bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Carbonic Nanosheets Based on Urea Precursors as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Adsorbent for Extraction of Methamphetamine from Urine Samples
Authors: Taghvimi Arezou , Dastmalchi Siavoush , Javadzadeh Yousef
Published: January 2021

Purpose: This paper established the application of synthesized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCNNs) as an influential dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent in extracting methamphetamine from complicated urine media coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods: The graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCNNs) was synthesized easily and applied as adsorbent in the extraction process. The effective extraction parameters were investigated by one-parameter-at-a-time. Under optimized conditions the method was validated. Results: The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 50-1500 ng/mL through the optimized conditions and the proposed method was validated. The method was used for the analysis of positive urine samples and showed satisfactory results with the average 99.7% relative recovery. Conclusion: The results persuade the capability of this novel method in analyzing of the positive urine samples in diverse clinical and forensic laboratories.
Experimental Design Supported Liposomal Aztreonam Delivery: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sayani , Sudheer Preethi , Das Kuntal , Ray Subhabrata
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The present study focuses on a systemic approach to develop liposomal aztreonam as a promising dosage form for inhalation therapy in the treatment of pneumonia and explores the in-vitro antimicrobial and cell uptake efficacy. Methods: Liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using the lipids - soya phosphatidylcholine (SP) and cholesterol (CH). A central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the lipid composition to evaluate the effect on vesicle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of the formulation. A numerical and graphical optimization was carried out to predict the optimized blend. The optimized formulation was characterized for vesicle size, surface charge, encapsulation, surface morphology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X Ray Diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro diffusion, accelerated stability studies, antimicrobial studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2200 and in vitro cell uptake studies. Results: The optimized formulation was found to have a particle size of 144 nm, a surface charge of -35 mV, with satisfactory drug entrapment. The surface morphology study proved the formation of nanosized vesicles. The drug release from liposomal matrix was biphasic in nature. The solid-state study revealed the reason for good encapsulation of drug. The moisture retention capacity was found to be minimum. The anti-microbial study revealed the potential antibacterial activity of the optimized formulation over the pure drug. The formulation was found to be safe on the epithelial cells and showed a marked increase in cellular uptake of aztreonam in a lipid carrier. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the optimized liposomal aztreonam could be considered as a promising approach for the delivery of aztreonam through inhalation.
Conjugation of Gentamicin to Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Improved Anti-bacterial Properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sheykhloo Hamed , Milani Morteza , Najafi Farhood , Bani Farhad , Zarebkohan Amir
Published: January 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to design gentamicin-conjugated poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers to increase the therapeutic efficiency of gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Gentamicin-presenting dendrimers were synthesized using MAL-PEG3400-NHS as a redox-sensitive linker to attach gentamicin to the surface of G4 PAMAM dendrimers. The gentamicin molecules were thiolated by using Traut reagent. Then, the functionalized gentamicin molecules were attached to PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers through simple and high selectively maleimide (MAL)-thiol reaction. The structure of gentamicin-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers was characterized and confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized complex were examined on P. aeruginosa and compared to gentamycin alone. Results: NMR, DLS, zeta potential analysis, and TEM imaging revealed the successful conjugation of gentamicin to PAMAM dendrimers. Data showed the appropriate physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. We found a 3-fold increase in the antibacterial properties of gentamicin conjugated to the surface of PAMAM dendrimers compared to non-conjugated gentamicin. Based on data, the anti-biofilm effects of PAMAM-Gentamicin dendrimers increased at least 13 times more than the gentamicin in normal conditions. Conclusion: Data confirmed that PAMAM dendrimer harboring gentamicin could be touted as a novel smart drug delivery system in infectious conditions.
The Effect of Length and Structure of Attached Polyethylene Glycol Chain on Hydrodynamic Radius, and Separation of PEGylated Human Serum Albumin by Chromatography
Authors: Akbarzadehlaleh Parvin , Mirzaei Mona , Mashahdi-keshtiban Mahdiyeh , Heidari Hamid Reza
Published: January 2021

