bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The phoretic association of Nanocladius (Nanocladius) rectinervis (Kieffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae) on Nigronia serricornis Say (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: Gotceitas Vytenis , Mackay Rosemary J.
Published: December 2009

Nanocladius (Nanocladius) rectinervis larvae were discovered living phoretically on larval Nigronia serricornis in the Humber River, Ontario. No previous record of this association is known. Late-instar N. (N.) rectinervis appear to be host specific to N. serricornis.Nanocladius (N.) rectinervis larvae live in silken tubes attached to the mesothoracic venter ofthe host and feed on detrital material caught up in the body folds of the host. Overwintering occursas late-instar larvae; pupation and emergence of the chironomid appears to precede the terrestrial pupation of the host. Phoresy seems to provide mobility, habitat stability, and protection for the chironomid.
Ageing young Clethrionomys gapperi with M2 tooth characteristics
Authors: Mihok Steve
Published: December 2009

Groove closure of the second upper molar of Clethrionomys gapperi occurs at an age of 32 to 35 days and measurable roots form at an age of 62 to 72 days. Tooth measurements are relatively good estimators of age in open-groove and immature, closed-groove age-classes, but are poor estimators of age in mature, closed-groove age-classes.
Nestling foods of the savannah sparrow
Authors: Meunier Marie , Bédard Jean
Published: December 2009

The diet of savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) nestlings was monitored at Îsle Verte, Québec, during the 1980 breeding season. Adults carried exclusively arthropods to the nest. The main prey types found were Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae, larval and adult Diptera and Homoptera. The proportion of different prey types in the diet varied during the season but there was no close relationship between temporal changes in the indices of prey abundance in the habitat and the type of prey chosen by the adult birds. Both the type and size of prey brought to the nest changed with the age and number of nestlings (aged 4–10 days). The proportion of Homoptera in the diet decreased sharply with age while that of Lepidoptera and Diptera increased. Adults feeding broods of four brought a larger proportion of large prey items (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera larvae) than those feeding broods of a lesser size; to these they brought a larger proportion of smaller items such as Diptera and adult Lepidoptera. Males and females brought the same major prey types to the nest but not in the same proportions.
Effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) on plasma calcium and intestinal 45calcium absorption in goldfish, Carassius auratus L.
Authors: Fenwick James C.
Published: December 2009

Goldfish that were fed as well as not fed for 2 weeks had similar plasma total calcium levels, and vitamin D3 injections during the last 6 days had no significant effect on this parameter. When fish were fed for 1 day after 13 days of food deprivation, plasma calcium increased significantly and this increase was augmented by vitamin D3 injections. This latter group also showed a chlorpromazine-sensitive increase in 45calcium absorption from perfused everted gut sacs when compared with the controls. It was concluded that vitamin D3 stimulates intestinal calcium absorption in the goldfish.
Demography and reproduction in island and mainland white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in southeastern Massachusetts
Authors: Adler Gregory H. , Tamarin Robert H.
Published: December 2009

Demography and reproduction of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were studied on Muskeget Island and mainland southeastern Massachusetts. Both populations displayed similar trends in density with annual peaks every autumn or winter and lows every spring. Peaks in the two populations were similar, but the mainland population maintained a higher average density. Survival rates on Muskeget were very poor and could be attributed to a high level of transiency (or failure to attain residency). Once residency was attained, loss rates were similar on Muskeget and the mainland. Male residents in both populations had higher loss rates than females. Mainland mice adjusted reproductive effort in a manner similar to populations that are intrinsically regulated. Muskeget mice, however, did not adjust reproductive effort in a manner consistent with self-regulated populations. We suggest that the mainland population was at or near a hypothesized threshold in numbers where males limit densities by their aggressive behavior toward juveniles. The mainland mice had more characteristics of a K-selected population than the island mice. This result is expected when an intrinsically regulated population is compared with one that is not self-regulated.
Food habits of the river otter Lutra canadensis in the marine environment of British Columbia
Authors: Stenson G. B. , Badgero G. A. , Fisher H. D.
Published: December 2009

Food habits of river otters (Lutra canadensis) inhabiting coastal British Columbia were studied by examining scat and stomach samples. Fish remains occurred in 99.4% of the scats while crustacean and bird remains were encountered in 7.2 and 4.2%, respectively. The majority of fish identified belong to six groups: Embiotocidae (occurring in 42.2% of the scats), Cottidae (40.5%), Pleuronectiformes (40.0%), Blennioidea (33.3%), Scorpaenidae (30.1%), and Hexagrammidae (13.1%). Of 69 stomachs collected by trappers, 86.9% contained remains of fish and 13% contained bird remains. Only two samples (2.9%) contained crustacean remains. Similar families of fish were found in both scat and stomach samples. Scat samples, collected on 10 consecutive visits to 55 sites from May 1977 through February 1978, indicated that, with the possible exception of bird remains, food types do not appear to vary seasonally. Otters in the marine environment utilize their habitat in the same manner that freshwater otters do; they are opportunistic feeders and rely primarily on midsize, slower moving fish that occur in the intertidal and subtidal regions close to shore.
Histological development of the terminal airways in pinniped and sea otter lungs
Authors: Drabek Charles M. , Kooyman Gerald L.
Published: December 2009

