bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bundling the Bundles
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

The failed constitutional reform and the successful electoral reform occurring in Italy between 2003 and 2006 constitute archetypical examples of the dynamics behind divisive institutional reforms conducted through a majoritarian process. The main argument of this chapter is that the very presence of four coalition partners with different priorities has led to the formulation and negotiation of an ever wider bundle of institutional reforms. First, this large bundle has been built in order to accommodate the diverging priorities and preferences of the government coalition by giving something to each party. Second, the very dynamic of trade-offs and the anticipation of the effects of the reforms have led the reformers to include more and more provisions in the deal, eventually evidencing the crucial importance of time management in the final outcome of the two reforms.
The Anarchical Society and Human Rights
Authors: Reus-Smit Christian
Published: June 2017

Hedley Bull’s perspective on human rights was the product of his taxonomic mode of theorizing. After setting out a series of categorical distinctions—between international/world order, international/world society, international/human justice, and order/justice—he locates human rights in the ‘human justice’ side of the ‘international/human justice’ dichotomy and reasons that they are potentially subversive of international society. Yet human rights pose two challenges to this mode of theorizing: they expose the limits of Bull’s categories, and they reveal his lack of a theory of international social change. More than this, greater attention to the nature and politics of human rights can aid significantly in the development of such a theory.
The 1970s Fiscal Squeeze
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in an era of high political volatility and major economic challenges, including mass unemployment, a sharp increase in oil prices, double-digit inflation (i.e. a period of ‘stagflation’), and high levels of trade union militancy. The most dramatic period during the episode occurred in 1976, involving a split Labour Government under two different leaders, with a leadership election following a sudden prime ministerial resignation. That government pursued fiscal squeeze against the background of a deep currency crisis and bailout deals with outside lenders (the US Government and the IMF). The squeeze episode also led to some important institutional developments, producing the first major privatization since the 1950s and a new system of controlling public spending through ‘cash limits’.
(Mis)Managing Leadership Capital
Authors: Malloy Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This chapter applies the Leadership Capital Index (LCI) to Canada, focusing on the experience of two recent prime ministers, Paul Martin and Stephen Harper. While leadership capital may initially seem less important in the Canadian system, where leaders appear all-powerful with few party or parliamentary restraints, it remains important in explaining how leaders adapt, or fail to adapt, to their circumstances. The chapter contrasts two recent prime ministers, Stephen Harper and Paul Martin, and demonstrates their very different accumulation and spending of leadership capital. Martin came into office with overwhelming popularity, but failed to meet expectations and squandered his leadership capital and projection of authority. Harper began under more modest circumstances but carefully built and husbanded his leadership capital to achieve long-term success.
Institutions Encouraging Competition, Instrumentalism, and Meaningless Research
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

The rise of mass education has led to mass research—quantity dominates quality. A ruthless institutional competition for status, plus academics pushing to get published in the ‘right’, career-enhancing journals, has led to the fetishization of journal outputs even when they are of little meaning or value to society. This situation is now endemic within the system of academic research and publication, and is strongly driven and sustained by academics themselves, even when they are unwilling to admit it. Academics, both individually and collectively, exercise considerable control over the content and nature of social science research, its scrutiny, assessment, and dissemination. They also have considerable control over the practices of various scientific institutions, including universities and their departments, funding bodies, conferences, and publications. Social science researchers underestimate and diminish their own responsibility for this state of affairs and sometimes prematurely adopt a victim position, blaming an impersonal system.
Recovering Meaning by Reforming Organizations and Institutions
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

This chapter addresses what universities, university departments, and professional institutions can do to support the recovery of meaning in social science research. It examines how the practices of journals, publishers, conference organizers, workshops, and other research-related institutions can be reformed to this end. The chapter also looks at how departmental and school practices can be reformed. These include PhD training, other research-relevant educational matters, seminars, workshops, and promotion. The chapter argues that it is academics themselves, and in particular senior academics, who are generally in control as deans, departmental heads, editors, conference organizers, and as policy makers. It is they who have the major part of the responsibility to initiate and sustain a fundamental re-orientation of academic institutions and policies towards research that is meaningful and relevant.
Recovering Meaning Through Policy Changes
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines how wider social forces, including globalization, neo-liberal economics, and widening participation in higher education shape government policies, and how much space these allow for academics to pursue meaningful and socially useful research. It assesses how various research evaluation schemes can be made more effective and meaningful, and how they may encourage more relevant research in the social sciences. The chapter addresses the use of bibliometrics (citations indices) and measurements aimed at assessing the impact of academic research. It also examines how teaching may be restored as in its rightful place as a core meaningful activity for social science academics. Teaching must once again anchor the identities and practices of academics, whether they see themselves as research-active or inactive, as long as they seek to maintain active scholarly identities.
The International Context
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

