bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indexing and Cataloging Textiles From the Fag el Gamous Cemetery in Fayum, Egypt to Determine Their Relationship With Known Coptic Textiles
Authors: Clarke Maribeth C. , Hiatt Rachel P. , Kuchar Marvin C. J. , Farahnakian Mary H.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of ancient textiles excavated in 1998 from the Fag el Gamous Cemetery in Egypt has led us to question the cultural origin of the textile designs. The purposes of our study were to establish a means to index and catalogue the textiles retrieved from Fag el Gamous and determine a possible relationship between these textiles (dated 200 B.C. to 800 A.D.) and textiles from known Coptic textile collections (500 A.D. to 1100 A.D.). We (1) acquired hardware and software for textile image and data collection, management, and retrieval; (2) created a searchable digital image database of the textiles; (3) indexed and catalogued the Fag el Gamous textiles; and (4) compared the Fag el Gamous textiles with known Coptic textile collections. Although the Fag el Gamous and Coptic textiles contained some similar structural elements, there were significant stylistic differences, and we concluded that the Fag el Gamous textiles were not Coptic in stylistic design. Thus, this unique collection of textiles may provide a significant bridge of textile artifacts between the Pharaonic (3000 B.C. to 330 B.C.) and Coptic (500 A.D. to 1100 A.D.) time periods.
Color Strength and Colorfastness of Flax Fabrics Dyed with Natural Colorants
Authors: Sarkar Ajoy K. , Seal Corinne M.
Published: June 2007

Flax fabrics were dyed with natural colorants extracted from animal and plant sources. The colorants used were cochineal, red sandalwood, madder root, and osage orange. The influence of the order of mordanting on color strength of dyed fabrics was analyzed. Colorfastness tests for washing, crocking, and perspiration were performed. Results obtained were correlated with color strength analysis. Scientific analysis and interpretation of natural dyeing processes is essential to demonstrate the economic feasibility of dyeing flax and other natural fibers with environmentally benign natural colorants.
Concerns About Payment Security of Internet Purchases: A Perspective on Current On-Line Shoppers
Authors: Kwon Kyoung-Nan , Lee Jinkook
Published: June 2007

Consumers’ concerns about payment security have been recognized as an obstacle to the growth of Internet shopping. The purpose of our study was to investigate the influence of payment security concerns on Internet purchases. We proposed that consumers’ concerns about payment security mediate the relationship between attitude toward Internet shopping and actual purchases. Using data from the Georgia Institute of Technology Graphics Visualization and Usability Center’s 10th WWW User Survey, we found empirical evidence supporting the mediating relationship. Attitude toward Internet shopping was found to be negatively related to security concerns, and security concerns were found to be negatively related to Internet purchases. Furthermore, it was found that providing alternative off-line payment methods reduces security concerns and therefore promotes on-line purchases. Limitations on generalizing the findings were discussed.
Shibori Bamboo
Authors: Schactler Carolyn , Peck Martha
Published: June 2007

A door curtain in Japan supplied the Shibori fabric for this design, a Naga Chokki, which is a style of long vest worn for warmth. It is interlined and quilted in white to emphasize the bamboo design. A one-inch bias binding on all edges is functional as well as decorative and accentuates the deep square armscyes and side slits. The little hat is braided of Japanese indigo prints. The Naga Chokki is worn over an off-white noil, long sleeved top and elastic waist pants that are long and wrinkled at the ankle.
A Cross-cultural Comparison of The Apparel Spatial Visualization Test and Paper Folding Test
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Lee Seung-Hee
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of culture and training on performance of spatial tasks by administering the Paper Folding Test and Apparel Spatial Visualization Test to students from two cultures at the beginning and end of semester classes in apparel design, analyzing the correlation between the two tests, and collecting information on strategies used by students to select answers to test items on the Apparel Spatial Visualization Test. Participants consisted of 133 university students in Korea and the United States. Five U.S. and five Korean students participated in the retrospective interviews. In a pre-test/post-test comparison group design, participants completed the Paper Folding Test and Apparel Spatial Visualization Test at the beginning and end of semester classes in flat pattern, tailoring, and beginning construction. The Paper Folding Test and Apparel Spatial Visualization Test were significantly correlated indicating that the Apparel Spatial Visualization Test measures approximately the same spatial ability as the Paper Folding Test - spatial visualization - but specific to the intended domain. T-tests revealed Korean, compared to U.S., students had higher pre-test scores on the Paper Folding Test but not on the Apparel Spatial Visualization Test. A paired t-test showed that, overall, students improved significantly on both the Paper Folding Test and Apparel Spatial Visualization Test as a result of training received in their classes; improvement scores of Korean and U.S. students were not significantly different. Retrospective interviews uncovered seven strategies used by both U.S. and Korean students to solve problems on the Apparel Spatial Visualization Test: stimulus analysis, extraction of landmarks, matching, elimination, checking, relying on expectations based on prior knowledge, and guessing.
Radical Drag Appearances and Identity: The Embodiment of Male Femininity and Social Critique
Authors: Jacob John , Cerny Catherine
Published: June 2007

