bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Modeling of Normal ATRP, Normal ATRP with [CuII]0, Reverse ATRP and SR&NI ATRP
Authors: Tang Wei , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: September 2008

The kinetics of various ATRP systems, including normal ATRP, normal ATRP in the presence of initially‐added CuII, reverse ATRP and SR&NI ATRP were modeled using Predici software. The instantaneous kinetic chain length was introduced for ATRP and was used for the prediction of control over polymerization. Equations were derived to estimate the radical concentration at the quasi‐steady‐state. Normal ATRP experiences a continuous decrease of radical concentration leading to a decrease of polymerization rate; in contrast, SR&NI ATRP undergoes a continuous increase in radical concentration, leading to an increase of the polymerization rate. All of these ATRP methods can afford a relatively fast polymerization rate and retain good polymerization control.

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Validation of fast MR thermometry at 1.5 T with gradient‐echo echo planar imaging sequences: phantom and clinical feasibility studies
Authors: Cernicanu Alexandru , Lepetit‐Coiffe Matthieu , Roland Joerg , Becker Christoph D. , Terraz Sylvain
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this work was to validate in phantom studies and demonstrate the clinical feasibility of MR proton resonance frequency thermometry at 1.5 T with segmented gradient‐echo echo planar imaging (GRE‐EPI) sequences during liver tumour radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Classical GRE acquisitions and segmented GRE‐EPI acquisitions were performed at 1.5 T during simultaneous RF heating with an MR‐compatible RF electrode placed in an agar gel phantom. Temperature increments were calculated and compared with four optical temperature probe measurements using Bland– Altman analysis. In a preliminary clinical feasibility study, the rapid GRE‐EPI sequence (echo train length = 13) was used for MR temperature monitoring of RF ablation of liver tumours in three patient procedures. For phantom experiments, the Bland–Altman mean of differences between MR and optical probe temperature measurements was <0.4°C, and the 95% limits of agreement value was <1.4°C. For the in vivo studies, respiratory‐triggered GRE‐EPI acquisitions yielded a temperature accuracy of 1.3 ± 0.4°C (acquisition time = 0.6 s/image, spatial coverage of three slices/respiratory cycle). MR proton resonance frequency thermometry at 1.5 T yields precise and accurate measurements of temperature increment with both classical GRE and rapid GRE‐EPI sequences. Rapid GRE‐EPI sequences minimize intra‐scan motion effects and can be used for MR thermometry during RF ablation in moving organs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential Ability Scales – Second Edition (neuro)psychological predictors of math performance for typical children and Children with Math Disabilities
Authors: Hale James B. , Fiorello Catherine A. , Dumont Ron , Willis John O. , Rackley Christopher , Elliott Colin
Published: September 2008

Concerns about the ability‐achievement discrepancy method for specific learning disability (SLD) determination led to alternative research‐based methods, such as failure to respond to intervention. Neither of these regulatory methods address the statutory SLD definition, which explicitly includes a deficit in basic psychological processes. Examining neuropsychological processing differences among typical children and children with math SLD, commonality analyses revealed that Differential Ability Scales – Second Edition (DAS‐II) predictors accounted for more achievement variance in typical children (46% to 58%) than in children with math SLD (33% to 50%), with substantial loss of predictive validity when General Conceptual Ability was used instead of subcomponent scores. Results suggest that differences in typical predictor‐outcome relationships may provide a foundation for developing specific cognitive and academic interventions for children with math SLD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing executive functions: A life‐span perspective
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R. , MacNeill Horton Arthur
Published: September 2008

Despite many disagreements on the utility of neuropsychological applications in schools, executive function measures have been found to be useful across a variety of areas and ages. In addition, many disagreements are extant in discussions of the maturational course of the development of executive functioning abilities that are dependent on functional capacity of the human brain, including the frontal lobes, among other brain areas. In part, these controversies are related to a dearth of standardized functional assessments of executive functioning abilities across wide age spans. This article describes several recent measures of executive functioning and uses life‐span data from these assessments to project maturational periods of specific executive functions. Clinical implications of these results for school psychology assessment, rehabilitation of brain‐injured school‐aged children, and forensic practice of school psychology are posited. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral profiles of children with epilepsy: Parent and teacher reports of emotional, behavioral, and educational concerns on the BASC‐2
Authors: Titus Jeffrey B. , Kanive Rebecca , Sanders Sarah J. , Blackburn Lynn Bennett
Published: September 2008

The Behavior Assessment Scale for Children – Second Edition (BASC‐2) was administered to 108 parents and 37 teachers of children with epilepsy (mean age of 10.6 years; 51% female, 49% male). Results demonstrated high mean scores on the Atypicality, Attention Problems, Withdrawal, and Adaptive Skills scales and a high percentage of At‐Risk or Clinically Significant scores on the majority of scales. Ratings were correlated with level of functioning, age of onset, and number of antiepileptic medications. In addition, children with poor seizure control had higher ratings on the Depression, Somatization, and Withdrawal scales, and children with temporal lobe seizures had higher scores on the Depression scale. These results confirm a high rate of behavioral concerns in children with epilepsy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma Process. Polym. 7/2008
Authors: Vandencasteele Nicolas , Nisol Bernard , Viville Pascal , Lazzaroni Roberto , Castner David G. , Reniers François
Published: September 2008

