bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast Feeding, Infant Growth, and Body Mass Index at 30 and 35 Years
Authors: Fergusson David M. , McLeod Geraldine F. H. , Horwood L. John
Published: August 2014

Background

This study examined the associations between duration of breast feeding, early infant growth, and body mass index (BMI) at 30 and 35 years, in a birth cohort studied to age 35.

Methods

Data were gathered on duration of exclusive and non‐exclusive breast feeding (months), early growth (kg; 0–9 months), and BMI at ages 30 and 35 from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a study of a birth cohort of 1265 children, born in Christchurch in 1977.

Results

Population‐averaged generalised estimating regression models showed statistically significant associations between: duration of breast feeding and mean BMI; and early growth and mean BMI. After adjustment for perinatal, family, and social background factors, statistically significant associations were found between: longer duration of breast feeding and lower adult BMI (B = −0.424 [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.708, −0.140]); and increasing early growth and higher adult BMI (B = 0.393 [95% CI 0.080, 0.707]). When breast feeding and infant growth were entered into the regression model and adjusted for covariates, breast feeding was no longer statistically significantly associated with BMI (B = −0.250 [95% CI −0.553, 0.054]), while early growth remained statistically significantly associated with BMI (B = 0.355 [95% CI 0.039, 0.671]). A test for mediation showed that the association between breast feeding and BMI was mediated by early growth (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

The association between longer duration of breast feeding and later lower BMI scores in adulthood was mediated by lower early growth. Breast feeding may be included as one component of multicompartment programmes targeted at early growth and later obesity.
Theories and measures of elder abuse
Authors: Abolfathi Momtaz Yadollah , Hamid Tengku Aizan , Ibrahim Rahimah
Published: August 2014

Elder abuse is a pervasive phenomenon around the world with devastating effects on the victims. Although it is not a new phenomenon, interest in examining elder abuse is relatively new. This paper aims to provide an overview of the aetiological theories and measures of elder abuse. The paper briefly reviews theories to explain causes of elder abuse and then discusses the most commonly used measures of elder abuse. Based on the reviewed theories, it can be concluded that elder abuse is a multifactorial problem that may affect elderly people from different backgrounds and involve a wide variety of potential perpetrators, including caregivers, adult children, and partners. The review of existing measurement instruments notes that many different screening and assessment instruments have been developed to identify elders who are at risk for or are victims of abuse. However, there is a real need for more measurements of elder abuse, as the current instruments are limited in scope.
Effects of square‐stepping exercise on cognitive functions of older people
Authors: Teixeira Camila Vieira Ligo , Gobbi Sebastião , Pereira Jessica Rodrigues , Vital Thays Martins , Hernandéz Salma Stéphany Soleman , Shigematsu Ryosuke , Gobbi Lilian Teresa Bucken
Published: August 2014

Aim

Cognitive functions can decline with age, and interventions focusing on stimulating them may have positive results. Previous studies have shown that square‐stepping exercise (SSE) has a good influence on balance, but this exercise also seems to promote cognitive stimulation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyse the effect of 16 weeks of SSE on cognitive functions in non‐demented community‐dwelling older people.

Methods

This was a longitudinal, non‐randomized study. Forty‐one older adults (60 years and older) were recruited, and 21 participated in the SSE group (practised only SSE sequences) and 20 were in the control group (continued with their activities of daily living). Both groups were evaluated using the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Digit Span test, the Toulouse‐Pierón Attention Test and the Modified Card Sorting Test.

Results

The SSE group showed a significant improvement in global cognitive status, concentrated attention and mental flexibility after 16 weeks of the SSE intervention.

Conclusion

Evidence shows that SSE is a physical activity that positively influences cognitive functions in non‐demented older people.
Subacute cognitive deterioration with high serum anti‐thyroid peroxidase antibodies: two cases and a plea for pragmatism
Authors: Segers Kurt , Braconnier Philippe , Corazza Francis , Divano Luisa , Mabrouk Asmaa , Robberecht Jean , Surquin Murielle
Published: August 2014

Autoimmune encephalopathy is a rare but potentially reversible cause of cognitive deterioration and neuropsychiatric disturbances. We describe two older female patients with subacute cognitive decline and marked neuropsychiatric disturbances in the presence of high serum anti‐thyroid peroxidase antibodies and with normal dosage of free thyroxine 4. One patient recovered almost completely after oral corticotherapy. Differential diagnosis and the role of biomarkers, in particular, are discussed. We support a pragmatic approach involving a short empirical therapeutic trial with intravenous or oral corticoids; this should be considered in all patients with subacute encephalopathy and with laboratory arguments for an underlying autoimmune aetiology.
Memantine‐associated hyperkalaemia in a patient with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tsukamoto Tatsuo , Yamada Hidetaka , Uchimura Naohisa
Published: August 2014

Memantine is an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist that may improve cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It is predominantly excreted unchanged via the kidneys, and patients with decreased creatinine clearance must be treated with lower doses of memantine. However, it is unclear whether memantine itself can lead to renal dysfunction and/or hyperkalaemia. We report a patient with renal impairment and hyperkalaemia possibly associated with memantine administration.
Higher serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 is associated with better cognitive performance in persons with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Calvo Dayana , Gunstad John , Miller Lindsay A. , Glickman Ellen , Spitznagel Mary Beth
Published: August 2014

Background

Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is a mitogenic peptide involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in a wide variety of cells and tissues. Recent research suggests higher circulating levels of IGF‐1 are associated with better cognitive performance in healthy older adults and in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, although the cognitive profile associated with elevated IGF‐1 has not been examined in persons with mild cognitive impairment.

