bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moonlight
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

Black’s introduction is analyzed in this chapter in the order of its two sections, on announcing Black and Black’s business. Each section is structured as follows: summary, questions (for audience, for reader), commentary, and conclusion (incorporating information conveyed, emotion, visceral sensation, and vision). Screenshots and forensic commentary provide step-by-step critical insights into the art of the filmmaker in regard to storytelling, flow of emotion, staging, shooting and editing, and address to the audience. The chapter considers both cinematic art in general and the filmmaker’s chosen discourse for his film, with specific instances of his art related to universal principles. The chapter’s analysis of story and film language follows the introduction of Black from his nightmare of his mother screaming at him as a boy to his business controlling the neighborhood drug trade. Screenplay and film for each sequence are compared—the page and screen of the second episode being notably different—and there follows consideration of the transition into the film’s second act or movement and its opening scene.
The Paradox of Equality
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the sociohistorical context of coercive control evolving from earlier means of managing women and wives such as domestic violence. It explains that the development of woman abuse is primarily rooted in male domination, which is no more immutable or inevitable than racial supremacy or other dominant subordinate relationships. Male domination often features patriarchy, marriage, exploitation, and sexism. The chapter discusses the changes in the status of women in Western democracies that affected their experience of abuse in personal life, which included women’s participation in the workforce and their access to the vote and higher education. It notes the tragic irony of how coercive control builds on women’s gains to exacerbate inequality despite the background of formal equality.
The Technology of Coercive Control II
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses isolation and control as the most common means to entrap women in personal life. The coercive control of children is one among many strategies to isolate victimize women in millions of homes. In addition to being isolated from friends, family, help and social contacts, such as work, school or the gym, women may experience isolation at social and helping settings such as home, work or school. This chapter considers extreme psychological effect of isolation called perspecticide and the special vulnerability to isolation of immigrant women. The essence of coercive control involves tactics to regulate women’ everyday lives extending from their access to and use of basic necessities (such as food, hygiene and money) to how they dress, walk, talk or “loaf.”
Introduction
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

The Introduction presents the question of the legitimacy of a regime as a practical predicament and discusses what we should expect from a theory of political legitimacy. Struggles for legitimacy tend to be situations of disagreement and uncertainty. Political philosophers typically try to resolve this by articulating and justifying principles that determine whether a regime is legitimate. This book takes a different approach. It investigates the ways in which the question of legitimacy can be addressed, practically, in the absence of a theoretical solution. The key is to shift focus from the justification of principles to the practice of judgment. What is involved in judging the legitimacy of a regime, from a practical point of view, and what does it mean to do this well? The Introduction closes with a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.
Rethinking Legitimacy
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to explain the meaning of claims to legitimacy in terms of their use, drawing on Brandom’s pragmatist theory of meaning. On this account, when we call a regime legitimate or illegitimate, we do not represent it as having or lacking a certain moral property, but express a political stance toward it. The chapter introduces examples of struggles for legitimacy in Egypt, West Germany, and the Netherlands and proposes a conception of politics as stance taking toward rule. The distinction between a regime’s being legitimate (de jure) and being taken as such (de facto) is then made sense of in terms of the differences of perspective among participants engaged in such stance taking. Finally, the chapter examines what sense can be made of third-personal attributions of legitimacy, arguing that there is a crucial asymmetry between the standpoint of a participant and that of an observer.
Conclusion
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

Judging legitimacy is an unruly praxis. The question of legitimacy is a shorthand for a set of irreducible but interrelated questions. What forms does power take here? Who am I; who are we? And where and when are we; and what is happening here? It matters profoundly who judges what, where, and when. As a consequence, judging legitimacy from a practical standpoint is a different activity than taking an observer’s point of view. Such judgment is unruly because the political world is not simply given to judgment but at stake in it; the space of reasons is politically constituted; and the game of giving and asking for reasons is also a struggle to be seen and heard. This calls the division of the descriptive and the normative into question. But while judgment is unruly, it is not arbitrary or merely subjective. The conclusion points in three directions for thinking further about how judgment goes well.
Introduction
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the introductory chapter of the book. In it, I introduce the topic and the four ‘megatrends’ I focus on in the book. They are: the rise of services, digital automation technologies, globalization of production, and ecological breakdown. These megatrends are calling into question the ability of the manufacturing sector to serve as the engine of growth, changing traditional ideas of technological progress, and changing growth and development opportunities in both the global South and the global North. Consequently, this calls for new directions and ways of thinking about industrial policy and global governance. Towards the end of the chapter, I outline the approach and contribution of the book, and the book’s key arguments. Taken together, my analysis provides insight into ‘the future of the factory’.
The rise of services
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

