bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CT-angiography source images indicate less fatal outcome despite coma of patients in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study
Authors: Pallesen Lars P , Khomenko Andrei , Dzialowski Imanuel , Barlinn Jessica , Barlinn Kristian , Zerna Charlotte , van der Hoeven Erik JRJ , Algra Ale , Kapelle L Jaap , Michel Patrik , Bodechtel Ulf , Demchuk Andrew M , Schonewille Wouter , Puetz Volker ,   on behalf of the BASICS-Study group
Published: October 2016

Background

Coma is associated with poor outcome in patients with basilar artery occlusion.

Aims

We sought to assess whether the posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score and the Pons-Midbrain Index applied to CT angiography source images predict the outcome of comatose patients in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study.

Methods

Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study was a prospective, observational registry of patients with acute basilar artery occlusion with 48 recruiting centers worldwide. We applied posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score and Pons-Midbrain Index to CT angiography source images of Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study patients who presented with coma. We calculated adjusted risk ratios to assess the association of dichotomized posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score (≥8 vs. <8) and Pons-Midbrain Index (<3 vs. ≥3) with mortality and favourable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0–3) at one month.

Results

Of 619 patients in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study registry, CT angiography source images were available for review in 158 patients. Among these, 78 patients (49%) presented with coma. Compared to non-comatose patients, comatose patients were more likely to die (risk ratios 2.34; CI 95% 1.56–3.52) and less likely to have a favourable outcome (risk ratios 0.44; CI 95% 0.24–0.80). Among comatose patients, a Pons-Midbrain Index < 3 was related to reduced mortality (adjusted RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96), but not to favourable outcome (adjusted RR 1.19; 95% CI 0.39–3.62). Posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score dichotomized at ≥ 8 vs. <8 was not significantly associated with death (adjusted RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.46–1.05).

Conclusion

In comatose patients with basilar artery occlusion, the extent of brainstem ischemia appears to be related to mortality but not to favourable outcome.
The efficacy of Clare’s Law in domestic violence law reform in England and Wales
Authors: Fitz-Gibbon Kate , Walklate Sandra
Published: October 2016

In 2011 the high profile murder of Clare Wood led to the introduction of the national domestic violence disclosure scheme (‘Clare’s Law’) in England and Wales. The scheme aims to prevent the perpetration of violence between intimate partners through the sharing of information about prior histories of violence. Despite already spreading to comparable jurisdictions in the UK and Australia, to date the merits of a domestic violence disclosure scheme have been the subject of limited scholarly review and analysis. This article provides a timely critical analysis of the need for and merits of Clare’s Law. It examines the data impediments to the scheme, the need to balance the right to protection with the right to privacy and the question of victim empowerment versus responsibilization and victim blaming. The article concludes that there is a need to heed caution in adopting this policy elsewhere.
Antispasmodic drugs in colonoscopy: a review of their pharmacology, safety and efficacy in improving polyp detection and related outcomes
Authors: Sanagapalli Santosh , Agnihotri Kriti , Leong Rupert , Corte Crispin John
Published: October 2016

Antispasmodic drugs are cheap, effective and generally safe. They may improve outcomes in colonoscopy, however their use has not been consistent or widespread. This manuscript reviews the three most commonly used antispasmodics in colonoscopy, namely, hyoscine butylbromide (and related ammonium compounds), glucagon and peppermint oil. The pharmacology, action and safety of the agents, as well as the evidence for them improving colonoscopic outcomes will be discussed. In addition to polyp detection, other colonoscopic outcome endpoints of interest include cecal and ileal intubation, and patient comfort. The drugs studied were all found to be effective gastrointestinal antispasmodics with good safety profiles. There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether antispasmodics improve cecal intubation rate, predominantly because the baseline rates are already high. Antispasmodics probably have efficacy in reducing cecal intubation time especially in those with marked colonic spasm. Antispasmodics do not offer significant benefit in polyp detection or improving patient comfort during colonoscopy. Future studies should focus on inexperienced colonoscopists as well as those with marked colonic spasm, in whom the greatest benefit seems to lie.
Therapeutic approach to treating patients with BRAF-mutant lung cancer: latest evidence and clinical implications
Authors: de Langen Adrianus J. , Smit Egbert F.
Published: October 2016

Lung adenocarcinoma is known for its high rate of somatic mutations and genomic rearrangements. The identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements that sensitize tumors to specific drugs has changed the therapeutic approach and prognosis in these molecularly-defined subgroups. Several other key genetic alterations have been identified, of which BRAF mutations are found in 4% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. Targeted drugs against BRAF and downstream MEK were recently approved for the treatment of BRAF-positive melanoma and have entered clinical evaluation in NSCLC. In this review we discuss the latest evidence on the treatment of BRAF-mutated NSCLC, including tumor biology, targeted treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors, therapeutic resistance and strategies to overcome resistance.
Advances in Biogeography of the Tropical Rain Forest in Southern Yunnan, Southwestern China
Authors: Hua Zhu
Published: October 2016

