bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MetaNet
Authors: Sweetser Eve , David Oana , Stickles Elise
Published: July 2019

We showcase some of the defining characteristics of the architecture of the MetaNet Automated Metaphor Identification System that make it stand out relative to other metaphor database and computational metaphor identification endeavors. The discussion focuses on the central role played by grammatical constructions in automatically discovering metaphoric language in large corpora, providing examples across the four languages studied – English, Spanish, Farsi, and Russian. Among the many target domains studied, we provide examples from Taxation (e.g., taxes weigh me down,
taxation is a burden
). Although the system was originally developed primarily to examine metaphors within political and economic domains, the general ontology allows new frames and metaphors to be incorporated, sometimes with very little added labor.
The tripartite typology and the Córdoba Metonymy Database
Authors: Barcelona Antonio
Published: July 2019

The Córdoba Metonymy Database has been designed as a tool for systematically investigating conceptual metonymy across a wide variety of authentic discourse samples, mostly in English and Spanish. Its entry model features eleven analytical fields. One of them, Field 2, is devoted to suggesting the most likely hierarchy including the metonymy under analysis. The top (or “generic”) level of that hierarchy is the tripartite typology
whole for part
,
part for whole
, and
part for part
. After describing the database and its entry model, the author argues against the proposals to rule out the tripartite typology and discusses the criteria to apply the tripartite typology to the metonymies so far included in the database.
The lexical vs. corpus-based method in the study of metaphors
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán , Ambrus Laura , Hegedűs Dániel , Imai Ren , Sobczak Anna
Published: July 2019

In the past 15–20 years, there has been an increasing tendency to study metaphors found in real data (large corpora, specific discourses, conversations, etc.). What became known as “corpus-linguistic methods” of metaphor study, distinguish themselves from a prior way of studying metaphor that is often labeled “intuitive,” “subjective,” and “eclectic.”

In this paper, we propose an updated version of this “intuitive” method, which is termed here the “lexical approach.” We compare and evaluate this approach with the corpus-based one, making use of the concept of SURPRISE (see Kövecses, 2015) for demonstrative purposes.

We conclude with some methodological suggestions, in which we argue that the two approaches reinforce and complement one another, toward the common goal of advancing metaphor theory.
Figurative reasoning in hedged performatives
Authors: Panther Klaus-Uwe , Thornburg Linda L.
Published: July 2019

This chapter combines a cognitive linguistic and a pragmatic approach to a specific class of speech acts known as hedged performatives, such as I can offer you a five-year contract, which, despite the modal hedge can on the illocutionary verb offer, conventionally counts as an offer. We demonstrate that analytical tools such as conceptual framing and metonymic inferencing shed light on the meaning and use of hedged performatives. Using corpus data, we show that the target meanings of indirect speech acts, including hedged performatives, are not coded, and therefore not compositionally computable. Rather, they are accessible through cognitive operations that humans perform spontaneously and automatically, making them a challenge to machine-based simulations of such mental processes.
Metaphor repositories and cross-linguistic comparison
Authors: Brdar Mario , Brdar-Szabó Rita , Perak Benedikt
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the relationship between repositories of figurative speech, cross-linguistic research and ontology models. We first demonstrate on two case studies some problems caused by cross-linguistic comparison of some conceptual metaphors and claim that the interaction between repositories and cross-linguistic research results in more synergy if an ontology model mediates between them. We then present the architecture of the Ontological Model of Concepts and Construction that seeks to capture the ontological and conceptual organization in 16 emergent layers and (super)impose a referential lexical and constructional layer of language-specific knowledge, metaphor appearing as a conceptual process involving the violation of the ontological congruency between concepts activated by linguistic construction triggering emergent enrichment of the construed concept.
Ecosystem services dynamics response to tremendous reclamation in a coastal island city
Authors: Deng Jinsong , Lin Yi , Zhou Mengmeng , Wu Chun , Chen Binjie , Xiao Guoqiang , Cai Jinbo
Published: July 2019

Introduction
: Ecosystem services are the benefits delivering from the natural environment to human society. Ecosystem services are regarded as important tools for decision-makers to understand the impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change.
Outcomes
: The dynamic of four primary ecosystem service indicators were assessed over 1984–2014 based on InVEST model and their responses to LULC changes have been analyzed by the ecosystem service change index (ESCI) and ecosystem service state index (ESSI). Our results confirmed the significant increment in land reclamation in Zhoushan City and over half of the reclamation area was used for human-induced urbanization and over a quarter for the fishery. For the whole territory, the most significant LULC conversions were observed between agricultural land and urban. The study period witnessed the degradation of habitat quality and soil sediment, an increment of the water yield and no significant change of carbon storage.
Discussion and Conclusion
: Most changes in LULC are significantly related to the dynamics of ecosystem services, which were more impacted in the reclamation area than the rest of the city. Our study highlights the importance of ecosystem service assessments for sustainable land planning and securing economic development.
Robustness self-testing of states and measurements in the prepare-and-measure scenario with

