bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic thematic review of e-health research in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Arabian Gulf): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates
Authors: Weber Alan S , Turjoman Rebal , Shaheen Yanal , Al Sayyed Farah , Hwang Mu Ji , Malick Faryal
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC or ‘Arabian Gulf’), comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, is a political organization sharing a common history and culture. All GCC nations have made substantial investments in telecommunications and electronic health infrastructure since 2000.

Methods

We conducted a literature search in English and Arabic on peer-reviewed e-health research up to December 2014 originating in the GCC. The objective was to retrieve all research on e-health in the GCC and to categorize and analyse it qualitatively to reveal the current state of e-health research and development in the region. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed articles, books, book chapters, conference papers and graduate theses written on e-health in the GCC. Blogs, health websites and non-peer-reviewed literature were excluded.

Results

Three hundred and six articles were retrieved, categorized and analysed qualitatively to reveal the state of e-health research in the GCC. Both country-specific and GCC-wide major themes were identified using NVivo 10.0 qualitative software and summarized. The most common type of study was an overview (35.0%), with common study designs of case studies (26.8%) and descriptive articles (46.4%). Significant themes were: prospective national benefits from e-health, implementation and satisfaction with electronic health records, online technologies in medical education, innovative systems (case studies), and information security and personal health information.

Discussion

This is the first comprehensive analytical literature review of e-health in the GCC. Important research gaps were identified: few cost-benefit analyses, controlled interventional studies, or research targeting gender and religious issues were retrieved.
Videoconferencing in a mental health service in The Netherlands: A randomized controlled trial on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes for outpatients with severe mental illness
Authors: Hulsbosch Alexander M , Nugter M Annet , Tamis Petra , Kroon Hans
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The goal of the study was to determinate if there was added value in the use of videoconferencing (VCF) in outpatient care for people with severe mental illness (SMI).

Methods

A VCF-group was compared to a control group (care as usual) over a period of 18 months. Block randomization was used to assign patients to one of the two groups. The video communication was available to the patients on a 24/7 basis, so that emergency calls could also be made via VCF. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction, other outcomes were: quality of life, loneliness, daily functioning (psychologically and socially), and the fulfilment of needs of care. Eventually, 93 patients signed their informed consent and participated.

Results

For the primary outcome a statistically significant time by treatment interaction effect was found, where higher degree of satisfaction was associated with the patients in the VCF-group. The secondary outcomes revealed no differences between the two groups. Despite the participants not using the VCF units extensively during the project, they were reasonably satisfied with VCF; on average, they rated the service with a 7.5 grade (on a scale from 1–10).

Discussion

Although the study showed a positive result for patient satisfaction, overall the VCF seemed to have limited impact. So VCF might not offer much added value to care as usual. However, statistical power in this study dropped somewhat due to dropout. Furthermore, VCF usage was lower than expected. Assuming that VCF will be most effective if it is actually used, it seems likely that the actual effect-size reached in this study has been significantly lower than the anticipated effect-size. Finally, this study shows that VCF is a tool that can be used in the care for people with severe mental illness.
The use of pre-existing CT imaging in screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Ruff Allison , Patel Krishna , Joyce Jennifer R , Gornik Heather L , Rothberg Michael B
Published: May 2016

Ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is recommended for male smokers >65 years of age, but screening rates remain low. If computed tomography (CT) performed for other indications could be considered adequate for screening, one-third of ultrasounds would potentially be unnecessary, and overall screening rates would be substantially higher. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of CT imaging of the abdomen for the detection of AAA when performed for other clinical indications. We performed a retrospective study of patients eligible for AAA screening who had undergone an abdominal ultrasound as well as an abdominal CT scan for other indications within 3 years prior to that study. The primary outcome was identification of an AAA, recorded in the findings narrative or impression of the CT scan report. Of 142 patients with both a CT scan and an AAA on ultrasound, 127 (89.4%) were noted to have an AAA in the report of a CT scan performed within the 3 years prior to the ultrasound. An additional 10 films demonstrated an AAA that was not mentioned in the report. The sensitivity of pre-existing CT scans for AAA screening was 97.2% (137/141) [95% CI: 93.4–99.0%]; 123 (86.6%) of these positive findings were reported in the findings narrative and 120 (84.5%) were reported in the radiologist’s final impression. The sensitivity for AAA identification in the report of a pre-existing CT scan of the abdomen performed for alternate indications appears high enough to use as a screening test. When radiologists note an AAA, they should be sure to include it in the final impression.
Feasibility of the Prototype Willingness Model as the basis for school-delivered alcohol misuse prevention: A qualitative think-aloud study to explore acceptability of ‘The Alcohol Smart Quiz’ with adolescents and teachers
Authors: Davies Emma L
Published: June 2016

