bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is long-term memory used in a visuo-spatial change-detection paradigm?
Authors: Goecke Benjamin , Oberauer Klaus
Published: June 2021

In tests of working memory with verbal or spatial materials, repeating the same memory sets across trials leads to improved memory performance. This well-established “Hebb repetition effect” could not be shown for visual materials in previous research. The absence of the Hebb effect can be explained in two ways: Either persons fail to acquire a long-term memory representation of the repeated memory sets, or they acquire such long-term memory representations, but fail to use them during the working memory task. In two experiments (N1 = 18 and N2 = 30), we aimed to decide between these two possibilities by manipulating the long-term memory knowledge of some of the memory sets used in a change-detection task. Before the change-detection test, participants learned three arrays of colors to criterion. The subsequent change-detection test contained both previously learned and new color arrays. Change detection performance was better on previously learned compared with new arrays, showing that long-term memory is used in change detection.
Batch preparation and characterization of ZnO/PLGA/PCL nanofiber membranes for antibacterial materials
Authors: Li Siqi , Yin Jing , Xu Lan
Published: June 2021

As biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation and low toxicity, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are widely applied as wound dressing and surgical suture in biomedical field. In this paper, an oblique section free surface eletrospinning (OSFSE) apparatus was utilized to prepare high-quality and high-output ZnO/PLGA/PCL nanofiber membranes (NFMs) for antibacterial materials. The effects of the weight ratio of PLGA and PCL on the viscosity and conductivity of electrospinning solutions as well as the yield, morphology and wettability of PLGA/PCL NFMs were researched, and the optimal weight ratio of 6:4 was determined. Then the effects of ZnO contents on the electrospinning solution properties as well as the yield, morphology, structure, wettability, mechanical property and antibacterial performance of ZnO/PLGA/PCL NFMs with the optimal ratio of PLGA and PCL were studied. The results indicated that the addition of ZnO could improve significantly the antibacterial effect of NFMs, and the NFMs with 3 wt% ZnO had excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli (95.3%) and S. aureus (95.7%).
RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL FISHING IN THE WESTERN ARCTIC OF RUSSIA
Authors: Vasiliev Anatoliy , Evenko Anatoly
Published: June 2021

The results of the functioning of the Association of coastal fishermen and farmers. The social significance of the Association is shown. The possibilities for the development of the organization members' activities are explored. Measures to increase the social significance of coastal fishery are given.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION TO COMBAT IUU FISHING AND ADDITIONAL MEASURES TO PREVENT, CONTROL AND ELIMINATE IT (Part 2)
Authors: Belyaev Vladimir , Zgurovsky Konstantin , Smolnikova Natalia
Published: June 2021

Series of articles includes a general description of the problem, an analysis of the Russian Federation's implementation of the National plan of Action to Prevent, Restrict and Eliminate Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) fishing by the Russian fishing fleet in the Russian Maritime Exclusive Economic Zone and beyond zone of national jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.

Basing on our analysis we prepared proposals on strengthening fishing control measures, legal instruments to combat IUU fishing, including changes in legislation and adjustment of the Plan for the new term until 2025, improvement of the monitoring system for fishing activities, methods for assessing IUU fishing, improving the efficiency of fisheries management, market mechanisms to combat IUU fishing and voluntary control measures and creating an enabling environment for the prevention of IUU fishing.
The impact of feedback on tactile discrimination task performance
Authors: Arun Ashikha , Kalmath Prarthana , Sivakumar Millena
Published: June 2021

Research in the fields of psychology and neuroscience often rely on tasks that participants perform to fulfill the requirements of a study. These tasks are administered with either feedback, partial feedback, or no feedback given to the participant. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the impact of feedback vs. no feedback on a tactile discrimination task.  The goal of providing feedback should, in theory, be to motivate participants while performing a task without altering the results. To test this hypothesis, a group of 22 participants was instructed to take two sequential amplitude discrimination tests using the Brain Gauge; one test with feedback and one without. The results show a clear indication that when presented with feedback, participants performed better than without feedback, and it was speculated that the improvement in performance was due to an improvement in motivation, which was supported by a simple survey. The study results suggest that future research should utilize feedback as a means for motivation in participants and should investigate the effects of only positive or negative feedback as well as how feedback would affect scores and motivation levels during long-term experiments.
Pediatric Pain from Hypodermic Needles: History, Causes and Increasing the Efficacy of Pain Mitigation
Authors: O'Nan Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Venous access is one of the most innovative and effective medical technologies developed. It provides the ability to deliver medications that are distributed quickly throughout the body, while blood analysis is one of the primary diagnostic tools used by physicians. Hypodermic venipuncture is as vital as it is commonplace, but is a procedure of a particularly distressing nature for young patients. An inability to accurately track developing pediatric anatomy and the incomplete neurological development of younger patients results in a challenging environment for the clinicians and an often traumatic and painful one for the young patients. Although there have been methods suggested to mitigate these challenges, a safe and reliably effective solution has not been found or established as a patient standard of care. This review will cover the evolution and purpose of the procedure, considerations for pediatric physiological variations and current pain reduction methods. Finally, a high efficacy mitigation technique will be proposed, utilizing current neurological understanding based on primary literature sources.
Fresto Lele Ibu Rumah Tangga Blok I Di Desa Kubang Jaya Kecamatan Siakhulu
Authors: Ningrum Trisiwi Kusuma , Maswarni Maswarni , Hardilawati Wan Laura , Yarnita Yeni
Published: June 2021

