bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosthetic Voice and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Authors: Hilgers Frans J.M. , Gregor R. Theo
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the prospects of postlaryngectomy prosthetic voice and pulmonary rehabilitation with an indwelling voice prosthesis system, related appliances and HME and to comprehend the possibilities of prosthetic voice rehabilitation after various pharyngeal and/or esophageal reconstructions.
Sinus Disease in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Tunkel David E. , April Max M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand cystic fibrosis with regards to diagnosis, medical management, and head and neck manifestations and to understand the application of endoscopic sinus surgery techniques to the sinonasal pathology in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Intraoperative Consultation by Video: Difficult Mastoid Cases
Authors: Holt James J. , Hough Jack V.D. , Brackmann Derald E. , Pulec Jack L.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To feel more secure dealing with difficult intraoperative problems encountered in mastoid surgery and to draw on the experience of senior otologists when approaching difficult mastoid surgical problems.
Canalplasty‐An Essential Part of Otologic Procedures
Authors: Jung Timothy T.K. , Goycoolea Marcos
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand indications and step‐by‐step operative procedures of canalplasty and to incorporate canalplasty into his or her clinical practice.
Neonatal and Infantile Apnea: Role of the Otolaryngologist
Authors: Myer Charles M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the potential causes of apnea in neonates and to develop a management plan for neonatal apnea.
Surgical Rehabilitation of Facial Paralysis
Authors: Slattery William H. , Levine Robert
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To explain the current alternatives in management of the paralyzed face and the rationale for selection of mode of management and to provide a systematic plan for protecting the eye by both conservative management and lid surgery.
Implantable Hearing Aid: A New Otologic Frontier
Authors: Yanagihara Naoaki
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the state‐of‐the‐art of implantable hearing aid, especially the device using a piezoelectric ossicular driver, and to understand future prospect of totally and partially implantable hearing aid.
Middle Ear Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Hoehmann Dirk , Dornhoffer John L. , Helms Jan
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To make a rational decision about which kind of middle ear pathology deserves the most straightforward approach for reconstructive attempts and to understand the principles of middle ear reconstructive surgery developed as a synthesis in the Departments of Otolaryngology at the University of Tubingen and Würzburg.
Stapedectomy with the Robinson Cup‐Piston Prosthesis
Authors: Robinson Mendell
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the evolution and principles of the cup‐piston stapes prosthesis and with videotape, join the surgeon and observe a complete stapedectomy procedure (narrated during the surgery).
Vestibular Rehabilitation: Diagnosis Based Strategies
Authors: Gans Richard E.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the various strategies used in designing therapy programs based on specific diagnosis and to learn how specific protocols improve vestibular and balance function.
Laser Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty and Other Surgery for Snoring
Authors: Terris David J. , Goode Richard L.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the mechanisms behind snoring and become familiar with appropriate techniques of evaluating these patients and be introduced to several techniques to eliminate snoring, including nasal surgery, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, and laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty.
Host-based identification is not supported by morphometrics in natural populations of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. thymalli (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea)
Authors: OLSTAD K. , SHINN A. P. , BACHMANN L. , BAKKE T. A.
Published: August 2007

Gyrodactylus salaris is a serious pest of wild pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. The closely related G. thymalli, originally described from grayling (Thymallus thymallus), is assumed harmless to both grayling and salmon. The 2 species are difficult to distinguish using traditional, morphometric methods or molecular approaches. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is a consistent pattern of morphometrical variation between G. salaris and G. thymalli and to analyse the morphometric variation in the context of ‘diagnostic realism’ (in natural populations). Specimens from the type-material for the 2 species are also included. In total, 27 point-to-point measurements from the opisthaptoral hard parts were used and analysed by digital image processing and uni- and multivariate morphometry. All populations most closely resembled its respective type material, as expected from host species, with the exception of G. thymalli from the Norwegian river Trysilelva. We, therefore, did not find clear support in the morphometrical variation among G. salaris and G. thymalli for an a priori species delineation based on host. The present study also indicates an urgent need for more detailed knowledge on the influence of environmental factors on the phenotype of gyrodactylid populations.
Seed dispersal ecology of non-restricted frugivores, capuchin monkeys in three neotropical forests
Authors: Wehncke Elisabet V. , Domínguez César A.
Published: August 2007

Seed dispersal by frugivorous animals has the potential to affect both the demography and the patterns of gene flow of plant populations. In many tropical and subtropical forests a large number of seeds are efficiently dispersed by ‘non-restricted frugivores’ (NRFs, animals for which fruits do not represent the main bulk of their diet), a group commonly underestimated as seed dispersers. Here, we synthesize data from three different neotropical forests (Argentina, Panama and Costa Rica), evaluating several aspects of seed dispersal by two species of Cebus monkeys. Capuchin monkeys are NRFs broadly distributed throughout Central and South America that are potentially long-distance seed dispersers. In this study we evaluated the influence of the foraging behaviour of Cebus apella and C. capucinus on the patterns of seed dispersal. Even though the distribution of fruit types significantly differed among forests, no evidence of diet selection was found, indicating that the fruits consumed by monkeys represent a random sample of the pool available at each site. Neither seed treatment, nor the evenness with which fruit species were consumed, differed among forests. In contrast, the feeding time per fruiting tree (10–45 min), the diversity of fruits consumed (H = 2–3.3), and seed dispersal distances (100–400 m), differed among the three forests. Thus, capuchin monkeys consume a high diversity of fruits in transit producing a scattered dissemination of seeds in all study forests. This study highlights the ecological and evolutionary significance of seed shadows generated by NRFs, without neglecting the possibility that differences in the distribution of fruit patches, species richness and a range of environmental attributes among the studied forests, exert a strong influence on the outcome of the interaction between NRFs and plants.
Synergistic impacts of ungulates and falling palm fronds on saplings in the Amazon
Authors: Beck Harald
Published: August 2007

