bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualidade de vida em idosos portadores de Hipertensão Arterial e Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Souza Danilo Pereira de , Melo Thamy Silveira , Reis Luciana Araújo dos , Lima Pollyanna Viana
Published: November 2016

O presente estudo tem com objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo-quantitativo, com amostra constituída por 50 idosos cadastrados em uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família do interior da Bahia. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, o questionário sociodemográfico e econômico e o WHOQOL-OLD e WHOQOL- BREF. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o programa estatístico SPSS®, versão 20.0. Na avaliação da qualidade de vida observou-se que os participantes obtiveram as piores pontuações nos domínios psicológico (51,30 pontos) e ambiente (59,98 pontos) e as facetas mais comprometidas foram Autonomia (44,96 pontos) e Atividades passadas, presentes e futuras (48,80 pontos). Conclui-se que o processo de envelhecimento dos indivíduos participantes do estudo está relacionado a fatores que refletem em impactos negativos na qualidade de vida.
Paulownia Tomentosa, a Fast Growing Timber
Authors: Icka Pirro , Damo Robert , Icka Engjëllushe
Published: November 2016

The fast growing woody crops are a very important source for the generation of the bioenergetics biomass. Paulownia sp. Is a plant part of this group, and because of its fast growth, multiple values and high adaptability with climate conditions, is set recently in the centre of the intention. Paulownia is one of the fastest growing species in the world with low concentration of ash, sulphur and nitrogen and high calorific energy from its wood. It is considered as an energetic crop adequate for the production of the solid biocarburants and the bioethanol. The cultivation of the Paulownia because of the high absorption of CO2 from the air, to support the fast growth of the biomass, is considered as an effective mean to soften the climacteric changes. The plant is also considered as suitable to improve the abandoned lands when its cultivation is concentrated to the biomass production. The genus of Paulownia (Scrophulariaceae) is autochthones species of China and East Asia and as such is not found naturally in Albania. To study the regionalization possibilities of this species in the Korça climacteric conditions, aiming its cultivation according the fast growth coppice system were planted in 2014 in Cangonj (Devoll) 300 seedlings of P. tomentosa in a distance of 1 x 1 m. during the year 2015 were planted other 400 seedlings prepared with seeds. This article deals with the preliminary data of the regionalization performance of this high energetic value crop.
Technology to Maintain the Apple Orchards in Bearing to Increase the Quantity and Quality of Fruit
Authors: Morarita Sinziana Venera
Published: November 2016

Increasing the quantity and quality of fruit is only achieved with maximum efficiency using natural conditions, economic and optimal application of modern technologies relevant to each area of culture.

Modern technologies of culture ensures high yields of fruit of superior quality at lower costs when used judiciously tree species and varieties, crop systems adapted to the new economic social conditions, mechanization, irrigation, chemical processing and other agro-technical measures.
The Influence of Meteorological Phenomena “Frozen Rain” on the Forestry Vegetation. Case Study: Maierus Forest Dept., Brasov County (Romania)
Authors: Murarescu Ovidiu , Cosac Aurelia Corina , Vidroiu Ioan-Daniel
Published: November 2016

Liquid precipitation that freezes on contact with the surface of the underlying components represent a major risk meteorological phenomena affecting, among other things, the high proportion, forest vegetation. The phenomen occurs with a relatively high frequency, every few years, depending on specific mechanisms aggregation on atmospheric physics, needed to its genesis. Affected areas suffer significant changes in structure and composition of forest vegetation. Such a phenomen it was in the first decade of December 2014 on the northern slopes Persani Mountains and it affects an area of 2691.6 hectares of the Măieruş Forest Dept., in Brasov county, resulting 1.84486 million lei ( equivalent to approx. 412,000 euros) damages. Reducing the negative effects on the environment depends on how the administration made the harvesting of downed timber and reforestation of affected areas.
Dissimilarities Detections in Texts
Using Symbol n-grams and Word Histograms
Authors: Andrejková Gabriela , Almarimi Abdulwahed
Published: November 2016

Texts (books, novels, papers, short messages)
are sequences of sentences, words or symbols. Each author
has an unique writing style. It can be characterized
by some collection of attributes obtained from texts. The
text verification is the case of an authorship verification
where we have some text and we analyze if all parts of this
textwere written by the same (unknown or known) author.
In this paper, there are analyzed and compared results of
two developed methods for a text verification based on ngrams
of symbols and on local histograms of words. The
results of a symbol n-gram method and a method of word
histograms for a dissimilarities searching in text parts of
each text are analyzed and evaluated. The searched dissimilarities
call for an attention to the text (or not) if the
text parts were written by the same author or not. The attention
depends on selected parameters prepared in experiments.
Results illustrate usability of the methods to
dissimilarities searching in text parts.
„in ehrfurcht hingerücket“
Authors: Ahrens Moritz
Published: November 2016

