bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(4‐Substituted‐phenyl)‐(5H‐10,11‐dihydro‐pyrrolo[2,1‐c] [1,4]benzodiazepin‐10‐yl)‐methanone Derivatives as Vasopressin Receptor Modulators.
Authors: Venkatesan Aranapakam M. , Grosu George T. , Failli Amedeo A. , Chan Peter S. , Coupet Joseph , Saunders Trina , Mazandarani Hussain , Ru Xun
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Achievements in the Synthesis and Application of Inorganic Nanoparticles as Lubricant Components
Authors: Bakunin V. N. , Suslov A. Yu. , Kuzmina G. N. , Parenago O. P.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Particles: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Ozaki Masataka
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Superconductivity — A Source of Surprises
Authors: Simon Arndt
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Baylis—Hillman Reaction and Chemical Transformations of Baylis—Hillman Adducts
Authors: Lee Ka Young , Gowrisankar Saravanan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Highly Efficient Ancillary Ligands in Homogeneous and Immobilized Metathesis Ruthenium Catalytic Systems
Authors: Dragutan Ileana , Dragutan Valerian , Delaude Lionel , Demonceau Albert
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Telluronium and Sulfonium Ylides for Organic Transformation
Authors: Tang Yong , Ye Song , Sun Xiu‐Li
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organosulfur Compounds: Electrophilic Reagents in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Vogel Pierre
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors. A Text Book Example of Medicinal Chemistry?
Authors: Janin Yves L.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysts
Authors: Pierre A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Interplay and Synergism of Experiment and Quantum Chemistry in Research on Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Bally Thomas
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanism of Microwave—Initiated Reactions
Authors: Zelentsova Nadezda V. , Zelentsov Sergei V. , Semchikov Yuri D.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Ramberg—Baecklund Way to C‐Glycosides
Authors: Belica Peter S. , Berthold Alain , Charles Nikki , Chen Guangwu , Parhi Ajit , Pasetto Paolo , Pu Jun , Yang Cuangli , Franck Richard W.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Designing marketplaces of the artificial with consumers in mind: Four approaches to understanding consumer behavior in electronic environments
Authors: Bellman Steven , Johnson Eric J. , Lohse Gerald L. , Mandel Naomi
Published: January 2006

Marketers face a myriad of decisions when developing a Web site for e-commerce. In this article, we attempt to organize our current understanding of consumer behavior into streams of research that address the development of marketplaces for the digital economy. We start by characterizing computer-based decision environments as Marketplaces of the Artificial, arguing that the unbundling of product information from products presents many decisions and opportunities for the design of decision environments. We then review four areas of research, identifying themes in each area. These areas are (a) the economics of search, (b) cognitive cost approaches, (c) constructed preference approaches, and (d) phenomenological approaches. We illustrate each approach, highlighting its assumptions and discussing examples of research questions and results.
Pleasure or utility? Time planning style and Web usage behaviors
Authors: Cotte June , Chowdhury Tilottama G. , Ratneshwar S. , Ricci Lisa M.
Published: January 2006

The present research focuses on time planning style, an individual's habitual approach to time management, in relation to the use of the Web. We theorize and provide empirical evidence that highly analytic versus spontaneous planners are more likely to seek utilitarian rather than hedonic benefits from Web use. This pattern is associated with downstream relationships between the types of benefits sought and various Web usage behaviors (e.g., exploratory, entertainment, information search, and electronic shopping). A notable finding is that both planning styles are positively associated with electronic shopping, but due to different types of benefits that are sought. Implications are discussed for marketers’ customization of Web page content based on segmenting the possible audience on time planning styles.
Customer development and retention on a Web-banking site
Authors: Van Meer Geoffrey
Published: January 2006

Banks and other financial institutions are trying to create one-on-one relationships with customers. To build these relationships, banks must identify how visitors become established loyal customers. The Customer Life Cycle (CLC) illustrates that a customer's financial behavior changes throughout his or her life. This article reports on a real-world application of customer development and retention on a Web-banking site using clickstream data from a financial institution in The Netherlands. It is shown that visitors and customers differ in online development over time. Clickstream analysis is an effective tool for creating a complete picture of customer activity and helps to give a precise understanding of customer online behavior at an individual level.
Unknown biological mixtures evaluation using STR analytical quantification
Authors: Shrestha Sadeep , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Broman Karl W. , Smith Michael W.
Published: January 2006

