bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une approche dialectique de la non-décision politique: le cas de l'avartement en Belgique
Authors: Marques-Pereira Bérengère
Published: March 2007

L'approche de la non-décision se fonde sur la mise en évidence de la dialectique du consensus et du conflit à l'oeuvre dans la dynamique historique. L'objectif poursuivi est d'éviter les écueils des problématiques axées sur l'un des paradigmes—l'action ou le système. Car, ni l'indivi dualisme volontariste ni le déterminisme structurel ne rendent compte de l'épaisseur des rapports de forces. Le cas d'étude sélectionné porte sur une revendication ayant accédé à l'agenda politique. La non-décision ne s'identifie pas ici au seul maintien du statu quo, bien qu'elle représente le poids des héritages institutionnels et culturels dans la dynamique des rapports de forces.
Bureaucratic Morality: An Introduction
Authors: Dwivedi O.P. , Olowu Dele
Published: March 2007

The manner in which public officials conduct themselves when relating to the public has always attracted the attention of both students and practitioners of the science of politics. Almost all the major political thinkers from Plato to Weber have given serious thought to the subject (Smith, 1959; Nelson, 1982; French, 1983). Yet, amongst scholars of public administration, bureaucratic morality has become a subject of interest only within the last two decades. What accounts for this comparative lack of attention in earlier years and what explains the more recent interest? These are the issues we attempt to address in this brief introduction.
The Spanish Case: Remarks on the General Theories of Nationalism
Authors: Tura Jordi Solé
Published: March 2007

We must escape ideological bias to develop a theory of regionalism from case studies. Late capitalism often produces regional and sub-national conflicts. Two issues are to be explained: the relationships of regional marginality to new economic developments and, in turn, their relationship to centralization and/or decentralization. The term "self- determination" is no longer clear: what is the unit for "self-determining" its future? To understand the question we must have an historical perspective on each case. In Spain, Catalan and Basque marginality is cultural rather than economic—and has been challenged by the powers of the central state, leading to crisis and military dictatorship. Later, democratization produced guarantees of autonomy for the region as a practical solution.
Peripheral Nationalism Between Pluralism and Monism
Authors: Seiler D.L.
Published: March 2007

"Nationalism" is ambiguous and was employed in liberation movements and to justify empire. Often identified with a language or common origin, it had a definite territory. The author distinguishes the nation-state from the cultural nation—both synthesized in the elective nation. Nations seek legitimacy through hegemony (Britain) or domination (France), and nationalism becomes a secular religion. Against it smaller democratic peripheral nationalisms appear, defending the cultural nation (Ireland, Brittany, Catalonia) against the nation-state. Their aim is emancipation and they may not demand a nation-state for thsmelves because they have opposed the concept to defend the region—so federal solutions may be preferred as according with regional pluralism against the monism of imperialism.
Models for Predicting the Dutch Vote along the Left-Right and the Libertarianism-Authoritarianism Dimensions
Authors: Middendorp Cees P.
Published: March 2007

There are two "fundamental dimensions of ideological contro versy" in The Netherlands which are stable through the period 1970-85: socio-economic left-right, with egalitarian implications, and libertarianism-authoritarianism with the underlying value of freedom. Both dimensions are "belief systems" based on highly interrelated attitude scales, and both are "sustained" by stable philosophical dimensions: socialism and liberalism for the left-right dimension, conservatism and authoritarianism for the libertarian-authoritarian dimension. The ordering of political parties by means of average scores of their supporters is different on each dimension. Then, obviously, two sets of causal models can be developed, with party preference along each dimension as the dependent variable. The models developed in this study contain social characteristics (age, education, income, class and religion), philosophical dimensions, ideologi cal dimensions and, in addition, left-right and progressive-conservative self-identifications. The left-right vote is best predicted by left-right self- identification followed by a mixture of other determinants of about equal strength: left-right ideological position, socialism, liberalism, conservatism, religion, social class and income. The authoritarian vote is predominantly determined by religion, followed at some distance by left-right self- identification, libertarian-authoritarian ideology, conservatism, socialism, left-right ideological position and social class. Income and liberalism do not play an important role here. Age and educational level have negligible effects as predictors of either vote. The role of ideology as a determinant of the vote in a European context is contrasted with American evidence and the content validity of ideological self-identification in terms of left-right is questioned.
Essai sur la situation idéologique de notre temps: considérations préliminaires
Authors: Vachet André
Published: March 2007

