bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality at the Oldest Ages
Authors: Humphrey G. T.
Published: May 2019

The general pattern of mortality in England and Wales in the present century is well known. Mortality rates have fallen steadily, the proportionate improvement decreasing with increasing age, and being greater for females than males. The position at the oldest ages is less clear; the published figures are not conclusive as to whether mortality over age 90 is constant, increasing or decreasing.
Random Mortality Fluctuations and the Binomial Hypothesis
Authors: Pollard A. H.
Published: May 2019

A great deal of research has been carried out into expected values of qx or into expected number of deaths. Little attention has however been paid to the random variations in mortality rates or to the random variations in the number of deaths. Research in this direction might very well further our knowledge of the mortality process.
Balanced Incomplete Block Designs
Authors: Joseph A. W.
Published: May 2019

In my earlier paper I expressed disappointment at failure to find b.i.b.d.s for the case ν= 4p, k = 4, b = ½ν(ν−1), λ = 6 (p is an odd prime). The failure was not complete because I had given a solution for ν = p + 1, k = 4, λ = 6 which covered the cases of ν = 4p where ν−1 was also a prime. In what follows I shall complete my earlier note and also give simple formulae for ν = p + 1, k = 4, λ = 3.
Third Annual Report from the American Committee for Irish Studies, 1969-70
Authors: Curran Joseph M.
Published: May 2019

The eighth annual conference of the American Committee for Irish Studies was held at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, from 30 April to 2 May 1970, with Professor Thomas Kinsella supervising local arrangements. The theme of the conference was ‘The roots of Ulster’, and representatives from both the Republic and Northern Ireland, as well as regular members of ACIS attended (Appendix A). At the business meeting Professor Harold Orel, of the University of Kansas, officially succeeded Professor John Kelleher of Harvard University as chairman of the executive committee, while Professor Maurice Harmon, of University College, Dublin, was named Irish representative on the executive committee. The business meeting also made the decision to accept the bid of the College of William and Mary for the 1971 conference. Professor J. C. Beckett, of Queen’s University, Belfast, delivered the banquet address. He spoke of the need for scholarly detachment and integrity on the part of the historian, who must strive to overcome personal bias and ‘represent times past as they were indeed’ Professor Beckett made a plea for more ‘popular history’, solidly grounded on historical evidence, but written in such a way that people will read it for pleasure as well as instruction. He explained the efforts being made in Northern Ireland to promote and popularize Irish studies, giving special emphasis to Queen’s University’s Institute of Irish Studies, which was attempting to coordinate work in the various fields of Irish studies.
The Irish council bill and the fall of Sir Antony MacDonnell, 1906-7
Authors: Hepburn A.C.
Published: May 2019

In any account of the liberal party’s dealings with Ireland, Gladstone must occupy a dominant and dynamic position. Yet perhaps his most significant legacy was a negative one. His dramatic and, from the party point of view, destructive failures with home rule in 1886 and 1893 demonstrated to two generations of liberal leaders, Morley and Lloyd George no less than Rosebery and Crewe, and even to his own son Herbert, that so long as the house of lords retained a legislative veto, home rule for Ireland could not be a practical part of the liberal programme. A recent article has shown that ‘ disengagement ‘ from home rule was evolved during the period from 1894 to 1905 as a matter of deliberate policy, and was not simply the result of a huge independent majority won by the party in 1906. It was a policy dictated by necessity, but it evolved, nonetheless, only gradually, through a series of compromises between two warring factions of the party. Where Rosebery and the extreme liberal imperialists worked to exclude home rule from the party programme altogether in 1900-1, Gladstonians wanted only to put it into cold storage. Again, when liberal imperialists and even uncommitted liberals called for a self-denying ordinance on home rule for the 1906 election, Gladstonians wanted the party simply to steer clear of any firm commitment. What averted a split on the earlier occasion was Asquith’s enunciation of a ‘ step by step ‘ principle on home rule in such a way as to differentiate it clearly from Rosebery’s ‘ clean slate’, while in the autumn of 1905 party unity was restored by Campbell-Bannerman’s promise to translate this principle into a legislative proposal.
XVII Earl Temple’s Viceroyalty and the Question of Renunciation, 1782-3
Authors: Jupp Peter
Published: May 2019