Allelic quantification of STRs, where the presence of three or more alleles represents mixtures, provides a novel method to identify mixtures from unknown biological sources. The allelic stutters resulting in slightly different repeat containing products during fragment amplification can be mistaken for true alleles complicating a simple approach to mixture analysis. An algorithm based on the array of estimated stutters from known samples was developed and tuned to maximize the identification of true nonmixtures through the analysis of three pentanucleotide STRs. Laboratory simulated scenarios of needle sharing generated 58 mixture and 38 nonmixture samples that were blinded for determining the number of alleles. Through developing and applying an algorithm that additively estimates stuttering around the two highest peaks, mixtures and nonmixtures were characterized with sensitivity of 77.5, 82.7 and 58% while maintaining the high specificity of 100, 97.4 and 100 for the W, X, and Z STRs individually. When all three STRs were used collectively, the resulting sensitivity and specificity was 91.4 and 97.4%, respectively. The newly validated approach of using multiple STRs as highly informative biomarkers in unknown sample mixture analyses has potential applications in genetics, forensic science, and epidemiological studies.
Improved methods for carbon adsorption studies for water and wastewater treatment
Authors: Ying Wei‐chi , Zhang Wei , Chang Qi‐gang , Jiang Wen‐xin , Li Guang‐hua
Published: January 2006

An improved method was developed to rank activated carbon in removing organic water pollutants. The simple and standardized evaluation method uses a set of four adsorptive capacity indicators: phenol, iodine, methylene blue, and tannic acid numbers; those four indicator compounds were selected because they cover the molecular size range of most organic water pollutants. An improved microcolumn rapid breakthrough (MCRB) test method was developed from the existing HPMC (high‐pressure minicolumn) and RSSCT (rapid small‐scale column test) methods by simplifying the experimental procedure and using readily available low‐cost pump, sampler, piping, and fittings. This method can be practiced in an ordinary environmental laboratory to select the best carbon, to verify the treatment effectiveness, and to estimate the adsorption treatment cost based on the observed capacity utilization rate for carbon in the adsorber without the problems often encountered with using small and mini traditional columns. The benefits of the four‐parameter carbon selection method and the MCRB method were demonstrated by adsorption isotherm and breakthrough data for several indicator compounds and organic water pollutants. These improved methods will enable efficient carbon adsorption studies necessary for more applications of carbon adsorption technology in water and wastewater treatment. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Using endophenotypes for pathway clusters to map complex disease genes
Authors: Pan Wen‐Harn , Lynn Ke‐Shiuan , Chen Chun‐Houh , Wu Yi‐Lin , Lin Chung‐Yen , Chang Hsing‐Yi
Published: January 2006

Nature determines the complexity of disease etiology and the likelihood of revealing disease genes. While culprit genes for many monogenic diseases have been successfully unraveled, efforts to map major complex disease genes have not been as productive as hoped. The conceptual framework currently adopted to deal with the heterogeneous nature of complex diseases focuses on using homogeneous internal features of the disease phenotype for mapping. However, phenotypic homogeneity does not equal genotypic homogeneity. In this report, we advocate working with well‐measured phenotypes portrayed by amounts of transcripts and activities of gene products or their metabolites, which are pertinent to relatively small pathway clusters. Reliable and controlled measures for oligogenic traits resulting from proper dissection efforts may enhance statistical power. The large amounts of information obtained on gene and protein expression from technological advances can add to the power of gene finding, particularly for diseases with unclear etiology. Data‐mining tools for dimension reduction can assist biologists to reveal novel molecular endophenotypes. However, there are still hurdles to overcome, including high cost, relatively poor reproducibility and comparability among platforms, the cross‐sectional nature of the information, and the accessibility of human tissues. Concerted efforts are required to carry out large‐scale prospective studies that are integrated at the levels of phenotype characterization, high throughput experimental techniques, data analyses, and beyond. Genet. Epidemiol. 30:143–154, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenised instrumental time series
Authors: Brunetti Michele , Maugeri Maurizio , Monti Fabio , Nanni Teresa
Published: January 2006

The Italian monthly temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) and precipitation secular data set was updated and completely revised. Station density and metadata availability were greatly improved and the series were subjected to a detailed quality control and homogenisation procedure. The data homogenisation is described in detail. The bias affecting original data is quantified by studying the temporal evolution of the mean adjustments applied to the series and examined in the light of the stations history. The results stress the importance of homogenisation in climate change studies.

