bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Components of Self-Rated Health among Adults: Analysis of Multiple Data Sources
Authors: Johnson Timothy P. , Stallones Lorann , Garrity Thomas F. , Marx Martin B.
Published: May 2005

Four data sources were used to examine competing interpretations of self-rated health measures: whether they are best classified as summary indicators of both physical and psychological health status, or merely as surrogate measures of physical health. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, within each data source, measures of physical health and depression were each independently associated with general health status ratings after six socio-demographic indicators (sex, race, age, education, income, and residence) were held constant. These results were confirmed using both cross-sectional and longitudinal models, and using several different indicators of physical health. They suggest that researchers should be cautious in interpreting global health ratings, as they contain significant information regarding the psychological, as well as physical, health status of respondents.
A Microcomputer-Based Simulation of Classroom Interaction
Authors: Strang Harold R. , Loper Ann Booker
Published: May 2005

This article describes a microcomputer-based simulation which was developed to provide elementary teachers-in-training with experiences in realistic instructional interactions (with computer-defined students) before they proceed to classroom encounters with real children. Both the system's hardware base and its functional operations are discussed. Particular attention is directed toward enumerating the types of teacher origin, student participation and teacher consequation that comprise the simulation's interactional cycles. Finally, evidence verifying the utility of the simulation and its projected future applications are presented.
Corporate Interests, Philanthropies, and the Peace Movement
Authors: Wright Talmadge , Rodriguez Felix , Waitzkin Howard
Published: May 2005

Corporate and philanthropic involvement in the peace movement is growing. In considering medical peace groups as examples, we have studied the ways that corporate and philanthropic funding have shaped the course of activism. Our methods have included: review of the Foundations Grant Index from 1974–1983; analysis of corporations' and foundations' criteria for grants in the categories of peace, arms control, and disarmament; interviews with leaders of activist organizations and with foundation officials; and our own experiences in the peace movement. Corporate interests in preventing nuclear war stem from a concern for global stability in which world markets may expand, and from a hope to frame issues posed by the peace movement in a way that will not challenge basic structures of power and finance. Several general features make peace groups respectable and attractive to philanthropies: an uncritical stance toward corporate participation in the arms race; a viewpoint that the main danger of nuclear war stems from a profound, bilateral conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; and a single-issue focus that does not deal with the many related problems reflecting the injustices of capitalism. The two major medical groups working for peace, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), have accomplished many goals; however, their adherence to subtle criteria of respectability and their dependence on philanthropic funding have limited the scope of their activism. The struggle for peace can not succeed without fundamental changes in the corporate system that initiates, maintains, and promotes the arms race.
The Fifty Best Words
Authors: McDonald Daniel
Published: May 2005

The editorial staff sincerely and clearly believes this article indicates about fifty of the most effective and notable words which should be included in any clear-headed persuasive writer's vocabulary. Free-spirited and witty, Professor McDonald shares his research findings with compassion, vision, and integrity, to provide responsible writers with significant means to improve, perhaps, their abilities—claims this impressive author—to write more directly, to improve superficial good will, but, before all, to give writers the freedom to incorporate more useful ambiguity, up to acceptable limits, in their realistic persuasive prose. Unfortunately, this experienced writer, colleague and would-be friend of the author, admits failure because he couldn't, however clever, moral, mature, and sensitive, find a use for terrorist or James Council and second because he did not have available the Japan studies.
Self-Concept and Locus of Control in Hemophiliacs
Authors: Lineberger Herman P. , Hernandez Jeanne T. , Brantley Helen T.
Published: May 2005

A comparison study of self-concept was done with twenty-one hemophiliacs ages six to twenty-four and twenty-one control subjects, examining the effects of the first year of a home-infusion treatment program on self-esteem. A battery of six self-esteem tests was used for pre- and posttesting. Statistically significant improvement occurred in Locus of Control in both samples, but more change in the controls than in the patients; there were also some interesting trends in the other areas. The results are discussed in terms of further defining appropriate test instruments for self-esteem assessment in this population.
Narcolepsy with Tinnitus Aura: Interpretation
Authors: Marco Luis A.
Published: May 2005

A fifty-five year old man was admitted to our ward for evaluation of narcoleptic-cataplectic attacks which were signaled by a “hissing sound like high pressure steam leaking out of a pipe.” This tinnitus was exclusively localized to the right ear. It started about sixty-to-ninety seconds before the cataplectic episode (affecting mostly the jaw muscles) and lasted through part of it as it became progressively louder toward the end and ceased abruptly. It is postulated that, along with the collapse of tonic musculature of the mandible, a decrease of proprioceptive tone also affected the tensor tympani muscle leaving the middle ear vulnerable to internally generated noise. We further postulate that tinnitus was finally arrested by the generation of phasic bursts of contraction of the tensor tympani and/or the stapedius muscle at a later stage of cataplexy.
Parents' Perceptions of Adolescent Sibling Grief Responses after an Adolescent or Young Adult Child's Sudden, Violent Death
Authors: Lohan Janet A. , Murphy Shirley A.
Published: May 2005

