bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T Cell Reconstitution is Delayed Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Goldberg Gabrielle L , Ajodan Rebecca H , Samstein Robert M , Suh David Y , King Christopher G , Smith Odette M , van den Brink Marcel R M
Published: June 2021

Delayed T cell reconstitution following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (aBMT) has been implicated in post‐transplant mortality due to infection and relapse. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a role in the dampening of graft‐vs‐host‐disease (GVHD). However, little is known about Treg reconstitution in the absence of GVHD. BALB/c mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with T cell depleted B6.SJL bone marrow in a full MHC mismatch model of aBMT. When analyzing thymic Tregs as a percentage of CD4+ T cells, host Treg proportions were maintained early but rose at later time points while donor proportions decreased early and approached untransplanted levels over time. Conversely, splenic Treg proportions (donor and host) were increased at D14 but returned to pretransplant levels. Host Treg numbers remained constant while thymic and splenic donor Treg numbers increased, albeit at a slower rate than conventional T cells. Previous studies have shown that proliferating Tregs were less suppressive especially following lymphopenia. Using Treg suppression assays, we observed that the suppressive ability of Tregs after BMT was maintained and remained at similar levels to Tregs isolated from untransplanted mice (of either donor or host stains). In conclusion, we have shown that splenic donor Treg reconstitution is delayed post aBMT but those Tregs that are produced are functional.
Structure and Specificity of Lamprey Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Herrin Brantley R , Alder Matthew N , Roux Kenneth H , Sina Christina , Ehrhardt Goetz R. A. , Boydston Jeremy A , Turnbough Charles L , Cooper Max D
Published: June 2021

The adaptive immune system of the extant agnathans (lamprey and hagfish) is comprised of clonally diverse lymphocytes that express variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) created by the combinatorial assembly of leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) gene segments. During the development of lymphocyte lineage cells, components of the flanking LRR modular units are sequentially inserted into the incomplete germline VLR gene via a gene conversion mechanism to create a potential repertoire of > 1014distinct VLR‐B antibodies. To generate VLR‐B antibody‐secreting cells, we developed a heterologous expression system consisting of HEK‐293T cells transfected with VLR‐B cDNAs. Antigen‐specific VLR‐B antibody clones were isolated by screening VLR‐B cDNA libraries, derived from the lymphocytes of immunized lamprey, for antigen binding. The recombinant VLR‐B antibodies consisted of 8 – 10 uniform subunits arranged into disulfide‐linked tetramers and pentamers of dimers that collectively bind antigen with high avidity. Sequence analysis, mutagenesis, and modeling of antigen‐specific VLR‐B antibodies demonstrated that the primary antigen‐binding site resides in the β ‐sheets of the LRR subunits lining the VLR‐B concave surface. The remarkable antigen‐binding specificity, avidity, and stability of these unusual LRR‐based monoclonal antibodies suggest they will find many biomedical uses.
Model to estimate labeled vitamin B12 in eggs for studies of food‐bound B12 absorption
Authors: Johnson Heidi , Garrod Marge , Allen Lindsay
Published: June 2021

About 25% of elderly in the US have impaired absorption for vitamin B12 from food. Study of this condition has been limited by lack of food that contain intrinsically labeled B12. Supplementation of laying hens with B12 increases B12 in eggs (Naber, 1993). However, relationships between B12 dose, transfer rates between tissues and B12 uptake into egg is unknown. To estimate vitamin B12 kinetics and transfer into eggs in a laying hen, a computer model of B12 metabolism was created based on experimental data from Denton et al. (1954) and Edwards (1967) representing 6 dose‐response treatments. The model has 5 state variables representing B12 in blood, gut, muscle, other tissues and eggs. Exchanges between state variables are based on mass action kinetics. Despite different experimental protocols and dosing schemes, predicted exchange rates of B12 between tissues were remarkably similar with fecal excretion 0.08 %/d, urinary excretion 0.15 %/d, absorption 0.1%/d, exchange between muscle and other tissues with blood 0.5 %/d, and uptake into eggs from 0.03 to 0.2 %/d. Model estimates of total 57Co B12 absorbed, retained, and in eggs from Edwards (1967), and model estimates of μg B12/egg from Denton et al. (1954) were within 5% of data. Therefore the model can be used to estimate B12 enrichment of eggs using different dosing protocols, for use in human absorption studies.
Food, lifestyle and fitness: obesity in central Thailand
Authors: Newman Sara , Clemmer‐Smith Richard , Yhoung‐aree Jintana
Published: June 2021

While the relationship between fast food consumption and obesity is well documented, little research has been conducted on the globalizing impact of Western‐style food in developing countries. This study focused on factors that are associated with obesity such as food habits, amount and frequency of exercise and attitudes and perception towards western food among students of Mahidol University at Salaya, Thailand. Participants were self‐selected within defining parameters of age, student status and Thai citizenship. Data was collected using a qualitative, in‐depth interview technique from 40 undergraduate or graduate students aged 19 to 27 years. An interview guide along with a simple checklist of body weight and height were used as tools. Content analysis was undertaken for qualitative data. Their nutritional status was indicated by the Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated using body weight (kilograms) divided by height (meters) squared. Of the 40 informants, 4 were found to be obese, 2 overweight, 18 normal and 15 underweight (BMI below 18.5). Although the sample size was small, the prevalence of overweight and underweight were roughly generated from these informants as 15% and 37.5% respectively. Among overweight informants, western foods were more likely to be consumed whereas it was neither selected nor avoided among the normal and underweight statuses. Skipping breakfast was a frequent practice among the underweight and normal groups, which is counter to many published results. We conclude that while obese and overweight students are more likely to consume Western‐style food, other factors such as exercise frequency and skipping breakfast also affects the presence of obesity.
Dietary energy density among Mexican school‐age children
Authors: Moreno Lidia , Flores Mario , Macias Nayeli , Monterrubio Eric
Published: June 2021

The goals of this study were to estimate the dietary energy density (DED) among Mexican school‐age children and to evaluate its association with dietary and socioeconomic characteristics.