Les sciences de la société et de la politique connaissent au 20e siècle un développement et un raflinement de l'analyse auxquels échappent bien peu de processus et de phénomènes sociaux. Mais parallèlement on doit constater l'absence de renouvellement des systèmes théoriques globaux et des modèles de société. Les grandes idéologies, libéralisme, socialisme, sont encore pour l'essentiel celles déjà établies dès le 19e siècle. Et cela malgré les transformations des sociétés et l'explosion de la connaissance scientifique. Il en découle l'impuissance et la crise de la pensée sociale et politique dont les conséquences s'étendent aux pratiques et aux institutions où apparaissent dysfonctions et blocages. Se pose donc la question de l'origine de cette crise. Il semblerait possible d'en voir une cause dans la double aspiration qui alimente les idéologies modernes: l'aspiration libertaire conduisant à l'affirmation de l'autonomie et de la spontanéité individuelle étant antinomique de l'aspiration à l'efficacité sociale qui entraîne l'intégration et le développement du pouvoir et de l'Etat.
Towards the Good and Rational Life: Method and Value in the Crisis of Political Theory
Authors: Stokes Geoff
Published: March 2007

The crisis in political theory may be attributed to two related shortcomings of value and method. There is an impasse because theorists have largely relinquished the task of developing a systematic and ethically oriented approach to the problems confronting modern polities. Both the legacy of positivism and the academic division of labor in political science have limited the scope of political theory. Contrary to some critics the classic tradition of political theory provides the reference point for renewal. Instead of confining themselves to textual exegesis, moral philosophy, linguistic analysis, or disciplinary self-reflection, political theorists will need to engage in systematic critique informed by a conception of the good life.
Les racines politiques des crises de la pensée politique
Authors: Miguelez Roberto
Published: March 2007

Notre analyse repose sur deux hypothèses générales complémen taires. La première hypothèse affirme l'existence non pas d'une crise de la pensée politique mais de trois situations critiques auxquelles doit faire face le pensée politique et qui déterminent des formes d'incertitude spécifiques, irréductibles les unes aux autres. La deuxième hypothèse affirme que l'intelligibilité des crises que connaît la pensée politique passe par celle des conditions politiques dans lesquelles s'exerce cette pensée. Pour préciser ces deux hypothèses nous faisons appel à un modèle construit à partir de la structure d'une action. Trois formes d'incertitude sont ainsi repérées: une incertitude concernant les valeurs, une incertitude concernant l'état des choses et une incertitude portant sur les voies d'action. Transposées sur le plan ou la dimension de la structure sociale, ces trois formes d'incertitude sont à saisir et à examiner respectivement comme crise au niveau du système de légitimation et de motivation, comme crise au niveau du système organisationnel ou des institutions et comme crise au niveau des stratégies ou système "opérationnel". Nous localisons la première forme de crise dans les sociétés du capitalisme "central", la deuxième dans les formations sociales socialistes et la troisième dans les sociétés du capitalisme "périphérique". A partir d'une analyse des conditions politiques qui ont rendu possible l'émergence de ces formes spécifiques de crise nous essayons de déterminer au moins certaines conditions nécessaires—mais non pas suffisantes—de leur dépassement.
Participation and Attitudes toward Civil Liberties: Is there an "Educative" Effect?
Authors: Fletcher Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

It has often been suggested that participation in politics has an "educative" effect on the outlook of the participants (cf. Pateman, 1970). This claim is examined with particular reference to basic attitudes toward civil liberties utilizing data from the Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties in Canada project. The central finding of the paper is that a person's values and level of participation interact in a fashion consistent with the educative-effect hypothesis. Statistical models are presented showing that the role of basic values in making judgements about civil liberties issues varies (in both degree and kind) with the extent of political involvement, just as with education. Close examination of the relative importance of political involvement and education reveals that while education is the more important of the two in promoting support for civil liberties, participation has an important additional effect among those who are highly educated.
Prepositional Phases: The Political Effects of Art on Audience
Authors: Lukes Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

Social realism, postmodernism, modernism, and romanticism have all been pressed to resist politically the excesses of modern industrial society. The purported political fortes of these movements can be arranged and analyzed around simple prepositions, if not propositions. Social realism is of its audience, highlighting progressive tendencies while disparaging laggards. Postmodernism is championed as disruptive of habitual behaviors, and thus is at its audience. Modernism is said to inspire a purer alternative which is above its audience. And romanticism goes beyond its audience to levels of unfettered transcendence. After justifying this prepositional taxonomy, this essay exposes the weakness of each artform's connection with politics, finally speculating on the possibility of a more universal incompatibility of art and politics.
The Justification of Bicameralism
Authors: Riker William H.
Published: March 2007

The main disadvantage of unicameral legislatures operating by simple majority rule is that, when politics is two-dimensional, they allow the adoption of out-of-equilibrium policies. Since in such cases a majority opposed to what a majority has adopted, the result is majority tyranny. To minimize such tyranny, it is necessary to delay action until a true majority in society is arrived at. Of the several methods of delay — supermajorityism, multipartyism, multicameralism — the best is multicameralism because it allows for simple majority rule when politics is one-dimensional (and hence when a median voter equilibrium is likely to exist) yet discourages decision when politics is two-dimensional (and hence when, almost certainly, no equilibrium exists).
The Economics of Language: Match or Mismatch?
Authors: Grin François
Published: March 2007