When Norway discovered its petroleum resources, the world was a very different place, with greater opportunities for domestic management of the economy (including the rise of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and sundry nationalization efforts). International organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the European Union (then the EEC) had not yet begun their drive to liberalize the global economy, by discouraging nationalization, regulation, and local content provisions (for example). At the same time, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil crises meant that Norway became an extremely attractive investment site for international oil companies worried about political turmoil in the Middle East. As a result, the Norwegian authorities were able to build out their administrative apparatus at a time when there were few international constraints placed upon them. Developing countries today are working under a significantly different international context.
Commercial Frameworks
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

This chapter introduces some basic frameworks for securing the government take, that is, how to decide between different ownership, royalties, and tax systems. It begins with an overview of various contract types and fiscal regimes, before focusing on the particulars of the Norwegian framework. Subjects covered include the nature of different contracting arrangements (joint ventures, production sharing contracts (PSCs), service contracts, the principle of carrying, and so on), and the diverse fiscal instruments used to maximize the government’s share of the revenues (national oil company, taxes, royalties, fees, and so on). The latter part of the chapter describes how the Norwegian concessions framework has changed over time, from supporting nascent interests and attracting international oil companies to providing a more level and competitive playing field for all offshore actors.
A Russian Perspective on Global Governance
Authors: Belokurova Elena
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines how dominant political and academic discourses in Russia consider global governance, the respective roles played in this picture by policies of hard and soft power, and the role played by the values, culture, and internal policies of the current Russian regime. Special attention is paid to the transformation of Russia’s relations with the West, its own Eurasian regional integration project, and other attempts to build an alternative global governance vision. Given the particularly dynamic development of Russian foreign policies, recent history of the Russian foreign policy is examined, as well as the cultural and traditional justifications provided by Russian politicians for its foreign policy.
The European Union and Global Governance
Authors: Christiansen Thomas
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses whether the European Union has a distinctive take on, and may make a particular contribution to, global governance, as well as the reverse image of the impact that global governance has in the development of integration in Europe. This includes a focus on collective norms and interests as expressed through common institutions, policies, and activities. In doing so, the chapter compares and contrasts the evolution of a supranational order in Europe with the growth of global regimes and the emergence of a multipolar world, and explores the nature of the EU’s relationships with other global powers and regions. In a final section, the chapter asks whether the EU’s relationship with global developments is best seen as a test-bed for new ideas, procedures, and concepts; a construction for the defence of a privileged way of life; or an archaic remnant of a different era.
Implications for Managers
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins by drawing a distinction between managers and management. Following that, it explores what Alasdair MacIntyre himself has said about managers—which turns out to be quite a lot, almost all of it negative. It then looks at various critiques of his position, concluding that MacIntyre is both reasonably accurate and overly pessimistic in his assessment. Somewhat paradoxically, the chapter then uses the framework which MacIntyre provides to characterize managers and management within a virtue ethics approach. It argues that management can be considered to be a domain-relative practice which is engaged both in the core practice of the organization (which provides the relevant domain), and in the making and sustaining of the institution. It then characterizes virtuous managers and considers which virtues a virtuous manager would require.
Virtue Ethics in Non-Business Organizations
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

This chapter is the second of two which provide a summary of, and draw lessons from, the academic work which has been conducted using the framework which Alasdair MacIntyre’s work provides. The chapter focuses on non-business organizations. It considers examples from the performing arts: symphony orchestras, circuses, and jazz. It then considers other examples from the health sector: a case study from the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) which became known as the ‘Bristol Babies’ case, surgery, nursing, and a further study in the NHS of managers working in mental health. It concludes with two further examples: churches and journalism.
Pāli
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in Pali. The Pali Tipitaka is the Theravada Buddhist canon, written in an early form of Middle Indo-Aryan of roughly contemporary date with Epic Sanskrit. There are relatively few transitive noun and adjective categories in Pali, but those there are provide a wealth of evidence for the phenomenon. The patterns seen in previous chapters are also found here: most importantly, there is a clear correlation between transitivity and predication. However, new patterns are also found, in particular a correlation between transitivity and animacy. In addition, Pali provides a clear picture of the adoption of transitivity by an action noun category, owing to the integration of one of its members into the verbal system as an infinitive.
Religion, Reason, and Toleration
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: June 2017

