bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric Analysis of The Mandibular Incisive Canal in Different Facial Patterns
Authors: Filho Eduardo dos Santos , Barreto Renata Dantas , Oliveira Rudyard dos Santos
Published: December 2020

The study evaluated the morphometry of the mandibular incisive canal correlating with the different patterns of facial growth. The sample consisted of 90 cone beam computed tomography scans, divided into 3 groups: brachyfacial (n=30), mesofacial (n=30) and dolicofacial (n=30). For the determination of these groups, the acquisitions were arranged in the Dolphin 3D software to perform the Ricketts 3D cephalometric tracing and the VERT index. Next, the images were worked on the Ondemand3d software to perform the morphometric analysis of the incisive canal. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney test were performed to test the interference of facial patterns, sex and age in the Mandibular Incisive Canal Extension. In the intragroup analysis of the MICE, the Friedman test was used, considering a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5%. The sample consisted of 54.4% of males and 45.6% of females. Sex and age had no effect on morphology and incisive canal extension. When the relationship between facial patterns and MICE was observed, brachyfacials (11.09 mm) presented a larger extent (p<0.001) than dolicofacial (4.10 mm) and mesofacial (5.55 mm). When the morphology of the MIC was analyzed, most individuals presented the linear horizontal format, and there was no direction between the groups. Thus, we can conclude that the facial pattern influences the MICE and sex, age and morphology were not influenced by the facial pattern.
Evaluation of Stress Transfer at Bone Implant Interface in Emulate Implant and Conventional Endosseous Implant: A Comparative 3-D Finite Element Analysis Study
Authors: Tyagi S. , Shetty K. , Issar G. , Rani S. , Kumar S. , Jagadeesh H. G. , Khan S.
Published: December 2020

Aim: Aim of this study was to evaluate and compare stress transfer at bone implant interface in customized root form implant and conventional endosseous implant.

Materials and methodology: A three-dimensional finite element model of Emulate implant and conventional endosseous implant (nobel active 4.2X11.5mm) was generated. The implants were restored with metal ceramic crown and subjected to 20 Mpa of axial applied stress. Resolved stresses were examined at four heights along the implant bone interface.

Results: In conventional endosseous implant with 100 % osseointegration higher stresses (1.01-0.12 MPa) were concentrated on the facial surface of crest of implant. The stresses decreased from junction of cortical bone and trabecular bone to the apex of implant (0.36 – 0.12 MPa). The maximum stresses on emulate implant with 100 % osseointegration were at the facial surface of the crest of implant (0.05 MPa) which were comparatively lesser than conventional endosseous implant (1.01 MPa).

Conclusion: The degree of osseointegration affected the stress levels or distributions around both implants. Crestal stresses were always higher than apical stress. When the implants were 100% osseointegrated, then stresses were higher on conventional endosseous implant while in case of 50% osseointegration, stresses were higher on emulate implant.
Bucco-lingual Impaction of Mandibular Second Premolar: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Shekhar Madiraju Guna , Pavankumar Pavagada S. , Chowdary Veeriah J. , Shivappa Anil B.
Published: December 2020

Mandibular second premolars rank third after third permanent molars and maxillary permanent canines in frequency of impaction. They are found impacted at different angulations and positions and should be carefully evaluated radiographically during treatment planning. This article reports a rare occurrence of bucco-lingually impacted mandibular second premolar treated with odontectomy and odontotomy with a brief review of the literature.
Visualizing Semantic Structure of a Clinical Text Document
Authors: Kenei Jonah , Opiyo Elisha , Oboko Robert
Published: December 2020

The increasing use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in healthcare delivery settings has led to increase availability of electronic clinical data. They generate a lot of patients’ clinical data each day, requiring physicians to review them to find clinically relevant information of different patients during care episodes. The availability of electronically collected healthcare data has created the need of computational tools to analyze them. One of the types of data which doctors have access to is clinical notes that resides in electronic health records. These notes are useful as they provide comprehensive information about patients’ health histories with many practical uses. For example, doctors always review these notes during care episodes to appraise themselves about the health history of a patient. These reviews are currently manual where a doctor reads a patient’s chart while looking for specific clinical information. Without the proper support, this manual process leads to information overload and increases physician cognitive workload. Current electronic health records (EHRs) do not provide support to help physicians reduce cognitive workload when completing clinical tasks. This is especially true for long clinical documents which require quick review at the point of care. The growing amount of clinical documentation available in EHRs has arose the need of tools that support synthesize of information in EHRs. The use of visual analytics to explore healthcare data is one such research direction to address this problem. However, existing visualization techniques are mainly based on structured electronic health record and rarely support therapeutic activities. Therefore, visualization of unstructured clinical records to support clinical practice is required. In this paper we propose a unique approach for graphically representing and visualizing the semantic structure of a clinical text document to aid doctors in reviewing electronic clinical notes. A user evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method for visualizing and navigating a document’s semantic structure facilitates a user’s document information exploration.
A Review of Integrated Energy System with Power to Gas Technology
Authors: Faisal Shah
Published: December 2020

To save excess power large scale energy storage is required to overcome the short term storage. The increasing demand of electricity and neglecting the excess energy presented the idea of Power to Gas (P2G), because gases can be stored economically for long time, while electricity cannot be stored economically for long time. P2G plays a vital role in enhancing large-scale integrated energy system in energy sector. The process of converting surplus electrical energy into gases and its planning in an integrated energy system for different purposes is significant for developing the technology. This paper reviewed the study of integrated energy system with the power to gas technology. The conversion technologies, basics, storage capacity and siting in integrated energy systems are analyzed for modeling which assesses to their suitability for applications. Coupling, aims, applications and economic analysis to enhance the performance of the system, balance the system and to offer better facilities to consumers are investigated. The large capacity of P2G system, can provide long term energy storage requirements. P2G need further research work to address the issues of cost minimization as it is very expensive technology, optimal location, economy, energy efficiency improvement and proper methodologies for integration.
Effects of Two Pre-Treatment Methods on Water Absorption Property of Polyester-Fibre Composites
Authors: Obianuko Pauline N. , Onuegbu Tessy U.
Published: December 2020

The use of plant fibres as reinforcement in composite materials is finding increasing interest in the automotive and building industry, and the properties of plant fibre composites have been addressed in numerous research studies. The replacement of synthetic fibres with natural fibres in composites is based on their renewable and environmentally friendly nature.

