Brito , Lira Eduardo Carvalho , dos Santos Ângela Amâncio , Maia Luciana Maria Silva de Seixas , Batista-de-Oliveira Hornsby Manuella
Published: February 2018

Virgin coconut oil (CO) and treadmill exercise have been reported to improve memory performance in young rats.
EGCG evokes Nrf2 nuclear translocation and dampens PTP1B expression to ameliorate metabolic misalignment under insulin resistance condition
Authors: Mi Yashi , Zhang Wentong , Tian Haoyu , Li Runnan , Huang Shuxian , Li Xingyu , Qi Guoyuan , Liu Xuebo
Published: February 2018

As a major nutraceutical component of green tea (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has attracted interest from scientists due to its well-documented antioxidant and antiobesity bioactivities.
Insights into the formation mechanism of two-dimensional lead halide nanostructures
Authors: Klein Eugen , Lesyuk Rostyslav , Klinke Christian
Published: February 2018

We present a colloidal synthesis strategy for lead halide nanosheets with a thickness of far below 100 nm.
Mechanical tests, wear simulation and wear particle analysis of carbon-based nanomultilayer coatings on Ti6Al4V alloys as hip prostheses
Authors: Li Ji , Wang Ketao , Li Zhongli , Tu J. P. , Jin Gong , Su Jian , Zhai Bao
Published: February 2018

Carbon-based nanomultilayer coatings were deposited on medical-grade Ti6Al4V alloy using a magnetron sputtering technique under a graded bias voltage.
Development of a bio-electrospray system for cell and non-viral gene delivery
Authors: Lee Myung Chul , Seonwoo Hoon , Garg Pankaj , Jang Kyoung Je , Pandey Shambhavi , Kim Hong Bae , Park Sang Bae , Ku Jong Beom , Kim Jang Ho , Lim Ki Taek , Chung Jong Hoon
Published: February 2018

The NVG-BES system facilitated to introduce DNA to cells and delivered cells to a target simultaneously. In this method, a cationic polymer was used as non-viral carrier with electric force by bio-electrospray (BES) system to electrospray living cells onto a target.
Synthesis of Zn–Fe double metal cyanide complexes with imidazolium-based ionic liquid cocatalysts via ball milling for copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide
Authors: Shi Jia , Shi Zaifeng , Yan Huiqiong , Wang Xianghui , Zhang Xiaopeng , Lin Qiang , Zhu Linhua
Published: February 2018

Zn–Fe DMC complexes with imidazolium-based ionic liquid cocatalysts were prepared by a clean and efficient ball milling process for the copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide.
N doped carbon coated V2O5nanobelt arrays growing on carbon cloth toward enhanced performance cathodes for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wu Lijun , Zhang Yu , Li Bingjiang , Wang Pengxiang , Fan Lishuang , Zhang Naiqing , Sun Kening
Published: February 2018

Highly flexible, binder-free cathodes for lithium ion batteries were fabricated by utilizing N doped carbon to coat V2O5(V2O5@N-C) nanobelt arrays growing on carbon cloth.
ppb level detection of NO2 using a WO3 thin film-based sensor: material optimization, device fabrication and packaging
Authors: Prajapati Chandra Shekhar , Bhat Navakanta
Published: February 2018

In this study, we have investigated the thickness-dependent nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing characteristics of a reactive-ion magnetron sputtered tungsten trioxide (WO3) film, followed by morphological and electrical characterizations.
Ion distribution in dry polyelectrolyte multilayers: a neutron reflectometry study
Authors: Ghoussoub Yara E. , Zerball Maximilian , Fares Hadi M. , Ankner John F. , von Klitzing Regine , Schlenoff Joseph B.
Published: February 2018

Counterions were found to be uniformly distributed in polycation-terminated films of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and poly(styrenesulfonate) prepared on silicon wafers using layer-by-layer adsorption.
Stable coordination complexes of α-diimines with Nb(v) and Ta(v) halides
Authors: Bartalucci Niccolò , Bortoluzzi Marco , Pampaloni Guido , Pinzino Calogero , Zacchini Stefano , Marchetti Fabio
Published: February 2018

Uncommon coordination compounds of high valent transition metal halides with N-aryl α-diimines have been obtained, without the need for reducing agents to quench the activation power of the metal centre.
Diazonium-functionalized thin films from the spontaneous reaction of p-phenylenebis(diazonium) salts
Authors: Marshall Nicholas , Rodriguez Andres , Crittenden Scott
Published: February 2018