Methods

Thirty‐one participants (age: 83.71 ± 3.59 years; 58% women) with mild cognitive impairment completed neuropsychological testing and 12‐hour fasting blood draw to assess serum IGF‐1.

Results

Partial correlations between serum IGF‐1 and neuropsychological measures were conducted, adjusting for insulin, body mass index, and age. Higher IGF‐1‐values were associated with better global cognition (Modified Mini Mental State Exam: r = 0.39, P = 0.04) and verbal list learning (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test learning: r = 0.38, P = 0.05), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test free recall (r = 0.41, P = 0.03), and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test recognition discriminability (r = 0.46, P = 0.01). A similar trend emerged for executive function as tested by the Frontal Assessment Battery (r = 0.33, P = 0.09).

Conclusion

Results suggest higher levels of serum IGF‐1 are associated with better cognitive performance in persons with mild cognitive impairment, particularly on tests of learning and memory. These findings suggest IGF‐1 may be neuroprotective not only in healthy older adults, but also in adults in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease. Further investigation is needed to clarify the nature of this relationship, particularly prospective studies.
Absorptive capacity and openness of small biopharmaceutical firms – aEuropeanUnion–UnitedStates comparison
Authors: Xia Tianjiao
Published: August 2014

The complementarities between internal capabilities and external linkages have been widely acknowledged in the open innovation literature, yet little is known about the extent to which internal capabilities affect firms' openness within different institutional contexts. This paper therefore empirically explores the relationship between absorptive capacity (ACAP) and openness in theUnitedStates andEuropean biopharmaceutical sectors. Based on analysis of data from a large‐scale international survey of 349 biopharmaceutical firms in theUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,France andGermany, the results suggest that exploratory openness depends more strongly on the research and development (R&D) aspect of firms' potential absorptive capacity, whereas exploitative openness is more conditional on firms' realized absorptive capacity (RACAP). The results also highlight the major differences between firms' openness andACAPin theUnitedStates andEurope – in theUnitedStates, firms' skill levels prove more significant in contributing to firms' engagement with exploratory relationships, whereas inEurope, continuity ofR&Dproves more important. Engagement with exploitative relationships, however, is more conditional on firms'RACAPinEurope only.
High‐load strength training improves outcome in patients with plantar fasciitis: A randomized controlled trial with 12‐month follow‐up
Authors: Rathleff M. S. , Mølgaard C. M. , Fredberg U. , Kaalund S. , Andersen K. B. , Jensen T. T. , Aaskov S. , Olesen J. L.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of shoe inserts and plantar fascia‐specific stretching vs shoe inserts and high‐load strength training in patients with plantar fasciitis. Forty‐eight patients with ultrasonography‐verified plantar fasciitis were randomized to shoe inserts and daily plantar‐specific stretching (the stretch group) or shoe inserts and high‐load progressive strength training (the strength group) performed every second day. High‐load strength training consisted of unilateral heel raises with a towel inserted under the toes. Primary outcome was the foot function index (FFI) at 3 months. Additional follow‐ups were performed at 1, 6, and 12 months. At the primary endpoint, at 3 months, the strength group had a FFI that was 29 points lower [95% confidence interval (CI): 6–52, P = 0.016] compared with the stretch group. At 1, 6, and 12 months, there were no differences between groups (P > 0.34). At 12 months, the FFI was 22 points (95% CI: 9–36) in the strength group and 16 points (95% CI: 0–32) in the stretch group. There were no differences in any of the secondary outcomes. A simple progressive exercise protocol, performed every second day, resulted in superior self‐reported outcome after 3 months compared with plantar‐specific stretching. High‐load strength training may aid in a quicker reduction in pain and improvements in function.
Balancing Fraud Prevention and Electoral Participation: Attitudes Toward Voter Identification
Authors: Atkeson Lonna Rae , Alvarez R. Michael , Hall Thad E. , Sinclair J. Andrew
Published: August 2014

Objective

This article examines public opinion on the effectiveness and consequences of voter identification laws, focusing on the core issue in the Supreme Court's reasoning in the 2008 case that upheld an Indiana photo‐ID law, Crawford v. Marion County Election Board.

Method

We use a unique survey from New Mexico, where voter identification policies have recently undergone important changes. Questions in the survey examine whether voters think that ID laws protect against fraud and prevent legitimate participation, which point of view voters find more compelling, and whether attitudes toward voter identification are related to voter confidence.

Results

Most voters think that voter ID laws prevent fraud, but many voters think that ensuring access to the polls is more important than preventing fraud. Among other variables that explain differences among individuals, partisanship plays an important role.