Front Cover: Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) submitted to a post‐discharge low‐pressure oxygen RF plasma treatment exhibits, at high DC bias, superhydrophobic behavior. An alveolar surface structure resulting from chemical etching of PTFE by oxygen radicals is revealed by AFM. XPS shows that such surfaces are resistant to the adsorption of proteins such as BSA. Further details can be found in the article by N. Vandencasteele, B. Nisol, P. Viville, R. Lazzaroni, D. G. Castner, and F. Reniers* on page 661.
Luminescence from self‐trapped excitons in BaFI and BaFBr1–xIx crystals
Authors: Ohnishi Akimasa , Kan'no Ken‐ichi
Published: September 2008

Luminescence from BaFI and BaFBr1–x Ix crystals has been investigated using vacuum ultraviolet photons from synchrotron radiation in the temperature range of 10–300 K. In BaFI, two kinds of luminescence bands are observed under band‐to‐band excitation: one is the 4.52 eV band appearing at low temperatures, and the other is the 3.44 eV band appearing as the 4.52 eV band weakens with increasing temperature. From the excitation spectra, the 4.52 eV band is attributed to the radiative decay of a self‐trapped exciton (STE), and the 3.44 eV band to the extrinsic luminescence coming from an STE trapped by an I– vacancy. The change of luminescence spectra studied in BaFBr1–x Ix suggests that the STE configuration of on‐center type is responsible for the 4.52 eV intrinsic band, and the off‐center instability hardly occurs in BaFI. The temperature dependence of the 4.52 eV and 3.44 eV band intensities is well explained by assuming an STE relaxation mechanism whereby the STE relaxes through phonon‐assisted tunneling and hopping diffusion processes at high temperatures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase transition, and elastic and thermodynamic properties of InN derived from first‐principles and the quasi‐harmonic Debye model
Authors: Peng Feng , Han Yunxia , Fu Hongzhi , Cheng Xinlu
Published: September 2008

The transition phase of InN from wurtzite (WZ) structure to rocksalt (RS) structure is investigated via the minimization of the total energy within Local Density Approximation (LDA) based on Density Functional Theory (DFT), the calculated equilibrium volume are in agreement with available experimental value and other calculated data. In the meantime, the thermodynamic properties of different phase under high temperature and high pressure are investigated applying nonempirical Debye model combining with the first principle theory in the quasi‐harmonic approximation. The transition phase from WZ structure to RS structure occurs at the pressure of 10.1 GPa, which agrees well with experimental value. The evaluated equilibrium volume using this model agrees with the value obtained from ab intio and from experiment. The results demonstrate that this method can provide reliable predictions for the temperature and pressure dependence of these quantities such as the equation of state (EOS), the isothermal bulk modulus, the heat capacity, and the thermal expansion in detail. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The low‐energy electronic properties of graphene ribbons in spatially modulated magnetic fields
Authors: Wu J. Y. , Lin M. F.
Published: September 2008

The low energy magnetoelectronic structures for a nanographene ribbon under modulated magnetic fields are investigated through the Peierls tight‐binding model. They are dominated by the field strength, period, phase, the ribbon width, and edge structure. The modulated magnetic field could add state degeneracy, modify energy dispersions, alter subband spacings, affect carrier‐density distributions, create additional band‐edge states, and extend the partial flat bands. The main features of energy bands are directly reflected in density of states, such as the position, the height, the structure, and the number of the prominent peaks. These results are compared with a zigzag ribbon under a uniform magnetic field. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton transfer and propagation in carbon nanotubes studied by near‐field optical microscopy
Authors: Qian Huihong , Georgi Carsten , Anderson Neil , Green Alexander A. , Hersam Mark C. , Novotny Lukas , Hartschuh Achim
Published: September 2008

We studied transfer and propagation of excitons in single semiconducting carbon nanotubes using high resolution tip‐enhanced near‐field photoluminescence microscopy. Exciton energy transfer is found to occur from a larger band gap nanotube to a smaller band gap nanotube. Efficient transfer however is found to be limited to a few nanometers because of competing fast non‐radiative relaxation and can be explained in terms of electromagnetic near‐field coupling. Towards the end of a nanotube, photoluminescence decay is observed on a length scale of 50–90 nm which is attributed to exciton propagation followed by additional non‐radiative relaxation at the nanotube end. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capillary filling of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with ferrocene in an organic solvent
Authors: Shiozawa Hidetsugu , Giusca Cristina E. , Silva S. Ravi P. , Kataura Hiromichi , Pichler Thomas
Published: September 2008

