bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early-Season Evaluation of Insecticides on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Seven insecticide treatments and a control, each replicated 5 times among ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Yorking’ trees, were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 24 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph. The application dates of the various treatments were based on various phenological stages of ‘Golden Delicious’ development (see the first table for application dates). A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, Ziram 76 WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50 WP and Imidan 70 WP) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for rosy apple aphid control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA injured clusters/tree in a 3-5- and 10-minute sample per tree on 15 May, 12 Jun, and 14 Jul, respectively. The number of RAA injured fruit per tree was determined by making a 10-min count on 14 Jul. STLM was evaluated on 6 and 16 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 5 minutes around the periphery of the tree. The number of motile ERM was determined by collecting 25 leaves per tree and brushing those leaves with a leaf-brushing machine. Pest pressure was moderate.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Staked Tomato with Foliar and Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse raised tomato seedlings were planted 11 Mar at 18-inch spacing on 4 pairs of subirrigated beds 32 inches wide and 240 ft long on 6-ft centers. Beds had been fertilized with 800 lb/acre of 5-16-8 dry bottom mix and 500 lbs/acre of 19-0-30 top mix banded on each side of the bed, fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide/chloropicrin at a rate of 2201b/acre and covered with black polyethylene film. Each bed was divided into four 60-ft-long plots. Seven treatments and an untreated check were assigned to the 8 plots of each pair of beds in RCB design with 4 replications. Plants were sprayed with a combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre for disease control and side dressed with 40 lb N/acre and 40 lb K/acre liquid fertilizer on 22 Mar. Three applications of NoMate® tomato pinworm pheromone were made 1,15, and 29 Apr. Tomatoes were staked and tied according to standard practices. Admire and CGA-293343 treatments were applied as a soil drench 24 May in 10 ml of solution to each plant. Foliar treatments, EXP 80667A 70 WP, EXP 61096A .83EC, and Provado were applied with a high-clearance sprayer utilizing a hydraulic pump operating at 200 psi and delivering the spray through two drop booms each equipped with 3 yellow hollow-cone Albuz® nozzles for a rate of 69 GPA. Five weekly foliar applications were initiated on 29 Apr after a count of adults on 22 Apr. The soil-drench treatments were also sampled 22 Apr. Sampling for adults in drench-treated plot began 22 Apr. and in foliar-treated plot the following week. Adult whitefly were sampled by a beat-pan method employing 9X13 inch metal cake pan painted black and covered with a 10% detergent/vegetable oil mixture. The total number of adults captured from one beat on four separate plants was counted as a subsample with 5 subsamples collected per plot. Nymphs were monitored in the field beginning 28 Apr. using a hand lens on the first date to examine 40 sq cm of a leaf from the 6-7th node. The number of small/medium or large/pupae were recorded for each single-leaf subsample with 5 leaves sampled per plot. Leaves were taken to the laboratory on the 2 subsequent sample dates and the number of dead or parasitized pupae was also noted.
Evaluation of Acaricides for Control of Spider Mites on Watermelon, 1997
Authors: Fouche Calvin , Mullen Robert , Cutter Dawn
Published: December 2017

Six treatments were evaluated in a field near Farmington, CA to determine their efficacy in controlling spider mites. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Sprays were applied with a 5-hp backpack mist blower on 31 July in a volume of 100 gpa. One lb of Orthene SP/acre was applied as a maintenance spray due to aphid pressure. Infestations were monitored by removing 10 leaves per plot and counting with a binocular dissecting scope at 15X.
Early-Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1997
Authors: Berberet R. C. , Zarrabi A. A. , Bisges A. D.
Published: December 2017

Eleven chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and BAA infesting the first crop of a 3rd-year stand of ‘Cimarron VR’ alfalfa at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 2.2 AW larvae/stem and 19.0 B AA/stem. Insecticides were applied on 11 Mar using flooding nozzles (Spraying System Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi when traveling at 3 mph. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design on plots 5 X 10 m in size, repli-cated 4 times. Sampling was conducted at 2, 6, 13, 20, and 27 DAT by pulling 25 stems/plot and placing them in standard Berlese funnels to extract in-sects for counting. Subsamples of aphids were identified on each date to determine if species other than BAA were present. Dry matter yields were esti-mated for first harvest on 5 May by removing forage from a 1 X 5 m area in each plot using a flail-type harvester. Subsamples were dried for determination of moisture content and yields were calculated on a dry weight/acre basis.
Indirect Effect of Basf 490 on Adult Amblyseius Fallacis, 1997
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Racette G.
Published: December 2017

