bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binding of beta 2 glycoprotein I to activated polystyrene and its recognition by human IgG autoantibodies
Authors: LB Keil , Galazka M. , HS El‐Kadi , EN Erickson , VA DeBari
Published: October 2023

Beta 2 glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H, beta 2GPI) is involved in the formation of epitope(s) recognized by clinically relevant autoantibodies from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. We studied the binding of beta 2GPI to chemically activated polystyrene in a microtitre plate format. Adsorption isotherms (at 37 degrees C) were generated for beta 2GPI on activated polystyrene and on unactivated polystyrene, with both human serum antibodies and rabbit polyclonal IgG antibodies as probes, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐tagged anti‐IgG to detect binding. Additionally, beta 2GPI was biotinylated and isotherms were developed by using HRP‐streptavidin as the recognition sequence. Human serum autoantibodies, which did not precipitate beta 2GPI in solution, yielded a characteristic chemisorption isotherm on activated polystyrene but did not recognize beta 2GPI bound to untreated polystyrene. The rabbit IgG, which did precipitate beta 2GPI in solution, detected beta 2GPI bound to both activated polystyrene and, to a lesser extent, to untreated polystyrene. The binding of beta 2GPI to untreated polystyrene was confirmed by the use of biotinylated beta 2GPI. To assess the prevalence of IgG anti‐beta 2GPI autoantibodies, we surveyed 113 sera submitted to our laboratory for anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) testing. Only nine (8%) had anti‐beta 2GPI activity greater than two standard deviations above the mean for those sera in which aCL activity was within normal limits. We conclude that epitope presentation of beta 2GPI for human autoantibody binding is dependent on surface properties of the polystyrene, and that beta 2GPI autoantibodies are found only in a subpopulation of sera positive for aCL.
Status and transcriptional activity of a bovine‐papillomavirus‐I‐based expression vector in a recombinant production cell line
Authors: MR Fibi , Kunz J. , Weimer T. , Schulz R. , Teifke P. , KH Grzeschik , Johannsen R. , Zettlmeissl G.
Published: October 2023

We have analysed the status and transcriptional activity of the bovine papillomavirus‐I (complete BPV‐I genome)‐based expression vector pCES in CI27i‐cell‐line‐derived 3TI cells used for the industrial production of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEpo). Complete tandem head‐to‐tail integration of about 600 vector copies at a single site of the cellular genome was observed. Deletions, insertions or rearrangements of pCES‐specific sequences or extrachromosomal copies of vector sequences were not detected. Transcriptional analyses demonstrated that rhuEpo was abundantly expressed. BPV‐I early transcription was detected, as expected from a BPV‐I‐transformed cell line; however, compared with the mouse metallothionein‐I‐promoter‐driven rhuEpo‐specific transcription, it was very weak. Late BPV‐I transcription was also not detected in 3TI cells under conditions of large‐scale rhuEpo production. Therefore this expression system proved to be safe and suitable for the production of rhuEpo.
A non‐isothermal bioreactor utilizing immobilized baker's‐yeast cells: a study of the effect on invertase activity
Authors: Russo P. , Garofalo A. , Bencivenga U. , Rossi S. , Castagnolo D. , D'Acunzo A. , FS Gaeta , DG Mita
Published: October 2023

The behaviour of the enzyme invertase, located on the cell wall of baker's‐yeast cells and entrapped in a gelatin membrane, was studied under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions. The reaction rate linearly increased with the applied transmembrane temperature gradient, with reference either to the average temperature or to the temperature on the warm side of the catalytic membrane. These results were obtained both when the bioreactor was operated under conditions of closed volumes and when the substrate‐containing solutions are recirculated. The mathematical relationships have been elaborated between the temperatures read in the working solutions and those on the two faces of the catalytic membrane. Since the temperature difference across the membrane is smaller than that indicated by the thermocouples, the observed effects are greater than expected. The potential advantages of the use of a non‐isothermal bioreactor in processes of industrial interest are discussed.
Structural determinants of cobrotoxin for binding to an enzyme‐linked‐immunoassay plate
Authors: LS Chang , Lin J. , CC Chang
Published: October 2023

In order to assess the manner in which the structural state of a protein affects the results of an ELISA, the antigenic reactivities of cobrotoxin and reduced and S‐carboxymethylated (RCM‐) cobrotoxin with anti‐RCM‐cobrotoxin antibodies were studied. The results of competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay showed that the affinity of RCM‐cobrotoxin for anti‐RCM‐cobrotoxin antibodies was higher than that of cobrotoxin. However, the cobrotoxin‐coated wells had a greater reactivity towards anti‐RCM‐cobrotoxin antibodies than against RCM‐cobrotoxin‐coated wells. The lower reactivity observed with RCM‐cobrotoxin‐coated plates could be improved by adding 0.01% glutaraldehyde during the coating procedure. Studies on the antigenic structures of RCM‐cobrotoxin showed that it contained an immunodominant epitope at residues 22‐38. Moreover, the N‐terminal and C‐terminal regions of RCM‐cobrotoxin encompassed other antigenic determinants which exhibited low reactivities towards anti‐RCM‐cobrotoxin antibodies. After removal of the antibodies against residues 22‐38 of cobrotoxin from anti‐RCM‐cobrotoxin antibodies by passage through an affinity column, the remaining antibodies exhibited a similar reactivity towards cobrotoxin and RCM‐cobrotoxin. The antibodies against residues 22‐38 retained a little reactivity with the RCM‐cobrotoxin‐coated wells. These results suggest that the structural determinants of cobrotoxin and RCM‐cobrotoxin for binding to the microtitre plates differ. Unlike RCM‐cobrotoxin, the loop II structure of cobrotoxin encompassing residues 22‐38 is not exclusively involved in the binding of cobrotoxin to microtitre plates.
Knowing When to Say Goodbye:Final Exitand Suicide in the Elderly
Authors: Lerner Barron H.
Published: October 2023

