bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Murder in the Library or the Death of the Librarian
Authors: Hemming Ann
Published: July 2008

First of all, apologies for the title. This article is based on a talk I was asked to give to the Welsh Law Librarians Group at their inaugural meeting. I was allocated the graveyard slot in the afternoon and it was intended to be something to make everyone wake up. There is nothing like suggesting librarians are no longer needed to do just that.The purpose of this piece is to look at developments in legal information provision — and information provision generally — over the past five to ten years.
XML
Authors: Beesley Karen
Published: July 2008

In the identification, evaluation and acquisition of suitable computer related software products and skills, as well as Internet products and skills, organisations have continuously sought to streamline their business processes. Historically the route taken has been dictated by the outcome of previous decisions — organisations have been governed by their chosen hardware and software environments or had to justify significant re-investment in a change of direction. This could, however, all be about to change radically in the immediate future.
New Challenges for the Subscription Service at the IALS
Authors: Hamilton Alice
Published: July 2008

First, here is a quick recap for those not familiar with the Library and the Document Supply Service. The Institute Library is a postgraduate academic research library, known for its collections of foreign and international law, particularly Commonwealth law. The main funding for the Institute and its library comes from HEFC. However, in our experience, the collections need to be available to practitioners. Lawyers may not always be willing or able to visit the library in person so a commercial document supply service was devised in the early 1990s, to meet a legal need and to help serve the administration of justice. A significant side-effect of the document supply service has become its ability to generate income to supplement the annual grant from HEFC. The workings of the scheme are set out fully in Gee (1999) but, in outline, practitioners must Join the Library as subscribers and are then able to access our priced document supply service. Full details are available at http://ials.sas.ac.uk/library/iservice/iservice.htm.
Employment Law Information Sources
Authors: Ogden David
Published: July 2008

An indexed and annotated copy of the Employment Rights Act 1996 as amended at 1st January 2000, including amendments made by the Employment Relations Act 1999, is included on the professional area of this Web site. DiscLaw Publishing Ltd provides e-LOAD (employment Law on a Disc). The subscription service includes CD-ROMs updated every six months plus a password to their Internet site, updated every three weeks with the latest employment law developments. The site also contains lots of free information based on an earlier issue of the CD.

Costs: Prices start from £5 plus VAT a day for the professional service (£190 plus VAT p.a.)

Contact DiscLaw Publishing Ltd 0870 751 8905 www.emplaw.co.uk
A Long Way from Home
Authors: Presser Prue
Published: July 2008

Many years ago, not long after I first started work in an academic library in Northern New South Wales, I had a conversation with a colleague about how exciting it would be to work in ‘an old, traditional university like Oxford’ in what seemed from a distance, a ‘real university’ as opposed to the smallish modern one I was currently employed in. This vague musing on a quiet afternoon during the stifling build up of a regular afternoon tropical storm was strangely prophetic. In between assisting individual students with their research into the relationship between aliens and the Internet (I'm not joking), I was dreaming about the musty old collections, academic robes, traditions and reading rooms which reeked of intellectual strain and rigour. Well, you know what they say about being careful what you wish for!
BM+IM=KM
Authors: Robinson Lesley
Published: July 2008

Uttering the phrase knowledge management (KM) evokes all sorts of facial expressions in different audiences ranging from bewilderment, confusion and non-chalance through to blatant boredom. As an independent consultant working in this area, I am particularly attuned to these facial expressions when I address I this subject. I prefer my clients to be in the ‘bewildered’ or ‘confused’ state as this indicates they think that KM could be important to them but they are not sure how it could impact their businesses. Many also have an underlying enthusiasm for the topic as there is still a lot of buzz and talk about the ‘knowledge economy’. Those in the ‘non-chalant’ and ‘bored’ categories are much harder to turn around as they have probably ‘already tried knowledge management and it didn’t work. Their initial enthusiasm has turned to cynicism, they do not like being told they got it wrong but they are looking for ways to recoup their investment of both time and money.
Intranets and Extranets in Law Firms
Authors: White Martin
Published: July 2008

In early 2002, Legal Week, in conjunction with PA Consulting Group, published a survey of how the major law firms in the UK are using IT as a management and competitive weapon. The survey, targeted at both managing partners and IT directors of the top 100 law firms in the UK, was carried out during the latter part of 2001. An article highlighting the main results of the survey was published in Legal IT (www.legalit.net) and reported that law firms currently spend between 2% and 10% of their turnover on IT each year, the average being 5.5%. Client portal and knowledge management (KM) are the two areas of greatest activity in the near future (cited by 27% and 30% of the survey sample respectively).
E-Product Review
Authors: Heaney Siobban
Published: July 2008

Murdoch's Irish Legal Companion is a CD-ROM and Web-based product from Topaz Publications and Lendac Data Systems. It incorporates a new edition of A Dictionary of Irish Law as well as the full text of cited Acts and statutory instruments from 1922 to 2000. I reviewed the Dictionary on CD-ROM.