The economics of language is an interdisciplinary field of inves tigation which explores the mutual effect of language-related and economic variables. This paper reviews the main orientations and results of research, and then critically assesses the nature of standard assump tions made in the economics of language. It is shown that many of these assumptions can be expanded or adapted in order to increase the scope of relevant causal links that can be encompassed in modelling. This, in turn, requires a stronger emphasis on interdisciplinarity, in which economics has an essential role to play, in particular for selecting and designing language policy.
Canadian Constraints on Judicialization from Without
Authors: Russell Peter H.
Published: March 2007

Canada's adoption of a constitutional Charter of Rights and Freedoms has led to a limited judicialization of politics which has been felt mostly in the field of criminal justice. But judicialization in major fields of social and economic policy has been limited by the Charter's terms and by judicial self-restraint. The Charter's principal impact on the country's political life is not a transfer of power to the judiciary but a juridicalization of political discourse. Divisive moral and constitutional issues have been permeated with "rights talk." This makes consensual resolution of these issues more difficult.
A Sociobiological Defense of Aristotle's Sexual Politics
Authors: Arnhart Larry
Published: March 2007

This article defends Aristotle and sociobiology against their feminist critics by arguing that a biological conception of human nature rightly understood can support feminism. Aristotle's telelogical biology is not sexist. On the contrary, his biology suggests lines of argument that could vindicate feminism in some form. By arguing for marital friendship as the standard for judging spousal relationships, and by defending family life, and particularly maternal caregiving, as the natural root of all social ity and politics, Aristotle elevates the claims of women and suggests that the fullest human excellence would combine masculine and feminine incli nations.

Aristotle's functional teleology sustains a conception of natural human needs and powers as universal despite the variability of cultures. Without such an understanding of a universal human nature, feminists are tempted to adopt a cultural relativism that renders their critique of patriarchy incoherent. Furthermore, this defense of Aristotle applies as well to socio biological accounts of human sexual nature.
The Noble Sports Fan
Authors: Smith Garry J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a sociological analysis of the sport follower role. Topics covered include socialization into the sport fan role; the beneficial consequences of sport spectating, both for the individual and society; and a discussion of the traditional criticisms of sport spectating. The position taken is that following sport is a worthwhile leisure pursuit that enhances an individual's quality of life and has a cohesive effect on society.
Racial Segregation by Playing Position in the English Football League: Some Preliminary Observations
Authors: Melnick Merrill J.
Published: March 2007

Over the last 17 years, research has shown that blacks are significantly underrepresented in spatially central playing positions in major league baseball and professional and college football. The present study extends the research literature by analyzing the racial characteristics of playing positions in English football (soccer). Data were obtained from 468 1st Division players. Chi-square analysis revealed that blacks were overrepresented at the noncentral forward position and underrepresented at both the spatially central midfielder position and "functionally" central goalie position. The "stereotype hypothesis" was used to explain the overrepresentation of blacks at the forward position and their underrepresentation at the midfielder position while the "outcome-control hypothesis" was helpful in explaining the goalkeeper data. It was speculated that these patterns of racial segregation by playing position may be the result of discriminatory practices by white management.
Race, Position Segregation and Salary Equity in Professional Baseball
Authors: Smith Earl , Seff Monica A.
Published: March 2007

This paper uses the most recent data available to analyze the question of position segregation in major league baseball. One of the most consistent beliefs in our popular culture is that in professional sport black Americans have achieved parity with their white counterparts. Surprisingly, given the pervasiveness of this belief, there are relatively few empirical attempts to examine and explain the degree to which parity has or has not been achieved. Our paper examines the extent to which equality of opportunities exist in professional sport by looking at the game of baseball. The paper is a replication and extension of the pioneering study conducted by Loy and McElvogue (1970). We also include in our analysis variables that help predict salary differentials for players by race. The results of our research suggest the following: (1) position segregation still exists in professional baseball with white ballplayers disproportionately overrepresented in the infield (or central positions) and black American ballplayers disproportionately overrepresented in the outfield (or peripheral positions); (2) measures of skill (e.g., home runs, hits, and at bats), not race or playing position, are the only significant predictors of salary; and (3) black ballplayers have a higher median salary than white ballplayers. In our conclusion, we offer several explanations of these relationships and findings.
Conceptions of Nationalism and Citizenship Among Noh-Anglo-Celtic Soccer Clubs in an Australian City
Authors: Hallinan Christopher J. , Krotee March L.
Published: March 2007

