bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curing Viscosity of HTPB‐Based Binder Embedding Micro‐ and Nano‐Aluminum Particles
Authors: Maggi Filippo
Published: July 2014

Aluminum is used as a metal fuel in energetic materials for the improvement of propulsion performance and density. Both nano‐sized and micrometer‐sized activated powders represent valuable options in order to improve metal combustion properties, each possessing advantages and drawbacks. These ingredients bear peculiar properties (namely, higher specific surface, coatings, or surface characteristics) which generate high mixing viscosity once suspended in a polymer as well as altered mechanical properties of the final product. Four different powders dispersed in a polymer binder are taken into consideration and the evolution of viscosity in time during the curing process is investigated. The suspending medium is represented by a mixture of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dioctyl adipate (DOA). Viscosity was measured for 5 h on samples under isothermal curing at 60 °C. Non‐isothermal DSC kinetic analyses were also performed using the Kissinger method. It was found that, for the test conditions, a size reduction of metal particles slowed down the increment rate of curing viscosity while some peculiar coatings, such as fatty acids, introduced opposite trends.
Metal Fluorocarbon Pyrolants, XVI : Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Poly[bis(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP) as Oxidizer in Magnesium Based Pyrolants
Authors: Koch Ernst‐Christian , Contini Alessandro E.
Published: July 2014

Consolidated magnesium/poly[bis(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (MPZ) pyrolants display a stable combustion regime between ξ(Mg) 30–83 wt‐%. The combustion rate increases with increasing magnesium content. Mixtures containing between 15–29 wt‐% Mg do ignite with a butane torch but extinguish rapidly thereafter. The combustion flames for each stoichiometric range exhibit particular features such as luminous carbon particles, after burn luminescence of Mg and burning Mg‐rich ejecta. UV/Vis spectra of the combustion flames show a distinct continuum superimposed from signals for transient CF2, Mg, MgF, MgO, P2+, PH, PN, and PO. The thermochemical calculation using NASA‐CEA indicate the highest adiabatic temperatures 1889 K at ξ(Mg)=35 wt‐%. The aerobic combustion of MPZ yields similar temperatures as common magnesium/polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolants.
Gold and silver nanoparticle‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry compatible with secondary ion mass spectrometry for lipid analysis
Authors: Mohammadi Amir Saeid , Fletcher John S. , Malmberg Per , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: July 2014

To provide a convenient organic matrix‐free spray‐on sample preparation for laser desorption ionization (LDI) that is compatible with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) techniques, silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs) were applied on a 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) lipid sample. Application of Ag and Au nanoparticles to the POPC sample allowed POPC lipid fragments to be detected using NP‐LDI in both positive and negative polarities. In addition, the same sample prepared for NP‐LDI experiments was used for C60 SIMS lipid analysis, and a secondary ion signal enhancement was obtained for the [M + H]+ ion of the POPC lipid as well as for characteristics POPC lipid fragments in positive ion mode. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry for Mg tracer diffusion: issues and solutions
Authors: Tuggle Jay , Giordani Andrew , Kulkarni Nagraj , Warmack Bruce , Hunter Jerry
Published: July 2014

A secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) method has been developed to measure stable Mg isotope tracer diffusion. This SIMS method was then used to calculate Mg self‐diffusivities, and the data was verified against historical data measured using radiotracers. The SIMS method has been validated as a reliable alternative to the radiotracer technique for the measurement of Mg self‐diffusion coefficients and can be used as a routine method for determining diffusion coefficients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extreme value theory approach for the early detection of time clusters. A simulation‐based assessment and an illustration to the surveillance of Salmonella
Authors: Guillou A. , Kratz M. , Strat Y. Le
Published: July 2014

We propose a new method that could be part of a warning system for the early detection of time clusters applied to public health surveillance data. This method is based on the extreme value theory (EVT). To any new count of a particular infection reported to a surveillance system, we associate a return period that corresponds to the time that we expect to be able to see again such a level. If such a level is reached, an alarm is generated. Although standard EVT is only defined in the context of continuous observations, our approach allows to handle the case of discrete observations occurring in the public health surveillance framework. Moreover, it applies without any assumption on the underlying unknown distribution function. The performance of our method is assessed on an extensive simulation study and is illustrated on real data from Salmonella surveillance in France. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Superamphiphobic TiO2 Nanostructure Surfaces with Facile Wettability and Adhesion Engineering
Authors: Huang Jian‐Ying , Lai Yue‐Kun , Pan Fei , Yang Lei , Wang Hui , Zhang Ke‐Qin , Fuchs Harald , Chi Li‐Feng
Published: July 2014

