bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hungarian version of Listening Span task
Authors: Janacsek Karolina , Tánczos Tímea , Mészáros Tünde , Németh Dezső
Published: August 2009

Tanulmányunkban egy olyan neuropszichológiai mérőeljárást mutatunk be, amely alkalmas a munkamemória életkori változásainak vizsgálatára és patológiáinak differenciált feltérképezésére. Ez a hallási mondatterjedelem (Listening Span) teszt, amely az egyik legtöbbet használt munkamemóriát mérő eljárás az angolszász nyelvterületen. Kutatócsoportunk elkészítette a teszt magyar nyelvű változatát, ezzel bővítve a magyar nyelven rendelkezésre álló munkamemóriát mérő tesztbattériát. A hallási mondatterjedelem teszt legnagyobb előnyei, hogy elődeinél szélesebb célcsoportokban alkalmazható, például olvasni nem vagy nehezen tudó populációknál is, valamint az olvasni tudó célcsoportoknál is objektívebb képet tud adni az emlékezeti kapacitásról, kiküszöbölve az olvasási képességekben mutatkozó egyéni különbségeket. Emellett hasznos segédeszköz lehet tanulási nehézségek azonosításában és a neuropszichológiai diagnosztikában. Tanulmányunkban közzé tesszük a teljes hallási mondatterjedelem tesztet és a hozzá tartozó normatív adatokat.
What Can New Literacy Studies Offer to the Teaching of Struggling Readers?
Authors: Compton‐Lilly Catherine F.
Published: August 2009

A case study of one student is used to explore three instructional approaches that draw teachers' attention to reading as a social experience that involves culture and identity. These approaches draw on New Literacy Studies, children's media practices, and critical race theory and provide insights on how to better serve struggling readers.

تم استخدام حالة طالب دراسية كي يستكشف ثلاثة مناهج تعليمية تسترعي انتباه المعلمين إلى القراءة كتجربة اجتماعية تشمل الثقافة والهوية. إذ تجمع هذه المناهج دراسات معرفة القراءة والكتابة الجديدة وممارسات وسائل القراءة لدى الطلاب ونظرية العرق النقدية وتوفير التبصرات في الطريقة المثلى لتخدم القراء المواجهين صعوبات في القراءة.

本文报告一项以一名学生为对象的个案研究，其目的是为探究三种教学方法。该三种教学方法旨在引起教师关注到阅读是一种涉及文化与身份认同的社会经验，其理论基础借鉴于「新读写研究」、儿童媒体实践和批判式种族理论，并就如何更有效地帮助有困难的阅读者这问题上提出意见。

On utilise l'étude de cas d'un élève pour explorer trois approches pédagogiques qui attirent l'attention des enseignants sur la lecture en tant qu'expérience sociale incluant culture et identité. Ces approches proviennent des Eudes de Nouvelle Littératie, des pratiques médiatiques des enfants, et de la théorie critique de la race et donnent des idées sur la façon de mieux procéder avec les lecteurs en difficulté.

На примере кейс‐исследования судьбы одного ученика рассмотрены три учебных подхода, исходящих из того, что чтение является социальным опытом, связанным с этнокультурными аспектами и самоидентичностью. Эти подходы основаны на исследованиях новых видов грамотности, на практике общения детей со средствами массовой информации и на критической теории рас. Они дают учителям возможность обеспечить поддержкой учащихся, которые с трудом осваивают чтение.

Un estudio sobre un estudiante sirve para explorar tres acercamientos pedagógicos que hacen a los maestros ver la lectura como una experiencia social que incluye cultura e identidad. Estas aproximaciones se basan en Estudios de Competencias Nuevas (New Literacy Studies), en cómo los niños usan los medios de comunicación, y en teorías críticas sobre la raza para ofrecer perspectivas sobre cómo mejor ayudar a los que leen con dificultad.
Affecting Literacy and World Understandings Through Creating Opportunities to Meet Real Authors
Authors: Klug Beverly J. , Turner Kaye , Feuerborn Patricia
Published: August 2009

An idea to bring ethnically diverse authors to Southeast Idaho to promote reading and cultural understandings was conceived 24 years ago. The Visiting Author Series resulted from a committee's dream and resulted in new understandings of the literacy process as well as bringing the world to this region.

تلخيص البحث: تم خلق فكرة لإحضار مؤلفين ذوي عروق متنوعة إلى جنوب شرق ولاية أيداهو لترويج القراءة والتفاهم الثقافي منذ 24 سنة ورتّب حلم اللجنة على برنامج يسمى سلسلة الزوار المؤلفين ونتج عن مفاهيم جديدة لعملية تعلم القراءة والكتابة وكذلك إحضار العالم إلى هذه المنطقة.

把不同民族背景的作者带到美国爱达荷州东南部来，以促进对阅读和文化的认识，这个意念是在二十四年前构思出来的。《访问作者系列》是来自一个委员会的梦想，而其结果对读写文化过程产生了新的认识，并把全球作者带到这个地区来。

Nous avons eu l'idée il y a vingt‐quatre ans de faire venir des auteurs de diverses origines ethniques dans le sud‐est de l'Idaho pour promouvoir la lecture et la compréhension des cultures. La série d'auteurs visitant fut le résultat du rêve d'un comité et eut pour résultat de nouvelles façons de concevoir le processus de littératie et pour effet d'apporter le monde à cette région.

