bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miocardiopatía inducida por estrés o síndrome de Takotsubo: a propósito de un caso
Authors: Arandia-Guzmán Jaime , Antezana-Llaveta Gabriela , Zarate-Carrillo Andrea
Published: October 2020

La cardiomiopatía inducida por estrés o Síndrome de Takotsubo se caracteriza por una disfunción aguda del ventrículo izquierdo caracterizado por acinesia o discinesia apical con hipercinesia basal a menudo reversible, en ausencia de obstrucción coronaria en la angiografía. La presentación clínica se asemeja al del Infarto Agudo de Miocardio; con un inicio súbito caracterizado por dolor precordial de tipo isquémico, disnea, palpitaciones, cambios electrocardiográficos, elevación de biomarcadores de necrosis miocárdica y en casos más graves y raros shock cardiogénico; el estrés emocional y físico severo suelen ser desencadenantes. Con el presente caso clínico, revisamos las características clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas de ésta entidad poco frecuente que representa cerca del 1% de todos los pacientes con sospecha de síndrome coronario agudo.
Acerca de la baja prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en conductores de transporte público en Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: Mamani Ortiz Yercin , Abasto Gonzales Deiby Susan
Published: October 2020

Mediante la presente, permítanos responder a los comentarios realizados en la carta al editor incluido en el número anterior de su prestigiosa revista, referido a nuestro artículo: Factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico en conductores del transporte público en Cochabamba, Bolivia1.

En dicha carta al editor, se hace referencia a la baja prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, siendo uno de los factores de riesgo menos prevalentes (20,3%) y presente solo en varones, considerando que solo participaron 5 mujeres por ser considerado un rubro laboral generalmente exclusivo de los varones en nuestra región; llamando la atención porque otros estudios en México y Chile referidos en la carta, muestran prevalencias más elevadas, mencionando que el fenómeno es similar en países industrializados y en desarrollo, además de realizar una recapitulación de los efectos nocivos de los componentes de los cigarrillos, finalizando con la presentación de una pintura de Joaquín Sorolla y Bastidas titulada “el viejo del cigarrillo” (1898), que según el autor de la carta referida, muestra a “una persona que presenta algún desorden de tipo cardio metabólico desarrollado por un factor de riesgo: tabaquismo”.
Correlación y concordancia de los índices circunferencia/cintura y circunferencia/talla con el índice de masa corporal
Authors: Villca Villegas Jose Luis , Chavez-Soliz Helem Rocio , Mamani Ortiz Yercin , Arévalo Gonzales Mary Rossana
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: analizar la correlación y concordancia de las medidas antropométricas de la circunferencia/talla y circunferencia cintura según ATP-III, IDF para Sudamérica y Europa con el Indice de Masa Corporal en pacientes adultos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal en 339 pacientes tomando en cuenta variables como sexo, edad, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia cintura, circunferencia/talla y diagnóstico bajo criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos por el Seguro Social Universitario de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, correlación de Pearson, Índice de fiabilidad Alfa-Cronbach y Concordancia Kappa de Cohen para los indicadores evaluados. Resultados: el 66,4% de la muestra corresponde al sexo femenino. La mayor correlación (0,65) y concordancia (0,32) observada fue en el sexo masculino entre la Circunferencia Cintura y Circunferencia/Talla con el IMC. Conclusión: existe una mejor una mejor concordancia y fiabilidad de los parámetros clínicos de riesgo Circunferencia Cintura y Circunferencia/Talla con el Indice de Masa Corporal de acuerdo a criterios de la ATP-III en la población evaluada.
Demanda asistencial neurológica ambulatoria en un centro de consulta privada en Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Authors: Camargo Villarreal Walter Mario , Andrea Gonzales Marcia , Crespo Gómez Elizabeth Blanca , Wagner-Manslau Villar Enrique Fernando , Mendizabal Ritter Daniela , Ochoa Torrico Laura Alejandra
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: analizar las variables demográficas y diagnósticas que condicionan la demanda asistencial ambulatoria de la consulta neurológica privada por primera vez. Métodos:  estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de la demanda de consultas ambulatorias de primera vez en un centro neurológico privado, durante 24 meses (enero-2016 hasta diciembre-2017). La información médica fue obtenida a partir de registros clínicos computarizados registrándose: edad, género y diagnóstico según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, 10 edición (CIE-10). Resultados: el total de pacientes del estudio fue de 2 372, (60%) fueron mujeres. La edad media fue de 42,6 años ± 18,8 años, (42,20%) son mayores de 65 años. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue cefalea primaria (33,4%); seguido por epilepsia (14%); cervicalgia, dorsalgia y lumbalgia (13,2%), trastornos psiquiátricos (6,5%). En mayores de 65 años el deterioro cognitivo fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (14,68%), seguido de movimientos anormales. Conclusión: Los pacientes neurológicos son predominantemente menores de 65 años y de sexo femenino. La patología más frecuente fue la cefalea primaria.
Evaluación clínicoradiológica de fracturas transtrocantéricas de cadera tratados con sistema DHS
Authors: Peredo Lazarte Andres
Published: October 2020

