bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COST OF CARE IN TB PATIENTS, ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND IMPACT ON MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS
Authors: Shankar Ajay , Karahyla Jai Kishan , Sofi Arshid
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an increasing problem for the developed world, particularly among the economically deprived. TB patients have to
suffer poverty because of cost of treatment as well as DALY lost. TB is not only a medical disease but it has a wider ramication on the socioeconomic as well as the psychological aspect of patient, The increasing cost of care in acts as a barrier for achieving optimum management and
sometimes disproportionately affects the outcome. To study the expenses incurred Aim: by TB patients both direct and indirect, to account for the
social implications of TB in the society and how it affects the management of such patients . This Hospital based study Material and Methods:
including IPD and OPD patients in Respiratory Medicine of Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science And Research, Mullana
(Ambala) (Deemed to be University), using a semi structured questionnaire was used to interview the patients regarding the various expenses they
had during the treatment, how it affected their social life and any complications they faced. The results were analysed with similar studies
conducted previously in different countries. Results: Pre-diagnostic/diagnostic costs were Rs 2738.20 and Rs 5072 respectively. Total cost during
treatment and total guardian costs were Rs 1604 and Rs 5928.57 respectively. Total mean annual income of the patients was Rs 209320 while total
mean cost for TB treatment was Rs 29316.60. Of the total 100 patients, 74 went to government centres and 26 went to private for treatment, the most
common reason for choosing private facilities was that it was time consuming followed by Distance to facility. 20% people sold some sort of
property to nance treatment.24% people faced catastrophic costs of Tb and 77% patients who incurred catastrophic costs had some form of post
treatment complications Conclusion: There are many indirects costs in TB treatment that are not accounted for, the expenses lead to catastrophic
costs for the patient as well as the household. The social implication of Tb including loss of job and separation from friends spouse and family,
Catastrophic patients are associated with adverse outcome and the patients had to pay over and above the treatment cost due to complications
arising from tuberculosis and led to stopping of treatment in between.
RELATIONSHIP OF PREOPERATIVE RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION AND OUTCOME AFTER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT SURGERY – A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Karmokar Debashis , Majumdar Pinaki , Ray Manjushree , Kumar Kundu Asim
Published: April 2021

Objective:Right ventricular dysfunction constitutes a major risk factor for patients suffering from degenerative mitral valve disease. The objective
of this study was to assess right ventricular function by echocardiography and to detect role of right ventricular functions in prediction of outcome
following mitral valve replacement operation in patients with rheumatic heart disease involving mitral valve.
Methods:Transthoracic 3D echocardiography was done in 52 patients posted for mitral valve replacement surgery. Right ventricular function was
analyzed by measuring fractional area change (FAC) of right ventricle, tethering distance and, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE).
Tricuspid regurgitation was graded 0 to 4. Based on echocardiographic ndings of right ventricle, patients were allocated in two groups; Group A
(normal right ventricular function) and Group B (poor right ventricular function). After surgery, incidence of complications such as; low cardiac
output syndrome, refractory arrhythmia and, sepsis were compared in two group.
Results: Incidence of postoperative complication such as low cardiac output syndrome and sepsis was signicantly more in patients with poor right
ventricular function. Right ventricular variables, FAC <35%, TAPSE <17 mm and tethering distance > 8 mm are independent predictors of
postoperative complications. Tricuspid valve was repaired in patients with grade 3 and 4 regurgitation. Therefore cardiopulmonary bypass time
was signicantly more in patients with grade 3 and 4 TR (84.42±69.77 min) (p<0.01). Duration of intensive care support was also signicantly
more in patients with poor right ventricular function (p<0.001)
Conclusion: To predict possible complications and outcome following mitral valve replacement surgery, right ventricular functions should be
thoroughly assessed by 3D echocardiography
SIGNIFICANCE OF ULTRASOUND IN CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED CAUSES OF VAGINAL BLEEDING IN FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY
Authors: Shankhwar Amit , Tripathi Prem Siddharth , Atram Saurabh , Kujur Pankaj , Nigam Prakhar , Sarkar Ark
Published: April 2021

Background: (1) Nearly one-fourth (20-25%) of all pregnant women present with history of vaginal bleeding during the rst trimester . Ultrasound
imaging plays an important role in determining the causes of vaginal bleeding during rst trimester of pregnancy.
Aims & Objectives:To evaluate the signicance of ultrasound in clinically diagnosed causes of vaginal bleeding in rst trimester pregnancy.
Methods: 100 women with vaginal bleeding during rst trimester of pregnancy with clinical diagnosis were evaluated by ultrasonography [USG]
and interpretation was compared.
Results: Among these 100 cases, threatened abortion was the commonest cause of bleeding (30%) followed by incomplete abortion. Disparity was
found between clinical diagnosis of rst trimester vaginal bleed and ultrasound diagnosis. Ultrasound is highly sensitive and specic in diagnosing
all causes of rst trimester vaginal bleed including ectopic pregnancy.
Conclusion: With good diagnostic performance, USG proves to be an important imaging modality in determining the causes of vaginal bleeding
during rst trimester of pregnancy and thus provides an aid for clinicians in better management of patients.
PENALIZED LOG-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION FOR COX-FRAILTY MODEL WITH NONINFORMATIVE BIVARIATE CURRENT STATUS DATA
Authors: Faisal Alhassan
Published: April 2021

