bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law’s Knowledge: Science for Justice in Legal Settings
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila
Published: July 2005

Legal developments following Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc indicate a growing need to reevaluate the decision’s fundamental assumptions about law, science, and their interactions.

I argue that in Daubert and two successor cases, the Supreme Court misconceived both the nature of scientific practice and its links to legal fact-finding. The decisions endorsed a separatist model of law and science, presupposing a sharper boundary between the institutions than exists or should exist.

A better approach is to recognize that law and science are both knowledge-generating institutions, but that fact-making serves different functions in these two settings. The important question for the law is not how judges can best do justice to science, but rather how courts can better render justice under conditions of uncertainty and ignorance.
Legislating “Sound Science”: The Role of the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Baba Annamaria , Cook Daniel M. , McGarity Thomas O. , Bero Lisa A.
Published: July 2005

In the late 1990s, in an effort to dispute the link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer, Philip Morris initiated a campaign to legislate “sound science.” The campaign involved enacting data access and data quality laws to obtain previously confidential research data in order to reanalyze it based on industry-generated data quality standards. Philip Morris worked with other corporate interests to form coalitions and workgroups, develop a “data integrity” outreach program, sponsor symposia on “research integrity,” and draft language for the new acts.

The tobacco industry played a role in establishing laws that increase corporate influence on public health and regulatory policy decisions.
The (Near) Irrelevance of Daubert to Criminal Justice and Some Suggestions for Reform
Authors: Neufeld Peter J.
Published: July 2005

Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc should have an extraordinary impact on criminal litigation, because there is rarely a criminal trial that does not rely on some form of expert testimony. In fact, it is almost irrelevant. Despite the frequency of prosecution proffered scientific and expert testimony in criminal cases, Daubert is rarely invoked to challenge it.

In civil cases, when expert testimony is challenged in criminal proceedings, the outcome could not be more different. Because most violent crimes are committed by the poor, their court appointed advocates—overworked and underfinanced—are not up to the challenge. In the absence of a system of effective representation, Daubert will not improve scientific evidence in criminal cases. The only way to guard against the misapplication of forensic science is to impose controls and reforms long before the cases come to court.
Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Greenland Sander
Published: July 2005

Concepts of cause and causal inference are largely self-taught from early learning experiences. A model of causation that describes causes in terms of sufficient causes and their component causes illuminates important principles such as multicausality, the dependence of the strength of component causes on the prevalence of complementary component causes, and interaction between component causes.

Philosophers agree that causal propositions cannot be proved, and find flaws or practical limitations in all philosophies of causal inference. Hence, the role of logic, belief, and observation in evaluating causal propositions is not settled. Causal inference in epidemiology is better viewed as an exercise in measurement of an effect rather than as a criterion-guided process for deciding whether an effect is present or not.
Science and Regulation: Current Impasse and Future Solutions
Authors: Hoppin Polly J. , Clapp Richard
Published: July 2005

We reflect on four articles that examine the Supreme Court’s Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc decision and efforts by private interests to derail public health and environmental regulations. The articles’ authors make the case that the impact of Daubert and related decisions in court settings pale by comparison to the threat that Daubert-like thinking poses in the regulatory arena.

A growing number of companies, however, have made substantial changes in practice and in culture by embracing a philosophy where health and environment are priorities. Mechanisms could be established to encourage firms to pledge to use science to meet public health and environmental goals, as well as channel the ingenuity of the private sector towards ecological, economical, and equitable systems of production.
Statistical Exploration of Matrix Hydrologic Properties for the Bandelier Tuff, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Authors: Springer Everett P.
Published: July 2005

The Bandelier Tuff forms the top of the thick vadose zone at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Subsurface pathway performance or risk assessments at Los Alamos require characterizing the unsaturated hydrologic properties of the Bandelier Tuff. The objective of this study was to analyze available unsaturated zone matrix hydrologic properties data for the Bandelier Tuff from the Los Alamos area for the purpose of developing estimates of properties and parameters for modeling vadose zone flow and transport. The hydrologic properties bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the van Genuchten equation parameters, residual and saturated water contents, α, and n, were measured or estimated from measured data. A nonparametric statistical approach was used because of the small sample size leading to nonnormal distribution of the samples. The following differences were investigated: (i) between boreholes for a given unit within a site and (ii) between sites for a given unit. Results for borehole analyses within a location found that properties were different at one location and could be combined at another. The testing between locations found that samples could be readily combined. Linear correlation analyses of the one geologic unit that was the most consistent across the Los Alamos site found that there was essentially no relationship between matrix hydrologic properties or parameters to allow surrogate properties to be used for prediction. This preliminary analysis indicated that investigations at LANL will require more detailed sampling on a site‐specific basis because properties cannot be transferred or estimated with any confidence.
Geologic Framework of a Groundwater System on the Margin of a Rift Basin, Pajarito Plateau, North‐Central New Mexico
Authors: Broxton David E. , Vaniman David T.
Published: July 2005

