bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atm heterozygous deficiency enhances development of mammary carcinomas in p53heterozygous knockout mice
Authors: Umesako Seiichi , Fujisawa Kae , Iiga Sayoko , Mori Nobuko , Takahashi Masahiro , Hong Doo-Pyo , Song Chang-Woo , Haga Satomi , Imai Syunsuke , Niwa Otsura , Okumoto Masaaki
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal-recessive disease that affects neuro-immunological functions, associated with increased susceptibility to malignancy, chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) heterozygous deficiency has been proposed to increase susceptibility to breast cancer, some studies have not found excess risk. In experimental animals, increased susceptibility to breast cancer is not observed in the Atm heterozygous deficient mice (Atm+/-) carrying a knockout null allele. In order to determine the effect of Atm heterozygous deficiency on mammary tumourigenesis, we generated a series of Atm+/- mice on the p53+/- background with a certain predisposition to spontaneous development of mammary carcinomas, and we examined the development of the tumours after X-irradiation.

Methods

BALB/cHeA-p53+/- mice were crossed with MSM/Ms-Atm+/- mice, and females of the F1 progeny ([BALB/cHeA × MSM/Ms]F1) with four genotypes were used in the experiments. The mice were exposed to X-rays (5 Gy; 0.5 Gy/min) at age 5 weeks.

Results

We tested the effect of haploinsufficiency of the Atm gene on mammary tumourigenesis after X-irradiation in the p53+/- mice of the BALB/cHeA × MSM/Ms background. The singly heterozygous p53+/- mice subjected to X-irradiation developed mammary carcinomas at around 25 weeks of age, and the final incidence of mammary carcinomas at 39 weeks was 31% (19 out of 61). The introduction of the heterozygous Atm knockout alleles into the background of the p53+/- genotype significantly increased the incidence of mammary carcinoma to 58% (32 out of 55) and increased the average number of mammary carcinomas per mouse. However, introduction of Atm alleles did not change the latency of development of mammary carcinoma.

Conclusion

Our results indicate a strong enhancement in mammary carcinogenesis by Atm heterozygous deficiency in p53+/- mice. Thus, doubly heterozygous mice represent a useful model system with which to analyze the interaction of heterozygous genotypes for p53, Atm and other genes, and their effects on mammary carcinogenesis.
The androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and modification of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
Authors: Spurdle Amanda B , Antoniou Antonis C , Duffy David L , Pandeya Nirmala , Kelemen Livia , Chen Xiaoqing , Peock Susan , Cook Margaret R , Smith Paula L , Purdie David M , Newman Beth , Dite Gillian S , Apicella Carmel , Southey Melissa C , Giles Graham G , Hopper John L ,   kConFaB, EMBRACE Study Collaborators, ABCFS, AJBCS, Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Easton Douglas F
Published: January 2005

Introduction

The androgen receptor (AR) gene exon 1 CAG repeat polymorphism encodes a string of 9–32 glutamines. Women with germline BRCA1 mutations who carry at least one AR allele with 28 or more repeats have been reported to have an earlier age at onset of breast cancer.

Methods

A total of 604 living female Australian and British BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation carriers from 376 families were genotyped for the AR CAG repeat polymorphism. The association between AR genotype and disease risk was assessed using Cox regression. AR genotype was analyzed as a dichotomous covariate using cut-points previously reported to be associated with increased risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers, and as a continuous variable considering smaller allele, larger allele and average allele size.

Results

There was no evidence that the AR CAG repeat polymorphism modified disease risk in the 376 BRCA1 or 219 BRCA2 mutation carriers screened successfully. The rate ratio associated with possession of at least one allele with 28 or more CAG repeats was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.42–1.29; P = 0.3) for BRCA1 carriers, and 1.12 (95% confidence interval 0.55–2.25; P = 0.8) for BRCA2 carriers.

Conclusion

The AR exon 1 CAG repeat polymorphism does not appear to have an effect on breast cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early-stage breast cancer: prevalence and impact on survival
Authors: Le Gem M , O'Malley Cynthia D , Glaser Sally L , Lynch Charles F , Stanford Janet L , Keegan Theresa HM , West Dee W
Published: January 2005

Background

Few studies have examined the effect of breast implants after mastectomy on long-term survival in breast cancer patients, despite growing public health concern over potential long-term adverse health effects.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Breast Implant Surveillance Study conducted in San Francisco–Oakland, in Seattle–Puget Sound, and in Iowa. This population-based, retrospective cohort included women younger than 65 years when diagnosed with early or unstaged first primary breast cancer between 1983 and 1989, treated with mastectomy. The women were followed for a median of 12.4 years (n = 4968). Breast implant usage was validated by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard rate ratios for survival time until death due to breast cancer or other causes for women with and without breast implants, adjusted for relevant patient and tumor characteristics.