The violent death of an adolescent or young adult child is a highly traumatic event for surviving families. A major family adaptation issue relates to individual differences in coping with violent death. This article reports the findings from four data collection points of parental responses over an 18-month time frame to an open-ended question about the difficulties experienced by surviving adolescent children after their sibling's death. The data show that parents reported that they perceived little change over time in their children's responses; surviving adolescents continued to have multiple grief reactions and behavioral changes up to 2 years after the sibling's death. There were parental role differences between mothers and fathers across time in the perceptions of sibling grief. Further research is needed to understand the sibling grief process following violent death and to develop nursing interventions to support bereaved families.
Mental Disorders and Help Seeking in a Rural Impoverished Population
Authors: Fox Jeanne C. , Blank Michael , Berman Jessica , Rovnyak Virginia G.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study examined the impact of an in-home screening and educational intervention on help seeking among rural impoverished individuals with untreated mental disorders. The effect of including a significant other in the intervention and reasons for not seeking help were explored.

Method:

The sample was randomly selected from households in nine rural counties in Virginia. The short form of the CIDI was used to screen 646 adult residents. Respondents who screened positive were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) no intervention, 2) an educational intervention, or 3) the educational intervention with a significant other. A list of local sources of health and mental health care was distributed. At one-month post interview, respondents were telephoned to inquire about help seeking.

Results:

Almost one-third (32.4%) of these respondents screened positive for at least one disorder. Five hundred and sixty-six (87.6%) were successfully followed up, and thirty-three of the 566 (5.8%) reported that they had sought professional help since the interview. Eighty-four subjects who screened positive and received the educational intervention reported in follow up that they had discussed the interview with a friend or family member, but only eleven (13.1%) received encouragement to seek treatment. The predominant reason endorsed for not seeking help was “felt there was no need,” even among respondents who were informed that they had a disorder.

Conclusions:

A significant proportion of this rural impoverished sample screened positive for a mental disorder. Few individuals sought professional help and significant others did not encourage them to seek treatment. The implication of these results for investigators and service providers is that motivating individuals to seek mental health services is a complex process; more attention must be devoted to the development of culturally relevant methods for facilitating help seeking.
Does Being a Parent Affect Suicide Ideology?
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: May 2005

The impact of marriage and family life on suicide has been restricted largely to marriage as opposed to parenting. The present article assesses the effect of parenting on suicide ideology. An analysis of national data on 9,778 respondents finds that the greater the parental responsibilities the lower the pro suicide ideology. A sociological model of parenting and suicide is confirmed. Further, bonds to children are found to be more important than bonds to a spouse in explaining the variation in suicide attitudes. These findings were replicated in four separate analyses of widowed, married, divorced, and separated persons. These effects were independent of variables drawn from other models of suicide ideology including ones based on gender and religion.
Cognitive Operations, and Non-Conscious Processing in Dreams and Waking Verbal Reports
Authors: Haskell Robert E.
Published: May 2005

From findings based on empirical data and a specifically developed qualitative methodology, it is suggested that numbers presented in dream and waking verbal reports are processed cognitively as constructivistic non-conscious internal representations that are structurally isomorphic to physical external referents. The data suggest that numbers function structurally and imaginally, similar to numbers reported by Freud in dreams, and by others in primitive myths. The analysis of such data is based on a non-interpretive content and context analysis. In presenting a set of cognitive operations which function specifically with numerical structures, it is suggested that affective schemata are involved in the cognitive construction of numerical representations. Implications are discussed in terms of cognitive psychology in general, for the relationship of dream processes to waking cognition, and for similar anomalous data.
Passive Voice and Rhetorical Role in Scientific Writing
Authors: Riley Kathryn
Published: May 2005

As analysts of scientific writing begin to modify their stance against the passive voice and explore the complexities of its use, more research is needed on the rhetorical functions it serves in scientific writing. An analysis of twelve articles reporting experimental studies in speech-language pathology revealed consistently higher percentages of passive structures in the Method and Results sections, with relatively lower percentages in the Introduction and Discussion sections. These findings suggest that passive structures are more appropriate for expository purposes, in those sections where the author's rhetorical role is to describe procedures and present data. In contrast, active structures are more appropriate for argumentative purposes, in those sections where the author is criticizing previous research or advocating a new thesis.
The Diagnostic Dilemma of Myxedema and Madness, Axis I and Axis II: A Longitudinal Case Report
Authors: Darko Denis F. , Krull Alice , Dickinson Mark , Gillin J. Christian , Risch S. Craig
Published: May 2005

