bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cdc6 expression represses E-cadherin transcription and activates adjacent replication origins
Authors: Sideridou Maria , Zakopoulou Roubini , Evangelou Konstantinos , Liontos Michalis , Kotsinas Athanassios , Rampakakis Emmanouil , Gagos Sarantis , Kahata Kaoru , Grabusic Kristina , Gkouskou Kalliopi , Trougakos Ioannis P. , Kolettas Evangelos , Georgakilas Alexandros G. , Volarevic Sinisa , Eliopoulos Aristides G. , Zannis-Hadjopoulos Maria , Moustakas Aristidis , Gorgoulis Vassilis G.
Published: December 2011

E-cadherin (CDH1) loss occurs frequently in carcinogenesis, contributing to invasion and metastasis. We observed that mouse and human epithelial cell lines overexpressing the replication licensing factor Cdc6 underwent phenotypic changes with mesenchymal features and loss of E-cadherin. Analysis in various types of human cancer revealed a strong correlation between increased Cdc6 expression and reduced E-cadherin levels. Prompted by these findings, we discovered that Cdc6 repressed CDH1 transcription by binding to the E-boxes of its promoter, leading to dissociation of the chromosomal insulator CTCF, displacement of the histone variant H2A.Z, and promoter heterochromatinization. Mutational analysis identified the Walker B motif and C-terminal region of Cdc6 as essential for CDH1 transcriptional suppression. Strikingly, CTCF displacement resulted in activation of adjacent origins of replication. These data demonstrate that Cdc6 acts as a molecular switch at the E-cadherin locus, linking transcriptional repression to activation of replication, and provide a telling example of how replication licensing factors could usurp alternative programs to fulfill distinct cellular functions.
Speed, adaptation, and stability of the response to light in cone photoreceptors: The functional role of Ca-dependent modulation of ligand sensitivity in cGMP-gated ion channels
Authors: Korenbrot Juan I.
Published: December 2011

The response of cone photoreceptors to light is stable and reproducible because of the exceptional regulation of the cascade of enzymatic reactions that link visual pigment (VP) excitation to the gating of cyclic GMP (cGMP)-gated ion channels (cyclic nucleotide–gated [CNG]) in the outer segment plasma membrane. Regulation is achieved in part through negative feedback control of some of these reactions by cytoplasmic free Ca2+. As part of the control process, Ca2+ regulates the phosphorylation of excited VP, the activity of guanylate cyclase, and the ligand sensitivity of the CNG ion channels. We measured photocurrents elicited by stimuli in the form of flashes, steps, and flashes superimposed on steps in voltage-clamped single bass cones isolated from striped bass retina. We also developed a computational model that comprises all the known molecular events of cone phototransduction, including all Ca-dependent controls. Constrained by available experimental data in bass cones and cone transduction biochemistry, we achieved an excellent match between experimental photocurrents and those simulated by the model. We used the model to explore the physiological role of CNG ion channel modulation. Control of CNG channel activity by both cGMP and Ca2+ causes the time course of the light-dependent currents to be faster than if only cGMP controlled their activity. Channel modulation also plays a critical role in the regulation of the light sensitivity and light adaptation of the cone photoresponse. In the absence of ion channel modulation, cone photocurrents would be unstable, oscillating during and at the offset of light stimuli.
The light-sensitive conductance of melanopsin-expressing Joseph and Hesse cells in amphioxus
Authors: Pulido Camila , Malagón Gerardo , Ferrer Camilo , Chen Jun Kui , Angueyra Juan Manuel , Nasi Enrico , Gomez María del Pilar
Published: December 2011

Two types of microvillar photoreceptors in the neural tube of amphioxus, an early chordate, sense light via melanopsin, the same photopigment as in “circadian” light detectors of higher vertebrates. Because in amphioxus melanopsin activates a Gq/phospholipase C cascade, like phototransduction in arthropods and mollusks, possible commonalities in the photoconductance were investigated. Unlike other microvillar photoreceptors, reversal of the photocurrent can only be attained upon replacement of extracellular Na+. In addition to Na+, Ca2+ is also permeant, as indicated by the fact that (a) in normal ionic conditions the photocurrent remains inward at Vm > ENa; (b) in Na-free solution a small residual inward photocurrent persists at Vm near resting level, provided that Ca is present; and (c) Vrev exhibits a modest shift with [Ca]o manipulations. The unusual reversal is accounted for by an uncommonly low permeability of the light-dependent channels to K+, as [K]o only marginally affects the photocurrent amplitude and its reversal. Lanthanum and ruthenium red (RuR), two TRP channel antagonists, reversibly suppress the response to photostimulation of moderate intensity; therefore, the melanopsin-initiated cascade may recruit ion channels of the same family as those of rhabdomeric photoreceptors. With brighter lights, blockage declines, so that both La3+ and RuR induce a right shift in the sensitivity curve without a reduction of its asymptote. Nonetheless, an effect on the transduction cascade, rather than the channels, was ruled out on the basis of the voltage dependency of the blockade and the lack of effects of intracellular application of the same substances. The mechanisms of action of these antagonists thus entail a state-dependent blockade, with a higher affinity for the channel in the closed conformation. Collectively, the results indicate a kinship of the light-sensitive channels of amphioxus with those of invertebrate rhabdomeric visual cells and support the representation of this lineage of photoreceptors among chordates.
Bas-bleus
,
filles publiques
, and the Literary Marketplace in the Work of Barbey d'Aurevilly
Authors: Humphreys Karen L.
Published: December 2011

