bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

No company exists in isolation. Every company operates in connection with other businesses. As they work together, they become organized into networks. In these networks, nodes are companies, and links are business relationships between companies. This book examines the behavioral and structural patterns of supply networks. It has a progressive flow, moving across dyads, triads, supply bases, extended supply chains, supply networks, and supply networks as a complex adaptive system. The book focuses on the supply networks that unfold with a multitude of suppliers as one looks upstream from brand companies. The book does that by compiling published papers by the author and his collaborators.
Making Scripture
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: August 2023

The title page of the Book of Mormon explains that Mormon took his text from the plates of Nephi. The disclosure was part of the book’s candid description of its own making. The process of assembling and editing the Book of Mormon, as explained in the book itself, somewhat surprisingly paralleled the newly discovered process of making the Bible that German scholars were investigating in the 18th and 19th centuries. The difference was that the scholars turned scripture into history while the Book of Mormon showed how history became scripture. The elevation of the text into holy writ was reflected in the treatment of the plates. In the Book of Mormon, they were simply bearers of the record and not held in particular awe. In Joseph Smith’s time, they were considered too holy to look upon without special permission.
Instruction
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: August 2023

After plural marriage ended in 1890, the Church looked for new ways to present itself to the American public. The construction of a statue of Moroni on the Hill Cumorah in 1935 was one of them. It depicted Moroni, holding the plates, as the angel who was prophesied in the Book of Revelation and would come to preach the gospel in the last days. Moroni, in other words, was a character found in the Bible. Linking the gold plates to biblical prophecies was also the approach adopted by the missionary plans that were developed after mid-century. By the end of the century, however, general loss of faith in the Bible undercut the biblical approach, and investigators were simply told to seek spiritual confirmation of the Book of Mormon. The gold plates virtually disappeared from missionary plans. They have, however, remained as prominent as ever in manuals for teaching members of the Church. The abundance of models and games featuring the gold plates show that parents still want their children to learn the familiar story.
Introduction
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

Coles sets out the book’s argument for Carson as an experimental scholar and reader, introducing her distinctive relationship to form and her tendency to reproduce and explain her compositional processes. Context is provided on current creative dissent around the categories of criticism and literary creation, and on the work of several scholar-poets with whom Carson is compared here. Coles explores the extraordinary formal, vocal, and material versatility of the Carson “essay,” and argues for compelling forms of transparency in her handling of sources: from exposures of working and feeling to complex citational mirror games. Her experiments in form are explored in relation to her early scholarly writing, including key readings of Plato, Aristotle, and Ancient Greek lyric. Carson’s strong mediating presence, coupled with forms that work against it, is presented as a singular reckoning with the emotive demands of scholarship, where scholarly apparatus coexists with the means for its sabotage.
Decreation, or the Art of Disappearance
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