Purpose: This study focuses on the effect of length and structure of attached polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain on hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) and chromatographic retention of PEGylated protein. To this aim human serum albumin (HSA) as a standard protein was PEGylated site specifically with mPEG-maleimide. Methods: Separated PEG_HSA fractions were analyzed by size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography (AExC). The purity of fractions and the relative mobility of PEGylated and native proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Hydrodynamic radius was determined based on the retention time of fractions on size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and also according to the previously reported equations. Results: A linear relation was shown between the molecular weight of attached PEG and Rh of PEGylated HSA. No significant difference between Rh of proteins modified with linear and branched PEG was shown. In SDS-PAGE, the delaying effect of branched PEG on movement of PEGylated protein was higher than that of linear PEG. Conclusion: As PEGylated HSA and dimer HSA have almost the same size and in SEC they elute at very close retention times, so in this case ion exchange chromatography (IExC) is more effective than SEC in separation of PEGylated HSA. Branched PEG- HSA showed earlier elution on anion exchange chromatography compared to linear PEG-HSA, that this can explain the different shielding effect of various structures of attached PEGs. The smaller size of PEGylated HSA in compare to the sum of the hydrodynamic radiuses of native HSA and attached PEG could be as a result of shielded attachment of polymer around protein.
Assessment of the Effect of Infliximab on Immunomodulation Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro
Authors: Sakha Yasaman Aliasghari , Ehsani Ehsan , Roshandel Elham , Jalili Arsalan , Vahdani Negar , Hajifathali Abbas
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory traits making them a promising choice in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a major player of inflammatory disease which is blocked by infliximab to reduce the inflammation. The present study aims to assess the infliximab effects on the anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs. Methods: In this study, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of GVHD patients in the presence of 10, 20 and 30 µg/mL of infliximab for 48 and 72 hours. The mRNA expression of indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as the secreted amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the culture supernatant, were examined. Results: The results of this study show that the expression of IDO and iNOS genes, as well as the secretion amount of PGE2 in co-cultured groups raised dramatically, compared to the culture of BMMSCs or PBMCs alone. In co-culture groups containing infliximab, the expression of IDO and iNOS and also the amount of released PGE2 was significantly decreased compared to the control group without infliximab. However, no difference was found in the expression of assayed factors between 48 and 72 hours of treatments. Conclusion: As an anti-TNFα agent, infliximab can decrease the inflammation in the microenvironment of MSCs, which might mitigate the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs. These effects of anti-inflammatory agents on the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs should be considered in MSC therapy.
miR‐146a‐5p and miR-193a-5p Synergistically Inhibited the Proliferation of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells (HT-29 cell line) through ERK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Noorolyai Saeed , Baghbani Elham , Shanehbandi Dariush , Khaze Shahgoli Vahid , Baghbanzadeh Kojabad Amir , Mansoori Behzad , Hajiasgharzadeh Khalil , Mokhtarzadeh Ahad , Baradaran Behzad
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The expression of miR-146a-5p and miR-193a-5p in colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with cancer development, metastasis, and reduced survival rate of the tumor-suffered subjects. This examination aimed to assess the impact of these microRNAs (miRNAs) in CRC and their mechanisms in the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Methods: miR-146a-5p and -193a-5p were transfected into the HT-29 cell line and assessed their impact on metastasis-related genes. The synergistic effects of these miRNAs on migration were evaluated by wound healing approach. To assess the influence of these miRNAs on the proliferation of and apoptosis of cells, the MTT test, annexin V staining test, and DAPI staining test were done. Then, the protein expression of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) were investigated. Results: miR-146a-5p and-193a-5p could inhibit the CRC cells proliferation, and could synergistically induce apoptosis in CRC cells, and also repressed cell migration, and could reduce p-ERK expression. Conclusion: miR-146a-5p and-193a-5p have an important role in cell viability and proliferation via ERK signaling pathway. Thus, the simultaneous use of these miRNAs may be suggested as a probable therapeutic strategy in this cancer therapy.
The Mobile Learning Adoption Model Tailored to the Needs of a
Private University
Authors: Rataj Małgorzata , Wójcik Joanna
Published: January 2021

The mission of today’s universities is to prepare the
students properly to live and work in the 21st century.
International research demonstrates the positive impact of using
iPads in teaching. Successful deploying of mobile learning
(m‑learning) is not a matter of accident, but depends on users’
acceptance of the technology. The purpose of this article is to
create a mobile learning adoption pre‑model tailored to the needs of
a private university. To achieve this goal, valued adoption models
were analyzed and, on their basis, the new model was created. The
pre‑model has been tested with a questionnaire. A paper‑based survey
was conducted among 640 students representing 25 countries. The
questionnaire was grouped into sections: specifications of mobile
devices owned by students and mobile internet access, expectation
from mobile education application and attitudes towards current and
future use of mobile devices in education. We computed all data with
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences – IBM SPSS
Statistics version 25. The results of the research showed that the
students from a central‑eastern European University are
technologically ready for mobile learning. Moreover, there appears
to be no cause for concern regarding students from post‑Soviet
countries with respect to their competency to meet the demands of
modern teaching in the form of mobile learning. Students have shown
that they have clearly defined expectations for educational
materials for mobile devices, which will be a challenge for the
university when creating m‑learning materials. Furthermore, students
must feel the university's support in using mobile applications.
That is why the teachers face a serious task: teachers must be
prepared to show students the benefits of mobile learning, so they
not only need to be trained but also convinced that it is worth
using mobile learning.
Award‑Winning Organizations: How Outstanding Organizations
Manage the Registration, Access and use of the Knowledge of
Employees
Authors: Haraldsdóttir Ragna Kemp
Published: January 2021