Barbey d'Aurevilly is renowned for his representation of women in
Les Diaboliques
and for his hostile criticism of women writers, particularly in
Les Bas-bleus
. This essay offers a reconsideration of this notoriety by investigating earlier portrayals of
bas-bleus
(in the work of Daumier and Nadar) in the context of the print industry and literary culture in nineteenth-century France. Barbey's fiction and criticism contrast the figures of the
bas-bleu
and the sexually promiscuous woman and illustrate a pervasive resistance to changing gender and class roles in early bourgeois industrial culture. The idea that women who did not conform to traditional gender paradigms were either monstrous, criminal, or licentious is reflected in Barbey's work in the juxtaposition of the woman writer with the promiscuous woman — from adulteress to prostitute. Similar representations are regularly featured in the literary, critical, and journalistic production in the decades that preceded Barbey's publications.
Les Diaboliques
in dialogue with Barbey's critical commentary of
bas-bleus
and the press exposes deep-rooted apprehensions towards a changing social climate and a scepticism of power relationships amid political instability and popular affinities for democratic ideals. Although Barbey is frequently singled out as a fierce misogynist, numerous textual and visual images of women resisting convention present a perversion of the newly accorded freedoms of a young consumer society and reinforce the suspicions and cultural reactions towards women and the expression of desire in public life.
The Child as Artist in Amélie Nothomb's
Robert des noms propres
Authors: Kemp Anna
Published: December 2011

This article will argue that, unlike many female-authored narratives, Amélie Nothomb's
Robert des noms propres
does not figure childhood as a time of freedom arising from a blissful unawareness of the body, but instead constructs childhood as an aesthetic ideal that transcends the body altogether. Far from being a space of natural liberty before the onslaught of culture, the Nothombian childhood is a disembodied space entirely colonized by the artifical and aesthetic. Indeed, the freedom of the Nothombian child is first and foremost the freedom of the artist; an artist, moreover, who produces herself as her own master-work. As such, the transition from childhood to adulthood does not so much bring an embodied self into conflict with society, as bring art into conflict with life. This article will argue that Nothomb's staging of a clash between art and life raises questions both for critical approaches that look to women's writing for the expression of a female self, and postmodern feminist approaches that celebrate a ‘textualization’ of this self.
La Place, Monbron, and the Origins of
Candide
Authors: Langille E. M.
Published: December 2011

It has recently been argued that
Candide
was significantly influenced by Henry Fielding's novel
Tom Jones
, through the French adaptation of that work published by Pierre-Antoine de La Place in 1750 under the title
L
'
Enfant trouvé
. Candide, Cunégonde, and Pangloss can plausibly be seen to have evolved, respectively, from Tom Jones, Sophia Western, and the philosopher Square, as depicted by La Place. Voltaire was also inspired by the general structure of
L'Enfant trouvé
and took up and adapted parts of that novel's plot, starting with Tom's childhood paradise in Somerset and ending with the masked ball in London where he desperately searches for his beloved Sophia. It seems reasonable to assume that in writing
Candide
Voltaire consciously challenges Fielding's faith in ‘the controlling hand of Providence’, illustrated by
Tom Jones
's astonishing deus ex machina happy ending. In his 1913 edition of the tale André Morize opined that
Candide
may have been partly inspired by the cynical memoirs of Fougeret de Monbron (1706–1760). The present essay argues that these two narratives cross-fertilized in Voltaire's mind, contributing in important ways to the characters that
Candide
portrays, to the narrative that binds those characters together, and to the language in which the whole is expressed.
Representation and Illusion in the
Elegies
of Théodore de Béze
Authors: White Paul
Published: December 2011

In 1548, before his conversion to Protestantism, Théodore de Bèze published a collection of Latin poetry containing a book of twelve elegies written in imitation of Ovid. He would later disown his youthful love poems as frivolous, and his Catholic and Lutheran opponents would gleefully cite them as evidence of his moral and theological bankruptcy. This article proposes first to read the poems on their own terms, as a thoroughly Ovidian collection. Bèze's elegiac persona, like that of his model Ovid, is fascinated by the reflective and distorting properties of words, and his manipulations and evasions constantly tease the reader with glimpses of an elusive self. The article also sets the
Elegies
in the context of the theological polemic that arose around them, and poses the question of whether these poems, highly literary contrivances that they are, ought to be taken as seriously as Bèze's religious opponents wanted them to be. It argues that Bèze's elaborations of the characteristically Ovidian elegiac themes of the duplicity of language, the unreliability of perceptions, and the play of absence and presence do indeed seem to anticipate anxieties about representation of the self that would become a feature of later Protestant writing.
Genomics of isolation in hybrids
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Parchman Thomas L. , Buerkle C. Alex
Published: December 2011

