bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective area heteroepitaxy through nanoimprint lithography for large area InP on Si
Authors: Metaferia Wondwosen , Tommila Juha , Junesand Carl , Kataria Himanshu , Hu Chen , Guina Mircea , Niemi Tapio , Lourdudoss Sebastian
Published: May 2012

The use of nanoimprint lithography, a low cost and time saving alternative to E‐beam lithography, for growing heteroepitaxial indium phosphide layer on silicon is demonstrated. Two types of patterns on 500 nm and 200 nm thick silicon dioxide mask either on InP substrate or InP seed layer on silicon were generated by UV nanoimprint lithography: (i) circular openings of diameter 150 nm and 200 nm and (ii) line openings of width ranging from 200 nm to 500 nm. Selective area growth and epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InP were conducted on these patterns in a low pressure hydride vapour phase epitaxy reactor. The epitaxial layers obtained were characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro photoluminescence. The growth from the circular openings on InP substrate and InP (seed) on Si substrate is extremely selective with similar growth morphology. The final shape has an octahedral flat top pyramid type geometry. These can be used as templates for growing InP nanostructures on silicon. The grown InP layers from the line openings on InP substrates are ∼ 2.5 μm thick with root mean square surface roughness as low as 2 nm. Completely coalesced layer of InP over an area of 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm was obtained.The room temperature photoluminescence intensity from InP layers on InP substrate is 55% of that of homoepitaxial InP layer. The decrease in PL intensity with respect to that of the homoepitaxial layer is probably due to defects associated with stacking faults caused by surface roughness of the mask surface. Thus in this study, we have demonstrated that growth of heteroepitaxial InP both homogeneously and selectively on the large area of silicon can be achieved. This opens up the feasibility of growing InP on large area silicon for several photonic applications (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
HeI2 interaction potential based on an interpolation scheme
Authors: Delgado‐Tellez Laura , Valdés Alvaro , Prosmiti Rita , Villarreal Pablo , Delgado‐Barrio Gerardo
Published: May 2012

We present a new CCSD(T) interaction potential for the ground state of the HeI2 complex. We used the general interpolation method for constructing smooth potential surfaces from ab initio data based on the reproducing kernel Hilbert Space and the inverse problem theory proposed by Ho and Rabitz [J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 104, 2584]. A global, full‐dimensional representation of the surface is obtained using the CCSD(T)/complete basis set ab initio data by García‐Gutierrez et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 5754]. We found that the present constructed potential represents all characteristics of the surface, and the differences with the previous analytical surface, based on the same set of ab initio data, are analyzed. Further, the influence of different generation procedures of the surface on the stability of the two, linear and T‐shaped, isomers, and vibrational states of the cluster is also discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
System dynamics problem definition as an evolutionary process using the concept of ambiguity
Authors: Mashayekhi Ali N. , Ghili Soheil
Published: May 2012

Problem definition is the most important phase of the system dynamics modeling process. In this paper, we propose an approach to enrich the problem definition process based on a continuous and conscious effort to elicit the hidden ambiguities of the dynamic hypothesis, and transform these ambiguities into questions. The answers to these questions would in turn sharpen the definition of the problem, and improve the dynamic hypothesis. We show how this approach can help in building models that are more suited to the real‐world dynamic problems and policy design. Finally, we proposed some guidelines for revealing ambiguities as a basis to problem definition and dynamic hypothesis in an iterative process. Copyright © 2012 System Dynamics Society.
Practical experiences of model‐based development: Case studies from the Swedish Armed Forces
Authors: Pilemalm Sofie , Hallberg Niklas , Sparf Magnus , Niclason Thomas
Published: May 2012

This study explores practical experiences of model‐based development and implementation, focusing on “lessons identified.” The study draws on experience from several case studies in the Swedish Defence domain using semistructured interviews as the major source of information. The study identifies several conditions as being crucial for successful implementation of model‐based development work, including an increased focus on the planning and premodeling phase, a need for interorganizational or across‐project collaboration, scalability, change management, and documentation and reuse of experiences. It was also found that most of the challenges identified in the model‐based development and implementation processes are common organizational and system development related problems such as change management, the issue of user participation, and how to carry out requirements engineering based on the models. Therefore, future research in the area should aim for a more integrative perspective, for instance, bridging the gap between information collection, models, user needs, and organizational and system requirements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 15
Elegant systems design: Creative fusion of simplicity and power
Authors: Madni Azad M.
Published: May 2012

Elegance is a term frequently associated with aesthetics in design. It typically connotes simplicity, beauty, and grace. When it comes to complex systems, it also connotes predictable behavior, power, and creative functionality. Elegance is what separates the merely functional from the engaging. An elegant design usually has a thematic vision that drives its creation. It engages both designers and users and supports creative exploration on their part. The process of elegant design is an iterative, creative process that exploits systems thinking, probing questioning, and appropriate analogies and metaphors to gain insights that can be transformed novel solutions. This paper provides key insights into elegant systems design and characteristics of elegant systems designers. It offers a heuristics‐driven elegant systems design process along with metrics for assessing elegance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 15
Neural tube defects—disorders of neurulation and related embryonic processes
Authors: Copp Andrew J. , Greene Nicholas D. E.
Published: May 2012

