bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process in Botswana
Authors: Segosebe Eagilwe M.
Published: August 2017

The desire to protect the natural environment and the resources it hosts is at the core of every country's ambition to achieve long-term sustainable development. Yet, the history of development shows that environmental protection always came about as an after the fact activity. Nations around the world, including the industrial countries, most of the time reacted to adverse impacts of the environment rather than acting proactively to prevent undesirable outcomes of development. The 1970s decade is seen as a watermark in the development of legislation aimed at protecting the environment particularly in the developed world. This development and requirement to have projects subjected to environmental impact assessments spread to developing countries like Botswana in the 1980s. Botswana embraced the ideal to protect the environment to achieve sustainable development. Toward this end, the government of Botswana carried out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on major projects voluntarily, even before the passing of the maiden EIA Act of 2005 and its supplement of 2011 and accompanying guidelines in 2012. After this and particularly in the 1990s, Botswana rigorously pursued its position on the international terrain where the country signed and ratified some international conventions and protocols. This chapter concludes by suggesting that the next area of focus for Botswana is on monitoring the outcomes of projects for which EIAs have been conducted.
Participatory Geographic Information Systems Within a Crowdsourcing Environment, With Special Reference to Volunteered Geographic Information
Authors: Mulalu Mulalu I.
Published: August 2017

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are essentially concerned with fixing locations of features and attaching data to them. This geographic data is subsequently used in spatial analysis as a means to support problem analysis and solution modeling through exploratory data analysis and experimentation with various alternative solutions. Ultimately GIS is used for informed decision making. With the advent of technologies that support participation, digital mapping, Global Positioning System (GPS), the internet, Web Mapping, Web GIS, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 technologies and smart phones, many people all over the world have become capacitated to collect and communicate geo-tagged multimedia information, a phenomenon that is known as crowdsourcing. One example of crowdsourcing is incorporating geotagged information collected by volunteers into a GIS. Consequently, crowdsourcing facilitates PGIS to become a powerful practice that can be leveraged to collect geographic data over extensive landscapes and often in near real time.
RESÍDUOS ELETROELETRÔNICOS: CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A LOGÍSTICA REVERSA E SOBRE A POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS
Authors: Alves Lidiane Aparecida , E Silva Adriano Reis de Paula , Pimentel Luana Rodrigues
Published: August 2017

Um problema socioambiental contemporâneo são os resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REE). Estes bens têm uma vida útil cada vez mais curta, demandam um grande volume de recursos para sua fabricação e a presença de metais pesados e componentes tóxicos, que se descartados incorretamente implicam em riscos, mas que por outro lado, em sua maioria, podem ser reaproveitados. Neste artigo discorre-se sobre a logística reversa e o ciclo de vida dos produtos, conceitos contemplados pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - Lei nº 12.305/2010, que responsabiliza os fabricantes, importadores, distribuidores e comerciantes de bens eletroeletrônicos pelo processo reverso de seus produtos. Conclui-se que a partir destas evoluções conceituais e legais, aumentam-se as expectativas para a correta implementação do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, especialmente os REE.
GEOMORFOLOGIA URBANA
Authors: De Melo Felippe Pessoa
Published: August 2017

O livro foi organizado por Antonio José Teixeira Guerra, tendo como colaboradores, Antonio Soares da Silva, Rosângela Garrido Machado Botelho, Maria do Carmo Oliveira Jorge, Helena Polivanov, Emílio Velloso Barroso, Orlando Ricardo Graeff e Raphael David dos Santos Filho. O texto tem como eixo balizador as ações antropogênicas no relevo urbano.  Para tanto a obra foi estruturada em 7 capítulos, sendo eles: Encostas Urbanas, Solos Urbanos, Bacias Hidrográficas Urbanas, Geomorfologia Urbana: conceitos, metodologias e teorias, Geotecnia Urbana, Licenciamento Ambiental Urbano e Antropogeomorfologia Urbana.
PLANEJAMENTO URBANO EM TERESINA (PI): ABORDAGENS DA ÁREA CENTRAL NOS PLANOS
Authors: Silva Silvana De Sousa , Façanha Antonio
Published: August 2017

