bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides: principles and applications
Authors: Vasquez Karen M. , Glazer Peter M.
Published: July 2002

1. Triple-helical nucleic acids 89

1.1 History 89

1.2 Use of oligomers in triplex formation 90

2. Modes of triplex formation 90

2.1 Intermolecular triplexes 90

2.2 Intramolecular triplexes (H-DNA) 92

2.3 R-DNA (recombination DNA) 92

2.4 PNA (peptide nucleic acids) 93

3. Triplex structural models 93

3.1 YR-Y triplexes 94

3.2 GT-A base triplets 94

3.3 TC-G base triplets 94

3.4 TA-T and C+G-C base triplets 94

3.5 RR-Y triplexes 94

4. Modifications of TFOs 95

4.1 Backbone modification of oligonucleotides 95

4.2 Modification of the ribose in oligonucleotides 96

4.3 Base modification of oligonucleotides 97

5. Gene targeting and modification via triplex technology 98

5.1 Transcription and replication inhibition 99

5.2 TFO-directed mutagenesis 99

5.3 TFO-induced recombination 100

5.4 Future challenges in triplex-directed genome modification 100

6. References 101

The first description of triple-helical nucleic acids was by Felsenfeld and Rich in 1957
(Felsenfeld et al. 1957). While studying the binding characteristics of polyribonucleotides by
fiber diffraction studies, they determined that polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] and polyadenylic
acid [poly(A)] strands were capable of forming a stable complex of poly(U) and poly(A) in
a 2:1 ratio. It was therefore concluded that the nucleic acids must be capable of forming a
helical three-stranded structure. The formation of the three-stranded complex was preferred
over duplex formation in the presence of divalent cations (e.g. 10 mm MgCl2). The reaction
was quite specific, since the (U-A) molecule did not react with polycytidylic acid [(poly(C)],
polyadenylic acid or polyinosinic acid [(poly(I)] (Felsenfeld et al. 1957). It was later found that
poly(dT-dC) and poly(dG-dA) also have the capacity to form triple-stranded structures
(Howard & Miles, 1964; Michelson & Monny, 1967). Other triple helical combinations of
polynucleotide strands were identified from X-ray fiber-diffraction studies including,
(A)n.2(I)n and (A)n.2(T)n (Arnott & Selsing, 1974). X-ray diffraction patterns of triple-stranded
fibers of poly(A).2poly(U) and poly(dA).2poly(dT) showed an A-form
conformation of the Watson–Crick strands. The third strand was bound in a parallel
orientation to the purine strand by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds (Hoogsteen, 1959; Arnott &
Selsing, 1974). In 1968, the first potential biological role of these structures was identified by
Morgan & Wells (1968). Using an in vitro assay, they found that transcription by E. coli RNA
polymerase was inhibited by an RNA third strand. Thus, the recent developments identifying
the potential of triplex formation for gene regulation and genome modification came more
than 20 years after this first study of transcription inhibition by triplex formation.
From the globular to the fibrous state: protein structure and structural

conversion in amyloid formation
Authors: SUNDE MARGARET , BLAKE COLIN C. F.
Published: July 2002

The term ‘amyloid’ was used originally to describe
certain deposits found post-
mortem in organs and tissues, which gave a positive reaction when
stained with
iodine (Virchow, 1854). Only later was it realized that the material was
in fact
predominantly proteinaceous, although it is known to be associated with

carbohydrates, particularly glucosoaminoglycans, when obtained from many
ex
vivo sources. With the increasing precision in the definition of amyloid,
initially
from its characteristic green birefringence when stained with the dye Congo
Red
(Missmahl & Hartwig, 1953), and later from its particular appearance
under the
electron microscope (Cohen & Calkins, 1959) and its X-ray diffraction
pattern
(Eanes & Glenner, 1968), it has become evident that it is a specific
fibrillar protein
state, which can also be formed by some proteins when denatured in
vitro (Burke
& Rougvie, 1972), and by synthetic oligopeptides (Bradbury et al.
1960) that may
form amyloid spontaneously when placed in pure aqueous medium (Serpell,

1996). Although these latter may form useful experimental systems for the
study
of amyloid, its major interest at present is that it is associated with
a number of
prominent lethal diseases (Benson & Wallace, 1989; Pepys, 1994).
The Consequences of Welfare Reform: How Conceptions

of Social Rights are Changing
Authors: COX ROBERT HENRY
Published: July 2002

The idea of the welfare state is commonly grounded in the

principles of

social rights, universality and solidarity. Over the past twenty

years, welfare

reforms have challenged the salience of this conceptualisation. This

article argues that changes such as austerity measures, pension reform,

administrative decentralisation and efforts to revive the obligation of

citizenship have fostered a more discursive conception of social rights.

