bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicultural Counseling Competencies as Tools to Address Oppression and Racism
Authors: Arredondo Patricia
Published: December 2011

The Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992) provide developmental and evaluative guidelines for enhancing counselor education and practice. A reason for the articulation of the competencies was the need to address racism and other forms of interpersonal and institutional oppression in the profession. The Dimensions of Personal Identity Model is discussed as a reference point to recognize various personal criteria that are often the focal point of discriminatory behavior. Specific competencies and explanatory statements provide checkpoints that address racism and other forms of oppression that are part of the human experience, but more particularly so for people of color in the United States.
Planned Happenstance: Constructing Unexpected Career Opportunities
Authors: Mitchell Kathleen E. , Al Levin S. , Krumboltz John D.
Published: December 2011

Chance plays an important role in everyone's career, but career counseling is still perceived as a process designed to eliminate chance from career decision making. Traditional career counseling interventions are no longer sufficient to prepare clients to respond to career uncertainties. Work world shifts challenge career counselors to adopt a counseling intervention that views unplanned events as both inevitable and desirable. Counselors need to teach clients to engage in exploratory activities to increase the probability that the clients will discover unexpected career opportunities. Unplanned events can become opportunities for learning.
Identifying the Career Decision‐Making Needs of Nontraditional College Students
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

As the number of nontraditional college students (defined as students over the age of 25) continues to increase on college campuses nationwide, there is a clear need to address the career development needs of this growing population. This article critically reviews the results of recent research evaluating the relationship between the age of college students and various aspects of their career development. On the basis of this review, several implications for career counselors who work with nontraditional college students are discussed, and ideas for future research in this domain are presented.
Situating Psychological Well‐Being: Exploring the Cultural Roots of Its Theory and Research
Authors: Christopher John Chambers
Published: December 2011

Psychological well‐being is a seminal concept in counseling and yet it is seldom discussed, researched, or critiqued; this article examines the cultural values and assumptions underlying its theory and research. Contemporary understandings of psychological and subjective well‐being are placed in cultural and historical context to illuminate their Euro‐American cultural roots. Approaches to psychological well‐being are shown to presuppose ontological and liberal individualism as notions of the self and as normative prescriptions for the good or ideal person. It is argued that culture‐free theories or measures of well‐being are unattainable; all understandings of psychological well‐being are based on moral visions.
Perceptions of the Supervisory Relationship: Recovering and Nonrecovering Substance Abuse Counselors
Authors: Culbreth John R. , Borders L. DiAnne
Published: December 2011

The unique set of dynamics found in the substance abuse field (i.e., recovering and nonrecovering counselors and supervisors) calls for a separate examination of the supervisory relationship within this context. The authors examined differences in counselors' perceptions of the supervisory relationship based on counselor and supervisor recovery status, and the match or mismatch of counselor and supervisor recovery status. Substance abuse counselors (N = 547) working in a statewide public mental health system located in the Southeast rated satisfaction with supervision and reported perceptions of various dimensions of the supervisory relationship. Results of the 2 (counselor recovery status: nonrecovering and recovering) × 2 (supervisor recovery status: nonrecovering and recovering) multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in ratings of satisfaction or relationship dimensions based on either the counselors' or supervisors' recovery status. A significant interaction effect for counselor and supervisor recovery status (i.e., match or mismatch of recovery status) was found for all satisfaction and relationship measures.
Profiles of Counseling Pioneers: A Visit With Kathleen and Gilbert Wrenn
Authors: Maples Mary Finn , Maples Newsom Battle
Published: December 2011

The authors have had the honor of knowing Gilbert and Kathleen Wrenn for 20 years; this story is about them. As Gilbert stated, “I am not a lone star, but part of a constellation… ”(Wachowiak & Aubrey, 1976, p. 76). The authors are privileged to know that for Gilbert, Kathleen (his partner of 72 years in 1996) is the center of that constellation. This article briefly captures pieces of the journey of 72+ years, on which Gilbert and Kathleen, each at 96 years of age, are continuing to travel together.
Supervision for Counselors Working With Eating Disorders Groups: Countertransference Issues Related to Body Image, Food, and Weight
Authors: DeLucia‐Waack Janice L.
Published: December 2011

Because of similarities in age, education, and background, group counselors and members of eating disorders groups may easily identify and connect with each other. Although it can be positive, such overidentification may also create countertransference issues and demand attention in supervision. A model of supervision based on parallel process is presented to address these issues. The article describes (a) societal values related to eating disorders and countertransference; (b) specific themes in eating disorder groups and their impact on group process; (c) examples of countertransference related to body image, food, and weight; and (d) guidelines for supervision of female counselors working with eating disorders groups.
A “Primer” in Conceptual Metaphor for Counselors
Authors: Wickman Scott Allen , Daniels M. Harry , White Lyle J. , Fesmire Steven A.
Published: December 2011