Compared to conventional top‐down photo‐cleavage method, a facile bottom‐up ink‐combination method to in situ and rapidly achieve water wettability and adhesion transition, with a great contrast on the superamphiphobic TiO2 nanostructured film, is described. Moreover, such combination method is suitable for various kinds of superamphiphobic substrate. Oil‐based ink covering or removing changes not only the topographical morphology but also surface chemical composition, and these resultant topographical morphology and composition engineering realize the site‐selectively switchable wettability varying from superamphiphobicity to amphiphilicity, and water adhesion between sliding superamphiphobicity and sticky superamphiphobicity in micro‐scale. Additionally, positive and negative micro‐pattern can be achieved by taking advantage of the inherent photocatalytic property of TiO2 with the assistance of anti‐UV light ink mask. Finally, the potential applications of the site‐selectively sticky superamphiphobic surface were demonstrated. In a proof‐of‐concept study, the microdroplet manipulation (storage, moving, mixing, and transfer), specific gas sensing, wettability template for positive and negative ZnO patterning, and site‐selective cell immobilization have been demonstrated. This study will give an important input to the field of advanced functional material surfaces with special wettability.
Trade‐offs in Supply Chain System Risk Mitigation
Authors: Olson David L. , Swenseth Scott R.
Published: July 2014

Supply chains are critical to global operations. However, they involve many risks that require consideration of trade‐offs. Furthermore, consideration of the environment is becoming critical as well. This paper views supply chain decision‐making from a system perspective, using multiple criteria decision‐making as a framework. Systems perspectives of supply chains are discussed. Criteria and factors are reviewed for green supply chain management, supply chain risk, and supply chain efficiency. Selected papers balancing criteria in supply chain decision‐making are reviewed with the purpose of demonstrating risk and environmental criteria with efficiency. The conclusions discuss how systemic features are demonstrated by these decision‐making criteria. It is contended that consideration of systemic trade‐offs will lead to sounder supply chain decision‐making. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MicroRNA-21 Coordinates Human Multipotent Cardiovascular Progenitors Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Richart Adèle , Loyer Xavier , Néri Tui , Howangyin Kiave , Guérin Coralie L. , Ngkelo Anta , Bakker Wineke , Zlatanova Ivana , Rouanet Marie , Vilar José , Lévy Bernard , Rothenberg Marc , Mallat Ziad , Pucéat Michel , Silvestre Jean-Sébastien
Published: July 2014

Published clinical trials in patients with ischemic diseases show limited benefit of adult stem cell-based therapy, likely due to their restricted plasticity and commitment toward vascular cell lineage. We aim to uncover the potent regenerative ability of MesP1/stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1)-expressing cardiovascular progenitors enriched from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Injection of only 104 hESC-derived SSEA-1+/MesP1+ cells, or their progeny obtained after treatment with VEGF-A or PDGF-BB, was effective enough to enhance postischemic revascularization in immunodeficient mice with critical limb ischemia (CLI). However, the rate of incorporation of hESC-derived SSEA-1+/MesP1+ cells and their derivatives in ischemic tissues was modest. Alternatively, these cells possessed a unique miR-21 signature that inhibited phosphotase and tensin homolog (PTEN) thereby activating HIF-1α and the systemic release of VEGF-A. Targeting miR-21 limited cell survival and inhibited their proangiogenic capacities both in the Matrigel model and in mice with CLI. We next assessed the impact of mR-21 in adult angiogenesis-promoting cells. We observed an impaired postischemic angiogenesis in miR-21-deficient mice. Notably, miR-21 was highly expressed in circulating and infiltrated monocytes where it targeted PTEN/HIF-1α/VEGF-A signaling and cell survival. As a result, miR-21-deficient mice displayed an impaired number of infiltrated monocytes and a defective angiogenic phenotype that could be partially restored by retransplantation of bone marrow-derived cells from wild-type littermates. hESC-derived SSEA-1+/MesP1+ cells progenitor cells are powerful key integrators of therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic milieu and miR-21 is instrumental in this process as well as in the orchestration of the biological activity of adult angiogenesis-promoting cells. Stem Cells  2014;32:2908–2922
Augmented cystine–glutamate exchange by pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide signaling via the VPAC1 receptor
Authors: Resch Jon M. , Albano Rebecca , Liu Xiaoqian , Hjelmhaug Julie , Lobner Doug , Baker David A. , Choi Sujean
Published: July 2014

In the central nervous system, cystine import in exchange for glutamate through system
is critical for the production of the antioxidant glutathione by astrocytes, as well as the maintenance of extracellular glutamate. Therefore, regulation of system
activity affects multiple aspects of cellular physiology and may contribute to disease states. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuronally derived peptide that has already been demonstrated to modulate multiple aspects of glutamate signaling suggesting PACAP may also target activity of cystine–glutamate exchange via system
. In this study, 24‐h treatment of primary cortical cultures containing neurons and glia with PACAP concentration‐dependently increased system
function as measured by radiolabeled cystine uptake. Furthermore, the increase in cystine uptake was completely abolished by the system
inhibitor, (S)‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine (CPG), attributing increases in cystine uptake specifically to system
activity. Time course and quantitative PCR results indicate that PACAP signaling may increase cystine–glutamate exchange by increasing expression of xCT, the catalytic subunit of system
. Furthermore, the potentiation of system
activity by PACAP occurs via a PKA‐dependent pathway that is not mediated by the PAC1R, but rather the shared vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor VPAC1R. Finally, assessment of neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial‐enriched cultures demonstrated that only astrocyte‐enriched cultures exhibit enhanced cystine uptake following both PACAP and VIP treatment. These data introduce a novel mechanism by which both PACAP and VIP regulate system
activity. Synapse 68:604–612, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactivity and Mass Transfer of Low‐Dimensional Catalysts
Authors: Weissenrieder Jonas , Gustafson Johan , Stacchiola Dario
Published: July 2014

