bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous absorption of 4 organic solvents in the guinea pig
Authors: Boman Anders , Blute Irena , Fernsthöm Peter , Carlfors Johan , Rydhag Lisbeth
Published: April 2006

Percutaneous absorption of 4 organic solvents (1,1,1‐lrkhloroelhane, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane, toluene and butanol) from various colloidal preparations in a surfactant‐water‐organic solvent system was studied in vivo in guinea pigs The preparations examined were binary solutions of organic solvents and surfactants, o/w emulsions and microemulsions. Phase diagram, birefringence microscopy and droplet size distribution analysis were used for characterization of the preparations. It was found that skin absorption of the solvents depends on the type of surfactant, type of preparation and also on phase equilibria in the systems studied. The presence of nonionic surfactants in the solvents and in a microemulsion with butanol caused skin absorption to decrease. A reduced uptake of solvents from o/w emulsions was observed. The absorption of butanol from a microemulsion with anionic surfactant was greater than from the pure solvent.
The sensitizing capacity of coumarins (III)
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Berger M.
Published: April 2006

9 coumarins used as chemical reagents, laser dyes, in perfumery, cosmetics or occurring naturally. Were investigated, experimentally in guinea pigs to determine their contact sensitizing capacity 5.7‐dihydroxycoumarin, limettin and 5.7‐dihydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin were found to be moderate sensitizers, while scoparone, isoscopoletin and 4‐hydroxycoumarin were weak. The 3 laser dyes were completely negative. The results indicate that substitution in the 6 and 7 or 5 and 7 positions with 2 hydroxy groups supports allergenic capability, while other substituents (e.g., methoxy groups) in the same positions, or an additional (third) substituent, diminish activity.
Skin reactions to hexylene glycol
Authors: Kinnunen Tuula , Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

Hexylene glycol (HG). which has been used for years in industrial chemicals and cosmetics, has recently been introduced in topical corticosteroids. We studied the irritant and sensitizing properties of HG in eczema patients. HG at 50% or 30% and propylene glycol (PG) 30% in water were patch tested in 823 eczema patients subjected to routine patch testing. Oedema and erythema reactions from HG occurred in 2.8% of the patients. The corresponding result for PG was 3.8%. 50% HG equalled 30% PG in producing a visible reaction. In patch tests with dilution series. 2 patients reacted to 1% HG, but in both cases ROAT with HG remained negative. One other patient with a 3 + patch test reaction to both 30% PG and 50% HG had a positive ROAT result in 30% HG in water and to 5% PG in a cream base PG, but not HG, increased transepidermal water loss both in atopic normal‐looking skin and among healthy controls. The present results suggest that HG is less irritating than PG under occlusion, but that delayed contact allergic reactions may occur.
Different skin irritation abilities of different qualities of sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: Agner Tove , Serup Jørgen , Handlos Vagn , Batsberg Walther
Published: April 2006

A marked variation in the concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) used for irritant patch testing is found in the literature, but is hitherto unexplained. In the present study, 2 different qualities of SLS were tested clinically on healthy volunteers. The skin responses were evaluated by visual scoring as well as by non‐invasive measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). blood flow and oedema. A significant difference in the skin response lo the 2 qualities was found both clinically and by non‐invasive methods used for quantitation. 5 different qualities of SLS were investigated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Marked discrepancies in the quantity of C12 carbon chains in the products were found, offering an explanation for the proven difference in the clinical response. It is concluded that only SLS qualities of high purity should be used for irritant patch testing, and that both the quality and the purity of SLS should be slated.
Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis
Authors: Christophersen J. , Menné T. , Tanghøj P. , Andersen K. E. , Brandrup F. , Kaaber K. , Osmundsen P. E. , Thestrup‐Pedersen K. , Veien N. K. ,   Danish Contact Dermatitis Group
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of individual explanatory factors, such is sex, age, atopy, test time and presence of diseased skin, on clinical patch lest results, by application of multivariate statistical analysis. The study population was 2l66 consecutive patients patch tested with the standard series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) by members of the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group (DCDG) over a period of ft months. Fur the 8 test allergens most often found positive (nickel, fragrance‐mix, cobalt, chromate. balsam of Peru, carba‐mix, colophony, and formaldehyde). one or more individual factors were of significance for the risk of being sensitized, except for chromate and formaldehyde it is concluded that patch test results can be compared only after stratification of the material or by multivariate analysis.
Clinical aspects of para‐tertiary‐ butylphenolformaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR) allergy
Authors: Geldof B. A. , Roesyanto I. D. , van Joost Th.
Published: April 2006

