bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brancard de montagne du Dr Frœlich
Authors: Frœlich Louis
Published: November 2009

Cet appareil est destiné aux troupes dites de montagne, ainsi qu'aux colonnes d'ascensionnistes volontaires de la Croix-Rouge, dont la création paraît urgente. En effet, depuis l'extension considérable des ouvrages de fortification permanente sur les points stratégiques les plus élevés des Alpes, l'importance des opérations militaires le long de crêtes souvent vertigineuses, à des altitudes variant de 1,000 à 4,000 mètres, ne saurait être déniée.
Revue des publications de médecine militaire, par le Dr Ferrière
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

L'épidémiologie militaire fournit les observations les plus précises quant à l'étiologie des maladies contagieuses. Nous avons signalé à cet égard, dans nos précédentes revues, desépidémies de fièvre typhoïdedont la provenance hydrique ou tellurique a pu être démontrée avec toute la précision possible. LesArchivesde janvier et février nous apportent la relation d'une épidémie du même genre, dont l'origine se trouve être complexe, et qui, par ce motif, présente un intérêt tout particulier en même temps qu'un enseignement fort utile en ce qui concerne l'hygiène militaire.
La Croix-Rouge aux grandes manœuvres de 1895
Authors: Le lieutenant général, Corvetto
Published: November 2009

A la suite d'une invitation du ministère de la guerre, le Comité central de la Croix-Rouge italienne a envoyé aux grandes manœuvres militaires, qui ont eu lieu dernièrement dans les Abruzzes, son hôpital de guerre de cent lits no 1, sous la direction du médecin chef capitaine Doct. Giacomo Crespi.
Appel en faveur de la Société bulgare (62me circulaire)
Authors: Moynier G. , Ador G.
Published: November 2009

La Société bulgare de la Croix-Rouge, dont nous vous annoncions il y a peu de temps la formation, se trouvant avoir à assister de nombreux blessés avant d'avoir en le temps de s'y préparer convenablement, nous prie de solliciter d'urgence, en sa faveur, l'assistance des autres Sociétés nationales de la Croix-Rouge. Nous nous empressons de nous acquitter de ce soiu et nous espérons que, vons souvenant que la solidarité dans le malheur est un des principes fondamentaux de notre œuvre, vous voudrez bien venir en aide au Comité central de Sofia, dans la situation difficile oǹ il se tronve.
Le centième Bulletin international de la Croix-Rouge (88ecirculaire)
Authors: Moynier G. , Odier E.
Published: November 2009

Lorsque, en 1869, la Conférence de Berlin nous chargea de rédiger un bulletin périodique, on put concevoir quelque inquiétude quant aux destinées d'un semblable recueil, car il aurait besoin, pour se soutenir, du concours des représentants de la Croix-Rouge en tous pays. Mais, maintenant, sa vitalité ne peut plus être mise en doute; son passé répond de son avenir. Nous en publions aujourd'hui la CENTIÈME LIVRAISON, après avoir triomphé, grâce à un travail soutenu, des difficultés d'une période d'essai, dans un temps où l'extension de l'œuvre que nous servons était bien moindre qu'actuellement. Nous avons eu le bonheur, non seulement de réunir des matériaux suffisants, mais encore de ne pas devoir recourir aux subsides que nous étions autorisés à réclamer des comités centraux, en cas de besoin.
Accession à la Convention de Genève
Authors: Frey E. , Ringier
Published: November 2009

Depuis près de huit ans, l'aire géographique dans laquelle la Convention de Genève est en vigueur n'avait reçu aucun accroissement, mais nous n'avions pas perdu l'espérance de la voir s'étendre encore, notamment du côté de l'Amérique, où il nous semblait qu'elle devait éveiller d'autant plus de sympathie que les guerres y sont plus fréquentes qu'ailleurs. Nous avons donc été réjouis en apprenant que les Etats-Unis de Vénézuela s'étaient décidés à accéder au traité de 1864. Celte démarche a-t-elle été le fruit tardif d'une correspondance que nous avons eue jadis, sur le même sujet, avec des personnes influentes de ce pays, et des bonnes dispositions que nous y avions rencontrées alors? Nous ne savons; cela importe peu. L'essentiel est d'enregistrer l'heureuse décision prise par le gouvernement de Caracas. Puisse-t-elle être l'avant-coureur de la naissance d'une société vénézuélienne de la Croix-Rouge.
Revue des publications de médecine militaire
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Nous croyons utile de rappeler, au début de notre quatrièmeRevue, que notre but, en donnant ici un court aperçu des principales publications parues pendant le trimestre précédent, sur les questions de médecine, chirurgie et hygiène militaires, est uniquement de faciliter au lecteur la recherche des travaux dans ce domaine, et non point de donner une analyse quelque peu complète de ces travaux. Si nous ne nous bornons pas à la sèche énumération des titres des ouvrages et monographies, c'est que nous croyons être utiles au lecteur en lui donnant un bref résumé du contenu des travaux annoncés, mais nous ne pensons pas que le caractère de notreBulletincomporte plus de développements. Les auteurs, comme le lecteur, voudront donc bien ne pas chercher dans notre revue sommaire plus qu'elle ne peut donner; nous désirons, non point faire une concurrence quelconque aux journaux spéciaux, mais au contraire leur servir de porte-voix; si nous pouvons être utiles de cette manière, notre but sera atteint.
Recherche des blessés de nuit
Authors: F.
Published: November 2009