This study sought feedback from teachers and adolescents on a novel intervention to reduce alcohol misuse based on the Prototype Willingness Model. A qualitative, think-aloud interview study was conducted with 17 adolescents aged 11–14 years and nine teachers. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Adolescents found the content of the intervention appealing and credible. Teachers welcomed the content and format as a means of generating discussion. ‘Moderate’ drinking appeared to be an acceptable message, although difficult to define. Enacting ‘if-then’ plans in real social situations might be challenging and representations of drinking on social media should be considered.
Emoting infertility online: A qualitative analysis of men’s forum posts
Authors: Hanna Esmée , Gough Brendan
Published: June 2016

Relatively little research on infertility focuses exclusively or significantly on men’s experiences, particularly in relation to emotional aspects. Evidence that does exist around male infertility suggests that it is a distressing experience for men, due to stigma, threats to masculinity and the perceived need to suppress emotions, and that men and women experience infertility differently. Using thematic analysis, this article examines the online emoting of men in relation to infertility via forum posts from a men-only infertility discussion board. It was noted that men ‘talked’ to each other about the emotional burdens of infertility, personal coping strategies and relationships with others. Three major themes were identified following in-depth analysis: ‘the emotional rollercoaster’, ‘the tyranny of infertility’ and ‘infertility paranoia’. This article then offers insights into how men experience infertility emotionally, negotiate the emotional challenges involved (especially pertaining to diagnosis, treatment outcomes and their intimate relationships) and how they share (and find value in doing so) with other men the lived experience of infertility.
The ‘curriculum challenge’: Moving towards the ‘Storyline’ approach in a case study urban primary school
Authors: Nuttall Amanda
Published: June 2016

This article draws on an inquiry into the design and implementation of the curriculum in a case study urban primary school in the north of England. In response to the introduction of the revised National Curriculum in September 2014, teachers and the school head engaged in a critical discourse around their perceptions of students’ attainment and engagement across the curriculum, and explored alternative curriculum design and pedagogies. Supported by ‘academic partners’, teachers were introduced to the ‘Storyline’ approach and encouraged to consider a shift from a rigid and functional curriculum towards more flexible approaches which emphasise problem solving, critical literacy and communication in multiple form. The argument presented here is twofold: first, it is suggested that moving towards more ‘open architectures’ improves students’ engagement with learning by reducing teaching to the test and creating more socially responsive and real-life learning experiences; this is then contrasted with current ‘top-down’ models of prescriptive curriculum design tied to a raft of high-stakes standardised tests which constrains teachers’ efforts to engage in this process.
Screening accuracy of brief alcohol screening instruments in a general hospital setting
Authors: Larsson Kjerstin , Nehlin Christina
Published: May 2016

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the screening accuracy of four brief alcohol screening instruments in a general hospital setting. Methods: Ten outpatient clinics were recruited to ensure a representative mix of demographics (e.g. sex, age and diagnosis). The staff at the reception desk handed out pre-sorted envelopes with questionnaires and information letters to the visitors. The questionnaires consisted of the 10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Weekly Consumption Question (WCQ), the Heavy Episodic Drinking (HED) question and two questions on sex and age. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for the AUDIT-C, AUDIT-3, WCQ and HED using the full 10-item AUDIT for comparison, with cut-off points of ⩾6 for women and ⩾8 for men. Results: In all, 898 questionnaires were included (52% women). According to the full AUDIT, 12.0% of the women and 14.8% of the men were drinking above the hazardous level. Corresponding percentages for the brief screening instruments for women and men, respectively, were as follows: AUDIT-C: 17.2% and 27.4%; the AUDIT-3: 6% and 16.2%; the WCQ: 2% and 1.6%; and the HED screener: 12.9% and 21.2%. Conclusions: The AUDIT-C may be used as a brief screener in a general hospital setting. The WCQ, as a stand-alone screening tool, may underestimate hazardous drinking habits. Screening results from the AUDIT-3 and the HED should be interpreted with caution when applied to women because of the risk of underestimation.
A novel approach to population-based risk stratification, comprising individualized lifestyle intervention in Danish general practice to prevent chronic diseases: Results from a feasibility study
Authors: Bruun Larsen Lars , Soendergaard Jens , Halling Anders , Thilsing Trine , Thomsen Janus Laust
Published: June 2016

Early detection of patients at risk seems to be effective for reducing the prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases. We aim to test the feasibility of a novel intervention for early detection of lifestyle-related chronic diseases based on a population-based stratification using a combination of questionnaire and electronic patient record data. The intervention comprises four elements: (1) collection of information on lifestyle risk factors using a short 15-item questionnaire, (2) electronic transfer of questionnaire data to the general practitioners’ electronic patient records, (3) identification of patients already diagnosed with a lifestyle-related chronic disease, and (4) risk estimation and stratification of apparently healthy patients using questionnaire and electronic patient record data on validated risk estimation models. We show that it is feasible to implement a novel intervention that identifies and stratifies patients for further examinations in general practice or behaviour change interventions at the municipal level without any additional workload for the general practitioner.
Health Information Exchange: What do patients want?
Authors: Medford-Davis Laura N , Chang Lawrence , Rhodes Karin V
Published: June 2016

