bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniparentale Disomien
Authors: Eggermann T. , Kotzot D.
Published: November 2010

Der Begriff uniparentale Disomie (UPD) beschreibt eine Chromosomenaberration, bei der beide Homologen/beide Kopien eines Chromosomenabschnitts (Heterodisomie) bzw. 2 Kopien eines Homologen/eines Chromosomenabschnitts (Isodisomie) von nur einem Elternteil herrühren. Man kann UPDs ganzer Chromosomen von segmentalen und von komplexen UPDs unterscheiden. Mögliche mit einer UPD assoziierte Probleme sind Trisomiemosaike, Homozygotie autosomal-rezessiv vererbter Mutationen, Vater-Kind- und Mutter-Tochter-Übertragung X-chromosomal vererbter Mutationen und mit einem Genomic Imprinting assoziierte Erkrankungen. Letzteres beschreibt die von der elterlichen Herkunft abhängige monoallelische Expression bestimmter Gene. Bislang bekannte Imprintingerkrankungen sind ein transienter neonataler Diabetes mellitus, das Silver-Russell-Syndrom, das Beckwith-Wiedemann-Syndrom, die upd(14)mat (Temple-Syndrom), die upd(14)pat, das Prader-Willi-Syndrom und das Angelman-Syndrom. Als Entstehungsmechanismen kommen ein Trisomic oder Monosomic Rescue, eine Gametenkomplementation oder ein Postfertilisierungsfehler in Frage. Gesamtinzidenz und -prävalenz sind nicht bekannt, für einzelne mit einer Imprintingerkrankung assoziierte UPDs werden Häufigkeiten bis 1:3400 unter Geburten angegeben. Als Nachweismethoden kommen in der Routinediagnostik vor allem die Mikrosatellitenmarkeranalyse, methylierungsspezifische Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) und methylierungsspezifische MLPA („multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification“) zum Einsatz.
Imprintingstörungen in der Reproduktionsmedizin
Authors: Haaf T.
Published: November 2010

Stochastische, Umwelt- und/oder genetisch bedingte Fehler (Epimutationen) bei der Genomreprogrammierung in den Keimzellen und unmittelbar nach der Befruchtung sind eine wichtige Quelle für phänotypische Variation und Krankheitssuszeptibilität. Tierexperimente belegen eindrucksvoll, dass assistierte Reproduktionstechniken (ART) mit sensitiven Phasen der epigenetischen Reprogrammierung interferieren. Epidemiologische Studien beim Menschen berichten über ein erhöhtes Risiko für Beckwith-Wiedemann- und Angelman-Syndrom, aber das absolute Risiko für ein ART-Kind mit Imprintingkrankheit bleibt gering. Zumindest einige Gene zeigen statistisch signifikante Methylierungsunterschiede innerhalb der normalen Methylierungsvariabilität zwischen ART und Nicht-ART-Schwangerschaften. Das heißt, entweder ART selbst oder mit der elterlichen Infertilität assoziierte Faktoren haben Einfluss auf das Epigenom der nächsten Generation. Fehlerhafte Methylierungsmuster in geprägten Genen zeigen eine signifikante Assoziation mit abnormalen Spermaparametern. Dies unterstützt die Vermutung, dass Epimutationen von der Keimbahn in den Embryo transferiert werden können.
Slices of motivic Landweber spectra
Authors: Spitzweck Markus
Published: November 2010

In this paper we show that a conjecture of Voevodsky about the slices of the motivic cobordism spectrum implies a statement about the slices of motivic Landweber spectra. Over perfect fields these slices are given by the coefficients of the corresponding topological Landweber spectrum and the motivic Eilenberg MacLane spectrum. We also prove a cohomological version of Landweber exactness which applies to the compact objects of the stable motivic homotopy category.
Left behind – delayed extinction and a relict trilobite fauna in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary succession (east Laurentian platform, New York)
Authors: LANDING ED , WESTROP STEPHEN R. , KRÖGER BJÖRN , ENGLISH ADAM M.
Published: November 2010

