bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of ambient and thoracic temperatures upon sexual behaviour of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
Authors: CARDE R. T. , HAGAMAN T. E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In an ambient temperature (Ta) range of 18–28°C, thoracic temperatures (Tth) of individual male Lymantria dispar (L.), caught at flight in the field, ranged from 21 to 36.5°C, with a correlation coefficient of 0.63 between Tth and ambient temperature (Ta). Ambient temperature (and insolation) altered the insect's body temperature and the probabilities, latencies, and durations of preflight responses to pheromone. In a wind tunnel at 16 and 20°C, quiescent males exposed to pheromone raised their Tth by sustained wing fanning from 17 and 21°C, respectively, to c. 24°C before takeoff. At 24 and 28°C ambient, Tth rose by takeoff to 28 and 31°C, respectively. The latencies of male wing fanning in response to pheromone decreased from 1.44 min at 16°C ambient, to 0.58 min at 20°C, to 0.26 min at 24°C, and to 0.16min at 28°C. The components of behaviour (antennal twitch, body jerk, step and wing tremor) that occurred between quiescence and wing fanning were more frequent at ambients of 16 and 20°C than at 24 and 28°C.
Circadian control of spontaneous flight activity in the blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
Authors: CSIRO PETER H. SMITH
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Under laboratory light: dark cycles, the flight activity of adult Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) was low during darkness and uniformity high during light. This pattern persisted as a rhythm both in constant darkness and in constant light of intensity up to 1lx, with a period of approximately 22 h in each. Light pulses of 15 min at l00lx applied to the free‐running rhythm in constant darkness generated phase shifts of up to 60°, 12‐h light pulses of the same intensity generated maximal (180°) phase shifts. The phase response curves had shapes similar to those of a number of other insect rhythms. When exposed to light periods (70 lx) of greater than 12 h followed by constant darkness, the rhythm reinitiated at the light‐dark transition from a constant phase equivalent to that at the time of the light‐dark transition in the LD 12:12 cycle.
Zigzagging and casting as a programmed response to wind‐borne odour: a review
Authors: KENNEDY J. S.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. ‘Counterturning’ (meaning here the execution of a succession of alternating left and right turns) is the common feature in upwind zigzagging and cross‐wind casting by flying insects manoeuvring towards a small source of wind‐borne odour. Recent progress in understanding its control and function is discussed. Counterturning is internally controlled (‘self‐steered’) in the limited sense that, once initiated by a chemical stimulus, it continues without further changes in the chemical input both in clean air and in a homogeneous cloud of odour. As a reaction it appears to be the kind of chemotaxis distinguished as longitudinal klinotaxis, for which the stimulus is a difference of chemical concentration detected over time along the insect's path, not across it. The new directions taken in response to the stimulus, being self‐steered in the above sense, have no necessary relation to the direction of the chemical gradient that provided the stimulus but are influenced by the visual cues generated by wind drift. In wind, the counterturning programme is modulated by changes in the chemical input and simultaneously integrated with anemotaxis, but it can then continue in similar form after the wind has ceased. Unambiguous evidence for these conclusions is so far available only for certain flying male moths responding to sex pheromone. The primary function of counterturning, of all amplitudes and in both zigzagging and casting, appears to be the regaining of contact with an elusive scent.
Male influence on the duration of reproductive diapause in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: HAYES JANE LESLIE , DINGLE HUGH
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Differences were found in duration of diapause, as measured by days to first oviposition following adult eclosion, between female Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) mated with male O.sandarachatus (Say) (mean =55 days), and those mated with their brothers (mean =99 days). Under the same conditions (LD 11:13 at 23°C), O.sandarachatus pairs showed no delay in reproduction (mean = 12 days). Male O.sandarachatus exhibit greater sexual activity than male O.fasciatus, and it is postulated that this behaviour may play a significant role in determining the length of diapause in the female.
Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of Chrysomeline larvae
Authors: PASTEELS J. M. , ROWELL‐RAHIER M. , BRAEKMAN J. C. , DUPONT A.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Phratora vitellinae L. and Chrysomela tremulae F. (Chrysomelinae, Coleoptera) feed on Salix or Populus spp. (Salicaceae). Their larvae, as well as the larvae of other chrysomelines feeding on Salicaceae, secrete salicylaldehyde. In this study, we demonstrate that salicylaldehyde is derived from salicin, a phenylglucoside present in the leaves of the host plant. The concentration of salicylaldehyde in the secretion is positively correlated with the amount of salicin in the food of the larvae. The transformation of salicin into salicylaldehyde occurs in the defence glands since the β‐glucosidase activity is 4 times higher in their glands than in the gut. The larvae recover most of the glucose that results from the hydrolysis of salicin. For generalist predators, such as ants, salicylaldehyde is a more potent deterrent than saligenin or salicin.