This chapter is the first of two to approach Carson’s rich exploration of the problem of “self” in the essays and iterative forms of Decreation: Poetry, Essays, Opera. Chapter 5 approaches a range of the book’s individual poem sequences and prose narratives, arguing that Carson’s set of intimate scripts for essaying and embodying Weil’s concept of “decreation” places a crucial limit on the idea that decreation (the undoing of self) can be voluntary or performed. The chapter shows how, on the one hand, the variorum or concept volume is a performative form: a format that stages the displacement of its central event and that studies the self-shattering métier of mysticism and the twentieth-century avant-garde by miming its ideals and points of tension. On the other, Coles argues, Decreation structures in a crucial constraint on the possibility of performative artifice; of a voluntarily “decreative” writing.
Analytic Philosophy and Human Life
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This book collects Thomas Nagel’s recent philosophical reflections on topics of fundamental interest: ethics, moral psychology, science and religion, death and the Holocaust, and the metaphysics of mind. Among the figures discussed are Peter Singer, Alvin Plantinga, Christine Korsgaard, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Iris Murdoch, T. M. Scanlon, Ronald Dworkin, Samuel Scheffler, Daniel Kahneman, Jonathan Haidt, Joshua Greene, and Daniel Dennett. Nagel consistently defends a realist interpretation of moral truth and resists reductive attempts to subsume ethics to psychology and evolutionary theory. He also defends a pluralistic conception of the content of morality against utilitarianism, including deontological elements such as rights and special responsibilities. A realist outlook also informs his discussions of metaphysical and epistemological questions. The book closes with tributes to a number of people Nagel has known over the course of his career. The essays are all addressed to a general audience, and should appeal not only to philosophers but to anyone interested in current attempts to understand human life, human values, and how we fit into the world.
Theresienstadt
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on Theresienstadt, the concentration camp near Prague that held a unique place in the Nazis’ campaign of extermination. It discusses how the concentration camp was presented to the outside world as a self-governing Jewish settlement, which was a way to support the fiction that the removal of Jews from German society was being carried out in a humane fashion. The concentration camp survivor H. G. Adler considers the purpose of Theresienstadt as the most gruesome ghost dance in the history of Adolf Hitler’s persecution of the Jews. The chapter highlights how Adler gathered his materials since he entered Theresienstadt to his eventual release from Auschwitz, and compiled them into his work entitled Theresienstadt 1941–1945. Adler’s book is divided into History, Sociology, and Psychology and contains primary sources as well as his own words.
Effective Altruism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about William MacAskill, Peter Singer, and others in the effective altruism movement that saw huge inequalities as an ideal opportunity for individual action. It explores the dual aim of effective altruism, which is to persuade people who are fortunate to employ their lives in helping others and to determine the best way of dealing with economic inequality that plagues the planet. It also addresses the question of what is to be done about the obscene earnings of financial tycoons and the vast gap in standard of living between rich and poor countries. The chapter cites MacAskill’s Doing Good Better, which provides a sobering account of the overall pattern of inequality in the world. Singer defends a radical moral outlook, utilitarianism, with his title, The Most Good You Can Do.
Regret and its Limits
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses R. Jay Wallace’s The View from Here, which explores the complex interaction and competition between the attitudes of affirmation and regret that are almost inevitable. Wallace’s book examines several examples of the phenomenon on affirmation and regret that are already familiar from recent philosophical literature. It explains the title The View from Here, which is a phrase Williams used to capture the contingent and perspectival determinants of people’s values and commitments. The chapter investigates practical or value judgments that are perspectival and explains what the affirmation of contingent lives and attachments people are committed to. Wallace’s general analysis depends on the insight that different reasons can legitimately govern attitudes to the same action, event, or circumstance when viewed from different temporal perspectives.
Scanlon on the Reality of Reasons
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates T. M. Scanlon’s approach to the question of what, ultimately, is real—what kinds of things most basically exist and what kinds of facts are most basically true. His main topic is that of normative reasons—reasons of the kind that specify what should or should not be thought or done. He is particularly concerned with reasons for action, of which morality and moral reasons form a special subpart. The comparison with mathematics is present here, as it has been in earlier writings of Scanlon, because of parallels between the philosophical problems posed by these two areas, and parallels between what he regards as the solutions to those problems. Scanlon calls his view Reasons Fundamentalism. He also explores the concepts of expressivism and reflective equilibrium. Reflective equilibrium is a way of extending and rendering systematic one’s understanding of a domain, by searching for an “equilibrium” in which convincing general principles account for the more specific judgments that one finds undeniable on reflection.
Kahneman’s Thinking
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s identification of features of the way human beings function that had not been recognized by influential theories of rational choice. He distinguishes between two categories of mental functioning: “System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations. The operations of System 2 are often associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice, and concentration.” Kahneman describes the many ways in which intuitive judgments of likelihood tend to be unreliable—often with serious consequences for legal and policy choices. Indeed, he and Amos Tversky demonstrated that rational expectations theory, a model of choice widely used by economists, was seriously inaccurate as an account of how people actually behave, and they proposed an alternative that they called prospect theory. More recently, Kahneman has turned his attention to the measurement of happiness or well-being, distinguishing between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
Ronald Dworkin 2006
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This is a tribute to the legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin.
Knowledge
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 explains the notion of knowledge that the book’s account is based on, defending a pragmatic and socially situated account of knowledge. It builds on the tradition in epistemology that views knowledge as socially embedded, emphasizing the relation between knowledge (and ignorance!) and action, including the responsibilities that can flow from knowledge. It also explores some of the psychological mechanisms, such as denial, that complicate this nexus between knowing and acting. Finally, the chapter draws on the literature on epistemic injustice and argues that a socially embedded view of knowledge needs to pay particular attention to unjust hierarchies (along gender, race, or class), which can translate from social to epistemic structures. The conclusion draws the connection to politics, making clear why so much knowledge is, potentially, “political.”
Markets, Deliberators, Experts
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 explores three key mechanisms for how different forms of knowledge can be dealt with in complex societies. (1) Markets as mechanisms for processing dispersed knowledge about preferences and production capacities; (2) democratic deliberation for knowledge that integrates various perspectives, values, and forms of knowledge, and provides the basis for political action; (3) knowledge creation in expert communities for dealing with specialized knowledge that is, by definition, not available to everyone. For each mechanism, I also describe degenerated forms that look similar on the surface, but do not fulfill the same epistemic function. My core thesis is that an epistemically well-ordered society needs to carefully delineate the uses of these different mechanisms for the areas for which they are appropriate, and protect them against internal decline and against the intrusion of other mechanisms.
The Rise of Free Market Thinking
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses how the market paradigm became so powerful, focusing on the socialist calculation debate and the Cold War context of the rise of free market thinking. I discuss how markets were idealized with regard to their epistemic qualities, and how this view was popularized in versions that were at the same time more simplistic and more radical than what its academic proponents had claimed. Other institutions were more and more considered from the perspective of this market logic as well. Specifically, this involved an attack on public institutions that dealt with other forms of knowledge and a reimagination of deliberation as a marketplace by other means, to the detriment of the epistemic functionality of both. The account of these historical developments undergirds my claim that in the current situation, one of the greatest challenges for epistemically well-ordered democracies is the overreach of market thinking and market institutions.
Democratic Institutionalism
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents the approach taken in the rest of the book for thinking about the “use of knowledge in society,” called “democratic institutionalism.” This term describes a shift of attention away from questions of principles, toward questions about the realization of principles in formal and informal institutions. Such institutions need to be protected against corruption and corrosion, which means that citizens have individual and collective responsibilities to uphold them. The chapter argues that the epistemic features of institutions are key for democratic societies, contrasting the truth orientation of democracy with the deceptive and manipulative strategies of authoritarian regimes.
Experts in Democracies
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: August 2023