This study investigated some of the connections between social experience, appearance, and identity that occurred among four gay men who cross-dressed publicly without trying to appear like real women. They created radical drag queen appearances that were intentionally neither male nor female. The researchers sought (a) the key social experiences that led to the creation of radical drag queen appearances, (b) how these appearances and identity were related, and (c) what the research participants wished to communicate through their alternative appearances. Interview data were collected from the research participants and analyzed using grounded theory methods. Respondents indicated that social experiences stemming from male effeminacy and being gay were fundamental identity components leading to radical drag queen appearances. Respondents also indicated the desire to communicate the inadequacy and oppression of mainstream gender categories through their radical drag queen appearances.
Metallic Fan
Authors: LaFleur Rosetta S.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this design was to develop formal attire for a young woman, age 16-25. Inspiration was derived from paintings by French impressionist artist Edgar Degas. A prototype for the two-piece silhouette was developed by draping. Sheer and semi-sheer fabrics in tri-colored tulle and plaid organza were used to construct the final gown. Surface embellishment of the design included gold beads applied to multi-layers of tulle and tendrils of organza tubing attached to the bodice.
Female Consumers’ Reactions to Body Scanning
Authors: Loker Suzanne , Cowie Lora , Ashdown Susan , Lewis Van Dyk
Published: June 2007

The body scanner is a new technology that has the potential to resolve issues for the apparel industry in fit of clothing and in communication and visualization of apparel fit. The interest consumers have in the scan process, in being scanned, and in allowing retailers and manufacturers to use their scan data is crucial to the commercial success of these applications. Two related studies were conducted. First, 203 female participants aged 35 to 55 were surveyed after they were scanned and viewed their scanned images on the computer monitor and in a movie file. For 22 of these participants, an observer also recorded their verbal and nonverbal responses to the scan process and viewing their scan. Although general acceptance of scanning was very high, women who were married and had over $100,000 household income were significantly less comfortable with some aspects of the body scan process. Observations of participants’ verbal, facial, and bodily expressions found some participants to be unsettled and unprepared for interactions with the unfamiliar yet personalizing technology.
Production Sourcing Strategies in the U.S. Apparel Industry: A Modified Transaction Cost Approach
Authors: Kim Yongju , Rucker Margaret
Published: June 2007

Choices regarding where and how a company's production will take place can significantly impact that company's market performance. To determine significant influences on sourcing strategies in the U.S. apparel industry, a modified transaction cost approach was used, including predictors such as production costs in addition to transaction cost measures. Survey data from 82 U.S. apparel manufacturers were analyzed using logistic regression. Significant predictors of a company's decision to engage in domestic production only versus domestic and offshore production were (a) the size of the company and (b) perceived flexibility of U.S. production. Significant predictors of the proportion of a company's offshore production were (a) the company's foreign business experience, (b) the perception that the company's products are sensitive to fashion change, and (c) perceived flexibility of offshore production. The only significant predictor of decisions to make (use inside production), buy (use outside production), or both was the perceived fashionability of the products.
Excellence in Design—Is It Yofukū or Wafukū?
Authors: Orzada Belinda T.
Published: June 2007

Influenced by the lines of traditional Japanese apparel, I have taken components of the kimono and transformed them into a contemporary western garment. My design challenge was to utilize the rectangular width of the fabric in both draping and drafting pattern design methods. Th is four-piece ensemble provides a synergy between my scholarly activity and teaching responsibilities.
Discount Store Patronage: A Comparison between South Korea and the United States
Authors: Kim Sook-Hyun , Chen-Yu Jessie
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities and differences between customers in South Korea (SK) and in the United States (US) with respect to their characteristics and behaviors related to discount store patronage (i.e., shopping orientation, importance of store attributes, store evaluation, store satisfaction, store patronage intention). A total of 234 discount store customers participated in the study, 117 from SK and 117 from the US. Significant differences were found in importance of store attributes, store evaluation, and store satisfaction, but no significant differences were found in shopping orientation and store patronage intention.
Teaching Apparel Merchandising/Retail Industry Career Exploration and Professional Development by Involvement of Students in Survey Research
Authors: Paulins V. Ann
Published: June 2007

A total of 424 surveys that addressed the construct of corporate excellence were collected by 106 students in a sophomore-level professional development course for apparel merchandising and retailing majors. Students used the course project to network with career contact people, learn about the apparel merchandising and retailing employment environment, and participate in a research project directly related to their major field of study. In general, employees in higher leadership positions tended to be more positive than their entry-level or unskilled counterparts about the companies' execution of criteria that contributed toward corporate excellence. The type of products sold by retailers did not affect employee perceptions of corporate excellence attributes. Additionally, the type of retail establishment did affect the companies' abilities to exhibit one criterion that contributes to corporate excellence: providing personalized attention to its customers. Students demonstrated achievement of learning objectives through reflection.
Integration of Boyer's Theory of Teaching and Learning into Undergraduate Education: Application to Resident Instruction and Distance Education
Authors: Bickle Marianne C. , Carroll Jan B. , McKenna Judy
Published: June 2007

