bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The discovery of witches: Matthew Hopkins's Defense of his Witch-Hunting Methods
Authors: O'Brien Sheilagh Ilona
Published: March 2016

Matthew Hopkins took a leading role in finding and prosecuting witches during the East Anglia trials of the 1640s. Hopkins's methods and demonology, and the witch-hunt itself, have been described as an aberration in English witch prosecution, due to Hopkins's use of “continental” demonology and extreme measures. This article will argue that Hopkins used methods and demonology that were not “continental” or alien to English beliefs and trials. This article will also explore Hopkins's demonology and methods through a critical reading of his pamphlet The discovery of witches. Close analysis of this tract shows that Hopkins's demonology is in fact part of mainstream English demonology, and that his methods were influenced by both elite and popular conceptions of the crime of witchcraft and of how to deal with accused witches.
Aleister Crowley's Graphomania and the Transformations of Magical Inscriptivity
Authors: McWilliams Stuart
Published: March 2016

This article attempts a preliminary genealogy of the bibliophile activities of Aleister Crowley, who compulsively self-published books as well as periodicals. The article identifies a series of decisive transformations and shifts (from “codification” to “currency”) in the history of magical inscription and dissemination, each of which contributed to the book-thinking of occultism at the fin de siècle and beyond. More broadly, the article historicizes the development of occultism's “bibliographic imagination” and its complex attachment to the inscribed or printed page.
The Ghost of Col. Bowen: 1655, 1691, 1941/42
Authors: Pearson Jacqueline
Published: March 2016

In 1655 the ghost of her husband appeared to Catherine Bowen. In 1691 Richard Baxter, in The Certainty of the Worlds of Spirits, collated witness statements about this extraordinary event. This article investigates this account as both typical and atypical of seventeenth-century ghost stories, and how in this period narratives were constructed around allegedly true stories of the supernatural. It also follows the story into the twentieth century, when the colonel's descendant Elizabeth Bowen retold it. It suggests that, in both her family history Bowen's Court (1941) and her short fiction, especially “The Demon Lover” (1942), Bowen is not only influenced by but also comments, directly or indirectly, on the seventeenth-century case.
An Empirical Study on the Distinctive Teaching Mode and Practice of International Business Innovation Class in GDUFS
Authors: Dongman Cai , Wenzhong Zhu
Published: March 2016

Accommodating to the development of globalization, China witnesses a mounting demand for international business talents who are proficient in both foreign languages and business knowledge and adept at international cooperation and competition in business context. In order to meet this need, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, taking advantage of its resources in foreign languages and outstanding professional teachers, made a breakthrough in multidisciplinary teaching reform and took initiavtive to set up the program of International Business Innovation Class in autumn, 2010. In July 2014, it has delivered its first batch of graduates. Hence, it is of great significance to conduct relevant investigations on the teaching mode and practice timely so as to obtain data for assessing its teaching effectiveness and students’ satisfaction. Based on empirical study, this paper evaluates three factors: learners’ recognition, features and problems of this program, which aims at identifying existing problems in practical teaching, improving teaching quality and students’ satisfaction and proposing feasible suggestions to address them. In a broader context, it attempts to provide a quotable paradigm for similar innovation programs or similar institutions’ internationalization.
The Effectiveness of Using Teacher-Teacher Wikis in Collaborative Lesson Planning and Its impact on Teacher’s Classroom Performance
Authors: Al-Shareef Samar Yahya , Al-Qarni Reem Ali
Published: March 2016

The paper highlights the main aspects and characteristic features of teacher-teacher Wikis, which are considered to be the most effective teaching and learning tools. The research studies the effectiveness of using Wikis by teachers during collaborative lesson planning. It also traces the impact of teacher-teacher Wikis on the teachers’ performance in the classrooms. Teaching collaboration has been studied as a crucial element as it involves planning and working together. Three EL teachers for the 5th elementary grade in elementary schools in Riyadh were chosen to be the study participants. The research was carried out during a four-week period. In order to collect data and achieve the study’s goal, four tools were used: a questionnaire, observation, interview, and text analysis. The research results proved the idea that using teacher-teacher Wikis in collaborative lesson planning is effective and improves teachers’ performance.
Diversity of Research Participants Benefits ESL/EFL Learners: Examining Student-Lecturer Disagreements in Classrooms
Authors: Charoenroop Pattrawut
Published: March 2016

