bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shear strength of reinforced recycled concrete beams with stirrups
Authors: Fathifazl G. , Razaqpur A.G. , Isgor O.Burkan , Abbas A. , Fournier B. , Foo S.
Published: September 2010

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the shear behaviour and strength of concrete beams made with coarse recycled concrete aggregate. The distinguishing feature of the beams is the manner in which their concrete mixture is proportioned. A new method of concrete mixture proportioning is used wherein recycled concrete aggregate is treated as a two-phase material comprising residual mortar and natural aggregate, and the relative amount and properties of each phase are considered. Using this method, several beams are made of recycled concrete aggregate-concrete and tested to study their serviceability and shear strength. For each beam its load–deflection curve, shear deformations, diagonal cracking load, crack pattern, ultimate shear strength, and failure mode are determined. The results show that the shear performance of reinforced recycled concrete aggregate-concrete beams is comparable, or even superior, to that of beams made entirely with natural aggregates at both the serviceability and ultimate limit states, and the current Canadian Standards Association, American Concrete Institute and Eurocode provisions for shear design can be used without any modification to design recycled concrete aggregate-concrete beams, provided the aforementioned mixture proportioning method is used.
Chemical composition and screening of the antimicrobial and anti-oxidative activity of extracts of Stachys species
Authors: Lazarevic Jelena , Palic Radosav , Radulovic Niko , Ristic Novica , Stojanovic Gordana
Published: September 2010

GC and GC/MS analyses of the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts
obtained from the aerial parts of Stachys germanica subsp. heldreichii
(Boiss) Hayek, Stachys iva Griseb., Stachys plumosa Griseb. and Stachys
scardica Griseb., Balkan peninsula endemics, were performed. One hundred and
seventy-nine constituents, accounting for 88.8-98.1% of the total composition
of the extracts, were identified. The common feature of the diethyl ether
extracts was the high content of terpenoids and fatty acidderived compounds,
while the common feature of the ethyl acetate extracts was the prevalence of
fatty acid-derived compounds. A disk diffusion method was used for the
evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against a panel of
microorganisms (bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis; fungi:
Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). The total antioxidant capacity of
the extracts was evaluated by the phosphomolybdenum method. The preliminary
bioassay results indicated that the diethyl ether extract of S. plumosa could
be a possible source of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.
Primary closure of the common bile duct in the treatment of choledocholithiasis
Authors: Ivanov Dejan , Milosevic Pavle
Published: September 2010

Surgical institutions equipped to apply endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with papillotomy do not treat non-complicated choledocholithiasis in a surgical way any more. However, those institutions which have not yet started to perform cholangiopancreatography apply surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis, and therefore, choledochography is still an option to end the exploration of choledochus with or without the concrement removal. Since cholangiopancreatography has not become a routine treatment in our institution, we have tried to determine the role of the primary closure of the choledochus in the treatment of choledocholithiasis as well as the indications and contraindications for its application.
Application of systematic reviews in speech‐and‐language therapy
Authors: Marshall Julie , Goldbart Juliet , Pickstone Caroline , Roulstone Susan
Published: September 2010

Background: Systematic reviews are increasingly being carried out in speech‐and‐language therapy and are used by practitioners, service commissioners, policy‐makers and researchers to inform decision‐making, as the body of evidence available about speech‐and‐language therapy grows. Although systematic reviewing is developing to incorporate new methods of review and synthesis, there are currently limitations in the use of some types of systematic reviews within speech‐and‐language therapy.

Aims: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the steps involved in the systematic review process and the range of options available. It highlights some challenges to using this process in speech‐and‐language therapy, with examples based in part on the authors' experiences of involvement in two systematic reviews. A number of developments in systematic review methodology will be outlined and several new approaches to reviewing, both within and outside of speech‐and‐language therapy, are introduced. These include realist synthesis, evidence‐based practice briefs, speech BITE™ and the journal Evidence‐Based Communication Assessment and Intervention.

Main contribution: This paper highlights some of the current benefits and limitations of systematic reviews in speech‐and‐language therapy. It will facilitate readers to use and carry out systematic reviews in the speech‐and‐language therapy field.

Conclusions: Systematic reviews are useful in speech‐and‐language therapy, but awareness of their limitations is important to practitioners, commissioners, policy‐makers and researchers. New developments may further increase the benefits of systematic reviews.
Influence of stacking fault energy and alloying on stage V hardening of HPT-deformed materials
Authors: Hafok Martin , Pippan Reinhard
Published: September 2010

The grain refinement after high pressure torsion of pure metals and alloys exhibiting fcc crystal structure was examined. The aim was to characterise the influence of the stacking fault energy and the alloying on the grain size in the saturation regime. In this regime no further hardening of the material is observed and a constant mean grain size is obtained. Pure metals such as silver, copper and nickel and different brass alloys were severely deformed using high pressure torsion. During the severe deformation the torque curves were recorded for the different metals at different hydrostatic pressures. Due to the different deformation conditions, the influence of friction on the torque in the saturation regime can be estimated. In addition tensile tests were performed and the results were compared with flow stresses determined in the high pressure torsion experiments. A clear influence of the alloying on the flow stresses and the grain sizes of the materials was found, the stacking fault energy has a significant effect on the refinement, but only a minor effect on the saturation grain size.
It Starts with a Conversation: A Community Approach to Creating Healthy Work Environments
Authors: Longo Joy , Dean Amy , Norris Shelby Darlene , Wexner Suzette W. , Kent Leslie N.
Published: September 2010