The Pajarito Plateau is an important source of abundant potable groundwater for Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the communities of Los Alamos and White Rock. Geologic investigations were undertaken as part of a plateau‐wide hydrogeological investigation to develop conceptual models of the groundwater system as a framework for numerical simulations of groundwater flow. The Pajarito Plateau is located in the western part of the Española basin where rocks of the Jemez and Cerros del Rio volcanic fields overlie and interfinger with Neogene basin‐fill sedimentary rocks. The vadose zone is about 200 m (600 ft) thick beneath mesas on the east side of the plateau and more than 375 m (1245 ft) thick on the west side. Groundwater occurs as shallow groundwater in canyon‐floor alluvium, moderately deep groundwater perched in bedrock units of the vadose zone, and groundwater associated with the regional saturated zone. The most productive rocks of the regional aquifer occur in a westward‐thickening wedge of coarse‐grained, Miocene and Pliocene volcaniclastic rocks derived from the Jemez volcanic field. Eastern aquifer rocks consist of fine‐grained, somewhat less productive Miocene sedimentary deposits derived from highland sources to the east and north. Intermediate and mafic lavas interbedded with the Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary deposits are components of the regional aquifer locally. The hydrogeology of the Pajarito Plateau is probably typical of groundwater systems along the margins of the Rio Grande rift where arid to semiarid, sediment‐filled basins receive most of their recharge from adjacent mountainous areas.
Single‐Rod Probes for Time Domain Reflectometry: Sensitivity and Calibration
Authors: Nussberger Mathis , Benedickter Hansruedi , Bächtold Werner , Flühler Hannes , Wunderli Hans
Published: July 2005

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes consisting of one conducting rod and a wave mode converter are an alternative configuration that overcomes some of the disadvantages of conventional probes. We examined four different single‐rod probes (SRPs) and a two‐rod probe for sensitivity to a small and a large conductive scatterer in their vicinity. The SRPs were assembled combining a small and large wave mode converter with an uncoated and coated rod. We found that the volume sampled by SRPs is larger and more symmetric than in the case of a two‐rod probe of equal size. A comparison of the mode converters showed a higher loss for the smaller converter but only a small difference concerning the spatial sensitivity. Coating the conducting rod with a high dielectric constant material reduces the spatial sensitivity. One of the SRPs and the two‐rod probe were calibrated in a sand tank (particle size 0.08–0.2 mm) with volumetric water content up to 0.35 m3 m−3. The calibration showed only small differences in the measured bulk dielectric constant between the single‐rod and the two‐rod probe. Based on this study the SRP is a promising new tool for improved TDR measurement of soil moisture.
Modeling the Soil Water Retention Curve for Conditions of Variable Porosity
Authors: Stange C. Florian , Horn Rainer
Published: July 2005

Temporal changes in the pore space of unsaturated soils may result from such processes as mechanical compaction and tillage of agricultural soils. Moreover, soil pore space and soil water content are mutually interactive. For example, porosity and pore‐space geometry control the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties such as the water retention curve, while conversely soil water and hydraulic stress often affects soil pore size. The experiments discussed in this paper focus on both of these two aspects and additionally consider how a previously applied mechanical stress can influence the effects of subsequent hydraulic stresses on the soil hydraulic properties. We show the effects of uniaxial volume changes during drying on the water retention curves of three sandy and silty soils. Results indicate that previously loaded soils differ in how drying affects volume changes. Uniaxial volume changes of all soils could be described well with a model similar to van Genuchten's soil water retention function. Four models were developed to describe soil water retention as a function of variable void ratio and then tested against measured data. The variably porosity models generally give much better descriptions of the observed retention data than the conventional van Genuchten function. Two models which express the van Genuchten shape parameters α andnin terms of two adjustable coefficients were found to be particularly attractive. The models presented in this study permit one to consider changes in the void ratio induced both by externally applied stress and by internal (i.e., hydraulic) stress.
Water and Solute Transport in a Cultivated Silt Loam Soil: 1. Field Observations
Authors: Coquet Y. , Coutadeur C. , Labat C. , Vachier P. , van Genuchten M. Th. , Roger‐Estrade J. , Šimůnek J.
Published: July 2005

Vadose zone flow and transport processes are known to be strongly affected by both soil structure and soil texture. We conducted a field experiment to explore the impact of heterogeneity in soil structure created by agricultural operations such as wheel traffic, plowing, and surface tillage on water and solute transport. The experiment was performed on a 4 by 2 m2 field plot perpendicular to the path of a tractor that had pulled a harrow for seedbed preparation. The plot was irrigated with a rainfall simulator at a rate of 21 mm h−1 for 2 h and 20 min. An 850 mg L−1 bromide solution was subsequently applied at a rate of 26 mm h−1 for 2 h. Soil water contents and pressure heads during the experiment were monitored with time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes and tensiometers. The soil was sampled for resident bromide (Br−) concentrations at the end of the experiment. Water and bromide fronts were found to be highly heterogeneous. The heterogeneity could be explained by the particular soil structural features created by the agricultural practices, in particular by the locations and sizes of compacted soil zones. Very little water and bromide had penetrated the large compacted zones under the wheel tracks. Bromide, TDR, and tensiometer measurements all indicated the presence of preferential flow of water and bromide along paths immediately bordering the wheel tracks. The compacted clods in the plow layer furthermore acted as low‐permeability barriers that diverted water and bromide flow around them. The highly heterogeneous plow layer between the wheel tracks produced a much higher solute dispersivity as compared to the compacted soil below the wheel tracks.
Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 7‐Bomoazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes via Nucleophilic Addition to 3‐Bromo‐1‐azoniatricyclo[2.2.1.0]‐heptane Bromide
Authors: Gayet Arnaud , Andersson Pher G.
Published: July 2005