When rights are discursive, the relative power of various clientele

interests plays a greater role in the distribution of benefits than

objective conditions of

need. Also, such notions as universality and solidarity are giving way
to

selectivity and individual responsibility as the paramount principles of

the welfare state.
Social Identity and Social Policy: Engagements with Postmodern Theory
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID
Published: July 2002

This article argues for the centrality of the concept of social
identity in
contemporary analyses of social policy. It attempts to transcend arguments

for or against postmodernism and argues that debates about ‘identity

and difference’, when combined with an analysis of social relations,

need not undermine a focus on structural inequalities and should be at

the heart of theoretical considerations in social policy. It suggests that
the
concept of social identity is still poorly understood in recent debates
and
goes on to outline a provisional theory which distinguishes between ontological

and categorical identity. Such a discussion, it is argued, may
help
suggest ways in which the role of social policy in the process of identity

formation may be better understood.
Lone Mothers and ‘Parental’ Involvement:
A Contradiction in Policy?
Authors: STANDING KAY
Published: July 2002

At the same time as the number of lone mother families has been increasing,
education policy has demanded more involvement in children's
schooling from ‘parents’ (i.e., mothers). Social policy in this area is inherently
contradictory, encouraging lone mothers into paid employment on
the one hand, whilst imploring mothers to ‘help’ in (and out of) the classroom
on the other. Whilst lone mothers become scapegoats for all societal
ills, parental involvement schemes are seen to solve society's ‘problems’.
Drawing on data from a research project, this article begins to examine
the contradictions within and between these policies for low income lone
mothers.
Overlapping talk and the organization of turn-taking for
conversation
Authors: SCHEGLOFF EMANUEL A.
Published: July 2002

This article provides an empirically grounded account
of what happens when more persons than one talk at once
in conversation. It undertakes to specify when such occurrences
are problematic for the participants, and for the organization
of interaction; what the features of such overlapping talk
are; and what constraints an account of overlapping talk
should meet. It describes the practices employed by participants
to deal with such simultaneous talk, and how they form
an organization of practices which is related to the turn-taking
organization previously described by Sacks et al. 1974.
This “overlap resolution device” constitutes
a previously unexplicated component of that turn-taking
organization, and one that provides solutions to underspecified
features of the previous account.
Interactional prosody: High onsets in reason-for-the-call turns
Authors: Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

The present study demonstrates how prosody –
specifically, onset level – is deployed in situated
interaction to cue frames of interpretation for talk. It
shows not only that final pitch level in intonational contours
is a relevant parameter, but also that, under certain conditions,
initial pitch level may provide a situationally
specific contextualization cue. In calls to radio phone-in
programs, for instance, there is a so-called anchor position
where callers can be expected to announce the reason for
their calls. Close empirical analysis of data from such
a program reveals that it is here that the first turn-constructional
unit is routinely formatted with high onset. The studio
moderator displays an orientation to this kind of prosodic
formatting by withholding further talk until the caller
has made a recognizably complete statement of the reason
for the call. On occasion, turn-constructional units in
anchor position are heard to lack a high onset. When this
happens, the moderator responds in a way that shows he
is not treating callers' talk as the reason
for the call, but rather as a preface to the statement
of reason.
Effect of self‐focused attention on the startle reflex, heart rate, and memory performance among socially anxious and nonanxious individuals
Authors: Panayiotou Georgia , Vrana Scott R.
Published: July 2002

The present study examined the effect of self‐focused attention on the startle reflex and heart rate and assessed the assumption that socially anxious individuals become self‐focused in evaluative situations. Twenty‐five high and 30 low socially anxious men performed a digit recall task under evaluative or nonevaluative instructions. Half of the trials were performed under self‐focused conditions and half under non‐self‐focused conditions. Self‐focus led to larger startle responses among socially anxious individuals and had no effect on heart rate. Self‐focus combined with evaluation led to poorer recall performance among all subjects. Results provide evidence against a directional change in attention during self‐focused attention and favor the view that self‐focus increases access to self‐relevant thought content and decreases available processing resources.
Facial electromyographic responses to vocal affect expressions
Authors: Hietanen Jari K. , Surakka Veikko , Linnankoski Ilkka
Published: July 2002

In this study we investigated facial electromyographic (EMG) responses to vocal affect expressions. We also measured emotion‐related action tendencies by requesting the subjects to indicate their tendency to approach or withdraw from the person uttering the stimulus word. In addition, emotional contagion (EC) was measured with a questionnaire‐based scale. The results showed that hearing the expression of anger increased EMG activity in the subjects' brow region more than hearing contentment. In contrast, the expression of contentment activated the periocular muscle region more than anger. The expressions of anger elicited behavioral withdrawal responses, whereas the neutral expressions and contentment evoked approach responses. Subjects scoring low and high on EC exhibited different patterns of EMG responses. The results support the view that negative and positive affects are contagious from hearing human vocal affect expressions.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Marshall P.J.
Published: July 2002

THESE addresses have been trying to explore the obvious paradox in eighteenth-century Britain's fortunes overseas: a North American empire, as I suggested last year, deeply rooted in the rich soil of a close-knit transatlantic community, was to come crashing down in the gale unleashed by the new imperial anxieties and ambitions of Britain's rulers. A British empire was, however, to be successfully planted in the unpromising terrain of alien Asian peoples. It is to the creation of this new Indian empire that I wish now to turn.
IRELAND, INDIA AND THE EMPIRE: 1780–1914
Authors: Bayly C.A.
Published: July 2002

