bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosome abnormalities in juxtaglomerular cell tumors
Authors: Brandal Petter , Busund Lill‐Tove , Heim Sverre
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Juxtaglomerular cell tumors (JGCT; also known as reninomas) are considered benign tumors of the kidney, although there have been reports of both malignant behavior and a JGCT‐related death. The clinicopathologic features of these rare tumors are well established, whereas nothing is known about their cytogenetic characteristics.

METHODS

The authors reported the first karyotype of a JGCT and also performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (IP‐FISH) analyses on the above‐mentioned tumor as well as on another JGCT from which live cells were not available for karyotyping. Both tumors were also examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

The karyotype was 57∼64,XX,−X,−1,−4,−6,−9,+10,−11,−13,−14, −15,+20,−22[cp10]/60∼61,idem, add(19)(p13)[cp2]/46,XX[3]. The IP‐FISH results were in accordance with the karyotypic findings for the first tumor, whereas Tumor 2 was found to be diploid for most investigated chromosomes, except for trisomy for chromosomes 4 and 10 and monosomy for chromosomes 9 and X. By CGH, gain of chromosomes 10 and 20 but no losses were detected for Tumor 1, whereas for Tumor 2, gain of chromosomes 4 and 10 as well as loss of chromosomes 9 and X and most of chromosome arm 11q were found. The immunohistochemical profiles were identical. Both tumors were positive for vimentin and CD34, focally positive for smooth muscle actin, and negative for cytokeratin, CD31, and actin.

CONCLUSIONS

Gain of chromosome 10, as well as loss of chromosomes 9 and X and most of chromosome arm 11q, might be important pathogenetic events in JGCT. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Predictors of systemic recurrence and disease‐specific survival after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence
Authors: Shen Jeannie , Hunt Kelly K. , Mirza Nadeem Q. , Buchholz Thomas A. , Babiera Gildy V. , Kuerer Henry M. , Bedrosian Isabelle , Ross Merrick I. , Ames Frederick C. , Feig Barry W. , Singletary S. Eva , Cristofanilli Massimo , Meric‐Bernstam Funda
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

In patients with breast carcinoma, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) is an independent predictor of systemic recurrence and disease‐specific survival (DSS). However, only a subgroup of patients with IBTR develop systemic recurrences. Therefore, the management of isolated IBTR remains controversial. The objective of the current study was to identify determinants of systemic recurrence and DSS after IBTR.

METHODS

The medical records of 120 women who underwent BCT for Stage 0–III breast carcinoma between 1971 and 1996 and who subsequently developed isolated IBTR were reviewed. Clinicopathologic factors were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses for their association with DSS and the development of systemic recurrence after IBTR.

RESULTS

The median time to IBTR was 59 months. At a median follow‐up of 80 months after IBTR, 45 patients (37.5%) had a systemic recurrence. Initial lymph node status was the strongest predictor of systemic recurrence according to the a univariate analysis (P = 0.001). Other significant factors included lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the primary tumor, time to IBTR ≤ 48 months, clinical and pathologic IBTR tumor size > 1 cm, LVI in the recurrent tumor, and skin involvement at IBTR. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, initially positive lymph node status (relative risk [RR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4–20.1; P = 0.015) and skin involvement at IBTR (RR, 15.1; 95% CI, 1.5–153.8; P = 0.022) remained independent predictors of systemic recurrence. The 5‐year and 10‐year DSS rates after IBTR were 78% and 68%, respectively. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis, only LVI in the recurrent tumor was found to be an independent predictor of DSS (RR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.5–14.1; P = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who initially had lymph node‐positive disease or skin involvement or LVI at IBTR represented especially high‐risk groups that warranted consideration for aggressive, systemic treatment and novel, targeted therapies after IBTR. Determinants of prognosis after IBTR should be taken into account when evaluating the need for further systemic therapy and designing risk‐stratified clinical trials. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Possible Origin of Modified EAG Activity by Point‐Fluorination of the Insect Pheromone Eldanolide
Authors: Hayase Shuichi , Renou Michel , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: June 2005

Conformational analysis with B3LYP/6‐31G* calculations was carried out on the insect pheromone eldanolide and its fluorinated analogues in order to clarify the origin of the differences in pheromone activity between these compounds, as measured by electroantennography (EAG). The calculations indicate that some conformers have a distinctively higher energy than their fluorinated analogues. Significant differences were found between the populations of the preferable conformers of EAG‐active and EAG‐inactive compounds. We suggest that the differences in the populations of the favored conformers of the eldanolide analogues best explain the differences in biological activity according to the position of fluorination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Unexpected Conformational Behaviour of a Diphosphate Derived from a Spherand‐Type Calixarene
Authors: Böhmer Volker , Costisella Burkhard , Gloede Jörg , Ozegowski Sigrid , Schneider Matthias , Thondorf Iris
Published: June 2005

