bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in optimal fingerprinting is underestimated
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Kun , Yan Jun , Zhang Xuebin
Published: July 2021

Detection and attribution analyses of climate change are crucial in determining whether the observed changes in a climate variable are attributable to human influence. A commonly used method for these analyses is optimal fingerprinting, which regresses observed climate variables on the signals, climate model simulated responses under external forcings. The method scales the simulated response under each external forcing by a scaling factor to best match the observations. The method relies critically on the confidence intervals for the scaling factors. The coverage rate, the relative frequency a confidence interval containing the unknown true value of the corresponding scaling factor, in the prevailing practice has been noted to be lower than desired. The mechanism of this under-coverage and its impacts on detection and attribution analyses, however, have not been investigated. Here we show that the under-coverage is due to insufficient consideration of the uncertainty in estimating the natural variability when fitting the regression and making statistical inferences. The implication is that the ranges of uncertainties in important quantities such as attributable anthropogenic warming and climate sensitivity based on the optimal fingerprinting technique should be wider than what has been believed, especially when the signals are weak. As a remedy, we propose a calibration method to correct this bias in the coverage rate of the confidence levels. Its effectiveness is demonstrated in a simulation study with known ground truth. The use of a large sample of climate model simulations to estimate the natural variability helps to reduce the uncertainty of the scaling factor estimates, and the calibrated confidence intervals provide more valid uncertainty quantification than the uncalibrated. An application to detection and attribution of changes in mean temperature at the global, continental, and subcontinental scale demonstrates that weaker detection and attribution conclusions are obtained with calibrated confidence intervals.
Use of yard land as a source of nutrition and family economy during covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Silondae H , Lintang M , Amiruddin A
Published: July 2021

The period of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has not yet fully passed, so various strategies are needed that can minimize fluctuations in household food needs. Continuous optimization of yard land can provide nutritional fulfillment solutions for people both plant and animal and an increase in the PPH score by 11.90-20.46 percent. The description of the government’s strategy in agriculture through the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, that the system of cultivation of verticulture crops, hydroganic, aquaponics, hydroponics, tabulapot, and shelter houses is very easy for every household in Indonesia to do. People can use empty or derelict yard land integrated by suitable or cultivating livestock/fish to obtain family nutrition and economic resources. This review raises several models of household yard management that have been studied by previous researchers so that the community can imitate or apply directly in the yard.
The teak harvesting technique in community forest during the Covid-19
Authors: Mujetahid A , Gautama I , Dalya N
Published: July 2021

Changes in teak harvesting techniques due to the Covid-19 outbreak was investigated at research locations in community teak forests. This research aims to identify the techniques that used in harvesting community teak forests. The techniques used in each harvesting process, including felling, skidding, and timber transportation processes were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the technique used in the wood harvesting process was a semi-mechanical technique that combined the use of manual and mechanical equipment. Manual equipment is widely used in the felling and skidding process, while mechanical equipment is used in the felling and transportation processes. The felling is carried out to cut down the tree, which is then carried out by dividing the stems into parts that are suitable for skidding. Mechanical equipment in felling using chainsaws in the felling process and for the stems. Furthermore, in the branch cleaning process using manual equipment in the form of machetes. Felling is carried out by one operator by observing four basic steps in felling including determining the direction of felling, making the felling notch and the back cut. Furthermore, the pilgrimage process is carried out using manual equipment by means of a shoulder, using an ARTCO cart, horse, and dompeng. The method used in the skidding process at the research location is still manual with several considerations including; field conditions, such as unavailability of road access to the felling site and scattered locations, volume of timber to be skidded, and relatively low cost. In the final process of harvesting, the transport of skidded wood to the industry is carried out by mechanical engineering using a rented truck based on the number of trips with a maximum load volume of four m3 per trip.
The impact of Covid-19 on the slaughtering number of sacrificial animals in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Saputro E , Radiati L E , Warsito  , Rosyidi D
Published: July 2021

Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the total number of reported sacrificial animal slaughter in East Java increased by 27.332% from 2018. The Covid-19 pandemic (2020) decreased by -4.986% compared to last year (2019). The cause was the economic contraction, the absence of the tradition of regular social gathering by Muslim students in every school. The tradition of sacrificial animal slaughter was not implemented in government or private agencies. Based on the 2020 percentage of decline, Kota Kediri’s highest percentage reduction compared to 2019 amounted to -87.977%. While if it was based on the reduction amount, Jombang Regency became the highest drop as many -45.713% from 2019. Malang Regency was the total number of reported sacrificial animals slaughtering ever since the year 2018 to 2020. The most chosen by the Muslims in East Java for sacrificial animals was a goat.
Socio-economic and income characteristics of Pine Sap Tappers (Pinus merkusii) in the Covid-19 pandemic situation
Authors: Mujetahid A , Dassir Muhammad , Gautama Iswara , Dalya Nurdin , Vika Andi , Muin Faradiba , Risna
Published: July 2021