Conclusion

The framing of voter identification policies plays an important role in how such laws are interpreted by the public and Republicans are especially concerned about fraud in elections.
Treatment with fibrinogen γ‐chain peptide‐coated, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate–encapsulated liposomes as an infusible hemostatic agent against active liver bleeding in rabbits with acute thrombocytopenia
Authors: Hagisawa Kohsuke , Nishikawa Kahoko , Yanagawa Rempei , Kinoshita Manabu , Doi Mami , Suzuki Hidenori , Iwaya Keiichi , Saitoh Daizoh , Seki Shuhji , Takeoka Shinji , Handa Makoto , Nishida Yasuhiro
Published: August 2014

Background

We evaluated the hemostatic efficacy of H12‐(adenosine 5′‐diphosphate [ADP])‐liposomes in the setting of active liver bleeding in rabbits with dilutional thrombocytopenia after massive transfusion.

Study Design and Methods

Acute thrombocytopenia (platelet [PLT] count < 50 × 109/L) was induced in rabbits by repeated blood withdrawal and isovolemic transfusion of autologous washed red blood cells. Liver hemorrhage was initiated by a penetrating liver injury. Subsequently, the animals received tamponade treatment for the liver hemorrhage for 5 minutes and were intravenously administered H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes with PLT‐poor plasma (PPP), PLT‐rich plasma (PRP), PPP alone, H12‐(phosphate‐buffered saline [PBS])‐liposome/PPP, or H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes/PPP plus fibrinogen concentrate during the tamponade.

Results

Administration of H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes/PPP rescued 60% of the rabbits from the liver hemorrhage; PRP administration rescued 50%. In contrast, rabbits receiving PPP or H12‐(PBS)‐liposome/PPP achieved only 10 or 17% survival, respectively, for the first 24 hours. H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes/PPP as well as PRP consistently reduced bleeding volumes and shortened clotting times (CTs) in comparison to PPP administration. Specifically, bleeding volumes in the initial 5 minutes averaged 11 mL (H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes/PPP) and 17 mL (PRP) versus 30 mL (PPP; p < 0.05); CTs averaged 270 and 306 seconds versus 401 seconds (p < 0.05). H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes were observed at the bleeding site with thrombus formation, suggesting an induction of thrombi. Neither macro‐ nor microthrombi were detected in the lung, kidney, spleen, or liver in rabbits treated with H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes. Supplementation of fibrinogen to H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes/PPP did not significantly improve rabbit survival.

Conclusions

H12‐(ADP)‐liposomes might be a safe and effective therapeutic tool during damage control surgery for trauma patients with acute thrombocytopenia and massive bleeding.
Predictors for Risk Factors for Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Poultry Handlers in Live bird markets in Uganda
Authors: Kirunda H. , Mugimba K. K. , Erima B. , Mimbe D. , Byarugaba D. K. , Wabwire‐Mangen F.
Published: August 2014

Live bird markets (LBMs) are essential for marketing poultry, but have been linked to many outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) and its spread. In Uganda, it has been observed that demographic characteristics of poultry traders/handlers influence activities and decision‐making in LBMs. The study investigated the influence of socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers: age, sex, religion, educational background, level of income, location of residence and region of operation on 20 potential risk factors for introduction and spread of AI in LBMs. Study sites included 39 LBMs in the four regions of Uganda. Data was collected using a semi‐structured questionnaire administered to 424 poultry handlers. We observed that background of education was a predictor for slaughter and processing of poultry in open sites. Location of residence was associated with slaughter of poultry from open sites and selling of other livestock species. Region influenced stacking of cages, inadequate cleaning of cages, feeders and drinkers, and provision of dirty feed and water. Specifically, bird handlers with secondary level of education (OR = 12.9, 95% CI: 2.88–57.4, P < 0.01) were more likely to be involved in open site slaughter of poultry than their counterparts without formal education. Comparatively, urbanite bird handlers were less likely to share poultry equipment (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.22–0.63, P < 0.01) than rural resident handlers. Poultry handlers in Northern were 3.5 times more likely to practise insufficient cleaning of cages (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.52–8.09) compared to those in Central region. We demonstrated that some socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers were predictors to risky practices for introduction and spread of AI viruses in LBMs in Uganda.
Surveillance and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Using Backyard Chickens and Correlation to Human Neuroinvasive Cases
Authors: Chaintoutis S. C. , Dovas C. I. , Danis K. , Gewehr S. , Mourelatos S. , Hadjichristodoulou C. , Papanastassopoulou M.
Published: August 2014