A healthy work environment is needed to retain nurses. Among the factors that contribute to a healthy work environment are collaboration and communication. Through the leadership of the Palm Healthcare Foundation, Inc., a dialogue was started among health care stakeholders in Palm Beach County, Florida, resulting in a health care work force partnership community collaboration and initiatives to address the retention of nurses. One initiative was sponsoring a “train-the-trainer” program to raise awareness and provide skills for addressing factors that could affect work relationships, including emotional intelligence, generational differences, cultural competency and health literacy, employee crisis, and horizontal violence. A 6-month program evaluation was completed by the participants. A community approach provides a means for providers and educators to address common work force issues collaboratively.
Intra-Articular Entrapment of the Medial Collateral Ligament
Authors: Desai Rasesh , Parikh Shital , Laor Tal
Published: September 2010

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most commonly injured knee ligament. Such injuries in children are rare due to the relative thickness of the articular cartilage and physes that can absorb energy. Traumatic MCL entrapment into the medial knee joint in a child has not yet been reported. This article presents a case of intra-articular MCL entrapment in a 9-year-old boy with characteristic findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing the interposition of the MCL between the medial meniscus and medial tibial plateau. During arthroscopic surgery, the MCL tear pattern was visualized underneath the medial meniscus. A medial knee incision was performed and the MCL was retrieved from the knee joint. The meniscotibial ligaments and medial meniscus were repaired to the tibial plateau. The torn ends of MCL were reapproximated and sutured. One year postoperatively, the patient is back to full activities including sports without limitations. This article should help raise awareness about the possibility of such injuries to avoid a delay in diagnosis. Although it is true that children would injure their physes more often than their ligaments due to their relative weakness, this article describes the possibility of a serious ligament injury without physeal involvement.
Cemented Versus Cementless Stems: A Verdict Is In
Authors: Bourne Robert B. , Corten Kristoff
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the >20-year outcomes of cemented (n=124) versus cementless (n=126) total hip replacements (THRs) in patients with end-stage, unilateral hip osteoarthritis. At 20 years, 168 patients (67%) were available for follow-up, 78 (31%) had died, and 4 (2%) were lost.

A power analysis was performed to determine the number of patients needed in each study cohort. Patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively by validated disease-specific Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Score, patient-specific McMaster Arthritis Score, global health (sickness impact profile), functional capacity (6-minute walk), and cost utility (cost-to-quality adjusted life years). Patients were followed every 2 years clinically and radiographically.

The cementless THR outperformed its cemented counterpart in terms of overall (
P
=.01), socket (
P
=.009), and stem (
P
<.0001) Kaplan-Meier survivorships. Patients younger than 65 years had significantly poorer cemented and cementless socket survivorships, and male sex adversely affected cementless socket survivorship. The cementless tapered stem had 100% survivorship with aseptic loosening as the endpoint at 20 years. Although this study has demonstrated the superiority of the cementless THR over its cemented counterpart, care must be taken in generalizing these results to other cemented and cementless THRs.
Porous Metal Augments: Big Hopes for Big Holes
Authors: Sporer Scott M. , Valle Craig Della
Published: September 2010

The majority of acetabular defects can be reconstructed with a hemispherical acetabular component alone. However, severe bone loss encountered at the time of revision acetabular surgery can result in compromised initial fixation leading to component micromotion, failure of bone ingrowth, and mechanical failure. Porous acetabular augments offer a potential solution to enhance initial component fixation while maximizing the area for biologic ingrowth. Premanufactured metal augments can be placed independent of the acetabular component. This feature provides surgeons the flexibility to place the hemispherical acetabular component in the optimal orientation at the anatomic hip center. The augment is initially secured to the hemipelvis with multiple screws before it is then secured to the hemispherical acetabular component with the use of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. The modularity of the augments effectively allows a custom implant to be designed intraoperatively. Porous acetabular augments offer the potential advantages of a nonresorbable material that can be inserted without extensive soft tissue stripping. Additionally, these metal augments do not carry the risk of disease transmission associated with bulk structural allograft and are manufactured in a variety of shapes and sizes. The early clinical and radiographic results of porous acetabular augments are promising, yet there remains a paucity of long-term data.
Lysis in the Well-Fixed Shell: “Hold ‘Em” or “Fold ‘Em”
Authors: Su Edwin P.
Published: September 2010

