bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Islam, Social Change, and the Reality of Arab Women ‘s Lives
Authors: Hijab Nadia
Published: November 2023

For more than a hundred years, Arab women have been engaged in the public debate on their role in a rapidly changing society. Both women and men have conducted the debate within an Islamic framework; they have turned to the Quran, the sharia (Islamic law), the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, and the lives of his companions to define women ‘s rights in the modern age. While modernists have argued for the most liberal interpretation of Islam possible, the conservatives have used the same sources to argue for restrictions on women ‘s roles.
Feminism in an Islamic Republic “Years of Hardship, Years of Growth”
Authors: Najmabadi Afsaneh
Published: November 2023

Negative news about women ‘s daily lives in Iran continues unabated. Seemingly trivial matters, such as the shape and color of a woman ‘s scarf or the thickness of her stockings, continue to be contested daily, largely among men. Women are far from legal equals of men. Despite many years of hard work by a remarkably active group of women, inside and outside the Majlis (the Iranian parliament), many discriminatory laws passed within the first few months and years of the new regime remain on the books and in full force. Secular feminists, if not repressed or exiled by the government, often feel silenced by the dominant cultural climate.
Women and the State in Jordan Inclusion or Exclusion?
Authors: Brand Laurie A
Published: November 2023

The modern state of Jordan has made great development strides since the days of the Amirate (1921-1950), the second Palestinian influx (1967), and the oil boom (1973). When placed in regional context, and when viewed against the background of the resources with which Jordan is endowed, the development is all the more impressive. Nonetheless, the country still faces severe poverty and unemployment-increasingly so since the economic crisis of 1988-1989. One set of problems concerns the status and development achievements of Jordanian women.
Introduction: When Worlds Collide
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

THOMAS HINDE FAILED TO make good on his threat to keep his wife from Methodism, and later this same year, his world was indeed turned upside down by the church. Before his conversion, Hinde was a quintessential Virginia gentleman. Born into privilege in England in 1 7 37, Hinde received training in surgery and medicine in London. Ambitious and proud, he emigrated to Hanover County, Virginia, at the age of thirty, where he married Mary Hubbard and became the commanding patriarch of a wealthy family. In Virginia Hinde moved in the “gayest circle of society” and lived ostentatiously, extravagantly, and immersed in the culture of honor. Like many well-educated Virginia men, Hinde imbibed the secular spirit of the enlightenment, prided himself on his rationality, and became a “confirmed deist.” But in the late 1780s, the Methodists converted first his daughter Susanna and then his wife, and after his numerous desperate attempts to reassert patriarchal control had miserably failed, finally the doctor himself. Methodism disrupted Thomas Hinde’s worldview and his predominance within his home. Thomas came to have three strong-willed, assertive, and zealous Methodist women in his family. His daughter Susanna was “fearless and undaunted on all occasions,” and “possessing naturally a strong mind and great energy,” she “became a bold, intrepid, and courageous soldier of the cross.” His precocious younger daughter Hannah converted at age eleven and “was so gifted in prayer at that early period of life, as to excite the attention of her friends and strangers.” Thomas’s wife, Mary Hinde, all of the biographers agree, was the family’s spiritual head. When the Hindes moved to Kentucky in 1797 and found Methodists there backsliding, “the old lady, al ways the more indefatigable and persevering of the two, now led the way,” organizing a local society and arranging for an itinerant to serve them.
The Poverty of Riches: Methodists and Class
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

Southern Methodists privately and publicly made numerous comments about the sinfulness of riches and the riches of grace. In these two terse entries of Richard Whatcoat’s journal, we see laid bare one of the Methodists’ inversions of values. In the stately mansion of Nomini Hall, perhaps provoked by the grandeur and display around him, Brother Whatcoat warned one of the oldest wealthy southern families that their salvation would be well nigh impossible. Far less is known about Mary Davis, who might never have entered the historical record had it not been for her piety. By gender and class a more typical early Methodist, Davis represents the many plain folk converts who found meaning and worth in the church.
Social Issues
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

We start by retreating to utopia. The laissez-faire1 model makes an excellent starting point for presenting several concepts that will be useful as we analyze social issues. This model of a free market economy features perfect competition in every market and a minimal role for government. Within this utopia there are few social issues. This starting point permits us to introduce the imperfections of the real world one at a time, affording us a better understanding of the nature of the market failure and any attendant social issue. There are also norms and values inherent in the model as a utopian ideal, and these in turn can be evaluated in the larger context of social ethics.
Moral Choices and Health Care Policies
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

