bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elicitation and Scoring
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

Scoring refers to the process of assigning a numerical value to a subjective probability. It was initially regarded as a tool for eliciting probabilities, but was recognized early on as a potential tool for evaluating subjective probability assessments (Winkler, 1969). The choice of a scoring procedure necessarily affects the form in which the probabilities are expressed; hence the subjects of elicitation and scoring cannot be separated.
Scoring Rules for Evaluating and Weighing Assessments
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

Scoring rules were initially introduced as tools for eliciting probability assessments. A scoring rule is called (strictly) proper if a subject receives his maximal expected score if(and only if) his stated assessment corresponds to his true opinion. When probabilities are elicited under a reward structure that is not a proper scoring rule, the subject is being encouraged to state an assessment at variance with his true opinion. In this chapter we are interested in scoring rules not as tools for eliciting, but as tools for evaluating expert assessments.
Conclusions
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

The field of artificial intelligence has invited massive applications of expert opinion, in the form of input into expert systems. The use of expert opinion in this field is highly unstructured, and the representations of uncertainty tend to be ad hoc, lacking a firm axiomatic basis. In particular, these representations contradict the axioms of probability. When uncertainty is represented in an ad hoc manner, it is impossible to evaluate and combine expert opinions in an intelligent way. On the other hand, the most cursory acquaintance with expert data demonstrates the need for evaluation and combination.
Receptor-Mediated Cell Behavioral Responses
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a discussion of efforts directed toward quantitative under standing of the effects of receptor and ligand properties on cell behavioral responses. As outlined in Chapter 1, in most basic form we wish to have models that predict a quantitative measure of cellular behavior (e.g., proliferation rate, adhesion strength, adhesion probability in fluid flow, migration speed, migration direction) in terms of biochemical and biophysical parameters that characterize interactions between receptors and ligands or of these molecules with other cell components. We believe that the time is truly at hand for pursuing this sort of work, because of the advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Mathematical models for the effects of receptor and ligand parameters on cell function can now be tested by deliberate alteration of relevant molecular properties. Thus, we predict an important role for this new approach, combining mathematical modeling at the cellular level with genetic engineering directed toward model validation.
Forebears
Authors: Barnouw Erik
Published: November 2023

Long before television, long before the broadcasting era, some of their possibilities were glimpsed. v\’hen Alexander Graham Bell began exhibiting his telephone in r 876, his demonstrations provoked diverse and extravagant visions. An artist in the New York Daily Graphic depicted what he called “Terrors of the Telephone.” He showed an orator at a microphone heard by groups of people around the world.
Does Freedom Require Morality?
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract In the last chapter, I tried to provide the best compatibilist account of free will that I can. In this chapter, I wish to demonstrate the strength of that compatibilist view by showing how it permits us to give a decisive answer to the title question of this chapter. That question expresses the intuition that in some deep sense people cannot be really free unless they are moral. This claim poses a serious problem, not o:qly for my autonomy account of free will but for any account that tries to explicate freedom in non-evaluative terms. This is so because the satisfaction of a non-evaluative account will not guarantee the moral quality of the actions that satisfy the account. So if freedom requires morality and some particular account does not, then that account cannot be sufficient for freedom. In the first section, I provide three cases that appear to support an affirmative answer to the title question. These include the neo-Kantian line that morality liberates the “heteronomous” will, an existentialist theme about taking responsibility for one’s choices, and an argument from Susan Wolf (1987) that free will requires sanity, and sanity requires morality.
On The Qualities Of Moral Actions
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Next we must examine the qualities of moral actions. Now according to these, actions are said to be necessary or not necessary, licit or illicit, good or evil, just or unjust; and so the moral qualities of moral actions will be necessity, license, and the qualities opposed to these (which lack a proper name), goodness and badness, justice and injustice.
On The Law Of Nature In General
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

1. Seeing that man’s condition did not allow him to live without law and to act by a vague impulse, as it were, without regard to any norm, it follows that we should inquire about the most common rule of human actions to which all men as rational animals must conform themselves. This rule, which has customarily been designated the right [ius] or law [lex] of nature, may also be called the universal and everlasting law because it binds the entire race of mortals and, unlike positive laws, is not subject to change. What sort of law it is, how it comes to be known, the proofs on which it rests, and what ought to be referred to it and what to positive law, must all be more carefully investigated, because if this foundation is not correctly laid everything built thereon will necessarily collapse of itself...
On The General Duties Of Humanity
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