We present a surface functionalization procedure based on diazonium-functionalized thin films produced by spontaneous surface grafting of p-phenylene-bis(diazonium) cation.
Bulk polymer nanocomposites with preparation protocol governed nanostructure: the origin and properties of aggregates and polymer bound clusters
Authors: Lepcio Petr , Ondreas Frantisek , Zarybnicka Klara , Zboncak Marek , Caha Ondrej , Jancar Josef
Published: February 2018

Qualitative differences between nanoparticle aggregates and chain bound clusters and the structural impact on properties of adsorbing solution blended polymer nanocomposites.
Optimal sizing of wind–PV‐based DC microgrid for telecom power supply in remote areas
Authors: Kaur Rajvir , Krishnasamy Vijayakumar , Kandasamy Nandha Kumar
Published: February 2018

New telecommunication towers are installed in remote/rural areas to facilitate the increasing connectivity worldwide. With concerns over environmental issues, such towers are to be environmentally friendly. Conventionally, diesel generator supply power to towers in remote/rural areas, which leads to carbon emission. Also, the operation of diesel generator entails considerable operating cost (fuel and maintenance costs). Thus, a wind‐photovoltaic (PV) based DC microgrid is proposed for supplying power to telecommunication towers in remote/rural areas ensuring reliable, economical, and green power supply. Therefore, techno‐economic analysis is carried out here to determine the feasibility and cost of electricity (COE) per unit of the proposed DC microgrid. A non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is implemented to solve the multi‐objective optimal sizing problem to achieve a trade‐off between the cost and the reliability. Hourly solar irradiation and wind speed data is used for long‐term analysis equivalent to the lifespan of the battery. Further, de‐rating factor and maximum power point tracking factor are considered while modelling the renewable resources. The loss of power supply probability, excess energy, and COE are calculated and different scenarios are studied to examine the techno‐economic feasibility of the proposed DC microgrid.
The ionizing source of the bipolar HII region S106: A close massive binary
Authors: Comerón F. , Schneider N. , Djupvik A. A. , Schnugg C.
Published: February 2018

Context. S106, one of the best known bipolar HII regions, has been thoroughly studied and modeled at infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter wavelengths. This region is one of the nearest examples of the late stages of massive star formation, in which the newly formed star that ionizes it is still surrounded by vast amounts of gas and dust. However, little is known about the heavily obscured central source of this region, S106IR.

Aims. We investigate the possible binarity of the central source is investigated; this binarity is considered to be likely given the high binarity fraction among massive stars.

Methods. We have carried out visible and near-infrared photometric monitoring looking for short-term variability, and we took special interest in that related to the presence of a close binary companion to S106IR, which may produce periodic eclipses or tidal distortion of the shape of the members of the system.

Results. A periodic variability of S106IR in the J band is found with a period of 5.0 days and an amplitude of ≃0.1 mag. The light curve displays a slow rise from minimum to maximum followed by a steep decrease, and can be well reproduced by a close binary system composed of two stars with different luminosities orbiting each other in an elliptical orbit of moderate eccentricity. S106IR also shows hints of short-term variability that is possibly related to accretion. We also report variability of four other stars previously classified as members of the S106 cluster, all of which are strong X-ray emitters.

Conclusions. The newly discovered close binarity of S106IR adds a new element to the modeling of the nebula and the understanding of the dynamics of the gas around the ionizing source, which suggests that the components of the binary are accreting via a circumbinary disk. Binarity also helps to explain the apparent mismatch between the spectral type of the ionizing source inferred from the nebular spectrum and its high brightness at near-infrared wavelengths.
Role of atomic diffusion in the opacity enhancement inside B-type stars
Authors: Hui-Bon-Hoa A. , Vauclair S.
Published: February 2018

Context. The pulsation frequencies of early B-type stars cannot be reproduced using stellar models with homogeneous abundances. A suitable match requires a dedicated enhancement of the opacity in the layers where its main contributors are the iron-peak elements (the so-called Z-bump), which trigger the oscillations in these stars.

Aim. Our aim is to test whether the abundance stratification induced by atomic diffusion in these stellar layers is able to modify the local opacity as needed to account for the asteroseismic observations.

Methods. Models representing a typical pulsating B-star were evolved during the main sequence using the Toulouse–Geneva evolution code in an improved version. The migration of the chemicals involves radiative accelerations, which were computed with the single-valued parameter method, and fingering mixing with parameters constrained by three-dimensional simulations. The possible effect of mass-loss was also considered.

Results. We show that atomic diffusion modifies the abundance profiles inside the star, leading to an overabundance of the iron-peak elements in the upper part of the envelope. The opacities may become as high as required, provided that fingering mixing, which extends the size of the overabundance zone, is taken into account. A zero-flux of the elements at the surface leading to unphysical accumulations, mass-loss is also required to evolve the model until the end of the main sequence.
L’actualité scientifique de ce début 2018 vue par les étudiants de l’AMPS
Authors: Désveaux Isaac , Gaudet Camille , Raulet Raphaël , Scherlinger Marc , Varennes Olivier , Schaeverbeke Thierry
Published: February 2018

Les Brèves de ce numéro sont publiées dans le cadre
d’un partenariat entre l’Association Médecine/Pharmacie/
Sciences (AMPS) et médecine/sciences.