The publication of Derek Humphry'sFinal Exitin 1991 caused a large uproar. Although designed as a suicide manual for terminally ill persons, there has been considerable fear that the book's methods might be used by others, such as nonterminal elderly individuals who have made a “rational” decision to end their lives. This piece, a short story about an elderly couple that commits double suicide, explores rational suicide by using fiction, as opposed to a standard bioethical approach. Fiction does not provide answers, but rather highlights the ambiguities surrounding elder suicide, and reminds us to evaluate this issue in the context of individual life experiences.
Health Downturns and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation: An Application of the Baumeister Model
Authors: Reich John W. , Newsom Jason T. , Zautra Alex J.
Published: October 2023

Suicidal thoughts and attempts have been studied from a number of perspectives, but only recently has an attempt been made to incorporate many different psychological perspectives into one framework. Baumeister (1990) has integrated personality and social psychological perspectives into one sequential model, moving from instigating events to a final stage of suicidal thoughts. Employing a sample of older adult subjects undergoing the stresses of a recent health downturn, this study tested a four‐stage model of suicidal ideation based on many of the components proposed by Baumeister. Structural equation modeling achieved a good fit to the data. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of including life events, particularly poor health, and cognitive variables such as confusions in thinking, in understanding suicidal ideation.
Selectivity of acaricides to Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Silva Daniel L. , Lima Jayrla E. D. , Souza Pedro V. L. , Melo José W. S. , de Morais Oliveira Jose Eudes , Lima Debora B.
Published: October 2023

Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes has been used to control several pests, including the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst. However, in some situations, the exclusive use of biocontrol agents is not sufficient to prevent the damage caused by pests. In these scenarios, the integration of chemical and biological controls is desired. For that purpose, the determination of selective acaricides, avoiding or reducing deleterious effects on the biological control agent is desirable. This study evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of acaricides (abamectin, azadirachtin, fenpyroximate and pyridaben) on the predatory mite N. barkeri. We investigated the toxicity and selectivity of the acaricides and the survival, fertility, egg viability and instantaneous growth rate (ri) of N. barkeri exposed to acaricides. Additionally, we classified the acaricides according to the scale proposed by the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). Among the acaricides evaluated, abamectin was selective for N. barkeri because the estimated lethal concentration (LC50) for N. barkeri was higher than that for R. indica. None of the acaricides affected predator survival curves. However, azadirachtin and fenpyroximate reduced the average predator survival time. Pyridaben was the only acaricide that reduced the fertility of N. barkeri females and, consequently, their instantaneous growth rate (ri). All the acaricides affected the viability of N. barkeri eggs. Pyridaben was classified as moderately harmful, whereas other acaricides were classified as harmless.
Influence of visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength on oral and denture hygiene ability of non‐frail older people: Development of the Gerostomatological Assessment Battery
Authors: Nitschke Ina , Altan Aylin , Roth‐Kreissl Marion , Sobotta Bernhard A. J. , Jockusch Julia
Published: October 2023

Background

Due to the heterogeneity of older people, it is difficult to identify reliable factors influencing oral health.

Objective

The aim was to illustrate the influence of visual acuity, manual dexterity, and handgrip strength on the oral and denture hygiene ability of older non‐frail people.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, conducted at a specialized dental clinic, at baseline, all participants received professional prophylaxis and instruction on daily oral and denture hygiene regimes for a 6‐week intervention period. Data on the Quigley and Hein modified plaque index (QHI), respectively, the Denture Hygiene Index (DHI), visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength in non‐frail participants (≥ 65 years) were collected. Recruitment was done within the clinic's patient clientele and within the staff (control cohort).

Results

Women showed significantly better manual dexterity than men (Mann–Whitney U, p = .01), while women's mean handgrip strength was significantly lower (Mann–Whitney U, p < .01). Manual dexterity (Mann–Whitney U, p = .003) and handgrip strength (Mann–Whitney U, p = .052) were associated with age. However, visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength had no influence on oral or denture hygiene.