Conceptual metaphor provides a potentially powerful counseling framework, generalizable across theoretical orientations. According to the conceptual perspective, metaphor is not merely a matter of language, but is an indispensable dimension of human understanding and experience whereby more abstract ideas (like relationships) are understood in terms of more concrete experiences (like journeys). Consequently, when a couple in counseling says, “we're just spinning our wheels,” they are not only using a common colloquial expression, but also giving information about how they conceptualize their relationship. This article provides a theoretical foundation for use of conceptual metaphor and offers examples of its potential for counseling.
Perceptions of Chicano/Latino Students Who Have Dropped Out of School
Authors: Avilés Robert M. Davison , Guerrero Manuel P. , Howarth Heidi Barajas , Thomas Glenn
Published: December 2011

Chicano/Latino drop out was investigated in a qualitative study, conducting focus group interviews with Chicano/Latinos who had dropped out of high school. Participant responses revealed themes of alienation and discrimination in the school setting. The roles of school counselors as multicultural advocates and community‐family‐school liaisons are discussed.
The Impact of Multiple AIDS‐Related Bereavement in the Gay Male Population
Authors: Springer Carrie A. , Lease Suzanne H.
Published: December 2011

During the last 15 years, society has been overwhelmed by the medical, social, and psychological impact of AIDS and HIV. One aspect of this issue is AIDS‐related loss, and the correlative epidemic of AIDS‐related bereavement. Individuals are considered particularly susceptible to such bereavement when loss is multiple, as is often the case in the gay male population. The research exploring the impact of AIDS‐related loss is reviewed, and counseling implications for working with individuals experiencing multiple losses are suggested.
“Follow Your Bliss”: A Process for Career Happiness
Authors: Henderson Sheila J.
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study, 8 individuals, notably happy at work, were interviewed to explore the psychological and environmental determinants of their work satisfaction and the significant factors in their career development. Results indicated that participants (a) demonstrated a dogged commitment to follow their interests, what they succeeded in and enjoyed (careers tended to follow a positive meandering path); (b) exhibited a breadth of personal competencies and strengths; and (c) functioned in work environments characterized by freedom, challenge, meaning, and positive social atmosphere. Joseph Campbell's (1968, 1988) paradigms provide a framework for conceptualizing happiness at work. Practical suggestions are offered to counselors and researchers.
Contextual Themes in Career Decision Making of Female Clients Who Indicate Depression
Authors: Lucas Margaretha S. , Skokowski Cheri Timko , Ancis Julie R.
Published: December 2011

Difficulties concerning female counseling center clients' career decision making were explored in this qualitative study. The authors reviewed counseling intake and progress notes of 18 female students who sought counseling services at a university counseling center and who presented career concerns and reported feeling depressed. Most women in this study described their career decision‐making difficulties in the context of relationships with their parents or significant others. Both external (i.e., family relationships, family and culture, and relationships with significant others) and internal (i.e., developmental, developmental and mental health issues, and skill deficits) conditions emerged as significantly affecting these women's career decision‐making process.
Examining the Social Context of Bullying Behaviors in Early Adolescence
Authors: Espelage Dorothy L. , Bosworth Kris , Simon Thomas R.
Published: December 2011

Familial and adult influences, peer relations, and distal contextual factors were tested as correlates of a continuous measure of bullying behavior within a sample of 558 middle school students. Only 19.5% of the sample reported exhibiting no bullying behavior in the past 30 days. Parental physical discipline, time spent without adult supervision, negative peer influences, and neighborhood safety concerns were each positively associated with bullying behavior. In contrast, positive adult role models were associated with less bullying behavior. Results suggest that counselors should focus prevention and intervention efforts on the risk factors within the larger social context of an adolescent's life.
Positive Life Events as a Moderator of Stress‐Related Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Dixon Wayne A. , Reid Jon K.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the relationships among positive life events, negative life events, and depressive symptoms in a sample of college students. Consistent with predictions, the results of a hierarchical multiple regression indicated a significant main effect for negative life events in predicting depressive symptoms such that increases in negative life events were associated with increases in depressive symptoms. There was also significant interaction between positive and negative life events such that the depressive effects of higher levels of negative life events seem to be reduced for subjects who had also experienced higher levels of positive life events.
Mending the Broken Circle: Treatment of Substance Dependence Among Native Americans
Authors: Garrett Michael Tlanusta , Carroll Jane J.
Published: December 2011

