bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Walnut Shell
Authors: Yang Fu Sheng , Zhang Ming , Lin Min Qun , Wei Ben Long , Yang Zhi Yuan
Published: January 2015

Pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of walnut shell were investigated using thermogravimetic analysis in this study. It was shown that kinetics parameters and model of the walnut shell pyrolysis were determined by the relevant parameter of kinetics calculated using Achar differential and the Šatava-Šesták integral methods. 3D Diffusion model (Z-L-T equation) was fitted to walnut shell pyrolysis mechanism with activated energy from 184.08 to 196.88 KJ/mol.
Electro-Hydraulic Servo Loading System for the Pumping Unit
Authors: Xu Li Ping , Yao Song
Published: January 2015

Loading system of pumping unit simulates the working condition of pumping unit. It can repeat all kind of the real force and motion on pumping unit and detect the quality of pumping unit. Through analyzing the indicator diagram of pumping unit, we design a elecro-hydraulic servo loading system of pumping unit which uses the method of displacement and force feedback control. Meeting the load requirement simulated it with AMESim software.
GFRP Bar: Determining Tensile Strength with Bending Test
Authors: Almerich-Chulia Ana , Fenollosa E. , Cabrera I.
Published: January 2015

In order to obtain GFRP reinforcement bars it is necessary to undertake tests regulated code which require important mechanical tools. This paper presents a method which allows for determining GFRP rebars tensile strength value from their flexural strength value which has been obtained with a simple, inexpensive and reliable test. This method results will be verified by applying it to values obtained in a series of bending tests and comparing these results with values obtained in tensile tests. Values concordance for small diameter GFRP rebars is very good.
Non psammomatous melanocytic schwannoma presenting as a subcutaneous nodule: A rare presentation of a rare lesion
Authors: Gulati Harveen , Joshi Avinash , Anand Mani , Deshmukh S
Published: January 2015

Melanocytic schwannoma (MS) is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor accounting for less than 1% of all primitive nerve sheath tumors, with a predilection for spinal nerve involvement. To date, only 20 cases of cutaneous/subcutaneous MS have been described in literature.Here, we describe a case of MS presenting as a subcutaneous nodule in a 22-year-old male in right thigh. On examination, the nodule measured 2.5 x 2.0 x 1.5 cm with overlying skin showing a bluish hue and an ulcer. With a preoperative diagnosis of hemangioma, the patient was taken up for wide local excision and was diagnosed as a case of non psammomatous melanocytic schwannoma based on clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical studies. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity with S-100, HMB-45, and Melan A with pericellular Laminin positivity. Carney's syndrome was ruled out. MS needs to be differentiated from other pigmented lesions like pigmented neurofibroma, Bednar tumor, cellular blue neavus, and especially malignant melanoma, which has an obvious ominous prognosis. Since MS can show unpredictable behavior especially in absence of overt malignant features, a long term follow up with or without radiotherapy is recommended.
Rezensionen
Authors: Schneebeli H. R.
Published: January 2015

Rezension zu:
S. Sternberg:
Dynamical Systems
. 265 Seiten, SFr 10.–. Dover Publications Inc, Mineola, New York, 2010; ISBN-13:978-0-486-47705-3.
An in vitro Study to determine the Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Its Formulation on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Nayak Sushma S , Metgud Sharda C , Bolmal Uday Kumar
Published: January 2015

Aim

Many weapons are available in the arsenal of a dental professional to combat dental caries, which is almost ubiquitously present. From a public health perspective, most of these weapons are far from being an ideal drug. Hence, there is a demand for better and effective antibacterial agents. This factor stimulated the process of the present study. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula on Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and methods

Dried ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula were procured and powdered. Physical tests were done to estimate purity of the fruit powder. Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared according to standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined by tube dilution method and confirmed by agar dilution method. The effect of the hydroethanolic extract on sucrose induced adhesion, glucan-induced aggregation and on glycolysis of Streptococcus mutans was also assessed. Preservative, gelling agent and sweetener were added in suitable quantities to the ethanol extract, and mouthrinse was formulated. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the formulation was also determined.

Results

Yield was better in case of aqueous extract. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of hydroethanolic extract was determined to be 2.5%. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the aqueous extract was determined to be 10%. Hydroethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (2.5%) inhibited sucrose induced adherence and aggregation of Streptococcus mutans in vitro.

Conclusion

The mouthrinse formulated from ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity and could be used as an effective anticaries agent.

Clinical Significance

Terminalia chebula mouthrinse can be effectively used in clinical practice as an anticaries mouthrinse with additional benefit being that it is safe and economical.