We describe herein an efficient method for the preparation of a functionalised bicyclic framework (6‐substituted 7‐bromo‐aza‐bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) through the selective opening of the aziridium 2 with organocuprates in up to 90% yield. These interesting chiral building blocks were then utilised as novel ligands in the rearrangement of epoxides to afford chiral allylic alcohols.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Arylene‐Silylene‐Vinylene Polymers
Authors: Majchrzak Mariusz , Marciniec Bogdan , Itami Yujiro
Published: July 2005

Stereoregular trans‐arylene‐silylene‐vinylene polymers of Mw=13100–34800 and PDI=1.6–2.9 of the general formulas CH2CH[SiMe2C6H4‐SiMe2CHCH](16, 17, 18) and CH2CH[(R)CHCHC6H4CHCH](where R=Me2Si‐pC6H4‐ SiMe2, Me2Si‐mC6H4SiMe2 and Me2SiC6H4C6H4SiMe2) (19, 20, 21) have been effectively synthesized via silylative coupling (SC) homopolycondensation of bis(vinyldimethylsilyl)arenes (10, 12, 14) and cross‐polycondensation of 4‐(vinyldimethylsilyl)styrene (11) as well as cross‐copolycondensation of bis(vinyldimethylsilyl)arenes (10, 12 and 14) with 1,4‐divinylbenzene (9) catalyzed by [RuH(Cl)(CO)(PCy3)2] (7). Such highly stereoregular products cannot be synthesized via ADMET polycondensation or ring opening metathesis ROM or polyaddition of hydridosilanes to acetylenes.
Investigation on Aggregate Formation of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dorbritz Sandra , Ruth Wolfgang , Kragl Udo
Published: July 2005

Understanding the behavior of ionic liquids on the molecular level is essential for explaining solubilizing or reaction processes, including catalytic reactions in ionic liquids or with ionic liquids as co‐solvent. Using mass spectrometry techniques it is possible to characterize their aggregate formation behavior, which depends on the used solvent. With increasing polarity of the solvent and decreasing ionic liquid concentration, the size of the formed aggregates decreases. From conductivity measurement curves “critical aggregate concentrations” were calculated, which confirm the results of mass spectrometry measurements. Addition of ionic liquids increases the solubility of acetophenone in water. This effect can be explained by the aggregate formation ability of ionic liquids. The findings can be used to explain the outstanding solubility and solvation properties of ionic liquids.
A High‐Yield, Liquid‐Phase Approach for the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol using SO3 as the Oxidant
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sudip , Zerella Mark , Bell Alexis T.
Published: July 2005

A direct approach for producing methanol from methane in a three‐step, liquid phase process is reported. In the first step, methane is reacted with SO3 to form methanesulfonic acid (MSA) at 75 °C using a free‐radical initiator and MSA as the solvent. Urea‐H2O2 in combination with RhCl3 is found to be the most effective initiator (57% conversion of SO3; 7.2% conversion of CH4). MSA is then oxidized by SO3 at 160 °C in a second step to produce a mixture containing methyl bisulfate and some methyl methanesulfonate (87% conversion of MSA). In the third step, the mixture of methyl bisulfate and methyl methanesulfonate is hydrolyzed in the presence of an organic solvent, to produce an organic phase containing methanol and an aqueous phase containing sulfuric acid and some MSA (63% conversion of methyl bisulfate; 72% conversion of methyl methanesulfonate). Overall, 58% of the MSA (of which 23% is derived from methane) is converted to methanol.
Oxidation of Primary Amines to N‐Monoalkylhydroxylamines using Sodium Tungstate and Hydrogen Peroxide‐Urea Complex
Authors: Heydari Akbar , Aslanzadeh Saied
Published: July 2005

The sodium tungstate‐catalyzed (10 mol %) oxidation of primary amines with a urea‐hydrogen peroxide complex (UHP) gives the corresponding N‐monoalkylhydroxylamines, which are important biologically active compounds, in good to excellent yields. The method is applicable for a wide range of primary amines, including chiral benzylic amines, α‐1,2‐hydroxylamine and α‐amino esters.
Biomimetic Cyclization of Small Terpenoids Promoted by Zeolite NaY: Tandem Formation of α‐Ambrinol from Geranyl Acetone
Authors: Tsangarakis Constantinos , Stratakis Manolis
Published: July 2005

Zeolite NaY promotes efficiently the biomimetic cyclization of small acyclic terpenes. Geranyl and neryl acetone undergo a novel tandem 1,5‐diene cyclization/carbonyl‐ene reaction to form the natural product α‐ambrinol isolated in >65% yield.
Aqueous Asymmetric Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Gallium Lewis Acid with Trost‐Type Semi‐Crown Ligands
Authors: Li Hui‐Jing , Tian Hong‐Yu , Wu Yan‐Chao , Chen Yong‐Jun , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: July 2005

