bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyamines Found in Gingival Fluid Inhibit Chemotaxis by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes In Vitro
Authors: Walters John D. , Miller Thomas J. , Cario Anthony C. , Beck F. Michael , Marucha Phillip T.
Published: March 2012

Putrescine and spermidine occur at concentrations approaching 1 mM in gingival fluid at diseased periodontal sites. Previous work demonstrates that these polyamines potentiate Ca2+ signaling in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), resulting in enhanced degranulation and Superoxide generation. The present study extends this work by characterizing the effects of polyamines on PMN Chemotaxis and phagocytosis, in which Ca2+ signaling plays a less denned regulatory role. Putrescine (1 mM) and spermidine (0.1 to 0.5 mM) significantly inhibited Chemotaxis to fMet‐Leu‐Phe and C5a (P < 0.05). This inhibition was not strongly related to any effect polyamines have on PMN adhesion, actin polymerization, or formyl peptide receptor expression. Neither putrescine nor spermidine had a significant impact on phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria by PMNs. Thus, at concentrations similar to those found in gingival fluid, polyamines could potentially inhibit recruitment of PMNs to diseased pockets without impairing their ability to engulf invading bacteria. J Periodontol 1995; 66:274–278.
Attachment of Fusobacterium nucleatum to Fibronectin Immobilized on Gingival Epithelial Cells or Glass Coverslips
Authors: Babu Jegdish P. , Dean John W. , Pabst Michael J.
Published: March 2012

To learn more about colonization of the oral epithelium by Fusobacterium nucleatum and the role of fibronectin in mediating adhesion of this microorganism, we studied attachment of this bacterium to cultured gingival epithelial cells that were coated with exogenous, purified plasma fibronectin. The three strains of F. nucleatum studied adhered in large numbers to epithelial cells that had been coated with fibronectin, compared with buffer‐coated control cells. Bacterial adherence was also enhanced when epithelial cells were coated with whole human saliva. However, cells coated with saliva depleted of fibronectin did not facilitate adhesion of bacteria. Bacterial adhesion was restored when purified fibronectin was added back. We also tested adherence of bacteria to coverslips coated with fibronectin, saliva, and saliva depleted of fibronectin. The bacteria adhered to coverslips coated with fibronectin or whole human saliva, but did not adhere to coverslips coated with fibronectin‐depleted saliva. Bacterial adhesion to coverslips was restored upon addition of purified fibronectin to the fibronectin‐depleted saliva. Bacterial attachment to fibronectin‐coated coverslips was found to be temperature‐dependent, with maximal adhesion observed at 37°C. Pre‐treatment of F. nucleatum with soluble fibronectin inhibited attachment of the bacteria by 92%, whereas pre‐treatment with bovine serum albumin had no effect. Pre‐treatment of bacteria with laminin or type IV collagen caused moderate inhibition of attachment by 60% and 50%, respectively. Treatment of fibronectin‐coated coverslips with Fab fragments of anti‐fibronectin IgG blocked the attachment of F. nucleatum by 93%. Fab fragments of the other antisera tested had no inhibitory effect. The data suggest that the attachment of F. nucleatum to fibronectin‐coated coverslips or epithelial cells is a specific binding event between fibronectin and one or more molecules on the bacterial surface. Interaction of F. nucleatum with fibronectin, a component of saliva, may play a role in adhesion and establishment of this periodontal pathogen in the gingival sulcus. J Periodontol 1995; 66:285–290.
Mandibular Cementifying Fibroma in Relation to a Large Periodontal Bone Defect. Report of a Case
Authors: Alández Javier , Herrera Jose I. , Sanz Mariano , Carasol Miguel
Published: March 2012

A cementifytng fibroma associated with a large intraosseous periodontal defect is reported. This tumor was located in the lingual aspect of the first lower left molar. Therapy consisted on flap surgery, tumor excision, and placement of a bone autograft in order to fill the residual bone defect. Six months after the treatment, clinical and radiographic signs of periodontal regeneration were evidenced. J Periodontol 1995; 66:291–294.
Post‐Rhizotomy Periodontal Atrophy
Authors: Dunlap Charles L.
Published: March 2012

This report details the experience of two people who suffered a unique type of periodontal atrophy following trigeminal sensory rhizotomy. The cause is unknown but it may be the result of unintentional self‐mutilation. J Periodontol 1995; 66:301–302.
The Effects of Culture Environment on the Response of Human Gingival Fibroblasts to Cyclosporin A
Authors: James Jacqueline A. , Irwin Christopher R. , Linden Gerard J.
Published: March 2012

