bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASPECTOS DA COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DE PESCADO EM FEIRAS LIVRES DO MUNICÍPIO DE FEIRA DE SANTANA-BA
Authors: Jesus Taise Bomfim de , Santos Thaise Do Nascimento , Carvalho Carlos Eduardo Veiga de
Published: May 2018

As feiras livres são apontadas como um dos principais espaços de comercialização varejista de pescado (fonte de alimento de alto valor nutritivo), devido as variadas formas de apresentação que o produto é disponibilizado para a venda. O município de Feira de Santana-BA, referência comercial da região, possui o Centro de Abastecimento e populares feiras livres distribuídas pela cidade, onde é comercializado o pescado em grandes quantidades. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi realizar um levantamento sobre a origem e comercialização de pescados em feiras livres de Feira de Santana. A metodologia foi baseada em visitas as feiras livres e levantamento de informações com os feirantes de pescado através da aplicação de entrevistas estruturadas. Os resultados identificaram quatro tipos de pescado comercializados nas feiras: Peixes de água doce, Peixes de água salgada, Crustáceos e Mariscos. As espécies mais comercializadas são as tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus), corvinas (Micropogonias furnieri) e camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei). A origem do pescado variou em função do tipo deste, uma parte (crustáceos e mariscos) é originado da produção pesqueira de municípios da Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS), e os demais são importados de outras cidades da Bahia e/ou da região sul e sudeste do Brasil. Os crustáceos e moluscos são os principais organismos comercializados nas feiras e advindos da Baía de Todos os Santos, o que potencializa a necessidade de controle e critérios para o consumo dessas espécies devido ao seu maior potencial na bioacumulação por contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos.
ASPECTOS DA DEGRADAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Silva Jadielle Lidianne Clemente , Vidal Carlos Alberto Soares , Barros Luiz Marivando , Freita Francisco Ronaldo Vieira
Published: May 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma análise do processo de degradação ambiental no nordeste do Brasil, ocasionado por meios antrópicos como o desmatamento através da retirada e queimadas da cobertura vegetal. Aborda também as principais características ambientais da região, fazendo um resgate histórico da ocupação no Brasil, que ocasionaram o processo de degradação ambiental. As pesquisas foram realizadas utilizando materiais bibliográficos através de artigos científicos, livros, Dissertações e teses relacionadas ao tema. O desmatamento nessa região tem sido alvo de estudo em varias universidades, pois vem causando historicamente danos aos recursos naturais, principalmente aos considerados mais frágeis, afetando o equilíbrio ambiental e consequentemente a manutenção e qualidade da vida humana. O resultado demonstrou que o processo de desmatamento e de degradação ambiental do Nordeste, esteve e está associada ao processo agropecuária, produção agrícola, produção industrial, crescimento populacional e tem ocasionado uma serie de consequências negativas, como a perda da biodiversidade, degradação do solo, processos erosivos, escoamento superficial, diminuição da água para recargas dos aquíferos, entre outras consequências.
SUSTENTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL EM RESTAURANTES COMERCIAIS DA ZONA CENTRAL DE PELOTAS - RS
Authors: Gonçalves Luiza Carril , Silveira Cátia Da Silva , Pereira Marina Couto , Helbig Elizabete
Published: May 2018

A quantidade de resíduos gerados por Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) é elevada, o que resulta em preocupação com o destino deste lixo, pois se encaminhado a locais inadequados causa danos ao meio ambiente. É de grande importância que os gestores de restaurantes se preocupem em realizar ações para reduzir os danos causados ao meio ambiente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as ações de sustentabilidade ambiental em 21 restaurantes do tipo self-service do centro da cidade de Pelotas/RS, visando diagnosticar o destino dos resíduos sólidos, medidas de uso racional de água e energia elétrica além da documentação relacionada a estes. Foi aplicada uma lista de verificação, com respostas fechadas, contendo as opções sim, não e não se aplica abordando questões de boas práticas ambientais. De acordo com o levantamento efetuado, poucas são as ações realizadas com vistas aos cuidados com o meio ambiente, estas ações quando ocorrem na UAN visam à economia em termos financeiros e não os cuidados com o meio ambiente.
SANEAMENTO EM ÁREAS URBANAS NA AMAZÔNIA: APLICAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE INDICADORES PEIR
Authors: Dutra Vítor Abner Borges , Gonçalves Paulo Vitor dos Santos , Campos Marcus Victor Almeida , Tavares Paulo Amador , Beltrão Norma Ely Santos
Published: May 2018