When, in the 1850s, the second duke of Buckingham was editing the correspondence of his grandfather, the second Earl Temple and first marquis of Buckingham, he was clearly puzzled by what was revealed by that part of it which related to Temple’s vice-royalty in Ireland and the issue of ‘ renunciation ’ He wrote of the ‘ curious struggle ’ in the cabinet, ‘ the immense disproportion between cause and effect ’ and the ‘ clamour and misunderstanding ’ which he confessed it was ‘ difficult to understand ’, Today there is still some confusion about renunciation as an issue in English politics and it is the primary object of this article to dispel it. That it has secondary objects is solely the result of the discoveries, suggestions and conclusions of the many historians who have contributed to our understanding of Anglo-Irish relations in the later eighteenth century. It is now clear, for example, that Ireland was one of the most complex theatres in Britain’s external affairs in that period. To some extent this was due to the close geographical and mental proximity between the two countries which enabled politicians to travel and correspond easily from one to the other, a circumstance which led to policies being in a continuous state of formulation and, equally, under continuous scrutiny—in contrast to Britain’s foreign and colonial relations where language and more considerable geographical problems gave policy makers more time to deliberate, and incidentally, reduced the number of interested parties around Whitehall. Similarly there was a contrast between the quality and effectiveness of the official procedures that were adopted for the arrangement of Anglo-Irish relations and those which were followed in other spheres of Britain’s external affairs. Viceroys enjoyed a higher status than ambassadors and sometimes imagined they possessed an almost complete control over their domain. As a consequence they were often not subjected to detailed written instructions as was Earl Fitzwilliam in 1795, and in some cases managed to construct policies without the knowledge or concurrence of the official spokesman for Irish affairs in the cabinet (the home secretary), as did the marquis of Buckingham during the regency crisis in 178g.
Writings on Irish history, 1970
Authors: Bieler Ludwig , Edwards R. Dudley , Henchy Patrick , Lydon J. F. M. , Moody T W
Published: May 2019

The following list includes books and articles on Irish history in which the year 1970 is given in the work itself as the date of publication, together with Addenda for 1965-9. The list excludes current works of reference, parliamentary publications, writings on contemporary politics, and items in newspapers; reports of archaeological finds and literary and linguistic studies, presented without reference to their historical context; and writings of little scholarly value. Reviews or short notices of many of the items listed will be found in this journal.
The state of Ireland in the 1820s: James Cropper's plan
Authors: Charlton Kenneth
Published: May 2019

In 1825 there was published in Liverpool a pamphlet of 59 pages entitled The present state of Ireland, with a plan for improving the position of the people. Its author was James Cropper, a quaker merchant of that city and senior partner of the firm Cropper, Benson and Co. As a young man he had been apprenticed to the firm of Rathbone, Benson and Co., living and working in the small circle of liberal radicals in the city, of whom the Rathbones, the Binns and the Roscoes were perhaps the most famous. In 1799 he had set up business on his own account, and later joined in partnership with another quaker, Thomas Benson, son of Rathbone's partner, as Cropper, Benson and Co. The firm engaged in a wide variety of commission trading, but increasingly specialized in cotton imports from the United States of America, acting also as the Liverpool agent for the Black Ball line of packets which from 1818 provided the first regular passenger sailings between New York and Liverpool. As an ‘ American ’ merchant in Liverpool, Cropper helped to form the American chamber of commerce in the port, serving as treasurer and later as president. Besides his trading activities Cropper was a founder-director of the Liverpool-Manchester Railyway and he also invested heavily in the New York State canal system.
The National Agricultural Labourers' Union in Ireland, 1873-9
Authors: Horn Pamela L. R.
Published: May 2019

It was in 1872 that English agricultural labourers formed their first nationally organised trade union, and with this development came immediate pressure to secure improved wages and reduced hours of employment, wherever possible. In such circumstances unionists were clearly anxious to create a general scarcity of labour, in order to strengthen their bargaining position, and they particularly frowned upon the itinerant Irish workers who came to swell the agricultural market during the hay and corn harvests. Although, from the farmers' point of view, extra labour was clearly needed at these busy seasons of the year, the farm workers themselves were keen to eliminate—or at least to regulate—this type of competition.

In practice the Irish harvest migration had probably already reached its peak by the end of the 1840s and had then fallen off fairly rapidly, in the face of the massive emigration movement of the early 1850s.
The effects of nutritional level on milk yield and milk composition in cows and heifers
Authors: Gordin S. , Volcani R. , Birk Yehudith
Published: May 2019

The effects of diets high in concentrates and low in roughage on the yield of milk and milk constituents were studied in 32 cows and heifers throughout lactation. A high level of concentrates in the ration caused an increase in milk yield, a decrease in fat percentage but not in total fat yield, and an increase in protein production.

Milk produced under such feeding conditions is capable of yielding greater quantities of curd than would be expected from its fat content, and should be evaluated accordingly. Feed requirements of the cows should be assessed not solely on the basis of the fat content of their milk but also in accordance with the protein content.
Some effects of unsaturated oils given to dairy cows with rations of different roughage content
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Sutton J. D.
Published: May 2019

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.

The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.
Concentration of milk by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis
Authors: Glover F. A.
Published: May 2019

Whole milk from cows was concentrated 2-fold by reverse osmosis in a small pilot scale apparatus. All the main constituents of the milk were retained in the concentrate.

