bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difference between the Hb C variants in Brahman and in indigenous Southern African cattle breeds
Authors: Schwellnus Marie , Guérin G.
Published: August 2010

Haemoglobin polymorphism in Brahman cattle and seven Southern African cattle breeds was investigated by means of starch gel electrophoresis. A difference was found between the migration rates of the Hb C of Brahman cattle and that of the indigenous Southern African cattle breeds, showing that these are actually two separate variants. We suggest that the faster migrating type, which occurs in Brahman cattle, should be called Hb C, while the slower migrating type of the Southern African breeds, should be called Hb I.

A comparison of the migration of the α and β chains of all the variants we encountered, including foetal haemoglobin, was carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis in urea at acid and alkaline pH levels. Evidence was found of a difference in mobility of the non‐a chains of haemoglobin A, B, C, I and F at different pH levels while no difference was detected in the migration rate of their respective α chains. These results confirm the theory that genetic variation is restricted to the non‐α chain of bovine haemoglobin.

Progeny studies on 225 families confirm that the Hb I variant is allelic to Hb A and Hb B variants. The gene frequencies have been calculated on the basis that Hb I and Hb C are allelic at the β locus. The distribution of the different phenotypes is in accordance with this theory, assuming that the populations obey Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.
A new hemoglobin β chain variant in sheep
Authors: John M. E. , John Manorama
Published: August 2010

A new hemoglobin β chain variant referred to as Hb‐E is observed in four Indian sheep breeds. Hemoglobin E is electrophoretically and chromatographically un‐distinguishable from hemoglobin B. However, polypeptide chain separation by urea‐polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and urea CM‐cellulose chromatography reveals the new β chain. The βEchain has a slower anodic mobility than £Bchain at alkaline pH. The adult sheep hemoglobins could be classified into eight categories, namely AA, AB, AE, AC, ABC, BB, BE and EE, according to their sub‐unit composition. The occurrence of βEchain in homozygous condition or in combination with either one of the two allelic β chains βAor βB, indicate that it may be an allelic variant. Gene frequencies of three hemoglobin β chain alleles observed during the study are as follows: A = 0.192; B = 0.682; E = 0.126.
Serologically detected lymphocyte antigens in Holstein cattle1
Authors: Caldwell J. , Bryan C. F. , Cumberland P. A. , Weseli D. F.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes from 103 Holstein cattle were tested with 11 antilymphocytotoxic sera. Four of these sera were produced by whole blood immunization; these generally yielded lymphocytotoxicity against a large number of animals in each test panel. The majority of the sera were collected from parous cows which had never been immunized. Observations about this latter group of sera are (1) lymphocyte antibodies may occur by alloimmunization in foetal‐maternal interaction, (2) normal sera from non‐immunized parous cows generally had a narrower specificity of antibodies than from parous cows immunized with blood from unrelated animals and in some cases these antisera may be monospecific, and (3) these sera from parous cows are easy to obtain without the need for laborious immunizations. Analysis of these lymphocytotoxic sera indicate several reagents were obtained which possessed different antibodies; these were useful in detecting polymorphism of cattle lymphocyte antigens. Using these 11 sera, an analysis of the reactions patterns among 103 Holsteins, including parent‐offspring data resulted in the postulation of several alleles. These data suggest that cattle lymphocyte antigens are very polymorphic and inherited.
Serum antigens of cattle. VI. Isolation and properties of an intracellular antigen (Eel) from cattle erythrocytes*
Authors: Bhargava G. , Stone W. H.
Published: August 2010

The erythrocyte antigen (Ecl) of cattle has been isolated using DEAE‐cellulose chromatography, Sephadex gel filtration, and isoelectrofocusing. The purified antigen is free from hemoglobin and migrates as a single protein on polyacrylamide gels. It exhibits an absorption maximum at 278 nm and has a molecular weight of about 100 000; its isoelectric point is 4.95. The antigen has a carbohydrate moeity and loses its activity after oxidation with periodate. The evidence suggests that it is not a common isozyme, but its exact identity remains unknown.
Freeze drying cattle blood typing reagents*
Authors: Weseli D. F.
Published: August 2010

A system is described for freeze drying and storage of reagents (antisera) used in cattle blood typing tests. Reagents were freeze‐dried in evacuated bottles at the desired dilution for rapid reconstitution to use in test procedures. Reagents not in current use were dried in bulk lots and stored in polyethylene film bags. All freeze drying procedures were performed with readily available commercial equipment. A computer program was developed to produce a current inventory of reagent supplies and projections of the number of samples which can be typed.
The possibility of germ cell chimaerism in dizygotic twin bulls
Authors: Ross D. S. , Thomas W. J.
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the progeny of a pair of dizygotic twin bulls whose blood group phenotypes were identical but were genotypically different, indicating a complete replacement of one of the bulls haematopoietic tissus by that of its cotwin. The study was made in an attempt to determine whether the genes of one sibling were transmitted by the other. If it were so it would follow that the germ cells of the testes were chimaeric. Blood typing of 97 progeny provided no evidence to indicate the presence of such a germ cell chimaerism.
Genetics of a low‐density lipoprotein allotype in a cattle*
Authors: Iannelli D. , Oreste U. , Masina P. , De Benedictis G. , Cianfriglia M.
Published: August 2010

The paper describes a cattle serum antigen (LdlA1) located on a low‐density lipoprotein and detected by single radial diffusion.

