bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El proceso de neolitización en los Pirineos Orientales. Un modelo de continuidad entre los cazadores-recolectores neolíticos y los primeros grupos agropastoriles
Authors: Pallarés María , Bordas Anna , Mora Rafael
Published: February 2012

En el presente artículo se expone un estudio detallado de las ocupaciones mesolíticas y neolíticas de la Font del Ros (Berga, Barcelona), con el propósito de caracterizar las estrategias organizativas de los grupos cazadores-recolectores del VIII milenio en el contexto de los Pirineos orientales, así como aportar nuevos elementos para la comprensión del proceso de neolitización de los mismos a lo largo del VI milenio.
Tradicionalmente esta zona se ha caracterizado por la escasez de yacimientos estratificados con niveles mesolíticos y neolíticos que aporten nuevos datos sobre los orígenes del Neolítico en el nordeste de Cataluña, así como por la dificultad que ha supuesto el encuadramiento cronocultural de los escasos conjuntos mesolíticos documentados, dentro de las secuencias clásicas establecidas para el sur de Francia y la zona mediterránea de la Península Ibérica. En los últimos años, gracias a diferentes proyectos llevados a cabo tanto en la vertiente pirenaica como subpirenaica se han excavado nuevos yacimientos, como la Grotte de Dourgne, Balma Margineda o la Font del Ros, a través de cuyo estudio ha sido posible establecer algunos patrones recurrentes en la ocupación del territorio y la gestión de los recursos por parte de los grupos cazadores-recolectores mesolíticos y de los primeros grupos agropastoriles en los Pirineos Orientales. Estos datos parecen apuntar a un modelo de neolitización en el que el sustrato mesolítico, con unas estrategias económicas diversificadas, irá incorporando nuevos elementos de una economía productora de forma progresiva y escalonada, como consecuencia, principalmente, de los desarrollos y contradicciones internas de estas sociedades.
Antracología y métodos: implicaciones en la economía prehistórica, etnoarqueología y paleoecología
Authors: Uzquiano Paloma
Published: February 2012

Se define la Antracología aplicada a la Arqueología exponiendo detalladamente todas las etapas que constituyen su metodología de estudio. Desde la recogida de carbones en el yacimiento hasta la interpretación de los resultados en el laboratorio, esta disciplina ha revelado las múltiples implicaciones en áreas diversas de las Ciencias de la Tierra (Paleoecología) y de las Ciencias Históricas (Economía y Etnología prehistóricas).
La aplicación del GPS a la arqueología
Authors: Amado Reino Xesús
Published: February 2012

La incorporación de la tecnología GPS a la arqueología es relativamente reciente y su uso cada vez mayor. Los excelentes resultados obtenidos en la georreferenciación de elementos arqueológicos han movido a muchos profesionales a la adquisición de equipos, unas veces profesionales y otras de bolsillo. Este trabajo pretende servir de presentación de esta tecnología exponiendo sus posibilidades y usos más frecuentes en arqueología, además de hacer una serie de puntualizaciones en cuanto a la fiabilidad, precisión de los diferentes tipos de receptores portátiles y formas de aplicación con carácter profesional de estos equipos.
Visibilidad arqueológica: escena Argentina para la arqueología como ciencia de la sociedad
Authors: Rocchietti Ana María
Published: February 2012

La práctica de la arqueología está en el interior de una red social por la que los objetos arqueológicos de distinta escala se vuelven recursos culturales no renovables. La arqueología prehistórica es, en la Argentina, arqueología de las sociedades indígenas y sostiene una mediación social que desenvuelve tres dimensiones: pone en conciencia pública a esas antiguas sociedades; procura una imagen sistemática de ellas a través de los modelos teóricos y del registro arqueológico y, por último, interviene en el conservacionismo de los sitios. Este trabajo propone la investigación de la visibilidad arqueológica, tal como se plasma en el paisaje cultural de las regiones de la Argentina y la entiende como una "política de contornos o de trazos", que en la escena de la ciencia social puede adquirir carácter emancipatorio.
Una nueva apreciación del estudio de los patrones de marcas de corte para inferir manipulación homínida de carcasas con carne en el yacimiento Flk Zinj 22 de Olduvai, Tanzania
Authors: Domínguez-Rodrigo Manuel
Published: February 2012

Estudios experimentales anteriores sobre marcas de corte han sugerido que los porcentajes de marcas de corte y su distribución (basada en tipo de hueso y tipo de sección ósea) podrían usarse para diferenciar un acceso primario a carcasas con carne de un acceso secundario a carcasas descarnadas. En este estudio semejante muestra experimental se ve ampliada y se muestran más datos que sirven para inferir que los homínidos tuvieron un acceso primario a las carcasas representadas en el yacimiento FLK Zinj de Olduvai.
De la arqueología simbólica del paisaje a la arqueología de los paisajes sagrados
Authors: Santos Estevez Manuel , Parcero Oubiña César , Criado Boado Felipe
Published: February 2012