Periacetabular osteolysis is the greatest challenge for longevity of total hip arthroplasty. The generation of wear debris from the bearing surface is inevitably going to cause bone loss around the implants. The challenges for the arthroplasty surgeon in managing this problem are: detection, knowing when to intervene surgically, and choosing the best reconstructive option. From a surgical standpoint, the options for addressing osteolysis are: (1) liner exchange with or without bone grafting of lytic lesions; or (2) complete component revision. The advantages of “holding ‘em” include a faster surgery, no bony disruption, a quicker recovery for the patient, and cost. The downside of isolated liner exchange is that there is a high rate of instability, there may be incomplete access to the lytic lesions, and the limitations of the existing component. There have been techniques developed to provide access to the retroacetabular lesions, particularly superolaterally via a trap-door technique. Alternatively, other surgeons have advocated injection of bone graft substitutes in the retroacetabular regions to fill osteolytic defects. However, one may not be able to take advantage of newer bearing materials, larger head sizes, or component reposition to improve stability and wear properties. The advantages of a complete component revision are access to lytic lesions, and the ability to modify component position and take advantage of newer technologies. The disadvantages are cost, a longer recovery, and bony disruption. Each method of addressing acetabular osteolysis has compelling reasons to use it; individual patient factors such as component type, size of lesion, and remaining bone will play a role in selecting the treatment.
Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Incidence of Transfusion and Symptomatic Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Berend Keith R. , Morris Michael J. , Lombardi Adolph V.
Published: September 2010

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has been associated with faster recovery with less potential perioperative morbidity compared to total knee arthroplasty. This study investigates the rate of transfusion, symptomatic thromboembolic events, and length of hospital stay in 1000 consecutive, unicompartmental knee replacements performed by 2 surgeons. A rapid recovery protocol coupled with multimodal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was used for all patients. Five patients (0.5%) received a blood transfusion for symptomatic postoperative anemia. One patient (0.1%) developed a symptomatic deep venous thrombosis within 90 days of follow-up. No patient experienced a symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Length of hospital stay averaged 1.4 days. Unicompartmental arthroplasty using less invasive surgical techniques, a rapid recovery protocol, and multimodal venous thromboembolism prevention is a safe and effective procedure associated with a low rate of morbidity.
Incident Surveillance in New Jersey Career and Technical Education Programs, 1999 to 2008
Authors: Shendell Derek G. , Jhaveri Mehul , Nowakowski Alexandra C. H. , Wozniak Maryann E. , Campbell Jennifer K. , Marshall Elizabeth G. , Kelly Sarah W.
Published: September 2010

Through school-sponsored career and technical education programs in New Jersey, students work part-time during or after school in paid and unpaid structured learning experiences regulated by the New Jersey Department of Education. Schools submit information on “reportable incidents,” injury or illness resulting in physician treatment. Incidents including reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were assessed; 1,600 incident reports (1999 to 2008) were received. Attributes such as type and severity, body parts affected, and PPE use for incidents occurring at school among students grades 9 to 12 or labeled as “adults” during school hours ( n = 285) were analyzed. Older teens incurred more injuries. PPE use was consistently low across age and gender. Students most frequently experienced knife injuries involving fingers and hands. Results identified potential injury determinants and training and intervention topics such as PPE, and support development of an enhanced reporting form.
Facing Physical Limitations—A Challenge to Self-Esteem
Authors: Litchfield Sheila M.
Published: September 2010

This article explores the personal challenges inherent in accepting limitations and a change in self-image. Nurses can assist their clients in moving toward a new vision of self that can better support health and wellness and perhaps a more realistic level of functioning as they age.
Fighting the fan sub war: Conflicts between media rights holders and unauthorized creator/distributor networks
Authors: Koulikov Mikhail
Published: September 2010

The way Japanese animation has been spread outside Japan not only by entertainment companies but also by fan groups that have worked to produce fan subs—that is, subtitled translations of films and television shows produced without authorization and shared outside established commercial channels—has been one of the most powerful examples of transformative culture to take place in the last three decades or so. Much has already been written about anime and its global impact, but the process of fan sub creation and distribution, and in particular how these groups have been structured, has not yet been examined in depth. A question that is becoming prominent concerns what happens when the fan subbing culture finally clashes with authorized commercial content distributors. This essay explores the way fan sub distribution has changed over the years and draws on the concept of Net war to illustrate the conflict and the potential tools and methods animation distribution companies have used to engage, subvert, and interdict these groups. This has broad implications for understanding and predicting the flow of other emerging conflicts between networked actors, such as hackers, anarchists, and activists, and hierarchically organized traditional corporate entities.
When normal and deviant identities collide: Methodological considerations of the pregnant acafan
Authors: Ingram-Waters Mary
Published: September 2010

