bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General and precise carbon confinement of functional nanostructures derived from assembled metal–phenolic networks for enhanced lithium storage
Authors: Xiao Zhitong , Meng Jiashen , Li Qi , Zhang Xiao , Liu Ziang , Wen Bo , Han Chunhua , Mai Liqiang
Published: August 2018

A general and programmable strategy has been developed to precisely construct carbon-confined nanostructures via metal–phenolic network assembly, which then displayed excellent lithium storage.
A flexible VOCs sensor based on a 3D Mxene framework with a high sensing performance
Authors: Yuan Wenjing , Yang Kai , Peng Huifen , Li Fang , Yin Fuxing
Published: August 2018

3D Mxene based gas sensors demonstrated a highly sensitive detection for VOCs in an ultra-wide sensing range at room temperature.
A black phosphorus based synergistic antibacterial platform against drug resistant bacteria
Authors: Ouyang Jiang , Liu Ren-Yu , Chen Wansong , Liu Zhenjun , Xu Qunfang , Zeng Ke , Deng Liu , Shen Liangfang , Liu You-Nian
Published: August 2018

Black phosphorus nanosheets were decorated with Ag nanoparticles through an in situ growth strategy, exhibiting synergistic antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria.
Amplified probing of protein/DNA interactions for sensitive fluorescence detection of transcription factors
Authors: Li Jin , Tang Jinshan , Jiang Bingying , Xiang Yun , Yuan Ruo
Published: August 2018

Coupling the enzyme protection strategy with metal-ion dependent DNAzyme amplification leads to sensitive monitoring of protein/DNA interactions.
Chemical analysis of very metal-poor turn-off stars from SDSS-DR12
Authors: François P. , Caffau E. , Wanajo S. , Aguado D. , Spite M. , Aoki M. , Aoki W. , Bonifacio P. , Gallagher A. J. , Salvadori S. , Spite F.
Published: August 2018

Context. The most metal-poor stars are the relics of the early chemical evolution of the Galaxy. Their chemical composition is an important tool to constrain the nucleosynthesis in the first generation of stars. The aim is to observe a sample of extremely metal-poor star (EMP stars) candidates selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (SDSS DR12) and determine their chemical composition.

Aims. We obtain medium resolution spectra of a sample of six stars using the X-shooter spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and we used ATLAS models to compute the abundances.

Methods. Five stars of the sample have a metallicity [Fe/H] between −2.5 dex and −3.2 dex. We confirm the recent discovery of SDSS J002314.00+030758.0 as a star with an extremely low [Fe/H] ratio. Assuming the α-enhancement [Ca/Fe] = +0.4 dex, we obtain [Fe/H] = −6.1 dex.

Results. We could also determine its magnesium abundance and found that this star exhibits a very high ratio [Mg/Fe]≤ +3.60 dex assuming [Fe/H] = −6.13 dex. We determined the carbon abundance and found A(C) = 6.4 dex. From this carbon abundance, this stars belongs to the lower band of the A(C)–[Fe/H] diagram.
Impact of brass contents on thermal, friction and wear properties of brake linings composites
Authors: Sellami Amira , Kchaou Mohamed , Kus Reçai , Fajoui Jamal , Elleuch Riadh , Jacquemin Frédéric
Published: August 2018

Automotive brake lining materials are composite materials of very complex formulation, highly heterogeneous. They help to carry out the desired combination of braking performance properties. Obviously, it requires that the friction material exhibits good complementarities and adequate combination of physico-chemical, thermal properties that act synergistically to provide the braking performance which should be adjusted by the addition of metallic fillers. The aim of this work is to study the role of one of the copper alloy particles, namely brass, on friction and wear. For this purpose, the experimental approach is based on the development of a simplified formulation. Three derived composites were developed in the laboratory by the addition 1.5 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 4.5 wt.% of brass. It is shown that addition of copper alloy particles increased thermal properties. Wear test results show that brass contributes to friction and wear mechanisms from a quantity introduced in the formulation equal to 4.5 wt.%. In fact, given its large size, it acts as primary plates serving as supports for the formation and expansion of plates necessary to enhance the stability of friction coefficient. Conversely, when adding an amount less than 4.5%, brass particles are generally all removed from the matrix implying a higher source flow of third-body wear.
One-stage bilateral anterior bikini total hip replacement − experience of two cases
Authors: Nizam Ikram , Batra Ashish V.
Published: August 2018