Most seedlings and saplings remain in the forest understorey for decades before becoming adults or dying, and thus may be exposed to various sources of physical disturbance (Clark & Clark 1991, 2001). Because tree species vary in their ability to recover after physical damage (Gillman et al. 2003, Guariguata 1998), this damage can act as an ecological filter and influence the juvenile community structure and species composition (Peters et al. 2004). Studies have demonstrated the occurrence and magnitude of stem breakage in juveniles caused by falling branches and other canopy debris (Clark & Clark 1989, 1991; Gillman & Ogden 2001, Scariot 2000). Surprisingly, little is known about the magnitude and ecological consequences of physical damage to juvenile plants by mammals, particularly large ungulates, including herbivory, trampling and uprooting (Gillman & Ogden 2003, Roldán & Simonetti 2001).
The effects of salinity on the dynamics of a Pterocarpus officinalis forest stand in Puerto Rico
Authors: Rivera-Ocasio Elsie , Aide T. Mitchell , Rios-López Neftalí
Published: August 2007

Coastal wetland plant communities are strongly structured by water depth and salinity. Rising sea level will cause changes in the hydro-period, surface water salinity and salt-water intrusion in coastal areas, which will reduce the distribution of forests in these areas. We studied the dynamics of a Pterocarpus officinalis stand in Puerto Rico over a 9-y period. We observed differences in plant growth, recruitment and mortality across a salinity gradient within a 1-ha plot. In areas of high salinity, recruitment, juvenile density and growth rates of juveniles and adults were lower. The detrimental effect of salinity was also observed in a growth experiment; seedlings in 5‰ and 10‰ salinity treatments had higher mortality, slower growth and less above- and below-ground biomass than control seedlings (0‰). In addition, an increase from 0 to 1‰ in salinity resulted in approximately 50% less nodulation in seedlings. Low recruitment in high salinity areas and lack of recruitment in adjacent grasslands will further reduce the distribution of this forest type. Although some ecosystems can respond to changing conditions by migration to more favourable areas, this is not the case with P. officinalis, and thus, restoration efforts are needed to re-establish this species where it occurred historically.
Male rarity and putative sex-role reversal in Fijian damselflies (Odonata)
Authors: Van Gossum Hans , Beatty Christopher D. , Charlat Sylvain , Waqa Hilda , Markwell Timothy , Skevington Jeffrey H. , Tuiwawa Marika , Sherratt Thomas N.
Published: August 2007

Behavioural sex-role reversal occurs when males and females exchange their standard roles in territorial defence or parental care. One circumstance under which sex-role reversal may occur is when males are a limiting resource, so that females have to compete for access to mates. Here we report on male rarity and male and female behaviour of species within the damselfly genus Nesobasis, endemic to Fiji. Earlier reports suggested that, in some members of this genus, males were seldom observed and that females of these species were consequentially territorial, a phenomenon described as ‘sex-role reversal’. Quantitative estimation of the ratio of adult males to females at 15 localities in 13 Nesobasis species (1489 individuals) indicated that males were extremely rare in some species, yet common in others. This interspecific variability in male rarity cannot be explained by elevation or habitat. Formal observations of three species with abundant males revealed that males of these species were highly territorial: they physically challenged intruders while remaining within a confined area. By contrast, in three species where males were consistently rare or absent, females were not territorial: instead, they moved widely and were primarily engaged in oviposition. While we do not know the underlying reason for the unusual rarity of males at oviposition sites in some species, it is clear that this rarity has not provided sufficient selection pressure to generate genuine sex-role reversal.
The clinical and public health value of non-culture methods in the investigation of a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases
Authors: SHEPPARD C. L. , SALMON J. E. , HARRISON T. G. , LYONS M. , GEORGE R. C.
Published: August 2007

During 2003, a cluster of initially unexplained pneumonia cases (two fatal) occurred in patients aged <50 years in a British city. Routine culture tests were inconclusive, however, pneumococcal infection was suspected and the putative outbreak was investigated using non-culture methods. Clinical samples from ten patients were tested by pneumococcal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), or Binax NOW® pneumococcal urine antigen test and serotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lung samples from the deceased patients were PCR positive and yielded different MLST types. Two patients in one family group were serotype 1 pneumococcal antigen positive. Two further patients were serotype 1 antigen positive, and one serotype 4 positive. Two antigen-positive cases were also serum PCR positive. Non-culture methods confirmed the disease aetiology in six cases. Serotype and MLST results showed no single outbreak, but a family cluster of cases in a high background of pneumococcal pneumonia, providing important epidemiological data that would not otherwise have been available.
Trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in Portugal
Authors: DIAS R. , CANIÇA M.
Published: August 2007

Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. Serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in Portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91·7% and 63·6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. The use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001–2004 (P=0·04 andP<0·01, respectively) but azithromycin usage increased in the same period (P<0·01). By using linear regression models, we evaluated the role of antimicrobial and vaccine use in the trends of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin among the isolates. The models suggest that the use of macrolides was the main factor associated with an increase of penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates from adults (P<0·01) and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates among children (P=0·006). These models also suggest that heptavalent vaccine is failing to reduce antimicrobial resistance as expected, possibly due to the increased consumption of azithromycin (P=0·04). The efficient use of new antibiotics may reverse the present trends of antimicrobial resistance.
Epidemiological characteristics and medical follow-up of 61 patients with acute hepatitis C identified through the hepatitis C surveillance system in France
Authors: BROUARD C. , PRADAT P. , DELAROCQUE-ASTAGNEAU E. , SILVAIN C.
Published: August 2007

This study aimed to describe current epidemiological and clinical characteristics, medical follow-up and outcome in the real practice of acute hepatitis C (AHC) patients. AHC cases were retrospectively identified through the French Hepatology Reference Centres Surveillance system and additional data were collected. Sixty-one patients with AHC were identified (sex ratio: M/F 1·7/1; mean age 39 years). Forty-four (72%) had documented seroconversion within a 6-month period. Main reported risk exposures were intravenous or nasal drug use (35%), invasive medical procedures (25%) and sexual contact with a HCV-positive partner (20%). Spontaneous clearance of HCV RNA was observed in seven out of 16 patients followed without therapy. This study confirms the major role of drug use in HCV transmission and highlights the role of invasive medical procedures and occupational exposure.
Present‐day and ice‐covered equilibrium states in a comprehensive climate model
Authors: Marotzke Jochem , Botzet Michael
Published: August 2007

We show that in a comprehensive climate model both the current climate and a completely ice‐covered Earth are stable states under today's total solar irradiance (TSI) and CO2 level. We employ the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model ECHAM5/MPI‐OM, at relatively high resolution (horizontally T63 in the atmosphere and 1.5 degrees in the ocean). Setting TSI to near‐zero causes a transition from realistic present‐day climate to a completely ice‐covered state within 15 years; this state persists even when TSI re‐assumes today's value. A break‐up of the complete ice cover occurs with today's TSI and 100 times – but not with 10 times – today's atmospheric CO2 level. While TSI is near‐zero, extremely strong meridional overturning ensues in both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Our results imply that a snowball Earth is possible, in principle, with inception possibly triggered by a brief dark spell.
An extended stochastic harmonic analysis algorithm: Application for dissolved oxygen
Authors: Abdul‐Aziz Omar I. , Wilson Bruce N. , Gulliver John S.
Published: August 2007

An extension of classical harmonic analysis is used to determine the Fourier coefficients with a constraint of forcing the function through a specified value for developing an extended stochastic harmonic analysis (ESHA). The methodology was applied to the diurnal variations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in streams within a semiempirical modeling scheme to demonstrate the formulation of an ESHA algorithm. Since DO values are often measured at different times during the day, the ESHA algorithm was used to convert data measured at any clock time to those at a standard or reference time. The model was evaluated for five different streams in Minnesota that capture the impact of different ecoregions and different sizes of watersheds. Data were normalized to increase the general applicability of the fitted parameters. The ESHA was successful in representing observed diurnal variations in DO. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) for predicting hourly DO and standard DO ranged respectively from 0.43 to 0.77 mg/L and 0.37 to 0.90 mg/L among the five streams. Estimated model parameters were robust in terms of both spatial and temporal variations. Parameter uncertainties and associated model sensitivity were demonstrated analytically. The developed algorithm can be used for similar applications in numerous science and engineering disciplines. In particular, it is a potentially useful tool for total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessment of aquatic ecosystem health across a range of spatial and temporal scales.
Calcite dissolution along a transect in the western tropical Indian Ocean: A multiproxy approach
Authors: Naik Sushant S. , Naidu P. Divakar
Published: August 2007

Three paleocarbonate ion proxies, size index, planktonic foraminifera shell weight, and calcite crystallinity, have been employed here to a set of core top samples from the western tropical Indian Ocean in the water depth ranges from 1086 to 4730 m. All three proxies complement each other well and reveal that calcite dissolution starts to affect planktonic foraminifera from 2250 m depth onward and intense calcite dissolution begins around 3900 m depth in this sector of the tropical Indian Ocean. Three planktonic foraminifera species, Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, show wide variability in shell weights from core top sediments in the depth range of 3300 to 3400 m bathed by similar bottom water CO3=* concentrations. This variability is attributed to shell calcification, and shell weights are controlled by CO3= concentration in the surface waters. Further, surface water CO3= concentrations override milder dissolution effects experienced by samples from shallower water depths bathed by similar bottom water CO3=* concentrations.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CYTOTOXICITY INDUCED BY AN ATTENUATED SALMONELLA: RELATION TO BACTERIAL CARRIER STATE AND RESISTANCE TO TUMOUR GROWTH
Authors: Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: August 2007