A Penalized Maximum Likelihood Estimation (PMLE) procedure is proposed for Cox proportional hazards frailty model
with noninformative bivariate current status data. An integrated splines (I-splines) was used to approximate the two
unknown baseline cumulative hazard functions of the failure times. The one-parameter gamma frailty distribution was used to model the
correlation between the two failure times. An easy to implement computational algorithm is proposed to estimate the regression and splines
parameters. Bayesian technique as proposed by Wahba (1983) was employed for the variance estimation. The statistical properties of the
estimated parameters were studied through extensive simulation and it was observed that the PMLEs were consistent, asymptotically normal and
efcient. In addition, the estimators were robust to the choice of knots, censoring rates and type of frailty distribution used. The proposed
methodology is further demonstrated through the analysis of the tumorigenicity experiment data by Lindsey and Ryan (1994).
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISTAL END RADIUS FRACTURE TREATED BY PERCUTANEOUS 5 PIN TECHNIQUE V/S CLOSED REDUCTION AND CASTING METHOD”.
Authors: Khandal Vibhor , Mathur Ashwani Kumar , Kumar Mohit , Bairwa Rajkumar
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Distal end radius fractures crush the mechanical foundation of most useful tool, the hand. No other fracture has a such potential to
devastate hand function, and no other metaphysis of bone is embraced by more soft tissues. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is one of the
standard treatments for management of distal radius fractures, and its modication 'The percutaneous 5 pin technique improves the reliability of
xation thus combining the benets of non-invasiveness as in casting and stability achieved is comparable to open reduction and plating.
Material and method: This prospective study was done between December 2018 to December 2020 in department of orthopedics, including 60
patients with fracture of distal radius Among them 30 patients subsequently underwent ve pin xation and 30 patients were treated with closed
reduction and casting method.
Result: Radiological analysis of the data was done using Sarmiento's Modication of Lidstrom Criteria. Activities of daily life (ADL) were
examined by using the demerit point system of Gartland and Wereley based on objective and subjective criteria, residual deformity and
complications.
Radiological parameters were assessed for at the end of 6months. There was signicant difference in all the three parameters i.e, Volar tilt, Radial
length, Radial inclination between both groups at the end of 6 months. Closed reduction with ve pinning technique group had shown not only
better but also statistically signicant anatomical reduction compared to other groups. Functional outcome was better in patients treated with
percutaneous 5 pinning technique.
Conclusion: The ve pin technique carries the advantage of early mobilization, DRUJ stability. Radio Ulnar pins and the pins across the fracture
site provide enough stability to permit early mobilization leading to less post operative stiffness in joint. Although the study series is small and
further research is essential to provide directions for treatment, it is safe to conclude that the ve pin technique is a technically less demanding, lessinvasive and an effective way of treating displaced distal radius fractures without severe articular or metaphyseal comminution
THE USE OF TEACHER’S CODE SWITCHING IN ENGLISH TEACHING
Authors: Author Eko
Published: April 2021

This research is to describe code switching that teacher used in teaching process. The researcher wants to analysis the type and the function of using code switching by teacher because English is not compulsory subject in elementary school and English is still unfamiliar for Indonesian students. The subject was English teacher who teaches in seventh grade at SMPN 1 Parungponteng, Tasikmalaya. Based on the research, the teacher practiced code switching in order to help the students in delivering materials. In the process of code switching, the teacher practiced Bahasa Indonesia, Sundanese and English. The aims of this research were to classify the types of code switching and functions of code switching. It was descriptive qualitative research designs of which instrument are both observation and interview. The findings from the data analysis indicated that the types of code switching were found in three types: inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, tag switching. The functions of code switching used by the teacher were found three functions: message reiteration, message qualification and interjection. Furthermore, the type reason of using code switching by teacher based on interview was repetition used for clarification because the teacher wants students understand what teacher has explained. Keyword: code switching, sociolinguistics, bilingualism, English as a foreign language, EFL teaching.
Peningkatan Nutrien Silase Pennisetum purpureum dengan Penambahan Berbagai Konsentrasi Asam Formiat
Authors: Sariri Ahimsa Kandi , Sukaryani Sri
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari konsentrasi penambahan asam formiat pada silase yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan nilai nutritif silase Pennisetum purpureum. Asam formiat yang digunakan dalam bentuk cair yang terbagi dalam perlakuan 0; 0,15; 0,3 dan  0,45 % berat hijauan kemudian hijauan yang telah dipotong-potong kemudian dibagi-bagi dalam perlakuan T0  = pemberian asam formiat 0% berat hijauan, T1  = pemberian asam formiat 0,15% berat hijauan, T2 =  pemberian asam formiat 0,3% berat hijauan, T3 =  pemberian asam formiat 0,45% berat hijauan. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang 4 kali. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola searah. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi kadar air, kandungan protein kasar dan kandungan serat kasar silase. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan Penambahan asam formiat 0,15% pada pembuatan silase hijauan Pennisetum purpureum memberikan kandungan nutritif dan performa terbaik yaitu kandungan air 52.15%, PK 12.28%, serat kasar 9,51% dan  performa yang menarik yaitu berwarna segar, hangat dan beraroma asam, penambahan asam formiat 0,3% pada pembuatan silase hijauan Pennisetum purpureum memberikan kandungan nutritif  tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol  dan penambahan asam formiat 0,45% pada pembuatan silase hijauan Pennisetum purpureum memberikan kandungan nutritif  yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan kontrol tetapi performanya rendah dan mudah rusak.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TALKING STICK
Authors: Widiastuti Asty
Published: April 2021