Organizations have managed information regarding knowledge
of employees using various processes such as knowledge mapping,
network analysis, codification and personalization. Some of these
organizations have been chosen to receive awards for their
outstanding performance, for instance for their finest use of
knowledge. This paper examines how knowledge award‑winning
organizations distinguished themselves from other organizations,
when it came to the registration, access and use of the knowledge of
employees. The aim was to provide an understanding of how these
organizations supported personal knowledge registration, and whether
winning an award entailed a more comprehensive overview of the
knowledge residing in employees. Whether the organizations
benefitted financially from the registration process was also
examined. This was a qualitative research. It was a multiple‑case
study, covering 18 organizations in Iceland, of which six had
received the Knowledge Company of the Year award. A total of 35
semi‑structured interviews were conducted and six award‑winning
verdicts analysed. A conceptual model was used to clarify the
results. The findings indicate that the award‑winning organizations
received the award for outstanding success. Still, little emphasis
was put on the management of the personal knowledge of employees.
Interviewees experienced adversity regarding costs, time, limited
access and use of personal knowledge. Most interviewees claimed that
the registration of knowledge had a financial gain but found it
difficult to measure and hard to confirm.
On Work Relevance of Adult Education: A Case Study
Narrative
Authors: Vold Tone , Haave Hanne , Kaloudis Aristidis
Published: January 2021

There is an increased focus on relevance of higher
education. Mostly it is about enhanced job opportunities or job
advancements for the individual. However, relevance of higher
education may also be towards solving important issues or problems
at a workplace. There are some necessary preconditions as to how an
educational activity becomes relevant. Firstly, the student must be
capable to discover how generic knowledge and acquired skills may or
may not apply to concrete situations at work. This requires
experience, understanding of the norms and culture of the
organisation and a certain form of practical intelligence. Secondly,
the conditions at work place must be conducive to innovation and
change in various ways. In this article, we present a case study
where employee turnover and lack of effective training routines were
a major efficiency constraint in a Norwegian firm. With constant
competition, changes in markets and other factors that influence the
sustainability of an organization, cutting costs, such as high
turnover and the time from being newcomer to being fully operative
in the job. The responsible for training activities in the firm
realized that additional formal education at the higher education
level was needed, and he decided to enrol in a Knowledge Management
study program at The Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences in
order to learn how he could improve knowledge management and
learning processes of new employees at his workplace. The case study
ultimately demonstrates how crucial the interplay between content
and form of education on one hand and specific conditions
facilitating changes and improvements at work on the other is for
the relevance in formal higher education narrative.
Knowledge Management and Gamification in Pharma: An Approach
in Pandemic times to Develop Product Quality Reviews
Authors: Pestana Ricardo Pateiro Marcão Gabriel Pestana , Sousa Maria José
Published: January 2021

The Pharma sector is a much‑regulated market, and this means
that this industry must test their products tocomply with existing
standards to assure the required level of quality and safety before
being authorized to lunch thoseproducts to the market. Supply
chains, data integrity, and tightening regulations are just examples
of business processissues that affect quality strategies on a
day‑to‑day basis. Besides, regulatory bodies are increasingly
focused not only oncompliance but also on building a culture of
quality management. In this domain, the Quality Management System
(QMS)is a well‑known system to support processes, procedures, and
responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives.The
QMS also drives consistent metrics, risk calculations, and other
trend analysis in developing periodical Product QualityReviews
(PQRs), usually corresponding to one year periods, related to the
product and with its active substance. The PQRsdevelopment process
requires proper management of knowledge so that it can be replicated
in different activities. Thispaper proposes the adoption of
Gamification techniques in each phase of PQRs. In pandemic times, it
is importante toimprove the performance of each activity, gathering
the engagement of the employees. Gamification is usually related
toemployee motivation, which, in turn, is conducive to the
achievement of better results in the organization. In this
context,it is necessary to understand how the commitment of
stakeholders evolves and if the application of
Gamificationtechniques allows enhancing this variable, taking the
evolution of the performance as another variable that could
beevaluated. This paper focuses on innovation in the area of
knowledge management, based on the projection of a Gamifiedmodel
related to managing activities of a PQR development project at the
level of the active substance. The paperpresents a case study where
the proposed model was applied to analyze the performance achieves
in a nationalpharmaceutical industry in Portugal.
Augmenting Social Media Research with Q Methodology: Some
Guiding Principles
Authors: du Plessis Charmaine
Published: January 2021