ROY Foster remarks in Paddy and Mr Punchthat a nodding acquaintance with Irish history, which one of his English commentators claimed to have, is ‘the most dangerous type of acquaintance.’ My own growing alarm at attempting to reinvent the wheel for the purpose of this conference has been allayed only slightly by reading a remark of John Stuart Mill: ‘Those Englishmen who know something about India, are even now those who understand Ireland best.
Local and global dynamical control parameters are not so easily separated
Authors: Liley David T. J.
Published: July 2002

Hierarchical systems such as cortical tissue will indeed exhibit dynamics that are scale-dependent, but Nunez's conjecture that theoretically independent transfer functions for each level can be specified and then combined ignores the fact that, in cortex, the same excitatory neuronal populations will contribute to both local and global dynamics.
Current versus future, not genes versus parenting
Authors: Chisholm James S. , Coall David A.
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's model of the evolution of within-sex differences in reproductive strategies requires a degree of female choice that probably did not exist because of male coercion. We argue as well that the tradeoff between current and future reproduction accounts for more of the within-sex differences in reproductive strategies than the “good-genes-good parenting” tradeoff they propose.
Framing the debate between computational and dynamical approaches to cognitive science
Authors: Beer Randall D.
Published: July 2002

van Gelder argues that computational and dynamical systems
are mathematically distinct kinds of systems. Although there are
real experimental and theoretical differences between adopting a
computational or dynamical perspective on cognition, and the dynamical
approach has much to recommend it, the debate cannot be framed this
rigorously. Instead, what is needed is careful study of concrete
models to improve our intuitions.
Listening to speech in the dark
Authors: Remez Robert E.
Published: July 2002

This commentary questions the proposed resemblance between
the auditory mechanisms of localization and those of the sensory
registration of speech sounds. Comparative evidence, which would show
that the neurophysiology of localization is adequate to the task of
categorizing consonants, does not exist. In addition, Sussman et al.
do not offer sensory or perceptual evidence to confirm the presence
in humans of processes promoting phoneme categorization that are
analogous to the neurophysiology of localization. Furthermore, the
computational simulation of the linear model of second formant
variation is not a plausible sensory mechanism for perceiving speech
sounds.
Disentangling dynamics, computation, and cognition
Authors: van Gelder Tim
Published: July 2002

The nature of the dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science
(the DH) is further clarified in responding to various criticisms and
objections raised in commentaries. Major topics addressed include the
definitions of “dynamical system” and “digital
computer”; the DH as Law of Qualitative Structure; the DH as an
ontological claim; the multiple-realizability of dynamical models; the
level at which the DH is formulated; the nature of dynamics; the role
of representations in dynamical cognitive science; the falsifiability
of the DH; the extent to which the DH is open; the role of temporal
and implementation considerations; and the novelty or importance
of the DH. The basic formulation and defense of the DH in the target
article survives intact, though some refinements are
recommended.
Perceptual symbols: The power and limitations of a theory of dynamic imagery and structured frames
Authors: Brewer William F.
Published: July 2002

The perceptual symbol approach to knowledge representation
combines structured frames and dynamic imagery. The perceptual symbol
approach provides a good account of the representation of scientific
models, of some types of naive theories held by children and adults,
and of certain reconstructive memory phenomena. The ontological status
of perceptual symbols is unclear and this form of representation does
not succeed in accounting for all forms of human knowledge.
Reductionism and the neuron doctrine: A metaphysical fix of Gold & Stoljar's trivial–radical distinction
Authors: Fahey James , Zenzen Michael
Published: July 2002

The trivial neuron doctrine (TND) holds that psychology merely
depends on neurobiology. The radical neuron doctrine (RND) goes
further and claims that psychology is superfluous in that neuroscience
can “replace it.” Popular among RND notions of “replacement”
is “reduction,” and in our commentary we challenge
Gold & Stoljar (G&S) to make clear their distinction between
merely depends on (TND) and is reducible to (RND).
G&S give us a TND–RND distinction that is a distinction
without a difference; a defensible TND–RND distinction must
have a metaphysical basis. We suggest a denial of compositionalism
as such a basis.
Retrieval dynamics and brain mechanisms
Authors: Hintzman Douglas L.
Published: July 2002

Experiments on memory-retrieval dynamics support the
hypothesis that different mechanisms mediate processes of familiarity
and recall (recollection). The minimal retrieval time for accurate
recognition and frequency judgments is about 100 msec earlier than
the minimal time to judge details such as modality or location. The
difference is consistent with neurophysiological evidence. Retrieval
dynamics data are also relevant to other aspects of Aggleton &
Brown's target article.
Genetic and biological determinants of psychological traits
Authors: Martindale Colin
Published: July 2002