A análise da dinâmica do espaço urbano permite a identificação dos aspectos, elementares para a averiguação do significado dos processos orientados para ações em recortes como a área central. Nessa perspectiva, o planejamento urbano recebe destaque, demandando abordagens em escala nacional, mas também investigações locais, como subsídio para o entendimento de similitudes e diferenciações. Diante das características assumidas pelo planejamento e a trajetória deste na cidade de Teresina (PI), objetivou-se com o presente artigo, caracterizar as abordagens da (re)produção espacial da área central de Teresina, a partir da verificação do papel assumido nos Planos elaborados para a cidade. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos foram compostos pela revisão de referencial teórico, utilizando autores como Lacerda et al. (2005); Souza (2006); Villaça (1999); Souza e Rodrigues (2004); Chaves (1998), bem como pela análise do processo de constituição dos Planos. Conclui-se, portanto, que as discussões sobre a área central de Teresina assumiram relevo em todos os Planos analisados, especialmente associadas a concentração de atividades e fluxos, demonstrado o papel que esse recorte guarda, no contexto da produção do espaço urbano da cidade.
AS DIFICULDADES DE IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DOS PROGRAMAS DE APOIO À AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR NO BRASIL
Authors: Saron Flávio De Arruda , Neves Neto Carlos De Castro , Hespanhol Antonio Nivaldo
Published: August 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a execução de três programas voltados à agricultura familiar, em nível nacional: o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e o Programa Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Territórios Rurais (PRONAT), por meio de distintas estratégias, quais sejam: concessão de crédito subsidiado, a produção agropecuária e as ações para o desenvolvimento territorial. No entanto, os programas apresentam diversos problemas na sua operacionalização, o que dificulta a consecução dos seus objetivos. Para a elaboração do artigo foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos de dados em fontes e documentos oficiais. Assim, pôde-se observar que, não obstante a importância dessas três políticas públicas no fomento ao desenvolvimento rural, os agricultores familiares ainda continuam enfrentando dificuldades na comercialização da sua produção, no acesso ao crédito e na falta de assistência técnica. Outro problema verificado foi a prioridade dada para a agricultura moderna, mesmo nas ações de apoio à agricultura familiar, a exemplo do que ocorre com o PRONAF.
Optical Characterization of Quaternary AlInGaN Multiquantum Wells
Authors: Wu Ya Fen , Lee Jiunn Chyi
Published: August 2017

Quaternary AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiquantum-well (MQW) structures were grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The influence of QW pairs and QW barrier width on the optical properties of the samples is investigated by means of temperature and incident-power dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The PL emission peaks redshift and the PL peak intensities increase as the number of QW pairs increases. On the other side, a blueshift of the PL peak energy and reduction of the PL peak intensity are observed for the sample with thinner barrier width. These results are explained by carrier localization effect. The S-shaped temperature-dependence of the PL peak energies indicates the existence of localized states induced by the potential fluctuations. The estimated degree of localization effect is found to be enhanced for the sample with more QW pairs and thicker barrier layers. Observing the incident-power dependent PL spectra, the estimated amounts of localization effect of the samples are consistent with the incident-power induced blueshifts of PL peak energies and the slope exponents of power-law form of integrated PL intensity.
Influence of Support Structure on the Ultraviolet Photoluminescence Enhancement from Graphene/ZnO Hybrid Structures
Authors: Zhang Pei Chao , Zhou Ying Hui
Published: August 2017

Novel application of graphene combined with light emitting materials has been proposed recently due to the plasmonic effects of graphene. Here, we report our investigations on the structural and optical properties of two graphene/ZnO hybrid structures that fabricated based on different ZnO supports. Plasmon-enhanced ultraviolet photoluminescence has been observed from both samples. The combined Raman and photoluminescence studies suggest a strong interaction between ZnO and graphene, which is affected by the surface structures of ZnO. Our results develop insights about the influence of ZnO supports on the PL enhancement and interfacial coupling in graphene/ZnO hybrid structures, which provides a reference for the design and fabrication of optoelectronic devices with high efficiency.
Fractal Characterization Analysis in CNC Milling Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Zheng Mei , Xing Bao Liang , Wang Jing , Cao Hui Ying , Li Shao Hua
Published: August 2017

Based on the experiment of milling aluminium alloy (7075-T651), the relations between the fractal dimensions of cutting forces with machining parameters are studied. Cutting speed, feed speed and cutting depth are considered as the process parameters. The cutting force in milling aluminium alloy operation are measured and the fractal dimension are calculated using the algorithm of correlation dimension. From main effect plots the fractal dimensions of three directions of cutting forces are reduced with the increase of cutting speed and increased with the increase of feed speed and cutting depth. The mathematic models of fractal dimension of cutting force are developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the ANOVA show that feed speed and cutting depth have remarkable influence to fractal dimension Dx and Dy, cutting speed and feed speed for Dz.
Preparation of Bi2WO6 Powders with Micro-Carbon Spheres Acting as a Template by Refluxing Method
Authors: Lin Yue , Chen Hai Feng
Published: August 2017

Firstly, we made the glucose as raw material to prepare carbon microspheres hydrothermal method. Then carbon microspheres use as a template, and Bi (NO3)3.5H2O and Na2WO4.2H2O as raw material to synthesize the Bi2WO6/carbon composite by refluxing method. Finally, Bi2WO6 samples were obtained by calcination so as to remove the template. And samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffuse reflection absorption spectroscopy (DRS). The Rhodamine B (RhB) was simulated as the sewage under the visible light to study the impact of the illumination time, calcination temperature and the amount of catalyst. The results show that Bi2WO6 synthesized by calcination at 500 °C had the best photocatalytic performance, and when samples (30 mg) was put into RhB solution (10 mg/L) and illumination for 180 min, the degradation rate could reach 92%, which demonstrated that the samples exhibit excellent visible photocatalytic performance.
Study on the Effect of [Al13]7+ over the Free Swelling Ratio of Expansive Soil
Authors: Liu Liang , Yao Hai Lin , Lu Zheng , Yin Zhong Wen , Luo Xing Wen , Fang Ran
Published: August 2017