Issues surrounding substance dependence of Native Americans are examined through the cultural concept of the Broken Circle. Traditional cultural views of wellness and healing are described using the traditions of Indian Medicine, the value of the Circle, and what it means to live in harmony and balance. Underlying factors in substance dependence of Native Americans are presented along with practical counseling recommendations and implications for treatment through both contemporary and traditional Native healing methods.
Interdependence in Ethnic Identity and Self: Implications for Theory and Practice
Authors: Yeh Christine J. , Hwang Mary Y.
Published: December 2011

This article broadens the conceptual framework of ethnic identity theory by integrating an interdependent perspective of self into counseling theory and practice. An extensive review of ethnic identity theory is presented with a focus on the literature emphasizing the relational and cultural context in the development of self. A dynamic, situationally based theory of ethnic identity is presented, and implications for counseling from an interdependent perspective are discussed.
The Power of Perception: Toward a Model of Cultural Oppression and Liberation
Authors: Hanna Fred J. , Talley William B. , Guindon Mary H.
Published: December 2011

Oppression is defined and identified as the basis of a considerable range of psychopathology. An exploratory transcultural model of counseling based on oppression is introduced with the goal of serving both oppressed and oppressive clients. Perception, as perspicacity, is the key to this exploratory model. The authors suggest that oppressed persons generally possess a considerable degree of perception of their oppressors even though they may be unaware of it. Research from the literature on depressive realism is used to infer support. Counseling approaches to oppressed persons are introduced including a new approach to cognitive therapy and an emphasis on liberation rather than adjustment. Counseling approaches to oppressors are also discussed based on the rehabilitation of empathy and perception.
Noncompetition Agreements and the Counseling Profession: An Unrecognized Reality for Private Practitioners
Authors: Wyatt Tracey , Daniels M. Harry , White Lyle J.
Published: December 2011

Restrictive covenants are proven means of limiting competition and need to be understood by counselors. The authors consider the American Counseling Association's (ACA) position on noncompetition agreements between employers and employees in light of case law from other service professions and conclude that ACA members are uninformed and available sources of information (i.e., ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, ACA, 1995) do not provide needed information. The absence of information about this important topic puts members at risk in an increasingly competitive private practice market. The authors propose guidelines for responding to this issue.
Carkhuff's Human Technology: A Verification and Extension of Kelly's (1997) Suggestion to Integrate the Humanistic and Technical Components of Counseling
Authors: Aspy David N. , Aspy Cheryl B. , Russel Gene , Wedel Mack
Published: December 2011

In the May/June 1997 issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development, Eugene Kelly contended that the counseling profession should integrate its theories to combine the strengths of both the humanistic and the technical orientations in the field. Kelly's recommendation is supported by previous efforts that have already advanced the field. Human Technology (HT) as devised by Robert Carkhuff integrated nondirective, psychodynamic, and behavioristic counseling modes. Extensions of HT also demonstrate the continuing growth potential in the integrative strategy. In this article, the authors discuss those endeavors to emphasize the potential contributions to be attained by integrating humanistic and technical orientations.
Racial Discrimination, Coping, Life Satisfaction, and Self‐Esteem Among African Americans
Authors: Utsey Shawn O. , Ponterotto Joseph G. , Reynolds Amy L. , Cancelli Anthony A.
Published: December 2011

This article reports the results of a study that examined the coping strategies used by African Americans in managing the stressful effects of racism. A total of 213 participants (women, n = 137; men, n = 76) completed the Index of Race‐Related Stress (S. O. Utsey & J. G. Ponterotto, 1996), the Coping Strategy Indicator (J. H. Amirkhan, 1990), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (E. Diener, R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen, & S. Griffin, 1985), and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (M. Rosenberg, 1965). Results indicated that women preferred avoidance coping for racism experienced on a personal level. For African Americans in general, seeking social support and racism condition were the best predictors of racism‐related stress. Life satisfaction and self‐esteem were best predicted by avoidance coping. Implications for the provision of counseling services to African Americans are discussed.
Depressed Clients' Attributions of Responsibility for the Causes of and Solutions to Their Problems
Authors: Wall Terri N. , Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the attributions made by depressed clients about responsibility for the causes of and solutions to their problems. A total of 160 university counseling center clients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (A. T. Beck & R. A. Steer, 1987) and instruments measuring attributions of responsibility, internality, stability, and controllability for their problems. Support was obtained for the hypothesis that depressed clients blame themselves more for causing their problems than do nondepressed clients. However, client attributions of responsibility for solving problems were not affected by level of depressive symptoms. Finally, P. Brickman et al.'s (1982) theory of responsibility attributions was found to be modestly related with B. Weiner's (1985) attribution theory.
The Best Kept Secret in Counseling: Single‐Case (N = 1) Experimental Designs
Authors: Lundervold Duane A. , Belwood Marilyn F.
Published: December 2011

