bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Fukuyama type of congenital muscular dystrophy associated with atypical gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: A case report
Authors: Mishima Hiromu , Hirata Hisao , Ono Hideyuki , Choshi Kanji , Nishi Yoshikazu , Fukuda Kiyotaka
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A three‐year‐ten‐month old boy with the Fukuyama type of congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), early onset of muscular hypotonia, severe mental retardation, a slow progressive course and a characteristic fundus appearance similar to that of gyrate atrophy is described. Hyperornithinaemia and iminoglycinuria were not noted. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of FCMD associated with atypical gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.
Evidence for sympathetic neural influence on human corneal epithelial function
Authors: Sweeney Deborah F. , Vannas Antti , Holden Brien A. , Tervo Timo , Telaranta Timo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Patients with unilateral Horner's syndrome were studied to determine the influence of sympathetic innervation on the structure and function of the human cornea. There was no difference in total corneal thickness, corneal oxygen uptake rate or corneal touch threshold between the normal and Horner's eyes of these patients. Epithelial thickness, however, was slightly but significantly greater in the Horner's eye than in the normal fellow eye (P < 0.025). When subjected to a hypoxic “Stress Test”, patients with post‐ganglionic lesions showed significantly more epithelial greying and microcystic oedema (P < 0.025 and P < 0.01, respectively) and reported seeing smaller and brighter haloes in the Horner's eye. The cornea of the affected eye of these patients also showed a significantly slower rate of deswelling in the first hour following the “Stress Test” (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that both in the resting state and when the cornea is physiologically challenged, the sympathetic nervous system and in particular, the terminal sympathetic neuron, has a small but significant influence on the human corneal epithelium.
Regional specular microscopy of endothelial cell loss after intracapsular cataract extraction: A preliminary report
Authors: Inaba Masamaru , Matsuda Mamoru , Shiozaki Yoich , Kosaki Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a group of 10 patients (12 eyes) undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction, corneal endothelial cell loss was serially investigated by means of regional specular microscopy. Prevoperatively there were no significant regional differences in the endothelial cell density. Two weeks after sugery, the superior endothelium alone showed a significant cell loss (15.6%). Whereas, a definite endothelial cell loss occurred in each region of the cornea one month after surgery. The cell loss was greater in the superior (22.8%) and lower in the inferior (4.7%), respectively, when compared to that seen in the central cornea (9.6%). In each region, cell loss continued 3 months postsoperatively, but no significant cell loss occurred thereafter. These results suggest that the entire endothelial cell population may participate in the healing of the damage associated with intracapsular cataract extraction and that regional specular microscopy can be of help for detailed evaluation of such a damage.
The effect of topical indomethacin on acute pressure elevation of laser trabeculoplasty in capsular glaucoma
Authors: Tuulonen Anja
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In this controlled study 24 phakic patients with capsular glaucoma received a 5‐drop loading dose of topical 1.0% indomethacin on the eye to be treated and the fellow eye prior to argon laser trabeculoplasty and post‐operatively every 3 h to the end of the day. A control group consisted of 25 phakic eyes with capsular glaucoma which were lasered without indomethacin drops. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the post‐operative mean intraocular pressures (IOP) and mean corrected changes in IOP immediately and one month after laser treatment. However, no eyes in the indomethacin treated group showed a true pressure rise ≥ 10 mmHg whereas 4 eyes in the control group did (P = 0.1).
Effect of lens implants on iris fluorescein angiography and the iris pigment layer
Authors: Krause Ulf
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fourteen eyes underwent cataract operation and implantation of an iris fixated (Medallion) pseudophakos. Eleven had an uncomplicated per‐ and postoperative course (group 1), 3 had a subluxation of the lens implant (group 2). The control group (group 3) consisted of the 14 contralateral eyes from group 1 and 2. Two cadaver eyes had a similar lens implanted (group 4). Groups 1–3 were investigated by bilateral simultaneous iris fluorescein angiography and retroiridal stereo transillumination photography. In group 1, one case with pupillary and diffuse semiperipheral leakage areas was observed, in a clinically healthy eye 15 months after the operation. An other one had some leakage at the pupillary border, but not in the area of contact with the loops. Rubbing between iris surface and some parts of the lens did not provoke local leakage. No new vessel formation was found. Pigment layer defects were observed i every operated eye, but no leakage was related to them except in the two pupillary areas mentioned. Mayor pigment defects did not progress in a quiet eye. The iris seems to be to some degree resistent to contact with the parts of the intraocular lens implant.
Stimulation of adenylate cyclase of ciliary processes in response to decreased inflow of aqueous humour
Authors: Uusitalo Risto J. , Palkama Arto , Uusitalo Hannu
Published: May 2009

Abstract.Intravitreal injection of ouabain was used to induce unilateral hypotony and to study the relationship of adenylate cyclase (AC) and sodium‐potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK‐ATPase) both of which are involved in the production of aqueous humour. After preliminary experiments, days 3 and 5 were chosen as representative times when IOP was maximally reduced and stable following ouabain injection. NaK‐ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities were measured biochemically in the same homogenates of isolated ciliary processes (CP). Biochemical measurements showed that 46% of NaK‐ATPase activity was inhibited after 3 days, and about 78% of NaK‐ATPase was inhibited 5 days after ouabain injection. At the beginning of NaK‐ATPase inhibition there was a significant stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity of the CP. The highest activities were seen 2 and 3 days after ouabain injection. The suggestion is made that these 2 enzymes are interdependent.
