bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Line‐Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy on the In Vivo Healing Process of Lesions Induced by Fractional Photothermolysis
Authors: del Río‐Sancho Sergio , Christen‐Zaech Stephanie , Alvarez Martinez David , Pünchera Jöri , Merat Rastine , Laubach Hans Joachim
Published: September 2024

Background

The advent of ablative fractional photothermolysis has revolutionized laser dermatology by providing a method to produce well‐standardized, precise, and repeatable microscopic lesions. These wounds typically heal within 1–3 weeks, depending on the body site, with a minimal risk of permanent scarring. This positions ablative fractional photothermolysis as an exemplary in vivo model for studying the skin's wound healing processes.

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two noninvasive imaging techniques, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT), in assessing skin wound healing following microscopic injuries induced by ablative fractional photothermolysis.

Methods

The forearms of participating volunteers were treated and ablated with a CO2‐Laser in a fractional pattern using varying power settings (2.5–10 mJ/MTZ). In vivo RCM and LC‐OCT images were obtained at predefined time intervals post‐laser treatment, ranging from 6 h to 14 days.

Results

Vertical visualization of the lesions through both imaging modalities revealed a healing process characterized by the upward and outward movement of microscopic epidermal necrotic debris, thereby reducing the depth of the injury while forming an external crust. LC‐OCT imaging demonstrated more comprehensive results with fewer movement artifacts. Conversely, horizontal visualization with both techniques highlighted a gathering of keratinocytes around the wounds, indicating the initiation of the regenerative process. RCM provided superior image clarity in this horizontal plane.

Conclusions

RCM and LC‐OCT offer valuable and complementary noninvasive alternatives to conventional biopsy methods for the assessment and characterization of the skin's wound healing process post‐ablative fractional photothermolysis. These findings underscore the potential of such imaging techniques in enhancing our understanding of the wound healing process.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05614557.
Incorporating Next‐Generation Sequencing as a Second‐Tier Test for Primary Carnitine Deficiency
Authors: Lin Yiming , Zheng Zhenzhu , Lin Weihua , Peng Weilin
Published: September 2024

Background

Newborn screening (NBS) for primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) has poor performance. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating next‐generation sequencing (NGS) as a second‐tier PCD test.

Methods

Between March and December 2020, 60,070 newborns were screened for inherited metabolic disorders. Newborns with free carnitine (C0) levels below 8.5 μmol/L were selected for second‐tier genetic testing.

Results

In total, 130 (0.22%) newborns with low C0 levels underwent second‐tier genetic testing, 87 (66.92%) had positive genetic testing results, and 30 (23.08%) carried pathogenic variants of the SLC22A5 gene. Six newborns were diagnosed with PCD. The incidence of PCD was approximately 1 in 1:10,012 newborns. The PPV reached 20% after combining with second‐tier NGS. Of the eight variants identified in patients with PCD, the three most common variants were c.760C>T (p.Arg254*), c.51C>G (p.Phe17Leu), and c.1400C>G (p.Ser467Cys). The C0 levels of patients with PCD were significantly lower than those of PCD carriers (p = 0.0026) and PCD‐negative individuals (p = 0.0005).

Conclusions

Our results showed that the PPV reached 20% after combining with second‐tier NGS. The MS/MS‐based NBS and second‐tier NGS combination can effectively reduce the false‐positive rate and detect PCD in patients.
Scientists' perspectives on ethical issues in research with emerging portable neuroimaging technology: The need for guidance on ethical, legal, and societal implications (ELSI)
Authors: Daniels Frances , Torres Efraín , Lawrenz Frances , Wolf Susan M. , Shen Francis X.
Published: September 2024

Deployment of new, more portable, and less costly neuroimaging technologies such as portable magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, positron emission tomography, functional near‐infrared spectroscopy, high‐density diffuse optical tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging is advancing rapidly. Given this trajectory toward increasing use of neuroimaging outside the hospital, we sought to identify ethical, legal, and societal implications (ELSI) of these new technologies by understanding the perspectives of those scientists and engineers developing and implementing portable neuroimaging technologies in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Based on a literature review, we identified and contacted 19 potential interviewees and then conducted 11 semi‐structured interviews in English by Zoom. Analysis of the interviews revealed key themes and ELSI issues. Developers reported that without proper ELSI guidance, portable and accessible neuroimaging technology could be misused, fail to comply with applicable regulation and policy, and ultimately fall short in its mission to provide neuroimaging for the world. Our interviews suggested that ELSI guidance should address differences between imaging modalities because they vary in capability, limitations, and likelihood of generating incidental findings.
An Improved Test Method for Assaying the Inhibition of Bioflavonoids on Xanthine Oxidase Activity in vitro
Authors: Yao Yuanyong , Wu Tao , Zhang Meng , Fu Daihua , Yang Hai , Chen Shixue
Published: September 2024

