bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical speciation and mapping of the Si in Si doped LFP ingot with synchrotron radiation technique
Authors: Norouzi Banis Mohammad , Wang Zhiqiang , Rousselot Steeve , Liu Yulong , Hu Yongfeng , Talebi‐Esfandarani Majid , Bibienne Thomas , Gauthier Michel , Li Ruying , Liang Guoxian , Dollé Mickaël , Sauriol Pierre , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang
Published: December 2018

Development of LiFePO4 cathode material with high cycle life through Si doping (substituting Si at P sites of LiFePO4) has shown that small changes to the structure of LiFePO4 can significantly affect the performance of Li ion batteries. However, determining the nature of elemental doping and their effects on the electronic and atomic structure of LiFePO4 remains challenging. Here we present x‐ray absorption spectroscopy and x‐ray fluorescence mapping as ideal characterization methods for understanding the effect of Si doped LiFePO4 prepared using a melt‐synthesis process. x‐ray absorption spectra of silicon doped LiFePO4 indicate subtle changes in the local structure surrounding the dopants compared to SiO2 and amorphous glass phases formed as impurities in Si containing undoped samples. The study of Fe and P K‐edges x‐ray absorption spectra illustrates the effect of Si in the LiFePO4 structure in doped and impurity containing samples. Utilizing x‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in conjunction with x‐ray fluorescence mapping, has enabled a better overview of the non‐uniform nature of prepared ingot samples. These results highlight the power of x‐ray absorption spectroscopy as a tool for better understanding the structure of modified LiFePO4 and subsequently designing materials for Li ion batteries.
Engineering Bacterial Shape Using Soft Matter Microchambers
Authors: Renner Lars David
Published: December 2018

This article describes the design and fabrication of microchambers that are used for the study of bacterial cells. The design allows for the confinement and precise manipulation of bacterial cell shape. The application of fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins enables the precise analysis of the localization of biomolecules within confined bacterial cell. This article also outlines three methods to engineer cell shape from a filamentous cell type and from spheroplasts without a cell wall using soft lithography–based technologies. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Best Practices for Preparing a Single Cell Suspension from Solid Tissues for Flow Cytometry
Authors: Reichard Andrew , Asosingh Kewal
Published: December 2018

Preparing a single cell suspension is a critical step in any solid tissue flow cytometry experiment. Tissue dissection, enzymatic digestion, and mechanical dissociation are three significant steps leading to the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the isolation of single cells, allowing the generation of high‐quality flow cytometry data. Cells and the extracellular matrix contain various proteins and other structures which must be considered when designing a tissue digestion protocol to preserve the viability of cells and the presence of relevant antigens while digesting matrix components and cleaving cell–cell junctions. Evaluation of the single cell suspension is essential before proceeding with the labeling of the cells as high viability and absence of cell debris and aggregates are critical for flow cytometry. The information presented should be used as a general guide of steps to consider when preparing a single cell suspension from solid tissues for flow cytometry experiments. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Identity‐based proxy signature over NTRU lattice
Authors: Wu Faguo , Yao Wang , Zhang Xiao , Wang Wenhua , Zheng Zhiming
Published: December 2018

Proxy signature scheme is an important cryptographic primitive, for an entity can delegate his signing right to another entity. Although identity‐based proxy signature schemes based on conventional number‐theoretic problems have been proposed for a long time, the researchers have paid less attention to lattice‐based proxy signature schemes that can resist quantum attack. In this paper, we first propose an identity‐based proxy signature scheme over Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU)‐lattice. We proved that the proposed paradigm is secure under the hardness of the γ‐shortest vector problem on the NTRU lattice in random oracle model; furthermore, the comparison with some existing schemes shows our scheme is more efficient in terms of proxy signature secret key size, proxy signature size, and computation complexity. As the elemental problem of the proposed scheme is difficult even for quantum computation model, our scheme can work well in quantum age.
Predator size‐structure and species identity determine cascading effects in a coastal ecosystem
Authors: Griffin John N. , Silliman Brian R.
Published: December 2018

Cascading consequences of predator extinctions are well documented, but impacts of perturbations to predator size‐structure and how these vary across species remain unclear. Body size is hypothesized to be a key trait governing individual predators' impact on ecosystems. Therefore, shifts in predator size‐structure should trigger ecosystem ramifications which are consistent across functionally similar species. Using a US salt marsh as a model system, we tested this hypothesis by manipulating size class (small, medium, and large) and size diversity (combination of all three size classes) within two closely related and functionally similar predatory crab species over 4 months. Across treatments, predators suppressed densities of a dominant grazer and an ecosystem engineer, enhanced plant biomass, and altered sediment properties (redox potential and saturation). Over the metabolically equivalent experimental predator treatments, small size class predators had stronger average impacts on response variables, and size class interacted with predator species identity to drive engineer suppression. Within both predator species, size diversity increased cannibalism and slightly weakened the average impact. These results show that predator impacts in a salt marsh ecosystem are determined by both size class and size diversity; they also highlight that size class can have species‐dependent and response‐dependent effects, underlining the challenge of generalizing trait effects.
Programmable Automated System for Songbird Ecobehavioral Research (PASSER): Using flexible computer‐integrated feeders to conduct high resolution studies of environment–behavior dynamics in songbirds
Authors: Philson Conner , Ray Andrew , Foltz Sarah , Davis Jason
Published: December 2018