Nous extrayons d'un article de M. le Dr Warnecke, médecin-major de 1re classe, intitulé: « Contributions à l'étude du meilleur mode d'éclairage à mettre à la disposition des brancardiers pour le relèvement des blessés pendant la nuit », les renseignements suivants qui peuvent intéresser les personnes chargées de l'approvisionnement des magasins et des postes de secours de la Croix-Rouge:

La question de l'éclairage du champ de bataille par les brancardiers chargés du relèvement des blessés n'a pas encore reçu de solution définitive. Il est cependant avéré que, par suite de la longue portée des armes actuelles, de leur effet meurtrier, de l'étendue du terrain et de la durée de l'action, le nombre des blessés sera supérieur à celui que prévoyaient les dernières statistiques. Le plus souvent le service de santé se trouvera dans l'impossibilité de terminer avant la nuit le relèvement des hommes tombés sur la ligne de feu. Les lanternes des brancardiers en usage actuellement dans l'armée française sont absolument insuffisantes et les essais faits avec la lampe magnésium ont dû être abandonnés comme donnant des résultats défectueux. Il paraît donc de toute nécessité de munir dés maintenant les formations de l'avant d'appareils à éclairage intensif, d'un maniement commode et que leur poids léger rendrait parfaitement transportables, soit par un homme, soit sur une voiture légère.
Coup d'œil sur le berceau de la Croix-Rouge
Authors: G. M.
Published: November 2009

Depuis que l'institution de la Croix-Rouge, grâce à la mesure très appréciable dans laquelle elle amoindrit les maux de la guerre, s'est acquis une sympathie universelle, et depuis que la civilisation, dès qu'elle pénètre dans de nouveaux territoires, s'empresse d'y arborer l'étendard de cette œuvre comme indice de l'esprit qui l'anime, il n'est pas rare que des touristes, visitant la ville de Genève où elle a pris naissance, se mettent à la recherche des lieux et des choses qui se rapportent à son origine. Ils pensent sans doute que les habitants, désireux de ne pas laisser perdre le souvenir d'un événement aussi glorieux, l'auront commémoré de quelque manière. Et ils ne se trompent pas, car leur cicerone est à même de satisfaire leur curiosité.
La guerre russo-japonaise
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Les nouvelles commencent à parvenir sur l'activité des services sanitaires dans cette guerre meurtrière.

C'est la première grande campagne dans laquelle les belligérants sont armés des deux côtés uniquement d'armes à petit calibre, le projectile russe étant de 7,62 mm. avec un poids de 14 grammes et une vitesse initiale de 620 mètres, et le projectile japonais de 6,5 mm. avec un poids de 10 grammes et une vitesse initiale de 725 mètres. Les deux fusils sont à magasin, avec charge de cinq cartouches.
Mission de M. Edmond Boissier et de Mlle Cramer à Berlin, Copenhague et Stockohlm en avril 1917
Authors: Boissier Ed. , Cramer M.
Published: November 2009

M. Edmond Boissier, membre du Comité international, et M11e M. Cramer, chef de service à l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre, ont été chargés par le Comité international de rendre visite aux Croix-Rouges de Berlin, Copenhague et Stockholm. Leur voyage a duré du 28 mars au 20 avril 1917.
Comité central grec
Authors: Patrikios B.
Published: November 2009

Nous avons reçu du Comité central grec la communication suivante:

Au Comité international de la Croix-Rouge

à Genève

Athènes, le 12/24 décembre 1899.

Messieurs,

Nous avons l'honneur d'annoncer que, à la date du 11/23 de ce mois, le Comité central de la Croix-Rouge hellénique a été reconstitué comme suit:

M. le professeur Galvani, Jules, jusqu'alors vice-président, a été appelé à la présidence.
Agence internationale de la Croix-Rouge à Lourenço-Marquès
Authors: de Palmella Duc
Published: November 2009

Nous avons l'honneur de vous communiquer que l'Agence internationale de la Croix-Rouge, à Lourenço-Marquès, dont la création vous a été notifiée par la 100me circulaire du Comité central de Genève, est encore en voie d'organisation.

L'Agence devant se composer de trois délégués— un portugais, un anglais et un boer — nous avons nommé, d'abord, M. Monteiro de Barros, Agent de la Banque Nationale d'Outre-mer (Banco Nacional Ultramarino), à Lourenço-Marquès, pour la présidence de l'Agence, comme délégué de notre Comité central. Puis, et attendu que le gouvernement portugais a daigné approuver toutes nos démarches pour l'organisation de l'Agence, ainsi que la nomination de M. Monteiro de Barros, dont nous sommes heureux de vous recommander l'honorabilité et les hautes qualités de cœur, nous nous sommes adressés aux Comités centraux de Londres, Blœmfontein et Prétoria, pour les prier d'accepter hos bons offices et de nous communiquer au plus tôt les noms de leurs délégués, afin que les travaux de l'Agence internationale puséent être commencés. Aussitôt que les résolutions de ces Comités centraux nous seront connues, nous nous empresserons de vous annoncer ce fait, le seul dont dépende, d'ailleurs, le fonctionnement de l'Agence internationale.
Trois Mémoires Concernant les Secours sur le Champ de Bataille
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Nous pensons intéresser les lecteurs du Bulletin en leur donnant un aperçu de quelques travaux concernant. l'organisation des secours sur le champ de bataille, cette partie de l'activité des corps sanitaires touchant de près à celle de la Croix-Rouge.

