bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of the effect of dust shields on accumulation of dust over PV panels
Authors: Shenouda Ramy , Abd-Elhady Mohamed S. , Kandil Hamdy A. , Dagher Mahmoud M.
Published: March 2023

Dust accumulation on photovoltaic panels represents a major challenge for the operation of solar panels especially in the regions known by their high rate of dust and low frequency of rain. The objective of this study is to minimize dust accumulation on PV panels operating street light posts using dust shields. A novel dust shield having the same width of the panel, and subtending an angle of 120° with the panel, is proposed for dust mitigation. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the influence of the dust shield on dust accumulation over the panel’s surface. It is found that using a dust shield decreases the dust deposition rate by more than 44%. Moreover, extending the panel’s surface at the lower edge with an extension plate together with the dust shield decreases the dust deposition rate better than using a dust shield only. Also, the effect of adding an air gap between the shield and the added extension plate is investigated, and it is found that the air gap induces air drafts over the panel’s surface, which acts as an air barrier that obstructs the approach of dust particles to the panel’s surface. These drafts get stronger as the air gap thickness increases, accordingly, less particles deposit on the panel. Finally, it is found that using a dust shield with a length smaller than the panel’s length in addition to an extension plate together and increasing the thickness of the air gap is an effective and efficient solution for dust mitigation, such that the percentage decrease in the dust deposition rate that might be more than 88%.
Peribolosporomycetes class. nov.: description of a new heat resistant and osmotolerant basidiomycete lineage, represented by Peribolospora gen. nov., P. kevripleyi sp. nov., and P. baueri sp. nov.
Authors: Witfeld Frederick , Guerreiro Marco Alexandre , Nitsche Frank , Wang Qi-Ming , Nguyen Hai D. T. , Begerow Dominik
Published: March 2023

Heat resistance is the ability to survive short, extreme temperature stresses, exceeding the own growth temperature by far. Despite their occurrence in natural substrates and their relevance for the food and healthcare industry, the diversity of fungi with heat resistance abilities is poorly studied. Sampling of boreal forest soils in Canada in combination with a heat-shock treatment (75 °C, 30 min) yielded, among others, four heat resistant, mesophilic fungal isolates. Based on rDNA barcode sequences, the novel isolates were assigned to Basidiomycota. In this study, we use macromorphological and micromorphological observations, cultivation assays and comparative genomics for physiological characterization, interspecific differentiation, and phylogenetic placement of these isolates. A phylogeny of 38 single-copy orthologous genes, an orthology analysis, and septal pore type analysis revealed the isolates as representatives of two new basidiomycetous species of the novel class Peribolosporomycetes, a sister lineage to all other members of Ustilaginomycotina. Further genomic and phenotypic data support two different species (Peribolospora kevripleyi, Peribolospora baueri), which are heat resistant and osmotolerant.
Electronic Cigarettes: an Overlooked Tool to Alleviate Disparities in Tobacco Use Disorder Among People with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Vuong Jacqueline T. , Ruedisueli Isabelle , Beaudin Catherine S. , Middlekauff Holly R.
Published: March 2023

The remarkable decline in cigarette smoking since 1964 has plateaued; approximately 12.5% of Americans still smoke. People who continue to smoke are largely members of marginalized groups, such as people with behavioral health conditions (BHC), encompassing both mental health and substance use disorders. Certified smoking cessation interventions can increase smoking abstinence in trials in people with BHC, yet smoking rates remain markedly increased, leading to increased mortality from smoking-related diseases, and worsening health disparities. A novel approach tailored to the unique needs, characteristics, and circumstances of people with BHC is mandated. One promising approach, the electronic cigarette, has not been embraced in the USA, likely due to an understandable concern for non-smoking young people among whom electronic cigarettes have been popular. Recent data confirm that electronic cigarette use is declining among young people, yet cigarette smoking is not declining among people with BHC. We propose smoking cessation trials utilizing electronic cigarettes in people with BHC. To this goal, the UK has already begun allowing companies to submit their products for approval as medically licensed electronic cigarettes that can be prescribed as smoking cessation aids. Our proposal is timely, backed by evidence, and aims to save hundreds of thousands of American lives.
The Association of Work Overload with Burnout and Intent to Leave the Job Across the Healthcare Workforce During COVID-19
Authors: Rotenstein Lisa S. , Brown Roger , Sinsky Christine , Linzer Mark
Published: March 2023

Background

Burnout has risen across healthcare workers during the pandemic, contributing to workforce turnover. While prior literature has largely focused on physicians and nurses, there is a need to better characterize and identify actionable predictors of burnout and work intentions across healthcare role types.

Objective

To characterize the association of work overload with rates of burnout and intent to leave (ITL) the job in a large national sample of healthcare workers.

Design

Cross-sectional survey study conducted between April and December 2020.

