bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monogenetic trematodes (Monopisthocotylea: Dactylogyridae) from freshwater fishes of Colombia, South America
Authors: Kritsky Delane C.
Published: June 2009

Eight species of Monogenea (Dactylogyridae) are reported from the gills of freshwater fishes from Colombia as follows: Anacanthonis colombiamis sp. n. from Salminus affinis Steindachner and Tilapia mossambica (Peters); A. cuticulovaginus sp. n. from S. affinis; Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna and Thurston, 1969, and C. tilapiae Paperna, 1960, both from T. mossambica; Urocleidoides costaricensis (Price and Bussing, 1967) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, U. hcteroancistrium (Price and Bussing, 1968) Kritsky and Leiby, 1972, and U. strombicirrus (Price and Bussing, 1967) comb. n. (all) from Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier); and U. anops sp. n. from Characidium caucanum Eigenmann. C. sclerosus and C. tilapiae are recorded for the first time from the western hemisphere.
Observations on Lymnaea gedrosiana, the intermediate host of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in Khuzestan, Iran
Authors: Massoud J.
Published: June 2009

A study of the distribution and population of Lymnaea gedrosiana in relation to the transmission of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in various habitats was carried out in Khuzestan.

Populations were higher in canals and swamps than in ponds, with peaks in spring and autumn and low densities in summer and winter.

The reproductive capacity of L. gedrosiana was higher in running water than in stagnant water. The peak reproduction rates occurred in spring and autumn and reproduction continued at a low level in summer but was nil in winter.

Infection with O. turkestanicum was higher in large than in small snails (0.1 %, 0.5% and 1.1% in snails measuring 0.6 mm, 6–10 mm and 10–14 mm respectively). In canals and swamps transmission occurred throughout the year, with a peak in late summer in the former and early summer in the latter. In ponds, most transmission probably occurred in spring and autumn. Drains played a very minor role in transmission.
Pelecitus galli n. sp. from the Malayan jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Fernando M. A.
Published: June 2009

Pelecitus galli n.sp. is described from the Malayan jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus. It differs from other species of the genus in the size of the spicules, number and arrangement of caudal papillae in the male, and the relative position of the vulva. It is also the first species of Pelecitus described from the genus Gallus.

Three types of microfilariae were seen in blood and lung smears of two jungle fowls trapped in Tasek Bera in Pahang State. One of these microfilariae is indisguishable from that described by Dissanaike (1963) from the Ceylon jungle fowl. One of the other two resembles the microfilaria of Pelecitus ceylonensis described from Ceylon (Dissanaike, 1967) and adults were found between the tendons at the bases of the legs of one of the jungle fowls examined.
On Certain Eelworms, including Bütschli's Tylenchus fungorum, obtained from Toadstools.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed morphological study has been made of certain nematodes occurring in the basidiomycetous fungi, Entoloma rhodipolium, Pleurotus corticalus, P. ostreatus, Hygrophorus virgineus and Tricholoma cunifolium.

2. From the first three of these, males and females of two species of eelworms have been obtained which are placed in the genus Iotonchium Cobb, 1920. One of these is Iotonchium fungorum (Butschli, 1878) n. comb., originally described by Butschli under the name of Tylenchus fungorum', the other is a new species which is named I. bifurcatum n. sp.

3. The males of both species have peculiar lobed, dorso-ventrally flattened heads and a poorly developed mouth spear. The bursa is very large, the spicules have posterior prolongations which arc extruded through the cloaca and ventral post-anal papillae are present. A gubernaculum is absent.
Further studies on the sporocyst capable of producing miracidia
Authors: Mohandas A.
Published: June 2009

Sporocysts capable of producing active miracidia were recovered from the upper branchial chamber of the snail species,Melania tuberculataandM.scabra. The non-ocellate miracidium was characterised by the presence of 22 epidermal plates in four tiers, an apical gland with four nuclei and two penetration glands. Sporocysts were of two types, one producing active miracidia and the other in which daughter sporocysts and miracidia were found. These sporocysts were characterised by the presence of bunches of circular muscles at intervals and also by the presence of a network of muscle fibres at the anterior and posterior one fifth regions. Development of the miracidia took place in compartments. Histochcmical tests were carried out as regards glycogen, protein, lipids and phosphomonoesterases.
Studies onSpirometra theileri(Baer, 1925) n. comb. 3. Acquired immunity to reinfection with plerocercoids in mice
Authors: Opuni E. K. , Muller R. L.
Published: June 2009

100 male T.O. strain laboratory mice were divided into 4 equal groups: (I) 25 were injected intramuscularly with an antigen prepared together with Freund's adjuvant; (II) 25 injected with antigen alone; (III) 25 infected subcutaneously with 8 live plerocercoids of the same species; (IV) 25 served as controls. 4 weeks later all mice were given 6 live plerocercoids orally. The presence of acquired immunity in group III was shown by a significant reduction in the numbers, size and motility of challenge worms. The host response was greater in all the immunized groups than in the controls.
Predatory Activity of Nematode Trapping Fungi against the Larvae ofTrichostrongylus axeiandOstertagia ostertagi: A Possible Method of Biological Control
Authors: Pandey V. S.
Published: June 2009