This chapter asks how knowledge held by expert communities—understood broadly, including, for example, also Indigenous and experiential knowledge—can be used in democratic societies. The basic challenge here is that such knowledge cannot be made available to all citizens, which raises questions about accountability. Building on recent accounts of “democratic professionalism” and the role of experts in democracy, the chapter develops a “partnership model” for the relation between expert communities and society at large, which understands experts’ responsibility for knowledge not in terms of accountability, but in terms of moral responsibility and trustworthiness. This approach leads to responsibilities not only for individual experts, but also for expert communities, with regard to the institutions and practices within which trustworthy uses of expert knowledge can be secured, in partnership with society as a whole.
Why God Must Be Omnisubjective
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that omnisubjectivity is entailed by the divine attributes of omniscience and omnipresence. It is presupposed in common practices of prayer, and it is strongly implied by divine love and divine justice. These arguments apply to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and some of the arguments also apply to monotheistic Hinduism. Knowing objective facts about conscious states is not enough to know what the conscious states are like. God must know what every subjective state is like as it is experienced by its bearer, and God is present in each conscious state. As creator and continuous conserver of the world, God must know what he created and what he keeps in existence. Both divine love and divine justice imply perfect knowledge of the creature who is loved and who is judged. People who pray assume that God knows what is going on in their minds.
How God Can Be Omnisubjective
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes three models of how omnisubjectivity is possible, and an exploration of the image of light as a metaphor for divine creative consciousness. In the empathy model, God grasps our subjective states in a way that is analogous to the way we grasp other people’s conscious states in our imagination when we empathize with them. In the perceptual model God “sees” or in some other way perceives our states. According to panentheism, God literally feels our feelings and has our thoughts because the created world is part of God. The aim of the chapter is to explore more than one model since different models will appeal to readers with different theological perspectives. The image of light for divine consciousness can be added to either the empathy model or the perceptual model. Light is a metaphor that can show the possibility that divine consciousness infuses our own without being identical to it.
Conclusion
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: August 2023

This short concluding chapter draws out the implications of the book. The most basic feature of reality is subjectivity and intersubjectivity. That is because God has an inside—subjectivity, but has an outside only relative to created beings. God is pure Being, so it follows that being is primarily subjective, and since God is personal, it is intersubjective. It is only secondarily objective. The world was created through the intersubjective consciousness of the persons of the Trinity. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity are more basic than objectivity. The chapter ends with speculations about the end of the world and how the big story of the world concludes with a perfect intersubjective exchange between creatures and between God and creatures.
Conclusion
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