BASF 490 is an experimental fungicide applied against apple scab in early spring. Fifty dwarf apple trees (cv Liberty) in a row were treated with BASF 490 50 WP on June 11 and again on June 23, 1997. The first treatment corresponded to petal fall and the second treatment corresponded to first cover. Three rows away, the exercise was repeated with Nova 50WP. The trees were sprayed to drip off with a Cyclone hydraulic sprayer (Hector Delorme, Farnam, Qc, Canada). Twenty-four hours after treatment, 12 leaves from the edges of the row and another six from the middle of the row were picked and brought in a cooler to the lab. The check trees were sprayed with water. The leaves, 18 from each treatment, were placed with their upper surface on wet foam in rectangular trays. The wet foam served as a barrier and at the same time kept the leaves fresh. The petioles were covered with wet J-cloth. Six adult predators, 24 to 48 h old, were transferred to the leaves and twospotted spider mites were supplied as prey. The trays were placed in a growth chamber, set at 24° C and 80% RH. The leaves were examined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment for adult mortality. At the rates used for apple scab control, residues of neither fungicide had any direct adverse effect on adult predatory mite, Amblyseuis fallacis.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments Against Tarnished Plant Bug on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Russell J. S. , Gore J. , Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA by caging TPB adults on treated plants. Cotton was planted on 20 May in a Gigger Gilbert silt loam (pH = 6.0, 1.1% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft. long. Applications were made on 11 Jun using a tractor-mounted 4 row boom, and compressed air system, calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi with 8001 flat-fan nozzles (1/row). TPB adults were collected from flowering Coreopsis spp, with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net, held in the laboratory in a 1.5-ft3 wire mesh cage, and fed green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. After 24 h, TPB were placed in 20-ml glass vials (5/vial), transported to the field, and caged in 3 X 4-inch mesh bags over a plant terminal. Five plants randomly chosen from the 2 center rows of each plot were infested with TPB adults. The bags were removed and TPB mortality was determined at 24 h after infestation. Rainfall did not influence the results of this test. TPB mortality was analyzed with ANOVA and means separated with DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs Applied After the Permanent Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides and fertilizer. On 1 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and planted with 100 lb of untreated or EXP 80698A 75 FS-treated seed/acre at the rate shown in the table. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry league soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (24-48 h temporary flooding, then draining). Rice emerged through soil on 9 May. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before the permanent flood on 30 May (21 d after emergence of rice through soil), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre. On 2 Jun, (3 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre and Karate at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre. All liquid insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens) hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 25 Jun and 10 Jul (26 and 41 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (5 Sep = 119 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Tobacco Aphid Control of Burley Tobacco, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar, soil, transplant drench (TPD), and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of TA on burley tobacco. Tobacco ‘Tennessee 90’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 22 May. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Temik 15 G was applied in a 14-inch band and covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil at bedding on 21 May. Transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied at 204 gpa with a bucket and dipper (4 fl oz/plant). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with an 8004 E tip and operated at 20 psi was used to apply Admire drench treatments (TPD) in 17 fl oz of water to plants in 200-cell float trays at 1 d before transplanting. Plants were irrigated immediately after application to wash Admire residue off the plants into the media. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row on 31 Jul. Temperature was 85° F. TA counts were made on the upper leaves of 10 plants per plot. We followed production practices recommended by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log 10 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Tobacco Insect Control with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1996
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

