bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole-tree silvic identifications and the microsatellite genetic structure of a red oak species complex in an Indiana old-growth forest
Authors: Aldrich Preston R , Parker George R , Michler Charles H , Romero-Severson Jeanne
Published: November 2003

The red oaks (Quercus section Lobatae) include important timber species, but we know little about their gene pools. Red oak species can be difficult to identify, possibly because of extensive interspecific hybridization, although most evidence of this is morphological. We used 15 microsatellite loci to examine the genetic composition of a red oak community in 20.6 ha of an Indiana old-growth forest. The community included northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckl.), and pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). Species were identified using whole-tree silvic characters, the approach most often implemented by foresters. We found high genetic diversity within species but limited genetic differences between species. Phenetic clustering showed that Q. rubra and Q. shumardii were more genetically similar than either was to Q. palustris, but a neighbor-joining tree revealed that individuals of the different species did not resolve into single-species clusters. We identified four mixed-species subpopulations using Structure, a computer program based on Monte Carlo simulation. The three largest groups are consistent with the following biological interpretations: (i) pure Q. rubra, (ii) Q. rubra, Q. shumardii, and their hybrids, and (iii) Q. rubra, Q. shumardii, Q. palustris, and their hybrids. We discuss the implications of these findings for the whole-tree silvic approach to selection and for management of the red oak gene pool.
THE HIGGS PENGUIN AND ITS APPLICATIONS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: DEDES ATHANASIOS
Published: November 2003

We review the effective Lagrangian of the Higgs penguin in the Standard Model and its minimal supersymmetric extension (MSSM). As a master application of the Higgs penguin, we discuss in some detail the B-meson decays into a lepton–antilepton pair. Furthermore, we explain how this can probe the Higgs sector of the MSSM provided that some of these decays are seen at Tevatron Run II and B-factories. Finally, we present a complete list of observables where the Higgs penguin could be strongly involved.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Authors: PERNA ROSALBA
Published: November 2003

Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic and most relativistic phenomenon in the Universe. Understanding the nature of their progenitors is among the primary efforts of current research in high energy astrophysics, and their unmatched luminosity and other properties makes them ideal cosmological probes. This review summarizes the observational effects resulting from the interaction between the longer-wavelength radiation accompanying GRBs and their close environment. In particular, it discusses signatures that, in addition to providing powerful clues on the GRB progenitors, can also shed light on the physical characteristics, such as metallicity and dust content, of the GRB host galaxies. The last part of the article reviews the long-term signatures imprinted in the medium after a GRB explosion, particularly focusing on how we can identify GRB remnants in our own and nearby galaxies, and what we can learn from their identification.
UNIFIED TREATMENT OF THE SCALAR FIELD THEORIES-Φn THROUGH THOMPSON'S RENORMALIZATION GROUP METHOD
Authors: NASSIF CLÁUDIO , SILVA P. R.
Published: November 2003

In this work we apply Thompson's scaling approach (of dimensions) to study the scalar field theories Φn. This method can be considered as a simple and alternative way to the renormalization group (RG) approach and when applied to the Φn Lagrangian is able to obtain the coupling constant behavior g(μ), namely the dependence of g on the energy scale μ. The calculations are evaluated just at [Formula: see text], where the dimension dc is similar to a kind of upper critical dimension of the problem, or in other words the dimension where the Φn theory becomes renormalizable, so that we obtain logarithmic behavior of the coupling g at dc. Due to the universal logharithmic behavior of the coupling g at dc for any value of n in the Φn theory, we are able to estimate a certain βn function given in a closed form, which is a novelty obtained by the present method.
THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL ATOMIC SUBSTITUTION ON ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF (Bi,Pb):2223 SINTERED SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: POP A. V. , POP M. , GERU I. I.
Published: November 2003

The effect of partial substitution of Ca by x = 0.02 La on the electrical and magnetically properties of two (Bi,Pb):2223 superconductor ceramic S1 and S2 (with different Pb and Sr atomic concentration) were investigated by using electrical resistance and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements. The parameters from linear resistivity data in the normal state and superconducting transition are sensitive to the compounds stoechiomerty. The intergrain critical current density JcJ(T) dependence near Tc obtained from immaginary AC susceptibility data agrees with the assumption of SNS intergrain junctions.
DYNAMICS OF PULSED FLOW IN AN ELASTIC TUBE
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY AMIT K. , SIL SHREEKANTHA
Published: November 2003

Internal haemorrhage, often leading to cardio-vascular arrest happens to be one of the prime sources of high fatality rates in mammals. We propose a simplistic model of fluid flow in our attempt to specify the location of the haemorrhagic spot, which, if located accurately, could possibly be operated leading to an instant cure. The model we employ for the purpose is basically fluid mechanical in origin and consists of a viscous fluid, pumped by a periodic force and flowing through an elastic tube. The analogy is with that of blood, pumped from the heart and flowing through an artery or vein. Our results, aided by graphical illustrations, match reasonably well with experimental observations.
PHOTOEMISSION FROM LONG CHAIN ALKANES ADSORBED ON A METAL SURFACE AND THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF TRANS-POLYETHYLENE (–CH2–)n
Authors: WECKESSER J. , FUHRMANN D. , WEISS K. , WÖLL CH. , RICHARDSON N. V.
Published: November 2003

