bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVII-14 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: Ruminal fermentation
Authors: Acosta Anderson , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S , Pedrini Cibele , Gandra Jefferson
Published: October 2021

The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of carbohydrases enzyme blend (CEB) on ruminal fermentation of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 350 kg) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 5×5 Latin square experiment with 15 d-periods (10 d to diet adaptation and 5 d for data collection), following a completely randomized design, being the treatments: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW (0 or 4.75 g/animal/day of CEB) or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW (0, 4.75 or 9.50 g/animal/day of CEB). The CEB was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX). Both enzymes and supplements were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period before (0), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after supplements were offered. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steers fed PSE had greater (P ≤ 0.041) rumen concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and lower (P = 0.028) acetate to propionate ratio in comparison with animals fed PS. Rumen acetate concentrations were 61.6 and 58.8 mmol/L and rumen propionate concentrations were 15.2 and 13.7 mmol/L for animals under the PSE and PS, respectively. A quadratic effect (P = 0.048) for carbohydrases enzyme blend was observed in NH3-N ruminal concentration of PES animals, where 4.75 g/day level presented the lower concentrations compared to control (24.13 vs. 32.20 mg/dL). Furthermore, rumen concentrations of acetate (P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.021) linearly increased with enzymes inclusion for PSE plan. PSE nutritional strategy positively influence ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers in dry season and its effects can be enhanced with CEB inclusion of 4.75 g/day.
PSXVI-23 The influence of trace mineral source on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and mineral solubility in beef cattle fed a high concentrate feedlot diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Carver Clarissa M , Thorndyke Meghan P , Reyes Arquimides , Spears Jerry , Engle Terry E , Wagner John J
Published: October 2021

Twelve Angus steers (BW 530.9 ± 22.7kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source on digestibility and ruminal VFA and soluble concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet balanced to meet the requirement of finishing feedlot steers for 21d. Treatments consisted of Cu, Mn, and Zn supplemented at 18, 40, and 90 mg/kg DM, respectively, from either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy trace mineral (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment; experimental unit = steer). Following a 21-d adaptation period total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Trace mineral sources had no impact on nutrient digestibility. On d 6, rumen fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding for VFA analysis. There were no treatment x time interactions for any VFA measured. However, HTM steers had greater (P < 0.05) ruminal molar proportions of propionate and tended (P < 0.07) to have greater molar proportions of valerate compared to STM steers. Steers fed STM had greater (P < 0.05) molar proportions of butyrate compared to HTM steers. Steers were then fed the same high concentrate diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On d 15 steers received a pulse dose (via rumen cannula) from either STM or HTM. Ruminal samples were obtained at 2 h intervals starting at -4 and ending at 24 h relative to dosing. There was a treatment x time interaction (P < 0.05) for ruminal soluble Cu concentrations. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, and 16 h post-dosing in STM compared to HTM supplemented steers. Results indicate that ruminal solubility of Cu differs between STM and HTM sources and may impact rumen fermentation characteristics.
PSXI-27 Comparison of live weight, backfat depth, and loin eye muscle measurements in ewe and ram lambs
Authors: Wuliji Tumen , Baughman Christopher , Lourencon Raquel V , Epple-Farmer Jessica , Groose Eric G , Wieberg Troy , Wilbers Luke , Martin Emily
Published: October 2021

