bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel case–control design to estimate the extent of over‐diagnosis of breast cancer due to organised population‐based mammography screening
Authors: Beckmann Kerri R. , Lynch John W. , Hiller Janet E. , Farshid Gelareh , Houssami Nehmat , Duffy Stephen W. , Roder David M.
Published: August 2014

Debate about the extent of breast cancer over‐diagnosis due to mammography screening has continued for over a decade, without consensus. Estimates range from 0 to 54%, but many studies have been criticized for having flawed methodology. In this study we used a novel study design to estimate over‐diagnosis due to organised mammography screening in South Australia (SA). To estimate breast cancer incidence at and following screening we used a population‐based, age‐matched case–control design involving 4,931 breast cancer cases and 22,914 controls to obtain OR for yearly time intervals since women's last screening mammogram. The level of over‐diagnosis was estimated by comparing the cumulative breast cancer incidence with and without screening. The former was derived by applying ORs for each time window to incidence rates in the absence of screening, and the latter, by projecting pre‐screening incidence rates. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to assess potential biases. Over‐diagnosis was estimated to be 8% (95%CI 2–14%) and 14% (95%CI 8–19%) among SA women aged 45 to 85 years from 2006–2010, for invasive breast cancer and all breast cancer respectively. These estimates were robust when applying various sensitivity analyses, except for adjustment for potential confounding assuming higher risk among screened than non‐screened women, which reduced levels of over‐diagnosis to 1% (95%CI 5–7%) and 8% (95%CI 2–14%) respectively when incidence rates for screening participants were adjusted by 10%. Our results indicate that the level of over‐diagnosis due to mammography screening is modest and considerably lower than many previous estimates, including others for Australia.
AID expression in peripheral blood of children living in a malaria holoendemic region is associated with changes in B cell subsets and Epstein‐Barr virus
Authors: Wilmore Joel R. , Asito Amolo S. , Wei Chungwen , Piriou Erwan , Sumba P. Odada , Sanz Iñaki , Rochford Rosemary
Published: August 2014

The development of endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (eBL) is closely associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection and holoendemic malaria infections. The role of EBV in the development of malignancy has been studied in depth, but there is still little known about the mechanisms by which malaria affects Burkitt's lymphomagenesis. Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression is necessary for the introduction of c‐myc translocations that are characteristic of BL, but a link between AID and EBV or malaria is unclear. To determine whether frequency of malaria exposure leads to increased AID expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) we examined two cohorts of children in western Kenya with endemic and sporadic malaria transmission dynamics. High frequency of malaria exposure led to increased expression of AID, which coincided with decreases in the IgM+ memory B cells. In the children from the malaria endemic region, the presence of a detectible EBV viral load was associated with higher AID expression compared to children with undetectable EBV, but this effect was not seen in children with sporadic exposure to malaria. This study demonstrates that intensity of malaria transmission correlates with AID expression levels in the presence of EBV suggesting that malaria and EBV infection have a synergistic effect on the development of c‐myc translocations and BL.
Human metapneumovirus prevalence and molecular epidemiology in respiratory outbreaks in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Neemuchwala Alefiya , Duvvuri Venkata R. , Marchand‐Austin Alex , Li Aimin , Gubbay Jonathan B.
Published: August 2014

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified previously as a cause of respiratory outbreaks in adults, including the elderly. The objective of this study was to document respiratory outbreaks that were caused by hMPV in Ontario, Canada and to identify the various circulating genotypes during April 2009–February 2012. The majority of the outbreaks that were part of this study were in adults (>65 years). Total nucleic acid extraction was done on 123 residual anonymized clinical specimens from 51 different respiratory outbreaks. Specimens were subjected to PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing targeting the F and G genes of hMPV. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify genotypes. HMPV accounted for 195 (8.5%) of 2,292 respiratory outbreaks. Genotype A2b was most prevalent, detected in 28 (54.9%) of 51 typed hMPV‐positive outbreaks. The genotype A2b2 that was described recently was also identified. In earlier reports, subtype A1 was reported in Canada which was absent in the specimens typed in this study. This shift in genotype may be significant in terms of disease severity, and for any future vaccine considerations. Regular testing for hMPV should be done as part of outbreak investigation. J. Med. Virol. 87:269–274, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of ribavirin monotherapy on the viral population in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1: Direct sequencing and pyrosequencing of the HCV regions
Authors: Quiles‐Pérez R. , Muñoz‐de‐Rueda P. , Maldonado A. Martín‐Lagos , Martín‐Álvarez A. , Quer J. , Salmerón J.
Published: August 2014