Abstract: The essence of Civics learning in elementary schools is the formation of responsible citizens who are able to implement rights and obligations as citizens, family members, community members and school citizens. So far, Civics subject to many obstacles in its implementation. This can be seen from the lack of enthusiasm of students in following the learning process. Initial data obtained by researchers at SDN Cilingga as many as 19 people or 73.07% of students have not reached the KKM in terms of rights and obligations. One thing that is believed to be able to improve student learning outcomes is by using a learning model. In this research, the learning model used is the Talking Stick model. The method used in this research is PTK (Classroom Action Research). Based on the research results, the percentage of students' comprehension completeness in the pre-cycle activities was 26.92% (very poor), 53.85% in the first cycle (Good), and 84.62% in the second cycle (Very Good) Then the average comparison is that in the pre-cycle got a value of 62.30 (Good), the first cycle got a value of 70.38 (Good), and the second cycle got an average value of 77.31 (Good).Keywords: Talking Stick; Learning Outcomes. Â Â Abstrak: Hakikat dari pembelajaran PKn di Sekolah Dasar yaitu terbentuknya warga negara yang bertanggung jawab, serta mampu menerapkan hak dan kewajiban baik sebagai warga negara, anggota keluarga, anggota masyarakat dan warga sekolah. Materi PKn Â selama ini masih banyak mengalami kendala dalam pelaksanaaanya. Hal tersebut dapat terlihat dari kurang semangatnya peserta didik dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran. Data awal yang diperoleh peneliti di SDN Cilingga sebanyak 19 orang atau 73,07% peserta didik belum mencapai KKM dalam materi hak dan kewajiban. Salah satu yang diyakini mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik adalah dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran. Pada penelitian ini, model pembelajaran yang digunakan yaitu model Talking Stick. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu PTK (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh persentase ketuntasan pemahaman peserta didik pada kegiatan pra siklus 26,92 % (Sangat kurang), siklus I 53,85% (Baik), dan siklus II sebesar 84,62% (Sangat Baik). Lalu perbandingan rata-rata yaitu pada pra siklus mendapatkan nilai 62,30 (Baik), siklus I mendapat nilai 70,38 (Baik), dan siklus II mendapat nilai rata-rata 77,31 (Baik).Kata kunci: Talking Stick; Hasil Belajar.
Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Disease in Children and Adults
Authors: Bittmann Stefan
Published: April 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has kept the world on tenterhooks for half a year. In this short time, millions of data and clinical findings have been collected, the amount of which astonishes even the scientific community. But the majority of them concern adult patients. Knowledge about the clinical course, complications and therapy of COVID-19 in children and adolescents, on the other hand, has been limited to date [2]. And the data that have been collected internationally illustrate once again that "children are not small adults." This is because the incidence of infection in this age group appears to differ, in some cases markedly, from that of elderly and senior patients.
Vanishing Bone Disease: The Unseen Seen
Authors: Tamilthangam Periyasamy
Published: April 2021

Vanishing bone disease (Gorham disease) is an uncommon bone pathology that is characterized by a continuous replacement of bone with the abundance of endothelial cells. It is usually nonfamilial, but maybe familial and occurs periodically in children and young adults. The lesion is usually nonexpansile and monocentric, rarely polyostotic, but locally aggressive. Though asymptomatic cases have been reported, clinical symptoms include pain, functional disability and swelling of the involved area. Pathologic fracture of the involved bone has also been noted in some patients. Surgical treatment, as well as radiotherapy, forms the main basis of treatment modality.
A new approach to optimality in a class of nonconvex smooth optimization problems
Authors:   UNIVERSITY OF LODZ FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE BANACHA 22, 90-238 LODZ, POLAND E-mail address: antczak@math.uni.lodz.pl, ANTCZAK TADEUSZ
Published: April 2021

In this paper, a new approximation method for a characterization of optimal solutions in a class of nonconvex differentiable optimization problems is introduced. In this method, an auxiliary optimization problem is constructed for the considered nonconvex extremum problem. The equivalence between optimal solutions in the considered differentiable extremum problem and its approximated optimization problem is established under (Φ, ρ)-invexity hypotheses.
On an Aitken-Steffensen-Newton type method
Authors:   TIBERIU POPOVICIU INSTITUTE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ROMANIAN ACADEMY P.O. BOX 68-1, ROMANIA E-mail address: pavaloiu@ictp.acad.ro, PAVALOIU ION
Published: April 2021