A patient with presumed chronic paranoid schizophrenia had chronic thyroiditis and Grade I hypothyroidism. Psychosis cleared following treatment with thyroid replacement. The probable presence of two axis II disorders may have contributed to the missed medical diagnosis and the patient's eventual suicide. The personality disorders were a major problem in the patient's medical and psychiatric care. The differential diagnosis among hypothyroidism and primary axis I psychotic and depressive psychopathology has always been problematic. When axis II pathology is also present, the diagnostic dilemma is increased.
Fictional Techniques in Technical Writing
Authors: Ruch Richard S. , Robbins Jan C.
Published: May 2005

Technical papers should be constructed as coherent wholes, using those organizational, stylistic, and informational devices necessary to communicate their intended message to the intended audience. Since messages and audience vary tremendously, so also must techniques of technical writing. The technical writer will find that techniques normally associated with the writing of fiction, including creation of hypothetical situations, composite characters, invented dialogue, and dramatic story lines, aid greatly in achieving improved technical communication.
Evaluation of Interactive Television Continuing Education Programs for Health-Care Professionals
Authors: Byers David L. , Hilgenberg Cheryl S. , Rhodes Dent M.
Published: May 2005

Although many reports have evaluated interactive technology in distance learning, there is a lack of reports focused on utilizing interactive television to meet adult continuing education needs of professionals. This study describes the evaluation of live two-way interactive television (ITV) continuing education programs for health-care professionals. The programs were evaluated using adult learning characteristics as the evaluative framework. Data collection consisted of surveys, interviews, and participant observation. Results indicate that these continuing education programs delivered through interactive television technology met the adult learning requirements of the healthcare professionals who participated. The overwhelming majority of those in the sample indicated the interactivity of the system enhanced their learning and they would be likely to attend future professional education programs offered via ITV.
Organizing Communities to Prevent the Sale of Tobacco Products to Minors
Authors: Cummings K. Michael , Coogan Karen
Published: May 2005

In New York State, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to persons under the age of eighteen. A 1989 survey of 120 retail stores in Erie County, New York, found that 82 percent sold cigarettes illegally to fourteen and fifteen year olds. In an effort to address this problem, Project SCAN (Stop Children's Addiction to Nicotine) was launched by Roswell Park Cancer Institute in the Spring of 1990. Project SCAN had three objectives: 1) to increase public awareness of the problem of youth tobacco use; 2) to educate merchants about the tobacco access law to promote voluntary compliance; and 3) to encourage local law enforcement agencies to enforce the access law. This article describes our experience in implementing Project SCAN including strategies used to recruit volunteers to deliver merchant education materials, reaction of merchants to the program, and the involvement of local police departments in enforcement efforts. Case examples describing how Project SCAN has been implemented in two communities illustrate the importance of community participation and law enforcement in the success of the program.
A Multifaceted Approach to Health Education: A Case Study from Rural Egypt
Authors: El-Katsha Samiha , Watts Susan
Published: May 2005

This article describes and evaluates an environmental health education project, focusing on water and sanitation issues, which was carried out in two Egyptian villages in the Nile delta. The study is multifaceted as it involves various hygiene education strategies carried out by health unit staff, teachers, graduate volunteers and local village leaders who deliver simple environmental health messages in a variety of different settings. The project is also multifaceted in that it looks at health education in relation to specific health interventions, in this case in water and sanitation; it identifies the full context of relevant local behavior; and it collaborates with local people, especially women, in the design and implementation of the program. Based on the experience gained during this project, a broad based model for health education is presented.
The Archaeological Occurrence of Bison on the Snake River Plain
Authors: Plew Mark G. , Sundell Taya
Published: May 2005

This article documents the archaeological occurrence of bison (Bison bison) on the Snake River Plain. Evidence from thirty-two Paleoindian and Archaic sites suggests that use of bison occurred on the western and eastern Plain. Sites reflect a variety of local environments and activities. The presence of bison, though relatively common in Late Archaic contexts, does not suggest that bison were depended upon as a major resource. Contrary to Butler's (1978) assertion that bison use decreased during the Late Archaic period, it appears that bison hunting was relatively more common in the later prehistory of the Plain.
Old Pain or New Pain: A Social Psychological Approach to Recurrent Grief
Authors: Brabant Sarah
Published: May 2005