« l’AMPS rassemble les étudiants des double cursus
médecine-sciences en France, et encourage les interactions
Partenariat
médecine/sciences -
Association Médecine/
Pharmacie/Sciences (AMPS)
© CIML/Inserm/CNRS/Lelouard, Hugues/Fallet,
Mathieu/Mailfert, Sébastien
entre la médecine et les sciences fondamentales.
Son objectif est de regrouper les expertises
scientifiques et cliniques de personnes mues
par la même vision de la recherche scientifique
et médicale française et de permettre à ses
membres de bénéficier d’un échange rapide
d’informations concernant les formations, les
universités, les laboratoires et les avancées
dans différentes disciplines. »

Si vous souhaitez participer :

contact AMPS : benanialaedine@gmail.com

contact m/s : laure.coulombel@inserm.fr

site AMPS : www.amps-asso.fr
Kopfschmerzen bei Hirntumoren
Authors: Evers S.
Published: February 2018

Kopfschmerzen sind für viele Patienten Anlass, an einen Hirntumor zu denken. Dabei sind Kopfschmerzen bei Hirntumoren als Erstsymptom selten. Im Lauf einer Hirntumorerkrankung leider aber doch bis zu ca. 80% aller Patienten an Kopfschmerzen. Am häufigsten treten Kopfschmerzen bei Tumoren in der Sellaregion und bei Infiltration schmerzsensibler Strukturen wie Meningen und bestimmte Hirnnerven auf. Hirntumore, insbesondere Hypophysenadenome, können auch idiopathische Kopfschmerzen imitieren. Dagegen sind idiopathische Kopfschmerzen kein Risikofaktor für die Entstehung von Hirntumoren. Die Behandlung der Kopfschmerzen bei Hirntumoren ist unspezifisch und schließt auch Opioide und Steroide mit ein.
Kopfschmerz bei Medikamentenübergebrauch
Authors: Katsarava Z. , Nägel S.
Published: February 2018

Es ist ein durch die Internationale Kopfschmerzgesellschaft akzeptierter Konsens,dass die häufige Einnahme von Akutmedikation zur Zunahme oder Chronifizierung von episodischen Kopfschmerzen führen kann.Dieser Kopfschmerz wird als Medikamentenübergebrauchskopfschmerz(MÜKS) bezeichnet.Definiert ist der MÜKS als ein Kopfschmerz,der an mindestens 15 Tagen pro Monat bei Patienten, die seit über 3 Monaten Akuttherapeutika im Übermaß einnehmen,auftritt. Die kritische Einnahmegrenze liegt für Triptane, Opioide und Kombinationsanalgetikabei 10 Tagen, für einfache Analgetikabei 15 Tagen pro Monat. Das Konzept fußt auf der Annahme, dass Menschen mit Migräne oder einem Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp ein besonders vulnerables trigeminalesSchmerzsystem haben, welches auf Schmerzmittelübergebrauchmit Sensitisierung der Schmerzverarbeitung und Chronifizierung des Kopfschmerzes reagiert. Der MÜKS wirddeswegen als sekundärer Kopfschmerz betrachtet.Das Mittel der Wahl zur Behandlungist nach aktueller Lehrmeinung eine Entzugsbehandlung.Diesem Konzept wird aber widersprochen.Die Gegner argumentieren,dass die häufige Schmerzmitteleinnahme lediglichbei einem Teil der Kopfschmerzpatientenzur Chronifizierung führt und man sich beidiesen nicht sicher sein kann, dass die Zunahme der Kopfschmerzfrequenz tatsächlich dieFolge des Schmerzmittelgebrauches ist, sondern,dass der übermäßige Schmerzmittelgebrauchdie Folge der häufigeren/chronifizierten Kopfschmerzen ist. Weiter wird argumentiert,die Verläufe würden sich nicht infolge derEntzugsbehandlung, sondern als Konsequenz einer multimodalen Therapie inklusive medikamentöser Prophylaxe und psychologischerund edukativer Betreuung bessern. Deswegensei der MÜKS keine eigene Entität. Durch dieDiagnose eines MÜKS stigmatisiere man dieBetroffenen, enthalte ihnen die nötigenSchmerzmedikamente vor und lasse sie unnötigleiden. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit beleuchtendie Autoren den aktuellen Stand der Literaturund stellen die Argumente für und gegenden MÜKS dar.
Kopf- und Gesichtsschmerzen bei Schlaganfall
Authors: Kraya T. , Marziniak M.
Published: February 2018