Counselor education has been repeatedly faulted for failing to adequately train counselors in research methodology, generally, and practice‐relevant methods, specifically. Continued emphasis and education in the use of group experimental design methodology, which is by definition insensitive to the exigencies of everyday practice, will have little effect on counseling practice. It is ironic that single‐case (N = 1) design developed for use in practice settings continues to be the “best kept secret” in counseling. Single‐case (N = 1) designs offer a scientifically credible means to objectively evaluate practice and conduct clinically relevant research in practice settings. A 7‐component model for establishing the use of single‐case design research methods in counseling programs is presented.
Addressing the Mental Health Concerns of International Students
Authors: Mori Sakurako Chako
Published: December 2011

International students on the American college campus are a diverse and increasing population whose unique concerns are traditionally overlooked. However, given the evidence that the demands for cultural adjustments frequently place international students at greater risk for various psychological problems than are students in general, it is important that sufficient and readily accessible mental health services be established for them. This article examines the sources of international students' psychological concerns, the reasons for their notable underutilization of existing counseling services, and the ways to provide more culturally sensitive services.
Carl Rogers: Body‐Centered Counselor
Authors: Fernald Peter S.
Published: December 2011

The fundamental construct of C. R. Rogers's (1961, 1980a) person‐centered approach is organismic experiencing. This thesis is examined in the context of person‐centered theories of personality and counseling. Similarities between Rogers's thinking and that of W. Reich (1942, 1945), pioneer in body‐oriented psychotherapy, are identified. Rogers's activities as counselor are shown to be body‐centered.
Student Perceptions of Campus Cultural Climate by Race
Authors: Ancis Julie R. , Sedlacek William E. , Mohr Jonathan J.
Published: December 2011

Five hundred and seventy‐eight African American, Asian American, Latino/a, and White undergraduates responded to a questionnaire assessing perceptions and experiences of the campus cultural climate. Results revealed significant differences between racial and ethnic groups on multiple dimensions of the campus cultural climate. African American students consistently reported significantly more racial—ethnic conflict on campus; pressure to conform to stereotypes; and less equitable treatment by faculty, staff, and teaching assistants. White students' responses reflected limited perceptions of racial—ethnic tensions and a university climate characterized by respect for diversity. Counseling implications are presented.
Theoretical Grounding: The “Missing Link” in Suicide Research
Authors: Rogers James R.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the strengths and limitations of the current pragmatic focus of research in suicidology and presents an argument for theoretical grounding as a precursor for continued advancement in this area. An existential‐constructivist framework of “meaning creation” is presented as a theoretical heuristic for understanding suicide. This formulation focuses on the basic human quest for meaning and connectedness as the underlying motivations for individual constructions of reality. Finally, the model outlines general areas of challenge and stress that may provide pathways to suicide and provides a general discussion of the implications of the model for research and practice.
Understanding and Counseling Self‐Mutilation in Female Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Zila Laurie MacAniff , Kiselica Mark S.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the syndrome of self‐mutilation with specific attention given to self‐mutilation in female adolescents and young adults. Causes, symptoms, types, definitions, and treatments are discussed. Included is an explanation of the lexical and conceptual confusion that accompanies self‐mutilation. Implications and recommendations for counselors are addressed.
Sex and Ethnic Differences in the Perception of Educational and Career‐Related Barriers and Levels of Coping Efficacy
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony , McWhirter Ellen Hawley
Published: December 2011

Participants (168 female and 118 male undergraduate students) completed a brief questionnaire, a measure of perceived educational and career‐related barriers, and a measure of coping efficacy. As expected, women and ethnic minorities anticipated significantly more career‐related barriers than did men and European American students, respectively. Ethnic minorities also exhibited more perceived educational barriers and lower self‐efficacy for coping with perceived career‐related barriers relative to their European American counterparts. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and practical career counseling applications.
Friendsickness in the Transition to College: Precollege Predictors and College Adjustment Correlates
Authors: Paul Elizabeth L. , Brier Sigal
Published: December 2011

In this study friendsickness (preoccupation with and concern for the loss of or change in precollege friendships) is seen as a significant source of distress for college students, affecting college adjustment. A short‐term longitudinal study of college students (N = 70) examined associations between friendsickness, precollege predictors, and dimensions of college adjustment 10 weeks into the first semester. As hypothesized, friendsickness was associated with precollege social concerns, discrepancy between precollege expectations and college experiences, more precollege friends in the college social network, and loneliness and poor self‐esteem in college. Implications for precollege prevention of and college intervention efforts for friendsickness are discussed.
Encouragement and Ethnicity in African American College Students
Authors: Phelps Rosemary E. , Tranakos‐Howe Sarah , Dagley John C. , Lyn Michelle King
Published: December 2011

