bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GLOBAL UNIVERSITY RATING INDICATORS AND SUGGESTION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ENTREPRENEUR UNIVERSITIES IN AZERBAIJAN
Authors: Mammadli Abdulkhalig
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to summarize the evaluation criteria based on the organizations that determine the ranking of universities in the international arena and to formulate a proposal for the establishment of entrepreneur universities in Azerbaijan. The topic was studied by the method of qualitative research. The data for the study were collected from the evaluation tables of five different organizations that make up the rankings of the world’s universities. The obtained data were analyzed by the document analysis method. As a result of the study, certain proposals were made regarding the importance of transforming Azerbaijani higher education institutions into entrepreneur universities. It is revealed that, the prospective changes of the Azerbaijani universities into the entrepreneur universities is predicted to benefit the country’s social and economic development and in return increase the level of these universities in the Global University ranking tables.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF FUTURE DOCTORS
Authors: Murzina Olena , Raznatovska Olena , Pototska Olena , Kozhan Olena
Published: March 2021

The article reveals the essence of organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of professional values of future doctors. It is established that the organizational and pedagogical conditions in the process of professional training of future doctors make it possible to focus on the development of professional potential and active position of students in professional activities and contribute to the formation of professional values.
МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ГОТОВНОСТІ ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ІТ-ФАХІВЦІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ІНШОМОВНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ
Authors: Теремінко Лариса , Гурська Олена
Published: March 2021

У статті розглянуто основні методологічні підходи та принципи у формуванні готовності до професійної мобільності майбутніх ІТ-фахівців, що визначають зміст, організаційні форми та методи навчальної роботи в процесі іншомовної підготовки, зумовлені закономірностями й завданнями освітнього процесу.
ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВВЕДЕННЯ ДИТИНИ З АУТИЗМОМ В НАВЧАЛЬНО-ВИХОВНИЙ ПРОСТІР ЗДО
Authors: Ковтун Алла , Гетьман Тетяна
Published: March 2021

В запропонованому науковому теоретичному доробку ми робимо спроби проаналізувати особливості розвитку дітей з аутичним спектром. Також зосереджуємося на тих моментах, на які необхідно звернути увагу батькам та фахівцям для введення в навчально-виховний простір їх вихованця. Діти з такою унікальністю, мають свої шляхи становлення особистості. На сьогоднішній день вчені продовжують шукати ефективні та гуманні способи лікування. Але на нашу думку, вірно та вчасно (рання) проведена діагностика та подальша комплексна реабілітація допомагає відкрити їй цей світ більш мꞌяко та по-доброму.
СПЕЦИФИКА СЮЖЕТНО-ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ КАРТИНЫ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ КАЗАХСТАНСКИХ ХУДОЖНИКОВ НАЧАЛА XXI ВЕКА
Authors: Нехвядович Лариса , Фрадкина Гелла
Published: March 2021

Рассмотреть специфика сюжетно –тематической картину казахских художников XXI века. Раскрыть проблемы зарождения и развития «этнического сознания» в трактовке казахстанского художественного изобразительного языка, жанра, композиции, сюжетной основы, мотивов и темы.
ВИПАДОК РАПТОВОЇ СЕРЦЕВОЇ СМЕРТІ ВАГІТНОЇ
Authors: Гарагуля Ірина , Хасхачих Дмитро , Демченко Тетяна , Казбінова Діана
Published: March 2021