A cidade de Belém (PA) é historicamente estruturada em função de sua rede hídrica onde as relações entre a urbanização e as águas foram fundamentais para a configuração da ocupação do território e para a elaboração dos sistemas de saneamento básico. Por esta razão, considerando esta cidade como estudo de caso, este estudo objetivou utilizar a matriz Pressão – Estado – Impacto – Resposta (PEIR) aplicada ao canal da Tamandaré, considerando as características ambientais locais, para avaliar os indicadores de saneamento e coleta de resíduos sólidos. O PEIR é uma metodologia de análise para interpretação dos diversos elementos constituintes de um dado sistema ambiental. O modelo PEIR obteve 14 indicadores que permitiram uma visualização ampla dos problemas ambientais relativos ao canal da Tamandaré. Os resultados demonstraram pressão elevada advinda do crescimento populacional sobre a área de estudo, principalmente com acúmulo de resíduos e esgotamento sanitário ineficiente. Em contrapartida, foi notada uma relação positiva entre nível de escolaridade e o conhecimento dos entrevistados a respeito da responsabilidade compartilhada sobre o meio ambiente. Os dados obtidos sobre indicadores ambientais devem auxiliar os gestores municipais na tomada de decisão para mudanças nas políticas públicas e nas práticas de gestão para desenvolvimento de programas em prol da sustentabilidade.
Alternativas para o gerenciamento de lodo de sistemas descentralizados de tratamento de esgotos de áreas rurais
Authors: Tonetti Adriano Luiz , Duarte Natália Cangussu , Figueiredo Isabel Campos Salles , Brasil Ana Lúcia
Published: May 2018

A inexistência de coleta e tratamento de águas residuais ainda é um problema comum no Brasil. Normalmente a solução adotada nas áreas rurais envolve o lançamento do esgoto em buracos escavados no solo, denominados de fossas negras ou rudimentares. As normas brasileiras (NBR 7229, 1993 e NBR 13969, 1997) apontam que o sistema mais apropriado a ser implantado nestes casos seria o tanque séptico associado a um sistema de pós-tratamento. No entanto, esse sistema produz um lodo que deve ser adequadamente gerenciado. Desse modo, este trabalho discute três opções de gerenciamento do lodo gerado nos tanques sépticos instalados em uma área rural do município de Campinas (São Paulo, Brasil): 1) Remoção do lodo por empresa terceirizada; 2) Gerenciamento do lodo pela empresa de saneamento do município; 3) Gerenciamento de lodo pela comunidade. Levando em conta somente fatores econômicos foi encontrado que a forma mais vantajosa seria o gerenciamento do lodo pela empresa de saneamento do município.
ANÁLISE DA SITUAÇÃO FINANCEIRA DE CAPITAL DE GIRO DE UM HOSPITAL FILANTRÓPICO DO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Corrêa Rafaela , Ritta Cleyton De Oliveira
Published: May 2018

O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a situação financeira de capital de giro de um hospital filantrópico localizado no sul do Brasil, no período de 2014 a 2016.  A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa por meio de estudo de caso e análise documental das demonstrações contábeis. Os indicadores tradicionais de liquidez revelaram uma situação financeira desfavorável. Com relação aos indicadores de endividamento, destaca-se o alto grau de endividamento de curto prazo. Os indicadores dinâmicos apontaram que o hospital possui uma situação financeira de alto risco, visto que o Saldo de Tesouraria (ST) é positivo, a Necessidade de Capital de Giro (NCG) e Capital Circulante Líquido (CCL) são negativos. Isso demonstra que parte dos investimentos de longo prazo são financiados por dívidas vencíveis em curto prazo. Cabe ressaltar que os usuários internos e externos das demonstrações contábeis da instituição devem considerar o impacto das operações contabilizadas como subvenções/convênios governamentais na situação financeira do hospital, uma vez que tais registros podem ocultar a verdadeira situação financeira da instituição.
A spatial multi-objective decision-making under uncertainty for water resources management
Authors: Simonovic Slobodan P. , Nirupama
Published: May 2018

Water resources decision-making is a spatial problem. Topographical features of the region, location of water resources management infrastructure, interaction between the water resources system and other social and ecological systems and impact of different water resources regulation measures are all variables with considerable spatial variability. In this paper a new technique called Spatial Fuzzy Compromise Programming (SFCP) is developed to enhance our ability to address different uncertainties in spatial water resources decision-making. A general fuzzy compromise programming technique, when made spatially distributed, proved to be a powerful and flexible addition to the list of techniques available for decision-making where multiple criteria are used to evaluate multiple alternatives. All uncertain variables (subjective and objective) are modeled by way of fuzzy sets. Through a case study of the Red River floodplain near the City of St. Adolphe in Manitoba, Canada, it has been illustrated that the new technique provides measurable improvement in the management of floods.
A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Drinking Water Related Gastrointestinal Illnesses
Authors: Payment Pierre , Richardson Lesley , Edwardes Michael , Franco Eduardo , Siemiatycki Jack
Published: May 2018