Acute grief that continues or reoccurs two or more years following the loss of a beloved one is generally regarded as pathological. Drawing predominantly on the work of George Herbert Mead, the present article questions this premise and suggests that the onset of intense pain years after the loss occurred may be the response to a “new” death or loss. As such, the pain may be a “new” pain and, thus, constitute a time-appropriate rather than a delayed response. Implications for recovery are discussed.
The Relationship between Death Anxiety and Mental Health/Distress
Authors: White William , Handal Paul J.
Published: May 2005

This study systematically examined the relationship between death anxiety and mental health/distress and controlled for methodological problems present in the literature. Specifically, two measures of death anxiety were used-both had recommended cut-off scores for high death anxiety. Both positive and negative aspects of adjustment were assessed, and a valid clinically meaningful cut-off score for distress was employed. Results revealed high death-anxious females were statistically and clinically more distressed and were significantly less satisfied with life than low death-anxious females. Similar results were obtained for males on one death-anxiety measure; a similar trend was found on the other measure. Discussion focuses on the interpretation of results.
Who's on Third?
Authors: Levreault E. P.
Published: May 2005

In an analogy between baseball's home run and the successful production of documentation, the article examines the roles of the various parties involved in the documentation with particular emphasis on the advantages of a technical editor—the man on third.
Stress, Social Support, and Symptoms of Depression in Spouses of the Medically Ill
Authors: Rideout Elizabeth M. , Rodin Gary M. , Littlefield Christine H.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the level and frequency of depressive symptoms in spouses of dialysis patients, as a function of a) severity of patient disease, b) level of stress experienced by the spouse, and c) perception of support from the ill partner. The subjects were forty patients who had begun dialysis in the last year and their spouses. Measures of depression, impact on family, perceived social support, and disease severity were applied. Significant depressive symptoms were reported by 20 percent of spouses. Symptom severity was not correlated with age, sex, or occupation of the spouses, nor with level of depression or functional impairment of the dialysis patients. The amount of social support received from the ill partner accounted for 37 percent of the variance in spouse depression, while social and financial stressors reported by the spouse explained 13 percent of the variance in spouse symptoms. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms in spouses of dialysis patients are associated with the social and economic consequences of the illness for the family but even more so with the amount of perceived support from the patient. The determinants of this perceived support need further exploration.
Lay Theories of Emotion: 3. The Intraindividual Structure of Emotions
Authors: Ben-Artzi Elisheva , Mikulincer Mario
Published: May 2005

Five studies assessed the relations between lay theories of emotion (“threat” and “benefit” appraisal) and four dimensions of emotional experience. Study 1 examined the relation of lay theories of emotion and hedonic valence. Study 2 examined the relation of lay theories of emotion and emotional intensity. Study 3 examined the association of lay theories of emotion and emotional range. Studies 4 and 5 examined the relation of lay theories of emotion and accessibility of emotional information. Findings showed that threat appraisal of emotion was related to the hedonic level of a person's habitual emotional state and self-schema. The benefit appraisal of emotion was linked to the intensity, range, and cognitive accessibility of both positive and negative emotions. Results were discussed in terms of the intraindividual structure of emotional experience.
Technical Writing: The Importance of Reader Interest
Authors: Mc Caskey Drew S.
Published: May 2005

Effective technical writing is of major importance in today's scientific and technical society. Unfortunately, many of today's students are turned off by those forms of technical writing found in the classroom. A key factor contributing to this attitude may be the inability of today's authors to stimulate reader interest. The article touches upon the way in which the student approaches technical literature, and the way in which today's author may attract his reader's attention to the subject presented. Various devices utilized in today's technical literature are also discussed in conjunction with the stimulation of reader interest.
(RE)Constructing Arguments: Classical Rhetoric and Roman Engineering Reflected in Vitruvius' De Architectura
Authors: Longo Bernadette
Published: May 2005

Augustus is often described as the emperor who transformed Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble. When he returned victorious to Rome in BCE 29, Augustus embarked on a project to rebuild Rome with the splendor its new imperial status demanded. Despite the tranquility and prosperity enjoyed by most Romans during the Early Empire, many also felt a sense of loss. Much had changed in their social order at the end of the Republic. The nobility and the lower classes began to share more interests and Roman society took on a more egalitarian and commercial nature. Under Emperor Augustus, the function of rhetoric was stripped from legislative arenas and confined mainly to legal courts and ceremonial competitions. In the spirit of renewed patriotism and pragmatism, principles of rhetoric were also applied to writing about technical subjects, such as engineering and architecture. Both Vitruvius and Cicero used his writing to persuade Roman citizens to reclaim their heritage: of building arts in Vitruvius' case; of philosophy and meaningful public oratory in Cicero's case.
Thrust into Technology: How Veteran Teachers Respond
Authors: Snoeyink Rick , Ertmer Peggy A.
Published: May 2005