As a case study, this article discusses the challenge for scholarly editors in dealing with ‘meaningful’ typographical disruptions as a specific of a text’s materiality. Analysing a text passage of an elegy of the 18th century author Ludwig Heinrich Nicolay that shows an extraordinary blank space makes clear, that there might be crucial material details to be aware of and to deliberate when editing historical printed publications. By questioning the systematic function of the blank space itself and bearing in mind both the context of the text’s literary history and the conditions of its technical production by typesetting, it can be argued that this blank space not only has to be considered and documented but also reproduced in the text of the critical edition. The final reflections concentrate on the ways to ‘communicate’ the editor’s decision and action to the reader and user of the edition.
Maschinenlesbar – menschenlesbar
Authors: Ralle Inga Hanna
Published: November 2016

Based on her own experience with the digital edition of the diaries of Duke August of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (project: Selbstzeugnisse der Frühen Neuzeit in der Herzog August Bibliothek) the author describes how the digital medium influences the scholarly edition, its scientific nature and its basic strategy. This paper compares and describes two concepts of how a scholarly edition of texts can be designed. Paper-based und digital editions are considered with a different understanding of their purpose and with two basic objectives. One brings into focus the machine-reading of data and the other one concentrates on a text to be read by people. This article discusses both options, focusing specifically on the benefits and disadvantages. Suggestions for basis exigencies of critical scholarly editions are presented as a result of comparing the two concepts.
Die Wittgenstein-Editionen im Kontext
Authors: Erbacher Christian
Published: November 2016

This article discusses the idea as well as the first aspects of a contextual study of the history of editing Wittgenstein’s writings. At least for the first round of the editorial history, which consists in the editorial work of Wittgenstein’s original literary heirs, a contextual approach has close affinities with the genre of intellectual biography. Results from recent research illustrate how the personal experiences of having been with Wittgenstein influenced the literary executors’ understanding of their task and their editorial practices. In addition, biographical, philosophical and cultural developments after Wittgenstein’s death have influenced the appearance of editions from Wittgenstein’s ‚Nachlass‘. Finally, a contextual history of the first round may be used in highlighting the changing academic, political and technological conditions for the subsequent rounds of editing Wittgenstein.
Human and rodent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): from mediator of dioxin toxicity to physiologic AHR functions and therapeutic options
Authors: Bock Karl Walter
Published: November 2016

Metabolism of aryl hydrocarbons and toxicity of dioxins led to the discovery of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Tremendous advances have been made on multiplicity of AHR signaling and identification of endogenous ligands including the tryptophan metabolites FICZ and kynurenine. However, human AHR functions are still poorly understood due to marked species differences as well as cell-type- and cell context-dependent AHR functions. Observations in dioxin-poisoned individuals may provide hints to physiologic AHR functions in humans. Based on these observations three human AHR functions are discussed: (1) Chemical defence and homeostasis of endobiotics. The AHR variant Val381 in modern humans leads to reduced AHR affinity to aryl hydrocarbons in comparison with Neanderthals and primates expressing the Ala381 variant while affinity to indoles remains unimpaired. (2) Homeostasis of stem/progenitor cells. Dioxins dysregulate homeostasis in sebocyte stem cells. (3) Modulation of immunity. In addition to microbial defence, AHR may be involved in a ‘disease tolerance defence pathway’. Further characterization of physiologic AHR functions may lead to therapeutic options.
Studies in Armenian historical phonology (II)
Authors: Kim Ronald
Published: November 2016

It is argued that PIE mid vowels were raised in absolute Auslaut prior to the general apocope in prehistoric Armenian. This sound change accounts for the shape of the aorist middle 3sg. ending -aw (< *-aðu < *-ato ← PIE *-to), as well as the lack of palatalization in hing ‘five’ (< *hengu < *hengʷi < PIE *pénkʷe) and indefinite o-kʿ ‘anyone’, i-kʿ ‘anything’ (< PIE *-kʷe). The evidence of ‘five’ suggests that this was an early change, preceding the peculiar Armenian development of PIE *-nKʷ- > *-wḰ-.
Zu lykisch ϑϑẽ und seiner etymologischen Interpretation
Authors: Schürr Diether
Published: November 2016

Of the putative attestations of PIE *dʰeh1s- in the Anatolian languages not a single example is persuasive: Lycian ϑϑẽ has the meaning ‘altar’ only when it adjoins kumezijẽ; its basic meaning should be ‘construction’. The tahñtãi associated with ϑϑẽ signifies ‘buildings’, according to the Greek translation, and reappears probably in Lycian B tasñtuwadi. Lydian taśẽν is an obsolete reading for taiẽν, designating a column. Hieroglyphic Luwian tà-sá-za is most probably not a complete word, but a phonetic complement to *256 and of unclear meaning, Hieroglyphic Luwian tasa- is something like ‘stone’, without a cultic context, and Hieroglyphic Luwian tà-na has vanished altogether, having been reanalysed as enclitic -tà plus POST. For Cuneiform Luwian tānid-, Hieroglyphic Luwian tanišaand Luw.-Hitt. taninu- it is certainly not necessary to postulate a derivation from *dʰ(e)h1s-no-. Palaic tašūra is some sort of recipient for offerings and therefore comparable to an altar, but with no obvious semantic connection to Luwian tasaor Lycian ϑϑẽ.
Indo-European from within
Authors: Keydana Götz
Published: November 2016

The papers presented in this part of this issue of Indogermanische Forschungen are based on talks held at a workshop “Indo-European from within”, Göttingen, March 2016. This position paper introduces the framework the contributors were asked by the conveners to consider in preparing their articles.
Zu einigen Perfektbildungen im Sabellischen
Authors: Dupraz Emmanuel
Published: November 2016