A prospective epidemiological study was undertaken to evaluate whether drinking water satisfying current quality standards nevertheless causes gastrointestinal illness. The study consisted of an health surveillance of 600 randomly chosen households (2400 individuals) and of the microbiological analysis of tap water from the filtration plant and its distribution system. Half of the households were randomly assigned to the tap water subgroup and half to a control subgroup. A reverse-osmosis filter was installed in each control household, thereby ensuring a very low microbiological pollution level. Each member of each household reported gastrointestinal symptoms on a bimonthly health calendar during two periods March to June 1988 and September 1988 to June 1989. The incidence of highly credible gastrointestinal symptoms (HCGI) was markedly different in the two groups. During the first period the incidence of episodes/year was 0.82 in the group consuming filtered water and 1.13 amongst those consuming tap water. During the second period these values were respectively 0.47 (filter) and 0.62 (tap water). Differential incidence rates of HCGII between the two groups were observed in all age and sex groups. While tap water met acceptable standards of quality our results indicate that there was a 25% excess of gastrointestinal illness in the group consuming that water. Further analysis of the water quality and of the integrity of the distribution system are underway. Serum samples obtained at different phases of the study are also being analyzed to evaluate the incidence of viral enteric diseases in this population.
Production and Control of Reference Materials for Water Microbiology
Authors: Mooijman K. A. , Havelaar A. H. , Hoekstra J. A. , van Strijp-Lockefeer N. G. W. N.
Published: May 2018

Reference materials for water microbiology were prepared by spray-drying milk, artificially contaminated with a known test strain. The resulting highly contaminated milk powder was mixed with sterile milk powder to a contamination level of 2000-3000 cfu/g. Gelatin capsules were filled with the mixture (0.2 g/capsule) to produce the reference materials. Test strains used were: WR1 Escherichia coli, WR3 Enterobacter cloacae, WR63 Enterococcus faecium and WR51 Staphylococcus spec. Optimalization of the mixing procedure and aging of the highly contaminated milk powder resulted in relatively homogeneous and stable reference materials. Short-time challenge tests at “high” temperatures (30 and 37 °C) may be predictive for long-term stability at “low” temperatures (4-6 °C). Reference materials with strain WR3 were stable for one week at 30 °C and for at least 6 months at 4-6 °C.

Possible applications of the reference materials are: quality control of routine measurements, comparison of the efficiency of different culturing methods and as a standardized sample in collaborative studies.
Surveillance Solutions to Microbiological Problems in Water Quality Control in Developing Countries
Authors: Lloyd B. J. , Bartram J. K.
Published: May 2018

Many developing countries are failing to apply standard water quality control methods developed over almost a century in Europe and N America. In the search for simpler and cheaper methods inaccurate and spurious results are being reported in at least 10 countries in the S E Asian and Pacific regions. In countries where WHO is now promoting the development of water quality surveillance and improvement programmes the application of standard methods indicate that typically 70-85% of small supplies are faecally contaminated.

Beyond the Water Decade the focus on increased coverage needs to be amplified to include improvement of the quality of service. To achieve the necessary improvements the limitations in conventional microbiological and chemical quality control must be recognised. This paper provides examples of an integrated surveillance strategy for progressive improvement. This approach involves a much greater emphasis on sanitary inspection whilst complementary critical parameter water testing is placed in a supporting role.
Evaluation of Fecal Enterococci Isolation Media to Indicate Fecal Pollution in Chlorinated Water
Authors: de Wet C. M. E. , Grundlingh M. , Louw B. , Bester D.
Published: May 2018

The selectivity of mEnterococcus and KF streptococcus agar for the isolation of fecal enterococci from chlorinated water were compared. Typical as well as atypical colonies were picked off and purified for identification. Neither mEnterococcus nor KF streptococcus agar, proved to be the ideal isolation medium as some 30 per cent of the colonies with a typical appearance were catalase and benzidine positive, Gram-positive cocci. Catalase and benzidine negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated on KF streptococcus agar were identified as: E.faecalis (6 per cent), E.faecium (7 per cent), E.gallinarum (2 per cent), E.casseliflayus or E.mundtii (17 per cent), E.avium (0.4 per cent), E.durans (0,2 per cent), 24 per cent could not be identified. Similar isolates on mEnterococcus agar, were identified as: E.faecalis (11 per cent), E.faecium (12 per cent), E.gallinarium (2 per cent), E.casieliflavus or E.mundtii (36 per cent), E.avium (1 per cent), and 9 per cent could not be identified. Results obtained indicate that the use of either mEnterococcus or KF streptococcus agar for the indication of fecal pollution in chlorinated water has limited value. Isolates have to be identified to species level to confirm the presence of fecal enterococci. This practice is time consuming and impractical for water quality control purposes.
A Most Probable Number Method for the Enumeration of Legionella Bacteria in Water
Authors: Grabow N. A. , Kfir R. , Grabow W. O. K.
Published: May 2018

A new quantitative method for the enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water is described. Appropriate tenfold serial dilutions of water samples concentrated by membrane filtration are plated in triplicate on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. After incubation for 3 days representative smears from individual plates are tested for the presence of Legionella by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The number of positive plates in each dilution is used to calculate the Legionella count by means of conventional most probable number statistics. In comparative tests on a variety of water samples this method yielded significantly higher counts than previously used procedures.
The Occurrence of Legionella Bacteria in Cooling Towers in South Africa
Authors: Grabow N. A. , Pienaar E. J. , Kfir R.
Published: May 2018

