bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PELAKSANAAN FUNGSI PENGAWASAN SEBAGAIUPAYA MENCEGAH PERATURAN DAERAH BERMASALAH DI KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO
Authors: Yasin Bukhari , Prabowo Andrianto
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dan fungsi pengawasan Gubernur terhadap Peraturan Daerah.Metode penelitian terdiri dari jenis penelitian, metode pendekatan, sumber bahan hukum, teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dan analisis bahan hukum.Dari hasil analisis maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peran dan fungsi pengawasan Gubernur terhadap Peraturan Daerah adalah untuk memastikan bahwa Peraturan Daerah yang dibuat tersebut tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada di atasnya agar tidak terjadi tumpang tindih baik dari segi kewenangan maupun dari segi materi muatan, dan Gubernur sebagai wakil dari pada Pemerintah Pusat yang ada di daerah diberi kewenangan untuk itu.Kata Kunci: Pelaksanaan, Fungsi, Pengawasan,Peraturan Daerah.Â This study aims to determine the role and function of governor's supervision of regional regulations. The research method consists of the type of research, the approach method, the source of legal materials, the techniques of collecting legal materials and the analysis of legal materials. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the role and function of the Governor's oversight of Regional Regulations is to ensure that the Regional Regulations made do not conflict with existing laws and regulations so that there is no overlap, both in terms of authority and in terms of content, and the Governor as the representative of the Central Government in the regions is given the authority to do this.Keywords: Implementation, Functions, Supervision, Regional Regulations.
Cost-effectiveness of school oral health prevention program: a case study of community dentistry, Mahidol University
Authors:   Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand., Lukssamijarulkul Nicha ,   College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Pongpanich Sathirakorn ,   College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Supakunkanti Siripen , Panza Alessio ,   College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,   Centre of Excellence for Health Economics, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Published: January 2022

School may be the only place where oral health services are provided for high-risk children with limited access to dental care. We found this to be a common situation in many low-income countries, compounded by a lack of dental personnel. A school oral health prevention program is widely implemented in Thailand; however, the program's cost-effectiveness is under-investigated. This research project evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive school oral health program implemented in the academic setting from the provider’s perspective. The retrospective study was conducted using profile data of primary school children in low socioeconomic areas during the academic years 2009–2018 from the Mahidol school oral health program database. The program's effectiveness was measured as DMFT increment scores from the first to the sixth grade between the intervention and control groups. To estimate unit costs for preventive dental services, cost data were collected according to the WHO CostIt program. The total cost was determined based on two elements: recurrent cost and capital cost. The economic costs of the program in the 2015 academic year for first- to sixth-grade children were an average of 1,196,839.37 Baht (34,944.42 USD), comprised of recurrent costs (36.1%) and capital costs (63.9%). Personnel costs and equipment depreciation costs were a major part of recurrent costs and capital costs, respectively. Specifically, capital costs were accountable for more than half of total program costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the completed 5-year program compared with the control group was 4,035.31 Baht per DMFT avoided. The study findings, which suggested the effectiveness of this program, are useful for its extension and expansion. The cost-effectiveness of the oral prevention program indicated that it is worth implementing, especially for outreach and children of low socioeconomic status at high risk of caries.
The Effects of the “I see right sodium” Program for promoting health literacy regarding sodium consumption among university students in the lower northern region of Thailand
Authors:   A Doctor of Philosophy Candidate in the Health Education and Health Promotion program, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand, Youngiam Waraporn , Abdullakasim Pajaree ,   Department of Health Education, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand, Maharachpong Nipa
Published: January 2022

Low health literacy regarding sodium consumption has been associated with high sodium consumption behaviors among university students. This study aimed to determine and compare the effectiveness of the “I see right sodium” programs that promote health literacy concerning sodium consumption amongst first-year students. A quasi-experimental study using pre-test, post-test, and follow-up was designed to study two experimental groups and one control group. The program implementation period was September to December, 2020. Experimental group 1 (n=35) was involved in a multiple-activity program that involved both in-class workshop activities and a virtual component via the online application ‘LINE’; experimental group 2 (n=34) participated in the program virtually via online applications, whereas the control group (n=34) did not participate in any of the aforementioned programs. The research instrument was a self-administered pre-test, post-test, and follow-up questionnaire. Repeated Measures ANOVA and One-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the program’s effectiveness. Results of the study revealed that the mean difference in health literacy regarding sodium consumption among the three study groups was significantly different (p-value < 0.001). The mean difference in sodium consumption behavior between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 was significantly different (p-value = 0.005). Health literacy regarding sodium and sodium consumption behavior at the collection time (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) was significantly different between the three different groups (p-value < 0.001, and p-value = 0.015, respectively). The researchers have concluded that the mean difference in health literacy regarding sodium consumption and its effects on sodium consumption behavior at the designated measurement points were influenced by the programs. These findings indicated that the program with multiple platforms was the most effective in promoting health literacy regarding sodium and encouraging appropriate sodium consumption behavior amongst first-year students.
Implementation of Children's Rights Execution In The Perspective of Civil And Islamic Law
Authors: January Nasya Ayu Taduri  , Fairus Augustina Rachmawati  , Dian Latifani
Published: January 2022