The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of two chemical pre-treatment methods on the water absorption property of polyester-fibre composites. Fully grown kenaf (hibiscus cannabalis) bast fibres were manually retted from the stalk, washed, and cut into short fibre lengths of about 10 cm. One portion of the fibres was pre-treated with 5% pbw NaOH solution before immersing it in glacial acetic acid and then in acetic anhydride. The second portion was pre-treated with 5%pbw of NaOH and 0.125% of KMnO4 in acetone. The third portion of fibres was untreated to serve as control. The ground fibre was incorporated into ortho unsaturated polyester and cast with Teflon square shaped mould. The cured samples were weighed and immersed in water at room temperature until no further gain in weight was observed. The SEM of the fibres and the composites was taken. The results showed that the acetylation pre-treatment method reduced the water absorption property of the composites by a minimum of 46.0% across all fibre volume fractions while the permanganate pre-treatment reduced it by at least 25.5%. Chemical pre-treatment of fibres can therefore
An Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Bonded Concrete
Authors: Tehrani F. M.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an experimental study to measure mechanical properties of bonded concrete specimens. The bond between freshly mixed and hardened concrete has been a concern in repair and retrofit projects as well as staged construction of concrete members. This concern has roots in the time-dependent behavior of concrete, beginning with early-age concrete and continuing with long-term performance and durability of concrete. Moreover, environmental conditions generally complicate the behavior of concrete and resulted deformations such as shrinkage and creep. Application of chemical adhesives and epoxies is a common technique to enhance the bond at the interface of old and new concrete elements. The presented methodology includes preparation of bonded specimens with application of grout and adhesive agents. Mechanical strengths of specimens have been reported based on compressive, tensile, flexural, and shear testing. Results indicate that bonding agents are more effective in tensile and shear behavior of bonded samples.
Measuring the Financial Literacy of Farmers Food Crops in the Poor Area of Madura, Indonesia
Authors: Santoso Wahyu , Asmara Kiky , Abidin Zainal
Published: December 2020

An effort to encourage increased food productivity is directly proportional to the limited access of farmers on capital financing resources. The purpose of the research is to describe the financial literacy rate of farmers in Madura. The data analysis method uses a descriptive (qualitative) analysis and a different test (T-Test) with IBM SPSS. 23 Software support. The results of the research obtained that food farmers in Sampang and Bangkalan districts have a relatively moderate financial knowledge with all its limitations. Their understanding is sufficient about the knowledge principle of bank interest calculation, the time value of money, the general rules of the bank, the definition of inflation, risk and profit received. However, financial behavior and attitudes are categorized less. The difference of the principal of Madura food farmers in both research areas namely Sampang Regency and Bangkalan District is located on the component of the Financial Knowledge Index.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Diatomaceous Earth on Egg Quality Traits in Hens Raised on Deep Litter
Authors: Isabirye Robert Alex , Biryomumaisho Savino , Acai-Okwee James , Okello Samuel , Nasinyama George William
Published: December 2020

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary diatomaceous earth (DE) on egg quality traits in deep litter hens. A total of 280 Lohmann Brown pullets were at 20 weeks of age divided into 4 groups. Three groups were fed on one of the three experimental diets supplemented with 2%, 3% or 4% DE, while the fourth group was fed on a control diet without DE supplementation. Each group had seven replicates of 10 birds. One egg was collected randomly per replicate (for a total of 7 eggs per group), weighed and determined for: yolk weight, albumen weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, specific gravity, albumen height, yolk height, yolk colour and Haugh unit. Findings showed that DE supplementation resulted into significant (p<0.05) increase in eggshell weight and yolk height. Dietary supplementation with DE in the current study was, however, not effective on other egg quality parameters such as on eggshell weight percentage, egg specific gravity, yolk colour and Haugh unit. However, results of the study also showed that DE supplementation improved significantly (p<0.05) egg quality especially by improving viscosity as flocks grew older as compared to younger flocks. Further research should focus on the effect of dietary DE on eggshell and bone strength of layer birds. Research should also explore the interactions among the minerals found in DE (e.g. calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and how these interactions affect egg quality in laying hens.
Survey on the Use of Calcium Carbide as Ripening Agent in Ilorin Metropolis
Authors: Adekalu O. A. , Fashanu T. A. , Olaitan T. R. , Ogunsua J. M. , Oyebamiji I. T. , Ibrahim A. S. , Akande S. A. , Oyebanji A. O.
Published: December 2020

