bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stacked spaces: Mapping digital infrastructures
Authors: Straube Till
Published: September 2016

This article turns towards the spatial life of ‘digital infrastructures’, i.e. code, protocols, standards, and data formats that are hidden from view in everyday applications of computational technologies. It does so by drawing on the version control system Git as a case study, and telling the story of its initial development in order to reconstruct the circumstances and technical considerations surrounding its conception. This account engages with computational infrastructures on their own terms by adopting the figure of the ‘stack’ to frame a technically informed analysis, and exploring its implications for a different kind of geographic inquiry. Drawing on topology as employed by Law and Mol, attention is given to the multiplicity of spatialities and temporalities enrolled in digital infrastructures in general, and Git specifically. Along the lines of the case study and by reading it against other literatures, this notion of topology is expanded to include the material performation of fundamentally arbitrary, more-than-human topologies, as well as their nested articulation, translation and negotiation within digital infrastructures.
Twitter Chats as Third Places: Conceptualizing a Digital Gathering Site
Authors: McArthur John A. , White Ashleigh Farley
Published: September 2016

Social media users can harness the interactivity and connectivity of social networking sites to create a sense of place in a digital environment. This article argues that regularly scheduled Twitter chats can function as digital third places, sites of online sociality that both mirror and deviate from physical gathering sites such as bars or clubs. Using Oldenburg’s eight characteristics of (built) third places, this study examines how people collectively identify with others and collaborate in digital gathering sites. Through an investigation of 1 month of multiple, recurring Twitter chats, including over 3,100 tweets, a textual analysis explores Oldenburg’s characteristics of built third places in the context of these digital interactions. The findings add nuance to the application of Oldenburg’s themes in a networked media context and suggest that social networking sites offer the potential for continued thinking about the role of third places in developing connectivity online. Moreover, the findings suggest further opportunities for the study of space—both physical and digital—and the study of time as integral components of digitally mediated interpersonal connection.
Dynamic Simulation of the Effects of Graft Fixation Errors During Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Elias John J. , Kelly Michael J. , Smith Kathryn E. , Gall Kenneth A. , Farr Jack
Published: September 2016

Background:

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is performed to prevent recurrent instability, but errors in femoral fixation can elevate graft tension.

Hypothesis:

Errors related to femoral fixation will overconstrain the patella and increase medial patellofemoral pressures.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Five knees with patellar instability were represented with computational models. Kinematics during knee extension were characterized from computational reconstruction of motion performed within a dynamic computed tomography (CT) scanner. Multibody dynamic simulation of knee extension, with discrete element analysis used to quantify contact pressures, was performed for the preoperative condition and after MPFL reconstruction. A standard femoral attachment and graft resting length were set for each knee. The resting length was decreased by 2 mm, and the femoral attachment was shifted 5 mm posteriorly. The simulated errors were also combined. Root-mean-square errors were quantified for the comparison of preoperative patellar lateral shift and tilt between computationally reconstructed motion and dynamic simulation. Simulation output was compared between the preoperative and MPFL reconstruction conditions with repeated-measures Friedman tests and Dunnett comparisons against a control, which was the standard MPFL condition, with statistical significance set at P < .05.

Results:

Root-mean-square errors for simulated patellar tilt and shift were 5.8° and 3.3 mm, respectively. Patellar lateral tracking for the preoperative condition was significantly larger near full extension compared with the standard MPFL reconstruction (mean differences of 8 mm and 13° for shift and tilt, respectively, at 0°), and lateral tracking was significantly smaller for a posterior femoral attachment (mean differences of 3 mm and 4° for shift and tilt, respectively, at 0°). The maximum medial pressure was also larger for the short graft with a posterior femoral attachment than for standard MPFL reconstruction, with a significant increase in the mean value of 1.6 MPa at 30°.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction reduces lateral tracking, but nonanatomic femoral fixation and overtensioning the graft overcorrect patellar tracking and increase pressure applied to medial patellar cartilage.

Clinical Relevance:

Errors in femoral fixation and graft tensioning can lead to postoperative loss of flexion and overloading of medial cartilage.
Enhanced in utero allogeneic engraftment in mice after mobilizing fetal HSCs by α4β1/7 inhibition
Authors: Kim Aimee G. , Vrecenak Jesse D. , Boelig Matthew M. , Eissenberg Linda , Rettig Michael P. , Riley John S. , Holt Matthew S. , Conner Michael A. , Loukogeorgakis Stavros P. , Li Haiying , DiPersio John F. , Flake Alan W. , Peranteau William H.
Published: September 2016

Key Points

CXCR4 and α4β1/7 inhibition by AMD3100 and firategrast mobilizes fetal liver HSCs with α4β1/7 inhibition having a stronger effect. Fetal HSC mobilization followed by IUHCT results in increased donor HSC homing to the FL and enhanced long-term allogeneic engraftment.
Frontline Science: Placenta-derived decidual stromal cells alter IL-2R expression and signaling in alloantigen-activated T cells
Authors: Erkers Tom , Solders Martin , Verleng Lotte , Bergström Cecilia , Stikvoort Arwen , Rane Lalit , Nava Silvia , Ringdén Olle , Kaipe Helen
Published: September 2016