This chapter compares two Enlightenment theories of religious toleration: the theories of Pierre Bayle and Immanuel Kant. Both Bayle and Kant argued for an autonomous conception of morality as the ground of reciprocal and universal toleration, but they differed in the ways in which they thought of the relation between faith and reason. The chapter discusses how in that latter regard, a Baylean perspective is superior to a Kantian one, whereas it concludes that the Kantian approach has a better way to connect morality and a politics of public justification when it comes to think about a political regime of toleration.
Introduction
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

Symplectic topology has a long history. It has its roots in classical mechanics and geometric optics and in its modern guise has many connections to other fields of mathematics and theoretical physics ranging from dynamical systems, low-dimensional topology, algebraic and complex geometry, representation theory, and homological algebra, to classical and quantum mechanics, string theory, and mirror symmetry. One of the origins of the subject is the study of the equations of motion arising from the Euler–Lagrange equations of a one-dimensional variational problem. The Hamiltonian formalism arising from a Legendre transformation leads to the notion of a ...
From classical to modern
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The first chapter develops the basic concepts of symplectic topology from the vantage point of classical mechanics. It starts with an introduction to the Euler–Lagrange equation and shows how the Legendre transformation leads to Hamilton’s equations, symplectic forms, symplectomorphisms, and the symplectic action. It ends with a brief overview of some modern results in the subject on the symplectic topology of Euclidean space, such as the Weinstein conjecture and the Gromov nonsqueezing theorem.
Symplectic group actions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The chapter begins with a discussion of circle actions and their relation to 2-sphere bundles. It continues with a section on general Hamiltonian group actions and moment maps, then proceeds to discuss various explicit examples in both finite and infinite dimensions, and introduces the Marsden–Weinstein quotient, together with new examples that explain its relation to the construction of generating functions for Lagrangians. Further sections give a proof of the Atiyah–Guillemin–Sternberg convexity theorem about the image of the moment map in the case of torus actions, and use equivariant cohomology to prove the Duistermaat–Heckman localization formula for circle actions. It closes with an overview of geometric invariant theory which grows out of the interplay between the actions of a real Lie group and its complexification.
Constructing symplectic manifolds
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines various ways to construct symplectic manifolds and submanifolds. It begins by studying blowing up and down in both the complex and the symplectic contexts. The next section is devoted to a discussion of fibre connected sums and describes Gompf’s construction of symplectic four-manifolds with arbitrary fundamental group. The chapter also contains an exposition of Gromov’s telescope construction, which shows that for open manifolds the h-principle rules and the inclusion of the space of symplectic forms into the space of nondegenerate 2-forms is a homotopy equivalence. The final section outlines Donaldson’s construction of codimension two symplectic submanifolds and explains the associated decompositions of the ambient manifold.
Generating functions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses generating functions in more detail. It shows how generating functions give rise to discrete-time analogues of the symplectic action functional and hence lead to discrete variational problems. The results of this chapter form the basis for the proofs in Chapter 11 of the Arnold conjecture for the torus and in Chapter 12 of the existence of the Hofer–Zehnder capacity. The final section examines generating functions for exact Lagrangian submanifolds of cotangent bundles.
Symplectic capacities
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter returns to the problems which were formulated in Chapter 1, namely the Weinstein conjecture, the nonsqueezing theorem, and symplectic rigidity. These questions are all related to the existence and properties of symplectic capacities. The chapter begins by discussing some of the consequences which follow from the existence of capacities. In particular, it establishes symplectic rigidity and discusses the relation between capacities and the Hofer metric on the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. The chapter then introduces the Hofer–Zehnder capacity, and shows that its existence gives rise to a proof of the Weinstein conjecture for hypersurfaces of Euclidean space. The last section contains a proof that the Hofer–Zehnder capacity satisfies the required axioms. This proof translates the Hofer–Zehnder variational argument into the setting of (finite-dimensional) generating functions.
Open problems
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The final chapter of this book discusses some open questions and conjectures that either have served as guiding lights or have emerged in the study of symplectic topology over the last quarter of a century. The wide variety of problems, though inevitably incomplete, provides a snapshot of where the field is at the time of writing.
The Exile Writes Back
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the historiographical difficulties entailed in telling Ovid’s story. It analyses the entry on Ovid in Pierre Bayle’s biographical encyclopaedia, Dictionnaire historique et critique. Bayle surveys the historiographical tradition of the Lives of Ovid and, in line with the intentions of the Dictionnaire, which was initially conceived to reveal errors in scholarship, identifies the limitations of many of the sources. Through close reading, this chapter examines how Bayle reads Ovid, situating this within the hermeneutical debates about reading Bayle. Bayle’s analysis of Ovid’s elusive explanations for why he was exiled allows for a paradoxical demonstration of both the need for, and the limitations of, historical enquiry, illustrating the scepticism towards knowledge and authority implicit in the Dictionnaire as a whole.
Rizpah
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the account of Rizpah, a sorrowful mother, whose mournful vigil is featured at the moment of a royal dynasty’s demise and thus during a transitional phase in Israel’s history (2 Sam. 21). It focuses on the semantics of Rizpah’s name (glowing coal) and shows that it overlaps with conventions in the international nomenclature for punitive treatment of heirs/remnants in response to breached covenant obligations. The chapter argues that by placing the woman named Rizpah into the story about remnants, the narrator extracts and exploits the maximum of its underlying ideology, turning her vigil into a social commentary on David’s actions. Questioning the exigency of young Saulides’ immolation and bringing the king’s flawed remnant theology and dubious ethic in relation to oaths to the public focus, Rizpah’s watch calls for measures to mitigate her sons’ shameful fate and alleviate penal plagues ravaging the nation.
Rachel
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on Jeremiah’s Book of Consolation as it recapitulates the history of the Babylonian crisis in six poignant poems—from invasion to exile to manumission—and ritually marks each phase of the national crisis. The final composition in this series, Jer. 31:15–22, is of particular significance as it ‘resuscitates’ an ancestral mother, Rachel, and engages her in mourning rituals over Judah, cast as her dead child. This chapter argues that in light of the calibre of the task at hand—to bury a nation envisaged effectively as dead and to ‘inhume’ an entire age, i.e. Israel’s monarchy—Jeremiah engages Rachel in vigorous funerary rites: (1) inconsolable wails (v. 15); and (2) circumambulating choreography (v. 22). This chapter argues that Rachel’s actions should be viewed as part of God’s benevolent scheme of Judah’s restoration and thus as the culmination of Judah’s ritual responses to the Babylonian crisis.
Women’s History and Religious Innovation
Authors: Braude Ann
Published: June 2017