The experiment showed that protein was a major cause of blocking of the membrane. Laboratory trials were therefore made on the ultrafiltration of milk to remove the protein with the aim of developing a 2-stage process for the concentration of milk by ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis with subsequent recombination of the concentrates from the 2 operations. The rates of both processes and the retentions of the constituents of milk by the membranes were measured.
The Susceptibility of London-hooded and Wistar rats of Experimental Infection with Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Fadl A. M.
Published: May 2019

1. The susceptibility of two strains of rats, namely London-hooded and Wistar, to infection with S. mansoni has been investigated

2. Although equal numbers of cercariae penetrated the skin in both strains, recovery of worms was always higher from the London-hooded strain irrespective of the dosage level.

3. In both strains there was a significant relationship between body weight at time of infection and number of worms recovered. The correlation was a negative one, indicating that lighter (younger) rats were more susceptible than heavier (older) rats.

4. A rapid rate of elimination of infection was demonstrated in London-hooded rats between the 4th and 8th week after infection.
Some Observations on the Development ofSpirocerca lupiin its Intermediate and Definitive Hosts
Authors: Sen Krishna , Anantaraman M.
Published: May 2019

1. Infective larvae ofS. lupiwere collected in Madras from scarabaeid beetles, (the usual intermediate host), from garden lizards and shrews.

2. The structure and relative sizes of the larvae in the 3 kinds of hosts are compared.

3. Infective larvae were given orally to 30 dogs which were autopsied at intervals and the developing worms were recovered. Their growth was measured and some observations were made on their development during the prepatent period which was found to be 121 and 124 days.
The Changes in Cyst Form during the Development of the Cyst of Heterodera rostochiensis and H. schachtii
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2019

The difference in the final shape of the cyst of H. rostochiensis and H. schachtii is shown to be due to patterns of growth during cyst development. The greatest change of form takes place during the first 6 days for H. rostochiensis and the first 12 days for H. schachtii. The principal difference between the cyst shape in the two species is due to the greater increase in length in relation to breadth of the growing H. schachtii cyst. Premature tanning, due to environmental factors, is shown to affect final cyst form.
Transplantation of Adult Dirofilaria roemeri to Grey Kangaroos and Laboratory Rats
Authors: Spratt David M.
Published: May 2019

Adult Dirofilaria roemeri were transplanted subcutaneously into two grey kangaroos and intraperitoneally into seven laboratory rats in an investigation of amicrofilaraemia, and for experimental transmission studies. Low level blood microfilaraemias of only short duration were produced in all but one rat, supporting the hypothesis that the grey kangaroo is an abnormal host of this parasite. Cortisone was instrumental in the success of D. roemeri in rats. Peritoneal lavage of rats harbouring transplanted D. roemeri proved an excellent source of microfilariae. Injection of large numbers of microfilariae into the saphenous veins of rats harbouring transplanted worms failed to alter the number of circulating microfilariae. D. roemeri failed to develop in Aedes aegypti, fed on rats harbouring transplanted worms and exhibiting blood microfilaraemia. One kangaroo, to which worms had been transplanted, was exposed to the bites of Dasybasis hebes (Diptera, Tabanidae) in the study area and acquired a natural infection of D. roemeri.
Nominalism: Negotiating ethnicity and Christian identity in contemporary Yunnan
Authors: ELAZAR GIDEON
Published: May 2019

This article deals with the convergence of ethnicity and faith in the context of Christian Yunnan. Contemporary Evangelical missionaries working in Yunnan encourage the preservation of ethnic markers while attempting to create a form of ‘pristine faith’: a religiosity that severely limits the role of ethnicity in the construction of identity, emphasizing instead individualism and globalism—processes that may be beneficial for the Chinese state. My discussion here revolves around the distinction made by many Evangelical Christians in China between ‘true’ faith, based on an individual experience of salvation and rebirth, and ‘nominal’ faith, a traditional understanding of religion as an identity that is acquired at birth. Thus, minority Christians whose ancestors converted en masse prior to the 1949 revolution and retain a distinctly ethnic form of religiosity are often labelled ‘nominal’ by contemporary missionaries and converts. In contrast, the latter represent a faith that stems from personal experience and belongs to a global and transnational community, transcending the narrow limits of ethnic culture.
Genetic characterization ofEchinococcusisolates from various intermediate hosts in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China
Authors: Han Xiumin , Jian Yingna , Zhang Xueyong , Ma Liqing , Zhu Wenjun , Cai Qigang , Wu Shile , Wang Xiangqian , Shi Bingqiang
Published: May 2019

