bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neuronal-specific SGK1.1 kinase regulates δ-epithelial Na+ channel independently of PY motifs and couples it to phospholipase C signaling
Authors: Wesch Diana , Miranda Pablo , Afonso-Oramas Domingo , Althaus Mike , Castro-Hernández Javier , Dominguez Jaime , Morty Rory E. , Clauss Wolfgang , González-Hernández Tomás , Alvarez de la Rosa Diego , Giraldez Teresa
Published: July 2010

The δ-subunit of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is expressed in neurons of the human and monkey central nervous system and forms voltage-independent, amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels when expressed in heterologous systems. It has been proposed that δ-ENaC could affect neuronal excitability and participate in the transduction of ischemic signals during hypoxia or inflammation. The regulation of δ-ENaC activity is poorly understood. ENaC channels in kidney epithelial cells are regulated by the serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1). Recently, a new isoform of this kinase (SGK1.1) has been described in the central nervous system. Here we show that δ-ENaC isoforms and SGK1.1 are coexpressed in pyramidal neurons of the human and monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ) cerebral cortex. Coexpression of δβγ-ENaC and SGK1.1 in Xenopus oocytes increases amiloride-sensitive current and channel plasma membrane abundance. The kinase also exerts its effect when δ-subunits are expressed alone, indicating that the process is not dependent on accessory subunits or the presence of PY motifs in the channel. Furthermore, SGK1.1 action depends on its enzymatic activity and binding to phosphatidylinositol( 4 , 5 )-bisphosphate. Physiological or pharmacological activation of phospholipase C abrogates SGK1.1 interaction with the plasma membrane and modulation of δ-ENaC. Our data support a physiological role for SGK1.1 in the regulation of δ-ENaC through a pathway that differs from the classical one and suggest that the kinase could serve as an integrator of different signaling pathways converging on the channel.
Larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius possess two distinct mechanisms for ionoregulation in response to ion-poor conditions
Authors: Nguyen Hang , Donini Andrew
Published: July 2010

This study examined the role of the anal papillae of the freshwater (FW) chironomid larva Chironomus riparius in ionoregulation under ion-poor conditions. The scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) was utilized to characterize the species, direction, and rates of inorganic ion transport by the anal papillae following acute and long-term exposure to ion-poor water (IPW). The major inorganic ions in the hemolymph of larvae treated as above were measured using standard ion-selective microelectrodes. The anal papillae of C. riparius are sites of net NaCl uptake and H+secretion under FW and IPW conditions and are not likely to be a major contributor of K+exchange. Acute and long-term exposure to IPW increased total net transport of Na+, Cl−, and H+by the anal papillae, but the mechanisms underlying the increase under the two conditions were different. Acute IPW exposure increased the magnitude of net ion fluxes at sites along the anal papillae, while long-term IPW exposure resulted in increased size of the anal papillae with no change in the magnitude of net ion fluxes. The contribution of the anal papillae to observed alterations of hemolymph ion activities upon exposure to IPW is discussed. Inhibitors of the Na+/H+exchangers (EIPA) and carbonic anhydrase (methazolamide) provide evidence for Na+/H+and Cl−/HCO3−exchange mechanisms in the anal papillae. This study demonstrates that C. riparius larvae employ two different mechanisms to upregulate the total net transport of ions by the anal papillae, and these mechanisms are at least partially responsible for regulating hemolymph ion activity.
Endogenous Peripheral Neuromodulators of the Mammalian Taste Bud
Authors: Dando Robin
Published: July 2010

The sensitivity of the mammalian taste system displays a degree of plasticity based on short-term nutritional requirements. Deficiency in a particular substance may lead to a perceived increase in palatability of this substance, providing an additional drive to redress this nutritional imbalance through modification of intake. This alteration occurs not only in the brain but also, before any higher level processing has occurred, in the taste buds themselves. A brief review of recent advances is offered.
Recent Developments in Instantons in Noncommutative ℝ4
Authors: Sako Akifumi
Published: July 2010

We review recent developments in noncommutative deformations of instantons
in ℝ4. In the operator formalism, we study how to make noncommutative instantons
by using the ADHM method, and we review the relation between topological
charges and noncommutativity. In the ADHM methods, there exist instantons
whose commutative limits are singular. We review smooth noncommutative deformations
of instantons, spinor zero‐modes, the Green′s functions, and the ADHM
constructions from commutative ones that have no singularities. It is found that
the instanton charges of these noncommutative instanton solutions coincide with the
instanton charges of commutative instantons before noncommutative deformation.
These smooth deformations are the latest developments in noncommutative gauge
theories, and we can extend the procedure to other types of solitons. As an example,
vortex deformations are studied.
Suppression of Integrin α3β1 in Breast Cancer Cells Reduces Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression and Inhibits Tumorigenesis, Invasion, and Cross-Talk to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Mitchell Kara , Svenson Kimberly B. , Longmate Whitney M. , Gkirtzimanaki Katerina , Sadej Rafal , Wang Xianhui , Zhao Jihe , Eliopoulos Aristides G. , Berditchevski Fedor , DiPersio C. Michael
Published: July 2010