Encouragement and ethnicity were examined in 112 African American college students attending 2 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and a predominantly White institution (PWI). Results indicated a positive relationship between Ethnic Pride and View of Others for the HBCU group and positive relationships between Ethnic Pride and the Encouragement Scale for the PWI group. Ethnic Worry was negatively correlated with the Encouragement Scale for both groups. In addition, Ethnic Discrimination was negatively correlated with Openness to Experience for the PWI group. The usefulness of conceptualizing encouragement and ethnicity together for African American college students and practice implications are discussed.
The State of Community Counseling: A Survey of Directors of CACREP‐Accredited Programs
Authors: Hershenson David B. , Berger Gisela P.
Published: December 2011

Directors of CACREP‐accredited community counseling programs were surveyed on plans for their programs, needed curricular changes, professional organization and publications desired, and what makes community counseling distinct as a counseling specialization. Respondents were evenly divided between those who seem to see community counseling as generic counselor preparation for nonschool settings and those who seem to see it as a community‐oriented specialization in its own right. This division of opinion suggests a need to resolve this issue.
Metaphor and Change in Counseling
Authors: Lyddon William J. , Clay Alison L. , Sparks Cheri L.
Published: December 2011

Increased general interest among counselors in the way language, narratives, and stories influence clients' personal and social realities has drawn particular attention to metaphorical language and its facilitative role in counseling. In this article, the authors suggest that metaphors and metaphorical knowing may play a significant role in facilitating at least 5 developmental change processes in counseling: relationship building, accessing and symbolizing client emotions, uncovering and challenging clients' tacit assumptions, working with client resistance, and introducing new frames of reference.
FOCUS on the Family Caregiver: A Problem‐Solving Training Intervention
Authors: Kurylo Monica F. , Elliott Timothy R. , Shewchuk Richard M.
Published: December 2011

Problem‐solving interventions have documented effectiveness in treating distress among a variety of clientele. The authors discuss the application of training in social problem solving with family caregivers of persons who have incurred severe physical disabilities. Specifically, the authors outline training procedures (i.e., Project FOCUS) that enable counselors to assist family caregivers in developing effective problem‐solving skills that may translate to increased wellness for each caregiver, and by extension, their care recipients.
High School Students' Career‐Related Decision‐Making Difficulties
Authors: Gati Itamar , Saka Noa
Published: December 2011

The present study examined the construct of career‐related decision‐making difficulties among 1,843 Israeli adolescents: choosing a high school (9th grade), choosing high school elective courses (10th grade), and deciding on a military job preference (11th grade). Three versions of the Career Decision‐Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) were constructed to match the 3 decision situations. The structures of the 10 difficulty categories of the revised CDDQ were found similar to that proposed by I. Gati, M. Krausz, and S. H. Osipow (1996). Boys reported higher difficulties than girls in external conflicts and dysfunctional beliefs. Research and counseling implications are discussed.
Training AIDS and Anger Prevention Social Skills in At‐Risk Adolescents
Authors: Hovell Melbourne F. , Blumberg Elaine J. , Liles Sandy , Powell Linda , Morrison Theodore C. , Duran Gabriela , Sipan Carol L. , Burkham Susan , Kelley Norma
Published: December 2011

Youth in alternative schools often engage in high rates of risk behaviors for AIDS and violence. This study included 42 youth, ages 13 to 18, from alternative schools in San Diego, CA, and tested the effectiveness of behavioral skills training based on the Behavioral‐Ecological Model. Two interventions were evaluated: one teaching condom use skills and the other teaching anger management skills. Changes in most skills were significant at postintervention but were not maintained at 6 months. Few risk‐related attitudes or behaviors improved at 6 months for either group.
Finding Happiness for Ourselves and Our Clients
Authors: Miller Geri
Published: December 2011

D. G. Myers (2000) examined the contributing factors of happiness: money, relationships, and religion. The implications of these factors for counseling are discussed with specific recommendations made for counselors regarding their own self‐care and their work with their clients.
Developmental Personality Styles: An Attachment Theory Conceptualization of Personality Disorders
Authors: Lyddon William J. , Sherry Alissa
Published: December 2011