Field studies seeking to identify interactions between the environment and behaviors of wild songbirds are often restricted by time, labor, and accessibility of the site; hampering the collection of long‐term, high‐resolution data. Here, we describe the development, utilization, and initial results of a long‐term field study of wild songbird feeding patterns using data collected through an inexpensive microcomputer‐controlled automated feeder. Our studies indicate the “smart feeder” is capable of reliable and accurate data collection on feeding and behavioral metrics over long durations with relation to a wide range of environmental conditions. This enables detailed analysis of songbird's environment–behavior interactions. Our results have identified trends in environment–behavior interactions, microhabitat variations, species‐specific feeding profiles, and differences in the frequency and involvement of displacement events. Computerized feeders enabled us to address environment–behavior interactions, resulting in more detailed data than traditional observational methods. This reinforces conclusions from previous work regarding the potential for automated data collection to be adapted for a wide variety of research studies across the field of ethology.
Effect of supplementing chromium histidinate and picolinate complexes along with biotin on insulin sensitivity and related metabolic indices in rats fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Orhan Cemal , Kucuk Osman , Tuzcu Mehmet , Sahin Nurhan , Komorowski James R. , Sahin Kazim
Published: December 2018

Scope

To investigate the effects of chromium histidinate (CrHis) and chromium picolinate (CrPic) complex along with biotin to a high‐fat diet (HFD) fed to rats on the insulin sensitivity and the anti‐obesity properties.

Methods

Forty‐two Sprague–Dawley male rats were divided into six groups. The rats were fed either (a): a standard diet (Control) or (b): a HFD or (c): a HFD with biotin (HFD+B) or (d): a combination of HFD and biotin along with CrPic (HFD + B + CrPic) or (e): a combination of HFD and biotin along with CrHis (HFD + B + CrHis) or (f): a combination of HFD and biotin along with CrHis and CrPic (HFD + B + CrHis + CrPic).

Results

Adding biotin with chromium to HFD improved the glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR, leptin, lipid profile, with HFD+B+CrHis treatment being the most effective (p = 0.0001). Serum, liver, and brain tissue Cr concentrations increased upon Cr supplementations (p = 0.0001). Supplementing CrHis along with biotin to a HFD (HFD + B + CrHis) provided the greatest levels of GLUT‐1, GLUT‐3, PPAR‐γ, and IRS‐1, but the lowest level of NF‐κB in the brain and liver tissues.

Conclusion

Biotin supplementation with chromium complexes, CrHis in particular, to a HFD pose to be a potential therapeutic feature for the treatment of insulin resistance.
Prognostic significance of pretreatment 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation using metabolic tumor volume of the primary tumor and lymph nodes in advanced hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Okazaki Eiichiro , Kawabe Joji , Oishi Masahiro , Hosono Masako , Higashiyama Shigeaki , Teranishi Yuichi , Shiomi Susumu , Iguchi Hiroyoshi , Miki Yukio
Published: December 2018

Background

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) using metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of the primary tumor and lymph nodes in advanced hypopharyngeal cancer.

Methods

From June 2007 to December 2015, consecutive patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer who underwent PET and were treated with definitive radiation therapy were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

A total of 61 patients were eligible for this study. On multivariate analysis, MTV of the primary tumor (MTV‐T) was significantly related to the local control rate and overall survival (OS) (P = .036 and .012, respectively). In patients with lower MTV‐T, MTV of metastatic lymph nodes (MTV‐N) was significantly related to disease‐specific survival and OS (P = .012 and .017, respectively).

Conclusion

MTV‐T is a significant predictor in patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer, and MTV‐N is also significant in patients with lower MTV‐T.
Elective neck dissection in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rotman Anthony , Kerr Stephen J , Giddings Charles E B
Published: December 2018

Current management of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) to the parotid is surgical excision and postoperative radiotherapy. In the node‐negative neck, there is debate about the role of elective neck dissection (END), irradiation or observation. This systematic review assesses the prevalence of occult cervical disease and the evidence for END. A literature search was performed using Medline and Embase. All papers describing management of the neck in metastatic CSCC to the parotid were assessed for inclusion. Eighty‐nine papers were identified and 17 met inclusion criteria. A total of 874 ENDs were performed in 874 patients with metastatic CSCC to the parotid with no clinically evident cervical disease. The overall prevalence of occult disease in a random effects model was 22.5% (95% confidence intervals 18.9‐26.0). The prevalence of occult cervical disease in metastatic CSCC to the parotid is high. END is recommended in this patient group.
Peribiliary Glands Are Key in Regeneration of the Human Biliary Epithelium After Severe Bile Duct Injury
Authors: de Jong Iris E.M. , Matton Alix P.M. , van Praagh Jasper B. , van Haaften Wouter T. , Wiersema‐Buist Janneke , van Wijk Louise A. , Oosterhuis Dorenda , Iswandana Raditya , Suriguga Su , Overi Diletta , Lisman Ton , Carpino Guido , Gouw Annette S.H. , Olinga Peter , Gaudio Eugenio , Porte Robert J.
Published: December 2018

