bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pensée concrète, Art abstrait
Authors: Major Jean-Louis
Published: June 2010

Les biographies de poètes et d' écrivains sont beaucoup plus nombreuses que celles de philosophes. Pour expliquer ce phénomène il se présente sûrement plusieurs raisons. Je n'en veux souligner qu'une: l'apparente objectivité du système philosophique, qui se fonderait sur la distance de l'œuvre à l'égard de son auteur et sur l'absence de marques personnelles. Pourtant on peut accepter que l'interrogation philosophique soit intemporelle ou « perennis » tout en concevant qu'elle soit liée à l'époque dans la formulation des problèmes et des solutions, dans la conception de son idéal. Elle Test ainsi à travers le sujet de l'acte de philosophie: l'homme, qui participe nécessairement à son époque tout en ayant la possibilité de la dépasser. Bien plus, ses intuitions polarisatrices, ses perspectives de base correspondent souvent à une mentalité, à des aspirations et à des besoins spirituels propres à cette époque.
Études sur les règles d'inférence dites règles de Gentzen (II)
Authors: Leblanc Hugues
Published: June 2010

Je vais traiter ici des inférences dont la validité tient au rôle qu'y jouent les cinq connecteurs « ⊃ », « ∼ », « & », « V » et « ≡ », les deux quantificateurs « ∀ » et « ∃ », et le signe d'identité « = ». Qu'on me permette de rappeler que les deux conjectures présentéd dans ma première étude se sont avéré'es justes. En premier lieu, toute règle de structure et toute règie d'élimination ou d'introduction pour « & » ou « V » qui vaut pour la logique classique des connecteurs vaut également pour la logique intuitionniste des connecteurs. En second lieu, tout énoncé du genre A1, A2, …, An ⊢ B qui vaut pour la logique classique des connecteurs peut s'obtenir exclusivement à l'aide des règles de structure R, P, E, S, et des règles d'elimination et d'introduction pour ceux des connecteurs « ⊃ », « ∼ », « & », « V » et « ≡ » qui figurent dans A1, A2, …, An, et B.
Teilhard et la Philosophie
Authors: Langlois Jean
Published: June 2010

Nous abordons en ce moment un aspect de l'ceuvre teilhardienne qui a suscité et suscite encore de nombreuses discussions. D'une part, Teilhard déclare à plusieurs reprises vouloir s'en tenir à un point de vue strictement scientifique:

Pour être correctement compris, le livre que je présente ici demande à ^tre lu, non pas comme un ouvrage métaphysique, encore moins comme une sorte d'essai théologique, mais uniquement et exclusivement comme un mémoire scientifique (P.H., p. 21).
Mill's Fallacy
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: June 2010

The main part of this paper will begin with a description of the sorts of circumstances in which one may be said to be giving an explanation of something or other. It will then proceed by a series of steps through an account of the role which the giving of reasons has in this process, focussing in particular on the kinds of reasons a person advances when he explains why something is desirable; and this account will again give way (I hope not unnaturally) to a discussion of the logic of the words “evidence” and “proof,” terms which appear crucially in the much-debated matter in moral philosophy of whether it is possible to prove, as the saying goes, “one's ultimate ends.”
La Philosophie de Gabriel Marcel
Authors: Geiger Louis-B.
Published: June 2010

M. K.T. Gallagher a entrepris la t^che difficile d'introduirele public philosophique américain dans l'univers de la pensée de Gabriel Marcel. Tâche difficile, non pas tant parce que la mentalité américaine serait plus qu'une autre réfractaire à cette pensée—on pourrait faire remarquer en effet l'influence exercée très tôt sur la formation et l'évolution de la pensée marcellienne par J. Royce—mais en raison de la nature toute particulière de la manière m≖me dont Marcel philosophe.
Reasons and Causes
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: June 2010

In a deservedly esteemed paper, Donald Davidson has argued “that rationalization [that is, the explanation of an action in terms of reasons, in the sense in which “the reason explains the action by giving the agent's reason for doing what he did”] is a species of ordinary causal explanation” (685). Davidson himself, of course, in putting his own view forward, knowingly opposes a relatively widespread tendency to deny the thesis. I wish, in turn, to attempt to redeem the doctrine that there is a difference between explanation by causes and explanation by reasons, but I find that it cannot be done, so to speak, by reversing the clock: Davidson's arguments are very telling and the defence of the distinction must, I believe, support a significantly diminished claim. So, for example, I think we must go the distance with Davidson in admitting that “to describe an event in terms of its cause is not to identify the event with its cause, [and that] explanation by redescription … [does not] exclude causal explanation” (685); also, that there is no convincing reason “why on earth … a cause [should] turn an action into a mere happening and a person into a helpless victim” (700).
Études sur les règles d'inférence dites règles de Gentzen
Authors: Leblanc Hugues
Published: June 2010

Cet article a pour objet d'étudier diverses règies d'inférence dites “règies de Gentzen”. Je me limiterai dans cette première partie aux inférences dont la validité tient au rôle qu'y jouent les cinq connecteurs « ⊃ », « ∼ » , « & », « ∨ », et « ≡ ». Celles dont la validité tient au rôle qu'y jouent ces cinq connecteurs, les deux quantificateurs « ∀ » et « ∃ », et le signe d'égalité ou d'identité « = », feront l'objet d'une autre étude. Quelques-uns des résultats que je soumettrai dans ces deux études sont le fruit de mes propres recherches; d'autres sont dus à divers collègues avec qui j'ai eu le plaisir de collaborer ces dernières années.
Berkeley and Phenomenalism
Authors: Davis J. W.
Published: June 2010