In vivo and in vitro parameters of tumour resistance were examined after immunization of mice with the attenuated 11RX strain of S. enteritidis. During the bacterial carrier state produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection of 11RX the mice were resistant to i.p. tumour growth, could destroy i.p. injected 125I‐ or 131I‐labelled tumour cells in vivo and had non‐specifically cytotoxic peritoneal cells (PC) which could lyse 51Cr‐labelled tumour cells in vitro. Most of the in vivo and in vitro cytotoxic activity could be attributed to activated macrophages (La Posta et al., 1982). The predominantly local nature of 11RX‐induced anti‐tumour activity was indicated by the superiority of the i.p. route of infection for induction of tumour resistance and in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity.

After i.v. injection of 11RX, none of the anti‐tumour effects outlasted the bacterial carrier state. However, after i.p. infection, a dichotomy was observed between in vitro and in vivo anti‐tumour effects. In vitro PC cytotoxicity lasted only for the length of the 11RX carrier state (approximately 30 days), whereas resistance to i.p. tumour growth lasted for 60 to 100 days and was correlated closely with cytotoxic activity measured in vivo. Possible reasons for this dichotomy are discussed.
MODELS FOR THE METABOLIC PRODUCTION OF OXALATE FROM XYLITOL IN HUMANS: A ROLE FOR FRUCTOKINASE AND ALDOLASE
Authors: James Heather M , Bais Renze , Edwards John B , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ
Published: August 2007

It has been proposed previously that oxalate precursors may be formed in the transketolase reaction during the metabolism of xylitol. It is shown in this paper that fructokinase and aldolase, purified from human liver, provide an alternative model in that, in coupled sequence, they produce glycolaldehyde, an oxalate precursor, from D‐xylulose via D‐xylulose I‐phosphate; D‐fructose does not give rise to glycolaldehyde. It is concluded that metabolic pathways based on a combination of the transketolase, fructokinase and aldolase reactions can account for the production of glucose, lactate, tetronates (D‐threonic and D‐erythronic acids) and oxalate (precursors) during the metabolism of xylitol administered parenterally.
THE EFFECT OF DOPAMINE ON HUMAN GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Thompson BK , de Carle DJ
Published: August 2007

Dopamine had inhibitory effects on contractions of human gastric smooth muscle strips. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions occurred at high concentrations only, the mean maximum inhibition being 17% at a concentration of 4·7 × 10−4 M. It was unaffected by haloperidol (10−5 M) or textrodotoxin (10−6 M) but was abolished by a combination of phenoxybenzamine (10−5 M) and propranolol (10−5 M). Isoprenaline caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions with mean maximal inhibition at a concentration of 4·6 × 10−6 M. These results suggest that there are no specific dopamine receptors in human gastric smooth muscle and that dopamine‐induced inhibitory effects are due to stimulation of adrenergic receptors.
TOXICITY STUDIES OF THE TOXINS ISOLATED FROM ANNUAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM RIGIDUM) INFECTED BY CORYNEBACTERIUM RATHAYI
Authors: Berry PH , Vogel P
Published: August 2007

Estimates of the LD50's of 7 glycolipid toxins (corynetoxins) isolated from toxic annual ryegrass varied in the range 0·1–1·3 mg/kg in 2‐week‐old rats. The delay in onset of neurological signs in rats and sheep was independent of dose rate and could be the result of inhibition of protein biosynthesis. In sheep, no influence of the route of administration on the delay in onset of neurological signs was demonstrated. The relationship between the partial structures of the two major corynetoxins and their toxicity is discussed.
METABOLISM OF BABESIA PARASITES IN VITRO. GLUCOSE AND ENERGY METABOLISM AND SURVIVAL OF BABESIA RODHAINI IN A BASAL MEDIUM WITH AND WITHOUT ADENOSINE
Authors: Barry DN
Published: August 2007

During in vitro incubation in Krebs Ringer phosphate (KRP) medium, rat erythrocytes about 20% parasitized with B. rodhaini used two to four times as much glucose as unparasitized erythrocytes. However, the ATP concentration and ATP production of parasitized erythrocytes decreased. For example, before incubation the ATP concentration in parasitized erythrocytes was significantly higher than unparasitized erythrocytes, but following 0·5 h incubation it was reduced to about the same as in unparasitized erythrocytes.

Addition of 5 × 10−3 M adenosine to the basal medium increased the ATP production and the adenylate energy charge of parasitized erythrocytes. Infectivity tests in susceptible mice showed that, despite these seemingly favourable changes in energy metabolism, adenosine had no detectable effect on the survival of B. rodhaini. Absence of infectivity showed the inability of KRP medium to support B. rodhaini for 22 h in vitro with or without adenosine.

