bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We Need More Lumumbas”: Castillo and Youth Onstage! Organize A Season in the Congo
Authors: Mullin Brian
Published: May 2010

Youth Onstage! is a grassroots political theatre made up of young people from New York City's poorest neighborhoods. An analysis of their recent production A Season in the Congo demonstrates their unique use of theatrical performance as an organizing tool for young people, adult volunteers, and audience members alike.
Lanarkshire Oximetry Index as a Diagnostic Tool for Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Papanas N. , Kakagia D. , Papatheodorou K. , Papazoglou D. , Alexandridou M. , Pagkalos A. , Karadimas E.J. , Maltezos E.
Published: May 2010

We evaluated the Lanarkshire Oximetry Index (LOI) for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in type 2 diabetic patients, using the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) as gold standard. We included 161 patients (71 men, mean age 63.1 ± 9.8 years). Peripheral arterial disease was defined as ABI < 0.9. Two cut-off values of LOI (<0.9 and <0.8) were assessed for the diagnosis of PAD. Sensitivity and specificity for PAD were 93.3% and 89.1%, respectively, using a LOI cut-off value of 0.9, while they were 40% and 99.3%, respectively, using a LOI cut-off value of 0.8. Agreement between LOI and ABI was moderate (P < .001). There was a significant positive correlation between ABI and LOI (r = .377, P < .001). Lanarkshire Oximetry Index is a potentially useful alternative diagnostic test for PAD in type 2 diabetes. A cut-off value of 0.9 has high sensitivity and modest specificity. Agreement between LOI and ABI is moderate.
The Efficacy of Academic Acceleration for Gifted Minority Students
Authors: Lee Seon-Young , Olszewski-Kubilius Paula , Peternel George
Published: May 2010

This study supported the use of acceleration for gifted minority students in math. The gifted minority students in this study viewed taking accelerated math courses as exciting and beneficial for preparation for high school and college and particularly liked the challenges they encountered while taking advanced classes. They enjoyed working ahead and having a “leg up” in school and were infused with a special feeling of being gifted and talented in taking accelerated math. Ethnicity was not a major factor for teachers’ support for acceleration. The teachers believed that acceleration provides necessary challenges for students, makes them committed to schoolwork, and enhances their academic achievement. No negative peer pressure resulting from academic acceleration was found, though the teachers were more certain than the students about the existence of negative peer culture for gifted minority students.
Assessing Component Language Deficits in the Early Detection of Reading Difficulty Risk
Authors: van der Lely Heather K. J. , Marshall Chloë R.
Published: May 2010

This article focuses on some of the linguistic components that underlie letter-sound decoding skills and reading comprehension: specifically phonology, morphology, and syntax. Many children who have reading difficulties had language deficits that were detectable before they began reading. Early identification of language difficulties will therefore help identify children at risk of reading failure. Using a developmental psycholinguistic framework, the authors provide a model of how syntax, morphology, and phonology break down in children with language impairments. The article reports on a screening test of these language abilities for preschool or young school-aged children that identifies those at risk for literacy problems and in need of further assessment.
Language Development, Literacy Skills, and Predictive Connections to Reading in Finnish Children With and Without Familial Risk for Dyslexia
Authors: Torppa Minna , Lyytinen Paula , Erskine Jane , Eklund Kenneth , Lyytinen Heikki
Published: May 2010

Discriminative language markers and predictive links between early language and literacy skills were investigated retrospectively in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia in which children at familial risk for dyslexia have been followed from birth. Three groups were formed on the basis of 198 children’s reading and spelling status. One group of children with reading disability (RD; n = 46) and two groups of typical readers from nondyslexic control (TRC; n = 84) and dyslexic families (TRD; n = 68) were examined from age 1.5 years to school age. The RD group was outperformed by typical readers on numerous language and literacy measures (expressive and receptive language, morphology, phonological sensitivity, RAN, and letter knowledge) from 2 years of age onward. The strongest predictive links emerged from receptive and expressive language to reading via measures of letter naming, rapid naming, morphology, and phonological awareness.
Measuring state capacity: Theoretical and empirical implications for the study of civil conflict
Authors: Hendrix Cullen S
Published: May 2010

