bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of centrifugal stress on cell disruption and glycerol leakage from Dunaliella salina
Authors: Xu Y. , Milledge J.J. , Abubakar A. , Swamy R.A.R. , Bailey D. , Harvey P.J.
Published: July 2015

Dunaliella salina accumulates large amounts of intracellular glycerol in response to the increases in salt concentration, thus is a potential source for producing fuel grade glycerol as an alternative to biodiesel-derived crude glycerol. D. salina lacks a cell wall; therefore the mode of harvesting Dunaliella cells is critical to avoid cell disruption caused by extreme engineering conditions. This study explored cell disruption and glycerol leakage of D. salina under various centrifugal stresses during cell harvesting. Results show a centrifugal g-force lower than 5000 g caused little cell disruption, while a g-force higher than 9000 g led to ~40% loss of the intact cells and glycerol yields from the recovered algal pellets. Theoretical calculations of the centrifugal stresses that could rupture Dunaliella cells were in agreement with the experimental results, indicating optimisation of centrifugation conditions is important for recovering intact cells of D. salina enriched in glycerol.
Selective Recovery Of Copper From Solutions After Bioleaching Electronic Waste
Authors: Willner Joanna , Fornalczyk Agnieszka , Saternus Mariola
Published: July 2015

Research on selective extraction of copper from solution after bioleaching grounded printed circuit boards (PCBs) using LIX 860N-IC were conducted. The effect of LIX 860N-IC concentration, phase ratio and influence of initial pH value of aqueous phase on the extraction of copper and iron was examined. It was found that the extraction rate of copper increases with the LIX 860N-IC concentration. Best results of Cu extraction (98 %) were achieved with extractant concentration of 5 % and pH 1.9. Higher pH value of aqueous phase (pH=2.4) is conducive to the simultaneous effect of Fe co-extraction.
Die opening-induced microstructure growth in extrusion foaming of thermoplastic sheets
Authors: Gandhi Abhishek , Bhatnagar Naresh
Published: July 2015

In this study, the influence of die opening gap on foam attributes during a microcellular extrusion foaming process was investigated. Lower die openings developed higher pressure drops on the foams, as a result of which greater thermodynamic instability was stimulated and, consequently, higher cell density foams along with enhanced expansion ratios were achieved. Further investigations were performed to study the synergistic influence of altering die opening with critical process parameters, namely, screw rotational speed and die temperature, on the foam expansion ratio and morphological transformations. Higher screw rotational speed induced shear nucleation phenomenon, which further enhanced the foaming process significantly. Also, an optimum die temperature was observed, which developed maximum expansion ratio at the lowest die opening gap. This study intends to enhance the understanding of extrusion foam processing among academia as well as among industries.
The Hard Problem Of Content: Solved (Long Ago)
Authors: Miłkowski Marcin
Published: July 2015

In this paper, I argue that even if the Hard Problem of Content, as identified by Hutto and Myin, is important, it was already solved in naturalized semantics, and satisfactory solutions to the problem do not rely merely on the notion of information as covariance. I point out that Hutto and Myin have double standards for linguistic and mental representation, which leads to a peculiar inconsistency. Were they to apply the same standards to basic and linguistic minds, they would either have to embrace representationalism or turn to semantic nihilism, which is, as I argue, an unstable and unattractive position. Hence, I conclude, their book does not offer an alternative to representationalism. At the same time, it reminds us that representational talk in cognitive science cannot be taken for granted and that information is different from mental representation. Although this claim is not new, Hutto and Myin defend it forcefully and elegantly.
Psychiatric Morbidity and Treatment of Prison Inmates
Authors: Tanay E
Published: July 2015

The failure to provide adequate treatment for persons committed to mental institutions has recently received considerable attention. The doctrine of “the right to treatment” has been judicially expressed in the now famous Rouse v. Cameron decision (373F 2d 451), (D.C. Cir., 1966). Rouse was sent to St. Elizabeth Hospital in the District of Columbia after he was found not guilty of a crime by reason of insanity. Three years later he sought release stating that he was not receiving adequate treatment to which he was entitled. The District of Columbia Court of Appeals stated that the possibility of ”indefinite commitment without treatment of one who has been found not criminally responsible may be so inhuman as to be cruel and unusual punishment.” A great deal of legal literature has been devoted to this issue.
Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Automobile Paints
Authors: Stewart WD
Published: July 2015

The problem facing the forensic scientist in the examination of paint as physical evidence is the limited amount of information that can be obtained from trace samples. Examination of the paint involves tests to determine the composition of the binder. These tests include spot tests which differentiate between binders by solubility and color reactions [1] and infrared spectroscopy which identifies the functional groups present in the sample [2]. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography can also be used to compare paint traces with the suspected source or, by reference to standard chromatograms, to identify the type of binder. In addition, the identity of the manufacturer of the paint smear and, in many cases, the make of automobile as well as the year, can be determined by the pyrolysis of small paint samples.
The Variation of Trace Element Concentrations in Single Human Head Hairs
Authors: Obrusnik I , Gislason J , MeMillan DK , D'Auria J , Pate BD
Published: July 2015