The difference on inhibitory effects of bioflavonoids inhibiting XOD activity assayed by varying test methods cause of us to be further in consideration. The reported test method creating a micro‐environment surrounding XOD in the absence of ⋅O2−, which is seemly different from the assay in vivo. So, the vitro test method for assaying XOD activity is necessary to be improved for selection of potential inhibitors in the presence of ⋅O2−. The inhibitory results demonstrated that bioflavonoids of MY, DMY, QUE and LUT are capable to be on effective IC50 values, but others are not. As well, their resulting inhibitions determined by the improved test method are much less than that reported in the literature, indicating that their chemical affinities with XOD become weaker. Moreover, DMY assayed on the inhibitions of XOD in the improved test method performs to be a better inhibitor, as compared to the assay of the reported test methods. Abasing on the transformation of DMY into MY in the presence of ⋅O2−, the good inhibition of DMY on XOD activity can be explained by the synergistic effect of MY.
Medicinal Perspective of 2,4‐Thiazolidinediones Derivatives: An Insight into Recent Advancements
Authors: Gupta Sneha , Jha Sumeet , Rani Supriya , Arora Pinky , Kumar Shubham
Published: September 2024

2,4‐Thiazolidinedione derivatives represent nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds utilized in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry have unveiled diverse therapeutic potentials and structural modifications of these derivatives. This review delves into novel TZD derivatives, encompassing their synthesis, structure‐activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Various therapeutic potentials of TZDs are explored, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, anticorrosive, and antitubercular activities. Additionally, it addresses mitigating side effects associated with marketed TZD derivatives such as weight gain, oedema, fractures, and congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. The review elaborates on in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies supporting different biological activities, alongside predicting ADME and drug‐likeness properties of TZDs. Computational studies are also integrated to elucidate binding modes and affinities of novel TZD derivatives. Furthermore, a plethora of novel TZD derivatives with varied and enhanced therapeutic potentials are presented, warranting further evaluation of their biological activities.
Mental Resilience in Crisis: Examining the Mental Health and Well‐Being of Iranian Athletes During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Dinani Maryam Mokhtari , Afshar Jahanshahi Asghar , Madavani Abbas Nazarian , Mendoza Milagros Isabel Rivas , Soltani Sadegh
Published: September 2024

The pervasive impact of COVID‐19 and economic sanctions has significantly influenced the well‐being of Iranian athletes, leaving lasting imprints on both their physical and mental health. During this challenging time, this comprehensive study delves into the nuanced disparities among various cohorts of Iranian athletes across multiple dimensions, including insomnia severity, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, intrusive thoughts, life satisfaction, and hope. Stratifying the participants based on their professionalism level, age, education, sports activity engagement, and COVID‐19 infection status, our survey‐based findings from a cohort of 280 athletes reveal compelling insights: Male athletes exhibit higher levels of distress, anxiety, and depression compared to their female counterparts. Professional athletes manifest elevated psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in contrast to semi‐professional and amateur athletes. Insomnia severity is more prevalent among professional athletes, concurrently accompanied by higher levels of hope within this group. Young athletes and those with higher educational attainment report increased intrusive thoughts. Local and national athletes demonstrate higher levels of life satisfaction and hope compared to their international counterparts. Athletes not infected with Coronavirus experience heightened psychological distress compared to their COVID‐19‐infected counterparts. This nuanced exploration underscores the intricate interplay between various factors and their profound implications for the mental well‐being of Iranian athletes in the face of global health challenges and economic constraints. By recognizing the vulnerabilities exposed during the pandemic and sanctions, policymakers can work toward a more resilient and robust sports sector, ensuring that the mental health and psychosocial well‐being of athletes remain at the forefront of policy considerations.
Enhancing tensile properties of polymer‐based triply periodic minimal surface metamaterial structures: Investigating the impact of post‐curing time and layer thickness via response surface methodology
Authors: Pehlivan Fatih
Published: September 2024

This research aims to explore the influence of post‐curing time and layer thickness on the tensile characteristics of various triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures produced by mask stereolithography (MSLA). The study determined the best post‐curing duration, layer thickness, and TPMS lattice type to improve ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and absorbed energy. To experimentally evaluate the tensile characteristics, a dog bone‐shaped specimen was utilized. Three distinct TPMS structures, Gyroid (G), Neovius (N), and Diamond (D), were present in the test region. After investigating many process factors with response surface methodology (RSM), optimization methods are applied to find their best printing procedure. The work shows the novel use of RSM to optimize post‐curing and printing parameters on TPMS structure mechanical properties during manufacturing. According to the optimization results, the biggest factor affecting UTS is layer thickness, while the most significant factor increasing energy is curing time. The optimal operating parameters for MSLA printing based on the optimization results are a layer thickness of 0.05 mm, a post‐curing period of 40 min, and a lattice type of N. The optimum responses corresponding to the optimum parameters were determined as 7.16 MPa for UTS and 18.16 J for energy.

Highlights

Optimized the production process parameters of TPMS geometries.

Compared TPMS structures for mechanical performance.

Identified optimal input parameters to improve UTS and energy absorption.