Sensitization by para‐tertiary‐butylphenolformaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR). which is particularly useful as a leather glue, has been known fur 30 years. We retrospectively studied the clinical aspects, of those patients with a PTBP‐FR allergy among 1966 patients in whom contact dermatitis was confirmed by patch testing. A positive patch test to PTBP‐FR was. present in 30 patients (1.5%). 24 of whom were women, fixposure to PTBP‐FR as a cause of the dermatitis was “certain” in 7 “very likely” in 6 and “unclear” in 17. 677% of the patients had a multiple allergy. In 43.3% of the patients, a history of atopy was found. No Clear association of PTBP‐ER sensitization with allergies to phenolformaldehyde resin (P‐FR) or free para‐tertiary‐butylphenol (PTBP) EMERGED IN THIS GROUP OF 30 PATIENTS. This study supports the hypothesis that PTBP‐FR do not contain the same sensitizers. Follow up of 26 of the 30 patients showed a favourable course, dependent on identification of the source of exposure, avoidance of further contact and absence of sensitization to multiple allergens.
Post‐application occlusion substantially increases the irritant response of the skin to repeated short‐term sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure
Authors: Van der Valk Pieter G. M. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Occlusion often, but not always, enhances percutaneous absorption and thus may facilitate skin irritation. Quantitative data about the impact occlusivity may have on minimal irritant stimuli to which the skin is exposed in daily life, and which may lead to chronic irritant contact dermatitis, are however lacking. Irritant stimuli were administered by repeated application of sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) in an open Application procedure. After the open exposure, the skin was either left open or occluded with plastic. Skin irritancy was assessed by means of visual grading and by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Post‐exposure occlusive treatment markedly enhanced the irritant response. 5 consecutive daily applications produced more irritation, with or without occlusion, than alternate day application. Occlusion may be a relevant factor in the development of irritant contact dermatitis from certain chemicals.
Ranking of surfactant skin irritancy in vivo in man using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST)
Authors: Berardesca E. , Fideli D. , Gabba P. , Cespa M. , Raggiosi G. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Irritant effects and disturbance of water‐holding capacity induced by surfactants were investigated using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST) technique. 4 surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), sorbitan monolaurate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and benzalkonium chloride) and an amphoteric/ nonionic (A/ N) mix were investigated. 1 × daily for 3 days, test surfactants were applied to marked sues (open) on the volar forearm. After 24 h occlusion with a plastic chamber on the 4th days. skin surface water loss (SSWL) (g/m2h) was recorded continuously for 25 min with an evaporimeter. The differences between the surfactants were statistically significant (Friedman's test p<0.01). SLS and the A/ N mix revealed significant differences compared to the other compounds (p<0.05), both in decay constants and in values recorded at the beginning and at the end of the decay curve. The study suggests a mechanism for the high irritant potential of sodium lauryl sulphate compared lo other surfactants: sorbitan monolaurate and benzalkonium chloride seem lo influence (at the concentrations tested) to a lesser extent the water‐holding capacity of the stratum corneum. The clinical and biological relevance of these observations requires long‐term clinical correlations with final product use tests.
Multiple parameter assessment of vulvar irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Elsner Peter , Wilhelm Dorothea , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, pH, blood flow and color reflectance were evaluated for quantifying the irritant response of vulvar and forearm skin to 3% sodium lauryl sulfate in 9 healthy premenopausal women. TEWL, capacitance, pH, blood flow, and all parameters of color reflectance changed significantly in forearm irritant dermatitis. In vulvar irritant dermatitis, however, significant changes were observed only for blond flow and the color reflectance parameters a* and b*. Using the combination of TEWL, capacitance and blood flow, forearm irritant dermatitis was detected with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 100%. In this study, the best combination of parameters to detect vulvar irritant dermatitis was pH, blood flow. a* and b*, which had a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 75%. It is concluded that available bioengineering techniques are less suitable to quantify irritant dermatitis in the vulva than in the forearm.
Contact allergy to Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.): isolation and identification of new hydroxyflavan sensitizers
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Bruhn G. , Tilsley D. A.
Published: April 2006

Australian blackwood is known to be an important cause of allergic contact dermatitis in Australia. Previous investigations have shown that 2,6‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone and acamelin are 2 of the responsible, but weak, sensitizers. When these 2 quinones are lacking. which is occasionally found, the wood still possesses allergenic property The present re‐examination led to the: isolation and identification of 4 hydroxyflavans, of which 3 proved to he allergens. Melacacidin, known to be the main constituent of these flavan derivatives in the heartwoud, was isolated and its sensitizing capacity in guinea pigs determined. It showed a moderate sensitizing power. Melacacidin occurs abundantly in 125 Australian and 3 African Aeacia species.
Allergic contact dermatitis from diphenylthiourea in Vulkan heat retainers
Authors: Meding Birgitta , Baum Henryk , Bruze Magnus , Roupe Gösta , Trulsson Lena
Published: April 2006

11 cases of contact dermatitis from Vulkan heat retainers are reported. The skin eruptions started on days 1–11 after the 1st day of exposure. The clinical picture varied from eczema through urticaria to purpura. In some cases, the symptoms were severe. Patch testing was performed in 10 individuals and all reacted positively to the heat retainer and/or the rubber glue used in the heat retainer. A series of rubber chemicals was patch tested in 7 patients and all showed positive reactions to diphenylthiourea (DPTU), and all but one to ethylene thiourea (ETU). TLC examination revealed a spot with the same RF‐value as DPTU in extracts of the adhesive, but no spot corresponding to ETU. There were no indications of impurities in the test preparations of DPTU and ETU. By HPLC, the content of DPTU in the adhesive was determined as 0.6% w/w.
Occupational dermatitis in animal feed mill workers
Authors: Mancuso G. , Staffa M. , Errani A. , Berdondini R. M. , Fabbri P
Published: April 2006

