bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polysomnography in children with obstructive sleep apnoea and neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Chandrakantan Arvind , Patel Deep , Glaun Mica , Mehta Deepak , Musso Mary F. , Patel Amee , Adler Adam C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The neurocognitive associations in paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are well known; however, whether polysomnographic features can predict these associations is unknown. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to compare common polysomnographic parameters in children with OSA in the presence and absence of neurocognitive dysfunction.

Methods

Polysomnography data for children ages 3‐6 years with mild‐moderate OSA who as defined by AHI between 5 and 10 were analysed from a single sleep centre at a tertiary paediatric hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. The following parameters were identified: arousals per hour, percentage of time asleep, apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation nadir during sleeps, baseline oxygen saturation during sleep, time spent with SpO2 less than 90%, maximum transcutaneous CO2, per cent of the total sleep time spent with TcCO2 greater than 50 mmHg, age, body mass index (BMI), gender and type of disability in the neurocognitive dysfunction group. Neurocognitive diagnoses were recorded. Those with syndromic comorbidities were excluded. The study cohort was then compared to a cohort of 200 subjects with OSA and no neurocognitive disorders matched for age, gender and BMI. A paired column analysis by chi‐squared analysis was then undertaken between the two groups.

Results

A total of 200 children were identified (126 males and 74 females) in the neurocognitive dysfunction group (OSA with neurocognitive dysfunction) and compared with 200 children in the control group (OSA without neurocognitive dysfunction) (113 males and 87 females). There were no statistical differences between groups.

Conclusion

Commonly used polysomnographic indices are not predictive of neurocognitive dysfunction in paediatric OSA.
The Role of Animacy in Children's Interpretation of Relative Clauses in English: Evidence From Sentence–Picture Matching and Eye Movements
Authors: Macdonald Ross , Brandt Silke , Theakston Anna , Lieven Elena , Serratrice Ludovica
Published: July 2020

Subject relative clauses (SRCs) are typically processed more easily than object relative clauses (ORCs), but this difference is diminished by an inanimate head‐noun in semantically non‐reversible ORCs (“The book that the boy is reading”). In two eye‐tracking experiments, we investigated the influence of animacy on online processing of semantically reversible SRCs and ORCs using lexically inanimate items that were perceptually animate due to motion (e.g., “Where is the tractor that the cow is chasing”). In Experiment 1, 48 children (aged 4;5–6;4) and 32 adults listened to sentences that varied in the lexical animacy of the NP1 head‐noun (Animate/Inanimate) and relative clause (RC) type (SRC/ORC) with an animate NP2 while viewing two images depicting opposite actions. As expected, inanimate head‐nouns facilitated the correct interpretation of ORCs in children; however, online data revealed children were more likely to anticipate an SRC as the RC unfolded when an inanimate head‐noun was used, suggesting processing was sensitive to perceptual animacy. In Experiment 2, we repeated our design with inanimate (rather than animate) NP2s (e.g., “where is the tractor that the car is following”) to investigate whether our online findings were due to increased visual surprisal at an inanimate as agent, or to similarity‐based interference. We again found greater anticipation for an SRC in the inanimate condition, supporting our surprisal hypothesis. Across the experiments, offline measures show that lexical animacy influenced children's interpretation of ORCs, whereas online measures reveal that as RCs unfolded, children were sensitive to the perceptual animacy of lexically inanimate NPs, which was not reflected in the offline data. Overall measures of syntactic comprehension, inhibitory control, and verbal short‐term memory and working memory were not predictive of children's accuracy in RC interpretation, with the exception of a positive correlation with a standardized measure of syntactic comprehension in Experiment 1.
Injection of oral medication into the skin confirmed by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Flint Rachel L. , Gelman Ari , Chiricosta Francis M. , Strausborger Stacy , Lewin‐Smith Michael , Cho Sunghun
Published: July 2020

“Skin popping” refers to the practice of injecting drugs, most commonly heroin, subcutaneously or into granulation tissue. Pharmaceutical tablets meant for oral consumption are modified into solutions for injection. Excipients—inactive substances that serve as vehicles for medication—are often not filtered out before injection and result in abscess formation, granulomatous inflammation, and scarring. Common excipients used in the production of pharmaceutical tablets include starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silica, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Identification of these exogenous materials is valuable in confirming the diagnosis of skin popping, especially when patients may not be forthcoming about their drug use. We present a case of subcutaneous oral medication injection in which PVP and cellulose were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Considering the variable cutaneous manifestations of injection drug abuse, recognition of histopathologic and chemical characteristics of exogenous material from oral medications is helpful for diagnosis and intervention.
Shapiro xanthogranuloma: An essential diagnosis for dermatologists and dermatopathologists to recognize to avoid misdiagnosis of a hematopoietic malignancy in infants and neonates
Authors: Esmaeili Melody , Fischer Andrew S. , Khurana Michele , Gru Alejandro A. , Yan Albert C. , Rubin Adam I.
Published: July 2020