Pada masa pandemic covid 19 maupun era new normal Covid 19 saat ini, banyak masyarakat yang terdampak pandemic, salah satunya adalah masyarakat yang berada di RT  02 Desa Kubang Jaya,  yang saat ini juga  mengalami permasalahan ekonomi terdampak Covid 19. Hal ini membuat para ibu rumah tangga Blok I turut memikirkan bagaimana cara membantu pendapatan keluarga yang saat ini terdampak pandemic.   Permasalahan    yang dialami oleh sasaran adalah belum tahu cara pembuatan fresto lele serta terbatasnya modal untuk wirausaha fresto lele. Kegiatan Program Kemitraan Masyarakat Stimulus (PKMS)  ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan , ketrampilan dan kemandirian ibu ibu rumah tangga blok I untuk berwirausaha untuk membantu menambah pendapatan keluarga. Metode PKMS ini  dengan menggunakan ceramah secara daring yang memberikan materi  tentang pengolahan pangan yang aman bagi kesehatan dan manajemen pemasaran fresto lele , serta  praktek  cara membuat fresto lele  yang dilaksanakan secara langsung menggunakan protokol kesehatan. Hasil kegiatan PKMS menunjukkan  peningkatan pengetahuan dan katrampilan  peserta PKMS  tentang bagaimana cara  pembuatan fresto lele, dan  kelompok ibu sudah  memulai memasarkan fresto lele yang telah dibuat.

Kata kunci _ fresto, ikan lele, pangan, Kubang Jaya
Molecular docking approach to elucidate metabolic detoxification pathway of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Ahmad Khan Mohammad Kalim , Akhtar Salman , Al-Khodairy Fahad
Published: June 2021

This study assessed the molecular interactions of (±)-anti-and-syn- dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide (DBPDE), 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide (DMBADE), N2- hydroxylated-PhIP(N2-OH-PhIP), (±)-anti-and-syn-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol- 9,10-epoxide (BPDE) with various Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and N- acetyltransferase (NAT) isozymes. Our in-silico data revealed that GSTP1 (- 8.83 kcal/mol), showing more plausible binding as compared to GSTM1 (-8.74 kcal/mol) and GSTA1 (ΔG: -8.03 kcal/mol) against (-)-anti-DBPDE and (+)- syn-DBPDE. We also investigated the involvement of GST and NAT isozymes in the conjugation of DMBADE andN2-OH-PhIP as a control despite their preferred routes sulfonation and glucuronidation for detoxification. The findings exhibited feeble binding of different classes of GSTs with metabolites of DMBA and PhIP, as highlighted by their free energy of binding. The enzymatic activity of GSTM1 against the most potent diol-epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), (+)-anti-BPDE, and (+)-syn-BPDE followed by GSTP1 and GSTA1 has well documented. In addition, these findings provide new perspectives for most probable mechanistic details of the detoxification pathway of PAHs and xenobiotics useful in combination therapy for future ligand-based drug discovery and development.
New Insight into the Rapid Burster by Insight-HXMT
Authors: Chen Y. P. , Zhang S. , Zhang S. N. , Ji L. , Kong L. D. , Wang P. J. , Tao L. , Ge M. Y. , Liu C. Z. , Lu F. J. , Qu J. L. , Li T. P. , Xu Y. P. , Cao X. L. , Chen Y. , Bu Q. C. , Cai C. , Chang Z. , Chen L. , Chen T. X. , Chen Y. B. , Cui W. W. , Du Y. Y. , Gao G. H. , Gao H. , Gu Y. D. , Guan J. , Guo C. C. , Han D. W. , Huang Y. , Huo J. , Jia S. M. , Jiang W. C. , Jin J. , Li B. , Li C. K. , Li G. , Li W. , Li X. , Li X. B. , Li X. F. , Li Z. W. , Liang X. H. , Liao J. Y. , Liu B. S. , Liu H. W. , Liu H. X. , Liu X. J. , Lu X. F. , Luo Q. , Luo T. , Ma R. C. , Ma X. , Meng B. , Nang Y. , Nie J. Y. , Ou G. , Ren X. Q. , Sai N. , Song L. M. , Song X. Y. , Sun L. , Tan Y. , Tuo Y. L. , Wang C. , Wang L. J. , Wang W. S. , Wang Y. S. , Wen X. Y. , Wu B. B. , Wu B. Y. , Wu M. , Xiao G. C. , Xiao S. , Xiong S. L. , Yang R. J. , Yang S. , Yang Y. J. , Yang Y. J. , Yi Q. B. , Yin Q. Q. , You Y. , Zhang F. , Zhang H. M. , Zhang J. , Zhang P. , Zhang W. C. , Zhang W. , Zhang Y. F. , Zhang Y. H. , Zhao H. S. , Zhao X. F. , Zheng S. J. , Zheng Y. G. , Zhou D. K.
Published: June 2021

