bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty matters: ascertaining where specimens in natural history collections come from and its implications for predicting species distributions
Authors: Marcer Arnald , Chapman Arthur D. , Wieczorek John R. , Xavier Picó F. , Uribe Francesc , Waller John , Ariño Arturo H.
Published: June 2022

Natural history collections (NHCs) represent an enormous and largely untapped wealth of information on the Earth's biota, made available through GBIF as digital preserved specimen records. Precise knowledge of where the specimens were collected is paramount to rigorous ecological studies, especially in the field of species distribution modelling. Here, we present a first comprehensive analysis of georeferencing quality for all preserved specimen records served by GBIF, and illustrate the impact that coordinate uncertainty may have on predicted potential distributions. We used all GBIF preserved specimen records to analyse the availability of coordinates and associated spatial uncertainty across geography, spatial resolution, taxonomy, publishing institutions and collection time. We used three plant species across their native ranges in different parts of the world to show the impact of uncertainty on predicted potential distributions. We found that 38% of the 180+ million records provide coordinates only and 18% coordinates and uncertainty. Georeferencing quality is determined more by country of collection and publishing than by taxonomic group. Distinct georeferencing practices are more determinant than implicit characteristics and georeferencing difficulty of specimens. Availability and quality of records contrasts across world regions. Uncertainty values are not normally distributed but peak at very distinct values, which can be traced back to specific regions of the world. Uncertainty leads to a wide spectrum of range sizes when modelling species distributions, potentially affecting conclusions in biogeographical and climate change studies. In summary, the digitised fraction of the world's NHCs are far from optimal in terms of georeferencing and quality mainly depends on where the collections are hosted. A collective effort between communities around NHC institutions, ecological research and data infrastructure is needed to bring the data on a par with its importance and relevance for ecological research.
Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus‐associated Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Lazarini Françoise , Lannuzel Annie , Cabié André , Michel Vincent , Madec Yoann , Chaumont Hugo , Calmont Isabelle , Favrat Mathilde , Montagutelli Xavier , Roze Emmanuel , Lledo Pierre‐Marie ,   for the ZikaSmell Working Group
Published: June 2022

Background and purpose

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). However, little is known about the consequence of ZIKV infection on olfaction in humans.

Methods

Immediately before the COVID‐19 outbreak, we prospectively investigated the olfactory capacities of 19 patients with ZIKV‐associated GBS from the French West Indies and compared them to nine controls from the same population, with GBS of similar severity but independent of ZIKV infection. To provide further evidence that ZIKV infection induces smell alteration, we investigated the consequences of ZIKV infection on olfactory abilities using a mouse model.

Results

Patients with GBS‐ZIKA+ had poorer olfactory function than GBS‐non‐ZIKA, even 1–2 years after the acute phase. The proportion of patients with hyposmia was significantly higher in the GBS‐ZIKA+ than in the GBS‐non‐ZIKA group (68.4% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.042). These deficits were characterized by lower threshold and identification scores and were independent from GBS severity. Additionally, ZIKV infection was found to impair olfaction in immunodeficient mice infected with ZIKV. High viral load was observed in their olfactory system and downstream brain structures. ZIKV promoted both cellular damage in the olfactory neuroepithelium and protracted inflammation of the olfactory bulb, likely accounting for smell alteration.

Conclusions

Patients with ZIKV‐related GBS had poorer long‐term olfactory function than patients with GBS‐non‐ZIKA, and ZIKV‐infected mice are hyposmic. These observations suggest that ZIKV belongs on the list of viruses affecting the olfactory system. Clinical evaluation of the olfactory system should be considered for ZIKV‐infected patients.
Neural distinctiveness of fatigue and low sleep quality in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ruiz‐Rizzo Adriana L. , Bublak Peter , Kluckow Steffen , Finke Kathrin , Gaser Christian , Schwab Matthias , Güllmar Daniel , Müller Hermann J. , Witte Otto W. , Rupprecht Sven
Published: June 2022

Background and purpose

Fatigue and low sleep quality in multiple sclerosis (MS) are closely related symptoms. Here, the associations between the brain's functional connectivity (FC) and fatigue and low sleep quality were investigated to determine the degree of neural distinctiveness of these symptoms.

Method

A hundred and four patients with relapsing–remitting MS (age 38.9 ± 10.2 years, 66 females) completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. FC was analyzed using independent‐component analysis in sensorimotor, default‐mode, fronto‐parietal and basal‐ganglia networks. Multiple linear regression models allowed us to test the association between FC and fatigue and sleep quality whilst controlling for one another as well as for demographic, disease‐related and imaging variables.

Results

Higher fatigue correlated with lower sleep quality (r = 0.54, p < 0.0001). Higher fatigue was associated with lower FC of the precentral gyrus in the sensorimotor network, the precuneus in the posterior default‐mode network and the superior frontal gyrus in the left fronto‐parietal network, independently of sleep quality. Lower sleep quality was associated with lower FC of the left intraparietal sulcus in the left fronto‐parietal network, independently of fatigue. Specific associations were found between fatigue and the sensorimotor network's global FC and between low sleep quality and the left fronto‐parietal network's global FC.