3
→
1

random access code*
Authors: Wei Shi-Hui , Guo Fen-Zhuo , Li Xin-Hui , Wen Qiao-Yan
Published: July 2019

Recently, Tavakoli et al. proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys. Rev. A

98

062307 (2018)]. They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an

N
→
1

(

N
≥
2

) random access code (RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a

2
→
1

RAC. Since all

N
→
1

RACs with shared randomness are combinations of

2
→
1

and

3
→
1

RACs, the

3
→
1

RAC is just as important as the

2
→
1

RAC. In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the

3
→
1

RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario. The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.
Optimization of a magneto–optic trap using nanofibers*
Authors: Wang Xin , Song Li-Jun , Wang Chen-Xi , Zhang Peng-Fei , Li Gang , Zhang Tian-Cai
Published: July 2019

We experimentally demonstrate a reliable method based on a nanofiber to optimize the number of cold atoms in a magneto–optical trap (MOT) and to monitor the MOT in real time. The atomic fluorescence is collected by a nanofiber with subwavelength diameter of about 400 nm. The MOT parameters are experimentally adjusted in order to match the maximum number of cold atoms provided by the fluorescence collected by the nanofiber. The maximum number of cold atoms is obtained when the intensities of the cooling and re-pumping beams are about 23.5 mW/cm2 and 7.1 mW/cm2, respectively; the detuning of the cooling beam is −13.0 MHz, and the axial magnetic gradient is about 9.7 Gauss/cm. We observe a maximum photon counting rate of nearly (4.5±0.1) × 105 counts/s. The nanofiber–atom system can provide a powerful and flexible tool for sensitive atom detection and for monitoring atom–matter coupling. It can be widely used from quantum optics to quantum precision measurement.
New hybrid FDTD algorithm for electromagnetic problem analysis*
Authors: He Xin-Bo , Wei Bing , Fan Kai-Hang , Li Yi-Wen , Wei Xiao-Long
Published: July 2019

Since the time step of the traditional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is limited by the small grid size, it is inefficient when dealing with the electromagnetic problems of multi-scale structures. Therefore, the explicit and unconditionally stable FDTD (US-FDTD) approach has been developed to break through the limitation of Courant–Friedrich–Levy (CFL) condition. However, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system matrix must be calculated before the time iteration in the explicit US-FDTD. Moreover, the eigenvalue decomposition is also time consuming, especially for complex electromagnetic problems in practical application. In addition, compared with the traditional FDTD method, the explicit US-FDTD method is more difficult to introduce the absorbing boundary and plane wave. To solve the drawbacks of the traditional FDTD and the explicit US-FDTD, a new hybrid FDTD algorithm is proposed in this paper. This combines the explicit US-FDTD with the traditional FDTD, which not only overcomes the limitation of CFL condition but also reduces the system matrix dimension, and introduces the plane wave and the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorption boundary conveniently. With the hybrid algorithm, the calculation of the eigenvalues is only required in the fine mesh region and adjacent coarse mesh region. Therefore, the calculation efficiency is greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the plane wave and the absorption boundary introduction of the traditional FDTD method can be directly utilized. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness, accuracy, stability, and convenience of this hybrid algorithm.
Design of an augmented reality display based on polarization grating*
Authors: Xia Renjie , Wang Changshun , Pan Yujia , Chen Tianyu , Lyu Ziyao , Sun Lili
Published: July 2019

A new optical system for an augmented reality (AR) display is proposed in this paper. The optical system mainly includes a ray deflector, coupling input grating, optical waveguide, and coupling output grating. Both the ray deflector and the coupling input grating are designed based on the diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating, and the coupling output grating is the Bragg reflection grating. Compared with other AR schemes, this AR optical system not only reduces the number of projections from two to one, but also improves the efficiency of light coupling into the optical waveguides. The energy loss is reduced by utilizing the single-order diffraction characteristics of the polarization grating in its coupling input structure. The light deflector uses the polarization selectivity of the polarization grating and the characteristics of the rotating light of the twisted nematic liquid crystal layer to realize beam deflection. The working principle of the optical system is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated.
Light propagation characteristics of turbulent plasma sheath surrounding the hypersonic aerocraft*
Authors: Lv Chunjing , Cui Zhiwei , Han Yiping
Published: July 2019

