bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical profiles of sub-3 nm particles over the boreal forest
Authors: Leino Katri , Lampilahti Janne , Poutanen Pyry , Väänänen Riikka , Manninen Antti , Buenrostro Mazon Stephany , Dada Lubna , Franck Anna , Wimmer Daniela , Aalto Pasi P. , Ahonen Lauri R. , Enroth Joonas , Kangasluoma Juha , Keronen Petri , Korhonen Frans , Laakso Heikki , Matilainen Teemu , Siivola Erkki , Manninen Hanna E. , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: April 2019

Abstract. This work presents airborne observations of sub-3 nm particles in the lower
troposphere and investigates new particle formation (NPF) within an evolving
boundary layer (BL). We studied particle concentrations together with
supporting gas and meteorological data inside the planetary BL over a boreal
forest site in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. The analysed data were
collected during three flight measurement campaigns: May–June 2015,
August 2015 and April–May 2017, including 27 morning and 26 afternoon
vertical profiles. As a platform for the instrumentation, we used a Cessna
172 aircraft. The analysed flight data were collected horizontally within a
30 km distance from SMEAR II in Hyytiälä and vertically from 100 m
above ground level up to 2700 m. The number concentration of 1.5–3 nm
particles was observed to be, on average, the highest near the forest canopy
top and to decrease with increasing altitude during the mornings of NPF event
days. This indicates that the precursor vapours emitted by the forest play a
key role in NPF in Hyytiälä. During daytime, newly formed particles
were observed to grow in size and the particle population became more
homogenous within the well-mixed BL in the afternoon. During undefined days
with respect to NPF, we also detected an increase in concentration of
1.5–3 nm particles in the morning but not their growth in size, which
indicates an interrupted NPF process during these undefined days. Vertical
mixing was typically stronger during the NPF event days than during the
undefined or non-event days. The results shed light on the connection between
boundary layer dynamics and NPF.
Explosive instability due to flow over a rippled bottom
Authors: Raj Raunak , Guha Anirban
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we study Bragg resonance, i.e. the triad interaction between surface and/or interfacial waves with bottom ripple, in the presence of background velocity. We show that when one of the constituent waves of the triad has negative energy, the amplitudes of all the waves grow exponentially. This is very different from classic Bragg resonance in which one wave decays to cause the growth of the other. The instabilities we observe are explosive and are different from normal mode shear instabilities since our velocity profiles are linearly stable. Our work may explain the existence of large amplitude internal waves over periodic bottom ripples in the presence of tidal flow observed in oceans and estuaries.
A multi-season investigation of glacier surface roughness lengths through in situ and remote observation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel , Radić Valentina , Menounos Brian
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The roughness length values for momentum, temperature, and
water vapour are key inputs to the bulk aerodynamic method for estimating
turbulent heat flux. Measurements of site-specific roughness length are rare
for glacier surfaces, and substantial uncertainty remains in the values and
ratios commonly assumed when parameterising turbulence. Over three melt
seasons, eddy covariance observations were implemented to derive the momentum
and scalar roughness lengths at several locations on two mid-latitude
mountain glaciers. In addition, two techniques were developed in this study
for the remote estimation of momentum roughness length, utilising
lidar-derived digital elevation models with a 1×1 m resolution.
Seasonal mean momentum roughness length values derived from eddy covariance
observations at each location ranged from 0.7 to 4.5 mm for ice surfaces and
0.5 to 2.4 mm for snow surfaces. From one season to the next, mean momentum
roughness length values over ice remained relatively consistent at a given
location (0–1 mm difference between seasonal mean values), while within a
season, temporal variability in momentum roughness length over melting snow
was found to be substantial (> an order of magnitude). The two remote
techniques were able to differentiate between ice and snow cover and return
momentum roughness lengths that were within 1–2 mm (≪ an order of
magnitude) of the in situ eddy covariance values. Changes in wind direction
affected the magnitude of the momentum roughness length due to the
anisotropic nature of features on a melting glacier surface. Persistence in
downslope wind direction on the glacier surfaces, however, reduced the
influence of this variability. Scalar roughness length values showed
considerable variation (up to 2.5 orders of magnitude) between
locations and seasons and no evidence of a constant ratio with momentum
roughness length or each other. Of the tested estimation methods, the
Andreas (1987) surface renewal model returned scalar roughness lengths
closest to those derived from eddy covariance observations. Combining this
scalar method with the remote techniques developed here for estimating
momentum roughness length may facilitate the distributed parameterisation of
turbulent heat flux over glacier surfaces without in situ measurements.
OpenOA: An Open-Source Code Base for Operational Analysis of Wind Power Plants
Authors: Optis Mike , Perr-Sauer Jordan , Philips Caleb , Craig Anna E. , Lee Joseph C. Y. , Kemper Travis , Sheng Shuangwen , Simley Eric , Williams Lindy , Lunacek Monte , Meissner John , Fields M. Jason
Published: April 2019

