bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rules of A Chinese secret society in British Columbia
Authors: Lyman Stanford M. , Willmott W. E. , Ho Berching
Published: January 2010

The body of rules translated below was first discovered by a Park Ranger employed to restore the erstwhile gold-mining town of Barkerville, British Columbia, as an historical monument. Searching for authentic artefacts in an abandoned ‘Chinese Frėemason’ hall in the neighbouring town of Quesnel Forks, he came upon some tattered ceremonial robes, a Chinese book of codes and signs, and a board approximately 10 feet in length inscribed with Chinese characters. These (with some other items) were stored by the ranger at Barkerville, in a box marked ‘unidentified materials’, which was found by the authors in the summer of 1961, while carrying out field research on Chinese social organization in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. Mr. Ho identified the calligraphy on the board as a set of rules of the Chih-kung T'ang.
Systems of Tone-Marking African Languages
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

The following paper does not set out to be a comprehensive comparison of tonal systems—it is rather an account of my own experiences with various methods, with special reference to tone-marking in dictionaries and vocabularies. For this reason a certain amount of biographical detail is inevitable.
Adversaria Indoiranica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In BSOAS, XVIII, 1, 1956, 35, I had occasion to postulate a word *mišapati- to explain what seemed a likely survival of it in the word mṡapantin-, mṡapantn- (written also with -mt- for -nt-, and without the -in- in the abstract mṡapantune) in texts from the Agni-visaya. Only in the final proofs was it possible to insert a reference to the corresponding word in an Iranian text of Buddhist Sogdian. This supplementary note is needed in justification.
The Verb in Bilin
Authors: Palmer F. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper is a study of the verbal forms of Bilin,1 which is spoken in and around the town of Keren in Eritrea. Bilin is usually regarded as one of the dialects of the Cushitic language of Agau,2 but it differs considerably from the Agau dialects of Ethiopia proper, and, while undoubtedly to be classified as Cushitic, has much phonological, and a little morphological affinity with the neighbouring Semitic languages of Tigre and Tigrinya. Research was undertaken in the field in 1952–3; several informants were employed, but much of the material was provided from the speech of one man, Teclamaryam Tecruray, and all the material presented here was verified as valid for his speech.
A Periplus of Magan and Meluḫḫa
Authors: Hansman John
Published: January 2010

Perhaps no question of historical-geographical interest relating to the ancient Middle East has been so frequently a subject of inquiry or brought a greater difference of opinion than has that of the location of the countries of Magan and Meluḫḫa. The problems of identification are particularly confused because widely separate areas appear to be indicated at different periods. Old Babylonian and Sumerian references seem to place these regions at the lower end of the Persian Gulf and along the coast of the Indian Ocean beyond, while texts of the late Assyrian period indicate Egypt and Nubia/Ethiopia
‘Twenty Dirhams’ in the Kitāb of Sībawaihi
Authors: Garter M. G.
Published: January 2010

Sībawaihi has occasionally been criticized for his obscurity and inconsistency. The former may be conceded, since it pertains only to his style and presentation, which undoubtedly make heavy demands on the reader, but the second criticism is an attack on Sībawaihi's linguistic reasoning and needs to be refuted. In the following pages we shall examine the background and use of the phrase ‘ishrūna dirhaman ‘20 dirhams’ as a locus probans in more than a score of grammatical arguments in the Kitᾱb, to which must be added a dozen or so other cases involving the use of similar expressions and grammatical principles. Two results should emerge: first we should gain the impression that the Kitᾱb is a work of the utmost coherence and consistency (with due allowance for the date of its composition), and second we shall uncover certain features of Slbawaihi's grammatical theory which appear to have been ignored by later grammarians.
The ‘One Year’ of Darius Re-Examined
Authors: Shahbazi A. Shapur
Published: January 2010

The chronology of Darius' Behistun inscription (= DB) has been the subject of detailed examination especially since 1938 when A. Poebel established the order of the Old Persian months. One problem which has received particular attention is the apparent lack of agreement between the statement of Darius that he gained 19 victories in one year after he became king, and the fact that the time between the first and the last dated events mentioned by him exceeds one year. Furthermore, the recorded battles number 18 instead of 19. The purpose of this note is to study Darius' claim once more, to investigate the previous attempts at tackling the question, and to offer a new explanation for the discrepancies just noted. We start with the order in which the victories of Darius are recorded, for which the following list may be drawn up:

