bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Miao Zelei , Lin Jie-sheng , Mao Yingying , Chen Geng-dong , Zeng Fang-fang , Dong Hong-li , Jiang Zengliang , Wang Jiali , Xiao Congmei , Shuai Menglei , Gou Wanglong , Fu Yuanqing , Imamura Fumiaki , Chen Yu-ming , Zheng Ju-Sheng
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association of erythrocyte n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the association.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We evaluated 2,731 participants without type 2 diabetes recruited between 2008 and 2013 in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (Guangzhou, China). Case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified with clinical and biochemical information collected at follow-up visits. Using stool samples collected during the follow-up in the subset (n = 1,591), 16S rRNA profiling was conducted. Using multivariable-adjusted Poisson or linear regression, we examined associations of erythrocyte n-6 PUFA biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes and diversity and composition of gut microbiota.

RESULTS

Over 6.2 years of follow-up, 276 case subjects with type 2 diabetes were identified (risk 0.10). Higher levels of erythrocyte γ-linolenic acid (GLA), but not linoleic or arachidonic acid, were associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence. Comparing the top to the bottom quartile groups of GLA levels, relative risk was 1.72 (95% CI 1.21, 2.44) adjusted for potential confounders. Baseline GLA was inversely associated with gut microbial richness and diversity (α-diversity, both P < 0.05) during follow-up and significantly associated with microbiota β-diversity (P = 0.002). α-Diversity acted as a potential mediator in the association between GLA and type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05). Seven genera (Butyrivibrio, Blautia, Oscillospira, Odoribacter, S24-7 other, Rikenellaceae other, and Clostridiales other) were enriched in quartile 1 of GLA and in participants without type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Relative concentrations of erythrocyte GLA were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population and also with gut microbial profiles. These results highlight that gut microbiota may play an important role linking n-6 PUFA metabolism and type 2 diabetes etiology.
Model Falsafah Sains dan Keusahawanan SainsIslam : Satu Analisis Berdasarkan Model Persamaan Struktural.
Authors: Ahmad Azizan
Published: July 2020

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi UKM telah menawarkan kursus Keusahawanan Sains Islan dan Teknologi bagi menggalakan mahasiswa menceburi bidang keusahawanan.Kajian ini dilakukan untuk melihat sejauhnamana profil sikap mahasiswa yang mengikuti kursus tersebut terhadap bidang keusahawanan sains.Kajian ini melibatkan seramai 388 responden mahasiswa prasiswazah Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi UKM.Responden diambil daripada setiap program dan jabatan yang dipilih secara persampelan rawak sistematik.Data dianalisis secara statistik deskriptif dan inferensi menggunakan perisian SPSS versi 20.Didapati bahawa falsafah sains mempunyai hubungan dengan pengetahuan dan minat terhadap falsafah sains.Sikap usahawan mempunyai hubungan dengan pengetahuan dan minat terhadap falsafah sains.Minat usahawan pula mempunyai hubungan dengan pengetahuan, minat dan sikap falsafah sains serta sikap usahawan.
Post-Harvest Management Practices among Rice Farmers in Imo State Nigeria
Authors: Adeola Egwuonwu Helen
Published: July 2020

The study analyzed post-harvest management practices among rice farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. This work was inspired by inadequate availability of rice in the market for the masses which reduces food security, with belief that better management processes will reduce food losses. Random sampling procedure was used in selecting 127 rice farmers and data were collected using structured questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentages and  mean) and  inferential statistics. Farmers identified delay in harvesting (98.42%), lack of technical knowledge (95.27%), dependency on traditional threshing methods (94.48%), incomplete threshing (91.30%), improper handling operations (81.10%) as one of the various causes of post harvest losses in their rice production and processing in the study area. The post harvest management practices adopted by the farmers were as cutting the rice stalk (98.42%), reaping the panicles (94.48%), laying out the paddy-on-stalk (93.70%), stacking it to dry (92.12%) and stacking it to dry recording (89.76%). The result from the multiple regression analysis showed that age, educational level, membership of cooperative, household size, farming experience, household size, farming experience and access to credit were found to have significantly influenced on the number of post harvests management practiced by farmers. Similarly, the farmers were also able to identify various constraints to post harvest management as lack of awareness of good post harvest practices and technology, inadequate machinery, lack of incentives to store rice It was therefore recommended that extension agents should be encouraged to increase their campaign on post harvest management practices of rice and organize more training on minimization of post harvest losses on rice.