To determine whether emergency department patients want to share their medical records across health systems through Health Information Exchange and if so, whether they prefer to sign consent or share their records automatically, 982 adult patients presenting to an emergency department participated in a questionnaire-based interview. The majority (N = 906; 92.3%) were willing to share their data in a Health Information Exchange. Half (N = 490; 49.9%) reported routinely getting healthcare outside the system and 78.6 percent reported having records in other systems. Of those who were willing to share their data in a Health Information Exchange, 54.3 percent wanted to sign consent but 90 percent of those would waive consent in the case of an emergency. Privacy and security were primary concerns of patients not willing to participate in Health Information Exchange and preferring to sign consent. Improved privacy and security protections could increase participation, and findings support consideration of “break-the-glass” provider access to Health Information Exchange records in an emergent situation.
A short note on equal peak design for the pendulum tuned mass dampers
Authors: Deraemaeker A , Soltani P
Published: June 2016

Pendulum tuned mass dampers (PTMDs) are used to passively mitigate the vibrations of tall structures and buildings. The main objective of this short note is to introduce analytical formulae for the optimum design of the linear PTMD coupled to an undamped primary system. Den Hartog's equal peak method is applied to derive the optimum design. With the mass ratio between the primary system and the PTMD, the optimum length and optimum damping of the pendulum are calculated. The formulae are presented in both dimensional and non-dimensional forms and are simple to apply in real applications. It is also shown that the vibration mitigation performance of the proposed optimum design precisely matches the results obtained by numerical optimisation techniques.
Coloniality at work: Decolonial critique and the postfeminist regime
Authors: Giraldo Isis
Published: May 2016

In this article I address the imbalance in the production and circulation of knowledge in the dominant Anglo-American academic circuit, aiming to make visible feminist work in a decolonial vein carried out in Latin America, to recentre the decolonial option with regard to established postcolonial studies and to propose a way of understanding global postfeminist female subjectivity as mediated in mass media. The decolonial option offers a rich theoretical toolbox for exploring contemporary junctions of gender, race and the question of representation. I propose a reworking of the concept of the ‘coloniality of gender’, and briefly discuss how Femen and the figure of the exoticised female pop icon exemplify coloniality at work.
Environmental influences on services for and mental health of incarcerated populations: A review
Authors: Frank Terry Laura , Praetorius Regina T , Nordberg Anne
Published: May 2016

There has been growing concern about the quality of health services, including mental health services, within the world’s and prisons. The purpose of the current qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis (QIMS) is to examine the prison environment and how it influences the mental health services delivered to prisoners. It is the hope of these authors that with this QIMS, knowledge improvements and modifications to current policies and practices can begin to take shape. A total of five studies published between 2003 and 2013 were utilized for this QIMS. Participants in all five studies included males and females incarcerated in England, Wales, and the United States. Three overarching themes were identified after analysis: difficulties with accessing services, difficulties with primary staff, and isolation. In each overarching theme, sub-themes are reviewed in detail. These three broad categories are discussed in relation to the person-in-environment system, demonstrating its application in an incarcerated setting.
Implementing safeguarding and personalisation in social work: Findings from practice
Authors: Stevens Martin , Woolham John , Manthorpe Jill , Aspinall Fiona , Hussein Shereen , Baxter Kate , Samsi Kritika , Ismail Mohamed
Published: May 2016

This paper reports on part of a research study carried out in three local authority adult social care departments in England, which explored links between adult safeguarding and personalisation. The study included statistical analysis of data on safeguarding referrals and the take up of personal budgets and qualitative interviews with managers, social workers, other staff working on safeguarding and with service users. The paper reports the findings from 16 interviews with managers and social workers, highlighting their perspectives and experiences.

Findings

Five main themes emerged from our analysis: contexts and risk factors; views about risks associated with Direct Payments, approaches to minimising risk; balancing risk and choice; and weaving safeguarding and personalisation practice. Social workers identified similar ranges and kinds of risks to those identified in the national evaluation of Individual Budgets. They described a tension between policy objectives and their exercise of discretion to assess and manage risks. For example, some described how they would discourage certain people from taking their personal budget as a Direct Payment or suggest they take only part of a personal budget as a Direct Payment.