Adenosine also greatly decreased the glucose uptake by parasitized erythrocytes, apparently by competitive inhibition, since lactate production was unchanged.
STRONGYLOIDES RATTI INFECTIONS IN CONGENITALLY HYPOTHYMIC (NUDE) MICE
Authors: Dawkins HJS , Mitchell GF , Grove DI
Published: August 2007

The course of infection with Strongyloides ratti was examined in congenially hypothymic CBA/H, C57B1/6 and BALB/c nude mice. The intensity of infection and the duration of faecal larval excretion were both increased in nude mice when compared with intact mice. Adult worms persisted in the small intestine of nude mice for at least 6 weeks. Greater worm burdens were found in such mice after subcutaneous injection as compared with percutaneous infection. Hypothymic mice did not acquire resistance to re‐infection. It is concluded that both the spontaneous expulsion of worms in primary infection and resistance to challenge infection are T cell‐dependent events. Autoinfection was not seen.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTOR CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR TUMOUR RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX‐IMMUNIZED MICE
Authors: La Posta Vincent J , Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: August 2007

In an attempt to characterize the effector cells responsible for tumour resistance in Salmonella enteritidis 11RX‐immunized mice the anti‐macrophage agent trypan blue was used in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Resistance was measured in vivo by the clearance of 125I from she peritoneal cavity of mice injected intraperitoneally with 125I‐5‐iododeoxyuridine labelled Ehrlich Ascites Tumour (EAT) cells. The in vitro correlate was measured by lysis of 51Cr‐labelled tumour cells by peritoneal cells (PC) from 11RX‐immunized mice. Pre‐treatment of resistant mice with trypan blue greatly reduced both 125I clearance and 51Cr release. The in vitro cytolytic activity was non‐specific.

Fractionation of cytotoxic PC on the basis of adherence to plastic or nylon wool and buoyant density, coupled with the use of appropriate cell targets, showed that the bulk of cytotoxic activity resided with macrophages, with some contribution from other cells such as natural killer cells.

Killing of labelled tumour cells could be inhibited by competition with unlabelled cells or by separating the PC and tumour cells by a cell impermeable membrane. This showed that close association between the effector and target cells was necessary before killing could occur.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER VENOM INHIBITOR FOUND IN RAT PLASMA
Authors: Atkinson RK
Published: August 2007

Strong evidence has been obtained that the funnel‐web spider venom inhibitor, previously found to occur naturally in the blood of rats, is at least partly immunoglobulin in composition. However, the results of chromatographic and immunological studies, including the use of specific antisera, indicate that this inhibitor is not a single chemical entity and apparently resides within more than one immunoglobulin class. In addition, it was observed that challenge of rats with Atrax venom substantially increased the venom‐inhibiting powers of their blood and that these powers were located in the same plasma fractions as in unchallenged rats.
DISTRIBUTION OF α1‐ANTITRYPSIN (PI) SUBTYPES FROM NEWBORNS
Authors: Mulley John C
Published: August 2007

PI phenotypes were determined from 420 cord bloods from Adelaide. Allele frequencies for the subvariants P1*M1, P1*M2 and P1*M3 were 0·73, 0·14 and 0·09, respectively. The combined frequency of other alleles was 0·04. This relatively high level of variation makes PI useful for gene mapping, paternity testing and zygosity testing. For this locus the average probability of detecting non‐paternity in this population is 28%.
HUMAN ALLOGENEIC RESPONSES: LYMPHOKINE REQUIREMENT FOR THE IN VITRO GENERATION OF SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC RESPONSES TO A MALIGNANT MELANOMA CELL LINE
Authors: Warren Hilary S , Pembrey Richard G , Wildermuth Catherine E
Published: August 2007

Requirements for the in vitro generation of specific cytotoxic responses by human T‐lymphocytes to an allogeneic malignant melanoma cell line (MM‐170) have been examined. The responder T‐lymphocytes used were isolated from peripheral blood and were essentially free of non‐specific cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors. MM‐170 alone was found to be an inadequate stimulator of cytotoxic responses. Stimulation did occur in cultures with both MM‐170 and an Interleukin‐2 containing human lymphokine supernatant. The cytotoxic effector cells generated were specific for MM‐170 when the MM‐170 cells used for stimulation had been metabolically inactivated by glutaraldehyde treatment.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HAEMOLYTIC LIPIDS FROM PEROXIDIZED RAT LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: Willis RJ
Published: August 2007

Toxic substances are generated by microsomes undergoing NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation. In the present experiments the nature of the haemolytic material extracted from peroxidized microsomes is further examined. Suspensions of peroxidized rat liver microsomes were extracted with lipid solvents and the haemolytic material obtained subjected to gel exclusion chromatography. The haemolytic activity eluted as a single broad peak with an average size of 720 daltons. There was no evidence of haemolytic compounds less than 500 daltons. On a silicic acid column the activity eluted with the phospholipid. In both separations the presence of haemolytic activity correlated well with the peroxide content.
TWO ANTI‐TUMOUR CYTOTOXIC CELLS IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF RATS: NATURAL OCCURRENCE, AUGMENTATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Inoue Y , Nelson DS
Published: August 2007

