bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of equations for predicting energy expenditure from accelerometer counts in children
Authors: Nilsson A. , Brage S. , Riddoch C. , Anderssen S. A. , Sardinha L. B. , Wedderkopp N. , Andersen L. B. , Ekelund U.
Published: July 2010

Several prediction equations developed to convert body movement measured by accelerometry into energy expenditure have been published. The aim of this study was to examine the degree of agreement between three different prediction equations, when applied to data on physical activity in a large sample of children. We examined 1321 children (663 boys, 658 girls; mean age 9.6±0.4 years) from four different countries. Physical activity was measured by the MTI accelerometer. One equation, derived from doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements, was compared with one treadmill‐based (TM) and one room calorimeter‐based (CAL) equation (mixture of activities). Predicted physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) was the main outcome variable. In comparison with DLW‐predicted PAEE, both laboratory‐derived equations significantly (P<0.001) overestimated PAEE by 17% and 83%, respectively, when based on a 24‐h prediction, while the TM equation significantly (P<0.001) underestimated PAEE by 46%, when based on awake time only. In contrast, the CAL equation agreed better with the DLW equation under the awake time assumption. Predicted PAEE differ substantially between equations, depending on time‐frame assumptions, and interpretations of average levels of PAEE in children from available equations should be made with caution. Further development of equations applicable to free‐living scenarios is needed.
Effect of strength training on muscle function in elderly hospitalized patients
Authors: Suetta C. , Magnusson S. P. , Beyer N. , Kjaer M.
Published: July 2010

Immobilization due to hospitalization and major surgery leads to an increased risk of morbidity, disability and a decline in muscle function especially in frail elderly individuals. In fact, many elderly patients fail to regain their level of function and self‐care before admission to hospital. Given that reduced lower limb muscle strength and loss of skeletal muscle mass (i.e. sarcopenia) have been associated with functional impairments and disability with aging, attempts to counteract this process seem highly relevant. In recent years, strength training has emerged as an effective method to induce muscle hypertrophy and increase muscle strength and functional performance in frail elderly individuals. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that strength training is an effective method to restore muscle function in post‐operative patients and in patients with chronic diseases. Despite this, strength training is rarely used in the rehabilitation of hospitalized elderly patients. The current knowledge on this topic will be the focus of this review.
The estimated number of patients with adult congenital heart defects in Norway
Authors: Fredriksen P. M. , Roislien J. , Thaulow E.
Published: July 2010

An increasing survival rate for adult patients with congenital heart defects has been related to increased hospitalization and a greater risk of incidences during physical activity. The limited follow‐up of these adult patients is partly due to a lack of knowledge about the number of adult patients in need of specialized care. Based on a classification into simple, moderate and severe forms of congenital heart defect, the population size was estimated for three age categories. Based on a conservative prevalence at birth of 7.0 per 1000 live births, approximately 14 000 adult patients with congenital heart defects between 16 and 64 years are alive in Norway today and in need of specialized cardiology attention. This is almost twice the number of children with a congenital heart defect. The assessment of the number of patients is important in order to reveal the risks of fatal incidence during physical activity in the adult congenital heart disease group. There is a need for knowledge and education about the potential risks during sports in coaches, teachers, health personnel, employers, parents, caretakers and in the patients themselves.
Cardiac atrophy in women following bed rest
Authors: Dorfman T. A. , Levine B. D. , Tillery T. , Peshock R. M. , Hastings J. L. , Schneider S. M. , Macias B. R. , Biolo G. , Hargens A. R.
Published: July 2010