While soccer is not considered the major or primary sport of Australia, it is the primary or major sport in most of the European countries from where the non Anglo-Celtic population emigrated. Soccer is strongly associated with immigrant population groups and has often been regarded by Anglo-Celtic Australians as the 'ethnic game'. The overseas-born residents of Wollongong, Australia comprised 27% of that city's popula tion in 1981 - higher proportionately than any of the ten largest urban areas in Australia. The identificational practices of Wollongong non-Anglo-Celtic clubs representing 24 teams from 7 ethnic entities (Croatian, Greek, Italian, Macedonian, Maltese, Serbian, Spanish) were investigated to determine the association with ethnic singularity during soccer club activities. The data was collected in several stages: interviews, telephone conversations, field work notes, as well as general observations. It was found that clubs members negotiated their adherence towards the often conflicting areas of citizenship and nationalism.
Community Posthospital Follow-Up Services
Authors: Solberg Ann
Published: March 2007

Clients ready for discharge from the Fresno County Department of Health Acute Psychiatric Unit were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 71) or a control group (n = 72). The individuals in the experimental group received community follow-up services from one of four psychiatric social workers for a period of 30 days after their discharge from the acute psychiatric unit. The control group received no follow-up ser vices from the project staff. The evaluation of the project was based on a period of 60 days following each client's discharge from the hospital. The results showed that posthospital community follow-up, as provided in this demonstration project, is effective in preventing or at least delaving rehospitalization, without increasing the cost of mental health care.
Strategies for Prevention Research in Service Environments
Authors: Schinke Steven Paul , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Lodish Deborah , Bobo Janet Kay
Published: March 2007

Despite a growing literature on evaluation methods suitable for applied settings, few investigators address the separation of research and service. This article recognizes obstacles to field studies. The authors specify practical strategies for entering service environments and for designing, implementing, and measuring an experimental interven tion. Documentation for the strategies comes from an evaluation of primary prevention in the public schools.
Selection Bias and the Demand for Electricity
Authors: Hennessy Michael
Published: March 2007

This article looks first at the issue of policy-motivated electricity rate designs with special attention to the situation of master-metered households. It then discusses the implicit bias (both substantive and statistical) in demand functions and other regression-related analyses when these consumers in master-metered households are excluded from such research. Using econometric techniques to adjust for selection bias, it estimates and compares two demand functions, one of which corrects for selection bias. While most effects are comparable, some important differences do result.
Rent Subsidies
Authors: Jackson Byran O. , Mohr Lawrence B.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have evaluated the experimental housing allowance program authorized by Congress in 1970 and implemented by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The studies that are relied upon most have nevertheless been considered inadequate because they were essentially case studies. An evaluation design has recently been suggested, the random-comparison-group design, that makes the data from the Administrative Agency Experiment useful for evaluation. The outcomes in the AAE program sites are compared here to projected outcomes based on an analysis of Annual Housing Survey data. The evaluation finds that rent burdens were reduced and housing quality was improved jor many who lived in substandard units. These impacts were achieved without producing inflation. Substantial confidence in the findings is permitted not only by the logic of the method itself, but by corroboration from other research. The design employed is found to be practical and powerful for certain evaluations, and its use in connection with other public programs can be recommended. The random- comparison-group design could substitute for randomized experiments in situations in which such controlled experimentation is not possible or was not carried out.
Microcomputers and Improving Social Science Prediction
Authors: Nagel Stuart S.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes a type of microcomputer program that can process a set of (1) prior cases or incidents, (2) predictive criteria for separating the cases into winners and losers, or two or more other categories, and (3) relations between each prior case and criterion in order to arrive at a decision rule that is accurate and makes substantive sense. Micro computers allow the user to change quickly the various inputs to see the effects the changes have in reducing inconsistencies in applying the decision rule to the data set. This is educated reiterative guessing, as contrasted to more mechanical least squares approaches.
Telecommunications Systems and Evaluation Research
Authors: Howell Frank M. , Vasu Michael L. , Vasu Ellen S.
Published: March 2007

The parallel developments of sophisticated voice and data telephone technology and relatively low-cost microcomputers have created a situation in 1986 by which "knowledge workers," like the evaluation research community, can engage in large-scale tele communication on a nationwide scale. How the social organization of information and interpersonal interaction can be meshed with the technical organization of computing and computer-mediated telecommunications looms as the critical issue inhibiting adoption of this alternative mode of professional communication. A number of issues are discussed and two new international computer networks-SocNet and PoliNet- are used in detailed examples to illustrate how the evaluation research community can begin to make this transition possible.
Bargaining Among Nations
Authors: Lipschutz Ronnie D.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this article is to see how the underlying cultural, historical, or perceptual elements that form the basis for the establishment of international agreements and organizations affect bargaining between nations over issues of the global commons. The article has four parts. In the first two, the author summarizes competing ideas about the provisions of collective goods and theories of regime formation (related aspects of the same phenomenon). In the third section, the author suggests ways in which cultural, historical, and perceptual differences might be worked into notions about regime formation. Finally, in the fourth, the author addresses the implications of these ideas for managing the planetary atmosphere.
Cross-National Differences in Policy Implementation
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila
Published: March 2007