The spherand‐type calixarene 2a, which consists of three diphenol units linked by methylene bridges, was treated with phosphorus pentachloride and then with water. A C1‐symmetrical conformation was found for the resulting bisphosphate 7 in the crystalline state by X‐ray analysis, with an anti orientation of the phosphoryl groups. MM3 calculations lead to a nearly identical conformation for the most stable isomer (RRS‐twist), while a slightly higher energy was found for an RRS‐crown isomer with a syn orientation of the phosporyl groups. Surprisingly, all NMR studies (1H, 13C and 31P) of 7 are in agreement with a dynamic C2 symmetry in solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Regio‐ and Chemoselective Coupling of Polyalkynes: A Convenient Access to Polyarylacetylenes and Polyenynes
Authors: Halbes‐Létinois Ulla , Vasiliev Aleksander , Pale Patrick
Published: June 2005

Mono‐ or disilylated α,ω‐diynes and disilylated triynes can be regioselectively homologated at each acetylenic end, silylated or not, by two and three, respectively, successive Pd/Ag‐catalyzed coupling reactions. Each coupling being selective either for terminal alkyne, trimethylsilylalkyne or for trialkylsilylalkyne, the combination of these coupling methods offers a unique and rapid access to polyunsaturated compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Artificial Epoxidase II. Synthesis of Cyclodextrin Ketoesters and Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Rousseau Cyril , Christensen Brian , Bols Mikael
Published: June 2005

Four cyclodextrin ketones were synthesised and investigated as epoxidation catalysts. In the presence of oxone they catalysed the epoxidation of mono‐, di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes in 17–100 % yield and 0–45 % ee. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Acetonyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide (ATPB): A Versatile Reagent for the Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols and Amines and for 1,1‐Diacylation of Aldehydes under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Choudhury Lokman H. , Ghosh Subrata
Published: June 2005

A wide variety of alcohols, phenols, amines and thiols may easily be converted into the corresponding acetate derivatives by treatment with acetic anhydride (1.5–2.0 equivalents) in the presence of acetonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (ATPB; 5 mol %) in good yields at room temperature. With the same precatalyst, both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes can also be transformed into the corresponding gem‐diacetates under reflux conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐(S)‐Laudanosine and (–)‐(S)‐Xylopinine
Authors: Mujahidin Didin , Doye Sven
Published: June 2005

The study presents a new pathway for the enantioselective synthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The key steps of the synthesis of (+)‐(S)‐laudanosine (1) and (–)‐(S)‐xylopinine (2) are a Sonogashira coupling that builds up the C1–C8a bond of the benzylisoquinoline skeleton, an intramolecular Ti‐catalyzed hydroamination of an alkyne, and a subsequent enantioselective imine reduction according to Noyori’s protocol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New Derivatives of Levoglucosan by Tandem Epoxide Allyl Alcohol Rearrangement‐Cuprate Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Gehle Dietmar , Flörke Ulrich
Published: June 2005

The alkylated allyl alcohols 6a, 7, and 8 (R = Me, Et, nBu) were formed in the reaction of the Černý epoxide 3 with the Cyano–Gilman cuprates. The one‐pot reaction was initiated by base‐catalyzed epoxide allyl alcohol rearrangement to compound 5, followed by unprecedented vinyl tosylate cross‐coupling with the cuprates, to form the alkylation products 6a, 7, and 8. The allyl alcohol 6a was transformed into a number of new branched 1,6‐anhydro sugars in series of highly stereoselective reactions. The products are stereochemically complementary to most known Černý epoxide derivatives and may be useful as chiral building blocks for polypropionate‐derived natural products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Chiral Catalyst Modifiers by Hydrosilylation of Cinchonidine and Their Application in the Hydrogenation of 1‐Phenylpropane‐1,2‐dione and Ethyl Pyruvate on a Supported Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Busygin Igor , Toukoniitty Esa , Sillanpää Reijo , Murzin Dmitry Yu. , Leino Reko
Published: June 2005

Four new chiral modifiers were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of distal modifier substitution in the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate and 1‐phenylpropane‐1,2‐dione on a supported Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The chiral modifiers were prepared in good to moderate overall yields by Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of 9‐O‐TMS‐protected cinchonidine with triethylsilane, triphenylsilane, bis(dimethylsilyl)ethane and (+)‐(R)‐methyl(1‐naphthyl)phenylsilane followed by cleavage of the silyl ether protective group. Comparison of the synthesized modifiers in enantioselective hydrogenation using cinchonidine as reference modifier is reported, as well as details on their synthesis and characterization. The X‐ray crystal structure of the 11‐(triphenylsilyl)‐substituted cinchonidine analogue has been determined showing that this compound crystallizes in the open(3)‐like conformation observed earlier for (–)‐cinchonidine. In the hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate, the new modifiers induced notable enantiomeric excesses (ee = 62–73 %), which, however, were slightly lower than the ee obtained with cinchonidine as the chiral catalyst modifier (ee = 84 %). The rate for the racemic reaction in the absence of a chiral modifier was up to threefold higher than the reaction rate with the distally substituted modifiers whereas with cinchonidine the reaction rate was close to that of the racemic hydrogenation. In the hydrogenation of 1‐phenylpropane‐1,2‐dione, 11‐(triethylsilyl)‐10,11‐dihydrocinchonidine induced an ee of 70 % at 50 % reactant conversion which was notably higher than the ee obtained with cinchonidine (55 %). The dependence of enantiomeric excess on the modifier structure is clearly different in the two cases (ethyl pyruvate vs. 1‐phenylpropane‐1,2‐dione) indicating notable differences in the enantiodifferentiating mechanisms in these two model reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A novel technique to specifically analyze the secretome of cells and tissues
Authors: Zwickl Hannes , Traxler Elisabeth , Staettner Stefan , Parzefall Wolfram , Grasl‐Kraupp Bettina , Karner Josef , Schulte‐Hermann Rolf , Gerner Christopher
Published: June 2005