Both chronic microgravity exposure and long‐duration bed rest induce cardiac atrophy, which leads to reduced standing stroke volume and orthostatic intolerance. However, despite the fact that women appear to be more susceptible to post‐spaceflight presyncope and orthostatic hypotension than male astronauts, most previous high‐resolution studies of cardiac morphology following microgravity have been performed only in men. Because female athletes have less physiological hypertrophy than male athletes, we reasoned that they also might have altered physiological cardiac atrophy after bed rest. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 24 healthy young women (32.1±4 years) to measure left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) mass, volumes, and morphology accurately before and after 60 days of 6° head‐down tilt (HDT) bed rest. Subjects were matched and then randomly assigned to sedentary bed rest (controls, n=8) or two treatment groups consisting of (1) exercise training using supine treadmill running within lower body negative pressure plus resistive training (n=8), or (2) protein (0.45 g/kg/day increase) plus branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) (7.2 g/day) supplementation (n=8). After sedentary bed rest without nutritional supplementation, there were significant reductions in LV (96±26–77±25 mL; P=0.03) and RV volumes (104±33–86±25 mL; P=0.02), LV (2.2±0.2–2.0±0.2 g/kg; P=0.003) and RV masses (0.8±0.1–0.6±0.1 g/kg; P<0.001), and the length of the major axis of the LV (90±6–84±7 mm. P<0.001), similar to what has been observed previously in men (8.0%; Perhonen M.A., Franco F., Lane L.D., Buckey J.C., Blomqvist Zerwekh J.E., Peshock R.M., Weatherall P.T., Levine B.D. J Appl Physiol 2001: 91: 645–653). In contrast, there were no significant reductions in LV or RV volumes in the exercise‐trained group, and the length of the major axis was preserved. Moreover, there were significant increases in LV (1.9±0.4–2.3±0.3 g/kg; P<0.001) and RV masses (0.7±0.1–0.8±0.2 g/kg; P=0.002), as well as mean wall thickness (9±2–11±1 mm; P=0.02). The interaction between sedentary and exercise LV and RV masses was highly significant (P<0.0001). Protein and BCAA supplementation led to an intermediate phenotype with no change in LV or RV mass after bed rest, but there remained a significant reduction in LV volume (103±14–80±16 mL; P=0.02) and major‐axis length (91±5–88±7 mm; P=0.003). All subjects lost an equivalent amount of body mass (3.4±0.2 kg control; 3.1±0.04 kg exercise; 2.8±0.1 kg protein). Cardiac atrophy occurs in women similar to men following sedentary 60 days HDT bed rest. However, exercise training and, to a lesser extent, protein supplementation may be potential countermeasures to the cardiac atrophy associated with chronic unloading conditions such as in spaceflight and prolonged bed rest.
Using sport to promote HIV/AIDS education for at‐risk youths: an intervention using peer coaches in football
Authors: Maro C. N. , Roberts G. C. , Sørensen M.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an ongoing AIDS education intervention program (EMIMA) using peers in a sport context. A secondary purpose was to determine whether a mastery‐based motivational strategy would enhance the effectiveness of the peer coaches. A quasi field experimental study was employed in which at‐risk children in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania (N=764) were recruited (average age=13.6 years) and were randomly grouped into two treatment groups and two control groups. The treatment groups were peer coaches conducting the AIDS education to the children within sport, one with mastery coaching strategies and one without. The two control groups were in‐school children, who received traditional AIDS education, and out‐of‐school children, who received no education at all. The intervention lasted for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the intervention using peers in sport was more effective in transmitting HIV prevention knowledge, cognitions and perceived behaviors than the control groups. The mastery‐based motivational strategies were effective in influencing some of the variables. Contrary to expectation, the school‐based HIV education was no more effective than the informal education obtained by the out‐of‐school children. The use of peer coaches within the EMIMA program was reliably the most effective means for HIV/AIDS education for these at‐risk children.
Exercise‐induced training effects on bone mineral content: a 7‐year follow‐up study with adolescent female gymnasts and runners
Authors: Pikkarainen E. , Lehtonen‐Veromaa M. , Kautiainen H. , Heinonen O. J. , Viikari J. , Möttönen T.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to assess differences in the effects of competitive gymnastics and running on bone mineral content (BMC) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck when compared with their non‐competing age‐matched controls. Caucasian healthy peri‐pubertal girls (52 competing gymnasts, 46 competing runners, 44 non‐athletic controls) were included. Weight, height, and type and amount of exercise (MET h/week) as well as BMC of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured repeatedly. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using ANOVA. Repeated measures were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. The median MET value of gymnasts was significantly higher when compared with runners and controls at baseline, P=0.001. The weekly median MET hours decreased during the follow‐up. The mean (adjusted for height, weight, and years from menarche in the 7‐year follow‐up) BMC of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was significantly higher among gymnasts when compared with the other two groups. Group‐by‐time interaction was significant only at the femoral neck (P=0.048). The type of physical activity was a significant factor in BMC of the adolescent women. Gymnasts had greater BMC at lumbar spine and femoral neck during the total 7‐year follow‐up period when compared with runners and controls.
Diagnostics in athletes with long‐standing groin pain
Authors: Jansen J. A. C. G. , Mens J. M. A. , Backx F. J. G. , Stam H. J.
Published: July 2010

Chronic adductor dysfunction, osteitis pubis and abdominal wall deficiency are mentioned as pathologies explaining long‐standing groin pain (LGP) in athletes. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of diagnostic tests used to identify these pathologies in athletic OKE. Additionally, starting points for intervention were searched for. A systematic literature search was performed to retrieve all relevant diagnostic studies and studies describing risk factors. The methodological quality of the identified studies was evaluated. Seventeen studies provided an insight into pathologies; eight provided relevant information for intervention. Adduction provocation tests are moderately valid for osteitis pubis. A pelvic belt might provide some insight into the role of the pubic symphysis during adduction provocation. Palpation can be used for provocation of adductors and symphysis. Roentgen, bone scan and herniography show poor validity. Bilateral abdominal abnormalities on ultrasound appear to be a valid marker for LGP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can visualize edema and other abnormalities, although the relation to groin pain is not unambiguous. The methodological quality of the studies ranged from poor to good. MRI and ultrasound should be the primary diagnostic tools after clinical examination.
Changes in exercise capacity induced by heart transplantation: prognostic and therapeutic implications
Authors: Grigioni F. , Specchia S. , Maietta P. , Potena L. , Bacchi‐Reggiani M. L. , Ghetti G. , Boriani G. , Foschi E. , Corazza I. , Ionico T. , Magnani G. , Zannoli R. , Tentoni C. , Branzi A.
Published: July 2010