The combination of Ga(OTf)3 with chiral semi‐crown ligands (1a–e) generates highly effective chiral gallium Lewis acid catalysts for aqueous asymmetric aldol reactions of aromatic silyl enol ethers with aldehydes. A ligand‐acceleration effect was observed. Water is essential for obtaining high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. The p‐phenyl substituent in aromatic silyl enol ether (2 h) plays an important role and increases the enantioselectivity up to 95% ee. Although aliphatic silyl enol ethers provided low enantioselectivities and silylketene acetal is easily hydrolyzed in aqueous alcohol, the aldol reactions of silylketene thioacetal (12) with aldehydes in the presence of gallium‐Lewis acid catalysts give the β‐hydroxy thioester with reasonable yields and high diastereo‐ (up to 99 : 1) and enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee).
A Convenient High Activity Catalyst for the Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl Bromides
Authors: Köllhofer Axel , Plenio Herbert
Published: July 2005

A mixture of Na2PdCl4, CuI and (t‐Bu)3PH+BF4− (molar ratio 4 : 3 : 8) dispersed in H2N(i‐Pr)2+Br− can be used as a “single source” precatalyst for the Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides with various aryl‐ and alkylacetylenes in HN(i‐Pr)2 solvent. Arylacetylenes require just 0.005 mol % of Pd catalyst at 80 °C, with TOFs ranging between 3,200 and 10,000 h−1.
Bubbling fluidized bed scaling laws: Evaluation at large scales
Authors: Sanderson John , Rhodes Martin
Published: July 2005

Scaling laws for bubbling fluidized beds were first proposed some two decades ago. Although it would appear that the scaling laws for bubbling beds are for the most part successful, generally experimental verification has been limited to small‐scale equipment. In this paper we apply the simplified scaling laws to a set of four cold‐model bubbling fluidized beds covering a tenfold increase in diameter and perform an experimental verification using an analysis of pressure fluctuations. For pressure fluctuation measurements made at a number of radial and axial locations in all four fluidized beds, an “agreement map” is presented in which the spatial variation in similarity behavior is summarized. Despite a generally good match of results between correctly scaled units, agreement tends to degrade toward the vessel walls and bed surface. At higher gas velocity, pressure fluctuation phenomena observed in the largest bed are not mimicked by smaller units scaled using the simplified criteria. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Mass transfer and chemical reactions in bubble swarms with dynamic interfaces
Authors: Koynov Athanas , Khinast Johannes G. , Tryggvason Grétar
Published: July 2005

Detailed, high‐resolution numerical simulations have been performed on the buoyancy‐driven motion of deformable, chemically reacting bubbles for different operating conditions, that is, Weber, Morton, and Schmidt numbers. In our simulations different bubble shapes and types of bubble wakes were observed. The wake types range from a closed wake without recirculation, to a closed wake with recirculation, to an unsteady wake, leading to vortex‐shedding wakes. Two different bubble‐rise trajectories were observed for different conditions: straight and zigzag shaped. The mass‐transfer rates and the yields and selectivities of liquid‐phase chemical reactions were determined for each case. A detailed analysis of the results was carried out, relating the differences in chemical reaction efficiencies to the dynamics of each flow. Furthermore, to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of the flows inside bubble swarms and their impact on chemical reactions, numerical simulations were performed of multiple bubbles rising in a swarm. Different bubble counts, geometric configurations, and size distributions were considered. Mass‐transfer rates and chemical reaction selectivities were determined and a comparison is presented between the results for bubble swarms and single bubbles. It was shown that for mixing‐sensitive reaction networks, the hydrodynamics of the bubble swarm may significantly impact the reaction selectivity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that bubble swarm dynamics differ from the dynamics of single bubbles. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Simulated moving‐bed reactor: Reactive–separation regions
Authors: Minceva Mirjana , Rodrigues Alirio E.
Published: July 2005

This work focuses on the design of a simulated moving‐bed rector (SMBR) where reaction A → B + C takes place. The reactive–separation regions were determined for two reactive systems: (1) inversion of sucrose, with enzyme introduced in the unit through the eluent stream and Michaelis–Menten reaction kinetics, and (2) A → B + C reaction, with immobilized enzyme and linear reaction kinetic law. In both systems the reaction species exhibit linear adsorption isotherms. The steady‐state equivalent true moving‐bed reactor (TMBR) analogy was applied in the algorithm used for determination of the reactive–separation regions. The influence of the mass‐transfer limitation, reaction rate, product purities, reactant Henry constant, and SMBR configuration on the shape and position of reactive–separation regions was analyzed. It was shown that in certain conditions the reactive–separation regions extended out of the separation regions obtained for nonreactive SMB for product (B and C) separation. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Experimental and modeling study of protein adsorption in expanded bed
Authors: Li Ping , Xiu Guohua , Rodrigues Alirio E.
Published: July 2005

