bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Characteristics of Cervicomedullary Compression on MRI Scans in Children with Achondroplasia
Authors: Trautwein Isabella , Behme Daniel , Kunkel Philip , Gerdes Jasper , Mohnike Klaus
Published: October 2024

This retrospective study assessed anatomical characteristics of cervicomedullary compression in children with achondroplasia. Twelve anatomical parameters were analyzed (foramen magnum diameter and area; myelon area; clivus length; tentorium and occipital angles; brainstem volume outside the posterior fossa; and posterior fossa, cerebellum, supratentorial ventricular system, intracranial cerebrospinal fluid, and fourth ventricle volumes) from sagittal and transversal T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 37 children with achondroplasia aged ≤ 4 years (median [range] 0.8 [0.1–3.6] years) and compared with scans from 37 children without achondroplasia (median age 1.5 [0–3.9] years). Mann-Whitney U testing was used for between-group comparisons. Foramen magnum diameter and area were significantly smaller in children with achondroplasia compared with the reference group (mean 10.0 vs. 16.1 mm [p < 0.001] and 109.0 vs. 160.8 mm2 [p = 0.005], respectively). The tentorial angle was also steeper in children with achondroplasia (mean 47.6 vs. 38.1 degrees; p < 0.001), while the clivus was significantly shorter (mean 23.5 vs. 30.3 mm; p < 0.001). Significant differences were also observed in myelon area, occipital angle, fourth ventricle, intracranial cerebrospinal fluid and supratentorial ventricular volumes, and the volume of brainstem protruding beyond the posterior fossa (all p < 0.05). MRI analysis of brain structures may provide a standardized value to indicate decompression surgery in children with achondroplasia.
EGFR Level in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers Is Associated with the Expression of SATB1 and EMT-Promoting Factors
Authors: Glatzel-Plucinska Natalia Malgorzata , Piotrowska Aleksandra , Olbromski Mateusz , Rzechonek Adam , Podhorska-Okolow Marzenna , Dziegiel Piotr
Published: October 2024

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression is an important aspect in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it becomes important to identify factors that may influence EGFR level. There are reports suggesting that one of the positive EGFR gene transcription regulators may be Special AT-rich Binding Protein 1 (SATB1), but so far these ob-servations have not been confirmed in NSCLC.
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the possible links between the EGFR and SATB1 expression on both protein and mRNA levels in NSCLC clinical samples, and to correlate the obtained results with the clinical-pathological data of the patients. Additionally, we analysed the relationships between the expression levels of EGFR and the known tumour promoters, in-cluding Ki67 proliferative antigen and EMT-promoting transcription factors - SLUG, SNAIL, and Twist1.
We demonstrated that EGFR expression in NSCLC was positively correlated both with the SATB1 level and with the expression of EMT-promoting proteins. Moreover, we were the first to analyse EGFR expression exclusively in NSCLC cancer cells without the interference caused by respiratory epithelium and tumour stroma. Our analysis revealed that the prognostic significance of EGFR expression was dependent on tumour histology and differed significantly between the AC and LSCC samples.
From Observer to Agent: On the Unification of Physics and Intelligence Science
Authors: feng liu , Lv BenFu , Liu Ying
Published: October 2024

The primary goal of Theory of Everything (ToE) is to unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, establishing a theoretical framework that explains all natural phenomena and fundamental laws of the universe. The rapid development of artificial intelligence in the 21st century presents new opportunities for the establishment of TOE. Research has revealed that the observer and the agent, as key concepts in physics and intelligence science respectively, share intrinsic consistency. Using this as a breakthrough point, we first proposed Standard Agent Model, which, from the perspective of information processing, establishes a unified structure for agents. This model posits that any agent possesses five essential capabilities: input, output, storage, creation, and control of these four capabilities.By setting the values of these five essential capabilities in Standard Agent Model to either zero or infinity, we identify two extreme states of agents: Absolute Zero Agent (α Point) and Omniscient and Omnipotent Agent (Ω Point). Based on the evolution of agents towards these two extreme states, we derive two driving forces for agent evolution: α Gravity and Ω Gravity. These elements collectively form General Model of Agent Evolution.Building on the first two models, we further derive Intelligent Universe Evolution Model, proposing that Universe, as an agent, evolves dynamically between α Point and Ω Point under the influence of α Field and Ω Field. These three models together constitute "Theory of Universal Intelligent Evolution," abbreviated as Ω Theory. According to Ω Theory, we demonstrate that the observer in physics and a wide range of research objects can be unified within the framework of Standard Agent Model. Additionally, we argue that the four fundamental forces have the potential to be unified into α Gravity and Ω Gravity.Within the framework of Ω Theory, through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, it has been demonstrated that the differences between classical mechanics, relativity, and quantum mechanics stem from the varying intelligence levels assigned to observers. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the differences in intelligent characteristics between the theoretical Universe proposed by these three major physical theories and Universe in which humanity currently resides are the root cause of the varying precision and limitations of these theories.
Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Advances in the Management of Peptic Ulcers: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Agrawal Roshan
Published: October 2024