It is not enough, however, not to have hurt another, or not to have deprived him of the esteem he is owed: These only remove the just cause for hatred. Something good must also be conferred on the other, at least if the minds of men are to be conjoined by a still closer bond. Someone who has not driven me away from himself by some hostile or ungrateful deed has not discharged the debt of sociality; rather, he should furnish something beneficial so that I am glad that others who share my nature also live upon this earth. And, as well, the affinity and kinship established among men by nature must be exercised by means of mutual duties.
On The Parts Of Supreme Sovereignty And Their Natural Connection
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Even though supreme civil sovereignty is in itself something one and undivided, it is nonetheless commonly understood to have many parts analogous to those called potential, because it exerts itself through different acts corresponding to the different means it must employ to preserve the state. For supreme sovereignty is by no means a whole consisting of heterogeneous parts that, by being conjoined with one another and held together by some bond, have coalesced into one, yet in such a way that the individual parts can also subsist separately.
On The Supreme Sovereignty’S Authority Over The Life And Goods Of Citizens On Account Of Their Crimes
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

There also belongs to supreme civil sovereignty an authority over the body and life, as well as the goods of citizens on account of their crimes. This is commonly called, in short, the right of life and death, and it differs plainly from the right of God over creatures ... and that of men over brutes. The first scruple that occurs with respect to it is how such an authority could be conferred on a state by individuals through pacts. For since punishment is a thing inflicted on a person against his will, and that which someone inflicts on himself cannot happen to an unwilling person, it can be difficult to explain how someone has a faculty to punish himself and is able to transfer it to another.
On The Law Of War
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Since nature has granted individuals living in natural freedom no less a faculty than states to defend themselves against force that is unjustly threatened against them, and to claim for themselves by force rights that have been infringed or denied by others, I think it will be appropriate to examine first those things that wars of individuals and wars of states have in common, and then those that are by their own nature, or by the customs of nations, proper to the latter.
On Treaties
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Next we must see about those kinds of public pacts that come with the special name of ‘treaties.’ ... It will be most appropriate if we draw their division from their subject matter, since some of them establish something that has previously belonged to the natural law already, while others add something further to the duties of the natural law, or at least give them a certain determinacy when they seem indefinite.
The Ways In Which Someone May Cease To Be A Citizen
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Among the ways in which someone ceases to be a citizen, some people reckon, is if a king should die without any heir and successor, or if he has begun to consider his kingdom as abandoned; for then, they say, individuals return to their natural freedom. But since it is plain that a kingdom is not completely dissolved in a case of this sort but falls back into the form of an interregnum, the obligation of citizens toward the king, who no longer exists, does indeed end at that time, yet in such a way that the citizens still remain conjoined with one another by that primeval pact whereby states have come about.
Henry and William James and the Trial of Curiosity
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: November 2023

“If we wish to act,” says William James, “we should pause and wonder as little as possible.” Otherwise we risk the vertiginous mental state of near paralysis that James dubs “ontological wonder-sickness,” whereby “thought oscillating to and fro ... finds no end, in wandering mazes lost” (Will 64, 66). It is probable that William was first exposed to the virus of “purely theoretic contemplation” when, as an adolescent, he strolled the streets of Paris and London with his brother, who somehow seemed immune to the sickness. Henry remarked that “we had done nothing, he and I, but walk about together ... dawdle at shop-windows and buy watercolors and brushes” (Autobiography 170). But whereas Henry had no “quarrel” with “endlessly” walking and daubing, William, “looking back at it from after days ... denounced it ... as a poor and lamentable and arid time ... missing such larger chances and connections.” What William denounced as “poverty of life” Henry found a “medium so dense,” “most expressive to myself of the charm and color of history and ... of society” (171–72).
“Adventures of the Critical Spirit”: Rereading The American Scene
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: November 2023

One of the pleasures of The American Scene is witnessing James improvising the rhythms of his vagrant motions as he drifts, untethered. This willed vulnerability to contingency is founded on his devotion to what Wright Morris once called a unique “presentness” of perspective, “free from visions of the future and crippling commitments to the past” (214). Yet James’s “presentness” is a result less of rigorous concentration than of its opposite-his willingness to digress from the present subject for a “desultory stroll, for speculation’s sake” (Scene 183). For instance, after spending a few hours in Central Park enjoying the “polyglot” crowd, with their “variety of accents,” James feels he has been given “exactly what [he] desired-a simplified attention and the power to rest for the time” in the sense that the aliens “were flourishing ... in contentment” (182). Yet relaxing attention itself proves fertile: “It was by way of not worrying” that he finds, “chanced upon at a subsequent hour, all sorts of interesting and harmonious suggestions. These adventures of the critical spirit were such mere mild walks and talks as I almost blush to offer, on this reduced scale, as matter of history” (182). And James is off on another “train of association” of “boundless evocation.” What he call his ‘‘ftlinerie” is true to the word’s French meaning of a stroll without destination.
Lifting the Yoke of the Genteel: Henry James, George Santayana, and Howard Sturgis
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: November 2023