Growth rate and activity of 10 nematode trapping fungi, (Hyphomycetes)—Arthrobotrys oligospora, Dactylaria brochopaga, D. gamsospora, D. polycephala, D. thaumasia, D. vermicola, Monacrosporium (Dactylella) bembicodes, M. {D.) cionopaga, M. {D.) ellipsospora, Trichothecium cystosporium—against the infective larvae ofOstertagia ostertagiandTrichostrongylus axeiwere studied. Species forming adhesive networks grew faster than the others. Species producing adhesive knobs, adhesive branches and constricting rings were, in general, slow growers.
Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis Railliet and Henry 1910: II. Pathology in the Horse
Authors: Mellor P. S.
Published: June 2009

The pathological effects of adult O. cervicalis on the ligamentum nuchae of infected horses are of minor importance and although small calcified or caseous nodules are sometimes found, chronic inflammatory conditions (poll-evil or fistulous withers) were not seen in the examination of over 120 infected horses. Pathological conditions due to microfilariae, in either the skin or the eyes of the host, were also of little importance and no reactions were seen which could definitely be attributed to the parasite. The only lesions seen on the abdominal skin of an infected horse, closely resembled the lesions of sweet itch which is not connected with the parasite but is probably due to a hypersensitivity reaction to the bites of the midge Culicoides pulicaris.
Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) from the Dog with a Note on its Development in the Flea, Ctenocephalides felis and the Louse, Heterodoxus spiniger
Authors: Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

1.In Kenya Dipetalonema reconditum is a common parasite of dogs, jackals and hyaenas. Usually microfilarial densities in the blood are very low. The adult worms are small; they can be detected at autopsy by searching the subcutaneous fascial spaces with a dissecting microscope.

2.The morphology of the adult worms is described and illustrated. The adults and microfilariae are readily distinguished from other species found in dogs in East Africa.

3.The main intermediate host of D. reconditum in dogs in Kenya is the flea Ctenocephalides felis. If fleas are kept on dogs for more than a week they can be used for xenodiagnosis to detect very low density infections.

4.The infective larvae have a characteristic caudal morphology with three terminal projections. They are very similar to the infective larvae of D. arbuta, D. vite and D. manson-bahri.
OnNematodirus europaeusn.sp. from the Small Intestine of the Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Jansen J.
Published: June 2009

The cuticle is transversely striated in the region of the head vesicle and shows some longitudinal striations about (0·10 apart. The configuration of the rudimentary mouth capsule and the other head structures are as in the other species of the genus. The length of the head vesicle is 0·082–0·102 and its maximum breadth 0·043–0·055 (Fig. 1.). The oesophagus is 0-371-0-520 long and 0·031–0·043 wide. The nerve ring is situated 0·293–0·313 from the anterior end and the excretory pore is located at the level of the end of the oesophagus or at a short distance in front of it.
On Some New Species of Physaloptera from Indian Birds
Authors: Ali Syed Mehdi
Published: June 2009

In view of Morgan's (1943) contribution “The Physalopterinae (Nematode) of Aves”, it is unnecessary here to review the literature in this group; but it should be noted that Morgan regards Physaloptera alata as having four pairs of pedunculated papillae on the male tail, whereas Cram (1927), reproducing Rudolphi's (1819) and Seurat's (1914) descriptions, states the number to be five. Ortlepp (1922), Li (1934) and Singh (1949) also described the number as five.
On Daubaylia elegans n.sp., in Planorbis carinatiis Müller
Authors: Honer M. R. , Jansen J.
Published: June 2009

Daubaylia elegans n.sp., is described from Planorbis carinatus in the Netherlands. Tables are given of the comparative measurements of the other members of the genus. The main differences between D. elegans n.sp., and these other species are the ratio length to breadth, the length of the tail, the presence of a cuticular knob on the tail of the female and the relative size of the male genital armature.
Systematic Studies on Some Cestodes of Reptiles and Birds
Authors: Wahid S.
Published: June 2009

During systematic studies of helminths of reptiles and birds the writer found a very interesting cestode which was collected from Agama cyanogastcr and is described here as Megacapsula leipcr.i gen. et sp. nov. Two other cestodes, Oochoristica zonuri Baylis, 1919, and Arostellina rcticulala Neiland, 1955, are recorded from new hosts and are redescribed.
Behavioural responses ofTrichostrongylus tenuis(Cobbold) larvae in relation to their transmission to the red grouse,Lagopus Iagopus scoticus
Authors: McGladdery Sharon E.
Published: June 2009

Third-stage larvae ofTrichostrongylus tenuis, the caccal threadworm of red grouse, show strong positive phototactic behaviour which is reinforced by negative geotactic behaviour. The surfaces of various grouse food plants were examined and those of youngCalluna vulgaris(common heather) were suitable for ncmatodc migration. Transmission is probably achieved by third-stage larvae of 71 tenuis migrating up young heather plants, rather than by direct ingestion with grit from the ground.
Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, a new technique for the rapid serodiagnosis of porcine cysticercosis
Authors: Pathak K. M. L. , Gaur S. N. S. , Garg S. K.
Published: June 2009