The specificity is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner and the gene controlling its synthesis is inherited independently from the one controlling the synthesis of the α2 macroglobulin McA1 antigen.
Presence of horse blood group antigens in the major glycoprotein fraction of the erythrocyte membrane
Authors: Gürtler L. G. , Schmid D. O. , Yeboa D. A. , Cleve H.
Published: August 2010

The aqueous phase of the chloroform/methanol extract of the horse erythrocyte membrane contained the blood group activities Ad, Dc or Dd. The factors Ad and Dc could be separated by gel filtration.
Length‐correlated changes in heterozygosity at an enzyme locus in the scallop (Pecten maximus L.)
Authors: Wilkins N. P.
Published: August 2010

Phosphoglucose isomerase was analysed by electrophoresis in approximately 280 Pecten maximus individuals from two populations. Observed heterozygosity decreased with increasing dorso‐ventral valve length in both populations. The regression of heterozygosity on length in mm yielded the relationship H0= 1.119–0.003 L. Observed heterozygosity was very high in samples of small individuals indicating that self fertilization cannot be a regular feature of reproduction in this functional hermaphroditic species. Some possible causes for the observed decline in heterozygosity among larger individuals are discussed.
Genetic variants of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes*
Authors: Tanabe Yuichi , Omi Tokiyoshi , Ôta Katuaki
Published: August 2010

Genetic polymorphism of hemoglobin was found in the erythrocytes of dogs of seven Japanese native breeds by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs revealed that the phenotypic variation of hemoglobin is controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, HbA and HbB. The allele HbA occurred only in Japanese native breeds except Shikoku. The frequency of HbA in the Japanese breeds was low and 0.08. All the dogs belonging to 25 European breeds and 5 oriental origin (except Japan) breeds examined in this experiments had the homozygous genotype constitution HbB/HbB.
NADH diaphorase as a genetic marker for sheep red cells
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Crowley C.
Published: August 2010

Three NADH diaphorase phenotypes were observed in the red cells of sheep. Breeding data indicated that this polymorphism was under the control of two autosomal co‐dominant alleles, designated DiaF and Dias. Phenotype Dia F had significantly lower NADH diaphorase activity than phenotype Dia S. The frzquency of DiaF and DiaS was determined in 9 different breeds.
Close linkage between the albumin and Gc loci in the horse
Authors: Sandberg Kaj , Juneja R. Kumar
Published: August 2010

Evidence for close linkage between the structural loci for albumin and Gc protein in the horse was presented. A recombination frequency (c) of 0.009 ± 0.006 (95 % confidence limits: 0.001 < c < 0.032) was estimated. These results were based on a study of a large sire family comprising 223 offspring from informative matings. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed in one horse population studied.
Isozyme characterization of cattle (Bos taurus) and American buffalo (Bison bison) cell cultures
Authors: Carleer J. , Pastoret P.P. , Ansay M.
Published: August 2010

Four Bovidae cell lines (BEK‐1, MDBK, Bu and EBTr) were characterized by means of enzymatic biochemical markers. Out of 15 enzymatic systems, 3 — adenosine dea‐minase [Ada), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and nucleoside phosphorylase (Np) —were found to be polymorphic and quite suitable for biochemical identification of each cell line. The Bu cell line has shown a Np phenotypic pattern which could be distinctive of the Bison bison species.
Protein polymorphism and genic variation in a population of the loach Cobitis delicata
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

Hemoglobin, non‐enzymatic and enzymatic muscle proteins of the loach Cobitis delicata were examined electrophoretically. Eleven proteins were shown to be under control by 20 loci. Only two loci were defined as polymorphic and 14 loci were completely monomorphic. Estimated average heterozygosity over all 20 loci was 0.011 in the loach population.
Phosphoglucomutase electrophoretic patterns of the loach Cobitis biwae
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

Phosphoglucomutase of two groups of the loach Cobitis biwae, a fresh‐water teleost, was examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Some of the fishes had six‐banded electrophoretic patterns not observed in other loach species (e.g. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Cobitis delicata). The complexity of the pattern is explainable by an assumption that the loaches are tetraploid fishes. The result suggests that a diploid‐tetraploid relationship exists within the species Cobitis biwae.
Inheritance of adenosine deaminase variants in chickens and turkeys
Authors: Grunder A. A. , Hollands K. G.
Published: August 2010

Blood cell lysates of chickens and turkeys were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and the gels were stained for adenosine deaminase. Two zones were observed singly or together in the electrophoretic patterns of each lysate. Zones of chicken lysates were analogous in electrophoretic mobility to those of turkeys. An extra zone which appeared in patterns of a sample stored over one month was not detected in patterns of a second aliquot of stored sample treated with a reducing agent prior to electrophoresis.

Family data involving 110 chicken progeny and 221 turkey progeny supported the hypothesis that these zones were controlled by two codominant alleles designated ADA.4 and ADAB. In the two Leghorn strains studied ADAB was much more frequent than ADA.4, but the frequency distribution was reversed in the Small White turkey strain examined.
Further studies on sheep polymorphic erythrocyte diaphorase
Authors: Cepica S. , Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Starch gel electrophoresis of sheep hemolysates revealed anodically faster, poly. morphic NADH/NADPH diaphorase (Dial) and slower NADH diaphorase (Dia2). Frequencies of alleles Dia1 F and Dia1 S for six sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia are given and efficacy for parentage control is discussed. A heterogeneity in Dia2 is caused by a prolonged storage of samples.
Polymorphism of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes
Authors: Ueda Junji , Hachinohe Yoshio
Published: August 2010

Three individual variants of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes were found by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The phenotype in leucocytes showed the same appearance as polymorphic forms of liver acid phosphatase in the same bird. The study of the Hardy‐Weinberg distribution of the phenotypes of acid phosphatase in leucocytes also indicated that they are controlled by the same pair of codominant autosomal alleles as the phenotypes in the liver.