This two-year study explored the perceptions and roles of experienced elementary teachers, who were computer novices, as they learned and began using computer technology in their teaching. The research questions guiding this study focused on incentives and barriers to learning and using computer technology, professional development approaches, and teaching roles indicated by traditional and constructivist characteristics. The researchers employed qualitative research methods within a case study framework. Data obtained through a variety of sources were coded and analyzed within- and across-cases. Results indicated participants' preferences for learning basic computer skills before integrating technology into the curricula, the importance of seeing purpose in using computers in teaching, and having concrete and grade-specific integration ideas. Also, first-order or extrinsic incentives motivated participants before second-order or intrinsic incentives, while first-order barriers tended to mask second-order barriers. Using technology seemed to foster more constructivist role indicators in at least one participant.
The “Wayne” Taxonomic Construct in Michigan Prehistory
Authors: Stothers David M.
Published: May 2005

It is argued that “Wayne Ware” and the “Wayne Mortuary Complex,” both aspects of the “Wayne tradition,” respectively represent plain and weakly decorated Riviere Ware, and the mortuary pattern of the Western Basin (formerly Younge) tradition. It is argued that the related concepts of “Wayne Ware,” “Wayne Mortuary Complex,” and “Wayne tradition” are fallacious taxonomic constructs that obscure processual integrity and continuity, while confounding and confusing cultural-historical reconstruction by establishing non-existent cultural entities.
Provision of Hepatitis C Education in a Nationwide Sample of Drug Treatment Programs
Authors: Astone Janetta , Strauss Shiela M. , Vassilev Zdravko P. , Des Jarlais Don C.
Published: May 2005

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has reached epidemic proportions among drug users, and drug programs are in a unique position to provide each of their patients with HCV education. Using a nationwide sample ( N = 434) of drug treatment programs, we report the results of a logistic regression analysis that differentiates programs providing HCV education to all of their patients versus programs that do not. Fifty-four percent of the programs provide HCV education to all of their patients. Programs are about four and a half times as likely to provide HCV education to all patients if they dispense methadone; almost four times as likely to provide this service if they educate most of their staff about HCV; twice as likely if they are residential; and almost twice as likely if they conduct HIV testing on-site. Our findings indicate that there is a need to increase HCV educational services in drug treatment programs.
Drug Abuse Prevention Evaluation Methodology: A Bright Future
Authors: Leukefeld Carl G. , Bukoski William J.
Published: May 2005

Drug abuse prevention research findings have been inconsistent. These inconsistencies can be related to several issues including study design and methodology. This article presents consensus recommendations developed to enhance drug abuse prevention evaluation research by a group of prevention researchers and practitioners who met at the National Institute on Drug Abuse in Rockville, Maryland during May 1989. As noted by the number of consensus statements, there was a high level of agreement. After exploring various aspects of evaluating prevention interventions, that agreement was reflected in specific recommendations which are directed to modifying prevention approaches; integrating epidemiologic, etiologic and intervention research methods; and expanding prevention research utilization.
Underdiagnosis of Depression in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: The Role of Nonspecific Symptoms
Authors: Freedland Kenneth E. , Lustman Patrick J. , Carney Robert M. , Hong Barry A.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To determine whether the underdiagnosis of major depression (MD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may be explained by low specificity and mild severity of depressive symptoms in affected patients.

Method:

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression symptoms in thirty-one patients with both CAD and MD, and eighty-three patients with CAD but without MD.

Results:

Only ten (48%) of the symptoms were significantly more common in the MD than in the non-MD group, and nine symptoms were present in at least 20 percent of both groups. Of these nine nonspecific symptoms, only one (insomnia) was more severe in the MD patients than in the non-MD group ( p < .006). When all twenty-one symptoms were rank ordered by frequency, the most common symptoms in the MD group were also the most common in the non-MD group ( r = .91, p < .001).

Conclusions:

The symptoms of major depression were found to be relatively mild and nonspecific in patients with CAD. This may help to explain why depression is underdiagnosed in cardiac patients.
Communication in Technical Writing
Authors: De Beaugrande Robert A.
Published: May 2005

The special nature of technical writing is seen in the emphasis on efficient information transmission. Rather than relying on the classic concept of information as the probability of items in a series, the article discusses information value with respect to reader background and to the distribution of “new” information (not known to the reader, or not focused) and “old” (known, presupposed, mentioned) information. It is argued that this perspective is best suited for the presentation of grammar in the teaching of technical writing, with special regard for the focusing techniques of written as opposed to spoken English; examples are provided.
Effective Oral Presentation of Scientific and Technical Information
Authors: Estrin Herman A. , Monahan Edward J.
Published: May 2005