William and Henry James “were as tightly swaddled in the genteel tradition as any infant geniuses could be, for they were born in ... a Swedenborgian household. Yet they burst those bands almost entirely. The ways in which the two brothers freed themselves, however, are interestingly different.” George Santayana’s famous statement in his seminal essay of 1911 points to one of this chapter’s concerns: the impact of the late Victorian genteel “yoke” of propriety and repression upon the two eldest James brothers. They were raised in a household that seemed to embody both a sterile transcendental idealism and an energetic flouting of bourgeois conventions. This dual heritage is only one of several paradoxes that characterize William and Henry’s relation to the genteel tradition. Thus, the “almost” in Santayana’s claim regarding their bursting of genteel bands should remind us that compromise inheres in their revolt. The James brothers, like Santayana, were by birth or position part of the bourgeois aristocracy and enjoyed its privileges. They “sometimes sipped the rim of the plutocratic cup,” to borrow Santayana’s description of his own life (Persons 541).
Introduction: Reading Nietzsche
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche has always been a favorite philosopher of undergraduate students. He attacks authority with relish and sarcasm. He is rude. He states his mind without academic pomp. He calls a spade a spade. He defends individual differences. He stresses the new. He is prophetic without being preachy. He writes short, easy-to-read paragraphs-and mercifully short books. He is exciting, inflammatory. He is, they would like to believe, so much like them, so tempestuous, so “timely.” And yet, when Walter Kaufmann published the first edition of his Nietzsche back in 1950, Friedrich Nietzsche was still a philosophical outlaw, read by students perhaps but excluded altogether from the legitimate philosophy curriculum.
Nietzsche’s Critique of Morality
Authors: Bergmann Frithjof
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche’s most brilliant and sustained critique of morality is contained in his long essay describing the origin of two juxtaposed types: the master and the slave moralities. In that essay Nietzsche raises a question, not mildly, or in quietly bemused philosophical wonder, but in outrage, and consternation, in an effort to ring a storm-bell and to wake us up. He asks: how was it ever possible for meekness, humility and self-denial, modesty, pity and compassion to become values? What happened? For it is weird and monstrous and dumbfounding, and precisely the kind of unnatural untowardness that cries out for an explanation.
Nietzsche’s Daybreak: Thoughts On The Prejudices Of Morality
Authors: Danto Arthur C
Published: November 2023

It was Peter Gast, Nietzsche’s copyist, claque, practical nurse, and constant correspondent, who gave this book its epigraph from the Rig Veda: “There are so many days that have not yet broken.” It may have been a fateful ornament, since Rig Veda I, 113 (To Dawn) chants “She, first of endless morns to come hereafter, follows the path of morns that have departed,” and the doctrine of eternal recurrence struck Nietzsche with the force of a revelation later that year-1881. But it in any case suggested the title Eine Morgenrdte to Nietzsche. “There are so many gay and particularly red colors in it!” he wrote Gast in February, but the “Eine” was dropped in proof, on grounds of pretentiousness.
The Use and Abuse of The Will to Power
Authors: Magnus Bernd
Published: November 2023

Anyone who has read very much Nietzsche commentary is surely struck by the absence of any semblance of basic agreement about what Nietzsche’s philosophy is, whether he really had one, whether he intended to have one-and if so in what sense—or even whether he wished to show that no one ought to have one. To be sure, disagreement surrounds all commentary, literary or “philosophical.” Otherwise there would be nothing left for us to say. It does seem to me that disagreement is more basic and more acute in the Nietzsche case, however, than in any other case with which I am well acquainted. Think for a moment of the Nietzsche who leaps from the pen of a Martin Heidegger, a Karl Jaspers, or a Jacques Derrida, all quite different Nietzsches certainly; then compound that difference by comparing and contrasting these Nietzsche portraits with those provided by, say, Arthur Danto or Richard Schacht.
The Unity of Reason
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

The Unity of Reason is the first major study of Kant’s account of reason. It argues that Kant’s wide-ranging interests and goals can only be understood by redirecting attention from epistemological questions of his work to those concerning the nature of reason. Rather than accepting a notion of reason given by his predecessors, a fundamental aim of Kant’s philosophy is to reconceive the nature of theoretical and practical reason, as well as his claim that his metaphysics was driven by practical and political ends. Neiman begins by discussing the historical roots of Kant’s conception of reason, and by showing Kant’s solution to problems which earlier conceptions left unresolved. Kant’s notion of reason itself is examined through a discussion of all the activities Kant attributes to reason. In separate chapters discussing the role of reason in science, morality, religion, and philosophy, Neiman explores Kant’s distinctions between reason and knowledge, and his difficult account of the regulative principles of reason. Through examination of these principles in Kant’s major and minor writings, The Unity of Reason provides a fundamentally new perspective on Kant’s entire work.
Reason in Science
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