Il s'agit en premier lieu d'une étude critique d'un auteur justement apprécié, M. le Dr Habart, sur le Premier pansement et les manœuvres sanitaires en campagne.
Adhsion de la Rpublique de Costa-Rica la Convention de Genve de 1906
Authors: David  , Ruchet
Published: November 2009

Par une note du 29 juillet dernier, le secrtariat des relations extrieure de Costa-Rica nous a remis une dclaration du prsident de la Rpublique, date de la veille, portant adhsion de la Rpublique de Costa-Rica la Convention signe Genve, le 6 juillet 1906, pour l'amlioration du sort des blesss et malades dans les armes en campagne, ainsi qu'au protocole final de la mme date.
Les effets de la révolution russe sur la Croix-Rouge (Deuxième article)
Authors: Thormeyer F.
Published: November 2009

Les excellents rapports qui ont toujours existé entre le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge et la Direction générale de la Croix-Rouge russe nous font suivre avec un douloureux intérêt la crise dangereuse qui menace de compromettre irrémédiablement l'existence de cette Société qui, depuis sa fondation, a donné tant de preuves d'activité et de dévouement. L'ancienne direction, dont nous avons connu personnellement les membres et dont nous avons pu apprécier la haute valeur, a presque entièrement disparu. Il était impossible que le régime de désordre et d'incohérence qui sabote actuellement toutes les institutions de la Russie. épargnât la Croix-Rouge.
Ajournement de la Conférence des Croix-Rouge des Belligérants et des Neutres (173mecirculaire)
Authors: Naville Edouard , D'Espine Adolphe
Published: November 2009

Au mois de février dernier, nous avions l'honneur de vous inviter à faire représenter votre Société à une Conférence des Croix-Rouges de tous les pays belligérants, ainsi que des pays neutres d'Europe, qui devait se réunir à Genève le 30 avril 1918.
Décret du 2 mars 1878, Portant Réglement Pour le Fonctionnement de la société de secours aux blessés militaires
Authors: Borei Gal , Pothuau A.
Published: November 2009

Sur le rapport du Ministre de la guerre et du Ministre de la marine et des colonies;

Vu le décret du 23 juin 1866, reconnaissant comme établissement d'utilité publique la Société de secours aux blessés des armées de terre et de mer;

Vu le décret du 31 décembre 1870, relatif à la même Société;

Le Conseil d'Etat entendu,

Décrète:

Art. 1er. La Société française de secours aux blessés des armées de terre et de mer est autorisée, en temps de guerre: 10 à créer sur les derrières des armées, dans les régions qui lui sont désignées par le Ministre de la guerre ou les généraux commandant en chef, suivant le cas, des établissements hospitaliers destinés à recevoir des blessés et des malades appartenant aux armées; 20 à prêter, dans les conditions indiquées au présent règlement, son concours au service des ambulances d'évacuation et des ambulances de gares. Ce concours ne peut être étendu aux ambulances actives des armées qu'en cas d'insuffisance des moyens dont dispose l'administration de la guerre et sur autorisation spéciale du Ministre, où, en cas d'urgence, des généraux commandant en chef.
La Croix rouge grecque et les réfugiés chrétiens
Authors: Rénieri M. , Typaldo Georges K.
Published: November 2009

Dans les premiers jours de mai, la Société grecque de la Croix rouge adressait au Comité international de Genève et à l'Agence internationale de Trieste d'intéressantes communications, au sujet de l'activité qu'elle avait à déployer à l'égard des réfugiés chrétiens des provinces turques. En voici un extrait:

« Le nombre des réfugiés chrétiens des provinces limitrophes et de Candie, arrivés jusqu'à présent sur notre territoire, s'élève à plusieurs milliers. La plupart viennent de Thessalie, et, d'après de récentes informations, il y en a trente mille environ de cette province.
Les prisonniers serbes en Turquie
Authors: Simitch Georges-S.
Published: November 2009

Les troupes turques n'ayant cessé, dans le courant de notre seconde guerre, de donner de nouvelles preuves du peu de cas qu'elles font de la Convention de Genève, notamment en ce qui concerne le traitement des blessés ennemis qui tombent entre leurs mains, le gouvernement serbe a jugé devoir adresser, aux représentants des Puissances étrangères à Belgrade, une protestation qui renferme les principaux méfaits à la charge des troupes ottomanes.
Indicator patches: exploiting spatial heterogeneity to improve monitoring systems
Authors: Stokes C. J. , Yeaton R. I. , Bayer M. B. , Bestelmeyer B. T.
Published: November 2009