Prepared for engineering and science students, this article stresses the preparation for the talk, the judicious use of notes, and the effective use of visual aids. To deliver a talk effectively, students must know the elements of delivery: ample projection of the voice, natural movements, relevant gestures, and eye contact. Furthermore, students should be aware of such errors as the following: poor board work, lack of movement and enthusiasm, overuse of notes, monotonous voice, poor eye contact, repetition, and the use of slang and colloquialisms. To make effective oral presentations, one should develop an extensive vocabulary and should evaluate his delivery.
An Unusual Adverse Reaction to Self-Medication with Prednisone: An Irrational Crime during a Fugue-State
Authors: Gifford Sanford , Murawski Benjamin J. , Kline Nathan S. , Sachar Edward J.
Published: May 2005

During five years of self-medication with Prednisone, a forty-one-year old asthmatic businessman experienced periods of euphoria, psychomotor hyperactivity, and poor judgment; a period of depression and anxiety during temporary steroid withdrawal; and finally, with resumption of Prednisone, episodes of grandiosity and bizarre fugue-like behavior, with adoption of a second identity and culminating in an irrational crime. Steroids were then withdrawn, and the patient resumed his premorbid personality, but had amnesia for much of his previous behavior. The literature on hysterical fugues and corticosteroid-induced mental disturbance is reviewed. The patient's reactions are analyzed in terms of his premorbid neurotic conflicts, the psychological stresses acting upon him, and the effects of Prednisone on his central nervous system.
Effects of Premature Parental Death on Subjective Life Expectancy, Death Anxiety, and Health Behavior
Authors: Denes-Raj Veronika , Ehrlichman Howard
Published: May 2005

Subjective life expectancy, death anxiety, and health behavior were assessed in 36 college students with at least one parent who died prematurely (age 55 or younger) due to illness (PD group) and in thirty-six matched participants with both parents alive (PA group). Participants who lost a parent prematurely estimated that their own life spans would be shorter than those of other people in their age-cohort. They also predicted a shorter life span for themselves than did the matched participants. In both groups, participants' Cognitive and Affective Subjective Life Expectancy differed significantly from each other. In the PA group, individuals' projection of their life span when based on “personal feelings” was significantly higher than when they based their estimate on “everything that is objectively true” about them. In the PD group, the opposite relationship was observed between these two variables, and the difference was magnified for the subgroup of PD participants who indicated that they believed they would die of the same cause as their parents. This subgroup also reported significantly poorer smoking and dietary behavior than either PD participants who did not feel that their parents death would be related to their own, or PA participants.
Toward a Definition of Health Services Management: A Humanist Orientation
Authors: Battistella Roger M. , Smith David B.
Published: May 2005

Factors contributing to the rising status of management in United States health services are described, and the ethos and techniques of management science are assessed in terms of their inability to deal satisfactorily with the social, political, and ethical aspects of social policy.
Theoretical Foundations of the Automatic Production and Processing of Technical Reports
Authors: De Beaugrande Robert
Published: May 2005

The following treatise surveys the issues and approaches for designing a computer system capable of reading, understanding, and writing technical reports. Recent progress in computer science and artificial intelligence research is used to specify the nature of the modules in the system. The processing of a sample text is observed during the phases of reading and writing a report on the origin of sunspots. The author advances some proposals for correlating syntax and semantics of English from a procedural standpoint. The discussion is illustrated with structural diagrams.
An Automated Record Keeping System for Use in Keller-Type Courses
Authors: Shepherd Marian M.
Published: May 2005

In a self-paced course with large numbers of students (over 300) and with ten to twelve proctors or testers, at least two problems associated with record keeping become apparent. The problems are that of having the records both up-to-date and accurate and having records available to all those involved in administering the course.

An automated record keeping system has been in use for three years at York University. This software provides a generalized practical (and portable) solution to the problems of record keeping in large self-paced courses.
Health and Social Policies in the New South Africa
Authors: Pillay Yogan G. , Bond Patrick
Published: May 2005

South Africa's first democratic government is today confronted with the challenge of recasting apartheid social and health policies, transforming a moribund bureaucracy's mode of governance, and restructuring a variety of public and private institutions, including the national Department of Health. In the attempt to redress racial, gender, and class inequities, enormous barriers confront health policy analysts and planners, progressive politicians, and activists within civil society who work in the field of health. This article sets the broad social policy context for the emerging strategies, documents some of the continuing inequities in the health sector, and recounts some recent experiences in one of the nine provinces (KwaZulu-Natal), to illustrate the difficulties and potentials that change of this magnitude presents under the prevailing conditions of neoliberal politics and economics.
Case Studies of Violations of Workers' Freedom of Association: Food Processing Workers and Contingent Workers
Authors: McMahon Jean
Published: May 2005