Two completely dissimilar faunal changes occur between the Sunwaptan and Skullrockian Stages (Ptychaspid and Symphysurid ‘Biomeres’) in the uppermost Cambrian on the east Laurentian craton. An undolomitized section in the Little Falls Formation in Washington County, New York, shows a typical ‘biomere’ extinction, with highest Sunwaptan trilobites followed by the abrupt appearance ofCordylodus proavusZone conodonts and the lowest post-extinction trilobites (ParakoldinioidiaEndo) 5.0 m higher. This stage boundary interval is very condensed by comparison with coeval Great Basin and Texas sections. Approximately 70 km southwest, typical pre-extinction taxa (the catillicephalidAcheilopsUlrich and several dikelocephalid species) are shown for the first time to persist well beyond the extinction as they occur with middleC. proavusZone conodonts (Clavohamulus elongatusor, more likely,Hirsutodontus simplexSubzone). The Ritchie Limestone member of the uppermost Little Falls Formation yields a succession of conodont faunas that spans theC. elongatus–H. simplex–Clavohamulus hintzeiSubzones (middle–upperC. proavusZone). These data prove that the trilobites are a relict fauna that persisted into theSymphysurinaZone of the Skullrockian Stage. The massive (burrow-churned), mollusc-dominated Ritchie Limestone, with the second Upper Cambrian cephalopod locality in east Laurentia, represents an inner-shelf refugium for Sunwaptan trilobites that has not been previously encountered. Final extinction of typical Sunwaptan clades is at least locally diachronous, and a simple, genus-based approach to trilobite biostratigraphy in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval is untenable. The relict fauna appears to be distinct at the species level, so it is likely that a viable, species-based biostratigraphy can be developed.Teridontus gallicusSerpagliet al. 2008 is a synonym ofT. nakamurai(Nogami, 1967), andT.?francisiLanding sp. nov., with a large base and tiny cusp, is a lowerC. proavusZone form. New trilobites areAcheilops olbermanniWestrop sp. nov. andParakoldinioidia maddowaeWestrop sp. nov. The lowest Ordovician ‘Gailor Dolomite’ is a junior synonym of the Tribes Hill Formation, and the Ritchie Limestone is assigned to the top of the terminal Cambrian Little Falls Formation.
Update of the Dutch protein evaluation system for ruminants: the DVE/OEB2010system
Authors: VAN DUINKERKEN G. , BLOK M. C. , BANNINK A. , CONE J. W. , DIJKSTRA J. , VAN VUUREN A. M. , TAMMINGA S.
Published: November 2010

In the current Dutch protein evaluation system (the DVE/OEB1991system), two characteristics are calculated for each feed: true protein digested in the intestine (DVE) and the rumen degradable protein balance (OEB). Of these, DVE represents the protein value of a feed, while OEB is the difference between the potential microbial protein synthesis (MPS) on the basis of available rumen degradable protein and that on the basis of available rumen degradable energy. DVE can be separated into three components: (i) feed crude protein undegraded in the rumen but digested in the small intestine, (ii) microbial true protein synthesized in the rumen and digested in the small intestine, and (iii) endogenous protein lost in the digestive processes.

Based on new research findings, the DVE/OEB1991system has recently been updated to the DVE/OEB2010system. More detail and differentiation is included concerning the representation of chemical components in feed, the rumen degradation characteristics of these components, the efficiency of MPS and the fractional passage rates. For each chemical component, the soluble, washout, potentially degradable and truly non-degradable fractions are defined with separate fractional degradation rates. Similarly, fractional passage rates for each of these fractions were identified and partly expressed as a function of fractional degradation rate. Efficiency of MPS is related to the various fractions of the chemical components and their associated fractional passage rates. Only minor changes were made with respect to the amount of DVE required for maintenance and production purposes of the animal. Differences from other current protein evaluation systems, viz. the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein system and the Feed into Milk system, are discussed.
Early determination of sex in jojoba plant by CAPS assay
Authors: INCE A. G. , KARACA M.
Published: November 2010

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is a dioecious plant grown for its seeds, which are the source of liquid wax or jojoba oil. The sex of jojoba plants cannot be determined with morphological characters until the plants reach reproductive maturity at 3 or more years old. This difficulty of early sex determination imposes severe constraints in breeding studies and in the sex allocation of seedlings in seed orchard establishment, and importantly in a priori mating designs to produce superior jojoba individuals. This study reports three new cleavage-amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) assays, which identify male and female individuals distinctly. One of the assays could also identify hermaphrodite jojoba plants existing in nature or obtained using mutagenesis studies.
Cerebral water transport using multiple-network poroelastic theory: application to normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: TULLY B. , VENTIKOS Y.
Published: November 2010

The twenty-first century is bearing witness to a drastic change in population demographics and diseases of old age, such as dementia, are placing an unprecedented burden on the global healthcare system. Normal pressure hydrocephalus may be the only curable form of dementia, yet its pathophysiology is paradoxical and a consistent treatment currently remains elusive. A novel application of multiple-network poroelastic theory (MPET) is proposed to investigate water transport in the cerebral environment. Specifically, MPET is modified to allow a detailed investigation of spatio-temporal transport of fluid between the cerebral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma across scales. This framework thus allows an exploration of hypotheses defining the initiation and progression of both acute and chronic hydrocephalus. Results show that a breakdown in the transport mechanisms between the arterial vascular network and interstitial space within the parenchyma may be a cause of accumulation of CSF in the ventricles. Specifically, there must be an increase in the compliance of the arteriole/capillary network, which may combine with a breakdown in the blood–CSF barrier to allow an increased flow from the arteriole/capillary blood to the CSF. The results of this study should prove useful to guide experimental exploration in areas that warrant further investigation and validation.
Visual masking by object substitution in schizophrenia
Authors: Green M. F. , Wynn J. K. , Breitmeyer B. , Mathis K. I. , Nuechterlein K. H.
Published: November 2010

Background

Schizophrenia patients demonstrate impairment on visual backward masking, a measure of early visual processing. Most visual masking paradigms involve two distinct processes, an early fast-acting component associated with object formation and a later component that acts through object substitution. So far, masking paradigms used in schizophrenia research have been unable to separate these two processes.