Counter current Immunoelectrophoresis was used to detect porcine cysticcrcosis and water soluble extracts of scolex and of scolex with cyst wall were used as antigens. Serum samples from 40 pigs infected with Cysticercus cellulosae, five infected withC. tenuicollisand five with hydatid cysts, and 15 healthy pigs were tested. A sharp and thick concave precipitin band was observed at the point of interaction of antigen and antibody within 90min in 39 sera from infected pigs (97–5%). The precipitin reaction was better in barbitone buffer of pH 8–6 with the well distance at 6 mm. No false or cross reaction were found and the test was rapid and sensitive.
The antifilarial activity of a novel group of organic arsenicals upon Brugia pahangi
Authors: Denham D. A. , Oxenham Sheree L. , Midwinter I. , Friedheim E. A. H.
Published: June 2009

Mel W is a second generation anionic organic arsenical which is filaricidal but has sporadic and unacceptable lethal side effects. Eight new cationic derivatives have now been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the side effects and have been examined for their effects upon adult Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus. They were all shown to be potent filaricides and the two best compounds, Mel Ga and Mel Cy, were at least 95% effective in killing adult B. pahangi at 5x3–13 mg/kg when injected subcutaneously.
Chitin synthesis in zygotes ofAscaris suum
Authors: Dubinský P. , Ryboš M. , Turčeková L. , Ossikovski E.
Published: June 2009

InAscaris suumchitin is formed in the zygote immediately after oocyte fertilization, and its synthesis is completed in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus. Incorporation of radiocarbon [C] glucose into chitin of the eggshell was 40-fold higher than incorporation of [C] glucosamine. The same rank order also holds for the incorporation of label from these isotopes into the glycogen of the ovaries. A large part of the radiolabel was incorporated first into oocyte glycogen and only after fertilization was it incorporated into eggshell chitin. Actinomycin D inhibited chitin synthesis in the eggs from the distal half of the uterus and it significantly reduced incorporation of radiocarbon from glucose into chitin.
Detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of dogs infected withDirofilaria immitis, by Clq-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Matsumura K. , Kazuta Y. , Endo R. , Tanaka K. , Inoue T.
Published: June 2009

The presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the sera of dogs infected withDirofilaria immitiswas detected by using a Clq-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specificity of this assay with different concentrations of heat-aggravated canine IgG (ACG) was observed, i.e., the ELISA readings, expressed as ug equivalents ACG/ml, increased with increasing amounts of ACG. The intra-assay variability was below 10%. The CIC levels of infected and uninfected dogs were 177–0± 104–7 ug/ml and 22–8±45–8 ng/ml (mean±SD), respectively. The highest level was observed in 12 dogs with amicrofilaraemic infection. Age distribution of CIC levels in the 23 infected dogs also showed a significant positive correlation. These findings suggested that the CIC are present in the sera of dogs with dirofilariasis and may relate to canine glomerulonephritis.
Studies of Anatrichosoma (Nematoda: Trichinellida) with Descriptions of Anatrichosoma rhina sp. n. and Anatrichosoma nacepobi sp. n. from the Nasal Mucosa of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Conrad Helen Davis , Wong Ming Ming
Published: June 2009

Anatrichosovta rhina sp. n. and Anatrichosoma nacepobi sp. n. from the mucosa of the nasal vestibule of Indian Macaca mulatta are described. Incidence of Anatrichosoma spp. infection of Old World primates ranged from less than 1% to 5% by faecal examination and from 17% to 50% by worm recovery at necropsy. Attempts at experimental infection were unsuccessful.
Echinostoma revolution (Froelich, 1802) Looss, 1899 and Isthmiophora melis (Schrank, 1788) Lühe, 1909 (Echinostomatinae, Digenea): Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surfaces
Authors: Smales Lesley R. , Blankespoor Harvey D.
Published: June 2009

A detailed study of the surface topography of the echinostomes Echinostoma revolution and Isthmiophora melis has been carried out using SEM. The tegument of the body surface has a cobblestone-like appearance with interspersed pits. The presence of possible secretory granules is noted. Observations of the anterior end reveal that the collar spines are retractable. An unusual structure is described from the ventral gap of the spiny collar of E. revolutum. The origins of this structure and the possible functions of the spiny collar are discussed. The shape and distribution of body spines is described. Differences in cirrus morphology for the two species are described. The taxonomic position of, I. melis and the significance of cirrus morphology as a useful taxonomic character are discussed. Four types of presumed sensory or secretory structures occur—ciliated, domed, button and bilobed papillae. Their distribution is described and possible functions discussed.
Stage-specific immunogens ofHymenolepis nanain mice
Authors: Ito Akira
Published: June 2009

Treatment with praziquantcl at the beginning of the lumen phase ofHymenolepis nanain mice showed conclusively that: (i) the mouse given eggs ofH. nanaproduces two separate immune responses against reinfection, one directed exclusively against the tissue phase of egg challenge (early response), the other against the lumen phase of cysticcrcoid challenge (late response); (ii) a tissue phase of egg inoculation is not necessary for initiating the late response but is necessary to provoke the early response; and (iii)H. nanaexpresses several stage-specific immunogens through its development in the mouse host.
Studies on Filariasis. II. Brugia pahangi: the Escape of Infective Larvae from the Mosquito
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Ho Beng Chuan
Published: June 2009

1. Aedes togoi infected with B. pahangi were allo'ved to engorge on mice, to probe (but not to feed) on live and on dead mice, and to engorge on blood and on honey from cotton-wool pledgets. The number of worms in the mosquitoes after feeding or probing was compared with the number in unfed controls.