Hybrid zones are common in nature and can offer critical insights into the dynamics and components of reproductive isolation. Hybrids between diverged lineages are particularly informative about the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation, because introgression in an admixed population is a direct measure of isolation. In this paper, we combine simulations and a new statistical model to determine the extent to which different genetic architectures of isolation leave different signatures on genome-level patterns of introgression. We found that reproductive isolation caused by one or several loci of large effect caused greater heterogeneity in patterns of introgression than architectures involving many loci with small fitness effects, particularly when isolating factors were closely linked. The same conditions that led to heterogeneous introgression often resulted in a reasonable correspondence between outlier loci and the genetic loci that contributed to isolation. However, demographic conditions affected both of these results, highlighting potential limitations to the study of the speciation genomics. Further progress in understanding the genomics of speciation will require large-scale empirical studies of introgression in hybrid zones and model-based analyses, as well as more comprehensive modelling of the expected levels of isolation with different demographies and genetic architectures of isolation.
What can patterns of differentiation across plant genomes tell us about adaptation and speciation?
Authors: Strasburg Jared L. , Sherman Natasha A. , Wright Kevin M. , Moyle Leonie C. , Willis John H. , Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: December 2011

Genome scans have become a common approach to identify genomic signatures of natural selection and reproductive isolation, as well as the genomic bases of ecologically relevant phenotypes, based on patterns of polymorphism and differentiation among populations or species. Here, we review the results of studies taking genome scan approaches in plants, consider the patterns of genomic differentiation documented and their possible causes, discuss the results in light of recent models of genomic differentiation during divergent adaptation and speciation, and consider assumptions and caveats in their interpretation. We find that genomic regions of high divergence generally appear quite small in comparisons of both closely and more distantly related populations, and for the most part, these differentiated regions are spread throughout the genome rather than strongly clustered. Thus, the genome scan approach appears well-suited for identifying genomic regions or even candidate genes that underlie adaptive divergence and/or reproductive barriers. We consider other methodologies that may be used in conjunction with genome scan approaches, and suggest further developments that would be valuable. These include broader use of sequence-based markers of known genomic location, greater attention to sampling strategies to make use of parallel environmental or phenotypic transitions, more integration with approaches such as quantitative trait loci mapping and measures of gene flow across the genome, and additional theoretical and simulation work on processes related to divergent adaptation and speciation.
Coalescent patterns for chromosomal inversions in divergent populations
Authors: Guerrero Rafael F. , Rousset François , Kirkpatrick Mark
Published: December 2011

Chromosomal inversions allow genetic divergence of locally adapted populations by reducing recombination between chromosomes with different arrangements. Divergence between populations (or hybridization between species) is expected to leave signatures in the neutral genetic diversity of the inverted region. Quantitative expectations for these patterns, however, have not been obtained. Here, we develop coalescent models of neutral sites linked to an inversion polymorphism in two locally adapted populations. We consider two scenarios of local adaptation: selection on the inversion breakpoints and selection on alleles inside the inversion. We find that ancient inversion polymorphisms cause genetic diversity to depart dramatically from neutral expectations. Other situations, however, lead to patterns that may be difficult to detect; important determinants are the age of the inversion and the rate of gene flux between arrangements. We also study inversions under genetic drift, finding that they produce patterns similar to locally adapted inversions of intermediate age. Our results are consistent with empirical observations, and provide the foundation for quantitative analyses of the roles that inversions have played in speciation.
Genomic impacts of chromosomal inversions in parapatricDrosophilaspecies
Authors: McGaugh Suzanne E. , Noor Mohamed A. F.
Published: December 2011

Chromosomal inversions impact genetic variation and facilitate speciation in part by reducing recombination in heterokaryotypes. We generated multiple whole-genome shotgun sequences of the parapatric species pairDrosophila pseudoobscuraandDrosophila persimilisand their sympatric outgroup (Drosophila miranda) and compared the average pairwise differences for neutral sites within, just outside and far outside of the three large inversions. Divergence betweenD. pseudoobscuraandD. persimilisis high inside the inversions and in the suppressed recombination regions extending 2.5 Mb outside of inversions, but significantly lower in collinear regions further from the inversions. We observe little evidence of decreased divergence predicted to exist in the centre of inversions, suggesting that gene flow through double crossovers or gene conversion is limited within the inversion, or selection is acting within the inversion to maintain divergence in the face of gene flow. In combination with past studies, we provide evidence that inversions in this system maintain areas of high divergence in the face of hybridization, and have done so for a substantial period of time. The left arm of the X chromosome and chromosome 2 inversions appear to have arisen in the lineage leading toD. persimilisapproximately 2 Ma, near the time of the split ofD. persimilis–D. pseudoobscura–D. miranda, but likely fixed withinD. persimilismuch more recently, as diversity withinD. persimilisis substantially reduced inside and near these two inversions. We also hypothesize that the inversions inD. persimilismay provide an empirical example of the ‘mixed geographical mode’ theory of inversion origin and fixation, whereby allopatry and secondary contact both play a role.
Establishment of new mutations under divergence and genome hitchhiking
Authors: Feder Jeffrey L. , Gejji Richard , Yeaman Sam , Nosil Patrik
Published: December 2011