The adsorption geometry of n-alkanes on the surface of noble metals (Cu, Au) has been investigated by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) in order to resolve apparent inconsistencies with regard to the orientation of the C–C–C plane relative to the surface. Measurements were carried out for octane ( C8H18 ), hexatriacontane ( C36H74 ) and triacontanoic acid ( C29H59COOH ) on Au (111) and Cu (111). Analysis of the data requires a detailed symmetry analysis of the electronic structure of trans-polyethylene (– CH2 –), which is also presented and yields an orientation of the C–C–C plane parallel to the surface for all molecules.
SECOND ORDER INELASTIC HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES IN SECONDARY ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY: FINE STRUCTURES OF IRON AND NICKEL SPECTRA AND THEIR TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
Authors: GUY D. E. , RUTS YU. V. , SURNIN D. V. , GREBENNIKOV V. I. , SOKOLOV O. B.
Published: November 2003

The extended fine structure (FS) was obtained above MVV and LVV Auger transitions in Fe and Ni. The temperature behavior of FS above MVV Auger transition was investigated in the range of 300–800 K. It was shown that the supplementary peak appears in Fe spectra and vanishes in Ni spectra with increase in temperature. A new mechanism of the FS formation was used which includes both the first order process (the secondary electron emission from a core level) and the second order process proceeding through the intermediate state. The appropriate theory was developed and on its basis the quantitative interpretation of the anomalous temperature behavior of MVV FS and the type of the oscillation above the LVV Auger transition was given for Fe and Ni.
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE STRESS USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: TWESTEN R. D. , GIBSON J. M. , HELLMAN O. C.
Published: November 2003

Surface stress and energy are concepts which are often misunderstood. In this work, we will clarify the difference between the two. We describe the use of transmission electron microscopy to measure surface stress by quantitative analysis of strain contrast images. We find that images of surface-stress-induced strain fields can be used to measure quantitative differences in surface stress provided the imaging parameters are accurately determined. We have applied this method to measure the stress difference between the 7×7 and high temperature "1×1" phases of the Si(111) surface at the phase coexistence temperature and between metastable phase boundaries on the Si(111) and amorphous-Ge interface. We discuss the significance of these measurements and pitfalls to be avoided in image simulations.
SURFACE COORDINATION OF ADATOMS BY SCANNED LOW ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: ASENSIO M. C.
Published: November 2003

In this article, a brief overview of the current activity in the field of low energy photoelectron diffraction is presented. Although alternatively angle and energy-scanned photoelectron diffraction can be used to obtain the surface-structural information, we limit our discussion to the low energy and energy-scanned modes and their use in connection with a new developed direct method. By the use of this most recent approach, adatom-substrate distances and adsorption sites are directly revealed from a discrete mapping of the Fourier transform of scanned energy photoelectron diffraction spectra, measured at a representative set of geometries, which depend on the symmetry of the particular studied system. In addition, a short discussion on the determination of the detailed structure of adsorbed overlayers by the traditional trial-and-error method is included, using model multiple scattering calculations. These latest developments are illustrated with a specific example of an atomic adsorbate, and comments about the capabilities and limitations of photoelectron diffraction as a structural technique in new fields.
HOLOGRAPHIC CRYSTALLOGRAPHY FOR SURFACE STUDIES: A REVIEW OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
Authors: SALDIN D. K.
Published: November 2003

In this paper, we review the basic principles of the technique of holographic crystallography (HXT) for surface studies. We discuss the appropriateness of the use of the term "holography" in this field in the light of its relation to other branches of that subject. We compare the effects of multiple scattering and the anisotropies of the reference and object waves on the computer reconstruction of images in HXT. We note that the twin-image problem of conventional holography is a direct consequence of the fact that the hologram is recorded on a two-dimensional surface. Like optical volume holography, which overcomes this problem by recording a diffraction pattern on a thick photographic emulsion, multienergy HXT does so by recording the pattern in a volume of reciprocal space. We consider the relative merits of different reconstruction algorithms, particularly proposals for reducing the deleterious effects of the anisotropies of the reference and object waves. We urge the use of techniques of modern computer graphics to render to full effect the striking 3D images reconstructed.
LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON HOLOGRAMS: PROPERTIES AND METHOD OF INVERSION
Authors: TONG S. Y. , CHU T. P. , WU HUASHENG , HUANG H.
Published: November 2003