Представлений клінічний випадок раптової серцевої смерті (РСС) вагітної жінки з вродженою нейросенсорною туговухістю та внутрішньоутробною загибеллю плоду. Проаналізована історія хвороби та результати патологоанатомічного дослідження 34-літньої вагітної з вродженою нейросенсорною туговухістю IV ступеня на фоні 41 тижня вагітності, анемії легкого ступеня, Rh-негативного типу крові без ізосенсибілізації, у якої наступила РСС, що призвела до раптової внутрішньоутробної загибелі плоду. Проаналізований випадок РСС вагітної з вродженою нейросенсорною туговухістю IV ст. показав її зв’язок з вродженим генетичним синдромом Джервелла - Ланге –Нільсена, але для встановлення остаточного діагнозу у раптово померлої молодої вагітної жінки з вродженою нейросенсорною туговухістю необхідно проведення комплексного молекулярно-генетичного дослідження, можливість проведення якого на даний час в Україні відсутня. Провокуючими факторами РСС при каналопатіях пов’язаних з синдромом Джервелла - Ланге –Нільсена можуть бути психоемоційні ситуації, різкі звукові подразники, фізичне перевантаження, прийом деяких лікарських засобів. Не зважаючи на рідкісність захворювання та малу вероятність розвитку РСС у вагітних з такою патологією, існує необхідність розробки та впровадження клінічного протоколу ведення вагітних з даною патологією та алгоритму дій медичного персоналу в випадку РСС.
CASE STUDY: THE APPROACH OF MILITARY UNIT COMMAND WITH THE QUALITY MODEL OF THE EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING
Authors: Pappas Georgios
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, many organizations try to ensure the best result with the minimum necessary sources by following the practices of the propulsion of self-valuation throughout the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) approach, within the frame of a Strategic Planning. The self-valuation criterions of the EFQM, can also be implemented in military units. The case of the EFQM self-valuation criterions’ implementation in a military Unit is examined in this study. It is tried a critical analysis of the case, by examining the following practice of its Commander within the context that his activities are emerged. Then, a particular proposal which concerns the implementation of the planning that follows the Johnson and Scholes (1993) model, is presented. The various manifestations and meanings of the self-valuation criterions and the useful tool of the Strategic Planning are revealed. Moreover, the characteristics of the leader-Commander are presented, so that the unit can meet the standards of the desired final state. The demand of active Commanders with vision, who can inspire the personnel by the proper guidance and the ability to convince them to follow the procedures, is the conclusion that comes out of the proposal. By carrying out a continuous self-valuation, within the frame of the EFQM criterions, and then, following the necessary actions, the improvement can be achieved. The personnel and the potential of its progress, the stuff maintenance, the facilities’ improvement, the exploration of the environment, in order recourses can be found, are the crucial factors so that actions can be taken over, which will targer to the exploitation of the unit’s potentials, the reduction of the threats and the weaknesses’ change into potentials. Commanding and leading skills are necessary with the simultaneous participation of all bodies in the various procedures. Yet, unpredictable situations, limitations and moral dilemmas may appear, making thus difficult Strategic Planning’s implementation.
HADIS TEMATIK ANTROPOMORFISME
Authors: Rambe Uqbatul Khoir
Published: March 2021

The word "anthropomorphism" is derived from English "anthropomorphism" which comes from the Greek "anthropos" (human) and "morphe" (form). In Islamic teachings, anthropomorphism is identified with "tasybîh" or "tajassum" . T ashbîh means to resemble something with something else. In theological terms, tasybîh means the likeness of God with humans in the form and attributes of Him. Whereas tajassum means the depiction of the body of God as found in humans. That doctrinal anthropomorphism is a necessity and is evident both in the hadith and the Koran. The amount even so much, can reach hundreds. From the hadith of the Messenger of Allah it was found that the holy riots were claimed by Bukhori and Muslim. When viewed from Mukhorrij it is strongly believed that the hadith is very true, and there is no reason to reject it. While at the level of thought, both in sarah and in the opinions of scholars, theologians and Sufis found their thoughts varied.Each argues that supports their thinking. Nothing can take precedence over the others, because all interpretations are intended to establish the right acceptance of Allah SWT. Wallohu a bus showab
Transparansi Penyaluran Dan Pengelolaan Dana Desa Terhadap Pemanfaatan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Papua Di Kabupaten Sorong Propinsi Papua Barat.
Authors: Suripatty Roberthair , Arce Yulita Ferdinandus
Published: March 2021

Perwujudan otonomi masyarakat dalam suatu desa merupakan proses peningkatan kemampuan untuk berpartisipasi pasif dan aktif yang berjangka panjang perlu dicapai adalah 1. peningkatan pemanfataan teknologi informasi yang bernuangsa pada system inovasi desa dan daerah, 2. Menyumbangkan ide dan pemikiran yang logis dalam merumusakan peningkatan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, 3. melakukan perencanaan dan perumusan suatu strategi untuk memperkuat system inovasi desa dan daearah yang berbasis teknologi informasi SDM. Adapun pencapaian target yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1. memberikan pelatihan SDM untuk dapat merealisasi anggaran dana desa dalam bentuk format yang mudah dipahami, 2. keterbukaan pemerintah daerah dalam penggunaan dana desa secara transparansi berbasis teknologi informasi, 3. tata kelola keuangan desa maupun daearah secara efektif dan efesien dalam aplikasi yang dapat dimengerti. Adapun metode yang digunakan untuk mencapai penelitian ini berupa 1. menganalisis sejauh mana transparansi penyaluran dan pengelolaan dana des melaluli data sekunder, hasil analisi ini dapat dijadikan acuan inovasi teknologi informasi yang actual, 2. mempersiapkan roadmap aplikasi berinovasi melalui perkembangan teknologi informasi. Adapun acuan kegiatan kerja yang diusulkan dalam penelitian ini berupa 1. Agar pemerintah kabupaten sorong harus membuat pembaharuan yang berinovasi pada system teknologi informasi yang actual, 2. transparansi pemakaian dana desa yang dapat bisa diakses secara mudah dan pahami. 3. agar pemerintah daerah dapat mengembangkan inovasi teknologi yang dapat membantu mengawasi penyerapan anggaran dana desa yang transparansi, 4. membuat pelatihan SDM bagi setiap aparatur desa oleh pemerintah kabupaten sorong agar potensi kerja di desa dapat tercapai. Dalam penelitian ini data juga diperoleh dan didapatkan dari informan – informan melalui wawancara dengan responden dan dibuat dalam skema transkripsi wawancara yang actual sehingga mempermudah dalam melakaukan mengelolah data penelitian. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi yang baik bagi pemerintah daerah kabupaten Sorong maupun desa sebagai penerimaan dana desa sebab semua ini untuk diperuntukkan bagi masayakarat Papua. Metode analisis yang dipakai adalah metode deskritif kualitatif, berupa hasil wawancara dan transkrip responden.
Effect of different foliar particle films (kaolin and zeolitite) on chemical and sensory properties of olive oil
Authors: Rotondi Annalisa , Bertazza Gianpaolo , Faccini Barbara , Ferretti Giacomo , Morrone Lucia
Published: March 2021