Acid phosphatase is polymorphic in all six strains of chickens studied.
Blood groups of Nigerian cattle. Comparative aspects
Authors: Braend Mikael
Published: August 2010

Cattle, red cell antigens as determined by a selected battery of 37 reagents characterizing genes at 10 major loci in 101 Zebu, 63 Ndama and 78 Muturu from Nigeria, have been compared with corresponding red cell antigens of a total of 257 Bos taurus cattle in Norway, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Hungary and USA. The Zebu cattle, represented by the three subtypes Gudali, Red Bororo and Shuwa Arab, showed the highest number of red cell factors. Ndama and Muturu cattle had a significantly lower number of blood factors than the Zebu cattle. The lowest number of blood factors were found in European Bos taurus breeds.
Genetically determined electrophoretic variants of the major urinary protein (Mup) complex in mouse urine
Authors: Groen A. , Lagerwerf A. J.
Published: August 2010

The major urinary protein (Mup‐complex) excreted in mouse urine, has been studied electrophoretically both on starch gel and on cellogel.

On stargel six anodally migrating protein bands were observed. These bands are designated component 3, 2′, 2, 1, and 4 (i.e. two bands) in the order of decreasing mobility toward the anode. The slower protein band of component 4 on starch gel was not observed on cellogel.

By testing mouse inbred strains, we were able to dinstinguish five male and four female Mup phenotypes. Test crosses suggested a four‐allelic (a, b, c, d,) variation with regard to components 2′, 2 and 1: ‘group A’ strains showed component 1, ‘group B’ strains components 1 and 2, ‘group C’ and ‘group F strains none, and ‘group D’ strains showed components 1 and 2’. Component 3 may be encoded by another Mup locus, although no crossing‐over has been observed: presence (A, B, D, and F strains), absence (C strains). Insufficiently reproducible demonstration of the variation with regard to component 4, forced us to exclude this component for strain distinction.

The Mup phenotypes described, can be useful for the detection of certain strain contaminations, especially if F1 hybrid Mup phenotypes are distinguishable
Seasonal variation of bovine anti‐J in the tropics*
Authors: Mzee R. M. , Brænd M.
Published: August 2010

Close to the Equator at an altitude of 1750 m above sea level a total of 27 cows of various breeds have been studied with regard to the fluctuation of their anti‐J naturally occurring antibodies. Over 16 consecutive months the average total score of anti‐J varied from a minimum of 20 in October to a maximum of 37 at. the end of December. Practically all the sera had the lowest level of anti‐J in October. This is about two months after the lowest yearly maximum temperature. It is concluded that gradual changes in temperature can cause variation in anti‐J titer, and that the magnitude of the seasonal temperature changes influences the fluctuation of the natural anti‐J.
The blood group factor Kf and allele Kae in the pig
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J. , Pazdera J.
Published: August 2010

By means of alloimmune reagents used in the indirect Coombs test and the dextran test a new factor Kf in the K bloodgroup system of pigs was found, controlled by alleles Kacf, Kacef and Kbf. A new allele Kae was also detected.

The K system with 6 alleles, 11 phenotypes and 21 combinations of genotypes remains (from the genetic point of view) an open system.
The nature of the prealbumin ‘esterases' of horse serum
Authors: Matthews A. G.
Published: August 2010

Evidence is presented to suggest that the acidic prealbumin esterases in horse serum represent a protease‐inhibitory protein. The esterase activity may arise from residual enzymic activity of the bound protease.
Isoelectric focusing of horse acidic prealbumins on thin‐layer polyacrylamide gels
Authors: Matthews Andrew G.
Published: August 2010

The paper describes a technique of thin‐layer polyacrylamide gel isolectric focusing of horse serum, within a pH range of 4.0 ‐ 6.0, which permits the improved resolution of the acidic prealbumin protein bands. The increased heterogeneity of the Pr prealbumin antiprotease allele products apparent using this technique is described and discussed in detail, and the potential use of the technique in routine Pr phenotyping is considered.
Apparent destruction of bovine blood group determinants by chymotrypsin
Authors: Trowbridge‐Walters Carolyn , Hunziker R. D. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Although chymotrypsin treatment eliminated the reactivity of many antigenic determinants on the bovine red cell, haemolytic inhibition tests, double diffusion in agar tests, and immunizations provided no conclusive evidence of any of the affected determinants in the soluble digest. Chymotryptic digestion unmasked an apparent cryptantigen, rendering Q‐positive cells reactive with a previously Q‐negative antiserum.
Equine marker genes. Polymorphism for transferrin alleles, TfF1 and TfF2, in Thoroughbreds
Authors: McGuire Terry R. , Weitkamp Lowell R.
Published: August 2010

The equine transferrin F variant is distinguishable into two types, F1 and F2, on alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies in 63 related Thoroughbreds are 0.39 and 0.19 for TfF1TfF2, respectively. In contrast the frequencies for these two alleles in 375 related Standardbreds is 0.00 and 0.59.
A third allele at the phosphoglucose isomerase locus of the Japanese quail
Authors: Kimura Masao , Ishiguro Mototsugu , Ito Shin‐ichi
Published: August 2010