Application

This exploratory study supports the continued need for skilled social workers to deliver outcomes related to both safeguarding and personalisation policies. Implementing these policies may entail a new form of ‘care and control’, which may require specific approaches in supervision in order to ensure good practice is fostered and positive outcomes attained.
Medical students’ views about person-centred communication in dementia care
Authors: Tullo Ellen StClair , Young Tony Johnstone , Lee Richard Philip
Published: May 2016

Adopting principles of person-centred communication has been highlighted as one strategy to improve care of people living with dementia (PLWD) in health and social care settings. However, person-centred communication is interpreted and applied variably in different settings, and healthcare professionals’ views about communicating with PLWD are under-explored. This study aimed to investigate medical students’ views about the principles and applicability of a model of person centred communication – the Dementia Model of Effective Communication (DeMEC) – to clinical practice. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected using questionnaires ( n = 531), focus groups ( n = 21) and interviews ( n = 10). Students generally endorsed the person-centred approach to communication, but two aspects were highlighted as complex and divisive – the acceptability or otherwise of lying, and of communicating with family in advance of the PLWD. We discuss the nature of these communicative dilemmas, implications for the education and training of medical students, and future directions for research.
Are inflammatory parameters predictors of amputation in acute arterial occlusions?
Authors: Saskin Huseyin , Ozcan Kazim S , Duzyol Cagri , Baris Ozgur , Koçoğulları Uğur C
Published: May 2016

Background

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of inflammatory markers to predict amputation following embolectomy in acute arterial occlusion.

Methods

A total of 123 patients operated for arterial thromboembolectomy due to acute embolism were included in the study. The patients without an extremity amputation following thromboembolectomy were classified as Group 1 ( n = 91) and the rest were classified as Group 2 ( n = 32). These groups were compared in terms of clinical and demographic characteristics, C-reactive protein, complete blood count parameters, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and red cell distribution width.

Results

The average age was 68.0 ± 11.7 years. The most common thromboembolism localization was femoral artery. When preoperative mean C-reactive protein ( p = 0.0001), mean platelet volume ( p = 0.0001), platelet-lymphocyte ratio ( p = 0.0001), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ( p = 0.0001) and red cell distribution width ( p = 0.0001) were compared, a statistically significant difference was observed between groups. In univariate and multivariate regression analysis, higher levels of preoperative C-reactive protein ( p = 0.009) and mean platelet volume ( p = 0.04) were detected as independent risk factors of early extremity amputation.

Conclusion

We observed that preoperative mean platelet volume and C-reactive protein were predictors of amputation after thromboembolectomy in acute arterial occlusion.
The attitude of scholars has not changed towards plagiarism since the medieval period: Definition of plagiarism according to Shams-e-Qays, thirteenth-century Persian literary scientist
Authors: Sadeghi Ramin
Published: June 2016

Almost all researchers are familiar with the concept of plagiarism these days. However, many scholars allege that plagiarism and its ethical ramifications are new western concepts that have not existed in scientific and literary history. In their opinion, using the ideas of others was allowed liberally in past academic and literary communities. I have presented the definition of “plagiarism” according to Shams-e-Qays, a great Persian literary scientist of the thirteenth century AD, to show that this is not the case and that the attitude towards plagiarism was even more strict in ancient times.
Participatory Democracy or ‘Transformative Appropriation’? The People’s Planning Campaign in Kerala
Authors: Devika J.
Published: June 2016

This article seeks to make sense of a widely acclaimed political experiment in decentralisation and people-centred development in Kerala of the 1990s, the People’s Planning Campaign, by placing it within a wider contemporary history of politics in the region. Much celebratory literature on this experiment has tended to view it as essentially an extension of pre-existing political initiatives in the state associated with mainstream left parties. Moving away from this view, the present analysis views it as a political response of the mainstream left to various challenges it faced in the early 1990s, to throw light on the many contradictions of political decentralisation in Kerala. Further, it reflects on ‘glocalisation’ of participatory democracy in Kerala and the subject-positions it has produced.
Declining Racial Stratification in Marriage Choices? Trends in Black/White Status Exchange in the United States, 1980 to 2010
Authors: Torche Florencia , Rich Peter
Published: May 2016

The status exchange hypothesis suggests that partners in black/white marriages in the United States trade racial for educational status, indicating strong hierarchical barriers between racial groups. The authors examine trends in status exchange in black/white marriages and cohabitations between 1980 and 2010, a period during which these unions increased from 0.3 percent to 1.5 percent of all young couples. The authors find that status exchange between black men and white women did not decline among either marriages or cohabitations, even as interracial unions became more prevalent. The authors also distinguish two factors driving exchange: (1) the growing probability of marrying a white person as educational attainment increases for both blacks and whites (educational boundaries) and (2) a direct trade of race-by-education between partners (dyadic exchange). Although the theoretical interpretation of exchange has focused on the latter factor, the authors show that status exchange largely emerges from the former.
Age disparity in diagnostic evaluation of stroke patients: Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Global Registry Project
Authors: Siegler James E , Swaminathan Balakumar , Giruparajah Mohana , Bosch Jackie , Perera Kanjana S , Hart Robert G , Kasner Scott E ,   on behalf of the ESUS Global Registry Investigators
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Incomplete evaluation of stroke patients may result in an unclear diagnosis. Our objective was to determine if older stroke patients more often undergo incomplete diagnostic evaluations versus younger patients in an international cohort.