We examine the differences between low-energy electron-diffraction patterns (holograms) and optical holograms. We show that electron-diffraction patterns in solids are not analogous to optical holograms because of strong dynamical factors. We also show that low-energy electron holograms can be inverted by a large-wave-number small-angle integral transformation. The grid sizes in wave number and angular spaces used in the transformation are derived.
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL VIBRATIONS AND INCOMMENSURATE LAYERS BY LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: MORITZ W. , LANDSKRON J. , GRÜNBERG T.
Published: November 2003

The multiple scattering theory of LEED is briefly reviewed, and recent developments concerning the analysis of thermal vibrations with LEED and the analysis of lattice modulations in incommensurate layers are discussed. Usually only isotropic thermal vibrations have been considered in LEED structure analyses. This restriction can be overcome by an extension of the theory to anisotropic and anharmonic vibrations, allowing not only a higher precision in the determination of structure parameters but also the study of dynamical processes with LEED. In the case of incommensurate layers the satellite reflections arise from multiple diffraction as well as from modulations in the adsorbate or substrate lattice. It is shown that an approximation can be introduced in the multiple scattering formalism to calculate the satellite intensities. The method can be applied to incommensurate layers as well as to higher order commensurate layers.
CAPABILITIES OF LEED FOR DEFECT ANALYSIS
Authors: HENZLER M.
Published: November 2003

A diffraction pattern using low or high energy electron diffraction may be employed via the (integral) intensity of the spots to derive the atomic positions within a unit of a periodic arrangement. Spot profile analysis (SPA) provides information on periodic and nonperiodic arrangements of units as superstructure domains, terraces or facets, strained regions and so on. The first point will be the instrumentation suited for that type of analysis (SPA-LEED, SPA-RHEED and ELS-LEED, the latter using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy simultaneously with SPA). It will be discussed how a simple, reliable and quantitative analysis is possible within the kinematic approximation. All deviations from simple structures via defects like strain, roughness, facets or dislocations produce characteristic modifications of the spot profile, so that a specific and quantitative evaluation is possible. Finally, examples of defect analysis of heteroepitaxial films with a thickness of one to many monolayers show that many defects are necessary and therefore unavoidable for misfit accommodation. Depending on growth conditions, many other defects may appear additionally; they, however, may be reduced or avoided by appropriate growth parameters. Examples are taken from films of metals, semiconductors and insulators on quite different substrates.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CRYSTAL SURFACES BY REFLECTION HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: ICHIMIYA AYAHIKO , OHNO YUSUKE , HORIO YOSHIMI
Published: November 2003

For surface structure determinations by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), intensity rocking curves are analyzed through RHEED dynamical calculations. Since fast electrons are scattered dominantly in the forward direction by atoms, dynamic diffraction mainly occurs in the forward direction. By the use of this feature, it is possible to choose a diffraction condition under which electrons are diffracted mainly by lattice planes parallel to the surface, when the incident direction is chosen at a certain azimuthal angle with respect to a crystal zone axis. This diffraction condition is called the one-beam condition. Under this condition, the RHEED intensity is a function of interlayer distances and atomic densities of the surface layers. Therefore the surface normal components of the atomic positions are determined by analysis of the one-beam rocking curve using a RHEED dynamical calculation. Then, using the result of the surface normal components of atomic positions, lateral positions of the surface atoms are determined from analysis of the rocking curves at many-beam conditions, where the direction of the incident beam is chosen along a certain crystal zone axis. An example of the surface structure determination of a Si(111) surface at high temperatures is reported. We discuss effects of terraces and antiphase domains of surfaces in structure determinations by RHEED.
ENERGY-FILTERED RHEED AND REELS FOR IN SITU REAL TIME ANALYSIS DURING FILM GROWTH
Authors: ATWATER HARRY A. , AHN C. C. , WONG S. S. , HE G. , YOSHINO H. , NIKZAD S.
Published: November 2003

Energy-filtered reflection high energy electron diffraction and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy expand the usefulness of reflection high energy electron diffraction for quantitative structure determination and surface spectroscopy during film growth. Several implementations of energy-filtered reflection high energy electron diffraction are discussed, along with the progress and prospects for structure determination. New developments in parallel detection reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PREELS) enable the use of this method to obtain surface-spectroscopic information in real time during thin film growth, greatly expanding the range of surface information available during growth.
REM STUDY OF THE Si(111) VICINAL SURFACES
Authors: SUZUKI T. , YAGI K.
Published: November 2003

In this paper, reflection electron microscope (REM) studies of surfaces are briefly reviewed and recent REM studies of Si (111) vicinal surfaces are described. Triple-layer-height steps are formed on the vicinal surfaces inclined by angles of about 1.5–5° toward the [Formula: see text] direction. The triple steps are seen below the phase transition temperature between the 7× 7 and 1× 1 structures and break into single steps above the phase transition temperature. Vicinal surfaces inclined toward the [Formula: see text] direction showed a so-called hill-and-valley structure that is composed of the (111) and an unindexed surface terraces below the phase transition temperature. The hill-and-valley structure disappeared above the phase transition temperature.
REFLECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OBSERVATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MONOATOMIC STEPS ON THE SILICON SURFACES
Authors: ASEEV A. L. , LATYSHEV A. V. , KRASILNIKOV A. B.
Published: November 2003