Phosphoglucose isomerase electrophoretic patterns of the Japanese quail were found to be controlled by three alleles at an autosomal locus. In the laboratory quail population, the frequency of the alleles PGIF, PGIS1 and PGIS2 was 0.175, 0.465 and 0.360, respectively.
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of cattle plasma proteins: Genetic polymorphism of an α1‐protease inhibitor
Authors: Juneja R. K. , Gahne B.
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis of cattle plasma proteins was done by a first dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.0), followed by a second dimension in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). This method resulted in improved and reproducible separation of many α‐ and β‐globulins. Three groups of a‐globulins, designated Pi‐1, Pi‐2 and Pi‐3, were found to inhibit the estero‐lytic activity of bovine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin. Pi‐2 showed appreciable inhibition only for trypsin and genetic polymorphism was observed for this protein. Family data supported the hypothesis that the three Pi‐2 types observed were controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. The occurrence of a third Pi‐2 allele was also postulated in some animals studied. The frequency of the most common allele, Pi‐2s, ranged from 0.5‐0.8 in the different breeds of cattle studied (Swedish Red and White, Friesian, Jersey, Charolais and Simmental). The post‐transferrins Ptf‐1 and Ptf‐2 in cattle plasma were shown to be two different genetic systems.
Antigen and protein polymorphism in Somali zebu cattle*
Authors: Stasio Liliana Di , Sartore G. , Ginanni C.
Published: August 2010

Blood samples, collected from 143 Boran and 34 Dawara adult cattle, belonging to a state farm in Mogadiscio, have been tested for red cell antigens with 40 cattle reagents and for Hb, CA, Tf, Alb and Ami types.

Gene frequencies are presented and the results indicate that the two breeds are very similar in all the systems studied.
A‐B‐O blood groups in Kenya olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Byles R. H. , Sanders Mark F. , Petersen Gloria Moy , Olivier T. J. , Bercovitch Fred , Hunt Eric
Published: August 2010

A feral population of 183 Kenyan olive baboons representing 5 troops was surveyed for salivary ABO‐like antigens. Unlike previously reported populations, a high frequency of the O allele and low frequency of the B allele were detected. This observation may be the result of founder effect and/or genetic drift.
The presence of blood group and lymphocyte antigens on porcine granulocytes
Authors: Klaudy J. , Hruban V. , Hradecky J. , Pazdera J. , Pech V.
Published: August 2010

Suspensions of highly viable (< 95 %) granulocytes minimally contaminated by other cell types were isolated from the peripheral blood of pigs by a single centrifu‐gation with low molecular weight dextran and after preferential lysis of erythrocytes by hypotonic shock. A complement‐dependent cytotoxic test showed the presence of antigens of the SLA major histocompatibility complex, the SLB leucocyte system and the A and E blood group systems on the granulocytes. Some SLA typing reagents against class I (SD) antigens did not react with granulocytes, however, or yielded dubious reactions. The findings showed that the reactivity of SLA sera resembles the reactivity of human HLA sera. The results also show that compatibility in the SLA, SLB, A and E systems will have to be taken into account when preparing alloimmune sera for the determination of granulocyte‐specific antigens of pigs.
An investigation of the products of 23 gene loci in the domestic cat, Felis catus
Authors: Allan J. , Putt W. , Fisher R. A.
Published: August 2010

The products of 23 enzyme and protein loci were examined in the domestic cat, Felis catus. Seven of these loci showed electrophoretic variation (six with two alleles and one with four alleles). Based on evidence from a family group the variation at five of these loci can be attributed to genetic causes.
Haemoglobin D in three rare Dutch breeds of sheep
Authors: Tucker E. M.
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic and hybridization studies indicated that a haemoglobin found in three rare Dutch breeds of sheep was the a chain variant HbD which had hitherto only been found in three individual native Yugoslav sheep. Two phenotypes, Hb DAB and Hb DB, were detected, and the D variant was always present in lower concentrations than the normal haemoglobins. The calculated gene frequencies for αD were 0.030, 0.082 and 0.029 in the Kempisch Heide, Veluws Heide and Mergelland breeds respectively.
Geographic variation of muscle adenylate kinase in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Oniwa Kiyoko , Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

The electrophoretic pattern of the loach muscle adenylate kinase was composed of one or two major bands. Each major band was preceded by two minor bands. Three codominant alleles were postulated to segregate in loach. Each allele coded for one major band with different mobility.

Adenylate kinase (AK. E.C. 2.7.4.3.) catalyses the reaction 2ADP ATP + AMP. and is known as a heat stable protein constituent of skeletal muscle. Electrophoretic variation of AK has been reported in the pika Ochotona r. rufescens (Vergnes et al. 1974). the teleostean fish Zoarces viviparus (Frydenberg & Si‐monsen, 1973), the mussel Mvtilus edulis (Ahmad et al. 1977). and the tunicate Ciona intestinalis (Schmidtke & Engel. 1980). In this note, individual variation of AK in muscle extracts of the fresh‐water fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is described.

Loach were collected in ponds or purchased from fish shops (Table 1 & Fig. 1). Three populations (OS. AS and KN) were purchased from fish shops in Osaka. Akashi and Kanazawa cities, respectively. Their exact sampling locations were not known. For reference, the locations of these cities are indicated by an open circle in Fig. i. Fish were collected and stored frozen at – 20 oC at the sampling time given in Table 1. Muscle extracts were prepared and examined in the period February‐April 1981.The method for preparing muscle extract and‐the starch gel electrophoretic procedures were the same as those reported previously (Kimura, 1976). The amine‐citrate buffer system as described by Clayton & Tretiak (1972) was used. AK was stained by the method of Allendorf et al. (1977). After electrophoresis, an inhibition test was also performed by immersing the gel in 10‐3M 5.5'‐dithiobis‐(2‐nitrobenzoate) solution for 30 minutes at room temperature.