Reviews of literature made manifest that native English speakers who were research participants in many studies on disagreements were Americans (e.g., Beebe & Takahashi, 1989; Takahashi & Beebe, 1993; Dogacay-Aktuna & Kamisli 1996; Rees-Miller, 2000; Guodong & Jing, 2005; Chen, 2006). The utmost use of Americans as research participants presented a rather restricted view on how the disagreements could be expressed by native English speakers. These studies exhibited that Americans in a classroom context normally began their student-lecturer disagreements with a positive comment (e.g., ‘The idea is interesting but…’). Based on these results, the ESL/EFL learners might over-generalize from Americans to other groups of native English speakers and consequently postulate that all native English speakers initiate their student-lecturer disagreements with an optimistic remark. This current study chose a group of 13 Canadians and investigated their disagreement strategies in the identical context. The data were collected by videotaping the participants’ classroom for three hours every week for five consecutive weeks. Results showed that the participants normally disagreed with their lecturer explicitly but mitigated their explicit disagreements with some justification (e.g., ‘No because…’). The findings underscored that Americans and Canadians did not normally use the same disagreement strategies in the classroom context. If future studies increasingly use British English, Australians, New Zealanders or South Africans as research participants and investigate their expressions of student-lecturer disagreement, the ESL/EFL learners will be more highly aware of differences across all native English speakers. In other words, they will be able to avoid over-generalizing from Americans to other native English speakers.
The mathematical stability study for the system of the CoO(OH) – overoxidized polypyrrole composite synthesis in the presence of fluor ions
Authors: Tkach V. , De Oliveira S.C. , Ojani R. , Yagodynets P.I. , Páramo-García U.
Published: March 2016

The potentiostatic synthesis of CoO(OH) – Overoxidized polypyrrole composite in the presence of fluor ions has been investigated mathematically. The corresponding mathematical model was described and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. The steady-state stability requirements, like also oscillatory and monotonic instability conditions are derived.Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 16 (42), 2015, 13-17
Specific characteristics of essential oils of four Artemisia species from the Mongolian Trans-Altai Gobi
Authors: Javzmaa N. , Altantsetseg Sh. , Shatar S. , Enkhjargal T. , Anu Z.
Published: March 2016

The essential oil compositions of four Artemisia species in Mongolian Trans-Altai Gobi were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil from A.macrocephala Jacq and A.dracunculus Ledeb. were characterized by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpeneoids predominately. E-nerolidol (26.95%), methyleugenol (23.29%) and sabinene (13.21%) were found as main components in the essential oils of A.dracunculus. A.macrocephalla was characterized by the presence of chamazulene (13.8%), cineol (11.7%), myrcene (9.0%), germacrene-D (7.1%). A.anethifolia Web was characterized by the presence of fragrant compounds as camphor (26.05%), α-thujone (10.1%), borneol (5.1%). Davanone and davanone derivatives were also detected in the sample in amount of 7.7% in total. A.scoparia Waldst differed by domination of monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.9%) with (Z)- β-ocimene (29.24%), α-pinene (15.19%), limonene (10.27%) and myrcene (9.61%).Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 16 (42), 2015, 34-38
Stormwater Management Plans Offer Benefits With Relief
Authors: Oshun Molly
Published: March 2016

Midlothian, Ill., has experienced flooding since it was first incorporated in 1927, but the scope and severity of the occurrences have increased alarmingly in recent years. Unrestricted development, deferred infrastructure maintenance, and changes in regional climate have converged in Midlothian, leaving residents vulnerable to flooding across the village.
Evaluation of Suitable Substrate for Seedling Tuber Production by True Potato Seed through Nursery Raising
Authors: M.M.R. Jamro  , A.N. Shah  , G.M. Laghari  , A.S. Chandio  , M.S. Depar
Published: March 2016

To determine the suitable substrate, five growth substrates viz. Soil + Sand, Soil + FYM, Soil + Sand + FYM, Soil + PM (Poultry manure) and Soil + Sand + PM were used to grow the three true potato seed (TPS) genotypes viz. TPS-9802, TPS-9804 and TPS-9805. Results of the interactive effect of genotypes x substrates on plant and tuber traits concluded that maximum germination (90.5 %), plant height (46.3 cm), micro tubers (212.7), small tubers (45.7), medium tubers (28.2), large tubers (10.2) and total tubers (296.8), maximum weight of micro (1491 g), small tubers (757.6 g), medium tubers (828.9 g), large tubers (483.7 g) and total tuber weight (3561) per unit area (1m-2) and total tuber yield (35.6 t ha-1) were found in TPS-9804 grown in the substrate of soil+sand+FYM. However TPS-9805 yielded (32.5 t ha-1) and ranked 2nd with same substrate. Hence, it is recommended for raising TPS nursery.
The dispersal ability: important factor of species richness and composition of woody plants in fragmented vegetation of the countryside of Seville (SW of Spain)
Authors: de los Reyes-Lara Darío
Published: March 2016

Se estudiaron 100 fragmentos dentro de la campiña sevillana en relación a la vegetación de la sierra más cercana con el objetivo de identificar los factores que inciden en la riqueza y distribución de las plantas leñosas en comunidades fragmentadas. Los resultados mostraron que la riqueza de especies aumenta con el área y disminuye con el aislamiento. Los fragmentos presentaron un patrón anidado que estuvo correlacionado principalmente con el área mostrando que procesos de relajación son la causa del empobrecimiento. La capacidad de dispersión de las plantas tuvo importancia en la riqueza y composición de los fragmentos siendo las especies no-ornitócoras las más vulnerables a la fragmentación. Estos fragmentos tienden hacia la matorralización dominadas por especies ornitócoras