The secretome of cells and tissues may reflect a broad variety of pathological conditions and thus represents a rich source of biomarkers. The identity of secreted proteins, usually isolated from cell supernatants or body fluids, is hardly accessible by direct proteome analysis, because these proteins are often masked by high amounts of proteins actually not secreted by the investigated cells. Here, we present a novel method for the specific detection of proteins secreted by human tissue specimen as well as cultured cells and chose liver as a model. The method is based on the metabolic labelling of proteins synthesized during a limited incubation period. Then, the cell supernatant is filtered, precipitated, and subjected to two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Whereas fluorography detected a large number of proteins derived from residual plasma and dead cells, the autoradiographs selectively displayed genuinely secreted proteins. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by means of the secretomes of the hepatocellular carcinoma‐derived cell line HepG2 and human liver slices. The selective identification of cell‐ and tissue‐specific protein secretion profiles may help to identify novel sets of biomarkers for wide clinical applications.
Quantitative detection of phosphoproteins by combination of two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and phosphospecific fluorescent staining
Authors: Stasyk Taras , Morandell Sandra , Bakry Rania , Feuerstein Isabel , Huck Christian W. , Stecher Guenther , Bonn Guenther K. , Huber Lukas A.
Published: June 2005

Here we combine a standard two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) protocol with subsequent post‐staining of gels with phosphospecific fluorescent Pro‐Q Diamond dye. The combination of these two methods for fluorescence detection of proteins allows quantitative detection of phosphoproteins in 2‐DE‐gels. We established this protocol within a functional proteomics experiment. Mammary epithelial cells (EpH4) were stimulated in culture by epidermal growth factor (EGF), endosomal fractions prepared after subcellular fractionation and phosphorylated proteins successfully detected on endosomes. For instance, Endo A cytokeratin, known as phosphoprotein and differentiation marker inducible by MAPK signaling, was identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). With this protocol, all steps of combined proteome and phosphoproteome profiling experiments are significantly simplified and accelerated, taking full advantage of both methods in terms of specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of quantification.
Use of selective extraction and fast chromatographic separation combined with electrophoretic methods for mapping of membrane proteins
Authors: Josic Djuro , Brown Mari Kino , Huang Feilei , Callanan Helen , Ručević Marijana , Nicoletti Alison , Clifton James , Hixson Douglas C.
Published: June 2005

A model system for selective solubilization and fast separation of proteins from the rat liver membrane fraction and purified rat liver plasma membranes for their further proteomic analysis is presented. For selective solubilization, high‐pH solutions and a concentrated urea solution, combined with different detergents, are used. After extraction, proteins are separated by anion‐exchange chromatography or a combination of anion‐ and cation‐exchange chromatography with convective interaction monolithic supports. This separation method enables fast and effective prefractionation of membrane proteins based on their hydrophobicity and charge prior to one‐dimensional (1‐D) and 2‐D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. By use of this sample preparation method, the less‐abundant proteins can be detected and identified.
Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical diagnostic purposes
Authors: Fliser Danilo , Wittke Stefan , Mischak Harald
Published: June 2005

The introduction of fast, sensitive, and robust techniques for proteomic analysis into clinical practice represents a major step toward a new diagnostic approach of body fluids. In addition, proteomics emerges as a key technology for the discovery of disease biomarkers in various body fluids. However, even in relatively protein‐deprived body fluids such as urine, the complexity and wide dynamic range of protein expression pose a considerable challenge to both separation and identification technologies. In the present review we discuss from a clinical point‐of‐view recent advances of the use of proteomics in clinical diagnosis as well as therapy evaluation. We focus on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) and discuss CE‐MS from an application point of view evaluating its merits and vices with regard to biomarker discovery. This review further presents examples of clinical applications of CE‐MS for detection and identification of biomarkers in urine.
Eight belemnite biohorizons in the Cenomanian of northwest Europe and their importance
Authors: Mitchell Simon F.
Published: June 2005