Peribiliary glands (PBG) are a source of stem/progenitor cells organized in a cellular network encircling large bile ducts. Severe cholangiopathy with loss of luminal biliary epithelium has been proposed to activate PBG, resulting in cell proliferation and differentiation to restore biliary epithelial integrity. However, formal evidence for this concept in human livers is lacking. We therefore developed an ex vivo model using precision‐cut slices of extrahepatic human bile ducts obtained from discarded donor livers, providing an intact anatomical organization of cell structures, to study spatiotemporal differentiation and migration of PBG cells after severe biliary injury. Postischemic bile duct slices were incubated in oxygenated culture medium for up to a week. At baseline, severe tissue injury was evident with loss of luminal epithelial lining and mural stroma necrosis. In contrast, PBG remained relatively well preserved and different reactions of PBG were noted, including PBG dilatation, cell proliferation, and maturation. Proliferation of PBG cells increased after 24 hours of oxygenated incubation, reaching a peak after 72 hours. Proliferation of PBG cells was paralleled by a reduction in PBG apoptosis and differentiation from a primitive and pluripotent (homeobox protein Nanog+/ sex‐determining region Y‐box 9+) to a mature (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator+/secretin receptor+) and activated phenotype (increased expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha, glucose transporter 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A). Migration of proliferating PBG cells in our ex vivo model was unorganized, but resulted in generation of epithelial monolayers at stromal surfaces. Conclusion: Human PBG contain biliary progenitor cells and are able to respond to bile duct epithelial loss with proliferation, differentiation, and maturation to restore epithelial integrity. The ex vivo spatiotemporal behavior of human PBG cells provides evidence for a pivotal role of PBG in biliary regeneration after severe injury.
Interleukin‐17–producing T cells and interleukin‐17 mRNA expression in periodontitis and long‐standing gingivitis lesions
Authors: Thorbert‐Mros Sara , Larsson Lena , Kalm Josephine , Berglundh Tord
Published: December 2018

Background

T helper17 cells (Th17) are key targets in the evaluation of differences between “destructive” and “non‐destructive” periodontal lesions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the density of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) producing T cells and IL‐17 mRNA expression in lesions representing severe periodontitis and longstanding gingivitis.

Methods

Two groups of patients were recruited. The gingivitis group consisted of 28 patients, 41–70 years old, with evident signs of gingival inflammation but no attachment loss. The periodontitis group consisted of 36 patients, 33–67 years of age. A gingival biopsy was obtained from one selected diseased site from each patient and prepared for immunohistochemical and reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analysis.

Results

Although the density of CD3 positive cells (T cells) did not differ between the two types of lesions, the total number and density of cells positive for CD3+CD161 (IL‐17‐producing T‐cells) were larger in periodontitis than in long‐standing gingivitis lesions. About 30% of CD3‐cells in periodontitis lesions were also positive for CD161. The corresponding figure for gingivitis samples was 15%. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis revealed that differences between periodontitis and gingivitis samples remained after adjusting for smoking, age, and gender. In addition, males had larger proportions of IL‐17 producing T cells than females in both groups. The IL‐17 mRNA expression was higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis samples.

Conclusion

It is suggested that IL‐17 producing T cells represent a significant feature in the detection of differences between destructive and non‐destructive lesions.
Lack of Benefit and Potential Harm of Induction Therapy in Simultaneous Liver‐Kidney Transplants
Authors: AbdulRahim Nashila , Anderson Lee , Kotla Suman , Liu Hao , Ariyamuthu Venkatesh K. , Ghanta Mythili , MacConmara Malcolm , Tujios Shannan R. , Mufti Arjmand , Mohan Sumit , Marrero Jorge A. , Vagefi Parsia A. , Tanriover Bekir
Published: December 2018

