bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabile Beschäftigung durch flexible Arbeitszeiten / Steady employment by flexible working-times
Authors: Herzog-Stein Alexander , Seifert Hartmut
Published: February 2016

Der Beitrag zeigt, dass der Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland trotz der schärfsten Konjunkturkrise in der Nachkriegszeit weitgehend robust geblieben ist. Diese sowohl im internationalen Vergleich als auch gegenüber früheren Konjunkturabschwüngen außerordentlich günstige Entwicklung ist vor allem Arbeitszeit verkürzenden Maßnahmen zu verdanken. Die Hauptlast tragen Arbeitszeitkonten und tarifliche Korridorregelungen gefolgt von der öffentlich geförderten Kurzarbeit. Außerdem haben zahlreiche Betriebe offensichtlich aus Sorge, bei einem neuerlichen Konjunkturaufschwung unter einem Mangel an Fachkräften zu leiden, Arbeitskräfte gehalten. Gelitten hat hierunter die Arbeitsproduktivität.
Erwartungen an Interessenvertretungen aus der Perspektive von abhängig Beschäftigten / Expectations towards works councils from the employees` point of view
Authors: Wilkesmann Maximiliane , Wilkesmann Uwe , Virgillito Alfredo
Published: February 2016

In diesem Beitrag gehen wir der Frage nach, welche Erwartungen abhängig Beschäftigte an ihre Interessenvertretung haben. Um der Beantwortung dieser Frage näher zu kommen, skizzieren wir den Stand der Forschung zu Interessenvertretungen und Erwartungen an Interessenvertretungen. Bis auf einige wenige Hinweise stellen sich Erwartungen an Interessenvertretungen als ein blinder Fleck in der Erforschung industrieller Beziehungen dar, den wir mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Studie explorativ erforschen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass vier Erwartungstypen unterschieden werden können: (1) Weitergabe von Informationen, (2) persönliche Unterstützung, (3) Sprachrohr der Belegschaft und (4) Kontrolle von kollektiven Regulierungsgegenständen. Darüber hinaus wurden von den Befragten Erwartungen zu persönlichen Eigenschaften und zum Verhältnis zur Geschäftsleitung genannt. Ein geringes Wissen zu Interessenvertretungen führt oftmals zu Erwartungen, die über die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen hinausgehen.
Eine Taxonomie organisationaler Strukturdimensionen und ihre Anwendung in der Führungsforschung / A taxonomy of organizational structural dimensions and its application in leadership research
Authors: Borgmann Lars , Rowold Jens
Published: February 2016

Mehrere aktuell diskutierte Theorien erfolgreicher Führung werden gegenwärtig hinsichtlich kontextualer Einschränkungen kritisch hinterfragt und aufgrund empirischer Ergebnisse präzisiert. Jedoch erfolgt diese kontextfokussierte Forschung selten theoriegeleitet, da in der Führungsforschung bislang kein einheitliches System von Dimensionen der Organisationsstruktur zu finden ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht diese Lücke zu schließen, indem eine Taxonomie von organisationalen Strukturdimensionen kritisch geprüft wird. Die definierten Strukturdimensionen ergeben sich aus einer kritischen Diskussion aktueller, vor allem betriebswirtschaftlicher Literatur. Die Strukturdimensionen lassen sich als Kontextbedingungen effektiver Führung verstehen und bieten daher die Möglichkeit, Fortschritte für die Führungsforschung zu ermöglichen.
Die Befragung zum DGB-Index „Gute Arbeit“ als Datenbasis für die arbeitswissenschaftliche Forschung?
Authors: Trischler Falko , Holler Markus
Published: February 2016

Es wird gezeigt, dass die Befragung zum DGB-Index „Gute Arbeit“ Ergebnisse liefert, die mit denen der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung grundsätzlich vergleichbar sind. Trotz ähnlicher Konzeption und teils sehr ähnlicher Fragestellungen weisen die Analysen allerdings darauf hin, dass ein absoluter Vergleich der beiden Erhebungen auf Ebene von Einzelitems nicht ohne weiteres praktiziert werden kann. Über bivariate Analysen hinausgehende Faktorenanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Zusammenhänge und Verteilungen von Faktorwerten auf unterschiedliche Berufs- und Beschäftigtengruppen in beiden Datensätzen sehr ähnlich darstellen. Auf der Ebene von Zusammenhangsanalysen ist die Kritik an der Validität der DGB-Befragung somit nicht gerechtfertigt.
Industrielle Einfacharbeit – Stabilität und Perspektiven / Low-skilled industrial work – stability and perspektives
Authors: Ittermann Peter , Abel Jörg , Dostal Werner
Published: February 2016

Der Beitrag thematisiert die Strukturen und Entwicklungsdynamiken industrieller Einfacharbeit und vertritt entgegen anderslautender Diagnosen die These, dass diese kein Auslaufmodell in der Wissensgesellschaft ist. Auf der Basis empirischer Befunde wird gezeigt, dass von einem stabilen Sockel der Einfacharbeit auszugehen ist und zahlreiche Kernzonen dafür in der Industrie identifiziert werden können. Das Beispiel der Ernährungsindustrie verdeutlicht, dass einfache, gering qualifizierte Tätigkeiten ein zentrales Moment in der Produktion und Verpackung von Lebensmitteln sind. Zwar sind die Arbeitsanforderungen auf einem niedrigen Niveau, dennoch ergeben sich verschiedene arbeitsorganisatorische Muster von mehr oder weniger angereicherter Einfacharbeit.
Neubewertung von (Einfach-)Arbeit durch ERA in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie Baden-Württembergs / Classification of "simple work" by framework agreements for pay systems in the metal industry at Baden- Württemberg
Authors: Bahnmüller Reinhard
Published: February 2016