A quick look at the national accounts of today’s industrialized countries reveals a puzzling statistic: most of these countries do not have much industry at all as measured by manufacturing’s share of economic output. In fact, services make up the major share of these countries’ economic output. In this chapter, I discuss the extent to which services are replacing manufacturing as a driver of economic growth and development. I conclude that, although we should not underestimate the growing ability of services—especially digital services—to contribute to productivity growth and international trade, the manufacturing sector remains the backbone of economic growth and development. I also highlight that measurement issues put into question the supposed decline of the manufacturing sector’s share of gross domestic product, both within countries and globally.
What is Scots?
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the nature of Scots from the perspective of the sociology of language. What language means in the analytical paradigms suggested by Heinz Kloss is addressed critically in relation to Scots as well as other ‘minority languages’, such as Occitan and Low German. Problematical instances, such as whether the Scqandinavian language can truly be said to be discrete, are covered. Kloss’s concepts of Abstand and Ausbau are introduced as interpretative models. The nature of standardization is also considered. The dialects of Scots are introduced, along with a discussion of the geography and ecologies of the areas in which the language is spoken, both in Scotland and Ireland.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

Scots is both vibrant and shrinking in terms of native speakers. ‘Pure’ Scots, if it ever existed, has ceased to be used in speech, although it has a strong presence in writing; in particular in creative work. The reasons underlying these issues are, as this book has demonstrated, essentially sociolinguistic rather than linguistic. The gap between spoken Scots and written Scots has never been wider. Local vernacular varieties—often, but not always, urban—appear to be moving towards coalescence with colloquial forms of English. This brief chapter considers the tendencies and themes which run through the history of the Scots language. It also discusses the potential sociolinguistic and linguistic futures of the language.
Structural Chemistry of Hydrogen
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the following topics: conventional and non-conventional hydrogen bonds, hydride complexes, molecular hydrogen (H2) coordination compounds, and σ-bond complexes as well as coinage metal hydrides.
Human Capacity and Scriptural Interpretation
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that Milton’s embrace of human argumentation in theology emerged from his deep commitment to scripture as the foundation of theology. Milton grounds human theological activity in his theology of renewal, according to which God renews all humans in their natural state such that they are sufficiently capable of evaluating preaching to respond with the assent that further renewal requires. Revisions to the manuscript show Milton reconceptualizing this theology in conversation with scripture and his nearest interlocutors, Wolleb and Ames, reframing the two stages of renewal from external/internal to natural/supernatural in the process of clarifying his decision to part with his interlocutors by linking renewal with calling. While developing this claim, the chapter models a method for reading Milton’s blocks of scriptural citations.
The Son of God and Milton’s Church
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that Milton’s anti-trinitarian conception of the Son underwrites his ecclesiology and its corresponding account of human freedom such that the attempt to speak scripture is a kind of imitatio Christi. The possibility of such imitatio rests on a two-stage atonement theology in which penal substitution effects sufficient renewal to enable humans to follow Jesus as a moral exemplar. This atonement theology informs Milton’s Christology, according to which the Incarnate Son aligns perfectly with the Father while remaining essentially distinct from him. Removing the Son from the Trinity frees him from necessity in order to enable to serve as a moral exemplar that humans can meaningfully attempt to follow. Thus understood, the Son conceptually underpins Milton’s church.
Excludability/Nonexcludability and Institutional Topologies in the Regime Complexes of Tax Avoidance and Intellectual Property
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an in-depth examination of the long-term effect of the (non-) excludability of institutional goods in the policy field of tax avoidance and intellectual property on the policy areas’ underlying institutional topologies. The chapter demonstrates how major differences regarding this market characteristic between both cooperation problems translate into profoundly varying institutional trajectories. A comparative network analysis, as well as in-depth case studies of institutionalization processes in both policy fields demonstrate that while in the case of tax avoidance, a low propensity for competition has spurred the evolution of centralized institutional topologies with the OECD as the clear center, in the policy field of intellectual property, decentralized interinstitutional structures emerged as the WTO and other institutions have been subject to regime-shifting and institutional contestation strategies by states.
The Benefits and Disadvantages of Large-Scale Cooperation
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares institutional topologies underlying the policy fields of financial stability and development aid. It lays out these issue areas’ similarities before pointing out their significant differences regarding network effects. The chapter shows how states are functionally dependent on the IMF’s universal and large-scale design in the policy field of financial stability. At the same time, the creation and maintenance of institutional alternatives has proven politically difficult, costly, and therefore continually unsuccessful, which ultimately resulted in the dominant and central position of the IMF and hence, a strongly centralized institutional topology. In contrast, the cases study of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) institutionalization underscores how the issue area’s highly competitive environment incentivized states to strengthen several multilateral development banks (MDBs) simultaneously to pursue their individual interests most effectively. Corroborating the theoretical expectations formulated in the theory chapter, network analyses of both complexes reveal the profound differences in institutional (de-) centralization of both regime complexes.
The Moderating Effect of Market Characteristics on Institutionalization Processes in Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter evaluates the book’s main finding in light of two prominent alternative explanations: neorealism and neofunctionalism. It argues that while these alternative accounts add important insights to the study of specific institutionalization processes within specific institutional complexes, they have a hard time explaining the variance in institutional topologies across issue areas, as demonstrated in the previous chapters of this book on their own. By laying out how the most central alternative explanatory factors put forth by these theories interact with policy area characteristics, the chapter underlines the relevance of considering the market characteristics of policy fields to explain variation in interinstitutional structures across issue areas.
Conclusion
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter of the book summarizes the book’s main empirical findings and their implications. It reiterates the book’s argument on how the scope for action by states as regards institutionalized forms of cooperation varies wildly, depending on the propensity of a particular policy area for competition, and how the resulting centripetal or centrifugal tendencies exhibit long-term effects on the evolution of distinct institutional topologies. The chapter further reflects upon the implications of these effects of the variation in institutional opportunity structures across policy areas of Global Governance for the literature on regime complexes, and future research agendas on institutional complexity. The chapter ends by highlighting the importance of policymakers reflecting upon issue-specific differences regarding the feasibility or attractiveness of interstate cooperation.
Dissident Authorship in Mozambique
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