The effect of diet on activity in male Calliphora vicina blowflies
Authors: SANDERSON P. G. , CHARNLEY A. K.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The effect of diet on the activity of male Calliphora vicina R.D. (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was studied. Protein–fed males (PF) were significantly more active than males fed only on sugar and water (NPF); as a consequence they ingested more sugar. The phenomenon was probably due to PF insects spending more time in flight than NPF, as no significant differences were found between the wingbeat frequencies and flight speeds of tethered flies of the two treatments. Protein ingestion also had a physiological effect, as PF flies had heavier thoraces than NPF flies with increased titres of protein.
Effect of different artificial diets on diapause induction under controlled temperature and photoperiod in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Authors: TSUCHIDA KOZO , YOSHITAKE NARUMI
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Embryonic diapause of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is generally induced by temperature and photoperiod during the egg stage of the previous generation and not in the larval stage. However, when silkworm larvae are reared on an artificial diet instead of mulberry leaves, their diapause is strongly affected by temperature and photoperiod experienced in the larval stage, with a distinct long‐day response for diapause induction. Moreover when larvae which have been reared on artificial diet under long‐day condition are fed mulberry leaves even for a short period of time, most of the resultant female adults lay diapause eggs. These results suggest that the photoperiodic response of larvae for diapause induction may be strongly suppressed by some components in mulberry leaves.
Role of moth ocelli in timing flight initiation at dusk
Authors: EATON JOHN L. , TIGNOR K. R. , HOLTZMAN G. I.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The role of ocelli in timing flight initiation of cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), at dusk was studied under simulated sunset conditions using a multichannel actograph. The mean time of flight initiation was determined for control, sham (sham/occluded, sham ablated, unilateral ablated) and experimental (ocellus occluded, ocellus ablated moths). Ocellus occlusion delayed flight initiation on the first day following treatment but was less effective on the subsequent days. Ocellus ablation also delayed flight initiation on the first day, and also produced pronounced delays on subsequent days. In studies where the sunset was advanced 1 h, control sham ocellus occluded and unilaterally ocellus ablated moths responded to the advance, but bilaterally ocellus ablated moths did not. These results indicate that moths make use of input from the ocelli in determining the threshold light intensity for flight and in making adjustments to small light‐phase changes.
Behavioural and toxic effects of termite defensive secretions on ants
Authors: MILL ALAN E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The toxicity and biological activity of the defensive secretions of ten species of neotropical termites were examined by bioassay on two species of predatory ant. Pseudomyrmex termitarius (F. Smith) (Pseudomyrmecinae) was more susceptible to the effects of the secretions than Ectatomma sp. (Ponerinae). The bioassay results show a progression in the nature of termite chemical weaponry and in the potency of defensive secretions. The tacky secretions used by Coptotermes and Ruptitermes are simply adhesive, entangling agents with no apparent toxic or pheromonal properties. The secretion of Syntermes calvus Emerson serves as a wound‐active poison with little topical activity, while those of Armitermes spp. are repellent to ants and show activity as topical poisons. The secretions used by Nasutitermes spp. combine adhesive, entangling properties with the toxicity of a topically‐active poison, and are effective also as ant‐repellents.
The reactions of two cereal aphid parasitoids, Aphidius uzbekistanicus and A. ervi to host aphids and their food‐plants
Authors: POWELL W. , ZHI‐LI ZHANG
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A Y‐tube olfactometer was used to test the reactions of the hymenopteran cereal aphid parasitoids Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetski and A. ervi Haliday to odours from aphids and their host plants. Only females responded to aphids but both sexes responded to plant odours. A. uzbekistanicus responded to the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) whilst A. ervi, which has a broad host range, responded to M. dirhodum and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Female A. uzbekistanicus responded to wheat leaves only but males responded to a range of plant material. Both male and female A. ervi responded to wheat and bean leaves. The failure of A. ervi to respond to either nettle aphids, Microlophium carnosum (Bukt.), or nettle leaves, despite its frequent parasitization of this aphid in the field, suggests the existence of more than one race of the parasitoid and casts doubts on the usefulness of alternative hosts as reservoirs for A. ervi in integrated control programmes. Males of both species responded to their respective females suggesting the presence of a sex specific attractant.
Acoustic communication in the sexual behaviour of the leafhopper, Amrasca devastans
Authors: SAXENA K. N. , KUMAR H.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Males of Amrasca devastans (Distant) (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) emit ‘croaking’ sounds in phrases of two to six pulses which are transmitted through the plant on which the animal is feeding. Females, if present on the same plant, respond to such croaks by ceasing movements and emitting their own substrate‐borne ‘cooing’ sounds in single‐pulsed phrases. These coos stimulate the males to emit their croaks more frequently, and to commence ‘dancing’ movements, during which they approach the female (whether she is visible or not); the sounds of the two sexes alternate with each other throughout. On reaching the female, the male emits ‘snoring’ sounds and stands at her side, partly in response to seeing her and partly in response to mechanical contact. Thereafter, the male emits ‘pattering’ sounds while raising and vibrating his wings and extending the tip of his abdomen towards the female's abdomen. Finally, the genitalia of the two sexes are interlocked for copulation, during which ‘drumming’ sounds occur.