Eight belemnite biohorizons (BB) are recognized in the Cenomanian of northwest Europe, and can be related to both the ammonite zonal/subzonal and Cenomanian cyclostratigraphic schemes. These biohorizons are: BB1 (Neohibolites praeultimus) in the basal Neostlingoceras carcitanense Subzone (Mantelliceras mantelli Zone); BB2 (Neohibolites ultimus) in the upper N. carcitanense Subzone (M. mantelli Zone); BB3 (N. ultimus) in the Sharpeiceras schluteri Subzone (M. mantelli Zone); BB4 (N. ultimus) at the base of the Mantelliceras dixoni Zone; BB5 (N. ultimus) in the Cunningtoniceras inerme Zone; BB6 (Praeactinocamax primus and Belemnocamax boweri) in the lower Acanthoceras rhotomagense Zone; BB7 (B. boweri) in the middle A. jukesbrownei Zone; and BB8 (P. plenus) in the mid Metoicoceras geslinianum Zone. Belemnites are associated with deposits overlying the transgressive surfaces in the early transgressive systems tracts (BB2–4, BB6–8) or, rarely, with higher‐frequency transgressive surfaces in lowstand deposits (BB5). Early transgressive systems tracts also commonly have small positive δ13C excursions, although there is no one‐to‐one correspondence between the excursions and the belemnite biohorizons. A review of δ18O curves for the Cenomanian Stage suggests little evidence for a temperature control on the distribution of belemnites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pre‐radial history of echinoderms
Authors: Smith Andrew B.
Published: June 2005

Gene sequence data now identify a robust phylogeny of deuterostomes and provide a framework within which the evolution of echinoderms can be interpreted. The topology of the molecular tree makes a number of important predictions about the morphological characters of the earliest echinoderm at its split from hemichordates: it possessed gill slits (but not a notochord), had a bilaterally symmetrical body plan in the adult and, less certainly, underwent torsion during development. Carpoids, a highly contentious group of extinct deuterostomes with a plated calcite skeleton that have variously been interpreted as stem‐ and crown‐group chordates, stem‐group echinoderms or stem‐ and crown‐group echinoderms, display many of these basal characters and provide critical evidence for how the latest common ancestor of hemichordates and echinoderms was transformed into a pentaradiate crown‐group echinoderm.

Cinctans have a large atrial opening in addition to mouth and anus, and are interpreted as pharyngeal basket feeders. The paired grooves associated with the mouth indicate the presence of a hydrovascular system, but not necessarily one built along the echinoderm plan (that is, derived from just the left hydrocoel). Stylophorans have a bilateral body plan that is externally masked by torsion and possess gills, either unpaired and external, or paired and internal, opening into an atrial cavity. Their bilateral appendage is a locomotory organ, not an ambulacrum, and there is no evidence that stylophorans ever possessed a well‐developed hydrovascular system homologous to the water vascular system of echinoderms and the tentacles of pterobranch hemichordates. Solutes are the most crownward, having a true echinodermal ambulacral system with a single hydropore and no pharyngeal gill openings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein is present in lipid rafts and caveolin‐1‐enriched membranes
Authors: Boyanapalli Madanamohan , Kottis Vicky , Lahoud Oscar , Bamri‐Ezzine Saoussen , Braun Peter E. , Mikol Daniel D.
Published: June 2005

The oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein is a ligand of the neuronal Nogo receptor and a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, but its physiological function remains to be elucidated. The oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein is anchored solely in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, and through its leucine‐rich repeat domain, it likely interacts with other proteins. In the present study, we compare its buoyancy and detergent solubility characteristics with those of other myelin proteins. Based on its detergent solubility profile and membrane fractionation using established ultracentrifugation procedures, we conclude that the oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein is a lipid raft component that is closely associated with the axolemma. Moreover, it associates with caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐1‐enriched membranes. We postulate that, by virtue of its concentration in lipid rafts and perhaps through interactions with caveolin‐1, the oligodendrocyte‐myelin glycoprotein may influence signaling pathways. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence that take up a fluorescent dye from the circulation express leptin receptors and neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors
Authors: Cheunsuang Ornsiri , Morris Richard
Published: June 2005

Following systemic injection, several different dyes and markers are found to accumulate rapidly in cells in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence, and the capillaries in this region appear specialised for exchange of molecules. The present study used hydroxystilbamidine (FluoroGold equivalent) to identify cells that take up molecules from the circulation in these regions; 2–6 h following injection, uptake was seen in the external and intermediate zones of the median eminence and the adjacent ventral part of the arcuate nucleus, but not in other regions of the hypothalamus. The labelled cells were small; double‐labelling experiments revealed that they expressed glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), but not NeuN, Agouti‐related protein (AgRP) or β‐endorphin. They had the morphology of astrocytes and were readily distinguished from tanycytes by staining for vimentin. Many of these labelled astrocytes also expressed leptin receptors and neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors. The surrounding neurons that expressed these receptors did not take up this dye. This demonstrates that astrocytes take up molecules from the circulation in the median eminence and adjacent arcuate nucleus, and may have a significant signalling role in regulation of food intake. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of P0 glycoprotein in CNS glia: Effects of overexpression in N20.1 cells
Authors: Studzinski Diane M. , Benjamins Joyce A.
Published: June 2005