We consider an Aitken-Steffensen type method in which the nodes are controlled by Newton and two-step Newton iterations. We prove a local convergence result showing the q-convergence order 7 of the iterations. Under certain supplementary conditions, we obtain monotone convergence of the iterations, providing an alternative to the usual ball attraction theorems. Numerical examples show that this method may, in some cases, have larger (possibly sided) convergence domains than other methods with similar convergence orders.
The Fekete-Szego functional for a subclass of analytic functions associated with quasi-subordination
Authors:   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA V8W 3R4, CANADA, SRIVASTAVA H. M. ,   DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY TAICHUNG 40402, TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA E-mail address: harimsri@math.uvic.ca, HUSSAIN SAQIB ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ABBOTTABAD, PAKISTAN E-mail address: saqib math@yahoo.com, RAZIQ ALIA ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ABBOTTABAD, PAKISTAN E-mail address: aliyaraziq93@gmail.com, RAZA MOHSAN ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN E-mail address: mohsan976@yahoo.com
Published: April 2021

In the present paper, we introduce and investigate the Fekete-Szego functional associated with a new subclass of ¨ analytic functions, which we have defined here by using the principle of quasi-subordination between analytic functions. Some sufficient conditions for functions belonging to this class are also derived. The results presented here improve and generalize several known results.
Multiple positive solutions to a (2m)th-order boundary value problem
Authors:   FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS USTHB, PO. BOX 32, EL-ALIA BAB-EZZOUAR ALGIERS, ALGERIA E-mail address: habiba boulaiki@yahoo.fr, BOULAIKI HABIBA , MOUSSAOUI TOUFIK ,   LABORATORY OF FIXED POINT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE KOUBA, ALGIERS, ALGERIA E-mail address: moussaoui@ens-kouba.dz, PRECUP RADU ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS BABES-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA E-mail address: r.precup@math.ubbcluj.ro
Published: April 2021

The aim of the present paper is to study the existence, localization and multiplicity of positive solutions for a (2m)th-order boundary value problem subject to the Dirichlet conditions. Our approach is based on critical point theory in conical shells and Harnack type inequalities.
Mixed problems for degenerate abstract parabolic equations and applications
Authors:   OKAN UNIVERSITY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AKFIRAT, TUZLA 34959 ISTANBUL, TURKEY, SHAKHMUROV VELI. B. ,   KHAZAR UNIVERSITY MATHEMATICS BAKU, AZERBAIJAN E-mail address: veli.sahmurov@okan.edu.tr, SAHMUROVA AIDA ,   OKAN UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AKFIRAT, TUZLA 34959 ISTANBUL, TURKEY E-mail address: aida.sahmurova@okan.edu.tr
Published: April 2021

Degenerate abstract parabolic equations with variable coefficients are studied. Here the boundary conditions are nonlocal. The maximal regularity properties of solutions for elliptic and parabolic problems and Strichartz type estimates in mixed Lebesgue spaces are obtained. Moreover, the existence and uniqueness of optimal regular solution of mixed problem for nonlinear parabolic equation is established. Note that, these problems arise in fluid mechanics and environmental engineering.
The Religiosity of Javanese Society in Modern Indonesian Literature
Authors: Wulandari Patricia
Published: April 2021

A good literary work can provide information about various kinds of community life, including life related to religiosity. Literary works are closely related to religisiutas, because of that, various works appearing showing the religiosity of society, one of which is the Javanese. Modern Indonesian literary works that illustrate this are the collection of short stories from Umi Kalsum by Djamil Suherman, the lyrical prose Pengakuan Pariyem by Linus Suryadi AG, and the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad Tohari. Each of these works represents the diversity of Javanese society. The collection of short stories from Umi Kalsum shows the religious side of the community called the santri who are so obedient in carrying out their worship. The lyrical prose of Pariyem's confession provides information on how a babu is so resigned to seeing life, but in her soul holds the wisdom of Kejawen. Meanwhile, Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk describes the Javanese people who worship the spirits of their ancestors. Even though they have different religions, they basically want harmony. Javanese people who live in santri enjoy harmony when they live with strong Islamic values. The Javanese people of the Gunung Kidul area live in harmony if they are always nrimo and see life as it is according to its Javanese nature. The Dukuh Paruk community attains harmony that originates from the worship of the spirit of Ki Secamenggala.
SINGULAR FOLIATION GENERATED BY AN ORBIT OF FAMILY OF VECTOR FIELDS
Authors: Sharipov X.F. , Boymatov B. , Abriyev N.
Published: April 2021

Geometry of orbit is a subject of many investigations because it has important role in many branches of mathematics such as dynamical systems, control theory. In this paper it is studied geometry of orbits of conformal vector fields. It is shown that orbits of conformal vector fields are integral submanifolds of completely integrable distributions. Also for Euclidean space it is proven that if all orbits have the same dimension they are closed subsets.
DYNAMICS OF FUNCTIONAL STATE OF KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ACCORDING TO LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Matova O. O. , Serbeniuk K. I. , Bezrodna L. V. , Bezrodnyi V. B. , Radchenko V. V.
Published: April 2021

Resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease are closely related from a pathogenetic and clinical point of view. To study the dynamics of functional state of kidneys and as well as to identify the predictors of its improvement, 117 patients with resistant hypertension were examined. Dynamic follow−up of patients included monitoring of antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure, biochemical and humoral parameters during 3, 6 and 36 months of treatment. The findings have shown that a significant long−term improvement in blood pressure control in the patients with chronic kidney disease improves their function and also has a nephroprotective effect in patients without any signs of renal damage. The established prognostic value of the higher initial creatinine content for the improvement of renal function in patients with resistant hypertension is stipulated with a positive effect of antihypertensive therapy on the glomerular filtration rate dynamics. The close association between improved renal function and lower baseline levels of interleukin 6 as well as an active renin in the blood may indicate a role for systemic inflammation and renin−angiotensin−aldosterone system activity in the renal dysfunction development. Prolonged improvement in blood pressure control in the patients with resistant hypertension without diabetes is associated with a stable level of urinary albumin excretion, whereas in patients with diabetes, an albuminuria increases over time. The study concluded that independent predictors of improved renal function in patients with resistant hypertension are higher baseline creatinine and lower glomerular filtration rate, lower concentrations of interleukin 6, active renin and plasma potassium.

Key words: resistant arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, functional state of kidneys, antihypertensive therapy.
Penerapan Sistem Demokrasi Dalam Menjaga Persatuan Dan Konstitusi Serta Penegakan Hukumnya
Authors: Winarno Ronny
Published: April 2021

Demokrasi pantas menjadi panutan di era reformasi, karena dengan demokrasi setiap orang dapat menyampaikan aspirasi, melakukan bargaining politik, memperoleh kekuasaan termasuk sebagai alat menyampaikan mosi tidak percaya. Bahkan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI dalam setiap putusannya, cermatannya, pertimbangan hukumnya senantiasa dijiwai demokrasi. Senyatanya sistem demokrasi diharapkan mampu menjaga persatuan bangsa dan keutuhan konstitusi.
Peran Dan Fungsi Partai Politik Di Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2011
Authors: Rosando Abraham Ferry
Published: April 2021

Partisipasi rakyat dalam menyelenggarakan pemerintahan pada negara demokrasi secara positif ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berarti bahwa aturan permainan dalam kehidupan demokrasi diatur secara kelembagaan. Hal ini berarti bahwa keinginan-keinginan rakyat dalam memerintah suatu negara disalurkan melalui lembaga-lembaga perwakilan yang ada, yang dibentuk melalui pemilihan umum yang demokrasi. Partai politik dalam sistem pemerintahan demokrasi di Indonesia sangat berperan, karena salah satu fungsi dari partai politik sebagaimana Pasal 11 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 Tentang Partai Politik yaitu memberikan pendidikan politik bagi anggota dan masyarakat luas agar menjadi warga negara Indonesia yang sadar akan hak dan kewajibannya dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara; dan penyerap, penghimpun, dan penyalur aspirasi politik masyarakat dalam merumuskan dan menetapkan kebijakan negara; partisipasi politik warga negara Indonesia.
Naujo migrenos gydymo iššūkiai klinikinėje praktikoje
Authors: Ryliškienė Kristina
Published: April 2021

Migrena serga 1,04 mlrd. pasaulio žmonių, tai antra pagal dažnį negalios priežastis pasaulyje po nugaros skausmo [1] ir pirma jaunesniems nei 50 metų asmenims [2]. Migrena neigiamai veikia visas paciento gyvenimo dalis: asmeninį, šeimyninį, darbinį ir socialinį gyvenimą. Tai liga, sukelianti didelių finansinių išlaidų sergančiajam. Šiuos teiginius iliustruoja 2020 m. publikuoto JAV tyrimo „Mano migrenos balsas“ (angl. My migraine voice) rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad ryškų kasdienės veiklos ribojimą pacientai patiria ne tik galvos skausmo metu (84,0 proc. apklaustųjų iš 1101), bet ir prodromo arba auros (42,7 proc.) bei postdromo metu (48,6 proc.). Priepuolio metu šeimos, draugų arba bendradarbių pagalbos reikėjo net 69,1 proc. migrena sergančiųjų, vidutinis pagalbos poreikis buvo devynios dienos per 3 mėn. Didelę priepuolių pasikartojimo baimę nurodė 40,7 proc. apklaustųjų. Skausmo metu esantys visai nedarbingi nurodė 21,5 proc., o ryškiai sumažėjusį darbingumą – 60,0 proc. tiriamųjų [3]. Žinodami didelį migrenos paplitimą, šios ligos naštą pacientui ir visuomenei, suprantame, kad naujo migrenos priepuolio ir profilaktinio gydymo poreikis yra didelis.
Būkime budrūs. Infekcinio endokardito atpažinimas COVID-19 pandemijos metu. Klinikinio atvejo aptarimas
Authors: Lapiniauskaitė Julija , Jakūbaitytė Eglė , Mašanauskienė Edita
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 pandemijos metu sutelkus dėmesį į infekcijos plitimo stabdymą, galima kitų ligų pavėluota diagnostika ir gydymas. Viena iš ligų, kurių savalaikė diagnostika ypač reikšminga išgyvenamumui, yra infekcinis endokarditas. Šios ligos simptomai, tokie kaip, karščiavimas, dusulys arba kosulys, gali imituoti COVID-19 infekciją. Norint atskleisti ligų diagnostikos iššūkius pandemijos metu, pristatomas klinikinis atvejis apie 50 metų vyrą, kuriam, remiantis simptomais, buvo įtarta COVID-19 infekcija, tačiau, atlikus išsamų paciento ištyrimą, nustatytas infekcinis endokarditas.
Highly regio- and stereoselective phosphinylphosphination of terminal alkynes with tetraphenyldiphosphine monoxide under radical conditions
Authors: Tran Dat Phuc , Sato Yuki , Yamamoto Yuki , Kawaguchi Shin-ichi , Kodama Shintaro , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: April 2021