This research work examined the use of calcium carbide as ripening agent for banana and plantain in major markets within Ilorin metropolis. Open ended/structured questionnaires were administered to banana/plantain handlers in six different markets, afterward samples of ripe banana and plantain were also collected from different points in each market at the same time for physicochemical and mineral analyses. Results showed that a total of 85 respondents returned their questionnaires from all the markets; of which majority were female (99 percent), 89 percent of them were married, only 35 percent had formal education, 94 percent of them do store their plantain/banana, 83 percent were aware of the use of calcium carbide in ripening of plantain/banana but only 1 percent admitted using it. Comparing with the control samples, the physicochemical and mineral analyses showed that there were reduced moisture and vitamin C contents with increased values of arsenic and phosphorus being recovered from banana and plantain samples. Many authors had associated induced ripening with the use of ripening agent such as calcium carbide with reduced moisture and vitamin C contents with elevated values of arsenic and phosphorus in ripe fruits which had many health risks. Samples of banana and plantain collected from Ilorin markets were probably forced ripen with artificial ripening agents. The needs for constant education of the public especially fruits handlers on the health implications of the use of calcium carbide as ripening agent cannot be overemphasized.
Soil Types and their Physio – Chemical Properties for Population Development of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Nishantha K. M. D. W. P. , Marasinghe M. A. K. M. , Wijethunga H. M. G. D. , Wijewardhane K. G. U. , Dissanayake M. L. M. C. , Nugaliyadde M. M.
Published: December 2020

Root Knot Nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) is the major soil borne microorganisms causing severe losses in vegetable production in Sri Lanka. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the fourteen different soil types and their physio-chemical properties for population development of Meloidogyne spp on tomato crop. The population of RKN showed significant differences among different soil types. The maximum nematode population (Root Galling Index of 7.25, Number of knots of 165.25) were recorded in Red Yellow Podzolic – Imperfectly Drained soil with higher organic carbon (11.54%), phosphorus (3.30 ppm), potassium (369 ppm), sand (77.06%), moisture content (16.22%) and it was not significantly difference between Red Yellow Podzolic – Imperfectly Drained soil and Regosol. The minimum nematode population (Root Galling Index of 2.75, Number of knots of 51.75) was recorded in Reddish Brown Latosol – Imperfectly Drained soil with organic carbon (4.1% w/w), phosphorus (0.58 ppm), sand (64.66%), and moisture content (6.19%). Analysis of correlation coefficient showed that population of Meloidogyne spp. significantly positive correlated with phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, EC, soil moisture and sand percentage while significantly negative correlated with the silt + clay percentage, soil temperature and soil pH. There was no significant correlation recorded with soil organic carbon content as it was clearly indicated that all the samples had very low percentage of organic carbon in compared to suppressive soils. Therefore, the study concludes all soil physic-chemical properties except organic carbon have direct effect on the development of population of Meloidogyne spp. and it is varied with the different soil types, hence it is vital to contemplate soil type and its physio-chemical properties when executing Integrated Nematode management programs for Meloidogyne spp. However, further Investigations are required to study the direct effect of soil organic carbon on development of population of Meloidogyne spp.
Evaluation of Newly Developed Rice Lines in Lowland Ecology in Ghana
Authors: Donkor Esther Fobi , Adjei Remember Roger , Boadu Sober Ernest
Published: December 2020

Rice is one of the major staple foods consumed in all part of the world including Ghana. The study was conducted at the research field of CSIR in Sokwai to evaluate the performance of the newly released rice varieties in lowland ecology in Ghana. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research Version 2.0.1. The analysis of variance revealed a highly significant variation among most of the agronomic traits studied except for the panicle length, moisture content, total weight of 5 hills, the percent moisture content and the lodging index. The first five principal component (PC) accounted for 71% of the total variation with PC1, PC2 and PC3 contributing 20%, 17% and 13% respectively. The cluster analysis placed the accessions into five main clusters. The cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC) was 0.42.
Quantum Neural Network-Based Deep Learning System to Classify Physical Timeline Acceleration Data of Agricultural Workers
Authors: Kawakura Shinji , Shibasaki Ryosuke
Published: December 2020

In this study, we extract agricultural (agri-) workers’ physical acceleration timeline data and execute quantum neural network-based deep learning for data classification. Although various approaches have been implemented globally for indoor and outdoor agri-working sites, there is still scope for improvement. Therefore, in this study, we adapt these approaches mainly for automated, high-tech agri-sites and apply the quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) deep learning-based method to qualitatively demonstrate the classification of physical workers’ timeline datasets. For our dataset, our subjects were six experienced and six completely inexperienced male agri-manual workers. The target task was to cultivate a farmland using a simple traditional Japanese hoe in a semi-crouching position. We captured the subjects’ acceleration data using an integrated multi-sensor module mounted on a wooden lilt 150 mm from the gripping position of the dominant hand. We developed and used Python (ver. 3.9) and recent distributed libraries for quantum computation and distributed concerned libraries. For data classification, we successively executed three patterns using QCNN, a category of quantum deep learning (QDL)-based deep learning, and evaluated the systems by obtaining loss, validation accuracy, and final epochs’ elapsed time data. These methods of analyzing digital data are expected to find practical applications and provide key suggestions for improving daily task efficiency.
Comparative Advantage of Using Biopesticides in Ukrainian Agroecosystems
Authors: Arjjumend Hasrat , Koutouki Konstantia , Donets Olga
Published: December 2020