Patients and methods: The Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Global Registry was a retrospective cohort of consecutive stroke patients evaluated at 19 stroke centers in 19 countries. Diagnostic evaluation was considered as complete if the patient had, at a minimum, brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with evidence of infarction, extracranial and intracranial vascular imaging, electrocardiography, ≥24 h of cardiac rhythm monitoring, and echocardiography. Patients were diagnosed with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source if brain imaging confirmed a nonlacunar infarction and no stroke etiology was determined after complete evaluation. Completeness of evaluation was compared between patients ≥75 versus <75 years old.

Results: The registry included 2132 patients with recent ischemic stroke during 2013–2014, of which 349 were diagnosed with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source patients ≥75 years were less likely to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (74% versus 89%, p = 0.001), transesophageal echocardiography (22% versus 39%, p = 0.005), and combination transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (16% versus 32%, p = 0.005) compared with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source patients <75 years.

Discussion: Our study has identified an international age disparity in fundamental diagnostic testing for older patients with stroke of unknown etiology. Some testing biases were affected by geographic location (e.g., brain MRI was less frequently used in European ESUS patients), whereas other testing was implemented less frequently in the elderly regardless of location (e.g., transesophageal echocardiogram).

Conclusion: Older patients in this international cohort had less sophisticated diagnostic testing for stroke, despite advanced age being well established as an independent risk factor for recurrent stroke. This was a global problem and further investigations are warranted to explore the cause.
Changes in risk factors for young male suicide in Newcastle upon Tyne, 1961–2009
Authors: Linsley Keith R. , Schapira Martin A. , Schapira Kurt , Lister Clare
Published: June 2016

Aims and method

To ascertain differences in patterns of suicide in young men over three decades (1960s, 1990s and 2000s) and discuss implications for suicide prevention. Data on suicides and open verdicts in men aged 15–34 were obtained from coroner's records in Newcastle upon Tyne and analysed using SPSS software.

Results

An increase in suicide rates from the first to the second decade was followed by a fall in the third decade. This was associated with an increasing proportion of single men, those living alone, unemployment, consumption of alcohol, use of hanging, previous suicide attempt and history of treatment for mental illness.

Clinical implications

This study highlights the need for more interventions and focus to be given to young males in the suicide prevention area and is of high importance in the field of public health. Areas that could be tackled include reducing access to means of suicide, reducing alcohol use, support for relationship difficulties, engagement with mental health services and management of chronic illness.
Treatment provision for gambling disorder in Britain: call for an integrated addictions treatment and commissioning model
Authors: George Sanju , Bowden-Jones Henrietta
Published: June 2016

Treatment provision for individuals with gambling problems in Britain is at best inadequate. Here we call for gambling treatment provision to be integrated into mainstream drug and alcohol services, and for its commissioning responsibilities to fall under local public health departments.
Assessing the Clinical Impact of Risk Prediction Models With Decision Curves: Guidance for Correct Interpretation and Appropriate Use
Authors: Kerr Kathleen F. , Brown Marshall D. , Zhu Kehao , Janes Holly
Published: June 2016

The decision curve is a graphical summary recently proposed for assessing the potential clinical impact of risk prediction biomarkers or risk models for recommending treatment or intervention. It was applied recently in an article in Journal of Clinical Oncology to measure the impact of using a genomic risk model for deciding on adjuvant radiation therapy for prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. We illustrate the use of decision curves for evaluating clinical- and biomarker-based models for predicting a man’s risk of prostate cancer, which could be used to guide the decision to biopsy. Decision curves are grounded in a decision-theoretical framework that accounts for both the benefits of intervention and the costs of intervention to a patient who cannot benefit. Decision curves are thus an improvement over purely mathematical measures of performance such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. However, there are challenges in using and interpreting decision curves appropriately. We caution that decision curves cannot be used to identify the optimal risk threshold for recommending intervention. We discuss the use of decision curves for miscalibrated risk models. Finally, we emphasize that a decision curve shows the performance of a risk model in a population in which every patient has the same expected benefit and cost of intervention. If every patient has a personal benefit and cost, then the curves are not useful. If subpopulations have different benefits and costs, subpopulation-specific decision curves should be used. As a companion to this article, we released an R software package called DecisionCurve for making decision curves and related graphics.
American Entrapments: Taxonomic Capture in James Fenimore Cooper's The Prairie
Authors: Traisnel Antoine
Published: June 2016