Results

Twenty percent of cases received postmastectomy breast implants, with silicone gel-filled implants comprising the most common type. Patients with implants were younger and more likely to have in situ disease than patients not receiving implants. Risks of breast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.67) and nonbreast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.85) were lower in patients with implants than in those patients without implants, following adjustment for age and year of diagnosis, race/ethnicity, stage, tumor grade, histology, and radiation therapy. Implant type did not appear to influence long-term survival.

Conclusions

In a large, population-representative sample, breast implants following mastectomy do not appear to confer any survival disadvantage following early-stage breast cancer in women younger than 65 years old.
Effect of magnesium sulfate administration on blood–brain barrier in a rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis: a randomized controlled experimental study
Authors: Esen Figen , Erdem Tulin , Aktan Damla , Orhan Mukadder , Kaya Mehmet , Eraksoy Haluk , Cakar Nahit , Telci Lutfi
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Permeability changes in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and their possible contribution to brain edema formation have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy. Magnesium sulfate has been shown to have a protective effect on BBB integrity in multiple experimental models. In this study we determine whether magnesium sulfate administration could have any protective effects on BBB derangement in a rat model of sepsis.

Methods

This randomized controlled experimental study was performed on adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal sepsis was induced by using the infected fibrin–thrombin clot model. To examine the effect of magnesium in septic and sham-operated rats, a dose of 750 μmol/kg magnesium sulfate was given intramuscularly immediately after surgery. Control groups for both infected and sham-operated rats were injected with equal volume of saline. Those rats surviving for 24 hours were anesthetized and decapitated for the investigation of brain tissue specific gravity and BBB integrity by the spectrophotometric assay of Evans blue dye extravasations. Another set of experiments was performed for hemodynamic measurements and plasma magnesium level analysis. Rats were allocated into four parallel groups undergoing identical procedures.

Results

Sepsis significantly increased BBB permeability to Evans blue. The dye content of each hemisphere was significantly lower in the magnesium-treated septic rats (left hemisphere, 0.00218 ± 0.0005; right hemisphere, 0.00199 ± 0.0007 [all results are means ± standard deviation]) than in control septic animals (left hemisphere, 0.00466 ± 0.0002; right hemisphere, 0.00641 ± 0.0003). In septic animals treated with magnesium sulfate, specific gravity was higher (left hemisphere, 1.0438 ± 0.0007; right hemisphere, 1.0439 ± 0.0004) than in the untreated septic animals (left hemisphere, 1.0429 ± 0.0009; right hemisphere, 1.0424 ± 0.0012), indicating less edema formation with the administration of magnesium. A significant decrease in plasma magnesium levels was observed 24 hours after the induction of sepsis. The dose of magnesium that we used maintained the baseline plasma magnesium levels in magnesium-treated septic rats.

Conclusions

Magnesium administration attenuated the increased BBB permeability defect and caused a reduction in brain edema formation in our rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis.
Aerosolized colistin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis
Authors: Michalopoulos Argyris , Kasiakou Sofia K , Mastora Zefi , Rellos Kostas , Kapaskelis Anastasios M , Falagas Matthew E
Published: January 2005

Introduction

The clinical and economic consequences of the emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting, combined with the high mortality rate among patients with nosocomial pneumonia, have stimulated a search for alternative therapeutic options to treat such infections. The use of adjunctive therapy with aerosolized colistin represents one of these. There is extensive experience with use of aerosolized colistin by patients with cystic fibrosis, but there is a lack of data regarding the use of aerosolized colistin in patients without cystic fibrosis.

Methods

We conducted the present study to assess the safety and effectiveness of aerosolized colistin as an adjunct to intravenous antimicrobial therapy for treatment of Gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients hospitalized in a 450-bed tertiary care hospital during the period from October 2000 to January 2004, and who received aerosolized colistin as adjunctive therapy for multidrug-resistant pneumonia.

Results

Eight patients received aerosolized colistin. All patients had been admitted to the ICU, with mean Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores on the day of ICU admission and on day 1 of aerosolized colistin administration of 14.6 and 17.1, respectively. Six of the eight patients had ventilator-associated pneumonia. The responsible pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (in seven out of eight cases) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in one out of eight cases) strains. Half of the isolated pathogens were sensitive only to colistin. The daily dose of aerosolized colistin ranged from 1.5 to 6 million IU (divided into three or four doses), and the mean duration of administration was 10.5 days. Seven out of eight patients received concomitant intravenous treatment with colistin or other antimicrobial agents. The pneumonia was observed to respond to treatment in seven out of eight patients (four were cured and three improved [they were transferred to another facility]). One patient deteriorated and died from septic shock and multiple organ failure. Aerosolized colistin was well tolerated by all patients; no bronchoconstriction or chest tightness was reported.