The Shapiro xanthogranuloma is a histopathologic form of xanthogranuloma that shows closely packed monomorphous cells, which can extend into the subcutaneous fat; it usually lacks routine diagnostic features of xanthogranuloma. Herein we describe two cases of Shapiro xanthogranuloma occurring in a neonate and in an infant, which were initially thought to be hematologic malignancies. One patient's presentation as a “blueberry muffin baby” added to the diagnostic confusion. Pediatric dermatologists, dermatologists, and dermatopathologists need to be aware of the Shapiro xanthogranuloma and its clinicopathologic features to avoid misdiagnosis of a hematopoietic malignancy in neonates and infants.
Zytokine der IL‐17‐Familie bei der Psoriasis
Authors: Lauffer Felix , Eyerich Kilian , Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Asadullah Khusru , Beissert Stefan , Ghoreschi Kamran , Schön Michael P.
Published: July 2020

Verschiedene Immunzellen und ihre Botenstoffe beeinflussen die Pathogenese der Psoriasis. Den Zytokinen der IL‐17‐Familie kommt dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Neben IL‐17A, das eine zentrale Rolle bei der Pathogenese der Psoriasis spielt, wirken weitere Mitglieder der IL‐17‐Familie ebenfalls proinflammatorisch. Diese Arbeit gibt einen kurzen aktuellen Überblick über die Immunpathogenese der Psoriasis im Hinblick auf die sechs IL‐17‐Subtypen, insbesondere über ihre physiologischen und pathogenen Eigenschaften sowie ihre Bedeutung für die Psoriasis‐Therapie.
Immunizations in immunocompromised patients: a guide for dermatologists
Authors: Mohme Sophia , Schmalzing Marc , Müller Cornelia S.L. , Vogt Thomas , Goebeler Matthias , Stoevesandt Johanna
Published: July 2020

The increasingly frequent use of immunomodulatory agents in dermatology requires the observance of specific recommendations for immunization. These recommendations are developed and regularly updated by the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), an independent advisory group at the Robert Koch Institute. Dermatological patients on immunosuppressive treatment should ideally receive all vaccinations included in the standard immunization schedule. Additionally, it is recommended that they also undergo vaccination against the seasonal flu, pneumococci, and herpes zoster (inactivated herpes zoster subunit vaccine for patients ≥ 50 years). Additional immunizations againstHaemophilus influenzaetype B, hepatitis B and meningococci may be indicated depending on individual comorbidities and exposure risk. Limitations of use, specific contraindications and intervals to be observed between vaccination and immunosuppression depend on the immunosuppressive agent used and its dosing. Only under certain conditions may live‐attenuated vaccines be administered in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Given its strong suppressive effect on the humoral immune response, no vaccines – except for flu shots – should be given within six months after rituximab therapy.

This CME article presents current recommendations on immunization in immunocompromised individuals, with a special focus on dermatological patients. Its goal is to enable readers to provide competent counseling and to initiate necessary immunizations in this vulnerable patient group.
Die Bedeutung von Ganzkörperfotografie und sequenzieller digitaler Dermatoskopie bei der Überwachung von Patienten mit erhöhtem Melanomrisiko
Authors: Deinlein Teresa , Michor Carina , Hofmann‐Wellenhof Rainer , Schmid‐Zalaudek Karin , Fink‐Puches Regina
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund und Ziele

Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Inzidenzraten beim malignen Melanom kommt der Prävention eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Wichtige Risikofaktoren sind multiple Nävi und ein Melanom in der Anamnese. Für die betroffenen Patienten ist ein zweistufiger Algorithmus, bestehend aus Ganzkörperfotografie (total body photography [TBP]) und sequenzieller digitaler Dermatoskopie (SDD), ein hilfreiches diagnostisches Verfahren.

Patienten und Methoden

Um die Aussagekraft des zweistufigen Algorithmus zu bewerten, führten wir eine retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie über einen Zeitraum von sechs Jahren durch. Die Fälle wurden auf der Grundlage verschiedener dermatoskopischer Muster beurteilt und mit der neuesten Version von SPSS statistisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 6020 dermatoskopische Fotografien von 214 Patienten in die Studie aufgenommen. Die mittleren Untersuchungsabstände bei TBP und SDD betrugen 16,9 Monate (SD ± 1,43 Monate) beziehungsweise 9,9 Monate (SD ± 1,68 Monate).

Die number needed to excise (NNE) betrug 4,6 und die number needed to monitor 548. Die Exzisionen erfolgten hauptsächlich, weil dynamische Veränderungen beobachtet worden waren. Insgesamt wurden elf Melanome mit einer durchschnittlichen Tumordicke von 0,44 mm (SD ± 0,15 mm; Bereich 0,2–0,6 mm) entdeckt.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Tumordicke invasiver Melanome von weniger als 0,6 mm zeigt, dass es sich um eine effektive Strategie bei der Früherkennung von Melanomen handelt. Die niedrige number needed to excise lässt auf eine Minimierung der Exzisionen benigner Nävi schließen.
A novel index combining diastolic and systolic tissue Doppler parameters for predicting cardiac resynchronization therapy response
Authors: Ari Selma , Ari Hasan , Tütüncü Ahmet , Çamci Sencer , Vatansever Ağca Fahriye , Melek Mehmet
Published: July 2020

Objective

Identification of patients who are nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with the use of simple and objective parameters may be helpful in tailoring treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether E/(Ea × Sa) could be a predictor of CRT nonresponders (E = early diastolic transmitral velocity, Ea = early diastolic mitral annular velocity, Sa = systolic mitral annular velocity).

