bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chain‐Length Dependence of Singlet and Triplet Exciton Formation Rates in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Beljonne D. , Ye A. , Shuai Z. , Brédas J.‐L.
Published: July 2004

The operation and efficiencies of molecular or polymer organic light‐emitting diodes depend on the nature of the excited species that are formed. The lowest singlet and triplet excitons display different characteristics that impact on the quantum yields achievable in the devices. Here, by performing correlated quantum‐chemical calculations that account for both the electronic couplings and energetics of the charge‐recombination process from a pair of positive and negative polarons into singlet and triplet excitons, we show that the formation rates for singlet over triplet excitons vary with chain length and favor singlet excitons in longer chains. Thus, in polymer devices, the resulting singlet/triplet fraction can significantly exceed the spin‐statistical limit.
Microscopic Morphology of Polyfluorene–Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers: Influence of the Block Ratio
Authors: Surin M. , Marsitzky D. , Grimsdale A. C. , Müllen K. , Lazzaroni R. , Leclère P.
Published: July 2004

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and characterization of poly(9,9′‐dioctylfluorene)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PF‐PEO) block copolymers with different block ratio and molecular architectures (diblock or triblock copolymers). Tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy is used to investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and the microscopic morphology of thin deposits. Copolymers with a low average volume ratio of PEO (fEO from 0.1 to 0.3) exhibit a well‐defined organization into nanoribbons. A model of chain packing is proposed; these structures arise from the interplay of π–π interactions between conjugated PF segments and the interactions of PEO with the mica substrate surface. For copolymers with higher average volume ratio of PEO (fEO > 0.4), the organized structures disappear and lead to untextured aggregates, probably because long‐range, regular π–π stacking of the segments can no longer take place. We also observe that the nature of the solvent from which deposits are grown and the substrate polarity have a strong impact on the microscopic morphology.
Siliceous ZSM‐5 Membranes by Secondary Growth of b‐Oriented Seed Layers
Authors: Lai Z. , Tsapatsis M. , Nicolich J. P.
Published: July 2004

A modified seeded growth procedure, which allowed us to prepare the first functional b‐oriented siliceous ZSM‐5 membrane (Z. Lai et al., Science, 2003, 300, 456), is described and discussed in detail. The procedure involves growing a b‐oriented ZSM‐5 seed monolayer into a dense b‐oriented membrane. Preservation of the orientation is achieved by enhancing the growth rate of siliceous ZSM‐5 crystals along the b‐axis using trimer‐TPAOH (bis‐N,N‐(tripropylammoniumhexamethylene) di‐N,N‐propylammonium trihydroxide) as the structure‐directing agent (SDA). Under similar synthesis conditions but using monomer‐TPAOH (tetrapropylammonium hydroxide) as the SDA for the secondary growth of the b‐oriented seed layer, two other films with mixed grain orientations, namely b&a‐ or b&a&h0h/c‐oriented ZSM‐5 membranes were obtained depending on temperature of the secondary growth. Membrane microstructures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, pole figure analysis, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent confocal optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The separation performance of the three types of membranes was tested by using a mixture of xylene isomers. Significant improvement in both permeance and separation factor is achieved by the b‐oriented siliceous ZSM‐5 membrane compared to the other two types of membranes described here or other reported ZSM‐5 membranes in the literature. The permeation results indicate that the membrane performance depends strongly on membrane microstructure.
Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus cognitive disorders
Authors: Letendre Scott L. , McCutchan J. Allen , Childers Meredith E. , Woods Steven P. , Lazzaretto Deborah , Heaton Robert K. , Grant Igor , Ellis Ronald J. ,   the HNRC Group
Published: July 2004

The benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV cognitive disorders vary substantially between individuals. This study evaluated whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug penetration and CSF virological suppression influence the extent of neuropsychological (NP) improvement during ART. Overall performance on a battery of NP tests administered at baseline and follow‐up (median 15 weeks) was computed by using the global deficit score (GDS) methods in 31 cognitively impaired, HIV‐infected individuals who began new ART regimens. Virological suppression (attaining undetectable viral load by RT‐PCR at follow‐up) was assessed separately for plasma and CSF. Subjects on regimens containing greater numbers of CSF‐penetrating drugs showed significantly greater reduction in CSF viral load. Subjects attaining CSF virological suppression demonstrated greater GDS improvement than those who did not (median GDS change, 0.62 vs 0.23; p = 0.01). A similar trend for plasma did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.053). NP improvement was greater in ART‐naive versus treatment‐experienced subjects. In a multivariate model (overall p = 0.0008), significant, independent predictors of GDS reduction were CSF HIV RNA suppression, baseline antiretroviral history, and their interaction. Including CSF‐penetrating drugs in the ART regimen and monitoring CSF viral load may be indicated for individuals with HIV‐associated cognitive impairment Ann Neurol 2004.
Microsmatic primates: Reconsidering how and when size matters
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P.
Published: July 2004