Ultrahigh vacuum reflection electron microscopy (UHV REM) has been applied to imaging of monoatomic steps on silicon surfaces (111) and (100). The reversible rearrangements of the monoatomic step trains to the step bands and step antibands were found from direct observation of monoatomic step motion during sublimation. The influence of the direction of the electric current heating the specimen was observed. The recent data on atomic mechanisms of step bunching and debunching were reviewed. The monoatomic step behavior on the (100) silicon surface as well as (7×7)-(1×1) phase transition on the (111) surface was described. Direct observations of homoepitaxial processes were carried out. Transition from the step flow growth mode to the nucleation of two-dimensional islands was studied depending on the deposition rate and the substrate temperature. The initial stages of the heteroepitaxial process of germanium, gold and calcium fluorite on the silicon (111) surface were investigated. Finally, the mechanism of step rearrangements during the formation of superstructure domains leading to monoatomic step clustering was discussed.
What Is the Role of β-Adrenergic Signaling in Heart Failure?
Authors: Lohse Martin J. , Engelhardt Stefan , Eschenhagen Thomas
Published: November 2003

This review addresses open questions about the role of β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac function and failure. Cardiomyocytes express all three β-adrenergic receptor subtypes—β
1
, β
2
, and, at least in some species, β
3
. The β
1
subtype is the most prominent one and is mainly responsible for positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of catecholamines. The β
2
subtype also increases cardiac function, but its ability to activate nonclassical signaling pathways suggests a function distinct from the β
1
subtype. In heart failure, the sympathetic system is activated, cardiac β-receptor number and function are decreased, and downstream mechanisms are altered. However, in spite of a wealth of data, we still do not know whether and to what extent these alterations are adaptive/protective or detrimental, or both. Clinically, β-adrenergic antagonists represent the most important advance in heart failure therapy, but it is still debated whether they act by blocking or by resensitizing the β-adrenergic receptor system. Newer experimental therapeutic strategies aim at the receptor desensitization machinery and at downstream signaling steps.
In Quest of Intercivilizational Human Rights: "Universal" vs. "Relative" Human Rights Viewed from an Asian Perspective
Authors:   Yasuaki
Published: November 2003

Professor Onuma Yasuaki is one of Japan's leading experts on human rights. He is a Professor of International Law at the University of Tokyo's Graduate School of Law and Politics and has been visiting professor and scholar at several universities including Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, Princeton University, the University of Edinburgh, and the Max Planck Institute für auslandisches und internationales Strafrecht. Professor Yasuaki has been widely published in English and Japanese dealing with international law. His article was initially prepared as an Occasional Paper of The Asia Foundation and is published with the Foundation's permission.
Japan's Wartime Compensation: Forced Labour
Authors:   Schmidt
Published: November 2003

