bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pentraxin 3 – a potential link between inflammation, obesity and cardiovascular complications in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Gruszka Wojciech , Wyskida Katarzyna , Chudek Jerzy , Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Magdalena
Published: July 2018

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine disorder among women in reproductive age. Metabolic disturbances in PCOS include among others increased incidence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, pre-thrombotic state, hypertension, sleep apnea, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue disturbances, including inflammation, were shown to play an important role in the development of both endocrine and metabolic disturbances, accelerating the progression of arteriosclerosis, which leads to premature cardiovascular disease development in PCOS.
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) seems to be one of the factors linking obesity and cardiovascular complications observed in PCOS. PTX3 belongs to a family of long pentraxin proteins. It primarily plays a role in acute immunological response; however, some data suggests that it may also be involved in oocyte maturation. In contrast to the short pentraxin, C-reactive protein, which is primarily produced in the liver, PTX3 is produced locally in the site of the inflammation by several types of cells, for example, adipose tissue during development of inflammation. Increased PTX3 expression was found in visceral fat tissue in obese subjects, and was shown to be under TNF-α control. PTX3 expression has not been tested in PCOS women, yet.
Up to now there are only 5 studies investigating PTX3 in PCOS. Only in one study PTX3 level in PCOS women was increased compared to the control groups, in two other studies – decreased, and in two – similar. Also, the association between PTX3, PCOS and obesity remains uncertain.
Further research, including ones with a greater number of subjects, especially obese and older women, are necessary to assess the role of PTX3 as a potential link between the inflammation, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Diferencias entre empleabilidad, inseguridad laboral y salud en trabajadores y desempleados
Authors: Serrano Rosa Miguel Angel , Baena Sandra , Molins-Correa Francisco
Published: July 2018

ResumenEl desempleo y la inseguridad laboral tienen efectos negativos sobre la salud, aunque la empleabilidad podría mediar dichos efectos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las posibles diferencias entre trabajadores y desempleados en empleabilidad y variables de salud psicosocial, así como explorar el papel de la empleabilidad y la inseguridad laboral en la salud psicosocial. Para esto, se utilizó metodología cuasiexperimental, donde se administraron una serie de cuestionarios que evaluaban empleabilidad e inseguridad laboral a 97 trabajadores (35 desempleados y 62 en activo), junto a otras variables psicosociales y de salud. Los resultados muestran que la empleabilidad es mayor en desempleados y que, altas puntuaciones en este constructo se asocian a un menor malestar afectivo. Por otro lado, en la población activa, tener altos niveles de inseguridad laboral también se asocian con malestar psicológico y baja satisfacción y autoeficacia. Estos resultados se discuten  considerando que la empleabilidad podría estar actuando como un amortiguador de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del desempleo y la inseguridad laboral.AbstractUnemployment and job insecurity have negative effects on health, although employability may be able to mediate these effects. The objective of this article is to analyze the possible differences between workers and unemployed in employability and psychosocial health variables, as well as to explore the role of employability and job insecurity in the active population in psychosocial health. For this, quasiexperimental methodology was used, where a questionnaire evaluating employability, job insecurity and psychosocial health variables was administered to 97 workers (35 unemployed and 62 in active). Results showed that employability is higher in unemployed and that high scores in this construct are associated with negative emotions. On the other hand, in the active population, having high levels of job insecurity were associated with psychological distress and low satisfaction and self-efficacy. These results are discussed considering that employability could be buffer the negative health consequences derived from unemployment and job insecurity.
Deslocamento interno e direitos humanos: o problema dos desastres ambientais
Authors: Grubba Leilane Serratine , Monteiro Kimberly Farias
Published: July 2018

Nos estudos sobre migrações, pouco se costuma abordar sobre os deslocados internos, que erroneamente são confundidos com a categoria dos refugiados. Diferentemente destes, os deslocados internos não cruzam fronteiras internacionais, continuando a viver dentro de seu próprio país. Nos dias atuais, os deslocados são vistos como um dos principais grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade, os quais necessitam de amparo e proteção por parte dos Estados e de Organismos Internacionais, através de ações humanitárias, econômicas e políticas. Desse modo, o presente artigo visa apresentar a problemática dos deslocados internos, envolvendo índices e demonstrações, com base nos relatórios do Centro de Monitoramento de Deslocamento Interno e tendo por objetivo específico por em pauta a existência do fenômeno do deslocamento interno por motivos ambientais e ambientais-econômicos. Assim, o artigo irá trazer casos concretos de deslocamento devido a catástrofes ambientais, como exemplo a tragédia ocorrida em 2015 no município de Mariana, Minas Gerais, considerado o pior acidente da mineração brasileira, que resultou em catástrofe ambiental, fazendo com que milhares de pessoas se deslocassem internamente do seu estado de origem para outros.
Concessão de crédito e o consumidor endividado: violação do princípio da dignidade humana na sociedade de hiperconsumo
Authors: Mottin Leticia , Marques de Souza Maristela Denise
Published: July 2018