1. Pseudo-Smerdis put to death by Darius in VII, 10 (DB, I, 56).

2. Assina, king of Elam, captured and slain, date not given (DB, I, 81–3).

3. Nidintu-Bel defeated on the Tigris in IX, 26 (DB, I, 88–9).

4. Nidintu-Bel's second defeat in X, 2 (DB, I, 96).

5. Martiya rebelled in Elam, but the Elamites seized and slew him while Darius was in Babylonia (DB, II, 8–13).

6. Fravartiš's army suffered defeat in X, 27 (DB. II, 26).

7. First victory of Dādaršiš over the Armenians in II, 8 (DB, II, 36).

8. Second victory of Dādaršiš over the Armenians in II, 18 (DB, II, 41).

9. Third victory of Dādaršiš over the Armenians in III, 9 (DB, II, 47).

10. Vahumissa overcame the Armenians in X, 15 (DB, II, 56).

11. Second defeat of the Armenians by Vahumissa in II, 30 (DB, II, 61–2).

12. Darius won a decisive victory over Fravartis in I, 25 (DB, II, 69).

13. The Sagartian Čissantaxma captured and slain, date not recorded (DB, II, 78–91).

14. Hystaspes won a victory over the Parthians in XII, 18 (DB, II, 98).

15. Hystaspes routed the Parthians in Patigrabana in IV. 1 (DB, III, 8).

16. Dādaršiš, satrap of Bactria, quelled the revolt of the Margian Frada in IX, 23 (DB, III, 18).

17. Vahyazdata's first defeat in II, 12 (DB, III, 39).

18. Vahyazdata's second defeat in IV, 5 (DB, III, 46–7).

19. Vivana's first victory over the army of Vahyazdata in Arachosia in X, 13 (DB, III, 63).

20. Vivana routed the supporters of Vahyazdata in XII, 7 (DB, III, 68).

21. Araxa rebelled in Babylonia, but was captured and slain in VIII, 22 (DB, III, 88).
The KuṬumiyᾹmalai Music Inscription
Authors: Marr J. R.
Published: January 2010

Source material for study of the evolution in practice of the forms of music in Indian classical tradition are meagre, although prescriptions for the various types of prabandha abound in the treatises on music. The reason is not far to seek. An essential feature of Indian art music has always been that it is acquired orally from a teacher and transmitted in turn in like manner. It is true that a non-diastematic notation, varying somewhat from one area of the country to another, has been observed, but its purpose traditionally was to present exercises and to facilitate the committing to memory of certain passages. To the present day, no musician would perform from a ‘score’ although, with the advent of radio and the concomitant interest in ‘orchestras’, it should be noted that the music performed is frequently written down beforehand and distributed to the performers.
Some Features of the Mfinu Verbal System
Authors: Guthrie Malcolm
Published: January 2010

The people whose language forms the subject of this article live in the Belgian Congo, on the sandy plateau immediately to the north-east of Léopoldville. Known to the neighbouring Kongo-speaking tribes as Bamfununga or Bamfunika, they call themselves Bamfinu, and their language Emfinu. Following the usual practice of referring to Bantu languages in English by means of the stem of the vernacular name, this particular language is termed Mfinu.

Although a Bantu language, Mfinu displays a number of features that are
not found elsewhere in the Bantu family, except to a certain extent in some of
the neighbouring languages.
Accentual Patterns in Verbal Forms in the Isaaq Dialect of Somali
Authors: Andrzejewski B. W.
Published: January 2010

Lilias E. Aemsteong in her article ‘The phonetic structure of Somali’ has shown that there is a correlation in this dialect of Somali between tone patterns and grammatical gender in certain types of Nouns. Moreover, at many points in her article she implies by her tone markings that there is also a correlation between other grammatical categories and tone patterns. She states, for example, that ‘plurals of both masculine and feminine nouns are pronounced with the mid-level tones in all syllables … exceptions are the feminine words … ending in in the singular …‘.
English Words in Panjabi.
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

—Northern or Western Panjabi is the dialect spoken to the north and west of Amritsar. It is distinct from Lǎhndī, which used to be called Western Panjabi. Southern or Eastern Panjabi is spoken south and east of Amritsar.

† is prefixed to a word to show that it has another form which does not illustrate the rule under consideration.
Mahāvīra and the Buddha.
Authors: Keith A. Berriedale
Published: January 2010

In a very interesting article,1 Professor Jacobi has arrived at the conclusion that, contrary to the Buddhist tradition, we must hold that Mahavlra outlived the Buddha, probably by some seven years. In point of fact, of course, it may seem of very little consequence whether we accept this view or that of Buddhist tradition, but the issue involves a very important question affecting the value of our authorities, and on this point it seems to me clear that the position adopted by Professor Jacobi involves serious difficulties.

Professor Jacobi treats as the assured foundations for his investigations the dates of the Nirvanas of the Buddha and of Mahavlra as 484 and 477 B.C. But it must be admitted that both these dates rest on very unsatisfactory and late evidence. The question of the date of the Buddha has been set out, with his usual acumen and precision, recently by Professor de La Vallée Poussin,2 and he has shown how utterly uncertain is the date 483 or 484 B.C. for the Nirvāṇa. From a very different point of view the late Professor Rhys Davids confessed 3 that the date was purely conjectural.
Iranian Studies.
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In the Bahman Yašt, ii, 49, there is an interesting list of geographical names. The readings of two MSS. of the Pahlavi Text as well as the Pāzand version (unhappily Pāzand far inferior to that of the Mēnōkē χrat) are available, the Pahlavi in the facsimile of K 20 (fol. 135 recto, 1. 4 et seq.) published by the University of Copenhagen, 1931, and the edition of Dastūr Nosherwān Kaikobād Ādarbād, The Pahlvi Zand i Vôhûman Yasht, 1899, a copy of a MS. dated 554 A.Y., and the Pāzand in Antia, Pazend Texts, p. 339 seq. Translations of ii, 49, have been attempted by West, SBE., v, p. 209, by Dastūr Nosherwān in his edition, and also by Markwart in Caucasica, vi, 1, 54, and in A Catalogue of the Provincial Capitals of Eranshahr, p. 69, an edition of the šahrīhā i Ērān. But as finality in the translation of Pahlavi texts is hard to attain, yet another attempt is here offered. The text is as follows:—
A Vocabulary of the Language of Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