The terms “microsmatic” and “macrosmatic” refer to species with lesser or greater levels, respectively, of olfactory function. Historically, primates are considered microsmats (olfactory sense reduced) with a concomitant increased emphasis on vision. The olfactory bulbs (forebrain centers that receive peripheral olfactory input) are proportionately smaller in primates compared to most other mammals. Similarly, the regions of the nasal cavity that are covered with olfactory epithelium (containing receptor cells) have proportionately less surface area in primates than other mammals. Thus, the generalization that primates are microsmatic is most frequently stated in terms of the proportional rather than absolute size of olfactory structures. Yet the importance of scaling to body size is unclear in regard to the chemical senses such as the olfactory or vomeronasal systems—do chemosensory structures such as olfactory bulbs and olfactory epithelium exhibit the same neural relationship to body mass that is seen for neural tissues that supply innervation to musculature or the skin? Previous studies examining neuronal density, volume, and/or surface area of the olfactory epithelium illustrate that different conclusions may be supported based on the parameter used. Plots of olfactory bulb volume versus body mass that generated for large‐scale taxonomic studies or growth studies benefit from body mass (or total brain volume) with a comparative perspective. However, our examination of proportional versus absolute measurements implies that in comparisons within taxa, body size adjustments needlessly distort the data. As a final consideration, another embryonic derivative of the nasal placode, the vomeronasal organ, may warrant consideration regarding a definition of microsomia versus macrosomia. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 279B:24–31, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimized recovery of monoclonal antibodies from transgenic goat milk by microfiltration
Authors: Baruah Gautam Lal , Belfort Georges
Published: July 2004

The Predictive Aggregate Transport Model for microfiltration is used in combination with optimum fluid mechanics and electrostatics to maximize recovery of a heterologous immunoglobulin (IgG) from transgenic goat milk. The optimization algorithm involved varying pH (6.8–9), transmembrane pressure (2–4.5 psi), milk feed concentration (1–2X), membrane module type (linear vs. helical design), and axial velocity (Reynolds number: 830‐1170). Operation in the pressure‐dependent regime at low uniform transmembrane pressures (≈2 psi) using permeate circulation in co‐flow, at the pI of the protein (9 in this case) was used to increase IgG recovery from less than 1% to over 95%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the microfiltration permeate samples confirmed that all the fat globules and most of the casein micelles were retained in the MF membrane whereas a large amount of the target IgG was transported through the membrane. Transmembrane pressure and hence permeation flux was kept low (≈15 lmh) to maximize IgG membrane transport and thus recovery, due to a sparse deposit on the membrane which facilitated high solute transport. Next, an analytical method was used to optimize the diafiltration process using the aggregate transport model, experimental target protein sieving coefficients and permeation flux (Baruah and Belfort, 2003). The methodology reported here should be generalizable to the recovery of target proteins found in other complex suspensions of biological origin using the microfiltration process. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of selectivity changes in HIC systems using a preferential interaction based analysis
Authors: Xia Fang , Nagrath Deepak , Garde Shekhar , Cramer Steven M.
Published: July 2004

It is well established that salt enhances the interaction between solutes (e.g., proteins, displacers) and the weak hydrophobic ligands in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and that various salts (e.g., kosmotropes, chaotropes, and neutral) have different effects on protein retention. In this article, the solute affinity in kosmotropic, chaotropic, and neutral mobile phases are compared and the selectivity of solutes in the presence of these salts is examined. Since solute binding in HIC systems is driven by the release of water molecules, the total number of released water molecules in the presence of various types of salts was calculated using the preferential interaction theory. Chromatographic retention times and selectivity reversals of both proteins and displacers were found to be consistent with the total number of released water molecules. Finally, the solute surface hydrophobicity was also found to have a significant effect on its retention in HIC systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromatofocusing of peptides and proteins using linear pH gradients formed on strong ion‐exchange adsorbents
Authors: Kang Xuezhen , Frey Douglas D.
Published: July 2004

Although it is commonly believed that a column packing used for chromatofocusing must have an “even” buffering capacity in order to produce a linear pH gradient, it is demonstrated here that linear pH gradients suitable for chromatofocusing can be produced on a column packing having a minimal buffering capacity. In particular, if either a strong‐acid cation‐exchange column packing or a strong‐base anion‐exchange column packing is presaturated with either a weak acid titrated with a strong base, or a weak base titrated with a strong acid, respectively, to the initial pH, then a linear or nearly linear pH gradient can be formed using a polyampholyte elution buffer by taking advantage of the presence of small quantities of weak‐acid or weak‐base functional groups that generally exist on these types of column packings. Experimental and theoretical studies are used to demonstrate that such systems have potential advantages over traditional chromatofocusing methods in terms of the speed of the separation, the resolution achieved, and the range of applications possible. Among other techniques described, a method for separating tryptic peptides using chromatofocusing and a strong‐acid cation‐exchange column packing is demonstrated to be a useful alternative to capillary isoelectric focusing and ion‐exchange chromatography using a salt gradient for this purpose. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparative protein purification on underivatized silica
Authors: Ghose Sanchayita , McNerney Thomas M. , Hubbard Brian
Published: July 2004