Through this research, we tried to examine the social and economic characteristics of harvesting non-timber forest products during the pandemic. On the other hand, this research tries to describe the socio-economic characteristics of Pinus merkusii sap tappers and the effects on their income in Cenrana Baru Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 30 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. Data from the interviews then processed and analyzed using descriptive analysis methods and quantitative analysis. The results of the research that have been conducted show that the socio-economic characteristics of tappers based on the results of the study are the average age of tappers is around 41-48 years which is included in the productive age, the level of education is still low with a percentage of 50% are elementary school graduates, the amount of the average family dependents included in the category of small family with the number of dependents 1-2 people, the main livelihood is as farmers, the tappers have an average 1-2 ha of tapping area, the number of tapped pine trees is at intervals of 20-32 trees with a percentage of 27%, the average age of pine is 40 years, the production of sap produced by tappers are average 176-367 kg per month with a percentage of 53% and the average income of tappers is IDR 2.523.661,27 per month where the income of tappers is still below minimum wage (City or Regency Minimum Wage/UMK) of Maros Regency 2019 that is IDR 3.100.000,00. The socio-economic characteristics are thought to have an effect on tappers’ income are age, family dependence, type of work, land ownership, working hours, number of trees, age of pine and sap production. Pine sap production has a significant positive effect at the 99% confidence level and land area has a significant effect on total household income at the 95% confidence level.
Farming schemes and characteristics of Kalibening Avocado in Kebondalem Village, Semarang Regency, Central Java
Authors: Tan S S , Indrasti R , Handoko S , Malik A , Cempaka I G
Published: July 2021

One of the plants that have high economic prospects is the avocado plant. In addition to its various benefits, from fruit to leaves, avocado also has a high economic value and has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. One of the avocados that have good prospects is the Kalibening avocado in Kalibening Hamlet, Kebondalem Village, Jambu District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. This study aims to determine the characteristics and income level of Kalibening avocado farmers which is carried out using two farming schemes, seedling nursery scheme and avocado fruit farming scheme. The results of the study can be used for the development of avocado plants in other areas in Indonesia to meet market demand for avocados. This study uses a survey method, namely taking samples or respondents from a population using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Observations of plant characters and the results of Kalibening Avocado descriptions were analyzed qualitatively and tabulated according to predetermined parameters, then presented in tabular form. The results of the study show that one of Kalibening avocado characters is its capability to grow and develop very well in various topographies, either in the highlands or in the lowlands. Furthermore, the results of farming analysis show that the sales of seeds and fruit are profitable so that they are feasible to be developed in various regions in Indonesia.
Farmer institutional and economic feasibility study on red chilli pepper farming in Kepung District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province
Authors: Indrasti R , Rawung J B M , Sudolar N R , Andri K B , Sahram  , Tan S S
Published: July 2021

Red chilli pepper is one of commodities which the price is fluctuate. The study was aimed to determine the performance of farmer institutional and to analyse the economic feasibility of red chilli pepper farming. A purposive sampling method was applied in this study. The study was conducted within August to December 2017, in Kepung District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. Either the primary and secondary data were collected. As much as 25 respondents have been chosen randomly to obtain farmer institutional information in the study area. The economic feasibility was analysed based on Revenue-Cost Ratio (RCR). The results showed that the red chilli pepper farming in Kepung District was economically feasible as the R/C ratio value was 1.77. The skilled human resources, one aspects of farmer institutional, play important role to support the success of red chilli pepper farming. In conclusion, the red chilli pepper farming in Kepung District is greatly contributed to farmer’s income.
The relationship between work environment and work culture with the work capacity of the employees of the oil palm processing division of PTPN XIV
Authors: Amiruddin A , Ali M S S , Rahmadanih  , Lumoindong Y , Fudjaja L , Suryadnyani I A M
Published: July 2021

The work environment and culture play an important role in increasing the work capacity of employees, the more conducive the work environment and work culture of an organization is, the more employee work capacity will be. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between work environment and work capacity of employees, and to analyze the relationship between work culture and work capacity of employees of the palm oil processing division of PT. PN XIV PKS Luwu. The analysis technique used is the Spearman Rank correlation test with the help of the SPSS application. The results of this study indicate that the work environment and work culture have a very weak correlation with work capacity, but the relationship between each variable and work capacity has a positive value.
The degreening of “Selayar” orange using ethephon: The color peel changes and ethephon residue
Authors: Arzam AR Taruna Shafa , Tahir Muliaty M , Wijaya Hengki
Published: July 2021

