bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Ferrocenesulfonyl Chloride: Key Intermediate toward Ferrocenesulfonamides
Authors: Erb William , Wen Min , Roisnel Thierry , Mongin Florence
Published: April 2021

Ferrocenesulfonyl chloride is the key intermediate in the synthesis of ferrocenesulfonamides, a family of underexplored derivatives. A one-pot synthesis of this compound, able to easily deliver multigram quantities of product, is reported. An original protocol for the synthesis of ferrocenesulfonamides is described along with highlighting the reactivity difference between arene and ferrocenesulfonyl chlorides. Finally, an example of diastereoselective deprotolithiation of chiral ferrocenesulfonamides is described.
Recent Advances in the Use of Sodium Dispersion for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Asako Sobi , Ilies Laurean , De Pinaki Bhusan
Published: April 2021

This short review describes the recent emergence of organosodium chemistry, motivated by the requirements of modern synthetic chemistry for sustainability, and powered by the use of sodium dispersion, a form of sodium that is commercially available, easy to handle, and has a large active surface area. We present recent methods for the preparation of organosodium compounds using sodium dispersion, and their applications to synthesis. Sodium amides and phosphides are also briefly discussed.

1 Introduction

2 Sodium Dispersion

3 Preparation of Organosodium Compounds

3.1 Two-Electron Reduction of Aryl Halides

3.2 Halogen–Sodium Exchange

3.3 Directed Metalation

3.4 Cleavage of C–C and C–Heteroatom Bonds

4 Synthetic Applications

4.1 Reduction in Combination with a Proton Source

4.1.1 Bouveault–Blanc Reduction

4.1.2 Birch Reduction

4.1.3 Reductive Deuteration

4.1.4 Chemoselective Cleavage of Amides and Nitriles

4.2 Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes

5 Sodium Amides and Phosphides

6 Conclusions and Outlook
First Total Synthesis of 27-Deoxylyngbyabellin A
Authors: Liu Yi , Du Yuguo , Zhang Yang
Published: April 2021

In this study, we document the first total synthesis of the marine cyanobacteria secondary metabolite 27-deoxylyngbyabellin A in 10 linear steps with 9.7% overall yield. Key steps entailed (1) one-pot cascade reaction of (S)-2-(benzyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid and of Boc-l-Ile-OH with a β-azido disulfide building block to access two critical thiazole units, (2) chiral oxazaborolidinone-mediated asymmetric aldol reaction to construct an (S)-β-hydroxy ester, and (3) diphenyl phosphorazidate mediated macrolactamization of the assembled linear precursor to achieve the natural product 27-deoxylyngbyabellin A.
Leben in der Pandemie: Ein Jahr Corona – neun Menschen erzählen
Authors: König Romy
Published: April 2021

Der März 2020 markiert für uns alle den Beginn einer Zeitenwende. kma hat mit Ärzten, Pflegekräften, Klinikmitarbeiterinnen und einer Patientin darüber gesprochen, wie sie das vergangene Jahr erlebt haben.
Method for increasing upper limit of heat flux measurement of slug calorimeter in high enthalpy plasma jet
Authors: Wang Yuan , Li Xiaoping , Liu Donglin , Liu Yanming
Published: April 2021

The temperature of the high-power inductively coupled plasma jet is very high, and its temperature is difficult to measure directly. The heat flux becomes a thermodynamic characteristic to measure the plasma jet. The existing heat flux calculation method is based on the temperature change rate after the response time. The slug is required to stay in the high enthalpy jet area for a longer time. With the slug temperature reaching the melting point as the upper limit, the shorter the residence time, the greater the upper limit of the measured heat flux. In this paper, the first-order transient solution is added to the steady-state solution of temperature (the calculation equation of the existing method), which can shorten the response time. The shortening of the response time can reduce the residence time of the slug in the jet region, and the reduction in the residence time can increase the upper limit of the calorimeter heat flux measurement. This paper uses numerical simulation and experimental methods to verify that the steady-state solution method and the first-order transient solution method can obtain consistent heat flux results. Using the first-order transient solution method can reduce the residence time of the slug calorimeter in the jet region. According to the shortening of the residence time, the method of using the first-order transient solution can increase the upper limit of the heat flux measurement by more than 25%.
Design of microwave broadband CMOS transmitter and receiver circuits for MIR and ECEI plasma diagnostics
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhu Yilun , Yu Jo-Han , Ye Yu , Yu Guanying , Liu Xianzi , Domier Calvin , Luhmann Neville C.
Published: April 2021

To efficiently determine the plasma electron density fluctuations using the MIR diagnostic technique, a 55–75 GHz 65 nm-CMOS transmitter has been developed where four separate intermediate frequency (IF) signals are up-converted, amplified, and then combined to generate an 8-tone RF output; a broadband 90 nm-CMOS receiver has also been constructed, which consists of an RF-low noise amplifier (LNA), mixer, and IF amplifier. The circuits and their corresponding modules will soon be deployed on the DIII-D and NSTX-U fusion devices. A 110–140 GHz 65 nm-CMOS receiver has also been designed, which is suitable for measuring the deep-core temperature fluctuations in the DIII-D tokamak using the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic system. In addition to the RF-LNA/balun, mixer, and IF amplifier, an LO balun/tripler and driving amplifier are now included in this highly integrated circuit chip. By adopting the microwave and millimeter-wave system-on-chip concept in the front-end system design, this paper demonstrates that compact transmitter and receiver modules can be easily built, which, in turn, facilitates array implementation and maintenance.
Theory of magnetic force driven magnetoelectric effect in piezo-bimorph/ferrite cantilever composite
Authors: Wu Gaojian , Zhang Ru
Published: April 2021