We report the timing and spectral analyses of the type-II X-ray bursts from the rapid burster (MXB 1730–335) observed by the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) and Swift/X-Ray Telescope (XRT). By stacking the long-duration bursts, we find for the first time that the hard X-rays are lagging behind the soft X-rays by 3 s. However, such a lag is not visible for the short-duration bursts, probably because of the poor statistics. For all bursts the energy spectrum is found to be nonthermal, thanks to the broadband coverage of Insight-HXMT. These findings provide new insights into the type-II bursts and require a temporally visible corona for possible interpretation.
The Decay of α-configuration Sunspots
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Zhang Li , Yan Xiaoli , Wang Jincheng , Kong Defang , Yang Liheng , Xue Zhike
Published: June 2021

To better understand the decay of different types of sunspots, we studied the decay of eight α-configuration sunspots by using the data that were acquired by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory. We followed their decay for about four days and analyzed the evolution of their photospheric area and magnetic field parameters. We found that the area and total magnetic flux of α sunspots show a near-linear decrease during their decay. Meanwhile, the area decay rate of an individual sunspot is not constant. The area decay of a sunspot can be divided into two stages, a slow and a rapid decay process. Moreover, according to the difference of the area decay of the penumbra and umbra, the α sunspots decay can be classified in three ways: the penumbra and umbra decay synchronously, the penumbra decays first, and the umbra decays first. In addition, the flux decay of the penumbra is lagging behind the decay of the penumbral area. This finding suggests that the vertical magnetic field of the sunspot penumbra increases significantly in the early stage of sunspot decay.
Pharmacological activities and potential use of bovine colostrum for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: A review
Authors: Kusumaningrum Crhisterra Ellen , Widyasari Eva Maria , Sriyani Maula Eka , Wongso Hendris
Published: June 2021

Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk produced by cows after giving birth. It has been used to treat human diseases, such as infections, inflammations, and cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that bovine lactoferrin and bovine antibodies seem to be the most important bioactive constituents in BC. Thus, BC has also been reviewed for its potential to deliver short-term protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, it can potentially be explored as a precursor for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. To date, several bioactive peptides have been isolated from BC, including casocidin-1, casecidin 15 and 17, isracidin, caseicin A, B, and C. Like other peptides, bioactive peptides derived from BC could be used as a valuable precursor for radiopharmaceuticals either for diagnosis or therapy purposes. This review provides bovine colostrum’s biological activities and a perspective on the potential use of peptides from BC for developing radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine.
A Crank-Nicolson type minimization scheme for a hyperbolic free boundary problem
Authors: Akagawa Yoshiho , Ginder Elliott , Koide Syota , Omata Seiro , Svadlenka Karel
Published: June 2021

We consider a hyperbolic free boundary problem by means of minimizing time discretized functionals of Crank-Nicolson type. The feature of this functional is that it enjoys energy conservation in the absence of free boundaries, which is an essential property for numerical calculations. The existence and regularity of minimizers is shown and an energy estimate is derived. These results are then used to show the existence of a weak solution to the free boundary problem in the 1-dimensional setting.
Local well-posedness and finite time blowup for fourth-order Schrödinger equation with complex coefficient
Authors: Liu Xuan , Zhang Ting
Published: June 2021

We consider the fourth-order Schrödinger equation

   \begin{document}$ i\partial_tu+\Delta^2 u+\mu\Delta u+\lambda|u|^\alpha u = 0, $\end{document}

where \begin{document}$ \alpha>0, \mu = \pm1 $\end{document} or \begin{document}$ 0 $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \lambda\in\mathbb{C} $\end{document}. Firstly, we prove local well-posedness in \begin{document}$ H^4\left( {\mathbb R}^N\right) $\end{document} in both \begin{document}$ H^4 $\end{document} subcritical and critical case: \begin{document}$ \alpha>0 $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ (N-8)\alpha\leq8 $\end{document}. Then, for any given compact set \begin{document}$ K\subset\mathbb{R}^N $\end{document}, we construct \begin{document}$ H^4( {\mathbb R}^N) $\end{document} solutions that are defined on \begin{document}$ (-T, 0) $\end{document} for some \begin{document}$ T>0 $\end{document}, and blow up exactly on \begin{document}$ K $\end{document} at \begin{document}$ t = 0 $\end{document}.
Development of the Sharing Economy
Authors: Polzunova Natalia , Fedotova Marina
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the factors affecting the development of sharing economy. The purpose of this material is to identify and assess the factors of development of the sharing economy. As a result of this study, the formalization of the structure of factors influencing the development of the sharing economy is carried out, and the determinants of socially responsible behavior of subjects in the conditions of the sharing economy are determined. The formalization of the structure of factors influencing the development of the economy of joint use at the present stage was carried out by the methods of SWOT analysis. The research results allow to deepen the research in the field of the functioning of the sharing economy. The findings of the study are the basis for further research in the field of identification of stimulating factors for the development of the sharing economy and building effective business processes.
Unregulated Use of Blockchain Technologies in the Financial Markets
Authors: Amosova Nataliya A. , Kosobutskaya Anna Yu. , Luskatova Olga V. , Ravohanginirina Annie V.
Published: June 2021