In this article, I examine how my visibly pregnant body influenced my experience as a field researcher at a fan convention, interviewing amateur fan fiction authors who write Harry Potter male-pregnancy fan fiction. Despite my efforts at carefully cultivating an identity as an acafan (a researcher who identifies as both a fan and a scholar of fandom), my identity as a pregnant woman was most salient throughout my fieldwork. I argue that because of the particular genre of fan fiction, male pregnancy (mpreg), which my participants engaged with, my status as a normative, heterosexual, publicly pregnant woman negatively affected the research process: my interactions with my interviewees deviated from my expectations in ways that shaped the data I collected. When I analyzed my field notes, I found a strong correlation between interviewees' recognition of my pregnancy and interviewees' experience of stigma associated with authors of mpreg. This research contributes to several bodies of work: the interplay between online and real-life identities, the role of the researcher in field research, and the role of pregnant researchers.
Autobiographical reasoning in long-term fandom
Authors: Harrington C. Lee , Bielby Denise D.
Published: September 2010

We explore the social psychological processes through which fan-based experiences become situated in fans' larger life narratives. Drawing on original survey data with long-term U.S. soap opera fans, we examine how the psychological mechanism of autobiographical reasoning functions in fans' construction of self-narratives over time. The case study presented here is a subset of a larger investigation into the age-related structure of fans' activities, identities, and interpretive capacities. Situated at the intersections of gerontological (life span/life course) theory and contemporary fan studies, our project mines relatively uninvestigated theoretical terrain. We conclude with a brief discussion of implications for future fan studies.
Fandom squared: Web 2.0 and fannish production
Authors: Watson Jeff
Published: September 2010

By comparing how businesses and fan communities conceive of, foster, and manage participation, I outline the tensions that reveal the emerging shape of fan practice in the era of Web 2.0. The producer-consumer relationship does not map neatly onto the producer-fan relationship. The more that media companies integrate fans into the process of producing and developing content, the less agency fans actually feel.
"Coming of age in 'Second Life': An anthropologist explores the virtually human," by Tom Boellstorff
Authors: Kuntsman Adi
Published: September 2010

Review of Tom Boellstorff. Coming of age in "Second Life": An anthropologist explores the virtually human. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2008. Hardcover, $39.95 (336p) ISBN 978-0-691-13528-1.
Case series: Congenital left ventricular diverticulum
Authors: Shah Dharita , Kumar C Kumar , Shah Mukesh S , Baraiya Mihir
Published: September 2010

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac malformation characterized by a localized outpouching from the cardiac chamber. The patient is usually asymptomatic. However, complications like embolism, infective endocarditis, arrhythmia and, rarely, rupture can be the initial presentation. Diagnosis can be established by USG, echocardiography, CT angiography, and MRI. We report here two neonates with congenital left ventricular apical diverticulum associated with epigastric hernia.
Case report: Completely unroofed coronary sinus with a left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium studied by cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Raj Vimal , Joshi Sanjiv , Ho Yuen Chi , Kilner Philip J
Published: September 2010

A persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) draining through a dilated coronary sinus into the right atrium is a relatively common congenital cardiovascular anomaly. It is readily identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). However, a LSVC draining into the left atrium (LA) and associated with unroofing of the coronary sinus, with resulting interatrial communication, is rare and may have important clinical consequences. As with any large atrial septal defect, it can be associated with a higher than expected incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension, systemic embolization, and brain abscesses. In this report, we present a case of a completely unroofed coronary sinus with a persistent LSVC draining directly into the LA and illustrate the role of CMR in the diagnosis and evaluation of such anomalies.
Case report: Congenital short bowel syndrome
Authors: Palle Lalitha , Reddy Balaji
Published: September 2010

Congenital short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a relatively rare condition as compared to acquired SBS. It is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Infants usually present with failure to thrive, recurrent vomiting, and diarrhea. It is important to suspect and diagnose this condition promptly, as early initiation of parenteral nutrition or surgery, if necessary, may result in a favorable outcome. We discuss a case of an infant aged 26 days, who presented with failure to thrive, recurrent vomiting, and weight loss. A contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract revealed a short small bowel, with malrotation. The infant was started on parenteral nutrition, but succumbed shortly thereafter to severe disseminated sepsis.
Water content of aged aerosol
Authors: Engelhart G. J. , Hildebrandt L. , Kostenidou E. , Mihalopoulos N. , Donahue N. M. , Pandis S. N.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The composition and physical properties of aged atmospheric aerosol were characterized at a remote sampling site on the northern coast of Crete, Greece induring the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment in May 2008 (FAME-2008). A reduced Dry-Ambient Aerosol Size Spectrometer (DAASS) was deployed to measure the aerosol water content and volumetric growth factor of fine particulate matter. The particles remained wet even at relative humidity (RH) as low as 20%. The aerosol was acidic during most of the measurement period, which likely contributed to the water uptake at low RH. The water content observations were compared to the thermodynamic model E-AIM, neglecting any contribution of the organics to aerosol water content. There was good agreement between the water measurements and the model predictions. Adding the small amount of water associated with the organic aerosol based on monoterpene water absorption did not change the quality of the agreement. These results strongly suggest that the water uptake by aged organic aerosol is relatively small (a few percent of the total water for the conditions of FAME-08) and generally consistent with what has been observed in laboratory experiments. The Q-AMS water concentration was well correlated with the DAASS measurements and in good agreement with the predicted values for the RH of the Q-AMS inlet. This suggests, that at least for the conditions of the study, the Q-AMS can provide valuable information about the aerosol water concentrations if the sample is not dried.
CUANTIFICACIÓN DE CARBONO EN LA BIOMASA AEREA DE CAFÉ (Coffea arábica L.) CON SOMBRA, EN LA COMARCA PALO DE SOMBRERO, JINOTEGA, NICARAGUA
Authors: Medina-Benavides Cristóbal , Calero-González Claudio , Hurtado Himel , Vivas-Soto Edwin
Published: September 2010