The coverage of the Dictionary is fairly extensive, providing definitions of approximately 6,500 thousand legal definitions with cross references and hyperlinks to related terms, legislation and relevant Web sites.
Sweet & Maxwell's acquisition of Lawtel
Authors: Beecham Wendy
Published: July 2008

Following the intense interest generated within the legal information profession by the acquisition of Lawtel announced by Sweet & Maxwell on August 2, 2002, the Editorial Board asked Wendy Beecham to grant us an interview to enable her to communicate to us the rationale behind the takeover. Wendy very kindly agreed to speak to me and the following is a report of our conversation, which covered not just Lawtel, but also included a follow-up to the interview Wendy gave to Laurence Eastham shortly after she became Managing Director of Sweet & Maxwell in I 999, and published in the Law Librarian.
The Lawtel Takeover: 2
Authors: Bebbington Laurence
Published: July 2008

My first contact with the Lawtel service was when we initiated a trial of the database for the Law School at the University of Birmingham in the mid-1990s. Following that trial we decided not to subscribe – a decision which seemed to confound the sales representative at the time. However, about nine to twelve months later we had a second trial. This was largely “encouraged” by new members of staff who had joined the School in the intervening period and by the fact that the service had been revamped and relaunched. Following that trial we took out a subscription. My own continuing inclination was not to subscribe. But there was enough of a feeling in the School at that time for me to accept the wishes of my academic colleagues. I have subsequently moved to the University of Nottingham Law School and although we also subscribe, some of the reasons that influenced my decision not to want to subscribe to the service persist today and they are as follows.
Competition aspects of the Sweet & Maxwell takeover of Lawtel
Authors: Singleton Susan
Published: July 2008

Sweet & Maxwell's acquisition of Lawtel has certainly caused librarians some concerns. The legal sector has rarely seen so many mergers and takeovers, having reached almost the point of a true anti-trust duopoly operating. Concerns have been expressed about the concentration of market power between Sweet & Maxwell and Butterworths. This article examines some of the competition law issues which arise.
The Way we Were: Liverpool 1970: continuity and change
Authors: Tearle Barbara
Published: July 2008

Last year in Cork when I added my voice to that of BIALL's incoming chairman to encourage attendance at the 2002 conference at Liverpool, I reminded delegates that Liverpool would be a return to the venue of BIALL's first conference. This announcement met with reactions ranging from “so what”, “not another anniversary” to a fascination with what it was like in the “olden days”. Gradually BIALL's Chair and others (Brian Murray of Legal Library Services in particular) persuaded me to give a session at the conference. Brian was insistent that Liverpool 1970 was part of the heritage of BIALL members and that they ought to be reminded of it from time to time. I should like to acknowledge help in preparing this paper from Mary Blake and Derek Way and the invaluable aide memoire of Mary Blake's history of BIALL (Blake, 2000).
The Way we Were, the Way we live now: ouRBase at Richards Butler
Authors: Worley Loyita
Published: July 2008

Whilst preparing for my talk at the BIALL Conference and bearing in mind the session during which I was speaking, it struck me how many things had changed since I started out in law librarianship. The foremost of these is definitely the development of information technology, which has had an immediate and prolonged impact on how we provide services to our users in both law firms and in academic libraries. This is something of which we are all aware – the shift from paper, firstly to CD Rom, then online and latterly to internet based services.
Transactional Legal Learning on the Web
Authors: Maharg Paul
Published: July 2008

‘Transactional learning’ at its simplest means learning from doing transactions. When professionals learn they often do so, as Donald Schön reminds us, by learning from within transactions – ‘knowing-in-action’. By this Schön means that professionals solve problems by constructing for themselves a repertoire of precedents, images and remembered actions. Problems are not solved by using rules alone, but are framed or constructed according to the repertoire. Professionals try out solutions for fit, re-frame, feed back to themselves, try out other solutions. The result is what Schön calls ‘;reflection-in-action’. According to him, this is what produces the doctor's “feel’ for a specific diagnosis, or a lawyer's ‘feel’ for a case, (Schon 1983).
the JSI in Canada: Part 2
Authors: Stant Phil
Published: July 2008

Wow! when I opened the letter to find I had won another bursary I could not believe my luck. Five years ago I had gone to the Canadian Law Librarians' Conference in New Brunswick and had had a brilliant time. On this occasion it was the Joint Study Institute of the three law library associations, held at Victoria, Vancouver, British Columbia. Aynsley's report has outlined the highlights of the lectures. I am approaching it from a slightly different and more personal angle.
Electronic Sources of UK Legislation: BIALL & SCOOP Joint seminar Report
Authors: Butcher David
Published: July 2008