Under the electrophoretic condition used in the present study, all of the AK
Phenotype frequencies of vitamin D binding protein (Gc) and of posttransferrin‐2 (Ptf‐2) in Belgian cattle breeds*
Authors: Van de Weghe A. , Van Zeveren A. , Bouquet Y. , Varewyck H.
Published: August 2010

The vitamin D binding protein (Gc) and posttransferrin‐2 (Ptf‐2) phenotypes have been determined in a number of Belgian cattle breeds. A very slow migrating variant of the Gc protein — Gc C — has been found in White and Red East Flemish breed. This variant was absent from the other breeds studied. This slow variant was identified as a vitamin D binding protein by autoradiography. The Gc C protein was shown to be controlled by a codominant autosomal allele Gc C at the Gclocus.

The Gc C protein is probably identical with a fraction previously described in buffalo and an Italian cattle breed. The allele frequencies for the Gc and Pft‐2 systems are reported for several Belgian breeds of cattle.
A new Kd subgroup designated Kg in the porcine K blood group system
Authors: Nielsen P. Bräuner , Vögeli P.
Published: August 2010

The K system in pigs included at least 6 internationally recognized blood group factors (Ka, Kb, Kc, Kd, Ke and Kf) controlled by the following alleles: Kacef, Kacf, Kade, Kae, Kbf and K‐ (Andresen, 1963; Brucks 1967, Hojný et al. 1967, Saison 1967, Hojný, Hradecký & Pazdera, 1979). This paper describes the results obtained with a new antiserum, Kg, by which subgrouping of the Kade allele into Kade or Kadeg is possible.
Further studies on bovine serum amylase. 3. Affinity chromatography
Authors: Archibald A. L.
Published: August 2010

The major bovine serum isoamylases controlled by theAmIlocus have been examined by gel filtration. On Sephadex G‐200 the isoamylases can be resolved into two classes. The AmI A and AmI B have apparent molecular weights of 307 000 daltons whilst the AmI C isozyme has an apparent molecular weight of 44 400 daltons. The separation of the isozymes into two classes according to their elution behaviour on Sephadex G‐200 has been shown to be an affinity separation. All three AmI isozymes are eluted from a non‐dextran media (BioGel A1.5m) with apparent molecular weights of 417 000 daltons. The affinity separation on Sephadex G‐200 has been shown to be inhibited by the addition of 1% (w/v) maltose to the elution buffer. In the presence of 1%(w/v) maltose all three AmI isozymes are coeluted from Sephadex G‐200 with apparent molecular weights of 321000 daltons. The maltase and amylase activities of the AmI isozymes were eluted coincidentally under all the conditions studied.
Esterase D in Cebus apella from the Amazonian region*
Authors: Schneider Maria Paula Cruz , Sampaio Maria Iracilda da Cunha , Schneider Horacio
Published: August 2010

Research programs involving the study of genetic variation of proteins have been carried out both in humans and catarrhine primates but rarely in New World species. Considering the great possibilities offered by protein variations as genetic markers in systematic and evolutionary studies in this group of organisms, the authors are specially interested in the investigation of genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in Amazonian primates. In this paper we describe the electro phoretic patterns of erythrocyte esterases obtained from blood samples of 57 Cebus apella specimens. Blood hemolysates from Cebus display four main set of bands in azo‐coupled stained gels. These bands are identified as esterases P, A1, A2 and B by their electro phoretic migration, substrate specificity and eserine reaction. The use of the fluoregenic reagent 4‐methylumbelliferyl acetate revealed the presence of a fifth set of enzymes not detected by the azo‐coupled staining method. This ser of enzymes, probably a polymorphic genetic system, was named ESD as in humans.
Chemical characterization of porcine blood serum components with A and SLA activity
Authors: Wrenger M. , Thiele O. W. , Cwik S. , Schmid D. O.
Published: August 2010

The porcine A blood group substance is found in the serum as a Lipid and, additionally, in certain animals, as a glycoprotein. Swine lymphocyte antigens (SLA) occur in the serum only as glycoproteins. Heat treatment of the solid residue obtained by lipid extraction yielded a water‐soluble fraction with low protein content, high A activity, but no SLA activity. Poly(glycosy1)ceramides with SLA activity do not occur in the serum; poly(glycosy1)ceramides with A activity cannot be excluded. Desialylation of protein fractions has no effect on A and SLA activity. Both A and SLA activities of protein fractions are stable to mild alkaline hydrolysis thus indicating N‐glycosidic carbohydrate‐peptide linkages.
Linkage studies between the halothane (Hal), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and the S(A ‐O) and H red blood cell loci of Pietrain/ Hampshire and Landrace pigs
Authors: Imlah P.
Published: August 2010

Frequency of blood group factors at the A‐O and H loci were markedly altered within halothane positive (HP) and halothane negative (HN) composite synthetic Pietrain/Hampshire lines (PTH) over four generations of selection.

Linkage studies on the litters from 45 double backcross and 20 mixed and intercross matings, involving the S(A‐O), H, Phi and Hal loci, were made in the PTH line and halothane positive and negative selected British Landrace lines. Crossing‐over frequencies of 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.1 ± 0.03 were established between Phi and Hal, H and Hal, and Phi and H respectively. An unequal crossing‐over frequency between Phi and H was found when the alleles Ha and Hcd were compared. The difference in recombination frequency between the Ha and Hcd alleles amounted to 0.04 to 0.06.