According to Boyer's theory of teaching and learning, teaching becomes scholarly when four components (discovery, integration, application, and teaching) are integrated within and throughout the educator's efforts. Scholarship is holistic, and the elimination of one or more components diminishes the strength of scholarship. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Boyer's theory of scholarship is applied to resident instruction and distance education at a midsize university in the West. The infusion of Boyer's components results in communication and content skills students learn while completing assignments that go beyond the memorization of apparel and merchandising concepts. Regardless of the method of instruction delivery, Boyer's theory of scholarship may be applied to course concepts to assist students in the long-term learning process. Students also gain valuable leadership skills that are used to benefit the community.
Fashion Industry Career Matrix: Encouraging Students to Explore Fashion-Related Careers
Authors: Frazier Barbara J. , Cheek Wanda K.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes an innovative career exploration project that uses collaborative learning methods and technology to increase design and merchandising students' understanding of career options and progression in fashion industries. The authors describe activities used to engage students in creating a career matrix (Zinser, 2001), a visual tool that uses a spreadsheet style format to display functions in a typical organization horizontally and the education, experience, and salary range at each level vertically. The activity, which has been assigned at two universities, requires student teams to conduct research about careers in the fashion industry using the primary, secondary, retail, and auxiliary industry sectors model. Students display their findings in a career matrix adapted by the authors for the fashion industry. Participants are engaged in active learning as they develop and improve their information literacy skills through information processing, critical thinking, problem solving, and research. Students report increased awareness of the breadth of careers in the industry and an appreciation of the education and experience required for success and career progression.
Using Problem-Based Learning in a Multidisciplinary Setting
Authors: Kimmons Janice V. , Spruiell Phyllis R.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this project was to provide a capstone learning experience for senior interior design, retail merchandising, and graphic arts students at a small liberal arts university in a multidisciplinary, collaborative setting through the use of Problem-Based Learning. Students enrolled in three different classes were given a problem that simulated a real world situation—to develop and design a retail business in a specific commercial area—and divided into teams to complete the project. The culmination of the project was a juried competition using professionals from interior design, retail, banking, and graphic arts as judges. Evaluations, both formal and informal, indicate the success of the use of Problem-Based Learning in helping students develop metacognitive and problem-solving skills such as enhancing personal relationship skills and becoming self-directed learners.
Focused Issue on Fit: Introduction and Dedication to Nancy Staples
Authors: Ulrich Pamela V. , Bryant Nancy O.
Published: June 2007

A special issuefocused on research relating to apparelfit developedfrom a 2000 symposium onfit sponsored by the late Nancy Staples at Clemson Apparel Research. Attendeesfrom academia and industry discussed the complexity and interrelatedness of the manyfacets of studying and improving apparel sizing andfit, the new opportunities presented by emerging technology, and the importance of interaction between scholars and industry professionals. ITAA participants' objectivesfor afocused issue were discussed and identified during the next two ITAA annual conferences, and a committee of 14 members proposed and supported its implementation.
An Alternative Approach to Sizing Apparel for Women 55 and Older
Authors: Salusso Carol J. , Borkowski John J. , Reich Naomi , Goldsberry Ellen
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine Principal Component Sizing System (PCSS) methodology as an alternative approach to advancing the mathematical efficiency and effectiveness of apparel sizing for women 55 and older (Salusso-Deonier, 1982). The 1994 American Societyfor Testing and Materials (ASTM) national body measurement databasefor Women 55 and Older was classified using the PCSS method (ASTM, 2001). PCSS-55+ has a thickness-by-length structure similar to the current domestic sizing system. Only 25 sizes were needed to encompass the same range as compared to the 55 sizes within the current sizing standard. The PCSS method correctly classified 95% of subjects within 25 size categories and demonstrates potential as an alternative methodfor creating a simplified and marketable apparel sizing systems. With appropriate methods and databases, revision of US. apparel sizingfor women of all ages can provide long awaited valid and reliable sizing.
Improving Pant Fit for Women 55 and Older through an Exploration of Two Pant Shapes
Authors: Schofield Nancy A. , Ashdown Susan P. , Hethorn Janet , LaBat Karen , Salusso Carol J.
Published: June 2007

Relationships of sizing, body shape, and pattern shape to pants fit were explored for women aged 55 and older. Test pants were designed in two shape options (full/flat seat) in five sizes, produced, and tested on 176 participants in five states. Sizes were developed using ASTM D5586-94 data. Both participants and experts evaluated fit. Participants with flatter seat shape were significantly more satisfied with fit at the hip indicating that the introduction of a shape variable can improve satisfaction with fit for population segments with equivalent body shape variations. Experts were more critical, identifying areas of variation not addressed in the study. Results highlight the complexity of fit. Variations in body size, shape, proportion, and posture make creation of effective ready-to-wear sizing systems with a practical number of sizes difficult. Solutions to provide good fit may include creating sizing for a subset of mature women and developing custom fit methods.
A Case Study: Creating Special Occasion Garments for Young Women with Special Needs
Authors: Kidd Laura K.
Published: June 2007

