bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological profile of avian hippocampal unit activity: A basis for regional subdivisions
Authors: Siegel Jennifer J. , Nitz Douglas , Bingman Verner P.
Published: August 2002

Electrophysiological activity was recorded from single neurons (units) in the hippocampal formation (HF) of freely moving homing pigeons in order to provide a taxonomy of unit types found in the avian HF; a taxonomy that could be used to define regional subdivisions and be compared with unit types found in the mammalian hippocampus. Two distinct types of unit were observed in the avian HF. One type was uniformly characterized by relatively rapid firing rates and shorter spike widths, and was found throughout the HF. The other type was more variable in activity profile but, compared with the fast‐firing units, was characterized by slower firing rates and longer spike widths. However, despite the variable nature of the slow‐firing units, most slow‐firing units recorded within a given anatomical region displayed similar firing rates, spike widths, and interspike intervals. In general, ventral HF units displayed activity patterns similar to projection cells found in the mammalian Ammon's horn. Most dorsocaudal units displayed activity patterns similar to presumed granular cells in the mammalian dentate gyrus. By contrast, most dorsorostral units displayed activity patterns similar to a type of unit found in the mammalian subiculum. Although different in some details, the overall activity profile of units found in the avian HF, and their regional distribution, is strikingly similar to unit types found in the mammalian hippocampus, suggesting that unit activity profile is one hippocampal dimension conserved through evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:256–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and thalamic axon pathfinding defects in Tbr1, Gbx2, and Pax6 mutant mice: Evidence that cortical and thalamic axons interact and guide each other
Authors: Hevner Robert F. , Miyashita‐Lin Emily , Rubenstein John L.R.
Published: August 2002

During development, cortical areas establish precise reciprocal projections with corresponding thalamic nuclei. Pioneer axons from the cortex and thalamus first meet in the intermediate zone of the subcortical telencephalon (subpallium). Their close interactions in the subpallium suggest that they may use each other for guidance. To test this hypothesis, the development of corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections was studied in mice with mutations of transcription factor genes expressed specifically in the cortex (Tbr1), the dorsal thalamus (Gbx2), or both (Pax6). In Tbr1 mutants, cortical pioneer axons entered the subpallium at the appropriate time, but most stopped growing without entering the diencephalon. Surprisingly, thalamic axons (which do not express Tbr1) deviated into the external capsule and amygdala regions, without entering the cortex. Conversely, in most Gbx2 mutants, thalamic axons were reduced in number and grew no farther than the subpallium. Cortical axons (which do not express Gbx2) grew into the subpallium but did not enter the diencephalon. In one Gbx2– /– case, sparse thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections both developed, but in no case did one projection reach its target and not the other. In Pax6 mutants, neither corticothalamic nor thalamocortical axons reached their targets. These results suggest that thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections may not form independently. After reaching the subpallium, each projection may require a molecularly intact reciprocal projection for further guidance. This type of mechanism ensures that thalamocortical and corticothalamic axons project reciprocally. However, the exact nature of the interaction between cortical and thalamic pioneer axons remains to be elucidated. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:8–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: Projections to the neocortex
Authors: Lavenex Pierre , Suzuki Wendy A. , Amaral David G.
Published: August 2002

We investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the efferent cortical projections of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Area 36 of the perirhinal cortex projects preferentially to areas TE and TEO, whereas area TF of the parahippocampal cortex projects preferentially to the posterior parietal cortex and area V4. Area TF projects to many regions of the frontal lobe, whereas area 36 projects mainly to the orbital surface. The insular and cingulate cortices receive projections from areas 36 and TF, whereas only area TF projects to the retrosplenial cortex. Projections to the superior temporal gyrus, including the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, arise predominantly from area TF. Area 36 projects only to rostral levels of the superior temporal gyrus. Area TF has, in general, reciprocal connections with the neocortex, whereas area 36 has more asymmetric connections. Area 36, for example, projects to more restricted regions of the frontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus than it receives inputs from. In contrast, it projects to larger portions of areas TE and TEO than it receives inputs from. The efferent projections of areas 36 and TF are primarily directed to the superficial layers of the neocortex, a laminar organization consistent with connections of the feedback type. Projections to unimodal visual areas terminate in large expanses of the cortex, but predominantly in layer I. Projections to other sensory and polymodal areas, in contrast, terminate in a columnar manner predominantly in layers II and III. In all areas receiving heavy projections, the projections extend throughout most cortical layers, largely avoiding layer IV. We discuss these findings in relation to current theories of memory consolidation. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:394–420, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of cerebellar and area “y” projections to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in macaque monkeys
Authors: Stanton Gregory B.
Published: August 2002