This chapter concludes the book. The authors summarize the book’s argument and present its implications for the study of Russia and authoritarian regimes more generally. As the book demonstrated, food and food independence are crucial for the functioning and survival of Putin’s regime and Russia’s ability to engage in a protracted conflict against the West and a war against Ukraine. The chapter also discusses the likely future development of autocratic nutritional independence policies in Russia and beyond and presents the long-term challenges of climate change and inherent weaknesses of autarky for Putin’s nutritional independence project in the medium and long term.
Domestic Political Vulnerability and Unwanted War
Authors: Ko Jiyoung
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates how domestic political vulnerability, or the lack thereof, leads to different strategic decisions of leaders confronting popular nationalism. It examines how American popular nationalism contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. While American popular nationalism exerted pressure on the country’s leaders to declare a war against mighty Great Britain over several maritime issues, it resulted in divergent outcomes across the Jefferson and Madison administrations—the status quo under Jefferson and war under Madison. The chapter demonstrates that the key difference between the two leaders was their domestic political vulnerability. Madison was forced to initiate an unwanted war despite the low likelihood of complete victory in the face of a powerful nationalist opposition aligned with the nationalistic public, whereas Jefferson did not face such a dire domestic political situation.
The Rohingya Refugee Situation
Authors: Gorlick Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews the refugee-producing situation in Myanmar and the ongoing regional, political, and operational limitations—including within the United Nations—to promote solutions for Rohingya refugees. It argues that while the humanitarian situation continues to receive international support and is progressing, there is an urgent need to explore viable justice, accountability, and mitigation measures under international law and practice. The chapter further asserts that some options and solutions require significant shifts in policy by the Bangladesh government and other nation-states. It observes that several years after Rohingya refugees from Myanmar entered Bangladesh in 2017, there are still no long-term solutions in sight. It is noted that while many displaced Rohingya in the region live in dismal conditions, the situation is further complicated by the internal armed conflict in Myanmar and lack of political will by the authorities to motivate voluntary repatriation.
Immigration, Policies, and Socioracial Hierarchies
Authors: Freier Luisa Feline , Oba Leon Lucar
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses socioracial hierarchies and sociopolitical reactions to specific groups of migrants and refugees in Latin America. It argues that socioracial hierarchies are fluid and context-dependent, working by ranking individuals and groups based on their perceived physical and socioeconomic characteristics. First, the chapter examines the broader system of socioracial relations in Latin America in which ethno-racial groups occupy different political, economic, and cultural power ranks. It then theorizes that the role of socio-racial discrimination as a conditioning factor for the reception of forcibly displaced populations in the context of immigration and refugee policies in the region is a product of both racialization and the process of class-based categorization. In conclusion, the chapter uses Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to examine the paradoxical liberalization of immigration and refugee policies in the region and the cases of so-called extracontinental immigration of Haitians and Africans to Argentina and Brazil and of Venezuelan displacement to Peru.
Access to Labor Market Justice for Migrant Workers in Australia
Authors: Boucher Anna
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on access to justice and impediments that migrant workers face in pursuing legal claims and court actions that enforce labor rights. In doing so, the chapter draws on qualitative and quantitative data on migrant workers’ rights in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It refers to the broader justice scholarship from sociolegal intersectional studies on barriers that prevent immigrant workers from enforcing their legal rights. The chapter concludes that, globally, the visa status and visa rules in the labor market can limit the labour rights of migrant workers. It also concludes that considerable attention should be paid not only to the extent of labor rights violations within the workforces of host societies, but also to the agency of migrant workers’ legally enforce their violated rights.
Gender-Related Traits as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers geometric tests (especially circulant correlation analyses) and psychometric tests (particularly confirmatory factor analyses) regarding the circumplexity of simulated, theory-driven matrices of correlations among “lower-order” interpersonal traits, using LISREL. It emphasizes idealized correlations among subclinical versions of lower-order traits that can be viewed as blending dominance and nurturance (i.e., assured-dominant, arrogant-calculating, cold-quarrelsome, aloof-introverted, unassured-submissive, unassuming-ingenuous, warm-agreeable, and gregarious-extraverted). The chapter also includes idealized correlations among clinical versions of lower-order traits that can be considered as combining dominance and nurturance (i.e., domineering, vindictive, cold, socially avoidant, nonassertive, exploitable, overly nurturant, and intrusive). Readers will be able to (1) enter LISREL input files for geometric and psychometric analyses and (2) obtain output files that should reproduce the results reported in this chapter. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 4, in which the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R) is introduced.
Hell
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