How to cite this article

Nayak SS, Ankola AV, Metgud SC, Bolmal UK. An in vitro Study to determine the Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Its Formulation on Streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(3):278-282.
The Impact of Polymerization Method on Tensile Bond Strength between Denture Base and Acrylic Teeth
Authors: Assery Mansour K , Ahmad Zeeshan H , Sukumaran Anil , Binmgren Mohammed A , Alsaleem Samah O , Vellappally Sajith
Published: January 2015

Failure of the bond between acrylic teeth and the denture base resin interface is one of the major concern in prosthodontics. The new generation of denture bases that utilize alternate polymerization methods are being introduced in the market. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of polymerization methods on bonding quality between the denture base and artificial teeth. Sixty test specimens were prepared (20 in each group) and were polymerized using heat, microwave and visible light curing. The tensile strength was recorded for each of the samples, and the results were analyzed statistically. The light-activated Eclipse™ System showed the highest tensile strength, followed by heat curing. The microwave-cured samples exhibited the least bonding to the acrylic teeth. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the new generation of light-cured denture bases showed significantly better bonding to acrylic teeth and can be used as an alternative to the conventional heat-polymerized denture base.

How to cite this article

Hashem M, Binmgren MA, Alsaleem SO, Vellappally S, Assery MK, Sukumaran A. The Impact of Polymerization Method on Tensile Bond Strength between Denture Base and Acrylic Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15(3):315-318.
Influence of Fluoride Concentration and pH Value of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide on the Hardness, Roughness and Morphology of Bovine Enamel
Authors: Nascimento Wilcilene Costa , de Lima Gomes Yasmin do Socorro Batista , Alexandrino Larissa Dias , Costi Hilton Tulio , Silva José Otávio Carrera , Silva Cecy Martins
Published: January 2015

Aim

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different sodium fluoride (NaF) concentrations and pH values on the Knoop hardness (KHN), surface roughness (SR), and morphology of bovine incisors bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP).

Materials and methods

Sixty-five bovine incisors were fragmented (5 mm2 × 2 mm) and distributed in 5 groups: Control (unbleached), Low NaF/Acidic (35% HP + 1.3% NaF, pH 5.5), Low NaF/Neutral (35% HP + 1.3% NaF, pH 7.0), High NaF/ Acidic (35% HP + 2% NaF, pH 5.5), and High NaF/Neutral (35% HP + 2% NaF, pH 7.0). KHN analysis was performed with a microhardness tester under a load of 25 gf for 5 seconds. The average SR was obtained with a rugosimeter. KHN and SR were analyzed before and after treatments. For morphological analysis, specimens were dehydrated and gold-sputtered, and scanning electron micrographs were obtained and analyzed by 3 examiners with a double-blinded technique. KHN and SR results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Results

Only the Low NaF/Acidic and Low NaF/Neutral groups showed significant differences between the initial and final KHN values. All bleached groups presented significant differences between the initial and final SR values. Among the bleached groups, the least and most morphological changes were shown by the High NaF/Neutral and the Low NaF/Acidic group, respectively.

Conclusion

Treatment with 35% HP and 2% NaF at pH 7.0 promoted the least changes in morphology, hardness and roughness among the bleached groups.

Clinical significance

In-office bleaching with high-concentration HP and 2% NaF at neutral pH promoted the least changes in enamel hardness, SR, and morphology compared to other treatments.

How to cite this article

Nascimento WC, Gomes YSBL, Alexandrino LD, Costi HT, Silva JOC Jr, Silva CM. Influence of Fluoride Concentration and pH Value of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide on the Hardness, Roughness and Morphology of Bovine Enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):392-398.
Comparison of Nickel and Chromium Ions Released from Stainless Steel and NiTi Wires after Immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and Artificial Saliva
Authors: Jamilian Abdolreza , Moghaddas Omid , Toopchi Shabnam , Perillo Letizia
Published: January 2015

Aim

Oral environment of the mouth is a suitable place for biodegradation of alloys used in orthodontic wires. The toxicity of these alloys namely nickel and chromium has concerned the researchers about the release of these ions from orthodontic wires and brackets. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of nickel and chromium ions released from 0.018” stainless steel (SS) and NiTi wires after immersion in three solutions.

Materials and methods

One hundred and forty-four round NiTi and 144 round SS archwires with the diameters of 0.018” were immersed in Oral B®, Orthokin® and artificial saliva. The amounts of nickel and chromium ions released were measured after 1, 6, 24 hours and 7 days.

Results

Two way repeated ANOVA showed that the amount of chromium and nickel significantly increased in all solutions during all time intervals (p < 0.002).

Conclusion

Chromium and nickel ions were released more in NiTi wire in all solutions compared with SS wire. The lowest increase rate was also seen in artificial saliva.

Clinical significance

There is general consensus in literature that even very little amounts of nickel and chromium are dangerous for human body specially when absorbed orally; therefore, knowing the precise amount of these ions released from different wires when immersed in different mouthwashes is of high priority.

How to cite this article

Jamilian A, Moghaddas O, Toopchi S, Perillo L. Comparison of Nickel and Chromium Ions Released from Stainless Steel and NiTi Wires after Immersion in Oral B®, Orthokin® and Artificial Saliva. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15(4):403-406.
Influence of Simulated Pulpal Pressure on Efficacy of Bleaching Gels
Authors: Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Batista Graziela Ribeiro , Borges Alessandra Bühler , Arantes Paula Tamião , Wiegand Annette , Attin Thomas
Published: January 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of simulated pulpal pressure on efficacy of bleaching gels.