Kopfschmerzen und der Schlaganfall sind häufige Phänomene. Beim Schlaganfall stehen oft andere Symptome im Vordergrund. Allerdings kann der Kopfschmerz auch Hauptsymptom wie z. B. bei der Subarachnoidalblutung sein. Im Folgenden zeigen wir einen Überblick über den Komplex Kopfschmerzen und Schlaganfall. Wir präsentieren Daten einer Studie der DMKG sowie eine Übersicht über andere Erkrankungen die mit Schlaganfall und Kopfschmerz einhergehen können. Abschließend werden Daten zur Migräne und Schlaganfallrisiko präsentiert.
Die häufigsten proktologischen Erkrankungen bei Kindern
Authors: Arneitz C. , Reck-Burneo C. A. , Krois W.
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfasssung

In diesem Artikel möchten wir auf typische proktologische Erkrankungen bei Kindern eingehen. Wir bieten praktische Empfehlungen mit Abgleich der aktuellen Literatur zu Themen wie rektale Polypen, Analfissuren, perianale Abszesse, Hämorrhoiden, Rektumund Analprolaps, ulzerative Dermatitis bei Kurzdarmsyndrom, Marisken und Hämangiome. Anorektale Fehlbildungen, Morbus Hirschsprung und entzündliche Darmerkrankungen werden bewusst ausgelassen, da diese an einer anderen Stelle ausführlich diskutiert werden. Die meisten der hier vorgestellten Erkrankungen können leicht von Kinder-ärzten mit konservativen Maßnahmen behandelt werden. In schweren oder hartnäckigen Fällen wird eine Vorstellung bei Kinder-chirurgen mit kolorektalem Schwerpunkt empfohlen.
Respiratorisches Versagen: State of the Art – Diagnose und Therapie
Authors: Fritsch Sebastian , Bickenbach Johannes
Published: February 2018

Die respiratorische Insuffizienz beschreibt die Unfähigkeit des Körpers, einen adäquaten Gasaustausch aufrechtzuerhalten. Sie stellt – insbesondere, wenn sie akut auftritt – einen lebensbedrohlichen Zustand dar, der umgehend therapiert werden muss. Dieser Artikel zeigt, welche Diagnostik erforderlich ist, um den Patienten schnell und korrekt behandeln zu können, und welche Therapieverfahren zur Verfügung stehen.
Phototherapie bei pädiatrischen Hautkrankheiten
Authors: Tanew A.
Published: February 2018

Die Lichttherapie von Hautkrankheiten hat eine Jahrtausende lange Tradition, wobei die Einführung der Photochemotherapie (PUVA) Anfang der 1970er-Jahre eine neue Ära eingeleitet hat. In der Folge hat eine bedeutende Weiterentwicklung und Diversifizierung der dermatologischen Phototherapie stattgefunden, sodass wir heute über unterschiedliche Formen der Lichttherapie verfügen, die sich hinsichtlich Wirkung, Handhabung und Nebenwirkungen zum Teil beträchtlich voneinander unterscheiden und eine auf individuelle Bedürfnisse angepasste Phototherapie ermöglichen.

Einer der größten Vorteile der Lichttherapien ist ihre breite Einsetzbarkeit bei einer Vielfalt von häufigen und auch seltenen Hauterkrankungen. Klassische Indikationen sind Psoriasis, Ekzeme, Vitiligo, Lichen ruber, Parapsoriasis und Mycosis fungoides, pruriginöse Hauterkrankungen, Sklerodermien, kutane Graft versus Host Erkrankung und eine prophylaktische Desensibilisierung bei Photodermatosen wie z. B. der polymorphen Lichtdermatose.

Wie bei den meisten anderen Therapien beruht die Datenlage zum Einsatz von Lichttherapien bei pädiatrischen Hauterkrankungen größtenteils auf Empirie, Fallberichten und der retrospektiven Auswertung von kleinen bis mittelgroßen Patientenkollektiven. Ergebnisse aus prospektiven kontrollierten Studien sind rar. Die vorliegende Evidenz und tägliche Anwendung belegen jedoch, dass bei kompetentem Einsatz und Wahl der richtigen Phototherapie auch bei kindlichen Hautkrankheiten i. d. R. sehr gute Therapieergebnisse zu erzielen sind. Dies ist umso bedeutender, als bei sachgerechter Anwendung das Risiko von Kurz- und Langzeitnebenwirkungen, insbesondere auch im Vergleich zu anderen Therapien, ausgesprochen gering ist.
Platt – und nun?
Authors: Schomacher Jochen
Published: February 2018