Bilateral hip arthrosis is commonly seen and two-staged bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is a preferred choice of treatment due to the fear of complications associated with one-stage bilateral procedures. However, many studies now indicate that the treatment option should be patient specific. We report two cases of one-stage bilateral anterior THA. First, a 54-year-old male operated over a year ago and second a 59-year-old female operated 6 weeks ago. Both presented with a long history of bilateral grade IV hip arthritis causing them severe pain, compromised gait and disturbed sleep. Post-surgery, they were mobilized within few hours after surgery as part of our enhanced recovery programme. There was a drastic increase in their Harris Hip Scores from 34.5 in case 1 and 19.2 in case 2 to 100 for both hips in both patients. They reported excellent recovery, regained normal gait pattern, returned quickly to their routine lifestyle and felt it was an economical option. We conclude that one-stage bilateral bikini anterior THA is a preferred surgical option for patients with bilateral hip arthritis that are medically fit.
PET/MR: aktuelle Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der onkologischen Diagnostik
Authors: Schaarschmidt Benedikt , Quick Harald , Herrmann Ken , Umutlu Lale
Published: August 2018

Die Positronenemissionstomografie/Magnetresonanztomografie (PET/MR) ist ein neues Hybridverfahren. Mit integrierten Hybridsystemen ist es möglich, funktionelle PET-Daten und morphologische und funktionelle MR-Daten gleichzeitig zu messen. Daher ergeben sich im Vergleich zu anderen Schnittbildverfahren deutliche Unterschiede, die insbesondere in der onkologischen Bildgebung zu beachten sind.
Asymmetric Construction of Halogenated Cyclic Quaternary Carbon Center through Enolate Activation of Aldehydes
Authors: Li Jun-Long , Li Qing-Zhu , Liu Yue , Leng Hai-Jun
Published: August 2018

The construction of a chiral halogenated cyclic quaternary carbon center through various catalytic strategies is an emerging hot topic in the field of asymmetric synthesis. Herein, we give a summary of recently developed synthetic methods for preparing such structures. In addition, a novel enolate activation mode of aldehydes is highlighted, which provides an elegant pathway to access enantiopure heterocycles featuring a halogenated quaternary stereocenter through organocatalytic [4+2] cycloaddition.
Cobalt Vanadium Oxide Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Oxidation of Styrene Derivatives to Aldehydes with Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant
Authors: Peng Xinhua , Zou Hui , Hu Chuanfeng , Chen Kaihao , Xiao Guansheng
Published: August 2018

Cobalt vanadium oxide supported on reduced graphene oxide showed excellent performance in the oxidation of styrene derivatives to the corresponding aldehydes with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. An electron-donating group at the para-position of the aromatic ring facilitates the formation of the corresponding aldehyde. Compared with conventional methods, the newly designed heterogeneous catalytic system offers a promising prospect because of its economic applicability and environmental friendliness.
Diagnostic Dilemma of Wide Complex QRS Tachycardia after PCI: A Case Report
Authors: Kanumuri Sudhakar , Jonnalagadda Neeharika
Published: August 2018

The authors report a case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with breathlessness on exertion for 6 months, for which coronary angiogram (CAG) was done, which showed single-vessel disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The patient underwent PTCA + DES (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + drug-eluting stent) to mid LAD. On the third postprocedural day, she complained of palpitations with chest pain. Electrocardiographic monitor showed wide complex QRS tachycardia and she was hemodynamically stable. Further evaluation showed potassium of 2.8 mEq/L, for which intravenous (IV) KCl (potassium chloride) correction was given, and recheck CAG was done, which showed patent stent. Meanwhile, the patient was evaluated for the cause of hypokalemia, and no definite cause was evident.
A novel wavefront measuring camera for quantitative measurement of density in high-speed gas flows
Authors: Medhi Biswajit , Hegde Gopalkrishna M. , Reddy Kalidevapura Polareddy Jagannath , Roy Debasish , Vasu Ram Mohan
Published: August 2018

This paper presents the development of a novel wavefront measuring camera capable of detecting both the amplitude and phase of the captured light wave simultaneously. The main objective of the present work is to develop a simple “aim and shoot” camera system for quantitative estimation of density variations in high-speed gas flow fields. The interrogating beam which is a plane wave used here gets distorted by flow induced change in refractive index gradients. Wavefront distortion is quantitatively measured by inspecting the projected pattern through the embedded mask of a modified CMOS image sensor, which samples the incoming wavefront space continuously. Post-processing of the captured images through Fourier- and windowed Fourier transform schemes reveals the change in phase and amplitude of the captured wave. The captured phase of the wavefront is used in an iterative tomography scheme to estimate the density distribution of the flow field. The utility of the developed camera is demonstrated in the quantitative visualization of the high-speed flow fields around test objects subjected to hypersonic flows at Mach numbers 8.89 and 5.82 in hypersonic shock tunnel facility (HST2) and also to visualize the flow field generated at the exit of a convergent-divergent nozzle (Mach number 2.9). It is observed that the recovered quantitative density values from the experiments match well with the results obtained through computational fluid dynamic simulations demonstrating the proficiency of the proposed wavefront measuring camera for high-speed flow diagnostics.
Nonlinearity in stock networks
Authors: Hartman David , Hlinka Jaroslav
Published: August 2018