This chapter opens with a participant-observer’s thick description of the arena of suicide terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the lethal explosion. The author was on the ground with the ZAKA team to recount the sights, sounds, and smells of the scene of horror as experienced by the Jewish ultra-Orthodox volunteers. A detailed representation of the sites of Palestinian massacre in Jerusalem during the Intifada is followed by a discussion of the religious logic of the deep structure of these concrete manifestations of hell. The chapter ends with a comparative analysis of the peculiar symbolically rich deathwork of ZAKA in various morbid arenas.
New Torah
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

The topic of chapter 5 is the Jewish religious canopy of ZAKA which consists of traditional elements as well as experimental, innovative and quite radical ones. This chapter examins the rabbinical codex and the mystical myth that guide the ritual behavior of the organization in the arena of terrorism, attempting to adjust Orthodox norms and symbols to fit revolutionary circumstances, to meet the challenge posed by the horrors of the Intifada. ZAKA is analysed in terms of its old-new belief system and detailed manual of rules that rationalize and direct violent death management.
The Spell of Tearing the Body Apart
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

Chapter 8 focuses on the human body, particularly the mutilated dead body. The Palestinian human bomb and the Israeli ultra-Orthodox ZAKA volunteer embody two mythological human urges: to tear the body apart and to piece it together. The two opposing but complementing arch-types of dismemberment and its cure are dialectically related as manifested in the Middle-Eastern scene of suicide terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the explosion. The ritual death management that characterizes ZAKA enables observations on several body-relevant peculiar phenomena, like the diffuse and mutable border between life and death, the momentary reemergance of vestiges of ancient biblical religiosity centered on a priestly cult of sacrificing flesh and blood, and bodily metaphors of the nation and sacred canonic books. Rabbinic Judaism tends to cover the naked body whereas ZAKA’s death specialists rediscover the bare body and inadvertently expose its outside and inside, thus redeeming the carnal aspect of Jewish heritage– as distinguished from the spiriritual and rational - from a certain denial.
Pious Counterterrorism
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

In Chapter 9 ZAKA is discussed in the context of Israeli-Palestian troubled co-existance, and seen from the perspective of the Israeli desparate attempt to meet the challenge of Palestinian border crossing for armed hostile purposes. This chapter proposes the hypothesis that the ultra-Orhodox volunteers are dedicated but unacknowledged counter-terroism protagonists. Curiously ZAKA is the functional equivalent of the ISA and Border Police. Preoccupied by issues of blood purity inspired by visions that blend ancient myth of grandeur with traumatic collective memory of medieval and early-modern times, the ritual deathworkers fulfil an effective role in contemporary Israeli civil society. Analysis of ultra religious symbolic action in the arena sheds light on hitherto unexplored aspects of Palestnian suicide terrorism.
The Violent Persecution of Minorities
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on how the legal prohibition of mass violence against particular social groups became a universal principle under general international law, and how this reflects the special status that international human rights law extends to the integrity of certain defined groups and their members. In doing so, it examines the extreme forms of persecution, including genocide, ethnic cleansing, and apartheid, and explores the special protection given to national, ethnic, religious, and racial minorities. As such, it focuses on how the international community developed a universal prohibition against genocide, ethnic cleansing, and apartheid.
Writing the Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