Dissident Authorship in Mozambique: The Case of António Quadros is the first monograph on the literary works of the pennames of Portuguese poet and painter António Quadros (1933–1994). The book uses Quadros’s quirky case—a Portuguese who lived in colonial and post-independence Mozambique, where he published poetry and prose under three pennames—to examine the question of what it means to be an author in Mozambique. Quadros’s engagement with the question of authors’ place and function in authoritarian contexts stands as a fruitful counterpoint to the influential essays by Roland Barthes (‘The Death of the Author’, 1968) and Michel Foucault (‘What is an Author?’, 1969), the publication of which coincided with Quadros’s literary début in 1968. Quadros’s interesting and useful contributions to the question of Mozambican authorship are analysed in historical context and read alongside post-colonial and decolonial theory. I deploy Quadros’s grappling with the question of how literature in contexts marked by political authoritarianism and low literacy can make a positive tangible impact on society to reappraise claims that literature has historically functioned to resist authoritarianism in Mozambique and other African contexts. In contrast to much extant scholarship on Mozambican authorship, which has tended to focus on questions related to identity and canonicity, Dissident Authorship addresses these themes as well as those of readership, authority, power, and representation.
Quadros and his Readers
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines questions relating to readership in three texts authored by António Quadros’s penname João Pedro Grabato Dias: the short stories Sete Contos para um Carnaval, the preface to O Povo é Nós, and a poem from Sagapress. It uses these texts to propose a means of reconciling the debate in post-colonial studies concerning the modes of reading—historicist and deconstructionist—most appropriate for approaching texts written in colonial contexts. Furthermore, author examines Quadros’s framing of literature’s potential to have a tangible, positive, and material impact on society, through its readers, in light of decolonial theory’s emphasis on a critical practice directed towards radically transforming the world.
Dynamics of Brownian Motion
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

The research on Brownian motion and electronic noise in the 1900s–20s raised further theoretical questions about noise: The interwar years witnessed the building of a theoretical regime for noise based on three approaches. Chapter 7 examines an approach in the time domain. It grappled with random fluctuations as phenomena of dynamics; and the major aim of research was to determine the temporal evolution of the trajectories’ statistical attributes. This approach came from the research tradition of statistical mechanics dating back to Einstein, Smoluchowski, and Langevin. During the interwar period, scientists sought a more comprehensive governing equation—known as the Fokker–Planck equation—for the probability density of Brownian particles affected by external forces or peculiar boundary conditions. They examined fine-scale temporal evolution of random fluctuations before it settled down asymptotically. And they applied their theories to metrological problems. The Dutch-American physicist George Uhlenbeck played a central part in this research program.
Noise in Radar Detection
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