This paper documents a creative design project involving the construction of custom-designed special occasion dressesforfour women, ages 16-20, that have spina bifida or osteogenesis imperfecta. Common physical characteristics of these disorders include severe spinal curvature, resulting in extreme body asymmetry that requires the use offorearm crutches and waist-to-foot braces for upright mobility. Results suggest that draping the muslin sample garments directly on the body appears to be the most successful method of achieving good fit and creating the illusion of body symmetry and proportion. Fitting techniques used in this project may also be used to achieve goodfit in other populations.
Efficacy of Breast Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
Authors: Mitoulas Leon R. , Lai Ching Tat , Gurrin Lyle C. , Larsson Michael , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: June 2007

The authors compared breastfeeding and expression characteristics in 30 mothers of exclusively breastfeeding, healthy term infants. Mean (± SD)volume per breastfeed from one breast was 71.8 ± 26.3 mL, and mean duration per breastfeed for one breastwas 16.6 ± 10.5 minutes. Mean volume of milk expressed in 5 minutes from one breast was 60.6 ± 39.0 mL and corresponded to the expression of 99.4 ± 82.6% of the milk stored in the breast. The rate of milk expression differed greatly between mothers ( P = .0001)b ut remained constant for the first 2.5 minutes before decreasing with time ( P = .0001). These results show the mean breastfeed volumewas similar to the volume of milk expressed in a 5-minute period. Furthermore, this study is the first to establish protocols that allow for the objective determination of breast pump efficacy.
Effect of Vacuum Profile on Breast Milk Expression Using an Electric Breast Pump
Authors: Mitoulas Leon R. , Lai Ching Tat , Gurrin Lyle C. , Larsson Michael , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: June 2007

The authors compared milk expession using 5 experimental vacuum patterns and a commercially available vacuum pattern ranging in cycle times (20 to 78 cycles/min) and vacuum curve dynamics in 30 mothers using an experimental, software-controlled electric breast pump. The volume of milk removed over 5 minutes differed ( P= .0072) between patterns (range = 62.8 ± 6.6m Lto 47.2 ± 5.1 mL). However, therewas no difference in the percentage of available milk removed (range = 99.4% ± 15.1% to 70.6% ± 8.6%). The rate of milk removal differed between patterns at both the beginning (1 minute) and end (1.5 minutes) of the expression period ( P< .05). Peak vacuum chosen differed between patterns ( P= .0085) butwas not related to either the volume or percentage of available milk expressed. Breastfeeding characteristics did not differ between poor and successful expressers. These results showthat breast milk expression by an electric breast pump can be influenced by the vacuum pattern.
Association Between Smoking During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding at About 2 Weeks of Age
Authors: Letson G. William , Rosenberg Kenneth D. , Wu Liangrong
Published: June 2007

Maternal smoking during pregnancy may decrease breastfeeding, in part perhaps by decreasing milk supply; furthermore, prenatal smoking is a predictor of postpartum smoking. In this study, birth certificate data, including maternal smoking, for 1998 Oregon resident live births were linked to newborn screening data obtained from Oregon's Newborn Screening Program (NSP), allowing study of risk factors for failure to breastfeed. NSP collects information on infant feeding before newborn discharge and again at about 2 weeks postpartum. Feeding data and risk factor data were available after a probability match of the newborn screening and birth certificate data sets, respectively, for 36,324 (80.3%) of the 45,228 resident live births. Prenatal maternal tobacco use was significantly associated with failure to exclusively breastfeed at about 2 weeks of age (adjusted odds ratio = 2.08, 95% confidence interval = 1.94, 2.21). Women who smoked during pregnancy were less likely to breastfeed thanwomen who did not smoke during pregnancy.
Breastfeeding Higher Order Multiples: Enhancing Support During the Postpartum Hospitalization Period
Authors: Leonard Linda G.
Published: June 2007

Higher order multiple birth (HOM) families require genuine and effective support in their quest to breastfeed their infants during the postdelivery hospitalization period. Evidence suggests that the impact of current policies and care practices on HOM breastfeeding requires careful examination. Recommendations for enhanced support include evidence-based breastfeeding of multiples practices, multiples-specific breastfeeding education for HOM families and health professionals, and establishment of an HOM breastfeeding consultation network. Equally important are coordinated breastfeeding care, development of a breastfeeding plan in partnership with parents, avoidance or minimization of maternal-infants and infant-infants separations, and added assistance to parents when the infants’ discharges are staggered. The recommendations are based on the author’s extensive professional experience with HOM breastfeeding and the HOM literature.
The Role of Breastfeeding in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: McVea Kristine L. S. P. , Turner Paul D. , Peppler Dawnette K.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this article is to review the literature regarding the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in bottle-fed infants compared to those that are breastfed. A meta-analysis and qualitative literature review were performed. Cohort and case-control studies were included if they met a minimum SIDS definition and presented data allowing calculation of an odds ratio (OR). Twenty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were heterogeneous, and a majority (14) were of “fair” or “poor” quality. Crude ORs from 19 individual studies favored breastfeeding as protective against SIDS. The combined analysis indicated that bottle-fed infants were twice as likely to die from SIDS (pooled OR = 2.11; 95% CI 1.66-2.68). The results of the analysis showthat there is an association between bottle-feeding and SIDS, but this may be related to confounding variables.
The Effect of Breast-and Bottle-Feeding on Oxygen Saturation and Body Temperature in Preterm Infants
Authors: Chen Chao-Huei , Wang Teh-Ming , Chang Ho-Mei , Chi Ching-Shiang
Published: June 2007