In an epidemiological study of occupational dermatitis in 15 different northern Italian animal feed mills, 204 workers were interviewed, examined and patch tested to 34 allergens, selected from the additives most commonly used in the animal feed mills under consideration. The prevalence of occupational contact dermatitis was 13.7% (28/204): 7.8% (16/204) irritant contact dermatitis and 5.8% (12/204) allergic contact dermatitis from animal feed additives. Among the latter, there were sensitizations, to our knowledge hitherto unreported in the literature: to indigo carmine (2 cases), monensin sodium (1 case), thiabendazole (1 case), methylchlorpindol (1 case) and amprolium hydrochloride (1 case) 3.9% (8/204) of the workers complained only of pruritus sine materia on exposed areas of the body. Contact dermatitis increased with respect to duration of employment: the difference in the rate of contact dermatitis between workers employed in animal feed mill for > 10 years and those employed for < 10 years was statistically significant (p < 0.05), 6.8% (14/204) had latent sensitivity, which was more frequent in workers with < I year of employment with respect to more experienced colleagues.
Photoallergic reaction to fluorescein
Authors: Hochsattel R. , Gall H. , Weber L. , Kaufmann R.
Published: April 2006

A photoallergie reaction to fluorescein was demonstrated in a male diabetic by photopatch and photoprovocation tests. Sensitization was acquired by tonometries using a fluorescein‐containing local anesthetic, preceding fluorescein angiography for diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Histopathological examination of skin lesions induced in both photopatch and photoprovocation tests confirmed the diagnosis of photoallergic reaction to fluorescein.
Allergic contact dermatitis from gardenia fruit
Authors: Kubo Yorjiro , Nonaka Shigeo , Yoshida Hikotaro
Published: April 2006

A 41‐year‐old man, with severe itchy dermatitis on the left leg, had treated a bruise on the left knee with a topical folk remedy called Sukujikoh, which contains about 16% powdered gardenia fruit. After 4 days, an exacerbation of symptoms appeared, with edema, erythema, and vesicles in the treated area. Patch testing indicated sensitivity to the seeds of gardenia fruit and, to a lesser extent, the pericarp (fruit wall). The allergens could be extracted into ethanol and, less readily, into water.
Seasonal koilonychia in Ladakh
Authors: Dolma Tsering , Norboo Tsering , Yayha Mohammed , Hubson Richard , Ball Keith
Published: April 2006

During a health survey for chest disease in Ladakh, it was noted that women and a few men had marked koilonychia. It caused disfigurement, discomfort and sometimes disturbance of function. It occured mainly in spring and summer and usually disappeared in winter. It is thought to be due to exposure to cold wet mud while repairing walls and irrigation canals. There was no evidence of iron deficiency.
Allergic contact dermatitis from propyl gallate: dose response comparison using various application methods
Authors: Kraus A. L. , Stotts J. , Altringer L. A. , Allgood G. S.
Published: April 2006

The antioxidant propyl gallate, in a deodorant product, caused an allergic contact dermatitis in 1 subject during developmental controlled use testing. Subsequent dose response elicitation studies with this subject revealed a differing threshold of sensitivity to propyl gallate dependent upon application method. Increasing the level of occlusion increased the elicitation response. Responsiveness from greatest to least was: occluded patch on the upper arm > semi‐occluded axilla > open application on the antecubital fossa. The thresholds determined for propyl gallate (w/v in 25:75 ethanol:water) were: (a) 0.0025% for the upper arm occluded patch; (b) 0.0035% for the underarm without shaving; (c) 0.005% for the underarm with shaving; (d) 0.015% for the antecubital fossa. Occluded patch responsiveness to propyl gallate was monitored and remained unchanged throughout a 2‐year period. These data are useful in understanding the relationship between occlusive allergic contact dermatitis patch testing and clinical contact dermatitis.
Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with summer‐exacerbated dermatitis
Authors: Wrangsjö Karin , Ros Anne Marie , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

16 patients with summer‐exacerbated dermatitis were examined by patch testing and photopatch testing with a battery of Compositae and standard allergens. IgE and RAST, and the thresholds to UVA and UVB, were determined. 6 female and 2 male patients showed allergic contact reactions to one or more Compositae extracts from flowers common in Sweden, also used in skin care products. The study points to the importance of including testing with Compositae allergens in patients with summer‐exacerbated dermatitis. This group comprises patients with multiple contact reactions, photosensitivity and flares of atopic dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis from Naphthol AS
Authors: Roed‐Petersen Jytte , Batsberg Walther , Larsen Elfinn
Published: April 2006

Naphthol AS, a coupling agent in cotton dyeing, caused allergic contact dermatitis in 5 patients, sensitized from wearing a special kind of shirt. Patch tests with Naphthol AS and pieces of shirt were positive in all 5 patients. Analysis of 1 of the shirts revealed the presence of Naphthol AS. 1 patient with hand dermatitis and positive patch tests to Naphthol AS and nickel was a needlewoman, probably sensitized to Naphthol AS from occupational contact with clothes.
Patch testing with the “sesquiterpene lactone mix”: a marker for contact allergy to Compositae and other sesquiterpene‐lactone‐containing plants A multicentre study of the EECDRG
Authors: Ducombs G. , Benezra C. , Talaga P. , Andersen K. E. , Burrows D. , Camarasa J. G. , Dooms‐Goossens A. , Frosch P. J. , Lachapelle J. M. , Menné T. , Rycroft R. J. G. , White I. R. , Shaw S. , Wilkinson J. D.
Published: April 2006