Scholars agree in discerning discrepancies between men and women in discussions of secularization, yet often base such discussions on relatively shallow social survey data about individual piety. This chapter points away from views of women’s religiosity as a private matter towards the role of women’s organizations in public life. Such groups epitomize the voluntarism that is often suggested as an explanation of the vibrancy of nineteenth- and twentieth-century religious movements in the United States, in contrast to secularization in Europe. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union in particular offers opportunities for comparison. When its leader, Frances Willard, relocated to England, she expected to generate the same enthusiasm that had made her one of the most influential women leaders in America. The attempt foundered on the lack of receptivity among British women for Willard’s famous ‘Do Everything’ policy, an attempt they viewed as distinctively American.
GI Religion and Post-War Revival in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: Snape Michael
Published: June 2017

This chapter identifies the wartime roots of the post-Second World War religious revival in the United States, stressing the importance of military service as a galvanizing force in religious terms. Far from being a product of the Cold War, or a simple echo of ‘foxhole religion’, the revival owed much to the privileged position of religion in America’s armed forces during the war years and to the resources devoted to their religious and moral well-being. Fortified by post-war prosperity and by the benefits of the GI Bill, US veterans were well placed to further the religious revival stirred by the war itself. The situation in Britain was very different. Although the war also had an invigorating effect on British religion, the economic situation of post-war Britain and the lot of veterans helped to ensure that a religious revival comparable to that in the USA failed to materialize.
Religion, Territory, and Choice
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: June 2017