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital malformations affecting 1 in every 1000 pregnancies. ‘Open’ NTDs result from failure of primary neurulation as seen in anencephaly, myelomeningocele (open spina bifida), and craniorachischisis. Degeneration of the persistently open neural tube in utero leads to loss of neurological function below the lesion level. ‘Closed’ NTDs are skin‐covered disorders of spinal cord structure, ranging from asymptomatic spina bifida occulta to severe spinal cord tethering, and usually traceable to disruption of secondary neurulation. ‘Herniation’ NTDs are those in which meninges, with or without brain or spinal cord tissue, become exteriorized through a pathological opening in the skull or vertebral column (e.g., encephalocele and meningocele). NTDs have multifactorial etiology, with genes and environmental factors interacting to determine individual risk of malformation. While over 200 mutant genes cause open NTDs in mice, much less is known about the genetic causation of human NTDs. Recent evidence has implicated genes of the planar cell polarity signaling pathway in a proportion of cases. The embryonic development of NTDs is complex, with diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms operating at different levels of the body axis. Molecular regulatory events include the bone morphogenetic protein and Sonic hedgehog pathways which have been implicated in control of neural plate bending. Primary prevention of NTDs has been implemented clinically following the demonstration that folic acid (FA), when taken as a periconceptional supplement, can prevent many cases. Not all NTDs respond to FA, however, and adjunct therapies are required for prevention of this FA‐resistant category. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:213–227. doi: 10.1002/wdev.71

This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation

Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies
Limb regeneration
Authors: Simon András , Tanaka Elly M.
Published: May 2012

Limb regeneration is observed in certain members of the animal phyla. Some animals keep this ability during their entire life while others lose it at some time during development. How do animals regenerate limbs? Is it possible to find unifying, conserved mechanisms of limb regeneration or have different species evolved distinct means of replacing a lost limb? How is limb regeneration similar or different to limb development? Studies on many organisms, including echinoderms, arthropods, and chordates have provided significant knowledge about limb regeneration. In this focus article, we concentrate on tetrapod limb regeneration as studied in three model amphibians: newts, axolotls, and frogs. We review recent progress on tissue interactions during limb regeneration, and place those findings into an evolutionary context. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:291–300. doi: 10.1002/wdev.73

This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration
Signaling and transcriptional regulation in neural crest specification and migration: lessons from xenopus embryos
Authors: Pegoraro Caterina , Monsoro‐Burq Anne H.
Published: May 2012

The neural crest is a population of highly migratory and multipotent cells, which arises from the border of the neural plate in vertebrate embryos. In the last few years, the molecular actors of neural crest early development have been intensively studied, notably by using the frog embryo, as a prime model for the analysis of the earliest embryonic inductions. In addition, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular basis of Xenopus cranial neural crest migration, by combining in vitro and in vivo analysis. In this review, we examine how the action of previously known neural crest‐inducing signals [bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), wingless‐int (Wnt), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)] is controlled by newly discovered modulators during early neural plate border patterning and neural crest specification. This regulation controls the induction of key transcription factors that cooperate to pattern the premigratory neural crest progenitors. These data are discussed in the perspective of the gene regulatory network that controls neural and neural crest patterning. We then address recent findings on noncanonical Wnt signaling regulation, cell polarization, and collective cell migration which highlight how cranial neural crest cells populate their target tissue, the branchial arches, in vivo. More than ever, the neural crest stands as a powerful and attractive model to decipher complex vertebrate regulatory circuits in vivo. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:247–259. doi: 10.1002/wdev.76

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Exact results for ’t Hooft loops in Gauge theories on S
4
Authors: Gomis Jaume , Okuda Takuya , Pestun Vasily
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The path integral of a general
$\mathcal{N} = 2$
supersymmetric gauge theory on S
4 is exactly evaluated in the presence of a supersymmetric ’t Hooft loop operator. The result we find — obtained using localization techniques — captures all perturbative quantum corrections as well as non-perturbative effects due to instantons and monopoles, which are supported at the north pole, south pole and equator of S
4. As a by-product, our gauge theory calculations successfully confirm the predictions made for ’t Hooft loops obtained from the calculation of topological defect correlators in Liouville/Toda conformal field theory.
Imaginary soaring branes: a hidden feature of non-extremal solutions
Authors: Bena Iosif , Ruef Clément , Warner Nicholas P.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A key property of many BPS solutions of supergravity is the fact that certain probe branes placed in these solutions feel no force, essentially because electric repulsion and gravitational attraction balance one another. In this letter we show that the existence of brane probes that feel no force is also a property of many non-supersymmetric, non-extremal solutions of supergravity. This observation requires a new class of brane probes that move with constant velocity along one or several internal directions of the solution but the zero-force condition that makes the branes “float along” at constant speed, or soar, requires the velocity to be purely imaginary. While these probes are not physical, their no-force condition implies the existence of hidden relations between the warp factors and electric potentials of non-extremal solutions in certain duality frames, and this provides insight into the structure of such solutions and can greatly simplify the search for them.
Preservation Versus Division of Ilioinguinal Nerve on Open Mesh Repair of Inguinal Hernia: A Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hsu Wayne , Chen Ching‐Shyang , Lee Hung‐Chia , Liang Hung‐Hua , Kuo Li‐Jen , Wei Po‐Li , Tam Ka‐Wai
Published: May 2012