During the growing season, the use of foliar treatments based on fine grained geomaterial to reduce the negative impact of environmental stresses and protect the olives from insect pests is a well-known approach; however, while kaolin powders have been widely employed, zeolitite-based materials are much less known and exploited.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of the two different treatments (zeolitite and kaolin) on the chemical and sensory qualities of the oils produced.

The study was carried out during two consecutive crop seasons in a 15 year old commercial olive orchard (Olea europaea), cv Correggiolo, located on the Appennine hills near Bologna (Italy). Foliar treatments were distributed during summer, until olive harvest. Ripening index, weight, oil and water content were measured on olive fruits. Olive productions were transformed in oils using a low scale continuous mill, quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide numbers, K232, K270, total phenols, fatty acids) were evaluated according to the official methods described in Regulation EC 2568/91 and subsequent amendments. Phenolic compounds, vitamins and pigments were determined by HPLC-DAD. Sensory analysis was performed by the panel of Agency for Agrofood Sector Services of Marche region (ASSAM), a fully-trained analytical taste panel recognized by the International Olive Oil Council (IOC) of Madrid, Spain, and by the Italian Ministry for Agriculture, Food, and Forestry Policy.

Olives treated with zeolite showed higher oil contents with respect to the other treatments. Oils produced by plants treated with zeolite particle film exhibited higher contents of total phenols, tyrosol, oleuropein and secoiridoids than to the oils produced by other treatments. Oils produced from olives treated with kaolin had sensory profiles characterized by sweet notes ascribable to ripe fruits, the tasters perceived notes of berries that are not typical of the Correggiolo cultivar.

The sensory taint test revealed a statistically significant difference between oils produced from olives treated with kaolin and the control, whereas no difference emerged between oils obtained from olives treated with zeolite and the control.

Particle film can influence some physiological plant parameters (photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency) and, by consequence, it has also an influence on olive and oil quality. Olive plants treated with zeolite produced oils with higher antioxidant endowment, while oils produced from plants treated with kaolin were characterized by lower phenolic contents. Moreover, the kaolin treatment significantly affected the organoleptic properties of oils.
Contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to changes in the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks during the 20th and 21st centuries
Authors: Black Kerry , Colfescu Ioana , Bollasina Massimo
Published: March 2021

Midlatitude storm tracks are a key component of the global atmospheric circulation. Extratropical cyclones associated with and evolving along the storm tracks dominate the day‐to‐day weather variability in the mid-latitudes, and changes in storm track activity or location strongly impact regional climate variations. Baroclinic waves that form the storm tracks are also responsible for transporting much of the heat, moisture, and momentum poleward in the midlatitudes. Therefore, investigating how storm tracks may respond to future changes in anthropogenic forcing is of significant interest. Yet, while most of the studies have focused on the role of increased greenhouse gases and the associated response at the end of the 21st century, the role of anthropogenic aerosols has been comparatively less studied. Furthermore, identifying robust changes in the atmospheric circulation is challenging and a major source of uncertainty in climate projections given the variety of responses in different models. This study aims to address these two aspects, benefitting from the use of large ensembles of single forcing experiments for the historical period and the future under RCP8.5, which allow to better identify the contribution of internal variability and its interplay with external forcing. We will discuss changes of the northern hemisphere storm tracks over both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, disentangle the contribution of anthropogenic aerosol changes, and build a physical link with large-scale circulation and surface climate over the two-basins.
Global-scale surface salinity change since the 1870s.Implications for the global hydrological cycle
Authors: Gould W John , Cunningham Stuart
Published: March 2021

Based on the first ever combined analysis of observations from the round-the-world voyages of HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the 1870s, early in the industrial era, this paper shows that the amplification of the global surface salinity signal (saline areas becoming saltier and fresh areas fresher) has increased by 63±5% since the 1950s compared to the period 1870s to 1950s. Other analyses of regional salinity change between the mid-20th century and present day have linked this amplification to anthropogenically-driven strengthening of the global hydrological cycle in line with increasing global temperatures. Our results show that the rate of change has indeed accelerated but more closely in line with changes in sea surface temperature than with surface air temperature over almost 150 years. This is the first global-scale analysis of salinities from these two expeditions in the 1870s and the first observational evidence of changes in the global hydrological cycle since the late 19th century.
The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sources and sinks of CO2 in the global coastal ocean
Authors: Roobaert Alizee , Laruelle Goulven , Resplandy Laure , Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Liao Enhui , Chou Lei , Regnier Pierre
Published: March 2021

The spatio-temporal variability and the underlying drivers of the carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange at the air-water interface (FCO2) of the global coastal ocean are still poorly understood and their quantification remains highly uncertain. Here, we present an analysis of the spatial and seasonal variability of FCO2 using a high-resolution (0.25 degree) monthly climatology (1998-2015 period) for coastal sea surface partial pressure in CO2 (pCO2), globally.