2. These experiments suggest that increased l?aemocoelic pressure as a result of the insect's gut filling with blood does not trigger the escape of nematodes from the mouthparts.

3. Host factors such as moisture, warmth, and chemical stimuli in the blood do not appear to be of any real significance.

4. The bending back of the labium, as the fascicle is driven into the skin, seems to be highly important. Some factor (or factors) associated with the movement of the mouthparts appears to be directly and chiefly responsible for the egress of infective filariae from the mouthparts of the mosquito blood-feeding on its host.
A demonstration of the presence of anti-snail antibodies in individuals infected with Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Jackson T. F. H. G , De Moor P. P.
Published: June 2009

An extract of the snail Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, was used as the antigen in haemagglutination tests in a survey of the prevalence of anti-snail antibodies in various population groups. It was found that sera from known bilharzia-infected individuals and randomly selected individuals from bilhanda endemic areas had significantly higher incidences as well as higher titres of antibodies to this snail antigen than non-infected individuals and individuals from non-endemic areas.
Humoral immunity and output of first-stage larvae ofElaphostrongylus rangiferi(Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) by infected reindeer,Rangifer tarandus tarandus
Authors: Gaudernack G. , Halvoresen O. , Skorping A. , Stokkan K. A.
Published: June 2009

The use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique demonstrated that serum from reindeer,Rangifer tarandus tarandus, infected withElaphostrongylus rangiferi(Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) contained antibodies directed against antigen(s) on the cuticle of the parasites first-stage larvae (LI). Output of LI from the male reindeer was low in the period June to August, but increased to a higher level during the rutting season (September to October). The titre of specific antibody showed an inverse pattern. In the female reindeer, larval output remained high throughout the sampling period from January to July. During this period antibody titre was low. A relationship between stress (rutting season or calving period), immunity and larval output is suggested.
Soluble antigens and antibodies in the sera of mice infected withTrichinella spiralis, detected by a modified double counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique
Authors: Smith H. V. , Kennedy M. W.
Published: June 2009

Double counterimmunoelectrophoresis, with a novel well format, was used as a sensitive technique for the rapid detection of circulating antigen and antibody in mice infected withTrichinella spiralis. In a primary infection, soluble antigen was initially detected in day 13, followed by a second wave on day 41. Circulating antibody was first apparent on day 34, increasing in intensity and number of precipitation bands until day 102. The first peak of circulating antigen is indicative of non-complexed antigen released from the developing larvae in striated muscle cells, whereas the presence of antigen late in infection is indicative of electrophoresislabile immune complexes. On reinfection (day 35 of primary) circulating antigen was present which could be attributed to products of resident primary infection muscle larvae.
Effects of the host immune response on the longevity, fecundity and position in the intestine ofTrichinella spiralisin mice
Authors: Kennedy M. W.
Published: June 2009

In female NIH strain mice, expulsion of a primary infection of the nematodeTrichinella spiralisbegan on day 8 and was virtually complete by day 14 of infection. In secondary and tertiary infections, the number of larvae which established in the intestine was normal, but expulsion began on day 6 and was complete on day 10. In a primary infection the shedding of larvae by female worms began on day 5, reached its peak on days 6–7, began to decrease on day 8 and was minimal by day 10. In secondary and tertiary infections fecundity was depressed. The depression of fecundity occurred slightly in advance of worm loss. During the stable phase of infection,T. spiralisoccurred in the anterior half of the small intestine. During expulsion, living worms were found increasingly in more posterior parts of the gut but their fecundity did not vary with position. After direct inoculation into the posterior ileum, adult and larvalT. spiralisremained in the posterior half of the small intestine. In this position, larvae established in normal numbers, grew and reproduced normally. Therefore, any part of the small intestine was a suitable site forT. spiralisand expulsion is not merely due to a change in the position of the worms.
Recovery ofSchistosoma mansonifrom the skin, lungs and hepatic portal system of naive mice and mice previously exposed toS. mansoni: evidence for two phases of parasite attrition in immune mice
Authors: Smithers S. R. , Gammage K.
Published: June 2009

