bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temple Architecture in the Iranian World before the Macedonian Conquest
Authors: Shenkar Michael
Published: January 2008

The article offers a survey of temple architecture in the Iranian world before the Macedonian conquest. Despite the observations that ancient Iranians worshipped in the open air, structures of cultic significance have been discovered in some areas of Eastern Iran. While the attribution of the earliest, second millennium temples to the Iranian tribes is still disputable, Iranians definitely had temples before the Achaemenids. The earliest temples found in the Iranian settlements are the ones from Tepe Nush-i Jan (for Western Iran) and Dahān-i Ghulāmān (for the Eastern). However, it seems that the majority of ancient Iranians, including the first Achaemenids, worshiped under the open sky. Given the nomadic background of the ancient Iranians they probably became acquainted with temple architecture once they came into close contact with the highly developed civilisations, which preceded them in some areas of what was later to become the Iranian World. In general it is impossible to speak of one “Iranian culture” or a unified “Iranian cult” in the second and first millennia BCE; instead, temple architecture demonstrates a variety of different regional traditions. More temples have been discovered in Eastern Iran than in Western. The architectural evidence from Eastern Iran in this period also suggests a complex picture of heterogeneous local cults, at least some of which made use of closed temples. Another kind of cultic structure was the open air terraces. There is also some evidence for domestic cults. Iranian cults also share a number of common, dominant features. Special significance was attributed to fire and ashes. Most temple altars (often stepped) were at the centre of the cult and rituals. Another important feature is the absence of cult statues and images. It is remarkable that most of the temples were erected on the highest point of the site or on an artificial elevated platform.
Some Remarks on the Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests
Authors: Gippert Jost , Schulze Wolfgang
Published: January 2008

The so-called Caucasian Albanian Palimpsest kept in St. Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai for the first time allows to draw a comprehensive picture of one of the languages (probably the state language) of the third medieval Christian kingdom in Transcaucasia, namely (Caucasian) Albania. The relevant parts of the two palimpsest manuscripts (Sin. N 13 and N 55) covering roughly 120 pages (that is two thirds of the two manuscripts) have been deciphered, interpreted, and translated in the course of an international project running since 2003. The Caucasian Albanian texts comprise a) fragments of a Lectionary, and b) parts of the Gospel of John, written by a different hand in a different style. A number of both text-internal and text-external arguments suggest that the original manuscripts were produced in the 7th century A.D. The analysis of the texts clearly argues in favour of the assumption that the translators relied upon corresponding Old Armenian sources. Nevertheless, it can be shown that the texts in parts deviate from those Old Armenian Bible texts that have survived to our days, so that Georgian, Greek, and Syriac sources must also be taken into account. The readable passages of the two texts furnish us with roughly 8,000 word tokens (some 1,000 lemmatised lexical entries). Hence, the Caucasian Albanian palimpsest gives a considerable insight into the lexicon, grammar, and phonology of its language, which can now safely be identified as an early variant of Udi (East Caucasian, Lezgian). Caucasian Albanian (or Old Udi) differs from present-day Udi in a number of features, including an additional set of palatalised consonants, a more conservative system of local case markers, gender distinction within the set of anaphoric pronouns, and a stronger tendency to construe larger clitic chains. The lexicon is marked for three aspects: a) the preservation of Lezgian terms lost in present-day Udi; b) a set of loans from Armenian and (less prominent) from Georgian; c) loan translations especially from Armenian. The syntax of the texts comes close to that of its sources; however, the texts also exhibit a number of syntactic features alien to both Armenian and Georgian. This suggests that the translators tried to find a balance between the preservation of the original wording of the sources and the necessity to meet the needs of the Caucasian Albanian speaking audience.
Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran
Authors: Borjian Maryam , Borjian Habib
Published: January 2008

The texts published here are in an eastern Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. The informant is a rural woman who recollects the supernatural deeds of her father-in-law, revered like a saint after his death. The stories are narrated in a most intimate manner, something rarely published previously in Iranian dialect documentations. The folkloric songs typify those sung in Caspian rice paddies by women, who traditionally have a dominant role in the rural economy. The stories and songs provide both linguistic and ethnographic data for this poorly studied but important province with its unique culture among the Iranian-speaking groups in Iran.
A Baluchi Episode from the Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari Cycle
Authors: Boyajian-Sureniants Vahe
Published: January 2008

The paper presents a small text in the Sarāwānī dialect of Baluchi about the famous hero Hoseyn-kord. The Baluchi story is a well-known episode from the cycle of Hoseyn-kord-e Shabestari, where the hero shows his supernatural strength and gains a high social status. At the same time, for the Kord tribe in Iranian Baluchistan, Hoseyn-kord is not only a folkloric personage, but features already as an eponym, the legendary forefather of the tribesmen.
Religious Leaders and Family Planning in Iran
Authors: Sadat Moinifar Heshmat
Published: January 2008

