bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing management’s influence on soil food web community structure for: increasing pasture forage production, soil organic carbon, and reducing soil respiration rates in southeastern USA ranches
Authors: Johnson David C. , Teague Richard , Apfelbaum Steven , Thompson Ry , Byck Peter
Published: July 2022

Background

Measurement of two grazing management’s influence on pasture productivity, soil food web structure, soil organic carbon and soil microbial respiration efficiency was conducted on five southeastern US, across-the-fence ranch pairs to compare adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMP) management, using short grazing events with planned, adaptive recovery periods, to conventional grazing (CG) management, with continuous grazing at low stock density.

Methodology

A point-in-time experimental field analysis was conducted to compare five AMP or CG ranch pairs to better understand the influence of grazing management on (a) standing crop biomass productivity; (b) soil food web community population, structure and functionality; (c) soil organic carbon accrual; and d) soil-C (CO2) respiration kinetics.

Results

AMP grazing systems outperformed CG systems by generating: (a) 92.68 g m−2 more standing crop biomass (SCB), promoting 46% higher pasture photosynthetic capacity (Two sample Mann-Whitney; Z = 6.1836; no DF in MW; p = 6.26 × 10−10; Effect size = 0.35) (b) a strong positive linear relationship of SCB with fungal biomass (R = 0.9915; F(1,3) = 175.35; p = 0.015); fungal to bacterial (F:B) biomass ratio (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a soil food web proxy (R = 0.9616; F(1,3) = 36.75; p = 0.009) and a concurrent very strong inverse relationship with bacteria biomass (R = −0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015); (c) significant predator/prey interactions with an inverse relationship with bacterial population biomass (R =  − 0.946; F(1,3) = 25.56; p = 0.015) and a positive relationship with total protozoa enumeration (R = 0.9826; F(1,3) = 83.68; p = 0.003) when compared to SCB; (d) a 19.52% reduction in soil C (CO2) respiration rates (Two sample t-test; T = −2.3581; DF = 52.3541; p = 0.0221; Effect size = 0.59); and (e) a 20.6% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 10 cm of soil profile (Two sample Mann–Whitney; Z = 2.6507; no DF in MW; p = 0.008; Effect size = 0.24). Rancher conversion to AMP grazing strategies would appear to regenerate soil food web population, structure, diversity and biological functionality helping to improve: carbon flow into plant biomass, buildup of soil carbon, predator/prey nutrient cycling and soil microbial respiration efficiency while offering improved climate resilience and a strategy to increase the capture and storage of atmospheric CO2 in soils of the world’s rangeland.
Un Programa de Educación para la No-Violencia
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Arón Ana María
Published: July 2022

En el presente artículo se describe el proyecto de investigación e innovación tecnológica "Diseño, implementación y evaluación de un Programa de Educación para la no-violencia". Este proyecto financiado por Fondef (Fondo de fomento al desarrollo científico y tecnológico) se inserta en los Contenidos Transversales de la Educación, propuestos en la Reforma Educacional. El objetivo general es tener un impacto, en el mediano plazo, en: maltrato infantil y abuso intrafamiliar, maltrato y abuso en el contexto escolar y en los crecientes niveles de violencia en el contexto escolar. Se entrega una revisión del estado del arte en el tema de violencia y se describen los objetivos específicos y los productos esperados de este proyecto
En el corazón de la poesía: Pedro Lastra
Authors:   Universidad del Bío-Bío, Araya Juan Gabriel
Published: July 2022

No hay duda de que Pedro Lastra Salazar es un escritor de primera línea de la producción intelectual de Chile y que se hace merecedor del reconocimiento de sus conciudadanos. Profesor, poeta, editor y ensayista, ha realizado una gigantesca labor en el ámbito de nuestra lengua y en la docencia de nivel superior, tanto en Estados Unidos como en Hispanoamérica y, por supuesto, en nuestro país. En este sentido, como se sabe, su trabajo ha sido ampliamente valorado por importantes instituciones a nivel nacional e internacional.
Entre lo ancestral y lo poshumano: la pregunta por el ser humano en Iris (2014) de Edmundo Paz Soldán
Authors:   Universidad de Antioquía, Von Werder Sophie
Published: July 2022

Este artículo ofrece un análisis sobre la poshumanización y el lugar que ocupa lo ancestral en la novela Iris de Edmundo Paz Soldán. Se estudian las complejas relaciones que emergen entre la resistencia política y cultural, las religiones, diferentes formas de liderazgo y asuntos psicoemocionales. Aparece entonces, la pregunta filosófica sobre el ser humano a partir del futuro distópico que proyecta la novela, y las dinámicas que en el mundo narrado repercuten en la humanidad.
Cirugía de revascularización coronaria sin bomba con 2 arterias mamarias en la enfermedad del tronco ¿genera beneficio en la mortalidad a 10 años?
Authors: Espinoza Juan , Piccinini Fernando , Vrancic Mariano , Navia Daniel
Published: July 2022