Conclusion

Visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength have no influence on oral and denture hygiene ability in older non‐frail people. Further studies should investigate whether these factors also have no influence on oral and denture hygiene in vulnerable older patients. Therefore, an assessment tool for the evaluation of potential influencing factors of oral and denture hygiene is proposed in a dental context. This Gerostomatological Assessment Battery (G‐AB) can be used as a helpful tool to check the individual cognitive function and comprehension, dental therapy approaches and their individual adaption.
Runx2 heterozygosity alters homeostasis of the periodontal complex
Authors: Xiong Ni , An Jung‐Sub , Yoon Heein , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo , Lim Won Hee
Published: October 2023

Background and Objective

Haploinsufficiency of Runx2 (Runx2+/−) causes dental anomalies. However, little is known about the involvement of Runx2 in the maintenance of dentin, cementum, and the periodontal ligament (PDL) during adulthood. This study aimed to observe the effects of Runx2+/− on homeostasis of the periodontal complex.

Materials and Methods

A total of 14 three‐month‐old Runx2+/− mice and their wild‐type littermates were examined using micro‐computed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Phenotypic alterations in the dentin, cementum, and PDL were characterized and quantified.

Results

Haploinsufficiency of Runx2 caused cellular changes in the PDL space including reduction of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and irregular attachment of the collagen fibers in the PDL space into the cementum. Absence of continuous thickness of cementum was also observed in Runx2+/− mice.

Conclusion

Runx2 is critical for cementum integrity and attachment of periodontal fibers. Because of its importance to cementum homeostasis, Runx2 is essential for homeostasis of periodontal complex.
Learning Without Awareness by Academic and Nonacademic Samples: An Individual Differences Study
Authors: Kim Kathy MinHye , Maie Ryo , Suga Kiyo , Miller Zachary F. , Hui Bronson
Published: October 2023

This study addresses the role of awareness in learning and the variables that may facilitate adult second language (L2) implicit learning. We replicated Williams's (2005) study with a similar group of academic learners enrolled at university as well as a group of non‐college‐educated adults in order to explore the generalizability of the findings to an underrepresented population in research on L2 acquisition. Our results revealed that academic learners implicitly acquired items encountered during training (trained items), but this learning disappeared when academic and nonacademic groups were combined. We also observed modest correlations between intelligence and implicit learning of trained items; however, this association disappeared when other variables were considered. Overall, our study highlights the limited potential of implicit form–meaning associations for L2 adults in more general populations and emphasizes the challenges associated with convenience sampling in L2 research (Andringa & Godfroid, 2020). Additionally, it underscores the independence of individual differences in reading exposure, years of education, and nonverbal intelligence for implicit learning of trained items.
Dynamic urban traffic rerouting with fog‐cloud reinforcement learning
Authors: Du Runjia , Chen Sikai , Dong Jiqian , Chen Tiantian , Fu Xiaowen , Labi Samuel
Published: October 2023

Dynamic rerouting has been touted as a solution for urban traffic congestion. However, its implementation is stymied by the complexity of urban traffic. To address this, recent studies suggest the efficacy of novel technologies like fog computing and deep reinforcement learning. However, there exist significant challenges in this regard: (1) sorting massive amounts of data associated with large urban networks, (2) large action space that hinders learning efficiency, (3) impairment of rerouting efficacy due to overreliance on regional/local information, and (4) the issue of congestion shifting. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a novel two‐step approach that integrates graph attention Q network (GAQ) with entropy‐balanced k shortest path (EBkSP) via fog‐cloud information framework to carry out vehicle rerouting in dynamic traffic environments typical of large cities. The first challenge is addressed by GAQ that uses attention mechanism to evaluate traffic and assign region indices based on the relative importance of information. The second challenge is addressed using fog nodes that reduce the action space, and the third is addressed using fog computing combined with cloud computing to facilitate the computation of global optimal information in a centralized planning decentralized execution pattern. The fourth challenge is addressed using EBkSP, which identifies vehicle optimal routes based on route popularity and vehicle priority. After conducting a numerical experiment involving two other cutting‐edge vehicle rerouting models as baselines, it was established that the proposed model delivers results that are 14%–54% superior from perspectives of the mean travel speed and congestion. The superior efficacy of the proposed learning‐based (compared to rule‐based) models is pronounced when rerouting ratios are low. As the rerouting ratio increases, both the learning‐based and rule‐based model outcomes exhibit reduced likelihoods of severe congestion. However, the learning‐based model consistently outperforms the rule‐based model across all scenarios. The proposed model can effectively reroute vehicles under different situations of rerouting ratio and total count of vehicles and can help improve traffic mobility and reduce congestion in urban areas. It can be implemented easily by urban road agencies.
Beyond the insider/outsider debate in “at‐home” ethnographies: Diffractive methodology and the onto‐epistemic entanglement of knowledge production
Authors: Larsen Trine S. , Schwennesen Nete
Published: October 2023

In this article, we discuss the practice of conducting research in one's own field, in this case, from a position as a researcher with a nursing background doing fieldwork in a hospital and in one's own organization, an orthopedic surgical department. We show how an “insider” researcher position paves the way for analytical insights about sleep as an institutional phenomenon in the orthopedic surgical infrastructure and how acute and elective patient trajectories differ but build on the same logic, creating the same dynamics of inclusion and exclusion. Through a situated and sociomaterial perspective, we analyze different clinical interactions in which we follow the hospital bed as an example of a central relational element that co‐creates sleep as an institutional phenomenon. Inspired by Karen Barad, we demonstrate how to move diffractively when doing and analyzing fieldwork and argue how moving diffractively as a researcher doing fieldwork “at home” is productive and challenges the concept and demand of “distance” as the phenomenological exercise in fieldwork.
Substitution of sugar‐sweetened beverages with non‐caloric alternatives and weight change: A systematic review of randomized trials and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tobiassen Philip A.‐S. , Køster‐Rasmussen Rasmus
Published: October 2023

Background

Intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages has been associated with weight gain. It is uncertain if replacing an existing use of sugar‐sweetened beverages with non‐caloric beverages results in long‐term reduction in body weight.