Range of corixid sound signals in the biotope
Authors: THEISS JOACHIM , PRAGER JOACHIM
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The propagation of sound in the frequency band (2–12 kHz) used by the Corixidae was measured in two shallow natural ponds. At distances of more than 1 m from the shore the water was at least O.4 m deep. The first pond was eutrophic and contained no plants. The spread of sound into the open water obeyed approximately the geometric attenuation of the sound pressure level (SPL); a loss of 6dB for each doubling of the distance from the point sound source. Near the shore the attenuation was considerably greater, especially for low frequencies; for a 2 kHz signal the damping of the SPL was c. 40–50 dB/m.

The second pond had dense plant growth, and the sound attenuation depended strongly on the photosynthetic activity of the waterplants. Measurements in winter, with an overcast sky, revealed only a slight damping effect of the plants for a 10kHz test signal. During intense sunlight in summer, however, in addition to the geometric attenuation the damping effect of the plants over a distance of O.5 m was 50 dB for a 2 kHz signal and 80 dB for 10 kHz. This effect was due to gas bubbles produced during intense photosynthesis.

Song A of Corixa dentipes Thms. (Heteroptera) males elicits usually a response by male conspecifics. The threshold SPL for this response was measured to be c. 40 dB lower than the SPL at a distance of O.1 m from a stridulating animal. From the measurements of sound propagation it follows, therefore, that the effective range of Song A in the most favourable case is at least 10m, though in a pond overgrown with plants it can be less than O.4 m.
Wingbeat frequency, temperature and body size in bees and flies
Authors: UNWIN D. M. , CORBET SARAH A.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the relationship between ambient temperature and wingbeat frequency in bees and flies of different sizes, and presents new data from insects in free fight. The slope of the relationship changes with the size of the insect, and was different for insects in hovering flight compared with individuals of the same species in forward flight.
A comparison of light and temperature entrainment: evidence for a multioscillator circadian system
Authors: RENCE BRADFORD G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Both photoperiodic and thermoperiodic cycles synchronize circadian calling activity of male crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker). Because the phase relationships between these cycles and the entrained singing activity are clearly distinguishable, we studied the relative power of these factors in affecting the circadian clock. Upon resumption of constant conditions after exposure to a thermoperiodic cycle, singing activity sometimes splits into two daily bouts, each with a distinctive period. This observation, together with results derived from simultaneous fluctuation of both factors in and out of phase, suggests that the system integrating environmental input is composed of multiple oscillators.
Development of the compound eyes of the water stick insect, Ranatra linearis
Authors: CLOAREC ANN
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Relationships between estimation of predator‐prey distance prior to a capture attempt and some features of the compound eye are investigated at all stages of post‐embryonic development. Interommatidial angles increase gradually from the anterior and the dorsal regions to the posterior and ventral regions. Facet diameters vary only slightly over the eye surface but increase with age. New ommatidia appear around the borders of eye after each moult. The older ommatidia are pushed away from the border. From one instar to another ommatidia change their direction of view from between 10d̀ to 30d̀ relative to the body axes. This change in direction far exceeds the calculated changes in direction that would be optimal if ommatidia were to continue viewing the same relative directions in space. This suggests a high degree of plasticity of the underlying neuronal networks.
An inexpensive and reliable electroantennometer with automatic base line offset and drift canceller
Authors: PEREZ D. , ROZAS R.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An inexpensive and reliable electronic device is described which allows measurement, viewing and recording of electroantennogram (EAG) responses. Potential advantages of the device include low cost, simple operation, suitability for bench or field use, built‐in digital readout, separate head amplifier, (+) and (‐) peak value memories, and an exclusive automatic offset and drift cancelling circuit which does not introduce distortion. The device is intended for use in EAG recording, where signals with either rapid or slow depolarizations are being measured, bringing important information in the return‐to‐baseline region, as well as the (+) and (‐) peak values of the EAG.
Temporal acuity of honeybee vision: behavioural studies using flickering stimuli
Authors: SRINIVASAN MANDYAM V. , LEHRER MIRIAM
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Temporal resolution of freely‐flying bees was measured by training bees, Apis mellifera (Linn.), to discriminate between a steady light and a flickering light. Two kinds of experiments were conducted: those using a homochromatic flicker, in which the intensity of the flickering light varied periodically with time; and ones using a heterochromatic flicker, in which the colour of the flickering light varied periodically. In either case, the time‐averaged properties (intensity and colour) of the flickering light matched those of the steady light, and the bees' ability to discriminate between the two stimuli was measured for various flicker frequencies. The results indicate that bees perform poorly in the homochromatic flicker experiments, regardless of the colour of the light (u.v., blue or green), but well in those with heterochromatic flicker. Heterochromatic flicker experiments using various pairwise combinations of the colours U.V., blue and green (corresponding to the three known spectral receptor‐types in the bee's retina) reveal that temporal resolution is much better when blue is one of the component colours, than when it is not. The simplest interpretation of the results is in terms of colour channels possessing different response speeds. Heterochromatic flicker promises to be a useful tool in investigating the temporal properties of colour vision in bees.
