bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Master course in biomedical engineering
Authors: Jobbágy Ákos , Benyó Zoltán , Monos Emil
Published: December 2009

The Bologna Declaration aims at harmonizing the European higher education structure. In accordance with the Declaration, biomedical engineering will be offered as a master (MSc) course also in Hungary, from year 2009. Since 1995 biomedical engineering course has been held in cooperation of three universities: Semmelweis University, Budapest Veterinary University, and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. One of the latter’s faculties, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, has been responsible for the course. Students could start their biomedical engineering studies – usually in parallel with their first degree course – after they collected at least 180 ECTS credits. Consequently, the biomedical engineering course could have been considered as a master course even before the Bologna Declaration. Students had to collect 130 ECTS credits during the six-semester course. This is equivalent to four-semester full-time studies, because during the first three semesters the curriculum required to gain only one third of the usual ECTS credits. The paper gives a survey on the new biomedical engineering master course, briefly summing up also the subjects in the curriculum.
Prognostic value of FDG-PET in Hodgkin lymphoma for posttreatment evaluation. Long-term follow-up results
Authors: Molnár Zsuzsa , Simon Zsófia , Borbényi Zita , Deák Beáta , Galuska LászLÓ , Keresztes Kármen , Miltényi Zsófia , Marton Imelda , Rosta András , Schneider Tamás , Trón Lajos , Várady Erika , Illés Árpád
Published: December 2009

In the past few decades Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has become a highly curable malignant disease, as a result of using modern polychemotherapy and irradiation. Differentiation of active tumor from fibrosis or necrosis within residual radiographic masses represents a problem of interpretation. Aims: The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the value of FDG-PET for prediction of remission or relapse in HL. Patients and methods: Data of 128 patients, who had residual masses on CT after completion of their planned treatment, have been analyzed. FDG-PET was performed between January 1995 and February 2005. Results: The median duration of the follow-up from PET was 75.5 months (range: 20–180 months). 89 (70%) patients had negative and 39 (30%) patients had positive FDG-PET results. The numbers of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive and false-negative subjects were 29, 83, 10 and 6, respectively. Sensitivity of post-treatment FDG-PET was 83%, specificity 93%, positive predictive value 74%, negative predictive value 93%, and accuracy 88%. The difference between the event free survival of PET positive and negative cases is highly significant (p = 0.0000), according to the Mantel-Cox test. Conclusion: Our results, in accordance with literature, clearly indicate that patients with negative FDG-PET results are unlikely to progress or relapse during a long follow-up. However, false positive uptake is a problem. We have investigated the effect of age, histological subtype, clinical stage and the type of treatment on the accuracy, but on the basis of these facts we could not find any significant difference. However, the date of the investigation influenced the results: before 2000 the number of false results was significantly higher than after that time, which shows the importance of investigators’ experience.
Diabetes-specific complications in prediabetes
Authors: Putz Zsuzsanna , Kempler Péter , Jermendy György
Published: December 2009

According to the general belief, diabetes-specific late complications may occur only in overt diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, several clinical observations recognized that diabetes-specific microangiopathic complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) might be observed even in subjects with prediabetes. The results of non-pharmacological investigations documented that not only the incidence of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes but cardiovascular risk factors and microangiopathic late complications could also be decreased by life-style modification in subjects with prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance).
H1N1 influenza – pandemic, 2009
Authors: Osztovits János , Balázs Csaba , Fehér János
Published: December 2009

2009 márciusában egy új, addig csak sertésekben kimutatott influenza A-vírus H1N1-szubtípusa okozott emberi megbetegedéseket Mexikóban, majd három hónap alatt a föld minden régiójában elterjedt. Bár a mortalitás aránya alapján az új H1N1-fertőzések nem súlyosabbak a szezonális influenzajárványoknál, a gyors és globális terjedés miatt az Egészségügyi Világszervezet (WHO) 2009. július 11-én világméretű járványnak (pandémiának) nyilvánította a H1N1-fertőzést. 2009. október elejéig közel 400 000 igazolt H1N1-vírus-fertőzést és 5000 halálesetet ismerünk a világ minden tájáról. A fertőzés terjedésének üteme világszerte mérsékelten növekvő tendenciát mutat, bár Európában és Észak-Amerikában az őszi-téli időjárás várhatóan kedvezni fog a gyorsuló terjedésnek. A betegség az esetek többségében enyhe tünetekkel zajlik, láz, köhögés, torokfájás, izomfájdalmak jelentkezhetnek, melyek 3–7 nap alatt spontán elmúlnak. Ekkor az otthon maradás javasolt, a fertőzés továbbadásának elkerülése céljából. Orvoshoz kell fordulni a fokozott kockázatú betegeknek, és szövődmény kialakulásának gyanújakor. Ez esetben szóba jön az antivirális kezelés, illetve más gyógyszeres vagy szükség esetén intenzív terápia is. A H1N1-pandémia elleni védekezés legfontosabb eleme a megelőzés, amely egyrészt a higiénés előírások ismeretét és betartását jelenti, különösen közösségekben, másrészt a védőoltás mérlegelését. A rendelkezésre álló tudományos igényű tanulmányok nagy esetszámú és sokéves tapasztalatokról számolnak be a jelenleg is alkalmazott influenza-védőoltásokkal kapcsolatban. Néhány speciális csoport esetében (várandós anyák az első trimeszterben, 6 hónaposnál fiatalabb gyermekek) az influenzavakcina adása – tapasztalatok hiánya miatt – nem javasolt, de a népesség túlnyomó többsége számára a védőoltás ellen jelentős érv nem ismert. Az influenza elleni védőoltás hatására esetlegesen jelentkező szövődmények enyhék, ezek kockázata nagyságrendekkel kisebb az influenzafertőzés okozta szövődmények és mortalitás rizikójánál.
On the k-th difference of an additive representation function
Authors: Kiss Sándor
Published: December 2009