This well-attended full-day seminar on 22 April 2002 was held at the British Library Conference Centre, a comfortable venue with space for a small exhibition by the main legal information providers separate from the auditorium. It was organised jointly by BIALL and SCOOP (Standing Committee on Official Publications). Speakers included Sarah Carter (University of Kent), Alan Pawsey of HMSO, Tony Hopkins from the Statutory Publications Office and Joe Ury, Executive Director of BAILII. The afternoon focused on the commercial providers of legal information, providing a forum for speakers from Context, Westlaw UK, LEXIS and Lawtel.
Civil Procedure Rules Resources
Authors: Webster Mandy
Published: July 2008

The basic resource is the Lord Chancellor's Department with the full text of the CPR, practice directions, schedules and pre-action protocols available in Word, pdf and html formats. The major advantage of this resource is its currency, with updated versions appearing here first. The opening page provides clear information on the latest changes and when they come into force. Consultation papers on civil matters are also provided in full.
CaLIM: Current Awareness for Legal Information Managers Web Database
Authors: Gee David , Whittle Steven
Published: July 2008

This paper provides a brief introduction to caLIM, the Current Awareness for Legal Information Managers (http://193.62.18.223/dbtw-wpd/textbase/cadquery.htm) web database developed at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London and made freely available on the IALS Web site.
IT in the Law
Authors: Bebbington Laurence W.
Published: July 2008

Earlier in the year Context launched Link Studio, an e-publishing program that automates the creation of hypertext links within documents. It eliminates the need for manual editing. The program can identify bibliographic citations, named entities (e.g. companies, organisations) and pre-defined words and phrases, interprets the varying ways in which such data can be presented and uses the resulting information to locate the cited document. It then automatically converts the reference into a link to it. This can lead to much faster link creation within documents. It may be useful for users who have neither the time nor the inclination to increase the utility of documents by engaging in laborious manual editing and creation of links. Where information sharing, resource management and easy navigation between sources (using intranets, for example) is crucial such programs may be valuable. The technology is similar to Context's existing i-Link and it now works with Word 97 (and upwards) documents. See www.syntalex.com/solutions/acl_whatlink.html.
All change Reskilling for the 21st century
Authors: Owen Tim
Published: July 2008

I'd like to begin with a voyage round my grandfather. Captain Robert Owen was a native of Liverpool. He lived for most of his life not five miles from where we're gathered now. He was a sea captain and he worked for the Harrison Line, a cargo firm trading out of Liverpool to West Africa and America. One of his early commands, from 1899 to 1906, was the cargo vessel Logician. He rose eventually to be commodore captain of the line - and this wasn't because of what he could do, but because of what he knew.
Developing a Data Protection Policy for an Information Service
Authors: Kendall Malcolm
Published: July 2008

A brief, but very informative, summary of the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) is contained in Legal Information Management in the Summer 2001 issue. This article doesn't attempt to replicate that summary but will examine some of the key decisions that need to be made in developing a policy that will enable the University of Birmingham to conform to the Act, its eight data protection principles, and the University's Data Protection policy when processing personal data and the practical procedures needed to deal with personal data processing in an information service.
Electoral Registration: Ethical Implications and the Law Librarian
Authors: Gordon-Till Jonathan
Published: July 2008

In the United Kingdom the electoral roll or register is one of the most fundamental resources for accessing information about adult UK residents. Apart from the register itself, third parties have traditionally made use of the raw name and address data to provide members of the public or certain professions access to derived databases, data sets or re-packaged raw data.
The Grand Tour
Authors: Clinch Peter
Published: July 2008

“Seen one library, seen the lot. Drive on!”

Reputedly, this command was uttered by the President of an emerging African nation to his chauffeur, when his official visit to the campus of the state university was running behind schedule. After visiting over fifty university and three national libraries in the last 18 months as part of the data collection phase of the FLAG project, I am able to report that, in the UK at least, the generalisation is not valid.
Law Libraries for life: democracy, diversity, delivery
Authors: Byrne David
Published: July 2008

IFLA is the leading international body representing the interests of library and information services and their users. This global voice of the library and information profession, provides librarians around the world with a forum for exchanging ideas, promoting international cooperation, and research and development in all fields of library activity. As a legal information professional I achieved a number of significant personal and professional objectives in attending the conference.
IFLA August 2002 a first-timer's perspective
Authors: Jones Simon
Published: July 2008

I arrived in Glasgow on the Sunday afternoon with a week ahead of me discovering more about librarianship. How interesting was this likely to be?
ALLG Symposium Brisbane, September 2002
Authors: Salters Cheryl
Published: July 2008

Having worked in law librarianship in the United Kingpdom for almost five years and known colleagues who had attended overseas conferences, I always thought what a wonderful opportunity it is to attend an overseas conference. Where else would you be able to meet like-minded folk from a completely different part of the world and possibly also a different culture? When I saw that the 2002 ALLG symposium was being held in Brisbane I decided this was the year I should apply to attend. Of course the fact that I have friends who live near Brisbane did not influence my thought process or affect my enthusiasm to attend!
From Harmony to Discord?
Authors: Norman Sandy
Published: July 2008