Stock networks, constructed from stock price time series, are a well-established tool for the characterization of complex behavior in stock markets. Following Mantegna’s seminal paper, the linear Pearson’s correlation coefficient between pairs of stocks has been the usual way to determine network edges. Recently, possible effects of nonlinearity on the graph-theoretical properties of such networks have been demonstrated when using nonlinear measures such as mutual information instead of linear correlation. In this paper, we quantitatively characterize the nonlinearity in stock time series and the effect it has on stock network properties. This is achieved by a systematic multi-step approach that allows us to quantify the nonlinearity of coupling; correct its effects wherever it is caused by simple univariate non-Gaussianity; potentially localize in space and time any remaining strong sources of this nonlinearity; and, finally, study the effect nonlinearity has on global network properties. By applying this multi-step approach to stocks included in three prominent indices (New York Stock Exchange 100, Financial Times Stock Exchange 100, and Standard & Poor 500), we establish that the apparent nonlinearity that has been observed is largely due to univariate non-Gaussianity. Furthermore, strong nonstationarity in a few specific stocks may play a role. In particular, the sharp decrease in some stocks during the global financial crisis of 2008 gives rise to apparent nonlinear dependencies among stocks.
A methodology to calculate small-angle scattering profiles of macromolecular solutions from molecular simulations in the grand-canonical ensemble
Authors: Blanco Marco A. , Hatch Harold W. , Curtis Joseph E. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: August 2018

The theoretical framework to evaluate small-angle scattering (SAS) profiles for multi-component macromolecular solutions is re-examined from the standpoint of molecular simulations in the grand-canonical ensemble, where the chemical potentials of all species in solution are fixed. This statistical mechanical ensemble resembles more closely scattering experiments, capturing concentration fluctuations that arise from the exchange of molecules between the scattering volume and the bulk solution. The resulting grand-canonical expression relates scattering intensities to the different intra- and intermolecular pair distribution functions, as well as to the distribution of molecular concentrations on the scattering volume. This formulation represents a generalized expression that encompasses most of the existing methods to evaluate SAS profiles from molecular simulations. The grand-canonical SAS methodology is probed for a series of different implicit-solvent, homogeneous systems at conditions ranging from dilute to concentrated. These systems consist of spherical colloids, dumbbell particles, and highly flexible polymer chains. Comparison of the resulting SAS curves against classical methodologies based on either theoretical approaches or canonical simulations (i.e., at a fixed number of molecules) shows equivalence between the different scattering intensities so long as interactions between molecules are net repulsive or weakly attractive. On the other hand, for strongly attractive interactions, grand-canonical SAS profiles deviate in the low- and intermediate-q range from those calculated in a canonical ensemble. Such differences are due to the distribution of molecules becoming asymmetric, which yields a higher contribution from configurations with molecular concentrations larger than the nominal value. Additionally, for flexible systems, explicit discrimination between intra- and inter-molecular SAS contributions permits the implementation of model-free, structural analysis such as Guinier’s plots at high molecular concentrations, beyond what the traditional limits are for such analysis.
Bonding mechanisms and electronic properties of HgIn2Te4 with Au doping: First-principles study
Authors: Gao Qiu , Fu Li , Chen Haiyan , Wan Meiling
Published: August 2018

HgIn2Te4 (Mercury indium telluride, MIT) is a promising mid-infrared CO2 laser candidate material. Through combining the calculation results of structural relaxation, Bader charge, electronic localization function, formation energy, and density of states, we systematically explored the stability and doping efficiency of gold (Au) in MIT. The results show that the Au-Te bond has a similar polar covalent characteristic as Hg-Te bond, which indicates the relative stability of Au dopant in MIT. In addition, two defect states were formed through the hybridization between the Au impurity and its nearest neighboring Te atoms in the substitutional doping systems of AuHg and AuIn. We found that the acceptor transition levels in AuHg and AuIn are 0.095 eV and 0.265 eV above the valance band maximum, respectively, whereas the donor transition level in the substitutional doping system of AuTe and interstitial system of AuI are 0.894 eV and 0.322 eV below the conduction band minimum, respectively. Meanwhile, in the Hg-rich condition, the Fermi level would be pinned about 0.511 eV above the valence band maximum due to the self-compensation effect; however, this effect will be efficiently reduced in the Te-rich condition.
Non-ideal effects on ballooning mode stability in the presence of resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Mou M. L. , Jhang Hogun , Rhee T. , Chen S. Y. , Tang C. J.
Published: August 2018

The ideal ballooning mode model in the presence of the externally applied resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP), developed by Bird and Hegna [Nucl. Fusion 53, 013004 (2013)], is extended to include the non-ideal effects, i.e., the finite resistivity and diamagnetic drift effects. Using the eigenvalue equation with the non-ideal effects, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to elucidate the impact of the RMP on ballooning mode stability. Finite resistivity is shown to reduce the line bending stabilization in low to intermediate toroidal mode number (n), resulting in the more peaked growth rate spectrum with respect to n. It is shown that the combination of finite resistivity and the RMP-induced local shear modulation have a strong influence on line bending stabilization, leading to an interesting threshold behavior of the ballooning mode stability. This signifies the importance of the RMP to the line bending stabilization coupled with finite resistivity, as well as the local shear modulation.
The magnetic order of a manganese vanadate system with two-dimensional striped triangular lattice
Authors: Garlea V. Ovidiu , McGuire Michael A. , Sanjeewa Liurukara D. , Pajerowski Daniel M. , Ye Feng , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: August 2018