Associative learning in the ovipositional behaviour of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae
Authors: TRAYNIER R. M. M.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. When tested with familiar and novel oviposition sites, gravid female Pieris rapae (L.) tended to land on sites of the same appearance as those they had experienced 24 h earlier. This acquired preference could be reversed by subsequent e xperience. An ovipositional preference, shown by groups of insects, paralleled the landing preferences of single insects. These influences of experience were shown with intact cabbage plants of different kinds, with discs cut from the leaves of different kinds of cabbage, and with discs of blotting paper of different shades of green and blue, wetted with sinigrin solution or water. A single landing by a gravid female on paper wetted with sinigrin solution induced a landing preference for the same colour of paper in a choice test made 24 h later. Gravid females thus associated a favourable chemical stimulus of oviposition with the appearance of the acceptable site. Such learning by trial and error would facilitate host‐selection from a distance. In the laboratory it induced oviposition on ‘neutral’ sites of the same appearance as ‘host’ sites.
Effect of duration of larval development on sexual competence in young adult male Diploptera punctata
Authors: WOODHEAD ANDREA P.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The duration of larval development was 27% longer, adult weight was 10% greater, and adult head capsule was 2% wider in Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz) males with four larval stadia compared with those with three larval stadia. Four‐instar males transferred significantly more sperm than three‐instar males 8, 14 and 28 days after adult eclosion, but there was no difference in the length of sperma‐tophore transferred by three‐ and four‐instar males at these ages. Eight‐day‐old four‐instar males were more successful than 8‐day‐old three‐instar males in fertilizing complete batches of eggs. For both three‐ and four‐instar males, males that mated when they were older (measured in days after adult eclosion) transferred more sperm and larger spermatophores than younger males. Body size did not have a significant effect on the number of sperm or size of spermatophore transferred by males.
Adaptation of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) to their alarm pheromones
Authors: AL‐SA'AD B. N. , FREE J. B. , HOWSE P. E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Honeybees rapidly became adapted to synthetic alarm pheromone components dispensed within their hives, and were less; inclined to sting both unmarked targets and targets marked with the; alarm pheromone. The possible application to beekeeping is discussed.
Flight speed of male spruce bud worm moths in a wind tunnel at different wind speeds and at different distances from a pheromone source
Authors: SANDERS C. J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Flying male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths responding to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone in a wind tunnel maintained a constant rate of upwind progress when held by moving optomotor cues at a constant distance from the pheromone source. When allowed to progress upwind to the source, however, they slowed their upwind speed progressively as they approached it. They also adjusted their flight speed to maintain similar rates of upwind progress at different wind speeds.
Engorgement response of anopheline mosquitoes to blood fractions and artificial solutions
Authors: GALUN R. , KOONTZ L. C. , GWADZ R. W.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Anopheles stephensi Liston, Anopheles freeborni Aitken, Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles dirus (Peyton & Harrison) fed equally well on whole blood, red blood cells, platelet‐rich plasma and platelet‐poor plasma. Similar feeding ability on 0.15 M NaCl containing 10‐2 M NaHCO3 was shown by the first three species, but An. dirus required an addition of albumin. The need for ATP as a phagostimulant could not be demonstrated in any of these species.
Lipoprotein transformations during adipokinetic hormone action in Locusta migratoria
Authors: GOLDSWORTHY GRAHAM J. , MILES COLIN M. , WHEELER COLIN H.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Detailed studies of lipoprotein A+ formation during AKH action have been made in Locusta migratoria L. using gel filtration combined with the use of radiolabeled haemolymph protein probes. In addition, we have assessed the quantitative contribution of the CL‐proteins to A+ formation by direct measurement of the changes in concentration of free CL‐proteins and report some properties of the C‐I and C‐II proteins: they appear to be glycoproteins of 20,000 and 16,000 MW respectively, but do not bind to concanavalin A. We have confirmed earlier observations (using different techniques) which showed that liproprotein Ayellow is not involved per se in A+ formation during the first 15 min of AKH action. In contrast, the (two) CL‐proteins take part in A+ formation without any apparent delay after hormone injection. Our observations show that A+ formation is essentially complete within 30 min of AKH injection, although further CL‐protein binding and lipid‐loading do occur subsequently. After 30 min there is no further decrease in the Ayellow titre. It is argued that much, if not all, CL‐protein is located at the surface of the A+ particle. From the changes in titres which occur in Ayellow and CL‐proteins during AKH action we estimate that A+ is formed from 1 mole of Ayellow and approximately 28 moles of CL‐proteins. Using these figures we calculate an apparent molecular weight for A+ within the range of 1.65–2.12×106, which is in reasonable agreement with estimates derived from gel exclusion chromatography data. These studies emphasize the dynamic and fully reversible nature of lipoprotein A+ formation and highlight the complex nature of the lipoprotein transformations occurring during hormone‐stimulated lipid transport in locusts.
