bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Don’t play if you can’t win’: does economic inequality undermine political equality?
Authors: Schäfer Armin , Schwander Hanna
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we investigate whether income inequality negatively affects voter turnout. Despite some progress, the answer to this question is still debated due to methodological disagreements and differences in the selection of countries and time periods. We contribute to this debate by triangulating data and methods. More specifically, we use three kinds of data to resolve the question: first, we use cross-sectional aggregate data of 21 OECD countries in the time period from 1980 to 2014 to study the relationship between inequality and electoral participation. Second, we zoom in on the German case and examine local data from 402 administrative districts between 1998 and 2017. Focusing on within-country variation eliminates differences that are linked to features of the political system. Finally, we combine survey data with macro-data to investigate the impact of inequality on individual voting. This final step also allows us to test whether the effect of income inequality on voter turnout differs across income groups. Taken together, we offer the most comprehensive analysis of the impact of social inequality on political inequality to date. We corroborate accounts that argue that economic inequality exacerbates participatory inequality.
Discrimination of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) based on field spectral data
Authors: Hooge Hom Kathryn M. , Bajwa Sreekala G. , Lym Rodney G. , Nowatzki John F.
Published: September 2019

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) are invasive weeds that displace native vegetation. Herbicides are often applied to these weeds during flowering, so it would be ideal to identify them early in the season, possibly by the leaves. This paper evaluates the spectral separability of the inflorescences and leaves of these plants from surrounding vegetation. Leafy spurge, purple loosestrife, and surrounding vegetation were collected from sites in southeastern North Dakota and subjected to spectral analysis. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to separate the spectral signatures of these weeds in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Using PLS-DA, the weeds were discriminated from their surroundings with R2 values of 0.86 to 0.92. Analysis of the data indicated that the bands contributing the most to each model were in the red and red-edge spectral regions. Identifying these weeds by the leaves allows them to be mapped earlier in the season, providing more time for herbicide application planning. The spectral signatures identified in this proof of concept study are the first step before using ultra–high resolution aerial imagery to classify and identify leafy spurge and purple loosestrife.
Adaptor protein CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation
Authors: Kim Jung Ha , Kim Kabsun , Kim Inyoung , Seong Semun , Nam Kwang-Il , Kim Kyung Keun , Kim Nacksung
Published: September 2019

The adaptor protein CrkII is involved in several biological activities, including mitogenesis, phagocytosis, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Previously, we demonstrated that CrkII plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation and function through Rac1 activation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether CrkII also regulates the differentiation and function of another type of bone cells, osteoblasts. Overexpression of CrkII in primary osteoblasts inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2-induced osteoblast differentiation and function, whereas knockdown of CrkII expression exerted the opposite effect. Importantly, CrkII strongly enhanced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and the CrkII overexpression-mediated attenuation of osteoblast differentiation and function was recovered by JNK inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, transgenic mice overexpressing CrkII under control of the alpha-1 type I collagen promoter exhibited a reduced bone mass phenotype. Together, these results indicate that CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation. Given that CrkII acts as a negative and positive regulator of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, respectively, the regulation of CrkII expression in bone cells may help to develop new strategies to enhance bone formation and inhibit bone resorption.
Heightened orofacial, manual, and gait variability in Parkinson’s disease results from a general rhythmic impairment
Authors: Puyjarinet Frédéric , Bégel Valentin , Gény Christian , Driss Valérie , Cuartero Marie-Charlotte , Kotz Sonja A. , Pinto Serge , Dalla Bella Simone
Published: September 2019

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experience rhythm disorders in a number of motor tasks, such as (i) oral diadochokinesis, (ii) finger tapping, and (iii) gait. These common motor deficits may be signs of “general dysrhythmia”, a central disorder spanning across effectors and tasks, and potentially sharing the same neural substrate. However, to date, little is known about the relationship between rhythm impairments across domains and effectors. To test this hypothesis, we assessed whether rhythmic disturbances in three different domains (i.e., orofacial, manual, and gait) can be related in PD. Moreover, we investigated whether rhythmic motor performance across these domains can be predicted by rhythm perception, a measure of central rhythmic processing not confounded with motor output. Twenty-two PD patients (mean age: 69.5 ± 5.44) participated in the study. They underwent neurological and neuropsychological assessments, and they performed three rhythmic motor tasks. For oral diadochokinesia, participants had to repeatedly produce a trisyllable pseudoword. For gait, they walked along a computerized walkway. For the manual task, patients had to repeatedly produce finger taps. The first two rhythmic motor tasks were unpaced, and the manual tapping task was performed both without a pacing stimulus and musically paced. Rhythm perception was also tested. We observed that rhythmic variability of motor performances (inter-syllable, inter-tap, and inter-stride time error) was related between the three functions. Moreover, rhythmic performance was predicted by rhythm perception abilities, as demonstrated with a logistic regression model. Hence, rhythm impairments in different motor domains are found to be related in PD and may be underpinned by a common impaired central rhythm mechanism, revealed by a deficit in rhythm perception. These results may provide a novel perspective on how interpret the effects of rhythm-based interventions in PD, within and across motor domains.
Preservation of zebrafish genetic resources through testis cryopreservation and spermatogonia transplantation
Authors: Marinović Zoran , Li Qian , Lujić Jelena , Iwasaki Yoshiko , Csenki Zsolt , Urbányi Béla , Yoshizaki Goro , Horváth Ákos
Published: September 2019