Background

Chronic groin pain after inguinal hernia repair, a serious problem, is caused by entrapment of the ilioinguinal nerve either by mesh or development of fibrosis. Division of the ilioinguinal nerve during hernioplasty has been found to reduce the incidence of chronic groin pain. However, the traditional approach favors preservation of the ilioinguinal nerve during open hernia repair.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the outcomes of preservation versus division of the ilioinguinal nerve during open mesh repair of inguinal hernia. The primary outcome was the incidence of groin pain; secondary outcomes were numbness and sensory loss.

Results

We reviewed six trials with 1,286 patients. We found no difference between the groups for the incidence of groin pain or numbness at 1, 6, and 12 months after open mesh inguinal repair. The incidence of sensory loss or change was significantly higher in the division group than in the preservation group at 6 months [risk ratio (RR) 1.25; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.53] and at 12 months (RR 1.55; 95 % CI 1.01–2.37) postoperatively. No significant differences between the groups were noted at any other points in time.

Conclusions

Preservation of the ilioinguinal nerve during open mesh repair of inguinal hernia is associated with a decreased incidence of sensory loss at 6 and 12 months postoperatively compared with that of the division technique. No significant differences were found between the groups for chronic groin pain or numbness.
Contrasting the Effects of Hydrophobicity and Counterion Size on Anionic Wormlike Micelle Growth
Authors: Han Yixiu , Wei Yongqiang , Wang Hang , Mei Yongjun , Zhou Hong
Published: May 2012

Rheological measurements were performed to understand the effect of benzyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (BTAB) and NaBr on the growth of wormlike micelles formed by sodium oleate (NaOA). Both salts can make the micellar solution viscoelastic, and the rheological responses verify the formation of wormlike micelles. The viscoelastic solution follows the Maxwell model of a single stress relaxation mode in the low‐frequency region. In comparison, the BTAB system exhibits stronger viscoelasticity than the NaBr system at constant salt concentration, but the critical overlapping concentration shows no significant difference; less BTAB can induce the solution to be more viscous than NaBr, but the viscosity maximum of the BTAB system is remarkably lower than that of NaBr at fixed NaOA content. The puzzling result is attributed to the effect of the composition on the packing parameter. In addition, it is shown that the zero‐shear viscosity of the two salt systems decreases upon heating, following the Arrhenius mode well.
Brief report: Relationships between physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls
Authors: Raudsepp Lennart , Neissaar Inga
Published: May 2012

This study examined the relationships between changes in physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Participants were 277 urban adolescent girls. Physical activity was measured using the 3‐Day Physical Activity Recall and depressive symptoms were assessed using questionnaire. Data were collected on three occasions over a 3‐year period. The results of latent growth modelling indicated that initial level and change in physical activity was inversely associated with initial status and change in depressive symptoms The associations were independent of body mass index. Our results encourage the design of interventions that reduce depressive symptoms and increase physical activity of early adolescent girls.
Potential role of LMP2 as an anti‐oncogenic factor in human uterine leiomyosarcoma: Morphological significance of calponin h1
Authors: Hayashi Takuma , Horiuchi Akiko , Sano Kenji , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi , Kasai Mari , Ichimura Tomoyuki , Sudo Tamotsu , Nishimura Ryuichiro , Ishiko Osamu , Shiozawa Tanri , Kanai Yae , Yaegashi Nobuo , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Konishi Ikuo
Published: May 2012

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a highly metastatic smooth muscle neoplasm for which calponin h1 is suspected to have a biological role as a tumor‐suppressor. We earlier reported that LMP2‐null mice spontaneously develop uterine LMS through malignant transformation of the myometrium, thus implicating this protein as an anti‐tumorigenic candidate as well. In the present study, we show that LMP2 may negatively regulate LMS independently of its role in the proteasome. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that although calponin h1 does not directly influence tumorigenesis, it clearly affects LMP2‐induced cellular morphological changes. Modulation of LMP2 may lead to new therapeutic approaches in human uterine LMS.
Generalised equations for the prediction of percentage body fat by anthropometry in adult men and women aged 18–81 years
Authors: Leahy Siobhan , O'Neill Cian , Sohun Rhoda , Toomey Clodagh , Jakeman Philip
Published: May 2012