Methods

In total, 53 heart failure patients were evaluated for this study, and 33 patients were included according to the study criteria. Before and 6 months after CRT‐D(CRT with a defibrillator) implantation, E, Ea, and Sa were determined at the medial and lateral mitral annular sites, and the average values were obtained. E/(Ea × Sa) was calculated (medial, lateral, average). The patients were followed for 6 months to monitor their CRT response. A responder was defined as a patient with a reduction in end‐systolic volume of ≥15% and an increase in 6‐minute walking distance of 50 m.

Results

At a 6‐month follow‐up, 24 (72.7%) of the 33 patients responded to CRT. At the 6‐month follow‐up, in the responder group, the E/Ea ratio, lateral mitral, and average E/(Ea × Sa) indices were significantly reduced (P < .01 for all). The baseline lateral mitral, medial mitral, and average E/(Ea × Sa) indices were significantly lower in the responder group than in the nonresponder group (P ≤ .01 for all). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that all the E/(Ea × Sa) indices predict the CRT nonresponder patients. The AUC values were 0.89 (lateral E/(Ea × Sa)), 0.85 (average E/(Ea × Sa)), and 0.77 (medial E/(Ea × Sa)) (P ≤ .01 for all).

Conclusion

We found that the E/(Ea × Sa) index is a novel predictor of CRT nonresponder patients.
NMR relaxation times for soil texture estimation in the laboratory: A comparison to the laser diffraction and sieve–pipette methods
Authors: Peng Yonghui , Keating Kristina , Myers D. Brenton
Published: July 2020

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time (T2) distributions are well known to be linked to the pore size distribution and show promise as a method of estimating soil texture. As traditional laboratory methods used for soil texture estimates in soil science are generally time consuming, in this study, we explore an alternative approach based on NMR T2 distributions to estimate the soil texture of water‐saturated soil samples collected from three field sites. Using two T2 cut‐off times, T2a and T2b, the T2 distribution of a soil was partitioned into three regions, short, intermediate and long relaxation times, each of which represents the fraction of clay, silt and sand, respectively. Two approaches for determining the cut‐off times were used: the first used T2 cut‐off times determined from the data from all sites and the second used site‐specific T2 cut‐off times. The NMR estimates of soil texture were compared to measurements of soil texture made using the sieve–pipette method and laser diffraction particle size analysis (LDPSA). The results show that there is no universal cut‐off time for estimating the clay, silt and sand fractions based on the NMR T2 distributions. The accuracy of NMR measurements to estimate the soil texture depends on the magnetic susceptibility of the measured material. For soils with low magnetic susceptibility (<2 × 10−4 SI) using site‐specific cut‐off times, the NMR‐derived soil texture (root mean squared error [RMSE] = 9.43%) more closely matches the soil texture measured from the sieve–pipette method than the soil texture determined using LDPSA (RMSE = 11.88%). However, the NMR estimate of soil texture breaks down for soils with high magnetic susceptibility (>4 × 10−4 SI). These results suggest that the NMR method can provide reasonable estimates of the soil texture for soils with low magnetic susceptibility.

Highlights

No universal cut‐off time exists for estimating the clay, silt and sand fraction based on the NMR T2 distributions.

NMR can provide better estimates of clay, silt and sand fractions for soils with low magnetic susceptibility than LDPSA.

Site‐specific cut‐off times are determined through comparison between NMR data and sieve–pipette measurements.

NMR yields reasonable estimates of the soil texture for soils with low magnetic susceptibility.
The Role of pro‐Social Orientation and National Context in Corporate Environmental Disclosure
Authors: Boura Maria , Tsouknidis Dimitris A. , Lioukas Spyros
Published: July 2020

Corporate environmental disclosure can be of strategic value for firms as they project their aspired image and seek to gain recognition and legitimacy. While the importance of environmental disclosure has been thoroughly documented and is understood, research has shed considerably less light on the forces that drive it. In this paper, we set out to explain what determines corporate environmental disclosure. In drawing upon the instrumental stakeholder theory in conjunction with institutional theory, we hypothesize that a firm's pro‐social inclination and national institutional factors provide a model for explaining the level of environmental disclosure that a firm applies. To frame and validate this model, we draw data from the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database. We find that a firm's pro‐social orientation has a positive effect on the scale of environmental disclosure. Specifically, the results confirm the proposition that the environmental disclosure of the firm is in line with its pro‐social orientation, which manifests as stable characteristic over time. We also show that a country's environmental performance index, openness to international trade and regulatory quality positively impact environmental disclosure, while a high level of corruption affects it negatively.
A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia
Authors: Frederiksen K. S. , Cooper C. , Frisoni G. B. , Frölich L. , Georges J. , Kramberger M. G. , Nilsson C. , Passmore P. , Mantoan Ritter L. , Religa D. , Schmidt R. , Stefanova E. , Verdelho A. , Vandenbulcke M. , Winblad B. , Waldemar G.
Published: July 2020

Background and purpose

Dementia is one of the most common disorders and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. The present guideline addresses important medical management issues including systematic medical follow‐up, vascular risk factors in dementia, pain in dementia, use of antipsychotics in dementia and epilepsy in dementia.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was carried out. Based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, we developed a guideline. Where recommendations based on GRADE were not possible, a good practice statement was formulated.

