bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Self‐perceived Body Weight Status with Dietary Reporting by U.S. Teens*
Authors: Kant Ashima K.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Children's self perception of body weight and the medical definition of obesity show poor correlation. This study examined the independent associations of body mass index (BMI) and self‐perceived weight status (considered self over‐, under‐, or right weight) with food reporting, nutrient intake estimates, and biomarkers of dietary exposure.

Research Methods and Procedures: Dietary (one 24‐hour recall), anthropometric, and biochemical data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1269 boys and 1385 girls, ages 12 to 18 years). Sex‐specific multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association of BMI and self‐perceived body weight status with reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, low‐nutrient‐dense foods, micronutrients, and serum concentrations of selected vitamins and carotenoids.

Results: Reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, number of eating occasions, percentage of energy from low‐nutrient‐dense foods, likelihood of meeting the standard of intake of micronutrients, and biomarkers were not different among boys and girls who perceived themselves as overweight relative to those who perceived themselves at the right weight (p > 0.05). In boys, BMI was a negative predictor of percentage of energy from low‐nutrient‐dense foods (p = 0.004) and intake of ascorbic acid (p = 0.04). BMI was inversely related to serum concentrations of most carotenoids (p ≤ 0.002).

Discussion: Perceiving oneself as overweight was not associated with reporting of low‐nutrient‐dense foods, macronutrients, micronutrients, and biomarker status; BMI, however, was a significant predictor of several outcomes.
Adipose Depletion and Apoptosis Induced by Trans‐10, Cis‐12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Mice*
Authors: Hargrave Kimberly M. , Li ChangLong , Meyer Brett J. , Kachman Stephen D. , Hartzell Diane L. , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Miner Jess L. , Baile Clifton A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer mixture (mCLA) with each main isomer [trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA (CLA10,12) and cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA (CLA9,11)] in causing body lipid loss and adipose tissue apoptosis.

Research Methods and Procedures: Mice selected over 16 generations for high (MH) or low (ML) energy expenditure and a control group (MC) were fed diets containing either soy oil or soy oil plus mCLA, CLA10,12, or CLA9,11 for 5 days in one study and 14 days in a second study.

Results: Mice fed mCLA or CLA10,12 had less body lipid (p < 0.05), smaller retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.05), and ate less (p < 0.01) than mice fed no CLA or CLA9,11 for 5 days. Mice consuming 1% mCLA or 0.5% CLA10,12 gained less weight (p < 0.01) and had less body lipid (p < 0.05) and smaller epididymal (p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01) than mice consuming either control or 0.5% CLA9,11‐containing diets for 14 days. Only mCLA and CLA10,12 increased apoptosis in retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01). The effects of mCLA and CLA10,12 were independent of genetic line except for the effect on adipocyte apoptosis. Mice of the MH line were slightly less sensitive than MC or ML mice to CLA‐induced adipose tissue apoptosis.

Discussion: CLA10,12, but not CLA9,11, can induce both body fat loss and adipose apoptosis. Although mice of a genotype with less body fat and greater metabolic rate and feed intake appear less sensitive, these CLA effects are robust for mice of varying metabolic background.
Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Obese Non‐Diabetic Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Paquot Nicolas , Scheen André J. , Dirlewanger Mirjam , Lefèbvre Pierre J. , Tappy Luc
Published: April 2008

Objective: Obese non‐diabetic patients are characterized by an extra‐hepatic insulin resistance. Whether obese patients also have decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity remains controversial.

Research Methods and Procedures: To estimate their hepatic insulin sensitivity, we measured the rate of exogenous insulin infusion required to maintain mildly elevated glycemia in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, obese non‐diabetic patients, and lean control subjects during constant infusions of somatostatin and physiological low‐glucagon replacement infusions. To account for differences in insulin concentrations among the three groups of subjects, an additional protocol was also performed in healthy lean subjects with higher insulin infusion rates and exogenous dextrose infusion.

Results: The insulin infusion rate required to maintain glycemia at 8.5 mM was increased 4‐fold in obese patients with type 2 diabetes and 1.5‐fold in obese non‐diabetic patients. The net endogenous glucose production (measured with 6,6‐2H2‐glucose) and total glucose output (measured with 2‐2H1‐glucose) were ∼30% lower in the patients than in the lean subjects. Net endogenous glucose production and total glucose output were both markedly increased in both groups of obese patients compared with lean control subjects during hyperinsulinemia.

Discussion: Our data indicate that both obese non‐diabetic and obese type 2 diabetic patients have a blunted suppressive action of insulin on glucose production, indicating hepatic and renal insulin resistance.
Ethnic Differences in Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns and Overweight Status
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Adair Linda S. , Popkin Barry M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the relationship between physical activity and inactivity patterns and overweight in U.S. adolescents using baseline and 1‐year change in activity and inactivity data.