Rose seems to be arguing against an extreme ultra-Darwinism
that probably has no adherents. He incorrectly argues that a number
of psychological traits are very difficult to measure. This is not
the case. Rose argues that intelligence has no biological correlates.
In fact, it is correlated with brain size, EEG evoked potentials, and
cerebral glucose uptake during problem solving. Data that Rose should
be aware of are omitted when they do not fit the case he is trying to
make.
Begging the question of causation in a critique of the neuron doctrine
Authors: O'Meara J. Tim
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar's argument rejecting the
“explanatory sufficiency” of the radical neuron
doctrine depends on distinguishing it from the trivial neuron
doctrine. This distinction depends on the thesis of
“supervenience,” which depends on Hume's
regularity theory of causation. In contrast, the radical
neuron doctrine depends on a physical theory of causation,
which denies the supervenience thesis. Insofar as the target
article argues by drawing implications from the premise of
Humean causation, whereas the radical doctrine depends on the
competing premise of physical causation, the resulting critique
of the neuron doctrine amounts largely to begging the question
of causation.
One machine among many
Authors: Saunders Barbara
Published: July 2002

In this commentary I point out that Palmer mislocates the source of the inverted spectrum, misrepresents the nature of colour science, and offers no reason for prefering one colour machine over another. I conclude nonetheless that talk about “colour machines” is a step in the right direction.
Grammatical SLI: A distinct subtype of developmental language impairment?
Authors: BISHOP D. V. M. , BRIGHT P. , JAMES C. , BISHOP S. J. , VAN DER LELY H. K. J.
Published: July 2002

Grammatical specific language impairment (G-SLI) has been proposed as a distinct subtype
of language impairment. We assessed a large sample of twins between the ages of 7 and 13 years
on language comprehension tests sensitive to G-SLI. The sample included 37 same-sex twin
pairs selected for the presence of language impairment (LI) in one or both twins and 104 twin
pairs from the general population. The number and patterns of errors in those with LI replicated
findings from previous studies of G-SLI. Qualitative markers of G-SLI were derived from the
tests. Out of 144 children for whom complete data were available, 2 scored positive on all five
markers and 9 scored positive on four of the five markers. Most children who made grammatical
errors characteristic of G-SLI had co-occurring deficits in other areas. These results raise
questions for theories that treat this disorder as an all-or-none modular deficit.
Age of learning effects on the duration of sentences produced in a second language
Authors: GUION SUSAN G. , FLEGE JAMES E. , LIU SERENA H. , YENI-KOMSHIAN GRACE H.
Published: July 2002

Research has shown that L2 utterances diverge increasingly from target language phonetic
norms as the age of L2 learning increases. Other research has suggested that L2 speakers produce
longer utterances than native speakers. The aim of this study was to determine whether L2
utterance durations increase as age of learning increases. Fluently produced English sentences
spoken by 240 native speakers of both Italian and Korean (selected on the basis of age of arrival
[AOA]) were examined. For both L1 groups, the duration of English sentences was
positively correlated with AOA. The AOA effect was found to be significant even when
confounding variables were partialed out. These results are taken as preliminary support for the
proposal that the more established the L1 is at the time of first exposure to the L2, the more it
will interfere with L2 production, thus requiring greater processing resources to suppress it.
Deficits in phoneme segmentation are not the core problem of dyslexia: Evidence from
German and English children
Authors: LANDERL KARIN , WIMMER HEINZ
Published: July 2002

A widely held assumption about dyslexia is that difficulties in accessing the constituent
phonemes of the speech stream are responsible for specific reading and spelling difficulties. In
consistent orthographies, however, the acquisition of accurate phonological recoding and
phonemic awareness was found to pose much less difficulty than in English, and even dyslexic
children were found to exhibit high levels of performance in phonemic segmentation (Wimmer,
1993). Nevertheless, using a rather complex phonological awareness and manipulation task
(spoonerisms: MAN–HAT → HAN–MAT), Landerl, Wimmer, and Frith
(1997) found support for the original position on phonological awareness deficit, as both German
and English dyslexic children showed poor performance. In the present studies, the spoonerism
responses of Landerl et al. were reanalyzed such that children were given credit for partially
correct responses (e.g., a response of HAN for MAN–HAT). Such partially correct
responses were taken to indicate full segmentation of both stimulus words at the
onset–rime level. The effect of this rescoring was that the error rate dropped from
76% to 26% for the English dyslexic children and from 63% to 15%
for the German dyslexic children. Even higher performance levels, although not perfect as for the
age-matched control children, were found on a nonword spelling task in both groups. A second
study examined the segmentation of consonant clusters in younger German dyslexic children and
found performance levels of about 90% correct when memory problems were ruled out.
We argue that, at least in the context of a consistent orthography (and a phonics-based teaching
approach), deficits in phoneme awareness are only evident in the early stages of reading
acquisition, whereas rapid naming and phonological memory deficits are more persistent in
dyslexic children.
Contingencies governing the production of fricatives, affricates, and liquids in babbling
Authors: GILDERSLEEVE-NEUMANN CHRISTINA E. , DAVIS BARBARA L. , MACNEILAGE PETER F.
Published: July 2002