Application of ultrasound carcass trait scanning in meat animals enhances the selection efficiency and accuracy. One hundred and sixty-two mixed age Katahdin ewes were selected based on ultrasound carcass traits and bred in a high lean muscle selection (n=81) and control (n=81) flocks, respectively in December 2019. Carcass traits including loin eye area (LEA), loin eye muscle width (LEW) and depth (LED), and back-fat depth (BFD) were measured for sires, dams, and their progeny lambs. Birth weight (BW), rearing rank, sex, and weaning weight (WW=90 d) and post weaning weight (PW=120 d) were recorded for progeny. Post-weaning live weight, LEA and BFD values were calculated for deriving an expected progeny difference lists and ewe replacements. Retaining ram lambs (25% male progeny) were recorded for live weight, carcass trait scanning, and breeding values estimate at six-month old as breeding sires. There was no difference between selection and control progeny for WW, PW, BFD and LEA measurements. Means for BW, WW, PW, LEA, LEW, LED, and FBD in progeny were 3.77 ±0.56, 22.13 ±2.98, 24.48 ±3.08 kg, 5.9 ±0.1cm², 4.4 ±0.5 cm, 1.9 ±0.2 cm and 2.9 ±2.6 mm. However, the WW, PW, LEA, and LEW were measured significantly (P < 0.05) greater for ram lambs (20.6 kg, 25.5 kg, 6.1 cm², 4.5 cm) over ewe lambs (19.5 kg, 23.8 kg, 5.7 cm², 4.3 cm). Single born lambs were significantly (P < 0.01) heavier at birth, weaning and post-weaning, and measured greater value for LEA and LED than twin birth or reared lambs. The statistical analysis showed WW was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with PW (r=0.71) and both WW and PW correlated with LEA (r=0.5) but not with BFD. The result indicates that lean animal selection using ultrasound carcass trait scanning will improve early age selection efficiency and accuracy.
PSXI-28 Effect of pre-slaughter transport stress on carcass weight, rumen fermentation and bacterial community of growing goats
Authors: Bryant Voris , Idowu Modoluwamu , Terrill Thomas H , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Kannan Govind , Kouakou Brou , Ogunade Ibukun M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the effects of pre-slaughter transport stress on the rumen fermentation and bacterial community of growing meat goats. Fifty-four male Spanish growing meat goats (28.9 ± 4.5) were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned into three treatment groups (n = 18 per treatment; 1) No transport stress (CON), 2) Transport stress for 30 mins (LS), and 3) Transport stress for 3 h (HS). Blood samples were collected before and after transport to estimate plasma cortisol concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the goats were slaughtered to determine the carcass weight and to collect rumen ruminal content for pH, 16 sRNA gene sequencing, and volatile fatty acid profile. The Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size and the functional profiling software (PICRUst) were used to estimate the differentially abundant taxa and predicted the functional potential of the microbial community, respectively. Compared to CON, both LS and HS increased (P < 0.01) plasma cortisol concentrations (27.5 vs. 130.1 and 117.7 ng/ mL), no differences were observed in hot carcass weight and VFA profile (P > 0.05). Rumen pH was lower (P < 0.05) in HS compared to CON or LS (6.44 vs 6.75 or 6.77). Compared to CON, LS reduced the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG 014 (LDA = 4.20; P = 0.01), whereas no effect was observed for HS. Compared to CON, predicted microbial functions associated with the immune system, translation, and enzyme activities were downregulated by LS while that of energy metabolism was downregulated by HS. Compared to HS, the predicted microbial functions associated with immune and digestive systems were downregulated by LS. This study demonstrated that LS transport stress has a more pronounced effect than long-term exposure on the rumen bacterial community and predicted functional potential in growing meat goats.
The Procedure for Appointing the International Criminal Court Prosecutor
Authors: Mudukuti Angela
Published: October 2021

Every nine years a new prosecutor is elected at the International Criminal Court. To date, three Prosecutors have been appointed, including the March 2021 election of Karim Khan QC. The nomination and election process to the position has evolved over time but there is still room for improvement. The following comment highlights the last round of nomination and election and the major shortcoming of the process — the failure to conduct vetting for high moral character. It is important to state from the onset that this article is not about any of the prosecutorial candidates nor the prosecutor and confines itself to discussing why it is important for the Court to ensure rigorous, and fair appointment procedures for one of its most coveted and important posts.
Government Bailouts of Airlines in the COVID-19 Crisis: Improving Transparency in International Air Transport
Authors: Lee Jae Woon
Published: October 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents the airline industry with unprecedented challenges that constitute no less than an existential threat. Given airlines’ importance in the economy, which includes providing connectivity, preserving jobs, and supporting related sectors, many governments have given local airlines enormous financial support since early 2020. Although it is well understood why many governments cannot allow their major airlines to shut down, the ongoing massive government bailouts can distort competition in the airline industry. This article analyzes various government bailouts of airlines in the COVID-19 crisis and discusses how these bailouts are creating a growing problem with fair competition in the international air transport market. While examining the unique regulatory framework of international air transport, the article recommends multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral rule-based approaches that can better serve economic governance of international air transport in the post-COVID-19 era. Although this article does not suggest major legal reforms, which would be too ambitious and unrealistic at this stage, transparency can be significantly improved through the recommendations provided here.
Rely more or less, for better or for worse: Intertwining reliability and preferences
Authors: Ghosh Sujata , Sano Katsuhiko
Published: October 2021