Method

We administered three visual processing paradigms (location masking with forward and backward masking, four-dot backward masking and a cuing task) to 136 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 79 healthy controls. A psychophysical procedure was used to match subjects on identification of an unmasked target prior to location masking. Location masking interrupts object formation, four-dot masking task works through masking by object substitution and the cuing task measures iconic decay.

Results

Patients showed impairment on location masking after being matched for input threshold, similar to previous reports. After correcting for age, patients showed lower performance on four-dot masking than controls, but the groups did not differ on the cuing task.

Conclusions

Patients with schizophrenia showed lower performance when masking was specific to object substitution. The difference in object substitution masking was not due to a difference in rate of iconic decay, which was comparable in the two groups. These results suggest that, despite normal iconic decay rates, individuals with schizophrenia show impairment in a paradigm of masking by object substitution that did not also involve disruption of object formation.
Texts on the tables: TheTabulae Iliacaein their Hellenistic literary context
Authors: Squire Michael
Published: November 2010

This article re-evaluates the 22 so-calledTabulae Iliacae. Where most scholars (especially in the English-speaking world) have tended to dismiss these objects as ‘trivial' and ‘confused’, or as ‘rubbish’ intended for the Roman ‘nouveaux riches’, this article relates them to the literary poetics of the Hellenistic world, especially Greek ecphrastic epigram. Concentrating on the tablets' verbal inscriptions, the article draws attention to three epigraphic features in particular. First, it explores the various literary allusivenesses of the two epigrammatic invocations inscribed on tablets 1A and 2NY; second, it examines the Alexandrian diagrammatic word-games on the reverse of sevenTabulae(2NY, 3C, 4N, 5O, 7Ti, 15Ber, 20Par), relating these to the pictorial-poetic games of the Greektechnopaegnia; third, it discusses the possible hermeneutic significance of associating six tablets with ‘Theodoreantechne’ (1A, 2NY, 3C, 4N, 5O, 20Par), comparing a newly discovered epigram by Posidippus (67 A-B). All of these allusions point to a much more erudite purpose and clientele: the tablets toyed with Hellenistic visual-verbal relations at large.
Royal and satrapal armies in Babylonia during the Second Diadoch War. TheChronicle of the Successorson the events during the seventh year of Philip Arrhidaeus (=317/316 BC)
Authors: Boiy Tom
Published: November 2010

The passage in theChronicle of the Successorsdealing with the year Phil.07 (=317/316 BC;ABC10 Obv. 14–18 =BCHP3 Obv. 33–37) is often used as a marker to favour the low-chronology hypothesis for the early Hellenistic period and Second Diadoch War. This in-depth study of this passage deals with the nature of the troops mentioned there (lúeren2.meš lugal, ‘royal troops’, andlúḪa-ni-i šàlugal, ‘royalḪanûtroops”) and the possible implications for the chronological debate. The result is that the passage is not pivotal for the low chronology because it is not only in a low-chronology scenario that it is possible. The use of ‘royal (Ḫanû) troops' in theChronicledoes not exclude the high chronology for the Second Diadoch War.
The comic poet Pherecrates, a war-casualty of the late 410s BC
Authors: Douglas Olson S.
Published: November 2010

The comic poet Pherecrates does not appear to have been active after the mid 410s. I suggest that he is to be identified with an epigraphically-attested war-casualty from a few years later.
Human Nature
Authors: Winch Peter
Published: November 2010

The concept of human nature usually enters discussions of the nature and implications of the social sciences in connection with one or another form of ‘relativism’. Confronted with the enormous and apparently conflicting variety of phenomena of human life at different places and times, we are inclined to ask whether there is not something which holds these phenomena together and unifies them. Stated thus baldly this question is no doubt so vague as to approach meaninglessness; it will have to be posed in different forms — and probably answered differently – according to the particular phenomena of human life which we happen to have in mind. In this lecture I shall concentrate my attention on some questions about the relevance of sociological investigations to our understanding of ethics and about the treatment of ethics in such investigations. I shall be particularly interested in the way in which the concept of human nature enters into such discussions; and I shall devote a good deal of attention to Professor Alasdair Maclntyre's recent Short History of Ethics. It is a large merit of this book that it explicitly and invigoratingly relates the manner of its historical exposition to a distinctive philosophico-sociological standpoint concerning the nature of morality. I call this a ‘merit’ and want to stand by that characterisation even though I think that there are important confusions enshrined in Maclntyre's approach. A large part of the task which I want to set myself in this lecture is to make clear the nature and importance of these confusions.
The Concept of Man as Presupposed by the Historical Studies
Authors: Gardiner P. L.
Published: November 2010