The degreening technology using etilen to improve the colour of “Selayar” orange peel is impracticable to apply because this exists the gases form, so it can be substituted with working use Ethephon. Ethephon is more practical to use because this is a liquid. However, its use requirement prioritizes the principle of caution because it leaves residual. This study aimed to analyze the colour changes of the orange peel and Ethephon residues in degreening applications. This study used a completely randomized design with three concentration treatments, namely 0 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm, with four repetitions. This research showed that the Ethephon in concentration 500 ppm was not significantly different from the 1000 ppm ethaphon treatment on fruit peels colour based on L *, a *, b *, colour index (CCI), and hue (h). Both concentrations exist to develop the orange peel colour, while the control fruits (0 ppm) are solely green on the 7th day of observation and greenish-yellow on the 14th day. Ethephon residue on orange fruit peels for 1000 ppm treatment approximately 0.30 ppm while at the group of 500 ppm ended 0.03 ppm. Degreening with ethaphon concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm has the identical ability to improve the peel colour of “Selayar” orange. The ethaphon residue in both concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm) is more moderate than the maximum admitted by the Indonesian government and Codex, namely 0.05 ppm.
Ecological study of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rott ver molat (Becc.)) in the natural habitat at Malili District East Luwu South Sulawesi
Authors: Karim Hadijah A
Published: July 2021

Sago palm (Metroxylon sago), a tropical plant which mostly grows naturally and distributed in Eastern Part of Indonesia (including Wallacea Zone). However, currently the existing of sago palm is facing threats for food security in the future due to land conversion and life cycle of sago palm is a long term periode (10 – 15 years). The objective of this research were to: 1) Analyses of population structure of sago palm; 2) Regeneration potency of sago palm; and 3) describe habitat characteristic of sago palm. The research was conducted in April to August 2017 at Wewangriu Village Malili District. The circle plots (each 314 m2) were purpossively established in a lowland sago palm area based on growth phase of sago palm. The pole and tree diameter were measured at breast height (1.30 m) above the trunk, but sapling and seedling were only counted the number of individals. Moreover, environmental factors were measured directly at every center of plot. The result of research showed that population of sago palm in natural habitat was dominated by sapling with 226 individuals, then followed by seedling was 177 individuals. The regeneration potency of sago palm was categorized Fair based on relatif density and relatif frequency. Related to habitat characteristic or microclimate conditions, the temperature was hot and dry with ranged form 28.7°C to 29.5°C. Hydorology parameters such as water pH was about 6.0 to 7.9. Especially soil propeties was dominated by silty clay and clay with slightly acid condition (soil pH 6.2 and 6.3). Maintaining the existence of sago palm, it is necessary to protect and preserve it in the natural habitat.
Identification of drought level using Normalized Difference Latent Heat Index in the South Coast of South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Nursaputra Munajat , Putra Pahar Septian Perdana , A Chairil
Published: July 2021

One of the impacts of climate change is drought. Drought is a hydrological problem that affects survival on earth significantly. This study aims to identify drought through the approach of one of the indices related to water, namely Normalized Difference Latent Heat (NDLI). NDLI values were obtained through a multispectral Landsat 8 OLI calculation process, namely band 3 (green), band 4 (red), and band 6 (SWIR). Each band interprets variables related to heat and water content. The coverage area of research is in the south coast of South Sulawesi Province which includes Makassar City, Gowa Regency, Takalar Regency, Jeneponto Regency, Bantaeng Regency, and Bulukumba Regency. The regency on the south coast of South Sulawesi Province is the region with the highest level of human activity starting from agricultural activities, ponds, industry and many other activities. NDLI values range from +1 to -1, where positive values indicate areas with good water content with latent heat and poor water content. In the south coast of South Sulawesi Province, NDLI values ranged from 0.05 to -0.71. Based Drought classification level, the level of drought on the south coast of South Sulawesi Province is near normal, moderately dry, and severely dry.
Study of climate and land use change as considerations for sustainable agricultural land in the Saddang watershed
Authors: Rijal S , Nursaputra M , Aqwan C , Ardiansah T
Published: July 2021