Ao contrário do que crê o senso comum, o consumidor não é o único responsável pelo seu endividamento, visto que um dos fatores que contribuem para o fenômeno é a ampla atuação dos fornecedores de crédito no mercado. Após a análise conjunta de todos os aspectos envolvidos, tem se que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro se mostra insuficiente para assegurar a dignidade da pessoa humana e a inclusão do consumidor ao mercado de consumo, de modo que a criação de normas em conjunto com a atuação do governo demanda urgência, assim como se mostra indispensável o exercício do poder de punição e fiscalização estatal de publicidades enganosas para assegurar a efetividade da lei nacional e prevenir o superendividamento.
Multi-disciplinary approaches for studying rhizobium – legume symbioses
Authors: diCenzo George C , Zamani Maryam , Checcucci Alice , Fondi Marco , Griffitts Joel S , Finan Turlough M , Mengoni Alessio
Published: July 2018

The rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a major source of fixed nitrogen (ammonia) in the biosphere. The potential for this process to increase agricultural yield while reducing the reliance on nitrogen-based fertilizers has generated interest in understanding and manipulating this process. For decades, rhizobium research has benefited from the use of leading techniques from a very broad set of fields, including population genetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and systems biology. In this review, we summarize many of the research strategies that have been employed in the study of rhizobia and the unique knowledge gained from these diverse tools, with a focus on genome and systems-level approaches. We then describe ongoing synthetic biology approaches aimed at improving existing symbioses or engineering completely new symbiotic interactions. The review concludes with our perspective of the future directions and challenges of the field, with an emphasis on how the application of a multi-disciplinary approach and the development of new methods will be necessary to ensure successful biotechnological manipulation of the symbiosis.
Evaluation of DESS as a storage medium for microbial community analysis
Authors: Lee Kevin M , Adams Madison , Klassen Jonathan L
Published: July 2018

Microbial ecology research requires sampling strategies that accurately represent the microbial community under study. These communities must typically be transported from the collection location to the laboratory and then stored until they can be processed. However, there is a lack of consensus on how best to preserve microbial communities during transport and storage. Here, we evaluated DESS (Dimethyl sulfoxide, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, Saturated Salt) solution as a broadly applicable preservative for microbial ecology experiments. We stored fungus gardens grown by the ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis in DESS, 15% glycerol, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to test the ability of these preservatives to maintain the structure of fungus garden microbial communities. Variation in microbial community structure due to differences in preservative type was minimal when compared to variation between ant colonies. Additionally, DESS preserved the structure of a defined mock community more faithfully than either 15% glycerol or PBS. DESS is inexpensive, easy to transport, and effective in preserving microbial community structure. We therefore conclude that DESS is a valuable preservative for use in microbial ecology research.
Linear Mitochondrial genome in Anthozoa (Cnidaria): A case study in Ceriantharia
Authors: Stampar Sergio N , Broe Michael B , Macrander Jason , Reitzel Adam M , Daly Marymegan
Published: July 2018

Sequences and structural attributes of mitochondrial genomes have played a key role in the clarification of relationships among Cnidaria, a key phylum of early-diverging animals. Among the major lineages of Cnidaria, Ceriantharia ("tube anemones") remains one of the most enigmatic groups in terms of its phylogenetic position. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two ceriantharians to see whether the complete organellar genome would provide more support for the phylogenetic placement of Ceriantharia. For both ceriantharian species studied, the mitochondrial gene sequences could not be assembled into a circular genome. Instead, our analyses suggest both species have fragmented mitochondrial genomes consisting of multiple linear fragments. Linear mitogenomes are characteristic of members of Medusozoa, one of the major lineages of Cnidaria, but are unreported for Anthozoa, which includes the Ceriantharia. The number of fragments and the variation in gene order between species is much greater in Ceriantharia than among Medusozoa. The novelty of the mitogenomic structure in Ceriantharia highlights the distinctiveness of this lineage but, because it appears to be both unique to and diverse within Ceriantharia, it is uninformative about the phylogenetic position of Ceriantharia relative to other anthozoan groups.
Regenerating hair cells in vestibular sensory epithelia from humans
Authors: Taylor Ruth Rebecca , Filia Anastasia , Paredes Ursula , Asai Yukako , Holt Jeffrey R , Lovett Michael , Forge Andrew
Published: July 2018

Human vestibular sensory epithelia in explant culture were incubated in gentamicin to ablate hair cells. Subsequent transduction of supporting cells withATOH1using an Ad-2 viral vector resulted in generation of highly significant numbers of cells expressing the hair cell marker protein myosin VIIa. Cells expressing myosin VIIa were also generated after blocking the Notch signalling pathway with TAPI-1 but less efficiently. Transcriptomic analysis followingATOH1transduction confirmed up-regulation of 335 putative hair cell marker genes, including several downstream targets ofATOH1. Morphological analysis revealed numerous cells bearing dense clusters of microvilli at the apical surfaces which showed some hair cell-like characteristics confirming a degree of conversion of supporting cells. However, no cells bore organised hair bundles and several expected hair cell markers genes were not expressed suggesting incomplete differentiation. Nevertheless, the results show a potential to induce conversion of supporting cells in the vestibular sensory tissues of humans.
Perceived training load and jumping responses following nine weeks of a competitive period in young female basketball players
Authors: Cruz Igor de Freitas , Pereira Lucas Adriano , Kobal Ronaldo , Kitamura Katia , Cedra Cristiano , Loturco Irineu , Cal Abad Cesar Cavinato
Published: July 2018