To examine effects of expression of the PNS myelin P0 glycoprotein in glial cells of CNS lineage, we transfected murine N20.1 glial cells with a rat P0 cDNA. A stably transfected cell line expressing high levels of P0 message showed P0 immunostaining, along with changes in morphology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the predicted rat P0 sequence in the transfected N20.1 cells and further revealed low levels of mouse P0 message in the nontransfected cells and in primary mouse astrocytes. This is the first evidence of endogenous expression of message for P0 glycoprotein in CNS glia. Quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed the expression of rat P0 mRNA in the transfected N20.1 cells, at levels about 400 times greater than murine P0 in nontransfected cells. A 27‐kD band was detected in the transfected cells by Western blot with P0 antibody, but not in mock‐transfected or nontransfected N20.1 cells. Immunocytochemistry following permeabilization showed intracellular vesicular localization of P0 in the cytoplasm and perinuclear rings in transfected cells, with a similar pattern but much lower levels in nontransfected cells. Faint surface staining for P0 protein without permeabilization was seen only on the transfected cells. A few transfected cells with membrane sheets stained more intensely for surface P0. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine if P0 overexpression altered expression of other myelin‐related genes compared with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); the ratios of myelin basic protein (MBP)/GFAP and proteolipid protein (PLP)/GFAP were increased 2‐ to 3‐fold in the P0‐transfected cells. We conclude that P0 overexpression alters N20.1 gene expression and cell morphology, and shifts the cells from astroglial to oligodendroglial phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consideration of the neural crest and its skeletal derivatives in the context of novelty/innovation
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: June 2005

I examine the neural crest and skeletal tissues derived from neural crest cells in the context of novelty/innovation by asking whether the neural crest is a novel tissue and whether the evolutionary origin of the neural crest required innovative developmental processes. As a vertebrate autapomorphy, the neural crest is a novel structure. I equate novelty with innovation and take a hierarchical approach. Some other workers separate the two, using novelty for new structures not found in an ancestor and not homologous with a feature in an ancestor, and innovation for the new processes required to generate the novel structure. While development clearly evolves, I do not separate those processes that result in the production of novel features from those that lead to change in existing structures, whether that change is a transition or transformation from one homologous feature to another (fins→tetrapod limbs or locomotory appendages→crustacean maxilliped feeding appendages). The existence of novelties causes us to consider the concept of latent homology. Neural crest cells form cartilage, dentine and bone. Cartilage is found in invertebrates and so is not a vertebrate innovation. No invertebrate cartilage mineralizes in vivo, although some can be induced to mineralize in vitro. Mineralization of cartilage in vivo is a vertebrate innovation. Dentine is a novel tissue that only forms from neural crest cells. Bone is a vertebrate innovation but not one exclusive to the neural crest. The developmental processes responsible for the neural crest and for these skeletal tissues did not arise de novo with the vertebrates. Novelty/innovation results from tinkering with existing processes, from the flexibility that arises from modifications of existing gene networks, and from the selective advantage provided by gene duplications or modifications. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agonists for the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α and the retinoid X receptor inhibit inflammatory responses of microglia
Authors: Xu Jihong , Storer Paul D. , Chavis Janet A. , Racke Michael K. , Drew Paul D.
Published: June 2005

The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) plays a key role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of the PPAR‐α agonists gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, inhibit the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study we investigated the effects of PPAR‐α agonists on primary mouse microglia, a cell type implicated in the pathology of MS and EAE. Our studies demonstrated that the PPAR‐α agonists ciprofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and WY 14,643 each inhibited NO production by cytokine‐stimulated microglia in a dose‐dependent manner. However, fenofibrate and WY 14,643 were more potent inhibitors than gemfibrozil and ciprofibrate. In LPS‐stimulated microglia, only fenofibrate and WY 14,643 significantly suppressed NO production. Additionally, PPAR‐α agonists inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐12 p40 and the chemokine MCP‐1 by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) physically interact with PPAR‐α receptors, and the resulting heterodimers regulate the expression of PPAR‐responsive genes. Interestingly, the RXR agonist 9‐cis retinoic acid (9‐cis RA) inhibited NO production by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Furthermore, a combination of 9‐cis RA and the PPAR‐α agonist fenofibrate cooperatively inhibited NO production by these cells. A combination of these agonists also selectively inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Collectively, these results raise the possibility that PPAR‐α and RXR agonists might have benefit as a therapy in MS, where activated microglia are believed to contribute to disease pathology. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dough aeration and rheology: Part 3. Effect of the presence of gas bubbles in bread dough on measured bulk rheology and work input rate
Authors: Chin Nyuk L , Martin Peter J , Campbell Grant M
Published: June 2005