The chapter studies the problem of a possible influence of the unregulated use of blockchain technology on financial markets and regulation. The authors proceed from the assumption that development of new technologies used in financial markets is of great importance and, at the same time, see a threat to the stable functioning and regulation of financial institutions, primarily credit institutions. The correct solution of the question of the necessity and the limits of regulation of the blockchain technology usage in financial markets, in the authors' opinion, should be considered a factor of the financial markets' competitiveness improving.
The Dynamics of the Global Value Chains and Disruptive Technologies
Authors: Olomu Michael Oluwaseun
Published: June 2021

The advents of GVCs and disruptive technologies have provided alternative paths to industrialization and economic development for African countries, and with the transformation to digitalization now well under way, another conceptual shift is required to understand the evolving role of disruptive technologies in GVCs. It is evident that technological breakthroughs in the global markets have a spillover effect in the structural settings of African economies value chains, as lower tariffs and rapid technological changes have fragmented production across borders, but some African countries remain marginalized in GVCs. This study, therefore, attempts to preliminarily explain how African economies and markets capture value from disruptive technologies and create their competitive advantages within the global value chains context from the perspective of business-model innovation practices in African markets. Thus, developing African firms should not ignore those disruptive growth opportunities within the large population of mass customers and non-consumers in emerging economies.
Different Possibilities of Biomechanical Analysis in Dance
Authors: Medeiros Fabiola Bertu
Published: June 2021

This chapter aims to present different assessment methods in biomechanics applied to the dance field. The chapter begins by clarifying some biomechanical concepts to enhance understanding. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of tests such as dynamic, kinematic, electromyographic, and inverse dynamic analysis will be discussed to provide information to dance professionals use in the field. At the end of the chapter, professionals who work with dancers may choose the most suitable test for the desired evaluation of their students and the equipment that can better fit into the dance school/studio infrastructure and budget.
Sport Psychology and Resilience Applied to Dancers
Authors: Bicalho Camila Cristina Fonseca
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses general aspects of applied sports psychology in dance performance with a focus on resilience development. Initially, the general context of sports psychology and the adaptations to the dance universe are addressed. Then the concepts and models of sports resilience are presented and a reflection on the aspects of dance performance is brought after each theory. Psychological aspects that are associated in high performance with resilience are also discussed, such as personality theory, motivation, stress, burnout, and coping. At the end, the authors present three case studies that show the relationship of the resilience component with the performance and mental health of the dancers.
Motor Behaviour and Physical Capacities Analysis From the Laban Movement Analysis
Authors: Pitta Flora , Morasi Tutu
Published: June 2021

Dance education should not be thought of as only regarding the motor learning perspective. This chapter will look at how the motor challenges happen and which physical capacities would aid the efforts and qualities of the movement. The Taxonomy of Pitta's Dance was envisioned based on the first movement analysis by Rudolf Laban. Laban Movement Analysis system was proposed observing the dynamic change in the quality of movement, which can be compared to the variability of motor behaviour. From this analysis, motor challenges may be consistent and compatible with the movement studied. Understanding the movement qualities during choreography allows the development of an effective physical training program for dancers to support the choreography characteristics and decrease injuries.
A Brief History of Blockchain
Authors: Larrier John H.
Published: June 2021

This chapter reviews the history of blockchain from its ideation in the early 1990s to the widespread development efforts of private enterprise and governments two decades into the 21st century. The chapter covers the early developments in securing the digital record; the origins of the immutable, decentralized ledger; and trustless digital transactions. The key people in blockchain's development are addressed including the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, developer of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, which became for a while synonymous with blockchain. The successes and failures of blockchain are covered in this history as well as its status and the problems that need to be solved for blockchain to have a global economic and cultural impact.
Artificial Intelligence-Led Content Publishing, Metadata Creation, and Knowledge Discovery
Authors: Biradar Usha B. , Khamari Lokanath , Bhate Jignesh
Published: June 2021