Divorce or the breaking up of a marriage between husband and wife through a court decision has legal consequences for both parties' rights and obligations, including children. In Indonesia, cases that are often problematic in divorce cases are the failure to achieve the execution of decisions, especially in the context of the right to support the wife and children and child custody. However, in this paper, the author is interested in examining more deeply the obstacles that occur in implementing the execution of child custody decisions that are seen from several legal perspectives, including the compilation of Islamic law, the Marriage Law, the Child Protection Law, and the regulation of the execution process of decisions. in Herziene Inlandsch Reglement (HIR). The legal research method used is Normative Law with a statutory approach or called the statute approach. This paper also uses secondary legal data sources, such as: scientific journals, books, related laws and regulations. The purpose of this paper is to provide solutions related to the obstacles that occur in the implementation of decisions on the execution of child custody rights, which until now often occur and still provide polemics both in society and within the scope of religious and state courts.
Respect For Individual Limited Company (MSMEs) For Pailit Decision
Authors: Sabrina Isnintias  , Moh.Saleh
Published: January 2022

Ratification of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (Job Creation Law) brings blessings to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) entrepreneurs. Because it provides convenience, protection, and empowerment to MSMEs, it is one of the objectives of the creation of the Job Creation Law which is outlined in the form of a derivative, namely Government Regulation (PP) Number 8 Year 2021. The Job Creation Law is one of the breakthroughs of the Indonesian Government to restore a sluggish economy during the Covid-19 Pandemic, many business sector sectors were hindered and suffered many losses due to the pandemic situation. The PP explains that a Limited Liability Company can be established by 1 (one) founder, specifically PT. Individuals (MSMEs), where this provision raises various questions, one of which is a form of responsibility to a third party (BANK) if PT Individuals (MSMEs) are declared In a state of bankruptcy, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the legal aspects of PT Perseorangan's bankruptcy settlement. The benefits of this research are addressed to individual PT directors and legal experts who face similar cases.
Legal Aspects In The Establishment of A Village Owned Business Entity Deed And its Business Branches
Authors: Elvareta Elen Bayu Permata
Published: January 2022

The village is the forerunner to the formation of a government in a unitary state, it can be said that the village is a miniature of a country. There are rights and obligations of village communities, especially in the field of human resource management and natural resources. In carrying out efforts to improve in the economic field, villages can form BUMDESA which has the aim of increasing the income of the villagers. The establishment of BUMDESA can be done through village meetings, if village officials need official documents, it can be made in the form of an authentic deed before a notary in accordance with Article 15 of the Law on Notary Services and its amendments. The type of research in this legal research is normative legal research, which is a process to find the rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer legal issues faced. Techniques and data collection in this research is carried out by means of library research ( library research). Data collection tools used are document studies to obtain secondary data, by reading, studying, researching, analyzing secondary data, with secondary and tertiary related to this research. The purpose of this legal research is to analyze the legal aspects of the establishment of BUMDES which is made with an authentic deed document. The legal issue in this study is the legal aspect of the establishment of bumdes and other business branches, the second legal issue is the role of a notary in the establishment of a village-owned enterprise business unit. The conclusion of this research is that the village government exists and exists until now since the NKRI was formed, the village has the potential of natural resources that must be managed in an accountable, professional and trustworthy manner. Regarding village management, BUMDESA can be used as a means of driving the economy for the village community. That notaries can assist in making deeds relating to the establishment of BUMDESA and BUMDESA business units.
Satisfação do usuário do abastecimento de água em comunidades rurais em Boa Esperança, ES, Brasil
Authors: Machado Anna Viginia Muniz , Aranha Pedro Antonio de Paiva , Gonçalves Ricardo Pereira , Silva Juliana da Costa Dias , Santos João Alberto Neves dos , Souza Ana Carolina da Silva Valença de , Siqueira Natália Lascas
Published: January 2022