Anthropometric data indicate that the human phenotype is changing. Today's adult is greater in stature, body mass and fat mass. Accurate measurement of body composition is necessary to maintain surveillance of obesity within the population and to evaluate associated interventions. The aim of the present study was to construct and validate generalised equations for percentage body fat (%BF) prediction from anthropometry in 1136 adult men and women. Reference values for %BF were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Skinfold thickness (SF) at ten sites and girth (G) at seven sites were measured on 736 men and women aged 18–81 years (%BF 5·1–56·8 %). Quantile regression was employed to construct prediction equations from age and log-transformed SF and G measures. These equations were then cross-validated on a cohort of 400 subjects of similar age and fatness. The following generalised equations were found to most accurately predict %BF:$Men:\,(age\times 0\cdot 1) + (logtricepsSF\times 7\cdot 6) + (logmidaxillaSF\times 8\cdot 8) + (logsuprspinaleSF\times 11\cdot 9) - 11\cdot 3$(standard error of the estimate: 2·5 %, 95 % limits of agreement: − 4·8, +4·9)$Women:\,(age\times 0\cdot 1) + (logabdominalG\times 39\cdot 4) + (logmidaxillaSF\times 4\cdot 9) + (logbicepsSF\times 11\cdot 0) + (logmedialcalfSF\times 9\cdot 1) - 73\cdot 5$(standard error of the estimate: 3·0 %, 95 % limits of agreement: − 5·7, + 5·9) These generalised anthropometric equations accurately predict %BF and are suitable for the measurement of %BF in adult men and women of varying levels of fatness across the lifespan.
Objective assessment of learning curves for the Voxel-Man TempoSurg temporal bone surgery computer simulator
Authors: Nash R , Sykes R , Majithia A , Arora A , Singh A , Khemani S
Published: May 2012

Introduction:

Simulators are becoming an increasingly important part of surgical training. Temporal bone surgery is one area in which simulators, such as the Voxel-Man TempoSurg simulator, are likely to play a significant role in training. We present learning curve data from novice trainees using this simulator to learn cortical mastoidectomy, exposure of the sigmoid sinus, and exposure of the short process of the incus.

Methods:

We measured the time taken to perform the procedures, the volume of reference bone removed, and the structures damaged during dissection.

Results:

We found improvement in a number of parameters over the course of the study. The overall scores, structural damage scores and time taken improved, to differing degrees, for each task. The volume of reference bone removed remained constant.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that the trainees' efficiency improved as they became more proficient at removing a given volume of reference bone.
Contracts made manifest
Authors: GREENBERG MICHAEL , PIERCE BENJAMIN C. , WEIRICH STEPHANIE
Published: May 2012

Since Findler and Felleisen (Findler, R. B. & Felleisen, M. 2002) introducedhigher-order contracts, many variants have been proposed. Broadly, these fall into two groups: some follow Findler and Felleisen (2002) in usinglatentcontracts, purely dynamic checks that are transparent to the type system; others usemanifestcontracts, whererefinement typesrecord the most recent check that has been applied to each value. These two approaches are commonly assumed to be equivalent—different ways of implementing the same idea, one retaining a simple type system, and the other providing more static information. Our goal is to formalize and clarify this folklore understanding. Our work extends that of Gronski and Flanagan (Gronski, J. & Flanagan, C. 2007), who defined a latent calculus λCand a manifest calculus λH, gave a translation φ from λCto λH, and proved that if a λCterm reduces to a constant, so does its φ-image. We enrich their account with a translation ψ from λHto λCand prove an analogous theorem. We then generalize the whole framework todependent contracts, whose predicates can mention free variables. This extension is both pragmatically crucial, supporting a much more interesting range of contracts, and theoretically challenging. We define dependent versions of λHand two dialects (“lax” and “picky”) of λC, establish type soundness—a substantial result in itself, for λH— and extend φ and ψ accordingly. Surprisingly, the intuition that the latent and manifest systems are equivalent now breaks down: the extended translations preserve behavior in one direction, but in the other, sometimes yield terms that blame more.
A POSITIVIST ROUTE FOR EXPLAINING HOW FACTS MAKE LAW
Authors: Plunkett David
Published: May 2012

In “How Facts Make Law” and other recent work, Mark Greenberg argues that legal positivists cannot develop a viable constitutive account of law that meets what he calls the “the rational-relation requirement.” He argues that this gives us reason to reject positivism in favor of antipositivism. In this paper, I argue that Greenberg is wrong: positivists can in fact develop a viable constitutive account of law that meets the rational-relation requirement. I make this argument in two stages. First, I offer an account of the rational-relation requirement. Second, I put forward a viable positivist account of law that I argue meets this requirement. The account that I propose is a version of Scott Shapiro's Planning Theory of Law. The version of Shapiro's account that I propose combines (1) the account of concepts and conceptual analysis put forward by David Chalmers and Frank Jackson with (2) the account of the conceptlegal institution(and its conceptual connections to the conceptlegal norm) that we get from a certain reading of Shapiro's Planning Theory. In addition to providing a compelling response to Greenberg's argument in “How Facts Make Law,” I argue that the explanation for why my response to Greenberg works underscores one of the central problems facing legal antipositivism: namely, its lack of a convincing account of the nature of legal institutions.
Implicit Contextual Learning in Prodromal and Early Stage Huntington's Disease Patients
Authors: van Asselen Marieke , Almeida Inês , Júlio Filipa , Januário Cristina , Campos Elzbieta Bobrowicz , Simões Mário , Castelo-Branco Miguel
Published: May 2012

Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia. These subcortical structures are particularly important for motor functions, response selection and implicit learning. In the current study, we have assessed prodromal and symptomatic HD participants with an implicit contextual learning task that is not based on motor learning, but on a purely visual implicit learning mechanism. We used an implicit contextual learning task in which subjects need to locate a target among several distractors. In half of the trials, the positions of the distractors and target stimuli were repeated. By memorizing this contextual information, attention can be guided faster to the target stimulus. Nine symptomatic HD participants, 16 prodromal HD participants and 22 control subjects were included. We found that the responses of the control subjects were faster for the repeated trials than for the new trials, indicating that their visual search was facilitated when repeated contextual information was present. In contrast, no difference in response times between the repeated and new trials was found for the symptomatic and prodromal HD participants. The results of the current study indicate that both prodromal and symptomatic HD participants are impaired on an implicit contextual learning task. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)
GLOBALIZATION, THE VOLATILITY OF INTERMEDIATE GOODS PRICES, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Bretschger Lucas , Steger Thomas
Published: May 2012

We set up a dynamic stochastic model of a stylized economy comprising a final output sector (with traditional and modern firms) and an intermediate goods sector. It is shown that market integration reduces the volatility of the rate of return to capital invested in modern firms. The induced portfolio decisions of households lead to a reallocation of capital from traditional to modern firms. Despite the presence of a reverse precautionary saving channel, the growth rate unambiguously increases because of the reallocation of capital. Empirical estimates for OECD countries support the theoretical results.
Overnutrition and associated factors among adults aged 20 years and above in fishing communities in the urban Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Pereko Kingsley KA , Setorglo Jacob , Owusu William B , Tiweh Joyce M , Achampong Emmanuel K
Published: May 2012

Objective

The study aimed to highlight the determinants of overnutrition (overweight plus obesity) in fishing communities and establish if these were the same as reported elsewhere in Ghana.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

The study was conducted in Idun, Ola and Duakor fishing communities in Cape Coast, Ghana.

Subjects

Adults (n 252) aged 20 to 50 years.

Results

Results showed that 32 % of participants were overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2). Participants’ mean age was 31·7 (sd 1·0) years, they had 13·7 (sd 8·1) mean years of formal education, their median monthly income was $US 7·4 (interquartile range $US 3·3, 20·0) and their median daily energy intake was 7·3 (interquartile range 5·3, 9·8) MJ. Significant associations (P < 0·05) were found between BMI and gender, age, years of education, fat intake and marital status. Females were almost eight times more likely to be overweight/obese than males (adjusted OR = 7·7; 95 % CI 3·6, 16·4). Persons aged ≥40 years were about six times more likely to be overweight/obese than those aged 20–29 years (adjusted OR = 6·1; 95 % CI 2·6, 14·1). Married people were nearly three times more likely to be overweight/obese than singles (adjusted OR = 2·8; 95 % Cl 1·4, 5·7). People with more than 13 years of formal education (adjusted OR = 0·3; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·9) and people with >30 % fat contribution to daily energy intake (adjusted OR = 0·3; 95 % CI 0·1, 0·6) had reduced odds of being overweight/obese.

Conclusions

Overnutrition was prevalent in the fishing communities and associated with factors such as age, gender, marital status, educational status and fat intake.
Heat-Induced Antigen Retrieval Applied in Zebrafish: Whole-Mount In Situ Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Lin Chuang-yu , Su Wen-ta , Li Li-tzu
Published: May 2012

Whole-mount immunofluorescence technique provides a way to reveal integrated expression patterns of biological molecules in individuals. Well-documented morphological preservation ability in biology makes aldehydes the fixative of choice. Cross-linking among biocomponents and aldehydes is the key for maintaining morphology but masks the biological molecules for immunodetection. This study performs an easily accessible method by applying heat-induced retrieval, which can rescue the antigenicity of the proteins and also enhance the labeling sensitivity of the fluorescence dye in overfixed zebrafish embryos. The results show that the immunoreactivities of antibodies to myosin in the muscles, green fluorescent protein in the blood vessels and the nuclei in the cells can be recovered significantly, and the morphology of the zebrafish embryos, even the fragile mutants, is at the same time well maintained. Therefore, we provide a choice for antigen retrieval, which is effective for whole-mount immunofluorescence microscopy.
In Situ Analytical Electron Microscopy Studies of Redox Reactions at a YSZ/Pt Interface
Authors: Tavabi Amir Hossein , Arai Shigeo , Tanji Takayoshi
Published: May 2012