Ribavirin remains essential to chronic hepatitis C treatment. This paper investigates the influence of ribavirin priming to steady state before combined pegylated‐interferon/ribavirin treatment on viral kinetics, ribavirin trough concentrations, genetic variability within HCV‐core, ‐NS5B and ‐NS5A, and response to antiviral therapy. A prospective cohort study was made of 27 chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 naïve patients who received four weeks of ribavirin followed by pegIFN‐α‐2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks (Group A). The results obtained were compared with those for a control/historical group (Group B). In addition, direct sequencing and pyrosequencing were applied to determine ribavirin monotherapy‐induced sequence changes. The rapid, early, and sustained virological response values obtained were 48%, 89%, and 52%, respectively, in Group A, and 52%, 90%, and 52% in Group B (P > 0.05). In the four‐week combined treatment, the Group A patients showed a greater decrease in HCV‐RNA (2.3 log10 IU/ml vs. 1.2 log10 IU/ml; P = 0.04), lower alanine aminotransferase levels (23.5 ± 1.33 U/L vs. 60.11 ± 18 U/L; P < 0.001) and higher mean ribavirin trough concentrations (3.28 ± 1.26 mg/L vs. 1.74 ± 0.7 mg/L; P = 0.001). No general increase in rates of nucleotide substitutions in the ribavirin monotherapy‐treated patients was observed in NS5B, ISDR, or PKRbd, but there was a decrease in silent mutations in the HCV core (P = 0.04). This result was confirmed by pyrosequencing in the NS5A region. It is concluded that the ribavirin priming combined treatment with pegIFN‐α‐2a does not improve sustained virological response rates in HCV genotype 1 naïve infected patients. However, the greater reductions in viral load and alanine aminotransferase levels, together with the higher ribavirin trough concentration values obtained, could reflect the greater effectiveness of the treatment. Ribavirin does not have a mutagenic effect on the virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Med. Virol. 86:1886–1897, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A high‐order compact scheme for the nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation
Authors: Vong Seakweng , Wang Zhibo
Published: August 2014

In this article, a high‐order finite difference scheme for a kind of nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation is derived. The time fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The solvability of the difference system is discussed by the Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem, while the stability and L∞ convergence of the finite difference scheme are proved by the energy method. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 706–722, 2015
Exploring the potential of platelet proteomics in children
Authors: Yip Christina , García Ángel
Published: August 2014

Proteomics is a rapidly evolving ‘‘post‐genomic’’ science utilizing advanced technologies in protein separation, identification, quantitation and heavily relying on bioinformatics. Proteomic research in pediatrics is important and most of the successes thus far are seen in research that utilize samples that require less invasive procedures and focus on prevailing childhood diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and neuroblastoma. Recent advances in proteomics are helping to elucidate platelet processes that are relevant to bleeding and clotting disorders, as well as other important roles of platelets such as in angiogenesis and inflammation. Nevertheless, most of platelet proteome data obtained to date are derived from the adult population and the potential of platelet proteomic application in children has not yet been explored. As it happens in all research fields, there are additional challenges in studying children such as procuring sufficient biological samples and access to less common disease cohorts as compared to in adults. Furthermore, many of the prevalent platelet‐mediated diseases in adults, such as coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic lesions, are believed to have origins during childhood. Hence, platelet proteomic research in children may reveal some important information on how platelet plays a role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this article, we refer to the current knowledge from platelet proteomic research strategies in adults and address the specific concerns in the study of pediatric samples.
Experimental and theoretical confirmation of the scaling exponent 2 in pyramidal load displacement data for depth sensing indentation
Authors: Merle Benoit , Maier Verena , Durst Karsten
Published: August 2014

A series of articles by Kaupp et al. have recently been published in “Scanning,” containing erroneous claims about the curvature of pyramidal nanoindentation loading curves. The present paper recalls the theoretical reasons why, for self‐similar indenter shapes like pyramidal or conical indentations, the load scales with the indentation depth squared. Furthermore, experimental evidence for that behavior is provided for a wide variety of materials, ranging from ceramics to metals and polymers. SCANNING 36:526–529, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gurtdickensprünge geschweißter Biegeträger – Bemessungsbehelf für die komplexen lokalen Zusatzbeanspruchungen
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Taras Andreas , Puig Manuel Gonzales
Published: August 2014

An Gurtdickensprüngen von geschweißten Biegeträgern kommt es zu lokalen Zusatzbeanspruchungen infolge des Ausgleiches der unterschiedlichen Gurtnormalkräfte und der häufig auftretenden Exzentrizität der Schwerlinien der Gurtbleche. Dies sind einerseits lokale zusätzliche Normalspannungen an den Gurten selbst, insbesondere bei zusätzlichen Exzentrizitäten an den unterschiedlich dicken Gurten. In letzterem Fall liegen auch hohe lokale Normalspannungsbeanspruchungen senkrecht zur Gurtlängsrichtung am anschließenden Steg vor. Darüber hinaus führen die unterschiedlichen Gurtnormalkräfte zu lokalen Schubspannungen im anschließenden Stegbereich.

Für alle drei erwähnten Zusatzbeanspruchungen erfolgten umfangreiche realitätsnahe numerische Berechnungen an Finite‐Elemente‐Modellen (FEM) für den baupraktischen Anwendungsbereich, die zu einem Bemessungsbehelf für die Praxis führten. Dieser Bemessungsbehelf sowie dessen Grundlagen und seine Anwendungen werden dargestellt. Einleitend wird das typische Tragverhalten an Gurtdickensprüngen kurz zusammengefasst.