The hydroxy-aluminum solution is prepared by alkali neutralization titration and the subsequent cross-linking tests are designed by mixing the hydroxy-aluminum solution and expansive soil, followed by the discussion on the influence of the molar ratio of OH- to Al3+ and ratio of total aluminum to expansive soil on the swelling behavior of the cross-linked soil. The free swelling ratio of the cross-linked soil decreased significantly, indicating that the main aluminum species that changes the expansion properties of the cross-linked soil is [Al13]7+.
Effect of DFA Modification on Thermal Properties of Multifunctional Epoxy/Anhydride Systems
Authors: Yu Ming Ming , Fang Lin , Yang Min , Li Hong , Ren Mu Su , Sun Jin Liang
Published: August 2017

The thermal stabilities of two amine based multifunctional epoxy resins (TGDDE/MNA & TGBAPP/MNA) and two dimer carboxylic acid (DFA) toughened resins (DFA-TGDDE/MNA & DFA-TGBAPP/MNA) were comparatively investigated with the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG). The TG parameters of the resins indicated that the thermal stability of the resins was increased after the modification. Furthermore, the thermal degradation kinetics was studied with a dynamic method according to Ozawa model, which explained this phenomenon.
Preparation of Polyaniline/Cu-BTC Composite and its Sensing Application for Ammonia
Authors: Zou Yong Jin , Yin Ying , Zhang Hai Tao , Xu Fen , Sun Li Xian
Published: August 2017

In this study, a newly materials based on copper–benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate/polyaniline (PANI/Cu-BTC) composite was investigated for NH3 sensing. Cu-BTC was grown on the PANI a hydrothermal process. The sensing performance of as-grown product was studied for different concentrations of NH3 at room temperature. The results reveal that Cu-BTC/PANI composite exhibit high sensitivity toward NH3. The good sensing performance of the composite was attributed to high surface area and good affinity of Cu-BTC for NH3, which can act like preconcentrator for the NH3 gas sensing.
Biocompatible Tough Hydrogels via Micellar Copolymerization of NIPAM and Stearyl Acrylate: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Xu Xi De , Liu Jie , Wu You Ping , Deng Jian Ping
Published: August 2017

Novel biocompatible tough hydrogels were prepared through free radical micellar polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator, in which hydrophobic monomer stearyl acrylate (C18) underwent micellar polymerization in the presence of gelatin as emulsifier. FT-IR and DSC demonstrated the formation of co-polymer of NIPAM and C18. Swelling results indicated that hydrophobic polymer domains derived from C18 in aqueous medium acted as the physical crosslinking points by hydrophobic association. Uniaxial tensile test demonstrated the mechanical properties of hydrogels increased with increasing C18 and gelatin contents. The hydrogel exhibited low toxicity and promoted cell proliferation. The desirable toughness, low toxicity and the promoting effect of cell proliferation made the present hydrogels good candidates for tissue regeneration materials.
Design and Implementation of a Practical Learning Methodology for the Control and Programming of a Flexible Manufacturing Cell
Authors: Trujillo F.J. , Dorado R. , López-García R. , Sevilla Lorenzo
Published: August 2017

In this work, the design and implementation of a set of practical activities in a flexible manufacturing cell is exposed, as well as the teaching methodology used, both in programming cell manually (guided programming) or remotely (off-line, using simulation software). These activities have been designed for a progressive learning, starting with simple tasks, like programming a robot arm movement between different points in space, and concluding with more complex tasks, such as programming of palletizing cycles or manufacturing a part by machining.
Teaching and Learning of Manufacturing Engineering through Virtualization of Processes on CNC Machines
Authors: Morales-Palma D. , Martinez-Donaire Andrés Jesús , Centeno Gabriel , Borrego M. , Vallellano Carpóforo
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the latest developments in a digital documentation project related to manufacturing processes on machine tools. The project is supported by engineering students doing their bachelor/master thesis within this field. Different virtual models have been developed by using CATIA V5, such as conventional and CNC machines, several parts to be manufactured, and different manufacturing processes such as machining, incremental sheet forming and 3D printing. Some of the modelled parts have been manufactured. The developed digital documentation is used as supplementary material in subjects of bachelor and master degree in Industrial/Aerospace Engineering, with a high degree of acceptance by students.
Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center, the Bet to Surpass the Valley of Death between University and Company
Authors: Ortega Naiara , Plaza Soraya , Celaya Ainhoa , López de Lacalle Luis Norberto , Sánchez José Antonio , Lamíkiz Aitzol
Published: August 2017