By the Spring of this year, if all goes to plan, there will be changes to our current laws on copyright. EC Directive 2001/29/EC on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society is soon to be implemented into legislation in all Member States. This article describes the reasons behind the changes, what the changes are and how they affect the library and information sector.
Copyright Resources
Authors: Webster Mandy
Published: July 2008

This site contains information on copyright, designs, patents and trademarks. The legal decisions page includes selected decisions issued by the Patent Office since the beginning of 1998 and links through to the Patents Court website, European Patent Office website and Copyright Tribunal. News and press releases on aspects of intellectual property and the Trade Mark, Patent and Design Journal notices can also be viewed here with all pages including a note of when they were last updated. A page with information on patent and trademark searches and a search facility for the whole site is available. A list of forms can be accessed and viewed along with guidance notes and fees information. Progress on implementation of the EU Copyright Directive is brief but helpful. The glossary of terms covers very few terms and some pages would benefit from hyperlinks being added such as the information about international treaties. URL: http://www.patent.gov.uk/copy/index.htm
System Migration: the use of penLib in a law firm library
Authors: Webster Mandy
Published: July 2008

On joining Browne Jacobson just over six years ago I inherited a paper based catalogue and notebook of items taken from the library which were then crossed out on return. Quickly finding this was impractical and cumbersome to use, to the point where it very often was not used, one of the main priorities was to automate the catalogue and circulation system as quickly as possible. Calm 2000 was purchased as a stand-alone system in the library with capacity for up to 10,000 records and worked well initially but as fee earners gained increasing access to a wide variety of resources and other local library catalogues from their own PCs demand grew for access to in-house library holdings and the cataloguing of websites, online journals and internally generated documents. Difficulties arose in using a stand-alone system when I ceased to be a solo, particularly for receipt of journals and loose leafs. The firm had also expanded significantly in size and opened an additional office. Libraries in the London and Birmingham offices being smaller than the main library at the Nottingham office created demand for holdings information to facilitate loans between offices.
A Code of Ethics for BIALL?
Authors: Gordon-Till Jonathan
Published: July 2008

In recent years BIALL has informally addressed the question of a Code of Ethics for its members. Discussions have taken place in the Professional Standards and Development Committee, and the issue has been raised cursorily by Council in its occasional meetings. Hitherto, however, there has been no attempt at formally addressing the question of ethics specifically for law librarians in the UK or the Republic of Ireland.
Law Enforcement and Libraries in the UK: Privacy, Proportionality & Good Practice
Authors: Charlesworth Andrew
Published: July 2008

When we examine the implications of US and UK governmental responses to the events of 9/11 for the privacy rights of their citizens, we have to begin from the understanding that even prior to 9/11 there were relatively few congruencies between the two legal systems. While neither country has an explicit constitutional right to privacy, in the US the Supreme Court decided in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) that for many of the other constitutional rights to be meaningful, there had to be at least an implicit right to privacy derivable from the Constitution. In contrast, the concept of a right of personal privacy, to protect the individual from third parties generally, or from government in particular, is one which, until recently, has been largely alien to the law of the United Kingdom. Unlike the situation in the United States, the judiciary in the UK has consistently declined to provide specific sectoral privacy rights, via the common law, that might eventually be developed into a general right of privacy. Legislative attempts to create such a general right have met with an equal lack of enthusiasm. Where specific sectoral statutory protections of privacy have been adopted by the UK Parliament they have, almost without exception, come about as a result of pressures at an international level, not the least as a result of actions, or threats of actions, under the European Convention on Human Rights, or as a result of economic requirements consequent upon the UK's membership of the EU.
The Development of E-government Policy for Local Authorities
Authors: Cirell Stephen , Bennett John
Published: July 2008

E-government first came on the scene for local authorities in 1999 with the publication of the White Paper Modernising Government by the Cabinet Office. The Government of the time was persuaded that, due to the substantial and high publicity advances in online and dot.com businesses, public services in general and local government functions in particular would have to be capable of being delivered technologically. If this was not to be the case, then the Government expected a backlash from those who could buy goods online, download music from Internet sites and post messages on bulletin boards but who could not report a fault, make a complaint or pay their council tax in a similar way. Ironically, during the intervening years, the business world has seen the dot.com crash and many of the young upstart businesses which appeared on the scene around that time have either gone bust or been swallowed up by more traditional businesses that approached the electronic agenda much more slowly and cautiously. This means that one of the main drivers to have e-government at all, has substantially reduced in its ferocity.
SLS/BIALL Academic Law Library Survey 2001/2002
Authors: Clinch Peter
Published: July 2008