Introducción: Los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que compararon la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM) con la angioplastia transluminal coronaria (ATC) incluyeron todo tipo de técnicas quirúrgicas (con y sin bomba de circulación extracorpórea) y diversos conductos (arteriales y venosos). ¿Es razonable suponer que todas las técnicas quirúrgicas son iguales en términos de mortalidad tardía? Objetivos: Evaluar si la CRM sin circulación extracorpórea y con el empleo de ambas arterias mamarias tiene un beneficio adicional a la revascularización convencional utilizando una sola arteria mamaria en términos de sobrevida a largo plazo para la enfermedad del tronco de la coronaria izquierda (TCI). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo comparativo (n = 723) ajustado por riesgo. Se realizó análisis estratificado según el uso de arteria mamaria interna única (SITA, n = 144) o ambas arterias mamarias internas (BITA, n = 579). Se analizó la sobrevida a los 10 años de la intervención. Resultados: La supervivencia a los 10 años fue significativamente mayor en el grupo en que se utilizaron ambas arterias mamarias (79,0% ± 3,4% vs 67,0% ± 4,9%, log-rank test, p <0,01). Este beneficio también se observó en el análisis ajustado por riesgo (93,0% ± 4,6 vs 69,0% ± 5,7 respectivamente, p = 0,03). El uso de ambas arterias mamarias fue un predictor independiente de sobrevida a 10 años (HR 0,57, IC 95% 0,37-0,87; p = 0,01). Conclusión: El uso de ambas arterias mamarias internas en pacientes con enfermedad del tronco coronario izquierdo sometidos a revascularización coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea se asoció con mayor sobrevida a los 10 años.
Características de pacientes hospitalizados en Unidad Coronaria del Hospital Provincial Neuquén por síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST)
Authors: Villalba Leonardo , Parrello Victoria A. , Baez Lilian
Published: July 2022

Introducción: Los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) son parte del espectro de presentación clínica de la enfermedad coronaria, y estos pacientes constituyen una población heterogénea en la cual el pronóstico difiere según las variables clínicas y de laboratorio. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) que ingresaron a la Unidad Coronaria (UCO) del Hospital Provincial Neuquén (HPN) en el período 2017-2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal y unicéntrico de pacientes hospitalizados en UCO del HPN entre 1 de enero de 2017 y 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se utilizaron datos recabados de las epicrisis e historias clínicas. A 6 meses del egreso hospitalario, se realizó un nuevo contacto para corroborar datos sobre la mortalidad posterior al evento. Resultados: se registraron 107 pacientes con diagnóstico de SCASEST, con edad promedio de 62,2 ± 10,5 años (65,4% de sexo masculino). El 45,8% era tabaquista y el 46,7% presentaba comorbilidades, siendo las más prevalentes la hipertensión arterial (HTA, 69,2%) y la diabetes Mellitus (DM, 36;4%). El 35,5% tenía infarto previo, y el 7,5% insuficiencia cardíaca. El 91,6% presentó Troponinas Ultrasensibles (T-us) positivas; el 85% recibió terapia antiisquémica, el 35,5% tratamiento vasodilatador y el 70,1% fue sometido cinecoronariografía (CCG). El 22,4% requirió la colocación de al menos 1 stent coronario. La lesión más prevalente fue de la Arteria Descendente Anterior (ADA) en 12,1%. Conclusiones: Las características más prevalentes de los pacientes con SCASEST en nuestro centro, así como la presentación clínica y el riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH) fueron similares a los reportados en otros centros.
Actitudes y prácticas clínicas en la insuficiencia cardiaca en médicos de Argentina
Authors: María Burgos Lucrecia , Coronel María Lorena , Thierer Jorge
Published: July 2022

Introducción: Es necesario identificar áreas de mejora en la atención de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), para implementar intervenciones educativas con el fin de optimizar la calidad de atención y los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes, conocimiento, confianza y formas de atención a pacientes con IC, de médicos de Argentina. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta auto administrada para evaluar los patrones de práctica clínica y las actitudes/percepciones relacionadas con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de pacientes con IC en el ámbito ambulatorio y el hospitalario. Se incluyeron médicos de 22 centros de Argentina que participaron de un programa integral educativo de IC entre marzo y julio de 2021. Resultados: Se encuestaron 50 médicos, con edad media de 41 (±8) años; el 86% eran cardiólogos. En pacientes con fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda deprimida, el 24% inicia con la terapia cuádruple, y privilegia en un 88% los betabloqueantes, 72% los inhibidores duales de la neprilisina y la angiotensina II, 48% los antagonistas de los receptores mineralocorticoides y en el 34% los inhibidores del cotrasportador sodio glucosa 2. El 50% de los encuestados refiere que no llega a alcanzar la cuádruple terapia. El 44% refiere sentirse muy inseguro con el diagnóstico de IC con fracción de eyección preservada. El 46% de los médicos considera relevante la determinación de anemia o ferropenia. Conclusión: Se identificaron brechas de conocimiento en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la IC, especialmente en el diagnóstico de IC con fracción de eyección preservada, y la cuádruple terapia. Esto refuerza la necesidad de implementar estrategias educativas que tengan como foco el conocimiento y seguridad, y las formas de atención.
Clinical Pattern of Dermatological Conditions among Paediatric Patients Attending Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Centre of Rural Haryana, India
Authors: Verma Rachna , Kumar Mahesh , Kataria Usha , Dahiya Vishwender , Kaur Rupinder
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Skin disorders are common in paediatric age group and are associated with significant morbidity and stress. These differ from adults in clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis. Data on pattern of paediatric dermatoses can be used in planning healthcare programs. Aim: To study the clinical pattern and prevalence of various skin conditions in paediatric age group in tertiary care centre of rural Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College (W) Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India. A total of 1,003 consecutive Outpatient Department (OPD) patients upto age of 14 years presenting with skin conditions were included in study from a period May 2021 to January 2022. Various parameters like age, gender, pattern of distribution and type of skin lesions were assessed. Results were entered in excel sheet and frequency, percentages were calculated. Results: Out of 1,003 patients 56.53% were males and 43.47% were females. Maximum number (33.20%) of patients were in the age group of 1-5 years. Scabies (24.12%) was the most reported dermatological condition. Majority of dermatoses belonged to infections (32.40%) and infestations (24.83%) followed by eczemas (17.34%). Bacterial infections (15.25%) were most common infections followed by fungal (10.37%) and viral (6.78%) infections. Conclusion: In the present study, infections and infestations were most common dermatological conditions. This study provides insight about the pattern of various dermatoses among children in rural setting.
Adoption Status and Constraints of Training Programme of Farmers of Northern Gangetic Plains of India
Authors: Rai Deepak , Dubey A. K. , Lakhan Ram
Published: July 2022