The tropical rainforest of southern Yunnan, which is similar to the equatorial rainforest of Asia in floristic composition and physiognomy, is a type of tropical Asian rainforest. Its tropical floristic elements contribute more than 90% at the generic level and more than 80% at the specific level to the total flora. Those of typical tropical Asian distribution contribute about 75% of the species. Occurring at the northern edge of the tropical zone (up to 24°40’ N), the tropical rainforest of Yunnan differs from the equatorial rainforest in having deciduous trees in the canopy layer and fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes, but more abundant lianas as well as more plants with microphyllous leaves. It is suggested that the tropical rainforest did not emerge until the late Tertiary in the region, and that the rainforest is more dependent on topography and local habitats than on the regional climate.
Human Impacts on Primate Conservation in Central Amazonia
Authors: Boyle Sarah A.
Published: October 2016

Deforestation in the Amazon is a serious environmental, economic, and social concern. This article examines how a colonization plan to bring 180 families to an area north of Manaus, Brazil, would negatively impact the conservation of the six primate species residing in the area. The colonization sites would be located within the Biological Dynamics Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) study area, the longest-running study of forest fragmentation. An increase in human density in the area would likely increase deforestation and hunting pressure on the fauna, thereby threatening those species that have not fared well in forest fragments. Furthermore, the colonization plan threatens future research at BDFFP and other research sites, as well as the Central Amazonian Conservation Corridor. This would be a great scientific and conservation loss.
Quantifying the Response of Tree Hyraxes (Dendrohyrax Validus) to Human Disturbance in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Topp-Jørgensen J. Elmer , Marshal Andrew R. , Brink Henry , Pedersen Ulrik B.
Published: October 2016

Quantifying the effects of human disturbance on rare species is crucial for conservation. The eastern tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax validus), restricted to East Africa, is one of the region's least studied mammals. This study assesses the effect of hunting and logging on density and calling behavior. We evaluate three methods for estimating relative density: circular plot counts of calling individuals, latrine counts, and daytime transect counts. Circular plots show that the density of calling individuals within one forest is positively related to canopy cover. Furthermore we estimate densities of 17.3 calling individuals ha−1 in a little-disturbed forest, 12.1 in a lightly disturbed forest, and zero in an intensely hunted and formerly logged forest. Other methods support this trend, thus confirming that D. validus is dependent on intact forest. Estimation of hyrax density (and relative density) is however highly problematic and the magnitude of the trend varied between methods. Despite methodological problems, the results clearly highlight the discordance between Forest Reserve legislation and management, a conservation concern throughout the tropics.
Dung Beetles and Long-Term Habitat Fragmentation in Alter do Chão, Amazônia, Brazil
Authors: Vulinec Kevina , Lima Albertina Pimentel , Carvalho Elildo A. R. , Mellow David J.
Published: October 2016

We examined the abundance and diversity of dung beetles in forest fragments within a savanna landscape near Alter do Chão, Pará, Brazil. These fragments have existed for 150 years and possibly millennia. Using pit-fall traps to capture dung beetles, we investigated fragment area, fragment isolation, and tree density in fragments as predictors of species richness, abundance, and biomass of dung beetles. Across six fragments, isolation distance was negatively related with dung beetle species richness, while all other variables were unrelated. We also examined the abundance of the dominant species using flight-intercept traps in 21 fragments. Tree density correlated negatively with abundance of the dominant species, a probable new species.
Primate Seed Dispersal and its Potential Role in Maintaining Useful Tree Species in the Taï Region, Côte-d'Ivoire: Implications for the Conservation of Forest Fragments
Authors: Koné Inza , Lambert Joanna E. , Refisch Johannes , Bakayoko Adama
Published: October 2016

As a result of forest modification, primates are increasingly having to rely on fragments; so too are the human populations that have historically relied on continuous forest for critical resources. The role of primates in seed dispersal is increasingly understood to have significant unique effects on plant demography and forest regeneration. Our aim in this paper is to explore the potential for monkey seed dispersers to maintain the utility of forest fragments for humans through seed dispersal in the Taï region, western Côte-d'Ivoire. We established a list of fruit species whose seeds are dispersed by seven of eight monkey species occurring in the Taï National Park by using primary data and published accounts of their fruit diet, and determined the abundance of human-used and monkey-dispersed tree species in forest fragments in the broader Taï region. The monkeys of the Taï National Park consumed 75 tree species. Of this total set of 75 species, 52 (69%) were dispersed almost exclusively by monkeys and were found in neighboring forest fragments. Of the 52 fruiting forest tree species that are dispersed by Taï monkeys, 25 (48%) have some utility to local inhabitants suggesting that maintaining populations of primates is important not only for forest regeneration, but also for human populations that rely on forest resources. The conservation of primate species is a critically important goal in itself, but by working to ensure their protection in forest fragments, we certainly protect indirectly the seed dispersal of important human resources in these fragments as well.
Current State of Conservation Knowledge on Threatened Amphibian Species in Peru
Authors: von May Rudolf , Catenazzi Alessandro , Angulo Ariadne , Brown Jason L. , Carrillo Jorge , Chávez Germán , Córdova Jesús H. , Curo Aleyda , Delgado Amanda , Enciso Marco A. , Gutiérrez Roberto , Lehr Edgar , Martínez Jorge L. , Medina-Müller Margarita , Miranda Alfonso , Neira Daniel R. , Ochoa José A. , Quiroz Aarón J. , Rodríguez Daniel A. , Rodríguez Lily O. , Salas Antonio W. , Seimon Tracie , Seimon Anton , Siu-Ting Karen , Suárez Juana , Torres Claudia , Twomey Evan
Published: October 2016