This paper proposes that social media studies could be
complemented with Q methodology when a topic that plays out in
social media is complex, controversial or sensitive to allow for
deep‑seated, integrated online and off‑line perspectives. Although
the Fourth Industrial Revolution brought researchers more
opportunities and advantages to study topics that were previously
inaccessible, using technologies for research does not come without
challenges. This is especially the case with social media studies
comprising large datasets and where it is not always possible to
identify fake profiles, bots, spam or manipulated information
without having access to advanced data analysis software. Another
point is that views expressed in social media do not always
represent offline perspectives. However, while Q methodology has,
over the years, adapted its techniques to accommodate new
technologies, more can be done to embrace a web 2.0 environment. Why
and how social media studies could be augmented with Q methodology
to reveal individuals’ perspectives and attitudes about topics will
be examined and potential difficulties will be highlighted. Not yet
a mainstream method, Q methodology combines the strengths of two
robust qualitative and quantitative methods sequentially to reveal
and isolate the subjective perspectives of groups of participants.
This methodology could, therefore, be useful when a social media
study puts forward novel ideas and findings that should be supported
by offline views. In this regard, the paper provides some guidelines
by referring to the five phases of a Q study and describing how a
social media study could not only benefit from but also apply Q
methodology to augment results. Supplementing social media research
with Q methodology could be empowering and provide opportunities for
further research and debate.
A Model for Improving Knowledge Generation in Design Science
Research through Reflective Practice
Authors: van Rensburg J.T. Janse , Goede Roelien
Published: January 2021

Epistemology refers to the philosophy of knowledge and aims
to address central questions of how we create new knowledge. All
research paradigms can be distinguished in terms of epistemological
assumptions, that is, assumptions of how knowledge is produced in
the respective paradigms. Design science research (DSR) is a
research paradigm often used in technical disciplines for the
creation of artefacts. DSR has roots in pragmatism, where beliefs
and theories are evaluated based on the success of its practical
application. New knowledge is produced in DSR when original
artefacts are created to solve a problem. The epistemological
assumption of DSR can then shortly be defined as ‘knowledge through
making’. At its core, DSR is goal‑orientated and its practical
approaches are focused on delivering the product according to
straight‑forward processes ‑ without being affected by human
factors. This process of acquiring new knowledge is efficient but
not necessarily effective in terms of capturing all aspects of the
experience of the practitioner. Frameworks exist for the creation of
artefacts in DSR, but the process of knowledge generation is not
explicit. The aim of the paper is to guide explicit knowledge
generation in DSR. The research question is “How can we make the
process of obtaining knowledge in DSR more explicit?” DSR Frameworks
are iterative in nature and focus on the creation and evaluation of
artefacts. There is an implicit assumption that reflection takes
place in these iterations. Schön, author of The Reflective
Practitioner, writes that new knowledge is produced through
reflection during and after an event has occurred. He also states
that you can only have a complete understanding of a problem through
the dual process of reflection‑in‑action and reflection‑on‑action.
We argue that this also holds true for artefact design and
development in DSR. A reflective DSR practitioner can explicitly
indicate how knowledge is produced in the design science research
cycle. The effective use of reflective practice changes each
individual phase of a DSR framework from goal‑orientated to
problem‑orientated. Epistemologically, knowledge is then produced
through ‘learning by doing’, which gives DSR a worldview that
supports reflective practice. The paper promotes the incorporation
of reflective practice in DSR and provides a demonstration thereof
in an example on the preparation of IT students for their chosen
career.
Experience Sampling Methodology: A Systematic Review and Discussion for Organizational Research
Authors: Ozge Can
Published: January 2021

In organizational research, growing attention has been given to the dynamic nature of workplace relationships and how such dynamic processes shape key behavioural outcomes. Experience sampling methodology (ESM) brings more opportunity than any other research option to examine such fluctuations and relevant causal relationships. ESM can be described as a quantitative method which allows individuals to assess discrete evaluative states on multiple events by combining three distinct elements; person, variables and occasion. Despite its increasing prevalence and popularity, however, there has been only a few attempts to investigate the most appropriate design, measurement and analysis choices for experience sampling data. Even though ESM has been utilized in organizational research for some time, systematic investigations regarding how these issues have been addressed and how the method has been applied to specific organizational topics are limited. This study provides a systematic and critical assessment of the use of ESM in current organizational research (2010‑2020) by reviewing a random sample of 50 ESM studies indexed in ISI Web of Science with the aim of identifying the current state of practice. The selected studies were analysed based on several methodological aspects including the type of ESM protocol applied, sample characteristics, data sources, specified interval and total duration of data collection, structure and properties of designated measures, analytic strategy, and the research model to be tested. Findings show that organization studies vary considerably based on how they design and implement ESM. Moreover, despite the availability of good practices, many studies fail to attain recommended standards about sample size, data collection procedures, data characteristics and measurement quality. As such, this paper offers several insights regarding how time‑based within‑person frameworks can be improved in future studies to account for dynamic organizational phenomena.
Climate change impact assessment under data scarcity by hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling in Izmit Bay/Turkey
Authors: Engin Güleda , Adiller Ahmet , Klug Philipp , Çelen Meltem , Herrmann Frank , Bach Heike , Wendland Frank
Published: January 2021