On the function of sex pheromone components in Periplaneta americana: improved odour source localization with periplanone‐A
Authors: SEELINGER GÜNTER , GAGEL SIGRID
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The female American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L., produces two sex pheromone components: periplanone‐A (PA) and periplanone‐B (PB). PB induces male locomotion and upwind orientation. PA, when presented alone, has the same effect but with a higher threshold concentration. When added to PB in the natural ratio, however, PA reduces rather than increases locomotory activity. To examine whether PA affects male orientation in the natural blend, a pheromone source was suspended above the centre of a circular arena. Efforts were made to exclude air movements so that pheromone concentration declined centrifugally. Males walking in a PB gradient spent more time near the source than in the peripheral areas when low doses were presented. At emission rates approximately equivalent to those of a female, however, they were not able to locate the pheromone source as precisely as at lower rates. In contrast, males walking in a PA gradient spent more time in the centre of the arena when the pheromone dosage was increased. When PA was added to natural levels of PB, males walked more slowly and stopped more frequently near the source than with PB alone. Thus PA improves chemo‐orientation of males when presented in a natural ratio with PB. A reduction of linear velocity near the pheromone source (an orthokinetic effect) is involved in this process.
The critical field photoperiod inducing ovarian diapause in the cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: ADAMS ANDREW J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The ovarian and fat body development of cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella L., has been determined from field samples taken during the transition from a summer to an overwintering population. Between mid and late September 1983, the state of ovarian development decreases as the proportion of diapausing females increases. This is accompanied by maximum fat body development. Diapausing females emerge from late August onwards, and the critical photoperiod, based upon known larval sensitivity and including civil twilight as part of the photophase, is LD 15.5:8.5h. This is in agreement with laboratory studies. The majority of overwintering females are mated. Very few males survive the autumn.
The identification of an aphid juvenile hormone, and its titre in relation to photoperiod
Authors: HARDIE JIM , BAKER FRED C. , JAMIESON GENE C. , LEES ANTHONY D. , SCHOOLEY DAVID A.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Whole body extractions from larval and adult apterous forms of Megoura viciae, and from adult Aphis fabae, were analysed for the known insect juvenile hormones (JHs) by a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometric method. Low levels of JH III were detected in both aphid species, the first identification of a juvenile hormone from an homopteran insect. Although the mean titre in adult M. viciae is higher in long‐day than in short‐day reared insects (0.12±0.03 v. 0.04±0.01 ng/g), titres were variable and measurements overlapped. The results are discussed in the context of the hormonal control of aphid polymorphism and the question of identity of homopteran and hemipteran JH.
Influence of photoperiod on low temperature acclimation for cold‐hardiness in Drosophila auraria
Authors: HIGUCHI CHIZUKO , KIMURA MASAHITO T.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Imagines of Drosophila auraria Peng, a reproductive diapause species, developed cold‐hardiness at low temperatures to a greater extent when exposed to a diapause‐inducing photoperiod (LD10:14 h) than when exposed to a diapause‐preventing photoperiod (LD 16:8h). Imagines kept at 18°C, which was the temperature at which they were reared to eclosion, did not survive a test exposure to ‐5°C for 8 days regardless of age or photoperiod. When transferred to 10 or 5°C, either from eclosion or from 8 days after eclosion, the survival rate, on testing, rose with time since transfer and rose faster and higher with a photoperiod of LD 10:14h than with LD16:8h. Flies transferred to 15°C only showed improved ability to survive the test if they were kept in LD 10:14h. When cultured at 18°C to the age of 8 days after eclosion, diapause was terminated in about 30% of females even at LD 10:14h. In these post‐diapause females the ability to develop cold‐hardiness at lower temperatures was somewhat less than in the diapausing females, but apparently greater than in the non‐diapause females. These results suggest that the physiological mechanism which promotes cold‐hardiness under a diapause‐inducing photoperiod is not directly linked to the process causing reproductive diapause.

In Sapporo, flies from a natural population became tolerant to cold in October when they entered diapause and daily mean temperature fell below 15°C and the light/dark cycle fell below LD 12:12h.
Cold tolerance in diapausing and non‐diapausing stages of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis
Authors: LEE RICHARD E. , DENLINGER DAVID L.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Supercooling points (SCP) and low temperature tolerance were determined for larval, pupal and adult stages of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). No stage tolerates tissue‐freezing. Ontogenetic changes in SCP profiles are similar for comparable developmental stages of diapause and non‐diapause groups. Feeding larvae have SCPs near ‐7°C which decrease to ‐11°C in the postfeeding wandering phase of the final larval instar. The lowest SCPs are recorded for pupae at ‐23°C. The capacity to survive at ‐17°C varies with age of the diapausing pupae: 10‐day‐old pupae are less cold tolerant than pupae that have been in diapause for 45–80 days. Although the SCP of non‐diapausing pupae is as low as in diapausing pupae, non‐diapausing pupae are extremely sensitive to low temperature exposure and do not survive to adult eclosion when exposed to ‐17°C for as little as 20 min. The use of hexane to break pupal diapause has no effect on SCPs or low temperature tolerance.