Objective

The objective of this study is to explore if a long‐term reduction in body weight can be achieved by replacing an existing intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages with non‐caloric beverages.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for literature. Studies with a “substitution” design were included, that is, studies where subjects substituted an existing intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages with either artificially sweetened beverages or unsweetened beverages/water. Studies with 6 months or longer follow‐up of weight change were included.

Results

Six trials with a total of 1729 participants were included in the meta‐analysis. Replacing an existing intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages with a non‐caloric beverage resulted in a long‐term BMI reduction of 0.31 kg/m2 compared with the sugar‐sweetened beverage‐group (95% CI; 0.17–0.44). One study with 1 year's intervention and 2 years follow‐up showed a regression towards baseline BMI after the intervention had ended.

Conclusion

Replacing an existing use of sugar‐sweetened beverages with artificially sweetened beverages or unsweetened beverages resulted in a long‐term 0.31 kg/m2 reduction in BMI equivalent to 0.5–1 kg in children and adults, respectively, as long as the interventions lasted.
Locally Invasive Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Wrist Treated by Arthroscopic Resection and Bone Grafting
Authors: Lim Rebecca Qian Ru , Gao Xing Shuai , Liu Bo
Published: October 2023

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that can affect tendon sheath, bursae, or joint. The wrist joint however is uncommonly involved and here we present a case of chronic monoarticular joint pain and swelling in a healthcare professional that was later histologically verified to be PVNS of the radiocarpal joint. The patient had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed prior to surgery which showed a locally invasive bony tumor of the scaphoid. He subsequently underwent a wrist arthroscopic evaluation and resection with bone grafting as the index surgery and made an uneventful postoperative recovery. This is a novel technique to address PVNS of the wrist as these cases are usually managed using open procedures which can lead to additional scarring and disrupt the blood supply of the joint capsule.
Impact of green and blue‐green light on the growth, pigment concentration, and fatty acid unsaturation in the microalga Monoraphidium braunii
Authors: Helamieh Mark , Reich Marco , Rohne Philipp , Riebesell Ulf , Kerner Martin , Kümmerer Klaus
Published: October 2023

The spectral composition of light is an important factor for the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Several blue light‐regulated metabolic processes have already been identified in the industrially relevant microalga Monoraphidium braunii. However, little is known about the spectral impact on this species' growth, fatty acid (FA), and pigment composition. In this study, M. braunii was cultivated under different light spectra (white light: 400–700 nm, blue light: 400–550 nm, green light: 450–600 nm, and red light: 580–700 nm) at 25°C for 96 h. The growth was monitored daily. Additionally, the FA composition, and pigment concentration was analyzed after 96 h. The highest biomass production was observed upon white light and red light irradiation. However, green light also led to comparably high biomass production, fueling the scientific debate about the contribution of weakly absorbed light wavelengths to microalgal biomass production. All light spectra (white, blue, and green) that comprised blue‐green light (450–550 nm) led to a higher degree of FA unsaturation and a greater concentration of all identified pigments than red light. These results further contribute to the growing understanding that blue‐green light is an essential trigger for maximized pigment concentration and FA unsaturation in green microalgae.
Luminescence of favipiravir in skin appendages and sclera. A controlled study and literature review
Authors: Demircioğlu Deniz , Durmaz Emel Öztürk
Published: October 2023

Background/Objectives

Favipiravir is an antiviral agent, recently used for COVID‐19 infections. Several reports associate favipiravir intake with Wood's lamp fluorescence of hair, nails, and sclera. The present study was designed to elucidate the positivity rates, and sites of favipiravir‐related fluorescence and to unravel the site‐specific changes in fluorescence positivity rates by a function of time past exposure.

Methods

The study population comprised 50 patients and 50 control individuals. All patients in the patient group had received a full dose of favipiravir for COVID‐19 infection. Fifty volunteers served as the control group. Wood's lamp examination was performed in a completely darkened room, and the positivity rate, extent, pattern, and distribution of fluorescence were recorded.

Results

Wood's light revealed fluorescence of the fingernails, toenails, sclera, and hair in 35 (70%), 35 (70%), 22 (44%), and 8 (16%) patients, respectively. No control individual tested positive by Wood's lamp. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between patient and control groups in terms of Wood's light luminescence in the fingernails (p = .000), toenails (p = .000), sclera (p = .000) and hair (p = .003). Although fingernail, toenail, and hair fluorescence positivity rates declined or ceased at or after 91 days of favipiravir exposure, ocular fluorescence positivity rates were prolonged up to 188 days.