This article identifies and addresses key conceptual and measurement issues raised by measures of state capacity in studies of civil conflict. First, it reviews competing definitions and operationalizations of state capacity, focusing specifically on those that emphasize (1) military capacity, (2) bureaucratic administrative capacity, and (3) the quality and coherence of political institutions. Second, it critically assesses these measures on the basis of construct validity, focusing attention on whether they accurately capture the theoretical concept of state capacity, and whether they allow the researcher to differentiate between competing causal mechanisms. Third, it employs principal factor analysis to identify the underlying dimensionality of 15 different operationalizations of state capacity. State capacity is characterized by low dimensionality, with three factors — or dimensions of state capacity — explaining over 90% of the variance in the 15 measures. While the first factor, rational legality, captures bureaucratic and administrative capacity, the second, rentier-autocraticness, and third, neopatrimoniality, capture aspects of state capacity that cut across theoretical categories. The article concludes by suggesting a multivariate approach to modeling state capacity, and that (1) survey measures of bureaucratic quality, and (2) tax capacity are the most theoretically and empirically justified.
Resisting infection: How state capacity conditions conflict contagion
Authors: Braithwaite Alex
Published: May 2010

The collapse of Mobutu’s Zaire and the arrival of father and son Kabila regimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereafter, the DRC) were hastened by the dramatic and tumultuous spread of violence from neighboring Rwanda. Mobutu’s state’s inability to manage the influx of Hutu refugees (with Interahamwe militia members interspersed) into the Kivu province of eastern Zaire from Rwanda’s bloody genocide of 1994 or to compensate for the ratcheting up of their cross-border skirmishes with the Banyamulenge (Zairean Tutsi) population in 1996, exacerbated extant tensions and has since resulted in more than a dozen years of civil war. This example prompts us to ask: are countries with higher levels of state capacity better able to resist the spread of violence from neighboring territories into their own? The author argues that when falsely divided notions of spatial heterogeneity and dependence are interacted, contagion from neighboring conflicts becomes a risk of diminishing value for increasingly capable states. A model of civil war contagion affirms a conditional hypothesis, showing that state capacity modifies the likelihood that a state will become infected by a civil conflict occurring in neighboring territories.
Civil war peace agreement implementation and state capacity
Authors: DeRouen Karl , Ferguson Mark J , Norton Samuel , Young Hwan Park  , Lea Jenna , Streat-Bartlett Ashley
Published: May 2010

Negotiated civil war terminations differ from their interstate war counterparts in that one side must disarm and cease to exist as a fighting entity. While termination through military victory provides a relatively more enduring peace, many civil wars end with peace agreements signed after negotiations. However, research has shown that the implementation of civil war peace agreements is difficult and prone to collapse. Often these failures are followed by recurrence of the conflict. In some cases, the agreements break down before key provisions are implemented. This article adds to this topic by focusing on the role of state capacity in peace agreement success. We argue that peace agreements and state capacity are necessary but not sufficient conditions for sustainable peace. The article employs a case study approach to explore the importance of state capacity in implementing civil war peace agreements. The role of third-party interventions is also considered. The cases (United Kingdom—Northern Ireland, Indonesia—Aceh, Burundi, Mali, and Somalia) include 14 peace agreements that vary by war type (secessionist or control over government), type of agreement (comprehensive or partial), levels of state capacity (high or low), and peace success (success, partial or failure), and each experienced third-party involvement in the peace process.
Masters of their domains: The role of state capacity in civil wars
Authors: Sobek David
Published: May 2010

Civil wars are complex events affected by numerous factors. Recent research, however, seems to have concentrated on the rebels and their motivations to the exclusion of how the state can affect the onset and outcome of civil wars. This special issue addresses this lacuna by looking at the role of state capacity. In particular, state capacity is a multi-dimensional concept that encompasses not only the extractive abilities of a state but also economic development and bureaucratic quality. Despite the various ways in which state capacity can be measured, the articles clearly show that strong states have a decreased risk of experiencing a civil war, although there is evidence that civil violence decreases state capacity, implying a reverse causality. In addition, it appears that the capable states that do experience civil violence are more able to credibly commit to a negotiated solution, which increases the possibility of a bargained end to the violence. While these articles do not represent the last word on the subject, they do provide convincing evidence that state capacity plays a critical role in the onset and conduct of civil violence.
Religiosity and Spirituality Among Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices
Authors: Marini Irmo , Glover-Graf Noreen M.
Published: May 2010

A total of 157 persons with spinal cord injury completed the Spirituality and Spinal Cord Injury Survey in relation to their spiritual and/or religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices in terms of adapting to their disability. Factor analysis accounting for 69% of the variance revealed four factors related to Spiritual Help and Improvement (36%), Spiritual Decline (22%), Punishment/Atonement (6%), and Body/Mind Improvements (5%). Participants were further classified by time since injury, which statistically indicated that some individuals tend to become more focused on religious or spiritual practices and beliefs regarding cure soon after injury; however, these behaviors and beliefs tend to dissipate over time. The majority of participants expressed overall satisfaction with God or a Spiritual Power (G/SP) and that G/SP helped them cope, gave them meaning, and was a source of happiness in their lives. Implications for rehabilitation counselors and educators are discussed.
School Sector and Student Achievement in the Era of Standards Based Reforms
Authors: Carbonaro William , Covay Elizabeth
Published: May 2010