Mushroom Cultivation as an entrepreneur provides ample of opportunities for sustaining rural livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane research, Lucknow is actively involved to provide fifteen days vocational trainings on button mushroom cultivation in growing season. Main objective of trainings are to promote mushroom production as a self-employment venture, which can ultimately improve the socioeconomic condition of farmers. It has been also observed that out of 250 trainees( from year 2017to 2021)) 85% trainees have adopted mushroom cultivation. While major constraints were lack of government support (96.5%) along with less remuneration being a seasonal activity (87.3%) and non-availability of quality spawn (85.5%) in adoption of this venture. It was analyzed through answer of respondents.
Longitudinal effect of self‐control on reactive–proactive aggression: Mediating roles of hostile rumination and moral disengagement
Authors: Cen Yushan , Su Shu , Dong Yan , Xia Ling‐Xiang
Published: July 2022

Self‐control is a well‐known inhibitor of aggression, but the effect of self‐control on different kinds of aggression (such as reactive–proactive aggression) and the underlying mediating mechanisms of these effects are unclear. We developed a mediation model to address these issues. A three‐wave study was conducted with a sample of 1203 qualifying Chinese undergraduates to test the model. The results showed that self‐control at Wave 1 negatively predicted reactive aggression at Wave 3 through mediating effects of hostile rumination and moral disengagement at Wave 2 at the same time, while self‐control at Wave 1 negatively predicted proactive aggression at Wave 3 only through moral disengagement at Wave 2. Furthermore, the longitudinal relationship between hostile rumination and moral disengagement is mutual. The current findings support our hypotheses regarding the mediation model of self‐control inhibiting reactive–proactive aggression and suggest that moral disengagement should be a common and basic variable to predict most kinds of aggression; further, hostile rumination only has a particular effect on reactive aggression. The present study used motivation theory to explain its mediation model, which develops aggressive theory regarding varied common influencing factors and underlying mediating mechanisms of reactive and proactive aggression.
Effect of Nintedanib on Progression of Systemic Sclerosis‐Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Over 100 Weeks: Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Assassi Shervin , Distler Oliver , Allanore Yannick , Ogura Takashi , Varga John , Vettori Serena , Crestani Bruno , Voss Florian , Alves Margarida , Stowasser Susanne , Maher Toby M. ,   SENSCIS trial investigators
Published: July 2022

Objective

In the SENSCIS trial, participants with systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease (SSc‐ILD) were randomized to receive nintedanib or placebo until the last participant reached week 52 but for 100 weeks or less. Nintedanib reduced the rate of decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) (ml/year) over 52 weeks by 44% (41 ml [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.9‐79.0]) versus placebo. We investigated the effect of nintedanib over the whole SENSCIS trial.

Methods

The annual rate of decline in FVC (ml/year) over the whole trial was assessed descriptively using 1) on‐treatment data plus off‐treatment data from participants who prematurely discontinued treatment (intent‐to‐treat analysis) and 2) only on‐treatment data to assess the effect of nintedanib in participants who remained on treatment.

Results

In the intent‐to‐treat analysis, the adjusted mean (SE) annual rate of decline in FVC over 100 weeks was −54.9 (11.1) and −88.8 (10.9) ml/year in the nintedanib (n = 287) and placebo (n = 288) groups, respectively (difference 34.0 ml/year [95% CI: 3.4‐64.5]). In the on‐treatment analysis, the adjusted mean (SE) annual rate of decline in FVC over 100 weeks was −55.1 (12.3) and −94.0 (11.7) ml/year in the nintedanib (n = 286) and placebo (n = 288) groups, respectively (difference 38.9 ml/year [95% CI: 5.6‐72.1]). The adverse event profile of nintedanib over 100 weeks was consistent with that observed over 52 weeks.

Conclusion

Nintedanib provides a sustained benefit on slowing the progression of SSc‐ILD over 100 weeks, with adverse events that are manageable for most patients.
Conch‐Shell‐Inspired Tough Ceramic
Authors: Li Meng , Zhao Nifang , Wang Mengning , Dai Xuangeng , Bai Hao
Published: July 2022

