bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do patents work? Thickets, trolls and antibiotic resistance
Authors: Gallini Nancy
Published: November 2017

This paper connects ideas from recent literature on the economics of intellectual property (IP) to address the question: Did the strengthening and broadening of IP rights from important patent policy changes in the US promote greater innovation? The analysis rests on the theory of cumulative innovation, which shows that if IP rights on a pioneer invention extend to follow‐on research and impediments to contracting exist, then strengthening patents can actually reduce overall innovation. Recent empirical studies are consistent with the theory: patents can significantly deter follow‐on research in “complex” technology areas where contracting is difficult (computers, electronics, telecommunications) but not in drugs, chemicals and human genes. I outline remedies from court decisions and antitrust policy for addressing inefficiencies from patent trolling, patent thickets and the anti‐commons of fragmented ownership. I then apply the analysis to the antibiotics market, drawing on recent research, to examine how patent and competition policies can be used to improve incentives for drug development in the battle against antibiotic resistance. The literature provides persuasive evidence that the policy changes overreached in broadening and strengthening IP rights and reveals important patent reforms for improving the effectiveness of patent systems in the US and Canada.
Risk factors stratifying malignancy of nodules in contralateral thyroid lobe in patients with pre‐operative ultrasound indicated unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma: A retrospective analysis from single centre
Authors: Lv Tian , Zhu Changbin , Di Zhongmin
Published: October 2017

Objective

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid carcinoma with a favourable clinical outcome. For unilateral PTC patients with thyroid nodules in the contralateral lobes, the necessity of total thyroidectomy (TT) is still in doubt. In this study, we aimed to define clinical factors that could be indicators for malignancy in nodules in the contralateral thyroid lobe, which could aid the clinician in selecting the appropriate operation approach.

Design, Patients and Measurements

This is a retrospective study from January 2014 to December 2016 conducted in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. A total of 1442 cases with unilateral PTC and ultrasonographically benign nodules in the contralateral lobe who underwent TT at a single institution were enrolled. All patients underwent pre‐operative ultrasonography (US), and all the cases were confirmed by board‐certified pathologists. Clinicopathological features such as age, gender, tumour location, tumour size, TgAb and TPOAb levels, capsular invasion, multifocality, central lymph node metastases and BRAF mutation were examined to evaluate the rate of malignancy in the contralateral thyroid nodules.

Results

In total, 47% of patients (677 cases)were confirmed to have malignancy in the contralateral lobe. Univariant analysis indicated that capsular invasion, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multifocal loci, central lymph node metastases as well as BRAF mutation predicted a high incidence of occult contralateral carcinoma. Multivariant analysis showed capsular invasion, multifocal ipsilateral thyroid lobe, central lymph node metastases as well as BRAF mutation can serve as independent predictors for malignancy in the contralateral thyroid lobe.

Conclusions

Malignancy in the contralateral lobe was found in 47% of patients. This finding was associated with multifocal primary carcinomas involvement, capsular invasion, Hashimoto's thyroiditis history, central lymph node metastases and BRAF mutation, which should therefore be taken into consideration when planning therapeutic strategy for the patients.
Complete mesocolic excision in right‐sided colon cancer does not increase severe short‐term postoperative adverse events
Authors: Bernhoff R. , Sjövall A. , Buchli C. , Granath F. , Holm T. , Martling A.
Published: November 2017

Aim

The aim was to assess whether complete mesocolic excision (CME) in patients with right‐sided colon cancer is related to short‐term mortality or postoperative adverse events requiring reoperation. The complete mobilization of an integral mesocolon and central ligation of blood vessels are essential steps in CME surgery. The resultant specimen, with an intact mesocolic fascia and a high number of harvested lymph nodes, is believed to be oncologically favourable. However, it has been suggested that CME surgery may increase the risk of intra‐operative severe adverse events, due to exposure of vital retroperitoneal organs and large blood vessels.

Method

In a population‐based, nested case–control study, all residents in the Stockholm County operated for right‐sided colon cancer from 2004 until 2012 were identified from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. Patients who died within 90 days after surgery or were reoperated within 30 days after surgery, or during the index hospital stay, were defined as cases. Two controls per case were randomly sampled and individually matched for age, sex, TNM stage and emergency vs elective surgery. Exposure status (CME surgery) was assessed from original surgical reports.

Results

The estimated proportion of CME surgery was 14.8% (35 of 236) for cases and 19.5% (92 of 473) for controls. The unadjusted OR for short‐term mortality or reoperation after CME surgery was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.47–1.10; P = 0.15). The ORs were lower in the late part of the study (0.51; 95% CI: 0.26–1.01) and in high volume hospitals (0.61, 95% CI: 0.35–1.06).