Abstract. As global wind capacity continues to grow, the need for accurate operational analyses of a rapidly growing fleet of wind power plants has increased in proportion. The wind energy industry at present, however, is not ideally positioned to address this need. First, there is a lack of best practices and limited published standards for performing operational analyses. Second, operational data and methods are typically proprietary and not shared among the wind energy community. Consequently, there is considerable duplication of effort in developing methods as well as uncertainty in the calculated metrics. To address these problems, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has publicly released OpenOA, an open-source code base for performing operational analyses on wind plant data. The intent of OpenOA is to provide a framework in which best practices can be developed, refined, and disseminated. Ultimately, such collaboration is expected to lead to a working example (i.e. reference implementation) of methods from which a published standard may develop. This article provides an overview of OpenOA, highlighting its release as a public repository, modular software architecture, current functionality, and planned functionality in subsequent releases. It is our goal for OpenOA to evolve into an indispensable tool for performing operational analyses that is used and supported by a large community of wind energy experts.
Religion in the Life of Langston Hughes
Authors: Rampersad Arnold
Published: April 2019

Langston Hughes published so much brilliant literature with a strongly religious flavor that many people, including academic critics, appear to assume that he was in some way ultimately a devout believer in God. This essay argues that while Hughes was fascinated and inspired by the dynamic role of religion in black American life, he himself, like so many writers black and white, was hostile to religion. Growing up with a sense of personal abandonment, he experienced God as a power that promised much but delivered little or nothing. Threatened because of his harshly irreligious poems (notably “Goodbye Christ”) written especially in the 1930s, when he was a radical, Hughes later embraced religious themes as a writer less because of his faith than because he saw this posture as likely to bolster his position against right-wing leaders, such as Senator Joe McCarthy, who wanted to silence him. Hughes's script for his own funeral, which explicitly excluded religion, reflected his bitterness on the subject and his rival belief in the redemptive power of values rooted in the black world, including jazz and the blues.
Langston Hughes and the Timeless Questions of Life and Death
Authors: Griffin Farah Jasmine
Published: April 2019

This essay probes the resonance of Langston Hughes's writings from the vantage point of twenty-first century America. More specifically, the author points up Hughes's capacity to provide succor and comfort for contemporary readers who have suffered in the wake of death, including the death of Trayvon Martin and the racial overtones involved. Drawing from both personal and professional experience, the author demonstrates how Hughes's poetry can be interpreted in spiritual terms. At the same time, the author reexamines Hughes's racial politics, especially his criticism of a young black poet, whom many believe to be Countee Cullen, at the outset of his famous essay “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain.”
The Embodied Freedom of Langston Hughes
Authors: Moss Kelsey C.
Published: April 2019

This essay has been adapted from conference comments delivered at the “Remembering Langston Hughes: His Art, Life and Legacy Fifty Years Later” conference held at Princeton University, November 10–11, 2017. It ties together a number of prominent themes of Hughes's legacy. Through an analysis of the tension between the categories of identity that Hughes adopted and those he eschewed, it offers a commentary on longstanding academic debates concerning Hughes's perceived irreligiosity and sexual orientation. Based on lessons gleaned from Hughes's experimentalism and bold tradition of self-fashioning, it argues for a more expansive interpretation of these aspects of his life and work. While many scholars have interpreted Hughes as an atheist or antireligious, a more nuanced view of his life and the treatment of religion in his oeuvre reveals profound reflections on matters of faith. Similarly, it challenges straightforward interpretations of Hughes's personal life and sexual identity. Ultimately, the essay argues that Hughes’ art and his own embodied practice offer a model for approaching existential questions such as those of spiritual belief or sexual expression with more nuance and capaciousness.
The Rule of 57: Orthopaedic Trigonometry Made Easy
Authors: Speirs Joshua N. , Nelson Scott C.
Published: April 2019

Introduction:

The Rule of 57 is an easy method for planning osteotomies and calculating translations when correcting spine and limb deformities.

Methods:

The rule is based on the mathematical principle that a circle with a radius of 57 mm has a circumference of 360 mm where each 1° of the circle subtends an arc of 1 mm in length.

Results:

Thus a 1 mm opening or closing wedge osteotomy with a width of 57 mm would result in 1° of angular correction.

Discussion:

This basic geometric shape can be extrapolated in many ways to determine proper alignment for preoperative planning, performing osteotomies, understanding guided growth, and executing a variety of deformity corrections.
A Comparison of the Polyphenolic and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Cold Brew versus Hot Brew Black Tea (Camellia Sinensis, Theaceae)
Authors: Magammana Chathuranga Manhari , Rock Cheryl Rosita , Wang Long , Gray Virginia
Published: April 2019