Biological structural materials realize outstanding mechanical properties by assembling hard and soft components into complex hierarchical structures, which provide abundant inspirations for synthetic materials. Specifically, conch shell exhibits around ten times higher toughness than widely‐explored nacre due to its cross‐lamellar architecture at nano‐ to macroscopic scales. Previously, conch‐shell‐inspired materials are realized by 3D‐printing. However, it remains challenging to translate the properties of conch shell into synthetic materials because of the limited approaches to duplicating complex architecture with high ceramic contents. Here, a surface‐pattern‐induced ice‐templating strategy is reported to fabricate conch‐shell‐inspired composites with a cross‐lamellar structure across a 107‐fold range of length. This is realized by directional freezing on a grooved surface, which has previously been confirmed to induce preferential ice growth. These composites have a flexural strength of 165 MPa and a work of fracture of 8.2 kJ m–2, which are 2.5 and 2 times, respectively, higher than those of conch shell. Such conch‐shell‐inspired structure yields a toughness twice that of nacre‐mimetic structure due to multiple crack deflections. Additionally, the impact resistance of these composites is comparable to those of aluminum alloys. The research provides a feasible approach to fabricating bioinspired materials with complex architectures and multifunctionality.
Photonic Integrated Circuit for Rapidly Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum Generation Using Sb2Se3 Ultra‐Low‐Loss Phase Change Material
Authors: Alam Md Shah , Gnawali Rudra , Hendrickson Joshua R. , Beamer Diane , Payne Tamara E. , Volk Andrew , Agha Imad
Published: July 2022

The generation of rapidly tunable optical vortex (OV) beams is one of the most demanding research areas of the present era as they possess orbital angular momentum (OAM) with additional degrees of freedom that can be exploited to enhance signal‐carrying capacity by using mode division multiplexing and information encoding in optical communication. Particularly, rapidly tunable OAM devices at a fixed wavelength in the telecom band stir extensive interest among researchers for both classical and quantum applications. This article demonstrates the realistic design of a Si‐integrated photonic device for rapidly tunable OAM wave generation at a 1550‐nm wavelength by using an ultra‐low‐loss phase change material (PCM) embedded with a Si‐ring resonator with angular gratings. Different OAM modes are achieved by tuning the effective refractive index using rapid electrical switching of Sb2Se3 film from amorphous to crystalline states and vice versa. The generation of OAM waves relies on a traveling wave modulation of the refractive index of the micro‐ring, which breaks the degeneracy of oppositely oriented whispering gallery modes. The proposed device is capable of producing rapidly tunable OV beams, carrying different OAM modes by using electrically controllable switching of ultra‐low‐loss PCM Sb2Se3.
2D MXenes for Hot‐Carrier Photodetection
Authors: Liu Tingting , Zhang Cheng , Li Xiaofeng
Published: July 2022

For 2D MXenes (Mo2C and Ti3C2), the fundamental hot‐carrier‐related processes are studied by using the first‐principles calculation, including the material electronic structures, indirect/direct transitions for hot‐carrier generation, electron–electron and electron–phonon scatterings during hot‐carrier transport, and electronic modulation on material to evaluate the potentials of 2D MXenes in hot‐carrier photodetection. It is found that Mo2C and Ti3C2 show higher hot‐carrier generation efficiencies than Au in energy over 1 eV, especially for Mo2C, which shows better transport performance than Ti3C2. Biaxial strain to adjust the electronic structure of Mo2C is further used to optimize the hot‐carrier transport properties. A Mo2C/MoGeSiN4 hot‐electron photodetector is proposed, which shows that the compressive strain (−4%) on Mo2C material enables a twofold enhancement of the quantum efficiency and responsivity. The Monte Carlo device simulation predicts an extremely high responsivity up ≈176 mA W−1 at the communication wavelength of 1550 nm, which is one order of magnitude over the existing hot‐carrier devices and can be competitive with the existing semiconductor‐based photodetectors.
Ultrahigh Sensitive Detection of Tau Protein as Alzheimer's Biomarker via Microfluidics and Nanofunctionalized Optical Fiber Sensors
Authors: Chiavaioli Francesco , Santano Rivero Desiree , Del Villar Ignacio , Socorro‐Leránoz Abián B. , Zhang Xuejun , Li Kaiwei , Santamaría Enrique , Fernández-Irigoyen Joaquín , Baldini Francesco , van den Hove Daniel L. A. , Shi Lei , Bi Wei , Guo Tuan , Giannetti Ambra , Matias Ignacio R.
Published: July 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses displaying the highest death rate in the elderly. However, the existing AD diagnostic system remains elusive due to lack of a technology that may ensure enough sensitivity and reproducibility, detection accuracy, and specificity. Herein, a straightforward approach is reported to realize lab‐on‐fiber (LoF) technology for AD biomarker detection based on a D‐shaped single‐mode fiber combined with nanometer‐scale metal‐oxide film. The proposed sensing system, which permits the generation of lossy‐mode resonance (LMR), remarkably increases the evanescent field of light guided through the fiber, and hence the fiber‐surrounding medium interaction. Moreover, such optical sensors are highly repeatable in results and can safely be embedded into a compact and stable microfluidic system. Herein, the specific detection of Tau protein (as one of the classical AD biomarkers that is highly correlated with AD progression) in a complex biofluid with a detection limit of 10−12 m and over a wide concentration range (10−3–10 μg mL−1) is successfully demonstrated. The proposed LoF biosensor is an appealing solution for rapid, sub‐microliter dose and highly sensitive detection of analytes at low concentrations, hereby having the potential toward early screening and personalized medicine in AD.
Cadmium Chalcogenide (CdS, CdSe, CdTe) Quantum Dots for Solar‐to‐Fuel Conversion
Authors: Xiang Xianglin , Wang Linxi , Zhang Jianjun , Cheng Bei , Yu Jiaguo , Macyk Wojciech
Published: July 2022