Let k ≧ 2 be a fixed integer, A = {a1, a2, …} (a1 < a2 < …) be an infinite sequence of positive integers, and let Rk(n) denote the number of solutions of \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{portland,xspace}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}
\usepackage{bbm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$a_{i_1 } + a_{i_2 } + \cdots + a_{i_k } = n,a_{i_1 } \in \mathcal{A},...,a_{i_k } \in \mathcal{A}$$
\end{document}. Let B(A, N) denote the number of blocks formed by consecutive integers in A up to N. In [5], it was proved that if k > 2 and \documentclass{aastex}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{portland,xspace}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}
\usepackage{bbm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}
\begin{document}
$$\lim _{N \to \infty } \frac{{B(\mathcal{A},N)}}{{\sqrt[k]{N}}}$$
\end{document} = ∞ then |δl(Rk(n))| cannot be bounded for l ≦ k. The aim of this paper is to show that the above result is nearly best possible. We are using probabilistic methods.
Primeira descrição epidemiológica da leishmaniose visceral em Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Botelho Andrea Cristina Alpoim , Natal Delsio
Published: December 2009

Foi realizado estudo epidemiológico sobre casos de leishmaniose visceral notificados em Campo Grande de 2001 a 2006, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram registradas 577 notificações com incidência de 1,47 casos/100.000hab em 2001, chegando a 20,98 casos /100.000hab em 2006, com notificações todos os meses a partir de 2002. Crianças até nove anos contribuíram com 40% dos casos. O sexo masculino contribuiu com 64% das notificações e o sexo feminino com 36%. A letalidade variou de 5% a 11%, com média de 8%. Dos 44 óbitos, 33 (75%) ocorreram no sexo masculino e 11 (25%) no sexo feminino. Embora os idosos tenham contribuído com 9% dos casos, a mortalidade entre eles alcançou 39%. Foram 27 casos de co-infecção Leishmania/HIV (5%) com letalidade de 15%, a maioria em homens dos 20 aos 49 anos. Constatou-se processo de endemização da doença com elevada incidência.
Luminosidade e IBA no enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro dos grupos Rabbiteye e Southern Highbush
Authors: Damiani Cláudia Roberta , Pelizza Tânia Regina , Schuch Márcia Wulff , Rufato Andrea De Rossi
Published: December 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (0 - controle; 500; 1.000; 1.500 e 2.000 mg L-1) no enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro de espécie e grupos distintos (cultivar O'Neal, Vaccinium sp., grupo Southern highbush e cv. Aliceblue, Vaccinium ashei Reade, grupo Rabbiteye), associado ao efeito da luminosidade na fase inicial do enraizamento das microestacas (14 dias de escuro ou luminosidade natural). Após o tratamento com IBA, as microestacas foram colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido contendo como substrato perlita + Plantmax® (1:1) e mantidas em telado equipado com nebulização intermitente. Aos 60 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de microestacas enraizadas, porcentagem de microestacas sobreviventes, número médio de raízes, comprimento médio de raízes e a porcentagem de formação de calo. Através dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que, para o enraizamento de microestacas de mirtileiro das cultivares O'Neal e Aliceblue, não é necessária a aplicação de IBA. A presença de luz na fase inicial do enraizamento não interfere na capacidade de enraizamento das microestacas. O tratamento com escuro na fase inicial do enraizamento reduz a formação de calos, promovendo diminuição da sobrevivência das microestacas e do percentual de enraizamento.
Polioencefalomalacia em ruminantes
Authors: Sant'Ana Fabiano J.F. de , Lemos Ricardo A.A. , Nogueira Ana Paula A. , Togni Monique , Tessele Bianca , Barros Claudio S.L.
Published: December 2009

Polioencefalomalacia (PEM) de ruminantes é uma doença complexa. O termo indica um diagnóstico morfológico em que necrose neuronal grave resulta em amolecimento da substância cinzenta do cérebro. Interpretada no início como uma doença única, causada por deficiência de tiamina, acredita-se hoje que várias causas e diferentes mecanismos patogênicos, ou um único mecanismo patogênico disparado por diferentes agentes, sejam responsáveis pelo aparecimento da doença. Neste artigo, as possíveis causas e a patogênese de PEM em ruminantes são criticamente revisadas e discutidas. Também são revisadas a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos, os achados macro e microscópicos e os métodos de diagnóstico, tratamento e controle.
Ocorrência de pneumonia associada à infecção por Mannheimia haemolytica em ovinos de Minas Gerais
Authors: Araújo Marina Rios de , Costa Mirella Carvalho , Ecco Roselene
Published: December 2009