When choosing which environmental attributes to monitor in assessing disturbance, it is important to consider not only which metric will provide the most sensitive indicator of disturbance, but also the spatial considerations of where in the landscape that metric will be most responsive to change. Degradation in landscapes is often unevenly expressed because: (i) disturbance is spatially localised, (ii) landscape elements differ in their sensitivity to disturbance, and (iii) degradation following localised disturbance is spatially contagious. The spatial heterogeneity of degradation has proven to be a key obstacle to rangeland monitoring (e.g. where the initiating processes of broad-scale degradation are concentrated in landscape locations that are not detected by surveys) but can also provide opportunities to focus monitoring efforts. We propose that the effectiveness of monitoring could be enhanced by identifying and selectively monitoring ‘indicator patches’, i.e. specific landscape locations that provide the most management-relevant and timely information about the consequences of a monitored disturbance. We tested and demonstrated the utility of the ‘indicator patch’ concept in the rangelands of the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa. We contrasted the grazing response of dominant ‘representative’ vegetation, with responses of interspersed patches of distinct vegetation associated with zoogenic mounds. Since mound vegetation is more palatable and preferentially grazed by sheep, we tested whether mounds could serve as ‘indicator patches’ in providing a sensitive measure of grazing disturbance. Percentage canopy cover measurements in dominant off-mound vegetation provided a poor indicator of grazing disturbance (although more intensive plant size measurements did reveal grazing impacts on plant population dynamics). In contrast, vegetation on mounds displayed patterns of changes in species abundances that were easier to detect and useful for interpreting and quantifying the effects of grazing. Mound vegetation could, therefore, be used as ‘indicator patches’ and targeted for exclusive sampling as a sensitive method for monitoring rangeland condition and detecting early warnings of vegetation change. This approach could be widely employed to better harness the extensive knowledge base regarding the patchy, spatially localised nature of degradation-initiating processes in numerous other landscapes. Routinely incorporating this understanding into the design of monitoring programs could improve the effectiveness of sampling effort, allow detection of more subtle trends (changes), and provide earlier warning of impending degradation so remedial action can be taken before degradation becomes severe and widespread.
Do elephants influence the organisation and function of a South African grassland?
Authors: Parker D. M. , Bernard R. T. F. , Adendorff J.
Published: November 2009

The impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana) on woody plants is well known. Elephants can be regarded as drivers of ecosystem functioning by, for example, decreasing woody plant litter accumulation through defoliation. However, their influence within grassland landscapes is, by comparison, very poorly understood. We assessed the influence of elephants on grassland functionality at three separate sites (1, high elephant density, long occupation time; 2, low elephant density, short occupation time; 3, no elephants) in the Addo Elephant National Park, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Using landscape function analysis (LFA) we described the landscape organisation of each site, and, using visual surrogates, calculated indices of landscape stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling. The number of vegetation patches/10 m of transects surveyed was higher at sites where elephant density was high (3 elephants/km2) and where elephants had been present for a long time (>70 years). However, patch size was significantly smaller when elephant density/time of occupation increased, and the proportion of bare soil was higher where elephant density and occupation time were highest. In addition, stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling indices at a site scale were significantly lower where elephants were present at high densities and after a long occupation time. However, bare soil stability was not greatly affected by elephant grazing pressure, implying that a ‘threshold of potential concern’ has not yet arisen. We conclude that the functioning of this grassland landscape is significantly altered when elephants are present. These conclusions highlight the importance of management factors such as containment and the provision of artificial water points which may be compromising the functionality of these landscapes. We recommend ongoing assessments to inform future management decisions.
Therapists' views of the relative benefits and pitfalls of group work and one‐to‐one counselling for bereavement
Authors: Vlasto Christopher
Published: November 2009

Aim: To explore therapists' perceptions of the relative benefits and pitfalls of group work and individual counselling for bereaved clients. Method: Semi‐structured interviews with nine experienced bereavement therapists from a range of different contexts generated data which was analysed using grounded theory methodology. Findings: Groups were perceived as having a normalising influence, helping members make new social contacts and practice social skills. Individual counselling was seen as facilitating the initial telling of the story and the expression of extreme emotion. Discussion: The findings suggest that individual counselling may be useful as a primary intervention easing ‘emotional loneliness’ caused by the death of a spouse or attachment figure. Group work may be of more benefit later in the bereavement process, facilitating an engagement with the outside world and alleviating ‘social loneliness’. Implications for practice: This suggests that bereavement services might usefully combine group and individual provision. Initial assessment could help clients clarify their needs and facilitate their choice of service. This would be more cost effective and potentially ease clients' bereavement experience.
A training outline for conducting psychotherapy process ratings: An example using therapist technique
Authors: Stein Michelle B. , Pesale Frank P. , Slavin Jenelle M. , Hilsenroth Mark J.
Published: November 2009

Aims: This study addresses the effects of structured training on the development of coding skills used in psychotherapy process research. Method: Participants included graduate trainees enrolled in an APA approved Clinical PhD programme. A course outline for training is reviewed and examined in relation to ratings of therapist techniques used during psychotherapy sessions. Results: The effects of this structured training protocol for raters resulted in good to excellent levels of interrater reliability. Different groups of raters were compared along multiple factors such as level of graduate training, training received on a particular measure, and psychotherapy experience. Discussion: The implications of these findings for rater training in psychotherapy process research are discussed.
Assessment of Wound Healing Activity of the Aqueous Extracts of Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Bal. Fruits and Leaves
Authors: Peşin Süntar Ipek , Koca Ufuk , Küpeli Akkol Esra , Yılmazer Demet , Alper Murat
Published: November 2009