The present times are changing and need new formulas that satisfy the need for effective transfer between universities and companies. In the Basque Country, attending to this demand the Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center (CFAA) has been founded. This center belongs to the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and has several companies related to this strategic sector as partners. The CFAA, equipped with the latest machinery and technology, born to be a catalyst for research activity in the field of advanced manufacturing for aeronautical sector, focusing its activity on the called Pillar 2 of the MRL scale (Manufacturing Readiness Level) as the proximity to the final application. Belonging to the UPV/EHU, this center allows stays of doctoral students, students for performing their master and bachelor’s degree projects. This implies a high quality training, and closer to reality, in manufacturing technologies.
Innovations in Learning and Teaching for Manufacturing Engineering under Ubiquitous Computing and Distributed on Mobile Devices Smartphones and Tablets
Authors: Pazo Martín Carlos , Aguayo González Francisco , Peralta Álvarez María Estela , Marcos Bárcena Mariano , Ávila Gutiérrez María Jesús
Published: August 2017

The new technologies of information and communication have opened up new possibilities for training in the field of manufacturing engineering. Information and communications technology contribute to flexible process of teaching and learning thanks to the ease of creating, processing and dissemination of content. They are also an opportunity to improve new learning environments, closer to actual production contexts. But to achieve an efficient process of learning, methodologies (that are based on ICT) should be adapted to the students’ characteristics, the contents and the context. This paper aims to design a model of teaching and learning from educational innovation with the use of information technologies applied to training Manufacturing Engineer using mobile devices as a teaching resource. The tool will be designed to self-education situated in learning contexts and incorporates different instructional strategies for student learning and teacher monitoring.
STAT1 Is Required for Suppression of Type 17 Immunity during Influenza and Bacterial Superinfection
Authors: Lee Benjamin , Gopal Radha , Manni Michelle L , McHugh Kevin J , Mandalapu Sivanarayana , Robinson Keven M , Alcorn John F
Published: August 2017

Influenza is an annual, global healthcare concern. Secondary bacterial pneumonia is a severe complication associated with primary influenza virus infection that often results in critical morbidity and mortality. We have identified influenza-induced suppression of antibacterial type 17 immunity as a mechanism for enhanced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection. We have shown that influenza-induced type I IFN impairs type 17 activation. STAT1 is a transcription factor involved in IFN signaling that is shared by types I, II, and III IFN. In this study, we investigated the role of STAT1 signaling during influenza and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus superinfection. STAT1−/− mice had increased morbidity and airway inflammation compared with control mice during influenza monoinfection. Despite this worsened antiviral response, STAT1−/− mice were protected from superinfection bacterial burden and mortality compared with controls. Type 17 immune activation was increased in lymphocytes in STAT1−/− mice during superinfection. The elevation in type 17 immunity was not related to increased IL-23 production, because type I IFN could inhibit IL-23 expression in a STAT1-independent manner. STAT1−/− APCs were inherently biased toward type 17 polarization compared with control cells. Further, STAT1−/− dendritic cells produced attenuated IL-6 and TNF-α upon heat-killed S. aureus stimulation compared with control. Overall, these data indicate that STAT1 signaling plays a detrimental role in influenza and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus superinfection by controlling the magnitude of type 17 immune activation.
Cutting Edge: Murine NK Cells Degranulate and Retain Cytotoxic Function without Store-Operated Calcium Entry
Authors: Freund-Brown Jacquelyn , Choa Ruth , Singh Brenal K. , Robertson Tanner Ford , Ferry Gabrielle M. , Viver Eric , Bassiri Hamid , Burkhardt Janis K. , Kambayashi Taku
Published: August 2017

Sustained Ca2+ signaling, known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), occurs downstream of immunoreceptor engagement and is critical for cytotoxic lymphocyte signaling and effector function. CD8+ T cells require sustained Ca2+ signaling for inflammatory cytokine production and the killing of target cells; however, much less is known about its role in NK cells. In this study, we use mice deficient in stromal interacting molecules 1 and 2, which are required for SOCE, to examine the contribution of sustained Ca2+ signaling to murine NK cell function. Surprisingly, we found that, although SOCE is required for NK cell IFN-γ production in an NFAT-dependent manner, NK cell degranulation/cytotoxicity and tumor rejection in vivo remained intact in the absence of sustained Ca2+ signaling. Our data suggest that mouse NK cells use different signaling mechanisms for cytotoxicity compared with other cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Deep Immune Profiling of an Arginine-Enriched Nutritional Intervention in Patients Undergoing Surgery
Authors: Aghaeepour Nima , Kin Cindy , Ganio Edward A. , Jensen Kent P. , Gaudilliere Dyani K. , Tingle Martha , Tsai Amy , Lancero Hope L. , Choisy Benjamin , McNeil Leslie S. , Okada Robin , Shelton Andrew A. , Nolan Garry P. , Angst Martin S. , Gaudilliere Brice L.
Published: August 2017