Half-a-century after the end of the war, today the victims of Japanese aggression in the Asia-Pacific region seek compensation for the wrong they had suffered.One of the largest groups of victimised people is that of Korean forced labourers. The still unsolved issues caused by the wrong those individuals suffered, include, among others, the non-payment of wages and savings, compensation for inhumane treatment during deportation and forced labour, compensation for hibakusha, and for those labourers who after the end of the war had been left behind on the Soviet island of Sakhalin.Both the Japanese Government as well as private companies employing forced labourers reject any and all demands, pointing both at the expiry of claims under municipal Japanese law and at the waiver of claims by the Korean Government in a 1965 bilateral agreement with Japan.This article studies possible regimes in municipal Japanese and in international law under which the affected individuals could seek payment and compensation from the Japanese Government.
Dialogue Among Civilisations as a Paradigm for Achieving Universalism in International Human Rights a Case Study with Islamic Law
Authors:   Baderin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Protection of Child Soldiers in International Law
Authors:   Fonseka
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Borderline: Australia's treatment of refugees and asylum seekers
Authors:   Kenny
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Development and Human Rights: Litigating the Right to Adequate Housing
Authors:   Kabir
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A Question of Competency
Authors:   Brown
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Death Penalty in Russia, S. Mikhlin, translation by W.E. Butler (Simmonds & Hill Publishing Ltd., London, and Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Authors:   Verheul
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Preface
Authors:   Parmentier,   Fijnaut,   Goethals
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The French Public Prosecution Service
Authors:   Verrest
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Developments in the Public Prosecutor's Office in England and Wales
Authors:   Ashworth
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Poverty and Reaction to Crime –Freedom without Responsibility
Authors:   Petrovec
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Justice in the Twenty-First Century, Honorable Russell Fox (Cavendis Publishing, 2000)
Authors:   van Kessel
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The 'End' of Correctional Policy and the Management of the Correctional 'Problem' in Greece
Authors:   Lambropoulou
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Policing Across a Dimorphous Border: Challenge and Innovation at the French-German Border
Authors:   Nogala
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Patrolling the New European (In)Security Field; Organisational Dilemmas and Operational Solutions for Policing the Internal Borders of Europe
Authors:   Sheptycki
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Emerging System of International Criminal Law. Developments in Codification and Implementation, Lyal S. Surga (Kluwer Law International, 1997)
Authors:   Bevers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Diversion in Austria: Empirical Data
Authors:   Grafl
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Overview of the Victimological Data Related to War in Croatia
Authors:   Turković
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
'Trial within a Trial' in Scotland and Israel
Authors:   Bein,   Gebbie
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Everyday Perceptions of Crime
Authors:   Herz,   Kania
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A European Public Prosecution Service: Comments on the Green Paper
Authors:   Fijnaut,   Groenhuijsen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
G. Johnstone, Restorative Justice. Ideas, Values, Debates
Authors:   Breur
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
'L'Etat et moi': Some Reflections on the Relationship Between the Criminal Law and the State
Authors:   Jung
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Decriminalization of Suicide in 18th-century Europe
Authors:   vandekerckhove
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Towards a European Judicial Area? A Corpus Juris Introducing Penal Provisions for the Purpose of the Protection of the Financial Interests of the European Union
Authors:   Donà
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Establishment, Organization and Financing of the International Criminal Court (Parts I, IV, XI--XIII)
Authors:   Jarasch
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
W. Twining, Law in Context: Enlarging a Discipline (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997)
Authors:   Griffiths
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A History of Belgium's Child Protection Act of 1912 The Redefinition of the Juvenile Offender and His Punishment
Authors:   Christiaens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Protection: The Historical Foundations of The Canadian Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908
Authors:   Trépanier
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Some Reflections on Crime Prevention Strategies in Large Metropolitan Centres of the 21st Century
Authors:   Fattah
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Effects of Community Law on National Criminal Law
Authors:   Elholm,   Kolze,   Pedersen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Crime and Social Criticism
Authors:   Taylor
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Does the Time Spent in Prison by Offenders Become Longer and Longer in the European Union?
Authors:   Kuhn
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
De hervorming van het stafrechtelijk vooronderzoek in België, Bart de Smet (Intersentia Uitgevers, Antwerpen-Groningen, 1996, 450 pages
Authors:   Bernaert,   Wattier
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
On the Origins of the Punishment of Suicidal Behaviour in Old-European Law -- Historical versus Sociological Explanation
Authors:   vanderkerckhove
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Towards an Independent European Agency to Fight Fraud and Corruption in the EU?
Authors:   Vervaele
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
'Countries in Transition: Effects of Political, Social and Economic Change on Crime and Criminal Justice'
Authors:   Rau
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
East Meets West: Aspects of Prosectuion in Countries in Transition
Authors:   Tak
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Trial and Sentencing: Judicial Independence, Training and Appointment of Judges, Structure of Criminal Procedure, Sentencing Patterns, the Role of the Defence in the Countries in Transition
Authors:   Bárd
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
United Nations Convention on Wrongs to the Child
Authors:   Simon
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Reporting to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child:A catalyst for domestic debate and policy change?
Authors:   Woll
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Disabled children's rights in every day life: Problematising notions of competency and promoting self-empowerment
Authors:   Davis,   Watson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The right to education and an adequate standard of living: Refugee children in the UK
Authors:   Candappa
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Christian Wolmar, Forgotten Children: The Secret Abuse Scandal in Children's Homes
Authors:   Hall
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Protecting Palestinian Intifada children: Peaceful demonstrators, child soldiers or child martyrs?
Authors:   Levine,   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children's rights education at the university level: An effective means of promoting rights knowledge and rights-based attitudes
Authors:   Covell,   Campbell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Time to remove the shackles: The legality of restraints on children deprived of their liberty under international law
Authors:   Tobin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Needs of children and adolescents as a basis for the justification of their rights
Authors:   Ochaíta,   Espinosa
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The recognition and enforcement of children's rights in domestic law: An assessment of the child protection laws in Botswana in light of prevailing international trends
Authors:   Maripe
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A.B. Smith, M. Gollop, K. Marshall and K. Nairn (eds.), Advocating for Children: International Perspectives on Children's Rights
Authors:   Castellino
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
`He'll learn it on his body': Disciplining childhood in Canadian law
Authors:   McGillivray
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The theme day of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on ``Children and the Media''
Authors:   Williams
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Geraldine van Bueren (ed.), International Documents on Children. Maria Rita Saulle and Flaminia Kojanec (eds.), The Rights of the Child - International Instruments. William D. Angel (ed.),The International Law of Youth Rights.
Authors:   Ek
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Are juveniles still “persons” under the United States Constitution? A new theory of children's constitutional rights
Authors:   Houlgate,   Fetzer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Study on the Impact of Armed Conflicts on the Nutritional Situation of Children
Authors:   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Breastfeeding – a human rights issue?
Authors:   Latham
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Sites launched to combat child sexual exploitation on the Internet
Authors:   detrick
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Juvenile justice and juvenile decision making: A comparison of young offenders with their non-offending peers
Authors:   Covell,   Currie
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
When children's wishes and feelings clash with their `best interests'
Authors:   Thomas,   O'Kane
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The use of children as soldiers: the right to kill and be killed?
Authors:   Maslen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children's best interests versus public safety: How are they balanced?
Authors:   Docherty,   Brown,   Tisdall
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child – An International Save the Children Alliance Training Kit
Authors:   Yitzhaki
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The limits of international trade mechanisms in enforcing human rights: The case of child labour
Authors:   Cullen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
`We are people too': Children's and young people's perspectives on children's rights and decision-making in England
Authors:   Morrow
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The CRC: `Words on paper' or a reality for children? -- A case study of Jordan
Authors:   Hammad
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The marginal child: A study of socially disaffiliated children in the South Pacific
Authors:   Davies,   Mills
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Breaking ground in inclusive conference practices with young people
Authors:   Stacey,   Moulds,   Hills,   Gale
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Lack of Enzyme‐Inducing Effect of Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Enfuvirtide
Authors: Boyd Mark Alastair , Zhang Xiaoping , Dorr Albert , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Kolis Stanley , Nieforth Keith , Kinchelow Tosca , Buss Neil , Patel Indravadan H.
Published: November 2003