Conclusions

These findings confirm that favipiravir may produce fluorescence of nails, sclera, and hair, detectable by Wood's light starting from the initial month and peaking at second‐ and third months following exposure to the medication. Although nail and hair fluorescence tend to abate after 3 months, ocular fluorescence may persist even longer than 6 months after cessation of the medication.
“We're not there to lead”: Professional roles and responsibilities in “citizen‐led” co‐production
Authors: McMullin Caitlin
Published: October 2023

Although co‐production is typically understood as occurring when “regular” producers involve citizens in service delivery, co‐production also takes place in relation to services that are initiated and/or controlled by citizens. Based on theories and typologies of co‐production and the facilitation of citizen initiatives, we propose that there exists a spectrum of co‐production where citizens are at the fore, discussed as four primary forms—citizen‐owned (i.e., citizen initiatives), citizen‐driven (ideas proposed by citizens, realized through collaboration with professionals), transitional (temporary co‐production before transferring to citizens), and enforced (transfer of responsibility for service delivery). Professionals' roles vary under each of these ideal types, in relation to their contribution to the core service or complementary tasks, their degree of responsibility, and assumption of risk. Understanding these variations helps provide nuance to analyses of the role of the professional in co‐production, as a means to collaborate with citizens in public service provision more effectively.
The Weaker Natural Law Thesis
Authors: Capps Charles F.
Published: October 2023

Natural law theories affirm that it belongs to the nature of law to be apt to promote the common good or do something similar. I defend a weak version of this thesis according to which part of what constitutes something as a nondefective central case of a posited law is that it is apt to promote the common good. Just as the rules of Pictionary require the drawing player to design her drawing to reveal the word in play, the rules of a central case of a legal system require lawmakers to design laws to promote the common good. Therefore, just as a Pictionary drawing that is inapt to reveal the word in play is defective, a central case of a posited law that is inapt to promote the common good is defective.
Time for a paradigm change: Problems with the financial industry's approach to operational risk
Authors: Butler Tom , Brooks Robert
Published: October 2023

Organizational and risk cultures in the financial industry are argued to be the root cause of banking problems. It is concerning that financial regulators and practitioners still consider the industry to be seriously fragile in several respects, particularly to operational risks and risks associated with digital transformation and innovation—not that the risks of organizational misconduct have disappeared. The rescue of Credit Suisse in 2023 confirms this. This paper employs extant theories of organizational culture, learning, and action to critically evaluate the existing risk paradigm in banking and to highlight its deficiencies, which practitioners can only address by questioning the flawed assumptions and dysfunctional values and behaviors found to be endemic in banks. However, business and risk practitioners are also married to institutional approaches that focus on assessing risk and measuring historical losses to allocate regulatory capital, rather than forward‐looking approaches to measure and manage risk. This requires a paradigm change. This paper presents a novel risk measurement and accounting methodology, Risk Accounting, to help underpin such change. Risk accounting measures risk exposure in quantitative and qualitative terms and can be implemented using an AI‐enabled digital architecture that could solve endemic problems with risk data aggregation and analysis. Significantly, risk accounting enables a financial value to be placed on risk exposures at a granular level. This level of transparency provides an incentive to change behaviors in banks and support cultural change while providing a basis for a paradigm change in the way operational risk is managed.
Grasping a new approach to older persons' dignity: A process evaluation of the Swedish Dignity Care Intervention in municipal palliative care
Authors: Söderman Annika , Hälleberg Nyman Maria , Werkander Harstäde Carina , Johnston Bridget , Blomberg Karin
Published: October 2023

Aim

Dignity in older persons is a goal of palliative care. This study aimed to perform a process evaluation of the Swedish Dignity Care Intervention (DCI‐SWE) in municipal palliative care in Sweden, focusing on implementation, context, and mechanism of impact.

Methods

This study had a process evaluation design. The Knowledge to Action framework supported the implementation of the DCI‐SWE. The intervention was used by community nurses with older persons (n = 18) in home healthcare and nursing homes. Data were collected by focus groups‐ and individual interviews with community nurses (n = 11), health care professionals (n = 5) and managers (n = 5), reflective diaries, and field notes.

Results

Grasping the DCI‐SWE was challenging for some community nurses. Enhanced communication training and increased engagement from managers were requested. However, the DCI‐SWE was perceived to enhance professional pride in nursing. In terms of fidelity, dose and reach the project was not fully achieved. Regarding mechanism of impact the DCI‐SWE contributes to address older persons' loneliness and existential life issues, as it put conversations with older persons on community nurses' agenda.

Conclusions

The DCI‐SWE provided opportunities to maintain older persons' dignity and quality of life. However, with refinements of design and the DCI‐SWE, the sustainability in the context may increase.
Inhaled beta2‐agonist, formoterol, enhances intense exercise performance, and sprint ability in elite cyclists
Authors: Jeppesen Jan S. , Jessen Søren , Thomassen Martin , Backer Vibeke , Bangsbo Jens , Hostrup Morten
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Many athletes use long‐acting beta2‐agonist formoterol in treatment of asthma. However, studies in non‐athlete cohorts demonstrate that inhaled formoterol can enhance sprint performance calling into question whether its use in competitive sports should be restricted. We investigated whether formoterol at upper recommended inhaled doses (54 μg) would enhance sprint ability and intense exercise performance in elite cyclists.