In den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 wurden in allen Tarifgebieten der deutschen Metall- und Elektroindustrie (M+E-Industrie) neue Entgeltrahmentarifverträge (ERA) eingeführt und in diesem Zuge alle Arbeitsaufgaben, somit auch „Einfacharbeit“, neu bewertet. Der Beitrag informiert über die Zielsetzungen von ERA und mit Schwerpunkt Baden-Württemberg sowie über die Bewertung und Vergütung von „Einfacharbeit“, hier verstanden als Nicht-Facharbeit, vor und nach ERA. Dabei wird erstens, gestützt auf Daten der Arbeitsbewertung, gezeigt, dass der Anteil von Beschäftigten unterhalb des Niveaus von Facharbeit seit dreißig Jahren beständig sinkt. Zweitens wird die These vertreten, dass ERA tarifsystematisch zwar nicht zu einer Verbilligung von „Einfacharbeit“ führt, dieser Effekt gleichwohl nach Ablauf der tariflichen Absicherungen eintreten dürfte, da sich die reale Eingruppierung von der tariflichen Papierlage teilweise erheblich entfernt hatte, d.h. „Einfacharbeit“ höher eingruppiert war.
Koordination im Gesundheitssystem – neue Anforderungen an Dienstleistungen und Interaktionsarbeit / Coordination in the public health sector – new demands on services and interaction work
Authors: Stöger Ursula
Published: February 2016

Der Artikel schildert Teilergebnisse eines Forschungsprojektes über Gesundheitsdienstleistungen am Beispiel der seltenen Krankheit ALS. Dargestellt wird die Interaktionsarbeit der Gesundheitskoordination, die PatientInnen bei der Bewältigung der Krankheitsfolgen Hilfestellung bietet und deren Interessen gegenüber den AkteurInnen im Gesundheitssystem vertritt. Sie übernimmt damit eine Koordinierungsfunktion, die aufgrund der steigenden Abstimmungsprobleme zwischen den einzelnen Leistungsbereichen der Gesundheitsversorgung notwendig wird. Die Tätigkeit stellt höchste Ansprüche an die Interaktionsarbeit, die durch geeignete Arbeitsgestaltungsmaßnahmen gefördert werden kann.
Eingliederungsgutscheine: Zwischen Empowerment und Stigmatisierung / Re-employment bonuses as vouchers: Between empowerment and stigmatization
Authors: Brussig Martin , Schwarzkopf Manuela
Published: February 2016

Der Eingliederungsgutschein ist ein neues Instrument in der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik gewesen. Ältere Arbeitsuchende, die die Voraussetzungen erfüllten, erhielten eine Zusage über eine Lohnsubvention von bis zu 50 Prozent über 12 Monate, die Arbeitgeber bei der Einstellung einlösen konnten. Gegenüber den herkömmlichen Eingliederungszuschüssen versprach die Ausgestaltung als Gutschein spezifische Wirkungen. Die Inanspruchnahme dieses Instruments blieb aber weit unterhalb der Erwartungen. Ein wesentlicher Grund ist, dass eine stigmatisierende Wirkung des Gutscheins nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann und den Akteuren - Vermittlungsfachkräften, Arbeitslosen und betrieblichen Personalverantwortlichen - dies auch bewusst gewesen ist.
Bedingungen der Innovationsfähigkeit kleiner professioneller Dienstleistungsunternehmen / Prerequisites for the innovativeness of small professional service firms
Authors: Scholl Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

Nachhaltige Innovationsfähigkeit wird nicht nur für Industrie-, sondern auch für Dienstleistungsfirmen zur Notwendigkeit des Uberlebens. Anhand einer Stichprobe von Steuerberatungskanzleien lasst sich aufzeigen, wie die nötigen Innovationen erfolgversprechend angegangen werden können: Zentral sind die Erarbeitung neuen, besseren Wissens, die produktive Handhabung der unvermeidlichen Konflikte und eine generelle Fähigkeit zur Koordination. Als Rahmenbedingung ist dafür eine innovationsfreundliche Kultur wichtig, die sich neben der Bereitschaft zu Veränderungen durch gute Arbeitsbedingungen, eine Identifikation mit klaren Zielen und eine vertrauensvolle Atmosphäre unter den Kollegen auszeichnet.
Organisation musikalisch denken: die implizite Dimension des Organisierens entdecken / Thinking organisation musically: reaching for the tacit dimension of organising
Authors: Vossebrecher David , Bluszcz Oliver , Humpert Gisela , Stark Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