This study documents the current state of conservation knowledge on threatened amphibian species in Peru. Following the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification system, we considered species in the following categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Near Threatened. Even though only the first three categories are regarded as threatened by IUCN, we included the fourth category to make comparisons with the list of threatened species issued by the Peruvian government. We used the Global Amphibian Assessment's database and the list issued in Peru for this comparison. We conducted separate field surveys in 17 regions of Peru to evaluate the presence/absence of threatened amphibian species and species that are potentially threatened. We also used the Declining Amphibian Database-DAPTF, to compare our results with previous assessments on population declines, and the World Wildlife Fund's Wildfinder database, to determine in which Neotropical ecoregion each species occurs. We compiled data on 83 species, 44 of which are recognized as threatened by the IUCN and/or the Peruvian government. The remaining 39 species should be re-assessed as they face various threats. A re-evaluation of current estimates is needed as only 8% of all species recorded in Peru are recognized as threatened by the government, whereas the global estimate of threatened species is about 32%. In addition to using IUCN criteria, this re-assessment should follow national guidelines standardized in Peru and be in accordance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Because the habitat of almost 40% of threatened species reported herein still remains unprotected, and data on chytridiomycosis and other threats are lacking for most taxa, it is crucial to develop strategies for habitat conservation and research on disease dynamics in natural populations.
Abundancia y estructura poblacional de la lagartija jararank'o (Liolaemus signifer; Liolaemidae-Lacertilia-Reptilia) en zonas con y sin extracción comercial en el Altiplano de Bolivia
Authors: Murillo Erika De la Galvez , Pacheco Luis F.
Published: October 2016

La evidencia existente indica que la extracción comercial de una especie puede afectar la abundancia y estructura de sus poblaciones. En Bolivia, el uso de la lagartija Liolaemus signifer en la medicina tradicional se remonta a épocas precolombinas. El uso tradicional de estos reptiles tiene como principal objetivo la cura de dolencias físicas y/o espirituales y los especímenes de mayor valor en el mercado son aquellos de mayor tamaño. En el presente estudio se comparan la estructura y la abundancia poblacional de L. signifer entre 10 sitios con extracción comercial y 10 sitios sin extracción comercial, como una aproximación al estudio del efecto de la cosecha sobre esos dos parámetros. Se predijo que en los sitios sometidos a cosecha, la abundancia sería menor y la estructura poblacional estaría sesgada hacia las clases de menor tamaño. La abundancia promedio de las poblaciones en las zonas con extracción comercial resultó significativamente menor que en aquellas no sometidas a extracción (10.8 vs 21.2 lagartijas observadas en 800 m, respectivamente); sin embargo, la estructura poblacional (por tamaños y sexos: 0.92 machos:1 hembra) no difirió entre sitios con y sin extracción. Los mecanismos que producirían estructuras poblacionales indistintas podrían ser: a) mayor mortalidad de crías, como consecuencia de la cosecha de las hembras, debido al cuidado parental indirecto que las crías reciben de la madre, b) las poblaciones simplemente alcanzan una nueva estructura poblacional estable al reducirse la densidad. Es recomendable no cazar hembras ni destruir las guaridas durante la extracción.
Evaluación de la población de cerdos asilvestrados (Sus scrofa) y su impacto en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra La Laguna, Baja California Sur, México
Authors: Solís-Cámara Aurora Breceda , Arnaud-Franco Gustavo , Álvarez-Cárdenas Sergio , Galina-Tessaro Patricia , Montes-Sánchez Juan José
Published: October 2016