This study examinedEchinococcusspp. genotypes and genetic variants isolated from humans as well as domestic and wild animals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area using thecox1 gene. All samples except the pika isolates were identified as theEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto. Sixteen different haplotypes with considerable intraspecific variation were detected and characterized in mitochondrialcox1 sequences. The parsimonious network ofcox1 haplotypes showed star-like features, and the neutrality indexes computedviaTajima'sDand Fu'sFs tests showed high negative values inE. granulosuss. s., indicating deviations from neutrality; the Fst values were low among the populations, implying that the populations were not genetically differentiated. The pika isolates were identified asE. multilocularisandE. shiquicus. Only one haplotype was recognized in the pika isolates.E. granulosuss. s. was the predominant species found in animals and humans, followed byE. multilocularisandE. shiquicus, with high genetic diversity circulating among the animals and humans in this area. Further studies are needed to cover many sample collection sites and larger numbers of pathogen isolates, which may reveal abundant strains and/or other haplotypes in the hydatid cysts infecting human and animal populations of the QTPA, China.
Genotyping genetically heterogeneousCyclospora cayetanensisinfections to complement epidemiological case linkage
Authors: Barratt Joel L. N. , Park Subin , Nascimento Fernanda S. , Hofstetter Jessica , Plucinski Mateusz , Casillas Shannon , Bradbury Richard S. , Arrowood Michael J. , Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Talundzic Eldin
Published: May 2019

Sexually reproducing pathogens such asCyclospora cayetanensisoften produce genetically heterogeneous infections where the number of unique sequence types detected at any given locus varies depending on which locus is sequenced. The genotypes assigned to these infections quickly become complex when additional loci are analysed. This genetic heterogeneity confounds the utility of traditional sequence-typing and phylogenetic approaches for aiding epidemiological trace-back, and requires new methods to address this complexity. Here, we describe an ensemble of two similarity-based classification algorithms, including a Bayesian and heuristic component that infer the relatedness ofC. cayetanensisinfections. The ensemble requires a set of haplotypes as input and assigns arbitrary distances to specimen pairs reflecting their most likely relationships. The approach was applied to data generated from a test cohort of 88 human fecal specimens containingC. cayetanensis, including 30 from patients whose infections were associated with epidemiologically defined outbreak clusters of cyclosporiasis. The ensemble assigned specimens to plausible clusters of genetically related infections despite their complex haplotype composition. These relationships were corroborated by a significant number of epidemiological linkages (P< 0.0001) suggesting the ensemble's utility for aiding epidemiological trace-back investigations of cyclosporiasis.
English Catholic Charity and the Irish Poor in London
Authors: Gilley Sheridan
Published: May 2019

‘It was merry Christmas at St. Geneviève. There was a Yule log blazing on every hearth in that wide domain, from the hall of the squire to the peasant's roof. The Buttery Hatch was open for the whole week from noon to sunset; all comers might take their fill, and each carry away as much bold beef, white bread, and jolly ale as a strong man could bear in a basket with one hand. For every woman a red cloak, and a coat of broadcloth for every man. All day long, carts laden with fuel and warm raiment were traversing the various districts, distributing comfort and dispensing cheer. For a Christian gentleman of high degree was Eustace Lyle. (Disraeli, 1844.)

The English priest had to serve the Irish in England, by virtue of his priesthood. But the English Catholic layman could stand aloof, and it has usually been alleged that the English laity in their cliquish callousness shunned and despised immigrant Catholic Irishmen, and refused to help the Church provide them with chapels and schools. The notorious Monsignor George Talbot's strictures upon their selfishness were especially fierce; indeed his letters have a social dimension which his detractors have conspired to ignore, for he assailed English Papists in the name of the Papist poor.
Francis Bird, Sculptor, 1667–1731
Authors: Rendel Rosemary
Published: May 2019

It has not, I think, been generally realised up till now, that Francis Bird was a Catholic. Joseph Gillow includes him in his Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics but this is a source hardly known to historians of Art and one which recusant historians are hesitant about using because Gillow is sometimes inaccurate. In this case, Gillow may have been able to check his written sources against an accurate family tradition, since Francis Bird was a distant ancestor of his through the marriage of a great-great-grandson, George Thomas Ferrers, to Mary Gillow of Hammersmith. Francis Bird was the leading sculptor whose career bridges the gap between the age of Gibbons and the age of Rysbrack. It is clear that he had a large practice and must have made free use of assistants. He appears to have had a good continental training, though its details are somewhat obscure.

The main source for Francis Bird's life is one of the manuscript notebooks of George Vertue, the eighteenth-century engraver, himself a Catholic. He recorded in these the chief events in the world of London artists from September 1722 to August 1754. Vertue's notes were not intended for publication, and his information came either at first hand or from those who knew the artists personally. He states that when Francis Bird died, he left six children, one of them being a son who was aged fifteen at his father's death. C.R.S. sources have now enabled us to identify most of the children and grandchildren. I am most grateful to Sister Francis Agnes Onslow, O.S.F., of Goodings, for allowing me to take over the relevant part of her Bird and Chapman family tree, when we found that we were working in parallel, and it is reproduced here as a first draft so that others may fill in the gaps and make the necessary corrections. I hope to give the Chapman part of the family tree in a subsequent note.
A Low Temperature-Gradient Bar for Seed Germination Studies
Authors: Evans Raymond A. , Young James A. , Henkel Robert , Klomp Gerard J.
Published: May 2019