6278 patients were patch tested with a sesquiterpene lactone mix (SL‐mix) in 10 European clinics. 4011 patients were tested only with 0.1% SL‐mix. 63 (approximately 1.5%) of whom were positive, with 26 (41%) of these cases being considered clinically relevant. There were no cases of active sensitization occurred though 5 eases of irritation were reported. 22 irritant reactions and 22 cases of active sensitization occurred when testing also with 1% and 0.33% concentrations of SL‐mix. SL‐mix 0.1% pet is shown to be an important patch test and many relevant sensitizations will be missed without routine screening with such a mix. Most patients with SL‐mix sensitivity presented with hand and/or face dermatitis, apparent photodermatitis or more generalised eczema.
Serum concentrations in nickel‐sensitive patients after prolonged oral administration
Authors: Santucci B. , Manna F. , Cristaudo A. , Cannistraci C. , Capparella M. R. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

11 nickel‐sensitive subjects were given a gradually increasing daily oral intake of NiSO4 in water. The treatment lasted from between 49 and 152 days and the total intake ranged from 56.43 to 271.70 mg of Ni++. Ni serum concentrations were repeatedly assayed. While the values varied irregularly in the first assessments, they then tended to diminish and to be lower than those found at basal level. The ratio of Ni serum concentration to oral intake demonstrated that, as the doses administered increased, the absorption of nickel decreased. We hypothesize that this trend might be due to an intestinal adaptivity that reduces nickel absorption.
Prevalence and sources of sensitization to emulsifiers: a clinical study
Authors: Tosti A. , Guerra L. , Morelli R. , Bardazzi F.
Published: April 2006

737 patients with suspected cosmetic‐ or medicament‐related contact dermatitis were patch with 6 emulsifier agents: triethanolamine, cetyl stearyl alcohol, sorbitan sesquioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and Amerchol L 101. 39 patients (5.3%) gave I or more positive patch texts to emulsifiers. A total of 54 positive reactions were found, 23 of which were clinically relevant, triethanolamine being the most frequent sensitizer. Patients with emulsifier sensitivity generally give a high prevalence of positive patch tests to other common ingredients of topical preparations, such as preservatives or active ingredients. Cosmetics and topical medicaments were detected as the source of sensitization in an equal number of patients. Patch tests with patients’own causative preparations were frequently negative. To avoid overlooking emulsifier sensitivity, it is advisable to test these compounds in patients with contact dermatitis that is possibly due to topical preparations, regardless of whether they have other clinically relevant positive reactions or whether patch tests with their own products are negative.
Studies on the contact sensitizing activity of dithranol (anthralin) and 10‐butyryl dithranol (butantrone)
Authors: Viluksela Matti , Haasio Kristiina , Männistö Pekka T.
Published: April 2006

The contact sensitizing activity of dithranol and butantrone (10‐butyryl dithranol) was studied in 3 animal models: the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). the closed patch test (CPT), and the mouse ear swelling lest (MUST) in 2 different mouse strains. In the GPMT. both dithranol and, to a greater extent, butantrone showed sensitizing potential. Because butaintrone was less irritant, the concentrations used were 10 x higher than those of dithranol. In the CPT, only butantrone was slightly positive. In the MEST. with both CF‐1 and Balb/c mice, dithranol caused less swelling of the test ear after challenge than butantrone. According to the evalution criteria of the MEST, only butantrone caused sensitization in 50% of the CF‐1 mice and in 40% of the Balb/c mice. Thus, the GPMT was the only test which indicated the minor contact sensitizing potential of dithranol. On the other hand, the 10‐butyryl analogue of dithranol showed undoubtedly stronger contact sensitizing potential than the parent compound in all tests. Therefore, as compared to dithranol, an increased risk of sensitization should be considered.
Skin acceptance of transcutaneous nitroglycerin patches: a prospective study of 33 patients
Authors: Vaillant L. , Biette S. , Machet L. , Constans T. , Monpère C.
Published: April 2006

Transdermal nitroglycerin is commonly used and may induce contact dermatitis The frequency of adverse skin reactions is controversial and may vary from 10% to 75%, according to various authors. 33 patients using transdermal nitroglycerin for more than 7 days were examined and patch tested (nitroglycerin 0.5% aq., 2% pet, and TTS in toto). 5 patients (15%) had adverse reactions. The patch tests were all negative in the 33 patients. Contact dermatitis occurs in many cases, about 15% of the cases with the newly available TTS, and even it patients rasped the conditions for using TTS, These dermal Hides are mainly irritant reaction and do not require transdermal nitroglycerin treatment to he stopped. Nevertheless, since some cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported. a contact dermatitis from transdermal nitroglycerin should lead to patch testing.
Predictive factors for hand eczema
Authors: Meding Birgitta , Swanbeck Gunnar
Published: April 2006