Understanding the mechanisms governing chemical and morphological changes induced by an ambient‐pressure gas and how such changes influence the activity of heterogeneous catalysts is central to the formation of a predictive capability for structure–reactivity relationships. With techniques such as ambient‐pressure photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and surface X‐ray diffraction, active phases and reaction intermediates can be probed in situ on relevant samples to form a comprehensive picture of this dynamic interplay between gases and surfaces. Of particular interest is the interaction of oxygen and carbon monoxide with catalysts. We will describe how model systems of increased complexity can be used to investigate gas‐mediated mass transfer processes that may occur even at relatively modest temperatures. Furthermore, we will discuss how the morphology may be tailored to study specific contributions from defect sites and charge transfer to catalytic activity.
Total Synthesis of Oxazolomycins
Authors: Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: July 2014

The oxazolomycin family of antibiotics, isolated from several Streptomyces strains, are intriguing molecules for synthesis due to their characteristic oxazole polyene lactam–lactone structures and significant antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor biological activities. In the last ten years, we have been addressing synthetic problems to accomplish the total syntheses of neooxazolomycin and oxazolomycin A as well as the related antibiotics, inthomycins A, B, and C, which have truncated structures corresponding to the left‐hand fragments. This account describes an overview of our synthetic efforts toward these natural products focusing on the strategies and methodologies we devised.
Direct methods for computing single‐molecule entropies from molecular simulations
Authors: Suárez Dimas , Díaz Natalia
Published: July 2014

Assessing the actual role of entropic forces in controlling both the stability and activity of flexible molecules and macromolecules is a theoretical challenge that is gradually gaining more attention. The continuous improvements in computational algorithms and in hardware technologies are greatly expanding the sampling capability of molecular simulations, thereby making a direct positive impact on the feasibility and reliability of entropy predictions. However, more sophisticated theoretical approaches are also required in order to make substantial progress in the type and accuracy of entropy calculations. Focusing on the evaluation of the configurational entropy of single molecules, we highlight recent advances in different methodologies including Gaussian parametric approaches, nonparametric methods and normal mode calculations. For the nonparametric methodologies, we analyze more specifically the importance of correlation effects, the various formulations of the expansion approaches, the combination of nonparametric estimations of conformational entropy with normal mode calculations, the convenience of including bias corrections for mitigating the impact of insufficient sampling and, finally, their close relationship with the experimental measures of conformational motion. The overall consideration of these and other aspects shows that addition of the direct entropy methods to the standard palette of tools used in molecular modeling for data analysis and property estimation, will increase both the level of detail of the computer simulations and our understanding of molecular functions. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:1–26. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1195

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
Neutron Diffraction Analysis of NASICON‐type Li1+xAlxTi2–xP3O12
Authors: Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Tietz Frank
Published: July 2014

Powder neutron diffraction analysis was carried out on a sample of Li1+xAlxTi2–xP3O12 at two temperatures, 10 K and 300 K. After heat treatment the material contained small amounts of LiTiOPO4 as impurity. Refinement of the neutron diffraction data confirmed that the main phase crystallized with a NASICON structure. No structural change was observed at low temperature. Al atoms randomly substituted Ti atoms, and additional Li atoms occupied a second site in the crystal structure. A detailed analysis of the diffraction data, including the inspection of Fourier difference maps, indicated that these excess Li+ ions occupied a 6a site within the ion conduction channels of the NASICON‐type structure instead of the formerly reported 18e or 36f sites.
Tuning the Topological Net via the Metal Ion‐Driven Assembly of Two ZnII / CdII Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Wang Zhaozhi
Published: July 2014

The coordination polymers {[Zn2(HIDC)2(tib)]·H2O}n (1) and {[Cd(HIDC)(tib)]·H2O}n (2) [H3IDC = 1H‐imidazole‐4, 5‐dicarboxylic acid, tib = 1, 3,5,‐tris(1‐imidazolyl) benzene] were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits a two‐dimensional layer structure with a 63‐hcb topology. Complex 2 has a three‐dimensional structure with a pcu topology. It is shown that the carboxylate ligand can bear diverse structures regulated by metal ions. Additionally, the photoluminescence behaviors of complexes 1 and 2 are discussed.
Investigation of the Microstructure of Disordered, Non‐graphitic Carbons by an Advanced Analysis Method for Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering
Authors: Faber Kristin , Badaczewski Felix , Ruland Wilhelm , Smarsly Bernd M.
Published: July 2014

