bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Shelleg Assaf
Published: December 2020

The introduction lays out both the key variables of the entire book and the overlapping themes that stem from them—the nationalization of the theological in Hebrew culture, secularism, Zionist biblocentrism, the Zionist commitment to Westernness, Arab Jews and the socioethnic hierarchy of Zionism, Zionist historiography, and the gradual resurfacing of Jewish diasporic cultures. In lieu of the constructs that have conditioned the study of Israeli art and culture, the book opts for synchronous narratives that unfold in ways that are constantly unsystematic, nondifferential, and afflicted with various degrees of governmentality. This assemblage moves beyond musical exoticism or identitarian paradigms that often promote territorial nationalism uncritically.
Introduction and Summary
Authors: Furchtgott-Roth Diana
Published: December 2020

Few topics are more certain to generate a lively debate among any group of individuals than the causes and consequences of income inequality. Economists are prone to similar, although more reasoned and empirically based, debates. This book is a curated collection of essays that explores a wide range of viewpoints about income inequality in the United States. Neither income nor income inequality is easily measured, and, consequently, economists have different views about what is the best measure. Economists also offer differing explanations for the sources of income inequality and its ultimate consequences, leading to opposing policy implications. Finally, focusing on the United States adds yet another layer of complexity. Americans have unusually high incomes and unusually high income inequality.
Analogizing
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2020

Multicontextual exampling implies a comparative perspective. Yet while comparativists conventionally emphasize cross-contextual variability, generic sociologists try to reveal cross-contextual commonality. Given its transcontextual agenda, it is the quest to uncover formal “parallels” between substantively disparate phenomena that characterizes generic sociology. In sharp contrast to sociologists’ conventional tendency to highlight differences between substantively disparate situations, it regards the latter as but various manifestations of the same transcontextual pattern. While diversifying the contexts in which they collect their data, generic sociologists thus try to identify common formal patterns across substantively diverse contexts. This chapter examines the mental process by which we uncover formal “parallels” across seemingly disparate contexts, namely analogizing. When analogizing, one disregards conventionally noted substantive differences in order to notice conventionally disregarded formal equivalences. The chapter features the four main types of cross-contextual analogies (cross-cultural, cross-historical, cross-domain, and cross-level) generic sociologists use in their analyses.
Health and Human Rights through Development
Authors: Marks Stephen P. , Han Alice
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the evolution of sustainable human development as central to health governance, drawing on international human rights norms and standards to establish a human rights-based approach to development. The progression of economic development theories and the international development agenda has led to a discernible paradigm shift in considering development to be a human right. This right to development holds promise in contributing to global health and influencing the Sustainable Development Agenda—positing a rights-based approach to international development cooperation. Bilateral and multilateral development policies and practices have begun to make some progress in implementing a human rights-based approach to development, but the mutually reinforcing goals of health, human rights, and development must be integrated in governance. Global health governance stands to benefit from applying a human rights framework for sustainable human development, yet obstacles remain in realizing the health-related Sustainable Development Goals and advancing the right to development.
International Trade, Public Health, and Human Rights
Authors: Wu Chuang-Feng , Wu Chien-Huei
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores how to navigate health-related human rights in the trade and public health complex by tracing the intersection of international trade and public health and examining the role of international trade in global health law. An intrinsic tension exists between international trade, public health, and human rights in this globalizing world. Even though growing global interconnectedness has generated economic growth and information sharing, it is also characterized by threats—to access to medicine, commercialization of health care, and widening health inequality. Although this tension was well recognized in the development of the World Trade Organization, it has become much more complicated in recent decades. By addressing critical questions surrounding trade and public health, examining the transformation of risks into opportunities through global efforts, it will be possible to investigate possible venues to resolve trade and public health tensions in light of human rights.
Seven
Authors: Maçães Bruno
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses how the principle of unreality took over American foreign policy and, with it, the world. How did America get to the Iraq War? How did America get to the point where the flight from reality is solemnly made into a philosophical and practical principle? Karl Rove mentions the growth of American power, and that was no doubt a prevailing factor in the process. The powerless must adapt to the conditions and circumstances given by a recalcitrant world, while the powerful can impose their concepts and desires on reality. And, yet, power alone is not enough to explain how and why reality became an illusion. After all, power might be used to change the world, to transform it according to one's wishes, rather than to create new worlds. One needs a second principle. For someone to lose interest in reality it is first necessary that they have tried to change it without success; they have to give up on reality. Power and powerlessness: the two tempos of American fantasy.
Continuous Extension and Indivisibles in Galileo
Authors: Levey Samuel
Published: December 2020