Conducted comprehensive experimental evaluations to validate the optimization.
An assessment of seasonal bait uptake by individual grey squirrels to develop a delivery system for oral contraceptives
Authors: Beatham Sarah E. , Stephens Philip A. , Goodwin Dominic , Coats Julia , Thomas Erin , Rochester Izzy , Massei Giovanna
Published: September 2024

Globally, human–wildlife conflicts continue to increase, owing to human population growth and expansion. Many of these conflicts concern the impacts of invasive non‐native species. In the UK, the invasive, non‐native grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis negatively affects tree health and has caused the decline of the native red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. Oral contraceptives are being developed to manage the impacts of the grey squirrel. To be effective, contraceptives will need to be deployed at a landscape scale, and will require a delivery system that is practical and economically viable. Understanding grey squirrel feeding behaviour is important so that delivery methods can be designed so that a sufficient number of target individuals receive an effective contraceptive dose at a time of year that will ensure their infertility throughout peak times of breeding. The main aims of this study were to assess how sex, season, squirrel density and bait point density influenced; (1) the probability of a squirrel visiting a feeder and (2) the amount of bait consumed from feeders. Field trials were conducted on six woodland populations of squirrels in three seasons, with four days of bait deployment via purpose‐designed squirrel‐specific bait hoppers with integrated PIT‐tag readers. It was possible to deliver multiple doses on most days to most male and female grey squirrels, with bait deployment more likely to be effective in spring, immediately before the second annual peak in squirrel breeding, followed by winter, immediately before the first peak in breeding. The results from this study could be used to design methods for delivering oral contraceptive baits to grey squirrels in the future and the methods used could be applied to other small mammal species and other bait delivery systems. © 2024 Crown copyright and The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland.
Three RNA helicase DDX genes are essential for the development and oocyte maturation in Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Ma Qing‐Lu , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Chen Jian‐Ping , Li Jun‐Min , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2024

Background

DEAD‐box protein (DDX) is a member of the DDX RNA helicase family that exerts multiple functions in RNA metabolism, cell cycle, tumorigenesis, signal pathway, and fertility, particularly in mammals. Nevertheless, the biological functions of DDXs in insects have not been fully resolved and attracted increasing attention these years. Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera) is a notorious rice pest through feeding on rice sap and transmitting plant viruses. In this study, we aim to elucidate the functional characterization of DDXs in L. striatellus, and to exploit potential target genes for the development of pest control strategies.

Results

In this study, we characterized the expression patterns of LsDDX6, LsDDX47, and LsDDX51 in planthoppers and analyzed their conserved motifs. These genes were found to be expressed in all tissues and developmental stages examined, with significantly higher transcript levels observed in the ovary. Knockdown of LsDDX6, LsDDX47, and LsDDX51 resulted in an obvious lethal phenotype in nymphs and abnormal ovarian development in adults. Furthermore, a total of 27 DDXs were identified in L. striatellus, and most DDXs were highly expressed in ovary and structure analysis result revealed that all of the DDXs possessed nine motifs that were unique to the DDX family.

Conclusion

The three DDX RNA helicases (LsDDX6, LsDDX47, and LsDDX51) are essential for both survivorship and reproduction in L. striatellus. Considering a total number of 27 DDXs identified in L. striatellus, they might serve as promising candidates for application in RNAi‐based control of this destructive pest. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Metalorganic Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy of +c/−c GaN Polarity Inverted Bilayer for Transverse Quasi‐Phase‐Matched Wavelength Conversion Device
Authors: Ikeda Kazuhisa , Malik Shahzeb , Uemukai Masahiro , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Katayama Ryuji
Published: September 2024

Photon‐pair generation based on optical parametric down‐conversion has attracted for the application as a light source for quantum information. Highly efficient wavelength‐conversion devices require a polarity‐inversion structure when using nitride semiconductors. A transverse quasi‐phase‐matching (QPM) polarity‐inverted GaN bilayer channel waveguide device is suitable for efficient wavelength conversion. This study designed a cross‐section device to satisfy the modal dispersion phase‐matching condition between the TM02 mode pump light and the TM00 mode signal/idler light. Moreover, an AlN oxidation interlayer fabricates the Ga‐polar/N‐polar (+c/−c) GaN layers via metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE). A 145 nm thick film layer with a macro‐step‐free surface is grown by optimizing the −c‐GaN growth conditions and reducing the substrate off‐angle to 0.2°. Next, the AlN layer is oxidized in an electric furnace and MOVPE is used to regrow a 1500 nm thick +c‐GaN layer. A macrosteps‐free surface can be achieved by reducing the off‐angle to 0.2° and optimizing the −c‐GaN growth conditions to avoid hillock formation. These results pave the way for improving the efficiency of GaN transverse QPM wavelength‐conversion devices.
Management of postintubation tracheal stenosis with bronchoscope methods—An experience from two centers
Authors: Alaga Arvindran , Simhan Vineet , Lokeshwaran Srivatsa , Kumar K Sunil , Chetana Shanmukhappa Sanjana
Published: September 2024