Axonal projections to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (RTP) were studied in 11 macaque monkeys by mapping axonal degeneration from lesions centered in the dentate and interpositus anterior (IA) nuclei and by mapping anterograde transport of tritiated amino acid precursors injected into the dentate nucleus. Projections from the dentate and IA nuclei overlap in central parts of the body of RTP, but the terminal field of dentate axons extends dorsomedial and rostral to the terminal field of IA axons, and IA terminal fields extend more ventrolaterally. A caudal to rostral topography of projections from each nucleus onto dorsal to ventral parts of RTP was seen. Projections from rostral parts of both nuclei terminate in a sublemniscal part of the nucleus. The topography of dentate and IA projections onto central to ventrolateral RTP appears to match somatotopic maps of these cerebellar nuclei with the somatotopic map of projections to RTP from primary motor cortex. Projections from caudal and ventral parts of the dentate nucleus appear to overlap oculomotor inputs to rostral, dorsal, and medial RTP from the frontal and supplementary eye fields, the superior colliculus, and the oculomotor region of the caudal fastigial nucleus. Projections to the paramedian part of RTP from vestibular area “y” were also found in two cases that correlated with projections to vertical oculomotor motoneurons. The maps of dentate and IA projections onto RTP correlate predictably with maps of dentate and IA projections to the ventrolateral thalamus and subnuclei of the red nucleus that were made from these same cases (Stanton [1980b] J. Comp. Neurol. 192:377–385). J. Comp. Neurol. 432:169–183, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective neurodegeneration, without neurofibrillary tangles, in a mouse model of Niemann‐Pick C disease
Authors: German Dwight C. , Quintero E. Matthew , Liang Chang‐Lin , Ng Benton , Punia Surender , Xie Chonglun , Dietschy John M.
Published: August 2002

The BALB/c mouse model of Niemann‐Pick type C (NPC) disease exhibits neuropathological similarities to the human condition. There is an age‐related cerebral atrophy, demyelination of the corpus callosum, and degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the NPC mouse. In human NPC, many cortical and subcortical neurons contain neurofibrillary tangles, which are thought by some investigators to play an important role in the neurodegenerative process. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurodegeneration occurs in the NPC mouse, in brain regions other than the cerebellum and whether the degeneration is related to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Using light microscopic methods with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and cell counting methods, 11‐week‐old NPC+/+ and NPC−/− animals were examined. In the NPC−/− mice, there were 96% fewer Purkinje cells, 28% fewer neurons in the prefrontal cortex, 20% fewer neurons in the thalamus, and 63% fewer glial cells in the corpus callosum. On the other hand, previous studies indicate normal numbers of neurons and glial cells in these same neuroanatomical regions in young NPC−/− mice. There were normal numbers of cholinergic neurons in sections assessed in the striatum and basal forebrain in the 11‐week‐old animals and no evidence of neurofibrillary tangles within cells. The present data indicate that both neurons and glial cells die in the NPC mouse but that all cells are not equally vulnerable. There was no evidence for neurofibrillary tangles in the NPC mouse, and therefore the degenerative process in the mouse is unrelated to the neurofibrillary tangle. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:415–425, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor DmGlu‐A in Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system
Authors: Ramaekers Ariane , Parmentier Marie‐Laure , Lasnier Céline , Bockaert Joël , Grau Yves
Published: August 2002

L‐glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in insects. It may also be involved in neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS), but its function therein remains elusive. The roles of glutamatergic synapses in the Drosophila melanogaster CNS were investigated, with focus on the study of DmGluRA, a G‐protein‐coupled glutamate receptor. In a first attempt to determine the function of this receptor, we describe its distribution in the larval and adult Drosophila CNS, using a polyclonal antibody raised against the C‐terminal sequence of the protein. DmGluRA is expressed in a reproducible pattern both in the larva and in the adult. In particular, DmGluRA can be found in the antennal lobes, the optic lobes, the central complex, and the median bundle in the adult CNS. However, DmGluRA‐containing neurons represented only a small fraction of all CNS neurons. DmGluRA immunoreactivity was not detected at the larval neuromuscular junction nor in the body wall muscles. The correlations between DmGluRA distribution and previously described glutamate‐like immunoreactivity patterns, as well as the implications of these observations concerning the possible functions of DmGluRA in the Drosophila CNS, are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:213–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of experimental strabismus on the architecture of macaque monkey striate cortex
Authors: Fenstemaker Suzanne B. , Kiorpes Lynne , Movshon J. Anthony
Published: August 2002