Flange thickness transitions in welded girders – design recommendation for the complex additional local stress state. Additional local stresses are present at flange thickness transitions of welded girders, caused by the necessary equalization of the different total flange forces, as well as by the – often present – eccentricity between the smaller and larger flange plates. On one hand, these additional stresses are present in the flange plates themselves, especially in the case of eccentric configurations. In this case, local bending in longitudinal direction also causes secondary bending in transversal direction of the flange plates, leading to high normal stresses in vertical direction in the attached web plate. On the other hand, the equalization of the flange forces leads to high local shear stresses in the web and fillet welds between web and flange plates.

In the study presented in this paper, extensive numerical calculations (using the finite element method), within the practically relevant geometric parameter range, were carried out in order to quantify the mentioned stress effects. These results were used as the basis for the development of a design recommendation for use in practice. After a brief discussion of the general load‐carrying behaviour at thickness transitions, this paper explains the use and background of the recommendation.
Swelling and mechanical properties of (acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber)/(hydrogenated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber) blends with precipitated silica filled in gasohol fuels
Authors: Promchim Jantaraporn , Kanking Sirichai , Niltui Piyaporn , Wimolmala Ekachai , Sombatsompop Narongrit
Published: August 2014

This work studied the effects of hydrogenated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) and precipitated silica (PSi) loadings in acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) filled with 60 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) of carbon black (CB) for oil‐resistant seal applications in contact with gasohol fuel. The cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior of HNBR/NBR blends reinforced with PSi before and after immersion in ethanol‐based oils (E10, E20, and E85) were then monitored. This work studied the effects of PSi loading in rubber compounds on the mechanical properties of the rubber blends. The results suggested that the scorch time of CB‐filled NBR/HNBR was not affected by HNBR loading, but the cure time, Mooney viscosity, and torque difference increased with HNBR content. The swelling of the blends in E85 oil were relatively low compared with those in E10 and E20 oils. The recommended NBR/HNBR blend ratio for oil‐resistant applications was 50/50. Tensile strength and elongation at break before and after immersion in gasohol oils increased with HNBR loading, and the opposite effect was found for tensile modulus and hardness. PSi filler had no effect on scorch time, but decreased the cure time of the blends. The swelling level of the blends slightly decreased with increasing PSi content. The recommended silica content for optimum reinforcement for black‐filled NBR/HNBR blend at 50/50 was 30 phr. The results in this work suggested that NBR/HNBR blends reinforced with 60 phr of CB and 30 phr of silica could be potentially used for rubber seals in contact with gasohol fuels. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:239–246, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Affine almost automorphic actions on compact nilmanifolds
Authors: DANI S. G. , SHAH RIDDHI , SHARMA PUNEET
Published: August 2014

We discuss conditions under which an affine automorphism of a compact nilmanifold is almost automorphic, and the structure of such automorphisms from dynamical as well as algebraic points of view.
Classification of one-dimensional superattracting germs in positive characteristic
Authors: RUGGIERO MATTEO
Published: August 2014

We give a classification of superattracting germs in dimension $1$ over a complete normed algebraically closed field $\mathbb{K}$ of positive characteristic up to conjugacy. In particular, we show that formal and analytic classifications coincide for these germs. We also give a higher-dimensional version of some of these results.
Being up front: narrative context and aspectual choice
Authors: FEDDER JOSHUA C. , WAGNER LAURA
Published: August 2014

abstract

Readers actively construct representational models of meaning when reading text, and they do so by drawing on a range of kinds of information, from the specific linguistic forms of the sentences to knowledge about how the world works (Ferretti, Kutas, & McRae, 2007; Madden & Zwaan, 2003). The present set of studies focused on how grammatical aspect is integrated into a situation model and how it is connected to other dimensions of model construction. In three experiments, participants were asked to complete sentences with a choice of grammatical aspect form (perfective or imperfective). The test sentences systematically varied four dimensions of the sentence that were linked to grammatical aspect in different ways: telicity and transitivity (both linked through their semantic representations), subject animacy (linked through an inference over semantic representations), and related location information (linked through an inference grounded in world knowledge). In addition, to examine the influence of discourse function (backgrounding vs. foregrounding) on aspectual choice different construction types were varied across experiments – specifically a fronted locative construction and the presence of a generic narrative opener (Once upon a time). The results found that aspectual choice depends on information linked to the semantic representation of grammatical aspect; however, in contrast to previous work (e.g., Ferreti et al., 2007) information grounded in world knowledge (location information) did not influence aspectual choice except when it was integrated in a specialized discourse construction.
The Lowest Metallicity Stars in the LMC: Clues from MaGICC Simulations
Authors: Brook Chris B. , Miranda Maider S. , Gibson Brad. K. , Pilkington Kate , Stinson Greg S.
Published: August 2014