Zebrafish is one of the most commonly used model organisms in biomedical, developmental and genetic research. The production of several thousands of transgenic lines is leading to difficulties in maintaining valuable genetic resources as cryopreservation protocols for eggs and embryos are not yet developed. In this study, we utilized testis cryopreservation (through both slow-rate freezing and vitrification) and spermatogonia transplantation as effective methods for long-term storage and line reconstitution in zebrafish. During freezing, utilization of 1.3 M of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) displayed the highest spermatogonia viability (~60%), while sugar and protein supplementation had no effects. Needle-immersed vitrification also yielded high spermatogonia viability rates (~50%). Both optimal slow-rate freezing and vitrification protocols proved to be reproducible in six tested zebrafish lines after displaying viability rates of >50% in all lines. Both fresh and cryopreserved spermatogonia retained their ability to colonize the recipient gonads after intraperitoneal transplantation of vasa::egfp and actb:yfp spermatogonia into wild-type AB recipient larvae. Colonization rate was significantly higher in dnd-morpholino sterilized recipients than in non-sterilized recipients. Lastly, wild-type recipients produced donor-derived sperm and donor-derived offspring through natural spawning. The method demonstrated in this study can be used for long-term storage of valuable zebrafish genetic resources and for reconstitution of whole zebrafish lines which will greatly improve the current preservation practices.
Influence of dietary linseed oil as substitution of fish oil on whole fish fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism and oxidative status of juvenile Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok
Authors: Yu Jianhua , Li Shuguo , Niu Huaxin , Chang Jie , Hu Zongfu , Han Ying
Published: September 2019

In this study, juvenile Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok (initial weight: 6.43 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SE) were received for nine weeks with five types of diets prepared by gradually replacing the proportion of fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) from 0% (LO0) to 25% (LO25), 50% (LO50), 75% (LO75), and 100% (LO100). The eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) composition decreased with increasing inclusion level of LO (P < 0.05). With increasing LO inclusion level, triglyceride (TAG) content of serum increased significantly, however, there was a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (P < 0.05). LO substitution of FO up-regulated the gene expression level of lipid metabolism-related genes Fatty Acid Desaturases 6 (FAD6), Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase (ACCα), Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 (SREBP-1), and Sterol O- Acyl Transferase 2 (SOAT2), and down-regulated the gene expression level of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor a (PPARα) (P < 0.05). The SOD activities of both serum and liver in LO100 were significantly lower than in LO25 (P < 0.05). The CAT activity of the liver in LO100 was significantly lower than in LO0 and LO25 (P < 0.05). This study indicates that the Manchurian trout may have the ability to synthesize LC-PUFAs from ALA, and an appropriate LO in substitution of FO (<75%) could improve both the lipid metabolism and the oxidation resistance.
Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery for the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia and its clinical characteristics
Authors: Lang Li-juan , Zhu Yu , Li Zhi-gang , Zheng Guang-ying , Peng Hai-ying , Rong Jun-bo , Xu Li-min
Published: September 2019

We compared the therapeutic effects between botulinum toxin and surgery for acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) and analyze its clinical characteristics. The data of the 29 cases, who received treatment for AACE in the Ophthalmic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial Ophthalmology Hospital between January 2016 and January 2017, were collected. The 29 cases with AACE were followed for 6 months or more, and received either botulinum toxin injection (group A with 13 cases) or squint correction (group B with 16 cases). The distant and near deviation angles were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. The success rate (total horizontal deviation of 10 prism diopters or less) and stereopsis were compared between the two groups at post-treatment 6 months. At the same time, the relations between distant and near deviation angles were analyzed among different myopia levels and different AACE types. Results indicated that he success rate was not significantly different at post-treatment 6 months (84.6% vs 81.3%, P = 1.00). The distant and near deviation angles were all significantly different one day and one month after treatment (all P < 0.05); but at post-treatment 6 months, they were not significantly different (all P > 0.05) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the distant and near stereoacuity between the two groups at post-treatment 6 months (all P > 0.05). Among the 25 cases with myopia, the pre-treatment distant deviation angle was significantly higher than pre-treatment near deviation angle in the cases with myopia level >−2.5 D (P < 0.05), and the pre-treatment distant and near deviation angles were all significantly higher in the cases with type-IIAACE than in the cases with type-IIIAACE (all P < 0.05). This study suggests that Botulinum toxin is as effective as surgery in the treatment of AACE at post-treatment 6 months. For the cases with myopia level >−2.5 D, the pre-treatment distant deviation angle is significantly higher than pre-treatment near deviation angle; and both pre-treatment distant and near deviation angles are greater in the cases with type-IIAACE than in the cases with type-IIIAACE.
The challenges of glycan recognition with natural and artificial receptors
Authors: Tommasone Stefano , Allabush Francia , Tagger Yazmin K. , Norman Joshua , Köpf Monika , Tucker James H. R. , Mendes Paula M.
Published: September 2019