A hundred vegetation fragments were studied in the countryside of Seville in relation to the vegetation of the nearest Sierra in order to identify factors that influence species richness and distribution of woody plants in fragmented communities. The results showed that species richness increases with the area and decreases with isolation. The fragments presented a nested pattern that was mainly correlated with the area showing that relaxation processes are the cause of impoverishment. The dispersal ability of the plants was important for the species richness and composition of the fragments being the non-ornithochorous species the most vulnerable to fragmentation processes. These fragments tend toward woody encroachment dominated by ornithochorous species
Polo-like kinase 1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes epithelial cell motility by activating CRAF/ERK signaling
Authors: Wu Jianguo , Ivanov Andrei I , Fisher Paul B , Fu Zheng
Published: March 2016

Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key cell cycle regulator implicated in the development of various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the functions of PLK1 beyond cell cycle regulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that PLK1 overexpression in prostate epithelial cells triggers oncogenic transformation. It also results in dramatic transcriptional reprogramming of the cells, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stimulation of cell migration and invasion. Consistently, PLK1 downregulation in metastatic prostate cancer cells enhances epithelial characteristics and inhibits cell motility. The signaling mechanisms underlying the observed cellular effects of PLK1 involve direct PLK1-dependent phosphorylation of CRAF with subsequent stimulation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-Fra1-ZEB1/2 signaling pathway. Our findings highlight novel non-canonical functions of PLK1 as a key regulator of EMT and cell motility in normal prostate epithelium and prostate cancer. This study also uncovers a previously unanticipated role of PLK1 as a potent activator of MAPK signaling.
Capacitance characteristics of low-k low-cost CVD grown polyimide liner for high-density Cu through-Si-via in three-dimensional LSI
Authors: Mariappan Murugesan , Fukushima Takafumi , Bea Ji-Chel , Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Koyanagi Mitsumasa
Published: March 2016

Minimization of the parasitic capacitance arising from Cu–through-Si-vias (TSVs) has been rigorously considered in order to enhance the performances of three-dimensional (3D) LSIs. We have systematically investigated the role of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) polyimide (PI) liner in Cu-TSVs in reducing the TSV capacitance. It is confirmed that CVD grown PI greatly helps to reduce the TSV capacitance as compared to the conventional PECVD-SiO2 liner. In addition to that the presence of very small hysteresis and a negligible flat-band voltage shift along the voltage axis confirms the suitability of PI liner as dielectric in the Cu-TSVs, if it were operated below the bias voltages of ±20 V. In over all, the large reduction in capacitance along with the conformal deposition of PI in the TSVs having less than 3 µm-width with aspect ratios greater than 10 reveals that CVD grown PI has the potential application in the future 3D-LSIs with highly scaled TSV.
Discharging-phototransistor-integrated high-voltage Si photovoltaic cells for fast driving demonstration of an electrostatic MEMS actuator by wavelength modulation
Authors: Mori Isao , Lebrasseur Eric , Mita Yoshio
Published: March 2016

In this article, the authors propose a high-voltage photovoltaic (PV) cell array integrating discharging phototransistors for the fast driving of an electrostatic MEMS actuator by light with wavelength modulation. A PV cell array and phototransistors are connected in parallel and colored with green and red lacquer, respectively. This circuit repeats the charge and discharge of a MEMS actuator by being illuminated with light whose color periodically changes between red and green. This method requires only a small additional area and can discharge the actuator at an arbitrary timing. The authors extract the parameters of the circuit and also demonstrate the dynamic driving of a MEMS comb-drive actuator.
Properties of c-axis-aligned crystalline indium–gallium–zinc oxide field-effect transistors fabricated through a tapered-trench gate process
Authors: Asami Yoshinobu , Kurata Motomu , Okazaki Yutaka , Higa Eiji , Matsubayashi Daisuke , Okamoto Satoru , Sasagawa Shinya , Moriwaka Tomoaki , Kakehata Tetsuya , Yakubo Yuto , Kato Kiyoshi , Hamada Takashi , Sakakura Masayuki , Hayakawa Masahiko , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: March 2016