Recent health care debates feature two broad issues: Should health care be available to all? and How can health care costs be contained? If society has a moral obligation to insure health care for all, what are the difficulties in achieving this goaH How can it best be achieved? Given that increases in health care costs must be curtailed, how are resources to be rationed? What sorts of rationing decisions must be made and who should make them? Within these two broad issues, coverage and costs, there are many facets. Before focusing on each part let us consider how they fit into the larger picture.
Ratio seu Methodus Melanchthonis
Authors: Wengert Timothy J
Published: November 2023

In this context Melanchthon carried out the attack on Thomas, Hugh of St. Cher, and Nicholas of Lyra referred to in the last chapter.3 Their grammatical errors could perhaps have been excused “if in a detailed exposition they had still retained the sum of the meaning of the Scriptures they were interpreting.”4 Instead, they deviated from the author’s intent and taught things foreign to true piety, in large part “on account of ignorance of these arts.” How infelicitously they interpreted Paul’s letter to the Romans, “because they did not pay attention to the proper division [oeconomia] of the speech.” True, the Holy Spirit alone explained the Scriptures, but since the Spirit taught “through the Word, the nature of speech must be known.
When the Street Entered the University The Revolution of 1905–1907
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in January 1904 proved a catalyst to social revolution. Following scattered protests that spring, broad segments of Russian society united in the summer and fall into an organized opposition to the monarchy and its disastrous conduct of the war. Just as the assassination of the reactionary Minister of Interior V. K. Plehve and his replacement in August with Prince P. D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii heralded a moderate “New Course” in government policy, the opposition realized the inadequacy of piecemeal reform and its own potential strength. The progressive leader Petr Struve proclaimed “no enemies to the left,” the Paris Conference marked the collaboration of his Union of Liberation with the SR party, and the Union of Liberation demanded the convocation of a constituent assembly and a program of universal and equal suffrage. In November, the more conservative Zemstvo Congress also called for constitutional reform.
Radicalism Reborn? Students in Protest, War, and Revolution
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

Two years after the humiliating collapse of the 1908 strike, amid the surge of youth suicide, student protest again swept through Russia, only this time it led to the devastation of the universities and thousands of arrests. Beginning with a series of street demonstrations following the death of Lev Tolstoi in November 1910 and culminating in the mass resignation of Moscow professors in February 1911, these protests had far-reaching political consequences. The specter of renewed disorder in the universities contributed to a broad political crisis in the Duma, including the splintering of the Octobrist party and the growing political hegemony of the extreme right.
Memoirs Of A Militia Sergeant
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Recognized as a turning point in Brazilian literature, this entertaining novel of urban manners follows the ne'er-do-well Leonardo through his various romantic liaisons and frequent scrapes with the law. First printed in weekly installments in 1852, and later published in two volumes in 1854-55, Memoirs of a Militia Sergeant comprises a series of humorous vignettes held together by the adventures and misfortunes of this young rogue--who matures from a handful of a toddler into a ruffian of a boy and an idler of a young man--and his father, also named Leonardo. Manuel Antônio De Almeida tells a story in everyday language that is rich in detail of life on the streets and the modest circumstances of the free poor of Rio de Janeiro. Through satirical accounts of the escapades of characters who always seem close to the brink of some personal crisis or social misstep, yet who manage to pull through by hook or by crook, Almeida makes a subtle and incisive comment on Brazilian urban society and culture of the nineteenth century. Now available in a new and lively translation, Memoirs of a Military Sergeant occupies an important position in the satirical literature of Brazil and the world.
Science, Theology, and Society
Authors: Noll Mark A
Published: November 2023

The evangelical engagement with science in America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a complicated matter. Complications arose from the fact that “science,” variously conceived, played a major role in many evangelical enterprises-promotion of natural theology and moral philosophy; appropriations of democratic ideology, republican political theory, and economic liberalism; and practices of biblical interpretation and theological construction. In addition, one form or another of science regularly featured large in evangelical struggles for the control of public discourse. The subject is also complicated because “science” and “evangelical” have both softer and harder meanings. On the one hand, the meanings of “science” become ever fuzzier the further one moves away from the empirical toward the cosmological.
Scriptural Geology in America
Authors: Stiling Rodney L
Published: November 2023

According to historian Milton Millhauser, the nineteenth-century line of thinking known as Scriptural Geology probably takes its name from a two-volume work by that name published in 1826 and 1827 by English clergyman George Bugg (1769-1851). More a school of thought than an organized movement, Scriptural Geologists sought to protect and preserve the Bible from the perceived encroachments of a threatening science, but more to the point, to throw back any hermeneutical compromises that ill-advised interpreters of Genesis might inappropriately grant to promoters of geology. Never dominant, Scriptural Geology nonetheless became quite visible for a time in Great Britain, and to a somewhat lesser extent in the United States, where, in the middle of the century, America produced a handful of intriguing authors of this school.
Creating Creationism
Authors: Numbers Ronald L
Published: November 2023