Conclusion

Aerosolized colistin may be a beneficial adjunctive treatment in the management of nosocomial pneumonia (ventilator associated or not) due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Estimating genomic coexpression networks using first-order conditional independence
Authors: Magwene Paul M , Kim Junhyong
Published: January 2005

We describe a computationally efficient statistical framework for estimating networks of coexpressed genes. This framework exploits first-order conditional independence relationships among gene-expression measurements to estimate patterns of association. We use this approach to estimate a coexpression network from microarray gene-expression measurements from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate the biological utility of this approach by showing that a large number of metabolic pathways are coherently represented in the estimated network. We describe a complementary unsupervised graph search algorithm for discovering locally distinct subgraphs of a large weighted graph. We apply this algorithm to our coexpression network model and show that subgraphs found using this approach correspond to particular biological processes or contain representatives of distinct gene families.
A Drosophila protein-interaction map centered on cell-cycle regulators
Authors: Stanyon Clement A , Liu Guozhen , Mangiola Bernardo A , Patel Nishi , Giot Loic , Kuang Bing , Zhang Huamei , Zhong Jinhui , Finley Russell L
Published: January 2005

Background

Maps depicting binary interactions between proteins can be powerful starting points for understanding biological systems. A proven technology for generating such maps is high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screening. In the most extensive screen to date, a Gal4-based two-hybrid system was used recently to detect over 20,000 interactions among Drosophila proteins. Although these data are a valuable resource for insights into protein networks, they cover only a fraction of the expected number of interactions.

Results

To complement the Gal4-based interaction data, we used the same set of Drosophila open reading frames to construct arrays for a LexA-based two-hybrid system. We screened the arrays using a novel pooled mating approach, initially focusing on proteins related to cell-cycle regulators. We detected 1,814 reproducible interactions among 488 proteins. The map includes a large number of novel interactions with potential biological significance. Informative regions of the map could be highlighted by searching for paralogous interactions and by clustering proteins on the basis of their interaction profiles. Surprisingly, only 28 interactions were found in common between the LexA- and Gal4-based screens, even though they had similar rates of true positives.

Conclusions

The substantial number of new interactions discovered here supports the conclusion that previous interaction mapping studies were far from complete and that many more interactions remain to be found. Our results indicate that different two-hybrid systems and screening approaches applied to the same proteome can generate more comprehensive datasets with more cross-validated interactions. The cell-cycle map provides a guide for further defining important regulatory networks in Drosophila and other organisms.
MONKEY: identifying conserved transcription-factor binding sites in multiple alignments using a binding site-specific evolutionary model
Authors: Moses Alan M , Chiang Derek Y , Pollard Daniel A , Iyer Venky N , Eisen Michael B
Published: January 2005

We introduce a method (MONKEY) to identify conserved transcription-factor binding sites in multispecies alignments. MONKEY employs probabilistic models of factor specificity and binding-site evolution, on which basis we compute the likelihood that putative sites are conserved and assign statistical significance to each hit. Using genomes from the genus Saccharomyces, we illustrate how the significance of real sites increases with evolutionary distance and explore the relationship between conservation and function.
The Mammalian Phenotype Ontology as a tool for annotating, analyzing and comparing phenotypic information
Authors: Smith Cynthia L , Goldsmith Carroll-Ann W , Eppig Janan T
Published: January 2005

The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology enables robust annotation of mammalian phenotypes in the context of mutations, quantitative trait loci and strains that are used as models of human biology and disease. The MP Ontology supports different levels and richness of phenotypic knowledge and flexible annotations to individual genotypes. It continues to develop dynamically via collaborative input from research groups, mutagenesis consortia, and biological domain experts. The MP Ontology is currently used by the Mouse Genome Database and Rat Genome Database to represent phenotypic data.
Integration with the human genome of peptide sequences obtained by high-throughput mass spectrometry
Authors: Desiere Frank , Deutsch Eric W , Nesvizhskii Alexey I , Mallick Parag , King Nichole L , Eng Jimmy K , Aderem Alan , Boyle Rose , Brunner Erich , Donohoe Samuel , Fausto Nelson , Hafen Ernst , Hood Lee , Katze Michael G , Kennedy Kathleen A , Kregenow Floyd , Lee Hookeun , Lin Biaoyang , Martin Dan , Ranish Jeffrey A , Rawlings David J , Samelson Lawrence E , Shiio Yuzuru , Watts Julian D , Wollscheid Bernd , Wright Michael E , Yan Wei , Yang Lihong , Yi Eugene C , Zhang Hui , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: January 2005