The theories of noise underwent a further change in the 1940s, as physicists, engineers, and mathematicians participated in military research during World War II. Whereas interwar research tackled the nature, causes, and properties of noise, the wartime research focused on the behavior of systems, machines, and devices in noisy circumstances. This linked the concepts of noise to methods for handling intelligence, computing, and information. The noise-centered theoretical treatments of information, communication, and control embodied a certain “ontology of the ambience” that modeled environmental uncertainties with additive noise similar to Brownian motion. Chapter 10 concerns Uhlenbeck’s work for MIT Radiation Laboratory on radar target detection with his student Ming Chen Wang and his colleague Mark Kac. Uhlenbeck et al.’s task was to develop theoretical models to assess the probability of radar detection polluted by electronic noise, environmental clutter, and jamming. The task prompted them to explore new problems about Gaussian processes.
The Moral Law
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

Companies span everything from the psychopathic to the brilliant but blemished. At present we attempt to constrain the conduct of companies through regulation. While regulation has been essential, it has not been sufficient to align the interest of companies with those of society. A growing preoccupation of companies with their share prices has intensified the problem. It has deepened the divergence between the interests of those owning and running companies from those of the rest of society. The generation of profit is not itself a problem. Instead, it is the provenance of profit which is the issue and the fact that profit originates from producing as well as solving problems. Underpinning this is the current self-referential formulation of the Golden Rule: ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.’ It should be reformulated as a genuinely other-regarding rule: ‘Do unto others as they would have done unto them.’ A corollary of this is the Moral Law of profiting from producing solutions not problems for others. The Moral Law enhances trustworthiness and promotes relations based on trust. It extends concepts of unjust enrichment and account of profit, and it should be the basis of corporate law.
Owning the Problem
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

Ownership of business is conventionally considered a property right. It confers considerable authority on the providers of finance. However, it has become less appropriate as firms’ dependency on other resources has increased. The alternative stakeholder approach of conferring rights on other parties is widely advocated but has been a source of confusion and proven complex to implement. Instead of diluting accountability to shareholders, the responsibilities as well as rights of shareholders should be recognized. Those responsibilities derive from the firm being part of a system. Owners of firms are owners of a part of the broader system in which the firm resides. They therefore have responsibilities to contribute to the resolution of the system’s problems, as well as rights to financial claims over private property. A plurality of forms of ownership is required to solve the multiplicity of problems that exist in the system. Consistent with this is the large variety of forms of ownership observed around the world. These extend from the Anglo-American widely dispersed stock market listed companies to the more commonly observed parallel forms of stable concentrated and dispersed ownership. Family and state ownership are prevalent forms of concentrated shareholdings around the world, together with employee and foundation ownership in some countries. The parallel system combines stable, long-term shareholdings exposed to firm-specific risks with universally diversified, liquid shareholdings that are subject to global systemic rather than specific risks. They therefore perform different functions in the financing and governance of firms.
Financing Equity
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

Finance is central to investment in problem-solving purposes. Risk bearing equity capital is key to this. It encourages investment in bottom of the pyramid entrepreneurship in the poorest countries, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in left-behind places, and in problem-solving tech start-ups, university spinouts, and scale-ups. This requires institutional investors in capital markets to connect with businesses at the bottom of the pyramid, in left-behind places, and in academic institutions with little experience of business. That is the purpose of finance and financial sectors, but it is not one that it is performing at anything like the required scale. The primary focus of financial institutions is currently on financial risks and returns of their investors. They do not view themselves as being responsible for delivering profitable solutions for other parties. That is the role of business or government not investors. So, finance often involves ‘arms-length’ transactions between finance and business. All the examples here illustrate exactly the opposite—financial institutions and multinational companies actively involved in funding and training bottom of the pyramid entrepreneurs; long-term relationship rather than short-term transactional banking funding SMEs in the regions of countries; and business angels, venture capitalists, and professional advisors mentoring, networking, and growing university start-ups, spinouts, and scale-ups. Institutions should finance and steward implementation of problem-solving purposes in their corporate investments. Global portfolio diversification, inadequate investor expertise, and minority investor regulatory protection have discouraged this. Companies should manage their shareholdings to ensure they have the engaged owners required to fulfil their purposes.
Measuring the Taboo
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 establishes a discursive analysis methodology for identifying and measuring a taboo. How do we locate the presence and influence of a taboo in respect to International Relations? How do the specific characteristics of a taboo shape what we look for in respect of that taboo’s identification? What types of evidence indicate that an actor adheres to a taboo? How does the rejection of a compliance-centric approach alter current methods for analysing taboos? In answering these questions, the chapter presents a critical analysis of Nina Tannenwald’s research in particular, which contextualizes her claims within the context of the new model of taboo proposed within the book.
Introduction
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M.
Published: November 2023