Hair from the human body is frequently encountered in the examination of crime-scene physical evidence. Study of metallic components by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and application of the results of such studies in forensic work, have been made difficult by the complexity of the hair system and its attendant surface contamination. As was noted in 1967 [1], “virtually everyone working with hair by this method [NAA] uses a different type of sampling, and a different method of cleaning the hair, and nobody yet really knows enough about the basic chemistry, morphology and behaviour of the hair shaft to be able to assess reliably the significance of the results.” The literature [2,3] contains both optimistic and pessimistic prognoses of the possibility of establishing whether or not a hair came from the head of a given individual.
Use of Chemical Determinations on Vitreous Humor in Forensic Pathology
Authors: Coe JI
Published: July 2015

It is frequently important in deciding the cause of death to be able to determine chemical abnormalities which may have existed prior to demise. This is particularly true in cases where clinical history suggests the possibility of such chemical abnormalities, but opportunity for autopsy does not exist. Even when a postmortem examination is done, determination of chemical abnormalities may help establish the cause of death where the autospy findings are inconclusive or may validate the significance of recognizable organ changes. For this reason rather extensive studies have been made in the postmortem chemistry of blood. It has been found that abnormalities in concentrations of protein, calcium, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and bilirubin can be evaluated by study of the serum prior to the onset of intravascular hemolysis. Unfortunately there are many constituents in which postmortem changes occur rapidly and erratically so that extrapolation to probable antemortem values becomes impossible. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations begin to fall soon after death, but the rate of fall varies so markedly from individual to individual that it is impossible to detect electrolyte imbalance except in extreme cases and when the blood has been obtained very soon postmortem. Serum glucose will ordinarily decrease in the left heart and extremital vessels due to continued utilization by the red cells after death, but may be markedly elevated in cases where death results from asphyxia or is accompanied by a large output of epinephrine terminally. Glucose concentrations in blood obtained from the right heart or inferior vena cava frequently are found markedly elevated due to glycogenolysis in the liver but may be low in cases of starvation.
The Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to the Forensic Evaluation of Vehicular Paint Samples
Authors: MacQueen HR , Judd G , Ferriss S
Published: July 2015

At present, characterization of topography of paint fragment samples in criminal cases is being undertaken by use of light microscopy. Wet chemical analysis and a wide range of spectral techniques are being used for elemental identification. Electron optical instruments have been developed that are capable of both topographical and elemental analyses. For example, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) can provide topographical information with greater depth of focus, higher magnification, and higher resolution than optical microscopy. Additionally, the electron beam can be used to excite characteristic X-radiation from the sample, theleby providing a wavelength spectrum for elemental identification and chemical species distribution in the sample.
Identification of Drugs and Other Toxic Compounds from Their Ultraviolet Spectra. Part I: Ultraviolet Absorption Properties of Sixteen Structural Groups
Authors: Siek TJ
Published: July 2015

The fully automatic recording spectrophotometer became a basic instrumental necessity in toxicology and crime laboratories a few years after being marketed. About the same time the infrared spectrophotometer became prominent as an analytical instrument, and indeed infrared spectrophotometry became the most specific method of identification available in most laboratories analyzing organic compounds during the sixties. An enormous amount of literature has been devoted to the interpretation of infrared spectra. Since absorption bands in the infrared region are sharper and more numerous than in the ultraviolet (UV) range, little attention has been given to practical approaches to interpretation of UV spectra. The fact that many compounds have similar and nearly identical spectra can be used as an advantage, since fewer standard spectra are needed than there are compounds to be identified. Matching the spectrum of an unknown to that of a known is in many instances simpler than the same process using infrared data.
Milestones in Forensic Science
Authors: Thomas F
Published: July 2015

Rather than presenting a static picture of the history of the forensic sciences and more particularly of legal medicine as the textbooks tend to do, I think this is an opportunity to show to what extent progress in these fields has been linked to the forward march of the basic sciences generally.
Criminalistics: Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Gurgin VA , Parker B , Betsch SJ
Published: July 2015

In the past decade, government decision makers in America increasingly have been required to deal with questions regarding the appropriate allocation of Federal resources in order to obtain cost-effective solutions to those situations we presently take to be human, social problems. It almost goes without saying that crime, in its profusion of variety and volume, is a social problem whose solution necessitates effective government resource allocation for decision making.
A Review of “Protection Against Bombs and Incendiaries”
Authors: Fox RH
Published: July 2015

This is an extremely short book, which is broken down into three basic sections. No reviewer who has been involved in law enforcement can make light of the terror and dangers caused by those who utilize the bomb and incendiary devices to achieve their purpose. However, the author of this book has obviously spent more time worrying about the problem than attempting to create a solution. His description of the threat is certainly as full of rhetoric as the threat itself.
A Review of “Laboratory Manual on the Geometric Interpretation of Human Bloodstain Evidence”
Authors: Vagnina LL
Published: July 2015