Capillary reactions of single‐walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated both in ferrocene‐saturated acetone and in ferrocene vapor. The encapsulations of ferrocene are observed as subsequent growth of inner shell tubes. From Raman spectroscopy we show that the filling yield is about ten times higher with the vapor filling. The inner tube – outer tube pair distributions are identical for both converted samples and different to the one grown from the fullerene precursor. The largest assigned inner shell tube from ferrocene is (11,0), which is not available from the fullerene precursor. This result is attributed to the catalytic growth mechanism enabling a wide diameter range of inner shell tubes. The solvent based filling provides for a quick analysis of possible molecule guest – nanotube host pairs with a moderate filling factor. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combined STM/STS, TEM/EELS investigation of CNx‐SWNTs
Authors: Lin H. , Lagoute J. , Chacon C. , Arenal R. , Stéphan O. , Repain V. , Girard Y. , Enouz S. , Bresson L. , Rousset S. , Loiseau A.
Published: September 2008

Nitrogen doped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNx ‐SWNTs) were successfully synthesized by vaporizing a C:Ni/Y target by a CO2 continuous laser under a nitrogen atmosphere. The as‐grown nanotubes were investigated by combining TEM/EELS and STM/STS techniques. According to TEM observations, the tubes are mostly single‐walled and few defects are found. Local chemical characterization was performed by EELS analysis, which proves the presence of nitrogen in both individual tubes and SWNTs bundles and indicates a nitrogen concentration around 1 at.%. STM observations of CNx ‐SWNTs have been then undertaken and atomic resolution images were obtained. First STM analyses of these nanotubes show some defects which have never been observed in pure carbon nanotubes before. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ODMR of NV centers in nano‐diamonds covered with N@C60
Authors: Huebener Kati , Schoenfeld Rolf Simon , Kniepert Juliane , Oelmueller Christoph , Harneit Wolfgang
Published: September 2008

We report on experiments to detect electron spins in the molecular system N@C60 indirectly by coupling them to electron spins in diamond. The spin of single or multiple nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers in nano‐diamonds can be routinely measured using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in a confocal microscopy setup. Line splittings similar to those expected for coupling to external spins are sometimes seen in the ODMR spectra. Direct comparison of spectra on individual nano‐diamonds before and after coverage with fullerenes however gave no clear evidence that the spin‐spin coupling was due to N@C60. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of the liquid crystal 8CB using chip structures
Authors: Plank W. , Hulman M. , Kuzmany H. , Köck A. , Roppert K. , Kukovecz A. , Krenn J. , Bischof R.
Published: September 2008

Molecular nanostructures are excellent systems to study surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), since monolayers or sub‐monolayers are expected to provide maximum scattering enhancement. The SERS enhancement is due to a plasma induced field enhancement by metallic nanoparticles. By this effect the Raman response of molecules in the immediate neighborhood of the particles can be dramatically increased. We investigated the SERS effect of Ag colloids on glass substrates and on lithographically produced nanostructures of gold and aluminum on silicon and ITO‐glass.

For testing extremely thin layers (monolayers and submonolayers) of 4‐octyl‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl (liquid crystal 8CB) were prepared. The observed enhancement for 8CB on Ag colloids was about 103. Enhancement factors for the lithographic structures were initially below 100. To increase the enhancement the Au nanostructures were coated with a 20 nm thick Ag‐layer. Optimisation of the Ag nanoparticle geometry was investigated as an alternative SERS improvement routine. The viability of the chip structures for multiple usage was tested. The experimental analysis was supported by calculations of the SERS cross‐section for different structure geometries. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon nanotubes – A scientometric study
Authors: Marx Werner , Barth Andreas
Published: September 2008

This study has been carried out to analyze the carbon nanotubes research field by scientometric methods. The data are based on the Thomson/ISI Web of Science (WoS) and on the literature file of the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). The time dependent overall number of articles dealing with nanotubes is given. The data reveal a dramatic increase of basic research activity in this research field. The most productive authors and leading research organizations are determined. The distribution of the nanotubes articles on the countries of the authors and on the leading journals is given. The citation data of nanotubes articles are discussed: The average citation rate of nanotubes related articles and of articles out of other currently popular research fields published in the year 2000 are compared with the average citation rates in chemistry and physics. The time evolution of the most highly cited nanotubes papers and of the complete ensemble of the nanotubes articles published in 2000 are shown. The impact of two nanotubes papers appeared prior to 1991 is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uncertainties in the oxygen isotopic composition of barium sulfate induced by coprecipitation of nitrate
Authors: Michalski Greg , Kasem Michelle , Rech Jason A. , Adieu Sabine , Showers William S. , Genna Bernie , Thiemens Mark
Published: September 2008