This study investigated how stromal cells affect the IL-2 pathway in alloantigen-activated T cells. We found that decidual stromal cells (DSCs) from term placentas promoted a high production of IL-2 in cultures with alloantigen-activated T cells. The intensity of expression of cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25; IL-2Rα) on T cells was increased by DSCs, whereas the frequency and intensity of expression of the signaling subunits CD122 (IL-2Rβ) and CD132 (IL-2Rγc) were reduced. Consequently, uptake of IL-2 and STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5) was abrogated. DSCs also decreased the proportion of pSTAT5+ T cells in response to IL-15, which also use CD122 for signaling. Addition of DSCs to the allogeneic cultures did not increase the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) or CD95, indicating that they did not promote T cell exhaustion. However, exogenous recombinant (r)IL-2 in similar concentrations in the same setting increased the expression of CD95 and down-regulated CD122 in T cells. The antiproliferative effect of sirolimus (SRL) and cyclosporine A (CsA), which target the IL-2 signaling pathway, was diminished by DSCs in vitro. To conclude, DSCs affect IL-2 production and IL-2R expression and signaling, which may contribute to the stromal cell-mediated immune modulation and phenotype shift seen in activated T cells. Altered proliferation in cultures when combining DSCs and SRL or CsA may be of clinical importance, as stromal cells are used in trials for acute inflammation and are often used in combination with conventional immunosuppressive therapies.
The complementarity of H/V and dispersion curves
Authors: Castellaro Silvia
Published: September 2016

Noninvasive geophysical techniques based on the dispersion of surface waves in layered media are commonly used approaches for measuring shear-wave velocity profiles of the subsoil. Acquiring surface waves is a simple task, but the interpretation of their dispersion curves poses a number of challenges. In an increasing number of cases, shear-wave velocity profiles are derived from the inversion of dispersion curves of surface waves and single-station passive horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios, mostly using a blind joint fit of the two sets of curves. Here we emphasize the benefits of carrying out H/V surveys prior to any array acquisition. We propose to start by collecting at least two H/V recordings at a site to verify the 1D plane-parallel soil condition, as this is essential in dispersion curve inversion/modeling. Then, we look for the diagnostic features of velocity inversions in the H/V curves: when they occur, the interpretation of dispersion curves is made difficult by mode splitting/superposition and Love wave arrays will not be effective. Then we inspect the shape of the H/V curves: flat curves acquired on rock usually imply poor dispersion curves. Large receiver spacings are recommended in the arrays and Love wave arrays will not be efficient. Flat curves on soft material sites represent gently increasing [Formula: see text] gradients and Rayleigh wave arrays should be preferred. H/V curves with high frequency peaks indicate shallow impedance contrasts: this makes Love wave arrays efficient for the soft layer characterization, but provide little information at depth. H/V curves with low frequency peaks indicate deep bedrock and their inversion can provide approximate [Formula: see text] profiles down to greater depths than from an array. Equipped with the information coming from accurate H/V observations, practitioners could make better-informed decisions about array acquisition geometries, source/surface wave types, and inversion strategies.
Postmastectomy Radiotherapy: An American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology, and Society of Surgical Oncology Focused Guideline Update Summary
Authors: Recht Abram , Somerfield Mark R. , Edge Stephen B.
Published: September 2016

The American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline for the use of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) was published in 2001. This update of that guideline, completed in collaboration with the American Society for Radiation Oncology and the Society of Surgical Oncology, focuses on key areas of ongoing controversy, including the use of PMRT for patients with one to three positive lymph nodes, use of PMRT for patients undergoing neoadjuvant systemic therapy, and selected technical aspects of PMRT, particularly the extent of regional nodal irradiation. The question of whether PMRT is indicated in women with T1-2 tumors and a positive sentinel node biopsy who do not undergo completion axillary lymph node dissection is also discussed.
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition
Authors: Carney Nancy , Totten Annette M. , O'Reilly Cindy , Ullman Jamie S. , Hawryluk Gregory W.J. , Bell Michael J. , Bratton Susan L. , Chesnut Randall , Harris Odette A. , Kissoon Niranjan , Rubiano Andres M. , Shutter Lori , Tasker Robert C. , Vavilala Monica S. , Wilberger Jack , Wright David W. , Ghajar Jamshid
Published: September 2016