Contact allergy to components in topical ophthalmologic preparations
Authors: Hätinen Anu , Teräsvirta Markku , Fräki Jorma E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Contact allergy to various components of topical ophthalmological preparations was tested in 27 patients suffering from prolonged or chronic conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis. Our results reveal relevant allergy towards ophthalmological preparations in 44.4% of patients tested. Allergic reactions to topical antibiotics, especially to neomycin (18.5%) and bacitracin (7.4%) was encountered as well as allergy to preservatives such as benzalconium chloride (3.7%). It is essential to bear in mind that contact allergy to components of topical preparations may cause complications and prolongation of symptoms during treatment, and therefore the importance of performing patch tests in prolonged cases of conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis is stressed.
Moraxella lacunata isolated from epidemic conjunctivitis among teen‐aged females
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Vik Einar , Bevanger Lars S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. An epidemic follicular conjunctivitis affecting teen‐aged females has been studied. Moraxella lacunata was isolated from 11% of the patients, a frequency far above the rate found in other types of chronic conjunctivitis. The condition is suggested to be the chronic follicular conjunctivitis (Axenfeld) due to Moraxella lacunata.
Contact lenses in hypoxia
Authors: Castrén Jorma , Tuovinen Erkki , Länsimies Esko , Stenborg Tapio , Aho Juhani , Nedrum Klaus
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Seven women with soft contact lenses were examined during a 4 h period in a decompression chamber. The atmospheric pressure was lowered from the normal value of 1000 millibars (750 mmHg) to 560 millibars (420 mmHg), which corresponds to the altitude of 4000 m above sea level. The humidity, temperature, percentage of carbon acid and illumination were attempted to be kept even. Five test subjects developed subjective, and all the 7 also developed objective eye symptoms. It was concluded that hypoxia itself may cause eye discomfort for aircraft passengers with contact lenses. The most serious objective findings were corneal erosions in 3 and opacities of corneal stroma in 5 test persons. The control group without contact lenses did not develop any symptoms during the test.
The normal fundus VI
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti
Published: May 2009

Abstract.In 185 clinically healthy subjects ranging in age from 10 to 71 years with apparently normal ophthalmoscopy, colour and interference filter photographs of the one eye revealed one or more distinctly outlined yellowish elements in 126 eyes (68%) and a single red spot in 3 eyes (2%). The frequency of eyes with one or more fundus elements correlated positively (P< 0.01) with age and predominated in males with an age ≥ 25 years. A thinning of the pigment epithelium in the posterior pole of the fundus without concomitant myopia was associated (P< 0.01) to the age group above 50 years (19 of 22 eyes) compared with the age group below 50 years (3 of 12 eyes). The fundus elements seen in 126 of 162 colour photographs with corresponding interference filter photographs of sufficient quality were recognized with the green filter in 98%, with the blue filter in 91% and the red filter photographs in 61% of the eyes.
Liquid silicone in the treatment of retinal detachment
Authors: Unosson Kerstin , Stenkula Staffan , Törnqvist Per , Weijdegård Lars
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Liquid silicone was used in the surgical treatment of 46 eyes with complex retinal detachment. Forty‐six eyes have been followed up for at least 6 months. In 27 of these eves (58.7%) the retina was totally or partially attached at the 6‐month follow‐up. Visual improvement was found in 20 of the 46 eyes (43.5%). These results are encouraging considering the poor prognosis of the operated eyes. There were few severe complications during an observation time of 6 months. Liquid silicone was found to be a valuable help in the surgical treatment of severe forms of retinal detachment.
Effect of meibomian oils on Schirmer tear test
Authors: Pandher K. S. , Mengher L. S. , Duerden J. M. , Bron A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The detrimental effect of meibomian oils expressed onto the lid margins on the value of the Schirmer test was investigated in two studies (N=12 per study): without and with topical anaesthesia. In the 12 subjects studied there was no evidence of external ocular disease. The studies were conducted in a double masked randomised cross‐over fashion. It was found that neither expression of meibomian oils nor topical anaesthesia showed any statistically significant (P > 0.05) reduction in final tear secretion rates. Thus, the notions that (1) lid manipulation may impede tear flow into the Schirmer strip and that (2) topical anaesthesia reduces apparent tear flow, are not supported.
The Boström‐Kugelberg pseudo‐isochromatic plates. How efficient is the third edition?