A theoretical model is proposed for the frequency response of the magnetic force driven (MFD) magnetoelectric (ME) effect in a piezo-bimorph/ferrite cantilever based on the elastodynamics method, which agrees well with the experimental results for Pb(Zr, Ti)O3-bimorph/Mn–Zn-ferrite cantilever composites. Based on the theoretical model, the dependences of the resonant ME voltage coefficient on geometrical and material parameters of the piezo-bimorph/ferrite cantilever composite are numerically calculated. The results show that an optimum resonant ME effect can be achieved by adjusting the structural and material parameters in the piezo-bimorph/ferrite cantilever composite. This research lays a theoretical basis for understanding the resonant ME effect in the piezo-bimorph/ferrite composite and optimal design of the MFD-ME device based on this configuration.
Modeling the combined photo-chemo/thermo-mechanical actuation in azobenzene-doped liquid crystal thin films
Authors: Peeketi Akhil Reddy , Swaminathan Narasimhan , Annabattula Ratna Kumar
Published: April 2021

Azo-doped liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) thin films are promising candidates for the development of soft-robots. These azo-doped LCNs exhibit either photo-chemo-mechanical or photo-thermo-mechanical or both deformations based on the type of azo-molecule used for doping, the type of external stimulus, and the surrounding environment. This paper presents a computational model capable of simulating this combined photo-chemo/thermo-mechanical deformation phenomena. Moreover, the influence of attenuation of light through the thickness and the influence of variation in the through-thickness alignment of mesogens are considered in the model. A detailed investigation of the influence of isomerization parameters, light intensity, and thermal parameters on light-induced temperature rise and the resultant deformations is also presented. The developed model shows good agreement with the experimental measurements available in the literature for the temperatures and deformations attained by azo-doped LCN films under illumination while placed in air/water.
Salt-assisted growth of monolayer MoS2 for high-performance hysteresis-free field-effect transistor
Authors: Mallik Sameer Kumar , Sahoo Sandhyarani , Sahu Mousam Charan , Gupta Sanjeev K. , Dash Saroj Prasad , Ahuja Rajeev , Sahoo Satyaprakash
Published: April 2021

Atomically thin layered materials such as MoS2 have future versatile applications in low power electronics. Here, we demonstrate the growth of a salt-assisted large scale, high-quality monolayer MoS2 toward the realization of a high-performance hysteresis-free field-effect transistor (FET). Density functional theory calculations are implemented to monitor the effects of the Schottky barrier and metal-induced gap states between our metal electrodes and MoS2 for achieving high carrier transport. The role of absorbed molecules and oxide traps on the hysteresis are studied in detail. For the first time, a hysteresis-free intrinsic transistor behavior is obtained by an amplitude sweep pulse I–V measurement with varying pulse widths. Under this condition, a significant enhancement of the field-effect mobility up to 30 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved. Moreover, to correlate these results, a single-pulse time-domain drain current analysis is carried out to unleash the fast and slow transient charge trapping phenomena. Our findings on the hysteresis-free transfer characteristic and high intrinsic field-effect mobility in salt-assisted monolayer MoS2 FETs will be beneficial for future device applications in complex memory, logic, and sensor systems.
Propagation of atmospheric pressure plasmas through interconnected pores in dielectric materials
Authors: Kruszelnicki Juliusz , Ma Runchu , Kushner Mark J.
Published: April 2021

The propagation of atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) on and through porous dielectric materials is being investigated for plasma-catalysis and functionalizing biomedical materials for tissue scaffolding and bone regeneration. Such plasma functionalization improves wettability and cell attachment, and so uniformity of the treatment of the pore surfaces is important. The method of propagation of APPs through porous media is not well characterized. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of humid air APPs propagating through short fully interconnected pore-chains in a dielectric substrate. The properties of the dielectric and pores (diameter 150 μm) were chosen to resemble bone scaffolding. We found that photoionization is an important feature in plasma propagation through pore-chains to seed electrons in the following pore in the chain. This seeding of electrons in regions of high electric field allows for the formation of micro-streamers and surface ionization waves. This is particularly important when the openings between pores are small. The orientation of the pore-chain with respect to the applied electric field has a significant impact on plasma generation, mode of propagation, and fluences of short-lived, reactive species to the surfaces of the pores. The uniformity of fluences of charged and short-lived neutral species to the pore surfaces decreases as the angle of the pore chain deviates from being aligned with the applied electric field. Diffusion within pores improves the uniformity of fluences to pore surfaces for long-lived species on longer time scales compared to their post-discharge uniformity.
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging of complex resonances in molecular nitrogen
Authors: Fushitani Mizuho , Pratt Stephen T. , You Daehyun , Saito Shu , Luo Yu , Ueda Kiyoshi , Fujise Hikaru , Hishikawa Akiyoshi , Ibrahim Heide , Légaré François , Johnsson Per , Peschel Jasper , Simpson Emma R. , Olofsson Anna , Mauritsson Johan , Carpeggiani Paolo Antonio , Maroju Praveen Kumar , Moioli Matteo , Ertel Dominik , Shah Ronak , Sansone Giuseppe , Csizmadia Tamás , Dumergue Mathieu , Harshitha N. G. , Kühn Sergei , Callegari Carlo , Plekan Oksana , Di Fraia Michele , Danailov Miltcho B. , Demidovich Alexander , Giannessi Luca , Raimondi Lorenzo , Zangrando Marco , De Ninno Giovanni , Ribič Primož Rebernik , Prince Kevin C.
Published: April 2021