Se estudian los diferentes modelos de paisaje que se suceden en la Prehistoria e Historia de una comarca del noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Se analizan tanto la distribución del poblamiento y el uso del suelo a la luz de datos geográficos y arqueológicos, como la articulación de organizaciones territoriales supralocales. En concreto se observa la conformación de un espacio simbólico o sagrado en un sector concreto de la zona de estudio que habría servido como recurso fundamental para configurar y expresar los modelos de paisaje social de cada momento. Con ello se pretenden mostrar las diferentes formas de racionalidad que se esconden detrás de la concepción de lo sagrado a lo largo de varias etapas culturales distintas y sucesivas; se trata de mostrar lo que cada una de estas fases ha aportado a la construcción acumulativa del paisaje que se observa actualmente y de descifrar para cada una de ellas una concepción del paisaje diferente. La zona de estudio se encuadra dentro del área nuclear de los petroglifos galaicos de la Edad del Bronce, entre los ayuntamientos de Campo Lameiro y Cotobade (Pontevedra). Creemos que en ella se conservan elementos de su valor simbólico desde la Edad del Bronce hasta la Galicia tradicional. Lejos de proponer ningún tipo de persistencias seculares, nuestro análisis tratará de mostrar cómo cada uno de estos hitos se construye a partir de una concepción diferente del paisaje y cómo todas ellas, pese a esto, coinciden en remarcar una zona dotada de peculiares condiciones naturales, diferentemente interpretadas en cada momento.
Cómo valorar los sistemas de propiedad a partir de datos arqueológicos
Authors: Gilman Antonio
Published: February 2012

Los arqueólogos procesuales han sido remisos a ocuparse de la naturaleza de los regimenes prehistóricos de propiedad. La evidencia etnológica sugiere un desarrollo predecible de tales regimenes en el curso de la escala evolutiva de las sociedades humanas. El examen de los patrones relativos a los gastos de la elite y del consumo familiar puede usarse para evaluar tales escenarios evolutivos en casos concretos.
Dataciones AMS de la cueva de Tito Bustillo (Asturias) (1)
Authors: Moure Romanillo Alfonso
Published: February 2012

Dataciones C14 por acelerador de las áreas de actividad de la cueva de Tito Bustillo permiten apoyar algunas reflexiones sobre el modelo teórico de periodización del Magdaleniense.
Pinturas rupestres esquemáticas en la transición del IV al III milenio a.C. El abrigo de la Charneca Chica (Oliva de Mérida, Badajoz)
Authors: Collado Giraldo Hipólito , Fernández Algaba Milagros , Pozuelo Lorenzo Diana , Girón Abumalham Montserrat
Published: February 2012

Los trabajos de prospección de arte rupestre que durante los últimos años se vienen desarrollando en la comunidad autónoma de Extremadura han permitido localizar un importante conjunto de abrigos inéditos con pintura rupestre esquemática en el término de Oliva de Mérida (Badajoz). El abrigo de la Charneca Chica forma parte del mismo y da cabida a un conjunto de grafemas cuya cronología se atribuye a momentos de transición entre el IV y el III milenio a.C, dentro de la primera fase en la evolución del arte rupestre esquemático en Extremadura.
Significant Role of IL-1 Signaling, but Limited Role of Inflammasome Activation, in Oviduct Pathology during Chlamydia muridarum Genital Infection
Authors: Nagarajan Uma M. , Sikes James D. , Yeruva Laxmi , Prantner Daniel
Published: February 2012

IL-1β has been implicated in the development of oviduct pathology during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in the mouse model. The goal of this study was to characterize the role of IL-1 signaling and the inflammasome-activation pathways during genital chlamydial infection. Compared with control mice, IL-1R–deficient mice displayed delayed clearance and increased chlamydial colonization. Consistent with the role for IL-1 signaling in infection clearance, mice deficient for the IL-1R antagonist cleared infection at a faster rate. Despite increased infection, IL-1R–deficient mice had significantly reduced oviduct pathology, which was associated with decreased numbers of neutrophils, but more macrophages, in the genital tract. IL-1β secretion is dependent on caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC) inflammasome during in vitro infection of primed macrophages with C. muridarum. To investigate the role of inflammasome components during in vivo genital infection, mice lacking NLRP3, NLRC4, and ASC were tested and found to display no reduction in oviduct pathology compared with control mice. Mice deficient for ASC displayed a prolonged course of infection, which was associated with reduced T cell recruitment and proliferation. Further, ASC-deficient mice displayed normal levels of IL-1β in genital secretions. However, a significant decrease in caspase-1–dependent IL-18 was observed in both ASC- and NLRP3-deficient mice. These data demonstrate a major role for IL-1 signaling, but a limited role for the inflammasome pathway, in IL-1β secretion and development of oviduct pathology during genital chlamydial infection. The data also suggest an IL-1–independent role for ASC in adaptive immunity during genital chlamydial infection.
Correlation between Iron Status Parameters and Hormone Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Al-Hakeim Hussein Kadhem
Published: February 2012