Integrin receptors for cell adhesion to extracellular matrix have important roles in promoting tumor growth and progression. Integrin α3β1 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells in which it is thought to promote invasion and metastasis; however, its roles in regulating malignant tumor cell behavior remain unclear. In the current study, we used short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to show that suppression of α3β1 in a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, leads to decreased tumorigenicity, reduced invasiveness, and decreased production of factors that stimulate endothelial cell migration. Real-time PCR revealed that suppression of α3β1 caused a dramatic reduction in expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene, which is frequently overexpressed in breast cancers and has been exploited as a therapeutic target. Decreased COX-2 was accompanied by reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major prostanoid produced downstream of COX-2 and an important effector of COX-2 signaling. shRNA-mediated suppression of COX-2 showed that it has a role in tumor cell invasion and cross-talk to endothelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with PGE2 restored these functions in α3β1-deficient MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings identify a role for α3β1 in regulating two properties of tumor cells that facilitate cancer progression: invasiveness and ability to stimulate endothelial cells. They also reveal a novel role for COX-2 as a downstream effector of α3β1 in tumor cells, thereby identifying α3β1 as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit breast cancer. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6359–67. ©2010 AACR.
Recruitment of Myeloid but not Endothelial Precursor Cells Facilitates Tumor Regrowth after Local Irradiation
Authors: Kozin Sergey V. , Kamoun Walid S. , Huang Yuhui , Dawson Michelle R. , Jain Rakesh K. , Duda Dan G.
Published: July 2010

Tumor neovascularization and growth might be promoted by the recruitment of bone marrow–derived cells (BMDC), which include endothelial precursor cells and “vascular modulatory” myelomonocytic (CD11b+) cells. BMDCs may also drive tumor regrowth after certain chemotherapeutic and vascular disruption treatments. In this study, we evaluated the role of BMDC recruitment in breast and lung carcinoma xenograft models after local irradiation (LI). We depleted the bone marrow by including whole-body irradiation (WBI) of 6 Gy as part of a total tumor dose of 21 Gy, and compared the growth delay with the one achieved after LI of 21 Gy. In both models, the inclusion of WBI induced longer tumor growth delays. Moreover, WBI increased lung tumor control probability by LI. Exogenous delivery of BMDCs from radiation-naïve donors partially abrogated the WBI effect. Myeloid BMDCs, primarily macrophages, rapidly accumulated in tumors after LI. Intratumoral expression of stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), a chemokine that promotes tissue retention of BMDCs, was noted 2 days after LI. Conversely, treatment with an inhibitor of SDF-1α receptor CXCR4 (AMD3100) with LI significantly delayed tumor regrowth. However, when administered starting from 5 days post-LI, AMD3100 treatment was ineffective. Lastly, with restorative bone marrow transplantation of Tie2-GFP–labeled BMDC population, we observed an increased number of monocytes but not endothelial precursor cells in tumors that recurred following LI. Our results suggest that an increase in intratumoral SDF-1α triggered by LI recruits myelomonocytes/macrophages which promotes tumor regrowth. Cancer Res; 70(14); 5679–85. ©2010 AACR.
DNA Damage–Induced Cytotoxicity Is Dissociated from BRCA1's DNA Repair Function but Is Dependent on Its Cytosolic Accumulation
Authors: Wang Hong , Yang Eddy S. , Jiang Juhong , Nowsheen Somaira , Xia Fen
Published: July 2010

The tumor suppressor BRCA1 is a nuclear shuttling protein. However, the role of BRCA1 localization in the control of its functions remains to be elucidated. Given the central role of BRCA1 in DNA damage repair, we hypothesized that depletion of nuclear BRCA1 would compromise its nuclear function in DNA repair and thereby result in enhanced cytotoxic response to DNA damage. In this study, we showed that repair of DNA double-strand breaks required BRCA1 in the nucleus. In addition, sequestering BRCA1 in the cytosol enhanced the cytotoxic response to ionizing radiation or cisplatin in human breast and colon cancer cells. However, further genetic dissection of the mechanism of this enhanced cytotoxicity using BRCA1 mutants deficient in double-strand break repair unexpectedly revealed a dissociation of BRCA1's function in DNA repair from its effects on cellular sensitivity to DNA damage. Interestingly, we observed a dependence of the DNA damage–induced cell killing on the translocation and accumulation of BRCA1 in the cytosol. Together, these data suggest a novel role of cytoplasmic translocation of BRCA1, not only in controlling its DNA repair functions, but also in the regulation of cell death processes following DNA damage. Further dissection of the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by BRCA1 cytoplasmic translocation revealed the involvement of the apoptotic pathway. We propose that the status of BRCA1 nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling might provide a molecular marker to predict tumor response and a potential novel target to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage–based therapy. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6258–67. ©2010 AACR.
Antiangiogenic Agents Can Increase Lymphocyte Infiltration into Tumor and Enhance the Effectiveness of Adoptive Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Shrimali Rajeev K. , Yu Zhiya , Theoret Marc R. , Chinnasamy Dhanalakshmi , Restifo Nicholas P. , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: July 2010