Marau Sound lies at the south-east end of the island called Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. There is no native name for the Sound as a whole, and it received its present name owing to the fact that the island which lies at the eastern entrance to the Sound is called Marau, i.e. Island. Other islands in the Sound are named Peura, Sinamairuka (Sinamailuka), Tawaihi, Marapa. The last-named island, Marapa (Malapa), is the “ home of the dead ” for the peoples of the South-East Solomons. The local native name for the hill districts above the Sound is Kera. The name which was given both to the Sound, and to the coastal districts of the mainland near, by the first white visitors in modern days, Bishops G. A. Selwyn and J. C. Patteson, is Gera, which is the name used of the Sound by the people of San Cristoval. The people of the Sound are immigrants from Wairokai, Waisisi, Wairoha, and Uhu on the west coast of Big Mala, and their language is closely allied to that of Oroha, Little Mala, and Areare, the language spoken at Wairokai, etc. It is probable that the first migration from Mala to the Sound settled at Marau, the island at the eastern entrance. There is a ghost called Huu ni nima connected with Marau Island, who is said to have led the migration. War and fighting are said to have been the reasons which led to the migration. The present Mala people were already occupying the islands in the Sound at the time of the visit of the Spanish explorers in 1568, as is shown by the fact that they acted as guides and took the Spaniards to the neighbourhood of Wairokai and Waisisi.
Sinological Studies
Authors: Zach E. Von , Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

The following notice appeared in the Deutsche Wacht, published in Batavia, and has been sent to me by the writer, Herr E. von Zach. Feeling that, in justice to Dr. Edwards, it should be made accessible to readers of the Bulletin, I have translated it from the German and added a few further remarks of my own:—

Arthur Waley, in his Pillow-book of Sei Shōnagon (1928), was the first to draw attention to the Tsa tsuan of Li Shang–yin; and Miss E. D: Edwards afterwards undertook the task of publishing the complete text, with translation, in the above-named periodical (1930, pp. 757–85). Her translation is not wholly irreproachable, and the mistakes are corrected in the article under review. Unfortunately, there are several passages that still remain obscure.
Yama, Gandhabva, and Glaucus
Authors: Barnett L. D.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of these notes is to review the Vedic and Avestic data relating to Yama and the Gandharva and to consider the possibility of connecting them with the Glaucus-saga. Without neglecting the works of predecessors in this field, I have re-examined to the best of my ability the Vedic and Avestic material, but have abstained from drawing to any great extent upon the later literatures.
A Portrait of Abu'l Fazl
Authors: Arnold T. W.
Published: January 2010

No authentic portrait of Abu'l Fazl, the accomplished minister and panegyrist of the emperor Akbar, has yet been published; yet he was one of the most prominent figures at the court of one of the greatest sovereigns known to history, and the long portrait gallery of the dignitaries of the Mughal Empire in the period of its zenith is incomplete without him.
Studies in Contemporary Arabic Literature
Authors: Gibb H. A. K.
Published: January 2010

For some time past the writer has been endeavouring to collect material for the writing of an Economic History of Persia from the earliest times to the present. He has found himself greatly handicapped by the lack of accurate information respecting the earlier epochs of Persian history, and his researches in this direction are by no means complete.
English Wobds In Panjābī
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

The details of philological processes are generally lost in the mists of obscurity, and most recognized linguistic development is difficult to follow because it took place hundreds or thousands of years ago. We must often have wished for the chance of hearing one sound change into another, and the wish is usually vain. But in the case of English words in India it is frequently possible to see them entering the country and watch the changes taking place.
Popular Shī'ism
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

The main doctrines of the Shī'a are well known; Ibn Babuye, in his book The Reasons for Laws, gives a more popular view of theology.

The imam

‘Alī said: But for us God would not have created Adam, Eve, paradise, hell, heaven and earth. How shall we not be better than the angels? We knew our Lord before they did, our spirits were the first He created, and He made us speak of His unity. Then he created the angels and, when they saw that our spirits were one light, they glorified us; but we praised God that they might know that we too were created creatures. It is said that God created the five, Muḥammad, ‘Alī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan and Ḥusain seven thousand years before the world; they were before the throne. Ḥusain said: We were forms of light, circling round the throne of the Merciful; we taught the angels to praise, laud and magnify. Another expression is: A brilliant light, which was the substance (clay) of ‘Alī, passed before the angels. God created the hearts and bodies of the prophets from the substance of the highest places (‘illiyūn). An imam said: God created us from the highest places and our spirits from something higher; He created the spirits of our followers from the highest places and their bodies from something lower, so they are kin to us and their hearts yearn towards us. Then God created Adam and placed us in his loins; He commanded the angels to bow down to him to honour us. Their prostration was worship of God and respect and obedience to Adam because we were in his loins.
The Influence of Hermetic Literature on Moslem Thought
Authors: Affefi A. B.
Published: January 2010