This chapter studies Galileo’s account of continuous extension and his pioneering use of indivisibles in the analysis of paradoxes of infinity and continuity. Galileo’s treatment presents continuous magnitudes as composed of finite ever-divisible parts as well as infinitely many indivisible elements he calls partes non quanti. Special scrutiny is given to Galileo’s analysis of the paradox of Aristotle’s wheel as well as to Galileo’s account of continuous uniform and accelerated motion as it occurs in the Dialogo (1632) and the Discorsi (1638). Galileo’s discussion is illuminated by comparison with the techniques of Cavalieri and Huygens.
Continuity and Intuition in Eighteenth-Century Analysis and in Kant
Authors: Sutherland Daniel
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the status of geometrical and kinematic representations in the foundations of 18th century analysis and in Kant’s understanding of those foundations. It has two aims. First, relying on relatively recent reassessments of the history of analysis, it will attempt to bring forward a more accurate account of intuitive representation in 18th century analysis and the relation between British and Continental mathematics. Second, it will give a better account of Kant’s place in that history. The result shows that although Kant did no better at navigating the labyrinth of the continuum than his contemporaries, he had a more interesting and reasonable account of the foundations of analysis than an easy reading of either Kant or that history provides. It also permits a more accurate and interesting account of how and when a conception of foundations of analysis without intuitive representations emerged, and how that paved the way for Bolzano and Cauchy.
Cantor and Continuity
Authors: Kanamori Akihiro
Published: December 2020

Georg Cantor (1845-1919) made seminal contributions to the mathematical conceptualization of continuity and continua that would become basic for the development of topology and measure theory in mathematics. His articulations in this direction were part and parcel of his development of set theory out of mathematical analysis and, on a larger canvas, very much part of the rigorization of mathematics in the latter 19th Century. We consider Cantor’s work on the formulation of the real numbers; uncountability and dimension; and continua as formulated in terms of perfect and connected sets as seen in this light. The thematic emphasis will be on the drive of mathematical necessity for the mathematization of metaphysicially based concepts.
Regulating Unfair Terms and Consumer Protection under Taiwan Law
Authors: JAN Sheng-Lin
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how the contract law of Taiwan responds to extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation, sometimes targeted exclusively at standard terms or terms in consumer contracts. Attention is also paid to the enforcement mechanisms for measures of consumer protection. The chapter further analyses how the Taiwanese courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, including the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical clauses are analysed to illustrate how Taiwanese courts regulate unfair contract terms in practice.
Contract Interpretation and Unfair Terms in Vietnamese Contract Law
Authors: Hung Quang NGUYEN , Thuy Duong NGUYEN
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the law of Vietnam on contractual interpretation and the regulation of unfair terms. With regard to the former, it discusses two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts: the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms, as well as to what extent additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, good faith, and the negotiations of the parties; and it shows how the law of Vietnam resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. With regard to the latter, the chapter details the various responses available to tackle extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation targeted at standard terms and consumer contracts. Attention is also paid to the enforcement mechanisms for measures of consumer protection. The chapter further analyses how the courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, including the rules on procedural unfairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how the Vietnamese courts deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling and how they regulate unfair terms in practice.
Roman Colonies and the Distribution of Land before Sigonio
Authors: Stenhouse William
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the work of Renaissance historians of Roman colonization before Carlo Sigonio, from Andrea Fiocchi to Niccolò Machiavelli and Onofrio Panvinio. It shows that these earlier scholars, by thinking about Roman colonialism against the backdrop of Hapsburg power in Europe and in the New World, explored the idea of an empire that could be understood not just in terms of power but also in terms of territory, geographical control, and the practical administration of conquered land. Analysing the gradual rediscovery of the ancient Roman empire and its institutions in the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century, this chapter assesses the most significant advances that Sigonio made in respect to this humanist tradition. Sigonio added a crucial piece of evidence to the discourse on Roman colonial policies and linked historical discussions of agrarian laws and policy to historical accounts of the establishment of colonies.
Roman Colonization and Land Division between Enlightenment and Romanticism
Authors: Balbo Mattia
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyses the development of Roman legal colonial discourse in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, focusing on the studies of Louis de Beaufort and Barthold Georg Niebuhr, who are generally considered to have revolutionized Roman studies by their critical approach to the literary sources. Beaufort’s attempt to disconnect Roman land-distribution programmes from colonization schemes was part of a wider anti-feudal political agenda, advocating the redistribution of land to diminish aristocratic power and improve the living conditions of lower classes. Niebuhr continued this interest in Roman land division policies, focusing especially on the legal definition of different types of landholding and of the personal status of the farmers. His detailed studies convincingly showed the legal differences between colonial programmes and viritane land division schemes. Moreover, he argued that this last practice was restricted only to public lands, and was not used to redistribute private properties of aristocratic landowners.
The Latvian Response to Its First Economic Crisis under a Free Market Economy
Authors: Dupate Kristīne
Published: December 2020