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT)–based immunotherapies can mediate objective cancer regression in animal models and in up to 70% of patients with metastatic melanoma; however, it remains unclear whether the tumor vasculature impedes the egress of tumor-specific T cells, thus hindering this immunotherapy. Disruption of the proangiogenic interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptor (VEGFR-2) has been reported to “normalize” tumor vasculature, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by increasing their delivery to the tumor intersitium. We thus sought to determine whether disrupting VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling could enhance the effectiveness of ACT in a murine cancer model. The administration of an antibody against mouse VEGF synergized with ACT to enhance inhibition of established, vascularized, B16 melanoma (P = 0.009) and improve survival (P = 0.003). Additive effects of an antibody against VEGFR-2 in conjunction with ACT were seen in this model (P = 0.013). Anti-VEGF, but not anti–VEGFR-2, antibody significantly increased infiltration of transferred cells into the tumor. Thus, normalization of tumor vasculature through disruption of the VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis can increase extravasation of adoptively transferred T cells into the tumor and improve ACT-based immunotherapy. These studies provide a rationale for the exploration of combining antiangiogenic agents with ACT for the treatment of patients with cancer. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6171–80. ©2010 AACR.
Vorinostat and Sorafenib Increase CD95 Activation in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells through a Ca2+-De novo Ceramide-PP2A-Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Signaling Pathway
Authors: Park Margaret A. , Mitchell Clint , Zhang Guo , Yacoub Adly , Allegood Jeremy , Häussinger Dieter , Reinehr Roland , Larner Andrew , Spiegel Sarah , Fisher Paul B. , Voelkel-Johnson Christina , Ogretmen Besim , Grant Steven , Dent Paul
Published: July 2010

The targeted therapeutics sorafenib and vorinostat interact in a synergistic fashion to kill carcinoma cells by activating CD95, and this drug combination is entering phase I evaluation. In this study, we determined how CD95 is activated by treatment with this drug combination. Low doses of sorafenib and vorinostat, but not the individual drugs, rapidly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, and ceramide levels in gastrointestinal tumor cells. The production of ROS was reduced in Rho zero cells. Quenching ROS blocked drug-induced CD95 surface localization and apoptosis. ROS generation, CD95 activation, and cell killing was also blocked by quenching of induced Ca2+ levels or by inhibition of PP2A. Inhibition of acidic sphingomyelinase or de novo ceramide generation blocked the induction of ROS; however, combined inhibition of both acidic sphingomyelinase and de novo ceramide generation was required to block the induction of Ca2+. Quenching of ROS did not affect drug-induced ceramide/dihydro-ceramide levels, whereas quenching of Ca2+ reduced the ceramide increase. Sorafenib and vorinostat treatment radiosensitized liver and pancreatic cancer cells, an effect that was suppressed by quenching ROS or knockdown of LASS6. Further, sorafenib and vorinostat treatment suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumors in vivo. Our findings show that induction of cytosolic Ca2+ by sorafenib and vorinostat is a primary event that elevates dihydroceramide levels, each essential steps in ROS generation that promotes CD95 activation. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6313–24. ©2010 AACR.
Effects of Intermittent Nebulization of NONOate, DPTA/NO, on Group B Streptococcus-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Newborn Piglets
Authors: Dabrowska Katarzyna , Hehre Dorothy , Ladino John , Bancalari Eduardo , Suguihara Cleide
Published: July 2010

Background: A single dose of NONOate attenuates pulmonary hypertension (PH) induced by group B Streptococcus (GBS) infusion and this is accompanied by a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether two doses of the NONOate sustain the attenuation in GBS-induced PH without further systemic compromise. Methods: 15 anesthetized newborn piglets were randomized to receive placebo (n = 8) or two doses of nebulized DPTA/NO (n = 7) at 15 and 75 min after GBS-induced PH. Pulmonary artery (Ppa) and systemic (Psa) pressures, cardiac output (CO) and arterial blood gases were obtained at baseline and every 15 min until 180 min during GBS infusion. Results: Ppa and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) decreased significantly after the first dose of nebulized DPTA/NO and this effect was maintained after the second dose. Psa and SVR decreased after the first dose of DPTA/NO to values close to baseline and no further changes in systemic circulation were observed with repeated treatment. PVR/SVR increased with GBS infusion, but decreased after the first dose of DPTA/NO and remained significantly lower for 180 min. CO was significantly higher in the DPTA/NO group. Changes in Ppa, PVR, Psa, SVR, and CO with GBS infusion were not modified by placebo infusion. PaCO2, base deficit, and pH did not differ between groups. PaO2 was significantly lower in the DPTA/NO group after the second dose. Conclusion: These data demonstrated that GBS-induced PH is attenuated with two doses of DPTA/NO without significant systemic effect. The vasodilatory effect is more pronounced in the pulmonary than in the systemic vasculature, as suggested by lower PVR/SVR in the DPTA/NO group. We speculate that NONOates may have a clinical application in the management of PH in neonates.
Emerging Issues Concerning the Education of Speech and Language Pathologists and Audiologists in Brazil and South America
Authors: Fernandes Fernanda Dreux M. , de Andrade Claudia R.F. , Befi-Lopes Debora M. , Wertzner Haydée F. , Limongi Suelly C.O.
Published: July 2010