Attachment theory, as a developmentally based theory of personality formation, provides a viable framework for understanding the development and maintenance of personality disorders, or what A. E. Ivey and M. B. Ivey (1998) have referred to as “developmental personality styles.” Using K. Bartholomew's (1990) 4‐dimensional model of adult attachment as an organizational framework, 10 developmental personality styles are differentiated regarding their unique attachment experiences, working models of self and other, and feedforward beliefs. Implications of an attachment theory framework for counseling clients with problematic developmental personality styles are discussed.
Gender Role Stress in Relation to Shame, Guilt, and Externalization
Authors: Efthim Paul W. , Kenny Maureen E. , Mahalik James R.
Published: December 2011

This study explored how gender role stress variables are related to shame‐proneness, guilt‐proneness, and externalization. Undergraduates completed the Test of Self‐Conscious Affect and the Masculine or Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale, respectively. Canonical analyses revealed 3 significant roots for the male sample accounting for 50% of the total variance between gender role stress and self‐conscious emotions, and 1 significant root for the female sample accounting for 31% of the variance. The discussion examines the complex relationship between gender role ideals and the experience of shame, guilt, and the use of externalization as a defense against these painful affects.
Reconstructing Their Lives: A Longitudinal, Qualitative Analysis of the Transition to Biological Childlessness for Infertile Couples
Authors: Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

A 3‐year, longitudinal study was conducted to determine how infertile couples make the transition to biological childlessness after medical treatment fails. Four in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 37 couples at 10‐month intervals beginning within 2 months after they stopped trying to conceive. Phenomenological analysis of these data indicated progressive adaptation by the participants to their biological childlessness over time, with greater overall life satisfaction being most apparent for those who were successful in creating their families through adoption.
A Cluster Analytic Study of Clinical Orientations Among Chemical Dependency Counselors
Authors: Thombs Dennis L. , Osborn Cynthia J.
Published: December 2011

Three distinct clinical orientations were identified in a sample of chemical dependency counselors (N = 406). Based on cluster analysis, the largest group, identified and labeled as “uniform counselors,” endorsed a simple, moral‐disease model with little interest in psychosocial interventions. A 2nd group, identified as “multiform counselors,” embraced an incongruent moral‐disease‐psychosocial model, and valued a myriad of treatment approaches. The smallest group, labeled “client‐directed counselors,” did not fully endorse Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) principles, valued non‐coercive treatment, and recognized coexisting psychopathology in clients. Results from a discriminant function analysis provided evidence to support the 3‐group cluster solution.
The Measurement of Masculinity and Femininity: Historical Perspective and Implications for Counseling
Authors: Hoffman Rose Marie
Published: December 2011

Masculinity and femininity are both psychological and sociocultural constructs that test developers have attempted to assess for many years. The author examines the history of the measurement of masculinity and femininity from the 1920s through 2000, addresses relevant theory, and considers criticisms of masculinity and femininity measurement as well as the challenges of responding to them. Implications of the use of such measures by counselors, researchers, and counselor educators are discussed.
An Emergent Theory of Altruism and Self‐Interest
Authors: Flynn Stephen V. , Black Linda L.
Published: December 2011

Beliefs about altruism and self‐interest of 25 participants were examined through a grounded theory methodology. Altruism was defined as the promotion of needs of others and self‐interest as the promotion of needs of self. Data sources included interviews, focus group, journal analysis, artifacts, and a measure of altruism. The relationship between altruism and self‐interest emerged and was composed of 12 themes. Themes described a dynamic theory that was systemic, values oriented, and interactional.
An Evidence‐Based Approach to Reducing Recidivism in Court‐Referred Youth
Authors: Lancaster Chloe , Balkin Richard S. , Garcia Roberto , Valarezo Alexandra
Published: December 2011

The authors obtained recidivism data on a predominantly Latino/a sample of juvenile offenders within a 24‐month period following their participation in a community‐based psychoeducational counseling program emphasizing life skills development. The treatment group was compared with a sample of youth derived from the same database who had participated in community probationary programs. Youth in the treatment group had statistically significant less recidivism in a 24‐month period subsequent to completing the program than did youth in the control group.
Courtland Lee: A Global Advocate for Counseling
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: December 2011

Courtland Lee is exemplary in his accomplishments nationally and internationally. His academic achievements are notable in multicultural counseling and social justice. His leadership in counseling has been outstanding with his having served as president of the American Counseling Association, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, and the International Association for Counselling. In this interview, Lee describes his development as a person, a counselor, and a counselor educator.
Child Discipline and Physical Abuse in Immigrant Latino Families: Reducing Violence and Misunderstandings
Authors: Fontes Lisa Aronson
Published: December 2011

This article examines common areas of misunderstanding between professionals and low‐income Latino families concerning issues of physical abuse. It argues that low‐income immigrant children deserve the same protection from harsh physical punishment as all other children. This ar ticle suggests culturally competent ways for counselors to work with Latino families to eliminate all forms of violence toward children including corporal punishment. Finally, this article argues that the systemic stresses on low‐income Latino immigrant families must be acknowledged and reduced when addressing child discipline and abuse.
Reason, Intuition, and Social Justice: Elaborating on Parsons's Career Decision‐Making Model
Authors: Hartung Paul J. , Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