In 2010, a West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic was reported in Central Macedonia, Northern Greece, with 197 neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases in humans. The following 3 years, WNV spreads to new areas of Greece and human cases reoccurred during the transmission periods. After the initial outbreak, a WNV surveillance system using juvenile backyard chickens was established in Central Macedonia (after the 2011 outbreak) and Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (after the 2012 outbreak). Sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against WNV using cELISA and serum neutralization test, to monitor the spread of WNV and to assess the correlation between the WNV point seroprevalence in chickens and the incidence rates of human WNND cases in the aforementioned areas. WNV seroprevalence in chickens was 10.4% (95% CI: 7–15) in Central Macedonia (2011) and 18.1% (95% CI: 14–23) in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (2012). Seroprevalence in chickens and incidence rates of human WNND cases in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.98, P = 0.005) at the regional unit level, with the incidence of WNND in humans increasing with increasing WNV point seroprevalence in chickens. In Central Macedonia, the correlation was weaker (ρ = 0.68, P = 0.20), apparently due to small number of reported human WNND cases. Another study was also conducted using juvenile backyard chickens in Central Macedonia, aiming to detect early WNV enzootic circulation, before the onset of human cases during 2011 and 2013. The first seroconverted chickens were detected about 1.5 months before the laboratory diagnosis of any human WNND cases in Central Macedonia, for both years. WNV surveillance, using juvenile backyard chickens, was reliable for the identification of areas with WNV enzootic and silent transmission, and for early warning. Timely diffusion of information to public health authorities facilitated the successful implementation of preparedness plans to protect public health.
Deformation of Nets With Bending Stiffness Normal To Uniform Currents
Authors: Gansel Lars , Jensen Østen , Endresen Per Christian , Føre Martin
Published: August 2014

The tremendous growth of the fish farming industry in Norway over the past decades was supported by new designs and materials for fish farms, enabling bigger fish cages to be positioned in more exposed sea areas. Today, the nets of most fish cages in Norway are made from nylon, but also new net materials are proposed to better prevent escapes, protect fish from predator attacks, improve the stability of fish cages, and reduce biofouling. Some of these materials are stiff in at least one direction, and there still is a lack of knowledge about the behavior of nets with bending stiffness in currents and waves. The aim of this study was to determine how nets with bending stiffness deform in different currents and how the deformation influences the drag on the nets and to compare the results with predictions from a numerical model. Three types of net (PET, copper, and steel) were clamped to a solid steel bar on the top side but were otherwise unrestricted. The nets were subjected to several flow speeds between 0.1 and 0.9 m/s. The net deformation was determined with an optical tracking system, and the forces on the net panels were measured with a multi-axis force/torque sensor system. It is shown that bending stiffness and density of nets affect net deformation, as both parameters impact the balance between drag and gravitational forces on the nets. Net deformation leads to a decrease of the projected net area. As the rate of deformation with current speed varies greatly between different net types, the discrepancy between measured drag and drag values normalized to the projected net area at different current speeds follows different relationships for different nets. A numerical model, FhSim, was able to predict net deformation of nets with bending stiffness well, and it is shown that FhSim could not only account for the effect of bending stiffness on net deformation, but also that the model captures the structural dynamics of nets with bending stiffness in a current.
Radiation dosimetry in digital breast tomosynthesis: Report of AAPM Tomosynthesis Subcommittee Task Group 223
Authors: Sechopoulos Ioannis , Sabol John M. , Berglund Johan , Bolch Wesley E. , Brateman Libby , Christodoulou Emmanuel , Flynn Michael , Geiser William , Goodsitt Mitchell , Kyle Jones A. , Lo Joseph Y. , Maidment Andrew D. A. , Nishino Kazuyoshi , Nosratieh Anita , Ren Baorui , Paul Segars W. , Von Tiedemann Miriam
Published: August 2014

The radiation dose involved in any medical imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation needs to be well understood by the medical physics and clinical community. This is especially true of screening modalities. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has recently been introduced into the clinic and is being used for screening for breast cancer in the general population. Therefore, it is important that the medical physics community have the required information to be able to understand, estimate, and communicate the radiation dose levels involved in breast tomosynthesis imaging. For this purpose, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 223 on Dosimetry in Tomosynthesis Imaging has prepared this report that discusses dosimetry in breast imaging in general, and describes a methodology and provides the data necessary to estimate mean breast glandular dose from a tomosynthesis acquisition. In an effort to maximize familiarity with the procedures and data provided in this Report, the methodology to perform the dose estimation in DBT is based as much as possible on that used in mammography dose estimation.
An External Skill Focus is Necessary to Enhance Performance
Authors: Russell Robert , Porter Jared , Campbell Olivia
Published: August 2014

This study examined the interaction between a skill/extraneous attentional focus and an internal/external focus of attention using a dual-task paradigm. Thirty-two low-skill participants completed a primary dart-throwing task with their dominant arm while simultaneously performing a secondary arm-stabilizing task with their nondominant arm. Two aspects of the participants’ attentional focus were manipulated: skill versus extraneous focus and external versus internal focus. Participants completed 120 trials across four conditions created by combining the dimensions of the two variables. Performance on the primary task was assessed by measuring throwing accuracy and the kinematics of the throwing action. Results indicated that accuracy improved under the external, skill-oriented condition relative to all other conditions; no differences between the remaining conditions were observed. These findings suggest that an external, skill-oriented focus of attention is needed to facilitate performance improvements in novices.
U.S. Adults’ Participation in Specific Activities: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System—2011
Authors: Watson Kathleen B. , Frederick Ginny M. , Harris Carmen D. , Carlson Susan A. , Fulton Janet E.
Published: August 2014

Background:

There is little information on national estimates for participation in types of aerobic activities among U.S. adults. Current estimates are important to develop appropriate and effective interventions to promote physical activity and interpret bias for some activities measured with devices.