The paper deals with several perfect formations in Sabellian languages. A key feature of the Sabellian perfect was the use of secondary endings, as opposed to the primary endings of the present. Many formations, especially in Oscan, did not contain a specific suffix, but were characterised as perfects through the gemination of the final stem consonant and the proper secondary ending. Other perfects, mainly in Umbrian, involved the present suffix *ye/o- and were marked as perfects only through the use of the secondary endings.
Pronominierte Nominalformen im Altlitauischen
Authors: Hock Wolfgang
Published: November 2016

In Old Lithuanian texts (16-17 century), there are more than a hundred definite forms of adjectives and participles with unshortened pronominal ending -jie in the masculine nominative plural, e. g. baiſuſghie ‘the dreadful (errors)’ or mirßtąghie ‘the dying’ instead of modern Lithuanian forms like gerieji ‘the good’. Stang (1966: 237) supposed a complementary distribution - “-ji stands after -ie-, -jie in the other cases” - and explained the shortening as dissimilation process. However, dissimilation provides a solution only for -ie-ji, whereas in Stang’s framework -jíe with acute intonation should generally have been shortened in polysyllabic forms. It can be shown that the complementary distribution stated by Stang holds true for Old Lithuanian in general. Dissimilation seems to be the best explanation for *-ie-jie > -ie-ji, but it remains uncertain if this process affected other paradigmatic forms as well. It is proposed that definite forms became grammaticalized after monosyllabic forms with íe and úo underwent circumflexion. Only after subsequent univerbation, dissimilation or Leskien’s Law took place.
Using distributional semantics to study syntactic productivity in diachrony: A case study
Authors: Perek Florent
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates syntactic productivity in diachrony with a data-driven approach. Previous research indicates that syntactic productivity (the property of grammatical constructions to attract new lexical fillers) is largely driven by semantics, which calls for an operationalization of lexical meaning in the context of empirical studies. It is suggested that distributional semantics can fulfill this role by providing a measure of semantic similarity between words that is derived from lexical co-occurrences in large text corpora. On the basis of a case study of the construction “V
Uniqueness and grammatical relations in Upper Necaxa Totonac
Authors: Beck David
Published: November 2016

The Principle of the Uniqueness of Grammatical Relations, which requires that all grammatical relations be distinguishable on morphological and/or syntactic grounds and non-repeatable in a clause, is often assumed to be a universal requirement of language and is a central tenet, explicit or implicit, of many theories of grammar. Upper Necaxa Totonac offers an apparent exception to this principle in that it has clauses with multiple objects that seem grammatically identical, yet do not appear to be adjuncts as they control agreement and are active in processes such as reciprocalization. Extensive testing of the properties of Upper Necaxa objects shows that, while a primary object can be distinguished on the basis of a single diagnostic, any remaining objects are indistinguishable and so must be treated as being governed by the same grammatical relation which is, therefore, non-unique. This data requires a reconsideration of the Uniqueness Principle as an absolute universal, and as an axiom or a necessary tenet of theories of human language.
The development of iterative verbal periphrases in Romance
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte
Published: November 2016

This paper compares the diachronic development of tornar(e)+a+infinitive (henceforth abbreviated RETURN+INF) constructions in Spanish, Catalan, and Italian, a topic that especially for Catalan and Italian has not received much attention. I develop and explore the hypothesis that due to their lexical origin, iterative constructions develop from a restitutive to a repetitive function. A diachronic analysis of a corpus of RETURN+INF tokens from the three languages suggests that the grammaticalization of RETURN+INF constructions can be measured in terms of (a) actionality and (b) restructuring as mirrored in the possibility of clitic climbing. A statistical analysis using generalized linear mixed-effects regression modeling demonstrates an interplay between restructuring and the actionality of the predicates in the development of RETURN+INF constructions: the grammaticalization process affects state, achievement, and accomplishment predicates before activity predicates because activity predicates exclude a restitutive meaning. The paper thus identifies a grammaticalization path for RETURN+INF constructions common to three Romance languages that suggests a link between typological and diachronic observations. At the same time, it identifies differences in the diachronic development of these periphrases between the Ibero-Romance languages and Italian. In addition, it proposes a statistical means of assessing quantitative differences in the degree to which a verbal periphrasis is grammaticalized across related languages.
Interfaces between linguistic systems: Evidence from Child Language
Authors: Lustigman Lyle
Published: November 2016

Interfaces between grammatical domains have been considered from various perspectives in child language research and in general linguistics. The study aims to provide evidence for interfaces in acquisition of early clause-structure, based on longitudinal data from three Hebrew-acquiring toddlers. Two facets of their early speech output were examined: Usage productivity in verb-inflection, identified by a criterion of contextual appropriateness; and structural transparency/opacity of children’s speech output, with transparent forms being unambiguous in relation to their grammatical targets. These factors yielded two distinct developmental periods for the three children: I – from the onset of verb usage to productive verb inflection, and II – from productive verb inflection to disappearance of structural opacity. Period II displays a puzzling mixture of both transparent and opaque usages, not only in verb inflection, but also in use of prepositions marking objects and adverbs. These puzzles are resolved by the significant correlations that emerged between apparently unrelated linguistic systems: (1) opaque verb-forms occur mainly together with object/adverbs, and (2) transparent prepositions occur mainly in combination with transparent verbs. These unexpected convergences between different linguistic systems are discussed as underlining the role of structural transparency/opacity and as shedding new light on between-domain interfaces in language acquisition.
On CSQ-normal subgroups of finite groups
Authors: Xu Yong , Li Xianhua
Published: November 2016