A relatively inexpensive, cold-temperature germination bar was constructed. The optimum temperature gradient of the bar for our low-temperature seed germination studies ranged from −4 to 11 C. An independent compressor and a chest-type deep freeze were compared for cooling sources. Alumnium foil Petri dishes were developed for use on the bar.
Molecular Structure and Herbicidal Activity of Some Substituted Ureas
Authors: Hogue E. J.
Published: May 2019

In preemergence application of six different substituted urea herbicides on coriander (Coriandrum sativumL.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentumMill.), the monohalogenated compounds were more effective in the destruction of the plants than their dihalogenated counterparts. The relative difference in effectiveness was much greater in the resistant coriander which appears to take up less dihalogenated than monohalogenated herbicide. In postemergence application, the dihalogenated herbicides generally were slightly more toxic than their monohalogenated counterparts.
Effects of Weed Control Methods on Sweet Corn
Authors: Danielson L. L.
Published: May 2019

Three tractor cultivations that severely pruned the root systems of hand-weeded plots of sweet corn [Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf., Iochief] grown on a Codorus-Elkton silt loam under extreme drought conditions did not reduce the yield of marketable ears when irrigation totalling 2 acre-inches was applied during pollination and ear-filling. Pre-emergence application of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine [atrazine] to the soil surface without cultivation reduced brace root growth and yields significantly in the year of most severe drought. These effects of atrazine were avoided when the herbicide treatments were supplemented with tractor cultivations that covered the brace root zone of the corn plants with soil.
An Improved Mixing Chamber for Variable-Dosage Sprayers
Authors: Carter Lyle M. , Miller John H.
Published: May 2019

A variable-dosage sprayer system with a toroidal mixing chamber was constructed and used successfully in evaluation of equipment and herbicides for 2 years at the U. S. Cotton Research Station, Shafter, California. The primary advantage of this system compared to other systems is that the dilution rate is the same as predicted by theory over a wide range of conditions. Therefore, the rate of dilution can be calculated for different combinations of nozzles, or metering orifices, pressures, and spray rates without the need for direct calibration. Since the inside of the chamber is visible, some application errors are avoided and others detected that are not known with other systems. The system should be adaptable to a wide range of plot sizes and half-dosage distances by changing the volume of the toroid, the limiting factor being the availability of proper size propellers and motor.
Seed Characteristics and Seedling Emergence of Dalmatian Toadflax
Authors: Robocker W. C.
Published: May 2019

In eastern Washington Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica(L.) Mill) produces seeds for about 3 months, beginning in early July, with over 95% produced during the first 5 weeks. A large plant will produce a half million seeds under good conditions. Seeds are sharply angular, slightly winged, and 1 to 2 mm long. Approximately 7,000 weigh 1 g. Seeds are spread by wind and browsing animals. Some seeds will germinate under laboratory conditions the same season in which produced, but germination from dry storage increases for 2 to 3 years, with a periodic low in November and a high in April. Over 90% germination is obtained with 2 to 3-year-old seeds in the laboratory. Germination in the field occurs in both spring and fall, and seedlings can emerge from a soil depth of 2 to 2.5 cm.
Interaction of EPTC and 2,4-D on Excised Tissue Growth
Authors: Beste C. E. , Schreiber M. M.
Published: May 2019

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr., ‘Hawkeye 63′) seedling segments from the zone of elongation and corn(Zea maysL., ‘Pioneer 3306) seedling segments were utilized to evaluate the antagonistic interaction ofS-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D). EPTC inhibited growth of the soybean and corn tissue, and 2,4-D in combination with EPTC caused an increase in growth compared to EPTC alone. The 2,4-D-enhanced growth in the presence of EPTC was due to an antagonism of the EPTC inhibition. Inhibition of soybean tissue growth byS-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate) also was antagonized by 2,4-D. Preincubation of soybean tissue in EPTC for 4 hr prior to the addition of 2,4-D did not prevent 2,4-D enhancement of growth. Conversely, the rate of growth was inhibited when EPTC was added after 4 hr of 2,4-D-enhanced growth. The addition of uridine to the incubation media with EPTC did not decrease the EPTC-inhibition of soybean tissue growth. This indicated that EPTC did not inhibit the synthesis of pyrimidine precursors. EPTC vapor losses from the incubation media reduced the inhibitory effect of EPTC to soybean tissue. Also, a growth reduction occurred when the amount of soybean tissue per unit of EPTC was increased.
Preplant Atrazine Applications on Sorghum
Authors: Wicks G. A. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted at Lincoln and North Platte, Nebraska, during 1967 and 1968 to determine the effect of early preplant applications of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Nebraska 505′] and weed yields. Atrazine at 2.24 kg/ha was applied on separate plots preplant and incorporated about April 15, April 30, and May 15, and also preemergence without incorporation about May 17, after sorghum was planted. Sorghum grain yields were highest on plots where atrazine was applied preemergence rather than preplant due mainly to better weed control. Sorghum planted with planter units equipped with furrow openers, set to remove 2.5 to 5 cm of surface soil, had better sorghum stands and smaller weed yields than sorghum planted without removing surface soil. Sorghum population was the lowest following the April 30 atrazine application due to stand loss at North Platte, but grain yields were not significantly different from other preplant treatments since stand loss was compensated for by more heads per plant, larger heads, and larger seed.
Nucleic Acid and Protein Changes Induced by Auxin-Like Herbicides
Authors: Chen L. G. , Switzer C. M. , Fletcher R. A.
Published: May 2019