Coprecipitation of nitrate and sulfate by barium has probably resulted in significant error in numerous studies dealing with the oxygen isotopic composition of natural sulfates using chemical/thermal conversion of BaSO4 and analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In solutions where NO/SO molar ratios are above 2 the amount of nitrate coprecipitated with BaSO4 reaches a maximum of approximately 7% and decreases roughly linearly as the molar ratio decreases. The fraction of coprecipitated nitrate appears to increase with decreasing pH and is also affected by the nature of the cations in the precipitating solution. The size of the oxygen isotope artifact in sulfate depends both on the amount of coprecipitated nitrate and the δ18O and Δ17O values of the nitrate, both of which can be highly variable. The oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate extracted from atmospheric aerosols or rain waters are probably severely biased because photochemical nitrate is usually also present and it is highly enriched in 18O (δ18O ∼50–90‰) and has a large mass‐independent isotopic composition (Δ17O ∼20–32‰). The sulfate δ18O error can be 2–5‰ with Δ17O artifacts reaching as high as 4.0‰. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of nucleoside phosphoramidate monoesters: elucidation of novel rearrangement mechanisms by multistage mass spectrometry incorporating in‐source deuterium labelling
Authors: Xu Peng‐Xiang , Hu An‐Fu , Hu Dan , Gao Xiang , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: September 2008

Several O‐2′,3′‐isopropylideneuridine‐O‐5′‐phosphoramidate monoesters were synthesized and analyzed by negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn). Two kinds of novel rearrangement reactions were observed due to the difference in the amino acid in the nucleoside phosphoramidate monoesters, and possible mechanisms were proposed. One involves a five‐membered cyclic transition state. The other is formation of a stable five‐membered ring intermediate by Michael addition. Results were confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry and isotopically labeled hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, the internal hydrogen exchange between active hydrogen and methyl acrylate in the heated capillary of the mass spectrometer was found. The characteristic fragmentation behavior in ESI‐MS may be used to monitor this kind of compounds in the biological metabolism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time, on‐line monitoring of organic chemical reactions using extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Liang , Gamez Gerardo , Chen Huan Wen , Huang Hao Xi , Chingin Konstantin , Zenobi Renato
Published: September 2008

Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI‐MS) for real‐time monitoring of organic chemical reactions was demonstrated for a well‐established pharmaceutical process reaction and a widely used acetylation reaction in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (4‐DMAP). EESI‐MS provides real‐time information that allows us to determine the optimum time for terminating the reaction based on the relative intensities of the precursors and products. In addition, tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis via EESI‐MS permits on‐line validation of proposed reaction intermediates. The simplicity and rapid response of EESI‐MS make it a valuable technique for on‐line characterization and full control of chemical and pharmaceutical reactions, resulting in maximized product yield and minimized environmental costs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FiD: a software for ab initio structural identification of product ions from tandem mass spectrometric data
Authors: Heinonen Markus , Rantanen Ari , Mielikäinen Taneli , Kokkonen Juha , Kiuru Jari , Ketola Raimo A. , Rousu Juho
Published: September 2008

We present FiD (Fragment iDentificator), a software tool for the structural identification of product ions produced with tandem mass spectrometric measurement of low molecular weight organic compounds. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has proven to be an indispensable tool in modern, cell‐wide metabolomics and fluxomics studies. In such studies, the structural information of the MSn product ions is usually needed in the downstream analysis of the measurement data. The manual identification of the structures of MSn product ions is, however, a nontrivial task requiring expertise, and calls for computer assistance. Commercial software tools, such as Mass Frontier and ACD/MS Fragmenter, rely on fragmentation rule databases for the identification of MSn product ions. FiD, on the other hand, conducts a combinatorial search over all possible fragmentation paths and outputs a ranked list of alternative structures. This gives the user an advantage in situations where the MS/MS data of compounds with less well‐known fragmentation mechanisms are processed. FiD software implements two fragmentation models, the single‐step model that ignores intermediate fragmentation states and the multi‐step model, which allows for complex fragmentation pathways. The software works for MS/MS data produced both in positive‐ and negative‐ion modes. The software has an easy‐to‐use graphical interface with built‐in visualization capabilities for structures of product ions and fragmentation pathways. In our experiments involving amino acids and sugar‐phosphates, often found, e.g., in the central carbon metabolism of yeasts, FiD software correctly predicted the structures of product ions on average in 85% of the cases. The FiD software is free for academic use and is available for download from www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/sysfys/software/fragid. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counting without sampling: Asymptotics of the log‐partition function for certain statistical physics models
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Antar , Gamarnik David
Published: September 2008

In this article we propose new methods for computing the asymptotic value for the logarithm of the partition function (free energy) for certain statistical physics models on certain type of finite graphs, as the size of the underlying graph goes to infinity. The two models considered are thehard‐core(independent set) model when theactivityparameter λis small, and also the Potts (q‐coloring) model. We only consider the graphs withlarge girth. In particular, we prove that asymptotically the logarithm of the number ofindependent setsof anyr‐regular graph with large girth when rescaled is approximately constant ifr≤ 5. For example, we show that every 4‐regularn‐node graph with large girth has approximately (1.494…)n‐many independent sets, for largen. Further, we prove that for everyr‐regular graph withr≥ 2, withnnodes and large girth, the number of properq≥r+ 1 colorings is approximately${[q{(1 - {1 \over q})}^{r \over 2} ]^n}$n, for largen. We also show that these results hold for random regular graphs with high probability (w.h.p.) as well.