Key words: Rice, post harvest losses, post harvest practices, post harvest management.
Plasma Lipid Profile of Moderate and Severe Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Akinlua Ibikunle , Ogundajo Akinwumi T. , Oyebanji Olufisayo G. , Arobasalu Babajide O.
Published: July 2020

Hypertension is the most prevalent and treatable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated levels of lipid in the blood also known as hyperlipideamia or dyslipidemia have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and most cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. This study was designed to evaluate the plasma level of lipid profile in mild and severe hypertensive patients with a view to provide information on the link between these parameters and the development and severity of hypertension. Blood samples were collected from 120 freshly diagnosed hypertensive patients consisting of 60 mild and 60 severe hypertensive patients at Wesley Guide Hospital of Obafemi Awolowo University teaching Hospital Ilesa Osun state and 60 relatively healthy subjects as control. Plasma level of lipid profile [namely High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC)] in the blood sample of both patients and control subjects were analyzed using standard methods. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (p<0.05).The results of lipid profile in mild and severe hypertensive patients was compared to the control subjects. The results in mild hypertensive patients were also compared with the severe ones. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the plasma level of TC and LDLc in both mild and severe hypertensive patients when compared with the control subjects. Similarly a significant increase (p<0.05) was recorded in the plasma level of the both TC and LDLc in severe hypertensive patients when compared with mild hypertensive patients. However, the plasma level of HDLc in moderate and severe hypertensive patients was slightly lowered but not significant (p<0.05) while plasma TG level was not significantly different when compared with the control subjects. This study reveals a progressive increase in the plasma level of TC and LDLc from mild to severe hypertensive patients which could be a pointer to the fact that abnormalities in lipid metabolism might plays a significant role in the development and severity of hypertension.
In vitro Exopolysaccharide Production of Some Soil Bacteria Isolated from Soil Affected by Salt
Authors: Kucuk Cigdem
Published: July 2020

In this study, production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from soil bacteria isolated from the salinity soil and the effects of agitation, some carbon sources such as glucose, fructose, xylose, rhamnose and NaCl levels the on production of polysaccharide playing a role in soil aggregation were studied. Maximum EPS production for Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Sphingomonas paucimobilis was obtained 72 h of incubation and maximum EPS production for Bacillus simplex was obtained at 96 h. Maximum EPS production was obtained at 150 rpm for all bacteria studied. Glucose gave the best result for all of bacteria. Bacillus simplex produced higher EPS and viscosity than the other bacteria. NaCl levels affected both the growth and exopolysaccharide production of the bacteria. By promoting aggregate formation, EPS produced bacteria such as S.paucimobilis, B.simplex, Acinetobacter sp. and P.fluorescens may have created favorable growth environments.
Internal Factors that Stimulates Business Startups in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Brownson Christabel Divine
Published: July 2020

In the face of unpredictable business environment, epileptic power supply, unstable government policies, poor infrastructural facilities, poor market network, inadequate capital among other factors affecting the Nigerian business environment which hinders motivation and has a great limitation to the functionality and development of entrepreneurship yet businesses are still being established. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the internal factors that motivate such entrepreneurs in starting up businesses in Southern Nigeria despite the above challenges. Using a descriptive study, seventy one entrepreneurs were investigated. Findings revealed that passion, the desire to do something pioneering and innovative, and the feeling of accomplishment were the major factors that motivate the entrepreneurs in this context. Hence, government agencies and other empowerment institutions should take note of these factors if entrepreneurship is to be fostered.
Project Design and Sustainability of Dairy Goat Projects for Livelihood Improvement in Kenya
Authors: Kikwatha Reuben Wambua , Kyalo Dorothy Ndunge , Mulwa Angeline Sabina , Nyonje Raphael Ondeko
Published: July 2020

The debate around sustainability of development projects is intriguing, emerging as a contemporary development paradigm. Nevertheless, empirical literature insinuates that sustainability of development projects is seldom realized. Perhaps because the sustainability drivers are not well articulated at the project design stage making sustainability uncertain. This paper calls for a decisive paradigm shift in dairy goat project designs for sustainability.  The paper is based on a study conducted in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya, to investigate the influence of project design factors on the sustainability of dairy goat projects. Design factors considered for this study are the Project Beneficiary Selection Process, Community Capacity, Institutional Linkages and Project Infrastructure. The study was anchored on the structural-functional theory, diffusion of innovations theory and collective action theory. The sample size was 196 respondents sampled using sequential and stratified random sampling.  Purposive sampling was used to sample 13 key informants. Further, six focus group discussions each with 8 participants were conducted. Questionnaires, interview guide and FGD guide were used respectively to collect data. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables and frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (r), simple regression, multiple regression and stepwise regression (R squared), F-tests were used to test hypotheses.   Hypothesis (H0) that the combined project design factors have no significant influence on the sustainability of dairy goat projects was tested.  Results; r = 0.389 implying a positive slope between project design and sustainability.  R- Squared = 0.152, that 15.2% of the variation in sustainability was explained by variation in project infrastructure, community capacity, project beneficiary selection process, and institutional linkages. ANOVA indicated the model was statistically significant at (F (1,183) = 8.176) and the p-value = 0.000≤0.05, shows that there exists a positive correlation and the slope of the population regression line is not zero. therefore, H0 was rejected. The study concludes that combined project design factors are critical and important in enhancing project sustainability and recommends that dairy goat project design should incorporate authentic project beneficiary selection Process, their capacities developed and the project linked to supportive institutions as well as promoting the requisite infrastructure. The study found a gap in literature on the social economic contribution of dairy goats to the community livelihoods, as a measure of sustainability and recommends further study on this area.
Interactional Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Academic Staff in Universities in Bayelsa State
Authors: Okpu Tarela Oboro , Eke Gift J.
Published: July 2020