Much research has shown that iron store parameters are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but an exact explanation for this phenomenon remains unavailable. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between iron status parameters and hormonal disturbances in women with PCOS that accounts for their increased iron store levels. Iron status parameters and hormones were measured using colorimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. The results demonstrated a mild iron overload in the patients with PCOS. Good positive correlations between iron status parameters and serum testosterone, prolactin, and insulin were detected in the patient group, whereas iron status parameters and BMI were not significantly correlated. The data also suggest that the increase in serum ferritin and body iron store levels in patients with PCOS are associated with hyperandrogenemia, hyperprolactinemia, and hyperinsulinemia. The findings of this study expand current knowledge on the factors affecting iron stores and suggest a different mechanism of interaction between iron stores and the endocrine system through the harmful deposition of iron in endocrine glands and through hormonal effects on iron absorption and metabolism.
Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) in pediatric and neonatal intensive care
Authors: Rellensmann G , Scharf J , Bürkle T , Castellanos I
Published: February 2012

Objective: To identify and summarize the requirements of an optimized CPOE application for pediatric intensive care.

Methods: We analyzed the medication process and its documentation in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PICU/NICU) of two university hospitals using workflow analysis techniques, with the aim of implementing computer-supported physician order entry (CPOE).

Results: In both PICU/NICU, we identified similar processes that differed considerably from adult medication routine. For example, both PICU/NICU prepare IV pump syringes on the ward, but receive individualized ready-to-use mixed IV bags for each patient from the hospital pharmacy on the basis of a daily order. For drug dose calculation, both PICU/NICU employ electronic calculation tools that are either incorporated within the CPOE system, or are external modules invoked via interface.

Conclusion: On the basis of this analysis, we provide suggestions to optimize CPOE applications for use in the pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit in the form of three catalogues of desiderata for drug order entry support.
The Mineral Dust Cycle in EMAC 2.40: sensitivity to the spectral resolution and the dust emission scheme
Authors: Gläser G. , Kerkweg A. , Wernli H.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. This first detailed analysis of the mineral dust cycle in the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model system investigates the performance of two dust emission schemes, following the approach of Balkanski et al. (2004) and Tegen et al. (2002), respectively, and the influence of the horizontal model resolution. Here the spectral resolutions T42, T63, T85, and T106 are investigated. A basic sulphur chemistry, enabling the coating of insoluble dust particles to make them soluble, is employed in order to realistically describe the ageing and wet deposition of mineral dust. Independent of the dust emission scheme the five-year simulations with the horizontal resolutions T42 and T63 produce unrealistically high emissions at some grid points in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, leading to very high dust loads in polar regions. With these coarse resolutions, dust source grid points in the basin and elevated grid points of the Himalayas with high wind speeds cannot be distinguished, causing this overestimation. In T85 and T106 these regions are well separated and considerably less dust is emitted there. With the chosen model setup, the dust emission scheme by Balkanski et al. (2004) places the global maximum of emissions in the Thar Desert in India. This is unrealistic as the Sahara Desert is known to be the largest dust source in the world. This is the main deficiency of this scheme compared to the one by Tegen et al. (2002), which, based on a qualitative comparison to AEROCOM data, produces a very reasonable distribution of emissions and dust loads in simulations with resolutions T85 and T106. For future climate simulations with EMAC focusing on mineral dust, we recommend to use the dust emission scheme by Tegen et al. (2002) and a model resolution of at least T85. Simulations of two selected episodes and comparison to observational data sets show that in this model configuration EMAC is able to realistically simulate also intense, episodic events of dust emission and long-range transport.
Trace metal concentrations in acidic, headwater streams in Sweden explained by chemical, climatic, and land use variations
Authors: Huser B. J. , Fölster J. , Köhler S.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Long term data series (1996–2009) for eleven acidic, headwater streams (<10 km2) in Sweden were analyzed to determine factors controlling concentrations of trace metals. In-stream chemical data as well climatic, flow, and deposition chemistry data were used to develop models predicting concentrations of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Data were initially analyzed using partial least squares to determine a set of variables that could predict metal concentrations across all sites. Organic matter (as absorbance) and iron related positively to Pb and Cr while pH related negatively to Pb and Zn. Other variables such as conductivity, manganese, and temperature were important as well. Multiple linear regression was then used to determine minimally adequate prediction models which explained an average of 35% (Cr), 52% (Zn), and 72% (Pb) of metal variation across all sites. While models explained at least 50% of variation in the majority of sites for Pb (10) and Zn (8), only three sites met this criterion for Cr. Investigation of variation between site models for each metal revealed geographical (altitude), chemical (sulfate), and land use (silvaculture) influences on predictive power of the models. Residual analysis revealed seasonal differences in the ability of the models to predict metal concentrations as well. Expected future changes in model variables were applied and results showed the potential for long term increases (Pb) or decreases (Zn) for trace metal concentrations at these sites.
Tomography of the 2011 Iwaki earthquake (M 7.0) and Fukushima nuclear power plant area
Authors: Tong P. , Zhao D. , Yang D.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. High-resolution tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle in and around the area of the 2011 Iwaki earthquake (M 7.0) and the Fukushima nuclear power plant are determined by inverting a large number of high-quality arrival times with both the finite-frequency and ray tomography methods. The Iwaki earthquake and its aftershocks mainly occurred in a boundary zone with strong variations in seismic velocity and Poisson's ratio. Prominent low-velocity and high Poisson's ratio zones are revealed under the Iwaki source area and the Fukushima nuclear power plant, which may reflect fluids released from the dehydration of the subducting Pacific slab under Northeast Japan. The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (Mw 9.0) caused static stress transfer in the overriding Okhotsk plate, resulting in the seismicity in the Iwaki source area that significantly increased immediately following the Tohoku-oki mainshock. Our results suggest that the Iwaki earthquake was triggered by the ascending fluids from the Pacific slab dehydration and the stress variation induced by the Tohoku-oki mainshock. The similar structures under the Iwaki source area and the Fukushima nuclear power plant suggest that the security of the nuclear power plant site should be strengthened to withstand potential large earthquakes in the future.
The Effect of Obesity on Blood Metal Ion Levels after Hip Resurfacing and Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Sawalha Seif , Ravikumar Raveena , Chowdhury Emyr A. , Massraf Araz
Published: February 2012