We have used the FERMI free-electron laser to perform time-resolved photoelectron imaging experiments on a complex group of resonances near 15.38 eV in the absorption spectrum of molecular nitrogen, N2, under jet-cooled conditions. The new data complement and extend the earlier work of Fushitani et al. [Opt. Express 27, 19702–19711 (2019)], who recorded time-resolved photoelectron spectra for this same group of resonances. Time-dependent oscillations are observed in both the photoelectron yields and the photoelectron angular distributions, providing insight into the interactions among the resonant intermediate states. In addition, for most states, we observe an exponential decay of the photoelectron yield that depends on the ionic final state. This observation can be rationalized by the different lifetimes for the intermediate states contributing to a particular ionization channel. Although there are nine resonances within the group, we show that by detecting individual photoelectron final states and their angular dependence, we can identify and differentiate quantum pathways within this complex system.
Control of the self-sustained shear layer oscillations over rectangular cavities using high-frequency vortex generators
Authors: Abdelmwgoud Moamenbellah , Mohany Atef
Published: April 2021

The excitation of acoustic resonance by flow over a rectangular cavity can generate acute noise, cause damage to equipment, and interrupt operation. In this work, a passive control technique to suppress the excitation of acoustic resonance by the flow over rectangular cavities is experimentally investigated. A span-wise rod that generates high-frequency vortices is mounted upstream of the cavity leading edge to prevent the flapping of the shear layer. The effect of the rod parameters on the mechanism of acoustic resonance suppression is identified by means of acoustic pressure and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. It is found that the effectiveness of this control technique is significantly dependent on the streamwise location of the rod with respect to the cavity leading edge, the gap between the rod and the wind tunnel wall, and the cavity aspect ratio. In addition, PIV measurements revealed that, in effective rod configurations, the vortices generated in the gap between the control rod and the wall alter the development of the shear layer. Moreover, analysis of the Reynolds stresses showed that fluctuations in the wake of the rod prevent the shear layer from impinging on the cavity downstream edge. Consequently, this interaction interrupts the initiation of the feedback mechanism responsible for the onset of acoustic resonance excitation. Finally, a universal criterion is developed to predict an optimum region to implement the control rod upstream of the cavity leading edge to effectively suppress the acoustic resonance excitation.
Differences in dehydration tolerance affect survival of white clover (
Authors: Norton Mark R. , Li Guangdi D. , Xu Binbin , Price Andrew , Tyndall Peter , Hayes Richard C.
Published: April 2021

There is very little robust, experimentally based knowledge comparing drought tolerance of one legume species with another. Dehydration tolerance and plant survival of the perennial legumes white clover (Trifolium repens L., considered quite sensitive to drought) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L., considered drought tolerant) were compared in a drying cycle experiment conducted in pots in a glasshouse, with the deep rooting of lucerne constrained. White clover used more soil water, drying the pots to a final soil gravimetric water content (θg) of 4.7%, compared with 8.3% in lucerne pots. Rates of water use were also different: white clover used 0.47% of θg per day and lucerne 0.3%. The more conservative water use allowed lucerne to survive for longer into the drying cycle than white clover. Lucerne partitioned more of its total dry matter into root growth and had much higher root:shoot ratios than white clover. Leaf/stolon elongation is one of the first plant processes to cease as water deficit increases; however, elongation was greater in white clover than lucerne at the beginning of the drying cycle, and this trend continued until lower soil water contents were reached. Conversely, leaf senescence generally commenced at quite high levels of water stress and progressed more rapidly to complete senescence in white clover than in lucerne. Lucerne retained tissue relative water content at a higher level than white clover, with final minimum values of 25% and 13.6%, respectively. In lucerne, 50% mortality was observed at θg of 9%, compared with 6% in white clover, albeit with greater variability. In conclusion, lucerne maintained a higher relative water content than white clover even though it endured the drying cycle for longer and without access to water at depth, evidence of its superior dehydration avoidance and better adaptation to dry conditions. However, white clover was more able to extract water from surface soil layers. This study provides valuable insight into the adaptive traits of both species and identifies some traits that might be useful in the quest to improve white clover adaptation.
Highlights from a year in a pandemic
Authors: Merad Miriam , Vabret Nicolas
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 has emerged as one of the worst pandemics in recent history and has exposed the weaknesses of healthcare systems worldwide. Here, we reflect on the lessons learned from a year in a pandemic. We discuss the extraordinary scientific advances made in our understanding of a new disease, the failed and successful attempts to halt its progression, and the impact of the pandemic on the scientific discourse within the global community.
Inflammasome-independent functions of AIM2
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Miller-Little William , Li Xiaoxia
Published: April 2021