El cerdo asilvestrado ( Sus scrofa) es de las principals especies invasoras con fuertes efectos sobre ecosistemas naturales. Su presencia en la península de Baja California data del siglo XVIII. En este estudio se evalúa la abundancia relativa y distribución en la Reserva de la Biosfera “Sierra La Laguna” (REBISLA); y se presenta un análisis preliminar de su dieta e impacto en suelo y vegetación. Se hicieron entrevistas con rancheros, y se efectuaron 16 recorridos de más de un kilómetro en diferentes tipos de vegetación, tomando registros en 75 puntos. El efecto sobre vegetación y suelo, se evaluó en 40 cuadrantes de 25m2 en sitios con y sin afectación, y se registraron las plantas perennes; se tomaron muestras de semillas y contenido en el suelo en 60 cuadrados de 1m2 con y sin rastros de cerdos. Se analizó el contenido estomacal de ocho cerdos. La presencia del cerdo en la REBISLA es común, con un nivel de afectación moderada. La vegetación más afectada es el bosque de pino-encino. La población de cerdos es muy dinámica y depende de factores climáticos como sequías extremas, y el constante ingreso de cerdos que escapan de rancherías; asimismo presenta una gran movilidad en función de la disponibilidad de alimento y agua, por lo que es necesario continuar con estudios multitemporales y multianuales.
Evaluación de elementos estructurales del hábitat del borrego cimarrón en la Sierra del Mechudo, Baja California Sur, México
Authors: Alvarez-Cárdenas Sergio , Galina-Tessaro Patricia , Díaz-Castro Sara , Guerrero-Cárdenas Israel , Castellanos-Vera Aradit , Mesa-Zavala Erika
Published: October 2016

La pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat ponen en riesgo de aislamiento y extinción local a especies con poblaciones pequeñas, como la de Ovis canadensis weemsi Goldman, 1937, en la Sierra del Mechudo, Baja California Sur, México. Por tanto, es fundamental evaluar las relaciones entre las especies y su hábitat para diseñar programas de manejo y conservación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la selección de elementos estructurales del hábitat determinantes en el comportamiento del borrego cimarrón para evadir la depredación, Índice de Rugosidad del Terreno (IRT) (terreno de escape) y estructura de la vegetación (visibilidad). Se realizó un análisis de uso-disponibilidad de clases de IRT y se midieron altura y cobertura de la vegetación perenne en tres áreas representativas de la Sierra. Se establecieron cinco clases de terreno, encontrando diferencias significativas entre uso y disponibilidad de las mismas, las sierras medianas con cañadas, sierras altas con cañones y sierras altas con cañones pequeños dentro de cañones grandes fueron seleccionadas. La vegetación perenne es esparcida, con promedios de altura de 1.3 m y cobertura de 21%, lo cual indica una visibilidad adecuada para los borregos. Ante el incremento de actividades humanas en la región, es recomendable evaluar el hábitat estructural a lo largo de la Sierra del Mechudo, relacionando IRT y visibilidad con la estacionalidad y el comportamiento de las diferentes clases de borregos; así como ubicar áreas sensibles o críticas para el manejo y conservación, al menos por arriba de los 300 m de elevación.
Evaluation of Natural Conservation Areas and Wildlife Management Units to Support Minimum Viable Populations of White-Tailed Deer in Mexico
Authors: Mandujano Salvador , González-Zamora Arturo
Published: October 2016

In Mexico, wildlife conservation and management is officially based on two schemes: Natural Protected Areas (ANP, in Spanish), and Wildlife Conservation, Management and Sustainable Utilization Units (UMA). In this paper we evaluated whether these areas satisfy a minimum critical area (MCA) to support theoretical values of minimum viable population (MVP) of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. MCAs were estimated using a model based on population density values from 1 to 30 deer/km2. MCA increased as density decreased. Results suggest an MCA of 1,667 to 50,000 ha to support an MVP of 500 deer, or 16,670 to 500,000 ha for long-term viability of 5,000 deer, depending on regional deer density. Biosphere Reserves, Protection Areas of Flora and Fauna, and Protection Areas of Natural Resources satisfy MCA requirements better than other ANP categories. In general, almost no UMA cover MCA. Geographic distribution of larger ANP and UMA are biased towards the North and Southeast of Mexico. We also evaluated the proposal of Priority Terrestrial Regions (RTP), and found that these areas could better satisfy MCA requirements; particularly, RTP could complement the need for reserves in the central part of the country. Selected study cases were used to illustrate the utility of this model to evaluate specific locations to know if MCA requirements are satisfied to support MVP of this deer. We suggest a regional network system of conservation reserves and wildlife management units integrating ANP, UMA, and RTP at regional scale, through source-sink and archipelago reserve models.
Mismatch of Research Effort and Threat in Avian Conservation Biology
Authors: Brito Daniel , Oprea Monik
Published: October 2016

Avian declines and extinctions are a worldwide concern. Conservation priorities for birds should target threatened taxa (taxonomic targets) and regions with high levels of species richness and endemism (geographical targets). Does published research on bird conservation reflect the global taxonomic and geographic priorities? We surveyed six years (2000–2005) of six international conservation journals, and analyzed all articles on birds. Attention indexes were calculated for orders, threatened species, and biogeographic realms. We also examined how well research from tropical nations (with high levels of richness and endemism) are represented in the international literature. Results show that Struthioniformes is the order that has the highest attention (0.54), mostly because this order has relatively few species, and the lowest attention was recorded for Coliiformes (0.00). For some orders (Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Gaviiformes, Pelecaniformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Podicipediformes, Struthioniformes, Tinamiformes and Trogoniformes), most of the published research focuses on non-threatened species. The Nearctic and Palearctic are the biogeographic realms that receive most attention by avian conservationists. However, the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan are the regions with higher species diversity. Eighty-four countries contributed articles, but the majority of bird conservation research is conducted by North American and western European researchers. There is urgent need for capacity building in tropical developing nations. Birds are seriously threatened and are rapidly declining worldwide. However, bird conservation is still misplacing its focus in lower-biodiversity regions and for some orders focusing in non-threatened species. If such trends are not changed, the consequences for the persistence of birds worldwide may be dire.
Forest Recovery Following Shifting Cultivation: An Overview of Existing Research
Authors: Karthik Teegalapalli , Veeraswami Gopi Govindhan , Samal Prasanna Kumar
Published: October 2016