A crucial aim upon the completion of the human genome is the verification and functional annotation of all predicted genes and their protein products. Here we describe the mapping of peptides derived from accurate interpretations of protein tandem mass spectrometry (MS) data to eukaryotic genomes and the generation of an expandable resource for integration of data from many diverse proteomics experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that peptide identifications obtained from high-throughput proteomics can be integrated on a large scale with the human genome. This resource could serve as an expandable repository for MS-derived proteome information.
Relevant responding in pragmatic language impairment: the role of language variation in the information-soliciting utterance
Authors: Vigil Vannesa T , Eyer Julia A , Hardee W Paul
Published: January 2005

Responding relevantly to an information-soliciting utterance (ISU) is required of a school-age child many times daily. For the' child with pragmatic language difficulties, this may be especially problematic, yet clinicians have had few data to design intervention for improving these skills. This small-scale study looks at the ability of a child with pragmatic language difficulties to respond relevantly to ISUs in relation to variations in ISU complexity. Propositional density, perceptual distance, syntax and vocabulary diversity of the ISU are analysed to determine factors influencing conversational relevance. Results show that decreased propositional density is associated with improved relevance for this child.
‘Recast’ in a new light: insights for practice from typical language studies
Authors: Saxton Matthew
Published: January 2005

This article reviews the nature andfunction of recasts, a well-documented way of responding to young children. The paper challenges the definition of recast and argues that it is too broad a category to be useful, either for theories of language development or for practice. In particular, various forms of recast have featured in intervention programmes for children with language difficulties, but with mixed success. This review provides a theoretically motivated account ofjust those recasts that are likely to benefit children with language difficulties. To this end, the Contrast theory of corrective input is invoked, where the focus is on adult models that are directly contingent on child errors (Saxton, 1997). Both theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that this kind of input can facilitate the acquisition of adult-like grammatical competence.
The Proxy Model of Social Comparison for Self-Assessment of Ability
Authors: Wheeler Ladd , Martin René , Suls Jerry
Published: January 2005

One purpose of the social comparison of abilities is to determine action possibilities— “Can I do X?” By comparing ourselves with a proxy who has attempted X, we can determine our likelihood of success. A good proxy is one who has performed the same as us on an initial task requiring the ability. In addition, however, a good proxy must be similar on related attributes so that we can be confident that the proxy's performance on the initial task was maximal. In the case of a task requiring multiple abilities, more than one proxy may be used.
Interrelated and Isolated Self-Concepts
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M. , Beike Denise R.
Published: January 2005

We propose aframework for conceptualizing different ways of representing concepts of the self. Interrelated self-concepts are concepts that are defined by connections to concepts of other (real or prototypic) individuals; isolated self-concepts do not depend upon other person conceptsfor their mental characterization. This distinction between ways of representing self-concepts is similar to the distinction between interrelated and isolated concepts recently proposed by Goldstone (1993b, 1996). In this article, the extant self literature is evaluated in terms of the interrelated-isolated distinction. Methods for manipulating and diagnosing interrelated and isolated self-concepts are also proposed. Results of 3 studies show that interrelated self-concepts contain less abstract features than do isolated self-concepts. The former concepts also contain more diagnosticfeatures than the latter. Discussion focuses on predictions about other differences in isolatedSnd interrelated self-concepts. The conditions under which different types of self-concepts might change and the implications of interrelated and isolated self-concepts for information processing, memory, self-esteem, and mental health are considered.
The “Stimulus Field” for Interpersonal Phenomena: The Source of Language and Thought About Interpersonal Events
Authors: Kelley Harold H.
Published: January 2005

This article introduces the concept of “stimulus field” and describes the role it plays in understanding common thought and language. A stimulus field specifies the psychophysical reality of any particular domain of phenomena. Consistent with various writings in “ecological psychology,” this article proposes that cognition about interpersonal phenomena is adapted to the stimulus field of those phenomena and, therefore, that our understanding of the relevant thoughts and language should specify and take account of that reality. The central assumption of this article is that, in the absence of knowing the true stimulus field for interpersonal phenomena, interdependence theory can fruitfully serve as a provisional specification of that field. After an overview of interdependence theory, this article summarizes some of the implications of this strategy. It shows that the theory helps us understand some of the presently known facts about the cognition of interpersonal phenomena and suggests hypotheses about other features of such cognitions. It highlights the abstract level at which interpersonal events are often viewed and identifies advantages and disadvantages of such thought. It suggests the basic terms in which schematic representations of interpersonal relations are cast. It suggests the bases in the stimulus field for the distinctions that people make between “person,” “situation,” and “interaction“ and for the differentiations they make within each of those broad categories. At the same time, it shows why these distinctions are often blurred, identifies the connections in the stimulusfield that underlie the implicit meanings of words and the stories people construct, and illustrates how the various connections enter into common assumptions and attributions.
Minding the Close Relationship
Authors: Harvey John H. , Omarzu Julia
Published: January 2005