I should like to begin by removing a misconception to which the title of this lecture may possibly give rise. My concern is not with general propositions regarding certain fairly well-attested human characteristics of the kind to which historians may, from time to time, advert in the course of their work or to which they may appeal in support of the account provided of some particular event or occurrence. I am not myself an historian, and for me to make ex cathedra pronouncements on such topics as these might well seem to constitute an unjustifiable intrusion upon a field about which I am not qualified professionally to speak. My subject lies within the sphere of philosophy of history rather than of history proper; it belongs, in other words, to a branch of philosophical inquiry, and as such relates, not to empirical facts and events of the sort to which the practising historian addresses himself, but to those assumptions, categories and modes of procedure that are, or are believed to be, intrinsic to historical thought and discourse. In this general context I wish to discuss two approaches to the problem of elucidating the character of historical knowledge and explanation. Both of the approaches I have in mind have achieved a considerable measure of support at the present time; they have also been widely understood as offering profoundly divergent — indeed, diametrically opposed — views of what is central to the structure of historical thinking and to the type of activity upon which the historian is essentially engaged. It has on occasions been suggested that what — amongst other things — divides adherents to the views in question is the fact that they are committed to radically different conceptions of the subject-matter of the historical studies; that is to say, of human beings and their activities. In the light of this fundamental disagreement, it is argued, many of the more intractable controversies that have arisen concerning the concepts and interpretative schemes in terms of which it is possible or legitimate to treat the human past become readily intelligible. In what follows I want to examine this claim. First, however, let me give a brief, and necessarily somewhat crude, outline of the two positions I have referred to, starting with one that is often described as ‘positivist’.
Art and Social Change
Authors: Halmos Paul
Published: November 2010

The mass media of communications have often been charged with making our life more vulgar than need be. The assumption which underlies what I have to say is that the influence of unique artistic sensitivities on society has also been increased by the mass media of communications. This is good news and I am aware of the risk I am courting when I attach importance to a promising kind of social change: the academic respectability of pursuing optimistic lines of thought is strictly limited in sociological circles.
Wittgenstein on Russell's Theory of Judgment
Authors: Stock Guy
Published: November 2010

In the early years of this century the debate as to the nature of judgment was a central issue dividing British philosophers. What a philosopher said about judgment was not independent of what he said about perception, the distinction between the a priori and empirical, the distinction between external and internal relations, the nature of inference, truth, universals, language, the reality of the self and so on.
‘Irresistible Impulse’ and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Zaw Susan Khin
Published: November 2010

Should the insane and the mentally ill be held morally responsible for their actions? To answer ‘No’ to this question is to classify the mentally abnormal as not fully human: and indeed legal tradition has generally oscillated between assimilating the insane to brutes and assimilating them to children below the age of discretion, neither of these two categories being accountable in law for what they do. In what respect relevant to moral responsibility were the insane held to resemble brutes and children? In the case of brutes, the answer seems to have been that the doings of the insane appeared to lack whatever it is that marks out human actions as distinctively human. What the insane did could not be thought of as issuing from deliberation, or as capable of having issued from deliberation, but seemed rather to be the result of the unbridled operation of nature — if a diseased nature. The natural comparison with insane killings seemed to be, for example, the killing of birds by cats. This distinction between animal doings and human actions does not depend on Cartesian views about the workings of animals; the operation of nature need not be thought of as mechanical. The thought is simply that where there is no room for deliberation there is no room for moral appraisal. Children, on the other hand, though capable of distinctively human action — i.e. of deliberating about what they do — were held not to be capable of the relevant kind of deliberation: for they were held ‘not to know the difference between right and wrong’.
Human Values in a Mechanistic Universe
Authors: Boden Margaret A.
Published: November 2010

The truth can be dangerous. It is because they realise this that the Roman Catholic Church forbid cremation. Cremation is, of course, theologically permissible, and in times of epidemic the Church allows it. But in normal times it is forbidden — Why? The reason is that the Church fears the influence of the image associated with it. It is difficult enough for the faithful to accept the notion of bodily resurrection after having seen a burial (knowing that the body will eventually decay in the ground). But the image of the whole body being consumed by flames and changing within a few minutes to a heap of ashes is an even more powerful apparent contradiction of the theological claim of bodily resurrection at the Day of Judgement. (Indeed, the ban on cremation was introduced when the French Freemasons held anti-Catholic demonstrations, in which they burned their dead saying ‘There, you see: they won't rise again!’) In short, instead of relying only on abstract theological argument, which very likely would not convince their flock in any case, the Church deals with this threat to faith by attacking the concrete image.
Are Bad Works of Art ‘Works of Art’?
Authors: Barrett Cyril
Published: November 2010