O trabalho descreve um surto de pneumonia em ovinos em uma propriedade na região central de Minas Gerais. Clinicamente os animais apresentavam apatia, mostravam dificuldade respiratória durante dois ou três dias ou morriam subitamente. À necropsia as alterações pulmonares eram similares em todos os ovinos. Havia consolidação dos lobos craniais e da parte ventral dos lobos caudais e ao corte fluía exsudato mucopurulento da traquéia e dos brônquios. No parênquima dos lobos craniais havia áreas brancas multifocais a coalescentes com 0,2-0,5cm de diâmetro, levemente proeminentes e intercaladas por áreas vermelho-escuras. Pleurite fibrinosa foi observada nos Ovinos 1, 2 e 3. As lesões de consolidação ocupavam cerca de 70-80% da extensão pulmonar. Microscopicamente, as alterações eram de broncopneumonia fibrinopurulenta com intensa hiperemia, áreas com hemorragia intra-alveolar e espessamento dos septos interlobulares por inúmeros neutrófilos, restos celulares e intensa exsudação de fibrina. Áreas multifocais com necrose de liquefação contendo numerosas colônias bacterianas foram observadas no Ovino 3. Nos lobos craniais dos Ovinos 1, 2 e 3, haviam áreas com neutrófilos degenerados formando aglomerados de células alongadas com formato de "grãos de aveia" associados a colônias bacterianas. As alterações histológicas foram características de pneumonia causada por Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica. Amostras dos lobos craniais de todos os ovinos foram encaminhadas para cultivo bacteriológico e M. haemolytica foi isolada e identificada em todos os animais. Este é o primeiro relato correlacionando os achados patológicos e o isolamento de M. haemolytica como causa de broncopneumonia em ovinos no Brasil.
Lime and gypsum to improve root depth of orange crop in an Ultisol of the Coastal Tablelands
Authors: Sobral Lafayette F. , Cintra Fernando L. D. , Smyth Jot T.
Published: December 2009

Coastal Tableland is a landscape unit in the North East of Brazil in which the main soils are Ultisols. In these soils, a compacted layer denominated "cohesive horizon" occurs and root growth is limited by it. An experiment with five treatments and six replications was set up in order to study how liming and gypsum could improve root depth of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) crop in an Ultisol in which a compacted layer was found at 0.3 m. Treatments were: A - No liming and no gypsum; B - Liming to achieve 60% base saturation; C - B + 1 t of gypsum ha-1 ; D - B + 2 t of gypsum ha-1 and E - B + 3 t of gypsum ha-1. Gypsum increased calcium and sulfate in the cohesive horizon. Surface application of lime and gypsum did not cause changes in soil density and total porosity in the cohesive horizon. An improvement of root length was observed at the cohesive horizon.
Germinação, vigor e crescimento de cultivares de feijoeiro em soluções salinas
Authors: Santos Patrícia R. dos , Ruiz Hugo A. , Neves Júlio C.L. , Almeida Everson F. de , Freire Maria B. G. S. , Freire Fernando J.
Published: December 2009

Para se isolar os efeitos de concentrações elevadas de diferentes sais em solução, com respostas à pressão osmótica, tipos de sais e pH, realizaram-se dois ensaios com duas cultivares de feijoeiro: Diamante Negro e OPNS 331. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de soluções de NaNO3, NaCl, NaHCO3, KNO3, KCl ou KHCO3, e um controle sem acréscimo de sais, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições; no primeiro ensaio, estudaram-se a germinação e o vigor em soluções de 60 mmol L-1 e o crescimento em solução nutritiva salina e, no segundo, as sementes foram germinadas em água deionizada e as plântulas transplantadas para a solução nutritiva acrescida de 60 mmol L-1 dos sais, nos valores de pH indicados, com um tratamento adicional em que a solução nutritiva com NaCl teve seu pH elevado a 8,5, como o das soluções de bicarbonato, testando-se o efeito do pH. Nos dois feijoeiros estudados, foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento das plantas. A salinidade promoveu redução no crescimento das duas cultivares de feijoeiro estudadas e os efeitos prejudiciais de concentrações salinas e pH elevados, podem ser hierarquizados segundo a ordem: pressão osmótica > alcalinidade > bicarbonato ≈ cloreto > sódio.
Ocupação do solo, fragmentação da paisagem e qualidade da água em uma pequena bacia hidrográfica
Authors: Chaves Henrique M. L. , Santos Loyane B. dos
Published: December 2009

A intensidade de uso e ocupação do solo e a fragmentação da paisagem, estimadas através de técnicas de processamento de imagens de satélite, foram relacionadas a parâmetros químicos e físicos de qualidade de água, medidos em 3 pontos de captação do córrego Ponte de Terra, localizado no Distrito Federal. Os parâmetros analisados, coletados mensalmente na bacia (A = 9,8 km²), foram: a cor, a turbidez, a condutividade elétrica, a concentração de amônia, a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e o índice de qualidade da água (IQA). Estudou-se, também, a estacionariedade das séries históricas dos parâmetros entre os anos de 1992 e 2005, quando a bacia sofreu um processo significativo de ocupação do solo. Indicadores de intensidade de ocupação do solo (LUIm) e a fragmentação da paisagem (Fp) foram desenvolvidos e calculados para a bacia, usando-se as proporções de áreas de diferentes graus de modificação e a entropia espectral da imagem, respectivamente. Apesar do uso/ocupação do solo e da fragmentação da paisagem terem aumentado significativamente no período estudado, apenas a DQO (média das 3 captações) aumentou de forma significativa. Como a zona ripária se manteve relativamente íntegra no período estudado, é possível que ela tenha amenizado eventuais impactos à qualidade da água na bacia.
Práticas organizacionais e estrutura de relações no campo do desenvolvimento metropolitano
Authors: Albuquerque Filho José Bonfim , Machado-da-Silva Clóvis L.
Published: December 2009