Objetivos: conocer los resultado clínicos y radiológicos del tratamiento quirúrgico con sistema DHS en  fracturas transtrocantericas de cadera en el Hospital Obrero No 2, durante las gestión2017 y 2018. Métodos:  es un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en el servicio de traumatología del Hospital obrero No 2. Se incluyeron 52 pacientes que ingresaron con fractura  transtrocanterica de cadera y que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente con el sistema DHS. La evaluación funcional de la cadera operada se realizó entre el cuarto y sexto mes después de la cirugía según la Escala para Cadera de Oxford (Oxford Hip Score). Resultados: de los 52 pacientes, 36 (62%) fueron mujeres y el resto varones. La edad promedio fue de 82 años, en 61 % (32) el lado afectado fue el izquierdo.Según la clasificación AO, las fracturas transtrocantericas de cadera más frecuente fueron las fracturas inestables en 55,7% (29)  y 44,3% (23) tenían fractura estable. El cut out o extrusión del tornillo DHS fuera de la cabeza del fémur se presentó en 5,7% de los casos. La funcionalidad según la escala de Oxford, entre 4 y 6 meses del posoperatorio nos indica una evolución satisfactoria en el 60%. Conclusiones:  el sistema DHS es la principal opción utilizado en la CNS para este tipo de fracturas, con resultados buenos según la escala funcional de Oxford.
Has Physical Retail Lost its Relevance in E-Commerce World?
Authors: Garg Vasudev , Kaur Amrita
Published: October 2020

The growth of online shopping has increased the popularity of e-commerce and consumers are taking benefits of buying goods and services at any time the 24/7 and 365 days. But despite the technology advancements and upside turn in digital and web capabilities the consumers still want sense of touch offered by physical stores. The ability to feel, touch and immediate availability to take the products of their requirement to home lets the consumers to shop in physical stores versus online. This article is an attempt to identify consumer behaviour towards online vs. physical retail shopping and suggest the right strategy for physical store owners.
Responsiveness of E-Waste in the Society
Authors: Dhusia Devendra Kumar
Published: October 2020

Information technology bring has brought enormous change the way we organize our life, economies, industries and institutions but simultaneously, these have led to manifold problems including the problem of hazardous e-waste. Indian is developing country with huge population of 130 core population. Electrical & Electronics Equipments (EEE) users are increasing with rapid speed hence E-waste is also increasing.  We don’t have strong management to deal with e waste. Responsiveness is missing at consumer’s end which is creating e waste hazardous. This paper discusses about responsiveness among EEE user’s regarding systematic disposal of e-waste keeping in view the harmful effect of hazardous components on human health. Delhi is High tech city and Delhiites always excites to use latest EEE. This paper discusses about harmful practices adopts by users while dealing with e waste. This paper reunion the gap between EEE user’s and harmful practices adopted by them while handling e-waste; and also creating responsive towards e waste.
Abuse of Dominant Position by Google LLC – A Case Analysis
Authors: Gupta Manvi
Published: October 2020

Abuse of dominant position is an imperative to protect the Indian markets from the enterprises within and outside the country. The competition Act, 2002 is a superior legislation that comprehensively defined the ambit of dominant position. We find that there are frequent instances of circumventing the various provisions of the Competition Act, 2002 thereby defeating the very aim of prevention of anti-competitive practices being practices by the firms and to maintain a fair competition and to regulate market control. We present the case of Google LLC, a technology company which has misused its dominant position and distorted market. We also highlight the consequences of legal proceedings in India and some instances in EU. Even though the practices of such abuses reduce the frequency of offences, the new forms emerge. We suggest that the legislation must be dynamic enough to handle these occurrences if true benefit of legislation is to be realised.
Green Bonds-Trend and Challenges in India
Authors: Bansal Sourabh
Published: October 2020

Green bonds in Indian market play a vital role to shape the debt market and to position the environment sustainability by generating funds specifically for green projects. The objectives of this paper is to understand the green bond as an environmental sustainable tool and further to draw the trend of green bond and challenges so far in context to the Indian financial market. The emergence of green/climate bonds takes place from Paris Agreement in 2015 where 188 countries sign up to limit the rising temperature by less than two degree Celsius and India is one of the countries to sign the agreement. The paper is based on a descriptive study using secondary data source from several government reports, other published reports and banking sector reports. The paper concludes that the green bond successfully fulfils criteria to become a sustainable tool which can be seen as an investment opportunity alternative to equity funds, other corporate bonds. The green bond trend is upward sloping showing great potential to grow and develops the sustainable goals with success achievement. Certain challenges as hedge currency cost, lack of awareness, low sovereign rating makes green bonds a less attractive among investor which can be fairly reduced by proper governmental strategic actions.
Navegar en el tiempo. Apuntes sobre enfoques de trabajo en Enric Miralles
Authors: Bigas Vidal Montserrat , Bravo Farré Lluís
Published: October 2020