The characteristics of light propagation through turbulent plasma sheath surrounding the hypersonic aircraft have been studied. The turbulent flow fields around a hypersonic aircraft are given by using the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations and k–ε turbulence model. Based on the distribution of flow field, refractive index and density of the plasma sheath for a blunt cone are discussed with different flight velocities and altitudes. The refractive index is mainly influenced by the electrons in the turbulent plasma sheath. The influence of different velocities and altitudes on the features of light propagation in the turbulent plasma sheath is analyzed. The results show that as the flight speed increases or the flight altitude decreases, the refractive index fluctuation becomes larger. It is also found that the refractive index fluctuation varies with the incident wavelength. This study shows how the characteristics of an optical beam propagating through plasma sheath are affected by the incident wavelength, flight velocities, and altitudes.
Phase-dependent double optomechanically induced transparency in a hybrid optomechanical cavity system with coherently mechanical driving*
Authors: Wu Shi-Chao , Qin Li-Guo , Lu Jian , Wang Zhong-Yang
Published: July 2019

We propose a scheme that can generate tunable double optomechanically induced transparency in a hybrid optomechanical cavity system. In this system, the mechanical resonator of the optomechanical cavity is coupled with an additional mechanical resonator and the additional mechanical resonator can be driven by a weak external coherently mechanical driving field. We show that both the intensity and the phase of the external mechanical driving field can control the propagation of the probe field, including changing the transmission spectrum from double windows to a single-window. Our study also provides an effective way to generate intensity-controllable, narrow-bandwidth transmission spectra, with the probe field modulated from excessive opacity to remarkable amplification.
Soliton guidance and nonlinear coupling for polarized vector spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian beams in nonlocal nonlinear media*
Authors: Sun Chunzhi , Liang Guo
Published: July 2019

We investigate the incoherent beams with two orthogonal polarizations in nonlocal nonlinear media, one of which is a fundamental Gaussian beam and the other is spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian beam carrying the orbital angular momentum (OAM). Using the variational approach, we obtain the critical power and the critical OAM required for the vector spiraling elliptic Hermite–Gaussian solitons. In the strong nonlocality region, two components of the vector beam contribute to the nonlinear refractive index in a linear manner by the sum of their respective power. The nonlinear refractive index exhibits a circularly symmetrical profile in despite of the elliptic shapes for spiraling Hermite–Gaussian beams. We find that in the strong nonlocality region, the critical power and the rotational velocity are the same regardless of the relative ratio of the constituent powers. The nonlinear refractive index loses its circular symmetry in weak nonlocality region, and the nonlinear coupling effect is observed. Due to the radiation of the OAM, the damping of the rotation is predicted, and can be suppressed by decreasing the proportion of the spiraling elliptic component of the vector beam.
Phase-related noise characteristics of 780 nm band single-frequency lasers used in the cold atomic clock*
Authors: Zhang Xi , Yang Fei , Feng Zi-Tong , Zhao Jie-Jun , Wei Fang , Cai Hai-Wen , Qu Rong-Hui
Published: July 2019

We propose a method to directly measure phase-related noise characteristics of single-frequency lasers in the 728–980 nm band based on a 120° phase difference interferometer. Differential phase information of the laser under test is demodulated via the interferometer. Other parameters related to the phase noise characteristics such as linewidth at different observation time, phase/frequency noise, power spectrum density of phase/frequency fluctuation, and Allan deviation are further obtained. Frequency noise as low as 1 Hz2/Hz can be measured using our system. Then the phase-related noise characteristics of two commercial lasers frequently used in cold atomic clocks are studied systematically by the method. Furthermore, several influencing factors and their relative evolution laws are also revealed, such as the pump current and frequency-locking control parameters. This would help to optimize the laser performance, select laser sources, and evaluate the system performance for cold atomic physics applications.
Dramatic change of the self-diffusions of colloidal ellipsoids by hydrodynamic interactions in narrow channels*
Authors: Li Han-Hai , Zheng Zhong-Yu , Xie Tian , Wang Yu-Ren
Published: July 2019

The self-diffusion problem of Brownian particles under the constraint of quasi-one-dimensional (q1D) channel has raised wide concern. The hydrodynamic interaction (HI) plays an important role in many practical problems and two-body interactions remain dominant under q1D constraint. We measure the diffusion coefficient of individual ellipsoid when two ellipsoidal particles are close to each other by video-microscopy measurement. Meanwhile, we obtain the numerical simulation results of diffusion coefficient using finite element software. We find that the self-diffusion coefficient of the ellipsoid decreases exponentially with the decrease of their mutual distance X when

X
<

X

0

, where X
0 is the maximum distance of the ellipsoids to maintain their mutual influence, X
0 and the variation rate are related to the aspect ratio p=a/b. The mean squared displacement (MSD) of the ellipsoids indicates that the self-diffusion appears as a crossover region, in which the diffusion coefficient increases as the time increases in the intermediate time regime, which is proven to be caused by the spatial variations affected by the hydrodynamic interactions. These findings indicate that hydrodynamic interaction can significantly affect the self-diffusion behavior of adjacent particles and has important implications to the research of microfluidic problems in blood vessels and bones, drug delivery, and lab-on-chip.
Influence of vibration on spatiotemporal structure of the pattern in dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Han Rong , Dong Li-Fang , Huang Jia-Yu , Sun Hao-Yang , Liu Bin-Bin , Mi Yan-Lin
Published: July 2019