The authors have written this manual as a sequel to Mr. MacDonnell's work on the physical interpretation of bloodstain evidence, Flight Characteristics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood. The manual allows the nonscientist the opportunity to evaluate bloodstain patterns produced under known conditions and to draw his own conclusions. The results can be preserved as reference standards. There are twelve experiments as follows: (1) volume of a drop of blood, (2) spot size as a function of distance fallen, (3) effect of target surface on spatter, (4) spot shape versus impact angle, (5) effect of horizontal motion, (6) splashed blood versus distance fallen, (7) projected blood versus distance fallen, (8) “cast off” bloodstains, (9) medium velocity blood spatter, (10) high velocity blood spatter, (11) spot size versus horizontal projection, and (12) drying time of blood.
Observations on the Adversary System and the Role of the Forensic Scientist: “Scientific Truth” v. “Legal Truth”
Authors: Pollack S
Published: July 2015

At the first plenary session of the 24th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, discussions were directed to the role of the forensic scientist in the adversary system. The morning Plenary Session of Thursday, March 2, 1972 was entitled “The Adversary System and the Role of the Forensic Scientist.” The evening Special Seminar on “Truth and Consequences in the Court Room or Open Season on the Expert Witness” was followed by a film on “The Murder of Fred Hampton” in which the approach of the criminalist in accumulating scientific data for legal purposes was detailed. In these sessions, the adversary process was often attacked as interfering with or hiding and distor,ing scientific truth as provided by the expertise of the forensic scientist, rather than serving to promote scientific truth and enhancing its exposure and meaningful application to legal issues.
Detection of Gunshot Residue on the Hands by Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Analysis
Authors: Krishnan SS
Published: July 2015

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) for antimony and barium has been described as the most effective technique for the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of a suspect [1,2]. The method, however, is not used routinely for a number of reasons. Among the reasons are the complex nature of the statistical treatment of the data and the difficulty experienced by individual laboratories of collecting the voluminous background data required for these calculations. One of the important aspects of the technique is that the sample has to be collected with extreme care so that the contamination is minimal. Because the amounts of the elements analyzed are at microgram levels, specially designed procedures and training are required to be able to collect the samples without contamination. The existing techniques, such as paraffin lift and cotton swabbing, are found to be unsatisfactory in this respect. By taking repeated samples from hands by these procedures, it was found that three or four collections are required for complete removal of the trace elements. Thus, a single collection by these methods is not quantitative, and therefore, any subsequent calculation would be in error.
The Examination of Color
Authors: Cole A
Published: July 2015

The examiner of questioned documents must make observations of form, area, mass, length, width, angle, curvature, and texture, and other features not so readily named. Many of the features observed are subject to reasonably exact and fairly convenient measurement. There is one element of examination; namely, color, which is not usually measured. One can make close judgments about differences and similarities of color, especially when there is good control over the method of lighting and when the two objects being compared can be brought close together and studied at the same time under magnification. These judgments are highly useful in the solution of questioned document problems and they sometimes constitute the most important elements in a determination that a particular document is spurious. But a judgment is not a measurement.
An Experimental Study of Teaching Vocabulary by Using Hyponymy Games on the Seventh Grader F MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh
Authors: Taslim Fadilla
Published: July 2015

Language is an effective tool to get communication, interaction, and information about other people, society and other groups. Whenever people think about language, they usually think of mastering vocabulary. Mastering vocabulary means that they know all the words in the language which we use. In this research, the writer would like to carry out the research under title “An Experimental Study of Teaching Vocabulary by Using Hyponymy Games on the Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. It was quasi experimental method. The population was all of the seventh grader at Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. But, the writer just took one class as the sample. The objects of the study was the seventh grade of 7c class. From the result of statistic calculation, it is obtained the value of to is 8,9 and tt is 2,64. So tott. The comparison between t-score with t-table (2,64 8,9). It means that hypothesis of the research is accepted, or there is significant difference between the results of teaching vocabulary through hyponymy games for the Seventh Grader of MTs Syech Ibrahim Payakumbuh. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
CHẤT LƯỢNG MÔI TRƯỜNG NƯỚC TẠI CÁC ĐẦM TỪ BÌNH ĐỊNH ĐẾN NINH THUẬN TRONG THỜI GIAN GẦN ĐÂY
Authors: Vinh Le Thi
Published: July 2015