In an elegant essay titled “Deconstructing Darwinism” James R. Moore several years ago noted how strikingly “little effort had been expended by historians of science in tracing the proliferation of Darwin-related vocabulary and interpreting its function in public discourse.” To help remedy this deficiency, he carefully examined the metamorphosis of the term “Darwinism” from a synonym for naturalistic evolution generally to a label for evolution by natural selection specifically, illustrating in the process how malleable and politically serviceable such labels can be. Recently Mark A. Noll and David N. Livingstone drew attention to the historical significance of efforts to define terms in the Darwinian debates. Definitions “are designed to demarcate the true from the false, the legitimate from the illegitimate, the relevant from the irrelevant,” they wrote. “Accordingly, the control of definitions is of enormous consequence for intellectual debate, since definitions position both ideas and people on particular sides of debates.” Like Moore, they, too, focused on Darwinism.
“The Science of Duty “
Authors: Guelzo Allen C
Published: November 2023

There once lived, in the American nineteenth century, an intellectual child called “moral philosophy. “ Knowing what we know today about morality and philosophy in academe and how unlikely the two are to be seen together in public, the suspicion is apt to arise that the parents of this child had been joined together in something other than holy wedlock. And like the foundlings who populate Dickens ‘s novels, “moral philosophy “ comes to us through the words of historians dressed in all the tattered garments of intellectual poverty: anemic, wormy, naive are only a few of the kinder cuts taken at it by Morton White, Merle Curti, and Herbert Schneider.
Introduction
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

This book looks beyond the realm of business for lessons in the art and science of management. In the last five years, we have developed some two dozen detailed case studies of top-performing public and nonprofit organizations, from high-profile giants like the Girl Scouts of the USA to little-known pioneers like the Children’s Clinic of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. We’ve put these organizations under the microscope, studying them to understand the specific techniques and strategies and approaches that put these organizations ahead of the pack. At every turn, our primary interest was to distill practical lessons that could be taken from one context and used in other organizational settings by other managers.
Sharing The Power
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Empowerment” is a word we hear a great deal these days. Organizations talk about the concept, but few actually put it into general practice. The organizations in this book, however, refuse to hoard power at the top or at the center but share power down to the front line and out from headquarters. What we’ve learned from these organizations is that where power sharing is most complete, over all performance is most astounding.
Conclusion
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

This study has explored how, in different ways, the composition and production of Greek drama were fundamentally metafictional, and therefore reflexive, processes: one fiction into another, yesterday’s narrative absorbed and metabolized into something new today. The invention of tragedy and its prominence at the dramatic festivals reflect an impulse to transform traditional material into a “live” performance with immediate relevance to the evolving polis. Comedy’s approach was more complex, involving a secondary transformation in which the comic performance “processed” a contemporary narrative or script.
Literary memoirs
Authors: Lastarria José Victorino
Published: November 2023

Novelist, scholar, journalist, statesman, and leading member of Chile's "Generation of 1842"--an intellectual movement so named for the founding of the National University--José Victorino Lastarria (1811-1888) lived his life at the forefront of nineteenth-century Chilean and Spanish American culture, literature, and politics. Recuerdos Literarios (or Literary Memoirs) is his masterpiece, encompassing the candid memories of a tireless activist, both the creative and critical sensibilities of an influential Latin American early modernist, and an eyewitness account of the development of Chilean literature and historiography. An ardent, eloquent participant in every defining artistic and ideological debate in Chile during the formative mid-1800s, Lastarria recorded his epoch as closely as he did his own origins, education, ambitions, and career. Sometimes reminiscent of Montaigne's essays, Eça de Quieroz's journalism, or Barbusse's didactic convictions, Literary Memoirs is an engrossing account of Chile's newly ordained nationhood. This addition to Oxford's prestigious Library of Latin America series is more than a retelling of things past; it is an informed yet informal testament to the idea of chilenidad (or "Chileanness") and a detailed portrait of one of Chile's cultural architects. For this new edition of Literary Memoirs, Frederick M. Nunn's introduction presents an informative historical background and R. Kelly Washbourne's translation carefully preserves Lastarria's form and content.
Cittadelle Sacre And The Politics Of Conventual Urbanism
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