Studies of early-developing consonants (stops, nasals, and glides) in babbling have shown
that most of the variance in consonants and their associated vowels, both within and between
syllables, is due to a “frame” produced by mandibular oscillation, with very little
active contribution from intrasyllabic or intersyllabic tongue movements. In a study of four
babbling infants, the prediction that this apparently basic “frame dominance”
would also apply to late-developing consonants (fricatives, affricates, and liquids) was tested.
With minor exceptions, confirming evidence for both the predicted intrasyllabic and intersyllabic
patterns was obtained. Results provide further evidence for the frame dominance conception, but
suggest that the early rarity of late-developing consonants may be primarily a result of
intrasegmental production difficulty.
Childhood bilingualism and metalinguistic skills: Analysis and control in young
Swedish–English bilinguals
Authors: CROMDAL JAKOB
Published: July 2002

Several scholars have claimed that childhood
bilingualism may enhance development of linguistic awareness. In the present investigation,
metalinguistic ability is studied in terms of the dual skill components outlined by Bialystok and
Ryan (1985): control of linguistic processing and analysis of linguistic knowledge. A total of 38
English–Swedish bilinguals, assigned to two groups according to relative proficiency, and
16 Swedish monolinguals, all aged 6 to 7 years, received three tasks: symbol substitution,
grammaticality judgment, and grammaticality correction. Effects of general bilingualism were
found on tasks requiring a high control of linguistic processing, thus replicating previous
findings. The results indicated that a high degree of bilinguality may also enhance the
development of linguistic analysis. Moreover, it was found that certain metalinguistic skills
– especially control of processing – were more readily applied in the
subjects' weaker language.
Relationship of metalinguistic capabilities and reading achievement for children who
are becoming bilingual
Authors: CARLISLE JOANNE F. , BEEMAN MARGARET , DAVIS LYLE HULL , SPHARIM GALILA
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the developing metalinguistic capabilities of Hispanic primary school
children who are becoming bilingual but whose English reading achievement is below average.
Two questions were posed: first, do native- and second-language vocabulary and degree of
bilingualism contribute to performance on a metalinguistic task (defining words) and, second, do
native- and second-language vocabulary and metalinguistic development at the word level
significantly predict reading comprehension in the spring? The results showed that performance
on the definition task in English and in Spanish was significantly explained by word knowledge
in the language of the task; performance on the definition task in the other language (English or
Spanish) but not degree of bilingualism contributed significantly, after the effects of vocabulary
in the two languages were accounted for. Both native- and second-language vocabulary and
phonological awareness independently contributed to achievement in English reading
comprehension. The results suggest that, for children with limited native-language development
in the early stages of bilingualism, vocabulary development in both the native and second
language and metalinguistic development at the word level may be important education priorities
because of their effects on second-language reading comprehension.
Invariants of weak equivalence in primitive matrices
Authors: SWANSON RICHARD , VOLKMER HANS
Published: July 2002

Weak equivalence of primitive matrices is a known invariant arising naturally from the study of inverse limit spaces. Several new invariants for weak equivalence are described. It is proved that a positive dimension group isomorphism is a complete invariant for weak equivalence. For the transition matrices corresponding to periodic kneading sequences, the discriminant is proved to be an invariant when the characteristic polynomial is irreducible. The results have direct application to the topological classification of one-dimensional inverse limit spaces.
Markov systems and transfer operators associated with
cofinite Fuchsian groups
Authors: MORITA TAKEHIKO
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study a generalization of
Mayer's result on the Selberg zeta function of
$PSL(2, {\Bbb Z})$. Let $\Gamma$ be a cofinite
Fuchsian group. We construct a Markov system
${\cal T}_{\Gamma}$ by modifying the Bowen–Series
construction of a Markov map $T_{\Gamma}$ associated
with $\Gamma$. The Markov system enables us to
define transfer operators
$L(s)$ for ${\cal T}_{\Gamma}$ so that they determine
a meromorphic function taking values with nuclear operators
on a nice function space.
We show that the Selberg zeta function $Z(s)$ of
$\Gamma$ has a determinant representation
$Z(s)=\Det(I-L(s))F(s)$, where $\Det(I-L(s))$ is the
Fredholm determinant of $L(s)$ and $F(s)$ is a meromorphic
function depending only on a finite number of
hyperbolic conjugacy classes of $\Gamma$. Combining such
a representation and the investigation of the spectral
properties of $L(s)$, we can also obtain some analytic
information of $Z(s)$.
Relying on informal care in the new century? Informal care for elderly people in England to 2031
Authors: PICKARD LINDA , WITTENBERG RAPHAEL , COMAS-HERRERA ADELINA , DAVIES BLEDDYN , DARTON ROBIN
Published: July 2002