Các kết quả nghiên cứu chất lượng nước tại các đầm từ Bình Định đến Ninh Thuận (Đề Gi, Thị Nại, Ô Loan, Nha Phu, Thủy Triều, Nại) trong thời gian 2007-2011 cho thấy giá trị của các thông số cơ bản (Độ muối: 0 - 34‰, vật lơ lửng: 4,3 - 150 mg/l, pH: 6,75 - 8,3, DO: 3,99 - 8,09 mg/l, BOD5: 0,38 - 6,29 mg/l, muối dinh dưỡng (Amoni: 0 - 168 µgN/l, nitrite: 0 - 51 µgN/l, nitrate: 28 - 493 µgN/l, silicate: 83 - 6.040 µgSi/l), chất hữu cơ (N: 298 - 1.660, P: 12,9 - 691,9 µg/l), Fe (65 - 1.850 µg/l) và mật độ coliform (0 - 46.000 MPN/100 ml) biến đổi trong phạm vi rất rộng, nhất là vào mùa mưa trong khi giá trị của các kim loại nặng (Zn: 4,7 - 23,6 µg/l, Cu: 0,5 - 5,5 µg/l, Pb: 0,1 - 4,3 µg/l) và hydrocarbon (233 - 833 µg/l) biến động trong phạm vi hẹp hơn. Nhìn chung, chất lượng nước tại các đầm Đề Gi, Thị Nại, Nha Phu, Thủy Triều và Nại vào mùa khô tốt hơn so với mùa mưa trong khi chất lượng nước đầm Ô Loan có xu thế ngược lại do vào mùa mưa có hiện tượng mở cửa tại đầm này. Các đầm, nhất là  đầm Thị Nại, đầm Ô Loan, đầm Nại và Nha Phu thường có DO, vật lơ lửng, amoniac, nitrate, phosphate, Fe, hydrocarbon (HC) và coliform không nằm trong các GTGH qui định cho nước nuôi trồng thủy sản và bảo tồn thủy sinh, nhất là vào mùa mưa tại khu vực đỉnh đầm và cửa sông đổ vào đầm. Tuy nhiên, vấn đề môi trường quan tâm chủ yếu là DO, mức dinh dưỡng (nhất là phosphat) và mật độ coliform
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDRODYNAMIC FACTORS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE MEKONG RIVER MOUTH AREA
Authors: Tien Nguyen Ngoc
Published: July 2015

This paper presents some research results on the distribution characteristics of suspended sediment in coastal waters of Mekong river under the influence of hydrodynamic factors by using numerical model. The model was built on unstructured grid and calibrated with observed data to verify water levels at My Thanh, Thuan An stations. The calculated results showed the role of wind, wave, river discharges during both the rainy and dry seasons, and water level fluctuation to the distribution characteristics of suspended sediment in coastal waters of Mekong river mouth area. Accordingly, under the influence of waves, wind, the concentration of suspended sediment in the flood tidal phase was enhanced from the bottom floor to the surface, and a significant increase in turbidity occurred off Mekong River mouth. On the other hand, the distributions of suspended sediment concentration in tributaries were different, and depended on the tidal fluctuations.
SIMULATING THE DISTRIBUTION AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM) IN CAU HAI LAGOON - THUA THIEN-HUE PROVINCE BY MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Authors: An Pham Hai , The Nguyen Duc
Published: July 2015

By applying of regression methods to assimilate data for suspended particulate matter as the input data to mathematical model, the paper presents the results on the distribution and carrying capacity of suspended particulate matter in Cau Hai lagoon, Thua Thien-Hue province during the dry season (7/2013) and rainy season (10/2013). The initial simulation show that the water exchange in Cau Hai lagoon is weak in comparsion with that in Thuy Tu lagoon as well as Tam Giang lagoon, leading the distribution of suspended particulate matter to be dominated by seasonal and the suspended particulate matter from Truoi river. The overall mean concentration of suspended particulate matter is 30 g/m3 during dry season and 48 g/m3 in the rainy season. Notably, the carrying capacity of suspended particulate matter in Cau Hai lagoon is very low in the rainy season, with the remaining capacity of receiving being only 4%. Therefore, a small increase in the suspended particulate matter can result in the overload of suspended particulate matter in Cau Hai region.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF THI NAI LAGOON, BINH DINH PROVINCE
Authors: Trang Cao Thi Thu , Dieu Luu Van , Sinh Le Xuan , Thanh Tran Duc
Published: July 2015

Experiments of photosynthesis assessment of phytoplankton and seaweed had been carried out in Thi Nai lagoon in rainy season (October, 2013) and dry season (May, 2014). The results showed that primary productivity of phytoplankton was 8 - 149 mgC/m3/day, and that productivity of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa was 0.139 - 0.197 mg C/g seaweed/day. During photosynthesis process of phytoplankton, an amount of 1.42 - 1.6 tons mineral nitrogen/day and 0.14 - 0.17 tons phosphate/day was consumed in the whole lagoon. The photosynthesis process of seaweed also consumed an amount of 0.74 - 0.83 tons/day of inorganic nitrogen (including nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium), and 0.041 - 0.045 tons/day of phosphate in the whole lagoon.
Geothermal System as the Cause of the 1979 Landslide Tsunami in Lembata Island, Indonesia
Authors: Yudhicara Yudhicara , Bani Phillipson , Darmawan Alwin
Published: July 2015

DOI:10.17014/ijog.2.2.91-99A tsunami landslide which caused hundreds casualties and lots of damage took place on Lembata Island in 1979. In order to understand the characteristics of the landslide mechanism, a field survey was conducted in 2013 which sampled both the origin soil and landslide material, and the water from hotspring around the landslide site. The physical properties of the soil obtained show that the original soil has dominantly coarser grain than the landslide material (80.5% coarser grain compared to 11.8% coarse grain respectively) which indicates that the soil has become finer and softer. Hot spring analysis indicated that the mineral content of the water was 99.48% SO4. This shows that magmatism processes are involved which caused the soil to become acidic and may have fragilised the system. Results of X-ray Diffraction Mineralogy Analysis (XRD) show that the original soil is composed of minerals of cristobalite, quartz, and albite, while the landslide material consists of clay minerals such as quartz, saponite, chabazite, silicon oxide, and coesite which are typical minerals in a hydrothermal environment. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the area was influenced by an active geothermal system that could be the main source mechanism behind this disastrous event.
Towards polarisation-encoded quantum key distribution in optical fibre networks
Authors: Pillay Sharmini , Mirza Abdul R. , Petruccione Francesco
Published: July 2015