In this theoretical analysis, we argue that a process referred to as minding is essential for a couple to feel mutually close and satisfied in a close relationship overa long period. Minding represents a package of mutual self-disclosure, other forms of goal-oriented behavior aimed at facilitating the relationship, and attributions about self's and other's motivations, intentions, and effort in the relationship. Self-disclosure and attribution activities in minding are aimed at getting to know the other, trying to understand the other's motivations and deeper dispositions as they pertain to the relationship, and showing respect and acceptance for knowledge gained about other. We link the concept of minding to other major ideas and literatures about how couples achieve closeness: self-disclosure and social penetration, intimacy, empathy and empathic accuracy, and love and self-expansion. We argue that the minding process articulated here has not previously been delineated and that it is a useful composite notion about essential steps in bonding among humans. We also argue that the minding concept stretches our understanding of the interface of attribution and close relationships. We present research possibilities and implications and consider possible alternative positions and counterarguments about the merits of the minding idea for close relationship satisfaction.
The “Golden Section” and Bias in Perceptions of Social Consensus
Authors: Gross Sharon Ruth , Miller Norman
Published: January 2005

Meta-analytic examination of 128 false consensus effect issues supports the hypothesis that the “Golden Section” (61.8% group size) approximates the level of actual consensus that separates overestimation of consensus (group size < 61.8%) from underestimation (group size > 61.8%). Overestimation of the actual percentage of others who endorse one's own view increases as actual consensus decreases from 61.8%, and underestimation increases as it exceeds 61.8%. The form of the response (viz,, a yes or no answer to a question) moderates this conclusion. The Golden Section holds for majorities and minorities defined by agreement with an issue. For majority and minority groups defined by disagreement, the inflection point is higher. Contrary to Mullen and Hu (1988), for agreeing majorities, the slope for consensus underestimation as a function of increased majority size does not differ from that of minority overestimation.
Estimates of Social Consensus by Majorities and Minorities: The Case for Social Projection
Authors: Krueger Joachim , Clement Russell W.
Published: January 2005

Meta-analyses of research on consensus estimation have identified an asymmetry in the error patterns between majorities and minorities (Gross & Miller, 1997; Mullen & Hu, 1988). Members of the majority slightly underestimate the size of their own group, whereas members of the minority strongly overestimate the size of theirs. The present analysis shows that a single psychological assumption about projection is sufficient to explain this asymmetry. Most people, regardless of whether they are actually members of the majority or members of the minority, believe themselves to be in the majority. It is not necessary to attribute different psychological mechanisms, such as ego protection or cognitive availability, to majority and minority members. A simple quantitative model and empirical data illustrate this point.
Accessible Content and Accessibility Experiences: The Interplay of Declarative and Experiential Information in Judgment
Authors: Schwarz Norbert
Published: January 2005

Recall tasks render 2 distinct sources of information available: the recalled content and the experienced ease or difficulty with which it can be brought to mind. Because retrieving many pieces of information is more difficult than retrieving only a few, reliance on accessible content and subjective accessibility experiences leads to opposite judgmental outcomes. People are likely to base judgments on accessibility experiences when they adopt a heuristic processing strategy and the informational value of the experience is not called into question. When the experience is considered nondiagnostic, or when a systematic processing strategy is adopted, people rely on accessible content. Implications for the operation of the availability heuristic and the emergence of knowledge accessibility effects are discussed.
Cognitive Optimism: Self-Deception or Memory-Based Processing Heuristics?
Authors: Metcalfe Janet
Published: January 2005

In a wide variety of cognitive tasks, people's expectations of what their own performance is, was, and will be are an overestimate of reality. After documenting a number of situations in which people exhibit such overconfidence, several reasons for it are discussed. It is suggested that in these situations, the optimistic bias is not attributable exclusively to self-deception or wishful thinking. Rather, the information yielded up by the cognitive system, in combination with the heuristics used for making judgments of future and past performance tailored to the specific questions asked of participants, produces a bias toward believing that one knows, knew, and will perform better than actual performance substantiates. Consequently, in the cognitive domain, the inflated beliefs that result in overconfidence also result in cessation of efforts before the correct solution of problems is ascertained, before accurate retrieval of memorial information is attained, or before adequate learning of new material has been accomplished. This effect seems in contrast to findings on people's moods and self-esteem in real-world or threatening situations that suggest that an optimistic bias in these domains be person protective and adaptive.
Why's My Boss Always Holding Me Down? A Meta-Analysis of Power Effects on Performance Evaluations
Authors: Georgesen John C. , Harris Monica J.
Published: January 2005

One factor with potential links to performance evaluation is evaluator power. In a meta-analytic review of the available literature, the relation between power and performance evaluation was examined. Results indicate that as power levels increase, evaluations of others become increasingly negative and evaluations of the self become increasingly positive. We examined moderators of these relations, and methodological variables caused the most differences in effect sizes across studies. The article addresses implications of these findings for businesses and social psychological theories of power.
HARKing: Hypothesizing After the Results are Known
Authors: Kerr Norbert L.
Published: January 2005