The analysis of the wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) data of non‐graphitic carbons is challenging due to the broad and overlapped (hk)‐ and (00l)‐reflections. A recently developed advanced analysis method developed by Ruland and Smarsly allows for the fitting of the WAXS data by a continuous model function, providing a detailed insight into the sp2‐carbon microstructure. Obtaining parameters like the graphene layer extent La, the average stack height Lc and disorder effects permits the quantification of microstructural features. Firstly, this publication gives a brief review over historical und recent developments regarding the evaluation of the WAXS of disordered carbons. Secondly, the applicability of this algorithm to carbon samples possessing a substantial degree of disorder is tested by investigating activated carbons, heat treated coal tar pitch and furfuryl alcohol. It is seen that several structural parameters are determined with reasonable accuracy and thereby the influence of the precursor and the temperature on the resulting carbon microstructure is identified. The decrease in disorder within the 2D graphene lattice and in the stacking of the layers at higher synthesis temperatures is quantified. Moreover, this study reveals that the graphene layer extent La is only about a few nanometers in size, showing that typical non‐graphitic carbons used for diverse applications possess quite small dimensions of graphene stacks.
Evaluation of glycogen storage disease as a cause of ketotic hypoglycemia in children
Authors: Brown Laurie M. , Corrado Michelle M. , van der Ende Rixt M. , Derks Terry G. J. , Chen Margaret A. , Siegel Sara , Hoyt Kate , Correia Catherine E. , Lumpkin Christopher , Flanagan Theresa B. , Carreras Caroline T. , Weinstein David A.
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Ketone formation is a normal response when hypoglycemia occurs. Since the majority of children with recurrent hypoglycemia cannot be diagnosed with a known endocrine or metabolic disorder on a critical sample, ketotic hypoglycemia has been described as the most common cause of low blood glucose concentrations in children. Critical samples, however, will miss the ketotic forms of glycogen storage disease (GSD), which present with elevated ketones, hypoglycemia, and normal hormonal concentrations.

Results

A total of 164 children (96 boys, 68 girls) were enrolled in the study. Prediction of pathogenicity of DNA changes using computer modeling confirmed pathology in 20 individuals [four GSD 0, two GSD VI, 12 GSD IX alpha, one GSD IX beta, one GSD IX gamma] (12 %). Boys were most likely to have changes in the PHKA2 gene, consistent with GSD IX alpha, an X‐linked disorder.

Conclusions

Mutations in genes involved in glycogen synthesis and degradation were commonly found in children with idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia. GSD IX is likely an unappreciated cause of ketotic hypoglycemia in children, while GSD 0 and VI are relatively uncommon. GSD IX alpha should particularly be considered in boys with unexplained hypoglycemia.
Geometric morphometric analysis of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium borellii (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) at a microgeographical scale in a floodplain system
Authors: Torres María Victoria , Giri Federico , Collins Pablo Agustín
Published: July 2014

Morphometric studies are useful for delineating the shapes of various populations and species over geographical ranges and as evidence of regional differences in crustaceans. Hydrological fluctuations in a floodplain system modulate the dispersal and presence of decapods among habitats and constitute an important macrofactor that regulate other environmental variables and which could explain the richness, distribution and abundance of organisms that live in these systems. Morphological variations among populations of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium borellii in a floodplain system at a microgeographical scale were studied using geometric morphometrics. Carapace structure was represented using 16 digitised landmarks. Allometry and sexual dimorphism was tested. Variation in shape was explored via Principal Component Analysis. Canonical Variate Analyses was applied to compare the differences in shape between species’ populations. The correlations and covariations among shapes and hydrometric level, current velocity, geographical location and hydrologic distances were analysed. The average carapace shape was different between sexes in all sites. Populations that were near each other in terms of hydrological distance had similar shapes, but all of the populations differed in shape from the farthest population. The environmental variables were not good predictors of the carapace shape. Instead, the shape was strongly related to the hydrologic distance and geographical location. The swimming characteristics of these prawns and their passive movements, together with the dynamics of a floodplain system, explain the low morphological variation between populations in this study. The dynamic characteristics of the system influence the dispersal of the prawns and allow populations to remain connected.
Crystal structure of triple‐BRCT‐domain of ECT2 and insights into the binding characteristics to CYK‐4
Authors: Zou Yang , Shao Zhenhua , Peng Junhui , Li Fudong , Gong Deshun , Wang Chongyuan , Zuo Xiaobing , Zhang Zhiyong , Wu Jihui , Shi Yunyu , Gong Qingguo
Published: July 2014

Homo sapiens ECT2 is a cell cycle regulator that plays critical roles in cytokinesis. ECT2 activity is restrained during interphase via intra‐molecular interactions that involve its N‐terminal triple‐BRCT‐domain and its C‐terminal DH–PH domain. At anaphase, this self‐inhibitory mechanism is relieved by Plk1‐phosphorylated CYK‐4, which directly engages the ECT2 BRCT domain. To provide a structural perspective for this auto‐inhibitory property, we solved the crystal structure of the ECT2 triple‐BRCT‐domain. In addition, we systematically analyzed the interaction between the ECT2 BRCT domains with phospho‐peptides derived from its binding partner CYK‐4, and have identified Ser164 as the major phospho‐residue that links CYK‐4 to the second ECT2 BRCT domain.
GEODESIC COMPLETENESS FOR SOBOLEV METRICS ON THE SPACE OF IMMERSED PLANE CURVES
Authors: BRUVERIS MARTINS , MICHOR PETER W. , MUMFORD DAVID
Published: July 2014