Latvia was seriously hit by the economic crisis at the end of 2008. The national austerity measures introduced to combat the economic crisis were insufficient and the Republic of Latvia asked for the assistance of international donors. The International Monetary Fund, the EU, and Nordic countries lent an overall sum of €3.1 billion to the country during 2009–2011. After the reference to external aid, the Latvian government and parliament relied strongly on the argument that particular cuts and restrictions were dictated by international donors in order to defend national decisions for budget cuts. The cuts in the social security system concerned healthcare expenses and statutory social insurance allowances, including pensions. Parental allowances were also affected considerably, since, apart from the introduction of upper ceilings, the conditions of entitlement were also significantly altered. The provisions on cuts of old-age and service pensions as well as parental allowances were contested before the Constitutional Court. Based on fundamental rights and principles stemming from the Latvian Constitution, as well as on international human rights, the Constitutional Court ruled on the incompatibility of some of the measures with the Constitution.
Salus Rei Publicae Suprema Lex Esto? Welfare State Reforms Before the Greek Courts
Authors: Bakavou Maria
Published: December 2020

Having been seriously hit by the financial crisis, Greece was forced to implement reforms in the public social security system, aiming at securing the future financing of social policy measures, at reducing the public expenses through cuts of benefits, and at saving administrative costs by rationalising the management of social policy institutions. In the last years of the financial crisis a general reform took place aiming at stabilising the social security system. Given the cuts experienced by big parts of the population, several applications of annulment were brought before the Council of State. The jurisprudence of the court shows a gradual shifting: in the years 2012–2014 it upheld the constitutionality of the imposed measures, which were viewed as part of the general framework aiming to curb the public deficit. But in 2015 the ruling, in the face of the cumulative force of reductions on people’s income, was that the legislator must not only preserve a subsistence minimum but a decent standard of living for the citizens. Essentially, it was a signal that while the reduction of the public deficit remained mandatory, it was high time that the legislation sought other alternatives than minimising the welfare state.
The Predominance of a ‘Strong’ Economy over a ‘Weak’ Social Constitution
Authors: Maldonado Molina Juan Antonio , Romero Coronado Juan
Published: December 2020

In Spain, the economic crisis has generated a series of restrictive reforms, slashing the level of pensions, healthcare, long-term care, unemployment, social assistance, and family benefits. The majority of reforms do not stem from the Spanish parliament, but from the government, which has resorted to the systematic use of the royal decree-law as a legislative instrument to implement not only temporary reforms but also eminently permanent structural reforms. Spain’s Constitutional Court has validated the government’s use of the royal decree-law on very permissive grounds. This has led to the fracturing of the separation of powers and the distortion of the natural mechanisms for creating legislation, contending that extraordinary measures must be taken with extreme urgency. Furthermore, the Spanish Constitution was reformed in 2011, introducing the principle of budgetary stability. After this constitutional reform, the Spanish constitutional panorama is one where social and economic provisions coexist, but economic provisions prevail, creating an imbalance between the social and the economic. This predominance of a ‘strong’ economic constitution over a ‘weak’ social constitution was clearly manifested during the crisis, when all reforms in social law were subordinated to the economic rationale of controlling the budget deficit.
The Demon in a Wolfskin
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: December 2020

This chapter has investigates the case of the wolfskin-wearing Hero of Temesa, the vengeful ghost-demon of Odysseus’ crewman Polites. It is argued that the figure should be viewed as a werewolf amongst other ancient werewolves. It is important to disaggregate the various accounts of the Hero and to differentiate between them, including the two offered side-by-side by Pausanias, the first a narrative, the second an exposition of an image. Both of these accounts align in an informative way with a productive story-type in which champions deliver victims from a usually serpentine monster. Careful analysis of Pausanias’ description of the picture in the light of the story-type exposes the fact that it plays with a rather different cast-list from that of Pausanias’ narrative, one in which the role of the athlete-champion Euthymus is actually taken by the river Kalabros and the role of the victim is taken not by a girl, but by the youth Sybaris. As to the comparative examples of the story-type, the picture-description aligns particularly well with Antoninus Liberalis’ tale of the delivery of the youth Alcyoneus from the Lamia-Sybaris monster of Delphi by Eurybatus, descendant of the river Axius. In both cases the monster is seemingly transformed into a spring after its demise.
An introduction to black holes
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