The final data set was clustered into climatically homogeneous regions by means of a Principal Component Analysis. Yearly and seasonal trend analyses were performed both on regional average series and on the mean Italian series. The results highlight a positive trend for mean temperature of about 1 K per century all over Italy; it is generally higher for minimum temperature than for the maximum temperature. The progressive application of trend analysis shows that, in the last 50 years, behaviour is the opposite; the maximum temperature trend being stronger than that of the minimum temperature. This has led to a negative trend in the daily temperature range that for the last 50 years has become positive. Precipitation shows a decreasing tendency, even if low and rarely significant, the negative trend being only 5% per century on a yearly basis. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Patterns of response to sensory stimuli encountered in daily activities: a comparison between 3–10‐year‐old Israeli and American children without disabilities
Authors: Neuman Ariela
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which patterns of response of typical children aged 3 to 10 in Israel, as reported in the Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999), were similar to typical children in the United States. The Sensory Profile is a caregiver questionnaire designed to assess sensory processing abilities. A translated Hebrew version of the Sensory Profile was completed by parents of 714 typically developing children who were recruited from across Israel. The mean scores of the Israeli children were compared to the published mean scores of the American children at the section and factor level to determine whether the scoring system of the Sensory Profile would be applicable for Israeli children. The findings revealed that, in some sections and factor clusters, the scores of Israeli children were lower than the scores of the American children across all ages. Although the Israeli children scored lower, overall, their scores were within the established range of typical performance. Initial support for the application of the scoring system of the Sensory Profile in Israel is suggested. Due to the nature of the sample of Israeli children, future studies are recommended with a national representative sample and with specific disability groups to further validate the clinical use of the Sensory Profile in Israel. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Novel flame‐retardant thermosets: Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A as a curing agent of boron‐containing phenolic resins
Authors: Martín C. , Ronda J. C. , Cádiz V.
Published: January 2006

Boron‐containing novolac resins were synthesized by the modification of a commercial novolac resin with different contents of bis(benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolanyl)oxide. These novolac resins were crosslinked with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and their thermal, thermodynamomechanical, and flame‐retardant properties were evaluated. The boron‐containing novolac resins were less thermally stable than the unmodified novolac resin. Their modification degree and DGEBA content were related to the crosslinking density of the materials. The boron‐containing novolac resins generated boric acid at high temperatures and gave an intumescent char that slowed down the degradation and prevented it from being total. They also showed good flame‐retardant properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1701–1710, 2006
An Application of QM‐QSAR to Predict and Rationalize the Refractive Index of a Wide Variety of Simple Organic/Organosilicon Molecules
Authors: Holder Andrew J. , Ye Lin , Eick J. David , Chappelow Cecil C.
Published: January 2006

The Refractive Index (RI) is a basic optical property of organic matter. In our research on dental restorative materials, RI values of monomers are important, since they affect the penetration of initiating light pulses into the forming matrix. This paper addresses the development of a general Quantum‐Mechanically based Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QMQSAR) for the RI of small molecules. SAM1 is the semiempirical method used to calculate molecular properties. A training set of 75 varied molecules was used to derive the final QSAR model, which included descriptors quantifying the contributions of the relative numbers of carbon atoms and the α polarizability of the molecule. The coefficient of correlation was R2=0.924, and the other indicators of quality were within acceptable limits. The model demonstrated extensibility beyond the training set by predicting the refractive index of 29 molecules with an R2=0.913. The signed error, unsigned error and RMSE are −0.0049, 0.01412, and 0.0167 respectively. Comparison was made to existing models in the literature.
The Role of Correlated Factors in Factor Analysis
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R.
Published: January 2006

The fundamental factor theorem is developed in matrix form for the case of correlated factors. The properties of the correlated factor system are discussed, and some effects of sampling error considered. The psychological meaning of correlated factors is discussed, and several mechanisms by which general factors may operate in the factorial system are indicated.
A Computational Procedure for the Method of Principal Components
Authors: Flood Merrill M.
Published: January 2006

An n-rowed correlation matrix may be thought of as an ellipsoid in n-dimensional space with its center at the origin. The principal components of the matrix are essentially the semi-axes of the ellipsoid. A direct and simple method of computing the lengths and directions of these semi-axes is presented.
Sampling Theory in Item Analysis
Authors: Merrill Walter W.
Published: January 2006

Since item values obtained by item analysis procedures are not always stable from one situation to another, it follows that selection of items for validity or difficulty is sometimes useless. An application of Chi Square to testing homogeneity of item values is made, in the case of the UL method, and illustrative data are presented. A method of applying sampling theory to Horst's maximizing function is outlined, as illustrative of author's observation that the results of item analysis by any of various methods may be similarly tested.
The Use of the Doolittle Method in Obtaining Related Multiple Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Kurtz Albert K.
Published: January 2006

It is well known that at the present time the Doolittle method is one of the most efficient methods of computing the multiple correlation coefficient between a criterion and several independent variables.