Writing the Brain: Material Minds and Literature, 1800–1880, examines the intersections of literature and brain anatomy in England and the United States between the years 1800 and 1880. These decades were not only marked by major milestones in the mapping of the human brain, but also saw scientists and literary authors generally engage with the public in the same venues, be they publishing houses, monthly periodicals, or daily newspapers. Writing the Brain tracks how writers of fiction and poetry encountered novel scientific discoveries about the material nature of cognition—and how literature, in turn, influenced scientific theorizing. In a period that laid some of the foundations for modern neuroscience, material brains became a topic of intense popular interest, and their echoes can be found in many of the canonical texts from the time—from Whitman to Dickens, and from Dickinson to Tennyson—as well as in some of the textual rediscoveries presented in this study. Theorizing the brain as a cultural object, this book analyzes its discursive self-fashioning through various fields of media, be it literature, science, or technology. It argues that the cultural force of brain anatomy and its attendant theories of material minds posed a number of ontological and epistemological quandaries that shaped the era’s literatures and sciences. Writing the Brain traces these historical trends to excavate an often overlooked, entangled history of early neuroscientific insight and literary expression.
Rattle-Brained
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines literary renditions of insanity as a means for authors to debate the material nature of cognition. It describes an anatomically justified psychology that draws from and simultaneously critiques medical notions of insanity and the practice of institutionalization. Focusing on the work of Robert Montgomery Bird, Wilkie Collins, and Emily Dickinson, it proposes that these authors narrate insanity as a metacognitive act (an instance where a speaker can observe him- or herself think) in order to interrogate the psycho-physiological limits of thought as such. Drawing from the work of Benjamin Rush and Pliny Earle, these writers arguably laid the conceptual groundwork for the mimetically unreliable narrators of modernity by following the brain science of their day to its logical extremes and discovering the limits to their own biological mind and, consequently, to their authorial voice.
Pioneers of Modern Astronomy
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Galileo Galilei, the “father of science,” built his own telescope and in 1609 used it to observe the Moon. He saw no evidence of life and accurately described the Moon’s craters, which he saw were unlike those of the Earth. He was even able to measure the height of lunar mountains. He also discovered moons orbiting around Jupiter and that Venus had phases like the Moon’s, both of which confirmed Nicolaus Copernicus’s theory. This offended the Church, which forbade him from agreeing that the Earth was at the center of the solar system and placed him under house arrest. Robert Hooke was the first to try to discover the origin of lunar craters. Since he knew of nothing that could fall from above to create them, he concluded that their cause must lie below the surface, as does the source of volcanoes on the Earth. Hooke believed that life existed on the Moon, as did most other early scientists. To dislodge this idea took three centuries. Hooke deduced that the Moon must have gravity, which would explain how it remained in place in space.
The Moon’s Myriad Craters
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Famed geologist James Dwight Dana visited the Hawaiian Islands and saw the lava pool at the summit of Kilauea, which he thought was a model for lunar craters. He came to believe that the dark regions of the Moon’s once-molten surface had cooled first, before the bright regions. He equated these with the ocean basins and continents of the Earth, which he said were permanent features, a conclusion that misled geologists for decades. German scientist Ernst Chladni was the first to recognize the existence of meteorites, launching a new field of science. The nineteenth century’s two most important books on the Moon appeared in the 1870s, one espousing a meteorite impact origin for lunar craters and the other a volcanic origin. Unfortunately, the latter view prevailed, and geologists did not accept the meteorite impact origin of the Moon’s craters until the 1960s.
The Rise and Fall of the Nebular Hypothesis
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

The first to explain the origin of the planets and moons was Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1796 book, Exposition for the System of the World. His theory would dominate science throughout the next century and come to be accepted as a given. He held that the solar system had begun as a hot, rotating gas cloud. As it spun, centrifugal force threw off blobs of gas that coagulated into planets. The planets then repeated the process to create their moons. By the last few decades of the eighteenth century, enough evidence had come to light to call the nebular hypothesis into question, if not to falsify it. This opened the way for three different theories for the origin of the Moon. The fission theory resembled the nebular hypothesis in holding that the gravity of the Sun had pulled off a bulge in the proto-Earth which became the Moon. The co-accretion theory held that the Moon and the Earth had formed near each other and thus were like sister planets. The capture theory imagined that the Moon had started out in some distant region of the solar system but drew near enough to be captured into orbit by the Earth’s gravity.
Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Lunar scientist William Hartmann, early in his career, identified a 1000-kilometer-wide bullseye-like impact basin that is hard to see from the Earth because much of it is on the Moon’s farside. This got him thinking that the early solar system must have been populated by many huge objects, some as big as Mars. But today they are all gone. Hartmann came to believe that they had collided with each other and been swallowed up, leaving the eight planets we observe. This process of “giant impact” would explain many of the bizarre and seemingly random features of the moons and planets, including that each planet has a different axial tilt, the opposite of what the nebular hypothesis predicted. Hartmann proposed the hypothesis at a 1974 meeting, by which time computers had enough power to simulate the giant collision that could have produced the Moon and the Earth.
Green Light for Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