The aims of this study were to describe the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), total quality recovery (TQR), and variations in countermovement jump (CMJ) height throughout nine weeks of a competitive period in young female basketball players. In total, 10 young female basketball players (17.2 ± 0.4 years; 71.8 ± 15.0 kg; 177.2 ± 9.5 cm) participated in this study. The sRPE and TQR were assessed in each training session, whereas the CMJ height was assessed prior to the first weekly training session. The magnitude-based inferences method was used to compare the sRPE, TQR, and CMJ height across the nine weeks of training. The training loads accumulated in weeks 1, 2, and 3 were likely to almost certainly be higher than in the following weeks (ES varying from 0.67 to 2.55). The CMJ height in week 1 was very likely to be lower than in weeks 2, 5, 7, and 8 (ES varying from 0.24 to 0.34), while the CMJ height of the 9th week was likely to almost certainly be higher than all previous weeks of training (ES varying from 0.70 to 1.10). Accordingly, it was observed that when higher training loads were accumulated, both CMJ and TQR presented lower values than those presented during periods with lower internal training loads. These results highlight the importance of using a comprehensive and multivariate approach to effectively monitor the physical performance of young athletes.
Investigating parental care behaviour in same-sex pairing of zoo greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)
Authors: Regaiolli Barbara , Sandri Camillo , Rose Paul E. , Vallarin Vittoria , Spiezio Caterina
Published: July 2018

Same-sex pair bonds have been documented in several animal species and they are widespread in birds. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin and the adaptive value of such behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the parental behaviour of four zoo female greater flamingos involved in two breeding pairs, housed in a flock at Parco Natura Viva, Italy. Further, the behaviour of the study females was compared with that of male and female flamingos in heterosexual pairs described in a previous published work on this same flock. For each pair, the behaviour of both birds during the incubation period was recorded and twenty 10-minute sessions were run within the incubation period. A continuous focal animal sampling method was used to collect data on location (on the nest or not on the nest) and the parental care behaviour (e.g.: agonistic behaviours toward disturbing conspecifics, egg-care, nest-building, self-comfort behaviour, sleeping) of the two pairs. Data of the current study females were compared with those of females and males involved in heterosexual pairs of this same flock. Results showed that within each pair the egg-layer female stayed away from the nest more than the other female. In addition, the female that did not lay an egg was more involved in agonistic behaviour compared to other females, particularly when in specific locations. In heterosexual pairs, male flamingos were more involved in the incubation and in nest protection. Moreover, no significant differences in the time spent on the nest and away from the nest between the heterosexual male and the non-layer females of same-sex pairs were found. The same findings were reported when comparing heterosexual females and the egg-layer females of the same-sex pairs. Therefore, our findings suggest that in greater flamingos the behaviour of the female–female pairs seems to be equivalent to that of male-female bonds. Such research provides more insight into flamingo social behaviour, and their reproductive cycle, and provides information on why pair bonds may form and how these affect the wider breeding behaviour of the flock.
Multiple transgressions and slow evolution shape the phylogeographic pattern of the blind cave-dwelling shrimp Typhlocaris
Authors: Guy-Haim Tamar , Simon-Blecher Noa , Frumkin Amos , Naaman Israel , Achituv Yair
Published: July 2018

Background

Aquatic subterranean species often exhibit disjunct distributions, with high level of endemism and small range, shaped by vicariance, limited dispersal, and evolutionary rates. We studied the disjunct biogeographic patterns of an endangered blind cave shrimp, Typhlocaris, and identified the geological and evolutionary processes that have shaped its divergence pattern.

Methods

We collected Typlocaris specimens of three species (T. galilea, T. ayyaloni, and T. salentina), originating from subterranean groundwater caves by the Mediterranean Sea, and used three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cytochrome oxygnese subunit 1 (COI)) and four nuclear genes (18S, 28S, internal transcribed spacer, Histon 3) to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Using the radiometric dating of a geological formation (Bira) as a calibration node, we estimated the divergence times of the Typhlocaris species and the molecular evolution rates.

Results

The multi-locus ML/Bayesian trees of the concatenated seven gene sequences showed that T. salentina (Italy) and T. ayyaloni (Israel) are sister species, both sister to T. galilea (Israel). The divergence time of T. ayyaloni and T. salentina from T. galilea was 7.0 Ma based on Bira calibration. The divergence time of T. ayyaloni from T. salentina was 5.7 (4.4–6.9) Ma according to COI, and 5.8 (3.5–7.2) Ma according to 16S. The computed interspecific evolutionary rates were 0.0077 substitutions/Myr for COI, and 0.0046 substitutions/Myr for 16S.

