Social Justice Under Perspective of Philosophy of Law and Maqâsid Al-Sharî‘Ah
Authors: Sanuri Sanuri 
Published: December 2015

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Justice in the philosophy of law becomes a core which must be met through the existing law. Aristotle asserted that justice as the core of the legal philosophy can be understood in terms of numerical equality and equality of proportion. He also distinguished the type of justice into distributive justice and corrective justice. Meanwhile, John Rawls asserted that the enforcement of justice has a social dimension or well-known with social and reciprocal benefits. In Islam, justice is discussed as a matter of theology of divine justice that later emerged the two schools of thought; Mu‘tazilah and Ash‘arîyah. In addition, the theory of justice is also a fundamental theme in the philosophy of Islamic law, particularly in the discussion of </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> which asserts that Islamic law is regulated to create and protect the social benefits to mankind. The theory of social benefit was initially introduced by Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwaynî then developed by his student, al-Ghazâlî. The next Islamic legal theorist that specifically discussed about </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> was ‘Izz al-Dîn b. ‘Abd. al-Salâm of S</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">h</span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">afi</span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">‘</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">îah. And the discussion about </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> in a systematic and clear way was carried out by al-Shâtibî of Malikîyah in his book </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">al-Muwâfaqât</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. 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margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Justice in the philosophy of law becomes a core which must be met through the existing law. Aristotle asserted that justice as the core of the legal philosophy can be understood in terms of numerical equality and equality of proportion. He also distinguished the type of justice into distributive justice and corrective justice. Meanwhile, John Rawls asserted that the enforcement of justice has a social dimension or well-known with social and reciprocal benefits. In Islam, justice is discussed as a matter of theology of divine justice that later emerged the two schools of thought; Mu‘tazilah and Ash‘arîyah. In addition, the theory of justice is also a fundamental theme in the philosophy of Islamic law, particularly in the discussion of </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> which asserts that Islamic law is regulated to create and protect the social benefits to mankind. The theory of social benefit was initially introduced by Imam al-H</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">aramayn al-Juwaynî then developed by his student, al-Ghazâlî. The next Islamic legal theorist that specifically discussed about </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> was ‘Izz al-Dîn b. ‘Abd. al-Salâm of S</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">h</span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">afi</span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">‘</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">îah. And the discussion about </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> in a systematic and clear way was carried out by al-Shâtibî of Malikîyah in his book </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes;">al-Muwâfaqât</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">. In addition, al-T</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Arabic','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">{</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">ûfî also provides radical and liberal views about the theory of social benefit</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: -1.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: -1.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;">Keywords</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="IN">:</span></strong><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; background: white; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Social </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; background: white; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">justice, philosophy, Islamic law, </span></span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif';">maqâsid al-sharî‘ah</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Garamond','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-no-proof: 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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Note Heading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 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Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException 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<w:LsdExcepti