Overall, a clear latitudinal pattern emerges from our analysis regarding sources/sinks distribution of atmospheric CO2 and we find that in most regions, annual mean CO2 flux densities are comparable in sign and magnitude to those of the adjacent open ocean except for river dominated systems. Globally, coastal regions act as a CO2 sink with a more intense uptake occurring in summer because of the disproportionate influence of high latitude coastal seas in the Northern Hemisphere. The majority of the coastal seasonal FCO2 variations stems from the air-sea pCO2 gradient, although changes in wind speed and sea-ice cover can also be significant regionally. To investigate further the drivers of the spatio-seasonal variability, our observation-based pCO2 climatology is used in conjunction with global ocean biogeochemistry model MOM6-COBALT. The model outputs allow us to quantify the respective contributions of thermal effects, biology, and non-thermal physical processes (circulation and freshwater inputs) to seasonal variations in coastal pCO2. Generally, biological activity is the dominant driver of the pCO2 seasonal variability in temperate and high latitudes while thermal and non-thermal physical processes dominate in low latitudes.
Detecting transience in slow evolution landscapes using cosmogenic nuclides and high resolution morphometry
Authors: Godard Vincent , Salgado Andre , Siame Lionel , Fleury Jules , Team Aster
Published: March 2021

Transient evolution and adjustment to changing tectonic and climatic boundary conditions is an essential attribute of landscapes. We present a new approach to detect and quantify transience in slow erosion landscapes over 100 ka timescales. We compare curvature and cosmogenic nuclides measurements (10Be and 26Al) at hilltop sites with predictions of hillslope diffusion theory, in the slowly evolving quartzitic Serra do Cipó range in SE Brazil, and we observe a distinctive signature of an acceleration of denudation. The timing of this increase cannot be unequivocally associated with a single climatic event but is consistent with climatically-modulated important fluctuations in precipitation and erosion in this area during Middle and Late Pleistocene.
Quantifying development of shallow/warm marine cumulus clouds from geostationary observations
Authors: Seelig Torsten , Müller Felix , Deneke Hartwig , Tesche Matthias
Published: March 2021

In our study, we track shallow/warm marine cumulus clouds in the trade wind zone centred around the Canary Islands in August 2015. Tracking was performed in the CLAAS-2 data record (CM SAF CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI, [1]) which is based on time-resolved geostationary measurements with the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) aboard Meteosat Second Generation. The retrieval of cloud trajectories allows for the calculation of the cloud lifetime distribution, the horizontal cloud size distribution and to characterize temporal changes in cloud properties. Cloud physical properties are available in the daytime. Filtering for daytime and low-level clouds we found about 65 thousand trajectories. For the considered period and domain, the lifetime distribution follows a power law. Most frequent are clouds which live on a time scale of tens of minutes. In the horizontal cloud size distribution, we detected two intervals following an exponential law but with different scaling. The first interval includes cloud sizes smaller than 30 km2 and the second interval includes cloud sizes equal to or larger than 30 km2 but smaller than 1000 km2. Clouds having a mean horizontal cloud size of approximately 30 km2 are most frequent. Furthermore, we present time series’ of cloud physical properties, as cloud droplet effective radius at cloud top re, cloud optical thickness, cloud water path and cloud droplet number concentration. For comparison of the trajectories, we choose re as a measure. If re reaches a certain value the trajectories have been centred at this specific relative time.

References
[1] Benas, N., Finkensieper, S., Stengel, M., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Hanschmann, T., Hollmann, R., Meirink, J. F.: The MSG-SEVIRI-based cloud property data
record CLAAS-2. Earth System Science Data 9(2), 415–434 (2017). DOI 10.5194/essd-9-415-2017
Long-term, sustained reduction in ocean productivity initiated at 4.6-4.4 Ma
Authors: Karatsolis Boris Theofanis , Lougheed Bryan , De Vleeschouwer David , Henderiks Jorijntje
Published: March 2021