Conclusions

The present study does not indicate that CME surgery is associated with an increased risk of severe adverse events such as 90‐day mortality or reoperation.
Evidence of cormorant‐induced mortality, disparate migration strategies and repeatable circadian rhythm in the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus): A telemetry study mapping the postspawning migration
Authors: Jensen Lasse Fast , Rognon Paul , Aarestrup Kim , Bøttcher Jesper Wøhlk , Pertoldi Cino , Thomsen Søren Nøhr , Hertz Morten , Winde Jacob , Svendsen Jon C.
Published: October 2017

Life history theory predicts a trade‐off between migration and residency where migration is favoured when it infers elevated fitness. Although migration to more favourable environments may offer higher growth rates, migrants often experience increased mortality due to predation. Here, we investigated mortality and migration behaviour of the North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus), an anadromous salmonid endemic to the Wadden Sea. We used acoustic telemetry to map the migration of the only remaining indigenous population by applying stationary hydrophones combined with manual tracking. Data suggested a total mortality of 26%, with 30% of the total mortality attributed to predation by great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), highlighting that North Sea houting conservation could be jeopardised by increased cormorant predation. Risk of cormorant predation was size‐dependent, with smaller fish suffering higher risk of predation. The study found North Sea houting to exhibit disparate migration strategies and identified a lentic area in the estuary as an important habitat. Two newly established artificial lakes within the river system significantly reduced the migration speeds, possibly indicating constrained navigation through the lakes. The migration into the Wadden Sea correlated with temperature perhaps indicating osmoregulatory constraints of sea entry. Unlike many salmonid species, migration occurred both day and night. Moreover, fish exhibited repeatable individual differences in diel activity patterns, suggesting that individuals differ consistently in their migratory activity throughout the 24‐hr period. Our study provides novel information on salmonid migration, which is crucial for the development of science‐based conservation strategies.
Rewriting Merovingian history in the tenth century: Aimoin of Fleury's Gesta Francorum
Authors: Lake Justin
Published: October 2017

Aimoin of Fleury's Gesta Francorum has mostly been ignored apart from its importance as a source for the Grandes Chroniques de France. Aimoin's editorial techniques in reworking his Merovingian‐era sources deserve more attention, however. Through a process of selective editing, strategic silence, and rhetorical invention he compiled a history that would appeal to its probable target audience, King Robert II of West Francia. The most noteworthy changes wrought by Aimoin are the assignment of a divinely appointed imperial and evangelizing mission to the Franks and the transformation of Clovis into an exemplary Christian king.
Longitudinal cortical thinning and cognitive decline in patients with early‐ versus late‐stage subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Lee J. , Seo S. W. , Yang J.‐J. , Jang Y. K. , Lee J. S. , Kim Y. J. , Chin J. , Lee J. M. , Kim S. T. , Lee K.‐H. , Lee J. H. , Kim J. S. , Kim S. , Yoo H. , Lee A. Y. , Na D. L. , Kim H. J.
Published: October 2017

Background and purpose

Biomarker changes in cognitively impaired patients with small vessel disease are largely unknown. The rate of amyloid/lacune progression, cortical thinning and cognitive decline were evaluated in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) patients.

Methods

Seventy‐two svMCI patients were divided into early stage (ES‐svMCI, n = 39) and late stage (LS‐svMCI, n = 33) according to their Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes score. Patients were annually followed up with neuropsychological tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging for 3 years, and underwent a second [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography scan within a mean interval of 32.4 months.

Results

There was no difference in the rate of increase in PiB uptake or lacune number between the ES‐svMCI and LS‐svMCI. However, LS‐svMCI showed more rapid cortical thinning and cognitive decline than did the ES‐svMCI.

Conclusions

We suggest that, whilst the rate of change in pathological burden did not differ between ES‐svMCI and LS‐svMCI, cortical thinning and cognitive decline progressed more rapidly in the LS‐svMCI.
Diversity of Cetoniidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Cerrado of Central Brazil
Authors: Evangelista Neto Juliane , Oliveira Charles M. , Vaz‐de‐Mello Fernando Z. , Frizzas Marina R.
Published: October 2017

Cetoniidae is a diverse family containing approximately 4,000 species, most of which feed on flowers and fruits. In Brazil, 72 species and 24 genera are recorded. Little is known about this family in the Central region of Brazil, and no research has previously been conducted in the ecologically important Cerrado biome. In this study, we evaluated the diversity and temporal variation of the Cetoniidae in an area of the Cerrado in the Federal District (Brazil) and verified whether the abundance and species richness were influenced by climatic variables. The study was carried out in an area of Cerrado sensu stricto at Água Limpa Farm in Brasília/DF. Beetles were collected weekly from October 2013 to September 2014 using 40 traps baited with banana and pineapple fermented with sugarcane juice. A total of 398 specimens comprising 8 genera and 15 species were collected. We observed temporal variation in abundance and richness of the Cetoniidae in direct relation to the climatic characteristics of the Cerrado, with a greater number of individuals and species appearing in the rainy season. Climatic variables such as temperature and humidity appear to have a significant effect on the diversity of Cetoniidae. This is the first study conducted on this family in Central Brazil.
Constitutional pluralism: Chronicle of a death foretold?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: October 2017