Recently, a new trend called cold brewing gained popularity in the tea and coffee beverage industry. Cold brew and hot brew black tea may have different sensory qualities and antioxidant levels because of their polyphenolic properties and brewing processes. The objectives of this study were to determine antioxidant properties and polyphenolic content of commercial brands of cold brew and hot brew black tea. The total phenolic content of the cold brew tea was determined to be 0.19 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents/100 g and hot brew tea was 0.43 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents/100 g when assayed by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent method. The total flavonoid content of the cold brew tea was 0.40 mg/mL catechin equivalents/100 g and hot brew was 1.01 mg/mL catechin equivalents/100 g. Moreover, antioxidant capacity of cold brew and hot brew black tea was analyzed where their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was 86.3% and 88.1% respectively. There was a significant difference in total phenolic content between hot brew and cold brew (p = 0.004). Similarly, there was a significant difference in total flavonoid between cold brew and hot brew (p = 0.004). Additionally, there was a significant difference in DPPH scavenging activity between cold brew and hot brew (p = 0.016). Overall, it can be concluded that although cold brew tea contained a lower amount of phenolics and flavonoids as compared to hot brew tea, they both were able to scavenge DPPH radicals in nearly same capacity.
Product Development Considerations of Flaxseed Supplementation for the Aging Population: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nguyen Jenny Y. , Rock Cheryl R. , Gray Virginia B. , Claver Maria , Costa Christine
Published: April 2019

Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and vulnerability among older adults highlight a critical need for a careful consideration of effective and preventive dietary interventions. Consuming flaxseed, along with a well-balanced diet, has been shown to significantly improve weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, serum lipids, plasma glucose levels, and inflammatory biomarkers. Although flaxseed exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, little is known regarding its consumer acceptability among older adults. The objective of this study was to investigate the acceptability of a bagel with 23% flaxseed in individuals 50 years and older using a 9-point Hedonic rating scale, Paired Preference test, and Food Action (FACT) rating scale. There were no significant differences between the control and flaxseed bagel in sensory attributes and FACT ratings in 20 participants (69.0 ± 6.3 years old). Age was significantly associated with the overall acceptability of the flaxseed bagel (p = 0.004). Appearance, color, flavor, and texture were strongly correlated (p < 0.01) to overall acceptability in both bagels. Further exploration of consumer acceptance of flaxseed products among older adults is needed; clinical trials may also shed light on potential health impacts of regular flax consumption.
Can China’s Energy Intensity Constraint Policy Promote Total Factor Energy Efficiency? Evidence from the Industrial Sector
Authors: Shao Shuai , Yang Zhenbing , Yang Lili , Ma Shuang
Published: April 2019

As part of the country’s efforts to achieve green development, China implemented a mandatory energy intensity reduction target in its 11th “Five-Year Plan (FYP)” in 2006, and then began to roll out a series of relevant measures. However, existing studies have paid little attention to the actual effects of China’s energy intensity constraint policy (EICP). In this paper, using panel data from China’s 36 industrial sub-sectors covering the years from 2001 to 2014, we adopt the difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate for the first time the EICP’s (marginal) effect on total factor energy efficiency growth (TFEEG). We also estimate the superposition effect caused by the introduction of a carbon intensity constraint policy (CICP) on TFEEG, through the difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) strategy. Finally, using counterfactual, re-grouping and quasi-DID analyses, we conduct a series of robustness tests of the empirical results. The results show that the TFEEG in China’s industrial sector experienced an overall declining trend between 2001 and 2014. The implementation of the EICP has had a significantly negative effect on the improvement of the TFEEG of sub-sectors with higher levels of energy intensity. After the implementation of the EICP, the TFEEG rate of these sub-sectors declined by 4.31%, compared to the rate of the other sub-sectors. The results of a series of robustness tests indicate that such a negative effect is credible. The marginal effect in the first two years after the implementation of the EICP was significantly negative, while the superposition effect of the introduction of a CICP on industrial TFEEG remained negative. Thus, the Chinese government should reinforce the implementation of energy-saving policies by introducing additional market-oriented auxiliary policies to propel the green development transformation of China’s industrial sector.
The New UNCITRAL Instruments on International Commercial Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation – an Insider’s View
Authors: Rosner Norel
Published: April 2019

The New UNCITRAL Instruments on International Commercial Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation – an Insider’s View

On 25 June 2018 the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) finalised two instruments on international commercial settlement agreements resulting from mediation.

This article presents an insider’s view of this process, from the inception of the project to its completion in 2018. It will present the different stages of this process, from the discussions on the proposal to the actual discussions and negotiations and their different phases, including the agreed main features of the two instruments.
Umfang und Inhalt der vorvertraglichen Aufklärungspflicht des Franchisegebers
Authors: Hahn Anna
Published: April 2019

This study examines a franchisor’s pre-contractual duty of disclosure with a special focus on financial forecasts and location analysis. In particular, it raises the question of whether these specific aspects are part of mandatory pre-contractual disclosure under German franchise law. German law has not directly addressed this specific question—neither by means of codified law nor through precedents from the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). Thus, some degree of uncertainty prevails, although the topic is well known to German courts and scholars. This study analyses and contextualises how the question has been addressed so far under German law. In order to explore legal solutions developed in other legal systems, the author undertook extensive comparative research into French and English franchise law. This thesis will be of particular interest to legal practitioners, researchers and courts who have to deal with cases of pre-contractual disclosure in franchise contracts.
Hybride Gesellschaften im Internationalen Steuerrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Marquardsen Maria Gesina
Published: April 2019