A total of 510 service water samples from cooling towers throughout South Africa were analysed for the presence of Legionella bacteria. Legionella was detected using an immuno-labelling technique based on the most probable number principle. Only cultural (viable) bacteria were counted. Legionellae were found in most of the samples tested. However, in only 4% of the samples a high level of legionellae was recorded. No correlation was found between the numbers of legionellae and those of standard plate counts. Biocide treatment was shown to be effective in the removal of the bacteria from cooling towers after a 3-month treatment period.
Detection of Rotavirus in South African Waters: A Comparison of a Cytoimmunolabelling Technique with Commercially Available Immunoassays
Authors: Genthe B. , Idema G. K. , Kfir R. , Grabow W. O. K.
Published: May 2018

A cytoimmunolabelling technique was compared with commercially available immunoassays for the detection of the simian rotavirus SA11 and human rotavirus in various environmental samples. The technique is based on labelling MA104 cells with antibody conjugated with an enzyme for the detection of rotavirus. Water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration and inoculated on trypsin-treated MA104 cells. After 18 h incubation, evidence of viral replication was determined by immunolabelling of viral antigen using antibodies tagged with horseradish peroxidase. The cytoimmunolabelling method was shown to be 105 times more sensitive for the detection of rotavirus than commercially available ELISA and latex agglutination kits. The cytoimmunolabelling technique was also shown to be successful for the detection of human rotavirus in river and marine waters and wastewater effluents.
Direct Detection of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Estuarine Water Using Nucleic Acid Probes
Authors: Knight Ivor T. , DiRuggiero Jocelyne , Colwell Rita R.
Published: May 2018

Direct detection and enumeration of pathogenic bacteria, rather than indicator organisms, in aquatic environments is desirable but hindered by the difficulties of culturing and identifying specific pathogens from these environments. We have developed a method for concentrating bacteria from water samples and extracting their DNA and RNA for use as targets for pathogen-specific gene probes. The method has been used to detect and enumerate Salmonella spp. in estuarine water samples. The probe binds Salmonella DNA quantitatively, making it possible to estimate relative amounts of target in each sample. Salmonella spp. were detected in samples which yielded no Salmonella spp. using culturing. Since the probe method does not require culturing the target organism, both culturable and non-culturable forms are detected. We have also used polymerase chain reaction to amplify a region of the enterotoxin gene in enterotoxigenic Escherichiacoli and Vibriocholerae (ltx and ctx, respectively). The amplified products are then identified with ctx and ltx probes, making specific, highly sensitive detection possible.
Species and Genera of Enterobacteriaceae in River Neckar and after River Bank Filtration and Their Resistance Patterns to Antibiotics and Heavy Metal Salts
Authors: Schneider S. , Schweisfurth R.
Published: May 2018

Water samples of 1000 ml volume derived from river Neckar, different observation wells and a steady run well used for drinking water production were examined on Enterobacteriaceae by enrichment in a glucose-peptone-medium. The isolated strains were tested on their susceptibilities to mercury, cadmium, copper, zinc, chrome and cobalt salts and twelve antibiotics, respectively.

No difference in susceptibilities to heavy metal salts was to be found within the different observation wells, river Neckar and the steady run well. The frequencies of found resistances to antibiotics were within the range of the values expected on the basis of data derived in the scope of examinations of clinically isolated Enterobacteriaceae strains. Increasing distance from river Neckar, linked with increasing detention periods in the aquifer, had no influence on the found resistance frequencies.
Contribution for the Study of New Pathogenic Indicators Removal from W.S.P. in Portugal
Authors: Nascimento M. J. , Oliveira J. S. , Oliveira L. , Mexia J. T.
Published: May 2018

In the control of pathogens removal in W.S.P. in Portugal, other indicators than the classic ones were used to quantify die-off kinetics (Faecal coliforms, Faecal Streptococci, Clostridiumperfringens, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Heterotrophies).

The influence of climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) in that kinetics was studied, different equations being tested to express relationships existing among climatic parameters and microbial removal in different types of ponds.

The existence of significant correlations among these factors and parameters was concluded, as well as the dominance of certain models to quantify these relationships, differing according to the microorganisms considered, the type of lagoon and the climatic factor (θ) studied.
Anaerobic bioflocculation of wool scouring effluent: the influence of non-ionic surfactant on efficiency
Authors: Charles Wipa , Ho Goen , Cord-Ruwisch Ralf
Published: May 2018