‘Anemotactic’ flight paths of tsetse flies in relation to host odour: a preliminary video study in nature of the response to loss of odour
Authors: GIBSON GABRIELLA , BRADY JOHN
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Free‐flying, wild Glossina pallidipes Aust. and G. morsitans Westw. were video‐recorded in the field in Zimbabwe as they flew out of air permeated with host odour (camera 2.5 m up, looking down at the ground). Analysis of the flight tracks supports the proposal of Bursell (1984) that tsetse flies attracted to an invisible source of host odour respond weakly if at all to wind direction while in flight: on losing contact with the odour the flies made a sharp turn that was uncorrelated with wind direction. The size of the turn varied considerably, with a marked discontinuity in the log‐survivorship curve at 120° (a fly which had turned through at least 120° was 5 times as likely to stop the turn as a fly which had turned <120°). Over half the flies made turns of >90° (and <2 m diameter) within the 2×2.5 m field of view of the camera. It is suggested that these turns initially served to arrest the upwind progress of the fly, with the size of the turn determining the degree to which the fly backtracked towards where it last detected odour or continues cross‐wind. Mean flight speed was c. 5 ms‐1 (min. 2.5, max. probably 7ms‐1).
Specificity of an amino acid‐sensitive cell in the adult Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: MITCHELL B. K.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A single sensillum on each galea of adult Colorado beetles contains a cell which is highly sensitive to amino acids. The cell has a marked specificity for L‐alanine and γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA); other amino acids tested were at least 10 times less effective as stimulants. From a structure‐activity study, using compounds with longer and shorter carbon chains than GABA and longer chains than L‐alanine, it is apparent that the receptor is very sensitive to minor changes in these two stimulating molecules. It is argued that the receptor evolved in a form sensitive to L‐alanine, and that GABA is effective because it can bend into a configuration which mimics L‐alanine in terms of important active sites for the receptor system. This specific receptor for an important class of phagostimulants provides an opportunity for future studies in comparative receptor physiology.
Effects of wing‐pad removal and corpus allatum implantation on development of wings, flight muscles, and related structures in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus
Authors: TANAKA SEIJI
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Removal of a hindwing pad from late instar nymphs of the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus DeGeer (Gryllidae) inhibits the formation of long‐winged adults. All nymphs become short‐winged when their hindwing pad is removed during the sixth (penultimate) instar or during the first 2 days of the seventh instar. When a hindwing pad is removed on day 4 of the seventh instar or later, there is no effect on wing development and at least 50% of the crickets emerge as long‐winged adults as in controls.

The period sensitive for removal of a hindwing pad varies among different structures, e.g. elytra, hindwings, flight muscles, and the acrotergite of the first abdominal segment. As a result, some intermediate forms are produced when a hindwing pad is removed in the middle of the seventh instar.

Implantation of corpora allata (CA) into late instar nymphs also inhibits formation of long‐winged adults. When CA are implanted on day 2 or 3 of the seventh instar, some of the resulting adults have abnormally short elytra. Implantation of CA at an earlier stage produces supernumerary (eighth instar) nymphs.
Simultaneous monitoring of flight and oviposition of individual velvetbean caterpillar moths
Authors: WALES P. J. , BARFIELD C. S. , LEPPLA N. C.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A ‘pivot’ flight actograph was combined with a rolling oviposition surface to characterize the flight and oviposition behaviour of velvetbean caterpillar moths, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner. Tethered, caged control females laid significantly more eggs that those flown on the actograph. Mated females laid more eggs than unmated ones. However, mating did not affect longevity nor fight frequency and duration. Laboratory‐reared and wild‐type females also did not differ signficantly in longevity and flight. Both laboratory and wild mated females laid most of their eggs during the first 7 days whereas unmated ones delayed their oviposition. None of the female types produced a definite hourly, daily or lifetime pattern in flight frequency or duration. Of the 7672 recorded flights, about 3% were greater than 0.5 h. ‘Long’ flights (>0.5h) were made by some females before oviposition, as in colonization migration, but most interspersed flight with oviposition, as in extended search migration.
A circadian rhythm influencing foraging behaviour in the saw‐toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Authors: BELL C. H. , KERSLAKE P. R.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) placed in an open arena containing a refuge showed a cyclic pattern of activity in light, dark (LD) cycles when food in the form of damaged wheat grains was placed in the arena outside the refuge. Placing food in the refuge reduced cyclic change and lowered the general activity of the beetles. Batches of fifty insects conditioned in LD 9:15 h or 15:9 h at 25°C, 65% r.h., and transferred to continuous darkness (DD) at the end of a photophase, showed a circadian rhythm of foraging activity of periodicity near 24 h. Those transferred to continuous light at the end of a scotophase showed a 6 h delay in the onset of the next peak of activity, but subsequent peaks, although damped, revealed a periodicity near that in DD. The mean number of beetles wandering in the arena ranged from about eight in LD 15:9 h with all food in the refuge to about twenty‐one in LD 9:15 h with all food in the arena.