This essay probes the complex entanglements of vision and capture in James Fenimore Cooper's The Prairie. It argues that the economic model and epistemic regime of “capture” that emerges at the turn of the nineteenth century hinges on a taxonomic power—broadly defined as a method (nomos) for ordering (taxis) the sensible—haunted by a constitutive blindness. Set in 1805, just two years after the Louisiana Purchase, Cooper's novel poses the question of territory at a time when it remained to be seen how the young nation would be changed by the acquisition of the vast expanse of land west of the Mississippi River. Fraught with the tensions of territorial expansion, the “empty empire” of the prairie is an exemplary site of land speculation at the heart of American frontierism. The Prairie wrestles with what it means to capture this new land by introducing a figure that will replace the frontiersman: the trapper, who appears as a harbinger of a more systematic approach to territory and its human and nonhuman occupants. I begin by examining how the novel dramatizes this shift from two distinct regimes of vision emblematized respectively by the aging hunter Natty Bumppo and his naturalist foil Dr. Obed Bat. I then outline the phenomenology of capture as a mode of vision, unfolding not only what capture makes visible but also what it obscures—and how animals appear and disappear in capture. Finally, I show how vision becomes supervision when the logic of capture extends from animals to the land itself.
The N-terminus of survivin is a mitochondrial-targeting sequence and Src regulator
Authors: Dunajová Lucia , Cash Emily , Markus Robert , Rochette Sophie , Townley Amelia R. , Wheatley Sally P.
Published: June 2016

Survivin (also known as BIRC5) is a cancer-associated protein that exists in several locations in the cell. Its cytoplasmic residence in interphase cells is governed by CRM1 (also known as XPO1)-mediated nuclear exportation, and its localisation during mitosis to the centromeres and midzone microtubules is that of a canonical chromosomal passenger protein. In addition to these well-established locations, survivin is also a mitochondrial protein, but how it gets there and its function therein is presently unclear. Here, we show that the first ten amino acids at the N-terminus of survivin are sufficient to target GFP to the mitochondria in vivo, and ectopic expression of this decapeptide decreases cell adhesion and accelerates proliferation. The data support a signalling mechanism in which this decapeptide regulates the tyrosine kinase Src, leading to reduced focal adhesion plaques and disruption of F-actin organisation. This strongly suggests that the N-terminus of survivin is a mitochondrial-targeting sequence that regulates Src, and that survivin acts in concert with Src to promote tumorigenesis.
Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Heliconius erato: a nymphalid butterfly with at least five spectral classes of photoreceptor
Authors: McCulloch Kyle J. , Osorio Daniel , Briscoe Adriana D.
Published: June 2016

Most butterfly families expand the number of spectrally-distinct photoreceptors in their compound eye by opsin gene duplications together with lateral filter pigments, however most nymphalid genera have limited diversity, with only three or four spectral types of photoreceptor. Here we examine the spatial pattern of opsin expression and photoreceptor spectral sensitivities in Heliconius erato, a nymphalid with duplicate ultraviolet opsin genes, UVRh1 and UVRh2. We find that the H. erato compound eye is sexually dimorphic. Females express the two UV opsin proteins in separate photoreceptors, but males do not express UVRh1. Intracellular recordings confirmed that females have three short wavelength-sensitive photoreceptors (λmax=356 nm, ∼390 nm and 470 nm), while males have two (λmax=390 nm and ∼470 nm). We also found two long wavelength-sensitive photoreceptors (green, λmax ∼555 nm, and red, λmax ∼600 nm), which express the same LW opsin. The red cell's shifted sensitivity is probably due to perirhabdomal filtering pigments. Sexual dimorphism of the UV-absorbing rhodopsins may reflect the females' need to discriminate conspecifics from co-mimics. Red-green color vision may be used to detect differences in red coloration on Heliconius wings, or for host-plant identification. Among nymphalids so far investigated, only H. erato is known to possess five spectral classes of photoreceptor; sexual dimorphism of the eye via suppression of one class of opsin (here UVRh1 in males) has not—to our knowledge—been reported in any animal.
Syntheses and Properties of Ladder-type π-Conjugated Compounds Containing a Benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene Skeleton
Authors: Truong Minh Anh , Nakano Koji
Published: May 2016

Two kinds of ladder-type thiophene-fused π-conjugated compounds, benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]bis[1]benzothiophene (syn-BBBT) and dinaphtho[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithio-phene (syn-DNBDT), were successfully synthesized. Photophysical and electrochemical properties were evaluated by UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry as well as theoretical calculations. These properties were compared with those of structural isomers and oxygen analogs to reveal the effect of the fused position of thiophene rings and the fused heteroaromatic rings on π-conjugation. Field-effect transistors with the thin films of syn-BBBT and syn-DNBDT demonstrated typical p-type semiconductor characteristics with relatively high mobilities of <1.3 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Carbinols by a Chiral N,N-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Derivative Containing a 1,1′-Binaphthyl Unit: Hydrogen Bonding Affects Catalytic Activity and Enantioselectivity
Authors: Fujii Kazuki , Mitsudo Koichi , Mandai Hiroki , Suga Seiji
Published: May 2016