We study properties of Sobolev-type metrics on the space of immersed plane curves. We show that the geodesic equation for Sobolev-type metrics with constant coefficients of order 2 and higher is globally well-posed for smooth initial data as well as for initial data in certain Sobolev spaces. Thus the space of closed plane curves equipped with such a metric is geodesically complete. We find lower bounds for the geodesic distance in terms of curvature and its derivatives.
Progress of the 10 J water-cooled Yb:YAG laser system in RCLF
Authors: Zheng Jian-Gang , Jiang Xin-Ying , Yan Xiong-Wei , Zhang Jun , Wang Zhen-Guo , Wu Deng-Sheng , Tian Xiao-Lin , Zhang Xiong-Jun , Li Ming-Zhong , Zhu Qi-Hua , Su Jing-Qin , Jing Feng , Zheng Wan-Guo
Published: July 2014

The high repetition rate 10 J/10 ns Yb:YAG laser system and its key techniques are reported. The amplifiers in this system have a multi-pass V-shape structure and the heat in the amplifiers is removed by means of laminar water flow. In the main amplifier, the laser is four-pass, and an approximately 8.5 J/1 Hz/10 ns output is achieved in the primary test. The far-field of the output beam is approximately 10 times the diffraction limit. Because of the higher levels of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the main amplifier, the output energy is lower than expected. At the end we discuss some measures that can improve the properties of the laser system.
Hochster's theta pairing and numerical equivalence
Authors: Dao Hailong , Kurano Kazuhiko
Published: July 2014

Let (A, ) be a local hypersurface with an isolated singularity. We show that Hochster's theta pairing θA vanishes on elements that are numerically equivalent to zero in the Grothendieck group of A under the mild assumption that Spec A admits a resolution of singularities. This extends a result by Celikbas-Walker. We also prove that when dimA = 3, Hochster's theta pairing is positive semi-definite. These results combine to show that the counter-example of Dutta-Hochster-McLaughlin to the general vanishing of Serre's intersection multiplicity exists for any three dimensional isolated hypersurface singularity that is not a UFD and has a desingularization. We also show that, if A is three dimensional isolated hypersurface singularity that has a desingularization, the divisor class group is finitely generated torsion-free. Our method involves showing that θA gives a bivariant class for the morphism Spec (A/) → Spec A.
Viscous Marangoni migration of a drop in a Poiseuille flow at low surface Péclet numbers
Authors: Pak On Shun , Feng Jie , Stone Howard A.
Published: July 2014

The motion of a spherical drop with a bulk-insoluble surfactant immersed in a background flow in the limits of low surface Péclet number and low Reynolds number is investigated. We develop a reciprocal theorem that applies to any prescribed background flow and provide a specific example of an unbounded Poiseuille flow. Analytical formulas for the migration velocity of the drop are obtained perturbatively in powers of the surface Péclet number. We show that the redistribution of surfactant due to the background flow acts to retard the motion of the drop, with the magnitude of this slip velocity being independent of the drop’s position in the Poiseuille flow. Moreover, a surfactant-induced cross-streamline migration of the drop occurs towards the centre of the Poiseuille flow, with its magnitude depending linearly on the distance of the drop from the centre of the Poiseuille flow.
Gene polymorphisms and gene scores linked to low serum carotenoid status and their associations with metabolic disturbance and depressive symptoms in African-American adults
Authors: Beydoun May A. , Nalls Michael A. , Canas J. Atilio , Evans Michele K. , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: July 2014

Gene polymorphisms provide a means to obtain unconfounded associations between carotenoids and various health outcomes. In the present study, we tested whether gene polymorphisms and gene scores linked to low serum carotenoid status are related to metabolic disturbance and depressive symptoms in African-American adults residing in Baltimore city, MD, using cross-sectional data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (age range 30–64 years,n873–994). We examined twenty-four SNP of various gene loci that were previously shown to be associated with low serum carotenoid status (SNPlcar). Gene risk scores were created: five low specific-carotenoid risk scores (LSCRS: α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene) and one low total-carotenoid risk score (LTCRS: total carotenoids). SNPlcar, LSCRS and LTCRS were entered as predictors for a number of health outcomes. These included obesity, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome and its components, elevated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, hyperuricaemia and elevated depressive symptoms (EDS, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression score ≥ 16). Among the key findings, SNPlcar were not associated with the main outcomes after correction for multiple testing. However, an inverse association was found between the LTCRS and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) dyslipidaemia. Specifically, the α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin LSCRS were associated with a lower odds of HDL-C dyslipidaemia. However, the β-cryptoxanthin LSCRS was linked to a higher odds of EDS, with a linear dose–response relationship. In summary, gene risk scores linked to low serum carotenoids had mixed effects on HDL-C dyslipidaemia and EDS. Further studies using larger African-American population samples are needed.
Reported fried food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) project
Authors: Sayon-Orea Carmen , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Gea Alfredo , Zazpe Itziar , Basterra-Gortari Francisco J. , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel A.
Published: July 2014