Factors related to hand eczema were studied. Their relative importance as predictors was ranked by multiple logistic regression analysis. Questionnaires were sent to 20,000 individuals aged 20–65 years, randomly selected from the population register. Those subjects (1385) considering themselves to have had hand eczema within the previous 12 months were invited to a dermatological examination. It was found that it history of childhood eczema was the most important predictive factor for hand eczema. Second was female sex, followed by occupational exposure, a history or asthma and or hay fever, and service occupation. A small decrease in risk with advancing age was also found. The difference in the probability of having hand eczema In a l‐year period, between individuals having the most important risk factors studied and those having none of them proved to be for females 48% compared to 8%, and for males 34% compared to 4%. A history of childhood eczema was found to be more common among voting persons, indicating an increase in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis. Of those individuals who reported childhood eczema, 27% reported hand eczema on some occasion during the last 12 months.
Patch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects
Authors: Seidenari S. , Manzini B. M. , Danese P. , Motolese A.
Published: April 2006

593 recruits selected by the Military Health Service as being healthy and without a history of present or previous dermatitis, or ocular refraction defects, were patch tested with the GIRDCA (Italian Research Group on Contact and Environmental Dermatitis) standard series, of these, 336 were also patch tested with substances used in the processing and dyeing of textiles and prick tested with 8 major allergens. 74 (12.5%) reacted to 1 or more substances. The most frequent sensitizes were: thimerosal (28 cases]. ammoniated mercury (7 cases), phenol‐formaldehyde resin (6 cases], parabens, nicked and Disperse Red 17 (4 cases Each). 113 recruits reacted to 1 or more prick test allergens. We have demonstrated the importance of establishing such reference values in healthy groups for the correct evaluation of data collected from selected groups.
Occupational dermatoses from epoxy resin compounds
Authors: Jolanki Riitta , Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Tarvainen Kyllikki , Keskinen Helena , Henriks‐Eckrmaan Maj‐Len
Published: April 2006

This study comprises 40 patients with skin disorders from current or previous occupational exposure to epoxy resin compounds (ERC) during 1984–1988. ERCs were the 3rd most common cause(32 of 264 cases; 12.1%) of currently relevant allergic contact dermatitis: 23 cases from epoxy resins based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA‐ERs). 5 from reactive diluents. I from amine hardeners (DETA), and 3 from epoxy acrylates, 2 cases (0.8%) of irritant contact dermatitis were due to ERCs. Methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHUPA. an epoxy hardener) caused I case of contact urticaria. Previously relevant occupational allergic contact dermatitis from DGEBA‐ERs was detected in 5 cases on patch testing; ERG allergens gave the following positive reactions: epoxy resin of the standard series in 35 cases (4.05% of 870 tested), epoxy reactive diluents in to (7.1% of 140), cycloaliphatic epoxy resins in 4 (11.1% of 36). epoxy acrylates in 4 (4.5% of 88), and amine compounds commonly used as epoxy hardeners in 17. Despite extensive patch test series, testing with patients’own ERCs remains important.
Corticosteroid sensitivity and cross‐sensitivity A review of 18 cases 1967‐1988
Authors: Sasaki Eiko
Published: April 2006

506 patients were suspected of being allergic to corticosteroid medicaments in our clinic during the 22 years from 1967 to 1988. Patch tests were performed in these patients. Scratch tests, intradermal tests, and challenge tests were also carried out in some cases, 69 patients showed positive reactions to corticosteroid products (as is). 18 were allergic to the corticosteroid itself and 44 were sensitive to vehicle components or other active ingredients. In 7 cases, the allergen could not be detected. Patients who were allergic to corticosteroids were tested for their cross‐sensitivity with our corticosteroid patch test series. Cross‐reactions tended to occur between members of the same corticosteroid type, and some of the combinations of different corticosteroid types cross‐reacted with other. Corticosteroid‐sensitive cases have increased in number during these 22 years. Corticosteroid sensitivity is not as rare as formerly thought.
A quantitative structure activity/dose response relationship for contact allergic potential of alkyl group transfer agents
Authors: Roberts D. W. , Basketter D. A.
Published: April 2006

As part of the investigation of structure activity relationships in contact allergy, it has been shown that methyl transfer agents are capable of acting as skin sensitizers. This work has now been extended to a more general examination of alkyl transfer reactions. The modified single injection adjuvant test has been used to investigate the sensitization potential of C12, C16, and unsaturated C18 alkyl transfer agents. Dose responses to challenge and the patterns of cross‐reactivity between these materials and methyl transfer agents have been studied. All alkyl transfer agents examined were potent sensitizers in the guinea pig. There was evidence of mutual cross‐reactivity between all alkyl transfer agents examined (including methyl transfer agents). Analysis of the data in terms of a modified relative alkylation index showed evidence of an overload effect. The sensitization data has been accurately modelled using a mathematical equation. These results emphasize the possibilities for relating physicochemical parameters and skin sensitization potential. Further studies with alkyl transfer agents art in progress of amplify the observations and conclusions presented in this report. No in vitro model is available for the prediction of skin sensitization potential. Therefore approach based on a model using physicochemical criteria is the most likely route to a reduced requirement for animal testing.
Contact and photocontact allergy to ketoprofen: clinical and experimental study
Authors: Mozzanica Nino , Pigatto Paolo D.
Published: April 2006