Discussion

Two consecutive vicariant events have shaped the phylogeographic patterns of Typhlocaris species. First, T. galilea was tectonically isolated from its siblings in the Mediterranean Sea by the arching uplift of the central mountain range of Israel ca. seven Ma. Secondly, T. ayyaloni and T. salentina were stranded and separated by a marine transgression ca. six Ma, occurring just before the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Our estimated molecular evolution rates were in one order of magnitude lower than the rates of closely related crustaceans, as well as of other stygobiont species. We suggest that this slow evolution reflects the ecological conditions prevailing in the highly isolated subterranean water bodies inhabited by Typhlocaris.
Characteristics of Health Systems Operating Medicare Advantage Plans
Authors: Hedquist Aaron , Yu Eric , Hamed Pasha , Orav E. John , Frakt Austin , Tsai Thomas C.
Published: November 2024

This cross-sectional study describes Medicare Advantage plans owned or operated by health care systems in the US.
Heat Waves and Adverse Health Events Among Dually Eligible Individuals 65 Years and Older
Authors: Kim Hyunjee , Yoo Eun-Hye , Senders Angela , Sergi Clint , Dodge Hiroko H. , Bell Sue Anne , Hart Kyle D.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Extensive research has found the detrimental health effects of heat waves. However, a critical gap exists in understanding their association with adverse health events among older dually eligible individuals, who may be particularly susceptible to heat waves.

Objective

To assess the association between heat waves and adverse health events among dually eligible individuals 65 years and older.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective time-series study assessed the association between heat waves in warm months from 2016 to 2019 and zip code tabulation area (ZCTA)–day level adverse health events. Dually eligible individuals 65 years and older who were continuously enrolled in either a Medicare fee-for-service plan or a Medicare Advantage plan with full Medicaid benefits from May to September in any given year were identified. All ZCTAs in the US with at least 1 dually eligible individual in each study year were included. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to August 2024.

Exposure

Heat waves, defined as 3 or more consecutive extreme heat days (ie, days with a maximum temperature of at least 90 °F [32.2 °C] and in the 97th percentile of daily maximum temperatures for each ZCTA during the study period).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Daily counts of heat-related emergency department visits and heat-related hospitalizations for each ZCTA.

Results

The study sample included 5 448 499 beneficiaries 65 years and older in 28 404 ZCTAs across 50 states and Washington, DC; the mean (SD) proportion of female beneficiaries and beneficiaries 85 years and older in each ZCTA was 66% (7%) and 20% (8%), respectively. The incidence rate for heat-related emergency department visits was 10% higher during heat wave days compared to non–heat wave days (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.12), and the incidence rate of heat-related hospitalizations was 7% higher during heat wave days (IRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09). There were similar patterns in other adverse health events, including a 4% higher incidence rate of death during heat wave days (IRR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07). The magnitude of these associations varied across some subgroups. For example, the association between heat waves and heat-related emergency department visits was statistically significant only for individuals in 3 of 9 US climate regions: the Northwest, Ohio Valley, and the West.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this time-series study, heat waves were associated with increased adverse health events among dually eligible individuals 65 years and older. Without adaptation strategies to address the health-related impacts of heat, dually eligible individuals are increasingly likely to face adverse outcomes.
Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of Snoring Among Adolescents
Authors: Isaiah Amal , Uddin Sophia , Ernst Thomas , Cloak Christine , Li Dongdong , Chang Linda
Published: November 2024

Importance

Snoring is central to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which arises from nocturnal upper airway resistance. Habitual snoring is associated with cognitive and behavioral problems in young children, but less is known about these associations in adolescents.

Objective

To assess the longitudinal associations of snoring with cognition and problem behaviors among adolescents.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was a secondary analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study dataset (release 5.0), which enrolled 11 875 children and a parent or caregiver from June 1, 2016, to October 15, 2018, at 21 participating US research institutions and followed-up for 5 years. The analysis was performed between December 2023 and April 2024.

Exposures

Parent-reported snoring categorized as none, nonhabitual (<3 nights/week), and habitual (≥3 times/week).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Cognition was assessed using 5 measures from the National Institutes of Health Toolbox (NIH-TB), and caregiver-reported problem behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), including Total Problems, Internalizing Problems, and Externalizing Problems. Longitudinal associations of snoring with these assessment measures were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models stratified by obesity. Model fits were assessed after including the fixed-effects of age, sex at birth, race, family income, follow-up time, visit type, and the random-effects of site and identification number.

Results

The study included data from 11 862 children at year 1 (mean age, 119.0 months [95% CI, 118.8 to 119.1 months]; 6164 male [52.2%]) and 11 198, 10 870, 10 064, and 4668 children at years 2 to 5, respectively. The proportion of habitual snorers decreased from 811 participants (6.8%) in year 1 to 150 participants (3.2%) in year 5. Snoring was not associated with any of the NIH-TB scores. A statistically significant association of snoring was identified with all CBCL scales. The largest-magnitude association was of snoring with the CBCL Total Problems scale among adolescents with obesity (β = 3.18; 95% CI, 2.59-3.77).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study analyzing associations of snoring with cognitive test scores and problem behaviors based on the ABCD dataset, the prevalence of snoring declined over time; snoring in adolescents was associated with problem behaviors but not cognitive deficits. These findings may aid shared decision-making regarding treatment options such as adenotonsillectomy for adolescents with SDB.
State Divorce Laws, Reproductive Care Policies, and Pregnancy-Associated Homicide Rates, 2018-2021
Authors: Boyle Kaitlin M. , Regoeczi Wendy , Meyer Chase B.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Barriers to divorce and reproductive health care can threaten the health and safety of pregnant and recently pregnant females.

Objective

To examine state laws about divorce, reproductive health care (access to contraception, family planning services, and abortion), and pregnancy-associated homicide rates in US states over a 4-year period (2018-2021).