What remains of the idea of constitutional pluralism in the wake of the Euro‐crisis? According to the new anti‐pluralists, the recent OMT saga signals its demise, calling to an end the tense stalemate between the ECJ and the German Constitutional Court on the question of ultimate authority. With the ECJ's checkmate, OMT represents a new stage in the constitutionalisation of the European Union, towards a fully monist order. Since constitutional pluralism was an inherently unstable and undesirable compromise, that is both inevitable and to be welcomed. It is argued here that this is misguided in attending to the formal at the expense of the material dimension of constitutional development. The material perspective reveals a deeply dysfunctional constitutional dynamic, of which the judicial battle in OMT is merely a surface reflection. This dynamic now reaches a critical conjuncture, encapsulated in the debate over ‘Grexit’, and the material conflict between solidarity and austerity. Constitutional pluralism, in conclusion, may be an idea worth defending, but as a normative plea for the co‐existence of a horizontal plurality of constitutional orders. This requires radical constitutional re‐imagination of the European project.
Structural basis for high‐affinity adipate binding to AdpC (RPA4515), an orphan periplasmic‐binding protein from the tripartite tricarboxylate transporter (TTT) family in Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Rosa Leonardo T. , Dix Samuel R. , Rafferty John B. , Kelly David J.
Published: October 2017

The tripartite tricarboxylate transporter (TTT) family is a poorly characterised group of prokaryotic secondary solute transport systems, which employ a periplasmic substrate‐binding protein (SBP) for initial ligand recognition. The substrates of only a small number of TTT systems are known and very few SBP structures have been solved, so the mechanisms of SBP–ligand interactions in this family are not well understood. The SBP RPA4515 (AdpC) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris was found by differential scanning fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry to bind aliphatic dicarboxylates of a chain length of six to nine carbons, with KD values in the μm range. The highest affinity was found for the C6‐dicarboxylate adipate (1,6‐hexanedioate). Crystal structures of AdpC, either adipate or 2‐oxoadipate bound, revealed a lack of positively charged amino acids in the binding pocket and showed that water molecules are involved in bridging hydrogen bonds to the substrate, a conserved feature in the TTT SBP family that is distinct from other types of SBP. In AdpC, both of the ligand carboxylate groups and a linear chain conformation are needed for coordination in the binding pocket. RT‐PCR showed that adpC expression is upregulated by low environmental adipate concentrations, suggesting adipate is a physiologically relevant substrate but as adpC is not genetically linked to any TTT membrane transport genes, the role of AdpC may be in signalling rather than transport. Our data expand the known ligands for TTT systems and identify a novel high‐affinity binding protein for adipate, an important industrial chemical intermediate and food additive.

Databases

Protein structure co‐ordinates are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5OEI and 5OKU.
Structural characterization of FlgE2 protein from Helicobacter pylori hook
Authors: Loconte Valentina , Kekez Ivana , Matković‐Čalogović Dubravka , Zanotti Giuseppe
Published: October 2017

The Helicobacter pylori flagellum is a complex rotatory nanomachine fundamental for the bacterium's survival in the human stomach. Protein FlgE is a component of the hook, a flexible junction exposed on the cell surface. In the H. pylori genome two different genes are present in different positions coding for hypothetical FlgE. The first protein, FlgE1, is the actual component of the flagellum hook, whilst the second, FlgE2, shares only 26% of the sequence identity with the other and its physiological function is still undefined. We have cloned, purified and crystallized FlgE2, whose structure, determined by the single‐wavelength anomalous diffraction method, shows that in overall organization, the protein is composed of three distinct domains, two of them relatively similar to those of FlgE from other Gram‐negative bacteria, whilst the third is peculiar to H. pylori. The crystal structure, along with the detected interaction with the regulatory cap protein FlgD, suggests a complementary function of FlgE1 and FlgE2 in the H. pylori flagellum, possibly typical of polar flagella, confirming the role of both proteins in the flagellar hook organization. Although some general features are shared with other Gram‐negative bacteria, the presence of two different hook proteins indicates that the molecular organization of H. pylori flagellum has its own peculiarities.

Database

Atomic coordinates and structural factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank as 5NPY.
Selective patient and public involvement: The promise and perils of pharmaceutical intervention for autism
Authors: Russell Ginny , Starr Sandy , Elphick Chris , Rodogno Raffaele , Singh Ilina
Published: November 2017

Background

Guidelines suggest the patient community should be consulted from the outset when designing and implementing basic biomedical research, but such patient communities may include conflicting views. We examined how engagement occurred in one such instance.

Objective

Our objective was to scrutinize patient and public involvement (PPI) by a pan‐European biomedical consortium working to develop drugs to treat autism. We aimed to use this as an example to illustrate how PPI has been utilized in biomedical research.

Setting, participants and analysis

Two public events, one in the UK and one in Denmark were conducted as part of the consortium's on‐going PPI activities in 2014 and 2015. Sixty‐six individuals submitted written comments on the consortium's research after these events. The textual data produced were analysed using a thematic approach. Approximately 71% of respondents reported themselves to be adults on the autism spectrum or parents of children with autism.

Results

The themes identified illustrated major differences between some community concerns and the biomedical research agenda. While treating autism per se. was seen as problematic by some, treating specific co‐occurring problems was seen as helpful in some circumstances. The biomedical consortium selected PPI with a limited user viewpoint at its outset and more widely once basic research was on‐going.