The following report outlines the activities and funding of academic law libraries in the UK and Ireland in the academic year 2001/2002. The figures have been taken from the results of a postal questionnaire undertaken by Information Services staff at Cardiff University on behalf of the Society of Legal Scholars (SLS).
Current Legal Research Topics Database
Authors: Power Gerry
Published: July 2008

From the 1960s to the late 1980s, the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Library produced an annual List of Current Legal Research Topics. The most recent annual issue was published in 1988 and listed the subjects of research currently being pursued (i.e. provisional dissertation titles) by students registered for research degrees in law (e.g. PhD, MPhil) at higher education institutions in the UK.
Law-Making and Devolution: the Welsh Experience
Authors: Roddick Winston
Published: July 2008

Bore da. Diolch am fy nghyflwyno mewn ffordd mon garrdeig. A gai hefyd ddiolch i ch Cymdeithias am fy nghwahodd i chwarae rhan yn eich cenhadledd blynyddol yma ym mrhif ddinas Cymru. Ar ran y Cynulliad Cenedlaethol, Croes i Gymru.

Good morning. Thank you for your introduction Madam Chairman. On behalf of the national Assembly for Wales, it is my considerable pleasure to welcome your annual conference to Wales and to its capital city, Cardiff.
The Nature of Canadian Federalism
Authors: Eaton John
Published: July 2008

There is little sense in launching into a discussion of the nature of Canadian federalism to a non-Canadian audience without first providing a thumbnail sketch of Canadian history to provide some context for that discussion.
Legal Education in Albania Programme (LEAP)
Authors: Lynwood Wendy
Published: July 2008

The programme is a twinning arrangement between the University of Tirana Faculty of Law and a Middlesex University Consortium, consisting of the Institute of Social and Health Research, Middlesex University, the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, the London Metropolitan University Department of Law, Governance and International Relations, the European Public Law Center, Education for Change Ltd and Cavendish Publishing, and has three main aims:

• to help train and thus produce better qualified staff

• to improve the institutional management of the Law Faculty

• to prepare teaching, learning and research material that meets the needs of students entering the legal profession.

Within the main programme there is a library strand. This aims to develop the range of services provided by the faculty law library in order to support academics and students to the highest possible level given available resources. It was to help facilitate this development that the visit to Hendon took place.
Ion two‐stream instabilities in the auroral acceleration zone
Authors: Muschietti L. , Roth I.
Published: July 2008

Ion beams streaming upward out of the ionosphere are frequently observed in the auroral acceleration cavity. They mainly consist of H+ and O+ ions drifting along the magnetic field lines and are believed to have been accelerated upward by the same parallel potential drop at the transition from the topside ionosphere. Due to the mass difference, H+ and O+ form two distinct beams drifting at different speeds, whereby two‐stream instabilities may develop. Here we present 1D and 2D PIC simulations of the interaction between the H+ and O+ beams in the cavity. Our model describes an open system, where a population of hot plasma sheet protons and hot electrons is at rest while H+ and O+ are constantly injected at the boundary, emulating thus the ion influx from the bottom of the cavity. The study's results indicate two regimes according to the kinetic energy of the injected beams. For moderate energies the unstable waves are of the acoustic type and propagate parallel to the magnetic field. They can trap H+ and O+ ions, leading to phase‐space vortices and the accompanying signatures of ion solitary waves in the electric field. For larger energies, the parallel acoustic waves are replaced by oblique cyclotron waves. The latter waves crisscross, forming a herringbone pattern that energizes the O+ ions perpendicularly and leads to drifting conics. By contrast, the protons are hardly energized perpendicularly. The transition between the two regimes depends upon the electron temperature and the ion composition. In either case energy is transferred from the protons to the oxygens.
Magnitude uncertainties impact seismic rate estimates, forecasts, and predictability experiments
Authors: Werner Maximilian J. , Sornette Didier
Published: July 2008

The Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) aims to prospectively test time‐dependent earthquake probability forecasts on their consistency with observations. To compete, time‐dependent seismicity models are calibrated on earthquake catalog data. However, catalogs contain much observational uncertainty. We study the impact of magnitude uncertainties on rate estimates in clustering models, on their forecasts and on their evaluation by CSEP's consistency tests. First, we quantify magnitude uncertainties. We find that magnitude uncertainty is more heavy‐tailed than a Gaussian, such as a double‐sided exponential distribution, with scale parameter νc = 0.1 – 0.3. Second, we study the impact of such noise on the forecasts of a simple clustering model which captures the main ingredients of popular short term models. We prove that the deviations of noisy forecasts from an exact forecast are power law distributed in the tail with exponent α = (aνc)−1, where a is the exponent of the productivity law of aftershocks. We further prove that the typical scale of the fluctuations remains sensitively dependent on the specific catalog. Third, we study how noisy forecasts are evaluated in CSEP consistency tests. Noisy forecasts are rejected more frequently than expected for a given confidence limit because the Poisson assumption of the consistency tests is inadequate for short‐term forecast evaluations. To capture the idiosyncrasies of each model together with any propagating uncertainties, the forecasts need to specify the entire likelihood distribution of seismic rates.
Impacts of Argo salinity in NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System: The tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Huang Boyin , Xue Yan , Behringer David W.
Published: July 2008