Methods:

The percentage of adults participating in specific aerobic activities was estimated overall and by demographic subgroups. The 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents (N = 446,216) reported up to 2 aerobic activities they spent the most time doing during the past month.

Results:

Overall, walking (47%) was the most common activity reported and was reported more by women (54%) than men (41%). Participation in most activities declined with increasing age (P < .006). There were a number of differences in participation between race/ethnic subgroups. Participation increased with more education (P for trend < 0.006) for all activities. Participation in most activities was different (P < .002) across BMI subgroups.

Conclusions:

Walking is the most common activity, overall and among most subgroups. Other activity profiles differ by demographic subgroup. Physical activity promotion strategies that focus on identifying and addressing personal and environmental barriers and understanding demographic subgroup differences could lead to more tailored interventions and public health programs.
A Longitudinal Study of Objectively Measured Built Environment as Determinant of Physical Activity in Young Adults: The European Youth Heart Study
Authors: Schipperijn Jasper , Ried-Larsen Mathias , Nielsen Merete S. , Holdt Anneli F. , Grøntved Anders , Ersbøll Annette K. , Kristensen Peter L.
Published: August 2014

Background:

This longitudinal study aimed to examine if a Movability Index (MI), based on objectively measured built environment characteristics, was a determinant for objectively measured physical activity (PA) among young adults.

Methods:

Data collected from 177 persons participating in the Danish part of the European Youth Hearth Study (EYHS) was used to examine the effect of the built environment on PA. A MI was developed using objectively measured built environment characteristics, and included residential density, recreational facilities, daily destinations and street connectivity.

Results:

Results showed a positive cross-sectional association between MI and PA. PA decreased from baseline to follow-up. MI increased, primarily due to participants relocating to larger cities. An increase in MI from baseline to follow-up was associated with a reduced decrease in PA for females.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that the built environment is a determinant for PA, especially for females. The found gender differences might suggest the need to develop gender specific environmental indices in future studies. The validity of the measures can be further improved by creating domain specific PA measures as well as domain specific environmental indices and this can potentially reveal more specific built environment determinants for PA.
We Never See Children in Parks: A Qualitative Examination of the Role of Safety Concerns on Physical Activity Among Children
Authors: Rader Nicole E. , Byrd Sylvia H. , Fountain Brent J. , Bounds Christopher W. , Gray Virginia , Frugé Andrew Dandridge
Published: August 2014

Background:

Previous literature indicates physical activity and obesity are interrelated problems, especially among children in disorganized environments.

Methods:

Qualitative focus groups were conducted with parents of elementary school children located within the Mississippi Delta to answer one overarching research question: “What influence do safety concerns have on physical activity for children in the Mississippi Delta?”

Results:

There were 2 large themes; first was that recreational areas were criminal and the second was that safety concerns were a barrier to physical activity. Safety concerns as a barrier to physical activity rendered 3 sub-themes, including 1) Parental fear of crime inhibited the use of public recreational spaces, 2) Parental perceptions of police as ineffective and untrustworthy reduced the use of public spaces where children might play, and 3) Parents often expressed safety-induced intense supervision requirements that limited the physical activity of their children.

Conclusions:

Our study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms by which safety concerns limit physical activity of children in the Mississippi Delta.
Walking for Transportation: What Do U.S. Adults Think Is a Reasonable Distance and Time?
Authors: Watson Kathleen B. , Carlson Susan A. , Humbert-Rico Tiffany , Carroll Dianna D. , Fulton Janet E.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Less than one-third of U.S. adults walk for transportation. Public health strategies to increase transportation walking would benefit from knowing what adults think is a reasonable distance to walk. Our purpose was to determine 1) what adults think is a reasonable distance and amount of time to walk and 2) whether there were differences in minutes spent transportation walking by what adults think is reasonable.

Methods:

Analyses used a cross-sectional nationwide adult sample (n = 3653) participating in the 2010 Summer ConsumerStyles mail survey.

Results:

Most adults (> 90%) think transportation walking is reasonable. However, less than half (43%) think walking a mile or more or for 20 minutes or more is reasonable. What adults think is reasonable is similar across most demographic subgroups, except for older adults (≥ 65 years) who think shorter distances and times are reasonable. Trend analysis that adjust for demographic characteristics indicates adults who think longer distances and times are reasonable walk more.

Conclusions:

Walking for short distances is acceptable to most U.S. adults. Public health programs designed to encourage longer distance trips may wish to improve supports for transportation walking to make walking longer distances seem easier and more acceptable to most U.S. adults.
Correlates of Self-Reported Physical Activity at 3 and 12 Months Postpartum
Authors: Vladutiu Catherine J. , Evenson Kelly R. , Jukic Anne Marie , Herring Amy H.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Postpartum women are encouraged to participate in ≥ 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, but few women achieve this recommendation. This study sought to identify factors associated with participation in physical activity after pregnancy.