Some years ago I came across the following question thrown out almost casually in the course of discussion: How many of us, it was asked, want to call a ‘bad work of art’ a ‘work of art’? The question was clearly rhetorical; the author quite obviously did not consider that anyone in his right mind would suggest that a bad work of art was a work of art. This struck me as rather odd. Surely there can be good and bad works of art, just as there can be good and bad apples or good and bad men. An apple does not cease to be an apple just because it is bad, unless perhaps it has become thoroughly rotten; but the gardener who says ‘The Coxes are bad this year’ does not mean that they have grown rotten on the trees, much less that they are not apples at all. Moreover, if so-called bad works of art are not works of art, what are they? You may not think highly of the works in the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition but they are not totally dissimilar to some works in Bond Street next door which are highly regarded.
Personal Qualities and the Intentional Fallacy
Authors: Lyas Colin
Published: November 2010

In their article ‘The Intentional Fallacy’, Beardsley and Wimsatt raised problems about the legitimacy of certain critical practices. These problems, raised again in later writings and intensively discussed in recent years, remain unsettled and this lecture is intended to throw light upon them.
Kant and Anthropology
Authors: Warnock G. J.
Published: November 2010

The question that I want to debate a little in this paper could be put in this way: what, and how much, empirical information is required for, or relevant to, moral philosophy? That question may well strike one as somewhat vague and woolly. Rightly so. What is needed to get rather clearer about its answer or possible answers is chiefly, I believe, to get clearer about its sense.
On Inequality and Violence, and the Differences we make between them
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: November 2010

Just about all political philosophy of the recommending kind is factless and presumptuous. That it has an honest intellectual use, which it does, and which of course is different from its use as reassurance and the like, is only to be explained by the want of something better.
The present moment as an interactional resource: The case of nú and núna in Icelandic conversation
Authors: Hilmisdóttir Helga
Published: November 2010

In this paper, I will present an empirical study on the use of the temporal adverbs nú and núna ‘now’ in Icelandic talk-in-interaction. The aim is to investigate whether the two words have different functions, and, if so, to describe these differences. As I will show, nú and núna show clear differences in respect to their syntactical distribution. Furthermore, I will argue, that the syntactic distribution also reflects differences on the functional level. While núna occurs in the end field and has a clear referential function, nú tends to occur in the front field and have closer ties to the finite verb. The theoretical and methodological framework for the study is interactional linguistics, and the data comprises my transcription of around fourteen hours of conversation.
Estimating time to onset of swine influenza symptoms after initial novel A(H1N1v) viral infection
Authors: TOM B. D. M. , VAN HOEK A. J. , PEBODY R. , McMENAMIN J. , ROBERTSON C. , CATCHPOLE M. , DE ANGELIS D.
Published: November 2010

Characterization of the incubation time from infection to onset is important for understanding the natural history of infectious diseases. Attempts to estimate the incubation time distribution for novel A(H1N1v) have been, up to now, based on limited data or peculiar samples. We characterized this distribution for a generic group of symptomatic cases using laboratory-confirmed swine influenza case-information. Estimates of the incubation distribution for the pandemic influenza were derived through parametric time-to-event analyses of data on onset of symptoms and exposure dates, accounting for interval censoring. We estimated a mean of about 1·6–1·7 days with a standard deviation of 2 days for the incubation time distribution in those who became symptomatic after infection with the A(H1N1v) virus strain. Separate analyses for the <15 years and ⩾15 years age groups showed a significant (P<0·02) difference with a longer mean incubation time in the older age group.
First detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae inIxodes ricinusandDermacentor reticulatusticks in the UK
Authors: TIJSSE-KLASEN E. , JAMESON L. J. , FONVILLE M. , LEACH S. , SPRONG H. , MEDLOCK J. M.
Published: November 2010

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the presence of spotted fever rickettsiae in two species of British tick (Ixodes ricinusandDermacentor reticulatus). The 16S rRNA gene ofRickettsiaspp. was detected in 39/401 (9·7%) of ticks tested, including 22/338 (6·5%)I. ricinusand 17/63 (27%)D. reticulatus. Some positiveI. ricinussamples showed 100% homology withRickettsia helvetica(10/22), and most positiveD. reticulatusshowed 100% homology withR. raoultii(13/17). Five otherRickettsiaspp. were detected exhibiting 96–99% homology. Ticks positive for rickettsiae were collected from various hosts and from vegetation from eight counties across Great Britain. The distribution ofR. helveticain various engorged and unfed stages ofI. ricinussuggests thatR. helveticais widespread.R. raoultiiwas found in questing adultD. reticulatusin Wales and England. This is the first evidence of potentially pathogenic spotted fever rickettsiae in British ticks.
Antibiotic therapy for acute Q fever in The Netherlands in 2007 and 2008 and its relation to hospitalization
Authors: DIJKSTRA F. , RIPHAGEN-DALHUISEN J. , WIJERS N. , HAK E. , VAN DER SANDE M. A. B. , MORROY G. , SCHNEEBERGER P. M. , SCHIMMER B. , NOTERMANS D. W. , VAN DER HOEK W.
Published: November 2010