After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, family planning programmes were dismantled in Iran; however, in 1989, the government reversed its policies and since then has had one of the most successful programmes in the region. This was conditioned, along with the socio-economic factors, first of all by the positive role of the Islamic jurists in this process. Religious leaders' position on family planning and the circumstances, under which it can be practiced, has had a direct effect on how Iran has achieved the family planning targets. In this article, an attempt is made to explore religious leaders' views toward family planning after 1989. The verdicts or the Fatwas of the Mujtahids in the context of family planning and issues related to it are discussed. After providing a brief review of different approaches on family planning in the Islamic tradition, the author elaborates the material through in-depth interviews with several prominent religious leaders including Mousavi Zanjani, Mousavi Ardabili, Ahmadi Miyanaji, Shobeiri Zanjani, and Ayatollah Sobhani to enrich the argument.
Evaluations of Land–Ocean Skin Temperatures of the ISCCP Satellite Retrievals and the NCEP and ERA Reanalyses
Authors: Tsuang Ben-Jei , Chou Ming-Dah , Zhang Yuanchong , Roesch Andreas , Yang Kun
Published: January 2008

This study evaluates the skin temperature (ST) datasets of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D satellite product, the ISCCP FD satellite product, the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis, and the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-II Reanalysis. The monthly anomalies of all the datasets are correlated to each other and to most of the ground-truth stations with correlation coefficients >0.50. To evaluate their qualities, the 5 ST datasets are used to calculate clear-sky (CS) outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and upward surface longwave radiation (USLR); the results are compared with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) satellite observation and 14 surface stations. The satellite-derived STs and ERA-40 ST tend to bias high on hot deserts (e.g., Sahara Desert), and the reanalyzed STs tend to bias low in mountain areas (e.g., Tibet). In Northern Hemisphere high-latitude regions (tundra, wetlands, deciduous needle-leaf forests, and sea ice), the CS OLR anomalies calculated using the satellite-derived STs have higher correlations and lower root-mean-squared errors with the ERBE satellite observation than those derived from using the reanalyzed STs. ERA-40 underestimates the amplitude of the seasonal ST over glaciers. All the reanalysis products (ERA-40, NCEP–NCAR, and NCEP–DOE AMIP-II) overestimate the ST during partial sea ice–covered periods in the middle-high-latitude oceans. Nonetheless, suspected spurious noises with an amplitude of 2 K in the satellite-derived STs produce a physically unviable anomaly over earth’s surface where the amplitude of the anomaly is weak (such as open-water bodies, croplands, rain forest, grasslands, hot deserts, and cold deserts). Better land–ocean–ice schemes for a reanalysis should be developed for desert regions, high plateaus, fractional sea ice–covered oceans, and seasonally snow-covered lands, where the largest ST errors are identified.
Weather Types and Rainfall over Senegal. Part I: Observational Analysis
Authors: Moron Vincent , Robertson Andrew W. , Ward M. Neil , Ndiaye Ousmane
Published: January 2008

A k-means cluster analysis is used to summarize unfiltered daily atmospheric variability at regional scale over the western Sahel and eastern tropical North Atlantic during the boreal summer season [July–September (JAS)] 1961–98. The analysis employs zonal and meridional regional wind fields at 925, 700, and 200 hPa from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses. An eight-cluster solution is shown to yield an integrated view of the complex regional circulation variability, without the need for explicit time filtering. Five of the weather types identified characterize mostly typical phases of westward-moving wave disturbances, such as African easterly waves (AEWs), and persistent monsoon surges, while the three others describe mostly different stages of the seasonal cycle. Their temporal sequencing describes a systematic monsoonal evolution, together with considerable variability at subseasonal and interannual time scales.

Daily rainfall occurrence at 13 gauge stations in Senegal is found to be moderately well conditioned by the eight weather types, with positive rainfall anomalies usually associated with southerly wind anomalies at 925 hPa. Interannual variability of daily rainfall frequency is shown to depend substantially on the frequency of occurrence of weather types specific to the beginning and end of the JAS season, together with the number of persistent monsoon surges over the western Sahel. In contrast, year-to-year changes in the frequency of the weather types mostly associated with westward-moving waves such as AEWs are not found to influence seasonal frequency of occurrence of daily rainfall substantially.