Auswirkungen des Plattfußes auf die untere Extremität und Laufverletzungen – Wie wirkt sich ein Plattfuß auf
Laufverletzungen aus, oder sollte man besser fragen: „Ist der Plattfuß die Ursache allen Übels?“ Die genaue
Literaturrecherche zeigt viele Aspekte der Verletzungen der unteren Extremität auf. Und gerade der Plattfuß
als ein Faktor für Laufverletzungen kann therapeutisch mit Übungen und auch mit Einlagen sehr gut konservativ
behandelt werden.
Regeneration ist mehr als „die Beine hochlegen“
Authors: Abaïdia Abd-Elbasset , McCall Alan , Dupont Grégory
Published: February 2018

Effektive Erholungsstrategien für Fußballspieler – Regeneration spielt auch im Fußball eine immer
entscheidendere Rolle. Nach hohen Belastungen und kleinen Verletzungen ist es wichtig, dem Körper zu helfen,
die Anstrengung zu verarbeiten und das Leistungsniveau dadurch zu steigern. Doch welche Maßnahmen helfen
wirklich? In diesem narrativen Review werten die Autoren vorliegende Evidenz zu Ermüdungsmechanismen nach
einem Fußballspiel aus und geben einen guten Überblick über notwendige Maßnahmen.
Sleep to be an All-Star!
Authors: Hödlmoser Kerstin
Published: February 2018

Kerstin HödlmoserNur ein ausgeruhter Athlet ist ein Sieger – Schlaf ist ein Grundbedürfnis und Lebenselixier.
Ohne Frage ist erholsamer Schlaf die Voraussetzung für psychische und physische Leistungsfähigkeit. Doch im
Leistungssport spielen die Erkenntnisse der Schlafforschung bislang nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Dieser
Artikel klärt über die Auswirkungen von Schlaf im Trainings- und Wettkampfprozess auf und liefert basale
Kenntnisse über den normalen Schlaf und diverse im Leistungssport auftretende Schlafstörungen. Schließlich
bietet er Tipps und Strategien, um das Schlafverhalten von Sportlern zu verbessern.
The zoogeography of extant rhabdopleurid hemichordates (Pterobranchia : Graptolithina), with a new species from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Beli Elena , Aglieri Giorgio , Strano Francesca , Maggioni Davide , Telford Max J. , Piraino Stefano , Cameron Christopher B.
Published: February 2018

The early origin and evolutionary radiation of graptolites (Hemichordata:Pterobranchia) is a story told almost entirely in the fossil record, but for four extant species of the genus Rhabdopleura Allman, 1869. Here we report the discovery of a fifth species, Rhabdopleura recondita, sp. nov., at a depth range of 2–70m from the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, always associated with bryozoans in coralligenous habitats. This is the first pterobranch record in Italian waters, and the second in the Mediterranean Sea. The new species is characterised by: (1) tubaria with smooth creeping tubes adherent to the inside of empty bryozoan zooecia; (2) erect outer tubes with a graptolite, fusellar-like organisation; and (3) zooids that extend from a black stolon, which is free from the creeping tube. Each of the paired feeding arms has two rows of tentacles that do not extend to the arm tip. The distal ends of the arms, the collar and the cephalic shield are replete with black granules. Phylogenetic analyses of individual and concatenated gene sequences of mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear 18S rDNA support the validity of R. recondita as a new species. Finally, we discuss the global biogeographic and habitat distributions of the extant Rhabdopleura representatives.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:82C6A51E-F8F4-44AF-AD8F-16873BE80D03
Molecular phylogeny of branchiobdellidans (Annelida : Clitellata) and their host–epibiont association with Austropotamobius freshwater crayfish
Authors: Šarić I. , Klobučar G. , Podnar M. , Štambuk A. , Maguire I.
Published: February 2018

Branchiobdellidans are ectosymbiotic annelids primarily associated with freshwater crayfish. Previous studies of branchiobdellidans in Croatia have been focussed mainly on the distribution and diversity of the genus Branchiobdella Odier, 1823. The objective of the present research was to infer the phylogenetic relationships of branchiobdellidan species living on crayfish from the genus Austropotamobius Skorikow, 1907 from Croatia and surrounding countries, using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences as a molecular marker. Furthermore, the potential coevolution of branchiobdellidans and their crayfish hosts was examined by comparing the results of the phylogenetic analyses of Branchiobdella and Austropotamobius. The analyses included branchiobdellidans collected from 74 populations of Au. torrentium (Schrank, 1803) and Au. pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858), and established the presence of five branchiobdellidan species: Branchiobdella astaci Odier, 1823, B. hexadonta Grüber, 1883, B. italica Canegallo, 1928, B. parasita (Braun, 1805) and B. pentadonta Whitman, 1882. The results of the phylogenetic analyses were congruent with the results of morphological identification, revealing high diversity of the branchiobdellidan fauna in Croatia. High observed intraspecific p-distance values, in some cases exceeding interspecific distances, imply the existence of cryptic taxa. Furthermore, observed congruent phylogenetic patterns within Austropotamobius and within studied branchiobdellidans indicate similar evolutionary histories, implying their coevolution.
Cosmopolitan polychaetes – fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives
Authors: Hutchings Pat , Kupriyanova Elena
Published: February 2018