The fruiting branches of Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Bal., along with leaves and fruits, have been used to heal inflammatory wounds at traditional medicine in various parts of Turkey. In order to evaluate the wound healing activity of the plant, aqueous extracts were prepared from the flowering parts and fruits of Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Bal. by using 40°C distilled water. Incision wound healing models by using tensiometer on rats and excision wound healing models on mice were employed to assess the activity. Significant wound healing activity was observed when ointment formulation of the aqueous extract at 1% concentration was applied on the mentioned models. The fruit extract treated the groups of animals, showing a 78.1% contraction in wounds, which was close to the contraction value of the reference drug Madecassol (100%). On the other hand, the same extract used on the incision wound model demonstrated a significant increase (42%) in wound tensile strength, compared to the flowering aerial parts. Histopathological examination also supported the results shown in both the incision and excision wound models. The wound healing effect was evaluated and compared with the reference ointment Madecassol. Moreover, zinc and vitamin C levels in the fruit (9480 ± 0 mcg g−1; 389 mg g−1) and flowering aerial part (6609 ± 1 mcg g−1; 404 mg g−1) extracts, which might have contributed to the wound healing process, were determined. The experimental data confirmed the traditional usage of C. cilicica Boiss. & Bal.
Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis in a Baby Born to a Mother With New-Onset Anti-MuSK-Mediated Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: O'Carroll Peter , Bertorini Tulio E , Jacob Glady , Mitchell Christopher W , Graff Justin
Published: November 2009

We describe a 30-year-old pregnant woman with undiagnosed weakness who delivered a severely weak neonate. Subsequent workup of the mother revealed myasthenia gravis with muscle-specific kinase antibodies. The infant responded to intravenous immunoglobulin and symptoms normalized. He was presumed to have an anti-muscle-specific kinase-mediated transient neonatal myasthenia gravis.
Paenibacillus residui sp. nov., isolated from urban waste compost
Authors: Vaz-Moreira Ivone , Figueira Vânia , Lopes Ana Rita , Pukall Rüdiger , Spröer Cathrin , Schumann Peter , Nunes Olga C. , Manaia Célia M.
Published: November 2009

Two bacterial strains, MC-246Tand MC-247, were isolated from municipal urban waste compost and characterized by a polyphasic approach. Both isolates were Gram-stain-variable, endospore-forming rods that were catalase-, oxidase- andβ-galactosidase-positive, and able to grow at 25–50 °C and pH 7.0–9.0, with optimum growth at 37 °C and pH 7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0and iso-C17 : 0; the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7; the cell wall peptidoglycan was of type A1γ; and the DNA G+C content was 49 mol%. These characteristics, as well as data from 16S RNA gene sequence analysis, showed that these strains were affiliated with the genusPaenibacillus; the type strains ofPaenibacillus ginsengarviandPaenibacillus hodogayensiswere among their closest neighbours (<94.2 % sequence similarity). Nevertheless, the hypothesis that strains MC-246Tand MC-247 could represent a novel species was supported by the low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values shared with other members of the genusPaenibacillusand by the observation of distinct biochemical and physiological traits. Strains MC-246Tand MC-247 shared 99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and showed almost identical MALDI-TOF mass spectra, but could be distinguished at the phenotypic and genotypic level. However, DNA–DNA hybridization between strains MC-246Tand MC-247 resulted in values above 70 % indicating that both organisms represent a single species, for which the namePaenibacillus residuisp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is MC-246T(=DSM 22072T=CCUG 57263T).
Prevotella saccharolytica sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity
Authors: Downes Julia , Tanner Anne C. R. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Wade William G.
Published: November 2009

Two strains of anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative bacilli isolated from the human oral cavity (D033B-12-2T and D080A-01) were subjected to a comprehensive range of phenotypic and genotypic tests and were found to be distinct from any previously described species. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strains were related most closely to the type strain of Prevotella marshii (93.5 % sequence identity). The novel strains were saccharolytic and produced acetic acid and succinic acid as end products of fermentation. The principal cellular long-chain fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the DNA of strain D033B-12-2T was 44 mol%. Strains D033B-12-2T and D080A-01 are considered to represent a single novel species of the genus Prevotella, for which the name Prevotella saccharolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D033B-12-2T (=DSM 22473T =CCUG 57944T).
Delineation of two Helicobacter bilis genomospecies: implications for systematics and evolution
Authors: Rossi Mirko , Zanoni Renato Giulio , Hänninen Marja-Liisa
Published: November 2009

