bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computerized Computation of Emission Spectrometric Data of Trace Elements in Biological Fluids
Authors: Johnson Richard S. , Niedermeier William , Griggs James H. , Lewis Janice F.
Published: November 2005

It has been found that a four-constant generalized transcendental equation can be used to relate emission spectroscopy data to concentration of trace elements in biological fluids. For each element the constants in the- empirical equation are evaluated by a three-step successive approximation, based on the data from standards. The functional relationship, which gives values well within the range of experimental error, is then used in the quantitative determination of the concentration of each of 17 trace elements in unknown samples. In these studies a Jarrell—Ash direct reading spectrometer was used. The entire procedure of data reduction and concentration printout was done on a digital computer.
Determination of Osmium by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Osolinski T. W. , Knight N. H.
Published: November 2005

An atomic absorption method for the determination of osmium has been developed. The method is applicable in the concentration range of 1 to 300 ppm of osmium with a relative error of ±4%. It is applicable to both aqueous and nonaqueous osmium solutions and, with slight modification, can be applied to the determination of osmium in its thiourea complex. The results are not affected by the valence state of osmium. A sensitivity of 1 ppm is readily achieved by the atomic absorption method and this is comparable to that obtained by spectrophotometry and x-ray fluorescence. The method is rapid and requires less than 5 min of operator time per sample.
Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Armstrong Stuart
Published: November 2005

A number of recent review articles have summarized the application of Molecular Rotational Resonance (MRR) spectroscopy to the area of molecular structure determinations and described how these applications have applied to chemistry. This article will briefly review this established area of MRR spectroscopy and describe two developments that offer the promise of expanding the applicability of MRR spectroscopy. The first development was the observation that some large molecules (by MRR standards) give a series of relatively intense, equally spaced bands that can be quickly recorded and assigned. The other development has been in the theory, procedures, and instrumentation required for accurate intensity measurements. These two developments, examples of each, and the implication of each for use by chemists, as well as molecular structure determinations, will be discussed. Spectrometers that are being used for studies in this established area and the two newer areas will be described in the Appendix.
The Role of Flame Shape and Burner Configuration in Emission Analysis
Authors: Koirtyohann S. R. , Pickett E. E.
Published: November 2005

A simple derivation can show that the effect of flame shape, multiple flames, and multi-pass optical systems should be the same for flame emission intensity as for atomic absorption response. Experimental evidence confirms the prediction and shows that the steps used to increase atomic absorption response are directly applicable to emission measurements. Increased emission intensities reduce noise levels and lower detection limits by lowering the required electrical gain and by permitting the use of narrower spectrometer slits. The improvement in detection limits from the use of narrow slits depends on the background structure in the vicinity of the line. Three cases are considered in detail.
Best Ordinate and Best Equations for the Position and Shape of an Absorption Maximum
Authors: Strong F. C.
Published: November 2005

Accurate values for the location of absorption maxima are important in qualitative analysis by spectrophotometry and for theoretical calculations. Accuracy should increase with sharpness of curvature. For instruments recording linearly in one of three ordinates ( T, A, or log A), experience shows that optimum peak sharpness occurs respectively at intermediate transmittance and high absorbance, but independent of log A. Using an empirical equation for the shape of a maximum, the curvature is measured by the second derivative, which can be maximized by inspection or by taking the derivative of this with respect to the ordinate, equating to zero, and solving. When nine published equations are put into the three ordinate forms and differentiated, six give results consistent with experience. On the basis of this result and other factors, four of the equations are recommended as superior, namely the Cauchy function, the Gaussian function, and two combinations of these. Comparison of numerical values for curvatures with the three ordinates predict accuracy to be about equal at T = 37%, A =0.43, and any value of log A, but greatest for A linear if A is increased.
Spectrochemical Analysis of a Superplastic Alloy
Authors: Long Timothy S.
Published: November 2005

An analysis of residual impurities and alloy additions was needed to establish concentration ranges and limits in a superplastic alloy. A spectrochemical method using two different techniques was developed to complete this analysis. The first was a solution-rotating are procedure for analyzing the alloying elements. The second was a powder dc arc procedure for analyzing the residual impurities. In this technique, the metal is converted to an oxide. The average coefficient of variation of the residual impurities and alloy additions was 15.5% and 6.0%, respectively. Synthetic standards were used and the analytical lines, apparatus, and excitation parameters are described in detail.
Computer Application to an Automated Direct Reading Emission Spectrometer
Authors: Lowe J. J. , Martin R. J.
Published: November 2005

The implementation of routine analyses on a two-meter direct reading emission spectrometer has been facilitated by a specially designed system. A digital readout console controls the element selection in the spectrometer and generates punched data cards containing the spectral information. A computer calculates concentrations in weight percent or parts per million for a maximum of 24 elements in a number of different matrices. The results are printed along with pertinent comments and footnotes onto a report. The readout system has been in daily operation for two years with excellent results.
Laser Microprobe Toxic Sample Cell
Authors: Barton H. N.
Published: November 2005

An inexpensive, readily-fabricaed sample cell for the containment of highly toxic or radioactive materials such as plutonium-239 during laser microprobe analysis is described. The cell may also be used in providing a controlled atmosphere for the analysis.
Cathode-Region Method for the Direct Spectrochemical Determination of 50 Trace Elements in Rock Phosphate
Authors: Avni R. , Boukobza A.
Published: November 2005