Reported associations between the consumption of fried foods and the incidence of obesity or weight gain make it likely that fried food consumption might also be associated with the development of hypertension. However, evidence from long-term prospective studies is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to longitudinally evaluate this association in a prospective cohort. The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) project is a Mediterranean cohort study of university graduates conducted in Spain, which started in December 1999 and is still ongoing. In the present study, we included 13 679 participants (5059 men and 8620 women), free of hypertension at baseline with a mean age of 36·5 (sd 10·8) years. Total fried food consumption was estimated at baseline. The outcome was the incidence of a medical diagnosis of self-reported hypertension during the follow-up period. To assess the association between the consumption of fried foods and the subsequent risk of developing incident hypertension during the follow-up period, Cox regression models were used. During a median follow-up period of 6·3 years, 1232 incident cases of hypertension were identified. After adjusting for potential confounders, the adjusted hazard ratios for developing hypertension were 1·18 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·36) and 1·21 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·41) for those consuming fried foods 2–4 and >4 times/week, respectively, compared with those consuming fried foods < 2 times/week (P for trend = 0·009). In conclusion, frequent consumption of fried foods at baseline was found to be associated with a higher risk of hypertension during the follow-up period in a Mediterranean cohort of university graduates.
Olistostromes of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Northern Carpathians
Authors: GOLONKA JAN , KROBICKI MICHAŁ , WAŚKOWSKA ANNA , CIESZKOWSKI MAREK , ŚLĄCZKA ANDRZEJ
Published: July 2014

The olistostromes form two belts within the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) in the Northern Carpathians. They mark an early stage of the development of the accretionary prism. The first belt was formed during Late Cretaceous time as a result of subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys. The fore-arc basin originated along this subduction zone, with synorogenic flysch deposits. Huge olistoliths deposited within the Cretaceous–Palaeogene flysch of the Złatne Basin, presently located in the vicinity of the Haligovce village (eastern Slovakia), provide a good example of the fore-arc olistostrome setting. The second belt is related to the movement of the accretionary prism, which overrode the Czorsztyn Ridge during Late Cretaceous–Paleocene time. The destruction of this ridge led to the formation of submarine slumps and olistoliths along the southern margin of the Magura Basin. The Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene flysch sequences of the Magura Basin constitute the matrix of olistostromes. The large Homole block in the Jaworki village represents the best example of the Magura Basin olistolith. Numerous examples of olistoliths were documented in western Slovakia, Poland, eastern Slovakia and Ukraine. The olistostromes formed within the Złatne and Magura basins orginated during the tectonic process, forming the olistostrome belts along the strike of the PKB structure.
Borings in gneiss boulders in the Miocene (Upper Tortonian) of the Sorbas Basin, SE Spain
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-TOVAR FRANCISCO J. , UCHMAN ALFRED , PUGA-BERNABÉU ÁNGEL
Published: July 2014

Marine invertebrate borings are very rare in crystalline rocks, providing evidence of particular strategies producers use to colonise these unfavourable substrates. In the Sorbas Basin (Almería, southern Spain), Upper Miocene transgressive successions contain blocks of metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Nevado–Filabride Complex of the Betic Cordillera. Ichnological analysis of the embedded blocks shows the presence of two types of macroborings located in gneiss boulders, revealed to be an extraordinary case worldwide. The most abundant are regular hemispherical depressions ascribed reservedly to the well-known, mostly bivalve boringGastrochaenolites. The second one is a pouch-like depression, tapering downward, elliptical in outline, and clearly different to other non-circular-in-outline, pouch-shaped macroborings. Thus, a new ichnogenus and ichnospeciesCuenulites sorbasensishas been defined. According to the overall shape, an endolithic or semi-endolithic bivalve using chemical means to bore is suggested as the tracemaker. Colonisation could be determined by sea-level coastal dynamics, with decreasing energy during advancing transgression allowing boring, which was then stopped due to supply of fine-grained sediment that killed the borers.
Agricultural biodiversity, social–ecological systems and sustainable diets
Authors: Allen Thomas , Prosperi Paolo , Cogill Bruce , Flichman Guillermo
Published: July 2014