Photocatalysis is considered a promising technology to alleviate the pressure of environmental pollution and energy shortage. Among various photocatalysts, cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots (CdX QDs) stand out due to their excellent visible light absorption ability and efficient charge separation properties. This review presents the atomic and electronic structures of CdX QDs and their synthetic strategies. In addition, the reaction mechanism of CdX QDs in photocatalytic solar‐to‐fuel conversion is discussed. Another focus of this review is the optimization strategies for CdX QDs to improve their photocatalytic performance. Finally, the challenges and the perspectives on CdX QDs are briefly proposed.
Real‐Time Observation of the Formation of Dual‐Wavelength Mode Locking
Authors: Guo Zhengru , Liu Tingting , Zeng Heping
Published: July 2022

Dual‐wavelength mode‐locking lasers delivering asynchronous dual‐color solitons are excellent sources for dual‐comb spectroscopies. Up to now, diverse approaches have been developed to implement dual‐wavelength lasers. However, the buildup dynamics of dual‐color solitons have not been well revealed. Here, by means of the time‐stretch dispersive Fourier transform technique, real‐time observation of the buildup process and propagation dynamics of asynchronous dual‐color solitons in a mode‐locked fiber laser are reported. In addition to the typical phases that have been well discussed on buildup dynamics of conventional solitons, such as raised relaxation oscillation and spectral beating behavior, it is observed that optical or solitons collision plays a key role in facilitating the buildup of dual‐ or multi‐wavelength mode locking. Specifically, when the dual‐wavelength solitons carrying the same color photons encounter in the time domain, their collision induces the solitons explosion and brings about the new evolved mode‐locking pulse at another waveband. Experimental results agree well with numerical predictions and bring insights to the understanding of nonlinear dynamics in fiber lasers.
Fluorine‐Enhanced Room Temperature Luminescence of Er‐Doped Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , He Jiajing , Jin Shenbao , Liu Huan , Li Hongkai , Wen Huimin , Zhao Xingyan , Abedini-Nassab Roozbeh , Sha Gang , Yue Fangyu , Dan Yaping
Published: July 2022

The silicon‐based light‐emitting devices are the bottleneck of fully integrated silicon photonics. Doping silicon with erbium (often along with oxygen) is an attractive approach to turn silicon into a luminescent material, which has been explored for decades. One of the main challenges is the strong thermal quenching effect that results in weak photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. Herein, it is shown that the co‐doping of fluorine with erbium ions can significantly suppress the thermal quenching effect and Auger recombination, resulting in a three‐order‐of‐magnitude increase in PL compared to Er/O‐doped crystalline silicon. As a result, relatively strong PL is observed from fluorine‐doped silicon at room temperature.
Strategy for Low‐Loss Optical Devices When Using High‐Loss Materials
Authors: Wei Yanxian , Cheng Junwei , Wang Yilun , Zhou Hailong , Dong Jianji , Huang Dongmei , Li Feng , Li Ming , Wai Ping Kong Alexander , Zhang Xinliang
Published: July 2022

Material loss, especially in metal and 2D materials, is the bottleneck for high‐performance integrated optical devices. Here, a novel concept by utilizing the high‐loss materials in a non‐Hermitian system instead of avoiding the loss materials. It is theoretically analyzed how the complex refractive index affects the loss of optical devices based on a two‐waveguide‐coupled non‐Hermitian system. The results reveal that the loss of optical devices can be improved by increasing the loss of materials or the difference in real refractive indexes. It is experimentally verified that a high loss material can be placed close to the optical waveguide without introducing non‐negligible loss to the optical devices, by demonstrating a thermo‐optic phase shifter with a metallic heater placed very close to the silicon waveguide. As a result, the insertion loss is only 0.1 dB for the 100 μm long heater with a gap of 400 nm, and the largest bandwidth for the metallic heater reaches up to 280 kHz. The finding offers a way to realize high‐performance optical devices with high‐loss materials, contributing to the practical applications of strongly absorbing materials based on non‐Hermitian optics.
Structurally Colored Radiative Cooling Cellulosic Films
Authors: Zhu Wenkai , Droguet Benjamin , Shen Qingchen , Zhang Yun , Parton Thomas G. , Shan Xiwei , Parker Richard M. , De Volder Michael F. L. , Deng Tao , Vignolini Silvia , Li Tian
Published: July 2022

Daytime radiative cooling (DRC) materials offer a sustainable approach to thermal management by exploiting net positive heat transfer to deep space. While such materials typically have a white or mirror‐like appearance to maximize solar reflection, extending the palette of available colors is required to promote their real‐world utilization. However, the incorporation of conventional absorption‐based colorants inevitably leads to solar heating, which counteracts any radiative cooling effect. In this work, efficient sub‐ambient DRC (Day: −4 °C, Night: −11 °C) from a vibrant, structurally colored film prepared from naturally derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), is instead demonstrated. Arising from the underlying photonic nanostructure, the film selectively reflects visible light resulting in intense, fade‐resistant coloration, while maintaining a low solar absorption (≈3%). Additionally, a high emission within the mid‐infrared atmospheric window (>90%) allows for significant radiative heat loss. By coating such CNC films onto a highly scattering, porous ethylcellulose (EC) base layer, any sunlight that penetrates the CNC layer is backscattered by the EC layer below, achieving broadband solar reflection and vibrant structural color simultaneously. Finally, scalable manufacturing using a commercially relevant roll‐to‐roll process validates the potential to produce such colored radiative cooling materials at a large scale from a low‐cost and sustainable feedstock.
Detailed understanding on thermodynamic and kinetic features of phenanthrene hydroprocessing on Ni‐Mo/HY catalyst
Authors: Peng Chong , Liu Peng , Zhou Zhiming , Fang Xiangchen , Pan Yun‐Xiang
Published: July 2022