Еще 24 года назад в юго‐восточную часть штата Айдахо – для популяризации чтения и взаимопонимания между народами – стали приглашать писателей, представляющих различные этносы. Возникнув из мечты нескольких энтузаистов, это начинание в итоге вывело местное сообщество на новый уровень понимания литературного процесса и мира в целом.

Hace 24 años se decidió traer autores de diferentes etnias al sureste del estado de Idaho para fomentar la comprensión cultural y de la lectura. La Serie de Autores Visitantes surgió de la visión de un comité y tuvo como resultado una nueva comprensión del proceso de alfabetización además de traer al mundo a esta región.
Paraphrasing: An Effective Comprehension Strategy
Authors: Kletzien Sharon B.
Published: August 2009

Paraphrasing, somewhat different from retelling and summarizing, helps students monitor their understanding and incorporate new knowledge with what they already know about a topic. Paraphrasing helps students realize that comprehension is the goal of reading.

تلخيص البحث: إن إعادة صياغة النص مختلفة قليلاً عن كلا إعادة الحكاية والتلخيص فأنها تساعد الطلاب في مراقبة فهمهم وإدماج هذا الفهم الجديد في ما عرفوا سلفاً عن موضوع ما. وكذلك تساعد في إدراك بأن الفهم هو هدف القراءة.

释义重述稍别于复述及总结。释义重述能帮助学生监察他们对新知识的理解，及把一个课题内的新知识加进他们的已有知识。释义重述更能帮助学生认识到理解所阅读的内容是阅读的目标。

Paraphraser, ce qui est différent de redire et de résumer, aide les élèves à piloter leur compréhension et introduit de nouvelles connaissances à ce qu'ils savaient déjà sur un sujet donné. Paraphraser aide les élèves à réaliser que la compréhension est le but de la lecture.

Перефразирование – несколько иной вид работы, нежели пересказ и суммирование текста – помогает учащимся контролировать собственное понимание и соотносить новую информацию с тем, что они уже знают по данной теме. Перефразирование помогает детям понять, что цель чтения состоит именно в понимании текста.

La paráfrasis o traducción libre, un poco diferente del recuento o el resumen, ayuda a los estudiantes a supervisar su entendimiento e incorporar nuevos conocimientos a lo que ya saben sobre cierto tema. La paráfrasis hace que los estudiantes se den cuenta que se lee para comprender.
High‐performance high‐efficiency LED‐backlight driving system for LCD panels
Authors: Jeong Gang‐Youl
Published: August 2009

Abstract—A high‐performance high‐efficiency LED‐backlight driving system for liquid‐crystal‐display panels is presented. The proposed LED‐backlight driving system is composed of a high‐efficiency DC‐DC converter capable of operating over a universal AC input voltage (75–265 V) and a high‐performance LED‐backlight sector‐dimming controller. The high efficiency of the system is achieved by using an asymmetrical half‐bridge DC‐DC converter that utilizes a new voltage‐driven synchronous rectifier and an LED‐backlight sector‐dimming controller. This controller regulates current using lossless power semiconductor switches (MOSFETs). The power semiconductor switches of the proposed DC‐DC converter, including the synchronous rectifier switch, operate with zero voltage, achieving high efficiency and low switch voltage stress using the asymmetrical‐PWM and synchronous rectifier techniques. To achieve high performance, the proposed driving system performs the sector dimming and the current regulation using low‐cost microcontrollers and MOSFET switching, resulting in high contrast and brightness. A100‐W laboratory prototype was built and tested. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system.
Analysis of Risk Factors for Organic Erectile Dysfunction in Egyptian Patients Under the Age of 40 Years
Authors: Elbendary Mohamed A. , El‐Gamal Osama M. , Salem Khaled A.
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT: Many risk factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction (ED), but it is not clearly evident which of these factors are more relevant among the young population. The aim of this project was to find the most significant risk factors for this disease in young patients. We included 434 patients with organic ED younger than 40 years and 272 age‐matched controls. All participants had their complete history taken (including the International Index of Erectile Function‐5 [IIEF‐5]) and underwent physical examination and some laboratory investigations. Univariate analysis was then applied to study the significance of the following factors in the predisposition of ED: smoking, use of recreational drugs, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. This analysis showed that smoking, use of recreational drugs, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity were the significant factors (P < .05 for each factor). When these significant factors were studied in the multivariate model, the only factors that sustained the statistical significance were smoking (P < .05; odds ratio [OR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.16–2.72) and use of recreational drugs (P < .05; OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.15–8.82). In addition, a negative correlation was detected between the smoking index of the impotent patients and their IIEF‐5 score (r2 = 0.67; P < .05). In conclusion, smoking and the use of recreational drugs are the most significant risk factors for organic ED in patients younger than 40 years.
Complex Estimators In The Simple Random Sampling
Authors: Cingi Hulya , Kadilar Cem
Published: August 2009

To propose a new estimator, the proposed estimator should be shown that it is more
efficient than the estimators in literature. Therefore, obtaining the MSE of the proposed
estimator is obligatory. For this reason, in Chapter 3, the Taylor Series Method, which is the
most popular method in literature for finding the MSE of the estimators, is explained in detail.
All alternative techniques for this method are also discussed. The necessary notations for these
techniques are presented. For the illustration of the usage of the method, many estimators in
literature are used such as Kaur regression estimator, Kadilar – Cingi ratio estimators, Singh –
Chaudhary estimator having two auxiliary variables, Ray – Singh and Bahl – Tuteja estimators
having auxiliary attribute, Singh – Horn estimator in the case of the missing data and many
more. The general form of the Taylor Series Method is also studied in this chapter.
Estimators In The Stratified Random Sampling
Authors: Cingi Hulya , Kadilar Cem
Published: August 2009