Various insecticides applied as transplant water treatments were compared with foliar and soil treatments for TA and TFB control and for their effects on the yield of flue-cured to bacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Black-stone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 21 May (soil temperature 75 °F ambient temperature, 88 °F, soil pH, 5.6; weather, sunny; soil moisture, good). The Admire drench treatment was applied to tobacco seedlings in 288-cell float trays 24 hrs before transplanting. The treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 1 fl oz of Admire 240 FS in 1.84 gal of water/1,000 plants through 8003LP tips at 20 psi. Treatments were watered in with an additional 1 gal of water immediately after application. ‘Coker 371 Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 204 gal solution/acre with a Holland plunger-type transplanter on 21 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperature was 75 °F and 88-91 °F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 3 Jul and 8 Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through TX-12 nozzles (3 per row. The weather was clear, wind speed was less than 5 mph, and ambient temperature was 84-86°F at each application. Except for insect control, tobacco production followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. Dipel 4 L (Bacillus thuringiensis) was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 10 wks after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated for each plot on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of aphid feeding; 10 = all leaves showing severe damage resulting from TA infestations including honeydew, sooty mold, necrotic leaf tissue, and exuviae. TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot on 2 and 26 Jun, 2 and 5 wks after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested and cured and yield was determined. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Spring Applications of Lorsban, 1997
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of broadcast, ppi Lorsban 4 E and Mocap 6 EC against tobacco wireworms in the field. Plots were established at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, on 30 Apr in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 3 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. On 24 Apr, the foliar materials were applied using a COz-powered backpack sprayer fitted with Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles, 20" apart on a 6.7" boom at 30 psi and 25 gpa. Tobacco was transplanted on 30 Apr with a single-row transplanter. At 20 days after transplanting, 10 plants from rows 2 and 3 were pulled and rated for damage. Wireworm damage ratings were subjected to ANOV and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Black Cutworm Larval Suppression with Cyfluthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Experimental Formulations on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002-VS- TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom operating at 28 psi, and applied in 625 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.7 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (10 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 65° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 63° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 57.7% sand, 30.0% silt, 12.3% clay; soil: soil percent water content (percent by weight), 19.3%; organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.7; time of application, early morning; and cloudy skies. The entire area was irrigated with 0.375 in of water at 5:30 am on 11 Jul. A total of 0.3 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 11 Jul through 12 Jul. The experimental areas was syringed on an as-needed basis through 17 Jul. Efficacy data were recorded on 11 Jul, 13 Jul, and 17 Jul by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0-yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap-irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal. of water.
Evaluation of Bifenthrin, Diazinon, and Dursban Granular Formulations for Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. At treatment time (17 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 73° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 84%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 58.6% sand, 30.1% silt, 11.3% clay; soil percent water weight (percent by weight), 17.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. The entire area was irrigated with 0.25 of water immediately following application of granules. A total of 8.85 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 17 Jul through 5 Aug. Treatments were applied on 17 Jul following artificial infestation of the research area with second- and third-instar Black cutworm larvae on 15 Jul. Efficacy data was recorded on 20 Jul, 25 Jul, 3 Aug, and 6 Aug by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0-yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap-irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana Spore Applications for Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs in Turf, 1997
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of Beauveria bassiana spore (BotaniGard ES) applications in controlling mole cricket nymphs in turf, as well as the potential interaction of the fungus with the insecticide imidacloprid was investigated in a field trial. Plots 25 ft X 25 ft were established in an area with a history of mole cricket infestation on a bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. The test was set up in a CRBD with four replicates for each treatment. Plots for two of the Beauveria treatments and the Merit 0.5 G treatment plots were treated on 27 Jun with the low label rate (0.3 lb (AI)/acre) of Merit 0.5 G using a hand-held Republic EZ Handspreader®. Soil was moist at the time of application and 4-inch soil temperature was 85°F. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the test site immediately following application and a long, hard rain occurred shortly thereafter. All other treatments were applied late in the afternoon on 13 Aug. The test site was pre-irrigated with approximately 0.25 inch of water using the fairway irrigation system. The 4-inch soil temperature on this date was 86°F. All Beauveria treatments were applied using a John Deere® Turf Gator-mounted re-search sprayer delivering approximately 27 gpa. The Mocap 10 G was applied using a hand-held Republic EZ handspreader®. The entire site received approximately 0.5 inch of irrigation immediately following application. Soil at the test site was classified as Leon fine sand with a pH of 6.0 and 0.86% mi-mic matter. Soapy water flush sampling at the test site indicate that the fairway population was comprised primarily of the Southern mole cricket. Plots were evaluated for fresh mole cricket damage on 20, 27 Aug, and 3, 10 Sep using the damage grid evaluation method of Cobb and Mack (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine subsections was randomly placed in the plot and a damage rating (0-9) given based on the occurrence of fresh damage in the nine sub-sections (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Five ratings were made in each plot on each sampling date. The actual damage means are reported in the Table. All data was transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Preventive Management of White Grubs with 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area, located in Carbon County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using z CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 500 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.7 gal/lOOC ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (19 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 69° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69° F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.5-0.625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam to loam; soil particle size analysis; sand, 39.4%; silt, 50.5%; clay 10.1%; organic matter, 20.9%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 36.3; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies cloudy. Immediately after treatment select treatments were irrigated in with 0.2 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 7 Oct. Three ft2 soc samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of 3 Rates of Tempo 20 WP on Ants; 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at White Mountain Country Club, Ashland, NH. Four replications of 5 treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway on 24 Jun. Initial counts of anthills were done prior to treatment. Each plot was 140 ft2, and arranged in an RCB form. All formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8005 flat fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. CO2 was used for pressure at 40 psi. The volume of water and insecticide per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2. Weather conditions (10 am) were as follows: air temp, 70CF; sky, overcast; wind, 6 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: texture, silt loam; sand, 34%; silt, 54%; clay, 12%; moisture, 24%; organic matter, 6.2%, pH, 5.5. Each plot was rated by counting all active anthills prior to spraying and then 7 and 14 DAT.
Efficacy of Four Formulations of Halofenozide (A Growth Regulator) Against European Chafer Larvae on a Home Lawn, 1996
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Tiskus M.
Published: December 2017