This core of this chapter describes and explains a paradox in the religious life of modern Europe: without doubt, Europe is more secular than it used to be, but in terms of public debate, religion is rising rather than falling in significance. The factors that lie behind this seeming contradiction are explored both singly and together. They include deeply embedded cultural factors, the shifts in the historic churches, new forms of religious life, new arrivals, and secular reactions. In each case, the comparison with the American case is carefully considered. The initial sections of the chapter set this comparison in a global context, noting key dates in the reconfiguration of the modern world order and the place of religion in these. The chapter concludes with a brief consideration of the British case—pulled structurally towards Europe and culturally towards the United States.
Beach Town
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The chapter surveys post-First World War Littlehampton, a coastal town where tourism and hospitality had overtaken maritime trade, but where coastal shipping and ship-building remained important industries. The libel case unfolded in the Beach Town district, where Littlehampton’s hotels and apartment houses were concentrated. Many of the tradesmen, small businesswomen, labourers, and domestics who serviced the tourism and hospitality industry lived in the neighbourhood. Working from the evidence George Nicholls gathered, census records, and documents in the Littlehampton Museum, the chapter provides an anatomy of the neighbourhood and then examines the families at the centre of the dispute, their economic and social position, and relationships within the household, which were often marked by violence.
A Craze for This Sort of Thing
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The campaign of abusive letters led to a successful private prosecution of Rose Gooding by Edith Swan. This chapter explains the legal context of the Littlehampton case, discussing access to justice and the nature of criminal libel. Libel could graduate from a civil matter to a criminal one if public order was involved in some way, even figurative: if the libel touched on ‘infamous’ matters (such as homosexuality); if the libel undermined confidence in public institutions such as the police or the judiciary; or if it was repetitive, part of a harassment campaign that disturbed ‘the peace and harmony of the community’. The practice, and even much of the theory, of this now defunct offence must be pieced together from unreported cases, and the account in this chapter is based on an extensive sample of unpublished case files.
A Case of Handwriting
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

At this point the chapters catch up in time with the events narrated in the prologue. Chapter 5 begins by recounting George Nicholls’ discoveries in June 1921. The detective searched the Goodings’ and Swans’ houses and took from the Swans’ a quantity of blotting paper that bore the imprint of some of the libels. Rose Gooding’s handwriting was very different. When Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, read Nicholls’ report, he declared that this was fundamentally ‘a case of handwriting’. How, Bodkin mused, could an ‘uneducated’ woman develop such a distinctive style? The chapter uses Bodkin’s reaction to Rose Gooding’s letters, the evidence provided by spelling and misspelling, and the inventory of writing paraphernalia in the Gooding and Swan households, to explore the relationship between popular literacy and agency, engaging with the recent work of Jane Caplan and Patrick Joyce.
Circumstances Grave and Unusual
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

Nicholls’s findings led to the exoneration of Rose Gooding at a special hearing of the Court of Criminal Appeal. Sir Archibald Bodkin, the DPP, briefed the barrister Travers Humphreys to disown the prosecutions. Humphreys took on the odd role of the prosecutor proclaiming the prisoner’s innocence while the defence counsel stood and nodded. The Court of Criminal Appeal quashed Rose Gooding’s convictions and made the unusual decision not to hear any evidence in open court, so as to allow the prosecutors to build up a case against a new defendant, Edith Swan. Gooding returned home and the Home Office began arranging compensation, comparing her ordeal with those of other victims of miscarriages of justice, from Adolf Beck onwards, and settling on an award of £250.
Educational Pursuits
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

The chapter opens with a brief description of Paris at around the time of Bodin’s arrival. It notes the location of the Carmelite house, near the colleges of the University of Paris, and specifies intellectual influences at work there, both humanist and scholastic. They included ongoing debate over key philosophical, theological, and jurisprudential issues to consideration of which Bodin would have been exposed. They also included debates over the proper use of language, over modes of literary presentation, and over analytical methodology. The contribution of Pierre de La Ramée (Ramus) to these debates is examined, and the principal components of his celebrated ‘method’ are identified. Attention is drawn to the continued importance of Aristotle in these areas of thought and instruction. Finally, the question is examined whether the ‘Jehan Baudin’ arrested and imprisoned in 1548 as a suspect heretic was in fact the Carmelite novice, Jean Bodin of Angers.
Getting and Spending
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

An assessment of Bodin’s financial prospects as a writer and career prospects as an avocat and administrator leads to an account of practical and ethical considerations informing contemporary understanding of the nature and functions of money. This introduces a critical examination of the basis and validity of Bodin’s contribution in his debate with the Seigneur de Malestroit over the question of the reality or otherwise of price inflation in France An assessment of his work as a translator in the course of diplomatic exchanges concerning Henry III’s candidature for the Polish crown leads to comment on the ideas of the so-called monarchomachs, expounded amid the political and constitutional controversies that followed the 1572 Massacre of St Bartholomew.
Estates and Demons
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

A brief account of Bodin’s presence at Henri III’s discussion group, the ‘Académie du Palais’, prefaces a review of the Angevin’s activities as a deputy at the Blois Estates-general (1576), an assembly convened amid confrontation, in France between the newly formed Catholic League and the Huguenot confederacy, and in Europe at large between Spain’s regime in the Netherlands and rebels against that regime. Based primarily on Bodin’s own journal of the Estates, the review highlights the debates at the assembly over religious and fiscal policy, in both of which the Angevin made significant interventions. The chapter then notes his association with the Duke of Anjou and the so-called politiques, before embarking on a substantial account followed by a critical evaluation of his notorious work on witchcraft, the Démonomanie.
Prologue
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