The introductory chapter places creativity in a historical context and illustrates how instrumental and humanist ‘camps’ of creativity research have emerged since the 1950s. It discusses objectivist and subjectivist research philosophies and how they relate to technical, practical, and emancipatory knowledge interests which have informed the study of organizational creativity. However, after decades of research on creativity, a precise definition of creativity is still missing. Hence a sensitizing concept of organizational creativity inspired by a practical, and to some extent critical knowledge interest, is suggested which comprises the overarching dimensions of context, process and practice. This conception captures the multi-dimensional nature of organizational creativity and constitutes the analytical framing for the subsequent arguments of the book.
Theorizing Organizational Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M.
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses different theoretical conceptions of organizational creativity to lay the analytical foundation for subsequent chapters. To contextualize the discussion and highlight various dimensions, it presents eight metaphors of organization and their significance for organizational creativity. It then singles out four influential metaphors —organism, brain, culture, and transformation and flux—and analyses in depth how they link to different theories of organizational creativity such as interactionist models (organism), design thinking (brain), cultural perspectives (culture), and process theories (transformation and flux). These four metaphors and their associated theoretical perspectives are linked to context, process and practice as key dimensions for organizing creativity.
Evaluating Ideas
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M.
Published: November 2023

The focus of the following chapter is on the evaluation of ideas. To analyse the context of idea evaluation, the notion of orders of worth is introduced and seven specific orders of worth and their significance for organizing creativity are discussed. The chapter then presents possible outcomes of evaluation processes such as acceptance, rejection, and friction. It singles out friction as a possible outcome to illuminate the potentiality of stimulating productive dissonance which refers to navigating the tension between different orders of worth and a willingness to find a compromise in the form of a synthesis of divergent interests. With a view to idea evaluation practices, transactional and transformational approaches are distinguished and a typology of evaluation practices is suggested.
eBay
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: November 2023

Although Meg Whitman was not the founder of eBay, she developed it into a corporation and then a global, iconic corporation. eBay was one of the early Internet start-ups of the mid-1990s, and this pioneering e-commerce firm soon became the leading online-auction site. eBay was then scaled-up by new CEO Whitman, using the standard six rational methods plus learning as a seventh. By 2000, she had developed eBay into a corporation and was diversifying it into a platform for fixed-price as well as auction selling. Her global expansion of eBay had it operating in thirty countries by the mid-2000s. The chapter’s final section compares Whitman’s opportunities at eBay with the better long-term opportunities offered to Amazon’s founder and developer, Jeff Bezos. Although Amazon was founded in 1995 as an online bookseller, it soon developed into a major online retailer, and in the 2000s found further opportunities to expand.
Chrysler
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: November 2023

Lee Iacocca redeveloped the Chrysler car corporation in the 1980s in a ‘comeback of the century’, which also launched the minivan and later popularized the SUV (sport utility vehicle). The redevelopment had two stages. The first was the famous ‘comeback’ in the early 1980s, when near-bankrupt Chrysler underwent a drastic cost-cutting turnaround as well as a reorienting redevelopment. CEO Iacocca reoriented by prioritizing front-wheel drive automobiles and diversifying into an innovative new product—the minivan—that bolstered his remedial renewal of Chrysler. However, he left the redevelopment unfinished until a late 1980s hybridizing merger with American Motors Corporation (AMC). This second stage of the redevelopment was a hybridizing takeover that gave Chrysler the AMC Jeep SUV to popularize in the 1990s. More importantly, Chrysler acquired some much-needed platform-team product development, thanks largely to hybridizing leadership by Bob Lutz. He joined Iacocca in a dual-leadership team that lasted until the CEO retired in 1992.
Voices from the Sea
Authors: Webster Jane
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the primary documentary sources, such as sea journals, voyage memoirs, and parliamentary testimonies used throughout the book, and excavated repeatedly for data about British slaving voyages. To help set these documents in context, this chapter also provides background information concerning how, and by whom, slave ships were crewed. It also highlights the different contexts in which first-hand accounts of the Middle Passage were produced, paying detailed attention to the parliamentary inquiries conducted into the British slave trade between 1788 and 1792, and to publications sponsored by the nascent abolition movement during the same period. Finally, the chapter turns to the few surviving African narratives describing a Middle Passage on a British ship.
From Ship to Shore
Authors: Webster Jane
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 considers the European manufactured goods bartered for captives on the West African coast. It asks: Where were these goods made? How had they been selected and purchased? How were they shipped? How were they exchanged, and, finally, in what ways were they used in Africa? The slave trade was a barter trade, involving material dialogues that, it is argued, impacted on the practices of the Europeans who bartered for captives, the Africans who supplied them, and the communities to whom trade goods were redistributed. The discussion centres on three artefact categories especially important to the British trade: glass beads, cotton cloth, and sheet brasswares. They are considered through the lens of object biography—a relational approach to material culture that explores the interactions between people and things and explores how the meanings of objects accumulate and are transformed over time and context.
Technologies of the Body on the Floating Pesthouse
Authors: Webster Jane
Published: November 2023