Tracheal stenosis is a common complication of endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Bronchoscope interventions have been proposed as a safe alternative for the management of post‐intubation post‐intubation tracheal stenosis (PITS). Data for patients diagnosed with PITS across two hospitals, between 2021 and 2022, encompassing demographic, clinical, and procedural details were gathered from electronic medical records, and analysed. Primary outcomes centred on assessing the incidence and severity of PITS through bronchoscope examination and radiological imaging, and the efficacy of bronchoscope interventions, including stenting and the application of mitomycin C. Twelve patients were managed for PITS. Majority of patients were females (9/12) with mean age of 46.41 years. Presenting signs and symptoms were dyspnea, rhonchi and failed extubation, the mean duration of intubation/ tracheostomy is 16.41 days (range: 3–40 days). Most common comorbidity was type 2 diabetes, (5 patients, 41.6%). The lesions mean length was 3.09 cm and Cotton‐Meyer Grade II and III. Prompt evaluation is crucial, in these patients. The Cotton‐Meyer grade is pivotal in treatment decisions, with intubating times correlating with the severity of stenotic disease. Our case series demonstrates the increasing utility of bronchoscopy in managing these cases.
A vexing case of a 73‐year‐old man with fevers, orbital cellulitis, and asymptomatic interstitial lung disease
Authors: Agwan Sushil , Zhang Lai‐Ying , Baker Thomas , Lane Michael , Godbolt David , Mackintosh John A.
Published: September 2024

VEXAS (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X‐linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) syndrome is a rare and recently identified disease resulting from a somatic mutation in the X‐linked UBA1 gene in cells of myeloid lineage. It can present in a myriad of ways with the potential to affect various organ systems, including the lungs. VEXAS is usually steroid responsive, but no strong data exists for the use of a steroid‐sparing agent. There is limited emerging evidence for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a select number of cases. Regardless, prognosis for this condition is poor and a treatment algorithm remains a priority. Herein, we present a case of VEXAS that came to attention with discovery of a relatively asymptomatic interstitial lung disease and led to recurrent febrile episodes with evolving multi‐organ involvement.
Successful treatment of rheumatoid arthritis‐associated interstitial lung disease with filgotinib: A case report on janus kinase 1 inhibition
Authors: Sunaga Atsuhiko , Inoue Takuya
Published: September 2024

Filgotinib, a janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor, is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA‐associated interstitial lung disease (RA‐ILD) is a severe RA complication with no established effective treatment. We report the case of a patient with RA‐ILD successfully treated with filgotinib. A 46‐year‐old woman with RA and RA‐ILD, presenting with a non‐specific interstitial pneumonia pattern, was refractory to abatacept and prednisolone but responded to filgotinib. Both arthritis and RA‐ILD improved significantly, and the patient remained in remission for over 12 months. Basic research indicates that JAK1 plays a role in the cytokine signal transduction in ILD; however, there are no clinical reports on the efficacy of filgotinib in RA‐ILD. This case suggests filgotinib as a potential treatment for patients with RA‐ILD, particularly in the early stages of this disease.
Research on Satellite Navigation Control of Six‐Crawler Machinery Based on Fuzzy PID Algorithm
Authors: Shuai Wang , Huimin Wang , Haoyan Zhang , Yiwei Mao , Jiaxin Fan
Published: September 2024

The six‐crawler driving mechanism plays a crucial role in the operation of large machines such as bucket‐wheel excavators, dumping machines, and mobile crushing stations, as it serves functions like bearing, movement and steering. The driving characteristics of this mechanism directly influence the safety and efficiency of these machinery systems. To enhance the design methodology for multi‐crawler machinery, improve path controllability, and achieve adaptive driving, a satellite navigation control system for six‐crawler machinery was developed based on the principles of real‐time kinematic (RTK) satellite positioning. This system utilizes the distance deviation and heading angle deviation between the actual path and the predetermined path of the six‐crawler machinery as inputs to a fuzzy proportion integration differentiation (fuzzy PID) controller. This controller regulates the deviation angle of the steering crawler and the driving speeds of each track, thereby ensuring precise path tracking control. To evaluate the path tracking control performance under both straight and curved driving conditions, a virtual prototype model of the six‐crawler mechanical system was established, and co‐simulation analysis was conducted. In addition, an experimental platform for path tracking control of six‐crawler machinery was established to validate the efficacy of the satellite navigation system. The actual tracking data obtained from various driving conditions and initial deviations demonstrated that the RTK satellite navigation path tracking control system exhibited excellent control performance.
Mediation Analysis with Multiple Exposures and Multiple Mediators
Authors: Zhao Yi
Published: September 2024

A mediation analysis approach is proposed for multiple exposures, multiple mediators, and a continuous scalar outcome under the linear structural equation modeling framework. It assumes that there exist orthogonal components that demonstrate parallel mediation mechanisms on the outcome, and thus is named principal component mediation analysis (PCMA). Likelihood‐based estimators are introduced for simultaneous estimation of the component projections and effect parameters. The asymptotic distribution of the estimators is derived for low‐dimensional data. A bootstrap procedure is introduced for inference. Simulation studies illustrate the superior performance of the proposed approach. Applied to a proteomics‐imaging dataset from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI), the proposed framework identifies protein deposition – brain atrophy – memory deficit mechanisms consistent with existing knowledge and suggests potential AD pathology by integrating data collected from different modalities.
Dual Sensing of Dopamine and Acetaminophen Mediated by Biomass Derived Phosphorous Rich Carbon
Authors: Prakasam Sampathkumar , Maharajan Narmadha , Chinnathambi Suresh
Published: September 2024