From July 1997 to June 1998, 25 preterm infants (birth weight < 1800 g) were included in a prospective study to compare the clinical effects of breast-and bottle-feeding. Oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were recorded every minute for 20 minutes during feeding periods. Eighty pairs of breast-and bottle-feeding sessions were observed at the chronological age of 9.3 ± 4.3 (range=2.1-25.3) weeks. Oxygen saturation and body temperature of the preterm infants were significantly higher when they were directly breastfed. There were 2 episodes of apnea (breath pause more than 20 seconds) and 20 episodes of oxygen desaturation (PaO 2< 90%) during bottle-feeding and none during breastfeeding. We conclude that breastfeeding is a more physiological feeding method for the preterm infant and bottle-feeding may be more stressful.
U.S. High School Age Girls May be Receptive to Breastfeeding Promotion
Authors: Leffler Daniel
Published: June 2007

This study sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of U.S. high school girls regarding infant feeding to determine if they might be effective targets for breastfeeding promotion strategies. A survey was administered to 100 teenagers in two suburban high schools in the United States. Seventy-nine percent of the girls expected to have children, but only 52% planned to breastfeed. Girls who were breastfed were more likely to plan to breastfeed (83% vs. 35%), as were girls with exposure to breastfeeding (62% vs. 45%). Girls exposed to breastfeeding were more likely to see breastfeeding as beneficial to both the mother (45% vs. 24%) and the infant (86% vs. 60%) and to be interested in breastfeeding education (31% vs. 17%). Teenagers may be an important target group for breastfeeding promotion because many consider the choice of infant feeding before planning pregnancy and have not yet decided whether to breastfeed.
Iodine-131 Elimination From Breast Milk: A Case Report
Authors: Saenz Rebecca B.
Published: June 2007

This case report describes the management of a breastfeeding mother who had been given radioactive iodine and technetium for diagnosis of thyroid disease. The mother requested to submit weekly milk samples for monitoring of radioactivity. Once activity fell below measurable counts, the mother resumed lactation.
The Use of Alternative Therapies in the Support of Breastfeeding
Authors: Ayers Jean F.
Published: June 2007

Surveys show that a significant percentage of Americans are using alternative therapies. Women are more likely than men to seek alternative health care and often use alternative therapies for childbirth-related concerns. Despite abundant anecdotal evidence supporting the efficacy of alternative practice for the enhancement of breastfeeding, surprisingly little corroborating empirical evidence exists in the medical literature. This article reviews the studies pertaining to the use of several alternative techniques for breast feeding women including herbalism, acupuncture, imagery, massage, diet, and the application of cabbage leaves. Speculationis made regarding the psychological value of women's use of alternative treatments during breastfeeding.
Methadone Levels in Human Milk
Authors: McCarthy John J. , Posey B. L.
Published: June 2007

Pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy frequently want to nurse yet are often discouraged from doing so because of concern about the amount of methadone that may be in the breast milk. This study analyzed the levels of methadone in the milk of nursing mothers and compared these levels to those in other published reports. Fourteen breast milk samples were obtained from 8 women maintained on methadone doses of 25 to 180 mg/day. Metha-done levels in milk ranged from 27 to 260 ng/ml, with a mean level for the group of 95 ng/ml. The mean daily methadone ingestion, based on a newborn intake of 475 ml/day of breast milk, was 0.05 mg/day. This level is small and consistent with those in other published reports. Breastfeeding duration ranged from 2.5 to 21 months. There were no adverse events associated with breastfeeding or weaning. This study supports the compatibility of breastfeeding and methadone maintenance therapy.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and Lactation: An Update
Authors: Shannon Meghan E. , Malecha Susan E. , Cha Amy J.
Published: June 2007

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used for the treatment of hypertension. ACEIs have been promoted as first-line therapy for selected patients with chronic hypertension and for the prevention of diabetic nephropathy, thus creating the potential for frequent ACEI exposure among women of childbearing age. ARBs are the most recent addition to the available options for antihypertensive agents. This review specifically focuses on the most up-to-date information regarding these newer antihypertensives with regard to lactation.
Nurses' Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Behavioral Intentions Toward Support of Breastfeeding Mothers
Authors: Bernaix Laura W.
Published: June 2007