Data from the National Nutrition Survey 1999 of Mexico were analyzed. Dietary intake was obtained using a single 24‐hour dietary recall.

DED was calculated by taking each subject's daily total energy intake in kilocalories, divided by the daily total amount of food and beverages in grams. The calculation of DED was based on systematic exclusion of different beverage categories.

A total of 2,172 children 5 to 11 years age were evaluated. Fifty‐two percent were boys.

As expected, the higher DED was observed when only solid foods were included (2.07 kcal/g 95%CI: 1.01, 2.03), and the lowest DED was observed when all food and beverages were included (excluding water) (1.44kcal/g, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.41).

The highest DED was observed among rural children (1.54 kcal/g 95%CI: 1.48, 1.60), in children from the South region (1.56 kcal/g 95%CI:1.51, 1.62), and in children of low SES (1.60 kcal/g 95%CI: 1.54, 1.66) (p> 0.05) when all food and beverages (excluding water).

A high DED was associated with poor SES conditions in Mexican school age children.

Supported by the Ministry of Health, Mexico.
US Adolescent and Adult Fruit and Vegetable Intake at MyPyramid Caloric Requirement Levels among a National Sample
Authors: Kimmons Joel E , Gillespie Cathleen , Seymour Jennifer , Serdula Mary , Blanck Heidi Michels
Published: June 2021

Background: Fruit (F) and vegetable (V) intake is associated with reduced risk for chronic disease and improved weight management.

Objectives: Determine the % of adolescents and adults meeting F and V recommendations based on MyPyramid caloric requirements and identify primary contributors to overall intake.

Design: 2‐day 24 hour recall data (n=5,576) was examined from the nationally representative cross‐sectional 2003–04 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. All dietary sources were included.

Results: 0.9% of adolescents and 2.9% of adults met their caloric specific recommendations for F and V. Increased recommendations due to increased caloric requirements were not paralleled by increases in consumption. Whole F were the primary contributors to adult intake, while F juices were the primary contributor to adolescent intake. The largest contributor to F intake was orange juice. Potatoes dominated V consumption, particularly among adolescents where fried potatoes accounted for over half the median intake. Dark green and orange V and legumes account for a small portion of V intake.

Conclusions: Increasing consumption of F and V will require multifaceted approaches that augment educational campaigns with policy and environmental strategies aimed at the food system. Ultimately, the goal is to increase American's consumption of F and V by making the healthy choice the easy choice.
Growth of breastfed infants in Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Kennedy Tay , Shaw Gina , Grant Stephanie , Berhanu Getenesh , Woltamo Tesfaye , Roba Alemzewed , Thomas David , Abebe Yewelsew , Stoecker Barbara , Hambidge Michael
Published: June 2021

This study assessed the growth of 108 predominately breastfed Ethiopian infants (45% male; age 5.78 ± .52 months). Infants were weighed and measured and results converted to z‐scores using WHO software. Hemoglobin was assessed using a HemoCue® and results adjusted for altitude. Mothers were surveyed about demographic information and infant feeding practices. 22% of the infants were anemic and 25% were stunted (<‐2 length for age z‐score; mean −1.01 ± 1.34) but only 9% had a weight for age z‐score <‐2 (mean −.31± 1.12). There was no gender difference in weight for age, but males were shorter (p= .015) and had a higher BMI (p=.021). After controlling for gender hemoglobin levels were positively correlated with length z‐score (r=.304; p=.002) and family size was negatively correlated with weight z‐score (r=−.304; p=.002) and BMI z‐score (r=−.204; p=.040), but not length or hemoglobin. 65% of males were receiving complementary foods compared to 46% of the females (χ2; p=.042). Introduction of solids was associated with significantly greater length (p=.048) but no differences in BMI or hemoglobin. Gender appears to affect early complementary feeding practices and growth in this sample. Supported by NIH Grant R21 TW06729 (Fogarty International Center and the Office of Dietary Supplements).
Reconsidering child malnutrition in Mexico: A comparison of prevalences using NCHS‐1977 and WHO‐2006 growth standards
Authors: González‐Cossío Teresa , Rivera Juan A , Monterrubio Eric , González Dinorah , Unar Mishel , de Cossío Teresa González , Rivera Juan A , Monterrubio Eric , González Dinorah , Unar Mishel
Published: June 2021

Objective: compare the prevalence of malnutrition in preschool Mexican children with the new WHO‐2006 child growth standards and with the previous NCHS‐1977 growth references.

Methods: Stunting and wasting prevalences (%<−2Z height/age and weight/height respectively) with both references were estimated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, a multistage stratified random sample representative at national and state levels.