The number of simultaneous liver‐kidney transplantations (SLKTs) and use of induction therapy for SLKT have increased recently, without much published evidence, especially in the context of maintenance immunosuppression containing tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA). We queried the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network registry for SLKT recipients maintained on TAC/MPA at discharge in the United States for 2002–2016. The cohort was divided into 3 groups on the basis of induction type: rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r‐ATG; n = 831), interleukin 2 receptor antagonist (IL2RA; n = 1558), and no induction (n = 2333). Primary outcomes were posttransplant all‐cause mortality and acute rejection rates in kidney and liver allografts at 12 months. Survival rates were analyzed by the Kaplan‐Meier method. A propensity score analysis was used to control potential selection bias. Multivariate inverse probability weighted Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios. Among SLKT recipients, survival estimates at 3 years were lower for recipients receiving r‐ATG (P = 0.05). Compared with no induction, the multivariate analyses showed an increased mortality risk with r‐ATG (HR, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10‐1.52; P = 0.002) and no difference in acute liver or kidney rejection rates at 12 months across all induction categories. No difference in outcomes was noted with IL2RA induction over the no induction category. In conclusion, there appears to be no survival benefit nor reduction in rejection rates for SLKT recipients who receive induction therapy, and r‐ATG appears to increase mortality risk compared with no induction.
Comparative assessment of electromagnetic simulation tools for use in microstrip antenna design: Experimental demonstrations
Authors: Bilgin Gulsima , Yilmaz Vadi Su , Kara Ali , Aydin Elif
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a better understanding of the use of finite integration techniques (FIT) and finite element method (FEM) in different types of microstrip antennas in order to determine which numerical method gives relatively more accurate results. Although the theoretical formulation based on Maxwell's equations of both FEM and FIT are approached from different aspects in the literature, there is still a lack of comparison of the same antenna type using different numerical methods employing FEM and FIT. Therefore, in this study, FEM and FIT were applied to two different types of microstrip antennas, and their simulation and experimental results was compared. For the first antenna demonstration, a multilayer structure was chosen to achieve one of the significant parameters. Then, a microstrip antenna with a compact structure was used in the second demonstration. Using these two antennas, the accuracy of FEM and FIT in different structures were compared and all simulated return loss and gain results were verified by the measured results. The experimental demonstrations show that FEM performs better for both types of microstrip antennas while FIT provides an adequate result for two‐layer microstrip antennas.
Microfluidics for producing polylactide nanoparticles and microparticles and their drug delivery application
Authors: Brzeziński Marek , Socka Marta , Kost Bartłomiej
Published: December 2018

This review presents use of the microfluidics technique for the preparation of polylactide (PLA) based particles for developing novel drug delivery systems. Droplet‐based microfluidics allow uniform single, double and higher order emulsions to be generated that yield highly uniform microspheres, microcapsules and polymersomes. Typically, the building blocks of these complex microparticle systems are PLA macromolecules, their copolymers with different comonomers and recently stereocomplexes composed of an equimolar mixture of poly(l‐lactide) and poly(d‐lactide). In addition, the technique offers several advantages over conventional emulsion methods and the highly uniform droplets obtained allow for encapsulation of small drug molecules in polymer network meshes or within their hollow interior. The novel approach in this area is to use the microfluidics technique to produce nanoparticles in the microfluidics channel by micromixing/nanoprecipitation in glass capillary devices. Therefore, this review is divided into three main sections in which we discuss the formation of microspheres from single emulsion droplets, microcapsules and polymersomes from higher order emulsion droplets, and nanoparticles from nanosuspensions in a microfluidic channel. Finally, we compare the drug release from these different particles, focusing mainly on those formed from sensitive or supramolecular networks. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A density functional theory study on mechanism and substituent effects of a base‐free and catalyst‐free synthesis of functionalized dihydrobenzoxazoles
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Bai Huining , Guo Yuen , Wei Donghui , Chen Hui , Zhu Yanyan , Zhang Wenjing
Published: December 2018

The reaction mechanism and the substituent effects of a base‐free and catalyst‐free synthesis of functionalized dihydrobenzoxazole have been investigated in detail by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculated results reveal that the whole reaction should occur through three processes, and the initial intramolecular nucleophilic attack reaction is the rate‐determining step. The possibility to afford crossover reaction products has been carefully excluded based on the extremely high barrier, which is well‐consistent with the experimental results that the crossover products cannot be observed. The substituent effects have been studied through exploring the correlation of the experimental yields and the theoretically predicted barriers, which proves that the more electron‐donating substituents of the imine should be more beneficial to the occurrence of the reaction.
Theoretical Density Functional Theory insights into the nature of chalcogen bonding between CX2 (X = S, Se, Te) and diazine from monomer to supramolecular complexes
Authors: Ben Aissa Mohamed Ali , Hassen Sabri , Arfaoui Youssef
Published: December 2018

Chalcogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction, highly similar to halogen and hydrogen bonding, occurring between a chalcogen atom and a nucleophilic region. Two density functional theory (DFT) approaches B3LY‐D3 and B97‐D3 were performed on a series of complexes formed between CX2 (X = S, Se, Te) and diazine (pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine). Chalcogen atoms prefer interacting with the lone pair of a nitrogen atom rather than with the π‐cloud of an aromatic ring. CTe2 and CSe2 form a stronger chalcogen bond than CS2. The electrostatic potential of CX2 (X = S, Se and Te) reveals the presence of two equivalent σ‐holes, one on each chalcogen atom. These CX2 molecules interact with diazine giving rise to supramolecular interactions. Wiberg bond index and second‐order perturbation theory analysis in NBO were performed to better understand the nature of the chalcogen bond interaction.
Cell Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Regenerative Basal Cell Amplification
Authors: Hayes Don , Kopp Benjamin T. , Hill Cynthia L. , Lallier Scott W. , Schwartz Cynthia M. , Tadesse Mahelet , Alsudayri Alfahdah , Reynolds Susan D.
Published: December 2018