Diversity is one of the major characteristics of Brazil and all South America. This paper presents an overview of the current situation of the education of speech and language pathologists (SLP) and audiologists in Brazil and in several other countries of South America. This paper also discusses the main challenges shared by these countries. The discussion is focused on the mutual interferences between education and the areas of professional practice, cultural diversity and continued education. There are many emerging issues about the education of SLP and audiologists in South America. The suggested conclusion is that, despite the many differences, the South American SLP and audiologists’ education would benefit from joint efforts and collaborative experiences.
Nutritional Counseling for Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study in Hungarian Primary Care
Authors: Rurik Imre , Ruzsinkó Klára , Jancsó Zoltán , Antal Magda
Published: July 2010

Although nutritional advice and counseling are an important part of diabetes care, current Hungarian health care regulations make it available only in the secondary (specialist) care. Authors planned and implemented a self-financed nutritional counseling in primary care setting. For 67 of 108 diagnosed diabetic patients of a primary care practice in Budapest, a free of charge educational service was offered. The 47 patients (45 type 2 and 2 type 1) who accepted the invitation were educated in two consecutive group sessions. Only 24 of them were ready to take part in three further individual consultations. Fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured before and after the sessions and 1 year later. Comparison was made between genders (31 men, 16 women) and patients who took part in the group and the individual nutritional counseling, respectively. Patients with a higher educational level, males and persons with shorter duration of diabetes were more likely to participate in the consultation. All glycemic parameters improved after counseling in both groups, but this was significant only in men and for the group consultation. After 1 year, a further improvement was seen in women and in patients of the individually counseled group. In turn, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin concentrations of men and group-consulted patients increased again, reaching almost the baseline level before consultations. Nutritional counseling in the primary care offers more comfort and help for diabetics but requires changes in insurance regulation, and reimbursement system together with increase in resources.
Modified Outpatient Dexamethazone, Cytarabine and Cisplatin Regimen May Lead to High Response Rates and Low Toxicity in Lymphoma
Authors: Kanat Ozkan , Ozet Ahmet , Ataergın Selmin , Arpacı Fikret , Kuzhan Okan , Komurcu Seref , Ozturk Bekir , Ozturk Mustafa
Published: July 2010

Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy of and establish a toxicity profile for a modified regimen of dexamethasone, cytarabine and cisplatin (DHAP) for lymphoma outpatients. Subjects and Methods: Fifty-one lymphoma patients, 26 with Hodgkin’s disease and 25 with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, were included. The patients’ median age was 32 years (range: 17–61). Twenty had progressive/refractory disease and 31 relapsed disease. Twenty-five were in clinical stage I/II and 26 in clinical stage III/IV before the initiation of salvage chemotherapy. DHAP consisted of dexamethasone (40 mg i.v. on days 1–4), cytarabine (2 g/m2 i.v. as 3-hour infusion on days 2 in the evening and 3 in the morning) and cisplatin (35 mg/m2 as 2-hour infusion on days 1–3) were administered every 21 days. A total of 154 cycles of modified DHAP were administered, with a median of 3 cycles per patient (range: 2–4). Results: The main toxicity was myelosuppression. WHO grade III–IV neutropenia and grade III–IV thrombocytopenia were observed in 27 (52.9%) and 21 (41%) patients, respectively. The overall response rate (85% for Hodgkin’s disease and 95% for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) was 88.3% (39.2% complete response and 49.1% partial response). Conclusion: The results showed that this outpatient schedule of DHAP was well tolerated and an effective salvage regimen.
Stability of Schizoaffective Disorder in Correlation with Duration of Follow-Up: Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Brenner Inbal , Krivoy Amir , Weizman Abraham , Fischel Tsvi
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims: Previous studies have indicated that the validity and reliability of schizoaffective disorder (SAD) diagnosis according to the DSM-IV criteria are insufficient, and that the stability of the diagnosis is poor. However, no study has examined exclusively the diagnostic stability of SAD. The aims of this study were to examine the longitudinal stability of the diagnosis of SAD and SAD subtypes among a large sample of patients, and to examine demographic and clinical variables as predictors of diagnostic stability. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 123 inpatients who were admitted to Geha Mental Health Center between the years 2000 and 2005, and who had been diagnosed with SAD at some stage of their illness. We compared the group of patients whose diagnosis of SAD had remained stable and the group of patients whose diagnosis had changed. Results: The diagnostic stability for SAD was 73.1%. Diagnostic transitions were mainly from and towards schizophrenia. We found an association between the SAD bipolar subtype and higher rates of diagnostic stability. The time that had elapsed since SAD diagnosis was made was significantly shorter in the group of patients with stable diagnosis than in the group of patients whose diagnosis had changed (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The diagnostic stability of SAD might be higher than previously reported. Patients who are diagnosed with SAD manic subtype have a higher tendency to retain their diagnosis than patients with other SAD subtypes. The diagnostic changes are derived from manifestations of new symptoms in the course of the disease. Clarification of the current diagnostic criteria in order to enable a more precise utilization of the SAD subtype diagnoses is warranted. Study Limitations: (a) The study design was retrospective and further prospective studies are needed to establish our findings; (b) there is a misusage of the SAD subtype definitions, thus conclusions regarding polarity of SAD and stability of diagnosis are limited, and (c) the population studied was comprised of inpatients, therefore generalization to the outpatient population should be done with caution.
Robot Therapy: A New Approach for Mental Healthcare of the Elderly – A Mini-Review
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Wada Kazuyoshi
Published: July 2010