Multimolecular detection using a single electrode matrix as well as utilization of inexpensive non‐metal doped carbon from biomass is an attractive approach to developing low‐cost sensors. Herein, we report the synthesis of phosphorous‐doped carbon (PDC) from almond seed skin by a simple self‐polymerization method and utilized as a sensing matrix for Dopamine (DA) and Acetaminophen (APAP) whose redox potential is nearer. The phytic acid in the almond seed skin provides phosphorus to the carbon during high‐temperature treatment. The elemental analysis results confirm the existence of phosphorous in PDC. The sensing results illustrate that the PDC modified glassy carbon electrode (PDC/GCE) exhibits excellent performance against DA and APAP with a wide linear range (0.5 μM–10 μM). The detection limit (LOD) and sensitivity have been calculated and the value is found to be 0.130 μM, 0.047 μA μM−1 for DA and 0.335 μM, 0.021 μA μM−1 for APAP, respectively. The sensitivity of PDC/GCE in real sample conditions was measured using DA and APAP spiked human serum and plasma samples, the results indicate excellent recoveries ranging from 96.00 % to 103.10 %. These encouraging findings reveal that the PDC is an appropriate material for determining the DA and APAP.
Seriation of Enzyme‐Functionalized Multilayers for the Design of Scalable Biomimetic Mineralized Structures
Authors: Foley Brittany , Nadaud Frédéric , Selmane Mohamed , Valentin Laetitia , Mezzetti Alberto , Egles Christophe , Jolivalt Claude , El Kirat Karim , Guibert Clément , Landoulsi Jessem
Published: September 2024

Biomimetic hydroxyapatites are widely explored for their potential applications in the repair of mineralized tissues, particularly dental enamel, which is acellular and, thus, not naturally reformed after damage. Enamel is formed with a highly‐controlled hierarchical structure, which is difficult to replicate up to the macroscale. A biomimetic approach is thus warranted, based on the same principles that drive biomineralization in vivo. Herein, a strategy for the design of enamel‐like architectures is described, utilizing enzymes embedded in polyelectrolyte multilayers to generate inorganic phosphate locally, and provide a favorable chemical environment for the nucleation and growth of minerals. Moreover, a method is proposed to build up seriated mineral layers with scalable thicknesses, continuous mineral growth, and tunable morphology. Results show the outstanding growth of cohesive mineral layers, yielding macroscopic standalone fluoride and/or carbonate‐substituted hydroxyapatite materials with comparable crystal structure and composition to native human mineralized tissues. This strategy presents a promising path forward for the biomimetic design of biomineral materials, particularly relevant for restorative applications, with an exquisite level of synthetic control over multiple orders of magnitude.
Investigation of Mode‐Induced Spin Wave Transmission Blockage by In Situ Nanoscale Grooves
Authors: Delforge Cyril , Lejeune Nicolas , Singh Suraj , Silhanek Alejandro V. , Fourneau Emile
Published: September 2024

In the pursuit of advancing spin‐wave optics, the propagation of magnetostatic surface spin‐waves is investigated in a uniform permalloy waveguide with in‐situ nanopatterned grooves created through Atomic Force Microscopy nanolithography and Focused Ion Beam etching. The study unveils that the introduction of narrow constrictions and grooves leads to a non‐monotonic reduction of the transmitted spin‐wave signal intensity as the spin‐wave pathway is shrinked. The remarkable feature that a stronger signal extinction is obtained for a narrow groove compared to a spin‐waveguide interrupted by a full gap, where only inefficient transport through dipolar coupling is allowed, is highlighted. Combining experimental and numerical analyses, the intricate interplay between spin‐wave diffraction and reflection at the waveguide edges is unraveled, being at the origin of a transverse‐mode variation responsible for the signal extinction when detected using coplanar antennas. The findings offer insights into the controllable manipulation of detected spin‐wave intensity, thereby opening promising avenues for the improvement of spin‐wave switches and interferometers, and for the nanopatterning of graded index magnonics.
Formation Characteristics of Pt‐Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Fabricated by Nanolamination of Atomic Layer Deposition in Hydrogen
Authors: Liao Ming‐Wei , Chin Tzu‐Kang , Luo Xu‐Feng , Chuang Yu‐Chun , Perng Tsong‐Pyng
Published: September 2024