The use of unsustainable levels of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals has resulted in a steady decline in soil and crop productivity the world over. Soil biology has undergone irreversible damage, coupled with a high concentration of toxic chemical residues in plant tissues and human bodies. Agricultural practices must evolve to sustainably meet the growing global demand for food without irreversibly damaging soil. Microbial biocontrol agents have tremendous potential to bring sustainability to agriculture in a way that is safe for the environment. Biopesticides do not kill non-target insects, and biosafety is ensured because biopesticides act as antidotes and do not lead to chemical contamination in the soil. This article is part of a larger study conducted in Ukraine by researchers at the Université de Montréal with the support of Mitacs and Earth Alive Clean Technologies. The responses of farmers who use biofertilizers (“user farmers”) and those who do not (“non-user farmers”), along with the responses of manufacturers or suppliers of biofertilizers, and research and development (R&D) scientists are captured to demonstrate the advantages of applying microbial biopesticides to field crops. Participants reported a 15-30% increase in yields and crop production after the application of biopesticides. With the use of biopesticides, farmers cultivated better quality fruits, grains, and tubers with a longer shelf life. Moreover, while the risk of crop loss remains high (60-70%) with chemically grown crops, this risk is reduced to 33% on average if crops are grown using biopesticides. The findings indicate that a large proportion of farmers would prefer to use biopesticides if they are effective and high quality products. In this context, the quality and effectiveness of products is therefore very important. Despite their benefits to soil, human health, and ecosystems, biopesticides face significant challenges and competition vis-à-vis synthetic pesticides for a variety of reasons. Therefore, the development of biopesticides must overcome the problems of poor quality products, short shelf life, delayed action, high market costs, and legal/registration issues.
Acceptability of Spiced Plantain Chips among Visitors in Selected Tourist Centres in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajani F. , Oshibanjo D. O. , Oyebade J. O.
Published: December 2020

Plantain chips is one of the products obtained from plantain. It is a popular snack among tourists and readily available in most tourist centres in some parts of Africa (such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire). Plantain chips is a local snack and belongs to the category of chips. Chips generally are classified as unhealthy snacks which may contribute to health related problems if consumed in large quantity. This study aimed at assessing the acceptability of spiced plantain chips with onions and dry pepper among tourists in the University of Ibadan Zoological garden and Agodi gardens, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A Pilot study was conducted before the execution of the main research. Seven samples of plantain chips were prepared in which five of the samples was spiced with onions and dry pepper (Ata ijosi) at different inclusion levels (2% and 4%) while two served as positive and negative control. A class of sensory evaluation test (Affective test) was used to assess the organoleptic characteristics of the samples. A panel of twenty people which comprised of lecturers and students of the Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management was set up for the assessment. The result showed that plantain chips samples at 2% inclusion levels of onions and dry pepper were mostly preferred for the pilot study and this was used for the main study. For the positive and negative control samples, the negative control was preferred over the positive control and this served as the control for the main study. Thus, three samples (sample A, B and C) were prepared for the main study in which two samples, A and B were spiced with onions and dry pepper while sample C served as the control. 210 copies of Questionnaire (105 in each tourist centre) and Sensory Evaluation Forms were administered to tourists in both tourists’ centres using Convenience sampling technique. Data collected were subjected to descriptive (frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Analysis of variance and Multiple Linear Regression) using the SPSS software. The result of the sensory evaluation test among tourists revealed that the samples were significantly different in their sensory attributes from the control sample. Tourists preferred the spiced samples, A and B to the control sample, C. However, Sample A was mostly preferred with respect to its aroma, flavour, taste and overall acceptability. The result showed that spicing plantain chips with onions and dry pepper, especially onions may increase its consumption among tourists.
An Assessment of Genetic Variability in Contrasting Castor Seedlings
Authors: Ilo G. I. , Nweke I. A. , Ijearu S. I.
Published: December 2020

Nine genotypes of castor oil bean (Ricinus cumunis) were evaluated in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons to determine their consistency of performance at the Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State. Eight (8) accessions were selected from various locations in the south east, while a standard check was obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The study was carried out using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data was collected on number of days to germination, days to 50% flowering, plant height at maturity, length of primary raceme, length of pistillate region, length of staminate region and number of leaves. The findings from the study showed that Zaria accession flowers within 80 days and significantly (P < 0.05) different from the other eight (8) accessions studied, except Udi for plant height at maturity the significant and comparable large genotypes for all the characters except number of days to germination; number of nodes and length of staminate region implies that there would be adequate gains in selecting the characters. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was found to be higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the character studied indicating the influence of environment towards the total variance. The short height recorded in Zaria and Udi accessions which are at par is of a desirable trait for shorter plants are easier to manage agronomical and it also withstands lodging better than all plants. These accessions based on the agronomic characters studied were found to perform very well in Enugu south-east, Nigeria and is therefore, recommended to be grown in this region.
Hazards of La Fortuna District, Alajuela, Costa Rica
Authors: Robles Juan Carlos , Fernandez Arce Mario
Published: December 2020

In this paper we examine the characteristic and distribution of natural and man-made hazards in the District La Fortuna, Costa Rica, and show a Hazards Density Map. There are deadly hazards in the territory and both vulnerability and risk have increased, which demands actions to prevent disasters. Our interest is to provide useful results to improve the risk management in the district. We collected information available in scientific papers, technical reports, thesis, and Press releases and used the method Hazard Density Index to produce the Hazard Density Map. The findings point to a concentration of threats in in North of the district and confirm that the main hazard in the studied area is the volcanic eruption.
Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Energy Generation in Rural Areas in the Island of Crete, Greece
Authors: Vourdoubas John
Published: December 2020

Use of renewable energies in rural areas in the island of Crete, Greece has been investigated. Crete has rich indigenous renewable energy resources which are currently utilized for covering part of its energy requirements. Various renewable energy technologies used for heat and electricity generation in the island have been examined. Solar energy, wind energy, hydro power, biomass, and low enthalpy geothermal energy are already used. The total installed electric power of renewable energies in Crete, located mostly in rural areas, is approximately at 30% of the total electric power installed. They currently generate more than 20% of the island’s annual electricity needs. More renewable energy applications are foreseen in the future in rural areas in Crete as soon as its electric grid will be interconnected with the country’s continental grid. New renewable energy technologies, which are not currently used, could generate in the future heat, cooling, electricity, and vehicle’s fuels in the island. Their use will have positive impacts including the promotion of energy investments, lower use of imported and polluting fossil fuels, de-carbonization of the island’s energy sector as well as creation of new local jobs. It is indicated that the rich renewable energy resources in Crete could provide almost all of its annual energy needs. This will result in Crete’s transformation to a low or zero carbon economy in accordance with EU targets for zero carbon emissions in the next decades complying with the global goal for climate change mitigation.
Sea surface Temperature in the Physical Mechanism of the Interannual Variability of Precipitation in the Saint Louis Region in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Dia Diop Aichetou , Wade Malick , Diop Abdoulaye B. , Sarr Djiby , Diop Bouya
Published: December 2020