The research reported here is concerned with the future of informal care over
the next thirty years and the effect of changes in informal care on demand for
formal services. The research draws on a PSSRU computer simulation model
which has produced projections to 2031 for long-term care for England. The
latest Government Actuary's Department (GAD) 1996-based marital status
projections are used here. These projections yield unexpected results in that
they indicate that more elderly people are likely to receive informal care than
previously projected. The underlying reason is that the GAD figures project
a fall in the number of widows and rise in the number of elderly women with
partners. What this implies is that ‘spouse carers’ are likely to become
increasingly important. This raises issues about the need for support by carers
since spouse carers tend to be themselves elderly and are often in poor health.
The article explores a number of ‘scenarios’ around informal care, including
scenarios in which the supply of informal care is severely restricted and a
scenario in which more support is given to carers by developing ‘carer-blind’
services. This last scenario has had particular relevance for the Royal
Commission on Long Term Care.
Elder care and intergenerational relationships in rural Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: KEASBERRY I. N.
Published: July 2002

In Indonesia, as in most other societies, intergenerational relationships are considered most important for elder care. Children are expected to take care of their elderly parents. However, processes of social change such as industrialisation, urbanisation and migration can have a negative impact on care for elderly people, particularly in rural areas. This paper addresses the issue of the living and care arrangements of older people and possible changes therein. A number of hypotheses and research questions pertaining to this issue are discussed. An Elderly Household Survey was carried out among people aged 55 years and older in two different villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data concern the living and care arrangements according to the respondent’s sex, age and village. The principle finding is that most older people still live with at least one child or with other kin, or have at least one child living in the same village. Hence, they still have a potential care provider in their immediate vicinity. The situation, however, especially of women aged over 75 years, seems to be problematic.
The Emergence of the Person in Dementia Research
Authors: DOWNS MURNA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this review is to identify and explore the emerging

attention being paid to the individual in dementia research. Following

a brief introduction, the review will examine literature which recognises

three aspects of the person with dementia: the individual's sense
of self;

the person's rights; and the value to be gained from a concern with
the

perspectives of people with dementia. To date the medical model has

dominated dementia research. This model tends to reduce the person

with dementia to his/her neurobiology or neuropsychology (Cotrell

and Schulz 1993). The experience and manifestation of dementia has

been attributed solely to the disease process, with a consequent neglect

of the psychosocial context surrounding the individual (Lyman 1989).

Research on the psychosocial aspects of dementia has concentrated on

family carers. Keady (1996) provides a useful categorisation of this

research into the following topics: gender and coping style; marital

relationships and the impact of dementia; access to information and

services; participation in and effectiveness of support groups;

adjustment and circumstances surrounding admission into care; and

perception of own health needs. No literature focuses on people with

dementia.
Narrative Identity and Dementia: a Study of Emotion and Narrative
in Older People with Dementia
Authors: MILLS MARIE A.
Published: July 2002

The study involved a sample of eight moderately to severely
demented elderly people who used psychogeriatric day services.
Counselling skills were used by
the interviewer to investigate informants' recall of
emotional memories.
Interviews were normally carried out individually each week over a number
of months. Between thirteen and twenty-five interviews with individual
informants were recorded and transcribed. The data form a series of
longitudinal case-studies, analysed using quasi-judicial methods (Bromley
1986), and with a grounded theory approach (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Over
time, it became apparent that each case-study revealed fragmented pieces of
an informant's personal narrative. The emotions associated
with their past
experiences appeared to provide a strong cue to recall and formed a
significant feature of their accounts as well as providing all
informants with narrative
identity. For some informants, this sense of narrative identity
began to dissolve
as their illness progressed and their stories faded from memory. For other
informants, whose memories were not so devastated by their illness, it
remained with them. Although outcomes varied for all informants, all
experienced varying levels of increased well-being. The data may have
important therapeutic implications for the care of dementia patients through
the development of reminiscence work. Attention is drawn to some theoretical
implications for understanding the relationship between emotion, memory
and dementia.
The health-related concerns of older prisoners: implications for policy
Authors: MARQUART JAMES W. , MERIANOS DOROTHY E. , DOUCET GERI
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the sociodemographic characteristics, health condition,
and problems in the activities of daily living of two groups of older Texas state
prisoners. The research group, assigned to a geriatric facility, were primarily
Anglos who had committed violent crime. Few admitted to having a drinking
problem but most admitted to a daily smoking habit. Most rated their current
health condition as fair or poor; many used special equipment to aid their
movement and breathing. Their self-rated health condition was worse than
that of a comparison group of older inmates drawn from the general
population of the prison. Inmates and health-care providers agreed that
separate facilities for older prisoners are desirable. The paper concludes with
a discussion of the implications for prison management and future policy.
Social and democratic participation in
residential settings for older people:
realities and aspirations
Authors: ABBOTT STEPHEN , FISK MALCOLM , FORWARD LOUISE
Published: July 2002