Theoretical models addressing genome-wide patterns of divergence during speciation are needed to help us understand the evolutionary processes generating empirical patterns. Here, we examine a critical issue concerning speciation-with-gene flow: to what degree does physical linkage (r< 0.5) of new mutations to already diverged genes aid the build-up of genomic islands of differentiation? We used simulation and analytical approaches to partition the probability of establishment for a new divergently selected mutation when the mutation (i) is the first to arise in an undifferentiated genome (the direct effect of selection), (ii) arises unlinked to any selected loci (r= 0.5), but within a genome that has some already diverged genes (the effect of genome-wide reductions in gene flow for facilitating divergence, which we term ‘genome hitchhiking’), and (iii) arises in physical linkage to a diverged locus (divergence hitchhiking). We find that the strength of selection acting directly on a new mutation is generally the most important predictor for establishment, with divergence and genomic hitchhiking having smaller effects. We outline the specific conditions under which divergence and genome hitchhiking can aid mutation establishment. The results generate predictions about genome divergence at different points in the speciation process and avenues for further work.
Genomic divergence during speciation: causes and consequences
Authors: Nosil Patrik , Feder Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2011

Speciation is a fundamental process responsible for the diversity of life. Progress has been made in detecting individual ‘speciation genes’ that cause reproductive isolation. In contrast, until recently, less attention has been given to genome-wide patterns of divergence during speciation. Thus, major questions remain concerning how individual speciation genes are arrayed within the genome, and how this affects speciation. This theme issue is dedicated to exploring this genomic perspective of speciation. Given recent sequencing and computational advances that now allow genomic analyses in most organisms, the goal is to help move the field towards a more integrative approach. This issue draws upon empirical studies in plants and animals, and theoretical work, to review and further document patterns of genomic divergence. In turn, these studies begin to disentangle the role that different processes, such as natural selection, gene flow and recombination rate, play in generating observed patterns. These factors are considered in the context of how genomes diverge as speciation unfolds, from beginning to end. The collective results point to how experimental work is now required, in conjunction with theory and sequencing studies, to move the field from descriptive studies of patterns of divergence towards a predictive framework that tackles the causes and consequences of genome-wide patterns.
Measurement of Mercury in Flue Gas Based on an Aluminum Matrix Sorbent
Authors: Wang Juan , Xu Wei , Wang Xiaohao , Wang Wenhua
Published: December 2011

The measurement of total mercury in flue gas based on an economical aluminum matrix sorbent was developed in this paper. A sorbent trap consisted of three tubes was employed to capture Hg from flue gas. Hg trapped on sorbent was transferred into solution by acid leaching and then detected by CVAAS. Hg adsorbed on sorbent was recovered completely by leaching process. The 87.7% recovery of Hg in flue gas by tube 1 and tube 2 was obtained on the equipment of coal combustion and sampling in lab. In order to evaluate the ability to recover and accurately quantify Hg0on the sorbent media, the analytical bias test on tube 3 spiked with Hg0was also performed and got the average recovery of 97.1%. Mercury measurements based on this method were conducted for three coal-fired power plants in China. The mercury in coal is distributed into bottom ash, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ash, wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) reactant, and flue gas, and the relative distribution varied depending on factors such as the coal type and the operation conditions of plants. The mercury mass balances of three plants were also calculated which were 91.6%, 77.1%, and 118%, respectively. The reliability of this method was verified by the Ontario Hydro (OH) method either in lab or in field.
In Vivo Expression of Interleukin-37 Reduces Local and Systemic Inflammation in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis
Authors: Bulau Ana-Maria , Fink Michaela , Maucksch Christof , Kappler Roland , Mayr Doris , Wagner Kai , Bufler Philip
Published: December 2011

We recently reported that after LPS stimulation, IL-37 translocates to the nucleus and reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate whether transiently expressed IL-37 in mice reduces inflammation in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis and LPS-induced sepsis. Transgene IL-37 expression was detected in the liver lysate of mice injected with IL-37 plasmid-DNA after hydrodynamic tail vein injection. All mice developed severe acute hepatitis after ConA injection. No difference in the histological score and serum ALT was observed between the two groups that might be explained by patchy expression of IL-37 protein in the liver. However, 2 hrs after ConA injection, serum levels for IL-1α, IL-6, IL-5, and IL-9 were significantly reduced in IL-37-expressing mice as seen for the LPS model. In conclusion, in vivo expression of human IL-37 in mice reduces local and systemic inflammation in ConA-induced hepatitis and LPS challenge.
The impact of participatory forest management (PFM) on forest integrity and biodiversity in Arabuko‐Sokoke forest, Kenya
Authors: Matiku Paul , Ogol Callistus , Mireri Caleb
Published: December 2011