Results: A total of 7,802 preschool children were measured. The prevalence of stunting was 12.7 and 15.5% using NCHS‐1977 and WHO‐2006 references respectively. Those of wasting were 1.5 and 2.0%. However, the most important differences appeared in the <6mo age group, where the prevalence of wasting was 0.2 and 4.9% with the NCHS‐1977 and the WHO‐2006 references.

Conclusions: Undernutrition is a greater problem in Mexico than previously estimated, particularly wasting in the very young. Breastfeeding according to WHO recommendations could prevent growth failure at this important life stage. Including breastfeeding promotion as part of the Nutrition Public Policy agenda might improve early child growth.
Dietary diversity is associated with children linear growth among poor Mexican children
Authors: Xochitl Ponce , Rodríguez Sonia , González‐Cossío Teresa
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between dietary diversity and linear growth in children <5y from poor rural communities of the south of Mexico.

We studied a random sample of 2469 Mexican children aged 11 to 59 months from 235 rural poor communities. Height for age Z score (HAZ) was estimated. Dietary intake was calculated from a single 24 h dietary recall. Dietary diversity (DD) was based on consumption of > 10 g of 19 different food groups. A multiple regression model adjusting for socio‐demographic co‐variables (age, sex, ethnicity, maternal education and socioeconomic status (SES)) was used to evaluate association between HAZ score and dietary diversity. Animal product consumption was significantly higher as SES improved (p<0.05), staple foods consumption such as legumes and whole cereals, was significantly higher among low SES children. DD significantly increased with age (p<0.001) and declined with SES (p<0.001). Indigenous children reported a significantly less diversified diet than non indigenous (p<0.001). DD had a positive and significant association with HAZ after adjusting for co‐variables (p<0.001). Child age, maternal education and socio‐economic status, were significantly associated with HAZ score. Ethnicity was associated with a lower HAZ score (p<0.001). Dietary diversity improves child linear growth from rural poor communities of the south of Mexico.
Maternal and child depression and stressful life events as predictors of body composition in urban Guatemalan children
Authors: Marcinkevage Jessica Ann , Flores Rafael , Ramakrishnan Usha , Zea Manuel Ramirez , Sellen Daniel , Stein Aryeh , DiGirolamo Ann
Published: June 2021

Research suggests child and maternal depression and increased stress may contribute to the etiology of obesity. This study explores psychosocial factors as predictors of body composition in 7–11 year‐old urban Guatemalan children. Results are based on baseline data from 720 children participating in a zinc supplementation study. Using WHO growth references, 22% of children were overweight or obese (Mean[SD] BMIZ = 0.32[1.1]); 30% of children and 45% of mothers exhibited high levels of depressive symptoms, with 7% of children experiencing high frequency of stress. Linear regression models show no association between child or maternal depression levels and BMIZ. Experiencing more frequent stressful life events was significantly associated with lower BMIZ (β[SE] =−0.33 [0.2]), adjusting for demographic factors and physical activity. Neither child nor maternal depression was associated with BMI, but stressful life events were negatively associated with BMI in this population. Funded by NIMH grant 5R01 MH067981‐04.
Behavioral responsiveness and anthropometric measures of nutritional status in rural Ethiopian infants
Authors: Thomas David Gethin , Aubuchon‐Endsley Nicki , Grant Stephanie , Berhanu Getenesh , Matsuo Yuka , Woltamo Tesfaye , Roba Alemzewed , Kennedy Tay , Abebe Yewelsew , Hambidge Michael
Published: June 2021

Infants with nutritional deficiencies may exhibit aberrant responsiveness to their environments. This study examined relationships among anthropometrics and behavioral responsiveness in 96 infants in rural Ethiopia (mean age 9.5 mo). Weights and lengths of infants were converted to z‐scores using WHO software. Behavioral measures included activity level, interest, and emotional responses. Activity level proved to be most sensitive to variation in anthropometric measures and several sex differences were apparent, including males being shorter than females (p=.014). Males showed a significant correlation between length and the latency to move when placed in a supine or prone position (r= −.31; p=.05). Only about half of the infants were able to turn themselves over when placed on the ground. Males who did so showed a positive correlation between length for age z‐score and latency to turn over (r= +.44; p=.02); females showed a negative correlation (r= −.39; p=.06), though females were significantly faster. This suggests that nutritional deficiencies may affect responsiveness differently across genders. (Supported by NIH Grant R21 TW06729 (Fogarty International Center) & the Office of Dietary Supplements).
S100B Protein Concentration in Milk‐formulas for Preterm and Term Infants: Correlation with Industrial Preparation Procedures
Authors: Galvano Fabio , Vanella Luca , Volti Giovanni Li , Gazzolo Diego
Published: June 2021