In contrast to monolayer cell culture, the use of a 3‐dimensional culture system creates an environment which is more physiologically comparable to conditions in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the effects of culture environment on growth and protein biosynthesis by 6 human gingival fibroblast cell lines exposed to cyclosporin A (CsA). Fibroblasts were grown both in monolayer culture on plastic and embedded within collagen gel. Cyclosporin A was added to cultures at a range of concentrations between 10−5 and 10−9 g/ml. Under both culture conditions CsA had little effect on cell growth at low concentrations but at the highest concentration of 10−5 g/ml, there was a significant inhibitory effect on growth (P <0.05). Protein production was not significantly affected by CsA in either culture system. Total collagen production appeared to be inhibited at high concentrations of CsA when cells were grown on plastic but remained unaffected when the cells were grown in collagen gel. Total protein and collagen production per cell in collagen gel was substantially greater compared with cells grown on plastic. We conclude that under the conditions of this investigation CsA did not directly stimulate growth or matrix‐synthesis by normal human gingival fibroblasts cultured in 3‐dimensional collagen gel or as monolayers on plastic. J Periodontol 1995; 66:339–344.
Factors Influencing Nifedipine‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth in Rats
Authors: Ishida Hiroshi , Kondoh Tamotsu , Kataoka Masatoshi , Nishikawa Seiji , Nakagawa Tadashi , Morisaki Ichijiro , Kido Jun‐ichi , Oka Takami , Nagata Toshihiko
Published: March 2012

Factors such as age, the dose of nifedipine administered in the diet, serum drug level, duration of drug administration, and sex which may influence nifedipine‐induced gingival overgrowth were examined in a rat model using 20‐, 50‐, and 90‐days‐old male and female rats. Oral administration of nifedipine (50 to 250 mg/kg diet) increased the serum level of the drug in a dose‐dependent manner in both males and females. However, a higher serum level was required in females than males to attain the same degree of gingival overgrowth. The minimum dietary concentrations of the drug required to elicit gingival overgrowth in males and females were 150 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, which gave respective minimum serum levels of 800 and 1100 ng/ml. The degree of overgrowth depended on the serum concentration of the drug after it had reached the required minimum in male and female animals. Administration of nifedipine (250 mg/kg diet) for 20 days was enough to induce maximal overgrowth, but this induction occurred only in rats that started to receive the drug when they were 20 days old, not in those that started at 50 and 90 days of age for the same administration period of 55 days, and the overgrowth regressed and the gingiva were normal 40 days after ceasing drug administration. These results suggest that gingival overgrowth occurred in accordance with the drug concentration in the diet, as well as that in the serum, and was more likely to occur in males and younger individuals. J Periodontol 1995; 66:345–350.
IgG Antibody Subclass Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Antigens in Gingivitis and Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Polak Boris , Vance Jody B. , Dyer John K. , Bird Philip S. , Gemmell Erica , Reinhardt Richard A. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: March 2012

Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important oral pathogen with a strong association with adult periodontitis. Significant titers of specific IgG antibodies to P. gingivalis can be found in the sera of both gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Since IgG subclasses have different biological characteristics, the present study dealt with the serum IgG subclass response to outer membrane antigens of P. gingivalis. Western blot analysis of P. gingivalis outer membrane was carried out using 20 adult periodontitis and 20 age‐ and sex‐matched gingivitis patients. Antibodies in sera of both adult periodontitis and gingivitis patients recognized 38 antigen bands, ranging in molecular mass from 11.1 to 161 kDa. IgG2 was the predominant antibody subclass response in both patient groups in terms of the numbers of outer membrane antigens recognized, followed by IgG3, IgG1, and IgG4. More antigens in all IgG subclasses except IgG4 were recognized in adult periodontitis cases. Of the 23 antigens identified by IgG2 antibodies, 9 were recognized predominantly in adult periodontitis and 3 in the gingivitis group. In the IgGl subclass, 4 antigens were recognized predominantly in the adult periodontitis group while only 1 antigen was recognized significantly more in the gingivitis group. The IgG3 response identified 14 antigens ranging in molecular mass from 11.1 to 61.2 kDa in both groups. Ten antigens were recognized significantly by the adult periodontitis group. The lowest response was seen by IgG4 antibodies, with only 3 antigens of molecular mass 61.2, 52.3, and 38.8 kDa recognized, the latter two significantly in the adult periodontitis group. Overall, the results demonstrate that adult periodontitis patients respond to a greater number of antigens on the outer membrane of P. gingivalis than do gingivitis patients. Furthermore, the greatest response is seen in the IgG2 subclass, suggesting a stronger response to carbohydrate antigens. J Periodontol 1995; 66:363–368.
Studies on the Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes From Patients With Early‐Onset Periodontitis
Authors: Takahashi Keiso , Nagai Atsushi , Satoh Nobuhiko , Kurihara Hidemi , Murayama Yoji
Published: March 2012

Juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis are grouped under the heading of patients with early‐onset periodontitis (EOP). Many studies have investigated host risk factors in the etiology of EOP patients but these remain inconclusive. This study was undertaken to assess the possibility that an abnormality in the systemic lymphocyte subpopulation or function is involved in the etiology of EOP patients. Fourteen (14) patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP), 18 with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP), 22 with adult periodontitis (AP), and 33 with a healthy periodontium (HP) participated in this study. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by using panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fluorescent flow cytometry. T cell blastogenesis was evaluated by [3H]‐thymidine uptake. Pokeweed mitogen induced Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM synthesis were detected by sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. There were wide distributions of values in all examinations among subjects. No significant difference could be found between the periodontitis patients and HP groups with the exception of a high CD4/CD8 ratio in all patient groups (P < 0.0001) and the depressed percentages of CD3 positive cells noted in the AP patient group (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that the majority of EOP patients do not show significantly different lymphocyte profiles from AP patients and HP subjects, and that lymphocyte cell dysfunctions are not always seen, even in EOP patients. J Periodontol 1995; 66:391–396.
Gingiva Thickness in Guided Tissue Regeneration and Associated Recession at Facial Furcation Defects
Authors: Anderegg Charles R. , Metzler David G. , Nicoll Brian K.
Published: March 2012

Consistently successful regenerative therapy for furcation defects using membrane techniques remains a challenge for clinicians. The purpose of this study was to determine if the thickness of tissue used to cover the membrane influences postsurgery recession. Thirty‐seven (37) moderate to advanced adult periodontitis patients presenting with at least one mandibular or maxillary molar class 1 or 2 facial furcation involvement participated in the study. Mid‐facial presurgery recession was recorded from the cemento‐enamel junction to the free gingival margin at a reproducible point. Mid‐facial tissue thickness was measured using calipers at a point 5 mm apical to the gingival margin of the mucogingival flap reflected at the time of guided tissue regeneration surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups based upon tissue thickness measurement. Patients were then re‐evaluated for recession at 6 months postsurgery. Sixteen (16) patients with tissue thickness ≤ 1 mm demonstrated a mean 2.1 mm increase in recession, while 21 patients with tissue thickness > 1 mm exhibited a mean 0.6 mm increase in recession. We conclude that there is less post‐treatment recession (P < 0.01) for tissue thickness > 1 mm than tissue thickness ≤ 1 mm. Hence, thickness of gingival tissue covering a membrane appears to be a factor to consider if post‐treatment recession is to be minimized or avoided. J Periodontol 1995; 66:397–402.
Evaluation of the Use of Orthodontic Records to Measure the Width of Keratinized Tissue
Authors: Trentini Cheryl M. , Moriarty John D. , Phillips Ceib , Tulloch J.F. Camilla
Published: March 2012

Understanding the gingival tissue response in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requires accurate pretreatment measurements of the width of the attached and keratinized tissue. Even though these may not be routinely recorded, it has been suggested that the orthodontic records can provide an accurate method of assessing the pretreatment keratinized tissue width. This clinical study was conducted to compare measures of the width of the keratinized tissue calculated from intraoral photographs and study models with direct clinical measures. Maxillary and mandibular study models and intraoral photographs were obtained from 33 patients. The width of the keratinized gingiva facial to the mandibular incisors was measured on two occasions to the nearest 0.5 mm. The width of the gingiva was calculated for the same teeth from two measures taken from projected photographic slides and the study models using a modification of Coatoam's technique. The method error was determined to be 0.43 mm for clinical measures and 0.32 mm for the calculated gingival tissue width. The reliability of measurement from orthodontic records was slightly greater than direct clinical measurement, with intraclass correlations of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. The differences between the averaged clinical measure and averaged calculated measure for each tooth were small and not statistically significant (paired t‐test, P = 0.21, 0.66, 0.24, 0.24 for teeth 23 through 26 respectively). The results indicate that carefully taken photographic slides and study models can provide an accurate measure of keratinized tissue width. J Periodontol 1995;66:438–442.
Commercially‐Prepared Allograft Material Has Biological Activity In Vitro
Authors: Shigeyama Yoichiro , D'Errico John A. , Stone Roger , Somerman M.J.
Published: March 2012

The well‐established finding that implantation of demineralized bone matrix at non‐skeletal sites results in formation of cartilage and bone has been attributed to bone morphogenetic proteins/factors. Commercially‐available demineralized bone allograft materials are being used currently to reconstruct/regenerate bone. The studies described here focused on establishing biological activity of protein extracts prepared from commercially obtained bone graft material in vitro. Furthermore, the biological activity of these protein extracts in vitro was compared with similar extracts prepared from freshly obtained human bone. Biological activities of bone matrix proteins examined included their ability to promote proliferation, attachment, and migration of gingival fibroblasts using an in vitro system. Guanidine followed by guanidine/EDTA was used to separate bone matrix proteins into proteins associated with soft tissues of bone and proteins retained within the mineral compartment, respectively. Two preparations of each starting material were tested and the biological activity of each preparation was evaluated in triplicate at least three times. Slot blot analysis revealed that commercially‐prepared material contained type I collagen; fibronectin; BSP; and BMP‐2, 4, and 7. However, the freshly prepared bone extracts appeared to have higher BMP concentrations. The ability of commercial extracts to promote cell proliferation, while significant, was limited and significantly less when compared with similar extracts prepared from freshly obtained bone. All extracts promoted cell attachment significantly, while none of the extracts promoted cell migration. Thus, commercially‐prepared material retained proteins having the capacity to influence cell behavior in vivo. However, some biological activity as measured in vitro was lost as a result of tissue processing. J Periodontol 1995;66:478–487.
Interproximal Free Gingival Grafts After Membrane Removal in Guided Tissue Regeneration Treatment of Intrabony Defects. A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Prato Giovanpaolo Pini , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of two surgical approaches to protect the regenerated tissue following membrane removal in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) treated intrabony defects. Twenty‐eight (28) defects, one each in 28 patients were randomly assigned after placement of the membrane to one of two treatment groups by blocking to prognostic variables. The test group received free gingival grafts on the interproximal regenerated tissue. In the control group the surgical flaps were coronally positioned over the regenerated tissue. The two groups were well balanced with respect to all prognostic variables. The results indicated that: 1) similar amounts of regenerated tissue were obtained in the two groups at membrane removal (7.6 ± 2.8 mm, test; 8.3 ± 2.3 mm, control); 2) a significantly greater amount of probing attachment level gain was observed in the test group (5.0 ± 2.1 mm, test; 3.7 ± 2.1 mm, control). This study indicated that placement of free gingival grafts on the interdental regenerated tissue further improves the clinical outcome of GTR in deep intrabony defects. J Periodontol 1995;66:488–493.
The Potential Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Periodontal Reconstruction
Authors: Wozney John M.
Published: March 2012