A direct spectrochemical method for 50 trace elements in rock phosphate was developed, exposing only the cathode region (0.5 and 0.8 mm below the upper electrode) instead of the whole dc arc plasma. In the 0.5-mm region 31 elements were analyzed, while the 0.8-mm region was used for Sc, Y, U, Th, Zr, and the rare earths. The axial gradients of the dc arc, burning in air under atmospheric pressure, were studied in order to find the suitable matrix for the trace element standards. The behavior of the temperature, voltage, electron density, line intensity, and particle concentration indicate calcium metaphosphate as suitable matrix for rock phosphate. When 20% by weight graphite was added to both, standards and samples, the detection limits of the traces was in the range of 0.1–10 ppm. An average precision of 20% was calculated for concentrations up to 400 ppm.
Qualitative Determination of Impurities in Elemental Selenium by Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Burley Robert A.
Published: November 2005

Infrared spectrophotometry can be applied to the detection of trace impurities and doping elements in high purity elemental selenium. The impurities examined include arsenic, sulfur, tellurium, and their oxides; chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and selenious acid. Present results support earlier conclusions to the effect that the oxidation of impurities occurs readily in molten selenium. The band positions of sulfur dioxide dissolved in vitreous selenium show that the solution is analogous to solutions of sulfur dioxide in liquid sulfur and organic solvents.
Dc Arc in Emission Spectrography IV: Correction for Matrix Effects
Authors: Decker R. S. , Eve D. J.
Published: November 2005

A method of correcting for changes in the excitation conditions in the arc column brought about by different matrices is described. The technique is shown to be of practical use in routine analysis as well as in fundamental studies of the arc system.
Electron Microprobe Analysis of Precipitates in the Laser Crystal Material Fluorapatite
Authors: Walitsky P. J. , Hopkins R. H.
Published: November 2005

Electron probe microanalysis has been used to identify precipitates in calcium fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F. Crystals grown from nonstoichiometric melts were found to have defects of either CaF2 or Ca3(PO4)2 depending on the melt composition.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Selected Unsaturated Carbonyl and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds at High Temperatures
Authors: Haskell W. W. , Read I. A.
Published: November 2005

The gas-phase absorption spectra of 2-methylpent-2-ene-4-one, 2-methylpent-l-en-3-one, trans-pent-3-en-2-one, pent-l-en-3-one, 2-methylpent-2-enal, 4-methylpent-2-enal, methacrolein, acrolein, acetylacetone, and 4-methylpentan-3-onal have been determined at 525°C and at a total pressure of 28.5 atm. The effect of temperature on the absorption has been investigated and, for comparison, the absorption spectra have also been determined in cyclohexane solution at room temperature.
Mass Spectra of Organo-Metallic Compounds: X. Some Mononuclear Olefinic Derivatives of Metal Carbonyls
Authors: King R. B.
Published: November 2005

The mass spectra of the following olefin derivatives of metal carbonyls have been investigated: (a) Arene—tungsten tricarbonyl complexes of toluene, p-xylene, and mesitylene; (b) The cycloheptatriene—metal tricarbonyl complexes C7H8M(CO)3 (M = Cr and W); (c) The 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene complex C8H10W(CO)3; (d) The cyclooctatetraene—metal tricarbonyl complexes C8H8M (CO)3 (M = Cr or Fe); (e) The 1,5-cyclooctadiene—metal tetracarbonyl complexes C8H12M(CO)4 (M = Mo or W); (f) The tungsten tetracarbonyl complexes of bicyclo[2,2,1] heptadiene and dicyclopentadiene; (g) The 1,3-cyclohexadiene complexes (C6H8)2M(CO)2 (M = Mo or W); (h) The cycloheptadienol complex (C7H9OH)Fe(CO)3; (i) The methyl vinyl ketone complexes (CH3COCH = CH2)3M (M = Mo or W); (j) A product of composition C12H16Fe(CO)2 obtained from allene dimer and Fe3(CO)12. The following fragmentation processes of particular interest were observed: (a) The facile dehydrogenation of ions containing the π-bonded 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and 1,3-cyclohexadiene ligands with two adjacent CH2 groups; (b) Elimination of neutral C5H6 fragments from tungsten carbonyl ions containing π-bonded bicyclo[2,2,1] heptadiene or dicyclopentadiene ligands; (c) Facile dehydration of iron carbonyl ions with π-bonded cycloheptadienol.
Infrared Spectroscopy at Sub-Ambient Temperatures: I. Literature Review
Authors: Hermann T. S. , Harvey S. R.
Published: November 2005

A historical discussion of the development of low-temperature infrared spectroscopy to facilitate the study of structure and thermodynamic properties of molecules is presented. This includes a literature review with 612 references.
The Analysis of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium in Siliceous Coal Ash and Related Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Muter Richard B. , Cockrell C. F.
Published: November 2005

A method for the analysis of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in siliceous coal ash and related materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy is presented. The method involves the dissolution of all complex silicates present in coal ash after fusing with lithium tetraborate flux. Working curves utilizing standards composed of complex silicates arc shown to be more accurate than the common water standards. The use of lithium tetraborate as a flux should also allow the method to be extended to permit the analysis of all major constituents of coal ash.
Current Trends in X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Birks L. S.
Published: November 2005