As part of its report “Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States under International Human Rights Standards,” Human Rights Watch conducted a series of case studies in a dozen states, covering a variety of industries and employment sectors, analyzing the U.S. experience in the light of both national law and international human rights and labor rights norms. Presented here are the case studies of food processing workers and contingent workers.
Health for All or Riches for Some: Who's Responsible?
Authors: Motchane Jean-Loup
Published: May 2005

Can we still rely on the World Health Organization? It has not openly opposed the greed of the major global pharmaceutical companies, and its director-general, Gro Harlem Brundtland, has deferred to them.
Liaison in Reverse: The Role of a Psychosomatically-Oriented Internist in a Department of Psychiatry
Authors: Klein Robert F.
Published: May 2005

The renewal of interest in the physician identity of the psychiatrist has exposed widespread deficits in skills such as physical examination. A program designed to provide medical consultation and teaching in a 107 bed psychiatric inpatient unit of a university medical center is described. The contributions of a psychosomatically-oriented internist to the development of this program of reverse liaison are considered. Bidirectional liaison units may prove to be a resource for psychiatry departments in the remedicalization process.
Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Spain: Cost and Control
Authors: Bastida Julio López , Mossialos Elias
Published: May 2005

In recent years, the Spanish government has been battling to keep pharmaceutical expenditures under control. Its measures include control of prices, introduction of a “negative list” of drugs no longer reimbursed, increased cost-sharing, and introduction of overall budgets for pharmaceutical expenditures. Although the average prices of old pharmaceutical products declined by 39 percent over the last 15 years and consumption in value increased by only 10 percent, real pharmaceutical expenditures in Spain increased by 264 percent over that period. The main reason for the continuing rise in these expenditures and the failure of cost-containment measures is the introduction of new, more expensive drugs, which often fail to offer any real therapeutic advantages over products already on the market. This situation is exacerbated by a lack of effective demand-side measures such as budgets for doctors and lack of a generics market.
Polydrug Use and Self Control among Men and Women in Prisons
Authors: Kassebaum Gene , Chandler Susan Meyers
Published: May 2005

This article describes research conducted to examine the patterns of alcohol and drug use and self concepts of incarcerated adult offenders in relation to age, gender, and ethnicity in a western state. The purpose of this research was to estimate the extent and variety of alcohol and drug use in the prison population and design a data collection instrument. Individual interviews with every newly admitted sentenced felon ( N = 157 men and 39 women) were conducted. Inmates reported nearly universal alcohol use and marijuana use and extensive use of cocaine, crack, heroin, crystal methamphetamine (ice) and using various other schedule drugs, usually in combination with alcohol and other drugs. The problem for the interviewers was not how to elicit admissions of drug use but how to categorize the large number of combinations. Polydrug use, often in combination with alcohol, is the rule, not the exception. Starting, switching and quitting, and combining or substituting drugs is reported by the vast majority of inmates. While patterns varied, it was difficult to discern a special class of drug addicts among the inmates. Our findings suggest that large percentages of prison inmates are frequent substance abusers, perceive problems from use, but are often not interested in drug treatment in prison. Many inmates who by their own reports seem appropriate for alcohol or drug treatment do not seek treatment. This is not influenced by the extent of drug use or experience with previous treatment. Female prisoners seem to be more often and more extensively involved in addicting drugs than male prisoners. This is particularly problematic because there are very few specialized treatment or training programs for women offenders. Since drug use is very widespread, urine monitoring is increasing and continued criminalization of all drugs except alcohol enjoys wide support, correctional agencies must search to develop effective and affordable strategies for dealing with drug use.
A Comparison of Depression in Women Bereaved of a Spouse, Child, or a Parent
Authors: Leahy Julia M.
Published: May 2005

To investigate depression following bereavement, 255 adult middle-aged women (117 widows, 58 mothers, and 80 adult daughters) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI). The intensity of the level of depression was analyzed across the three types of bereavement. Bereaved mothers had significantly higher levels of depression than both widows and bereaved adult daughters. Over 60 percent of the mothers had depression scores in the moderate to severe depression range. Widows had significantly higher levels of depression than adult daughters.
Health Services Research on Mental Health in Primary Care
Authors: Van Der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M. , Lyons John S. , Huyse Frits J. , Campos Ricardo , Fink Per , Slaets Joris P. J.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The article seeks to provide an international perspective on the facilitating role of health services research in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in primary care. It builds on Goldberg and Huxley's model describing pathways to mental care for the psychiatrically ill in the community.