Chapter 9 is the first of three to follow the slave ship on its Atlantic crossing from the African coast to the Caribbean and USA and is concerned specifically with the ship’s medical and cleansing regimes. While at sea, captives and crews sweated, overheated, dehydrated, defecated, urinated, bled, sickened, self-harmed, committed suicide, and in some cases died. This chapter asks: What were the technologies employed to mitigate the physical frailties of captives and crews? How was it possible, despite all, to keep the majority of those on board alive? It is argued that medical regimes on slave ships reflected contemporary discourses concerning the transmission of disease, and awareness within the merchant marine of the navy’s approach to combatting sickness and preserving health. At the same time, perceived differences between the black body and the white also fundamentally informed shipboard practices.
A Model for Change in Modal Theory and Practice
Authors: Dodds Michael R.
Published: November 2023

The nature of the transition from the Renaissance modes to the major and minor keys of the high Baroque has long remained one of music history’s most challenging questions for reasons of scope, complexity, and the fraught relationship of theory and practice. In responding to these challenges, scholars have tended toward either of two contrasting historiographic approaches: historicism or presentism. This book reconciles these perspectives in the history of music theory to propose a model for change. The essence of this model is the dynamic interaction of three historical and conceptual layers arising successively in the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque eras: (1) the tonus–modus continuum within medieval chant theory; (2) monophonic vs. polyphonic modal traits articulated in Renaissance theory; and (3) vocal vs. keyboard ways of organizing tonal space arising with the introduction of basso continuo c. 1600.
Reservoir Limnology
Authors: Mallin Michael A.
Published: November 2023

While reservoir building began centuries ago, the mid-twentieth century saw massive reservoir construction in the northern hemisphere; now such reservoir building has hit the tropics full scale. Reservoirs are primarily built for irrigation, urban water supply, hydroelectric power, and industrial use. Reservoirs turn lotic into lentic systems, changing the entire stream benthic-based biota into a plankton-based ecosystem. The phytoplankton productivity and type of dominating plankton is controlled by water residence time and turbidity associated with rapid flow. Compared to lakes, reservoirs have higher suspended solids, higher nutrient loading, greater eutrophication, greater mixing, more invasive species, and less shoreline development. Reservoirs on large rivers have riverine, transitional, and pelagic zones characterized by differing suspended matter and productivity, while reservoirs fed by multiple streams can have less clear zonation and high biotic diversity but are also highly subject to invasive plant problems. In urban or agricultural regions inputs of nutrients cause massive harmful algal blooms, bottom-water hypoxia, and drinking-water problems.
Protecting and Restoring River Ecosystems
Authors: Mallin Michael A.
Published: November 2023

To avoid stream degradation from urbanization or other alterations, a number of proven stream protection means are available. Wherever possible, impervious surface coverage should be limited and decoupled from contiguous impervious stormwater removal systems. Use of pervious pavements increases stormwater removal and treatment, and wetlands need to be protected for their habitat and stormwater removal and purification functions. Construction of treatment wetlands, if properly sized, is an effective way to treat stormwater, as are constructed sand filters, biofilters, swales, and rain gardens. Stream restoration involves spreading out stream meanders if possible to absorb higher discharges, installing rock vanes and root wads, bank restoration, and revegetation—but especially removal of pollutant loading at the source. Reintroduction of native species is often desirable. Whole-stream restoration, and especially river restoration, must include buy-in from the various civil authorities, civic groups, recreational users, industrial users, and other parties, which may often involve international negotiations.
Roles and Responsibilities of Community Health Workers in Louisiana Medicaid Managed Care Organizations
Authors: Wennerstrom Ashley , Sugarman Meredith , Haywood Catherine G. , Jindal Dakshu , True Gala
Published: November 2023

We explored the roles of community health workers (CHWs) working in Medicaid Managed Care Organizations in Louisiana by conducting 10 interviews with CHWs, supervisors, and administrators. We identified 6 themes: CHWs' backgrounds and training; roles as they related to nationally recognized competencies; team integration; who CHWs serve and how members are identified; metrics for success; and the effects of COVID. CHWs are hired for their community connections. CHWs generally do not receive core competency training, and they focus primarily on improving individual-level health outcomes. Administrators and supervisors may need training and support on CHW competencies, supervision, and using common evaluation indicators.
Effects of Advanced Team-Based Care on Care Processes and Health Measures in a Federally Qualified Health Center
Authors: Cliff Betsy Q. , Siegel Natalie , Panzer Jeffrey , Deis Emily , Patel Aesha , Edmiston Chloe , Stiehl Emily
Published: November 2023