A histological study by light microscopy on the development of the terminal airways in fetal lungs of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), northern sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), and sea otter (Enhydra lutris) showed the development of muscle and cartilaginous rings to occur late in gestation. At term they were still much less developed than in the terminal airways seen in adults. The most extensive reinforcement with cartilage of the terminal airways was observed in the sea lion lungs and the least in the seal lungs. The fetal lung development was contrasted with that of the porpoise. We conclude that unlike the porpoise, much further development of the terminal airways in pinnipeds and sea otters occurs during the neonatal stage when the animal is nondiving in a "terrestrial" environment.
Population sizes of metazoan parasites of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small Newfoundland lake
Authors: Cone D. K. , Ryan P. M.
Published: December 2009

The metazoan parasite community of fishes (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar, Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a small lake in central Newfoundland, Canada, was studied. It consisted of three components: parasites of salmonids (Salmincola spp., Discocotyle sagittata, Apophallus imperator, Diplostomum sp., Tetracotyle sp. 1, Cystidicoloides tenuissima, Eubothrium salvelini, Diphyllobothrium sp., glochidia), parasites of sticklebacks (Gyrodactylus avalonia, Tetracotyle sp. 2, Shistocephalus solidus), and parasites shared by salmonids and sticklebacks (Ergasilus sp., Metechinorhynchus lateralis, Crepidostomum farionis). Population estimates were made of the salmonid fishes by the Schnabel mark–recapture method. By multiplying infection prevalence × intensity × number of fish, population estimates were obtained for each species of salmonid parasite. This information revealed that S. fontinalis carries almost all of the salmonid parasite populations and that the seaward migration of S. salar at 2–5 years of age is an insignificant loss to the parasite community. It also revealed that the majority of the population of C. tenuissima, M. lateralis, and Ergasilus sp. is carried by the more abundant small fishes, while the majority of the population of D. sagittata, A. imperator, Tetracotyle sp. 1, and S. edwardsii is carried by the less abundant large hosts. Possible reasons for these two distributions are discussed.
A phoretic association between a caddisfly and a copepod fish parasite
Authors: Lewis David J. , Fairchild Wayne L.
Published: December 2009

A caddisfly pupa (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) was found attached near the distal end of a copepod (Copepoda: Lernaeidae), parasitizing a rock bass (Perciformes: Centrarchidae) in Lac Saint-Louis near Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec. Trichoptera as phoronts are uncommon. The silk produced by fifth instar larvae is proposed as a mechanism to explain the repeated occurrence of hydroptilids on other organisms. This is the first record of a trichopteran phoretic on a copepod.
Seasonal changes in body weight and composition of dunlin (Calidris alpina)
Authors: McEwan E. H. , Whitehead P. M.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal variations in body weight and composition were studied in a population of dunlin (Calidris alpina) wintering in the Fraser River delta in 1979–1980. In December, mean body weights reached a peak of 61 and 56 g in female and male dunlin, respectively. During the next 2 months, body weight decreased 11–15% and fat depots by 61–67%. The weight and composition of migrant birds (April) were similar to the values determined in November. The linear regression relating body weight and fat (slope = 1.31, r = 0.58, P < 0.05) suggests that there is a slight relationship between weight changes and fat levels. The reduction in weight and fat resevoirs is related to adverse weather conditions and reduced prey densities.
An unusual decline in abundance of Peromyscus maniculatus in Nova Scotia
Authors: Herman Thomas B. , Scott Fred W.
Published: December 2009

Capture success for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in 18 499 trap nights (TN) at 16 localities in northern Nova Scotia between 1977 and 1982 indicates an unusual and prolonged decline in abundance of that species in habitats it normally occupies. The decline has been most extreme on hardwood slopes in the Cape Breton Highlands. The population on Isle Haute, an isolated island in the upper Bay of Fundy, has shown no decline during the sampling period.
Tooth attachment, replacement, and growth in the butterfly fish, Chaetodon miliaris (Chaetodontidae, Perciformes)
Authors: Motta Philip Jay
Published: December 2009

Despite much work on tooth development and attachment in fishes there has been little published on this subject in advanced actinopterygians. This paper describes tooth structure, arrangement, attachment, growth, and replacement in the butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris. Each tooth is composed of a cap, shaft, and pulp cavity, and is articulated to attachment bone pedestals by an annular ligament. Tooth growth occurs initially by cap formation followed by elongation of the tooth shaft. These growing replacement teeth remain unattached to the bone, forming in troughs in the premaxilla and dentaries. Jaw tooth replacement appears to occur either laterally or lingually to functional teeth; addition of teeth lateral to functional rows may provide increase in tooth numbers during growth. The dentition and jaw morphology of this species appears to represent a compromise between planktivory and benthic feeding and may indicate a recent entry into the planktivorous guild.
Cytological aspects of gametogenesis in two rhigonematid (Nematoda) parasites of Anadenobolus politus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae; Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe
Authors: Adamson Martin L. , Waerebeke Daniel Van
Published: December 2009