The authors examine whether standards based accountability reforms of the past two decades have closed the achievement gap among public and private high school students. They analyzed data from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS) to examine sector differences in high school achievement in the era of standards based reforms. The authors found that students in Catholic and private secular schools enjoy greater math gains from 10th to 12th grade than comparable public school students. However, they found that these advantages are largely concentrated among more advanced math skills. Moreover, private school students took more academic math courses than public school students, even after controlling for family background and prior achievement. These differences in course taking accounted for most of the public-private difference in achievement gains.
Economic Crisis and Inequality of Educational Opportunity in Latin America
Authors: Torche Florencia
Published: May 2010

Research in the industrialized world shows that the influence of family background on educational attainment has remained stable or declined over time. In contrast, very little is known about the developing world. Using high-quality data sets and a standard protocol, this article offers a comparative analysis of trends in educational stratification in four Latin American countries—Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Latin America provides an interesting case study because the economic crisis and structural adjustment in the 1980s led to declines in family income, which may have resulted in growing inequality of educational opportunity. Findings are consistent with this hypothesis. They show a marked increase in socioeconomic inequality at the secondary and postsecondary levels for the cohorts that experienced the economic crisis. In addition, there is a decline in inequality in the lower educational transitions, which is explained by their universalization, a reduced advantage of males, and in some cases a growing advantage of females.
Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks
Authors: Meyer John W. , Bromley Patricia , Ramirez Francisco O.
Published: May 2010

In reaction to the disasters of the first half the 20th century and World War II, a dramatic world movement arose emphasizing the human rights of persons in global society. The contrast—celebrated in international treaties, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and much cultural discourse—was with narrower world emphases on the rights of citizens of national states. Since the 1970s, this movement has increasingly emphasized the importance of human rights education as central to sustaining human rights principles. This article examines the rise of human rights themes in secondary school social science textbooks around the world since 1970, coding data on 465 textbooks from 69 countries. The authors find a general increase in human rights discussions, especially since 1995. Human rights receive less emphasis in history texts than in civics or social studies ones, and there is less human rights emphasis in books that discuss national, rather than international, society. Human rights emphases are associated with the pedagogical student-centrism of textbooks: The proactive student is a rights-bearing student. Finally, a number of indicators of national development and especially political culture show positive effects on human rights emphases. These findings broadly support the arguments of institutional theories that the contemporary “globalized” world is one in which the standing of the participatory and empowered individual person has very great legitimacy.
Teacher Effects on Social and Behavioral Skills in Early Elementary School
Authors: Jennings Jennifer L. , DiPrete Thomas A.
Published: May 2010

Although many recognize that social and behavioral skills play an important role in educational stratification, no studies have attempted to estimate teachers’ effects on these outcomes. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), the authors estimate teacher effects on social and behavioral skills as well as on academic achievement. Teacher effects on social and behavioral skill development are sizeable, and are somewhat larger than teacher effects on academic development. Because—as is shown here—social and behavioral skills have a positive effect on the growth of academic skills in the early elementary grades, the teachers who are good at enhancing social and behavioral skills provide an additional indirect boost to academic skills in addition to their direct teaching of academic skills. Like previous studies, the authors find that observable characteristics of teachers and the instructional approaches utilized in their classrooms are weak predictors of teacher effects. However, the present results suggest that the teachers who produce better than average academic results are not always the same teachers who excel in enhancing social and behavioral skills.
Individual Ahoy!
Authors: Bar-Am Nimrod
Published: May 2010

Classical thinking on rationality regards it as an all-or-nothing affair. It thus fails to account for the fact that institutions are powerful social factors that frame the contexts within which rational agents supposedly exercise their ability to choose. This poses the classic dilemma: should social explanation refer to individual decisions or to institutions? Wettersten skillfully criticizes some of the most advanced solutions to it, and attempts to formulate a better explanatory unit for the social sciences: the partially rational individual. Since the partially rational individual is also only partially an individual,Wettersten's methodological reconciliation between individualism and holism seems to have some ontological implications too, ones that he seems reluctant to embrace. His book is nevertheless an interesting contribution to the controversy regarding the limits to the explanatory power of social theories.
Searle and Menger on Money
Authors: Tieffenbach Emma
Published: May 2010