Setting

A total of 206 large healthcare organizations.

Participants

Physicians, nurses, other clinical staff, and non-clinical staff.

Measures

Work overload, burnout, and ITL.

Results

The sample of 43,026 respondents (mean response rate 44%) was comprised of 35.2% physicians, 25.7% nurses, 13.3% other clinical staff, and 25.8% non-clinical staff. The overall burnout rate was 49.9% (56.0% in nursing, 54.1% in other clinical staff, 47.3% in physicians, and 45.6% in non-clinical staff;p < 0.001 for difference). ITL was reported by 28.7% of healthcare workers, with nurses most likely to report ITL (41.0%), followed by non-clinical staff (32.6%), other clinical staff (32.1%), and physicians (24.3%) (p < 0.001 for difference). The prevalence of perceived work overload ranged from 37.1% among physicians to 47.4% in other clinical staff. In propensity-weighted models, work overload was significantly associated with burnout (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) 2.21 to 2.90) and intent to leave (ARR 1.73 to 2.10) across role types.

Limitations

Organizations’ participation in the survey was voluntary.

Conclusions

There are high rates of burnout and intent to leave the job across healthcare roles. Proactively addressing work overload across multiple role types may help with concerning trends across the healthcare workforce. This will require a more granular understanding of sources of work overload across different role types, and a commitment to matching work demands to capacity for all healthcare workers.
Comparison of postoperative analgesia use between robotic and laparoscopic total hysterectomy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tanabe Shohei , Yamamoto Ryohei , Sugino Sachiyo , Ichida Kotaro , Niiya Kiyoshi , Morishima Syuji
Published: March 2023

Although robotic and laparoscopic total hysterectomies are widely used as minimally invasive procedures, consensus on which is superior regarding lesser postoperative pain is lacking. This study determines whether there is a difference in the proportion of postoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen between robotic and laparoscopic total hysterectomies. This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients who underwent robotic or laparoscopic total hysterectomy for uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 at a hospital between July 2016 and November 2021. The outcome was postoperative analgesics (i.e., NSAIDs or acetaminophen) use. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the procedure and outcome. Adjusted variables were age, body mass index, surgeon’s laparoscopic technique certification, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, and wound local anesthesia. Of 127 patients, 3 were excluded, and 124 were included. Robotic and laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in 38 and 86 patients, respectively. Postoperative analgesics were administered to 10 (26.3%) and 52 (60.5%) patients in the robotic and laparoscopic groups, respectively. Unadjusted logistic regression analysis showed significantly more frequent analgesics use in the laparoscopy group (odds ratio [OR] 4.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.85–9.93; p < 0.01). Adjusted logistic regression analysis did not detect significant differences (OR 2.62; 95% CI 0.91–7.56; p = 0.07). No significant difference in the proportion of postoperative analgesia was observed between robotic total hysterectomy and laparoscopy. Future studies must include larger sample sizes and aligned intraoperative and postoperative analgesic management.
The Spatial Variability of the Sex and Age- Specific 10-Year Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases and its Clinical Risk Factors in Athens Metropolitan Area: a Local Statistical Modelling Approach in the Context of the ATTICA Epidemiological Study
Authors: Tsiampalis Thomas , Faka Antigoni , Psaltopoulou Theodora , Pitsavos Christos , Chalkias Christos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B.
Published: March 2023

According to the published European public health policies, emphasis should be given on the identification of high-risk areas, in terms of both Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) incidence, as well as of its main clinical risk factors. Thus, we aimed to investigate: (a) the geographical variability of the sex and age-specific 10-year incidence of CVDs and its clinical risk factors in the Athens metropolitan area, the most urbanised city in Greece accounting for about 35% of the total Greek population, and (b) the spatial heterogeneity of the association between the main clinical risk factors and the 10-year CVD incidence at an aggregated level. Data regarding the 10-year CVD incidence (% of population in each municipality with any CVD after the 10-year period), as well as the prevalence of the risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia; expressed as % of population in each municipality) were provided by the ATTICA epidemiological study for 2020 individuals found during the 10-year follow-up with complete data for locality geocoding. Socio-economic, demographic, and environmental characteristics for each municipality of the Attica region, were obtained from official national and international databases. A local statistical modelling approach, namely the Geographically Weighted Regression, was implemented in order to investigate the associations at a local level and therefore give emphasis on the design of more effective public health programs, taking into account the special characteristics of each area. Hypercholesterolaemia was found to be the most prevalent clinical risk factor in the study area, while higher prevalence for all the risk factors were presented in areas of lower socioeconomic status (SES), where a significantly higher number of new CVD cases in the decade were detected as well. 10-year CVD incidence was also found to be significantly elevated in areas characterized by worse health status in terms of the risk factors’ prevalence, while the sex and age- specific CVD incidence rates were found to be differently affected by these factors. Interestingly, despite the fact that CVDs are acknowledged as a man’s disease, areas of higher (South & North) and moderate (East) SES were found to be characterized by higher CVD incidence rates in females, while in areas of lower SES (West), higher CVD incidence rates were found in males. In line with the current European policy, the identification of areas where the intensity of the studied associations is stronger, can be considered a crucial methodological aspect for the design and implementation of more effective CVD prevention programs at the community level.
Barriers to blockchain technology adoption in supply chains: the case of India
Authors: Khan Shahbaz , Haleem Abid , Husain Zafar , Samson Daniel , Pathak R. D.
Published: March 2023