Wool scouring effluent (WSE) contains high concentrations of wool grease emulsified by non-ionic surfactants (nonylphenol polyethoxylates – NPEO). The short-term treatment (1-7 days) of this effluent with anaerobic bacteria resulted in partial grease flocculation. However the efficiency of this process varied largely (30% to 80%) with the source of wool scouring effluent used. The concentration of free surfactant, rather than total surfactant, was found to be the likely reason for the variation in efficiency. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of anaerobic biological flocculation a detailed surfactant analysis was performed. This revealed that anaerobic microbes (taken from sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant) had an ability to partially degrade NPEO by shortening the hydrophilic ethoxylate chain causing coagulation and subsequent flocculation of wool grease from the liquor.
Color removal from textile wastewaters
Authors: Tünay Olcay , Kabdasli Isik , Eremektar Gülen , Orhon Derin
Published: May 2018

The requirement of color removal has promoted the research in this field. However, there is still a lack of understanding of colour problems. In this paper a literature review is made to assess the information on color removal and need for systematic evaluation of the results is emphasized. Experimental studies are conducted on the textile dyeing wastewaters applying chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, adsorption and their combination. Results of the study are evaluated and discussed within the context of a systematic approach.
Electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater
Authors: Naumczyk J. , Szpyrkowicz L. , Zilio-Grandi F.
Published: May 2018

The treatment of textile wastewater, containing a high concentration of Cl- ion, by an electrochemical method using Ti/RuO2, Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes is investigated. All three anodes proved to be very effective in direct or indirect oxidation of organics present in the wastewater.

After 60 min of electrolysis at 6 A/dm2, COD was reduced by 85-92% and DOC by about 85%. Of the three electrodes tested, the efficiency of organics removal followed the order: Ti/RuO2 > Ti/Pt > Ti/Pt/Ir. The electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater resulted in the production of many chloroorganics in high concentration. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of the following major products: 1,1-dichlorocyclopentene, 2,3-dichloro-2-methylbutane, chloromethylsilane, 2,3-dichloro-2-methyl butanoic acid, 2,3-dichloro-2-methyl propanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2, 3-butanediol and 2-butylphenol.
Upgrading of a biological-chemical treatment plant for cheese factory wastewater
Authors: Rusten B. , Siljudalen J. G. , Strand H.
Published: May 2018

A biological-chemical treatment plant for cheese factory wastewater was upgraded to handle increased loads and achieve higher removal efficiencies with respect to organic matter and phosphorus. An existing aeration basin was converted to an aerated equalization tank and two existing trickling filters were replaced by two moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). In the MBBRs biomass is attached to small plastic elements that move freely along with the water in the reactors. A new final settling tank was added after an existing intermediate settling tank and existing flocculation chambers. At loads that were highly variable and often above the design values, the upgraded plant achieved average removal efficiencies of 98% with respect to both total COD and total P. An average effluent concentration of 0.36 mg total P/l was obtained with an average coagulant dose of 2.0 mol Al3+/mol P.
Palm oil mill effluent treatment by anaerobic baffled reactors: recycle effects and biokinetic parameters
Authors: Setiadi Tjandra , Husaini  , Djajadiningrat Asis
Published: May 2018

In this study, the effects of recycle on anaerobic baffled reactor performances in treating palm oil mill effluents were investigated and biokinetic parameters were also determined. Recycle-ratio effect studies were carried out at the average loading rate of 15.6 g COD/l/d with the recycle rate varied from 5 to 25 times of the fresh-feed rate. The study shows that in the current system, a recycle of more than 15 times is needed to maintain the system pH higher than 6.8 without alkalinity supplementation, and the imposition of recycle is an effective means to reduce alkalinity requirements. Moreover, the kinetic model for substrate utilization and methane production proposed by Bathakur et al. (1991) was able to show the domination of certain culture in anaerobic processes. The model was also found to predict the experimental data of the present study with good accuracy.
Characterization of hydraulic flow patterns in facultative aerated lagoons
Authors: Dorego N. C. , Leduc R.
Published: May 2018

A tracer study was conducted in the winter at the Sainte Julie (Quebec, Canada) lagoon facilities to ascertain the hydraulic flow characteristics. The lagoon system is a continuous discharge type consisting of three facultative aerated lagoons and a maturation pond operating in series. The first three are provided with bottom air diffusers, the number of which decreases from the first to the third lagoon. C-diagrams indicate significant short-circuiting for all lagoons. Long tails in the C-diagrams of lagoons 1, 2, and 3 suggest the presence of stagnant or dead regions within them reducing the effective volume of the lagoons and hence the treatment efficiency that could otherwise be achieved. Values of the dispersion number, d, were 0.392, 0.452, 0.283, and 0.487 for lagoons 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The jacknife statistical technique is used to assess the impact of influent flow variations on the dispersion number. Fluid flow pattern in the lagoons does not follow the simple “flow-through” behaviour. Rather, circulatory patterns are superposed on this as indicated by the multiple-peaked C-diagrams. Also, the Polprasert and Bhattarai model gives good prediction of the dispersion number for aerated lagoons.
Removal of faecal coliforms in a wastewater stabilisation pond system in Mindelo, Cape Verde
Authors: Rångeby M. , Johansson P. , Pernrup M.
Published: May 2018