This book’s topic is one of the most complex and highly debated issues in international tax law. The basis of the analysis is provided by identifying three main problems and uncertainties when dealing with hybrid entities. By means of these, the author systemises and subsequently analyses the broad range of opinions on the correct taxation of those companies with regard to the most effective and targeted measure. In this context, the OECD BEPS-projects’ outcome also receives some attention. Thereby, the reader is provided with a well-sorted overview on the main opinions debated during the last decades and is enabled to critically evaluate the latest reform proposals.
Based on the detected advantages and shortcomings of each of the analysed approaches, the author proposes a new, subtle system of regulations.
Gläubigerbehandlung bei Staateninsolvenzen
Authors: van den Busch Roman
Published: April 2019

The lack of a cohesive system to address sovereign defaults has resulted in the absence of consistent rules regarding the treatment of creditors. There is no ladder of priorities for creditors of a sovereign debtor that is comparable to domestic bankruptcy proceedings. However, this does not result in equal treatment of all creditors—in fact, current restructuring processes often result in substantial differences between creditors. This study depicts these differences and examines the underlying reasons for them.
Subsequently, the study illustrates the possibility of improved treatment of creditors. The special role of the debtor establishes important preconditions, which are not always considered in existing proposals. Here, the author illustrates objective criteria, pursuant to which creditors of a state can be categorised into groups within the framework of resolvency proceedings that are predictable for all parties involved and will enable efficient restructuring.
Um Olhar Esteriotipado
Authors: Duva Wardi Awada Awada
Published: April 2019

Resenha: Hall, Stuart. Cultura e Representação. Rio de Janeiro: Apicuri/Editora Puc –Rio, 2016
«Nós sofremos violência todo dia!»: Representações sociais e vivências de violência para pessoas transgêneras
Authors: Ribeiro Luiz Paulo , Villani Fabiana Bacellar , Da Silva Ivan Paulo , Souza Alexandre Patrícia Tamara de
Published: April 2019

Este texto tiene como objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la violencia para la población "T" (travesti y transexual) de Belo Horizonte/Brasil. Se utilizó entrevistas semiestructuradas y el análisis de contenido temático conjugado con el análisis léxico a través del software Iramuteq®. Se entrevistó a nueve (9) personas elegidos por disponibilidad. Los resultados apuntan que la RS estudiada está organizada en cuatro clases: (a) vivencias de la violencia (b) instituciones y proceso transicional, (c) identidad y género y (d) cuerpo y vivencia social. Así, la representación social de la violencia hacia las personas transgénero está relacionada con sus experiencias de vida, su proceso transicional, la aceptación familiar y la vivencia social.
Hombres y Mujeres Indígenas: Pobreza y Relaciones de Género en México
Authors: Bello Dominguez Juan
Published: April 2019

Es importante llamar la atención sobre la equidad de género en el proceso de democratización de las sociedades contemporáneas. Las sociedades constituidas a partir de la multiculturalidad han evidenciado la falta de claridad de sus políticas sobre igualdad y equidad de género, en las que los pueblos indígenas inciden históricamente como actores del debate sobre las políticas públicas y sobre el destino de las instituciones.

El presente artículo, presenta las condiciones socioeconómicas de los hombres y mujeres en la especificidad cultural de los pueblos indígenas y su permanente demanda de igualdad en el marco de la sociedad nacional. La estructura de las demandas y condiciones permite insertarse en la perspectiva analítica de los escenarios nacionales e internacionales.

Incorporar el análisis de las formas y características de hombres y mujeres en la participación de los pueblos indígenas, es revisar sus condiciones en torno al desarrollo socioeconómico en México, reflexionar sobre su participación en las esferas económica, política, social y cultural, y con ello, gestar una critica de la política de la diversidad, igualdad y equidad de genero.
Desigualdad y estrategias de supervivencia en la población femenina de Haina, R. Dominicana.
Authors: Meneses Falcón Carmen
Published: April 2019

Este trabajo profundiza en las causas de la prostitución y la trata con fines de explotación sexual, desde el análisis de las condiciones de vida de mujeres pobres en R. Dominicana, en concreto en los Bajos de Haina. Se trata de uno de los países latinoamericanos con mayor presencia de mujeres en la prostitución en España y Europa y entre las víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual. Mediante entrevistas a informantes clave y observación participante se ha recogido información cualitativa sobre las circunstancias sociales de las niñas, adolescentes y mujeres. Se pueden destacar tres características que empujan a las mujeres a la migración y al ejercicio de la prostitución: las desigualdades de género, teniendo las mujeres una posición jerárquica y subordinada a los varones; la maternidad muy precoz, con escasa vinculación de la pareja, que hace asumir a las jóvenes las responsabilidades de sus hijos; la violencia de género, más en concreto violencia por parte del compañero íntimo y la violencia hacia las niñas en la unidad familiar, principalmente el incesto. La ausencia de recursos sociales eficaces que ayuden a las mujeres junto con la falta de políticas eficientes que sensibilicen y conciencien a la población sobre la equidad de género son algunas de las metas que deben acometerse.
Husk lige tandbørsten
Authors: Meng Merethe , Olesen Laura Nymark
Published: April 2019

Baggrund:

Endokardit kan opstå som følge af dårlig mundpleje (1). Paradentose og lungeinfektioner kan forebygges ved god mundhygiejne (2-3). Patienter der er i en akut fase af deres sygdomsforløb, har behov for støtte – også til mundpleje.