Methods

Twenty‐one male cyclists (V̇O2max: 70.4 ± 4.3 mL × min−1 × kg−1, mean ± SD) completed two 6‐s all‐out sprints followed by 4‐min all‐out cycling after inhaling either 54 μg formoterol or placebo. We also assessed cyclists' leg muscle mass by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and muscle fiber type distribution of vastus lateralis biopsies.

Results

Peak and mean power output during the 6‐s sprint was 32 W (95% CI, 19–44 W, p < 0.001) and 36 W (95% CI, 24–48 W, p < 0.001) higher with formoterol than placebo, corresponding to an enhancing effect of around 3%. Power output during 4‐min all‐out cycling was 9 W (95% CI, 2–16 W, p = 0.01) greater with formoterol than placebo, corresponding to an enhancing effect of 2.3%. Performance changes in response to formoterol were unrelated to cyclists' VO2max and leg lean mass, whereas muscle fiber Type I distribution correlated with change in sprinting peak power in response to formoterol (r2 = 0.314, p = 0.012).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that an inhaled one‐off dose of 54 μg formoterol has a performance‐enhancing potential on sprint ability and short intense performance in elite male cyclists, which is irrespective of training status but partly related to muscle fiber type distribution for sprint ability.
Prospective science teachers' noticing: An exploration in an authentic practical context
Authors: Wang Lu , Oliver J. Steve
Published: October 2023

Although research demonstrates the key roles practical experiences play in teachers' learning to notice, few studies have examined teacher noticing in practical contexts. This study addresses the gap by exploring prospective science teachers' (PSTs) noticing in an authentic practical setting afforded through a school‐based practicum associated with a block of site‐based science methods and curriculum courses. With five secondary PSTs' daily journals and critical incidents they wrote as they engaged in interactions in science classes, we investigated what PSTs focused their attention on, the ways they process information to make selective attention, and how they appraised the identified events. The study design also allowed us to examine PSTs noticing variations within the same context when they worked as pairs within the same classrooms. Based on the results of the data analysis, we identified two psychological processes PSTs went through to decide what to notice, demonstrated the idiosyncratic nature of their noticing in the same practical context, and illustrated PSTs' wide range of attention and diverse ways of reasoning.
Antibiotic resistance through the lens of One Health: A study from an urban and a rural area in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunasekara Yasodhara Deepachandi , Kottawatta Sanda Arunika , Nisansala Thilini , Wijewickrama Isuru Jayamina Bandara , Basnayake Yasodha I. , Silva‐Fletcher Ayona , Kalupahana Ruwani Sagarika
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to investigate and compare the proportion of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli) between urban (Dompe in the Western province) and rural (Dambana in the Sabaragamuwa province) areas in Sri Lanka. The overall hypothesis of the study is that there is a difference in the proportion of AMR E. coli between the urban and the rural areas. Faecal samples were collected from healthy humans (n = 109), dairy animals (n = 103), poultry (n = 35), wild mammals (n = 81), wild birds (n = 76), soil (n = 80) and water (n = 80) from both areas. A total of 908 E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials. Overall, E. coli isolated from urban area was significantly more likely to be resistant than those isolated from rural area. The human domain of the area had a significantly higher prevalence of AMR E. coli, but it was not significantly different in urban (98%) and rural (97%) areas. AMR E. coli isolated from dairy animals, wild animals and water was significantly higher in the urban area compared with the rural area. There was no significant difference in the proportion of multidrug resistance (MDR) E. coli isolated from humans, wild animals and water between the two study sites. Resistant isolates found from water and wild animals suggest contamination of the environment. A multi‐sectorial One Health approach is urgently needed to control the spread of AMR and prevent the occurrences of AMR in Sri Lanka.
Tresca Versus Von Mises: Which Failure Criterion is More Conservative in a Probabilistic Context?
Authors: Cunha Americo , Yanik Yasar , Olivieri Carlo , da Silva Samuel
Published: October 2023

This tutorial examines the failure theories of Tresca and von Mises, both of which are crucial for designing metallic structures. Conventionally, Tresca is regarded as more conservative than von Mises from a deterministic perspective. This tutorial, however, introduces a different viewpoint, presenting a scenario where von Mises’ theory may appear more conservative when variability in the mechanical system parameters is considered. This often-overlooked aspect is not extensively addressed in standard textbooks on solid mechanics and the strength of materials. The tutorial aims to shed light on the non-negligible probability where von Mises’ criterion yields a smaller equivalent stress than Tresca, thus being more conservative. It underscores the importance of integrating probabilistic considerations into stress analyses of solids, offering valuable insights for the education of structural mechanics.
Comments and illustrations of the WFUMB CEUS liver guidelines: Cystic fibrosis associated liver disease
Authors: Möller Kathleen , Friedrich Thomas , Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Görg Christian , Jenssen Christian , Hocke Michael , De Molo Chiara , Serra Carla , Dong Yi , Cui Xin Wu , Lim Adrian , Dirks Klaus , Srivastava David , Dietrich Christoph F.
Published: October 2023