Strabismus, a misalignment of the eyes, results in a loss of binocular visual function in humans. The effects are similar in monkeys, where a loss of binocular convergence onto single cortical neurons is always found. Changes in the anatomical organization of primary visual cortex (V1) may be associated with these physiological deficits, yet few have been reported. We examined the distributions of several anatomical markers in V1 of two experimentally strabismic Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Staining patterns in tangential sections were related to the ocular dominance (OD) column structure as deduced from cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. CO staining appears roughly normal in the superficial layers, but in layer 4C, one eye's columns were pale. Thin, dark stripes falling near OD column borders are evident in Nissl‐stained sections in all layers and in immunoreactivity for calbindin, especially in layers 3 and 4B. The monoclonal antibody SMI32, which labels a neurofilament protein found in pyramidal cells, is reduced in one eye's columns and absent at OD column borders. The pale SMI32 columns are those that are dark with CO in layer 4. Gallyas staining for myelin reveals thin stripes through layers 2–5; the dark stripes fall at OD column centers. All these changes appear to be related to the loss of binocularity in cortical neurons, which has its most profound effects near OD column borders. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:300–317, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm”: A gray zone in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Baloch Zubair W. , Fleisher Seth , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Gupta Prabodh K.
Published: August 2002

The thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm” does not differentiate between a benign and malignant tumor. Often cases diagnosed as “follicular or Hürthle‐cell neoplasm” undergo surgical excision for further characterization. The aim of this study was to identify clinical features that may help in predicting malignancy in patients with an FNA diagnosis of follicular neoplasm. One hundred eighty‐four cases in 167 patients were diagnosed as “follicular neoplasm” among 1,024 thyroid FNA evaluated with on‐site interpretation from 1998–2000. The cases were evaluated for the following variables: histologic diagnosis, age, sex, and size of the nodule. One hundred thirty‐nine patients were female, and 28 were male (age range, 23–80 yr). Among 122 patients (67%) undergoing surgical excision (lobectomy, 96; total thyroidectomy, 26), malignancy was identified in 37 cases (31%). Nonpapillary (follicular/Hürthle) carcinoma was diagnosed in 11 (9%), follicular variant of papillary carcinoma in 25, and medullary carcinoma in 1 case. The risk of malignancy was greater in males (47% vs. 29%, P < 0.0004) than females, in nodules measuring 3 cm or more (55% vs. 23%, P < 0.0001), than in nodules measuring less than 3 cm, and in patients 40 or more yr old (20% vs. 10%, P = 0.0001) than in patients younger than 40 years. The diagnosis “follicular neoplasm” is indeterminate, and the majority of cases (70% in the current study) are benign. However, clinical features, including gender, nodule size, and age, can be a part of the decision analysis in selecting patients for surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:41–44. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sclerosing hemangioma of lung: A close cytologic mimicker of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ng, W.K. , Fu, K.H. , Wang, E. , Tang, V.
Published: August 2002

We report the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy findings of sclerosing hemangioma of lung occurring in a 40‐yr‐old Chinese woman. Cytologically, there were hyalinized stromal tissue fragments admixed with clusters of nondescript mononuclear tumor cells. Scattered foamy macrophages and red blood cells were also noted in the background. Focal papillary and acinar configurations were seen. However, some of the epithelial cells show nuclear pleomorphism with nuclear hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, and occasional intranuclear inclusions. Mitotic activity was virtually absent. The cytologic atypia present may result in misdiagnosis of well‐differentiated pulmonary adenocarcinoma, especially bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Recognition of the subtle cytologic differences, together with cell block examination, immunocytochemistry, and proper clinicoradiologic correlation, is crucial for an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:316–320, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The potential impact of artificial shopping agents in e-commerce markets
Authors: Redmond William H.
Published: August 2002

This article deals with a possible future of e-commerce, not with how consumers or marketers currently shop on the Internet. In the future, artificial shopping agents may change e-commerce markets by significantly extending the search and evaluation capabilities of consumers. These agents have the potential to change current market relationships because they work on behalf of individual consumers, rather than offer advice to consumers on behalf of retailers. Additionally two types of shopping agents are possible, one of which may result in different patterns of choice than at present. The prospect of consumers relying on artificial agents for shopping decisions has raised concerns about negative impacts on both consumer welfare and the stability of markets. The article evaluates these concerns and concludes that major dislocations in consumer choice patterns are unlikely in the short run, but increasingly possible in the long run.
Maternal hypoglycemia during pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: maternal and fetal consequences
Authors: ter Braak Edith W. M. T. , Evers Inge M. , Willem Erkelens D. , Visser Gerard H. A.
Published: August 2002

There is strong evidence that the avoidance of hyperglycemia is essential inoptimizing pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetes. The price to pay is a striking increase in severe hypoglycemia (SH), defined as episodes requiring help from another person. During type 1 diabetic pregnancy, occurrence rates of SH up to 15 times higher as in the intensively treated group of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) are reported. Blood glucose (BG) treatment targets differ considerably between clinics; some authors advocate lower limits as low as 3.3 mmol/l. Improved glycemic control and/or recurrent hypoglycemia (i.e. BG <3.9 mmol/l) may result in impairment of glucose counterregulatory responses. Also, glucose counterregulation may be altered by pregnancy itself. Short‐acting insulin analogs may help reduce hypoglycemia with preservation of good glycemic control, but their use during pregnancy has yet to be proven safe.