The fraction of seasonal rainfall variability related to weather-type frequency is found to have a strong relationship with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs): an El Niño (La Niña) event tends to be associated with a higher (lower) frequency of dry weather types during early and late JAS season with enhanced trade winds over the western Sahel, together with lower (higher) prevalence of persistent monsoon surges. The component of seasonal rainfall variability not related to weather-type frequency is characterized by changes in rainfall probability within each weather type, especially those occurring in the core of the JAS season; it exhibits a larger decadal component that is associated with an SST pattern previously identified with recent observed trends in Sahel rainfall.
Variability of Basin-Scale Terrestrial Water Storage from a PER Water Budget Method: The Amazon and the Mississippi
Authors: Zeng Ning , Yoon Jin-Ho , Mariotti Annarita , Swenson Sean
Published: January 2008

In an approach termed the PER method, where the key input variables are observed precipitation P and runoff R and estimated evaporation, the authors apply the basin water budget equation to diagnose the long-term variability of the total terrestrial water storage (TWS). Unlike the typical offline land surface model estimate where only atmospheric variables are used as input, the direct use of observed runoff in the PER method imposes an important constraint on the diagnosed TWS. Although there is a lack of basin-scale observations of evaporation, the tendency of E to have significantly less variability than the difference between precipitation and runoff (P − R) minimizes the uncertainties originating from estimated evaporation. Compared to the more traditional method using atmospheric moisture convergence (MC) minus R (MCR method), the use of observed precipitation in the PER method is expected to lead to general improvement, especially in regions where atmospheric radiosonde data are too sparse to constrain the atmospheric model analyzed MC, such as in the remote tropics.

TWS was diagnosed using the PER method for the Amazon (1970–2006) and the Mississippi basin (1928–2006) and compared with the MCR method, land surface model and reanalyses, and NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity data. The seasonal cycle of diagnosed TWS over the Amazon is about 300 mm. The interannual TWS variability in these two basins is 100–200 mm, but multidecadal changes can be as large as 600–800 mm. Major droughts, such as the Dust Bowl period, had large impacts, with water storage depleted by 500 mm over a decade. Within the short period 2003–06 when GRACE data were available, PER and GRACE show good agreement both for seasonal cycle and interannual variability, providing potential to cross validate each other. In contrast, land surface model results are significantly smaller than PER and GRACE, especially toward longer time scales. While the authors currently lack independent means to verify these long-term changes, simple error analysis using three precipitation datasets and three evaporation estimates suggest that the multidecadal amplitude can be uncertain up to a factor of 2, while the agreement is high on interannual time scales. The large TWS variability implies the remarkable capacity of land surface in storing and taking up water that may be underrepresented in models. The results also suggest the existence of water storage memories on multiyear time scales, significantly longer than typically assumed seasonal time scales associated with surface soil moisture.
Pausing of the ENSO Cycle: A Case Study from 1998 to 2002
Authors: Nagura Motoki , Ando Kentaro , Mizuno Keisuke
Published: January 2008

The heat balance of the surface mixed layer is analyzed at the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (0°, 140°W) in order to examine the transition from the 1998 La Niña to the 2002 El Niño. The data used are observations from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON). Results show that interannual variation of eddy heat flux due to tropical instability waves slows the transition from La Niña to El Niño. Previous studies have described this slow transition as a pausing period of the ENSO cycle; that is, La Niña lingers and El Niño does not immediately appear despite a deepened thermocline. Heat balance analysis shows that the vertical heat advection anomaly and surface heat flux anomaly warm the mixed layer from 1999 to 2002. These warming anomalies cause the rise of the mixed layer temperature anomaly in the transition from La Niña to El Niño. In contrast, a cooling anomaly of the horizontal heat advection reduces the warming anomaly and slows down the transition from La Niña to El Niño. In horizontal heat advection terms, the eddy heat flux anomaly significantly contributes to the cooling anomaly associated with weakened variability in the 14–50-day-period band, that is, weakened tropical instability waves. During the transition from La Niña to El Niño, the meridional shear between the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Counter Current is weakened because of the eastward current anomaly at the equator (i.e., weakened SEC) associated with relaxing trade winds. Weakened shear would suppress tropical instability waves. The results presented here suggest that the synoptic-scale processes work effectively at the basin scale to slow down the transition from La Niña to El Niño.
What Determines the Position and Intensity of the South Atlantic Anticyclone in Austral Winter?—An AGCM Study
Authors: Richter Ingo , Mechoso Carlos R. , Robertson Andrew W.
Published: January 2008

The South Atlantic anticyclone is a major feature of the austral winter climatology. An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to study the dynamics of the South Atlantic anticyclone by means of control simulations and experiments to investigate sensitivity to prescribed orography, sea surface temperatures, and soil wetness. The South Atlantic anticyclone in the first control simulation is unrealistically zonally elongated and centered too far west—errors typical of coupled ocean–atmosphere GCMs. Results of the sensitivity experiments suggest that these deficiencies are associated with another family of systematic model errors: the overprediction of convection over the tropical land surfaces, particularly over eastern tropical Africa and India, and the concurrent large-scale westward shift in the divergence center at upper levels and the convergence center at lower levels. The results also confirm the important role of South American and African orography in localizing the South Atlantic anticyclone over the ocean. Other factors, however, like the regional zonal gradients of sea surface temperatures, are found to have only a minor impact on the anticyclone. To further substantiate these findings, the wintertime anticyclone is examined using a revised version of the atmospheric GCM. Improvements are found in both the anticyclone as well as the Asia–African summer monsoon circulations. The results demonstrate the existence of links between intensity and structure of the wintertime South Atlantic anticyclone and the major summer monsoons in the Northern Hemisphere.
Increased Runoff from Melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Response to Global Warming
Authors: Hanna Edward , Huybrechts Philippe , Steffen Konrad , Cappelen John , Huff Russell , Shuman Christopher , Irvine-Fynn Tristram , Wise Stephen , Griffiths Michael
Published: January 2008