The homolytic cleavage of the PV(O)–PIII bond in tetraphenyldiphosphine monoxide simultaneously provides both pentavalent and trivalent phosphorus-centered radicals with different reactivities. The method using V-40 as an initiator is successfully investigated for the regio- and stereoselective phosphinylphosphination of terminal alkynes giving the corresponding trans-isomers of 1-diphenylphosphinyl-2-diphenylthiophosphinyl-1-alkenes in good yields. The protocol can be applied to a wide variety of terminal alkynes including both alkyl- and arylalkynes.
The Sacralization of the Myth of Prohibition of Leaving the House at Dusk in Sandekala Film: Charles Sanders Pierce’s Semiotic Analysis
Authors: Marwantika Asna Istya
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Sandekala is a horror film that tells the story of local and religious myths about the prohibition of going out at sunset because the devil hovers around at this time. The combination of myth and religion in this horror film is also an attempt to sacralize myth and religion which is produced in the plot of a scary film scene. This paper aims to determine the position of myth and religious themes in the horror film genre in Indonesia, and discuss how the depiction of the sacred myth comes out at sunset. Sandekala's film was analyzed using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis, namely sign, text and interpretant. The results of this paper are first, myth and religion have been used by Indonesian horror film filmmakers since the New Order Era until now. Second, the depiction of the sacredness of the myth of the prohibition of going out at sunset in this film with a dark evening scene, the mother and child as the main characters who have left the house at dusk ignoring the prohibition that has become a myth of society. In addition to confirming the myth of society, this film is also an attempt to remind the segmentation of young people and urbanites who have begun to forget this myth.

 

Abstrak

Film Sandekala merupakan film bergenre horor yang bercerita tentang mitos lokal dan religi tentang larangan keluar pada waktu magrib karena setan bergentayangan pada waktu ini. Gabungan antara mitos dan religi dalam film horor ini juga merupakan upaya sakralisasi antara mitos dan religi yang diproduksi dalam alur scene film yang menakutkan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui posisi tema mitos dan religi dalam genre film horor di Indonesia, dan membahas tentang bagaimana penggambaran sakralisasi mitos keluar pada waktu magrib. Fim Sandekala dianalisis menggunakan analisis semiotik Charles Sanders Peirce yaitu sign, teks dan interpretant. Hasil dari tulisan ini adalah pertama, tema mitos dan religi sudah digunakan sineas film horor Indonesia sejak Era Orde Baru sampai sekarang ini. Kedua, penggambaran sakralisasi mitos larangan keluar magrib di film ini dengan scene suasana magrib yang gelap, ibu dan anak sebagai pemeran utama yang terlanjur keluar rumah waktu magrib ini mengabaikan larangan yang sudah menjadi mitos masyarakat. Film ini selain meneguhkan mitos masyarakat, juga sebagai upaya untuk membidik segmentasi anak muda dan kaum urban yang sudah mulai melupakan mitos ini.
Pre and Post-Operative Dental Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Routine Dental Extraction, Peshawar
Authors: Karim Najwa , Maqsood Farooq , Khan Kamran
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the pre and post-operative dental pain intensity and dental anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction and providing counselling with dental treatments. 

METHODOLOGY:

It was a comparative study conducted in dental hospitals of Peshawar i.e. Sardar Begum Dental College and Khyber College of Dentistry. A total of 200 participants were selected for this study through simple random sampling technique. Half of the participants (N=100) received dental treatment with counselling, whereas half participants (N=100) got only dental treatment. Informed consent was taken from the participants. Both genders having an age range of 18-60 years were included in the study. Those patients who have severe or other associated dental/medical problems were excluded from the study. Modified Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire and Dental Anxiety Scale-Revised were used for data collection. Both questionnaires have high reliability and validity. The patients were counselled from time to time during the tooth extraction procedure to reduce their anxieties and divert their mind from dental tools and pain. The data was analysed using SPSS 22.0 version. 

RESULTS:

The outcome of the study showed that the pain severity and dental anxiety was reduced in the patients taking dental treatment along with counselling after the dental extraction as compared to the patients having only dental treatment. Pain inference also improved after tooth extraction.

CONCLUSION:

Dentists should need to learn counselling skills to provide relief to patients from dental pain and anxiety. Patients suffering from dental pain or diseases also require some psychological interventions along with dental treatments
Suicide Associated with Risk Factors in Patients Suffering from Depression
Authors: Ayub Sher , Waris Abdul , Niaz Hina , Ayub Zahida , Qureshi Nazia
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was to assess suicide and their relationship with risk factors i.e. degree of hopelessness, severity of depression and suicidal ideations.

METHODOLOGY:

It was a cross sectional study conducted in Psychiatry unit Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. The total sample of this study was forty-eight admitted patients. Those patients were included in the study that scored moderate to high in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hopelessness Scale and Reasons for Living Inventory (RLI). The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 22.