Authors: Hedin Anders , Tallstedt Leif
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The third edition of the Boström‐Kugelberg pseudo‐isochromatic plates was printed to the best possible visual match with the second edition. Slight colour differences between the 2 editions initiated this study where 72 colour defectives and 57 normal trichromats were tested with the plates and classified with the aid of Nagel̂s anomaloscope. Of the defectives, the plate test disclosed all but two anomalous trichromats. One normal subject was falsely classified as defective. The plates had to be shown twice according to the instructions since otherwise 13 of the 53 normals were misclassified. Three plates were shown to have low sensitivity; one is best used as a demonstration plate, and the other two can be deleted without lost efficiency. Forty‐eight of the colour defectives were also studied with Farnsworth's lantern. The correlation between the numbers of plate and signal errors was weak. All subjects who failed the lantern test made several plate errors, but 15 subjects who passed the lantern test, made two or more errors on the plate test. The outcome of the plate test does not give evidence of the subject̂s lantern test performance.
A comparison between iris‐ciliary body concentration and receptor affinity of timolol
Authors: Urtti Arto , Salminen Lotta
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Topical unilateral application of timolol reduces the IOP (intraocular pressure) of both the treated and the untreated eye. For this reason, a central mechanism of action, in addition to the local one, has been suggested for the reduction of IOP by this drug. In this study timolol concentrations in the iris‐cliliary body of the treated and untreated rabbit eyes were compared with pharmacologically active in vitro timolol concentrations. The drug concentration in the untreated eye too was found to be high enough to exert a local action.
Transient corneal anaesthesia after topical pindolol in rabbits
Authors: Huupponen Risto , Salminen Lotta
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The acute corneal anaesthetic potency of 0.5% pindolol eye drops was compared with that of 2% lidocaine and placebo solutions in 10 rabbits. Pindolol produced a rapid‐onset anaesthetic effect similar to that of lidocaine, whereas placebo drops were without effect. The chronic effect of 0.25% pindolol, 0.5% timolol and placebo eye drops on corneal sensitivity were evaluated weekly for 1 month in rabbits. None of the solutions affected the basal corneal sensitivity, but pindolol eye drops caused a slight corneal anaesthesia, when tested at 10 min after application, especially during the first weeks of therapy. The effect of timolol was qualitatively similar, but much weaker and not statistically significant.
Effect of inoculum size on the induction of endophthalmitis in aphakic rabbit eyes
Authors: Shockley Robert K. , Jay Walter M. , Fishman Peggy H. , Aziz Mervat Z. , Rissing J. Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A reproducible animal model is necessary to examine the use of antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. We determined the minimum inoculum size of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa that consistently produced endophthalmitis when injected into aphakic rabbit eyes immediately following surgery. Both anterior chamber and intravitreal injections were examined. For S. aureus, an intravitreal inoculum of 19.3 ± 7.5 CFU and an anterior chamber inoculum of 50.5 ± 4.0 CFU were required. For P. aeruginosa, an intravitreal inoculum of 5.5 ± 2.6 CFU and an anterior chamber inoculum of 97.5 ± 10.7 CFU consistently produced a fulminant infection. Lower inocula of both bacteria produced endophthalmitis in both locations, but the effect was inconsistent.
Psychiatric reactions complicating intracapsular cataract surgery A 5 years follow‐up
Authors: Karhunen Ulla , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This follow‐up study describes the 47 patients out of 1506 intracapsularly extracted cataracts (1505 patients) who presented with a psychotic reaction post‐operatively. Matched non‐psychotic cataract patients served as a control group. The mean age of both groups of patients was 78 years at time of surgery, female/male ratio was 39/8, and the mode of anaesthesia was local analgesia/general anaesthesia 16/31. The surgery had been performed in 1977–1979 and this follow‐up examination in autumn 1983. Twenty‐seven patients of the study group and 16 of the controls had died during the interval period. The difference between the groups was statistically significant. The patients of the study group were statistically significantly more dependent on nursing, and their mental performance, according to an orientation test, was more reduced, compared to the controls. Visual prognosis in the operated eye was unfavourable in the study group, versus the controls, mainly because of visual deprivation due to mental debilitation. Pre‐operative vision did not predict future psychotic reaction.
Light perception in diabetic vitreous haemorrhage and its prognostic value in pars plana vitrectomy
Authors: Vatne Harald Overskott , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐two years with a pre‐operative visual function of light perception 6 m or less, were treated with vitrectomy because of diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. The post‐operative visual function after 6 months was improved to 5/50‐5/5 in 37 eyes and counting fingers from I to 5 m in 32 eyes. In 23 eyes the postoperative visual function was unchanged or decreased, and among these were all 7 eyes with pre‐operative light perception at 1.5 m or less. No eye with pre‐operative light perception at 1.5 or less benefitted from vitrectomy due to extensive retinal damage.
Connections between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Nicolaissen Bjørn
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The study reports on the presence of connections between the visual receptor outer segments and the apical villi on the retinal pigment epithelium in the human eye. The mechanisms underlying sensory retinal adhesion to the pigment epithelium, recognition and attachment of visual receptor outer segments to the pigment epithelium during phagocytosis, and communication and transport of substances between the two layers of retina have been difficult to define, and molecular connections between the two layers of retina could play an important role in these processes.