In Mindelo, Cape Verde, domestic wastewater is treated in a waste water stabilisation pond system with the aim of reusing the water for agricultural purposes. The conductivity in influent wastewater is high and in order to minimise an increase in the conductivity the plant is operated with as low retention time as possible. An investigation was performed over two and a half months in 1995 with the aim of finding factors that affect the removal of faecal coliform bacteria. COD, conductivity, flow, pH and faecal coliforms were then followed through the system. The results show that the die-off rate, K, is high when the pH is high. The results also indicate that the retention time seems to be the most important factor, which means that the plant has to be operated with at least 3-4 maturation ponds in series and the inlets and outlets have to be constructed in a way that avoids short-circuiting. It was also found that not only the evapuation but also chemical and/or biological reactions affect the conductivity. This phenomenon will be investigated further.
Utilization of ashes from oil-palm wastes as a cement replacement material
Authors: Tay Joo-Hwa , Show Kuan-Yeow
Published: May 2018

This study examines the engineering feasibility of utilizing the ashes derived from oil-palm fruit bunches, shell and fiber wastes as a cement replacement material. The experimental results indicate that blended cement containing ash derived from oil-palm wastes shows satisfactory setting times and soundness. Workability of concrete incorporating the ash is categorized as good, and no segregation was observed. The effects of ash addition on concrete density and water absorption are insignificant. Compressive strength of the concrete decreases with the ash content in the cement. At up to 10% by weight of shell-fiber ash addition, no adverse effect on strength was observed for the concrete cubes. The results suggest that the ash could possibly be blended in small amounts with ordinary Portland cement for concrete making.
Amount and nature of soluble refractory organics produced by activated sludge micro-organisms in sequencing batch and continuous flow reactors
Authors: Pribyl M. , Tucek F. , Wilderer P. A. , Wanner J.
Published: May 2018

Comparative experiments with a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and a continuous flow activated sludge system have been conducted in bench-scale to study factors affecting molecular composition and concentration of residual Soluble Microbial Products (SMP). It was experimentally confirmed that the amount of SMP in secondary effluents depends on applied process conditions, in particular on sludge age, hydraulic detention time distribution and concentration gradients within the bioreactor. The residual SMP consist of both low and high molecular organic compounds. The former prevail. The continuous flow system with a completely mixed aeration tank produced consistently higher concentrations of SMP than the SBR. The lowest SMP concentration was found at sludge ages between 5 and 15 days.
Importance of bacterial storage polymers in bioprocesses
Authors: van Loosdrecht M. C. M. , Pot M. A. , Heijnen J. J.
Published: May 2018

In waste water treatment processes microorganisms are subjected to a feast and famine regime. For sequencing batch processes this is often even more pronounced. Based on literature reports and own research it is hypothesized that in general microorganisms respond to these feast-famine regimes by accumulating storage polymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates) when substrate is present. The storage polymers are used for growth when the external substrate is depleted. In this manner the organisms are capable to balance their growth. A general hypothesis explaining polymer formation is developed. The advantages and disadvantages of this formation of storage polymers for the operation of SBR processes is discussed.
Protozoan and metazoan populations in sequencing batch reactors operated for nitrification and/or denitrification
Authors: De A. Cybis L. F. , Horan N. J.
Published: May 2018

In order to determine the potential indicator value of protozoa and metazoa for control of sequencing batch reactors, mixed liquor solids were examined microscopically for 200 complete cycles from start-up; a total of 100 days. Over the first 40 cycles a healthy, diverse, protozoal population was established which comprised free-swimming, crawling and attached ciliates. During this period the reactor demonstrated efficient removal of COD and suspended solids but did not nitrifiy. With the onset of complete nitrification there was a drastic change in microfauna which became dominated by flagellated protozoa. At around the 80th cycle rotifers appeared and at cycle 100 attached ciliates became the dominant group. The protozoal composition of the mixed liquor responded to reactor shocks such as pH variations and was shown to be a good indicator of the nitrification efficiency of the reactor.
Future water policy for the European Union
Authors: Annerberg Rolf
Published: May 2018

Europe's citizens are increasingly demanding cleaner water: cleaner water for drinking, cleaner water for bathing, cleaner water as part of their environment,their local and regional heritage.
Water pollution problems posed by small industries: a case study of India and China
Authors: Agarwal Anil
Published: May 2018

Small-scale industrial enterprises play a highly important role in the development of countries such as India and China since they tend to be labour-intensive, contribute to decentralised industrial development, and are flexible and responsive to emerging demands. However they also often use outdated and highly polluting technologies and, operating in very competitive environments, have very limited financial reserves to invest in “non-productive” pollution control technologies. There has been very little research anywhere into low-cost pollution-control technologies or more applicable pollution control strategies for this sector.
Lack of awareness – not only the failure of media
Authors: Bjerström Erika
Published: May 2018