The scope and purpose of this work is 2-fold: to synthesize the available evidence and to translate it into recommendations. This document provides recommendations only when there is evidence to support them. As such, they do not constitute a complete protocol for clinical use. Our intention is that these recommendations be used by others to develop treatment protocols, which necessarily need to incorporate consensus and clinical judgment in areas where current evidence is lacking or insufficient. We think it is important to have evidence-based recommendations to clarify what aspects of practice currently can and cannot be supported by evidence, to encourage use of evidence-based treatments that exist, and to encourage creativity in treatment and research in areas where evidence does not exist. The communities of neurosurgery and neuro-intensive care have been early pioneers and supporters of evidence-based medicine and plan to continue in this endeavor. The complete guideline document, which summarizes and evaluates the literature for each topic, and supplemental appendices (A-I) are available online at https://www.braintrauma.org/coma/guidelines.
Photoreception and vision in the ultraviolet
Authors: Cronin Thomas W. , Bok Michael J.
Published: September 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially more photodamaging) than ‘visible light’, and it is scattered more efficiently in air and water. Until 1990, only a few animals were recognized as being sensitive to UV light, but we now know that a great diversity, possibly even the majority, of animal species can visually detect and respond to it. Here, we discuss the history of research on biological UV photosensitivity and review current major research trends in this field. Some animals use their UV photoreceptors to control simple, innate behaviors, but most incorporate their UV receptors into their general sense of vision. They not only detect UV light but recognize it as a separate color in light fields, on natural objects or living organisms, or in signals displayed by conspecifics. UV visual pigments are based on opsins, the same family of proteins that are used to detect light in conventional photoreceptors. Despite some interesting exceptions, most animal species have a single photoreceptor class devoted to the UV. The roles of UV in vision are manifold, from guiding navigation and orientation behavior, to detecting food and potential predators, to supporting high-level tasks such as mate assessment and intraspecific communication. Our current understanding of UV vision is restricted almost entirely to two phyla: arthropods and chordates (specifically, vertebrates), so there is much comparative work to be done.
Spatial learning in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: preference for vertical over horizontal information
Authors: Scatà Gabriella , Jozet-Alves Christelle , Thomasse Céline , Josef Noam , Shashar Nadav
Published: September 2016

The world is three-dimensional; hence, even surface-bound animals need to learn vertical spatial information. Separate encoding of vertical and horizontal spatial information seems to be the common strategy regardless of the locomotory style of animals. However, a difference seems to exist in the way freely moving species, such as fish, learn and integrate spatial information as opposed to surface-bound species, which prioritize the horizontal dimension and encode it with a higher resolution. Thus, the locomotory style of an animal may shape how spatial information is learned and prioritized. An alternative hypothesis relates the preference for vertical information to the ability to sense hydrostatic pressure, a prominent cue unique to this dimension. Cuttlefish are mostly benthic animals, but they can move freely in a volume. Therefore, they present an optimal model to examine these hypotheses. We tested whether cuttlefish could separately recall the vertical and horizontal components of a learned two-dimensional target, and whether they have a preference for vertical or horizontal information. Sepia officinalis cuttlefish were trained to select one of two visual cues set along a 45 deg diagonal. The animals were then tested with the two visual cues arranged in a horizontal, vertical or opposite 45 deg configuration. We found that cuttlefish use vertical and horizontal spatial cues separately, and that they prefer vertical information to horizontal information. We propose that, as in fish, the availability of hydrostatic pressure, combined with the ecological value of vertical movements, determines the importance of vertical information.
Automatic control: the vertebral column of dogfish sharks behaves as a continuously variable transmission with smoothly shifting functions
Authors: Porter Marianne E. , Ewoldt Randy H. , Long John H.
Published: September 2016

During swimming in dogfish sharks, Squalus acanthias, both the intervertebral joints and the vertebral centra undergo significant strain. To investigate this system, unique among vertebrates, we cyclically bent isolated segments of 10 vertebrae and nine joints. For the first time in the biomechanics of fish vertebral columns, we simultaneously characterized non-linear elasticity and viscosity throughout the bending oscillation, extending recently proposed techniques for large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) characterization to large-amplitude oscillatory bending (LAOB). The vertebral column segments behave as non-linear viscoelastic springs. Elastic properties dominate for all frequencies and curvatures tested, increasing as either variable increases. Non-linearities within a bending cycle are most in evidence at the highest frequency, 2.0 Hz, and curvature, 5 m−1. Viscous bending properties are greatest at low frequencies and high curvatures, with non-linear effects occurring at all frequencies and curvatures. The range of mechanical behaviors includes that of springs and brakes, with smooth transitions between them that allow for continuously variable power transmission by the vertebral column to assist in the mechanics of undulatory propulsion.
Morphine addiction in ants: a new model for self-administration and neurochemical analysis
Authors: Entler Brian V. , Cannon J. Timothy , Seid Marc A.
Published: September 2016

Conventional definitions of drug addiction are focused on characterizing the neurophysiological and behavioral responses of mammals. Although mammalian models have been invaluable in studying specific and complex aspects of addiction, invertebrate systems have proven advantageous in investigating how drugs of abuse corrupt the most basic motivational and neurochemical systems. It has recently been shown that invertebrates and mammals have remarkable similarities in their behavioral and neurochemical responses to drugs of abuse. However, until now only mammals have demonstrated drug seeking and self-administration without the concurrent presence of a natural reward, e.g. sucrose. Using a sucrose-fading paradigm, followed by a two-dish choice test, we establish ants as an invertebrate model of opioid addiction. The ant species Camponotus floridanus actively seeks and self-administers morphine even in the absence of caloric value or additional natural reward. Using HPLC equipped with electrochemical detection, the neurochemicals serotonin, octopamine and dopamine were identified and subsequently quantified, establishing the concurrent neurochemical response to the opioid morphine within the invertebrate brain. With this study, we demonstrate dopamine to be governing opioid addiction in the brains of ants. Thus, this study establishes ants as the first non-mammalian model of self-administration that is truly analogous to mammals.
Navigating under sea ice promotes rapid maturation of diving physiology and performance in beluga whales
Authors: Noren Shawn R. , Suydam Robert
Published: September 2016