The authors attribute significantly increased Greenland summer warmth and Greenland Ice Sheet melt and runoff since 1990 to global warming. Southern Greenland coastal and Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures were uncorrelated between the 1960s and early 1990s but were significantly positively correlated thereafter. This relationship appears to have been modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation, whose summer index was significantly (negatively) correlated with southern Greenland summer temperatures until the early 1990s but not thereafter. Significant warming in southern Greenland since ∼1990, as also evidenced from Swiss Camp on the west flank of the ice sheet, therefore reflects general Northern Hemisphere and global warming. Summer 2003 was the warmest since at least 1958 in coastal southern Greenland. The second warmest coastal summer 2005 had the most extensive anomalously warm conditions over the ablation zone of the ice sheet, which caused a record melt extent. The year 2006 was the third warmest in coastal southern Greenland and had the third-highest modeled runoff in the last 49 yr from the ice sheet; five of the nine highest runoff years occurred since 2001 inclusive. Significantly rising runoff since 1958 was largely compensated by increased precipitation and snow accumulation. Also, as observed since 1987 in a single composite record at Summit, summer temperatures near the top of the ice sheet have declined slightly but not significantly, suggesting the overall ice sheet is experiencing a dichotomous response to the recent general warming: possible reasons include the ice sheet’s high thermal inertia, higher atmospheric cooling, or changes in regional wind, cloud, and/or radiation patterns.
On Vertical Differentiation of Sex Roles: Age Classes among the Nyakusa and Patterns of Interaction in Swedish Children's Books
Authors: Liljeström Rita
Published: January 2008

The article relates two systems of interaction to each other: the organization of the ascriptive categories age and sex among the Nyakusa and a content analysis of relations in girls' and boys' books. In both cases a pattern has been noted, in which men have their own age and sex category as principal norm-sender, while women to a greater extent receive norms from three categories: the older generation and from each gender in their own age group.

. Male and female conformity can thus be related to different norm-senders and to the prevalent rank-order of the norm-sending categories. The greater homogeneity and the higher rank of the male pattern of interaction provides a basis for a more universalistic value orientation and thereby a socialization into positions on higher levels of system in Parsons' structural hierarchy, whereas the particular weighing between inconsistent norm-sending categories ties the individal to the primary base level of social systems. The perspective of subordination is illustrated by the different sanctions that Nyakusa men and women have at their disposal and the consistent idea of different characteristics of men and women in youth literature.

The comparative description is based on an implicit assumption that the mutual category-conformity of men and women's isolation into private roles (privatisizing) contributes to the maintenance of the prevalent distribution of women and men on low and high levels of organization in terms of the structural hierarchy of Parsons.
Sex-Typed Language: The Production of Grammatical Cases
Authors: Barron Nancy
Published: January 2008

Sex role influences a diverse range of social behaviors. Since language behavior is central to social interaction, sex role was expected to influence language behavior. Since members of the two sexes experience varying biosocial realities, and since language is a system of communication about realities, language behavior of men and women was expected to differ. Case refers to a system of deep structure constructs which define the relational meaning of a nominal unit to the verb and any other nominal units within a simplex sentence. Hypotheses about cases were deduced from corresponding features of sex role behaviors and case categories. Cases and gender were measured from texts made from videotapes of teachers in classrooms. Reconstruction, a method of inserting grammatically and contextually implicit information into the verbal exchange and classifying the resulting communication into simplex sentences and lexical units, was used to process the language data. Women produced a significantly greater proportion of explicit participative cases than men, thus demonstrating their greater concern with internal psychological states. The greater involvement of men with implementation of action by means of objects was shown by their greater use of instrumental and source cases. Women used significantly more instances of the purposive case. Men produced a significantly greater proportion of objective cases, thus verbally emphasizing things and particularly things acted upon. Agentive and locative cases failed to yield a difference for case realizations by men and women. Implications and conclusions were discussed.
Family and Work
Authors: Noordhoek Johannes , Smith Yrsa
Published: January 2008

Empirical data from a survey on married women's employment in Denmark are presented indicating the nature and scope of married women's employment as well as an analysis of employment patterns during married life. Furthermore the impact of married women's employment on family life is discussed, specifically the effect on household activities in the family, the division of labour and the family power structure.
The Epistemology of Action Research
Authors: Oquist Paul
Published: January 2008