Calculation methods for quantitative analysis, energy dispersion, and inhomogeneous samples are current areas in x-ray analysis which offer hope of reducing analysis costs. Other areas which extend the capabilities of x-ray analysis include improved analyzer crystals, diffraction gratings, and effects of valence on spectral lines. Electron spectrometry promises to be a valuable technique for low atomic number elements.
The Chemistry of Trifluoroamine Oxide. IV. The Infrared Spectra of F314 NO and F315 NO
Authors: Hirschmann R. P. , Harnish D. F. , Holmes J. R. , MacKenzie J. S. , Fox W. B.
Published: November 2005

The infrared spectra of trifluoroamine oxide and its 15N analogue have been measured from 4000 to 260 cm−1. Fundamental frequency assignments (based upon C3ν symmetry) made from the 14N spectrum are: ν1( a1) = 1689, ν2( a1) = 740, ν3( a1) = 528, ν4( e) = 880, and ν6( e) = 398 cm−1. Normal coordinate calculations support the assignment of the remaining fundamental ν5( e) to a band system appearing as a shoulder, about 558 cm−1, on the intense ν3( a1) fundamental.
Infrared Spectra of Zinc Sulfinates
Authors: Weidner James P. , Block Seymour S.
Published: November 2005

The infrared spectra of 15 aliphatic and aromatic zinc sulfinates are given. With zinc p-toluene-sulfinate, run neat as an extremely thin, flat crystal, the symmetric and asymmetric S → 0 peaks were clearly visible at 10.1 μ (990 cm−1) and 10.6 μ (943 cm−1), respectively, and similar absorptions were obtained for the other sulfinates run as Nujol mulls. In distinction to sulfonic acid salts, the sulfinates have practically no absorption in the 8–9 μ (1250–1110 cm−1) region, whereas the sulfonates have no absorption in the 10–11 μ (1000–910 cm−1) thus indicating the analytical value of the spectra in distinguishing these two groups of compounds.
Reconsideration of the Criteria to Determine Practical Fluctuational Concentration Limits in Atomic-Absorption Flame Photometry
Authors: Shifrin N. , Rarmírez-Muñoz J.
Published: November 2005

A study is presented on the influence of the instrumental time constant value in the determination of fluctuational sensitivity in atomic-absorption flame photometry. Fluctuational concentration limit (detection limit) has been defined as a function of the noise level of the blank reading (blank adjusted at the 0% absorption level), while the signal noise is a direct function of the time constant of the readout system employed. Employing a Beckman 979 atomic-absorption system and recorder, a scale expander unit was modified to provide a time constant control. The behavior of several elements is presented as an example of the dependence of the fluctuational concentration limit on the system time constant. These results, clearly indicating a basic relationship, lead to the establishment and presentation of a new criterion in an attempt to define and to compare concentration limits of a fluctuational nature.
Use of a High Current dc Arc for Trace Element Spectrographic Analysis of Ashed Biological Materials
Authors: Morrison G. H. , Skogerboe R. K. , Bedrosian A. J. , Rothenberg A. M.
Published: November 2005

The advantages that can be realized through the use of a high current dc arc for the emission spectrographic analysis of ashed biological materials are presented. The method described utilizes 5–10 mg of ash per analysis and provides detection limits between 1 and 50 parts per billion (on the original dry weight basis) for a large number of elements. The precision estimates of the method, based on four replicate analyses, are generally better than ±20% and comparative analyses suggest that the accuracies are within these limits. Data is presented which supports the possibility of using a single analytical curve for several different types of ashed biological materials.
Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer for Liquids at High Temperatures
Authors: Sweet John R. , White William B.
Published: November 2005

A modification of an infrared spectrometer is described which permits the measurement of vibrational spectra of glasses and liquids at high temperatures. Spectra are measured by specular reflectance from the liquid surface. A computer program is described which transforms the specular reflectance spectrum to an absorption spectrum by means of a Kramers—Kronig analysis.
The Detection of the N-Methyl Group by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Degen I. A.
Published: November 2005

N-Methyl compounds exhibit a weak to medium absorption band in the 2820–2760 cm−1 region, which is characteristic for the N-methyl group. This diagnostic test is shown to be applicable to potassium bromide spectra and to the wide variety of molecules having an N-methyl substituent examined. Aldehydes, amino acid hydrochlorides, secondary and tertiary alkylamines, methoxy compounds, and nitrogen heterocyclic molecules exhibit absorption which may overlap this region and the detection of an N-methyl substituent for these classes of compound may be less definite. This diagnostic band is absent in potassium bromide spectra of the amine salts in which the nitrogen lone pair of electrons is involved in bond formation.
Gas Phase Raman Intensities: A Review of “Pre-Laser” Data
Authors: Murphy W. F. , Holzer W. , Bernstein H. J.
Published: November 2005