Saddang Watershed is one of the watersheds in South Sulawesi, which supplies water for agricultural land. However, the current challenge is climate change and land-use change that affect the sustainability of agricultural land. As a response, land analysis in the Saddang watershed needed starting with climate change analysis with rainfall projected in 2040, continued by land-use change analysis, land condition based on erosion rates, and sustainable agricultural land analysis directions. Rainfall projection using CSIRO general circulation model (GCM) CSIRO Mk3-6-0 climate model. Landuse change analysis using remote sensing methods with Landsat Imagery in 2000 and 2020. Landuse calculated as land condition based on erosion rate with USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) methods. Land conditions are a necessary consideration to formulate directions for sustainable agricultural land. The results of the rainfall projection in 2040 showed an increase in rainfall. It has an impact on land conditions. The rainfall increase occurs during the rainy season (October to January), while the rainfall decrease occurs during the dry season (July to September). Climate change was changed farmers’ cropping patterns, which usually started in October. As a response, it is necessary to increase the farmers’ adaptation by selecting plant types and mitigation activities by making reservoirs a source of water and preparing to enter the dry season. Land-use change showed a significant increase in agricultural lands, such as rice fields, agricultural and plantation land. The increase of agricultural land was converted from dry land to mixed agricultural brushwood. Most of the land conditions from dry land agricultural and dryland agricultural mixed brushwood have a high erosion level. High erosion level caused by slope conditions (rather steep, steep and very steep) and high rainfall also affects. Preserving agricultural land can be carried out through vegetative techniques. Vegetative techniques are helpful in reduced erosion levels because they didn’t require a large amount of money. Vegetative techniques applied in the Saddang watershed are agroforestry, alley cropping, and strip planting along the contour.
Effect of cooking and freezing time on physical properties of instant germinated red rice
Authors: Rahman A N F , Al-Wahab R R , Suwandi N
Published: July 2021

Red rice is more nutritious rice than white rice due to the content of low glycemic index and high fiber, which can help to reduce blood LDL concentrations. In addition, germinated red rice more nutritious than non-germinated rice because it contains more fiber, essential amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. However, this rice has a hard texture, so it requires a long cooking time. Instantization process of rice is one technique to accelerate the cooking process. Instant rice, or called quick-cooking rice, is processed rice that has been cooked and dried so that it can be stored for a long time but can be served at a faster time. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of cooking and freezing time on the physical properties of instant germinated red rice. The method used in this research divided into two stages: first, determining the best condition to make instant germinated red rice. The second was to analyze the physical properties of instant germinated red rice. Statistical analysis of this study used a complete randomized design method with two replications. The result showed that 10 minutes of cooking time and 48 hours freezing time was the best treatment based on a physical test of instant germinated red rice.
Composition and nutritional content of Honey Trigona sp in the Tikep forest management unit (KPH) North Moluccas
Authors: Nurdin A S , Saelan E , Nurdin I N , Dustan
Published: July 2021

One of the non-timber forest products among them is honey bees which have high economic value. Honey is flower nectar that is absorbed by a honey bee into a honey bag inside its body. The flower nectar that has been sucked is processed in the bee body with a mixture of certain enzymes and then released back to the honey storage area in the beehive. This enzyme is the most important element in honey, which functions as a continuation of biological, chemical reactions and the metabolic system in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition and nutrient content of Trigona sp. honey located in the Tikep forest management unit (KPH). The sampling method used in this study is using purposive sampling. Analysis of the sample through a proximate test included analysis of water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, and carbohydrates. Based on the results of the study, the water content in both samples was very high. The test results showed that in forest honey (37.22%) and cultivated honey (35.18%), these values exceeded the categories stipulated by Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 01-3545-2004 maximum 22%. The results of the ash content analysis in both samples ranged from 0.79 to 1.12%. According to SNI, the maximum ash content in honey is 0.5%, which means that the sample of forest and cultivation honey has exceeded the maximum SNI limit. The analysis showed the highest levels of protein and fat in forest honey with a value of 1.72% and 10.76%. Unlike the carbohydrate content, the cultivation honey sample is greater than forest honey, with a value of 23.26%.
Sustainable shallot production achievement through analyzing the land suitability and introducing the proper agronomic cultivation practices in samosir regency
Authors: Napitupulu Delima , Nurzannah Sri Endah , Siagian Deddy Romulo
Published: July 2021

Samosir Regency is one of the highest regencies of shallot producers in North Sumatera Province. Approximately 255 ha of its harvested area produces 1,976.8 tons or contributes 12.1% for provincial level. The increase of consumption and industrial demand push the regency government to raise shallot production. On the other side, the two critical information about land suitability and the agronomic cultivation practices for shallot were limited. Thus, this study was arranged to enhance sustainable shallot production through analyzing the land suitability and introducing the proper agronomic cultivation practices. The field survey and soil analysis were conducted to support the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Evaluation System of Land Suitability tools. The results show that about 47,789 ha (38.65%) of Samosir Regency is suitable for shallot grouped in S3 level (Low Suitable); with some limiting factors such as nutrient retention and nutrient retention availability, and erosion hazard. While about 75,839 ha (61.35%) of the rest area was grouped in N level (Not Suitable) means grouped as an unproductive area for shallot growth with some limiting factors such as root crop and erosion hazard. Some strategic actions to improve land quality are giving organic and chemical fertilizer, applying agricultural lime to stabilize soil pH, increasing Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and implementing conservation techniques on the steep area by building terrace. Also, information about the agronomic cultivation practices for shallot is explained to strengthen the strategy for sustainable shallot production achievement in Samosir Regency.
Predicting the impact of land-use changes on soil erosion rates in the three small sub-catchments of Larona Catchment
Authors: Achmad M , Samsuar  , Lanuru M , Mubarak H
Published: July 2021