Conclusion

Despite the high correlation between fatigue and low sleep quality in the clinical picture, our findings clearly indicate that, on the neural level, fatigue and low sleep quality in MS are associated with decreased FC in distinct functional brain networks.
Morphometric imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping as complementary tools in the diagnosis of parkinsonisms
Authors: Mazzucchi Sonia , Del Prete Eleonora , Costagli Mauro , Frosini Daniela , Paoli Davide , Migaleddu Gianmichele , Cecchi Paolo , Donatelli Graziella , Morganti Riccardo , Siciliano Gabriele , Cosottini Mirco , Ceravolo Roberto
Published: June 2022

Background and purpose

In the quest for in vivo diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate Parkinson's disease (PD) from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA, mainly p phenotype), many advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been studied. Morphometric indices, such as the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI), demonstrated high diagnostic value in the comparison between PD and PSP. The potential of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was hypothesized, as increased magnetic susceptibility (Δχ) was reported in the red nucleus (RN) and medial part of the substantia nigra (SNImed) of PSP patients and in the putamen of MSA patients. However, disease‐specific susceptibility values for relevant regions of interest are yet to be identified. The aims of the study were to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a multimodal MRI protocol combining morphometric and QSM imaging in patients with determined parkinsonisms and to explore its value in a population of undetermined cases.

Method

Patients with suspected degenerative parkinsonism underwent clinical evaluation, 3 T brain MRI and clinical follow‐up. The MRPI was manually calculated on T1‐weighted images. QSM maps were generated from 3D multi‐echo T2*‐weighted sequences.

Results

In determined cases the morphometric evaluation confirmed optimal diagnostic accuracy in the comparison between PD and PSP but failed to discriminate PD from MSA‐p. Significant nigral and extranigral differences were found with QSM. RN Δχ showed excellent diagnostic accuracy in the comparison between PD and PSP and good accuracy in the comparison of PD and MSA‐p. Optimal susceptibility cut‐off values of RN and SNImed were tested in undetermined cases in addition to MRPI.

Conclusions

A combined use of morphometric imaging and QSM could improve the diagnostic phase of degenerative parkinsonisms.
Evidence that the anti‐inflammatory effect of 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromenes is linked to macrophage repolarization
Authors: dos Reis Gustavo O. , da Rosa Julia S. , Lubschinksi Taina L. , Martin Erlon F. , Sandjo Louis P. , Dalmarco Eduardo M.
Published: June 2022

The inflammatory response is a common feature of many pathological conditions, and there is urgent necessity for new substances that minimize the harmful effects of inflammation. Chromenes represent a class of compounds with multiple pharmacological actions that have already been described and may be potential candidates for studies of therapeutic action. This study aimed to test novel 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromene‐derived molecules in an in vitro model of inflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced Raw 264.7 cells. Seven compounds derived from 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromene were tested on Raw 264.7 cells to evaluate their cytotoxic effects. Next, the effect of the selected compounds on the pro‐inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α], monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 [MCP‐1], interleukin [IL]‐6) and on the anti‐inflammatory mediators (IL‐10 and IL‐13) was analyzed, and finally, the effect of the compounds on macrophage apoptosis and expression of surface receptors (toll‐like receptor 4 [TLR‐4] and mannose) was evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated that changes in the molecular structure of 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromene altered its cytotoxic profile. Therefore, derivatives that showed safe results were selected for further analyses (named compounds: 4–6). In these experiments, the compounds were able to decrease nitric oxide (NO) levels and production of MCP‐1, IL‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐13. Furthermore, these derivatives were effective in reducing macrophage apoptosis and the expression of surface receptors, as TLR‐4/CD284. Moreover, compounds 5 and 6 also were effective in increasing mannose receptor (CD206) expression. The results indicate, for the first time to our knowledge, that the anti‐inflammatory effect produced by chromenes is linked to macrophage repolarization (M1 to M2).
Identification of characteristic flavour compounds and quality analysis in extra virgin olive oil based on HS‐GC‐IMS
Authors: Jing Quan , Huang Xin‐Yi , Lu Cong‐Hui , Di Duo‐Long
Published: June 2022