Human milk S100B protein possesses important neurotrophic properties. However, in some conditions human milk is substituted by milk formulas. The aims of the present study were: to assess S100B concentrations in milk formulas, to verify any differences in S100B levels between preterm and term infants formulas and to evaluate the impact of industrial preparation at predetermined phases on S100B content. Two different set of samples were tested: 1) commercial preterm (n = 36) and term (n = 36) infants milk formulas; 2) milk preterm (n = 10) and term infants (n = 10) formulas sampled at the following predetermined industrial preparation time points: skimmed cow milk (Time 0); after protein sources supplementation (Time 1); after pasteurization (Time 2); after spray‐drying (Time 3). Our results showed that S100B concentration in preterm formulas were higher than in term ones (P<0.01). In addition, S100B concentrations during industrial preparation showed a significant increase (P<0.001) at Time 1 followed by a slight decrease (P>0.05) at Time 2, whereas a significant (P<0.001) dip was observed at Time 3. In conclusion, S100B showed a sufficient thermostability to resist to pasteurization but not to spry‐drying. New feeding strategies in preterm and term infants are therefore warranted in order to preserve S100B protein during industrial preparation.
Sodium consumption and food sources in the United States: results from NHANES 2003–04
Authors: Albertson Ann M. , Holschuh Norton M.
Published: June 2021

High sodium intake is considered a risk factor for hypertension. Sodium intake in the United States has steadily increased over the past 30 years. Sodium intake from foods (excluding salt added at the table) and the primary food sources were examined using NHANES 2003–04 Survey. Current intake for the total population (2+ years) is 3402 mg/d. The sodium to energy ratio is 1.6. Less than one‐third of the population consumes below the Daily Value of 2400 mg/d. Meat and meat mixtures (including luncheon meats) are the leading source of sodium contributing approximately 25% of total daily intake. Grain mixtures (e.g. pasta, rice dishes) contribute approximately 19% of total intake. Other grain‐based sources of sodium include bread/rolls (10%), cracker/salty snacks (4%), grain‐based sweets (3%), and ready‐to‐eat cereals (2%). Additional sources of sodium in the food supply include vegetables/fruits (10%), dairy products (9%), and soup (3%). Leading individual food sources of sodium include bread, ham, meat pizza, catsup, white rolls, whole milk, and processed cheese. A population‐based decrease in sodium intake presents an industry‐wide challenge for broad, categorical reductions in the sodium content of the food supply.
Relationship between energy intake and weight in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes, Preliminary Results: DIALBEST Trial
Authors: Chhabra Jyoti , Vega‐López Sonia , Calle Mariana C. , Putnik Predrag , Fernandez Maria‐Luz , D’Agostino Darrin , Damio Grace , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

We examined the relationship of reported energy intake (rEI) with body weight (Wt) and BMI among Latinos with type 2 diabetes, classified as under‐reporters (UR), plausible reporters (PR), and over‐reporters (OR). 81 Latino patients ≥ 21 years were enrolled from a hospital diabetes clinic. Wt and height were measured. Demographic and rEI (dietary recall) data was gathered. Mean (X̄) age =57.6 yrs.,X̄BMI =34.3 kg/m2,X̄rEI =1625 kcals,X̄Wt =86 kgs. BMI, Wt and rEI were not significantly different between genders. Plausibility cut‐offs for rEI as a percentage of predicted energy requirement were used to categorize sample into UR, PR, and OR (McCrory et. al. 2002*). Using ± 1 SD cutoff for rEI plausibility, 38% of the sample was classified as PR, 53% as UR and 9% as OR. While, Wt or BMI were not significantly different across the three groups, rEI was significantly different across all three groups (p≤0.05) (highest for OR, and lowest for UR). rEI was not associated with Wt and BMI in the complete sample, but was significantly related to Wt and BMI within UR and PR (p≤0.05). Results are consistent with underreporting of EI among overweight/obese samples in previous studies, suggesting caution in interpretation of EI results. Funded by the Connecticut NIH EXPORT Center of Excellence for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos (NIH‐NCMHD grant # P20MD001765).*Public Health Nutr. 5;6a:873–882.
Comparison of Child Feeding Styles to Child BMI and Caretaker Education, Income and Time Lived in the US in the SC Latino Population
Authors: Haley‐Zitlin Vivian , Kirkpatrick Claire , Cason Katherine , Mayo Rachel , Montenegro Sergio Nieto
Published: June 2021

This cross‐sectional study examined child feeding styles in SC Latino caregivers & compared them to child BMI, parent education, income level, & length of caregiver US residency. Selection criteria included: Latino, Spanish‐speaking, ≥18YO, cognitively sound caregivers of healthy children ages 2–6 residing in 1 of 4 SC regions. The Caregiver's Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ), an individual interview & demographic data was collected from caregivers, with 143 children's weights & heights evaluated. Caregiver residency was ≤5yrs (34%); ≤10yrs (80%); ≤20yrs (2.8%) & average yrs in school was 9 yrs with 32% completing high school. Fewer than 45% had income <$1500/mo; 41% had $1501–$2500 & 6% had income >$2500/mo. Average child/household was 2.5 and average household number was 5. Most participated in government assistance programs, WIC (58%) & 98.6% prepared traditional food at home. 52% of children were overweight or at risk of overweight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile). A feeding “style” scale, based on 8 factors was developed to evaluate child feeding styles reported. No significant relationship between BMI, income, education, & the combined factors (feeding styles) was evident (p<.05). A significant relationship between feeding styles & time lived in the U.S. existed (p=.001); increased caretaker's residency length increased child‐centered parental involvement & shorter length was associated with higher parental control. More studies are needed to evaluate parent‐child feeding practices and relationships in this population & the use of the evaluation tools currently available. Supported by NCMHD/NIH #1P20MD000539‐01
Increased serum leptin and decreased dental caries associated with overweight or obesity in children
Authors: Tseng Raymond J. , Wright J. Timothy , Beck Melinda A.
Published: June 2021

Salivary and serum leptin are upregulated in overweight or obese (OWOB) adults, but this relationship is not established in young children. Salivary leptin may influence dental bacterial colonization leading to differences in incidence of caries between OWOB and lean controls (CON). The objectives were to determine if BMI, serum leptin and salivary leptin are correlated in children aged 2–7 and to determine if number of decayed and filled surfaces (DFS) in teeth differs between OWOB and CON.