My reason for bringing up the familiar matter of phenomenalism is both critical and historical. Almost to a man those who have been interested in arguing for or against phenomenalism have assumed that Berkeley was a phenomenalist (for some of the evidence one need only read the Aristotelian Society Proceedings on phenomenalism, beginning with Stout's paper in 1938). Now if Berkeley's doctrine is appropriately named “phenomenalism,” then it is a phenomenalism of a quite different stripe from the twentieth century variety, though many who have described his doctrine as phenomenalism have not sufficiently stressed the difference.
Remarques Sur La Notion de cause dans la physique contemporaine
Authors: Wojciechowski Jerzy A.
Published: June 2010

La notion de cause fait corps avec le cadre noétique du système dans lequel elle apparaît. Elle ne peut pas être plus large ou plus profonde que le système lui-même. Qui veut comprendre le sens qu'on donne au concept de cause, doit faire une étude épistémologique du contexte dont il fait partie. Une telle analyse doit éviter de s'enfermer dans le cercle vicieux auquel l'expose le rôle tout à fait fondamental que joue la notion de cause dans la formation du système. En effet l'idée qu'on se fait de la causalité exerce une influence déterminante sur l'ensemble des affirmations de base sur lesquelles repose le complexe d'explications philosophiques ou scientifiques.
Reasoning with Loose Concepts
Authors: Black Max
Published: June 2010

A Man whose height is four feet is short; adding one tenthof an inch to a short man's height leaves him short; therefore, a man whose height is four feet and one tenth of an inch is short. Now begin again and argue in the same pattern. A man whose height is four feet and one tenth of an inch is short; adding one tenth of an inch to a short man's height leaves him short; therefore, a man whose height is four feet and two tenths of an inch is short. In this way, it seems, we can reach the absurd result that a man whose height is four feet plus any number of tenths of an inch is short. For, if the first argument is sound, so is the second; and if the second, so is the third; and so on. There appears to be no good reason for stopping at any one point rather than at another; it is hard to see why the chain of arguments should ever be broken. But the conclusion is ridiculous; it is, for example, preposterous to say that a man whose height is seven feet is, nevertheless, short.
A Propos d'une Thèse de Kesters
Authors: Lafrance Yvon
Published: June 2010

Une analyse minutieusen du XXVIe discours de Thémistius, philosophe néo-platonicien et commentateur des œuvres d'Aristote qui fonda une école de philosophie à Constantinople vers 345 ap. J.-C., a fait découvrir à l'auteur qu'il s'agit d'une œuvre d'un socratique du IVe siècle av. J.-C. Ce discours aurait été écrit contre a l conception de la rhétorique exposée par Platon dans le Phédre. Thémistius non seulement s'en serait inspiré, mais I'aurait copié d'un bout à l'autre (p. 143). Dans un ouvrage antérieur (Antisthène. De la Dialectique. Université de Louvain, Recueil de travaux, Conférence d'Histoire et de Philologie. 2e s., 31e fasc, Louvain, 1935.) l'auteur avait suggéré le nom d'Antisthfène. Les critiques de E. De Strycker l'ont fait reculer. Dans cet ouvrage, il laisse tomber le nom d'Antisthène pour se rallier à un socratique anonyme, adversaire de Platon.
A paradox in Locke's Theory of Natural Rights
Authors: Murphy Jeffrie G.
Published: June 2010

There are certain recurring objections to Locke's theory of legitimate government and the conception of natural rights on which it is based. These objections generally take the form of showing that most of Locke's claims in the Second Treatise stand largely as ad hoc assertions, defended—if at all—not by philosophical argumentation but by appeals to theology or intuition. These criticisms might be called external criticisms of Locke's theory because they focus, not upon the coherence of the theory or the perplexities which prompted Locke to adopt it, but rather upon the justifications (or lack of them) for that theory. Important as these criticisms are to an ultimate evaluation of Locke's success, my purpose here is neither to reiterate them nor to defend Locke against them. Rather I want to develop a purely internal criticism of his view. For I shall argue that upon any acceptable interpretation of at least one of Locke's central natural rights claims, this claim will not be able to perform the crucial task envisioned for it by Locke—namely, provide a key premise for the moral justification for passing from a pre-civil society to a civil society that is responsible to its citizens.
La Révolution copernicienne: Freud et le géogentrisme médiéval
Authors: Savary Claude
Published: June 2010

On rencontre encore cette idée d'une triple révolution: Copernic, Darwin, Freud. La première phase fera l'objet de nos réflexions. Elle a été conçue par Freud comme une blessure au narcissisme humain. « Le narcissisme universel des hommes, leur amour d'eux-mêmes, nous dit Ricœur expliquant Freud, a, jusqu'à présent, subi trois sévères coups de la part de la science: ce fut d'abord la position centrale de la terre qui fut contesée par Copernic, puis … « Freud lui-même nous dit que pour l'homme pré-copernicien » la position centrale de la terre indiquait qu'elle jouait un rôle dominant dans l'univers et concordait avec la tendance qu'il avait à se considérer comme maître du monde «. Et à l'époque de Freud des historiens de la science abondèrent dans le même sens: au « moyen âge », la terre et l'homme étaient au centre de l'univers et cette position était la plus honorable.
On a Bill of Rights
Authors: McLaughlin R. N.
Published: June 2010