The primary objective was to determine whether rifampicin influences the pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide in HIV‐1‐infected patients. In a single‐center, open‐label, one‐sequence crossover, clinical pharmacology study, 12 HIV‐1‐infected adults received enfuvirtide (90 mg, twice daily) on days 1 to 3 and days 11 to 13 (morning dose only on days 3 and 13) and rifampicin (600 mg, once daily) from days 4 to 13. Plasma concentrations were measured for enfuvirtide and its metabolite (days 3 and 13) and rifampicin (day 13 only). The ratios of least squares means (LSM) and 90% confidence intervals for enfuvirtide and enfuvirtide metabolite pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC12h, Cmax, Ctrough) were estimated in the presence and absence of rifampicin. Treatments were compared using an analysis of variance for natural log‐transformed variables, with factors patient and treatment. Efficacy and safety were also monitored. Steady‐state rifampicin had no appreciable effect on any of the pharmacokinetic parameters assessed for either enfuvirtide or its metabolite. The ratio of LSM for AUC12h, Cmax, and Ctrough for enfuvirtide was 97.5%, 103%, and 84.9%, respectively, and 108%, 112%, and 92.9%, for the enfuvirtide metabolite. Rifampicin did not affect the t1/2 of enfuvirtide or its metabolite. There were no unexpected effects of rifampicin on the short‐term antiviral effect or safety of the administered antiretroviral treatment. The pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide are not induced by a 10‐day pretreatment with rifampicin.
Pharmacokinetics and Dosage Adaptation of Meropenem during Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Robatel C. , Decosterd L. A. , Biollaz J. , Eckert P. , Schaller M. D. , Buclin T.
Published: November 2003

Meropenem, a carbapenem broad‐spectrum antibiotic, is regularly used in patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Its disposition was studied over one dosage interval in 15 patients under CVVHDF on a steady regimen of 500 or 1000 mg every 8 to 12 hours. Meropenem levels were measured in plasma and filtrate‐dialysate by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The mean CVVHDF flow rates were 7.1 ± 0.9 L/h for blood (mean ± SD), 0.5 ± 0.3 L/h for predilution solution, 1.2 ± 0.3 L/h for countercurrent dialysate, and 1.8 ± 0.5 L/h for the total filtrate‐dialysate. The pharmacokinetic analysis was based both on a noncompartmental approach and on a four‐compartment modeling. The mean (coefficient of variation [CV]) total body clearance, volume of distribution at steady state, and mean residence time were, respectively, 5.0 L/h (46%), 14.3 L (29%), and 4.8 h (36%. The hemodiafiltration clearances calculated from plasma data alone and plasma with filtrate‐dialysate data were 1.2 L/h (26%) and 1.6 L/h (39%), respectively. The compartmental model was used to optimize the therapeutic schedule of meropenem, considering reference minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sensitive strains (4 mg/L). The results indicate that two different therapeutic schedules of meropenem are equally applicable to patients receiving CVVHD: either 750 mg tid or 1500 bid.
A rational spline model approximation and control of output probability density functions for dynamic stochastic systems
Authors: Wang Hong , Yue Hong
Published: November 2003

This paper presents a new method to model and control the shape of the output probability density functions for dynamic stochastic systems subjected to arbitrary bounded random input. A new rational model is proposed to approximate the output probability density function of the system. This is then followed by the design of a novel nonlinear controller, which guarantees the monotonic decreasing of the functional norm of the difference between the measured probability density function and its target distribution. This leads to a desired tracking performance for the output probability density function. A simple example is utilized to demonstrate the use of the proposed modelling and control algorithm and encouraging results have been obtained.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in Down syndrome
Authors: Gatenby P , Tuck R , Andrews C , O’Neil R
Published: November 2003