Effects of temperature and light on calling in the tiger moth Holomelina lamae (Freeman) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: SCHAL COBY , CARDÉ RING T.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In Holomelina lamae Freeman daily eclosion of adults is gated, with males emerging before females. By advancing the onset of photophase and by delaying the onset of scotophase, it was demonstrated that lights‐on acts as the main phase‐setting cue for calling. Few females call on the day they eclose. Calling is initiated c. 9 h after the onset of photophase in 2‐day‐old females, and shifts to earlier times in older females. The duration of calling also increases with age. That calling is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock is indicated by its persistence in continuous light (LL) and dark (DD). In LL calling is dampened rapidly, but a single scotophase re‐entrains the rhythm. Decreases in temperature advance the onset of calling and the mean hour of calling, while increases in temperature delay both. However, the magnitudes of such phase‐shifts depended upon hour of the photoperiod. Moreover, cooling and heating appears to exert both transient and long‐term effects on the calling rhythm. An 8 h period at a reduced temperature in LL induces calling in females whose calling is dampened, and entrains the calling rhythm. Females maintained in DD from second instar larvae to the adult stage exhibit a circadian calling rhythm set by eclosion.
How does an eclosing fly deal with obstacles?
Authors: ŽĎÁREK JAN , REID SILVIA , FRAENKEL GOTTFRIED
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.Stereotyped eclosion behaviour ofSarcophaga bullataParker (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) consists of two different repetitive sequences of movements. One, which is instrumental for making forward progress in extricating the body from the puparium or for digging through the soil, is called the programme for forward movement (PFM). The other, which is performed as a response to an obstruction, is called the programme for obstruction removal (POR). The initial and final phases of each repetitive sequence are identical in both programmes, the sequences differing only in the middle portion. In the POR, the locomotor elements of the PFM sequence (peristalsis) are substituted by a train of repetitive expansions of the ptilinum, which are caused by simultaneous contractions of the abdominal and thoracic muscles. These ptilinal movements function as an air hammer against the obstruction. Switching from the PFM to POR can be experimentally induced by a rough mechanical stimulation of the head (squeezing, pushing against a barrier) but not by gentle tactile stimulation of the ptilinum or antennae. The critical period for induction of the POR is in the phase of the PFM sequence at which the two programmes diverge. A constant mechanical stimulus is necessary for a sustained performance of the whole POR. A hypothetical scheme of the neural basis of this behaviour is suggested.
The control of ovarian development during adult diapause in the cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella
Authors: ADAMS A. J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Field collections of overwintering cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella L. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) taken during the autumn and winter of 1982/83 and 1983/84 have shown that ovarian development proceeds at a low, but near uniform rate throughout diapause. Extensive fat body is recorded during the autumn and early winter of both periods, but this gradually diminishes during February and March. There does not appear to be a true refractory phase during the dormancy. A period of chilling primes the females for accelerated ovarian development in favourable conditions. When field collected females were transferred to light: dark 16:8 h (15°C) or L:D 12:12 h (15°C) in the laboratory, the subsequent rates of ovarian development were not significantly different, suggesting that temperature is the major regulator of the activation phase, although there was some evidence to suggest that an increase in photoperiod also has a role.
Chemical and ethological studies of the trail pheromone of the ant Manica rubida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: ATTYGALLE A. B. , CAMMAERTS M‐C. , CAMMAERTS R. , MORGAN E. D. , OLLETT D. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The poison gland of Manica rubida contains nanogram quantities of four alkylpyrazines, methylpyrazine, 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, of which only the last induces pronounced trail‐following behaviour. Myrmica rubra and M. rubida workers follow each other's trails equally well when allowance is made for the much greater size of M. rubida workers. The cross activity in trail‐following between M. rubida, M. rubra and Tetramorium caespitum is understandable in terms of the amounts and proportions of the different pyrazines present in their glands and their responses to the synthetic substances and appropriate mixtures of them.
Oxygen consumption of active and inactive adult tiger beetles
Authors: MAY MICHAEL L. , PEARSON DAVID L. , CASEY TIMOTHY M.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) in six species of adult tiger beetles Cicindela spp. (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) was correlated with body mass and temperature during rest. In beetles forced to run and/or right themselves continuously for 5–10 min at 25°C, V̇O2 was approximately 7–12 times as high as in resting individuals; the difference increased with increasing mass. Resting and active VO2 were similar to previous results for other beetles, although the slope of log V̇O2 on log mass was lower. Detailed analysis suggests the existence of taxonomic and ecological correlates of resting metabolism. The possible ecological implications and adaptive advantages of these results for adult tiger beetles are discussed.