Writers on jurisprudence often stress that conflict between positive laws and morality does not invalidate the positive laws. A law which requires me to compensate another for an injury caused by a dangerous object kept on my property is not invalidated by the fact that I have not been negligent and have no moral obligation to compensate the injured person. And although I have a moral obligation to keep my promises, positive laws may validly imply that I need not keep promises not made for a consideration or under seal. Thus positive law may permit acts not permitted by morals and may forbid acts permitted by morals. The lesson drawn from these thoughts is that to establish a positive law as valid we need not consider the relationships it bears to the rules of morals. A valid law is simply a law created in accordance with the constitutional conventions or ‘rules of recognition’ of the society in which it is to be applied. It is the manner of its establishment, not its relationship to morals, which makes a law valid.
Personnalisme et Pluralisme religieux
Authors: Croteau Jacques
Published: June 2010

C'est au christianisme que remonte l'initiative d'une révolution sans précédent dans la cité antique : la révolution chrétiennc de la souveraineté. «Rendez à César ce qui est à César et à Dieu ce qui est à Dieu.» Le Christ établissait en ces mots une distinction nette entre des ordres jusqu'alors confondus : le spirituel et le temporel, les choses de Dieu et les choses de César. Aujourd'hui, un tel partage paraît aller de soi aux esprits moulés par une civilisation chrétienne. Mais il n'en fut pas toujours ainsi. II fallut que le Christ vînt renverser un vieil état de choses qu'on prenait pour acquis, qu'il s'attaquât ni plus ni moins à la domination absolue que les empereurs romains s'arro-geaient sur la vie civile et religieuse des citoyens. Les souverains ne manquérent pas de le ressentir vivement. Ils relèveront sans tarder le défi en déclenchant les célèbres persécutions contre ses disciples. II s'agissait bien à leurs yeux d'un crime lèse-État. Pouvaient-ils laisser impunément les chrétiens scinder en deux parts une société moniste où le religieux était incorporé au politique, le jus divinum au jus civile.
L'Union du Corps et de l'Ame selon Saint Augustin
Authors: Champoux Roger
Published: June 2010

Le problème de l'âme a été abordé par tous les grands philosophes, depuis les premiers Grecs jusqu'aux modernes et aux contemporains. La pensée de saint Augustin sur cette question présente de l'intérêt à plus d'un titre. II est le premier grand penseur chrétien qui ait utilisé, pour une meilleure compréhension de sa foi, les données des philosophies de son temps, surtout de la tradition néo-platoni-cienne.

Ce travail ne vise pas à une étude complète de la conception de l'âme chez saint Augustin; il ne veut qu'aborder le point plus précis de l'union du corps et de l'âme. Une première partie esquissera rapidement la définition de l'homme et de ses constituants, le corps et l'âme. La seconde partie en étudiera le mode d'union.
Philosophie des valeurs en psychothérapie
Authors: Gratton Henri
Published: June 2010

Dans presque tous les domaines scientifiques, on a tenté d'évincer la réflexion philosophique soi-disant au bénéfice d'objectifs strictement empiriques. La psychothérapie ne fait pas exception.

Freud qui a, pour ainsi dire, inauguré l'ère des psychothérapies a été pour beaucoup à l'origine de cette attitude négative. II considérait la philosophic comme le refuge de la fantaisie abstraite, pour ceux qui ne sont plus à même de s'en tenir à l'observation des faits. II partageait ainsi les préjugés les plus communs de la profession médicale de son temps.
On Aristotle's Metaphysics
Authors: Allan D. J.
Published: June 2010

The problem which Professor Décarie has chosen for investigation can be briefly sketched, since it is familiar. In indicating the superiority of the highest kind of contemplation to the departmental studies and to the arts, Aristotle terms it at one time ‘wisdom’, at another ‘first philosophy’, at another theology. The difference between the names seems not to be verbal, but to be accompanied by a real fluctuation of emphasis. So one question above all obtrudes itself upon the reader and is, indeed, propounded within the treatise itself in E I ( = K 7). Is the supreme theoretical science particular, being focussed upon the highest order of reality, upon pure form, upon the divine ? Or is it a comprehensive study of being qua being, which will not only consider the lesser categories of being (because these are held to be derivative from ousia), but contemplate more than one grade of ousia itself? On the one hand, the supreme science is occasionally called theologikê. On the other hand, it is also declared to ‘contemplate being qua being’, a phrase commonly understood to mean that it surveys from a certain aspect all that is real, leaving other aspects to other sciences.
The Concept of Ideology in Sartre: ‘Situatedness’ as an Epistemological and Anthropological Concept
Authors: Wein Hermann
Published: June 2010