Raman radiant intensities and depolarization ratios measured for gases with mercury arc irradiation and photoelectric detection have been collected. The observed intensities have been reduced to values of the scattering activity, gj(45α j′2+7γ j′2). The scattering activity and Raman scattering cross sections are explicitly related. Data for strong sharp bands are accurate to about ± 5% – 10%, while data for weak and broad bands are less accurate.
Spectroscopic Studies of Some Drugs of Toxicological Interest. Part II. p-Aminobenzoic Acid Drugs
Authors: Mustafa A. , Abu-Eittah R. , Elgendi S.
Published: November 2005

The electronic absorption spectra of some drugs derived from p-amino benzoic acid were studied. The effect of the substituent on the position of band maxima and intensity has been rationalized. Long wavelength energies have been found to agree well with calculated energies of the intramolecular charge transfer bands.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Some Views
Authors: May Leopold
Published: November 2005

Some views are presented of the present status of Mössbauer spectroscopy and its future developments. The basic phenomenon and equipment are described. Analytical aspects, both qualitative and quantitative, are discussed. Illustrations are given of the applications to structural chemistry, surface chemistry and catalysis, metallurgy, terrestrial and extraterrestrial minerals, and biological systems.
An Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange of Bovine Submaxillary Mucin
Authors: Parked Frank S. , Stryker Martin H.
Published: November 2005

An infrared spectroscopic method was used to study the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of a glycoprotein, bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), dissolved in D2O. The pH-dependence of the rate and extent of the H—D exchange of BSM was determined. The rate constant of the exchange decreased as pH increased from 3.7 to 5.3 and remained constant at a minimum value, (0.82 ± 0.09) X 10−2 min−1, from pH 5.3 to 7.2. The extent of the exchange decreased with increasing pH in the pH range 3.7 to 5.3 and levelled off from pH 5.3 to 7.2. It is suggested that these results are due to a pH-dependent conformational change.
A Flexible Computer Program for Evaluation of Emission Spectrometric Data
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey , Paine Kay , Manheim Frank T.
Published: November 2005

We have designed a single program, for use with a direct-reading spectrometer, to include the following functions for a variety of sample types, excitation methods, and analytical concentration ranges: (1) Background correction by linear relation of background at analytical lines to background at other wavelengths; (2) Use of background, internal standard and analytical channels interchangeably; (3) Use of either standard dilution or variable composition standards; (4) Standard curve fitting by least squares regression. Curves as high as 6th order can be fitted in order to utilize shoulder and toe areas of these analytical curves without distorting straight-line segments.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Minerals and Inorganics
Authors: Karr Clarence , Kovach John J.
Published: November 2005

Far-infrared spectroscopic analysis of minerals and inorganics was investigated. Far-infrared spectra, 200 to 50 cm−1 (50 to 200 μ), were obtained for 18 different minerals and inorganics, including 8 sulfides, 3 oxides, 3 carbonates, and 4 sulfates, many for the first time. Original analytical applications were made on samples of practical interest. These included the identification of cinnabar in a high-quartz ore, cuprite and tenorite in a mixture, calcite and dolomite in a coal refuse sample, dawsonite and dolomite in an oil shale, thenardite in a boiler deposit, and ferrous sulfate in the surface film on pyrite.
Spectral Characteristics of Polydeuterated Toluenes
Authors: Goldberg Marvin C. , Wershaw Robert L. , Babad Harry , Mueller Hans W.
Published: November 2005

Analysis of the infrared spectra of some polydeuterated toluenes obtained by proton exchange with BF3-D3PO4 demonstrated the unreliability of this analytical tool in the 4000–900 cm−1 region. Useful correlations can be obtained in the 900–500 cm−1 region if suitable instrumentation is available. The previously unreported spectra of toluene-2,5-D, toluene-3,5-D and toluene-2,4, 6-D are described.
High Resolution Powder Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Ropp R. C.
Published: November 2005

It is possible to obtain resolution of the order of 1–2 Å in the reflectance spectroscopy of powders by carefully controlling the experimental measuring techniques. One can then identify; optically, broad bands and narrow bands of the rare earths as being upper energy states and unperturbed 4 f transitions. It is even possible to show various degrees of perturbation of 4 f energy-states of a given rare-earth ion by observing Stark states which may vary from 5–90 Å in half-width. However lack of polarization data make positive identification of these Stark states impossible.
Vibrational Spectra of Bis-(Monothioacetylacetonato) Ni(II)
Authors: Agarwala Umesh , Rao P. Bhaskara
Published: November 2005

The infrared spectra of substituted acetylacetonates have been discussed in the light of normal coordinate analysis of bis-(monothioacetylacetonato) Ni(II) assuming methyl groups as point masses. The Urey-Bradley potential constants evaluated are found to be quite close to those of analogous systems studied earlier. The calculations show that each of the fundamental bands results from vibrational modes involving appreciable contributions from a number of bonds. The single major contribution from the stretching of C = S has been found in the 723 cm−1 band. This is in agreement with the other conjugated systems, like thioamides, studied earlier.
Electric Spark Cross-Excitation in Laser Microprobe-Emission Spectroscopy for Samples of 10–25 μ Diameter
Authors: Beatrice Edwin S. , Harding-Barlow Ingeborg , Glick David
Published: November 2005