Region Midts regionale retningslinje omkring mundpleje blev revideret i 2016 (4), efterfølgende blev den implementeret i organisationen. Det er usikkert hvorvidt retningslinjen følges. 

Formål

Formålet var at undersøge hvorledes mundpleje til indlagte patienter blandt akutte Hjertemedicinske patienter håndteres, herunder 1) hvordan plejepersonalet undervises i mundpleje og 2) hvorvidt den kliniske retningslinje for mundpleje følges af plejepersonalet.

Metode

Undersøgelsen bestod af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse og en række undervisningsseancer på et hjertemedicinsk afsnit på Hospitalsenhed Midt (Viborg).

Spørgeskemaet bestod af 10 spørgsmål(bilag 1). Spørgsmålene var dels ja/nej og fritekst. Spørgeskemaerne blev afleveret personligt til hvert personalemedlem (38 sygeplejersker og 2 SOSU-assistenter), hvorefter de havde 3 uger til at besvare spørgsmålene. Via regions e-mail blev de påmindet 2 gange.

Det generelle arbejde med mundhygiejne og personalets holdning hertil blev vurderet ifm. undervisningsseancer. Der blev afholdt 2 undervisningsseancer bestående af 20 minutters oplæg og 10 minutters diskussion. Den regionale retningslinje blev gennemgået og der blev lavet erfaringsudveksling. Vejledningen havde fokus på at få spurgt ind til den enkelte patient, at få tilbudt tandbørste/tandpasta, vejledt i korrekt mundhygiejne og få det videreformidlet til samarbejdspartnere.

Resultat

Der blev uddelt 40 spørgeskemaer. 25 kom retur (svarprocent 62,5%). Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen viste, at 84% af respondenterne ikke havde modtaget undervisning i mundpleje siden deres studie/elevtid. Retningslinjen følges af 28%, mens 72% oplyser, at de springer over mundplejen, som følge af travlhed.

Ifm. undervisningsseancerne blev det vurderet, at der er et stort behov for undervisning. Ligeledes ses der ved processen med at gennemføre undersøgelsen, at det øgede fokus på emnet har givet anledning til en positivt ændret holdning og ændret adfærd blandt plejepersonalet. 

Konklusion

Undersøgelsen viste, at mundpleje udføres på baggrund af individuelt skøn fremfor at følge den nye retningslinje. Mundpleje nedprioriteres ofte, og mange har ikke modtaget undervisning i emnet siden studietiden. Det vurderes, at undervisningsseancer med øget fokus på emnet kan ændre holdning og dermed også ændre adfærd hos plejepersonalet.
VR som redskab i skole og børnehave
Authors: Agerbæk Ebbe
Published: April 2019

Artiklen bidrager med perspektiver på brugen af Immersive Virtual Reality med børn i dagtilbud og skole. I to år har pædagogstuderende ved SKOLE haft adgang til VR udstyr. På baggrund af en kort introduktion, har studerende brugt VR med børn i deres praktikperioder. I artiklen viderebringes fire studerendes erfaringer med- og perspektiver på brugen af VR, på baggrund af interviews. Det gennemgående fokus er på hvordan VR kan motivere børn i en konkret pædagogisk kontekst.

Artiklen peger på at VR kan bruges til at understøtte børns motivation for læring, ved at gøre læringen mere kropslig eller virkelig. Emner der ellers bliver behandlet abstrakt, kan i VR simulationerne gøres mere konkrete. På baggrund af de studerendes erfaringer ses der tegn på at VR kan påvirke børns stressniveau og at denne effekt varer ved noget tid efter brugen. Artiklen peger desuden på at mediet kan bruges til at styrke relationer, samt at pædagogens rolle og konteksten for brug, er vigtig for motivation og læring.
Asymmetric collaboration in virtual reality
Authors: Albæk Thomsen Lui , Nilsson Niels Christian , Nordahl Rolf , Lohmann Boris
Published: April 2019

It has been established that Virtual Reality (VR) possesses certain qualities for educational purposes. These include the ability to place the learner at the location or in the perspective that the desired knowledge exists (e.g., travelling to another planet or shrinking to miniature size to observe internal anatomy). VR is also considered to contribute with enriching the curricular content, promoting active forms of learning, performance assessment of high validity, and provide the opportunity to teach applied academic knowledge in life-like situations. In regards to teaching mathematics and geometry, three key affordances have been identified; interactive manipulation and construction of three-dimensional geometry, comprehension of spatial relationships, and rectification of abstract problems. Safety protocols and practical guidelines from classroom experimentation have also been formulated by various research projects.