Four formulations of halofenozide (RH-0345) were tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a home iawn at the Suburban Experiment Station, Waltham, MA. The lawn consisted of 30% crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a CRB. All applications were made on 24 Jul. Granular products were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied ay hand with a watering can using 3 liters of water per plot. Soil conditions at the study site at time of application were as follows: soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2. All plots were watered in with 0.25 inch of irrigation through overhead irrigation within 15 minutes of application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 19 Sept (57 DAT) by removing 5 cup-cutter plugs (4.25-inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil and counting all grubs to a Jepth of 3 inches.
Maggot Control, 1997
Authors: Collins J. A. , Drummond F. A.
Published: December 2017

Test materials were applied to plots in bearing blueberry fields at Deblois (Tests 1 and 2) and Township 19 (Tests 3 and 4), Maine. Timing for each application is given in the table. Treatment plot size measured 100 X 300-ft for Test 1, 150 X 300-ft for Test 2, and 200 X 300-ft for Tests 3 and 4. An untreated area adjacent to each plot or set of treated plots was designated as a control. The first application was made when yellow sticky trap captures indicated that BM populations had exceeded threshold levels as defined by current management practices (6 flies at any one visit or 10+ flies over 2 or more visits). Materials were applied using a Cessna Ag Wagon® equipped with 30 CP nozzles on 2½-inch drop tubes and calibrated with a #7 Crop Hawk® Flow Meter to deliver 5 (Sniper) or 6 (Imidan) pints of water-mixture per acre. Ground speed =120 mph; 2500 RPM; pressure at boom = 40 psi; height = 5-8 ft; 50 ft swath. On 4 Aug (Tests 3 and 4) and 8 Aug (Tests 1 and 2), one quart of berries was raked from each of 10 or 15 preselected subsites within each treated and untreated check plot and at least 25 ft from plot boundaries. Berries were refrigerated and processed for maggots within 2 weeks of collection. Weather during the trial was very dry. Only 1.57 inches of rain was recorded between 1 Jul and 8 Aug.
Aphid Management on Head Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. A RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks) was used. Each treatment plot consisted of a single row of cabbage planted [ at 18-inch between-plant spacing. Each row consisted of 45 plants for a total length of approximately 70 ft. Treatment plots were separated by a 48-inch ; spacing. Blocks were separated by a 60-inch spacing. Total field size was 0.15 acre. Admire was applied on 25 Jun, one week after transplanting seedlings i into the field. A hand injector was used to place the insecticide in the root zone. The field was irrigated immediately following the Admire application. Foliar treatments were applied on 22 Jul at a rate of 100 gpa and 60 psi using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The spray wand was equipped with a single hollowcone TX-26 nozzle. Aphid counts were made at pre-treatment, 6, 13, and 20 DAT. In conducting the surveys, the same ten plants in each treatment plot were examined. Alatae and apterous counts were made for the pre-treatment, 6 and 13 DAT surveys. Only the total number of aphids was recorded in the I last survey. Aphid species were identified by the Entomology Department’s insect taxonomist.