The usefulness of cross-excitation by electric discharge to intensify spectral emission from plasmas generated by a laser micorprobe was extended to a sampling resolution of 10–25 μ without burning the peripheral zone. This proved practical for sampling single biological cells for elemental analysis. It was accomplished by modifications in shape of the carbon electrode tips, their positioning, and the amount of spark energy used in the cross-excitation.
Spectrographic Determination of Indium and Gallium in Cadmium Telluride Using Alumina-Cup Electrode
Authors: Ohtsuka Shigeru
Published: November 2005

A spectrographic technique using a specially designed cup electrode is proposed for the determination of indium and gallium in a solution of cadmium telluride. The electrode consists of an alumina cup which serves as a reservoir for the sample and a central tungsten rod supporting a graphite rod. It allows the excitation under low voltage over damped discharge. The method is especially useful for analysis of small quantities of material. The addition of a suitable amount of lithium has been found to enhance the intensity of the neutral atom lines of indium and gallium. Approximate determination limits for indium and gallium are 0.5 μg/ml, and the coefficient of variation for the determination is about 6% at the 5 μg/ml level.
Electronic Spectra of Carbonium Ions by Internal Reflection Spectroscopy
Authors: Roberts Grady L.
Published: November 2005

Problems are frequently encountered in using conventional transmission spectrophotometry for obtaining the electronic spectra of unstable reaction intermediates such as carbonium ions. Hence, an investigation of the use of internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) was conducted. A comparison was made of the transmission and internal reflection spectra of triphenyl carbonium and methylbenzenonium ions. The internal reflection technique was also used to obtain the spectrum of organic ions formed by the reaction of ethylbenzene with aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride. The reaction of ethylbenzene with methylene chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride—hydrogen chloride catalyst was followed by IRS. The results showed that IRS is a valuable technique for investigating certain unstable reaction intermediates.
Infrared Analysis of 2-Pyrazolin-5-one Derivatives
Authors: Yasuda Heinosuke
Published: November 2005

The ir spectra in the region 4000–250 cm−1 in the solid state have been recorded for seventy-six 1,3-disubstituted 2-pyrazolin-5-ones in which 4-positions are coupled with various diazotized anilines. Correlations between structure and frequency are made. From the results obtained, a useful application of these spectral correlations can be derived for recognizing a pyrazolinone dye in an unknown compound by means of its spectrum. The strong bands at about 1650, 1550, 1340, 1260, and 1150 cm−1, and sometimes the strong or medium bands near 1000 and 680 cm−1 constitute a good indication of the presence of a 4-arylhydrazono pyrazolinone ring.
X-Ray Emission Analysis of High Atomic Number Elements: A New Excitation Source Using Monoenergic 477 keVγ-Rays from the 10B(n,α) 7mLi→7Li Reaction
Authors: Kowalski B. R. , Isenhour T. L.
Published: November 2005

A new excitation source has been developed for x-ray emission analysis of high atomic number elements. A mixture of the sample and a small amount of boron-10 is irradiated in a thermal neutron beam and the resultant x radiation is recorded using a Ge(Li) semiconductor detector and a multichannel analyzer. The boron-10 undergoes neutron capture (10B( n,α)7Li, σ = 3840 b) producing a single excited state of lithium-7 in 92.5% of the captures. Lithium-7 m decays with a half-life of about 5×10−14 sec emitting a monoenergic 477 keV gamma ray. These gamma rays are in excellent geometry to the sample and are sufficiently energetic to excite the K x radiation of the highest atomic number elements known. The K x-ray spectra of several elements are presented along with a discussion of sample preparation and apparatus optimization.
Spark-Source Mass Spectrometry as an Analytical Technique for High Purity Iron
Authors: McCrea J. M.
Published: November 2005

Techniques for the analysis of high purity iron by spark-source solids mass spectrometry are presented. A brief description of the mass spectrometer is given, and operations necessary for preparation and running of samples are discussed. The calculation procedure for reduction of mass spectral line intensity to parts per million by atoms concentration is described. Comparative data obtained by other methods and from other mass spectrometers show that with a few exceptions the mass spectrometric method is satisfactory for analysis of iron of presently achieved purity. The method is currently applied to all elements except hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, and mercury. Silicon may be determined, but with reduced sensitivity.
Linear Wavenumber Plotting of Spectrophotometer Outputs
Authors: Baker Earl W. , Wolfe Court L. , Noble Frank W.
Published: November 2005

The quantity of direct interest in the mathematical analysis and correlation of spectra is the integrated absolute intensity, i.e., I = ∫edv, where ∈ is the molar absorptivity at wavenumber #. Its evaluation requires that the spectra be plotted with an abscissa linear in wavenumber (energy) and the ordinate linear in absorptivity or absorbance. Paradoxically, while the convenience of the ratio recording spectrophotometer has long been available with direct plotting of absorbance, spectra linear in wavenumber have generally been obtained by either hand replotting or digitizing and replotting by computer. A simple analog device is described which obviates this slow step and performs an on-line conversion of wavelength to wavenumber according to the equation: 107/m μ = cm−1. The converter, which is mechanically linked to the wavelength scroll of the spectrophotometer, provides an output voltage proportional to the reciprocal of the scroll position. This output is used to position a servo-controlled chart drive (abscissa) on the readout recorder. Electrical circuits and details of construction are given, along with examples of spectra produced.
Some Aspects of the Determination of the Microstructures of Polymers
Authors: Binder John L.
Published: November 2005