This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of Interactional Justice on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Academic Staff in Universities in Bayelsa State. Cross Sectional Research design was adopted. A sample size of 294 was obtained from a population of 1,268 workers, using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Sample size determination table. With the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences, the Spearman Rank Order Correlational Coefficient was used to analyse the data. The results obtained showed a significant positive relationship between Interactional Justice and all measures of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (Altruism, Courtesy, Conscientiousness, Civic Virtue, and Sportsmanship), indicating that workers are very helpful and assist colleagues with problems. It was recommended that management should always be polite and respectful to employees and involve them in decision making because employees perception of equity breeds extra role behaviour.
Analysis of The Budget Planning Process and Budget Execution Process
Authors: Dahana Mia Alfin , Ermwati .
Published: July 2020

This study aims to analyse the process of budgeting planning and budget execution. This research was conducted by the Service of the Empowerment and Protection of Children and Population Control (DPPAPP) of the DKI Jakarta Province. The method used in this research is qualitative with an ethnomethodology approach. The result of this study is that the process of planning and implementing the budget carried out by the DPPAPP, in accordance with existing procedures and regulations. However, although it has been carried out in accordance with procedures and regulations, which are fixed, there is still a suboptimal absorption of the budget, which occurs due to internal factors and external factors. The internal factors consist of human resources, while external factors consist of the auction process and regulatory changes. It is hoped that the DPPAPP can increase the competence of the human resources it possesses, especially with regards to the budget planning process and the budget execution process. These processes can be done through socializations for the human resources, with regards to the budget planning process and the budget execution process, in order to minimalize inconsistencies between budget planning and budget execution in the future. Aside from that, in order to mitigate the external factors, each work unit must identify issues that may to arise in the next budget execution.
Impact of Foreign Capital Inflows on Household Savings in Pakistan
Authors: Idrees Muhammad Abdullah , Khan Ayesha , Khan Muhammad Arsalan , Raees Muhammad Bilal , Syed Muniza
Published: July 2020

This study aims to discover the impact of foreign capital inflows (FDI, RT and FA) on household savings of Pakistan. Data used in this study has been obtained from the website of State Bank of Pakistan for the period of 1981-2010. Statistical tools including multiple regressions analysis was applied for analysis. Results explain that foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances (RT) are having positive and significant impact on household saving (HS) but foreign aid (FA) is having negative and insignificant impact on household saving, so it is recommended that if a developing country like Pakistan wants to increase the household saving it should give thoughtful importance to FDI and RT than FA with respect to household savings in Pakistan.
Analysis of Local Expenditure Determinants in Districts/ Cities in the East Java Province
Authors: Aziza Hapsari Nur , Sumardjo Mahendro
Published: July 2020

This study aims to test the effect of Local Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Fund, Special Allocation Fund, and Population Amount towards Local Expenditure. This study used all 39 districts/cities in the East Java Province as samples. The sample collection method used in this study is the saturated sample method. This study uses secondary data from the Budget Realization Report and population. The analysis method used is the double linear regression method using SPSS with a significance rate of 5% (0.05). The result of this study shows that Local Own-Source Revenue, General Allocation Fund, and Population Amount has a significant effect towards Local Expenditure. Meanwhile the Special Allocation Fund partially does not have a significant effect towards Local Expenditure. This contribution for the Local Government of the East Java Province is hoped to be able to provide information to the people regarding the importance of paying taxes, since the payment of taxes will increase the region’s Local Own-Source Revenue, and in turn promote the people’s welfare
Comparative Study of the Treatment of Kidney Stone with Upupa Epops, Cissus Adanta Roxb and Cissus Javana DC in the Urinary Medium
Authors: Ibopishak S. O. , Bimola D. A.
Published: July 2020

Kidney stone is a very common disease suffered by many peoples. It causes health problems such as severe pain, urinary obstruction and infection that adversely affect well being individuals. It may be treated by using allopathic and herbal drugs, lithotripsy, open surgery etc. Medicinal plants are also used for such treatment. These plants are less side effect and more economic. In this article, chemoinhibitory effects of Upupa epops, Cissus adnata Roxb and Cissus javana DC for calcium phosphate (CP) stone and calcium oxalate(CaOX) stone formation in the aqueous and urinary media is studied. Kidney stone is treated with Hoopoe, Cissus adnata Roxb and Cissus javana DC in the urinary medium. The comparative study shows the inhibitory effect of the mixture of Hoopoe and Cissus javana DC for CP and CaOX stones in the aqueous and urinary media is higher and also the digestion or dissolution of kidney stone is higher by this mixture in the urinary medium.
Tobacco Consumption in Some Traveling Agencies in Bafoussam in West Region Of Cameroon, Associated To Mouth Cytology and Malondialdehyde (MDA) Profile
Authors: Kambou Kountchou Keriane Diane , Tamuedjoun Talom Alaric , Deutou Wondeu Andrillene Laure , Kuiate Jules-Roger
Published: July 2020