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage, ‘Market Prize,’ was direct seeded into two rows per 6-ft beds on 8 Jan and maintained with standard cultural practices at the Lang Farm, Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton, GA. A total of 150 lb/acre of 10-10-10 were applied to Tift pebbly clay loam field plots which were irrigated regularly with an overhead sprinkler system. Scouting was initiated on 2 Apr and continued weekly until harvest. Six weekly applications of insecticide were made from 3 Apr to 26 May and 2 samples of 3 plants were scouted per plot approximately 24 to 48 h after weekly applications. Small (1st to 3rd instar) and large (4th to 6th instar) larvae of DBM, CL, and ICW were recorded per 3-plant sample. Cabbage was harvested from 10 ft of row (8 to 10 heads) on 30 May and heads and wrapper leaves were rated as severely (3), moderately (2), slightly (1), or not damaged (0). Weights of marketable heads were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD tests for separation of means (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae with Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Green Cup’ cabbage were transplanted in early Mar near Weeksville, NC. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments 19 and 27 May and 3 Jun. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 27 May and 3 and 10 Jun. No CL or ICW were present during the test. Water pan traps with pheromones were used to monitor the number of adult DBM in the area.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Diamondback Moth on Collards, 1997
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

‘Champion’ Collard was planted at the Vegetable Insecticide Plot, Univ. of Arkansas Main Experimental Station on 2 Sep 1997. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in rows separated by 40 inches. Plots consisted of one 50-ft-long row. Experimental design was RCB with four replications. Treatments were applied 25 Sep with a backpack sprayer equipped with 1 Tee Jet 8003 nozzle calibrated to deliver 34.5 gpa at 30 psi. Insecticide effectiveness was assessed by counting the number of DBM larvae on each of 15 randomly selected plants per plot 4 DAT. Each of the 15 plants also was rated for foliage damage; i.e., 0 for no damage to 5 for complete loss of foliage.
Seed Maggot Control on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Eckenrode C. J. , Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L.
Published: December 2017

A hand pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY on 23 Jun. A 2-4-inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase seed maggot oviposition. Each treatment consisted of single-row treatments (25 ft), 3 ft apart in a RCB design with 4 replications. All treatments were pretreated with Captan for control of seed rots. Seedlings with the seed kernels still attached were dug on 2 Jul, 25/replication, for evaluation of seed maggot injury. In corn, it is usually the kernels that show seed maggot injury rather than the emerging seedlings. The in-furrow Regent treatment was applied using 1 gal water/acre, and the “T” band using 3.5 gal.
Past, present, and future of nitrous oxide
Authors: Lew V , McKay E , Maze M
Published: December 2017

Introduction

For a drug that has been omnipresent for nearly 200 years, nitrous oxide’s (N2O) future seems less certain than its illustrious past. Environmental concerns are coming to the fore and may yet outweigh important clinical benefits.

Sources of data

After determining the scope of the review, the authors used PubMed with select phrases encompassing the words in the scope. Both preclinical and clinical reports were considered.

Areas of agreement

The analgesic and anaesthetic advantages of N2O remain despite a plethora of newer agents

Areas of controversy

N2O greenhouse gas effect and its inhibition of key enzymes involved in protein and DNA synthesis have provided further fuel for those intent on eliminating its further clinical use.

Growing points

The use of N2O for treatment-resistant depression has gained traction.