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, bivariate tests and regressions were used to analyze crude rates of pregnancy-associated homicide from the National Violent Death Reporting System in 181 state-years for calendar years 2018 to 2021, with analyses conducted on September 8, 2024.

Exposures

Access to divorce while pregnant and reproductive health care over a 4-year period in the US.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes (pregnancy-associated homicide by intimate partners vs non–intimate partners and rates among younger Black, Hispanic, and White females) were assessed using the National Violent Death Reporting System. Negative binomial regression was used to test 2 hypotheses: access to divorce while pregnant and reproductive health care are associated with pregnancy-associated homicide rates.

Results

Individual level data, including exact sample size, were not available in this study of state-level homicide rates. Negative binomial regression analysis showed that, where finalizing divorce during pregnancy is prohibited, intimate partner homicide rates (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.09-4.08; P = .03) and rates among younger (age 10-24 years) White females (IRR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.12-5.09; P = .02) were significantly higher. In state-years with greater access to reproductive health care, rates were significantly lower for non–intimate partner homicide (IRR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.98; P = .01) and for younger Black females (IRR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96; P < .001) and younger Hispanic females (IRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79-0.96; P = .007).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of pregnancy-associated homicide rates, barriers to divorce were associated with higher homicide rates and access to reproductive health care was associated with lower homicide rates. This study highlights the association between state legislation and pregnancy-associated homicide in the US, which is important information for policymakers.
Cryo‐EM structure of a novel α‐synuclein filament subtype from multiple system atrophy
Authors: Yan Nicholas L. , Candido Francisco , Tse Eric , Melo Arthur A. , Prusiner Stanley B. , Mordes Daniel A. , Southworth Daniel R. , Paras Nick A. , Merz Gregory E.
Published: November 2024

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of α‐synuclein cross‐β amyloid filaments in the brain. Previous structural studies of these filaments by cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) revealed three discrete folds distinct from α‐synuclein filaments associated with other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we use cryo‐EM to identify a novel, low‐populated MSA filament subtype (designated Type I2) in addition to a predominant class comprising MSA Type II2 filaments. The 3.3‐Å resolution structure of the Type I2 filament reveals a fold consisting of two asymmetric protofilaments, one of which adopts a novel structure that is chimeric between two previously reported protofilaments. These results further define MSA‐specific folds of α‐synuclein filaments and have implications for designing MSA diagnostics and therapeutics.
Graphene‐Induced Surface Softening and Nanostructure Evolution of Platinum Foils
Authors: Yaacoub Jad , Surana Mitisha , Tawfick Sameh
Published: November 2024

While it has been previously accepted that graphene growth on metal films by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) protects the surfaces by stiffening and hardening, in this study, an unusual opposite effect is reported. Herein, we use nanoindentation to study the mechaniported. Herein, we use nanoindentation to study the mechanical behavior of graphene‐covered platinum foils. Two graphene growth recipes using undiluted and diluted methane flow are studied, aiming to achieve a bulk or a surface‐mediated graphene growth mechanism, respectively. Contrary to previous reports, a 17% decrease is observed in the elastic modulus of the Pt surfaces when covered by graphene compared to graphene‐free regions for both recipes, when using the real indentation contact area extracted via atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the estimation. By performing cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), subsurface multilayers responsible for the decrease in stiffness are revealed and these observations and the mechanism of layer formation are explained. Hence, in this study, it is highlighted that surface stiffening of metals by graphene CVD has exceptions, especially in the case of metals with high carbon solubility. Moreover, in this study, approaches for combining cross‐sectional TEM, topological scans from AFM, and raw load–displacement data from nanoindentation to provide a complete, multiscale elucidation of the mechanical behavior of a material surface are described.
Effect of Composite Scanning Strategy on Forming Quality, Microstructure, and Tensile Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Titanium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Changchun , Lin Hua , Gong Dongmei , Rong Li , Li Yanzhou , Jiang Liyi
Published: November 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology offers significant advantages in manufacturing complex‐shaped titanium alloy components. Traditional scanning strategies, such as zigzag and island scanning, however, often fall short in fabricating parts with variable cross sections. To enhance the forming quality of components featuring combined thin‐walled and bulk structures, a composite scanning strategy is proposed that adapts to the local characteristics of parts. This novel approach is designed to employ both island and zigzag scanning within the same deposition layer, aiming to optimize the balance between porosity and stress distribution. Notably, with a feature transition distance of 4 mm and a scan line offset of 0.67 mm, the specimens achieve a tensile strength of 1311.0 MPa, a yield strength of 1103.0 MPa, and an elongation of 8.8%. This strategy leads to the optimization of defects and a transition in microstructure for combined structural features. These promising outcomes lay the foundation for the intelligent allocation of scanning strategies and the high‐quality formation of complex‐shaped, high‐strength titanium alloy parts.
Thermoforming for Small Feature Replication in Melt Electrowritten Membranes to Model Kidney Proximal Tubule
Authors: G Valverde Marta , Stampa Zamorano Claudia , Kožinec Dora , Benito Zarza Laura , van Genderen Anne Metje , Janssen Robine , Castilho Miguel , Hrynevich Andrei , Vermonden Tina , Malda Jos , de Ruijter Mylene , Masereeuw Rosalinde , Mihăilă Silvia M
Published: November 2024