The importance of the correct polymer absorptivities for determining the microstructures of polybutadienes and polyisoprenes, particularly when one component is present in large amount, is shown. A method is described for determining both the major and minor polymer absorptivities and an application to the analyses of butadiene—isoprene copolymers is given. The absorptivities of cis- and trans-C(CH3)=CH at 890 cm−1, cis- and trans-C(CH3)=CH at 1155 cm−1 and 1130 cm−1, and of cis-CH=CH at 967 cm−1 are discussed.
The role of nuclear factor kappa B in human labour
Authors: Lindström Tamsin M , Bennett Phillip R
Published: November 2005

Preterm birth remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, largely as a result of a poor understanding of the precise mechanisms controlling labour onset in humans. Inflammation has long been recognised as a key feature of both preterm and term labour, with an influx of inflammatory cells into the uterus and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed during parturition. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family classically associated with inflammation. Accumulating evidence points to a role for NF-κB in the physiology and pathophysiology of labour. NF-κB activity increases with labour onset and is central to multiple prolabour pathways. Premature or aberrant activation of NF-κB may thus contribute to preterm labour. The current understanding of NF-κB in the context of human labour is discussed here.
Adipokines: implications for female fertility and obesity
Authors: Mitchell M , Armstrong D T , Robker R L , Norman R J
Published: November 2005

Obesity is associated with a diverse set of metabolic disorders, and has reproductive consequences that are complex and not well understood. The adipose tissue-produced leptin has dominated the literature with regards to female fertility complications, but it is pertinent to explore the likely role of other adipokines – adiponectin and resistin – as our understanding of their biological functions emerge. Leptin influences the developing embryo, the functioning of the ovary and the endometrium, interacts with the release and activity of gonadotrophins and the hormones that control their synthesis. In this review such biological actions and potential roles of the adipokines leptin, adiponectin and resistin are explored in relation to female fertility and the complexity of the obese metabolic state.
Spermatozoal competition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): what is the primary determinant of competition success?
Authors: Linhart O , Rodina M , Gela D , Kocour M , Vandeputte M
Published: November 2005

The percentage of sperm motility (92–100%), spermatozoan velocity (112–163 μm·s−1) and control hatching rates (83–96%) were evaluated for each of six gold and five green male common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In all 30 possible paired combinations of sperm-competition tests, hatching rates of 90–97% were achieved. The mean percentage of offspring sired was strongly influenced by the male used (P < 0.001, R 2 = 0.91). The best male sired an average of 88% of the offspring in its competition tests, and the worst male sired only 5%. Spermatozoan-quality parameters could explain only part of the variation in male competitive ability. The male effects alone explained 91.4% of the observed variance, consisting of 17.1% explained by spermatozoan motility and 32.5% by control hatching rates in single fertilizations. Undetermined male effects explained 41.8%. The velocity of spermatozoa had no effect on the outcome of sperm competition. Neither was there any link between spermatozoan velocity and hatching rate in a control hatching test, whereas there was an effect of motility on hatching rate in this same test.
Localization of phosphatidylserine in boar sperm cell membranes during capacitation and acrosome reaction
Authors: Kurz Anke , Viertel Dagmar , Herrmann Andreas , Müller Karin
Published: November 2005

One of the essential properties of mammalian, including sperm, plasma membranes is a stable transversal lipid asymmetry with the aminophospholipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), typically in the inner, cytoplasmic leaflet. The maintenance of this nonrandom lipid distribution is important for the homeostasis of the cell. To clarify the relevance of lipid asymmetry to sperm function, we have studied the localization of PS in boar sperm cell membranes. By using labeled annexin V as a marker for PS and propidium iodide (PI) as a stain for nonviable cells in conjunction with different methods (flow cytometry, fluorescence and electron microscopy), we have assessed the surface exposure of PS in viable cells during sperm genesis, that is, before and during capacitation as well as after acrosome reaction. An approach was set up to address also the presence of PS in the outer acrosome membrane. The results show that PS is localized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane as well as on the outer acrosome membrane. Our results further indicate the cytoplasmic localization of PS in the postacrosomal region. During capacitation and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa, PS does not become exposed on the outer surface of the viable cells. Only in a subpopulation of PI-positive sperm cells does PS became accessible upon capacitation. The stable cytoplasmic localization of PS in the plasma membrane, as well as in the outer acrosome membrane, is assumed to be essential for a proper genesis of sperm cells during capacitation and acrosome reaction.
Identification of genes regulated by interleukin-1β in human endometrial stromal cells
Authors: Rossi Marco , Sharkey Andrew M , Viganò Paola , Fiore Giovina , Furlong Rob , Florio Pasquale , Ambrosini Guido , Smith Stephen K , Petraglia Felice
Published: November 2005