We developed an acylative kinetic resolution of secondary carbinols using a binaphthyl-based N,N-4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) derivative 1d with tert-alcohol substituents. The reaction proceeded with a wide range of carbinols with moderate to high selectivity (s) (up to s = 79.5). Kinetic studies revealed that catalyst 1d was more catalytically active than the corresponding bis-methyl ether 1d′ or DMAP. Hydrogen bonding between tert-alcohols of the catalyst and secondary carbinols was responsible for the enhanced reaction rate and high enantioselectivity.
Bladder care in the context of motherhood: Ensuring holistic midwifery practice
Authors: Lamb Kathryn , Sanders Ruth
Published: June 2016

Bladder care throughout the childbearing continuum is one of the essential components of midwifery care, as health of the urinary tract affects both short-term and long-term maternal wellbeing. Throughout antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care, midwives have the opportunity to safeguard bladder function and to promote normality. As frontline practitioners during pregnancy and childbirth, midwives are ideally placed to facilitate sensitive discussions about bladder function, considering an individualised baseline for each woman's wellbeing and recognising when deviations from the normal process occur ( Strahle and Stainton, 2006 ). With a sound understanding of the physiology and anatomy underpinning bladder care, midwives can educate women about changes during pregnancy, providing reassurance and gold-standard care. A holistic midwifery consideration of both the physiological and psychosocial wellbeing of all women is paramount ( Fritel et al, 2016 ), especially when considering invasive procedures such as catheterisation and the long-term sequelae associated with bladder dysfunction.
3D printing: clinical applications in orthopaedics and traumatology
Authors: Auricchio Ferdinando , Marconi Stefania
Published: June 2016

Advances in image processing have led to the clinical use of 3D printing technology, giving the surgeon a realistic physical model of the anatomy upon which he or she will operate. Relying on CT images, the surgeon creates a virtual 3D model of the target anatomy from a series of bi-dimensional images, translating the information contained in CT images into a more usable format. 3D printed models can play a central role in surgical planning and in the training of novice surgeons, as well as reducing the rate of re-operation.

Cite this article: Auricchio F, Marconi S. 3D printing: clinical applications in orthopaedics and traumatology. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:121–127. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000012.
Revision knee surgery techniques
Authors: Thienpont Emmanuel
Published: June 2016

Revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) is a challenging, complex procedure. A comprehensive understanding of the anatomy, challenges and pitfalls is essential to achieve a good outcome for the patient. This review discusses the determinants of good outcomes of rTKA. These include, among other factors, the choice of the surgical approach, removal of the components, adequate reconstruction of the joint line and posterior condylar offset and the use of offset stems, as well as choosing the appropriate level of constraint. The modularity of many modern knee revision systems can help to address such issues as anatomical mismatch, gap balancing and malalignment. A well-planned surgical approach must be used in rTKA. A thorough understanding of related knee anatomy is essential. The incidence of joint-line elevation after rTKA is high. Contralateral radiographs, as well as algorithms based on the relationship between bony landmarks and the joint line, can help to reconstruct a physiological joint line during rTKA. Modularity added to systems, such as offset stems, are useful enhancements that may further improve the reconstruction of the anatomy. There are several options for managing the patella, with the best choice depending on the status of the patellar component and residual bone stock.

Cite this article: Thienpont E. Revision knee surgery techniques. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1: 233-238. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000024.
What do we get from navigation in primary THA?
Authors: Renner Lisa , Janz Viktor , Perka Carsten , Wassilew Georgi I.
Published: June 2016

Navigation in primary total hip arthroplasty has a history of over 20 years. During this process, imageless computer navigation can be particularly helpful in optimally restoring the hip’s biomechanics. This involves the accurate placement of the acetabular component with the determination of the anteversion and abduction, whereby the navigated femur-first technique also allows for a calculation of the combined anteversion. Additional critical parameters such as the reconstruction of the rotation centre, as well as the femoral and acetabular offset, can also be optimally adjusted. Last but not least, an intra-operative evaluation and equalisation of the leg length is possible. Nonetheless, the disadvantages of this surgical technique in terms of the high costs in the acquisition and preservation of the necessary devices, as well as the longer operation time, must be taken into account. However, economic aspects are not the only thing preventing widespread use of the navigation technique. Determining the plane of reference (APP) for the optimal orientation of the implants is based on palpation of the bony landmarks – and this is influenced by the thickness of the soft tissue layer. Furthermore, the experience of the surgeon constitutes a variable that influences the accuracy of navigation. In summary, hip navigation certainly offers an interesting technique for the optimisation of total hip arthroplasty with reconstruction of proper biomechanics. At the same time, there is currently a lack of high-quality randomised controlled long-term trials that evaluate the clinical advantage for the patients, together with cost utility and survival rates.