Gonioscopy after implantation of the semiflexible McGhan/3 M, style 70, anterior chamber lens A prospective study
Authors: Næser Kristian , Nissen Jørgen Nørrelykke , Hansen Tom Eggert
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Gonioscopy was performed in 64 patients 3–8 (mean 4) months after intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of the semiflexible McGhan/3 M, style 70, anterior chamber lens. Iris tucking was present in 19 (30%) eyes. Iris‐haptic adhesions (strands of iris‐like tissue encircling the lens feet) were present in 24 (38%) eyes. Absence of iris tucking was statistically significantly (P ≦ 0.05) related to surgical expertise, while the occurrence of iris‐haptic adhesions was independent of surgical experience. Pupillar deformation, usually an elongation in the axis of the implant, was present in 50%. The absence or presence of an abnormal gonioscopy could not with certainty be deduced from the form of the pupil. The majority of gonioscopically visible pathological changes in the chamber angle were located posterior to the trabecular meshwork.
A cross‐over study of the cycloplegic effects of a single topical application of cyclopentolate‐phenylephrine and routine atropinisation for 3.5 days
Authors: Zetterström Charlotta
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Static refraction in children after the topical instillation of atropine twice a day during 3.5 days was compared with the refraction after a single instillation of one drop of 0.85% cyclopentolate + 1.5% phenylephrine in a randomized cross‐over study. Antropine eye drops were applied by the parents at home, while the combination drop was applied by personnel at the eye clinic. Refraction was determined by retinoscopy in 40 children (3–6 years) in a single blind manner. No statistically significant difference in cycloplegic effect was found between the 2 methods. The results imply that in clinical practice a single instillation of a combination of 0.85% cyclopentolate and 1.5% phenylephrine can be substituted for coventional »full« atropinisation during 3.5 days.
Studies on developmental alterations in the electroretinogram in rats after post‐natal exposure to lead
Authors: el Azazi M. , Kristensson K. , Malm G. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effects of post‐natal exposure to lead on the development of the electroretinogram in rats were studied. Newborn rats were fed with lead acetate by gastric intubation and weight and age‐matched control rats were given sodium acetate in a similar way. At 15 and 26 days of age the lead concentrations in blood were on average 298 μg/100 ml and 80 μg/100 ml, respectively. The brain concentrations of lead were on average 248 μg/100 mg in the 15‐day‐old lead‐fed animals and 244 μg/100 mg in the 26‐day‐old ones. Lead produced a transient depression of the post‐natal development of the electroretinogram. A decrease in the amplitudes of the a‐and b‐waves, as well as an increase in the peak times of these potentials were found in the 15‐day‐old animals. The ERGs of the 26‐day‐old animals did not differ from controls. There were no morphological changes of the retina.
Xanthopsia treated with thiamine
Authors: von Eyben F. E. , Grann E. , Dyrlund B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A patient with a history of extensive alcohol abuse developed xanthopsia, ataxia, and mental changes. Thiamine was given in the dosage of 200 mg daily, and the xanthopsia disappeared rapidly followed by normalization of the other symptoms. Xanthopsia might be due to a thiamine deficiency.
Senile cataract and ascorbic acid loading
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Johnsen Harald , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum, aqueous humour, and lens ascorbic acid levels were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography in cataract‐, closed‐angle glaucoma‐, and aphakic patients. The total number of 108 patients were subdivided into different groups. In several groups the pre‐operative serum and aqueous amounts were tested, whereafter patients in some groups were loaded with ascorbic acid orally. Finally, a second test was performed on samples taken during operation. It turned out that the ascorbic acid concentration mechanism in cataractous eyes needed more than 12 h for maximum reaction on the loading stimulus. The slow reaction is surprising compared to other species, and it may reflect an affection of the secretory process itself in this disease.
Topography of scleral emissaries and sclera‐perforating blood vessels
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred persons have been subjected to slit‐lamp examination for scleral emissaries. The number registered per subject averaged 12.2. Such were most frequent superiorly at 12 o'clock and inferiorly at 6 o'clock, rarer nasally and the rarest temporally. The courses of the perforating blood vessels were equally often radial (30%), incyclo‐directed (28%), and excylo‐directed (29%), whereas rarely parallel with the limbus corneae (10%), and even more rarely irregularly winding (3%). Episcleral pigmentation in relation to emissaries was most frequently observed superiorly and where the vessels ran radial and limbus‐parallel courses, whereas rarely nasally and temporally and at excyclo‐directed and winding courses.
Some experimental data concerning the safety of vitrectomy
Authors: Honda Yoshihito , Negi Akira , Kawano Shin‐ichiro , Takahashi Yoshihiro , Chihara Etsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract Several reasons why vitrectomy does not compromise retinal functions are shown, based on closed and open‐sky vitrectomy on the rabbit eye. We observed that ERG b‐ and c‐waves were stable during and after open‐sky vitrectomy. The c‐wave disappeared when the retina was detached. Function of the retinal ganglion cells after vitrectomy was shown to be almost normal by electrophysiological studies and by measured amounts of axonally transported radioactive proteins.