The human airway epithelium is regenerated by basal cells. Thus, basal cell therapy has the potential to cure cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. We previously reported that the human basal cells repopulated the mouse airway epithelium after transplantation, and we estimated that 60 million cells would be needed to treat a human patient. To further develop cell therapy, we compared the proliferation potential of non-CF and CF tissue-derived bronchial basal cells. Three methods were used: regenerative cell frequency, burst size, and cell division frequency. Second, we used a serial passage strategy to determine if CF basal cells could be amplified to the estimated therapeutic dose. These studies evaluated that tissue-derived bronchial basal cells and the basal cells that were recovered by brushing bronchial airways or the nasal respiratory epithelium. Finally, we used the limiting dilution method to isolate non-CF and CF basal cell clones. The proliferation assays and the air-liquid-interface differentiation method were used to determine if cell amplification altered the proliferation and/or differentiation potential of clonal isolates. We demonstrate that: (a) non-CF and CF basal cell proliferation is similar, (b) CF basal cells can be amplified to a therapeutic cell dose, and (c) amplified non-CF and CF basal cell clones differentiate normally. Despite these encouraging findings, we also find that the cell amplification process depletes the regenerative basal cell pool. Analysis of basal cell clones indicates that serial passage selects for long-lived basal cells and raise the possibility that prospective isolation of these stem-like cells will improve the efficacy of cell replacement therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:225&235
Micrometer‐Sized Porous Fe2N/C Bulk for High‐Areal‐Capacity and Stable Lithium Storage
Authors: Liu Dongna , Xu Xiaoming , Tan Jian , Zhu Jiexin , Li Qi , Luo Yanzhu , Wu Peijie , Zhang Xiao , Han Chunhua , Mai Liqiang
Published: December 2018

High‐capacity anodes of lithium‐ion batteries generally suffer from poor electrical conductivity, large volume variation, and low tap density caused by prepared nanostructures, which make it an obstacle to achieve both high‐areal capacity and stable cycling performance for practical applications. Herein, micrometer‐sized porous Fe2N/C bulk is prepared to tackle the aforementioned issues, and thus realize both high‐areal capacity and stable cycling performance at high mass loading. The porous structure in Fe2N/C bulk is beneficial to alleviate the volumetric change. In addition, the N‐doped carbon conducting networks with high electrical conductivity provide a fast charge transfer pathway. Meanwhile, the micrometer‐sized Fe2N/C bulk exhibits a higher tap density than that of commercial graphite powder (1.03 g cm−3), which facilitates the preparation of thinner electrode at high mass loadings. As a result, a high‐areal capacity of above 4.2 mA h cm−2 at 0.45 mA cm−2 is obtained at a high mass loading of 7.0 mg cm−2 for LIBs, which still maintains at 2.59 mA h cm−2 after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 98.8% at 0.89 mA cm−2.
Chinese Netizens’ reactions to the use of English as a lingua franca
Authors: Wang Weihong , Fang Fan (Gabriel)
Published: December 2018

With the spread of English around the globe, academics increasingly seek to figure out what global English means to the world. Some accept English globalisation as a reality and take it as natural, neutral and beneficial for international and intercultural communication (Crystal, 2003). Some recognise English skills as important linguistic capital and must-have global literacy (Park & Wee, 2012; Tsui & Tollefson, 2007). However, others associate the global expansion of English with linguistic imperialism and the death of indigenous languages (Phillipson, 2009). Some regard globally spread English as native English varieties, particularly American and British English (Modiano, 2001; Trudgill, 1999), others argue for the rise of local varieties of World Englishes (WE) (Bolton, 2005; Kachru, 1986) and the international use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) (Jenkins, 2007; Seidlhofer, 2011). Although these generic interpretations of English have solid arguments from their own perspectives, none is sufficient to elucidate all the ‘complexity of ideological ramifications of the spread of English in [any] particular locality’ (Pan, 2011: 79).
Promoting Economic Prosperity in Cyberspace
Authors: Weitzner Daniel J.
Published: December 2018

Unique among major communications media, the Internet has delivered vast public benefit while being designed, developed, and deployed largely through private initiative and nongovernmental funding. At the same time, key public policy decisions were made early on that established the legal and regulatory foundations necessary for economic innovation and free expression to flourish. Those foundations include strong free speech protections, liability limits on Internet platforms, protections against excessive government surveillance, open technical standards, individual privacy protection, and some form of net neutrality. Those foundations were laid when the Internet was young. As part of a roundtable on “Competing Visions for Cyberspace,” this essay argues that as the business, social, and technical impact of the Internet has become clearer globally, some of these principles require adjustment, but all will remain important if we are to preserve the economic potential of the Internet environment going forward.
Toward a Human-Centric Approach to Cybersecurity
Authors: Deibert Ronald J.
Published: December 2018