How to quickly and accurately identify different grades of olive oil has always been a difficult problem. In this study, fifty‐four volatile flavour compounds were identified by HS‐GC‐IMS analysis of different grades of olive oil, and sensory analysis of volatile compounds was carried out based on literature, among which fifteen compounds were identified from olive oil for the first time. Volatile component fingerprint, principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) were adopted to establish the classification model of different grades of olive oil, which had good fitting and prediction ability. Combined with the PLS‐DA model and literature, seven characteristic flavour substances having fruity and green properties, including (E)‐2‐hexenal‐D, (E)‐2‐pentenal‐M/D, 3‐pentanone, 1‐penten‐3‐one, 2,3‐pentanedione, (E)‐3‐penten‐2‐one‐D and 2‐methylbutanal were confirmed. The contents of these characteristic flavour substances in extra virgin olive oil and other grades were significantly different, which could be regarded as characteristic markers to distinguish different grades of olive oil. In addition, the grades of 11 olive oils were predicted by this PLS‐DA model. The results showed that the model had a good ability to discriminate different grades of olive oil.
Inhibitory effects of pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim) leaf extract on lipid and protein oxidation during the processing of Chinese traditional dry‐cured meat (larou)
Authors: Zhao Shengming , Yuan Xiaorui , Li Zhao , Zhao Yanyan , Zhou Haixu , Kang Zhuangli , Ma Hanjun
Published: June 2022

This study investigated the antioxidant properties of pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) leaf (ZL) extract as a natural oxidative agent against lipid and protein oxidation during larou processing. The phenolic profile of the ZL extract was assessed by HPLC and the ZL extract exhibited high 2,2 diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) (0.46 ± 0.07 mg mL−1) and 2,‐2′‐azino‐di‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonic acid (ABTS) (0.38 ± 0.04 mg mL−1) radical scavenging activity. The lipid and protein oxidation of larou was evaluated during the whole process with 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% ZL extracts. Results showed that larou incorporation with ZL extracts significantly delayed the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide values (POV), and carbonyls (P < 0.05). In contrast, the surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity were decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, we found that the deceleration of sulfhydryl and protein solubility loss was observed in a concentration‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, owing to the inhibitory effect of ZL extracts on lipid and protein oxidation, the sensory qualities of larou were improved during processing with increasing concentrations of ZL extract. These results suggested that ZL extract has huge prospects for application in dry‐cured meat processing.
Association of insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast with overweight/obesity in children and adolescents: Findings from a cross‐sectional provincial surveillance project in Jiangsu
Authors: Chen Sunan , Zhang Xiyan , Du Wei , Fan Lijun , Zhang Fengyun
Published: June 2022

Background

Insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast are very common phenomena in China and have been proposed as possible causes of overweight/obesity, but the results of former studies remain inconsistent.

Objective

To investigate the individual and joint association of insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast with overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China.

Methods

Participants were 36 849 students aged 8–17 years from the 2019–2020 project “Surveillance for common disease and health risk factors among students.” Self‐reported insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast were ascertained by self‐reported sleep duration and breakfast habit. Overweight/obesity was assessed according to the gender‐ and age‐specific body mass index. We used logistic regression models to explore the association of sleep and breakfast with overweight/obesity, and stratification analyses to test age or gender differences.

Results

The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity was 33.2%. Insufficient sleep (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03–1.16) or skipping breakfast (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07–1.21) was associated with overweight/obesity. Compared to participants with ‘sufficient sleep and breakfast’, ORs were 1.25 (95% CI = 1.15–1.35) for those with ‘both insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast’. The separate and joint association of sleep and breakfast with overweight/obesity remained generally consistent across different age and gender subgroups, except that the 8–12‐year‐olds group and female students appear more susceptible.

Conclusions

Insufficient sleep and skipping breakfast were jointly associated with overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. Appropriate attention should be paid to these modifiable behaviours including sleep and breakfast in the context of the rapidly growing obesity epidemic among children and adolescents.
A multi-functional anti-aging moisturizer maintains a diverse and balanced facial skin microbiome
Authors: Iglesia Sofia , Kononov Tatiana , Zahr Alisar S.
Published: June 2022

Aims

To assess the effect of a 28-day skincare regimen in healthy female subjects on the facial skin microbiome composition and to determine whether the skincare regimen including a gentle cleansing lotion, a multi-functional anti-aging moisturizer formulated with prebiotics and postbiotics at skin neutral pH, and bland sunscreen pushed the microbiome to a healthier state and improved skin aging measured by self-assessment and clinical photography.

Methods and Results

The study protocol was in accordance with the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) guidance and met all international standards. In all, 25 female subjects between 35 and 65 years old with Fitzpatrick skin types I–VI, moderate crow's feet wrinkles and global face photodamage were enrolled. After 28 days, the skincare regimen improved microbial facial diversity and shifted the microbiota composition when compared to baseline.

Conclusions

After 28 days, the skincare regimen treatment shifted the distribution of the facial skin microbiome, positively influencing the skin microbiome diversity and balance, to promote long-term skin health and protect from further skin aging.

Significance and Impact of the Study

These results suggest that incorporating prebiotics and postbiotics into a skincare regimen may have a positive impact on the facial skin microbiome in healthy women.
“Walking on both sides of the fence”: A qualitative exploration of the challenges and opportunities facing emergent clinician‐scientists in child health
Authors: Pritchard Lesley , Bright Katherine S. , Walsh Catharine M. , Samuel Susan , Li Queenie K. W. , Wollny Krista , Twilt Marinka , Tomfohr‐Madsen Lianne , Pires Linda , Dimitropoulos Gina
Published: June 2022

Rationale, Aims, and Objectives

While paediatric clinician‐scientists are ideally positioned to generate clinically relevant research and translate research evidence into practice, they face challenges in this dual role. The authors sought to explore the unique contributions, opportunities, and challenges of paediatric clinician‐scientists, including issues related to training and ongoing support needs to ensure their success.