The concentration of lactoferrin in tears during post‐operative ocular inflammation
Authors: Jensen O. L. , Gluud B. S. , Birgens H. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Tear concentration of lactoferrin (LF) was measured by an ELISA technique and followed in 25 patients undergoing cataract surgery. The pre‐operative concentration of LF in tears was 773 ± 60 μg/ml (± SE) (range: 407–1514 μg/ml). On the first day following surgery, there was a significant decrease in tear LF concentration to 377 ± 45 μ/ml followed by a gradual return to the initial value during a post‐operative observation period of twelve days. There was an inverse linear relationship between the LF concentration and the tear secretion rate measured by a modified Schirmer I test (1 min) suggesting a constant LF secretion rate by the tear glands. The contribution of LF from neutrophils to the tear fluid seems to be of minor importance. Since LF has known antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory effects, our results may contribute to a further understanding of the microbial vulnerability or resistance of the eye following surgical procedures.
Fibronectin in tears following surgical trauma to the eye
Authors: Jensen O. L. , Gluud B. S. , Eriksen H. O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The concentration of the high molecular glycoprotein fibronectin (FN) was measured by an enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent technique (ELISA) in tears of 25 patients before and after cataract extraction. Both native and degraded FN was measured. The median concentration of FN in tears before surgery was 0.28 mg/1 (range: 0.1–3.8 mg/1) and 0.18 mg/1 (range: 0.1‐1.95 mg/1 for degraded and native FN, respectively. The time course of the median values of both types of FN during the post‐operative observation period described a bipha‐sic curve with peaks at the second and fifth day following operation. On the twelfth day the concentration of degraded and native FN had almost reached pre‐operative levels. The variation in the post‐operative FN concentration proved statistically significant. The biological significance of the changes in FN level in the post‐operative period is not obvious; the first peak may be explained by a spill‐over from plasma, and the second peak may reflect FN production from fibroblasts in the granulation tissue of the corneoscleral cicatrix.
Timolol and cornea
Authors: Olsen Erling Grøvold , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The influence of timolol on the corneal epithelium and endothelium was studied in organ culture. The cell morphology was not influenced by drug concentrations ≦ 690 μg/ml. Cell death was observed at 6900 μg/ml. Endothelial cell proliferation after an experimental injury was slowed down at a drug concentration of 690 μg/ml. Injurious effects were not observed at the drug concentrations found in the aqueous humour by use of ophthalmic eye solution in eyes with a normal cornea. However, it may be indicated to use eye drops with reduced concentration of timolol in conditions facilitating the resorbtion of the drug.
Closed‐lid factors influencing human corneal oxygen demand
Authors: Benjamin W. J. , Hill R. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A micropolarographic system was used to measure the flux of oxygen crossing the tear‐epithelial interface of the human cornea just following stabilization of four lid closure conditions. In all, 215 oxygen flux measurements were made on the corneas of 6 young healthy subjects, including 2 reference conditions: the normal open eye and anterior surface oxygen deprivation. When compared with the temperatures associated with certain of those conditions, oxygen demands greater than those predicted by a previous Q10 measurement were found. Proportional contributions of the non‐temperature factor are presented, and the nature of its components suggested.
In vitro and in vivo growth of an intraocular retinoblastoma‐like tumour in F‐344 rats
Authors: Winther Jens
Published: May 2009

Abstract Retinoblastoma‐like cells grew in colonies on the bottom of tissue culture flasks. The population doubling time was 19 h. Tumour cells from cell cultures had a 39% plating efficiency, and fresh tumour cells from intraocular tumours had a 32% plating efficiency in colony forming assays. Inoculation of 1.5 times 104 tumour cells in the vitreous of F‐344 rats resulted in a 100% tumour take and regularly growing tumours with a doubling time of 3 days. The tumour take‐rate was not changed in wholebody immunosuppressed animals. The tumour volume was assessed under a stereo microscope, and it was possible to divide the tumours into 4 groups according to the number of intraocular tumour cells. Tumour growth caused eye perforation in 89% of the inoculated eyes. Spontaneous tumour regression was not seen in non‐perforation groups. Immunosuppression with whole‐body irradiation and dense traumatic cataract had no significant effect on the growth. It is concluded that this animal retinoblastoma‐like tumour is suitable for quantitative therapy studies in vivo and in vitro.
Two years' clinical experience with the preferential looking technique for visual acuity determination in infants and young children
Authors: Lundh Björn L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two years' experience with a preferential looking technique for visual acuity determination was evaluated. Ninety‐three patients were tested during this period, but selected groups (34 patients) were reported on earlier. In 59 patients aged 2 months to 13.75 years 131 testing procedures were performed. Diagnostic groups included uncomplicated strabismus (n = 26), strabismus combined with neurological distrubances (n = 16), neurological disturbances alone (n = 11) and other ocular diseases (n = 6). In addition, several of the children were mentally retarded. In 52 of the 59 patients in this study valuable results were obtained, while no useful information could be gathered from the remaining 7 patients. The findings influenced therapy strategies in 24 patients, and subsequent testing reflected therapeutic effectiveness. The test was successful in 7 of 8 patients referred from other clinics for estimation of visual function. Although established acuity thresholds should be regarded as conservative estimates, and not directly comparable to Snellen letter acuity notations, the preferential looking technique proved to be quite valuable in a paediatric ophthalmology unit. Main indications were amblyopia detection, control of therapeutic measures in strabismics, including pre‐operative evaluation, and estimation of visual capacity in children with psychomotor retardation.