As a byproduct of our method we obtain simple algorithms for the problem of computing approximately the logarithm of the number of independent sets and proper colorings, in low degree graphs with large girth. These algorithms are deterministic and use certain correlation decay properties for the corresponding Gibbs measures, and its implications to uniqueness of the Gibbs measures on the infinite trees, as well as some simplecavity trickwhich is well known in the physics and the Markov chain sampling literature.© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Narrations of race in STEM research settings: Identity formation and its discontents
Authors: Malone Kareen Ror , Barabino Gilda
Published: September 2008

This paper discusses conceptions of identity in relation to science education and presents material from a series of interviews and focus groups with graduate students in science and technology. Given difficulties in retention and levels of significant participation by minority students indicated by aggregate data, the issue of race, as it informs critical interactions at a majority research university, is explored in terms of its effects on identity formation. It is argued that we need to look at “real‐time” science to see how subtle interactions affect minority graduate students. These interactions reveal how identity is established through the positioning inside or outside of the laboratory culture. Three themes were explored regarding the tensions of identity formation in the context of race and science education: (1) the issue of isolation, marginalization, and invisibility; (2) being valued through recognition of one's contributions to the community of scientists; and (3) reading race as an additional burden for minority students. Two participants' stories and their positioning as outsiders are explored in detail. The authors contrast building an identity as a scientist through one's educational experiences against being positioned as the “only one” representing his or her race at a primarily White institution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed93:485–510, 2009
Organization governance form in franchising: efficient contracting or organizational momentum?
Authors: Mitsuhashi Hitoshi , Shane Scott , Sine Wesley D.
Published: September 2008

We examine firms' choice of organizational governance form. Using longitudinal data on a sample of business format franchisors operating in North America, we show that the cross‐sectional evidence commonly used to demonstrate support for efficient contracting explanations for organizational governance form is not robust to the year of investigation, firm effects, or selection effects. We theorize that this outcome may result from dynamic processes through which a firm's organizational governance form evolves. We develop and test two hypotheses for the effects of organizational momentum on organizational governance form, and find that organizational momentum is a robust predictor. Our results suggest that researchers consider the dynamics of momentum in explaining the form of firm governance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The many views of a process: Toward a process architecture framework for product development processes
Authors: Browning Tyson R.
Published: September 2008

A product or systemdevelopment processis a kind of complex system, arguably even more complex than the system it produces. Yet, the models and tools used by systems engineers and program managers to plan and manage technical work—such as process flowcharts, Gantt charts, work breakdown structures, and text‐rendered procedures—are less sophisticated and capable than the ones used to design the product system. When used, the various process models are often challenged to incorporate and maintain synchronized program information—e.g., they may be created by different subgroups in a program and based on different assumptions, and they may diverge as a program proceeds. Recently,architecture frameworks(AFs) have been used to help manage the complexity in engineered systems. An AF provides a portfolio ofviewsof a complex system, each of which describes it partially and in a format meaningful to its users and their particular needs. This paper proposes the application of AF concepts to the management of the work done to develop a complex system product. The pieces of work and their relationships constitute a complex process. A portfolio of integrated and synchronized views of a single process model would seem to be preferable to the current state—a number of disparate and uncoordinated management models. This paper introduces a new application of AFs to development processes and suggests this area as one for further research and development in the systems engineering community. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
The Stigmatising Implications of Presenting Schizophrenia as a Genetic Disease
Authors: Bennett Laura , Thirlaway Kathryn , Murray Alexandra J.
Published: September 2008

This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that belief in a genetic aetiology of schizophrenia will increase the stigma associated with the disorder. Levels of five potentially stigmatising attitudes were compared in two groups of participants who had read a vignette describing an individual who has schizophrenia. In one group the disorder was explained as being caused by ‘genetic’ factors, and in the other by ‘environmental’ factors. This study found that three of the five potentially stigmatising attitudes measured were increased when participants read a vignette with a genetic causation rather than an environmental causation. Firstly, genetic attributions increased levels of associative stigma towards close relatives (p < 0.001). Secondly, participants viewed recovery as less likely when genetic factors were implicated as causative (p < 0.001). Finally, there was also an increased perception of the character's “dangerousness” when the condition was explained by genetic factors (p < 0.05). Contrary to previous research was the finding that perceived aetiology had no effect on participant's desire for social distance from an affected individual. Neither did perceived aetiology influence beliefs about moral accountability. The implications of these findings suggest that genetic counsellors and other health professionals, who are providing genetic information to those affected by schizophrenia should be aware of the possibility that a genetic explanation of schizophrenia could increase potentially stigmatising attitudes towards their clients and their clients’ families. It is also possible that individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may themselves form deterministic interpretations of the genetic information they receive and subsequently be less likely to adopt behavioural advice or adhere to treatment. Counsellors and health professionals should strive to present information in a balanced manner, ensuring recipients understand the multi‐factorial causes of the disease.
Nile floods recorded in deep Mediterranean sediments
Authors: Ducassou Emmanuelle , Mulder Thierry , Migeon Sébastien , Gonthier Eliane , Murat Anne , Revel Marie , Capotondi Lucilla , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Mascle Jean , Zaragosi Sébastien
Published: September 2008