Method

The authors used a qualitative descriptive approach with thematic analysis to explore the experiences of clinician‐scientist stakeholders in child health (n = 39). Semi‐structured interviews (60 min) were conducted virtually and recorded. Thematic analysis was conducted according to the phases outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006).

Results

The analysis resulted in the creation of three themes: (1) “Walking on both sides of the fence”: unique positioning of clinician‐scientists for advancing clinical practice and research; (2) the clinician‐scientist: a specialized role with significant challenges; and (3) beyond the basics of clinical and research training programmes: essential skill sets and knowledge for future clinician‐scientists.

Conclusions

While clinician‐scientists can make unique contributions to the advancement of evidence‐based practice, they face significant barriers straddling their dual roles including divergent institutional cultures in healthcare and academia and a lack of infrastructure to effectively support clinician‐scientist positions. Training programmes can play an important role in mentoring and supporting early‐career clinician‐scientists.
Multi‐mineral petrochronology on a high‐pressure mafic granulite reveals short‐lived high‐temperature metamorphism in the North China Craton
Authors: Li Xiao‐Meng , Cheng Hao , Dragovic Besim , Du Kai‐Yang , Zhou Ying
Published: June 2022

Accurately defining the peak ages and timescales of high‐temperature metamorphism is fundamental to unravelling tectonic dynamics. However, metamorphic constraints are frequently hampered by a large spread of zircon U–Pb ages without explicit textural relationships. Integrated garnet and zircon petrochronology may clarify ambiguous ages retrieved from ancient high‐temperature metamorphic rocks. There is a long‐standing debate on the interpretation of the spread of zircon ages from c. 2.5–1.8 Ga for the granulites of the North China Craton. In order to clarify the timing and duration of (ultra)high‐temperature metamorphism in the North China Craton, we investigated a mafic granulite and the adjoining gneiss from the Yinshan Block of the North China Craton using zircon and titanite U–Pb geochronology combined with garnet Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd geochronology. Pseudosection modelling and conventional thermobarometric calculations constrain the peak metamorphic conditions to be ~1.0 GPa and ~850°C. The near‐complete lack of major‐element zoning in garnet, aside from ~2 μm diffusion profiles at crystal rims, suggests complete re‐equilibration at peak temperatures followed by fast cooling from high temperatures. The Lu–Hf garnet age of 1870 ± 4 Ma and Sm–Nd age of 1870 ± 7 Ma, determined on the same garnet fractions, are indistinguishable from the zircon U–Pb age of 1866 ± 11 Ma obtained from zircon that grew contemporaneously with garnet, evidenced by the chemical equilibrium of coexisting garnet and zircon, and are additionally consistent with a titanite U–Pb age of 1876 ± 7 Ma. We interpret this close agreement of ages, within uncertainty, coupled to the existence of flat Sm–Nd–Hf profiles in garnet that also has well‐preserved Lu zoning, to reflect a short‐lived high‐temperature metamorphic event that was terminated by rapid exhumation and cooling. The short‐lived (<4 Myr) high‐temperature metamorphism may be generated in the lowermost parts of the crust through magmatic underplating/intraplating during extension that follows collision of the Ordos and the Yinshan Blocks.
Preface to the special issue “Psychedelics and Neurochemistry”
Authors: Nichols Charles D. , Nichols David E.
Published: June 2022

Psychedelics are a relatively recent field of research that had not gained much support half a century ago, yet it developed into a much acknowledged, highly relevant field that extends to many people's lives. Psychedelics have demonstrated profound and durable therapeutic potential for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, among others. In this special issue, basic science of psychedelics is reviewed with respect to fundamental cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms, all the way up to the human systems level with clinical reviews. We hope the articles, authored by leading scientists in their field, will help to understand better the role of the serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor in particular in healthy and diseased brain function.
Association of BRCA1/2 mutations with prognosis and surgical cytoreduction outcomes in ovarian cancer patients: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Yazhuo , Li Na , Ren Yanan , Zhao Jing
Published: June 2022

Aim

This meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of BRCA mutations on survival outcomes of ovarian cancer patients and assess whether the BRCA status was an independent predictor of complete cytoreduction.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies that evaluated the associations among BRCA mutations, ovarian cancer survival and surgical cytoreduction before August 2021 based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