Survival and exercise performance are key targets of heart transplantation (HT). We designed this study to help in identifying (1) patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) at risk of poor exercise capacity after HT and (2) HT recipients presenting risk factors modifiable with exercise showing a potential impact on outcome. We enrolled 49 HT recipients (age 52 ± 12 years, 84% males) who underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test before (9 ± 6 months) and after (20 ± 14 months) HT. In the CHF phase, lower peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2) (odds ratio 0.69, P=0.017) independently predicted peak V̇O2 improvement after HT. In the post‐HT phase, body mass index (BMI) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.16, P=0.034] and V̇E (ventilation)/V̇CO2 (carbon dioxide production) slope (adjusted HR 1.07, P=0.031) independently predicted mortality. In conclusion, CHF patients with only a moderate impairment of peak V̇O2 are at a risk of failing to achieve a significant improvement of exercise performance after HT. In the post‐HT phase, a BMI≥28 and/or a V̇E/V̇CO2 slope ≥47 represent risk factors for death, which are potentially modifiable with exercise. Prospective randomized studies are needed to analyze the effects of training on functional capacity and outcome in the different subsets of HT recipients.
Genome‐wide linkage scan for resistance to muscle fatigue
Authors: Thomis M. A. , De Mars G. , Windelinckx A. , Peeters M. W. , Huygens W. , Aerssens J. , Beunen G. P.
Published: July 2010

Repeated, intense use of muscles leads to a decline in performance known as muscle fatigue. Resistance to muscle fatigue depends on age, sex, muscle fiber type, activation by the nervous system and training. Heritability of muscle strength phenotypes ranges between 31% and 78%, although little is known about heritability of muscle fatigue. A first aim of this study was to estimate the heritability for fatigue resistance after a short bout of intense exercise of the knee musculature. The main purpose was to identify chromosomal regions linked to muscle fatigue applying genome‐wide linkage analyses. A selection of 283 informative male siblings (17–36 years old), belonging to 105 families, was used to conduct a genome‐wide SNP‐based multipoint linkage analysis. Heritabilities for resistance to muscle fatigue ranged from 21% to 54%. The strongest linkage signal was found at 19q13.11 (LOD=2.158; P<0.0001) and at 1q32.1 (LOD=2.142; P<0.0001) for resistance to fatigue of the knee flexors; however, no marker reached genome‐wide significance. Several other regions with LOD>1.5 were found (1p31.3, 3q29, 8p22, 11q25 and 19q12). When replicated in an independent sample, these results warrant further fine mapping studies aiming to detect genes that underlie variation in muscle fatigue.
Effect of endurance training on blood pressure regulation, biomarkers and the heart in subjects at a higher age
Authors: Cornelissen V. A. , Goetschalckx K. , Verheyden B. , Aubert A. E. , Arnout J. , Persu A. , Rademakers F. , Fagard R. H.
Published: July 2010

We reported previously that two otherwise identical training programs at lower (LI) and higher intensity (HI) similarly reduced resting systolic blood pressure (BP) by approximately 4–6 mmHg. Here, we determined the effects of both programs on BP‐regulating mechanisms, on biomarkers of systemic inflammation and prothrombotic state and on the heart. In this cross‐over study (3 × 10 weeks), healthy participants exercised three times 1 h/week at, respectively, 33% and 66% of the heart rate (HR) reserve, in a random order, with a sedentary period in between. Measurements, performed at baseline and at the end of each period, involved blood sampling, HR variability, systolic BP variability (SBPV) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Thirty‐nine participants (18 men; mean age 59 years) completed the study. Responses were not different between both programs (P>0.05). Pooled data from LI and HI showed a reduction in HR (−4.3 ± 8.1%) and an increase in stroke volume (+11 ± 23.1%). No significant effect was seen on SBPV, plasma renin activity, basal nitric oxide and left ventricular mass. Our results suggest that the BP reduction observed appears to be due to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance; training intensity does not significantly affect the results on mechanisms, biomarkers and the heart.
AGE AND EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL POLICY: THE CASE OF ONTARIO1
Authors: Kulshreshtha S.N
Published: July 2010

Casual impressions suggest that some of the least efficient farm units are those operated by older farmers. This view has become embodied in the fabric of thinking about agriculture, and into a variety of public and private policies designed to remove older farmers from agriculture or to discourage them from expanding their farm operations. This article takes a closer look at the validity of the underlying assumption. Based on Ontario data for 1965, there seems real reason to question whether older farmers differ materially in levels of efficiency as compared with younger farmers, and there is therefore a new reason to re‐examine attitudes and policies employing or based upon agricultural age restrictions.

L'AGE ET ľEFFICACITE FACTEURS DVNE POLIQUE PUBLIQUE EN AGRICULTURE: LE CAS DE ľONTARIO ‐ Les impressions momentanées suggerent que certaines des unités agricoles les moins efficaces sont celles qui sont exploitées par les plus vieux agriculteurs. Ce point de vue est devenu enraciné dans ľensemble des idées concernant ľagriculture, et dans une gamme de politiques publiques et privées destinées à séparer les agriculteurs de ľagriculture ou à décourager leurs plans ďexpansion de leur exploitation agricole. Le présent article examine plus minutieusement la justesse de ľhypothèse sous‐jacente. Fondé sur les données de ľOntario pour 1965, il semble y avoir une bonne raison de se demander si les plus vieux agriculteurs diffèrent sensiblement quant aux niveaux ďefficacité par rapport aux plus jeunes agriculteurs, et il existe done une nouvelle raison de réexaminer les attitudes et les politiques employées ou fondées sur des restrictions agricoles quant àľàge.
Economic Guidelines for Mobilizing Labour and Management in Canadian Agriculture1
Authors: Plannt Darrel
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the role of management in stimulating economic growth. It sees the adjustment problem as the fundamental problem in Canadian agriculture and suggests ways of speeding the process. Recognizing that the individual farmer is the focal point of the adjustment process, the paper reviews the many kinds of adjustments possible, and suggests a new rural counselling service to help achieve the adjustment potentials.