Peptic ulcers, characterized by mucosal erosion in the stomach or duodenum, continue to pose significant health challenges worldwide. This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiology of peptic ulcers, including the roles of Helicobacter pylori, acid secretion, and mucosal defense mechanisms. We examine key risk factors such as NSAID use, smoking, alcohol consumption, and genetic predisposition. Advances in diagnostic techniques, including endoscopy, biopsy, and non-invasive tests like urea breath tests and stool antigen tests, are discussed, alongside recent improvements in molecular diagnostics and imaging. The review also covers current management strategies, focusing on pharmacological treatments like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists, as well as surgical interventions for complicated cases. Emerging treatment modalities, such as novel drugs, probiotics, and minimally invasive surgical techniques, are highlighted. Additionally, the paper identifies future research directions, including the exploration of new therapeutic targets, enhanced diagnostic tools, and the impact of gut microbiota on ulcer formation. By integrating recent advancements and identifying gaps in current knowledge, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of peptic ulcers and inform future research and clinical practice.
Reconfiguring Identity Politics and Social Exclusion: The Case of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh
Authors: Ansari Mobasher Bin
Published: October 2024

This paper examines the role of identity politics in the exclusion and statelessness of the Rohingya in Myanmar. Using an anthropological lens, the study explores how the Rohingya resist their marginalization through cultural practices and informal leadership within refugee camps in Bangladesh. The analysis, based on ethnographic fieldwork, draws on theories of homo sacer and cultural resistance to demonstrate how Myanmar’s exclusionary national identity has stripped the Rohingya of citizenship, exposing them to violence and displacement. Despite this, the Rohingya actively preserve their identity and assert political agency, offering a critical perspective on statelessness and resilience.
Developing and Characterizing a Biocompatible Hydrogel Obtained by Cross-Linking Gelatin with Oxidized Sodium Alginate for Potential Biomedical Applications
Authors: Mahmoudi Chahrazed , Tahraoui Douma Naïma , Mahmoudi Hacene , Iurciuc (Tincu) Camelia Elena , Popa Marcel , Hamcerencu Mihaela , Andrițoiu Călin Vasile
Published: October 2024

The main goal of this research is to create biocompatible hydrogels using gelatin and a double cross-linking technique involving both covalent and ionic bonds to immobilize propolis. Covalent bonds are formed through Schiff base cross-links between protein-free amino groups (NH2) from the lysine residue and aldehyde groups (CHO) produced by oxidizing sodium alginate with NaIO4, while the ionic bonds are achieved using Mg2+ ions. Hydrogel films were obtained by varying the molar ratios -CHO/NH2 under different pH conditions (3.5 and 5.5). The presence of aldehyde groups in the oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) was confirmed using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation degree was monitored over 48 hours, and the influence of temperature was examined. Results showed that higher -CHO/-NH2 molar ratios led to increased conversion index values of NH2 groups, and a decrease in swelling degree values was observed in mediums with pH of 5.5 and 7.4. The encapsulation and release efficiency of propolis decreased with the increase of the hydrogel cross-linking degree. UV irradiation enhanced the antioxidant activity of both free and encapsulated propolis. These findings offer valuable insights into designing biocompatible hydrogels for propolis immobilization, with potential for controlled release in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: Cellular Mechanisms and Systemic Effects
Authors: Nowak-Jary Julia , Machnicka Beata
Published: October 2024

Owing to recent advancements in nanotechnology, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are currently widely employed in the field of medicine. These MNPs, characterized by their large specific surface area, potential for diverse functionalization, and magnetic properties, have found application in various medical domains, including tumor imaging (MRI), radiolabelling, internal radiotherapy, hyperthermia, gene therapy, drug delivery, and theranostics. However, ensuring the non-toxicity of MNPs when employed in medical practices is paramount. Thus, ongoing research endeavors are essential to comprehensively understand and address potential toxicological implications associated with their usage. This review aims to present the latest research and findings on assessing the potential toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles. It meticulously delineates the primary mechanisms of MNPs toxicity at the cellular level, encompassing oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, disruption of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane perturbation, alterations in the cell cycle, dysregulation of gene expression, inflammatory response, disturbance in ion homeostasis, and interference with cell migration and mobility. Furthermore, the review expounds upon the potential impact of MNPs on various organs and systems, including the brain and nervous system, heart and circulatory system, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Carbon, Corporate Forestry and Conservation: Struggles for Science in Sustainability and Benchmarks
Authors: Dean Christopher
Published: October 2024