In Searle’s social ontology, collective intentionality is an essential component of all institutional facts. This is because the latter involve the assignment of functions, namely “status functions,” on entities whose physical features do not guarantee their performance, therefore requiring our acceptance that it be performed. One counter-example to that claim can be found in Carl Menger’s individualistic account of the money system. Menger’s commitment to the self-interest assumption, however, prevents him from accounting for the deontic dimensions of institutional facts.
Polybius’ Advice to the Imperial Republic
Authors: Balot Ryan
Published: May 2010

Polybius’ Histories , written in the mid—second century BC, offers an authoritative account of Rome’s rise to uncontested imperial supremacy. The work has been highly influential among political thinkers because of its theory of the “mixed constitution.” This essay proposes to return Polybius’ mixed constitution to its proper location within the narrative of the Histories. This interpretative approach enables us to appreciate Polybius’ frequently neglected emphasis on the connections between republican politics and Roman imperial power. These connections shed light on recent developments in republican political theory. They also lead to an investigation of the didactic purposes of the author, who intended to educate the Roman aristocracy in the virtues necessary for exercising hegemonic power successfully in the ancient Mediterranean world.
Contours of Black Political Thought: An Introduction and Perspective
Authors: Hanchard Michael
Published: May 2010

This essay aims to demonstrate how attention to black political thought might expand and complicate our understanding of modern politics and the conceptualization of the political in contemporary political theory, and in modern politics more generally. Black political thought can be viewed as the attempt to develop a set of critical tools to help explain the political distinctiveness of black life-worlds and how this distinctiveness is structured by a series of relations between individual and community, self and other, state and society, citizen and non-citizen, and national and multinational (or global) circumstances. Too often, black politics is exclusively considered as a form of minority group politics and phenomena reducible to empirical investigation and observation, rather than a set of practices with underlying conceptual, theoretical, and epistemological premises. If we understand race as a fundamentally relational concept, namely, an assumption of dynamic interaction between two or more putatively distinct groups, and racism as a political phenomena that is conditioned and articulated through politics, then taken together they provide the opportunity for reflection and consideration of how black peoples and subjects have conceptualized, created and engaged in politics, political communities, and their articulation. Race and racism, the modalities of political participation and, conversely, the modalities of political exclusion have been recurrent themes in black political thought. The distinctiveness of black political thought is symptomatic of the distinctive trajectories of black politics, which first emerged from spaces of exclusion in Western polities and colonies. The histories of black political and social movements provide evidence of the ways in which black subordination in Western societies and polities required the reconfiguration of the actual boundaries between the public and private, the political and the social. Race and racism, the distinction between identity and identification, black solidarities, and the relationship between history, context, and politics and the political are themes central to black political thought.
The Construction of the Idea of the City in Early Modern Europe: Pérez de Herrera and Nicolas Delamare
Authors: Fraile Pedro
Published: May 2010

With the economic and social changes in Europe at the end of the sixteenth century and the formation and consolidation of an urban network throughout the continent, questions such as poverty, sanitation, and hygiene began to pose acute problems in the cities of the age. A new school of thought, known in Spain as Ciencia de Policía and in the Mediterranean area as Policy Science, proposed solutions for these problems and tested them through practical interventions inside the urban setting. In this article the author compares the work of two thinkers: Cristóbal Pérez de Herrera, a Spaniard, and Nicolas Delamare, a Frenchman. Writing in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Pérez de Herrera examined the organization of Madrid, the newly founded (though still not firmly established) capital of Spain. Delamare based his study on the Paris of the early eighteenth century. The author stresses the coincidences in some of the ideas of both thinkers and shows how their writings begin to embody a new idea of the city, many aspects of which have survived until the present day.
Examining Patient Risk Factors, Comorbid Conditions, Participation, and Physician Referrals to a Rural Diabetes Self-management Education Program
Authors: Ruppert Kristine , Uhler Amy , Siminerio Linda
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine patients’ diabetes risk factors, comorbid conditions, and patient participation in and primary care practitioner (PCP) referrals to a rural diabetes self-management education (DSME) program.

Methods

A total of 295 patients in a rural community were identified by their PCP as having type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using patient information that was collected and entered into a diabetes data management system, patients’ risk factors, comorbid conditions, and patient participation in and PCP referral patterns to a DSME program were examined.

Results

Of the 295 patients with T2D, 162 (65%) reported that they had never received any DSME services. Despite educator efforts to improve patient participation and PCP awareness of local DSME services, 123 (76%) of the 162 patients never received a subsequent referral for DSME. Those patients who did receive a referral had a higher number of risk factors and comorbid conditions than those who did not receive a referral. Eighty-three percent of the patients who received a PCP referral attended the DSME program.