Tobacco is mostly regarded as one of the primary etiologic factor in causing oral cancer. Its use affects the pattern of maturation in oral mucosal cells and results in changes in the appearance of the tissues. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several pathologic disorders, including oral premalignant and malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and assess its effects on oral epithelial cells and oxidant/antioxidant balance in the oral cavities of tobacco consumers in some travelling agencies in Bafoussam West Region Cameroon.

A cross sectional study with a total of 120 individuals (divided into two groups; group A (n=55) including non-consumers of tobacco above 21 years old and group B (n=65) including tobacco consumers above 21 years old), voluntarily enrolled in the study. After giving their consents and answering a series of questions from questionnaires, saliva samples and buccal smears were collected from their oral cavities. Buccal smears were stained using Papanicolaou staining technique and the presence of hyperkeratosis, tobacco hyperkeratosis, non-specific inflammatory changes and oral microflora were assessed.  [MDA] was determined using the Thiobarbituric acid method. The results showed that male tobacco consumers made 48.3% and most of them were aged between 21-31 years old, while female tobacco consumers made 5.7% of the total sample population. Smoking was the method most used by consumers (41.7%) and 66% of them smoked for more than 10 years while 50% smoked more than 10 sticks of cigarette per day. A statistical significant relationship was found between tobacco consumption and oral epithelial changes (p<0.001). Only tobacco consumers presented with tobacco hyperkeratotic buccal smears (20%) when compared with the control group. A good number of hyperkeratotic buccal smears (39.2%) was found in both the case (17.5) and control (21.7%) groups. 24.1% of the total sample population had normal buccal smears, where 8.3% were consumers and 15.8% were non-consumers. Microorganisms were found on buccal smears of 5.9% of individuals and 9.2% had non-specific inflammatory changes. Between tobacco consumption and salivary [MDA] in saliva of tobacco consumers was significantly higher compared to non-consumers (p<0.001). A strongly positive correlation was found between salivary [MDA] and oral epithelial changes (r=0.204, p=0.026 at 0.05CI). In conclusion, tobacco consumption severely increases the risk for developing oral mucosal proliferative lesions, and the level of oxidative stress in the saliva of individuals in the study population.
Prevalence of Adhesion Genes fnbA & fnbB of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Dental Patients Attending Dentistry Department of Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Pasrur, Pakistan
Authors: Mehmood Muhammad Danish , Ul-Haq Huma Anwar , Farva Khushbu , Farooq Zuhaib , Shaikh Gul Muhammad , Ghani Muhammad Usman , Naeem Verda
Published: July 2020

Introduction: The present study was intended to isolate, characterize and investigate the prevalence of virulence genes encoding fibronectin (fnbA and fnbB) adhesive molecules of S. aureus from dental patients attending outpatient department of THQ Hospital Pasur.

Methodology: A total of 100 oral samples were collected from dental patients, pure cultures was segregated and identified through conventional microbiological methods to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus. Isolates were further characterized by using specific primers for genotype fnbA and fnbB.

Results: Results of the study declared that 68 samples were positive (68%) for staphylococcus aureus on the basis of growth on selective media and appearance of typical colonies supported by gram staining. These gram positive staphylococci were positive (86.7%) in coagulase and catalase testing. The results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that 47 (69.1%) and 23 (33.8%) isolates showed amplification with type specific primer 23Sr RNA and NUC gene respectively. Furthermore, fnbA and fnbB type specific genes of S. aureus did not show any amplification in PCR reaction.

Conclusion: Irrespectively the data in the present study showed the prevalence of S. aureus is significantly high in males and of age group of 20-40 years but no positive result was found for prevalence of fnbA and fnbB genes. All the S. aureus isolates were highly sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and clindamycin.
A New Method of Calculating the Attainable Life and Reliability in Aerospace Bearings
Authors: Gloeckner Peter , Sebald W.
Published: July 2020