In the biogeographical and taxonomical literature before the 1980s there was a wide perception that widespread, often referred to as ‘cosmopolitan’, species were very common among polychaetes. Here we discuss the origins of this perception, how it became challenged, and our current understanding of marine annelid distributions today. We comment on the presence of widely distributed species in the deep sea and on artificially extended ranges of invasive species that have been dispersed by anthropogenic means. We also suggest the measures needed to revolve the status of species with reported cosmopolitan distributions and stress the value of museum collections and vouchers to be associated with DNA sequences in resolving species distributions.
Systematics and phylogeography of the Australasian mangrove crabs Parasesarma semperi and P. longicristatum (Decapoda : Brachyura : Sesarmidae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Shahdadi Adnan , Davie Peter J. F. , Schubart Christoph D.
Published: February 2018

Parasesarma semperi (Bürger, 1893) was first described from Bohol in the Philippines and is considered to be widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Parasesarma longicristatum (Campbell, 1967) was originally described as a subspecies of P. semperi from Queensland, Australia, and later recognised as a full species. In this study, we re-examine specimens of the two species from across their entire geographic range using genetic markers, a morphometric analysis, and traditional morphological characters. Previous taxonomic species diagnoses were found to be unreliable, but morphometric principle component analyses consistently separate the two species, with the length to width ratio of the propodus of the fourth pereiopod being of particular importance. Genetic data corresponding to the mitochondrial genes COI, ND1 and 16S confirmed a close sister relationship between the two species, forming reciprocally monophyletic groups. Both species have high haplotype diversities and high intraspecific gene flow.
Measuring iconicity
Authors: Levshina Natalia
Published: February 2018

The idea of isomorphism of form and meaning has played an important role in functionalist theories of syntax and morphology. However, there have been few studies that test this hypothesis empirically on quantitative data. This study aims to fill this gap by testing the predictions made by iconicity theory with the help of statistical hypothesis-testing techniques. The paper focuses on a subtype of isomorphism, namely iconicity of cohesion. The analyses are based on a sample of lexical and analytic causatives from the British National Corpus. The study employs three different operationalisations of the degree of semantic cohesion of the causing and caused events, which are based on English and cross-linguistic data. The form-function correlation is interpreted from the point of view of three possible models of relationships between form, function and/or frequency.
Bridging boundaries across genre traditions
Authors: Mwinlaaru Isaac Nuokyaa-Ire
Published: February 2018

This study explores the benefits of a synergy between ESP research on genre and theoretical dimensions of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It models genre on SFL dimensions and employs this model to analyse 200 biodata written by Applied Linguistics scholars, 100 each from research articles and seminar posters. Data were analysed from contextual, logico-semantic and lexicogrammatical perspectives. The findings reveal five generic stages in biodata. The frequency distribution of these stages and the phases that realise them shows variation between research article bios and seminar bios. The most frequent logico-semantic (or rhetorical) relations identified among stages and phases are of the expansion type, namely addition and elaboration, Further, collocational frameworks are used in organising some generic phases into waves of meaning and in construing different identities. Finally, evaluative resources, in the form of lexical bundles, modification and circumstantial elements in the clause, are employed by writers to boost their professional achievements and promote themselves. These findings contribute to theoretical discussions on genre and the scholarship on the interface between identity construction and academic writing, and also motivate further research.
“Now to my distress”
Authors: Sairio Anni
Published: February 2018

It is argued that shame has become increasingly important as a mechanism of social control in Western societies while our awareness of shame has simultaneously decreased. This paper explores the functions of the lexemesshame,disgraceandignominyin the eighteenth-century section of theCorpus of Early English Correspondenceand investigates how shame-inducing situations were discussed in letter-writing. Direct expressions of shame emerge particularly as formulaic apologies and reflect breached social conventions, honour, inadequacy and immorality. Shame discourse in the two case studies, however, proved to be context-dependent, evasive and euphemistic, and shame was expressed through a range of negative emotions. An element of discomfort in eighteenth-century shame discourse indicates that shame had taboo connotations, but the formulaic presence of shame and its connection to the cultural keyword of honour underlines its role as a mechanism of social control.
Introduction
Authors: Włodarczyk Matylda , Taavitsainen Irma
Published: February 2018