In the last 3 years, we have studied 10 patients with allergic reactions to topical ketoprofen. We have investigated the sensitization and irritant potential of the drug and the possibility of cross‐reactivity with other aryl‐propionic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (ibuproxam, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, flubiprofen and tiaprofenic acid), 2 of our patients had contact dermatitis, and the other 8 photocontact dermatitis. One of our patients showed cross‐reactivity between ketoprofen and ibuproxam on patch testing. In the photopatch tests, we observed cross‐reactivity between ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid in 2 patients, and cross‐reaction between ketoprofen and ibuproxam and flurbiprofen in another case. Experimental studies, including human maximization and photomaximization tests, performed in 20 healthy volunteers, showed a complete absence of sensitization. 3 volunteers showed a marked irritant reaction to ketoprofen (20% pet.) during either maximization (2 cases) or photomaximization (I case) tests. Although ketoprofen appears not to be a sensitizing agent in human volunteers, the fact that photosensitization to this drug seems to be quite common after topical use suggests that there are some local or individual factors, at present unknown, facilitating the development of allergy.
Contact allergy due to colophony (VII), Sensitizing studies with oxidation products of abietic and related acids
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Krohn K. , Budianto E.
Published: April 2006

9 oxidation products of abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and levopimaric acid were prepared synthetically to determine their sensitizing potential in guinea pigs. It was found that compounds with epoxy and peroxo groups in rings A and B had a notable sensitizing potential. The same result was found with 7‐oxode‐hydroabietic acid identified earlier in rosin (3) and a polar fraction obtained from commercial abietic acid, suggesting the presence of still unidentified oxidation products. Hydroxylation of rings A or B, or conversion to the methyl esters, considerably decreases the sensitizing potential. A model is presented underlining the importance of hydrophobic and polar domains addition to chemically reactive groupings, in the allergen. Insertion into the lipid bilayer may play an important rôle in contact sensitivity.
Detection of rosin (colophony) components in technical products using an HPLC technique*
Authors: Ehrin E. , Karlberg A.‐T.
Published: April 2006

A method for detection of rosin (colophony) in technical produces has been developed. The technique, using HPLC, is based on the analysis of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid, major components of rosin. In the procedure described in this paper, the limit of detection was 0.001% for abietic acid and 0.015% for dehydroabietic acid. An average recovery of 88.9% for abietic acid and 88.2% for dehydroabietic acid was obtained. The lowest detectable amount of abietic acid (0.001%) corresponds to a content of 0.003% unmodified rosin in the product, assuming that the resin acid content in rosin is 90%, of which 30–50% is abietic acid. This is an acceptable limit compared to the reactivity in patients with known allergy in rosin. Technical products for analysis were supplied by different Swedish manufacturers, who also gave the approximate content of rosin in the various products. The content of rosin determined in the products was in accordance with the contents, given by the manufacturers.
Phototoxicity due to Cachrys libanotis
Authors: Ena P. , Cerri R. , Dessi G. , Manconi P. M. , Atzei A. D.
Published: April 2006

After classification and identification of the plant, the alcoholic extract of Cachrys libanotis L. was analysed in order to identify the phototoxic agents. The substances responsible for photodermatitis were found to be 4 furocoumarins, of which 3 have been clearly identified, namely 5‐methoxy‐, 8‐methoxy‐and 5,8‐dmiethoxypsoralen. The structure of a 4th compound was not completely defined.
Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

We assessed the effect of repeated application of cutting oil on 9 guinea pigs' skin by visual scoring and skin water vapour loss measurement. The visual scores (severity score) were significantly higher on skin treated with cutting oil (positive control) compared to untreated skin (negative control). The corresponding mean SVL values were also significantly higher. We also assessed the effect of 2 barrier creams on the 9 guinea pigs' skin treated with cutting oil. The visual scores on skin treated with either barrier cream were significantly higher than positive control skin. The corresponding mean SVL values on skin treated with either barrier cream were also higher (not statistically significant). It appeared that the 2 barrier creams did not confer protection against the irritant effect of the cutting oil. On the contrary, barrier creams appeared to exacerbate the irritant effect of cutting oil.
Capsaicin enhances allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig
Authors: Wallengren Joanna , Ekman Rolf , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Guinea pigs were sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the intracutaneous route and challenged epicutaneously tin the flanks. The intensity of the allergic contact dermatitis was evaluated by inspection and palpation as well us by wet weight determination. With the purpose of diminishing tissue neuropeptides, and substance P in particular, the animals were treated with capsaicin either between induction and challenge, or before sensitization, In comparison with controls, the contact dermatitis was Enhanced in both groups of animals treated with capsaicin.
Allergic contact dermatitis from Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
Authors: Gonçalo Margarida , Gonçalo Saudade
Published: April 2006

9 cases of contact sensitivity to Dittrichia viscosa, mainly with an airborne pattern, aree described. All patient reacted to the fresh leaf of die plain and to its ethereal extracts at 1 and 0.5% pet., and some of them also to that at 0.1% pet. Positive reactions to Frullania dilatata, Laurus nobilis, some other members of the Composite, and helenin were observed, suggesting the diagnosis of a sesquiterpene‐lactone‐induced allergic contact dermatitis.
Contact sensitivity to miconazole with ortho‐chloro cross‐sensitivity to other imidazoles
Authors: Baes Herman
Published: April 2006