The aviation industry made significant progress improving reliability, efficiency and performance throughout the last decades. Especially aircraft engines and helicopter transmission systems contributed significantly to these improvements. The kerosene consumption decreased by 70 % and the CO2 emissions due to air transport decreased by 30 % per passenger kilometer within the last 20 years. Simultaneously, the flight safety was increased with aircraft engine in-flight-shut-downs as low as 1 ppm and „unscheduled engine removals” as low as 4 ppm. Flight safety is equal to the reliability of the systems in service. Failure of these systems directly leads to exposure of human life. Among the most critical aviation systems are aircraft engines including the rolling element bearings which support the rotors. A serious damage to the aircraft engine main shaft bearings during flight requires shout-down of the engine to avoid a further damage escalation subsequently leading to engine fire. Today, it is a requirement for aircraft to operate with one engine shut down. However, each in-flight-engine-shut-down typically is connected with flight diversion or abort and immediate landing. Inflight-shut-downs translate into increased risk for passengers and crew and substantial on cost. Therefore, rolling element bearings for aircraft engines are developed – similar to other aircraft engine components – targeting a reliability of nearly 100 % over an operation time of more than 10 000 hours prior to overhaul. To achieve this requirement despite the extreme operating conditions such as high speed and temperatures occurring in gas turbines, special high-performance materials are used for the rolling bearing components which are partially integrated in surrounding engine parts like shafts and housings. These special conditions - deviating from conventional industrial rolling element bearing applications - are currently not sufficiently considered in the standardized method of calculating the bearing life per ISO 281. A new method of calculating the attainable life of rolling elements bearing in aerospace applications is presented. This method considers the special aerospace conditions and materials and thus enables a higher reliability of the theoretical analysis and life prediction.
Web-Based Interactive Health Record System (WIHRS)
Authors: Akinbohun Folake , Akinbohun Ambrose , Ojo Omoniyi Akintunde , Daodu Babalola
Published: July 2020

A Web Based Interactive Health Record System (WIHRS) is a digital web-based record of patients presenting in a hospital. The information so generated on patients can then be accessed by medical personnel to provide treatment for them in any health care delivery setting at any location.  Analogue ways of record keeping were the traditional way of documenting patients’ information by health information officers. The problems of unavailability of a centralized database system and inability to access patients records and provide prompt treatment to patients at any healthcare centre could be solved by WIHRS. The objective of the paper is to design a WIHRS. The methods included cloud computing model, service model, deployment model and cloud hosting. The web technologies languages such as Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP), Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and Ajax were deployed to implement the proposed system. The use of WIHRS improves the standard of healthcare to patients with optimal efficiency.
Spatializing the Coffee Yield Model SAFERNAC with Soil Fertility Data Across Tanzania
Authors: MARO GODSTEVEN PETER , MBWAMBO SUZANA GASPER
Published: July 2020

The aim of this work was to explore the behavior and usability of the new model SAFERNAC over coffee growing areas throughout Tanzania. Soil fertility data from 1,131 georeferenced points in three zones were fed into the model under four distinct approaches – baseline (no input), organic (manure), inorganic (NPK) and combination of manure and mineral fertilizer. The simulated yields were descriptively compared per zone. They were loaded into QGIS 3.2, interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) algorithm and the resultant raster maps clipped on basis of digitized boundary shapefiles. Baseline yields were effectively computed from 99.2% of the surveyed sites. The model showed high sensitivity to pH, which has a greater influence on P than N or K. Calculated yields decreased in the order Zone 2 > Zone 1 > Zone 3. The difference in yield between NPK 160:80:80 alone and a combination of NPK 80:40:40 (half dose) plus 5 tons manure was neither quantitatively nor spatially significant. SAFERNAC has proved its usability across the Tanzanian coffee soils, in simulating yield of parchment coffee. The combination approach (organic materials and mineral fertilizers) is most appropriate, as it can reduce the fertilizer cost by about 50% without seriously compromising the expected yields.
Quantitative Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Constituents of Ethanolic Extract of Phyllanthus amarus (schum. et thonn) Leaves
Authors: Oshomoh E. O. , Uzama-Avenbuan O.
Published: July 2020