Los sistemas agroforestales son potenciales sumideros dedióxido de carbono, contribuyendo así a mitigar el calentamientode la tierra por efecto de las emisiones de C02. El propósitode la presente investigación, es cuantificar carbono orgánicoalmacenado en sistema de café. Esta investigación se desarrollóen la hacienda Santa Maura, Jinotega., altitud 1000-1250 msnm,temperatura promedio de 19 a 23°C, suelos del tipo molisol. Seidentificaron tres tipologías de cafeto de estudio que se diferencianpor su variedad, edad y densidad de establecimiento. Se realizó unmuestreo sistemático, intensidad del 2 %. La unidad de muestreofue una parcela circular de 250 m², en cada parcela de muestreose tomó un árbol de eje central, procediendo a inventariar eidentificar las especies de árboles y cafeto. Se midieron la alturatotal, altura fuste limpio, diámetro a la altura del pecho del quemuestrea, pesos húmedo y seco de los diferente componentes. Enlos depósitos aéreos de cafetos y especies de sombra, se estimó labiomasa y contenido de carbono. En la tipología dos se encontróel mayor promedio de C almacenado con 19.86 tonelada métricasde carbono por hectárea (tMC ha-1), seguido del tipo tres, con11.12 tMC ha-1 y por último, el tipo uno con 5.5 tMC ha-1. Ladiferencia de contenido de C entre tipología, está directamenteligado a la densidad, especie de árbol de sombra, edad y manejode la plantación.Palabras clave: Almacenamiento de carbono; servicioambiental.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.4
ESTRATEGIA DIDÁCTICA PARA CONTRIBUIR A LA EDUCACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE EN LA ENSEÑANZA PREUNIVERSITARIA
Authors: Lauzardo Alicia , Paredes Varinia , Aparicio JM
Published: September 2010

Dentro de los desafíos a los que debe hacer frente la humanidadpara hacer posible un futuro sostenible, se encuentra, entreotros, el de impulsar una educación solidaria, que contribuya auna correcta percepción del mundo y prepare a los ciudadanospara la toma de decisiones fundamentadas e impulse sucomportamiento a lograr un desarrollo culturalmente plural yfísicamente sostenible. Los educadores están llamados a formarciudadanos y ciudadanas conscientes de la gravedad y el carácterglobal de los problemas y prepararlos para la toma de decisionesadecuadas. La estrategia didáctica para contribuir a la Educaciónpara el desarrollo sostenible desde las asignaturas de la enseñanzapreuniversitaria en Cuba pretende ir sentando las bases para queesto sea posible y lograr modestamente un aprendizaje reflexivo,crítico y desarrollador en el cual el estudiante se convierta enel protagonista de su propio aprendizaje. La estrategia puestaen práctica durante dos cursos arrojó como resultados lasensibilización creciente sobre el problema de la sustentabilidady su vinculación con los problemas sociales, económicos,culturales y tecnológicos. Consolidó competencias para eltrabajo en equipos y la elaboración de informes y se aprecia quelos estudiantes emiten juicios críticos y autocríticos ante losproblemas para la sostenibilidad.Palabras clave: Educación; didáctica; sostenibilidad; química;medio ambienteDOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.9
HABLEMOS SOBRE DESARROLLO
Authors: Aráuz Roberto Altamirano , Ruiz Yadira Calero
Published: September 2010

DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i13.20
Musculoskeletal pain and incident disability in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Buchman Aron S. , Shah Raj C. , Leurgans Sue E. , Boyle Patricia A. , Wilson Robert S. , Bennett David A.
Published: September 2010

Objective

To test the hypothesis that the number of areas of musculoskeletal pain reported is related to incident disability.

Methods

Subjects included 898 older persons from the Rush Memory and Aging Project without dementia, stroke, or Parkinson's disease at baseline. All participants underwent detailed baseline evaluation of self‐reported pain in the neck or back, hands, hips, knees, or feet, as well as annual self‐reported assessments of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), basic activities of daily living (ADLs), and mobility disability. Mobility disability was also assessed using a performance‐based measure.

Results

The average followup was 5.6 years. Using a series of proportional hazards models that controlled for age, sex, and education, the risk of IADL disability increased by ∼10% for each additional painful area reported (hazard ratio [HR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01–1.20) and the risk of ADL disability increased by ∼20% for each additional painful area (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.11–1.31). The association with self‐report mobility disability did not reach significance (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.99–1.20). However, the risk of mobility disability based on gait speed performance increased by ∼13% for each additional painful area (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.22). These associations did not vary by age, sex, or education and were unchanged after controlling for several potential confounding variables including body mass index, physical activity, cognition, depressive symptoms, vascular risk factors, and vascular diseases.