Shifting cultivation is a predominant practice in the majority of tropical hilly tracts. Relatively few studies have examined forest recovery following shifting cultivation and we have reviewed these studies to identify and synthesize general recovery patterns. Most studies report that, although pioneer tree species recover relatively faster, woody biomass of mature forest trees recovers several decades after suspension of cultivation. Analysis of bird-species inventories in 10 studies revealed that up to 70% of mature forest birds may recover in successional sites and that species composition is about 55% similar to that in mature forests within 25 years. Results of mammal studies were likely to have been confounded by hunting effects and therefore the effect of time since suspension of cultivation and hunting impacts need to be investigated separately. As shown by a few studies, we conclude that community recovery can be expected to be accelerated when relatively large forest tracts adjoin a shifting cultivation landscape, in comparison with recovery in sites with shorter fallow cycles in the absence of contiguous forests, which act as sources for recolonization of fauna and vegetation.
Sustainable Utilization of Mangroves Using Improved Fish-Smoking Systems: A Management Perspective from the Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve, Cameroon
Authors: Feka Njisuh Z. , Chuyong George B. , Ajonina Gordon N.
Published: October 2016

Fuel wood extraction for commercial fish smoking is the most pervasive threat to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems in the Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve (DEWR) of Cameroon and most West-Central African coastal states. The high rates of fuel-wood consumption are associated with fish smoking in this region and are chiefly the result of low fuel efficiency systems. In this study, we investigated the relative efficiency of two fish-smoking systems with respect to fuel wood consumption and time required for fish smoking in the DEWR. Using socio-economic and forest surveys in three villages, where mangrove wood is harvested and used, we established that the annual fuel-wood off-take was about 42,839m3. In addition, most of the wood is used for fish smoking in the Traditional Smoke System (TSS) method, which was assessed to be 70% less efficient than the Improved Smoke System (Eeyed/CWCS). The Eeyed/CWCS consumed on average 50% less wood than the TSS, and reduced fish-smoking time by up-to 65% relative to the TSS. This comparative advantage offers opportunities for reducing the incidence of smoke-related diseases in women and children–most of them involved in the smoking process—by reducing the time spent smoking fish and saving money from avoided additional wood consumption. However, these benefits can only be achieved through the successful introduction of the Eeyed/CWCS. This will require a broad range of sensitization, capacity enhancement, and further research on adapting the current model to local conditions of the area.
Towards Sustainable Wildlife Management Areas in Tanzania
Authors: Wilfred Paulo
Published: October 2016

Within the last few years, Tanzania has witnessed mushrooming growth of “wildlife management areas” (WMAs). These are broadly meant to halt (or reduce) loss of wildlife populations, and ensure that local people benefit from their conservation. However, human pressure is rapidly increasing and causing management problems in the WMAs. Some human land-use activities also limit wildlife dispersal, potentially destabilizing wildlife population dynamics. In addition, poor resource use diversification and lack of creativity constrain sustainable use of natural resources in the WMAs; consequently, their contribution to sustainable livelihoods is seriously undermined. A key question is how WMAs can be a sustainable and competitive land-use option that meets their predetermined objectives? Without doubt, a road map to sustainable WMAs should responsibly engage the government, non-governmental organizations, and community-based organizations in a joint effort towards realization of simple and flexible WMAs establishment process, quality wildlife habitat, and reduced human pressure on the wildlife resources, as well as successful and sustainable wildlife-based enterprises.
The Role of Women in Traditional Farming Systems as Practiced in Homegardens: A Case Study in Sylhet Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh
Authors: Akhter Sayma , Alamgir Mohammed , Sohel Md. Shawkat Islam , Rana Md. Parvez , Ahmed S. J. Monjurul , Chowdhury Mohammad Shaheed Hossain
Published: October 2016