Clastic mud beds rich in continental organic matter are observed recurrently in the Nile deep-sea turbidite system. They formed during flooding periods of the river similar to those that induce sapropel formation and occurred during periods of increased density stratification of the eastern Mediterranean. The very fine-grained flood deposits are intercalated within pelagic sediments, sapropels and Bouma-type turbidites. These flood deposits form by the successive reconcentrations of surface (hypopycnal) plumes by convective sedimentation, which in turn generate a fine-grained low-energy hyperpycnal flow. Sea-level high stands seem also to favor hypopycnal plume formation and increase clastic mud bed formation. Consequently, these muddy clastic beds provide a direct link between deep-marine sedimentary records and continental climatic change through flood frequency and magnitude.
Au-dessous de Specℤ
Authors: Toën Bertrand , Vaquié Michel
Published: September 2008

In this article we use the theories of relative algebraic geometry and of homotopical algebraic geometry (cf. [HAGII]) to construct some categories of schemes defined under Specℤ. We define the categories of ℕ-schemes, 1-schemes, -schemes, +-schemes and 1-schemes, where (from an intuitive point of view) ℕ is the semi-ring of natural numbers, 1 is the field with one element, is the ring spectra of integers, + is the semi-ring spectra of natural numbers and 1 is the ring spectra with one element. These categories of schemes are linked together by base change functors, and all of them have a base change functor to the category of ℤ-schemes. We show that the linear group Gln and the toric varieties can be defined as objects in these categories.
Zero Cycles on Singular surfaces
Authors: Krishna Amalendu
Published: September 2008

Let X be a reduced and projective singular surface over ℂ and let → X be a resolution of singularities of X. We show that CH2(X) ≅ CH2() if and only if for i = 0, 1. This verifies a conjecture of Srinivas.

We also verify Bloch's conjecture for singular surfaces assuming it holds for smooth surfaces. As a byproduct, we give an application to projective modules on certain singular affine surfaces.
Local left invertibility for operator tuples and noncommutative localizations
Authors: Dosiev Anar
Published: September 2008

In the paper we propose an operator approach to the noncommutative Taylor localization problem based on the local left invertibility for operator tuples acting on a Fréchet space. We prove that the canonical homomorphismof the universal enveloping algebraof a nilpotent Lie algebrainto its Arens-Michael envelopeis the Taylor localization wheneverhas normal growth.
Simplicial homotopy in semi-abelian categories
Authors: der Linden Tim Van
Published: September 2008

We study Quillen's model category structure for homotopy of simplicial objects in the context of Janelidze, Márki and Tholen's semi-abelian categories. This model structure exists as soon as is regular Mal'tsev and has enough regular projectives; then the fibrations are the Kan fibrations of S. When, moreover, is semi-abelian, weak equivalences and homology isomorphisms coincide.
Comparison of duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep inoculated with Holotrich protozoa,Entodiniummonofauna or total mixed protozoa population
Authors: Ivan M.
Published: September 2008

The present results are the last part of a series of experiments conducted in this laboratory on metabolism of major individual rumen ciliate protozoa species and their combinations in sheep. These species were inoculated into the rumen of fauna-free (FF) sheep to study digestibility of dietary fibre and duodenal flow of N. Sixteen rumen- and duodenum-cannulated FF sheep were divided into four equal groups and used in the present experiment. One group remained FF, while the other three were each inoculated intraruminally with the Holotrich protozoa sp. (HT),Entodiniumsp. (EN) or total mixed fauna (TF). In comparison with the FF group, the HT did not affect (P>0·05) the duodenal flow of non-NH3-N and bacterial-N, while the flow was decreased (P < 0·05) by both the EN and TF populations. The digestibility of fibre was increased (P < 0·05) by both the EN and TF populations, but the results for the HT group were mostly similar to those for the FF sheep. The fibre digestibility in the stomach for TF was intermediate between that for EN and FF. It was concluded that except when fed high-carbohydrate diets, the presence in the rumen of the HT protozoa are of no significant value or major detriment to ruminant production.
ANGLO-MOROCCAN RELATIONS AND THE EMBASSY OF AḤMAD QARDANASH, 1706–1708
Authors: BROWN J. A. O. C.
Published: September 2008