When the three of them talked of retiring together after the peace, Marlborough’s mind was on his unfinished palace at Woodstock, gift from a grateful queen and nation and memorial to his greatest victory, but Godolphin always seemed fonder of this modest, awkwardly sited place on the outskirts of St Albans, twenty miles north of London....
1660–1688
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The first chapter traces the friendship of Godolphin and Marlborough from their early years at the Restoration court, through the Exclusion crisis until the Revolution of 1688. Both marry for love at a time when many men with no inherited fortune regard wives and families as encumbrances they cannot afford, but Margaret Godolphin dies early in childbirth. They share a diplomatic mission to William of Orange in 1678, and afterwards their friendship enables them to work in different ways towards his intervention to defeat the Catholicizing policies of James II, so that England can participate in a European alliance against the expansionism of Louis XIV. When James flees to France in 1688 both Churchill and Godolphin accept William and Mary as de facto monarchs, though their strongest loyalties are to Mary’s sister Anne, with whom Sarah Churchill has become a favourite.
1689–1701
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The second chapter traces the friendship of Godolphin and Marlborough through the reign of William and Mary. Godolphin gains experience in working with Parliament to finance a major European war, but Marlborough and William are soon at loggerheads. Mary’s premature death in 1694, leaving Anne heir to the throne, and the marriage of Godolphin’s only son to Marlborough’s eldest daughter under Anne’s auspices in 1698 cements their friendship and commitment to Anne. But the deaths at the end of the century of Anne’s only son, Carlos II of Spain, King James, and finally William, make another European war inevitable over the rival claims of the Bourbons and the Habsburgs to the Spanish empire, with the British succession dependent on the outcome. Marlborough succeeds to William’s leadership of the Grand Alliance, but Godolphin resigns over William’s dying conviction that only the Whigs, not the Tories will support the war.
1704–1705
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The fifth chapter shows the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership in full operation, as Godolphin aims to defeat the economy of France while Marlborough conquers the French army in the field. Nottingham resigns and is replaced as Secretary of State by Harley. Financed by Godolphin’s remittances, Marlborough marches his army into Germany and wins a decisive victory against the French at Blenheim. But he then makes a tour of German courts, leaving Godolphin to face Parliament alone in England. Godolphin sets a standard of ministerial responsibility by defending his advice to the queen to pass the Scots Act of Security. As the High Tories threaten to bring him down by tacking the Occasional Conformity bill to the Land Tax, the Whigs offer to support the war and Union. Godolphin’s association with one of the Whig leaders, Charles Montagu, Lord Halifax, and the marriage of Marlborough’s daughter into the Montagu family furthers the alliance.
The Difference ‘Difference’ Makes
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that the idea of difference and diversity rely to some extent on fixed identity categories, and that they in fact often reify those categories in socially harmful ways. It delves into the possibility of a more subtle approach, first by examining the idea of identity rigidity from a number of angles, and second by reflecting on the ways in which religion can be recognized as a lived phenomenon within which individuals are flexible, sometimes acting in contradictory ways that defy an easy categorization of their religious identities. The chapter posits that focusing on the social construction of diversity and the conditions under which the language of diversity emerges (particularly its demarcation as a problem to be solved) is a useful enterprise. By recovering the non-events of the everyday wherein so-called ordinary people employ strategies to successfully navigate difference, an alternative narrative of religious diversity can be constructed.
Dancing to the State
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Can small indigenous communities survive, as distinct cultural entities, in northeast India, an area of mind-boggling ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity? What are the choices such communities have, and what are some of the strategies such communities use to resist marginalization? In recent years, many such small groups are participating in large state-sponsored ethnic festivals, and organizing their own community festivals. But are these signs of their increasing agency or simply proof of their continued marginalization? How do state policies and political borders— inter-state as well as international—impact on a community’s need to perform their ethnicity? These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this work, on the basis of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among the small Tangsa community living in Assam in northeast India. The study also reveals the asymmetry in the relations between the dominant power-wielding Assamese and the Tangsa. In summary, this is a study about marginality and its consequences, about performance of ethnicity at festivals as sites for both resistance and capitulation, and about the compulsions, imposed by the state and dominant neighbours, that can force small ethnic groups to contribute to their own marginalization.
Introduction to the Tirap Area
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