Cucumber(Cucumus sativusL. ‘Chicago pickling’) and wheat(Triticum aestivumL. ‘Manitou’) seeds were germinated in various concentrations of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The nucleic acid and protein levels in the roots of the two species were determined 4 days after germination and compared on a per root basis. All four herbicides increased the DNA and protein of both cucumber and wheat roots with the increase in cucumber being higher than in wheat. The greatest difference between the tolerant wheat and susceptible cucumber was the effect on the RNA levels. As the concentration of all four herbicides increased, a progressive decrease of RNA levels occurred in wheat. In contrast, in cucumber the herbicides at high concentrations (10 and 100 ppmw) increased the RNA levels by more than 200% over the water controls. When the protein levels in both species were compared on a per unit RNA basis, there was an inverse relationship. In wheat the protein/RNA ratio was higher than the control whereas in cucumber the ratio was lower. A differential alteration of RNA species and interference with protein synthesis is suggested as the basis for selectivity.
Growth and Development of Curly Dock and Broadleaf Dock
Authors: Monaco T. J. , Cumbo E. L.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to determine the stage of growth at which curly dock(Rumex crispusL.) and broadleaf dock(Rumex obtusifoliusL.) can propagate vegetatively from a rootstock. Curly dock plants were grown from seed in the greenhouse and phytotron under long-day conditions. Curly dock seedlings were capable of regrowth from a rootstock 47 days from seeding in the greenhouse. Some of the phytotrongrown plants attained this capacity 31 to 38 days after seeding; while all demonstrated this ability at 41 days. Broadleaf dock produced flower stalks within 38 days in phytotron studies but was not capable of regeneration during this same period of time. Broadleaf dock was capable of regrowth from a rootstock approximately 51 days after seeding in the phytotron.
Evaluation of the Relative Phytotoxicity of Herbicides to Cotton and Nutsedge
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Carter C. H. , Miller J. H.
Published: May 2019

The following herbicides were evaluated for relative phytotoxicity to cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1′), purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.), and yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) under greenhouse conditions: 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor); 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(butoxymethyl)acetanilide (CP-53619); 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (VCS-438); 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (San-6706); 2-(α naphthoxy)-N,N-diethyl-propionamide (R-7465); andS-isopropyl 5-ethyl-2-methyl-piperidine-1-carbiothioate (R-12001). Herbicides were incorporated 6.35 cm deep, at rates of 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha, into a fine sandy loam prior to planting. All treatments except the low rate of alachlor and VCS-438 controlled yellow nutsedge for 8 weeks. R-7465 and R-12001 at 1.12 kg/ha and San-6706 at 2.24 kg/ha controlled purple nutsedge for 8 weeks. Alachlor and CP-53619 were somewhat less effective against purple nutsedge than yellow nutsedge, but their intermediate rates suppressed purple nutsedge for 4 weeks. Even the high rate of VCS-438 was ineffective against purple nutsedge. Cotton, in terms of fresh shoot weight, exhibited considerable tolerance to 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha of VCS-438 and CP-53619 and 1.12 kg/ha of R-7465. Applications of 2.24 kg/ha of CP-53619 and 1.12 kg/ha of R-7465, however, suppressed the development of lateral roots of cotton. Other rates of these herbicides and all rates of alachlor, R-12001, and San-6706 moderately to severely injured cotton in most of the experiments.
Absorption and Translocation of Bioxone in Cotton
Authors: Jones D. W. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of the 14C-labeled herbicide 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (bioxone) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Acala 4-42-77′) were studied using autoradiography and counting. Foliar penetration and acropetal distribution of 14C occurred within 3 hr and increased with time. No basipetal translocation of 14C out of treated leaves was detected 6 days after treatment. Radioactivity first occurred in the leaf veins, then more generally in interveinal tissues distally from the point of application. Absorption into roots of 30-day-old plants via nutrient solution was rapid; translocation into stem and leaves occurred 12 to 24 hr after treatment. Translocation of 14C was more rapid in 40-day plants. Radioactivity in leaves of root-treated plants was first located in the veins, then distributed throughout with accumulation of 14C in lysigenous glands and leaf margins. Little 14C moved into young growing points; most accumulated in older leaves. Plants treated with heterocyclic ring-labeled and phenyl ring-labeled bioxone-14C had similar distribution patterns of 14C, characteristic of compounds which move only in the apoplast.
Weed Seed Germination Responses to Chemical and Physical Treatments
Authors: Holm R. E. , Miller M. R.
Published: May 2019