This presentation calls attention to an extremely simple modification of the Doolittle method by means of which (a) a single forward solution will supply all the data necessary for multiple correlation coefficients instead of the usual one, or (b) the multiple correlation between each of several criteria and the same set of independent variables may be obtained with only a little more work than is needed to obtain the multiple correlation between these independent variables and a single criterion. It is even possible to compute the multiple correlation between several independent variables and a criterion; and then to regard one of the former independent variables as a second criterion and compute the correlation between the remaining independent variables and the new criterion. In all these cases the number of back solutions is equal to the number of multiple correlation coefficients desired, but a single forward solution suffices.
A New Rotational Method in Factor Analysis
Authors: Thurstone L. L.
Published: January 2006

A new rotational method, particularly appropriate when a positive manifold can be assumed, is presented in theory and in computational detail. It is applied to a five-dimensional factorial matrix in which a simple configuration is known to exist. The new technique is much more efficient in yielding the simple configuration than are the methods formerly used. Landahl's transformations can be combined with this method to advantage.
A Theory of Learning and Transfer: II
Authors: Gulliksen Harold , Wolfle Dael L.
Published: January 2006

The theory of discrimination learning developed in Part I* of this paper is extended to more complex learning situations such as those used for differentiating relative from absolute habits. The greater difficulty of learning an absolute discrimination than of learning a relative discrimination is predicted. The theory is also extended to cover cases of transfer. It predicts that under the ordinary training conditions transfer to new stimulus situations will be on a relative basis, and it predicts the type of transfer to be expected under other training conditions. A number of additional established facts of learning and transfer can be deduced from the theory. Methods of testing the adequacy of the theory by new and more crucial experiments are suggested.
The Relation Between the Intensity of Excitation and the Number of Neurones Traversed
Authors: Landahl H. D.
Published: January 2006

In previous formulations the assumption has been made that the intensity of excitation or inhibition varies with distance. In this paper the simple case of a series of identical neurones is treated. The development shows five possible relations. In future theoretical formulations it is no longer necessary to postulate arbitrary relations in case any of the derived forms can be used.
A Seven-Decimal Table of the Area (a) Under the Unit Normal Curve, for Abscissae Expressed in Terms of P.E.
Authors: Krause Ruth H. , Conrad Herbert S.
Published: January 2006

A seven-decimal table is presented of the area under the unit normal curve, for abscissae expressed in terms of the “probable error” or PE. From the method of calculation, the partial verification by means of other tables, and the safeguards taken in the routine of computation, it is safe to consider the table reliable. Errors in previously published tables are pointed out.
Linear Dependence in Multiple Correlation Work
Authors: Roff Merrill
Published: January 2006

The problem in multiple correlation work of nonsense results attributable to linear dependence of variables, which has been discussed by Ragnar Frisch in relation to economic data, is presented from the standpoint of its significance in psychological research. It is shown that a symmetric correlation determinant with unity in the diagonal cells can vanish only when there is a first-order or partial correlation of unity between one pair of the variables. On the basis of this result, it is argued that the problem should be expected to cause less difficulty in the field of psychology than in economics and that psychologists should be able to avoid the pitfall by bringing to bear their knowledge of the variables with which they are working.
A Neural Mechanism for Discrimination
Authors: Householder A. S.
Published: January 2006

A mechanism for localizing different stimulus intensities within the nervous system, essentially as described by Rashevsky, is considered in first approximation. The mechanism is central, and therefore general. There results a one-parameter family of theoretical curves, graphs of the Weber (discriminal) ratio against stimulus intensity. Comparisons are made with experimental visual, acoustical, and tactual data.
The Multiple Factor Theory in Terms of Common Elements
Authors: Cox Gertrude M.
Published: January 2006

With the mechanism of common elements we designed numerous sets of variates correlated with each other in a known manner and also correlated with the primary and specific factors in the same predetermined fashion. To the correlations from theoretical populations, and also from experimental samples, Thurstone's centroid method of factoring was applied. The resulting centroid co-ordinates were rotated to yield the test vectors. These vectors were close approximations to the theoretical and sample correlations.
Some Properties of the Communality in Multiple Factor Theory
Authors: Roff Merrill
Published: January 2006

Several theorems concerning properties of the communaltiy of a test in the Thurstone multiple factor theory are established. The following theorems are applicable to a battery of n tests which are describable in terms of r common factors, with orthogonal reference vectors.