Areas timely for developing research

Comparative studies for N2O role in combatting the prescription opioid analgesic epidemic may well provide further clinical impetus.
Dexmedetomidine Prevents Cognitive Decline by Enhancing Resolution of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein–induced Inflammation through a Vagomimetic Action in Mice
Authors: Hu Jun , Vacas Susana , Feng Xiaomei , Lutrin David , Uchida Yosuke , Lai Ieng Kit , Maze Mervyn
Published: December 2017

Background

Inflammation initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns has been implicated for the cognitive decline associated with surgical trauma and serious illness. We determined whether resolution of inflammation mediates dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage-associated molecular pattern–induced cognitive decline.

Methods

Cognitive decline (assessed by trace fear conditioning) was induced with high molecular group box 1 protein, a damage-associated molecular pattern, in mice that also received blockers of neural (vagal) and humoral inflammation-resolving pathways. Systemic and neuroinflammation was assessed by proinflammatory cytokines.

Results

Damage-associated molecular pattern–induced cognitive decline and inflammation (mean ± SD) was reversed by dexmedetomidine (trace fear conditioning: 58.77 ± 8.69% vs. 41.45 ± 7.64%, P < 0.0001; plasma interleukin [IL]-1β: 7.0 ± 2.2 pg/ml vs. 49.8 ± 6.0 pg/ml, P < 0.0001; plasma IL-6: 3.2 ± 1.6 pg/ml vs. 19.5 ± 1.7 pg/ml, P < 0.0001; hippocampal IL-1β: 4.1 ± 3.0 pg/mg vs. 41.6 ± 8.0 pg/mg, P < 0.0001; hippocampal IL-6: 3.4 ± 1.3 pg/mg vs. 16.2 ± 2.7 pg/mg, P < 0.0001). Reversal by dexmedetomidine was prevented by blockade of vagomimetic imidazoline and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but not by α2 adrenoceptor blockade. Netrin-1, the orchestrator of inflammation–resolution, was upregulated (fold-change) by dexmedetomidine (lung: 1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.7 ± 0.1, P < 0.0001; spleen: 1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2, P < 0.0001), resulting in upregulation of proresolving (lipoxin-A4: 1.7 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2, P < 0.0001) and downregulation of proinflammatory (leukotriene-B4: 1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 3.0 ± 0.3, P < 0.0001) humoral mediators that was prevented by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockade.

Conclusions

Dexmedetomidine resolves inflammation through vagomimetic (neural) and humoral pathways, thereby preventing damage-associated molecular pattern–mediated cognitive decline.
Astrocytic N-Myc Downstream-regulated Gene–2 Is Involved in Nuclear Transcription Factor κB–mediated Inflammation Induced by Global Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Deng You-liang , Ma Yu-long , Zhang Zeng-li , Zhang Li-xia , Guo Hang , Qin Pei , Hou Yu-shu , Gao Zi-jun , Hou Wu-gang
Published: December 2017

Background

Inflammation is a key element in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. This study investigated the role of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 in nuclear transcription factor κB–mediated inflammation in ischemia models.

Methods

Mice (n = 6 to 12) with or without nuclear transcription factor κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were subjected to global cerebral ischemia for 20 min. Pure astrocyte cultures or astrocyte-neuron cocultures (n = 6) with or without pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 4 h or 2 h. Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 expression, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, neuronal apoptosis and survival, and memory function were analyzed at different time points after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion was also studied in lentivirus-transfected astrocyte lines after reoxygenation.

Results

Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion increased after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment significantly reduced N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro, reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (from 65 ± 4% to 47 ± 4%, P = 0.0375) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (from 45.6 ± 0.2% to 22.0 ± 4.0%, P < 0.001), and improved memory function in comparison to vehicle-treated control animals subjected to global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 lentiviral knockdown reduced the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

Astrocytic N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 is up-regulated after cerebral ischemia and is involved in nuclear transcription factor κB–mediated inflammation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate alleviates ischemia-induced neuronal injury and hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment by inhibiting increases in N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2 expression and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene–2—mediated inflammation.
Intra-Operative Bone Stability Test
Authors: Iobst Christopher A. , Bunhor Darvin , Skaggs David L. , Frick Steven L.
Published: December 2017