To help limit further climate change, science must be robust and the best available, because it provides insight and understanding, of our impacts and reparations. Although strong standards are part of science, human frailties and facets of society also contribute. Initially, science aided industrialisation of forests, and conservation-oriented science followed. Some early data and methods suit both purposes, but there are different needs, dimensions and scales to consider. Science struggles to blend these frontiers and societal features, such that peer review cannot be the only quality control. Examples are reviewed in depth under two main headings: sustainability and benchmarks. The main arena is a target for industry and conservation: mixed-forests in Tasmania, Australia. Common flaws leading to faulty conclusions were: mis-representing and not noticing earlier studies, inadequately accounting for spatial dimensions and time, and inappropriate benchmarks or error margins when making comparisons. Example results after refinements are: carbon stocks are not sustained within several cycles of first logging primary forest, succession to rainforest may not reduce carbon more than logging cycles, and the proclaimed highest-carbon site is a common peak. Recognizing the carbon legacy and industrial use together through time is necessary for consideration of alternatives and consequent climate-change mitigation.
Detection of Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Endometrial Cancer: Comparison of IHC, Fragment Length Analysis, and Amplicon Sequencing Based MSI Testing
Authors: Sowter Peter , Gallon Richard , Hayes Christine , Phelps Rachel , Borthwick Gillian , Prior Shaun , Combe Jenny , Buist Holly , Pearlman Rachel , Hampel Heather , Goodfellow Paul , Evans Dge Gareth , Crosbie Emma J , Ryan Neil , Burn John , Santibanez-Koref Mauro , Jackson Michael S
Published: October 2024

Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency can be indicative of Lynch syndrome (LS) and guide treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Colorectal cancers (CRCs) and endometrial cancers (ECs) are routinely screened to identify LS, primarily using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or Microsatellite Instability (MSI) testing, but concordance between methods is variable in ECs. Here, we investigate this variability by using the amplicon sequencing based Newcastle MSI assay (NCL_MSI) to re-analyse 361 ECs from the Ohio OCCPI/OPTEC (n=196) and Manchester PETALS (n=165) trials. NCL_MSI was consistent with Ohio results (94% and 97% concordance with IHC and original MSI assays respectively), and increased concordance in the Manchester cohort from 78% to 86% (MSI) and 84% (IHC). Among discordant Manchester samples, NCL_MSI was significantly associated with MLH1 promoter methylation status (p=0.0028), and had the highest concordance with methylation, 62/69 samples (90%), indicating utility as a screening tool in this tumour type. However, tumours with germline MSH6 defects were only detected efficiently with IHC; 7/8 LS tumours classified as MSS by either MSI assay had isolated MSH6 loss, compared to 4/12 classified as MSI-H by both (p=0.028). Furthermore, reduced MSI signal was observed in tumours with isolated MSH6 loss (p=0.009 Ohio, p=6.2x10-5 Manchester), and in both ECs and CRCs with germline defects although this only reached significance in CRCs (p=0.002). These results provide further evidence that ECs with MSH6 loss in particular, and LS tumours in general, have an attenuated MSI signal, and supports current guidelines specifically recommending IHC for LS detection and immune checkpoint therapy assessment in EC.
An Anti-Human EphA2 Monoclonal Antibody Ea2Mab-7 Shows High Sensitivity for Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, and Immunohistochemical Analyses
Authors: Satofuka Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomohiro , Li Guanjie , Kaneko Mika K , Kato Yukinari
Published: October 2024

Ephrin type A receptor 2 (EphA2) binds to membrane-bound ligands, ephrin A1, A2, and A5, eliciting bidirectional signaling. This signaling regulates many physiological processes, such as tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. The dysregulation of the EphA2-ephrins axis contributes to various diseases, including cancers. The high expression of EphA2 is observed in various cancers, which promotes cancer malignancy, whereas its levels are relatively low in most normal adult tissues. Therefore, EphA2 is a promising target for cancer therapy. In this study, we developed anti-human EphA2 monoclonal antibodies using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. Among them, a clone Ea2Mab-7 (IgG1, κ) exhibited a high affinity and sensitivity in flow cytometry. The dissociation constant values of Ea2Mab-7 for CHO/EphA2 and MDA-MB-231 cells were determined as 7.7 × 10−9 M and 2.1 × 10−9 M, respectively. Furthermore, Ea2Mab-7 can detect endogenous EphA2 in western blot and immunohistochemistry. Therefore, the Ea2Mab-7 is highly versatile for basic research and is expected to contribute to clinical applications, such as antibody therapy and tumor diagnosis.
Lessons Learned from Applying Computer Assisted Experimental Designs
Authors: Angelov Nikolay , Johansson Per
Published: October 2024

This paper discusses our experience with a computer assisted design for the analysis of an intervention on a digital platform, conducted by the Swedish Tax Agency. The interest was in analyzing the possibilities of estimating the effect of a message (the intervention) on the subsequent tax compliance of taxpayers who had foreign income. The effect size was not expected to be large. However, as the cost of the intervention is very low, even a small effect could be important economically. Due to administrative reasons the number of treated was limited to 500 individuals. Because of the limited sample size and the small expected effect it was imperative to consider an efficient experimental design. The population considered for the experiment consisted of 2,697 individuals. Instead of choosing all except the treated as controls, only 500 were deliberately chosen to examine the efficiency gains of a rerandomization design with real world data. To this end, a simulation study was conducted on the same population as was randomly sampled to be part of the experiment. An important conclusion from this exercise is that regression-based post-stratification on relevant covariates is an equally efficient alternative as rerandomization in this setting. The results are of special interest when experiments are run in organizations where computer assisted designs may be costly.
Strength, Durability and Aesthetics of Corner Joints and Edge Banding in Furniture Design: A Review
Authors: Vlaović Zoran , Gržan Tomislav , Župčić Ivica , Domljan Danijela , Mihulja Goran
Published: October 2024