Bird communities composed of habitat specialists suffer considerable loss of species following disturbance (Ecol. Monogr. 41, 1971, 207–233). Participatory forest management (PFM) aims to ensure local ownership and support for forest conservation. This study determined if forest birds and forest quality in places under PFM is significantly higher than areas without PFM in Arabuko‐Sokoke forest. Forest quality data were collected in the PFM and no PFM zones in the Mixed forest (MF) and Cynometra Woodland (CW). Plot‐based approach was used to collect vegetation data along 1 km transects at intervals of 1 km sampling twenty transects and 200 plots in each of the study zones. Birds’ data were collected using 10‐min point‐counts along 88, 1 km long transects placed 1‐km apart sampling in 30 m radius‐plots at intervals of 100 m. Data were collected in 2008 and 2009. The results showed higher measures of forest quality in PFM zones than no PFM zones which showed higher measures of forest disturbance. The results did not show statistical differences in birds’ diversity indexes between PFM and no PFM zones indicating that the human‐induced disturbance has not reached critical ecological thresholds to affect birds’ species diversity. It can be deduced that PFM investment is leading to improved forest management.
Soil respiration is stimulated by elevated CO2 and reduced by summer drought: three years of measurements in a multifactor ecosystem manipulation experiment in a temperate heathland (CLIMAITE)
Authors: Selsted Merete B. , van der Linden Leon , Ibrom Andreas , Michelsen Anders , Larsen Klaus S. , Pedersen Jane K. , Mikkelsen Teis N. , Pilegaard Kim , Beier Claus , Ambus Per
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the impact of predicted future climatic and atmospheric conditions on soil respiration (RS) in a Danish Calluna‐Deschampsia‐heathland. A fully factorial in situ experiment with treatments of elevated atmospheric CO2 (+130 ppm), raised soil temperature (+0.4 °C) and extended summer drought (5–8% precipitation exclusion) was established in 2005. The average RS, observed in the control over 3 years of measurements (1.7 μmol CO2 m−2 sec−1), increased 38% under elevated CO2, irrespective of combination with the drought or temperature treatments. In contrast, extended summer drought decreased RS by 14%, while elevated soil temperature did not affect RS overall. A significant interaction between elevated temperature and drought resulted in further reduction of RS when these treatments were combined. A detailed analysis of short‐term RS dynamics associated with drought periods showed that RS was reduced by ~50% and was strongly correlated with soil moisture during these events. Recovery of RS to pre‐drought levels occurred within 2 weeks of rewetting; however, unexpected drought effects were observed several months after summer drought treatment in 2 of the 3 years, possibly due to reduced plant growth or changes in soil water holding capacity. An empirical model that predicts RS from soil temperature, soil moisture and plant biomass was developed and accounted for 55% of the observed variability in RS. The model predicted annual sums of RS in 2006 and 2007, in the control, were 672 and 719 g C m−2 y−1, respectively. For the full treatment combination, i.e. the future climate scenario, the model predicted that soil respiratory C losses would increase by ~21% (140–150 g C m−2 y−1). Therefore, in the future climate, stimulation of C storage in plant biomass and litter must be in excess of 21% for this ecosystem to not suffer a reduction in net ecosystem exchange.
Migrating thoracic epidural catheter in an infant
Authors: Thompson Mark E. , Aasheim Heidi
Published: December 2011

Infants have a shorter neuraxial length and shorter skin to epidural space than adults. Even small amounts of migration may produce significant and unintended effects. Optimal fixation to prevent migration, bacterial colonization, and leakage is not clear from the literature. We report the case of a thoracic epidural that migrated inward for six centimeters, associated with loss of analgesic effect.
Clinical significance of serum retinol binding protein‐4 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Toyama T. , Asano Y. , Takahashi T. , Aozasa N. , Akamata K. , Noda S. , Taniguchi T. , Ichimura Y. , Sumida H. , Tamaki Z. , Masui Y. , Tada Y. , Sugaya M. , Sato S. , Kadono T.
Published: December 2011

Background  Retinol binding protein‐4 (RBP‐4) is a member of adipocytokines, which is potentially associated with fibrosis, vasodilation, and angiogenesis in addition to insulin resistance.

Objective  To investigate the clinical significance of serum RBP4 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), which is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and vasculopathy.

Methods  Serum RBP4 levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 62 SSc patients and 19 healthy controls.

Results  Similar to patients with chronic kidney disease, serum RBP4 levels inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in SSc patients with renal dysfunction. Therefore, analyses were carried out by excluding SSc patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Serum RBP4 levels were significantly lower in diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) than in control subjects [median (25–75 percentile); 25.8 μg/mL (19.6–47.0) vs. 43.1 μg/mL (31.7–53.4), P < 0.05], while there was no significant difference between limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) [28.0 μg/mL (25.4–43.3)] and control subjects. In both of dcSSc and lcSSc, patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon had RBP4 levels significantly lower than those without. Furthermore, serum RBP4 levels inversely correlated with pulmonary function test results in dcSSc and with right ventricular systolic pressure in lcSSc.

Conclusion  Decreased RBP4 levels are associated with the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in dcSSc and lcSSc, with the severity of interstitial lung disease in dcSSc, and with the degree of pulmonary vascular involvement in lcSSc, suggesting the possible contribution of RBP4 to the pathological events in this disorder.
Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in wound healing
Authors: Behm B. , Babilas P. , Landthaler M. , Schreml S.
Published: December 2011

In wound healing, a variety of mediators have been identified throughout the years. The mediators discussed here comprise growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. These mediators act via multiple (specific) receptors to facilitate wound closure. As research in the last years has led to many new findings, there is a need to give an overview on what is known, and on what might possibly play a role as a molecular target for future wound therapy. This review aims to keep the reader up to date with selected important and novel findings regarding growth factors, cytokines and chemokines in wound healing.
No recent adaptive selection on the apyrase of Mediterranean Phlebotomus: implications for using salivary peptides to vaccinate against canine leishmaniasis
Authors: Mahamdallie Shazia S. , Ready Paul D.
Published: December 2011