This study aims to predict the amount of soil erosion in the three sub-catchments of Larona Catchment, which are Larona, Balambano, and Karebbe sub-catchments. The USLE method is used to predict soil erosion rates in 2009 and 2015 by using rainfall data of 13 rainfall stations, soil maps, DEM data for generating LS factors, Landsat 8 Imageries, and land use maps create CP factors. Four thematic maps (R, K, LS, and CP) were overlaid and clustered using ArcGIS 10.4. The results show that soil erosion rates in the period of 6 years have changed in the three sub-catchments. The erosion rate in Larona and Karebbe sub-catchment slightly increased from 43,092 tons to 50,982 and 155,005 tons to 224,757 tons, respectively, from 2009 to 2015. In the Balambano sub-catchment, the value of erosion rate increased dramatically during the period. Total erosion this sub-catchment in 2015 became 5 to 7 times of the total erosion in 2009. The change of land use caused the increased sediment yields in the three cascade-reservoirs in Larona Catchment and land cover, mostly the result of increasing agricultural activities and not due to mining development.
Correlation of distribution of oil palm (Elaeis guinensis Jacq) through image drone with the potential of CO2 uptake at PT. Unggul Widya Teknologi Lestari Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi
Authors: Randa G , Asrul L , Rafiuddin
Published: July 2021

The potential for CO2 uptake in oil palm which is supported by the presence of solar radiation reception space can support the photosynthesis process to take place properly. This study aims to show the correlation between the results of identifying the distribution of oil palm through aerial photographs, namely drones, and the potential for CO2 uptake. The potential for CO2 uptake in oil palms for five samples of planting years is viewed from the aspect of canopy projection space density, cropping patterns, and spacing which is clarified by the allometric multiplied results of the potential CO2-eq uptake. In general, the five samples of oil palm planting years apply a triangular cropping pattern with a spacing of 9 m × 9 m. The canopy projection for the 2017 planting year, shows that oil palm plants are still at a distance from one another because the canopy is still short, in the 2011 planting year shows the canopy projection that has touched each other but there is still room for receiving solar radiation that can occur evenly so that between the two planting years Oil palms in the planting years 2005, 2003, and 1997 showed a mutually contrasting canopy projection between the oil palms so that even though the space for receiving solar radiation is small. The potential for CO2 uptake was greater because apart from being obtained from the atmosphere, it can also be obtained from understorey plants and organs decomposed plants. It concluded that the higher the density of the distribution of palm oil makes large the potential uptake of CO2 emissions. It is hoped that the identification of the potential for CO2 absorption in oil palm can use a multi-spectral drone as an aerial photo facility.
Arabica coffee land suitability with a parametric approach based on square root
Authors: Juita N , Ridwan I , Jannah R , Parahyanti A A M
Published: July 2021

Arabica coffee is one of the most popular drinks by people in various countries. Coffee production is able to become a source of state income, especially Arabica coffee which has good export competitiveness. Therefore, an assessment of the suitability of land, especially Arabica coffee, needs to be carried out to estimate the extent to which land in Bantaeng Regency is suitable for Arabica coffee plants. The method used in this land suitability assessment is square root. Determination of the research location point is based on land use, especially coffee plants. The results showed that the land suitability class at all profile observation points was N1 (not suitable at this time) with the factors of soil depth, soil pH, calcium carbonate and salinity. The limiting factor for soil depth is difficult to repair, while the soil pH which is so high due to the presence of calcium carbonate which is also high enough for Arabica coffee can be repaired by providing sulfur. Salinity improvement efforts can be made by reclamation.
The potential of sago as a local food ingredient to support the food security in South Konawe
Authors: Yusuf D N , Asniah  , Sutariati G A K , Muhidin
Published: July 2021

Southeast Sulawesi is one of Indonesia’s regions with several specific plants, including the sago plant. Sago is a portion of typical food for people in Southeast Sulawesi, especially in mainland areas such as Konawe, South Konawe, North Konawe, Kolaka, and East Kolaka. In Southeast Sulawesi, the sago plantation area has decreased sharply from the original site of 13,706 hectares to around 5,912 hectares. The depreciation of the sago planting area is thought to have been caused by converting land use from sago to rice fields, settlements, and other benefits. Although sago has many uses and advantages and can support food security, it faces severe problems in its cultivation due to narrowing the sago planting area and decreasing its production potential. This study aimed to identify the distribution of the potential regions for sago growth in the South Konawe Regency through spatial analysis techniques for land cover using Landsat-8 satellite imagery. From the results of spatial analysis, it was found that there was a potential sago plantation area to be developed in South Konawe Regency, which reached 5,873 ha. The largest site of sago was in North Moramo, Benua, Anggata, and Andolo Barat Districts. This area was the main center for sago processing in Konawe Selatan Regency.
Application of the combination of Calontropis gigantea L. and Crescentia cujete L. against Schirpophaga innotata and Leptocorisa acuta Thunb. and predator in paddy plants
Authors: Palayukan P A , Sjam S , Melina  , Sulaeha  , Rosmana A , Dewi V S , Budirman
Published: July 2021