This article describes the use of underivatized silica gel as a preparative stationary phase for process purification of proteins. Although silica has been frequently used as a stationary phase backbone matrix, direct adsorption of proteins on underivatized silica has not been widely exploited for industrial applications. In this study an effort was made to fundamentally understand the interaction mechanisms between a protein and silica surface by using several proteins with a wide range of isoelectric points (pIs) and surface hydrophobicity. Interactions in silica were found to be largely dominated by a combination of ionic and hydrophobic forces. Accordingly, a predictive model was derived for describing linear retention of proteins on silica. Finally, a case study is described investigating the role of silica in an industrial purification process. It was found that the integration of the two modes of interaction confers silica with a unique selectivity that can be very effectively utilized in downstream bioprocessing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of lipoic acid in rat plasma by LC‐MS/MS with electrospray ionization: Assay development, validation and application to a pharamcokinetic study
Authors: Trivedi Ravi Kumar , Kallem Raja Reddy , Mamidi Rao N. V. S. , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: July 2004

A simple, sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method for the determination of lipoic acid was developed and validated over the linearity range 5–1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99) with 200 µL rat plasma using rosigliatzone as an internal standard (IS). The assay procedure involved a simple one‐step liquid–liquid extraction of lipoic acid and IS from plasma into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen at 40°C. The residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and injected onto a Hichrom RPB column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). Separation of lipoic acid and IS was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.05 m formic acid:acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The API‐3000 LC‐MS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) using the electrospray ionization technique. Positive and negative ion acquisition within the same chromatographic run was used in the present method. For lipoic acid a pseudo‐molecular ion transition pair was acquired in negative polarity, whereas for IS the transition pair was acquired in positive polarity. Quantitation was determined for both analyte and IS in MRM scan mode. Absolute recovery of lipoic acid and IS was >70 and 97%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of lipoic acid was 5.0 ng/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precision in the measurement of quality control (QC) samples 5, 15, 400 and 800 ng/mL were in the range 2.18–5.99% relative standard deviation (RSD) and 0.93–13.77% RSD, respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples was in the range 87.40–114.40% of the nominal values. Analyte and IS were stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. bench‐top, auto‐sampler and freeze–thaw cycles. Stability of lipoic acid was established for 1 month at −80°C. The application of the assay to a pharmacokinetic study in rats confirmed the utility of the assay. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated HPLC determination of the ﬂavone aglycone diosmetin in human plasma
Authors: Kanaze Feras Imad , Bounartzi Melpomeni I. , Niopas Ioannis
Published: July 2004

Diosmetin, 3′,5,7‐trihydroxy‐4′‐methoxyﬂavone, is the aglycone of the ﬂavonoid glycoside diosmin that occurs naturally in foods of plant origin. Diosmin exhibits antioxidant and anti‐inﬂammatory activities, improves venous tone and it is used for the treatment of chronic venous insufﬁciency. Diosmin is hydrolyzed by enzymes of intestinal microﬂora before absorption of its aglycone diosmetin. A speciﬁc, sensitive, precise, accurate and robust HPLC assay for the determination of diosmetin in human plasma was developed and validated. Diosmetin and the internal standard 7‐ethoxycoumarin were isolated from plasma by liquid–liquid extraction and separated on a C8 reversed‐phase column with methanol–water–acetic acid (55:43:2, v/v/v) as the mobile phase at 43°C. Peaks were monitored at 344 nm. The method was linear in the 10–300 ng/mL concentration range (r > 0.999). Recovery for diosmetin and internal standard was greater than 89.7 and 86.8%, respectively. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision for diosmetin ranged from 1.6 to 4.6 and from 2.2 to 5.3%, respectively, and accuracy was better than 97.9%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition planning and recidivism among mentally ill juvenile offenders
Authors: Trupin Eric W. , Turner Aaron P. , Stewart David , Wood Peter
Published: July 2004

Objectives:

To determine the extent to which transition planning and community service would predict lower levels of recidivism among mentally ill juvenile offenders.

Design:

Review of legal, medical and social service records including examination of 3‐month period following community release.

Participants:

Juvenile offenders incarcerated for 6 months or more (N = 44) transitioning to community.

Measures:

Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS), sum of different documented pre‐ and post‐release discharge planning contacts, documented community service contacts.

Outcomes:

Re‐offense during the first year post‐release.

Results:

Documented community service contacts in the 3 months following discharge were rare for mental health (20.5%), substance abuse (38.6%), financial assistance (29.5%), and school placement (34.1%). The average number of different pre‐release and post‐release discharge planning contacts was also low, M(SD)=1.86(1.68) and M(SD)= 2.34(1.71) respectively. Post‐release discharge planning and the receipt of financial assistance and mental health services were all associated with lower levels of reoffending.