The evolution and taxonomy of Helicobacter bilis strains isolated in Italy and Finland were studied by phylogenetic analysis of different genes, comparative analysis of small rRNA gene intervening sequence (IVS), amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization. The results of this study divided the H. bilis strains into two distinct and divergent genomic groups. In the absence of a specific phenotype or pathotype to distinguish these groups, however, they may be referred to as two genomospecies: H. bilis sensu stricto and Helicobacter sp. FL56. The phylogenetic network of gyrB and ureB gene sequences, as well as the comparative analysis of small rRNA gene IVS, suggests independent evolution of the two genomospecies. In particular, Helicobacter sp. FL56 seems to be the result of adaptation of an ancestral H. bilis strain in a new host. The phenomenon of adaptation to different hosts, or different intestinal niches in the same host, associated with high mutation and recombination rates could explain the evolution and the complex taxonomy of the genus Helicobacter. A comprehensive phylogenomics study of this genus would be useful to properly investigate this hypothesis.
Moraxella porci sp. nov., isolated from pigs
Authors: Vela A. I. , Sánchez-Porro C. , Aragón V. , Olvera A. , Domínguez L. , Ventosa A. , Fernández-Garayzábal J. F.
Published: November 2009

Nine Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, coccus-shaped bacteria were isolated from pigs affected by different pathological processes. Phenotypic and genotypic methods were adopted to determine the relationships of these new isolates to recognized species of the genus Moraxella. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the clinical isolates represented a new lineage within the genus Moraxella. The isolates were closely related to Moraxella cuniculi and Moraxella pluranimalium with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.1 % and 99.1 %, respectively. The isolates displayed DNA–DNA relative binding ratios of 74 % to each other, but distinctly lower levels of DNA–DNA hybridization were observed with phylogenetically closely related moraxellae (<32 %). The new isolates could be distinguished from all other recognized species of the genus Moraxella by physiological and biochemical tests. On the basis of the phenotypic and molecular data, the nine new isolates from pigs represent a novel species within the genus Moraxella, for which the name Moraxella porci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SN9-4MT (=CECT 7294T=CCUG 54912T).
Further refinement of the phylogeny of the Halobacteriaceae based on the full-length RNA polymerase subunit B′ (rpoB′) gene
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro , Itoh Takashi , Echigo Akinobu , Usami Ron , Hashimoto Tetsuo
Published: November 2009

A considerable number of species of theHalobacteriaceaepossess multiple copies of the 16S rRNA gene that exhibit more than 5 % divergence, complicating phylogenetic interpretations. Two additional problems have been pointed out: (i) the generaHaloterrigenaandNatrinemashow a very close relationship, with some species being shown to overlap in phylogenetic trees reconstructed by the neighbour-joining method, and (ii) alkaliphilic and neutrophilic species of the genusNatrialbaform definitely separate clusters in neighbour-joining trees, suggesting that these two clusters could be separated into two genera. In an attempt to solve these problems, the RNA polymerase B′ subunit has been used as an additional target molecule for phylogenetic analysis, using partial sequences of 1305 bp. In this work, a primer set was designed that consistently amplified the full-length RNA polymerase B′ subunit gene (rpoB′) (1827–1842 bp) from 85 strains in 27 genera of theHalobacteriaceae. Differences in sequence length were found within the first 15 to 31 nt, and their downstream sequences (1812 bp) were aligned unambiguously without any gaps or deletions. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences by the maximum-likelihood method demonstrated that multiple species/strains in most genera individually formed cohesive clusters. Two discrepancies were observed: (i) the two species ofNatronolimnobiuswere placed in definitely different positions, in thatNatronolimnobius innermongolicuswas placed in theHaloterrigena/Natrinemacluster, whileNatronolimnobius baerhuensiswas closely related toHalostagnicola larsenii, and (ii)Natronorubrum tibetensewas segregated from the three otherNatronorubrumspecies in the protein tree, while all four species formed a cluster in the gene tree, although supported by a bootstrap value of less than 50 %. The sixHaloterrigenaspecies/strains and the five species ofNatrinemaformed a large cluster in both trees, withHalopiger xanaduensisandNln. innermongolicuslocated in the cluster in the protein tree andNln. innermongolicusin the gene tree.Hpg. xanaduensisbroke into the cluster of the genusHalobiforma, instead of theHaloterrigena/Natrinemacluster, in the gene tree. The sixNatrialbaspecies formed a tight cluster with two subclusters, of neutrophilic species and alkaliphilic species, in both trees. Overall, our data strongly suggest that (i)Nln. innermongolicusis a member ofHaloterrigena/Natrinema, (ii)Nrr. tibetensemight represent a new genus and (iii) the two generaHaloterrigenaandNatrinemamight constitute a single genus. As more and more novel species and genera are proposed in the familyHalobacteriaceae, the full sequence of therpoB′ gene may provide a supplementary tool for determining the phylogenetic position of new isolates.
Emended description of the genus Pantoea, description of four species from human clinical samples, Pantoea septica sp. nov., Pantoea eucrina sp. nov., Pantoea brenneri sp. nov. and Pantoea conspicua sp. nov., and transfer of Pectobacterium cypripedii (Hori 1911) Brenner et al. 1973 emend. Hauben et al. 1998 to the genus as Pantoea cypripedii comb. nov.
Authors: Brady Carrie L. , Cleenwerck Ilse , Venter Stephanus N. , Engelbeen Katrien , De Vos Paul , Coutinho Teresa A.
Published: November 2009