Discussion

This case illustrates what we term “selective PPI” where only a sympathetic and/or limited patient viewpoint is included. Findings highlight the perils of using selective PPI to legitimise scientific endeavours, and the possibilities for constructive dialogue.
Effects of sintering temperature on the structural and electrochemical properties of SrFe0.5Ti0.5O3‐δ perovskite cathode
Authors: Baharuddin Nurul Akidah , Muchtar Andanastuti , Somalu Mahendra Rao , Anwar Mustafa , Shaikh Abdul Kader Abdul Hameed Muhammed Ali , Mah Joelle
Published: October 2017

The effects of sintering temperature on the structural and electrochemical properties of SrFe0.5Ti0.5O3‐δ perovskite cathode film was investigated. For the structural properties of SrFe0.5Ti0.5O3‐δ film sintered at a temperature ranging from 900‐1300°C, changes in surface and cross‐sectional microstructure were studied. Surface porosity and micro hardness were analyzed. The relationship of the structural properties with the electrical and electrochemical performances of the SrFe0.5Ti0.5O3‐δ film was examined. The high densification of the film sintered at 1300°C led to the better electrical conductivity of 16.38 S cm−1 than the 4.86 S cm−1 of the film sintered at 900°C at an operating temperature of 800°C. For the electrochemical performance, the SrFe0.5Ti0.5O3‐δ film sintered at 1300°C gained a low area specific resistance (ASR) value of 38.70 Ω cm2 at 800°C. The ASR further decreased to 0.99 Ω cm2 for the thicker film sintered at the same temperature.
Cross‐sectional study of Treponema pallidum PCR in diagnosis of primary and secondary syphilis
Authors: Costa‐Silva Miguel , Coutinho Daniel , Sobrinho‐Simões Joana , Azevedo Filomena , Lisboa Carmen
Published: November 2017

Background

Syphilis remains a major challenge and a complex diagnosis. We aim to evaluate the role of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Treponema pallidum (Tp) detection in various types of biological samples in the diagnosis of early syphilis.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study including all attendees of the STI clinic with clinical suspicion of early syphilis. One or more specimens for the detection of Tp by PCR testing were collected.

Results

The overall sensitivity of Tp PCR test was 82.61% (95% CI: 68.6–92.2%). Tp PCR test had sensitivity of 84.6% (95% CI: 54.6–98.1%) in primary syphilis cases and 81.8% (95% CI: 64.5–93%) in secondary syphilis cases. PCR test performance was independent of HIV status.

Conclusion

Tp PCR test is a fast and reliable method for the detection of Tp in skin lesions of early syphilis, and it is a powerful tool in clinical settings.
Global–regional interaction to extend access to social protection for migrant workers: Insights from ASEAN and MERCOSUR
Authors: Fornalé Elisa
Published: October 2017

Universal access to social protection for migrant workers is emerging as a problematic issue in the implementation of free movement regimes at a regional level. This article focuses on the concept of regional governance as a possible mechanism to address the unsolved challenges of social security regimes to extend coverage. To this end, the article looks at current legal developments in two regional projects (ASEAN and MERCOSUR) to identify a creative approach to strengthen the development of national floors of social protection. The interest of using these case studies lies in exploring whether the regional integration process can play a major role in the progressive extension of social protection rights to migrant workers by facilitating the adoption of social security agreements.
Does trust increase willingness to pay higher taxes to help the needy?
Authors: Habibov Nazim , Cheung Alex , Auchynnikava Alena
Published: October 2017

The article studies the causal effect of trust on the willingness to pay higher taxes to help the needy in a sample of 29 countries of Eastern and Southern Europe, and the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. It is hypothesized that interpersonal trust leads to a greater willingness to pay taxes to help the needy since (i) trust increases the likelihood of helping strangers; (ii) trust fosters solidarity and cooperation when working to solve common problems in society; and (iii) trust reduces suspicion with respect to the perceived misuse of redistributed money. Three key findings are that the more people trust each other, the more they are ready to support the welfare state; the effect of trust on welfare state support holds even in a contextual environment characterized by rather lower levels of trust and relatively underdeveloped systems of redistribution; and higher individual‐level trust fosters tax morale and helps deter tax evasion.
Transformation of stainless steel slag toward a reactive cementitious binder
Authors: Kriskova Lubica , Eroli Massimiliano , Iacobescu Remus I. , Onisei Silviana , Vecchiocattivi Franco , Pontikes Yiannis
Published: October 2017

Argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag represents more than 50 wt% of the slag from stainless steel production. Although some applications are available, e.g., as aggregates for road constructions or fertilizers, they are characterized by low economic value and limited applicability. In order to increase the economic value ofAODslag, alternative applications have been proposed, e.g., as partial or full replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The work presented here investigates whether the adaptation of theAODslag chemistry within a high temperature process leads to an improvement of its hydraulic properties and thereby can demonstrate its potential to be converted into a hydraulic binder suitable forOPCreplacement. For this purpose, three syntheticAODslags with basicities (CaO/SiO2) of 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 were synthesized, and the effect of the CaO/SiO2ratio on the material stability, the amount of tricalcium silicate formed, and their hydraulic properties investigated. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and isothermal calorimetry analysis were used to characterize the microstructure and the hydraulic activity. The results show that the proposed method is indeed a promising way to stabilize a stainless steelAODslag and convert it into a hydraulic binder.
Fast preparation of (111)‐oriented β‐SiC films without carbon formation by laser chemical vapor deposition from hexamethyldisilane without H2
Authors: Xu Qingfang , Zhu Peipei , Sun Qingyun , Tu Rong , Zhang Song , Yang Meijun , Li Qizhong , Shi Ji , Li Haiwen , Zhang Lianmeng , Goto Takashi , Han Mingxu , Yan Jiasheng , Li Shusen , Ohmori Hitoshi
Published: October 2017

(111)‐oriented β‐SiC films were prepared by laser chemical vapor deposition using a diode laser (wavelength: 808 nm) from a single liquid precursor of hexamethyldisilane (Si(CH3)3–Si(CH3)3, HMDS) without H2. The effects of laser power (PL), total pressure (Ptot) and deposition temperature (Tdep) on the microstructure, carbon formation and deposition rate (Rdep) were investigated. β‐SiC films with carbon formation and graphite films were prepared at PL ≥ 170 W and Pto ≥ 1000 Pa, respectively. Carbon formation strongly inhibited the film growth. β‐SiC films without carbon formation were obtained at Ptot = 400‐800 Pa and PL = 130‐170 W. The maximum Rdep was about 50 μm·h−1 at PL = 170 W, Ptot = 600 Pa and Tdep = 1510 K. The investigation of growth mechanism shows that the photolytic of laser played an important role during the depositions.
Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Practice offers nurses a framework to uncover embodied knowledge of patients living with disabilities or illnesses: A discussion paper
Authors: Oerther Sarah , Oerther Daniel B.
Published: October 2017

Aim

To discuss how Bourdieu's theory of practice can be used by nurse researchers to better uncover the embodied knowledge of patients living with disability and illness.

Background

Bourdieu's theory of practice has been used in social and healthcare researches. This theory emphasizes that an individual's everyday practices are not always explicit and mediated by language, but instead an individual's everyday practices are often are tacit and embodied.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data Sources

Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS were searched for concepts from Bourdieu's theory that was used to understand embodied knowledge of patients living with disability and illness. The literature search included articles from 2003 – 2017.

Implications for Nursing

Nurse researchers should use Bourdieu's theory of practice to uncover the embodied knowledge of patients living with disability and illness, and nurse researchers should translate these discoveries into policy recommendations and improved evidence‐based best practice. The practice of nursing should incorporate an understanding of embodied knowledge to support disabled and ill patients as these patients modify “everyday practices” in the light of their disabilities and illnesses.

Conclusion

Bourdieu's theory enriches nursing because the theory allows for consideration of both the objective and the subjective through the conceptualization of capital, habitus and field. Uncovering individuals embodied knowledge is critical to implement best practices that assist patients as they adapt to bodily changes during disability and illness.
Increased hope following successful treatment for hepatitis C infection
Authors: Bjøro Benedikte , Dalgard Olav , Midgard Håvard , Verbaan Hans , Småstuen Milada Cvancarova , Rustøen Tone
Published: October 2017

Aims

To evaluate hope in hepatitis C patients 9 years after curative treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.

Background

Successful treatment of hepatitis C leads to improved quality of life in responders compared with non‐responders. The long‐term effect of successful treatment on hope in these patients is not known.

Design

Cross‐sectional follow‐up study of patients who displayed a sustained virological response to previous hepatitis C treatment.

Methods

Patients infected with hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 from a randomized controlled study during 2004–2006 were included. A representative subgroup of those who achieved a sustained virological response was re‐evaluated in 2012–2014. The patients were examined, had a blood test and completed a questionnaire (Herth Hope Index and demographic and clinical characteristics). The hope level was compared between patients and an age‐matched sample from the general population (N = 1,481). The data were analysed using multiple regression.

Results

A total of 104 Norwegian and Swedish hepatitis C patients were included in this follow‐up study; their mean age was 48 years, and 61% were men. Patients treated for hepatitis C scored higher than the general population on the total Herth Hope Index and for 11 of the 12 individual items. Age, gender, educational level, employment status and civil status were associated with a higher Herth Hope Index in those who had received hepatitis C treatment.

Conclusion

Patients achieving a sustained viral response had a higher hope level than the general population 9 years after successful treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.
Patient perspectives on barriers and enablers to the use and effectiveness of de‐escalation techniques for the management of violence and aggression in mental health settings
Authors: Price Owen , Baker John , Bee Penny , Grundy Andrew , Scott Anne , Butler Debbie , Cree Lindsey , Lovell Karina
Published: October 2017

Aim

Investigate patient perspectives on barriers and enablers to the use and effectiveness of de‐escalation techniques for aggression in mental health settings.