We introduce a new subgroup embedding property of finite groups called CSQ-normality of subgroups. Using this subgroup property, we determine the structure of finite groups with some CSQ-normal subgroups of Sylow subgroups. As an application of our results, some recent results are generalized.
Co-assembly of chitosan and phospholipids into hybrid hydrogels
Authors: Mendes Ana C. , Shekarforoush Elhamalsadat , Engwer Christoph , Beeren Sophie R. , Gorzelanny Christian , Goycoolea Francisco M. , Chronakis Ioannis S.
Published: November 2016

Novel hybrid hydrogels were formed by adding chitosan (Ch) to phospholipids (P) self-assembled particles in lactic acid. The effect of the phospholipid concentration on the hydrogel properties was investigated and was observed to affect the rate of hydrogel formation and viscoelastic properties. A lower concentration of phospholipids (0.5% wt/v) in the mixture, facilitates faster network formation as observed by Dynamic Light Scattering, with lower elastic modulus than the hydrogels formed with higher phospholipid content. The nano-porous structure of Ch/P hydrogels, with a diameter of 260±20 nm, as observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy, facilitated the penetration of water and swelling. Cell studies revealed suitable biocompatibility of the Ch/P hydrogels that can be used within life sciences applications.
Novel approaches for the in situ study of the sintering of nuclear oxide fuel materials and their surrogates
Authors: Clavier Nicolas , Bouala Galy Ingrid Nkou , Léchelle Jacques , Martinez Julien , Dacheux Nicolas , Podor Renaud
Published: November 2016

Sintering is one of the key-points of the processing of ceramic materials. It is then of primary interest for the nuclear fuel cycle, in which it constitutes an important step in the fabrication of either UO2 or (U,Pu)O2 pellets used in current PWR reactors. The sintering of actinides oxides not only drives the final density and microstructure of the fuels, but also several characteristics that can impact significantly their behavior in the reactor. Dedicated tools are then needed to monitor the microstructure of such materials and forecast their evolution. In this frame, this paper presents the new potentialities offered by the use of environmental scanning electron microscope at high temperature (HT-ESEM) for the study of nuclear ceramics sintering. First, the results obtained from bulk pellets are detailed, either regarding original fundamental data at the grain level (such as grain boundaries and pores motion), or design of dedicated microstructures through the assessment of grain growth kinetics. Acquisition of sintering maps thanks to the combination of HT-ESEM observations and classical dilatometric measurements are also addressed. In a second part, observations undertaken at the 2-grain scale to monitor the first stage of sintering, dedicated to neck elaboration, are presented, and compared to the results currently provided by numerical models.
Züge sui generis der rumänischen Komposita des Typs frz. „coupe-papier“
Authors: Munteanu Cristinel , Windisch Rudolf
Published: November 2016

The Romanian linguist Th. Hristea suggested the term phraseological derivation for those situations inwhich a noun set phrase is obtained froma verbal set phrase. For instance, from a pescui in ape tulburi “to benefit from a confusing situation” pescuitor in ape tulburi has been formed. The possibility of creating noun phraseologisms from the verbal ones is in accordance with the system of the Romanian language. In this article we have tried to prove that some verbal set phrases, while substantivized, thanks to their semantic content, slipped into a general compounding/derivation procedure specific to the Romance languages, also encountered in examples such as the Fr. coupe-papier, It. taglia-carte, Rom. pierde-vară, etc. The fact that this type of compounds is used in Romanian almost exclusively in order to pejoratively designate persons has contributed to drawing some set phrases to this procedure.
Die ‚andere Renaissance‘. Michelangelos Rime und der Antiklassizismus
Authors: Friede Susanne
Published: November 2016

Based on the assumption of a strong diversity inherent in Renaissance culture, the article focuses on Michelangelo’s Rime within the framework of both petrarchist and anti-classicist discourses. In particular, the article examines three possible criteria in order to demonstrate the specific anti-classicism of the Rime: first, the specific autobiographical stylisation, second, the relation between text, writing and drawings of some autographs, and third the importance of fragment, ,non-finito‘ and short forms. Referring to Cod. Vat. lat. 311, 88v, the article draws attention to intermedial interactions of text, writing and drawings as well as to ambiguity, self-referentiality and processuality of artistic creation in the Rime. Furthermore, it will show that the concept of imitatio basically dissolves, although some of its mechanisms are still preserved.
„Il n’y a pas de liberté sans une dose de provocation possible.“ Michel Houellebecqs Soumission oder: Die Widerständigkeit der Fiktion
Authors: Schneider Ulrike
Published: November 2016