Little is known about the postnatal development of the physiological characteristics that support breath-hold in cetaceans, despite their need to swim and dive at birth. Arctic species have the additional demand of avoiding entrapment while navigating under sea ice, where breathing holes are patchily distributed and ephemeral. This is the first investigation of the ontogeny of the biochemistry of the locomotor muscle in a year-round Arctic-dwelling cetacean (beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas). Compared with what we know about other cetaceans, belugas are born with high myoglobin content (1.56±0.02 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=2) that matures rapidly. Myoglobin increased by 452% during the first year after birth and achieved adult levels (6.91±0.35 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=9) by 14 months postpartum. Buffering capacity was 48.88±0.69 slykes (N=2) at birth; adult levels (84.31±1.38 slykes, N=9) were also achieved by 14 months postpartum. As the oxygen stores matured, calculated aerobic dive limit more than doubled over the first year of life, undoubtedly facilitating the movements of calves under sea ice. Nonetheless, small body size theoretically continues to constrain the diving ability of newly weaned 2 year olds, as they only had 74% and 69% of the aerobic breath-hold capacity of larger adult female and male counterparts. These assessments enhance our knowledge of the biology of cetaceans and provide insight into age-specific flexibility to alter underwater behaviors, as may be required with the ongoing alterations in the Arctic marine ecosystem associated with climate change and increased anthropogenic activities.
The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review
Authors: Tennant Jonathan P. , Waldner François , Jacques Damien C. , Masuzzo Paola , Collister Lauren B. , Hartgerink Chris. H. J.
Published: September 2016

Ongoing debates surrounding Open Access to the scholarly literature are multifaceted and complicated by disparate and often polarised viewpoints from engaged stakeholders. At the current stage, Open Access has become such a global issue that it is critical for all involved in scholarly publishing, including policymakers, publishers, research funders, governments, learned societies, librarians, and academic communities, to be well-informed on the history, benefits, and pitfalls of Open Access. In spite of this, there is a general lack of consensus regarding the potential pros and cons of Open Access at multiple levels. This review aims to be a resource for current knowledge on the impacts of Open Access by synthesizing important research in three major areas: academic, economic and societal. While there is clearly much scope for additional research, several key trends are identified, including a broad citation advantage for researchers who publish openly, as well as additional benefits to the non-academic dissemination of their work. The economic impact of Open Access is less well-understood, although it is clear that access to the research literature is key for innovative enterprises, and a range of governmental and non-governmental services. Furthermore, Open Access has the potential to save both publishers and research funders considerable amounts of financial resources, and can provide some economic benefits to traditionally subscription-based journals. The societal impact of Open Access is strong, in particular for advancing citizen science initiatives, and leveling the playing field for researchers in developing countries. Open Access supersedes all potential alternative modes of access to the scholarly literature through enabling unrestricted re-use, and long-term stability independent of financial constraints of traditional publishers that impede knowledge sharing. However, Open Access has the potential to become unsustainable for research communities if high-cost options are allowed to continue to prevail in a widely unregulated scholarly publishing market. Open Access remains only one of the multiple challenges that the scholarly publishing system is currently facing. Yet, it provides one foundation for increasing engagement with researchers regarding ethical standards of publishing and the broader implications of 'Open Research'.
Modernization of educational process in physical education
Authors: Рубис Людмила , Rubis Lyudmila
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to the modernization of educational process of students in physical education lessons. Introduction of elements of sports and sports and health tourism in physical culture lessons can increase the interest and activity of students. The author gives vivid examples proving it. Experience has shown that sports and health tourism lessons can be conducted both in gyms and in the suburban area. However, the most effective, emotionally and enthusiastically they are held out of town. Tourist activities can be successfully implemented in the form of a tourist rally, which may engage a large number of untrained newcomers (more than 500 people), as well as in the form of individual lessons of one academic group (15-20 people). Due to the fact that sports tourism is multifaceted, the knowledge acquired in tourism lessons may be necessary for student, and for any competent cultured person. In addition to the development of physical abilities, sports tourism and orienteering as a tourism element promote the knowledge of the natural environment, environmental education, expansion of the general perspective, native land study, the formation of a healthy lifestyle and, if necessary, help to survive in any extreme situations. All kinds of education in tourism are implemented comprehensively in vivo, without focusing of tourists’ attention on the educational problems of sports tourism. In celebration of the 120th anniversary of the sports tourism in Russia and at the initiative of S. Mironov, the scientific-practical conference with the participation of the tourist public and youth has been held. It has been aimed to identify ways of revival of mass sports tourism.
On the need for language personnel training in tourism in severobaikal region
Authors: Степаненко Катерина , Stepanenko Katerina , Торосян Лия , Torosyan Liya , Ефимова Людмила , Efimova Lyudmila
Published: September 2016