Results

Systematic management of vascular risk factors should be performed in patients with mild to moderate dementia as prevention of cerebrovascular pathology may impact on the progression of dementia (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia (without previous stroke) and atrial fibrillation should be treated with anticoagulants (weak recommendation). Discontinuation of opioids should be considered in certain individuals with dementia (e.g. for whom there are no signs or symptoms of pain or no clear indication, or suspicion of side effects; Good Practice statement). Behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia should not be treated with mild analgesics (weak recommendation). In all patients with dementia treated with opioids, assessment of the individual risk–benefit ratio should be performed at regular intervals. Regular, preplanned medical follow‐up should be offered to all patients with dementia. The setting will depend on the organization of local health services and should, as a minimum, include general practitioners with easy access to dementia specialists (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia and agitation and/or aggression should be treated with atypical antipsychotics only after all non‐pharmacological measures have been proven to be without benefit or in the case of severe self‐harm or harm to others (weak recommendation). Antipsychotics should be discontinued after cessation of behavioral disturbances and in patients in whom there are side effects (Good Practice statement). For treatment of epilepsy in individuals with dementia, newer anticonvulsants should be considered as first‐line therapy (Good Practice statement).

Conclusion

This GRADE‐based guideline offers recommendations on several important medical issues in patients with dementia, and thus adds important guidance for clinicians. For some issues, very little or no evidence was identified, highlighting the importance of further studies within these areas.
Presumed generalised seizure following caudal epidural administration of morphine and detomidine in a pony
Authors: Tallon R. , McMillan M. , Ho N. , Dunkel B.
Published: July 2020

A 9‐year‐old show pony mare became acutely lame following removal of a bone sequestrum of the distal phalanx of the right thoracic limb. The mare also suffered from ongoing right dorsal colitis secondary to previous long‐term nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. To avoid further NSAID use, a protocol for caudal epidural administration of morphine and detomidine in an increased volume was used to provide analgesia to the thoracic limbs. A total volume of 50 mL (0.2 mL/kg bwt) was administered over approximately 90 s. Immediately following the injection, the pony collapsed into lateral recumbency and experienced an apparent generalised seizure characterised by loss of consciousness and frantic paddling of all four limbs. The pony recovered rapidly without intervention, and no residual neurological deficits were noted. The epidural analgesia resulted in a marked improvement in comfort levels. The speed of injection is thought to have caused a change in epidural and intracranial pressures resulting in a generalised seizure and highlights the importance of administering large volumes slowly.
Endoscopic sealing of a chronic bronchopleural fistula using acrylate co‐monomer glue
Authors: Madsen K. , de Bont M. P. , Palmers K.
Published: July 2020

A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) consists of a direct communication between the bronchial tree and the pleural space, which can develop secondary to (pleuro) pneumonia. Thoracotomy has been reported as a viable treatment option in cases of nonresponsive pleuropneumonia, pleural abscess formation and necrotising pneumonia. The presence of a BPF can delay and even prevent healing of the thoracotomy site, with clinical signs of coughing and putrid purulent nasal discharge often seen. In this case report, we describe the diagnosis and localisation of a bronchopleural fistula using retrograde instillation of methylene blue through the thoracotomy site, followed by the successful closure of the BPF using endoscopic application of acrylate co‐monomer glue (Glubran 2®).
Spatial evaluation of knowledge spillover benefits in China’s free trade zone provinces and cities
Authors: Li Haoqiang , Chen Jihong , Wan Zheng , Zhang Huaxin , Wang Maoxin , Bai Yun
Published: July 2020

China has established several free trade zones (FTZs) in recent years, which are becoming new drivers of growth for regional economic development. As the FTZ reform deepens, protecting intellectual property rights and improving application systems have become important for encouraging innovation in FTZs. To understand the knowledge spillover effects in different FTZs, this paper selects indicators at different levels of knowledge evaluation and uses the 2017 data of the provinces and cities where the first three batches of FTZs set up by China are located as samples to perform empirical analysis on knowledge spillover effects with a corrected spatial knowledge spillover model. According to the evaluation, the spatial knowledge spillover effects vary among FTZs—the spatial knowledge spillover effects of economically developed regions are smaller (0.0421), while their spillover effects on other FTZs are bigger (0.0795). In addition, the knowledge spillover effects of adjacent FTZ provinces and cities are significantly greater; the spatial spillover effects of southeastern coastal FTZ provinces and cities are more than those of central and western regions as well as northeastern provinces and cities (0.0795; 0.0533; 0.0672). This study is helpful for governments and policy makers to develop appropriate incentive policies for knowledge innovation targeting the knowledge spillover characteristics of different FTZs.
Searching for an optimal therapy for H pylori eradication: High‐dose proton‐pump inhibitor dual therapy with amoxicillin vs. standard triple therapy for 14 days
Authors: Hwong‐Ruey Leow Alex , Chang Jo‐Ven , Goh Khean‐Lee
Published: July 2020

Background & Aims

We compared a high‐dose dual therapy (HDDT) with rabeprazole and amoxicillin and compared it with a standard triple therapy (STT) with rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for 2 weeks for H pylori eradication in treatment naïve patients.