Conclusion

Among nondisabled community‐dwelling older adults, the risk of disability increases with the number of areas reported with musculoskeletal pain.
Ultra‐Fast Atomic Transport in Severely Deformed Materials—A Pathway to Applications?
Authors: Divinski Sergiy , Wilde Gerhard , Rabkin Eugen , Estrin Yuri
Published: September 2010

Severe plastic deformation of pure Cu and Cu‐rich alloys was found to create a hierarchical combination of fast and ultra‐fast diffusion paths ranging from non‐equilibrium grain boundaries to non‐equilibrium triple junctions, vacancy clusters, nano‐ and micro‐pores, and finally to general high‐angle grain boundaries. Under certain conditions, a percolating network of porosity can be introduced in the ultra‐fine grained materials by a proper mechanical and thermal treatment. This network may offer promising opportunities for creating materials with tailor‐made properties, including combinations of improved mechanical performance with a possibility of self repair using “vascular structures” for atom transport. Applications in such areas as drug eluting bioimplants and lead or polymer eluting materials for reduction of friction based on impregnation of porosity networks with these agents are also envisaged.
Enhanced Strength and Ductility of Ultrafine‐Grained Ti Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Semenova Irina , Salimgareeva Gulnaz , Da Costa Gérald , Lefebvre Williams , Valiev Ruslan
Published: September 2010

This work deals with the study of strength and ductility in ultrafine‐grained (UFG) Ti Grade 4 produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) in combination with subsequent thermomechanical treatments. We found that additional annealing of UFG Ti resulted in unusual enhancement of strength and ductility, which is associated with not only small grain size but also with a grain boundary structure. The origin of this phenomenon is investigated using the results of transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The innovation potential of UFG Ti for medical use is considered.
Suppression of Ni4Ti3 Precipitation by Grain Size Refinement in Ni‐Rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Prokofiev Egor A. , Burow Juri A. , Payton Eric J. , Zarnetta Robert , Frenzel Jan , Gunderov Dmitry V. , Valiev Ruslan Z. , Eggeler Gunther
Published: September 2010

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high pressure torsion (HPT), are successfully employed to produce ultra fine grain (UFG) and nanocrystalline (NC) microstructures in a Ti–50.7 at% Ni shape memory alloy. The effect of grain size on subsequent Ni‐rich particle precipitation during annealing is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAD, SAED), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). It is observed that Ni4Ti3 precipitation is suppressed in grains of cross‐sectional equivalent diameter below approximately 150 nm, and that particle coarsening is inhibited by very fine grain sizes. The results suggest that fine grain sizes impede precipitation processes by disrupting the formation of self‐accommodating particle arrays and that the arrays locally compensate for coherency strains during nucleation and growth.
Improved Room Temperature Plasticity of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 Bulk Metallic Glass by Channel‐Die Compression
Authors: Scudino Sergio , Surreddi Kumar Babu , Khoshkhoo Mohsen Samadi , Sakaliyska Mira , Wang Gang , Eckert Jürgen
Published: September 2010

In this work, the effect of channel‐die compression (CDC) on the mechanical behavior of the Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass is analyzed. The results indicate that CDC can be successfully used as a pre‐deformation process to effectively enhance the room temperature plastic strain ability of metallic glasses. The origin of the improved mechanical properties is most likely due to the creation during CDC of a heterogenous microstructure consisting of hard and soft regions able to hinder the rapid propagation of shear bands.
Targeting of Cancer Cells Using Quantum Dot–Polypeptide Hybrid Assemblies That Function as Molecular Imaging Agents and Carrier Systems
Authors: Atmaja Bayu , Lui Bertrand H. , Hu Yuhua , Beck Stayce E. , Frank Curtis W. , Cochran Jennifer R.
Published: September 2010

A highly tunable quantum dot (QD)–polypeptide hybrid assembly system with potential uses for both molecular imaging and delivery of biomolecular cargo to cancer cells is reported. The tunability of the assembly system, its application for imaging cancer cells, and its ability to carry a biomolecule are demonstrated. The assemblies are formed through the self‐assembly of carboxyl‐functionalized QDs and poly(diethylene glycol‐L‐lysine)‐poly(L‐lysine) (PEGLL‐PLL) diblock copolypeptide molecules, and they are modified with peptide ligands containing a cyclic arginine‐glycine‐aspartate [c(RGD)] motif that has affinity for αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins overexpressed on the tumor vasculature. To illustrate the tunability of the QD‐polypeptide assembly system, it is shown that binding to U87MG glioblastoma cells can be modulated and optimized by changing either the conditions under which the assemblies are formed or the relative lengths of the PEGLL and PLL blocks in the PEGLL‐PLL molecules. The optimized c(RGD)‐modified assemblies bind integrin receptors on U87MG cells and are endocytosed, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and live‐cell imaging. Binding specificity is confirmed by competition with an excess of free c(RGD) peptide. Finally, it is shown that the QD–polypeptide assemblies can be loaded with fluorescently labeled ovalbumin, as a proof‐of‐concept for their potential use in biomolecule delivery.
A Novel One‐Pot, Two‐Step Synthesis of Polycyclic Indoles via Tandem Intramolecular Hydroamidation/Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation
Authors: Liu Jianxiu , Zhang Yongda , Li Guisheng , Roschangar Frank , Farina Vittorio , Senanayake Chris H. , Lu Bruce Z.
Published: September 2010