Kant continues the introduction to the “Transcendental Dialectic” with an uncharacteristically personal expression of perplexity: “Now that I have to give an explanation of this highest faculty of knowledge, I find myself in some difficulty [Verlegenheit]” (A299/B356).
The Primacy of the Practical
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

The clearest example of a regulative principle of reason is given to us as the categorical imperative. “Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature” is the principle by which our actions, insofar as they are moral ones, are guided. It cannot be known in any ordinary sense, nor does it give us access to knowledge: we are commanded to obey it but can never know whether we are successful in doing so. It functions as a directive for ordering our experience without determining that experience directly, linking us to the world without being derived from it. Though it is derived from the notion of a rational subject, it is not psychological but binding for all rational beings as such.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

The task in s 4 to 14is to discuss those strategies of theory change exemplified in an actual historical case, rather than discuss a hypothetical problem solution, such as in 3. This begins with a discussion of why the theory of the gene is a good historical case for tracing the development of a new theory. In addition, this introductory section discusses the philosophical approach to history that I will use in analyzing this case.
Mendelism, 1900-1903
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

No single statement of Mendelian theory as succinct as Morgan’s 1926 statement (quoted in 4) appears in the literature in this earlier period. Prior assumptions, experimental results, and theoretical components were interwoven in the early papers. Some reconstruction is required to tease apart these different elements and to explicitly separate the data from the theoretical components. Tables 5-1 and 5-2 give my reconstruction of the domain to be explained and of the theoretical components for Mendelism at its beginnings. I have made an effort to stay very close to the language in the original sources.
Their Fathers’ Daughters
Authors: Kowaleski-Wallace Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

What does it mean for a woman writer to identify strongly with her father and with the patriarchal tradition he represents? What factors motivate such identification, and what are its consequences? This book answers such questions through a close examination of the lives and selected works of two late eighteenth-century women writers, Hannah More and Maria Edgeworth, who were complicitous with their fathers’ politics. While feminist theory has developed a powerful body of explanations for some women’s rebellion against patriarchy, it has not yet adequately accounted for the many women-like More and Edgeworth-who gladly wrote the conservative political writings which actively proselytized against social democracy. This book exposes the complex psychological dynamics behind their choices, uncovers `daughterly complicity’, and discusses the motivations behind such behaviour.
Hannah and Her Sister: Women and Evangelicalism
Authors: Kowaleski-Wallace Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

To read the Mendip Annals as a feminist is to encounter an arresting series of female attitudes and poses. Compiled by Hannah More’s sister Martha (known to her family as Patty), this record of Evangelical activity presents us with an unsettling view of women’s philanthropy in early nineteenth-century England. In a characteristic passage, Patty describes her efforts to “civilize” the parish women of rural England.
Monstrous Daughters: The Problem of Maternal Inheritance
Authors: Kowaleski-Wallace Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