The article analyses current problems of ecotourism development in Severobaikal region and studies the perspectives of tourist-recreational complex foundation. The creation of special economic zones will undoubtedly require the development and implementation of strategic plan related to personnel education and training with the participation of national and foreign experts and specialized companies, taking into account marketing research and poll results. To ensure the realization of Russian governmental tasks there has been created a pilot program of linguistic training for hospitality and tourism staff basing in the Centre of linguistic support for eco-touristic education development. This program has been developed within the framework of current requirements concerning foreign languages teaching, tendencies of permanent lingual education and in the context of hospitality industry professional standards requirements. Considering new touristic routes creation, closely connected with the interregional project “Big Baikal path” and high level of tourist-recreational attractiveness of region, for promotion of small cities in Baikal region, demand for highly-qualified specialists for the hospitality and tourism sectors will grow. The identification of necessary competencies for each working unit will allow to develop lingua-didactic base including practical tasks which are obligatory for the personnel universal education. Moreover the methods and assessment forms in the framework of each competency will play an integral part in the creation of one algorithm as a main component of the educational process. Thus the abovementioned educational algorithm will serve as a dynamic factor of higher professional education and the system of advanced personnel training.
New discipline "technology of using legends in tourism" in the curriculum for bachelor’s training in tourism
Authors: Ширинкин Павел , Shirinkin Pavel
Published: September 2016

Modern cross-disciplinary socio-cultural research is conducted on the base of cultural and image geography and tourism study. The modern tourists´ perception of spatial images is the core of this research. These images can be fixed by means of a questionnaire and then represented graphically in the form of image-maps. The proposed concept has theoretical and practical character, as the most frequently recurring images and their constructions ("metasystems") can be used in the tourism and excursion activities and in tourism development in the regional context as a whole. Image and geographical themes in cultural geography and socio-cultural research are promising direction within tourism study. Since 2013, in the Perm State Institute of Culture the new discipline "Technology of using legends in tourism" was introduced in the block of variability disciplines of working curriculum for Bachelor’s training in tourism. Studying this discipline students get acquainted with the provisions of the current humanitarian, cultural and image geography, learn basic aspects of today´s rapidly changing tourist motives in terms of cognitive images, acquire practical skills of using legends in tourism of any tourist territory. The proposed academic discipline is based on the concept that the tourism legend and myth can become a real tourism resource of the territory, which in today´s consumer demand in tourism will play a significant role.
Information infrastructure as means of tourism development on the territories with limited recognition
Authors: Лебезова Элла , Lebezova Ella
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to solving the problems of tourism development on unrecognized and partially recognized territories through creation of a modern information infrastructure of tourism and recreational sector.

The article shows the current geopolitical trends in the world related to the separation, merger and self-determination of different territories. In this regard, the political importance of tourism and its social responsibility worldwide is noted. It is shown that tourism can and should contribute to the strengthening of mutual understanding between different cultures and territories, thereby easing geopolitical conflicts.

The author raises the issue of a possibility of tourism industry development on the territory of small states with limited recognition, which are on the stage of registration of their statehood and adaptation of their economy to new conditions.

Possibilities of information infrastructure creation and, its development and promotion on territories with limited recognition are considered. Donbass has been taken as a multi example.

The article substantiates necessity of creating a Single Multilingual Tourism Portal as a mechanism of promotion of tourism potential of a territory and development of domestic tourism. The author shows the prospects of informational support of a territory and tourism in the Internet resources such as Wikipedia and Google Earth.

Recommendations and descriptions of specific steps for conducting a large-scale Republican campaign to promote the region as an attractive tourism area are provided. The author concludes that tourism is an incentive of civilization diversity in the context of modern geopolitics, able to improve mutual understanding between nations and accelerate international recognition of unrecognized or partially recognized territories.
Reinforcement Learning in Robust Markov Decision Processes
Authors: Lim Shiau Hong , Xu Huan , Mannor Shie
Published: September 2016

An important challenge in Markov decision processes (MDP) is to ensure robustness with respect to unexpected or adversarial system behavior. A standard paradigm to tackle this challenge is the robust MDP framework that models the parameters as arbitrary elements of pre-defined “uncertainty sets,” and seeks the minimax policy—the policy that performs the best under the worst realization of the parameters in the uncertainty set. A crucial issue of the robust MDP framework, largely unaddressed in literature, is how to find appropriate description of the uncertainty in a principled data-driven way. In this paper we address this problem using an online learning approach: we devise an algorithm that, without knowing the true uncertainty model, is able to adapt its level of protection to uncertainty, and in the long run performs as well as the minimax policy as if the true uncertainty model is known. Indeed, the algorithm achieves similar regret bounds as standard MDP where no parameter is adversarial, which shows that with virtually no extra cost we can adapt robust learning to handle uncertainty in MDPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to learn uncertainty in robust MDPs.
How Do Customers Respond to Increased Service Quality Competition?
Authors: Buell Ryan W. , Campbell Dennis , Frei Frances X.
Published: September 2016