LIGNES DIRECTRICES ÉCONOMIQUES POUR LA MOBILISATION DE L'EMPLOYÉ ET DE L'EMPLOYEUR DANS L'AGRICULTURE CANADIENNE–Le présent mémoire examine le rôle de la gestion dans la stimulation de l'accroissement économique. II considère le problème d'ajustement comme le problème fondamental dans l'agriculture canadienne et suggère des moyens d'accélérer le processus. Reconnaissant que l'agriculteur luiméme est le point tournant du processus d'ajustement, le mémoire passe en revue les nombreux genres d'ajustements possibles et suggère un nouveau service rural d'orientation pour aider à atteindre les possibilités d'ajustement.
The Demand for Agricultural Economists by Agri‐Business To 1980*
Authors: McRorie H. D.
Published: July 2010

Employing a breakdown of the agri‐business sector into farm types, the author evaluates potential employment prospects in each sector. The most attractive prospects for employment growth appear to exist in financial institutions and business management services. In all cases, however, the future prospect will be directly related to the abilities of the persons and the relevance of the agricultural economics training they have received.

LA DEMANDE EN ÉCONOMISTES AGRICOLES DANS LE SECTEUR AGR1COLE COMMERCIAL JUSQU À 1980 – Ayant au préalable classé l'agro‐industrie en quelques types de firmes, fauteur évalue les perspectives possibles d'emploi dans chaque secteur. Les perspectives les plus attrayantes d'emploi accru semblent se situer dans les institutions financières et les services de gestion commerciale. Toutefois, dans tous les cos, les perspectives seront directement reliées aux talents des personnes et à la valeur de la formation reçue en économie agricole.
Evaluation of Public Research Programs in Agriculture*
Authors: Apdarawewa A. B.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, institutions and organizations have expressed concern regarding the management of public resources committed to research including those allocated to agricultural research. While many factors contribute to the growing demand to improve and formalize research management, less effort has been directed towards the development of uniform and valid approaches to decision‐making in research.

This paper discusses briefly the present allocation of resources in agricultural research and presents a system of resource allocation based on the ex ante evaluation of research projects. The problems in the practical application of the model to research programs are enumerated. While indicating the potential gains from evaluating research programs, it is demonstrated that caution must be exercised in applying, without modification, purely economic criteria to socially oriented investments.

ÉVALUATION DES PROGRAMMES PUBLICS DE RECHERCHES EN AGRICULTURE–Au cours des dernières années, des institutions et organismes ont exprimé une certaine inquiétude au sujet de la gestion des ressources publiques consacrees à la recherche, y compris celles qui sont dédiées à la recherche agricole. Alors que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à la demande croissante d'amélioration et de standardisation de la gestion en recherches, moins d'efforts ont été fails en vue du développement d'approches uniformes et valables à une prise de décision en recherches.

Cet exposé discute brièvement de la présente affectation des ressources aux recherches en agriculture et offre une répartition systématique des ressources fondée sur une évaluation subjective préalable des projets de recherches. Les problèmes de l'application pratique du modèle aux programmes de recherche sont énumeres. Alors qu'il indique les avantages possibles de programmes dévaluation en recherches, on y démontre qu'il faut être avisé dans l'application, sans changement, de critères purement économiques à des investissements visant la société.
INFORMATION AND THE FARMER IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN1
Authors: Lyster Bryan
Published: July 2010

Today's successful farmer needs up‐to‐date, accurate information on countless subjects. Finding more effective ways to get information from agricultural researchers to farmers is more important now than it ever has been. This study determined where farmers in two southern Saskatchewan municipalities got information about new grain varieties, new chemicals and other innovations. Because the study is based on a sample area typical of farm communities across southern Saskatchewan, the findings are relevant to this entire grain growing region. Results are that while information sources such as the Agricultural Representative and extension services were useful, they did not have nearly enough contact with farmers. On the other hand, information sources such as the elevator agent, registered seed grower, farm press and radio had a great deal of contact with farmers, but did not distribute nearly as much information as they could. These findings indicate an immediate need for a more cooperative farm information program in Western Canada.

L'INFORMATION ET LES FERMIERS DU SUD DE LA SASKATCHEWAN– Aujourd'hui le fermier progressif a besoin d'une information a la page et objective sur nombreux sujets. Chercher des moyens plus efficaces de faire parvenir ['information des chercheurs aux fermicrs est plus important que jamais.