Methods:

We examined correlates of any self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (≥ 10 min/week across all modes) and any recreational MVPA (≥ 10 min/week) among women enrolled in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Postpartum study at 3 months postpartum (n = 667) and at 12 months postpartum (n = 530). Potential correlates were identified according to the socioecological framework.

Results:

At 3 and 12 months postpartum, lower odds of participation in any MVPA were associated with lower education, breastfeeding, and minimal emotional support. Low exercise self-efficacy, receipt of advice about physical activity, and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of any MVPA. For recreational MVPA, lower odds of participation were associated with unmarried status, lower education, employment, low income, preeclampsia, and minimal emotional support. Involvement in child/adult care activities, transportation MVPA, and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of recreational MVPA.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that several modifiable intrapersonal and interpersonal factors are associated with postpartum MVPA and should be considered when developing interventions to help women maintain or increase MVPA after pregnancy.
Utilizing Behavioral Economics to Understand Adherence to Physical Activity Guidelines Among a Low-Income Urban Community
Authors: Shuval Kerem , Si Xia , Nguyen Binh , Leonard Tammy
Published: August 2014

Background:

Behavioral economics studies have found that individuals with more patient time preferences (ie, greater willingness to forgo current costs for future benefits) are more likely to save money. Although research has observed significant relationships between time preferences and health-promoting behaviors, scant evidence exists with physical activity as an outcome.

Methods:

We examined the association between monetary saving behaviors and physical activity among adults of low-income who reside in an urban community. Specifically, we assessed the relationship between saving behaviors (checking/saving account, monthly savings, and planning family finances), and future orientation to physical activity as a dichotomous (meeting guidelines) and continuous (total and domain specific) endpoint.

Results:

In multivariable regression, being future-oriented and having a checking/saving account were related to a 1.3 and 2.1 times higher (respectively) likelihood of meeting physical activity guidelines (P < .05). When examining physical activity continuously, all measures were significantly related to leisure-time activity (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Our study findings establish a relationship between future time preferences and increased levels of physical activity among low-income adults. Future research should prospectively explore the efficacy of various schemes that help individuals overcome impatient time preferences to determine a causal relationship.
Opening the Doors for Health: School Administrators’ Perceived Benefits, Barriers, and Needs Related to Shared Use of School Recreational Facilities for Physical Activity
Authors: Chace Mary , Vilvens Heather
Published: August 2014

Background:

Shared use agreements (SUA) that allow the use of public school facilities by the community are recommended as a key public health strategy for increasing physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to examine the current nature and extent of SUA in Ohio, as well as school administrators’ perceived benefits, barriers and needs.

Methods:

School administrators were recruited to respond to an e-mail survey through the predominant state-level professional membership organization’s listserv in September 2013.

Results:

Respondents (n = 96) were mostly superintendents who reported a lower prevalence of formal SUA (38.5%) than informal (65.6%), with a total of 9.3% reporting neither formal nor informal SUA. The most commonly perceived benefits included improved relationships with taxpayers and community organizations and increased PA options. Top barriers were costs and liability concerns.

Conclusions:

According to this sample of school administrators, their doors are open to some extent, but the majority SUA were informal agreements. Advocacy efforts for SUA should include the passage of a state-level law that provides reasonable immunity from liability. Outreach to the school community should include examples of written formal agreements, innovative cost management examples, and updated research on the connection of PA to learning and academic performance.
All-optical control of ferromagnetic thin films and nanostructures
Authors: Lambert C-H. , Mangin S. , Varaprasad B. S. D. Ch. S. , Takahashi Y. K. , Hehn M. , Cinchetti M. , Malinowski G. , Hono K. , Fainman Y. , Aeschlimann M. , Fullerton E. E.
Published: August 2014

All-optical magnetic state switching

Magneto-optical memory storage media, such as hard drives, use magnetic fields to change the magnetization of memory bits, but the process is slow. Light can often reveal information about the magnetization state of a sample, such as its field direction. Lambert
et al.
show that under the right circumstances, light can also switch the magnetization state of a thin ferromagnetic film. Using light pulses instead of magnetic fields led to ultrafast data memory and data storage.

Science
, this issue p.
1337
Extensive remodeling of a cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus in far-red light
Authors: Gan Fei , Zhang Shuyi , Rockwell Nathan C. , Martin Shelley S. , Lagarias J. Clark , Bryant Donald A.
Published: August 2014

Making sure leftover light gets in

Bacteria that harvest sunlight through photosynthesis are everywhere and are vital for absorbing carbon dioxide. Like plants in a jungle, these cells have to compete for access to light. Gan
et al.
found that one species of such cyanobacteria,
Leptolyngbya
, survives on the scraps of leftover light that other photosynthetic cells can't use. When the light is crowded out by competing organisms,
Leptolyngbya
changes the pathways in its cells that make the light-harvesting molecules and remodels them into structures that can use redder light at longer wavelengths that is unused by other cells.