The influence of vibration on the spatiotemporal structure of the pattern in dielectric barrier discharge is studied for the first time. The spatiotemporal structure of the pattern investigated by an intensified charge-coupled device shows that it is an interleaving of three sublattices, whose discharge sequence is small rods–halos–large spots in each half-cycle of the applied voltage. The result of the photomultiplier indicates that the small rods are composed of moving filaments. The moving mode of the moving filaments is determined to be antisymmetric stretching vibration by analyzing a series of consecutive images taken by a high-speed video camera. The antisymmetric stretching vibration affects the distribution of wall charges and leads to the halos. Furthermore, large spots are discharged only at the centers of the squares consisting of vibrating filaments. The vibration mechanism of the vibrating filaments is dependent on the electric field of wall charges.
Micron-sized diamond particles containing Ge-V and Si-V color centers*
Authors: Zhang Hang-Cheng , Chen Cheng-Ke , Mei Ying-Shuang , Li Xiao , Jiang Mei-Yan , Hu Xiao-Jun
Published: July 2019

Micron-sized diamond particles containing germanium-vacancy (Ge-V) color centers with a zero-photon line (ZPL) around 602.3 nm are successfully grown using hot filament chemical vapor deposition. The crystal morphology changes from icosahedron to truncated octahedron and decahedron, finally becomes spherical with the growth pressure increase. Due to the chamber containing Si, all diamond particles contain silicon-vacancy (Si-V) color centers. High growth pressure contributes to the formation of Ge-V and Si-V in diamonds. With prolonging growth time, the change in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diamond peak is small, which shows that the concentration of Ge-V and Si-V centers nearly maintains a constant. The FWHM of the Ge-V ZPL is around 4 nm, which is smaller than that reported, suggesting that the Ge-V center has a more perfect structure. Ge-V and Si-V photoluminescence (PL) intensities increase with the prolonging growth time due to the increased diamond content and reduced content of sp2-bonded carbon and trans-polyacetylene. In summary, increasing the growth pressure and prolonging the growth time are beneficial to enhance the Ge-V and Si-V PL intensities.
Effects of helium irradiation dose and temperature on the damage evolution of Ti3SiC2 ceramic*
Authors: Shen Hua-Hai , Xiang Xia , Zhang Hai-Bin , Zhou Xiao-Song , Deng Hong-Xiang , Zu Xiao-Tao
Published: July 2019

The effects of 400 keV helium ion irradiation dose and temperature on the microstructure of the Ti3SiC2 ceramic were systematically investigated by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The helium irradiation experiments were performed at both room temperature (RT) and 500 °C with a fluence up to 2.0 ×1017 He+/cm2 that resulted in a maximum damage of 9.6 displacements per atom. Our results demonstrate that He irradiations produce a large number of nanometer defects in Ti3SiC2 lattice and then cause the dissociation of Ti3SiC2 to TiC nano-grains with the increasing He fluence. Irradiation induced cell volume swelling of Ti3SiC2 at RT is slightly higher than that at 500 °C, suggesting that Ti3SiC2 is more suitable for use in a high temperature environment. The temperature dependence of cell parameter evolution and the aggregation of He bubbles in Ti3SiC2 are different from those in Ti3AlC2. The formation of defects and He bubbles at the projected depth would induce the degradation of mechanical performance.
Realization of THz dualband absorber with periodic cross-shaped graphene metamaterials*
Authors: Fan Chunzhen , Tian Yuchen , Ren Peiwen , Jia Wei
Published: July 2019

A dualband terahertz (THz) absorber including periodically distributed cross-shaped graphene arrays and a gold layer spaced by a thin dielectric layer is investigated. Numerical results reveal that the THz absorber displays two perfect absorption peaks. To elucidate the resonant behavior, the LC model is introduced to fit the spectra. Moreover, the strength and linewidth of the absorption peak can be effectively tuned with structural parameters and the relaxation time of graphene. Owing to its rotational symmetry, this THz absorber exhibits polarization insensitivity. Our designed absorber is a promising candidate in applications of tunable optical sensors and optical filters.
Supercooled liquids analogous fractional Stokes–Einstein relation in NaCl solution above room temperature*
Authors: Ren Gan , Tian Shikai
Published: July 2019

The Stokes–Einstein relation

D
∼
T

/

η

and its two variants

D
∼

τ

−
1

and

D
∼
T

/

τ

follow a fractional form in supercooled liquids, where D is the diffusion constant, T the temperature, η the shear viscosity, and τ the structural relaxation time. The fractional Stokes–Einstein relation is proposed to result from the dynamic heterogeneity of supercooled liquids. In this work, by performing molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the analogous fractional form also exists in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions above room temperature.