Cette étude indique I'endroit où les fermiers de deux municipalités du Sud de la Saskatchewan ont obtenu I'information concernant de nouvelles variétés de grain, de nouveaux produits chimiques et d'autres innovations. Du fail que l'étude est basée sur un endroit représentatif de communautés rurales du Sud de la Saskatchewan, les résultats sont valables pour toute cette région de production de grain. Les conclusions indiquent que, en dépit du fait que les sources d'information comme I'agronome de comté et le service de vulgarisation sont utiles, ces dernières ne retiennent cependant pas beaucoup I'attention des fermiers. Elks soulignent également le fait que les sources d'information telles que I'agent de compagnie de grain, le producteur de semence, la presse et la radio agricole tout en maintenant un lien etroit avec les fermiers ne distribuent pas toute I'information qu'ils pourraient fournir. Ces résultats soulignent le besoin immediat d'un plan d'information mieux coordonné pour les fermiers de I'Ouest du Canada.
COMMERCIAL EGG PRODUCTION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME OPERATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PLANNING ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Parlour J. W.
Published: July 2010

This study compares a number of operational and structural planning alternatives using a simulation procedure. The objective is to demonstrate that the economic and physical disadvantages of oll‐in, all‐out replacement of laying birds can be significantly reduced by planning a laying operation so as to (a) ensure high rate of utilization of rearing and laying house capacities, (b) maintain a uniform flow of eggs to the market, (c) allow for the retention of laying birds beyond the normal duration of the laying cycle, (d) reduce “bottlenecks” in the flow of birds through the operation, and (e) reduce the importance of the in‐lay period in planning decisions. Four alternative plans were simulated over a ten‐year period. It was concluded that a commercial laying operation could be planned to meet stated objectives without having an adverse effect on the producer's net income position. It was also concluded that the “continuous” phasing of production through rearing and laying stages which results in an even flow of eggs to market could, if followed by producers, have a beneficial effect on egg prices to producers and might also alleviate some of the excess capacity problems of some poultry supply industries.

Cette dissertation présente la méthodologie, le modéle et les résultats ďune analyse économique comparant quelques alternatives de program‐mation fonctionnelles et structurales aux méthodes traditionnelles de rem‐placement discontinu dans la production commerciale des oeufs.

Une méthode mixte (stochastique‐déterministe) de simulation est employée afin ďy comparer un nombre ďalternatives de programmation utilisant les remplacements annuels et bi‐annuels. Les résultats révélent que les désavantages économique du remplacement discontinu peuuent être notablement réduits sans effets défavorables au niveau des revenus du producteur.

Il y est également question des implications étendues de cette production continue des oeufs en ce qu'elle pourrait provoquer des changements dans le cycle de prix des oeufs, ainsi que les changements structuraux a ľintérieur de certaines industries ďapprovisionnement.
TOWARD AN OPTIMAL POLICY OF SUPPLY CONTROL AND INCOME IMPROVEMENT*
Authors: Heady Earl O. , Crown R. W.
Published: July 2010

This analysis provides a theoretical framework for a tax policy to reduce farm output, stabilize prices, and improve farm income. It is a policy that does not require production or marketing quotas, support prices, government subsidies, or commodity storage. It is proposed as an optimal supply‐restraining, income‐improving policy in terms of administrative economy and absence of treasury payments. The mechanism could be applied by the farmer's own marketing board or by government. It leaves freedom of decision (except for the payment of the tax that later increases income) to farmers. It eliminates restraints on intraregional efficiency and intercommodity barriers inherent in traditional supply control programs such as the administration of marketing quotas. The revenues from the tax collection, after expenses were paid, could be used in various ways to improve welfare and income distribution within the sector, thus improving the level of living of all farmers individually and as a group

Cette analyse foumil une structure théorique d“un système ďimpôts destinéà ralentir la production agricole, à en stabiliser le prix et à augmenter son revenu. C'est un système qui n'exige ni quotité (soit de production, soil de marché), ni support de prix, ni subvention fédérate, ni entrepôt de surproduction. On propose ce système comme le meilleur moyen de réaliser les buts ci‐dessus mentionés, en dépit des économies administrates et du manque de subvention du Ministère des Finances. Ce procédé peut être mis en pratique, soit par le gouvernement, soit par la commission mercantile de ľexploitani agricole même, à qui reste seul la liberté de décision (sauf quand il s'agil du paiement de ľimpôt qui sen plus lard àľac‐croissement des revenus.) Ce sont des restrictions à la compétence intrarégionale qui sont éliminées ainsi que des obstacles entre produils de consommation: obstacles particuliers aux plans traditionnels de contrôle de production, lets que ľinstitution de quotités de marché. Les revenus des impôts, les dépenses réglées, peuvent s'utiliser de plusieurs moyens à contribuer au bien‐être général et à accroitre les revenus dans la région mème, améliorant, de cette façon, la condition du fermier: celle de ľindividu ainsi que la condition collective du groupe
THE CONCEPT OF EFFECTIVE SUBSIDY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE CANADIAN FLOUR MILLING INDUSTRY*
Authors: Leung David T. W.
Published: July 2010

The export subsidy has been a perennial bone of contention to competing exporters of various commodities in international trade, particularly in agricultural trade. A typical example is the world trade in flour. Export subsidies on flour exports by large competitors are generally thought to be one of the main causes of the decline in the Canadian share of the world flour market. Previous studies have been confined to an analysis of nominal subsidy rates on flour; quantifications are needed to estimate the effectiveness of the subsidies in fuller terms. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an appropriate concept for treating export subsidies explicitly. The present study attempts to develop a model to estimate the effectiveness of export subsidies net of input distortion so as to arrive at “the effective rate of subsidy.” Then, the mode! so developed is applied to the U.S. and Canadian exports of flour. The results show that Canada had negative effective rates of subsidy throughout the years 1960‐61 to 1969‐70 while the U.S. rates remained positive during this entire period. These estimations provide quantification of the disadvantage caused for Canadian flour exports by export subsidies on flour by large competitors.