Epistemological positions with regard to action research are presented for Empiricism, Logical Positivism, Structuralism, Pragmatism, and Dialectical Materialism. These schools are examined with regard to the following questions: How does man produce knowledge? How does man justify knowledge? What is the relation between theory and practice? What is the relation between values or ideology and science? and What are the implications of the foregoing for action research? The reasons for the rejection of action research by Empiricism, Logical Positivism, and Structuralism are presented, as well as the basis for its acceptance by Pragmatism and Dialectical Materialism.
An Adventure in Exploratory Research1
Authors: Mo Linn
Published: January 2008

This article reports a particular research experience in order to illustrate some general issues connected to the use of an inductive qualitative approach. When a research method is characterized by little structure, many false starts, and much possible influence of the scientist's personality and interests, can it really be called scientific? It can be argued that the inductive approach also follows a classic scientific model, but the answer to this question ultimately depends on the product and on the scientific community.
The Sensitive Left and the Impervious Right
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Singer Matthew M.
Published: January 2008

Recent years have seen increased attention to integrating what we know about individual citizens with what we know about macro-level contexts that vary across countries. This article discusses the growing literature on how people's interpretations, opinions, and actions are shaped by variable contextual parameters and provides a novel substantive application. Using surveys conducted in 20 European democracies, the authors examine the effect of income inequality on people's attitudes about the functioning of the political system and trust in public institutions. They find that citizens in countries with higher levels of income inequality express more negative attitudes toward public institutions. Moreover, they show that the negative effect of inequality on attitudes toward the political system is particularly powerful among individuals on the political left. In contrast, inequality's negative effect on people's faith in the system is muted among those on the right.
Revenue Management: A Retrospective
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E.
Published: January 2008

The techniques of revenue management have potential application in many industries—as long as customers view the resulting policies as being fair.
Tip Levels and Service: An Update, Extension, and Reconciliation
Authors: Lynn Michael
Published: January 2008

Restaurant managers correctly believe that good tips discourage server turnover, but managers might not know the best ways to boost tips—because improving service quality doesn't necessarily do it.
Review Article: On a Similar Topic
Authors: Middleburgh Charles H.
Published: January 2008

The problem of Jewish-Christian relations is by no means confined to awkward passages in the New Testament. For two thousand years, the history of Europe in particular has been scarred by inter-religious strife involving not only Judaism and Christianity but also Islam. We cannot alter history, but past injustices and prejudices all too often come back to plague the present. Misplaced zeal, cultural entanglements and power politics continue to contribute to the explosive mixture. In this situation, it is salutary to learn lessons from the past - and to work and pray that they will not be forgotten. The following review reinforces the point.
Anxiety and Self-Dissatisfaction in Epileptic Children
Authors: Margaut Malka , Heiman Talia
Published: January 2008

Twenty epileptic children were compared with regard to their anxiety levels and self-concept measures, to two control groups: (a) non-handicapped children, (b) learning-disabled children. The epileptic children demonstrated higher levels of trait anxiety and dissatisfaction with themselves, as compared to each and both of the control groups. The results stressed the critical value of psychological consultation for the epileptic children and their parents.
On the Validity of the Symptom Check List-90 (Scl90): a Comparison of Diagnostic Self-Ratings in General Practice Patients and 'Normals', Based On the Hebrew Version
Authors: Roskin Michael , Dasberg Haim
Published: January 2008

The short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for emotional and somatic concerns — Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) - was translated into everyday Hebrew and tested on 131 subjects for:

1. Construct validity, using item analysis.

2. Discriminating validity on a gradient of general practice patients and 'normal' controls.

The Hebrew SCL-90 was found to retain its validity and to be easily administered and scored in non-treatment situations. It was also used as a tool for generating and substantiating hypotheses on psychosomatic and psychosocial interrelationships.

The success of anxiolytic drugs in the treatment of neurotic patients depends, in part, on factors that are not drug-related. Among these factors is the nature of the neurotic complaint, or the composition of the symptom syndrome. Therefore, as part of its larger study on anxiolytic drugs, the Community Mental Health Centre of Northern Jerusalem, Israel, sought a self-diagnostic psychometric instrument that could differentiate among subjects in terms of symptom syndromes, and that could also reflect change as a result of drug treatment.

The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) was the first questionnaire considered for this purpose(2): A validation study of the Hebrew version showed that the Hebrew MHQ was 'a valid scale enabling accurate segregation of sub-populations differing in their clinical status'.(3) But the MHQ subscales were not sufficiently specific, since three of them showed some overlapping. Moreover there were only 48 items, and the questionnaire allowed only 'yes/no' answers. These two factors, therefore, tended to lower the reliability of the questionnaire.