Method:

Seventy studies were selected for review by Medline search, sixteen studies by contacting prominent researchers in the field. All studies are discussed more or less extensively.

Results:

Case identification strategies including screening tools and diagnostic modules have been developed. Other strategies include educational training programs and psychiatric consultation services designed to facilitate psychopharmacological and other types of treatment of psychiatric disorders in primary care. Several models for the linkage of primary care and specialty mental health providers are discussed, and a primary care psychiatry programme is examined.

Conclusion:

Better psychiatric training of general practitioners (GPs), on-site consultation, and better communication between mental health professionals and GPs can improve the recognition, management, and referral of psychiatrically ill primary care patients. The further development of guidelines focusing on anxiety disorders, somatization, subthreshold disorders, and effectiveness in primary care is recommended.
Digital Multimedia Instruction: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Chen Li-Ling
Published: May 2005

This article reviews the background and technology features of digital multimedia instruction, an instruction which offers window-based graphics. Benefits and limitations of digital multimedia instruction are discussed. The applications and future trends are described. The major areas of applications are identified: education, training, and entertainment.
Meeting the Writing Needs of Business and Industry
Authors: Fleischhauer F. W.
Published: May 2005

College writing courses offer more practical guidance than ever, but they still fall short of business-and-industry needs. Missing in the main are writing mechanics tailored for communicating the who, whats, and whys involved in running an organization.

A writing course aimed at reducing, if not closing, that gap has been in existance for some time now. Dealing with writing to prescribe, persuade or report, it is structured around the proper selection and arrangement of both what must be stated and the words with which to state it, and then stating it with reader ease. This article details the components within that structure.
Factors Associated with Family Caregivers' Burden and Depression In Korea
Authors: Yoon Hyunsook
Published: May 2005

This study determines the relative effects of functional impairment, cognitive impairment, and duration of care of the elderly on caregivers' depression, and identifies the factors that influence this relationship. The variables were entered individually, based on a logical order in the path modeling. For mediators, the order of three types of social support was assumed to be financial support, instrumental support, and emotional support. The order of five dimensions of caregiver burden was assumed to be impact on finances, feelings of abandonment, impact on schedule, impact on health, and sense of entrapment. Findings indicate that functional impairment had both direct and indirect effects on caregiver depression, and direct effects on impact on schedule, impact on health, and sense of entrapment. The effect of cognitive impairment on caregiver depression was primarily indirect but had direct impact on sense of entrapment. Duration of care had no direct effect on caregiver depression and burden, but did have indirect effects on impact on finances, feelings of abandonment, and impact on health through emotional support. Caregivers of elders with functional impairment were more likely to give care for longer periods, and those who give care for longer periods were likely to receive less emotional support and experience more burden in the dimensions of impact on finances, feelings of abandonment, and impact on health. Caregivers who experience greater impact on finances and impact on health ultimately were at higher risk of depression. The results have important implications for intervention models aimed to increase emotional support for the caregiver.
Treating the Untreatables: Identifying the Somaticizing Borderline Patient
Authors: Schreter Robert K.
Published: May 2005

Both medical and psychiatric services have long been challenged by patients with either clear psychosomatic disease or disease complicated by functional elements. Not only are these patients unresponsive to the usual medical management, but they seem to derive little benefit from the usual psychotherapeutic approach. This paper is intended as an examination of this group of difficult patients for the purpose of: 1. creating a suggestive profile to aid in the identification of such patients; 2. anticipating some of the difficulties experienced by clinicians and institutions responsible for their care; and 3. formulating a framework for understanding the basic difficulty experienced by some of these patients as an expression of borderline personality phenomena.
Screening for Depression in a Geriatric Rehabilitation Sample
Authors: Gantner Anita B. , Schubert Daniel S. P. , Wolf Sanford R. , Creps Philip
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine the utility of a short depression inventory (SDI) for use with elderly medical inpatients.

Method:

Subjects were 132 consecutive admissions to the inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit at MetroHealth Medical Center, a general medical teaching hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. Sixty of the original sample qualified for inclusion in the final sample. Within the first five days of admission, all subjects were administered the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Ss who scored 20 or above were asked to complete the SDI and the GDI. A clinical interview used DSM-III-R criteria to establish the diagnosis of major depression. The order of presentation of questionnaire or interview was varied to control for the effects of presentation order.

Results:

When an optimal cut-off score of 4 or above on the SDI was used, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 85% respectively. Using the GDS, sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 90%.

Conclusions:

Using the SDI, impressive sensitivity and specificity were achieved. The SDI was also essentially equivalent to the GDI psychometrically. The SDI appears to have good promise as a depression screen in medical populations.