A fin ďétudier explictement les primes ďexporiations ont Aeté une source continuelle de mé‐sentente entre les exponateurs compétitifs des diverses marchandises au sein du marché international. Ceci est paniculièremeni vrai en ce qui a trait au marché agricole. Un exemple lypique est le marché mondial des farines. ľon croit que i'une des principals causes de la baisse de la part Canadienne dans le marché mondial des farines sont les primes ďexporiations accordées aux gros compétiteurs. Les études précédenles furenl limitées àľanalyse de taux nominal de subventions sur les farines; des estimations quan‐titatives sont nécessaires afin ďévaluer ľefficacile des subventions en termes plus précis. Done, it est necessaire de développer un concept approprté afin ďétudier les primes ďexporiations explicitement. La préseme étude tente de développer un modèle ďévaluation de ľefficacité des primes ďexporiations libres de loutes déformations afin ďobtenir “un taux efficace de subvention.” Ce modèle est alors appliqué aux exportalions Américaines el Canadiennes de farine. Les résultats démontrent que le Canada possèdait des “taux efficaces de subventions” négalifs pendant les années 1960‐61 à 1969‐70 el que les taux Américains demeurerent positifs durant la même période. Ces résultats nous donnent la dimension du désavantage causé aux exportalions Canadiennes de farine par les primes ďexporiations accordees aux gros compétiteurs.
THE DETERMINANTS OF PRICES AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE CANADIAN MEAT INDUSTRY1
Authors: Tryfos Peter
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the determinants of the prices of cattle, calves, pigs, and lambs, of the wholesale and retail prices of beef, veal, pork, and lamb, and of employment in the Canadian meat industry. Of particular concern is the trade in livestock and meat between Canada and the U.S. and the degree to which Canadian prices can be said to be determined by U.S. livestock prices. Wholesale meat prices are expressed as functions of live animal prices, wages, and the volume of production in the meat processing industry. Retail prices are functions of wholesale prices and a proxy variable for labour cost at the retail level. Employment is expressed as a function of wages and the volume of production in the meal processing industry. Estimates of these relationships account for a large percentage of the variation of prices and employment in the period 1950 to 1970.

Cet article étudie les facteurs déterminant les prix du gros bélail, des veaux, des pores el des moutons, les prix de gros et de bétail des viandes de boeuf, de veau, de pore et de mouton. et le miveau de ľemploi dans ľindustrie canadienne de la viande. Tout parliculièrement est analysé le commerce du cheptel et de la viande entre Canada et Etats‐Unis, et la mesure dans lauuelle les prix du cheptel aux Etats‐Unis déterminent les prix canadiens. Les prix de gros de la viande sonl exprimés en fonciion du prix de ľanimal sur pied el des salaires et volume de production dans ľinduslrie de la viande; les prix de bélail en fonciion des prix de gros el ďune variable représentative du coûl de la main ďoeuvre au niveau du belail; le niveau de ľemploi en fonciion des salaires el du volume de production dans ľinduslrie de la viande. Les résultats obtenus a partir de ces relations expliuueni pour une large part les variations des prix et du niveau de ľemploi duranl lapériode 1950–1970
A PROPOSED SIMULATION METHOD FOR MEASURING STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IMPACTS*
Authors: MacMillan James A. , Framingham Charles F. , Tung Fu‐lai
Published: July 2010

A number of agricultural development programs have been designed in Canada to increase agricultural productivity and improve incomes of low income farms in marginal agricultural areas. These programs include the Agricultural and Rural Development Act, 1967 (ARDA), the Fund for Rural Economic Development, 1966 (FRED), and the Canada Department of Agriculture, Small Farm Development Program (SFDP). The various programs have unique elements and represent alternative approaches to resolving the Rural Development Problem. However, models of the agricultural development process which permit an analysis of the potential impacts of such programs on the changing structure of agriculture and the relationship between agricultural and non‐agricultural sectors are not available. In this paper a dynamic regional model of agriculture with an explicit linkage between the development programs and the regional economy (including rural and urban dimensions) is proposed.