Certain cytological aspects of gametogenesis are examined in two species of rhigonematid nematodes parasitizing the posterior gut of Anadenobolus politus (Rhinocricidae; Diplopoda) in Guadeloupe. In both species, sex is determined by an XX/XO mechanism; this is taken as an indication of the phylogenetic distinctness of rhigonematids from the order Oxyurida which recent studies show to be haplodiploid. In Ichthyocephalus anadenoboli. males had 9 and females had 10 chromosomes; in Heth mauriesi, males had 15 and females had 16 chromosomes. In both species, the X chromosome and one autosomal pair were positively heteropyenotic (i.e., they condensed before and stained more intensely than the rest of the chromosomes) during meiotic prophase in males; in H. mauriesi, these chromosomes were negatively heteropyenotic during meiotic metaphase in males. In females of both species, all chromosomes stained similarly.
Growth and migration of plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus Forel and pathology in experimentally infected whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)
Authors: Rosen R. , Dick T. A.
Published: December 2009

The development, movement, and migration of the plerocercoid of Triaenophorus crassus in experimentally infected whitefish fry, Coregonus clupeaformis, were examined and the pathology of infection described. Plerocercoids penetrated through the stomach – pyloric caeca and anterior small intestine into the peritoneal cavity by 20 h postinfection (PI). Worms entered the muscle by day 5 PI and underwent a variety of migration patterns. Plerocercoid movement in muscle was aided by a series of peristaltic waves along the length of the worm. Plerocercoids underwent rapid growth during the first 2 months of infection and were wound extensively through the muscle by day 60 PI, at which time they occasionally penetrated into the peritoneal cavity or through the host integument. Migration of worms caused muscle necrosis resulting in formation of lesions by day 17 PI and granulomas by day 60 PI. Coincident with coiling of plerocercoids after day 60 PI was the formation of a host capsule around the worm and the initiation of plerocercoid hook development. Capsules and coiling of plerocercoids caused regional distortions in the body of the fish and displaced and (or) replaced large areas of muscle. Capsules containing live worms were recovered at 3 years PI. Mortality of infected whitefish was 21.7%, and 70.0% of this mortality occurred between days 48 and 59 PI. There was no difference in the rate of growth and the quantity of liver glycogen between infected and uninfected fish.
Mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in southwestern Ontario
Authors: Ernst J. , Slocombe J. O. D.
Published: December 2009

Over 3000 mosquitoes were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1980 and 1981, using a stable trap housing a dog naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The following were collected: 26 Anopheles punctipennis (100% blood fed), 36 Aedes triseriatus (94.4.% blood fed), 38 Aedes sticticus (100% blood fed), 44 Aedes dorsalis (97.7% blood fed), 73 Anopheles walkeri (100% blood fed). 161 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (97.5% blood fed). 510 Aedes trivittatus (80.8% blood fed), 569 Mansonia perturbans (93.3% blood fed), 739 Aedes vexans (95.4% blood fed) and 1114 Culex pipiens–restuans (61.6% blood fed). After holding the blood-fed mosquitoes at 26 °C for 2 weeks, 1708 were identified and dissected, and the mouthparts were observed for infective third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Infective larvae were found in 26 Aedes sticticus (96.3% positive), 33 Aedes dorsalis (89.2% positive), 406 Aedes vexans (88.8% positive), 177 Aedes trivittatus (68.9% positive), 38 Culex pipiens–restuans (7.4% positive), and 4 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (4.1% positive). Aedes vexans and Aedes trivittatus were considered the major vectors because they were collected in large numbers, fed readily on dogs, and allowed development of D. immitis to the infective stage. This is the first report of Aedes dorsalis allowing development of D. immitis to the infective stage.
Aquatic thermoregulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): energy demands of swimming and diving
Authors: MacArthur Robert A.
Published: December 2009

Muskrats experienced a steady decline in abdominal and subcutaneous body temperature (ΔTh) during unrestrained dives of 0.5- to 4-min duration. Extent of body cooling, postdive O2 consumption [Formula: see text], and metabolic recovery time increased both with time submerged and declining water temperature (3 – 30 °C). For each additional minute that a muskrat remained submerged, cost increased by 99 mL O2∙kg−1 in 3 °C, compared with 71 and 43 mL O2∙kg−1 in 20 and 30 °C water, respectively. Postdive [Formula: see text] correlated strongly with ΔTh incurred during diving. Mean [Formula: see text], during spontaneous activity in water, when animals were free to swim, dive, or float quietly on the surface, varied inversely with water temperature and directly with ΔTh. Temporal decline in Th during 25-min immersion was matched by a concurrent reduction in voluntary dive time. Mean [Formula: see text], immediately following withdrawal from water exceeded that during an equivalent period of immersion.
Copulatory plugs in Richardson's ground squirrels
Authors: Michener Gail R.
Published: December 2009

The frequency with which copulatory plugs, coagulated ejaculate located in the vaginae of recently inseminated females, occur in Richardson's ground squirrels was determined during a 4-year study. In each year, on average, 37% of females captured on 3 consecutive days centered on the time of mating had a copulatory plug. Plugs filled the vaginal lumen, firmly adhered to the vaginal wall, sometimes remained in place as long as 15 – 17 h, and were expelled via sloughing of the vaginal epithelium. The function(s) of copulatory plugs could not be determined in this study, but protection of the male's sperm investment and prevention of sperm leakage were potential consequences of plug formation.
A world review of five similar species groups in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten. Part III. The pini group (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Chant D. A. , Yoshida-Shaul E.
Published: December 2009