There has been concern regarding potentially higher failure rates of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings in obese patients, and possible adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD). Elevated chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) levels in the blood indicate excess wear, and may predict secondary soft-tissue damage.

We investigated the effect of obesity on blood Cr and Co levels in patients with MoM bearings. We reviewed data on 75 patients with hip resurfacing and MoM total hip arthroplasty (THA) at an average of 4 years follow-up. We excluded patients with factors that can affect metal ion levels including other metal implants, bilateral MoM bearings or during the ‘running-in’ phase. The patients were classified into two groups; obese (n=27) and control (n=48) depending on a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. There was no significant difference between the groups with regards to age, gender, renal function, cup inclination, implant type, femoral head size, time interval between operation and metal ion levels or the number of symptomatic patients.

There was a trend for lower Cr and Co levels in the obese group but this was not statistically significant (p= 0.17 & 0.07, respectively). There was no correlation between the BMI and Cr or Co levels (Spearman's correlation coefficient r = − 0.13/p = 0.26 & − 0. 2/p = 0.1, respectively). There was no evidence of higher metal ion levels, suggestive of increased wear, in obese patients with MoM bearings.
Celebrating a Fraud on the Court
Authors: Schwebel Stephen M.
Published: February 2012

The International Court of Justice issued its judgment on the merits in the case of Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua on June 27, 1986. A public discussion to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the rendering of that judgment took place in The Hague on June 27, 2011. The meeting—“The Nicaragua Case 25 Years Later: Its Impact on the Law and the Court”—was arranged with the participation of individuals involved in the formulation and presentation of Nicaragua’s case. A diversity of views was expressed on whether the Court had jurisdiction in the case and on elements of its judgment on the merits, but the mood of the Hague session was celebratory.
U.S. State Legislation to Limit Use of International and Foreign Law
Authors: Fellmeth Aaron
Published: February 2012

International law is no stranger to controversy in the U.S. court system. The Supreme Court’s occasional citations to international law and foreign laws have generated debate in Congress, academia, and civil society, and between the justices themselves. In 2004 and 2005, “Constitution Restoration Act” bills were introduced into both houses of Congress that would have, inter alia, subjected federal judges to impeachment for any citation to international or foreign law (other than the English common law) when interpreting the U.S. Constitution. Neither bill was adopted, but they attracted five senatorial cosponsors and thirty-four in the House of Representatives.
Fluorometric Determination of Drugs Containing α-Methylene Sulfoxide Functional Groups Using - Methylnicotinamide Chloride as a Fluorogenic Agent
Authors: Elokely Khaled M. , Eldawy Mohamed A. , Elkersh Mohamed A. , El-Moselhy Tarek F.
Published: February 2012

A simple fluorometric method, using -methylnicotinamide chloride (NMNCl) as a fluorogenic reagent, has been developed, adapted, and validated for the quantitative estimation of drugs containing α-methylene sulfoxide functional groups. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the determination of sulindac (1), omeprazole (2), lansoprazole (3), pantoprazole (4), and rabeprazole (5) in the pure form, laboratory-prepared mixtures, pharmaceutical dosage forms, spiked human plasma samples, and in hospitalized patient's or volunteer's blood.
For the standard solutions of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the method showed linearity over concentration ranging between 1–50 g/mL, 50–1200 ng/mL, 100–1500 ng/mL, 10–1500 ng/mL, and 20–2200 ng/mL, respectively. For the spiked human plasma of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the linearity was shown over concentration ranging between 1–50 μg/mL, 75–1200 ng/mL, 100–1400 ng/mL, 10–1500 ng/mL, and 50–2100 ng/mL, respectively. The method showed good accuracy, specificity, and precision in both laboratory-prepared mixtures and spiked human plasma samples.
The proposed method is simple, does not need sophisticated instrumentation, suitable for quality control application, bioavailability, and bioequivalency studies. Besides, the sensitivity and detection limits are comparable to sophisticated chromatographic methods.
Sign Data Derivative Recovery
Authors: Houston L. M. , Glass G. A. , Dymnikov A. D.
Published: February 2012