Mononuclear cells cytotoxic to methylcholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcoma cells were detected in the peritoneal cavities of normal rats by means of 16 h 51Cr release and 48 h 125IUdR release assays. Carriage of a tumour which induces concomitant immunity, or intraperitoneal injections of Corynebacterium parvum or proteose‐peptone, led to increases in mononuclear cell numbers. Injections of C. parvum and proteose‐peptone led to increases in cytotoxicity in 51Cr release assays. Carriage of an immunogenic tumour led to an increase in cytotoxicity to homologous tumour cells in the 125IUdR release assay. Cells were separated by sedimentation velocity, metrizamide density gradients and adherence to glass or plastic. Small cells were more active than large cells in 51Cr release assays. Larger cells tended to be more active in 125IUdR release assays. Generally, low density cells were more active in both assays, except that high density cells induced by C. parvum were most active in 125IUdR release. Adherent cells from C. parvum‐injected rats were more active than non‐adherent cells in both assays. On the basis of differential stimulation and separation by sedimentation velocity it is suggested that two cell types, possibly NK cells and macrophages, are operative. 125IUdR‐labelled fibrosarcoma cells were lysed after intraperitoneal injection into normal and concomitantly immune rats, more rapidly and extensively in the latter case. These cytotoxic cells may be important in both natural and acquired resistance of rats to tumour growth.
MULTIPLE INFECTIONS WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS IN MICE SELECTED FOR LIABILITY TO A SINGLE INFECTION
Authors: Brindley PJ , Dobson Colin
Published: August 2007

The faecal egg counts and worm burdens of mice selected over 7 generations as refractory (R), random (Rd) or liable (L) to primary infection with Nemataspiroides dubius were significantly different, but the antibody titres (generation 8 mice) after 21 days infection were similar, demonstrating that selection had separated populations of mice which differed in their innate immunity. Variations in adaptive immunity were also shown between the three colonies in terms of protection after challenge infections, self‐cure reactions, humoral antibody titres and ability of immune serum from R, Rd and L donors to passively protect recipient Quackenbush (Q) strain mice. R mice were more refractory to primary infection and more proficient in acquiring protective levels of adaptive immunity than L colony mice. Correlation of the faecal parasite egg count after primary with that after secondary infection supported the conclusion that the genetic control of liability to primary infection and of the adaptive immune response following challenge infections were at least partially linked.
IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS TO PRODUCE HIGH SERUM TITRES OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AND IMMUNITY TO THE PARALYZING TOXIN OF IXODES HOLOCYCLUS
Authors: Stone BF , Neish AL , Wright IG
Published: August 2007

Rabbits have been immunized against the effects of the paralyzing toxin of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus by injecting them with preparations extracted from tick salivary glands. Immunized rabbits were able to withstand doses of toxin known to kill unimmunized rabbits.

Neutralizing antibodies were detectable in serum after 2–4 doses of the crude extract or of the relatively pure antigenic fraction. When injections were continued at intervals of from 2–7 weeks, hyperimmunity was retained for at least 68 weeks. Hyperimmune serum, reaching a very high titre of neutralizing antibodies, was obtained after 3–6 injections. Titres tended to decline when boosting ceased, but after a ‘rest period’ high titres were restored by further boosting with normally lethal doses of toxin. No symptoms of tick paralysis developed despite low titres prior to boosting. Thus, once hyperimmunity had been established, high titres of circulating antibodies were not immediately essential for immunity to tick paralysis.

An IgG fraction was obtained from rabbit serum using a Protein A‐Sepharose method; 33.4 μg of IgG protein fully neutralized, and 19.5 μg IgG half neutralized, 1 μg of crude toxin protein. This procedure with rabbits may permit the production of a purified tick‐paralysis antitoxin more suitable for human use than the existing antitoxin based on canine hyperimmune serum.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY RESTRICTION, ADRENALINE, HYDROCORTISONE AND SURGERY ON THE RATES OF DEATH OF 125IUdR‐LABELLED, INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED TUMOUR CELLS IN THE LUNGS OF MICE
Authors: Bishop CJ , Sheridan JW , Ablett G , Donald KJ
Published: August 2007

Dietary restriction, adrenaline, hydrocortisone or surgery reduced the rate at which pulmonarily arrested 125IUdR‐labelled murine tumour cells were lost within 7 h of intravenous (i.v.) injection. Mice that had been adrenalectomised 10 days previously showed a normal intrapulmonary tumour cell loss rate with further surgery reducing this rate to approximately half that observed in normal mice that had been subjected to surgery. Thus, although it is likely that adrenal hormones play an important role in decreasing the rate of early intrapulmonary tumour cell loss, additional factors must be implicated.

Mice subject to dietary restriction, adrenaline, hydrocortisone or surgery had reduced levels of in vitro growth inhibitor(s) in their sera. Despite this, individual surgically treated animals showed no correlation between serum in vitro growth inhibitor levels and rate of loss of i.v. injected tumour cells from the lungs. Furthermore, the 24 h pre‐incubation of tumour cells in inhibitor‐rich serum did not influence the subsequent loss rate of such cells following i.v. injection into mice.