Several clinical studies did not establish an association between maternal hypoglycemia and diabetic embryopathy. However, animal studies clearly indicate that hypoglycemia is potentially teratogenic during organogenesis. Increased rates of macrosomia continue to be observed despite near normal HbA1c levels. This may, at least in part, be the result of rebound hyperglycemia elicited by hypoglycemia. Exposure to hypoglycemia in utero may have long‐term effects on offspring including neuropsychological defects.

It is yet unclear to what extent the benefits of tight glycemic control balance with the increased risk of (severe) hypoglycemia during type 1 diabetic pregnancy. Efforts must be made to avoid low BG, i.e. <3.9 mmol/l, when tightening glycemic control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zebrafish mutants: Behavioral genetic studies of visual system defects
Authors: Li Lei
Published: August 2002

Zebrafish are a promising model for behavioral and genetic studies of vertebrate visual system development and retinal degeneration. In the past few years, numerous studies on zebrafish vision have been published. While most of the studies focus on the molecular and cellular characterization of mutations that disrupt zebrafish visual system structure in early development, others examine the mechanisms that underlie inherited visual system disorders in adults. Behavioral assays, along with morphologic and electrophysiological methods, are powerful tools for functional analyses of zebrafish visual development and performance. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Itih‐4, a serine protease inhibitor regulated in interleukin‐6–dependent liver formation: role in liver development and regeneration
Authors: Bhanumathy C.D. , Tang Y. , Monga S.P.S. , Katuri V. , Cox J.A. , Mishra B. , Mishra L.
Published: August 2002

Inter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor‐4 (Itih‐4) is a liver‐restricted member of the serine protease inhibitor family with diverse functions as an anti‐apoptotic and matrix stabilizing molecule that are important throughout development. We investigate the functional role of Itih‐4 in liver formation, regeneration (LR) and examine its role in calcium and hyaluronic acid binding. Itih‐4 expression is prominent in early liver development at E9 and later at E16, being restricted to hepatoblasts, immature hepatocytes, and differentiated hepatocytes. We note a marked and differential increase in Itih‐4 labeling in proliferating hepatocytes, compared with bile duct cells in liver explant cultures treated with interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). After partial hepatectomy, maximal Itih‐4 expression occurs in a bimodal manner at 30 min and at 12 hr, with a predominant centrizonal distribution. There is no detectable binding of glutathione transferase–fusion Itih‐4 protein to calcium and hyaluronic acid, indicating a possible requirement for posttranslational modifications for these functions. These results suggest that in LR, Itih‐4 expression corresponds to that of immediate early genes and may contribute to the entry of normally quiescent hepatocytes into the early stages of the cell cycle. The markedly high expression of Itih‐4 in early liver development and in explants treated with IL‐6 suggests a prominent role for Itih‐4 at key points in liver formation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial variables associated with binge eating in obese males and females
Authors: Womble Leslie G. , Williamson Donald A. , Martin Corby K. , Zucker Nancy L. , Thaw Jean M. , Netemeyer Richard , Lovejoy Jennifer C. , Greenway Frank L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study tested a psychosocial model of binge eating symptoms in obese men and women. Predictor variables included depression, dietary restraint, self‐esteem, weight cycling, history of teasing, body dissatisfaction, and neuroticism.

Method

Participants (N = 808) completed a packet of self‐report questionnaires.

Results

Weight cycling, teasing about weight and shape, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and dietary restraint comprised the best fitting models (original and cross‐validation) for binge eating in women and men. These variables explained 61–72% of the variance in symptoms of binge eating in the samples of men and 70% of the variance in the samples of women. Although the male and female models were mostly similar, notable differences between them were found.

Discussion

The variables that comprise these etiological models should be considered in the development of prevention programs for obese binge eaters. Longitudinal studies, however, are needed to examine these etiological paths and to test for causal relationships. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 217–221, 2001.
Parental influences on eating behavior in obese and nonobese preadolescents
Authors: Laessle Reinhold G. , Uhl Heike , Lindel Birgit
Published: August 2002

Objective

To determine parental influences on obesity, the eating behavior of 80 obese and normal weight children (aged 8–12 years) was investigated in the laboratory.

Method

A controlled repeated measures design was used. The mother was either present or absent while the child was eating in the laboratory. The eating style was measured by recording cumulative eating curves with a universal eating monitor, using yoghurt as a standardized experimental meal.

Results

The eating behavior of obese children differed significantly from normal weight children only when the mother was present in the laboratory. Overweight children ate faster with larger bites and showed an acceleration of their eating rate toward the end of the meal.