A novel approach merging melt electrowriting (MEW) with matched die thermoforming to achieve scaffolds with micron‐sized curvatures (200 – 800 µm versus 1000 µm of mandrel printing) for in vitro modeling of the kidney proximal tubule (PT) is proposed. Recent advances in this field emphasize the relevance of accurately replicating the intricate tissue microenvironment, particularly the curvature of the nephrons’ tubular segments. While MEW offers promising capabilities for fabricating highly and porous precise 3D structures mimicking the PT, challenges persist in approximating the diameter of tubular scaffolds to match the actual PT. The thermoformed MEW membranes retain the initial MEW printing design parameters (rhombus geometry, porosity > 45%) while accurately following the imprinted curvature (ratios between 0.67‐0.95). PT epithelial cells cultured on these membranes demonstrate the ability to fill in the large pores of the membrane by secreting their own collagen IV‐rich extracellular matrix and form an organized, functional, and tight monolayer expressing characteristic PT markers. Besides approximating PT architecture, this setup maximizes the usable surface area for cell culture and molecular readouts. By closely mimicking the structural intricacies of native tissue architecture, this approach enhances the biomimetic fidelity of engineered scaffolds, offering potential applications beyond kidney tissue engineering.
Observation of Highly Spin‐Polarized Dangling Bond Surface States in Rare‐Earth Pnictide Tellurides
Authors: Cai Yongqing , Zhang Jing , Zha Heming , Zhang Fayuan , Wang Yuan , Chen Weizhao , Hao Zhanyang , Deng Liwei , Liu Wenjing , Rong Hongtao , Jiang Zhicheng , Yang Yichen , Jiang Qi , Liu Zhengtai , Ye Mao , Rienks E. D. L. , Huang Yaobo , Guo Shu , Lin Junhao , Wang Le , Liu Qihang , Qiao Shan , Chen Chaoyu
Published: November 2024

To generate and manipulate spin‐polarized electronic states in solids are crucial for modern spintronics. The textbook routes employ quantum well states or Shockley/topological type surface states whose spin degeneracy is lifted by strong spin‐orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking at the surface/interface. The resultant spin polarization is usually truncated because of the intertwining between multiple orbitals. Here a unique type of surface states is realized, namely, dangling bond surface states in a family of ternary rare‐earth pnictide tellurides RePnTe (Re = La, Gd, Ce; Pn = Sb, Bi), with robust band structure and sizeable spin splitting. Spin and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal high spin polarization and distinct spin‐momentum locking texture, which, according to the theoretical analysis, arise from local site asymmetry and surface‐purified spin‐orbital texture. The work extends the so‐called “hidden spin polarization” from the bulk to the surface, presenting an intriguing spin‐orbital‐momentum‐layer locking phenomenon, which may shed lights on potential spintronic applications.
Bacterial Response to Shape‐Memory Actuated Silk Wrinkled Surface Topographies as a Strategy for Biofilm Prevention
Authors: Oguntade Elizabeth , Owuor Luiza , Du Changling , Acierto Anthony , Meyer Sadie , Monroe Mary Beth Browning , Henderson James H.
Published: November 2024

Bacterial biofilms on the surfaces of indwelling biomedical devices can cause long‐term infection and patient morbidity and mortality. Wrinkled surface topographies have previously demonstrated promising antifouling properties. Here we report a bioinspired strategy in which the actuation of silk fibroin produces tunable, wrinkled surface topographies on 2D shape memory polymer (SMP) substrates and investigate the influence of these topographies on biofilm formation. To mimic biofilm‐associated infections related to the geometries of indwelling medical devices, silk wrinkles are produced on complex, 3D SMP architectures, and biofilm formation is evaluated. Using common biofilm‐causing agents, smaller silk wrinkle wavelengths and amplitudes are found to significantly reduce biofilm formation, resulting in primarily isolated, single‐cell bacteria on the 2D wrinkled surfaces. These single‐cell bacteria are nearly completely eradicated by treatment with antibiotics, which are ineffective against control surfaces. Antibiotics are also physically incorporated into the 2D wrinkled surfaces, which resulted in a further significant reduction in bacterial adhesion. Lastly, silk wrinkled topographies are successfully applied on 3D architectures, and the wrinkled surfaces display a significant reduction in biofilm coverage compared to controls. The findings demonstrate the potential for biopolymer wrinkles on biomaterials to be used as antifouling surfaces for biofilm prevention.
Determining Pasteur Parameter for Chiral Medium using Long‐Range Surface Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Sun Lixun , Zhou Qing , Miao Qiwei , Zhang Wending , Mei Ting
Published: November 2024

Chirality is a fundamental property of nature, and recognizing chirality is crucial for human life. In this paper, a theoretical study on highly sensitive determination of the Pasteur parameter in chiral measurement is presented using long‐range surface plasmon polariton (LRSPP) resonance. The method is based on a thorough analysis of electromagnetic wave propagating in multilayer planar waveguide structures containing a chiral medium. Both the handedness and magnitude can be determined simultaneously, either by measuring the relative direction and separation of the spectral shift of the reflected right‐ and left‐handed circularly polarized components under the condition of an excited “bright” LRSPP mode, or by detecting the relative direction and amount of intensity split in the region of a “dark” LRSPP mode. The method offers improved measurement of the Pasteur parameter of 10−3 level for the “bright” mode and allows for an ultrasensitive measurement of 10−5 level for the “dark” mode. It is also immune to spectrum fluctuations or drifts caused by variations in the host refractive index or absorption loss. It is hoped that this work will inspire further optical techniques for high‐sensitivity chiral sensing and detection.
Advancements in Tumor Diagnostics through Carbon Dot‐Assisted Photoacoustic Imaging
Authors: Patyal Rajan , Warjurkar Khushboo , Sharma Vinay
Published: November 2024