A “national security–centric” approach currently dominates cybersecurity policies and practices. Derived from a realist theory of world politics in which states compete with each other for survival and relative advantage, the principal cybersecurity threats are conceived as those affecting sovereign states, such as damage to critical infrastructure within their territorial jurisdictions. As part of a roundtable on “Competing Visions for Cyberspace,” this essay presents an alternative approach to cybersecurity that is derived from the tradition of “human security.” Rather than prioritizing territorial sovereignty, this approach prioritizes the individual, and views networks as part of the essential foundation for the modern exercise of human rights, such as access to information, freedom of thought, and freedom of association. The foundational elements of a human-centric approach to cybersecurity are outlined and contrasted with the prevailing trends around national security–centric practices. A human-centric approach strives for indivisible network security on a planetary scale for the widest possible scope of human experience, and seeks to ensure that such principles are vigorously monitored and defended by multiple and overlapping forms of independent oversight and review.
Thinking About the Joneses?
Authors: Weber Silvana , Hagmayer York
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Social comparison and rumination are associated with lower levels of subjective well-being. We expected that an intervention to change the appraisal of social comparison situations would improve well-being among young adults (n = 74). A 9-week online training program was designed, combining elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and positive psychology. A pre-post assessment of subjective well-being, affect, social comparison orientation, rumination, and an appraisal of personal negatively perceived social situations served as dependent variables. Results indicate that the training led to an increase in subjective well-being and positive affect, and a decrease in negative affect and rumination. Initially unhappier individuals benefited slightly more from the training. The negative affective response toward personal social situations decreased, while positive affect increased. The overall level of social comparison orientation remained stable. Change in rumination was the strongest predictor of increased well-being, indicating that not social comparison per se, but ruminating about social comparison affects well-being.
High‐Frequency Variability of Small‐Particle Carbon Export Flux in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Bol Roséanne , Henson Stephanie A. , Rumyantseva Anna , Briggs Nathan
Published: December 2018

The biological carbon pump exports carbon fixed by photosynthesis out of the surface ocean and transfers it to the deep, mostly in the form of sinking particles. Despite the importance of the pump in regulating the air‐sea CO2 balance, the magnitude of global carbon export remains unclear, as do its controlling mechanisms. A possible sinking flux of carbon to the mesopelagic zone may be via the mixed‐layer pump: a seasonal net detrainment of particulate organic carbon (POC)‐rich surface waters, caused by sequential deepening and shoaling of the mixed layer. In this study, we present a full year of daily small‐particle POC concentrations derived from glider optical backscatter data, to study export variability at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) sustained observatory in the Northeast Atlantic. We observe a strong seasonality in small‐particle transfer efficiency, with a maximum in winter and early spring. By calculating daily POC export driven by mixed‐layer variations, we find that the mixed‐layer pump supplies an annual flux of at least 3.0 ± 0.9 g POC·m−2·year−1 to the mesopelagic zone, contributing between 5% and 25% of the total annual export flux and likely contributing to closing a gap in the mesopelagic carbon budget found by other studies. These are, to our best knowledge, the first high‐frequency observations of export variability over the course of a full year. Our results support the deployment of bio‐optical sensors on gliders to improve our understanding of the ocean carbon cycle on temporal scales from daily to annual.
Estimating Regional Ground‐Level PM2.5 Directly From Satellite Top‐Of‐Atmosphere Reflectance Using Deep Belief Networks
Authors: Shen Huanfeng , Li Tongwen , Yuan Qiangqiang , Zhang Liangpei
Published: December 2018

Almost all remote sensing atmospheric PM2.5 estimation methods need satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products, which are often retrieved from top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) reflectance via an atmospheric radiative transfer model. Then, is it possible to estimate ground‐level PM2.5 directly from satellite TOA reflectance without a physical model? In this study, this challenging work was achieved based on a machine learning model. Specifically, we established the relationship between PM2.5, satellite TOA reflectance, observation angles, and meteorological factors in a deep learning architecture (denoted as Ref‐PM modeling). This relationship was trained with station PM2.5 measurements, and then the PM2.5 values of those locations without stations could be retrieved. Taking the Wuhan Urban Agglomeration as a case study, the results demonstrate that, compared with AOD‐PM modeling, the Ref‐PM modeling obtains a competitive performance, with sample‐based cross‐validated R2 and root‐mean‐square error values of 0.87 and 9.89 μg/m3, respectively. Also, the TOA‐reflectance‐derived PM2.5 has a finer resolution and a larger spatial coverage than the AOD‐derived PM2.5. This work provides an alternative technique to estimate ground‐level PM2.5, and may have the potential to promote the application in atmospheric environmental monitoring.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Fog in North China Plain
Authors: Jia Xingcan , Quan Jiannong , Zheng Ziyan , Liu Xiange , Liu Quan , He Hui , Liu Yangang
Published: December 2018

Fog poses a severe environmental problem in the North China Plain, China, which has been witnessing increases in anthropogenic emission since the early 1980s. This work first uses the WRF/Chem model coupled with the local anthropogenic emissions to simulate and evaluate a severe fog event occurring in North China Plain. Comparison of the simulations against observations shows that WRF/Chem well reproduces the general features of temporal evolution of PM2.5 mass concentration, fog spatial distribution, visibility, and vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor content, and relative humidity in the planetary boundary layer throughout the whole period of the fog event. Sensitivity studies are then performed with five different levels of anthropogenic emission as model inputs to systematically examine the comprehensive impacts of aerosols on fog microphysical, macrophysical, radiative, and dynamical properties. The results show that as aerosol concentration increases, fog droplet number concentration and liquid water content all increase nonlinearly; but effective radius decreases. Macrophysical properties (fog fraction, fog duration, fog height, and liquid water path) also increase nonlinearly with increasing aerosol concentration, with rates of changes smaller than microphysical properties. Further analysis reveals distinct aerosol effects on thermodynamic and dynamical conditions during different stages of fog evolution: increasing aerosols invigorate fog formation and development by enhancing longwave‐induced instability, fog droplet condensation accompanying latent heat release, and thus turbulence, but delay fog dissipation by reducing surface solar radiation, surface sensible, and latent heat fluxes, and thus suppressing turbulence during the dissipation stage.
Lunar Cryptomare: New Insights Into the Balmer‐Kapteyn Region
Authors: Wang Xianmin , Qiu Denggao
Published: December 2018