Human retinal pigment epithelium in long term explant culture
Authors: Nicolaissen B. , Allen C. , Nicolaissen A. , Arnesen K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Explants of human retinal pigment epithelium were maintained in culture in various types of media, and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. After one month in vitro, the central areas showed a monolayered configuration with distinct polarity and presence of ruthenium red stainable material on the apical surface. On the peripheral areas of Bruch's membrane, multilayered lesions were observed to develop and to extend from the monolayered epithelium and past the cut edge in Bruch's membrane. Cells in these lesions contained little melanin and generally lacked an apico‐basal polarity. Ruthenium red staining revealed the presence of electron dense material on the apical surface of the lesions as well as in the extracellular space between cells in the various layers. Development of multilayered lesions with deposition of extracellular material are seen in various chorio‐retinal disorders, including senile macular degenerations and also subsequent to laser and cryo‐therapy. The findings in the present study point to the explant culture system as a valuable tool in the study of important aspects of chorio‐retinal pathology.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐like immunoreactive nerves to the human eye
Authors: Stone Richard A. , Tervo Timo , Tervo Kaarina , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Using immunohistochemical techniques, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is visualized in nerves distributed to the human eye. Immunoreactive nerve Fibers occur about limbal blood vessels and within the trabecular meshwork. In the iris, free‐running stromal nerves are the most common, but nerves to both dilator and sphincter muscles are present as well. Immunoreactive nerves are seen within the ciliary mucle and occasionally within a ciliary process. Innervation to choroidal blood vessels constitutes a prominent feature; innervation to more anterior uveal blood vessels is seen only irregularly. Immunoreactive to more anterior uveal blood vessels is seen only irregularly. Immunoreactive nerves are apposed to melanocytes throughout the uvea. The present findings extend prior reports in the human eye, indicating a potential role for VIP in ocular physiology. Additional neuroanatomical, biochemical and physiological studies are necessary to define fully the ocular function of VIP and to determine ultimely whether VIP has clinical and pharmacological implications.
Neuron‐specific enolase in retinoblastoma
Authors: Kivelä Tero
Published: May 2009

Abstract Forty‐six retinoblastoma specimens were studied for the presence of neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) in the tumour cells and in the remaining morphologically normal retina. The laboratory method was a sensitive immunohistochemical peroxidase staining procedure, and normal ocular nerves were used as positive controls. Neuron‐specific enolase was found in perikarya and cell processes in all layers of morphologically normal appearing neuroretina, but not in Müller's cells. All but two of the retinoblastomata studied contained positively staining tumour cells, whereas stromal cells remained constantly negative. Many Flexner‐Wintersteiner rosettes stained positively as well. The proportion of retinoblastoma cells expressing neuron‐specific enolase seemed to be greater in small tumours, in bilateral cases, and in tumours that contained rosettes. The presence of neuron‐specific enolase in tumour cells seems to favour a neuronal or neuroectodermal origin for retinoblastoma, but it should be noted that this marker has recently been found in several non‐neuronal and non‐neuroectoder‐mal malignant neoplasms.
Hypotony and retinal detachment
Authors: Solberg Tron , Ytrehus Tor , Ringvold Amund
Published: May 2009

Abstract The present work has been based on the assumption that the decreased intraocular pressure in eyes with retinal detachment is due to an abnormal posterior aqueous outflow, in addition to the normal anterior pathways. Subretinal fluid may leak out either through the peri‐optic connective tissue or across the retinal pigment epithelium. In order to test the validity of these alternatives against clinical observations, a fluid dynamic model has been developed to calculate intraocular pressure‐drop versus detached area in both cases. In contrast to the choroidal alternative, the numerical results from the peri‐optic route exhibit qualitative agreement with clinical observations. It is concluded that both clinical and theoretical findings lend support to the hypothesis that the intraocular pressure‐drop in eyes with retinal detachment is due to drainage of subretinal fluid via the peri‐optic tissue.
Influence of exfoliation syndrome on prognosis in ocular hypertension ≧ 25 mm
Authors: Pohjanpelto Pekka
Published: May 2009

Abstract Data on 144 patients who in 1969–1973 were found to have ocular hypertension 25 mmHg without glaucomatous damage were collected retrospectively. Intraocular pressure‐lowering treatment was prescribed with few exceptions. Thirteen out of 37 patients (35%) with exfoliation syndrome developed glaucomatous damage during the follow‐up periods ranging from 5 to 14 years (mean 9.4 years). The corresponding result for patients without exfoliation syndrome was 20 out of 111 subjects (18%, mean follow‐up 11.7 years, range 5–15 years). Low average intraocular pressure during the follow‐up seemed to prevent the eyes from developing glaucomatous damage. This was especially evident for eyes with the exfoliation syndrome. The long‐term effect of medical therapy on the pressure level of hypertensive eyes was often negligible.