The main sources of the style of contemporary philosophy, sources which run counter to the style of classical philosophy, come together in the intellectual development and works of Jean-Paul Sartre. In him can be seen the styles of Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and perhaps even of Wittgenstein. Sartre's L'être et le néant was one focal point of these influences. A re-evaluation of Marx is characteristic of his later works. Marx's philosophical theory is more than just a theory:

… it was not the idea which unsettled us; nor was it the condition of the worker, which we knew abstractly but which we had not experienced. No, it was the two joined together. It was—as we would have said then in our idealist jargon even as we were breaking with idealism—the Proletariat as the incarnation and vehicle of an idea.
Bultmann's Philosophical Troubles
Authors: Nielsen H. A.
Published: June 2010

These words were written by a preacher-theologian of grey hairs and very great learning: “‘In the fullness of time’ God sent forth his Son, a pre-existent divine Being, who appears on earth as a man. He dies the death of a sinner on the cross and makes atonement for the sins of men… What a primitive mythology it is, that a divine Being should become incarnate, and atone for the sins of men through his own blood” Since 1941, when those wartime words were written, Dr. Bultmann has checked his inclination to apply the term “myth” in wholesale fashion, but his demythologizing works continue to be widely quoted, and their claims can still produce annoyance in the reader and plain uncertainty over what to make of the term “myth”, with its unmistakable smell of something not wanted. In this paper I want first to look into Bultmann's use of that word, and then, by remembering some things from the history of philosophy, to replace that uncertainty if possible with a smile of recognition.
A new species of Thorecta (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the western Atlantic, with remarks on the taxonomy of the genus
Authors: Santos Josivete P. , da Silva Suzane M. , Bonifácio Paulo H.O. , Esteves Eduardo L. , Pinheiro Ulisses S. , Muricy Guilherme
Published: June 2010

The family Thorectidae includes 23 valid genera and 130 species, characterized by the presence of laminated fibres and diplodal choanocytye chambers. Currently the genus Thorecta comprises approximately 20 valid species, distributed mainly in the Indo-Pacific. We describe here a new species of Thorecta that is the only valid species of the genus described in the Atlantic Ocean so far. Samples were collected by trawling on board of the RV ‘Astro Garoupa’ in Potiguar Basin, on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte State, north-eastern Brazil. Thorecta atlantica sp. nov. is greyish-brown to dark brownish-grey and presents a distinctive globular or clavulate shape, with 1–2 large apical oscules that open to deep atria. It was found between 61 and 160 m depth. A literature survey suggests that many species referred to Thorecta should be relocated to different genera due to absence of diagnostic characters, and that the genus Thorecta should group only 11 species: T. carteri, T. marginalis, T. prima, T. lata, T. farlovi, T. meandrina, T. polygona, T. reticulata, T. tuberculata, T. vasiformis and T. atlantica sp. nov. The tortuous history of the genus is an example of the damage that poorly-described species can cause to classification. Detailed descriptions of fresh material, well illustrated by photographs and including as many characters as possible, are essential tools for the clarification of the systematics of Thorecta in the future.
Xenophon's Socrates on Political Ambition and Political Philosophy
Authors: Lorch Benjamin
Published: June 2010

This essay investigates Xenophon's claim in the Memorabilia that political ambition is a qualification for the study of political philosophy, through an examination of three conversations between Socrates and politically ambitious men. These conversations reveal that the basis for the ambition to serve the public welfare is a concern not only with one's political community but also with one's own character and its excellence or virtue. Politically ambitious men hold virtue to be the greatest good, but they may not know what virtue is. For someone who is conscious of his concern with virtue and of his ignorance of virtue, there is no more urgent task than to search for the knowledge of virtue through the study of political philosophy.
On the Significance of the Literary Character of Francis Bacon'sNew Atlantisfor an Understanding of His Political Thought
Authors: Craig Tobin L.
Published: June 2010

Francis Bacon'sNew Atlantisis considered with a view to the problematic unity of its author's oeuvre. Beginning from the question of the genre or literary character of the work and proceeding through a consideration of the Platonic precedent announced in the title, an attempt is made to reconcile Bacon's rejection of the classical, utopian tradition of political thought with the apparently utopian character of the island of Bensalem. Such an interpretation suggests that the title announces a project shown to be possible, even necessary, in the course of the travel story that is the drama of the work.
On the Number of Perfect Matchings in Random Lifts
Authors: GREENHILL CATHERINE , JANSON SVANTE , RUCIŃSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: June 2010

Let G be a fixed connected multigraph with no loops. A random n-lift of G is obtained by replacing each vertex of G by a set of n vertices (where these sets are pairwise disjoint) and replacing each edge by a randomly chosen perfect matching between the n-sets corresponding to the endpoints of the edge. Let XG be the number of perfect matchings in a random lift of G. We study the distribution of XG in the limit as n tends to infinity, using the small subgraph conditioning method.

We present several results including an asymptotic formula for the expectation of XG when G is d-regular, d ≥ 3. The interaction of perfect matchings with short cycles in random lifts of regular multigraphs is also analysed. Partial calculations are performed for the second moment of XG, with full details given for two example multigraphs, including the complete graph K4.