Using a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of a galaxy of similar mass to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), we examine the predicted characteristics of its lowest metallicity populations. In particular, we emphasise the spatial distributions of first (Pop III) and second (polluted by only immediate Pop III ancestors) generation stars. We find that primordial composition stars form not only in the central galaxy’s progenitor, but also in locally collapsed subhaloes during the early phases of galaxy formation. The lowest metallicity stars in these subhaloes end up in a relatively extended distribution around the host, with these accreted stars possessing present-day galactocentric distances as great as ~40 kpc. By contrast, the earliest stars formed within the central galaxy remain in the inner region, where the vast majority of star formation occurs, for the entirety of the simulation. Consequently, the fraction of stars that are from the earliest generation increases strongly with radius.
Be like and the quotative system of Jamaican English: Linguistic trajectories of globalization and localization
Authors: Bogetić Ksenija
Published: August 2014

One of the most striking linguistic changes to affect the English language in recent decades is the ongoing spread of be like, shown in (1), as a new member of the quotative system (Ferrara & Bell, 1995; Macaulay, 2001; Buchstaller & Van Alphen, 2012). The opportunity to study language change ‘in action’ (Tagliamonte & D'Arcy, 2004: 493) brought by this innovation has spurred a vast body of research on quotation in American English, where the new form is presumed to have originated (Ferrara & Bell, 1995).
Factors predicting the effectiveness of palliative care in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Chaiviboontham Suchira
Published: August 2014

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that predict the effectiveness of palliative care in patients with advanced cancer.

Method:

Cross-sectional data were collected from 240 patients recruited from three tertiary care hospitals in Bangkok and suburban Thailand aged 18 years or older who were willing to participate; able to speak, read, and write Thai; were not receiving aggressive cancer treatment; and had been diagnosed with advanced-stage cancer. Participants were asked to complete a Personal Information Questionnaire (PIQ), a Palliative Care Assessment Form (PCAF), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS).

Results:

The significant predictors of the effectiveness of palliative care in patients with advanced cancer were found to be spiritual well-being (p = 0.000) and palliative care strategies: a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial care, mind–body intervention, and spiritual care; physical management; and traditional medicine, herbal treatment, and diet management (p = 0.027). The likelihood of effectiveness for patients whose spiritual well-being and palliative care strategies scores increased by an average of one point increased by factors of 1.058 and 2.271, respectively.

Significance of Results:

These findings suggest that patients who experienced better spiritual well-being and who employed a variety of palliative care strategies also experienced enhanced effectiveness of palliative care.
Vibrato, the Orchestral Organ and the ‘Prevailing Aesthetic’ in Nineteenth-Century Symphonic Music
Authors: Hurwitz David
Published: August 2014

The issue of vibrato's presence in the nineteenth-century orchestral string section has become controversial, with musicians often asked to accept the proposition that vibrato existed rarely, if at all. Fortunately an extensive, hitherto overlooked, body of primary source material exists that goes straight to the heart of the matter, offering a definitive answer to the question of whether or not vibrato was an intrinsic component of period orchestral string sonority. It comes from the organ literature and from the history of the instrument's evolution over the course of the long nineteenth century. A group of artists and artisans, working from approximately 1830 to 1930, documented the importance of vibrato to any attempt at reproducing, or at least approximating, the authentic timbre of the orchestral string section. Organ builders and performers noted vibrato's use both as an intrinsic constituent of string tone and as an actively applied expressive device. They discussed it extensively in their literature, gave their instruments the capacity to simulate its effects, and specifically notated its presence in their transcriptions of orchestral music. The information they have left behind dispels the modern myth of ‘pure’, vibratoless orchestral string tone as a timbral norm, and provides a truer sense of the era's prevailing aesthetic.
A new route to fabricate LaOI:Yb3+/Er3+ nanostructures via inheriting the morphologies of the precursors
Authors: Wu Shang , Yu Wensheng , Dong Xiangting , Wang Jinxian , Liu Guixia
Published: August 2014

LaOI:Yb3+/Er3+ nanofibers and nanobelts have been successfully synthesized via inheriting the morphologies of the precursors and they exhibit excellent up-conversion luminescence properties.
Ga-doped TiZnO transparent conductive oxide used as an alternative anode in blue, green, and red phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Chang Chih-Hao , Liu Wei-Sheng , Wu Shen-Yu , Huang Jun-Lin , Hung Chao-Yu , Chang Yu-Lin , Wu Ying-Chieh , Chen Wei-Chih , Wu Yi-Cheng
Published: August 2014

GTZO-based r, g, b pholeds.
CO oxidation on single and multilayer Pd oxides on Pd(111): mechanistic insights from RAIRS
Authors: Zhang Feng , Li Tao , Pan Li , Asthagiri Aravind , Weaver Jason F.
Published: August 2014

Strong binding on oxygen vacancies and metallic domains promotes CO oxidation on partially-reduced PdO(101), while adsorption only on metallic sites promotes CO oxidation when 2D oxide coexists with Pd(111).
Emission tunable, cyto/hemocompatible, near-IR-emitting Ag2S quantum dots by aqueous decomposition of DMSA
Authors: Hocaoglu Ibrahim , Demir Fatma , Birer Ozgur , Kiraz Alper , Sevrin Chantal , Grandfils Christian , Yagci Acar Havva
Published: August 2014