AIM2 is widely known for its role as a cytosolic dsDNA receptor that activates the inflammasome. In this issue of JEM, Ma et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201796) describe an inflammasome-independent function of AIM2 in microglia that restrains neuroinflammation via a novel crosstalk between AIM2 and cGAS signaling.
Application of the evolutionary kinetic Monte Carlo method for the simulation of anisotropic wet etching of sapphire
Authors: Wu Guorong , Xing Yan , Chen Ye , Zhou Zai-Fa
Published: April 2021

In this paper, the simple, rejection-based kinetic Monte Carlo simulation method is applied for the approximate simulation of the etch rates and three-dimensional etch structures during anisotropic wet etching of sapphire. Based on the analysis of the composition of the atomic structure of sapphire, a model of the simplified atomic structure of sapphire is proposed, which reduces the difficulty of classifying types of surface atoms on the different crystallographic planes. This enables adopting a previously proposed six-index classification method (to differentiate effectively between the various surface atoms of sapphire) and a previously proposed removal probability function (RPF) (to link the removal probability of the surface atom with the configuration of its neighbors). By reducing errors between simulated rates and experimental rates of 11 typical crystallographic planes in the <−1 1 0 0> and <1 1 −2 0> crystallographic zones continuously with an evolutionary algorithm, reasonable values of nine energy parameters of the RPF are obtained. The simulated results describe approximately the experimental counterparts.
An analytical model for electron tunneling in triangular quantum wells
Authors: Mahajan Ashutosh , Ganguly Swaroop
Published: April 2021

An analytical expression for the decay rate of quasi-bound states (QBS) in a triangular quantum well is derived by considering the resonance scattering of particles from the triangular potential profile. Asymptotic properties of the Airy functions that are solutions to the Schrödinger equation for a linear or triangular potential and a perturbative expansion for a small broadening of the QBS are utilized to derive the expression for its location E
0 as well as the decay rate Γ that further gives the net tunneling current from the well. The triangular well model is commonly used to represent the band-bending near a heterojunction due to the electrostatic field. This compact expression shows excellent agreement with a full numerical solver and improvement over Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin based calculations is demonstrated.
Interface control and electron transport in ALD ZnO/Al2O3 TFTs studied by gated Hall effect
Authors: Anders J , Leedy K , Kazimierczuk M , Schuette M
Published: April 2021

Many challenges exist in understanding transport properties in metal-oxide thin film transistors (MO-TFTs). Microstructural disorder, dielectric/active layer interface trap states, and grain boundaries contribute to reductions in device properties such as transistor output current, mobility, and sheet carrier concentration. In this work, we use scheduled interruptions during atomic layer deposition combined with a series of thermal anneals to control properties of ZnO/

A
l

2

O

3

TFTs, and to experimentally decouple physical effects within the TFT affecting device performance. Using concurrent current–voltage and gated Hall effect measurements, we observe two sets of trends for these devices. In the first, increasing post-temperature anneal is shown to improve the device characteristics by reducing grain boundary effects. In the second, exposure to ambient conditions is shown to increase the number of interface trap states. Comparisons of measured values show that these trap states enhance some properties of the lower temperature annealed series, while degrading these values in the higher temperature annealed series. We show that this is due to devices acting in two separate transport regimes: localized, and non-localized. We investigate the position of the Fermi level, adjusted by gate bias, to these two regimes under each test condition, and suggest a simple model to describe the results.
Assessment of ultrasonic properties of an agarose phantom at the frequency range 2.25 MHz to 10 MHz
Authors: de Assis Mylena Kathleen M. , Souza Raquel M. , Costa-Félix Rodrigo P. B. , Alvarenga André V.
Published: April 2021

Agarose-based phantoms are widely used to evaluate ultrasonic equipment used for diagnosis. Many studies report phantom’s ultrasonic characteristics as a function of frequency, mainly sound velocity and attenuation, but a metrological approach is not widely spread. The current paper reports attenuation coefficient (Att-c) and speed of sound (SoS) in an agarose-based phantom as a function of the diagnostically used frequency, ranging from 2.25 MHz to 10 MHz, at 21 °C. The pulse-echo method was applied to measure the ultrasonic properties. The measurements were performed under repeatability conditions (no = 4) and the expanded uncertainties of the measurements were estimated thereafter. It was observed that there was no statistical difference among the values of SoS (average of 1,540.3 m s-1) for all frequencies, in which the maximum En = 0.98. The SoS result with the highest uncertainty was of 1,538.7 m s-1 ± 3.8 m s-1 (k = 2; coverage probability p = 0.95). Att-c increases as a power function of frequency (Att-c = f
109; α0 = 0.573; R2 = 0.9995. A survey of the literature was made and it was found that Att-c values obtained in this research are consistent with the previously reported. Based on the SoS, this study draws attention to the importance of performing a statistical test to assess the consistency of the results.
Hydrostatic buoyancy alternative correction for weighing using high-resolution single-pan balances
Authors: Beatrici C P , Beatrici A
Published: April 2021