A garantia do acesso à água segura nas áreas rurais é um objetivo que segue inatingido em diversas partes do mundo. No Brasil, o cenário é semelhante, apresentando um número elevado de instalações rurais sem abastecimento adequado de água. Em algumas comunidades rurais na cidade de Boa Esperança, ES, estabeleceu-se o modelo de gestão comunitária do abastecimento de água, também aplicado em outras partes do Brasil e de outros países. Neste trabalho, verificou-se a satisfação dos usuários destes sistemas em 7 destas comunidades. Com um questionário Likert, verificou-se o quanto os respondentes concordavam com cada uma de três afirmativas, contemplando os tópicos 'Qualidade da água', 'Quantidade de água' e 'Valor da tarifa'. Também foram levantados dados socioeconômicos daqueles que responderam e dados técnicos sobre as instalações do sistema, a comunidade e a associação de moradores. Observou-se que, no geral, os moradores estão satisfeitos com o abastecimento de água que recebem. Houve maior discordância sobre a qualidade da água, porém as respostas ainda foram majoritariamente positivas. Acredita-se que a população destas regiões não tenha informação suficiente sobre os padrões de qualidade da água. Desta maneira, é tão necessário conscientizar a população sobre estes padrões, quanto prover auxílio técnico para que elas os atinjam.
Estudo do desenvolvimento urbano da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ponte Grande, em Lages/SC
Authors: Lemos Mayara Rafaeli , Becegato Valter Antonio , Becegato Vitor Rodolfo , Rosini Daniely Neckel
Published: January 2022

A crescente urbanização e industrialização das cidades, aliada a uma visão econômica e favorável a minorias, fez com que diversas pessoas se dirigissem para áreas periféricas, com infraestrutura precária. Realizar estudos e monitoramento quanto a ocupação do solo faz com que o planejamento urbano seja regrado, com enfoque na preservação e na qualidade de vida da população. O presente estudo objetivou-se analisar o uso e ocupação do solo na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ponte Grande, área urbana do município de Lages, em Santa Catarina, utilizando-se de imagens de satélite TM-Landsat 5 e 8, ao longo dos últimos 35 anos. O acesso às imagens foi possível acessando-se o catálogo do Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos e o processamento das mesmas foi executado no software ENVI® 4.7. Para a identificação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP’s) utilizou-se o software ArcGis® 10.1, com integração de dados para a geração dos mapas. As classes identificadas para realizar a confecção do mapa e posterior estudo foram: floresta nativa, reflorestamento, campo, área urbana, corpos d’água, solo exposto e agricultura. Após análise da ocupação, realizou-se o diagnóstico populacional, utilizando dados do IBGE correspondentes à renda e ao número de pessoas por setor censitário. O software ArcGis® 10.1 foi usado, com a ferramenta ‘‘selecionar por localização’’, para realizar a intersecção dos dados entre a bacia hidrográfica e os setores, e após inclusão das edificações. Verificou-se, a crescente substituição das classes campo por reflorestamento com fim comercial e expansão urbana, que ocupa o maior percentual de classe, com 41,73% em 2019. A classe correspondente a reflorestamento teve um crescimento expressivo, perpassando de 0,18% em 1984 para 5,32% em 2019. Com relação as APP’s, essas foram sendo ocupadas e deterioradas, tendo pequenas parcelas resguardadas, localizadas em áreas com alta declividade e em áreas de cabeceiras. Muitas edificações são precárias, sem o mínimo do que é preceituado constitucionalmente e esse fato está inteiramente ligado ao fato de a renda per capta da população residente na área de estudo estar entre ¼ e 2 salários mínimos. Além da precariedade das edificações e do acesso à infraestrutura urbana, observa-se que 1313 edificações estão situadas em área de muito alto risco a eventos hídricos de inundação. Com a análise dos resultados fica evidente a necessidade de planejamento urbano em áreas periféricas, para que exista consciência ambiental, uso sustentável da terra e melhoria na qualidade de vida da população.
Dimensionamento das emissões de CO2 do setor sucroenergético do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, com a aplicação da matriz insumo-produto, ano 2015
Authors: Eduardo Antonio Sérgio , Frainer Daniel Massen , Rodrigues Wesley Osvaldo Pradella , Eduardo Willian Nassar Moreira
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste trabalho foi, a partir do uso da matriz de insumo-produto, dimensionar as emissões de CO2 pelo setor sucroenergético de Mato Grosso do Sul, com choque na economia, procurando demonstrar os impactos na emissão de CO2 e o encadeamento do setor com outros setores, a interdependência setorial, através de índices que sintetizam as ligações para trás e para frente das atividades produtivas, identificando os setores-chave da economia regional. De outra forma, verificar como multiplicadores contribuíram para o processo decisório de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento regional. Verificou-se que o setor sucroenergético do Estado MS de 2015 responde por 21,99% das emissões de CO2 do total de emissões do agronegócio. Na análise dos agregados do setor, o agregado II (agricultura) tem 41,54% de emissões CO2, e o agregado IV (comércio e serviço) tem 31,16% de emissões CO2. Com choques na economia sucroenergética, os efeitos direto, indireto e induzidos, em sua totalidade, destaca-se a produção de açúcar com o total de 53,01 t., em segundo o etanol com 19,37 t. e, por último, a cana-de-açúcar com 11,71 t., Destaca-se, portanto, que os efeitos ocorrem com maior intensidade na produção de açúcar. Nas outras atividades, destaca-se em primeiro os Serviços Industriais e de Utilidade Pública (SIUP), com 62,78 t. e, na sequência, Outras Indústrias de transformação com 39,96 t. No encadeamento, observou-se que apenas a produção de açúcar apresenta ligação para trás, cujas ligações intersetoriais são com fornecedores de insumos. Quanto à ligação para frente, os setores de Comércio, Transporte e Outros Serviços. São dois setores-chave: Outros Agropecuária e SIUP. Conclui-se que o setor sucroenergético pode ser considerado num contexto ecologicamente correto, embora utilize-se da queima do bagaço da cana, liberando emissão de CO2. Porém, este é capturado pelas plantas durante seu crescimento, no processo de fotossíntese, gerando um efeito global na ajuda do controle do 'efeito estufa'.
Herpes Zoster Post-Vaccine Mimicking “COVID Arm” in an Old Female
Authors: Modesto dos Santos Vitorino , Arruda Modesto Sugai Taciana , Campos Modesto Laura , Campos Modesto Julia
Published: January 2022