Upon its publication, Michel Houellebecq’s novel Soumission has been frequently misinterpreted as ‘islamophobic;’ however, the targets of this fiction, which resists clear-cut interpretations through its satirical and irreducibly ambiguous structure, are to bemade out in diverse social strata of the current French mainstream society. The novel develops a vision of the transformed French Republic under a moderate Muslim government that comes to power in the democratic elections held in 2022. In its clearly reality-oriented anchoring, this vision challenges the sacrosanct republican values.Herein,Houellebecq puts to use and, to some extent, radicalizes techniques known fromhis previous narrative oeuvre, and in the end, Soumission contains an unprecedented praise of the power of literature, which is actualized through manifold intertextual references.
Prosodic realization of contrastive focus in Yucatecan Spanish
Authors: Uth Melanie
Published: November 2016

This article deals with the prosodic realization of contrastive focus in Yucatecan Spanish. Data from three recent elicitation experiments with a total of 5 balanced bilingual speakers of Yucatecan Spanish (YS) and Yucatec Maya (YM), 5 Spanish dominant bilingual speakers of YS and YM, and 5monolingual speakers of YS suggest that in YS contrastive focus is mostly signaled by means of a high pitch early in the Intonation Phrase, followed by a fall to the final stressed syllable of a contrasted word. In this respect, the established YS variety importantly differs from standard Mexican Spanish (MS), where the stressed syllable of a contrastive constituent is generally associated with an L+H* pitch accent (cf. De la Mota 2010). However, the systematic behavior described above only shows up in the data produced by the Spanish dominant and monolingual speakers, whereas the data produced by the balanced bilingual speakers is characterized by a much higher amount of idiosyncratic variation. This fact suggests that the development of intonational systems in language contact settings is, among other things, a matter of gradual consolidation or strengthening of features.
Vistas desde la otra orilla. Europa en el imaginario hispanoamericano de fin de siglo
Authors: Niemeyer Katharina
Published: November 2016

In the late 19th century emerges in Latin America a new interest for Europe. This interest is characterized by great ambivalences, visible in the images created in literature as well as in journalistic discourse. The study investigates the essential features and functions of these images as well as their relation to the discourse of modernity. At the same time, it attempts to reconstruct a part of the historical dynamics of this Spanish-American configuration of Europe.
The Degree of Orphic Initiation in Euripides’ Alcestis
Authors: Assaël Jacqueline
Published: November 2016

A play such as Euripides’ Alcestis, which thus far appeared as relatively insignificant and unclassifiable, takes on an impressive density and consistency in light of the contemporary philosophical and religious thought patterns of Orphism. The beneficent and sacrificial functions of the characters can now be fully justified; the same applies to the linguistic ambiguities, the ambivalences of life and death situations, and the oddities arising from the staging of a heroine standing on the edge between reality and illusion.
Two Orphic Images in Euripides: Hippolytus 952–957 and Cretans 472 Kannicht
Authors: Pajares Alberto Bernabé
Published: November 2016

This article examines two Euripidean references to the presence of Orphics in classical Athens: the one is a negative view, where Orphics are seen as false and dangerous (Hippolytus 948–957), and the other is a positive view, where Cretan priests are presented as pure and saintly men (Cretans 472). Both views give an idea of the contradictory reactions (admiration and rejection) that adherents to this form of religion inspired in the Athenians.
The Meanings of σώιζειν in Alcestis’ Final Scene
Authors: de Jáuregui Miguel Herrero
Published: November 2016

In the final scene of Alcestis, while handing him his recovered wife, Heracles tells Admetus: ‘keep her safe’ (σῶιζε). This verb has a very marked meaning in the play, the plot of which focuses on saviours of different kinds (Apollo, Alcestis, Heracles). Heracles’ ironical exhortation to Admetus shows that Euripides is interested in contrasting different conceptions of salvation in fifth-century Athens, which are all ultimately useless towards death – except when predicated upon philia.
Death Scenes and Orphic Mysteries in Euripides: Between the Epic and the Mystic
Authors: Plichon Caroline
Published: November 2016

In this paper I shall argue that the revelation enacted on the Euripidean stage is not that of potential salvation but that of the final disaster that is death; and the initiation re-enacted onstage is the initiation of few carefully selected heroes, who are about to experience death. Euripides employs Orphic rites and beliefs as aspects of a specific material not only to be assembled and thereupon contrasted with each other – such as epic immortality – but also, through that very process of contrasting, to be reinvented.
Doing equality and difference: Representation and alignment in Finnish identification
Authors: Menard Rusten
Published: November 2016

Using tools from critical discourse analytic approaches informed by systemic functional linguistics, this paper is an examination of how social values – specifically equality values in Finland – are given meaning by differently socially positioned Finnish citizens, and how those meanings are positioned in constructions of identities. The focus of my examination is on how respondents align with different meanings of equality using linguistic resources of engagement and graduation (James R. Martin and Peter R. R. White [2005], The language of evaluation. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan). I conduct my analyses on written texts that were elicited in response to open items on a questionnaire. Respondents include individuals recruited through a national random sample, and individuals with transgendered life experiences and/or Asperger’s diagnoses. I consider how being positioned in the margins by institutionalized norms may interact with representation and alignment of Finnish equality in identification. I also pay attention to how individuals strategically reconcile meanings of equality with other important yet potentially conflicting values, such as national identity, sameness and moderation. I discuss the implications of the study in relation to the historical path of equality, and in terms of how particular formulations of equality may contribute to building and maintaining relations of domination.
Self-mockery: A study of Persian multi-party interactions
Authors: Zare Javad
Published: November 2016