This paper explores some of the experiences of older people living in residential
settings (sheltered, very sheltered housing and residential care), in the context
of theories of participation, consumerism and citizenship. It draws on material
from personal interviews undertaken with over 100 older people in England
and Wales, and also from discussions with staff. Two-thirds of respondents
were aged over 85. A significant minority of residents expressed some concerns
about the routines of life, such as meals and social contact. Staff expectations
of social participation were often unrealistic: for many residents, social contact
was more a matter of adjustment than of friendship. Residents did not
participate in deciding how the residential settings where they lived should be
organised and managed, except for helping with simple domestic tasks. There
is a need to change both attitudes and practice to enable older people to
participate more fully in these settings.
Advertising in an ageing society
Authors: CARRIGAN MARYLYN , SZMIGIN ISABELLE
Published: July 2002

Age discrimination is one of the last forms of discrimination yet to be tackled
by legislation. Despite the call of the United Nations for older people to be
treated fairly, regardless of age, many industries still overtly discriminate
against them. The advertising industry is a particular offender, either ignoring
older people altogether or presenting them in caricatures or negative
stereotypes. The authors suggest that regulation or legislation may be
required, to raise awareness of the issues surrounding age discrimination and
to persuade advertisers to present images of older people which are more
relevant and acceptable in today's society.
Dementia in a socio-cultural context: an idea whose time has come
Authors: DOWNS MURNA
Published: July 2002

Dementia studies are currently dominated by biomedical and
psychological models that focus on the individual without regard to
their socio-cultural context (Bond 1992, 1999; Lyman 1989; Harding
and Palfry 1997; Whitehouse et al. 2000). There is now a growing
interest in how socio-cultural factors may mediate the experience of,
and response to, dementia (Holstein 1998). The purpose of this review
is to examine this growing interest in the socio-cultural context of
dementia with reference to earlier developments in disability studies
(Oliver 1990; Thomas 1999) and ageing research in general (Estes et al.
1984). The implications of placing dementia in a socio-cultural context
for research, policy and practice will be discussed.

Most of the theoretical work on dementia has been devoted to
pointing out the inadequacies of biomedical and psychological models
in which problems are attributed solely to an individual's neuropathology
with a simultaneous neglect of socio-cultural factors (Binney
and Swan 1991; Lyman 1989; Harding and Palfry 1998; Kitwood
1998). The study of dementia, it is argued, has been limited by the
broader ‘biomedicalisation of ageing’ whereby problems of ageing
have been attributed to the ‘tragedy’ of the individual's pathology
rather than as a function of an inadequate societal response. Robertson
(1991) describes how people so labelled are referred to as ‘victims’ or
‘sufferers’. All difficulties in the person's life are attributed to their
underlying disease with a consequent neglect of social and environmental
factors that may ameliorate or prevent such ‘symptoms’.
Carework as a form of bodywork
Authors: TWIGG JULIA
Published: July 2002

The paper argues for the importance of recognising carework as a form of
bodywork. It discusses why this central dimension has been neglected in
accounts of carework, pointing to the ways in which community care has
traditionally been analysed, the resistance of social gerontology to an overly
bodily emphasis, and the conceptual dominance of the debate on care.
Drawing on a study of the provision of help with bathing and washing for
older people at home, it explores the body dimension of the activity, looking
at how careworkers negotiate nakedness and touch, manage dirt and disgust,
balance intimacy and distance. Finally, the paper draws together some of the
key themes of this bodywork: its designation as ‘dirty work’, its hidden,
silenced character, the low occupational esteem in which it is held and its
gendered nature.
Music and the Internet
Authors: Jones Steve
Published: July 2002

The fact is, if you want to make a difference in music, you have to change the machine. (Christie 1998)

In my book Rock Formation I borrowed from Walter Ong and Jacques Attali when I noted that, ‘The ability to record sound is power over sound.’ (Jones 1992, p. 51) I continue to believe that statement to be true. Arguments that I then made about the increasing role computers would play in the production of music have been borne out. They were not hard forecasts to make: one only had to imagine that the processing power of computer chips would continue to increase according to Moore's Law and then extrapolate the possibilities such increases would create for sound recording and reproduction. Even comments I made, vaguely tongue-in-cheek, expecting that we would have, in addition to the ability to record high-quality digital audio in the home, the ability to press CDs at home, and print colour inserts for CD jewel boxes, thus creating not only home studios but home pressing plants, have become a reality. However, with but a few years' hindsight, I want to append to these an argument that recording sound matters less and less, and distributing it matters more and more, or, in other words, the ability to record and transport sound is power over sound. Consequently, technology is an even more important element to which popular music scholars must attend.
Optimal design of a
redundant spherical parallel manipulator
Authors: Leguay-Durand Sylvie , Reboulet Claude
Published: July 2002

A new kinematic design of a parallel spherical wrist with actuator
redundancy is presented. A special feature of this parallel manipulator is the
arrangement of co-axial actuators which allows unlimited rotation about any axis
inside a cone-shaped workspace. A detailed kinematic analysis has shown that
actuator redundancy not only removes singularities but also increases workspace
while improving dexterity. The structure optimization has been performed with a
global dexterity criterion. Using a conditioning measure, a comparison with a
non-redundant structure of the same type was performed and shows that a
significant improvement in dexterity has been obtained.
Autonomous vehicle parallel parking design using function fitting approaches
Authors: Wang Yongji , Cartmell M. P.
Published: July 2002