Research Methods and Procedures: Nationally representative data from 12,759 participants (6997 non‐Hispanic whites, 2676 non‐Hispanic blacks, 2185 Hispanics, and 901 Asians) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995 and 1996). Data on moderate to vigorous and low‐intensity physical activity, TV/video viewing, and video game/computer use were obtained from questionnaires. Multivariate models assessed the association of overweight (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics 2000 curves) with initial (and 1‐year change) activity and inactivity levels, controlling for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban residence, cigarette smoking, and region of residence.

Results: Overweight prevalence was positively associated with high level TV/video viewing among white boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [1.08 to 2.14]) and girls (OR = 2.45 [1.51 to 3.97]). The odds of overweight decreased with high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity among white boys (OR = 0.81 [0.76 to 0.87]), non‐Hispanic black boys (OR = 0.86 [0.76 to 0.98]) and girls (OR = 0.88 [0.78 to 0.99]), and Hispanic boys (OR = 0.90 [0.83 to 0.97]) and girls (OR = 0.91 [0.84 to 0.99]).

Discussion: Predicted probabilities generated from the logistic regression models, which examined the experimental effects of altering hours of TV/video viewing and bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity, show lower overweight among adolescents who watched less TV per week combined with frequent moderate to vigorous physical activity than those who watched more TV per week combined with fewer bouts of weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity. Predicted probabilities suggest important sex and ethnic differences in these associations.
Validation and Calibration of Physical Activity Monitors in Children
Authors: Puyau Maurice R. , Adolph Anne L. , Vohra Firoz A. , Butte Nancy F.
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study was designed to validate accelerometer‐based activity monitors against energy expenditure (EE) in children; to compare monitor placement sites; to field‐test the monitors; and to establish sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous threshold counts.

Research Methods and Procedures: Computer Science and Applications Actigraph (CSA) and Mini‐Mitter Actiwatch (MM) monitors, on the hip or lower leg, were validated and calibrated against 6‐hour EE measurements by room respiration calorimetry, activity by microwave detector, and heart rate by telemetry in 26 children, 6 to 16 years old. During the 6 hours, the children performed structured activities, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), Nintendo, arts and crafts, aerobic warm‐up, Tae Bo, treadmill walking and running, and games. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) computed as EE − RMR was regressed against counts to derive threshold counts.

Results: The mean correlations between EE or AEE and counts were slightly higher for MM‐hip (r = 0.78 ± 0.06) and MM‐leg (r = 0.80 ± 0.05) than CSA‐hip (r = 0.66 ± 0.08) and CSA‐leg (r = 0.73 ± 0.07). CSA and MM performed similarly on the hip (inter‐instrument r = 0.88) and on the lower leg (inter‐instrument r = 0.89). Threshold counts for the CSA‐hip were <800, <3200, <8200, and ≥8200 for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous categories, respectively. For the MM‐hip, the threshold counts were <100, <900, <2200, and ≥2200, respectively.

Discussion: The validation of the CSA and MM monitors against AEE and their calibration for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous thresholds certify these monitors as valid, useful devices for the assessment of physical activity in children.
Estradiol May Limit Lipid Oxidation via Cpt 1 Expression and Hormonal Mechanisms
Authors: Gower Barbara A. , Nagy Tim R. , Blaylock Matthew L. , Wang Chenxi , Nyman Lara
Published: April 2008

Objective: Evidence indicates that estrogen depresses hepatic lipid oxidation. We tested the hypothesis that estradiol (E2) treatment depresses transcription of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (Cpt 1) mRNA and increases adiposity.

Research Methods and Procedures: Six ovariectomized female rats were given a subcutaneous pellet of E2 (5 mg/d), and six were given placebo. Rats were pair‐fed by group for 18 days. Body composition was assessed chemically: mRNA for liver Cpt 1, adipose tissue uncoupling protein‐2 (Ucp 2), and quadriceps Ucp 3 by Northern analysis; serum glucose, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids by standard techniques; and serum insulin and glucagon by radioimmunoassay.

Results: E2‐treated rats lost more weight than placebo‐treated rats (37.3 ± 6.0 vs. 16.2 ± 2.6 g, p < 0.01), but did not differ in final carcass composition (adjusted for eviscerated body mass). E2‐treated rats had lower liver Cpt 1 (p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle Ucp 3 (p < 0.05) mRNA and lower concentrations of glucose, glucagon, and free fatty acids (p < 0.05). E2‐treated rats tended to have higher insulin (p = −0.067) and TG (p = 0.097). TG tended to be correlated with Cpt 1 mRNA (r = −0.56 and p = 0.07).