The late Miocene to early Pliocene was a time of global cooling, albeit in a warmer-than present climate state. Increased marine primary productivity characterizes this interval, often referred to as the late Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom (~9-3.5 Ma). To explain its manifestation, paleoceanographers often involve ocean gateway or monsoon-related mechanisms, formulating hypotheses of increased or redistributed nutrients in the ocean. However, the exact cause-and-effect chains remain obscure, since important diachronicity is observed across ocean basins for the main phase and the termination of this event. Here, we compile proxy data for late Miocene to Pliocene paleoproductivity from all major ocean basins, including calcareous and siliceous plankton groups. By systematically evaluating the age-depth model accuracies of previously published records we demonstrate that a globally synchronous and long-sustained reduction in primary productivity was initiated with a sharp decline between 4.6 and 4.4 Ma. Our compilation supports that relatively rapid processes (~200 kyr) influenced nutrient availability towards the end of the biogenic bloom. By evaluating different mechanisms influencing the ocean nutrient budget on such time scales, we propose orbital forcing as an important candidate to have tipped the balance towards a less productive ocean. We show that this decline in productivity coincided with a prolonged period of low orbital eccentricity and a shift towards lower-amplitude obliquity. This specific astronomical configuration prevents the development of extreme seasonal contrasts which could lead to reduced nutrient supply to the ocean due to decreased riverine influx.
High Resolution Turbidity Modelling in Arctic Nearshore Environments
Authors: Klein Konstantin , Lantuit Hugues , Heim Birgit , Doxaran David , Nitze Ingmar , Juhls Bennet
Published: March 2021

The Arctic is directly impacted by climate change. The increase in air temperature drives the thawing of permafrost and an increase in coastal erosion and river discharge. This leads to a greater input of sediment and organic matter into coastal waters, which substantially impacts the ecosystems, the subsistence economy of the local population, and the climate because of the transformation of organic matter into greenhouse gases. Yet, the patterns of sediment dispersal in Arctic nearshore zones and their role in the Carbon cycle are not well known due to difficult accessibility and challenging weather conditions. In this study we present the first multi-sensor turbidtiy- reflectance relationship that was specifically calibrated for Arctic nearshore environments. Field data was collected during summer seasons 2018 and 2019 in the inner shelf waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea close to Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk. The turbidity-reflectance relationship was calibrated to mid to high spatial resolution sensors which are used in ocean color remote sensing, including Landsat 8, Sentinel 2, and Sentinel 3, using the relative spectral response functions. The results for Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 are very promising and showcase the possibility to resolve sediment accumulations, sediment pathways and filaments at higher detail than before. Both sensors are able to resolve high turbidity close to the coast with values comparable to our field measurements. Sentinel 3, on the other hand, is too coarse to resolve these features but provides great applicability due to its high temporal resolution. The transferability  of these relationships to nearshore environments outside the Canadian Beaufort Sea has to be tested in the future with the potential to map the sediment dispersal in nearshore environments at a circum- Arctic scale.
Increased frequency of Eurasian double jets linked to summer heat extremes in Europe
Authors: Rousi Efi , Kornhuber Kai , Beobide Arsuaga Goratz , Luo Fei , Coumou Dim
Published: March 2021

Persistent summer extremes, such as heatwaves and droughts, can have considerable impacts on nature and societies. There is evidence that weather persistence has increased in Europe over the past decades, in association to changes in atmosphere dynamics, but uncertainties remain and the driving forces are not yet well understood. 

Particularly for Europe, the jet stream may affect surface weather significantly by modulating the North Atlantic storm tracks. Here, we examine the hypothesis that high-latitude warming and decreased westerlies in summer result in more double jets, consisting of two distinct maxima of the zonal wind in the upper troposphere, over the Eurasian sector. Previous work has shown that such double jet states are related to persistent blocking-like circulation in the mid-latitudes. 

We adapt a dynamical perspective of heat extreme trends by looking at large scale circulation and in particular, changes in the zonal mean zonal wind in different levels of the upper troposphere. We define clusters of jet states with the use of Self-Organizing Maps and analyze their characteristics. We find an increase in frequency and persistence of a cluster of double jet states for the period 1979-2019 during July-August (in ERA5 reanalysis data). Those states are linked to increased surface temperature and more frequent heatwaves compared to climatology over western, central, and northern Europe. Significant positive double jet anomalies are found to be dominant in the days preceding and/or coinciding with some of the most intense historical heatwaves in Europe, such as those of 2003 and 2018. A linear regression analysis shows that the increase in frequency and persistence of double jet states may explain part of the strong upward trend in heat extremes over these European regions.
Hot or not? The effect of stemflow on infiltration and soil properties
Authors: Metzger Johanna Clara , Filipzik Janett , Michalzik Beate , Hildebrandt Anke
Published: March 2021