The Saint-Louis Region runs along the Senegal River on the Mauritanian border, an interface region between the dry Sahelian and hot and dry Saharan climates. It is one of the regions of Senegal located in the northwest of this country. Its total population is nearly one million inhabitants living mainly from the resources of the river, and from agriculture.

To understand the interannual variability of precipitation in this buffer region between the Sahel and the Sahara, more particularly in the region of Saint Louis, we have studied the meteorological parameters involved in the establishment of precipitation.

This region is located in the extreme north of Senegal between 12 ° 62-16 ° 52 west longitude and 14 ° 4-16 ° 67 north latitude. On its western facade, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean.

It has a strong agricultural vocation because of its significant water and land potential. Indeed, the Senegal River flows into the Atlantic at Saint Louis, it has source in Guinea. Its regime is very irregular and depends entirely on monsoon rains.

However, rain is the most important factor in the climate and is one of the main sources of water for the river in this climatic zone. It is characterized by its insufficiency, its irregularity, and significant inter-annual differences.

The influence of the nearby ocean appears to play an important role in climate activity in this region.

Using the monsoon depth and height from meridian and zonal winds, we have established the correlations between monsoon rains and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). From these parameters, we were able to predict the rainfall breaks in this region of Senegal.
Hatâyî’nin Nasihatnâmesi
Authors: BEKTAŞ Hasan
Published: December 2020

Klasik edebiyatta bir konu üzerinde öğüt vermek amacıyla yazılmış ahlaki-didaktik eserlere nasihatnâme yahut pendnâme denir. Bu türden eserlerden biri de Hatâyî’nin yazmış olduğu Nasihatnâme’dir. Hatâyî Divanı ile beraber Şeyh Safî Buyruklarında, Anadolu’da derlenen şiir mecmualarında, tarikat usullerini anlatan erkânnamelerde de sıkça kaydedilen bu eser; Ca’ferîlik, vahdet-i vücut ve Safevîlik (Kızılbaşlık) hakkında dervişlere verilen nasihatlerden ibaret olup tevhit, nübüvvet, imâmet, nasihat ve dua bahislerinden oluşur.

Döneminde önemli eserler vermiş ve çığır açmış olan Hatâyî, Alevî- Bektaşî edebiyatına damgasını vurmuş bu edebi çevrenin yedi büyük şairinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hatâyî, kısa süren yaşamı boyunca, vaktinin çoğunu devlet işlerine sarf etmesine bakmayarak zengin ve çok yönlü bir miras yaratmıştır. O hem aruz vezni hem de hece vezniyle, hem epik hem de lirik türlerde eser vermiş, akılda kalan, örnek olabilen eserleri ile edebiyatımızı zenginleştirmiştir. Onun edebiyat ve dil tarihinde oynadığı rol, Azerbaycan devletçiliğinin tarihinde oynadığı rol kadar önemlidir. Devlet kuran bir hükümdar olarak Türk diline verdiği resmi önemle beraber bir şair, sanatkâr olarak da unutulmaz eserler yaratmıştır. Bu eserlerden biri olan Nasihatnâme, Hatâyî’nin; dervişlere verdiği nasihatleri işleyen bir mesnevidir.

Adından da anlaşılacağı üzere didaktik bir mesnevi olan Nasihatnâme, şiiri zaten dini inanışını ve ideolojisini yaymak adına kullanan Hatâyî’nin, Ehlibeyt sevgisini, Safevî tarikatının erkânı ve usulünü anlattığı ve öğütler verdiği bir manzumedir. Bu yazıda Nasihatnâme; tanıtılıp Türk Edebiyatı araştırmalarına kazandırılmak amacıyla; vezin, dil, bölümler, muhteva ve dinî öğeler yönünden incelenmiştir. Sonuçta Nasihatnâme’nin; Anadolu ve Safevîlik alakası, Safevîliğin inançları, Safevîliğin yapısı ve terminolojisi hakkında önemli konularda birtakım veriler içerdiği görülmüştür. Şiiri didaktik amaçlarla kullanan Hatâyî’nin, gazellerinde yaptığı gibi mesnevide de şekil ve muhteva değişikliğine gittiği anlaşılmıştır.
Mezhepçilik, Pragmatizm ve Müzakere: 16 ile 19. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı-Nusayri İlişkileri ve Nusayrilerin Değişen Statüleri
Authors: ÇAPAR Ali
Published: December 2020