In the era of digitalization, Blockchain is an evolving technology that has the potential to change the shape of numerous industries. Blockchain is considered the transforming technology that has the ability to change the conventional supply chain network by providing additional transparency of transactions in terms of information and physical goods. Additionally, the implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain is required to accomplish the objectives of industry 4.0. However, there has to date been a scarcity of blockchain implementations due to the numerous barriers associated with it. Therefore, the primary aim of this research is to identify and investigate the major barriers to implementing blockchain technology in supply chains. We identified ten significant barriers to adopting blockchain technology through a literature review and expert opinions. Additionally, the finalized barriers were categorized into an influential and influenced group using the DEMATEL method. The findings of this study show that 'influential group' barriers require more attention from the supply chain partners to mitigate these barriers. The primary influential barriers are 'Lack of information sharing,' 'Trust management issues,' and 'Lack of upgraded technologies’, and these barriers require immediate attention from supply chain stakeholders wishing to use blockchain. These findings contribute to improving managerial decisions and digital strategies regarding blockchain within organisations, and how implementation can effectively be achieved.
Prototype Theory Meets Word Embedding: A Novel Approach for Text Categorization via Granular Computing
Authors: De Santis Enrico , Rizzi Antonello
Published: March 2023

The problem of the information representation and interpretation coming from senses by the brain has plagued scientists for decades. The same problems, from a different perspective, hold in automated Pattern Recognition systems. Specifically, in solving various NLP tasks, an ever better and richer semantic representation of text as a set of features is needed and a plethora of text embedding techniques in algebraic spaces are continuously provided by researchers. These spaces are well suited to be conceived as conceptual spaces in light of the Gärdenfors’s Conceptual Space theory, which, within the Cognitive Science paradigm, seeks a geometrization of thought that bridges the gap between an associative lower level and a symbolic higher level in which information is organized and processed and where inductive reasoning is appropriate. Granular Computing can offer the toolbox for granulating text that can be represented by more abstract entities than words, offering a good hierarchical representation of the text embedded in an algebraic space driving Machine Learning applications, specifically, in text mining tasks. In this paper, the Conceptual Space Theory, the Granular Computing approach and Machine Learning are bound in a novel common framework for solving some text categorization tasks with both standard classifiers suited for working with$$\mathbb {R}^n$$Rnvectors and a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) — an LSTM — able to deal with sequences. Instead of working with word vectors, the algorithms process more abstract entities (concepts), where patterns, in a first approach, are obtained through the construction of a symbolic histogram starting from a suitable set of information granules, representing a document as a distribution of concepts. For the RNN case, as a further novelty, a text is represented as a random walk over prototypes within the conceptual space synthesized over a suitable text embedding procedure. A comparison of the performance and a critical discussion are offered for both a neural embedding technique and the well-known LSA, showing how the conceptual level leads also to Knowledge Discovery applications.
The Role of Regional Intangible Assets for the Innovation Activity of Enterprises: The case of Polish Regions
Authors: Lubacha Judyta
Published: March 2023

Innovative enterprises may undertake innovation activity in the form of research and development (R&D) or the acquisition of already developed technology (imitative innovation). Both types of innovation may influence economic growth or catching-up processes in different ways. Therefore, in the research presented, various types of innovation activity are analysed based on Community Innovation Survey data. The question is how the regional environment, characterised based on the data on intangible assets, affects R&D activity and the acquisition of machinery and software. The analysis was conducted for the years 2004–2014 in 16 Polish regions. Intangible assets were measured using the intellectual capital index. Panel data econometric models were applied to test the relations between various types of innovation activity and intangible assets in the regions. Human capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity. Life-long learning (one of the human capital indicators) was found to be positively related to the acquisition of machinery and software. Structural capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity.
A synthesis of mercury research in the Southern Hemisphere, part 2: Anthropogenic perturbations
Authors: Fisher Jenny A. , Schneider Larissa , Fostier Anne-Hélène , Guerrero Saul , Guimarães Jean Remy Davée , Labuschagne Casper , Leaner Joy J. , Martin Lynwill G. , Mason Robert P. , Somerset Vernon , Walters Chavon
Published: March 2023