Results of magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements of the manganese vanadate system Mn5(VO4)2(OH)4 are reported. The crystal structure of this compound contains triangular [Mn3O13] building blocks that produce two-dimensional Mn2+ magnetic networks with striped triangular topologies. The Mn sheets are connected through the nonmagnetic vanadate tetrahedra extending along the a-axis. Magnetization measurements performed on single crystals reveal the onset of a long-range antiferromagnetic order below approximately 45 K. The magnetic structure is Néel-type with nearest-neighbor Mn atoms coupled via three or four antiferromagnetic bonds. The magnetic moments are confined within the layers and are oriented parallel to the b direction. The magnitudes of ordered moments are reduced, presumably by geometrical frustration and the low-dimensionality of the lattice structure.
Critical Approaches to Motherhood
Authors: Mack Ashley Noel
Published: August 2018

Motherhood is not an inconsequential and ideologically neutral individual role in society. Instead, “motherhood” is considered, according to critical and cultural scholars and theorists, to be both a complex set of experiences individuals embody and a symbolic social institution that has been used to regulate human behavior through cultural norms and social scripts that are discursively struggled over across history. The institution of motherhood is imbedded in cultural, economic, and legal systems and is a central consideration in how we come to define the domestic and public spheres. Black feminist, liberal feminist, radical feminist, Marxist, queer, postcolonial, and decolonial theories are mobilized by critics in communication to investigate motherhood as a complex symbolic interlocutor. Critical scholars from these divergent theoretical and political traditions analyze motherhood as an experience, a practice, a performance, and/or an ideology. Because of the importance of the concept of mothering in society, examining discourses about motherhood is a central concern for critical and cultural communication scholars who are interested in the formation of gender and sexual scripts and the maintenance of racial and class-based systems of oppression.
Online Comments and Journalism
Authors: Wolfgang J. David
Published: August 2018

Shortly after its emergence as a tool for participatory journalism, online commenting became a popular format for audience public discourse and a subject of controversy for professional journalists. The early 21st century has seen a constant growth in research considering how online comments have influenced journalism by providing new ways to understand the perspective of the audience, by changing the routines and practices of the newsroom, and by encouraging a reconsideration of how content influences readers. News audiences, generally, have been relatively quiet and passive in the past, but online comments have given them the opportunity to speak alongside journalists on professional platforms. This shift in news-mediated public discourse has the potential to reshape the journalist−audience relationship in substantial ways. The research on commenting has provided new evidence on how journalistic practices are changing, how people perceive and process information online, and how journalists negotiate technological change while trying not to upend the profession. However, there is a need for more research that explores critical questions related to comment quality, changing journalistic norms, and the relationship between journalist identity and technology. Online commenting has the potential to help fulfill the journalistic norms of providing a space for public discourse and promoting diverse views from within the community. This potential, however, is reliant upon journalists who uphold the civic function of journalism’s role.
The Producer/User Distinction in Journalism
Authors: Picone Ike
Published: August 2018

Journalism can be defined as a communication process between producers and consumers. Traditionally, both ends have been addressed as separate spheres. Journalism and journalism studies developed around the study of journalism producers—that is, journalists and their professional identities and practices. The audience was long considered the end point of journalism; the public sphere was where journalism was consumed. Rather than also studying audiences’ news use practices, the audience was generally imagined as a mass of passive sensation seekers unappreciative of the value of good journalism and taken for granted as a result. This dichotomous view of users and producers has since then been challenged.

First, the inequality in attention given to producers over users was addressed during a sociological turn in the study of journalism since the 1990s. This “turn” inspired a series of seminal studies focusing on the audience of journalism, showing how layered people’s interpretative practices are and how these are contextually shaped. Although journalism studies in the 21st century still tend to orient their gaze more to producers than users, the audience’s part in shaping the role of journalism in society is being increasingly acknowledged.

In parallel, with the continuing advancements in information and communication technologies, the conceptual distinction between producers and users in itself was questioned. Whereas the role of audiences in producing news was already explored in studies of community media and public journalism, it was the adoption of digital media that led to the blurring of lines between media producers and users. This distinction has encouraged journalism researchers to explore practices such as citizen and participatory journalism, leading to new conceptions of the user/producer dimension in journalism.