Serendipitously discovered, carbon dots (CDs) have attracted significant attention as a potential contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in the biomedical sector. CDs play an essential role in PAI, contributing significantly to the early detection of diseases and monitoring treatment progress, particularly in tumor imaging. This review emphasizes the role of CDs in the domain of PAI, highlighting their characteristics like biocompatibility, enhanced spatial resolution, optical absorption in the NIR region, and facile surface functionalization for tumor‐ targeted imaging. The study explores the use of CDs for enhancing spatial resolution in PAI for improved detection and visualization of tumors in organs such as the breast, cervical, liver, gastrointestinal, skin, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and others. Challenges associated with PAI, such as optimizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio and ensuring stability under physiological conditions, have also been discussed.
Peridynamic Framework to Model Additive Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Willberg Christian , Hesse Jan‐Timo , Winkelmann Felix , Hein Robert
Published: November 2024

The study presents a framework for analyzing Additive Manufacturing processes within the Peridynamics (PD) software PeriLab. This framewor k employs a mesh‐free, point‐based numerical approach to approximate the continuum PD equations. Implemented within this framework are thermal, thermo‐mechanical, and simple additive models. These models have been validated against analytical solutions, Finite Element (FE) models, and Peridigm simulations. To leverage the PD mesh‐free implementation, the study introduces a novel boundary detection algorithm. This algorithm is essential because the outer surface area may change during the manufacturing process. It operates without requiring surface or topology information, relying instead on the comparison of neighborhood volume to sphere volume. Additionally, the study introduces a wrapper that generates the mesh necessary for simulating the printing process, based on the G‐code machine input path. Finally, the study presents a comprehensive analysis of an L‐shaped profile utilizing the developed features, comparing the results with those obtained from an Abaqus solution.
Noninvasive Immunotyping and Immunotherapy Monitoring of Lung Cancers via Nuclear Imaging of LAG‐3 and PD‐L1
Authors: Zhao Lishu , Ge Jianxian , Zhang Ruru , Wang Hao , Liu Xinyue , Xu Kandi , Liu Yujin , Zhao Wencheng , Zhang Wengang , Ye Li , Chen Zhimin , Zeng Jianfeng , He Yayi , Gao Mingyuan
Published: November 2024

Immunotherapy has significantly improved cancer patient survival, while its efficacy remains limited due to the reliance on a single marker like PD‐L1 as well as its spatiotemporal heterogeneity. To address this issue, combining lymphocyte activation gene‐3 (LAG‐3) with PD‐L1 is proposed for identifying immunotypes and monitoring immunotherapy through nuclear imaging. In short, 99mTc‐HYNIC‐αLAG‐3 and 99mTc‐HYNIC‐αPD‐L1 probes are synthesized using anti‐human LAG‐3 and PD‐L1 antibodies, respectively. With high radiochemical purity and in vitro stability, these probes are confirmed to specifically bind to LAG‐3 or PD‐L1 in LAG3+ A549, LAG3− A549, and H1975 cells. SPECT/CT imaging of both probes showed specific in vivo tumor uptake in multiple lung cancer models, with significant linear correlation with ex vivo tumor uptake and immunohistochemical expression levels of LAG‐3/PD‐L1. Based on this, dual‐index imaging was performed to simultaneously quantify LAG‐3 and PD‐L1. SPECT/CT imaging of 99mTc‐HYNIC‐αLAG‐3 and 125I‐αPD‐L1 successfully distinguished four immunotypes. In addition, SPECT/CT imaging revealed LAG‐3 upregulation in LLC‐bearing LAG‐3 humanized mice resistant to immunotherapy. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of nuclear imaging of LAG‐3 and PD‐L1 for both noninvasive immunotyping and immunotherapy monitoring, thus offering novel perspectives on forecasting immunotherapy response, uncovering resistance mechanism, and optimizing combination treatment regimens.
Programmable Macrophage Vesicle Based Bionic Self‐Adjuvanting Vaccine for Immunization against Monkeypox Virus
Authors: Lin Weiqiang , Shen Chenguang , Li Mengjun , Ma Shengchao , Liu Chenxin , Huang Jialin , Ren Zuning , Yang Yuechao , Zhao Minghai , Xie Qiulin , Guo Shuang , Wang Wei , Wang Kaiyuan , Ma Qiang , Jiang Yideng , Zheng Judun , Liao Yuhui
Published: November 2024