Environmental mercury (Hg) contamination is a global concern requiring action at national scales. Scientific understanding and regulatory policies are underpinned by global extrapolation of Northern Hemisphere Hg data, despite historical, political, and socioeconomic differences between the hemispheres that impact Hg sources and sinks. In this paper, we explore the primary anthropogenic perturbations to Hg emission and mobilization processes that differ between hemispheres and synthesize current understanding of the implications for Hg cycling. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), lower historical production of Hg and other metals implies lower present-day legacy emissions, but the extent of the difference remains uncertain. More use of fire and higher deforestation rates drive re-mobilization of terrestrial Hg, while also removing vegetation that would otherwise provide a sink for atmospheric Hg. Prevalent Hg use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining is a dominant source of Hg inputs to the environment in tropical regions. Meanwhile, coal-fired power stations continue to be a significant Hg emission source and industrial production of non-ferrous metals is a large and growing contributor. Major uncertainties remain, hindering scientific understanding and effective policy formulation, and we argue for an urgent need to prioritize research activities in under-sampled regions of the SH.
Kinetic and isotherm studies of Acid Orange 7 dye absorption using sulphonated mandarin biochar treated with TETA
Authors: Eleryan Ahmed , Hassaan Mohamed A. , Aigbe Uyiosa O. , Ukhurebor Kingsley E. , Onyancha Robert B. , El-Nemr Mohamed A. , Ragab Safaa , Hossain Ismail , El Nemr Ahmed
Published: March 2023

This study contributes to the current state of knowledge by highlighting the physical–chemical interactions between biochar and dyes. The removal of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye by a modified biochar obtained from the wastes of mandarin peels (MPs) has been investigated in this work. A dehydration procedure with 80% H2SO4 under reflux was applied to produce an innovative biochar from MPs and then boiled with H2O2 and followed by boiling with triethylenetetramine to make mandarin biochar-C-TETA (MBCT). FTIR, SEM, EDX, BJH, BET, TGA, and DTA analyses were applied to investigate the MBCT. FTIR analysis showed an additional peak that confirmed the addition of the NH2 group to the MBCT structure. An amorphous carbon structure was also confirmed by XRD analysis. The AO7 dye solution pH was proved to give the best absorption at pH 2.0. Significant removal of AO7 dye 99.07% using an initial concentration of 100 mg/L of AO7 dye and a 0.75 g/L MBCT. The Langmuir (LNR) and Freundlich (FRH) isotherm models investigated the experimental results. The LNR was best suited to handle the working MBCT data. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) calculated for the MBCT was 312.5 mg/g using 0.25 g/L of the MBCT. Kinetic studies were conducted using the intraparticle diffusion (IND), film diffusion (FD), pseudo-first-order (PFOR), and pseudo-second-order (PSOR) models. The absorption rate was calculated using the ultimate value of the linear regression coefficient (R2 > 0.99), and the PSOR rate model was found to ideally describe the absorption process. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) was found to be 10.17. The electrostatic attractive-forces between the sorbent surface positively charged sites and negatively charged anionic dye molecules were the primary mechanism of the MBCT sorption of the AO7 dye’s anion absorption. The results indicate that the manufactured MBCT adsorbent may be useful for removing the AO7 dye from wastewater. MBCT can be used repeatedly for up to six cycles without dropping its absorption efficiency.
Natural farming improves crop yield in SE India when compared to conventional or organic systems by enhancing soil quality
Authors: Duddigan Sarah , Shaw Liz J. , Sizmur Tom , Gogu Dharmendar , Hussain Zakir , Jirra Kiranmai , Kaliki Hamika , Sanka Rahul , Sohail Mohammad , Soma Reshma , Thallam Vijay , Vattikuti Haripriya , Collins Chris D.
Published: March 2023

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a grassroot agrarian movement and a state backed extension in Andhra Pradesh, and has been claimed to potentially meet the twin goals of global food security and environmental conservation. However, there is a lack of statistically evaluated data to support assertions of yield benefits of ZBNF compared to organic or conventional alternatives, or to mechanistically account for them. In order to fill this gap, controlled field experiments were established in twenty-eight farms across six districts, spanning over 800 km, over three cropping seasons. In these experiments, we compared ZBNF (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, home-made inputs comprising desi cow dung and urine with mulch) to conventional (synthetic fertilisers and pesticides) and organic (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, no mulch, purchased organic inputs, e.g. farmyard manure and vermicompost) treatments, all with no tillage. Comparisons were made in terms of yield, soil pH, temperature, moisture content, nutrient content and earthworm abundance. Our data shows that yield was significantly higher in the ZBNF treatment (z score = 0.58 ± 0.08), than the organic (z= −0.34 ± 0.06) or conventional (−0.24 ± 0.07) treatment when all farm experiments were analysed together. However, the efficacy of the ZBNF treatment was context specific and varied according to district and the crop in question. The ZBNF yield benefit is likely attributed to mulching, generating a cooler soil, with a higher moisture content and a larger earthworm population. There were no significant differences between ZBNF and the conventional treatment in the majority of nutrients. This is a particularly important observation, as intensive use of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers comes with a number of associated risks to farmers’ finances, human health, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution. However, long-term field and landscape scale trials are needed to corroborate these initial observations.
What Counts as an Immune Response? On the Role of Abiotic Stress in Immunology
Authors: Veigl Sophie Juliane
Published: March 2023