Organisationen und Unternehmen müssen sich in komplexer werdenden Umwelten orientieren. Über geronnene Strukturen und formalisierbare Arbeitsabläufe und Strategien lasst sich ihre Praxis nur höchst unzureichend verstehen. In einem prozessualen, musikalischen Verständnis werden Organisationen ›performativ‹ immer neu hervorgebracht und konnen auch anders sein bzw. agieren. Dies eröffnet neue Perspektiven auf Innovation und lernendes Re-Design von Praxis. Im hier vorgeschlagenen Zugang bilden musikalisches Denken und Performativität, tacit knowing, Diagrammatik und der Pattern-Ansatz eine Basis fur den qualitativ neuen Umgang mit Komplexität und Ungewissheit. Als Anwendungsweise dieses musikalischen Denkens von Organisation wird das diagrammatische Instrument der Organisationspartituren vorgestellt.
Absorptive Capacity und ihre Determinanten: Ergebnisse einer Fallstudienanalyse in deutschen Hightech- Unternehmen / Absorptive capacity and its determinants: results of a case study analysis in German high-tech firms
Authors: Schreyögg Georg , Duchek Stephanie
Published: February 2016

Die Absorptive Capacity gilt als ein Schlüsselfaktor für die Innovationsfähigkeit von Unternehmen. Seit seiner Einführung im Jahr 1989 hat das Konstrukt zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen und findet heute in zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten verschiedener Forschungsgebiete Berücksichtigung. Trotz des großen Interesses an der Absorptionsfähigkeit ist über ihre Einflussfaktoren wenig bekannt. Hier setzt der vorliegende Beitrag an; es werden die Ergebnisse einer Mehrfallstudie zu den Determinanten der Absorptive Capacity präsentiert und bisherigen Erkenntnissen der Forschung gegenüberstellt. Aus den Befunden werden Hinweise für ein erfolgreiches Management der Absorptionsfähigkeit abgeleitet.
Innovationsorientierte Mitarbeiterpartizipation in KMU-Netzwerken: Einflussvariablen und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten / Innovation-oriented employee's participation in SME- networks: factors of influence and scopes for design
Authors: Jung Rüdiger H. , Reifferscheid Georg
Published: February 2016

Mitarbeiterpartizipation kann als ein Schlüsselfaktor der Innovationsfähigkeit kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) gesehen werden. Um das in KMU-Netzwerken vorhandene erweiterte Innovationspotenzial (Heterogenität von Wissen, Erfahrungen und Kompetenzen) wirksam werden zu lassen, ist eine gezielte Unterstützung und Aktivierung geboten. Der Beitrag beschreibt individuelle und organisationale (kontextuelle) Einflussvariablen einer selbstorganisatorischen innovationsorientierten Mitarbeiterpartizipation, zeigt Wirkungszusammenhänge auf und plädiert für eine Unterstützung und Aktivierung vornehmlich über die kontextuelle Einflussnahme. Die Überlegungen münden in die Skizzierung eines gestaltungsorientierten Bezugsrahmens für eine Förderung der Beteiligung möglichst vieler Mitarbeiter an innovationsorientierter Netzwerkkommunikation.
Situiertes statt kalkuliertes Vertrauensverständnis - Neuordnung des Kontrollparadigmas / Situated instead of calculated trust relations - the paradigm of control revisited
Authors: Huchler Norbert , Porschen-Hueck Stephanie , Zeller Christian
Published: February 2016

In modernen Arbeitsorganisationen mit hohem Innovationsanspruch werden die Grenzen direkter und indirekter Leistungskontrolle immer offensichtlicher. Hier entwickelt sieh Vertrauen zur neuen Maxime der Unternehmenssteuerung. In der Tradition der Rationalitätstheorie erweist sich Vertrauen als eine neue Form der Kontrolle durch Kalkulation. Dem wird in diesem Beitrag das alternative Konzept des „situierten Vertrauens“ gegenübergestellt. Es beruht auf praxistheoretischen Zugängen und führt zu einer tatsächlichen Neuordnung des Kontrollparadigmas.
Spiritualität als Mittel zur Bewältigung schwieriger Pflegesituationen in kirchlichen Einrichtungen / Spirituality as a resource to cope with difficult care situations in church-run institutions
Authors: Kumbruck Christel
Published: February 2016

In der Untersuchung wird geprüft, ob in kirchlichen Einrichtungen tätige Pflegekräfte zur Bewältigung emotional schwieriger Situationen neben den bekannten Mitteln auch Religiosität und/ oder Spiritualität als Ressource oder Bewältigungsstrategie im Sinne des arbeitspsychologischen Belastungskonzepts nutzen. Sowohl die Erfahrung von Spiritualität als auch ihre Nutzung ist sprachlicher Explizierung nur schwer zugänglich, so dass qualitative Repertory-Grid-Erhebungen die narrativen Interviews unterstützten. Es werden unterschiedliche, auch spirituelle Ressourcen und Bewältigungsstrategien identifiziert und ihre Wirkungsweise beschrieben.
Change-Management und seine psychosozialen Belastungen - eine interdisziplinäre Betrachtung über die Autonomie der Arbeit / Change-Management and psychosocial risk factors - an interdisciplinary approach to autonomy at work
Authors: Katenkamp Olaf , Dechmann Uwe , Georg Arno , Meyn Christina , Peter Andreas , Peter Gerd
Published: February 2016