The germination responses of seeds from 11 weed species to various chemical and physical treatments were studied. Germination of nine species was promoted by gibberellic acid and inhibited by abscisic acid, suggesting that germination of some weed seeds may be controlled by appropriate levels of these substances. Most of the weeds that germinated better after a hot-water soak treatment responded to sonication and infrared treatment, indicating that temperature was a factor in the germination response obtained with these methods, although physical disruption of the seed coat also was involved.
Trifluralin for Green Foxtail Control in Barley and Flax
Authors: Rahman A. , Ashford R.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) for selective control of green foxtail(Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) in barley(Hordeum vulgareL.) and flax(Linum usitatissimumL.), and to determine the effect of crop competition on the phytotoxicity of trifluralin to green foxtail. Barley tolerated rates of trifluralin up to 2.24 kg/ha, the maximum rate used, without injury or reduction in grain yield when the herbicide was applied and incorporated to a shallow depth 1 day after seeding. Flax seeded in trifluralin-treated soil 5 or 10 days after application of the herbicide suffered a stand reduction from rates of 1.12 kg/ha or more; however, no significant reduction occurred in the seed yield. Trifluralin provided excellent control of green foxtail in both crops. Barley was a strong competitor against green foxtail while flax had poor competitive ability. Crop competition had a complementary effect on the degree of green foxtail control obtained with trifluralin.
Root Disfunction in Honeyvine Milkweed Caused by 2,4-D
Authors: Coble H. D. , Slife F. W.
Published: May 2019

Foliar applications of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) to both field- and greenhouse-grown honeyvine milkweed (Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.) caused 22% and 36% reduction in starch in roots at 2 and 3 days after treatment, respectively. No changes in soluble sugars occurred during the period, but protein had increased by 35% and 80% on the two respective dates. No increase in α-amylase was measured. Leakage of nucleotides and α-amylase from root sections began 2 days after treatment. A 20 to 30-fold increase in cellulase activity occurred in roots of treated plants starting 2 days after treatment.
Germination and Herbicide Susceptibility of Six Pigweed Species
Authors: Santelmann P. W. , Evetts Larry
Published: May 2019

The germination and growth of six pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) were studied in the germinator and greenhouse. Treatments with sulfuric acid, acetone, sodium hypochlorate, and potassium nitrate variously influenced species germination. Seedlings emerged more rapidly at 100 F than at other soil temperatures. Variation in seedling characteristics was noted. Some species were more susceptible to 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) and 2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) than others in the greenhouse. In the field little variation in susceptibility to several preplant and preemergence herbicides was found; but there were differences when postemergence herbicides were used.
Adsorption, Desorption, and Leaching of Diphenamid in Soils
Authors: Deli J. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Leaching ofN,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) was measured with bioassays in three soils; a fine sand, a silt loam, and a muck. The movement of diphenamid was reduced as the clay or the organic matter content of these soils increased. Efficiency of organic matter for adsorption of diphenamid decreased as the organic matter content of soil mixtures increased. Clay (bentonite) was less efficient than organic matter in adsorbing diphenamid. Desorption of diphenamid from muck soil was very slow.
Germination of Dyers Woad
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoriaL.) readily germinated at temperatures from 3 to 25 C. Dyers woad seeds in their fruits, from which they do not normally dehisce, had greatly depressed germination compared to that of threshed seeds. The presence of dyers woad fruits in the same Petri dish markedly depressed germination and/or root elongation of threshed dyers woad seeds and the seeds of some competing broadleaf and grass species. The depression was especially evident on seeds of other species of Cruciferae. Similar reductions in germination or root elongation were obtained when water used to soak dyers woad fruits was used to wet germination substrates.
MH as a Roadside Grass Retardant
Authors: Foote L. E. , Himmelman B. F.
Published: May 2019

MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione) was applied at 4 to 6 lb/A, in spring and fall, with and without (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), on roadsides normally mowed from 2 to 12 times a year. MH at 6 lb/A applied in spring generally reduced grass height. Lower rates and fall applications were generally ineffective. Depending on area, rural or urban, and retardant effectiveness, between zero and five mowings per year were saved. When the MH was effective and the turf was not strong and vigorous, annual weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp. Heist.), foxtail (Setaria spp. Beauv.), and ragweed (Ambrosia spp. L.) often increased and gave the roadside an undesirable appearance. When MH was used without 2,4-D, the roadside generally had a poorer appearance than when not treated. When MH was applied with 2,4-D and no application ‘'skips” or annual weed infestation occurred, the roadside sometimes had a satisfactory appearance. The time when MH can be effectively applied is short (about 2 weeks). Rains, winds, and springtime roadway work make proper timing of applications difficult under Minnesota conditions. Applications of 2,4-D alone or with MH were effective in reducing roadside weeds.
Atrazine Translocation and Metabolism in Sudangrass, Sorghum, and Corn
Authors: Roeth F. W. , Lavy T. L.
Published: May 2019