Cutaneous adverse effects related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are still a challenging issue. “COVID arm” is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction appearing after the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination as reddish, warm, pruritic, indurated, or swollen areas in the limb of the vaccine site. These skin alterations may be associated with systemic symptoms and have been observed after the first or second dose of COVID-19 vaccines. The aim is describe a 76-year-old woman who had “COVID arm simile” lesions caused by herpes virus in the left upper limb 4 weeks after the AstraZeneca vaccine first dose. The reaction, with 30 days duration, needed treatment and was considered severe. However, the patient received the second dose of the same vaccine uneventfully. Case reports of intercurrences during mass vaccinations are advantageous for health care workers and patients.
Viewpoint on relief of COVID-19 burden in India by administration of system to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2 at the grass-roots level
Authors: Bhusare Bhushan P. , Zambare Vasudeo P.
Published: January 2022

During 2020, the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic hit badly the Indian subcontinent very surprisingly. Indian Government and every citizen of India have attempted many more strategies on damage control of pandemic in terms of human lives, population, health, and socio-economic impacts. Second wave have battered us significantly tanks to our hubris and callousness. In anticipation of the potential third wave, the system has developed a massive but at grassroots level pragmatic and strategic roadmap for sensitizing the policy maker and coordinators. The existing infrastructure and manpower utilization could be the best, eco-friendly and the most effective way to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2. The infrastructure includes government schools and manpower work as an administrative system which includes elected MLAs, medical doctors, village head (Sarpanch), village council’s elected members and local people. Managing this system at grass root level could be the best and effective way to break the chain of SARS-CoV-2 in all states of India.
A Comparative Analysis of Four Different Diagnostic Techniques for Malaria
Authors: Sharma Chaitali , Umesh . , Rawat Vinita , Singh Rajesh Kumar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Malaria is one of the major parasitic diseases and laboratory diagnosis of malaria infection requires the availability of a rapid, sensitive, and specific test that is affordable. There is the availability of several laboratory procedures for malaria diagnosis. Aim: To compare the performance of conventional microscopy using leishman staining against an immunochromatographic antigen detection test, fluorescent microscopy using Acridine Orange (AO), and molecular technique by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in the laboratory diagnosis of malaria. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 432 specimens were collected from patients suspected of malaria attending Dr. Susheela Tiwari Government Hospital, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India, during the study period from January 2018 to September 2019. Microscopic examinations of Leishman stained smears, immunochromatographic Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), fluorescent microscopy using AO, and PCR were done using appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Out of the 432 specimens tested, a total of 208 (48.2%) were found positive for malaria using all four tests. Microscopy using leishman staining, RDT, and fluorescent microscopy were performed on all samples out of which 180 (41.6%) samples showed a positive result on Leishman staining, 186 (43%) were detected using AO fluorescent microscopy while the RDT had a yield of 208 (48.2%) positive results for malaria. While PCR was performed on 124 samples that yielded 79 (63.7%) positive results. Conclusion: Though, peripheral blood smears are still considered the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. But, in this study, it was observed that newer RDT for malaria surpassed the diagnostic efficacy of clinical microscopy and hence, has a superior role in clinical practice and diagnosis.
Melanocytic Lesions- A Hospital-based Descriptive Study from Central Kerala, India
Authors: Francis Feby Thekkanath , Francis Mathew Chalissery
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Malignant melanoma is a tumour of melanocytic origin. There is considerable geographic variation in the incidence of melanocytic lesions and are related to exposure to sunlight and susceptibility of the population. Descriptive and statistical studies of melanocytic lesions are few among Indian populations. Aim: To describe and categorise melanocytic lesions, analyse their histological features and form evidence based data applicable to Indian population. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted in Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre in central Kerala, India from August 2013 to July 2016. Total duration of the study was 36 months starting from 2013 August to 2016 July. Melanocytic lesions received in Pathology Department for the study period were analysed. Data including age, gender, signs and symptoms, anatomical site, clinical and gross photographs were analysed. For each case, gross and histopathological examination were done. In some cases histopathological study alone was not diagnostic, so Immunohistochemistry (IHC) including Human Melanoma Black (HBM)-45 and Melan-A were conducted to establish melanocytic differentiation. Final statistical analysis was done by frequency measurements and cross tabulation using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. Results: Total sample size was 57, among which 44 cases were from cutaneous sites (27 benign and 17 malignant) and 13 were from mucosal sites (2 benign and 11 malignant). Most of the cases were from above 60 years age group (35%). Anatomically, majority of cutaneous melanomas were from lower limb {15 (88.2%)} and majority of mucosal melanomas were from upper gastrointestinal tract {5 (38.4%)}. Although prominent nucleoli are said to be characteristic feature of melanomas, 8 out of the 28 total cases of melanomas had inconspicuous nucleoli (28.5%). When cell morphology of melanomas was studied, majority of cases had oval cells 10 (35.7%). It was also found that there was a significant correlation between spindle cell morphology and absence of pigment in melanomas (p-value=0.004). There was no association between mitosis in melanomas and vertical tumour diameter (p-value=0.1837). Conclusion: A female predominance was observed and the commonly effected age group was above 60 years. Intradermal nevi were the major benign melanocytic lesion, while the common site was lower limb among cutaneous melanomas and upper gastrointestinal tract among mucosal melanomas. A positive association between absence of pigment in malignant melanomas and predominance of spindle cells was found.