Materials and methods

Cylindrical enamel-dentin specimens from bovine teeth (3 mm diameter, enamel and dentin layer each 1 mm thick) were divided into 4 groups, according to the bleaching treatment: negative control (non-bleached), bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), bleached with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Ten percent CP gel was applied for 8 h/day and 7.5% HP for 1 h/day, during 14 days. For 35% HP treatment, two sessions of 45 minutes each were employed. In intermediate periods specimens were stored in artificial saliva. Experimental groups (n = 19) were subdivided according to the simulation of pulpal pressure (25 mm Hg) during bleaching treatment. Initial color measurement and after bleaching treatment were assessed by spectrophotometry, using CIE L*a*b* system. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett's posthoc tests (p < 0.05).

Results

There was significant difference of ∆E for all experimental groups compared to negative control group, according to Dunnett's test (p < 0.0001). There were no significant difference for total color variation (∆E) among experimental groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

It was concluded that all bleaching gels showed bleaching efficacy compared to non-bleached group and that the simulated pulpal pressure did not influence the bleaching outcomes of the tested gels.

Clinical significance

Although numerousin vitrostudies investigating the efficacy of bleaching agents have been performed, they do not properly simulate the pulpal pressure. In order to make these studies closer to clinical conditions, it is important to reproduce these conditions in laboratory, so the results can be more reliable. Thisin vitrostudy was performed under simulated pulpal pressure, aiming to investigate its influence on dental bleaching outcomes.

How to cite this article

Borges AB, Batista GR, Arantes PT, Wiegand A, Attin T, Torres CRG. Influence of Simulated Pulpal Pressure on Efficacy of Bleaching Gels. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):407-412.
Resistance of Teeth with Simulated Incomplete Rhizogenesis with Intraradicular Post or Root Canal Filling
Authors: Tanomaru-Filho Mario , Sivieri-Araujo Gustavo , Guerreiro-Tanomaru Juliane M , Bortoluzzi Eduardo A , Jorge Erica G , Abi-Rached Filipe O , Reis José Mauricio SN
Published: January 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength (FS) of bovine incisors with simulated incomplete rhizogenesis (IR) after different intraradicular treatments.

Materials and methods

Incomplete rhizogenesis was simulated by sectioning the crowns and roots of 40 bovine incisors. Root canal preparation was performed and the samples divided into 4 groups (n = 10): GI-negative control with intra-radicular preparation; GII-positive control without intra-radicular preparation; GIII-glass fiber post cemented with resin cement and GIVroot canal obturation with Epiphany/Resilon system. In GIII and GIV, 4.0 mm apical plugs of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were done. The samples were embedded into cylinders with polystyrene resin, and the periodontal ligament was simulated with a medium-viscosity polyether-based impression material (Impregum Soft). The specimens were submitted to compressive fracture strength test (0.5 mm/min at 135o in relation to the long axis of the tooth) in a mechanical testing machine MTS 810. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

Conclusion

Glass fiber intraradicular posts provided the FS increase of teeth with simulated incomplete rhizogenesis. Epiphany/Resilon root canal filling with MTA plug did not provide the increase of the fracture strength to teeth with simulated incomplete rhizogenesis.

Clinical significance

The fiber post reinforces the root structure of teeth with incomplete rhizogenesis.

How to cite this article

Tanomaru-Filho M, Sivieri-Araujo G, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Bortoluzzi EA, Jorge EG, Abi-Rached FO, Reis JMSN. Resistance of Teeth with Simulated Incomplete Rhizogenesis with Intraradicular Post or Root Canal Filling. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):413-416.
Evaluation of the Effect of a Home Bleaching Agent on Surface Characteristics of Indirect Esthetic Restorative Materials—Part II Microhardness
Authors: Vojdani Mahroo , Torabi Kianoosh , Rasaeipour Sasan , Ghodsi Safoura , Khaledi Amir Ali Reza
Published: January 2015

Background

The exponential usage of esthetic restorative materials is beholden to society needs and desires. Interaction between the bleaching agents and the esthetic restorative materials is of critical importance.

Aim

Thisin vitrostudy has been conducted to evaluate the effect of a home bleaching agent, carbamide peroxide (CP) 38%, on the microhardness of the fiber reinforced composite (FRC), overglazed, autoglazed, or polished porcelain specimens.