Streamline DEAE is the first‐generation adsorbent developed for expanded bed adsorption (low‐density base matrix with wide particle size distribution and ligand sensitive to ionic strength and salt concentration), and Streamline direct CST I is the second‐generation adsorbent (high‐density base matrix with narrow particle size distribution and ligand not sensitive to ionic strength and salt concentration). In this paper, experiments were carried out for bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein adsorption in expanded beds, where a Streamline 50 column was packed either with Streamline DEAE or with Streamline direct CST I. The hydrodynamics, BSA dynamic binding capacity, and BSA recovery in the whole expanded bed adsorption process were compared for both adsorbents. A mathematical model, in which intraparticle diffusion, film mass transfer, liquid axial dispersion, solid axial dispersion, particle size axial distribution, and bed voidage axial variation were taken into account, was developed to predict the breakthrough curves in expanded bed adsorption. BSA breakthrough curves in expanded bed adsorption were measured for both Streamline DEAE and Streamline CST I, and compared with the predictions from this mathematical model. The effects of intraparticle diffusion, film mass transfer, liquid and solid axial dispersion, particle size axial distribution, and bed voidage axial variation on the breakthrough curves were evaluated for expanded bed adsorption with both adsorbents. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Mesokristalle: anorganische Überstrukturen durch hochparallele Kristallisation und kontrollierte Ausrichtung
Authors: Cölfen Helmut , Antonietti Markus
Published: July 2005

Kontrollierte Selbstorganisation von Nanopartikeln kann zu neuen Materialien führen; so ist kolloidale Kristallisation von nichtsphärischen Nanokristallen ein Reaktionspfad bei vielen Kristallisationsreaktionen. Mithilfe von Additiven kann die Selbstorganisation auf einer Zwischenstufe – dem Mesokristall – gestoppt werden, bei der die Primäreinheiten noch identifiziert werden können. Solche Mesokristalle wurden bei verschiedenen Systemen als kinetisch metastabile Spezies oder als Intermediat in einer Kristallisationsreaktion beobachtet, die zu Einkristallen mit typischen Defekten und Einschlüssen führt. Über die kontrollierenden Kräfte und den Mechanismus der Mesokristallbildung gibt es noch wenige Erkenntnisse, dagegen sind bereits einige Eigenschaften der Mesokristalle bekannt.Mesokristalle sind spannende Beispiele für nichtklassische Kristallisation, die nicht über Anlagerung von Ionen fortschreitet, sondern über eine modulare Route mit Nanobaueinheiten. Die Kristallisation wird dadurch unabhängiger von Ionenprodukten oder molekularer Löslichkeit und verläuft ohne Änderungen von pH‐Wert oder osmotischem Druck; damit eröffnet die nichtklassische Kristallisation neue Strategien zur Kristallmorphogenese.
Cover Picture: Strategies for Hydrogen Storage in Metal–Organic Frameworks / High H2 Adsorption in a Microporous Metal–Organic Framework with Open Metal Sites (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 30/2005)
Authors: Rowsell Jesse L. C. , Yaghi Omar M. , Chen Banglin , Ockwig Nathan W. , Millward Andrew R. , Contreras Damacio S.
Published: July 2005

Hydrogen storage strategies …︁ for metal–organic frameworks have been developed recently to enhance their applicability in this role, as shown in the cover picture. In their Minireview on page 4670 ff., O. M. Yaghi and J. L. C. Rowsell discuss the various approaches used to reach the required compromise between high porosity and smaller pore size for stronger binding of H2 under ambient conditions. In their Communication on page 4745, B. Chen, O. M. Yaghi, and co‐workers report a promising hydrogen‐storage material with open metal sites.
Design and utility of a web‐based computer‐assisted instructional tool for neuroanatomy self‐study and review for physical and occupational therapy graduate students
Authors: Foreman K. Bo , Morton David A. , Musolino Gina Maria , Albertine Kurt H.
Published: July 2005

The cadaver continues to be the primary tool to teach human gross anatomy. However, cadavers are not available to students outside of the teaching laboratory. A solution is to make course content available through computer‐assisted instruction (CAI). While CAI is commonly used as an ancillary teaching tool for anatomy, use of screen space, annotations that obscure the image, and restricted interactivity have limited the utility of such teaching tools. To address these limitations, we designed a Web‐based CAI tool that optimizes use of screen space, uses annotations that do not decrease the clarity of the images, and incorporates interactivity across different operating systems and browsers. To assess the design and utility of our CAI tool, we conducted a prospective evaluation of 43 graduate students enrolled in neuroanatomy taught by the Divisions of Physical and Occupational Therapy at the University of Utah, College of Health. A questionnaire addressed navigation, clarity of the images, benefit of the CAI tool, and rating of the CAI tool compared to traditional learning tools. Results showed that 88% of the respondents strongly agreed that the CAI tool was easy to navigate and overall beneficial. Eighty‐four percent strongly agreed that the CAI tool was educational in structure identification and had clear images. Furthermore, 95% of the respondents thought that the CAI tool was much to somewhat better than traditional learning tools. We conclude that the design of a CAI tool, with minimal limitations, provides a useful ancillary tool for human neuroanatomy instruction. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 285B:26–31, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissection as a teaching tool: Past, present, and future
Authors: Elizondo‐Omaña Rodrigo E. , Guzmán‐López Santos , De Los Angeles García‐Rodríguez María
Published: July 2005

Cultural changes, scientific progress, and new trends in medical education have modified the role of dissection in teaching anatomy in today's medical schools. We discuss in this article the role of dissection itself, the value of which has been under debate for the last 30 years. The importance of dissection is considered from different points of view: educational, bioethical, and human values. Included are different opinions from professors and students. Finally, the current practice of dissection is described for some universities in the United States and Europe, showing its use as a learning tool. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 285B:11–15, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerosol delivery of mammalian cells for tissue engineering
Authors: Roberts Andrew , Wyslouzil Barbara E. , Bonassar Lawrence
Published: July 2005