Psychosoziale Belastungen haben einen unvermindert hohen Anteil an den Gefährdungen in der Arbeitswelt. Das Fortschreiben alter Normen und herkömmlicher Handlungsinstrumente zeigen zur Problemlösung nur beschränkte Wirksamkeitserfolge. In permanenten Change-Management- Prozessen wird bislang Gesundheit als Fokus äußerst selten eingebunden. Gesellschaftlich und kulturell ist zu hinterfragen, ob eine dauerhafte Entgrenzung von Arbeit eine Basis für Gesundheit bilden kann. Der Beitrag führt anhand von drei Beschreibungen (arbeitsbedingter Stress, das erschöpfte Selbst, der „entgrenzte“ Arbeitskraftunternehmer) hin zu einem Lösungsversuch, der Autonomie und Kooperation als zentrale Kategorien für eine Neuausrichtung von Arbeit unter einem Leitbild „Care“ darstellt.
Nicht-Erwerbsbeteiligung und subjektive Wahrnehmung von Teilhabeangeboten / Non-employment and the subjective perceptions of participation offers
Authors: Obermeier Tim , Schultheis Kathrin , Tiedemann Birte
Published: February 2016

Auf Basis einer Auswertung des Panels Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung (PASS) gehen wir der Frage nach, wer die dauerhaft vom Arbeitsmarkt ausgeschlossenen Personen sind, und prüfen mit Hilfe einer binären logistischen Regression den Einfluss verschiedener Vermittlungshemmnisse. An diesen Personenkreis richten sich Maßnahmen der geförderten Beschäftigung. Auf Basis einer qualitativen Untersuchung identifizieren wir drei Dimensionen subjektiver Wahrnehmungen von Teilnehmern an Arbeitsgelegenheiten, die zum Verständnis der geförderten Beschäftigung dauerhaft vom Arbeitsmarkt ausgeschlossener Personen beitragen.
Determinanten der Arbeitssuche atypisch Beschäftigter / Determinants for on-the-job search of nonstandard workers
Authors: Himsel Carina , Walwei Ulrich
Published: February 2016

Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre befinden sich die Erwerbsformen im Wandel, die Zahl atypisch Beschäftigter legte kontinuierlich zu. Unser Fokus liegt in diesem Beitrag auf den Präferenzen und Motiven atypisch Beschäftigter und dabei insbesondere auf der Frage, ob die Aufnahme einer atypischen Beschäftigung auch im Sinne der Arbeitnehmer liegt oder diese eine Veränderung ihrer Beschäftigungssituation anstreben. Hierfür werden das Suchverhalten und Gründe für die Arbeitssuche näher betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, dass atypisch Beschäftigte häufiger als unbefristet Vollzeitbeschäftigte eine andere oder weitere Tätigkeit suchen, bei geringfügig Beschäftigten ist die Suchintensität am größten. Tendenziell suchen Männer, Geringqualifizierte sowie Personen ohne Partner häufiger eine andere Tätigkeit. In der letzten Dekade hat die Suchintensität atypisch Beschäftigter zugenommen, allerdings geht die höhere Suchintensität zum Ende der letzten Dekade nicht allein auf die Hartz- Reformen zurück, sondern insbesondere auch mit einer verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage einher. Atypisch Beschäftigte, die nach einer anderen Tätigkeit suchen, stellen für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik ein besonderes Potenzial dar. Wird dieses Potenzial durch geeignete Maßnahmen und Initiativen erschlossen, würde mau damit einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Fachkräftesicherung, zur Stabilisierung von Erwerbsbiografien und zu individueller Aufwärtsmobilität leisten.
The Idiocy of Strategic Reasoning. Towards an Account of Consensual Action
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: February 2016

Practical reasoning is an agent's capacity to determine her course of behavior on the base of some evaluation of available alternatives. Reasoning is instrumental insofar as an agent decides over available alternatives by aiming to choose the best means to realize her own goals. Reasoning is strategic if the agent assumes that what the best means to realize her own goals is depends on what other agents will do. Strategic reasoning still plays a central role in influential accounts of social action. This paper first argues for the view that purely strategic reasoners are unable to achieve even the most basic and unproblematic forms of mutually beneficent coordination, and then gathers some elements of a richer account of relevant forms of practical reasoning.
Comment on Hans Bernhard Schmid. Coordination, Cooperation and the Origin of Normative Expectations
Authors: Schuppert Fabian
Published: February 2016

This comment suggests that coordination and cooperation are very different things, as the former simply is a device for problem-solving, while the latter relies on the existence of some shared intentionality. Similarly there exist different origins for the normative expectations an agent might form. Hence the comment argues that Schmid's taxonomy of action types, though helpful, needs to be extended and revised.
Cooperation as Joint Action
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: February 2016

The paper studies cooperation as joint action, where joint action can, first, be conceptualized either individualistically in terms of the participants' individual goals and beliefs that the joint action is taken to serve. This is individualistic or ‛I-mode’ cooperation. Special version of it is ‛ pro-group I-mode’ cooperation, where the goals are shared. Second, cooperation can be of the kind where a group of persons act together as a group in terms of the non-aggregative ‛ we’ that they form. The results of the paper support the conjecture that we-mode conceptualization and an account of cooperation is needed to complement the individualistic (pro-group) I-mode account(s) in social science theorizing and experimentation.
Comment on Raimo Tuomela. Joint Action: How Rational? How Irreducible?
Authors: Paternotte Cédric
Published: February 2016