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em verificar as relações existentes entre as organizações responsáveis pelo planejamento urbanístico dos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba [RMC], Brasil, e como essas relações influenciam as práticas de desenvolvimento urbano. No artigo estabelecemos uma definição de práticas organizacionais em consonância com as práticas sociais e, empiricamente, indagamos sobre os reflexos do modelo de urbanismo da capital paranaense nos municípios daquela região. O quadro teórico de referência é caracterizado pela teoria institucional em sua vertente estruturacionista. Na estratégia de condução da pesquisa, descrevemos as relações entre as organizações dos municípios da RMC por meio da análise de redes sociais. Já as práticas de desenvolvimento urbano foram identificadas com base em dados secundários e depoimentos de 62 gestores públicos. Os resultados demonstram uma baixa densidade nas relações diretas entre as prefeituras, com a rede tornando-se mais densa na presença de órgãos do Governo Estadual. Apesar da pequena influência direta do urbanismo de Curitiba nos outros municípios da região metropolitana, características de dominação, significação e legitimação revelam algumas práticas isomórficas, bem como a presença de fatores culturais brasileiros influenciando a maneira de atuar das organizações públicas.
Seis sigma: fatores críticos de sucesso para sua implantação
Authors: Trad Samir , Maximiano Antonio Cesar Amaru
Published: December 2009

Este artigo descreve uma investigação dos fatores críticos de sucesso para a implantação do programa Seis Sigma em empresas que atuam no ambiente empresarial brasileiro. Além disso, este estudo teve por objetivo secundário investigar relações entre fatores como os seguintes: a percepção de sucesso alcançado pelas empresas que implantaram o Seis Sigma; tamanho e nacionalidade das empresas; tempo de implantação do Seis Sigma e de treinamento continuado; nível de comunicação entre os profissionais; regime de dedicação de tempo dos Black Belts; taxa de conclusão de projetos, sua duração e economia gerada. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário postado na Internet e distribuído por correio eletrônico e em fóruns de discussão que envolveram profissionais do Seis Sigma. O desenvolvimento do questionário abrangeu pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas com profissionais experientes em Seis Sigma. Os resultados indicaram oito fatores considerados críticos para o sucesso na implantação do Seis Sigma: (a) Liderança, (b) Projetos, (c) Treinamento, (d) Comunicação e Revisão, (e) Processo Gerencial, (f) Perfil dos Black Belts, (g) Equipe de Projetos e (h) Iniciativas Prévias de Qualidade.
Desempenho, composição da cama, das tíbias, do fígado e das excretas de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo fitase e baixos níveis de fósforo
Authors: Laurentiz Antonio Carlos de , Junqueira Otto Mack , Filardi Rosemeire da Silva , Duarte Karina Ferreira , Assuena Vinícius , Sgavioli Sarah
Published: December 2009

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho e a composição da cama, das tíbias, do fígado e das excretas de frangos de corte em diversas fases utilizando-se diferentes níveis de fósforo disponível (Pd) e da enzima fitase. Foram utilizados 1.200 pintos machos de 1 dia de idade, da marca comercial Cobb, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, composto de quatro níveis de fósforo disponível e três níveis de fitase: 0, 500 e 1.000 ftu/kg de ração, cada um com quatro repetições de 25 aves. Os níveis de fósforo disponível foram obtidos considerando quatro disponibilidades do fósforo total (Pt) do milho e do farelo de soja (34, 56, 78 e 100% de disponibilidade). Foram avaliados os índices de desempenho no final de cada fase de criação e aos 42 dias de idade. Os parâmetros de desempenho foram afetados pela redução dos níveis de fósforo disponível das rações e a redução desse elemento para níveis inferiores a 19% piorou o desempenho das aves, enquanto a utilização de fitase no nível de Pd reduzido em 39% melhorou o desempenho. Nas fases de criação, a redução do teor de fósforo disponível com a utilização da enzima fitase influencia o desempenho e as características da cama e dos ossos.
Vícios na estimação da excreção fecal utilizando indicadores internos e óxido crômico em ensaios de digestão com ruminantes
Authors: Barros Emanoel Elzo Leal de , Fontes Carlos Augusto de Alencar , Detmann Edenio , Vieira Ricardo Augusto Mendonça , Henriques Lara Toledo , Fernandes Alberto Magno
Published: December 2009