The pini species group in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, which includes 10 species, is described and discussed. Two new species are proposed: Typhlodromus bisoni, which was identified as T. pini previously, and Typhlodromus mahri. The generic concepts of various authors concerning the species in the pini group are discussed and a key to and descriptions of the adult females of the group are given.
Life history and status of the shorthead sculpin (Cottus confusus: Pisces, Cottidae) in Canada and the sympatric relationship to the slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)
Authors: Hughes Grant W. , Peden Alex E.
Published: December 2009

Cottus confusus inhabits downstream portions of the Flathead River in Canada and the population may be seriously threatened. Cottus cognatus occupies habitats farther upstream than C. confusus but few differences in other ecological factors were found between the species. Downstream habitat loss may occur if coal is improperly mined from within the watershed. Because some field biologists were unable to distinguish between these species, diagnostic characters were used to produce a character index.
Thawing of frozen prey by a great horned owl
Authors: George William G. , Sulski Robert
Published: December 2009

Displaying the same prey-thawing method as captive Aegolius owls, a free-ranging great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) thawed frozen rats and part of a frozen fox.
A review of cardiac performance in the teleost heart: intrinsic and humoral regulation
Authors: Farrell A. P.
Published: December 2009

Specific sections describe the intrinsic properties of the heart, myocardial oxygen uptake, and the effects on cardiac performance of circulating catecholamines, acidosis, hypoxia, and temperature. Stroke volume (SVH) is primarily regulated by preload of the heart and heart rate (fH) (Frank–Starling effect). Routine variations in cardiac performance are probably accommodated by the intrinsic ability to increase cardiac output [Formula: see text] in response to preload and to maintain [Formula: see text] constant over a range of "afterloads" (homeometric regulation). The sinoatrial pacemaker governs fH and its frequency is altered primarily by temperature and vagal inhibition, secondarily by circulating catecholamines or adrenergic innervation, and probably not at all by preload or afterload in teleosts. Venous blood provides an ample myocardial O2 supply in benthic fishes. In more active fish, a coronary circulation and myocardial myoglobin are also important in O2 delivery. It is suggested that circulating catecholamines protect and maintain cardiac performance during stressful situations (e.g., hypoxia and acidosis) rather than to increase SVHper se. Lastly, temperature adaptations involve changes in SVH, fH and [Formula: see text].
Seasonal changes in hematological and respiratory properties of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) blood
Authors: MacArthur Robert A.
Published: December 2009

Hematological and respiratory properties of muskrat blood were measured in summer and in late winter. Field-acclimatized muskrats captured in August and February were compared with muskrats acclimated for 30–60 days in the laboratory during summer, and also with Sprague-Dawley rats. Hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte count, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration were highest in winter-trapped animals. Estimated O2 capacity of muskrat blood increased from 17.2 vol.% in August, to 23.6 vol.% in February. Mean P50 of whole blood at 37 °C and pH 7.4 was reduced from 29.0 mmHg in summer, to 23.3 mmHg in winter (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa). The P50 of acclimated muskrats (29.1 mmHg) averaged 23% below that of the laboratory rat (35.7 mmHg). Enhanced O2 affinity of muskrat blood in winter correlated with a reduction in mean 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration from 5.56 μM/mL packed red cells (16.27 μM/g Hb) in August, to 3.04 μM/mL packed red cells (7.94 μM/g Hb) in February. Hill plots for muskrat blood were highly linear over a saturation range of 10–90%, with n coefficients varying from 2.62 to 2.93. The Bohr effect (Δlog P50/ΔpH) increased slightly from −0.536 in acclimated and −0.573 in acclimatized muskrats in summer, to −0.626 in winter-acclimatized animals. Buffering capacity was evaluated by titrating whole blood with CO2 and regressing log [Formula: see text] on blood pH. The buffer slope obtained for muskrat blood in February (−1.453) was marginally elevated compared with that in August (−1.328, and indistinguishable from that recorded in the laboratory rat (−1.449).
O2 and CO2 transport in relation to ventilation in the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus
Authors: Boutilier R. G. , Aughton P. , Shelton G.
Published: December 2009

Adult mackerel actively ventilate their gills whilst swimming at low speeds (20–60 cm∙s−1; ca. 0.6–2.0 body lengths∙s−1) in a swim tunnel at 15 °C. There was a regular alternation of a buccal pump, with dominant positive pressure phase, and an opercular pump, with dominant negative pressure phase. The two pumps cooperated to produce a maintained differential pressure across the gills (buccal to opercular cavities) so that water would flow in this direction for most, if not all, of the respiratory cycle. At swimming velocities between 60 and 80 cm∙s−1 (2.0–2.6 body lengths∙s−1), mackerel were found to suspend their cyclic buccal–opercular pump and rely instead on ventilation of the gills by forward movement through the water column (ram ventilation). The transition from one type of ventilation to the other caused no major change in the oxygenation of arterial blood, though CO2 was eliminated readily at the higher swimming speeds despite its being produced in larger quantities. Variations in arterial acid–base relationships were largely due to the mackerel's response to capture and subsequent experimental procedures, and not to the change from cyclic to ram ventilation. It is concluded that arterial blood oxygenation and CO2 output are regulated within limits that suggest the gills are adequately ventilated at all swimming speeds.
Funduscopic morphology of selected marine animals as photographed in vivo
Authors: Grover Donald A. , Zigman Seymour
Published: December 2009