This article considers a practice in scientific communication termed HARKing (Hypothesizing After the Results are Known). HARKing is defined as presenting a post hoc hypothesis (i.e., one based on or informed by one's results) in one's research report as if it were, in fact, an a priori hypotheses. Several forms of HARKing are identified and survey data are presented that suggests that at least some forms of HARKing are widely practiced and widely seen as inappropriate. I identify several reasons why scientists might HARK. Then I discuss several reasons why scientists ought not to HARK. It is conceded that the question of whether HARKing's costs exceed its benefits is a complex one that ought to be addressed through research, open discussion, and debate. To help stimulate such discussion (and for those such as myself who suspect that HARKing's costs do exceed its benefits), I conclude the article with some suggestions for deterring HARKing.
Measures of Independent Variables and Mediators Are Useful in Social Psychology Experiments: But Are They Necessary?
Authors: Sigall Harold , Mills Judson
Published: January 2005

A study of experiments in major social psychology journals shows that measures of independent variables have become increasingly common. The role in experiments of measures of independent variables and proposed mediating variables is examined. In the causal sequence assumed in interpreting an experimental result, the independent variable and proposed mediating variable are presumed to mediate the effect of the experimental treatment on the dependent measure. Measures of independent variables and mediators provide checks on the assumptions that the experimental treatment successfully manipulated those variables and are unquestionably useful. A separate, controversial issue is whether such measures are necessary in experiments. If no plausible alternative explanations exist, data from such measures are not needed. Plausible alternative explanations are not eliminated by data from such measures. Alternative explanations, criticalfor assessing construct validity (Cook & Campbell, 1979), are distinguished from different general theoretical accounts of a finding.
A Meta-Analysis of Heavyweight and Self-Esteem
Authors: Miller Carol T. , Downey Kathryn T.
Published: January 2005

This study is a meta-analysis of the relation of heavyweight and self-esteem. We examined this relation in studies thatfocused on participants' actual body weight (assessed by physical measures or self-reports of weight and height) and studies thatfocused on self-perceived degree of heavyweight or body dissatisfaction. The overall mean effect size was moderate (r = -.18, d = -.36), with lower self-esteem associated with heavier weight. The correlation between self-esteem and weight was higher for studies of self-perceived weight than for studies of actual weight. Consistent with predictions about cultural and group differences, effect sizes were smaller for low socioeconomic status (SES) samples, ethnic minority samples, and nonclinical samples than for high SES, nonminority, and clinical samples, respectively. In addition, effect sizes were larger for women than for men and for high school and college students than for children. Discussion centered on cultural, group, and individual differences that may influence the consequences on self-esteem of violating standards for appropriate body weight.
Judgments of Deservingness: Studies in the Psychology of Justice and Achievement
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: January 2005

This article presents a review and conceptual analysis of the concept of deservingness that incorporates the effects of personal values, perceived responsibility, ingroup-outgroup relations, and like-dislike relations. Selected studies show that reactions to another's success or failure and to the rise or fall of “tall poppies” or high achievers depends on the degree to which the positive or negative outcome is seen to be deserved; that individual differences in personal values and in value syndromes may be assumed to affect deservingness via the subjective values assigned to actions and outcomes; that group membership, status, interpersonal liking-disliking, and perceived moral character also affect judgments of deservingness; and that deservingness is a key variable that mediates how observers react to penalties imposed on the perpetrators of different kinds of offense. It is argued that the inclusion of deservingness goes beyond approaches in which perceived responsibility is accorded central status by adding a further link in the causal chain, thus enabling a more complete consideration of the effects of justice and value variables on how people react to positive and negative outcomes for both self and other.
Trait Relevance and Trait Assessment
Authors: Britt Thomas W. , Shepperd James A.
Published: January 2005

Growing agreement exists among psychologists that all traits are not equally relevant to allpeople. The assumption that traits differ in their relevance across individuals has implications for psychometric theory and the assessment of reliability and validity. Specifically, the less relevant a trait is to an individual, the more error that person is contributing to the measurement process. This article discusses the construct of trait relevance, explicates why differences in trait relevance need to be incorporated into models of trait assessment, and suggests new possibilities for the measurement of trait relevance.
Psychophysiological Assessment of Prejudice: Past Research, Current Status, and Future Directions
Authors: Guglielmi R. Sergio
Published: January 2005