Children aged 2–7 were recruited, blood serum was collected and BMI was calculated. Serum leptin was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Number of teeth, and DFS were recorded after radiographic and clinical exam. Data were analyzed using ANOVA accepting p<0.05 as significant.

Serum leptin was significantly elevated in OWOB versus CON and correlated with BMI. CON and OWOB females produced more leptin than males. Salivary leptin was not detectable via conventional RIA in this population. Total number of teeth did not significantly differ between OWOB and CON. OWOB had significantly fewer decayed teeth, and fewer anterior DFS.

Children as young as 2 exhibit elevated serum leptin levels. Females are more prone to this effect than males. Salivary leptin is not detectable by conventional methods in this population. OWOB children had significantly less dental decay.
Associations of adiponectin and body composition in African American and Caucasian adolescent girls
Authors: Harris Margaret M , Barrett Kathleen , Kern Philip , Steven Elbein , Nesmith Darrel
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to determine differences in associations of adiponectin levels and body composition measurements between African American (AA) and Caucasian (C) overweight girls between ages 13 and 18. Girls were recruited from a primary care clinic and by word‐of‐mouth. Criteria for inclusion were a body mass index (BMI) of 85th percentile or higher, menstruating, and generally “healthy” at the time of recruitment. BMI, trunk fat and percent (%) fat (by DEXA), waist circumference (WC) measured at umbilicus and narrowest part of the waist and hip circumference at widest part of buttocks were measured. Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) was calculated. Tertiles were calculated to observe trends. The average BMI percentile was 96.6% but C girls had more trunk fat (18.6±4.7 kg) than AA girls (16.6±5.2 kg, p=0.06). Results showed that adiponectin levels decreased with increasing levels of adiposity (regardless of adiposity measure). Adiponectin levels were also consistently lower in AA girls compared to C girls for similar levels of adiposity (mean adiponectin levels 6.2±3.1 [AA] vs 10.0±4.1 [C] ug/mL, p<0.001). A similar ethnic disparity in adiponectin levels has been observed in adult populations. These results confirm that differences in adiponectin also occur at younger ages.
Uricemia in adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Valdes‐Ramos Roxana , Zuñiga‐Torres Maria Guadalupe , Martinez‐Carrillo Beatriz Elina , Benitez‐Arciniega Alejandra Donaji
Published: June 2021

Objective: Evaluate the association of uric acid and Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican adolescents. Methods: Cross‐sectional evaluation of 464 adolescents, 12–18 years, 305 girls (F) and 158 boys (M). Informed consent from adolescent and parents. Anthropometry (weight & height for Body Mass Index (BMI); subscapular, supriailiac, bicipital & tricipital skinfolds for body fat (BF) and waist circumference (WC)), Biochemistry (glucose, triglycerides (TG), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐chol), uric acid (UA)) and systolic blood pressure (BP) were obtained by trained personnel. Categorized by ATPIII modified cut‐off points for metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents. Data are described in means and standard deviations and analyzed by Independent sample t‐test. Results: MS was present in 12.1% of the whole sample (10.8% F, 14.6% M). Adolescents with MS had BMI of 20.7±2.9 kg/m2, BF 24.0±8.9% and UA of 4.0±1.1 mg/dL; those without MS had BMI of 25.9±3.6 kg/m2, BF of 33.2±7.6% and UA of 4.9±1.7 mg/dL. Significant differences were found between adolescents with and without MS in BMI (All t=−11.83, p<0.001; M t=−10.8, p<0.001; F t=−7.01, p<0.001); in BF (All t=−7.2, p<0.001; M t=−7.38, p<0.001; F t=−5.1, p<0.001) and in UA (All t=−4.89, p<0.001; M t=−4.44, p<0.001; F t=−2.23: p<0.05). Conclusions: Uric acid was higher in adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome, more so in males. Acknowledgements: Financed by PROMEP, FOMIX, UAEMex.
Effect of prenatal and/or postnatal high fat diet on growth, metabolic parameters, blood pressure and motivation in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR)
Authors: Mitra Anaya , Alvers Kristin , Crump Erica , Rowland Neil E.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine whether maternal over‐nutrition contributes to obesity, hypertension, and altered glucose handling in rats with a genetic predisposition to mild hypertension. Adult female Wistar rats were maintained on either a high‐fat (HF: 60% lard) or low fat (LF: 10%) diet for approximately 8 weeks, after which they were mated with male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to yield BHR offspring. Gestating females were maintained on the same diets as prior to impregnation. At parturition, the litters were culled and cross‐fostered either to a dam with either low or high fat diet, so yielding 4 groups for the period of lactation: HF/HF, LF/LF, HF/LF, LF/HF. At weaning, half the females from the litters were fed Purina chow while the other half were placed on a varied HF cafeteria diet for the entire duration of the experiments. At PD 160 we obtained indirect blood pressure measurements, at PD 200 the rats were fasted for 18 hours and then an oral glucose‐tolerance test was administered. At this point, the rats were then placed in an operant paradigm to examine for differences in motivation to obtain a palatable food, given the differences in their prenatal and diet histories. These studies are currently under way; preliminary results suggest rats on the high‐fat diets have reduced glucose tolerance and are significantly heavier than their chow‐fed counterparts. Research supported NIH‐DK064712.
Energy metabolism disturbances induced by antipsychotic treatment in a rat model.
Authors: Victoriano Montserrat , de Beaurepaire Renaud , Fromentin Gilles , Huneau Jean‐Francois , Hermier Dominique
Published: June 2021

Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAP) induce metabolic disturbances resembling those of the metabolic syndrome. We showed in our laboratory that male rats, and not only females, are AAP‐responsive (Minet‐Ringuet et al, 2006). The AAP olanzapine (OL, 2mg/kg) was given in food to male rats for 6 wks and compared to a control group (CO) and a classical AP, haloperidol (HA, 1mg/kg) (n=6). After 4 wks, an oral glucose tolerance test was realized for 2 hrs. After 6 wks, body composition and blood parameters (glucose, insulin and lipid profile) were measured. HA‐treated rats did not differ from CO rats for any parameter at any time. After 4 wks, fasting glycaemia in OL rats was higher (0.87 g/l) than in CO rats (0.75 g/l) and increased more rapidly after the glucose load (1.22 g/l vs 0.97 g/l after 10 min). Insulin curve was similar in OL and CO groups. After 6 wks, fasting glycaemia remained higher in OL rats (1.46 g/l vs 1.25 in CO rats). Lipid profile was the same in both groups. Although there were no differences in body weight gain or food intake, the epididymal adipose tissue proportion was higher in OL rats (1.63%) than in CO rats (1.44%). Thus, male rats treated by an AAP show an early perturbation of energy metabolism associating impaired glycaemic regulation and visceral obesity without increase in food intake. This model allows exploring the mechanisms of AAP‐induced metabolic syndrome, and the possibility of a nutritional support.
Comparison and precision of the XCT 3000 and XCT 2000 peripheral quantitative computer tomography densitometers for geometric and material bone parameters of the radius
Authors: Koenig Cory , Binkley Teresa , Specker Bonny
Published: June 2021

Use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in research has increased in the past decade. This study compares bone measures from two pQCT densitometers: the XCT3000 and the XCT2000 (Orthometrix Inc., White Plains, NY). Coefficients of variation (CV) for the XCT3000 also are reported.

Images from the distal radius (4% site) and radial shaft (20% site) in 35 (19 male) healthy individuals were obtained using the XCT2000 and XCT3000. Age ranged from 13–75 years (mean 32 years). Mean height was 172.7±11.3 cm and weight was 77.0±20.6 kg. CVs for the XCT3000 were calculated from duplicate scans and ranged from 1.3% for total bone content to 7.5% for trabecular bone content (4% site) and from 0.7% for cortical volumetric bone mineral density to 2.7% for endosteal circumference (20% site). There were no differences in the means of any of the bone measures between the two machines. Strong associations between the XCT2000 and XCT3000 measures were noted (R‐value ranging from 0.92 to 1.0). Trabecular density and total bone content (4% site) had mean differences (XCT3000‐XCT2000) not equal to zero, other bone measure mean differences were not different from zero. Adjustments between the machines may need to be made for trabecular density and total bone content at the 4% site.

Supported by: EA Martin Program in Human Nutrition at South Dakota State University.
Fiber and experimental carcinogenesis
Authors: Pereira Paula Cardoso , Cabrita Antonio Silvério , Silva Teresa Simões , Mesquita Maria Fernanda , Saldanha Helena
Published: June 2021

Mechanisms by witch fiber could exert its protective effects include changes of metabolism of estrogens, resulting in less estrogen bioavailability, and the introduction of phytoestrogens and some antinutrients like protease inhibitors that can remove fatty acids, carbohydrates and other nutrients, thereby reducing their absorption. This study intended to establish the relation between two types of diets with different energetic value and fiber content in the number, volume of breast cancer tumours.

Two groups of Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=48; 50 days) were divided and housed 4 in each plastic cage in a holding room under constant conditions of 22o±2oC, 55±10% humidity and a 12 h light/dark cycle. In all animals were administrated 20 mg of DMBA in olive oil, by gavages, had free access to water and food. Diets consisted in a richer fiber food with 250 Kcal/100g (Group I) and the same diet supplemented with beans (40 g of lyophilized beans/Kg) and olive oil (50 ml/Kg) in group II. Sacrifice ended in 150 days. Weight gain was monitored every two weeks. A blood sample was collected before administration of DMBA and in sacrifice. A non‐significant variation was observed in biochemical parameters however a high significant difference (p<0,0001) was observed for mammary tumours number and in weight gain. These results suggest that a rich fiber diet may prevent mammary carcinogenesis.
Docosahexaenoic acid increases doxorubicin's cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Newell Marnie , Brindley David N , Sawyer Michael B , Field Catherine J
Published: June 2021