Development of natural and artificial receptors with high affinity and exquisite specificity for various purposes remains an important goal and challenge.
OLEDs as models for bird magnetoception: detecting electron spin resonance in geomagnetic fields
Authors: Grünbaum Tobias , Milster Sebastian , Kraus Hermann , Ratzke Wolfram , Kurrmann Simon , Zeller Viola , Bange Sebastian , Boehme Christoph , Lupton John M.
Published: September 2019

OLEDs offer a device-based window to spin physics underlying the radical-pair mechanism invoked to explain avian magnetoception.
Exploring the capabilities of optical pump X-ray probe NEXAFS spectroscopy to track photo-induced dynamics mediated by conical intersections
Authors: Segatta Francesco , Nenov Artur , Orlandi Silvia , Arcioni Alberto , Mukamel Shaul , Garavelli Marco
Published: September 2019

In the present contribution we introduce an accurate theoretical approach for the simulation of NEXAFS spectra of organic molecules, employing azobenzene as a test case.
Synthesis, characterization and solid state conductivity of nano-size ionic Schiff base polymers of Cu2+, Zn2+ and VO2+ containing viologen moieties
Authors: Ghavami Zohreh S. , Grivani Gholamhossein
Published: September 2019

The new nano size ionic metallo-Schiff base polymers (IMSPs) were synthesized by reaction of Schiff base ligand of L and VO (acac)2, ZnCl2 and CuCl2. The solid state conductivity measurements candidate them as new metallo-organic semiconductors.
SEEIIST: South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies
Authors: Damjanovic Sanja
Published: September 2019

The states in South East Europe are joining forces to set up a large-scale competitive research infrastructure – the South East European International Institute for Sustainable Technologies (SEEIIST, https://seeiist.euh). Due to the recent history in South East Europe all scientific and economic activities have very much slowed down. As a consequence this region has suffered ever since from a strong brain drain of the young generation, affecting in particular the best.
Solar HDH Desalination for Coastal Hotels: Literature Review and Research Trend
Authors: Barahona-Pike Danilo , Posas-Medina Victoria , Perez-Alvarado Ronal , Ramos Edgar , Ortega-Jimenez Cesar Humberto
Published: September 2019

Water is essential for the hotel industry, its disposition is key to ensure the viability of the tourism sector that grows disproportionately day by day plus the scarcity of water in the world, this situation forces hotels to find alternatives to meet the demand for water. One of the preferred alternatives is solar water desalination. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate through this first literature review whether solar desalination is a viable technique to meet the demand of potable water in a medium-sized hotel in a coastal area. We conducted a review of the literature published between 1987 and 2018, the subject of which is solar HDH desalination. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated and applied to determine the most relevant studies to achieve the purpose of this research. The review found that solar desalination can be feasible to apply in hotels if they have large amounts of land for installation or the demand for water is not large. However, there are more economic methods to desalinate water while at the same time producing more water with similar sizes of facilities. Such results have practical implication for the use of the systems of hotels in general.
Malignes Melanom
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: September 2019

Für die Prognosestellung und die Therapieentscheidung bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Melanom benötigt man auch Signale zur Krankheitsdynamik. Die Kinetik der Erkrankung in der metastasierten Situation scheint mit dem Überleben assoziiert zu sein, die Datenlage ist jedoch nicht eindeutig. Eine französische Arbeitsgruppe untersuchte jetzt die Frage, ob die Progression der Erkrankung und das Überleben mit der Zeit ab dem Diagnosezeitpunkt bis zur Entwicklung der ersten Fernmetastasen assoziiert ist.
Kein alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen!
Authors: Hundenborn Gertrud , von Germeten-Ortmann Brigitte
Published: September 2019

Zum 1. Januar 2020 tritt das neue Pflegeberufegesetz in Kraft. Prof.
Gertrud Hundenborn und Brigitte von Germeten-Ortmann geben Ihnen als Expertinnen
aus der Fachkommission zur Entwicklung von Rahmenlehr- und
Rahmenausbildungsplänen einen Einblick, was Sie erwartet.
Super-resolution imaging of a low frequency levitated oscillator
Authors: Bullier N. P. , Pontin A. , Barker P. F.
Published: September 2019

We describe the measurement of the secular motion of a levitated nanoparticle in a Paul trap with a CMOS camera. This simple method enables us to reach signal-to-noise ratios as good as 106 with a displacement sensitivity better than 10−16 m2/Hz. This method can be used to extract trap parameters as well as the properties of the levitated particles. We demonstrate continuous monitoring of the particle dynamics on time scales of the order of weeks. We show that by using the improvement given by super-resolution imaging, a significant reduction in the noise floor can be attained, with an increase in the bandwidth of the force sensitivity. This approach represents a competitive alternative to standard optical detection for a range of low frequency oscillators where low optical powers are required.
Spinodal decomposition in (Ti, Zr)CoSb half-Heusler: A nanostructuring route toward high efficiency thermoelectric materials
Authors: Chauhan Nagendra S. , Bathula Sivaiah , Gahtori Bhasker , Kolen’ko Yury V. , Shyam Radhey , Upadhyay N. K. , Dhar Ajay
Published: September 2019