This study investigated self-mockery as an exemplar of jocular mockery. Drawing on authentic verbal data, collected in a university dormitory in Isfahan, Iran, this paper examined the interactional functions of self-mockery, and how self-mockery arose and was responded to in Persian face-to-face multi-party interactions. Seven cases of self-mockery were identified in the recorded transcripts of six multi-party conversations. Analysis of the transcripts indicates that self-mockery was performed to fulfill three interactional functions: (i) saving one’s own face; (ii) saving the face of the listeners; and (iii) bringing reciprocated amusement to the conversation. Furthermore, self-mockery was performed in response to either humor initiated by other interlocutors, or the display of humiliation. The results also revealed two interactional functions for the recipients’ responses, including (i) saving the face of the self-mocker; and (ii) bringing amusement to the conversation. By and large, the results indicated that the relative appropriateness of the response strategy may depend on the interactional function of self-mockery that the recipient wishes to fulfill. And finally, the results showed that the self-mockers and the recipients go along with each other’s interactional exchanges to maintain interactional solidarity.
Type-I silicon clathrates containing lithium
Authors: Böhme Bodo , Bobnar Matej , Ormeci Alim , Peters Sarah , Schnelle Walter , Baitinger Michael , Grin Yuri
Published: November 2016

The intermetallic phase [Li
x
Ba8−x
][Li
y
Si46−y
] is the first example of a clathrate-I silicide containing lithium with the peculiarity that the Li atoms occupy both cage and framework positions. The phase was obtained by ambient-pressure solid-state reactions at 400°C between Ba4Li2Si6 and the binary clathrate phase Ba8−x
Si46 applying different experimental approaches. In this reaction, Li atoms substitute Si atoms of the framework at site 6c (space group Pm3̅n) and fill up the Ba-deficient dodecahedral Si20 cages at site 2a. The presence of Li atoms in the clathrate phase was proven by combined X-ray powder diffraction, 7Li and 29Si solid-state NMR analyses. Incorporation of lithium markedly increased the lattice parameter of the clathrate phase, e.g. from a=10.3200(2) Å for Ba7.48(2)Si46 to a=10.3715(3) Å for [Li0.59(2)Ba7.41(2)][Li2.3(1)Si43.7(1)]. The critical temperature T
c for the transition to the superconducting state decreased from 7.7 K to 3.2 K upon Li incorporation.
Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change for Sit-to-Stand Tests and the Functional Gait Assessment for Individuals With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Petersen Cheryl , Steffen Teresa , Paly Elizabeth , Dvorak Leah , Nelson Reid
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose:

This study examined test-retest relative (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and absolute (minimum detectable change [MDC]) reliabilities for the 5 times sit-to-stand (5×STS), 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS), and the functional gait assessment (FGA) tests in people with Parkinson disease (PD). In addition, correlation of these functional tests with a history of falls was examined over a 6-month period, and the internal consistency of the FGA was established.

Methods:

Twenty-two patients with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3) completed 3 functional tests over 2 test-retest periods of 6 to 8 days. Falls were self-reported for the prior 6 months.

Results and Discussion:

Moderate-to-excellent test-retest ICC(2,2) and MDC95 values were found for the 30sSTS (0.94, 3 times) and ICC(2,1) and MDC95 values were found for the FGA (0.86, 4 points). The 5×STS demonstrated a lower ICC(2,2) and a high MDC95 value (0.74, 10 seconds). A significant correlation was only found between past falls and the FGA test (r =−0.48, P < .05) during session 1. Cronbach α values for the 10-item FGA during session 1 and session 2 were 0.75 and 0.85, respectively.

Conclusions:

To assess for change over time, we found the 30sSTS and the FGA tests can be used reliably in patients with PD. A lower FGA score was associated with a higher chance of falls, and good internal consistency of the FGA was found.
The Validity and Contributing Physiological Factors to 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test Performance in Rugby League
Authors: Scott Tannath J. , Duthie Grant M. , Delaney Jace A. , Sanctuary Colin E. , Ballard David A. , Hickmans Jeremy A. , Dascombe Ben J.
Published: November 2016