Cryptomaria record the early mare volcanisms and put important constraints on the lunar thermal and volcanic history and on the early partial melting of the mantle. This work focuses on the representative cryptomare region of Balmer‐Kapteyn and employs multisource exploration data including Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Wide Angle Camera, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera, Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Digital Elevation Model (DEM), GLD 100, Chang'E‐1 Interference Imaging Spectrometer, Moon Mineralogy Mapper, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometers data to provide new insights into the distribution, geometry, buried depth, space weathering, chemical compositions, lithology, and mineralogy of the cryptomare in the Balmer‐Kapteyn region. Some viewpoints are primarily as follows. (1) Cryptomare may widely occur in the Balmer‐Kapteyn region with various small and separate exposure areas. The lithology in this region has an obvious north‐south dichotomy. Alkali suite may dominate the northern region, responsible for the local Th enhancement, whereas ferroan anorthosite suite and magnesian suite may spread over the southern part. Cryptomare may occur in both the north and the south, with most exposures within the craters dominated by alkali suite or ferroan anorthosite suite. (2) The buried depths of the cryptomare may fall into the range from at least ~33 m to at least ~1,849 m. Thus, the buried thickness may be more than ~1.8 km. (3) The buried mare basalts in this region are member of the high‐alumina type and a previously unsampled new type of high‐alumina mare basalts may be revealed. (4) At least two periods of mare volcanisms or at least an intrusion of basaltic lava may have happened in this region. The erupted or intruded mare basalts in the later period are more abundant in Al but relatively poor in Fe, Ti, Ca, and Mg, and some of them were buried or intruded much shallowly (~33 m) under the surface ejecta.
WDR81 regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis through endosomal SARA-TGFβ signaling
Authors: Wang Min , Tang Changyong , Xing Ruxiao , Liu Xuezhao , Han Xiu , Liu Yinghao , Wang Lei , Yang Chonglin , Guo Weixiang
Published: December 2018

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process considered important for hippocampal function, is regulated at multiple molecular levels. Mutations in the gene encoding the WD40 repeat-containing protein WDR81 are associated with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, quadrupedal locomotion syndrome (CAMRQ2), and microcephaly. In this study, we show that ablation of WDR81 in adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs) markedly reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning. WDR81 suppresses endosomal PtdIns3P synthesis, likely by inhibiting the assembly of the PI3K-III complex. In the absence of WDR81, endosomal PtdIns3P levels are greatly elevated, leading to endosomal persistence of the PtdIns3P-binding protein SARA and consequently hyperactivation of SARA-dependent TGFβ signaling. Inhibition of PI3K-III activity or suppression of SARA-dependent TGFβ signaling markedly ameliorated the defective adult neurogenesis in WDR81-deficient mice. Taken together, these findings not only uncover the requirement for the WDR81–SARA–TGFβ axis in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but also suggest that defective adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the etiology of WDR81-related neurological diseases.
Tissue engineering of human hair follicles using a biomimetic developmental approach
Authors: Abaci Hasan Erbil , Coffman Abigail , Doucet Yanne , Chen James , Jacków Joanna , Wang Etienne , Guo Zongyou , Shin Jung U. , Jahoda Colin A. , Christiano Angela M.
Published: December 2018

Human skin constructs (HSCs) have the potential to provide an effective therapy for patients with significant skin injuries and to enable human-relevant drug screening for skin diseases; however, the incorporation of engineered skin appendages, such as hair follicles (HFs), into HSCs remains a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic approach for generation of human HFs within HSCs by recapitulating the physiological 3D organization of cells in the HF microenvironment using 3D-printed molds. Overexpression of Lef-1 in dermal papilla cells (DPC) restores the intact DPC transcriptional signature and significantly enhances the efficiency of HF differentiation in HSCs. Furthermore, vascularization of hair-bearing HSCs prior to engraftment allows for efficient human hair growth in immunodeficient mice. The ability to regenerate an entire HF from cultured human cells will have a transformative impact on the medical management of different types of alopecia, as well as chronic wounds, which represent major unmet medical needs.
Towards resolving the spatial metabolome with unambiguous molecular annotations in complex biological systems by coupling mass spectrometry imaging with structures for lossless ion manipulations
Authors: Nagy Gabe , Veličković Dusan , Chu Rosalie K. , Carrell Alyssa A. , Weston David J. , Ibrahim Yehia M. , Anderton Christopher R. , Smith Richard D.
Published: December 2018