In this manuscript, asymmetrical immersive VR in education will be reviewed, as it is relevant for the narrative of learning situations where multiple students use the technology together. As an example, in mathematics, asymmetric VR could be used in contexts where unknown variables must be found in collaboration. The purpose of the narrative literature review is to gain a greater understanding of how asymmetric game mechanics has influence on communication and collaboration between learners. To map the dynamics of this type of learning activity, a taxonomy will be presented. Since VR is still under development in terms of hardware and software, it is important that the current and future technical possibilities are described in a conceptual manner, as well as conclude on optimal coupling between communication dynamics and collaboration mechanics.
Didaktisk gåderum
Authors: Hautopp Heidi , Ejsing-Duun Stine , Vigild Thomas
Published: April 2019

Gåderum, såkaldte escape rooms, vinder frem i underholdningsbranchen, men også i undervisningssammenhænge. Der findes dog ikke et empirisk forskningsgrundlag inden for anvendelse af gåderum i undervisning. Artiklen undersøger således, hvordan tilstedeværelse i fysiske gåderum kan skabe undersøgende tilgange i relation til fagligt indhold på videregående uddannelser. Det empiriske fundament er baseret på en eksperimenterende case, hvor højskoleelever fra Spiludviklingslinjen på Vallekilde Højskole har designet et gåderum målrettet faget videnskabsteori for bachelorstuderende på Kommunikation og digitale medier på Aalborg Universitet, København. Casen analyseres med udgangspunkt i didaktisk teori og spilteori med fokus på, hvordan man rammesætter undervisningen, så de lærende kan agere både spildesignere af og spillere i didaktiske gåderum.

Artiklen påviser nødvendigheden af, at underviseren skaber rammer, indenfor hvilke deltagernes uformelle spilkompetencer og faglig viden kommer i spil. Ligeledes er det vigtigt at skabe balance mellem spiloplevelsen, gåderummets indbyggede tvetydigheder og faglige mål i undervisningen.
Distrofias hereditárias da retina e principais avanços no estudo da atrofia progressiva de retina – Um modelo para a retinose pigmentar dos seres humanos
Authors: Freitas Henrique De Moura , Montiani-Ferreira Fabiano
Published: April 2019

As distrofias de retina são causas comuns de cegueira em seres humanos, em cães e em outros animais. Dentre as principais distrofias diagnosticadas em seres humanos estão a amaurose congênita de Leber e a retinose pigmentar. Essas duas doenças possuem semelhança com distrofias hereditárias encontradas em cães, sendo a retinose pigmentar muito semelhante à atrofia progressiva de retina. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever esse complexo de doenças por meio de uma revisão de literatura. O estudo dos modelos experimentais em animais possibilita a identificação de genes responsáveis por essas doenças e permitem a elucidação de novos tratamentos, como a terapia gênica e testes genéticos. Assim, o estudo das distrofias hereditárias em animais é essencial para o entendimento dessas doenças em seres humanos.
Metodología para el desarrollo de sitios desde el punto de vista del DCU y el Inbound Marketing
Authors: Mateo Ágreda F. Javier
Published: April 2019

El diseño centrado en el usuario (DCU) es una filosofía de diseño cuya principal premisa es la de colocar al usuario final y sus necesidades en el centro del proceso de creación de cualquier producto o servicio. Aunque no es una disciplina reciente (Donald A. Norman acuñó este término a mediados de los años ochenta en su libro User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction), ha cobrado gran importancia en los últimos años gracias a internet y el desarrollo de nuevos productos digitales: sitios web, aplicaciones para móviles, sistemas interactivos, etc.
Estimating transition dates from status-based phenology observations: a test of methods
Authors: Taylor Shawn D
Published: April 2019

The scale of phenology research has expanded due to the digitization of herbarium specimens and volunteer based contributions. These data are status-based, representing the presence or absence of a specific phenophase. Modelling the progress of plant dormancy to growth and reproduction and back to dormancy requires estimating the transition dates from these status-based observations. There are several methods available for this ranging from statistical moments using the Julian day to newly introduced methods using concepts from other fields. Comparing the proficiency of different estimators is difficult since true transition dates are rarely known. Here I use a recently released dataset of flowering observations where, due to high sampling frequency and unique physiology, the transition dates of onset, peak, and end of flowering are known. I used a Monte Carlo analysis to test estimators across two scales using a range of sample sizes and proportion of flowering presence observations. I tested estimates of onset, peak, and end of flowing at the population level, and estimates of onset and end for individual plants. Overall a recently introduced method using a Weibull curve performed the best for population level onset and end estimates, but other estimators may be more appropriate when there is a large amount of absence observations relative to presence observations. For individual estimates a method using the midway point between the first flower presence and most prior flower absence, within 7 days, is the best option as long as the restriction does not limit the final sample size. Otherwise the Weibull method is adequate for individual estimates as well.
Reducing measles mortality in India
Authors: Bose Anindya Sekhar
Published: April 2019