This introductory paper defines the present state of the art of historical (socio)pragmatics. We single out interactional and social foci as the most important, and we briefly characterise some more narrowly defined perspectives. These involve a politeness-related view that relies on relational practice with dynamic negotiations and the context-based approach to language use in time and space with its situational and cultural constraints. Next, the paper discusses the research questions addressed in this Special Issue. The papers cover diachronic changes in rhetorical and sociocultural modes of communication, whether and how irony and sarcasm can be detected in different historical periods, how metadiscourse reveals politeness strategies and intercultural transfer, what disruptive institutional activity types occur and what their cognitive underpinnings are, how ephemeral texts have been used in social and political conflict, how meaning-making practices work on the macro level of genres, and how literacy skills are reflected in correspondence with a connection to genre models. Overall, this introduction aims to set the scene for current historical (socio)pragmatics. We show its interdisciplinarity and methodologically eclectic research ground, and how it may develop in relation to, and feed into, the neighbouring fields of linguistics and the humanities in general.
Instability of word reading errors of typical and poor readers
Authors: Steenbeek-Planting Esther G. , van Bon Wim H. J. , Schreuder Robert
Published: February 2018

We examined the instability of reading errors, that is whether a child reads the same word sometimes correctly and sometimes incorrectly, and whether typical readers differ in their instability from poor readers. With an interval of a few days, Dutch CVC words were read twice by typically developing first and second graders and reading-level matched poor readers. Error instability was considerable and second graders produced more unstable errors than first graders. Poor readers did not differ from typical readers, suggesting a developmental lag for poor readers. Of the word characteristics studied, frequency was the strongest predictor: the higher word frequency, the higher error instability. Our study indicates that error instability can be considered as an indicator of the transition from incompetence to reading competence.
Loss of Sirt3 accelerates arterial thrombosis by increasing formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and plasma tissue factor activity
Authors: Gaul Daniel S , Weber Julien , van Tits Lambertus J , Sluka Susanna , Pasterk Lisa , Reiner Martin F , Calatayud Natacha , Lohmann Christine , Klingenberg Roland , Pahla Jürgen , Vdovenko Daria , Tanner Felix C , Camici Giovanni G , Eriksson Urs , Auwerx Johan , Mach François , Windecker Stephan , Rodondi Nicolas , Lüscher Thomas F , Winnik Stephan , Matter Christian M
Published: February 2018

Aims

Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is a mitochondrial, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase that reduces oxidative stress by activation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). Oxidative stress enhances arterial thrombosis. This study investigated the effects of genetic Sirt3 deletion on arterial thrombosis in mice in an inflammatory setting and assessed the clinical relevance of these findings in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods and results

Using a laser-induced carotid thrombosis model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, in vivo time to thrombotic occlusion in Sirt3−/− mice (n = 6) was reduced by half compared to Sirt3+/+ wild-type (n = 8, P < 0.01) controls. Ex vivo analyses of whole blood using rotational thromboelastometry revealed accelerated clot formation and increased clot stability in Sirt3−/− compared to wild-type blood. rotational thromboelastometry of cell-depleted plasma showed accelerated clotting initiation in Sirt3−/− mice, whereas overall clot formation and firmness remained unaffected. Ex vivo LPS-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation was increased in Sirt3−/− bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Plasma tissue factor (TF) levels and activity were elevated in Sirt3−/− mice, whereas plasma levels of other coagulation factors and TF expression in arterial walls remained unchanged. SOD2 expression in bone marrow -derived Sirt3−/− neutrophils was reduced. In STEMI patients, transcriptional levels of Sirt3 and its target SOD2 were lower in CD14+ leukocytes compared with healthy donors (n = 10 each, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Sirt3 loss-of-function enhances experimental thrombosis in vivo via an increase of neutrophil extracellular traps and elevation of TF suggesting thrombo-protective effects of endogenous Sirt3. Acute coronary thrombosis in STEMI patients is associated with lower expression levels of SIRT3 and SOD2 in CD14+ leukocytes. Therefore, enhancing SIRT3 activity by pan-sirtuin activating NAD+-boosters may provide a novel therapeutic target to prevent or treat thrombotic arterial occlusion in myocardial infarction or stroke.
Back and Limb Pain
Authors: Adams Andrea C.
Published: February 2018

Back (spine) pain is a common problem. Low back pain is estimated to occur in up to 80% of adults and is the greatest cause of lost workdays in the United States. The cause of acute back pain is usually musculoskeletal. Most patients with back pain can be cared for by their primary care provider without the need for specialist consultation or diagnostic tests.
Sensory Loss and Paresthesias
Authors: Adams Andrea C.
Published: February 2018