The Mariner 10 mission to Mercury in 1974 showed that planet’s face to be as heavily cratered as the Moon, helping to persuade scientists to accept the fundamental role of impact in the history of the solar system. Like many scientific ideas, giant impact had been proposed in the 1940s but had been ignored. In the 1980s, scientists took the idea up again in a burst of activity. A 1984 conference found that giant impact was at least tentatively accepted by most lunar scientists. Many began to regard such collisions as inevitable in the early solar system, but that did not necessarily mean that one caused the Moon. Nevertheless, as one science reporter summed up, the giant impact hypothesis had “breathed new life into a long-stagnant field.”
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Scientists fooled themselves into believing that the Moon harbored life and that the Moon’s craters were volcanic, despite the complete absence of evidence for either notion. The origin of the Moon turned out to be one of the most intractable problems that scientists have ever tried to solve, as one theory after another failed. Yet the scientists never gave up. Now we know that during the course of the random violence of the early solar system, an enormous contingent event took place, one that left a planet on which life could arise, become intelligent, and figure out how lucky it was.
Preference, Reason, and Agency
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents a theory of freedom of choice, called ultimate freedom. Ultimate freedom might be called reflective freedom or alternatively, for special emphasis on rational defensibility of preference, defensible freedom. Ultimate freedom has two dimensions. The first is freedom of choice among alternatives or optionality. The theory is based on the role of higher-order preference in choice, reason, agency, and freedom. The chapter distinguishes between first-order states like desire and belief that may arise in us unreflectively, leading directly to action, in contrast to higher-order states of preference and acceptance that are under the direction of reason and may guide us to reflective choice and decision. The chapter compares this account to that of Daniel Kahneman’s distinction between System 1, guided by feeling and impression, and System 2, guided by reason and statistics.
Freedom of Choice
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

In this chapter the aim is to further elaborate a conception of ultimate freedom of choice resulting from higher-level preference, most notably a power preference over a structure of preference that is the primary explanation of choice. This ultimate freedom of choice is located at a unification of a source theory of freedom (Harry Frankfurt, 1971) and developed by Carolina Sartorio (2016), with a traditional leeway theory of freedom. The chapter affirms that free choice is an expression of an ultimate preference as a source of ultimate freedom entailing that the person has alternative possibilities of choice and preference. Ultimate freedom resulting from a power preference combines a source theory with a leeway theory of freedom. It is consistent with nomological determinism when the power preference is the primary explanation of choice.
Moral Responsibility and the Flicker of Freedom
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