Quantum key distribution – a process that encodes digital information – often utilises fibre optic technologies for commercial applications. Fibre provides the benefit of a dark channel as well as the convenience of independence of a line-of-sight connection between the sender and receiver. In order to implement quantum key distribution protocols utilising polarisation encoding, the birefringence effects of fibre must be compensated for. Birefringence is caused by manufacturing impurities in the fibre or a change in environmental conditions and results in a rotation of the state of polarisation of light as it is propagated through the fibre. With dynamic environmental conditions, the birefringence effects should be monitored with a test signal at regular time intervals so that the polarisation of each photon can be appropriately compensated to its original state. Orthogonal states are compensated simultaneously, but most protocols, such as BB84 and B92, require non-orthogonal basis sets. Instead of using a compensator for each basis, the presented scheme fixes the polarisation controller onto the plane on the Poincaré that passes through both bases, compensating both non-orthogonal bases simultaneously.
Pancreatic islet regeneration: Therapeutic potential, unknowns and controversy
Authors: Cockburn Ingrid L. , Ferris William F.
Published: July 2015

Glucose homeostasis in mammals is primarily maintained by the insulin-secreting β-cells contained within pancreas-resident islets of Langerhans. Gross disruption of this glucose regulation as a result of pancreatic dysfunction frequently results in diabetes, which is currently a major health concern in South Africa, as well as globally. For many years, researchers have realised that the pancreas, and specifically the islets of Langerhans, have a regenerative capacity, as islet mass has frequently been shown to increase following induced pancreatic injury. Given that gross β-cell loss contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, endogenous pancreatic islet regeneration has been investigated extensively as a potential β-cell replacement therapy for diabetes. From the extensive research conducted on pancreatic regeneration, opposing findings and opinions have arisen as to how, and more recently even if, pancreatic regeneration occurs following induced injury. In this review, we outline and discuss the three primary mechanisms by which pancreatic regeneration is proposed to occur: neogenesis, β-cell replication and transdifferentiation. We further explain some of the advanced techniques used in pancreatic regeneration research, and conclude that despite the technologically advanced research tools available to researchers today, the mechanisms governing pancreatic regeneration may remain elusive until more powerful techniques are developed to allow for real-time, live-cell assessment of morphology and gene expression within the pancreas.
Cuadrar el delito. Corrupción institucional y participación de policías en el secuestro en México
Authors: Ruiz Torres Miguel À. , Azaola Garrido Elena
Published: July 2015

Este trabajo reconstruye las carreras de policías que se encuentran cumpliendo una sentencia por el delito de secuestro en la Penitenciaría de Santa Martha, en la Ciudad de México, desde el punto de vista de su itinerario “interrumpido” dentro de las instituciones policiales mexicanas. Las entrevistas realizadas nos develan una cultura policial que se basa en cuatro pilares que articulan el significado de las relaciones sociales tanto al interior de la institución, como respecto a los ciudadanos: desconfianza, autoritarismo, discrecionalidad y negociación. Estos rasgos nos conducen a identificar el ethos cotidiano y normalizado de una institución que se sustenta a sí misma y ejerce el abuso de poder para su propia perpetuación, aunque para ello sea necesario actuar en contra de algunos de sus elementos a quienes instrumentaliza como víctimas propiciatorias parala opinión pública.
Certification of Building Design
Authors: Walker Douglas
Published: July 2015

Most societies have systems of building control intended to minimise the risks associated with errors in design however building failures are often associated with a failure of these controls. Many such systems rely on private sector self-certification but this can be an unsafe practice if it fails to take into account human fallibility. Since 1992 self-certification by the structural designer has been permitted in Scotland, though not elsewhere in the UK. Many practising engineers believed that this did not provide an adequate standard of public safety. New regulations introduced to Scotland in 2005 removed this option and radically changed the way in which design may be certified for building regulation compliance. The UK professional institutions have developed a scheme for the design certification of building structures. The scheme had to meet the stringent requirements for certification schemes set by the Scottish Parliament, be regarded as workable by the practicing engineers and also have a sound business case that would make its operation commercially viable. Key to the new arrangements is the requirement for certifying engineers to be registered after undergoing an assessment of their competence. Checking of structural design is mandatory and the integrity of the system is demonstrated by regular audit of the activities of certifying engineers.
Arranging geometric configuration of cable-stayed bridges taking fatigue into account
Authors: Pellegrino Carlo , Pipinato Alessio , Freno Giovanni , Modena Claudio
Published: July 2015