Tras ganar su primer concurso, el Cementerio Nuevo de Igualada, Enric Miralles viaja a Estocolmo para visitar el Cementerio del Bosque, entrando así en contacto con la obra de Asplund. Miralles se interesa extraordinariamente por su enfoque arquitectónico, por el propio personaje y por la arquitectura nórdica en general. De Asplund le atrae el cuidado con que su trabajo se relaciona con los aspectos psicológicos más sutiles de la arquitectura, y su consciencia del papel clave del tiempo y de  los ritmos de la naturaleza como lo único capaz -siempre desde la radical subjetividad de la mirada y sentimiento humano- de generar y dar sentido al espacio construido. A estos valores básicos se suma otro fundamental e indisociable de ellos: abordar el proyecto desde la más absoluta honestidad, con espíritu limpio -ingenuo, generoso-, receptivo a cada situación y atento a las respuestas de la propia intuición. Se genera así una respuesta única y original  en cada circunstancia, evitando todo automatismo o artificio preconcebido. Las palabras de Miralles, Asplund, Aalto, Peter Smithson y las analogías con otras disciplinas permitirán un mejor entendimiento de esta forma de proyectar.
Cementerio Nuevo de Igualada. O cómo construir un tiempo elástico
Authors: Blanco Herrero Arturo
Published: October 2020

Enric Miralles y Carme Pinós proponen un proceso atemporal en el cementerio de Igualada. Es un proceso voluntariamente inacabado donde el parámetro tiempo se hace flexible, dilatándose y contrayéndose para construir lo que ya estaba en ese lugar. La naturaleza antropizada recibe las acciones de Miralles y Pinós, transformándose y transformándolas recíprocamente. El hormigón armado se hace imprescindible en Igualada y se posiciona como un material obsesivo, utilizándose en sus múltiples registros incluso desestructurando sus elementos, separándolos, disgregándolos y desnudándolos, para después volverlos a juntar desde otro punto de vista. El cementerio de Igualada participa en un diálogo constante y especialmente contemporáneo donde lo inacabado es un fin.
La familia y su influencia en la creatividad de los hijos
Authors: Campos Cancino Guillermo Alejandro , Moreno Mínguez Almudena
Published: October 2020

La construcción de los sujetos se ve influida por su interacción con el contexto que los rodea. Por lo tanto, la familia al ser el primer agente de socialización es fundamental en el desarrollo cognitivo y socioemocional de los hijos. El influjo de la familia es profundo, pero en la medida que lo hijos crecen otros ambientes van adquiriendo protagonismo y su incorporación al proceso de escolarización, trasforma la escuela en otro pilar de gran importancia.
En este documento se revisa teóricamente el rol de la parentalidad en el desarrollo infantil y las influencias de los estilos de crianza sobre la creatividad. Finalmente, se expone la relevancia de establecer lazos de comunicación y colaboración entre familia y escuela sobre todo en la educación infantil, pero útil en todos los niveles educativos. La familia y la escuela son dos ejes esenciales que repercuten directamente en el desarrollo de los niños.
Turismo de pobreza e infancia. Reflexiones desde la educación para la ciudadanía global
Authors: Millán Escriche Mercedes
Published: October 2020

La prensa nacional e internacional, así como distintos medios de opinión, muestran numerosas evidencias que resaltan la preocupación por la expansión del turismo de pobreza, sobre todo porque puede resultar lesivo para las poblaciones de determinados destinos turísticos y, particularmente, para la infancia de los mismos. Sin embargo, no resultan muy frecuentes las investigaciones sobre esta temática, salvo en lo referente a las visitas de barrios marginales.

Esta situación ha llevado a considerar la necesidad de abordar tal problemática en este trabajo, con el objetivo de analizar los rasgos que identifican al turismo de pobreza y de los límites que debería encontrar para su desarrollo, tanto desde la perspectiva legal, que protege los derechos de las personas y especialmente los de los niños, como desde la concepción ética, que debe exigirse a todos los actores implicados en la actividad turística, a partir de los distintos códigos éticos existentes. Asimismo, se buscan estrategias que mejoren esta práctica turística y se llega a concluir que la educación para la ciudadanía global puede aportar determinadas claves que contribuyen a formar en valores y que su implementación en la gestión turística favorecería la configuración de ofertas y productos turísticos cuyos beneficios revertirían en las poblaciones de acogida.