In this chapter the basics of the geometry of stationary black-hole spacetimes are presented. We start in Section 4.1 with a brief review of astrophysical black holes. We continue in Section 4.2 with the presentation of the flagship black hole, the Schwarzschild solution: we construct there its various extensions, and analyse some of its properties. The general notions arising in the context of black-hole geometries are presented in Section 4.3. A systematic discussion of extensions of spacetimes is carried out in Section 4.4. The charged counterparts of the Schwarzchild metric, namely the Reissner–Nordström metrics, are analysed in Section 4.5. The Kerr metric, expected to describe the most general vacuum, stationary, and rotating black holes, is presented in Section 4.6. The electrovacuum Majumdar–Papapetrou spacetimes, containing two or more disconnected black-hole regions, are described in Section 4.7.
Distributive Conflict and Interest Group Preferences in Deficit Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

The politics of adjustment in deficit countries were characterized by strong domestic discontent, leading to significant political upheaval. Why did policymakers in these countries nonetheless implement unprecedented austerity and painful structural reforms? Zooming in on the domestic drivers of this adjustment choice, this chapter highlights mechanisms by which internal adjustment grew more politically feasible in deficit countries. The chapter draws on original survey data on the policy preferences of 359 economic interest groups in Ireland, Spain and Greece. It finds that while groups were consistently negative to a full range of scenarios by which external adjustment could be achieved in deficit countries, their preferences toward austerity measures and structural reforms varied much more widely. This variation, it is argued, facilitated the formation of pro-internal adjustment coalitions in deficit country contexts. Moreover, the chapter shows that opportunity costs mattered. While opposed to internal adjustment in absolute terms, a large majority of interest groups in deficit countries grew pliable to the prospect of it when faced with a choice between this and the alternative of abandoning the euro; even if internal adjustment programs were comprised of policies that groups themselves distinctly opposed.
Conclusion
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

The concluding chapter begins by summarizing and discussing the insights that this book has generated. It has addressed three aspects that have received scant attention in existing research: The importance of analyzing the Eurozone crisis in comparative perspective, the importance of examining the whole range of policy options, including the ones not chosen, and the importance of analyzing crisis politics not just in deficit-debtor, but also in surplus-creditor countries. Because the bulk of the book’s analyses have focused on domestic distributive struggles, the concluding chapter turns to the question to what extent the book’s approach is useful for understanding the distributive struggles on the European level as well. For this purpose, the chapter examines how surplus and deficit states positioned themselves with regard to the core EMU-related issues and reforms that were discussed in the European Council during the Eurozone crisis. The analysis shows that on policy issues related to questions of adjustment and financing, deficit and surplus countries aligned in opposing camps. Moreover, creditor-surplus countries managed to secure policy decisions in line with their preferences on almost all adjustment-related policy issues. This meant that deficit countries had to carry the bulk of the adjustment burden. In contrast, surplus countries showed more willingness to compromise on issues related to financing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings and offers an agenda for future research.
Generalized Maps
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

Spaces of generalised sections (also called section-distributions) are introduced, and their fundamental properties are described. Several special cases are considered, with particular attention to the case of semi-densities; when a Hermitian structure on the underlying classical bundle is given, these determine a rigged Hilbert space, which can be regarded as a basic notion in quantum geometry. The essentials of tensor products in distributional spaces, kernels and Fourier transforms are exposed.
Special Generalized Densities on Minkowski Spacetime
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

Certain densities related to mass-shells in Minkowski spacetime, and the Fourier transforms of such densities, constitute the ground for a thorough examination of elementary solutions and propagators of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. These notions turn out to be relevant in the computations of transition amplitudes in quantum particle physics.
Multi-particle Spaces
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

The fundamental algebraic notions needed in many-particle physics are exposed. Spaces of free states containing an arbitrary number of particles of many types are introduced. The operator algebra generated by absorption and emission operators is studied as a natural generalisation of standard exterior algebra. The link between the discrete and the distributional formalisms is provided by the spaces of finite linear combinations of semi-densities of Dirac type.
Uncentred Minds
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