In the postgenomic era, interactions between organism and environment are central in disciplines such as epigenetics, medical physiology, and immunology. Particularly in the more "applied" medical fields, an emphasis lies on interactions of the organism with other organisms, that is, other living things. There is, however, a growing amount of research investigating the impact of abiotic triggers on the immune system. While the distinction between biota and abiota features heavily in other contexts, its status is not explicit within immunology. Do immunologists distinguish living from nonliving triggers? In this article, I will carve out whether and in which ways the biotic/abiotic distinction operates in immunology. I will look into responses to biotic and abiotic stressors in plant and invertebrate model species and ask how and why they are conceptually separated. I will trace the reasons by investigating the disciplinary situatedness of immune phenomena and the import of vertebrate immunology when conceptualizing immune responses in other model organisms. I will then investigate how the convergence of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and invertebrates adds to the recent philosophical programs advocating an ecological perspective on immune systems.
Interviews with Indigenous Māori with type 1 diabetes using open-source automated insulin delivery in the CREATE randomised trial
Authors: Burnside Mercedes , Haitana Tracy , Crocket Hamish , Lewis Dana , Meier Renee , Sanders Olivia , Jefferies Craig , Faherty Ann , Paul Ryan , Lever Claire , Price Sarah , Frewen Carla , Jones Shirley , Gunn Tim , Wheeler Benjamin J. , Pitama Suzanne , de Bock Martin , Lacey Cameron
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Open-source automated insulin delivery (AID) is used by thousands of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but has unknown generalisability to marginalised ethnic groups. This study explored experiences of Indigenous Māori participants in the CREATE trial with use of an open-source AID system to identify enablers/barriers to health equity.

Methods

The CREATE randomised trial compared open-source AID (OpenAPS algorithm on an Android phone with a Bluetooth-connected pump) to sensor-augmented pump therapy. Kaupapa Māori Research methodology was used in this sub-study. Ten semi-structured interviews with Māori participants (5 children, 5 adults) and whānau (extended family) were completed. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and data were analysed thematically. NVivo was used for descriptive and pattern coding.

Results

Enablers/barriers to equity aligned with four themes: access (to diabetes technologies), training/support, operation (of open-source AID), and outcomes. Participants described a sense of empowerment, and improved quality of life, wellbeing, and glycaemia. Parents felt reassured by the system’s ability to control glucose, and children were granted greater independence. Participants were able to use the open-source AID system with ease to suit whānau needs, and technical problems were manageable with healthcare professional support. All participants identified structures in the health system precluding equitable utilisation of diabetes technologies for Māori.

Conclusion

Māori experienced open-source AID positively, and aspired to use this therapy; however, structural and socio-economic barriers to equity were identified. This research proposes strength-based solutions which should be considered in the redesign of diabetes services to improve health outcomes for Māori with T1D.

Trial Registration: The CREATE trial, encompassing this qualitative sub-study, was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000034932p) on the 20th January 2020.
A Bioinspired Robot Growing like Plant Roots
Authors: Bianchi Giovanni , Agoni Aldo , Cinquemani Simone
Published: March 2023

Plants are usually considered static organisms, but they can perform a wide range of movements that can be a source of inspiration for robots. The roots’ growing motion is the most noteworthy since they are excellent diggers that can move in unstructured environments and navigate past barriers. Furthermore, root growth has a high energy efficiency since it penetrates the soil at its tip, adding new material without displacing the already grown portion, minimizing the energy dissipation due to friction and lowering the inertia. A robot inspired by the growth of roots could be used in search and rescue or environmental monitoring. The design of a soft robot inspired by root growth is presented in this article. The robot body consists of a cylindrical plastic membrane folded inside itself. The robot body is inflated, and its tip is everted, expanding its length as air is blown from the base. Velcro straps are placed on the membrane’s exterior surface to keep it folded. The head is positioned inside the tip, which houses the mechanism that controls the growth direction. It consists of housing for two balloons that are selectively inflated, and their expansion applies pressure on the exterior surface, opening the Velcro straps and determining the growth direction. The robot was constructed, and a kinematic model of its motion in the plane was created and compared with experimental data. The error in predicting the turning angle is only 5%, and the resulting predicted position differs on average by 55 mm on a total length of 850 mm.
Seneca
Authors: Graver Margaret
Published: March 2023