In a federally qualified health center, we assess a novel primary care delivery model, advanced team-based care (aTBC), that embeds care team members in patient visits. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we measure visit intensity, compliance with preventive care recommendations, and health outcomes among patients in the aTBC model compared with patients in a traditional team-based delivery model. We find increases in receipt of some recommended preventive care and in visit intensity, but no change in health outcomes. The aTBC model may improve some dimensions of care quality for low-income, vulnerable populations.
Beneath the Surface: Invasive Disease by Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Authors: Zintgraff Jonathan Cristian , Sanchez Eluchans Nahuel , Gagetti Paula , Martinez Celeste , Dina Pedersen , Moscoloni María , Lewis Adrian , Lara Claudia , Corso Alejandra
Published: November 2023

This case report describes a bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia episode involving the first non-typeable (NT) Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease, according to the national epidemiology in the last five years and the fulfil characterization of the S. pneumoniae isolate, including its genetic background.
Blastococcus carthaginiensis sp. nov., isolated from a monument sampled in Carthage, Tunisia
Authors: Kammoun Ikram , Hezbri Karima , Sbissi Imed , del Carmen Montero-Calasanz Maria , Klenk Hans-Peter , Gtari Maher , Ghodhbane-Gtari Faten
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive polyphasic investigation was conducted to elucidate the taxonomic position of an actinobacterium, designated BMG 814T, which was isolated from the historic ruins of Carthage city in Tunisia. It grew as pink-orange pigmented colonies and displayed versatile growth capabilities, thriving within a temperature range of 20–40 °C, across a pH spectrum ranging from pH 5.5 to 10 and in the presence of up to 4 % NaCl. Chemotaxonomic investigations unveiled specific cell components, including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, glycophosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminoglycophospholipid, six unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified lipid in its polar lipid profile. Furthermore, galactose, glucose and ribose were identified as the primary cell-wall sugars. Major menaquinones identified were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9, while major fatty acids comprised iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1
 ω8c and C18 : 1
 ω9c. Through phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain was positioned within the genus

Blastococcus

, with Blastococcus capsiensis BMG 804T showing the closest relationship (99.1 %). In light of this, draft genomes for both strains, BMG 814T and BMG 804T, were sequenced in this study, and comparative analysis revealed that strain BMG 814T exhibited digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values below the recommended thresholds for demarcating new species with all available genomes of type strains of validly names species. Based on the polyphasic taxonomy assessment, strain BMG 814T (=DSM 46848T=CECT 8878T) was proposed as the type strain of a novel species named Blastococcus carthaginiensis sp. nov.
The Australian Genomics Mitochondrial Flagship: A National Program Delivering Mitochondrial Diagnoses
Authors: Rius Rocio , Compton Alison G. , Baker Naomi L. , Balasubramaniam Shanti , Best Stephanie , Bhattacharya Kaustuv , Boggs Kirsten , Boughtwood Tiffany , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Bratkovic Drago , Bray Alessandra , Brion Marie-Jo , Burke Jo , Casauria Sarah , Chong Belinda , Coman David , Cowie Shannon , Cowley Mark , de Silva Michelle G. , Delatycki Martin B. , Edwards Samantha , Ellaway Carolyn , Fahey Michael C. , Finlay Keri , Fletcher Janice , Frajman Leah E. , Frazier Ann E. , Gayevskiy Velimir , Ghaoui Roula , Goel Himanshu , Goranitis Ilias , Haas Matilda , Hock Daniella H. , Howting Denise , Jackson Matilda R. , Kava Maina P. , Kemp Madonna , King-Smith Sarah , Lake Nicole J. , Lamont Phillipa J. , Lee Joy , Long Janet C. , MacShane Mandi , Madelli Evanthia O. , Martin Ellenore M. , Marum Justine E. , Mattiske Tessa , McGill Jim , Metke Alejandro , Murray Sean , Panetta Julie , Phillips Liza K. , Quinn Michael C.J. , Ryan Michael T. , Schenscher Sarah , Simons Cas , Smith Nicholas , Stroud David A. , Tchan Michel C. , Tom Melanie , Wallis Mathew , Ware Tyson L. , Welch AnneMarie E. , Wools Christine , Wu You , Christodoulou John , Thorburn David R.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Families living with mitochondrial diseases (MD) often endure prolonged diagnostic journeys and invasive testing, yet many remain without a molecular diagnosis. The Australian Genomics Mitochondrial flagship, comprising clinicians, diagnostic, and research scientists, conducted a prospective national study to identify the diagnostic utility of singleton genomic sequencing using blood samples.