Half-Heuslers (HH) represent an emerging family of thermoelectric (TE) materials, wherein intrinsic doping enables a wide range of electronic functionalities. In recent years, the solid-state transformation phenomenonon of spinodal decomposition has been actively explored as an effective paradigm to attain bulk nanostructured TE materials via induced phase separation. In the present work, the implication of intrinsic doping and spinodal decomposition on the thermal and electrical transport parameters of nonstoichiometric (Ti, Zr)CoSb HH systems is examined and corroborated with the help of microstructural characteristics. The synthesized HH nanocomposites were found to contain coherent nanoscale heterogeneities along with nanoscale grain, which severely depress the lattice thermal conductivity, while the intrinsic doping due to interstitial Co and defects induced by excess Co off-stoichiometry favorably tunes the electrical transport. A maximum ZT of ∼0.7 at 873 K was obtained for optimized p-type ZrCo1.03Sb0.8Sn0.2 HH nanocomposites, which is among the highest obtained in p-type HH alloys. The present work thus provides a fundamental basis to the understanding of defect engineering and to achieve highly efficient and cost effective HH compositions.
Stripline beam position monitor for X-ray free electron laser of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
Authors: Kim Changbum , Lee Sojeong , Hong Juho , Shin Dongchul , Kang Heung-Sik , Ko In Soo
Published: September 2019

Beam position monitors (BPMs) are important instruments even in the case of an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) finished the construction of an XFEL (PAL-XFEL) in 2015, and new stripline BPMs were installed in PAL-XFEL. New BPMs were designed to have a strong signal and a high resolution. In addition, the impedance matching was considered to reduce a signal reflection. These features of the BPM design were confirmed with a simulation study as well. Fabricated BPMs were tested by using a wire test stand. Two-dimensional position errors and offsets were measured to select best BPMs for PAL-XFEL. Finally, a real beam test was tried to check the BPM performance and a better resolution than the requirement was obtained.
Optical analysis of a transparent slippery surface by controlling the refractive index of the porous structure
Authors: Yun Ki Hoon , Kim Doeun , Jeong Young-Keun , Yun Dong-Jin , Park Woon Ik , Jung Hyunsung , Lee Seunghyup
Published: September 2019

This report demonstrates the fabrication of a transparent slippery surface and an investigation of its transparent property by systematically controlling the refractive index. The slippery surface, fabricated by a simple method, was shown to have a water-repellent property similar to those of captured insects sliding into the pitcher of Nepenthes. The as-fabricated opaque porous structures were covered by a siloxane lubricant and showed high optical transmittance in the visible light region. In particular, the difference in the refractive indices between the lubricant and porous structure served as a crucial variable for obtaining a transparent surface. Slippery surfaces were fabricated by using various kinds of nanoparticles (SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and TiO2), and the mechanism behind the transparency of these surfaces was investigated by comparing their transmittances using a UV spectrophotometer. The results show that SiO2 nanoparticle, with a refractive index of 1.46, is the most suitable material for use with the siloxane lubricant. The average transmittance of the slippery surface composed of SiO2 nanoparticle is approximately 80% in the visible light region. Through this study, the transparency of slippery surfaces can be further understood.
Thermodynamic effects on Venturi cavitation characteristics
Authors: Zhang Haochen , Zuo Zhigang , Mørch Knud Aage , Liu Shuhong
Published: September 2019

In this paper, the thermodynamic effect is systematically studied by Venturi cavitation in a blow-down type tunnel for the first time, using water at temperatures up to relatively high levels and at controlled dissolved gas contents in the supply reservoir (measured by dissolved oxygen, DO). The mean attached cavity length Lcav is chosen to reveal the thermodynamic effect, and the cavitation characteristics are analyzed from the experiments. With an increase in the thermodynamic parameter Σ*, a decrease in Lcav vs the pressure recovery number κ is observed, which is consistent with suppression of cavitation by the thermodynamic effect, but the decrease is related not only to this effect. Based on the experimental results, a model is presented of the attached cavity cloud that develops from the Venturi throat. It is found that either the length of this cloud oscillates stably around a mean value or the cloud breaks regularly at some upstream position, allowing that a detached cavity cloud is shed, flows downstream, and collapses while the remaining attached cloud regenerates. Applying this model to experimental results obtained first with cold water, then with hot water, we find that when the mean length of the attached cavity cloud oscillates stably, temperature increase causes reduction of the mean cavitation length. This is interpreted to be a consequence of the thermodynamic effect. When detachment of large cavity clouds occurs, the mean length is increased at temperature increase. This is a consequence of cloud configuration changes being superposed on changes due to the thermodynamic effect. These observations explain conflicting results reported for attached cavity clouds in relation to the thermodynamic effect. The gas content in the water is found to be without significance within the range of DO tested.
Evolution of magnetic vortex formation in micron-sized disks
Authors: Wurft T. , Raberg W. , Prügl K. , Satz A. , Reiss G. , Brückl H.
Published: September 2019