Seneca stands apart from other philosophers of Greece and Rome not only for his interest in practical ethics, but also for the beauty and liveliness of his writing. These twelve in-depth essays take up a series of interrelated topics in his works, from his relation to Stoicism, Epicureanism, and other schools of thought; to the psychology of emotion and action and the management of anger and grief; to letter-writing, gift-giving, friendship, and kindness; to Seneca's innovative use of genre, style, and humor. Recalling Socrates's critique of philosophical writing in Plato's Phaedrus, this volume gives particular attention to Seneca's ideas about the techniques of reading, writing, and study that make philosophy beneficial to the individual and to society. Clear explanations and careful translations make the volume accessible to a wide range of readers.
Nietzsche's Anthropic Circle
Authors: Stack George J.
Published: March 2023

Nietzsche's Anthropic Circle is an internal analysis and interpretation of Nietzsche's critical uncovering of 'anthropomorphic truth' in language and science, as well as his later use of anthropic analogies and transferences in his imaginative perspectival interpretation 'a hybrid of art and science' of a universal, immanent 'will to power' in nature.
The role of subglacial hydrology in Antarctic ice sheet dynamics and stability: a modelling perspective
Authors: Dow Christine F.
Published: March 2023

Subglacial hydrology is an important component of the ice dynamic system in Antarctica but is challenging to investigate due to the large spatial scales of the catchment systems, the ice thickness, and remote location. Here I discuss key discoveries about Antarctic subglacial hydrology from the Glacier Drainage System (GlaDS) model, including the presence of long, often high-pressure, subglacial channels. These channels pump tens of cubic metres per second of freshwater into ice-shelf cavities and directly affect melt rates at the critical grounding zone regions. Future ice dynamics and ice-shelf cavity models should take subglacial hydrology into account if they are to accurately predict future behaviour of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Reconstruction of three-dimensional turbulent flow structures using surface measurements for free-surface flows based on a convolutional neural network
Authors: Xuan Anqing , Shen Lian
Published: March 2023

A model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed to reconstruct the three-dimensional turbulent flows beneath a free surface using surface measurements, including the surface elevation and surface velocity. Trained on datasets obtained from the direct numerical simulation of turbulent open-channel flows with a deformable free surface, the proposed model can accurately reconstruct the near-surface flow field and capture the characteristic large-scale flow structures away from the surface. The reconstruction performance of the model, measured by metrics such as the normalised mean squared reconstruction errors and scale-specific errors, is considerably better than that of the traditional linear stochastic estimation (LSE) method. We further analyse the saliency maps of the CNN model and the kernels of the LSE model and obtain insights into how the two models utilise surface features to reconstruct subsurface flows. The importance of different surface variables is analysed based on the saliency map of the CNN, which reveals knowledge about the surface–subsurface relations. The CNN is also shown to have a good generalisation capability with respect to the Froude number if a model trained for a flow with a high Froude number is applied to predict flows with lower Froude numbers. The results presented in this work indicate that the CNN is effective regarding the detection of subsurface flow structures and by interpreting the surface–subsurface relations underlying the reconstruction model, the CNN can be a promising tool for assisting with the physical understanding of free-surface turbulence.
Paleogeographical and paleoenvironmental significance of ostracodes from the Pennsylvanian Nagaiwa Formation, northeast Japan
Authors: Tanaka Gengo
Published: March 2023

The Early Pennsylvanian Nagaiwa Formation contains fossils such as corals, fusulinids, and ostracodes, and its age and depositional environments have been determined by fusulinids and sedimentology. In this study, I describe the ostracode assemblages from the Nagaiwa Formation. Moreover, I provide a reconstruction of the paleogeography of northeastern Japan during the Early Pennsylvanian by comparing this ostracode assemblage with assemblages from other regions during the same period. Thirty ostracode species, including 12 genera, have been identified, most of which are endemic species and 10 of which are new: Jordanites michinokuensis n. sp., Thuringobolbina ikeyai n. sp., Aechmina iwatensis n. sp., Pseudobythocypris asiatica n. sp., P. zipangu n. sp., P. siveteri n. sp., Platyrhomboides tohokuensis n. sp., P. japonica n. sp., Healdia ofunatensis n. sp., and H. rikutyuensis n. sp. Two of these species are also found in central Japan. The ostracodes from the Nagaiwa Formation are unique when compared with any other similarly aged assemblages.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/c43f0787-4bb6-45d1-9c12-54a747c0b040
Angle of incidence
Authors: Wright Wilbur
Published: March 2023

If the term ‘angle of incidence’, so frequently used in aeronautical discussions, could be confined to a single definite meaning, viz., the angle at which aeroplane and wind actually meet, much error and confusion would be averted. But many of the best writers use this term loosely and inexactly, with the result that their calculations and explanations of phenomena are thereby often rendered of little value, and students are misled.