Herbs are used in the treatment of several human ailment and diseases. The quantitative phytochemical composition, bioactive constituents of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves were determined. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus found to be present in this study includes phenol, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and alkaloid.  The total content of phenol is 73.163µg/ml, flavonoid is 137.27µg/ml, tannin is 3.581µg/ml, alkaloid is 30.1 % and saponin is 34.822 ppm. The GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves resulted in 44 compounds which have diverse use.  The various bioactive compounds present in P. amarus confirm its uses for the treatment of various ailments and diseases by traditional practitioners.
Dry Feeds Produced Based on Local Available Feedstuffs for African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus Juveniles Rearing in Earthen Ponds
Authors: N'Gbaramou Ehoulaman Marie-Angèle , Koumi Ahou Rachel , Atsé Boua Célestin , Tano Kablan
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to produce a suitable low-cost feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus rearing in Côte d'Ivoire fish farms. Three isoproteic (35% protein level) dry feeds were formulated and produced with the local available feedstuffs of Sudano Guinean 1 (SG1), Sudano Guinean 2 (SG2) and Guinean (G) Côte d’Ivoire agro ecological areas. Then, Clarias gariepinus juveniles initial mean weight 12.98±1.23 g were fed with these three feeds at 5% of the total biomass two times (9:00 am and 05:00 pm) per day during 120 days. Each feed was hand distributed in the triplicate fish groups stocked in earthen ponds at 3 fish/m2. At the end of the trial, growth data showed significant higher growth with fish fed feeds G and SG2 than those of fish fed feed SG1. The weight gains of fish varied between 459.95 ± 101.31 (SG1) and 664.74±67.45 (G) g with the daily weight gain oscillated between 3.83±0.84 (SG1) and 5.54±0.56 (G) g/day. The best feed efficiency values were recorded with fish fed feeds G and SG2. Nutritional compositions recorded from the body of fish fed feed G (21.46±0.01 %) showed highest protein values when the body of fish fed with feed SG1 presented the highest moisture (77.92±0.17 %) and crude lipid (1.77±0.14 %) contents. Results showed that the three feeds produced were suitable for a good growth of Clarias gariepinus juveniles rearing in earthen ponds, however, the best growth and feeds efficiency results were recorded with feeds G and SG2.
Proximate, Microbial and Sensory Characteristics of Cowpea Milk Fermented with Probiotic Starter Cultures
Authors: Aduol Kevin Omondi , Onyango Arnold N. , Imathiu Samuel M.
Published: July 2020

Fermentation of cowpea milk was carried out using three mixed starter cultures containing (i) Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp, and Streptococcus thermophilus (ABT) (ii) Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (DT) or (iii) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus (GT). Proximate composition of raw and fermented cowpea milk was determined using the AOAC methods. Lactic acid bacteria survival and sensory attributes of the fermented cowpea milk was also determined. Crude fat decreased significantly (P<0.05) after fermentation except for GT culture which led to 33.2% increase. Crude fiber was not detected in all the samples. Fermentation with GT also led to increase in protein content, although this was not significant. A decrease was observed for carbohydrate content, after fermentation, with DT culture leading to the highest decrease of 7.1%. There was a general increase in microbial growth during the first two weeks of storage (refrigeration at 4˚C). Thereafter the number reduced to Log10 4.11 cfu/ml on the 28th day of storage. No significant differences were observed for sensory attributes of taste, texture and overall acceptability. However, aroma and appearance had significant differences among the samples (P<0.05). The study demonstrated that nutritional quality of cowpea milk can be achieved through fermentation. Also, cowpea milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria produce a yoghurt-like product that can be sweetened to taste and be acceptable to consumers. The study therefore recommends that more work should be done to improve the sensory acceptability of the products and that their potential health benefits should be determined through in vivo studies.
Adjustment Of Single And Double Braced Quadrilateral Using Least Square Condition Equation
Authors: Ehigiator-Irughe R. , Mohammad Muhajir B. M.
Published: July 2020

Quadrilateral is a single or double triangulation system consisting of figures with four corners  stations. It consist of two known stations and a base line. Other corners of the triangles are measured using precise instrument. The systems is treated as the strongest with the best arranged triangular structure which provides adequate means of determining the lengths of other sides of the triangle whose length, bearings and positions are required. In this  four sided polygon with four (4) points were established. The coordinate of two points (A and B) are known while the coordinates of points (C and D) are required. The purpose of the exercise was to use least square condition equation to determine and adjust coordinates of the two unknown points using the Angular measurements of quadrilateral. Two separate measurements were taken (observation 1 and observation 2) forming a network of a single and double braced quadrilateral respectively. After which, the data obtained were reduced and then adjusted using least square condition equation.
Flexible Insulin Therapy: Results of a Tunisian Experience
Authors: Kandara Hajer , Jemai Chaima , Cyrine Abdennebi , Manel Jemel , Ines Kammoun
Published: July 2020

Aims: To evaluate the adherence of type 1 diabetic patients to long-term flexible insulin therapy (FIT), and the impact of this approach on the glycemic balance, basal insuline dose and quality of life of patients.

Methods: This is a rospective descriptive study, conducted between January and April 2017, including 50 patients with type 1 diabetes having following the FIT of department B of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases service B at the National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology of Tunis.

Results: The FIT decreased mean HbA1c from 8.96% to 7.57% (p=0.04) and mean basal insulin dose from 0.35 to 0.27 IU/kg /day. Hypoglycemia's frequency decreased from 3.2±2.1 to 0.93±2.1 episodes /patient /week (p=0.03), with improved quality of life. However, there was a significant weight gain (p=0.02).