To readers of Belinda, it would not have been surprising to discover with the novel’s protagonist that Harriot Freke enthusiastically espouses the cause of sexual revolution, as disclosed in the following manner. Belinda is alone at the Percivals, reading one of the many books that Mr.Percival has recommended to her, when Harriot Freke-who has no formal acquaintance with the family­ bursts into the room. Insisting that Belinda not be the “prisoner” of the Percivals any longer, Harriot Freke tries to drag Belinda from the room. Claiming that she has sworn to “set the distressed damsel free, in spite of all the dangers in Christendom,” Freke offers herself as Belinda’s knight in shining armor.
Keats and His Helpers:The Multiple Authorship of Isabella
Authors: Stillinger Jack
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1818, a year before the initial composition of Sonnet to Sleep, Keats wrote the second longish narrative poem of his career. The first, Endymion: A Poetic Romance, drafted in April to November 1817, revised in January to March 1818, and published as a separate volume toward the end of April 1818, tells the story of a shepherd prince’s search, unsuccessful until the final twenty lines of the poem, for reunion with a goddess whom he has met, and fallen desperately in love with, in a dream. The second, ultimately titled (by the publishers) Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil, written mainly in late March and April 1818 and published in Keats’s final volume, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820), tells the story of a young woman who, after learning that her absent lover has been murdered and buried by her brothers, exhumes his body, severs the head, carries it home to plant in a pot of basil, and then goes mad and dies.
Bechet the Prophet
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In France in the 1950s, New Orleans clarinetist and soprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet found himself a celebrity: his records were collected by ardent teen-age fans; his company was sought by socially ambitious matrons; and his night club and music hall appearances were as avidly attended as those of Chevalier or Piaf. In our country probably only Louis Armstrong among jazzmen has received comparable adulation. But Bechet did not sing, did not clown; he played his instruments, accompanied by French New Orleans “revivalist” ensembles of highly uneven quality, and he announced his numbers in the softly accented Creole French of his New Orleans upbringing. Armstrong, the glorious instrumentalist of the New Orleans school, was something of a prophet without honor at home to larger audiences until he became the grand old man. Bechet remained without honor at home to even a sizable audience.
Miles Davis Live
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Miles Davis’s “In Person, Friday and Saturday Nights” was recorded at the Black Hawk in San Francisco. I am reviewing it as a two-record set, but each LP is available singly, as Friday Night, consisting of the first six titles above, and Saturday Night, the last six. The recording is generally very good, except that, to my ears, Davis’s intimately close-miked sound is on the verge of distortion (without quite making it) on Fran-Dance and If I Were a Bell. One other flaw is also apparently technical, a decided drop in tempo between Davis’s opening solo in All of Me and Wynton Kelly’s solo-a tape splice it would seem.
Mr. Wilson
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Teddy Wilson can operate on two levels at once. To the casual listener his must sound like the pleasantest kind of unobtrusive doodling background piano. But, as in some of Mozart’s “cafe” music or in Faulkner’s Saturday Evening Post stories or in Shakespeare, there is a lot else being said than may show on the surface.
Lee Konitz: A Career Renewed
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In March of 1965, Carnegie Hall in New York was the scene of a memorial concert to jazzman Charlie Parker. The participants included trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Dorham, and Roy Eldridge; tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins; and, with Gillespie’s group, tenor and alto saxophonist, and occasional flutist, James Moody. Also on Parker’s own instrument was alto saxophonist Lee Konitz. Konitz says he wasn’t sure exactly what he was going to do in his portion of the concert. When his time came, what he actually did do was step out on the large stage, alone and unaccompanied, and improvise a long and compelling Blues for Bird, still alone and unaccompanied.
Thad Jones: A Musical Family
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Thaddeus Joseph Jones is the musical middle brother of a Jones family which has more talent than any two, or any three, families have a right to. Older brother Hank Jones is one of the most well-equipped and dextrous pianists in jazz history (imagine a style in which both Art Tatum and Bud Powell are discernible as major influences). Younger brother Elvin Jones is an innovative drummer who, particularly for his work with the late John Coltrane, is considered the jazz durmmer of the 1960s by a whole generation of young players. Thad plays trumpet-or he did; nowadays, he is more likely to be heard on cornet.
Bobby Hackett: Everything with Feeling
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Trumpeter Bobby Hackett, in the phrase of a former associate, talks like a Boston gangster. Perhaps, but he plays like an angel. Not that Hackett shares the vocabulary or the attitudes of a hood. And not that Hackett is a talker. And anyone who has tried to interview him will tell you that, when he talks at all, he would rather talk about others than about himself. He seldom misses the occasion of an interview to pay tribute to Louis Armstrong, for example. (“That man was and is the greatest hot-trumpet player in jazz.
Rehearsal Diary
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

The Tuesday afternoon gathering is at Carroll Instrument Studios on West Forty-ninth Street. The occasion is the first of three rehearsals for the final concert in the Carnegie Recital Hall series “Twentieth Century Innovations” directed by Gunther Schuller. The series began with Stravinsky, Schonberg, and Webern; it moved in later concerts through the American premiere of several concert works (including One by Barraque); and it is to end with ‘‘Recent Developments in Jazz.’‘ Originally, some ‘‘third stream’‘ pieces were to be presented, but these were combined with the ‘‘Early Experiments in Jazz’‘ of Stravinsky et al., at the previous concert.
Count Basie in kansas Ci”ty*
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In mid-December of 1932, in the depths of the Depression, a group of musicians entered the Victor recording studios in Camden, New Jersey, for a marathon recording session. They were the members of the Bennie Moten orchestra, one of the leading bands of the Midwest-of the country, for that matter-an organization which had been recording for Victor since 1926 and for another company three years before that. The men were demoralized, literally hungry, and the long session was almost the last act of this particular manifestation of the Moten band. As clarinet and alto soloist, Eddie Barefield has put it, “We didn’t have any money ... we had to get to Camden to record, and along comes this little guy Archie with a raggedy old bus, and he took us there. He got us a rabbit and four loaves of bread, and we cooked rabbit stew right on a pool table.
The Vintage Henry “Red” Allen, Jr.*
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