No cross‐overs were observed between the S(A ‐O) and Phi, H or Hal loci in 15 families studied. The position of the S locus in relation to the other loci could not be established, but statistical evidence of association favours a haplotype sequence of Phi‐Hal‐S‐H.
Protein polymorphism in a feral population of the pigeon Columba livia domestica
Authors: Kimura Masao , Yamamoto Shoji
Published: August 2010

Sixteen enzymatic and non‐enzymatic proteins of the pigeon Columba livia domestica were examined electrophoretically. These proteins were presumed to be under control by 22 loci. Of the 22 loci, 6 were defined as polymorphic and 15 as monomorphic. Another locus was variable, but the variation was not genetically interpretable. Average heterozygosity calculated over 21 loci was 0.075.
Sheep lymphocyte antigens: A preliminary study
Authors: Cullen P. R. , Bunch C. , Brownlie J. , Morris P.J.
Published: August 2010

Sera from 287 sheep were screened for cytotoxic antibodies against sheep lymphocytes. Forty four antisera were selected which provisionally define 13 lymphocyte antigens. The frequency of these antigens was studied in 305 sheep from 8 flocks of different breeds. Family studies confirm that inheritance of sheep lymphocyte antigens is controlled by the autosomal codominant genes of at least 2 linked loci.
The use of genetic relationships among cattle breeds in the formulation of rational breeding policies: A re‐examination of the example of the South Devon and the Gelbvieh
Authors: Baker C. M. Ann
Published: August 2010

It has been claimed that the origin of the South Devon breed of cattle is ‘unknown’ and that biochemical polymorphisms ‘… indicate that Gelbvieh and South Devon had a common ancestry on the Continent and are distinct from other British breeds such as Hereford, Angus and Jersey’ (Kidd et al., 1974).

In fact, historical records indicate that the South Devon evolved largely from native Devon cattle and is a close relative of other English Lowland breeds such as the North Devon and Hereford. Information about crosses from other breeds makes no mention of the Gelbvieh but emphasises the contribution of Channel Island breeds, especially the Guernsey. Data for biochemical polymorphisms in the relevant breeds show agreement with the historical information and with the biogeography of the breeds involved.
Map arrangement of the SLA chromosomal region and the J and C blood group loci in the pig
Authors: Hradecký J. , Hruban V. , Pazdera J. , Klaudy J.
Published: August 2010

Linkage studies of three‐point crosses (triple backcross matings) showed that the linear sequence of three of the pig's immunogenetic traits — the SLA major histocompatibility complex and the J and C blood group loci — is SLA‐J‐C. Andresen & Baker (1964) and Rasmusen (1965) described close linkage between the J and C blood group loci and respectively found their recombination frequency to be 5.29 ± 1.1 % and 7.00 ± 3.4 %; by combining the data the exact frequency was determined at 5.75 ± 0.79 % (Muir & Rasmusen, 1974). Later, linkage of the SLA major histocompatibility complex with both J (Hruban et al., 1976) and C (Hruban et al., 1977) erythrocytic loci was found. The maximum tabular lod score values were found in the recombination fraction Θ= 0.10 in comparison of SLA and J and in the fraction Θ= 0.20 in comparison of SLA and C (Hruban et al., 1977).
Genetic variation at a pig serum protein locus, Po‐2 and its assignment to the Phi, Hal, S, H, Pgd linkage group
Authors: Juneja R. K. , Gahne B. , Edfors‐Lilja I. , Andresen E.
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional agarose gel (pH 5.4)‐polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electropho‐resis of pig serum samples revealed a new serum protein (postalbumin‐2, PO‐2) polymorphism. Family data supported the hypothesis that the three PO‐2 phenotypes observed were controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles (Po‐2F and Po‐2S) at a single locus. The frequency of Po‐2F in Swedish Landrace and in Swedish Yorkshire breeds was estimated at 0.74 and 0.65, respectively. Evidence was presented for close genetic linkage between Po‐2 and the red cell phospho‐hexose isomerase locus (Phi). A recombination frequency of 3.2 % was obtained from double backcross material. Data obtained in a Danish Landrace material showing linkage between the Po‐2 locus and the H blood group locus, the Pgd locus and Hal (locus for halothane sensitivity) are also given. A total of seven re‐combinants were observed. They show that Po‐2 is a new locus in a previously established linkage group. The likely sequence of the loci is: Phi, Hal, S, H, Po‐2, Pgd.
Linkage disequilibrium between the ELA and the A blood group systems in Standardbred horses
Authors: Bailey Ernest
Published: August 2010

The linkage group formed by the ELA and A blood group system in horses was studied in American Standardbred horses. The distance between the ELA locus and the A blood group locus was measured as 1.61 centimorgans. observing only the haplotypes contributed by the sires.

Strong linkage disequilibrium was found in pacing Standardbred horses for ELA‐W1 with Aa, ELA‐W5 with Ab and ELA‐W10 with Ab. Linkage disequilibrium was apparent at both the population and family level. Among trotting Standardbred horses, linkage disequilibrium was found for ELA‐W1 with Aa and for ELA‐W10 with Ab. It was not possible to investigate linkage relationships in Thoroughbred horses because of the high frequency of Aa and low frequency of other A system markers.
Allotype polymorphism of serum globulins (Gp system) in pigs
Authors: Janik A. , Hojný J. , Duniec M.
Published: August 2010