Conclusions:

Community transition planning, including the coordination and provision of community services, is an essential component of community reintegration for juvenile offenders and is associated with lower rates of recidivism during the first year post‐discharge. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women with co‐occurring substance use and mental disorders (COD) in the criminal justice system: a research review
Authors: Sacks JoAnn Y.
Published: July 2004

Associated with the dramatic increase in the numbers of women entering the criminal justice system is the recognition of the prominent role of co‐occurring substance use and mental disorders (COD) in the lives of female offenders. This article reviews current research examining the prevalence and range of COD among female offenders, the variety of psychosocial problems faced by the female offender with COD, and the multiple treatment needs of women with COD who are under criminal justice supervision. Women with COD can enter the criminal justice system at several different points and, because both substance use and mental disorders carry significant risk of relapse, effective treatment approaches must address both disorders. The paper concludes with a discussion of several important treatment issues and provides suggestions regarding an agenda for future treatment and research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐based laboratory for data communications and computer networking
Authors: Kayssi Ayman , Sharafeddine Sanaa , Karaki Houda
Published: July 2004

Data communications and computer networking (DCCN) has established itself as an essential part of most computer science and engineering curricula, usually in the form of courses and/or laboratories. For reliable training in this area, this study presents a series of 10 experiments that serve as a complete laboratory course in DCCN. The prominent benefit of this laboratory set is that it uses available UNIX workstations where networking is simulated using software; this overcomes the obstacle of unavailable or expensive hardware and communication resources. The experiments presented here cover all layers, except the physical layer, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. In addition to introducing the student to this wide‐ranging subject matter, the laboratory set enhances his/her programming skills. This is accomplished by introducing the UNIX programming environment and using it to carry out the experiments, starting with editing and compiling simple programs, and ending with implementing advanced client‐server applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 84–97, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20002
A prelab tutoring system for Strength of Materials experiment
Authors: Chen Chuin‐Shan , Hsieh Shang‐Hsien , Chuang Sheng‐Chin , Lin Shiu‐Shin
Published: July 2004

We aim to resolve a long‐standing problem on requiring students to study how to maneuver experiments before they actually conduct them in a laboratory. A prelab tutoring system for the Strength of Materials experiment is prototyped from desired outcomes. The tutoring system utilizes a game‐like environment to engage students in learning. Consisting of highly interactive contents made by scalable vector graphics (SVGs), the system helps students to get acquainted with laboratory instruments as well as experimental procedures. The effectiveness and efficiency of the system have been confirmed through a survey among students. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 98–105, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20004
Implementation of the Hardy‐Cross method for the solution of piping networks
Authors: Lopes A. M. G.
Published: July 2004