We developed a two fluid atomizer to spray mammalian cells suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)–Pluronic F‐127 polymer solutions. We used the device to spray suspensions of bovine articular chondrocytes and porcine tracheal epithelial cells, in either PBS or the polymer solutions, and studied their viability and growth kinetics. Under the operating conditions examined in this study, the cells had better than 70% viability after spraying, the growth rates were comparable to cells that were not sprayed, and the appearance of the cells at confluence was normal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of a direct fluorescence‐based live/dead staining combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization for assessment of survival rate of Bacteroides spp. in drinking water
Authors: Savichtcheva Olga , Okayama Noriko , Ito Tsukasa , Okabe Satoshi
Published: July 2005

To evaluate the viability and survival ability of fecal Bacteroides spp. in environmental waters, a fluorescence‐based live/dead staining method using ViaGram™ Red+ Bacterial gram stain and viability kit was combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA‐targeted oligonucleotide probe (referred as LDS‐FISH). The proposed LDS‐FISH was a direct and reliable method to detect fecal Bacteroides cells and their viability at single‐cell level in complex microbial communities. The pure culture of Bacteroides fragilis and whole human feces were dispersed in aerobic drinking water and incubated at different water temperatures (4°C, 13°C, 18°C, and 24°C), and then the viability of B. fragilis and fecal Bacteroides spp. were determined by applying the LDS‐FISH. The results revealed that temperature and the presence of oxygen have significant effects on the survival ability. Increasing the temperature resulted in a rapid decrease in the viability of both pure cultured B. fragilis cells and fecal Bacteroides spp. The live pure cultured B. fragilis cells could be found at the level of detection in drinking water for 48 h of incubation at 24°C, whereas live fecal Bacteroides spp. could be detected for only 4 h of incubation at 24°C. The proposed LDS‐FISH method should provide useful quantitative information on the presence and viability of Bacteroides spp., a potential alternative fecal indicator, in environmental waters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Prediction of the Absolute Stereochemistry of Primary and Secondary 1,2‐Diols by 1H NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications
Authors: Freire Félix , Seco José M. , Quiñoá Emilio , Riguera Ricardo
Published: July 2005

The absolute configuration of 1,2‐diols formed by a primary and a secondary (chiral) hydroxyl group can be deduced by comparison of the 1H NMR spectra of the corresponding (R)‐ and bis‐(S)‐MPA esters (MPA=methoxyphenylacetic acid). This method involves the use of the chemical shifts of substituents L1/L2 attached to the secondary (chiral) carbon, and of the hydrogen atom linked to the chiral center (CαH) as diagnostic signals. Theoretical (AM1, HF, and B3 LYP calculations) and experimental data (dynamic and low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, studies on deuterated derivatives, constant coupling analysis, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and NMR studies with a number of diols of known absolute configuration) prove that the signs of the ΔδRS obtained for those signals correlate with the absolute configuration of the diol. A graphical model for the reliable assignment of the absolute configuration of a 1,2‐diol by comparison of the NMR spectra of its bis‐(R)‐ and bis‐(S)‐MPA esters is presented.
Why Do the Heavy‐Atom Analogues of Acetylene E2H2 (E: Si—Pb) Exhibit Unusual Structures?
Authors: Lein Matthias , Krapp Andreas , Frenking Gernot
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of Oligomers of AlCl: Al—Cl versus Al—Al Bonding
Authors: Himmel Hans‐Joerg
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extremely Low Thermal Conductivity of AgTlTe.
Authors: Kurosaki Ken , Uneda Hironori , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Infrared and Computational Investigation of Vanadium‐Substituted Keggin [PVnW12‐nO40](n+3)‐ Polyoxometallic Anions.
Authors: Watras Michael J. , Teplyakov Andrew V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effect of Atomic Ordering on the Catalytic Activity of Carbon Supported PtM (M: Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) Alloys for Oxygen Reduction in PEMFCs.
Authors: Xiong L. , Manthiram A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liquid Hydrogen in Protonic Chabazite.
Authors: Zecchina Adriano , Bordiga Silvia , Vitillo Jenny G. , Ricchiardi Gabriele , Lamberti Carlo , Spoto Giuseppe , Bjoergen Morten , Lillerud Karl Petter
Published: July 2005

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Ln4N2Te3 (Ln: La—Nd): The First Nitride Tellurides with Trivalent Lanthanides.
Authors: Lissner Falk , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2005

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Chemical Vapor Transport and Crystal Structure of Rare‐Earth Arsenates(V).
Authors: Schmidt Marcus , Mueller Ulf , Gil Raul Cardoso , Milke Edgar , Binnewies Michael
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Monosilicide (CoSi) with CsCl Structure Stabilized by a β‐SiC Matrix.
Authors: Walter D. , Karyasa I. W.
Published: July 2005

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Microflow Electroorganic Synthesis Without Supporting Electrolyte.
Authors: Horcajada Roberto , Okajima Masayuki , Suga Seiji , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: July 2005

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Furanoside Thioether—Phosphinite Ligands for Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions.
Authors: Guimet Eugeni , Dieguez Montserrat , Ruiz Aurora , Claver Carmen
Published: July 2005