Corner joints and edge banding play crucial roles in the strength, durability, and aesthetics of furniture made from particleboards. This review highlights the importance of edge banding on corner joints in enhancing the overall quality of panel furniture. The choice of joint type, materials, and construction techniques can significantly influence the overall appearance and design of the furniture. The quality and design of corner joints directly affect the durability and longevity of furniture. Strong and well-designed corner joints ensure that furniture can withstand various forces and loads without failure or deformation. In addition, corner joints contribute to the aesthetics of furniture by providing seamless and visually appealing connections between different elements. Edge banding plays a crucial role in influencing the strength of corner joints in the furniture. Different edge-banding materials have varying levels of resistance to impact, scratches, and abrasion, which protect furniture surfaces. Overall, edge banding not only enhances the visual appeal of furniture, but also ensures its durability and longevity, both in the service of its purpose and during disassembly and/or transport due to the remodeling of the living space or its relocation. The findings aim to unify the knowledge and set parameters for further research on the quality of corner joints and edge bands in particleboard furniture.
Optimization of the Oxygen Permeability of Non-Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses Through Crosslinking Modifications
Authors: Lim Clara , García-Montero María , Courtis Andrew , Hainey Paul , Madrid-Costa David , Crooke Almudena
Published: October 2024

The main weakness of non-silicone hydrogel contact lenses is their low oxygen permeability (Dk). Hence, we have tried to optimize their Dk using various concentrations and lengths of the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinker in a mixture of N, N- Dimethylacrylamide and Cyclohexyl methacrylate monomers. After synthesizing the different contact lenses, we evaluated the impact of the different EGDMA conditions on their chemical, optical, and mechanical properties. The water content, the contact angle, the refractive index, the transmittance, and the young moduli of the synthesized lenses were slightly affected by crosslinker conditions. On the contrary, the elongation at break and, more importantly, the oxygen permeability, which reached values of up to 74.93 Fatt units, were considerably impacted by crosslinker conditions. This study demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, that, in addition to water, other usual hydrogel components, like crosslinkers, can modulate the Dk of non-silicone contact lenses. It also provides a simple and scalable method to fabricate more permeable non-silicone lenses.
Hotels Recreational Water Safety: Lessons from COVID-19 Pandemic and Way Forward for a Safe Aquatic Environment
Authors: Papadakis Antonios , Chochlakis Dimosthenis , Koufakis Eleftherios , Carayanni Vilelmine , Psaroulaki Anna
Published: October 2024

The recreational waters of hotels are widely used by locals and travelers all around the world and this impacts public health. In this regard, WHO frequently offers recommendations - especially in the COVID-19 era - so operators and managers of public pools, hot tubs or splash pads should continue to follow. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological results of COVID-19 sanitation protocols in recreational waters in hotels during the summer periods of post-COVID-19 (2020–2022) and compare them with those of pre-COVID-19 (2019). We found positive samples for different parameters in the period of 2019: 11.5 % for total coliforms (18/157), 12.2% for common aerobic bacteria (19/156), 2.9% for E. coli (5/170), and 18.2% for P. aeruginosa (27/148). For the pandemic years, the percentages of positive samples were: 8.1% for total coliforms (40/493), 1.3% for common aerobic bacteria (7/526), 1.3% for E. coli (7/526), and 18.4% for P. aeruginosa (83/450). The study found that the relative risk (RR) from the presence of P. aeruginosa in recreational waters with chlorination 25°C. Although non-compliance decreased at the beginning of the pandemic due to strict health protocols, this gradually stopped.
Radiogenomic Prediction of MGMT Promoter Methylation Status in Glioblastoma Using Multi-Modal MRI and EfficientNet
Authors: Nathani Pavan , Bharadwaj Anikait
Published: October 2024