In this series of articles with comments and illustrations on the World Federation for Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) guidelines on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) the topics of very rare focal liver lesions (FLL) are discussed. Improving the detection and characterization of the most common FLL are the main topics of these guidelines. The focus of this review is on the many manifestations of cystic fibrosis-related liver disease (CFLD). These include focal biliary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, vascular manifestations with nodular regenerative hyperplasia and portal hypertension with or without cirrhosis. This article describes the diverse changes of liver involvement in cystic fibrosis and their appearance on ultrasound, duplex sonography, and contrast enhanced ultrasonography. This knowledge and the imaging should help to recognize liver manifestations in time and enable a correct interpretation of ultrasound images in CF in the corresponding clinical situation.
Density functional theory calculations of mechanical and electronic properties of W1−xTaxN6, W1−xMoxN6, and Mo1−xTaxN6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) alloys in a hexagonal structure
Authors: Kandel S. R. , Gall D. , Khare S. V.
Published: October 2023

In this study, we report the structural, energetic, mechanical, electronic, thermal, and magnetic properties of W1−xTaxN6, W1−xMoxN6, and Mo1−xTaxN6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) alloys in a hexagonal structure (space group: R3¯m) determined using density functional theory–based first-principles calculations. These compounds are mechanically stable, whereas W0.33Ta0.66N6 is vibrationally unstable. Among both mechanically and vibrationally stable compounds, W0.66Ta0.33N6 and W0.66Mo0.33N6 have the highest hardness of 55 GPa, while the softest alloy (Mo0.33Ta0.66N6) exhibits 46 GPa, indicating new potential super hard materials. The high hardness in these materials is attributed to the combined effect of covalent N–N bonding of hexagonal rings and a metal to nitrogen charge transfer. Only two alloys, W0.33Mo0.66N6 and W0.66Mo0.33N6, are semiconducting alloys with electronic bandgaps of 1.82 and 1.92 eV, respectively. A significant magnetic moment of 0.82 μB per unit metal was calculated for W0.66Mo0.33N6.
The structural and functional complexity of the integrative hypothalamus
Authors: Fong Harmony , Zheng Jing , Kurrasch Deborah
Published: October 2023

The hypothalamus (“hypo” meaning below, and “thalamus” meaning bed) consists of regulatory circuits that support basic life functions that ensure survival. Sitting at the interface between peripheral, environmental, and neural inputs, the hypothalamus integrates these sensory inputs to influence a range of physiologies and behaviors. Unlike the neocortex, in which a stereotyped cytoarchitecture mediates complex functions across a comparatively small number of neuronal fates, the hypothalamus comprises upwards of thousands of distinct cell types that form redundant yet functionally discrete circuits. With single-cell RNA sequencing studies revealing further cellular heterogeneity and modern photonic tools enabling high-resolution dissection of complex circuitry, a new era of hypothalamic mapping has begun. Here, we provide a general overview of mammalian hypothalamic organization, development, and connectivity to help welcome newcomers into this exciting field.
Encoding identity in the marmoset
Authors: Wirth Sylvia
Published: October 2023

Hippocampal cells integrate multisensory input to represent the identity of others
Detection and characterization of novel luchacoviruses, genus
Alphacoronavirus
, in saliva and feces of meso-carnivores in the northeastern United States
Authors: Olarte-Castillo Ximena A. , Plimpton Laura , McQueary Holly , Sun Yining , Yu Y. Tina , Cover Sarah , Richardson Amy N. , Jin Yuhan , Grenier Jennifer K. , Cummings Kevin J. , Bunting Elizabeth , Diuk-Wasser Maria , Needle David , Schuler Krysten , Stanhope Michael J. , Whittaker Gary , Goodman Laura B.
Published: October 2023

Small- to mid-sized carnivores or meso-carnivores comprise a group of diverse mammals, many of which can adapt to anthropogenically disturbed environments. Wild meso-carnivores living in urban areas may get exposed to or spread pathogens to other species, including stray/feral domestic animals. Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated and farmed meso-carnivores, but knowledge of CoVs circulating in free-ranging wild meso-carnivores remains limited. In this study, we analyzed 321 samples collected between 2016 and 2022 from 9 species of free-ranging wild meso-carnivores and stray/feral domestic cats in the northeastern United States. Using a pan-CoV PCR, we screened tissues; feces; and saliva, nasal, and rectal swabs. We detected CoV RNA in fecal and saliva samples of animals in four species: fisher (
Pekania pennanti
), bobcat (
Lynx rufus
), red fox (
Vulpes vulpes
), and domestic cat (
Felis catus
). Next-generation sequencing revealed that all these viruses belonged to the
Luchacovirus
subgenus (
Alphacoronavirus
genus), previously reported only in rodents and lagomorphs (i.e., rabbits). Genetic comparison of the 3′-end of the genome (~12,000 bp) revealed that, although the viruses detected group with and have a genetic organization similar to other luchacoviruses, they are genetically distinct from those in rodents and lagomorphs. Genetic characterization of the spike protein revealed that the meso-carnivore luchacoviruses do not have an S1/S2 cleavage motif but do have highly variable structural loops containing cleavage motifs similar to those identified in certain pathogenic CoVs. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the spike protein of CoVs in wild species for further targeted epidemiologic monitoring.