Salinity profiles collected by the International Argo Project (International Argo Project data are available at http://argo.jcommops.org) since 2000 provide us an unprecedented opportunity to study impacts of salinity data on the quality of ocean analysis, which has been hampered by a lack of salinity observations historically. The operational Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS) developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) assimilates temperature and synthetic salinity profiles that were constructed from temperature and a local T‐S climatology. In this study, we assess impacts of replacing synthetic salinity by Argo salinity on the quality of the GODAS ocean analysis with a focus on the tropical Indian Ocean. The study was based on two global ocean analyses for 2001–2006 with (NCEP_Argo) and without (NCEP_Std) inclusion of Argo salinity. The quality of the ocean analyses was estimated by comparing them with various independent observations such as the surface current data from drifters, the salinity data from the Triangle Trans‐Ocean Buoy Network moorings, and the sea surface height (SSH) data from satellite altimeters. We found that by assimilating Argo salinity, the biases in the salinity analysis were reduced by 0.6 practical salinity units (psu) in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and by 1 psu in the Bay of Bengal. Associated with these salinity changes, the zonal current increased by 30–40 cm s−1 toward the east in the central equatorial Indian Ocean during the winter seasons. When verified against drifter currents, the biases of the annually averaged zonal current in the tropical Indian Ocean were reduced by 5–10 cm s−1, and the root‐mean‐square error of surface zonal current was reduced by 2–5 cm s−1. The SSH biases were reduced by 3 cm in the tropical Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea. These results suggest that the Argo salinity plays a critical role in improving salinity analysis, which in turn contributed to improved surface current and sea surface height analyses.
Martian high latitude permafrost depth and surface cover thermal inertia distributions
Authors: Bandfield Joshua L. , Feldman William C.
Published: July 2008

Martian high latitudes have thermal properties consistent with an extensive high thermal inertia permafrost layer near the surface. Surface cover thermal inertias and permafrost depths at Martian high latitudes (50°–80°N/S) are derived from Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data and compared with previously published water ice depths determined from the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer (MONS). The depth to the permafrost layer is correlated with surface cover thermal inertia, albedo, and latitude in general agreement with predicted trends of water ice stability. Comparison of permafrost depths with water ice rich layer depths derived from MONS data displays good qualitative agreement, although a divergence is present at greater burial depths. This disparity may be due to the presence of hydrated minerals at shallow depths or a lower than expected permafrost thermal inertia corresponding with low water ice concentrations at greater depths. Surface cover thermal inertias are greater in the northern high latitudes than in the south and differences between these and previous results will have significant effects on the predicted depth of Martian water ice stability. Several regions in the northern hemisphere display high surface cover thermal inertia associated with possible receding water ice deposits that are shallow enough to influence diurnal surface temperatures. Significant lateral and vertical heterogeneity in water ice distributions are present and the Martian regolith is likely more complicated than can be described by simple two layered models and a single mode of water ice emplacement.
Anisotropic elastocreep in glacial ice: A mechanism for intergranular melt and recrystallization
Authors: Jepsen Steven M. , Adams Edward E.
Published: July 2008

Bonded ice crystals under pressure are in a heterogeneous stress state because of the mechanical anisotropy of constituent grains. This condition plays a role in intergranular melt and recrystallization, which in turn influence properties such as permeability and biologic habitability. To examine this, we develop an anisotropic elastocreep model simulating subgrain‐scale stresses in polycrystalline ice, choosing in particular the thermal and deformational regime of the Lake Vostok accretion ice. A critical assumption with regard to localized melting is the macroscopic deviatoric stress. Our calculations indicate that for a macroscopic deviatoric stress of 50 kPa, ice at 0.04°C below the bulk melting temperature would contain regions, at scales ∼1% the grain size, where the liquid phase is thermodynamically favored. This translates to scales of ∼5 mm in the lower few meters of the Vostok accretion under a deviatoric stress that is plausible near the lake perimeter. Less internal melting is indicated in analyses of ice relatively far from the lake margins due to the assumed presence of lower macroscopic deviatoric stress. Simulated strain energy jumps of 1–2% across grain boundaries of accretion ice near the lake boundaries are large relative to free surface energy, indicating the importance of the former in boundary migration recrystallization. Collectively, these findings are consistent with measured dislocation densities (>107–1010 m−2) and irregular grain morphologies found in core samples. The calculated melting point depressions associated with anisotropy fall short of experimental values by a factor of ∼2, while the calculated strain rates deviate by ∼20%.
On the factors behind large Labrador Sea tides during the last glacial cycle and the potential implications for Heinrich events
Authors: Arbic Brian K. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , MacAyeal Douglas R. , Milne Glenn A.
Published: July 2008