Two patients with Down syndrome and the primary antiphospholipid antibody are described. One patient had a vasculopathy similar to that previously described as Moyamoya. Down syndrome is characterized by immune defects including a tendency to autoimmune phenomena. This report extends the scope of these observations and particularly draws out the potential role of antiphospholipid antibodies. Indeed antiphospholipid antibodies may well explain the well-known association of Down syndrome and stroke.
Primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome masquerading as progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Reitblat T , Polishchuk I , Dorodnikov E , Aladjem Z , Turiansky L , Zamir D , Kahana E
Published: November 2003

We report a case of a patient with clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy and raised titres of anticardiolipin antibodies in blood, thrombocytopenia and livedo reticularis on skin. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain and isotope scan of brain were distinctive of vascular disorder.
Neuropsychiatric lupus favourable response to low dose i.v. cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (pilot study)
Authors: Stojanovich L , Stojanovich R , Kostich V , Dzjolich E
Published: November 2003

Sixty SLE patients with only primary neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP-SLE), (54 female and six male; mean age 44.5) were compared consecutively. Forty-six of the patients (78.3%) were presented with a combination of neuropsychiatricsymptoms. Except for the standard immunosero-logical test, all patients underwent clinical, neurological and psychiatric examination, electro-physiological tests [EEG (electro-encephalography involves recording and analysis of electrical signals generated by the brain), EP (the evoked potentials method involves analysis of a series of electrical signals generated in parts of the nervous system following stimulation of sense organs and peripheral nerves) and EMNG (electro-myo-neography is a method of measurement of electrical activity arising from muscle fibers and peripheral nerves)]. This method presents a valuable tool for assessment of functional state of peripheral nervous systems and muscles)), and neuroimaging (MRI of the brain). Thirty-seven out of 60 patients with NP-SLE (group I) were treated with a low dose of i.v. cyclophosphamide(200 - 400 mg per month). The average daily oral dose of prednisone in these patients was 20.5mg. Group II consisted of 23 patients treated with pridnisone (mean dose 20.5 per day) only or with antimalarials. Patients in the first group showed a considerable clinical and electrophysiological improvement of cerebral function, while there was only a slight or no improvement in the second group. The difference between groups was statistically significant.
Empowerment as a panacea for poverty - old wine in new bottles? Reflections on the World Bank’s conception of power
Authors: Wong Kwok-Fu
Published: November 2003

The World Bank has been accused of ‘power blindness’ for three reasons: its neglect of political power; its disregard for the power dynamic in inter-personal relationships; and its undemocratic corporate culture. However, power blindness, as commonly defined, does not offer a satisfactory picture of the Bank’s actual conception of power used in the poverty agenda. Using a feminist framework of power, I demonstrate an evolving and transforming concept of power in the Bank’s poverty alleviation policies over the past two decades. Four concepts of power are outlined: power-to; power-with; power-over; and power-from-within. The Bank’s stress on economic power and the calculated adoption of two ‘positive’ powers -‘power-to’ and ‘power-with’ -are seen as being the key features in combating poverty. Power, in the Bank’s perspective, is instrumental in nature and is a means to achieve economic efficiency. This overly limited vision of power is not without its problems. The new idea of empowerment, propounded as a solution to poverty in the World Development Report 2000/2001, actually follows the Bank’s conventional principle of power, and fails to offer any new developmental thinking. This paper examines critiques of the Bank’s analysis of power regarding the dark sides of ‘power-to’ and ‘power-with’, and the possibilities of including ‘power-over’ and ‘power-from-within’ in the debate. In the last section, it questions the feminist idea of power, given the diverse nature of women, the desirability of the inclusion of men and the significance of socially embedded power.
Use of laser, otoendoscopy and facial nerve monitoring in otological surgery: United Kingdom survey
Authors: Saravanappa N. , Balfour A. , Bowdler D. A.
Published: November 2003

Newer surgical tools, which have been widely accepted as important adjuncts in otological surgery, include the laser, otoendoscopy and facial nerve monitoring. A confidential postal questionnaire survey was carried out to evaluate the usage of these newer techniques among the Consultant members of the British Association of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Our study revealed that the usage of otoendoscopy, laser and/or facial nerve monitoring is not as widespread as might be thought among otological surgeons in the United Kingdom.
Day-case myringoplasty: five years’ experience
Authors: Karkanevatos A. , De S. , Srinivasan V. R. , Roland N. J. , Lesser T. H. J.
Published: November 2003

A retrospective study of patients who underwent myringoplasty as a day-case procedure in two freestanding day-surgery units during a five-year period was carried out.