Root and shoot extracts of 3-week-old sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense(Piper) Stapf, var. Piper], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], and corn (Zea maysL.) plants degraded 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) in order: shoot > root and corn ≫ sorghum = sudangrass. In 3-week-old detopped plants, the rate of atrazine exudation was 14 times greater in sudangrass and sorghum than in corn when grown in Keith sandy loam containing 0.5 ppmw14C-atrazine. Extraction and analysis of plant shoots revealed that 7 to 8% of the14C was present as atrazine in sudangrass and sorghum whereas no atrazine was found in corn. In14C tracer studies, thin-layer chromatography showed that sudangrass and sorghum metabolized atrazine by a pathway which differed from the pathway in corn. Sudangrass and sorghum metabolized atrazine primarily to 2-chloro-4-amino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine and 2-chloro-4-amino-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine which are only partially detoxified compounds. Corn metabolized atrazine to 2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (hydroxyatrazine) which is non-phytotoxic.
Translocation and Metabolism of Dicamba in Tartary Buckwheat
Authors: Chang F. Y. , Vanden Born W. H.
Published: May 2019

The herbicide 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) is very mobile in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn.), a susceptible weedy species. After foliar or root application, the compound was translocated rapidly to meristematic tissues at the shoot apex and in leaf axils. Redistribution of dicamba in the shoot, to young tissues, continued for at least 20 days. Metabolism of dicamba occurred very slowly, both in intact plants and in detached leaves, and the only metabolite detected was conjugated with sugars. The nonphytotoxic metabolite was identified by paper and thin-layer chromatography as 5-hydroxy-3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid. Decarboxylation of dicamba also occurred in the plants but extremely slowly. The rapid entry and translocation of dicamba, its continued mobility in treated plants, and its very low rate of detoxification are major contributing factors to the effectiveness of dicamba for controlling Tartary buckwheat.
Site of Uptake, Movement, and Activity of DCPA
Authors: Nishimoto R. K. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) more severely inhibited growth of roots than shoots of corn (Zea mays L., var. WF9 X B37) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., var. RS 610). Although roots of corn and sorghum were about equally susceptible to DCPA, corn shoots were much more tolerant than sorghum shoots when separately exposed. 14C-DCPA was absorbed by both shoot and root zones of corn and sorghum; however, only limited movement to other plant parts occurred. In contrast to the grass species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., var. Wis. SMR-15) roots were tolerant to DCPA. Hypocotyl length was reduced only when the shoot zone was exposed. 14C-DCPA absorbed by the shoot zone moved mainly acropetally. Root-absorbed 14C-DCPA tended to be accumulated there with only limited movement upward. Uptake by the hypocotyl of cucumber and movement of 14C-DCPA to foliage after emergence occurred readily, and pretreatment with unlabeled DCPA before emergence enhanced uptake.
Response of Sugarbeets and Weeds to Cycloate, Propachlor, and Pyrazon
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

Cycloate (S-ethylN-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) at 3 lb/A, 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) at 4 lb/A, and 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) at 4 lb/A were applied by 10 different procedures to moist and dry soil in 2 years. When cycloate was incorporated 3 inches deep in either moist or dry soil, it consistently controlled barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) and certain broadleaf weeds and caused only temporary injury to the sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). No method of applying pyrazon and propachlor consistently controlled weeds selectively in sugarbeets. Activity of all herbicides was increased by some means of soil incorporation. Activity was frequently extreme when any of the herbicides was applied as a subsurface layer 1 or 2 inches deep; and sugarbeets, as well as weeds, were killed.
Selective Control of Weeds in Proso Millet with Herbicides
Authors: Grabouski P. H.
Published: May 2019

Eight herbicide postemergence treatments were applied to proso millet (Panicum milaceumL.) at three growth stages. The dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.56 kg/ha had significantly higher grain yields than the weedy check. All herbicides except the amine of 2,4-D at 0.28 kg/ha appeared to injure proso millet plants by varying degrees; however, yields were not greatly affected. All herbicides gave excellent control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) when applied to proso millet in the 4 to 6-leaf stage. Weed control was poorer when spraying was delayed until proso millet was in pre-boot and post-flower stages.
Postemergence Chloroxuron Treatments on Soybeans
Authors: Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

Postemergence treatments with 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea [chloroxuron], for broadleaf weed control in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] often partially defoliate, and temporarily stunt the crop. Chloroxuron was applied at 3 lb/A and at 1, 1½, and 3 lb/A with surfactant over the tops of weed-free soybeans in the cotyledon, unifoliate, and first trifoliolate stages of growth in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Relatively small but statistically significant yield reductions, particularly from treatments in the unifoliate stage, resulted in 1967. No significant yield reductions resulted in 1968 or 1969. These studies demonstrated the ability of soybeans to withstand initial injury from early postemergence treatments with chloroxuron without serious reductions in yield.