Data about the effectiveness of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of acute Q fever from clinical studies is scarce. We analysed the antibiotic treatment regimens of acute Q fever patients in 2007 and 2008 in The Netherlands and assessed whether hospitalization after a minimum of 2 days antibiotic therapy was related to the initial antibiotic therapy. Clinical data on antibiotic treatment and risk factors of acute Q fever patients were obtained from general practitioner medical records and self-reported by patients. For the 438 study patients, doxycycline was the most commonly prescribed initial antibiotic in both study years. After adjustments for confounding factors, doxycycline (200 mg/day), moxifloxacin, as well as other possibly effective antibiotics [including other new fluoroquinolones and doxycycline (100 mg/day)] showed significant lower risks for hospitalization compared to β-lactam antibiotics and azithromycin (reference group), with the lowest risk for doxycycline (200 mg/day) (odds ratio 0·04, 95% confidence interval 0·01–0·22). These data support current guidelines that recommend doxycycline as the first choice antibiotic for treating acute Q fever.
Kant as Seen by Hegel
Authors: Walsh W. H.
Published: November 2010

Few major philosophers show evidence of having studied the works of their predecessors with special care, even in cases where they were subject to particular influences which they were ready to acknowledge. Hume knew that he was working in the tradition of ‘some late philosophers in England, who have begun to put the science of man on a new footing’—‘Mr Locke, my Lord Shaftsbury, Dr Mandeville, Mr Hutchinson, Dr Butler, &c.’ But there is not much sign in the Treatise or elsewhere in Hume's writings of any close acquaintance with the works of these authors; the presumption must be that he had read them at some time and extracted the main ideas, but was not in the habit of returning to their texts. He had something more important to do, namely to work at philosophical problems of his own. Similarly Kant, though he said that the Critique of Pure Reason was not meant to be ‘a critique of books and systems, but of the faculty of reason in general’, had clearly felt the impact of the thought of some important past philosophers, but equally had never spent much time in finding out just what these philosophers had to say. Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Leibniz and Hume all get fairly frequent mention in his pages. But Kant takes his knowledge of Plato and Aristotle from J. J. Brucker's Historia critica philosophiae, a six-volume compilation which first appeared in 1742, or from doubtful sources such as Mendelssohn's doctored translation of the Phaedo, and though he doubtless knew the more recent authors at first hand clearly felt no need to study them in any depth. This was true even of writers to whom he attributed a particular importance, such as Leibniz and Hume. The references to Hume in the Critique and Prolegomena are all disappointingly general, and though the summary of Leibniz's philosophy in the section called ‘The Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection’ has a certain force, it is not documented with references to Leibnizian texts. Kant knows that there is a difference between the views of the historical Leibniz and those which constituted the ‘Leibnizian-Wolffian system’ of his successors. But he is not very curious about the difference, or inclined to explore it.
Parasites Cut Loose
Authors: Palmer Anthony
Published: November 2010

Whether any property is internal to a particular object may be taken to depend upon the way in which the object is described. Thus it is not an internal property of Scott to have been the author of Waverley, neither is it an internal property of the author of Ivanhoe. But what of the author of Waverley? Is the proposition that the author of Waverley composed Waverley necessarily true? On one interpretation of it it surely is. Even so, one can attach a sense to saying that the person who was in fact the author of Waverley might not have been so. All that is needed for this is that he be capable of being otherwise identified (Russell and Moore, the Analytic Heritage, 158).
Life-form and Idealism
Authors: Bolton Derek
Published: November 2010

In this paper I shall suggest that philosophy which bases itself firmly inlife is incompatible with idealism. The example of such a philosophy to be discussed is the later work of Wittgenstein, and I shall define in what sense this is ‘based in life’, with particular reference to his concept of ‘Lebensform’, or ‘life-form’. I shall understand idealism to be, in general terms, the doctrine that idea is the primary, or the only, category of being. Various kinds of idealism may then be distinguished according to the precise definition each gives of ‘idea’, and of the category, if any, which is held to be less fundamental. Thus, in brief, in Platonic idealism, absolute immaterial being is ontologically prior to the changing world given to sense-experience; in the idealistic systems of more modern thought, mind is more fundamental than matter; or again, subject, or spirit, is more fundamental than object. While the various systems of idealism are properly classed together so far as they assign priority to the concept idea, it is clear that they differ in their interpretations of the concept. When one has in mind these differences, it is of course misconceived to speak of idealism as a single doctrine; nevertheless, it is plausible to suppose that philosophers have been led to apply the term ‘idealism’ to various systems despite their differences, because there is indeed a common tendency of thought to be found in them. The present paper takes this supposition as a working hypothesis, with the particular aim of establishing that philosophy based in life is incompatible with philosophy based in idea, whatever be reasonably meant by ‘idea’. In brief my argument will be this: that life is no idea.
The Misprision of Pragmatics: Conceptions of Language in Contemporary French Philosophy
Authors: Lecercle J. J.
Published: November 2010

I come to praise contemporary French philosophy not to bury it. My aim is not to hail the appearance in France of a native brand of analytic philosophy—in itself an important event in the last decade—but to describe the indirect and selective importation of certain Anglo-Saxon concepts by French philosophers whose practice is far from analytic; and also to describe the resultant misunderstanding. In this paper I shall analyse the use of pragmatic concepts—and of the concept ‘pragmatics’—in the recent work by Deleuze and Guattari, Mille Plateaux, and I shall try to show that these concepts are the object of a creative misunderstanding, of a misprision.
The Relevance of Cartesianism
Authors: Carraud Vincent
Published: November 2010