New or improved techniques for recoveringSchistosoma mansonifrom the skin, lungs and liver have enabled us to trace the attrition of a challenge infection in naive (i.e. previously uninfected) and chronically infected mice. Within each experiment, the numbers of schistosomes recovered from the skin of naive mice on day 2 after challenge or from the skin and lungs on days 3, 4 or 5, did not differ significantly from the numbers recovered from the liver on days 14, 21, 28 or 35. Approximately 65% of cercariae which penetrated the skin failed to be recovered from naive mice by any of the assays and it appeared that these schistosomes had already died in the skin in the first 24 h. No further significant loss of the infection was detected in naive mice. In chronically infected mice a further attrition of the challenge infection was demonstrated in two distinct phases. An ‘early phase’ occurred within the first 3 days of exposure and accounted for the death of 30% of the remaining parasites. A ‘late phase’ occurred between days 6 and 14 and accounted for an additional 43% of deaths. Thus, the two phases of attrition accounted for a loss of approximately 73% of the infection that would have survived in naive mice. The late phase of attrition could be demonstrated before the primary infection had matured, in contrast to the early phase of attrition which was seen only after egg laying had commenced. We believe that the early phase of attrition takes place in the skin and the late phase occurs after the schistosomes have left the lungs, either en route for the liver or as soon as they arrive in that organ. The results suggest that there are two distinct mechanisms of immunity against re-infection withS. mansoniin mice.
Use of excretory and secretory products from adult female worms to immunize rats and mice againstAngiostrongylus cantonensisinfection
Authors: Techasoponmani Ream , Sirisinha S.
Published: June 2009

To evaluate their protective potential, excretions and secretions of adult femaleAngiostrongylus cantonensiswere prepared from anin vitroculture fluid and injected together with Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants into rats and mice. Under appropriate conditions, judging from reduced mortality rates and/or prolonged survival periods, these animals were protected against a lethal challenge infection with 3rd-stage larvae. Although both ‘immunized’ and unimmunized mice died following such a lethal infection, the survival period for the ‘immunized’ group was significantly longer than that of unimmunized controls (40·8 compared with 26·7 days). On the other hand, the mortality rate of ‘immunized’ rats was reduced to 25% as compared with 100% in unimmunized controls. There was also evidence of adverse effects on parasite development in these ‘immunized’ rats. The number of young adult worms recovered from the brain 21 days after challenge infection and both the number and size of mature male and female worms in the lungs 60 days after infection were significantly reduced in the ‘immunized’ rats. Moreover, the reproductive activity of female worms was depressed, as evident from the output of 1st-stage larvae in the faeces and the number of eggs released during maintenancein vitro. The quantity of proteins released duringin vitromaintenance of adult worms in a chemically defined serum-free medium was 0·2–0·5 μ/worm/day. The concentrated culture fluid contained at least 7 different antigenic components when analysed with hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to female excretions and secretions (FES) antigen. Polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate showed the presence of 3 major and at least 12 minor protein components with molecular weights varying from 24000 to 115000 daltons. Different lines of evidence presented in this study show immunological cross-reactivity among antigens from different developmental stages.
Homologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections in mice
Authors: Sirag S. B. , Christensen N. Ø. , Frandsen F. , Monrad J. , Nansen P.
Published: June 2009

Homologous and heterologous resistance in Echinostoma revolutum infections was studied in mice. A high level of homologous resistance was demonstrated in mice harbouring a 13-day-old primary E. revolutum infection with 9–10 and 11–15 worms, corresponding to a 70·0 and 66·7% reduction in the size of the established worm burden as compared with that of the challenge control group. A 14- and 20-day-old primary infection with 3–4 worms induced a level of resistance of 61·7 and 81·8% respectively, while higher worm levels of 9–10 and 11–15 induced almost complete resistance corresponding to a 95·1–100% reduction in the size of the established worm burden. Complete resistance was also demonstrated in mice challenged 8 days after elimination of a 20-day-old primary infection with 11–15 worms by anthelmintic treatment. A primary 43-day-old Schistosoma mansoni infection induced a 73·1% reduction in the size of the established E. revolutum challenge infection while infections of an age of 79 and 99 days conferred complete resistance to heterologous challenge with E. revolutum. Primary pre-patent S. mansoni infections and a patent S. bovis infection of an age of 56 days did not induce any resistance to challenge with E. revolutum. A primary 14- and 21-day-old infection of E. revolutum did not stimulate any significant level of resistance to heterologous challenge with S. mansoni.
The involvement of cytokinins in a host–parasite relationship between the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
Authors: Bird A. F. , Loveys B. R.
Published: June 2009

The influence ofMeloidogyne javanicaon cytokinins in the hostLycopersicon esculentumhas been studied at different stages of the nematode's life-cycle. Marked differences were detected in cytokinin content of root homogenates between infected and control plants, particularly at the 3rd (32 day), 4th (39 day) and 5th (55 day) harvests. Most of the cytokinin detected appeared to be associated with root homogenates in which the nematode was in the rapid post-moult growth stage. The influence of these nematodes on cytokinins in the host's xylem exudate was not nearly so pronounced. The freshly hatched 2nd-stage infective larvae ofM. javanicawere themselves capable of exuding cytokinin-like substances.
The interaction of human eosinophils and neutrophils with non-phagocytosable surfaces: a model for studying cell-mediated immunity in schistosomiasis
Authors: Glauert Audrey M. , Oliver Rhonda C. , Thorne Kareen J. I.
Published: June 2009