Existing research comparing regulatory processes for environmental and health hazards in Europe and North America indicates that there are considerable differences in the ways that countries with quite similar legal and political traditions approach both the scientific evidence on which policy is made and the frameworks that are used to implement such policy. Such differences may be even more extreme between countries with vastly different cultures and political traditions. This article describes and accounts for such differences in political, legislative, administrative, regulatory, and judicial systems that may present obstacles to reaching international accord.
Consciousness, culture and curriculum
Authors: Elliott David J.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary views of human consciousness illuminate many aspects of music education. In this paper the cultural nature of consciousness is linked to issues of music curriculum development, multiculturalism, and musical values. In doing so, the claims made by David Aspin in the International Journal of Music Education, 27, 1996 are also engaged.
The universal language of all cultures
Authors: Rivera Isabel Aretz De Ramon Y
Published: March 2007

Music is a language that is expressed through the audible sounds for which no one requires a translation, therefore music can be utilized, when shared between cultures in the right fashion, as a tool to increase brotherhood among people in the world. Sharing music by means of a concert or audio-visual tools falls short when it comes to penetrating the human sentiment. Our concert audiences always tend to prefer the music that they were brought up with; our music schools only answer to the European tradition. One can conclude that an appreciation of different musical cultures in the world depends on the degree of musical education at an early stage. Therefore one must consider an early musical education starting at the elementary school level. We believe that every child should be educated within its own culture first, in order to proceed to develop an appreciation of the culture of fellow nations within the same continent. Once a cultural foundation has been established – including the musical aspects – the child must be familiarized with and learn to appreciate the music and people of different continents in order to slowly become a world citizen. It is not the intention of this ambitious plan to unite the music of different cultures, but rather to maintain the musical diversity of the different continents, each with its own rich instrumental and vocal heritage, that accompanies people from birth until death. This diversity deserves to be perpetuated, as is done with musical masterpieces which can be attributed to their composers. Thus it can be achieved that the people of different nations may contact and communicate by means of a not yet exploited sonorous language which is familiar to everybody.
Liberation songs sung by black South Africans during the 20th Century
Authors: Gray Anne-Marie
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the orally transmitted liberation songs of the black liberation movements in South Africa, and is primarily concerned with two major questions: (a) the lyrics of the songs, which mirrored sociopolitical conditions and the contours of black thought during the Apartheid era, and (b) the transcription of a selection of these songs which reflect the modifications in style the songs underwent in order to mirror the changes in black thought with regard to the liberation struggle.

The rationale for this research was that in the South African context, the black liberation struggle was paramount and in this conflict one of the transformatory forces which manifested itself was the extensive use of liberation and protest music. The aesthetic and stylistic evaluation of these songs was, however, preceded by the recording of historical facts implicated in the songs. This paper highlights the power of liberation music AS A mass medium for purposes other than entertainment.

Through song and dance a people are able to share their burden, triumph, sadness and gladness of heart. They sing songs about the common oppressor or exploiter … songs can be used to draw people together and unite them in one common aim, goal and purpose

Willie Peacock (in Carawan & Carawan, 1990: 240)
Working with Young People: The Way Forward
Authors: Ward David
Published: March 2007

(This article is an edited version of a paper presented to the Probation Service National Conference organised at Lancaster University last September by the Home Office. Since that time, the long-awaited green paper on youth custody and supervision has been published by the Home Office, so the Probation Service has to think carefully about its future role with young offenders.)
research review
Authors: McWilliams Bill , Hine Jean
Published: March 2007

One of the purposes of the Journal, as we see it, is to provide proba tion staff with information which will help them carry out their com plex tasks more effectively, intelligently or critically. In the Digest section we have been particularly concerned to disseminate useful or interesting facts and figures, as well as the names and addresses of relevant organisations and publications.

In this new, occasional column, we hope to offer readers readable accounts of research relevant to probation practice. Recent years have seen major changes in our theoretical understanding of social work and of work with offenders, and considerable advances in know ledge. Practising staff have little time or opportunity to keep abreast of developments which may bear significantly on what they are doing. We hope this column will offer some remedy.