Digital transitions have had strong headwinds in scholarly publishing for the past decade. It started with digitising content and is resting somewhere between tying up diverse content and catering to diverse end users. The goal is still to keep up with the changing landscape, and a demonstrable way of doing so is to actively participate by quickly adapting to standards. Artificial intelligence (AI) has a proven track record of helping with this and is an integral part of the solution frameworks. The chapter content includes a brief insight into some practices and workflows within scholarly publishing that stand to benefit from direct intervention of AI. These include editorial decision systems, metadata enrichments, metadata standardization, and search augmentations. The authors bring to light various developments in scholarly publishing and the status of some of the best implementations of AI techniques in aiding and upkeep of the ‘digital transformations'.
Blockchain and the Research Libraries
Authors: Paganelli Anthony L. , Paganelli Andrea L.
Published: June 2021

This chapter will examine the theoretical uses of blockchain technologies in research libraries. Technology has enhanced the services and operations of research libraries since the early implementation of computerized cataloging systems. Blockchain technology provides research libraries with the opportunity to decentralize services, while also maintaining and strengthening digital rights management. Research libraries will be able locate services that can be decentralized to provide patrons with a more effective and efficient service. The blockchain technology has the potential to expand library collections through distributed verifiable sovereign identity, which would allow patrons to securely access information from multiple libraries while maintaining their privacy. Libraries will be able to evaluate services and programs to determine best uses for blockchain technology.
Platforms and Tools Within the HyperLedger Framework
Authors: Chaari Fourati lamia , Layeb Taher , Haddaji Achraf , Ayed Samiha , Bekri Wiem
Published: June 2021

During this last decade, the blockchain (BC) paradigm is being required in several use cases and scenarios in particular for security, privacy, and trust provisioning. Accordingly, the research community and developers developed several emulation tools and frameworks for BC-based systems performance analysis. Making an adequate decision regarding the choice of the most suitable tool that can be used to develop and validate the performances of a specific BC-based system or application still requires more investigation. In this context, this chapter describes and highlights the most features and characteristics of the BC platforms and tools within the Hyperledger framework. The goal is to illustrate the advantages and the limitations of several BC tools and development environments within Hyperledger. In addition, this chapter provides an insight into BC 3.0 as the new generation of BC that meets the requirements of the smart application.
Extracting Insights From Bitcoin Transactions
Authors: Moussa Rim , Cuzzocrea Alfredo
Published: June 2021

Bitcoin is the most well-known cryptocurrency. It was first released in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin serves as a decentralized medium of digital exchange, with transactions verified and recorded in the blockchain. The latter is a public immutable distributed ledger that operates without the need of a trusted record keeping authority or a central intermediary. It provides OLTP capabilities with both atomic transactions and data durability guarantees for blockchain transactions. Blockchain ledgers were not designed to perform analytics questions. The availability of the entire bitcoin transaction history, stored in its public blockchain, offers interesting opportunities for analyzing the transactions to obtain insights on users/entities patterns and transactions patterns. For these purposes, the authors need to store and analyze cryptocurrency transactions in a data warehouse. In this chapter, they investigate public blockchain datasets, and they overview different data models for setting up a data warehouse appliance of cryptocurrencies.
A Survey of Blockchain-Based Solutions for IoTs, VANETs, and FANETs
Authors: Abdelhafidh Maroua , Charef Nadia , Ben Mnaouer Adel , Chaari Lamia
Published: June 2021

Recently, the internet of things (IoT) has gained popularity as an enabling technology for wireless connectivity of mobile and/or stationary devices providing useful services for the general public in a collaborative manner. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are regarded as a legacy enabling technology for various IoT applications. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) are specific extensions of MANETs that are drivers of IoT applications. However, IoT is prone to diverse attacks, being branded as the weakest link in the networking chain requiring effective solutions for achieving an acceptable level of security. Blockchain (BC) technology has been identified as an efficient method to remedy IoT security concerns. Therefore, this chapter classifies the attacks targeting IoT, VANETs, and FANETs systems based on their vulnerabilities. This chapter explores a selection of blockchain-based solutions for securing IoT, VANETs, and FANETs and presents open research directions compiled out of the presented solutions as useful guidelines for the readers.
Blockchain Towards Secure UAV-Based Systems
Authors: Chaari Fourati lamia , Fourati Mohamed , Najeh Bilel , Idriss Aicha
Published: June 2021

During this last decade, the blockchain (BC) paradigm has been required in several use cases and scenarios in particular for security, privacy, and trust provisioning. Accordingly, several studies proposed the use of BC technology to secure and to assure the trustworthiness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this context, this chapter highlights several applications and scenarios for the deployment of UAVs within diverse smart systems. In addition, it illustrates the advantages of the integration of the BC within UAVs-based smart systems. This integration reveals new challenges and future research directions that are discussed in this chapter.
From Digital to Smart Tourism
Authors: Fernandes Silvia
Published: June 2021