Redox reactions were studied at a single yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Pt electrode interface, in parallel with pure YSZ with no catalyst electrode, by in situ analytical electron microscopy at elevated temperatures and in an oxygen atmosphere. In situ electron holography showed that the oxide underwent reduction at elevated temperatures in a vacuum and was consequently reoxidized upon exposure to an oxygen flux at the same temperature. In situ energy loss spectroscopy measurements were in agreement with in situ electron holography observations and indicated that the oxidation state of the host cation zirconium was altered in the reduced state of the YSZ to the metastable state Zr3+.
Effects of tides on freshwater and volume transports in the Changjiang River plume
Authors: Li Ming , Rong Zengrui
Published: May 2012

Effects of tides on the Changjiang River plume are investigated using a numerical model of the East China and Yellow Seas. In the absence of tides, the buoyancy‐driven coastal current downstream of the river mouth is a surface‐trapped plume attached to the coast. In the presence of tides, however, the plume shifts away from the coast and features a bottom boundary layer. The freshwater transport by the coastal current accounts for only 35% of the Changjiang River discharge without tides but increases to 80% with tides. Tidal currents stabilize the plume bulge near the river mouth and force the plume water to move in the direction of tidal currents, thus increasing the downstream freshwater transport. In contrast, tidal residual currents are weak and make little contributions to the total freshwater transport. Tidal mixing reduces the plume's buoyancy but increases its thickness so that the freshwater transport is insensitive to the strength of turbulent mixing. Volume transport in the tidal‐affected buoyancy coastal current exceeds the river discharge by 4 to 12 times, as opposed to 2–3 fold amplification in the plume without tides. Tidal mixing between the plume and ambient shelf waters produces higher salinity classes in the plume so that the volume flux in the downstream coastal current increases to discharge the freshwater released from the Changjiang River.
Sources and dynamics of turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: A review
Authors: Sharman R. D. , Trier S. B. , Lane T. P. , Doyle J. D.
Published: May 2012

Turbulence is a well‐known hazard to aviation that is responsible for numerous injuries each year, with occasional fatalities, and is the underlying cause of many people's fear of air travel. Not only are turbulence encounters a safety issue, they also result in millions of dollars of operational costs to airlines, leading to increased costs passed on to the consumer. For these reasons, pilots, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers attempt to avoid turbulence wherever possible. Accurate forecasting of aviation‐scale turbulence has been hampered in part by a lack of understanding of the underlying dynamical processes. However, more precise observations of turbulence encounters together with recent research into turbulence generation processes is helping to elucidate the detailed dynamical processes involved and is laying the foundation for improved turbulence forecasting and avoidance. In this paper we briefly review some of the more important recent observational, theoretical, and modeling results related to turbulence at cruise altitudes for commercial aircraft (i.e., the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere), and their implications for aviation turbulence forecasting.
Fault localization controlled by fluid infiltration into mylonites: Formation and strength of low‐angle normal faults in the midcrustal brittle‐plastic transition
Authors: Selverstone Jane , Axen Gary J. , Luther Amy
Published: May 2012

Minidetachments (MDs) found in the uppermost footwall of the Whipple low‐angle normal fault record physical and chemical conditions of LANF formation and early history. MDs are subparallel to the Whipple LANF and mimic features of that fault on a small scale. Principal slip surfaces and R1 Riedel shear fractures parallel C and C′ planes, respectively, in adjacent mylonites. Thus, MDs likely formed subparallel to planes of maximum shear stress and were not severely misoriented during initial rupture of intact rock. Damage zones contain secondary epidote, titanite, chlorite, calcite, and felspars. Breccias record volume gains via enrichment in all elements relative to immobile Fe‐Ti‐Zr‐P, and ultracataclasites record volume losses. Epidote and titanite are locally porphyroclastic in mylonites; cataclasites contain both old shattered fragments and new euhedral grains of these minerals. Pseudosections constrain alteration, the end of mylonitization, and cataclasis to T = 380–420°C. Fluid inclusions with 17–20 wt% CaCl2 were entrapped at 270–290, 170–200, and 80–130 MPa, consistent with a drop from lithostatic toward hydrostatic Pfluid at ∼9.5 km depth. MDs thus record (1) infiltration of reactive fluids into a mid‐crustal shear zone; (2) reaction strengthening at the locus of maximum infiltration and sealing; (3) brittle fault slip triggered by fluid overpressure; and (4) permanent embrittlement following reduction of Pfluid. The brittle‐plastic transition and crustal strength maximum were strongly modified by fluid‐ and reaction‐driven mineralogical changes. At any given point in space or time, this “transition” may thus be very thin, corresponding to the thickness of the altered zones surrounding nascent LANFs.
M‐sequence geomagnetic polarity time scale (MHTC12) that steadies global spreading rates and incorporates astrochronology constraints
Authors: Malinverno Alberto , Hildebrandt Jordan , Tominaga Masako , Channell James E. T.
Published: May 2012