Burkholderia cepacia from an Unidentified Organism to an Emerging Pathogen in a Tertiary Care Hospital- A Retrospective Study
Authors: Nazir Shaista , Fomda Bashir Ahmad , Rohi Shagufta , Mir Yaawar Bashir , Khan Altaf Hussain
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Burkholderia is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospitalised and immunocompromised patients. It is responsible for approximately 0.6% of all Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP). Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia) is a resilient organism, capable of survival in environments devoid of significant nutritional resources. Authors have come across many cases of B.cepacia in hospital for the last six years. Aim: To know the prevalence and microbiological profile of Burkholderia infection in tertiary care hospital, Srinagar, India. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, from January 2013 to October 2018. The records of all patients diagnosed with B.cepacia in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), wards, and Outpatient Department (OPD) were reviewed. Identification was done by Vitek 2. Descriptive analysis was done and data was presented as percentages. Results: The number of cases showed a steady rise from 2013 through 2016 and the peak number of cases occurred in the year 2016. Then, again the numbers started to decline. Surgical ICU was the most common location (n=490) where the cases were detected. Most of the isolates were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, tigecycline and levofloxacin and moderately sensitive to minocycline and meropenem. Conclusion: Burkholderia is no longer restricted to patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and can affect patients in ICU setting and that the mortality from the infection remains high in our part of the world. Further studies are needed to be carried out to address this issue.
Performance of Chip Based Real Time RT- PCR (TrueNat) and Conventional Real Time RT-PCR for Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Sahoo Amiyabala , Shulania Anuradha , Chhabra Mala , Kansra Stuti , Achra Arvind , Nirmal Kirti , Katiyar Supriya , Duggal Nandini
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ravaging the globe due to its rapid spread. Since providing fast results is of critical importance in a time of shortage of medical personnel and beds in isolation wards and to ensure timely treatment for patients, developing high quality rapid Point of Care (POC) diagnostics is essential. Aim: To compare the diagnostic performance of chip based real time Reverse Trancriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) (TrueNat) which has a shorter turnaround time compared to conventional real time RT-PCR in samples of suspected COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Five hundred randomly selected Oropharyngeal (OP) swabs samples received from May-July 2020, were included in the study to compare the diagnostic performance of chip based real time RT- PCR (TrueNat) with conventional real time RT-PCR for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. All statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 16.1 software (College station, Texas, USA). Results: The sensitivity of TrueNat test was 100% while the specificity was found to be 99.12% at 95% confidence intervals. The positive predictive value was 91.84% and the negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusion: The short turnaround time, good sensitivity and specificity makes TrueNat a reliable and affordable option to provide rapid results in cases requiring urgent interventions and to augment SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity at peripheral settings where sample load is less.
Study of Urinary Glycosaminoglycans among Essential Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Devaraj IC , Trivedi Dhiraj J , Patil Vidya S , Indumati V , Sanjeevini NB
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Essential hypertension is a systemic disease which affects endothelial basement membrane. Changes in Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) distribution pattern on glomerular basement membrane has been noted in hypertension. Hence it seems likely that an increase excretion of GAG levels may be an indicator of reduction in renal function. The qualitative or quantitative determination of urinary GAGs may be of value and could constitute a non invasive marker to assess the renal damage in essential hypertension. Aim: Differential analysis of urinary GAGs in essential hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: This analytical case-control observational study which was conducted from November 2014 to June 2016 in Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The study group included 50 male patients with age group of 30-60 years, clinically diagnosed with essential hypertension. Control group included 50 healthy male individuals with age group of 30-60 years, blood donors visiting to hospital blood bank. Random urine sample was collected. Urine creatinine was estimated by Jaffe’s method, urine GAGs by Dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) dye method and urine microalbumin by particle enhanced Turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay method. Correlation was tested with Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Level of significance was set for p-value <0.05 with confidence interval of 95%. Results: In present study, urinary GAGs levels in essential hypertensive study group was 14.57±10.16 mg/dL and in control group was 10.09±6.04 mg/dL. Urinary GAGs levels in essential hypertensive group was significantly high (p-value=0.890) when compared with normotensive control group. But no statistical significant correlation was found between urine GAGs and urine microalbumin in hypertensive study group. Conclusion: Estimation of urine glycosaminoglycans in essential hypertensive patients is a simple, rapid and cost effective test which asseses the glomerular function. It can be used as one of the early marker for diagnosis of nephropathy before microalbuminuria sets in.
Analysis of the Determinants of Access to Agricultural Credit at Local Bank of Mutual Agricultural Credit
Authors: B. Houngbedji Casemir , Salami Dramane
Published: January 2022