In his ‘Cooperation as joint action’, Tuomela presents a we-mode account of cooperation, which he argues has several advantages over an individual account. This commentary examines to what extent this is true. In particular, I assess three related characteristics of we-mode joint action: its possible rationality, its greater efficiency, and its alleged irreducibility to purely individual properties, which are recurring points of the article.
Are Multinational Companies Responsible for Working Conditions in Their Supply Chains? From Intuition to Argument
Authors: Dänzer Sonja
Published: February 2016

Although many people seem to share the intuition that multinational companies (MNEs) carry a responsibility for the working conditions in their supply chains, the justification offered for this assumption is usually rather unclear. This article explores a promising strategy for grounding the relevant intuition and for rendering its content more precise. It applies the criteria of David Miller's connection theory of remedial responsibility to different forms of supply chain governance as characterized by the Global Value Chains (GVC) framework. The analysis suggests that the criteria for identifying MNEs as remedially responsible for bad working conditions in their direct suppliers are fulfilled in many cases, even though differentiations are required with regard to the different supply chain governance structures. MNEs thus have a duty to make sure currently bad working conditions in their suppliers are changed for the better. Moreover, since production in supply chains for structural reasons continuously generates remedial responsibility of MNEs for bad working conditions in their suppliers, it puts the prospective responsibility on them to make sure that their suppliers offer acceptable working conditions. Further, it is suggested that the remedial responsibility of MNEs might require them to make financial compensation to victims of bad working conditions and in grave cases initiate or support programs to mitigate disastrous effects suffered by them.
Comment on Sonja Dänzer. Structural Injustice in Global Production Networks: Shared Responsibility for Working Conditions
Authors: Starmanns Mark
Published: February 2016

This commentary's claim is that Dänzer's argument does not sufficiently take into account the complexities of the global production of goods, the current corporate responsibility practices and the problems of attributing responsibility to single actors. I argue in favour of a shared responsibility and briefly present a discursive approach for attributing MNE's share of responsibility in global supply chains, which requires obligatory transparency.
Recognition, Cooperation and the Moral Presuppositions of Capitalist Organization of Work
Authors: Kocyba Hermann
Published: February 2016

Starting from the current debate on work and recognition, the article describes how shifts within the cultural frames of work, the transformation of hierarchies into internal markets and the development of a service economy lead to problems which can take the form of a 'paradox of recognition'. This paradox cannot be dissolved simply by a conceptual distinction between equal respect for persons and qualifying esteem of performance and efficiency, at least as long as we are interested in a matching of empirical analysis and normative critique. The normative claims for visibility and transparency of work are described as a paradigmatic case for the entanglement of questions of respect and esteem. With respect to recent developments within critical theory, the article argues that the idea of immanent critique needs further elaboration in order to accentuate the relation between normative critique and functional analysis.
Comment on Hermann Kocyba. The Regime of Esteem, or Recognition as Affirmation
Authors: Henning Christoph
Published: February 2016

This comment on Kocyba's article discusses both his economic and moral assumptions, arguing that the shift from industrial capitalism towards a 'new spirit' of more autonomous forms of work is not captured by Kocyba's comparison between producing things alone and creating services together. Consequently, the main problem is not, as Kocyba believes, the determination of an individual's share in the (intangible) product, but the competitive mindset of this new spirit, which has many undesired consequences. Concerning the 'moral presuppositions' it is argued that the questionable self-restriction to 'immanent norms' induces a strong affirmative tendency which is at odds with Kocyba's critical aspirations. The idea that critical theory can only refer to norms which are already institutionalized needs to be dropped in order to revive the critical dimension. It is argued that Kocyba is already half way there and needs to make this break more explicit.
Equity and Efficiency in Multi-Worker Firms: Insights from Experimental Economics
Authors: Abeler Johannes , Altmann Steffen , Goerg Sebastian J. , Wibral Matthias
Published: February 2016

In this article, we discuss recent evidence from experimental economics on the impact of social preferences on workplace behavior. We focus on situations in which a single employer interacts with multiple employees. Traditionally, equity and efficiency have been seen as opposing aims in such work environments: individual pay-for-performance wage schemes maximize of efficiency but might lead to inequitable outcomes. We present findings from laboratory experiments that show under which circumstances partially incomplete contracts can create equitable work environments while at the same time reaching surprisingly efficient outcomes.
What Good Is It? Unrealistic Political Theory and the Value of Intellectual Work
Authors: Estland David
Published: February 2016

Suppose justice depends on some very unlikely good behavior. In that case the true (or correct, or best) theory of justice might have no practical value. But then, what good would it be? I consider analogies with science and mathematics in order to test various ways of tying their the value of intellectual work to practice, though I argue that these fail. If their value, or that of some political theory, is not practical then what is good about them? As for political theory, I consider the question of what would even count as an answer to this question, and I conclude with the tentative proposal that it is valuable to come to understand something that is, itself, important.
Individual Expectations and Climate Justice
Authors: Meyer Lukas H. , Sanklecha Pranay
Published: February 2016

Many people living in highly industrialised countries and elsewhere emit greenhouse gases at a certain high level as a by-product of their activities, and they expect to be able to continue to emit at that level. This level is far above the just per capita level. We investigate whether that expectation is legitimate and permissible. We argue that the expectation is epistemically legitimate. Given certain assumptions, we can also think of it as politically legitimate. Also, the expectation is shown to be morally permissible but with major qualifications. The interpretation of the significance of the expectation is compatible with the understanding that historical emissions should count in terms of fairly distributing the benefits of emission-generating activities over people’s lifetimes but constrains the way in which we may collectively respond to climate change.
Stepping in for the Polluters? Climate Justice under Partial Compliance
Authors: Hohl Sabine , Roser Dominie
Published: February 2016