C. gigantea L. and C. cujete L. are plants that contain secondary metabolites that can act as insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the implications of C. gigantea and C. cujete to reduce the population and intensity of attack by stem borer (S. innotata) and stink bug (L. acuta) which are the main pests of paddy plants. This study consisted of 4 treatments consisting of a mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts, C. gigantea extracts, C. cujete extracts, and control with 5 replications. The extract made by fermentation ant the extract was applied at the age of 1 month after planting with a concentration of 5% for 8 times with a frequency of 1 time a week. Observation parameters were population and attack intensity of S. innotata and L. acuta as well as natural enemy population. The results obtained were that the treatment of all extracts could reduce the population and intensity of attacks compared to the control. Treatment of the mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts can reduce the population and the intensity of attacks is higher than without the mixture. Predator is not affected by extract applications.
Molecular detection of tungro virus on mekongga and inpari 4 rice varieties in West Papua
Authors: Hamdayanty H , Ladja F T , Mansur
Published: July 2021

Tungro disease is one of the important diseases in rice plants. One of the efforts to reduce the spread of tungro virus is to ensure the presence of the virus in the field. This is the first step to prevent the spread and control of tungro disease, especially in West Papua. One detection technique that can be done is molecular detection through PCR techniques. Rice samples detected were Mekongga and Inpari varieties taken from rice plants in West Papua. Total DNA of RTBV, one of the viruses that cause tungro disease, was extracted and amplified using DAF primers (5-GGAATTCCGGCCCTCAaA AACCTAGAAG-3) and DAR (5-GGGGGTACCCCCCTC CGATTTCCCATGTATG-3). The PCR RTBV results showed that the positive samples were infected with Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). This is indicated by amplification of DNA measuring ± 1400 bp which is the target size of the DAF and DAR primers. The results of this study are preliminary information that can be used as a basis for tungro control and recommendations for future cropping.
The response of different fungicides against Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae causing dieback disease of cocoa through in vitro test
Authors: Musdalifa  , Asman A , Rosmana A
Published: July 2021

Cocoa dieback, caused by Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, one of the significant cocoa diseases, which is a new disease in South Sulawesi and it is considered to be one of the important diseases in the field. Fungicides are one of the main methods to manage the disease on cocoa in South Sulawesi. However, the appropriate fungicides remain unexplored. Also, there are no data available and registered on the efficacy of fungicides on Lasiodiplodia cocoa dieback. Five different fungicides were used with three different concentrations namely fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin (0.5; 5.0; 50) ml/liter, sulphur (0.2; 2.0; 20) gr/liter, carbendazim + hexaconazole (0.04; 0.4; 4.0) gr/liter, carbendazim (0.1; 1.0; 10) ml/liter, and difenoconazole + azoxystrobin (0.1; 1.0; 10)) ml/liter. The results showed that the effectiveness of fungicides inhibit mycelial growth of L. pseudotheobromae was varied on each active ingredient. Fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin, carbendazim + hexaconazole and carbendazim showed excellent performances, followed by sulfur and difenoconazole + azoxystrobin. Higher concentration indicated excellent inhibition, followed by recommendation concentration and lower concentration. Fungicides can potentially be an option for dieback disease control in cocoa production areas that are at high risk of cocoa dieback disease.
The population of Solenopsis sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in four condition of rice Held embankment
Authors: Abdullah T , Gassa A , Aminah S N , Annisaa N W
Published: July 2021

Fire red ants (Solenopsis sp.) as the predators often found in rice fields. Although many farmers not yet know well this potential insects, in Philippines, this adaptive predator has been used to control golden apple snail with satisfying results. In a period of two days, predatory ants able destroyed 50% the eggs of golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata attached to the leaves of rice plants. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of characteristic differences vegetation of rice field bund to the diversity of ants in the habitat. Research data collection was conducted in Manggala district, Makassar. Identification and observation of ants species was held at the Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The research was held from March to May 2018. The results was showed that the bund contain banana tree vegetation had the highest Solenopsis sp. population with 288 individuals. The lowest on the embankment with broad leaf vegetation only 29 individuals. The highest number of individual ants was found in Solenopsis sp. with 353 individuals, then the lowest is Tetramorium sp. with 2 individuals. The difference conditions of vegetation bund showed greatly affects in the number of ants due to differences in the conditions needs of each ant species for their suitable habitat.
In vitro test for inhibition of betel (Piper betle L.) and tembelekan (Lantana camara) extracts to anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum acutatum) in cayenne chili (Capsicum frutescens)
Authors: Khalifah U , Amin N , Junaid M
Published: July 2021