Methods

H pylori‐positive patients were randomly assigned to either a rabeparzole (Pariet) 20 mg b.i.d., amoxicillin (Ospamox) 1 g b.i.d. and clarithromycin (Klacid) 500 mg b.i.d. for 14 days or rabeprazole (Pariet) 20 mg q.i.d., amoxicillin (Ospamox) 1 g q.i.d. also for 14 days. Eradication was tested for by the C13‐UBT at least 4 weeks after the completion of therapy.

Results

H pylori was eradicated in 86.2% of patients (81/94) (95% CI: 77.8‐91.7) in the STT group compared with 92.8% (90/97) (95% CI: 85.9‐96.5) in the HDDT group on ITT analysis. On PP analysis, H pylori was eradicated in 91.0% of patients (81/89) (95% CI: 83.3‐95.4) in the STT group compared with 93.8% (90/96) (95% CI: 87.0‐97.1) in the HDDT group. Side effects were few although many patients in the STT arm complained of bitter taste. The HDDT arm was well tolerated by patients.

Conclusions

The HDDT gave a high eradication rate comparable to the STT for 2 weeks and was a well‐tolerated regimen for H pylori eradication.
Nano‐hydroxyapatite and nano‐hydroxyapatite/zinc oxide scaffold for bone tissue engineering application
Authors: Heidari Fatemeh , Bazargan‐Lari Reza , Razavi Mehdi , Fahimipour Farahnaz , Vashaee Daryoosh , Tayebi Lobat
Published: July 2020

This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradation behavior of scaffolds made of pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA‐modified by ZnO for bone tissue engineering applications. HA and ZnO were developed using sol‐gel and precipitation methods respectively. The scaffolds properties were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic absorption (AA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The interaction of scaffold with cells was assessed using in vitro cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays. The obtained results indicate that the HA/ZnO scaffolds possess higher compressive strength, fracture toughness, and density—but lower hardness—when compared to the pure HA scaffolds. After immersing the scaffold in the SBF solution, more deposited apatite appeared on the HA/ZnO, which results in the rougher surface on this scaffold compared to the pure HA scaffold. Finally, the in vitro biological analysis using human osteoblast cells reveals that scaffolds are biocompatible with adequate ALP activity.
Bone Marrow Depletion as a Coincidental Finding to Hypothermia in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Liebenberg Stanley P.
Published: July 2020

Three of 16 juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 1 rhesus of 79 adult rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were found comatose in a state of profound hypothermia after a heating failure occurred in the room in which they were housed. One juvenile monkey died shortly thereafter. The three other monkeys were revived with gradual warming and supportive therapy but later experienced separate acute clinical crises manifesting shock and died at 19, 31, and 51 days after the initial episode. Histopathologic findings of severe bone marrow depletion were observed in each of the three monkeys that died after the initial episode.
Chromosome Studies in Callitrichidae (Platyrrhini): A Comparison Between Callithrix and Leontopithecus
Authors: Soares Vera M.F.C. , Seuánez H.N. , Pissinatti A. , Coimbra‐Filho A.F. , Alvares J.N.
Published: July 2020

Chromosome studies in 20 Callithrix jacchus, 1 Callithrix flaviceps, and 1 Leontopithecus rosalia chrysomelas revealed evidence of chimerism in C. jacchus and L.r. chrysomelas, and the existence of a variant Y chromosome type in C. jacchus. Constitutive heterochromatin in C. jacchus was limited to the centromere region of the chromosome complement, and only in small amounts. A comparison between the G‐band karyotypes of C. jacchus and L.r. chrysomelas showed clear similarities between species. Three structural rearrangements have probably occurred during phylogeny in the common ancestor from which these extant species later derived. The chromosome number of C. flaviceps was found to be 46.
Hysterosalpingography in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Parmley Tim H. , Dubin Norman H. , Blake David A. , King Theodore M.
Published: July 2020

This paper describes recent success in performing hysterosalpingography in cynomolgus monkeys. The animals were anesthesized, and a needle was manipulated through the cervical canal into the endometrial cavity for injection of contrast material. Difficulties in threading the needle through the canal were due to several blind pouches formed by folds in the cervical mucosa. The uterine lumen and both tubes could be visualized in over 75% of the cases. The study demonstrates that the hysterosalpingography technique can be performed satisfactorily in cynomolgus monkeys.
Effects of Primaquine on Serum Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Anesthetized Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Kapeghian John C. , Verlangieri Anthony J.
Published: July 2020

Primaquine phosphate treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day, per os [p.o.], 14 days) significantly increased values for serum sodium, potassium, and uric acid, while calcium levels were decreased in male Macaca fascicularis. Serum values returned to baseline (pretreatment) levels by 30 days following primaquine treatment.
Histological Changes in the Penis of the Chacma Baboon—A Model to Study Aging Penile Vascular Impotence
Authors: Bornman M.S. , Plessis D.J. du , Ligthelm A.J. , van Tonder H.J.
Published: July 2020