Forests cover only 6 to 8 percent of the total land area of Bangladesh. While agricultural expansion continues to massively deplete the natural forests, a well-managed homegarden practice is vital for reversing the existing trend and promoting the ecological balance of the country. An understanding of the role of women in homegarden management within a traditional farming system is important in expanding and improving the practice. This paper seeks to explore the participation of women in homegarden management activities, understanding the impact of homegardens on women's income and livelihoods and assessing women's awareness of homegarden-oriented activities that support forest conservation. The study demonstrates a number of important conclusions: (1) women are mostly involved in homegarden management-related activities (2) women are interested in conserving homegardens because they obtain such substantial benefits as food security, income, health care, and environmental benefits (3) women were found to be aware of home-garden conservation and tuned to motivating husbands, children, and neighbors to conserve the agro-biodiversity of homegardens. Findings suggest that increased involvement of women in a broad range of homegarden management activities is not only beneficial for their own socio-economic well-being, but also imperative for sustaining the livelihoods of their communities and for preserving the agro-biodiversity in homegardens.
Identifying Important Forest Patches for the Long-Term Persistence of the Endangered Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus Chrysomelas)
Authors: Zeigler Sara L. , Fagan William F. , DeFries Ruth , Raboy Becky E.
Published: October 2016

As habitat for the golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT; Leontopithecus chrysomelas) in Brazil's Atlantic forest becomes smaller and more fragmented, remaining large forest patches may be critical to the persistence of the species. The objectives of our study were to identify the forest patch size that could support a viable population of GHLTs under a range of risk scenarios and to locate patches meeting these size requirements. We found the self-sustaining minimum viable population (MVP) size of GHLTs using the simulation program Vortex under a baseline model and under several anthropogenic disturbance models. We multiplied the MVP size determined in each model scenario by low, medium, and high GHLT population densities to estimate a minimum area requirement. We then used a forest cover map derived through a supervised classification of 2004–2008 Landsat 5TM imagery to locate forest patches meeting the range of minimum area requirements. We found that the MVP size of GHLTs is 70–960 individuals, requiring a forest patch size of 700–18,113 ha depending on the risk level or scenario considered. We found one forest patch that could support a genetically viable, self-sustaining population of GHLTs under the highest level of risk. However, only one federally protected reserve known to currently support GHLTs exists within the range of the species while continuing deforestation, land conversion, and construction projects are real and major threats to the remaining GHLT habitat. Research into the quality and occupancy of the largest patches highlighted here as well as additional protection of habitat needs to be a priority for GHLT conservation.
Monitoring of Reintroduced Tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: Preliminary Findings on Home Range, Prey Selection and Food Habits
Authors: Sankar K. , Qureshi Qamar , Nigam Parag , Malik P.K. , Sinha P.R. , Mehrotra R.N. , Gopal Rajesh , Bhattacharjee Subhadeep , Mondal Krishnendu , Gupta Shilpi
Published: October 2016

Home range and food habits of tigers ( Panthera tigris tigris) were studied in Sariska Tiger Reserve from July 2008 to June 2009. Three tigers (one male and two females) were radio-collared and reintroduced in Sariska Tiger Reserve from Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Western India during 2008-2009. The reintroduced tigers were monitored periodically through ground tracking using “triangulation and homing in techniques.” The estimated annual home ranges were 168.6 km2 and 181.4 km2 for tiger and tigress-1 respectively. The estimated summer home range of tigress-2 was 223.4 km2. In total, 115 kills and 103 scats of tigers were collected to study the food habits. The line transect method was used to estimate the prey availability. The density of peafowl ( Pavo cristatus) was found to be highest (125.2 ± 15.3/ km2) in Sariska followed by livestock ( Bubalis bubalis and Bos indicus) (59.9 ± 22.3/ km2), chital ( Axis axis) (46.7 ± 9.5/ km2), sambar ( Rusa unicolor) (26.2 ± 4.9/ km2), common langur ( Semnopithecus entellus) (22.8 ± 6.5/ km2), nilgai ( Boselaphus tragocamelus) (19.5 ± 3.3/ km2) and wild pig ( Sus scrofa) (15.4 ± 4.4/ km2). Tigers fed on seven prey species as shown by kill data. Tigers' scat analysis revealed the presence of five prey species. Prey selection by tigers based on scat analysis was in the following order: sambar> chital> nilgai> livestock> common langur. It is proposed to restock the tiger population initially with five tigers in Sariska and subsequent supplementation of two tigers every three years for a period of six years, which will allow the population to achieve demographic viability. Removal of anthropogenic pressure from the national park will be crucial for the long term survival of tigers in Sariska.
Cloud Forest Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in the Western Ghats, a Global Biodiversity Hotspot in Southwestern India
Authors: Sabu T. K. , Vinod K.V. , Latha M. , Nithya S. , Boby J.
Published: October 2016