In the information age, activities and business models have become different. Factors such as new technologies and social media influence consumer behavior due to the variety of choices/channels. Companies are making a difference in consumers' minds by connecting with them active and creatively. Also, customers contribute with ideas and experiences, not only for products and services, but also for platforms and brands. Cyber-physical apps together with mobile media tend to revolutionize business models across multiple industries. This is important for tourism due to a contribution to link some still weakly linked activities across tourism sub-sectors in Portugal. The present work reflects on how Portugal is in terms of internet of things adoption (IoT) and digital transformation facing the challenges of sustainable and smart cities. It also explores which impacts this transformation can have through its platforms and processes in tourism and future services.
Guidelines for the Specification of IoT Requirements
Authors: Achtaich Asmaa , Salinesi Camille , Souissi Nissrine , Mazo Raul , Roudies Ounsa
Published: June 2021

In the last five years, we witnessed the shift from the vision of the internet of things (IoT) to an actual reality. It is currently shifting again from specific and single applications to larger and more generic ones, which serves the needs of thousands of users across borders and platforms. To avoid losing the personification of applications, on account of genericity, new approaches and languages that use generic knowledge as a steppingstone while taking into consideration users and context's specific and evolutive needs are on the rise. This chapter aims to provide a framework to support the creation of such approaches (DSPL4IoT). It is later on used to assess notable IoT specification approaches and extract conclusion of the trends and persistent challenges and directions. An approach for the specification of natural language (NL) requirements for IoT systems is also provided to assist domain and application engineers with the formulations of such requirements.
Security Aspects of the Internet of Things
Authors: Hromada Dominik , Costa Rogério Luís de C. , Santos Leonel , Rabadão Carlos
Published: June 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) comprises the interconnection of a wide range of different devices, from Smart Bluetooth speakers to humidity sensors. The great variety of devices enables applications in several contexts, including Smart Cities and Smart Industry. IoT devices collect and process a large amount of data on machines and the environment and even monitor people's activities. Due to their characteristics and architecture, IoT devices and networks are potential targets for cyberattacks. Indeed, cyberattacks can lead to malfunctions of the IoT environment and access and misuse of private data. This chapter addresses security concerns in the IoT ecosystem. It identifies common threats for each of IoT layers and presents advantages, challenges, and limitations of promising countermeasures based on new technologies and strategies, like Blockchain and Machine Learning. It also contains a more in-depth discussion on Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for IoT, a promising solution for cybersecurity in IoT ecosystems.
Small and Medium Tourism Enterprise Survival in Times of Crisis
Authors: Lopez-Fernandez Maria-Concepcion , Perez-Perez Marta , Serrano-Bedia Ana-Maria , Cobo-Gonzalez Andrea
Published: June 2021

This case study is intended to analyze, through a longitudinal analysis, the radical business model innovation experienced a Cantabrian tourism company that exploits a protected cultural property called “El Capricho de Gaudí.” More specifically, this chapter focuses on the manager attitudes toward risk and their influence on response strategies implemented to redefine and renew this business model for competitiveness and survival. The results of the analysis contribute to generate knowledge about how a solid and well-established small experienced cultural-based tourism enterprise reformulates its business model to survive in time of crisis.
A Terrorism-Inflicted Causality in Kashmir
Authors: Anubha  , Gavinolla Mahender Reddy
Published: June 2021

Terrorist incidents at tourist destinations create several negative impacts. Many studies have focused on the intent of the tourists to visit a place affected by terrorism. However, there are no studies gauging the perceptions of travel agencies and tour operators. In this regard, this particular study intends to understand the detrimental effects of terrorism on various travel agencies and tour operators operating in Kashmir in India, which also form a part of MSMEs. Case study and semi-structured interviews have been used. The findings clearly illustrate that terrorism does have detrimental effects on a tourist destination and, in turn, deleterious effects on the travel agencies and tour operators operating in the region. It is also evident that there are political instabilities and lack of promotion and marketing of the destination. It is hoped that the political stability and proper promotion will lead to positive destination image and better management of the destination.
Travel Agencies
Authors: Araújo Vila Noelia , Toubes Diego R. , Cardoso Lucília
Published: June 2021

The whole world is going through an unprecedented health crisis, which has affected all sectors of global economy. In actual context, the tourism industry is particularly affected by COVID-19. In this context, the present chapter focuses on one specific subsector: travel agencies. These companies have not only stopped booking new trips, but also had to cancel bookings made prior to 2020. Therefore, many agencies did not manage to survive, and those that did are struggling. Considering this scenario, the present study aims to characterise the state of the art on this phenomenon – the effects of COVID-19 on travel agencies. To this end, all studies containing the keywords “covid” and “travel agency” published on the Scopus database were retrieved and subjected to a content analysis. The findings reveal a greater use of new technologies and online platforms. Moreover, studies point to a focus on sustainable and inclusive tourism, as well as on so far neglected market segments, as alternatives for recovering this sector.
Fake News and Imbalanced Data Perspective
Authors: Agarwal Isha Y. , Rana Dipti P.
Published: June 2021