Water issues are some of the most fundamental and important facing the world yet the world's growing water crises rarely make headline news. To give water its proper prominence at the top of the news agenda, the scientific community needs to work to communicate more directly with the media and not wait for academic publications to be discovered, to provide the media with better background understanding of the issues, and to highlight the link from global stresses to specific local impacts.
Summary and conclusions from the SIWI Young Professionals Workshop: The possibilities and threats of globalisation!
Authors: Kuylenstierna Johan
Published: May 2018

The Young Water Professionals Symposium discussed the nature of globalisation as it affects water and water professionals. Globalisation processes can either encourage or cure the problems of scarcity and marginalisation. Different levels of development and rates of progress reinforce the need for diverse thinking to tackle these local variations within the global context. A significant aspect is a change in roles and responsibilities for the water professional – to be less confined to the purely technical and more cooperative across traditional boundaries. To enable water professionals to fulfil these new roles education must be transformed and intellectual barriers overcome. In this way globalisation processes can be made to work for water security for the new century.
Fitting the pieces together from the United Nations perspective
Authors: Young G.
Published: May 2018

Water is now high on the political agenda; it is increasingly acknowledged as being the basis for sustainable development. The leaders of the world recognize the role of water in basic survival, for the sustainability of supporting ecosystems and for socioeconomic development. They have all shown their concern over dwindling supplies and the deterioration of water quality. One of the key issues identified is the increasing competition between uses and users of water, which has made it more urgent than ever before to act in unison so that water resources can be managed as wisely as possible. The importance of water has been recognized at many world fora including the recent World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg and the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto. In UNESCO, as in many other agencies within the UN system freshwater issues are clearly being given priority status.
Workshop 1 (synthesis): multipurpose stream management strategies
Authors: Jønch-Clausen T. , Cederwall K.
Published: May 2018

For a meaningful dialogue on balancing water uses between stakeholders in a river basin, adequate information and proper understanding, knowledge and access to reliable data are essential for all parties. Technological and economic components in water resources management have limited significance without the social context, and the legal framework plays a key role in the dialogue between stakeholders at all levels. Other aspects that fit into strategic planning and management of water resources projects are risk assessment, ecosystem requirements, credibility and trust building.
Workshop 2b (synthesis): linking drainage basin management to local action plans and national security - theory and practice in eastern European countries
Authors: Kindler J. , Söderbaum P. , Tropp H.
Published: May 2018

Efforts to link and balance national water policies, local water action and national security issues are discussed. There needs to be greater clarity of water roles, rights and responsibilities among national stakeholders as well as between states. In some cases, insufficient attention has been paid to local concerns and, in balancing national and local actions, it is necessary to address decentralization in the context of a transboundary state. There is a strong need for enhanced stakeholder participation in the formulation and implementation of national and local water management plans.
Water governance: learning by developing adaptive capacity to incorporate climate variability and change
Authors: Kashyap A.
Published: May 2018

There is increasing evidence that global climate variability and change is affecting the quality and availability of water supplies. Integrated water resources development, use, and management strategies, represent an effective approach to achieve sustainable development of water resources in a changing environment with competing demands. It is also a key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It is critical that integrated water management strategies must incorporate the impacts of climate variability and change to reduce vulnerability of the poor, strengthen sustainable livelihoods and support national sustainable development. UNDP's strategy focuses on developing adaptation in the water governance sector as an entry point within the framework of poverty reduction and national sustainable development. This strategy aims to strengthen the capacity of governments and civil society organizations to have access to early warning systems, ability to assess the impact of climate variability and change on integrated water resources management, and developing adaptation intervention through hands-on learning by undertaking pilot activities.
Virtual water trade and world water resources
Authors: Oki T. , Kanae S.
Published: May 2018

Global virtual water trade was quantitatively estimated and evaluated. The basic idea of how to estimate unit requirement of water resources to produce each commodity is introduced and values for major agricultural and stock products are presented. The concept of virtual water and the quantitative estimates can help in assessing a more realistic water scarcity index in each country, projecting future water demand for food supply, increasing public awareness on water, and identifying the processes wasting water in the production. Really required water in exporting countries is generally smaller than virtually required water in importing countries, reflecting the comparative advantage of water use efficiency, and it is estimated to be 680 km3/y for 2000. On the contrary the virtually required water for the same year is estimated to be 1,130 km3/y, and the difference of 450 km3/y is virtually saved by global trade. However, solely virtual water should not be used for any decision making since the idea of virtual water implies only the usage and influence of water and no concerns on social, cultural, and environmental implications. Virtual water trade also does not consider other limiting factors than water.
A Novel Approach to Evaluating Mobile Smartphone Screen Time for iPhones: Feasibility and Preliminary Findings (Preprint)
Authors: Gower Aubrey D , Moreno Megan A
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Increasingly high levels of smartphone ownership and use pose the potential risk for addictive behaviors and negative health outcomes, particularly among younger populations. Previous methodologies to understand mobile screen time have relied on self-report surveys or ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). Self-report is subject to bias and unreliability, while EMA can be burdensome to participants. Thus, a new methodology is needed to advance the understanding of mobile screen time.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a novel methodology to record and evaluate mobile smartphone screen time and use: battery use screenshot (BUS).