Students of Moslem philosophy and mysticism have often observed the highly eclectic character of that type of human thought. All Moslem speculation, philosophical and theological, no less than the Sūfī literature of the more theosophical kind, as represented for instance by Ibn ‘Arabī and Suhrawardī of Aleppo, displays this eclecticism. Yet no definite answer has been given to the question how or why the main current of Moslem thinking came to be of that type of mixture in which ideas from Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Philo Judæus, the Catholic thinkers of the Christian Church, the Gnostics, and the Neoplatonists are brought into one harmonious whole and mingled together in such an extraordinary manner. Certain attempts have been made in studying individual thinkers of Islam to trace their systems back to their respective sources, for no one source can satisfactorily explain such a diversity of doctrines as we find in Moslem literature. This was done by scholars who studied, e.g. al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā, al-Ghazālī, and was done by myself in studying the mystical philosophy of Muhyid-Dln Ibn ‘Arabī. In each case the fundamental ideas of the Moslem thinker were traced to the special source or sources which were deemed to have influenced his thought.

One important question, however, has always been overlooked, whether it is possible that the Moslem thinkers were not themselves responsible for mixing together those irreconcilable elements of Greek philosophy with other ideas derived from the prevalent religions of the East. In other words, was the eclecticism of Moslem thought only a reappearance of another kind of eclecticism which existed long before ? Some of the aspects of this problem will be dealt with in this paper.
Some Prosodic Aspects of Retroflexion and Aspiration in Sanskrit
Authors: Allen W. S.
Published: January 2010

Under the traditional titles of Assimilation and Dissimilation, we are presented with two linguistic phenomena apparently involving a principle similar to that which is known in physical science as ” action at a distance ”—-regularly in the latter case, occasionally in the former (under special titles, such as “dilation”, “Fernassimilation”). The classical example of this type of assimilation is provided by the Sanskrit “cerebralization” (nati) of n, with reference to which the term “action à distance” has, in fact, been used. In connection with the physical principle, it may be of interest to recall Newton's words:—

“It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation, of something else which is not material, operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact.”

Speech-sound, of course, is not “brute matter”, and it would be a dangerous and unnecessary principle to submit linguistics to physical criteria, but Newton's uneasiness may at least serve to lead us to a reconsideration of similar postulates of our own science. Amongst these the conception of an articulation A at one point in the temporal dimension exercising a form of “gravitational influence” upon an articulation B at a distant point would appear to be one that is only tolerable faute de mieux.

The whole principle of assimilation in descriptive linguistics has already been assailed more than once, on the ground that the implied change is only metaphorical, having reference to a hypothetical “basic” form derived from the consideration of other contexts or of earlier stages of the language, and leading to such definitions as “the extension of an element of articulation out-side its proper sphere”.
Gleanings from the Kuvalayamālā Kahā—II
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

Section 1. General

Until the publication in the Gaekwar's Oriental Series XXXVII of the Apabhramśakvyatrayi (AKT) (edited with Sanskrit Introduction, Notes, and Appendices by the Jain pandit Lalchandra B. Gandhi) in 1927, the existence of prose Apabhramśa was unknown. This work, however, able though it is, is not much utilized or even consulted, and the extracts from the Kuvalayamālā Kahā, which he uses as illustrations, have never been discussed from a linguistic point of view. The whole of the Kuvalayamālā (as it is also called) has never been published, and it is an original work of linguistic importance.
TheManual de artillerìaof al-Ra'is Ibrāhīm b. Aḥmad al-Andalusī with particular reference to its illustrations and their sources
Authors: James David
Published: January 2010

The final expulsion of Moriscos from Spain in 1609 brought a new wave of Spanish Muslims to Tunis to join that substantial community of their fellow-countrymen which had increased steadily in number from the fall of Naṣid Granada onwards. Among these refugees and immigrants were some with considerable technical expertise: architects, military men, and skilled craftsmen whose arrival on Muslim territory caused a minor technological renaissance.
The prohibition of reinstating a divorced wife in the Druze family
Authors: Layish Aharon
Published: January 2010

The peculiarity of the Druze law of divorce does not lie in the mechanism of dissolution, which is not materially different from that of the Muslim sharī'a, but in its effects: a dissolved marriage cannot be restored; the repudiation of the wife by itself creates an absolute bar to a remarriage between the parties. Article 11 of the Lebanese Druze Law of Personal Status of 1948 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Lebanese Druze Law’), which was adopted by the Israeli Druze Community in 1961, provides, in conformity with Druze religious law, that a man must not remarry his divorced wife. Unlike Islamic law, Druze law does not distinguish between revocable (raj'ī) divorce, which does not immediately sever the marital bond but permits reinstating the wife during the waiting-period ('idda) by express utterance or significant conduct, and irrevocable (bā'in) divorce, which takes immediate effect; reinstatement in the latter case requires the conclusion of a new marriage with all that this implies (dower, etc.). A Druze divorce is absolute under any circumstances; the wife cannot be reinstated by way of taḥlīl, i.e. an intermediate marriage to another man and divorce from him so as to become again permitted to her first husband; this course is adopted in Islamic law after the third repudiation. Although the Lebanese Druze Law does not say so expressly, it seems that the legislator intended to block the reinstatement of the wife and restoration of the marriage by every possible means. In fact, religious law goes so far as to forbid divorced spouses to meet under the same roof even if separated by many partitions. The ban on taking back a divorced wife dates from the early days of the Druze religion.
Fisher-folk and fish-traps in al-Baḥrain
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