Fake news has grabbed attention lately. In this chapter, the issue is tackled from the point of view of collection of quality data (i.e., instances of fake and real news articles on a balanced distribution of subjects). It is predicted that in the near future, fake news will supersede true news. In the media ecosystem this will create a natural imbalance of data. Due to the unbounded scale and imbalance existence of data, detection of fake news is challenging. The class imbalance problem in fake news is yet to be explored. The problem of imbalance exists as fake news instances increase in some cases more than real news. The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate the effect of class imbalance of real and fake news instances on detection using classification models. This work aims to assist researchers to better resolve the problem by illustrating the precise existence of the relationship between the imbalance and the resulting impact on the output of the classifier. In particular, the authors determine that data imbalance and accuracy are inversely proportional to each other.
Impact of Balancing Techniques for Imbalanced Class Distribution on Twitter Data for Emotion Analysis
Authors: Vora Shivani Vasantbhai , Mehta Rupa G. , Patel Shreyas Kishorkumar
Published: June 2021

Continuously growing technology enhances creativity and simplifies humans' lives and offers the possibility to anticipate and satisfy their unmet needs. Understanding emotions is a crucial part of human behavior. Machines must deeply understand emotions to be able to predict human needs. Most tweets have sentiments of the user. It inherits the imbalanced class distribution. Most machine learning (ML) algorithms are likely to get biased towards the majority classes. The imbalanced distribution of classes gained extensive attention as it has produced many research challenges. It demands efficient approaches to handle the imbalanced data set. Strategies used for balancing the distribution of classes in the case study are handling redundant data, resampling training data, and data augmentation. Six methods related to these techniques have been examined in a case study. Upon conducting experiments on the Twitter dataset, it is seen that merging minority classes and shuffle sentence methods outperform other techniques.
Examining Issues Concerning Teacher Effectiveness
Authors: Okech Daniel Otieno
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses various issues related to teacher effectiveness in Kenya. The chapter begins with a brief historical perspective of teacher education and effectiveness in Kenya. The discussion provides a theoretical framework based on social constructivism as a philosophical paradigm for teacher effectiveness. It explores models used in teacher preparation in Kenya and the various teacher competencies required for effective teaching in Kenyan schools. The prevalent characteristics of teacher effectiveness in Kenya are discussed along with the dimensions of teacher training, recruitment, induction, evaluation, and professional development. Unique aspects of teacher effectiveness emphasizing information and communication technology are highlighted. Finally, the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on teaching are mentioned.
Beyond Borders
Authors: Lawrence April D. , Harris Judith B.
Published: June 2021

This synthesis of relevant research and practice publications examines, explains, and illustrates the fivefold hallmarks of effective online teaching in K-12 learning contexts. These attributes of online K-12 teaching excellence include technologically-informed pedagogical content knowledge, or TP(A)CK; student-focused, curriculum-based, contextually-sensitive pedagogical practice; awareness and astute implementation of current online teaching standards; and demonstrated teacher presence, caring, and engagement online. All of these aspects of effective online teaching combine to catalyze and support engaged, communal, and digitally responsible student learning online. The authors acknowledge that the empirical literature base for effective online teaching in K-12 learning contexts, while growing, is still sparse, with considerably more research having been completed and reported to date in higher education.
Human Resource Development's Role in Communicating the Risk of Climate Change and Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavioural Changes
Authors: Ramlachan Kiosha , Ramraj Andrisha Beharry
Published: June 2021

The notion of climate change has been identified and described as one of the foremost pressing environmental challenges of the current century. A large portion of credible scientists have agreed that climate change threatens irreversible and dangerous consequences on the earth's ecosystem as a whole. The mitigation of these potential consequences and impacts demands immediate, significant, as well as sustained changes and actions. Given the importance of the above, it is promising that various human resource development (HRD) researchers have taken an eager interest and fascination in environmental issues as well as sustainability.
Climate Change and Agricultural Sustainability in Nigeria
Authors: Akpabio Edidiong Samuel , Udeh Valentine Chidozie , Uzochukwu Ifeanyi Emmanuel , Ikeh Nnanna Ephraim , Machebe Ndubuisi Samuel
Published: June 2021

Climate change and agriculture are intertwined with one having significant impact on the other. Hence, taking cognizance of the relevance of agriculture to man's survival, it has become important to interrogate the effect of climate change on agricultural sustainability. This work therefore embarks on a sub-sectorial assessment of the agricultural sector in the face of rising threats due to climate change. Majorly, the agricultural sector is divided into four sub-sectors.
Effect of Climate Change on the Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Nzuza Zwelihle Wiseman
Published: June 2021

The challenge of climate change in the world has hitherto perplexed scholars and professionals, with reports of climate change not sparing the manufacturing sector. All countries are most vulnerable to this threat and will suffer greatly if no action is taken. In the 21st century, scientists have confirmed with great concern the severe weather conditions that are expected to become harsher. The aim of the chapter is to explore the effect of climate change on the manufacturing sector. Literature has been used as a source of secondary data. The effect of climate is examined from five major business strategic positions: productivity, business risk, goods and services, chemicals and minerals, natural resources, and buildings. The chapter also covers the need for manufactures to adapt to climate change with various possible actions that can be taken by the sector against climate impacts on business. Continuous staff and management training and education on climate change is recommended.
Pastoral Care and Counseling in Early Childhood Years
Authors: Mathwasa Joyce
Published: June 2021