Fifty maternal-newborn nurses and 136 breastfeeding mothers participated in a prospective study designed to identify characteristics of nurses and external factors that influence nurses' ability to provide effective informational, technical, and emotional support to breastfeeding mothers and their infants. Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action guided the study. Using questionnaire data, multiple regression analyses revealed that the nurses'supportive behavior was best predicted by their breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes. The nurses' intentions to provide support did not influence their actual behavior. Breastfeeding knowledge deficits also were identified. Because breastfeeding knowledge is predictive of nurses’ supportive behavior, that knowledge must be accurate and complete to promote breastfeeding success and be considered helpful by the mother.
Estimation of Neonatal Exposure After Accidental Ingestion of Lufenuron in a Breastfeeding Mother
Authors: Bar-Oz Benjamin , Ito Shinya , Parks Vic , Maurer Max P. , Koren Gideon
Published: June 2007

A case of accidental anti-flea preparation (lufenuron) ingestion by a breastfeeding mother is reported. An estimation of infant exposure level was calculated based on the highest level measured. The breastfed infant was exposed to an average lufenuron dose of 0.032 mg/kg/day, which is only 3% of a reported acute overdose. No adverse effects were reported during 7 months of follow-up. Breastfeeding should be considered cautiously after consultation with a regional poison center in cases of accidental ingestion of this drug by a breastfeeding mother. The infant should be monitored for potential adverse effects.
Beta Blockers and Lactation: An Update
Authors: Shannon Meghan E. , Malecha Susan E. , Cha Amy J.
Published: June 2007

Beta-adrenergic antagonists are one of the most commonly used class of agents in the treatment of hypertension. They have also demonstrated utility in the treatment of angina pectoris and certain arrhythmias and for the reduction in mortality following a myocardial infarction. The use of this class of agents creates the potential for beta-blocker exposure among lactating women. This review focuses on the most up-to-date data regarding the more common agents—metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, carvedilol, nadolol, sotalol, and betaxolol—and their safety in lactating women.
The Effect of Individualized Professional Support on Duration of Breastfeeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Porteous Rena , Kaufman Karyn , Rush Janet
Published: June 2007

Atrialwas conducted with 51women randomly assigned either to a conventional nursing care group or to an individualized professional support group; to examine the effect of professional support on breastfeeding status at 4 weeks postpartum. All participants identified themselves as having no prior support. At 4 weeks postpartum, 17 out of 25 (68%) and 26 out of 26 (100%) women in the control and intervention groups, respectively, continued to breastfeed ( P=.005). Results indicate that postpartum care augmented with individualized professional support commenced in the hospital and continued in the community significantly increases the duration of breastfeeding among women who identify themselves as being without support for the first month postpartum.
Does Breastfeeding Education Affect Nursing Staff Beliefs, Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates, and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Compliance? The Experience of a Small, Rural Canadian Hospital
Authors: Martens Patricia Joan
Published: June 2007

The effectiveness of a breastfeeding education intervention consisting of a 11/2-hour mandated session for all nursing staff, with an optional self-paced tutorial, was evaluated in a small rural Canadian hospital. The intervention was designed to increase exclusive breastfeeding rates, create positive beliefs and attitudes among staff members, and increase compliance with the World Health Organization/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Staff surveys and chart audits were conducted at both the intervention and control site hospitals prior to the intervention and 7 months after the intervention. Over a 7-month period, the intervention hospital experienced an increase in BFHI compliance (24.4 vs. 31.9, P<.01), breastfeeding beliefs (55.0 vs. 58.8, P<.05), and exclusive breastfeeding rates (31% vs. 54% of breastfed babies, P<.05) but no change in breastfeeding attitudes (44.0 vs. 44.9, P=.80). The control site experienced no change in BFHI compliance, beliefs, or attitudes but a significant decrease in exclusive breastfeeding rates (43% vs. 0%, P<.05).
Review: Breastfeeding and Over-the-Counter Medications
Authors: Nice Frank J. , Snyder Jeanette L. , Kotansky Brian C.
Published: June 2007

A breastfeeding mother is confronted with a wide variety of over-the-counter products, necessitating careful guidance from her health care professional. This article presents a discussion and comprehensive tables that cover, by category, over-the-counter medications that nursing mothers may need to take. These tables should greatly assist the health care professional in the important task of counseling the nursing mother about the proper use of over-the-counter medications. This information will enable health care professionals to interpret information on the topic of over-the-counter medications and breastfeeding; list medications, in specific overthecounter categories, that are usually safe to take while breastfeeding; recommend overthecounter medications of choice for a breastfeeding mother; and generally counsel a breastfeeding mother who is taking or expects to take over-the-counter medications.
A New Teaching Model to Prolong Breastfeeding Among Latinos
Authors: Moreland Jay Caesar , Lloyd Lisa , Braun Shelly B. , Heins Janet Nielsen
Published: June 2007