Science
, this issue p.
1312
Ongoing drought-induced uplift in the western United States
Authors: Borsa Adrian Antal , Agnew Duncan Carr , Cayan Daniel R.
Published: August 2014

Crustal rebound from water drawdown

The ongoing drought across the western United States has taken a toll on underground water storage. Borsa
et al.
use almost imperceptible crustal uplift to estimate the regional water depletion from the drought. Inverting GPS data maps the impact of the drought on local aquifers over the past few years. The deficit so far in the western United States adds up to 240 gigatons of water, the equivalent of a 10-cm layer across the region. Certain areas of California have fared much worse, with local depletions up to five times the regional average.

Science
, this issue p.
1587
Genome Sequence of
Salmonella
Phage 9NA
Authors: Casjens Sherwood R. , Leavitt Justin C. , Hatfull Graham F. , Hendrix Roger W.
Published: August 2014

The virulent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophage 9NA infects
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium and has a long noncontractile tail. We report its complete 52,869-bp genome sequence. Phage 9NA and two closely related
S. enterica
serovar Newport phages represent a tailed phage type whose molecular lifestyle has not yet been studied in detail.
Draft Genome Sequence of Brucella abortus S99: Designated Antigenic Smooth Reference Strain Used in Diagnostic Tests in India
Authors: Shome Rajeswari , Krithiga Natesan , Padmashree B. S. , Sankarasubramanian Jagadesan , Vishnu Udayakumar S. , Sridhar Jayavel , Gunasekaran Paramasamy , Rajendhran Jeyaprakash , Rahman Habibur
Published: August 2014

Brucella abortus
strain S99 is widely used for the preparation of colored, plain, recombinant and smooth lipopolysaccharide antigens for the preparation of
Brucella
diagnostic kits. The genome of this strain was sequenced and the length of the genome was 3,253,175 bp, with 57.2% G+C content. A total of 3,365 protein coding genes and 53 RNA genes were predicted.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Nominated Type Strain of “
Ferrovum myxofaciens
,” an Acidophilic, Iron-Oxidizing Betaproteobacterium
Authors: Moya-Beltrán Ana , Cárdenas Juan Pablo , Covarrubias Paulo C. , Issotta Francisco , Ossandon Francisco J. , Grail Barry M. , Holmes David S. , Quatrini Raquel , Johnson D. Barrie
Published: August 2014

“
Ferrovum myxofaciens
” is an iron-oxidizing betaproteobacterium with widespread distribution in acidic low-temperature environments, such as acid mine drainage streams. Here, we describe the genomic features of this novel acidophile and investigate the relevant metabolic pathways that enable its survival in these environments.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) presenting with an unusually prolonged period of marked polyuria heralded by an abrupt oliguric phase
Authors: Ramoutar Virin , Landa Cristian , James Leighton R
Published: August 2014

A 50-year-old African-American man presented with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) secondary to hypotension from non-typhoid Salmonella gastroenteritis and bacteraemia. The oliguric phase lasted only 24 h followed by prolonged polyuria for 20 days, with urine output in excess of 16 L/day at maximum. As indexed in PubMed this is only the second published case of this nature since 1974, in which an abrupt oliguric phase of 24 h or less heralded prolonged polyuria in ATN. The diagnosis is challenging as fractional excretion of sodium early in the clinical course and rapid normalisation of serum creatinine with intravenous fluids (IVF) may point towards prerenal azotaemia resulting in a premature discharge from hospital. Patients with an abrupt oliguric phase may suffer a secondary renal insult from the profound fluid loss that is to follow and may need inpatient monitoring with supplemental IVF to prevent deleterious outcomes.
Bronchial dentures as a cause of airway actinomycosis
Authors: Murray Michelle A , Rogan Mark P , Morgan Ross K , Linnane Seamus J
Published: August 2014

A 65-year-old man was referred to the respiratory clinic with recurrent chest infections on a background of stage 3 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On examination, there was wheeze bilaterally more marked on the left lower lobe. Subsequent imaging revealed an obstruction of the left main bronchus that was concerning for malignancy. Initially, on flexible bronchoscopy, a hard mass was found and multiple biopsies were positive for actinomycosis. Subsequent rigid bronchoscopy was undertaken and a set of dentures were removed from the airway.
Atypical neurological manifestations of malaria
Authors: Singla Neeraj , Gupta Monica , Singh Ram , Kumar Ashwani
Published: August 2014

Malaria is known as a great mimic. It can manifest subtly or abruptly, typically or atypically. This aspect of the disease can frequently mislead physicians. We present two patients of malaria with atypical neurological manifestations. The first patient ofPlasmodium falciparummalaria presented with fever and altered sensorium; MRI of the brain suggested cerebral venous thrombosis. The second patient ofPlasmodium vivaxpresented with fever, double vision and right eye lateral rectus palsy due to unilateral sixth cranial nerve involvement. Both patients were managed with antimalarials and supportive medical management, and had uneventful recoveries.
Usefulness of multidetector CT angiography for anomalous origin of coronary artery
Authors: Ishisone Takenori , Satoh Mamoru , Okabayashi Hitoshi , Nakamura Motoyuki
Published: August 2014