We demonstrate the coupling of LESA to SLIM SUPER IM-MS for the unambiguous annotation of important isomeric glycoforms in carbon-fixing communities.
Modeling of aromatics formation in fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion with an automatically generated pressure-dependent mechanism
Authors: Chu Te-Chun , Buras Zachary J. , Oßwald Patrick , Liu Mengjie , Goldman Mark Jacob , Green William H.
Published: December 2018

An automatic generated mechanism for methane-rich combustion captures the chemistry from small molecules to three-ring aromatic species.
Exposing catalytic versatility of GTPases: taking reaction detours in mutants of hGBP1 enzyme without additional energetic cost
Authors: Tripathi Ravi , Noetzel Jan , Marx Dominik
Published: December 2018

Our study reveals that the replacement of catalytically competent residues by the inert amino acid alanine, S73A and E99A, in hGBP1 opens a plethora of molecularly different reaction pathways featuring very similar energy barriers as the wild type.
Exploring new approaches towards the formability of mixed-ion perovskites by DFT and machine learning
Authors: Park Heesoo , Mall Raghvendra , Alharbi Fahhad H. , Sanvito Stefano , Tabet Nouar , Bensmail Halima , El-Mellouhi Fedwa
Published: December 2018

Recent years have witnessed a growing effort in engineering and tuning the properties of hybrid halide perovskites as light absorbers.
Chemical synthesis of marine saponins
Authors: Xiao Guozhi , Shao Xiaofei , Zhu Dapeng , Yu Biao
Published: December 2018

The chemical syntheses of marine saponins are comprehensively reviewed.
Ice-templated poly(vinylidene fluoride) ferroelectrets
Authors: Zhang Yan , Bowen Chris R. , Deville Sylvain
Published: December 2018

Ferroelectrets are piezoelectrically-active polymer foams that can convert externally applied loads into electric charge for sensor or energy harvesting applications.
Microelectromechanical system‐based biocompatible artificial skin phantoms
Authors: Liu Chien‐Hao , Huang Yin‐Chen , Li Shang‐Hsuan , Chen Yen‐An , Wang Wesley Z , Yu Jia‐Shing , Shih Wen‐Pin
Published: December 2018

Revealing the physical interactions between biomedical devices and human skin requires a scalable phantom with physical properties as close as possible to those of human skin. In this work, the authors developed an artificial phantom for the simulation of human skin. The proposed device comprises a gelatin membrane, a layer of SU‐8 photoresist, and microholes, respectively, mimicking the epidermis, stratum corneum, and sweat pores/ducts. A prototype was fabricated using microelectromechanical system and laser ablation techniques. The proposed structure includes microholes with a diameter of 20 µm and a depth of 57 µm distributed at a surface density of 620/cm2 to simulate pores and sweat ducts. The mechanical and electrical properties of the fabricated phantom were compared with those of human skin. The electrical properties, such as resistivity and impedance, can be adjusted simply by varying the content of sodium chloride. 3T3 cells cultivated on the artificial phantom demonstrate their biocompatibility. The authors believe that the proposed phantom model and associated manufacturing scheme could be used to facilitate the testing of wearable and attachable bioelectronic devices.
Glucose biosensor using fluorescence quenching with chitosan‐modified graphene oxide
Authors: Li Wenjun , Jiang Tingting , Pu Yang , Jiao Xudong , Tan Wenqiang , Qin Song
Published: December 2018

A novel graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterial, which was rapidly and simply synthesised and conjugated with low‐molecular‐weight chitosan (CS), was used to develop a simple, sensitive GO biosensor system for glucose detection by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The GO‐CS was used to detect low concentrations of glucose based on competitive binding with maltose‐binding protein (MBP). The α‐subunit of recombinant phycocyanin (rPC), which emits far‐red fluorescence, was used to label MBP (MBP‐rPC). The rPC emission was quenched by binding between GO‐CS and MBP. However, in the presence of glucose, GO‐CS was out‐competed for binding to MBP, leading to rPC fluorescence. Glucose was sensitively and selectively detected with this biosensor, with a linear detection range of 0.1–1 mg glucose/ml. The limit of detection for glucose was ∼0.05 mg/ml.
Review and Prospect on Development of Urban Flood Warning System
Authors: Li Jianhua , Qu Zhaosong , Zheng Jun , Jiang Chong
Published: December 2018

An overall research and analysis on past development track was of great significance for the further development of new theories, models, technologies and applications of urban flood warning system. Thus, the paper comprehensively discussed the development track of urban flood warning system, especially its structures and supporting technologies. From the analysis, it could be seen clearly that demands and technologies were two major driving forces for the development of urban flood warning system in the era of big data. Moreover, it was illustrated that new demands and problems had to be faced, and discussed how to meet them in the future by integrating technologies of big data and cloud computing.
The experience of Zhejiang province to implement the most stringent water resources management system
Authors: Yao Shuiping
Published: December 2018

This paper introduces the main practice and experience of implementing the strictest water resource management system in Zhejiang province, and provides reference for other regions to implement the strictest water resource management system.