Bacterial strains belonging to DNA hybridization groups (HG) II, IV and V, in theErwinia herbicola–Enterobacter agglomeranscomplex, of Brenneret al.[Int J Syst Bacteriol34(1984), 45–55] were suggested previously to belong to the genusPantoea, but have never been formally described and classified. Additionally, it has been shown in several studies thatPectobacterium cypripediiis more closely related to species ofPantoeathan to those ofPectobacterium. In this study, the phylogenetic positions of Brenner's DNA HG II, IV and V andPectobacterium cypripediiwere re-examined by both 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multilocus sequence analyses (MLSA) based on thegyrB,rpoB,atpDandinfBgenes. The analyses revealed that DNA HG II, IV and V andPectobacterium cypripediiform five separate branches within the genusPantoea(strains from HG V were split into two branches). DNA–DNA hybridization data further confirmed that DNA HG II, IV and V constitute four separate species.Pectobacterium cypripediiwas shown to be a close phylogenetic relative ofPantoea dispersaand DNA HG IV by both 16S rRNA gene sequence and MLSA analyses. Biochemical analyses performed on strains from DNA HG II, IV and V andPectobacterium cypripediiconfirmed their taxonomic position within the genusPantoeaand revealed phenotypic characteristics that allow the differentiation of these species from each other and from their closest phylogenetic neighbours. It is proposed to emend the description of the genusPantoeaand to describePantoea septicasp. nov. for DNA HG II (type strain LMG 5345T=BD 874T=CDC 3123-70T),Pantoea eucrinasp. nov. for DNA HG IV (type strain LMG 2781T=BD 872T=CDC 1741-71T=LMG 5346T),Pantoea brennerisp. nov. for strains of DNA HG V excluding LMG 24534 (type strain LMG 5343T=BD 873T=CDC 3482-71T) andPantoea conspicuasp. nov. for the remaining strain of DNA HG V (type strain LMG 24534T=BD 805T=CDC 3527-71T) and to transferPectobacterium cypripediito the genus asPantoea cypripediicomb. nov. (type strain LMG 2657T=ATCC 29267T=DSM 3873T=LMG 2655T).
Vogesella mureinivorans sp. nov., a peptidoglycan-degrading bacterium from lake water
Authors: Jørgensen Niels O. G. , Brandt Kristian K. , Nybroe Ole , Hansen Michael
Published: November 2009

A novel, non-pigmented, rod-shaped, Gram-negative strain was isolated from mesotrophic lake water in Zealand, Denmark. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium, designated strain 389T, indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Vogesella and formed a monophyletic group with Vogesella perlucida DS-28T (99.1 % nucleotide similarity); it was less related to Vogesella indigofera ATCC 19706T (96.9 % similarity) and Vogesella lacus LMG 24504T (96.8 % similarity). Hybridization of DNA from strain 389T and V. perlucida demonstrated a reassociation of 50.6±9.6 %. The DNA G+C content of strain 389T was 61.2 mol%. The fatty acid profile of the strain differed from those of the other strains representing the genus Vogesella by a high content of C16 : 1
ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (71.6 %) and a lower content of C16 : 0. Strain 389T was capable of degrading peptidoglycan and had chitinase and lysozyme activities, possibly associated with the degradation of peptidoglycan, and had capacity for degradation of several other polymer compounds. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 389T represents a novel species, for which we propose the name Vogesella mureinivorans sp. nov. The type strain is 389T (=DSM 21247T =LMG 25302T).
Angustibacter luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from subarctic forest soil
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko , Ishida Yuumi , Otoguro Misa , Yamamura Hideki , Hayakawa Masayuki , Suzuki Ken-ichiro
Published: November 2009

An actinobacterial strain was isolated from subarctic forest soil, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The cell-wall peptidoglycan comprised meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid. MK-9(H4) was the predominant isoprenoid quinone, and iso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0 were detected as the major cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this organism was related to members of the suborders Kineosporiineae and Micrococcineae. The phenotypic properties readily differentiated this organism from the phylogenetic neighbours. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic evidence, the strain is assigned to a novel species of a novel genus: Angustibacter luteus gen. nov., sp. nov. with type strain TT07R-79T (=NBRC 105387T =KACC 14249T).
Global remedies for local needs
Authors: Sharma Umesh , Lawrence Stewart
Published: November 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to extend the literature on public sector reforms in less‐developed countries in the Pacific. It seeks to examine the roles of accounting and control systems in the reforming of two public sector organisations in Fiji: a process that was demanded by international financial agencies. The impacts of the reforms on the local population are also considered.

Design/methodology/approach

The case study method is employed. The empirical evidence is interpreted using Laughlin's, and Greenwood and Hinings's frameworks. The empirics are used to flesh out the skeletal model with specific cultural and political issues particular to Fiji.

Findings

Empirical evidence from two public sector organisations in Fiji that underwent structural reforms is used to illustrate the difficulties of transformation; and how the Fijian people's needs were not met for the purpose for which the organisations were established.

Research limitations/implications

Although this study is limited to two public sector enterprises in Fiji, it provides valuable insights into one country's public sector enterprises, and offers a platform for similar studies in other countries.

Practical implications

The case studies show the limitations of the introduction of private sector managerialism into state‐sector organisations. There are implications for state sector organisations in Fiji and elsewhere in the Pacific.