To assist in our calculations we provide a theorem for estimating a summation over multiple dimensions using Laplace's method. This result is phrased as a summation over lattice points, and may prove useful in future applications.
Enriching ontologies with multilingual information
Authors: MONTIEL-PONSODA E. , AGUADO DE CEA G. , GÓMEZ-PÉREZ A. , PETERS W.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a novel approach to ontology localization with the objective of obtaining multilingual ontologies. Within the ontology development process, ontology localization has been defined as the activity of adapting an ontology to a concrete linguistic and cultural community. Depending on the ontology layers – terminological and/or conceptual – involved in the ontology localization activity, three heterogeneous multilingual ontology metamodels have been identified, of which we propose one of them. Our proposal consists in associating the ontology metamodel to an external model for representing and structuring lexical and terminological data in different natural languages. Our model has been called Linguistic Information Repository (LIR). The main advantages of this modelling modality rely on its flexibility by allowing (1) the enrichment of any ontology element with as much linguistic information as needed by the final application, and (2) the establishment of links among linguistic elements within and across different natural languages. The LIR model has been designed as an ontology of linguistic elements and is currently available in Web Ontology Language (OWL). The set of lexical and terminological data that it provides to ontology elements enables the localization of any ontology to a certain linguistic and cultural universe. The LIR has been evaluated against the multilingual requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in the framework of the NeOn project. It has proven to solve multilingual representation problems related to the establishment of well-defined relations among lexicalizations within and across languages, as well as conceptualization mismatches among different languages. Finally, we present an extension to the Ontology Metadata Vocabulary, the so-called LexOMV, with the aim of reporting on multilinguality at the ontology metadata level. By adding this contribution to the LIR model, we account for multilinguality at the three levels of an ontology: data level, knowledge representation level and metadata level.
In the Name of Cooperation: The External Relations of the German Länder and Their Participation in the EU Decision-Making
Authors: Panara Carlo
Published: June 2010

‘Foreign relations power’ (auswärtige Gewalt) in the Federal Republic of Germany strongly centralised by the Lindau Agreement in 1957 – Although the German Länder still retain some rights to act at an international level, the Federal Government is the dominant player in the foreign relations of the state – Introduction of Länder participation in European Union law-making and policy-making; new opportunities for them to perform a role in external relations – Cooperative character of German federalism confirmed
Circles of Coherence: On Unity of Case-Law in the Context of Globalisation
Authors: Meij Arjen W.H.
Published: June 2010

Arcelor ruling – Legal pluralism in European integration – Judicial law-making transcending hierarchy – Role of courts for legal unity – Autonomy of courts under different mandates – Joint responsibility for legal coherence – Councils of State Report 2008 – Reversal of method of reference – Cilfit and Köbler prevent headway – Horizontal cooperation between national judges
Rechtsseitige Unterbauchschmerzen und Durchfall einer jungen Diabetikerin
Authors: Berthod  , Mühlemann  , Oestmann
Published: June 2010

Wir berichten über eine 24-jährige Diabetikerin mit rechtsseitigen Unterbauchschmerzen und Diarrhöe. Vor der geplanten Appendektomie entwickelte sich fulminant ein Schockzustand, weshalb die Patientin auf die Intensivstation verlegt wurde. Wegen persistierender Hypotonie erfolgte die Laparoskopie, welche eine Vierquadranten-Peritonitis ohne erkennbare Ursache ergab. Im intraoperativen Abstrich sowie in Blutkulturen wurden Streptokokken der Gruppe A nachgewiesen, welche die primäre Peritonitis mit Toxic Shock-Syndrom bedingt haben. Unter Therapie mit Penicillin und Clindamycin war der Verlauf günstig. Als Komplikation trat eine Klostridienkolitis auf, welche die Hospitalisationsdauer verlängerte.
Transient luminous event phenomena and energetic particles impacting the upper atmosphere: Russian space experiment programs
Authors: Panasyuk M. I. , Bogomolov V. V. , Garipov G. K. , Grigoryan O. R. , Denisov Y. I. , Khrenov B. A. , Klimov P. A. , Lazutin L. L. , Svertilov S. I. , Vedenkin N. N. , Yashin I. V. , Klimov S. I. , Zeleny L. M. , Makhmutov V. S. , Stozkov Y. I. , Svirzhevsky N. S. , Klimenko V. V. , Mareev E. A. , Shlyugaev Y. V. , Korepanov V. E. , Park I. H. , Salazar H. I. , Rothkaehl H.
Published: June 2010

In Russia several space missions are now planned to study transient luminous events in the atmosphere and high‐energy charged particles at satellite altitudes. The experimental goal is to investigate the origin of the high‐energy electrons and gamma ray quanta for specific transient luminous events (TLEs) and their role in the ionosphere‐magnetosphere system. Simultaneous measurements of electrons at the orbit of the satellite and TLE atmospheric radiation in many wavelength bands will be performed in two missions, Tatiana‐2 and RELEC. In the TUS mission UV transient event detection will be accompanied by measurements of the weak UV emission from the “seed” electrons of extensive air showers of extremely high‐primary energies.
A universal approximation of grain size from images of noncohesive sediment
Authors: Buscombe D. , Rubin D. M. , Warrick J. A.
Published: June 2010