Background

De‐escalation techniques are the recommended first‐line intervention for the management of aggression in mental health settings internationally, yet use of higher risk restrictive practices persists. This indicates de‐escalation techniques are not used at optimum frequency and/or there are important factors limiting their use and effect.

Design

Descriptive qualitative research using semi‐structured interviews and Framework Analysis.

Methods

Inpatient interviews (N = 26) exploring staff, patient and environmental factors influencing the use and effectiveness of staff de‐escalation were conducted mid‐2014. Three service user researchers led analysis.

Results

Data were synthesized in three deductive themes relating to staff, patient and environmental influences on the use and effectiveness of de‐escalation techniques. The dominant view was that restrictive practices, rather than de‐escalation techniques, are used in response to escalating patient behaviour. Under‐use of de‐escalation techniques was attributed to: lack of staff reflection on culture and practice and a need to retain control/dominance over patients. Ward rules, patient factors and a lack of staff respect for patients diluted their effectiveness. Participants identified a systematic process of de‐escalation, rule subversion, reduced social distance and staff authenticity as enablers of effective de‐escalation.

Conclusion

This study investigated patient perspectives on staff, patient and environmental influences on the use and effectiveness of de‐escalation techniques. Our framework of barriers and enablers provides indicators of organizational/behaviour change targets for interventions seeking to reduce violence and restrictive practices through enhanced de‐escalation techniques.
HMGB1‐induced angiogenesis in perforated disc cells of human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Feng Yaping , Ke Jin , Cao Pinyin , Deng Mohong , Li Jian , Cai Hengxing , Meng Qinggong , Li Yingjie , Long Xing
Published: October 2017

High mobility group 1 protein (HMGB1), a highly conserved nuclear DNA‐binding protein and inflammatory mediator, has been recently found to be involved in angiogenesis. Our previous study has demonstrated the elevation of HMGB1 in the tissue of perforated disc of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Here, we investigated a novel mediator of HMGB1 in regulating hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to mediate angiogenesis in perforated disc cells of TMJ. HMGB1 increased the expression of HIF‐1α and VEGF in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in these cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence assay exhibits that the HIF‐1α were activated by HMGB1. In addition, HMGB1 activated extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), but not P38 in these cells. Furthermore, both U0126 (ErK inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) significantly suppressed the enhanced production of HIF‐1α and VEGF induced by HMGB1. Tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was significantly increased by exposure to conditioned medium derived from HMGB1‐stimulated perforated disc cells, while attenuated with pre‐treatment of inhibitors for VEGF, HIF‐1α, Erk and JNK, individually. Therefore, abundance of HMGB1 mediates activation of HIF‐1α in disc cells via Erk and JNK pathway and then, initiates VEGF secretion, thereby leading to disc angiogenesis and accelerating degenerative change of the perforated disc.
Antibiotic Prescribing Pathway for Urinary Tract Infections: A “Low‐Hanging Fruit” Antibiotic Stewardship Target in Nursing Homes
Authors: Appaneal Haley J. , Jiang Lan , Dosa David M. , LaPlante Kerry L.
Published: November 2017

See the Reply by Kistler et al.
Reply to Antibiotic Prescribing Pathway for Urinary Tract Infections: A “Low‐Hanging Fruit” Antibiotic Stewardship Target in Nursing Homes
Authors: Kistler Christine E.
Published: November 2017

This letter comments on the letter by Appaneal et al.
Are offshore firms less conservative in financial reporting? International evidence
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Bon , Li Tie Mei
Published: October 2017

Using a large sample of multinational firms operating in offshore financial centers (offshore firms) from 1998 to 2014, this study investigates the financial reporting implications of economic activities involving offshore financial centers (OFCs). We find that offshore firms have a greater tendency to report less conservatively than non‐offshore firms. Moreover, we find that financial reporting is less conservative for firms operating in OFCs with more pronounced OFC attributes than for those with less pronounced OFC attributes. Finally, we also find that firms with their headquarters registered in OFCs (type I offshore firms) tend to adopt less conservative accounting practices than those with subsidiaries operating in OFCs (type II offshore firms). Our findings provide useful insights into how a multinational firm's operation in OFCs is associated with financial reporting practices.
Peginterferon is preferable to entecavir for prevention of unfavourable events in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B: A five‐year observational cohort study
Authors: Li S.‐Y. , Li H. , Xiong Y.‐L. , Liu F. , Peng M.‐L. , Zhang D.‐Z. , Ren H. , Hu P.
Published: October 2017