By alloimmunization with whole serum reagents were obtained which revealed two new allotypes, GS and P30, in pigs. Evidence is presented that the allotypes G8, P30 and previously described G4 and G6 are controlled by three complex autoso‐mal allelic genes forming a closed system. For this new allotype system we propose the designation Gp (globulin. pig). For alternative G4‐GS and G6‐P30, forming pairs of mutually exclusive alloantigens. it is proposed to use a standard designation GpA‐Gpa and GpB‐Gpb respectively.
New genetic polymorphism recognized in the prealbumin region of chicken egg yolk1
Authors: Kuryt Jolanta , Gasparska Jolanta
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis of water‐soluble proteins of chicken egg yolk was done by a first‐dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 8.6) followed by a second‐dimension separation in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). Genetic polymorphism of a protein, tentatively designated as Pr M prealbumin, was observed. The analysis of family data suggests that the Pr M prealbumin is controlled by two alleles, Pr M+ and Pr M‐, at a single autosomal locus. The Pr M+ allele appears to be dominant to the Pr M‐ allele.
Characterisation of the α1‐protease inhibitor system in Thoroughbred horse plasma by horizontal two‐dimensional (ISO‐DALT) electrophoresis. 2. Protease inhibition
Authors: C. Pollitt C. , Bell K.
Published: August 2010

The protease inhibitory spectra of the eight homozygous Thoroughbred Pi types against trypsin, elastase and chymotrypsin have been determined. The α1‐protease inhibitor proteins exhibit three classes of inhibitory specificity towards these enzymes. The Pi types F, I, N and U exhibit class I (trypsin, elastase and chymotrypsin) and class II (trypsin and elastase) types of inhibition and fit Juneja et al.s (1979) classification of two separate genetic systems Pi 1 and Pi 2 based on differences in the inhibitory spectra against trypsin and chymotrypsin. The remaining four Pi types are exceptions to Juneja et al.s (1979) classification. Types G, L, S1 and S2 possess class I but not class II proteins. A third class of proteins (class III) which exclusively inhibit chymotrypsin was detected in all eight protease inhibitor types. Type G is well represented by class III proteins because two of the three major proteins of the ISO‐DALT pattern inhibit only chymotrypsin and is thus an exception to Juneja et al.s (1979) classification.
Protein variation and its systematic implications for the South African Leporidae (Mammalia:Lagomorpha)
Authors: J. Robinson T. , R. Osterhoff D.
Published: August 2010

Analysis of 9 genetic loci by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was performed on 203 specimens of South African representatives of the leporid genera Lepus and Pronolagus. Three loci were found to be polymorphic within samples of the various species of both genera: transferrin (Tf‐I), esterase‐1 (Es‐I) and esterase‐2 (Es‐II). Only one system, carbonic anhydrase (CA‐I), proved useful in species identification, this being restricted to the genus Lepus. Based on this system all Lepus specimens analysed would be assigned to one of two groups corresponding to the species L. capensis and L. saxatils.
Phenotypic variations in blood and milk of the Somali camel*
Authors: Di Stasio L. , Cristofori F. , Sartore G.
Published: August 2010

132 blood samples and 54 milk samples obtained from Somali camel were analysed for red blood cell antigens with the cattle reagents and for Hb, Ca, X proteins, Tf, Alb, Am, SOD, α‐La, β‐Lg and casein systems respectively.

Positive lytic reactions were obtained with the anti‐B, ‐Q, ‐Q, ‐W, ‐F1 and ‐J reagents. No biochemical polymorphism was observed except for Hb, X protein and β‐Lg systems.
Aldehyde oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase genetics in the mouse. New alleles for the Aox‐2 and Adh‐3 loci
Authors: B. Mather Peter , A. Duley John , S. Holmes Roger
Published: August 2010

The genetic variability of one of the liver isozymes of aldehyde oxidase (AOX‐B2 or AOX‐2) and the stomach isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH‐C2) has been examined among strains of mice. Evidence is presented for a fourth allele of Aox‐2 and a third allele of Adh‐3. The hybrid allozyme pattern for mouse liver AOX was consistent with a dimeric subunit structure for this enzyme.
Red cell carbonic anhydrase polymorphism in Indian Zebu cattle and their crossbreds
Authors: Shanker V. , K. Bhayana R. , Bhatia S.
Published: August 2010

Red cell carbonic anhydrase (Ca) types were investigated in 750 animals from three zebu, two exotic and three crossbred breeds. A Ca isozyme of slower mobility than the S isozyme was observed in four Sahiwal animals. The gene frequency ofCaS, which was the predominant allele in all the breeds investigated ranged from 0.88 to 1.0.
Isolation and characterization of glycosphingolipids with J blood group activity from bovine spleen1,2
Authors: Oulevey Jacques , Wolfgang Thiele Otto
Published: August 2010

Two glycosphingolipids with J blood group activity were found in J‐positive bovine spleen. They were tentatively identified as ceramide deca‐ and dodecahexosides containing galactose, glucose, N‐acetylgalactosamine and N‐acetylglucosamine in a molar ratio of 5:3:1:1 and 6:3:2:1, respectively. Fucose was not present. Ceramide decahexosides without J activity were also found in J‐negative bovine spleen. The principal component fatty acids of the J‐active glycosphingolipids were saturated even‐numbered long‐chain acids with 16 to 24 C atoms. Their principal long‐chain bases were sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine with smaller amounts of phy‐tosphingosine.