Stemflow can form hotspots of precipitation in forests. The stemflow funneling ratio describes the degree of concentration compared to open land rainfall in reference to the tree basal area. But how strongly does stemflow actually concentrate at the point of precipitation input to the soil? This depends on the size of stemflow infiltration areas. Findings hereon vary widely, as they refer to different tree and rainfall characteristics. Furthermore, due to little representative data on stemflow and the separate evaluation of stemflow and throughfall, the importance of stemflow as a hotspot is still subject to controversy. Using an extensive and representative field data set, we want to investigate the effect of stemflow on soil infiltration and percolation. Measurements were conducted on a 1-ha mixed beech forest plot in central Germany with intermediate stemflow generation. In high-resolution statistical designs, stand precipitation (stemflow, n = 65, and throughfall, n = 350) were recorded during three summers, and soil undisturbed (n = 420) and disturbed (n = 100) samples were taken and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. We calculated the spatial distribution of infiltration from stand precipitation data, rain intensity and soil infiltration capacity. Soil properties near stems (< 1m) and farther away were compared to determine a stemflow impact. Results show that stemflow infiltration areas are very small. Stemflow funneling at infiltration exceeds the conventional funneling ratio. Therefore, infiltration depth (L m-2) within stemflow infiltration areas is multiples of throughfall, even at dripping points. Soil properties close to trees are significantly different from the bulk soil, suggesting an accelerated soil formation process and a more developed soil structure. Stemflow-induced high soil water fluxes can be identified as an important driver for this pattern. Thus, the hotspot character of stemflow is confirmed by our findings. Stemflow-induced hotspots persist during infiltration and percolation. What is more, they have a direct and significant impact on the soil environment. Soil hydraulic properties facilitate quick water fluxes near stems. Such, trees might establish water flux bypasses from the canopy to the deeper subsurface.
Transient and equilibrium responses of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to warming in coupled climate models
Authors: Bonan David , Thompson Andrew , Newsom Emily , Sun Shantong , Rugenstein Maria
Published: March 2021

The long-term response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to anthropogenic climate change remains poorly understood in part, due to the computational expenses associated with running fully-coupled climate models to equilibrium. Here, we use a collection of millennial-length simulations from multiple state-of-the-art climate models to examine the transient and equilibrium responses of the AMOC to an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric carbon-dioxide. All climate models exhibit a weakening of the AMOC on centennial timescales, but they disagree on the recovery of the AMOC over next millennia, despite the same greenhouse-gas forcing. In some models, the AMOC recovers after approximately 200 years, while in others the AMOC does not fully recover even after approximately 1000 years. To explain the behavior of the AMOC we relate the overturning circulation in the North Atlantic to the meridional density difference between the basin interior and the region of deep-water formation. This scaling both reproduces the initial decline and gradual recovery of the AMOC, and explains the inter-model spread of the AMOC responses. The initial shoaling and weakening occurs on centennial timescales and is attributed to the warming of the northern convection region. We argue that the AMOC weakens on a timescale linked to a combination of its initial depth and the global surface heat flux sensitivity. The recovery of the AMOC results from a pile-up of salinity in the Atlantic basin, when the AMOC is weakened, that propagates northward and reinvigorates convection. A weaker AMOC recovery is associated with a smaller salinity anomaly. We further show through surface water mass transformation that Southern Ocean processes may impact the salinity anomaly in the Atlantic basin. These results highlight the importance of considering the evolution of the AMOC and ocean heat transport beyond the 21st century as short-term changes are not indicative of long-term changes.
Validation of atmospheric reanalyses over the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, using observations from drifting buoys
Authors: King John , Marshall Gareth , Colwell Steve , Allen-Sader Clare , Phillips Tony
Published: March 2021

 

Global atmospheric reanalyses are frequently used to drive ocean-ice models but few data are available to assess the quality of these products in the Antarctic sea ice zone. We utilise measurements from three drifting buoys that were deployed on sea ice in the southern Weddell Sea in the austral summer of 2016 to validate the representation of near-surface atmospheric conditions in the ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalyses produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The buoys carried sensors to measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, and downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation. One buoy remained in coastal fast ice for most of 2016 while the other two drifted northward through the austral winter and exited the pack ice during the following austral summer. Comparison of buoy measurements with reanalysis data indicates that both reanalyses represent the surface pressure field in this region accurately. Reanalysis temperatures are, however, biased warm by around 2 °C in both products, with the largest biases seen at the lowest temperatures. We suggest that this bias is a result of the simplified representation of sea ice in the reanalyses, in particular the lack of an insulating snow layer on top of the ice. We use a simple surface energy balance model to investigate the impact of the reanalysis biases on sea ice thermodynamics.
Overview of the MOSAiC expedition – Snow and Sea Ice
Authors: Nicolaus Marcel , Perovich Donald ,   MOSAiC Snow and Sea Ice Team
Published: March 2021