The effects of dough aeration on measured bulk rheology of dough were investigated by preparing doughs with various gas contents and assessing their rheology under large deformation biaxial extension using the SMS Dough Inflation System. Doughs were mixed to various gas contents using a laboratory‐scale mixer, the Tweedy 1, at various mixer headspace pressures. In order to consider the effect of oxidation processes, doughs were mixed in air, in nitrogen and in a controlled oxygen‐nitrogen atmosphere in which the partial pressure of oxygen was kept constant. In the latter two cases a flow rate of gas through the mixer was maintained, while the doughs mixed in air had a static headspace. Dough aeration was quantified using density measurements. The dough rheology tests were performed under two different modes: constant volumetric air flow rate; and constant strain rate at two levels, 0.1 and 0.05 s−1. Analysis of the stress–strain data of an inflating dough bubble using an exponential model enabled the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress to be determined. The strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress decreased with gas content, indicating that gas bubbles in dough disrupt the integrity of dough structure. The faster strain rate tended to give higher values of all parameters and to be more discriminating, while testing at a constant volumetric air flow rate gave lower values. Doughs mixed under a constant partial pressure of oxygen resulted in the strain hardening index being minimally affected by the gas content, although failure strain and failure stress decreased with increasing gas content in the dough. The flow of gas through the mixer appeared to affect dough aeration and rheology, and the rate of work input was found to increase with increasing mixer headspace pressures. These suggest that dough aeration not only affects the rheology of static dough through the physical presence of gas bubbles following mixing, it also affects the development of its rheological properties within the mixer, through the physical presence of the bubbles affecting the rate of work input that develops the doughs, and also through the turnover of air that supplies oxygen to facilitate this development. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of supplemental ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) at different levels on growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers
Authors: Karaoǧlu Mevlüt , Macit Muhlis , Aksu M İrfan , Kurbanoǧlu E Basaran , Esenbuǧa Nurinisa , Çelebi Şaban
Published: June 2005

This study was carried out to determine the influence of ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) supplementation on the growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers. A total of 240 male broiler chicks (Ross 308), received from a commercial hatchery at 1 day of age, were allocated to four dietary treatments (H0, H1, H2 and H3 groups) in a completely randomized experimental design. Feed and water were offered ad libitum and lighting was continuous throughout the experimental period. The H0 group was fed with basal diet plus normal drinking water. The H1, H2 and H3 groups were fed with basal diet plus 1%, 2% and 3% RHH‐added water, respectively, in place of normal drinking water to meet the daily water requirements of broiler chicks from 1 to 28 days of age. All birds were housed in batteries from 1 to 21 days, and in grower broiler pens to 49 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly per pen. The average final body weights were 2524.9, 2601.2, 2441.7 and 2424.9 g for the H0, H1, H2 and H3 groups, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The average daily weight gains were 50.66, 52.25, 49.05 and 48.65 g, respectively, and the supplementation had no significant effect on this parameter. Daily feed consumptions were 96.18, 95.25, 91.70 and 90.75 g, respectively, and the difference between control and treatment groups was significant (P < 0.01). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) were, respectively, 1.79, 1.71, 1.73 and 1.81 (P > 0.05). At the end of the trial all birds were slaughtered to determine the slaughter traits. The hot carcass weights and yields were 1874.0, 1934.7, 1767.0, 1845.3 g and 75.78, 77.80, 75.00, 77.41%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). In addition, offal weights were determined and it was observed that there was no difference among the groups. Abdominal fat pad weights were similar in all groups. The H1 group experienced more effects on some performance and slaughter traits than the control and the other RHH‐treated groups, and the supplementation of diets with RHH at a level of 1% improved broiler performance. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and α‐tocopherol from almond seeds
Authors: Leo Lucia , Rescio Leonardo , Ciurlia Loredana , Zacheo Giuseppe
Published: June 2005

The objective of this study was to extract oil and tocopherols from almond seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide and to compare this extraction with a traditional solvent method. Oil and tocopherol extraction rates were determined as functions of the pressure (350–550 bar), temperature (35–50 °C) and CO2 flow rate (10–30 kg h−1), using a 10‐l vessel. The effects of matrix particle size on extraction yield were also studied and it was demonstrated that extraction yield is greatly influenced by particle size. Maximum recovery was obtained in the first 2–3 h of extraction at a pressure of 420 bar, a temperature of 50 °C and a flow rate of 30 kg h−1 CO2. These results suggest that the elevated initial oil and tochopherol solubility is related to the increased proportion of fatty acids in the initial extract. The results were compared with those obtained when hexane/methanol was used as a solvent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
For fun and profit: Hedonic value from image interactivity and responses toward an online store
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Jin Hyun‐Jeong , Kim Jihyun
Published: June 2005

With the use of an on‐line retailer's Web site and an experimental method with 103 university students, statistical support through path analysis was found for positive influences of optimum stimulation level (preferred level of environmental stimulation) and recreational shopping on hedonic value (trying an image‐interactivity feature of an apparel Web site as a stimulating experience). The Web site's mixandmatch image interactivity feature allowed creation of visual images of product combinations. The path‐analysis model revealed significant paths between hedonic value and resulting emotional pleasure and arousal variables. A pattern of significant paths was also found between these three variables and global attitude, willingness to purchase, and willingness to patronize the on‐line store. Theoretical and managerial conclusions are provided. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Novel Construction of Ring‐Opening Polymerization and Chemical Recycling System
Authors: Endo Takeshi , Nagai Daisuke
Published: June 2005