Materials and methods

For overglazed, autoglazed, polished ceramics and also FRC cylindrical specimens (n = 20 per group) were prepared. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48 hours prior to testing. Six samples from each group were selected randomly as negative controls which were stored in distilled water at 37°C that was changed daily. CP 38% was applied on the test specimens for 15 minutes, twice a day for 14 days. By using Knoop-microhardness tester microhardness testing for baseline, control and test specimens was conducted. Data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test, Mann- Whitney test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results

Home bleaching significantly decreased the surface microhardness of all the test samples (p < 0.05), whereas the control groups did not show statistically significant changes after 2 weeks. The polished porcelain and polished composite specimens showed the most significant change in microhardness after bleaching process (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Although the type of surface preparation affects the susceptibility of the porcelain surface to the bleaching agent, no special preparation can preclude such adverse effects.

Clinical Significance

The contact of home bleaching agents with esthetic restorative materials is unavoidable. Therefore protecting these restorations from bleaching agents and reglazing or at least polishing the restorations after bleaching is recommended.

How to cite this article

Torabi K, Rasaeipour S, Ghodsi S, Khaledi AAR, Vojdani M. Evaluation of the Effect of a Home Bleaching Agent on Surface Characteristics of Indirect Esthetic Restorative Materials — Part II Microhardness. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):438-443.
An in vitro Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Varying Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan H , Alkahtany Sarah M , Anil Sukumaran
Published: January 2015

Aim

To evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on immortalized human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Materials and methods

The 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, 0.025, 0.0125, and 0.005 mg/ml were used to assess the cytotoxic effect on MSCs. Immortalized human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hTERT-MSCs) were exposed to NaOCl at 5 different concentrations. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and alamarBlue assays. The cell morphology changes were assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after exposure to 2, 4, and 24 hour incubation. The ethidium bromide/acridine orange (EB/ AO) fluorescent stain was applied to the cells in the 8-chamber slides after they were incubated with the testing agents for 2 and 4 hours to detect live and dead cells. The observations were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed.

Results

The cell viability study using MTT assay and AB assay showed significant reduction with varying concentration at 2 and 4 hours incubation period. The cell viability decreased with the higher percentage of NaOCl. The exposure time also revealed an inverse relation to the cell viability. The SEM analysis showed reduction in the number of cells and morphological alterations with 0.5 mg/ml at 2 and 4 hours compared to 0.025 mg/ml NaOCl. Destruction of the cells with structural alterations and lysis was evident under fluorescence microscope when the cells were exposed to 0.5 mg/ml NaOCl.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this in vitro study it can be concluded that NaOCl is toxic to the human bone marrow MSCs. The cell lysis was evident with higher concentration of sodium hypochlorite. From the observations, it can be concluded that a lower concentration of NaOCl may be used as endodontic irrigant due to its cytotoxic properties. Further studies are man datory to evolve a consensus on the optimal concentration of sodium hypochlorite to be used as endodontic irrigant.

How to cite this article

Alkahtani A, Alkahtany SM, Anil S. An in vitro Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Varying Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):473-481.
Oral Health-related Quality of Life and Periodontal and Dental Health Status in Iranian Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hajian-Tilaki Arefe , Oliae Farshid , Jenabian Niloofar , Hajian-Tilaki Karimollah , Motallebnejad Mina
Published: January 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health status and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) in Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Materials and methods

In this cross-sectional study 145 (95 dentate and 50 edentulous) patients undergoing hemodialysis participated. Demographic information, laboratory findings and dental health status was recorded by a standard form. Oral hygiene status was obtained by simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and oral health was evaluated by decay missing filling teeth (DMFT) index, plaque index (PLI) and periodontal disease index. Oral health related quality of life was determined by means of short form oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) and general oral health assessment index (GOHAI).

Results

The mean (± SD) DMFT, PLI and PDI were 15.47 ± 7.85, 2.03 ± 0.95, 4.09 ± 1.31 respectively. OHI-S was good in 7 (7.4%), fair 25 (26.6%) and poor in 38 (26.6%) of patients. The mean OHIP-14 and GOHAI scores were 31.32 ± 12.53 and 29.07 ± 8.5 respectively. The self-perceived oral health of 58 (40%) was good, 49(33.8%) was fair and 38 (26.2%) was poor. Patients with higher scores for the questionnaires had significantly worst self-rated oral health. Besides, there was a significant positive correlation between dental and periodontal variables with OHIP-14 and GOHAI scores.

Conclusion

Hemodialysis patients had a poor oral hygiene and periodontal status, weak attitudes and negligence toward oral health but they were satisfied of their oral health condition and their OHRQoL was approximately good. Therefor it should be communications between nephrologists and oral health care professionals for promoting the oral health status of the patients.

Clinical significance

The findings high light the need of comprehensive oral examinations including periodontal therapy, restorative treatment, preventive dental treatment and follow-up care in the hemodialysis patients.