Forced‐flow atomic layer deposition nanolamination is employed to fabricate Pt‐Ni nanoparticles on XC‐72, with the compositions ranging from Pt94Ni6 to Pt67Ni33. Hydrogen is used as a co‐reactant for depositing Pt and Ni. The growth rate of Pt is slower than that using oxygen reactant, and the growth exhibits preferred orientation along the (111) plane. Ni shows much slower growth rate than Pt, and it is only selectively deposited on Pt, not on the substrate. Higher ratios of Ni would hinder subsequent stacking of Pt atoms, resulting in lower overall growth rate and smaller particles (1.3–2.1 nm). Alloying of Pt with Ni causes shifted lattice that leads to larger lattice parameter and d‐spacing as Ni fraction increases. From the electronic state analysis, Pt 4f peaks are shifted to lower binding energies with increasing the Ni content, suggesting charge transfer from Ni to Pt. Schematic of the growth behavior is proposed. Most of the alloy nanoparticles exhibit higher electrochemical surface area and oxygen reduction reaction activity than those of commercial Pt. Especially, Pt83Ni17 and Pt87Ni13 show excellent mass activities of 0.76 and 0.59 A mgPt−1, respectively, higher than the DOE target of 2025, 0.44 A mgPt−1.
Nanocomposite Multimodal Sensor Array Integrated with Auxetic Structure for an Intelligent Biometrics System
Authors: Cheng Yu‐Jen , Li Tianyi , Lee Changwoo , Sakthivelpathi Vigneshwar , Hahn Jin‐Oh , Kwon Younghoon , Chung Jae‐Hyun
Published: September 2024

A multimodal sensor array, combining pressure and proximity sensing, has attracted considerable interest due to its importance in ubiquitous monitoring of cardiopulmonary health‐ and sleep‐related biometrics. However, the sensitivity and dynamic range of prevalent sensors are often insufficient to detect subtle body signals. This study introduces a novel capacitive nanocomposite proximity‐pressure sensor (NPPS) for detecting multiple human biometrics. NPPS consists of a carbon nanotube‐paper composite (CPC) electrode and a percolating multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) foam enclosed in a MWCNT‐coated auxetic frame. The fractured fibers in the CPC electrode intensify an electric field, enabling highly sensitive detection of proximity and pressure. When pressure is applied to the sensor, the synergic effect of MWCNT foam and auxetic deformation amplifies the sensitivity. The simple and mass‐producible fabrication protocol allows for building an array of highly sensitive sensors to monitor human presence, sleep posture, and vital signs, including ballistocardiography (BCG). With the aid of a machine learning algorithm, the sensor array accurately detects blood pressure (BP) without intervention. This advancement holds promise for unrestricted vital sign monitoring during sleep or driving.
Photothermal Fish Gelatin‐Graphene Microneedle Patches for Chronic Wound Treatment
Authors: Zeng Junjie , Lu Minhui , Wang Yu , Zhao Xiaozhi , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: September 2024

Microneedles are demonstrated as an effective strategy for chronic wound treatment. Great endeavors are devoted to developing microneedles with natural compositions and potent functions to promote therapeutic effects for wound healing. Herein, a novel graphene oxide‐integrated methacrylated fish gelatin (GO‐FGelMA) microneedle patch encapsulated with bacitracin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is developed for chronic wound management. As the natural components and porous structures of FGelMA, the fabricated microneedle patches display satisfactory biocompatibility and drug‐loading ability. Owing to the integration of graphene oxide, the microneedle patches can realize promoted drug release via near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation. Besides, the encapsulated bacitracin and VEGF endow the microneedle patches with the ability to inhibit bacterial growth and promote angiogenesis. It is demonstrated that the GO‐FGelMA microneedle patches with efficient drug release exert a positive influence on the wound healing process through reduced inflammation, enhanced wound closure, and improved tissue regeneration. Thus, it is believed that the proposed drugs‐loaded GO‐FGelMA microneedle patches will hold great potential in future chronic wound treatment.
Internal Space Modulation of Yolk‐Shell FeSe2@Carbon Anode with Peanut‐Shaped Morphology Enabling Ultra‐Stable and Fast Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Yang Lei , Liang Huanyu , Zhu Chunliu , Shi Jing , Wu Jingyi , Chen Jingwei , Tian Weiqian , Zhu Yue , Wang Huanlei
Published: September 2024

The poor cycling stability and rate performance of transition metal selenides (TMSs) are caused by their intrinsic low conductivity and poor structural stability, which hinders their application in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). To address this issue, encapsulating TMSs within carbon nanoshells is considered a viable strategy. However, due to the lack and uncontrollability of internal void space, this structure cannot effectively mitigate the volume expansion induced by large K+, resulting in unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Herein, peanut‐shaped FeSe2@carbon yolk‐shell capsules are prepared by modulation of the internal space. The active FeSe2 is encapsulated within a robust carbon shell and an optimal void space is retained between them. The outer carbon shell promotes electronic conductivity and avoids FeSe2 aggregation, while the internal void mitigates volume expansion and effectively ensures the structural integrity of the electrode. Consequently, the FeSe2@carbon anode demonstrates exceptional rate performance (242 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long cycling stability (350 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1). Furthermore, the effect of internal space modulation on electrochemical properties is elucidated. Meanwhile, ex situ characterizations elucidate the K+ storage mechanism. This work provides effective guidance for the design and the internal space modulation of advanced TMSs yolk‐shell structures.
Dissolution Manufacturing Strategy for the Facile Synthesis of Nanoporous Metallic Glass Multifunctional Catalyst
Authors: Zeng Shenghao , Ruan Wenqing , Chen Zhe , Ren Shuai , Jiang Jihan , Lin Jiaqing , Zhang Heting , Zhang Zhenxuan , Fu Jianan , Chen Qing , Liang Xiong , Ma Jiang
Published: September 2024