Growth factors and cytokines are currently under investigation as potential therapeutics for the site‐specific regeneration of alveolar bone. Many of these factors, including TGF‐β, PDGF, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, and FGF influence bone growth and resorption, and as such may be useful in the regeneration process. However, these molecules have effects on many other tissue and cell types. In contrast, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) represent a unique set of differentiation factors that induce new bone formation at the site of implantation instead of changing the growth rate of pre‐existing bone. Recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2), for example, has been shown to induce ectopic bone formation in an in vivo setting. Cell culture studies indicate that rhBMP2 can cause mesenchymal precursor cells to differentiate into cartilage‐ and boneforming cells. Additional animal studies have shown that rhBMP‐2 is capable of replacing large (2.5 cm) defects in canine mandibles, healing a variety of long bone defects in orthopedic animal models, and repairing bony defects in animal models of bone lost due to periodontal disease. These results suggest that rhBMP‐2 has broad therapeutic potential for dental and cranio/maxillofacial reconstruction. J Periodontol 1995;66:506–510.
Periodontal Regenerative Potential of Space‐Providing Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Authors: Sigurdsson Thorarinn J. , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Lee Michael B. , Wikesjö Ulf M.E.
Published: March 2012

A concept of space provision to support skeletal repair has long been used in orthopedic and oral maxillofacial reconstructive therapy. More recently, this concept has been studied and adapted to periodontal reconstructive therapy. Other studies have demonstrated that skeletal tissues represent a significant reservoir of growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins. Such factors have been shown to stimulate skeletal repair in preclinical models and in clinical defects. We herein review studies using the critical size supraalveolar periodontal defect model in which clinically meaningful periodontal regeneration was achieved following reconstructive surgery, including space provision by reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes or including surgical implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2. Potential mechanisms involved in observed regeneration are discussed. J Periodontol 1995;66:511–521.
Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor‐Modulated Guided Tissue Regenerative Therapy
Authors: Cho Moon‐Il , Lin Wen‐Lang , Genco Robert J.
Published: March 2012

The goal of this study was to develop an effective regenerative therapy capable of achieving periodontal regeneration of Class III furcation defects. We attempted to achieve this goal by combining three therapeutic approaches. First, the lesion was protected by an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane that prevents migration of gingival fibroblasts as well as osteogenic cells from the mucoperiosteal flaps. Second, platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB), which has potent chemotactic and mitogenic effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL), was used to promote migration of fibroblasts and their proliferation on the root surface. Third, the root surface, demineralized by citric acid conditioning, was chosen as the primary site for PDGF‐BB application. The demineralized root surface appeared to have the capability of providing a sustained release of the applied growth factor. This seemed to facilitate rapid repopulation of PDL fibroblasts on the root surface and new PDL formation in the early stages of repair, which contributed to complete periodontal regeneration without root resorption and ankylosis in later stages. Combining these approaches, we developed a therapy referred to as “PDGF‐modulated guided tissue regenerative therapy.” Unlike guided tissue regenerative therapy alone (without PDGF‐BB), this therapy effectively promoted periodontal regeneration of Class III furcation defects in the beagle dog without significant ankylosis or root resorption. J Periodontol 1995;66:522–530.
Treatment of Class II Furcation Involvements in Humans With Bioresorbable and Nonresorbable Guided Tissue Regeneration Barriers. A Randomized Multi‐Center Study
Authors: Hugoson A. , Ravald N. , Fornell J. , Johard G. , Teiwik A. , Gottlow J.
Published: March 2012