The stark observation of the co-existence of undernourishment, nutrient deficiencies and overweight and obesity, the triple burden of malnutrition, is inviting us to reconsider health and nutrition as the primary goal and final endpoint of food systems. Agriculture and the food industry have made remarkable advances in the past decades. However, their development has not entirely fulfilled health and nutritional needs, and moreover, they have generated substantial collateral losses in agricultural biodiversity. Simultaneously, several regions are experiencing unprecedented weather events caused by climate change and habitat depletion, in turn putting at risk global food and nutrition security. This coincidence of food crises with increasing environmental degradation suggests an urgent need for novel analyses and new paradigms. The sustainable diets concept proposes a research and policy agenda that strives towards a sustainable use of human and natural resources for food and nutrition security, highlighting the preeminent role of consumers in defining sustainable options and the importance of biodiversity in nutrition. Food systems act as complex social–ecological systems, involving multiple interactions between human and natural components. Nutritional patterns and environment structure are interconnected in a mutual dynamic of changes. The systemic nature of these interactions calls for multidimensional approaches and integrated assessment and simulation tools to guide change. This paper proposes a review and conceptual modelling framework that articulate the synergies and tradeoffs between dietary diversity, widely recognised as key for healthy diets, and agricultural biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions, crucial resilience factors to climate and global changes.
Lockean Humility
Authors: Kim Han-Kyul
Published: July 2014

It has often been claimed that Locke's agnostic remarks in the Essay represent his suspension of philosophical judgment on crucial ontological issues or his hesitation over which metaphysical stance to adopt. Against this often-raised criticism, I argue that Locke actually held a clear position – a type of functionalism about thingness in general, whether macro or micro, or whether mental or physical. What Locke refers to as a ‘nominal essence’, I further argue, represents a set of functional roles that a thing plays in order to be classified as of a kind to which it belongs. Our empirical knowledge about things – confined to their nominal essences – can only tell us about their functional roles but not their intrinsic properties that realize those roles. One remains therefore incurably ignorant about the intrinsic property of things in themselves. I explore the historical and philosophical significance of Locke's functional approach.
Seneca's Scientific Fictions: Models as Fictions in theNatural Questions
Authors: Roby Courtney Ann
Published: July 2014

Seneca'sNaturales Quaestionesexplains the causes and functional mechanisms of natural phenomena, from common sights like rainbows to exotically out-of-reach ones like comets. The vividness with which he brings them all within the reader's grasp is certainly a literary feat as much as a scientific one, but the rhetorical power of his explanations does not cost them their epistemological validity. Analyses drawn from current philosophy of science reveal elements of fictionality omnipresent in scientific models and experiments, suggesting an approach to Seneca's ‘scientific fictions’ not as failed analogies but as a sophisticated expansion of the tradition of analogical scientific explanation.
A CRITIQUE OF POSTRACIALISM
Authors: Gines Kathryn T.
Published: July 2014

This article offers a critique of the very claim that we live in postracial times, and examines the residue of old systems of racism intermeshed with new forms of racism that perpetuate systematic institutional racism. I argue that to combat institutional racism we need post-racismrather than postracialism. Additionally, I reject the Black-white Binary as the singular or even primary paradigm for understanding racism in order to challenge narrow conceptualizations of racism. Finally, I argue for a more nuanced and complex analysis of Blackness.
RACE, JUSTICE, AND DESEGREGATION1
Authors: Darby Derrick , Saatcioglu Argun
Published: July 2014

In this essay we argue that the ideology of colorblind justice has made resisting the retreat from public school desegregation a hard sell in postracial America. We do not believe that desegregation is the silver bullet for solving all the problems with public education. Nor do we believe that it alone can close the racial achievement gap. Yet there is convincing evidence regarding the potential benefits of desegregation and evidence on its negative consequences is weak. Therefore we believe that it is a policy still worth pursuing. Our hope is that by casting light on the anatomy of colorblind justice and its limits we can contribute to ongoing efforts to ensure that desegregation remains in the conversation about how to address the unfinished business of racial justice.
Dwarf Galaxies with Optical Signatures of Accreting Massive Black Holes
Authors: Reines Amy , Greene J. , Geha M.
Published: July 2014

Supermassive black holes (BHs) live at the heart of essentially all massive galaxies with bulges, power AGN, and are thought to be important agents in the evolution of their hosts. Observations of high-redshift quasars demonstrate that supermassive BHs must start out with masses considerably in excess of normal stellar-mass BHs. However, we do not know how the initial “seed” BHs formed in the early Universe, how massive they were originally, or what types of galaxies they formed in. While direct observations of distant seed BHs and their hosts in the infant Universe are unobtainable with current capabilities, models of BH growth in a cosmological context indicate that present-day dwarf galaxies can place valuable constraints on seed masses and distinguish between various seed formation mechanisms at early times. Using optical spectroscopy from the SDSS, we have systematically assembled the largest sample of dwarf galaxies hosting AGN to date. These dwarf galaxies have stellar masses comparable to the Magellanic Clouds and contain some of the least-massive supermassive BHs known. I will present results from this study and discuss our ongoing efforts to find additional examples of AGN in dwarfs and help constrain theories for the formation of the first seed BHs at high redshift.
Study of FHILs in low luminosity AGNs in the optical spectra
Authors: Vera Rafael J. C. , Rodríguez Ana M. , Portilla J. Gregorio
Published: July 2014