By the early ‘30s, Henry James “Red” Allen, Jr., had established himself as one of the most interesting trumpet soloists in jazz. He was a new addition to the hierarchy of New Orleans cornet-trumpet men which included Freddie Keppard, King Oliver, and Louis Armstrong. He became perhaps the most original of all the early Armstrong-influenced stylists.
Charlie Parker: The Dial Recordings, Volume 2
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

This LP begins with the first recording done by Charlie Parker when he arrived, as a member of Dizzy Gillespie’s group, for a turbulent engagement at Billy Berg’s in Hollywood. The engagement was received with enthusiasm by musicians and certain younger fans, criticized by others, and overtly attacked in the press.
Monk Goes to College
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Anybody who gets into an institution of higher learning takes his chances. But works of art and the imagination take even bigger chances. Anyone who has ever heard a pedantic talk by a college professor on William Faulkner or read a piece of research scholarship on a play by Shakespeare knows about that. So jazz is taking its chances these days in our universities and other institutions.
Literary Boundary Cultures: The Life Histories of Plenty-Coups, Pretty-Shield, Sam Blowsnake, and Mountain Wolf Woman
Authors: Wong Hertha Dawn
Published: November 2023

Many Native American oral autobiographies were solicited in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by Euro-American ethnologists, historians, and others who translated and edited the works of native informants. These “bicultural composite composition[s]”reveal the artistic/literary traditions of two distinct cultures. The amanuenses of these collaborative autobiographies often excised ‘‘tedious’’ repetition, imposed chronology, insisted on introspection, and ignored the life storyteller’s communal context. Even though the final shape and content of the life history were determined by Euro-American editors, however, Indian narrators seem to have told their life stories in their native narrative forms-forms that were shaped originally by the cultural patterns of the tribe, but that then were modified according to the needs of a new audience, purpose, and setting.
Anxious Somatic Depression
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

Depression is not the only disorder for which high achievement appears to protect males but puts females at greater risk. Boys who exhibit such somatic symptoms as headache and breathing difficulties tend to do poorly in high school, whereas girls who report these symptoms are the ones who do well. Readers may recall from the vignettes of Chapter 2 that headache, breathing difficulty, insomnia, heart palpitations, and menstrual dysfunction were frequently included in the descriptions of the “disease of young women,” hysteria, neurasthenia, chlorosis, and nerves.1 Most of these symptoms were very common among our patients and among the eminent women whose biographies we studied. We examined the lives of five women-India’s Indira Gandhi, Britain’s Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria, Russia’s Catherine the Great, and Israel’s Golda Meir-all of whom belonged in one of the smallest occupational categories for women: rulers of nations. Each appeared to have suffered from the constellation of symptoms we call anxious somatic depression, with the possible exception of Indira Gandhi. We say “possible” because Gandhi was described as being ill throughout much of her life, but the details of her illness have not yet been revealed in the biographies so far published. We did find some indicatilons, however, that she may have exhibited breathing difficulties and disordered eating.
Daughters and Sons
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

We have argued that anxious somatic depression afflicts women who aspire to achieve in areas historically reserved for males, particularly during periods of changing gender roles. If these women confront societal prejudices against “acting like men” that serve as barriers toward achieving in these areas, they may develop ambivalent feelings about themselves and their femininity that lead to other psychological and physical symptoms. But to fully understand this ambivalence, it is not enough for us to point to some general societal attitudes regarding female inferiority. We must learn how those attitudes become integrated into women’s self concepts, how some women come to experience such mixed feelings about something so central as their femininity and the bodies that define them as female. Every society disseminates attitudes that are negative toward particular groups of people, with results ranging from inconvenient to devastating. Gender bias, racism, ethnic or religious prejudice can cause economic hardship, promote violence, and almost certainly lead to minor putdowns and major disappointments on a regular basis. Clearly, great suffering can be entailed in being a member of a group that is the subject of bias. The response to such suffering, however, is not preordained and varies greatly from person to person.
Introduction
Authors: Bremen Brian A
Published: November 2023

Kenneth Burke opens the first section of Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose (1935) under the subheading All Living Things Are Critics. Burke argues that if critics are those who have learned to interpret the signs about them, then even chickens can act critically by being taught to recognize a specific tone as a signal that they will be fed. Of course, as Burke quickly points out, the problem with this critical model (or model critic) is that these chickens can also be gathered together by their food signal only to be slaughtered for someone’s dinner. While, for some, this limitation of Burke’s chicken-critic may be an absolute boon, Burke himself explains that ‘‘Chickens not so well educated would have acted more wisely.’’ He maintains that what separates the live critics from the dead chickens is our ability to move ‘‘beyond the criticism of experience to a criticism of criticism’’ (PC 6).
Silver Halide Photographic Materials
Authors: Tani Tadaaki
Published: November 2023