Discussion: These results suggest that, although E2 is likely to suppress lipid oxidation and promote TG synthesis, these effects are not manifested in a relative increase in carcass adiposity after 18 days of treatment, at least under conditions of negative energy balance. The possible role of E2‐mediated changes in insulin and glucagon secretion on hepatic substrate metabolism warrants further study.
Regulation of Body Weight and Carcass Composition by Sibutramine in Rats
Authors: Strack Alison M. , Shu Joanne , Camacho Ramon , Gorski Judith N. , Murphy Beth , MacIntyre D. Evan , Hickey Gerard J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: We examined the effectiveness of sibutramine to modulate food intake and body composition in rats with two levels of adiposity imposed by the duration of their maintenance on a moderate‐fat diet.

Research Methods and Procedures: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 32% fat diet from weaning until 2 or 4 months of age, at which point, body fat was either 15% or 25%, respectively, as measured by DXA. Sibutramine (0.6 or 2 mg/kg, orally) was then given daily for 2 weeks.

Results: Food intake and body weight decreased acutely in a dose‐related manner in both groups with sibutramine treatment. In all rats, food intake suppression was attenuated after multiple days of sibutramine. Both 15%‐ and 25%‐fat rats had a persistent decrease in weight gain over the 2‐week period in response to sibutramine. The older, 25%‐fat rats were more sensitive to sibutramine than the younger, 15%‐fat rats with regard to the magnitude of overall food intake inhibition, decrease in body weight gain, and caloric efficiency. Despite these differences, sibutramine produced the same relative reductions in fat mass and had no effect on lean mass in the two groups.

Discussion: Thus, sibutramine produced equivalent efficacy on carcass fat loss in both groups, despite less inhibition of feeding and body weight gain in leaner rats. Whether these changes are a result of the leaner rats being younger and on a steeper growth curve compared with older, fatter rats or whether this is a direct function of their level of adiposity remains to be determined.
Metabolic Characteristics and Body Composition in a Model of Anti‐Obese Rats (Lou/C)
Authors: Couturier Karine , Servais Stéphane , Koubi Harry , Sempore Brigitte , Sornay‐Mayet Marie‐Hélène , Cottet‐Emard Jean‐Marie , Lavoie Jean‐Marc , Favier Roland
Published: April 2008

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate some features of the metabolic profile and the body composition of male Lou/C rats and to examine whether these characteristics are strictly related to the food‐intake reduction.

Research Methods and Procedures: Fourteen‐week‐old male Lou/C rats were compared with age‐matched male Wistar rats fed ad libitum (WAL) and another group of male Wistar rats whose food was chronically restricted (WFR) to the same amount as the Lou/C rats from weeks 3 to 14.

Results: Food intake and body weight were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in Lou/C compared with WAL rats, whereas these reductions were perfectly reproduced in WFR rats. Lou/C rats demonstrated lower relative weights of retroperitoneal (0.97 ± 0.07 vs. 1.67 ± 0.16 and 1.88 ± 0.15 g/100 g body) and epididymal (1.01 ± 0.02 vs. 1.62 ± 0.12 and 1.80 ± 0.11 g/100g body) fat depots than did the two other groups and no decrease in the percentage of carcass proteins, which was observed in the WFR rats. In addition, compared with the WFR group, the Lou/C rats showed lower plasma glucose levels (3.65 ± 0.14 vs. 4.72 ± 0.15 and 4.7 ± 0.19 mM); a tendency (p < 0.1) for lower liver glycogen concentrations; and similar levels of glycerol, free fatty acids, and β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Epinephrine and the relative weight of the adrenal glands were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the Lou/C rats than in the WAL rats and the two other groups, respectively.

Discussion: The ability of the Lou/C rats to accumulate less body fat than their equally food‐restricted Wistar counterparts (WFR) suggests a difference in basal metabolism in this strain of rats that resembles obesity‐resistant rats.
Lipolysis in Adipocytes Isolated from Deep and Superficial Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: Monzon J. Raul , Basile Robin , Heneghan Steven , Udupi Vidya , Green Allan
Published: April 2008

Objective: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) occurs in two depots separated by a fascial plane: deep SAT and superficial SAT. In a recent study it was demonstrated that the amount of deep SAT has a much stronger relationship to insulin resistance than does superficial SAT. Because insulin resistance may be related to fatty acid release from adipose tissue, we hypothesized that the two SAT depots may have a different lipolytic activity.

Research Methods and Procedures: To test this hypothesis, we obtained samples of deep and superficial SAT from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. The rate of lipolysis was determined in the collagenase‐digested adipocytes obtained from the two fat depots by measuring glycerol release in the presence and absence of isoproterenol. In addition, the relative concentration of hormone‐sensitive lipase was determined in both SAT depots by Western blot analysis.

Results: Our results showed that the rate of isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis was ∼20% higher in cells from deep SAT compared with those from superficial SAT, indicating that the deep SAT is more lipolytically active. The concentration of hormone‐sensitive lipase did not differ between the two adipose tissue depots.