Application of high-content immune profiling technologies has enormous potential to advance medicine. Whether these technologies reveal pertinent biology when implemented in interventional clinical trials is an important question. The beneficial effects of preoperative arginine-enriched dietary supplements (AES) are highly context specific, as they reduce infection rates in elective surgery, but possibly increase morbidity in critically ill patients. This study combined single-cell mass cytometry with the multiplex analysis of relevant plasma cytokines to comprehensively profile the immune-modifying effects of this much-debated intervention in patients undergoing surgery. An elastic net algorithm applied to the high-dimensional mass cytometry dataset identified a cross-validated model consisting of 20 interrelated immune features that separated patients assigned to AES from controls. The model revealed wide-ranging effects of AES on innate and adaptive immune compartments. Notably, AES increased STAT1 and STAT3 signaling responses in lymphoid cell subsets after surgery, consistent with enhanced adaptive mechanisms that may protect against postsurgical infection. Unexpectedly, AES also increased ERK and P38 MAPK signaling responses in monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which was paired with their pronounced expansion. These results provide novel mechanistic arguments as to why AES may exert context-specific beneficial or adverse effects in patients with critical illness. This study lays out an analytical framework to distill high-dimensional datasets gathered in an interventional clinical trial into a fairly simple model that converges with known biology and provides insight into novel and clinically relevant cellular mechanisms.
DOCK8 Drives Src-Dependent NK Cell Effector Function
Authors: Kearney Conor J. , Vervoort Stephin J. , Ramsbottom Kelly M. , Freeman Andrew J. , Michie Jessica , Peake Jane , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Picard Capucine , Tangye Stuart G. , Ma Cindy S. , Johnstone Ricky W. , Randall Katrina L. , Oliaro Jane
Published: August 2017

Mutations in the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) gene cause an autosomal recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome, characterized by chronic immunodeficiency with persistent microbial infection and increased incidence of malignancy. These manifestations suggest a defect in cytotoxic lymphocyte function and immune surveillance. However, how DOCK8 regulates NK cell–driven immune responses remains unclear. In this article, we demonstrate that DOCK8 regulates NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production in response to target cell engagement or receptor ligation. Genetic ablation of DOCK8 in human NK cells attenuated cytokine transcription and secretion through inhibition of Src family kinase activation, particularly Lck, downstream of target cell engagement or NKp30 ligation. PMA/Ionomycin treatment of DOCK8-deficient NK cells rescued cytokine production, indicating a defect proximal to receptor ligation. Importantly, NK cells from DOCK8-deficient patients had attenuated production of IFN-γ and TNF-α upon NKp30 stimulation. Taken together, we reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which DOCK8 regulates NK cell–driven immunity.
Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–Specific Cells Using MHC Class II Tetramers Reveals Phenotypic Differences Related to HIV Infection and Tuberculosis Disease
Authors: Strickland Natalie , Müller Tracey L. , Berkowitz Natacha , Goliath Rene , Carrington Mary N. , Wilkinson Robert J. , Burgers Wendy A. , Riou Catherine
Published: August 2017

A major challenge for the development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) is that the attributes of protective CD4+ T cell responses are still elusive for human TB. Infection with HIV type 1 is a major risk factor for TB, and a better understanding of HIV-induced alterations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells that leads to failed host resistance may provide insight into protective T cell immunity to TB. A total of 86 participants from a TB-endemic setting, either HIV-infected or uninfected and with latent or active TB (aTB), were screened using M. tuberculosis–specific MHC class II tetramers. We examined the phenotype as well as function of ex vivo M. tuberculosis–specific tetramer+CD4+ T cells using flow cytometry. The numbers of M. tuberculosis–specific tetramer+CD4+ T cells were relatively well maintained in HIV-infected persons with aTB, despite severe immunodeficiency. However, although HIV-uninfected persons with latent TB infection exhibited ex vivo M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells predominantly of a CXCR3+CCR6+CCR4− (Th1*) phenotype, aTB or HIV infection was associated with a contraction of this subset. Nevertheless, in individuals with aTB and/or HIV infection, circulating ex vivo M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells did not display defects in exhaustion or polyfunctionality compared with healthy HIV-uninfected individuals with latent TB infection. Collectively, these data suggest that increased susceptibility to TB disease could be related to a loss of circulating Th1* CD4+ T cells rather than major changes in the number or function of circulating CD4+ T cells.
Washability analysis of lignite borehole samples from the Willowbunch and Estevan areas, Saskatchewan
Authors: Rozenhart C F
Published: August 2017

The borehole samples of the Willowbunch and Estevan Areas were individually combined and each considered as a single borehole. After air drying subsamples obtained by coning and quartering were wet-screened to remove all the clayey material. The coal was analysed
by the float-sink method. The results show that a suitable power plant product can be obtained by first removing the clay and then washing the coal by Compound Water Cyclones.
Measurement of gas holdup in the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant: derivation of correlations
Authors: Liu D D S , Pruden B B
Published: August 2017

This report describes procedures and computations used to obtain gas holdup data from gamma-ray densitometer (GRD) readings during demonstration plant operation in the thermal hydrovisbreaking mode. These procedures involved the measurement of attenuation
coefficients for calibration plates, reactor wall material, and reactor liquid in a high pressure hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. Computations have been made of relative photon densities received by the GRD ionization chamber using these attenuation coefficients. They have been translated
into a single calibration curve, giving voidage as a function of GRD reading with temperature as a parameter. Verification of the predictions is reported for data obtained during reactor upsets, when gas flow has been lost for short periods. Changing the GRD detector position on the outside of the
reactor also verified the predictions. At 13.9 MPa (2000 psi) hydrogen pressure and above 390 0C (735 0P), attenuation coefficients predicted liquid densities much lower than that given in literature correlations for liquid alone.
Responses of gamma-ray densitometers on the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant reactor: from April 27 to May 12, 1987
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: August 2017