Conclusions

The findings reaffirm concerns that DSME patient participation and PCP referral practices are poor. Advocacy efforts should force policies and procedures that will make DSME a mandatory service and universally accessible. Unless referral practices are attended to, it is doubtful that the United States will reach the Healthy People 2010 objective for diabetes education.
Psychosocial Resources and Barriers to Self-management in African American Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Auslander Wendy F. , Sterzing Paul R. , Zayas Luis E. , White Neil H.
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify psychosocial resources and barriers to self-management among African American adolescents with type 2 diabetes and their mothers.

Methods

African American adolescents (n = 10) aged 14 to 19 years old with type 2 diabetes for >1 year and their mothers (n = 10) were recruited from the pediatric diabetes clinic of a large medical center practice. Participants were independently interviewed and responded to a series of open-ended questions concerning illness experiences and resources and barriers to diabetes self-management. This study used a modified grounded theory approach to data coding and analysis.

Results

Adolescents and mothers shared similar perceptions of resources and barriers to self-management. Resources included mother’s role as the primary support person, emergence of greater self-efficacy and coping over time, family recognition of the seriousness of diabetes, and the presence of supportive peers. Barriers included comorbidity, dietary and other regimen challenges, negative peer influences, and financial problems.

Conclusions

Resources and barriers identified in this study represent the multiple contexts that influence type 2 diabetes (eg, individual, family, peer, economic, and cultural).
The Contact Space: A Novel Framework for Intergroup Contact Research
Authors: Harwood Jake
Published: May 2010

This article presents a new framework for understanding research on the intersection between language, communication, and intergroup contact. Contact theory has described a variety of ways in which contact between groups can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. However, the field has become fragmented by the study of a variety of forms of contact whose interconnections have not been elucidated, and it has paid insufficient attention to the language and communicative dynamics of the contact event itself. This article accounts for the variation in forms of contact studied by arraying them in two-dimensional space organized by (a) involvement of self in contact and (b) richness of self-outgroup experience. The former pertains to whether an individual is directly involved in interaction with an outgroup member (vs. merely observing such contact); the latter pertains to the multiplicity of channels and senses through which one experiences the outgroup member. These two dimensions are argued to be largely orthogonal. The two-dimensional space is used to organize mediators and moderators in the field, to specify in detail the intersection between contact and issues of language and communication, as well as to outline areas of particular promise for specific contact interventions.
The Effect of Speaker Information on Attitudes Toward (ING)
Authors: Campbell-Kibler Kathryn
Published: May 2010

Speakers build linguistic styles by combining elements of existing styles, a process known as bricolage , which results in stylistic resources appearing across multiple styles. Although speakers’ ability to construct and deploy styles across situations has been documented repeatedly, little perceptual work has been done on how linguistic cues function across styles. This study used a matched guise experiment to examine the impact of the English variable (ING) on social perceptions of speakers presented as professors, political candidates, or experienced professionals. As predicted, profession shifted the impact of (ING) on perceived knowledgeability, such that professors were seen as more knowledgeable when using -ing, whereas experienced professionals were more knowledgeable in their -in guises. Use of -in also made all speakers sound less caring and created a positive relationship between political progressiveness and caring in perceptions of political candidates.
The Role of Marketization in the Europeanization of Defense Industry Policy
Authors: Britz Malena
Published: May 2010

European integration has increased to encompass security-related policies. One such policy is defense industry policy, which traditionally has been a national concern rooted in defense and security policy. Efforts have been made since the 1990s to create a European defense industry market. However, there have been different ideas of how this goal should be achieved or which model for state—industry relations the market should rest on. Using Sweden to illustrate the development, this article argues that for the Europeanization of defense industry policy, marketization has played a vital role. Building on official documents and interviews, the article analyzes the efforts to create a European defense industry market, marketization of Swedish defense industry policy, and the increased interaction between Swedish and European defense industry policy processes. The analysis also shows domestic challenges that the processes of Europeanization and marketization have brought about.
Civil-Military Integration: The Politics of Outsourcing National Security
Authors: Lavallee Tara M.
Published: May 2010