Nearly a century ago, Frank Parsons established the Vocation Bureau in Boston and spawned the development of the counseling profession. Elaborating on Parsons's socially responsible vision for counseling, the authors examine contemporary perspectives on career decision making that include both rational and alternative models and propose that these models be integrated. Returning to counseling's roots in early 20th century social and political reformation movements could ultimately lead the profession to a renewed vision that comprehends career decision making and counseling as a socially situated process entailing purposeful reasoning, prudent intuition, and sustained efforts at ameliorating social injustice.
Her Body Speaks: The Experience of Dance Therapy for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Mills Letty J. , Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

This qualitative, phenomenological study explores the experiences of dance therapy for 5 women who had been sexually abused as children. Using in‐depth, largely unstructured interviews, the women reflect on their dance therapy experiences and on their perceptions of the role of these experiences in their psychological healing. Analysis of these data revealed 6 common themes related to the women's sense of spontaneity, permission to play, struggle, freedom, intimate connection, and bodily reconnection. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the therapeutic nature of dance therapy and how this therapeutic modality facilitates change and healing in clients' lives.
Building Ego and Racial Identity: Preliminary Perspectives on Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Watt Sherry K. , Robinson Tracy L. , Lupton‐Smith Helen
Published: December 2011

Loevinger's (J. Loevinger & R. Wessler, 1976) Washington Sentence Completion Test of ego development and Black and White versions of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1990; T. A. Parham & J. E. Helms, 1981) were administered to 38 graduate students at the beginning, middle, and end of their counseling program. All 3 counseling tracks were included in the research: community agency, school counseling, and student development. Preliminary perspectives are discussed as well as implications for counselor education programs and future research.
Revisiting the California Southeast Asian Mental Health Needs Assessment Data: An Examination of Refugee Ethnic and Gender Differences
Authors: Chung Rita Chi‐Ying , Bemak Fred
Published: December 2011

This study examined the ethnic and gender differences in the levels and predictors of distress among Vietnamese (N = 867), Cambodian (N = 590) and Laotian (N = 723) refugees. The findings showed that for all 3 groups, refugee women reported a significantly higher level of psychological distress than their male counterparts. Although there were similarities in the predictors of distress among refugee women and men, the results also found significant gender differences within and between the different cultural groups. Implications for counseling practice and research are discussed in light of the findings.
Amicus Curiae Brief for the United States Supreme Court on Mental Health Issues Associated With “Physician‐Assisted Suicide”
Authors: Werth James L. , Gordon Judith R.
Published: December 2011

After providing background material related to the Supreme Court cases on “physician‐assisted suicide” (Washington v. Glucksberg, 1997, and Vacco v. Quill, 1997), this article presents the amicus curiae brief that was submitted to the United States Supreme Court by 2 national mental health organizations, a state psychological association, and an ad hoc coalition of mental health professionals. The document focuses on the role mental health professionals can play in discussions about hastened death. In particular, it is asserted that mental health professionals can assess capacity the decision‐making process, and the role of coercion in such decisions. The effect of the brief on the Supreme Court and within the organizations involved is also discussed.
Alternative Ways of Measuring Counselees' Jungian Psychological‐Type Preferences
Authors: Vacha‐Haase Tammi , Thompson Bruce
Published: December 2011

Instruments measuring Carl Jung's (1921/1971) theory of psychological types have been widely used in various counseling contexts, including career counseling, marital and family therapy and team building. The most popular measure of types, the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), was developed by Katherine C. Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, but the MBTI has been criticized for (a) dichotomous scoring, (b) forced‐choice response formats, and (c) differential gender weighting of item responses. The authors conducted 2 studies (N1 = 207; N2 = 894) exploring the psychometric properties of scores from an alternative measure of types, the Personal Preferences Self‐Description Questionnaire (PPSDQ). Results suggest that the PPSDQ may successfully address concerns with alternative measures.
Constructing Family‐Friendly Careers: Mothers' Experiences
Authors: Jackson Aaron P. , Scharman Janet S.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the experience of 26 married mothers who had developed family‐friendly careers. Family‐friendly careers were defined as careers that required less than 30 hours per week and were structured to allow the participants to spend “significant” amounts of time with their families. Guided interviews were used to obtain in‐depth descriptions of the participants' experiences. The interviews were transcribed and interpreted using a synthesis of qualitative methods. The themes extracted were partner/family decision making, creative pioneering, work satisfaction, pleasant stress, ambiguous preparation, peaceful trade‐offs, surprise feelings, and partner career flexibility. The findings suggest how counselors can support their clients in considering alternative approaches to blending work and family life.
Perfectionism and Self‐Development: Implications for College Adjustment
Authors: Rice Kenneth G. , Dellwo Jacqueline P.
Published: December 2011