Consequently the search for a self-diagnostic instrument continued, and the SCL-90 was considered(4). The SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale that is longer than the MHQ (90 items, which reflect nine primary symptom dimensions) and has a range of five answers for each item. According to its authors the 'SCL-90 has been designed as a general measure of psychiatric outpatient symptomatology for use in both clinical and research situations, and was developed with primary emphasis on validity as a criterion measure in clinical drug trials where the principal focus is on the relative efficacy of psychotherapeutic agents'.(5) It was, therefore, decided to conduct a pilot study attempting to validate a Hebrew version of the SCL-90. No inter-country or interlingual comparisons are intended.

In the present study, the Hebrew version of the SCL-90 is investigated for its construct and discriminatory validity. An item analysis will be presented.
Joint Finance: Promoting a New Balance of Care and Responsibilities in England?
Authors: Wistow Gerald
Published: January 2008

British government policy has long aimed at substituting local government community services for centrally-funded long-stay hospital services. Thus, the health service has depended on the willingness of locally administered and financed services to accept a shift in the balance of care. A special financial programme—joint finance—was introduced in 1976 to provide local authorities with an incentive to implement this shift. The programme apparently provided health authorities with the power to ensure that joint finance spending met their own priorities for service development. In practice, a number of influences combined to ensure that local authority interests and priorities prevailed. The principal lesson of this initiative, and its successor, is the importance of devising balanced incentives which prevent either party from exercising a veto over inter-agency transactions.
Greece: the Transition To Community Care
Authors: Mavreas V.G.
Published: January 2008

The system of psychiatric care in Greece is described. It was based until recently on overcrowded, large asylums inhabited by chronic mental patients. The mental health system was highly centralized, with an uneven distribution of both facilities and manpower. Out-patient and rehabilitation facilities were particularly scarce. Recent reforms funded by both the Greek State and the Social Fund of the EC are outlined. These changes started in the late Seventies and are aimed at creating a comprehensive system of community-oriented mental health care. The new system is gradually being deployed, and it is expected that in the following years it will effectively cover the needs of the whole country.
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Graphite Composites Prepared by Liquid Phase Hot Pressing
Authors: Pepper Roger T. , Penty Robert A.
Published: January 2008

A continuous liquid metal infiltration process has recently been developed for making aluminum-graphite composite wire from commercially available multifiber graphite yarns. Composite specimens have been successfully fabricated by hot pressing the composite wire. The longitudinal properties of both the composite wire and hot pressed specimens approximated rule of mixtures behavior, but the transverse tensile and compressive strengths of the specimens were lower than expected. Examination of the microstructure indicates that better transverse and compressive strengths may be achieved through refinement of the matrix grain size, elimination of continuous networks of intermetallic compounds in the matrix, and homogenization of the matrix alloy constituents.
Stress Intensity Factors for Anisotropic Fracture Test Specimens of Several Geometries
Authors: Mandell J.F. , Mcgarry F.J. , Wang S.S. , Im J.
Published: January 2008

Stress intensity factors have been obtained for single-edge-notched, double-edge-notched, and double cantilever beam fracture toughness test specimens using a two-dimensional hybrid stress model finite element analysis. The degree of anisotropy is shown to have a significant effect on the stress intensity factor in some cases, with differing effects for different specimen shapes; however, effects of anisotropy are relatively constant for varying crack lengths of a given shape. An experimental K-calilbration for the double cantilever beam specimen is in good agreement with the analytical prediction, and the effect of geometry on the applied load to cause crack propagation is accurately predicted by the analysis.
Macroscopic Fracture Mechanics of Glass Reinforced Polyester Resin Laminates
Authors: Holdsworth A.W. , Owen M.J. , Morris S.
Published: January 2008

Failure stresses for (a) plate specimens of glass chopped strand mat (CSM) and plain weave fabric-reinforced polyester resin laminates containing holes of various sizes, and (b) box-section beams of CSNI/polyester resin laminate containing a notch or hole in the tension flange were determined. Experimental values were compared with predicted values calcu-Iated from separately determined critical stress intensity factor, Kc, values. The Kc values were corrected using Irwin's crack tip zone correction factor together with an equivalent yield stress. For both types of specimen measured and predicted failure stresses were in reasonably good agreement.
The Fracture Mechanics of Carbon Fibre Laminates
Authors: Phillips D.C.
Published: January 2008

Critical stress intensity factors and fracture surface energies have been measured for a series of 0°/90° carbon fibre reinforced epoxide and carbon fibre reinforced glass composites. The fracture surface energies have been measured by three separate techniques, one of which depends on the applicability of the Griffith-Irwin criterion and the others of which do not. A comparison of these energies and of the dependence of critical stress intensity factors on crack length therefore provides information about the. applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics to carbon fibre composites.
Graphical Determination of Stiffness and Strength of Composite Laminates
Authors: Hahn H.T. , Tsai S.W.
Published: January 2008