To assess climate change impact on the hydrology of Izmit Bay, a coupled model chain using the results of four combinations of Global Climate Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and consisting two hydrological models (mGROWA and PROMET) and one hydrodynamic model (MIKE 3HD) was established. Climate model data of the 4 GCM-RCM combinations were applied to both hydrological models. The resulting 8 streamflow data of the hydrological models were then applied to the MIKE 3HD to assess possible hydrodynamic situations in Izmit Bay. Related model results indicate a range of possible future streamflow regimes suitable for the analysis of climate change impact on Izmit Bay. In order to evaluate the effects of the hydrological changes only on the bay, the bay was considered as closed in terms of hydrodynamics. There is a clear indication that the climate change induced impacts on streamflow may influence the sea level in the Bay to a minor extent. However, climate change induced water exchange processes in the Bay may have a much bigger influence. Hence, it is suggested that further simulations should be run once the hydrologic regime of the Marmara Sea has been assessed in a broader macro-scale study.
AMERICAN INDIANS AND KYRGYZ: SOCIO-CULTURAL PARALLELS
Authors: Жумабекова Н. М.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The article discusses some facts from historical background, from language
status, and some culture specific issues of American Indians and Kyrgyz. The main
facts deal with possible common origin of both cultures which may explain such common issues as nomadic way of life, shamanism revealing consciousness of Indians and Kyrgyz, some aspects of marriage peculiarities. Being endangered languages American Indian languages are of special interest to anthropologists, thus stressing the importance of turning to informants. The historical hardships unite these people in the aspect of suppression of Indians from new settlers and gold searchers and that of Kyrgyz from the tsarist Russia. Though they both seem not to lose the core of their culture – being strong physically in hard and severe conditions of living and at the same time conserving and observing their customs and way of life, and their mentality of kind and hospitable people.

Аннотация. Макалада америкалык индейлердин жана кыргыздардын тарыхый фактылары, тилдик абалы жана маданий өзгөчөлүктөрү талкууланат. Негизги фактылар эки маданияттын мүмкүн болушунча жалпы келип чыгышына байланыштуу, алар көчмөн турмушу, шаманизм, индиялыктар менен кыргыздардын аң-сезимин ачып берген, нике мүнөздөмөлөрүнүн айрым аспектилерин
түшүндүрө алат. Америкалык индейлердин тилдери жоголуп бараткан тилдер болгондуктан, антропологдор үчүн өзгөчө кызыктуу, бул маалымат берүүчүлөр менен байланышуунун маанилүүлүгүн баса белгилейт. Кыргыздардын падышалык Россия тарабынан, индиялыктардын жаңы келген конуштардан жана алтын издегендердин тарабынан болгон тарыхый кыйынчылыктар бул элдерди бириктирди. Экөө тең, өзүлөрүнүн маданиятынын маңызын жоготпойт - оор жана катаал
жашоо шарттарында ден-соолугу чың болуу, ошол эле учурда алардын үрп-адаттарын жана жашоо мүнөзүн, ошондой эле боорукер жана меймандос элинин менталитетин сактап кала алышты.

Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются некоторые факты из исторического прошлого, языкового статуса и некоторые культурно-специфические особенности американских индейцев и кыргызов. Основные факты касаются возможного общего происхождения обеих культур, что может объяснить такие общие черты, как кочевой образ жизни, шаманизм, раскрывающий сознание индейцев и кыргы-
зов, некоторые аспекты брачных особенностей. Будучи исчезающими языками, языки американских индейцев представляют особый интерес для антропологов,что подчеркивает важность обращения к информаторам. Исторические трудности объединяют этих людей в аспекте подавления индейцев от новых переселенцев и искателей золота и кыргызов из царской России. Хотя они оба, похоже,
не теряют сути своей культуры - быть физически сильными в тяжелых и суровых условиях жизни и в то же время сохранять и соблюдать свои обычаи и образ жизни, а также свой менталитет добрых и гостеприимных людей.
STILISTIKA BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: HARZIKO
Published: January 2021