One of the most fundamental problems in the development of an intelligent highway system or an autonomous mobile robot system for factory use is to find the necessary input control variables for smooth and safe movement of the vehicle, or robot, between any two configurations. In this paper it is demonstrated that this problem can be converted into one of finding a fitting function which satisfies the boundary conditions. Three curves, a quintic polynomial, a cubic polynomial and a triangular function are developed to perform the parallel transfer manoeuvre which forms the basis of several important manoeuvres such as reverse parking, moving off, negotiating a stationary obstacle, overtaking a moving vehicle, and changing lane. A detailed discussion of the effect of the vehicle's steering angle limit on the feasibility of these manoeuvres is presented. Simulation results using three typical vehicles, a long commercial vehicle, an ordinary car, and a small laboratory robot, travelling along three curves are also presented and discussed. Based on the comparative study, some suggestions for further work are made. Compared with other methods, this approach is simple and provides excellent simulation of human driver techniques. The paper concludes with a focused discussion about the integration of these techniques with satellite based GPS systems for automated vehicle guidance on highways.
Instrumental learning with exams in mind: a case study investigating teacher, student and parent interactions before, during and after a music examination
Authors: Davidson Jane , Scutt Sarah
Published: July 2002

Teaching and learning dynamics in musical instrument tuition, especially in one-to-one teacher–student contexts, have not been studied in a truly systematic manner. The research described in this paper attempts to bring some insights to this area, for teachers and students were studied over a period of six months. More specifically, in the fourth month of the study, all the learners took a practical instrumental examination of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (either violin or piano, ranging from Grades 1 to 8). It thus became possible to explore how the teachers aided, developed and structured the students' preparation up to, during and after the examination, and also how the students worked and responded to the examinations within the context of their families. Furthermore, parents were observed and interviewed about their interactions with their children – the students – and the teachers. Looking at four teachers and eighteen students, the results revealed a number of complex and interconnected themes which both aided and hindered learning. The current paper highlights these.
Changes in the floristic composition of cerrado sensu stricto in Brazil over a nine-year period
Authors: Felfili Jeanine Maria , Rezende Alba Valéria , Júnior Manoel Cláudio Da Silva , Silva Marco Aurélio
Published: July 2002

Changes in floristic composition and structure in a cerrado sensu stricto area were studied over a 9-y period. A sample of 19 (20-m × 50-m) permanent plots was assessed at 3-y intervals from 1985 to 1994, when all stems ≥ 5 cm at 0.30 m above the ground level were measured. There was little change in species composition over the period. Changes in density and basal area of the whole community were in the range of 5% over the 9 y. These parameters fluctuated over the years with the greatest differences found in the comparisons of 1991, 2 y after an accidental fire reached the site, with other years. The changes in density and basal area were greater than in several tropical forests, probably due to disturbances such as fire occurring at 3 to 5-y intervals. The nearly constant density and basal area suggested a highly resilient community.
Concepts for the aggregation of tropical tree species into functional types and the application to Sabah's lowland rain forests
Authors: Köhler Peter , Ditzer Thomas , Huth Andreas
Published: July 2002

For analysing field data as well as for modelling purposes it is useful to classify tree species into a few functional types. In this paper a new aggregation of tree species of the dipterocarp rain forests in Sabah (Borneo), Malaysia, is developed. The aggregation is based on the two criteria successional status and potential maximum height. Three classes of successional status (early, mid and late successional species) and five classes of potential maximum heights (≥ 5 m, 5–15, 15–25, 25–36, > 36 m) lead to a combination of 15 functional types. The criteria of the developed classification are chosen to suit for applications with process-based models, such as FORMIX3 and FORMIND, which are based on photosynthesis production as the main process determining tree growth. The concept is universal and can easily be applied to other areas. With this new method of grouping a more realistic parametrization of process-based rain forest growth models seems to be possible.
Defoliation of an island (Guam, Mariana Archipelago, Western Pacific Ocean) following a saltspray-laden ‘dry’ typhoon
Authors: KERR ALEXANDER M.
Published: July 2002

Tropical cyclonic storms with sustained winds above 120 km h−1 are called
hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones depending on their geographic
location. They can cause considerable damage to forests. This damage may be
in the form of pruned and fallen trees from
intense winds (Boucher et al. 1990, Walker et al. 1992), defoliation from a
combination of winds and torrential rains (Vandermeer et al. 1997), or
mortality from marine inundation of low-lying land (Gardner et al.
1991). Occasionally, extensive defoliation of forests can also occur from
wind-driven saltwater when winds are onshore and precipitation is
insufficient to dilute the seaspray (Chen & Horng 1993). Below I report the
dramatic consequences of an unusual seaspray-laden typhoon on the vegetation
of the western Micronesian island of Guam.