Vaccine development is informed by a knowledge of genetic variation among antigen alleles, especially the distribution of positive and balancing selection in populations and species. A combined approach using population genetic and phylogenetic methods to detect selective signatures can therefore be informative for identifying vaccine candidates. Parasitic Leishmania species cause the disease leishmaniasis in humans and mammalian reservoir hosts after inoculation by female phlebotomine sandflies. Like other arthropod vectors of disease agents, sandflies use salivary peptides to counteract host haemostatic and immunomodulatory responses during bloodfeeding, and these peptides are vaccine candidates because they can protect against Leishmania infection. We detected no contemporary adaptive selection on one salivary peptide, apyrase, in 20 populations of Phlebotomus ariasi, a European vector of Leishmania infantum. Maximum likelihood branch models on a gene phylogeny showed apyrase to be a single copy in P. ariasi but an ancient duplication event associated with temporary positive selection was observed in its sister group, which contains most Mediterranean vectors of L. infantum. The absence of contemporary adaptive selection on the apyrase of P. ariasi may result from this sandfly’s opportunistic feeding behaviour. Our study illustrates how the molecular population genetics of arthropods can help investigate the potential of salivary peptides for disease control and for understanding geographical variation in vector competence.
Sobolev capacity on the space W1, p(⋅)(ℝn)
Authors: Harjulehto Petteri , Hästö Peter , Koskenoja Mika , Varonen Susanna
Published: December 2011

We define Sobolev capacity on the generalized Sobolev space W1, p(⋅)(ℝn). It is a Choquet capacity provided that the variable exponent p : ℝn → [1, ∞) is bounded away from 1 and ∞. We discuss the relation between the Hausdorff dimension and the Sobolev capacity. As another application we study quasicontinuous representatives in the space W1, p(⋅)(ℝn).
On a measure of non‐compactness for singular integrals
Authors: Meskhi Alexander
Published: December 2011

It is proved that there exists no weight pair (v,  w) for which a singular integral operator is compact from the weighted Lebesgue space to . Moreover, a measure of non‐compatness for this operator is estimated from below. Analogous problems for Cauchy singular integrals defined on Jordan smooth curves are studied.
Singular integrals and potentials in some Banach function spaces with variable exponent
Authors: Kokilashvili Vakhtang , Samko Stefan
Published: December 2011

We introduce a new Banach function space ‐ a Lorentz type space with variable exponent. In this space the boundedness of singular integral and potential type operators is established, including the weighted case. The variable exponent p(t) is assumed to satisfy the logarithmic Dini condition and the exponent β of the power weight ω(t) = |t|β is related only to the value p(0). The mapping properties of Cauchy singular integrals defined on Lyapunov curves and on curves of bounded rotation are also investigated within the framework of the introduced spaces.
Estimates for convolutions in the anisotropic Nikol′skiĭ‐Besov spaces
Authors: Burenkov V. I. , Almeida G. E. García
Published: December 2011

We obtain various estimates for convolutions in the anisotropic Nikol′skiĭ‐Besov spaces of functions of several real variables possessing some common smoothness of, in general, fractional order which may be different with respect to different variables.
Spaces of complex functions and vector measures in incomplete spaces
Authors: Riker Werner , Väth Martin
Published: December 2011

It is known that the space L1(μ) of complex functions which are integrable with respect to a vector measure μ taking values in a (not neessarily complete) locally convex space is not an ideal, in general. We discuss several natural properties which L1(μ) may or may not possess and consider various implications between these properties. For a particular class of properties, whether or not there exists a partiular space of the form L1(μ) having these properties, is shown to be equivalent to the existence of any space of complex functions on having these same properties.
Outer functions in Qp#,  Qp,0#
Authors: Aulaskari Rauno , Wulan Hasi
Published: December 2011

For is the class of meromorphic functions f defined in the unit disk satisfying , where g(z, w) is Green′s function of . Criteria for funtions f to belong to are given by the Ahlfors‐Shimizu characteristic. Further, outer functions in are characterized and shown that every function in can be represented as the quotient of two functions in .
Spaces of Test Functions via the STFT
Authors: Gröchenig Karlheinz , Zimmermann Georg
Published: December 2011

We characterize several classes of test functions, among them Björck′s ultra‐rapidly decaying test functions and the Gelfand‐Shilov spaces of type S, in terms of the decay of their short‐time Fourier transform and in terms of their Gabor coefficients.
The projection operator in a Hilbert space and its directional derivative. Consequences for the theory of projected dynamical systems
Authors: Isac George , Cojocaru Monica G.
Published: December 2011

In the first part of this paper we present a representation theorem for the directional derivative of the metric projection operator in an arbitrary Hilbert space. As a consequence of the representation theorem, we present in the second part the development of the theory of projected dynamical systems in infinite dimensional Hilbert space. We show that this development is possible if we use the viable solutions of differential inclusions. We use also pseudomonotone operators.
Local uniform convexity and Kadec‐Klee type properties in K‐interpolation spaces I: General Theory
Authors: Dodds Peter G. , Dodds Theresa K. , Sedaev Alexander A. , Sukochev Fyodor A.
Published: December 2011