Many early studies of prejudice adopted psychophysiological measures as a way to circumvent the limitations of self-report instruments. Despite serious methodological weaknesses, that literature consistently points to the value of physiological probes as nonreactive indexes of affective responses to target stimuli. Possible reasons for the virtual abandonment of psychophysiological approaches in the study of prejudice over the last 15 years are outlined, and their reintroduction is advocated on methodological and conceptual grounds. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research in a closely related area, the psychophysiology of emotion, are reviewed and the implications of this literature for the study of prejudice are discussed. Several psychophysiological approaches have been found valuable for assessing the valence and intensity of emotional responses. The availability of these tools, together with the shifting theoretical zeitgeist, make prejudice research ready for a return to psychophysiological methodologies. A multimethod prejudice assessment model is proposed and its theoretical and heuristic advantages are discussed.
The local isotropy hypothesis and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Chamecki M. , Dias N. L.
Published: January 2005

We test the applicability of the local isotropy hypothesis to surface‐layer turbulent flow; turbulent velocities measured with a three‐dimensional sonic anemometer are used for this purpose, and the predictions of local isotropy for the spectra, second‐ and third‐order structure functions are assessed against measured data. Also investigated are scale interactions via the correlation between velocities and velocity increments, and the ability of isotropic spectral models to reproduce measured spectra. In general, second‐order structure functions display a narrower inertial range than the corresponding spectra; both the known effects of path‐averaging and the predictions of the spectral models show that the sonic anemometer is unable to resolve the whole inertial range, even at a measurement frequency of 60 Hz. We confirm previous results that unstable runs tend to be more isotropic, but find that, for third‐order statistics, isotropy does not hold well for the data analysed. Turbulence intensity, and not atmospheric stability, plays a determining role on the correlation coefficient between velocities and velocity increments. The observed anisotropic behaviour has important implications for the calculation of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from Kolmogorov's four‐fifths law, whose estimates are consistently smaller than those from the inertial range of the spectrum or the structure functions. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Adsorption of Aromatic Sulphonic Acids onto Macroporous Exchangers: Effect of the Chemical Structure of the Adsorbent on the Adsorption Capacity
Authors: Chao Long , Quanxing Zhang , Jinlong Chen
Published: January 2005

The adsorption of 2-naphthalene sulphonic acid from aqueous solution was studied using macroporous weak base exchangers with different matrices. This study reports the results of the favourable adsorption behaviour of 2-naphthalene sulphonic acid onto polymeric anion exchangers. The difference in adsorption affinity, together with the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with the adsorption process, was interpreted in terms of the chemical structure of the exchangers and appropriate interaction between the non-polar moiety of the aromatic anion and the exchanger matrices. The exchanger matrix had a distinct influence on the adsorption capacity of the aromatic sulphonic acid.
Surface and Solubilisation Activities of 1-Amino-2-alkyloxynaphthalene-4-sodium Sulphonates
Authors: Azzam E.M.S. , Negm N.A. , Gad E.A.M.
Published: January 2005

A series of 1-amino-2-alkyloxynaphthalene-4-sodium sulphonates was prepared by using octyl bromide, dodecyl bromide and cetyl bromide, respectively, with the sodium salt of 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid in sodium ethoxide solution. The surface tensions, interfacial tensions and emulsifying efficiencies of the surfactants thus synthesised were studied in relation to the length of their hydrophobic chains. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (πCMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum surface area (Amin) of the synthesised surfactants were also investigated. The effect of the chain lengths of these surfactants on the solubilisation rate (δS/δt) of paraffin oil in their micellar solutions was determined. The results revealed that different factors relating to surfactant structure have a considerable influence on solubilisation, particularly the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (hlb) and the minimum area occupied by a molecule.
Sorption Behaviour of Atrazine onto Natural Sediments under Various Solution Conditions
Authors: Tao Qing-H. , Tang Hong-X.
Published: January 2005

Potentiometric titrations, XRD analysis and batch adsorption experiments were conducted under various solution chemistry conditions to study the uptake of atrazine (AT) from sediment/water suspensions. A constant capacitance surface complexation model was then applied to interpret the reaction mechanism at the aqueous sediment surfaces. The results obtained showed that the sediment sample was negatively charged over a large range of pH values, with the model calculations matching well with the experimental results.

Increasing pH value and low ionic strength, as well as high solid concentrations, led to a decrease in the adsorption of AT. The existence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the sediment/water system also influenced the uptake of AT by the sediment. A large increase in AT adsorption occurred for sediment pre-incubated with DOM, with a decrease in AT uptake occurring when herbicide was pre-incubated with DOM. In addition, the results suggested that long aliphatic chains must play an important role in the pesticide interaction with DOM fractions.
Adsorption Characteristics of Phenolic Compounds onto a New Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Resin Containing the 2-Carbonylbenzoyl Group (ZH-01)
Authors: Zhenghao Fei , Jinlong Chen , Jianguo Cai , Guandao Gao , Aimin Li , Quanxing Zhang
Published: January 2005