Originality/value

The paper adds to the literature of developing countries. There are cultural and political influences specific to Fiji that trigger resistance to change from public service values to commercial business norms. Such cultural and political influences may not be so pertinent in western industrialised countries.
Maori development: “accounting”, “accountability” and participation in the accountancy profession
Authors: McNicholas Patty
Published: November 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a debate piece on recent approaches to Maori development and the participation of Maori in the accountancy profession.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper considers the relationship between “accounting”, “accountability” and cultural identity for those Maori wanting a career in accountancy.

Findings

The paper finds that, while Maori accountants have made some progress as members of the profession, they remain statistically unfavoured in terms of participation.

Originality/value

The paper raises challenging questions about whether the profession should provide Maori accountants with the opportunity to develop approaches based on their own priorities and culture to assist in building the capacity and capability of Maori organisations and Maori accountants as service professionals, thereby making a valuable contribution to Maori development.
Bringing together local and metropolitan approaches in Pacific research
Authors: Nero Karen L.
Published: November 2009

Purpose

Protocols that should apply for research in Pacific settings are a current topic of debate. A significant theme is that such research is cross‐cultural and entails integrating local and metropolitan research approaches. This paper aims to take up this theme.

Design/methodology/approach

A current Pacific Health Research Framework devised for use in Aotearoa New Zealand is appraised, using results of two case projects, which took place in about 1980 – a population census and oral history project – in what is now the Republic of Palau in the Western Caroline Islands. In each study, Palauan and social scientific research methods and protocols were adapted in order to ensure that indigenous expectations and world‐views were represented.

Findings

The methods and protocols used in the two Palau studies reflect elements in the framework that is appraised. Apparent, even at the time, was that the locally designed census raised issues of whether metropolitan occupation categories appropriately account for economic production in ways reflecting Palauan understandings. This contrasted with inferences available from a parallel analysis using International Labour Organisation (ILO) census categories of a metropolitan nature. The oral history project raised similar issues. The framework is useful for researchers working in Pacific settings.

Originality/value

The paper notes that the ILO categories are still in use nearly 30 years later. This poses such questions as: how can international and local researchers better record and analyse the monetary and non‐monetary productivity of Pacific nations, given the size of their so‐called “subsistence” economies? It is also noted that the current system of national accounts protocols recognises the informal economy as a subsector within the household sector economy; and suggests that, as so many of the world's peoples depend on this informal economy, the worldwide challenge is to define the sector and subsector and to design tools for data collection and analysis that capture these activities and support comparative studies. Furthermore, that such a challenge requires genuine cross‐cultural research in which local and metropolitan approaches are integrated.
Start‐up subsidies in East Germany: finally, a policy that works?
Authors: Caliendo Marco
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to estimate the effectiveness of two start‐up programs (bridging allowance and start‐up subsidy) in East Germany.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a combination of administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency and a follow‐up survey (for roughly 1,300/1,000 participants/non‐participants), the analysis is based on the conditional independence assumption. Kernel matching estimators are applied to estimate the treatment effects and test the sensitivity of the results using a conditional difference‐in‐differences approach.

Findings

At the end of the observation period both programs are effective: unemployment rates of participants are lower, and employment rates and personal income are higher when compared to non‐participants. Additionally, first descriptive evidence of the additional employment effects through direct job creation is presented, which is quite significant for the bridging allowance and negligible for participants in the start‐up subsidy.

Research limitations/implications

Participants in the start‐up subsidy are in their third year of participation at the end of the observation period and mostly still receive further support (although at a reduced rate). Therefore, the results for this program have to be treated as preliminary.

Practical implications

In contrast to other active labor market programs that have been evaluated recently (including job‐creation schemes and vocational training programs) this paper finds considerable positive effects for start‐up subsidies. Hence, programs aimed at turning the unemployed into entrepreneurs may be a promising strategy in East Germany.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies that allows inferences to be drawn about the effectiveness of start‐up programs in East Germany. Most previous studies on the effectiveness of active labour market policies in the Eastern part of Germany neglected these programs.
Impacts of minimum wages: a microdata analysis for the German construction sector
Authors: König Marion , Möller Joachim
Published: November 2009

Purpose

In 1997 minimum wages were introduced in the West and East German construction sector. The purpose of this paper is to analyze their impact on wage growth and employment retention probability of affected workers.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a difference‐in‐differences approach the paper proposes a method to identify the effects of this quasi‐experiment despite the lack of information on working hours in the large panel microdata. The method determines the size of the treatment and control group by the maximum likelihood criterion.

Findings

All results show positive wage growth effects of the minimum wage regulation in both parts of the country. When it comes to employment effects, the results clearly differ between the two parts of the country. The employment effects are negative for East Germany and positive for West Germany, although the latter are not always statistically significant.

Research limitations/implications

Although there is a limit to the simple transferability of the results for the construction sector to other industries, the study provides some useful insights for this country concerning reactions to the minimum wage. This is the first paper analyzing the effect of minimum wages in Germany using microeconometric methods.

Practical implications

As the minimum wage in the East German construction sector was much higher in relation to the median wage than in West Germany, a tentative conclusion of the different employment results might be that the trade‐off between increasing wages for low‐paid workers and the danger of job losses does not exist in this case if minimum wages are moderate.

Originality/value

This paper provides valuable information on the impact of wage growth and employment retention probability in Germany.