Latinowomen in Salt Lake City, Utah, have some of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the state. In an attempt to prolong breastfeeding duration in this population, the authors designed a new class to be taught by certified WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program forWomen, Infants, and Children) personnel to pregnant Spanish-speaking participants. The class was designed after a literature review and onsite ethnographic research. The term la cuarentena del bebéWas introduced to signify the recommended 40 days when mothers should exclusively breastfeed, avoiding bottles, pacifiers, and supplementation. As part of the teaching model, class participants prepare an infant-feeding plan. Preliminary interviews show that WIC participants and staff view the newapproach as an improvement. Arandomized controlled trial is under way to evaluate the effectiveness of the class.
Women’s Experiences Breastfeeding in Public Places
Authors: Sheeshka Judy , Potter Beth , Norrie Emilie , Valaitis Ruta , Adams Gerald , Kuczynski Leon
Published: June 2007

This two-part field study compared researchers’ recorded observations to mothers’ perceptions of attention they received while publicly breastfeeding. In part 1, four breastfeeding and four bottle-feeding mothers each made eight restaurant visits. On average, there were more neutral looks from customers ( P = .01) during breastfeeding visits, but no differences in the amount of overtly negative or positive attention given during breastfeeding versus bottle feeding. In part 2, four breastfeeding mothers made a total of 24 visits to shopping malls. There were more neutral looks given while mothers were breastfeeding and more smiles and comments while they were not feeding, but no difference in total amount of attention received. Breastfeeding mothers acknowledged they had anticipated some undesirable attention but instead received little attention. Nevertheless, they felt “vulnerable” nursing in public. Certain proactive behaviors and personal attributes as well as support from otherwomen enabled them to breastfeed successfully in public.
Excelência em Bancos de Leite Humano: Uma Visão do Futuro—The First International Congress on Human Milk Banking
Authors: Tully Mary Rose
Published: June 2007

The first International Congress of Human Milk Banks—Excellence in Human Milk Banking: A Vision of the Future, held in Brazil in June 2000 and sponsored by the Brazilian Association of Milk Banks, had representation from milk banks in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela, France, the United Kingdom, and North America as well as Brazil. Arecurring theme in the discussion of donor milk banking was the role of each country's milk banks in the promotion and support of breastfeeding. The Brazilian National Reference Milk Bank and the growth of donor milk banking in Brazil over the past 15 years were described, including federal regulation that all milk bank directors be trained and certified. Milk banking systems in France, the United Kingdom, Venezuela and the Caribbean, and North America were also discussed. Similarities and differences in the donor screening process and the regulation of milk banks in the countries is presented.
Randomized Study Comparing the Efficacy of a Novel Manual Breast Pump With a Mini-Electric Breast Pump in Mothers of Term Infants
Authors: Fewtrell Mary , Lucas Penny , Collier Sharon , Lucas Alan
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a mini-electric pump (MEP) and a novel manual breast pump (MP) designed to operate more physiologically. Sixty term breastfeeding mothers used the MP and MEP in randomized order 8 weeks postpartum, expressing for 10 minutes from each breast. Milk volume, fat content, and pattern of milk flowwere measured. Mothers rated pump characteristics by questionnaire. There was no significant difference in the milk volume or fat content when mothers used the pumps in randomized order. The MP was rated significantly better overall and more comfortable and pleasant to use. Significantly more mothers kept theMPthan theMEP. Despite the greater complexity and expense of the MEP, the pumps showed similar efficacy. The MP was preferred by mothers. The novel, more physiological operation of theMPrepresents an advance in milk expression technology.
Use of Anti-Infective Agents During Lactation, Part 3: Antivirals, Antifungals, and Urinary Antiseptics
Authors: Mactal-Haaf Christina , Hoffman Maria , Kuchta Ann
Published: June 2007

Because many antibiotics are excreted into the breast milk, it can be difficult for a practitioner to choose an antibiotic for a lactating patient that will have minimal risks to her nursing infant. This article is the last of a three-part series discussing the use of anti-infective agents during lactation. The authors review general information with regard to use and common side effects for several classes of antibiotics. They summarize information, including available safety data, documented milk concentrations, milk-to-plasma ratios, and other pharmacokinetic properties, to help practitioners choose antibiotics that may be considered safe to use in the lactating mother.
The Ontario Mother and Infant Survey: Breastfeeding Outcomes
Authors: Sheehan Debbie , Krueger Paul , Watt Susan , Sword Wendy , Bridle Bonnie
Published: June 2007

Across-sectional survey of postpartumwomen following discharge from five hospitals in Ontario, Canada, examined breastfeeding patterns and risk factors for early discontinuation. Consenting mothers completed self-administered questionnaires prior to discharge (n = 1250) and telephone interviews at 4 weeks postdischarge (n = 875). Breastfeeding initiation rates for women completing the interview varied from 82% to 96% across the sites. Continuation rates rapidly declined, with 13% to 24% ofwomen who had initiated breastfeeding switching to formula by 4 weeks postpartum. Perceived inadequate milk supply, difficulty with breastfeeding techniques, and sore nipples were the main reasons reported. Risk factors for breastfeeding cessation included not completing high school; intention to breastfeed less than 4 months; not anticipating the use of a “mom's group” or “drop-in center”; one or more maternal visits to a family physician; length of postpartum stay greater than 48 hours; unmet need for care or help with breastfeeding; and received advice, information, or support about formula feeding.
The Effect of Breastfeeding Education on Adolescent Beliefs and Attitudes: A Randomized School Intervention in the Canadian Ojibwa Community of Sagkeeng
Authors: Martens Patricia J.
Published: June 2007