Scott, TJ, Duthie, GM, Delaney, JA, Sanctuary, CE, Ballard, DA, Hickmans, JA, and Dascombe, BJ. The validity and contributing physiological factors to 30-15 intermittent fitness test performance in rugby league. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2409–2416, 2017—This study examined the validity of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) within rugby league. Sixty-three Australian elite and junior-elite rugby league players (22.5 ± 4.5 years, 96.1 ± 9.5 kg, Σ7 skinfolds: 71.0 ± 18.7 mm) from a professional club participated in this study. Players were assessed for anthropometry (body mass, Σ7 skinfolds, lean mass index), prolonged high-intensity intermittent running (PHIR; measured by 30-15IFT), predicted aerobic capacity (MSFT) and power (AAS), speed (40 m sprint), repeated sprint, and change of direction (COD—505 agility test) ability before and after an 11-week preseason training period. Validity of the 30-15IFT was established using Pearson's coefficient correlations. Forward stepwise regression model identified the fewest variables that could predict individual final velocity (V
IFT) and change within 30-15IFT performance. Significant correlations between V
IFT and Σ7 skinfolds, repeated sprint decrement, V̇o
2maxMSFT, and average aerobic speed were observed. A total of 71.8% of the adjusted variance in 30-15IFT performance was explained using a 4-step best fit model (V̇o
2maxMSFT, 61.4%; average aerobic speed, 4.7%; maximal velocity, 4.1%; lean mass index, 1.6%). Across the training period, 25% of the variance was accounted by ΔV̇o
2maxMSFT (R
2 = 0.25). These relationships suggest that the 30-15IFT is a valid test of PHIR within rugby league. Poor correlations were observed with measures of acceleration, speed, and COD. These findings demonstrate that although the 30-15IFT is a valid measure of PHIR, it also simultaneously examines various physiological capacities that differ between sporting cohorts.
Effect of 1 Repetition Maximum, 80% Repetition Maximum, and 50% Repetition Maximum Strength Exercise in Trained Individuals on Variations in Plasma Redox Biomarkers
Authors: Polotow Tatiana G. , Souza-Junior Tácito P. , Sampaio Ricardo C. , Okuyama Alexandre R. , Ganini Douglas , Vardaris Cristina V. , Alves Ragami C. , McAnulty Steven R. , Barros Marcelo P.
Published: November 2016

Polotow, TG, Souza-Junior, TP, Sampaio, RC, Okuyama, AR, Ganini, D, Vardaris, CV, Alves, RC, McAnulty, SR, and Barros, MP. Effect of 1RM, 80%RM, and 50%RM strength exercise in trained individuals on variations in plasma redox biomarkers. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2489–2497, 2017—For decades, scientists have examined the participation of oxygen/nitrogen species in anaerobic-like exercises, especially weightlifting and resistance exercises. The balance between the production of oxyradicals and antioxidant responses during anaerobic-like exercises is essential to assure adaptation to the physiological benefits of strength training and to prevent chronic harmful effects. The aim of this study is to examine the hypothesis that different weight loads (1 repetition maximum (RM), 80%RM, and 50%RM) lifted until exhaustion could impose distinct oxidative insults and elicit diverse antioxidant responses in plasma of young trained subjects. Glucose (+10%), lactate (+65%), urea (+30%), free iron (+65%), reduced/oxidized glutathione (+14 and +23%, respectively), and xanthine oxidase activity (2.2-fold) significantly increased after the 1RM test, whereas plasma antioxidant capacity dropped by 37%. When lower weight loads were applied (80%RM and 50%RM tests), heme-iron (+15 and +20%, respectively) became the prevalent pro-oxidant, although glutathione responses were only detected after 80%RM (+14%). Lactate concentration in plasma continuously increased, by 2.9-fold (80%RM) and 3.6-fold higher (50%RM test). We demonstrated that 1RM tests significantly diminish the antioxidant capacity of plasma because of iron overload, whereas 80%RM tests require higher involvement of glutathione molecules to counteract heme-iron oxidative insult. Mild redox imbalances promoted by heme-iron were found in plasma after 50%RM. Although we did not observe overall changes in muscle damage in young trained subjects, we cannot exclude the need for specific antioxidant supplementation depending on the strength protocols applied, especially for less responsive groups, such as sedentary and elderly populations.
Natural Firing Patterns Imply Low Sensitivity of Synaptic Plasticity to Spike Timing Compared with Firing Rate
Authors: Graupner Michael , Wallisch Pascal , Ostojic Srdjan
Published: November 2016

Synaptic plasticity is sensitive to the rate and the timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials. In experimental protocols inducing plasticity, the imposed spike trains are typically regular and the relative timing between every presynaptic and postsynaptic spike is fixed. This is at odds with firing patterns observed in the cortex of intact animals, where cells fire irregularly and the timing between presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes varies. To investigate synaptic changes elicited byin vivo-like firing, we used numerical simulations and mathematical analysis of synaptic plasticity models. We found that the influence of spike timing on plasticity is weaker than expected from regular stimulation protocols. Moreover, when neurons fire irregularly, synaptic changes induced by precise spike timing can be equivalently induced by a modest firing rate variation. Our findings bridge the gap between existing results on synaptic plasticity and plasticity occurringin vivo, and challenge the dominant role of spike timing in plasticity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynaptic plasticity, the change in efficacy of connections between neurons, is thought to underlie learning and memory. The dominant paradigm posits that the precise timing of neural action potentials (APs) is central for plasticity induction. This concept is based on experiments using highly regular and stereotyped patterns of APs, in stark contrast with natural neuronal activity. Using synaptic plasticity models, we investigated how irregular,in vivo-like activity shapes synaptic plasticity. We found that synaptic changes induced by precise timing of APs are much weaker than suggested by regular stimulation protocols, and can be equivalently induced by modest variations of the AP rate alone. Our results call into question the dominant role of precise AP timing for plasticity in natural conditions.
A Defensive Kicking Behavior in Response to Mechanical Stimuli Mediated byDrosophilaWing Margin Bristles
Authors: Li Jiefu , Zhang Wei , Guo Zhenhao , Wu Sophia , Jan Lily Yeh , Jan Yuh-Nung
Published: November 2016