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New Bidentate Alkoxy‐NHC Ligands for Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Clavier Herve , Coutable Ludovic , Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Mauduit Marc
Published: July 2005

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Synthetic Applications of Aryl Radical Building Blocks for Cyclization onto Azoles.
Authors: Allin Steven M. , Bowman W. Russell , Elsegood Mark R. J. , McKee Vickie , Karim Rehana , Rahman Shahzad S.
Published: July 2005

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Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Curcumin Analogues as Antioxidant, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory and Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Selvam C. , Jachak Sanjay M. , Thilagavathi Ramasamy , Chakraborti Asit. K.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Medium‐Ring and Iodinated Biaryl Compounds by Organocuprate Oxidation.
Authors: Surry David S. , Su Xianbin , Fox David J. , Franckevicius Vilius , Macdonald Simon J. F. , Spring David R.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Polycyclic Lactams and Sultams by a Cascade Ring‐Closure Metathesis/Isomerization and Subsequent Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Bressy Cyril , Menant Christine , Piva Olivier
Published: July 2005

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Facile and Highly Selective Conversion of Nitriles to Amides via Indirect Acid‐Catalyzed Hydration Using TFA or AcOH—H2SO4.
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Singhal Nidhi
Published: July 2005

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition—Cyclization Reactions of 5‐Yn‐1‐ones with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Shimada Masahiko , Murakami Masahiro
Published: July 2005

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Fast and Mild Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Oxidation of 1,3‐Dienes via Activation of Molecular Oxygen with a Designed Cobalt(II) Porphyrin.
Authors: Verboom Renzo C. , Slagt Vincent F. , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: July 2005

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The Synthesis of E‐2‐(Bromomethylene)cyclohexanone and E‐2‐(Bromomethylene)cycloheptanone.
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Ma Xinghua , Willis Anthony C.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Arenediynes via the Vinylidenecarbene—Acetylene Rearrangement.
Authors: Sahu Bichismita , Namboothiri Irishi N. N. , Persky Rachel
Published: July 2005

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Diastereoselective Aldol Additions to α‐Amino‐β‐silyloxy Aldehydes. Divergent Synthesis of Aminodiols.
Authors: Restorp Per , Somfai Peter
Published: July 2005

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Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylations with Benzoylhydrazones Promoted by a Simple Strained Silacycle Reagent.
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Berger Richard , Leighton James L.
Published: July 2005

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Selective Allylation of Arenethiols Using Water‐Soluble Palladium Complex Catalyst in Recyclable Water/Hexane Biphasic Media.
Authors: Komine Nobuyuki , Sako Akari , Hirahara Shin‐ya , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro
Published: July 2005

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Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzoins to Benzils in the Presence of a Catalytic Amount of KI in Basic Media.
Authors: Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Yukio , Nagata Yuji , Sasaki Gaku , Numata Kaori
Published: July 2005

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The Synthesis of New Planar Chiral Heterobidentate Chelate Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Osborne James
Published: July 2005

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A Practical Synthesis and Estrogenic Activity of 5‐Hydroxy‐1‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,3‐trimethylindan, a Contaminant in Industrial Grade Bisphenol A.
Authors: Terasaki Masanori , Shiraishi Fujio , Nishikawa Tomohiro , Morita Masatoshi , Makino Masakazu
Published: July 2005

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Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring Opening of 2,3‐Diaryl Oxiranes by LiBr/Amberlyst 15: A New Stereocontrolled Access to 1,2‐Diaryl‐2‐bromo Alcohols.
Authors: Solladie‐Cavallo Arlette , Lupattelli Paolo , Bonini Carlo
Published: July 2005

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Substituted Aziridines by Lithiation—Electrophile Trapping of Terminal Aziridines.
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Humphreys Philip G. , Ward John G.
Published: July 2005

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One‐Pot Synthesis of β‐Lactams from Aldimines and Ketene Silyl Acetals by Tandem Lewis Base‐Catalyzed Mannich‐Type Addition and Cyclization.
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2005

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A General One‐Pot Synthesis of Vinyl‐Thiiranes and Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Maciagiewicz I. , Dybowski P. , Skowronska A.
Published: July 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydrofurans via a Formal Retro‐Claisen Photorearrangement.
Authors: Xia Wujiong , Yang Chao , Patrick Brian O. , Scheffer John R. , Scott Carl
Published: July 2005

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A New Synthesis of γ‐Lactams Based on the Reaction of Vinyl Sulfilimines with Dichloroketene.
Authors: Wang Qiu , Nara Shinji , Padwa Albert
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4‐chloropyrroles via Ring Expansion of 2‐Aryl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarbaldehydes.
Authors: Verniest Guido , Claessens Sven , Bombeke Filip , Van Thienen Tinneke , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: July 2005

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Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation Reactions Catalyzed by a Chiral Nonracemic C2‐Symmetric 2,2′‐Bipyridyl Copper(II) Complex.
Authors: Lyle Michael P. A. , Draper Neil D. , Wilson Peter D.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 2‐(3‐Iminoisoindolin‐1‐ylidene)carboxylate Derivatives by Reactions of Ester Magnesium Enolates with Phthalonitrile Derivatives.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Honma Kiyoto , Kondo Shizuka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: July 2005