Not all countries do their fair share in the effort of preventing dangerous climate change. This presents those who are willing to do their part with the question whether they should ‘take up the slack’ and try to compensate for the non-compliers’ failure to reduce emissions. There is a pro tanto reason for doing so given the human rights violations associated with dangerous climate change. The article focuses on fending off two objections against a duty to take up the slack: that it is unfair and ineffective. We grant that it is unfair if some have to step in for others but argue that this does not amount to a decisive objection under conditions of partial compliance. With regard to the charge of emission reductions being ineffective, we argue that the empirical case for this claim is missing and that even if it were not, there still remains the option of taking up the slack in other forms.
The Golden Age of the Campfire: Should We Take Our Ancestors Seriously?
Authors: Baurmann Michael
Published: February 2016

In his book The Ethical Project Philip Kitcher presents an ‘analytical history’ of the development of human ethical practice. According to this history the first ethical norms were launched in the ancient world of the hunters and gatherers and their initial function was to remedy altruism failures. Kitcher wants to show that the emergence of ethical norms can in this case and in general be explained without referring to supernatural causes or philosophical revelation. Furthermore, he claims that the first manifestation of the ethical project still serves as an ideal. In my comment I will contest the plausibility of Kitcher’s analytical history and question whether the presumed characteristics of ethics in prehistoric times could still be binding for us today.
Afterthoughts. Reply to Comments
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: February 2016

I attempt to respond to the many questions and objections raised by the commentaries. The responses are grouped by themes, rather than focusing on the essays in sequence. So there are sections on worries about my analytical history, concerns about my meta-ethical perspective, doubts about my normative stance and complaints about my perpetration of a ‘naturalistic fallacy’.
Comment on Karen Jones and François Schroeter
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: February 2016

In this comment I defend my account of moral understanding and its role in morally worthy action and claim that a fully virtuous person would have moral understanding. This means that deference to moral experts is not always appropriate. But there is still room for a social moral epistemology, whereby moral experts pass on moral understanding.
A Sociological Speculation about Law and Ethics
Authors: Baurmann Michael
Published: February 2016

It is argued that ethics is undergoing a similar development in modern societies as law did in former times. If this development continues, it could be that in the future collective decisions in many areas will be justified by the application of ethical principles just as today judicial decisions are justified by the application of the rules of law. The paper describes some of the remarkable similarities between law and ethics in modern societies and considers possible causes of this development.
Good Listeners, Wise Crowds, and Parasitic Experts
Authors: Romeijn Jan-Willem , Sterkenburg Tom , Grünwald Peter
Published: February 2016

This article comments on the article of Thorn and Schurz in this volume and focuses on, what we call, the problem of parasitic experts. We discuss that both meta- induction and crowd wisdom can be understood as pertaining to absolute reliability rather than comparative optimality, and we suggest that the involvement of reliability will provide a handle on this problem.
Comment on John E. Roemer
Authors: Beckstein Martin
Published: February 2016

On reflecting about the prospects of advancing the egalitarian cause in the United States, John Roemer makes the case for more traditional strategies than the coupon socialism model he advocated in earlier work. First of all, he suggests, an ethos of solidarity must be developed and the super-rich be subjected to higher taxation. This comment assesses this proposal. On the one hand it is discussed whether the ethos of solidarity Roemer calls for in order to counteract the culture of greed among American elites requires nurturing an undesirable culture of envy among the rest of the population. On the other hand it is considered whether the neoclassical principal-agent model - that Roemer believes must be contested in order to popularize a steep progressive income tax - might be one of the more promising tools to restructure the incentives of economic elites and curb casino capitalism.
The Concept of Property in Rawls’s Property-Owning Democracy
Authors: Wesche Tilo
Published: February 2016

Understanding the relationship of democracy and property ownership is one of the most important tasks for contemporary political philosophy. In his concept of property-owning democracy John Rawls explores the thesis that property in productive means has an indirect effect on the formation of true or false beliefs and that unequal ownership of productive capital leads to distorted and deceived convictions. The basic aspect of Rawls’s conception can be captured by the claim that for securing the fair value of the political liberties a widespread dispersal of property in productive resources is required that minimizes the formation of delusions and therefore improves the conditions of deliberative democracy.
Comment on Tilo Wesche
Authors: Narveson Jan
Published: February 2016

Abstract: The gist of Welsclie’s argument seems to be to pick up on an idea he attributes to Rawls, that in a true property-owning democracy, productive wealth would be distributed more broadly ‘ex ante’ rather than, as now, ‘ex post.’, the point of demarcation being the use of capital to generate wealth and income. As against this, I argue that ex ante distribution of capital is impossible, because business activity creates wealth, and thus we don’t know what there is to distribute ex ante. Moreover, the prospect of greater wealth for the producers ex post is what especially motivates them to produce, and without production we are poor. It is also noted that Rawls’s ‘difference principle’ does not in fact have the egalitarian implications he supposes, nor really any distributive implications, despite Rawls’s intentions.
The Place of the Market in a Rawlsian Economy
Authors: Queralt Jahel
Published: February 2016