The Stratified Random Sampling is a well-known design in sampling theory.
Especially, after the study of Kadilar and Cingi (2003), the adaptations of ratio estimators to the
Stratified Random Sampling have increased seriously. In Chapter 6, the studies on the
estimators in the Stratified Random Sampling are analyzed such as Shabbir and Gupta (2005;
2006), Singh and Vishwakarma (2006), Kadilar and Cingi (2006), Singh et al. (2008), Koyuncu
and Kadilar (2009). The efficiencies of these estimators are also discussed in theory and in
application.
Index
Authors: Stys Tadeusz
Published: August 2009

Full text available
Post natal oestrogen administration stimulates precocious endometrial gland development in the horse
Authors: WILSHER S. , LEFRANC A.‐C. , ALLEN W. R.
Published: August 2009

Reasons for performing study: Fillies completely devoid of endometrial glands (uterine gland knockout; UGKO) would make ideal experimental models in which to study the role of endometrial histotroph in embryogenesis and early fetal development in the mare.

Hypothesis: Administration of a synthetic progestagen plus oestrogen to newborn filly foals and, thereafter, at regular intervals to age 6 months, would permanently suppress endometrial gland development.

Methods: Nine half‐sister Thoroughbred filly foals were treated, in 3 groups, with: A) the weakly active progestagen, norgestomet, administered from birth to age 6 months, in subcutaneous implant form plus oestradiol valerate and norgestomet i.m. at fortnightly intervals; B) the strongly active oral progestagen, altrenogest, administered daily from birth to age 6 months plus fortnightly injections of oestradiol valerate and norgestomet; C) nothing (untreated controls). Endometrial biopsies were recovered from all fillies at ages 6 months and 2 years to assess the degree of endometrial gland morphogenesis and to determine immunohistochemically the presence or absence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrial tissues.

Results: Groups B and C showed no endometrial gland development, whereas Group A fillies showed a high degree of endometrial gland development, plus strong staining for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors at age 6 months. All 9 fillies showed full normal endometrial gland morphogenesis, development and function at age 2 years.

Conclusions and relevance: While the administration of a strongly active progestagen over‐rode the actions of the concomitantly administered oestrogen and suppressed endometrial gland development during the period of administration, treatment with oestradiol valerate together with a weakly active progestagen, stimulated precocious endometrial gland development. Neither steroid was able to create the desired UGKO experimental model and all fillies showed normal endometrial gland development and fertility after puberty. Hence, ovarian oestrogen, not progesterone, appears to be the basic stimulus for endometrial gland morphogenesis in the horse.
The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark
Authors: LUTHERSSON N. , NIELSEN K. HOU , HARRIS P. , PARKIN T. D. H.
Published: August 2009

Reasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) have been correlated with the type of training and associated management practices. However, there have been few reports to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence, anatomical distribution, severity and number of gastric ulceration lesions in a population of Danish pleasure horses; and to investigate differences for groups based on age, breed type and workload.

Methods: A total of 201 horses not in active race‐training, age 7 months‐27 years, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions of Denmark. These horses were considered to be healthy by the owner and not on veterinary treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). The presence or absence of ulcers in the glandular and/or nonglandular regions of the stomach was recorded and which site the most severe ulcers were found.

Results: The prevalence of EGUS severity score ≥2 was 53%. The most severe lesions were commonly observed at themargo plicatus.Although older horses were not more likely to be affected by clinically significant EGUS they were more likely to have lesions in both the glandular and nonglandular regions. Differences in location of EGUS lesions were identified in different age groups, breed types and in horses exposed to different levels of work.

Conclusion and potential relevance: This study confirms that gastric ulceration can be prevalent in a group of apparently clinically normal horses, not in intensive work. Further investigation of reasons for differences in EGUS location between different populations may aid toward the development of novel preventive measures.
Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark
Authors: LUTHERSSON N. , NIELSEN K. HOU , HARRIS P. , PARKIN T. D. H.
Published: August 2009

Reasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) has been associated with type of training and differing management practices. However, there have been few studies to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of EGUS in a population of Danish horses, during winter when the horses had been housed and fed for at least 8 weeks and to analyse the influence of feed, work level and environment on the risk of EGUS of §grade 2in severity.

Methods: A total of 201 horses, not in active race‐training, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions within Denmark. All horses were considered to be healthy and not on medical treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). Univariate and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models were developed using EGUS score as the dependent variable. An ulceration severity score of §2 was regarded as being clinically significant. Separate models were developed for horses with ulcers in either the glandular or nonglandular regions of the stomach graded §2 (EGUS §2) and for those horses that had nonglandular ulcers graded §2 (NG §2).

Results: In this population, 53% (107/201) of horses were graded as having EGUS §2 with 95 (47%) horses having NG §2. Three variables were significantly (P<0.05) associated with EGUS §2: straw being the only forage available; exceeding 2 g/kg bwt of starch intake/day or §1 g/kg bwt/meal; and water not being available in the turn out paddock. Risk of NG §2 significantly increased when straw was the only forage available, 1 g/kg bwt of starch/meal was exceeded, water was not available in the turnout paddock and the interval between forage feeding was <6 h.