In this multi‐center study 38 patients with contralateral molar Class II furcation defects were treated with GTR therapy using a bioresorbable matrix barrier (test) and a nonresorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) barrier (control). Following flap elevation, scaling, root planing, and removal of granulation tissue, each device was adjusted to cover the furcation defect. The flaps were repositioned and sutured to complete coverage of the barriers. A second surgical procedure was performed at control sites after 4 to 6 weeks to remove the nonresorbable barrier. Before treatment and 12 months postsurgery all patients were examined and probing depths, clinical attachment levels, and position of the gingival margin were recorded. The primary response variable was the change in clinical attachment level in a horizontal direction (CAL‐H change). Both treatment procedures reduced the probing depths (P ≤ 0.001). Statistically significant gain of clinical attachment level in both horizontal and vertical direction was found at the test sites. At control sites gain of attachment in horizontal direction was statistically significant. The gain of CAL‐H was 2.2 mm at test sites compared to 1.4 mm at control sites (P ≤ 0.05). At test sites, the gingival margin was maintained close to the pre‐surgical level (0.3 mm), whereas at control sites gingival recession was evident (0.9 mm), the difference being statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01). Postsurgical complications, such as swelling and pain were more frequent following the control treatment (P ≤ 0.05). J Periodontol 1995;66:624–634.
Treatment of an Endodontic Perforation With a Restoration and a Root Coverage Gingival Graft
Authors: Harris Randall J.
Published: March 2012

This case report describes the treatment of a perforation on the facial surface of the maxillary right central incisor made during endodontic therapy. Treatment of this highly visible area required a creative approach to therapy. The perforation was repaired with an amalgam restoration. A connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft was used to replace missing periodontal structures, cover the exposed root surface, and obscure from view, as much as possible, the amalgam restoration placed in the perforation. This unconventional therapy is offered as a possible treatment option when few or no other acceptable options exist. J Periodontol 1995;66:646–652.
Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Anti‐Leukotoxin Antibodies in Some Members of an Extended Family Affected by Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome
Authors: Stabholz Ayala , Taichman Norton S. , Soskolne W. Aubrey
Published: March 2012

Eighteen (18) members of an extended family in which numerous individuals have Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) were examined. In all, 6 affected members and 12 non‐affected members were included. All patients underwent a clinical examination which, in the dentate persons, included plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and periodontal attachment loss and a set of full mouth periapical x‐rays. Subgingival bacterial samples were also collected from 2 teeth in the dentate patients for cultures and identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Serum samples were collected from all participants and assayed for antileukotoxin antibodies. The results indicate that there is a high prevalence of leukotoxic strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans in persons suffering from PLS, as well as in unaffected family members. The ubiquitous presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the family units suggests a close association between A. actinomycetemcomitans and the periodontal disease associated with the syndrome; it also suggests that A. actinomycetemcomitans by itself is not sufficient for the expression of periodontal disease and that other factors, some of which must be genetic, are necessary for lesion development. J Periodontol 1995;66:653–657.
Correlation Between Volatile Sulphur Compounds and Certain Oral Health Measurements in the General Population
Authors: Miyazaki Hideo , Sakao Shigeru , Katoh Yasuhiro , Takehara Tadamichi
Published: March 2012

Oral malodor was measured using a portable sulphide monitor in 2,672 individuals aged 18 to 64 years. In addition, dental (DMFT) and periodontal conditions (CPITN and attachment loss), dental plaque, and tongue coating status were assessed. Before clinical examination, subjects were interviewed about their oral health habits, smoking habits, and medical history. Data on volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) were analyzed by gender, age group, and time of measurement. There were no significant differences observed in the VSC between males and females in any age group. In each age group, the measured values of oral malodor were highest in the late morning group (58.6 ppb in average), followed by the late afternoon group (52.1 ppb), while lowest values were shown in the early afternoon group (39.4 ppb). Significant correlation was observed only between the VSC value and periodontal conditions and tongue coating status. The results also suggest that oral malodor might be caused mainly by tongue coating in the younger generation and by periodontal diseases together with tongue coating in older cohorts in the general population. Age was not a risk factor for increasing VSC. J Periodontol 1995;66:679–684.
Effect of Tetracycline HCl on Periodontally‐Affected Human Root Surfaces
Authors: Trombetti Leonardo , Scabbia Alessandro , Zangari Francesca , Griselli Alessandra , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Calura Giorgio
Published: March 2012

Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate surface characteristics of periodontitis‐exposed instrumented human cementum and dentin surfaces following topical application of tetracycline HCl (TTC). Specimens were randomly assigned to application of sterile saline for 1 minute (control); TTC (10 mg/ml) for 1 minute and 4 minutes, respectively; and TTC (100 mg/ml) for 1 minute and‐4 minutes, respectively. Solutions were applied with a cotton pellet using a burnishing technique. Control specimens exhibited an amorphous irregular surface smear layer. TTC treatment of cementum for 1 minute resulted in a relatively debris‐free, nonhomogeneous surface. The 4‐minute application resulted in a surface exhibiting a densely fibrillar, matlike texture. Dentin specimens conditioned for 1 minute showed a smooth surface with many tubule openings partially occluded by debris. The 4‐minute treatment exposed a 3‐dimensional network of intertubular and peritubular collagen fibrils. No consistent morphologic differences were observed between cementum or dentin specimens treated with TTC at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. The results suggest that topical application of TTC produces morphologic alterations of periodontitis‐exposed cementum and dentin that appear related to application interval rather than concentration of the drug. J Periodontol 1995;66:685–691.
Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid With Advanced Periodontal Involvement: Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Lilly Jeffrey P. , Spivey James D. , Fotos Peter G.
Published: March 2012