Rawls identifies only two arrangements, the liberal socialist regime and the property-owning democracy, as being compatible with justice. Both are market-based economies, suggesting that a just society must include the market. This article questions this idea by looking at three Rawlsian arguments in favour of the market. Two arguments, which link the market to certain basic liberties, are unsound because the market is shown to be nonessential in protecting these liberties. A third argument points at the instrumental value of the market to make the least advantaged as well off as possible. R. is based on an interpretation of the difference principle in which justice requires maximizing the position of the worst off within the most productive economic system. Although commonly accepted, this reading of the principle should be questioned, and thus the third argument is also inconclusive.
Between Sentimentalism and Instrumentalism. The Societal Role of Work in John Rawls’s Property-Owning Democracy and Its Bearing upon Basic Income
Authors: Festl Michael G.
Published: February 2016

In recent years research on John Rawls has experienced a surge in interest in Rawls’s elaborations on the economic order of a just society. This research entails the treatment of the issue which societal role Rawls attaches to work. Somewhat dissatisfied with these treatments the article at hand develops an alternative account of the function Rawls has in mind for work. It will be argued that within Rawls’s idea of a just society the societal role of work consists of three components: an ‘efficiency component’, a ‘self-respect, component’, and a ‘sense of community component.’ Based on that, reconstruction of the Rawlsian position I will investigate whether such a position is reconcilable with the demand for an unconditional Basic Income. The article’s contribution is mostly exegetical albeit, in dealing with Basic Income it elucidates how an oft-proposed policy consideration with a bearing upon work can and cannot, be justified.
Fraternal Society in Rawls’ Property-Owning Democracy
Authors: Walton Andrew , Camia Valeria
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses what type of sociological context is appropriate for Rawls’ ‘property-owning democracy’. Following certain suggestions offered by Rawls and in the work of Joshua Cohen, it explores, in particular, the kind of fraternity and social interaction suitable for citizens in Rawlsian society and the role of the state in engineering these bonds. Utilising a normative framework based on Rawls’ discussion of a property-owning democracy and various data sets, the paper argues that bonds of social trust, active participation in trade unions and enrolment in public schools, and the use of state policy to organise a mixture of public, cooperative, and private economic institutions would be suitable for a Rawlsian society to adopt because it appears that these structures are favourably connected to the ends of Rawlsian justice.
Comment on Michael Schefczyk
Authors: Schuppert Fabian
Published: February 2016

This commentary challenges Michael Scliefczyk’s proposal for a realistically utopian welfare state (RUWS). As it stands, RUWS says too little about the concrete measures it will offer to avoid political domination and harmful inequalities. Moreover, RUWS follows Rawlsian Property-Owning Democracy (POD) by being silent on crucial issues such as banking regulation, the governance of investments and the issue of actual control over capital. Ultimately, it therefore seems that RUWS does not present an attractive alternative to POD since it suffers from very similar problems and shortcomings as POD.
Property-Owning Democracy and the Circumstances of Politics
Authors: Cheneval Francis
Published: February 2016

The article argues that Rawls’s property-owning democracy should not be understood as a necessary standard of democratic legitimacy. This position contradicts Rawls’s own understanding to some extent, but a rejoinder with elements of political liberalism is possible. He concedes that justice as fairness is a ‘comprehensive liberal doctrine’ and that a well ordered society affirming such a doctrine ‘contradicts reasonable pluralism’. Rawls makes clear that reasonable pluralism in combination with the burdens of judgment lead to rare unanimity in political life and to the necessity of majority and plurality voting procedures.
Soziale Ungleichheit in Deutschland in der Längsschnittperspektive. Befunde zur Armutsproblematik auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP)
Authors: Giesselmann Marco , Goebel Jan
Published: February 2016

In this article, we discuss and analyse poverty in Germany from a longitudinal perspective. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), we first show that the general poverty rate in Germany has constantly increased since the late 1990s. Shifting to a life-course perspective, we show that not only socio-structural characteristics have a strong impact on the poverty risk, but also critical life-events. While focusing on dynamics of poverty within individual life-courses, it appears that incidents like formation of a 'new household, birth of a child and separation from partner are associated with an immediate increase of the poverty risk. The event of becoming unemployed stands particularly out. Comparing longitudinal and fixed-effects approaches on the one hand with simple cross-sectional procedures on the other, our analyses finally emphasises that cross-sectional analyses are not sufficient to fully understand or to explain poverty. Therefore, our study can be interpreted as a claim to make stronger use of the benefits of longitudinal data in the context of poverty research.
Health, Families, and Work in Later Life: A Review of Current Research and Perspectives
Authors: Hank Karsten , Brandt Martina
Published: February 2016

There is a rapid growth in published knowledge about different aspects of age and aging. While this is highly welcome, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep up even with the main insights provided by this literature. Our review thus aims to provide a compact overview of current social science research in three major domains of older people’s life: health, families, and work. Moreover, we briefly discuss some theoretical issues and introduce the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The research findings discussed here demonstrate both the challenges and opportunities lying ahead of us as life expectancy is increasing steadily and as the proportion of older people in our societies will grow further. More generally, we find a great value of life course and cross-nationally comparative perspectives in aging research. We conclude with an outlook on perspectives for future studies in this field.
Herausforderungen und Perspektiven der empirischen Wahlforschung in Deutschland am Beispiel der German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES)
Authors: Bieber Ina E. , Bytzek Evelyn
Published: February 2016