The two‐dimensional spectral decomposition of an image of sediment provides a direct statistical estimate, grid‐by‐number style, of the mean of all intermediate axes of all single particles within the image. We develop and test this new method which, unlike existing techniques, requires neither image processing algorithms for detection and measurement of individual grains, nor calibration. The only information required of the operator is the spatial resolution of the image. The method is tested with images of bed sediment from nine different sedimentary environments (five beaches, three rivers, and one continental shelf), across the range 0.1 mm to 150 mm, taken in air and underwater. Each population was photographed using a different camera and lighting conditions. We term it a “universal approximation” because it has produced accurate estimates for all populations we have tested it with, without calibration. We use three approaches (theory, computational experiments, and physical experiments) to both understand and explore the sensitivities and limits of this new method. Based on 443 samples, the root‐mean‐squared (RMS) error between size estimates from the new method and known mean grain size (obtained from point counts on the image) was found to be ±≈16%, with a 95% probability of estimates within ±31% of the true mean grain size (measured in a linear scale). The RMS error reduces to ≈11%, with a 95% probability of estimates within ±20% of the true mean grain size if point counts from a few images are used to correct bias for a specific population of sediment images. It thus appears it is transferable between sedimentary populations with different grain size, but factors such as particle shape and packing may introduce bias which may need to be calibrated for. For the first time, an attempt has been made to mathematically relate the spatial distribution of pixel intensity within the image of sediment to the grain size.
Schauble Receives 2009 Hisashi Kuno Award
Authors: Young Edward , Schauble Edwin A.
Published: June 2010

Edwin A. Schauble received the Hisashi Kuno Award at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is for outstanding contributions to the fields of volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.
Cell Number and Timing of Transplantation Determine Survival of Human Neural Stem Cell Grafts in Stroke-Damaged Rat Brain
Authors: Darsalia Vladimer , Allison Susan J , Cusulin Carlo , Monni Emanuela , Kuzdas Daniela , Kallur Therése , Lindvall Olle , Kokaia Zaal
Published: June 2010

Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from human fetal striatum and transplanted as neurospheres survive in stroke-damaged striatum, migrate from the implantation site, and differentiate into mature neurons. Here, we investigated how various steps of neurogenesis are affected by intrastriatal transplantation of human NSCs at different time points after stroke and with different numbers of cells in each implant. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and then received intrastriatal transplants of NSCs. Transplantation shortly after stroke (48 hours) resulted in better cell survival than did transplantation 6 weeks after stroke, but the delayed transplantation did not influence the magnitude of migration, neuronal differentiation, and cell proliferation in the grafts. Transplanting greater numbers of grafted NSCs did not result in a greater number of surviving cells or increased neuronal differentiation. A substantial number of activated microglia was observed at 48 hours after the insult in the injured striatum, but reached maximum levels 1 to 6 weeks after stroke. Our findings show that the best survival of grafted human NSCs in stroke-damaged brain requires optimum numbers of cells to be transplanted in the early poststroke phase, before the inflammatory response is established. These findings, therefore, have direct clinical implications.
Mitochondrial proton and electron leaks
Authors: Jastroch Martin , Divakaruni Ajit S. , Mookerjee Shona , Treberg Jason R. , Brand Martin D.
Published: June 2010

Mitochondrial proton and electron leak have a major impact on mitochondrial coupling efficiency and production of reactive oxygen species. In the first part of this chapter, we address the molecular nature of the basal and inducible proton leak pathways, and their physiological importance. The basal leak is unregulated, and a major proportion can be attributed to mitochondrial anion carriers, whereas the proton leak through the lipid bilayer appears to be minor. The basal proton leak is cell-type specific and correlates with metabolic rate. The inducible leak through the ANT (adenine nucleotide translocase) and UCPs (uncoupling proteins) can be activated by fatty acids, superoxide or lipid peroxidation products. The physiological role of inducible leak through UCP1 in mammalian brown adipose tissue is heat production, whereas the roles of non-mammalian UCP1 and its paralogous proteins, in particular UCP2 and UCP3, are not yet resolved. The second part of the chapter focuses on the electron leak that occurs in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Exit of electrons prior to the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome c oxidase causes superoxide production. As the mechanisms of electron leak are crucial to understanding their physiological relevance, we summarize the mechanisms and topology of electron leak from complexes I and III in studies using isolated mitochondria. We also highlight recent progress and challenges of assessing electron leak in the living cell. Finally, we emphasize the importance of proton and electron leak as therapeutic targets in body mass regulation and insulin secretion.
Mitochondrial DNA and genetic disease
Authors: Krishnan Kim J. , Turnbull Doug M.
Published: June 2010

From their very beginning to the present day, mitochondria have evolved to become a crucial organelle within the cell. The mitochondrial genome encodes only 37 genes, but its compact structure and minimal redundancy results in mutations on the mitochondrial genome being an important cause of genetic disease. In the present chapter we describe the up-to-date knowledge about mitochondrial DNA structure and function, and describe some of the consequences of defective function including disease and aging.
Semipolar r-plane ZnO films on Si(100) substrates: Thin film epitaxy and optical properties
Authors: Aggarwal Ravi , Zhou Honghui , Jin Chunming , Narayan J. , Narayan Roger J.
Published: June 2010