For assistance in every Kind of way to obtain the information Presented here I am in debted to Shaikh 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Muḥammad b. 'Abdulāh Āl Khalīfah, and particularly for introducing me to his friend the nawkhudhā 'Abdullāh b. Khamīs al-Shurūqī of al-Ḥidd village, situated on the south-east tip of al-Muḥarraq island, the northern island of the Baḥrain group. Al-Shurūqī entertained us to a fuwalih and took us carefully over his ḥaḍrah, explainig the technicalities involved in siting it, etc. The aerial Photographs reproduced here were made available through the Kindness of the station commander Group Captain Sanderson, R.A.F., and through the exertions of Flight-Lieutenant W. T. Wenham and his staff. I am also indebted to Eric and Beverley Fitzsimmons of the British Council for help in this and other matters
The armies of the Ṣaffārids
Authors: Bosworth C. E.
Published: January 2010

It is not too much to describe the Ṣaffārids of S‚stān as an archetypal military dynasty. In the later years of the third/ninth century, their empire covered the greater part of the non-Arab eastern Islamic world. In the west, Ya'qūb. al-Laith's army was only halted at Dair al-'Āqūl, 50 miles from Baghdad; in the north, Ya'qūb and his brother 'Arm campaigned in the Caspian coastlands against the local 'Alids, and 'Amr made serious attempts to extend his power into Khwārazm and Transoxania; in the east, the two brothers pushed forward the frontiers of the Dār al-Islām into the pagan borderlands of what are now eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier region of West Pakistan; and in the south, Ṣaffārid authority was acknowledged even across the persion Gulf in ‘Umān. This impressive achievement was the work of two soldiers of genius, Ya'qūub and 'Amr, and lasted for little more than a quarter of a century. It began to crumble when in 287/900 the Sāmānid Amīr Ismā'īl b. Aḥmad defeated arid captured ‘Amr b. al-Laith, and 11 years later, the core of the empire, Sīstān itself, was in Sāmānid hands. Yet such was the effect in Sīstān of the Ṣaffārid brothers’ achievement, and the stimulus to local pride and feeling which resulted from it, that the Ṣaffārids returned to power there in a very short time. For several more centuries they endured and survived successive waves of invaders of Sīstān—the Ghaznavids, the Seljūqs, the Mongols—and persisted down to the establishment of the Ṣafavid state in Persia.
The Altaic non-Obstruents
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: January 2010

The Altaic nasals and liquids form a natural class which has been insufficiently treated as a coherent group. Moreover, doubt has been repeatedly cast on the notion of Altaic as a genetic unity. Arguments for genetic unity are frequently based on correspondences in phonetic shape of matching lexemes or formants. I have recently argued for correspondences in suffixation rules applying to a restricted syntactic-semantic class (the numerals). Apart from showing correspondences in the various components of the respective grammars, we may also strengthen the argument for genetic relation by showing a continuity in the nature of specific features. The present paper points to certain such continuities in the distinctive phonological features that, as I propose to show, must be assumed for the proto-language.
Plato's ‘testament to Aristotle’
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī concluded his celebrated Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī with a string of aphorisms purporting to be ‘a chapter from the utterances of Plato of profit to the generality of men: namely, the testament that he gave to his pupil Aristotle’. In his recent admirable translation, Professor G. M. Wickens comments that ‘the aphorisms in this Section are of course not necessarily regarded as coming from one Platonic corpus: even Ṭūsī uses the term mansūb, with its suggestion of doubt. They will be recognized to have many parallels and resemblances over a wide area of time and space, but their Muslim clothing is worn with an air of comfortable familiarity’. In point of fact, as will be demonstrated in this paper, the entire section is a reasonably close translation of a section occurring in the so-called al-Ḥihmat al-khālida of Ibn Miskawaih.
Zoroastrian baj and drōn—II
Authors: Boyce Mary , Kotwal Firoze
Published: January 2010

In the first part of this study ‘framing’ bāj have been considered in connexion with religious rituals celebrated in the fire-temples, and with acts for achieving or maintaining ritual purity, mostly by pāw-mahal priests. Here it is proposed to consider such bāj as are needed and used in daily life.
On Ravigupta's ganas,
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