METHODS

The BUS approach, defined for this study as uploading a mobile phone screenshot of a specific page within a smartphone, was utilized within a Web-based cross-sectional survey of adolescents aged 12-15 years through the survey platform Qualtrics. Participants were asked to provide a screenshot of their battery use page, a feature within an iPhone, to upload within the Web-based survey. Feasibility was assessed by smartphone ownership and response rate to the BUS upload request. Data availability was evaluated as apps per BUS, completeness of data within the screenshot, and five most used apps based on battery use percentage.

RESULTS

Among those surveyed, 26.73% (309/1156) indicated ownership of a smartphone. A total of 105 screenshots were evaluated. For data availability, screenshots contained an average of 10.2 (SD 2.0) apps per screenshot and over half (58/105, 55.2%) had complete data available. The most common apps or functions included Safari and Home and Lock Screen.

CONCLUSIONS

Study findings describe the BUS as a novel approach for real-time data collection focused on iPhone screen time and use among young adolescents. Although feasibility showed some challenges in the upload capacity of young teens, data availability was generally strong across this large dataset. These data from screenshots have the potential to provide key insights into precise mobile smartphone screen use and time spent per mobile app. Future studies could explore the use of the BUS methodology on other mobile smartphones such as Android phones to correlate mobile smartphone screen time with health outcomes.
A Next Generation Assets-Based Public Health Intervention Development Model: The Public as Innovators (Preprint)
Authors: von Hippel Christiana
Published: May 2018

UNSTRUCTURED

In the public health field, the design of interventions has long been considered to be the province of public health experts. In this paper, I explore an important complement to the traditional model: the design, prototyping, and implementation of innovative public health interventions by the public (users) themselves. These user interventions can then be incorporated by public health experts, who in turn design, support, and implement improvements and diffusion strategies as appropriate for the broader community. The context and support for this proposed new public health intervention development model builds upon user innovation theory, which has only recently begun to be applied to research and practice in medicine and provides a completely novel approach in the field of public health. User innovation is an assets-based model in which end users of a product, process, or service are the locus of innovation and often more likely than producers to develop the first prototypes of new approaches to problems facing them. This occurs because users often possess essential context-specific information about their needs paired with the motivation that comes from directly benefiting from any solutions they create. Product producers in a wide range of fields have, in turn, learned to profit from the strengths of these user innovators by supporting their grass-roots, leading-edge designs and field experiments in various ways. I explore the promise of integrating user-designed and prototyped health interventions into a new assets-based public health intervention development model. In this exploration, a wide range of lead user methods and positive deviance studies provide examples for identification of user innovation in populations, community platforms, and healthcare programs. I also propose action-oriented and assets-based next steps for user-centered public health research and practice to implement this new model. This approach will enable us to call upon the strengths of the communities we serve as we develop new methods and approaches to more efficiently and effectively intervene on the varied complex health problems they face.
Endotracheal Intubation Among the Critically Ill: Protocol for a Multicenter, Observational, Prospective Study (Preprint)
Authors: Smischney Nathan , Kashyap Rahul , Seisa Mohamed , Schroeder Darrell , Diedrich Daniel
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Endotracheal intubation can occur in up to 60% of critically ill patients. Despite the frequency with which endotracheal intubation occurs, the current practice is largely unknown. This is relevant, as advances in airway equipment (ie, video laryngoscopes) have become more prevalent, leading to possible improvement of care delivered during this process. In addition to new devices, a greater emphasis on airway plans and choices in sedation have evolved, although the influence on patient morbidity and mortality is largely unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to derive and validate prediction models for immediate airway and hemodynamic complications of intensive care unit intubations.

METHODS

A multicenter, observational, prospective study of adult critically ill patients admitted to both medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) was conducted. Participating ICU sites were located throughout eight health and human services regions of the United States for which endotracheal intubation was needed. A steering committee composed of both anesthesia and pulmonary critical care physicians proposed a core set of data variables. These variables were incorporated into a data collection form to be used within the multiple, participating ICUs across the United States during the time of intubation. The data collection form consisted of two basic components, focusing on airway management and hemodynamic management. The form was generated using RedCap and distributed to the participating centers. Quality checks on the dataset were performed several times with each center, such that they arrived at less than 10% missing values for each data variable; the checks were subsequently entered into a database.

RESULTS

The study is currently undergoing data analysis. Results are expected in November 2018 with publication to follow thereafter. The study protocol has not yet undergone peer review by a funding body.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall goal of this multicenter prospective study is to develop a scoring system for peri-intubation, hemodynamic, and airway-related complications so we can stratify those patients at greatest risk for decompensation as a result of these complications. This will allow critical care physicians to be better prepared in addressing these occurrences and will allow them to improve the quality of care delivered to the critically ill.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02508948; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02508948 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73Oj6cTFu)

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

RR1-10.2196/11101