This work presents the main results from a selection of optical spectra of Seyfert and LINER galaxies taken from the 9th release of the SDSS with detectable coronal emission. A catalogue of 345 Seyfert 1 (Sy1) and Seyfert 2 (Sy2) galaxies with Forbidden High Ionization Lines (FHILs) emission is presented. By analysing their spectra as well as utilising data from the literature we found evidence of anisotropy in optical FHIL emissions between Sy1 and Sy2 galaxies for the following lines: [Ne v] λ3426, [Fe vii] λ6087, [Fe x] λ6374 and [Fe xi] λ7892. Results continue indicating that optical FHILs are not observed in LINER type galaxies.
Obscured quasars at high redshift in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey
Authors: Botti Ismael , Almaini Omar , Hartley Will , Mortlock Alice , Lira Paulina
Published: July 2014

Obscured quasars hidden in deep X-ray surveys can be recovered by looking at mid-infrared wavelengths, where dust re-radiates the absorbed radiation. Here we present a sample of obscured quasars in the redshift range 1 < z < 4 based on data from the UKIDSS Ultra-Deep Survey (UDS), the deepest near-IR survey over ~ 1 sq. deg. to date. Candidates that are primarily selected by their 24 μm emission are probed by decomposing their spectral energy distribution (SED) to disentangle the emission from the AGN and its host galaxy. We show preliminary results on their host galaxy properties as well as their clustering, showing that obscured quasars are found in galaxies located in the green valley, residing in dark matter haloes not different from normal galaxies at those redshifts.
Study of some morphological features of extragalactic radio sources of FRI and FRII types
Authors: Andreasyan Ruben , Hovhannisyan M. , Paronyan G. , Abrahamyan H.
Published: July 2014

It was used the date of more than 650 extragalactic radio sources for the study of distribution of spectral indexes and elongation for the radio sources of different Fanaroff Riley (FR) classes. It was shown, that no large differences are observed in the distribution of spectral indexes in radio sources FRI and FRII classes. From the study of distribution of the elongation of extragalactic radio sources it was found the following basic morphological differences for the objects of different FR classes: a) the radio images of extragalactic radio sources FRII type in the average are more elongated than the radio images of extragalactic radio sources FRI type: b) the extragalactic radio sources FRI type can be divided on two subtypes with two function of distribution of the elongation parameter K having different maximums. These two subtypes of radio sources of FRI class, in besides of different average elongation of radio images, probably must have also differences in the orientations of these elongation directions relative to the direction of rotation axes of parent optical galaxies that in most cases are coincide with the minor optical axes of galaxies.
Probing the evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei using the narrow iron Kα line
Authors: Ricci Claudio , Paltani S. , Ueda Y. , Awaki H. , Petrucci P. , Ichikawa K. , Brightman M.
Published: July 2014

A large fraction of the AGN output power is emitted in the X-rays, in a region very close to the supermassive black hole (SMBH). The most distinctive feature of the X-ray spectra of AGN is the iron Kα line, often observed as the superposition of a broad and a narrow component. While the broad component is found in only ~ 35–45% of bright nearby AGN, the narrow component has been found to be ubiquitous. The narrow Fe Kα line is thought to be produced in the circumnuclear material, likely in the molecular torus. Given its origin, this feature is possibly the most important tracer of neutral matter surrounding the SMBH. One of the most interesting characteristics of the narrow Fe Kα line is the decrease of its equivalent width with the continuum luminosity, the so-called X-ray Baldwin effect (Iwasawa & Taniguchi 1993). This trend has been found by many studies of large samples of type-I AGN, and very recently also in type-II AGN (Ricci et al. 2013c, submitted to ApJ). The slope of the X-ray Baldwin effect in type-II AGN is the same of their unobscured counterparts, which implies that the mechanism at work is the same. Several hypothesis have been put forward in the last decade to explain the X-ray Baldwin effect: i) a luminosity-dependent variation in the ionisation state of the iron-emitting material (Nandra et al. 1997); ii) the decrease of the number of continuum photons in the iron line region with the Eddington ratio, as an effect of the well known correlation between the photon index and the Eddington ratio (Ricci et al. 2013b, submitted to MNRAS); iii) the decrease of the covering factor of the torus with the luminosity (e.g., Page et al. 2004, Ricci et al. 2013a A&A 553, 29) as expected by luminosity-dependent unification models (e.g., Ueda et al. 2003). In my talk I will review the main characteristics of the narrow Fe K? line, and present the results of our recent works aimed at explaining the X-ray Baldwin effect using iron-line emitting physical torus models (Ricci et al. 2013a, b), and at understanding the origin of the Fe K? line (Ricci et al. 2013c). I will focus in particular on the importance of the Fe Kα line as a probe of the evolution of the physical characteristics of the molecular torus with the luminosity.
The XMM-Newton spectral-fit database
Authors: Corral A. , Georgantopoulos I. , Rosen S. , Watson M. G. , Page K. , Stewart G. C.
Published: July 2014

The XMM-Newton spectral-fit database is an ongoing ESA funded project aimed to construct a catalogue of spectral-fitting results for all the sources within the XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue for which spectral data products have been pipeline-extracted (≳ 120,000 X-ray source detections). The fundamental goal of this project is to provide the astronomical community with a tool to construct large and representative samples of X-ray sources by allowing source selection according to spectral properties.