What has happened is that the religious houses, even when their origins were quite modest, may then come to occupy an entire district from one end to the other, until it reaches the edge of the built-up area; and as it is difficult to find in Naples a street without a monastery in it, if nothing is done about such a grave and ruinous abuse, in this way the regulars will in the long run be able to buy up the entire city.” This is the cry of alarm of Neapolitan lawyer and reformist historian Pietro Giannone, in his Istoria Civile del Regno di Napoli of 1723, at the creep of religious houses, male and female, over the urban fabric of Naples. Although Giannone’s claims were hotly disputed at the time, the situation was striking enough to provoke comment from non-anticlericals, and from foreign visitors, too. In his 1692 guide to Naples, Celano’s remarks on the preponderance of religious houses, especially female convents, reveal his regret and disapproval. After describing the Dominican church of Gesù e Maria, he writes, “From this church, going down, the street known as the graveled street of Gesù e Maria: in this street, on both sides, there used to be beautiful and grand palaces; today they have almost all been converted into conservatories for nuns.” Significantly, Celano reserves his criticism for the less distinguished female religious institutions; when commenting on the old aristocratic convents, his tone is full of pride. Francesco Peccerillo felt so strongly about the superabundance of religious buildings that he wrote a whole book on the subject in 1719.
Dowries And Daughters
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

Conventual urbanism and architecture were fashioned by the weft and warp of daughters and dowries. The dowry system, the heart of the social ideology of this period, lurks behind and within convents’ high walls. It simultaneously generated the demand for conventual places for young women while excluding others, and it positioned daughters safely off-center in terms of inheritance while binding the fortunes of convents indissolubly to those of their inmates’ families.
Living Like Ladies: Conventual Patronage
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

Inside Naples’s grandest convents, nuns could live like ladies and behave like aristocratic barons. This chapter explores the social and economic arrangements that made this possible and shows how nuns used these resources to found convents and patronize art and architecture. Conventual incomes varied enormously. Many were rich, and some were very rich indeed. Property owners in their own right, convents received income from land leases (canoni), government bonds (luoghi di monte), perpetual bequests (legati perpetui), tax farms (arrendamenti), indirect taxes (gabelle), rents, real and personal estate, and charges for boarders (educande). Moveable property was their most important source of income. In 1642 it represented 79.5 percent of the income of S. Giuseppe delle Eremitane, 66.7 percent of that of S. Maria Donnaregina, 63.1 percent of S. Giovanni Battista’s income, and 61.4 percent of the Consolazione. Most convents owned substantial property within the city and beyond, including vineyards and mills. Real estate provided 53.9 percent of the total income of S. Andrea and 48.3 percent of that of S. Gregorio Armeno in 1642. Most convents rented out shops and houses in the city, often clustered around the convent itself, as at SS. Marcellino e Festo and the Consolazione. Rents, or property appropriated because of rent failure, constituted important financial resources. Significant income came, too, from bequests, especially frequent from nuns and their families.
Surface Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

Surface chemical kinetics encompass the time-dependent processes observed during equilibration between an adsorbate and the two phases it contacts. These processes are conditioned on pressure, temperature, composition, and whether the system observed is open (flowthrough reactor) or closed (batch reactor) with respect to the adsorptive. The time scales of observation vary widely, from microseconds to millennia, because the processes themselves equilibrate over a broad range of time scale, with ion exchange reactions generally being fastest and mineral dissolution reactions generally being slowest. A variety of experimental techniques and apparatus has been developed to address this variability and to provide quantitation of the kinetic species involved under controlled conditions.
Contemplation:The Spirituality of the Personal Narrative and Diary
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

In A Review of publications in the field of American religious history during the 1980s, Martin Marty noted the “astonishingly few titles to be noticed” under the rubric of “spirituality.”‘ This scholarly lacuna in what Marty otherwise refers to as “a decade of achievement” is difficult to explain in light of the recent boom in academic books on spirituality in Christendom and in world religions generally. Two imposing English-language book series, together comprising more than a hundred volumes, attest to both the depth and breadth of the current revival of scholarship in the field of spirituality.
Narration: Drama and Discernment in History of Redemption
Authors: McClymond Michael J
Published: November 2023

History,” According To Edward Gibbon, “is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind.” Another eminent representative of the Enlightenment, Voltaire, said that “history is just the portrayal of crimes and misfortunes” and often is “no more than accepted fiction.”1 Such cynicism regarding history, expressed here by two of the leading secular minds of the eighteenth century, followed from a sense that human affairs are too muddled and multifarious to fit into any comprehensive scheme.2 Prima facie, there seems no reason to assume that history shows a grand plan rather than a disconnected series of unrelated episodes.
Abortion and the Emergence of Life
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