Interleukin-1β (IL-1b) is an important immune regulatory factor that in human endometrium plays a role in both menstruation and implantation in the event of pregnancy. It promotes inflammatory-like processes and also stimulates tissue remodelling. We present a cDNA microarray study documenting the major effects of IL-1β on gene expression in stromal cells from human endometrium. Endometrial stromal cells from five normal healthy women at the mid secretory phase were cultured with or without IL-1β at 50 and 500 pg/ml for 48 h. cDNA microarrays were used to compare the levels of gene expression in total RNA isolated from cells stimulated with IL-1β. These cDNA arrays were produced containing 15 164 sequence-verified clones, which included genes known to be important in angiogenesis, immune modulators, apoptosis, cell signalling, extra-cellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and cell cycle regulation. Genes which were regulated by IL-1β were identified by analysis of the microarray data using the Significance Analysis of Microarrays software package. Upregulated (n= 23) and downregulated (n= 6) different genes were observed, which changed at least 3-fold, at a false discovery rate of less than 2% (P< 0.02). Our results have identified genes regulated by IL-1β, which are involved in leukocyte recruitment, ECM remodelling and other cellular functions. Changes in three genes, IL-8, colony-stimulating factor 2 and aldoketo reductase family 1 member 1, which were upregulated by IL-1β, were verified using real-time PCR. Novel functions regulated by IL-1β in endometrium, including genes involved in free radical protection, and fatty acid metabolism were also identified. These results also provide new insights into the role of IL-1β in disorders of the endometrium, especially in implantation-related infertility and endometriosis, in which this cytokine plays a major role.
Effects of long-term maternal exposure to low doses of PCB126 and PCB153 on the reproductive system and related hormones of young male goats
Authors: Oskam Irma C , Lyche Jan L , Krogenæs Anette , Thomassen Ragnar , Skaare Janneche U , Wiger Richard , Dahl Ellen , Sweeney Torres , Stien Audun , Ropstad Erik
Published: November 2005

In this study, female goats were orally exposed to PCB126 or PCB153, at 49 ng/kg body weight per day and 98 μg/kg body weight per day respectively, from gestational day 60 until delivery at approximately day 150. Exposure of the offspring continued via lactation until postnatal day 40. Reproductive toxicity in the male offspring was studied by the evaluation of conventional reproductive endpoints as well as flow cytometric analyses of spermatogenesis and sperm chromatin structure. PCB153-treated animals showed a significant smaller testis diameter in comparison to the control group. Neither of the treated groups showed differences for plasma FSH in comparison to controls. PCB153-treated animals differed significantly from the control group with respect to plasma LH and testosterone levels, whereas PCB126-treated animals only differed from the controls in plasma testosterone concentrations. Neither the PCB126 nor the PCB153 group differed from the controls with respect to the conventional sperm parameters or testis histology. A significant lower ratio of interstitium area to seminiferous tubules area and proportion of diploid testis cells were observed for the PCB153 group. Sperm from PCB153-treated animals showed a significantly higher percentage of sperm with damaged DNA. From the results of the present study it was concluded that PCB153 was able to induce alterations in reproductive endpoints related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis as well as to the testis. The effects observed in male kids after a long-term maternal exposure to PCB153 support the concept that exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds during foetal development may lead to adverse reproductive effects in adult life.
Peroxynitrites and impaired modulation of nitric oxide concentrations in embryos from diabetic rats during early organogenesis
Authors: Jawerbaum A , Higa R , White V , Capobianco E , Pustovrh C , Sinner D , Martínez N , González E
Published: November 2005

Maternal diabetes significantly increases the risk of congenital malformation, a syndrome known as diabetic embryopathy. Nitric oxide (NO), implicated in embryogenesis, has been found elevated in embryos from diabetic rats during organogenesis. The developmental signaling molecules endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 15-deoxy Δ12,14prostaglandin J2(15dPGJ2) downregulate embryonic NO levels. In the presence of NO and superoxide, formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite may occur. Therefore, we investigated peroxynitrite-induced damage, ET-1 and 15dPGJ2concentrations, and the capability of ET-1, 15dPGJ2and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) to regulate NO production in embryos from severely diabetic rats (streptozotocin-induced before pregnancy). We found intense nitrotyrosine immunostaining (an index of peroxynitrite-induced damage) in neural folds, neural tube and developing heart of embryos from diabetic rats (P< 0.001 vs controls). We also found reduced ET-1 (P< 0.001) and 15dPGJ2(P< 0.001) concentrations in embryos from diabetic rats when compared with controls. In addition, the inhibitory effect of ET-1, 15dPGJ2and PGE2on NO production found in control embryos was not observed in embryos from severely diabetic rats. In conclusion, both the demonstrated peroxynitrite-induced damage and the altered levels and function of multiple signaling molecules involved in the regulation of NO production provide supportive evidence of nitrosative stress in diabetic embryopathy.
Amino acid depletion and appearance during porcine preimplantation embryo development in vitro
Authors: Booth Paul J , Humpherson Peter G , Watson Terry J , Leese Henry J
Published: November 2005