Conclusion and potential relevance: This study has confirmed that components of the diet, readily modifiable, may have an important impact on the risk of EGUS in the nonracehorse. Differences in the multivariable models produced for all ulcers and nonglandular ulcers support differences in the aetiology of ulcers in different locations of the stomach.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in normal horsesin vivo
Authors: NIETO J. E. , MACDONALD M. H. , BRAIM A. E. POULIN , ALEMAN M.
Published: August 2009

Horses are exquisitely sensitive to bacterial endotoxin and endotoxaemia is common in colic cases. In this study, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was characterised in the blood of healthy horses following i.v. administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six horses received an LPS infusion and 6 controls received an equivalent volume of saline. Gene expression of genes encoding interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was quantified by real‐time PCR. Gene expression of all inflammatory cytokines was upregulated following administration of LPS. Interleukin‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐8 and TNF‐α gene expression peaked at 60 min, while IL‐6 expression peaked at 90 min post LPS infusion. Interleukin‐1β and IL‐6 messenger RNA expression levels were above the baseline values 3 h post LPS infusion, whereas IL‐1α, IL‐8 and TNF‐α expression levels returned to baseline values by 3 h after LPS infusion. It was concluded that LPS infusion upregulated gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the blood of healthy horses.
Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 2: A scoring system
Authors: MARTINEAU H. , THOMPSON H. , TAYLOR D.
Published: August 2009

Reasons for performing study: High numbers of racehorses in training are reported to have gastric ulceration. Gross lesion scoring systems exist, but there is no fixed protocol with which to record gastric microscopic findings. In man, the histological classification of stomach lesions helps in the identification of recognised and emerging aetiologies of gastric disease and aids accurate comparison of findings between studies. In horses, the development of such a system would therefore be of benefit.

Objectives: To develop a pathological scoring system that can be applied to examine samples of the equine stomach at biopsy andpost mortem.

Methods and results: The equine gastritis grading (EGG) system was developed initially using horse stomachs atpost mortem.The protocol involved sampling tissue from 5 fixed locations within the squamous and glandular regions. Histological examination recorded both type and degree of inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of erosions, ulceration or any other reactive change in each slide. These results were combined and an overall diagnosis of gastritis type given for each stomach.

Conclusions and potential relevance: This is the first example of a complete pathological scoring system developed specifically for recording gastric lesions in the horse. It provides a thorough and repeatable method with which to examine the equine stomach in microscopic detail. It can be used in diagnostic or research situations and the consistency of the information gathered will enable accurate comparison of data between different studies. It aims to give an indication as to the currently undetermined pathological variations seen in the stomach of healthy and diseased horses, as well as increasing the understanding of the pathogenesis of gastritis and gastric ulceration. Using this information, interpretation of biopsy samples is improved.
Habitat mapping and conservation threats to river dolphin in Karnali River of Nepal
Authors: Malla R
Published: August 2009

This study was carried out in the Karnali River of Nepal with the aims of preparing habitat map of dolphins in the Karnali River and assessing conservation threats to dolphin at the local level. The habitat map of the dolphin was prepared on the basis of study and local sightings. Altogether 100 households were surveyed around the Karnali River living within 3 km from the river distance. Questionnaire survey, group discussion, field observation and key-informants interviews were conducted to assess conservation threats to dolphin at the local level. Statistical tools like Pie chart and bar diagram were used to analyze the data. Use of poison in the river, commercial and domestic consumption of fishes, and high dependency of people in the river are emerging as the threats to dolphin conservation. Similarly, the increasing trend of using chemical fertilizer in the agriculture land is also adding up to long term negative impacts on dolphin population. Regular habitat monitoring of the dolphins should be done in major areas to acquire timely information on status and distribution of dolphins for dolphin conservation. Also, local people should be provided with alternate incentives by actively mobilizing them in dolphin conservation work Key words: Dolphins, habitat mapping, conservation threats, Karnali river   doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i3.2208 Banko Janakari, Special Issue February 2009, 24-29
Sustainable wetland management for wildlife and people at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Authors: Thapa I , Dahal BR
Published: August 2009

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR) which lies in the lowlands of eastern Nepal is the most important wetland for migratory water birds in Nepal, and one of the most important in Asia. It is surrounded by a buffer zone of 173 km2, in which over 80,000 people live, most of whom are dependent on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. Uncontrolled fish harvesting has severely depleted fishery resources depriving local fishermen of their major source of subsistence. Annual waterfowl count has indicated a rapid decline of bird species that are heavily dependent on fish populations. The Darwin Initiative project is assisting local communities around KTWR in managing buffer zone wetlands for sustainable livelihoods, whilst enhancing wetland biodiversity, thus reducing the pressure on resources within KTWR Key words: Ramsar site, globally threatened species, wetland, community, livelihood   doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i3.2210 Banko Janakari, Special Issue February 2009, 36-39
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Centella asiatica (L) Urb.
Authors: Pittella Frederico , Dutra Rafael C. , Junior Dalton D. , Lopes Miriam T. P. , Barbosa Nádia R.
Published: August 2009