This book addresses a long-standing controversy in the literature on free will and moral responsibility concerning whether Frankfurt cases—thought experiments of a sort devised by Harry Frankfurt—are counterexamples to the so-called principle of alternative possibilities (roughly, the principle that a person is morally responsible for what he did only if he could have avoided doing it). Frankfurt and many others contend that Frankfurt cases are counterexamples to the principle, but here it is argued that, far from being counterexamples to the principle, Frankfurt cases actually provide further confirmation of it, a conclusion that has important implications for our understanding of free will and moral responsibility.
The persistence and forms of bipartisanship
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“The persistence and forms of bipartisanship” argues that bipartisanship remains more prevalent in US foreign policy than is commonly understood and that foreign policy bipartisanship regularly takes multiple forms. Democratic and Republican elected officials continue to cooperate on many international issues despite the high levels of overall polarization in American politics today. But while the classic image of bipartisanship equates the concept with unity in Washington, contemporary foreign policy bipartisanship often coexists with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president. The chapter outlines factors that contribute to polarization or different forms of bipartisanship, explains how polarization and bipartisanship influence the conduct and effectiveness of US foreign policy, and previews the rest of the book.
Bipartisanship in congressional voting
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“Bipartisanship in congressional voting” uses an original data set of important votes in the US Congress from 1991 to 2020 to identify patterns in political alignments on domestic and foreign policy issues. The analysis shows that bipartisanship is more common on foreign policy than on domestic policy, and that polarization is increasing more slowly on international than on domestic issues. The data also reveal that strong polarization is rare on foreign policy, while intra-party division, agreement between Congress and the president, and disagreement between the branches of government each occurs regularly. The voting patterns further indicate that international economic issues involve strong bipartisanship less often and involve intra-party division more often than international security issues. These findings set the stage for the remainder of the book, which investigates factors that contribute to polarization or different forms of bipartisanship on foreign policy issues.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership and international trade
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“The Trans-Pacific Partnership and international trade” examines the factors that contributed to intra-party divisions in the United States on a landmark trade agreement negotiated by Barack Obama. Although the pro-trade orientation of Republican-leaning business groups and the protectionist positions of Democratic-leaning labor unions led more Republicans than Democrats to support the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), variation in the economic characteristics of congressional constituencies and the lack of a left-right ideological fault line on trade policy facilitated splits within both parties. When Donald Trump became the Republican Party’s standard-bearer, his protectionist positions further eroded support for the TPP among congressional Republicans, preventing the agreement from going into effect. The chapter also reviews more briefly the political dynamics associated with two other Trump-era trade debates, over the use of tariffs and negotiation of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Christ, the Spirit, and Human Transformation in Gregory of Nyssa's In Canticum Canticorum
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This book undertakes a literary and theological analysis of Gregory of Nyssa’s theology of union with God, culminating in a fresh reading of his final written work, In Canticum Canticorum. Part I provides the necessary background for the study of In Canticum Canticorum by analysing several of Gregory’s earlier works (c. 370 – 385), tracing the main contours of his account of the objective reality of human transformation and union with God. Part II uses the findings of Part I to guide and structure the analysis of In Canticum Canticorum (c. 391). Gregory’s allegorical interpretation of the Song of Songs is found to represent a corresponding account of human transformation and union with God from the perspective of subjective, affective experience of this reality. Rather than marking a new development in his theology, the subjective experience gained by Gregory’s reading of the Song of Songs recapitulates the key elements of Gregory’s objective account and therefore renders coherent his earlier soteriological doctrine.
Human Transformation and Christology in Contra Eunomium III
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on Contra Eunomium III. It shows that, throughout this polemical treatise, Gregory conceives of human transformation and union with God just as we would expect in light of his trinitarian-baptismal theology. Humanity is saved through the incarnation, which is made effective through regeneration by the Holy Spirit’s at baptism, where Christ’s own baptism serves as the paradigm and precondition. However, when we attend to Gregory’s christology proper, there is an absence of the role of the Spirit, particularly evident in Gregory’s account of the post-resurrection transformation of Christ’s flesh. In this work there appear to be two distinct accounts of human salvation that are not easily reconciled.
Continuity and Collapse
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyses archaeological evidence for the late Roman period in Wales and the nature of the fifth-century transition. It discusses the few events noted in the written sources and problems associated with the virtual demise of archaeological dating evidence when coin imports cease and the pottery industry breaks down. It then considers archaeological evidence for people’s varying experiences of Romanization during the fourth century in the regions already identified. The south-east is marked by a much greater degree of Romanization evident in continuing activity within the legionary fortress at Caerleon and the town of Caerwent, but evidence for occupation of villas and native farmsteads beyond the fourth century remains sparse. This contrasts with other regions, particularly the north-west, which remained under military control with less access to the Roman market economy and where late prehistoric settlement forms persisted throughout the Roman period and beyond. It is argued that we are seeing the fragmentation of Roman authority, military and civil, but also the re-emergence of native power structures and the settling of Irish immigrants, some of whom were originally attached to the Roman army. Secondly, the Roman market economy declined rapidly during the later fourth century, leading to the end of a Romanized lifestyle. Communities continued to scavenge and recycle Roman artefacts, but a limited range of identifiable early medieval artefacts takes some decades to emerge. Thirdly, some farmsteads and the rural economy associated with them persisted at a reduced level throughout the fifth century.
Food, Farming, and the Agricultural Economy
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the land and its exploitation for food with the aim of identifying changes in foodways and the farming economy over time and underlying reasons for these. It begins with a discussion of the farming landscape including archaeological evidence for field systems and charters which enable the reconstruction of estates. Transhumance is also examined. Cereals were the dietary mainstay consumed as bread, porridge, gruel, and ale. Archaeobotanical remains indicate a change from spelt wheat and barley to mainly oats and barley, helping to ensure food security with some free-threshing wheat, possibly favoured for food renders. Evidence for agricultural equipment and crop processing, for example corn-drying ovens, is also discussed. Cattle were perceived as a symbol of wealth, and the need to mitigate risk is also suggested by a change from beef production to dairying, ensuring a range of protein. Pork was a food for feasting, with the increasing importance of hunting and venison suggested amongst the elite, as at Llangorse crannog. The elite also increasingly benefited from coastal and estuarine fishing rights, notably on the Severn. The chapter ends with a discussion of osteological and other evidence for diet and health. Pollen evidence supports the premise that the agricultural economy contracted in the fifth and sixth centuries and that climate change was a factor in this, whilst there is a modest expansion from the seventh century onwards likely linked to the establishment of new estates, farmsteads, and field systems, though surpluses may have been comparatively small.