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Structure—Activity Relationships of the Oxindole Growth Hormone Secretagogues.
Authors: Tokunaga Teruhisa , Hume W. Ewan , Nagamine Jun , Kawamura Tetsuya , Taiji Mutsuo , Nagata Ryu
Published: July 2005

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Novel Heterocyclic Thyromimetics.
Authors: Haning Helmut , Woltering Michael , Mueller Ulrich , Schmidt Gunter , Schmeck Carsten , Voehringer Verena , Kretschmer Axel , Pernerstorfer Josef
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 2‐Pyrazoline‐5‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives Using Trimethylsilyldiazomethane.
Authors: Ahn Jin Hee , Kim Hye‐Min , Kang Seung Kyu , Ha Jae Du , Yum Eul Kgun , An Duk Keun , Choi Joong‐Kwon , Kim Sung Soo
Published: July 2005

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Enhancement in Antimicrobial Activity of 2‐(Phenyl)‐3‐(2‐butyl‐4‐chloro‐1H‐imidazolyl)‐5‐butylate Isoxazolidine.
Authors: Sadashiva M. P. , Mallesha H. , Murthy K. Karunakara , Rangappa K. S.
Published: July 2005

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Diastereoselective Amidoalkylation of (3S,7aR)‐6‐Benzyl‐7‐hydroxy‐3‐phenyltetrahydro‐5H‐imidazo[1,5‐c] [1,3]thiazol‐5‐one: A Short and Highly Efficient Synthesis of (+)‐Biotin.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Chittiboyina Amar G. , Ravindranathan T. , Kamat Subhash K. , Kalkote Uttam R.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 3β,3β,5‐Tribromoacetyl‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one by Bromination of Dehydroacetic Acid.
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Prakash Richa , Singh Shiv P.
Published: July 2005

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Bioactive Pyranoxanthones from the Roots of Calophyllum blancoi.
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , Wang Li‐Tang , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Chiang Lien Chai , Cheng Pei‐Wen
Published: July 2005

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Highly Enantioselective Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Desymmetrization Processes by Cyclocondensation of Chiral Aminoalcohols with Racemic or Prochiral δ‐Oxoacid Derivatives.
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Bassas Oriol , Pericas Miquel A. , Pasto Mireia , Bosch Joan
Published: July 2005

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Molybdatophosphoric Acid/NaNO2/Wet SiO2 as an Efficient System for Oxidation of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines under Mild and Heterogeneous Conditions.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Zolfigol Mohammah Ali , Razavian Seyed Mehdi , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of N‐Benzyl 3,5‐Disubstituted Piperidines via Double Michael Addition Strategy.
Authors: Lee Mi Jung , Lee Ka Young , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: July 2005

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Tetrahydroisoquinoline 1‐Carboxamides as Growth Hormone Secretagogues.
Authors: Li James J. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

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Design and Synthesis of a Potent Macrocyclic 1,6‐Naphthyridine anti‐Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Inhibitors.
Authors: Falardeau Guy , Lachance Hugo , St‐Pierre Annie , Yannopoulos Constantin G. , Drouin Marc , Bedard Jean , Chan Laval
Published: July 2005

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Novel 2‐Aminothiazonaphthalimides as Visible Light Activatable Photonucleases: Effects of Intercalation, Heterocyclic‐Fused Area and Side Chains.
Authors: Li Zhigang , Yang Qing , Qian Xuhong
Published: July 2005

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1,3‐Dioxo‐4‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinolines as Potent Caspase‐3 Inhibitors.
Authors: Kravchenko Dmitri V. , Kysil Vladimir V. , Ilyn Alexey P. , Tkachenko Sergey E. , Maliarchouk Sergey , Okun Ilya M. , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 5‐Substituted Neocuproine Derivatives.
Authors: Eggert Jan P. W. , Luening Ulrich , Naether Christian
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and in vitro Antitumor Activity of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinone Derivatives with Dithiocarbamate Side Chains.
Authors: Cao Sheng‐Li , Feng Yu‐Ping , Jiang Yu‐Yang , Liu Shi‐Ying , Ding Guo‐Yu , Li Run‐Tao
Published: July 2005

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Manganese(IV) Dioxide‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinoxalines under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Kim So Yeon , Park Kang Hyun , Chung Young Keun
Published: July 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐(S,S)‐Reboxetine via a New (S)‐2‐(Hydroxymethyl)morpholine Preparation.
Authors: Brenner Eric , Baldwin Ronald M. , Tamagnan Gilles
Published: July 2005

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A Novel Three‐Component Synthesis of Triazinothiazolones.
Authors: Holla Bantval Shivarama , Malini Kani Veetil , Sarojini Balladka Kunhanna , Poojary Boja
Published: July 2005

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Platinum‐Catalyzed Tandem Carboalkoxylation‐Claisen Rearrangement of Arylalkynes Bearing an ortho‐1,5‐Dihydro‐3H‐2,4‐dioxepine Group.
Authors: Nakamura Itaru , Bajracharya Gan B. , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Complexing Properties of [2.n](2,6)Pyridinocrownophanes.
Authors: Inokuma Seiichi , Ide Hayato , Yonekura Tomomi , Funaki Takashi , Kondo Shin‐ichi , Shiobara Satoru , Yoshihara Toshitada , Tobita Seiji , Nishimura Jun
Published: July 2005

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