The user/producer dimension in journalism may be blurred, but it has not dissolved. Especially from a more structural perspective, professional journalists and news organizations still have preferential access to the news ecosystem and larger impact on the policy agenda. Conceptually however, news users should be conceived as potential contributors to the production and distribution of journalism. As such, news users are not the end point of journalism but an essential part of it.
Food in 20th-Century American Cities
Authors: Shprintzen Adam
Published: August 2018

Changing foodways, the consumption and production of food, access to food, and debates over food shaped the nature of American cities in the 20th century. As American cities transformed from centers of industrialization at the start of the century to post-industrial societies at the end of the 20th century, food cultures in urban America shifted in response to the ever-changing urban environment. Cities remained centers of food culture, diversity, and food reform despite these shifts.

Growing populations and waves of immigration changed the nature of food cultures throughout the United States in the 20th century. These changes were significant, all contributing to an evolving sense of American food culture. For urban denizens, however, food choice and availability were dictated and shaped by a variety of powerful social factors, including class, race, ethnicity, gender, and laboring status. While cities possessed an abundance of food in a variety of locations to consume food, fresh food often remained difficult for the urban poor to obtain as the 20th century ended.

As markets expanded from 1900 to 1950, regional geography became a less important factor in determining what types of foods were available. In the second half of the 20th century, even global geography became less important to food choices. Citrus fruit from the West Coast was readily available in northeastern markets near the start of the century, and off-season fruits and vegetables from South America filled shelves in grocery stores by the end of the 20th century. Urban Americans became further disconnected from their food sources, but this dislocation spurred counter-movements that embraced ideas of local, seasonal foods and a rethinking of the city’s relationship with its food sources.
Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health (Case 283/81), EU:C:1982:335, [1982] ECR 3415, 6 October 1982
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health (Case 283/81), EU:C:1982:335, [1982] ECR 3415, 6 October 1982. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
9. Work–Life Balance
Authors: Cabrelli David
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyses the statutory employment ‘family-friendly’ rights contained in the Employment Rights Act 1996 and the subordinate legislation which has a bearing on the work–life balance of employees, workers, and other individuals providing personal services. These include the protection of pregnant workers, and the statutory arrangements for maternity leave and maternity pay. It also examines family-friendly measures which seek to achieve a more equal division of family responsibilities between couples, such as the statutory rights to shared parental leave, paternity leave, adoption leave, and parental leave, as well as the right to request flexible working and right to take time off work to deal with dependants.
An Examination of a University-based Refugee Speaker Series
Authors: Long Dennis D , Geer Cynthia H , Zarnitz Megan E
Published: August 2018

The experiences of refugees migrating to the United States are complex and can be revealing and informative. During the 2016–17 academic year, a refugee speaker series was implemented thorough a collaborative effort between a faith-based university and a same faith-based refugee resettlement programme. In their shared geographical area, these organizations possess long-standing, faith-oriented commitments to rights and services for refugees, making the endeavour viable. Using connected learning (Belenky et al.1997) as theoretical underpinning, researchers collected quantitative and qualitative data to identify and describe the participants’ perceived impact from attendance at a refugee speaker event. This information can be useful when considering pedagogy for examining issues confronting refugees, as many Americans struggle with knowledge about refugee experiences and adaptation. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: August 2018

Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to this parent workbook on treating school refusal behavior. School refusal behavior includes children aged 5 to 17 years who refuse to attend school and/or have trouble remaining in classes for an entire day. This is a common, difficult, and widespread problem, and can develop into a more serious one if left untreated. This introductory chapter covers the frequency and major features of school refusal behavior. Four reasons are outlined for school refusal behavior: (1) to stay away from objects or situations at school that make the child feel unpleasant physical symptoms or general distress; (2) to stay away from social or evaluative situations at school that are anxious for the child; (3) to receive attention from a parent or a significant other; and (4) to obtain tangible rewards outside of school that make skipping school more fun than staying in school.
Children Refusing School to Avoid Objects or Situations That Cause General Distress
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 outlines the treatment for children with school refusal behavior who are motivated by a desire to avoid emotions such as fear, dread, anxiety, panic, or depression that can become associated with certain school-related objects or situations. For these children, the main goal of treatment is to change the child’s avoidance behavior and build coping and active school attendance behaviors. Detailed descriptions of each session are provided, along with homework assignments. The child is taught skills such as relaxation and deep breathing. Case vignettes and sample dialogues are included.
Preventing Slips and Relapse
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: August 2018

Chapter 8 describes slips and relapse and provides an overview of how to help children and families prevent a return to school refusal behavior. Activities to help with relapse prevention include taking photographs of the child during in vivo exposure practices; creating a poster, journal, or storybook of the child’s accomplishments using photographs of the child’s exposures; and asking the child’s help in producing a video “commercial” aimed at teaching other children how to overcome the problem of school refusal behavior. Special circumstances such as how to handle long breaks from school (like summer vacation) and starting a new school are discussed. For children with chronic or extremely severe school refusal behavior, relapse prevention can be challenging. Sample relapse prevention reminders for families are provided.
The effects of bigger rewards in individual tournaments on efforts and risk taking: evidence from chess
Authors: Parinduri Rasyad A , Lee Yoong Hon , Tiong Kung Ming
Published: August 2018