Photography has a long history. The oldest existing photograph was taken in 1826 by Nicephore Niepse in Franc:e by means of heliographie with asphalt (natural photopolymer) as a photosensitive material. J. L. Marignier, who is a member of J. Belloni’ s laboratory in France, has recently succeeded in reproducing heliographie. He had to expose to sunlight a photosensitive plate of heliographie for 5 days in order to take a picture.
Future Prospect of Silver Halide Photography
Authors: Tani Tadaaki
Published: November 2023

As seen in Figs. 1.7 and 1.8 and Table 1.1, the strongest point of silver halide photography as compared with other photosensitive materials is its capability to achieve both high sensitivity and high image quality (i.e., resolving power). However, the most serious problems to be solved for the future of silver halide photography are in its processing. There are strong demands for improvement in photographic processing in order for silver halide photography to meet rapid access demands and environmental protection requirements. It is also noted that photographic science and technology are making progress, and new attractive products and systems to which they can be applied are needed. In this chapter comments are presented in some detail on the future prospects of the efficiency of image formation in relation to sensitivity and image quality, and briefly, to processing and systems of silver halide photography.
The Great War: Spies and Saboteurs
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

Despite the repeated crises prior to 1914 Europe had escaped war. But a state visit to Serbia by Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent of the Austro-Hungarian empire, and his wife, Sophie, the Dutchess of Hohen berg, ended with their assassination and a crisis from which there was no escape.The assassinations presented the Austro-Hungarian leadership with a golden opportunity to move against Serbia, the nation which provided a home and support for those forces rebelling against the 1908 annexation of Bosnia. On July 23, after nearly a month of increased tension, Austria Hungary delivered a ten-point ultimatum to Serbia.
Superpower Espionage
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

On March 4, 1953, Joseph Stalin’s life and reign as Soviet dictator came to an end. But Stalin’s death did not end the Cold War. Throughout the 1950s the superpowers continued to bolster their military forces and engage in a multitude of diplomatic offensives to support their positions. Less visibly, the superpowers continued their espionage war. The United States would not only continue its peripheral reconnaissance operations, but it would begin to establish a network of SIGINT stations around the Soviet Union. The United States would also explore various methods for conducting reconnaissance over Soviet territory. The So viets, with no close allies located near the United States, lacked the options of setting up ground stations or staging reconnaissance flights from bases near the United States. Thus, at least with respect to events in the United States, the Soviet Union had to depend heavily on human sources.
Spies and Moles
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

On August 19, 1960, the United States achieved the first successful recovery of a reconnaissance satellite payload. Although space reconnaissance would revolutionize intelligence, it would not lead to an abandonment of traditional spying. Seven days earlier, one of the most valuable spies in history, a well-connected colonel in the GRU, would make his first approach to Westerners, in what would become a prolonged attempt to become an agent of the United States or Britain. Meanwhile, a U.S. military officer was already passing a variety of sensitive documents to the GRU.
The Technical Revolution Continues
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

While the 1960s were notable for direct U.S-Soviet confrontations over Berlin and Cuba, the 1970s would see an attempt to regulate the arms race between the two superpowers. During that same decade simmering conflicts in the Middle East and southwest Asia would explode into wars wars which involved major client states of the superpowers. The decade would also be notable for major advances in space imagery and COMINT capabilities and the use of those capabilities to support arms control, crisis monitoring, and the fighting of wars.
A New World of Disorder
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T
Published: November 2023

By August 1990 the changes in Soviet foreign policy that resulted from the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev brought an end to the East-West conflict that had been a central factor in world affairs since 1945. Without those changes U.N. action following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait would have been impossible.
Summary and Implications for Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

Throughout the last seven chapters, we have sought to describe the various ways in which the institutional structures of a nursing facility affect elderly residents’ autonomy. One way of summarizing these very diverse findings is to consider the applicability of Erving Goffman’s notion of “total institution” to nursing homes and its ramifications for autonomy. We will then analyze the appropriateness of autonomy for guiding health care professionals’ care of nursing home residents and argue that a more basic, related value, such as dignity or respect for humans, has greater relevance for the care of the severely demented. Finally, drawing in part on our observations in the residential care setting, we will suggest some ways in which nursing homes can be modified in order to promote the ability of patients and residents to live autonomously in long-term care settings.
Amy Beach’s Boston
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Toward The End Of Her Life, Beach looked back gratefully to her early years in Boston, that “happy period” in a city that was “very musical indeed.” 1 It is hard to imagine another city-or indeed another time-that would have been as supportive of her as a woman and a musician. The special bonding that took place between patrons and artists, the high value that its Brahmin aristocracy placed on music as an art, and the support its individuals and musical institutions offered to its resident composers and performers resulted in a thriving community of musicians and helped create America’s first school of high art music. When George Whitefield Chadwick called Amy Beach “one of the boys,” he was welcoming her into that school. When the leading performing organizations in Boston-the Boston Symphony, the Handel and Haydn Society, and the Kneisel Quartet-presented her as a pianist and gave the premieres of her compositions, they were providing a woman a level of support that few, if any, other cities began to match.
At the macdowell colony: “solitude in silence”
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