Geomagnetic polarity time scales (GPTSs) have been constructed by interpolating between dated marine magnetic anomalies assuming uniformly varying spreading rates. A strategy to obtain an optimal GPTS is to minimize spreading rate fluctuations in many ridge systems; however, this has been possible only for a few spreading centers. We describe here a Monte Carlo sampling method that overcomes this limitation and improves GPTS accuracy by incorporating information on polarity chron durations estimated from astrochronology. The sampling generates a large ensemble of GPTSs that simultaneously agree with radiometric age constraints, minimize the global variation in spreading rates, and fit polarity chron durations estimated by astrochronology. A key feature is the inclusion and propagation of data uncertainties, which weigh how each piece of information affects the resulting time scale. The average of the sampled ensemble gives a reference GPTS, and the variance of the ensemble measures the time scale uncertainty. We apply the method to construct MHTC12, an improved version of the M‐sequence GPTS (Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous, ∼160–120 Ma). This GPTS minimizes the variation in spreading rates in a global data set of magnetic lineations from the Western Pacific, North Atlantic, and Indian Ocean NW of Australia, and it also accounts for the duration of five polarity chrons established from astrochronology (CM0r through CM3r). This GPTS can be updated by repeating the Monte Carlo sampling with additional data that may become available in the future.
Pds5 promotes cohesin acetylation and stable cohesin–chromosome interaction
Authors: Vaur Sabine , Feytout Amélie , Vazquez Stéphanie , Javerzat Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2012

Pds5 and Wpl1 act as anti‐establishment factors preventing sister‐chromatid cohesion until counteracted in S‐phase by the cohesin acetyl‐transferase Eso1. However, Pds5 is also required to maintain sister‐chromatid cohesion in G2. Here, we show that Pds5 is essential for cohesin acetylation by Eso1 and ensures the maintenance of cohesion by promoting a stable cohesin interaction with replicated chromosomes. The latter requires Eso1 only in the presence of Wapl, indicating that cohesin stabilization relies on Eso1 only to neutralize the anti‐establishment activity. We suggest that Eso1 requires Pds5 to counteract anti‐establishment. This allows both cohesion establishment and Pds5‐dependent stable cohesin binding to chromosomes.
Glycosylation at Asn91 of H1N1 haemagglutinin affects binding to glycan receptors
Authors: Jayaraman Akila , Koh Xiaoying , Li Jing , Raman Rahul , Viswanathan Karthik , Shriver Zachary , Sasisekharan Ram
Published: May 2012

The glycoprotein HA (haemagglutinin) on the surface of influenza A virus plays a central role in recognition and binding to specific host cell-surface glycan receptors and in fusion of viral membrane to the host nuclear membrane during viral replication. Given the abundance of HA on the viral surface, this protein is also the primary target for host innate and adaptive immune responses. Although addition of glycosylation sites on HA are a part of viral evolution to evade the host immune responses, there are specific glycosylation sites that are conserved during most of the evolution of the virus. In the present study, it was demonstrated that one such conserved glycosylation site at Asn91 in H1N1 HA critically governs the glycan receptor-binding specificity and hence would potentially impinge on the host adaptation of the virus.
Recurrent Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism in a Young Female Patient with High Levels of Homocysteine
Authors: Sule Ashish Anil , Chin Tay Jam , Khien Lee Hwei
Published: May 2012

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a rare condition which predisposes to atherothrombosis. Recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) with hyperhomocysteinemia is known but extremely uncommon. Homocysteine levels of more than 22 umol/L can predispose to VTE in a middle-aged women. We describe a case of a middle-aged woman, community ambulant with recurrent VTE with intermediately high homocysteine levels. She had no other risk factors for recurrent venous thrombosis. In our article, we also discuss hyperhomocysteinemia and its link to VTE.
Influence of shadow effect on the growth and shape of InAs nanowires
Authors: Sibirev Nickolay V. , Tchernycheva Maria , Timofeeva Maria A. , Harmand Jean-Christophe , Cirlin George E. , Dubrovskii Vladimir G.
Published: May 2012

The influence of shadow effect originating from the neighboring nanowires on the nanowire growth is theoretically investigated. The nanowire axial and radial growth rates and the nanowire shape are shown to be strongly dependent on the nanowire surface density and the direction of incident flux. Theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental shapes of InAs nanowires grown by the Au-catalyzed molecular beam epitaxy. In particular, the barrel-like shape observed in dense arrays of InAs nanowires is well described by the model. Very importantly, we show that the shadow effect helps to avoid otherwise enabled radial growth and to preserve the cylindrical nanowire shape.
Correlation between defect properties and internal quantum efficiency in blue-emitting InGaN based light emitting diodes
Authors: Lee Sun-Kyun , Soo Lim Hyun , Lee Jang-Ho , Kwack Ho-Sang , Kyong Cho Hyun , Kwon Ho-Ki , Seok Oh Myeong
Published: May 2012