That the Khotanese version of Ravigupta's Siddhasāra was made from the Tibetan translation extant in the Tanjur has been known since H. W. Bailey's convincing demonstration in BSOAS, X, 3, 1940, 599–605. But it is clear that the situation is more complicated than would at first appear. There are very numerous instances where the Khotanese version shows a correct understanding of the original Sanskrit while the Tibetan translation is in error. In fact the translation is at times so good that one wonders why the translator ever let himself be led astray by the Tibetan. There can be little doubt that the translator of the Khotanese knew Sanskrit far better than he knew Tibetan. Nevertheless, the evidence points overwhelmingly to the conclusion that the Khotanese rendering was based on a combination of the Sanskrit original with the Tibetan version.
The Ceramic Art of Susa
Authors: Unvala J. M.
Published: January 2010

The history of the ceramic art of ancient Susa is as interesting as its political history. The earliest history of Susa is shrouded in legends. No authentic theory has been advanced by savants up to date as to the earliest inhabitants of Susa. The Susians or the Elamites, as they are generally called, are mentioned by Greek poets as the Ethiopians of Asia. M. Dieulafoy believes them to be negroids, which term is very vague and hypothetical. It is not proper to discuss the origin of the early Elamites in this paper. I shall pass over this question with the remark that they were most probably rather the natives of the soil than foreigners settled in Elam. At any rate from the results of excavations that are carried on in Susa every year from the time of M. Dieulafoy and M. de Morgan up to date we know that they were greatly advanced in civilization. They must have carried on commerce with neighbouring countries, as is proved by beads of lapis lazuli and of clay glazed like turquoise used in necklaces.
Urdu Intensive and Pseudo-Intensive Verbs
Authors: Phillott D. C.
Published: January 2010

(a) (1) The intensive compound is of commoner use than the simple verb. Practically every verb is made intensive by prefixing the root of the simple transitive or intransitive verb, or the causal form, to one of the following serviles :Len to take ; den to give ; dln to hurl, drop, pour, etc.; mrn to strike, kill, destroy ; jn to go ; parn to fall (gently or metaphorically), to be in a lying position ; uthn to rise, stand up ; baithn to sit . The prefixed root remains unchanged, but the suffixed servile is regularly conjugated. The prefixed root gives the general meaning, but the suffixed servile modifies or intensifies this meaning. The shade of meaning may often be expressed in English by an adverb or by the tone of voice, as baithn to sit, be seated , but baith-jn to sit down , thagn to cheat , thaglen to cheat out of .

(2) While the simple and intensive forms are not identical in meaning, the simple form can often, but not always, be substituted with no more than some loss of force. It is sometimes no easy matter to render the exact shade of meaning given by a particular intensive.
Sino-Vietnamese sources for the Nguyễn Period: an Introduction
Authors: Smith R. B.
Published: January 2010

‘Les livres historiques sont rares en pays annamite: le climat et les guerres ont concouru a les de truire.’ When he wrote those words in 1904 Pelliot no doubt hoped that they would be true only of the past; but the troubled history of Việt-Nam in the middle decades of the twentieth century has made them also prophetic. Before modern methods for combating the climate could be brought to bear on the problem of archive preservation further wars occurred to destroy even more of the country's historical remains, as well as to disperse many of those which survived.
The Chronology of the Ma

gh

āzī—A Trxtual Survey
Authors: Jones J.M.B.
Published: January 2010

The sīra authorities provide a mass of contradictory data on the chronology of the Prophet's raids and the task of fitting these inconsistencies into a cogent chronological pattern is beset with difficulties. In the main sources, for example, Mūsā b. ‘Uqba, Ibn Isḥaq, and al-Wāqidī, we find noticeable divergencies in the dating of a specific event. This is so even with important incidents such as the expulsion of Banu Qaynuqā‘and a comparatively late event such as the attack on Khaybar. A textual collation of the chronological material does suggest, however, that in some cases it may be possibleto win through to a safer position.
An Obscure Passage from the Periplus: KoΛanΔioΦΩnta Ta MeΓiΣta
Authors: Christie Anthony
Published: January 2010

In the study of the early history of South East Asia the nature of the shipping which operated between India and the regions to the east has been the subject of much discussion. Sources for this study are rare enough and the fact that one of them, Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, § 60, is either corrupt, as Müller believed, or contains a difficult hapax legomenon, has proved something of a stumbling block. The text of the Periplus rests upon a single MS (Heidelberg: Cod. Palatinus Gr. 398 saec. X ineuntis) of which there is a fourteenth or fifteenth century copy in the British Museum (Add. Mss. 19391)
Some Preliminary Observations on the Borana Dialect of Galla
Authors: Andrzejewski B.W.
Published: January 2010

The only publications in this dialect1 of the Galla language are translations of the Gospels of St. Luke2 and St. John3 and the Acts of the Apostles.4 The orthography used in these texts, obviously, has practical aims in view and dispenses with much of the phonetic detail which would be of interest to a
linguist. As far as I know, there are no published works which would give a description of this dialect. The grammars of Borello,5 Hodson and Walker,6 Moreno,7 Nordfeldt,8 and Tutschek9 all deal with other dialects of Galla, which differ from Borana in many details.
Compound and Conjunct Verbs in Hindi
Authors: Burton-Page J.
Published: January 2010