A large-scale campaign to promote measles vaccinations has substantially reduced the number of children dying from the disease in India.
Mahalanobis distances and ecological niche modelling: correcting a chi-squared probability error
Authors: Etherington Thomas R.
Published: April 2019

The Mahalanobis distance is a statistical technique that can be used to measure how distant a point is from the centre of a multivariate normal distribution. By measuring Mahalanobis distances in environmental space ecologists have also used the technique to model: ecological niches, habitat suitability, species distributions, and resource selection functions. Unfortunately, the original description of the Mahalanobis distance technique for ecological modelling contained an error describing how Mahalanobis distances could be converted into probabilities using a chi-squared distribution. This error has been repeated in the literature, and is present in popular modelling software. In the hope of correcting this error to maximise the potential application of the Mahalanobis distance technique within the ecological modelling community, I explain how Mahalanobis distances are calculated, and through a virtual ecology experiment demonstrate how to correctly produce probabilities and discuss the implications of the error for previous Mahalanobis distance studies.
Relationship between Evapotranspiration and water Availability in the Tropical Regions: A Case Study of a South Western City in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunbode T. O. , Ifabiyi I. P.
Published: April 2019

The understanding of the impacts of evapotranspiration on water supply in time and space is critical to a purposeful water management effort. A study was conducted to examine annual water balance situation in the humid tropical city of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. A thirty-year rainfall and temperature data (1977-2006) were collected from NIMET Office for this purpose. Annual evapotranspiration values were empirically determined using temperature data and Thornthwaite’s model. The study revealed that the major determinant of water balance is the availability of water at the surface which is majorly supplied by green surface and rainfall. Evapotranspiration rate was found to be relatively constant and high above 1000 mm annually ranging from 1249.7 mm in 1980 to 1112.87 mm in 2004 while annual rainfall total varies over the study period of 30 years ranging from 697.1 mm in 2002 to 1595.5 mm in 1998. Results showed that effort should be directed towards urban reforestation and or aforestation, planting of shade trees and other related measures that will encourage water availability for evapotranspiration process for improvement on water balance in the study area.
Assessment of Farmers’ Indigenous Knowledge and Preferences: A Tool for Sustainable Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus. L. Sweet) Improvement and Utilization in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Chawe Kissa G. , Venkataramana Pavithravani B. , Ndakidemi Patrick A.
Published: April 2019

Participatory farmers’ selection of preferred lablab bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) was conducted in Moshi Rural, Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania to identify farmers preferred traits and accessions. An experimental plot was laid down in augmented block design where a total of 41 accessions including the local check (Katumani) and improved variety (HA4) were sown in three blocks at the spacing of 75 cm x 40 cm. Semi-structured questionnaire and checklists were prepared to gather the farmers’ preferences and knowledge as well as factors for lablab crop abandonment. The factors for crop abandonment identified were unavailability of quality and improved varieties, low yield, the high cost of agro-chemicals, the presence of diseases and insect pests. In this study, farmers’ selection criteria of the accessions were resistance to diseases and insect pest, the number of pods per plant, early maturity, high yielding capacity, seed colourand size. The results showed that accessions D163 scored higher votes followed by D137, D88, D27, D85, D155, D7, D159, and D151 while the least preferred accession was D140 with Garrets’ mean score of 50.11, 50.06, 50.05, 50.02, 50.00, 49.88, 49.77, 49.59, 49.56 and 49.52, respectively. Farmers’ ranked traits to be incorporated for future bean breeding in order of importance as; high yielding, better taste, earliness and short cooking time. Therefore, successful selection of germplasm through participatory research can raise awareness, adoption, and utilization of the lablab crop which change the portfolio of varieties available in the area and open the new door for plant breeders.
3D Graphene Foam Reinforced Low‐Temperature Ceramic with Multifunctional Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties
Authors: Thomas Tony , Zhang Cheng , Nautiyal Pranjal , Boesl Benjamin , Agarwal Arvind
Published: April 2019

Graphene foam reinforced multifunctional ceramic composite is fabricated in this study. Graphene foam has a 3D macroporous architecture, which is filled with a low temperature co‐fired (LTCC) ceramic phase. The composite microstructure is engineered by three‐step fabrication scheme: infiltration of porous graphene foam with ceramic slurry, solidification to form a green body, and finally, pressure and temperature‐assisted sintering to produce a dense composite with intimate ceramic/graphene interface. Graphene foam is found to retain its 3D structure. The interconnected network of nodes and branches induces superior fracture toughness, load‐bearing capacity, and thermal − electrical transport characteristics. Addition of mere 0.18 wt% graphene foam results in a 480% improvement in the fracture energy. Sub‐surface examination reveals extensive crack deflection due to graphene foam's cellular units, highlighting the advantage of a 3D filler. Graphene foam also induces an impressive electrical conductivity of 165 S m−1 in an otherwise insulator ceramic. In situ infrared thermal imaging demonstrates enhanced thermal transportability in ceramic due to graphene foam. These findings attest the significance of 3D graphene foam to develop multifunctional ceramic composites in load‐bearing structures, thermal management, and electro‐mechanical devices. The synthesis scheme presented here is promising for facile and scalable manufacturing of this new class of materials.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Studies on Poling of the Hard PZT Ceramic PIC181
Authors: Eßlinger Sophia , Neumeister Peter , Schönecker Andreas , Hoffman Mark , Studer Andrew , Hinterstein Manuel
Published: April 2019