Year-round observations of the properties and processes that govern the ice pack and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were the key element of the MOSAiC field experiment. The aim was to completely characterize the properties of the snow and ice cover across different spatial scales over an entire annual cycle. This was done by monitoring snow and ice mass balance, observing the evolving energy budget, studying dynamical features, and by documenting snow and ice dynamics over nested spatial scales. We conducted in-situ observations at multiple scales, which will be integrated in numerical models and remote sensing methods. Overall, we performed the most comprehensive snow and sea ice program to date. Here, we summarize the observational snow and sea ice program during the drift from October 2019 to September 2020. We will present improved concepts and diagnostics of the field program and show relationships to satellite retrievals and numerical models. We will highlight individual events and characteristics of the snow and ice pack during the different seasons based on time-series that were obtained from numerous sea-ice programs of the MOSAiC ICE team. We will discuss the various activities with respect to the coupled system and the life cycle of sea ice along the transpolar drift.
The continued accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the global ocean during the 2010s
Authors: Müller Jens Daniel , Zhu Donghe , Gregor Luke , Olsen Are , Lange Nico , Lauvset Siv , Tanhua Toste , Ishii Masao , Perez Fiz Fernandez , Carter Brendan , Feely Richard , Wanninkhof Rik , Gruber Nicolas
Published: March 2021

Surface ocean pCO2-based estimates and models indicate that the ocean sink for anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) has continued to increase unabatedly over the past decade. However, the most recent global and observation-based estimate of the accumulation of Cant in the ocean interior by Gruber et al. (2019) does not extend beyond 2007, preventing an independent assessment of this increase in the magnitude of the sink.

Here, we exploit about 50,000 additional observations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and other relevant biogeochemical parameters, to extend the Gruber et al. analysis based on the eMLR(C*) method to the 2010s. These data were collected from all major ocean basins over the past decade by GO-SHIP and associated programs, and assembled through GLODAPv2.2020 into an internally consistent data product. We refine the eMLR(C*) method in three ways to achieve the updated storage estimates: (1) the uncertainty assessment is improved, based on a coupled analysis of observations and synthetic data generated from an ocean biogeochemical model, (2) the robustness of the multiple linear regression models is increased, using more stringent predictor and model selection procedures, and (3) the mapping of the Cant fields relies on a MLR ensemble approach that takes into account co-occurring temporal changes of the predictor variables salinity, temperature and oxygen.

Initial results show that the ocean has continued to act as a strong Cant sink with an average uptake rate of 2.8 ± 0.3 Pg C yr-1 between the reference years 2007 and 2015. This represents a small increase in rate compared to 2.6 ± 0.3 Pg C yr-1 determined for the 1994 through 2007 period. This increase is slightly smaller than expected on the basis of the growth of atmospheric CO2 over the period, but associated uncertainties are too large to make a conclusive statement about whether the ocean carbon sink is slowing down. Initial analyses of the synthetic data indicate that variable ocean circulation and limited sampling, especially the small number of cruises in the Indian Ocean, represent the biggest sources of uncertainty for the eMLR(C*)-based estimate. However, our preliminary sink estimate is in good agreement with recent air-sea CO2 flux-based uptake estimates, based on an ensemble of surface pCO2 interpolation techniques once these fluxes are adjusted for the river carbon input driven outgassing of natural CO2.
The 360 Lab
Authors: Wolstenholme Josh , Skinner Christopher
Published: March 2021

Flooding is a major risk to lives and properties globally and this risk is increasing because of several factors, not least the increase of sea level and changes to patterns of precipitation due to climate change. Whilst flood management interventions can reduce the risk and the impact of flooding, it is not possible, and never will be possible, to stop flooding completely and this necessitates a public that is informed and equipped to take actions to increase their personal resilience.

Successful learning in Geosciences requires 3D thinking yet many of the tools used by educators are 2D visualisations, relying on the student’s individual ability and imagination. There has been an increasing use of interactive 3D visualisations, particularly of geological outcrops, yet the methods used to produce these either rely on expensive equipment or processing using high-specification machines. The 360 Lab uses new functionality offered by state-of-the-art tablets to rapidly capture high-resolution 3D scenes of flood management interventions, for example, woody dams.

The 3D scenes were used to create interactive models of the flood management features, allowing people to get, virtually, ‘hands-on’ and explore them. The 3D models are fully compatible with virtual reality headsets. Guided tours of schemes have been developed to be used by schools, showing how features are installed and providing a focus to discuss how they work and how effective they might be.  This overcomes challenges to accessing such locations, including location, budget, accessibility, and Covid-19 related restrictions. Future developments include using the rapid scans to create 3D printed models of features for face-to-face learning and scaled experiments.
Origin of Tropospheric Air Masses in the Tropical West Pacific and related transport processes inferred from balloon-borne Ozone and Water Vapour observations from Palau
Authors: Müller Katrin , Wohltmann Ingo , von der Gathen Peter , Lehmann Ralph , Rex Markus
Published: March 2021

Motivated by previous measurements of very low tropospheric ozone concentrations in the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and the implied low oxidizing capacity of this key region for transport into the stratosphere in boreal winter (e.g. Rex et al. 2014), we set up an atmospheric research station in Palau (7°N 134°E) as part of the StratoClim campaign. Our analysis of regular balloon-borne tropospheric ozone observations at Palau from 01/2016-12/2019 gives unprecedented insights into transport processes and air mass origin in the TWP. We confirm the year-round dominance of a low ozone background in the mid-troposphere. Layers of enhanced ozone are often anti-correlated with water vapor and occur frequently. Moreover, the occurrence of respective layers shows a strong seasonality. Dry and ozone-rich air masses between 5 and 10 km altitude were observed in 71 % of the profiles from February until April compared to 25 % from August until October. By defining monthly atmospheric background profiles for ozone and relative humidity based on observed statistics, we found that the deviations from this background reveal a bimodal distribution of RH anomalies. A previously proposed universal bimodal structure of free tropospheric ozone in the TWP could not be verified (Pan et al. 2015).