Correct design of cable-stayed bridges is a key issue in bridge engineering in order to reach structural efficiency, maintaining adequate structural performance during time, respecting safe life. A good performance design of cables in strand bridges could be reached locally by adopting specific structural details in order to minimize fatigue stresses, and globally by geometrical optimization of cables. This paper introduce the general problem of optimal arrangement for cable- stayed bridge taking into account fatigue phenomena. Parametric analyses related to various geometric configurations of the cables are developed and some new insights for arranging geometric configuration of cable-stayed bridges are shown.
Tel-Aviv Museum of Art - New Building Innovation in Structural Design & Construction
Authors: Daniel Shacham Eng.
Published: July 2015

Located in the center of the city's cultural complex, the program for the Tel Aviv Museum of Art Amir Building posed an extraordinary architectural challenge: to resolve the tension between the tight, idiosyncratic triangular site and the museum's need for a series of large, neutral rectangular galleries. The solution: subtly twisting geometric surface (hyperbolic parabolas) that connect the disparate angles between the galleries and the context while refracting natural light onto the deepest recesses of the half buried building.

The new 19000 m2 Museum is located on a triangular plot that includes rectangular galleries without any interior columns. The exterior shape of the building and part of the interior elements consist of a series of "Hypars" in different shapes and length.

The Architectural and the structural design was based on 3D Rhino and Catia software and calculations done by Strap and Sofistik .

The design called for large spans up to 34m and large cantilever parts of the fa<ade.

The 4 story high building (29 meter) includes 36 different levels inside due to spiral twisting core and atrium.

The 3D software included the plans of all elements and was at the disposal of the Architect, the design engineer, the project manager, and the contractor.
Kaponjärbron Göteborg - The Future of Footbridges in Göteborg
Authors: James Stephen , Undeland Henrik
Published: July 2015

This paper focuses on the design development of a ground-breaking pedestrian bridge project in Göteborg, Sweden. Building on the city’s rich automotive and ship-building industrial heritage; Ramboll’s proposal is for an ultra-lightweight FRP structure, thought to be the first of its kind in Sweden.

At less than ¼ the weight of an equivalent structure in steel, the FRP structure requires reduced foundations, imposes minimal loading on fragile historic walls, and greatly eases buildability. The design utilises other sustainable materials in inventive ways to create a graceful, organic monocoque form that appears to float above the waterline.
Approaches to Development in M4D Studies
Authors: Svensson Jakob , Larsson Caroline Wamala
Published: July 2015

There is no doubt that the proliferation of mobile phones in developing regions has opened up a range of possibilities and new avenues for individuals, governments, development agencies and civil society organisations. But we also know that development is a disputed concept and conveys a range of different connotations. Therefore in this chapter we examine the areas, where mobile phones are discussed as vehicles for development (i.e. M4D), and how mobile communication is related to the idea(s) of development today. To examine this, we have reviewed M4D articles in three major conference series and open source journals during 2008-2012. Three dominant areas of M4D emerge out of our sample: livelihood, health and civic participation. We find that M4D is largely based on an economic understanding of development and biased towards techno-determinism. We conclude this chapter by suggesting a future path for studying the impact of mobile communication in developing regions, something what we label as a dialectical approach.
Study on Evaluating the Seismic Performance of Building According to Detail Seismic Condition
Authors: Zheng Wen Yi , Jin Jing Zhe , Gong Hai , Pan Peng
Published: July 2015

In the performance- based seismic design, seismic performance of building is differently evaluated according to variant seismic conditions. Most of the application programs for structural design (ETABS, SAP, MIDAS, ANSYS etc.) calculate the performance points of building according to Federal Emergency Management Agency（FEMA）, Applied Technology Council -40 (ATC -40)’s seismic building code and parameters. On this paper, we evaluated the seismic performance of building according to our national seismic building code[1] and parameters and maked suggesti- -ons on the design practice.
Effect of Corrosion Pit Position on Mechanical Properties of Corroded HRB400 Reinforced Bar
Authors: Li Hui , Wu Xun , Yue Jian Jun
Published: July 2015

Corrosion of steel bars has become the primary cause for the concrete durability problem. Stress concentration due to uneven corrosion affect the mechanical properties of reinforced bar. This paper take HRB400 rebar for example to analyze the effect. FEM is conducted to analyze the effect of corrosion pit position on yield strength and ultimate strength. The result shows that corrosion pit in transverse rib has a different effect on yield strength and ultimate strength, while corrosion pit in longitudinal rib and reinforced column make yield strength and ultimate strength of reinforced bar decrease in varying degrees.
Reliability Appraisal and Calculation Analysis of the Structure of a Heavy Industrial Plant
Authors: Jin Li Qiang , Zhang Xiao Peng , Xing Huai Nian , Liu Zeng Li , Li Da
Published: July 2015

In this article, according to the reliability appraisal of the structure of a heavy industrial plant which is near service limit years, we found several major safety hazard issues and proposed corrective measures to reinforce. On the basis of structural calculation and analysis, we could determine whether to upgrade the crane and propose the corresponding feasibility upgrade project, which can provide the basis for other similar identification.
Research of Surrounding Rock Classification Correction Method
Authors: Deng Hong Liang , Wang Si Miao , Chen Ge , Guo Yang
Published: July 2015