Phenanthrene hydrogenation is a key reaction for improving the quality of gasoline and diesel. Herein, we conduct detailed thermodynamic and kinetic analyses for phenanthrene hydrogenation on a Ni‐Mo/HY catalyst. We establish a comprehensive reaction network for phenanthrene hydrogenation, and calculate equilibrium constant, rate constant, adsorption constant, activation energy barrier, and reaction energy for each step in the reaction network. All of the steps in the reaction network are revealed to be exothermic. A kinetic model with 28 parameters is constructed for phenanthrene hydrogenation. The deviation of the product yields calculated by the kinetic model from those obtained in experiments is less than 4.5%, indicating the reasonability and accuracy of the kinetic model. The most favorable pathway for phenanthrene hydrogenation is demonstrated to be phenanthrene → tetrahydrophenanthrene → sym‐octahydrophenanthrene → 5,6‐butyl‐tetrahydronaphthalene → tetralin. These results are helpful for efficiently tuning catalyst properties and optimizing reaction conditions for enhancing phenanthrene hydrogenation.
Chemical contraceptive impacts on cyclic progesterone and sexual behavior in zoo‐housed Western lowland gorillas
Authors: LeFauve Matthew K. , Margulis Susan W.
Published: July 2022

For regularly cycling primates in captivity, chemical contraceptives can be used to reduce the likelihood of unintentional offspring, but the effects on cyclic progesterone and sexual behavior have not been well studied in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). As zoos are invested in maintaining naturalistic behaviors and physiology, this is an important aspect of gorilla physical and mental health. We examined how exposure to combination and progestin‐only oral birth control pills altered cyclic progesterone and timing of sexual behaviors in four female gorillas at four institutions compared to cycling controls. Hormonal data were collected using fecal steroid metabolites as detected by enzyme immunoassay. Behavioral data were collected via one‐zero sampling done by keeper staff. All methods of oral contraceptive eliminated the ovarian cycle, with fecal progestogens being maintained below baselines in cycling control individuals. There was also no evidence of any cyclic patterning in endogenous progesterone, suggesting that the methods tested do not allow for detection of a recovery of endogenous progesterone during a short no‐pill period. We also found that the oral contraceptives altered the timing of behavioral displays when compared to cycling control individuals but was not directly related to any fluctuations in endogenous progesterone. This study reveals a need for additional research on contraceptive use in gorillas and reinforces that sexual behavior in gorillas is both hormonally and socially mediated.
Bared‐teeth displays in bonobos (Pan paniscus): An assessment of the power asymmetry hypothesis
Authors: Vlaeyen Jolinde M. R. , Heesen Raphaela , Kret Mariska E. , Clay Zanna , Bionda Thomas , Kim Yena
Published: July 2022

Facial expressions are key to navigating social group life. The Power Asymmetry Hypothesis of Motivational Emancipation predicts that the type of social organization shapes the meaning of communicative displays in relation to an individual's dominance rank. The bared‐teeth (BT) display represents one of the most widely observed communicative signals across primate species. Studies in macaques indicate that the BT display in despotic species is often performed unidirectionally, from low‐ to high‐ranking individuals (signaling submission), whereas the BT display in egalitarian species is usually produced irrespective of dominance (mainly signaling affiliation and appeasement). Despite its widespread presence, research connecting BT displays to the power asymmetry hypothesis outside the Macaca genus remains scarce. To extend this knowledge, we investigated the production of BT in relation to social dominance in dyadic interactions (N = 11,377 events) of 11 captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). Although adult bonobos were more despotic than previously suggested in the literature, BT displays were produced irrespective of dominance rank. Moreover, while adults produced the BT exclusively during socio‐sexual interactions, especially during periods of social tension, immature bonobos produced the BT in a wider number of contexts. As such, the results indicate that the communicative meaning of the BT display is consistent with signaling appeasement, especially in periods of social tension. Moreover, the BT display does not seem to signal social status, supporting the prediction for species with a high degree of social tolerance. These results advance our understanding of the origins of communicative signals and their relation to species' social systems.
External environmental conditions impact nocturnal activity levels in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) living in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Kooros Sophie J. , Goossens Benoit , Sterck Elisabeth H. M. , Kenderdine Richard , Malim Peter T. , Ramirez Saldivar Diana A. , Stark Danica J.
Published: July 2022

Recently, several diurnal nonhuman anthropoids have been identified displaying varying degrees of nocturnal activity, which can be influenced by activity “masking effects”—external events or conditions that suppress or trigger activity, temporarily altering normal activity patterns. Environmental masking characteristics include nocturnal temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and moon brightness. Similarly, other ecological characteristics, including proximity to humans and predators and daytime activity, may also trigger or suppress nocturnal activity. Understanding the effects of external conditions on activity patterns is pertinent to effective species conservation. We investigated the presence of nocturnal activity and the influence of masking effects on the level of nocturnal activity displayed by wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Dual‐axis accelerometers were attached by collar to six male proboscis monkeys from different one‐male, multi‐female groups to record activity continuously (165–401 days each). We measured the monkeys' nocturnal and diurnal activity levels and investigated the effects of seven potential masking effects. Nocturnal activity was much lower than diurnal activity. Still, proboscis monkeys did display varying levels of nocturnal activity. Generalized linear mixed models identified higher nocturnal activity in the study individuals during nights with cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher diurnal activity. These three masking effects affected nocturnal activity levels during the observation period that informed our model, although they did not predict nocturnal activity outside of this period. While the generalizability of these results remains uncertain, this study highlights the utility of accelerometers in identifying activity patterns and masking effects that create variability in these patterns.
Synergistic Mechanism of Platinum‐GaOx Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Pei Chunlei , Sun Guodong , Chen Sai , Zhao Zhi‐Jian , Sun Shijia , Lu Zhenpu , Xu Yiyi , Gong Jinlong
Published: July 2022