Plusieurs programmes du développement d'agriculture ont étéétablis au Canada pour augmenter la production d'agriculture et améliorer les revenus des fermes de rendements économiquement faibles dans les régions marginales d'agriculture comprenant I‘“Acte du Développement Agricole et Rural” [Agricultural and Rural Development Act, 1967 (ARDA)], les “Fonds pour le Développement Economique Rural” [Fund for Rural Economic Development, 1966 (FRED)], et le “Programme de Développement des Petites Fermes” [Small Farm Development Program (SFDP)] du départment d'agriculture du Canada. Ces divers programmes ont des éléments uniques et représentent des manières alternatives d'aborder la question pour résourdre le Probleme du Développement Rural. Cependant, les modèles du processers du développement agricole qui permettent une analyse du choc potentiel de tels programmes sur la structure mobile de I'agriculture et les relations entre les secteurs agricoles et nonagricoles ne sont pas disponibles. Nous proposons, dans cette étude, un modèle dynamique et régional de I'agri‐culture avec une liaison explicite entre les programmes de développement et I'economie regionale (comprenant les dimensions rurales et urbaines).
THE PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FARM MACHINERY*
Authors: Copithorne L. W.
Published: July 2010

This paper is a detailed comparison of the actual 1967 world trade patterns in tractors, harvesting machinery, and cultivating machinery and the ideal least‐cost trade patterns in these three commodities. This comparison gives a measure of the opportunity costs the world pays for having the actual trade patterns instead of the least‐cost trade patterns. It also helps one identify the production centres that are best located to serve world demands. The model used enables one to measure the way in which customs duties influence the cost advantages of different production centres. It also measures the significance of transportation costs as a natural barrier protecting the domestic farm machinery industry in different countries. The year 1967 was selected for study because the Canadian Royal Commission on Farm Machinery provided some cost data relevant for that time period.

Cet article comprend une comparaison détaitée des caractéristiques réels du commerce mondial (en 1967) en tracteurs el machines agricoles avec les caractéristiques idéales de commerce au moindre coût pour ces mêmes produits. Cette comparaison donne une mesure des coûts d'opportunité que le monde paie pour avoir les caractéristiques réel les au lieu des caractéristiques de commerce au moindre coût. Ceci nous aide également à identifier les centres de production qui sont le mieux placer pour servier la demande mondiale.

Ce modèle nous permet de mesurer dans quelle manière les tarifs douaniers influencent les avantages, en matière de coût, de differents centres de production. 11 nous permet également de mesurer la signification des coûts de transport comme obstacle natural protectant I'industrie de machines agricoles dans different pays.

Nous avons choisi pour notre étude l'annié 1967 parce que la Commission Royale D'Enquête Relative Aux Machine Agricoles a mis à notre disposition des données concernant les coûts se rapportant à ladite période.
ESTIMATING CROP ACREAGES IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES –APPLICATION OF RECURSIVE PROGRAMMING*
Authors: Sahi R. K. , Craddock W. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses acreage response of major crops in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and in the prairies as a whole during the period 1958 to 1969 and forecasts crop acreages in each province. Four recurrent programming models, one for each province and one for the prairies as a whole, were developed. Major crops included in the model are wheat, oats, barley, rye flaxseed, rapeseed and summerfallow.

The recursive programming models explained the land utilization pattern in all the provinces and the prairies with reasonable accuracy. The acreage forecasts for 1971 were close to the observed acreages for wheat, oats, rye and summerfallow, but were different for barley, flaxseed and rapeseed.

Price, stocks, exports, precipitation and the preceding year's crop acreage were found to be significant variables affecting prairie land utilization patterns. In response to an agricultural policy designed for changing land use, prairie farmers can substantially change their crop acreages even in a year's time. Responses to a policy may also vary by crops. This study also suggests that interrelationsliips among crops should be considered for developing agricultural land use policy. Returns from alternative crops should be examined for ascertaining the effectiveness of the policy.

Ce document analyse la réaction mix conditions exislantes des acres de principales récoltes du Manitoba, de la Saskatchewan, de ľAlberta et de ľensemble des Prairies durant la période de 1958, a 1969, et prédit les superficies qui seront cttltivées en 1971 dans chaque province. Quatre modèles de programmes, récurrents tin pour ľensemble des Prairies et tin pour chacun des provinces, out été préparés. Les principales récoltes comprises dans le modèle sont le blé, ľavoine, ľorge, le seigle, le tin, le colza et la jachère.

Les modèles des programmes récurrents expliqucnt ďune facon plus ou moins exacte la mode ďutilisation des terres dans toutes les provinces. Les prédictions se rapportent aux superficies en acres pour 1971 se rapproclient des superficies qui out été cultivées àľégard du blé. de ľavoine, due seigle el de la jachére, mais files différaient quant a ľorge le tin et le colza.

Le prix, les stocks en main, les exportations, les précipitations et les superficies cultivées de ľannée précédente sont des variables importantes influant le mode ďutilisation des terres dans les Prairies. En résponse à un programme agricole destinéà changer ľutilisation des terres, les agriculeurs des Prairies peuvent change les superficies de leurs récoltes dans ľespace ďun an. La reaction à un programme peat attssi varicr scion la récolte. Cette étude estiine en outre que ľon devrait considérer la corrélation entre les récoltes pour élaborer un programme ďutilisation des terres agricoles. Les recettes tirées de diverses récoltes devraient être examinées pour vérifier ľefficacité du programme.
An Empirical Comparison of “Frisch” and “Time Series” Demand price Elasticities for individual Commodities
Authors: Goodwin Joseph B. , Brandt Jon A.
Published: July 2010