At present, both at home and abroad of tunnel surrounding rock classification methods and standards are all aimed at tunnel survey and design phase. It is the cause of that surrounding rock classification are very different between design phase and tunnel construction because of the limits of investigation techniques and geological data. It is the key to the real-time construction design problem that Sentenced to a stable state of surrounding rock based on the monitoring data. This paper determines the influence factors of tunnel convergence value clearance and obtained the tunnel convergence value clearance of principal component factor and power based on the statistical analysis of a lot of tunnel monitoring measurement data. It is put forward correction formula of dynamic classification of surrounding rock according to the theory of probability and statistics. The results show that based on the real-time monitoring of tunnel surrounding rock classification method is quite coincident with the actual situation of tunnel excavation in engineering applications.
Study on Corner Contact Shock of Gear Transmission by ADAMS Software
Authors: He Li , Tang Jin Yuan
Published: July 2015

Solving gear meshing impact force problems by using ADAMS software is studied.A pair of tooth meshing model is established based on UG, modal neutral file is generated by using ANSYS software, calculating gear meshing impact after Importing ADAMS. The relationship between the impact velocity and the impact force by taking reasonable key parameter about penetration depth in ADAMS simulation.A new approach for studying gear meshing impact is proposed here, and the simulation results show that ADAMS software is a very useful tool for solving gear corner contact shock problems outside the normal path of action line.
Efficiency Improvement of Thermistor Sensor Production Line through Line Balancing Methods
Authors: Khamwiset Ketsada , Prombanpong Suksan
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an efficiency improvement of assembly line by through line balancing method. By reducing lost time in assembly line caused working time each station does not equal. There was a wait time between work stations. As a result, the effectiveness and efficiency of the assembly line low. Will be affected the delivery of product to customers is not enough or back order. In addition, calculation of line balancing is demonstrated. One of the actual manual assembly lines will be through as a case study. It is found that after improvement line balance efficiency is increased from 63.62 to 89.52 percent with the efficiency improvement of 25.9 percent.
Effect of Carbonaceous Materials on the Electrochemical Performance of Fe2O3/C as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries
Authors: Su Dan Yang , Wang Jing , Tong Wen Ping , Dong Xiao Shi , Zhou Run Kai , Qi Ai Ring
Published: July 2015

The iron oxide anode materials have attracted widespread attention in lithium-ion battery research field. The Fe2O3/C composite was synthesized via hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD confirmed that the main crystallization phases of materials were Fe2O3. The Fe2O3/AC powders showed very uniform cube between 1 and 2 μm. Fe2O3/CNTs composites acted as a three-dimensional network wiring to connect Fe2O3 spheres. The electrochemical investigation indicated that the electrochemical performance of Fe2O3/CNTs materials shows a high specific capacity and an excellent cycling stability. The first reversible capacity of samples is 808.8 mAhg-1 at the current density of 100 mAg-1 between 0.01 and 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+.
Simulation of Basic, Protein-Based Logic Gates
Authors: Rakos Balázs , Nagy István
Published: July 2015

In the present work, we demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of basic logic gates consisting of dipole-coupled Dronpa molecules, potentially permitting the realization of nanoscale, low energy consuming and dissipating, terahertz-frequency computers and digital signal processors. The operational principle is related to an experimentally demonstrated, electric field-induced switching behavior of proteins.
Development of an In Situ Tool Wear Monitoring System Using the Cutting Sound
Authors: Takahashi Haruka , Sakai Katsuhiko , Shizuka Hiroo
Published: July 2015

This paper discusses the development of an in-situ, real-time tool wear monitoring system using the cutting sound that occurs during machining. In this study, the turning of carbon steel was implemented to examine the relationship between tool wear and the waveform of the cutting sound. Characteristic waveforms were extracted by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the cutting sound. The results indicated that the sound pressure of a specific frequency range increased during the progress of cutting-tool wear. In addition, it was possible to monitor the progress of tool wear by measuring the spectrum of a specific frequency range, even if the shape of the tool rest and the shapes of the work material were different, under certain cutting conditions.
Intelligent Knowledge Assessment for CAD/CAM Systems
Authors: Dāboliņš Jānis , Grundspeņķis Jānis
Published: July 2015

Intelligent tutoring system (ITS) with the possibility to track a user’s / student’s operations into CAD/CAM system would allow gaining a wide range of knowledge about successful or non-successful completion of the task and precision of the result – drawing and/or design. It would be possible to diagnose each stage of a students’ work in any CAD/CAM system. Each action would be traceable and ITS would gain information about the quality of these actions (speed, precision, tools used, coherence and sequence). In this paper for implementation of such systems the intelligent agent paradigm is used and multi agent system is proposed.
Brominated Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/Carbon Materials Nanocomposite Membranes for CO2/N2 Separation
Authors: Guo Lin , Yu Bing , Cong Hai Lin , Zhang Xiu Lan , Li Ze Jing , Liu Xiao Mian , Zhai Feng , Yuan Hua , Hao Tian Zi
Published: July 2015