Discussion: These findings suggest that the higher lipolytic activity of deep SAT may account for its stronger association with insulin resistance. The mechanism seems to be independent of differences in hormone‐sensitive lipase concentration.
The Road to Obesity or the Path to Prevention: Motorized Transportation and Obesity in China
Authors: Bell A. Colin , Ge Keyou , Popkin Barry M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Dependence on motorized forms of transportation may contribute to the worldwide obesity epidemic. Shifts in transportation patterns occurring in China provide an ideal opportunity to study the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Our objective was to determine whether motorized forms of transportation promote obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: A multistage random‐cluster sampling process was used to select households from eight provinces in China. Data were included on household vehicle ownership and individual anthropometric and sociodemographic status. Cross‐sectional data (1997) from 4741 Chinese adults aged 20 to 55 years were used to explore the association between vehicle ownership and obesity. Cohort data (1989 to 1997) from 2485 adults aged 20 to 45 years in 1989 (59% follow‐up) were used to measure the impact of vehicle acquisition on the odds of becoming obese.

Results: Our main outcome measure was current obesity status and the odds of becoming obese over an 8‐year period. In 1997, 84% of adults did not own motorized transportation. However, the odds of being obese were 80% higher (p < 0.05) for men and women in households who owned a motorized vehicle compared with those who did not own a vehicle. Fourteen percent of households acquired a motorized vehicle between 1989 and 1997. Compared with those whose vehicle ownership did not change, men who acquired a vehicle experienced a 1.8‐kg greater weight gain (p < 0.05) and had 2 to 1 odds of becoming obese.

Discussion: Encouraging active forms of transportation may be one way to protect against obesity.
Behavioral Weight Control for Overweight Adolescents Initiated in Primary Care
Authors: Saelens Brian E. , Sallis James F. , Wilfley Denise E. , Patrick Kevin , Cella John A. , Buchta Richard
Published: April 2008

Objective:This study evaluates the post‐treatment and short‐term follow‐up efficacy of, as well as participant satisfaction for, a 4‐month behavioral weight control program for overweight adolescents initiated in a primary care setting and extended through telephone and mail contact.

Research Methods and Procedures:44 overweight adolescents were randomly assigned to either a multiple component behavioral weight control intervention (Healthy Habits [HH];n= 23) or a single session of physician weight counseling (typical care [TC];n= 21). Weight, height, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight‐related and eating behaviors and beliefs were assessed before treatment, after the 4‐month treatment, and at 3‐month follow‐up. Participant satisfaction and behavioral skills use were measured.

Results:HH adolescents evidenced better change in body mass indexzscores to post‐treatment than TC adolescents. Body mass indexzscores changed similarly in the conditions from post‐treatment through follow‐up. Behavioral skills use was higher among HH than TC adolescents, and higher behavioral skills use was related to better weight outcome. Energy intake, percentage of calories from fat, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight‐related or eating behaviors/beliefs did not differ by condition or significantly change over time independent of condition. The behavioral intervention evidenced good feasibility and participant satisfaction.

Discussion:A telephone‐ and mail‐based behavioral intervention initiated in primary care resulted in better weight control efficacy relative to care typically provided to overweight adolescents. Innovative and efficacious weight control intervention delivery approaches could decrease provider and participant burden and improve dissemination to the increasing population of overweight youth.
Gender Effects on Adrenergic Receptor Expression and Lipolysis in White Adipose Tissue of Rats
Authors: Lladó Isabel , Rodríguez‐Cuenca Sergio , Pujol Esperanza , Monjo Marta , Estrany M. Elena , Roca Pilar , Palou Andreu
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the effects of short‐term (15 days) cafeteria‐diet feeding on the expression of α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors (AR) and its association with lipolytic stimulation in isolated retroperitoneal white adipocytes.

Research Methods and Procedures: Six female and 6 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) were fed a cafeteria diet plus standard diet for 15 days. The remaining 12 age‐ and sex‐matched rats received a standard diet only. White retroperitoneal adipose tissue was isolated and used for the determination of both α2 and β‐AR expression and for in vitro studies of lipolytic activity.

Results: In female control rats, we found higher lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level and a lower α2/β3‐AR ratio than male rats. Cafeteria‐diet feeding for 15 days decreased lipolytic activity in both male and female rats and altered the α2A‐ and β3‐AR protein levels with an increase of α2A‐AR in males and a β3‐AR decrease in females.

Discussion: Our results indicate that a 15‐day cafeteria‐diet feeding induced an increase in the α2/β3‐AR balance and impaired adipose tissue lipolytic activity, which was higher in males and may contribute to the development of increased fat mass. The higher functionality of α2‐AR, together with the minor role developed by β3‐AR and lower lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level in cafeteria‐diet‐fed male rats compared with female rats, may be responsible for the gender‐dependent differences observed in this study.
Body‐Image Perceptions among Urban Native American Youth
Authors: Rinderknecht Kimberly , Smith Chery
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study investigated body‐image perceptions among Native American youth.