Local conditions and responses to European expansion were important in the ‘interactive emergence of European domination’. However, the comparative lack of sources has tended to obscure what these were. In the early eighteenth century, Morocco was responding to the growth of English power in the Mediterranean; new sources presented here show how ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥamāmī, one of Sultan Mawlāy Ismāʿīl's most powerful ministers, tried to co-operate with the English in order to manage their influence and consolidate his own political position. This offered them a potential means to overcome the obstacles that, compared to the North African regencies, made Morocco resistant to European political and economic influence. These efforts, however, were thwarted by a combination of factors. With al-Ḥamāmī's political credibility threatened, the development of co-operation between the English and a section of the Moroccan elite was undermined, leaving the fundamental dynamics of Anglo-Moroccan relations unchanged.
THOMAS CARLYLE, ‘YOUNG IRELAND’ AND THE ‘CONDITION OF IRELAND QUESTION’*
Authors: MORROW JOHN
Published: September 2008

This article reconsiders Thomas Carlyle's views on the crisis facing Ireland in the 1840s and British responses to it. It argues that while Carlyle saw this crisis as being related to difficulties facing contemporary ‘English’ society, he treated it as a distinctive manifestation of a malaise that afflicted all European societies. Carlyle's views on Ireland reflected the illiberal and authoritarian attitudes which underwrote his social and political thought, but they were not, as has sometimes been suggested, premised on anti-Irish prejudices derived from racial stereotypes. An examination of Carlyle's writings on Ireland demonstrate that he attributed the parlous state of that country in the 1840s to widespread failures in leadership and social morality that were not unique to the inhabitants of Ireland and were also to be found in England. Carlyle's works were not only admired by leading members of ‘Young Ireland’, but also generated ideas that framed their response to the economic, social, and political challenges facing Ireland.
Linear and nonlinear properties of an obliquely propagating dust magnetosonic wave
Authors: MASOOD W. , SHAH H. A. , MUSHTAQ A. , SALIMULLAH M.
Published: September 2008

Linear and nonlinear properties of the two-dimensional obliquely propagating dust magnetosonic wave are studied in a three-component dusty plasma. The dispersion relations in the linear and Kadomstev–Petviashvili (KP) equation in the nonlinear regime are derived for small-amplitude perturbations. It is shown that the linear dispersion properties of the low-frequency dust magnetosonic wave depend on the angle θ that the magnetic field makes with thex-axis, the ratio of ion to electron concentration, and the plasma beta. It is found that retaining the electron pressure term gives rise to novel features in the dust magnetosonic wave. The slow magnetosonic wave is found to be the damped mode and, therefore, the only propagating mode in our system is the fast magnetosonic mode. It is found that the KP equation admits compressive solitary structures. Finally, it is found that the amplitude of the soliton increases as the ratio of electron to ion concentration,p, angle θ, and the plasma beta, β, is increased.
How does home language influence early spellings? Phonologically plausible errors of diglossic Malay children
Authors: JALIL SAJLIA BINTE , RICKARD LIOW SUSAN J.
Published: September 2008

Diglossia, or the use of two forms of a language in a single speech community, is widespread. Differences between the nonstandard form, used for everyday conversations, and the standard form, used for formal occasions and writing, often extend to phonology as well as grammar and vocabulary. Most preschoolers from diglossic families are routinely exposed to the colloquial nonstandard form during conversations at home because the social setting determines the form their parents use. If early spellings are speech based, exposure to nonstandard phonology should influence the kinds of errors diglossic children make. We investigated this prediction in Rumi Malay that, unlike English, has unambiguous phonology–orthography mappings. For Study 1, two spelling tests (51 words, 26 nonwords) were dictated withstandard Malaypronunciation. For words, but not nonwords, the diglossic Singaporean children (N= 52, mean age = 6.5 years) made vowel errors that are consistent with thenonstandard Malaypronunciation they use at home. Study 2 confirmed that these errors are rare for equally proficient Malay spellers from Indonesia who speak standard Malay at home. These results are interpreted as strong evidence for the view that beginners' spellings are based on phonological redintegration of their own speech-based representations.
Is overt repetition critical to expressive word learning? The role of overt repetition in word learning with and without semantics
Authors: ABBS BRANDON , GUPTA PRAHLAD , KHETARPAL NAVEEN
Published: September 2008

Five experiments examined whether overt repetition (i.e., saying a word aloud) during exposure is critical to the expressive learning of new words. When participants did not engage in overt repetition during exposure, they nevertheless exhibited clear expressive learning, both with and without an accompanying semantics, indicating that overt repetition is not critical to expressive word learning. In addition, learning without overt repetition did not differ from learning with overt repetition, suggesting that overt repetition confers no benefit for learning in this situation. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies, and it is suggested that benefits of repetition may accrue primarily in second language rather than in first language word learning.
The acquisition of tense in English: Distinguishing child second language from first language and specific language impairment
Authors: PARADIS JOHANNE , RICE MABEL L. , CRAGO MARTHA , MARQUIS JANET
Published: September 2008