Size tunable Ag2S NIRQDs synthesized by DMSA decomposition showed high cyto/hemocompatibility and optical quality as optical probes.
Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology
Authors: Qiu Yang , Wang Zhongying , Owens Alisa C. E. , Kulaots Indrek , Chen Yantao , Kane Agnes B. , Hurt Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Graphene-based materials are shown to be a new class of antioxidants. They show promise as dispersed oxidation retarders, 2D antioxidant coatings, and 3D encapsulation shells that passivate redox-active surfaces.
A semipermeable enzymatic nanoreactor as an efficient modulator for reversible pH regulation
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Lin Youhui , Ran Xiang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: August 2014

A semipermeable enzymatic nanoreactor was fabricated as an efficient modulator to achieve reversible pH regulation.
Exploration of yttria films as gate dielectrics in sub-50 nm carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
Authors: Ding Li , Zhang Zhiyong , Su Jun , Li Qunqing , Peng Lian-Mao
Published: August 2014

Thin yttria films were investigated for use as gate dielectrics in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) with the gate length scaled down to sub-50 nm size.
Adsorption-geometry induced transformation of self-assembled nanostructures of an aldehyde molecule on Cu(110)
Authors: Zhang Chi , Sun Qiang , Sheng Kai , Tan Qinggang , Xu Wei
Published: August 2014

Self-assembled nanostructures can be transformed at different coverages with different intermolecular hydrogen bonding patterns in relation to molecular adsorption geometries.
In vivo anti-tumor activity of the organometallic ruthenium(ii)-arene complex [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)] (RAPTA-C) in human ovarian and colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Weiss Andrea , Berndsen Robert H. , Dubois Maxime , Müller Cristina , Schibli Roger , Griffioen Arjan W. , Dyson Paul J. , Nowak-Sliwinska Patrycja
Published: August 2014

Based on the clinical success of platinum-based anti-cancer drugs, a variety of other metal-based anti-cancer compounds are being investigated.
Interfacial stability and shape change of anisotropic endoskeleton droplets
Authors: Caggioni Marco , Bayles Alexandra V. , Lenis Jessica , Furst Eric M. , Spicer Patrick T.
Published: August 2014

Stable anisotropic droplet shapes are created by balancing interfacial Laplace pressure with droplet yield stress. The endoskeleton droplets can be made to collapse controllably using external stimuli, like dilution, to enhance deposition on surfaces.
Properties and structural investigation of gallophosphate glasses by 71Ga and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and vibrational spectroscopies
Authors: Hee Patricia , Christensen Randi , Ledemi Yannick , Wren John E. C. , Dussauze Marc , Cardinal Thierry , Fargin Evelyne , Kroeker Scott , Messaddeq Younès
Published: August 2014

Progressive addition of Ga2O3 to a vitreous NaPO3 network results in the continuous replacement of 6-fold by 4-fold coordinated Ga3+, as quantified by NMR and vibrational spectroscopies and correlated with physical properties.
Wide dynamic range neutron flux monitor having fast time response for the Large Helical Device
Authors: Isobe M. , Ogawa K. , Miyake H. , Hayashi H. , Kobuchi T. , Nakano Y. , Watanabe K. , Uritani A. , Misawa T. , Nishitani T. , Tomitaka M. , Kumagai T. , Mashiyama Y. , Ito D. , Kono S. , Yamauchi M. , Takeiri Y.
Published: August 2014

A fast time response, wide dynamic range neutron flux monitor has been developed toward the LHD deuterium operation by using leading-edge signal processing technologies providing maximum counting rate up to ∼5 × 109 counts/s. Because a maximum total neutron emission rate over 1 × 1016 n/s is predicted in neutral beam-heated LHD plasmas, fast response and wide dynamic range capabilities of the system are essential. Preliminary tests have demonstrated successful performance as a wide dynamic range monitor along the design.
Deformation T-Cup: A new multi-anvil apparatus for controlled strain-rate deformation experiments at pressures above 18 GPa
Authors: Hunt Simon A. , Weidner Donald J. , McCormack Richard J. , Whitaker Matthew L. , Bailey Edward , Li Li , Vaughan Michael T. , Dobson David P.
Published: August 2014

A new multi-anvil deformation apparatus, based on the widely used 6-8 split-cylinder, geometry, has been developed which is capable of deformation experiments at pressures in excess of 18 GPa at room temperature. In 6-8 (Kawai-type) devices eight cubic anvils are used to compress the sample assembly. In our new apparatus two of the eight cubes which sit along the split-cylinder axis have been replaced by hexagonal cross section anvils. Combining these anvils hexagonal-anvils with secondary differential actuators incorporated into the load frame, for the first time, enables the 6-8 multi-anvil apparatus to be used for controlled strain-rate deformation experiments to high strains. Testing of the design, both with and without synchrotron-X-rays, has demonstrated the Deformation T-Cup (DT-Cup) is capable of deforming 1–2 mm long samples to over 55% strain at high temperatures and pressures. To date the apparatus has been calibrated to, and deformed at, 18.8 GPa and deformation experiments performed in conjunction with synchrotron X-rays at confining pressures up to 10 GPa at 800 °C .
Molecular weight dependent bimolecular recombination in organic solar cells
Authors: Philippa Bronson , Stolterfoht Martin , White Ronald D. , Velusamy Marrapan , Burn Paul L. , Meredith Paul , Pivrikas Almantas
Published: August 2014