As a preliminary to examining the current state of research in specific aspects of practice in future columns, in this piece the authors discuss the theory/practice 'gap', and the role of theory in research. They outline the fundamental change which is taking place in social scientists' view of research.
Nationality: A Bill of Wrongs?
Authors: Wyatt Rosalie
Published: March 2007

The writer outlines some of the details of the British Nationality Bill, and what she sees as the likely damaging and discriminatory effects should it become law. She suggests that NAPO should have taken a more vigorous stance on an issue affecting the rights of some of our clients. (Written March '81.)
Information Policy in India and China
Authors: Baark Erik
Published: March 2007

A comparative survey of the development of national information infrastructures and the formulation of national information policy in India and China. The influence of foreign mod els, traditions of library and information work, indigenous development, language and patterns of information use is discussed and the existing organisational structures for sci entific and technological information are comp ared. The policy implications of introducing modern information technology are considered.
Bibliographic Control in Kenya
Authors: Otike J.N.
Published: March 2007

Examines the problems facing bibliographic control in Kenya, including the current state of publishing and legal deposit and the production of the Kenya National Bibliography. There is a need to coordinate the activities of the various bodies in the country responsible for information creation, collection and retrieval, but as yet no national coordinating body exists. The problems described cannot be solved by information workers alone. Publishers, printers and, above all, decision makers, have important roles to play.
Le Reseau Archivistique National Au Senegal
Authors: M'baye Saliou
Published: March 2007

Describes the national network of central, regional and local archives in Senegal. [In French]
A Utoma Ted Access To Multilingual Information
Authors: Velho Lopes Roseane R.
Published: March 2007

Presents some of the problems the foreign language barrier creates in the handling of scientific and technical texts in Brazil and suggests the creation of some automated tools to overcome the problems. The design of term banks and databases whach take into consideration the foreign language barrier are also seen in the context of a national and international effort to maximize the access and retrieval of technical and scientific documents to cater for the information needs of Brazilian society and contribute to the rational introduction of new technologies in the country and improve multilingual communication worldwide.
Information and Economic Recovery in Ghana
Authors: Alemna A.A.
Published: March 2007

Ghana's Economic Recovery Programme emphasizes the importance of information for national development, and libraries have a major role to play in this respect. The shortcomings of existing library services are described. Problems which must be solved before libraries can play their part in economic recovery are outlined and solutions proposed. The essential first step towards library development is an appreciation by the government of the vital role of library services in national development.
Libraries in the Mexico City earthquake
Authors: Fernández de Zamora Rosa Maria
Published: March 2007

Describes the damage caused to libraries in the Mexico City earthquake of 19 September 1985, and national and international efforts at reconstruction. Although not many libraries were damaged, some of the busiest libraries had to be closed due to earthquake damage. One library employee was killed in the earthquake. A National Committee for the Reconstruction of Libraries was set up and received international support through IFLA and other organizations.
Informing African farmers: some obstacles to information flow
Authors: Aina L.O.
Published: March 2007

Inadequate dissemination of agricultural information to farmers is one of the key factors responsible for low agricultural production in Africa. Some factors that inhibit the flow of agricultural information to farmers include the low literacy level of farmers, limited numbers of radio and television sets and inadequate numbers of personnel trained in agricultural information work. Suggestions for removing these barriers include government actions to reduce illiteracy, reducing the cost of radio sets and the design of a curriculum for the training of agricultural information specialists by library schools in Africa.
Library education and rural information provision in Ghana
Authors: Alemna A.A.
Published: March 2007

Examines the role that the Department of Library and Archival Studies of the University of Ghana might play in assisting the establishment of rural libraries in Ghana. Reviews the present state of rural information provision in Ghana. The present curriculum of the Department of Library and Archival Studies is not designed to produce librarians able to meet the needs of rural people. Makes suggestions for improvements in the curriculum while maintaining a balance between national needs and international standards.
Public library development in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wijasuriya D.E.K. , Evans John
Published: March 2007

Presents the findings and recommendations of a Unesco consultancy to prepare a library development plan for Papua New Guinea in 1990. Due to lack of time, the plan focused on public library development. Outlines the need for public library services to be extended to rural, as well as urban, areas. Describes the requirements for developing the public library infrastructure, including clear designation of responsibility for public libraries, adequate financial provision, promotion of coordination and cooperation, development of public library policy and legislation and the education and training of staff. Emphasises the need for close links with literacy programmes and book development.
Mini-micro CDS/ISIS in the Thailand Development Research Institute Library
Authors: Wongkoltoot Poonsin , Indee Somsak
Published: March 2007

Describes the development of the computerized bibliographic system in the Thailand Development Research Institute Library and Information Centre since its inception in 1986. Emphasis is placed on the use of TIBIS, an inhouse application program written in CDS/ISIS PASCAL, which enhanced the capability of Unesco's Micro-ISIS so that the library could create an integrated computerized bibliographic system. The system can be utilized on a local area network.
Effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Rolipram) on the urinary excretion of 6-sulphatoxy melatonin in man
Authors: Checkley S.A. , Winton F. , Corn T. , Franey C. , Arendt J.
Published: March 2007