If a plane be held stationary in a horizontal wind (Fig. 1), the angle of incidence A C D will be equal to the angle with the horizon. But if the wind have an upward trend, the angle of incidence will be increased to A C D2. A calculation based on the assumption that A C D still remained the true angle would, of course, be seriously in error.
A complex market sector
Authors: Buley Alan R.
Published: March 2023

My first comment is about the term ‘third level'—I believe it to be bad. I think it does the operators concerned an injustice. I think it inappropriate because, as we all know, almost anything with the word ‘third’ applied to it is widely accepted as being sub-standard. In some cases, as in the bad old days of third-class railway travel in the UK, it was virtually an admission that the standard offered was poor.

For these reasons the term is quite misleading in the aviation context, for third-level operators are in fact actively engaged in raising the standards of air transport in the regional areas. In doing this they are following the trend in aviation generally. The introduction of jets over intercontinental routes was inevitably followed by their use over major domestic networks. Today we are witnessing their increasing adoption in regional air transport, one of the principal reasons being that passengers accustomed to top class amenities on intercontinental flights are not happy about anything much less comfortable or less speedy when they leave the big jet at ths major international airport; they have come to expect comparable standards from the feederline or regional service by which they are to complete the journey.
Computers and wind tunnels: complementary aids to aircraft design
Authors: Haines A. B.
Published: March 2023

This Second European Pioneers Day Lecture has two main themes: to pay tribute to the memory of Professor Dietrich Küchemann and second, to comment on how computers and wind tunnels should be used to assist aircraft design. These are not separate themes; as I will show, they are closely interrelated. You may be surprised that I feel that a lecture on the second theme is needed. However, in the past ten years, there has been a dramatic advance in theoretical methods on aerodynamics and in particular, for transonic flow calculations. This has created new opportunities but if we are not alert, there are also dangers in the new situation. My aim in this lecture is to draw attention to the opportunities and the dangers. I want to express my belief that computers will never completely replace the wind tunnel; we must learn to use them in partnership; only in this way can we hope to compensate for the limitations of any theory or the deficiencies of any experiment and finally, we must never forget that both are only tools; they are not a substitute for the human brain. Ideas, concepts, inventive genius, intuition, experience, the ability to interpret and draw logical conclusions will always be needed: in short, without scientists such as Professor Küchemann, the computers and the wind tunnels will be of little value.
The problems of research and development cost prediction in an avionics supply company
Authors: Quilter H. K.
Published: March 2023

Although this paper is intended to contribute to the symposium a view on the subject from within a major equipment supplier to the aerospace industry, the views expressed, whilst based on experience gained from working within the Aviation Division of Smiths Industries at Cheltenham are my own, and do not necessarily represent those of the Company.

'Avionics’ is used in the title for brevity, although if one accepts the definition of avionics as being the application of electronics to airborne systems and equipment, it does not strictly cover the whole range of products with which Smiths Industries Aviation Division at Cheltenham is concerned. However, since electronics form the major part of Head Up Displays and Flight Control Systems, and an increasing proportion of Flight Deck Instruments and Components, it is the most convenient generic term.
The certification of light aircraft
Authors: Stinton Darrol
Published: March 2023

When my colleague, John Carrodus, told me that he was leaving CAA to join Cathay Pacific, he asked me to give the Test Pilot’s Group Lecture in his place. Knowing his inimitable style and ability to regale an audience without pulled punches, I was set a hard task. My work involves little aeroplanes. They are not exotic, like big jets. All of them weigh 6000 lb or less. But I happen to think that I have the best flying job in the country. Much of the piquancy comes from dealing with individuals who are attempting to make a living, and who are sometimes forced to try to cheat the system in order to survive in the face of pressures from the law, paperwork, insurance, more paperwork, inflation and taxation, and still more paperwork; not to mention the emetic CAA.
The airport operator's view— Manchester International Airport
Authors: Sweetapple G. J.
Published: March 2023

Most regional airports are grateful for the flexibility of the approach in the White Paper, but I feel that some more positive guidance ought to be given in some cases. Many airports are still very uncertain of their future. The importance of this longer term planning is very relevant because people in authority have got to make their minds up; some airports have to decide whether to exist or to go under, and they can only make that decision on what happens after 1990. There is a certain freedom of choice obviously left to airport operators and airlines, and one question which we have to ask is, will new services be allowed into regional airports, outside the Government's policy, if both the airport and the airline feels it is going to be a viable service? I think a great deal of care is needed to ensure that any such move of that sort does not undermine the basic airports policy and dilute its effectiveness.
Simple theory of spinning with particular reference to the HS Gnat trainer
Authors: Crabbe E. N.
Published: March 2023