Empirical electoral research in Germany has reached a high level of quality both with regard to theoretical approaches and methodological issues. Moreover, it is strongly linked to other disciplines in political science such as comparative political studies or political communication and also highly integrated in international electoral research. However, a changing context of voting and internal deficits are imposing challenges on electoral research in Germany which should be met in the next years and decades. Still, these challenges can also be regarded as perspectives for future electoral research. This paper thus describes the current standing of empirical electoral research in Germany and gives a detailed account of the challenges resulting from this. Further, using the example of the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) we show how these challenges can be and are actually met.
Solidarität: Vorschlag für eine soziologische Begriffsbestimmung
Authors: Tranow Ulf
Published: February 2016

Although solidarity is a key issue in sociology, surprisingly little attention has been given to the question what constitutes solidarity from a sociological perspective. In this paper I suggest a concept of solidarity which might work as a general framework for theoretical and empirical investigations. The central idea is that solidarity norms make up the core of the concept. Solidarity norms demand from their addressees that they transfer resources without compensation either to a collective or to individuals. It is argued that there are two levels of solidarity to be distinguished: (1) the level of social systems where solidarity is manifested in solidarity norms and (2) the level of individuals where solidarity is embedded in commitment to solidarity norms. I differentiate between four universal solidarity norms which can be found in associations on every level of social aggregation: norms of provision, of sharing, of supporting, and of loyalty.
Kultur, soziale Institutionen und die ökonomische Entwicklung in China
Authors: Liu Mengue
Published: February 2016

One of the main concerns of New Institutional Economics is to explain the pervasive existence of inefficient political or economic arrangements. However, quite different explanations of this phenomenon are offered. Some authors consider it a result of formally established rules, others think it is caused by traditional cultural beliefs, yet others ascribe it to evolved social relations. But each of these approaches can only cover part of the truth. In this paper I suggest that societal development and endurance can only be explained if we consider the dynamic interactions between formal, cultural and social institutions. In applying this theoretical framework to the development of the Chinese economy during the past thirty years, I will argue that the special relations between the socialist political system, Confucian familist culture and social relationships namely Guanxi have contributed to the rise and concomitant problems of the Chinese economy. On this basis it might be possible to answer two questions that have troubled scholars for decades: How could the Chinese private economy flourish without well-defined property rights? Why did the Chinese entrepreneurs fail to lead China to further political reform after having achieved huge success on the market?
Spiritualität - Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven
Authors: Siegers Pascal
Published: February 2016

Spirituality is a contentious concept in the social sciences. This is above all due to the increasing number of different definitions of spirituality that are used in the field. Some scholars argue that given this heterogeneity, spirituality is not an analytic concept. Scholars use the concept to denote forms of belief that are not part of conventional religiosity. Therefore, spirituality refers to transformations of religion in modern societies. This paper shows that spirituality is generally defined in relation to religion or religiosity. Thus, different concepts of spirituality can be distinguished according to the way they draw the boundaries between religiosity and spirituality. This approach reveals the most important communalities and differences of different perspectives on spirituality as a scientific concept which allows a better assessment of empirical results from research on spirituality.
How Farsightedness Affects Network Formation
Authors: Morbitzer Dominik , Buskens Vincent , Rosenkranz Stephanie , Raub Werner
Published: February 2016

We develop a theoretical model of network formation where actors are limitedly farsighted. In this way we extend current models with a new set of micro-foundations. Computer simulations are used to predict the stable network structures that are likely to emerge under the new assumptions. The co-author model by Jackson/Wolinsky (1996) is used as an example. The co-author model formulates a tension between stability and efficiency when actors are myopic. Limitedly farsighted actors can overcome this tension but only if the network is small enough. Thus, changing the micro-foundations of the network formation model leads to new implications at the macro-level in the sense that different networks are predicted to be stable than for existing micro-foundations.
Strategic Network Formation, Games on Networks, and Trust
Authors: Raub Werner , Frey Vincenz , Buskens Vincent
Published: February 2016

This paper brings two major research lines in current sociology together. Research on social networks has long focused primarily on network effects but meanwhile also addresses the emergence and dynamics of networks. Research on trust in social and economic relations shows that networks have effects on trust. Using game theory, we provide a simple model that allows for an integrated and simultaneous analysis of network effects on trust and for the endogenous emergence of the network. The model also allows for characterizing the value of the network. We use standard assumptions on full strategic rationality. Testable implications of the model as well as model extensions are sketched.
Co-deliberation, Joint Decision, and Testimony about Reasons
Authors: Jones Karen , Schroeter François
Published: February 2016

We defend the claim that there can be testimonial transfer of reasons against Steinig’s recent objections. In addition, we argue that the literature on testimony about moral reasons misunderstands what is at stake in the possibility of second-hand orientation towards moral reasons. A moral community faces two different but related tasks: one theoretical (working out what things are of genuine value and how to rank goods and ends) and one practical (engaging in joint action and social coordination). In between, simultaneously theoretical and practical, lies the activity of co-deliberation. Virtuous participation in co-deliberation can require limited moral deference. Refusal to recognize this, combined with excess self-trust, can derail co-deliberation.