1. The communality of a test j is equal to the square of the multiple correlation of test j with the r reference vectors.

2. The communality of a test j is equal to the square of the multiple correlation of test j with the r reference vectors and the n—1 remaining tests.

Corollary: The square of the multiple correlation of a test j with the n—1 remaining tests is equal to or less than the communality of test j. It cannot exceed the communality.

3. The square of the multiple correlation of a test j with the n—1 remaining tests equals the communality of test j if the group of tests contains r statistically independent ests teach with a communality of unity.

4. With correlation coefficients corrected for attenuation, when the number of tests increases indefinitely while the rank of the correlational matrix remains unchanged, the communality of a test j equals the square of the multiple correlation of test j with the n—1 remaining tests.

5. With raw correlation coefficients, it is shown in a special case that the square of the multiple correlation of a test j with the n—1 remaining tests approaches the communality of test j as a limit when the number of tests increases indefinitely while the rank of correlational matrix remains the same. This has not yet been proved for the general case.
Reliability Coefficients in a Correlation Matrix
Authors: Stouffer Samuel A.
Published: January 2006

Given s fallible tests t1,t2, …ts, the problem is to express their intercorrelations in terms of the average correlations between a varying number of parallel forms contained within each test. A new correlation determinant Δ′ is derived containing dii instead of unity as an element on the principal diagonal, where
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$$d_{ii} = [1 + (m_i - 1)\bar r_{ii} ]/m_i ,$$
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in which mi is the number of parallel forms comprising the i'th test and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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$$\bar r_{ii} $$
\end{document} is the average intercorrelation of the mi (mi − 1) / 2 parallel forms. As mi → ∞, dii approaches the correlation “corrected for attenuation.” These results make explicit the assumptions, as to intrisic accuracy of all measures, which are implicit in the usual multiple and partial correlation analysis. These results also make possible a simple procedure for estimating the effect on various partial correlation measures of improving the accuracy of part or all of the measures by including additional parallel forms.
On the Variation of the Structure of a Social Group with Time
Authors: Rashevsky N.
Published: January 2006

A case studied in a previous paper, concerning the changes of the relative number of individuals of different types in a social group, is treated under more general assumptions. It is shown that under those more general conditions periodical fluctuations in the structure of the social group may occur.
Current Misuse of the Factorial Methods
Authors: Thurstone L. L.
Published: January 2006

Papers involving factorial methods appearing in current literature often misuse factorial methods. These meaningless results are reached because of neglect of certain conditions basic to factor theory. The conditions are:

(1) The number of basic factors must be smaller than the number of tests.

(2) The diagonals of the correlation matrix must be regarded as unknown.

(3) The axes must be rotated into a simple configuration.

(4) Each factor must be overdetermined by appearance in several tests.

(5) Tests should have simple factorial composition.
On the Rank of the Reduced Correlational Matrix in Multiple-Factor Analysis
Authors: Ledermann Walter
Published: January 2006

Since the factor problem is reduced mathematically to the expression of the obtained correlational matrix in terms of a matrix of lower rank, criteria for the determination of this lower rank are of first importance. These criteria are investigated by means of certain mathematical deductions, and brought into relation with Spearman's and Thurstone's factor theories.
Regression Fallacies in the Matched Groups Experiment
Authors: Thorndike Robert L.
Published: January 2006

This paper is concerned particularly with certain regression effects which appear whenever matched groups are drawn from populations which differ with regard to the characteristics being studied. It is shown that regression will produce systematic differences between specifically matched. The size and direction of these differences depends upon the differences between the parent populations both in the matching and in the experimental variables and upon the correlation between the matching and experimental variables. Formulas are presented for estimating the expected regression effect. Several alternative procedures are suggested for avoiding the erroneous conclusions which the regression effect is likely to suggest.
The Foundations of Psychometry: Four Factor Systems
Authors: Stephenson Wm.
Published: January 2006