In this work we compare some methods of buoyancy corrections applied to sample weighing that require a high accuracy results. We also established and disseminate the fundamentals for a better understanding of this phenomenon. An alternative approach was applied to find a buoyancy correction equation adapted to single-pan balances. The results show a good compatibility between two of these buoyancy corrections. The approach advantage is to keep the mathematical formalism adapted to the single-pan balance measurement procedure, dislike the others methods that developed its formalism based in the equations adapted to the double-pan balances.
Analysis of the process of laser ablation of marble surfaces
Authors: Lazov L , Tsvyatkov P , Angelov N , Balchev I
Published: April 2021

Over the last decade, laser surface treatment of stones has gained increasing scientific interest. New technologies and processes based on different types of laser sources and processing modes are being studied. This report examines the process of laser ablation of a marble surface using a fiber laser. Three factors influencing the process of laser marking and engraving were studied: laser power, processing speed and step between raster lines. The functional dependencies between these factors and the contrast of the obtained graphic image are established. The optimal operating intervals for this group of technological parameters are analyzed. Thanks to the very-high-definition laser ablation, inscriptions, drawings and images can be re-created and processed with unique accuracy. In addition, the reduction of manufacturing time and resources used in the process makes this technology an environmentally-friendly and extremely cost-efficient solution.
Research on Network Traffic Anomaly Detection Method Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Kuang Chuwen
Published: April 2021

Network attacks are a serious problem in today’s information society. Intrusion detection systems are an important guarantee for network security. The core of IDS is the intrusion detection algorithm. Under the current new situation of network security protection, traditional signature-based misuse detection algorithms cannot solve the problem of rapidly changing forms of network attacks. Machine learning and data mining methods have been widely used in attack detection in the network environment to improve the detection rate. Based on the in-depth analysis and research of deep learning models and intrusion detection methods, this paper proposes a convolutional neural network abnormal traffic detection model based on dynamic adaptive pooling for the pooling layer can only use one fixed method for down sampling, and proposed an abnormal traffic detection framework and a dynamic adaptive CNN model. Experimental analysis shows that the method proposed in this paper shows better detection accuracy and loss value in traffic detection.
Application Research of Cognitive Linguistics Based on Big Data Internet Corpus Construction
Authors: Xu Jianbo
Published: April 2021

Corpus plays a very important role in language research. With the development and application of computer technology, database has been widely used in linguistic research, and it shows a strong advantage in the collection, processing and processing of corpus. Corpora, which collect and organize a large amount of language information in real use, have become an important tool for linguists to conduct academic research.
Chinese image caption of Inceptionv4 and double-layer GRUs based on attention mechanism
Authors: Pan Yongbin , Wang Lidan , Duan Shukai , Gan Xiuling , Hong Liangyi
Published: April 2021

In recent years, there has been a wave of research on English image caption at home and abroad. However, due to the particularity of Chinese image caption task, the research on Chinese image caption has not made good progress. In order to solve this problem, a new Chinese image caption model is implemented. Firstly, the AI challenge dataset is enhanced, and then the Chinese text data of the dataset is preprocessed by Chinese word segmentation tool word2vec. Secondly, based on the encoder-decoder framework, the image visual features are extracted by Inceptionv4 network, the attention mechanism is incorporated in the process of feature extraction and the Chinese sentences are generated by double-layer GRUs network. In the process of training, Adam is used to optimize the algorithm. Finally, A GUI interface is designed to better show the experimental effect. Experiments show that the new Chinese image caption model can automatically generate more fluent and more accurate Chinese caption sentences, and the trained model has excellent performance in many evaluation indexes.
Fast target recognition and location based on graph model and point cloud model
Authors: Zhao Yuntao , Hu Jiaming , Li Weigang
Published: April 2021

When using the point cloud model to identify and locate the target, there are some problems, such as low recognition accuracy and slow positioning speed. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a fast target recognition and location method based on point cloud model and graph model, which combines the characteristics of graph model processing speed, algorithm efficiency and recognition accuracy. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the target graph model, the pixel coordinates and rotation angle of the target grabbing points are calculated. After the transformation matrix and mapping relationship, the spatial coordinates of the point cloud model are obtained. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are verified by the recognition and positioning experiments on the robot target grabbing platform.
Study on Optimal Operation Mode of One-key Sequence Control in Substation
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Hengxuan , E Shiping , Zhang Kanjun , Chen Qianchen , Hu Xin , Cao Shang , Luo Xiaotong
Published: April 2021

At present, some substations have carried out sequential control pilot applications, but there are generally problems such as inconsistent operation methods, narrow operation coverage, incomplete typical functions, and complicated manual intervention links. The article constructs a multi-objective comprehensive evaluation model of operation mode based on the one-key sequential control operation mode of different application scenarios. This article establishes the weights of various indicators including operation efficiency, economic benefits and other factors, conducts a comprehensive evaluation and proposes an optimal operation mode. Through actual cases, the article also analyzes the functional transformation scheme of one-key sequence control technology of intelligent substation.
Design and Simulation of DC Motor Controller Based on the Fuzzy Control
Authors: Li Jianwei
Published: April 2021