Bahasa merupakan salah satu unsur terpenting dalam sebuah karya sastra.Berdasarkan yang diungkapkan Nurgiyantoro (2002: 272) bahasa dalam seni sastra inidapat disamakan dengan cat warna. Keduanya merupakan unsur bahan, alat, dansarana yang mengandung nilai lebih untuk dijadikan sebuah karya. Sebagai salah satuunsur terpenting tersebut, maka bahasa berperan sebagai sarana pengungkapan danpenyampaian pesan dalam sastra.Bahasa dalam karya sastra mengandung unsur keindahan. Keindahan adalahaspek dari estetika. Pendapat tersebut sejalan dengan pendapat Zulfahnur, Gayabahasa dan penulisan merupakan salah satu unsur yang menarik dalam sebuah bacaan.Setiap penulis mempunyai gaya yang berbeda-beda dalam menuangkan setiap idetulisannya. Setiap tulisan yang dihasilkan nantinya mempunyai gaya penulisan yangdipengaruhi oleh penulisnya, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa, watak seorang penulis sangat mempengaruhi sebuah karya yang ditulisnya. Hal ini selaras dengan pendapat Pratikno (1984: 50) bahwa sifat, tabiat atau watak seseorang itu berbeda-beda. Gaya bahasa ialah pemanfaatan kekayaan bahasa, pemakaian ragam tertentuuntuk memperoleh efek-efek tertentu, keseluruhan ciri bahasa sekelompok penulissastra dan cara khas dalam menyampaikan pikiran dan perasaan, baik secara lisanmaupun tertulis. Gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh penulis pada hakikatnya adalah cara menggunakan bahasa yang setepat-tepatnya untuk melukiskan perasaan dan pikiran penulis yang berbeda dari corak bahasa sehari-hari dan bersifat subyektif. Untuk itulah makalah ini kami sajikan dalam hal bagaimana penggunaan gaya bahasa secara umum dan sebagai pembungkus pikiran.
The analysis of promising world scientific and technological areas of research under the Sustainable Development Goal No. 15 on the protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems using the "Web of Science" and "Derwent Innovation" platforms
Authors:   State Institution “Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information”, Berezniak Berezniak N.V.
Published: January 2021

The results of scientometric and patent research aimed at establishing the most promising technological trends for making forecasts for the period 2021-2030 are described. The study is focused on the achievement of Ukraine's Sustainable Development Goal No. 15 “Protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems”. The research was conducted using the "Web of Science" (WoS) and "Derwent Innovation" international platforms. The period under study is 2011-2019. The results of a scientometric analysis of world and domestic publication activity, as well as the dynamics of citations for a selected array of publications are presented. The publication activity and the activity of citing the countries of the world and Ukraine, as well as the main world and domestic companies, institutions, higher educational institutions carrying out scientific and technical activities in this area, were pointed. The analysis of the dynamics of citations and determination of the growth rate of the number of citations (2019/2015,%) by keywords / technological areas, which belong to the global technological trends in the field of protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems, were carried out. The top 10 technological areas that are the most promising for predictive research have been identified. The results of the analysis of the dynamics of patenting and the growth rate of the number of patents in the world and Ukraine in the field of protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems, based on the codes of the International Patent Classification using the "Derwent Innovation" international database, were given. The patent activity of the main countries of the world and Ukraine, and also the main world and domestic patent holders is established. The patent research was carried out on keywords / technology areas that relate to the global technology trends in the named area. The analysis of the dynamics and rates of patenting (2019/2015,%) was carried out. The selection of technological areas with a high rate of patent activity and placement of landscape maps on blue and green zones was carried out. The most promising, promising and medium-promising technological directions in the field of protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems for conducting predictive research have been identified.
Dinâmica populacional de fungos causadores de doenças de tronco em videiras sob a ação de possíveis agentes inibidores
Authors: Pitol Lisandra , Weimann Tatiane , Stroschein Sandra Denise , Almança Marcus André Kurtz , Oliveira Cristian Schweitzer de , Stiehl Rodrigo
Published: January 2021

O artigo apresenta contribuições matemáticas para as áreas da agricultura e da fitopatologia, utilizando-se de dados reais e modelando o comportamento de fenômenos físicos. O objetivo do trabalho é modelar o crescimento do Botryosphaeria dothidea em meio de cultura com diferentes componentes, comparando os dados experimentais com o modelo matemático clássico de Verhulst. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Fitopatologia do IFRS - Campus Bento Gonçalves, onde foi preparado o meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA), com diferentes componentes possivelmente inibitórios de crescimento, além de uma testemunha (somente com BDA). O meio de cultura foi alocado em placas de Petri e, em seguida, o fungo Botryosphaeria dothidea foi repicado no centro das placas sobre esse meio. Foram realizadas medições do crescimento fúngico a cada 12 horas. Para o processamento numérico e para a exibição dos gráficos foram utilizados softwares computacionais, tais como o Excel e o Scilab. Por meio de Modelos Matemáticos, que consequentemente refletem em Equações Diferenciais Ordinárias, foi possível programar as simulações numéricas, verificando-se, assim, que a testemunha foi a que apresentou menor erro em relação ao modelo clássico. É plausível afirmar que o crescimento do fungo segue um modelo matemático clássico (Verhulst). Porém, foi possível constatar que os meios de cultura que possuíam possíveis inibidores em sua composição retardaram o crescimento do fungo, indicando que neste tipo de situação o modelo matemático clássico não descreve precisamente a realidade, necessitando ser adaptado.
Benthos Algae Communities of Saline Rivers in the Lake Elton Basin: Taxonomic and Quantitative Structure
Authors: Gorokhova O. G. , Zinchenko Т. D.
Published: January 2021