This paper describes a case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid which affected the periodontal tissues and complicated ocular prosthesis placement. The clinical findings, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic management of this disorder are reviewed. J Periodontol 1995;66:737–741.
Effect of Instrument Power Setting During Ultrasonic Scaling Upon Treatment Outcome
Authors: Chapple Iain L.C. , Walmsley A. Damien , Saxby Michael S. , Moscrop Helen
Published: March 2012

Ultrasonic scalers may be operated at different power settings which may influence the final therapeutic result. The displacement amplitude of the scaling tip may affect scaling efficiency or the degree of root surface damage. This investigation aimed to determine whether there was any difference in periodontal healing, as assessed by standard clinical methods, when an ultrasonic sealer was operated at full or half power in patients suffering from mild to moderate adult periodontitis. Seventeen patients with chronic adult periodontitis were entered into the study and a split mouth design utilized. Quadrant allocation was randomized, 2 quadrants being treated at full power and 2 at half power. At baseline, probing attachment levels, bleeding and plaque indices (BI and PI) were recorded and oral hygiene instruction given. Two weeks later all measurements were repeated and further recordings made at 1, 3, and 6 months post‐therapy. Statistical analysis demonstrated no differences between groups at baseline (P > 0.3) for all parameters. At the post‐oral hygiene stage, there were significant attachment gains for both experimental groups (P < 0.04), but no differences were found between the groups (P > 0.6). At 6 months, mean attachment gains for the half power and full power groups over baseline measures were 0.5 ± 0.5 mm and 0.4 ± 0.3 mm, respectively (P < 0.002), and there were no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.5). The results show that the use of the half power setting was as effective as using the ultrasonic sealer at full power. Further work is required to determine whether the action of the water irrigant is more important than mechanical chipping of the sealer tip during ultrasonic scaling. J Periodontol 1995;66:756–760.
Immunohistochemical Study of γδ T Cells in Human Gingival Tissues
Authors: Kawahara Kazuko , Fukunaga Masami , Takata Takashi , Kawamura Makoto , Morishita Masayuki , Iwamoto Yoshifumi
Published: March 2012

The distribution and the density of γδ T cells in human gingival tissues were examined immunohistochemically in biopsy samples obtained from 20 subjects. Few γδ T cells were observed in gingival tissue free from inflammatory cell infiltration, but were found, albeit in low numbers, in association with inflammatory cell infiltration, especially T cells. This relationship with T cells was confirmed statistically. The ratios of 78 T cells to T cells in the epithelia and in the connective tissue were calculated in the sections in which more than 500 CD3‐positive cells were identified. Seven of eight such epithelial specimens showed a ratio of less than 1% and one less than 2% (mean ± SD; 0.8% ± 0.4). In the connective tissue, 8 of 13 such specimens showed less than 1%, three less than 2%, one 3%, and one 7% (1.4% ± 1.9). These results suggest that basically γδ T cells are not resident cells in the gingival epithelium such as comprise the first defense line against exogenous irritation. They may play some role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease collaborating with γδ T cells in the inflammatory response. J Periodontol 1995;66:775–779.
Periodontal Regeneration of Human Intrabony Defects With Titanium Reinforced Membranes. A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Prato Giovanpaolo Pini , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this controlled clinical trial was to compare the clinical efficacy of 3 treatment modalities in the treatment of deep interproximal intrabony defects. Forty‐five (45) defects in 45 patients‐were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups by blocking to prognostic variables. The test group was treated with titanium reinforced membranes positioned just apical to the cemento‐enamel junction and the modified papilla preservation technique; the second group received conventional expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) barrier membranes applied at the alveolar crest; the third group was treated with an access flap procedure. The groups were well balanced with respect to all prognostic variables. During the 1‐year observation period, patients were subjected to a stringent infection control program including: professional tooth cleaning every week for the first 6 weeks (all groups) and in the 4 weeks following membrane removal (guided tissue regeneration groups), then at monthly intervals (all groups). The results indicated that: 1) all treatment modalities resulted in clinical and statistically significant improvements in clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depths (PD) at 1 year; 2) a significantly greater amount of CAL gain (P = 0.0003, analysis of variance) was observed in the test group (5.3±2.2 mm) with respect to both the ePTFE group (4.1±1.8 mm) and the flap control group 2.5±0.8; 3) in the test group the 1 year CAL (4.7±1.8 mm) was located more coronally than the baseline position of the interproximal alveolar crest (5.9±2 mm; P = 0.003, t test). It can be concluded that: 1) the combination of the papilla preservation technique with self‐supporting barrier membranes resulted in significantly greater CAL improvements than conventional GTR or access flaps and 2) displacement of clinical CAL coronal to the interproximal bone crest is possible. J Periodontol 1995;66:797–803.
Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis (Kostmann Type). A Case Report
Authors: Saǧlam Funda , Atamer Tanju , Onan Utku , Soydinç Mahtaban , Kiraç Kaan
Published: March 2012