A model has been developed to simulate the surface of an antibody-coated schistosomulum. It consists of a layer of agar, containing antigen (tetanus toxoid) and a chemotactic factor (ECF). Some layers were coated with human anti-tetanus immunoglobulin. The mode of adherence of human eosinophils and neutrophils to these agar layers and the subsequent degranulation of the cells exactly paralleled the interaction of these cell types with antibody-coated schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni. In particular, eosinophils made much more intimate contact than did neutrophils, and lysosomal enzymes were secreted extracellularly by direct fusion of granules with the plasma membrane of the cell. Biochemical evidence was also obtained for the secretion of enzymes during degranulation and the rate of enzyme release was found to be enhanced in the presence of specific antibody. This model, non-phagocytosable surface has the potential to provide basic information on the mode of action of effector cells in cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions against a wide range of parasites by incorporation of different factors into the agar layers.
Echinococcus granulosus equinus: variation in the germinal layer of murine hydatids and evidence of autophagy
Authors: Richards K. Sylvia , Arme C. , Bridges Janine F.
Published: June 2009

The germinal layer of sterile 9-month-old murine peritoneal cysts of Echinococcus granulosus equinus shows interrelated variation in depth, tissue integrity, metabolic reserves and the number of autophagic lamellar bodies present. These features are similar in large and medium-sized cysts from the same host, whether occurring singly or within cyst masses. Deep germinal layers (> 16 μm) are lipid- and glycogen-rich and possess numerous autophagic vacuoles with 6 nm period lamellar stacks asymmetrically disposed peripherally; shallow layers (< 12 μm), with indications of degeneration, have depleted metabolic reserves and fewer lamellar bodies. These bodies are formed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum encirclement of small glycogen masses followed by further sequestration, and eventually definition of glycogen particles may be lost. Autophagy of mitochondria and cytoplasmic vesicles also occurs. The presence of lysosomal enzymes within the layer suggests autolysosomal compartmentalization of excess substrate and effete material. Mucopolysaccharide bodies, containing material similar to that exocytosed to form the laminated layer matrix, occur and are formed from fusion and autophagy of Golgi-derived vesicles. These bodies may also develop peripheral 6 nm period lamellar stacks, but of limited depth. Mucopolysaccharide bodies are the dominant feature of the germinal layer of very small cyst-mass cysts in which laminated layer production is considered to be arrested. They thus represent a repository for the unreleased mucopolysaccharide material.
Schistosoma mansoni: cellular reactions to challenge infections in the cheek pouch skin of chronically infected Chinese hamsters
Authors: Crabtree Jean E. , Wilson R. A.
Published: June 2009

The cellular reactions to the migration of challenge schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansonithrough the cheek pouch skin in Chinese hamsters immunized 20 weeks previously via the abdomen has been investigated at the ultrastructural level. The composition of the leucocytic infiltrate into the dermis and epidermis changed with time after infection. At 24 and 48 h the infiltrate was composed mainly of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. At 72 h fewer neutrophils but more eosinophils were present. The interaction of the leucocytes with the challenge schistosomula is described. Degranulation of eosinophils at the cell-parasite interface has been observed. Despite the fact that approximately 30% of 48 h schistosomula and 50% of 72 h schistosomula examined had adherent leucocytes only a few of the parasites exhibited signs of damage, consisting of tegumental vacuolation and changes in the electron opacity of the tegumental cytoplasm. There was no strong evidence of increased attrition of challenge schistosomula in the cheek pouch skin relative to the primary infection, although some dead challenge parasites were observed. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of the attrition of challenge infections in the Chinese hamster occurs at a post-dermal location.
Experimental studies of age-prevalence curves forSchistosoma mansoniinfections in populations ofBiomphalaria glabrata
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Crombie Jenny
Published: June 2009

We report the results of experimental studies of the generation of age-prevalence curves forSchistosoma mansoniinfections in laboratory populations ofBiomphalaria glabrata. Within snail populations of varying sizes and age structures, the net force of infection is shown to be linearly dependent on the rate at which miracidia are introduced into the aquatic habitat of the host. For individual snails, the per capita force of infection is shown to be related to snail age and size, and the death rate of shedding snails is demonstrated to be dependent on the period of time during which a snail has been releasing cercariae. Both factors are important determinants of the proportion of infected snails within populations of hosts and may generate convex age-prevalence curves. Comparisons of snail abundance in populations either exposed, or not exposed, to infection suggest thatS. mansonican act to significantly depress the population growth of its intermediate host. Mathematical models are developed, encorporating the age structure of snail populations, to aid in the interpretation of experimental results.
Glucose and pyruvate catabolism inLitomosoides carinii
Authors: Ramp Th. , Köhler P.
Published: June 2009