The objective of this paper is to determine the factors that favour the granting of credit in the microfinance institution at the Local Bank of Mutual Agricultural Credit (LBMAC) the largest in BENIN in a rural area. In methodological terms, the estimation of a logistic regression model has been made. Several variables are collected to explain access to agricultural credit in the institution. The results of the estimates show that, having one person as a guarantor and the seniority in obtaining the loan influence the granting of credit. As a result, the LBMAC is very selective, greatly limiting the demand for credit from farmers. So, economic policies must offer favourable conditions for micro-finance in the agricultural sector to increase their numbers and also allow them to be less selective.
Influence of Pregnancy Stages on Thyroid Status and Blood Metabolites in Desert Ewes Raised under Range Conditions in West Kordufan State, Sudan
Authors: Abderhman I. A. , Abdelatif A. M. , Elmgboul W. E. , Ali O. H. , Ahmed M. H. , Alameen A. O.
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the stages of pregnancy in two ecotypes of sheep, located in different grazing areas on thyroid status and certain blood metabolites. Eighty clinically healthy ewes (40 Hamari and 40 Kabashi ecotype) aged 2-5 years were used in the study. For each ecotype, the ewes were divided into four groups according to the reproductive status. Group (A): 10 ewes non-pregnant non-lactating (dry) served as the control. Group (B): 10 ewes in the early stage of pregnancy (first trimester). Group (C): 10 ewes in mid-stage of pregnancy (second trimester). Group (D): 10 ewes in the late stage of pregnancy (third trimester). Blood samples were used to measure serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), plasma glucose concentration and serum triglyceride levels. The study detected that Hamari ecotype was supplied with salt and minerals block during watering by its owners. The results showed that in both ecotypes, the serum TSH levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher during the early stage of pregnancy then, it decreased significantly (P<0.01) as the pregnancy advanced. While serum T4 levels were higher during the early stage of pregnancy, then it decreased significantly (P<0.01) during the late pregnancy in both ecotypes. Serum T3 level was significantly (P<0.001) higher in both ecotypes during early and mid-pregnancy, then declined to the lowest value during the late stage. The plasma glucose level was significantly (P<0.001) lower during mid and late pregnancy in both ecotypes. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum triglyceride level when pregnancy advanced in both ecotypes. Kabashi ecotype showed significantly higher serum triglyceride levels in the control group (P<0.001) during early pregnancy stage (P<0.01) and mid pregnancy stage (P<0.05) compared to the values of serum triglyceride levels in Hamari ecotypes. This study indicated that pregnancy altered thyroid status in both ecotypes, however, the influence of pregnancy on the thyroid status was less in the Hamary ecotype which supplemented by mineral and salt blocks. Therefore, supplementation with minerals during pregnancy might enhance the metabolic profile on the natural pasture grazing.
Variable Viscosity and Chemical Reaction Effects on MHD Flow of Radiative Fluid Past a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Joule Heating
Authors: Samuel D. J. , Fayemi I. A.
Published: January 2022

The focus of the present study is to examine chemical reaction and Joule heating effects on steady flow of a viscous radiating fluid in a porous medium under the influence of variable viscosity. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary exponentially with temperature. The governing equations of ow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. The converted ordinary differential equations are then solved numerically by using fourth order Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method. The effects of different pertinent parameters on the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristic are analyzed and discussed in detail through graphs and table. It is observed that larger values of variable viscosity parameter depreciates the fluid velocity.
Assessment of Parkia biglobosa on Hepatic and Renal Biomarkers of Dexamethasone-Exposed Pregnant Rats
Authors: Comfort Oladele Funmilola , David Olubunmi Gbenga , Odu Odeh Ruth , Airaodion Augustine Ikhueoya
Published: January 2022

Aim: This study sought to investigate its effect on hepatic and renal biomarkers of female pregnant rats.