Fractures of the supercondylar humerus are the most common elbow fracture in pediatrics. Management of this injury would be aided if surgeons could reliably test fracture stability intraoperatively after pinning. A transverse supracondylar humerus fracture model was created using 3 adult cadaver upper-extremity specimens with an intact soft tissue envelope. Using the lateral entry technique, three 2.0 mm pins were then drilled using lateral entry technique to create an “A” pinning. Pins were checked in anteroposterior and lateral views with the C-arm to confirm accurate placement in both planes. The pinning configuration was then tested by holding the proximal fragment steady with one hand and applying stress to the distal fragment with the other hand. The amount of movement of the distal fragment relative to the proximal fragment was recorded for each specimen. Distraction did not produce any substantial displacement of the osteotomy. The most valuable maneuvers were (in order of effectiveness): external rotation, lateral translation, posterior translation, valgus, and apex posterior. The results of this study indicate that external rotation, lateral translation, posterior translation, and valgus stresses created the most temporary deformity to the construct. A combination of these maneuvers should help the surgeon to decide if the fixation is stable. Our study demonstrates a possible technique to determining intraoperatively the stability of fixation of supracondylar humerus fractures, which could prevent the need for postoperative radiographs to assess stability.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: GUIDO RICHARD
Published: December 2017

Cervical cancer screening has significantly reduced the incidence of cervical cancer in the United States. National recommendations have evolved to keep pace with advancement in our understanding of human papilloma virus (HPV) biology as well as improvements in HPV testing. This chapter summarizes present national screening guidelines, reviews information regarding recent development in HPV biology and testing, discusses some of the controversies related to screening and provides clinicians with talking points for their patients.
Tear-Film Evaporation Rate from Simultaneous Ocular-Surface Temperature and Tear-Breakup Area
Authors: Dursch Thomas J. , Li Wing , Taraz Baseem , Lin Meng C. , Radke Clayton J.
Published: December 2017

SIGNIFICANCE

A corneal heat-transfer model is presented to quantify simultaneous measurements of fluorescein tear-breakup area (TBA) and ocular-surface temperature (OST). By accounting for disruption of the tear-film lipid layer (TFLL), we report evaporation rates through lipid-covered tear. The modified heat-transfer model provides new insights into evaporative dry eye.

PURPOSE

A quantitative analysis is presented to assess human aqueous tear evaporation rate (TER) through intact TFLLs from simultaneous in vivo measurement of time-dependent infrared OST and fluorescein TBA.

METHODS

We interpret simultaneous OST and TBA measurements using an extended heat-transfer model. We hypothesize that TBAs are ineffectively insulated by the TFLL and therefore exhibit higher TER than does that for a well-insulting TFLL-covered tear. As time proceeds, TBAs increase in number and size, thereby increasing the cornea area-averaged TER and decreasing OST. Tear-breakup areas were assessed from image analysis of fluorescein tear-film-breakup video recordings and are included in the heat-transfer description of OST.

RESULTS

Model-predicted OSTs agree well with clinical experiments. Percent reductions in TER of lipid-covered tear range from 50 to 95% of that for pure water, in good agreement with literature. The physical picture of noninsulating or ruptured TFLL spots followed by enhanced evaporation from underlying cooler tear-film ruptures is consistent with the evaporative-driven mechanism for local tear rupture.

CONCLUSIONS

A quantitative analysis is presented of in vivo TER from simultaneous clinical measurement of transient OST and TBA. The new heat-transfer model accounts for increased TER through expanding TBAs. Tear evaporation rate varies strongly across the cornea because lipid is effectively missing over tear-rupture troughs. The result is local faster evaporation compared with nonruptured, thick lipid–covered tear. Evaporative-driven tear-film ruptures deepen to a thickness where fluorescein quenching commences and local salinity rises to uncomfortable levels. Mitigation of tear-film rupture may therefore reduce dry eye–related symptoms.
Evaluation of the Effects of Radio-Frequency Identification Technology on Patient Tracking in Hospitals: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Fahimeh , Nabovati Ehsan , Hasibian Mohammad Reza , Eslami Saeid
Published: December 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to systematically review all studies that evaluated the effects of using radio-frequency identification (RFID) for tracking patients in hospitals.