 
The Economic Effects of COVID-19 Containment Measures
Authors: Deb Pragyan , Furceri Davide , Ostry Jonathan , Tawk Nour
Published: October 2020

Containment measures are crucial to halt the spread of the 2019 COVID-19 pandemic but entail large short-term economic costs. This paper tries to quantify these effects using daily global data on real-time containment measures and indicators of economic activity such as Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions, flights, energy consumption, maritime trade, and mobility indices. Results suggest that containment measures have had, on average, a very large impact on economic activity—equivalent to a loss of about 15 percent in industrial production over a 30-day period following their implementation. Using novel data on fiscal and monetary policy measures used in response to the crisis, we find that these policy measures were effective in mitigating some of these economic costs. We also find that while workplace closures and stay-at-home orders are more effective in curbing infections, they are associated with the largest economic costs. Finally, while easing of containment measures has led to a pickup in economic activity, the effect has been lower (in absolute value) than that from the tightening of measures.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through in the Caucasus and Central Asia
Authors: Poghosyan Tigran
Published: October 2020

This paper estimates the extent and speed of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) in seven Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) countries using monthly data over the January 1995–May 2020 period. The estimations are performed using the local projections method. We find that the average pass-through in the CCA is about 10 percent on impact and about 25 percent after 12 months. There is no evidence of asymmetric ERPT with respect to the size and the sign of exchange rate changes. The pass-through is broadly unchanged in fixed versus floating exchange rate regimes. There has been a downward shift in the speed of ERPT in the aftermath of the global financial crisis as CCA countries have entered a relatively low inflation environment. The pass-through estimates could be used by the CCA monetary authorities for inflation projections. The absence of non-linearities in the pass-through with respect to the exchange rate regime suggests that transition from fixed to floating exchange rate regimes in the region is not likely to impose additional inflationary costs.
Global Financial Stability Report, October 2020
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

Near-term global financial stability risks have been contained as an unprecedented policy response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has helped avert a financial meltdown and maintain the flow of credit to the economy. For the first time, many emerging market central banks have launched asset purchase programs to support the smooth functioning of financial markets and the overall economy. But the outlook remains highly uncertain, and vulnerabilities are rising, representing potential headwinds to recovery. The report presents an assessment of the real-financial disconnect, as well as forward-looking analysis of nonfinancial firms, banks, and emerging market capital flows. After the outbreak, firms’ cash flows were adversely affected as economic activity declined sharply. More vulnerable firms—those with weaker solvency and liquidity positions and smaller size—experienced greater financial stress than their peers in the early stages of the crisis. As the crisis unfolds, corporate liquidity pressures may morph into insolvencies, especially if the recovery is delayed. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are more vulnerable than large firms with access to capital markets. Although the global banking system is well capitalized, some banking systems may experience capital shortfalls in an adverse scenario, even with the currently deployed policy measures. The report also assesses the pandemic’s impact on firms’ environmental performance to gauge the extent to which the crisis may result in a reversal of the gains posted in recent years.
Trade, Productivity and (Mis)allocation
Authors: Berthou Antoine , Chung John Jong-Hyun , Manova Kalina , Sandoz Charlotte
Published: October 2020

We examine the gains from globalization in the presence of firm heterogeneity and potential resource misallocation. We show theoretically that without distortions, bilateral and export liberalizations increase aggregate welfare and productivity, while import liberalization has ambiguous effects. Resource misallocation can either amplify, dampen or reverse the gains from trade. Using model-consistent measures and unique new data on 14 European countries and 20 industries in 1998-2011, we empirically establish that exogenous shocks to export demand and import competition both generate large aggregate productivity gains. Guided by theory, we provide evidence consistent with these effects operating through reallocations across firms in the presence of distortions: (i) Both export and import expansion increase average firm productivity, but the former also shifts activity towards more productive firms, while the latter acts in reverse; (ii) Both export and import exposure raise the productivity threshold for survival, but this cut-off is not a sufficient statistic for aggregate productivity; (iii) Efficient institutions, factor and product markets amplify the gains from import competition but dampen those from export access.
Destabilizing Stability? Exchange Rate Arrangements and Foreign Currency Debt
Authors: Csonto Balazs , Gudmundsson Tryggvi
Published: October 2020

Emerging markets (EMs) often respond to shocks by intervening in foreign exchange
(FX) markets and thus preventing full exchange rate adjustment. This response can serve to dampen the effect of shocks and increase monetary policy space but may also incentivize economic participants to increase risk taking and take on more FX debt. This paper empirically analyzes the role of exchange rate flexibility in affecting such risk taking, by using rolling correlations and difference-in-difference estimations. The results suggest that a shift towards greater exchange rate flexibility often coincides with a decline in external FX debt. The findings also highlight the importance of using complementary policies to deal with financial stability issues related to the exchange rate, such as FX-specific macroprudential policies and policies aimed at promoting financial development.
Intelligent Export Diversification
Authors: Che Natasha
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a set of collaborative filtering algorithms that produce product recommendations to diversify and optimize a country's export structure in support of sustainable long-term growth. The recommendation system is able to accurately predict the historical trends in export content and structure for high-growth countries, such as China, India, Poland, and Chile, over 20-year spans. As a contemporary case study, the system is applied to Paraguay, to create recommendations for the country's export diversification strategy.
Sovereign Investor Relations
Authors: Knight James , Northfield Bill
Published: October 2020

This paper defines sovereign investor relations (IR) and places it in the context of modern debt management theory. It highlights the role that improvements in IR and debt transparency can play in improving the cost-risk tradeoff in debt management, supporting market access and acting as a first line of defense in times of crisis. It sets out a policy framework and institutional arrangements for effective IR, as well as discussing the various practices, publications and strategies that underpin an IR program.
Georgia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