The second chapter is a general introduction, both geographical as well as historical, to the ‘Tirap’ area where the Tangsa live in Assam. It also contains a description of the ethnic diversity of the area, where tribal groups such as the Tangsa, the Singpho, the Sema Naga and the Tai Phake live together with other communities such as the Nepali, the Ahoms and the Tea-tribes; Also discussed are the problems that the older tribal groups face as a result of the large number of new settlers coming to the area, the consequent gradual polarisation that is taking place there, and the state’s reaction to the prevailing situation, which finds expression in two events—first in the organization of the annual state-sponsored multi-ethnic Dihing-Patkai Festival in that area and secondly in the recent formation of a Development Council for eight ethnic groups (including the Tangsa). The coming of Baptist Christianity amongst the Tangsa and a brief summary of militant activities of the two insurgent organizations, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), active in the region, are also discussed. The final section introduces the problems that arise due to the Assamese hegemonic attitudes towards the smaller ethnic groups living in Assam.
Getting Acquainted with the Tangsa
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 focuses on the Tangsa, and discusses their linguistic and ethnic classification into sub-groups such as the Pangwa, their relation to the Naga and the Singpho, as well as some of their ‘traditional’ practices, their festivals, their lifestyles and their social and cultural traditions. Starting with the past, I end in the present by describing the changes that have come to their lives with their move down the hills, their conversion to Christianity and their gradual move to a ‘modern’ style of living. The last section of the chapter describes my own introduction to the Tangsa and my first reactions to the differences I noted in their lifestyles with mine.
The Tangsa in Arunachal
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 takes us to the tribal majority state of Arunachal Pradesh, where I focus only on aspects of Tangsa life there which bring out the difference between the situation there and in Assam, both in terms of the greater diversity of religion and ethnic grouping as well as the differences in the political and administrative set-up. Besides describing a few Tangsa festivals that I attended there and the genesis of these festivals I also discuss the problems related to pan-Tangsa consolidation. The final section deals with some critical stages of my stay in the field and the culmination of my fieldwork.
A Culture in Crisis
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 investigates the role of the new image of Greece in the first decades of the twentieth century. ‘A Culture in Crisis: Max Reinhardt’s Productions of Greek Tragedies (1903–1919)’ addresses two problems: first, the new body ideal and its liberation from the restraints imposed on it until then, and, second, the division within society of those who made a cult of their individuality and the rapidly growing masses of the proletariat. While in Reinhardt’s Electra (1903) Gertrud Eysoldt displayed her body as that of a maenad or a hysteric, a number of new devices were developed in Oedipus the King (1910) and the Oresteia (1911), both performed in a circus, which temporarily transformed the masses of actors and spectators into a—theatrical—community. The chapter also discusses Leopold Jessner’s production of Oedipus (1929) as a quest for a ‘philosophical theatre’ (Brecht).
The Possibilities of Liberal Reform
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the years 1866–76 as a period of far-reaching liberal achievements in Germany’s Second Reich, and more modest, temporary liberal successes in Saxony. The first section provides a close examination of the Reichstag elections of February 1867, when Germans confronted the novelty of mass politics. It considers principal campaign themes and key races in order to convey the look and feel of this election contest, and discusses reactions to the election outcome in light of the political parties’ future prospects. A second section examines Saxony’s important but uncertain role in the North German Confederation, and the Reichstag election of August 1867. A third section is devoted to Saxony’s Landtag suffrage reform of 1868. Liberals, Conservatives, and the Saxon government put forward competing agendas for reform. The final reform reflected a mix of liberal and conservative ideals, and the general election of 1869 inaugurated a fragile liberal era.
“Red Saxony!”
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