MGMT promotor hypermethylation is the most important biomarker for predicting temozolomide sensitivity in aggressive glioblastoma (GBM), a disease with a poor prognosis. An MGMT status prediction without biopsy is mandatory for tailored therapy because methylated MGMT patients have better prognosis. To this end, this paper proposes the radiogenomic model for predicting the status of MGMT Promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients based on the multi-modal MRI data and the EfficientNet deep learning architecture. Perhaps using sophisticated machine learning-based non-invasive methods of genetic prognosis may decrease risky biopsies. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences in the BraTS21 competition dataset include T1-weighted and contrast-enhanced images, T2-weighted images, and Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images. Image preprocessing consisted of normalization, scaling, and data augmentation Fourier transformations for cross-modal alignment. The EfficientNet-b0 model was initially pre-trained on ImageNet and then fine-tuned to the binary classification of methylation and unmethylated MGMT. The models were evaluated based on AUC-ROC, accuracy, and the F1 score. The model’s capability of accurately identifying MGMT methylation status was moderate, with an AUC-ROC score of 0.62393 at its best. These differences influenced validation findings: overfit and resulted in accuracy variations for the small or unbalanced datasets. Applying multimodal MRI data elevated feature extraction, proving that deep learning models have radiogenic predictive power. Therefore, this study demonstrates that ALC and DL models can noninvasively estimate MGMT promoter methylation status. They also suffer from problems of overfitting or generalization, which will require some optimization. It might be safer than biopsies and can enhance approaches to glioblastoma treatment.
Serological Evidence of Cryptic Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission among Humans and Livestock in Central Highlands of Kenya
Authors: Situma Silvia , Omondi Evans , Nyakarahuka Luke , Odinoh Raymond , Mweu Marshal , Murithi Marianne , Mulinge Martin M. , Clancey Erin , Dawa Jeanette , Ngere Isaac , Osoro Eric , Gunn Bronwyn , Konongoi Limbaso , Ashimosi Samoel , Bakamutumaho Barnabas , Breiman Robert F. , Njenga Kariuki
Published: October 2024

Although highlands of East Africa lack the geo-ecological landmarks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease hotspots to participate in cyclic RVF epidemics, they have recently reported growing numbers of small RVF clusters. Here, we investigated whether RVF cycling occurred among livestock and humans in the central highlands of Kenya during inter-epidemic periods. A 2-year prospective hospital-based study among febrile patients (March 2022 - February 2024) in Murang’a County of Kenya, was followed by a cross-sectional human-animal survey. A total of 1,468 febrile patients were enrolled at two clinics and sera tested for RVF virus RNA and antiviral antibodies. In the cross-sectional study, humans (n=282) and livestock (n=706) from randomly selected households were tested and questionnaire data used to investigate sociodemographic and environmental risk factors by multivariate logistic regression. No human (n=1,750) or livestock (n=706) sera tested positive for RVFV RNA. However, 4.4% livestock and 2.0% humans tested positive for anti-RVFV IgG, including 0.27% febrile patients who showed 4-fold IgG increase and 2.4% young livestock (<12 months old), indicating recent virus exposure. Among humans, odds of RVF exposure increased significantly (P<0.05, 95% CI) in males (aOR:4.77, 2.08–12.4), those consuming raw milk (aOR 5.24,1.13–17.9), milkers (aOR:2.69, 1.23–6.36), and participants residing near quarries (aOR:2.4, 1.08–5.72). In livestock, sheep and goats were less likely to be seropositive (aOR: 0.27, 0.12–0.60) than cattle. The increase in RVF disease activities in the highlands represents widening geographic dispersal of the virus, and greater risk of more widespread RVF epidemics in future.
Development of Sign Language Interpreter Glove for Speech-Impaired Deaf Individuals with Levenshtein Algorithm as an Autotext Correction System.
Authors: Febry Dea Muthia , Kanieza Ananda Putra , Ramadhan Gilang Fajar , Aini Velisa Nur , Rahutomo Faisal
Published: October 2024

Assistive technology is technology developed in the form of aids, adaptive tools, and rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities to compensate for their lacking abilities. With assistive technology available to people with special needs, it can help them enhance their independent living skills and reduce their dependence on others, including in communication activities. This research aims to assess the feasibility of developing assistive technology for the speech-impaired, specifically a glove that can translate the SIBI letter sequence into words displayed on a 6 x 12 LCD screen and also produce sound output from the sign language hand movements of speech-impaired individuals when using the glove. The research method used in this study is Research and Development (R&D). The calibration test phase indicated that the prototype was in good condition, as evidenced by an accuracy rate above 90% for voltage at 0◦ and 90◦ angles produced by each finger. Consequently, the next calibration phase, which involves translating sensor readings into SIBI letters through digital data values, can be carried out by taking the ADC values of each finger. Subsequently, the glove was tested to read 7 out of 20 alphabets and achieved a success rate of ≥ 90% for 5 alphabets. The lowest success rate was 70% for the letter E. The average success rate for the 7 alphabet experiments was 91.4%. In the field test phase, the glove was tested on a deaf-mute student to form several words, and the output text displayed on the LCD and audio output matched the readings corrected by the auto-text correction system.
Augmented Reality Implementation in Laptop Product Promotion Media Using Web-Based QR-Codes
Authors: Fatimah Dini Destiani Siti , Latifah Ayu , Bahari Albie Firgi
Published: October 2024