We examine the effects of bigger rewards in individual dynamic tournaments on efforts and risk taking using the three-point rule in chess. Most chess tournaments use the standard rule while some tournaments use the Bilbao rule, which is identical to the three-point rule in soccer: We observe the same pairs of chess players playing under both rules, a research design that fits fixed-effect models. We find the Bilbao rule makes games 33% more decisive, mostly to white players’ advantage, who win 50% more games. We identify two mechanisms why the Bilbao rule works: It encourages players to play longer and discourages them from using drawish openings. These results suggest incentive schemes that provide bigger rewards for better performances work in individual multi-stage tournaments in which efforts and financial rewards are directly linked, and in which strategic interactions among teammates and with competitors are less complex.
Intraocular Light Scatter in Eyes With the Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis
Authors: Karas Faris I. , Arteaga Andrea , Barrionuevo Pablo , Cao Dingcai , McAnany J. Jason , Shorter Ellen , Cortina Maria S.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) is the most commonly used artificial cornea. It has been proven to be successful for severe corneal disease not amenable to keratoplasty. We have observed our patients reporting debilitating glare despite attaining good visual acuities. This motivated us to objectively measure light scatter in eyes with a KPro.

Methods:

Light scatter was measured in 21 eyes with the Boston type 1 KPro with a VA of 20/150 or better and was compared with 13 healthy control eyes using the Oculus C-Quant device (Arlington, WA). Eyes were also measured using an occluder contact lens.

Results:

Light scatter (quantified as the logS value) was significantly higher in the KPro group than in the control (2.34 ± 0.15 vs. 1.29 ± 0.17, P < 0.001). The polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) KPro group (16 eyes, logS 2.49 ± 0.19) but not the titanium group (5 eyes, logS 1.87 ± 0.15) had significantly higher light scattering than the control. The use of an occluder contact lens significantly decreased light scatter in eyes with a PMMA backplate (n = 11, logS 1.71 vs. 2.42, P = 0.028).

Conclusion:

This study confirms that intraocular light scatter is increased in KPro eyes. Possibly because of its opaque nature, the titanium backplate model seems to produce less light scatter than does the PMMA model. Occluder contact lenses reduced light scatter significantly in the PMMA KPro and could be a treatment option for symptomatic patients.
The Effect of Suture Wick Technique on Early Intraocular Pressure Control After Nonvalved (Baerveldt 350) Glaucoma Drainage Device Surgery
Authors: Rothman Adam L. , An Selena J. , Herndon Leon W.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare early postoperative outcomes of patients who underwent Baerveldt 350-mm2 aqueous drainage device (Abbott Medical Optics Inc., Santa Ana, CA) implantation with and without 7-0 polyglactin (vicryl) suture placement through tube fenestration to serve as a stenting wick.

Methods:

Patients were identified by a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of one attending surgeon’s Baerveldt implantation (LWH) conducted by searching the Current Procedural Terminology code “placement of aqueous shunt.” All patients had tube ligature with 7-0 vicryl suture and 6-0 prolene placed as a ripcord with 4 fenestrations. Thirty-seven patients had no vicryl wick while 38 patients had a stenting wick. Data were collected from the preoperative visit, postoperative day 1, postoperative week 3, postoperative week 5, and postoperative month 2.

Results:

Although intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of medications were reduced at every follow-up visit, there was no significant difference in IOP, percent reduction of IOP, number of medications, and visual acuity between patients with and without vicryl wick at each time point. Both groups also had comparable morbidity with no significant difference in ripcord removal, incidence of complications, or need for additional surgery.

Conclusions:

Baerveldt implantation with vicryl wick placement can safely lower IOP and medication burden but does not seem to offer additional utility to fenestration without vicryl wick.
Cervical Cancer Screening for Women With Disabilities: Time for a New Approach?
Authors: Nguyen Anh Q. , Mandigo Morgan , Coleman Jenell S.
Published: August 2018

Women with disabilities are underscreened for cervical cancer compared with the general population, likely because, in part, of both emotional and physical challenges associated with Pap testing. Women with certain disabilities often require an examination under anesthesia to undergo a speculum examination. However, anesthesia is not without risks and the perioperative experience can be burdensome to patients and caregivers. Either self-collected or provider-collected samples for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing might be better tolerated by patients, and recent evidence suggests that it is a suitable primary screening strategy. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology published an Interim Guidance Report outlining using primary HPV testing as an option for women 25 years and older. More recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force released a recommendation statement that included the option to use oncogenic HPV testing alone for women aged 30 to 65 years. We encourage clinical researchers and professional organizations to evaluate primary HPV screening among women with disabilities to advise providers about how to best perform cervical cancer screening without the need for a speculum examination. We cannot ignore the screening disparity experienced by this population, and advocating for screening approaches that reduce patient and caregiver burden would be a step in the right direction.
Confirming Distal Perfusion Catheter Position by Micro-bubbles in Patients on Peripheral Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Au Shek-yin , Fong Ka-man , Ng Wing-yiu George , Leung Kit-Hung Anne
Published: August 2018