We present a systematic study of the interpolation of local uniform convexity and Kadec‐Klee type properties in K‐interpolation spaces. Using properties of the K‐functional of J.Peetre, our approach is based on a detailed analysis of properties of a Banach couple and properties of a K‐interpolation functional which guarantee that a given K‐interpolation space is locally uniformly convex, or has a Kadec‐Klee property. A central motivation for our study lies in the observation that classical renorming theorems of Kadec and of Davis, Ghoussoub and Lindenstrauss have an interpolation nature. As a partiular by‐product of our study, we show that the theorem of Kadec itself, that each separable Banach space admits an equivalent locally uniformly convex norm, follows directly from our approach.
Regularity of Jacobians by subdeterminants
Authors: Verde Anna
Published: December 2011

Some regularity results for the Jacobian determinant Ju of a mapping , having the cofactor matrix of Du in Ln/n−1(Ω), in Hardy‐Orlicz spaces are given.
The Hadamard‐Schwarz inequality
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Kauhanen Janne , Kravetz Aleda , Scott Chad
Published: December 2011

Given α1, …, αk arbitrary exterior forms in of degree l1, …, lk, does it follow that
|α1∧⋯∧αk| ≤ |α1| ⋯ |αk|
The answer is no in general. However, it is a persistent, popular and even published misconception that the answer is yes. Of course, a routine calculation reveals that there exists at least a constant Cn independent of the forms satisfying |α1∧⋯∧αk| ≤ Cn|α1| ⋯ |αk|
For reasons mentioned in the introduction, we refer to this as the Hadamard‐Schwarz inequality. However, what the best constant is, either overall or for the particular numbers l1, …, lk remains well short of clear.

It is the objective of this paper to explicitly describe the smallest constant for the Hadamard‐¬Schwarz inequality as well as to identify the associated forms for which equality occurs. We have answered these questions for a wide class of integers 0 ≤ l1, …, lk ≤ n.
Tight wavelet frames in Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces
Authors: Borup L. , Gribonval R. , Nielsen M.
Published: December 2011

We study tight wavelet frame systems in Lp(ℝd) and prove that
such systems (under mild hypotheses) give atomic decompositions of Lp(ℝd) for 1≺p≺∞. We also characterize Lp(ℝd) and Sobolev space norms by the analysis coefficients for the frame. We consider Jackson inequalities for best m‐term approximation with the systems in Lp(ℝd) and prove that such inequalities exist. Moreover, it is proved that the approximation rate given by the Jackson inequality can be realized by thresholding the frame coefficients. Finally, we
show that in certain restricted cases, the approximation spaces, for best m‐term approximation, associated with tight wavelet frames can be characterized in terms of (essentially) Besov spaces.
A sharpness result for powers of Besov functions
Authors: Bourdaud Gérard
Published: December 2011

A recent result of Kateb asserts that implies as soon as the following three conditions hold: (1) 0≺s≺μ + (1/p), (2) f is bounded, (3) μ≻1. By means of counterexamples, we prove that those conditions are optimal.
Local Uniform Convexity and Kadec‐Klee Type Properties in K‐interpolation spaces II
Authors: Dodds Peter G. , Dodds Theresa K. , Sedaev Alexander A. , Sukochev Fyodor A.
Published: December 2011

We study local uniform convexity and Kadec‐Klee type properties in K‐interpolation spaces of Lorentz couples. We show that a wide class of Banach couples of (commutative and) non‐commutative Lorentz spaces possess the (so‐alled) (DGL)‐property originally introduced by Davis, Ghoussoub and Lindenstrauss in the context of renorming order continuous Banach latties. This property is used as a key tool to show that local uniform convexity and certain Kadec‐Klee type properties in non‐commutative symmetric spaces of measurable operators may be inferred from corresponding properties of the parameter space of the K‐interpolation method. Further applications are given to renorming properties of separable symmetric Banach function spaces and their non‐commutative counterparts.
Continuity envelopes of spaces of generalised smoothness: a limiting case; embeddings and approximation numbers
Authors: Caetano António M. , Haroske Dorothee D.
Published: December 2011

Continuity envelopes for the spaces of generalised smoothness and are studied in the so‐called supercritical s = 1 + n/p, paralleling recent developments for a corresponding limiting case for local growth envelopes of spaces of such a type. In addition, the power of the concept is used in proving conditions for some embeddings between function spaces to hold, as well as in the study of the asymptotic behaviour of approximation numbers of related embeddings.
An inequality for first‐order differences
Authors: Sinnamon Gord
Published: December 2011

A question about comparing norms of difference operators that was raised in [1] and presented at the Fourth ISAAC Congress is answered in the affirmative.
Sobolev type inequalities in ultrasymmetric spaces with applications to Orlicz‐Sobolev embeddings
Authors: Pustylnik Evgeniy
Published: December 2011