Cite this article: Renner L, Janz V, Perka C, Wassilew GI. What do we get from navigation in primary THA? EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:205-210. 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000034.
Aetiology and pathogenesis of bone marrow lesions and osteonecrosis of the knee
Authors: Marcacci Maurilio , Andriolo Luca , Kon Elizaveta , Shabshin Nogah , Filardo Giuseppe
Published: June 2016

Bone marrow lesions (BML) of the knee are a frequent MRI finding, present in many different pathologies including trauma, post-cartilage surgery, osteoarthritis, transient BML syndromes, spontaneous insufficiency fractures, and true osteonecrosis. Osteonecrosis (ON) is in turn divided into spontaneous osteonecrosis (SONK), which is considered to be correlated to subchondral insufficiency fractures (SIFK), and avascular necrosis (AVN) which is mainly ascribable to ischaemic events. Every condition has a MRI pattern, a different clinical presentation, and specific histological features which are important in the differential diagnosis. The current evidence supports an overall correlation between BML and patient symptoms, although literature findings are variable, and very little is known about the natural history and the progression of these lesions. A full understanding of BML will be mandatory in the future to better address the different pathologies and develop appropriately-targeted treatments.

Cite this article: Marcacci M, Andriolo L, Kon E, Shabshin N, Filardo G. Aetiology and pathogenesis of bone marrow lesions and osteonecrosis of the knee. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:219-224. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000044.
Distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty with implants: a systematic review
Authors: Calcagni Maurizio , Giesen Thomas
Published: June 2016

A severely painful, dysfunctional, or destroyed distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) can be reconstructed by fusion, interposition of soft tissue, or by arthroplasty using prostheses. The objective of this study was to review the literature on implants and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of pain relief, range of motion and longevity. A search was carried out using protocols and well-defined criteria in PubMed, the Cochrane Library and by screening reference lists. The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Of the 27 publications reporting on nine different implants, we excluded reports with less than five cases and silastic replacements of the ulna head. Eighteen publications describing a total of five implants were selected for analysis. Nine of the publications were useful for the evaluation of implant longevity. Despite methodological shortcomings in many of the source documents, a summary estimate was possible. It seems that DRUJ implants have good potential to improve function through pain reduction; an improvement was observed in 17 series, although it was significant in only seven series. Instability is not uncommon with ulna head-only implants, but they cause fewer clinical problems and re-interventions than might be expected. The risk of deep infection is small with the available implants. Overall implant survival in papers with at least five years’ follow-up is 95%, with a slightly better longevity of 98% for the constrained implants. Periprosthetic osteolysis/radiolucency is frequently reported. Its causes and consequences are not clarified.

Cite this article: Calcagni M, Giesen T. Distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty with implants: a systematic review. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:191-196. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.160008.
Colony Structure of the Weaver Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Pimid Marcela , Hassan Abu , Tahir Nurita Abu , Thevan Kumara
Published: May 2016

The colony structure of Oecophylla smaragdina within the compound of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Island, Malaysia was determined. The current study involved a total of twelve nests which were taken from two different locations. Each nest was dissected and the specimens were separated according to their caste. Results show that the colony structure of O. smaragdina consisted of a dealate queen, eggs, larvae of female alates, pupae of major and minor workers, pupae of female alates, major workers, minor workers, female alates and male alates. Our present study shows that O. smaragdina had a distinct caste system and the numbers of individuals in each caste reflect their respective functions which contributed to the success of their colony.
The Males of Rhynchomicropteron (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: Disney R. Henry L.
Published: May 2016

The genus Rhynchomicropteron Annandal (1912) has distinctive, myrmecophilous, flightless females. The females of the 17 Oriental species are keyed by Disney & Kistner (1998), supplemented by Disney (1999, 2010). Until Brown (1992) reared R. nudiventer Papp in Thailand, the males had been assigned to the genus Gymnoselia Schmitz (1927). This ‘genus’ contained the type species, R. curvescens (Schmitz 1927) and R. nudicosta (Brues 1907). Neither of these have been linked to their females. Recently Lengyel (2011) has described both sexes of a species from Israel, and reported the presence of this genus in Africa and Australia. The males remain poorly known. The purpose of this paper is to provide a key to the known males, even though most remain unknown and some are given code numbers only until they can be linked to their females.
A Newly Recorded Genus and Species, Harpagoxenus sublaevis, from China with a Key to the Known Species of Harpagoxenus of the World (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Xu Zheng-Hui
Published: May 2016

The newly recorded genus and species to China, Harpagoxenus sublaevis (Nylander), is reported from Da Hinggan Ling, northeastern China. Diagnosis of the genus and description of the species are provided based on a Chinese specimen. A key to the 3 known species of the genus of the world is prepared based on the worker caste.