In the past two years, the NBG has adopted a series of measures to strengthen nonbank sector financial regulation, supervision, and oversight.1 The MCM TA mission in 2017 provided recommendations along these lines, most of which have been implemented by the NBG. Currently, the nonbank sector consists of Micro Financial Institutions (MFIs) and Loan Issuing Entities (LIEs). In reforming the sector, the NBG has, among others: (i) amended laws and issued new and revised regulations on registration, capital, and liquidity requirements for MFIs; (ii) significantly expanded supervisory powers and authorities and increased supervisory resources for the nonbank sector; (iii) registered 200 LIEs; and (iv) put in place consumer protection and responsibility lending rules. These new measures have helped to enhance the resilience of the nonbank sector, weed out those that are non-viable, and improved the reputation of the MFI brand.
What Drives Bank Lending Spreads and Collateral Requirements in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Ruxandra Teodoru Iulia
Published: October 2020

Limited access to finance and its high cost have contributed to relatively low levels of private investment and subpar growth in the Kyrgyz Republic. Interest rate spreads have moderated in recent years, but remain high from both a regional and global perspective. At the same time, collateral requirements applied by banks are onerous and also constrain the quantity of credit supplied. This paper identifies a range of factors that could lower spreads in the Kyrgyz Republic: more competition, higher capital, lower credit risk, larger loan size, lower deposit rates and external funding costs, as well as a stronger legal framework. Lower operating costs appear critical to reduce relatively higher spreads for small and medium-sized banks. At the same time, a stronger legal framework and greater transparency on borrowers’ creditworthiness would help reduce the high collateral requirements. Reforms in all these areas would support greater financial inclusion in the aftermath of the pandemic, and could thus be a key source of sustainable and inclusive growth in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Exchange Rates and Domestic Credit—Can Macroprudential Policy Reduce the Link?
Authors: Nier Erlend , Olafsson Thorvardur Tjoervi , Rollinson Yuan Gao
Published: October 2020

This paper examines empirically the role of macroprudential policy in addressing the effects of external shocks on financial stability. In a sample of 62 economies over the period of 2000: Q1–2016: Q4, our dynamic panel regressions show that an appreciation of the local exchange rate is associated with a subsequent increase in the domestic credit gap, while a prior tightening of macroprudential policies dampens this effect. These results are strong for small open economies, and robust when we explicitly account for potential simultaneity and reverse causality biases. We also examine a feedback effect where strong domestic credit pulls in additional cross-border funding, potentially further increasing systemic risk, and find that targeted capital controls can play a complementary role in alleviating this effect.
A Simple Macrofiscal Model for Policy Analysis
Authors: Baksa Daniel , Bulir Ales , Heng Dyna
Published: October 2020

The paper describes a semistructural macrofiscal approach to simulating and forecasting macroeconomic policies. Our canonical model is adapted to Cambodia and we demonstrate its application with an illustrative scenario of macroeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Complemented with near-term forecasting tools and expert judgment, the dynamics of the model helps to inform policymakers about medium-term transmission channels and thus guide policy advice.
Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose severe social and economic hardships in Mauritania, with a sharp contraction of output expected in 2020. The authorities have responded swiftly to the shock with measures to contain the pandemic and alleviate its fallout. They are prioritizing health spending and targeted support to the most vulnerable households and sectors in the economy. Nevertheless, conditions have weakened since the emergency disbursement under the Rapid Credit Facility in April 2020 (SDR 95.68 million, about US$130 million or 74.3 percent of quota) and wider external and fiscal financing gaps are projected.
Republic of Korea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

The Korean insolvency and creditor rights framework is complex and has undergone several reforms in recent years. Consistent efforts to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the insolvency system have been made since the Asian crisis by the multiple government agencies that oversee the functioning of the insolvency framework in Korea. This note summarizes the key findings of the analysis of select aspects of the Korean insolvency and creditor rights system against the international standard.2 While the framework for personal insolvency is also discussed (See Annex), its analysis is not prescriptive, as there are no international best practices in this area.
Republic of Korea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

Past experience with financial crises places systemic risk oversight at the core of Korea’s approach to the financial system. The Korean authorities have amassed over a decade of experience with macroprudential policies. They have put in place rigorous and sophisticated processes for risk monitoring. They publish first-rate analysis. And they have actively developed measures to mitigate risks to the financial system—notably from FX exposures, and from household indebtedness—as circumstances have changed. But their system has evolved to be highly complex, which poses challenges for coordination, communication, and transparency; moreover, their toolkit needs to be extended. These areas should be the focus of efforts to strengthen the policy framework.
Policy Safeguards For Countries Seeking Access To Fund Financial Support That Would Lead To High Levels Of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &,   Review Department,   International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.,   International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
Published: October 2020