Children experience varying degrees of violence at a tender age compelling the need for pastoral care, an antique model of emotional and spiritual support. Pastoral care is regarded as individual and communal patience in which people trained in pastoral care offer support to people suffering from anxiety, pain, loss, and other traumatic circumstances. Neuroscience submits that most learning occurs in the early years making it imperative that during this period a conducive environment is created for maximal cognitive, social, emotional, and spiritual development of the child. This can be achieved through non-biased pastoral care support for the victims and perpetrators to ensure repentance, forgiveness, and sustainable transformation thereby creating a non-violent society. While pastoral care has its roots in Christianity, ways of integrating it with other religions are essential in a multi-cultural and multi-traditional society. This chapter explored the challenges and benefits of pastoral care.
Improving STEM Career Aspirations in Underrepresented Populations
Authors: Rockinson-Szapkiw Amanda J. , Caldwell Logan R.
Published: June 2021

The United States preK-12 educational system is uniquely positioned to assist elementary students, especially girls and minorities, in experiencing achievement and developing a self-efficacy in STEM, and consequently producing students who pursue STEM degrees in college and STEM careers. Thus, this chapter uses Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise and Bandura's concept of self-efficacy to identify barriers to STEM career aspirations that girls and minorities face in urban settings. These theories and research are also used to identify strategies for urban teachers and professional school counselors to improve elementary girls and minorities' STEM career aspiration.
Different Enhanced Technology Used in Core Counselor Education Courses
Authors: Dames Levette S. , Barrow Jennifer
Published: June 2021

Recently the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Program (CACREP) broad granted many graduate counselor education programs eight or more year accreditation. In order for these institutions to have been awarded its accreditation, eight core counseling areas should have been addressed in their program or university alike. For counselor education programs to enter the 21st century, technology and media devices should be embraced in all of the eight core counseling areas. The chapter examines the usefulness and effectiveness of enhanced-technology and media devices of five of the eight core counseling areas for advancement and improvement of effective skills for counselors-in-training (CIT). University web-base and audio/video media devices were the common enhanced-technology devices used among five of the core counseling areas. In addition, the school counseling program technologies were also examined. Finally, implications for counselor education are provided.
School Counselors and Technology
Authors: Bang Na Mi , Haihong (Helen) Hu  , Couture Valerie G.
Published: June 2021

The use of advanced technology has clearly affected counseling services provided to students by school counselors, as well as how counselors communicate with and support students. The American School Counseling Association (ASCA) has emphasized the importance of school counselors' use of technology and their collaboration with families and educators. It is important for school counselors to understand how technology influences schools so that they can provide the most appropriate and effective counseling services to students. This chapter explores what school counselors need to know to understand the importance of advanced technologies in school settings, as well as how school counselors can utilize diverse technologies, online resources, activities, and computer-based systems in their work with students. This chapter will help educators and counselors develop the knowledge and skills needed to competently address technology-related issues in schools.
Applying Secret Image Sharing to Economics
Authors: Zhao Xuemei , Zhang Tongtong , Liu Jun , Lu Canju , Lu Huan , Yan Xuehu
Published: June 2021

Economics has some limitations, such as insecure multiple parties economical investment decision and leakage of business quotation. Secret image sharing (SIS) for (k, n)-threshold is such a technique that protects an image through splitting it into n shadows, a.k.a. shadow images or shares, assigned to n corresponding participants. The secret image can be disclosed by obtaining k or more shadows. Polynomial-based SIS and visual secret sharing (VSS) are the chief research branches. This paper first analyzes the insecure issues in economics and then introduces two methods to apply typical SIS schemes to improve economical security. Finally, experiments are realized to illustrate the efficiency of the methods.
Coverless Information Hiding Based on WGAN-GP Model
Authors: Duan Xintao , Li Baoxia , Guo Daidou , Jia Kai , Zhang En , Qin Chuan
Published: June 2021

Steganalysis technology judges whether there is secret information in the carrier by monitoring the abnormality of the carrier data, so the traditional information hiding technology has reached the bottleneck. Therefore, this paper proposed the coverless information hiding based on the improved training of Wasserstein GANs (WGAN-GP) model. The sender trains the WGAN-GP with a natural image and a secret image. The generated image and secret image are visually identical, and the parameters of generator are saved to form the codebook. The sender uploads the natural image (disguise image) to the cloud disk. The receiver downloads the camouflage image from the cloud disk and obtains the corresponding generator parameter in the codebook and inputs it to the generator. The generator outputs the same image for the secret image, which realized the same results as sending the secret image. The experimental results indicate that the scheme produces high image quality and good security.