To achieve both low power consumption and high-speed operation, we fabricated c-axis-aligned crystalline indium–gallium–zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) field-effect transistors (FETs) with In-rich IGZO and common IGZO (

in atomic ratio) active layers through a simple process using trench gates, and evaluated their characteristics. The results confirm that 60-nm-node IGZO FETs fabricated through a 450 °C process show an extremely low off-state current below the detection limit (at most 2 × 10−16 A) even at a measurement temperature of 150 °C. The results also reveal that the FETs with the In-rich IGZO active layer show a higher on-state current than those with the common IGZO active layer and have excellent frequency characteristics with a cutoff frequency and a maximum oscillation frequency of up to 20 and 6 GHz, respectively. Thus, we demonstrated that CAAC-IGZO FETs with trench gates are promising for achieving both low power consumption and high-speed operation.
Glucosyl epi‐cyclophellitol allows mechanism‐based inactivation and structural analysis of human pancreatic α‐amylase
Authors: Caner Sami , Zhang Xiaohua , Jiang Jianbing , Chen Hong‐Ming , Nguyen Nham T. , Overkleeft Hermen , Brayer Gary D. , Withers Stephen G.
Published: March 2016

As part of a search for selective, mechanism‐based covalent inhibitors of human pancreatic α‐amylase we describe the chemoenzymatic synthesis of the disaccharide analog α‐glucosyl epi‐cyclophellitol, demonstrate its stoichiometric reaction with human pancreatic α‐amylase and evaluate the time dependence of its inhibition. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the covalent derivative so formed confirms its reaction at the active site with formation of a covalent bond to the catalytic nucleophile D197. The structure illuminates the interactions with the active site and confirms OH4' on the nonreducing end sugar as a good site for attachment of fluorescent tags in generating probes for localization and quantitation of amylase in vivo.
Intraseasonal coastal upwelling signal along the southern coast of Java observed using Indonesian tidal station data
Authors: Horii Takanori , Ueki Iwao , Syamsudin Fadli , Sofian Ibnu , Ando Kentaro
Published: March 2016

Sea level variations along the coasts of Sumatra and Java were investigated to determine the coastal upwelling signal that is linked to local sea surface temperature (SST) variability. We used Indonesian tidal station data together with satellite SST data and atmospheric reanalysis data. The sea level variations along the southern coast of Java have a significant coherence with remote wind, local wind, and local SST variations, with an intraseasonal time scale of 20–50 days. Assuming that a coastal upwelling signal would appear as a sea level drop (SLD), we focused on intraseasonal‐scale SLD events in the data. Significant upwelling signals are frequently observed during both the boreal summer and winter. To evaluate the impact of the coastal upwelling on local SST, we examined statistical relationships between sea level and SST variations. The results demonstrated that events that occurred during April–August were associated with local SST cooling. The horizontal distribution of the SST cooling was analogous with annual mean SST, suggesting the importance of intraseasonal‐scale coastal upwelling in forming the climatic conditions of the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean.
Climate and peat type in relation to spatial variation of the peatland carbon mass in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Authors: Packalen Maara S. , Finkelstein Sarah A. , McLaughlin James W.
Published: March 2016

Northern peatlands store ~500 Pg of carbon (C); however, controls on the spatial distribution of the stored C may differ regionally, owing to the complex interaction among climate, ecosystem processes, and geophysical controls. As a globally significant C sink, elucidation of controls on the distribution of C in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada (HBL), is of particular importance. Although peat age is related to timing of land emergence and peat depth in the HBL, considerable variation in the total C mass (kg m−2) among sites of similar peat age suggests that other factors may explain spatial patterns in C storage (Pg) and sequestration. Here we quantify the role of two key factors in explaining the spatial distribution of the C mass in the HBL (n = 364 sites), (i) climate variability and (ii) peat lithology, for two major peatland classes in the HBL (bogs and fens). We find that temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration each explained nearly half of the C mass variability. Regions characterized by warmer and wetter conditions stored the most C as peat. Our results show that bogs and fens store similar amounts of C within a given climate domain, although via distinct storage mechanisms. Namely, fen peats tend to be shallower and more C dense (kg m−3) compared to bogs. Following geophysical controls on the timing of peat initiation, our results reveal that both the widespread bog‐fen patterning and variability in regional climate contribute to explaining the spatial distribution of the peat C mass in the HBL.
Choosing optimal exposure times for XRF core‐scanning: Suggestions based on the analysis of geological reference materials
Authors: Huang Jyh‐Jaan , Löwemark Ludvig , Chang Queenie , Lin Tzu‐Yu , Chen Huei‐Fen , Song Sheng‐Rong , Wei Kuo‐Yen
Published: March 2016

X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core‐scanning is a fast and nondestructive technique to assess elemental variations of unprocessed sediments. However, although the exposure time of XRF‐scanning directly affects the scanning counts and total measurement time, only a few studies have considered the influence of exposure time during the scan. How to select an optimal exposure time to achieve reliable results and reduce the total measurement time is an important issue. To address this question, six geological reference materials from the Geological Survey of Japan (JLK‐1, JMS‐1, JMS‐2, JSD‐1, JSD‐2, and JSD‐3) were scanned by the Itrax‐XRF core scanner using the Mo‐ and the Cr‐tube with different exposure times to allow a comparison of scanning counts with absolute concentrations. The regression lines and correlation coefficients of elements that are generally used in paleoenvironmental studies were examined for the different exposure times and X‐ray tubes. The results show that for those elements with relatively high concentrations or high detectability, the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.90 for all exposure times. In contrast, for the low detectability or low concentration elements, the correlation coefficients are relatively low, and improve little with increased exposure time. Therefore, we suggest that the influence of different exposure times is insignificant for the accuracy of the measurements. Thus, caution must be taken when interpreting the results of elements with low detectability, even when the exposure times are long and scanning counts are reasonably high.
Solid‐state photochemistry as a formation mechanism for Titan's stratospheric C4N2 ice clouds
Authors: Anderson C. M. , Samuelson R. E. , Yung Y. L. , McLain J. L.
Published: March 2016