This study examines the influence of the defect properties on internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in blue InGaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs). The defect parameter is introduced for estimating defect properties among defect density, size, and defect type that are strongly correlated with IQE in InGaN LED. The value of IQE can be expressed by the value of the defect parameter, which was obtained from transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence measurement.
Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature by integrating an external Fabry-Perot cavity with a fiber Bragg grating
Authors: Chen Luan Xiong , Huang Xu Guang , Li Jiao Yang , Zhong Ze Bing
Published: May 2012

A fiber sensor for simultaneous measurements of refractive index and temperature based on the integration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with an external Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity is presented. The fringe contrast of the interference spectrum generated by the F-P cavity is used to determine the external refractive index, while the wavelength shift of the FBG is used to measure temperature. The result showed that the refractive index and temperature sensitivity for the integrated sensor is 8.1 × 10−6 and 0.01006 nm/°C, respectively.
Mechanical properties of boron nitride nanocones
Authors: Tian Y. , Wei R. , Eichhorn V. , Fatikow S. , Shirinzadeh B. , Zhang D.
Published: May 2012

Using classic molecular dynamics simulation, the mechanical properties of boron nitride nanocones (BNNCs) have been systematically investigated. The influences of the apex angle, cone height on tensile, and compressive behavior of BNNCs under axial strains are analyzed. The failure strains and strain energy per atom of BNNCs decrease with the increasing cone height, whereas the failure forces almost remain constant for BNNCs under axial tensile strains. For the buckling analyses of BNNCs, the critical strain and critical axial force reduce significantly with the increase of the apex angle. The increasing cone height can also significantly decrease the critical strain of BNNCs and only slightly affects the critical force of BNNCs. The cone height has little influence on the resulting buckling patterns; however, the apex angle has a significant effect on the buckling patterns of the BNNCs. From the computational analyses, it is noted that there exist three deformation patterns, i.e., fourfold rotational symmetric, threefold rotational symmetric, and reflection symmetric modes for the BNNC with an apex angle of 83.6° and the former pattern will gradually transform to the latter pattern during the postbuckling stage. On the contrary, there is only one reflection symmetric fin-like buckling pattern for the BNNC with an apex angle of 39.8°.
Direct measurement of lateral macrostep velocity on an AlN vicinal surface by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Shen X. Q. , Matsuhata H. , Ide T. , Shimizu M.
Published: May 2012

Lateral macrostep motion on a vicinal AlN surface is experimentally characterized by the threading dislocation behaviors in an AlN film via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM observations of the macrostep-induced dislocation bending and kink formation offer a new way to directly measure the lateral velocity of macrostep motion. The lateral macrostep velocity is found to be inversely proportional to the macrostep height, which agrees with the crystal growth theory. The surface diffusion length of an Al adatom on the vicinal AlN surface is approximately 6.8 nm, as estimated from the relationship between the lateral velocity and the height of the macrosteps.
An experimental study of small Atwood number Rayleigh-Taylor instability using the magnetic levitation of paramagnetic fluids
Authors: Tsiklashvili Vladimer , Colio Pedro E. Romero , Likhachev Oleg A. , Jacobs Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2012

Experiments that take advantage of the properties of paramagnetic liquids are used to study Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. A gravitationally unstable, miscible combination of a paramagnetic salt solution and a nonmagnetic solution is initially stabilized by a magnetic field gradient that is produced by the contoured pole-caps of a large electromagnet. Rayleigh-Taylor instability originates from infinitesimal random background noise with the rapid removal of current from the electromagnet, which results in the heavy liquid falling into the light liquid due to gravity and, thus, mixing with it. The mixing zone is visualized by backlit photography and is recorded with a digital video camera. Several miscible, small Atwood number (A ⩽ 0.1) combinations of paramagnetic and nonmagnetic solutions are used. It is found that the RT flow is insensitive to the viscosities of the fluids composing the two-fluid system, and that the growth parameter α also does not show dependence on the Atwood number when the experiments are initialized under the same conditions. It is also observed that the turbulent mixing zone grows linearly with time following a period of self-similar quadratic growth. When the width of the mixing zone becomes comparable with the cross-sectional length scale of the experimental container, the bubble front characteristic velocity approaches a constant value, similar to that observed with a single bubble rising in the confined volume, with Froude number measured in the range Fr = 0.38÷0.45. However, flow visualization does not reveal any persistent large-scale perturbations, which would dominate the flow during this stage. We believe that this phenomenon is not an attribute of the given magnetic experiments and has been observed in many other experimental studies, which involve RT instability evolving in confined volumes.
Effects of noise on the outer synchronization of two unidirectionally coupled complex dynamical networks
Authors: Sun Yongzheng , Zhao Donghua
Published: May 2012

We study the effect of noise on the outer synchronization between two unidirectionally coupled complex networks and find analytically that outer synchronization could be achieved via white-noise-based coupling. It is also demonstrated that, if two networks have both conventional linear coupling and white-noise-based coupling, the critical deterministic coupling strength between two complex networks for synchronization transition decreases with an increase in the intensity of noise. We provide numerical results to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoretical results.