For the first time, an assessment was given of the taxonomic and quantitative structure of the phytobenthos of seven saline rivers in the basin of the hypersaline lake Elton (Volgograd Region). Main types of algacenoses developing on substrates were revealed, namely: diatom phytobenthos, communities of diatoms with cyanoprokaryotes, cyanobacterial films and mats, and epiphyton. The phytobenthos consists of local, mosaic-distributed communities with a small similarity of their species composition. The algacenosis structure is determined by Bacillariophyta (with the predominance of species of the genus Navicula) and Cyanoprokaryota (of the genera Phormidium, Leptolyngbya, and Geitlerinema). The abundance and biomass values vary widely, reaching their highest values (109,834–417,472 mln cells/m2 and 523.6–567.6 g/m2 ) in cyanobacterial communities of mesohaline rivers with their salinity up to 16–19 g/L. Mineralization as a factor influencing the structure of communities, most rigidly acts in the estuarine sections of rivers, by controlling the composition of the dominant species. For critical salinity values (> 70 g/L), characteristic structural transformations of communities by the type of replacement of planktonic and benthic Bacillariophyta and Cyanoprokaryota by planktonic Chlorophyta (of the Dunaliella genus) and picoplankton were established.
State of Split Birch Woods of the Southern Trans-Urals in the Zone of High Anthropogenic Load on Natural Ecosystems
Authors: Kudryavtsev A. Yu. , Oparin М. L. , Oparina О. S. , Mamaev A. В. , Kovalev D. V.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents the results of our study of ecosystem diversity and the state of split-forest areas located in the Shchuchansky district of the Kurgan region. The species composition of forest stands, the productivity of tree species, the composition of underwood, brushwood and ground cover in plantations were analyzed. Data on the distribution of forest stands of various ages, composition, types of underwood and brushwood, as well as the main dominants of the ground cover are presented. Our studies have shown that forest communities are quite distinctly different in the nature of all storeys. A preliminary assessment of the economic impact on the territory of the site made it possible to identify significant changes in all the components of forest ecosystems, namely, ground cover, the composition and productivity of forest stands. The diversity of forest ecosystems in the study area is due to the ability of many plant species to inhabit a wide range of ecological conditions, as well as the composition, age and crowncontact, which, in turn, determines the nature of the storey of shrubs and ground cover. The volume of the forest type was taken quite large, it combined plantations of all age stages of forest stands development. Features of forest vegetation, typical for split forests of the Southern Trans-Urals, were revealed, namely: mosaic vegetation cover, low crown-contact and the presence of open spaces species in the lower storeys. The materials obtained showed that, despite the significant anthropogenic transformation, the forest ecosystems of the study area retained the main features characteristic of the peculiar vegetation of the forest-steppe of southern Siberia. The research results will make it possible to assess the diversity of forest ecosystems, to give a preliminary forecast of the dynamics of the site's vegetation and can be used in the development of a scientifically grounded strategy for forest management in the region under the conditions of the joint action of many natural and anthropogenic factors.
Comparative Study of the Rhizospheric Microflora of Sunflower Cultivars Helianthus annuus (Asteráceae, Magnoliópsida) Grown on Soils with Anthropogenic Polyelemental Anomalies
Authors: Muratova A. Yu. , Zelenova N. A. , Sungurtseva I. Yu. , Gorelova S. V. , Kolbas A. P. , Pleshakova Ye. V.
Published: January 2021

In a laboratory pot experiment, two mutant cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. r2p2 and Helianthus annuus cv. r5n1) were grown on soils with anthropogenic polyelemental anomalies and on a background control soil, and a comparative analysis of their rhizospheric microflora was carried out. The numbers of soil bacteria, actinomycetes and micromycetes, as well as the numbers of rhizospheric microorganisms resistant to Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ ions were estimated in the rhizosphere of sunflower cultivars. Quantitative changes in the sunflower rhizospheric microboceno-ses, formed under the influence of both the plant genotype and technogenic soil pollution, were revealed. A pronounced stimulation of the rhizospheric microorganisms of all groups studied was found when plants were cultivated on the technogenically contaminated soil from PJSC Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant. In this case, cultivar differences were observed, namely: the maximal number of bacteria and actinomycetes was revealed in the rhizosphere of H. annuus cv. r2p2, whilst the maximal number of micromycetes was revealed in the rhizosphere of H. annuus cv. r5n1. An increased number of microorganisms resistant to lead ions was revealed in the rhizosphere of H. annuus cv. r2p2. The observed changes in the structure of rhizospheric microbial communities of the sunflower cultivars manifested in the stimulation of the growth and activity of soil microflora can be in demand for phytoremediation of technogenically contaminated soil.
Tree Change in Nemoral Spruce Forests of the Central Forest Reserve
Authors: Pukinskaya M. Yu.
Published: January 2021