A case of allergic contact dermatitis from miconazole is reported. Patch testing with a series of azole antimycotics was positive only to miconazole, isoconazole, tioconazole and oxiconazole. Those reacting are all β‐substituted 1‐phenethyl imidazoles with an ortho‐chlorine substitution on the aromatic ring. For this hitherto unreported pattern of cross‐sensitivity, the designation of “orthochloro cross‐sensitivity” is proposed.
Lymphocyte transformation and thiuram sensitization
Authors: Klmber I. , Quikke S. , Cumberbatch M. , Ashby J. , Paton D. , Aldridge R. D. , Hunter J. A. A. , Beck M. H.
Published: April 2006

The use of a lymphocyte transformation test (LIT] to confirm allergic contact dermatitis from thiurms has been investigated. The responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cell? (PBMC) from thiuram‐sensitive; and non‐sensitive individuals following culture with dimethylerbamoyl‐protein (human serum albumin; USA) and dimethylthiocarbamoly‐HSA conjugates has been compared. Only PBMC From those patients who were patch‐test‐positive with thiuram‐mix and sensitized to tetramethylthiuram monosulphide (TMTM) or TMTM and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD) exhibited significant proliferative responses to these conjugates. Thiuraiu‐patch‐test.‐negative patients and control donors with no history fo allergic contact dermatitis failed to mount a significant response to any concentration of either conjugate. Two of the thiuram sensitive patients were also nickel‐patch‐test‐positive. and PBMC isolated from these donors, but not from nickel‐patch‐test‐negative patients, proved positive in a nickel LTT. The data reveal that relevant hapten‐protein conjugates are capable of provoking spicifie human lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro, and that, using this technique, the LTT can, in principle, be used for the investigation and/or diagnosis of skin sensitization to lipophilic contact allergens.
The loss of contact sensitization in man
Authors: Valsecchi R. , Rossi A , Bigardi A. , Pigatto P. D.
Published: April 2006

Little is yet known about the duration of contact sensitivity, but frequent exposure of a target lo allergen seems to reduce skin reactivity The aim of this study was to study the persistence of a specific contact sensitivity in 66 patients with alopecia areata, previously sensitized in DNCB (31 patients) and SADBF, (35 patients) between 1978–1985. Patch tests were performed with 0.020 ml of different concentrations of DNCB or SADBE in acetone (0.05%, 0.10%. 0.20% 1%). The results were read in a standardized manner. Of 66 patients, 47 (71%) had positive reactions and 19 (29%) negative. 8 of the 19 negative patients had been treated with DNCB, 11 with SADBE, Approximately 1/3 of the patients previously sensitized had lost their original sensitivity, und this did not seem to be time‐dependent. This phenomenon seemed to be clinically correlated because the majority of the patients were from the “low responders” group. We think that acquired unresponsiveness to topical antigen in man to a possible phenomenon, but that it occurs more rarely than in mice and guinea pigs.
Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee T. Y , Lam T. H.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis due to garlic is usually due to handling of garlic for cooking. Among the Chinese, garlic is also used its a form of topical medicament S patients developed contact dermatitis lifter rubbing the cut end of a fresh garlic bulb onto the skin to treat fungal and other inflictions at the groin, neck, lower limb, hand or face. The distribution and morphology of the lesions were different from the classical form as described in the literature. Repeated open application tests with fresh garlic were all positive and patch tests with garlic extract were all negative. 5 controls tested by repeated open application with fresh garlic juice were also positive and patch tests in 10 controls with garlic extract were also negative. The results confirmed that the contract dermatitis was due to irritation. The patients were treated successfully with topical fluorinated steroid. For prevention, the practice of direct application of fresh garlic onto the skin for treating infections should be discouraged.
Systemic allergic contact dermatitis from intravesical instillation of the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Conemans Jean M. H.
Published: April 2006

6 cases of contact allergy id the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C from intravesical instillation arc described‐ Reports suggest that up to 9% of patients treated with mitomycin C for chemoresection/prevention of superficial bladder cancer will develop cutaneous side‐effects. Patients may present cither with vesicular dermatitis of the hands and feet and/or dermatitis of the genitals, or with more widespread eruptions, Probably most, if not all, skin reactions are caused by contact allergy. The distribution is suggestive, of systemic contact dermatitis from mitocycin C absorbed from the vesical mucosa.
Contact sensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis) to bis(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide in mice
Authors: Stringer Clive P. , Hickes Roger , Botham Philip A.
Published: April 2006

Contact sensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis) to bis(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide (TBTO) was demonstrated in the mouse. TBTO (in an acetone: olive oil vehicle) or acetone: olive oil alone (as a control) were applied to the shaved flank under an occlusive patch and animals were challenged on the dorsum of the car 6 days later. Ear swelling was then measured using an engineer's micrometer, 2, 24, 48 or 72 h thereafter. Significant differences in ear swelling between control and TBTO‐sensitized animals urn‐found 24 h after challenge; thereafter the elicitation reaction declined rapidly whilst irritant swelling in control animals increased. Maximal elicitation of TBTO sensitivity could only lie elicited by concern rat ions of TBTO that caused irritation. In a separate experiment, u single application of TBTO to the ears of naive animals provoked increases in auricular lymph node weight, cell yield and proliferation of lymph node cells during overnight culture. These data support the conclusion that TBTO is a contact sensitizer and illustrate the potential usefulness of the quantitative methods of contact sensitivity assessment winch have been developed in the mouse.
A case of photosensitivity and contact allergy to systemic tricyclic drugs, with unusual features
Authors: Ljunggren B. , Bojs G.
Published: April 2006