The quest for heightened energy efficiency is inextricably linked to advancements in energy storage and conversion technologies, wherein multifunctional catalysts play a pivotal role by mitigating the slow kinetics endemic to many catalytic reactions. The intricate synthesis and bespoke design of such catalysts, however, present notable challenges. Addressing this, the present study capitalizes on a novel dissolution manufacturing strategy to engineer self‐supporting, nanoporous multifunctional electrocatalysts, circumventing the prevalent issue of customizing catalytic functionalities upon demand. This innovative approach grants the flexibility to finely tune the incorporation of active species and metalloid binders, culminating in the creation of a self‐supporting nanoporous metal glass electrocatalyst doped with RuO2 (NPMG@RuO2) with outstanding performance in alkaline media. The catalyst showcases superior electrocatalytic activity, achieving low overpotentials of 41.50 mV for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and 226.0 mV for Oxygen Evolution Reaction alongside sustained stability over 620 hours.These achievements are attributed to the distinct nanoporous architecture that ensures a high density of catalytic sites and mechanical strength, bolstered by the synergistic interplay between RuO2 and Pt‐based metallic glass. The findings provide a versatile template for the development of nanoporous multifunctional catalysts, signifying a leap forward in the realm of energy conversion technologies.
Study on Evolution Behavior of Carbides in Industrial‐Grade American Iron and Steel Institute M35 High‐Speed Steel Produced by Electroslag Remelting
Authors: Liang Wei , Li Jing , Li Jiahao , Chai Jian
Published: September 2024

In order to optimize the heating schedule before forging and improve the breaking and deformation effects of carbides in high‐speed steel, it is of great significance to study the transformation of M2C carbides at high temperatures. The evolution of carbides in the industrial‐grade American Iron and Steel Institute M35 steel produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) is analyzed and observed using thermodynamic calculations and experimental methods. The results indicate that the carbides in the ESR ingot are mainly MC and M2C, and the microstructures of M2C carbides with the highest volume fraction are lamellar and brain like. As the heating temperature increases and holding time prolongs, the lamellar M2C carbides gradually transform into MC and M6C carbides, accompanied by protrusion, dissolution, separation, and spheroidization of the microstructure, until significant coarsening occurs at 1180 °C for 90 min. The newly transformed carbides are embedded and stacked with each other, occupying the original position of M2C carbides. Based on the theories of Gibbs free energy and atomic diffusion, the evolution mechanism of M2C carbides is discussed. Ultimately, the appropriate heating schedule is proposed, and it is validated by combining the characteristics of carbides after forging.
In Situ Observation of Microstructure and Precipitate Phase Transformation during the Solidification of Mg‐Containing GH3625 Alloy at Different Cooling Rates
Authors: Zhang Yu , Gong Wei , Wang Pengfei , Li Xingtong
Published: September 2024

In practical applications, intermetallic compounds like Laves phase and metal carbides adversely affect the performance of nickel‐based superalloys. Using a high‐temperature confocal laser scanning microscope, the solidification process of as‐cast GH3625 alloy containing Mg at different cooling rates (−20, −35, and −50 °C min−1) is studied. Fitting curves of the volume fraction of the solid phase with solidification temperature before and after Mg treatment are obtained. Trends of solid phase transformation rates with solidification temperature are determined. Differential scanning calorimetry is employed to analyze and statistically evaluate the melting temperature range and enthalpy of each phase during the melting process. Experimental results demonstrate that Mg treatment significantly accelerates the alloy solidification at the cooling rates of −20 and −35 °C min−1, while reducing the area of residual liquid phase at the same solidification temperature, disrupting the Laves/NbC eutectic relationship, and regularizing NbC morphology, transitioning its distribution from aggregation to dispersion. After Mg treatment, the precipitation of the Laves phase is significantly reduced. As a result, the influence mechanism of Mg treatment on the phase transformation and microstructure of GH3625 is clarified based on homogeneous nucleation theory.
Recent advances in embedded technologies and self‐sensing concrete for structural health monitoring
Authors: Civera Marco , Naseem Ahmad , Chiaia Bernardino
Published: September 2024

Fully embedded and spatially diffuse sensors are central to the advancement of civil and construction engineering. Indeed, they serve as an enabling technology necessary for addressing the current challenges associated with through‐life management and structural health monitoring of existing structures and infrastructures. The need to identify structural issues early on has driven the integration of such embedded sensing capabilities into construction materials, turning passive structures into proactive, self‐aware “entities,” commonly referred to as Smart Structures. The economic rationale behind this endeavor is underscored by the vital significance of continuous monitoring, which enables prompt anomaly assessment and thus mitigates the risks of potential structural failures. This is particularly relevant for road and rail infrastructures, as they represent a substantial and enduring investment for any nation. Given that a large majority of these large infrastructures are composed of concrete and reinforced concrete, both academics and construction companies are continuously researching micro‐ and nano‐engineered self‐sensing solutions specifically tailored for this building material. This comprehensive review paper reports the latest advances in the field of self‐sensing concrete as of 2024, with an emphasis on intrinsic self‐sensing concrete, that is, electrically conductive functional fillers. A critical analysis and a discussion of the findings are provided. Based on the perceived existing gaps and demands from the industry, the field's future perspectives are also briefly outlined.
Recent Developments in the Fabrication and Application of Superhydrophobic Suraces
Authors: Li Ting , Peng. Yi , You Hang , Guan Xiaoya , Lv Jin , Yang Chong
Published: September 2024