How to cite this article

Hajian-Tilaki A, Oliae F, Jenabian N, Hajian-Tilaki K, Motallebnejad M. Oral Health-related Quality of Life and Periodontal and Dental Health Status in Iranian Hemodialysis Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):482-490.
Atraumatic Extraction, Implant Placement and Immediate Provisionalization
Authors: Bandéca Matheus Coelho , de Jesus Tavarez Rudys Rodolfo , Malheiros Adriana Santos , Firoozmand Leily Macedo , Filho Etevaldo Matos Maia , Calixto Amanda Martins , Gomes Mario Gilson Nina
Published: January 2015

Front tooth extraction typically results in significant loss of hard and soft tissue volume, both in the vestibular-lingual and mesiodistal directions. As these changes can compromise the esthetic results of prosthetic rehabilitation, extraction techniques that cause minimal trauma to the remnant tissues are applied in combination with immediate implant placement to minimize such alterations. The case reported in the present article illustrates a therapeutic plan consisting of atraumatic extraction followed by immediate implant placement and provisionalization. When carefully indicated and planned, our results indicate that this technique may provide promising immediate results relative to the maintenance and stability of the peri-implanted tissues.

How to cite this article

de Jesus Tavarez RR, Calixto AM, Filho EMM, Bandeca MC, Firoozmand LM, Gomes MGN, Malheiros AS. Atraumatic Extraction, Implant Placement and Immediate Provisionalization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):513-517.
Benjamin, Barthes and the Singularity of Photography
Authors: Yacavone Kathrin
Published: January 2015