Mechanosensation, one of the fastest sensory modalities, mediates diverse behaviors including those pertinent for survival. It is important to understand how mechanical stimuli trigger defensive behaviors. Here, we report thatDrosophila melanogasteradult flies exhibit a kicking response against invading parasitic mites over their wing margin with ultrafast speed and high spatial precision. Mechanical stimuli that mimic the mites' movement evoke a similar kicking behavior. Further, we identified a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle that forms an array along the wing margin as being essential sensory components for this behavior. Our electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the mechanosensitivity of recurved bristles requires Nanchung and Nanchung-expressing neurons. Together, our results reveal a novel neural mechanism for innate defensive behavior through mechanosensation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe discovered a previously unknown function for recurved bristles on theDrosophila melanogasterwing. We found that when a mite (a parasitic pest forDrosophila) touches the wing margin, the fly initiates a swift and accurate kick to remove the mite. The fly head is dispensable for this behavior. Furthermore, we found that a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle are essential for its mechanosensitivity and the kicking behavior. In addition, touching different regions of the wing margin elicits kicking directed precisely at the stimulated region. Our experiments suggest that recurved bristles allow the fly to sense the presence of objects by touch to initiate a defensive behavior (perhaps analogous to touch-evoked scratching; Akiyama et al., 2012).
Ablation ofPerkin Schwann Cells Improves Myelination in the S63del Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B Mouse
Authors: Sidoli Mariapaola , Musner Nicolò , Silvestri Nicholas , Ungaro Daniela , D'Antonio Maurizio , Cavener Douglas R. , Feltri M. Laura , Wrabetz Lawrence
Published: November 2016

In factory cells, the accumulation of misfolded protein provokes the unfolded protein response (UPR). For example, deletion of serine 63 (S63del) in myelin protein zero (P0) induces P0 accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of Schwann cells and a persistent UPR associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B (CMT1B) demyelinating peripheral neuropathy in human and mouse. PERK (protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase) is the ER stress sensor that attenuates global translation by phosphorylating eIF2α. Inhibition of the eIF2α holophosphatase GADD34:PP1, increases the phosphorylation of eIF2α in Schwann cells and largely rescues S63del neuropathy. Nonetheless, reducing phosphorylation of eIF2α, byPerkhaploinsufficiency, also ameliorates the myelin defects of S63del nerves. This contradictory finding prompted us to investigate whether the beneficial effect ofPerkdeficiency on myelination could derive from neurons. To test this hypothesis, we generated and compared Schwann cell- and neuron-specific ablation ofPerkin S63del nerves. Our data suggest that the detrimental effect ofPerkin CMT1B derives primarily from Schwann cells. Furthermore, we show thatPerkloss of function in Schwann cells restores myelination without diminishing accumulation of P0 or markers of ER stress, suggesting thatPerkmay modulate myelination through a pathway independent of the UPR.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn many endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related disorders, activation of the unfolded protein sensor protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) kinase is beneficial. Nonetheless, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B neuropathy mice, we show that activation of PERK in Schwann cells, but not in neurons, is detrimental for myelination. PERK may interfere with myelination, independent of its role in ER stress.
Bridging the gap: metabolic and endocrine care of patients during transition
Authors: Hokken-Koelega Anita , van der Lely Aart-Jan , Hauffa Berthold , Häusler Gabriele , Johannsson Gudmundur , Maghnie Mohamad , Argente Jesús , DeSchepper Jean , Gleeson Helena , Gregory John W , Höybye Charlotte , Keleştimur Fahrettin , Luger Anton , Müller Hermann L , Neggers Sebastian , Popovic-Brkic Vera , Porcu Eleonora , Sävendahl Lars , Shalet Stephen , Spiliotis Bessie , Tauber Maithé
Published: November 2016

Objective

Seamless transition of endocrine patients from the paediatric to adult setting is still suboptimal, especially in patients with complex disorders, i.e., small for gestational age, Turner or Prader–Willi syndromes; Childhood Cancer Survivors, and those with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency.

Methods

An expert panel meeting comprised of European paediatric and adult endocrinologists was convened to explore the current gaps in managing the healthcare of patients with endocrine diseases during transition from paediatric to adult care settings.

Results

While a consensus was reached that a team approach is best, discussions revealed that a ‘one size fits all’ model for transition is largely unsuccessful in these patients. They need more tailored care during adolescence to prevent complications like failure to achieve target adult height, reduced bone mineral density, morbid obesity, metabolic perturbations (obesity and body composition), inappropriate/inadequate puberty, compromised fertility, diminished quality of life and failure to adapt to the demands of adult life. Sometimes it is difficult for young people to detach emotionally from their paediatric endocrinologist and/or the abrupt change from an environment of parental responsibility to one of autonomy. Discussions about impending transition and healthcare autonomy should begin in early adolescence and continue throughout young adulthood to ensure seamless continuum of care and optimal treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

Even amongst a group of healthcare professionals with a great interest in improving transition services for patients with endocrine diseases, there is still much work to be done to improve the quality of healthcare for transition patients.