This paper describes a user‐friendly software for the calculation of general piping system networks composed of virtually any parallel and series pipe arrangement. Solution of the network is made with recourse to the iterative method of Hardy Cross. Solution is provided for pressure and flow‐rate in each branch. Dimensioning problems, where pump characteristics or a pipe diameter are sought for achieving a pre‐specified flow‐rate condition, may also be tackled. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 117–125, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20006
D5h Cu5H5X: Pentagonal Hydrocopper Cu5H5 Containing Pentacoordinate Planar Nonmetal Centers (X: B, C, N, O)
Authors: Li Si‐Dian , Miao Chang‐Qing , Ren Guang‐Ming
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chalcogen—Chalcogen Bonds in Edge‐Sharing Square‐Planar d8 Complexes. Are They Possible?
Authors: Aullon Gabriel , Hamidi Mohamed , Lledos Agusti , Alvarez Santiago
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structure of the Y‐Phase in the Mg—Ni—Sn System.
Authors: Boudard M. , Bordet P. , Vincent H. , Audebert F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of SmCo6.7Zr0.3 and NdCo4Cu3 Compounds with TbCu7‐Type Structure.
Authors: Luo J. , Liang J. K. , Guo Y. Q. , Liu Q. L. , Yang L. T. , Liu F. S. , Rao G. H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Ternary Magnesium—Titanium Hydride Mg7TiHx with Hydrogen Desorption Properties Better than Both Binary Magnesium and Titanium Hydrides.
Authors: Kyoi Daisuke , Sato Toyoto , Roennebro Ewa , Kitamura Naoyuki , Ueda Atsushi , Ito Mikio , Katsuyama Shigeru , Hara Shigeta , Noreus Dag , Sakai Tetsuo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of the Crystal Structures of ZrAu.
Authors: Moreau J. M. , Isa M. , Chaou A. Ait , Lomello‐Tafin M. , Jourdan J. , Galez Philippe , Valmalette J. C. , Soubeyroux J. L.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Some Physical Properties of YxHo1‐xNi2 Solid Solutions.
Authors: Cwik J. , Palewski T. , Nenkov K. , Tristan N. V. , Warchulska J. , Burkhanov G. S. , Chistyakov O. D.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Piperidino‐1,1,2‐triphenylethanol: A Highly Effective Catalyst for the Enantioselective Arylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Fontes Montserrat , Verdaguer Xavier , Sola Lluis , Pericas Miquel A. , Riera Antoni
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indium‐Mediated Atom‐Transfer and Reductive Radical Cyclizations of Iodoalkynes: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of HIV‐Protease Inhibitors.
Authors: Yanada Reiko , Koh Yasuhiro , Nishimori Nobuaki , Matsumura Akira , Obika Shingo , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iodochlorination of Silyl‐ and Germylphenylacetylenes.
Authors: Selina Anastasia A. , Zhachkina Anna E. , Karlov Sergey S. , Churakov Andrei V. , Zaitseva Galina S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ligand‐Dependent Scope and Divergent Mechanistic Behavior in Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Couplings of Aldehydes and Alkynes.
Authors: Mahandru Gireesh M. , Liu Gang , Montgomery John
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amidations Using N,N′‐Carbonyldiimidazole: Remarkable Rate Enhancement by Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Vaidyanathan Rajappa , Kalthod Vikram G. , Ngo Duc P. , Manley Jerad M. , Lapekas Sean P.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Development of a Novel Synthetic Method for Cyanofluoroamides Using a Cobaltadithiolene Complex.
Authors: Yokoyama Yasuo , Suzuki Shoko , Furihata Hyuma , Takahi Shunsuke , Nomura Mitsushiro , Kajitani Masatsugu
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper‐Catalyzed Allylations of o‐Vinylbenzylzirconocene Intermediate.
Authors: Ikeuchi Yutaka , Taguchi Takeo , Hanzawa Yuji
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydroamination of Alkynes Catalyzed by Imido Complexes of Titanium and Vanadium.
Authors: Lorber Christian , Choukroun Robert , Vendier Laure
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Step Synthesis of ortho‐Hydroxycinnamaldehyde.
Authors: Kim Jong Han , Lee Sangku , Kwon Mu‐Gil , Park Yong Soo , Choi Sung‐Kyu , Kwon Byoung‐Mog
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Cyanation of Aryl Bromide.
Authors: Cai Liangzhen , Liu Xin , Tao Xiaochun , Shen Dong
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metalation Reactions. Part 35. A Change of the Regiochemistry in the Metalation of (Alkylthio)arenes.
Authors: Cabiddu Maria G. , Cabiddu Salvatore , Cadoni Enzo , De Montis Stefania , Fattuoni Claudia , Melis Stefana
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hexa‐ and Heptasubstitution in the Interaction of Octafluoronaphthalene with Lithium Dialkylamides: A New Approach to the Naphthalene “Proton Sponges”.
Authors: Sorokin Vladimir I. , Ozeryanskii Valery A. , Pozharskii Alexander F. , Starikova Zoya A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Methoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinones and Reaction of One Isomer with Aldehydes under Basic Conditions.
Authors: Ameer Farouk , Giles Robin G. F. , Green Ivan R. , Pearce Rene
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New, Fast and Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Aryl Indenones: Intramolecular Cyclization of 1,3‐Diarylpropynones in Superacids.
Authors: Vasilyev Aleksander V. , Walspurger Stephane , Pale Patrick , Sommer Jean
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NaOH‐Catalyzed Thiolysis of α,β‐Epoxyketones in Water. A Key Step in the Synthesis of Target Molecules Starting from α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal Carbene N—H Insertion of Chiral α,α′‐Dialkyl α‐Diazoketones. A Novel and Concise Method for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Fully Substituted Azetidines.
Authors: Burtoloso Antonio Carlos B. , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New and Facile Method for the Synthesis of Nitrocarbazoles by Urea Nitrate.
Authors: Nagarajan Rajagopal , Muralidharan D. , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Ethyl (1α,5α,6α)‐3‐Benzyl‐3‐azabicyclo [3.1.0]hexane‐2,4‐dione‐6‐carboxylate: An Intermediate for the Trovafloxacin Side Chain.
Authors: Agrawal K. C. , Srivastava Stuti , Singh Vishnu S. , Dikshit Dinesh K. , Bose Prosenjit , Sharma Pankaj , Kumar Naresh
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile and Selective Synthesis of Chloromethylpyridines and Chloropyridines Using Diphosgene/Triphosgene.
Authors: Narendar P. , Gangadasu B. , Ramesh Ch. , Raju B. China , Rao V. Jayathirtha
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of 3,4‐Benzo‐β‐carbolines.
Authors: Kannadasan Sathananthan , Srinivasan Panayencheri C.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and π‐Facial Selective Cycloadditions Involving 2‐Phenyl‐4‐dimethylamino‐1‐thia‐3‐azabuta‐1,3‐diene and Allenic Esters: An Efficient Route to Novel 6‐Alkylidene‐6H‐2‐phenyl‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,3‐thiazines.
Authors: Ishar M. P. S. , Kapur Ashish , Raj Tilak , Girdhar Navdeep K. , Kaur Amritpal
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reaction of Cyclic Sulfonium Ylides Stabilized by a Carbonyl Group.
Authors: Sawada Yuichi , Oku Akira
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of an Ammonium Eneselenolate Derived from a Selenothioacetic Acid S‐Ester with Electron‐Deficient Alkenes and Alkynes.
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Kondo Taichi , Kato Shinzi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile Chemoenzymatic Route to Enantiomerically Pure β‐Branched α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Roff Geoffrey J. , Lloyd Richard C. , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Access to Imidazole‐Phosphonic Acids: Synthesis of D‐manno‐Tetrahydroimidazopyridine‐2‐phosphonates.
Authors: Terinek Miroslav , Vasella Andrea
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Isoflavone Glycoside from the Woods of Sophora japonica.
Authors: Park Youngki , Lee Hak‐Ju , Lee Sung‐Suk , Choi Don‐Ha , Oh Jung‐Soo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Second Generation of cycloSal‐Pronucleotides with Esterase‐Cleavable Sites: The “Lock‐In”‐Concept
Authors: Meier Chris , Ruppel Manuel F. H. , Vukadinovic Dalibor , Balzarini Jan
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Muconin.
Authors: Yoshimitsu Takehiko , Makino Toshiyuki , Nagaoka Hiroto
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Salt Precipitation and Scale Control in Supercritical Water Oxidation — Part B: Commercial/Full‐Scale Applications
Authors: Marrone Philip A. , Hodes Marc , Smith Kenneth A. , Tester Jefferson W.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lactam‐Derived Vinyl Triflates and Phosphates in the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Occhiato Ernesto G.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis (2002)
Authors: Giardini Alessandra , Passarella Daniele , Sacchetti Alessandro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis (2002)
Authors: Farinola Gianluca M. , Babudri Francesco
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Peptide‐Based Amphiphiles
Authors: Loewik Dennis W. P. M. , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
β‐Sultams — Mechanism of Reactions and Use as Inhibitors of Serine Proteases
Authors: Page Michael I.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Young age and outcome for women with early‐stage invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Ping , Recht Abram
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Patients with invasive breast carcinoma who are ages 35–40 years or younger at the time of diagnosis have been found in several studies to have worse prognosis and higher local failure rates after breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) compared with older patients. However, it is uncertain whether specific clinical, pathologic, or treatment factors affect these results, or whether mastectomy yields a better outcome.