The post 9/11 environment has been characterized by domestic policy actors being incorporated into a globalizing defense industrial sector through the concept of civil-military integration. From administration to administration, the push for increased civil-military integration has spread beyond its original boundaries and has reached the frontlines of the American military. This begs the question, can the market-driven logic of the commercial sector be integrated into the objectives and values of the noncivilian, military sector? More precisely, is civil-military integration the appropriate solution to the post 9/11 strategic shift? The purpose of this study is not to address the detailed merits or limitations of the increased reliance on private contractors. Rather, this study’s primary focus is to examine the policies that set into motion and continue to promote the cornerstone of civil-military integration: strategic outsourcing. This study argues that in today’s threat environment, the extent of civil-military integration poses unique challenges for U.S. strategic policy. With contactors on the battlefield, basic doctrinal issues emerge. The most basic of these is the notion that in a war zone military members are asked to risk their lives for their country. But, while people are willing to risk their lives for their country, they may not be willing to risk their lives for their company.
Making Meaning Out of Human/Animal: Scientific Competition of Classifications in the Spanish Legislature
Authors: Mitchell Ross
Published: May 2010

In the summer of 2008, the Spanish legislature resolved to grant great apes (though not all simians) basic human rights. While the decision to grant such rights came about largely through the lobbying efforts of the Great Ape Project (GAP), the decision has potential reverberations throughout the scientific world and beyond in its implications for shaping determinations of “what is human.” Such implications do not appear to be lost on various groupings of scientists who have spoken about their opinions about the case and the project in general. These groupings of scientists, I argue, using the work of Mary Douglas and others, can be compared to “tribes” actively advancing and defending their classifications of the “human” in a bid for a retention or expansion of power.
Specialization: A Detriment to Problem Conception
Authors: Siller Thomas J. , Johnson Gearold R.
Published: May 2010

Specialization is an agent of separation, both between competing specialists and between technology and society. Specialization is not an agent of integration. In the problem conception phase of the engineering design process, the emphasis must be on formulating and developing the questions that will frame the ultimate design solution. Using specialists in this phase often leads to biased questions based on the specialists’ areas of expertise. Rather, what is needed is a suspension of commitment to particular solutions and to ask questions without preconceived biases. This study takes a critical look at engineering education as now practiced versus the practice of 40 years ago and concludes with a recommendation for more broadly educating future engineers.
Topiramate intervention to prevent transformation of episodic migraine: The topiramate INTREPID study
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Silberstein Stephen , Dodick David , Cady Roger , Freitag Fred , Mathew Ninan , Biondi David M , Ascher Steven , Olson William H , Hulihan Joseph
Published: May 2010

Objective: The study sought to evaluate whether topiramate prevents development of chronic daily headache (CDH, ≥15 headache days per month) in adult subjects with high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM, 9–14 migraine headache days/month). A secondary objective was to assess the efficacy of topiramate as preventive migraine treatment in this population.

Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing topiramate 100 mg/day and placebo for 26 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was new-onset CDH at month 6. Secondary efficacy measures included migraine and headache days. Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated.

Results: A total of 159 topiramate subjects and 171 placebo subjects were efficacy-evaluable. At month 6, 1.4% of topiramate subjects versus 2.3% of placebo subjects had CDH ( p = .589). Compared with placebo, topiramate treatment was associated with statistically significant reductions in mean number of migraine days (6.6 vs. 5.3/28 days; p = .001) and headache days (6.6 vs 5.3/28 days; p = .001). Most commonly reported AEs in the topiramate versus placebo group included paresthesia (32.4% vs. 7.0%), fatigue (14.8% vs. 8.6%), dizziness (11.4% vs. 7.6%) and nausea (10.8% vs. 9.2%).

Conclusion: Topiramate 100 mg/day did not prevent the development of CDH at six months in subjects with HFEM. Topiramate was effective in reducing headache days and migraine headache days and generally well tolerated.
Mere surgery will not cure cluster headache – implications for neurostimulation
Authors: Hidding Ute , May Arne
Published: May 2010

This case study concerns a patient with primary chronic cluster headache, who was unresponsive to all treatments and consecutively underwent hypothalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS had no effect on the cluster attacks, but cured an existing polydipsia as well as restlessness. However, hypothalamic DBS produced a constant, dull headache without concomitant symptoms and a high-frequent tremor. All of these effects were repeated when the stimulation was stopped and than started again. DBS had no effect on a pathological weight gain from 70 kg to 150 kg due to bulimia at night, usually during headache attacks. This case illustrates that cluster headache is, in some patients, only one symptom of a complex hypothalamic syndrome. This case also underlines that the stimulation parameters and anatomical target area for hypothalamic DBS may be too unspecific to do justice to the clinical variety of patients and concomitant symptoms. Hypothalamic DBS is an exquisite and potentially life-saving treatment method in otherwise intractable patients, but needs to be better characterised and should only be considered when other stimulation methods, such as stimulation of the greater occipital nerve, are unsuccessful.
The classification of chronic headache: Room for further improvement?
Authors: Seshia SS , Wöber-Bingöl Ç , Guidetti V
Published: May 2010

In this commentary, the authors briefly discuss their views on some of the limitations in the current terminology and classification of chronic headache. Suggestions for consideration and further debate include the acceptance of chronic daily headache as the umbrella term for this group of headache disorders, a more consistent definition of ‘chronic’ and the use of a multi-axial classification approach.
Anteromedial Impingement in the Ankle Joint
Authors: Murawski Christopher D. , Kennedy John G.
Published: May 2010

Background

Arthroscopic debridement is a well-accepted method of removing osseous and/or soft tissue impingement from the ankle joint. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case series reporting the outcomes following arthroscopic resection of anteromedial impingement.