We identified 61 articles that compared the clinical features, survival outcomes, and optimal surgical cytoreduction rates between BRCA‐positive patients and BRCA‐negative patients. The results showed that BRCA mutation carriers were diagnosed with ovarian cancer at a younger age than the age at which nonmutation carriers were diagnosed. In addition, BRCA mutation carriers were more likely to be in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III‐IV, and the pathological grade was commonly grade 3. The pathological type of BRCA mutation carriers was more likely to be high‐grade serous carcinoma. Patients with BRCA mutations had higher response rates to platinum‐based chemotherapy than the noncarriers. However, patients in both groups had equivalent rates of surgical cytoreduction, and BRCA‐positive patients had longer overall survival (OS) time (HR = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59, 0.73; p < 0.001) and longer progression‐free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.82; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

BRCA mutations appear to be associated with improved OS and PFS in patients with ovarian cancer. However, we did not find any difference in the surgical resection rate between participants in the two groups.
BMI is positively associated with accelerated epigenetic aging in twin pairs discordant for body mass index
Authors: Lundgren Sara , Kuitunen Sara , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Hurme Mikko , Kähönen Mika , Männistö Satu , Perola Markus , Lehtimäki Terho , Raitakari Olli , Kaprio Jaakko , Ollikainen Miina
Published: June 2022

Background

Obesity is a heritable complex phenotype that can increase the risk of age‐related outcomes. Biological age can be estimated from DNA methylation (DNAm) using various “epigenetic clocks.” Previous work suggests individuals with elevated weight also display accelerated aging, but results vary by epigenetic clock and population. Here, we utilize the new epigenetic clock GrimAge, which closely correlates with mortality.

Objectives

We aimed to assess the cross‐sectional association of body mass index (BMI) with age acceleration in twins to limit confounding by genetics and shared environment.

Methods and results

Participants were from the Finnish Twin Cohort (FTC; n = 1424), including monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, and DNAm was measured using the Illumina 450K array. Multivariate linear mixed effects models including MZ and DZ twins showed an accelerated epigenetic age of 1.02 months (p‐value = 6.1 × 10–12) per one‐unit BMI increase. Additionally, heavier twins in a BMI‐discordant MZ twin pair (ΔBMI >3 kg/m2) had an epigenetic age 5.2 months older than their lighter cotwin (p‐value = 0.0074). We also found a positive association between log (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and age acceleration, confirmed by a meta‐analysis of the FTC and two other Finnish cohorts (overall effect = 0.45 years, p‐value = 4.1 × 10–25) from adjusted models.

Conclusion

We identified significant associations of BMI and insulin resistance with age acceleration based on GrimAge, which were not due to genetic effects on BMI and aging. Overall, these results support a role of BMI in aging, potentially in part due to the effects of insulin resistance.
Frontal white matter association with sleep quality and the role of stress
Authors: Bruce Heather A. , Kochunov Peter , Kvarta Mark D. , Goldwaser Eric L. , Chiappelli Joshua , Schwartz Adina , Lightner Samantha , Endres Jane , Yuen Alexa , Ma Yizhou , Van der vaart Andrew , Hatch Kathryn S. , Gao Si , Ye Zhenyao , Wu Qiong , Chen Shuo , Mitchell Braxton D. , Hong L. Elliot
Published: June 2022

An important measure of brain health is the integrity of white matter connectivity structures that link brain regions. Studies have found an association between poorer sleep quality and decreased white matter integrity. Stress is among the strongest predictors of sleep quality. This study aimed to evaluate the association between sleep quality and white matter and to test if the relationship persisted after accounting for stress. White matter microstructures were measured by diffusion tensor imaging in a population of Old Order Amish/Mennonite (N = 240). Sleep quality was determined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Current stress levels were measured by the perceived stress scale. Exposure to lifetime stress was measured by the lifetime stressor inventory. Microstructures of four white matter tracts: left and right anterior limbs of internal capsule, left anterior corona radiata, and genu of corpus callosum were significantly correlated with sleep quality (all p ≤ 0.001). The current stress level was a significant predictor of sleep quality (p ≤ 0.001) while lifetime stress was not. PSQI remained significantly associated with white matter integrity in these frontal tracts (all p < 0.01) after accounting for current stress and lifetime stress, while current and lifetime stress were not significant predictors of white matter in any of the four models. Sleep quality did not have any substantial mediation role between stress and white matter integrity. Sleep quality was significantly associated with several frontal white matter tracts that connect brain structures important for sleep regulation regardless of current or past stress levels.
Effects of intravenous administration of peripheral blood‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells after infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses
Authors: Taylor Sandra D. , Serpa Priscila B. S. , Santos Andrea P. , Hart Kelsey A. , Vaughn Sarah A. , Moore George E. , Mukhopadhyay Abhijit , Page Allen E.
Published: June 2022

Background

A systemic and dysregulated immune response to infection contributes to morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis. Peripheral blood‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PB‐MSC) mitigate inflammation in animal models of sepsis. Allogeneic PB‐MSC administered IV to horses is well‐tolerated but therapeutic benefits are unknown.

Hypothesis

After IV lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion, horses treated with PB‐MSC would have less severe clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress compared to controls administered a placebo.

Animals

Sixteen horses were included in this study.