In the present study, the phenolic (Folin-Dennis) and flavonoid (colorimetric assay) constituents, antioxidant [2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay] and cytotoxic activities of an aqueous extract (AE) of Centella asiatica leaves were investigated. The aqueous extract (50 g/L) was obtained by infusion followed by cold maceration for 24 h. The levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were 2.86 g/100 g and 0.361 g/100 g, respectively. The AE showed elevated DPPH scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 31.25 μg/mL. The AE had a promising activity against mouse melanoma (B16F1), human breast cancer (MDA MB-231) and rat glioma (C6) cell lines, with IC50 values of 698.0, 648.0 and 1000.0 μg/mL, respectively. A positive correlation was established between the level of flavonoids, antioxidant and antitumor activities.
Marine-Derived Metabolites of S-Adenosylmethionine as Templates for New Anti-Infectives
Authors: Sufrin Janice R. , Finckbeiner Steven , Oliver Colin M.
Published: August 2009

S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is a key biochemical co-factor whose proximate metabolites include methylated macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, phospholipids), methylated small molecules (e.g., sterols, biogenic amines), polyamines (e.g., spermidine, spermine), ethylene, and N-acyl-homoserine lactones. Marine organisms produce numerous AdoMet metabolites whose novel structures can be regarded as lead compounds for anti-infective drug design.
Synthesis of Novel 3,5-Dichloro-2-arylpyridines by Palladium Acetate-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Suzuki Reactions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Hu Huanan , Ge Changhua , Zhang Anjiang , Ding Lisheng
Published: August 2009

A highly efficient palladium acetate-catalyzed ligand-free Suzuki reaction of 2,3,5-trichloropyridine with arylboronic acids in aqueous phase was developed. High yields of 3,5-dichloro-2-arylpyridines, a simple Pd source, absence of ligands, and environmentally benign as well as mild reaction conditions are important features of this method.
Synthesis and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity of (E)-N-Phenylstyryl-N-alkylacetamide Derivatives
Authors: Cheng Pi , Chen Ji-Jun , Huang Ning , Wang Rui-Rui , Zheng Yong-Tang , Liang Yi-Zeng
Published: August 2009

A series of (E)-N-phenylstyryl-N-alkylacetamides, 5, were synthesized by direct reduction-acetylation of β-arylnitroolefins, followed by N-alkylation. The title compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, EIMS and IR analysis. All the synthesized compounds were assayed as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A SAR study revealed that when group R1 in 5 was ortho-substituted, the resulting compounds showed better inhibitory activities against HIV-1 RT. Among the tested compounds, 5i (R1 = 2-Br, R2 = 3,5-difluorobenzyl) exhibited the highest enzyme activity, with a 88.89% inhibitory ratio against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at the tested concentration. Further cell-based anti-HIV-1 assays showed that compound 5i exhibited a SI value of 29 with an EC50 value of 4 μM in C8166 cells.
Sensing Characteristics of Flame-Spray-Made Pt/ZnO Thick Films as H2 Gas Sensor
Authors: Tamaekong Nittaya , Liewhiran Chaikarn , Wisitsoraat Anurat , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: August 2009

Hydrogen sensing of thick films of nanoparticles of pristine, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 atomic percentage of Pt concentration doped ZnO were investigated. ZnO nanoparticles doped with 0.2–2.0 at.% Pt were successfully produced in a single step by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) technique using zinc naphthenate and platinum(II) acetylacetonate as precursors dissolved in xylene. The particle properties were analyzed by XRD, BET, SEM and TEM. Under the 5/5 (precursor/oxygen) flame condition, ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods were observed. The crystallite sizes of ZnO spheroidal and hexagonal particles were found to be ranging from 5 to 20 nm while ZnO nanorods were seen to be 5–20 nm wide and 20–40 nm long. ZnO nanoparticles paste composed of ethyl cellulose and terpineol as binder and solvent respectively was coated on Al2O3 substrate interdigitated with gold electrodes to form thin films by spin coating technique. The thin film morphology was analyzed by SEM technique. The gas sensing properties toward hydrogen (H2) was found that the 0.2 at.% Pt/ZnO sensing film showed an optimum H2 sensitivity of ~164 at hydrogen concentration in air of 1 volume% at 300 °C and a low hydrogen detection limit of 50 ppm at 300 °C operating temperature.
Influence of Values on Residents' Attitudes Toward Tourism
Authors: Nunkoo Robin , Ramkissoon Haywantee
Published: August 2009

Personally held values play a fundamental role in explaining human actions. Research in both psychology and sociology suggest that such values underlie human behavior and actions. This article highlights the usefulness of personal values in explaining residents' attitudes toward tourism.
It is argued that values are major determinants of attitudes and consequent support for the industry. The means-end-chain (MEC) is proposed as the theoretical base of the study. The laddering technique, which is often used to operationalize MEC, is also discussed. Through the laddering interviews,
a "mental map" linking the attributes of tourism to the benefits or consequences of experiencing tourism and the personal values it satisfies can be developed. This process results in a better understanding of community attitude toward the industry. This study provides a theoretical (MEC)
as well as a methodological (laddering) contribution to the literature on residents' attitude toward tourism. It also contributes to the limited number of studies discussing the influence of values on host behavior toward the tourism industry. Though value research together with laddering
and MEC are not new to tourism, they can be considered new contributions to host attitudinal research.
Media in the Previsit Stage of the Tourist Experience: Port Campbell National Park
Authors: Moyle Brent D. , Croy W. Glen
Published: August 2009