This article summarizes our recent efforts to chemical recycling of polymeric materials based on the equilibrium polymerization character of cyclic monomers. Spiro orthoesters (SOEs), bicyclo orthoester, cyclic carbonates, and dithiocarbonates undergo ring‐opening polymerization to afford the corresponding polymers, and the resulting polymers depolymerize to give the starting monomers under cationic or anionic conditions. Further, crosslinking and decrosslinking systems of bifunctional SOEs and a polymer having SOE moiety in the side chain are described.
Macromolecular Architecture Based on Anionically Prepared Poly(ethylene oxide) Macromonomers
Authors: Yagci Yusuf , Ito Koichi
Published: June 2005

Synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers carrying a methacyloyl group in one end, and N, N‐dimethyl amino, thiophene, styryl and vinyl ether functional groups in the other end was desribed. The general synthetic strategy is based on the living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated with functional potassium alcoholates, followed by reaction with methacyloyl chloride. These macromonomers were further utilized in various macromolecular architectures through via concurrent or selective thermal free radical, oxidative and photoinitiated free radical and cationic polymerization methods. The use of this synthetic route to prepare graft copolymers possessing completly and perfectly alternating PEO side chains using charge‐transfer‐complex polymerization was also demonstrated.
Photoactivated Cationic Frontal Polymerization
Authors: Falk Benjamin , Zonca Michael R. , Crivello James V.
Published: June 2005

Photoactivated cationic ring‐opening polymerizations of certain oxirane and oxetane monomers take place in a frontal manner. The study of the frontal behavior of those monomers was conducted using a new analytical technique involving optical pyrometry that provides insight into the mechanism of these polymerizations.
New Paradigms in Free‐Radical Polymerization Kinetics
Authors: Smith Gregory B. , Heuts Johan P.A. , Russell Gregory T.
Published: June 2005

Free‐radical polymerization (FRP) is inherently complex in that it has a chain‐reaction mechanism. Matters are complicated further by various reactions being chain‐length dependent in rate, meaning that kinetic schemes should distinguish each individual length of radical. What all this means is that microscopically accurate descriptions of FRP kinetics can involve thousands of species balance equations. Since modern computing power enables solutions to such large sets of equations to be obtained, it is argued that this approach should be employed in attempting to reach an understanding of FRP kinetics. Three examples of doing so are presented: (1) How chain‐length‐dependent termination explains that the rate law for FRP is actually non‐classical; (2) How a ‘composite’ termination model enables reconciliation of long‐chain termination data with what is known about termination of small‐molecule radicals; and (3) How chain‐length‐dependent propagation (CLDP) explains unusual rate data from FRP carried out in the presence of high amounts of chain‐transfer agent. It is also explained how these paradigm shifts have led to new and unexpected insights into FRP kinetics. Especially noteworthy are that the nature of cross‐termination often has no effect on the rate law and that CLDP narrows the molecular weight distribution.
Novel Industrial Application of Miniemulsion Polymerization – Use of Alkali Soluble Resin as Surfactant in Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: do Amaral Marcelo , de Brouwer Hans , Van Es Steven , Asua José M.
Published: June 2005

Nowadays, the great versatility of the miniemulsion polymerization technique to synthesize novel and high value added materials attracts great interest from both the academic and the industrial community. Recently, a novel process based on the use of alkali soluble resin (ASR) as sole surfactant in miniemulsion polymerization for high solids content latexes has been disclosed. This new technology opens a vast field for the production of high performance latexes for industrial applications, as well as an interesting topic for future academic research. This work presents the key factors influencing the use of ASR in aqueous polymer dispersions, highlighting the differences in terms of types and concentrations of ASR used in conventional and miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of type of initiator, ASR concentration and type, as well as solids content on the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and acrylic monomers are presented.
Porous Polymers by Emulsion Templating
Authors: Barbetta Andrea , Carnachan Ross J. , Smith Katherine H. , Zhao Chun‐tian , Cameron Neil R. , Kataky Ritu , Hayman Matthew , Przyborski Stefan A. , Swan Martin
Published: June 2005

Highly porous and permeable polymers are produced by polymerisation of the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The morphology and properties of the resulting PolyHIPE materials can be varied, allowing the materials to be optimised for a variety of applications. Void diameter is controlled from 1 to around 100 μm by altering the HIPE stability. Surface areas greater than 700 m2g−1 can be achieved by replacing some of the monomer phase with non‐polymerisable solvent, in conjunction with a high crosslink density and the use of a surfactant mixture that limits Ostwald ripening. PolyHIPEs can be produced in a variety of physical forms including large monolithic slabs, rods and flat relatively thin membranes. The materials are currently under investigation for use as electrochemical sensor membrane substrates and as porous matrices for cell culture.
Biodegradable Nano‐ and Microparticles with Controlled Surface Properties
Authors: Slomkowski Stanislaw , Gadzinowski Mariusz , Sosnowski Stanislaw , De Vita Cinzia , Pucci Andrea , Ciardelli Francesco , Jakubowski Wojciech , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: June 2005