Automotive magnetic field sensing applications require a robust sensing concept. One way to meet the corresponding sensor requirements, such as a negligible hysteresis and a large linear working range, is to employ the vortex state. Consequently, the nucleation field Hn of the vortex state becomes a highly important sensor parameter. In this study, we examine different factors that affect Hn. Tunneling magnetoresistance spin-valve sensors with disk-shaped CoFeB free layers, which energetically favor the nucleation of the vortex state, are electrically characterized and compared with micromagnetic simulations. Phase transitions into intermediate magnetic states, such as various buckling states, the S-state, or the double vortex state, are extracted from hysteresis loops. The resulting phase diagrams show that the formation of the S-state only occurs below a thickness of approximately 25 nm, whereas the double vortex state nucleates frequently only above approximately 35 nm. Both the S- and double vortex states lower the nucleation field of the single vortex state compared to higher order buckling states. Understanding both the origin and the influence of the intermediate phases opens the way to designing a robust and reliable vortex sensor concept.
Self-assembled epitaxial BiFeO3-Ni0.65Zn0.35Al0.8Fe1.2O4 nanobelt heterostructures on SrTiO3: Control of magnetic anisotropy, easy axis, and coercivity
Authors: Tang Xiao , Gao Min , Li Jiefang , Viehland D.
Published: September 2019

Two-phase epitaxial Ni0.65Zn0.35Al0.8Fe1.2O4 (NZAFO) and BiFeO3 layers were deposited as self-assembled nanobeltlike heterostructures on (110) SrTiO3 single crystal substrates by switching pulsed laser deposition. The magnetic anisotropy and coercivity of the low loss high magnetostriction NZAFO phase were altered by the large shape anisotropy of this nanostructure relative to that of single crystal layers. The self-assembled heterostructures exhibited strong magnetic anisotropy along the in-plane direction, resulting in an ability to tune the coercivity from 2 Oe (single crystal NZAFO layers) to ∼650Oe (nanobelt heterostructure). The geometry of the nanobelt shape has a reflection on magnetic anisotropy: the orientation of the easy axis was altered from the in-plane direction. Rotation of the sample about its [11¯0] direction revealed that the hard magnetic axis was along the [001] with two easy directions at θ=±30°. In-plane rotation about the [110] revealed a strong magnetic anisotropy along [11¯0] and [001], which are the two directions that defined the rectangular shape of the nanobelts. Our findings demonstrate a self-assembled nanobelt heterostructural layer whose spinel ferrite phase coercivity and easy axes can be controlled by nanostructural features, which, in turn, modify the magnetic properties.
Tesseral superconducting shim coil design with quasi-saddle geometry for use in high-field magnet system
Authors: Wang Yaohui , Wang Qiuliang , Qu Hongyi , Liu Yang , Liu Feng
Published: September 2019

Superconducting shim coils are frequently used in high-field magnetic resonance imaging or nuclear magnetic resonance system for their high sensitivity and shimming strength. The design of superconducting shim coils is based on the spherical harmonic decomposition, and each shim coil is normally dedicated for correcting one specific harmonic component. Conventional superconducting shim coil with a saddle loop has observable winding error near the corner, which gives rise to arc transformation when winding layer by layer. Simulation analysis shows that the arc corner transformation will induce the magnetic field deviation by more than double of the theoretical design ±1%, which may be up to ±3% after real winding. An improved shim coil design method with a quasisaddle geometry was proposed to correct the winding error. With the consideration of both the rounded corner of the saddle loop and the arc side, the new design offers the magnetic field deviation within ±1%. In addition to reducing the winding error, the proposed design also facilitates the winding process.
Free energy of cylindrical polyions: Analytical results
Authors: Téllez Gabriel , Trizac Emmanuel
Published: September 2019

Within the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) framework useful for a wealth of charged soft matter problems, we work out the Coulombic grand potential of a long cylindrical charged polyion in a binary electrolyte solution of arbitrary valency and for low salt concentration. We obtain the exact analytical low-salt asymptotic expression for the grand potential, derived from the known properties of the exact solutions to the cylindrical PB equation. These results are relevant for understanding nucleic acid processes. In practice, our expressions are accurate for arbitrary polyion charges, provided their radius is smaller than the Debye length defined by the electrolyte.
Excited-state proton transfer relieves antiaromaticity in molecules
Authors: Wu Chia-Hua , Karas Lucas José , Ottosson Henrik , Wu Judy I-Chia
Published: September 2019