Methods

A randomized placebo‐controlled experimental trial was performed. Sixteen healthy horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (1 × 109 PB‐MSC or saline placebo). Treatments were administered 30 minutes after completion of LPS infusion of approximately 30 ng/kg. Clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at various time points over a 24‐hour period.

Results

A predictable response to IV LPS infusion was observed in all horses. At the dose administered, there was no significant effect of PB‐MSC on clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, or inflammatory cytokine gene expression at any time point. Antioxidant potential was not different between treatment groups, but intracellular ROS increased over time in the placebo group. Other variables that changed over time were likely due to effects of IV LPS infusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Administration of allogeneic PB‐MSC did not cause clinically detectable adverse effects in healthy horses. The dose of PB‐MSC used here is unlikely to exert a beneficial effect in endotoxemic horses.
Pseudomonas aeruginosasusceptibility, antibiogram and clinical interpretation, and antimicrobial prescribing behaviors for dogs with otitis in the Midwestern United States
Authors: KuKanich Kate S. , Bagladi‐Swanson Mary , KuKanich Butch
Published: June 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) can cause otitis in dogs that is nonresponsive to empirical therapy. This study evaluatedP. aeruginosaisolates (N = 216) from canine ear swabs submitted to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2018–2020 to create an antibiogram and minimum inhibitory concentration distributions using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institutes breakpoints. Multidrug resistance was defined as non‐susceptibility to ≥1 drug from ≥3 antimicrobial classes. Submitting veterinarians (N = 83) were invited to complete a survey about antimicrobial use and otitis management. Susceptibility was higher for aminoglycosides [gentamicin (82%, 177/216) and amikacin (81%, 175/216)] than fluoroquinolones [marbofloxacin (67%, 145/216), enrofloxacin (32%, 70/216), and orbifloxacin (18%, 39/216)]. Most responding veterinarians (54%, 15/28) prescribe topical aminoglycosides as first‐line therapy for canine otitis, but 71% (15/21) prescribe fluoroquinolones if rods are seen cytologically. Ceftazidime, imipenem, and piperacillin‐tazobactam showed high susceptibility and are used rarely. Multidrug resistance was present in 13% (28/216) of isolates. Based on in vitro susceptibility, topical aminoglycosides might be more effective than fluoroquinolones forP. aeruginosaotitis, but efficacy studies are required. Susceptibility testing is encouraged for cases not responding to empirical therapy but has limitations because topical preparations have high concentrations and otic breakpoints are not available.
Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein ingredients for juvenile Totoaba macdonaldi
Authors: Madrid Jorge , Pohlenz Camilo , Viana María Teresa , Lazo Juan Pablo
Published: June 2022

Two feeding trials were performed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, and amino acids of three animal‐origin and four plant‐origin ingredients in Totoaba macdonaldi. In the first feeding trial, the animal‐origin ingredients were evaluated using totoaba juveniles with an initial weight of 529.7 ± 104.2 g, and for the second feeding trial 745.9 ± 210.6 g. Evaluated ingredients were: poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal (FM), soy protein concentrate, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten (CG), and wheat gluten (WG). Each experimental ingredient was evaluated in triplicate. ADCs of dry matter ranged from 35.9% for FM to 67.9% for poultry by‐product, while the protein ADCs values ranged from 41.7% for CG to 83.2% for poultry by‐product. Fish meal ADC (79.6%) was similar to poultry by‐product but significantly higher than WG and soy protein concentrate (72.5% and 72.6%, respectively). The ADCs for lysine were significantly higher for WG, sardine meal, poultry by‐product, and SMB (94.5%, 79.8%, 79.4%, and 79.4%, respectively). Based on the results from the present study, poultry by‐product, WG, and soy protein concentrate are the most promising alternative ingredients (i.e., to the fishmeal) for the formulation of totoaba grow‐out feeds.
Traits and tradeoffs among non‐native ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts affect pine seedling establishment in a Hawaiian coinvasion landscape
Authors: Thompson Leah , Swift Sean O. I. , Egan Cameron P. , Yogi Danyel , Chapin Thomas , Hynson Nicole A.
Published: June 2022

Pine invasions lead to losses of native biodiversity and ecosystem function, but pine invasion success is often linked to coinvading non‐native ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. How the community composition, traits, and distributions of these fungi vary over the landscape and how this affects pine success is understudied. A greenhouse bioassay experiment was performed to test the effects of changes in EM fungal community structure from a pine plantation, to an invasion front to currently pine‐free areas on percent root colonization and seedling biomass. Soils were also analysed by qPCR to determine changes in inoculum and spore density over distance for a common coinvading EM fungus, Suillus pungens. Percent colonization increased with distance from the plantation, which corresponded with an increase in seedling biomass and stark changes in EM fungal community membership where Suillus spp. dominated currently pine‐free areas. However, there was a negative relationship between S. pungens inoculum potential versus root colonization over distance. We conclude that the success of pine invasions is facilitated by specific traits of Suillus spp., but that the success of Suillus is contingent on a lack of competition with other ectomycorrhizal fungi.
AlkB RNA demethylase homologues and N6‐methyladenosine are involved in Potyvirus infection
Authors: Yue Jianying , Wei Yao , Sun Zhenqi , Chen Yahan , Wei Xuefeng , Wang Haijuan , Pasin Fabio , Zhao Mingmin
Published: June 2022