A philosophy need not be afraid of being out-of-date. Any true philosophy, untimely as soon as it is published, necessarily remains so, thus necessarily remains relevant. This is the case of Descartes' philosophy. But in the case of Cartesianism, there is more to it: Descartes' philosophy goes in quest of the decisive, the principle, the very first Beginning. And the philosophy in quest of the Beginning is, indeed, a radical and original philosophy: what keeps its interest to Descartes' project and, even nowadays, its relevance is the fact that it may be mistaken with the very project of philosophy. In this way what is new in the Beginning, which we think is the shape of the breaking-up, is the old, the oldest. Although Descartes claims for his novelty (‘je serai obligé d'écrire ici en même façon que si je traitais d'une matière que jamais personne avant moi n'eust touchée’, ‘I shall have to write here as if I were dealing with a subject which nobody before me had ever handled’), he keeps coming back ‘to the very prime moment of the Beginning’, to the initial, original Beginning, that of the being: ‘Mit demcogito sumbeansprucht Descartes, Heidegger says at the beginning ofSein und Zeit, der Philosophie einen neuen und sicheren Boden beizustellen’. Now, nothing is more untimely than the inaugural, nothing is more decisive than the foundation: if the relevance of Cartesianismdoesexist, it is the true one, the original one. So, even nowadays, we cannot philosophizewithoutDescartes (even though some people would like to philosophizeagainstDescartes).
Merleau-Ponty and the Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Barrett Cyril
Published: November 2010

It is over forty years since Merleau-Ponty published his first major work, Le structure de comportement (‘The Structure of Behaviour’) (1942) and a quarter of a century since he died. He belongs, therefore, with Sartre and Marcel, to the first post-War generation of French philosophers. Like his friend Sartre's, his philosophy may be regarded as dated, passé, of no interest or relevance to truly contemporary thought. In philosophical terms forty years are nothing; in terms of trends, fashions and novelties they are an eternity. But perhaps the work of Merleau-Ponty has not dated because it was never in vogue. He did not write plays and novels, or take part in political demonstrations, though he was involved in politics, or win a Nobel prize and refuse to receive it. He was very much a philosopher's philosopher, eminent in his field, well known in academic circles in France but hardly a household name. In this country he is hardly known even in philosophical circles, except by name. More is the pity, since his philosophical approach and manner of philosophizing have much in common with certain modes of British philosophizing, as I hope to show.
History as Genealogy: An Exploration of Foucault's Approach to History
Authors: Noujain Elie Georges
Published: November 2010

Anyone familiar with contemporary French culture could not fail to notice that, in the field of ideas, history and the philosophy of history occupy in France a more central place than in England or North America. The work and concerns—including the methodological concerns—of historians like Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel and the Annalistes, Georges Lefebvre, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Michel de Certeau, Jacques Le Goff and Francois Furet, are known, discussed and taken on board by most French intellectuals and academics.
Good, Fairness and QALYs
Authors: Broome John
Published: November 2010

Counting QALYs (quality adjusted life years) has been proposed as a way of deciding how resources should be distributed in the health service: put resources where they will produce the most QALYs. This proposal has encountered strong opposition. There has been a disagreement between some economists favouring QALYs and some philosophers opposing them. But the argument has, I think, mostly been at cross-purposes. Those in favour of QALYs point out what they can do, and those against point out what they can't. There need be no disagreement about this. What is needed is to sort out what is the proper domain of QALYs, and it may be possible to do this amicably. Then we may be able to get on with the more useful job of deciding how well QALYs perform within their domain. In this paper I shall try to accomplish the first task (sections II–IV), and make a start on the second (sections V–VIII).
The Context of American Philosophy
Authors: Singer Marcus G.
Published: November 2010

I am, naturally, greatly honoured to have been invited by the Royal Institute of Philosophy to organize and conduct their lecture series on American Philosophy. It has been an interesting if trying experience, and I must say that the process of organizing it has given me a special respect for the patience and administrative capacities of those who have the task year in year out. Of course there were special difficulties in the way of importing so many people from the United States (especially since the Institute does not have the funds needed to bring them over), but if the series was to be on American Philosophy—whatever that is—it seemed especially appropriate that the lectures be given predominantly by Americans who have made a special study of the subject— again, whatever that is. We may, of course, end with the conclusion that there is no such distinctive subject, and that the name ‘American Philosophy’ is as nominal as a name can be, but that, we should note, is something to be found out, not a conclusion dictated in advance.
George Herbert Mead: Philosophy and the Pragmatic Self
Authors: Campbell James
Published: November 2010