We propose that C4N2 ice clouds observed in Titan's springtime polar stratosphere arise due to solid‐state photochemistry occurring within extant ice cloud particles of HCN‐HC3N mixtures. This formation process resembles the halogen‐induced ice particle surface chemistry that leads to condensed nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and ozone depletion in Earth's polar stratosphere. As our analysis of the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer 478 cm−1 ice emission feature demonstrates, this solid‐state photochemistry mechanism eliminates the need for the relatively high C4N2 saturation vapor pressures required (even though they are not observed) when the ice is produced through the usual procedure of direct condensation from the vapor.
Deciphering satellite observations of compressional ULF waveguide modes
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N. , Hartinger M. D.
Published: March 2016

We present an analytical method for determining incident and reflection coefficients for flank ULF compressional waveguide modes in Earth's magnetosphere. In the flank magnetosphere, compressional waves propagate azimuthally but exhibit a mixed standing/propagating nature radially. Understanding this radial dependence will yield information on the energy absorption and transport of these waves. We provide a step by step method that can be applied to observations of flank ULF waves, which separates these fluctuations into incident and reflected parts. As a means of testing, we apply the method to data from a numerical waveguide simulation, which shows the effect on the reflection coefficient when energy is absorbed at a field line resonance.
Transport of magnetic flux and mass in Saturn's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Lai H. R. , Russell C. T. , Jia Y. D. , Wei H. Y. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: March 2016

It is well accepted that cold plasma sourced by Enceladus is ultimately lost to the solar wind, while the magnetic flux convecting outward with the plasma must return to the inner magnetosphere. However, whether the interchange or reconnection, or a combination of the two processes is the dominant mechanism in returning the magnetic flux is still under debate. Initial Cassini observations have shown that the magnetic flux returns in the form of flux tubes in the inner magnetosphere. Here we investigate those events with 10 year Cassini magnetometer data and confirm that their magnetic signatures are determined by the background plasma environments: inside (outside) the plasma disk, the returning magnetic field is enhanced (depressed) in strength. The distribution, temporal variation, shape, and transportation rate of the flux tubes are also characterized. The flux tubes break into smaller ones as they convect in. The shape of their cross section is closer to circular than fingerlike as produced in the simulations based on the interchange mechanism. In addition, no sudden changes in any flux tube properties can be found at the “boundary” which has been claimed to separate the reconnection and interchange‐dominant regions. On the other hand, reasonable cold plasma loss rate and outflow velocity can be obtained if the transport rate of the magnetic flux matches the reconnection rate, which supports reconnection alone as the dominant mechanism in unloading the cold plasma from the inner magnetosphere and returning the magnetic flux from the tail.
Infant Mortality Rates
Authors: Kronenfeld Jennie Jacobs
Published: March 2016

Infant mortality can be defined as the death of a baby before his/her first birthday. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. These rates can be calculated at a national level, by other civil divisions such as states or counties in the United States, or by racial/ethnic groupings. The rate is often used as an indicator of the health and well‐being of a nation because of the interrelationship between factors that impact the health of entire populations and those that impact the health of infants. Within the United States there are important differences in infant mortality depending on the mother's age, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, and on geographic area (which is often linked to differences in race/ethnicity). Infant mortality rates in the United States declined significant throughout the twentieth century; the early 2000s saw improvement, but rates declined again from 2005 to 2011.
Nepal, Families in
Authors: Furr L. Allen
Published: March 2016

Since the country opened its borders in the 1950s, Nepali society has been rapidly moving toward modernization and westernization. Although the family remains the central unit of Nepali culture and social identity, social and economic changes have had a profound impact on family life. Family formation and women's roles are evolving toward greater choice and away from the country's feudal past. Fertility, for example, has declined dramatically since 1970, and women's education and participation in the new capital economy have increased. However, gender roles largely continue to follow patriarchal patterns, son preference is still a dominant value, and domestic violence lingers as a pernicious problem.
Millennials
Authors: McKelvy Josephine Ngo , Manzoni Anna
Published: March 2016

Millennials are members of the generation born approximately between 1980 and 2000. According to the US Census, there were over 85 million Americans between the ages of 10 and 29 in 2010, which represents about 28 percent of the US population. Millennials are the most racially diverse, educated, socially liberal, and tech‐savvy generation to date. They also tend to delay and decouple marriage and childbearing compared to previous generations. Popular culture has painted this generation as the most narcissistic birth cohort, yet the media also describe millennials as the generation that will change the world.
Marriage Equality in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Walsh Clare F.
Published: March 2016