Severe periodontitis in a patient with infantile genetic agranulocytosis (Kostmann syndrome) is presented. This rare syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive pattern and characterized by severe neutropenia. The periodontal status and treatment of the patient is described. It is concluded that periodontal therapy including scaling, root planing, soft tissue curettage, and the use of selected antimicrobial agents can be successful in this particular syndrome. J Periodontol 1995;66:808–810.
Axonal Transport of Fluorescent Carbocyanine Dyes Allows Mapping of Peripheral Nerve Territories in Gingiva
Authors: Sugaya Akira , Chudler Eric H. , Byers Margaret R.
Published: March 2012

Sensory innervation of gingival tissue can cause neurogenic inflammation that depends on the extent of the branching area of the peripheral nerve fibers. We designed the present study to determine whether single trigeminal axons branch to both the buccal and palatal gingiva of maxillary molars of adult rats. Accumulation via retrograde transport of Dil (red) or DiA (green) fluorescent carbocyanine dyes in neurons of trigeminal ganglia was evaluated 7 days after applying one dye to the buccal sulcus and the other to the palatal sulcus. Both dyes were absorbed through the junctional epithelium, and the two sites each labeled similar numbers and sizes of neurons in the lateral zone of the maxillary division (44% from buccal and 46% from palatal gingiva). Double‐labeled neurons had the same size (32.5 ± 6.70 μm, mean circumference ± S.D.) and location as single‐labeled neurons, and they were 9% of the total. This study shows that exogenous dyes can diffuse into mucosa and thereby allow in vivo mapping of sensory nerve branching patterns to several intact tissues per animal. We found that 9% of the labeled cells extended to both the buccal and palatal gingiva. Thus, inflammation that spreads from one gingival region to the other could have a neurogenic mechanism involving trigeminal sensory neurons that extend their peripheral branches to innervate both buccal and palatal gingiva of adult rat molars. J Periodontol 1995; 66:817–821.
Human Demineralized Freeze‐Dried Bone: Inadequate Induced Bone Formation in Athymic Mice. A Preliminary Report
Authors: Becker William , Urist Marshall R. , Tucker Lloyd M. , Becker Burton E. , Ochsenbein Clifford
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to test the osteoinductive properties of demineralized freeze‐dried bone (DFDBA) randomly purchased from four commercial bone banks. Twenty‐five (25) milligrams of bone from each of the banks was implanted into the hindquarter muscles of athymic mice. Two samples from each of the banks were compared with samples from the other banks. A total of 16 implants were grafted into 8 mice. Two additional mice served as controls. One mouse received an implantation of deactived human cortical bone matrix (DBM) (negative control). The other mouse received an implant of human bone morphogenetic protein/non‐collagenous proteins (hBMP/NCP) infused to surface demineralized human cortical bone (positive control). At 21 days the mice were killed, the hindquarters were photographed, and the tissues were prepared for histologic evaluation. Of the 16 commercial DFDBA implants, 12 were available for histologic evaluation. There was no radiographie evidence of bone formation for the DFDBA implanted mice or the DBM implants. Small bone ossicles were scarcely visible in the hindquarters of the mouse which received the hBMP/NCP infused bone. Histomorphometric analysis was used to determine the percentage of new and dead bone. The bone was measured in pixels. The predominant histologic feature of the DFDBA implants was non‐vital bone chips with minimal amounts of new bone. The average amount of non‐vital bone ranged from 78.4% to 92.5%. There was no evidence of bone formation for the DBM implants. The average amount of bone for the mouse which received hBMP/NCP was 96%. The results of this pilot study indicate that commercially‐available DFDBA induced clinically insignificant amounts of bone. The results of this exploratory study questions the continued use of commercially available DFDBA for bone induction in periodontal defects and adjacent to dental implants. The research points out the need for a matrix supplemented with recombinant human BMP (rhBMP). J Periodontol 1995;66:822–828.
Microbiological Response to Mechanical Treatment in Combination With Adjunctive Therapy. A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bollen Curd M.L. , Quirynen Marc
Published: March 2012