The paper discusses changes in forest-forming species in the nemoral spruce forests of the Central Forest Reserve (Tver Region, the Russian Federation). A comparison is made of the characterization of vegetation in the reserve spruce forests, carried out during the first survey of the reserve by Ya. Ya. Alekseev in 1931 (Alekseev, 1935) with the descriptions of vegetation made by the author from 2011 to 2019. It is shown that the coverage of nemoral herbs in the spruce forests of the reserve has increased over the past 90 years. In addition, three types of broadleaf trees (Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L. and Ulmus scabra Mill.) have greatly increased their abundance in the stand, most notably the linden. In recent decades, the decay of nemoral spruce forests has been taking place in the Central Forest Reserve. The birch-aspenspruce stand is not replenished with spruce renewal but is replaced by linden-maple forests. The vitality of spruce undergrowth is deteriorating. After the decay of a spruce forest, a change of the tree dominants occurs on 74% of the trial plots and the stand continues with a spruce forest on 26%. The largest part of the reserve's nemoral spruce forests arose after major disturbances 100–150 years ago (on the site of burned-out areas, hurricane windblows and cuttings). Old nemoral spruce forests were formed during the period when severe frosts prevented linden and maple from entering the stand. Currently, the coincidence of climate warming with the aging of the spruce stand and the removal of anthropogenic influence contributed to the release of maple and linden from the undergrowth into the stand and change to a spruce-deciduous forest. Under the prevailing climatic conditions, a return to the spruce forest is possible in the event of a burning out or when the climate becomes cold. The nemoral spruce forest is an ecotone type and, depending on conditions, becomes a spruce or broad-leaved forest.
Current State of Forest Moss Communities after Reduction of Emissions from the Middle-Ural Copper Smelter
Authors: Trubina M. R. , Dyachenko A. Р.
Published: January 2021

The moss cover of forests in an 50×36 km area around the Middle-Ural Copper Smelter was analyzed after almost complete reduction of its emissions. It has been shown that the moss communities in the low and high pollution zones differ significantly in composition, number and frequency of species, but are characterized by a similar cover of ground mosses. The frequency of most species in the high pollution zones, compared to the low pollution zones, was decreased. A significant increase of the frequency in the pollution gradient was found for Pohlia nutans only. Species loss was expressed more strongly on the mesoscale (species richness within a community) than on the macroscale (the total number of species in a pollution zone). The elimination of species under increasing pollution was revealed for species with a low (up to 40%) initial frequency. Despite of the almost complete cessation of emissions from the smelter, the moss cover in the high pollution zones remains severely damaged and is formed by a single species (Pohlia nutans) over a significant area. However, localities with high species richness and high similarity of composition with the background communities occur even under high pollution conditions. The presence of such localities, in combination with a considerable time lag before the extinction of species from the study area as a whole, may have major significance for recolonization of degraded areas after emission reduction.
ANALISIS PRODUKTIVITAS DAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT STRATEGI PERUBAHAN JENIS BAHAN PELEDAK DI PT SEMEN BATURAJA (PERSERO) TBK
Authors: Ardies Heddy
Published: January 2021

On limestone blasting activities besides safety there are two other important factors that must be highly considered, that are productivity and environmental impacts that caused, along with the replacement of the blasting contractor at PT Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk and accompanied by the strategy of explosive type change that used from ANFO with electric detonator to DABEX with non electric detonator. So, it is necessary an analysis of productivity and environmental impacts that caused, whether for the better or vice versa. The research method that used is qualitative triangulation research using data from direct observation in field, managing documentation data and conducting deep interview with parties who are directly or indirectly involved on limestone blasting activities. Interview was conducted with 10 samples representing representatives of Mining Division work unit with representatives from Echelon 1, Echelon III, Echelon IV and daily workers. From the testing data obtained that the strategy of explosive type change from productivity side is better and more efficient whereas from environmental impacts caused side is not better especially with the use of DABEX which cause an increased level of vibration. Based on these results, it is necessary to make improvements to the blasting method or to find for other alternative explosives that can increase productivity but have minimal environmental impact.
MAKNA FENOMENA KEMATIAN MASSAL DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19 BERDASARKAN REFLEKSI DARI AYUB 1: 1-22
Authors: Sardono Eugenius Ervan , Hermiawan Nikodemus , Wekin Oktavianus Klido
Published: January 2021

Fenomena kematian massal yang terjadi di tengah pandemi Covid-19 membuat manusia merefleksikan kembali makna kematian. Ayub 1: 1-22 berisi refleksi tentang kematian saat Ayub kehilangan semua anaknya secara bersamaan karena kematin. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menemukan makna fenomena kematian massal di tengah pandemi berdasarkan kitab Ayub 1: 1-22. Metode yang dipakai ialah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan hermeneutika. Studi ini menemukan memaknai kematian massal di tengah pandemi covid-19 berdasar Ayub 1:1-22 adalah: 1). wujud dari kekuasaan Tuhan yang harus diakui dan diterima oleh manusia; 2). ujian iman yang diijinkan Tuhan untuk terjadi dalam kehidupan manusia.