It is well established that long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cells. To determine synergy between n‐3 fatty acids and chemotherapy drugs, we examined the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) on growth of MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell lines, using the WST‐1 assay. The dose/concentration associated with 50% inhibition (IC50) was determined for DHA and DOX (individually) on both cell lines. After treatment (48h) with DHA at its IC50 concentration (320 μM for MCF‐7, 87 μM for MDA‐MB‐231), cells were treated with DOX at its IC50 (5.1 μM for MCF‐7, 0.3 μM for MDA‐MB‐231); resulting in increased inhibition (compared to individual treatments). Incubation with DHA significantly increased DHA content in phospholipids of both cell lines. Isobologram analysis (using the Calcusyn program) indicated a synergistic relationship for DHA in MCF‐7 cells, and an additive relationship for DHA in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Our results suggest that incorporation of DHA into two different breast cancer cell lines can improve the cytotoxic effects DOX which is a cornerstone of breast cancer chemotherapy. Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation: Prairies/NWT
Effects of maternal dietary intake on blood heavy metal levels in antepartum and postpartum
Authors: Lee Ah Young , Kim Hyesook , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Although adequate dietary intake of maternal is supposed to have beneficial effects on development of infants, it may be harmful for child growth and development since specific food is a common source of heavy metal. The purpose of the present study was to investigate antepartum and postpartum blood mercury, lead and cadmium levels in relation to maternal food intake. Among 422 pregnant women (18–20 wk), whose dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed by a 24‐hour recall method, maternal blood heavy metal levels were analyzed by atomic‐absorption spectrometry methods. Maternal whose intake of meats and vegetables were above the median value showed high in antepartum blood lead level than those with intakes below the median. Maternal whose intake of beans was above the median value showed high in antepartum blood cadmium level than those with intakes below the median. Antepartum blood lead level of maternal was positively correlated with meat and meat products intake during pregnancy. Postpartum blood mercury level was positively correlated with mushrooms and beverages intake during pregnancy. Postpartum blood cadmium level was positively correlated with seaweeds intake during pregnancy. These results suggest that food intake during pregnancy may effects antepartum and postpartum blood mercury, lead and cadmium levels of maternal.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Environment and the Brain Korea 21 project in 2007.
Exposure to flame retardants promotes increased consumption of simple sugars
Authors: Hennigar Stephen Russel , Mirando Adam C , Ronan Anne Mary , Tagliaferro Anthony R
Published: June 2021

It was observed that rat fetuses exposed to chemical retardants (polybrominated diphenyl‐ethers, or PBDE's) showed postnatally increased preference for non‐caloric sweetened water. In the present study we investigated whether young growing rats exposed to PBDE's would consume more of a calorie containing sucrose solution then non‐treated controls. Forty day‐old male and female rats (n = 24) were treated daily with either PBDE's (18 mg/kg) or a control treatment of corn oil by gavage. Animals were given access to two drinking bottles containing either distilled water or an 11% (w/v) sucrose and distilled water solution and fed a commercial laboratory diet ad libitum, daily for five weeks. Food and fluid intakes were measured daily, body weight weekly, gonadal and perirenal fat depots were weighed at the end of the study. Animals exposed to PBDE's consumed 15% more sucrose water weekly compared to the controls (p=0.016); there was no difference in water intake. PBDE animals ate 13% less food than the controls (p=0.021). There were no significant differences seen in body weight or fat. Regression analysis showed, however, that sucrose intake, independent of food intake, was a significant predictor of adiposity in the animals. Findings support our hypothesis that PBDE's act as obesogens in young animals by promoting increased consumption of simple sugars. Supported by UNH UROP and Office of the Vice President for Research.
Fermented Soy Product Reduces Adipose Mass, Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Alters Adipose Tissue Gene Products in Mice
Authors: Shrode Gayle E. , Cole Rachel M. , Koba Kazunori , Tanimoto Hiroyuki , Okabe Yuki , Belury Martha A.
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a problem affecting much of the world. Intake of soy may decrease tissue lipid accumulation and adipose tissue mass. We aimed to determine the effect of fermented soy product on weight gain and adiposity in growing male C57Bl/6 mice. Eight week old mice were put in a Casein Diet (C), Soy Diet (S), or Fermented Soy Diet (F) group for 17 weeks. Half of the mice fed C were switched to F at 8 weeks (CtoF). F reduced weight gain and adiposity compared to S and C. At 16 weeks, fasting glucose from the F was significantly lower from the C or S. In an insulin tolerance test (ITT), glucose lowering was more dramatic from F compared to S or C. Fasting insulin was significantly lower from F and S verses C, and the F group was significantly lower than the S group. Serum leptin was significantly reduced from F and S compared to C. mRNA of adiponectin and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) were significantly elevated from S compared to C while F had no effect. F significantly lowered levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) compared to S. F reduced adipose mass, plasma insulin and glucose, serum leptin, and adipose tissue responses in fatty acid‐binding protein‐4 (FABP‐4), PPARγ, hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and ATGL gene transcription. Protein analysis of PPAR responsive genes and histological evaluation will provide further insight to the mechanism.