I have already intimated that our theory of deserts bears entailments with regard to the issue of abortion. What are those entailments? If beings deserve to be treated in accordance with what they are, does a human fetus deserve treatment as a full-fledged person, or does its empiric status limit its deserts? After all, no one urges the vote or the right to hold office for the as-yet unborn. I would argue that our approach yields something like the middle ground that many have been seeking between the polarized extremes of the ongoing abortion struggle. The desire for such a middle ground is expressed in calls for tolerance and the avoidance of extreme and inflammatory rhetoric on all sides of the dispute. Such irenic postures are hard come by in a polemic that pits the absolute claims of individual freedom and protection from the threat of an “alien” or “invading” organism against the claims of fetal personhood and the myth of instantaneous ensoulment.
On Liberty Reconsidered
Authors: Goodman Lenn E
Published: November 2023

Timelessness is the signature of revelation in Judaism. Thus an ancient gloss on the Amidah’s striking phrase Attah gibbor le-’olam, “Thou art mighty eternally,” explains that God’s voice does not dwindle over time. One way for the Mosaic canon to make good its revelatory claims and for the rabbinic tradition to validate its grasp on an inspired continuity with Mosaic revelation is by demonstrating its timeless relevance.
Anharmonic Properties and the Equation of State
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The general form of this function is clear from a consideration of some simple observations on the condensation of gases and on the compressibility of solids. Since cooling a gas reduces the kinetic energy of its atoms, this means that when they are far apart the atoms attract one another. At high temperatures the attractive forces are not strong enough to overcome the kinetic energy, but as the temperature is lowered the kinetic energy decreases, the attractive forces take over, and condensation occurs. But at very large distances from each other, the attractive forces must be small. Thus, we infer an attractive force between atoms that increases in strength as the atoms come closer together.
Critical Exponents and the Renormalization Group
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The order-disorder transition and ferromagnetism have their origins in quite different manifestations of atomic interactions and are exhibited in quite different kinds of material. But, as shown in chapter 9, both can be described by the Ising model with considerable success. In fact, there are other phenomena that are different from either magnetism or order-disorder that can also be described by similar models. These include adsorption of atoms or molecules on surfaces, absorption of gases in solids, and the attachment of impurities to dislocation cores. A simple description of such phenomena is provided by the lattice gas model, and this model is easily shown to be equivalent to the Ising model. The fact that the same model can describe such varied systems implies that there are some important similarities among them that do not depend on the specific nature of the systems or the interaction energies involved. This, in fact, turns out to be the case and is most clearly apparent in the neighborhood of critical points. The statistical mechanics of the lattice gas is described in appendix 7, and specific applications are given in chapter 12. Here, the model and its connection to the Ising model are described.
Diffusion in Simple Crystals
Authors: Girifalco Louis A
Published: November 2023

The phenomenological description of diffusion is embodied in Fick’s two laws, which are empirical statements that relate the diffusive flow of matter to concentration gradients. To illustrate these laws, consider a single-phase dilute binary alloy in which the constituents are inhomogeneously distributed and let C be the concentration of the minor constituent. The concentration is a function of position and time and the concentration gradient induces a flow of matter. Fick’s first law states that the flux of the diffusing species in a given direction has a magnitude proportional to the concentration gradient in that direction. That is, if j1 is the flux along the x1 axis, then where D1 is a proportionality factor called the diffusion coefficient. The negative sign expresses the fact that diffusion occurs from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
But Does God Exist?
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

We now have such a long tradition of treating God as a hypothetical inference rather than a directly encountered phenomenon ubiquitous to human experience that readers are bound to ask the familiar question, “Does God exist?” What is it that we encounter in wonder? If wonder is the experience of God as the inexplicable and therefore mysterious power of things to exist, how does that happen? Obviously, we don’t “see,” “hear,” or “touch” God in the ordinary sense of those words. What then? How do we perceive him? What are we encountering in wonder? And when it does happen, are we experiencing a reality or a mere figment of human imagination, a construct of the human need and desire for meaning projected on a mute and meaningless nature? These questions presuppose several basic beliefs and attitudes toward life-in other words hermeneutical assumptions that we have inherited from the Enlightenment, for the most part unquestioned assumptions that deeply characterize our modern culture.
Within Sight of the Promised Land
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

We are living on an obscure but beautiful planet in an equally obscure solar system on the Orion arm of the Milky Way. There are billions of other suns in this single galaxy, not to mention the universe. The earth of course is our immediate home, and it seems to have provided an appropriate milieu for our evolution and the recent opportunity to understand the more encompassing universe of which we are part. Like Moses and his people wandering in the desert, we seem unquestionably on the way, on the way toward something, perhaps a fresher and brighter future, perhaps our own form of “promised land.”
Foreign Powers Plutarch and Discourses of Domination in Roman Greece
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: November 2023