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system are common. Patients often present with complaints of numbness and tingling. The many diagnostic possibilities include endocrinopathies, malignancies, infections, and metabolic, toxic, inflammatory, and genetic disorders. Diagnosis is essential to avoid missing a correctable neuropathy and to provide accurate prognostic information. This chapter considers the common polyneuropathies and focal neuropathies that ssunderlie patients’ complaints of sensory loss and paresthesias (ie, spontaneous abnormal sensations).
Weakness
Authors: Adams Andrea C.
Published: February 2018

Weakness is a common complaint. Most patients use the term weakness to imply fatigue, general illness, or myalgias. Determining whether a patient has actual neuromuscular weakness can be a diagnostic challenge. Disease of the motor system can occur at all levels of the nervous system. This chapter considers disorders of the lower motor neuron, including disorders of muscle (myopathies), the neuromuscular junction, and motor nerves.
Immune and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Adams Andrea C.
Published: February 2018

Many immune-mediated diseases and infections affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. The common feature that characterizes both immune-mediated diseases and infections is a subacute temporal profile. Immune-mediated disease can affect only the nervous system or involve the nervous system as part of a systemic illness, as in vasculitis and connective tissue disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common disabling neurologic illness of young people, is the prototypical immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
Neuro-oncology
Authors: Adams Andrea C.
Published: February 2018

Neuro-oncology is a rapidly evolving specialty involving the study of cancer and the nervous system. The nervous system can be affected by cancer directly, indirectly, or as a result of treatment-related adverse effects. The diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the nervous system require the skills of several medical disciplines to help patients with this serious and complex medical problem.
Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia to Improve the Neurologic Outcome after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Nozari Ala
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the HACA Trial. Does mild therapeutic hypothermia improve neurologic outcomes compared with standard care normothermia in patients surviving ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardic arrest? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. Among the results, the preponderance of data suggests that temperature is an important variable for neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest. Guidelines suggest maintaining a target temperature between 32ºC and 36ºC for at least 24 hours after achieving target temperature. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Decompressive Craniectomy in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Miles Merrick E. , Kumar Avinash B.
Published: February 2018

The Decompressive Craniectomy in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury or DECRA trial was the first neurosurgical randomized controlled trail that sought to answer whether decompressive craniectomies (DC) improved patient outcomes after severe diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI). The trial was conducted over a decade in centers across New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, and the results were published in 2011; 155 patients were randomized to two cohorts, the medical management cohort and the medical management plus DC cohort. The primary endpoint was the functional outcomes, measured at 6 months post discharge. The results of the trial were somewhat unanticipated. In spite of achieving superior ICP control and intensive care outcomes, the DC cohort had worse long-term outcomes. The DECRA trial raised several questions and criticisms that currently preclude us from drawing broad conclusions about the efficacy of DC in diffuse TBI.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Authors: Jayaprakash Namita , Hyder Joseph
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the EGDT Trial. Among patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, does early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) reduce the incidence of multi-organ dysfunction and mortality and the use of health care resources? Starting with that question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. Publication of the EGDT trial shifted the paradigm of sepsis diagnosis and care from the ICU to the point of earliest presentation. Sepsis is now recognized for its occult nature, which may be unmasked by vigilance and laboratory assessment with lactate measurement.
Lactate Clearance versus Central Venous Oxygen Saturation as Goals of Early Sepsis Therapy
Authors: de Moya Marc , Krowsoski Leandra
Published: February 2018

The multicenter randomized control trial of “Lactate Clearance versus Central Oxygen Saturation as Goals of Early Sepsis Therapy” compares the standard monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines to the clearance of lactate to determine tissue perfusion and guide resuscitation. This study suggests a protocol that uses the trend of lactate throughout the initial interventions for sepsis with a goal clearance of 10% in place of ScvO2 measured via central venous catheter. When rates of in-hospital mortality, ICU length of stay, ventilator-free days, and new-onset multiple organ failure were compared between the two groups, outcomes were non-inferior with the use of lactate clearance. The results demonstrate that lactate clearance can be used in place of ScvO2 as part of a resuscitation protocol that includes quantitative goals for CVP and MAP to yield an equivalent short-term survival outcome in early sepsis.
Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis
Authors: Ward Anna M. , Pino Richard M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the PROWESS Study. Does treatment with DAA reduce the rate of death from any cause among patients with severe sepsis? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. The PROWESS trial demonstrated a mortality benefit for DAA among patients with severe sepsis. However, the subsequent ADDRESS, RESOLVE, and PROWESS-SHOCK trials did not demonstrate a benefit of the medication, thus calling the results of PROWESS into question.