Research Methods and Procedures: A modified and validated body‐image measure for use with Native American youth was utilized in a cross‐sectional assessment of 155 urban Native American youth attending an after‐school program in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The youth (ages 5 to 18 years) expressed their perceptions of current and ideal body image, which allowed assessment of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Body sizes perceived as healthy or most likely to develop diabetes were also communicated. Heights and weights were measured, and body mass index was calculated.

Results: When asked to identify their ideal body figure, younger children selected thinner figures than adolescents, and overweight youth chose ideal figures similar to those of normal‐weight youth. The mean body dissatisfaction of the youth was ±0.99 and ±1.49 body figures for boys and girls, respectively. Examination of the direction of body dissatisfaction revealed that 41% of the boys and 61% of the girls expressed a desire to be thinner. Those expressing the greatest dissatisfaction were overweight girls (>95th percentile). On a scale from one to eight, the median of the body image viewed as the healthiest was 4.0, whereas that most likely to develop diabetes was 8.0.

Discussion: These results suggest that urban Native American youth are dissatisfied with their body size and that most acknowledge the diabetes risk associated with overweight, which implies that they may be receptive to obesity prevention measures.
Body Weight Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism in Non‐Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetics
Authors: Simonen Piia P. , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Cholesterol metabolism was studied in 64 subjects with type 2 diabetes who had body weight ranging from normal to obese, to find out whether weight interferes with cholesterol metabolism in diabetes.

Research Methods and Procedures: Cholesterol absorption was measured with peroral isotopes and by assaying serum plant sterol and cholestanol to cholesterol ratios, cholesterol synthesis with sterol balance, and measuring serum cholesterol precursor ratios.

Results: The study population was divided into normal‐weight (body mass index, 24.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2; mean ± SEM; n = 20) and obese (31.0 ± 0.5 kg/m2; n = 44) groups. Despite similar serum cholesterol and blood glucose values, fecal neutral sterol excretion, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, cholesterol turnover (1649 ± 78 vs. 1077 ± 52 mg/d; p < 0.001), and serum cholesterol precursors were higher, and cholesterol absorption % (32 ± 1 vs. 40 ± 2%; p < 0.05), serum cholestanol, and plant sterols were lower in the obese vs. the non‐obese groups. Serum sex hormone‐binding globulin was positively associated with variables of cholesterol absorption, whereas blood glucose, serum insulin, and body mass index were associated with variables of cholesterol synthesis. In multiple stepwise regression analysis, cholesterol absorption percentage (R2 = 24%) and body mass index (R2 = 15%) were the only variables explaining the variability of cholesterol synthesis.

Discussion: Body weight, through its entire range, regulates cholesterol metabolism in type 2 diabetes such that with increasing insulin resistance, cholesterol absorption is lowered and cholesterol synthesis increased.
Racial Differences in Insulin Resistance and Mid‐Thigh Fat Deposition in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Berman Dora M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether racial differences in insulin resistance between African American (AA) and white women exist in postmenopausal women and whether they are related to physical fitness and/or obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 35 obese AA (n = 9) and white (n = 26) women of comparable maximal oxygen consumption, obesity, and age. Total body fat was measured by DXA. Abdominal and mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue (a marker of intramuscular fat) were determined with computed tomography. Glucose utilization (M) was measured during the last 30 minutes of a 3‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Insulin sensitivity was estimated from the relationship of M to the concentration of insulin during the last 30 minutes of the clamp.

Results: The percentage of fat and total body fat mass were similar between AA and white women, whereas fat‐free mass was higher in African American women. Visceral adipose tissue was not different between groups, but subcutaneous abdominal fat was 17% higher in the AA than in the white women. AA women had an 18% greater mid‐thigh muscle area (p < 0.01) and a 34% greater mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue area than the white women. Fasting glucose concentrations were not different, but fasting insulin concentrations were 29% higher in AA women. Glucose utilization was 60% lower in the AA women because of a lower non‐oxidative glucose disposal. Insulin sensitivity was 46% lower in the AA women.

Discussion: AA postmenopausal women have more mid‐thigh intramuscular fat, lower glucose utilization, and are less insulin sensitive than white women despite comparable fitness and relative body fat levels.
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and BMI in Relation to Self‐Perception of Overweight
Authors: Paeratakul Sahasporn , White Marney A. , Williamson Donald A. , Ryan Donna H. , Bray George A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare the self‐perception of overweight in the study population according to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status and to compare the self‐perception of overweight among individuals classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data from 5440 adults who participated in the 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture were analyzed. Data for analysis included self‐perceived weight status, self‐reported weight and height, and demographic and socioeconomic data. Underweight individuals, defined as those with a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, were excluded from the analysis.

Results: Self‐perception of overweight was more common in women compared with men and in whites compared with blacks or Hispanics. Both the correct and incorrect perception of overweight was more common in normal weight and overweight white women compared with black women. More overweight and obese white men correctly perceived their overweight status compared with black men. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratio of perceived overweight was significantly higher in women, whites, and individuals with higher body mass index, higher income, and higher education.