This study reports on a comparison of the use and knowledge of tense-marking morphemes in English by first language (L1), second language (L2), and specific language impairment (SLI) children. The objective of our research was to ascertain whether the L2 children's tense acquisition patterns were similar or dissimilar to those of the L1 and SLI groups, and whether they would fit an (extended) optional infinitive profile, or an L2-based profile, for example, the missing surface inflection hypothesis. Results showed that the L2 children had a unique profile compared with their monolingual peers, which was better characterized by the missing surface inflection hypothesis. At the same time, results reinforce the assumption underlying the (extended) optional infinitive profile that internal constraints on the acquisition of tense could be a component of L1 development, with and without SLI.
Isometry groups of separable metric spaces
Authors: MALICKI MACIEJ , SOLECKI SŁAWOMIR
Published: September 2008

We show that every locally compact Polish group is isomorphic to the isometry group of a proper separable metric space. This answers a question of Gao and Kechris. We also analyze the natural action of the isometry group of a separable ultrametric space on the space. This leads us to a structure theorem representing an arbitrary separable ultrametric space as a bundle with an ultrametric base and with ultrahomogeneous fibers which are invariant under the action of the isometry group.
Relative sensitivity of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to cognitive function among nondemented individuals infected with HIV
Authors: PAUL ROBERT H. , ERNST THOMAS , BRICKMAN ADAM M. , YIANNOUTSOS CONSTANTIN T. , TATE DAVID F. , COHEN RONALD A. , NAVIA BRADFORD A.
Published: September 2008

In the present study, we examined the relationships among cognitive function, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) brain metabolite indices measured in the basal ganglia, and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the caudate nucleus and the putamen in the earliest stages of HIV-related cognitive involvement. Participants included 22 HIV-positive individuals and 20 HIV-negative individuals. HIV-positive individuals performed significantly more poorly than the HIV-negative individuals on several cognitive measures. In addition, the choline/creatine ratio was significantly higher and the N-acetyl aspartate/choline ratio was significantly lower among HIV patients. The caudate and putamen sizes were smaller among HIV-positive patients compared with controls; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance. Correlation analyses revealed associations between cognitive function and select MRS indices. In addition, caudate size was significantly correlated with performances on higher-order thinking tests whereas putamen size was significantly correlated with performances on motor tests. The results suggest that MRS differences are more pronounced than area size differences between seropositive and seronegative individuals in mild stages of HIV-related cognitive impairment. However, basal ganglia size remains an important contributor to cognitive status in this population. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the evolution of these imaging correlates of HIV-cognitive impairment in HIV. (JINS, 2008,14, 725–733.)
Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: Information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning?
Authors: MACNIVEN J.A.B. , DAVIS C. , HO M.-Y. , BRADSHAW C.M. , SZABADI E. , CONSTANTINESCU C.S.
Published: September 2008

Cognitive impairments in information processing speed, attention and executive functioning are widely reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have identified impaired performance on the Stroop test in people with MS, yet uncertainty remains over the cause of this phenomenon. In this study, 25 patients with MS were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery including a computerized Stroop test and a computerized test of information processing speed, the Graded Conditional Discrimination Tasks (GCDT). The patient group was compared with an individually age, sex and estimated premorbid IQ-matched healthy control group. The patients' reaction times (RTs) were significantly longer than those of the controls on all Stroop test trials and there was a significantly enhanced absolute (RTincongruent-RTneutral) and relative (100·[RTincongruent-RTneutral]/RTneutral) Stroop interference effect for the MS group. The linear function relating RT to stimulus complexity in the GCDT was significantly steeper in the patient group, indicating slowed information processing. The results are discussed with reference to the difference engine model, a theory of diversity in speeded cognition. It is concluded that, in the assessment of people with MS, great caution must be used in the interpretation of performance on neuropsychological tests which rely on RT as the primary measure. (JINS, 2008, 14, 805–814.)
Auditory interhemispheric transfer in relation to patterns of partial agenesis and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum in spina bifida meningomyelocele
Authors: HANNAY H. JULIA , WALKER AMY , DENNIS MAUREEN , KRAMER LARRY , BLASER SUSAN , FLETCHER JACK M.
Published: September 2008

Spina bifida meningomyelocele with hydrocephalus (SBM) is commonly associated with anomalies of the corpus callosum (CC). We describe MRI patterns of regional CC agenesis and relate CC anomalies to functional laterality based on a dichotic listening test in 90 children with SBM and 27 typically developing controls. Many children with SBM (n = 40) showed regional CC anomalies in the form of agenesis of the rostrum and/or splenium, and a smaller number (n = 20) showed hypoplasia (thinning) of all CC regions (rostrum, genu, body, and splenium). The expected right ear advantage (REA) was exhibited by normal controls and children with SBM having a normal or hypoplastic splenium. It was not shown by children with SBM who were left handed, missing a splenium, or had a higher level spinal cord lesion. Perhaps the right hemisphere of these children is more involved in processing some aspects of linguistic stimuli. (JINS, 2008, 14, 771–781.)