Charge carrier recombination is studied in operational organic solar cells made from the polymer:fullerene system PCDTBT:PC71BM (poly[N-9′′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)]: [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester). A newly developed technique High Intensity Resistance dependent PhotoVoltage is presented for reliably quantifying the bimolecular recombination coefficient independently of variations in experimental conditions, thereby resolving key limitations of previous experimental approaches. Experiments are performed on solar cells of varying thicknesses and varying polymeric molecular weights. It is shown that solar cells made from low molecular weight PCDTBT exhibit Langevin recombination, whereas suppressed (non-Langevin) recombination is found in solar cells made with high molecular weight PCDTBT.
Shear-stress-induced structural arrangement of water molecules in nanoscale Couette flow with slipping at wall boundary
Authors: Lin Jau-Wen
Published: August 2014

This study investigated the structuring of water molecules in a nanoscale Couette flow with the upper plate subjected to lateral forces with various magnitudes and water slipping against a metal wall. It was found that when the upper plate is subjected to a force, the water body deforms into a parallelepiped. Water molecules in the channel are then gradually arranged into lattice positions, creating a layered structure. The structural arrangement of water molecules is caused by the water molecules accommodating themselves to the increase in energy under the application of a lateral force on the moving plate. The ordering arrangement of water molecules increases the rotational degree of freedom, allowing the molecules to increase their Coulomb potential energy through polar rotation that accounts for the energy input through the upper plate. With a force continuously applied to the upper plate, the water molecules in contact with the upper plate move forward until slip between the water and upper plate occurs. The relation between the structural arrangement of water molecules, slip at the wall, and the shear force is studied. The relation between the slip and the locking/unlocking of water molecules to metal atoms is also studied.
Nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of purine-containing nucleotides in aqueous solution
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Fukao Taishi , Minami Hirotake , Ukai Masatoshi , Fujii Kentaro , Yokoya Akinari , Fukuda Yoshihiro , Saitoh Yuji
Published: August 2014

The N K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of the purine-containing nucleotide, guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP), in aqueous solution are measured under various pH conditions. The spectra show characteristic peaks, which originate from resonant excitations of N 1s electrons to π* orbitals inside the guanine moiety of GMP. The relative intensities of these peaks depend on the pH values of the solution. The pH dependence is explained by the core-level shift of N atoms at specific sites caused by protonation and deprotonation. The experimental spectra are compared with theoretical spectra calculated by using density functional theory for GMP and the other purine-containing nucleotides, adenosine 5′-monophosphate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate. The N K-edge XANES spectra for all of these nucleotides are classified by the numbers of N atoms with particular chemical bonding characteristics in the purine moiety.
Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations on scattering of hyperthermal H atoms from Cu(111) and Au(111)
Authors: Kroes Geert-Jan , Pavanello Michele , Blanco-Rey María , Alducin Maite , Auerbach Daniel J.
Published: August 2014

Energy loss from the translational motion of an atom or molecule impinging on a metal surface to the surface may determine whether the incident particle can trap on the surface, and whether it has enough energy left to react with another molecule present at the surface. Although this is relevant to heterogeneous catalysis, the relative extent to which energy loss of hot atoms takes place to phonons or electron-hole pair (ehp) excitation, and its dependence on the system's parameters, remain largely unknown. We address these questions for two systems that present an extreme case of the mass ratio of the incident atom to the surface atom, i.e., H + Cu(111) and H + Au(111), by presenting adiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) predictions of the energy loss and angular distributions for an incidence energy of 5 eV. The results are compared to the results of AIMDEFp calculations modeling energy loss to ehp excitation using an electronic friction (“EF”) model applied to the AIMD trajectories, so that the energy loss to the electrons is calculated “post” (“p”) the computation of the AIMD trajectory. The AIMD calculations predict average energy losses of 0.38 eV for Cu(111) and 0.13-0.14 eV for Au(111) for H-atoms that scatter from these surfaces without penetrating the surface. These energies closely correspond with energy losses predicted with Baule models, which is suggestive of structure scattering. The predicted adiabatic integral energy loss spectra (integrated over all final scattering angles) all display a lowest energy peak at an energy corresponding to approximately 80% of the average adiabatic energy loss for non-penetrative scattering. In the adiabatic limit, this suggests a way of determining the approximate average energy loss of non-penetratively scattered H-atoms from the integral energy loss spectrum of all scattered H-atoms. The AIMDEFp calculations predict that in each case the lowest energy loss peak should show additional energy loss in the range 0.2-0.3 eV due to ehp excitation, which should be possible to observe. The average non-adiabatic energy losses for non-penetrative scattering exceed the adiabatic losses to phonons by 0.9-1.0 eV. This suggests that for scattering of hyperthermal H-atoms from coinage metals the dominant energy dissipation channel should be to ehp excitation. These predictions can be tested by experiments that combine techniques for generating H-atom beams that are well resolved in translational energy and for detecting the scattered atoms with high energy-resolution.
Dielectric function in the NIR-VUV spectral range of (InxGa1−x)2O3 thin films
Authors: Schmidt-Grund R. , Kranert C. , Böntgen T. , von Wenckstern H. , Krauß H. , Grundmann M.
Published: August 2014