Response curves were determined for gamma-ray densitometers on the reactor of the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant. These were based on on-line attenuation measurements while the plant was running. All densitometers worked well during the period of
examination, form April 27 to May 12, 1987. The original calibration curves are valid only for DR-121 and are invalid for DR-122 and DR-123 because instrument settings do not match with the strength of the sources. The new response curves are useful for estimating the relative changes of voidage
during the plant operation. A careful calibration is needed for all three units when the reactor is empty and before any setting is changed.
Data package for the validation of combustion simulation codes
Authors: Hughes P M J , Lockwood F C
Published: August 2017

Many computer programs exist for predicting conditions inside a furnace during the combustion of solid and liquid fossil fuels. To verify that these prediction routines model reality correctly, it is necessary that measurements be taken in a combustor which is
easily modelled and resembles a full-scale combustor. This paper discusses the generation and use of a data package for the validation of a computer model of a horizontally fired, cylindrical, research tunnel furnace. The eleven experiments discussed in this paper involved the combustion of either
coal or oil. The volatile content of the coal varied from 21 to 35 % by weight and the swirl number of the flow varied from 0.0 to 0.4. The measurement scheme included the axial variation of the total and radiant heat flux from the flame and mapping of the gas temperature and major species
concentration profiles. To complete the measurements inside the furnace, a mapping of the gas velocity profiles was made at two total airflow rates and seven swirl settings ranging from a swirl number of 0.0 to 0.9. This study used a computer code called 'MODTUN' which was developed at the Imperial
College. This computer program is based on the 'TEACH' code and incorporates the necessary sub-routines to model the devolatilization and combustion of pulverized coal. A reasonable measure of success was obtained when the measured data were compared with the predicted data. By using this data
package not only was it possible to determine the appropriate models for the physical processes involved but empirical parameters for these models were also identified. The most significant of these is the amount of volatile material released relative to that predicted by proximate
analysis.
Effect of coal concentration on product distribution in CANMET coprocessing
Authors: Rahimi P M , Fouda S A , Kelly J F
Published: August 2017

The effect of feed coal concentration on the characteristics of distillate products was investigated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) and Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry(FIMS). The distillates were obtained by coprocessing Forestburg
subbituminous coal and Cold Lake vacuum bottoms from Alberta in a nominal 1 kg/h bench scale unit. Distillates from three different coal concentration experiments at 3.7, 23.9 and 39.5 wt % on a maf slurry feed basis were chosen for this study. Gross distillate(205-525°C) characteristics
were determined using elemental analysis and 1H NMR. Results are consistent with the fact that as coal concentration is increased, more coal-derived liquids contribute to the distillate. The distillates were separated into five different fractions using a Polar Amino Cyano (PAC) column. Analysis of
the fractions indicated that increasing coal concentration from 3.7 wt% to 23.9 wt% results in an increase in the amount of polar materials and a subsequent decrease in the amount of saturated compounds. The weight percent of monoaromatics and polyaromatics were not effected by the amount of
coal present in the slurry feed. The number and weight average molecular weights of the distillates boiling between 205-525°C and their hydrocarbon-type fractions decreased as the coal concentration increased. Each hydrocarbon-type fraction was analyzed by 1H NMR and FIMS to determine the
effect of coal concentration on compound-type distribution. The results show that increasing coal concentration has a significant effect on compound-type distribution and, in part, coal may enhance the upgrading of bitumen. Based on preliminary isotopic mass balance measurements which take advantage
of the difference between the 13 C/ 12C ratio of coal and bitumen, the amount of coal-derived carbon in the coprocessing distillate was estimated.
Improving coke quality with Canadian coals
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: August 2017