Proteins of the alkylation B (AlkB) superfamily show RNA demethylase activity removing methyl adducts from N6‐methyladenosine (m6A). m6A is a reversible epigenetic mark of RNA that regulates human virus replication but has unclear roles in plant virus infection. We focused on Potyvirus—the largest genus of plant RNA viruses—and report here the identification of AlkB domains within P1 of endive necrotic mosaic virus (ENMV) and an additional virus of a putative novel species within Potyvirus. We show that Nicotiana benthamiana m6A levels are reduced by infection of plum pox virus (PPV) and potato virus Y (PVY). The two potyviruses lack AlkB and the results suggest a general involvement of RNA methylation in potyvirus infection and evolution. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing of virus‐infected samples showed that m6A peaks are enriched in plant transcript 3′ untranslated regions and in discrete internal and 3′ terminal regions of PPV and PVY genomes. Down‐regulation of N. benthamiana AlkB homologues of the plant‐specific ALKBH9 clade caused a significant decrease in PPV and PVY accumulation. In summary, our study provides evolutionary and experimental evidence that supports the m6A implication and the proviral roles of AlkB homologues in Potyvirus infection.
A novel maize microRNA negatively regulates resistance to Fusarium verticillioides
Authors: Xu Yufang , Wang Renjie , Ma Peipei , Cao Jiansheng , Cao Yan , Zhou Zijian , Li Tao , Wu Jianyu , Zhang Huiyong
Published: June 2022

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the defence response against multiple pathogenic fungi in diverse plant species, few efforts have been devoted to deciphering the involvement of miRNA in resistance to Fusarium verticillioides, a major pathogenic fungus affecting maize production. In this study, we discovered a novel F. verticillioides‐responsive miRNA designated zma‐unmiR4 in maize kernels. The expression of zma‐unmiR4 was significantly repressed in the resistant maize line but induced in the susceptible lines upon exposure to F. verticillioides exposure, whereas its target gene ZmGA2ox4 exhibited the opposite pattern of expression. Heterologous overexpression of zma‐unmiR4 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced growth and compromised resistance to F. verticillioides. By contrast, transgenic plants overexpressing ZmGA2ox4 or the homologue AtGA2ox7 showed impaired growth and enhanced resistance to F. verticillioides. Moreover, zma‐unmiR4‐mediated suppression of AtGA2ox7 disturbed the accumulation of bioactive gibberellin (GA) in transgenic plants and perturbed the expression of a set of defence‐related genes in response to F. verticillioides. Exogenous application of GA or a GA biosynthesis inhibitor modulated F. verticillioides resistance in different plants. Taken together, our results suggest that the zma‐unmiR4–ZmGA2ox4 module might act as a major player in balancing growth and resistance to F. verticillioides in maize.
Post‐operative colonic manometry in children with anorectal malformations: A systematic review
Authors: Evans‐Barns Hannah M. E. , Tien Melissa Y. , Trajanovska Misel , Safe Mark , Hutson John M. , Dinning Phil G. , King Sebastian K.
Published: June 2022

Background

Children with anorectal malformations may experience constipation and fecal incontinence following repair. The contribution of altered anorectal function to these persistent symptoms is relatively intuitive; however, colonic motility in this cohort is less well understood. Manometry may be used to directly assess colonic motility.

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the available evidence regarding post‐operative colonic motility in children with anorectal malformations and evaluate the reported equipment and protocols used to perform colonic manometry in this cohort. This systematic review was conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA). We conducted a systematic review of four databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library (1st January 1985–22nd July 2021). Studies reporting colonic manometry performed in children following anorectal malformation repair were assessed for eligibility. Data were extracted independently by two authors. Four studies were eligible for inclusion. Of the combined total cohort of 151 children, post‐operative colonic manometry was conducted in 35. Insufficient reporting of medical characteristics, bowel function, and manometric outcomes restricted comparison between studies, and limited clinical applicability. No results from high‐resolution colonic manometry were identified. Despite the prevalence of post‐operative bowel dysfunction in children with repaired anorectal malformations, this systematic review highlighted the markedly limited evidence regarding post‐operative colonic motility. This cohort may benefit from assessment with high‐resolution techniques; however, future work must emphasize adherence to standardized manometry protocols, and include robust reporting of surgical characteristics, bowel function, and manometric outcomes.
Comparison of skeletal and dental effects of two different tooth‐tissue–borne types of rapid maxillary expansion appliances: A CBCT retrospective study
Authors: Karaman Ahmet , Danisman Hikmetnur , Genc Esra , Buyuk S. Kutalmış
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To compare the skeletal and dental effects of different types of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials/Methods

This multi‐centre study was conducted with a total of 56 patients. The sample consisted of two groups including the McNamara‐Type RME (MNR) group with 30 patients (16 females, 14 males, mean age: 13.38 ± 1.16 years) and Full‐Coverage RME (FCR) group with 26 patients (10 females, 16 males, mean age:13.78 ± 1.06 years). Twenty‐one parameters were measured on CBCT images including 4 maxillary skeletal, 12 maxillary alveolar, and 5 maxillary dental measurements, and the data were analysed using the SPSS 20.0 software.