The US legal system has long debated the right to marriage and has given access to white, heterosexual, traditional families – husband, wife, and children – while restricting the fundamental right to marriage by same‐sex couples and others. In doing so, it perpetuates marriage inequality. Marriage equality is the idea that different‐sex and same‐sex couples should have equal protection and access to the benefits of civil marriage.
Permissive Parents
Authors: Rutledge Julie M. , Swindle Taren M.
Published: March 2016

Permissive parenting is one of the original parenting styles introduced by Diana Baumrind in 1966. There are two types of permissive parenting: indulgent and neglectful. All permissive parents exhibit low levels of demandingness (i.e., control, maturity demands, and supervision). Indulgent parents exhibit high levels and neglectful parents exhibit low levels of responsiveness (i.e., affective warmth, acceptance, and involvement). Permissive parents rarely use any disciplinary techniques and often avoid confrontation. Children from permissive homes are likely to have high levels of self‐esteem, creativity, and self‐confidence. However, they are likely to have decreased awareness of the limits of acceptable behavior, diminished personal responsibility, and reduced levels of self‐involvement. Additionally, children of permissive parents have poorer social skills, higher rates of insecurity and impulsivity, lower levels of empathy, and fewer self‐regulation skills. They are also more likely to underachieve in academic settings and are at increased risk for future delinquent/deviant behaviors.
Parenting Styles
Authors: Estlein Roi
Published: March 2016

Research consistently points to the significant influence parents have on the developmental characteristics of their children. In an influential line of research, initially developed by Diana Baumrind in the 1960s, parenting style is conceptualized as the values parents hold with regard to the nature of their parenting, including their roles and responsibilities as parents, which are reflected in the practices and behaviors they employ when interacting with their child. More specifically, the ways parents balance parental responsiveness and parental demandingness give rise to four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglecting. Each parenting style reflects different, naturally occurring patterns of parental behaviors, values, and practices, and suggests different relationships between parents and their children. An extensive body of research has relied on this approach and shows that each parenting style predicts outcomes for children in all realms of their lives, including socially, psychologically, academically, and physically.
Marital Success
Authors: Porta Nick J. , Brown Kristina S.
Published: March 2016

In the absence of a collective definition in the literature, marital success has various meanings. Many scholars define marital success as a marriage that does not end in separation or divorce; however, others use elements of marital satisfaction in their definition. Many studies since the late 1930s have been aimed at determining the criteria that constitute marital success, but researchers continue to find mixed results. Marital success is a major focus of premarital and marriage enrichment literature and programs.
Generation
X
Authors: Alphonso Carla
Published: March 2016

Generation X is the birth cohort sandwiched between the baby boomers and millennials. It is smaller than its younger and older counterparts and has a different collective memory and outlook on life. Members of Gen X grew up during an era of divorce, Reaganomics, and increased maternal employment. They faced greater economic uncertainty in younger adulthood. Pop culture initially portrayed this generation as apathetic slackers. In middle adulthood this group is very family‐centered and seeks life balance.
Only Children
Authors: Gerhardt Clara
Published: March 2016

The single‐child family is a rapidly increasing family form in the United States, and the predominant family structure in China, which promotes a one‐child policy. Changing demographic patterns such as later family formation and societal pressures contribute to one‐child families. Only children benefit from being the sole recipients of their parents' emotional and economic resources. Without sibling support, they face greater demands when caring for their own aging parents. Historically, only children were viewed unfavorably in terms of social skills and the effects of overindulgent parenting styles. Some of the stereotypes and inconsistent findings stemmed from methodological variables in the studies. Current research emphasizes no major characteristics of only children apart from expected heterogeneity. The influence of multigenerational family dynamics on single children, the importance of effective parenting techniques, and the role of diverse social inputs which expose only children to a variety of constructive influences are relevant.
Mail Order Brides
Authors: Brackett Kimberly P.
Published: March 2016

Mail order brides are the core commodity of an international marriage broker industry that includes chat/pen pal services and foreign dating tours. Agencies, which generally pair brides from developing countries in eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America with western husbands, are experiencing notable growth as a result of the rise of Internet dating sites and web technologies. The reasons for women's and men's participation in these relationships, and the regulation of the industry in an attempt to avoid human trafficking, are noted.
Motherhood Mystique
Authors: Skott Beth Pamela
Published: March 2016

The motherhood mystique is an idealized view of motherhood that holds that women are uniquely suited to raise children. It supposes that all women want to be mothers and that motherhood is the ultimate fulfillment of a woman's life. Critiques point to mommy wars and the guilt many mothers feel as motherhood infiltrates and even replaces their own identity.
Emotional Labor
Authors: Grady Rebecca K.
Published: March 2016