Anemotactic orientation of gypsy moth males and its modification by the attractant pheromone (+)‐disparlure during walking
Authors: PREISS R. , KRAMER E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Tracks of dewinged gypsy moth males, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae), walking upwind in an airstream without pheromone consist of marked alternations between more or less straight upwind segments, partly with an arcadic structure, and twisted segments. This apparently complicated behaviour can, however, simply be explained by a superposition of noise and two turning commands: an upwind turning tendency, derived from the anemoreceptive system, which represents an average of the moth's angular positions over a period of time; and an internal turning tendency which consists of strong but brief bursts. These bursts are produced intermittently; successive bursts do not necessarily alternate polarity. Amputation of one antenna increases the probability of bursts towards the amputated side; therefore a separate burst source is postulated for each antenna. In the presence of the attractant pheromone (+)‐disparlure, the anemotactic signal is weighted higher; twisted segments are, therefore, less pronounced.

There is a chemotropotactical component involved in the male's orientation. The tropotactical signal, dependent on the difference of odour concentration perceived by the left and right antenna, competes with the upwind turning tendency.
Moth hearing on the Faeroe Islands, an area without bats
Authors: SURLYKKE ANNEMARIE
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The ultrasound‐sensitive ears found in several families of moths are believed to be part of a predator (bat) specific defence strategy; the moth's evasive responses, elicited by the calls of bats, reduce its chances of being caught. Bats have never been found on the Faeroe Islands, whereas moths migrated there before the last Ice Age, and have since been isolated from areas with bats. For this reason, the hearing characteristics of moths from the Faeroes are investigated in this study. All noctuid moths caught there have functional ears sensitive to ultrasound. Audiograms are determined for thirty‐two individuals of four noctuid species: Cerapteryx gramminis L., Apamea crenata Hūfn., Apamea maillardi Gey. and Diarsia mendica F. The auditory characteristics of the moths from the Faeroes resemble those of moths from other temperate zones where bats are abundant. The audiograms revealed best frequencies between 20 and 45 kHz, relatively broad turnings (Q10dB around 1), and thresholds of 35–50 dB SPL at the best frequency. The fact that the moths on the Faeroes possess such sensitive ears is explained by the large time spans which might be required for reduction of a character which is not directly opposed by a selection pressure.
Volatile spider‐mite pheromone and host‐plant kairomone, involved in spaced‐out gregariousness in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: DICKE MARCEL
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. From the host plant‐spider mite complex Phaseolus lunatus—Tetranychus urticae Koch a volatile chemical is emitted that acts as a kairomone for the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot (Sabelis et al., 1984a). This kairomone is apparently a byproduct of a vital physiological process and/or it has a function in the biology of the spider mite as well.

The spider mite—host plant complex also emits a volatile spider‐mite dispersing pheromone. This is shown in the present study where spider mites were introduced into an odour patch on a horizontal screen in a vertical airflow olfactometer. When spider‐mite infested leaves of Lima bean are offered, the spider mites walk mainly straight and soon reach the edge of the screen. On the other hand, when clean Lima bean leaves are offered, the mites walk tortuously most of the time and reach the edge of the screen much later. Artificially damaged plants elicit the same response as undamaged plants. Differences in spider‐mite behaviour are observed in the vertical airflow olfactometer when odour of either clean or spider‐mite infested leaves is offered. A comparison of the behaviour in these two situations with that when no odour was offered suggests that Lima bean leaves emit a volatile kairomone that activates T. urticae and makes them return after losing the stimulus. A Y‐tube olfactometer experiment confirms the existence of this kairomone.

At a low ratio of dispersing pheromone to plant kairomone, the spider mites behave as if only kairomone is present, walking mainly tortuously. At a high ratio they disperse. No aggregation‐pheromonal effect is observed.

The possibility that the spider‐mite dispersing pheromone acts as a kairomone for P. persimilis is discussed.
An improved electroantennogram apparatus with a new automatic sample injection system
Authors: GUERRERO A. , MURGO R. , MARTORELL X.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An improved electroantennogram (EAG) apparatus with a new automatic sample injection system, based on a cyclic timer connected to a 12VD.C. electrovalve, is described. The device is fully automatic and allows insertion of constant cyclic air puffs of the test compounds to the antenna at predetermined intervals.
Temporal parameters of male—female sound communication in Leptophyes punctatissima
Authors: ROBINSON DAVID , RHEINLAENDER JÜRGEN , HARTLEY J. C.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Quantitative information is presented about acoustic communication between the sexes of the speckled bush cricket Leptophyes punctatissima Bosc (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). The male song elicits an acoustic response from a receptive female with a net delay (excluding the travelling time of the sound) of about 25 ms depending upon ambient temperature. Only when the female responses fall within the narrow temporal window between 20 and 50 ms after the onset of his song does the male perform phonotaxis. The precise timing of this duet is described, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.