This paper proposes safeguards broadly aligned with the GRA exceptional access policy that will apply in cases where combined GRA and PRGT credit exposure exceeds the GRA thresholds. The new safeguards would help to mitigate financial risks to the PRGT and the GRA, respectively, that arise from a member having high levels of combined credit from these two sources of funding. The proposed policy builds on the current policies on safeguards to Fund resources (both the Fund’s resources in the GRA and under the PRGT as Trustee, respectively).
Worker Mobility and Domestic Production Networks
Authors: Cardoza Marvin , Grigoli Francesco , Pierri Nicola , Ruane Cian
Published: October 2020

We show that domestic production networks shape worker flows between firms. Data on the universe of firm-to-firm transactions for the Dominican Republic, matched with employer-employee records, reveals that about 20 percent of workers who change firms move to a buyer or supplier of their original firm. This is a considerably larger share than would be implied by a random allocation of movers to firms. We find considerable gains associated with this form of hiring: higher worker wages, lower job separation rates, faster firm productivity growth, and faster coworker wage growth. Hiring workers from a supplier is followed by a rising share of purchases from that supplier. These findings indicate that human capital is easily transferable along the supply chain and that human capital accumulated while working at a firm is complementary with the intermediate products/services produced by that firm.
Market Power, Growth, and Inclusion
Authors: Thakoor Vimal
Published: October 2020

Before the pandemic, the South African economy remained stuck in low gear, with anemic growth, stagnant private investment, and a shrinking tradable sector. Subdued growth has raised unemployment, poverty, and inequality, hindering inclusion efforts. The pandemic has worsened economic and social vulnerabilities. Economic recovery and social inclusion hinge critically on structural reforms to boost competiveness and growth. Product markets represent a cornerstone of the reform strategy. Firms have used their market power to drive up prices and limit competition. Important state-owned monopolies provide low-quality services, while representing a fiscal drag. Existing regulations inhibit the entry of both domestic and foreign firms. Addressing product markets constraints could boost per capita growth by 1 percentage point—adding about 2½ percentage points to headline growth—and foster greater inclusion.
Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust—Second Tranche Of Debt Service Relief In The Context Of The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

This paper proposes that the Executive Board approve the disbursement of a second 6-month tranche of CCRT debt service relief to 28 of the 29 members, covering the period October 14, 2020 through April 13, 2021, given staff’s assessment that sufficient financial resources are available.2 In this context, the paper also provides brief updates for each beneficiary country on its policy responses to the pandemic and staff’s assessment of these policies and the use of resources freed up by debt service relief. It also provides an update on the finances of the CCRT and the fundraising efforts to secure adequate resources for grant assistance in the future. Based on grant pledges to date, resources are not sufficient to extend CCRT relief beyond the proposed second sixth-month period.
Development Committee
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

The global economy is embarking on a lengthy path to recovery with modest growth expected for 2021, after a severe contraction this year. The global forecast is subject to unusually large risks. Emerging markets and developing economies face an uphill battle. Low-income developing countries are in an especially vulnerable position and risk a persistent and significant deterioration in development prospects.

Controlling the pandemic and cushioning the impact on the economy are key. LIDCs should adopt targeted containment measures and strictly prioritize spending and refrain from policies that could create long term damage. Multilateral cooperation and extensive support from the international community are indispensable.

The IMF has helped EMDEs through emergency lending and debt service relief. Targeted surveillance and capacity development will tackle new policy challenges and react nimbly to the needs of the membership including fragile and small states.
Sudan
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: October 2020

The transitional government has requested a Staff-Monitored Program (SMP) to help address major macro imbalances, lay the groundwork for inclusive growth, and establish a track record of sound policies that is a requirement for eventual HIPC debt relief. Major challenges lie ahead. Economic contraction since 2018 is set to intensify sharply in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fiscal and external imbalances are large, inflation is high and rising, the currency is overvalued, and competitiveness is weak. The humanitarian situation is dire with large numbers of internally displaced people and refugees. Despite the desperate situation, Sudan cannot access Fund financial assistance on account of (i) arrears to the Fund, (ii) arrears to other IFIs and other creditors, and (iii) unsustainably large external debt. Sudan remains on the U.S. state sponsors of terrorism list (SSTL), which effectively hinders progress toward HIPC debt relief. While there is broad agreement between the authorities and staff about the key reform priorities, public tolerance for painful reforms is fragile given prolonged economic hardship. Notably, donor financial assistance has been well short of the amounts needed to facilitate gradual orderly adjustment. Hence, risks to the SMP are high.
Relaxation-induced dipolar exchange with recoupling (RIDER) distortions in CODEX experiments
Authors: Krushelnitsky Alexey , Saalwächter Kay
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and dipolar CODEX (Cenralband Only Detection of EXchange) experiments enable abundant quantitative information on the reorientation of the CSA and dipolar tensors to be obtained on millisecond–second timescales. At the same time, proper performance of the experiments and data analysis can often be a challenge since CODEX is prone to some interfering effects that may lead to
incorrect interpretation of the experimental results. One of the most
important such effects is RIDER (relaxation-induced dipolar exchange with recoupling). It appears due to the dipolar interaction of the observed
X nuclei with some other nuclei, which causes an apparent decay in the mixing time dependence of the signal intensity reflecting not molecular
motion, but spin flips of the adjacent nuclei. This may hamper obtaining correct values of the parameters of molecular mobility. In this contribution we consider in detail the reasons why the RIDER distortions remain even
under decoupling conditions and propose measures to eliminate them. That is, we suggest (1) using an additional Z filter between the cross-polarization (CP) section and the CODEX recoupling blocks that suppresses the interfering
anti-phase coherence responsible for the X-H RIDER and (2) recording only the
cosine component of the CODEX signal since it is less prone to the RIDER
distortions in comparison to the sine component. The experiments were
conducted on rigid model substances as well as microcrystalline
2H ∕ 15N-enriched proteins (GB1 and SH3) with a partial
back-exchange of labile protons. Standard CSA and dipolar CODEX experiments
reveal a fast-decaying component in the mixing time dependence of 15N nuclei in proteins, which can be misinterpreted as a slow overall protein
rocking motion. However, the RIDER-free experimental setup provides flat
mixing time dependences, meaning that the studied proteins do not undergo global motions on the millisecond timescale.
Evolución de las programaciones de Telecinco-Cuatro y Antena 3-La Sexta tras la concentración del mercado de la televisión en España
Authors: Sotelo González Joaquin , Sierra Sánchez Javier , Cabezuelo Lorenzo Francisco
Published: October 2020