Benjamin, Barthes and the Singularity of Photography presents two of the most important intellectual figures of the twentieth century in a new comparative light. Pursuing hitherto unexplored aspects of Benjamin's and Barthes's engagement with photography, it provides new interpretations of familiar texts and analyzes material which has only recently become available. It argues that despite the different historical, philosophical and cultural contexts of their work, Benjamin and Barthes engage with similar issues and problems that photography uniquely poses, including the relationship between the photograph and its beholder as a confrontation between self and other, and the dynamic relation between time, subjectivity, memory and loss. Each writer emphasizes the singular event of the photograph's apprehension and its ethical and existential aspects rooted in the power and poignancy of photographic images. Mapping the complex relationship between photographic history and theory, cultural criticism and autobiography, this book will be of considerable interest not only to historians and theorists of photography but also to scholars working in literary and cultural studies.
High spatial resolution aerosol retrievals used for daily particulate matter monitoring over Po valley, northern Italy
Authors: Arvani B. , Pierce R. B. , Lyapustin A. I. , Wang Y. , Ghermandi G. , Teggi S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 5.1 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data retrieved at 0.55 μm with spatial resolution of 10 km (MYD04) and the new 1 km Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm from MODIS is investigated in this work. We focus on evaluating the ability of these two products to characterize the spatial distribution of aerosols within urban areas. This is done through the comparison with PM10 measurements from 126 of the Italian Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA) ground monitoring stations during 2012. The Po Valley area (northern Italy) was chosen as the study domain since urban air pollution is one of the most important concerns in this region. Population and industrial activities are located within a large number of urban areas within the valley. We find that the annual correlations between PM10 and AOD are R2 = 0.90 and R2 = 0.62 for MYD04 and for MAIAC respectively. When the depth of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is used to normalize the AOD, we find a significant improvement in the PM–AOD correlation. The introduction of the PBL information is needed for AOD to capture the seasonal cycle of the observed PM10 over the Po valley and significantly improves the PM vs. AOD relationship, leading to a correlation of R2 = 0.98 for both retrievals when they are normalized by the PBL depth. The results show that the normalized MAIAC retrieval provides a higher resolution depiction of the AOD within the Po Valley and performs as well in a statistical sense as the normalized standard MODIS retrieval for the same days and locations.
Diurnal variations of aerosol optical properties in the North China Plain and their influences on the estimates of direct aerosol radiative forcing
Authors: Kuang Y. , Zhao C. S. , Tao J. C. , Ma N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In this paper, the diurnal variations of aerosol optical properties and their influences on the estimation of daily average direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) in the North China Plain (NCP) are investigated based on in-situ measurements from Haze in China campaign. For ambient aerosol, the diurnal variations of single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (g) in the NCP are both evident, and far different from those of dry state aerosol. The relative humidity is the dominant factor which determines the diurnal pattern of SSA and g for ambient aerosol. Basing on the calculated SSA and g, several cases are designed to investigate the impacts of the diurnal changes of aerosol optical properties on DARF. The results demonstrate that the diurnal changes of SSA and g in the NCP have significant influences on the estimation of DARF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). If the full temporal coverage of aerosol optical depth (AOD), SSA and g are available, an accurate estimation of daily average DARF can be achieved by using the daily averages of AOD, SSA and g. However, due to the lack of full temporal coverage datasets of SSA and g, their daily averages are usually not available. Basing on the results of designed cases, if the RH plays a dominant role in the diurnal variations of SSA and g, we suggest that using both SSA and g averaged over early morning and late afternoon as inputs for radiative transfer model to improve the accurate estimation of DARF. If the temporal samplings of SSA or g are too few to adopt this method, either averaged over early morning or late afternoon of both SSA and g can be used to improve the estimation of DARF at TOA.
Quantifying sources, transport, deposition and radiative forcing of black carbon over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang R. , Wang H. , Qian Y. , Rasch P. J. , Easter R. C. , Ma P.-L. , Singh B. , Huang J. , Fu Q.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP), both airborne and those deposited on snow, have been shown to affect snowmelt and glacier retreat. Since BC over the HTP may originate from a variety of geographical regions and emission sectors, it is essential to quantify the source–receptor relationships of BC in order to understand the contributions of natural and anthropogenic emissions and provide guidance for potential mitigation actions. In this study, we use the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a newly developed source tagging technique, nudged towards the MERRA meteorological reanalysis, to characterize the fate of BC particles emitted from various geographical regions and sectors. Evaluated against observations over the HTP and surrounding regions, the model simulation shows a good agreement in the seasonal variation of the near-surface airborne BC concentrations, providing confidence to use this modeling framework for characterizing BC source–receptor relationships. Our analysis shows that the relative contributions from different geographical regions and source sectors depend on seasons and the locations in the HTP. The largest contribution to annual mean BC burden and surface deposition in the entire HTP region is from biofuel and biomass (BB) emissions in South Asia, followed by fossil fuel (FF) emissions from South Asia, then FF from East Asia. The same roles hold for all the seasonal means except for the summer when East Asia FF becomes more important. For finer receptor regions of interest, South Asia BB and FF have the largest impact on BC in Himalayas and Central Tibetan Plateau, while East Asia FF and BB contribute the most to Northeast Plateau in all seasons and Southeast Plateau in the summer. Central Asia and Middle East FF emissions have relatively more important contributions to BC reaching Northwest Plateau, especially in the summer. Although local emissions only contribute about 10% to BC in the HTP, this contribution is extremely sensitive to local emission changes. Lastly, we show that the annual mean radiative forcing (0.42 W m−2) due to BC in snow outweighs the BC dimming effect (−0.3 W m−2) at the surface over the HTP. We also find strong seasonal and spatial variation with a peak value of 5 W m−2 in the spring over Northwest Plateau. Such a large forcing of BC in snow is sufficient to cause earlier snow melting and potentially contribute to the acceleration of glacier retreat.
Validation of merged MSU4 and AMSU9 temperature climate records with a new 2002–2012 vertically resolved temperature record