When does increased service quality competition lead to customer defection? And, which customers are most likely to defect? Our empirical analysis of 82,235 customers exploits the varying competitive dynamics in 644 geographically isolated markets in which a nationwide retail bank conducted business over a five-year period. We find that customers defect at a higher rate from the incumbent following increased service quality (price) competition only when the incumbent offers high (low) quality service relative to existing competitors in a local market. We provide evidence that these results are due to a sorting effect, whereby firms trade off service quality and price, and, in turn, the incumbent attracts service (price) sensitive customers in markets where it has supplied relatively high (low) levels of service quality in the past. Furthermore, we show that it is the high quality incumbent’s most profitable customers who are the most attracted by superior quality alternatives. Our results appear to have long-run implications whereby sustaining a high level of service quality is associated with the incumbent attracting and retaining more profitable customers over time.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Holmes Steve , Scullion Jane
Published: September 2016

The series on interstitial lung diseases concludes with an overview of IPF by Jane Scullion and Steve Holmes
Religion and dietary choices
Authors: Patience Sara
Published: September 2016

The food restrictions in major religions and how these affect babies and infants are outlined by Sara Patience
Critical evaluation of advance statements from patients lacking mental capacity
Authors: Amblum-Almer Jeshni
Published: September 2016

Advance refusals of medical treatment present complex dilemmas with ethical, moral and legal facets. A competent patient may refuse any treatment, even where the decision may lead to an untimely death. The same holds true with respect to an incompetent patient with an advance directive made when that patient was competent and there is no reason to believe that the patient has changed his or her mind.

Advance statements arise from respect of patient autonomy and the introduction of The Mental Capacity Act 2005, which aims to provide consistently better protection and greater empowerment for vulnerable people and their autonomous rights.

This article outlines how the patient's right to choose in advance how they are to be treated if not competent to make his own treatment decisions is a positive development in the law. However, it may be of limited effect, as the majority of people will probably never make an advance statement. As a result, we should educate both patients and doctors about their rights in relation to medical decision-making, particularly as our increasing ability to prolong life makes decisions to terminate life-sustaining treatment more common. In order to respect patient autonomy, avoid harm to patients and reduce the risk to paramedics of civil or criminal liability, paramedics need to determine the legal validity of advance directives before making their treatment decision. In cases of uncertainty treatment decisions should be made in the patient's best interests while legal advice is sought as to the validity of the directive.
How to solve the five biggest email security problems
Authors: Spykerman Mike
Published: September 2016

Email is an integral part of modern life. As ubiquitous as they are in 2016, rogue emails can cause massive headaches when your security measures fail. Mike Spykerman discusses the five biggest email security problems and how you can avoid them
POP-MANAGEMENT: SORTE OU REVÉS? ANÁLISE DAS LIÇÕES DE AUTOAJUDA NA ORIENTAÇÃO DE GESTORES E EXECUTIVOS
Authors: Calfat Duarte Maria Paula Ferraz , De Oliveira Medeiros Cintia Rodrigues
Published: September 2016

A literatura pop-management tem se firmado como ferramenta de solução de problemas, orientando a atuação de gestores e executivos para além da vida pessoal, estendendo-se à sua atuação no mundo dos negócios. Com o objetivo de identificar os argumentos utilizados na literatura pop-management para orientar o desenvolvimento de executivos e gestores, analisamos as lições contidas no livro A boa sorte, de Álex Rovira Celma e Fernando Trías de Bes (2004), que promete transformar a vida de seus leitores, mostrando que nada acontece por acaso, mas, sim, que cabe a cada pessoa criar condições para que a boa sorte aconteça na vida. Quanto aos procedimentos técnicos, empregamos a análise argumentativa. Como resultados, por meio dos elementos utilizados na análise argumentativa, apontamos duas categorias analíticas dos argumentos: (1) gestão de si; e (2) empoderamento. Defende-se que o indivíduo é responsável pelo próprio destino, buscando persuadir o público de que a solução dos problemas está ao alcance de todas as pessoas, ou pelo menos daquelas que seguirem o passo a passo indicado nas dez lições do livro.
DIÁLOGO ENTRE GESTORES E TRABALHADORES DA SAÚDE MENTAL SOBRE QUALIDADE DE VIDA NO TRABALHO: É POSSÍVEL?
Authors: Ferreira Cláudia Aparecida Avelar , Vasconcelos Fernanda Carla Wasner
Published: September 2016

Este artigo objetivou analisar o diálogo entre gestores e trabalhadores da saúde mental sobre sua percepção da qualidade de vida no trabalho (QVT). O estudo foi qualitativo, descritivo. Foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, disponibilizada no Google Drive, com 7 questões para os gestores e 5 questões para os trabalhadores e foi aplicada a técnica de análise de conteúdo, por meio do software Atlas TI. Participaram do estudo 4 gestores e 85 trabalhadores. O diálogo entre gestores e trabalhadores evidencia consenso em vários aspectos, como: condições e satisfação no trabalho, plano de carreira e capacitação dos trabalhadores. O estudo demonstrou que os trabalhadores da saúde mental necessitam de atenção especial devido ao contexto socioambiental do trabalho, por meio da implantação de estratégias como programas de QVT, criação de um espaço para a fala do trabalhador e constante diálogo com os gestores.
A developing research-oriented pedagogy for undergraduate teaching in art and design
Authors: Winters Tara Michelle
Published: September 2016