D
∼

τ

−
1

takes a fractional form within 300–800 K; a crossover is observed in both

D
∼
T

/

τ

and

D
∼
T

/

η

. Both

D
∼
T

/

τ

and

D
∼
T

/

η

are valid below the crossover temperature T

x
, but take a fractional form for

T
>

T

x

. Our results indicate that the fractional Stokes–Einstein relation not only exists in supercooled liquids but also exists in NaCl solutions at high enough temperatures far away from the glass transition point. We propose that

D
∼
T

/

η

and its two variants should be critically evaluated to test the validity of the Stokes–Einstein relation.
Local evolutions of nodal points in two-dimensional systems with chiral symmetry*
Authors: Fu Peiyuan , Yang Zhesen , Hu Jiangping
Published: July 2019

Two-dimensional systems with chiral symmetry allow stable discrete band crossings (nodal points) in Brillouin zones. Here we study the local evolutions of these nodal points under chiral symmetry preserving perturbations. We find that these evolutions can be classified by different types of local

k
·
p

models around the nodal points. Several concrete examples are calculated to illustrate our results.
Enhancement of corona discharge induced wind generation with carbon nanotube and titanium dioxide decoration*
Authors: Ye Jianchun , Li Jun , Chen Xiaohong , Huang Sumei , Ou-Yang Wei
Published: July 2019

Dip-coated double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) sol have been prepared and smeared onto the tip of a conductive iron needle which serves as the corona discharge anode in a needle–cylinder corona system. Compared with the discharge electrode of a CNT-coated needle tip, great advancements have been achieved with the TiO2/CNT-coated electrode, including higher discharge current, ionic wind velocity, and energy conversion efficiency, together with lower corona onset voltage and power consumption. Several parameters related to the discharge have been phenomenologically and mathematically studied for comparison. Thanks to the morphology reorientation of the CNT layer and the anti-oxidation of TiO2, better performance of corona discharge induced wind generation of the TiO2/CNT-coated electrode system has been achieved. This novel decoration may provide better thoughts about the corona discharge application and wind generation.
Experimental demonstration of influence of underwater turbulence on ghost imaging*
Authors: Yin Man-Qian , Wang Le , Zhao Sheng-Mei
Published: July 2019

It is difficult to obtain a clear image in underwater turbulence environment with classical imaging methods due to the absorption, scattering, and underwater turbulence on the propagation beam. However, ghost imaging (GI), a non-locally imaging technique, has shown the turbulence-free ability in atmospheric turbulence by exploiting the second-order correlation between the signal beam and the reference beam. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the imaging quality of GI affected by the underwater environment, where the underwater environment is simulated by a 1 m × 0.4 m × 0.4 m tank with distilled water. The water temperature is controlled by a heater inside the tank, and a temperature gradient is obtained by putting the heater at different positions of the tank. The water vibration is produced by a heavy force, and the turbid medium is obtained by dissolving very small specks of CaCO3 in the water. A set of Hadamard speckle pattern pairs are generated and modulated on the incident beam, and then the beam illuminates on an unknown object after passing through the simulated underwater environment. With the second-order correlations, the image is reconstructed under different temperature gradients, water vibration, and turbid medium ratios. The results show that GI has the turbulence-free ability under lower temperature gradient, water vibration, and turbid media. The structural similarity image measurement (SSIM) values of the reconstructed images only start to decrease when the temperature gradient is greater than 4.0 °C. The same temperature gradient produced at the different positions has a little effect on the quality of the underwater GI.
Interaction of

H

2

+

molecular beam with thin layer graphene foils*
Authors: Li Min , Qu Guo-Feng , Wang Yi-Zhou , Zhu Zhou-Sen , Shi Mian-Gong , Zhou Mao-Lei , Liu Dong , Xu Zi-Xu , Song Ming-Jiang , Zhang Jun , Bai Fan , Liao Xiao-Dong , Han Ji-Feng
Published: July 2019

The interaction of MeV

H

2

+

molecular ions with thin layer graphene and graphite foils was studied by using a high-resolution electrostatic analyzer. A large number of fragment protons were observed at zero degree (along the beam direction) when the

H

2

+

beam was passing through the monolayer graphene foil, which indicates that the electron of the

H

2

+

molecular ions can be stripped easily even by the monolayer graphene foil. More trailing than leading protons were found in the energy spectrum, which means significant wake effect was observed in the monolayer graphene foil. The ratio of the numbers of trailing protons over leading protons first increased with the thickness for the much thinner graphene foils, and then decreased with the thickness for the much thicker graphite foils, which indicates that the bending effect of the wake field on the trailing proton varied with the foil thickness.
Pancharatnam–Berry metasurface for terahertz wave radar cross section reduction*
Authors: Li Shao-He , Li Jiu-Sheng
Published: July 2019