The long build-up to the Reichstag elections of 1903 produced a dramatic outcome when Social Democrats scored an overwhelming victory. The epithet “Red Saxony” was born overnight, and thereafter it remained a triumphal shout for Social Democrats and a nightmare for their enemies. This chapter begins by examining the 1903 election in its local, regional, and national contexts. The SPD’s organizational strength and élan are considered in light of the shock this election produced. The election also restarted a suffrage reform debate that convulsed Saxon political society until 1909. The Saxon government presented a complicated, hybrid suffrage proposal at the end of 1903. It was torpedoed by the anti-socialist parties in the Landtag. But by 1905 this defense of Saxony’s three-class suffrage had confounded National Liberal attempts to challenge Conservative hegemony, and it fueled further working-class protests.
FOREST unbiased Galactic plane imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). I. Project overview and initial results
Authors: Umemoto Tomofumi , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Kuno Nario , Fujita Shinji , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Nishimura Atsushi , Torii Kazufumi , Tosaki Tomoka , Kohno Mikito , Kuriki Mika , Tsuda Yuya , Hirota Akihiko , Ohashi Satoshi , Yamagishi Mitsuyoshi , Handa Toshihiro , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Omodaka Toshihiro , Koide Nagito , Matsumoto Naoko , Onishi Toshikazu , Tokuda Kazuki , Seta Masumichi , Kobayashi Yukinori , Tachihara Kengo , Sano Hidetoshi , Hattori Yusuke , Onodera Sachiko , Oasa Yumiko , Kamegai Kazuhisa , Tsuboi Masato , Sofue Yoshiaki , Higuchi Aya E. , Chibueze James O. , Mizuno Norikazu , Honma Mareki , Muller Erik , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Morokuma-Matsui Kana , Shinnaga Hiroko , Ozawa Takeaki , Takahashi Ryo , Yoshiike Satoshi , Costes Jean , Kuwahara Sho
Published: June 2017

The FUGIN project is one of legacy projects using a new multi-beam FOREST (four-beam receiver system on the 45 m telescope). This project aims to simultaneously investigate the distribution, kinematics, and physical properties of both diffuse and dense molecular gases in the Galaxy by observing 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 1–0 lines simultaneously. Mapping regions are parts of the first quadrant (10° ≤ l ≤ 50°, |b| ≤ 1°) and the third quadrant (198° ≤ l ≤ 236°, |b| ≤ 1°) of the Galaxy, where spiral arms, bar structure, and the molecular gas ring are included. This survey achieves the highest angular resolution to date (∼20″) for the Galactic plane survey in the CO J = 1–0 lines, which makes it possible to find dense clumps located farther away than the previous surveys. FUGIN will provide us an invaluable dataset for investigating the physics of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM), particularly the evolution of interstellar gas covering galactic-scale structures to the internal structures of giant molecular clouds, such as small filaments/clumps/cores. We present an overview of the FUGIN project, the observation plan and initial results. These results reveal wide-field and detailed structures of molecular clouds, such as entangled filaments that have not been obvious in previous surveys, and large-scale kinematics of molecular gas, such as spiral arms.
A White Paper on Global Wheat Health Based on Scenario Development and Analysis
Authors: Savary S. , Djurle A. , Yuen J. , Ficke A. , Rossi V. , Esker P. D. , Fernandes J. M. C. , Del Ponte E. M. , Kumar J. , Madden L. V. , Paul P. , McRoberts N. , Singh P. K. , Huber L. , Pope de Vallavielle C. , Saint-Jean S. , Willocquet L.
Published: June 2017

Scenario analysis constitutes a useful approach to synthesize knowledge and derive hypotheses in the case of complex systems that are documented with mainly qualitative or very diverse information. In this article, a framework for scenario analysis is designed and then, applied to global wheat health within a timeframe from today to 2050. Scenario analysis entails the choice of settings, the definition of scenarios of change, and the analysis of outcomes of these scenarios in the chosen settings. Three idealized agrosystems, representing a large fraction of the global diversity of wheat-based agrosystems, are considered, which represent the settings of the analysis. Several components of global changes are considered in their consequences on global wheat health: climate change and climate variability, nitrogen fertilizer use, tillage, crop rotation, pesticide use, and the deployment of host plant resistances. Each idealized agrosystem is associated with a scenario of change that considers first, a production situation and its dynamics, and second, the impacts of the evolving production situation on the evolution of crop health. Crop health is represented by six functional groups of wheat pathogens: the pathogens associated with Fusarium head blight; biotrophic fungi, Septoria-like fungi, necrotrophic fungi, soilborne pathogens, and insect-transmitted viruses. The analysis of scenario outcomes is conducted along a risk-analytical pattern, which involves risk probabilities represented by categorized probability levels of disease epidemics, and risk magnitudes represented by categorized levels of crop losses resulting from these levels of epidemics within each production situation. The results from this scenario analysis suggest an overall increase of risk probabilities and magnitudes in the three idealized agrosystems. Changes in risk probability or magnitude however vary with the agrosystem and the functional groups of pathogens. We discuss the effects of global changes on the six functional groups, in terms of their epidemiology and of the crop losses they cause. Scenario analysis enables qualitative analysis of complex systems, such as plant pathosystems that are evolving in response to global changes, including climate change and technology shifts. It also provides a useful framework for quantitative simulation modeling analysis for plant disease epidemiology.