Purpose

The authors report the results at a minimum 2-year follow-up of 41 patients who underwent arthroscopic resection for anteromedial impingement.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Arthroscopic surgery for anteromedial impingement was performed on 43 patients under the care of the senior surgeon between January 2005 and July 2007; 41 patients were included in the present study. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot and Short Form 36 (SF-36v2) outcome scores. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 31.12 years (range, 13-57 years). The mean follow-up time was 34.41 months (range, 24-52 months). Thirty-four patients (83%) were competing at some level of athletic sport.

Results

Thirty-eight patients (93%) were satisfied with the procedure. The AOFAS scores improved from 62.83 points preoperatively to 91.17 points postoperatively (range, 61-100 points) (P < .001). The SF-36v2 scores improved from 61.54 points preoperatively to 92.21 points postoperatively (range, 58-100 points) (P = .002). All but 1 patient returned to their prior level of sporting activity. Three patients (7%) reported a complication.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic resection for anteromedial impingement provides excellent functional outcomes, thereby allowing the athlete an expedited return to sport at previous levels of competition.
Judgments About Work and the Features of Young Adults’ Jobs
Authors: Johnson Monica Kirkpatrick , Monserud Maria A.
Published: May 2010

This study revisits the relationship between adolescent judgments about work and later job characteristics, tackling the twin temporal dimensions of age and history. Drawing on 15 consecutive cohorts of high school seniors, the authors examine (a) whether adolescents’ judgments about work become more strongly predictive of the characteristics of their jobs as they move through their 20s and (b) whether the relationship between adolescents’ judgments about work and their later job characteristics has weakened across cohorts of high school seniors between 1976 and 1990. Findings indicate a limited role of history; the larger life course story of these findings is tied to age. Adolescent judgments about work, measured in the senior year of high school, became more predictive of earnings with age during this period of the life course. They were also most predictive of the level of intrinsic job characteristics at the oldest age examined, but the pattern was not one of progressive strengthening with age as it was for earnings.
Nickels and Dimes Won’t Fix This
Authors: Leicht Kevin T.
Published: May 2010

The global recession has made researchers and policy makers ask a broad set of questions about the future of work and pay in America. This article examines three recent books, Pollin et al.’s A Measure of Fairness: The Economics of Living Wages and Minimum Wages in the United States (2008), Devault’s People at Work: Life, Power, and Social Inclusion in the New Economy (2008), and Bartik and Houseman’s A Future of Good Jobs? America’s Challenge in the Global Economy (2008) for insights on this issue. From diverse methodologies and disciplinary perspectives, each helps to highlight that the most basic of all economic fundamentals is good jobs with good wages. The current economic downturn provides researchers and policy makers with an opportunity to examine critically the cumulative damage done to the American middle class by policies that ignore these economic fundamentals in favor of policies that favor unearned income while promoting easy credit and debt to disguise downward mobility.
Control Over the Korean Bureaucracy: A Review of the NPM Civil Service Reforms Under the Roh Moo-Hyun Government
Authors: Park Chun-Oh , Joo Jaehyun
Published: May 2010

This study reviews the new public management (NPM) civil service reform initiatives under the Roh Moo-Hyun government in Korea. The main emphases in the discussion are placed on interpreting the reform efforts in terms of the measures for bureaucracy control, and examining the possibilities and limitations of the new NPM reforms in Korea.This study adopts as a theoretical guidance, the “control mechanisms of the civil service system” suggested by Christopher Hood. This study raises the issue of culture in the expansion of the NPM doctrines in the East Asian context. It is argued that the Korean administrative culture could be a serious constraint affecting the potential for the NPM reforms. The authors conclude that despite some positive control effects of the NPM reform measures on the overall Korean civil service system, there are many limitations that still exist in both the reform measures and in their outcomes.
From Postal to Peaceful: Dispute Systems Design in the USPS REDRESS® Program
Authors: Nabatchi Tina , Blomgren Bingham Lisa
Published: May 2010