Art and design continues to negotiate its activity as academic research. It has had to build arguments for how its procedures constitute a disciplinary specific form of enquiry and communicate how its activities constitute something important in the world – an alternative means of thinking and generating knowledge. It has had to do this while not losing sight of its fundamental nature and purpose as art and design. This article surveys the ways in which practice-based research is achieving this, connecting key aspects of these efforts to a developing research-oriented pedagogy for undergraduate teaching and learning. I suggest that the development of a research culture has reinvigorated the undergraduate curriculum, advancing our pedagogical content knowledge. In this respect I outline a number of strategies of importance in assisting students to build more sophisticated conceptions of artistic research.
Drawing on philosophy – an investigation of theory in praxis
Authors: Ashton Alex
Published: September 2016

The article addresses the question: what is the relationship between perceptual experience and its interpretation through drawing? It is proposed that drawing, as knowledge and experience, is a particular way of coming to know the world that is explicated within personal practice. The research examines how drawing, through its expression of the concrete and the imaginary, provides interconnected ways of orientating knowledge that contribute to a multifaceted understanding of the ‘lived experience’. The practice of drawing is utilised as a research methodology in order to consider visualisations that are both descriptive and interpretive.

The study draws on philosophy, in particular the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, to consider the complexities and interconnections of mind, object and body that are experienced through drawing. By being immersed in the visible, the concrete, through the body, the visible is not appropriated, but is instead revealed by the act of ‘looking’.
Lesbians blending with the crowd on prime-time Spanish television
Authors: Platero Luzmila Camacho
Published: September 2016

This article examines how five series on prime-time Spanish television introduced and experimented with lesbian characters. These efforts reveal the complex workings of stereotypes, as discussed by Richard Dyer, as well as Judith Butler’s performative nature of gender, which has the potential to transgress gender roles but also to perpetuate them. The image of the lesbian on Spanish television underwent various representations, often attempting to portray lesbians blending with the crowd and thereby exposing societal angst about their difference. Following Dyer’s insistence that there is nothing inherently wrong with stereotypes but rather the problem is who controls them, it becomes clear that either political ideology or market ideology plays a decisive role in the construction of cultural representations of lesbians. Although all of these series are lacking a more diverse and realistic representation, overall the cultural changes can be viewed positively, for they brought the lesbian character into mainstream Spanish (popular) culture.
Buñuel’s social close-up: An entomological gaze on El ángel exterminador/The Exterminating Angel (1962)
Authors: Ramey James
Published: September 2016

This article proposes a new interpretation of Buñuel’s film-making strategies by examining his training in entomology and his early theorization of the Griffithian close-up as a technique whereby edited film-making can be made to conceive in a way that simple images or continuous shots cannot. This technique, I argue, implies the opposite of Auerbach´s unipersonal subjectivism in modernist literature, requiring a cinematic multipersonal subjectivism that is covalent with Bakhtinian dialogism. In developing his multi-personal subjectivism into a rational tool for opening a window on the irrational world of the unconscious, I believe Buñuel´s entomological training led him to conceive and represent a dialogical parasitism, similar to the posthumanist philosophy of Michel Serres decades later, as being inherent in all human relationships, a view most clearly conveyed in El ángel exterminador/The Exterminating Angel (1962).
Reviews
Authors: Marín Yarí Pérez , Zubiaurre Maite , Mérida Jiménez Rafael M. , Navarro Sandra V. , Noble Fiona , Benet Vicente J.
Published: September 2016

NEW ARGENTINE CINEMA, JENS ANDERMANN (2012) New York: I.B. Tauris, 209 pp., ISBN: 9781848854635, p/bk £17.99

IMAGEN, CUERPO Y SEXUALIDAD: REPRESENTACIONES DEL CUERPO EN LA CULTURA AUDIOVISUAL CONTEMPORÁNEA, FRANCISCO A. ZURIÁN (2013) Madrid: Editorial Ocho y Medio, 241 pp., ISBN: 9788496582873, p/bk, €25.00

CUESTIÓN DE IMAGEN: CINE Y MARCA ESPAÑA, ALFREDO MARTÍNEZ EXPÓSITO (2015) Vigo: Editorial Academia del Hispanismo, 291 pp., ISBN: 9788416187065, p/bk, €39

SCREENING MINORS IN LATIN AMERICAN CINEMA, CAROLINA ROCHA AND GEORGIA SEMINET (EDS) (2014) New York: Lexington Books, 224 pp., ISBN: 9780739199510, h/bk, $90.00; ISBN: 9780739199527, e-Book, $89.99