The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine as an desinfectant in eye surgery
Authors: Klie F. , Bøge‐Rasmussen I. , Jensen O. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract 105 patients admitted for cataract surgery were treated pre‐operatively with polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) as a desinfectant, and consecutive bacterial cultures were obtained before initiating surgery and at the end of the operation. A control group (n = 99) only had a standard desinfection procedure of the eye (including instillation of Terramycin cum polymyxin B cream in the conjunctival sac the evening before surgery). The cultures obtained from the conjunctival sac of the control group principally showed growth of Staph. albus and Staph, aureus, and to a minor degree diphtheroids (Corynebacterium species), Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and micrococci. There was a significant quantitative diminished growth (P < 0.05) of bacteria in the group of patients treated with PVP‐I compared to the control group. Concerning the growth of Staph, albus, this was reduced to almost one third and other bacteria were almost eliminated in the group receiving PVP‐I. As we disclosed no toxic or allergic reaction post‐operatively which could be related to the use of PVP‐I as a desinfectant, this agent seems to constitute an effective pre‐operative antimicrobial treatment, taking into consideration the broad antimicrobial spectrum of PVP‐I shown by other authors.
Topical anaesthetic and tear film stability
Authors: Mengher L. S. , Pandher K. S. , Bron A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of unpreserved topical anaesthetic on tear film stability (0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride) was investigated in a double masked randomised study in 12 healthy volunteers, using a noninvasive tear film break up technique (NIBUT). It was found that the topical anaesthetic did not reduce the pre‐corneal tear film stability, contrary to the electron microscopic evidence.
The significance of using different methods for analysing photokeratoscopic data
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract With the photokeratoscope of Wesley‐Jessen, 45 pictures were taken from the right eye of 18 normal persons and analysed by 2 different methods. The first method is based on the assumption that radius of the corneal curvature is constant between 2 points of reflection, the second method is without such a preliminary assumption on the corneal contour. The parameters estimated: radius of the central curvature (K) and the coefficient of radius variation (RV) are compared. A difference in K at 1.5% corresponding in case to 0.6 diopters and a difference in RV at 46% are demonstrated. The differences are correlated to the error introduced by the assumption on constant radius. Further it is established that K measured by the keratometer of Javal‐Schiøtz is about 0.14 mm larger (in case 0.7 diopters) than K estimated by the method of photokeratoscopic data analysis without preliminary assumption.
The prevalence of open‐angle glaucoma in Iceland
Authors: Viggósson Guδmundur , Björnsson Guδmundur , Ingvason Jón Grétar
Published: May 2009

Abstract A compilation of all prescriptions issued for glaucoma medication in Iceland for a 6 months period, together with hospital records of all patients operated on for primary open‐angle glaucoma but not on glaucoma medication, were analysed for the prevalence and distribution of glaucoma in Iceland. The glaucoma population consisted of 1916 individuals (991 males and 925 females), amounting to an overall prevalence of 8.3 per thousand population. About 80% of the patients were on glaucoma medication and the remaining had been operated on but had not used drugs. Only 2.6% of the glaucoma population was under 50 years of age. The overall prevalence among those aged 50 and older was 35.3 per 1000, all having primary open angle glaucoma (subsuming glaucoma with Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule). The prevalence increased with age from 5.7 per 1000 at age 50–59, to 107.5 at age 80 and older. Rates for males were significantly higher than rates for females in all age groups. The rates were highest in regions where ophthalmologists visit health centers regularly. Assuming that the open‐angle glaucoma patients in Iceland as a whole have a similar eye status to the patients attending the University Outpatient Glaucoma Clinic, the overall prevalence of GVFD (glaucoma visual field defects) in the population aged 50 and older is 19.1 per thousand. The age specific prevalence of GVFD in Iceland is therefore consistent with results of prevalence studies in neighbouring countries.
Glaucomatocyclitic crises (Posner‐Schlossman syndrome)
Authors: Harstad Hans Kr. , Ringvold Amund
Published: May 2009

Abstract A white man aged 40 suffering from glaucomatocyclitic crises, was treated with trabeculectomy during an acute attack. The tissue specimen showed numerous mononuclear cells in the trabecular interspaces. The hypertensive attacks are supposed more to be due to blockage of the aqueous outflow pathway by these cells, and less to increased aqueous formation.
The blood‐retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein in normal subjects and in juvenile diabetics without retinopathy
Authors: Krogsaa Bent , Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Mehlsen Jesper , Sestoft Leif
Published: May 2009

Abstract The blood‐retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein was determined in 20 eyes from 17 normal volunteers (mean age 31 years) and in 20 eyes from 19 juvenile diabetics without apparent retinopathy (mean age 35 years – mean duration of diabetes 6 years). The permeability was in normal subjects (1.1 ± 0.4) · 10‐7 cm/sec (mean ± 2 · SD) and in juvenile diabetics (1.1 ± 0.7) · 10‐7 cm/sec (mean ± 2 · SD). Thus a break‐down of the blood‐retinal barrier cannot be demonstrated as a very early and general phenomenon in the early course of the diabetic disease. The fluorescein diffusion coefficient in the vitreous body was determined and juvenile diabetics without apparent retinopathy showed a diffusion coefficient of (0.80 ± 0.25) · 10‐5 cm2/sec (mean ± 2 · SD), which was the same as in normals where the diffusion coefficient was (0.69 ± 0.46) · 10‐5 cm2/sec (mean ± 2 · SD).