In this chapter I explore the relationship between Fernando Pessoa and Buddhism. I first introduce the brilliant French philosopher Simone Weil (1909–43), a contemporary of Pessoa but someone of whom he certainly had never heard. One way to read her remarks is as directed against the positional use of ‘I’, against the deployment in thought and speech of a positional conception of self. One should abandon forms of self-consciousness that are grounded in one’s thinking of oneself as the one at the centre of a landscape of sensation. For Weil, it is precisely such contact with reality as attention makes possible which holds the uncentred mind together, preventing its content being ‘a phantasmagoric fluttering with no centre or sense’. The uncentred mind would thus be a sort of conformal and aperspectival map of reality, standing in correspondence with the world without any privileged perspectival point. With these distinctions in mind, we say more of the mind of Alberto Caeiro, and address the question whether he is a Buddhist heteronym.
Reference, the Context Principle, and the Significance of Sentential Priority
Authors: Weiner Joan
Published: December 2020

Several sections of Basic Laws (§§10, 28–31) appear to offer intrinsically metatheoretic and, indeed, proto-model theoretic proofs. These sections are also notoriously puzzling: the proofs seem obviously incorrect, and it is difficult to understand how Frege could have thought that they worked. In this chapter it is argued that the puzzles in question are artifacts of the Standard Interpretation. They result, in particular, from the assumption that a subsentential expression’s having Bedeutung amounts to its referring to an extra-linguistic entity. The solution to the apparent difficulties is to see that a version of Frege’s context principle—a sentential priority view—is operative even in his later works.
Words within words
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the nature of ‘phonological word’ and ‘grammatical word’ in three disparate languages (on each of which the author has done extensive fieldwork and published a comprehensive description), examining the ways in which one type of word may be included within another type. In Yidiñ, an Australian language, a grammatical word may consist of a whole number of phonological words. Jarawara—from the small Arawá family in the Amazonian jungle of Brazil—also has this feature and in addition allows a phonological word to consist of a whole number of grammatical words. Finally, the Austronesian language Fijian shows both these and also has a grammatical word consisting of one and a bit phonological words (and thus, necessarily, a phonological word consisting of one and a bit grammatical words).
Snow Avalanches
Authors: Louchet Francois
Published: December 2020

This work is a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of the avalanche science. It aims at re-founding it on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to strong mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. It points out snow peculiarities, regarding both static mechanical properties and flow dynamics, that may strongly differ from those of compact solids for the former, and of Newtonian fluids for the latter. It analyzes the general processes involved in avalanche release, in terms of brittle fracture and ductile plasticity, specific friction laws, flow of healable granular materials, percolation concepts, cellular automata, scale invariance, criticality, theory of dynamical systems, bifurcations, etc. As a result, slab triggering (including remote triggering) can be summarized by the “slab avalanche release in 4 steps” concept, based on weak layer local collapse and subsequent propagation driven by slab weight. The frequent abortion of many incipient avalanches is easily explained in terms of snow grain dynamical healing. Sluffs and full-depth avalanches are also analyzed. Such advances pave the way for significant progress in risk evaluation procedures. In the present context of a speeding-up climate warming, possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability are also tentatively discussed. We show how, in mountainous areas, the present analysis can be extended to other gravitational failures (rock-falls, landslides) that are likely to take over from avalanches in such circumstances. The text is supported by on-line links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.
Measuring Private Equity Performance
Authors: Gilligan John , Wright Mike
Published: December 2020

This chapter explains how to measure private equity performance. One of the key distinctions to be focused on is the gross versus net performance of a fund or investor. Gross returns are the returns earned by the private equity fund before fees are paid to the manager. Meanwhile, net returns are the returns earned by the investors in the fund after the fees of the manager have been deducted. Various measures are applied to monitor and adjust for the timing differences between total return and receipt of cash flows. DPI measures distribution as a percentage of paid-in capital, while TVPI measures total value as a percentage of paid-in capital. However, the most commonly used measure is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). IRR is a cash flow measure that allows for the timing of cash flows. The chapter then highlights the importance of understanding both the overall industry returns and their variance and volatility over time. The variation in returns between the most successful and least successful fund managers is a key statistic to understand the performance and risks of the industry.
Pre-Strike Ballots in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice
Published: December 2020