El mercado de la televisión privada en España vive un paradigmático modelo de duopolio entre dos grandes corporaciones, Atresmedia y Mediaset, nacidas ambas a partir de dos grandes fusiones: la de Telecinco con Cuatro y la de Antena 3 con La Sexta. Nos proponemos analizar el cambio que ha experimentado el sector de la televisión privada en nuestro país desde esa doble fusión y cómo han evolucionado los contenidos y las audiencias de los cuatro canales. Recurrimos a una triangulación metodológica de revisión histórico-sistémica, de análisis de contenido y de método comparativo. Una de las conclusiones más interesantes de la investigación ha sido descubrir que mientras Atresmedia ha respetado en gran medida la diferenciación de sus dos principales canales, Mediaset ha convertido a Cuatro en un canal casi mimético y subsidiario de Telecinco.
Product placement en el videoclip musical mainstream: análisis de los casos más visualizados en YouTube de 2015 a 2019
Authors: Sedeño-Valdellos Ana , Schubert Hanna
Published: October 2020

El fenómeno del product placement se desarrolla de manera transversal en todos los formatos audiovisuales actuales, aunque se viene observando una mayor presencia de marcas en mensajes como los videoclips musicales, formatos centrales en redes sociales de contenido audiovisual como YouTube. El trabajo se realiza sobre una muestra de 125 vídeos musicales más visualizados, en los que se analizan las marcas y tipos de productos, la localización, presencia y lugar del emplazamiento, así como otras variables de apreciación. Después de unos años donde la técnica publicitaria se mantuvo estancada en este formato, se localiza un incremento relevante así como un perfil de emplazamiento que prima los objetos de lujo, la ropa de marcas conocidas, y un perfil de integración.
La formación no reglada en Alfabetización Mediática y los indicadores de resultados cualitativos. Investigación aplicada al Plan de Fomento de lectura de prensa y alfabetización en medios de Andalucía
Authors: Escudero Manuel Chaparro , Espinar-Medina Lara María , Tarbift Ámal El-Mohammadiane
Published: October 2020

Esta investigación analiza las iniciativas de alfabetización mediática puestas en marcha en la Comunidad de Andalucía al margen del sistema de enseñanza reglado. Estudia los actores que participan, las entidades promotoras y el contenido de la Orden de Gobierno que subvenciona las actividades. También establece conclusiones para corregir los diferentes intereses que se cruzan en la iniciativa de la Junta de Andalucía, relacionados con el clientelismo de los medios privados comerciales y la necesidad de facilitar herramientas críticas a la ciudadanía para el consumo de medios y la creación de contenidos; en definitiva, entre el fomento del consumo per se y la capacitación en pensamiento crítico para la toma de decisiones y la actividad prosumidora. Como resultado final propone criterios para aplicar indicadores que permitan evaluar los resultados alcanzados por los proyectos subvencionados.
Del suelto al tweet en CTXT. La opinión editorial se perpetúa
Authors: Paniagua Santamaría Pedro Fernández
Published: October 2020

El suelto, ese género opinativo breve que recoge la línea editorial de un medio, puede contar con una nueva vida en las redes sociales si aceptamos que los fragmentos derivados de los editoriales y publicados como píldoras da fácil asimilación podrían optar a tal categoría genérica. En este estudio se han analizado, durante los seis primeros meses de 2020, los editoriales de la revista Ctxt y su traslación a mensajes de Twitter. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten hablar de una segunda fase de los medios de comunicación en Internet, después de la primera que supuso la llegada de la revolución digital hace ahora un cuarto de siglo.
Moreno Espinosa, P. (2019). Aportaciones metodológicas para la Redacción Periodística. Fragua
Authors: Román San Miguel Aránzazu
Published: October 2020