Osmanlı merkez yönetiminin Nusayrilere karşı politikaları ve yaklaşımı dönemsel olarak farklılıklar göstermiştir. Ancak Nusayrilerin Osmanlı yönetimi altındaki deneyimi birçok yönüyle henüz yeterince keşfedilmemiştir. Osmanlı arşiv vesikaları, Osmanlı mahkeme kayıtları ve farklı lisanlarda yazılmış tetkik eserlerin detaylı incelemesi ile ortaya çıkan bu makale, 16. ile 19. yüzyıllar arasındaki Osmanlı-Nusayri ilişkilerinin gidişatını, Osmanlıların Nusayrilere karşı tutumunu, Nusayrilerin değişen dini statüsünü ve Nusayrilerin dini statüsünün belirlenmesindeki temel motivasyonları inceleyerek bu alandaki boşluğu doldurmaya çalışmıştır. Nusayrilerin, Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki tarihinin dini sapkınlık, muhalefet, zulüm ve marjinallik konuları arasına sıkıştırılmamasını öneren makalemiz, 16. ile 19. yüzyıllar arasında Osmanlı merkezi yönetimi Nusayrilere karşı sürekli ve değişmez mezhepçi bir politika uygulamadığını ve incelenen dönemler içerisinde Nusayrilerin dini statüsünün dönemsel olarak farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Nusayrilere karşı İslami hukuk prensiplerine dayalı daimi bir politika uygulamayan Osmanlı merkez yönetimi, Nusayrileri idare etmek amacıyla mezhepçi, pragmatist ve müzakereci politikalar uygulamıştır. Osmanlı merkez yönetimi, Osmanlı ordularının Safeviler ile çatışma halinde olduğu ve Osmanlıların Sünni dünyanın liderliğini yaptığı bir dönemde Nusayrilere karşı mezhepçi, Mehmed Ali Paşa ve oğlu İbrahim Paşa’nın Suriye’yi ele geçirdiği dönemde Nusayrilerle işbirliği, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Kırım Savaşı ve 93 Harbi neticesinde Suriye’nin dağlık kısımlarında yaşanan zorlu askeri, ekonomik ve politik süreçte Nusayrilerle müzakere politikalarını uygulamıştır. Osmanlı merkez yönetiminin Nusayrilere karşı değişen politikaları yönetilebilirlik ve reel politik çerçevesinde değerlendiren makalemiz, bu politikaların dönemlerin şartları ve Osmanlıların gücü düşünüldüğünde, en fazla fayda getirecek politikalar olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu gözlemler ışığında genel veya bölgesel politik gelişmelere, toplumlararası gerilime, Osmanlı pragmatizmine ve Nusayrilerin Osmanlı yönetim modeline uyumuna bağlı olarak Osmanlı merkez yönetimi, Nusayrileri heretik veya Müslüman tebaanın bir parçası olarak görmüştür.
Lazkiye Sancak Teşkilatının Şekillenmesinde Cebel-i Nusayri Etkisi
Authors: KİREMİT İlker
Published: December 2020

Yapılan bu çalışma, Lazkiye`nin 1864 Vilayet Nizamnamesine müteakip aldığı idari konum üzerinedir. Kaza statüsünden sancak merkezine doğru yaşanan değişim ve bu kapsamda idari teşkilatın şekillenmesinde etkili olan nedenlere odaklanılmıştır. 1880 tarihinde sancak teşkilatının kurulmasıyla birlikte başlayan bu süreç, “kritik alanlardan” birisi olduğunu söyleyebileceğimiz Lazkiye bölgesinde, Osmanlı`nın denetim ve nüfuzunun sağlanması ve sürdürülmesini hedeflemekteydi. Osmanlı iktidarının, Tanzimat reformları kapsamında icra ettiği politikaya karşı, Lazkiye`nin doğu tarafında uzanan ve Cebel-i Nusayri denilen engebeli bölge ahalisinden Nusayrilerin muhalif tutumu öne çıkmıştır. Vergi ve askerlik vazifesinin bölgede icra edilmesiyle ilişkili isteksizlik ve buna karşı yaşanan direniş, bölgede ekseriyeti oluşturan bu ahali ile hükümet arasındaki gerilime vesile olmaktaydı.

Osmanlı iktidarının burada yaşanan muhalefetin önüne geçmek ve bölgedeki egemenlik şartlarını iyileştirmeye yönelik çabalar Lazkiye`de sancak teşkilatının oluşumunda etkili olmuştur. Dönemin Suriye valisi Mithat Paşa, sancağın kurulmasında etkin bir role sahip olduğu kadar, bu idareyi oluşturan kaza ve nahiye gibi alt birimlerin de oluşturulması yönündeki ayrıntıya ehemmiyet vermiştir. Bu doğrultuda olmak üzere, Lazkiye`deki geniş dağ bölgesine yayılan yerleşim birimlerinin kontrolü üzerinde daha etkili olacak idari çarelerin üretilip tatbik edilmesine çaba gösterilmiştir. Bunun neticesinde, dağ bölgesinde tek bir kaymakamlığın yeterli olamayacağı düşünülerek Markab ve Sahyun olmak üzere iki kazanın da teşkili gerekli görülmüştür. Trablusşam Sancağından ayrı bir sancak teşkilatının kurulmasıyla ortaya çıkan vaziyete göre Lazkiye mutasarrıflığı, Cebele`nin de buraya dahil edilmesiyle, dört kazadan oluşan bir yerel idare birimi oluşmuştur. Bunu, bilhassa nahiye merkezleri üzerine odaklanılacak ve bölgede inzibat şartlarını takviye edecek düzenlemelerle desteklenecek bir programın icrası takip edecekti. Sonraki yıllarda, dağ bölgesinde yeni bir kaymakamlığın daha kurulması planının yanı sıra, diğer idari düzenlemelerle askeri noktaların arttırılması ve bu minvalde yürütülmesi kararlaştırılan çalışmaların aynı maksatla ilişkili olduğu düşünülebilir.
The Transformation of the Role of Dedes in Modern Times
Authors: Yaman Ali
Published: December 2020

This article deals with the transformation of the dede institution, one of the basic institutions of Alevism, throughout the urbanization. Dede institution played a primary role in the survival of Alevism until today. That is why it wouldn’t be an exaggeration to say that this institution is of key importance for an understanding of Alevism in Anatolia. Dedes have moved away from their roles in dede-talib relations, which are based on ocaks in traditional life, and also from their traditional functions due to urbanization.