The urinary excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) from 2400 to 0600 h was significantly increased following the treatment of ten normal volunteers with a phospho diesterase inhibitor (rolipram 1 mg 8 h for 24 h). The urinary excretion of the metabolite from 0600 to 1200 h was significantly reduced after treatment with rolipram.
Kindling and withdrawal changes at the benzodiazepine receptor
Authors: Little Hilary J. , Nutt David J. , Taylor Stuart C.
Published: March 2007

Drugs acting at benzodiazepine receptors can have two types of pharmacological profile: benzodiazepine agonists are anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and sedative, whilst benzo diazepine inverse agonists cause anxiety and convulsions. In 1982 we showed that a benzo diazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, prevented the effects of both types of compound at doses without intrinsic activity in the tests used. We put forward the hypothesis that the benzo diazepine receptor complex could undergo two possible conformational changes, resulting in increases (benzodiazepine agonists) or decreases (benzodiazepine inverse agonists) in the effects of the inhibitory transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This concept has been widely accepted. We have now studied the effects of inverse agonists after chronic treatment with inverse agonists themselves and with benzodiazepine agonists, in order to see if tolerance develops (as seen with the agonists) or whether an opposite change occurs.
The effects of single doses of alpidem and lorazepam on memory and psychomotor performance in normal humans
Authors: Curran H. Valerie , Allen David , Lader Malcolm
Published: March 2007

Two studies are reported which compare different single doses of alpidem (SL80.0343-00) with lorazepam 2 mg. In the first study, lorazepam and the highest (100 mg) dose of alpidem impaired performance on a range of psychomotor tasks, although the effects of lorazepam were more severe and persisted for longer than those of alpidem. In comparison, alpidem 50 and 25 mg had little effect. The EEG profiles of both drugs were similar.
Clonidine challenge testing of alpha-2-adrenoceptor function in man: the effects of mental illness and psychotropic medication
Authors: Glue Paul , Nutt David , Glue Paul
Published: March 2007

The clonidine challenge test is a means of assessing alpha-2-adrenoceptor sen sitivity in man. We review studies which have used this test to investigate central alpha-2- adrenoceptor changes in psychiatric illness, and to determine receptor changes after adminis tration and withdrawal of psychotropic treatments. Patients with severe depression show evidence of reduced alpha-2-adrenoceptor sensitivity, especially a reduced growth hormone response to clonidine. This may delineate a subgroup of patients with severe depressive illness from those with milder depression, and may even provide a trait marker for some depressed patients. Patients with panic disorder show evidence of subsensitivity to some and supersensitivity to other clonidine-induced responses. Other disorders, although less well investigated, may have abnormal test responses which may provide additional information about their cause and treatment. Changes in response after drug treatment have provided important information on the mode of action of antidepressants, and have suggested that noradrenergic function is altered by a variety of different antidepressants.
The differential effects of flumazenil on the psychomotor and amnesic actions of midazolam
Authors: Birch Brian , Curran H. Valerie
Published: March 2007

Forty-four patients given midazolam prior to day-care urological surgery had the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, or placebo administered postoperatively. Flumazenil reversed the psychomotor impairments induced by midazolam but not its amnesic effects. There was no evidence of resedation for up to 6 h following the use of flumazenil.
The Northwick Park 'Functional' Psychosis Study. Phase 2: maintenance treatment
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Crow T.J. , Owens D.G.C. , Frith C.D.
Published: March 2007

This study blindly compared the value as a prophylaxis against relapse over a period of up to 6 years, of pimozide, lithium, pimozide+lithium and placebo of 30 patients with functional psychotic illness who had achieved satisfactory recovery on the same medications during an acute episode of illness. Pimozide was significantly more effective than placebo pimozide in preventing relapse (p=0.01). No significant effect for lithium was found. There was a significant deterioration in positive symptoms (p < 0.05) as relapse approached, but otherwise features of impending relapse were not detected. It is concluded that prophylactic neuroleptic medication is of value even in patients who have recovered from an acute episode of psychosis without active neuroleptics. Such an acute response does not identify a group of patients who can be predicted to do well without continued medication.
Assessment of teratogenicity
Authors: Hawkins D.F.
Published: March 2007