Discussion: Self‐perceived overweight varied by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Erroneous perception of body weight may have important health and behavioral implications. In particular, a considerable proportion of overweight men may be at risk of obesity if they continue to perceive themselves as having normal weight.
Trends in Energy Intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar Shifts Seen across Age Groups
Authors: Nielsen Samara Joy , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Popkin Barry M.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the trends in locations and food sources of Americans stratified by age group for both total energy and the meal and snack subcomponents.

Research Methods and Procedures: Nationally representative data was taken from the 1977 to 1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1989 to 1991 and 1994 to 1996 (and 1998 for children age 2 through 9) Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals. The sample consisted of 63,380 individuals, age 2 and up. For each survey year, the percentage of total energy intake from meals and snacks was calculated separately for 2‐ to 18‐year‐olds, 19‐ to 39‐year‐olds, 40‐ to 59‐year‐olds, and those 60 years and older. The percentage of energy intake by location (at‐home consumption or preparation, vending, store eaten out, restaurant/fast‐food, and school) and by specific food group was computed for all age groups separately.

Results: The trends in location and food sources were almost identical for all age groups. Key dietary behavior shifts included greater away‐from‐home consumption; large increases in total energy from salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza; and large decreases in energy from low‐ and medium‐fat milk and medium‐ and high‐fat beef and pork.

Discussion: Total energy intake has increased over the past 20 years, with shifts away from meals to snacks and from at‐home to away‐from‐home consumption. The similarity of changes across all age groups furthers the assertion that broad‐based environmental changes are needed to improve the diets of Americans.
Physical Activity, TV Viewing, and Weight in U.S. Youth: 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. , Bartee R. Todd , Wang Min Qi
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the relationship between physical activity, TV watching, and weight in U.S. youth ages 14 to 18 years.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data from a nationally representative sample of 15,143 U.S. high‐school students participating in the 1999 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined. Prevalence rates of participation in moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and television watching (TV) were determined. The association between MPA, VPA, TV and the body mass index (BMI) and overweight status (BMI ≥85th percentile of age‐ and sex‐specific CDC/National Center for Health Statistics reference values) were examined by analysis of covariance and logistic regression.

Results: Overall, 45% reported participating in MPA ≥3 d/wk, 65% reported participating in VPA ≥3 d/wk, and 25% reported watching TV ≥4 h/school day. Boys reporting six to seven bouts of MPA had a significantly lower BMI compared with boys reporting three to five or less than two. The mean BMI differed significantly between the lowest and highest levels of MPA groups in girls. The mean BMI was significantly lower in the highest VPA group compared with the other two groups in both sexes. There was a significant graded response for BMI across all levels of TV. Decreased levels of MPA and 3 to 4 days of VPA were significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight in boys when compared with those engaging in 6 to 7 d/wk (odds ratio = 1.26 to 1.37). A graded response existed between TV and overweight in both sexes. Boys and girls were ∼20% to 25% less likely to be classified as overweight if they reported 2 to 3 hours of TV per day and ∼40% less likely to be classified as overweight if they reported ≤1 hour of TV per day compared with those who watched ≥4 hours of TV. In general, youth who engaged in less physical activity watched more TV per week.

Discussion: Increased levels of physical activity are associated with a lower BMI and less TV watching. However, the relationship between TV watching and weight status is more pronounced.
Adolescent Obesity, Overt and Relational Peer Victimization, and Romantic Relationships
Authors: Pearce Michelle J. , Boergers Julie , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine associations between obesity and peer relations in adolescents, specifically testing the hypotheses that obese adolescents are more frequent victims of peer aggression and are less likely to develop romantic relationships.

Research Methods and Procedures: Measures of overt and relational victimization, as well as dating status and satisfaction, were collected for a group of 416 ninth‐ through twelfth‐grade students (51.7% girls). Body mass index was computed for each teen based on self‐reported height and weight data.

Results: Results revealed that obese boys reported more overt victimization and obese girls reported more relational victimization compared with their average‐weight peers. Obese girls were also less likely to date than their peers. However, both obese boys and girls reported being more dissatisfied with their dating status compared with average‐weight peers.

Discussion: The results suggest that obese adolescents are at greater risk for mistreatment by peers and may have fewer opportunities to develop intimate romantic relationships; this may contribute to the psychological and health difficulties frequently associated with obesity.
Fat Distribution and Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women: Influence of Hormone Replacement
Authors: Munoz Julian , Derstine Anita , Gower Barbara A.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine cross‐sectionally the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the relationship between body composition and insulin sensitivity (Si).

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 57 early postmenopausal white women, 33 receiving HRT and 24 controls. Body composition was estimated using DXA and computed tomography scans at the abdomen and mid‐thigh. Si was assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis.