Today, cemevis and cultural centers in Turkey and the urban centers around Europe are widely run by associations and foundations. It is now clear that traditional institutions which had a significant power in the past, such as ocak institution, have been transformed. The socio-economic transformation caused by urbanization has also caused significant effects on the life of Alevis. It is necessary to compare the status of dede institution in the past with its current status in order to better understand this situation. There are great differences between the new and the old qualifications and functions of dedes in the new social order. The functions of Dede institution have either disappeared with time, or have continued with various changes along with the new conditions and new needs of the society. The change is still continuing.
Alevi-Bektaşi İnancında Kerametler
Authors: ÇIBLAK COŞKUN Nilgün
Published: December 2020

Tasavvufî gelenekte keramet, peygamberlik iddiasıyla ilgili olmaksızın bir kişide olağanüstü bir halin ortaya çıkması anlamında kullanılır. Keramet kavramı, tasavvuf tarihinde veli inancıyla birlikte ortaya çıkmış ve zamanla onun ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. İnanışa göre velilerin hayatta iken ya da öldükten sonra bazı kerametler göstermesi, Hakk’ın sevdiği kullarına bir lütfu olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Velilik makamına erişmiş şahısların gösterdiği bu kerametler, edebiyatımızda menakıbname adı verilen eserlerde bir araya getirilmiştir. Menkabe ya da kerametler, halk edebiyatının destan, hikâye, efsane, masal vb. türleri gibi tarihimizin karanlık yönleri ile toplumumuzun inanç ve düşünce yapısını, hayal dünyasını, yaşam tarzını yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. Ancak kerametlerin diğer türlerden farklı bir yönü de vardır. Zira bu mahsuller, tarihin karanlık yönlerini aydınlattıkları gibi toplum mensuplarını dinî ve ahlaki açıdan terbiye etme işlevine de sahiptir, üstelik halkın duygu yoğunluğunu en üst seviyede yansıtması, yola bağlılığı pekiştirmesi bakımından da üzerinde durulması gereken bir türdür.

Türk kültürünün İslami dönem mahsulleri arasında yer alan evliya menkabeleri üzerinde önemli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak günümüzde de halkın veli katında gördüğü din büyükleri etrafında kerametler oluşturulmaya ve anlatılmaya devam ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Çoğunlukla Alevi-Bektaşi geleneğinde rastladığımız bu kerametler, talipler arasında büyük bir inançla anlatılmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada, Alevi-Bektaşi geleneğinde halkın veli makamında gördüğü şahısların gerek hayatta iken gerekse öldükten sonra gösterdiklerine inanılan kerametler üzerinde durulmuştur. İncelemeye alınan kerametler, genellikle yakın zamanda yaşamış veliler etrafında oluşturulmuş, dolayısıyla halk üzerindeki etkisi hâlâ devam eden velilere ait olup sözlü ve yazılı kültür ortamından tespit edilmiştir. Gelenekte pirlerin, ocakzadelerin, anabacıların ya da halkın büyük takdirini kazanmış ulu şahıslara atfedilen kerametler, öncelikle içerikleri ve motiflerinin kaynağı bakımından incelenmiştir. Ayrıca işlevsel halkbilimi kuramı çerçevesinde bu kerametlerin dinî ve sosyokültürel hayattaki anlam ve önemi, yol ve erkânın sürdürülmesindeki rolü üzerinde durulmuştur.
XVI. Yüzyılın Başlarında Tutulan Tahrir Defterlerinde Kızılbaşlara Dair Notların Tarih Açısından Önemi
Authors: ERPOLAT Mehmet Salih
Published: December 2020

Kızılbaşlar ve Kızılbaşlık konusu XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ilim âleminin dikkatini çeken ve üzerinde durulan konular arasındaki yerini almıştır. Gün geçtikçe konu ile ilgili çalışmalar sayı, çeşitlilik ve nitelik bakımından artmaktadır. Bu araştırmaların bazılarında kaynak olarak Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin titizlikle kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Özellikle Osmanlı yönetiminin merkezi olan Divanıhümayun’da tutulan Mühimme Defterlerindeki hükümler ve zaviyeler ile ilgili arşiv belgeleri birçok araştırmanın temel kaynağını oluşturmuştur.

Tahrir Defterleri, Osmanlı Devleti Dönemi’ne ait sosyal, ekonomik, malî, hukuki, demografik, askerî, toponomi (adbilim), dinî ve tasavvufi konular ile ilgili olarak başvurulan kaynakların başında yer almaktadır. Bu defterlerin hemen tamamı araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmiş ve birçoğu yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerine konu olmuştur. Bazıları kitap hâline getirilerek yayımlanmıştır. Bu defterlerin verileri kullanılarak Osmanlı Dönemi’ne dair birçok konu açıklığa kavuşturulmuştur. Ancak bunca kitap, tez, makale ve bildirilerin yayımlanmış olmasına rağmen gözden kaçan, dikkat edilmeyen hususların olduğu görülmektedir.

Bu makalede XVI. yüzyılın başlarında tutulan tahrir defterlerinde yer alan “Kızılbaş”, “Kızılbaş fetreti”, “Kızılbaş kıranı”, “Kızılbaş zamanı”, “sürh”, “sürh-serân” ve “…mâl-ı sürhserân” terimlerinin geçtiği notların mahiyeti açıklığa kavuşturulacaktır. Bu terimlerle Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kızılbaşlara bakış açısını resmî belgelerle açıklama imkânı bulunacaktır.