The emergence of monkeypox has become a global health threat after the COVID‐19 pandemic. Due to the lack of available specifically treatment against MPV, developing an available vaccine is thus the most prospective and urgent strategy. Herein, a programmable macrophage vesicle based bionic self‐adjuvanting vaccine (AM@AEvs‐PB) is first developed for defending against monkeypox virus (MPV). Based on MPV‐related antigen‐stimulated macrophage‐derived vesicles, the nanovaccine is constructed by loading the mature virion (MV)‐related intracellular protein (A29L/M1R) and simultaneously modifying with the enveloped virion (EV) antigen (B6R), enabling them to effectively promote antigen presentation and enhance adaptive immune through self‐adjuvant strategy. Owing to the synergistic properties of bionic vaccine coloaded MV and EV protein in defensing MPV, the activation ratio of antigen‐presenting cells is nearly four times than that of single antigen in the same dose, resulting in stronger immunity in host. Notably, intramuscular injection uptake of AM@AEvs‐PB demonstrated vigorous immune‐protective effects in the mouse challenge attempt, offering a promising strategy for pre‐clinical monkeypox vaccine development.
Unconventional Hexagonal Close‐Packed High‐Entropy Alloy Surfaces Synergistically Accelerate Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Hu Ting‐Hsin , Wu Cheng‐Yu , He Zong Ying , Chen Yi , Hsu Liang‐Ching , Pao Chih‐Wen , Lin Jui‐Tai , Chang Chun‐Wei , Lin Shang‐Cheng , Osmundsen Rachel , Casalena Lee , Lin Kun Han , Zhou Shan , Yang Tung‐Han
Published: November 2024

Accelerating the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which involves the slow cleavage of HO‐H bonds and the adsorption/desorption of hydrogen (H*) and hydroxyl (OH*) intermediates, requires developing catalysts with optimal binding strengths for these intermediates. Here, the unconventional hexagonal close‐packed (HCP) high‐entropy alloy (HEA) atomic layers are prepared composed of five platinum‐group metals to enhance the alkaline HER synergistically. The breakthrough is made by layer‐by‐layer heteroepitaxial deposition of subnanometer RuRhPdPtIr HEA layers on the HCP Ru seeds, despite the thermodynamic stability of Rh, Pd, Pt, and Ir in a face‐centered cubic (FCC) structure except for Ru. The synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirms the atomic mixing and coordination environment of HCP RuRhPdPtIr HEA. Most importantly, they exhibit notable improvements in both electrocatalytic activity and durability for the HER in an alkaline environment, as compared to their FCC RuRhPdPtIr counterparts. Electrochemical measurements, operando XAS analysis, and density functional theory unveil that the binding strengths of H* and OH* intermediates on the active Pt and Ir sites can be weakened and strengthened to a moderate level, respectively, by mixing non‐active Ru, Rh, and Pd atoms with Pt and Ir atoms within the HCP HEA with strong synergistic electronic effects.
Interfacial‐Polarization Engineering in BNT‐Based Bulk Ceramics for Ultrahigh Energy‐Storage Density
Authors: Cao Wenjun , Li Li , Chen Kun , Huang Xuecen , Li Feng , Wang Chunchang , Zheng Jun , Hou Xu , Cheng Zhenxiang
Published: November 2024

Ceramic capacitors, known for their exceptional energy‐storage performance (ESP), are crucial components in high‐pulsed power systems. However, their ESP is significantly constrained by breakdown strength (Eb), which is influenced by interfacial polarization. This study delves into the physics, characterization, and application of interfacial polarization. The findings indicate that key factors affecting ESP, such as grain size, relaxor factor, and bandgap, are intrinsically linked to interfacial polarization, establishing it as the most critical determinant of ESP. To demonstrate the practical applications of interfacial polarization engineering, lead‐free ceramics of (1‐x)(0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3‐0.06BaTiO3)‐xCa0.7Bi0.2(Sn0.5Ti0.5)O3 (abbreviated as (BNT‐BT)‐xCBST is designed, where x = 0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25). The (BNT‐BT)‐0.25CBST sample, with a thickness of 120 µm, achieved an ultrahigh recoverable energy‐storage density (Wrec) of 12.2 J cm−3 and a high efficient (η) of 88.8%, along with excellent temperature/frequency stability and outstanding charge/discharge performance. The remarkable ESP is attributed to the suppression of interfacial polarization, which significantly enhances Eb. This work highlights the pivotal role of interfacial polarization engineering in the development of energy‐storage ceramics with superior comprehensive performance.
Lipid Droplet Surface Promotes 3D Morphological Evolution of Non‐Rhomboidal Cholesterol Crystals
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Ro , Kang Seunghan , Choi Siyoung Q.
Published: November 2024

Cholesterol crystals, which cause inflammation and various diseases, predominantly grow in a platy, rhomboid structure on the plasma membranes but exhibit an uneven three‐dimensional (3D) architecture intracellularly. Here, it is demonstrated how cholesterol crystallizes in a non‐rhomboidal shape on the surface of lipid droplets and develops into 3D sheet‐like agglomerates using an in vitro lipid droplet reconstitution system with stereoscopic fluorescence imaging. The findings reveal that interfacial cholesterol transport on the lipid droplet surface and unique lipid droplet components significantly influence the nucleation‐and‐growth dynamics of cholesterol crystals, leading to crystal growth in various polygonal shapes. Furthermore, cholesterol crystals readily agglomerate to form large, curved sheet structures on the confined, spherical surfaces of lipid droplets. This discovery enhances the understanding of the volumetric morphological growth of intracellular cholesterol crystals.