At present, the long‐term effects of pegylated interferon‐α (PEG‐IFN‐α) and entecavir (ETV) are controversial. Studies directly compared the long‐term outcomes of these two drugs have not been completed. This study was designed to compare the clinical outcomes of PEG‐IFN‐α vs ETV therapy in Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection. From September 2008 to December 2016, a large, observational, open‐label, prospective cohort study of HBeAg‐positive patients with CHB who received PEG‐IFN‐α or ETV therapy was carried out at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Cumulative incidences of unfavourable events were calculated with respect to treatment type. Based on the REACH‐B model, we compared the observed incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with the expected incidence in each group. PEG‐IFN‐α‐treated patients showed a lower cumulative incidences of unfavourable events and cirrhosis than those treated with ETV (P = .031; P = .044, respectively). Impact factor exploration indicated that treatment type and platelet count are significantly associated with the occurrence of unfavourable events. Based on the REACH‐B model, a lower observed cumulative incidence of HCC was observed in PEG‐IFN‐α‐treated patients than predicted (P = .038). However, there was no significant difference of the cumulative HCC incidence between the observed and the predicted cases for ETV‐experienced patients (P = .36). Treatment with PEG‐INF‐α leads to a lower incidence of unfavourable events including cirrhosis and HCC than ETV in patients with HBV. Treatment type and baseline platelet count may be two important factors associated with the long‐term clinical outcomes of patients with CHB.
Lower levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate are associated with more advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: de Araujo Neto J. M. , Coelho H. S. M. , Chindamo M. C. , Rezende G. F. M. , Nunes Pannain V. L. , Bottino A. M. C. F. , Bruzzi Porto L. F. , Luiz R. R. , Villela‐Nogueira C. A. , Perez R. M.
Published: November 2017

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus induces liver fibrosis, but it is unknown why some patients progress to advanced fibrosis while others remain with mild disease. Recently, an inverse association between serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA‐S) and liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was described, and it was postulated that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has antifibrotic effects. Our aim was to compare serum DHEA‐S levels with liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. We collected serum samples from hepatitis C patients at the same day they underwent a liver biopsy. S‐DHEA was compared to different stages of fibrosis. Binary logistic regression models were applied to evaluate independent variables associated to fibrosis. We included 287 patients (43.9% male). According to fibrosis stages 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, median serum DHEA‐S levels were 103 (26‐462), 73 (5‐391), 46 (4‐425), 35 (6‐292) and 28 (2‐115) μg/dL, respectively (P < .001). Median serum DHEA‐S levels were 74 (5‐462) vs 36 (2‐425) μg/dL for mild (F0‐1) vs significant (F2‐4) fibrosis, respectively (P < .001). Median serum DHEA‐S levels were 64 (4‐462) vs 31 (2‐292) μg/dL for non advanced (F0‐2) vs advanced fibrosis (F3‐4), respectively (P < .001). The same association was found when the subgroup of HCV patients with and without steatosis or steatohepatitis was analysed. The association between lower DHEA‐S levels and advanced fibrosis was independent of age, gender, diabetes mellitus, obesity and steatosis. Lower circulating DHEA‐S levels are associated with more advanced stages of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients.
Vector competence of field populations of the mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus and Culex pipiens from Switzerland for two West Nile virus strains
Authors: WAGNER S. , MATHIS A. , SCHÖNENBERGER A. C. , BECKER S. , SCHMIDT‐CHANASIT J. , SILAGHI C. , VERONESI E.
Published: October 2017

Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) (Theobald) is an invasive mosquito species in Central Europe, where it has colonized several areas. In this study, field‐collected specimens of Ae. japonicus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) (Linnaeus) from Zürich (Switzerland) were orally exposed to two strains (NY99 and FIN) of the avian zoonotic pathogen West Nile virus (WNV) (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus). Dissemination and transmission of the viruses after incubation for 12–15 days under a fluctuating Central European midsummer temperature regime (24 ± 7 °C) was investigated by detection of viral RNA in homogenates of pools of both head/thorax and saliva by reverse transcription real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Culex pipiens was susceptible to WNV NY99 only, whereas both virus strains could be detected in Ae. japonicus, with the additional isolation of WNV NY99 in Vero cell culture from one saliva pool. Given the high abundances of Ae. japonicus in many newly colonized areas, its recently demonstrated broad host range, including mammalian and avian blood hosts, and its vector competence, this species is a potential key bridge vector of WNV in Central Europe.
Could the determination of Aspergillus fumigatus mating type have prognostic value in invasive aspergillosis?
Authors: Monteiro Maria Candida , Garcia‐Rubio Rocio , Alcazar‐Fuoli Laura , Peláez Teresa , Mellado Emilia
Published: October 2017

A clear link between mating type and virulence has been demonstrated for some fungal pathogens, but not for Aspergillus fumigatus as of yet. An association between mating type and invasiveness has recently been established. The mating type proportion (MAT1‐1:MAT1‐2) of 213 A. fumigatus strains was determined (48.5%:51.5%) and results were in agreement with previous studies. However, these percentages changed when the strain collection was divided into azole‐susceptible and ‐resistant strains. The 163 susceptible strains kept these proportions, but among the 50 azole‐resistant strains 60.0% MAT1‐1 and 40% MAT1‐2 were found. Moreover, looking at the clinical outcome associated to 27 azole‐resistant strains, we found that MAT1‐1 was linked to a high mortality rate (64%), whereas the rate associated to MAT1‐2 genotype was markedly lower (15%). The pathogenicity linked to the Mat type was tested in a Galleria mellonella model of infection, showing that MAT1‐1 strains were consistently more pathogenic than MAT1‐2, independently of their susceptibility phenotype. This data would suggest that A. fumigatus mating type determination at the time of diagnosis could have a prognostic value in invasive aspergillosis.
Changes in the allocation of endogenous strigolactone improve plant biomass production on phosphate‐poor soils
Authors: Liu Guowei , Pfeifer Johannes , de Brito Francisco Rita , Emonet Aurelia , Stirnemann Marina , Gübeli Christian , Hutter Olivier , Sasse Joëlle , Mattheyer Christian , Stelzer Ernst , Walter Achim , Martinoia Enrico , Borghi Lorenzo
Published: October 2017