Significance

Excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) is universally recognized as a reaction that relaxes the energy of a photoexcited organic compound. It is commonly found in many light-driven processes. Here we identify decisive principles underlying why and when ESPT happens. Our computational investigation of prototypical ESPT reactions finds that the occurrence of ESPT can be explained by an electron-counting rule—Baird’s rule, which remains largely ignored despite having a near–50-y-old history. We emphasize that this surprising connection not only explains the mechanistic principle of ESPT reactions, but it also predicts whether hydrogen bonding interactions that form within and between organic compounds might strengthen or weaken when irradiated by light. Recognizing this relationship has tremendous interpretive merit for organic photochemistry.
A rhetorical perspective on conspiracies
Authors: Zagarella Roberta Martina , Annoni Marco
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we analyze the persuasive effects of conspiracy theories from a rhetorical and argumentative perspective. In particular, we scrutinize a case-study – the story of the “Stamina cure” in Italy –, interpreting it as a particular instance of conspiracy theory. First, we explain what conspiracy theories are, and why they are relevant within the contemporary health debate. Second, we situate our analysis in relation to other theoretical accounts, explaining why a discursive approach may be required to study conspiracies. Third, we investigate our case-study through the lenses of the three “entechnic” proofs of rhetoric:logos, ethos, andpathos. We conclude that a rhetorical approach can shed significant light on how conspiracies achieve their persuasive effect and it provides a first step toward the elaboration of a more comprehensive model to better address the practical and political implications of conspiracy argumentations.
On philosophical argumentation
Authors: Leal Fernando
Published: September 2019

Philosophical argumentation presents a puzzle for pragma-dialectics: both from the perspective of 2500 years of history and from what we can ourselves witness in the present, philosophers seem to be exclusively intent on strengthening and elaborating their differences of opinion. Nothing like that happens in other academic endeavors. This is an anomaly in pragma-dialectical terms because, if philosophical discussants do not want to resolve their differences of opinion, then they would seem to be unreasonable by definition. In other words, no critical discussion would be possible in philosophy because of the peculiar way philosophers argue. The anomaly can, however, be dispelled by using the elementary distinction between single and multiple differences of opinion. It is argued that, in spite of occasional appearances,allphilosophical differences of opinion aremultiple. From that it is argued that the ‘institutional point’ (van Eemeren, 2010) of philosophy is to create the broadest map of arguable positions. If this is true, then philosophers may after all be pursuing a higher-order kind of consensus, bearing in particular on how many arguments can be marshaled around any given philosophical question.
ALTSched: Improved Scheduling for Time-domain Science with LSST
Authors: Rothchild Daniel , Stubbs Christopher , Yoachim Peter
Published: September 2019

Telescope scheduling is the task of determining the best sequence of observations (pointings and filter choices) for a survey system. Because it is computationally intractable to optimize over all possible multiyear sequences of observations, schedulers use heuristics to pick the best observation at a given time. A greedy scheduler selects the next observation by choosing whichever one maximizes a scalar merit function, which serves as a proxy for the scientific goals of the telescope. This sort of bottom-up approach for scheduling is not guaranteed to produce a schedule for which the sum of merit over all observations is maximized. As an alternative to greedy schedulers, we introduce ALTSched, which takes a top-down approach to scheduling. Instead of considering only the next observation, ALTSched makes global decisions about which area of sky and which filter to observe in, and then refines these decisions into a sequence of observations taken along the meridian to minimize airmass. We implement ALTSched for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and show that it equals or outperforms the baseline greedy scheduler in essentially all quantitative performance metrics. Due to its simplicity, our implementation is considerably faster than OpSim, the simulated greedy scheduler currently used by the LSST Project: a full 10-yr survey can be simulated in 4 minutes, as opposed to tens of hours for OpSim. LSST’s hardware is fixed, so improving the scheduling algorithm is one of the only remaining ways to optimize LSST’s performance. We see ALTSched as a prototype scheduler that gives a lower bound on the performance achievable by LSST.
ABF2 and MYB transcription factors regulate feruloyl transferase FHT involved in ABA-mediated wound suberization of kiwifruit
Authors: Wei Xiaopeng , Lu Wenjing , Mao Linchun , Han Xueyuan , Wei Xiaobo , Zhao Xiaoxiao , Xia Ming , Xu Changjie
Published: September 2019

Activation of the kiwifruit suberin biosynthesis gene AchnFHT is coordinately controlled via repression by AchnMYB4 and promotion by AchnABF2, AchnMYB41, and AchnMYB107.
Histone tales: lysine methylation, a protagonist in Arabidopsis development
Authors: Cheng Kai , Xu Yingchao , Yang Chao , Ouellette Luc , Niu Longjian , Zhou Xiaochen , Chu Liutian , Zhuang Feng , Liu Jin , Wu Hualing , Charron Jean-Benoit , Luo Ming
Published: September 2019