Authors: Penckwitt A. A. , Bodeker G. E. , Stoll P. , Lewis J. , von Clarmann T. , Jones A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. A new database of monthly mean zonal mean (5° zones) temperature time series spanning 17 pressure levels from 300 to 7 hPa and extending from 2002 to 2012 was created by merging monthly mean time series from two satellite-based mid-infrared spectrometers (ACE-FTS and MIPAS), a microwave sounder (SMR), and from three satellite-based radio occultation experiments (GRACE, CHAMP, and TSX). The primary intended use of this new temperature data set is to validate the merging of the Microwave Sounding Unit channel 4 (MSU4), and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit channel 9 (AMSU9) temperature time series conducted in previous studies. The six source data sets were merged by removing offsets and trends between the different measurement series. Weighted means were calculated of the six source data sets where the weights were a function of the uncertainty on the original monthly mean data. This new temperature data set of the upper troposphere and stratosphere has been validated by comparing it to RATPAC-A, COSMIC radio occultation data as well as the NCEPCFSR reanalyses. Differences in all three cases were typically < 2 K in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, but could reach up to 5 K in the mid-stratosphere. The data across the 17 pressure levels have then been vertically integrated, using the MSU4/AMSU9 weighting function, to provide a deep vertical layer temperature proxy of the merged MSU4+AMSU9 series. Differences between this vertically integrated data set and two different versions of the MSU4+AMSU9 data set – one from Remote Sensing Systems and one from the University of Alabama at Huntsville – were examined for discontinuities. No statistically significant discontinuities were found in either of those two data sets suggesting that the transition from the MSU4+AMSU9 data to AMSU9 data only does not introduce any discontinuities in the MSU4+AMSU9 climate data records that might compromise their use in temperature trend analyses.
Identification of slow magnetosonic wave trains and their evolution in 3-D compressible turbulence simulation
Authors: Zhang L. , Yang L.-P. , He J.-S. , Tu C.-Y. , Wang L.-H. , Marsch E. , Feng X.-S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In solar wind, dissipation of slow-mode magnetosonic waves may play a significant role in heating the solar wind, and these modes contribute essentially to the solar wind compressible turbulence. Most previous identifications of slow waves utilized the characteristic negative correlation between δ|B| and δρ. However, that criterion does not well identify quasi-parallel slow waves, for which δ|B| is negligible compared to δρ. Here we present a new method of identification, which will be used in 3-D compressible simulation. It is based on two criteria: (1) that VpB0 (phase speed projected along B0) is around ± cs, and that (2) there exists a clear correlation of δv|| and δρ. Our research demonstrates that if vA > cs, slow waves possess correlation between δv|| and δρ, with δρ / δv|| ≈ ± ρ0 / cs. This method helps us to distinguish slow-mode waves from fast and Alfvén waves, both of which do not have this polarity relation. The criteria are insensitive to the propagation angle θk B, defined as the angle between wave vector k and B0; they can be applied with a wide range of β if only vA > cs. In our numerical simulation, we have identified four cases of slow wave trains with this method. The slow wave trains seem to deform, probably caused by interaction with other waves; as a result, fast or Alfvén waves may be produced during the interaction and seem to propagate bidirectionally away. Our identification and analysis of the wave trains provide useful methods for investigations of compressible turbulence in the solar wind or in similar environments, and will thus deepen understandings of slow waves in the turbulence.
Physics of outflows near solar active regions
Authors: Price D. J. , Taroyan Y.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Hinode/EIS observations have revealed outflows near active regions which remain unexplained. An outflow region observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) that appears slightly redshifted at low temperatures and blueshifted at higher temperatures is presented. We conduct simulations and use those to create synthetic line profiles in order to replicate the observed line profiles of an apparent open structure. The results of the forward modelling support a scenario whereby long loops consisting of multiple strands undergo a cyclical process of heating and cooling on timescales of approximately 80 min.
How might the North American ice sheet influence the Northwestern Eurasian climate?
Authors: Beghin P. , Charbit S. , Kageyama M. , Dumas C. , Ritz C.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. During the last glacial period (∼21 000 years ago), two continental-scale ice sheets covered the Canada and northern Europe. It is now widely acknowledged that these past ice sheets exerted a strong influence on climate by causing changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulations. In turn, these changes may have impacted the development of the ice sheets themselves through a combination of different feedback mechanisms. The present study is designed to investigate the potential impact of the North American ice sheet on the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Eurasian ice sheet through simulated changes in the past glacial atmospheric circulation. Using the LMDz5 atmospheric circulation model, we carried out twelve experiments run under constant Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions for insolation, greenhouse gases and ocean. In the all experiments, the Eurasian ice sheet is removed. The twelve experiments differ in the North American ice-sheet topography, ranging from a white and flat (present-day topography) ice sheet to a full-size LGM ice sheet. This experimental design allows to disentangle the albedo and the topographic impacts of the North American ice sheet onto the climate. The results are compared to our baseline experiment where both the North American and the Eurasian ice sheets have been removed. In summer, we show that the only albedo effect of the American ice sheet modifies the pattern of planetary waves with respect to the no-ice sheet case, causing a cooling of the Eurasian region. By contrast, the atmospheric circulation changes induced by the topography of the North American ice sheet imply summer warming in Northwestern Eurasia. In winter, the Scandinavian and the Barents–Kara regions respond differently to the albedo effect: in response to atmospheric circulation changes, Scandinavia is warmed up and precipitation is more abundant whereas Barents–Kara area is cooled down, decreasing convection process and thus leading to less precipitation. The height increase of American ice sheet leads to less precipitation and snowfalls and colder temperatures over both Scandinavian and Barents–Kara sectors. The simulated temperature and precipitation fields have then been used to force an ice-sheet model and to compute the resulting surface mass balance over the Fennoscandian region as a function of the American ice-sheet configuration. It clearly appears that the SMB is dominated by the ablation signal. In response to the summer cooling induced by the American ice-sheet albedo, a highly positive SMB is simulated over the Eurasian ice sheet, leading thus to the growth of the ice sheet. On the contrary, the topography of the American ice sheet leads to more ablation, hence limiting its growth.
High-resolution global topographic index values for use in large-scale hydrological modelling