Technological developments were created for various needs, such as science, especially in the information field. This development has a very positive impact on technology users who promote electronic-based products. Augmented Reality is a tool to promote various products, especially to find out the specifications of electronic devices such as laptops, where users can view additional information relevant to the product being promoted via mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. QR codes can also direct users to promotional websites that contain complete information about the laptop products being promoted. This research uses the MDLC (Multimedia Development Life Cycle) methodology to ensure that the built system can meet user needs and ensure effective use of AR and QR-code technology in laptop product promotion. The research stages consist of concept, design, material collecting, assembly, testing, and distribution. The results of the study show that the use of Augmented Reality as a promotional support medium is able to create innovative experiences for users, resulting in increased effectiveness in product promotion. By applying the Blackbox approach in testing application functions, the results show that all application components run according to predetermined expectations. The application of Augmented Reality technology in this application was carried out according to plan, successfully displaying product objects in 3D through the implementation of Augmented Reality.
WITHDRAWN: Amelioration of retinal injury and improvement in associated memory by hUCB-derived cells is dose-dependent
Authors: Mehra Priya , Rain Manjari , SINGH JAGTAR , Saha Pradip Kumar , ANAND AKSHAY
Published: October 2024

The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn, as it was submitted in error. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.
A Comparative Study on Different Machine Learning Approaches with Periodic Items for the Forecasting of GPS Satellites Clock Bias
Authors: Song Longjiang , Wang Leilei , Yuan Yibo
Published: October 2024

Accurately predicting satellite clock deviation is crucial for improving real-time location accuracy in a GPS navigation system. Therefore, to ensure high levels of real-time positioning accuracy, it is essential to address the challenge of enhancing satellite clock deviation prediction when high-precision clock data is not available. Given the high frequency, sensitivity, and variability of space-borne GPS satellite atomic clocks, it is important to consider the periodic variations of satellite clock bias (SCB) in addition to the inherent properties of GPS satellite clocks such as frequency deviation, frequency drift, and frequency drift rate in order to improve SCB prediction accuracy and gain a better understanding of its characteristics. In recent applications, deep learning models have demonstrated significant improvements in handling time-series data. This paper presents four machine learning prediction models that take into consideration periodic variations. Specifically, we utilize precision satellite clock bias data from the International GNSS Service forecast experiments and assess the predictive effects of various models including backpropagation neural network (BPNN), wavelet neural network (WNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRUs). We analyze clock bias prediction across different time scales and scenarios compared with the quadratic polynomial model. The results indicate that the WNN model incorporating periodic variations outperforms the standard quadratic polynomial model in terms of predictive accuracy. This highlights the promising potential of deep learning models in forecasting satellite clock bias.
Enzyme activities of brown trout liver and kidney peroxisomes in control juveniles and after paraquat exposure for 7 and 15 days
Authors: Resende Albina Dolores , Lobo-da-Cunha Alexandre , Rocha Eduardo
Published: October 2024

Paraquat, a potent herbicide, can be highly toxic for fish, causing morphological and biochemical alterations in several organs, including induction of oxidative stress that may result in cellular damage. Since peroxisomes are vital regulators of reactive oxygen species, it was hypothesized that a subacute exposure of brown trout – a sensitive bioindicator – to a waterborne environmental concentration of paraquat may impact some liver and kidney peroxisomal enzyme activities. Spectrophotometric measurements of urate oxidase, catalase, and D-aminoacid oxidase activities were assayed in liver and renal homogenates from immature animals. In the liver, none of those enzymes showed differences between the control and paraquat groups at both sampling times. In the kidney, urate oxidase activity was not detectable, and no significant statistical difference was found for the other enzymatic activities between groups. However, during the experiment, an increase in catalase and a simultaneous decrease in D-amino acid oxidase activities were observed in both groups. At the tested concentration, paraquat did not affect the targetted hepatic and renal peroxisomal enzymes, which does not support the hypothesis. Additionally, the study revealed changes over time, warning that captivity or experimental stress influenced the enzyme activities.
Development and characterization of a DNA-launched Getah virus infectious clone
Authors: Cai Rongxuan , He Qi , Wang Qing , Wu XiaoFeng , Tian Lan , Chen Zhe , Yu Zhaorong , Sun Jiumeng , Shao Ying , Song Xiangjun , Qi Kezong , Tu Jian , Wang Zhenyu
Published: October 2024

Getah virus (GETV), a neglected and re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus, has becoming more serious and posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. As there is a lack of antivirals and vaccines against GETV, it is necessary to continue the development of tools to further advance our efforts to combat these pathogens, including reverse genetics techniques. Herein, we describe the design and construction of a DNA-launched infectious clone for GETV. The full-length genome of GETV HuN1 strain, flanked by cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV) promoter sequence at the 5'-end and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme along with the bovine growth hormone termination and polyadenylation signal sequences at the 3'-end, was packaged in bacterial artificial chromosome vector to establish a GETV infectious clone pBR322-GETV-HuN1. In parallel, the recombinant reporter viruses carrying the reporter gene EGFP between the E1 gene and the 3' UTR was constructed based on the established CMV-driven cDNA clone. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that the rescued recombinant virus possesses viral biological activity similar to the parental virus. Taken together, this study develops a concise and efficient GETV infectious cDNA clone and a recombinant virus carrying an EGFP reporter gene. The availability of the GETV infectious clone will facilitate further studies on understanding the molecular mechanisms of GETV virus biology, virulence determinants, molecular pathogenesis, vaccine development and virus-host interaction.
A simple and highly efficient protocol for 13 C-labeling of plant cell wall for structural and quantitative analyses via solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Javaid Tasleem , Venkataraghavan Akshayaa , Bhattarai Matrika , Debnath Debkumar , Zhao Wancheng , Wang Tuo , Faik Ahmed
Published: October 2024