George Herbert Mead was born at the height of America's bloody Civil War in 1863, the year of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address. He was born in New England, in the small town of South Hadley, Massachusetts; but when he was seven years old his family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, so that his father, Hiram Mead, a Protestant minister, could assume a chair in homiletics at the Oberlin Theological Seminary. After his father's death in 1881, Mead's mother, Elizabeth Storrs Billings Mead, briefly taught at Oberlin College. (She later served as the president of Mount Holyoke College from 1890 to 1900.) Mead grew to self-consciousness in this educational atmosphere, amidst the conflict between science and religion over the primacy of efficient or final explanations; and he offers us, in some autobiographical comments, a sense of the difficulties felt by one who saw values on either side: We wished to be free to follow our individual thinking and feeling into an intelligent and sympathetic world without having to bow before incomprehensible dogma or to anticipate the shipwreck of our individual ends and values. We wanted full intellectual freedom and yet the conservation of the values for which had stood Church, State, Science, and Art.
Emerson and the Virtues
Authors: Suckiel Ellen Kappy
Published: November 2010

Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose life spanned most of the nineteenth century, is widely regarded as one of the greatest sages in the history of American thought. Among educated American citizenry, Emerson is probably the most commonly read indigenous philosopher—and for good reason. Emerson presents a vision of human beings and their place in the universe which gives meaning and stature to the human condition. His profound, even religious, optimism, gives structure and import to even the smallest and apparently least significant of human activities. The inspirational quality of Emerson's, prose, his willingness to travel far and wide to lecture, his ability to help people transcend the difficulties of the times, all led to his very great national as well as international significance.
The Moral Individualism of Henry David Thoreau
Authors: Norton David L.
Published: November 2010

Henry Thoreau boasted that he was widely travelled in Concord, Massachusetts. He was born there on 12 July 1817, and he died there on 6 May 1862, of tuberculosis, at the age of forty-four years. In 1837 he graduated from Harvard College, and in 1838 he joined Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and others in the informal group that became known as the New England Transcendentalists. The author of four books, many essays and poems, and a voluminous journal, he is best known for the book Walden and the essay ‘Civil Disobedience’, and for the circumstances attending these two milestones in American thought and literature.
American Legal Philosophy
Authors: Tur Richard
Published: November 2010

Given statements like these about current developments in intellectualizing about law in America it is an exciting time to look at American legal philosophy. Given the ferment in the law schools and the volume of literature in the law journals it is also a difficult task confidently to extract the main lines of current thought and adequately to assess the significance of current intellectual movements. American lawyers are inclined to point out that there is no such thing as ‘American law’. Rather, in addition to Federal law and the Supreme Court's jurisdiction there are some fifty jurisdictions each with its own Constitution, Legislature and Supreme Court and consequently diversity rather than uniformity is the rule. Equally, the very idea that there is some single, coherent and widely accepted theory of law deserving description as ‘American legal philosophy’ obviously begs all manner of significant questions.
Free Will: Responsibility and ‘Free Will’
Authors: Vesey Godfrey
Published: November 2010

As a rule we treat people as responsible for what they do. We admonish them if they behave badly, praise them if they do well. We punish people. And we reward them.

There are exceptions, of course. For example, we do not punish someone for doing something he has been compelled to do, perhaps by having a gun in his back. And we even recognize such a thing as psychological compulsion, as in the case of kleptomania.
Value Judgments: Value Judgments and Normative Claims
Authors: Singer Marcus G.
Published: November 2010

A person's values are what that person regards as or thinks important; a society's values are what that society regards as important. A society's values are expressed in laws and legislatively enacted policies, in its mores, social habits, and positive morality. Any body's values—an individual person's or a society's—are subject to change, and in our time especially. An individual manifests his or her values in expressions of approval or disapproval, of admiration or disdain, by seeking or avoidance behaviour, and by his or her characteristic activities. What one values one seeks for or tries to maintain. Sometimes attaining it leads to unexpected enlightenment—that isn't what one wanted after all. But a person's values are discovered most significantly in a reflective way by becoming aware of what one is willing to give up to attain or maintain one's values. This is the price one is willing to pay for it, and values are occasionally, and in the money and stock markets always, expressed in terms of price. This can be significant or it can be misleading; it depends on how it is interpreted. Not everything has a monetary equivalent, despite the attempts of the law to provide recovery for damages in monetary terms, and despite the cynical maxim, ‘Everyone has his price’.
Liberty and Authority
Authors: Raphael D. D.
Published: November 2010

Everybody supports freedom—even authoritarians, though what they call freedom looks suspiciously like bondage. Rousseau beginsThe Social Contractwith a flourish: ‘Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.’ He ends up by trying to persuade us that the chains, the restraints of law and organized society, are necessary for true freedom. He wants us to believe that true freedom, the freedom essential for human existence, is not the happy-go-lucky freedom of Liberty Hall, do as you like, but the straight and narrow path of duty, of conformity to law. The universal popularity of the idea of freedom does not mean that everybody is really agreed about it. Plato, Rousseau, Hegel and his followers—they all talk of a true or genuine freedom, but they oppose this to Liberty Hall, to doing as you please.