This article explores the concept of dispute systems design for workplace disputes, focusing particularly on the first two stages: organizational diagnosis and design. It argues that dispute systems should be designed in light of the conflict-related motivations and behaviors of personnel under existing conditions, as well as the likely consequences of each design choice on their future motivations and behaviors, including incentives to participate in the new system.These assertions are illustrated with an in-depth case study of Resolve Employment Disputes, Reach Equitable Solutions Swiftly (REDRESS®), the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) employment mediation program. The case study shows that the organizational diagnosis stage was critical to the successful design of the USPS program in that it provided important information about the dispute behaviors of personnel in the existing system. In turn, this information helped the USPS understand how various design choices would affect individual incentives to participate the future REDRESS® system.
“Guys, She’s Humongous!”: Gender and Weight-Based Teasing in Adolescence
Authors: Taylor Nicole L.
Published: May 2010

Ethnographic research, including individual interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, was conducted to examine how adolescents defined and negotiated the boundaries between normal/acceptable weight and overweight through direct and indirect teasing. In particular, this article focuses on gender differences in weight-based teasing and in the ways boys and girls responded to being teased within the high school context. Findings suggest that girls’ body fat was more closely monitored and criticized than boys’ by both male and female peers. Boys and girls of all sizes and all social groups, including teens who were overweight, were critical of people who displayed body fat. This article argues that by engaging in “othering” discourses of their peers’ body fat, adolescents, regardless of their size, were able to discursively construct themselves as “normal” in comparison. In doing so, they negotiated a higher social rank for themselves and distanced themselves from the reality of everyday fatness.
Sound Acts: Elocution, Somatic Work, and the Performance of Sonic Alignment
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Waskul Dennis , Gottschalk Simon , Rambo Carol
Published: May 2010

Drawing on reflection, nonparticipant and participant observation, and introspection this article examines the performative dimensions of sound, arguing that sounds of both the nonsemioticized and semioticized variety function as acts, not unlike speech acts. Through a layered text, the article offers analytical reflections and evocative writing focused on the exploration of acoustic environments such as movie theatres, airplanes, street music performances, residential neighborhoods, and more. An important material property of sound acts, elocution, is identified, conceptualized, and examined. Elocutionary sound acts are also examined as social dramas, insofar as they constitute a crisis-ensuing breach of what the authors refer to as the somatic order. The maintenance of, or alignment on, the rules prevalent within a defined somatic order is also examined and discussed. As a whole, the sensuous performative dynamics that sound acts and somatic alignment entail can be referred to as instances of somatic work.
Working Out Back: The Veterinary Technician and “Dirty Work”
Authors: Sanders Clinton R.
Published: May 2010

Based on three years of ethnographic research in a large, mixed-practice veterinary hospital and semistructured interviews with twenty-two veterinary technicians, this discussion focuses on the work of veterinary technicians, which is, as described by Everett Hughes (1984, 343), “physically disgusting,” “a symbol of degradation,” and “wound(ing to) one’s dignity.” The article briefly describes the vet tech’s career and work activities. The discussion then focuses on how technicians regard and deal with the least appealing of their physical and emotional tasks. Here I emphasize the compensatory role played by the relationships and encounters with nonhuman animals that are central to their work life. The article concludes with an examination of the concept of dirty work and the relationship between dirty work and identity.
Career Maturity and Foreclosure in Student Athletes, Fine Arts Students, and General College Students
Authors: McQuown Linnemeyer Rachel , Brown Chris
Published: May 2010

Three groups of undergraduate students, fine arts students (n = 121), general college students (n = 104), and student athletes (n = 101), were compared on career maturity attitudes, identity foreclosure, and career foreclosure. Findings indicated that student athletes, but not fine arts students, scored lower on career maturity as compared to general college students. Findings also revealed that student athletes reported greater identity foreclosure as compared to general college students and fine arts students. No significant group difference was found for career foreclosure.
Advisor-Advisee Relationships in Graduate Training Programs
Authors: Schlosser Lewis Z. , Lyons Heather Z. , Talleyrand Regine M. , Kim Bryan S. K. , Johnson W. Brad
Published: May 2010

Advisor—advisee relationships are an important aspect of the career development of professionals in many fields; however, limited scholarship has focused on these relationships. In the three articles of this special section, the authors attempt to help remedy this situation by articulating a culturally infused model of advising relationships in graduate training. This article lays the foundation for the authors’ model by reviewing the literature relevant to advising and mentoring. In the subsequent articles, the authors propose that it is critical to understand how within-group cultural variables affect the advising relationship. Articulating a framework for understanding the advising relationship as a multicultural endeavor may help educators prepare the next generations of professionals and facilitate increased empirical attention to this important, yet underexamined construct.