Discussion

Such an eating style can be hypothesized to explain an increased calorie intake in obese children, promoting a positive energy balance in the long term. The data support a learning model of obesity in childhood, which also has implications for family treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 447–453, 2001.
Transient hopping transport in percolation clusters
Authors: Ogawa Nobuyuki , Naito Hiroyoshi
Published: August 2002

Monte Carlo simulation for percolative hopping transport has been carried out to explain the increase in transit‐time dispersion and decrease in drift mobility with increasing applied electric field, found in molecularly doped polymers with low concentrations of charge transporting molecules. These two phenomena cannot be understood in terms of the Gaussian disorder model (GDM), which has been widely accepted for the analysis of the transport data of molecularly doped polymers. It is found that the two phenomena are successfully explained by the present computer simulation. The GDM analysis is applied to the analysis of the simulation data, and it is shown that energetic disorder can be estimated from the GDM analysis even in the case of percolative hopping transport and that the percolative motion of hopping carriers is one of the origins of geometrical disorder. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 1–9, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10014
The influence of perceived suffering and vulnerability on the experience of pity
Authors: Dijker Anton J.
Published: August 2002

Pity is viewed as a function of two classes of perceived stimulus features and their interaction: the extent to which a person (when still healthy and nonsuffering) is perceived as vulnerable to physical harm, and the perceived intensity of his or her current suffering. Consistent with this view, Experiment 1 (N = 141) showed that participants' pity reactions to photographs of persons expressing pain were influenced by age‐related, sex‐related, and postural vulnerability cues. Experiment 2 (N = 258) manipulated both target's vulnerability by varying the muscularity of the same adult male stimulus and the intensity of suffering. As predicted, an interaction of vulnerability and suffering was found. Implications for the study of helping behavior are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When individuals dislike exposure to an actively coping role model: mood change as related to depression and social comparison orientation
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Brenninkmeijer Veerle
Published: August 2002

A total of 122 individuals, including those clinically depressed and nondepressed, were exposed to a description of a target who overcame his or her depression either through active coping (high effort), or seemingly by itself (low effort). Participants first completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Iowa–Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure. As predicted, among the nondepressed, with increasing levels of social comparison orientation, a high effort target evoked a relatively more positive mood change, and a low‐effort target a relatively more negative one. In contrast, among the depressed, with increasing levels of social comparison orientation, a low‐effort target evoked a relatively more positive mood change, and a high‐effort target a relatively more negative one. The implications are that exposure to active role models may worsen a depression, and that social comparison orientation may have clinical implications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Lacey James V. , Devesa Susan S. , Brinton Louise A.
Published: August 2002

Breast cancer accounts for one‐third of cancer diagnoses and 15% of cancer deaths in U.S. women. Its 192,000 cases and 40,000 deaths in 2001 make it the most common incident cancer (excluding superficial skin cancers) and second leading cause of cancer death. Over one‐half of the 300,000 breast cancer deaths worldwide in 1990 (the latest year with such data) occurred in developed countries, but annual mortality rates ranged from 27/100,000 women in northern Europe to 4/100,000 women in Asia. Incidence data are less complete, although 1988–1992 rates varied threefold: low in Asia, intermediate in South America and Eastern Europe, and high in North America and Western Europe. Migrant studies suggest that lifestyle factors largely explain these international differences. U.S. incidence rates are generally 20%−40% higher in white women than in non‐white women, but are higher in young (under age 40) black women than in young white women. Incidence rates rose in the 1970s, leveled off in the 1990s, and are declining for young women. Women in some areas of the northeast U.S. have twofold higher mortality than that of other U.S. women, but reproductive and socioeconomic characteristics explain much of that difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, mortality rates held steady in developed countries but rose in developing countries. Since 1987 mortality rates fell by 25% as a result of earlier detection and improved treatment. Age–period–cohort analyses indicate that changes in recognized risk factors may affect mortality patterns. Continued analysis of international and intranational trends may reveal targets for multidisciplinary intervention and prevention efforts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:82–88, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SCAN‐UK — a network approach to environmental best practice in the aviation industry
Authors: Maughan Janet , Raper David , Thomas Callum , Gillingwater David
Published: August 2002

The ability of cities to play a full part in and achieve maximum social and economic benefit from the global economy is often considered dependent to a significant extent upon the development of the airports that serve them. Many such airports however are at risk of reaching their environmental capacity before they are able to fulfill the demand for air travel.