The filarial wormLitomosoides cariniishowed a rapid uptake of glucose duringin vitroincubation. This uptake proceeded linearly with time, and was significantly higher under aerobic compared to anoxic conditions. Under an atmosphere of nitrogen the worms converted glucose almost quantitatively to lactate, whereas in the presence of oxygen appreciable quantities of acetate, acetoin and CO2, in addition to lactate, were formed. Although aerobically only 73% of the carbohydrate carbon could be accounted for by the latter products as well as by a net glycogen synthesis, attempts to identify other compounds presumed to be derived from glucose metabolism have been unsuccessful. The complete sequence of the glycolytic enzymes was detected in particulate-free cytosolic extracts of the filarial worm. With the exception of 6-phosphofructokinase, all glycolytic enzyme activities were considerably higher than those reported for rat liver. In addition,L. cariniipossesses the entire set of enzymes catalysing the eight successive reaction steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. On a mitochondrial protein basis, the specific activities of these enzymes were similar to those present in rat liver. Various enzymatic activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain were detected in the parasite. These include low levels of NADH and cytochrome c oxidases, but a high activity value for NADH dehydrogenase. Cell-free extracts and the mitochondrial fraction of the worms were found to exhibit an enzyme capable of catalysing the decarboxylation of pyruvate. Since this activity was stimulated 5- to 20-fold by the cofactors known to be required by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of other animal cells, pyruvate decarboxylation and thus acetate formation in the parasite may be mediated by an enzyme similar to, or identical with, the pyruvate dehydrogenase system. Isotopic carbon balance studies and experiments in which substrates specifically labelled with14C were employed showed that substrate carbon can to some extent enter into respiratory CO2. From these and the enzymatic analyses it is suggested that complete oxidation of carbon substrate may be of relevance as an energy-conserving pathway in the filarial worm.
Transfer of immunity against Hymenolepis nana in mice with lymphoid cells or serum from infected donors
Authors: Palmas C. , Wakelin D. , Gabriele F.
Published: June 2009

Immunity to Hymenolepis nana was adoptively transferred to recipient mice of 4 strains using mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC), spleen cells (SC), and/or serum taken from infected donor mice. Donor cells capable of transferring immunity appeared in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen at an early stage (5 days) after infection. Immunity was most effectively transferred with MLNC and immune serum did not enhance this effect. It is suggested that effective immunity to H. nana involves both antibody and T cell-mediated inflammatory events.
Commercialisation of a recombinant vaccine againstBoophilus microplus
Authors: Willadsen P. , Bird P. , Cobon G. S. , Hungerford J.
Published: June 2009

Increasingly, there is need for methods to control cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestations by the use of non-chemical technology. This need is brought about by a mixture of market forces and the failure or inadequacy of existing technology. A recombinant vaccine has now been developed against the tick. This vaccine relies on the uptake with the blood meal of antibody directed against a critical protein in the tick gut. The isolation of the vaccine antigen, Bm86, and its production as a recombinant protein is briefly described. The vaccine has been tested in the field, has been taken through the full registration process and is now in commercial use in Australia. A related development has occurred in Cuba. The potential for improvement of the current vaccine and for the development of similar vaccines against other haematophagous parasites is discussed.
Note on the Mode of Multiplication of Piroplasma bovis as observed in the living Parasite
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper, Nuttall and Graham-Smith (Parasitology, 1908, vol. i. p. 134) described the appearances presented by P. bovis in stained films, and showed that they agreed with those of P. canis and P. pitheci with regard to the presence of the “budding” or multiplication forms. The multiplication of P. bovis in fresh blood films remained, however, to be described.
Some Remarks on the Genus Leucocytozoon
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: June 2009

A good deal of doubt still exists in many quarters as to the exact meaning of the term Leucocytozoon applied to certain Haematozoa. The term Leucocytozoaire was first used by Danilewsky in writing of certain parasites he had found in the blood of birds. In a later publication he uses the term Leucocytozoon for the same parasites though he does not employ it as a true generic title. In this latter sense it was first employed by Ziemann who named the parasite of an owlLeucocytozoon danilewskyi, thus establishing this parasite the type species of the new genusLeucocytozoon. It is perhaps hardly necessary to mention that Danilewsky and Ziemann both used this name because they considered the parasite in question to inhabit a leucocyte of the bird's blood. There has arisen some doubt as to the exact nature of this host-cell. Some authorities consider it to be a very much altered red blood corpuscle, some perhaps more correctly an immature red blood corpuscle, while others adhere to the original view of Danilewsky as to its leucocytic nature. It must be clearly borne in mind that the nature of the host-cell does not in any way affect the generic nameLeucocytozoon. If it could be conclusively proved that the host-cell is in every case a red blood corpuscle the nameLeucocytozoonwould still remain as the generic title though it would have ceased to be descriptive.
The Treatment of Surra in Horses by Means of Arsenic and its Derivatives
Authors: Holmes J. D. E
Published: June 2009

The value of arsenic in the treatment of trypanosomiasis is no new discovery.