Animal tests for teratogenicity of drugs have more medicolegal and political significance than relevance to human therapeutics. Test conditions differ widely from human therapeutic regimens and major species differences are common. Occasionally the tests will define a drug or group of drugs with an unpleasant potential, and sometimes a mode of action which needs careful exploration in humans will be found. Anecdotal case reports of purported associations between drug use and congenital malformations provide a vast source of misinformation, yet they were responsible for the indictment of thalidomide as a human teratogen. Retrospective studies on patients who have taken a drug in pregnancy are susceptible to recall bias, and at best provide a basis for planned prospective studies which are seldom instituted for fear of medicolegal consequences. Prospective surveillance of drugs already accepted for use in pregnancy and reporting of `adverse reactions' to drugs inadvertently used in pregnancy thus provide the only effective source of information on teratogenicity of psychotropic drugs in humans.
Awareness and information processing in general anesthesia
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. , Couture Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

Although general anesthesia produces an apparent loss of consciousness, there is some reason to believe that, at least under some circumstances, surgical events may influence post-operative experience, thoughts and action as implicit memories. This paper summarizes a number of recent experiments in which adequately anesthetized patients show implicit, but not explicit, memory for surgical events. The evidence for implicit memory following general anesthesia is mixed, and the limiting conditions are not yet known. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are explored.
An open study of remoxipride in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia-
Authors: Ashwood T.J. , Hallstrom C. , King D.J. , Livingston M.G. , McCreadie R.G.
Published: March 2007

An open non-comparative multicentre study was carried out to evaluate the safety and tolerability of remoxipride over a treatment period of 12 months. The efficacy of the drug in controlling psychotic symptoms was also monitored. Eighty-five men and women aged 18-69 who met the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia were entered into the study and after withdrawal of previous antipsychotic medication, treated orally with remoxipride 75-300 mg b.i.d. The treatment was well tolerated and most of the adverse symptoms reported were reduced in incidence at the last rating compared to baseline. Sleep problems (insomnia and increased sleep) and increased thirst showed an increase in incidence during treatment. The incidence of extrapyramidal side effects was low and less than at baseline; there was no evidence that remoxipride produced an increase in abnormal involuntary movements, the median weight of the group did not alter and remoxipride produced no significant effect on cardiovascular, clinical chemistry and haematology variables. It appeared effective in controlling psychotic symptoms and produced some improvement on over one third of the patients despite the fact that the majority of patients entered were not in a productive phase of their illness. The results indicate that remoxipride will be well tolerated and effective when given for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia.
Effects of beta-adrenoceptor ligands in the elevated X-maze 'anxiety' model and antagonism of the 'anxiogenic' response to 8-OH-DPAT
Authors: Njung'e Kungu , Critchley Martyn A. E. , Handley Sheila L.
Published: March 2007

Effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists have been examined on open/total arm entry ratio (OTR) over a wide range of doses in the rat elevated X-maze 'anxiety' model. For clenbuterol, terbutaline and adrenaline, OTR was reduced only at doses at or above those reducing total entries; dobutamine was inactive. Neither the β1-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol nor the β 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 affected OTR or total entries. The peripherally acting β1-antagonist practolol was also inactive. The elevated X-maze therefore does not appear to detect β-adrenoceptor-mediated changes in 'anxiety'. Among the β-adrenoceptor antagonists which also bind to 5-HT1 receptors, sotalol and timolol were inactive but restricted doses of alprenolol (0.1 mg/kg) and pindolol (0.1-0.25 mg/kg) caused an anxiolytic-like increase in OTR while propranolol (5-10 mg/kg) and pindolol (1.0 mg/kg) reduced OTR without affecting total entries. These effects may be attributable to the activity of these agents at 5-HT 1 receptors. Since metoprolol (3.0 mg/kg) and ICI 118,551 (1.0 mg/kg) did not alter the fall in OTR caused by the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, the antagonism of this fall by alprenolol (0.5 mg/kg), pindolol (0.5 mg/kg), propranolol (3.0 mg/kg) and timolol (3.0 mg/kg) is most likely to represent a 5-HT1 receptor antagonist effect of these agents.
Clomipramine, a better reference drug for panic/agoraphobia. I. Effectiveness comparison with imipramine
Authors: Gentil Valentim , Lotufo-Neto Francisco , Andrade Laura , Cordás Táki , Bernik Márcio , Ramos Renato , Maciel Lucia , Miyakawa Ernesto , Gorenstein Clarice
Published: March 2007

An 8-week, double-blind, flexible-dose trial comparing low doses of clomipramine (mean=50 mg) with moderate doses of imipramine (mean=113.8 mg and propanteline (active placebo), was carried out in 60 out-patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Efficacy evaluation included global, anxiety and depression rating scales, and the determination of rates of relapse over up to 10 weeks of single-blind placebo follow-up. Both tricyclics were significantly more effective than propanteline, but clomipramine tended to act faster and more consistently than imipramine on most measures. Given the degree of blindness achieved and the significantly lower doses of clomipramine, this seems a better reference drug than imipramine for clinical trials in panic/agoraphobia.