Methods

140 children and adults living with suspected MD were recruited using modified Nijmegen criteria (MNC) and randomized to either exome + mtDNA sequencing (ES+mtDNAseq) or genome sequencing (GS).

Results

Diagnostic yield was 55% (n=77) with variants in nuclear (n=37) and mtDNA (n=18) MD genes, as well as phenocopy genes (n=22). A nuclear gene etiology was identified in 77% of diagnoses, irrespective of disease onset. Diagnostic rates were higher in pediatric-onset (71%) than adult-onset (31%) cases, and comparable in children with non-European (78%) versus European (67%) ancestry. For children, higher MNC scores correlated with increased diagnostic yield and fewer diagnoses in phenocopy genes. Additionally, three adult patients had a mtDNA deletion discovered in skeletal muscle that was not initially identified in blood.

Conclusion

Genomic sequencing from blood can simplify the diagnostic pathway for individuals living with suspected MD, especially those with childhood onset diseases and high MNC scores.
ClustALL: A robust clustering strategy for stratification of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Palomino-Echeverria Sara , Huergou Estefania , Ortega-Legarre Asier , Uson Eva M. , Aguilar Ferran , de la Pena Carlos , Lopez-Vicario Cristina , Alessandria Carlo , Laleman Wim , Queiroz Alberto Farias , Moreau Richard , Fernandez Javier , Arroyo Vicente , Caraceni Paolo , Lagani Vincenzo , Sanchez Cristina , Claria Joan , Tegner Jesper , Trebicka Jonel , Kiani Narsis , Planell Nuria , Rautou Pierre-Emmanuel , Gomez-Cabrero David
Published: November 2023

Patient heterogeneity represents a significant challenge for both individual patient management and clinical trial design, especially in the context of complex diseases. Most existing clinical classifications are based on scores built to predict patients’ outcomes. These classical methods may thus miss features that contribute to heterogeneity without necessarily translating into prognostic implications.

To address patient heterogeneity at hospital admission, we developed ClustALL, a computational pipeline designed to handle common clinical data challenges such as mixed data types, missing values, and collinearity. ClustALL also facilitates the unsupervised identification of multiple and robust stratifications. We applied ClustALL to a prospective European multicentre cohort of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD) (n=766), a highly heterogeneous disease. ClustALL identified five robust stratifications for patients with AD, using only data at hospital admission. All stratifications included markers of impaired liver function and number of organ dysfunction or failure, and most included precipitating events. When focusing on one of these stratifications, patients were categorized into three clusters characterized by typical clinical features but also having a prognostic value. Re-assessment of patient stratification during follow-up delineated patients’ outcomes, with further improvement of the prognostic value of the stratification. We validated these findings in an independent prospective multicentre cohort of patients from Latin America (n=580).

In conclusion, this study developed ClustALL, a novel and robust stratification method capable of addressing challenges tied to intricate clinical data and applicable to complex diseases. By applying ClustALL to patients with AD, we identified three patient clusters, offering insights that could guide future clinical trial design.
Superbugs online: Co-production of an educational website to increase public understanding of the microbial world in, on and around us
Authors: Tyrrell Jon M. , Hatch Sarah , Flanagan Melissa , Owen Kerry , Proctor Yvonne , Stone Catherine , Fricker Geoff , Hullis Kirk , Eberl Matthias
Published: November 2023

1.

Digital tools and online presence have become a cornerstone to public engagement and involvement strategy and delivery. We here describe the co-production process behind launching a new multilingual resource for schools in the UK and beyond, jointly between university scientists, engagement professionals, primary and secondary teachers, and web designers. The ‘Superbugs’ website aims at raising awareness and increasing public understanding of the microbial world in, on and around us, and has attracted >19,000 online visitors, >33,500 page views and >775,000 Twitter impressions over the past 24 months.Superbugs.onlineis available in English, Welsh, Irish and Scottish Gaelic, thus making it accessible to everyone in the UK and Ireland, regardless of the language in which they receive and deliver their science education. The website is easy to navigate and features background information, quizzes, animations, videos, illustrated stories, interactive timelines, games and protocols for home experiments. All materials are presented in a non-prescriptive way, aimed at allowing flexibility for the materials to be adapted to the individual needs of teachers and pupils alike. Our work has led to demonstrable impact on the co-production team and on pupils and teachers as key stakeholders, based on a comprehensive evaluation of the co-production process itself, the impact of the end product, and the creation of lasting relationships with stakeholders and co-producers, for the mutual benefit of everyone involved.

2.

Data summary

The authors confirm all supporting data have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files.