Sagkeeng First Nation's adolescent breastfeeding educational session was evaluated using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The intervention group received the session first; the control group received the session following the posttest. A retention test to measure overall retained learning was given to all students 10 days later. Breastfeeding beliefs increased (± SD = 41.9 to 47.0, P= .0047) from pretest to posttest for intervention subjects but not for controls. There were no changes in bottle-feeding beliefs or breastfeeding attitudes. There was an increase in breastfeeding beliefs from pretest to retention test for all students (true treatment effect [TTE] = .85 standard deviation units [SDU], P= .004). Learning was gender specific, with females experiencing increases in breastfeeding beliefs (TTE = 1.12 SDU, P= .004), decreases in bottle-feeding beliefs (TTE = –.77 SDU, P= .04), and a trend to increased breastfeeding attitudes (TTE = .41 SDU, NS). Males showed small, inconsistent learning effects. Learning occurred in the areas of health, convenience, cost, and decreased embarrassment.
Factors Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Lawoyin T. O. , Olawuyi J. F. , Onadeko M. O.
Published: June 2007

Although nationwide efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding began in Nigeria in 1992, data on this type of infant feeding are still generally scarce. Current status breastfeeding data were obtained from 2794 mothers, enrolled from randomly selected infant welfare clinics in Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate factors that are associated with exclusive breastfeeding. The exclusive breastfeeding rate dropped from 57.4% at 1 month to 23.4% at 6 months. Using multiple regression analysis, younger age of infant ( P< .0001), higher maternal occupation ( P< .05), and delivery in tertiary ( P< .0001) or secondary ( P< .0001) health facility were predictive of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers 24 years or younger and primiparous mothers were less likely to breastfeed their babies exclusively ( P< .01 and P< .05, respectively). Additional programs are needed to meet the needs of at-risk mothers, who should be identified and counseled.
Antipsychotics and Breastfeeding
Authors: Winans Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2007

Nearly 10% of all postpartum women will experience some form of psychiatric illness. The development of postpartum psychosis consisting of symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization is greatest within the first 4 weeks after delivery. In fact, a majority of cases (54%) occur within 14 days of delivery. Due to a more favorable side-effect profile, atypical antipsychotics are generally preferred over traditional antipsychotics for the treatment of psychotic symptoms. Unfortunately, there are minimal guidelines established with regard to the use of antipsychotics during lactation. This article will review currently available data on the excretion of traditional and atypical antipsychotics into breast milk and make recommendations with regard to the use of individual agents during lactation.
Cup-Feeding for Preterm Infants: Mechanics and Safety
Authors: Dowling Donna A. , Meier Paula P. , DiFiore Juliann M. , Blatz Mary Ann , Martin Richard J.
Published: June 2007

Cup-feedingis recommended for breastfed preterm infants to avoid artificial nipples. However, the oral mechanisms used in cup-feeding, or its safety and efficacy, have not been described. The authors measured sipping, breathing, Sa0 2,band volume of intake during15 cupfeeding sessions for 8 infants (mean gestational age at birthwas 30.6 weeks). Mean duration of sippingb ursts and pauseswas 3.6 seconds and 28.1 seconds, respectively. Mean breathingrate duringb ursts and pauses was similar (46.2 ± 24.3 vs 45.7 ± 17.7, respectively), with Sa02 = 90% duringall bursts. Mean duration of cup-feedings was 15.2 ± 3.9 minutes (range, 11.0-23.3), whereas mean volume of intake was only 4.6 ± 2.2 mL (range, 1.5-8). For the 15 sessions, 38.5% of milk taken from the cup was recovered on the bib. Although infants remain physiologically stable, cup-feeding has questionable efficacy and efficiency. Differentiating between actual intake versus spillage of milk merits attention.
Predicting Early Breastfeeding Attrition
Authors: Dick Margaret J. , Evans Marilyn L. , Arthurs Janet B. , Barnes Janta K. , Caldwell Robin S. , Hutchins Sophie S. , Johnson Linda K.
Published: June 2007

The Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool (BAPT) is based on the theory of planned behavior, which explains behavior as a function of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived control. The BAPT subscales are positive and negative attitudes toward breastfeeding, family and professional expectations, and perceived ability to be successful. The purpose of this studywas to test the reliability and validity of the BAPT among269 women who planned to breastfeed for at least 8 weeks. Subjects completed the BAPT in the hospital and duringa telephone interview at 8 weeks. Based on factor analysis, several items were deleted. Usingdiscriminant function analysis, the modified BAPT was an effective predictor of 78% of women who stopped breastfeedingbefore 8 weeks and 68% of those who were still breastfeeding. There is potential for the modified BAPT to be an adjunct for the clinician in identifyingw omen at risk for early cessation of breastfeeding.