Labrador Sea (LS) tidal elevations over the last glacial cycle are investigated in a near‐global numerical model that accurately captures the present‐day tides. From ∼65 ka to ∼7 ka, the modeled elevations at the debouchement point of the Hudson Strait ice stream in the LS are exceptionally large, comparable to the largest elevations seen anywhere in the present‐day ocean. New numerical simulations performed for this article demonstrate that both local changes in basin geometry (e.g., ice cover over Hudson Bay) and changes outside of the LS led to enhanced LS paleotides. New simulations run at higher horizontal resolution and a considered examination of uncertainties, including uncertainties in the adopted sea level models, strengthen confidence in the robustness of the large LS paleotides. The tide model is run with both spatially uniform sea level drops (taken from curves of eustatic and Red Sea sea levels versus time) and spatially variable sea level maps (taken from two different gravitationally self‐consistent viscoelastic solid earth/sea level models, which both account for ice sheet geometry). The tides are larger when the spatially variable sea level models are used. Observations in present‐day Antarctica indicate that the mechanical action of tides significantly impacts the dynamics of both continental ice streams and their associated floating ice shelves. It is postulated here that large LS paleotides played a key role in the formation of Heinrich event icebergs, that is, massive discharges of ice from the LS into the glacial North Atlantic ocean. The paleotide calculations described here provide a potential explanation for why the LS region, more than any other, dominated the production of Heinrich event icebergs. Most previous hypotheses of a tidal role in climate variability and ice sheet dynamics focus on tidal mixing. In contrast, here the role of tidal mechanical forcing of ice sheets is emphasized.
Non‐invasive monitoring of water infiltration in a silty clay loam soil using Spectral Induced Polarization
Authors: Ghorbani A. , Cosenza Ph. , Ruy S. , Doussan C. , Florsch N.
Published: July 2008

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the ability of Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) to monitor water infiltration in a silty clay loam soil. It was based on the coupled acquisition of tensiometer data and Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) spectra (1.46 Hz to 12 kHz) during the infiltration event created by an artificial constant rainfall rate of about 15 mm/h. The approach, which was applied both in the field and in a soil column, confirms the existence of a significant phase drop in the high‐frequency domain (typically greater than 1 kHz) during the first infiltration cycles. The interpretation of the tensiometer and SIP data show that this phase drop is correlated with the water filling of pores in the [30–85] μm diameter range. The phase drop is qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted as a Maxwell‐Wagner effect associated with the electrical heterogeneity of the soil. It could correspond to the transition between two physical states. In the first state before the arrival of the wetting front, highly polarized and wet aggregates are embedded in an electrically isolating phase, i.e., air. In the second state after the arrival of the wetting front, structural pores between the aggregates are filled with a connected and conducting phase, i.e., water, leading macroscopically to a decrease in bulk soil polarizability. The experimental and theoretical results of this study suggest strongly that the SIP method can be used to monitor the water filling of structural or draining pores in the field. This original result requires validation in other sites.
Inverse modeling of unsaturated flow parameters using dynamic geological structure conditioned by GPR tomography
Authors: Farmani M. Bagher , Kitterød Nils‐Otto , Keers Henk
Published: July 2008

A method is presented to estimate flow parameters and geological structure in the vadose zone by combining time‐lapse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) traveltime tomography and inverse flow modeling. The traveltime tomography is used to determine the spatial electromagnetic velocity distribution in the vadose zone. These time‐lapse velocity images are converted to time‐lapse volumetric soil water content images using petrophysical relationships. Subsequently, the water content images are used as constraints in the flow inversion. The influence of the tomographic artifacts on the flow inversion is minimized by assigning weights that are proportional to the ray coverage. Our flow inversion algorithm estimates the flow parameters and calibrates the geological structure. The geological structure is defined using a set of control points, the positions of which can be modified during the inversion. After the inversion, the final geological and flow model are used to compute GPR traveltimes to check the consistency between these computed traveltimes and the observed traveltimes.The method is first tested on two synthetic models (a steady state and a transient flow models). Subsequently, the method is applied to characterize a real vadose zone at Oslo Airport Gardermoen, Norway, during the snowmelt in 2005. The flow inversion method is applied to locate and quantify the main geological layers at the site. In particular the inversion method identifies and estimates the location and properties of thin dipping layers with relatively low‐permeability. The flow model is cross validated using an independent infiltration event.
Mirror mode waves: Messengers from the coronal heating region
Authors: Russell C. T. , Jian L. K. , Luhmann J. G. , Zhang T. L. , Neubauer F. M. , Skoug R. M. , Blanco‐Cano X. , Omidi N. , Cowee M. M.
Published: July 2008