IMMIGRATION CINEMA IN THE NEW EUROPE, ISOLINA BALLESTEROS (2015) Bristol, UK; Chicago, USA: Intellect, xv + 265 pp., ISBN: 9781783204113, p/bk, £28

A HISTORY OF SPANISH FILM: CINEMA AND SOCIETY 1910−2010, SALLY FAULKNER (2013) 1st ed., London: Bloomsbury Academic, 314 pp., ISBN: HB 9780826416667, p/bk, $15.21
A Regra do Templo ou o Esplendor da Arte Militar Medieval
Authors: Monteiro João Gouveia
Published: September 2016

Pretende-se com este trabalho fornecer ao estudioso da arte militar medieval uma ferramenta, um guia de trabalho. Trata-se de apresentar de uma maneira simples e funcional aquele que é um dos escritos militares originais mais importantes de toda a Idade Média: a Regra do Templo. Especialistas na defesa da Terra Santa, os Templários, surgidos em 1120 e legitimados (com o apoio de S. Bernardo de Claraval) no Concílio de Troyes de 1129, desenvolveram formas de organização e de conduta marcial que não encontram paralelo na Europa do seu tempo. Esses procedimentos encontram-se reunidos na Regra do Templo, originalmente redigida em latim mas de que rapidamente foi feita uma tradução francesa, para utilização prática pelos freires. Este estudo apresenta de forma sistematizada e muito resumida os princípios militares mais importantes contidos na Règle du Temple: a hierarquia militar; os acampamentos de campanha; as colunas de marcha; os esquadrões de combate; o processo de carga da cavalaria; o equipamento militar; a manutenção dos cavalos e das armas; o treino militar; e o quadro das infracções militares e das respectivas punições.
No trilho histórico do cancro: percepções de incurabilidade, invocações sagradas e rejeição da medicina científica
Authors: Costa Rui Manuel Pinto
Published: September 2016

Enfermidade frustrante, tanto pela natureza insidiosa do seu crescimento, quanto pela proverbial resistência às tentativas terapêuticas da medicina científica, a compreensão humana sobre o cancro dependeu das crenças médicas sobre a natureza biológica dos tumores malignos, da ineficácia da terapêutica, e ainda dos valores, dor, sofrimento e modo como vemos o nosso próprio corpo. É o símbolo visível da mais angustiante percepção humana sobre a doença, cujas matrizes culturais mergulham no nosso passado mais recôndito. O presente artigo desenrola-se em redor da imemorial ideia de incurabilidade suscitada pela doença oncológica, patente nos séculos XVIII, XIX e ainda em meados do século XX, debruçando-se sobre alguns aspectos culturais que lhe são muito próprios.
Caminhos-de-ferro da Beira (1845-1893)
Authors: Pereira Hugo Silveira
Published: September 2016

Na segunda metade de Oitocentos, Portugal reuniu as condições políticas e económicas para empreender a construção de caminhos-de-ferro, tal como vinham fazendo outros países. O objectivo era ligar Lisboa à Europa, integrando a economia nacional no grande movimento comercial que então se verificava. Simultaneamente, esperava-se o desenvolvimento das zonas nacionais então atravessadas pelas ferrovias. A passagem pela Beira parecia incontornável dada a posição geográfica de Portugal, mas os comboios só muito tardiamente circulariam nesta província.
O texto que se segue (que deriva de um projecto de doutoramento actualmente em curso sobre a política ferroviária nacional entre 1845 e 1900) pretende explicitar como se escalonou a construção de vias-férreas na Beira, desde a feitura de estudos, até à execução das obras. Nesse sentido, analisaram-se relatórios publicados no Boletim do Ministério das Obras Públicas (BMOP) e na Revista de Obras Públicas e Minas (ROPM) ou redigidos pelo Conselho Superior (CSOP) e a sua herdeira Junta Consultiva (JCOP), à guarda do Arquivo Histórico do Ministério das Obras Públicas (AHMOP); os debates parlamentares; e, uma vez que a ligação a Espanha era incontornável, relatórios de engenheiros espanhóis, alguns registos do Arquivo Histórico-Diplomático (ARD) e as opiniões das instâncias militares.
A Arqueologia Histórica em Laranjeiras (SE-Brasil): uma proposta de salvaguarda da cultura material portuguesa nas ruínas da cidade
Authors: Mello Janaina Cardoso de
Published: September 2016

O artigo apresenta a necessidade de a arqueologia histórica no Brasil, ao voltar seu olhar para os contextos da época Modema e Contemporânea, atuar na identificação, inventariação e salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural. Buscaremos enfatizar os elementos da cultura material portuguesa nas ruínas de antigas edificações na cidade de Laranjeiras (Sergipe), cujo ápice de sua economia ocorre ao longo do século XIX, com o domínio dos engenhos de açúcar, os ricos sobrados residenciais, os teatros e hospital local. Esse trabalho busca discutir a prospecção arqueológica para expor a historicidade da arquitetura urbana na formação de sua população, as heranças da colonização portuguesa nas ruínas, suas antigas funcionalidades, ações de consolidação e possibilidades de usos sociais desses locais nos dias atuais.