The synergy between metals and metal oxides can effectively improve the heterogeneous catalytic process. This paper describes the intrinsic effect of Pt modification over GaOx (Pt−GaOx) on propane dehydrogenation. The presence of Pt promotes H2 dissociation and surface coverage of hydrogen species, which is beneficial for the activation of C−H in propane. With excessive Pt, Gaδ+ can be further reduced to form Pt−Ga alloy with less surface hydrogen species. Consequently, the relative propylene formation rate between Pt−GaOx and the summed contribution of individual Pt and GaOx increases linearly with the content of hydrogen species. Optimally, the relative propylene formation rate of Pt−GaOx with 0.03 wt % Pt exceeds 25 % of the summed contribution of individual components.
Diborylmethyl Group as a Transformable Building Block for the Diversification of Nitrogen‐Containing Molecules
Authors: Hwang Chiwon , Lee Yeosan , Kim Minjae , Seo Younggyu , Cho Seung Hwan
Published: July 2022

The development of new approaches to installing diverse carbon fragments to a nitrogen atom has attracted considerable attention in chemical science. While numerous strategies have been devised to forge C(sp3)−N bonds, one conceptually powerful and straightforward approach is to insert a transformable sp3‐carbon unit onto a nitrogen atom for modular diversification. Here we describe the successful synthesis of halo‐diborylmethanes and their applications to the preparation of nitrogen‐substituted diborylmethanes through their homologative coupling with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles including biologically relevant molecules. This process exhibits a remarkably broad substrate scope, and the usefulness of the obtained compounds is demonstrated by the modular diversification of the diborylmethyl group to access various nitrogen‐containing molecules.
The Heaviest Bottleable Metallylone: Synthesis of a Monatomic, Zero‐Valent Lead Complex (“Plumbylone”)
Authors: Xu Jian , Pan Sudip , Yao Shenglai , Frenking Gernot , Driess Matthias
Published: July 2022

The elusive plumbylone {[SiII(Xant)SiII]Pb0}3stabilized by the bis(silylene)xanthene chelating ligand1, [SiII(Xant)SiII=PhC(NtBu)2Si(Xant)Si(NtBu)2CPh], and its isolable carbonyl iron complex {[SiII(Xant)SiII]Pb0Fe(CO)4}4are reported. The compounds3and4were obtained stepwise via reduction of the lead(II) dibromide complex {[SiII(Xant)SiII]PbBr2}2, prepared from the bis(silylene)xanthene1and PbBr2, employing potassium naphthalenide and K2Fe(CO)4, respectively. While the genuine plumbylone3is rather labile even at −60 °C, its Pb0→Fe(CO)4complex4turned out to be relatively stable and bottleable. However, solutions of4decompose readily to elemental Pb and {[SiII(Xant)SiII]Fe(CO)3}5at 80 °C. Reaction of4with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2leads to the formation of the unusual dimeric [(OC)2RhPb(Cl)Fe(CO)4] complex6with trimetallic Rh−Pb−Fe bonds. The molecular and electronic structures of3and4were established by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
Enantioselective Dearomative Cyclization Enabled by Asymmetric Cooperative Gold Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Ke , Kohnke Philip , Yang Ziguang , Cheng Xinpeng , You Shu‐Li , Zhang Liming
Published: July 2022

A gold(I)‐catalyzed enantioselective dearomatization is achieved via metal‐chiral ligand cooperation. A new and divergent synthesis of chiral bifunctional binaphthyl‐2‐ylphosphines is developed to allow rapid access to these ligands, which in turn facilitate the application of this chemistry to a broad substrate scope including 1‐naphthols, 2‐naphthols, and phenols. Enantiomeric excesses up to 98 % are achieved via selective acceleration of one enantiomer formation enabled by hydrogen bonding between substrate and ligand remote basic group. DFT calculations lend support to the cooperative catalysis and substantiate the reaction stereochemical outcomes.
Dual Cooperatively Grown J‐aggregates with Different Nucleus Size
Authors: Shi Wenjing , Wei Rong , Zhang Di , Meng Linghao , Xie Jiajun , Cai Kang , Zhao Dahui
Published: July 2022