Chapter 3 contains a comparative review of pre-strike ballot requirements, describing the principal forms adopted around the world. It demonstrates that pre-strike ballot requirements can range from ‘light touch’ regulation specifying that union rules must contain provisions requiring the conduct of pre-strike ballots but attaching almost no consequence to failure to do so, through to highly prescriptive requirements which can have the effect of making it exceedingly difficult lawfully to take strike action. Chapter 3 then examines in detail the pre-strike ballot requirements that have been adopted in four jurisdictions: the United States, where there are no formal pre-strike ballot requirements; South Africa, where formerly stringent ballot requirements were replaced by light touch regulation in 1995; Canada, where there are formal requirements for the conduct of pre-strike ballots, but where they appear to be of only very marginal inconvenience to trade unions; and the United Kingdom which has adopted exceedingly complex provisions which betoken an almost obsessive desire to regulate the circumstances and manner in which strike action can lawfully be taken. The chapter also points to the case of Australia, which has adopted an approach that is, in many respects, similar to that of the United Kingdom—albeit with some significant differences. The similarities are such that the detailed study of the operation of the Australian provision affords many insights into the operation of the British provisions, and into the role of law as a means of regulating industrial behaviour more generally.
Scriptural Models of Dream Interpretation
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter traces the models of prophetic dream interpretation that were available to late antique Jewish, Byzantine Christian, and early Islamic writers from their own scriptural traditions. It offers a survey of those foundational scriptural traditions regarding the spiritual value and meaning of dreams and visions. First, it examines the Hebrew scriptures on prophetic dreams and their hierarchy of revelation. The ambiguity inherent in enigmatic dreams gave the chance of a starring role to two young men blessed with the divine gift of dream interpretation, Joseph and Daniel. Women had only a very limited place within the Hebrew prophetic tradition. Prophetic women were given a great chance to star in the New Testament writings, and especially in early apostolic tradition of Montanism. The chapter discusses how this third-century prophetic movement dealt with the question of extra-biblical prophecy through visions. The problem of discerning true from false prophets will be found to be a live issue for early Christian commentators such as Origen of Alexandria. Finally, the chapter contrasts the Judaeo-Christian scriptural tradition with the Qur’anic verses in which Muhammad, the Seal of the Prophets, described his various revelations.
Dreambooks
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter on dreambooks from our three main religious traditions concentrates on the differences between reported male and female dreaming, and the different interpretative strategies that were applied in these sources to men’s and women’s dreams. It starts by considering where dreambooks or dream key manuals began in the Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman traditions. The importance of generic context is again paramount. Dreambooks were written as manuals for interpreters but eventually came to be used by laypersons without any special training. The problem of discernment between good and evil dreams, and their causes, was not the primary concern of dreambook writers or those who used them, nor did they worry about how dreams related to a future that was governed by providence. They were simply concerned with what a specific dream meant for the present and future: was it good or bad? Dream interpreters attempted to lend scientific credibility to the profession by laying out in detail the many factors that could influence the interpretation of a dream. One of these variables was the gender of the dreamer, as seen in a survey of dream symbols from the Oneirocriticon of Artemidorus, the Book of Blessings, Byzantine dreambooks, and the early Islamic tradition.
In the Footsteps of the Prophets
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter traces the evidence for appropriation of Jewish and Christian traditions by Muhammad and his early followers, the companions. It studies the portrayal of prophetic dreamers by Byzantine and early Islamic history writers, who sought to trace a providential hand at work in human affairs. This chapter focuses on the place of dreams in the stories of the long period of conflict between Byzantium and the followers of the Prophet from 622 to 1000 CE. It reads the Qur’an as a series of prophetic messages developed in an apocalyptic context where the end of the world was thought to be imminent. The military successes of Muhammad’s followers meant a greater presence of apocalypticism in Byzantine chronicles also. It shows that women played an important role in both the Byzantine and Islamic narratives of their victories and defeats, both as dreamers and interpreters of dreams for the males in their families. In contrast to dreambooks, sayings of the sages, and hagiography, the historiographical texts of this period contain no dreams of demonic origin, and thus no deception in dreams. Only dreams which proved ‘true’ are considered worthy of relating in such histories. Prophecies containing dreams which were invented after the event (vaticinia ex eventu) are a feature shared by the Byzantine and Islamic traditions.
The Syro-Anatolian City-States
Authors: Osborne James F.
Published: December 2020

This book presents a new model for the kingdoms that clustered around the northeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea during the Iron Age, ca. 1200–600 bce. Rather than presenting them as an ancient version of the modern nation-state, characterized by homogenous ethnolinguistic communities like “the Aramaeans” or “the Luwians” living in neatly bounded territories, this book presents these polities as being fundamentally diverse and variable, distinguished by demographic fluidity and cultural mobility. This conclusion is reached via an examination of a host of evidentiary sources, including site plans, settlement patterns, visual arts, and historical sources. Together, these lines of evidence lead to the awareness that this time and place consisted of a complex fusion of cultural traditions that is nevertheless distinctly recognizable unto itself. This book thus proposes a new term to encapsulate that diversity: the Syro-Anatolian Culture Complex.
Equities and Exchanges, 1970–92
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: December 2020