The continuous and excessive use of fungicides will disrupt the balance of the environment and is directly harmful to the health of consumers. The use of plants as botanical pesticides is an ecologically safe control method that has begun to be developed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of betel and tembelekan extracts and the effect of the concentrations used in suppressing the growth of Colletotrichum acutatum fungi. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method, then the extract was concentrated using a rotary vaccum evaporator at a temperature of 40°C repeatedly until a concentrated solution was obtained. In the test of using treatments with several concentrations, that is K0:0%, K1:0.5%, K2:2%, K3:3.5% and K4:5%. Tests were carried out by growing C. acutatum mycelium on PDA media that had been mixed with plant extract solutions according to the treatment concentration. Colletotrichum acutatum mycelium was taken by cutting the PDA which was overgrown with a pure culture of C. acutatum with a media cutter using a cork borer. The results showed that the higher the concentration of the extract given would reduce the colony diameter of Colletotrichum acutatum and increase the percentage of inhibition. Betel extract at a concentration of 5% had the highest average percentage of inhibition compared to the tembelekan extract, namely 72.45%.
Arthropod diversity and corn stem borer Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee population in corn endophytes
Authors: Daud I D , Melina Fatahuddin , Hadiwijaya A S , Ardianto
Published: July 2021

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a strategic commodity that plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the Indonesian economy because corn has a multipurpose function that can be used for food and feed purposes. Obstacles in corn cultivation that cause low corn productivity include the attack of plant pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes is an alternative to chemical insecticides but can also be used to decrease the use of fertilizers. The research has been carried out at the Department of Food Crops and Horticulture Agriculture, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, and the Laboratorium of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Observation of larvae population of O. furnacalis was started when the plant was 35 days after planting (DAP) by observing the presence of grinding marks on the leaves and stalks of corn. The larvae found in the field are reared in the laboratory. Arthropod exploration in the field used 4 methods, namely visual observation, pitfall traps, yellow traps and using nets. The results obtained in this study were the arthropods found in the land of endophytic corn using the pitfall trap method, found as many as 48 insects. Using a net, 150 insects were found. Using the yellow trap, 243 insects were found and with visual observation found as many as 95 insects. The number of larvae of O. furnacalis infected with the fungus B. bassiana in corn female parents were 20 with an infection percentage of 83.3% and 11 male parents with an infection percentage of 91.7%.
Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana as an environmentally friendly alternative for control of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and rice black bug (Scotinophara coarctata)
Authors: Kurniawati S , Susilawati P N , Astuti Y , Susanti E Y , Hidayat Y S
Published: July 2021

Pest was one of the limiting factors for rice production including the presence of brown plant hopper (BP) and Rice Black Bug (RBB). The use of entomopathogen fungi such asBeauveria bassianato control these pests has been reported to be quite effective and has other advantages, namely being friendly to the environment. This study aims to determine the potential ofBeauveria bassianain controlling BP and RBB. The research was conducted in January-July 2018 in Pulo Kencana Village, Pontang District, Serang Regency, Banten Province on irrigated rice fields. The environmental design used was a split plot design withBeauveria bassianaapplication treatment, chemical control based on pest populations with 50% active ingredient propoxur and farmer control technology (pesticide mixture intervals). Each treatment consisted of 2 varieties Mekongga and Inpari 33, with 6 replications. The test of farmers’ preferences forBeauveria bassianaapplication technology was carried out on 30 respondents and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the population of BP and RBB was generally lower in the existing chemical treatment of farmers. The pest preference was lower in Inpari 33 variety. Furthermore, the production in theBeauveria bassianaapplication was 12.06-24.48% lower than the existing and controlled chemical control of farmers. Meanwhile, farmers’ preference forBeauveria bassianaapplication is 31.93% and chemical control is 40.76%.
Detection and identification of Aphelenchoides fragariae nematodes on shallot bulbs in Bogor, West Java, Brebes Central Java, and Nganjuk, East Java
Authors: Anindita D C , Supramana  , Giyanto
Published: July 2021