We determined the dielectric function of the alloy system (InxGa1−x)2O3 by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the wide spectral range from 0.5 eV to 8.5 eV and for In contents ranging from x = 0.02 to x = 0.61. The predicted optical transitions for binary, monoclinic β-Ga2O3, and cubic bcc-In2O3 are well reflected by the change of the dielectric functions' lineshape as a function of the In content. In an intermediate composition range with phase-separated material (x ≈ 0.3…0.4), the lineshape differs considerably, which we assign to the presence of the high-pressure rhombohedral InGaO3-II phase, which we also observe in Raman experiments in this range. By model analysis of the dielectric function, we derived spectra of the refractive index and the absorption coefficient and energy parameters of electronic band-band transitions. We discuss the sub-band gap absorption tail in relation to the influence of the In 4d orbitals on the valence bands. The data presented here provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the electronic properties of this technologically important material system and may be useful for device engineering.
Raman spectra of culet face of diamond anvils and application as optical pressure sensor to high temperatures
Authors: Ono Shigeaki , Mibe Kenji , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: August 2014

The shift in frequency of the first-order Raman band of diamond with changing pressure and temperature was calibrated for application as a Raman spectroscopic pressure sensor in diamond anvil cells to 800 K and 106 GPa. The pressure dependence is nearly linear at pressures below 40 GPa. However, deviation of the pressure dependence from the linear equation has been confirmed at higher pressures. The frequency decreases with increasing temperature at ambient pressure. The temperature dependence is small with an increasing pressure, as determined from experiments conducted along isotherms up to 106 GPa. The relationship between the shift of this band and temperature can be described by a polynomial equation. Therefore, this pressure sensor has the advantage that it is not necessary to mix any additional calibration materials with the samples in the diamond anvil cell experiments.
Calculations of single crystal elastic constants for yttria partially stabilised zirconia from powder diffraction data
Authors: Lunt A. J. G. , Xie M. Y. , Baimpas N. , Zhang S. Y. , Kabra S. , Kelleher J. , Neo T. K. , Korsunsky A. M.
Published: August 2014

Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) is a tough, phase-transforming ceramic that finds use in a wide range of commercial applications from dental prostheses to thermal barrier coatings. Micromechanical modelling of phase transformation can deliver reliable predictions in terms of the influence of temperature and stress. However, models must rely on the accurate knowledge of single crystal elastic stiffness constants. Some techniques for elastic stiffness determination are well-established. The most popular of these involve exploiting frequency shifts and phase velocities of acoustic waves. However, the application of these techniques to YSZ can be problematic due to the micro-twinning observed in larger crystals. Here, we propose an alternative approach based on selective elastic strain sampling (e.g., by diffraction) of grain ensembles sharing certain orientation, and the prediction of the same quantities by polycrystalline modelling, for example, the Reuss or Voigt average. The inverse problem arises consisting of adjusting the single crystal stiffness matrix to match the polycrystal predictions to observations. In the present model-matching study, we sought to determine the single crystal stiffness matrix of tetragonal YSZ using the results of time-of-flight neutron diffraction obtained from an in situ compression experiment and Finite Element modelling of the deformation of polycrystalline tetragonal YSZ. The best match between the model predictions and observations was obtained for the optimized stiffness values of C11 = 451, C33 = 302, C44 = 39, C66 = 82, C12 = 240, and C13 = 50 (units: GPa). Considering the significant amount of scatter in the published literature data, our result appears reasonably consistent.
Effect of cooler electrons on a compressive ion acoustic solitary wave in a warm ion plasma — Forbidden regions, double layers, and supersolitons
Authors: Ghosh S. S. , Sekar Iyengar A. N.
Published: August 2014

It is observed that the presence of a minority component of cooler electrons in a three component plasma plays a deterministic role in the evolution of solitary waves, double layers, or the newly discovered structures called supersolitons. The inclusion of the cooler component of electrons in a single electron plasma produces sharp increase in nonlinearity in spite of a decrease in the overall energy of the system. The effect maximizes at certain critical value of the number density of the cooler component (typically 15%–20%) giving rise to a hump in the amplitude variation profile. For larger amplitudes, the hump leads to a forbidden region in the ambient cooler electron concentration which dissociates the overall existence domain of solitary wave solutions in two distinct parameter regime. It is observed that an inclusion of the cooler component of electrons as low as < 1% affects the plasma system significantly resulting in compressive double layers. The solution is further affected by the cold to hot electron temperature ratio. In an adequately hotter bulk plasma (i.e., moderately low cold to hot electron temperature ratio), the parameter domain of compressive double layers is bounded by a sharp discontinuity in the corresponding amplitude variation profile which may lead to supersolitons.
Waveguide-integrated photonic crystal spectrometer with camera readout
Authors: Meng Fan , Shiue Ren-Jye , Wan Noel , Li Luozhou , Nie Jing , Harris Nicholas C. , Chen Edward H. , Schröder Tim , Pervez Nadia , Kymissis Ioannis , Englund Dirk
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate an infrared spectrometer based on waveguide-coupled nanocavity filters in a planar photonic crystal structure. The input light is coupled into the waveguide, from which spectral components are dropped into the cavities and radiated off-chip for detection on a commercial InGaAs camera. The spectrometer has a footprint of only 60 μm by 8 μm. The spectral resolution is about 1 nm in the operation bandwidth of 1522–1545 nm. By substituting the membrane material and structure parameters, this design can be easily extended into the visible regime and developed for a variety of highly efficient, miniature photonic applications.
Competition of optical transitions between direct and indirect bandgaps in Ge1−xSnx
Authors: Du Wei , Ghetmiri Seyed A. , Conley Benjamin R. , Mosleh Aboozar , Nazzal Amjad , Soref Richard A. , Sun Greg , Tolle John , Margetis Joe , Naseem Hameed A. , Yu Shui-Qing
Published: August 2014