In a previous study I indicated that some verbal constructs in Hindi whose components were analysable, at the morphological level, as noun + verb could be considered as comprised in the overall category of verb at the syntactical level on account of their patterning in the participial forms, and suggested T. Grahame Baileys term ‘conjunct verbs’ as a convenient term of reference for this sub-category. The aim of the present study is to consider ‘conjunct verbs’ more closely, and to relate both these and what Bailey terms ‘compound verbsx2019; to each other and to the Hindi verbal system as a whole.
A Problem in Chiehyunn Chinese
Authors: Downer G.B.
Published: January 2010

Although most rimes in the Chiehyunn have only one set of finals for either the herkoou or the kaikoou (that is, with or without lip-rounding), there are some exceptions. Apart from the problematical doublets in the 3rd and 4th grades of some rimes (the so-called chorngneou), which are not strictly distinguished by final, the chief exceptions are the rimes with both ‘1st grade’ and ‘mixed 3rd grade’ finals (e.g. the rime-set) and the rimes with both ‘2nd grade’ and ‘mixed 3rd grade’ finals. This paper will deal with the latter only.
The Office of Music,c.114 to 7 B.C.
Authors: Loewe Michael
Published: January 2010

It has long been recognized that the establishment of the Office of Music (Yüeh fu) as one of the agencies of state in Han imperial government played an important role in the development of Chinese poetry and nurtured the growth of particular genres of literature; and the precedent that was set at this time was followed at later stages of China's literary development with highly important results. Less attention, however, has been paid to the work of the office in arranging musical performances; or to the circumstances in which the office was established and in which its activities were several times curtailed, prior to its eventual abolition. In addition historians have not always appreciated the connexion that may be traced between the rise and fall of this office and other changes which occurred in the intellectual history of Han China.
A note on the Cherng shianq ballad in the Shyun Tzyy
Authors: Malmqvist N. G. D.
Published: January 2010

The Cherng shianqtext is included as section 25 of the present editions of the Shyun Tzyywhich are all based on the edition established by the Tarng commentator Yang Lianq. In his preface, which is dated A.D. 819, Yang Lianq notes that the editions at his disposal included the Cherng shianq as section eight.
Syntactic M structures in standard Chinese
Authors: Simon H. F.
Published: January 2010

This article is an attempt to establish a relationship between certain syntactical structures in standard Chinese and a context category. The structures are defined in formal terms without any commitment to a general theory of deep and surface structures; nor is the context category used in any way as a criterion to establish the form of the structures as such. It is put forward rather as a way of accounting for the function of the structures in a context of situation.
A Cantonese song entitled Creoy Keok lrio Aa Gao
Authors: Whitaker K. P. K.
Published: January 2010

Among the many ballads and popular songs of Canton appears one Southern Air called ‘Apart from Number Nine’. Several stories are centred about the composition of this air. Around the 1820's and 1830's, the most sought after singing-girl in Canton seemed to be one named Number Nine. In a recent article by Jean Yow-wen (Kan Yau-man) there is a version of this song (pp. 25–6), attributed to Jrip Mrerng-shanqx with its background history. A few lines of another version of the same song were mentioned earlier by Sirn Jruk-chenqx This version, attributed to Zhiw Zir-jrunq (Jau Tzyy-yong) appeared side by side with an apparently impromptu composition by the girl herself, unmistakably addressed to Zhiw. There is yet another version which has been taped for me from a broadcast by Eadio Hong Kong. It differs greatly from the longer version given by Mr. Kan in his article. For the discussion of authorship it is necessary to include these pieces for comparison.
Intervocalic Plosives in Early Tamil
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

In in 1914 M.Bloch published an article upon the intervocalic consonants Tamil in Mémoires de la Société de IAnguistique de Paris. It was published in an English translation in the Indian Antiquary, vol. 48, p. 191. He came to the conclusion based upon a passage from Kumārila Bhatta that before the Christian era Tamil possessed voiced plosives in initial, medial, and, presumably, final position, but that during a period, say from 100 A.C. to 1200 A.c, they were unvoiced and it was only after that date that intervocalic consonants again became voiced. M. Bloch directs attention to the striking parallelism of Indo-Aryan and Dravidic languages in the treatment of consonants, especially intervocalic plosives.

His arguments have never been met even by the large school of Tamil-speaking scholars, which has never accepted them. Mr. Tuttle (Dravidian Developments, p. 9), in 1930, controverts Vinson's assumption that the sound-system of modern Tamil was in use when the anguage was first written and Dr. Sastri, in 1934 (History of Grammatical Theories in Tamil, p. 49), refutes CaldwelFs Law of the convertibility of Surds and Sonants, with the observation that Pope and Vinson state the same theory with a slight modification. Neither, surprisingly enough, refer to M. Bloch's article.
Koli or Dhārālo, etc.
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

IN Marathi the word Kolī has two meanings:— (1) The name of a caste or tribe or a member of it. (2) Spider. Dr. Bloch in the etymological vocabulary appended to his book, La formation de la langue marathe, appears to identify the two meanings through the medium of a third meaning “ weaver ” found in other Neo-Indian languages; and derives them all from the Skr. Kaula, Kaulika-. Dr. Turner, in his Gujarati Phonology, also considers Kaulika- to be the Skr. form of Kolī, śudra caste.