A superhydrophobic surface is defined as having a contact angle exceeding 150 °C, indicating a remarkable ability to repel water. Generally, superhydrophobicity originates from the utilization of low‐surface‐energy materials with unique micro‐ and nanostructures. Superhydrophobic surfaces have gained considerable recognition and are widely employed in diverse areas for anti‐icing, oil‐water separation, anticorrosion, self‐cleaning, blood‐repellent, and antibacterial applications. These surfaces can greatly enhance industrial processes by yielding significant performance improvements. In this review, we introduce the basic theories that provide a foundation for understanding the hydrophobic properties of superhydrophobic surfaces. We then discuss current techniques for fabricating superhydrophobic coatings, critically analyzing their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we provide an overview of recent progress in the application of superhydrophobic materials. Finally, we summarize the challenges in developing superhydrophobic materials and future trends in this field. The insights provided by this review can help researchers understand the basic knowledge of superhydrophobic surfaces and obtain the latest progress and challenges in the application of superhydrophobic surfaces. It provides help for further research and practical application of superhydrophobic surfaces.
Exposure to Polypropylene Microplastics Causes Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Through Oxidative Stress and Activation of the MAPK‐Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Lu Tao , Yuan Xiaoqing , Sui Changbai , Yang Chen , Li Desheng , Liu Huan , Zhang Guanqing , Li Guozhi , Li Song , Zhang Jiayu , Zhou Ling , Xu Maolei
Published: September 2024

Microplastics are a growing concern as pollutants that impact both public health and the environment. However, the toxic effects of polypropylene microplastics (PP‐MPs) are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PP‐MPs on cardiotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms. The cardiotoxicity of exposure to different amounts of PP‐MPs were investigated in both ICR mice and H9C2 cells. Our results demonstrated that sub‐chronic exposure to 5 and 50 mg/L PP‐MPs led to myocardial structural damage, apoptosis, and fibrosis in mice cardiomyocytes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PP‐MPs could decrease mitochondrial membrane potential and induce apoptosis in H9C2 cells. Western blotting revealed decreased expression of Bcl‐2, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 3 and increased expression of Bax, cleaved‐PARP, and cleaved‐caspase 3 in PP‐MPs‐treated cardiac tissue and H9C2 cells. These results confirmed the apoptotic effects induced by PP‐MPs. Moreover, PP‐MPs treatment triggered oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased levels of malondialdehyde; reduction in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in mice cardiac tissues; and increased reactive oxygen species levels in H9C2 cells. Finally, western blotting demonstrated that exposure to PP‐MPs significantly reduced the expression levels of Nrf2 and p‐ERK proteins associated with MAPK‐Nrf2 pathway in both cardiac tissue and H9C2 cells. Overall, our findings indicate that PP‐MPs can induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis through MAPK‐Nrf2 signaling pathway, which is triggered by oxidative stress. This study provides a foundation for determining the effects of PP‐MPs on cardiotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms.
Micro‐polluted water source purification of root channel wetland in Jiaxing, China
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Han Shengsheng , He Zekang , Cao Tianzheng , Han Shanrui , Li Tianfei , Li Junjie , Jia Juanhua , Qin Wenjing , He Ya
Published: September 2024

Root channel wetlands, as a new type of nature‐imitating wetland system, provide a paradigm for micro‐polluted water source purification; however, there is a knowledge gap on root channel wetlands' pollution removal effects and their main influencing factors after longtime operation. This study collected the turbidity, ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) at the inlet and outlet of Shijiuyang (SJY) wetland and Guanjinggang (GJG) wetland in Jiaxing City, China, from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that root channel wetlands had better water quality improvement effects. The SJY wetland had larger removal rates for DO, CODMn, and turbidity compared with the GJG wetland. In contrast, other water quality indexes have similar removal rates at both wetlands. The influencing factor analysis showed that water purification agent, flow, pH, and water temperature have large influences on the removal rates of pollutants for both wetlands. To address high turbidity and excessive DO, which are the primary pollutants affecting the two wetlands, implementing the diversion river before the pretreatment area and incorporating ecological floating beds in the deep purification area are recommended solutions to mitigate these issues. Compared with conventional general constructed wetlands, root channel wetlands are a more cost‐effective and sustainable technology. The research is conducive to improving understanding of root channel wetland purification for micro‐polluted water sources and enhancing water supply security capability in the plains water network area of the Yangtze River Delta region.

Practitioner Points

Compared with conventional general constructed wetlands, root channel wetlands are more cost‐effective and sustainable technology.

The SJY wetland demonstrated better removal rates for DO, CODMn, and turbidity, indicating a higher purification capacity compared to GJG wetland.

Flow rate and pH are the primary factors influencing the GJG wetland, while the waterpurification agent and water temperature are the main factors affecting water quality in the SJY wetland.