Results: Compared with nonusers, HRT users had lower visceral adipose tissue, fasting serum glucose, and fasting insulin. Total body fat and unadjusted Si did not differ between groups. Visceral adipose tissue mass (VATM) was the only body‐fat compartment significantly associated with Si (r2 = 0.43, p < 0.0001) in a model including total‐body fat, upper‐trunk fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat mass, leg fat, and mid‐thigh low‐density lean tissue. Lean body mass was positively correlated with Si among HRT users and tended to be negatively correlated among nonusers. HRT status also affected the relationship between VATM and Si such that, relative to nonusers, HRT users had lower Si across lower VATM levels, but higher Si across higher VATM.

Discussion: These results suggest that in postmenopausal women, VATM is uniquely related to Si. HRT affects the relationship between VATM and Si and between lean body mass and Si. These interactions should be considered in future studies.
Effect of Protein Intake on Bone Mineralization during Weight Loss: A 6‐Month Trial
Authors: Skov Annebeth R. , Haulrik Nikolaj , Toubro Søren , Mølgaard Christian , Astrup Arne
Published: April 2008

Objective: The long‐term effect of dietary protein on bone mineralization is not well understood.

Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐five overweight (body mass index, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (≥30 kg/m2) subjects were enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, 6‐month dietary‐intervention study comparing two controlled ad libitum diets with matched fat contents: high protein (HP) or low protein (LP). Body composition was assessed by DXA.

Results: In the HP group, dietary‐protein intake increased from 91.4 g/d to a 6‐month intervention mean of 107.8 g/d (p < 0.05) and decreased in the LP group from 91.1 g/d to 70.4 g/d (p < 0.05). Total weight loss after 6 months was 8.9 kg in the HP group, 5.1 kg in the LP group, and none in the control group. After 6 months, bone mineral content (BMC) had declined by 111 ± 13 g (4%) in the HP group and by 85 ± 13 g (3%) in the LP group (not significant). Loss of BMC was more positively correlated with loss of body fat mass (r = 0.83; p < 0.0001) than with loss of body weight. Six‐month BMC loss, adjusted for differences in fat loss, was greater in the LP group than in the HP group [difference in LP vs. HP, 44.8 g (95% confidence interval, 16 to 73.8 g); p < 0.05]. Independent of change in body weight and composition during the intervention, highprotein intake was associated with a diminished loss of BMC (p < 0.01).

Discussion: Body‐fat loss was the major determinant of loss of BMC, and we found no adverse effects of 6 months of high‐protein intake on BMC.
Increased Serum Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Obese Children
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Hayashibe Hidemasa , Dobashi Kazushige , Uchida Norihiko , Nakane Takaya , Kodera Kohji , Shirahata Akira
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which is one of the physiologically active gene products secreted from adipose tissue, is increased and associated with atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese children.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 42 consecutive outpatient Japanese obese children, 29 boys and 13 girls, ranging in age from 5 to 14 years, and 25 age‐matched non‐obese children, 13 boys and 12 girls, as the control group for measuring CETP mass. Blood was drawn after an overnight fast and, at the same time, and anthropometric measurements including height, body weight, waist girth, hip girth, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were taken. Paired samples were obtained from 15 obese children who underwent psychoeducational therapy. Serum CETP mass was assayed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), apolipoproteins (apo) B, apo B/apo A1, and insulin in obese children were significantly higher than the respective reference values. Serum CETP level was ∼2‐fold higher (98.7 ± 3.6 vs. 50.9 ± 4.0 nM, means ± SEM, p < 0.001) in the obese children than in the controls. In 15 obese children, whose percentage of overweight declined during therapy, CETP levels decreased significantly. CETP level was correlated with HDLC, TC/HDLC, and insulin, and with percentage of overweight when the data of the obese and non‐obese children were combined.

Discussion: CETP is increased and associated with the atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese children.
Body Mass Index‐Related Human Adipocyte agouti Expression Is Sex‐Specific but Not Depot‐Specific
Authors: Voisey Joanne , Imbeault Pascal , Hutley Louise , Prins John B. , van Daal Angela
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine if human adipocyte agouti signal protein (ASIP) mRNA expression is associated with obesity and is gender and/or depot specific.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 8 men (64 ± 3 years) and 14 women (56 ± 15 years) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. ASIP mRNA levels in isolated omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results: No significant depot difference was observed between genders; ASIP mRNA levels of omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes were pooled for this analysis. BMI and ASIP gene expression were negatively correlated in men (ρ = −0.70; p < 0.05), whereas a positive relationship was observed in women (ρ = 0.48; p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference between groups. Hip circumference was significantly higher in women than in men (p < 0.05). Also, no significant difference in ASIP mRNA expression was observed between men and women, regardless of the fat depot.