A lack of communication between key sectors such as industry, government, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and academia is often considered the limiting factor in the production of quality research to address issues of such environmental capacity constraints within the aviation industry from an unbiased platform. The UK Sustainable Cities and Aviation Network (SCAN‐UK) has been created in order to generate a network of experts and provide a forum designed to encourage debate between the key players. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Assessing sources of variability in measurement of ambient particulate matter
Authors: Daniels Michael J. , Lee Yoon‐dong , Kaiser Mark
Published: August 2002

Particulate matter (PM), a component of ambient air pollution, has been the subject of United States Environmental Protection Agency regulation in part due to many epidemiological studies examining its connection with health. Better understanding the PM measurement process and its dependence on location, time, and other factors is important for both modifying regulations and better understanding its effects on health. In light of this, in this paper, we will explore sources of variability in measuring PM including spatial, temporal and meteorological effects. In addition, we will assess the degree to which there is heterogeneity in the variability of the micro‐scale processes, which may suggest important unmeasured processes, and the degree to which there is unexplained heterogeneity in space and time. We use Bayesian hierarchical models and restrict attention to the greater Pittsburgh (USA) area in 1996. The analyses indicated no spatial dependence after accounting for other sources of variability and also indicated heterogeneity in the variability of the micro‐scale processes over time and space. Weather and temporal effects were very important and there was substantial heterogeneity in these effects across sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active tendon control of cable‐stayed bridges: a large‐scale demonstration
Authors: Bossens Frédéric , Preumont André
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a strategy for active damping of cable structures, using active tendons. The first part of the paper summarizes the theoretical background: the control law is briefly presented together with the main results of an approximate linear theory which allows the prediction of closed‐loop poles with a root locus technique. The second part of the paper reports on experimental results obtained with two test structures: the first one is a small size mock‐up representative of a cable‐stayed bridge during the construction phase. The control of the parametric vibration of passive cables due to deck vibration is demonstrated. The second one is a 30 m long mock‐up built on the reaction wall of the ELSA test facility at the JRC Ispra (Italy); this test structure is used to demonstrate the practical implementation of the control strategy with hydraulic actuators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isoductile strengths and strength reduction factors of elasto‐plastic SDOF systems subjected to simple waveforms
Authors: Cuesta Isabel , Aschheim Mark A.
Published: August 2002

The inelastic response of elasto‐plastic SDOF oscillators subjected to 24 simple waveforms was studied. The waveforms contain linear, quadratic, sinusoidal, and triangular acceleration components that repeat for not more than several cycles. Similarities and differences in oscillator response characteristics are presented, organized by a characteristic period. The strengths and corresponding strength reduction factors required for constant ductility responses are discussed. Response data are compared with expectations based on the concepts of equal energy, equal displacement, and preservation of force. Limitations on the applicability of the equal energy concept are identified. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of combination rules for maximum response calculation in multicomponent seismic analysis
Authors: López Oscar A. , Chopra Anil K. , Hernández Julio J.
Published: August 2002

The existing rules for combining peak response to individual components of ground motion are evaluated. The response values re to two horizontal components of ground motion estimated by four multicomponent combination rules—SRSS‐, 30%‐, 40%‐ and simplified‐SRSS‐rules—are compared with the critical response, rcr, obtained by the CQC3‐rule, which takes into account the direction of the principal ground components with respect to the structural axes and provides the largest response over all possible seismic incident angles. The following results are obtained in the first part of the paper and are valid for any elastic structure and any earthquake design response spectrum: For realistic values of the ratio γ of the design spectra for the two principal components of ground motion the SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 0.79rcr and 1.00rcr, the Simplified‐SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 1.00rcr and 1.26rcr, the 40%‐rule estimate lies between 0.99rcr and 1.25rcr, and the 30%‐rule estimate lies between 0.92rcr and 1.16rcr. None of the multicomponent combination rules account for the increase in response of systems if the vibration periods of the two modes that contribute most to the response to the x‐ and y‐components of ground motion are close to each other.

Evaluated in the second part of the paper is the accuracy of the multicomponent combination rules in estimating the response of a range of one‐storey systems with (a) symmetrical plan and (b) unsymmetrical plan, and of two multistorey buildings. The SRSS‐rule underestimates the response by up to 16% and the other three rules overestimate it by up to 18%. Although these errors appear to be smaller than the many approximations inherent in structural design, they can be eliminated with very little additional computation by using an explicit formula for the critical response based on the CQC3 rule. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinician stance in the treatment of chronic eating disorders
Authors: Geller Josie , Williams Kim D. , Srikameswaran Suja
Published: August 2002

Long‐term outcome studies of anorexia nervosa have shown that a significant number of individuals do not fully recover from their eating disorder symptoms. Individuals who develop chronic eating disorders may express either strong ambivalence about symptom reduction or a complete lack of interest in change. As a result, clinicians can find this group particularly challenging. This report expands upon a treatment stance based on principles of Motivational Interviewing that addresses difficulties typically encountered in working with this population. The stance outlines a mission statement and specific clinician behaviours that promote engagement and alliance with this group, including the communication of beliefs that foster client self‐acceptance, not making assumptions, being curious, active, and on the same side, and maximizing client responsibility for change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The factors influencing the abrasion efficiency of saltating grains on a clay‐crusted playa
Authors: Houser Christopher A. , Nickling William G.
Published: August 2002