The digital coding metasurfaces need several kinds of meta-particle structures to obtain corresponding electromagnetic wave responses and require time-consuming optimization. In this paper, we present train-symbol-shaped meta-particles with various orientations utilizing Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase to achieve 1-, 2-, and 3-bit digital coding metasurfaces. Terahertz wave scattering patterns of the coding metasurfaces with regular and random sequences are given and discussed. They have strongly suppressed backward scattering with approximately −13.5 dB radar cross section (RCS) reduction in a wide band range from 0.85 THz to 1.6 THz. The proposed digital coding metasurfaces provide a simple way and new opportunities for manipulating terahertz wave scattering with polarization independence.
Cracking an interstellar mystery
Authors: McCabe Michael
Published: July 2019

Michael McCabe celebrates the centenary of the first observation of diffuse interstellar bands with an overview of the lengthy – and incomplete – search for their origins.
Changing places: action for better workplaces
Authors: Bowler Sue
Published: July 2019

Sue Bowler summarizes a survey that highlights the need to improve our workplaces for LGBT+ physical scientists – and for everyone.
Case-matched Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Following Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Exposure to Vedolizumab vs Other Biologics
Authors: Novello M , Stocchi L , Steele S R , Holubar S D , Duraes L C , Kessler H , Shawki S , Hull L T
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

The effects of vedolizumab [VEDO] exposure on perioperative outcomes following surgery for inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] remain controversial. The aim of our study was to compare postoperative morbidity of IBD surgery following treatment with VEDO vs other biologics or no biologics.

Methods

An institutional review board-approved, prospectively collected database was queried to identify all patients undergoing abdominal surgery for IBD between August 2012 and May 2017. The impact of VEDO within 12 weeks preoperatively on postoperative morbidity was initially assessed with univariate and multivariable analyses on all patients. A case-matched analysis was then carried out comparing patients exposed to VEDO vs other biologic agents, based on gender, age ± 5 years, diagnosis, date of surgery ± 2 years, and surgical procedure.

Results

Out of 980 patients, 141 received VEDO. The majority of patients [59%] underwent surgery involving end or diverting ostomy creation. The initial multivariate analysis conducted on all patients indicated that VEDO use was independently associated with increased overall morbidity [p <0.001], but not infectious morbidity [p = 0.30]. However, the case-matched comparison of 95 VEDO-treated patients vs 95 patients treated with adalimumab or infliximab did not indicate any difference in overall morbidity [p = 0.32], infectious complications [p = 0.15], or surgical site infections [p = 0.12].

Conclusions

In a study population having a high rate of surgery involving ostomy creation, the exposure to preoperative VEDO was not associated with an increased morbidity rate when compared with other biologics.
The impact of cultural and linguistic diversity on hospital readmission in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure
Authors: Seman Michael , Karanatsios Bill , Simons Koen , Falls Roman , Tan Neville , Wong Chiew , Barrington-Brown Christopher , Cox Nicholas , Neil Christopher J
Published: July 2019

Aims

Health services worldwide face the challenge of providing care for increasingly culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations. The aims of this study were to determine whether CALD patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (HF) are at increased risk of rehospitalization and emergency department (ED) visitation after discharge, compared to non-CALD patients, and within CALD patients to ascertain the impact of limited English proficiency (LEP) on outcomes.

Methods and results

A cohort of 1613 patients discharged from hospital following an episode of acute HF was derived from hospital administrative datasets. CALD status was based on both country of birth and primary spoken language. Comorbidities, HF subtype, age, sex and socioeconomic status, and hospital readmission and ED visitation incidences, were compared between groups. A Cox proportional hazard model was employed to adjust for potential confounders. The majority of patients were classified as CALD [1030 (64%)]. Of these, 488 (30%) were designated as English proficient (CALD-EP) and 542 (34%) were designated CALD-LEP. Compared to non-CALD, CALD-LEP patients exhibited a greater cumulative incidence of HF-related readmission and ED visitation, as expressed by an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [1.27 (1.02–1.57) and 1.40 (1.18–1.67), respectively]; this difference was not significant for all-cause readmission [adjusted HR 1.03 (0.88–1.20)]. CALD-EP showed a non-significant trend towards increased rehospitalization and ED visitation.

Conclusion

This study suggests that CALD patients with HF, in particular those designated as CALD-LEP, have an increased risk of HF rehospitalization and ED visitation. Further research to elucidate the underlying reasons for this disparity are warranted.
Testing the Random Utility Hypothesis Directly
Authors: McCausland William J , Davis-Stober Clintin , Marley AAJ , Park Sanghyuk , Brown Nicholas
Published: July 2019

We test a set of inequalities in choice probabilities, shown to be necessary and sufficient for random utility by Falmagne (1978). We run an experiment in which each of 141 participants chooses six times from each doubleton or larger subset of a universe of five lotteries. We compute Bayes factors in favour of random utility, versus an alternative with unrestricted choice probabilities. There is strong evidence that a large majority of participants satisfy random utility; however, there is strong evidence against random utility for four participants. Results are fairly robust to the choice of prior.
Improving Care for Elders Who Prefer Informal Spaces to Age-Separated Institutions and Health Care Settings
Authors: Torres Stacy , Cao Xuemei
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives

Despite advantages of urban areas (such as walkability, public transportation, nearby shopping, and health care services), challenges remain for elders aging in place to access care. The changing demographics of older adults, with higher rates of divorce, singlehood, and childlessness, often living alone and far from family, necessitate new strategies to support health and well-being.