Mental healthcare of elderly people is a common problem in advanced countries. Recently, high technology has developed robots for use not only in factories but also for our living environment. In particular, human-interactive robots for psychological enrichment, which provide services by interacting with humans while stimulating their minds, are rapidly spreading. Such robots not only simply entertain but also render assistance, guide, provide therapy, educate, enable communication, and so on. Robot therapy, which uses robots as a substitution for animals in animal-assisted therapy and activity, is a new application of robots and is attracting the attention of many researchers and psychologists. The seal robot named Paro was developed especially for robot therapy and was used at hospitals and facilities for elderly people in several countries. Recent research has revealed that robot therapy has the same effects on people as animal therapy. In addition, it is being recognized as a new method of mental healthcare for elderly people. In this mini review, we introduce the merits and demerits of animal therapy. Then we explain the human-interactive robot for psychological enrichment, the required functions for therapeutic robots, and the seal robot. Finally, we provide examples of robot therapy for elderly people, including dementia patients.
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, Collateral Flow, and Ventricular Function in Patients With a Fontan Circulation at Rest and During Dobutamine Stress
Authors: Schmitt Boris , Steendijk Paul , Ovroutski Stanislav , Lunze Karsten , Rahmanzadeh Pedram , Maarouf Nizar , Ewert Peter , Berger Felix , Kuehne Titus
Published: July 2010

Background—

The role, interplay, and relative importance of the multifactorial hemodynamic and myocardial mechanisms causing dysfunction of the Fontan circulation remain incompletely understood.

Methods and Results—

Using an MRI catheterization technique, we performed a differential analysis of pulmonary vascular resistance and aortopulmonary collateral blood flow in conjunction with global ventricular pump function, myocontractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation), and diastolic compliance (end-diastolic pressure-volume relation) in 10 patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Pulmonary and ventricular pressures were measured invasively and synchronized with velocity-encoded MRI-derived pulmonary and aortic blood flows and cine MRI-derived ventricular volumes. Pulmonary vascular resistance and end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations were then determined. Aortopulmonary collateral flow was calculated as the difference between aortic and pulmonary flow. Compared to rest, dobutamine caused a small increase in mean pulmonary pressures (
P
<0.05). Collateral flow was significantly augmented (
P
<0.001) and contributed importantly to an increase in pulmonary flow (
P
<0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly (
P
<0.01). Dobutamine did not increase stroke volumes significantly despite slightly enhanced contractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation). Active early relaxation (τ) was inconspicuous, but the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation shifted upward, indicating reduced compliance.

Conclusions—

In patients with a Fontan circulation, aortopulmonary collateral flow contributes substantially to enhanced pulmonary flow during stress. Our data indicate that pulmonary vascular response to augmented cardiac output was adequate, but decreased diastolic compliance was identified as an important component of ventricular dysfunction.
Exploring Cancer Risk Perceptions of Turf and Lawn Pesticide Professionals in New York State
Authors: Dantzker Heather C. , Chandrasekaran Devi , Snedeker Suzanne M.
Published: July 2010

A pilot study was conducted to better understand the knowledge, perceptions, and concerns of turf and lawn care pesticide professionals in New York State (NYS) regarding cancer and other health risks. Data were collected from 31 focus group participants and 104 questionnaire respondents in applicator trainings and other meetings around the state. Three distinct themes emerged from focus group discussions: cultural shift in pesticide management practices, costs and benefits of pesticide regulations, and challenges of understanding and communicating about health risks. Factor analysis yielded three subscales: control disease, reduce chemical risk, and concern. Exploratory regression analysis yielded predictive relationships between work experience, cancer risk knowledge, and attitudes in support of reducing chemical risk, which in turn predicted precautionary pesticide behavior, such as reading the label and using personal protective equipment. Results suggest the need to incorporate cancer risk education into continuing education for turf and lawn care professionals.
Philippians 4:2-3: ‘To agree or not to agree? Unity is the question’
Authors: Allen David M.
Published: July 2010

The dispute between Euodia and Syntyche in Phil 4:2-3 may be seen as an important window onto Paul’s theology of unity. The nature of the apostolic exhortation should be clearly defined: it is to be ‘of common mind’, rather than to ‘agree’.
Comparison of the effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch and gelatine on cardiac and stroke volume index: a randomized, controlled trial after cardiac surgery
Authors: Schramko Alexey A , Suojaranta-Ylinen Raili T , Kuitunen Anne H , Raivio Peter M , Kukkonen Sinikka I , Niemi Tomi T
Published: July 2010

Background and aims: The objective of this study was to find out the effect of various doses of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), gelatine or Ringer’s acetate on cardiac and stroke volume index after cardiac surgery.