Design of composite laminates requires the determination of changes in stiffness and strength resulting from varying the ply orientation and total laminate thickness. Graphical determination can be made simple by use of laminate stiffnesses in conjunction with failure surface in a special strain space. A set of generalized graphs for all practical laminates of a given composite can now replace the current limitation of one set for each discrete laminate.
Three-Dimensional Mechanical Characterization of Anisotropic Composites
Authors: Ko Hon-Yim , Sture Stein
Published: January 2008

The problem of complete characterization of a general linearly elastic, anisotropic material is discussed. An experimental procedure of testing a normally oriented and an obliquely oriented cubical specimen of the material is proposed, from which the 36 constants in the compliance matrix can be determined. A multiaxial test cell for applying homogeneous compressive stresses to the cubical specimen is described and the procedure is applied to Scotchply, a reinforced plastic. The compliance matrix for Scotchply is determined and it is shown to be orthotropic.
On the Behavior of Composite Laminates After Initial Failures
Authors: Hahn H.T. , Tsai S.W.
Published: January 2008

Bilinear stress-strain relation of symmetric, [0/90] composite laminates is shown to be associated with gradual, not complete, degradation of 90° layers. Difference between the complete failure model and gradual failure model is discussed, complemented by pertinent experimental evidences. Experimental data on glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy cross-ply laminates are compared with the theoretical predictions. The effect of strain biaxiality on failure of 90° layers is shown to be negligible when the laminate is subjected only to a uniaxial tension.
Carbon-Felt, Carbon-Matrix Composites: Dependence of Thermal and Mechanical Properties on Fiber Precursor and Matrix Structure
Authors: Pierson Hugh O. , Northrop David A.
Published: January 2008

Properties of carbon-felt, pyrolytic carbon-matrix composites have been measured as a function of fiber precursor [rayon and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)] and matrix microstructure (smooth laminar, rough laminar, and isotropic). The primary matrix effect is caused by the graphitic nature of the heat-treated rough laminar matrix which yields a high composite thermal conductivity. The increased modulus of the PAN-based fibers results in increased composite strength and modulus and a significantly reduced thermal expansion. A heat-treated, PAN-based carbon felt, rough laminar carbon matrix composite has a superior thermal shock figure-of-merit based on these results.
Buckling of Composite Cylindrical Characterization Specimens
Authors: Whitney James M. , Sun Chang-Tsan
Published: January 2008

Using dimensions which are typical of current laboratory tubular specimens, critical buckling loads are determined'for unidirectional and Jaminated cylinders subjected to torsion and to axial compression. Buckling loads are obtained by using classical Fourier analysis in conjunction with Flugge's shell equations modified for anisotropic laminated materials. Comparison of buckling loads to composite strength, as estimated from maximum strain criterion, suggests that buckling is a potential problem in the use of tubular specimens. A relatively easy method for estimating buckling loads is also presented.
Approximate Stresses in an Orthotropic Plate Containing a Circular Hole
Authors: Konish Harold J. , Whitney James M.
Published: January 2008

An approximate solution in the form of a polynomial is presented for the normal stress distribution adjacent to a circular hole in an infinite orthotropic plate. Comparison of the approximate solution to the exact solution, obtained from theory of elasticity, shows good agreement for a wide range of orthotropic stress concentration factors. The approximate solution is useful in assessing hole size effect on the notched strength of laminated orthotropic composite plates. The simplicity of the approximate solution gives the design engineer a useful tool for optimizing laminate construction in the presence of a circular hole.
Further Characteristics of a Nonlinear Material Model for ATJ-S Graphite
Authors: Jones Robert M. , Nelson Dudley A.R.
Published: January 2008

A model for the deformation behavior of ATJ-S graphite, a nonlinear transversely isotropic granular composite material, under initial loading is extended in two important ways. First, the constants in the model are physically interpreted and their effect on convergence of the iteration procedure is examined. Second, the model is further qualified by comparison of predicted strains with strains measured in uniaxial off-axis loading.
Proof Testing of Composite Materials
Authors: Hahn H.T. , Kim R.Y.
Published: January 2008

The paper presents a concept of proof testing for composite materials. A unique relationship between the static strength and time to rupture is demonstrated for a unidirectional glass/epoxy composite subjected to static fatigue. The maximum significance level at which a Weibull distribution is applicable to represent scatter is 35% for the static strength and 61% for the fatigue life. Limitations and variations of the strength degradation model for the life prediction are discussed.
Gauge Length and Surface Damage Effects on the Strength Distributions of Silicon Carbide and Sapphire Filaments
Authors: Kotchick D.M. , Hink R.C. , Tressler R.E.
Published: January 2008