A 17-year-old man underwent clinical evaluation of exercise-induced syncope. Routine exercise stress test did not show any myocardial ischaemic changes or arrhythmias on the ECG recording. However, multidetector CT (MDCT) angiography of the coronary arteries revealed an abnormal origin of the left coronary artery from the right coronary sinus. The participants’ symptoms were diagnosed as cardiogenic syncope possibly due to transient stenosis of the left main coronary artery caught between the functionally distended aortic root and the pulmonary trunk during exercise. After successful patch coronary angioplasty, his symptoms disappeared completely even during a similar degree of strenuous exercise. It is important for clinicians not to overlook possible coronary artery anomalies during management of patients with exercise-induced syncope. MDCT coronary angiography may be a useful and non-invasive tool to establish diagnosis and a surgical approach to rectify congenital coronary artery anomalies.
Rectal ulcers induced by systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yau Alan Hoi Lun , Chu Karen , Yang Hui Min , Ko Hin Hin
Published: August 2014

A 28-year-old woman presented with diarrhoea, haematochezia, tenesmus and rectal pain for 2 months. She was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 8 years ago and remained on prednisone, azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine. Blood work revealed a positive ANA (antinuclear antibody test), anti-dsDNA 749 IU/mL (0–300 IU/mL), C3 0.22 g/L (0.65–1.65 g/L) and C4 0.05 g/L (0.16–0.60 g/L). Stool studies were unremarkable. MRI of the pelvis showed a rectum with eccentric wall thickening. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed severe proctitis with multiple deep ulcers and diffuse submucosal haemorrhage. Rectal biopsy revealed crypt architectural distortion and reactive fibrosis in the lamina propria. The patient was given mesalamine suppository for 2 weeks with minimal improvement. Repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy showed a coalesced 3×4 cm full-thickness rectal ulcer. Therefore, the patient was given intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 days, followed by intravenous cyclophosphamide for 2 weeks. Her symptoms resolved and repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy showed fibrotic healing of the rectal ulcers.
Chest pain in a patient with a tall R wave in V1
Authors: McManus Kenneth , Condos Gregory , Lin Andrew
Published: August 2014

An 83-year-old man 2 days postoperative from L3 to L5 laminectomy developed sudden onset of chest pain. Initial ECGs demonstrated a tall R wave in V1 and ST-segment depression in leads V2–V5. A posterior ECG was performed, but failed to demonstrate ST elevations. The patient was initially treated as an non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with weight-based enoxaparin. On further review, the patient's ECG was identified as a STEMI equivalent, and he underwent cardiac catheterisation. He was noted to have a near complete occlusion of the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery (RCA). Bare-metal stents were placed in the proximal and distal RCA, with restored flow distal to the lesions. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit for observation, and was noted to develop atrial fibrillation. Rate control was achieved with diltiazem, and the patient was started on dabigatran. Medical therapy including aspirin and clopidogrel was initiated, and the patient was discharged home.
Did you hear the one about the policeman, the doctor and the pharmacist at 30 000 feet?
Authors: Monks David Thomas , Springer Martin , Goomber Ramon , Li P C Ming
Published: August 2014

This is the remarkable story of survival against all the odds. A passenger had a myocardial infarction complicated by a witnessed cardiac arrest while on a commercial flight through some of the most remote airspace on the planet. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of an automatic external defibrillator achieved rapid return of spontaneous circulation. Passengers and crew worked effectively together, under the guidance of a physician, to provide critical care to the patient while the flight diverted so he could be transferred to an emergency hospital in Beijing for eventual thrombolysis and postresuscitation care. He made a rapid and full recovery to be discharged from hospital, neurologically intact, 10 days later.
Comparison of intravenous lidocaine versus morphine in alleviating pain in patients with critical limb ischaemia
Authors: Vahidi Elnaz , Shakoor Delaram , Aghaie Meybodi Mohamad , Saeedi Morteza
Published: August 2014

Background

Numerous drugs have been proposed to alleviate ischaemic limb pain, but none have been successful in relieving ischaemic pain thoroughly and rapidly.

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine and intravenous morphine in decreasing pain in patients with critical limb ischaemia.

Methods

A randomised double-blind controlled trial was performed in 63 patients with critical limb ischaemia recruited from the emergency department between October 2012 and December 2013; 23 patients were excluded and the remainder were randomly divided into two groups of 20 patients. Patients in the lidocaine group received lidocaine infusion (2 mg/kg) while patients in the morphine group received morphine (0.1 mg/kg). Patients’ visual analogue pain scores (VAS), from 0 to 10, were reported before and 15 and 30 min after the infusion.

Results

Before the infusion the mean±SD VAS score was 7.50±1.93 in the lidocaine group and 7.65±1.92 in the morphine group. At 15 min the mean±SD VAS score in the lidocaine group was lower than in the morphine group (5.75±1.77 vs 7.00±1.83; mean difference 1.25, 95% CI 0.095 to 2.405) and, at 30 min, the mean±SD VAS score in the lidocaine group was again lower (4.25±1.48 vs 6.50±1.73; mean difference 2.25, 95% CI 1.218 to 3.282).

Conclusions

Lidocaine may be helpful in decreasing ischaemic pain in patients with critical limb ischaemia.

Trial registration number

http://www.irct.irIRCT201210148872N2.