Place and Duration: This work was carried out in the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti between January and June 2021.

Methodology: Locust bean seeds were purchased from an open market in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria and were processed using standard method. Fifteen female pregnant rats were divided into three groups of five each. Animals in group A were exposed to standard animal feed only. This served as the control group. Those in group B were exposed to animal feed mixed with locust beans + 0.3 mg/kg body weight of dexamethasone, while those in group C were exposed to animal feed mixed with locust beans only. At the end of the eight days treatment, animals were sacrificed and blood sample, liver and kidney were collected.

Results: Exposure of pregnant rats to dexamethasone was observed to significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of plasma aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) as well as the concentrations of plasma total protein, bilirubin, creatinine and urea when compared with those in animals in the control as well as those treated with P. biglobosa only. The results further showed that administration of P. biglobosa only had no significant effect on plasma hepatic and renal biomarkers except urea which was significantly lower than those in the control group as well as those treated with dexamethasone. The results obtained from liver and kidney homogenate respectively are similar to those observed in the plasma.

Conclusion: Exposure of animals to dexamethasone adversely unhinged hepatic and renal biomarkers investigated in the study. The study also revealed that P. biglobosa seed is beneficial to the health of the liver and kidney of pregnant female rats.
Metal Nutrient Distribution and Availability in Vegetable Growing Soils of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Chandra Bose K. Subash , Selvi D. , Chitdeshwari T. , Saraswathi T. , Balachandar D. , Jeyakumar P.
Published: January 2022

Knowledge about distribution and bio availability of micronutrients is critically needed for better production of agricultural products both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study intended to evaluate the micronutrient status, availability and its interaction with soil properties in the vegetable ecosystem. This study looks at the availability of micronutrient metal cation with their diversified soil properties. A total number of 25 surface soil samples were collected from major vegetable growing areas and basic soil parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, clay, cation exchange capacity, and free CaCO3 were examined. Micronutrients, both total and accessible, were also determined in soil. Zn and Fe deficiencies were found to a tune of 36 and 24 percent respectively in the overall soil samples, respectively. Deficiencies in Mn and Cu were found in extremely small quantities. Calcareous soils contribute to 40% of the soils analysed. Among the different soil properties, pH and CaCO3 showed a significant negative impact on micronutrient bioavailability whereas organic carbon and clay enhances the availability of micronutrients. The total micronutrient was not significantly correlated with the bioavailability of their respective nutrients.
Epidemiological Profile of Stroke patients at Neuropsychiatry Department, Tanta University Hospitals
Authors: Alnamla Samar Samir , Aboelsafa Ashraf Ali , Farouk Eldeeb Abdelaziz , Hassan Nadira Mansour
Published: January 2022

Background: Stroke is the second most common cause of death and long-term disability worldwide with up to one of every six survivors remaining permanently disabled. It is a devastating and disabling cerebrovascular disease with significant amount of residual deficit leading to economic loss and disease burden worldwide.

Aim: Describe the epidemiological profile of stroke during the period of five years (2014-2018).

Study Design: cross- sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Neuro-psychiatry hospital (free and economic departments) at Tanta University Hospital. This study started from the first of April 2019 and completed by July2021.

 Methodology: The sample we included 3435patient medical records. Tools of the study were: file extracted sheets of the five years (2014-2018).It was about data related to epidemiological profile of stroke.

Results: This study included 3435patient medical records admitted with stroke at the years2014-2018 and had the following epidemiological profile: the age ranged from 30-95 years and the median age was 65 years old .Male constituted 51.8% of patients, about two thirds, (64.9%) of patients were from urban residence and 66.8%were married. As regards type of stroke: ischemic stroke presented by 63.5%of patients and hemorrhagic stroke by 36.5%.Of all patients 30% had favorable outcome, 67.4% had stable condition and 2.7% were died.

Conclusion: The rate of stroke was increasing through the studied five years with most cases at year 2018 and the epidemiological profile was not different from other studies.
Spontaneous Abortion in Pregnancies Having COVID-19 Infection in Bangladesh: A Series of Cases
Authors: Chowdhury Tanzina Iveen , Choudhury Tasrina Rabia , Rahman Md. Mostafizur , Akter Nazma , Mariana Nafisa Anwar , Alam M. Jahangir , Das Tripti Rani
Published: January 2022

Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease and spreading all over the world. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to this infectious disease. There are not many reports on missed-abortion or stillbirths in COVID-19 that affected pregnant women. Twelve cases are presented here among a few cases of spontaneous abortion or fetal demise without having remarkable cause other than laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (RT-PCR) from March 2020 to July 2020 in a single medical university hospital in Bangladesh.