The assumption of the constancy of the Weibull distribution parameters with variations in gauge length was tested for SiC-on-carbon and sapphire filaments. Surface damage was superimposed on the gauge length variations to investigate the effect of the additional flaw spectrum on the gauge length conclusions. The results have demonstrated that, even when failure is due to a single flaw spectrum, the Weibull m parameter is not constant over a gauge length range of 40 times the shortest length. When failure is due to overlapping flaw distributions the possibility of extrapolations assuming constant Weibull parameters is even more remote. The constant gauge length data was used in a modified form of the Poisson distribution proposed by Phoenix to compare to the extrapolative ability of the Weibull distribution. Very little difference in accuracy was found with the former approach being marginally better.
Fracture Behavior of a Nonlinear Woven Fabric Material
Authors: Ko William L.
Published: January 2008

Fracture behavior of a nonlinear coated woven fabric material is studied. Some Mode 1 crack extension data of monolayered and laminated sheets of this material are presented.

It is shown that by proper graphical "shifting" of the experimental data, the fracture behavior of the monolayered and laminated nonlinear fabric materials can be explained in view of the Hedgepeth [1] linear discrete fracture theory.

1 A product of Uniroyal Industrial Coated Fabrics, Mishawaka, Indiana.

2In the shear test the relative distance of the sliding sides was maintained constant.
The Relative Contribution of Fiber Properties to Variations in Yarn Strength in Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L
Authors: El Sourady Abdel S. , Worley S. , Stith Lee S.
Published: January 2008

We found that the relative contribution of fiber properties in predicting yarn strength in commercial cultivars of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was influenced mainly by the type of varibility in the population under study. Whenever the sources of variation in a population were genetic, environmental, and genotype X environment interaction, the order of fiber properties affecting yam strength were: fiber strength ( T1), fiber length, and fiber fineness. For such a population, fiber length distribution, as reflected in 50% span length, mean length, and mean length of drawing sliver contributed more to yam strength than the longer measurements—2.5% span length, upper-half mean length, and upper-half mean length of drawing sliver. In the absence of the genetic source of variation (within a cultivar) the contribution of fiber properties to yarn strength differed from one cultivar to another, suggesting an interaction between each cultivar and its environment.
The Automatic Control of the Drying of Textile Fabrics
Authors: Crow R.M. , Slater K.
Published: January 2008

The need for automatic control of the drying process is reviewed and some systems which have been put forward for this purpose are described briefly. Reasons for their lack of acceptance are advanced, and some recent work which suggests a new approach to the problem is summarized. The simple modifications to existing tenters to adapt them for control are mentioned, and a simple control system applicable in all situations is proposed.
The In Situ Formation and Photosensitivity of Polymeric Stilbene Fluorescent Brighteners on Wool
Authors: Needles Howard L. , Seiber Rita P. , Alger Kenneth W.
Published: January 2008

In situ formation of polymeric stilbene fluorescent brighteners on the surface of wool fabric by interfacial polymerization through reaction of disodium 4,4'-diaminostilhene-2,2'-disulfonate with diacid chlorides and diisocyanates is reported. The color, excitation and fluorescent spectral properties, and photostabilities of the treated wools are reported and compared with wool samples treated with monomeric brighteners. The tensile properties of irradiated polymer-brightened wools were not signifincantly affected by the presence of brightener polymer; however, the irradiated polymer-brightened wools were considerably less reflective and more yellow than irradiated wool samples dyed with monomeric brighteners.
Mechanics of Crimp Formation in a Bicomponent Fiber Model
Authors: Abhiraman A.S.
Published: January 2008

Theoretical analysis is given for the "Brand and Backer bicomponent fiber model" with cross sections possessing certain well defined symmetry. The analysis excludes time-dependent effects but accommodates arbitrary stress-strain relationships. Closed form solutions are given for rectangular and elliptical cross sections for linearly elastic materials. Stress and strain distributions in the final configuration are obtained for rectangular cross sections.
Photochemical Degradation of Aminoazobenzene Disperse Dyes in Ethanolic Solution
Authors: Bridgeman Ian , Peters Arnold T.
Published: January 2008

Irradiation of some aminoazobenzene dyes in ethanolic media indicates an increased rate of fading at low dye concentration, high water concentration, and increased temperature. Rates of fading show a linear relationship with respect to water content below 30% and to temperature between 35° and 65°C.
Urea-Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis of Cotton Modified with N-Methylolated Ethylene Ureas
Authors: Jung H.Z. , Benerito R.R. , Gonzales E.J. , Berni R.J.
Published: January 2008

Native and mercerized cotton cellulose, modified with N-methylolated derivatives of ethylene urea, were examined before and after urea-phosphoric acid hydrolyses. Fine structural changes accompanying chemical reactions were evaluated by infrared absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. Final fabric properties and extent of restoration of original tensile properties after urea-phosphoric acid hydrolysis varied with the reagent applied and the lattice structure of the cotton control.