Metallurgical coal deposits in Eastern Canada are Carboniferous while those in Western Canada are mainly Cretaceous in origin. The Cretaceous coals have undergone quite different coalification than the Carboniferous coals and have reduced pyrite but higher
kaolinite, quartz and inerts contents. Western Canadian coals vary from high- to low-volatile in rank. They make strong blast furnace coke from conventional coke oven charges, either individually, or when blended with suitable foreign coals. Cokes made from blends with Western coals have excellent
reactivity and coke strength after reaction (CSR) values because of the low basicity of their ash and coking pressures are generally low because of their high inert contents. Western coals are particularly suited to high density charging technologies such as partial briquetting because they
demonstrate large improvements to coke quality and have low coking pressures. Nova Scotia coking coal, which is high volatile A bituminous has excellent caking properties and low inert and ash contents. It produces high quality coke in blends carbonized conventionally or preheated. Its ash, and
caking properties complement most higher rank coals and it is ideally suited to blend with high inert low sulphur coals like those from Western Canada.
Comparative combustion properties of raw and washed Donkin coals in the CCRL pilot-scale boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K L , Whaley H
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of raw Donkin coal (run of mine) and three levels of cleaned (washed) Donkin coal was compared with that of a commercially available thermal bituminous coal from Western Canada. Tests were conducted in a pilot-scale pulverized
coal-fired research boiler located at the Energy Research Laboratories (ERL) in Ottawa. The three cleaned coal samples were obtained from the CANMET Coal Research Laboratories coal cleaning facility in Devon, Alberta. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on
samples of the coals as they were received in Ottawa. Each coal flowed readily through the ERL pilot-scale conveying and coal-handling system. The coals, which ground readily to produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, ignited easily to produce stable flames at greater than e 96%
combustion efficiency. The highest combustion efficiencies were obtained with the more finely ground coal feeds. The washed Donkin coal, containing the lowest ash content, gave the highest combustion efficiency. The ash from each of the Donkin coal samples was quite fluid and slagged readily in the
refractory-lined furnace bottom, whereas the ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Without exception, the washed Donkin coal samples burned at a higher combustion efficiency, a lower SO2 level in the flue gas, and a
decreased volume of ash and slag on the heat transfer surfaces and the furnace bottom than was obtained with the Donkin raw coal. Washing the Donkin coal did not appear to cause any significant operational difficulties in burning the coal, and as outlined in an earlier report (1) the combustible
content of the fly ash can be significantly reduced by increasing the combustion residence time.
Zinc chloride catalyzed flash hydropyrolysis of + 525 °C pitch from Cold Lake bitumen
Authors: Pandey R N , Ingard E
Published: August 2017

Flash hydropyrolysis experiments have been performed on the vacuum bottoms fraction of Cold Lake bitumen, using zinc chloride as a catalyst. It was found that high conversions could be obtained at hydrogen pressures which are much lower than those normally used
in catalytically hydrocracking residual oils.
Analysis and regression model of blast furnace coal injection
Authors: Hutny W P , Price J T
Published: August 2017

Coal injection has been commonly recognized as an important technological improvement of blast furnace operation, reducing coke consumption, increasing productivity, and making the furnace run without operational problems. Both coal quality (volatile matter, ash,
C/H ratio) and operating conditions (coal rate, blast temperature, combustion conditions) significantly affect the operation. Based on industrial results from many iron producing facilities, this study discusses the influence of coal properties on blast furnace operating indices. A regression model
relating coke replacement ratio to operating factors such as coal rate, blast temperature, coal ash, and coal-to-air ratio has been established. Factors favouring coal injection over other fossil fuel injectants and coal injection industrial data have been reported.
Progress report no. 1 - an investigation of catalysts having bimodal pore size distributions for hydrocracking +525 °C Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Ternan M
Published: August 2017

In this project catalysts are to be prepared and tested in hydrocracking experiments using +5250C Athabasca bitumen. The distinguishing feature of the catalysts is that they are to contain an alumina component which has much larger pore diameters than the
conventional gamma alumina prepared from boehmite. Pore size distributions are reported both for the large pore alumina component prepared at different conditions and for several catalysts. Some reaction results are also reported. They were obtained during reaction experiments with a commercial
bimodal catalyst. The results with this "standard catalyst" will be compared with results obtained with catalysts containing the large pore alumina component.
Effect of oxygen concentration on temperature runaway during regeneration of hydrotreating catalyst
Authors: Furimsky E
Published: August 2017

Spent Shell 424 nickel-molybdate catalyst supported on y-alumina, which was used to hydrotreat a synfuel distillate, was regenerated by burnoff using a wide oxygen concentration range medium. A linear correlation was established between oxygen concentration and
the ?T parameter reflecting the temperature runaway on the oxidizing gas admission. The addition of steam or carbon dioxide resulted in a dilution effect only. Catalyst pretreatment by extraction and reduction resulted in a significant increase in the initial rate of sulfur dioxide formation and a
decrease in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide yields.
Evaluation of combustion performance and quality of a problem fuel
Authors: Lee S W
Published: August 2017

The combustion performance of a commercial No. 2 fuel for residential oil heating was investigated using a controlled laboratory test program. The fuel has created "no-heat" problems in over 700 homes during a single heating season. The burners in oil furnaces in
those homes failed without any apparent mechanical malfunction. Most of the burners were restarted by simply cleaning the nozzle and electrodes. Comprehensive analysis of the fuel by standard methods showed that the properties were well within specifications. A11 homes which experienced this problem
received the same fuel; this was stored in a tank which had been used previously for storing No. 6 fuel oil. Burner failure did not occur during short term tests of the fuel at CCRL. However, problems associated with abnormal burner function were observed which clearly indicated potential problems
over extended hours of operation. Considerable amounts of solids were found upon filtering the fuel through a series of filter papers. Chromatographic analysis showed traces of heavy hydrocarbons. These observations suggested that the fuel was contaminated with residues from a heavy No. 6 fuel oil,
and that the burner problems were associated with the interference of fine particles on the oil spray at the nozzle. The study was undertaken as part of CANMET's cost recovery program, with a 257e contribution by ERL.
Microfiltration for the dewatering of deoiled tailings pond sludge
Authors: Farnand B , Sawatzky H
Published: August 2017