Recent advances in the regulation of histone lysine methylation in plants and the role of this modification in the developmental programming of Arabidopsis are discussed.
Mass variance from archival X-ray properties of Dark Energy Survey Year-1 galaxy clusters
Authors: Farahi A , Chen X , Evrard A E , Hollowood D L , Wilkinson R , Bhargava S , Giles P , Romer A K , Jeltema T , Hilton M , Bermeo A , Mayers J , Vergara Cervantes C , Rozo E , Rykoff E S , Collins C , Costanzi M , Everett S , Liddle A R , Mann R G , Mantz A , Rooney P , Sahlen M , Stott J , Viana P T P , Zhang Y , Annis J , Avila S , Brooks D , Buckley-Geer E , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Castander F J , da Costa L N , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Dietrich J P , Doel P , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Honscheid K , James D J , Krause E , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Lima M , Maia M A G , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Ogando R L C , Plazas A A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Schubnell M , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Sobreira F , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , Tucker D L , Vikram V , Walker A R , Weller J ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: September 2019

Using archival X-ray observations and a lognormal population model, we estimate constraints on the intrinsic scatter in halo mass at fixed optical richness for a galaxy cluster sample identified in Dark Energy Survey Year-One (DES-Y1) data with the redMaPPer algorithm. We examine the scaling behaviour of X-ray temperatures, TX, with optical richness, λRM, for clusters in the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.7. X-ray temperatures are obtained from Chandra and XMM observations for 58 and 110 redMaPPer systems, respectively. Despite non-uniform sky coverage, the TX measurements are $\gt 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ complete for clusters with λRM > 130. Regression analysis on the two samples produces consistent posterior scaling parameters, from which we derive a combined constraint on the residual scatter, $\sigma _{\ln T \, |\, \lambda }= 0.275 \pm 0.019$. Joined with constraints for TX scaling with halo mass from the Weighing the Giants program and richness–temperature covariance estimates from the LoCuSS sample, we derive the richness-conditioned scatter in mass, $\sigma _{\ln M \, |\, \lambda }= 0.30 \pm 0.04\, _{({\rm stat})} \pm 0.09\, _{({\rm sys})}$, at an optical richness of approximately 100. Uncertainties in external parameters, particularly the slope and variance of the TX–mass relation and the covariance of TX and λRM at fixed mass, dominate the systematic error. The $95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence region from joint sample analysis is relatively broad, $\sigma _{\ln M \, |\, \lambda }\in [0.14, \, 0.55]$, or a factor 10 in variance.
Abduction of Children
Authors: Miller J. Mitchell , Koskinen Stephanie M.
Published: September 2019

Few crime topics elicit as much fear and concern as child abduction, which is also commonly known as child kidnapping. Child abduction, or kidnapping, is a criminal offense that entails the wrongful taking of a minor by force or violence, manipulation or fraud, or persuasion. There are basically two types of child abduction; familial-parental and the much-exaggerated stranger abductor. Parental abductions are heavily contextualized in child custody and involve far less physical danger to child victims than stranger abductions, which include the majority of violence and sexual violence associated with more extreme abduction events. Despite the popular culture myth of “abduction waves” and pedophiles lurking in the shadows, child abduction is actually a rare phenomenon, as indicated by Shutt, et al. 2004 (cited under Social Constructions), which likened abduction likelihood to the rarity of a lightning strike. Nonetheless, media hype and sensationalism have framed both popular culture and social-legal constructions of abduction frequency, risk, and offender and victim stereotypes, most notably stranger/pedophile abductors and abduction epidemics. The extant academic literature on child abduction can be observed as a three-pronged typology of 1) historical works, more so accounts of well-known US child kidnappings such as the Lindbergh baby, Adam Walsh, and, more recently, Elizabeth Smart, and international research on abduction for ransom, custody, vice work, and military servitude; 2) legal overviews and opinions, both domestically and internationally, with the latter especially focused on abduction legislation initiatives within Hague Conference; and 3) the focus of this article, empirical scientific works primarily appearing in refereed journal articles. The majority of this literature originates from the behavioral (psychology) and social sciences (criminology and criminal justice, sociology, and political science) and, to a lesser degree, from professional school orientations (social work, nursing, and public health). As a rare event and relatively myopic, though seriously consequential, phenomenon, there isn’t a discernable number of reference works, anthologies, or established published bibliographies informing the child abduction knowledge base. Fortunately, there is a sizeable body of empirical works on child abduction to characterize the nature of the offense, its perpetrator and victim participants, and responses by juvenile and criminal justice as well as other stakeholder agencies. While substantial research attention has addressed child abduction in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Europe, this coverage is based on American research over the last few decades. This empirical literature on child abduction is presented in annotated form as a thematic taxonomy comprised of the following: 1) General Overviews, 2) Offense, Offender, and Victim Characteristics, 3) Familial Abduction, 4) Stranger Abduction, 5) Awareness and Prevention, 6) AMBER Alert and Other Official Responses, and 7) Social Constructions.
Vicariance Biogeography
Authors: Agnarsson Ingi , Ali Jason , Barrington David S.
Published: September 2019