Electron microscopic studies indicated that dietary restriction, adrenaline and surgery reduced the rate of intravascular tumour cell death. The decreased tumour cell death rate in mice receiving these treatments could not be related, however, to any consistent morphological change in the pulmonary vasculature.

The decreased rule of intravascular tumour cell death in treated mice was followed by an increased number of lung tumours with only one of the tumour lines studied, indicating that the intravascular death rate need not be a major determinant of pulmonary tumour incidence.
LUNG GRANULOMATOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO EGGS OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM IN MICE ANALYSED BY A RADIOISOTOPIC ASSAY AND EFFECTS OF HYBRIDOMA (IDIOTYPE) SENSITIZATION
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Garcia Edito G , Cruise Kathy M , Tiu Wilfred U , Hocking Robyn E
Published: August 2007

The radioisotopic assay for acute granulomatous hypersensitivity (AGH) to eggs of Schistosoma japonicum in mice sensitized with eggs in adjuvant has been examined in the high responder strain. C57BL/6. Responsiveness is expressed as the lung‐kidney ratio of radioactivity in mice challenged intravenously with eggs and injected with 123I‐iododeoxyuridine, Eggs vary in their AGH sensitizing and eliciting potency; eggs proven to be superior in the circumoval precipitation (COP) test for detection of human serum anti‐S. japonicum antibodies are superior in the C57BL/6 AGH assay. CBA/H are non responders and BALB/c are low to intermediate responders and are thus different from C57BL/6 mice. Short‐term infected CBA/H mice are low COP antibody responders relative to infected C57BL/6 and titres of IgM anti‐egg antibodies are low in the CRA/H strain as determined in a solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Following egg sensitization. CBA/H mice are also lower responders than C57BL/6 mice in terms of antibodies with the specificity of a COP‐positive IgM hybridoma‐derived antibody, P.41, measured in a competitive RIA. No evidence has been obtained that alteration of the response to the target epitope of P.41 alters the responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice to S. japonicum eggs. Thus, large amounts of injected P.41 antibody do not alter lung AGH and induced anti‐idiotype responses to the P.41 protein do not influence AGH in egg‐sensitized C57BL/6 mice. However, immunization of C57BL/6 mice with another IgM anti‐schistosome hybridoma antibody, 1.39, results in partial inhibition of lung AGH responsiveness. The nature of the effect of 1.39 immunization on AGH to eggs remains unknown, but further analysis of the phenomenon may lead to novel approaches to the control of granulomatous inflammatory disease in high responders.
DISTRIBUTION OF SIX TF C (TRANSFERRIN) SUBTYPES IN CORD BLOODS AND BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Nicholls Catherine , Mulley JC
Published: August 2007

Isoelectric focusing was used to subtype the common TF C phenotype into C1, C2 and C3, increasing the proportion of heterozygotes from virtually zero to 0.31. Five of the six subtypes of TF C were found in a series of 200 blood donors and 200 cord bloods. The frequencies of the three alleles were: TF*C1 = 0.80, TF*C2 = 0.17 and TF*C3 = 0.03 from cord bloods; and TF*C1 = 0.84, TF*C2 = 0.13 and TF*C3 = 0.03 from blood donors. These frequencies were comparable with estimates from other Caucasian populations. The average probability of detecting non‐paternity for this population is increased to 11% by subtyping C into C1 and C2, and further increased to 15% by subtyping C into C1, C2 and C3.
WOUND CONTRACTION, THE EFFECTS OF SCAB FORMATION AND THE NATURE OF THE WOUND BED
Authors: Snowden JM , Kennedy DF , Cliff WJ
Published: August 2007

The effects of scab formation and the nature of the wound bed on the contraction of wounds have been investigated. Rabbit paraffin gauze dressed flank wounds with the panniculus carnosus intact and rat paraffin gauze dressed full skin thickness back wounds had constant linear rates of movement of the wound margins throughout the lime of contraction. Rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus carnosus retained or excised and rat undressed wounds showed phases of rapid movement, no movement and normal movement of the wound margins during the course of contraction. These were effects of scab formation, they were transient and had little or no effect on the overall rate of wound contraction. The behaviour of rabbit undressed wounds with the panniculus excised was similar to that of comparable wounds with the panniculus intact, except that healing was delayed by approximately 3 days. Very variable behaviour was observed with rabbit paraffin gauze dressed wounds with the panniculus excised.
EFFECTS OF TUMOUR CELL CULTURE SUPERNATANTS ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF MACROPHAGES
Authors: Nelson Margaret , Booth ML , Nelson DS
Published: August 2007