Given only the signs of signal plus noise added repetitively or sign data, signal amplitudes can be recovered with minimal variance. However, discrete derivatives of the signal are recovered from sign data with a variance which approaches infinity with decreasing step size and increasing order. For industries such as the seismic industry, which exploits amplitude recovery from sign data, these results place constraints on processing, which includes differentiation of the data. While methods for smoothing noisy data for finite difference calculations are known, sign data requires noisy data. In this paper, we derive the expectation values of continuous and discrete sign data derivatives and we explicitly characterize the variance of discrete sign data derivatives.
Multisite Analytic Performance Studies of a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of BRAF V600E Mutations in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Anderson Steven , Bloom Kenneth J. , Vallera Dino U. , Rueschoff Josef , Meldrum Cliff , Schilling Robert , Kovach Barbara , Lee Ju Ruey-Jiuan , Ochoa Pam , Langland Rachel , Halait Harkanwal , Lawrence H. Jeffrey , Dugan Michael C.
Published: February 2012

Context.—A polymerase chain reaction–based companion diagnostic (cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to select patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma for treatment with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib.

Objectives.—(1) To compare the analytic performance of the cobas test to Sanger sequencing by using screening specimens from phase II and phase III trials of vemurafenib, and (2) to assess the reproducibility of the cobas test at different testing sites.

Design.—Specimens from 477 patients were used to determine positive and negative percent agreements between the cobas test and Sanger sequencing for detecting V600E (1799T>A) mutations. Specimens were evaluated with a massively parallel pyrosequencing method (454) to resolve discordances between polymerase chain reaction and Sanger results. Reproducibility of the cobas test was assessed at 3 sites by using 3 reagent lots and an 8-member panel of melanoma samples.

Results.—A valid cobas result was obtained for all eligible patients. Sanger sequencing had a failure rate of 9.2% (44 of 477). For the remaining 433 specimens, positive percent agreement was 96.4% (215 of 223) and negative percent agreement, 80% (168 of 210). Among 42 cobas mutation-positive/Sanger V600E-negative specimens, 17 were V600E positive and 24 were V600K positive by 454. The cobas test detected 70% of V600K mutations. In the reproducibility study, a correct interpretation was made for 100% of wild-type specimens and specimens with greater than 5% mutant alleles; V600E mutations were detected in 90% of specimens with less than 5% mutant alleles.

Conclusions.—The cobas test (1) had a lower assay failure rate than that of Sanger, (2) was more sensitive in detecting V600E mutations, (3) detected most V600K mutations, and (4) was highly reproducible.
Memory for Patient Information as a Function of Experience in Mental Health
Authors: Marsh Jessecae K. , Ahn Woo‐kyoung
Published: February 2012

Mental health clinicians are tasked to diagnose and treat the millions of people worldwide seeking help for mental health issues. This paper investigates the memory clinicians have for patient information. We hypothesize that clinicians encapsulate mental health knowledge through experience into more abstract concepts, as in other domains changing what clinicians remember about patients compared with non‐professionals. We tested memory for realistic patient–therapist interactions in experienced clinicians, intermediately trained graduate students, and laypeople. Clinicians recalled fewer facts than intermediate trainees and as many as laypeople. Furthermore, clinicians reported more abstracted information than all other participants, providing the first empirical demonstration of knowledge encapsulation in the memory of mental health clinicians. We discuss how our results fit into the existing literature on clinical expertise in mental health and the implications of our findings for future research relevant to mental health care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting the Better Model by Using Data, Occam's Razor, and a Little Common Sense: Reply to Ericsson
Authors: Howard Robert W.
Published: February 2012

The issue is which model, practice‐alone or innate talent affecting learning speed and limiting asymptotic performance level, better accounts for expertise development in international chess. The innate talent model does much better by the usual criteria. A study to determine what innate talent for chess might consist is now needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drawing on Liars' Lack of Cognitive Flexibility: Detecting Deception Through Varying Report Modes
Authors: Leins Drew A. , Fisher Ronald P. , Vrij Aldert
Published: February 2012