Even after barriers to financial flows began to be removed in the 1970s equity investment continued to be conducted on a national basis, because of political, currency, and liquidity risks. There was no equivalent among equities of those bonds that attracted all international investors, such as US government debt; a currency such as the US$ that underpinned global financial transactions; or highly liquid derivative contracts that could be used to hedge risk. However, in 1980s equities acquired global appeal and cross-border investment expanded rapidly, though remaining dwarfed by domestic holdings. Nevertheless, a major obstacle to the emergence of a global equity market remained in the form of the institutional nature of the exchanges in which trading took place. Attempts at reform had already taken place in the USA in the 1970s but that left the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq as an effective duopoly. The institutional nature of the equity market frustrated the ambitions of the megabanks and the interdealer brokers as they wanted direct access to the trading system. That barrier to change was finally breached in the 1980s when membership of London Stock Exchange was opened up to these global banks and trading moved online. This event was known as Big Bang and had implications around the world, but especially in Western Europe, because of London’s importance as an international financial centre. Combined with the ending of exchange controls Big Bang made the global equity market much more competitive, forcing change upon reluctant exchanges and protective regulators around the world.
Regulation and Regulators, 1970–92
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: December 2020

Before 1970 regulators had relied on the principle of divide and rule as a way of keeping financial systems in order. What this meant in practice was that even in market-based economies authority was exercised behind national boundaries, aided by controls on international financial flows, and by insisting upon a degree of internal compartmentalization not only between banks and markets but also within the banking sector. By the 1970s it was becoming apparent that a growing proportion of financial activity was taking place away from those centres, markets, and institutions over which regulators could exercise some control. The result led governments to abandon formal controls and regulators to search for ways of supervising financial markets. Increasingly the solution was seen to lie with the megabanks as they had the capacity to monitor and police their own behaviour, and were closely supervised by central banks.
Bonds and Currencies, 1993–2006
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: December 2020

There was a spectrum of funding sources open to any borrower in a modern market economy, ranging from self-finance through bank loans and mortgages to the issue of bills, bonds, and stocks. The same applied to savers with the options being available including bank deposits, negotiable securities, and direct holdings of property. The switch from the lend-and-hold model of banking to the originate-and-distribute one generated a growing variety of financial assets, as existing loans were converted into transferable debts that were then sold to investors and traded in secondary markets. From the 1990s there was an explosion in securitization, which was expected to benefit all. Borrowers would pay a lower rate of interest and access more abundant funding; savers would be able to buy safer but higher yielding investments; while the financial system would be simultaneously more stable, efficient, and competitive. Forgotten in this process was the need for a market for these securitized assets, for otherwise they would lack the liquidity that made them so attractive. Using the parallel of the foreign exchange market the assumption was made that securitized assets could always be bought and sold through direct dealing between banks or the actions of interdealer brokers rather than a formal listing on a stock exchange. This belief was delusional but shared by all.
Chapter IV
Authors: Collins Wilkie
Published: December 2020

On the appointed Monday we were ready to accompany my aunt to the madhouse.

Whether she distrusted her own unaided judgment, or whether she wished to have as many witnesses as possible to the rash action in which she was about to engage, I cannot...
Chapter XVI
Authors: Collins Wilkie
Published: December 2020

Acting on the doctor’s information, the burgomaster issued his order. At eight o’clock in the evening, on the third of January, the remains of Mrs Wagner were to be removed to the cemetery-building, outside the Friedberg Gate of Frankfort.

Long before the present century, the...
Volume II Chapter I
Authors: Lewis Matthew
Published: December 2020

Avaunt! and quit my sight! Let the Earth hide thee!

Thy bones are marrowless; thy blood is cold;

Thou hast no speculation in those eyes

Which Thou dost glare with! Hence, horrible shadow!