We report heteroepitaxial growth of (101¯2) oriented (r-plane) ZnO films on Si(100) substrates. The films were grown by pulsed laser deposition and integration of ZnO with silicon was achieved using a tetragonal yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layer. It was observed that ZnO films grown at temperatures in the range of 700–750 °C with relatively high oxygen pressure (∼70 mTorr) were (101¯2) oriented. ZnO films deposited with lower oxygen pressures were found to be purely (0002) orientated. Experiments carried out to elucidate the role of oxygen pressure indicated that the crystallographic orientation of ZnO depends on the nature of atomic termination of YSZ layer. It has been proposed that crystallographic orientation of ZnO is controlled by chemical free energy associated with ZnO-YSZ interface. Detailed x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies showed existence of four types of in-plane domains in r-plane ZnO films. Optical characterization demonstrated that photoluminescence of r-plane ZnO films was superior to that of c-plane ZnO films grown under similar conditions.
On the observation of multiple volume reflection from different planes inside one bent crystal
Authors: Guidi Vincenzo , Mazzolari Andrea , Tikhomirov Victor
Published: June 2010

An interpretation of the first experiment on the observation of 400 GeV proton multiple volume reflection from different skew planes of one bent crystal (MVROC) is given. The possibilities of experimental observation of MVROC at lower particle energies are demonstrated. New features of the effect of particle capture into the channeling regime by bent skew planes are revealed as well as optimal choice of main crystal axis, crystal thickness, and beam orientation with respect to the crystal is discussed.
Alternating current-to-direct current power conversion by single-wall carbon nanotube diodes
Authors: Mallick Govind , Griep Mark H. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Karna Shashi P.
Published: June 2010

We report the observation of alternating current-to-direct current half-wave conversion in the range of 1–1000 Hz by single-wall carbon nanotube diode rectifiers, which show a high degree of rectification (∼105). The nanoscale diode rectifier demonstrates a half-wave power conversion efficiency of 20%, which is comparable to that reported for larger metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor diode designs.
R
85
b
tunable-interaction Bose–Einstein condensate machine
Authors: Altin P. A. , Robins N. P. , Döring D. , Debs J. E. , Poldy R. , Figl C. , Close J. D.
Published: June 2010

We describe our experimental setup for creating stable Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) of R85b with tunable interparticle interactions. We use sympathetic cooling with R87b in two stages, initially in a tight Ioffe–Pritchard magnetic trap and subsequently in a weak, large-volume, crossed optical dipole trap, using the 155 G Feshbach resonance to manipulate the elastic and inelastic scattering properties of the R85b atoms. Typical R85b condensates contain 4×104 atoms with a scattering length of a=+200a0. Many aspects of the design presented here could be adapted to other dual-species BEC machines, including those involving degenerate Fermi–Bose mixtures. Our minimalist apparatus is well suited to experiments on dual-species and spinor Rb condensates, and has several simplifications over the R85b BEC machine at JILA, which we discuss at the end of this article.
Data processing correction of the irising effect of a fast-gating intensified charge-coupled device on laser-pulse-excited luminescence spectra
Authors: Ondič L. , Dohnalová K. , Pelant I. , Žídek K. , de Boer W. D. A. M.
Published: June 2010

Intensified charge-coupled devices (ICCDs) comprise the advantages of both fast gating detectors and spectrally broad CCDs into one device that enables temporally and spectrally resolved measurements with a few nanosecond resolution. Gating of the measured signal occurs in the image intensifier tube, where a high voltage is applied between the detector photocathode and a microchannel plate electron multiplier. An issue arises in time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy when signal onset characterization is required. In this case, the transient gate closing process that causes the detected signal always arises in the middle of the ICCD chip regardless of the spectral detection window—the so-called irising effect. We demonstrate that in case when the detection gate width is comparable to the opening/closing time and the gate is pretriggered with respect to the signal onset, the irising effect causes the obtained data to be strongly distorted. At the same time, we propose a software procedure that leads to the spectral correction of the irising effect and demonstrate its validity on the distorted data.
Raman spectroscopy of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube films at 295 and 5K
Authors: Karachevtsev V. A. , Glamazda A. Yu.
Published: June 2010

Resonance Raman spectra of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes films were studied at 5 and 295K in the range of radial-breathing (175–320cm−1) and tangential (1520–1625cm−1) modes. The spectra were compared with those of nanotubes in bundles. At 5K in the spectrum of film an upshift of bands with respect to their spectrum at high temperature and the intensity redistribution among bands of two samples were observed. The magnitude of this upshift depends on the nanotube type. The influence of a temperature decrease, the environment, and the electron-phonon coupling on the Raman spectrum of nanotubes are discussed.
Stabilization of H and D atoms in krypton–helium nanocondensates
Authors: Boltnev R. E. , Khmelenko V. V. , Lee D. M.
Published: June 2010

Impurity–helium condensates formed by krypton nanoclusters containing atoms and molecules of hydrogen isotopes have been studied via an electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. Analysis of the ESR spectra has shown that most of the H and D atoms reside on the surfaces of Kr nanoclusters. Very large average concentrations have been obtained for H atoms (1.2⋅10⋅19cm−3) and D atoms (3.3⋅19cm−3) in these experiments. Line narrowing has been observed for the highest concentration of D atoms stabilized in the Kr–He sample. Exchange tunneling reactions have been studied in Kr–He sample containing H and D atoms.
Spectroscopy and micro-luminescence mapping of Xe-implanted defects in diamond
Authors: Deshko Y. , Gorokhovsky A. A.
Published: June 2010