Emotional labor refers to workers' management of their emotions according to organizational feeling and emotion display rules. When managing their emotions in interactions, workers either display emotions they do not actually feel or try to make themselves feel an expected emotion. To manage feelings, individuals may use cognitive, bodily, and expressive techniques. Frontline service occupations involve high levels of emotional labor. Gender, race, and class shape the expected emotional displays of individuals in the workplace. In addition, emotional labor, particularly surface acting, may have negative consequences for individuals' psychological well‐being.
Wheel Theory of Love
Authors: Anderson Julius W.
Published: March 2016

Ira Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love was one of the first developmental stage models to conceptualize courtship, relationship development, and mate selection as an ongoing progression. The circular and sequential process consists of four interrelated phases understood as the spokes of a wheel: rapport, self‐revelation, mutual dependency, and intimacy need fulfillment. Each of the four integrated processes is influenced by cultural role conceptions which serve to define perceptions, expressions, and expectations within a loving relationship.
Menopause
Authors: Brown Kristina S.
Published: March 2016

Menopause occurs at the cessation of menstruation either naturally between the ages of 45 and 59 or surgically through the removal (bilateral oophorectomy) of the estrogen‐producing ovaries. Experiences of symptoms vary and are managed with a range of interventions. Menopause signifies the end of a woman's ability to reproduce. Women's experiences of menopause can range from no symptoms or impact on their health and quality of life to serious implications for their physical, mental, and emotional well‐being. Researchers have found that women in the United States most commonly report a variety of symptoms including hot flashes (or hot flushes) to sexual dysfunction as well as health complications including osteoporosis and heart disease. These symptoms of menopause are treated through a variety of means ranging from alternative remedies to menopausal hormone therapy while the resulting health issues are treated as such.
Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (
PFLAG
)
Authors: Fehlbaum Amanda
Published: March 2016

Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) is a national support, education, and advocacy nonprofit organization that advocates for equal rights for LGBT people. In emphasizing family values and family relationships as an organization, PFLAG challenges culturally accepted, traditional notions of what it means to be a good family. Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays acknowledges that it can be difficult for straight parents of LGBT children to come to terms with their child's sexual orientation, thus they encourage parents to go through a coming out process. An important part of the parents' coming out process is involvement in LGBT causes and advocacy, such as walking with PFLAG in a LGBT Pride Parade. Although PFLAG engages with the religious right on discourse over the family and values, it is ultimately unclear as to whether PFLAG is sustaining or subverting meanings of the traditional family.
Same‐Sex Marriage in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Sin Ray , Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2016

Same‐sex marriage refers to the legal recognition of the union between two person of the same sex whereby rights, responsibilities, and privileges accorded to married heterosexual couples are extended to their same‐sex counterparts. As of 2015 same‐sex marriage can be found in 35 states and DC, and is legalized in 17 countries across the world. This growing momentum toward marriage equality prompted questions regarding the impact same‐sex marriage has on families in particular, and on society in general. The uneven pace of legalizing same‐sex marriage has negative consequences on same‐sex families with young children, subjecting them to undue financial and emotional burden. Although some studies have attempted to show differences between children raised by opposite‐ and those raised by same‐sex parents, an overwhelming number of interdisciplinary social science research shows otherwise. Children of same‐sex parents fare just as well as their similarly situated opposite‐sex counterparts.
Second Shift
Authors: Oslawski‐Lopez Jamie
Published: March 2016

The “second shift” is a term used to describe the housework and child care that women often perform after they have completed their “first shift” at work. The prominence of the dual‐earner family form and the pervasiveness of gender inequality in the division of household labor and child care has made the second shift a common experience in many households. Having to unequally bear the weight of the second shift has left many women with a free‐time deficit compared to their male partners. This inequality also has negative consequences for women's health and relationships with their spouses and children. Innovative studies have investigated how some couples set up more equal arrangements. Generally, these studies have found that gender norms, as well as norms from other institutions like the workplace, make it difficult to bring equality fully into family life.
Ethnically and Racially Mixed Families in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Csizmadia Annamaria
Published: March 2016

Ethnically and racially mixed families consist of family members of different ethnicity or race. Until 1967, interracial unions were outlawed. With the deconstruction of legal barriers to interracial marriage, social acceptance and the number of ethnically and racially mixed relationships have grown considerably. Yet, ethnically and racially mixed families today may face challenges regarding family identity development, boundary management, social disapproval, and racism. Parents have the added task of supporting their multiracial children's healthy ethnic/racial identity development and preparing them to manage social relations across ethnic and racial lines both within and outside the family. Research suggests that multiracial youth identify in a variety of ways; they may also change their identity across context and over time. Their racial identification depends on numerous individual, family, and situational factors and is associated with diverse developmental outcomes. Future research should study young children's development over time in ethnically and racially mixed families.
Family Resilience
Authors: Coyle James P.
Published: March 2016