Plutarch’s position as a wealthy Greek, living in a Hellas under Roman rule in the late first to early second centuries A.D., has often been stressed as a factor in his thinking. Reconciling the glories of the past with the mundane subjection of his present has frequently been pinpointed as an inspiration of Plutarch’s intellectual project. Indeed, in the large and varied body of his preserved work we have almost unparalleled access to the views of a member of the provincial elite, offering a personal glimpse of the impact of the Roman empire.
Closed Timelike Curves in a Gödelian Universe
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“We’ve got to be careful,” Constantia says. “People are thieves. They’re selling ancient artifacts. Valuable ones. The newspapers are talking of black markets in Babylonian clay tablets, Mayan and Costa Rican jade ornaments, and gold eagle pendants from the Veraguas area of Panama. They look so new that they could all be fakes. No one knows for sure if they’re actually stolen from the past.” You nod, trying to ignore the stench coming from Mr. Veil’s meal. “We’ve got to hurry with our lessons.
Marriage in Men’s Lives
Authors: Nock Steven L
Published: November 2023

There are two marriages in every marital union, his and hers. Men and women live in worlds that are organized around gender, and their marriages reflect differing realities. As life companions, they respond to each other; but they also respond to the cultural definitions of what it means to be a husband and a wife. What has fascinated social and behavioral scientists for several years, however, is not only that husbands' and wives' experiences are different, but also that 'his' marriage is better than 'hers'. Numerous findings have reported that married men are better off than married women on measures of both physical and mental health, but the reasons are not yet fully understood. In Marriage in Men's Lives Dr. Nock proposes an explanation to this issue. He focuses on marriage as a system of rules, customs, and expectations. The book shows that marriage changes men on basic dimensions of achievement, participation in public social life, and philanthropy because marriage reinforces such behaviors as part of adult masculinity. Men in modern society crave well-being, comfort, luxury, and prestige, and marriage affords a means of achieving these things within circumscribed legitimate boundaries. Using a huge data base of over 6,000 interviews with men the author has studied since 1979, Nock draws some interesting and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of marriage, and predicts that marriage is definitely here to stay.
Introduction
Authors: Nock Steven L
Published: November 2023

My goal in this book is to answer two questions: How and why does marriage change men? The many beneficial effects of marriage are well-known. Married people are generally healthier; they live longer, earn more, have better mental health and better sex lives, and are happier than their unmarried counterparts. Further, married individuals have lower rates of suicide, fatal accidents, acute and chronic illnesses, alcoholism, and depression than other people (Crago, 1972; Crum, Helzer, and Anthony, 1993; Ernster, Sacks, Selvin, and Petrakis, 1979; Layne and Whitehead, 1985; Lillenfield, Levin, and Kessler, 1972; Lynch, 1977; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1957; Morowitz, 1975; Pearlin and Johnson, 1977; Smith, Mercy, and Conn, 1988; Stack, 1992; Verbrugge, 1979; see Waite, 1995, for a review). Some disagreement may exist about the magnitude of such effects, but they are almost certainly the result of marriage, rather than self-selection. Married people do not simply appear to be better off than unmarried people; rather, marriage changes people in ways that produce such benefits (Coombs, 1991).
Marriage and Masculinity
Authors: Nock Steven L
Published: November 2023

The next step in connecting marriage and masculinity is to develop a normative definition of masculinity. Like marriage, gender involves a complex system of expectations and rules. Just as one can describe “right” and “wrong” ways of behaving as a husband or wife, so can one describe acting appropriately—or normatively—as a man or a woman.
The History of Physics A Series of Unifications
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc
Published: November 2023

The search for unity did more than just bring about the birth physics. It has remained at the forefront physicists’ preoccupations ever since. Perhaps it is only a dream, but it has nevertheless captured an enormous amount of attention during the course of the centuries, and often with dramatic results. The few examples we are about to review in this chapter should inspire us to be more circumspect about the current state of physics and its prospects for a more profound unification. The rise of modem physics is best summed up as a series of unifications.
George Washington’s Mount Vernon
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin
Published: November 2023

George Washington's Mount Vernon brings together--for the first time--the details of Washington's 45-year endeavor to build and perfect Mount Vernon. In doing so it introduces us to a Washington few of his contemporaries knew, and one little noticed by historians since. Here we meet the planter/patriot who also genuinely loved building, a man passionately human in his desire to impress on his physical surroundings the stamp of his character and personal beliefs. As chief architect and planner of the countless changes made at Mount Vernon over the years, Washington began by imitating accepted models of fashionable taste, but as time passed he increasingly followed his own ideas. Hence, architecturally, as the authors show, Mount Vernon blends the orthodox and the innovative in surprising ways, just as the new American nation would. Equally interesting is the light the book sheds on the process of building at Mount Vernon, and on the people--slave and free--who did the work. Washington was a demanding master, and in their determination to preserve their own independence his workers often clashed with him. Yet, as the Dalzells argue, that experience played a vital role in shaping his hopes for the future of American society--hope that embraced in full measure the promise of the revolution in which he had led his fellow citizens. George Washington's Mount Vernon thus compellingly combines the two sides of Washington's life--the public and the private--and uses the combination to enrich our understanding of both. Gracefully written, with more than 80 photographs, maps, and engravings, the book tells a fascinating story with memorable insight.
Time, Evil, Authority
Authors: O’leary Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter advanced the claim that the essential topoi of apocalyptic discourse are authority, time, and evil, and that this discourse functions as a symbolic theodicy, a mythical and rhetorical solution intended to “solve” the problem of evil through its discursive construction of temporality: To support and explicate this claim, it is necessary to define what is meant by the term topoi in the context of this study, and to examine the problems of authority, time, and evil as they appear from the perspective of topical argument.
Job The Silent
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