Our purpose is to report a procedure using readily available ophthalmoscope equipment to examine, record, and photograph the fundus of a variety of marine animals. The dogfish, skate, squid, toadfish, sea robin, scup, and sea bass were examined by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The ease and difficulty of funduscopy and photography were recorded, as were descriptions of the intraocular morphology. Eyes of dogfish and toadfish were the easiest to examine, but acceptable photography and examinations were accomplished on the sea bass, scup, and sea robin. The squid eye was easily examined but was photographed in only a limited fashion. A very limited examination was done on the skate, but no photography was accomplished. The value of such intraocular funduscopy and photography is that it permits serial examination and documentation of time-related changes in the living eye. This would permit rapid screening of the ocular fundi of several marine animals and allow quick selection of eyes for histopathological analysis.
The formation of surface microscales in Idotea baltica (Pallas) (Crustacea: Isopoda)
Authors: Powell C. V. L. , Halcrow K.
Published: December 2009

The formation of surface microscales in the marine littoral isopod Idotea baltica is described. Shortly after apolysis surface microscales form where localized depositions of outer epicuticle occur. The outer epicuticle forms microscales by folding back on itself and incorporating barlike structures (septa) inside the ridgelike structure so produced. Channels allow cytoplasm to extend within the ridgelike structures and occupy interseptal spaces. As the microscale forms, additional layers of epicuticle are incorporated into the developing structure until the interior becomes devoid of cytoplasm and all contact with the epidermis is lost. Two modes of growth of a microscale are possible, and speculation as to which of these is more likely is presented.
Identification of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) stocks in coastal areas of northern Labrador based on a multivariate statistical analysis of meristic data
Authors: Dempson J. B. , Misra R. K.
Published: December 2009

Variation in meristic characters of northern Labrador anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) was analysed using a recently developed multivariate statistical technique for meristic data. Meristic characters of 1037 specimens from seven areas were analysed. Results suggest that at least seven discrete stocks can be identified. Separation of stocks based on meristic characters is substantiated by differences in biological characteristics such as growth rate, age at maturation, and distribution patterns of tagged fish. Pectoral fin ray and upper gill raker counts on the first left gill arch were found to be the most important characters in identifying different stocks of northern Labrador Arctic charr.
The ecology of Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch) (Taeniopterygidae; Plecoptera) in a small stream in southern Ontario
Authors: Sephton Dawn H. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: December 2009

Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch) has a simple, univoltine life cycle in a southern Ontario stream. Emergence occurs in March, the adults live for about 1 month and the eggs are laid 1–3 weeks after the main emergence in batches of 200–600. Mating and oviposition were observed in the laboratory, and the eggs and hatchlings are described. The eggs begin to hatch in late April to mid-June in the field and the nymphs probably undergo diapause in instar 4 from July to late September. An attempt to collect diapausing nymphs in the field is discussed. Diapause is broken in late September to mid-October and growth proceeds rapidly initially but tapers off through the penultimate and final instars. The final molt takes place in late December to mid-January. There are 9 postdiapause instars for a total instar number of 13. The nymphs feed on detritus and continue to feed until shortly before emergence. Some of the difficulties of using indirect methods of determining instar number are discussed.
Bionomics of a mermithid parasitizing snow-pool Aedes spp. mosquitoes
Authors: Gaugler Randy , Wraight Stephan , Molloy Daniel
Published: December 2009

A mermithid nematode was isolated from all active stages of snow-pool Aedes spp. in northeastern New York. Invading nematodes initially entered the larval cephalic nervous tissue where limited development occurred, but subsequently migrated to the abdominal hemocoel of pupae and adults, where the rate of development increased sharply. Migration to the brain was a prerequisite for development in Ae. stimulons; nematodes not entering the brain elicited a host defense response. Most mermithids (64%) entering this host were encapsulated and killed before reaching the brain, but field infection rates were still high, with more than 60% of last-instar larvae successfully infected. Mermithids attacking Ae. intrudens and Ae. provocans seldom elicited an encapsulation response but nevertheless failed to complete parasitic development. Normal parasitic development with infrequent encapsulation was noted in Ae. excrucians and Ae. fitchii. Postparasites invariably emerged from adult stages, causing host death. Postparasites reared in the laboratory at 25 °C molted, mated, and began oviposition within 1 month of emergence. Resulting preparasites initiated infections in four laboratory-reared species of mosquitoes but seldom completed parasitic development. The biological control potential of this mermithid is discussed.
A survey of the parasites of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean off Canada and a zoogeographical analysis of the parasite fauna of this fish throughout its range
Authors: Arthur J. R.
Published: December 2009