A robust one‐pot process has been developed for the synthesis of a variety of polycyclic indole skeletons via a consecutive sequence of hydroamidation and palladium‐catalyzed annulation, from inexpensive 2‐chloroanilines bearing tethered acetylenes.
A Two‐Step Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,4‐Disubstituted Carbazoles from Sulfonylindoles Under Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Gabrielli Serena , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino
Published: September 2010

Reaction of sulfonylindoles with protected β‐nitro ketones affords the corresponding 3‐(2‐nitroalkyl)indoles that, under acidic conditions, undergo a sequence of cascade processes finally leading to unsymmetrical 1,4‐disubstituted carbazoles.
Separation of small organic ions from salts by ion‐exchange membrane in electrodialysis
Authors: Zhang Yang , Pinoy Luc , Meesschaert Boudewijn , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: September 2010

Electrodialysis (ED) can be applied in the food and fermentation industry for separating inorganic salts and organic ions from other fractions. However, the separation efficiency for small organic ions should be understood in detail. In this article, the membrane selectivity and transport mechanism of small organic ions from mixed salts by ion‐exchange membranes are theoretically and experimentally investigated. First of all, the influence of current density on the solute flux (organic ions and inorganic ions) and on membrane selectivity (between organic ions and inorganic ions and between different organic ions) in ED has been studied. The selectivity was shown to be influenced by changing the applied current density. It was observed that separation of inorganic ions from organic solutes was feasible, but the selectivity was dependent on the size, charge, and functional groups of the organic ions. Furthermore, results imply that binary organic anions with larger molar mass (>130, i.e., aspartate and tartrate) can be adsorbed onto the membrane free volume and hence form a charged double layer, which affects membrane selectivity. Finally, competition between small organic and inorganic ions is discussed by comparison of the concentration profiles and current efficiencies of the different anions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Fading of the last giants: an assessment of habitat availability of the Sunda gharial Tomistoma schlegelii and coverage with protected areas
Authors: Rödder Dennis , Engler Jan O. , Bonke René , Weinsheimer Frank , Pertel Weslei
Published: September 2010

The Sunda gharial Tomistoma schlegelii is, with 2500–3000 remaining specimens, one of the least studied and at the same time most endangered crocodile species. Inhabiting peat swamps in Southeast Asia, threats affecting the species are mainly associated with habitat loss and illegal hunting.

The effectiveness of the existing reserve network in Southeast Asia for the protection of the Sunda garial was assessed by combining spatially explicit habitat analyses derived from land cover information with species distribution modelling. Subsequently, possible improvements of the existing reserve network are derived from the habitat availability analyses.

The results of the spatially explicit analyses indicate that suitable habitats for the Sunda gharial in Southeast Asia, i.e. peat swamps and riverine forests, are highly fragmented. Spatial coverage of remaining habitats with protected areas fulfilling IUCN standards generally varies among regions and is best in Indonesia. However, large, currently unprotected suitable areas remain in Sumatra. Establishment of 10 additional, already proposed reserves may improve the protection of major parts of the remaining suitable habitats of the Sunda gharial.

According to the results of this study, the reserve network protecting this species could be significantly improved by expanding it to include seven national reserves not currently listed by the IUCN and an additional 10 reserves that have recently been proposed. Improvements and extensions of the existing reserve networks in Southeast Asia are pivotal to guarantee the long‐term survival of the Sunda gharial. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Averting the baiji syndrome: conserving habitat for critically endangered dolphins in Eastern Taiwan Strait
Authors: Ross Peter S. , Dungan Sarah Z. , Hung Samuel K. , Jefferson Thomas A. , Macfarquhar Christina , Perrin William F. , Riehl Kimberly N. , Slooten Elisabeth , Tsai John , Wang John Y. , White Bradley N. , Würsig Bernd , Yang Shih Chu , Reeves Randall R.
Published: September 2010

Numbering no more than 100 individuals and facing many threats, the geographically isolated Eastern Taiwan Strait population of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) is in peril. The estuarine and coastal waters of central‐western Taiwan have historically provided prime habitat for these dolphins, but environmental conditions today bear little resemblance to what they were in the past.

The humpback dolphins must share their habitat with thousands of fishing vessels and numerous factories built upon thousands of hectares of reclaimed land.