An ongoing problem in heliospheric physics is the mechanism for the heating and acceleration of the solar wind. One process that has been identified as a potentially important source of energy input is ion cyclotron waves, but except for some evidence of perpendicular heating of heavy ions obtained by remote sensing, it has proven difficult to establish their overall effectiveness. We suggest that mirror mode waves in the solar wind may be a signature of the presence of these waves in the corona. Mirror mode waves and ion cyclotron waves can be cogenerated by anisotropic ion distribution functions as demonstrated by their joint growth in the low beta conditions of Saturn's inner magnetosphere. We infer from this example and from the high occurrence rates of mirror mode waves at the closest distances to the Sun probed by spacecraft that the inner corona is also replete with ion cyclotron waves. Understanding quantitatively how these two wave modes share the free energy of the corona could help us to understand the ion‐cyclotron wave generation process and its role in solar wind heating and acceleration.
Significant formation of water‐insoluble secondary organic aerosols in semi‐arid urban environment
Authors: Favez Olivier , Sciare Jean , Cachier Hélène , Alfaro Stéphane C. , Abdelwahab Magdy M.
Published: July 2008

Diurnal variations of submicron elemental carbon (EC), water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water‐insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) were investigated at an urban background site in Cairo (Egypt) from 23 March to 14 April 2005. Well‐marked diurnal patterns, with minima during the traffic‐influenced morning period (6:00–9:00) and maxima during the intense photochemical period (12:00–15:00), were observed for the WSOC/EC ratio and, more surprisingly, for the WIOC/EC ratio. Such diurnal variations suggest significant formation of both water‐soluble and water‐insoluble secondary organic aerosols during the afternoon. Applying the EC‐tracer method, freshly‐formed secondary organic carbon (fresh SOC) was found to possibly account for more than 50% of OC concentrations measured during the 12:00–15:00 period, and this fresh SOC was calculated to be mainly (∼60%) composed of water‐insoluble species. The latter (unexpected) result could be due to low ambient relative humidity as well as to the importance of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in Cairo.
Divergence of solutions to solute transport moment equations
Authors: Jarman K. D. , Tartakovsky A. M.
Published: July 2008

We provide explicit solutions to one‐dimensional moment equations for solute transport in random porous media using asymptotic perturbation expansions up through fourth order in standard deviation of log hydraulic conductivity. From these solutions, we demonstrate the source of multi‐modal behavior in this special case; namely, oscillatory terms that increase with the variance of velocity (or of log conductivity) and time. We show that over time higher‐order moments become less accurate than second‐order moments. Moreover, we show that the complete asymptotic series solution diverges for any value of log conductivity variance after sufficient time, using an analytical bound and assuming Gaussian‐distributed velocity. This bound depends on the zero‐order mean velocity, correlation length, and properties of the initial data. We find that the bound is also a good approximation when applied to our solutions of moment equations for a non‐Gaussian velocity distribution.
Effects of the lateral and vertical expansion of the water flowpath in bedrock on temporal changes in hillslope discharge
Authors: Uchida Taro , Miyata Shusuke , Asano Yuko
Published: July 2008

Many researchers have emphasized that water flow through fractured bedrock is a dominant contributor to water runoff from hillslopes during baseflow. However, the first‐order (main or dominant) controls on water flow through fractured bedrock are not fully understood. We measured the water flow rate from 12 bedrock fractures in a first‐order catchment in Ibi, central Japan. Here we showed that the depth of the hydrologically active bedrock controlled temporal changes in water flow rate from bedrock fractures, whereas the contributing area of flow in the hydrologically active bedrock had only a small impact on temporal changes in water flow rate from bedrock fractures. This indicated that although previous studies have mainly examined the influence of lateral expansion of flowpaths on the hillslope discharge, the role of vertical expansion of flowpaths on the hillslope discharge can be important.
Presence and activity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Byrne Nathalie , Strous Marc , Crépeau Valentin , Kartal Boran , Birrien Jean-Louis , Schmid Markus , Lesongeur Françoise , Schouten Stefan , Jaeschke Andrea , Jetten Mike , Prieur Daniel , Godfroy Anne
Published: July 2008

Recent studies indicate that ammonia is an important electron donor for the oxidation of fixed nitrogen, both in the marine water column and sediments. This process, known as anammox, has so far only been observed in a large range of temperature habitats. The present study investigated the role of anammox in hydrothermal settings. During three oceanographic expeditions to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hydrothermal samples were collected from five vent sites, at depths ranging from 750 to 3650 m from cold to hot habitats. Evidence for the occurrence of anammox in these particular habitats was demonstrated by concurrent surveys, including the amplification of 16S rRNA gene sequences related to known anammox bacteria, ladderanes lipids analysis and measurement of a 14N15N dinitrogen production in isotope-pairing experiments at 60 and 85 °C. Together these results indicate that new deep-branching anammox bacteria may be active in these hot habitats.