La metodología es quizá la parte de la investigación que más difícil se antoja en cualquier trabajo docente e investigador, razón por la cual cualquier libro que aborde esta temática resulta desde el principio interesante. La catedrática Pastora Moreno nos ofrece un trabajo interesante en el ámbito de la investigación en la esfera de la Redacción Periodística Audiovisual.
Transfer efficacy of Escherichia coli O157:H7 between surfaces of green mature tomatoes and common food processing materials
Authors: Tokarskyy Oleksandr , Korda Mykhaylo , Lukyantseva Halyna
Published: October 2020

The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate E. coli O157:H7 survival on green mature tomatoes and squares of common food processing materials – stainless steel, plastic (HDPE), and vinyl conveyor belt (PVC) – post-drying, stored at 25 ºC in the humidified environment for four days; b) to determine pathogen transfer rates (wet, 90 minutes, or 24-hours drying post-inoculation), from inoculated tomato surfaces to uninoculated steel, plastic, and vinyl conveyor belt squares and conversely. It was shown that E. coli O157:H7 did not survive well on the surface of tomatoes, resulting in a decline from 5.3 log10 CFU.mL-1 90 minutes post-drying to 1.4 log10 CFU.mL-1 on day 4. Similarly, the pathogen did not survive well on the surface of food processing squares, with numbers declining over 4 days from 4.04, 4.44, and 4.19 CFU.mL-1 of rinsate 90 minutes squares post-drying to 0.72, 0.50, 0.83  log10 CFU.mL-1, which is close to the detection limit, for the steel, vinyl belt, and plastic, respectively. Successful cross-contamination between tomatoes and food processing surfaces was achieved during wet transfer; while transfer after 90 minutes inoculum post-drying and 24 hours were less successful. This can be explained by both lack of liquid media with suspended bacteria for transfer and fast pathogen die-off after desiccation. Dry transfers, as shown by the percentage of “positive” for pathogen presence tomatoes and squares, as well as bacterial counts, were more successful from tomatoes to squares, but not conversely. Special concern raised vinyl conveyor belt, where the surface picked up the most pathogen cells from the surface of tomatoes, resulting in 100% positive during 90 minute-dry transfers, followed by plastic (66.7% positive) and steel (55.6% positive). To summarize, we presented data on the possibility of cross-contamination between mature green tomatoes and common food processing surfaces, which may be interesting for the processors for risk evaluation.
Effect of somatic cell count on milkability and milk composition of ewes
Authors: Mačuhová Lucia , Tančin Vladimí­r , Mačuhová Juliana , Uhrinčať Michal , Oravcová Marta , Vršková Martina , Tvarožková Kristí­na
Published: October 2020

The trial aimed to study the effect of somatic cell count, breed, milk flow type, and parity on the milkability and milk composition of ewes. The flock consists of purebred Lacaune ewes (LC; n = 29) and crossbreds ewes of Improved Valachian (IV x LC; n = 35) and Tsigai (TS x LC; n = 37) with LC (with a genetic portion of Lacaune 25 and 50%). Ewes were assigned according to somatic cell count (SCC) to one of the following three groups: SCC ≤300,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000), SCC between 300,000 and 1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000), SCC ≥1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 1000,000). 56% of evaluated ewes had less than 300,000 cells per mL and 29% more than 1000,000 cells per mL in milk. No significant differences were observed between different groups of SCC in total, machine milk yield, and the proportion of milk yield in 30 s and 60 s. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 in the proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield (41 ±2 vs. 57 ±4%). Milk flow type had a significant effect on all evaluated milkability parameters but not on milk composition. Ewes on fourth parity had the highest proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield then ewes on third, fifth, and sixth and higher (60% vs. 47, 45, 46%; resp.). Effect of SCC Group on milk composition manifested only in solids not fat. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 1000,000 to SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 (10.75 ±0.08% vs. 11.05 ±0.06 and 11.15 ±0.11%, p ≤0.0004).
The effect of information systems and human resources strategies on the success of information systems: Evidence from Jordanian commercial companies
Authors: Tawaha Mohannad Sami , Bshayreh Mohamed Mahmoud , Alabdallat Wesam Ibrahim Mohammad
Published: October 2020

The study aims at measuring the impact of human resources and information systems strategies on the success of information systems in the industrial companies operating in the Amman stock exchange. The study sample was made up of accounting and finance departments for these companies. The initial data were collected through a questionnaire that designed for this purpose. The results have confirmed a strong impact of information systems strategies on the information systems success. As well, the results have confirmed the impact of information systems strategies on human resources strategies. The study also has proved that human resources strategies have maintained a weak effect on the success of information systems. The study recommends the researchers in this field to re-study this subject by modifying the measuring variables methods, and study other economic sectors.