They are exposed to chemicals and sewage released from adjacent terrestrial activities. Noise and disturbance associated with construction, vessel traffic and military activities are features of everyday life for these animals.

Measures to slow the pace of habitat deterioration and reduce the many risks to the dolphins are urgently needed. As one practical step in this direction, this paper describes the habitat needs of these small cetaceans so that decision makers will be better equipped to define ‘priority habitat’ and implement much needed protection measures under the terms of local legislation.

The preferred habitat of these dolphins in Taiwan consists of shallow (<30 m), near‐shore marine waters with regular freshwater inputs.

For such a small, isolated and threatened population, ‘priority habitat’ should not be limited to areas of particularly intensive dolphin use or high dolphin density, but rather it should encompass the entire area where the animals have been observed (their current ‘habitat’), as well as additional coastal areas with similar bio‐physical features (‘suitable habitat’). Such a precautionary approach is warranted because the loss of only a few individuals could have serious population‐level consequences.

While conventional socio‐economic analysis might suggest that implementing protection measures over an area stretching ∼350 km north–south along Taiwan's west coast and ∼3 km out to sea would be too ‘costly’, the loss of this charismatic species from Taiwan's waters would send a troubling message regarding our collective ability to reconcile human activities with environmental sustainability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bestimmung der Traglast 2. Ordnung beliebiger Bögen mit Hilfe des Fließgelenkdrehwinkels
Authors: Herzog Max
Published: September 2010

Es wird gezeigt, wie einfach die Tragfähigkeit beliebiger Bögen mit dem Fließgelenkverfahren in guter übereinstimmung mit insitu‐Messungen auch ohne Computer berechnet werden kann, wenn die Fließgelenkdrehwinkel und die Baustoffkennwerte bekannt sind.

Second order ultimate load of arbitrary arches, calculated with help of the plastic hinge rotation. It is shown how simply the ultimate capacity of arbitrary arches can be predicted in good coincidence with in situ measurements, even without computer, if the plastic hinge rotation and the resistances of the construction materials are known.
Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises 6.1 “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V. (DGGT)
Authors: Witt Karl Josef , Ramke Hans‐Günter
Published: September 2010

Der Arbeitskreis Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke hat in fünf Themengruppen bisher 76 Empfehlungen zur Planung, zum Bau und zur Qualitätsüberwachung von Abfalldeponien veröffentlicht. In diesem Bericht werden zwei überarbeitungen vorgestellt, eine grundsätzliche Neubarbeitung der E 2‐4, Oberflächenabdichtungssysteme und die an neuere Erfahrungen angepasste E 2‐33, Kapillarsperren in Oberflächenabdichtungen.

Recommendations of the DGGT Committee “Geotechnics of Landfill Structures”. The Technical Committee ”Geotechnics of Landfill Structures” of the German Geotechnical Society published up to now 76 recommendations (GDA‐Geotechnical Landfill Recommendations) structured in 5 main issues. This paper introduces two new editions of currently important recommendations, the fundamentally reviewed E 2‐4, Capping Systems, and a new edition of E 2‐33, Capillary Barriers in Landfill Capping Systems.
Magnetic resonance microscopy‐based analyses of the brains of normal and ethanol‐exposed fetal mice
Authors: O'Leary‐Moore Shonagh K. , Parnell Scott E. , Godin Elizabeth A. , Dehart Deborah B. , Ament Jacob J. , Khan Amber A. , Johnson G. Allan , Styner Martin A. , Sulik Kathleen K.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: The application of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) to the study of normal and abnormal prenatal mouse development has facilitated discovery of dysmorphology following prenatal ethanol insult. The current analyses extend this work, providing a regional brain volume‐based description of normal braingrowth and illustrating the consequences of gestational day (GD) 10 ethanol exposure in the fetal mouse. METHODS: To assess normal growth, control C57Bl/6J fetuses collected on GD 16, GD 16.5, and GD 17 were scanned using a 9.4‐T magnet, resulting in 29‐μm isotropic resolution images. For the ethanol teratogenicity studies, C57Bl/6J dams were administered intraperitoneal ethanol (2.9 g/kg) at 10 days, 0 hr, and 10 days, 4 hr, after fertilization, and fetuses were collected for analyses on GD 17. From individual MRM scans, linear measurements and regional brain volumes were determined and compared. RESULTS: In control fetuses, each of the assessed brain regions increased in volume, whereas ventricular volumes decreased between GD 16 and GD 17. Illustrating a global developmental delay, prenatal ethanol exposure resulted in reduced body volumes, crown‐rump lengths, and a generalized decrease in regional brain volumes compared with GD 17 controls. However, compared with GD 16.5, morphologically matched controls, ethanol exposure resulted in volume increases in the lateral and third ventricles as well as a disproportionate reduction in cortical volume. CONCLUSIONS: The normative data collected in this study facilitate the distinction between GD 10 ethanol‐induced developmental delay and frank dysmorphology. This work illustrates the utility of MRM‐based analyses for developmental toxicology studies and extends our knowledge of the stage‐dependency of ethanol teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.