Four methods of factorizing the fundamental matrices used in factor analysis are described and illustrated. The first is represented by the techniques already developed. The second is the obverse factor technique. The third and fourth methods are variants of the first and second. The implications of each method for different schools of psychology are pointed out. The methods are complementary, not competitive.
Simplified Formulas for Item Selection and Construction
Authors: Adkins Dorothy C. , Toops Herbert A.
Published: January 2006

The formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient of a dichotomous variable with a multiple-categoried variable is simplified for computational purposes by effecting in the multiple-categoried variable two types of arbitrary distributions: (1) rectangular and (2) proportional to binomial expansion coefficients. The formulas which result are convenient for the selection of test items and are applicable to the objective estimation of the comparative merits of the alternatives in multiple-choice test items. It is shown that the authoritative answer should have a high positive criterion coefficient, while the omissions and several wrong-answer alternatives should each have low (algebraic) negative criterion coefficients.
Mathematical Biophysics of Conditioning
Authors: Rashevsky N.
Published: January 2006

It is shown that from a somewhat more precise form of the fundamental postulates, used in a previous paper as a starting point for a system of mathematical biophysics of psychological phenomena, a mechanism can be derived, which represents the important features of conditioning.
The Orthogonal Transformations of a Factorial Matrix into Itself
Authors: Lederman Walter
Published: January 2006

Certain matrix algebra, pertinent to multiple factor theory, is presented.
The Common Factors in Fifty-Two Mental Tests
Authors: Woodrow Herbert
Published: January 2006

An analysis by Thurstone's centroid method of the intercorrelations of fifty-two tests was carried to ten factors. Included were tests of social intelligence, Philip's attention tests, and Seashore's tests of musical ability. After rotation of axes, the most important factors appeared to pertain to operations conventionally alluded to by the following terms: verbal facility; spatial ability; numerical ability; attention; musical ability; and memory (or memory span). The social intelligence tests proved to be mainly tests of the verbal factor. A factorial sex difference was indicated by the superiority of men in tests of spatial ability.
Factors in the Learning Behavior of the Albino Rat
Authors: Van Steenberg Neil J. F.
Published: January 2006

The table of intercorrelations published by Dr. R. L. Thorndike in the Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1935, 17, No. 1, has been reanalyzed into ten factors. Rotation of the reference vectors resulted in a configuration which, for all practical purposes, may be said to show a simple structure and (except for one variable on one factor) a positive manifold. Five of the factors can be interpreted with some confidence, one only with considerable caution; three factors are specific to the apparatus employed, and for the one remaining factor, no interpretation is attempted; it appears to be a residual plane.
The Future Psychology of Mental Traits
Authors: Kelley Truman L.
Published: January 2006

If we may take the habits, attitudes and utterances of people of low mentality and little independence and originality as evidence of a primitive type of thinking and those of thoughtful people as evidence of a more highly developed type, we can expect to find in comparative sociology the mental distinctions that characterize primitive and more highly developed peoples. If we compare the initial stages of a mental discipline with the later stages we can find evidence of the same distinctions. If we examine the mental processes of everyday life which require little effort and which we can engage in in indolent moods and compare with those that are distinctly effortful and which, as we perform them, carry the thrill of awakeness and vitality, we again find evidence of the same distinctions. In each of these comparisons the more primitive thought is largely in terms of broad categories and its decisions are unambiguous, unqualified and lead to unquestioned conclusion, while the higher type is either definitely quantitative or concerned with much finer categories and leads to qualified conviction and tempered judgment.
Points of Neutrality in Social Attitudes of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents
Authors: Bishop Ruth
Published: January 2006

Delinquent boys are compared with non-delinquents with respect to their attitudes towards a series of “good” and “bad” social acts, by the use of scales having rational origins of measurement. A new technique, essentially an extension of Thurstone's Method of Successive Intervals, is found to give results similar to Horst's Method of Balanced Values. Significant differences in mean attitude between the two groups are not found.
Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Human Relations III
Authors: Rashevsky N.
Published: January 2006

In continuation of a previous study, somewhat more complex relations are considered for the case of interaction of two classes, of which one “organizes” the activities of the other. By way of illustration it is shown how different assumptions concerning the attitudes of the individuals to such an interaction of classes lead to different mathematical expressions.
Genetic Emergence of Factor Specificity
Authors: Richards T. W.
Published: January 2006