The results of a survey of the parasite fauna of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) collected off British Columbia during September 1978 to September 1979 are presented. Forty-three species of parasites (5 Protozoa, 2 Monogenea, 12 Digenea, 9 Cestoda, 6 Nematoda, 4 Acanthocephala, 4 Copepoda, and 1 Isopoda) are reported from examination of 312 pollock. Among these are eight species previously unreported from pollock (Zschokkella hildae Auerbach, 1910; Entobdella pugetensis Robinson, 1961; Copiatestes filiferus (Leuckart in Sars. 1885); Lecithophyllum botryophorum (Olsson, 1868); Prosorhynchoides basargini (Layman, 1930) metacercaria; Bolbosoma caenoforme (Heitz, 1920); Lepeophtheirus paulus Cressey, 1969; and Rocinela belliceps (Stimpson, 1864)). Analysis of the abundances, geographical distributions, and host specificities of the 65 parasite species reported from walleye pollock throughout its range reveals a preponderance of helminths, among them many larval forms, which are ubiquitous to marine fishes throughout much of the North Pacific basin. The parasite fauna of pollock is also characterized by a paucity of host-specific forms and by the occurrence of a large number of incidental species, a reflection of the broad feeding habits of this pelagic fish.
A review of the gobiid fish genus Trimma from the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean, with the description of seven new species
Authors: Winterbottom Richard
Published: December 2009

The genus Trimma contains 17 nominal and 13 valid species. Five of these are here reported from the Chagos Archipelago: T. eviotops, T. macrophthalma, T. mendelssohni. T. nauclei, and T. taylori. An additional 7 species arc described as new and another is described but not named, for a total of 13 species known from these islands. The biogeographic affinities of Chagos species of Trimma appear to lie with the western Indian Ocean rather than the western Pacific, but the evidence is weak because of the lack of knowledge of the Pacific Trimma fauna.
Effects of sectioning cranial nerves IX and X on the cardiac response to hypoxia in the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
Authors: Smith Frank M. , Davie Peter S.
Published: December 2009

We have shown that oxygen receptors located in the first gill arches of coho salmon, and responsible for hypoxic bradycardia, may be innervated by branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial IX). Bilateral section of these branches produced a reduction in the cardiac response to rapidly induced hypoxia. Branches of the vagus nerve (cranial X) also innervate the first gill arches in salmon; when both vagal and glossopharyngeal branches to the first gill arches were sectioned, hypoxic bradycardia was reduced by the same degree as was observed when the glossopharyngeal branches alone were sectioned. The surgical procedures involved in denervation appeared to have no effect on the cardiac response to hypoxia. The pattern of innervation of oxygen receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia in salmonids is compared with the more diffuse pattern found in elasmobranchs.
Weights of Ontario spruce grouse by sex, age, and breeding success
Authors: Szuba K. J. , Bendell J. F.
Published: December 2009

Weights of spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis) captured or shot in northeastern Ontario, mainly during the spring and summer of 1979–1982, are described and related to sex, age, with or without brood, and weights from other North American populations. Spruce grouse from Ontario are among the lightest in weight, but follow the general trend of lowest weight in spring and summer to highest weight in winter. During spring and summer, females lost proportionately more weight than males, suggesting that the reproductive period was more stressful for females. Males weighed least in May and June, and adults weighed more than yearlings. Adult females weighed more than yearlings in May. Females were lightest in June and July when females with chicks weighed less than those without. Adults gained weight earlier after their chicks hatched than yearlings, and more adults had broods. Among broodless hens, yearlings lost weight, but weights of adults were relatively stable. From a variety of comparisons, some yearling hens were at times in poor condition relative to adults.
Haplodiploidy in Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nitzch) (Heteroxynematidae) and Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi) (Oxyuridae), nematode (Oxyurida) parasites of Mus musculus
Authors: Adamson Martin L.
Published: December 2009

Cytological aspects of gametogenesis are studied in the common oxyuroid (Nematoda) parasites of Mus musculus, Syphacia obvelata (Oxyuridae) and Aspiculuris tetraptera (Heteroxynematidae). Both species are shown to be haplodiploid: males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. In female A. tetraptera there are 12 chromosomes in oogonial divisions; meiosis is normal and six bivalents were observed in ova. There are two maturation divisions and embryos in eggs in utero contain 6 or 12 chromosomes. In males, there are six chromosomes in spermatogonial divisions; there is a single maturation division and all spermatozoa have six chromosomes. Gametogenesis was similar in Syphacia obvelata but the chromosome numbers are four in males and eight in females.
Development of thermoregulation in young white pelicans
Authors: Evans Roger M.
Published: December 2009