The following enzyme activities were measured in cell lysates and supernatants from mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with products of cultured tumour and other cells: acid phosphatase, β‐D‐glucuronidase, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase, muramidase (lysozyme), lactic dehydrogenase (supernatant only) and plasminogen activator (supernatant only). There were no noteworthy changes in enzyme activities. Hydrogen peroxide production by appropriately stimulated mouse and/or guinea‐pig peritoneal exudate macrophages was variably inhibited by supernatants from some tumour cells and some normal cells. Changes in these biochemical activities of macrophages do not appear to be closely related to the anti‐inflammatory activity of tumour cell products.
SERUM FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROSIS PREVENT LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION
Authors: Minchin MA , Bower GD , Turner KJ
Published: August 2007

A factor found in the serum of rats made nephrotic by a single administration of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) has been shown to inhibit the blastogenic response of normal rat spleen cells when stimulated with either phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Spleen cells removed from the nephrotic animals also exhibited a reduced capacity to incorporate thymidine when cultured with normal serum. This potent inhibitor was not cytocidal, and inhibition was not due to a lack of components essential for normal growth. Inhibition was not due to the excess of low density lipoproteins found in the nephrotic serum. Increasing mitogen concentrations in the presence of the nephrotic serum had little effect on inducing thymidine uptake by the normal spleen cells, while washing of the cells removed from the nephrotic animals appeared to partially overcome suppression of blastogenesis. The inhibitory factor was found to be less effective if the spleen cells had already been triggered by mitogen to undergo transformation in normal serum before the addition of the nephrotic serum.
THE INTERACTION OF ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES WITH NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC CELLS
Authors: La Posta Vincent J , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: August 2007

The interaction of various cell types with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX activated macrophages was examined. P815 tumour cells, Concanavalin A‐activated blast cells and splenic lymphocytes were tested for their ability to bind to activated macrophages whilst the ability to inhibit macrophage‐mediated lysis of 51Cr‐labelled P815 tumour cells was tested with unlabelled tumour cells and blast cells. All three cell types were bound by activated macrophages but only P815 cells were lysed by the activated macrophages and only these cells could act as cold target inhibitors of cytolysis. This phenomenon could not be explained by the release of cytotoxic factors resulting from the interaction of blast cells with activated macrophages. The lack of cold target inhibition by blast cells may have been due to the detachment of initially adherent blast cells leaving the activated macrophages free to interact with tumour cells.
PLASMA OESTRIOL IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Goh HH , Lim LS , Wong PC , Ratnam SS
Published: August 2007

We studied the plasma oestriol concentration during increasing gestation in 192 normal pregnancies and 96 pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Among the 96 patients there were 16 established, 32 gestational, 29‘persistent’ gestational and 19 either gestational or ‘persistent’ gestational diabetic pregnancies. Serial blood samples were collected and their concentrations of oestriol (total oestriol) determined by radioimmunoassay. The distribution of birth‐weights and placental weights around each gestational period was skewed to the right. Therefore, the 5th and 95th percentiles were obtained after computing a logarithmic transformation of the data. The incidence of big and small babies in all diabetic groups, except that in the gestational diabetic group, was significantly higher than that in the group of normal pregnant women. The distribution of oestriol concentrations was also skewed to the right and had to be normalized by logarithmic transformation. The oestriol profile in normal pregnancies had a wide scatter, especially after the 37th week. Serial measurements with reference to the normal oestriol profile showed a detection rate of approximately 85% for both normal and abnormal foetal outcome. There were 15% of false negative and 16% of false positive results. Results in this study indicate that serial blood oestriol measurement may be a useful additional index for foetal monitoring in pregnancies in diabetic women. Furthermore, if large scale screenings using a single estimation are performed, it is best carried out between the 33rd and 34th week of gestation.
LIPID COMPOSITION AND VIRULENCE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS H37Rv
Authors: Khuller GK , Taneja R , Kaur S , Verma JN
Published: August 2007

The total lipids increased with decrease in total phospholipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV grown at 30° as compared to 37°. Oleic and elaidic acid supplemented to the growth medium resulted in a higher total lipid and phospholipid content, but the content was lower in cells grown in the presence of palmitoleic acid. Cellular content of mannophosphoinositides decreased, whereas that of phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin increased at the lower temperature. A decrease in mannophosphoinositides and an increase in cardiolipin were noted with all fatty acid supplements; however, phosphatidylethanolamine behaved differently. The unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio increased at low temperature with oleic and elaidic acid supplements, but it decreased with palmitoleic acid. Cells from media supplemented with palmitoleic acid were found to be most virulent to guinea‐pigs. Possible correlation of altered lipid composition and virulence of M. tuberculosis H37RV has been discussed.
AN AUTOMATED ASSAY OF MEROZOITE INVASION OF ERYTHROCYTES USING HIGHLY SYNCHRONIZED PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM CULTURES
Authors: Myler Peter , Saul Allan , Mangan Thomas , Kidson Chev
Published: August 2007

Plasmodium falciparum cultures were synchronized using three lytic treatments with sorbitol. Schizonts from these cultures were used in a rapid, highly sensitive assay of invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites. The parasitaemias in recipient cells after invasion were determined by flow cytofluorimetry after staining with the dye 33258 Hoechst. Invasion of erythrocytes was shown to be reduced by serum from a patient with malaria. The assay is suitable for rapidly screening large numbers of samples, such as monoclonal antibodies.