Dr. Bloch has given the fuller account of this word and it runs as follows. His abbreviations have been expanded and a printer's error corrected: Kolī masc. fisher, watercarrier (name of caste), kind of spider; Sindhi, Korī, weaver, spider; Gujarati, Koli, Hind., Kolī, name of caste; Hemacandra, Kolī tantuvāyo jālakārakrmiś ca (93, 5); Skr. Kaula-, Kaulika-. In connection with this account one or two observations may be made. The authority for the meaning of Kolī in Marathi is presumably Molesworth. He gives an additional meaning as follows: “ also a caste or individual of it, which inhabit woods and wilds living by robbery, by killing deer, etc. ”
The modern South Arabian prefix-conjugation: addendum to BSOAS, XL, 3, 1977
Authors: Goldenberg Gideon
Published: January 2010

The oldest texts—Rgveda and Avesta—of the Indie (Indo-aryan) and Iranian languages, which together form the Aryan family, agree in much of their vocabulary, as well as in much of their grammar and syntax.
Shāhsevan in ṣafavid Persia
Authors: Tapper Richard
Published: January 2010

The Shāhsevan tribes of Persia are a heterogeneous collection of groups brought together in a confederation of that name some time between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries. The question of how and when this confederation was formed is something of a riddle, which arises from the following considerations.
The structure and interpretation of Chuang tzŭ: two notes on Hsiao yao yu
Authors: Boltz William G.
Published: January 2010

It is a commonplace in the study of pre-Han texts to acknowledge that the received version of a given text cannot be assumed to reflect with any significant degree of fidelity its original form. A text is, as the literal sense of the English word implies, something woven, something stitched together (cf. Skt. sūtra, Ch. ching), and once woven, it may ravel. It would then be subject to re-weaving, either in its entirety alone, or together with other, originally distinct texts. In the former case individual phrases or lines might be introduced throughout the piece for reasons for euphony, stylistic balance, or perhaps because of a misunderstanding of the original sense on the part of a later scribe. In the latter case wholly independent accounts might become interwoven, begetting a new, hybrid document. Such re-weaving with its gratuitous additions of new material might occur several times, further distorting the primary content on each occurrence. The end result of such a process of textual alterations would be a composite and thoroughly heterogeneous work of diverse provenances, and of uncertain internal uniformity.
The Four Classes of Urdu Verbs
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

From the point of view of causality, Urdu verbs may be divided theoretically into four classes, according to their form: In trans., Trans., First Causal, Second Causal. In this note I have kept before myself the difference between the form and the meaning of a verb; but, though fully cognizant of what some grammarians say about “verbs used transitively or intransitively”, I find it more convenient in practice to say simprv “intr. verb” and “trans, verb”.
A Topographical Fragment from Tunhuang
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

The manuscript numbered S. 788 in the Stein Collection at the British Museum is a fragment, only about a foot square, containing on one side of the paper part of two ballads descriptive of fighting in the frontier regions, the second of which is entitled “the Ballad of Yen,”. Both the writing and the paper point to a date in the late ninth or beginning of the tenth century.
A Grammar of the Language of Lonģģu, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

This grammar has been prepared from a study of a small prayer book in the Longgu language published by the Melanesian Mission Press in 1916. The book contains a translation of some of the services of the Book of Common Prayer, viz. Mattins and Evensong. The Litany, certain prayers, seven liturgical collects, twenty-four psalms, and nineteen hymns.
The Sogdian fragments of Leningrad
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas
Published: January 2010

The Leningrad branch of the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. possesses a collection of nearly 150 Sogdian fragments recovered from various sites in Central Asia between 1893 and 1915. During the first three decades of this century a few texts were published by F. Rosenberg and C. Salemann. Thereafter the collection was for a long time ignored, while Russian Sogdianists turned their attention to the important archive of Sogdian documents discovered in 1933 at Mt. Mugh in Tajikistan. Everyone concerned with the languages and culture of medieval Central Asia will be deeply grateful to A. N. Ragoza, whose efforts have finally resulted in the complete publication of these interesting fragments. Her edition, reviewed here, includes texts, translations, commentary, glossary, and 69 pages of facsimiles.
Three unpublished letters from the archives of Ahad Ha-'am: translation and commentary
Authors: Attia Ali
Published: January 2010

Yosef Klausner may be considered a fair representative of the younger generation of Hebrew writers at the turn of the century, both in education and in his aspiration to modernize Hebrew language and literature and to bring Jewish life into harmony with culture in general. He adopted a compromise point of view between the old school of Hebrew writers represented by Ahad Ha-'Am, and the new trend in Hebrew literature championed by Berdyczewski, which was concerned with the widening of horizons.
The genealogy of a Sudanese Holy Family
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

In the second volume of his History of the Arabs in the Sudan, the late Sir Harold MacMichael gave summary translations of a number of genealogical works ranging in scope from simple pedigrees of individuals to elaborate treatises which purport to demonstrate the kinship of numerous tribes and clans. None of the manuscripts used by MacMichael was older than the nineteenth century, although some probably go back to seventeenth-century originals and reputedly contain even earlier material.