The motor fuzzy controller was designed by the application of the principle of fuzzy logic based on the research of DC motor model. The simulation analysis of traditional control and fuzzy control were conducted by MATLAB simulation module, which illustrates the better control performance of fuzzy control method by comparison.
Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Deaths Among the Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Reappraisal
Authors: Yamada Michiko , Furukawa Kyoji , Tatsukawa Yoshimi , Marumo Keiko , Funamoto Sachiyo , Sakata Ritsu , Ozasa Kotaro , Cullings Harry M , Preston Dale L , Kurttio Paivi
Published: April 2021

From 1948 to 1954, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission conducted a study of pregnancy outcomes among births to atomic bomb survivors (Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan) who had received radiation doses ranging from 0 Gy to near-lethal levels. Past reports (1956, 1981, and 1990) on the cohort did not identify significant associations of radiation exposure with untoward pregnancy outcomes, such as major congenital malformations, stillbirths, or neonatal deaths, individually or in aggregate. We reexamined the risk of major congenital malformations and perinatal deaths in the children of atomic bomb survivors (n = 71,603) using fully reconstructed data to minimize the potential for bias, using refined estimates of the gonadal dose from Dosimetry System 2002 and refined analytical methods for characterizing dose-response relationships. The analyses showed that parental exposure to radiation was associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations and perinatal death, but the estimates were imprecise for direct radiation effects, and most were not statistically significant. Nonetheless, the uniformly positive estimates for untoward pregnancy outcomes among children of both maternal and paternal survivors are useful for risk assessment purposes, although extending them to populations other than the atomic bomb survivors comes with uncertainty as to generalizability.
A novel dextrin produced by the enzymatic reaction of 6-α-glucosyltransferase. I. The effect of nonreducing ends of glucose with by α-1,6 bonds on the retrogradation inhibition of high molecular weight dextrin
Authors: Yasuda Akiko , Miyata Manabu , Sano Osamu , Sogo Tatsufumi , Kishishita Seiichiro , Yamamoto Takuo , Aga Hajime , Yamamoto Koryu
Published: April 2021

We prepared a high-molecular-weight modified dextrin (MWS-1000) from a partial hydrolysate of waxy corn starch with a weight average molecular weight of 1 × 106 (WS-1000) using Paenibacillus alginolyticus PP710 α-glucosyltransferase. The gel permeation chromatography showed that the weight average molecular weight of MWS-1000 was almost the same as that of WS-1000. The side chain lengths of WS-1000 and MWS-1000 after isomaltodextranase digestion were also shown to be similar to each other by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Since MWS-1000 confirmed the presence of α-1,6 bonds by enzyme digestibility, methylation, and 1H-NMR analyses, it was presumed that the structure of MWS-1000 was based on the introduction of α-1,6 glucosyl residues at the nonreducing ends of the partial hydrolysate of waxy corn starch. Furthermore, the MWS-1000 solution was not retrograded even during refrigerated storage or after repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
Performance of Repeat BinaxNOW Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antigen Testing in a Community Setting, Wisconsin, November 2020–December 2020
Authors: Shah Melisa M , Salvatore Phillip P , Ford Laura , Kamitani Emiko , Whaley Melissa J , Mitchell Kaitlin , Currie Dustin W , Morgan Clint N , Segaloff Hannah E , Lecher Shirley , Somers Tarah , Van Dyke Miriam E , Bigouette John Paul , Delaney Augustina , DaSilva Juliana , O’Hegarty Michelle , Boyle-Estheimer Lauren , Abdirizak Fatima , Karpathy Sandor E , Meece Jennifer , Ivanic Lynn , Goffard Kimberly , Gieryn Doug , Sterkel Alana , Bateman Allen , Kahrs Juliana , Langolf Kimberly , Zochert Tara , Knight Nancy W , Hsu Christopher H , Kirking Hannah L , Tate Jacqueline E
Published: April 2021

Repeating the BinaxNOW antigen test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 using 2 groups of readers within 30 minutes resulted in high concordance (98.9%) in 2110 encounters. Same-day repeat antigen testing did not significantly improve test sensitivity (77.2% to 81.4%) while specificity remained high (99.6%).
Financial markets and Keynes’s long-term expectations
Authors: Basili Marcello , Zappia Carlo
Published: April 2021

This paper presents an intuitive way to represent Keynes’s theory of expectations and its implications for financial markets. Further to a suggestion by Ellsberg, a coherent expectational function for the valuation of assets under Keynesian uncertainty is derived. By following the thread that goes from the non-numerical probabilities of the Treatise on Probability to the expectations of the General Theory, this paper suggests that a function accounting for Keynesian expectations can be modelled by using a class of the so-called ε-contaminated probability priors, where the parameter ε is suggestive of the quality of information about the relevant odds.
Methods and rationale of the DISCOVER CKD global observational study
Authors: Pecoits-Filho Roberto , James Glen , Carrero Juan Jesus , Wittbrodt Eric , Fishbane Steven , Sultan Alyshah Abdul , Heerspink Hiddo J L , Hedman Katarina , Kanda Eiichiro , Chen Hungta (Tony) , Kashihara Naoki , Sloand James , Kosiborod Mikhail , Kumar Supriya , Lainscak Mitja , Arnold Matthew , Lam Carolyn S P , Holmqvist Björn , Pollock Carol , Fenici Peter , Stenvinkel Peter , Medin Jennie , Wheeler David C
Published: April 2021