Conclusions: FIT allows for better glycemic control while reducing hypoglycemia, especially severe episodes, and improves the quality of life of patients with type 1 diabetes but seems to cause weight gain.
Uptake of Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Adults with Diabetes Mellitus Aged 18-65 Years: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Mukona Doreen Macherera , Dzingira Precious , Mhlanga M. , Zvinavashe M.
Published: July 2020

The prevalence of diabetes in Zimbabwe has increased significantly in the past three decades posing serious challenges to the provision of care and prevention of disabling co-morbidities in an already disadvantaged healthcare setting. Studies conducted in Zimbabwe have reported prevalence of 16% to 38%. Diabetic retinopathy, a major complication of diabetes, is a leading cause of blindness globally and of an estimated 285 million people with diabetes worldwide approximately 33.3% have signs of diabetic retinopathy and of these a further 33.3% have vision threatening diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this study is to examine uptake of screening for diabetic retinopathy and associated factors among adults aged 18-65 years with diabetes at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals. This was a cross sectional analytical study on a random sample of 83 adults aged 18-65 years with diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted according to the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data in strict privacy and confidentiality. Uptake of screening was 53%. The chi-square test was done to analyse demographic factors associated with uptake of screening. Male gender and being married were significantly associated with higher uptake of screening (p=0.029 and p=0.037 respectively). Logistic regression was done to determine predictors of uptake of screening services for diabetic retinopathy.  On logistic regression, gender (OR=0.241, 95% CI [0.079 – 0.735]) and misinformation (OR=0.280, 95% CI [0.081 – 0.974]) were significant predictors of uptake of screening. Uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening was sub-optimal. Gender and misinformation were significant barriers to uptake of screening. There is need to address barriers to uptake of retinopathy screening to promote timely identification and management of complications in people with diabetes mellitus.
Barriers Of Early Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer: A Phenomenology Study Women In West Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi Intan Gumilang , Hamidiyanti Baiq Yuni Fitri
Published: July 2020

Objective on this research is to understanding barriers to early diagnosis Of  Breast Cancer In  West Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia METHOD: In-depth qualitative interviews using grounded theory methods to identify themes, participants 20 women diagnosed cancer in West Nusa Tenggara Hospital.

Result: Women mentioned a variety of barriers, including their barriers including lack of knowledge and awareness of informants about the early symptoms of breast cancer, and second theme their behavior seeking non-medical treatment. The study found the most vulnerable age is 41-50 years old, that is 50% of all informants, the most informants level of education is junior high school (40%), The most occupation  is house wives which is 75% of all informant and 95% marital status informants is marriage. CONCLUSION: There are two barriers, lack of knowledge and awareness of informants about the early symptoms of breast cancer, and second theme their behavior seeking non-medical treatment.
Conjunctival Botryomycoma: A Case Report
Authors: Khamaily Mehdi , Salem Joumany Brahim , Tarib Imane , Dahi Sidi , Bouchaar Mounia , Zerrouk Rachid , Mouzari Yassine , El Asri Fouad , Reda Karim , Oubaaz Abdelbarre
Published: July 2020

The fleshy telangiectatic bud or pyogenic granuloma is a tumor-like lesion that develops from chronic inflammatory situations of the conjunctiva or the eyelid. The chalazion represents one of the most frequent of these situations. We report the case of a child who presented, after a chalazion, a pyogenic granuloma, treated by surgical removal.
Evaluation Of The Integrated Care Model: Child Morbidity Reduction In Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mhlanga Maxwell
Published: July 2020

Zimbabwe has one of the highest prevalence rates on preventable child morbidity in the world. This is mainly attributable to the absence of an effective community health mobilisation structure that reaches all targeted households with correct and consistent social behaviour change interventions for better child and maternal health.

To address this, a cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a developed integrated community intervention approach in reducing child morbidity and improving maternal health outcomes. A total of 765 mother-child pairs (413 in the intervention and 352 in the control) from 2 districts in Mashonaland East province were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Only women with children aged 0 - 48 months at the beginning of the study were selected. Participants were selected (and recruited) through stratified random sampling from 30 villages/clusters (16 in the control and 14 in the intervention) out of the total of 43 villages in the 2 districts. The intervention arm received education on maternal and child health through an Integrated Care Model mobilisation system whereas participants in the control arm were mobilized and educated using the conventional mobilisation system. Baseline and end-line surveys were done to assess and compare baseline characteristics and secondary study outcomes. The primary outcome was child morbidity in the follow-up period of 12 months.

The mean age of participating mothers was 28 years (SD = 6.8) and that of participating children was 18.2 months (SD = 4.0). The risk of child morbidity was 37.5% in the control and 22.0% in the intervention representing a relative risk of 1.7 [95% C.I (1.4-2.1)]. The incidence rate of child morbidity was 0.043 and 0.022 episodes per child year in the control and intervention arm respectively giving an incidence rate ratio of 2.0(p<0.001). This ratio meant that the chance of being a disease case in the control was double that in the intervention arm. Women in the intervention arm had statistically significant (p<0.001) higher knowledge about maternal and child health and better child care practices at the end of the study.