In the past 50 years there has been an enormous expansion in the number and types of protectedarea users. This has increased physical pressures on protected areas, and created perceptual impacts for visitors. Importantly, the role of the media in promoting and providing expectations
can also be used as a tool to manage potential impacts. Within this context, research was undertaken at Port Campbell National Park (PCNP), Victoria, Australia. Implementing this study not only created awareness of the varied information sources visitor decisions were based on, but also provided
valuable insights into the role of the media in the management of expectations. Results indicated that users obtain information from four sources, creating a complex user image and management scenario. An analysis of visitor expectations of the facilities and services at PCNP indicated that
induced image sources created inflated expectations of functional attributes. Practical implications are provided for protected area management agencies on the importance of using the media as a tool in the previsit experience, to enhance overall satisfaction. Importantly, creating presite
images of functional attributes of parks, in induced information sources, may have important positive implications for overall user satisfaction.
Framing Experiences of Aboriginal Australia: Guidebooks as Mediators in Backpacker Travel
Authors: Young Tamara
Published: August 2009

Guidebooks play an influential role as mediator among the traveler, the travel experience, and the traveled destination. Despite the centrality of guidebooks in the experiences of independent travelers such as backpackers, the question of how readers use these texts has received little
attention in tourism research. This article explores the influence of guidebook texts on backpacker experiences with, and interpretations of, Aboriginal Australia. The investigation is drawn from the textual analysis of three popular guidebooks to Australia, coupled with interviews with a
sample of 28 international backpackers traveling in Australia. The research reveals that guidebooks are negotiated through the lived and imagined experiences of their readers at various times throughout the travel experience. Significantly, the interplay between the backpacker travel experience
and the guidebook text is dynamic and primarily situational. The findings highlight the role that the text plays as mediator between the traveler (the backpacker) and the traveled culture (Aboriginal Australia).
MyD88 Adaptor-Like Is Not Essential for TLR2 Signaling and Inhibits Signaling by TLR3
Authors: Kenny Elaine F. , Talbot Suzanne , Gong Mei , Golenbock Douglas T. , Bryant Clare E. , O'Neill Luke A. J.
Published: August 2009

Although a clear role for the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) adaptor-like (Mal, or TIRAP) in TLR4 signaling has been demonstrated, there is limited information on its role in TLR2 signaling. Here we have systematically analyzed the role of Mal in signaling by TLR2, TLR4, and as a control TLR3 in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. Mal was not required for the induction of IL-6 or NFκB activation at high concentrations of the TLR1/2 ligand Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 or the TLR2/6 ligand macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 and was required for these responses only at low ligand concentrations. Similarly, induction of IL-6 by Salmonella typhimurium, which is sensed by TLR2, required Mal only at low levels of bacteria. Mal was required for IL-6 induction at all concentrations of the TLR4 ligand LPS. Mal deficiency boosted IL-6 induction by the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Activation of JNK, but not p38 or IκB degradation, was similarly potentiated in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in Mal-deficient macrophages. MyD88 was vital for all TLR2 and TLR4 responses and, similar to Mal, was also inhibitory for TLR3-dependent IL-6 and JNK induction. MyD88 interacted with the Toll/IL-1R domains of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6. Mal interacted with the Toll/Il-1R domains of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 but not with TLR6. Our study, therefore, reveals that Mal is dispensable in TLR2 signaling at high ligand concentrations in macrophages and dendritic cells, with MyD88 probably coupling to the TLR2 receptor complex at sufficient levels to allow activation. An inhibitory role for Mal in TLR3 signaling to JNK was also demonstrated.
Therapeutic Antibody Targeting of CD97 in Experimental Arthritis: the Role of Antigen Expression, Shedding, and Internalization on the Pharmacokinetics of Anti-CD97 Monoclonal Antibody 1B2
Authors: de Groot Dorien M. , Vogel Gerard , Dulos John , Teeuwen Leonie , Stebbins Karin , Hamann Jörg , Owens Bronwyn M. , van Eenennaam Hans , Bos Ebo , Boots Annemieke M.
Published: August 2009

CD97 is a member of the EGF-TM7 family of adhesion class receptors, with a proposed role in inflammatory cell recruitment. Neutralization of murine CD97 with the anti-mCD97 mAb 1B2 was efficacious in prevention of murine collagen-induced arthritis, a model with features resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Here, the therapeutic potential of neutralizing CD97 in arthritis was studied with emphasis on the 1B2 pharmacokinetics. Mice with established arthritis were treated with anti-mCD97 or anti-TNF-α serum. Ab pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were studied in diseased and nondiseased mice using labeled 1B2. The impact of CD97 expression on Ab pharmacokinetics was studied using CD97 knockout mice. Treatment with 1B2 showed an efficacy comparable to anti-TNF-α treatment. Pharmacokinetic analysis of 1B2 in wild-type and CD97 knockout mice indicated a dose-dependent Ab clearance, due to specific interaction with CD97. Biodistribution studies showed accumulation of 1B2 in spleen and lung. In vitro studies using murine splenocytes revealed that CD97 when bound to Ab was internalized. Moreover, soluble CD97 was detected in the supernatant, suggesting Ag shedding. Finally, in arthritic mice, higher levels of soluble CD97 were found and 1B2 treatment led to specific targeting of inflamed paws, resulting in a higher clearance rate of 1B2 in arthritic mice than in wild-type mice. In conclusion, our data support a therapeutic value of CD97 neutralization in experimental arthritis. The pharmacokinetic profile of the 1B2 Ab illustrates the complexity of Ab elimination from an organism and stresses the importance of understanding Ag-Ab interactions when developing therapeutic mAbs.
Enhanced Engraftment of a Very Low-Dose Cord Blood Unit in an Adult Haemopoietic Transplant by Addition of Six Mismatched Viable Cord Units
Authors: Proctor Stephen J. , Chapman Catherine E. , Sharples Rachel , Lucraft Helen L. , Wilkinson Jennifer , Conn Jane , Middleton Peter G.
Published: August 2009