Body temperatures (Tb) of young white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) were measured in a breeding colony and in the laboratory. The newly hatched naked young were essentially poikilothermic, but an average air temperature (Ta) of over 31 °C was maintained in the colony by parental brooding which usually kept the nest temperature at 26–28 °C. A marked increased in thermogenesis, shivering, and natal down growth occurred by about 13–14 days of age. By 16–18 days, Tb measured after 2 h at 10, 20, and 30 °C in the laboratory ranged from 35 to 40 °C, and was similar to older downy young monitored in the colony. Young were able to gular flutter on the day of hatching, but this was not seen in the colony until 11 ± 2 days of age. Gular fluttering was more common in young exposed to full sun than under cloud. In the sun, gular fluttering began at about 19.5 °C, and increased in frequency with air temperature. Onset occurred at Tb of about 39–40 °C. The onset of functional temperature regulation by about 15–18 days of age correlates with the time that both parents begin to forage overnight, leaving their young unattended.
Some causal and functional correlates of creching in young white pelicans
Authors: Evans Roger M.
Published: December 2009

Field observations and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the hypothesis that creching in white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) constitutes a substitute for parental protection from predators and thermoregulation. Pelicans began to form creches at 17 ± 2 days of age, in close correlation with temporary parental desertion of the nest. Once formed, creches were large and dense overnight when parents were normally absent from the colony, then broke up during the day when parents returned to feed their young. In the absence of parents, social attractions between young, facilitated by disturbance and a possible diurnal rhythm, accounted for the onset of creching. Density within creches, but not creche formation, was related to temperature. Creching began only after the young were too large to be molested by herring gulls, and no other sources of predation were seen. Laboratory measurements of oxygen consumption indicated a small (15.9%) but significant saving in energy from huddling at 10 °C, but not at 20 or 30 °C. This result suggests that energy saved by creching in the absence of parents could be an important function of overnight creching in this species. Some similarities and differences in creching in pelicans and adelie penguins are discussed.
Mineral constituents of harp seal milk
Authors: Webb B. E. , Stewart R. E. A. , Lavigne D. M.
Published: December 2009

Milk samples were collected from stomachs of 20 harp seal pups (Phoca groenlandica) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Milk was analysed for ash content, 14 minerals, and for changes in mineral composition associated with maternal age and stage of lactation. Ash content was [Formula: see text] whole milk, similar to values previously published for harp seals and other pinnipeds. Cadmium, previously unreported in pinniped milk, comprised 0.002 ± 0.001% ash, whereas nickel was not detected. Of the remaining 12 minerals, only calcium appeared to change significantly through lactation, increasing from about 12.9 to about 17.8% ash in 10 days. Maternal age had no significant effect on mineral composition of harp seal milk.
Wound-healing phenoloxidase in larval cuticle of Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Authors: Barrett F. Michael
Published: December 2009

The presumed wound-healing phenoloxidase of Calpodes ethlius has been purified from the cuticle of last instar larvae and has been shown to be a typical tyrosinase (EC 1.10.3.1, o-diphenol: O2 oxidoreductase) similar to enzyme A of Calliphora vicina. The enzyme is active toward o-diphenols but not p-diphenols, is readily inhibited by thiourea and phenylthiourea, and has a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.6. The appearance of enzyme activity in the cuticle is affected by pH in a manner that supports the hypothesis, based on earlier histochemical evidence, that the phenoloxidase arises from a previously inactive proenzyme.
Maintenance of Simulium Wilhelmia lineatum Meigen and Simulium erythrocephalum de Geer through successive generations in the laboratory
Authors: Ham P. J. , Bianco A. E.
Published: December 2009

With the use of circulating water systems to rear larvae, Simulium erythrocephalum and S. lineatum have been continuously maintained through to the F7 and F3 generations, respectively. Insemination rates of 100% were obtained for both species by the F2 generation. Using chick skin membranes and bovine blood, mean blood-feeding rates of 56 and 87% were achieved for S. lineatum and S. erythrocephalum, respectively. Mean egg production and egg fertility rates increased after the parental generation was produced. Mating trials were peformed to assess conditions for optimum insemination rates. A significant correlation between temperature and complete generation development period was observed.
Theory and experiment in morphogenetic modelling: an examination of MacWilliams' data on hydra
Authors: Lacalli T. C.
Published: December 2009

A simple mathematical treatment is provided for H. K. MacWilliams' computer model for hydra regeneration (1982. J. Theor. Biol. 99: 681–703) as a practical demonstration of the value of mathematical analysis in tests of morphogenetic theory. MacWilliams uses a modified version of the Gierer–Meinhardt model, analysed here in terms of Turing's conditions on the linearized rate constants and n, the ratio of morphogen diffusivities, using a method previously described by T. C. Lacalli and L. G. Harrison (1979. J. Theor. Biol. 76: 419–436). The analysis justifies MacWilliams' reliance on "intuitive parameters" in testing his model, and the experimental values he obtains for these satisfy Turing's conditions. For the experiments, it is clear that n for hydra must be large, and this has interesting consequences. In particular, there is decreasing dependence on the autocatalytic features of the model with increasing n so that morphogen distributions approach the limit of exponential decay with distance from a fixed source. Examining the expression for λm, the chemical wavelength, shows explicitly how this happens. MacWiliams' work also gives an approximately correct value for the size limit below which regeneration cannot occur, which is related to λm in a well defined way.
The peripheral nervous and muscular systems of the tick Argas arboreus
Authors: Shoukrey N. M. , Sweatman G. K.
Published: December 2009