Research Design and Methods

Drawing on 5 years of ethnographic fieldwork and 25 interviews with elders in New York City, this study presents empirical insights into older adults’ use of “third places” close to home, in conjunction with more formal settings.

Results

This article identifies external and internalized ageism and complicated age-based identity as important reasons why older adults preferred “third places” to age-separated spaces such as senior centers and formal settings such as health care settings. We find that neighborhood “third places” offer important physical venues for older adults to process negative or hurried interactions in other formal and age-separated places.

Discussion and Implications

This article makes policy suggestions for increasing access and usage of essential services, including developing attractive and appealing intergenerational spaces in which older community members can obtain services and dispatching caseworkers to public spaces where elders congregate. Furthermore, this article recommends improving exchanges between health care providers and older adults so that they feel recognized, respected, and cared for, which can improve health care outcomes.
Attenuation of Helper T Cell Capacity for TH1 and TH17 Differentiation in Children With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Authors: Claeys Tiffany A , Rosas Mejia Oscar , Marshall Samuel , Jarzembowski Jason A , Hayes Don , Hull Natalie M , Liyanage Namal P M , Chun Robert H , Sulman Cecille G , Huppler Anna R , Robinson Richard T
Published: July 2019

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infect children with increasing frequency worldwide. Using blood and lymph node tissue from children with NTM lymphadenitis, and uninfected lymph node tissue from community controls, we evaluated helper T (TH) cells in functional assays of TH1/TH17 differentiation and measured the concentration of their associated cytokines at the site of infection. Circulating TH cells from infected children were attenuated in their TH1/TH17 differentiation capacity and expressed less interferon γ and interleukin 17 after polyclonal stimulation. Similar differences were observed at the site of infection, where most cytokine concentrations were unchanged relative to controls. Our data are consistent with a model wherein TH1/TH17 differentiation is attenuated in NTM-infected children.
NRF2 activates a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is maximally present in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype
Authors: Bocci Federico , Tripathi Satyendra C , Vilchez Mercedes Samuel A , George Jason T , Casabar Julian P , Wong Pak Kin , Hanash Samir M , Levine Herbert , Onuchic José N , Jolly Mohit Kumar
Published: July 2019

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process implicated in cancer metastasis and therapy resistance. Recent studies have emphasized that cells can undergo partial EMT to attain a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotype – a cornerstone of tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. These cells can have enhanced tumour-initiation potential as compared to purely epithelial or mesenchymal ones and can integrate the properties of cell-cell adhesion and motility that facilitates collective cell migration leading to clusters of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) – the prevalent mode of metastasis. Thus, identifying the molecular players that can enable cells to maintain a hybrid E/M phenotype is crucial to curb the metastatic load. Using an integrated computational-experimental approach, we show that the transcription factor NRF2 can prevent a complete EMT and instead stabilize a hybrid E/M phenotype. Knockdown of NRF2 in hybrid E/M non-small cell lung cancer cells H1975 and bladder cancer cells RT4 destabilized a hybrid E/M phenotype and compromised the ability to collectively migrate to close a wound in vitro. Notably, while NRF2 knockout simultaneously downregulated E-cadherin and ZEB-1, overexpression of NRF2 enriched for a hybrid E/M phenotype by simultaneously upregulating both E-cadherin and ZEB-1 in individual RT4 cells. Further, we predict that NRF2 is maximally expressed in hybrid E/M phenotype(s) and demonstrate that this biphasic dynamic arises from the interconnections among NRF2 and the EMT regulatory circuit. Finally, clinical records from multiple datasets suggest a correlation between a hybrid E/M phenotype, high levels of NRF2 and its targets and poor survival, further strengthening the emerging notion that hybrid E/M phenotype(s) may occupy the ‘metastatic sweet spot’.
Adhesive dynamics simulations quantitatively predict effects of kindlin-3 deficiency on T-cell homing
Authors: Anderson Nicholas R , Lee Dooyoung , Hammer Daniel A
Published: July 2019