METHODS

Articles addressing how patient age at the time of diagnosis affects treatment outcome were identified through the MEDLINE and CancerLit databases and the reference lists of relevant articles.

RESULTS

Young age was found to remain an independent risk factor for worse outcome after either BCT or mastectomy. Limited evidence did not demonstrate a superior outcome with mastectomy compared with BCT. Recent studies of BCT still reported young age to be associated with higher local recurrence rates compared with that for older patients, but their interpretation was hampered by inadequate margin assessment for ductal carcinoma in situ. Adjuvant chemotherapy has been found to improve local control rates substantially for young patients after BCT.

CONCLUSIONS

To the authors' knowledge, there are insufficient data to determine whether young patients have superior long‐term outcome if treated by mastectomy compared with BCT, or whether having truly uninvolved margins abrogates their increased risk of local failure after BCT. When meticulous attention is given to surgical techniques and margin status, it appears that young age at the time of diagnosis need not be a contraindication to BCT. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of the mRNAs encoding the thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) precursor and three TRH receptors in the brain and pituitary of Xenopus laevis: Effect of background color adaptation on TRH and TRH receptor gene expression
Authors: Bidaud Isabelle , Galas Ludovic , Bulant Marc , Jenks Bruce G. , Ouwens Debbie T.W.M. , Jégou Sylvie , Ladram Ali , Roubos Eric W. , Tonon Marie‐Christine , Nicolas Pierre , Vaudry Hubert
Published: July 2004

In amphibians, thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) is a potent stimulator of α‐melanotropin (α‐MSH) secretion, so TRH plays a major role in the neuroendocrine regulation of skin‐color adaptation. We have recently cloned a third type of TRH receptor in Xenopus laevis (xTRHR3) that has not yet been characterized in any other vertebrate species. In the present study, we have examined the distribution of the mRNAs encoding proTRH and the three receptor subtypes (xTRHR1, xTRHR2, and xTRHR3) in the frog CNS and pituitary, and we have investigated the effect of background color adaptation on the expression of these mRNAs. A good correlation was generally observed between the expression patterns of proTRH and xTRHR mRNAs. xTRHRs, including the novel receptor subtype xTRHR3, were widely expressed in the telencephalon and diencephalon, where two or even three xTRHR mRNAs were often simultaneously observed within the same brain structures. In the pituitary, xTRHR2 was expressed selectively in the distal lobe, and xTRHR3 was found exclusively in the intermediate lobe. Adaptation of frog skin to background illumination had no effect on the expression of proTRH and xTRHRs in the brain. In contrast, adaptation of the animals to a white background provoked an 18‐fold increase in xTRHR3 mRNA concentration in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. These data demonstrate that, in amphibians, the effect of TRH on α‐MSH secretion is mediated through the novel receptor subtype xTRHR3. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:11–28, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laminar organization of the mouse dentate gyrus: Insights from BETA2/Neuro D mutant mice
Authors: Del Turco Domenico , Gebhardt Carl , Burbach Guido J. , Pleasure Samuel J. , Lowenstein Daniel H. , Deller Thomas
Published: July 2004