Mental test data of Chrysostomm and of Garrett, Bryan, and Perl are reinvestigated in order to determine the shifts in test clusters with chronological age. It is found that the factors under survey tend to become more independent with increasing age.
Varimax Solution for Primary Mental Abilities
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: January 2006

The varimax solution for Thurstone's classic Primary Mental Abilities study is presented. Comparisons between the factors of Thurstone's original subjectively rotated factor pattern, Zimmerman's subjectively revised solution, Wrigley, Saunders, and Neuhaus' quartimax results, and the present varimax factor matrix are made by finding correlations between factors defined by these four solutions. It is pointed out that any possible ultimate merit of the varimax solution should be based on its psychological meaningfulness and on the rationale of the varimax criterion—not on its relationship to the other studies.
A Cognitive Probability Model for Learning
Authors: Overall John E.
Published: January 2006

A quantitative model for the behavior of albino rats in choice-making situations is presented. The model, which is based upon a cognitive conceptualization of the learning process, is shown to yield predictions which are equivalent to those produced by the linear operator stochastic models at the asymptotic limit but which differ from these during early trials in the learning situation.
A Computer Program to Find the Best-Fitting Orthogonal Factors for a given Hypothesis
Authors: Saunders David R.
Published: January 2006

A modification of the quartimax computation for factor rotation is described in which a hypothesized factor pattern is given to the machine along with the data. The machine uses the pattern to select the subset of variables to which it will attend when rotating in a given plane, in order to find an orthogonal solution which closely fits the hypothesis. The program also provides a measure of the goodness of this fit. The program can utilize pattern matrices that reflect only partial hypotheses as to the nature of the factors, as well as those that specify highly determined simple structure.
On the Mutual Influence of Individuals in a Social Group
Authors: Rashevsky N. , Householder Alston S.
Published: January 2006

A previous mathematical study of a situation, in which the behavior of a larger group of individuals is controlled by a smaller group, is generalized for the case when the “activity” of the individuals in the group is continuously graded. The existence of two possible social configurations and of sudden transitions from one configuration to another are found in this case also.
The Evaluation of Linear Forms
Authors: Dwyer P. S.
Published: January 2006

This presentation deals with the evaluation and transformation of linear
forms. Especial emphasis is given to implicit methods in which it is not
necessary to find the explicit values,
xi.
The relation of the Aitken triple product matrix
CA−1B
to the result of a linear transformation of linear forms is noted, and the
numerical computation of this triple product matrix is indicated with the
use of the simple Abbreviated Doolittle solution. Application is also made
to the evaluation of
A−1
and of
A−1C.
Some Statistical Operations on the Counting Sorter
Authors: DuBois Philip H.
Published: January 2006

The IBM card counting sorter may be readily used for a number of
statistical operations independent of the tabulating unit. In this article,
use of the counting sorter in computing the mean and standard deviation with
2-digit variables and the coefficient of correlation with scores coded in a
single column will be described. Both processes involve machine work which
is essentially the same. A method for finding the correlation between
2-digit variables will also be given.
Item Selection by the Constant Process
Authors: Ferguson George A.
Published: January 2006

This paper relates the constant process used in psychophysics to the problem of item selection. Each test item may be described in terms of a limen, which is an index of the point at which an item discriminates, and the standard deviation of the limen, which is an index of the “goodness” of discrimination. The method developed may be related not only to the description of items but also to the description of persons. Thus a person's ability may be described in terms of a limen and its standard deviation.
“Blocks Test” of Multiple Response
Authors: McCloy C. H.
Published: January 2006

A simple test of multiple serial response is proposed which makes use of materials that are inexpensive and easily prepared, and that do not get out of order. The test employs twenty-four colored blocks placed in two rows on a table. The total equipment needed consists of the blocks and a watch.
On Determining the Reliability and Significance of a Tetrachoric Coefficient of Correlation
Authors: Guilford J. P. , Lyons Thoburn C.
Published: January 2006

In this note are presented facilitating tables for the estimation of the standard error of a tetrachoric r and also tables providing significant and very significant tetrachoric coefficients for various sizes of samples and various combinations of proportions in the dichotomized distributions.
A General Theory of Learning and Conditioning: Part I
Authors: Pitts Walter
Published: January 2006