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid‐derived phytohormones shaping plant architecture and inducing the symbiosis with endomycorrhizal fungi. In Petunia hybrida, SL transport within the plant and towards the rhizosphere is driven by the ABCG‐class protein PDR1. PDR1 expression is regulated by phytohormones and by the soil phosphate abundance, and thus SL transport integrates plant development with nutrient conditions.

We overexpressed PDR1 (PDR1 OE) to investigate whether increased endogenous SL transport is sufficient to improve plant nutrition and productivity. Phosphorus quantification and nondestructive X‐ray computed tomography were applied. Morphological and gene expression changes were quantified at cellular and whole tissue levels via time‐lapse microscopy and quantitative PCR.

PDR1 OE significantly enhanced phosphate uptake and plant biomass production on phosphate‐poor soils. PDR1 OE plants showed increased lateral root formation, extended root hair elongation, faster mycorrhization and reduced leaf senescence. PDR1 overexpression allowed considerable SL biosynthesis by releasing SL biosynthetic genes from an SL‐dependent negative feedback.

The increased endogenous SL transport/biosynthesis in PDR1 OE plants is a powerful tool to improve plant growth on phosphate‐poor soils. We propose PDR1 as an as yet unexplored trait to be investigated for crop production. The overexpression of PDR1 is a valuable strategy to investigate SL functions and transport routes.
Identification of chalcone isomerase in the basal land plants reveals an ancient evolution of enzymatic cyclization activity for synthesis of flavonoids
Authors: Cheng Ai‐Xia , Zhang Xuebin , Han Xiao‐Juan , Zhang Yu‐Ying , Gao Shuai , Liu Chang‐Jun , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: October 2017

Flavonoids ubiquitously distribute to the terrestrial plants and chalcone isomerase (CHI)‐catalyzed intramolecular and stereospecific cyclization of chalcones is a committed step in the production of flavonoids. However, so far the bona fide CHIs are found only in vascular plants, and their origin and evolution remains elusive.

We conducted transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence search, subsequent phylogenetic analysis, and detailed biochemical and genetic characterization to explore the potential existence of CHI proteins in the basal bryophyte liverwort species and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii.

We found that both liverwort and Selaginella species possess canonical CHI‐fold proteins that cluster with their corresponding higher plant counterparts. Among them, some members exhibited bona fide CHI activity, which catalyze stereospecific cyclization of both 6′‐hydroxychalcone and 6′‐deoxychalcone, yielding corresponding 5‐hydroxy and 5‐deoxyflavanones, resembling the typical type II CHIs currently known to be ‘specific’ for legume plants. Expressing those primitive bona fide CHIs in the Arabidopsis chi mutant restores the seed coat transparent testa phenotype and the accumulation of flavonoids.

These findings, in contrast to our current understanding of the evolution of enzymatic CHIs, suggest that emergence of the bona fide type II CHIs is an ancient evolution event that occurred before the divergence of liverwort lineages.
Manganese distribution and speciation help to explain the effects of silicate and phosphate on manganese toxicity in four crop species
Authors: Blamey F. Pax C. , McKenna Brigid A. , Li Cui , Cheng Miaomiao , Tang Caixian , Jiang Haibo , Howard Daryl L. , Paterson David J. , Kappen Peter , Wang Peng , Menzies Neal W. , Kopittke Peter M.
Published: November 2017

Soil acidity and waterlogging increase manganese (Mn) in leaf tissues to potentially toxic concentrations, an effect reportedly alleviated by increased silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P) supply.

Effects of Si and P on Mn toxicity were studied in four plant species using synchrotron‐based micro X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to determine Mn distribution in leaf tissues and using synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to measure Mn speciation in leaves, stems and roots.

A concentration of 30 μM Mn in solution was toxic to cowpea and soybean, with 400 μM Mn toxic to sunflower but not white lupin. Unexpectedly, μ‐XRF analysis revealed that 1.4 mM Si in solution decreased Mn toxicity symptoms through increased Mn localization in leaf tissues. NanoSIMS showed Mn and Si co‐localized in the apoplast of soybean epidermal cells and basal cells of sunflower trichomes. Concomitantly, added Si decreased oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III) and Mn(IV). An increase from 5 to 50 μM P in solution changed some Mn toxicity symptoms but had little effect on Mn distribution or speciation.

We conclude that Si increases localized apoplastic sorption of Mn in cowpea, soybean and sunflower leaves thereby decreasing free Mn2+ accumulation in the apoplast or cytoplasm.