In a classical article in 1959, Ragnar Frisch [8] developed a procedure, which, under the assumption of want independence1 and given commodity budget shares, income elasticities, and one own‐price elasticity, allows one to calculate a complete matrix of own and cross price elasticities. Between broad commodity groups such an assumption (want independence) has becme increasingly accepted and in fact under the label of separability has formed the basis for a family of demand models that are increasingly used to estimate demand elasticities for broad commodity groups (the linear expenditure system, the Rotterdam model, etc.). At the individual commodity level however, the assumption of want independence seems less viable, e.g., the utility one derives from pork is in general not considered independent from one's consumption of beef. However, it has become increasingly common (and apparently acceptable) to find the Frisch methodology utilized to develop demand price elasticity estimates for individual agricultural commodities [4, 7, 17].
An Application of spectral analysis in determining crop Rotation Frequencies
Authors: Just Richard E.
Published: July 2010

Spectral analysis has been applied many times in agricultural economics in determining harmonic characteristics of observed time series. However, spectral techniques have rarely been applied in conjunction with models which stress economic relationships. But two such empirical approaches are possible. One can use either frequency‐domain regression of times series, i.e., general distributed lag estimation, in which time series of all important economic variables are considered [4, 5, 11], or one can use ordinary econometric estimation methods and then study frequency content of estimated disturbances with spectral techniques [1, Chapter 10]. The application of spectral analysis in this paper corresponds to the latter case. Ordinary time‐domain (rather than frequency‐domain) regression methods are used because the general lag relationship estimated here is not a case included in the general frequency‐domain regression model. First, nonlinear regression techniques are used to explain the usual economic content of acreage supply response. Then estimated disturbances are investigated using spectral analysis to determine the importance of cyclic behavior in aggregate supply response. Specifically, this paper demonstrates how a cross section of time series may be pooled to obtain statisticaly significant findings when time series are short. These methods are demonstrated in an investigation of harmonic content in regression disturbances apparently due to crop rotation.
A note on the Solution of spatial Price and Allocation Models
Authors: Rowse John G.
Published: July 2010

Models of spatial and temporal price and allocation have enjoyed widespread acceptance in agricultural economics and continue to be employed, refined and extended in the literature. In this journal, for instance, contributions have been made by Yaron et al. [16], Ghosh [2], Baumes and McCarl [1] and Jenson and Piedrahita [4]. It is the purpose of this note to draw attention to a versatile and computationally efficient nonlinear programming system called MINOS, as yet little known outside the operations research community, for the solution of nonlinear price and allocation models — including the widely applied special class of quadratic programming models. This software system has several features which very strongly commend its use to the practitioner and have already led to its adoption for solving nonlinear models by Manne [7] and Rowse [10], among others. A skeletal outline of several of the principal advantages of the MINOS system follows and an example of its use in solving a small nonlinear model is provided.
Import and Retail Demand for Orange Juice in Canada
Authors: Tilley Daniel S. , Lee Jonq‐Ying
Published: July 2010

A six‐equation structural model of the retail and import level demand for orange juice in Canada is estimated. Relative prices of Brazilian and U.S. imports are found to he important determinants of the quantity imported to Canada, and the Canadian market share for the U. S. and Brazil. Retail demand for orange juice in Canada is estimated to he price inelastic. The import level demand for U. S. product is estimated to he price inelastic while the import level demand for Brazilian product is estimated to he highly elastic. The final form of the model is used to simulate competitive price situations in the Canadian market.

On a fail un modèle eslimatif en six équations de la demande d'imponation el de vente au détail pour le jus d'orange au Canada. On a trouvé que les prix relatifs des importations brésiliennes et américaines jouent un rôle déterminant dans la quantilé d'importations sur le marché canadien et dans les titres floltants canadiens pour les Etats Unis et le Brésil. On estime que la demande, au niveau des détaillanls, pour le jus d'orange au Canada représente un prix fixe. On estime que la demande d'importations en produils brésiliens est des plus élastiques. On emploie la forme finale du modèle pour simuler les prix concurrents sur le marché canadien.
An Econometric Model of the Canadian Agricultural Economy
Authors: Chan M.W. Luke
Published: July 2010

This study presents an annual macro‐type econometric model of the Canadian agricultural sector. The model is designed to depict and forecast some of the important activities of the agricultural economy. This agricultural model is linked with a well established existing econometric model of the Canadian economy—the TRACE model. Forecasting results using the agricultural model with and without the linkage with the TRACE modfhtre discussed. Government expenditure multipliers of the TRACE model with and without the linkage of the agricultural model are also examined and discussed.

Cette étude présente un modèle économétrique annuel de type macroéconomique du secteur agricole canadien. Le modèle est concupour décrire el pour prévoir quelques‐unes des activités importantes de l'économie agricole. Ce modèle est liéà un modèle économétrique existant bien établi se rapportant à l'économie canadienne—soil le modile TRA CE. Nous discuterons de l'emploi du modèle agricole visant la prévision de résultats avec et sans la participation du modèle TRACE. Les mulliplicateurs des dépenses du gouvernement selon le modile TRACE avec el sans la liaison avec le modèle agricole seront également examinés et discutés.