First-time comprehensive data on the community structure, species composition and regional endemism of dung beetle assemblage in a tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) from South Asia is provided. High level of endemism, predominance of two montane endemic species of which one is a flightless local endemic, greater proportional abundance of roller guild, and the total absence of dweller guild, make the cloud forest dung beetle community different from the communities in the low-altitude montane forests. Distribution of major proportion of montane species in the low altitude supports the hypothesis for the origin of montane fauna through vertical colonization of the high altitudes by low-altitude species. Abundance of rollers is attributed to the availability of dung pellets of local endemic mountain goat, Nilgiri Tahr ( Nilgiritragus hylocrius) and Sambar deer ( Cervus unicolor) throughout the year and absence of dweller guild to the seasonal availability of fresh dung pads of Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus) and gaur ( Bos gaurus). Dominance by the flightless local endemic dung beetle Ochicanthon devagiriensis, belonging to the old-world tribe Canthonini with Gondwanaland distribution, indicates the stability, refugial isolation, and archaic nature of the dung beetle assemblage in the studied montane region. Since flightless species show a high level of fidelity to their preferred habitat and are efficient indicators of historical changes in their habitats, dominance and local endemism of flightless species Oc. devagiriensis makes it an ideal indicator species and effective forecaster of habitat modifications of the unique cloud forest study region in the Western Ghats.
Using Relative Abundance Indices from Camera-Trapping to Test Wildlife Conservation Hypotheses – An Example from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
Authors: Jenks Kate E. , Chanteap Prawatsart , Kanda Damrongchainarong , Peter Cutter , Cutter Passanan , Redford Tim , Antony J. Lynam , Howard JoGayle , Leimgruber Peter
Published: October 2016

Khao Yai National Park (KYNP) is well known for its biodiversity and has the potential to serve as a regional model for wildlife conservation. From October 2003 through October 2007, the managers of KYNP conducted a Carnivore Conservation Project to develop and implement long-term monitoring of their large mammal populations. We present these data as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of long-term camera-trapping despite data that cannot be fitted to mark/recapture or occupancy statistical frameworks. Overall, a relatively high number of camera trap photographs was obtained for viverrids (four species; 44 photos) and ursids (two species; 39 photos). However, a relatively low number (range, one to eight) of camera trap photographs was obtained for each of the four felid species and two canid species detected by cameras. Of a total survey effort of 6,260 trap nights, no tigers ( Panthera tigris) were detected by camera traps, suggestive of at best a small, non-viable tiger population. Compared to previous camera-trapping efforts at KYNP, we expanded intensive sampling beyond the core area to include all zones and edges of the park. We found significantly lower relative abundance indices (RAIs) for certain mammal species, and collectively for all mammals compared to data obtained in 1999–2000 from 34 similar survey locations, suggesting population declines linked to increased human activity. Information from long-term camera-trapping can provide critical information on the occurrence of elusive species, hotspots, the role of invasive or domestic species, and an indication of the effectiveness of patrolling and other management and conservation interventions.
The Attitudes of Tourists towards the Environmental, Social and Managerial Attributes of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Kaltenborn Bj⊘rn P , Nyahongo Julius W , Kideghesho Jafari R
Published: October 2016

Serengeti National Park is a world class icon for wildlife tourism attracting a diverse group of tourists from all over the world. The park has played a pivotal role in protecting large populations of wildlife species of the Eastern African savannah and the globally outstanding biological phenomena such as the annual migration of wildebeest. However, the history of the park is also characterised by resource use conflicts and pressures that could threaten the current quality of the visitor environment. In this paper we examine the attitudes of international visitors toward the management and attributes of the park. Overall, the tourists report a high degree of satisfaction with most aspects of their trip. Yet, the current tourists are concerned about possible future changes that could alter the visitor environment and idealized images of the African wild lands. Basic environmental attitudes (degrees of ecocentrism) have effects on attitudes toward management of the park. Tourists expressing a high degree of ecocentrism are more likely to support management actions aimed at controlling tourism activities, access and impacts. They also express a stronger interest in experiencing nature, wilderness and local culture. The results are discussed in light of the major impact factors and conservation issues facing the management of Serengeti National Park; poaching, poverty in surrounding communities, increasing population pressure, habitat degradation, and wildlife diseases.
A Model Biodiversity Monitoring Protocol for REDD Projects
Authors: Waldon Jeff , Miller Bruce W. , Miller Carolyn M.
Published: October 2016

Emerging international standards for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) projects require a demonstrated biodiversity benefit and a biodiversity monitoring protocol. Guidance for an acceptable protocol is proposed specifically for tropical forests, focusing on technologies that are widely available, rigorous, and aimed at important indicator taxa for forest function. Two techniques, camera trapping for large and mesoscale mammals and acoustic monitoring for bats, are proposed as current technologies that meet the criteria for a model biodiversity monitoring protocol for REDD projects.
Seed Rain and Advance Regeneration in Secondary Succession in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Wieland Lindsay M. , Mesquita Rita C. G. , Bobrowiec Paulo Estefano D. , Bentos Tony V. , Williamson G. Bruce
Published: October 2016