Authors: Marthews T. R. , Dadson S. J. , Lehner B. , Abele S. , Gedney N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Modelling land surface water flow is of critical importance for simulating land surface fluxes, predicting runoff and water table dynamics and for many other applications of Land Surface Models. Many approaches are based on the popular hydrology model TOPMODEL (TOPography-based hydrological MODEL), and the most important parameter of this model is the well-known topographic index. Here we present new, high-resolution parameter maps of the topographic index for all ice-free land pixels calculated from hydrologically conditioned HydroSHEDS (Hydrological data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales) data using the GA2 algorithm (GRIDATB 2). At 15 arcsec resolution, these layers are 4 times finer than the resolution of the previously best-available topographic index layers, the compound topographic index of HYDRO1k (CTI). For the largest river catchments occurring on each continent we found that, in comparison with CTI our revised values were up to 20% lower in, e.g. the Amazon. We found the highest catchment means were for the Murray–Darling and Nelson–Saskatchewan rather than for the Amazon and St. Lawrence as found from the CTI. For the majority of large catchments, however, the spread of our new GA2 index values is very similar to those of CTI, yet with more spatial variability apparent at fine scale. We believe these new index layers represent greatly improved global-scale topographic index values and hope that they will be widely used in land surface modelling applications in the future.
Landslide susceptibility near highways is increased by 1 order of magnitude in the Andes of southern Ecuador, Loja province
Authors: Brenning A. , Schwinn M. , Ruiz-Páez A. P. , Muenchow J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Mountain roads in developing countries are known to increase landslide occurrence due to often inadequate drainage systems and mechanical destabilization of hillslopes by undercutting and overloading. This study empirically investigates landslide initiation frequency along two paved interurban highways in the tropical Andes of southern Ecuador across different climatic regimes. Generalized additive models (GAM) and generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyze the relationship between mapped landslide initiation points and distance to highway while accounting for topographic, climatic, and geological predictors as possible confounders. A spatial block bootstrap was used to obtain nonparametric confidence intervals for the odds ratio of landslide occurrence near the highways (25 m distance) compared to a 200 m distance. The estimated odds ratio was 18–21, with lower 95% confidence bounds >13 in all analyses. Spatial bootstrap estimation using the GAM supports the higher odds ratio estimate of 21.2 (95% confidence interval: 15.5–25.3). The highway-related effects were observed to fade at about 150 m distance. Road effects appear to be enhanced in geological units characterized by Holocene gravels and Laramide andesite/basalt. Overall, landslide susceptibility was found to be more than 1 order of magnitude higher in close proximity to paved interurban highways in the Andes of southern Ecuador.
Glacier change in the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada (1952–2005)
Authors: Beedle M. J. , Menounos B. , Wheate R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We applied photogrammetric methods with aerial photography from 11 different years between 1946 and 2005 to assess changes in area and volume of 33 glaciers in the Cariboo Mountains of British Columbia for the latter half of the 20th century. These are used to identify changes in extent and elevation primarily for the periods 1952–1985, 1985–2005, and 1952–2005. All glaciers receded during the period 1952–2005; area retreat averaged −0.19 ± 0.05 % a−1. From 1952 to 1985, nine glaciers advanced; following 1985, retreat rates accelerated to −0.41 ± 0.12% a−1. Thinning rates of a subset of seven glaciers likewise accelerated, from −0.14 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1 (1952–1985) to −0.50 ± 0.07 m w.e. a−1 for the period 1985–2005. Temperatures increased from the earlier to the latter period for the ablation (+0.38 °C) and accumulation (+0.87 °C) seasons, and average precipitation decreased, particularly in the accumulation season (−32 mm, −3.2%). Our comparison of surface area change with glacier morphometry corroborates previous studies that show primary relations between extent change and surface area. We also find that the strength and sign of these relations varied for different epochs. Our results also indicate that the 1985 glacier extent for the study area reported previously by other studies may be slightly overestimated due to errant mapping of late-lying snow cover.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice
Authors: Fritz M. , Opel T. , Tanski G. , Herzschuh U. , Meyer H. , Eulenburg A. , Lantuit H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Thermal permafrost degradation and coastal erosion in the Arctic remobilize substantial amounts of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients which have been accumulated in late Pleistocene and Holocene unconsolidated deposits. Their vulnerability to thaw subsidence, collapsing coastlines and irreversible landscape change is largely due to the presence of large amounts of massive ground ice such as ice wedges. However, ground ice has not, until now, been considered to be a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and other elements, which are important for ecosystems and carbon cycling. Here we show, using geochemical data from a large number of different ice bodies throughout the Arctic, that ice wedges have the greatest potential for DOC storage with a maximum of 28.6 mg L−1 (mean: 9.6 mg L−1). Variation in DOC concentration is positively correlated with and explained by the concentrations and relative amounts of typically terrestrial cations such as Mg2+ and K+. DOC sequestration into ground ice was more effective during the late Pleistocene than during the Holocene, which can be explained by rapid sediment and OC accumulation, the prevalence of more easily degradable vegetation and immediate incorporation into permafrost. We assume that pristine snowmelt is able to leach considerable amounts of well-preserved and highly bioavailable DOC as well as other elements from surface sediments, which are rapidly stored in ground ice, especially in ice wedges, even before further degradation. In the Yedoma region ice wedges represent a significant DOC (45.2 Tg) and DIC (33.6 Tg) pool in permafrost areas and a fresh-water reservoir of 4172 km3. This study underlines the need to discriminate between particulate OC and DOC to assess the availability and vulnerability of the permafrost carbon pool for ecosystems and climate feedback upon mobilization.
Kurić and Others v. Slovenia & Kurić and Others v. Slovenia (Just Satisfaction) (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
Authors: Schneebaum Steven M.
Published: January 2015

The dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) brought in its wake massive bloodshed, as well as human rights violations not seen on the European continent since the end of the Second World War. It probed the boundaries of contemporary international law in numerous ways, including providing the first “field tests” of the doctrine of “responsibility to protect,” which may turn out to be the biggest challenge to the notion of state sovereignty posed in centuries.
Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (I.L.O.)
Authors: Anton Donald K.
Published: January 2015

Despite long-running international efforts to end forced labor, including modern forms of slavery and human trafficking, it remains a prevalent occurrence throughout the world. The most recent data from the International Labor Organization (ILO) is disturbing. It discloses that at least 20.9 million people around the world are the victims of forced labor today.