Ion implantation in diamond creates optically active defects which have emission lines in broad spectral regions and may be used in advanced photonics and optical communication applications. A brief review of the photoluminescence properties of Xe+ ion implanted diamond is presented. The Xe-related center is of particular interest as this center is one of a few centers (Ni, Si, Cr) in diamond having sharp emission lines in the infrared spectral region, specifically at 813 and 794nm. The paper discusses an approach to determine the important and difficult to measure conversion efficiency of implanted ions into emitting optical centers. The method uses micro-luminescence confocal mapping and statistical analysis based on a compound Poisson distribution, accounting for both the implanted centers and the optically excited centers statistics. Results of numerical simulations and experimental measurements are presented.
Suppression of thermal broadening via Zener tunneling in narrow-gap semiconductor double-quantum-wire structures
Authors: Kyriakou Ioanna , Jefferson John H. , Lambert Colin J.
Published: June 2010

Zener interband tunneling through a potential profile induced by two top gates in the plane of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) of a doped narrow-gap quantum well system is studied when the gates are biased differently. In contrast to the case of resonant transport through a potential profile created by a single gate these resonances exhibit only a weak dependence on temperature. We present results for a system based on an InSb quantum well and show that narrow resonances are maintained up to room temperature. Such narrow resonances may be exploited for voltage sensing at elevated temperatures.
Micromagnetic modeling of magnetization processes in FePt polytwin crystals
Authors: Cheng Tian-Le , Huang Yongxin Y. , Rogers Casey M. , Jin Yongmei M.
Published: June 2010

Magnetization processes in FePt polytwin crystals of L10 phase under external magnetic fields along different crystallographic directions are studied by using micromagnetic modeling. Computer simulations show highly anisotropic magnetic response of FePt polytwin crystals, and reveal strong effects of twin boundaries on magnetic domain structure evolutions. Due to high magnetocrystalline anisotropy of L10 phase, magnetic domain rotation is suppressed while magnetic domain wall motion plays a dominant role in magnetization processes. It is found that magnetostatic interaction between magnetic domains in neighboring twin crystals generates magnetic charges at the twin boundaries, which produce an internal magnetic field. The competition between the internal and external magnetic fields determines magnetic domain structures and their evolution paths, explaining the different characteristics of the magnetization curves under applied magnetic fields along different directions.
Highly polarized polymer-based light-emitting diodes fabricated by using very thin photoaligned polyimide layers
Authors: Sakamoto Kenji , Miki Kazushi , Misaki Masahiro , Sakaguchi Koichi , Hijikata Yuzuru , Chikamatsu Masayuki , Azumi Reiko
Published: June 2010

Polarized polymer-based light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) have been fabricated by inserting a very thin photoaligned polyimide film into the device structure. The photoaligned polyimide film was used to form a highly oriented layer of light-emitting polymer, poly (9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO). The polyimide contains azobenzene in the backbone structure, allowing us to control the alignment of its backbone structure by optical treatment. Since the photoalignment treatment is scratch-free, the thickness of the photoaligned film can be reduced below 4 nm without decreasing its alignment ability for PFO. Even though polyimide is a good insulator, such a very thin photoaligned film can be inserted into PLED structures. We examined the influence of the thickness of the photoaligned polyimide film and the light-emitting layer on the polarization ratio and the current efficiency of the polarized PLEDs. Using a 2.9 nm-thick polyimide photoalignment layer and a 101 nm-thick PFO light-emitting layer, we have succeeded in fabricating a polarized PLED with a current efficiency of 0.3 cd/A at 150 cd/m2 and polarization ratios of 46 at 434 nm, 27 at 460 nm, and 20 for integrated intensity from 400 to 600 nm.
Frequency-dependence of the acoustic rectifying efficiency of an acoustic diode model
Authors: Liang Bin , Zou Xin-ye , Yuan Bo , Cheng Jian-chun
Published: June 2010

For an acoustic diode (AD) model formed by coupling a superlattice with a nonlinear medium, the transmission of acoustic wave is investigated as a function of frequency in a numerical manner. The important phenomenon of rectifying effect of acoustic energy flux is identified in a series of frequency bands whose locations agree exactly with the analytical predictions. Within these frequency bands, the AD can exhibit extremely high rectifying efficiency and strong resistance to “reverse breakdown.” These results are particularly of practical significance for the potential design and application of ADs.
Dissipation-energy flux correlations as evidence for the Lagrangian energy cascade in turbulence
Authors: Wan Minping , Xiao Zuoli , Meneveau Charles , Eyink Gregory L. , Chen Shiyi
Published: June 2010

We study the spatial and temporal evolution of kinetic energy flux at different scales using direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence. The correlation coefficients at different times, between the molecular energy dissipation and local energy fluxes across inertial-range scales, are computed in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frames. The Eulerian correlation coefficients are found to decay monotonically backward in time. However, the Lagrangian correlation coefficients peak after a certain time delay. The peak time delay is found to be proportional to the local eddy turnover time (it scales with wave number k according to k−2/3), consistent with Kolmogorov’s theory. Conditional sampling is used to isolate effects of strong rotation. The results presented provide strong evidence of the Lagrangian nature of turbulent energy cascade.