Methods suitable for formation of polyester nano‐ and microspheres with controlled surface properties are described. The title nano‐ and microspheres composed of polylactides or poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) were obtained either directly, during dispersion polymerization of corresponding monomers, or by self‐assembly of block copolymers containing polyester blocks. Surface properties of the particles were controlled by using surfactants with required functional groups for dispersion polymerization, by modification of interfacial layer of synthesized particles, and by using for self‐assembly copolymers with appropriate functional groups. Particles with alkyl, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and 4‐(phenyl‐azo)phenyl groups in interfacial layer were obtained. Stability of suspensions of particles and particle's integrity did depend on the nature of functional groups in their interfacial layer and on external stimuli such as pH of suspending medium and irradiation with UV light.
Alkoxysilane Functional Acrylic Latexes: Influence of Copolymer Composition on Self‐Curing Behavior and Film Properties
Authors: Castelvetro Valter , De Vita Cinzia , Giannini Giacomo , Malvaldi Marco
Published: June 2005

Reactive latexes based on acrylic polymers with trimethoxysilyl groups in the side chain were prepared by semi‐continuous emulsion copolymerization. The properties of the latex film related to the polymer network structure and their evolution upon thermal curing were studied as a function of the content of the reactive comonomer, trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TSPMA), ranging between 8 and 25 wt‐%. In particular, the sensitivity to both organic solvent (chloroform) and water and the thermomechanical properties were investigated by swelling experiments and dynamic‐mechanical analysis (DMA). The results are interpreted in terms of a transition from uniform to microheterogeneous crosslinking regime, possibly as the result of formation of polyorganosilsesquioxane‐like (POSS) crosslinking domains at higher TSPMA content.
Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of normal and ischemic canine heart
Authors: Hu Tom C.‐C. , Christian Timothy F. , Aletras Anthony H. , Taylor Joni L. , Koretsky Alan P. , Arai Andrew E.
Published: June 2005

The ability of MnCl2 to enhance canine myocardium and to delineate ischemic areas is demonstrated. A dose–response curve was measured using T1 weighted images in 11 dogs. MnCl2 (36, 113, 360, and 3600 μmol) was infused over a period of 3 min. Signal intensity increased linearly with MnCl2 dose. At 113 μmol (∼10 μmol/kg) the steady‐state increase in intensity averaged 212 ± 34%. No significant physiologic effects due to the infused MnCl2 were detected except at the highest dose where there was a cardiac depressive effect. Ischemia was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery in 5 dogs. At an infused dose of 113 μmol, MnCl2 clearly demarcated the ischemic zone during coronary occlusion. Contrast enhancement in the ischemic zone was less than 30% compared with normal tissue (P < 0.03). In conclusion, the intracellular contrast agent MnCl2 enhances the canine heart and shows promise in detecting ischemia at doses that do not cause adverse cardiac effects. Magn Reson Med 54:196–200, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of experimental parameters on high b‐value q‐space MR images of excised rat spinal cord
Authors: Nossin‐Manor Revital , Duvdevani Revital , Cohen Yoram
Published: June 2005

The influence of diffusion time (Δ), gradient duration (δ), and TE on the appearance of high b‐value q‐space diffusion MR images of excised rat spinal cord (SC) was evaluated. The water signal decays in the white (WM) and gray matter (GM) were analyzed when the diffusion was measured perpendicular (⟂) and parallel (‖) to the fibers of the SC, using three different approaches: single‐component q‐space analysis, the biexponential model, and the bi‐Gaussian fit of the displacement distribution profile. Probability and displacement contrast and anisotropy indices were calculated for the WM and GM. It was found that WM/GM contrast increases as the diffusion time is increased when diffusion is measured perpendicular to the long axis of the SC. At a diffusion time of 50 ms, when diffusion was measured parallel to the fibers of the SC, the displacement was found to be higher for GM as compared to WM. For this direction the WM/GM contrast increased when diffusion time was increased, although here the changes were much less pronounced than for the perpendicular direction. The WM/GM displacement contrast nearly disappears for a diffusion time of 150 ms, when diffusion is measured parallel to the fibers of the SC. As expected, the anisotropy indices were found to be higher in WM than in GM, and increased with the increase in diffusion time. Both δ and TE affected the extracted parameters. It was found that long δ and long TE overemphasizes the apparent slow‐diffusing water component of the SC, which is also the more restricted one. It is demonstrated that the single‐component q‐space analysis best describes diffusion in WM when diffusion is measured perpendicular to the fibers of the SC. In other cases, a more complete description is obtained by using two‐component models. Magn Reson Med 54:96–104, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.