In the first of two parts in which a general mathematical theory of non-symbolic learning and conditioning is constructed, the sections of the theory dealing with non-symbolic learning and conditioning are presented, and a number of its qualitative implications are compared with available experimental results. In general, the agreement is found to be rather close.
A Factorial Analysis of Thurstone's Sixteen Primary Mental Abilities Tests
Authors: Goodman Charles H.
Published: January 2006

This article deals with a factorial analysis of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities Tests. The analysis was made in order to determine whether the tests designated to measure a particular ability would be found upon completion of the analysis to be clustered together with significant loadings and be isolated from the tests of the other abilities. The results show that most of the tests specifically designed to measure six of the abilities were isolated with loadings varying in size. The tests for the remaining ability were not isolated. It is also shown that the tests are complex in nature, measuring more than any one single ability.
A Semi-Analytical Method of Factorial Rotation to Simple Structure
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R.
Published: January 2006

A factorial rotational method is presented which represents a compromise between the use of subjective judgment characteristic of graphical methods and the routine application of analytical methods. At present the analytical methods seem to be inadequate for the discovery of a simple structure, while graphical methods require more subjective judgment. The method herein presented locates the axes for subgroups of tests by an analytical method. The judgments used in the selection of subgroups are based on graphic data concerning interrelation of the factors.
Technique for Weighting of Choices and Items on I.B.M. Scoring Machines
Authors: Grossman David
Published: January 2006

A technique has been developed which permits the weighting of responses of test items on the I. B. M. scoring machine on the initial scoring, heretofore impossible. This is done by making the length of the response lines on the answer sheet longer or shorter as weights are needed. It is anticipated that this method will prove useful wherever differential weighting serves to increase the validity of tests.
Factorial Design in the Determination of Differential Limen Values
Authors: Johnson Palmer O. , Tsao Fei
Published: January 2006

This paper discusses the application of the principles of factorial design to an experiment in psychology. For the purpose of illustrating the principles, a simple experiment was designed dealing with the determination of the differential limen values of subjects for weights increasing at constant rates. The factorial design was of the type: 4 rates × 7 weights × 2 sexes × 2 sights × 2 dates. The appropriate statistical analysis for this type of design is the analysis of variance. The mathematical formulation of the problem was specified and the appropriate solution for the specific problem was obtained. Greater precision results from this type of design, in comparison with the traditional psychological experiment dealing with a single factor, in that measures are obtained of the effect of each of a number of factors together with their interactions.
A Note on Correlation Clusters and Cluster Search Methods
Authors: Cattell Raymond
Published: January 2006

Four methods of determining the clusters in a correlation matrix are described and compared. The choice of method has to be made according to the size of the matrix and the type of cluster sought. The relativity of clusters is emphasized and a distinction is drawn between phenomenal clusters and nuclear clusters. The relative utility of clusters and factors is briefly commented upon.
Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Human Relations VIII: Size Distribution of Cities
Authors: Rashevsky N.
Published: January 2006

An attempt is made to connect the distribution function of the sizes of the cities with the distribution functions of some other characteristics of the individuals in the society. Several theoretical possibilities are discussed and different relations are derived. A possible connection with some observed relations is discussed.
Mathematical Analysis in Psychology of Education: Computation of Stimulation, Rapport, and Instructor's Driving Power
Authors: Sadowsky Michael A.
Published: January 2006

Mathematical expressions are derived for such concepts as stimulation of student by instructor, student-instructor rapport, and driving power of instructor, in terms of the student's and the instructor's foci of attention, their strength of concentration, and the intensity of the presentation and of the reception of details of subject matter. Under the assumption of normal distribution, the mathematical methods of combination and integration yield conclusions on summary integral effects of interrelations within the educational team. The psychological interpretation of the mathematical results thus obtained conforms with common sense. The main emphasis of the article is the exposition of how the mathematical method of combination and integration can be used to estimate the resultant effect of various independent combined simple factors acting independently within the individuals forming the educational team. No claim is made as to the absolute truthfulness and reliability of the psychological postulates used at the beginning stage of the mathematical analysis.
A Two-Sample Test
Authors: Moses Lincoln E.
Published: January 2006

In certain investigations involving an experimental group and a control group, the effect of the experimental treatment may be expected to manifest itself by increasing the scores of some subjects but by decreasing the scores of other subjects. Examples arise in the area of defensive behavior. Customary tests of differences between means are inappropriate for assessing the existence of effect of the experimental treatment in such cases. A test based on the ranks of the observations is proposed; it will be sensitive to extreme scores (either large or small or both) for experimentals.