Their case notes were identified and details including age, site and size of perforation, grade of surgeon, surgical approach, graft material, post-operative dressings, overnight stay, complications, and outcome were noted and analysed.

The total number of patients including both children and adults who had myringoplasty as a day case was 144. Of these, 125 patients with 143 procedures were included in this study. Their ages ranged from four to 74 years (mean = 31 years). The perforation size was small in 40 cases, medium in 61 cases, and large/subtotal in 42 cases. The overnight stay rate was 2.7 per cent and this was for immediate post-operative problems such as nausea and bleeding from the wound. The readmission rate for post-operative complications was 2.1 per cent. The follow-up ranged from six months to five years (mean = 19 months). The success rate was 83.3 per cent and thresholds on pure tone audiometry improved in 69.2 per cent of cases. The age of the patient, grade of the surgeon, and graft material did not influence the surgical outcome. There was no case of dead ear as a result of surgery.

Myringoplasty can be safely performed in both adults and children as a day-case procedure with low overnight stay and readmission rates. Success rates are comparable to when the procedure is performed on an in-patient basis.
Conversion from a non-indwelling to a Provox®2 indwelling voice prosthesis for speech rehabilitation: comparison of voice quality and patient preference
Authors: Vlantis A. C. , Gregor R. T. , Elliot H. , Oudes M.
Published: November 2003

This prospective study assessed the advantages and problems associated with converting a patient using an older generation non-indwelling voice prosthesis to a newer generation indwelling voice prosthesis, in this case the Provox®2. The voice characteristics of each patient were measured using the old and then the new voice prosthesis. Technical aspects of the insertion of the indwelling prosthesis were noted. Each patient completed a questionnaire after a period of use with the indwelling prosthesis.

Changing the prosthesis was simple and uncomplicated in 15 of 17 patients. Acoustic analysis showed improved parameters with the indwelling prosthesis, but no perceptual difference between the two prostheses. The questionnaire revealed that most patients preferred the indwelling prosthesis.

Replacing a non-indwelling with an indwelling prosthesis is technically simple, leading to improvement in voice quality and patient satisfaction. It may be reasonable to offer this choice to patients currently using an older generation non-indwelling voice prosthesis.
Control Mechanisms and the Relationship Life Cycle: Implications for Safeguarding Specific Investments and Developing Commitment
Authors: Jap Sandy D. , Ganesan Shankar
Published: November 2003

Powerful suppliers often require retailers to make significant idiosyncratic investments to improve coordination between organizations and to enhance the supplier's presence in the end market. The authors examine how a retailer might better manage the hold-up potential of these transaction-specific investments (TSIs) through the use of three control mechanisms: supplier's TSIs, the development of relational norms, and the use of explicit contracts. Moreover, the authors consider the time-dependent nature of these mechanisms by observing their effects on commitment over the course of a relationship life cycle. The results indicate that (1) a retailer's TSIs have a negative effect on its perceptions of supplier commitment; (2) a supplier's TSIs and relational norms increase the retailer's perception of supplier commitment, whereas explicit contracts are associated with perceptions of lower supplier commitment; and (3) each of the three control mechanisms moderates the negative impact of retailer investments on perceptions of supplier commitment contingent on the relationship phase. Specifically, bilateral TSIs enhance commitment in the exploration phase and a positive effect during the decline phase. The results also indicate that the retailer's perceptions of supplier commitment are positively related to its evaluation of supplier performance and satisfaction and negatively related to conflict.
Impact of a Late Entrant on the Diffusion of a New Product/Service
Authors: Krishnan Trichy V. , Bass Frank M. , Kumar V.
Published: November 2003

Starting with Bass's (1969) article, diffusion researchers have predominantly focused on modeling category-level sales growth and issues surrounding it. In this article, the authors propose a brand-level diffusion model and demonstrate its managerial use by applying it to the following issue: If a new brand enters a category that has not attained its peak sales, how can a practicing manager evaluate its impact on the category and on the incumbent brands? The proposed model helps the manager diagnose whether the late entrant affects the market potential and/or the diffusion speed of the category and of the incumbent brands. The authors test the model using brand-level sales data from the cellular telephone industry in multiple markets.
Cultural Variations in Country of Origin Effects
Authors: Gürhan-Canli Zeynep , Maheswaran Durairaj
Published: November 2003

The authors examine the extent to which cultural orientation influences country of origin effects on product evaluations in two countries (Japan and the United States). Subjects were given attribute information about a mountain bike made in either Japan or the United States. The target product was described as either superior or inferior to competition. Respondents in Japan evaluated the product that originated in the home country (versus foreign country) more favorably regardless of product superiority. In contrast, respondents in the United States evaluated the product that originated in the home country more favorably only when the product was superior to competition. The authors explain these findings on the basis of the cultural psychological principles of individualism and collectivism. Specifically, the authors show that the vertical dimension of individualism and collectivism explains country of origin effects. The authors also discuss implications for global marketing strategies featuring country of origin.