The peripheral nervous system of Argas arboreus females has been described from transverse and longitudinal serial sections of whole ticks. The muscle and integumental discs have also been described and numbered, since the former constitute major nerve terminations, while the latter serve as sites for muscle attachment and important topographical landmarks. There were 11 cranial nerves, viz., the optic N1, cheliceral N2, palposalivary N3, pharyngeal N4, first pedal N5, musculomedial N6, second pedal N7, third pedal N8, fourth pedal N9, opisthosomal N10, and oesophageal N11. Two noncranial nerves, viz., the medial Nm and the lateral N1, extended longitudinally in the lateral field. The medial nerve was formed as a result of the union of branches from the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves. The lateral nerve resulted from the union of branches from the first and eighth cranial nerves as well as from the medial nerve. All the nerves were paired except the pharyngeal nerve which was single. All nerves supplied nerve branches to muscles. Richly innervated structures of the body included the junction between the dorsal and ventral integument, the vaginal wall, the salivary gland, the ventral optic organ, the stomach wall, and the anal region. On the other hand, the ovary, the glandular part of Gene's organ, and the glandular part of the coxal organ appeared to receive no direct nerve supply. Besides a fibrous supply from the neuropile, the neurilemma received a nerve branch from the salivary division of the palposalivary nerve. A nerve branch from the second pedal nerve terminated in the viscerocoelomic space between the two membranes constituting the perineural sinus wall. Another branch from the second pedal nerve supplied an integumental acellular corpuscular structure located in the ventral integument between coxae I and II. More than 10 ganglia were associated with the optic nerve, 7 with the palposalivary nerve, 6 with each of the four pedal nerves, 2 with the cheliceral nerve, and I with each of the opisthosomal and oesophageal nerves. In two cases, ganglia provided attachment for muscles. The oesophageal ganglion and one cheliceral ganglion provided insertion sites for one perineural sinus muscle and one cheliceral muscle both of which had their origin in the integument. Aggregates of cells, possibly neuronal, were detected at the terminal ends of the cheliceral, pharyngeal, palpal division of the palposalivary and pedal nerves; fibers appeared to extend from these cells to more distal surface structures. Comparable aggregates of cells with no apparent nerve supply were also detected along the side of the buccal canal and the hypostome with their fibers also extending to more distal surface structures.
Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in lagomorphs
Authors: Bartlett Cheryl M.
Published: December 2009

Development of Dirofilaria scapiceps (Leidy, 1886) was followed in 34 experimentally infected cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Worms were recovered from all rabbits and intensity ranged from 8 to 76% of the number of infective larvae inoculated. Development to subadults occurred in subcutaneous tissues in various regions of the body; the specific region was influenced by the site of inoculation. The third and fourth moults occurred at 6 and 12 days postinoculation, respectively. Subadults migrated through the subcutaneous tissues and arrived in the ankles as early as 16 days postinoculation. Worms were sexually mature by 67 days. The prepatent period was 137–234 days and the microfilaraemia was nonperiodic. Few worms in cottontail rabbits degenerated or died and rabbits with 1-year-old infections could be reinfected. Dirofilaria scapiceps was recovered from 12 of 14 experimentally inoculated snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and 2 of 4 New Zealand white domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Intensity in snowshoe hares and domestic rabbits ranged from 0.4 to 15% and 6 to 7%, respectively, of the number of infective larvae inoculated. Many worms in these hosts degenerated or died.
A synopsis of the milliped genus Abacion Rafinesque (Callipodida: Caspiopetalidae)
Authors: Shelley Rowland M.
Published: December 2009

The milliped genus Abacion is summarized, and tesselatum Rafinesque, lactarium (Say), magnum (Loomis), and texense (Loomis) are recognized as valid species even though a low level of gene interchange may be occurring between tesselatum and magnum in coastal Georgia and tesselatum and lactarium in Illinois. Geographic races do not appear to be developing in any species, and all other species group names are relegated to appropriate synonymies. Abacion occurs widely in the eastern half of the United States, from the Atlantic Ocean to the central Great Plains and from the Great Lakes to southern Florida and northeastern Mexico. Species ranges overlap broadly, and instances of sympatry and syntopy are common. The species are similar anatomically, and the most reliable taxonomic characters are found on the male gonopods, particularly the configurations of the coxal processes and the distal elements of the telopodites.
Tetracleidus banghami Mueller, 1936 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) from Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède (Pisces: Centrarchidae) in Ontario, Canada: anatomy, systematic position, and emended familial and generic diagnoses
Authors: Murith D. , Beverley-Burton M.
Published: December 2009

Tetracleidus banghami Mueller, 1936 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) from the gills of the centrarchid Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède (smallmouth bass) in Ontario Canada, is reinstated as type species of Tetracleidus Mueller, 1936 and redescribed with details of the internal anatomy as well as the sclerotized components of the haptor and copulatory complex. Emended diagnoses are presented for the genus Tetracleidus and the family Ancyrocephalidae Bykhovsky and Nagibina 1978. Tetracleidus chautauquaensis Mueller, 1938 (syn. Cleidodiscus chautauquaensis (Mueller, 1938) Mueller, 1938 and Urocleidus chautauquaensis (Mueller, 1938) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938) is transferred to Onchocleidus Mueller, 1936 as Onchocleidus chautauquaensis n. comb.