Methods

The PubMed and Embase databases were searched (to August 2015) for relevant English language studies, and those that evaluated the effects of a real-time locating systems with RFID for patient tracking in hospitals were identified and extracted.

Results

Of the 652 studies found, the 17 relevant studies were extracted for inclusion. Five of the extracted studies used RFID systems in operating theaters, two in emergency departments, one in a magnetic resonance imaging department, one in a radiology room, and the remaining eight studies were in other wards. In these studies, features such as the feasibility, accuracy, precision, reliability, security, level of satisfaction, cost of care, and time efficiency of the RFID systems were reported. Of all the extracted studies, seven evaluated the accuracy of the systems in crowded and unattended areas, and five of these were satisfied with their accuracy. Six evaluated the reliability of the systems, and all of these found the systems to be reliable. Six evaluated time-savings, and all of them reported the systems to be time effective. Two focused on the cost of care, and both of these reported the systems to be cost effective.

Conclusions

Although most studies reported a positive impact on the accuracy and precision of patient identification, there is insufficient good evidence to show that RFID systems can accurately localize patients in crowded settings.
Accurately Determining Proper Shoe Size in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tovaruela-Carrión Natalia , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Palomo-López Patricia , Munuera-Martínez Pedro Vicente , Pérez-García Sergio , López-López Daniel
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of this descriptive study was to determine whether people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) wear adequately fitting footwear.

Design

This observational study was carried out in a health center between January and December 2014 in the state of A Coruña, Spain.

Method

A total of 166 patients (47 men, 119 women) completed all stages of the research process. A validated Brannock Device was used to record foot and shoe length and width.

Findings

Only 64 (38.55%) participants wore shoes that met the needs and requirements of their feet, and 98 (59.03%) participants wore the incorrect shoe size, at least in one foot.

Conclusions

Many patients with RA often wear shoes that are too narrow for their foot. Assessing the proper footwear fit is an important part of the clinical foot examination.

Clinical Relevance

Early detection of inappropriate shoe size in patients with RA allows rehabilitation nurses to optimize foot health.
Healthcare Provider Advice to Engage in Walking Regimens and Adherence in Women With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Peñacoba Cecilia , Angeles Pastor-Mira María , López-Roig Sofía , Sanz Yolanda , Velasco Lilian
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of the study was to analyze the profile of fibromyalgia patients receiving medical advice to walk and who complied with the advice according to a specific clinical pattern. A further aim has been to analyze the elements that increase adherence to walking.

Design

A cross-sectional study with 920 women with fibromyalgia.

Methods

Sociodemographic and clinical variables, walking behavior, and medical advice to walk were assessed.

Findings and Conclusions

Patients who adhere to walking have a lower likelihood of being tired. Regular walkers (patients who walk according to a specific clinical pattern) have a lower likelihood of comorbidity. Patients who receive medical advice to walk are more likely to walk more than 30 minutes and to take a break between bouts.

Clinical Relevance

Nurses caring for people with fibromyalgia should include strategies to promote walking, especially in patients with low adherence profiles, paying attention to all elements of behavior.
A neural model of working memory
Authors: Manohar Sanjay G , Zokaei Nahid , Fallon Sean J , Vogels Tim , Husain Masud
Published: December 2017

Working memory, the ability to keep recently encountered information available for immediate processing, has been proposed to rely on two mechanisms that appear difficult to reconcile: selfsustained neural firing, or the opposite—activity-silent synaptic traces. Here we show that both phenomena can co-exist within a unified system in which neurons hold information in both activity and synapses. Rapid plasticity in flexibly-coding neurons allows features to be bound together into objects, with an important emergent property being the focus of attention. One memory item is held by persistent activity in an attended or “focused” state, and is thus remembered better than other items. Other, previously attended items can remain in memory but in the background, encoded in activity-silent synaptic traces. This dual functional architecture provides a unified common mechanism accounting for a diverse range of perplexing attention and memory effects that have been hitherto difficult to explain in a single theoretical framework.