Family resilience is a dynamic process in which families successfully cope with or adapt to adverse events or conditions that place them at risk for poor outcomes. This occurs when families use family, individual, and community resources that compensate for or assist in the recovery from adverse events to achieve positive outcomes. Research has examined the impact of common risk factors, for example, physical or mental illness, disability, substance abuse, normative transitions, and disasters, and the benefits from protective factors such as positive family functioning, spiritual beliefs, or supportive resources outside the family. Family resilience‐based treatment approaches assess interactions between risk factors and available protective factors and focus on interventions that enhance protective factors.
Poverty in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: McCandless N. Jane
Published: March 2016

Poverty, or the absence of the basic needs of life, has been part of American society for decades. However, on closer examination, living without even the basic needs of life is more prevalent among certain segments of US society, including women, children, and members of racial minorities. While the explanations of poverty are varied and abundant, the fact remains that these explanations have done little to decrease the number of persons living below the poverty line. Today, far too many persons continue to live in poverty, resulting in very real consequences for these persons both individually and socially. Efforts to end poverty began in the 1930s and yet only small steps have been made toward its complete eradication.
Marriage Movement
Authors: Heath Melanie , Randles Jennifer , Avishai Orit
Published: March 2016

The marriage movement arose in the late 1990s in the United States out of growing concern over trends in marriage and its steady decline, rising rates of divorce, cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing, and debates over same‐sex marriage. Its activities and organizations include faith‐based, proheterosexual and antigay marriage campaigns; covenant marriage and divorce law reform efforts; marriage and relationship education and school‐based classes; and government‐funded federal, state, and community marriage initiatives.
Primogeniture
Authors: Shuker Zeinab F. , Abrutyn Seth
Published: March 2016

Primogeniture literally means “first born,” but is nearly always linked to the legal or customary right of inheritance of property (land), titles, and/or offices by the first‐born son. The system appears nearly as old as heritable property, when lineage and descent becomes a real or fictive determinant of the maintenance of “family” property. Primogeniture reaches its zenith in agrarian or feudal societies and, typically speaking, is less and less important in urban societies; as has been the case in many European states, it may become legally prohibited.
Role‐Sequencing
Authors: Azneer Daniel
Published: March 2016

Individuals often fill various roles through their lifetime. The student role, the worker role, the partner role, and the parent role are all shoes that an individual may fill during their lifetime. Role‐sequencing aims to explain how individuals transition from role to role and explains how they can adjust better to some roles than others. Role‐sequencing provides a context and explanation that helps give meaning to an individual's life.
Child Custody
Authors: Elizabeth Vivienne
Published: March 2016

Determining custody arrangements for children when parents have separated or divorced is becoming a commonplace experience in the west, especially in English‐speaking countries. In general, the guiding principle in family law for the determination of postseparation arrangements for children is that of the “best interests of the child.” The current understanding of this principle stresses the importance of the ongoing involvement of both biological parents in their children's lives. Hence, joint legal custody has become normative, as has regular and frequent contact, if not equal shared care. However, the emphasis given to the quantity of time in debates over residence and contact can detract attention from more important issues, like the quality of parenting children receive; their exposure to conflict, violence, and/or abuse; and children's developmental needs. Issues raised by social parents and wider kin have also been largely neglected.
Childhood, Sociology of
Authors: Tabor Jaclyn A.
Published: March 2016

The sociology of childhood attempts to rectify the absence of children in meaningful sociological work by placing them at the center of study. Moving beyond seeing children as passive subjects of socialization, contemporary childhood studies see children as (1) active, creative social agents who appropriate as well as contribute to adult culture, (2) socially constructed, and (3) in potentially power‐differential relationships peers and with adults. Because of the uniqueness of children's social position, contemporary childhood scholars advocate the use of qualitative methodologies (especially comparative ethnographies, interviews, and historical research) for studying children and childhood. Future directions for research in this burgeoning field are discussed.
Monogamy
Authors: Uz Irem
Published: March 2016

Monogamy is the pair‐bonding of two mates. It is found in less than 5 percent of mammals. Yet, monogamy is a central element in human mating systems. Based on sexual strategies theory, some scientists suggest that great sex differences exist in monogamous tendencies. However, others dispute that claim by asserting that the research in human mating systems exaggerated sex differences by exclusively focusing on differences and ignoring the many similarities between males and females. Debate continues as to whether humans are closer to sexual monomorphic species.
Marriage and Relationship Education in theUnitedStates
Authors: Randles Jennifer , Avishai Orit , Heath Melanie
Published: March 2016

Marriage and relationship education involves teaching romantically involved couples how to develop positive communication and conflict resolution patterns. Marriage and relationship education is founded on the idea that people can cultivate skills, attitudes, and knowledge that can help them create and sustain mutually satisfying interpersonal relationships and avoid relationship distress and separation, thereby preventing the negative social outcomes associated with relationship and family instability.