Light and scanning electron microscopy was performed on the penes of Chacma baboons to establish their suitability as animal model for studying vascular impotence. Analogous aging penile vascular changes were found in man, and a fibrous trabeculopathy with intertrabecular senechiae was demonstrated. Considering the corresponding changes, the Chacma baboon could thus be regarded suitable for studying the pathophysiology of aging penile vascular changes.
Massive Sequestration of Human Sickle Cells After Transfusion to a Baboon
Authors: Fomufod Antoine K. , Castro Oswaldo , Slaughter Lynnard J. , Cothran Laval N. , Hayes Norman R. , Africano Ernesto
Published: July 2020

A baboon was exchange‐transfused with sickle cell anemia patients' blood. The animal died suddenly, and postmortem examination showed widespread red cell sequestration, particularly in the spleen and liver. The clinical and pathological findings were similar to those in children with sickle cell anemia who die of acute splenic sequestration syndrome. A control animal, exchange‐transfused with normal human blood, tolerated the procedure without difficulties for a period of 4 days, when a delayed transfusion reaction occurred. Thus the baboon can be used as a model for the abnormal circulatory behavior of sickle cells and for the sickle cell sequestration syndrome.
The Effect of Chamber Restraint (With or Without Lower Body Positive Pressure) on Hematopoiesis (Particularly Erythropoiesis) in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Dunn C.D.R. , Gibson L.A.
Published: July 2020

Squirrel monkeys, restrained in lower body positive pressure (LBPP) chambers in attempts to model the space flight‐induced hematological consequences of a cephalad fluid shift, showed a decrease in red blood cell mass which was largely independent of actual LBPP. The only LBPP‐specific hematological effect was an alteration in red blood cell (RBC) survival. This monkey model represents the second, ground‐based animal system in which this phenomenon has been recorded and shown to be unique to a ccphalad fluid shift. These data suggest a re‐evaluation is necessary of the role of altered RBC clearance as a contributing factor to the anemia of space flight in humans.
Intracardiac and Aortic Thrombi in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , London William T.
Published: July 2020

Massive intracardiac or aortic mural thrombi, probably of septic origin, occurred in six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and accounted for 26% of all adult deaths in a breeding group over a 4‐yr period. Previous experimental inoculations with herpes simplex type 2 virus may have contributed to the development of these fatal lesions.
Evaluation of a Ventricular Septal Defect in an Orangutan: A Case Report
Authors: Cook R.A. , Sheppardson P. , McGinn M. , Roskop MX. , Wong B.Y.
Published: July 2020

A 15‐year‐old male Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pymaeus abeli) with a history of an interventricular septal defect was evaluated with cardiac catheterization and two‐dimensional echocardiography. Results demonstrated that by Homo sapiens standards the right heart pressures were normal. The oxygen saturations were consistent with a small ventricular septal defect. Echocardiography demonstrated a slight enlargement of the right ventricle.
Tamarin Model of Pneumococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Chudwin David S. , Artrip Sharon G. , Ogden James D. , Schiffman Gerald
Published: July 2020

Tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were utilized to study host defenses against pneumococcal bacteremia. Tamarins had a poor antibody response to immunization with varying doses of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) vaccine (2 of 15 positive) or to infection with serotype 7F Streptococcus pneumoniae (2 of 14 positive). Tamarins were protected against challenge with a lethal dose of serotype 7F S. pneumoniae if the bacteria were preopsonized with human immune globulin intravenous or if the tamarins were injected with the immune globulin 30 min before challenge. There was minimal protection utilizing a mouse monoclonal anti‐type 7F PCP antibody.
Surface Structure of Baboon (Papio anubis) Hydrated Articular Cartilage: Study of Low Temperature Replicas by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Pidd Jeremy G. , Gardner Dugald L.
Published: July 2020

Platinum/carbon replicas of the natural articular surfaces of the femoral condyles of normal adult baboons (Papio anubis) were made at ~ – 130°C. Washed surfaces displayed arrays of ~ 50–200 nm diameter collagen fibers and low parallel ridges ~ 5 μm apart. Untouched surfaces were often obscured by a featureless lamina. The ultrastructure of the bearing surface of baboon articular cartilage resembles that of quadrupeds such as the dog.
Anatomy of the Major Lacrimal Gland of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Stephens L.C. , Schultheiss T.E. , Ang K.K. , Gray K.N. , Peters L.J.
Published: July 2020

The major lacrimal gland of rhesus monkeys is impalpable within the fatty connective tissue of the upper lateral quadrant of the orbit. Acini of the lacrimal glands are composed of both sparsely and heavily granulated cells that histochemically resemble serous acinar cells of the submandibular salivary gland. The cytoplasmic granules are strongly periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive, and some are also stained by alcian blue for acidic mucosubstances. The lacrimal gland has a simple duct system of intralobular ducts and interlobular excretory ducts. Lymphocytes and plasma cells are common in the periductal stroma. Major lacrimal glands of rhesus monkeys are suitable for comparative and correlative studies of lacrimal and salivary diseases and radiation responses.
Establishment of Primate Lymphoblastic Cell Lines by Coculture With a Simian T‐Cell Leukemia Virus‐1 Positive, Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phosphoribosyltransferase Negative Japanese Macaque Cell Line
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Ishida Takafumi , Minezawa Mitsuru , Noguchi Atsuo , Takenaka Osamu
Published: July 2020