The present experiment examined the role of cognitive flexibility in the consistency of truth tellers' and liars' reports. We expected liars to be less flexible (less able to report an experience in different ways) and hence less consistent than truth tellers when asked to describe an event in different ways (e.g. verbally and pictorially). In the experiment, truth tellers entered a room and performed several tasks, whereas liars did not enter the room or perform the tasks but attempted to convince an interviewer that they did. Truth tellers and liars were interviewed twice about the room and tasks, and were asked to express their answers either the same way on both interviews (e.g. verbally then again verbally) or in different ways (e.g. verbally then pictorially). In support of the cognitive flexibility hypothesis, liars' reports were less consistent than truth tellers' reports, particularly when reporting in different ways across interviews. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive impedance matching system for downlink of passive semi‐ultra wideband ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification tag
Authors: Zhang Gui‐ying , Dai Yu‐jie , Zhang Xiao‐xing , Lv Ying‐jie
Published: February 2012

The input impedance of ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification tag varies with the received power on the chip. It will induce impedance mismatch between the receiver antenna and microchip, thus drastically affect the performance of communication. In this paper, a low cost and fully integrated automatic impedance matching system was presented to solve this problem. It consists of two control loops for independent control of the real and imaginary parts of impedance. The first control loop realizes resistance correction using a parallel LC tuning network, whereas the second control loop achieves reactance compensation using a series LC tuning network. In both loops, the mismatch information is detected for direct control of the variable elements, varactors, which are tuned in a sequential manner. For unambiguous control of the resistance correction, the sign of the intermediate reactance is used as a secondary control criterion to enforce operation into a stable region. The functionality of the proposed automatic matching system was verified for different input impedances of a specifically semi‐ultra wideband ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification tag as the available input power varies. The results indicate that all matched impedances are clustered around the target impedance 50 + j0 Ω after acquisition of both loops. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in Piezotronics and Piezo‐Phototronics
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2012

The fundamental principle of piezotronics and piezo‐phototronics were introduced by Wang in 2007 and 2010, respectively. Due to the polarization of ions in a crystal that has non‐central symmetry in materials such as the wurtzite structured ZnO, GaN and InN, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal by applying a stress. Owing to the simultaneous possession of piezoelectricity and semiconductor properties, the piezopotential created in the crystal has a strong effect on the carrier transport at the interface/junction. Piezotronics is about the devices fabricated using the piezopotential as a “gate” voltage to tune/control charge carrier transport at a contact or junction. The piezo‐phototronic effect is to use the piezopotential to control the carrier generation, transport, separation and/or recombination for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices, such as photon detector, solar cell and LED. This manuscript reviews the updated progress in the two new fields. A perspective is given about their potential applications in sensors, human‐silicon technology interfacing, MEMS, nanorobotics and energy sciences.
Building a human rights framework for workers' compensation in the United States: Opening the debate on first principles
Authors: Hilgert Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2012

Background

This article introduces the idea of human rights to the topic of workers' compensation in the United States. It discusses what constitutes a human rights approach and explains how this approach conflicts with those policy ideas that have provided the foundation historically for workers' compensation in the United States.

Methods

Using legal and historical research, key international labor and human rights standards on employment injury benefits and influential writings in the development of the U.S. workers' compensation system are cited.

Results

Workers' injury and illness compensation in the United States does not conform to basic international human rights norms.

Conclusions

A comprehensive review of the U.S. workers' compensation system under international human rights standards is needed. Examples of policy changes are highlighted that would begin the process of moving workers' compensation into conformity with human rights standards. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:506–518, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contextualizing organizational interventions of knowledge management systems: A design science perspective
Authors: Baloh Peter , Desouza Kevin C. , Hackney Ray
Published: February 2012

We address how individuals’ (workers) knowledge needs influence the design of knowledge management systems (KMS), enabling knowledge creation and utilization. It is evident thatKMStechnologies and activities are indiscriminately deployed in most organizations with little regard to the actual context of their adoption. Moreover, it is apparent that the extant literature pertaining to knowledge management projects is frequently deficient in identifying the variety of factors indicative for successfulKMS. This presents an obvious business practice and research gap that requires a critical analysis of the necessary intervention that will actually improve how workers can leverage and form organization‐wide knowledge. This research involved an extensive review of the literature, a grounded theory methodological approach and rigorous data collection and synthesis through an empirical case analysis (ParsonsBrinckerhoff andSamsung). The contribution of this study is the formulation of a model for designingKMSbased upon the design science paradigm, which aspires to create artifacts that are interdependent of people and organizations. The essential proposition is thatKMSdesign and implementation must be contextualized in relation to knowledge needs and that these will differ for various organizational settings. The findings present valuable insights and further understanding of the way in whichKMSdesign efforts should be focused.
The bibliometric bandwagon: Characteristics of bibliometric articles outside the field literature
Authors: Jonkers K. , Derrick G.E.
Published: February 2012