The entrainment and subsequent transport of PM10 (particulate matter <10 µm) has become an important and challenging focus of research for both scientific and practical applications. Arid and semi‐arid environments are important sources for the atmospheric loading of PM10, although the emission of this material is often limited by surface crusts. It has been suggested that the primary mechanisms through which PM10 is released from a crusted surface are abrasion by saltating grains or disturbance by agricultural and recreational activities. To examine the importance of saltation abrasion in the emission of PM10, a series of field wind tunnel tests were conducted on a clay‐crusted surface near Desert Wells, Arizona. In a previous part of this study it was found that the emission rate varies linearly with the saltation transport rate, although there can be considerable variation in this relationship. This paper more closely examines the source of the variability in the abrasion efficiency, the amount of PM10 emitted by a given quantity of saltating grains. The abrasion efficiency was found to vary with the susceptibility of the surface to abrasion, the ability of the sand to abrade that surface and the availability of material with a caliper size <10 µm within the crust. Specifically, the results of the study show that the abrasion efficiency is related to the crust strength, the amount of surface disturbance and the velocity of the saltating grains. It is concluded that the spatial and temporal variability of these controls on the abrasion efficiency imposes severe contextual limitations on experimentally derived models, and can make theoretical models too complex and impractical to be of use. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of surface water storage by soil roughness on overland‐flow generation
Authors: Darboux F. , Gascuel‐Odoux C. , Davy P.
Published: August 2002

Overland‐flow generation is affected by surface roughness. This study analysed effects of surface roughness on overland‐flow by means of a model simulating depression filling, flow pathways and runoff generation. It examined the relevant characteristics of surface roughness using numerically generated surfaces.

At first, horizontal surfaces with random roughness of different correlation distances were considered. This showed that overland‐flow is sensitive to the random‐roughness correlation only if the correlation distance is similar to the surface size. Because this correlation distance is limited in natural soil surfaces, correlation properties are unlikely to modify overland‐flow triggering. This allowed simplification of the description of random roughness.

Then a general slope was added and different amplitude ratios between general slope and random roughness were simulated. Slope modified the development of overland‐flow. While runoff was only sensitive to steep slopes, water transfer by overland‐flow inside the surface was affected by low slopes too. The ratio between general slope and random roughness is a major parameter that controls transfers both inside the surface and to the outlet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel incision and flow increase of the upper Wisłoka River, southern Poland, subsequent to the reafforestation of its catchment
Authors: Lach Jan , Wyżga Bartłomiej
Published: August 2002

Changes in channel geometry and flows following catchment afforestation are demonstrated for the upper Wisłoka River, southern Poland. The montane part of its catchment was dramatically depopulated in the mid‐1940s, resulting in considerable reduction of agricultural activity in the area. As a consequence, forest cover increased from 30 per cent in 1938 to 67 per cent in 1995, mainly due to natural expansion of forest on hillslopes. Reafforestation and the decrease of human activity have significantly limited sediment delivery to the stream channel. Stabilization of the river course by valley slopes in the montane reach, and due to channelization works in the foothill reach, has prevented the upper Wisłoka from adjusting its transporting ability through an increase in channel sinuosity. Under such conditions, the excess stream power has been dissipated by bed scouring and more than 2 m of channel incision occurred by 1995. River incision has resulted in increased concentration of flood flows in a river cross‐section, the increased velocity of the channel and floodplain flows, and the reduced potential for sediment storage in the floodplain area. Results from this study indicate that successful channel management decisions must take into account changes in river regime resulting from alterations in catchment management.

A considerable increase in mean annual discharge of the upper Wisłoka, only partly explained by an increase in precipitation, has been recorded in the last few decades. The ‘excessive’ increase in streamflow does not reflect increased water runoff from the catchment. Rather, water that was transferred downvalley within the valley floor gravels prior to channel incision, and was not included in the gauged record, now forms a part of river flows. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stake's responsive evaluation: Core ideas and evolution
Authors: Abma Tineke A. , Stake Robert E.
Published: August 2002

Responsive evaluation, as a doctrine extending and disciplining common sense, has an intellectual history, some of it passing through Robert Stake's work in the late sixties. That is where this article begins. It is meant to set the context for this special issue, Responsive Evaluation, by presenting Stake's work. The text is a mosaic of fragments from extensive conversations with Bob Stake in the summer of 1994 and quotes from his older and more recent work. The chapter thus offers a story about Stake's original ideas and their evolution over a period of thirty‐five years.
Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test
Authors: Harada Toshiro
Published: August 2002