A cell line (JAMH17+) resistant to 8‐azaguanine was established from a human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 related virus (simian T‐cell leukemia virus‐1) positive Japanese macaque cell line. Lymphoblastic cell lines were established from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of humans, hominoids, and several species of macaques by coculture with JAMH17+ in hypoxanthine‐aminopterin‐thymidine medium. HTLV‐1 specific antigen was detected in some of the established cell lines. Phenotypic analysis showed that several cell lines of crab‐eating macaques expressed Leu11a antigen, which is a marker of human natural killer cells.
Elevation in Plasma Glucagon Levels in Response to Stress in Squirrel Monkeys: Comparisons of Two Subspecies (Saimiri sciureus boliviensis and Saimiri sciureus sciureus)
Authors: Myers Barbara A. , Mendoza Sally P. , Cornelius Charles E.
Published: July 2020

Bolivian (Bo) and Brazilian (Br) squirrel monkeys (SMs) were captured and restrained to determine patterns of glucagon and glucose response. In both subspecies, plasma glucagon and glucose levels rose rapidly in response to restraint procedures; glucagon levels in BrSMs and glucose levels in both subspecies returned to basal values in 15 minutes. The magnitude of the glucagon and glucose responses differed significantly between BoSMs and BrSMs.
Comparison of Blood Flow Parameters Measured by Doppler Ultrasound and Radionuclide Techniques in the Baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Bosman H. , Dormehl Irene C. , Hordijk C. , Maree M. , Hugo N.
Published: July 2020

Ascending aortic blood velocity was measured in the baboon (Papio ursinus) by using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. The blood flow parameters thus obtained were compared to those by the standardized radionuclide technique. It appears that, due to the anatomical position of the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic trunks in relation to the ultrasound beam, Doppler ultrasound does not provide an accurate method of measuring aortic blood velocity in the baboon, which could be the reason for the poor correlation of the results from the two techniques.
Job satisfaction and firm performance: Can employees’ job satisfaction change the trajectory of a firm’s performance?
Authors: Kessler Stacey R. , Lucianetti Lorenzo , Pindek Shani , Zhu Zhu , Spector Paul E.
Published: July 2020

Contemporary trends in business have focused on enhancing the employee work experience. Proponents argue that doing so will improve employees’ productivity and ultimately the firm's performance. However, critics argue that job satisfaction has only a modest relationship with an employee's job performance, and therefore, such an investment will likely have little impact on the firm's financial performance. To investigate the relationship between employees’ job satisfaction and firm performance, we collected a sample of 404 employees working in 31 firms. We tested this relationship using latent growth modeling which allows us to latently examine how employees’ job satisfaction at one time point can predict the trajectory of firm performance. Study results indicated that job satisfaction predicted a positive linear change in two financial indices of firm performance (i.e., return on assets and return on equity) over the course of four years when controlling for three indicators of firm size. These results suggest that the effects of job satisfaction on firm performance are not immediate but rather take time to manifest.
Population dynamics and range shifts of moose (Alces alces) during the Late Quaternary
Authors: Meiri Meirav , Lister Adrian , Kosintsev Pavel , Zazula Grant , Barnes Ian
Published: July 2020

Aim

Late Quaternary climate oscillations had major impacts on species distributions and abundances across the northern Holarctic. While many large mammals in this region went extinct towards the end of the Quaternary, some species survived and flourished. Here, we examine population dynamics and range shifts of one of the most widely distributed of these, the moose (Alces alces).

Location

Northern Holarctic.

Taxon

Moose (A. alces).

Methods

We collected samples of modern and ancient moose from across their present and former range. We assessed their phylogeographical relations using part of the mitochondrial DNA in conjunction with radiocarbon dating to investigate the history of A. alces during the last glacial.

Results

This species has a relatively shallow history, with the most recent common ancestor estimated at ca. 150–50 kyr. Ancient samples corroborate that its region of greatest diversity is in east Asia, supporting proposals that this is the region of origin of all extant moose. Both eastern and western haplogroups occur in the Ural Mountains during the last glacial period, implying a broader contact zone than previously proposed. It seems that this species went extinct over much of its northern range during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and recolonized the region with climate warming beginning around 15,000 yr bp. The post‐LGM expansion included a movement from northeast Siberia to North America via Beringia, although the northeast Siberian source population is not the one currently occupying that area.