The report describes the feasibility of the addition of multiple viable HLA-mismatched unrelated cord blood units, to a low cell number matched unrelated cord, to assist clinical engraftment. An ablative stem cell transplant was performed in an adult with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), using a single HLA-matched cord blood unit (mononuclear cell dose ), supported by six mismatched cord blood units (one unit per 10 kg recipient weight). No adverse reaction occurred following the infusion of mismatched units and engraftment of the suboptimal-dose matched unit occurred rapidly, with no molecular evidence of engraftment of mismatched cords. Early molecular remission of ALL was demonstrated using a novel PCR for a mitochondrial DNA mutation in the leukaemic clone. The cell dose of the matched cord was well below that recommended to engraft a 70 kg recipient. We suggest that a factor or factors in the mismatched cords enhanced/supported engraftment of the matched cord.
Morphology Control in Solution‐Processed Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cell Mixtures
Authors: Moulé Adam J. , Meerholz Klaus
Published: August 2009

The efficiency of bulk‐heterojunction solar cells is very sensitive to the nanoscale structure of the active layer. In the past, the final morphology in solution‐processed devices has been controlled by varying the casting solvent and by curing the layer using heat tempering or solvent soaking. A recipe for making the “best‐performing” morphology can be achieved using these steps. This article presents a review of several new techniques that have been developed to control the morphology in polymer/fullerene heterojunction mixtures. The techniques fall into two broad categories. First, the morphology can be controlled by preparing nanoparticle suspensions of one component. The size and shape of the nanoparticles in solution determine the size and shape of the domain in a mixed layer. Second, the morphology can be controlled by adding a secondary solvent or an additive that more strongly affects one component of the mixture during drying. In both cases, the as‐cast efficiency of the solar cell is improved with respect to the single‐solvent case, which strongly argues that morphology control is an issue that will receive increasing attention in future research.
Nitration of nitrobenzene at high‐concentrations of sulfuric acid: Mass transfer and kinetic aspects
Authors: Rahaman M. , Mandal B. , Ghosh P.
Published: August 2009

This article reports studies on mass transfer and kinetics of nitration of nitrobenzene at high concentrations of sulfuric acid in a batch reactor at different temperatures. The effects of concentration of sulfuric acid, speed of stirring, and temperature on mass transfer coefficient were investigated. The kinetics of nitration under homogenized conditions was studied at different sulfuric acid concentrations at these temperatures. The reaction rate constants were determined. The variation of rate constant with sulfuric acid concentration was explained by the Mc function. The activation energies of the reactions were determined from the Arrhenius plots. The regimes of the reactions were determined using the values of the mass transfer coefficients and the reaction rate constants. A model was developed for simultaneous mass transfer and chemical reaction in the aqueous phase. The yields of the three isomers of dinitrobenzene were determined, and the variation of isomer distribution with sulfuric acid concentration and temperature was analyzed. This work demonstrates that more than 90% conversion of nitrobenzene is possible at high‐sulfuric acid concentrations resulting in high yield of the product even at moderate temperatures and at low speeds of stirring. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Berechnung von Stützen‐Deckenknoten für Schleuderbetonstützen
Authors: Rinnhofer Gerhard , Burtscher Stefan L. , Kollegger Johann
Published: August 2009

Der Beitrag geht auf die experimentellen und rechnerischen Untersuchungen an einem in den vergangenen Jahren speziell für Schleuderbetonstützen neu entwickelten, besonders tragfähigen und wirtschaftlichen Stützen‐Deckenknoten ein. Bei einem Stützen‐Deckenknoten werden die Lasten von der oberen Stütze durch die Decke in die untere Stütze geleitet. Der Spannungszustand im Bereich der Decke ist dabei dreidimensional und wird von vielen Parametern beeinflusst. Das Verhältnis der Beträge aus den drei Spannungsrichtungen beeinflusst sehr stark die Tragfähigkeit des Betons. Ein Materialmodell, das imstande ist, diese Effekte abzubilden, ist für eine naturgetreue Simulation besonders wichtig. Es ist gelungen die Bauteilversuche mit Hilfe der Finite Elemente Methode nachzubilden und auch die günstige Wirkung der neu entwickelten Ausführung mit hochfestem Kern im Bereich des Deckenknotens rechnerisch nachzuweisen.