A molecule featuring two distinct cooperatively grown J‐aggregates is investigated. Interestingly, when cooling a hot monomer solution, the thermodynamically less stableJ1is exclusively formed even at a particularly slowed temperature dropping rate, which transforms to the more stableJ2at room temperature with very slow kinetics. This observation is ascribed to the differed nucleus sizes ofJ1andJ2. During the cooling process, smaller J1nuclei are formed first at a higher temperature, favored by the entropy effect. At intermediate temperatures, the elongation ofJ1out‐competes the nucleation ofJ2. Then, below the elongation temperature ofJ2, the formation of this thermodynamically stable aggregate is hindered kinetically, due to the depletion of monomer by the slow dissociation ofJ1. Additional evidence proving the larger nucleus size ofJ2is also identified with the varied‐temperature spectral analyses and mathematic simulations.
Identification of Three Different Phenotypes in Anti–Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Gene 5 Antibody–Positive Dermatomyositis Patients: Implications for Prediction of Rapidly Progressive Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Xu Lingxiao , You Hanxiao , Wang Lei , Lv Chengyin , Yuan Fenghong , Li Ju , Wu Min , Da Zhanyun , Wei Hua , Yan Wei , Zhou Lei , Yin Songlou , Zhou Dongmei , Wu Jian , Lu Yan , Su Dinglei , Liu Zhichun , Liu Lin , Ma Longxin , Xu Xiaoyan , Zang Yinshan , Liu Huijie , Ren Tianli , Wang Fang , Du Yan , Xue Jing , Zhang Miaojia , Tan Wenfeng
Published: July 2022

Objective

There is substantial heterogeneity among the phenotypes of patients with anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 antibody–positive (anti‐MDA5+) dermatomyositis (DM), hindering disease assessment and management. This study aimed to identify distinct phenotype groups in patients with anti‐MDA5+ DM and to determine the utility of these phenotypes in predicting patient outcomes.

Methods

A total of 265 patients with anti‐MDA5+ DM were retrospectively enrolled in the study. An unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to characterize the different phenotypes.

Results

Patients were stratified into 3 clusters characterized by markedly different features and outcomes. Cluster 1 (n = 108 patients) was characterized by mild risk of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RPILD), with the cumulative incidence of non‐RPILD being 85.2%. Cluster 2 (n = 72 patients) was characterized by moderate risk of RPILD, with the cumulative incidence of non‐RPILPD being 73.6%. Patients in cluster 3 (n = 85 patients), which was characterized by a high risk of RPILD and a cumulative non‐RPILD incidence of 32.9%, were more likely than patients in the other 2 subgroups to have anti–Ro 52 antibodies in conjunction with high titers of anti‐MDA5 antibodies. All‐cause mortality rates of 60%, 9.7%, and 3.7% were determined for clusters 3, 2, and 1, respectively (P < 0.0001). Decision tree analysis led to the development of a simple algorithm for anti‐MDA5+ DM patient classification that included the following 8 variables: age >50 years, disease course of <3 months, myasthenia (proximal muscle weakness), arthritis, C‐reactive protein level, creatine kinase level, anti–Ro 52 antibody titer, and anti‐MDA5 antibody titer. This algorithm placed patients in the appropriate cluster with 78.5% accuracy in the development cohort and 70.0% accuracy in the external validation cohort.

Conclusion

Cluster analysis identified 3 distinct clinical patterns and outcomes in our large cohort of anti‐MDA5+ DM patients. Classification of DM patients into phenotype subgroups with prognostic values may help physicians improve the efficacy of clinical decision‐making.
Parental burnout and sleep problems in Iranian mothers of primary school‐aged children: Exploring the mediation effect of emotional schemas
Authors: Hormozi Bessat Kalantar , Khosravi Zohreh , Sabzi Narges
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Sleep is crucial for mental well‐being. Evidence suggests sleep problems in mothers can result from parental burnout. The possible mediators that link parental burnout to sleep problems have not been investigated. This study seeks to explore the mediational role of emotional schemas as psychological constructs, which relate parental burnout to sleep problems in mothers of school‐aged children.

Method

A total of 224 mothers participated voluntarily in this cross‐sectional study. Data were collected online. The participants completed Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale, Mini Sleep Questionnaire‐Persian Version (MSQ‐P), and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS II). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using the bootstrap method to assess the mediation model.

Results

The findings of this research indicate a positive correlation exists between parental burnout, emotional schemas, and insomnia/hypersomnia. The mediation analysis confirmed parental burnout and insomnia/ hypersomnia are related indirectly through emotional schemas.

Conclusion

Implications of the findings is that when parental burnout is present, the psychological treatment of sleep problems may benefit from targeting emotional schemas. However, further research is needed to determine whether similar mediational effects are replicated.
The protocol for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice
Authors: Jiang Li‐Xin , Huang Geng‐Di , Wang Hua‐Li , Zhang Chen , Yu Xin
Published: July 2022

Background

Working memory capacity (WMC) is the ability to maintain information over a few seconds. Although it has been extensively studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks have been developed to measure such changes in rodents. Many procedures have been used to measure WM in rodents, including the radial arm maze, the WM version of the Morris swimming task, and various delayed matching and nonmatching‐to‐sample tasks. It should be noted, however, that the memory components assessed in these procedures do not include memory capacity.

Methods

We developed an olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) paradigm to assess the WMC of 3‐month‐old 5×FAD mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The task is divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule learning for nonmatching to a single sample odor (NMSS), rule learning for nonmatching to multiple sample odors (NMMS), and capacity testing.

Results

In the NMSS rule‐learning phase, there was no difference between wild‐type (WT) mice and 5×FAD mice in the performance correct rate, correct option rate, and correct rejection rate. The WT mice and 5×FAD mice showed similar memory capacity in the NMMS rule‐learning phase. After capacity test, we found that the WMC was significantly diminished in 5×FAD mice. As the memory load increased, 5×FAD mice also made significantly more errors than WT mice.

Conclusion

The OWMC task, based on a nonmatch‐to‐sample rule, is a sensitive and robust behavioral assay that we validated as a reliable method for measuring WMC and exploring different components of memory in mice.