Main conclusions

Moose are a relatively recently evolved species but have had a dynamic history. As a large‐bodied subarctic browsing species, they were seemingly confined to refugia during full‐glacial periods and expanded their range northwards when the boreal forest returned after the LGM. The main modern phylogeographical division is ancient, though its boundary has not remained constant. Moose population expansion into America was roughly synchronous with human and red deer expansion.
Treatment with corticosteroids is associated with an increase in ventricular arrhythmia burden in patients with clinically manifest cardiac sarcoidosis: Insights from implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator diagnostics
Authors: Medor Maria C. , Spence Stewart , Nery Pablo B. , Beanlands Rob , Promislow Steven , Juneau Daniel , de Kemp Rob , Ha Andrew C. , Rivard Lena , Gula Lorne , Birnie David H.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

We sought to explore the relationship between ventricular tachycardia (VT) and premature ventricular complex (PVC) burden (from implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator diagnostics), before and during corticosteroid use in patients with newly diagnosed clinically manifest cardiac sarcoidosis (CS).

Methods

A single‐centre, prospective cohort study was performed in consecutive patients who met all of the following criteria: (1) presentation with clinically manifest CS, (2) abnormal myocardial fluoro‐deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography scan, (3) plan for implantation with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator device that reports accurate PVC count, (4) plan to initiate corticosteroids after the device healing period. Data were collected during each device interrogation visit for all patients in the study. For each inter‐visit period the total number of episodes of VT—sustained and nonsustained, and the number of PVCs was obtained. Each inter‐visit period was classified into one of the following three periods: (1) New diagnosis of treatment‐naive active disease without corticosteroids during the period. (2) Known treatment‐naive active disease with corticosteroids initiated during the inter‐visit period. (3) On corticosteroid therapy during the entire period.

Results

A total of 20 patients with a mean age of 59.7 ± 7.7 years were recruited and 82 inter‐visit periods were analyzed. All patients were corticosteroid responders based on FDG uptake. The maximum left ventricular standardized uptake value was 11.14 ± 5.19 before corticosteroid initiation and 4.07 ± 0.88 after (p < .001). Patients with active untreated CS had an average of 496.4 ± 879.1 PVCs per day. After treatment with corticosteroids, the average PVC count increased to 1332.4 ± 1865.7/day during Period 2 (p = .036) and to 1590.1 ± 2362.2 per day during Period 3 (p = .008). There was also a statistically significant increase in episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) before and after treatment with corticosteroids (p = .017). There were too few episodes of sustained ventricular arrhythmia to analyze. Overall, 18 out of 20 patients (90%) had an increase in PVC burden after corticosteroid initiation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated, on average, a threefold increase in daily PVC count in clinically manifest CS patients during treatment with corticosteroids compared to pretreatment. There was also a significant increase in episodes of NSVT. Clinicians and patients with active manifest CS should be aware that corticosteroids are unlikely to lead to a reduction in the burdens of PVC and NSVT.
Forceps through a 14F flexible sheath for safe retrieval of a dislodged left atrial appendage occluder
Authors: Qiu Libin , Rong Bing , Zhang Kai , Zhong Jingquan
Published: July 2020

The LAmbre occluder (Lifetech Scientific, Shenzhen, China), a new device for left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), is increasingly used, but the retrieval procedure for dislodgements has rarely been reported in humans. We herein reported a case of safe retrieval of dislodged LAmbre occluder. The occluder dislodged to the left atrium (LA) at the end of the LAAO procedure. We failed to retrieve the device in the LA using a LASSO catheter and forceps through an 8.5F sheath. After it suddenly flowed into the aortic arch, we successfully retrieved it using the same forceps through a 14F flexible sheath. We also discuss the reasons for device dislodgment and experiences of device retrieval. We think that forceps can be used to retrieve an embolized LAmbre device in the aorta through a 14F flexible sheath.
Longitudinal sleep problem trajectories are associated with multiple impairments in child well‐being
Authors: Williamson Ariel A. , Mindell Jodi A. , Hiscock Harriet , Quach Jon
Published: July 2020

Background

This study examined whether distinct sleep problem trajectories from infancy through middle childhood were associated with multiple aspects of child well‐being at ages 10–11 years.

Methods

Data were from the first six waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children – Birth Cohort (5,107 children recruited at birth). Caregivers reported on child sleep problems at each time point. A combination of caregiver‐reported, teacher‐reported and child‐completed tasks were used to index child well‐being outcomes at ages 10–11 years including emotional/behavioural functioning (internalizing and externalizing symptoms; self‐control), health‐related quality of life, cognitive skills and academic achievement.

Results

Latent class analysis identified five distinct sleep problem trajectories over time: persistent sleep problems through middle childhood (7.7% of the sample), limited infant/preschool sleep problems (9.0%), increased middle childhood sleep problems (17.0%), mild sleep problems over time (14.4%) and no sleep problems (51.9%). Compared to those with no sleep problems, children with persistent sleep problems had the greatest impairments across all outcomes except cognitive skills (perceptual reasoning), with moderate to large effect sizes. Children with increased middle childhood sleep problems similarly experienced greater internalizing and externalizing symptoms and worse quality of life, but few academic impairments. Both the limited infant/preschool sleep problems and mild increases over time trajectories also showed internalizing concerns and worse caregiver‐reported quality of life, although effects were smaller than the other sleep trajectories.

Conclusions

The linkages between sleep problems and negative child outcomes across domains underscore the importance of early identification and targeted intervention to address sleep problems and promote child well‐being.