Distal perfusion catheter (DPC) is commonly employed to prevent lower limb ischemia in patient put on peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Confirming its proper position is important but technically difficult by bedside ultrasound. We describe in this article a novel method to use micro-bubble ultrasound enhancing agents, which are commonly used for contrast echocardiography studies, to confirm DPC position at the bedside. The sequential appearance of the micro-bubbles in the popliteal artery and then popliteal vein by ultrasound after injection through the side port of the DPC confirms the proper DPC position.
West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease Presenting as Elsberg Syndrome
Authors: Hawkes Maximiliano A. , Toledano Michel , Kaufmann Timothy J. , Rabinstein Alejandro A.
Published: August 2018

Introduction:

Elsberg syndrome (ES) is a rarely recognized cause of cauda equina syndrome and lower thoracic myelitis, mainly linked to reactivation, or occasionally primary, infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with ES.

Case Report:

A 63-year-old man with pancreatic cancer in remission and polymyalgia rheumatica on low-dose prednisone presented with a 10-day history of low-back pain and a viral-type illness with low-grade fever, nausea, and vomiting. Days later, he developed left leg monoparesis, neurogenic bladder, and bowel. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed a hyperintense signal abnormality within the central spinal cord and conus medullaris with mild swelling of the conus. Cells, proteins, and glucose in cerebrospinal fluid were 67/mm3, 70 mg/dL, and 58 mg/dL, respectively. Serology was positive for West Nile virus IgM. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography showed an acute motor neurogenic process affecting left lumbosacral segments.

Conclusions:

West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease is an uncommon condition that should be considered in patients with ES. Determining the etiology of ES in the acute setting may avoid unnecessary diagnostic investigations and treatments.
Forensic Implications of Sternal Bone Marrow Biopsy Fatalities
Authors: Milenko Bogdanovic , Slobodan Savic , Ivana Curovic , Bojana Radnic , Tijana Durmic
Published: August 2018

Iatrogenic penetrating injuries of the thoracic aorta are rare. When surgical treatment is delayed or unavailable, they are associated with high mortality. Herein we present a case of a 36-year-old woman who had a sternal marrow biopsy performed due to laboratory-confirmed pancytopenia. Autopsy revealed 4 needle punctures extending through the full thickness of the upper right quarter of the sternum. Mediastinal soft tissue and the upper part of the pericardium were diffusely effused with blood. On the aortic arch, between the innominate artery and the left common carotid artery, we found a linear penetrating injury (2 mm in length). Autopsy revealed bilateral hemothoraces, the right hemothorax being generally larger than the left (2000 mL vs 50 mL of blood). In the presented case, the cause of death is considered to be exsanguination due to iatrogenic injury of the aorta during sternal bone marrow aspiration. Death occurring during or after medical procedures requires extremely careful postmortem evaluation.
Implementation of the Recommendations for RBC Transfusions for Critically Ill Children From the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative
Authors: Steffen Katherine M. , Bateman Scot T. , Valentine Stacey L. , Small Sara , Spinella Philip C. , Doctor Allan
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

To provide context for the implementation of the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative recommendations for RBC transfusions including a review of prior research related to implementation of transfusion guidelines, efforts to facilitate implementation through Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative, and to provide a framework for recommendation implementation.

Design:

Review of existing clinical literature and description of a comprehensive approach to implementation based on Implementation Science principles.

Results:

The Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative recommendations on RBC transfusions are based on clinical evidence and aim to limit unnecessary and potentially harmful transfusions. Prior efforts to use transfusion guidelines include use of provider education, local guidelines, visual aids, prospective and retrospective audit and feedback as well as computerized decision support tools; however, no single approach has been identified as optimal for implementation in pediatric critical care settings. Evidence around provider beliefs and transfusion decision-making point to the need for additional provider education, emphasizing the importance of limiting transfusions, and the development of recommendations, such as the Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative guidelines, that can be applied to specific clinical conditions.

Conclusions:

The Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative guidelines will be broadly disseminated; however, coordinated implementation efforts will be required to impact practice. An approach that encourages involvement of a wide range of multiprofessional stakeholders, formal agreement on the implemented guidelines, selection of strategies that are practical and feasible, and active monitoring of clinical practice and outcomes throughout implementation is recommended. A formal second stage Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative - Continuous Assessment of Blood-use is proposed to enhance implementation of the recommendations, follow uptake and impact on practice and patient outcomes, and ensure integration of new clinical evidence into the existing guideline as it is developed.
Recommendations on RBC Transfusion in Infants and Children With Acquired and Congenital Heart Disease From the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative
Authors: Cholette Jill M. , Willems Ariane , Valentine Stacey L. , Bateman Scot T. , Schwartz Steven M.
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

To present the recommendations and supporting literature for RBC transfusions in critically ill children with acquired and congenital heart disease developed by the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative.