Shallot is one of the most important horticultural commodities in Indonesia. Aphelenchoides fragariae is the major parasitic nematode of shallots and is listed as a quarantine pest with limited distribution. The nematode was detected on shallot bulbs at several traditional markets in Bogor but has not been reported present on shallot plantation. This research aims to detect and identify A. fragariae on shallot bulbs. Shallot bulbs were sampled from Bogor (West Java), Brebes (Central Java), and Nganjuk (East Java). Morphological identification was carried out by following the standard taxonomic for the Aphelenchoides genus (Aphelenchoididae). Morphometric indications were based on de Man’s formula. The result showed that A. fragariae was found on shallot bulbs from Bogor, Brebes, and Nganjuk. Female of A. fragariae has a slender body, and off-set lip characteristic distinguishes it from other nematodes. The stylet was invisible, but the metacorpus (median bulb) was visible and full rounded, Tail elongate conoid with a single mucro. Morphometric: female, n = 20, L = 312.2 – 550.5, a = 20.0 – 33.9, b = 7.0 – 12.0, c = 3.9 – 15.2, V = 34.4 – 84.4, T = 28.8 – 121.3, and stylet 6.8 - 12.0. Male, n = 20, L = 263.6 – 550.5, a = 21.1 – 37.8, b = 7.0 – 14.4, c = 8.4 – 17.1, T = 28.8 – 121.3, and stylet 7.6 -12.5.
The use of endophyte fungal isolates in controlling Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of wilt disease on chilli (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Dewi E , Rosmana A , Kuswinanti T
Published: July 2021

Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of wilt disease infected systemically on the chili plant (Capsicum annuum) and cause a significant loss on its production. To control the pathogenic fungi, we isolated and identified the beneficial fungi from stem, leaf, and fruit tissues of healthy plants. Then, the work tested fungi capability to inhibit the pathogen in vitro and to enter plant tissues. The results of the work indicated that seven fungi isolates consisting of Trichoderma 1, Trichoderma 2, Aspergillus, Fusarium 1, Fusarium 2, Lasiodiplodia 1, and Lasiodiplodia 2 were identified. Trichoderma and Lasiodiplodia were found from leaf and fruit tissues, whereas Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated from leaf and stem tissues. The inhibition of F. oxysporum by these seven fungi isolates in vitro about nine days after dual culture was 53.9%, 62.5%, 38.9%, 38,3%, 26.9%, 29,4%, and 34.7%, respectively. Endophyte study with Trichoderma morphospecies 2 showed that the isolate could colonize 84% of the root, 60% of the stem, and 80% of leaf tissues three weeks after inoculation through roots. Therefore, the research results demonstrate the presence of endophytic fungi derived from the chili plant that is potential to control wilt disease in vivo.
Microbial community occupying cocoa branch and petiole with vascular streak dieback disease symptoms
Authors: Junaid M , Haerunnisa M , Amin N
Published: July 2021

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae is the most severe emerging cocoa disease in Southeast Asia. Once the tree is infected, tree defoliation will occur as leaf senescence followed by leaf falls. VSD to have associated with endophytes. However, a fundamental question is whether a similar microbe inhabiting vascular tissue of branch and petiole is entire or patchy? The aim of research was to track and quantify microbial diversity associated with VSD symptoms occupying branches and petiole throughout the stem in different clones. The study focused on VSD symptoms expressing in local (Sulawesi 02), susceptible (RCC 70), and resistant (MCC 02) clones to VSD disease. Sample collection was conducted in Lili Riaja, Soppeng District. The 30 cm-branch with the attached petiole of interest was cut into small pieces 1 cm and transferred into water agar medium before submersion into 2.5% NaOCl for 3 minutes, 70% alcohol for 2 minutes and sterilized water for 1 minute. Morphological characterization followed by microscope check was determined to microbial genera. Eight different fungal communities occupying branch and/or petiole consisted of Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Moniliophthora sp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Curvularia sp. and one Oomycete Phytophthora palmivora. Among occupants in branch and petiole, Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were the most frequent. Only one Oomycete Phytophthora palmivora occupying clone samples was found. The most diverse microbes were found to associate with Sulawesi 02 and RCC 70 clones, while fewer microbes were detected with MCC 02 clone.
The mortality of green planthoppers Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by Metarhizium anisopliae Metchn and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill
Authors: Abdullah T , Aminah S N , Fatahuddin  , Annisaa N W
Published: July 2021

The green planthopper Nephotettix virescens Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) is one of the important pests of rice plants in South and Southeast Asia. N. virescens caused damages to rice plants by sucking rice fresh fluid and vector virus of tungro disease. The purpose of research is to determine the effectiveness of two types, entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, in suppressing the population level of N. virescens on rice plants. The research activities were held at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from September 2018 to June 2019. The research used a Factorial, Completely Randomized Design with eight treatments and five replications. Each treatment used ten individual nymphs of N. virescens. The research started from the collection and mass rearing of N. virescens, prepared the rice plants, cultured of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, application of the entomopathogenic fungi M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. The application of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on the green planthoppers nymph was showed the average mortality of N. virescens by spraying (89.6%), watering (89.6%), and dipping (89.6%) not significantly. However, the mortality was higher compared to the control (0.50%). Watering treatment used the solution of B. bassiana showed very high average mortality compared dipping used M. anisopliae. The application of M. anisopliae in the spraying and watering treatments showed the average mortality not significantly different compared to the spraying treatment used entomopathogenic B. bassiana.