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) study has been conducted in Ge1−xSnx films with Sn compositions of 0.9%, 3.2%, and 6.0% grown on Si. The competing between the direct and indirect bandgap transitions was clearly observed. The relative peak intensity of direct transition with respect to the indirect transition increases with an increase in temperature, indicating the direct transition dominates the PL at high temperature. Furthermore, as Sn composition increases, a progressive enhancement of direct transition was observed due to the reduction of direct-indirect valley separation, which experimentally confirms that the Ge1−xSnx could become the group IV-based direct bandgap material grown on Si by increasing the Sn content.
Fast atom diffraction from a β-Ga2O3(100) surface
Authors: Busch M. , Meyer E. , Irmscher K. , Galazka Z. , Gärtner K. , Winter H.
Published: August 2014

Fast H, He atoms, and H2 molecules with projectile energies ranging from 200 eV up to 3 keV were scattered under a grazing angle of incidence from a clean and flat β-Ga2O3(100) surface. The bulk single crystal was grown by the Czochralski method and prepared via annealing under ultra-high vacuum conditions. For scattering along low-index directions, we observed defined diffraction patterns in the angular distributions for scattered projectiles. From the analysis of diffraction patterns, we derive the surface unit cell in good accord with the parameters b and c for the lattice of the bulk crystal and derive information on the termination of the surface.
Strain driven anisotropic magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic La0.4Sr0.6MnO3
Authors: Wong A. T. , Beekman C. , Guo H. , Siemons W. , Gai Z. , Arenholz E. , Takamura Y. , Ward T. Z.
Published: August 2014

We investigate the effects of strain on antiferromagnetic (AFM) single crystal thin films of La1−xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.6). Nominally unstrained samples have strong magnetoresistance with anisotropic magnetoresistances (AMR) of up to 8%. Compressive strain suppresses magnetoresistance but generates AMR values of up to 63%. Tensile strain presents the only case of a metal-insulator transition and demonstrates a previously unreported AMR behavior. In all three cases, we find evidence of magnetic ordering and no indication of a global ferromagnetic phase transition. These behaviors are attributed to epitaxy induced changes in orbital occupation driving different magnetic ordering types. Our findings suggest that different AFM ordering types have a profound impact on the AMR magnitude and character.
Bodily experience as both source and target of meaning making
Authors: Tay Dennis
Published: August 2014

Bodily experiences (BE) are often theorized by cognitive linguists as sources of meaning making, encoded and projected at the levels of grammar, semantics, and discourse. For example, Conceptual Metaphor Theory regards embodied image schemas (Johnson 1987) and, more recently, live simulations of embodied experiences (Gibbs 2013) as vital to the emergence and understanding of conceptual metaphors. Interestingly however, BE also feature as targets or topics in certain discourse contexts, which leads to underexplored scenarios where BE is simultaneously a source and a target of meaning making. This paper presents examples of metaphors in psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a case in point. In psychotherapy, experientially concrete sources are often used to conceptualize abstract issues such as emotions and subjective experiences. In the case of PTSD, however, bodily experiences turn out to be both potential source concepts as well as target topics of therapeutic discussion, a phenomenon seldom discussed in cognitive linguistics. I examine psychotherapy transcripts involving victims of the 2010–12 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, discuss how this source-target simultaneity of BE is exploited for therapeutic ends, and highlight three strands of implications pertaining to cognitive, discursive, and strategic aspects of metaphor use in psychotherapy. I conclude with a more programmatic statement about psychotherapeutic discourse as a productive site of inquiry for applied cognitive linguistics and applied metaphor research.
Non-fluent aphasia in deaf user of Indian Sign Language
Authors: Patil Gouri Shanker , Rangasayee R. , Mukundan Geetha
Published: August 2014

The current study describes aphasia in a deaf user of Indian Sign Language (ISL). One congenitally deaf adult with LHD was evaluated for signs of aphasia. The tools used were Aphasia Diagnostic Battery in Indian Sign Language (ADB in ISL), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) investigation, linguistic, and neurobehavioral profile. The results of all investigative procedures revealed signs and symptoms consistent with non-fluent aphasia specifically Broca’s aphasia. The data from ISL in brain damaged individual further emphasize the role of left hemisphere in sign language processing.