RESULTS:

Study showed that reasons for living as well as the subscales of reasons for living inventory i.e. responsibility towards family, hope of improvement and surviving and coping beliefs have significant inverse correlation with score on Hopelessness Scale and suicidal ideations. The score on subscale religious beliefs had significant correlation only with score on hopelessness. Married individuals’ responses were different on total reasons for living to a significant extent. The patients with past psychiatric history had significantly greater fear of suicide. The three different social groups did not differ to a significant extent in scoring on reasons for living.

CONCLUSION:

The reasons for living as a whole and some of the subscales of Reasons for Living Inventory have significant inverse relationship with suicidal risk factors showing the modulatory effect of these reasons on suicidal risk. Moreover, these reasons are not equally distributed among some of the sociodemographic and clinical groups.
The Impact of Traditional Classroom Based Teaching in Comparison to Online Teaching on the Academics and Attendance of Male and Female Students
Authors: Butt Hira , Khan Nauman , Amjad Khadija , Hafeez Fatima , Tahir Fizza , Sahaf Hamza Ahmad
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:

To compare the impact of traditional classroom-based teaching versus online teaching on the academics and attendance of male as compared to female students

 METHODOLOGY:

A study was conducted on 51 third year BDS students, College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. An aggregate of the scores based on weightage assigned to each test for all the assessments conducted in the regular session and online session was formulated. The attendance record of the months taught in both the sessions was also taken as percentages. Fisher Exact test was used to find the statistical association between the level of academic performance as well as attendance in the regular session and online session with gender of the students. Man Whitney U test was used to find the statistical difference in the scores of assessments in the regular as well as online session of male and female students.

RESULTS:

There was a significant association between gender and academic performance in the online session (p=0.002).  Gender and academic performance of students during the traditional classroom-based teaching session had a significant association (p=0.001). The attendance of male and female students was found to be significantly associated with the online teaching system (p=0.009).

 

CONCLUSION:

It was observed that females had an overall better academic performance in the online teaching as well as traditional classroom-based teaching system. A similar trend was observed in attendance also, where the females had better attendance record in online and traditional classroom-based teaching set up.
Frequency of Hyperlipidemia in the Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Iqbal Shama , Gul Ambreen , Ahmad Rashid , Haq Momina , Maryam Sara , Rehman Safia
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:

The primary event in the development of type-2 diabetes is directly associated with lipid metabolism derangement occurring due to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in the newly diagnosed type-2 DM.

METHODOLOGY:

This hospital based descriptive study was conducted in the year 2018 to 2019, on 100 newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic patients attending medical O.P.D or admitted in medial wards of Naseer Ullah Khan Babar Memorial Hospital Kohat Road Peshawar.

RESULTS:

The incidence of hyperlipidemia in newly diagnosed diabetic patients was 29%. About 71% patients were having normal lipid profile. Our study also revealed that the frequency of hyperlipidemia increases with age. Half of the patients having age more than 60 years developed hyperlipidemia. Among hyperlipidemic patients, hypercholesterolemia was present in 36% and hypertriglyceridemia in 64% patients

CONCLUSION:

The study suggests that hyperlipidemia is very common in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic patients in this part of the world.
Covid-19 Positive Antenatal Patients in Obstetrics and Gynea Unit, Peshawar
Authors: Sadaf Rabeea , Zahid Muhammed , Kishwar Nasreen , Farhad Umaiyma , Khalil Behzad Khan
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:

The study aimed to determine the frequency of COVID-19 positive antenatal patients admitted in Obstetrics & Gynecology unit Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar with the concerns that pregnant women may be more susceptible to COVID-19 as they may be more vulnerable to respiratory infection.

METHODOLOGY:

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Obstetrics & Gynecology units Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from May 12th, 2020, to November 29th, 2020, screening and testing of patients admitted for childbirth was in HMC. Screening consisted of questions related to travel, contacts, and symptoms of COVID-19. All patients without a prior diagnosis of COVID-19 underwent SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal swabs, with rapid testing available. Patients scheduled for cesarean birth were screened and tested at preoperative visits

RESULTS: 

One hundred eighty-two patients presenting for antenatal visits were screened; 6.5% (12 out of 182) were previously diagnosed with COVID-19. The remaining 170 patients were tested at admission, and 17.6% (30 out of 170) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-two of the 30 who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (73.3%) were asymptomatic. The overall prevalence of positive test results among asymptomatic patients was 14.1% (22 out of 156). The prevalence of positive test results among asymptomatic patients increased from 1.29% (2 out of 155).

CONCLUSION:

The evidence on this novel infection is changing almost daily, although it will likely be many months before, we can determine the true impact it will have on both maternal and fetal well‐being. In the interim, our primary responsibility is to ensure all women have access to safe maternity services.