Discussion: These results show that men and women of similar age and BMI present similar ASIP mRNA levels in omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes. However, a sexual dimorphism exists in the relationship between ASIP expression and BMI. If ASIP is involved in appetite regulation or energy homeostasis in humans, this observation may contribute to the recognized differences in these parameters between men and women.
Impact of Interviewer's Body Mass Index on Underreporting Energy Intake in Overweight and Obese Women
Authors: McKenzie Debra C. , Johnson Rachel K. , Harvey‐Berino Jean , Gold Beth Casey
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine if overweight and obese women provide more accurate reports of their energy intake by 1) in‐person recall with an obese interviewer, 2) in‐person recall with a lean interviewer, or 3) telephone recall with an unknown interviewer.

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐eight overweight and obese women participated in this study. Subjects completed one telephone‐administered multiple‐pass 24‐hour recall (MP24R) with an unknown interviewer and were then randomly assigned to an in‐person MP24R with either a lean or obese interviewer to gather reported energy intake (rEI). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured using a Deltrac monitor, and physical activity (EEPA) was estimated using a Caltrac accelerometer. Therefore, estimated energy expenditure was determined by: estTEE = (BMR + EEPA) × 1.10.

Results: No significant differences were found between the two in‐person interview modes for subject age, weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat, total energy expenditure, rEI, and misreporting of energy intake. In‐person recall data were combined for comparison with the telephone recalls. No significant difference was found between the in‐person and telephone recalls for rEI and misreporting. Mean reported energy intake was significantly lower than estimated total energy expenditure for the telephone recalls and combined (lean and obese modes) in‐person recalls.

Conclusions: This study found that interviewer body mass index had no impact on self‐reported energy intake during an in‐person MP24R, and that telephone recall data were comparable with in‐person recalls. Underreporting was a widespread problem (∼26%) for all modes in this sample.
Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Normotensive Obese Patients: Relationship with Visceral Fat
Authors: Morricone Lelio , Malavazos Alexis Elias , Coman Calin , Donati Cristina , Hassan Tamin , Caviezel Francesco
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of echocardiographic characteristics and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distribution in normotensive obese patients.

Research Methods and Procedures: Echocardiographic parameters were assessed in 28 normotensive obese patients [7 men, 21 women, mean age, 43.2 years; mean body mass index (BMI), 37.2 kg/m2; 10 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); 6 with type 2 diabetes] and 18 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy, normal‐weight controls (4 men, 14 women; mean age, 45.8 years; mean BMI, 22.4 kg/m2) by an M‐mode, color‐doppler videofluoroscope. VAT in the obese patients was assessed by computed tomography (at L4 level).

Results: The obese patients had a significantly larger internal diastolic left ventricular (LV) diameter (p < 0.05), a thicker end‐diastolic septum (p < 0.001) and posterior wall (p < 0.001), a greater indexed (g/m2.7) LV mass (p < 0.001), a higher atrial diastolic filling wave velocity (p < 0.001), a lower ratio between early and atrial diastolic filling wave velocities (p < 0.01), and a prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (p < 0.05). End‐diastolic septum and posterior wall thickness and the LV mass were significantly greater in patients with a VAT area >130 cm2 than with <130 cm2. In the multivariate regression analysis, only VAT (p < 0.0001), waist‐to‐hip ratio (p < 0.001), and sex (p < 0.001) were associated with the most important echocardiographic alterations.

Discussion: The morphological and functional echocardiographic alterations usually found in normotensive obese patients closely correlate with the amount of intra‐abdominal fat deposition, even in the presence of diabetes or IGT.
Familial Resemblance of 7‐Year Changes in Body Mass and Adiposity
Authors: Hunt Melanie S. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Pérusse Louis , Rice Treva , Rao D. C. , Bouchard Claude
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate the familial resemblance of 7‐year changes in body mass and adiposity among Canadian families.

Research Methods and Procedures: The sample consisted of 655 women and 660 men from 521 families who participated in the Canada Fitness Survey in 1981 and the follow‐up Campbell's Survey in 1988. Indicators of baseline and 7‐year changes in body mass and adiposity included body mass (kilograms), body mass index (BMI; kilograms per square meter), sum of five skinfolds (SF5; millimeters), and waist circumference (WC; millimeters). The data were adjusted for the effects of age and sex, and the change scores were adjusted for baseline levels. A familial correlation model was used to determine the heritability of each phenotype using maximum likelihood techniques.

Results: Significant familial resemblance was observed at baseline and for 7‐year changes in all phenotypes. At baseline, moderate heritabilities were observed [body mass: heritability coefficient (h2) = 56%; BMI, h2 = 39%; SF5, h2 = 41%; and WC, h2 = 39%], whereas values were attenuated for each change score except for WC (Δbody mass, h2 = 23%; ΔBMI, h2 = 14%; ΔSF5, h2 = 12%; and ΔWC, h2 = 45%).

Discussion: Changes in body mass and adiposity significantly aggregate within families over 7 years. However, baseline values are characterized by higher heritability levels except WC. The significant heritabilities observed for change scores suggest that lifestyle, transient environmental factors, and possibly age‐related gene effects are important determinants of changes in body mass and adiposity.