“Sürh-seran” (Kızılbaşlar) ve “…mâl-ı sürh-seran” adı altında tahsil edilen verginin mahiyeti ayrıntılı olarak açıklanacaktır. “…mâl-ı sürh-serân” terimi, Kızılbaş-Türkmenlerin Anadolu’daki bazı yerleşim yerlerinden göç ettiklerini ispatlayan bir uygulamanın varlığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesinin etkilerinin Osmanlı resmî yazışmalarına yansımalarının bazı somut örneklerini görmek mümkündür. Bunun yanında nüfus hareketleri üzerindeki etkileri ve bunun sonuçları ile günümüze yansımalarına projeksiyon tutulacaktır. Böylece günümüzdeki bazı ekonomik, kültürel, sosyal ve dinî meseleleri daha iyi anlamak için arşiv kayıtlarındaki bilgi ve notların önemini kamuoyuyla paylaşmak önemlidir.

Belirtilen bu terimlerin açıklanmasıyla Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesinin Anadolu’daki Amid, Mardin, Arapkir, Ergani, Çermik, Siverek, Kiğı, Çemişgezek, Harput, Teke, Çorum, Canik ve Musul gibi sancaklarda yaşayan Kızılbaş-Türkmen topluluğu üzerinde meydana getirdiği etkileri, belgeler ışığında görmek mümkün olacaktır.

Bu çalışmada konu ile ilgili olarak tespit ettiğimiz 22 kısa ve bazen de tek cümlelik not açıklanacaktır. Bu notlar sayesinde XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı Devlet yönetiminin Kızılbaşlara bakış açısını görmek ve onlara yönelik bazı uygulamaları anlamak mümkün olacaktır.
Kazdağlarında Bir Tahtacı Köyü Doyran: Ritüel ve İnanç Pratikleri
Authors: DUMAN Ahu Zeynep , TAŞÇİNTEN Hasan
Published: December 2020

Tahtacı Alevileri günümüzde Akdeniz, Ege ve Marmara bölgelerinde dağınık halde yaşamaktadır. Uzun yıllar ağaç işçiliğiyle uğraştıkları için “Tahtacı” olarak adlandırılan bu Alevi zümre, diğer Alevi toplulukları gibi ocak merkezli bir yapılanma gösterir. Tahtacı Alevileri Yanyatır ve Hacı Emirli olmak üzere iki ocağa bağlıdır. Yanyatır Ocağı’nın merkezi İzmir Narlıdere, Hacı Emirli Ocağı’nın merkezi Aydın Kızılcapınar köyüdür. Bu iki ocak içerisinde en fazla talibe sahip olan Yanyatır Ocağı’dır. Çalışma alanımız olan Balıkesir Edremit’e bağlı Doyran köyü ve Kazdağlarındaki Tahtacı yerleşim birimlerinde Yanyatır Ocağı’na bağlı dede ve talip toplulukları yaşamaktadır. Sözlü tarihe göre Tahtacı Alevileri eski adı İda Dağı olan Kazdağlarına Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in davetiyle gelmiştir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet İstanbul’u almak ve Midilli’de çıkan isyanları bastırmak amacıyla kullanacağı gemilerin kerestelerini biçtirmek için Toros Dağlarındaki Tahtacı Alevilerini bölgeye iskân ettirmiştir. 16. yüzyılda bölgeye iskân edilen Tahtacı Alevileri, günümüzde de Kazdağlarında yaşamaktadırlar. 1950’lili yıllara kadar ağaç işçiliği ile hayatlarını sürdüren topluluk üyeleri son elli yılda büyük oranda orman işçiliğini bırakarak farklı mesleklerle hayatlarını sürdürmektedirler.

Tahtacı Alevi topluluklar, kapalı toplum özelliğini en güçlü muhafaza eden Alevi zümrelerdendir. Kazdağlarında yaşayan Tahtacı toplulukları inanç ve ritüel dünyaları bağlamında kapalı toplum olarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler. Çalışmamıza konu olan Doyran köyünde de geleneksel Tahtacı kültürüne ait inanç ve pratikler yaşatılmakta ve genç kuşaklara aktarılmaktadır. Makalede sunduğumuz veriler, Doyran köyü örnekleminde Geleneksel Tahtacı Alevi kültürüne ait önemli bir birikimi gözler önüne sermektedir. Doyran köyü özelinde toplanan veriler kendisi de Doyran köylü olan Hasan Taşçinten tarafından uzun yıllar alan derleme çalışmaları ile elde edilmiştir. Çalışmamızda Hasan Taşçinten’in topladığı derleme verilerinin ritüel ve inanç pratikleri ile ilgili olanları tasnif edilmiş, yorum ve analizlerle değerlendirilmiştir.
Теория Стационарной Самосогласованной Вселенной
Authors: Авшалумов Александр
Published: December 2020

С момента создания ОТО и последующих работ в космологии, вопрос о кривизне пространства во Вселенной (ω > 0, ω < 0 или Ω = 0) - считается один из наиболее главных и дискутируемых по сей день. Это естественно, ведь от кривизны пространства зависит: расширяется Вселенная, сжимается или является статичной. Эти дискуссии, позволили автору выдвинуть парадоксальную идею: одновременного существования во Вселенной трех взаимосвязанных пространств-времен (положительной, отрицательной и нулевой кривизны) и, уже на этой основе, разработать теорию, в которой каждое пространство-время играет свою собственную роль и развивается в строгом соответствии, со своим знаком кривизны.

Трех пространственно-временная модель строения Вселенной, предлагаемая автором, позволяет решить многие фундаментальные проблемы современной космологии и теоретической физики, а также создает основу для построения единой физической теории.