Die Qualität der ersten Berechnungen wird mit den Versuchswerten hinsichtlich Tragfähigkeit, Verformung und Ort des Versagens verifiziert. In den nachfolgenden Berechnungen werden aufbauend auf den Vergleichsberechnungen Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Varianten zu untersuchen, die experimentell nicht getestet werden konnten.
Stoffliche und konstruktionsbezogene Besonderheiten beim Einsatz von UHFB im Brückenbau am Beispiel von drei Pilotprojekten
Authors: Reichel Michael
Published: August 2009

Seit 1997 wurden weltweit ca. 30 Brücken aus UHFB (Ultrahochfester Beton) gebaut. Wegen der hohen Leistungsfähigkeit von UHFB, vor allem in Bezug auf seine Festigkeits‐ und Dauerhaftigkeitseigenschaften, ist er geradezu prädestiniert für Ingenieurbauwerke und damit auch für Brücken. Übliche Konstruktionsprinzipien des Betonbaus lassen sich jedoch nicht einfach auf den neuen Werkstoff übertragen. Die konsequente Einbeziehung der Eigenschaften und Besonderheiten des neuen Werkstoffes sowie die Berücksichtigung der Forderungen der Nachhaltigkeit führen zu filigranen, modularen und flexiblen Bauweisen, die sich ihrem Konstruktionsprinzip nach zwischen Beton‐ und Stahlkonstruktionen einordnen lassen. Bei Betrachtung der gesamten Lebenszykluskosten sind mit solchen Bauweisen wirtschaftliche Bauwerke mit eminentem Nutzen für die Volkswirtschaft möglich. Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung werden anhand der Erfahrungen bei Konstruktion, Bemessung und Ausführung von drei verschiedenen Pilotprojekten in Österreich die Besonderheiten und neuen Erkenntnisse beispielhaft erläutert.

Special Features of Material and Structure in the Application of UHPC for Bridge Construction exemplified by three Pilot Projects

Since 1997 nearly 30 bridges have been built worldwide using UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete). Due to the high performance of UHPC, especially owing to its strength and durability properties, this material is predestined for engineering structures and as a result also for bridges. Common design philosophies in concrete construction can not easily be adapted to this new material. The consistent incorporation of the properties and special features of this new material as well as the demands for sustainability lead to filigree, flexible and modular buildings. Therefore the design philosophy can be classified between concrete and steel constructions. Considering the complete life‐cycle costs, such constructions permit economical buildings with an eminent benefit for the national economy. After general consideration, the special properties and the new insights gained are exemplified based on experiences during construction, dimensioning and implementation of three different pilot projects in Austria.
Rissbildung von biegebeanspruchten Bauteilen aus Ultrahochfestem Faserbeton
Authors: Heinzle Günter , Freytag Bernhard , Linder Josef
Published: August 2009

Das Konstruieren und Bemessen von Bauwerken aus faserbewehrtem UHPC erfordert sehr detailliertes Wissen über das Zugtragverhalten von Faserbeton. Es ist beeinflusst von der Fasergeometrie, der Fasermenge, der Schubverbundfestigkeit zwischen Faser und Matrix, der Matrixfestigkeit, dem Schwinden und der Faserorientierung. Leutbecher beschreibt ein Modell für reine Zugbeanspruchungen, indem all diese Parameter Eingang finden. Im hier vorliegenden Artikel wird dieses Modell für Biegebeanspruchungen erweitert und anhand von Biegeversuchen an Platten aus UHPC verifiziert. Dabei werden sowohl Faserbewehrung als auch konventionelle Stabbewehrung berücksichtigt.

Crack Formation of Flexural Members made of UHPFRC

For the design and planning of buildings made of fibre reinforced ultra high performance concrete one needs very detailed knowhow about the tensile carrying behaviour of fibrated concrete. It is affected by various parameters such as the fibre geometry, the content of fibres, the bond strength between fibre and binder matrix, the strength of the matrix, the shrinkage of the concrete and the orientation of the fibres. All these parameters are considered in a theoretical model for UHPFRC under tension (Leutbecher). In the paper presented here the range of validity of this model is extended to bending stress. Experimental investigations on UHPC‐plates under bending complete and verify the theoretical results. The tests cover fibre reinforcement as well as conventional passive reinforcement.
Spannungsabhängige und thermische Dehnungen
Authors: Quast Ulrich
Published: August 2009

Die konsequente Unterscheidung zwischen spannungsabhängigen und thermischen Dehnungen ist zur nichtlinearen Berechnung brandbeanspruchter Querschnitte unerlässlich. Auch für nichtlineare Querschnittsberechnungen mit vorgespannter Bewehrung, mit Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Kriechen und Schwinden oder für andere Sachverhalte ist das Konzept spannungsabhängiger Dehnungen zweckmäßig. Es ergibt eine insgesamt einheitliche Betrachtungsweise für die Formulierung des Dehnungszustandes.
A new rapid ultra‐performance liquid chromatography method for the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of diclofenac sodium aqueous injection and lipid microsphere injection in rats
Authors: Cui Yue , Lin Xia , Guan Ting‐Ting , Zhang Yu , Tang Xing
Published: August 2009

A novel, rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method had been developed for the pharmacokinetic study of diclofenac sodium (DS) after single intravenous injection of DS aqueous injection and DS lipid microsphere (LM) injection in rats. Ketoprofen (KP) was used as internal standard. Samples were treated by a one‐step liquid liquid extraction. Separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC™ BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.1% ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (20 : 80, v/v) initially in the gradient mode. The detection was carried out by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode with multiple‐reaction monitoring mode. Standard curves showed good linearity (r > 0.99) from the plasma concentration of 0.1–50 μg/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 μg/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions and the accuracy all satisfied the acceptance criteria. The developed method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of DS aqueous injection and LM injection. The results showed that the two preparations were bioequivalent in rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.