The mechanical strength of polymeric membranes is one of the limitations for their applications. Carbon materials are effective in reinforcing polymeric materials, but it is unknown whether they would degrade the membranes’ gas separation performance. In this paper, using brominated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) as matrix, nanocomposite membranes of BPPO/graphene, BPPO/carbon back and BPPO/fullerene were prepared. The CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity of the nanocomposite membranes were studied. Different from the BPPO/carbon black and BPPO/fullerene membranes, the BPPO/graphene membrane was found having improved gas separation performance after incorporation 2 wt. % graphene.
The Standard Formation Enthalpies of Spherical ZnO Nano-Particles: Size Matters
Authors: Hu Shi Xiang , Li Ya , Wu Xin Min
Published: July 2015

Four kinds of spherical nanoZnO particles with diameter of 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm and 50 nm were characterized by XRD and SEM. Based on a thermodynamic cycle, the standard molar formation enthalpies (ΔfHm) were measured and calculated by the RD496-2000 micro-calorimeter. They are (-328.41±1.575) kJ·mol–1(50 nm), (-323.11 ± 1.579) kJ·mol–1(40 nm), (-313.47 ± 1.581) kJ·mol–1(30 nm), (-307.66 ±1.616) kJ·mol–1(20 nm). The results show that nanosized ZnO has higher standard molar formation enthalpy compared to that of bulk ZnO (–350.46 ± 0.27 kJ·mol–1), indicating that the stability of nanosized ZnO decreases. More interestingly, the results show that the smaller size of the ZnO nanoparticles, the higher standard molar formation enthalpy was obtained. This indicates that ZnO nanoparticles get destabilized when the size decreases. The value of the standard molar formation enthalpies y (kJ·mol–1) and size x (nm) can be approximately described by a linear function of y = –0.7189 x –293.
Fabrication and Characterization of LaOBr:Eu3+ Luminescent Nanofibers
Authors: Yu Wen Sheng , Zhu Chun Song , Ma Qian Li , Ma Wen Wen , Wang Jin Xian , Dong Xiang Ting
Published: July 2015

LaOBr:Eu3+ nanofibers have been successfully fabricated by electrospinning combined with a double-crucible bromination technique using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) powers as bromine source. The products were characterized in detail by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that LaOBr:Eu3+ luminescent nanofibers are tetragonal in structure with space group P4/nmm. The diameter of LaOBr:Eu3+ luminescent nanofibers is ca. 150 nm. Fluorescence spectra analysis shows that under the excitation of 302-nm ultraviolet light, the LaOBr:Eu3+ nanofibers exhibit red emission centering at 620 nm, which is attributed to the 5D0→7F2 energy levels transitions of Eu3+ ions.
Experimental Drying of Ceramics Bricks Including Shrinkage
Authors: Nascimento J.J.S. , Belo F.A. , de Lima Antônio Gilson Barbosa
Published: July 2015

This work presents an experimental study on the behavior of clays during the drying process. Experimental tests were carried out with clay material for the production of red ceramics and white ceramic (ball clay). Different dimensions and the material initial moisture content plus temperature and relative air-drying humidity were taken into account. Drying kinetics and volume changes of parallelepiped-shaped samples were shown and analyzed. It has been verified that air-drying temperatures and body shape have an enormous influence on the drying rate process. The drying process occurs during the falling drying period and the volume changes display two linear periods.
Analysis of the Cutting Temperatures along the Macrostructure of a Directionally Solidified Al-7wt%Si Alloy
Authors: Silva Adrina P. , Prado I.R. , Barros J.S. , Silva C.A.P. , Moreira A.L. , Rocha O.L.
Published: July 2015

The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of solidification thermal parameters on the macrostructure of an Al-7wt%Si alloy during the horizontal directional solidification under unsteady-state heat flow conditions and its correlation with cutting temperatures. The solidification experiments were instrumented by thermocouples and an experimental approach was developed to quantitatively determine the solidification thermal parameters considered. The observation of the macrostructures has indicated that the columnar-to-equiaxed transition occurred in a sharp plane parallel to the chill wall and a higher average cutting temperature was obtained for the columnar structure.
Using the Fractional Advection Dispersion Equation to Improve the Scale Effect in the Sampling Process of Column Tests with Lateritic Soils
Authors: de Moraes Ricardo Mendonça , Cavalcante André Luís Brasil
Published: July 2015

Breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained from column tests in heterogeneous soils are not satisfactorily simulated with the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) for some heavy tailed cases. Furthermore, the dispersion coefficient calculated with the ADE for heavy tailed BTCs are scale dependent when simulating columns of soil larger than the original test depth. In this paper we compare the usage of a fractional ADE (FADE) and the classical ADE to fit column tests BTCs made with Brazilian lateritic soils, discussing both contaminant transport theories and underlying stochastic models. The FADE can more accurately simulate heavy tailed BTCs, and when applying the adjusted FADE parameters to longer depths of soil, the FADE also predicts a more realistic scenario of contaminant transport through heterogeneous soil. The addition of fractional calculus in the advection-dispersion equation proves to improve contaminant transport predictions based on column tests over the classical ADE, with the use of a constant fractional dispersion coefficient that is scale independent.