Objetivou-se determinar os vícios de estimação da excreção fecal com base nos indicadores internos matéria seca indigestível (MSi), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e do indicador externo óxido crômico (Cr2O3) em ensaio de digestão com ruminantes. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos mestiços Holandês × Zebu com peso médio de 240 kg. O experimento constituiu de três períodos experimentais de 12 dias, os seis primeiros destinados à adaptação dos animais. Os animais foram alimentados à vontade com silagem de sorgo e mantidos em baias individuais. Foram adotados seis esquemas de amostragem: 16 coletas diárias, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; oito coletas no período diurno a partir das 7 h, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; oito coletas no período noturno, a partir das 19 h, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; quatro coletas no período diurno, de 3 em 3 horas; quatro coletas no período noturno, de 3 em 3 horas; duas coletas, às 7 h e às 16 h. O óxido crômico foi o indicador com o menor vício de longo prazo, mas superestimou a produção fecal. Os indicadores internos subestimaram esta variável e a FDNi foi o que apresentou menor vício. Para os vícios de curto prazo, todos os indicadores superestimaram a produção fecal: o menor vício de curto prazo foi registrado para a MSi. Dos indicadores testados, a FDNi apresenta o menor vício total, mesmo subestimando a produção fecal.
Consumo de forragem e produção de leite de vacas em pastagem de azevém-anual com duas ofertas de forragem
Authors: Ribeiro Filho Henrique Mendonça Nunes , Heydt Maicon Saulo , Baade Elena Apezteguia Setelich , Thaler Neto André
Published: December 2009

Avaliou-se o efeito de duas ofertas de forragem (25 e 40 kg MS/vaca.dia) sobre o consumo de forragem e a produção de leite em vacas pastejando azevém-anual. Utilizou-se o método rotacionado, em delineamento experimental de dupla reversão, com três períodos de 12 dias e dez vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio de lactação. O consumo de forragem foi estimado pela produção fecal e pela digestibilidade da forragem ingerida e a produção de leite foi medida diariamente. A biomassa e a altura do dossel antes do pastejo não diferiram entre as ofertas de forragem. A altura pós-pastejo foi maior na oferta de forragem de 40 kg MS/vaca.dia, o que determinou desaparecimento de forragem equivalente a 49,0% nessa oferta de forragem e a 69,0% na oferta de 25 kg MS/vaca.dia. O consumo individual de matéria seca (MS) da forragem foi 11,9 e 16,6 kg/dia e a produção de leite, 18,4 e 21,1 kg/dia nas ofertas de 25 e 40 kg MS/vaca.dia, respectivamente. Vacas leiteiras em pastagem de azevém com alta oferta de forragem podem ingerir mais de 16,0 kg de MS e produzir mais de 20 kg de leite/dia. A produção de leite reduz aproximadamente 0,2 kg a cada kg de diminuição na MS de forragem oferecida.
Exposição à violência e problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Ribeiro Wagner S. , Andreoli Sergio B. , Ferri Cleusa P. , Prince Martin , Mari Jair Jesus
Published: December 2009

OBJETIVO: Estudar os achados epidemiológicos sobre a prevalência de exposição à violência e a associação entre exposição à violência e problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento. MÉTODO: A revisão foi baseada em estudos de corte transversal e de coorte encontrados em bases de dados eletrônicas (Medline, Psycinfo, Embase, SciELO e Lilacs) até o mês de julho de 2009. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "violência" e "transtornos mentais". RESULTADOS: Exposição à violência em países em desenvolvimento é bastante frequente e está significantemente associada a problemas de saúde mental. Em crianças, a maior associação encontrada foi entre violência doméstica e problemas de externalização (OR = 9,5; IC 95% = 3,4-26,2), e entre ideação suicida e abuso sexual (OR = 8,3; p < 0,05); entre as mulheres, sintomas de depressão e ansiedade estão correlacionados com violência conjugal psicológica (OR = 3,2; IC 95% = 1,8-5,8) e violência sexual (OR = 9,7; 95% IC = 1,9-51,2). Na população geral, as maiores taxas de prevalência de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático estão associadas com violência sexual e doméstica, sequestro, e exposição a múltiplos eventos traumáticos. Violência também está associada com transtornos mentais comuns na população geral. CONCLUSÃO: uma parte importante dos problemas de saúde mental em países em desenvolvimento pode ser atribuída à violência. Portanto, intervenções voltadas para a redução da violência poderiam ter um impacto significativo na redução de problemas de saúde mental nesses países.
Bat community species richness and composition in a restinga protected area in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Oprea M. , Esbérard CEL. , Vieira TB. , Mendes P. , Pimenta VT. , Brito D. , Ditchfield AD.
Published: December 2009

In Brazil, restingas are under severe human-induced impacts resulting in habitat degradation and loss and remain one of the less frequently studied ecosystems. The main objectives of the present study are to describe the bat community in a restinga in Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Guarapari municipality, state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Fieldwork was conducted twice a month from August 2004 to September 2005. A total sampling effort of 40,300 m²/h, represents the largest sampling effort for sampling bats in restingas to date. Bats were sampled in five different vegetational types in the area. Captured bats were processed recording information on species, sex, age, forearm length and weight. Shannon Diversity and Jaccard indexes were used to analyse diversity and similarity among habitats in the Park. A total of 554 captures belonging to 14 species and two families were obtained. Noctilio leporinus was recorded through direct observation and an ultra-sound detector also registered the presence of individuals from the family Molossidae, without being possible to distinguish it at specific level. Frugivores were the most representative guild. Richness was higher in Clusia shrubs (11 species) and Caraís lagoon (10 species). Shannon diversity index was estimated at H' = 1.43 for the overall sample, with Caraís lagoon representing the most diverse habitat (H' = 1.60). The greater similarity (J = 0.714) was observed for the two areas under high human influence.
Composition of essential oil and allelopathic activity of aromatic water of Aster lanceolatus Willd: (Asteraceae)
Authors: Dias Josiane de Fátima Gaspari , Miguel Obdúlio Gomes , Miguel Marilis Dallarmi
Published: December 2009