A new hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (ZH-01) for the adsorption and removal of phenolic compounds from their aqueous solutions was prepared. Batch kinetic studies and comparisons in adsorption capacities between XAD-4, AM-1 and ZH-01 for 800 mg/l phenol were performed, indicating the advantages of ZH-01 for adsorbing phenol, p-cresol and p-nitrophenol. Both the dynamic and thermodynamic studies concluded that the adsorption of phenol and p-cresol onto ZH-01 involved chemisorption while p-nitrophenol was adsorbed physically onto ZH-01. The latter process demonstrated the homogeneous nature of the surface of ZH-01 adsorbent. Mini-column adsorption studies for phenol on ZH-01 showed that its breakthrough capacity and total capacity were 2.38 mmol/g and 3.05 mmol/g, respectively. Methanol exhibited an excellent performance in desorbing phenol from ZH-01.
Stochastic Optimal Semi-Active Control of Nonlinear Systems by Using MR Dampers
Authors: Dong L. , Ying Z.G. , Zhu W.Q.
Published: January 2005

A stochastic optimal semi-active control strategy for strongly nonlinear oscillator subjected to external and/or parametric excitations of Gaussian white noises using magneto-rheological (MR) damper is proposed. The dynamic behavior of an MR damper is characterized by using the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model. The control force produced by the MR damper is split into a passive part and a semi-active part. The passive part is incorporated with the uncontrolled system to form a passive control system. Then the system is converted into an equivalent nonlinear non-hysteretic stochastic control system, from which an Itô stochastic differential equation for total energy is derived by using the stochastic averaging method of energy envelope. For the ergodic control problem, a dynamical programming equation for the controlled total energy process is established based on the stochastic dynamical programming principle. The optimal control law is obtained by minimizing the dynamical programming equation and can be implemented by the MR damper without clipping. Then the fully averaged Itô equation for the controlled total energy process is obtained by replacing the control force with the optimal control force and completing the averaging. Finally, the response of semi-actively controlled system is obtained from solving the final dynamical programming equation and the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equation associated with the fully averaged Itô equation. The efficacy of the proposed stochastic optimal semi-active control strategy is illustrated by using the numerical results for two examples.
Interactive Behavior of Structures with Multiple Friction Pendulum Isolation System and Unbounded Foundations
Authors: Tsai C. S. , Chen Bo-Jen , Pong W. S. , Chiang Tsu-Cheng
Published: January 2005

In the last two decades, base isolation has been used for enhanced seismic performance to protect structures against severe earthquakes. The reduction in earthquake forces on a structure is achieved by adding horizontal soft isolation elements between the superstructure and the foundation. The efficiency of the isolator in reducing the seismic energy imparted to a structure is dependent on the flexibility of the supporting soil. The effects of radiation damping and the flexibility of the soil media are the deciding factors for structural design against earthquakes. In order to ensure the safety of isolated structures, the interactive behavior of isolated structures and the unbounded foundation during earthquakes must be considered. In this paper, an advanced analytical model based on the viscoplasticity theory and rigorous finite element derivations for the Multiple Friction Pendulum System (MFPS) is presented. To yield better design accuracy, the consistent infinitesimal finite element-cell method, accounting for the radiation damping of the unbounded soil, was adopted. Significant differences between the system with and without radiation damping were observed. It is implied from this study that to obtain better accuracy, radiation damping should be properly taken into account for structural analysis and design. Quantitative results also reveal that the interaction effects of an isolated building and the unbounded soil medium are important.
Mechanically Fastened FRP Strengthening of Large Scale RC Bridge T Beams
Authors: Lamanna Anthony J. , Bank Lawrence C. , Borowicz David T.
Published: January 2005

A new method has been developed for strengthening reinforced concrete beams for flexure which uses multiple mechanical fasteners to attach a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strip to the member. This study investigates the behavior of the method on full scale concrete T beams of three different steel reinforcement levels. The beams were strengthened without surface preparation, and the strips were attached with only four man-hours of labor per beam. The strengthened beams resulted in increases of up to 11.7 % in the yield moment and up to 27.2 % in the moment capacity at a deflection of L/135. The beams exhibited large amounts of ductility, before failure.
Study on Damage Emergency Repair Performance of a Simple Beam Embedded with Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Li Hui , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Li Zuo-Wei , Ou Jin-Ping
Published: January 2005

Shape memory alloys (SMA) have generated a lot of new ideas in engineering. Application is however so far limited in the field of civil engineering. Sensing and actuation properties of SMA can be applied into civil infrastructures to improve structural performance. This paper presents an integrated self-diagnostic and emergency repair intelligent structure system embedded with shape memory alloy bars by utilizing its sensing as well as actuation properties. And this study is mainly focused on damage repair. It is verified that embedding SMA bars can effectively decrease the moment of the reinforced concrete (RC) beam through the mechanical analysis. In addition, the finite element analysis of the reinforced beam embedded with SMA bars is employed to further investigate the modification on the stress intensity around cracks by SMA bars.