Let Dkf mean the vector composed by all partial derivatives of order k of a function f(x), x ∈ Ω ⊂ ℝn. Given a Banach function space A, we look for a possibly small space B such that for all . The estimates obtained are applied to ultrasymmetric spaces A = Lφ,E, B = Lψ,E, giving some optimal (or rather sharp) relations between parameter‐functions φ(t) and ψ(t) and new results for embeddings of Orlicz‐Sobolev spaces.
The boundedness of commutators on locally compact Vilenkin groups
Authors: Tang Canqin , Li Qingguo , Ma Bolin
Published: December 2011

Let G be a locally compact Vilenkin group. In this paper, the authors investigate the boundedness of commutators of singluar integral operator on Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces on G. Furthermore, the boundedness on the Herz‐type Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces are also studied.
A note on two‐weight inequalities for multiple Hardy‐type operators
Authors: Meskhi Alexander
Published: December 2011

Necessary and sufficient conditions on a pair of weights guaranteeing two‐weight estimates for the multiple Riemann‐Liouville transforms are established provided that the weight on the right‐hand side satisfies some additional conditions.
Matriceal Lebesgue spaces and Hölder inequality
Authors: Barza Sorina , Kravvaritis Dimitri , Popa Nicolae
Published: December 2011

We introduce a class of spaces of infinite matrices similar to the class of Lebesgue spaces , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and we prove matriceal versions of Hölder inequality.
Domains of pseudo‐differential operators: a case for the Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces
Authors: Johnsen Jon
Published: December 2011

The main result is that every pseudo‐differential operator of type 1, 1 and order d is continuous from the Triebel‐Lizorkin space to Lp, 1 ≤ p≺∞, and that this is optimal within the Besov and Triebel‐Lizorkin scales. The proof also leads to the known continuity for s≻d, while for all real s the sufficiency of Hörmander′s condition on the twisted diagonal is carried over to the Besov and Triebel‐Lizorkin framework. To obtain this, type 1, 1‐operators are extended to distributions with compact spectrum, and Fourier transformed operators of this type are on such distributions proved to satisfy a support rule, generalising the rule for convolutions. Thereby the use of reduced symbols, as introduced by Coifman and Meyer, is replaced by direct application of the paradifferential methods. A few flaws in the literature have been detected and corrected.
Weighted norm inequalities and indices
Authors: Martín Joaquim , Milman Mario
Published: December 2011

We extend and simplify several classical results on weighted norm inequalities for classical operators acting on rearrangement invariant spaces using the theory of indices. As an application we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for generalized Hardy type operators to be bounded on ?p(w), ?p,8(w), Gp(w) and Gp,8(w).
New classes of rearrangement‐invariant spaces appearing in extreme cases of weak interpolation
Authors: Pustylnik Evgeniy , Signes Teresa
Published: December 2011

We study weak type interpolation for ultrasymmetric spaces L?,E i.e., having the norm , where ?(t) is any quasiconcave function and is arbitrary rearrangement‐invariant space with respect to the measure d t /t. When spaces L?,E are not “too close” to the endpoint spaces of interpolation (in the sense of Boyd), the optimal interpolation theorem was stated in [13]. The case of “too close” spaces was studied in [15] with results which are optimal, but only among ultrasymmetric spaces. In this paper we find better interpolation results, involving new types of rearrangement‐invariant spaces, A?,b,E and B?,b,E, which are described and investigated in detail.
Modulation spaces Mp,q for 0 < p, q?8
Authors: Kobayashi Masaharu
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this paper is to construct modulation spaces Mp,q(Rd) for general 0 < p, q?8, which coincide with the usual modulation spaces when 1?p,q?8, and study their basic properties including their completeness. Given any such that supp and , our modulation space consists of all tempered distributions f such that the (quasi)‐norm is finite.
Three weights higher order Hardy type inequalities
Authors: Kalybay Aigerim A. , Persson Lars-Erik
Published: December 2011

We investigate the following three weights higher order Hardy type inequality (0.1) where denotes the following weighted differential operator:
for a weight function ρ(·). A complete description of the weights u, v and ρ so that (0.1) holds was given in [4] for the case 1 < p ≤ q < 8. Here the corresponding characterization is proved for the case 1 < q < p < 8. The crucial step in the proof of the main result is to use a new Hardy type inequality (for a Volterra type operator), which we first state and prove.
Strang‐Fix theory for approximation order in weighted Lp‐spaces and Herz spaces
Authors: Tomita Naohito
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we study the Strang‐Fix theory for approximation order in the weighted Lp ‐spaces and Herz spaces.
Characterization of Riesz and Bessel potentials on variable Lebesgue spaces
Authors: Almeida Alexandre , Samko Stefan
Published: December 2011

Riesz and Bessel potential spaces are studied within the framework of the Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent. It is shown that the spaces of these potentials can be characterized in terms of convergence of hypersingular integrals, if one assumes that the exponent satisfies natural regularity conditions. As a consequence of this characterization, we describe a relation between the spaces of Riesz or Bessel potentials and the variable Sobolev spaces.
The boundedness of multilinear commutators on locally compact Vilenkin groups
Authors: Tang Canqin
Published: December 2011

Let G be a locally compact Vilenkin group. In this paper, the authors investigate the boundedness of multilinear commutators of fractional integral operator on Lebesgue spaces on G. Furthermore, the boundedness on Hardy spaces are also obtained in this paper.