Visual acuity in Danish school children
Authors: Jensen Hanne , Goldschmidt Ernst
Published: May 2009

Abstract The medical records of 8769 school children attending the 2nd‐5th grades in the Municipality of Odense have been scrutinized with regard to visual acuity. 1216 children were subject to examination, of these 1034 were found to have reduced vision due to anomalies of refraction other causes. Bilateral reduction in vision of ≤ 6/18 was observed in 8 children corresponding to 0.09%. Unilateral reduction in sight of ≤ 6/12 (employed here as the definition of amblyopia) was seen in 1.07% of the children. This applied to 1.39% of the boys and 0.73% of the girls; the difference is statistically significant. The lower frequency of amblyopia as compared to earlier investigations is probably a consequence of better vision screening during preschool age.
Paradoxical enhancement of the ERG c‐wave by a small dose of sodium iodate
Authors: Nao‐i Nobuhisa , Kim Si‐Yeol , Honda Yoshihito
Published: May 2009

Abstract The early effects of sodium iodate (NaIC3) on the ERG c‐ and b‐waves were studied in rabbits. When 30 rag NaIO3/kg body weight was administered intravenously, the c‐wave amplitude decreased and was replaced by a potential of opposite polarity. However, the administration of 20 mg/kg of NaIO3 enhanced the c‐wave remarkably. Twenty min after administration, the mean c‐wave amplitude significantly increased (P<0.001) to 211±6.2% of the pre‐administration amplitude, whereas that of the control was 108± 13.0%. The b‐wave amplitude showed no significant changes. When 10 mg/kg of NaIO3 was administered, the enhancement of the c‐wave was not remarkable. These effects were similar in both pigmented and albino rabbits. A lower blood concentration of NaIO3applied to the basal side of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may initially affect only the basal membrane of the RPE resulting in the decrease in the basal membrane resistance (Rba). This would explain the transient increase in the c‐wave amplitude with 20 mg NaIO3/kg.
Changes in the concentration of secretory Immunoglobulin A in tears during post‐operative inflammation of the eye
Authors: Sand B. , Jensen O. L. , Eriksen J. S. , Vinding T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twenty‐five patients operated for cataract were examined for secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content of tears by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique. The patients were examined before operation and throughout the post‐operative period. The pre‐operative level was 795 μg/ml, significantly dropping on the first post‐operative day to 461 μg/ml. Thereafter the level increased to pre‐operative value, and finally decreased once more to half the pre‐operative level on the 12th post‐operative day. The first drop in sIgA concentration is proposed to be a dilution effect by a significantly increased tear volume as determined by the Schirmer test. The reason for the second drop is up to now unexplained, but might be the result of an exhaustion of the sIgA production by the tear glands.
Use of tear enzyme activities to assess the corneal response to contact lens wear
Authors: Fullard Roderick J. , Carney Leo G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A non‐invasive biochemical method for assessing the effects of contact lens wear on the in vivo corneal epithelium is described. A fluorometric technique is used to measure the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in human tear fluid. In view of the corneal epithelial origin of these enzymes, changes in their activity can indicate the severity of environmental stresses on the corneal epithelium. Following short‐term wear of contact lenses, LDH and MDH activities are altered so that the tear LDH/MDH ratio is elevated. The magnitude and time course of this elevation are influenced by contact lens type, fit and duration of wear. This technique can yield more specific measures of the corneal response to contact lens wear than previous techniques.
Ultrastructural changes to the corneal endothelium due to benzalkonium chloride
Authors: Collin H. Barry , Carroll Nanette
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ten normal and 20 keratectomised corneas received hourly drops of vehicle with or without benzalkonium chloride (0.02% BAC or 0.01% BAC plus 0.1% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) over the daylight hours of 2 days (18 applications). When applied to the intact cornea, BAC with or without Na2EDTA caused, only slight clarification of the endothelial cytoplasm, whilst in a few mitochondria the cristae were displaced. In the keratectomised corneas receiving BAC, the majority of mitochondria of the central endothelial cells were pale and swollen or even disrupted. Many contained aggregations of membranous material either within the mitochondrion or at its outer membrane. The peripheral endothelium was much less affected than the central area of endothelium behind the keratectomy. These results suggest that BAC should not be administered to corneas in which the anterior epithelial barrier is incomplete.
The follow‐up in patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma
Authors: Slagsvold Jon Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract 102 persons with Pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma, not attending follow‐up controls, underwent re‐examination. The time elapsed since last control was ≧ 5 years in 39%. In those with monocular Pseudoexfoliation, 30% became binocularly affected. Only 3 persons had developed glaucoma (2.9%). Probable explanations for this low figure are discussed. IOP measurements of the total group and the subgroup of persons remaining monocularly affected during the observation period, revealed similar or lowered values at re‐examination compared with the last control. A retrospective analysis of a capsular glaucoma group (208 eyes), disclosed that 84% had glaucoma at their initial visit, 38% of the remaining patients developing glaucoma during 1.5 years.