A 43‐year‐old farmer on tricyclic antidenressive drugs developed a severe photodermatitis with associated liver involvement. The lesions spread to covered areas or the skin, suggesting photoallergy clinically. Patch and photopatch testing revealed photoallergy and contact allergy to clomiprumine and contact allergy also to carbamazepine. In addition, the patient had positive patch test reactions to chlorpromazine, balsam of Peru and fragrance‐mix, as well as a positive photopatch test to fentichlor. UVA and UVB erythema thresholds were normal. In this patient, an initial episode of photosensitization, probably elicited by clomipramine, was accompanied by contact allergy to this drug and to carbamazepine. The contact sensitivity to clomipramine could also be elicited by oral provocation without UV light. Hypothetically, a photoproduct of clomipramine may have been the original sensitizer, this compound subsequently cross‐reacting with clomipramine and, possibly with carbamazepine.
Patch test responses to rockwool of different diameters evaluated by cutaneous blood flow measurement
Authors: Eun H. C. , Lee H. G , Paik N. W.
Published: April 2006

Rockwool is a man‐made mineral fiber used mainly for insulation, which can cause mechanical skin irritation. This study was performed to evaluate the irritant potential of rockwools of different diameters and to compare the change of blood flow, measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, at different patch test occlusion times with rockwools. Rockwool A(mean diameter 4.20 ± 1.96 μ) was more irritating than rockwool B (mean diameter 3.20 ± 1.5 μ). The difference was more clearly observed in a 48‐h patch test than in an 8‐h or 24‐h test. We consluded that laser patch test responses to mechanical irritants like rockwool, and that 48 h or more of occlusion time was necessary to produce irritant patch test responses to certain types of rockwool.
Evaluation of calcium magnesium acetate and road salt for contact hypersensitivity potential and dermal irritancy in humans
Authors: Cushman J. R. , Duff V. A. , Butuau G. H. , Aust L. B. , Caldwell N. , Lazer W.
Published: April 2006

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and road salt are both de‐icing agents to which workers may be dermally exposed. A commercial formulation of CMA (Chevron Ice‐B‐GonR Deicer) and road sail were tested in a human repeat insult patch lest to evaluate the contact hypersensitivity potential of these materials and to evaluate dermal irritation following single or multiple applications. 72 of the initial 82 panelists completed the study. CMA and road sail (each at 10% and 30% w/w in distilled water: 0.3 ml) were administered under occlusive patches on the forearm for 14 h 3 × per week for 3 weeks. The punelists were challenged 2 weeks later: 2 panelists who had mild reactions were subsequently rechallenged 6 weeks later. Neither CMA nor road salt produced contact hypersensitivity in any panelists. Following the first application, moderate acute irritation was observed only at I skin site exposed to 30% road salt. Repeated exposure to CMA or road salt produced mild to moderate irritation. The highest incidence of moderate irritation was observed with 30% road salt. Thus, neither material is expected to cause significant dermal effects in exposed workers. CMA is expected to cause dermal irritation equivalent to or less than that caused by road salt.
Contact sensitization to 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one and 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (MCI/MI)
Authors: Menne T. , Frosch P.J. , Veien N. K. , Hannuksela M. , Björkner B. , Lachapelle J. M. , White I. R. , Vejlsgaard G. , Schubert H. J. , Andersen K. E. , Dooms‐Goossens A. , Shaw S. , Wilkinson J.D. , Camarasa J.G. , Wahlberg J.E. , Brandru F. , Brandao F.M. , van der Walle H. B. , Angelini G. , Thestrup‐Edersen K. , Burrows D. , Ducombs G. , Tosti A.
Published: April 2006

The frequency of positive reactions to 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (MCI/MI) were studied at 22 European cntact dermatitis clinics over a period of 1 year. A total of 4713 patients participated. All the patients were patch tested with nickel sulphate, formaldehyde, paraben‐mix, and MCI/MI 19.4% of the patients had positive patch tests to nickel, making this the most common allergen, 3% of the patients reacted to 100 ppm MCI/MI, while 2.6% reacted to formaldchyde and 1.1% to parabens. There was great variation in the frequency of MCI/MI sensitivity among the 22 centres. MCI/MI contact allergy was most common among women and in patients with facial dermatitis, while it was rarely seen in patients with dermatitis on the lower legs. There were no fluctuations in the number of positive patch tests to MCI/MI on a monthly basis when the results from all centres were combined. 117 of the 141 MCI/MI sensitized patients included in the study were retested 88% had positive patch tests when retested. 101 of the MCI/MI‐sensitive patients participated in a double ‐blind, placebo‐controlled product use test. This test showed that 31% of the MCI/MI‐sensitive patients had a positive reaction to a MCI/MI‐preserved product. Only a few patients reacted to a control product. It is concluded that the preservative MCI/MI is an important new contact allergen.