Both J‐active glycosphingolipids were readily water‐soluble and showed strong activity in the bovine J and in the porcine A blood group system. They exhibited no cross‐reactivity in the human A system. However, a J‐negatiye glycosphingolipid fraction ‐ also from J‐negative spleen ‐ with shorter carbohydrate chain‐length showed strong activity in the human A system.
On a basic 31 kDa muscle membrane protein in cattle and pig, presumably equivalent to the class II antigen associated p31 molecule
Authors: Thinnes Friedrich Peter , Meyer Anke , von Schwartzenberg Klaus
Published: August 2010

In a recent paper we gave evidence by two‐dimensional electrophoresis that, in man, the class II antigen associated glycoprotein p31 (also called Ii, In, M1, DRγ, XMl) is expressed not only in the membranes of B lymphocytes but also in those of muscle, liver and brain. It can therefore be assumed that the p31 is not really associated with the human class II antigens but is a ubiquitous molecule.

Here we demonstrate for the first time that the muscle membranes of cattle and pig contain corresponding polypeptides, with a molecular weight of about 31 kDa and an isoelectric point around 7.5, which comigrate in two‐dimensional electrophoresis with p31 derived from the human muscle. Thus, in cattle and pig too, these proteins seem to be equivalent to the class II antigen associated p31, showing a tissue distribution wider than observed up to now. The molecules can be concentrated by ion‐exchange chromatography.
A method for freezing bovine lymphocytes
Authors: Oliver R. A. , Springbett A. J. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

A simple two‐stage technique for preserving bovine lymphocytes is described. Lymphocytes from animals chosen at random were used. The experiments indicate that the optimum temperature for freezing and the optimum concentration of dime‐thylsulphoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant were in the range ‐29 °C to ‐31 °C and 17.5 % to 20 % respectively. These concentrations of DMSO are much greater than those reported in most other studies.
Relationships between the bovine major histocompatibility system and commonly recognized erythrocyte and serum polymorphisms
Authors: J. Stear M. , Bell K.
Published: August 2010

Linkage at a recombination frequency of 0.10 or less between the bovine major histocompatibility system and the B, C and L red blood cell groups and the albumin, haemoglobin and transferrin loci was excluded by Morton's lod score method. The white blood cell antigen CA19, which is independent of the bovine majar histocompatibility system, is the J blood group.
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of horse serum proteins: genetic polymorphism of ceruloplasmin and two other serum proteins
Authors: K. Juneja R. , Andersson L. , Sandberg K. , Gahne B. , Adalsteinsson S. , Gunnarsson E.
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)‐horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum proteins revealed genetic polymorphism of ceruloplasmin (Cp) and two unidentified serum proteins tentatively designated serum protein 1 (SP1) and serum protein 2 (SP2). Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed Cp and SP1 phenotypes were each controlled by two co‐dominant, autosornal alleles. The three common SP2 phenotypes were shown to be controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. Population data and limited family data indicated the occurrence of two additional SP2 alleles. Altogether more than 600 horses representing 13 different breeds were typed for Cp, SP1 and SP2, and allele frequency estimates were calculated. SP2 was highly polymorphic in all breeds studied whereas SP1 and Cp showed quite low degrees of polymorphism. SP1 polymorphism was observed in seven breeds while Cp polymorphism was observed only in the Icelandic toelter horse breed.
Blood group association with severity and speed of the halothane reaction1
Authors: Imlah P.
Published: August 2010

The second generation (n= 227) of British Landrace pigs from selected halothane‐positive parents (36 litters) were blood‐typed for the S(A‐0), H and Phi loci and subjected to four 5‐minute halothane tests at 21, 35, 49 and 63 days of age. Cumulative scores based on seventy and speed of reaction were analysed in relation to single‐locus blood group genotypes and linkage group sequences at two and three loci. A highly significant negative correlation (r = ‐0.79) was found between severity and speed of reaction. Significant differences occurred between blood group genotypes and linkage groups in both severity and speed of reaction. Genotypes S s/s, H a/a or H a/‐ and Phi B/B and linkage groups involving these three types had the highest cumulative reaction score and the fastest reaction time, whereas genotypes Phi A/B, S S/S or S S/s and H a/cd and linkage groups with these types had the Iowest and slowest reaction scores. Some differences between genotypes and linkage groups were attributed to phenotypically halothane‐positive parents and offspring being genotypically Hal N/n. These effects could result from linkage with heterozygous types such as H a/cd and S S/s. The possible role of the H cd allele acting as a genetic marker for a suppressor gene to the halothane reaction is discussed.
Haemopexin in sheep, mouflon and goat: genetic polymorphism, heterogeneity and partial characterization*
Authors: Stratil A. , Glasnák V. , Tomášek V. , Williams J. , R. Clamp J.
Published: August 2010

Benzidine staining of starch gels after electrophoresis of sera to which haematin was added revealed polymorphism of haemopexin in sheep, mouflon and goat. In sheep three phenotypes were observed, Hpx A, Hpx AB and Hpx B. Pedigree data support the hypothesis of codominant inheritance from a single locus by two alleles, HpxA and HpxB. Neuraminidase treatment of haemopexin preparations showed that Hpx B covered two variants, B1 and B2, thus indicating genetic control by three alleles (HpxA, HpxB1 and HpxB2). In sheep populations the frequency of HpxB is low. In mouflon, in addition to the two variants that are like those of sheep, absence of haemopexin was observed in some animals, by using starch gel electrophoresis as well as immunoelectrophoresis. In goat, three phenotypes were detected, Hpx A, Hpx AB and Hpx B, differing in migration from those of sheep. Haemopexins of the studied species are heterogeneous. Sialic acid is responsible for electrophoretic heterogeneity of sheep haemopexin. Chemical. composition (amino acid and carbohydrate), molecular weight (56 060) and N‐terminal sequence (Leu‐Pro‐Pro‐) of sheep haemopexin were also determined.