Cluster analyses supported the existence of 2 groups of perfectionists (labeled “adaptive” and “mala daptive”) and a group of non perfectionists in a sample (N = 312) of college students. Maladaptive perfectionists evidenced the poorest adjustment of all 3 groups. Adaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists generally evidenced comparable aspects of emotional adjustment and academic integration. No differences between groups were observed in cumulative grade point average. Adaptive and mal‐adaptive perfectionists reported disruptions in self‐development. Differences between the perfectionist groups suggested that the roles of idealized parental images in self‐development might be important sorting points for adaptive or maladaptive trajectories toward perfectionism.
Perfectionism, Dysfunctional Attitudes, and Self‐Esteem: A Structural Equations Analysis
Authors: Ashby Jeffrey S. , Rice Kenneth G.
Published: December 2011

The researchers in this study examined the association between adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism and self‐esteem. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling were used to develop and test a model derived from theoretical links between perfectionism and self‐esteem. Path models revealed that adaptive perfectionism was positively associated with self‐esteem and maladaptive perfectionism was negatively associated with self‐esteem. Implications of discriminating between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in counseling research and practice are discussed.
Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD) and Counseling's Interwoven Nature: Achieving a More Complete Understanding of the Present Through “Historization” (Musings of an Exiting Editor—An Editorial Postscript)
Authors: Ginter Earl J.
Published: December 2011

In this brief opinion piece, the author retraces the relationship of JCD and the history of counseling to isolate essential elements of counseling's unique approach. The author contends that to overlook the role of past events and past contributors deprives one of a more complete professional understanding of counseling, because each passing moment is largely a creation of those past events that possess a dynamic, systemic nature that has become actualized in present time.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 2000–2001
Authors: Williams Carmen Braun , Freeman Larry T.
Published: December 2011

This report summarizes the activities of the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee during the period of July 1, 2000, through June 30, 2001. Summary data of the complaints filed and inquiries received are presented.
Scapegoating: Dynamics and Interventions in Group Counseling
Authors: Clark Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

Scapegoating in group counseling may be understood from the perspective of 3 levels of group functioning: intrapsychic, interpersonal, and the group as an entity. Intense scapegoating interactions tend to trigger defense mechanisms among group members. The article reviews a progressive 3‐stage conceptualization of group development that contributes to a more complete understanding of the means to initiate therapeutic change of the phenomenon. Various interventions outlined in the article can assist the group counselor in effectively responding to scapegoating in group counseling.
The Counseling Profession's Relationship to Jews and the Issues That Concern Them: More Than a Case of Selective Awareness
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: December 2011

The goals of this article are to define anti‐Semitism; demonstrate the necessity for accurately labeling anti‐Semitic behavior as such; provide longitudinal evidence of anti‐Semitism and the mistreatment of Jews and the absence of addressing Jewish issues by the counseling profession; prepare a compendium of the preceding—and in so doing, create an awareness of the resulting problem. The author posits that the near universal failure of those committed to multicultural counseling to rail against anti‐Semitism and embrace the notion of Jews as a culturally distinct group poses a serious threat to the delivery of bias‐free counseling and thus the image that the counseling profession presents of itself to other mental health professions and the general public.
Postmodern Implications for Theoretical Integration of Counseling Approaches
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

Theoretical integration refers to the conceptual unification of diverse counseling approaches. Past attempts at theoretical integration have not yielded a broad conceptual framework that seamlessly integrates counseling approaches with varied foundational assumptions. The author contends that the failure of these integrative attempts is a by‐product of the modernistic epistemic context in which the systems were considered and proposes an examination of common narrative features of counseling approaches in a postmodern epistemic context to achieve integration. These features are specified, elaborated, and conclusions are drawn.
African Americans' Educational Expectations: Longitudinal Causal Models for Women and Men
Authors: Trusty Jerry
Published: December 2011

The long‐term educational development of African American adolescents was investigated using a national longitudinal sample. The dependent variable was the highest level of education that participants ever expected to achieve. These expectations were assessed when participants were 2 years beyond high school. Background variables and family variables were assessed when students were in the 8th grade. High school behavior variables were assessed when students were high school seniors. Path models revealed differing processes for women and men. Overall, effects of early academic performance variables were strongest, followed by effects of family variables and high school behavior variables. Implications for theory and practice are included.