This remarkable work offers a brilliantly original reading of the book of Job, one of the great classics of biblical literature, and in the process develops a new formula for understanding how biblical texts evolve in the process of transmission. Zuckerman presents the thesis that the book of Job was intended as a parody the stereotypical righteous sufferer. In his most extended analogy, Zuckerman compares the book of Job and its fate to that of a famous Yiddish short story, ‘Bontshe Shvayg’, another covert parody whose protagonist has come to be revered as a paradigm of innocent Jewish suffering. The history of this story is used to show how a literary text becomes separated from the intention of its author, and comes to have a quite different meaning for a specific community of readers.
The Akedah Model
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Fortunately, there is an important precedent to which we can tum for guidance. The situation noted above for Job is not an isolated case: There is another righteous biblical figure, tested by God, whose circumstance is relevant to our inquiry-the Abraham of Genesis 22, the Akedah.8 For here, too, we find a similar curious situation: The biblical account makes an emphatic point of telling us that although God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son, He dispatched-just in time-an angel to stay the patriarch from his dreadful deed. In fact, the countermanding charge constitutes the climax of the biblical story: “Do not lay your hand on the boy, and do not do anything to him!” (Gen. 22:12).
Aphrodite, Ancestor of king
Authors: Moon Beverly
Published: November 2023

In ancient Greek art and literature the goddess Aphrodite is praised for her beauty and her power to awaken love. As the standard of feminine comeliness, many a beautiful woman was compared to her, Helen’s daughter, for example, the “rose-lipped Hermione, a girl like the palegold goddess Aphrodite” (Odyssey 4.14-15). Yet Aphrodite’s ability to awaken desire did not depend on beauty alone. She possessed a magical amulet covered with potent symbols that made the bearer irresistible: “the passion of sex is there; and the whispered endearment that steals the heart away, even from the thoughtful” (Iliad 14.216-217).
Sovereignty and the Great gooddess of Japan
Authors: Brown Delmer M
Published: November 2023

For more than 1,300 years Japanese sovereignty has been sanctified by the most powerful of Japanese deities, the Great Goddess Amaterasu (Amaterasu Omikami). Sanctification comes in two special ways: first, by making certain that each emperor or empress of Japan is a person born in the “single and unbroken” line of descent from the Great Goddess; second, by making certain that each occupant of the throne celebrates a Great Enthronement Ceremony (daijo-sai) in which the spirit of the Great Goddess enters the occupant’s body and makes him or her the sacred sovereign of Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Sands Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

We Americans have subjected ourselves to many a public conjunction of religion and sex. First came the Moral Majority in 1979, the rise of the Religious Right, and the minting of family values as the new currency of politics. Religious and moral values were invoked by Supreme Court justices in 1986 when they decided that homosexual sodomy was not entitled to constitutional privacy. Since the Defense of Marriage Act became federal law in 1996, religious authority has been called upon by social conservatives as they attempt, state by state, to legislate an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage. Opposition to sex education in public schools has become a key organizational point for the Religious Right, which often establishes school boards as its local base. Abortion and gay rights remain the social issues in regard to which religious groups are most politically visible and have become ideologically (if not logically) linked with the whole agenda of religious conservatism, from school prayer to reduced taxation and diminished government. In the 1990s teen pregnancy and single motherhood in general have been invested with tremendous social significance and, particularly with the Personal Responsibility Act of 1996, remanded to the special care of “faith-based” organizations.
Why Sexual Regulation?: Family Values and Social Movements
Authors: Jakohsen Janet R
Published: November 2023