Background
Plant cell walls are made of a complex network of interacting polymers that play critical role in plant development and responses to environmental changes. Thus, improving plant biomass and fitness requires the elucidation of the structural organization of plant cell walls in their native environment. The 13C-based multi-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) has been instrumental in revealing the structural information of plant cell walls through 2D and 3D correlation spectral analyses. However, the requirement of enriching plants with 13C limits the applicability of this method. To our knowledge, there is only a very limited set of methods currently available that achieve high levels of 13C-labeling of plant materials using 13CO2 and most of them require large amounts of 13CO2 in larger growth chambers.
Results
In this study, a simplified protocol for 13C-labeling of plant materials is introduced that allows ca 60% labeling of the cell walls, as quantified by comparison with commercially labeled samples. This level of 13C-enrichment is sufficient for all conventional 2D and 3D correlation ssNMR experiments for detailed analysis of plant cell wall structure. The protocol is based on a convenient and an easy setup to supply both 13C-labeled glucose and 13CO2 using a vacuum-desiccator. The protocol does not require large amounts of 13CO2.
Conclusion
This study shows that our 13C-labeling of plant materials can make the accessibility to ssNMR technique easy and affordable. The derived high-resolution 2D and 3D correlation spectra are used to extract structural information of plant cell walls. This helps to better understand the influence of polysaccharide-polysaccharide interaction on plant performance and allows for a more precise parametrization of plant cell wall models.
Ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor for efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in the near-infrared region
Authors: Runthala Rahul , Grover Nitika , Arora Pankaj
Published: October 2024

This work offers an ultra-sensitive multilayered surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor that uses angular interrogation in the near-infrared (NIR) region to detect the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The multi-layered biosensor consists of the bimetallic layer (Aluminum (Al) & Gold(Au)), a dielectric layer (MgF2), and an optimized number of 2D nanomaterial (MoS2) layers. The proposed SPR sensor is engineered using the transfer matrix and finite element methods to achieve high sensitivity, the figure of merit (FOM), and detection accuracy. The selection of plasmonic metal and optimization for the different layers have been proved crucial to improving the performance parameter of the proposed sensor. The biosensor configuration (Glass prism/Al/Au/MgF2/MoS2/sensing sample) is observed to exhibit the highest sensitivity of 372°/RIU, FOM of 1690 RIU-1, and detection accuracy of 4.54 degree-1 using the strong binding efficiency of the MoS2 layer and the high dielectric constant of the MgF2 layer. According to the investigation's findings, the proposed SPR-based biosensor exhibits excellent performance in the NIR region, demonstrating accurate real-time detection capabilities that will facilitate its use in field or clinical point-of-care testing applications.
Genetic and micromorphological differentiation within Sambacus ebulus (Adoxaceae) suggests divergence of populations from Iran
Authors: Bayrami Marzieh , Sattarian Ali , Salehi Mahmood , Amini Elham , Atazadeh Neda
Published: October 2024

Sambucus ebulus is mainly distributed in the northern, northwestern and northeastern regions of Iran and is characterized by its perennial growth habit and distinctive long, creeping and branched rhizomes. In this study, genetic diversity of seven populations S. ebulus based on molecular ISSR data and the micromorphology of seeds and leaves of this species in Iran were investigated. Micromorphological examination revealed the anomocytic type of stomata and indicated that the epidermal cells of various S. ebulus populations exhibited irregular cell shapes with anticlinal walls ranging from straight to curved. The seed shape was described as predominantly almond-shaped, and the surface of the seed coat of the studied taxa showed a reticulate pattern. The AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) test showed that 87% of the total genetic variance was due to differences inter-populations genetic differences, while 13% was due to within-populations genetic variability, indicating a high degree of genetic variation among S. ebulus populations. The discriminating power of ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) loci as determined by Gst against Nm (the number of migrants) analysis, showed that almost all ISSR loci have an excellent discriminating power. Thus, ISSR markers are efficient in differentiating of the studied S. ebulus populations. The Mantel test presented a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance. These results suggest that the selected markers for genetic analysis represent different regions of the genome and effectively capture the genetic variation within the studied populations.
Barriers to the Adherence of ICU Nurses to the Tube Feeding Protocol: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Tabrizi Faranak Jabbarzadeh , Asghari Elnaz , Davoodi Arefeh
Published: October 2024