IMPORTANCE

Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been detected in domesticated, farmed, and wild meso-carnivores, causing a wide range of diseases and infecting diverse species, highlighting their important but understudied role in the epidemiology of these viruses. Assessing the viral diversity hosted in wildlife species is essential to understand their significance in the cross-species transmission of CoVs. Our focus here was on CoV discovery in meso-carnivores in the Northeast United States as a potential “hotspot” area with high density of humans and urban wildlife. This study identifies novel alphacoronaviruses circulating in multiple free-ranging wild and domestic species in this area and explores their potential epidemiological importance based on regions of the Spike gene, which are relevant for virus-host interactions.
Zebrafish TMEM47 is an effective blocker of IFN production during RNA and DNA virus infection
Authors: Lu Long-Feng , Li Zhuo-Cong , Zhang Can , Chen Dan-Dan , Han Ke-Jia , Zhou Xiao-Yu , Wang Xue-Li , Li Xi-Yin , Zhou Li , Li Shun
Published: October 2023

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) are crucial factors of IFN induction in RNA and DNA viral infections. However, unrestricted IFN was harmful to the host by causing cytokine storm. Here, we report that zebrafish transmembrane protein 47 (TMEM47), an IFN-negative regulator in fish, represses IFN expression stimulated by both spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) and cyprinid herpesvirus 2, which represent RNA and DNA viruses, respectively. The mRNA level of
tmem47
was rapidly upregulated during RNA and DNA virus infection. Overexpression of TMEM47 significantly blocked SVCV- and CyHV-2-mediated IFN induction, whereas knockdown of
tmem47
promoted
ifn
transcription under these viral infections. Furthermore, TMEM47 interacted with MAVS and STING, which are considered as key factors for IFN induction during RNA and DNA viral infection. Mechanistically, both MAVS and STING were degraded by TMEM47 in an autophagy-lysosome-dependent manner, and the autophagy factor autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) was essential for this process. Finally, at the cellular level, MAVS- and STING-mediated antiviral capacities were significantly suppressed by TMEM47. Taken together, our results demonstrate that zebrafish TMEM47 acts as a brake to inhibit IFN production in both RNA and DNA viral infections.

IMPORTANCE

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) are key adaptor proteins required for innate immune responses to RNA and DNA virus infection. Here, we show that zebrafish transmembrane protein 47 (TMEM47) plays a critical role in regulating MAVS- and STING-triggered IFN production in a negative feedback manner. TMEM47 interacted with MAVS and STING for autophagic degradation, and ATG5 was essential for this process. These findings suggest the inhibitory function of TMEM47 on MAVS- and STING-mediated signaling responses during RNA and DNA virus infection.
A patatin-like phospholipase is important for mitochondrial function in malaria parasites
Authors: Pietsch Emma , Ramaprasad Abhinay , Bielfeld Sabrina , Wohlfarter Yvonne , Maco Bohumil , Niedermüller Korbinian , Wilcke Louisa , Kloehn Joachim , Keller Markus A. , Soldati-Favre Dominique , Blackman Michael J. , Gilberger Tim-Wolf , Burda Paul-Christian
Published: October 2023

Plasmodium
parasites rely on a functional electron transport chain (ETC) within their mitochondrion for proliferation, and compounds targeting mitochondrial functions are validated antimalarials. Here, we localize
Plasmodium falciparum
patatin-like phospholipase 2 (
Pf
PNPLA2, PF3D7_1358000) to the mitochondrion and reveal that disruption of the
Pf
PNPLA2 gene impairs asexual replication.
Pf
PNPLA2-null parasites are hypersensitive to proguanil and inhibitors of the mitochondrial ETC, including atovaquone. In addition,
Pf
PNPLA2-deficient parasites show reduced mitochondrial respiration and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that disruption of
Pf
PNPLA2 leads to a defect in the parasite ETC. Lipidomic analysis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) reveals that loss of
Pf
PNPLA2 is associated with a moderate shift toward shorter-chained and more saturated CL species, implying a contribution of
Pf
PNPLA2 to CL remodeling.
Pf
PNPLA2-deficient parasites display profound defects in gametocytogenesis, underlining the importance of a functional mitochondrial ETC during both the asexual and sexual development of the parasite.

IMPORTANCE

For their proliferation within red blood cells, malaria parasites depend on a functional electron transport chain (ETC) within their mitochondrion, which is the target of several antimalarial drugs. Here, we have used gene disruption to identify a patatin-like phospholipase,
Pf
PNPLA2, as important for parasite replication and mitochondrial function in
Plasmodium falciparum
. Parasites lacking
Pf
PNPLA2 show defects in their ETC and become hypersensitive to mitochondrion-targeting drugs. Furthermore,
Pf
PNPLA2-deficient parasites show differences in the composition of their cardiolipins, a unique class of phospholipids with key roles in mitochondrial functions. Finally, we demonstrate that parasites devoid of
Pf
PNPLA2 have a defect in gametocyte maturation, underlining the importance of a functional ETC for parasite transmission to the mosquito vector.