KEYWORDS: Asymptomatic, COVID-19 Positive, Antenatal Patients, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Infection
Two Dimensional CFD Analysis and Flow Optimization of Transmission Cooling Scoop for Longitudinal Powertrain Applications
Authors: Viertel Jacob , Wulandana Rachmadian
Published: April 2021

Two dimensional finite area method simulation was conducted to optimize the convective cooling performance of a transmission cooling scoop for longitudinal vehicle powertrain applications. Cooling of the transmission in an automobile is important to prevent premature wear or sudden failure caused by prolonged overheating of internal transmission components. The most common method for transmission cooling requires a small energy input for powering a pump to cool the transmission by circulating transmission fluid through a heat exchanger. An alternative cooling method was designed utilizing a simple scoop geometry to induce forced convection from ambient air to cool the transmission with no energy input requirement. Two dimensional simulation of this alternative cooling method was conducted in ANSYS Fluent. Fluid flow and heat transfer performance were analyzed for three proposed cooling scoop designs. Further flow optimization was achieved with parametric study regarding angle at which the cooling scoop is positioned relative to the transmission. Three dimensional simulation was conducted for improved observation of the physical model. Based on the simulation results, optimal geometry and future design improvements have been determined. A peak simulated heat transfer of 11.14 kW/m^2 was achieved with scoop angle of 45 degrees. Future research investigating the effects of induced turbulence to improve convective heat transfer would be beneficial.
Comparison of PRE and POST COVID-19 Pandemic burn statistics: Initial experience from Rawalian Burn Center, Holy Family Hospital, RMU, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Sajid
Published: April 2021

Objectives: To determine the change in the trend of burn patient epidemiology after the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of frequency of burn injury and mortality rate.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Rawalian burn center, Plastic Surgery Department, Holy Family Hospital RMU Rawalpindi from 1st March to 31st July over a period of 05 months. All burn patients reporting to the Rawalian burn center during the specified period were included in this study by consecutive sampling. Patients were mainly admitted from emergency and some from OPD following the standard admission, inclusion, and exclusion criteriaResults: Mean age of patients in the pre-COVID (Control) period March to July 2019 was 28.84 years with an SD of ±3.73. There were 63% females and 37% males. The total burn surface area range was 8-65% during this period. Whereas in the post-COVID period, March to July 2020 mean age of patients was 29.13 years with an SD of ±4.06. There were 60% females and 40% males. Whereas the total burn surface area range was 10-61% during this period. Frequency per month of burn injury progressively reduced to 58 patients and mortality rate to 1 in July 2020 (post-COVID period). The overall frequency of burn injury (n) during the control period was 367 patients whereas in the post-COVID period is reduced to 326 patients. So there was an 11.17% reduction as compared to the control period. A Chi-square test was applied and was found significant.Conclusion: Based on the current study it can be concluded that there is a progressive fall in frequency of burn injury and mortality rate during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as compared to the PRE-COVID period however further studies are needed to explore the cause of this falling trend.
Effect of Red Bull on Histology of Renal Mesangium
Authors: Rasheed Ammara , Hina Mohtasham , Bashir Kiani Muhammad Rizwan , Tafweez Raafea , Aslam Imtiaz , Saeed Arslan Akbar
Published: April 2021

Objective: To determine the consequences of energy drink (Red bull) on renal mesangium of albino rats.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at the Anatomy Department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from August 2018 to December 2019. It was an experimental randomized controlled trial. Total 90 adult albino male rats, 8-12 weeks old, weighing 130 to 160 grams were taken. Healthy animals were included. Rats were divided into three groups Group A and B experimental groups received 1.5ml/kg and 2.2ml/kg body weight of red bull energy drink, respectively. Group C received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water.Results: The mean initial and final weight of animals was around 150g and 170g, respectively. The mean paired kidney weight and relative tissue weight index for all three groups were found insignificant. Microscopic examination showed mesangial hypercellularity and vascular congestion in renal cortex of groups A and B, none in group C. These were significant among two experimental groups with a p-value less than 0.001.Conclusion: It was found that the use of energy drinks induces histopathological changes in the renal mesangium.
Comparison of chest X-ray with lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children aged 02 months to 12 years
Authors: Sharif Mudassar , Saeed Tariq , Saheel Khalid , Khan Khushdil , Hussain Muhammad , Hussain Abid
Published: April 2021

Objective: To observe the reliability of lung ultrasound in diagnosing pneumonia as compared to chest X-ray.Materials and Methods: This Prospective cohort study was carried out over a period of three months in the Paediatric Department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi. One hundred patients, 2 months to 12 years of age were enrolled in the study. All the patients were subjected to chest X-ray and lung ultrasound within 12 hours of admission. Data was recorded on predesigned Performa and processed on SPSS version 25. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for chest X-ray and lung ultrasound.Results: LUS was found to be more efficient in detecting consolidations (64 out of 100) as compared to CXR (50 out of 100). In 14 patients CXR was not able to detect consolidations but LUS detected the same. Fourteen patients in whom lung ultrasound was positive for consolidations but CXR was negative were subjected to CT chest. Out of these 14 CT scans, 11 were positive and 3 were negative for consolidations. Lung ultrasound was found to have a Sensitivity of 100%, the specificity of 92.30%, PPV 95.31%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 97% as compared to Sensitivity of 81%, the specificity of 100%, PPV 100%, NPV of 78% and accuracy of 89% for CXR in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children.Conclusion: Results from our study confirmed by many other studies on the same research question allow us to conclude that Lung ultrasound is a fast, low cost, reliable, radiation-free alternative to chest x-ray in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children.