Results

The rates of increase in the palatal maxillary width (PMW) (3), PMW(4), and PMW(6) were significantly higher in the MNR group (P < .05). While the rates of increase in the buccal maxillary width (BMW) (3) and BMW(4) were statistically higher in the MNR group, the rate of increase in BMW (6) was higher in the FCR group (P < .05). The increases in HPW (4), HPW (6), PAA4(°), and PAA6(°), which are parameters about hard palate width (HPW) and palatal alveolar angle (PAA), were also significantly higher in the MNR group (P < .05). The increases in PAW (4) and PAW (6), referring to the widths between the palatal root apices were significantly higher in the MNR group (P < .05).The increase in Slope‐6(°) was also higher in the MNR group (P < .05).

Conclusion

Expansion in the palatal region on the alveolar level was higher in MNR than in FCR, while expansion in FCR was the highest in the posterior. In both appliances, there was tipping in the buccal direction in both alveolar bone and teeth, and the rate of this tipping was higher in MNR.
Consequences of tropical rainforest conversion to tree plantations on fine root dynamics and functional traits
Authors: Kotowska Martyna M. , Samhita Sasya , Hertel Dietrich , Triadiati Triadiati , Beyer Friderike , Allen Kara , Link Roman M. , Leuschner Christoph
Published: June 2022

Despite the crucial role of fine roots for water and nutrient uptake, soil biological activity and ecosystem carbon cycling, the response of root dynamics to rapidly advancing land‐use change in the tropics is still poorly understood. To address this uncertainty, we investigated the consequences of tropical forest conversion to intensively managed tree plantations for a suite of functional fine root traits. We analysed fine root morphology (diameter, specific root length (SRL), tissue density) and chemistry, as well as root lifespans in four prevalent land‐use systems in the lowlands of Sumatra (Indonesia), namely natural forest, jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm monocultures. Fine root production was estimated using three independent approaches (sequential coring, ingrowth cores, mini‐rhizotrons). Contradicting the expected trend from more conservative to more acquisitive fine root traits with increasing land‐use intensity, we found that SRL and tissue density were significantly higher in forest trees, while fine root diameter was largest in rubber trees and root N content lowest in the oil palm system. Median fine root longevity in the top soil was 11% higher in rubber plantations (238 days) than in jungle rubber (211 days), and more than 50% greater than in the forest (140 days) and oil palm plantations (125 days). Fine root production was higher in the forest and oil palm plantations (ranging between 2 and 9 Mg ha−1 year−1) than the rubber stands, but annual totals varied depending on the methodological approach. Conversion of tropical lowland forest to agricultural systems significantly altered community‐level fine root morphology, dynamics and longevity, with likely consequences for soil carbon cycling and soil biological activity. However, land‐use intensification did not consistently lead to more acquisitive fine root systems; rather, differences in root morphology and dynamics were driven by species‐specific root trait syndromes especially of rubber and oil palm.
The Temporal Impact of Prosthesis Implantation and Semi‐Quantitative Criteria on the Diagnostic Efficacy of Triple‐Phase Bone Scanning for Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Zhang Feiyang , Shen Chentian , Yu Jinlong , Chen Xiaohua , Wang Qiaojie , Sun Zhenkui , Shen Hao
Published: June 2022

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of triple‐phase bone scanning and the temporal impact of prosthesis implantation on the diagnostic efficacy of triple‐phase bone scanning for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Methods

Patients who were admitted to our hospital for joint pain and dysfunction after total joint arthroplasty between 2014 and 2020 were retrospectively included. Triple‐phase bone scanning was performed, and the blood pool images were evaluated to obtain the semi‐quantitative criteria. The patients were then grouped into six groups according to the time interval from index primary arthroplasty to triple‐phase bone scanning. We examined whether there were significant differences in sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy between the groups.

Results

Overall, 66 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 74 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were analyzed. No significant differences were observed between visual analysis and semi‐quantitative measurement in terms of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy. For patients with a time interval from prosthesis implantation to bone scanning of >1 year, visual analysis had a higher PPV (100%) in patients who underwent THA and the use of semi‐quantitative criteria had a higher NPV (85.7%) in patients who underwent TKA.

Conclusion

The semi‐quantitative criteria showed no advantages in the diagnosis of PJI. In addition, triple‐phase bone scanning demonstrated good clinical diagnostic efficacy when the time interval from prosthesis implantation to bone scanning was >1 year.