Leukocyte adhesion is important for the proper functioning of the immune system. While leukocyte homing is mediated by adhesion receptors, the activation of these receptors is modulated by intracellular signaling molecules. In Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type 3, the loss of the kindlin-3 prevents the activation of Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1), which leads to a defect in adhesion, causing recurrent infections and bleeding disorders. Here, we use Integrated Signaling Adhesive Dynamics, a computer model of leukocyte rolling and adhesion combined with a simulated intracellular signaling cascade, to predict the response of T cells to depletion of kindlin-3. Our model predicts that cell adhesion is hypersensitive to the amount of kindlin-3 in the cell, while the rolling velocity is independent of kindlin-3 concentration. In addition, our simulation predicted that the time to stop, an important metric of adhesion, would increase with decreasing kindlin-3 expression. These predictions were confirmed experimentally in experiments using Jurkat cells with reduced expression of kindlin-3. These results suggest that Adhesive Dynamics is a versatile tool for quantifying adhesion in the immune response and predicting the effects of engineering cellular components.
Songs of Silver Speech: “CareMusLy”: Song Writing in the Treatment of Psychosis
Authors: Volpini Andrea
Published: July 2019

Songwriting is commonly utilized in the clinical treatment of psychiatric patients suffering from a wide variety of psychoses. CareMusLy (CML) is a psychodynamic, systematically applied intervention combining music and lyrics to counteract and redefine the problems created by the psychotic dimension. The process starts from a free collective vocal improvisation, during which the music therapist transcribes scattered notes and from which he subsequently composes a piece of music. This composition, when played back to the participants, stimulates a slow, meditative search for words using Heidegger’s concept of the poetic thinking (see Heidegger, M. (1988). La poesia di Hölderlin. Milano, Italy: Adelphi). Engaged in a kind of slow-moving game played out over a long timeframe, patients experience a sense of belonging to the song but do not perceive the strain of the psyche’s work. The songwriting process leads to the use of renewed linguistic, reflexive, and interpretative resources. In switching their attention from themselves to creating a representation of self in song, participants come into contact with internal aspects of themselves that can be expressed and transformed. CML allows participants to achieve a gradual redefinition of themselves and provides the basis for a renewed outlook on life.
The effect of state dependence in a delay differential equation model for the El Niño Southern Oscillation
Authors: Keane Andrew , Krauskopf Bernd , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: July 2019

Delay differential equations (DDEs) have been used successfully in the past to model climate systems at a conceptual level. An important aspect of these models is the existence of feedback loops that feature a delay time, usually associated with the time required to transport energy through the atmosphere and/or oceans across the globe. So far, such delays are generally assumed to be constant. Recent studies have demonstrated that even simple DDEs with non-constant delay times, which change depending on the state of the system, can produce surprisingly rich dynamical behaviour. Here, we present arguments for the state dependence of the delay in a DDE model for the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the climate system. We then conduct a bifurcation analysis by means of continuation software to investigate the effect of state dependence in the delay on the observed dynamics of the system. More specifically, we show that the underlying delay-induced structure of resonance regions may change considerably in the presence of state dependence.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nonlinear dynamics of delay systems’.
Delayed dynamical systems: networks, chimeras and reservoir computing
Authors: Hart Joseph D. , Larger Laurent , Murphy Thomas E. , Roy Rajarshi
Published: July 2019

We present a systematic approach to reveal the correspondence between time delay dynamics and networks of coupled oscillators. After early demonstrations of the usefulness of spatio-temporal representations of time-delay system dynamics, extensive research on optoelectronic feedback loops has revealed their immense potential for realizing complex system dynamics such as chimeras in rings of coupled oscillators and applications to reservoir computing. Delayed dynamical systems have been enriched in recent years through the application of digital signal processing techniques. Very recently, we have showed that one can significantly extend the capabilities and implement networks with arbitrary topologies through the use of field programmable gate arrays. This architecture allows the design of appropriate filters and multiple time delays, and greatly extends the possibilities for exploring synchronization patterns in arbitrary network topologies. This has enabled us to explore complex dynamics on networks with nodes that can be perfectly identical, introduce parameter heterogeneities and multiple time delays, as well as change network topologies to control the formation and evolution of patterns of synchrony.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nonlinear dynamics of delay systems’.
Transmission time delays organize the brain network synchronization
Authors: Petkoski Spase , Jirsa Viktor K.
Published: July 2019

The timing of activity across brain regions can be described by its phases for oscillatory processes, and is of crucial importance for brain functioning. The structure of the brain constrains its dynamics through the delays due to propagation and the strengths of the white matter tracts. We use self-sustained delay-coupled, non-isochronous, nonlinearly damped and chaotic oscillators to study how spatio-temporal organization of the brain governs phase lags between the coherent activity of its regions.
In silico
results for the brain network model demonstrate a robust switching from in- to anti-phase synchronization by increasing the frequency, with a consistent lagging of the stronger connected regions. Relative phases are well predicted by an earlier analysis of Kuramoto oscillators, confirming the spatial heterogeneity of time delays as a crucial mechanism in shaping the functional brain architecture. Increased frequency and coupling are also shown to distort the oscillators by decreasing their amplitude, and stronger regions have lower, but more synchronized activity. These results indicate specific features in the phase relationships within the brain that need to hold for a wide range of local oscillatory dynamics, given that the time delays of the connectome are proportional to the lengths of the structural pathways.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Nonlinear dynamics of delay systems’.