Preimplantation embryos can consume and produce amino acids in a manner dependent upon the stage of development that may be predictive of subsequent viability. In order to examine these relationships in the pig, patterns of net depletion and appearance of amino acids byin vitroproduced porcine preimplantation embryos were examined. Cumulus oocyte complexes derived from slaughterhouse pre-pubertal pig ovaries were matured for 40 h in defined TCM-199 medium (containing PVA) before being fertilised (Day 0) with frozen-thawed semen in Tris–based medium. After 6 h, presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured in groups of 20, in NCSU-23 medium modified to contain 0.1 mM glutamine plus a mixture of 19 amino acids (aa) at low concentrations (0.02–0.11 mM) (NCSU-23aa). Groups of 2–20 embryos were removed (dependent on stage) on Day 0 (1 cell), Day 1 (two- and four-cells), Day 4 (compact morulae) and Day 6 (blastocysts) and placed in 4 μl NCSU-23aafor 24 h. After incubation, the embryos were removed and the spent media was analysed by HPLC. The net rate of amino acid depletion or appearance varied according to amino acid (P< 0.001) and, apart from serine and histidine, stage of development (P< 0.014). Glycine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, asparagine, lysine, glutamate and aspartate consistently appeared, whereas threonine, glutamine and arginine were consistently depleted. Five types of stage-dependent trends could be observed: Type I: amino acids having high rates of net appearance on Day 0 that reached a nadir on Day 1 or 4 but subsequently increased by Day 6 (glycine, glutamate); Type II: those that exhibited lower rates of net appearance on Days 0 and 6 compared with the intermediate Days 1 and 4 (isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, arginine); Type III: amino acids which showed a continuous fall in net appearance (asparagine, aspartate); Type IV: those that exhibited a steady fall in net depletion from Day 0 to Day 6 (glutamine, threonine); Type V: those following no discernable trend. Analysis of further embryo types indicated that presumptive polyspermic embryos on Day 0 had increased (P< 0.05) net rates of leucine, isoleucine, valine and glutamate appearance, and reduced (P< 0.05) net rates of threonine and glutamine depletion compared with normally inseminated oocytes. These data suggest that the net rates of depletion and uptake of amino acids by pig embryos vary between a) amino acids, b) the day of embryo development and, c) the type of embryos present at a given stage of development. The results also suggested that the net depletion and appearance rates of amino acids by early pig embryos might be more similar to those of the human than those of the mouse and cow.
Apoptosis of bovine ovarian surface epithelial cells by Fas antigen/Fas ligand signaling
Authors: Margalit Kate A , Cowan Robert G , Harman Rebecca M , Quirk Susan M
Published: November 2005

Ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSEs), a single layer of cells that cover the surface of the ovary, undergo turnover at the site of follicular rupture at ovulation. Greater than 90% of ovarian cancers arise from the OSEs. The objective of this study was to determine whether OSEs have the capacity to regulate their own demise through expression of Fas antigen (Fas) and Fas ligand (FasL) and activation of Fas-mediated apoptosis. In initial experiments, primary cultures of bovine OSEs responded to treatment with recombinant FasL by undergoing apoptosis. The percentage of cell death was not affected by the presence or absence of serum in the media or by co-treatment with interferon-γ, a treatment shown to potentiate Fas-mediated apoptosis in a number of cell types. Subsequent experiments tested the ability of stress-inducing drugs, anisomycin and daunorubicin, to promote apoptosis by stimulating an endogenous Fas–FasL pathway in OSEs. Treatment with FasL, anisomycin or daunorubicin induced cell death and this was suppressed by co-treatment with a peptide inhibitor of caspases, ZVAD. Treatment with anisomycin or daunorubicin in the presence of ZVAD increased expression of FasL mRNA and protein but did not alter expression of Fas mRNA or protein. Treatment of OSEs with a recombinant protein that blocks interaction of FasL with Fas (Fas:Fc) reduced apoptosis in response to anisomycin and daunorubicin, indicating that drug-induced apoptosis was mediated at least partially through endogenous Fas–FasL interactions. In summary, OSEs undergo apoptosis in response to stress-inducing drugs through activation of an endogenous Fas pathway.
Morphological characterization of pre- and peri-implantation in vitro cultured, somatic cell nuclear transfer and in vivo derived ovine embryos
Authors: Tveden-Nyborg P , Peura T T , Hartwich K M , Walker S K , Maddox-Hyttel P
Published: November 2005

The processes of cellular differentiation were studied in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in vitro cultured (IVC) and in vivo developed (in vivo) ovine embryos on days 7, 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19. SCNT embryos were constructed from in vitro matured oocytes and granulosa cells, and IVC embryos were produced by in vitro culture of in vivo fertilized zygotes. Most SCNT and IVC embryos were transferred to recipients on day 6 while some remained in culture for day 7 processing. In vivo embryos were collected as zygotes, transferred to intermediate recipients and retransferred to final recipients on day 6. All embryos were processed for examination by light and transmission electron microscopy or immunohistochemical labelling for alpha-1-fetoprotein and vimentin. Overall, morphological development of in vivo embryos was superior to IVC and SCNT embryos. Day 7 and particularly day 9 IVC and SCNT embryos had impaired hypoblast development, some lacking identifiable inner cell masses. On day 11, only in vivo and IVC embryos had developed an embryonic disc, and gastrulation was evident in half of in vivo embryos and one IVC embryo. By day 13, all in vivo embryos had completed gastrulation whereas IVC and SCNT embryos remained retarded. On days 17 and 19, in vivo embryos had significantly more somites and a more developed allantois than IVC and SCNT embryos. We conclude that IVC and particularly SCNT procedures cause a retardation of embryo development and cell differentiation at days 7–19 of gestation.