Deoiled tar sands tailings pond sludge was processed in I bench scale cross flow microfiltration apparatus to determine the permeation rate changes as water was removed. The mass transfer limitations of the process became evident, in particular when different
operating pressures caused no change in the permeation rates. The thixotropic behaviour of the sludge resulted in its dewatering in the process beyond the point where it would flow when poured. The experimental results were used to prepare an order of magnitude cost survey.
Feasibility study of a low severity hydrogenation process for upgrading jet and diesel fuels
Authors: McCann T J , Skubnik M , Wilson M F
Published: August 2017

Possible mid 1990's specifications limiting the aromatic content of Canadian jet and diesel fuels will severely strain Canadian refiners. Increasing use of synthetic crude oils will worsen this problem. This study shows that a low severity hydrogenation process
has possible commercial applications in both the short term (1992) and long term (2005). CANMET has done extensive test work with conventional high severity aromatic hydrogenation catalysts and recently has been developing a low severity supported nickel catalyst route. The study compares these two
routes for four feedstocks representing Canadian applications - synthetic crude middle distillates from each of Suncor Inc. and Syncrude Canada Ltd., a light cycle oil and a blend of light cycle oil with conventional middle distillate. Preliminary capital costs of both routes are found to be equal,
but the operating costs of the nickel catalyst route are marginally higher. The development of a sulphur tolerant nickel catalyst with regenerability would greatly improve the economics of the low severity process.
A laboratory isothermal technique used to assess the facility of collecting fly ash in electrostatic precipitators
Authors: Whaley H , Wong J K , Thambimuthu K V , Banks G N
Published: August 2017

The in situ measurement of resistivity is a useful parameter in determining the efficiency with which coal fly ash can be collected in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Such measurements are few because they are expensive and they are often difficult to obtain
during pilot-scale combustion experiments and even more so on operational boilers. The Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) of the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) has been involved for many years in pilot-scale research on coal combustion. One of the major
objectives has been to assess the environmental impact of coal combustion and to develop methods for reducing or containing the ensuing pollutant emissions. This research program has resulted in the development of an isothermal laboratory method for producing representative ash samples and
determining their resistivity variation with combustible content. The technique employs the same point-plane probe as that used in the pilot-scale tests and can be used in the field. Data from several coals and coal blends are given which show the relationship between the screening method, in situ
resistivity measurements and fly-ash precipitability. This laboratory procedure is inexpensive and can be extremely valuable in providing ESP manufacturers with reliable design data without recourse to expensive and often unreliable field measurements.
Reverse osmosis fractionation of organic solutes in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Farnand B
Published: August 2017

The physicochemical parameters that are used to describe reverse osmosis behaviour are successful in aqueous as well as nonaqueous solutions. Independent determinations of solute-membrane interactions can be made and compared with the physicochemical parameters
that describe reverse osmosis performance. This has been used to demonstrate the independence of the reverse osmosis mechanism with regard to membrane material as well as solvent. Thus, reverse osmosis can be made to perform in any solvent system with any membrane material, excluding the cases where
the membrane is soluble in the solvent. Further, independent determinations of membrane-solute interactions can be used to estimate membrane performance.
Hydrovisbreaking of Athabasca bitumen in a high shear jet reactor
Authors: Chakma A , Chormet E , Overend R , Dawson W H
Published: August 2017

Hydrovisbreaking of Athabasca bitumen has been carried out in a high shear jet reactor consisting of a high pressure stainless steel vessel equipped with a pressure nozzle. Hot H2 and bitumen were passed through the nozzle simultaneously. Due to the high shear
imparted to the liquid very fine droplets were produced resulting in intimate mixing of H 2 and bitumen. Bitumen viscosity was reduced from 124000 cP to below 200 cP under a variety operating conditions. Three main variables affect the viscosity reduction: treatment temperature (420-500 ° C),
reactor pressure and pressure differential across the jet nozzle. Due to the very short residence time inside the reactor, coke formation is minimal. The results are interpreted in terms of a destructuring effect caused by the high shear fields at the jet nozzle. The presence of a pyrolytic regime
at the highest temperatures (> 480 ° C) favors the asphaltene conversion leading to products of lower viscosity but at the expense of some coke formation ( 1.5% wt of bitumen). It is also shown that the destructuring effect can be induced in the presence of
nitrogen.
Application of gamma-ray densitometry in developing primary upgrading processes
Authors: Liu D D S , Patmore D J
Published: August 2017

Gamma-ray densitometry has been applied in developing processes for upgrading heavy oils, refinery residua, tar sand bitumen and coal into synthetic crudes. These processes normally operate at high temperatures and pressures thus non-invasive monitors are highly
desirable. Examples of applications at CANMET are given for the following three areas: gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid multiphase flow hydrodynamic studies, monitoring of ash concentration and measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of liquids.