The controversial use of bibliometrics in scientific decision making has necessitated the need for researchers to remain informed and engaged about bibliometrics. Glänzel and Schoepflin () first raised the issue of bibliometric standards in bibliometric research and this concern has been echoed by several additional bibliometric researchers over time (Braun, ; Glänzel, ; Abbott, Cyranoski, Jones, Maher, Schiermeier, & Van Noorden, ; Lane, ; Nature, ; van Noorden, ; Wallin, ). We compare the characteristics of articles published within and outside the Library and Information Science (LIS) field, including the relative impact and the affiliation of the contributing authors. We find that although the visibility of bibliometric articles within LIS is higher, it is not significant. However, a statistically significant growth in the number of articles written by authors without a bibliometric affiliation was found. This article provides an independent empirical investigation of publication trends potentially underlying Glänzel and Schoepflin's () concerns regarding the misuse of bibliometric results, and the inaccurate dissemination of concepts, results, and methods outside of the bibliometric field.
Citation‐based bootstrapping for large‐scale author disambiguation
Authors: Levin Michael , Krawczyk Stefan , Bethard Steven , Jurafsky Dan
Published: February 2012

We present a new, two‐stage, self‐supervised algorithm for author disambiguation in large bibliographic databases. In the first “bootstrap” stage, a collection of high‐precision features is used to bootstrap a training set with positive and negative examples of coreferring authors. A supervised feature‐based classifier is then trained on the bootstrap clusters and used to cluster the authors in a larger unlabeled dataset. Our self‐supervised approach shares the advantages of unsupervised approaches (no need for expensive hand labels) as well as supervised approaches (a rich set of features that can be discriminatively trained). The algorithm disambiguates 54,000,000 author instances in Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge with B3 F1 of.807. We analyze parameters and features, particularly those from citation networks, which have not been deeply investigated in author disambiguation. The most important citation feature is self‐citation, which can be approximated without expensive extraction of the full network. For the supervised stage, the minor improvement due to other citation features (increasing F1 from.748 to.767) suggests they may not be worth the trouble of extracting from databases that don't already have them. A lean feature set without expensive abstract and title features performs 130 times faster with about equal F1.
Design and Implementation of a Flight Control System for an Unmanned Rotorcraft using RPT Control Approach
Authors: Cai Guowei , Wang Biao , Chen Ben M. , Lee Tong H.
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we apply a so‐called robust and perfect tracking (RPT) control technique to the design and implementation of the flight control system of a miniature unmanned rotorcraft, named HeLion. To make the presented work self‐contained, we will first outline some background knowledge, including mainly the nonlinear flight dynamics model and the inner‐loop flight control system design. Next, the highlight of this paper, that is, the outer‐loop flight control system design procedure using RPT control technique, will be detailed. Generally speaking, RPT control technique aims to design a controller such that (i) the resulting closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable, and (ii) the controlled output almost perfectly tracks a given reference signal in the presence of any initial conditions and external disturbances. Since it makes use of all possible information including the system measurement output and the command reference signal together with all its derivatives (if available) for control, RPT control technique is particularly useful for the outer‐loop layer of an unmanned aircraft. Both simulation and flight‐test results will be presented and analyzed at the end of this paper, and the efficiency of the RPT control approach will be evaluated comprehensively.
The use of high‐solids loadings in biomass pretreatment—a review
Authors: Modenbach Alicia A. , Nokes Sue E.
Published: February 2012

The use of high‐solids loadings (≥15% solids, w/w) in the unit operations of lignocellulose conversion processes potentially offers many advantages over lower‐solids loadings, including increased sugar and ethanol concentrations and decreased production and capital costs. Since the term lignocellulosic materials refers to a wide range of feedstocks (agricultural and forestry residues, distillery by‐products, and dedicated energy crops like grasses), the term “solids loading” here is defined by the amount of dry material that enters the process divided by the total mass of material and water added to the material. The goal of this study is to provide a consolidated review of studies using a high‐solids pretreatment step in the conversion process. Included in this review is a brief discussion of the limitations, such as the lack of available water to promote mass transfer, increased substrate viscosity, and increased concentration of inhibitors produced affecting pretreatment, as well as descriptions and findings of pretreatment studies performed at high solids, the latest reactor designs developed for pretreatment at bench‐ and pilot‐scales to address some of the limitations, and high‐solids pretreatment operations that have been scaled‐up and incorporated into demonstration facilities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1430–1442. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High gas pressure: An innovative method for the inactivation of dried bacterial spores
Authors: Colas de la Noue A. , Espinasse V. , Perrier‐Cornet J.‐M. , Gervais P.
Published: February 2012