The combustibility of wood specimens was tested by cone calorimeter. A total of nine wood species (four softwood and five hardwood) were used. The thicknesses of the specimens were 10, 20 and 40 mm. The heated surfaces were radial, tangential, and cross‐sections of wood. The irradiance levels were 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 kWm−2. The effects of wood species, density, specimen thickness, heated surface (radial, tangential or cross‐section), and irradiance level on time to ignition, mass loss rate, heat release rate and fire endurance time were studied. Simple formulae were proposed to forecast those indices and their validity was examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odoriferous sesquiterpenoids from the liverwort Gackstroemia decipiens
Authors: Geis Wolfgang , Becker Hans
Published: August 2002

Two new β‐santalanes, 9‐hydroxy‐santala‐2(14),11‐diene and 11‐hydroxy‐santala‐2(14),8‐diene, along with the known β‐photosantalol A and β‐photosantalol B, have been isolated from the liverwort Gackstroemia decipiens (Lepidolaenaceae). Furthermore, a recently reported bergamotane derivative, (−)‐13‐hydroxy‐bergamota‐2,11‐diene, could be identified. The structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and the scents were characterized by olfactory evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of amplified and expressed genes in breast cancer by comparative hybridization onto microarrays of randomly selected cDNA clones
Authors: Clark Jeremy , Edwards Sandra , John Megan , Flohr Penny , Gordon Tony , Maillard Karine , Giddings Ian , Brown Carolanne , Bagherzadeh Azadeh , Campbell Colin , Shipley Janet , Wooster Richard , Cooper Colin S.
Published: August 2002

Microarray analysis using sets of known human genes provides a powerful platform for identifying candidate oncogenes involved in DNA amplification events but suffers from the disadvantage that information can be gained only on genes that have been preselected for inclusion on the array. To address this issue, we have performed comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and expression analyses on microarrays of clones, randomly selected from a cDNA library, prepared from a cancer containing the DNA amplicon under investigation. Application of this approach to the BT474 breast carcinoma cell line, which contains amplicons at 20q13, 17q11–21, and 17q22–23, identified 50 amplified and expressed genes, including genes from these regions previously proposed as candidate oncogenes. When considered together with data from microarray expression profiles and Northern analyses, we were able to propose five genes as new candidate oncogenes where amplification in breast cancer cell lines was consistently associated with higher levels of RNA expression. These included the HB01 histone acetyl transferase gene at 17q22–23 and the TRAP100 gene, which encodes a thyroid hormone receptor‐associated protein coactivator, at 17q11–21. The results demonstrate the utility of this microarray‐based CGH approach in hunting for candidate oncogenes within DNA amplicons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smallest region of overlapping deletion in 1p36 in human neuroblastoma: A 1 Mbp cosmid and PAC contig
Authors: Bauer Anja , Savelyeva Larissa , Claas Andreas , Praml Christian , Berthold Frank , Schwab Manfred
Published: August 2002

In human neuroblastomas, the distal portion of 1p is frequently deleted, as if one or more tumor suppressor genes from this region were involved in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Earlier studies had identified a smallest region of overlapping deletion (SRO) spanning approximately 23 cM between the most distally retained D1S80 and by the proximally retained D1S244. In pursuit of generating a refined delineation of the minimally deleted region, we have analyzed 49 neuroblastomas of different stages for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) from 1pter to 1p35 by employing 26 simple sequence length polymorphisms. Fifteen of the 49 tumors (31%) had LOH; homozygous deletion was not detected. Seven tumors had LOH at all informative loci analyzed, and eight tumors showed a terminal or an interstitial allelic loss of 1p. One small terminal and one interstitial deletion defined a new 1.7 cM SRO, approximately 1 Mbp in physical length, deleted in all tumors between the retained D1S2731 (distal) and D1S2666 (proximal). To determine the genomic complexity of the deleted region shared among tumors, we assembled a physical map of the 1 Mbp SRO consisting predominantly of bacteriophage P1‐derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones. A total of 55 sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers (23 published STSs and short tandem repeats and 32 newly identified STSs from the insert ends of PACs and cosmids) were assembled in a contig, resulting in a sequence‐ready physical map with approximately one STS per 20 Kbp. Twelve genes (41BB, CD30, DFFA, DJ1, DR3, FRAP, HKR3, MASP2, MTHFR, RIZ, TNR2, TP73) previously mapped to 1p36 are localized outside this SRO. On the basis of this study, they would be excluded as candidate genes for neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Ten expressed sequence tags were integrated in the contig, of which five are located outside the SRO. The other five from within the SRO may provide an entrance point for the cloning of candidate genes for neuroblastoma. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.