The dentate gyrus of rodents is characterized by a highly laminar organization: above a compact granule cell layer, commissural/associational (C/A) fibers terminate on proximal granule cell dendrites and entorhinal fibers terminate on distal granule cell dendrites in a nonoverlapping manner. To gain insights into mechanisms that underlie the formation of this laminar structure, we studied mice deficient for BETA2/NeuroD, a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor essential for granule cell differentiation. Anterograde tracing was used to label C/A and entorhinal fibers and combined with confocal double immunofluorescence for calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and reelin to visualize putative target cells. The dentate gyrus of mutant mice contained only few granule cells, which formed a cap‐like structure adjacent to area CA3. Despite the severe hypoplasia of the dentate gyrus, the remaining BETA2/NeuroD‐deficient granule cells expressed mature markers, extended dendrites into the molecular layer, and extended mossy fibers into area CA3. Entorhinal and C/A fibers terminated in a nonoverlapping manner in the dendritic field overlying the rudiment. Entorhinal fibers terminated in the outermost portion of the dentate gyrus where they surrounded reelin‐positive Cajal–Retzius cells, and C/A fibers terminated above and within the dentate rudiment. The laminar termination of C/A fibers was closest to normal in zones of the rudiment in which granule cells were densely packed. These data indicate that granule cells are able to differentiate in the absence of BETA2/NeuroD and suggest that the signals underlying the laminar anatomy of the dentate gyrus are present in the absence of most target cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:81–95, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telomerase activity and differential expression of telomerase genes and c‐myc in chicken cells in vitro
Authors: Swanberg Susan E. , Payne William S. , Hunt Henry D. , Dodgson Jerry B. , Delany Mary E.
Published: July 2004

This study examined telomerase activity and gene expression profiles for three genes in Gallus gallus domesticus: telomerase reverse transcriptase (chTERT), telomerase RNA (chTR), and c‐myc. Expression of these genes was studied in chicken embryonic stem (chES) cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), and DT40 cells using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Our results establish that, relative to transcription levels in telomerase‐negative CEFs, chTERT and chTR are up‐regulated in telomerase‐positive chES cells. Transcription levels of chTERT, chTR, and c‐myc are dramatically up‐regulated in telomerase‐positive DT40 cells, relative to CEFs and chES cells. These results are consistent with a model in which telomerase activity is up‐regulated in proliferating embryonic stem cells requiring stable telomeres to endure multiple rounds of cell division; down‐regulated in differentiated, lifespan‐limited cells; and dramatically up‐regulated in immortalized, transformed cells for which uncontrolled proliferation is correlated with c‐myc dysregulation and telomerase activity. Developmental Dynamics 231:14–21, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations among aspects of impulsivity and eating factors in a nonclinical sample
Authors: Lyke Jennifer A. , Spinella Marcello
Published: July 2004

Objective

Impulsivity has been well documented as a factor in the behavior of eating‐disordered populations and is likely to influence normal eating patterns as well. The current study attempted to clarify the relationship between the three elements of impulsivity (nonplanning, attentional, and motor) and the three factors of eating (cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger) in a nonclinical sample.

Method

Data were collected from a sample (N = 112) of volunteer participants from the community who answered two self‐report instruments related to impulsivity (the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11) and eating (the Eating Inventory). Partial correlations were performed on the data to control for age, sex, and education. Cognitive restraint did not correlate with any element of impulsivity. Disinhibition was positively correlated with both attentional impulsivity (r = .40, p < .001) and motor impulsivity (r = .32, p < .01). Attentional impulsivity was also positively correlated with hunger (r = .24, p < .05).