The essential oil obtained from flowers of Aster lanceolatus was submitted the CG-MS and presented as result thirteen substances with largest concentration; among them, the caryophyllene oxide with the larger one. The aromatic water obtained during the extraction process of this essential oil was forwarded to allelopathic test, and demonstrated to be capable to inhibit the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa.
Vasodilator activity of extracts of field Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K: Schum and A. zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt et Smith cultured in vitro
Authors: Victório Cristiane Pimentel , Kuster Ricardo Machado , Moura Roberto Soares de , Lage Celso Luiz Salgueiro
Published: December 2009

Nowadays, the high blood pressure is one of the main causes of death and cardiovascular diseases. Vasodilator drugs are frequently used to treat arterial hypertension. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from leaves of field-grown Alpinia purpurata and A. zerumbet cultured in vitro under different plant growth regulators induce a vasodilator effect on Wistar rat mesenteric vascular bed pre-contracted with norepinephrine. Plant extracts were able to induce a long-lasting endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Efficiency on activity of A. purpurata reached 87% at concentration of 60 μg. The extract of A. zerumbet maintained in medium containing IAA, induced the relaxation (17.4%) at 90 μg, as compared to the control (MS0) that showed a better vasodilator effect (60%). These results are in agreement with the quantification of phenolic compounds in the extracts, which were 50% lower for those plants cultured in IAA. A. purpurata was assayed for the first time in relation to its vasodilator activity. This paper showed a strong probability of correlation between the pharmacological activities of A. purpurata with their content in phenolic compounds.
Determination of olanzapine by spectrophotometry using permanganate
Authors: Rajendraprasad Nagaraju , Basavaiah Kanakapura
Published: December 2009

Two new spectrophotometric methods using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent for the determination of olanzapine (OLP) were developed and validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods involved the addition of known excess of permanganate to OLP in either acid or alkaline medium followed by the determination of unreacted permanganate at 550 nm (method A) or bluish-green color of manganate at 610 nm (method B). The decrease in absorbance in method A or increase in absorbance in method B as a function of concentration of OLP was measured and related to OLP concentration. Under optimized conditions, Beer's law was obeyed over the ranges 2.0 to 20 and 1.0 to 10 μg mL-1 in method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values were 1.34 x 10(4) and 2.54 x 10(4) l mol-1cm-1 for method A and method B respectively, and the respective Sandell sensitivities were 0.0233 and 0.0123 μg cm-2. The LOD and LOQ for method A were calculated to be 0.37 and 1.13 μg mL-1and the corresponding values for method B were 0.16 and 0.48 μg mL-1. Intermediate precision, expressed as RSD was in the range 0.51 to 2.66 %, and accuracy, expressed as relative error ranged from 0.79 to 2.24 %. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the assay of OLP in commercial tablets with mean percentage recoveries of 102 ±1.59 % (method A) and 101 ±1.53 % (method B). The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further confirmed by performing recovery tests via standard addition procedure.
Dentoalveolar Relationships of Malay Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Zreaqat Ma'en , Hassan Rozita , Halim Ahmad Sukari
Published: December 2009

Objective:

To determine the treatment outcome based on dentoalveolar relationships among Malay children born with nonsyndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting and Sample Population:

The Department of Orthodontics at the School of Dental Science and the Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Dental study models of 82 UCLP Malay children aged 8 to 10 years were evaluated. All subjects had their cleft lip and palate repaired, but no alveolar bone graft or any orthodontic treatment was performed.

Outcome Measure:

The outcome of dental arch relationships was assessed using the Goslon Yardstick Index: a dental measure with outcomes ranked on a scale ranging from 1 to 5. Agreement of rating was assessed with weighted kappa statistics; both intraexaminer and interexaminer agreements were high, indicating good reproducibility.

Results:

A total of 2.4% of the sample was in grade 1, 24.4% in grade 2, 35.4% in grade 3, 31.7% in grade 4, and 6.1% in grade 5. The mean Goslon index score was 3.15.

Conclusion:

Dentoalveolar relationship outcomes of UCLP Malay children are intermediate according to the Goslon Yardstick. Interpretation of results should consider the ethnic differences in the craniofacial complex.
Biomechanical Analysis of the Effect of Intracranial Pressure on the Orbital Distances in Trigonocephaly
Authors: Nagasao Tomohisa , Miyamoto Junpei , Jiang Hua , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Tamaki Tamotsu
Published: December 2009

Objective

This biomechanical study aims to elucidate differences in how skulls with trigonocephaly, normal skulls, and postoperative trigonocephalic skulls respond to intracranial pressure and how this affects the orbital distances.

Materials and Methods

For 10 patients with trigonocephaly (8.2 ± 4.5 months), simulation models were produced based on the computed tomographic data of the skulls. These models were categorized as the Trigono group. For each model, a 15-mm Hg pressure was applied to the neurocranium to simulate the intracranial pressure. The interorbital distances expanded in response to the applied pressure. The amount of the change in the orbital distance was calculated using finite element analysis. The same processes were repeated for 10 models simulating normal skulls (the Control group) and postoperative trigonocephalic skulls (the Remodeled group). The changes in the orbital distance were compared among the three groups.