Material and methods: Three consecutive boluses (each 7 mL·kg-1) of either 6% HES 130/0.4, 4% gelatine, or Ringer’s acetate solutions were administered to 45 patients postoperatively. The rate of infusions was adjusted according to haemodynamic measurements. Thereafter, infusion of the study solution (7 mL·kg-1) was continued for the following 12 hours. The total dose of study solution was 28 mL·kg-1.

Results and conclusion: Mean (SD) cardiac and stroke volume indices were greater in the HES group [2.8 L·min-1.m-2 (0.7), 34.1 (6.7) ml·m -2] than in the gelatine group [2.2 L·min-1.m -2 (0.6), 25.8 (7.2) ml·m-2] after completion of 7 mL·kg-1 of study solution. At this stage, the effect of gelatine did not differ from Ringer’s acetate. After completion of 14 mL·kg-1 and 21 mL·kg-1 of colloids, similar cardiac and stroke volume indices were observed and the haemodynamic response was better in both colloid groups than in the Ringer’s acetate group. No differences between groups were detected on the first postoperative morning.

In the early postoperative phase after cardiac surgery, the effect of a single dose of HES solution on the haemodynamics was superior to the effect of gelatine or Ringer’s acetate. However, after repeated administration of the study solutions, the haemodynamics in the two colloid groups appeared to be similar, but superior to the Ringer’s acetate group.
Tourism geography in China, 1978-2008: Whence, what and whither?
Authors: Jigang Bao  , Ma Laurence J.C.
Published: July 2010

Tourism geography did not exist in China before 1978. Since its birth shortly after the 1978 reforms, it has been growing rapidly. After a brief period of growth with strong interests in theoretical issues, the field over the last two decades has been dominated by applied work. This is attributable to the rise of tourism as an important source of national and local income which demands better planning of tourism resources, and to the neoliberalization of the educational system at the university level. Topics of theoretical inquiry are suggested for the development of a more balanced tourism geography in China.
Effect of biostabilization on the release potential and speciation of heavy metals in municipal solid waste
Authors: Zhang Dong-Qing , Hua Zhang  , He Pin-Jing , Shao Li-Ming
Published: July 2010

Biostabilization prior to landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been developed to reduce leachate pollution and increase landfill capacity and stability. Leaching tests were used in this study to examine the effect of biostabilization on the release potential and fate of heavy metals in MSW. The speciation of heavy metals in leached MSW and leachates, and their distribution in different molecular weight (MW) fractions of organic matter in leachate were studied. The results showed that a 44-day biostabilization period could lower the release potential of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn in MSW by 50 to 84%. With the exception for Zn, biostabilization tended to decrease the percentages of the metals in the leachate organic fraction with MW < 1 kDa, but increase those of metals associated with organic colloids and high-MW fractions. Therefore, the effects of biostabilization on the behaviour and fate of Pb, Cr, Cd and Cu in leachate would vary in treatment facilities that use different methods and in the natural environment. Biostabilization only slightly affected the behaviour and fate of Zn, due to an insignificant variation in the speciation and distribution of Zn in different MW fractions. In addition, the aerobic and hydrolytic-aerobic biostabilization processes showed similar release potential, speciation, and distribution of heavy metals in different MW fractions.
Genotoxic assessment in peripheral blood lymphocytes of post-polio individuals using sister chromatid exchange analysis and micronucleus assay
Authors: Saurabh Kumar Bhattacharya  , Saraswathy Radha , Sivakumar E.
Published: July 2010

Environmental pollution is a complex issue because of the diversity of anthropogenic agents, both chemical and physical, that have been detected and catalogued. The consequences to biota from exposure to genotoxic agents present an additional problem because of the potential for these agents to produce adverse change at the cellular and organism levels. Past studies in virus have focused on structural damage to the DNA of environmental species that may occur after exposure to genotoxic agents and the use of this information to document exposure and to monitor remediation. In an effort to predict effects at the population, community and ecosystem levels, in the present study, we attempt to characterize damage occurring through genotoxic agents like 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, BrdU, using sister chromatid exchange technique and the formation of micronuclei (MN) in the peripheral lymphocytes of the post-polio syndrome sequelae affected by poliovirus. Analysis of structural chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and involvement of the specific chromosome break were pursued in this study. They revealed a significantly higher incidence of CAs (chromatid and chromosome breaks) in patients compared with controls, where the specific chromosome break has emerged as specific. Also, the maximum numbers of breaks were found to be in chromosome 1 at the position 1p36.1. The results also suggest a correlation between CAs and content of MN.
Pattern of acute adult poisoning at Tikur Anbessa specialized teaching hospital, a retrospective study, Ethiopia
Authors: Desalew Mekonnen , Aklilu Azaje , Amanuel Amare , Addisu Melkie , Ethiopia Tesfaye
Published: July 2010