What are ‘“family values”? Invocations of “family values” have become virtually ubiquitous in mainstream U.S. political discourse, so much so that their meaning has become “common sense.” There is apparently no need for anyone to specify what is meant by the term and from its various and sundry uses it can mean anything and everything. Such elasticity and elusiveness in meaning is often the case with powerful symbols, and the political power of ““family values” was more than evident in the Republican victories in the 1994 congressional elections. Although this historically important victory was not followed by the election of a Republican in the presidential elections of 1996, it did bring about a Republican control of Congress that signaled the denouement of both the New Deal and Great Society programs as frameworks for federal government in the United States Moreover, much of the rhetoric of the 1994 victory was taken up by candidates across the political spectrum, such that in the 1996 elections ““family values” was espoused by both political parties.
The Bible, Heterosexism, and the American Public Discussion of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Countryman L William
Published: November 2023

Although the United States of America has a long tradition of separation between church and state, this has never meant that religion is unimportant in our public discourse. The belief of some intellectuals, in the middle of this century, that religion was withering away among us has been disconfirmed; and there has never been any firewall between religious belief and public discourse. After all, public discourse in matters of importance must always be anchored, focused, and oriented by those things that the community or culture holds sacred: those values that seem beyond challenge and provide the foundation for resolving conflicts. In the United States, some of our sacred themes are rooted in democracy and in principles of free market capitalism; some in an older, more cooperative communalism still present, though fading, in rural areas; some in traditions of British common law; some in the Enlightenment; some in our particular national experience. But probably no single influence has been more important in establishing our sense of what is sacred than Protestant Christianity.
Albrecht Dürer: Renaissance Humanist Reform
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

AT THE TIME OF LUTHER’S ISSUANCE OF THE Ninety-five Theses in 1517, Albrecht Dilrer had already been an artist of note for three decades. While one may say the same of the Wittenberg artist Lucas Cranach the Elder, after 1517 the life spans of Dilrer and Cranach were quite different. Cranach the Elder lived another twenty-five years under the full impact of the Reformation. By contrast, the Nuremberg Dilrer lived only another eleven years after the posting of the theses. He died in 1528, a year before the beginning of Cranach’s Law and Gospel woodcuts and panels, the first full blown works of art representing Luther’s thinking.
Michelangelo Buonarroti: Catholic Reformation Piety
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

Michelangelo’s entire working life, from the beginning of the sixteenth century into its sixth decade, occurs in the midst of reforming religious currents that, for all their different shapes, characterized the life of the Roman Catholic Church of his time. While the early period centered more on issues of morality, wealth, and abuse of traditions than on strictly theological issues, they nevertheless signify that from the very beginning of his life’s work, reform issues were not foreign to the church Michelangelo knew. He never forgot Savonarola and his powerful, fiery, sometimes vividly detailed apoca lypticism. While Savonarola’s death in 1498 came because he defied papal power and also because he lost popular support in the political setting of Flo rence, Michelangelo remembered his impact, though Savonarola died when Michelangelo was only twenty-three years old.

Given Michelangelo’s later history, one wonders if he was at all influenced by theories of justification, albeit in a Catholic context, or by affirmations of the resurrection of the body over against the immortality of the soul, found in Savonarola’s The Triumph of the Cross.1 Moreover, Michelangelo’s
The Rejection And Repositioning Of Visual Images
Authors: Dillenberger John
Published: November 2023

Iconoclastic Movements Are Inevitably political, so much so that some historians see religious debates as irrelevant, masking what is essentially a social issue. Surely, religious perceptions are embedded in a social matrix; but a social matrix also has religious ideas as part of its very fabric. There is a difference between destroying an image because it is an idol to be cast aside and doing so because creating art and image requires money that could be used to help the poor. But we face a complexity that calling the situation social does not solve.
Asia’s Computer Challenge
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

How did the computer industry evolve into its present global structure? Why have some Asian countries succeeded more than others? Jason Dedrick and Kenneth L. Kraemer delve into these questions and emerge with an explanation of the rapid rise of the computer industry in the Asia-Pacific region. Asia’s Computer Challenge makes a systematic comparison of the historical development of the computer industries of Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan and concludes that neither a plan versus market, nor a country versus company dichotomy fully explains the diversity found among these countries. The authors identify a new force--the emergence of a global production network. Reaching beyond specific companies and countries, this book explores the strategic implications for the Asian-Pacific countries and the United states. Now East Asia is faced with a challenge; they must make the move from low margin hardware business to high margin software and information businesses, while Americans must respond by maintaining leadership in standards, design, marketing, and business innovation.
Short-Term and Working Memory
Authors: Baddeley Alan
Published: November 2023

The study of short-term memory, the retention of small amounts of information over brief time intervals, formed a major component of the development of cognitive psychology during the 1960s. It had a strong theoretical component, derived from the increasingly influential computer metaphor, combined in Britain at least with a concern for application to problems such as those of air traffic communication (Broadbent, 1958) and of coding in tele phony and postal systems (Conrad, 1964).