Results

The changes in the orbital distance were significantly smaller for the Trigono group than for the Control group. However, changes were significantly greater for the Remodeled group than for the Control group.

Conclusion

The expansion of interorbital distances in response to the cranial pressure is restricted in skulls with trigonocephaly. This restriction is eliminated by performing remodeling of the skull. These findings explain why spontaneous correction of hypotelorism occurs postoperatively in trigonocephaly.
Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Teams in the United States and Canada: A National Survey of Team Organization and Standards of Care
Authors: Strauss Ronald P. ,   American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) Team Standards Committee, Berkowitz Samuel , Boyne Philip J. , Brown Arthur , Canady John , Cohen Marilyn , Hallman Linda , Hardesty Robert , Jones Marilyn , Kapp-Simon Kathleen , Landis Pat , Lehman James , Power Lynda , Senders Craig , Sharp Helen , Steinberg Barry , Turvey Timothy , VanDemark Duane
Published: December 2009

Objective

This study is the first comprehensive national survey of the organization, function, and composition of cleft palate and craniofacial teams in the U.S. and Canada. Complete descriptions of cleft and craniofacial teams are not currently provided in the literature, and this study will provide an overview for health services research and policy use. Conducted by a national organization, this study examines teams in detail using a pretested and standardized methodology.

Design

All known (n = 296) North American cleft palate and craniofacial teams were contacted for team listing purposes using a self-assessment method developed by an interdisciplinary committee of national stature. Team clinical leaders classified their teams into several possible categories and provided data on team care. The response rate was 83.4% (n = 247).

Results

The distribution of listed teams was: 105 (42.5%) cleft palate teams, 102 (41.3%) craniofacial teams (including craniofacial teams that are both cleft palate and craniofacial teams), 12 (4.9%) geographically listed teams, and 28 (11.3%) other teams (including interim cleft palate teams, low-density cleft palate teams, and evaluation and treatment review cleft palate teams). Eighty-five percent of all teams systematically collected and stored clinical data on their team's patient population in the past year. Furthermore, 50% of all teams had a quality assurance program in place to measure treatment outcomes. Other findings presented include the annual number of face-to-face team meetings; new and follow-up patient censuses; and surgical rates for initial repair of cleft lip/palate, orthognathic/osteotomy procedures, and intracranial/craniofacial procedures.

Conclusions

Two of five North American teams classify themselves as having the capacity to provide both cleft palate and craniofacial care. An additional two of five teams limit their primary role to cleft palate care. Issues are raised regarding the distribution of teams, the regionalization of craniofacial services, health policy, and resource allocation.
Leptin stimulates the migration of colon carcinoma cells by multiple signaling pathways
Authors: Ratke Janina , Entschladen Frank , Niggemann Bernd , Zänker Kurt S , Lang Kerstin
Published: December 2009

Active migration of tumor cells is a prerequisite for the development of metastasis and tumor progression, and is regulated by a variety of extracellular ligands. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of colon cancer by 1.5- to 2-fold with obesity-associated colon cancer accounting for 14–35% of total incidence. In obese individuals, serum levels of leptin are markedly increased, and therefore, we have investigated the impact of this adipocytokine on the migration of various human colon carcinoma cell lines such as SW480, SW620, and HCT116. Leptin significantly enhanced the migratory activity of all three cell lines, and the strongest effect was observed in SW480 cells, which increased their locomotor activity from 28% spontaneously locomoting cells to 50%. The intracellular signal transduction regulating this pro-migratory effect involves the activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 via Janus kinases, but also the activity of src tyrosine kinases, focal adhesion kinase, exclusively protein kinase Cδ, and the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase, as proven by the use of particular inhibitors and target-specific small interfering RNAs. Herein, we deliver new evidence for a modulatory role of leptin in the regulation of colon cancer progression by stimulating tumor cell migration. Thus, our findings have potential clinical implications, because understanding the impact of leptin on tumor cell migration and the underlying signal transduction mechanisms is mandatory for future development of novel therapeutics to treat obesity-associated colorectal cancer.
The regulatory domain of protein kinase C delta positively regulates insulin receptor signaling
Authors: Jacob Avraham I , Horovitz-Fried Miriam , Aga-Mizrachi Shlomit , Brutman-Barazani Tamar , Okhrimenko Hana , Zick Yehiel , Brodie Chaya , Sampson Sanford R
Published: December 2009

Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is induced by insulin to rapidly associate with insulin receptor (IR) and upregulates insulin signaling. We utilized specific JM and CT receptor domains and chimeras of PKCα and PKCδ regulatory and catalytic domains to elucidate which components of PKCδ are responsible for positive regulatory effects of PKCδ on IR signaling. Studies were performed on L6 and L8 skeletal muscle myoblasts and myotubes. PKCδ was preferentially bound to the JM domain of IR, and insulin stimulation increased this binding. Both PKCδ/α and PKCα/δ chimeras (regulatory/catalytic) were bound preferentially to the JM but not to the CT domain of IR. Although IR–PKCδ binding was higher in cells expressing either the PKCδ/α or PKCα/δ chimera than in control cells, upregulation of IR signaling was observed only in PKCδ/α cells. Thus, in response to insulin increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and insulin receptor substrate-1, downstream signaling to protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and glucose uptake were greater in cells overexpressing PKCδ/α and the PKCδ/δ domains than in cells expressing the PKCα/δ domains. Basal binding of Src to PKCδ was higher in both PKCδ/α- and PKCα/δ-expressing cells compared to control. Binding of Src to IR was decreased in PKCα/δ cells but remained elevated in the PKCδ/α cells in response to insulin. Finally, insulin increased Src activity in PKCδ/α-expressing cells but decreased it in PKCα/δ-expressing cells. Thus, the regulatory domain of PKCδ via interaction with Src appears to determine the role of PKCδ as a positive regulator of IR signaling in skeletal muscle.
Statistical Model for Dispersion in a 2D Glass Micromodel
Authors: Ghazanfari Mohammad Hossein , Kharrat Riyaz , Rashtchian Davood , Vossoughi Shapour
Published: December 2009

Microscopic visualization of a porous medium can provide valuable information to enhance understanding of pore-scale transport phenomena. In this work, a novel and unique approach is provided to combine experimentally measured pore-size distribution with theoretical statistical analysis to predict longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients. The approach presented can be easily extended to predict other fluid-flow parameters through porous media, such as permeability, and capillary pressure. Here, a micromodel is considered as a porous medium. The grains and pores of the micromodel are nonuniform in size, shape, and distribution. The pore-size distribution, as well as pore-length distribution, was extracted by applying an image analysis technique. A 2D random network model of the micromodel has been constructed for which the nonuniformity is considered by assigning measured distribution functions. The random particle method was applied for correlating and predicting dispersion coefficients on the basis of probabilistic approaches. Statistical derivations result in a new functional dependence for the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients in terms of pore velocity and ensemble averages. Prediction from the derived model, for both longitudinal and transverse dispersion, is in agreement with the experimental data. Despite the simplicity of the proposed network model, its reasonable prediction provides some confidence that it can be considered as a reasonable approximation of the complex nature of porous media.
The Effects of Students' Curriculum Engagement, Attitudes toward Their Teachers, and Perception of Their Teachers' Skills on School-Based Prevention Curriculum Outcomes
Authors: Ringwalt Christopher , Pankratz Melinda , Gottfredson Nisha , Jackson-Newsom Julia , Dusenbury Linda , Giles Steve , Currey David , Hansen Bill
Published: December 2009

We examined the association between changes in the substances and mediating variables targeted by the All Stars drug prevention curriculum, and students' engagement in and enjoyment of the curriculum, their attitudes toward their teachers, and their perceptions of their teachers' skills. Forty-eight school staff administered at least one All Stars class, for up to three consecutive years, to their seventh grade students in 107 classes in a large Midwestern school district. A sample of 2428 students completed a linked pretest and post-test, for a response rate of 91%. We found that students' engagement in and enjoyment of the curriculum, their attitudes toward their teachers, and their perceptions of their teachers' skill were all associated with positive changes in the curriculum's five mediators, but not with changes in students' substance use per se. Study findings suggest the importance of these three attributes to the achievement of the objectives of prevention curricula.
Age of Inhalant First Time Use and its Association to the Use of other Drugs
Authors: Ding Kele , Chang G. Andy , Southerland Ron
Published: December 2009

Inhalants are the 4th most commonly abused drugs after alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Although inhalants are often referred as Gateway Drugs this hypothesis is less examined. Using the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, age of first time inhalant use was compared with the age of onset of other drugs among 6466 inhalant users who also used at least one of 14 other drugs. Findings indicated that only 4.2% multiple drug users who used inhalants prior to other drugs, especially alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Thus, the theory that inhalants are gateway drugs was not supported.
Conscientiousness, Protective Behavioral Strategies, and Alcohol Use: Testing for Mediated Effects
Authors: Martens Matthew P. , Karakashian Michael A. , Fleming Kristie M. , Fowler Roneferiti M. , Hatchett E. Suzanne , Cimini M. Dolores
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine if use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Participants were 186 college students at a state university campus in the Northeastern United States participating in a study examining the effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention. Data were collected during the 2006–2007 academic years. Results indicated that use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Implications of the findings for researchers and clinicians in the area of preventing high-risk drinking among college students are discussed.
Adolescent Protective Behavior to Reduce Drug and Alcohol Use, Alcohol-Related Harm and Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Buckley Lisa , Sheehan Mary , Chapman Rebekah
Published: December 2009

Typically adolescents' friends are considered a risk factor for adolescent engagement in risk-taking. This study took a more novel approach, by examining adolescent friendship as a protective factor. In particular it investigated friends' potential to intervene to reduce risk-taking. Five-hundred-forty adolescents (mean age 13.47 years) were asked about their intention to intervene to reduce friends' alcohol, drug and alcohol-related harms and about psychosocial factors potentially associated with intervening. More than half indicated that they would intervene in friends' alcohol, drug use, alcohol-related harms and interpersonal violence. Intervening was associated with being female, having friends engage in overall less risk-taking and having greater school connectedness. The findings provide an important understanding of increasing adolescent protective behavior as a potential strategy to reduce alcohol and drug related harms.