Vicariance biogeography seeks geo-physical explanations for disjunct distributions of organisms. Optimally, vicariance hypotheses are tested on the basis of the comparison of unrelated lineages of organisms that share geographic arenas. The fundamental approach is to marry geology and biology in the study of current and historical patterns of biodiversity. As a science, vicariance biogeography grew out of a synthesis of Alfred Wegener’s continental drift as realized by the plate-tectonic mechanism, Léon Croizat’s track analyses, and Willi Hennig’s phylogenetic systematics into a discipline with more readily testable hypotheses than those from classical dispersal biogeography. Vicariance biogeography, at the time of its emergence in the mid-1960s, offered a common explanation for many of the most puzzling disjunct-distribution patterns across the globe. From the 1960s to the early 21st century, vicariance biogeography dominated the field, marginalizing inquiries into geographic distributions on the basis of dispersal explanations, in part because center-of-origin ideas had fallen into disrepute. However, with the realization that vicariance hypotheses fail to explain an array of biogeographic patterns, including both isolated biotas on oceanic islands and many groups spread over previously connected landmasses, dispersal’s role in disjunct distributions of living things has been resurrected. The current consensus is that both processes play key roles in shaping the distribution of organisms through time.
Urban Heritage
Authors: García-Hernández María , de la Calle-Vaquero Manuel
Published: September 2019

The concept of urban heritage has two meanings. First, urban heritage can refer to the list of heritage elements located in urban areas: archaeological vestiges, historical buildings, vernacular architecture, historical gardens, social practices, rituals, and festive events, among others. Second, urban heritage can refer to the city as heritage, a special type of cultural property that is mainly associated with neighborhoods, urban centers, and historic cities. This article focuses on the second meaning. The focus is placed on the heritage values of the urban space, which are overall values resulting from the integration of different components. The use of the term urban heritage has become popular during the last decades. However, it is closely linked to conservation and restoration proposals of historic centers in European cities since the mid-20th century. From Europe, urban conservation extends to other parts of the world, driven by organizations such as UNESCO that establishes a special category of cultural properties named “groups of buildings” in the World Heritage Convention in 1972, generally associated with towns. Since the beginning of the 21st century, UNESCO is promoting an extended approach to urban heritage that goes beyond the built environment and integrates social, economic, and functional dimensions. The Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape of 2011 provides a more global vision and gives special prominence to the communities that inhabit historic towns or historic centers. This approach also implies a disciplinary opening, with an increasing number of inputs coming from social sciences. In this sense, this article basically includes some recent works on urban heritage that allow to establish the present state of the issue. Historical trajectory of the concept is described until reaching the current approximations in terms of the historical urban landscape. A set of contributions that deal with its components are presented, from the location conditions to the social representations and their meanings. References to the main vectors that threaten the preservation of their values and also to the mechanisms to make heritage a vector of sustainable development are included. Special attention is paid to the management of heritage sectors of the city. This urban management must balance the safeguard as heritage properties and the maintenance of adequate levels of quality of life for the communities that live there. Due to the important tourist dimension of these spaces, reflecting on the positive and negative effects of an increasing influx of visitors is very important nowadays. Finally global preservation strategies, in case of the World Heritage List, are contrasted with specific situations of very different geographical areas (Europe, Latin America, China, Middle East, etc.).
Heme synthesis through the life cycle of the heme auxotrophic parasite Leishmania major
Authors: Orrego Lina M. , Cabello‐Donayre María , Vargas Paola , Martínez‐García Marta , Sánchez Clara , Pineda‐Molina Estela , Jiménez Maribel , Molina Ricardo , Pérez‐Victoria José M.
Published: September 2019

Heme is an essential molecule synthetized through a broadly conserved 8‐step route that has been lost in trypanosomatid parasites. Interestingly, Leishmania reacquired by horizontal gene transfer from γ‐proteobacteria the genes coding for the last 3 enzymes of the pathway. Here we show that intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania major can scavenge heme precursors from the host cell to fulfill their heme requirements, demonstrating the functionality of this partial pathway. To dissect its role throughout the L. major life cycle, the significance of L. major ferrochelatase (LmFeCH), the terminal enzyme of the route, was evaluated. LmFeCH expression in a heterologous system demonstrated its activity. Knockout promastigotes lacking lmfech were not able to use the ferrochelatase substrate protoporphyrin IX as a source of heme. In vivo infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus with knockout promastigotes shows that LmFeCH is not required for their development in the sandfly. In contrast, the replication of intracellular amastigotes was hampered in vitro by the deletion of lmfech. However, LmFeCH–/– parasites produced disease in a cutaneous leishmaniasis murine model in a similar way as control parasites. Therefore, although L. major can synthesize de novo heme from macrophage precursors, this activity is dispensable being an unsuited target for leishmaniasis treatment.—Orrego, L. M., Cabello‐Donayre, M., Vargas, P., Martínez‐García, M., Sánchez, C., Pineda‐Molina, E., Jiménez, M., Molina, R., Pérez‐Victoria, J. M. Heme synthesis through the life cycle of the heme auxotrophic parasite Leishmania major. FASEB J. 33, 13367–13385 (2019). www.fasebj.org