Cases: Enrolled 12 pregnant subjects of fetal demise ≥11 weeks of gestation had COVID-19 infection (RT-PCR) and the specimen taken was nasal swab. 10 patients were admitted to the hospital and 2 patients were managed in their home under the supervision of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). We excluded all the possible causes of clinical and obstetric causes of abortion other than COVID-19 infection. However, most of them were asymptomatic COVID-19 infection carriers, and only had a history of low-grade fever. 5 cases had a history of medical disorder which were controlled before pregnancy.

Conclusion: All the 12 cases did not have any clinical and obstetric disorder during pregnancy, but they all had COVID-19 infection. This suggests COVID-19 infection might induce fetal death through possible inflammation in the placenta.
Impact of Festivals on Weight Gain
Authors: Thakur Arya , Lamture Yeshwant , Pate Meenakshi Yeola , Garde Pankaj , Nagtode Tushar , Rewate Venkatesh
Published: January 2022

Obesity is on the rise, and the fundamental causes of this development are still a source of debate. The extent of holiday weight gain and its relation to annual weight gain was recently investigated. The study aims to review the literature to ascertain the consequences of holidays on weight gain. In India, holidays during summer vacation and festive show a significant rise in weight gain, whereas in USA UK, the 6-week long winter vacation shows a significant rise in weight gain. The COVID-19 Millions of people's habits were undoubtedly changed by the imposed lockdown to control the pandemic. People of all ages have reduced physical activity and had their food habits influenced by imprisonment, which was marked by the confiscation of most activities. Likewise, during the 6-week holiday season, weight transformation represent 51% of annual weight gain among the total public. Even though the absolute values for weight gain in this study were weaker than anticipated, these findings demonstrate that holiday weight gain may be a critical enabler to the rising epidemic of obesity. To substantiate these findings, greater exploration using representative populations seems needed. The volunteers were weighed four times at six-to-eight-week intervals to ensure weight change for three periods: just before the holiday, during the holiday, then after the holiday. To shield the core concept of interest, the subjects provided data on other vital signs and self-reported health metrics. We highlight the instance of an NHS healthcare worker, which is the first of its kind, in which fasting and other elements have played a hand in shaping substantial weight fluctuations.
Anosmia-What we Know About Anosmia and what We Don't Know About it
Authors: Ramteke Anshuta , Jain Shraddha
Published: January 2022

Anosmia, or the inability to detect scents, can have serious psychological consequences, including feelings of physical and social vulnerability and victimization. Anosmia can occur because of nasal obstruction caused by nasal polypi, enlarged turbinates, or oedema of mucous membrane as observed in common cold, allergic rhinitis and also in vasomotor rhinitis. Anosmia is also seen in atrophic rhinitis which is a degenerative disorder of nasal mucosa, peripheral neuritis, injury to olfactory nerves or olfactory bulb which can happen due to fractures of anterior cranial fossa and intracranial lesions like abscess, tumour or meningitis which results in pressure on olfactory tracts. These intense effects result from a state, people with normal olfactory abilities treat it with a lack of sympathy and apathy since it has a quick start and a poor outlook for recovery. Evidence-based treatments for anosmia are limited so there is a need to disseminate information about the health risks associated with anosmia, which could include screening procedures for olfactory abnormalities that are practicable and useful, adequate clinical assessment, and advice to patients to prevent harm and control health and quality of life with anosmia. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders estimates that approximately 1.4% of the population of the United States have chronic olfactory disorders and odor loss. The goal of this post was to go through the numerous types of anosmia and olfactory diseases, as well as their differential diagnoses, assessments, and current treatment options.
Anaesthetic Management of Left Cerebellopontine Angle Acoustic Nerve Schwannoma in Sitting Position with Intraoperative Electromyographic Facial Nerve Monitoring
Authors: Prachi Wankhade , Nisal Roshan , Reddy Swathi , Verma Neeta , Jadhav Jui , Bhalerao Nikhil
Published: January 2022

A case of left cerebellopontine angle acoustic nerve schwannoma in sitting position with electromyographic(EMG) monitoring for facial nerve was managed. The 40 year old male, ASA II, presented with complaints of difficulty in walking, left sided hearing loss, diminution of vision since 3 years and Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)suggestive of left CPA acoustic nerve schwannoma. Patient was operated under general anaesthesia in sitting position with Mayfield clamp on head without using muscle relaxant as the plan was to use EMG monitoring during tumor resection. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and propofol and no muscle relaxant was used, yet patient was immobile. Throughout the procedure haemodynamic stability was maintained with noradrenaline injection. Procedure was uneventful with complete excision of tumor and without damaging the facial nerve. Excision of this deep-seated tumor in sitting position without using muscle relaxant is very difficult to manage. This surgery was very challenging from anaesthetic point of view as sitting position itself increases the risk of complications and avoiding movement of patient with Mayfield clamp without using muscle relaxant was a tough job.