Despite the many learned books and articles which have treated the theory of spinning in some depth, there still remains an aura of black magic about it. This article is written in an attempt to explain the spin in simple language and hopefully to take away some of the black magic. It has been written primarily with the HS Gnat in mind, because, although it is forbidden to spin a Gnat, there have been incidents over the past fifteen years that it has been in service, where even experienced pilots have got into spin prone situations. Now, it might be said, that a new generation of pilots has emerged who do not appreciate the reasons for the prohibition of Gnat spinning, which have been lost in the mists of antiquity.
The operator's responsibility
Authors: Morland Beazley J.
Published: March 2023

When one sits down and considers the title of this paper and its implications, I have no doubt that for most people and certainly for me, the word responsibility must conjure up a host of meanings largely depending on what sort of person one is, and what one's experience of life has been.

There is not any point in my talking about the ‘permission’ I would have thought, except to say for anyone in this audience who is unaware, that each operating Ag company negotiates with the CAA, in my view in a somewhat tedious way, for the issuance of this document; in it is set down the way the operator intends to run his show, and in effect it constitutes the rule book. Anyone here who is interested can obtain from the Cheltenham Stationery Office a copy of the guide to the Permission. Hitherto the permission has been free, but for this season it will cost £500 plus £300 for each aircraft on the register, no less, in line with the CAA's campaign to cover its costs.
Asymmetric distributions of base pressure on an axi-symmetric body
Authors: Mair W. A. , Wilkin S. M.
Published: March 2023

The work to be described was planned as the first stage of an investigation of the effects of streamwise vortices on base pressure. An axi-symmetric blunt-based body was used, consisting of a cylindrical portion with a semiellipsoidal nose. The intention was to mount strakes or semi-delta wings at incidence on the sides of the body to produce vortices and to measure the effects of these on the base pressure. The base of the body was fitted with 37 pressure tappings so that local variations of base pressure could be explored. It was found that for the body at zero incidence and yaw, without any strakes or wings, there was great difficulty in obtaining an axi-symmetric distribution of pressure on the base.
The development and use of simulators for helicopter flight training in the Royal Navy
Authors: Wingate G. J. P.
Published: March 2023

Helicopter flight simulators have now been in use in the Royal Navy for fifteen years. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of the helicopter within naval aviation, and in turn the development of the helicopter simulator alongside its actual aircraft counterpart. The uses to which the Royal Navy puts its simulators will be detailed, with particular reference to its most used simulator, the Sea King Flight and Mission Simulator. The expanding use of helicopters will be discussed, with a look at the Royal Navy’s present day aircraft, the Lynx, and its simulator. The assured future for flight simulation within the Fleet Air Arm will be explained.

Helicopters have been used by the Royal Navy since 1944, when four R4s were purchased from Sikorsky’s, and the change over of the Fleet Air Arm from an all fixed wing force to an almost totally helicopter force can be seen to be due to both operational considerations and political events.
A design space representation of stiffened shear webs
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: March 2023

A stiffened shear web, consisting of a thin plate (referred to simply as the web) attached to longitudinal members (or flanges) and supported by a series of transverse stiffeners, buckles in a mode involving both the web and stiffeners, at a shear stress which also depends on the restraint between the web and flanges. With increasing stiffener size changes in the mode of buckling occur until, at a certain critical value of the flexural stiffness of the stiffener, buckling is largely confined to the web between stiffeners, and the buckling coefficient is then practically constant. The buckling coefficient reduces to that of an unstiffened flat plate with decreasing stiffener size.

Engineering Sciences Data Item 02.03.02 plots buckling coefficients for long shear webs with uniform, equally-spaced stiffeners. The curves are based on work by Stein and Fralich, for stiffeners of zero torsional rigidity and simply-supported longitudinal edges, and on a more recent series of papers by Cook and Rockey (listed in the Data Item) which extend the analysis to clamped, as well as simply-supported, webs and also include the torsional rigidity of the stiffeners.
Optimal flight paths for a winged supersonic rocket vehicle
Authors: Large E.
Published: March 2023

In 1951, Tsien and Evans successfully solved the problem of finding the optimum flight path for a vertically ascending sounding rocket (Ref. 1). Hibbs, in 1952, solved the problem of finding the optimum burning program for horizontal flight of a winged, rocket-propelled vehicle (Ref. 2). Since then work on optimal flight paths within the atmosphere has stagnated, most work being done for constant thrust, programmed in angle, in vacuo.

The present work extends Tsien and Evans', and Hibbs' work, to flight paths off the vertical. Although the simpler paths produced analytical solutions in the time domain, the present solution is not analytic and is carried out numerically using distance or path length as the independent variable.