Acute poisoning continues to be an important public health problem. Medical records of 116 adult patients presented to Tikur Anbessa Specialized University Hospital from January 2007 to December 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Females outnumbered males. Mean age was 21 years. Most (96.5%) were intentional self-harm poisonings. Household cleansing agents were the leading causes of poisoning (43.1%) followed by organophosphate (21.6%) and phenobarbitone (10.3%). Loss of consciousness, vomiting and epigastric pain were the common presenting features accounting 46.2%, 23.8% and 22.5%, respectively. A total of 13(11.2%) patients had already known mental illness and 12 of them poisoned by using their own medications. Among 65 patients who reported their reason of poisoning, temporary quarrel (57%) and emotional disturbance (26%) were frequently cited. The case fatality rate was 8.6%. Death was most occurred by organophosphate (5/25) and phenobarbitone poisoning (3/12). Awareness on proper handling of chemicals and prescribed agents should be forwarded to users of these agents. Majority of patients poisoned for intentional self-harm purposes so that linkage of suicidal patients to appropriate mental health service is recommended. The availability of psychiatry consultation in the hospital is also recommended.
Proteomic analysis of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in patients with asthma between typical therapy (controlled) and no typical therapy (uncontrolled) level
Authors: Ko Yang-Ching , Hsu Wu-Huei , Chung Jing-Gung , Dai Mong-Ping , Ou Chien-Chih , Wu Wen-Pin
Published: July 2010

T-lymphocyte (T-LC)-derived cytokines have been implicated in asthmatic pathogenesis. Proteomic technology is now widely accepted as a complementary technology to genetic profiling. We investigated the changes of proteins in T-LC of asthmatic patients from the no typical therapy (uncontrolled) to typical therapy (controlled) level by using standard proteome technology. Methods: The proteins of CD4+ T-LC were isolated from the whole blood of six asthmatic patients from uncontrolled to controlled levels over 3 months. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed and coomassie blue stained protein spots were comparatively analyzed by using an image analyzer. Some differentially expressed spots were identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and database search. Our results showed that 13 proteins showed different expression. Six protein spots in the CD4+ T-LC of the uncontrolled asthmatic patients were increased and 7 spots were decreased compared to those of the controlled subjects. In conclusion, the proteomic examination of the CD4+ T-LC revealed some differentially expressed proteins in the uncontrolled and controlled asthmatic patients. The possibility of using the differentially expressed proteins as important biomarkers and therapeutic targets warrants further study.
Racial Socialization, Racial Identity, and Race-Related Stress of African American Parents
Authors: Thomas Anita Jones , Speight Suzette L. , Witherspoon Karen M.
Published: July 2010

This study examines the relationship between racial identity, race-related stress, and racial socialization messages of over 400 African American parents. Results suggest that parents with higher levels of private regard or pride about being African American, and nationalist ideology are more likely to give racial socialization messages. Parents who have experienced race-related stress are also more likely to engage in racial socialization. Additionally, the results indicate parents with high private regard and who have experienced race-related stress serve as the best predictor of in racial socialization, suggesting the recognition of the importance of buffering children from acts of racism. Implications for counseling, parenting programs, and further research are provided.
ADHD Is Associated With a “Western” Dietary Pattern in Adolescents
Authors: Howard Amber L. , Robinson Monique , Smith Grant J. , Ambrosini Gina L. , Piek Jan P. , Oddy Wendy H.
Published: July 2010

Objective: To examine the relationship between dietary patterns and ADHD in a population-based cohort of adolescents. Method: The Raine Study is a prospective study following 2,868 live births. At the 14-year follow-up, the authors collected detailed adolescent dietary data, allowing for the determination of major dietary patterns using factor analysis. ADHD diagnoses were recorded according to International Classification of Deiseases, 9th Revision coding conventions. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between scores for major dietary pattern and ADHD diagnoses. Results: Data were available for 1,799 adolescents, and a total of 115 adolescents had an ADHD diagnosis. Two major dietary patterns were identified: “Western” and “Healthy.” A higher score for the Western dietary pattern was associated with ADHD diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.18, 4.13) after adjusting for known confounding factors from pregnancy to 14 years. ADHD diagnosis was not associated with the “Healthy” dietary pattern. Conclusion: A Western-style diet may be associated with ADHD.
A Method to Assess the Quality of Studies That Examine the Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Card Jeffrey W. , Magnuson Bernadene A.
Published: July 2010

As reports on the safety of various nanomaterials have yielded conflicting results, assessment of the reliability of each study is required to objectively interpret overall safety of the nanomaterial. A 2-step method to assess the quality of nanotoxicity studies is described. The first step uses a publicly available tool to rank the reliability of the study based on adequacy of design and documentation of methods, materials, and results, providing a “study score.” The second step determines the completeness of physicochemical characterization of the nanomaterial/nanomaterials assessed within the study, providing a “nanomaterial score.” This approach is encouraged to promote the notion that for studies conducted with nanomaterials, the combination of a reliable study and sufficient nanomaterial characterization is of significantly greater value than either of these alone. It is anticipated that the use and evolution of this approach will assist with the design and interpretation of studies assessing nanomaterial toxicity.
A Paradigm Shift is Required for the Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health After Exposure to Low Level Chemical Exposures
Authors: Trosko James E. , Upham Brad L.
Published: July 2010