Evans (1880), who described the first pathogenic trypanosome, recommended the administration of arsenic. Lingard (1899), for many years, investigated surra in India and treated twenty-one horses suffering from that disease with arsenious acid. One horse survived. His system of treatment was, the administration of arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution, commencing with 5 grains, twice daily and gradually increasing to 10 grains. Treatment extended over several months; the total amount of arsenic given, in some instances, amounted to over 2,000 grains. During the period of treatment intermissions of 30 to 50 days were recorded, but all the animals, with one exception, finally succumbed to the disease. Bruce (1897 and 1903), treating nagana in Zululand, gave 6 to 12 grains of arsenic in form of arsenite of soda to horses and asses suffering from that disease. Trypanosomes remained absent during the period of treatment, but reappeared immediately treatment ceased. Trélut (1907) claims to have cured cases of dourine by the daily administration of 3 to 6 grammes of arsenious acid. Archangeliky and Novikoff (1907) also record cases of dourine cured by them with arsenite of sodium and cacodylic acid. Marchal (1903) stated that he cured five stallions suffering from dourine by subcutaneous injections of 1 gramme of cacodylate of soda. Loeffler and Ruehs (1908) record a number of successful experiments on animals affected with nagana, which they treated with a solution of arsenious acid. They consider this solution to be a specific cure and a prophylactie for nagana. Laveran and Thiroux (1907–8) repeated these experiments and came to conclusions different form those of Loeffler and Ruehs.
Remarks on the foregoing Note by Dr Andrew Balfour
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Dr Balfour's note raises the question whether Spirochaeta bovis caffris is a blood parasite or an organism derived from the alimentary canal owing to the entry of intestinal contents into the blood or blood stream consequent upon the effects of gunshot wounds. I must confess that this source of error did not occur to me in this case.
The Development of Trypanosoma lewisi outside the Vertebrate Host
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

From the results of our experiments we may conclude that the development of T. lewisi outside the invertebrate host is not confined to one species or genus, but may take place at least in the rat louse and the rat flea and also (though perhaps more incompletely) in the bed-bug. We see further that development needs not always to be combined with longevity in the invertebrate host, but that sometimes life without development may be longer than with it (behaviour in the tick compared to that in the louse).

When we compare the behaviour of T. lewisi in the four invertebrate hosts studied here, we see that the most complete cycle takes place in the flea, where forms are produced which are never found in cultures. In the louse the development may be truly described as a natural culture; in the bug, the development (as far as we could judge by our incomplete experiment) does not even produce all the cultural forms (only the crithidiae) and at last in the tick the trypanosomes do not develop at all but are only preserved for some time.

We finish this paper by thanking Professor Nuttall for the liberal way in which he enabled us to carry out these experiments, and for the keen interest he always took in our work.
On Two Collections of Indian Ticks
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

A small but extremely interesting collection of Ticks and other Arachnids was brought over from Ceylon by Mr C. C. Dobell in 1909, and was supplemented by a few tubes sent subsequently by Dr A. Willey from the same island. While these were being examined, a large consignment of ticks was received from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, being in fact the whole collection of the museum. The two collections may be conveniently dealt with in the present paper, which will give a list of the species they respectively contain, and a description of the new forms—five new species and three new varieties—which they jointly afford.
The transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

(1) About 30% of the O. moubata from Uganda have been found to be immune to infection with S. duttoni.

(2) When infected ticks are kept at ordinary temperatures (about 21°C). the following parts of the body are found to harbour the infection :—gut + contents, sexual organs, Malpighian tubules, excrement.

The following parts were found to be uninfective:—salivary glands, coxal fluid.

(3) When infected ticks are kept at a temperature of about 35°C. for two or three days previous to dissection, all the organs of the body, including the salivary glands, are found to be infective. Moreover the incubation periods that elapse before the appearance of spirochaetes in the injected mice are shorter than in the case of the corresponding experiments with ticks that had not been kept at a high temperature.

(4) No spirochaetes have been detected in any of the organs of infected ticks that had been kept at a temperature of about 21°C. When a tick ingests blood containing spirochaetes, the latter persist in the lumen of the gut for periods varying from a few days up to as long as four weeks; usually, however, they disappear from the gut in the course of nine or ten days.

(5) When infected ticks are heated to a temperature of 35°C. for two or three days, spirochaetes reappear in the lumen of the gut, and also appear in all the organs of the tick, and in the coelomic fluid.

(6) The spirochaetal infection that may follow the bite of an infected O. moubata results from the entrance of the infective material, excreted by the tick whilst feeding, into the open wound caused by the tick's bite. It is not the result of the inoculation of infective material from the salivary glands.
Note on Colouration in Ticks
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The ornamentation so characteristic in Amblyomma, Aponomma, Dermacentor, and occasionally met with in species of Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, is of use to the systematist in the differentiation of species. In many descriptions of ornate Ixodidae the colours are referred to as “metallic” owing to the sheen they possess when the ticks are preserved in alcohol.
The Anatomy ofArgas persicus(Oken 1818)
Authors: Robinson L. E. , Davidson J.
Published: June 2009

This subject has already been considered in some of its aspects in the first part of this paper, but the methods which apply more especially to the study of the internal anatomy will now be dealt with.
Notes on Head- and Body-Lice and upon Temperature Reactions of Lice and Mosquitoes
Authors: Howlett F. M.
Published: June 2009

The examination of a large number of individual lice in India, where the facilities for obtaining material are unusually good, has impressed me with the fact that the characters ordinarily given as differentiating corporis from capitis are all to a greater or less extent inconstant and unreliable. In general, however, capitis is more heavily chitinized and the chitin is of a darker colour with less smooth outlines. The size is very variable, but corporis has an easier life and is more often large.
Notes on Ticks
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Hyalomma monstrosum, Nuttall and Warburton, 1907 (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., Vol. XIV. pp. 392–416, figs. 41–45 of the ♂). The female is here described for the first time.