Background The heightened metabolic demands of critically ill patients on ventilators necessitate proper tube feeding for optimal recovery. Despite nurses being primarily responsible for administering tube feeding, evidence indicates a lack of adherence to evidence-based practices. This study aims to identify the barriers preventing ICU nurses from adhering to the tube feeding protocol. Methods This qualitative study utilized conventional content analysis. Participants included ICU nurses from Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, in 2024. A combination of purposeful and snowball sampling was employed, achieving data saturation after 19 interviews. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Zhang & Wildemuth method. Results The analysis identified three primary barriers to adherence: the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice, organizational and interpersonal challenges, and resistance to change. Conclusion The findings highlight that barriers to adherence are multifaceted, deeply rooted in organizational contexts. Policymakers and clinical educators can use these insights to develop targeted interventions. Future nurses can reflect on these findings to enhance their professional development and adjust protocols to bridge identified gaps. Additionally, organizational values and interventions for nursing staff should be revised to address these barriers effectively.
Ultrasonication-Enhanced Nanoencapsulation of Thymol and Cinnamaldehyde with Chitosan and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose: A Novel Approach to Improving Physicochemical Properties, Stability, and Bioactive Content
Authors: PHYO HSU MON , Al-Maqtari Qais Ali , Othman Norzila , Hussain Arif , Yuan Shaofeng , Yu Hang , Yao Weirong
Published: October 2024

This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the physicochemical properties, stability, and bioactive content of thymol and cinnamaldehyde-loaded nanocapsules (NCs) using chitosan (CH) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (H) as wall materials, optimized via ultrasonication at varying powers (200, 400, and 600 Watts). The results demonstrated that increasing ultrasonic power significantly improved the performance of NC-CH formulations. The NC-CH-400 formulation achieved optimal values in particle size (286.47 ± 19.11 nm), polydispersity index (0.24 ± 0.18), and ζ-potential (5.37 ± 0.24), while the NC-CH-600 formulation exhibited superior nanocapsule’s efficiency (97.8%), antioxidant activity (28.4%), antioxidant capacity (4.76 mg TE ml− 1), and other physical properties, including enhanced hygroscopicity, density, flowability, and porosity. Additionally, NC-CH-400 displayed the highest solubility (42.33%) and lowest water activity (0.45). Incorporating H with CH further improved nanocapsule’s yield (83.57%) and wettability (4.62 s) over CH alone. FTIR analysis confirmed successful nanocapsule without chemical modification, and the NC-CH-400 formulation showed the highest thermal stability, evidenced by the maximum glass transition temperature and melting points, suggesting superior storage durability. The nanocapsules also exhibited a smooth microstructure without surface cracking, and after 28 days, formulations treated with higher ultrasonic powers significantly enhanced the release of bioactive compounds, particularly in NC-CH. These findings underscore the potential of ultrasonication-enhanced nanocapsule for improving the stability and bioactive delivery of sensitive compounds, offering valuable applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
CircRNA-loaded DC vaccine in combination with low-dose gemcitabine induced potent anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic cancer model
Authors: Cai Zongyu , Wuri Qimuge , Song Yang , Qu Xueli , Hu Haotong , Cao Simiao , Wu Hui , Wu Jiaxin , Wang Chu , Yu Xianghui , Kong Wei , Zhang Haihong
Published: October 2024

Although promising, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines may not suffice to fully inhibit tumor progression alone, mainly due to the short expression time of the antigen in DC vaccines, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and tumor antigenic modulation. Overcoming the limitations of DC vaccines is expected to further enhance their anti-tumor effects. In this study, we constructed a circRNA-loaded DC vaccine utilizing the inherent stability of circular RNA to enhance the expression level and duration of the antigen within the DC vaccine. Meanwhile we combined it with gemcitabine and validated their therapeutic efficacy in the Panc02 tumor model. We found that the use of DC vaccine alone can reach a tumor inhibition rate of 69%, and the effect was further enhanced when combined with gemcitabine, reaching a tumor inhibition rate of 89%. The combined treatment achieved a synergistic effect, which not only reduced immunosuppressive Tregs but also induced immunogenic cell death, leading to antigen spreading and reducing immune evasion caused by tumor antigenic modulation. As a result, the survival of the mice was significantly prolonged. Our research provides a promising approach for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Effect of optoelectronic properties of vacancy defect in monolayer PtS 2 under strain: A first-principles study
Authors: Yang Hang , Yang Lu , Bao Jinlin , Liu Huaidong , Zhao Yanshen
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the optoelectronic properties of monolayer PtS2 under vacancy and strain are calculated based on density functional theory (DFT). Phonon spectrum verifies the stability of the model. Formation energy calculations show that the single S-atom defect system possesses lower energy and is easier to prepare experimentally. The single S-atom defect system is converted from an indirect bandgap to a direct bandgap, which is more favorable for electron transition. Under biaxial strain, the band gap of monolayer PtS2 decreases with increasing tensile strain and increases with increasing compressive strain. In addition, optical property calculations show that the initial absorption and reflection coefficients of the defect system gradually increase under tensile strain and decrease under compressive strain, and are located in the low-energy region where red-shift and blue-shift phenomena occur respectively. This paper reveals the modulation effect of strain on the electronic properties of monolayer PtS2 in the defect system, which is of great significance for the extension of material functionality and the optimization of device performance.