There was strong evidence that the Integrated Care Model did not only reduce child morbidity but also improved maternal knowledge, health-seeking behaviour and care practices. Accordingly, governments in developing countries and countries in poor resource settings could strengthen their community health delivery systems by implementing this low-cost, sustainable and high-impact approach.
Description of a Framework to Enhance Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence using Self-efficacy and Belief about Medicines
Authors: Adefolalu Adegoke Olusegun
Published: July 2020

There is ample evidence that strict adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is strongly associated with optimal health outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWHA), although strict adherence to treatment regime is exceedingly difficult in chronic medical conditions. The intention to adhere to ART among PLWHA is often influenced by individual adherence self-efficacy, along with their Beliefs about Medicines. Various studies have described the factors influencing adherence in ART, and most of these were guided by conceptual framework encompassing the relevant constructs of the Cognitive-Behavioural theory (CBT), in which health behaviour is viewed as a result of an individual’s conscious rational choice. Based on the results of an empirical study conducted among a cohort of PLWHA and the findings from the literature, this paper describes a framework for enhancing adherence to ART using the Self-Efficacy model and Belief about Medicines theory. These two constructs from the CBT have been widely used in studying patients’ adherence to long-term therapy in chronic medical conditions. The identified interconnected system of beliefs associated with ART adherence are used in developing an algorithm which will prompt a healthcare professional to initiate need-based interventions that seeks to reduce personal beliefs that are negatively influencing the person’s adherence to ART.
Degree of Deafness in the School for the Deaf in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Idown Akenroye Manuwa , Akinbohun Ambrose
Published: July 2020

The various causes of deafness in children are not uncommon in our environment, despite global efforts on immunization against infectious diseases and other known predisposing factors to this hidden disability.  Prevention of deafness must be a priority to all the stake holders. However, the need to know the degree of deafness among those in the school for the deaf so as to know those that can benefit from amplification via the use of high – tech hearing aid or cochlear implant cannot be over-emphasized; hence this study. A prospective study of deaf children in a school for the deaf was carried out over a 7-month period from July 2005 to January 2006 at the ENT Department, Ondo State Specialist Hospital, now University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure. A total of 311 pupils comprising 173 males and 138 females had screening and hearing aid trials. Age range was 7 to 20 years. A total of 64 pupils (20.6%) were moderately deaf, 32 pupils (10.3%) were severely deaf while 215 pupils (69.1%) were profoundly deaf. The use of hearing aids, timely cochlear implantation and other rehabilitation measures could bring the beneficiaries into the mainstream of formal education and improved post - qualification employment opportunities.
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Tumour With Metastatic Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Presenting As Severe Backache Due To Ivc Thrombosis
Authors: Khaladkar Sanjay M. , Sekhon Rubab Kaur , Agrawal Khushboo , Jadhav Vikas LB , Kuber Rajesh S.
Published: July 2020

IVC thrombosis is often under-recognized. Malignancy can cause spontaneous IVC thrombosis due to its prothrombotic potential. Malignant tumors can compress, adhere or infiltrate the IVC wall causing endothelial damage with subsequent thrombosis. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy can cause compressive distortion of IVC causing venous stasis and turbulent flow. Metastatic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy from testicular tumor is a rare cause of IVC invasion with resultant IVC thrombosis which can rarely present as backache. High index of suspicion is needed to detect primary testicular tumor in cases of IVC thrombosis, especially in young individuals.

A 26 -year old male presented with lower back ache, weight loss and fever. MRI Lumbosacral spine done outside showed a soft tissue signal intensity retroperitoneal mass in aortocaval region compressing IVC. Ultrasound (done outside) revealed mild right sided hydroureteronephrosis secondary to a lobulated heterogeneous mass in inter-aortocaval region encasing right ureter and invading IVC causing thrombosis. Contrast enhanced Computerized axial tomography of abdomen showed a heterogeneously enhancing lobulated mass with multiple internal calcifications, in inter-aortocaval region at L3-4 level invading the IVC causing IVC thrombosis. Both tumor thrombus and bland thrombus were present. The right testis showed a subtle 10x10 mm hypodense lesion with peripheral calcification. DW-MRI showed diffusion restriction in retroperitoneal mass and the IVC tumor thrombus. Possibility of primary testicular tumor with metastatic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy causing IVC invasion with resultant thrombosis was considered which was confirmed on histopathology examination.
Atypical Anterior Uveitis in Behcet's Disease
Authors: Khamaily Mehdi , Tarib Imane , Salem Joumany Brahim , Dahi Sidi , Malek Yassine , Abdellaoui Taoufik , Mouzari Yassine , El Asri Fouad , Reda Karim , Oubaaz Abdelbarre
Published: July 2020

Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic multisystem  disorder,characterized by relapsing inflammation, Ocular involvement is frequent (40-70%), and all coats of the eye may be affected. The non-granulomatous character of uveitis is usually reported in BD.

We report a series of 11 cases of atypically granulomatous uveitis in patients with extra ocular signs of Behcet.