Unreal mockery hence!*

Macbeth.
Mr Fisker’s Success
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

Mr Fisker was fully satisfied with the progress he had made, but he never quite succeeded in reconciling Paul Montague to the whole transaction. Mr Melmotte was indeed so great a reality, such a fact in the commercial world of London, that it was...
Ruby Ruggles Obeys Her Grandfather
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

The next day there was a great surprise at Sheep’s Acre farm, which communicated itself to the towns of Bungay and Beccles, and even affected the ordinary quiet life of Carbury Manor. Ruby Ruggles had gone away, and at about twelve o’clock in the...
Miss Longestaffe Again at Caversham
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

All this time Mr Longestaffe was necessarily detained in London while the three ladies of his family were living forlornly at Caversham. He had taken his younger daughter home on the day after his visit to Lady Monogram, and in all his intercourse with...
Hamilton K. Fisker Again
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

Ten days had passed since the meeting narrated in the last chapter,—ten days, during which Hetta’s letter had been sent to her lover, but in which she had received no reply,—when two gentlemen met each other in a certain room in Liverpool, who were...
Chapter IV
Authors: Equiano Olaudah
Published: December 2020

The author is baptized—Narrowly escapes drowning—Goes on an expedition to the Mediterranean—Incidents he met with there—Is witness to an engagement between some English and French ships— A particular account of the celebrated engagement between Admiral Boscawen and Mons. Le Clue, off Cape Logas, in August...
Chapter IX: To Garum Firs
Authors: Eliot George
Published: December 2020

While the possible troubles of Maggie’s future were occupying her father’s mind, she herself was tasting only the bitterness of the present. Childhood has no forebodings; but then, it is soothed by no memories of outlived sorrow.

The fact was, the day had begun ill...
Chapter I: What Had Happened at Home
Authors: Eliot George
Published: December 2020

When Mr Tulliver first knew the fact that the lawsuit was decided against him, and that Pivart and Wakem were triumphant, every one who happened to observe him at the time thought that, for so confident and hot-tempered a man, he bore the blow...
IX: Charity in Full-Dress
Authors: Eliot George
Published: December 2020

The culmination of Maggie’s career as an admired member of society in St Ogg’s was certainly the day of the bazaar, when her simple, noble beauty, clad in a white muslin of some soft-floating kind, which I suspect must have come from the stores...
Chapter I
Authors: Dostoevsky Fyodor
Published: December 2020

One evening in early July, during a spell of exceptionally hot weather,* a young man came out of the garret he rented from the tenants of a flat in S—— Lane, went downstairs to the street and set off, slowly and rather...
Chapter III
Authors: Dostoevsky Fyodor
Published: December 2020

It was already late when he awoke next day, after a restless night. He felt no stronger for his sleep, and woke feeling queasy, irritable, and bad-tempered. He looked with loathing around his little room. It was a tiny cell about six paces long,...
Chapter V
Authors: Dostoevsky Fyodor
Published: December 2020

Raskolnikov was already on his way in. He entered with the air of a man doing his best to stop himself bursting out laughing. Following behind him, looking furious and thoroughly crushed, blushing as red as a peony, came Razumikhin, lanky, awkward, and covered...
Chapter IV
Authors: Dostoevsky Fyodor
Published: December 2020

Raskolnikov, meanwhile, went straight to the house on the canal where Sonia lived. It was an old three-storey house painted green. He sought out the porter, who gave him vague directions to the tailor Kapernaumov’s lodging. In a corner of the yard he found...
Chapter III
Authors: Dostoevsky Fyodor
Published: December 2020

‘Piotr Petrovich!’ she cried, ‘you at least must stand up for me! Get this half-witted creature to see that she’s not to dare treat a respectable lady like this, when she’s struck down by misfortune. There are laws against it… I’ll go to...
XI. The new Tie to Life
Authors: Jacobs Harriet
Published: December 2020

I Returned to my good grandmother’s house. She had an interview with Mr. Sands. When she asked him why he could not have left her one ewe lamb,*—whether there were not plenty of slaves who did not care about...
XXV. Competition in Cunning
Authors: Jacobs Harriet
Published: December 2020

Dr.
Flint had not given me up. Every now and then he would say to my grandmother that I would yet come back, and voluntarily surrender myself; and that when I did, I could be purchased by my relatives, or any one who wished...
XXVIII. Aunt Nancy
Authors: Jacobs Harriet
Published: December 2020

I Have mentioned my great-aunt, who was a slave in Dr. Flint’s family, and who had been my refuge during the shameful persecutions I suffered from him. This aunt had been married at twenty years of age; that is, as far as slaves...
Chapter II Waverley-Honour—A Retrospect
Authors: Scott Sir Walter
Published: December 2020

Ti is then sixty years since87 Edward Waverley, the hero of the following pages, took leave of his family to join the regiment of dragoons in which he had lately obtained a commission. It was a melancholy day at Waverley-Honour when the...