The poling of hard Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) materials is a complex process requiring optimisation of the poling parameters time, temperature, and electric field magnitude. A unique method is presented to monitor the poling process in operando on the unit cell level with neutron diffraction through the analysis of changes in reflection patterns. Diffraction analysis after poling reveals the lattice and domain contributions using poling strain as a measure. This allows for the evaluation of induced dipole alignment and process efficiency. It gives insight into the role of domain wall motions in hard PZT ceramics and how they are affected by poling parameters. Additionally, a poled sample is cycled bipolar and analyzed. It shows a strongly asymmetric strain hysteresis with major contributions from domain wall motions in the tetragonal phase. Macroscopically measured hysteresis loops verify the findings from diffraction. The present work contributes to improving poling results, efficiency and saving energy. The diffraction analysis allows a novel investigation method of the poling mechanisms and provides extensive results that give new insights into the material behavior. With a fundamental research method, this work reveals unprecedented details that can be directly applied to the specific application field of poling technology.
Catalytic and Light‐Driven ZnO/Pt Janus Nano/Micromotors: Switching of Motion Mechanism via Interface Roughness and Defect Tailoring at the Nanoscale
Authors: Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Villa Katherine , Manzanares Palenzuela Carmen Lorena , Ying Yulong , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: April 2019

The first models of mesoporous ZnO/Pt Janus micromotors that show fuel‐free and light‐powered propulsion depending on the interface roughness are shown. Two models of ZnO semiconducting particles with distinct surface morphologies and pore structures are synthesized by self‐aggregation of primary nanoparticles and nanosheets into nanoscale rough and smooth microparticles, respectively. The self‐assembled nanosheet model (smooth) provides a large surface for the formation of a continuous Pt layer with strong adherence, whereas the discontinuous Pt species take place inside the inter‐nanoparticles pores in the self‐assembled nanoparticle model (rough). The effects of the interface, surface porosity, defect, and charge transfer on the light‐powered motion for both well‐designed mesoporous ZnO/Pt Janus micromotors are investigated and compared to find the underlying propulsion mechanisms. The degradation of two model pollutants is demonstrated as a proof‐of‐concept application of these carefully engineered Janus micromotors. In this work, it is shown that by discreet material fabrication together with semiconductor/metal interface charge transport interpretation, it would be possible to develop new light‐driven Janus micromotors based on other photocatalysts containing active surfaces such as TiO2.
Nanotechnology‐Mediated Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Obesity and Its Related Comorbidities
Authors: Tsou Yung‐Hao , Wang Bin , Ho William , Hu Bin , Tang Pei , Sweet Sydney , Zhang Xue‐Qing , Xu Xiaoyang
Published: April 2019

Obesity is a serious health issue affecting humanity on a global scale. Recognized by the American Medical Association as a chronic disease, the incidence of obesity continues to grow at an accelerating rate and obesity has become one of the major threats to human health. Excessive weight gain is tied to metabolic syndrome, which is shown to increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes, taxing an already overburdened healthcare system and increasing mortality worldwide. Available treatments such as bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy are often accompanied by adverse side effects and poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology, an emerging technology with a wide range of biomedical applications, has provided an unprecedented opportunity to improve the treatment of many diseases, including obesity. This review provides an introduction to obesity and obesity‐related comorbidities. The most recent developments of nanotechnology‐based drug delivery strategies are highlighted and discussed. Additionally, challenges and consideration for the development of nanoformulations with translational potential are discussed. The overall objective of this review is to enhance the understanding of the design and development of nanomedicine for treatments of obesity and related comorbidities.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted 4‐Quinolones using Water as a Benign Reaction Media: Application for the Construction of Oxolinic Acid and BQCA
Authors: Gore Babasaheb Sopan , Lee Chein Chung , Lee Jessica , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: April 2019

A copper‐catalyzed three‐component synthetic method has been developed for the synthesis of substituted 4‐quinolone derivatives from substituted 3‐(2‐halophenyl)‐3‐oxopropane, aldehydes and aq. NH3 using water as an environmentally benign reaction media. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the obtained products has been successfully applied for the synthesis of available oxolinic acid and BQCA drugs. The key features of this approach include commercially available starting materials, broad scope, and moderate to good reaction yields. Reaction with formaldehyde, and other functionalities such as −CN, −NO2, −SO2Ar, and −COAr were also successful. In addition, reaction with heterocyclic compounds such as 3‐(3‐bromothiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile proceeded smoothly to afford tetrahydrothieno[3,2‐b]pyridine‐6‐carbonitrile analogues. The practicality of the designed protocol was confirmed by gram scale synthesis of two derivatives.

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