This work was supported by Ajinomoto Corp.
Phosphocreatine and genistein supplementation attenuate plasma homocysteine concentrations in rats
Authors: Nonnecke Eric Brain , Weisenhorn Theresa , Schalinske Kevin L
Published: June 2021

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl group donor for most biological methylations. The product of this reaction, S‐adenosylhomocysteine, is converted to homocysteine (Hcy), which is remethylated back to methionine or irreversibly catabolized. Thus, Hcy pools reflect a balance between production and metabolism. Biosynthesis of phosphocreatine (PCr) from guanidinoacetate (GAA) is a transmethylation reaction that requires SAM‐derived methyl groups, contributing significantly to Hcy production. Therefore, dietary supplementation with PCr should decrease the demand on SAM for GAA synthesis. The isolflavone, genistein (G), may promote homeostatic methyl group metabolism. However, mechanisms underlying the effects of G are not well understood. We examined the effects of PCr and G supplementation on elevated Hcy during moderate folate deficiency. Half of the rats received a FD diet for 5 and ½ wk, followed by supplementation with either PCr (4g/kg/diet) or G (300mg/kg/diet) for 10 d. As expected, FD increased total plasma Hcy concentrations by 95%. PCr significantly reduced Hcy during FD (p = 0.049). However, Hcy was attenuated in all control and FD groups receiving PCr and G. Taken together, PCr and G may represent a viable dietary strategy to reduce plasma Hcy.
Effects of a comprehensive intervention to prevent iron deficiency during the first year of life
Authors: Martinez Homero , Duque Ximena , Flores Sergio , Ramos Rosa Isela , Martinez Gloria , Unzaga Marco A.
Published: June 2021

We carried out a randomized, controlled clinical trial that included 1,699 healthy, term newborn infants who were recruited in clinical facilities in Mexico. Children were randomly assigned to receive weekly (7 mg/dose) or monthly iron (30 mg/dose) supplementation, with either ferrous sulphate or aminochelate iron. The intervention was delivered during one year, beginning on the first month of life. Mothers received counseling on proper feeding practices. Data were recorded monthly on the child's growth, health, morbidity, and diet. Blood samples to determine iron status were taken at 3, 6, 9 and 12 moths of life. The control group was drawn from a nationally representative sample of children with similar characteristics. Iron deficiency based on ferritin determination (deficiency < 10 ng/ml) and anemia was defined according to hemoglobin values, using age cutoffs.

There were no statistically significant differences between any of the four arms of the intervention groups in terms of hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations, or the percent of children under the different categories of iron status, so their results are collapsed into a category of “study children”.

The use of a comprehensive strategy to prevent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia proved effective in the study children, irrespective of the type of iron administered or the frequency of administration.
Effect of Resistant Starch on the Bifidobacterial Community of Healthy Adults
Authors: Lasrado Joanne A , Stewart Maria , Slavin Joanne , Savaiano Dennis A , Nakatsu Cindy H
Published: June 2021

Gastrointestinal microbes break down resistant starches (RS) to yield relatively high levels of butyrate, a short chain fatty acid, linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer. The effect of resistant starch on potentially ‘health‐promoting’ members of the gastrointestinal microflora is however, unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of resistant starch on Bifidobacteria, non‐butyrate producers believed to be important for gut health. Using a Latin‐square, single‐blinded, crossover design, 20 healthy free‐living adults consumed 12g/day of five treatments (4 RS, 1 placebo), each for a 14‐day period separated by a 21‐day washout. Stool samples from day 11–14 were pooled for each treatment and bifidobacterial fingerprint profiles were generated using bifidobacterial‐specific primers and PCR‐DGGE. Preliminary data indicate that each subject had a unique bifidobacterial fingerprint profiles, with individual containing 1 to 9 bands. In half the subjects we saw a change in the bifidobacterial fingerprint, which appeared to be a function of the resistant starch treatments. These results suggest that resistant starches have a qualitative effect on the bifidobacterial community. We are currently working to identify the Bifidobacteria most affected by resistant starch.
Satratoxin‐G from black mold induces rhinitis and apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal airways of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Carey Stephan , Plopper Charles , Islam Zahidul , Pestka James , Harkema Jack
Published: June 2021

Satratoxin‐G (SG) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin of Stachybotrys chartarum, a black mold suggested to contribute to adverse health effects associated with water‐damaged buildings. We recently reported that intranasal exposure to SG evokes apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and acute inflammation in the nose and brain of mice. To assess the potential human risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity, we developed an in vivo model of SG exposure in monkeys, whose nasal airways more closely resemble those of humans. Male, 2–3 year‐old rhesus macaques received either a single intranasal instillation of 20μg SG (high‐dose, n=3), or daily instillation of 5μg SG for four days (repeated low‐dose, n=3) in one nasal passage. Saline vehicle alone was administered to the contralateral nasal passage. Animals were euthanized 24h post‐exposure. Nasal tissues were examined for SG‐induced injury in the olfactory epithelium (OE). In both groups, SG induced acute rhinitis in the OE, resulting in a 9‐fold increase in intraepithelial neutrophils versus controls. SG also induced olfactory epithelial atrophy and apoptosis of OSNs in both groups. OSN apoptosis was identified with immunohistochemistry for caspase‐3 and electron microscopy for ultrastructural changes. High‐dose and repeated low‐dose SG elicited a 13% and 66% reduction in OSN volume density, and a 14‐fold and 28‐fold increase in apoptotic cells of the OE, respectively. Caspase‐3 immunoreactivity was detected in the OE and the olfactory nerve bundles in the underlying nasal mucosa in both SG groups. This model provides new insight into the potential human risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity caused by exposure to S. chartarum in water‐damaged buildings.

Funded by: NIH P51 RR000169