Design:

Consensus conference series of 38 international, multidisciplinary experts in RBC transfusion management of critically ill children.

Methods:

Experts developed evidence-based and, when evidence was lacking, expert-based clinical recommendations and research priorities for RBC transfusions in critically ill children. The cardiac disease subgroup included three experts. Electronic searches were conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from 1980 to May 2017. Agreement was obtained using the Research and Development/UCLA appropriateness method. Results were summarized using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method.

Results:

Twenty-one recommendations were developed and reached agreement. For children with myocardial dysfunction and/or pulmonary hypertension, there is no evidence that transfusion greater than hemoglobin of 10 g/dL is beneficial. For children with uncorrected heart disease, we recommended maintaining hemoglobin greater than 7–9.0 g/dL depending upon their cardiopulmonary reserve. For stable children undergoing biventricular repairs, we recommend not transfusing if the hemoglobin is greater than 7.0 g/dL. For infants undergoing staged palliative procedures with stable hemodynamics, we recommend avoiding transfusions solely based upon hemoglobin, if hemoglobin is greater than 9.0 g/dL. We recommend intraoperative and postoperative blood conservation measures. There are insufficient data supporting shorter storage duration RBCs. The risks and benefits of RBC transfusions in children with cardiac disease requires further study.

Conclusions:

We present RBC transfusion management recommendations for the critically ill child with cardiac disease. Clinical recommendations emphasize relevant hemoglobin thresholds, and research recommendations emphasize need for further understanding of physiologic and hemoglobin thresholds and alternatives to RBC transfusion in subpopulations lacking pediatric literature.
Eyelash Ptosis in Unilateral Myogenic and Aponeurotic Blepharoptosis
Authors: Kashkouli Mohsen Bahmani , Abdolalizadeh Parya , Amirsardari Anahita , Hadi Yasaman , Sharepour Maria , Esmaeilkhanian Houri
Published: August 2018

Purposes

The purposes of this study were to compare lash ptosis (LP) with contralateral eyelid in patients with unilateral myogenic (MP) and aponeurotic (AP) ptosis before and after the ptosis repair and to assess the correlation between postoperative eyelid height and LP symmetry.

Methods

Patients older than 5 years were included from June 2015 to April 2017. Eyelid examination, LP grading (0–3), and photography were performed before and at least 6 months after ptosis repair. Success of ptosis repair (levator resection) was defined as margin reflex distance 1 within 0.5 mm of the contralateral eyelid; LP improvement, as at least 1 grade improvement at the last follow-up; and LP symmetry, as 2 eyelids being within 1 grade.

Results

There were 58 patients with MP and 20 with AP, with mean age of 19.2 and 49.5 years and median follow-up of 10 months. Lash ptosis was observed in 89.5% of ptotic and 33.3% of control eyelids. Mean LP grade was significantly higher in the MP (1.5) than in the AP (1.1), which significantly improved to 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. However, it persisted in 50.9% of MP and 31.2% of AP postoperatively. Lash ptosis symmetry was observed in 97.4% of patients, which was not correlated with margin reflex distance 1 symmetry. Lower levator function was the only significant factor correlated with LP.

Conclusion

Lash ptosis was significantly worse in MP than in AP. Lower LF was correlated with more severe LP. Ptosis repair resulted in significant improvement of LP and its symmetry with the contralateral eyelid. Lash ptosis symmetry did not correlate with eyelid height symmetry postoperatively.
Genomic analysis for heavy metal resistance inS. maltophilia
Authors: Yu Wenbang , Chen Xiaoxiao , Sheng Yilin , Hong Qinghong
Published: August 2018

Stenotrophomonas maltophiliais highly resistant to heavy metals, but the genetic knowledge of metal resistance inS. maltophiliais poorly understood. In this study, the genome ofS.maltophiliaPho isolated from the contaminated soil near a metalwork factory was sequenced using PacBio RS II. Its genome is composed of a single chromosome with a GC content of 66.4% and 4434 protein-encoding genes. Comparative analysis revealed high syntney betweenS.maltophiliaPho and the model strain,S.maltophiliaK279a. Then, the type and number of mechanisms for heavy metal uptake were analyzed firstly. Results revealed 7 unspecific ion transporter genes and 13 specific ion transporter genes, most of which were involved in iron transport. But the sulfate permeases belonging to the family of SulT/CysP that can uptake chromate and the high affinity ZnuABC/SitABCD were absent. Secondly, the putative genes controlling metal efflux were identified. Results showed that this bacterium encoded 5 CDFs, 1 copper exporting ATPase and 4 RND systems, including 2 CzcABC efflux pumps. Moreover, the putative metal transformation genes including arsenate and mercury detoxification genes were also identified. This study may provide useful information on the metal resistance mechanisms ofS.maltophilia.