Chemicals are known to be associated with birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immunological, reproductive, and neurological disorders. In response to recent reviews of limitations of current concepts and techniques for toxicity testing, this commentary challenges the paradigm that chemicals are directly responsible for DNA damage in the genomic–nuclear DNA in relevant cells of the human body. This challenge is not that mutations do not play roles in human-inherited or somatic diseases but that chemical exposures bring about disease end points by epigenetic mechanisms or by alterations in adult stem cell numbers in utero (ie, the Barker hypothesis) or postnatally, by selecting preexisting mutated cells. Classic concepts, that is, multistage, multimechanism process of carcinogenesis, stem cell theory of cancer, and newer and ignored concepts, such as cancer stem cells and cell−cell communication, will be used to support the view that the toxic effect of chemicals is mediated by nonmutagenic mechanisms at human relevant exposures.
Final Report of the Amended Safety Assessment of Sodium Laureth Sulfate and Related Salts of Sulfated Ethoxylated Alcohols
Authors: Robinson Valerie C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: July 2010

Sodium laureth sulfate is a member of a group of salts of sulfated ethoxylated alcohols, the safety of which was evaluated by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel for use in cosmetics. Sodium and ammonium laureth sulfate have not evoked adverse responses in any toxicological testing. Sodium laureth sulfate was demonstrated to be a dermal and ocular irritant but not a sensitizer. The Expert Panel recognized that there are data gaps regarding use and concentration of these ingredients. However, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used and at what concentrations indicates a pattern of use. The potential to produce irritation exists with these salts of sulfated ethoxylated alcohols, but in practice they are not regularly seen to be irritating because of the formulations in which they are used. These ingredients should be used only when they can be formulated to be nonirritating.
The Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Anxiety Vulnerability Factors
Authors: Keough Meghan E. , Timpano Kiara R. , Zawilinski Laci L. , Schmidt Norman B.
Published: July 2010

Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) endorse greater negative affect, including anxiety psychopathology. To examine the role anxiety plays in the maintenance and exacerbation of IBS the links between IBS and two anxiety related constructs, body vigilance and discomfort intolerance, were examined. A non-treatment seeking college sample ( N = 476) completed measures that assessed IBS symptomatology, vigilance to bodily sensations and ability to tolerate physical discomfort. A total of 4.2 percent of the sample met Rome II criteria for IBS. Consistent with the hypotheses, IBS symptoms were associated with increased vigilance to bodily sensations and increased desire to avoid these sensations.
Psychosocial Characteristics of Smokers Interested in Quitting
Authors: Rayens Mary Kay , Hahn Ellen J. , Nicholson David
Published: July 2010

The purpose was to determine whether psychosocial factors are associated with cessation among smokers interested in quitting. This cross-sectional study included 403 current and former smokers enrolled in a ‘Quit and Win’ contest. After the quit period, data were collected via a telephone interview at three months post-baseline. Controlling for demographics and secondhand smoke exposure, lower depressive symptoms and more positive partner or friend support to quit predicted a greater likelihood of quitting. Integrated interventions that combine tobacco treatment with mental health strategies to reduce depressive symptoms and improve partner or friend interactions may be most effective with smokers interested in quitting.
Border theatre: on the arts of security and resistance
Authors: Amoore Louise , Hall Alexandra
Published: July 2010

This essay addresses the conditions and limits of artistic interventions in the contemporary landscape of border security. It argues that the theatrical rituals of border security — scanning, screening, verifying identity — have become domesticated and all-but-invisible in our daily scopic regimes. At the same time, the essay suggests that surprising, enchanting encounters with the techniques and technologies of security can interrupt border sequences and create invigorated possibilities for public engagement. An ethics of unanticipated worlds is proposed as an alternative to political action as always proximate to observable and visible violence. In a world where rituals of border security increasingly operate precisely by pre-deciding and pre-empting in advance, art that works in the absence of certainty and decidability offers a crucial window through which to evaluate and respond.
Walking towards Woomera: touring the boundaries of ‘unAustralian geographies’
Authors: Instone Lesley
Published: July 2010

Woomera, located in the desert almost 500km north of Adelaide, is constituted by a complex history as the world’s longest rocket range, a support base for British nuclear tests and the US surveillance base at Nurrungar, the location of a detention centre for asylum seekers, and indigenous homeland of the Kokatha people. By following a metaphorical journey, the article explores the affective qualities of Woomera in relation to national identities and geographies, and the contested meanings of ‘Australian’ and ‘unAustralian’. The reader is invited to walk across a shifting socio-political landscape of inclusion and exclusion and to weave together the fragmentary stories of Woomera. To guide the journey, the paper draws on Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the refrain to trace the contours of past and emerging territories of detention, deterrence and shifting borders, in order to reveal an alter-tale of national identity and spatiality that is forgotten and repressed. This ‘open secret’ is shown to actively sustain the imaginary of ‘fortress Australia’ and the paradoxical space of ‘unAustralian geographies’.