In this article, an original non‐thermal process to inactivate dehydrated bacterial spores is described. The use of gases such as nitrogen or argon as transmission media under high isostatic pressure led to an inactivation of over 2 logs CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis spores at 430 MPa, room temperature, for a 1 min treatment. A major requirement for the effectiveness of the process resided in the highly dehydrated state of the spores. Only a water activity below 0.3 led to substantial inactivation. The solubility of the gas in the lipid components of the spore and its diffusion properties was essential to inactivation. The main phenomenon involved seems to be the sorption of the gas under pressure by the spores' structures such as residual pores and plasma membranes, followed by a sudden drop in pressure. Observation by phase‐contrast microscopy suggests that internal structures have been affected by the treatment. Some parallels with polymer permeability to gas and rigidity at various water activities offer a few clues about the behavior of the outer layers of spores in response to this parameter and provide a good explanation for the sensitivity of spores to high gas pressure discharge at low hydration levels. Specificity of microorganisms such as size, organization, and composition could help in understanding the differences between spores and yeast regarding the parameters required for inactivation, such as pressure or maintenance time. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1996–2004. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiotolerance of phosphatases of a Serratia sp.: Potential for the use of this organism in the biomineralization of wastes containing radionuclides
Authors: Paterson‐Beedle M. , Jeong B.C. , Lee C.H. , Jee K.Y. , Kim W.H. , Renshaw J.C. , Macaskie L.E.
Published: February 2012

Aqueous wastes from nuclear fuel reprocessing present special problems of radiotoxicity of the active species. Cells of Serratia sp. were found previously to accumulate high levels of hydrogen uranyl phosphate (HUP) via the activity of a phosphatase enzyme. Uranium is of relatively low radiotoxicity whereas radionuclide fission products such as 90Sr and 137Cs are highly radiotoxic. These radionuclides can be co‐crystallized, held within the bio‐HUP “host” lattice on the bacterial cells and thereby removed from contaminated solution, depending on continued phosphatase activity. Radiostability tests using a commercial 60Co γ‐source showed that while cell viability and activity of purified phosphatase were lost within a few hours on irradiation, whole‐cell phosphatase retained 80% of the initial activity, even after loss of cell culturability, which was increased to 100% by the incorporation of mercaptoethanol as an example radioprotectant, beyond an accumulated dose of >1.3 MGy. Using this co‐crystallization approach (without mercaptoethanol) 137Cs+ and 85Sr2+ were removed from a simulated waste selectively against a 33‐fold excess of Na+. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1937–1946. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer refurbishing: Environmentally reducing the digital divide
Authors: Fosdick Howard
Published: February 2012

Editor's Summary

The two‐to‐five year lifespan of a typical computer leads to many machines being unnecessarily disposed of, while over one in four Americans has no access to a computer. The troubling combination of electronic waste and digital deprivation can be resolved through computer refurbishing. Distinct from recycling in which computers are rendered unusable, computer refurbishing extends the usable life of donated computers, avoiding the consumption of additional natural resources. Electronics trade‐in or recycling programs often ship machines overseas, leading to environmental pollution and harming workers' health. Refurbishers determine which machines are suitable for refurbishing or teardown, securely destroy any residual data and often install free and open source software. Consumers can help narrow the digital divide by turning to computer refurbishers such as Free Geek, ultimately helping to broaden computer access in an environmentally sustainable manner.
Absence of the flexor digitorum longus tendon: An MRI study
Authors: Magra Merzesh , Taqvi Syed , Cooper Robert , Blundell Chris M. , Davies Mark B.
Published: February 2012

Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) is the primary flexor of the lateral four toes. It is a reliable source of tendon for transfer surgery. We present a case whereby a patient who required a reconstruction for adult acquired flatfoot deformity using FDL as a dynamic structure for transfer was found to have an absent FDL tendon at the time of operation, necessitating the use of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) instead. This unusual finding prompted us to investigate the frequency of absence of the FDL tendon. We reviewed our hospital MRI database of foot and ankle images specifically looking for patients with absence of this tendon. After randomization, 756 images were reviewed independently by two surgeons and a consultant musculoskeletal radiologist. No instances of an absent FDL tendon were identified. In conclusion, the frequency of absence of the FDL tendon is less than 1 in 750. Surgeons who require FDL for tendon transfer surgery need not image the foot preoperatively to anticipate the need for the use of FHL as an alternative. Clin. Anat. 25:1062–1065, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve
Authors: Joo Wonil , Yoshioka Fumitaka , Funaki Takeshi , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: February 2012

The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the detailed microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve and surrounding structures along its entire course and to provide its topographic measurements. Ten cadaveric heads were examined using ×3 to ×40 magnification after the arteries and veins were injected with colored silicone. Both sides of each cadaveric head were dissected using different skull base approaches to demonstrate the entire course of the abducens nerve from the pontomedullary sulcus to the lateral rectus muscle. The anatomy of the petroclival area and the cavernous sinus through which the abducens nerve passes are complex due to the high density of critically important neural and vascular structures. The abducens nerve has angulations and fixation points along its course that put the nerve at risk in many clinical situations. From a surgical viewpoint, the petrous tubercle of the petrous apex is an intraoperative landmark to avoid damage to the abducens nerve. The abducens nerve is quite different from the other nerves. No other cranial nerve has a long intradural path with angulations and fixations such as the abducens nerve in petroclival venous confluence. A precise knowledge of the relationship between the abducens nerve and surrounding structures has allowed neurosurgeon to approach the clivus, petroclival area, cavernous sinus, and superior orbital fissure without surgical complications. Clin. Anat. 25:1030–1042, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.