The recognition of the microbial origin and the specificity of periodontal infections has resulted in the development of several adjunctive therapies (antibiotics and/or antiseptics) to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis. This article aims to review the “additional” effect of a subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine, or a local or systemic application of tetracycline or metronidazole, performed in combination with a single course of scaling and root planing in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. All treatment modalities are compared with scaling and root planing, based on their impact on: the probing depth (PD); total number of colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml); the proportions and/or the detection‐frequency of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia; and/or on the percentages of cocci, spirochetes, motile, and other microorganisms on dark field microscopy examination. All treatment modalities, including scaling and root planing without additional chemical therapy, resulted in significant reductions in the probing depth and the proportions of periodontopathogens, at least during the first 8 weeks post‐therapy. However in comparison to a single course of scaling and root planing, the supplementary effect of adjunctive therapies seems to be limited. In general, only the irrigation with chlorhexidine 2%, the local application of minocycline, and the systemic use of metronidazole (in case of large proportions of spirochetes) or doxycycline (in case of large proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans) seem to result in a prolonged supplementary effect when compared to scaling and root planing. Therefore, the use of antibiotics on a routine basis, especially in a systemic way, in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis, can no longer be advocated, considering the increasing danger for the development of microbial resistance. J Periodontol 1996;67:1143–1158.
Periodontitis Associated With Chronic Renal Failure: A Case Report
Authors: Khocht Ahmed
Published: March 2012

Chronic renal disease is associated with well‐documented impairments in polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function. PMNs are important in defending the periodontium against plaque infections. This report discusses a case of periodontitis in a patient with chronic renal failure. It presents treatment provided and 1‐year follow up. It shows that periodontal infections in patients with depressed PMN function could still be managed successfully with standard periodontal treatment emphasizing plaque control. J Periodontol 1996;67:1206–1209.
Guided Tissue Regeneration Versus Mucogingival Surgery in the Treatment of Human Buccal Recessions. A 4‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Prato Giampaolo Pini , Clauser Carlo , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tinti Carlo , Vincenzi Giampaolo , Pagliaro Umberto
Published: March 2012

The 4‐year follow‐up results of a clinical trial are reported. The clinical results of the treatment of buccal recession were analyzed comparing the outcomes of a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedure with nonresorbable membranes and a 2‐step mucogingival procedure consisting of a coronally‐positioned free gingival graft in two groups of 25 patients each. The final root coverage was 73.07% in the test group (GTR) and 72.3% in the control group (mucogingival surgery). In the test group, statistically significant recession reduction, probing depth reduction, clinical attachment level gain, and increase of keratinized tissue width were observed. In the control group the results were similar except for probing depth, which did not vary significantly. At the end of the 4‐year follow‐up period, the average periodontal conditions did not differ between the 2 groups, with the exception of the keratinized tissue width. This was obviously greater in the control group, where a free gingival graft had been carried out. Recessions ≥ 5 mm had a greater root coverage after GTR treatment. In both groups, the periodontal parameters remained stable between 18 months and 4 years after surgery, indicating remarkable stability; the only exception was a significant increase in the keratinized tissue width in the test group. When the changes between the baseline and the 4‐year follow‐up were compared, the average reduction in the recession was similar in the two groups while probing depth reduction and clinical attachment level were greater in the GTR group. J Periodontol 1996;67:1216–1223.
The Effects of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor‐BB and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 on Epithelial Dysplasia
Authors: Shih Sarah D. , Rees Terry D. , Miller Edward G. , Wright John M. , Iacopino Anthony M.
Published: March 2012

Growth factors are multi‐functional and multi‐targeted proteins which play a significant role in wound healing. Platelet‐derived growth factor B‐chain homodimer (PDGF‐BB) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) have demonstrated efficacy for periodontal regeneration in animal models. Although primarily associated with wound healing, PDGF‐BB and IGF‐1 also facilitate growth of a number of malignant neoplasms. Of particular concern to periodontists is epithelial dysplasia, a necessary precursor to squamous cell carcinoma, the most common oral malignancy. Certain risk factors for oral cancer, such as tobacco, age, and alcohol, are also associated with an increased incidence of periodontal disease. The effects of the combination of PDGF‐BB and IGF‐1 on epithelial dysplasia have not previously been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the combination of PDGF‐BB and IGF‐1 on epithelial dysplasia induced in the buccal cheek pouch of the Syrian golden hamster. A total of 66 hamsters received 18 applications of 0.5% dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), a topical carcinogen, over a 6‐week period for the induction of dysplasia. The hamsters were subsequently divided into a baseline and 3 experimental groups (growth factors, saline vehicle, untreated control). Following the final DMBA application (day 0), the baseline group (N = 6) was sacrificed, the growth factor group (N = 21) received a single injection in the cheek pouch containing 4 μg of PDGF‐BB and 4 μg of IGF‐1 in saline, the saline group (N = 19) received an injection in the cheek pouch containing the saline vehicle only, and the untreated control group (N = 20) received no injection. Animals in experimental groups were sacrificed on days 3, 6, and 10. The cheek pouches were harvested for histologic and histochemical evaluation. Dysplasia was histologically graded from 0 to 4. Statistical analysis of the histologic data revealed no significant differences either by sacrifice date or by group. Histochemical evaluation, via staining for gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), a marker for dysplastic cell colonies, revealed that the density of GGT‐positive cells in experimental groups differed significantly from baseline levels. No significant differences were detected between experimental groups. There was poor correlation between the density of GGT‐positive cells and the histologic grading of dysplasia. It is concluded that exposure to PDGF‐BB and IGF‐1 had no demonstrable effect on epithelial dysplasia in this hamster model. J Periodontol 1996;67:1224–1232.