Back trajectory calculations (ATLAS) confirm that throughout the year the mid-tropospheric background is controlled by local convective processes and the origin of air masses is thus close to or East of Palau in the Pacific Ocean. Dry and ozone-rich air originates in tropical Asia and reaches Palau in anticyclonic conditions over an area stretching from India to the Philippines. This supports the controversial hypothesis of several studies which attribute ozone enhancement against the ozone-poor background to remote pollution events on the ground such as biomass burning (e.g. Andersen et al. 2016). A potential vorticity analysis revealed no stratospheric influence and we thus propose large-scale descent within the tropical troposphere as responsible for dehydration of air masses on their way to Palau.
The Bouguer-Rudzki-Hotine scheme for geoid computations 
Authors: Wang Yan Ming
Published: March 2021

The Rudzki inversion gravimetric reduction maps the Earth’s topographic masses inside the geoid in such a way that the inverted masses produce exactly the same potential as the topographic masses on the geoid. In other words, the indirect effect to the geoid is zero so that its computation is not needed. This paper proposes a geoid computation scheme that combines the Bouguer reduction and Rudzki inversion reduction under the spherical approximation and constant density assumption. The proposed computation scheme works with the Bouguer gravity field that is smooth and theoretically legitimate for the harmonic downward continuation. Then the Bouguer potential is compensated by the potential of the inverted masses, ensuring zero indirect effect to the geoid. The direct effect of the Rudzki inversion gravimetric reduction is added to the Bouguer gravity disturbance, resulting in the reduced gravity disturbance for geoid computation. A spherical harmonic reference gravity model is also developed so that the kernel modification/truncation can be applied to the Hotine integral. If the density of the topographic masses becomes available, the effect of density anomalies can be computed separately and added to the geoid computed under the constant density assumption. The combined ellipsoidal effect of the Bouguer and Rudzki inversion reduction should be insignificant because of the canceling effect between them.
Initial Investigations into Microbial Dynamics and Biogeochemical Cycling in the Bedretto Tunnel
Authors: Acciardo Andrew , Arnet Moira , Brixel Bernard , Gholizadeh Doonechaly Nima , Wenning Quinn , Hertrich Marian , Magnabosco Cara
Published: March 2021

Over 70% of Earth’s bacteria and archaea live in the subsurface. These rock-dwelling microorganisms are capable of exerting considerable influence on their environment by altering and recycling nutrients, as well as inducing changes to fluid flow paths through bioclogging. Subsurface life, therefore, has considerable implications for both natural and engineered subsurface environments. The Bedretto tunnel, located within the Swiss Alps, is 5,218 meters long and is host to the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG), which was built to study the feasibility of large-scale geothermal energy storage and extraction. The tunnel, with a maximum overburden of approximately 1,650m, is embedded within both gneiss and Rotondo granite and offers an ideal location to investigate the biogeochemical feedbacks associated with natural fluids as well as the effect that stimulation has on the biological and chemical properties of subsurface fluids. For these reasons, a multi-year, monthly survey of fracture fluids at over 20 locations across the entire length of the tunnel has been carried out since August 2020 with the goal of performing 16S rRNA sequencing of cells captured by 0.22µm Millipore Sterivex filters and cell enumeration by epifluorescence microscopy of cells fixed with ethanol. By studying the microorganisms inhabiting BULG, we will be able to understand how the physical-chemical heterogeneities of the subsurface influence microbial physiology and community structure. Preliminary results of DNA extractions from the cells concentrated on Sterivex filters show that there is a measurable amount of DNA found in the fluids of the Bedretto tunnel that correlates with pH, indicating the presence of microbial communities which may vary with changes in fluid chemistry. With continued monitoring through 2021, we will determine whether there is significant variability of microbial taxa at different locations within the tunnel and the relationship between the hydrochemical properties of the fluids and the microbial communities. Alongside the profiling survey, whole genome sequencing as well as targeted virome sequencing procedures will be developed and used to learn more about the genetic and metabolic capacity of the microbial communities and to better understand how viruses can influence their hosts in such an environment. These results will be compared to other subsurface environments around the globe to gain a more holistic understanding of microbial dynamics in the terrestrial subsurface. Together, these results provide a new and important tool for tracking subsurface processes.