Background

Real-world data for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), specifically pertaining to clinical management, metabolic control, treatment patterns, quality of life (QoL) and dietary patterns, are limited. Understanding these gaps using real-world, routine care data will improve our understanding of the challenges and consequences faced by patients with CKD, and will facilitate the long-term goal of improving their management and prognosis.

Methods

DISCOVER CKD follows an enriched hybrid study design, with both retrospective and prospective patient cohorts, integrating primary and secondary data from patients with CKD from China, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Data will be prospectively captured over a 3-year period from >1000 patients with CKD who will be followed up for at least 1 year via electronic case report form entry during routine clinical visits and also via a mobile/tablet-based application, enabling the capture of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). In-depth interviews will be conducted in a subset of ∼100 patients. Separately, secondary data will be retrospectively captured from >2 000 000 patients with CKD, extracted from existing datasets and registries.

Results

The DISCOVER CKD program captures and will report on patient demographics, biomarker and laboratory measurements, medical histories, clinical outcomes, healthcare resource utilization, medications, dietary patterns, physical activity and PROs (including QoL and qualitative interviews).

Conclusions

The DISCOVER CKD program will provide contemporary real-world insight to inform clinical practice and improve our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical and economic burden of CKD, as well as determinants of clinical outcomes and PROs from a range of geographical regions in a real-world CKD setting.
Blockchain-based Fair and Decentralized Data Trading Model
Authors: Li Taotao , Li Dequan , Wang Mingsheng
Published: April 2021

Data is a kind of important asset in the digital economy and is driving the rise of data markets. Meanwhile, data markets promote data trading efficiently and improve the utilization of data. However, several challenges about data trading need to be addressed. Here, we resolve these challenges via our blockchain-based fair and decentralized data trading model. Disputes about data correctness is settled by the decentralized arbitration mechanism in our model. To ensure the fairness of data trading, we integrate a sale contract and a deterministic public-key encryption algorithm. The decentralization feature of blockchain cuts off the single-point failure for the data trading platform. In addition, we prove that the proposed protocol achieves the desirable security properties that a secure data trading protocol should have. Moreover, utilizing the smart contract in Solidity and program in Java, we implement our model and then evaluate its performance.
Nurse co-ordinated health and lifestyle modification for reducing multiple cardio-metabolic risk factors in regional adults: outcomes from the MODERN randomized controlled trial
Authors: Carrington Melinda J , Zimmet Paul Z
Published: April 2021

Background 

Nurse-led health and lifestyle modification programmes can prevent cardio-metabolic diseases and be advantageous where health disparities exist.

Aims 

To assess the effectiveness of a nurse-driven health and lifestyle modification programme in improving cardio-metabolic risk parameters for higher-risk regional residing adults.

Methods 

We conducted an open, parallel-group randomized controlled trial in two sites. Participants were aged 40–70 years with no prior cardiovascular disease who had any three or more of; central obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure (BP) and dysglycaemia. Intervention participants received individual face-to-face and telephone coaching for improving cardio-metabolic risk. Control group participants received standard care and general information about risk factor management. The primary endpoint was the percentage of participants who achieved the target risk factor thresholds or clinically significant minimum changes for any three or more cardio-metabolic risk factors during 24 months of follow-up.

Results 

Participant average age was 57.6 (SD 7.6) years, 61% were female and 71% were employed. The primary endpoint was achieved by 76% intervention (97 of 127) and 71% usual care (92 of 129) participants [adjusted risk ratio (RR): 1.08; 95% CI 0.94, 1.24; P = 0.298]. Improved BP in the intervention group was more likely than in the control group (84% vs. 65%) (adj. RR: 1.28; 95% CI 1.11, 1.48; P = 0.001) but no other cardio-metabolic component.

Conclusion 

Nurse intervention to modify cardio-metabolic risk parameters had no enhanced effectiveness compared with usual care. However, participation was associated with improvements in cardio-metabolic abnormalities, with particular emphasis on BP.