The Only Sounds That Penetrated the silence at the MacDowell Colony were the sounds of nature. One morning soon after Beach’s arrival at the colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, that first summer of 1921, one of nature’s sounds was so insistent that she stopped her work to have a conversation-with “a most voluble thrush.” A longtime collector of bird songs, she decided to record his “lonely but appealing” music. “I took the songs down at the bird’s dictation, and oh, how hard I worked!” she said, “Even the most expert stenographer would have had difficulty keeping up with him! I took them exactly, even as to key (except for a few intervals too small to be transcribed) and rewrote and corrected as he sang them over and over. Then I played them back to him and he would answer.” Out of his songs Beach then fashioned “A Hermit Thrush at Eve” and “A Hermit Thrush at Morn,” op. 92, among her most original and successful piano pieces. Soon thereafter Beach played the “Hermit Thrush” pieces for fellow colonists, first telling the story of her morning’s conversation. The hermit thrush became Beach’s metaphor for the MacDowell Colony, a place where she could hear her own musical thoughts, could “learn a little more than what she knew” to quote the poet, friend, and fellow colonist Edwin Arlington Robinson. It was “through the innermost silence,” Beach wrote, that we receive communication “from some source outside ourselves.”4 The colony also offered her a place to heal after the wrenching early deaths of Ethel Clement and Arthur Hyde, to work through her grief in her music, and to find respite from concern over her aunt’s deteriorating condition.
Harvest Time
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Only With Great Reluctance Did Amy Beach admit that her performing life was at an end. In June 1941 she declared, “I have taken no formal farewell from public performances, nor do I intend to do so. But I face the fact that I shall never again be strong enough for it.”
The Physical Environment of Great Plains Grasslands
Authors: Bragg Thomas B
Published: November 2023

From head-high prairie cordgrass in eastern Nebraska valleys to carpet-short buffalo grass in western Kansas plains, the North American prairies represent a diversity of life that we are only now beginning to understand and enjoy. This great diversity reflects thousands of years of selection for plant and animal characteristics that allow them to survive in the fire-frequented, climatically variable conditions that support grasses and that are variously affected by an array of geologic and climatological conditions. This chapter focuses on three principal factors-soil, climate, and fire each of which is an important part of any explanation about differences in the grass lands of North America. Each grassland differs from others and each contains its own diversity, a con sequence of non uniform conditions throughout its range. Some differences provide sharp contrasts, such as those between the tallgrass and shortgrass prairies, while other differences are more subtle, such as those between north-facing and south-facing slopes within the Nebraska sand hills prairie. To explain these differences, we must first look to the nonliving, or abiotic, environment, for it is in an understanding of features such as soil and climate that we can find explanations for differences between and within prairies.
Soil Systems and Nutrient Cycles of the North American Prairie
Authors: Seastedt Timothy R
Published: November 2023

Beneath the sea of grass is a much larger sea of roots, soil animals, and microbes. The Great Plains still contain some great soils, something worth boasting about. And while Aldo Leopold in his essay ‘‘Odyssey’’ correctly depicted the cycling of nutrients within and through the prairie system, he underemphasized the power of the prairie to accumulate and store both nutrients and organic matter. Over the past 10,000 years, the prairie has accrued a vast store of soil wealth; its annual losses of nutrients and organic matter seldom exceeded its gains in these materials. Agricultural practices have destroyed much of this accumulated reserve, but restoration, albeit slow, is possible. Plants require water, nutrients, and light energy for growth; soils provide all but the last resource. We therefore need to understand those processes associated with creation, maintenance, and limitations of soil fertility if we are to understand the prairie ecosystem. Jenny (1941, 1980) showed us how to do this; the interactions of climate, biota, parent material, and time since last disturbance explain patterns within and between sites. My goal here is first to identify the unique features of the North American grassland soils and then to show how these unique features both influence and have been influenced by the prairie biota. I emphasize four points. First, the rich soils we associate with the mesic regions of the North American grasslands are as new or newer than the biotic components of the biome, and these soils are not static. Second, comparisons with adjacent soils beneath forests suggest that the grasses, themselves, have strongly modified soil features.