Discussion

The lack of association between cognitive restraint and impulsivity suggests that they are functionally distinct. Disinhibition is most closely associated with impulsivity, consistent with findings from clinical samples. Further clarification of the relationship between impulsivity and eating in nonclinical populations could facilitate a better understanding of the relationship between personality variables and normal eating behavior. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 229–233, 2004.
Numerical analysis of waveguide bandpass filters using singular integral equations and construction of simple design formulas
Authors: Matsushima Akira , Fukuda Yasuo
Published: July 2004

A powerful numerical solution is presented for bandpass filters in rectangular waveguides. The filters are composed of cascading of perfectly conducting inductive obstacles with zero thickness: asymmetrical windows, symmetrical windows, or symmetrical strips. The problem is reduced to a set of singular integral equations, which is solved by an extension of Lewin's quasi‐static procedure. After the accuracy of the classical formulas for the equivalent reactance is investigated, the simple inverse formulas are constructed to yield proper window widths for desired equivalent parameters. Their effectiveness is demonstrated by designing practical filters having maximally flat or equal‐ripple characteristics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 17–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10251
Development of a digital real‐time simulator for power electronics systems
Authors: Kimura Misao , Miyazaki Yasuyuki , Karube Takafumi , Noro Yasuhiro , Takahashi Choei , Kishibe Hideto , Sato Hiromichi
Published: July 2004

A digital real‐time simulator for power electronics systems has been developed using MATLABTM/SIMULINKTM. This paper describes the modeling and calculation accuracy of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) models. Since the simulator operates in a large time step of 50 µs, compensation processing is implemented with the STATCOM model to improve the simulation accuracy. The calculation result of the real‐time STATCOM model is the same as that of non‐real‐time PSCADTM/EMTDCTM. Stable operation of the newly developed simulator was successfully confirmed when connected to a commercial real‐time digital simulator (RTDSTM). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 41–49, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10321
Formation and properties of nitrogen‐rich phases in austenitic stainless steel by plasma‐based ion implantation
Authors: Hirosaki Taketo , Tada Yuki , Azuma Kingo , Yatsuzuka Mitsuyasu
Published: July 2004

Surface modification of austenitic stainless steel by plasma‐based ion implantation at elevated temperatures below 450°C has been studied experimentally. The nitrogen depth profile at room temperature was similar to that obtained by TRIM code simulation, but the depth of nitrogen penetration increases with target temperature and reaches a few micrometers at a treatment condition of 450°C and an implantation time of 2 h. High‐dose nitrogen implantation exceeding 1018 cm−2 at temperatures above 350°C results in the formation of expanded austenite phase (supersaturated f.c.c. phase) with little CrN precipitation, leading to remarkable enhancement of surface hardness without loss of corrosion resistance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 9–16, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10340
Lineament detection from land cover information in mixels using Landsat‐TM data
Authors: Kageyama Yoichi , Nishida Makoto
Published: July 2004

Lineaments are important features showing the presence of subsurface elements or structural weakness and are in general extracted by expert visual interpretation. Lineament maps based on visual interpretation will have gaps because of poor contrast of the segments in remotely sensed data. To generate lineaments which are collinear and broken into a series of segments obtained from multispectral data of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), this paper proposes an automated lineament detection method using land cover information in the mixed pixels (mixels).

Many lineaments can be extracted from topographic drainage patterns. Therefore, the elements of the drainage pattern estimated by fuzzy reasoning were used to synthesize edge data from TM bands 1 to 4. In addition, the edges in the regions of towns and paddy fields, which were not related to lineaments, were excluded. We then generated segments from the resulting edge data considering the feature of each band of TM data. As a result of experience, it is clear that the proposed approach using land cover information in the Landsat‐TM data allows reliable extraction of segments influenced by the geological structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 65–73, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10342
Concomitant airway expression of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and decorin, a natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor‐β, breaks established inhalation tolerance
Authors: Swirski Filip K. , Gajewska Beata U. , Robbins Clinton S. , D'Sa Abigail , Johnson Jill R. , Pouladi Mahmoud A. , Inman Mark D. , Stämpfli Martin R.
Published: July 2004

We previously showed that granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) breaks tolerance induction. The objective of this study was to determine whether GM‐CSF breaks established inhalation tolerance. To induce tolerance, BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) for 10 consecutive days. A control group was exposed to saline. Subsequently, tolerant and control animals were exposed to OVA in a GM‐CSF‐enriched airway microenvironment. Tolerant animals, unlike control animals, did not develop airway and peripheral blood eosinophilia, had diminished levels of OVA‐specific IgE, and reduced airway hyper‐responsiveness. While tolerant animals did not express IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13, levels of the regulatory cytokines IL‐10, IFN‐γ and transfoming growth factor (TGF)‐β were similar between tolerant and non‐tolerant animals. Lung CD4+ T cells were activated according to CD69, CD25 and T1/ST2 expression, but systemic responses characterized by splenocyte proliferation and Th2 effector function were dramatically reduced. Concurrent expression of GM‐CSF and decorin, a natural inhibitor of TGF‐β, reversed eosinophilic unresponsiveness. Our study suggests that the breakdown of tolerance and, by extension, the emergence of eosinophilic inflammation, requires two signals: one that triggers sensitization and one that interferes with negative regulation. Moreover, our study shows that dysregulated expression of an extracellular matrix protein may break established tolerance and lead to eosinophilic airway inflammation.