Succession in the Brazilian Amazon depends on prior land-use history. Abandoned clearcuts become dominated by Cecropia trees and exhibit species replacements characteristic of natural succession in forest lightgaps. In contrast, abandoned pastures are dominated by Vismia trees that inhibit natural succession for a decade or more. Here we explore how advance regeneration and limited seed dispersal may contribute to the arrested succession in Vismia-dominated stands. Vegetation surveys showed that every Vismia stem in 3–8 year old Vismia stands originated as a re-sprout. In Cecropia stands, all tree species, including Vismia, originated mostly from seeds, after deforestation and abandonment. The 100% re-sprouts of Vismia in the abandoned pastures confirms that Vismia dominance results from re-sprouting following pasture fires. Seed rain in both Vismia and Cecropia dominated stands was limited almost exclusively to second growth species already reproducing in those stands, suggesting that the bats and birds foraging there were not bringing mature forest seeds into the second growth, but simply feeding and depositing local second growth species. As dispersal was similar in both stand types, dispersal differences cannot account for the ongoing dominance of Vismia relative to the ongoing successional transitions in Cecropia stands. Overall, advance regeneration in the form of Vismia re-sprouts is much more likely to be the driver of Vismia dominated succession than differential dispersal of mature forest seeds. In order to avoid extensive forest conversion into unproductive Vismia wastelands in the Amazon Basin, forestry permits for harvesting timber should include restrictions on subsequent anthropogenic degradation, such as conversion to pasture and prescribed burning.
The Aftermath of Environmental Disturbance on the Critically Endangered Coffea kihansiensis in the Southern Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Rija Alfan A. , Mwamende Kuruthumu A. , Hassan Shombe N.
Published: October 2016

The endemic Coffea kihansiensis was monitored in the Kihansi gorge over a three year period following diversion of the Kihansi River underground for hydropower production and its associated catastrophic effect on the gorge biota. We assessed the growth status of the coffee population by measuring, along an altitudinal gradient, the height and diameter of 450 randomly selected coffee stems in 18 sampling plots covering ca 1800 m2. We also collected microclimatic data to compare with that collected prior to river diversion. Coffee infestation by parasites was examined by recording the number of stems with signs of infestation. There was no significant change in size of Coffea kihansiensis during the study period. However, the size for immature plants differed between the two sites; LWF and UCF. Parasite infestation differed between reproductive age classes and was greater at lower elevation (800 – 850 m a.s.l) than above, suggesting possible effects of altitude and microclimate on coffee infestation. Increasing habitat degradation, parasite infestations, and loss of the species' ecological envelope seriously undermine the species' growth potential with severe consequences for its long-term population survival. Continued monitoring of the species is recommended, with the emphasis on understanding basic species biology, population trends, and the potential role of assisted migration in saving the population from collapse.
Preliminary Assessment of Illegal Hunting by Communities Adjacent to the Northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe
Authors: Gandiwa Edson
Published: October 2016

Illegal hunting of wildlife is a major issue in today's society, particularly in tropical ecosystems. In this study, a total of 114 local residents from eight villages located in four wards adjacent to the northern Gonarezhou National Park, south-eastern Zimbabwe were interviewed in 2009, using semi-structured questionnaires. The study aimed to answer the following questions: (i) what is the prevalence of illegal hunting and what are commonly used hunting methods? (ii) Which wild animal species are commonly hunted illegally? (iii) What are the main reasons for illegal hunting? (iv) What strategies or mechanisms are currently in place to minimize illegal hunting? Overall, 59% of the respondents reported that they saw bushmeat, meat derived from wild animals, and/or wild animal products being sold at least once every six months, whereas 41% of the respondents reported that they had never seen bushmeat and/or wild animal products being sold in their villages and/or wards. About 18% of the respondents perceived that illegal hunting had increased between 2000 and 2008, whereas 62% of the respondents perceived that illegal hunting had declined, and 20% perceived that it remained the same. Snaring (79%) and hunting with dogs (53%) were reportedly the most common hunting methods. A total of 24 wild animal species were reportedly hunted, with African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) (18%), Burchell's zebra ( Equus quagga) (21%), kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (25%) and impala ( Aepyceros melampus) (27%) amongst the most targeted and preferred animal species. In addition, large carnivores, including spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta) (11%), leopard ( Panthera pardus) (10%) and African lion ( Panthera leo) (8%), were reportedly hunted illegally. The need for bushmeat, for household consumption (68%), and raising money through selling of wild animal products (55%) were reported as being the main reasons for illegal hunting. Strengthening law enforcement, increasing awareness and environmental education, and developing mechanisms to reduce human-wildlife conflicts will assist in further minimizing illegal hunting activities in the Gonarezhou ecosystem.
Calling Activity of the Common Tink Frog (Diasporus Diastema) (Eleutherodactylidae) in Secondary Forests of the Caribbean of Costa Rica
Authors: Hilje Branko , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: October 2016

Calling activity in terrestrial frogs can be used as a measure of habitat suitability for reproduction. We evaluated the calling activity of the common tink frog Diasporus diastema (Eleutherodactylidae) in 12 secondary forest sites that vary in age of recovery, and three old growth sites in the Caribbean of Costa Rica. We used visual and acoustic surveys along transects, and we identified only 26 individuals in a total of 12 hours of censuses for each site. We also used automated species identification from recordings, and we detected D. diastema in 10,605 of 49,273 recordings. The peak of the daily calling activity occurred from 2100h to 0100h, and the peak of monthly activity occurred in May. Calling activity did not vary among the different forest sites, suggesting that secondary forests can provide suitable habitat for D. diastema reproduction.