Trial Registration

Registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12616000229471).
INTERCONVERSION OF YEAST MATING TYPES III. ACTION OF THE HOMOTHALLISM (HO) GENE IN CELLS HOMOZYGOUS FOR THE MATING TYPE LOCUS
Authors: Hicks James B , Strathern Jeffrey N , Herskowitz Ira
Published: April 2021

Mating type interconversion in homothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied in diploids homozygous for the mating type locus produced by sporulation of a/a/a/α and a/a/α/α tetraploid strains. Mating type switches have been analyzed by techniques including direct observation of cells for changes in α-factor sensitivity. Another method of following mating type switching exploits the observation that a/α cells exhibit polar budding and a/a and α/α cells exhibit medial budding.—These studies indicate the following: (1) The allele conferring the homothallic life cycle (HO) is dominant to the allele conferring the heterothallic life cycle (ho). (2) The action of the HO gene is controlled by the mating type locus—active in a/a and α/α cells but not in a/α cells. (3) The HO (or HO-controlled) gene product can act independently on two mating type alleles located on separate chromosomes in the same nucleus. (4) A switch in mating type is observed in pairs of cells, each of which has the same change.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINING ALLELES INTO ELECTROPHORETIC CLASSES ON DETECTING LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Zouros E , Golding G B , MacKay Trudy F C
Published: April 2021

When alleles are combined into few detectable classes, linkage correlations are underestimated most of the time. The probability that the linkage correlation will be underestimated is a function of the actual degree of correlation and the evenness of the allelic distribution, but is mainly determined by the distribution of alleles into distinguishable classes. With only two alleles per class this probability will usually be higher than 0.7. Also, the consistency in the sign of the linkage disequilibrium over many populations may escape detection. An increase of sample size by one order of magnitude or more may be required to compensate for the loss in detection power. It follows that the available electrophoretic studies of linkage correlations, although negative in their majority, do not suggest that epistatic interactions and linkage disequilibria are rare in natural populations.
NON-MENDELIAN FEMALE STERILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: INFLUENCE OF AGING AND THERMIC TREATMENTS. III. CUMULATIVE EFFECTS INDUCED BY THESE FACTORS
Authors: Bucheton Alain
Published: April 2021

Crosses between various strains of Drosophila melanogaster may give rise to a female sterility of non-Mendelian determination. Reduced fertility is observed in females, known as SF females, bred from crosses between females of "reactive" strains and males of "inducer" strains. The reduced fertility of the SF females is the result of an interaction between an extrachromosomal property, the reactivity, and a chromosomal factor, I. The extrachromosomal property varies considerably in its ability to reduce fertility. The fer-tility reduction of the SF females corresponds to what is known as the reactivity level of their reactive mothers. Two nongenetic factors can modify the level of reactivity: aging and temperature. The action of aging is cumulative. When the flies of a reactive strain are submitted at each generation to the action of this factor, the level of reactivity of this strain is gradually modified. The modifications induced are reversible. Indeed, when such a modified strain is returned to standard breeding conditions, the reactivity returns progressively to its initial level. The effect of thermic treatments also seems to be cumulative and reversible.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ANTENNAPEDIA GENE COMPLEX (ANT-C) AND ADJACENT CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. POLYTENE CHROMOSOME SEGMENTS 84A–84B1,2
Authors: Lewis R A , Wakimoto B T , Denell R E , Kaufman T C
Published: April 2021

The existence of a gene complex in the proximal right arm of chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster involved in the development of the head and thorax was originally suggested by the phenotypes of several dominant homoeotic mutations and their revertants. A screen for mutations utilizing Df(3R) AntpNS+R17 (proximally broken in salivary region 84B1,2) yielded, among 102 recovered mutations, 17 localized by deficiency mapping to the putative homoeotic cluster. These fell into four complementation groups, two of which were characterized by homoeotic phenotypes. To explore the limits of the Antennapedia gene complex (ANT-C) more proximally, a second screen has been undertaken utilizing Df(3R)Scr, a deficiency of 84A1-B1,2.——Of 2832 chromosomes screened, 21 bearing alterations localized to polytene interval 84A-84B1,2 have been recovered. Sixteen are recessive lethals, and five showing reduced viability display a visible phenotype in surviving individuals. Complementation and phenotypic analyses revealed four complementation groups proximal to those identified in the previous screen, including two new alleles of the recessive homoeotic mutation, proboscipedia (pb). Ten of the new mutations correspond to complementation groups defined previously in the Df(3R)AntpNS+R17 screen, four to the EbR11 group, two to the Scr group and four to the Antp group.——On the basis of the phenotypes of the 39 mutations localized to this region, plus their interactions with extant homoeotic mutations, we postulate that there are at least five functional sites comprising the ANT-C. Three have been demonstrated to he homoeotic in nature. The specific homoeotic transformations thus far observed suggest that these loci are critical for normal development of adult labial, maxillary and thoracic structures.
SOMATIC EXPRESSION AND AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE B IN KANGAROOS
Authors: Vandeberg J L , Cooper D W , Sharman G B , Poole W E
Published: April 2021

The PGK-B isozyme, currently known as PGK-2 in the mouse nomenclature, is the predominant PGK isozyme in mammalian sperm. In many species it is detectable only in sperm, in spermatogenic testes and in epididymides containing sperm. In this paper, we provide evidence that some kangaroo species express low PGK-B activity in somatic tissues, in addition to high activity in testes. Three kangaroo species, M. rufogrzseus, M. robustus and M. giganteus, exhibit polymorphism of PGK-B. Breeding data support the hypothesis of autosomal co-dominant inheritance, as is the case in mice. Population data for the three polymorphisms are discussed. PGK-B is not detectable in somatic tissues or spermatogenic testis extracts of monotreme mammals, birds or lizards; it is probably restricted to therian mammals.