Dealing with preferences is a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, and thus, preference forms an integral part of our daily decision-making processes. If we consider preferences among groups of agents, deliberation often leads to changes in preferences of an agent, influenced by the opinions of others, depending on how reliable these agents are according to the agent under consideration. Sometimes, it also leads to changes in the opposite direction, i.e. reliability over agents gets updated depending on their preferences. There are various formal studies of preference change based on reliability and/or trust, but not the other way around—this work contributes to the formal study of the latter aspect, i.e. on reliability change based on agent preferences. In process, some policies of preference change based on agent reliabilities are also discussed. We introduce a novel formal study of the relevant changes in agent reliabilities in decision-making scenarios, which is an integral part of artificial intelligence studies in the current day. A two-dimensional hybrid language is proposed to describe such processes, and axiomatizations and decidability are discussed.
ConVarT: a search engine for matching human genetic variants with variants from non-human species
Authors: Pir Mustafa S , Bilgin Halil I , Sayici Ahmet , Coşkun Fatih , Torun Furkan M , Zhao Pei , Kang Yahong , Cevik Sebiha , Kaplan Oktay I
Published: October 2021

The availability of genetic variants, together with phenotypic annotations from model organisms, facilitates comparing these variants with equivalent variants in humans. However, existing databases and search tools do not make it easy to scan for equivalent variants, namely ‘matching variants’ (MatchVars) between humans and other organisms. Therefore, we developed an integrated search engine called ConVarT (http://www.convart.org/) for matching variants between humans, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans. ConVarT incorporates annotations (including phenotypic and pathogenic) into variants, and these previously unexploited phenotypic MatchVars from mice and C. elegans can give clues about the functional consequence of human genetic variants. Our analysis shows that many phenotypic variants in different genes from mice and C. elegans, so far, have no counterparts in humans, and thus, can be useful resources when evaluating a relationship between a new human mutation and a disease.
Methods of nutritional assessment and functional capacity in the identification of unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Crestani Mariana S , Grassi Thaiciane , Steemburgo Thais
Published: October 2021

Context

Malnutrition has a negative impact on patients with cancer. Identifying risk, nutritional status, and functional capacity can contribute to adequate and early nutritional therapy, which can reduce unfavorable clinical outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate and summarize the main instruments of nutritional assessment and functional capacity and associate their results with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer.

Data sources

A systematic search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Studies in which researchers evaluated and compared screening, nutritional assessment, and functional capacity instruments and their associations with clinical outcomes were included.

Data extraction

The data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers.

Results

A total of 29 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 20 441 individuals). The Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002) and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) were the most common tools used for nutritional assessment. High nutritional risk according to the NRS-2202 and worse nutritional status according to the PG-SGA and Subjective Global Assessment were positively associated with a longer hospital stay and mortality. Low functional capacity, according to handgrip strength, was associated with longer hospital stay and nutrition impact symptoms.

Conclusions

Tools such as the NRS-2002, PG-SGA, Subjective Global Assessment, and handgrip strength assessment are efficacious for assessing unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer.
Motivational Dynamics Underlying Competition: The Opposing Processes Model of Competition and Performance
Authors: Murayama Kou , Elliot Andrew J. , Jury Mickaël
Published: October 2021

The chapter delineates motivational mechanisms underlying how competition affects performance. The authors propose an opposing processes model of competition and performance in which competition positively influences performance via the adoption of performance-approach goals (i.e., trying to do better than others), whereas competition impairs performance via the adoption of performance-avoidance goals (i.e., trying to avoid doing worse than others). In competitions, these positive and negative goal processes often cancel each other out, producing a seemingly weak or non-existent relationship between competition and performance. The authors review empirical evidence for the proposed model, discuss the implications of the model in relation to other theoretical perspectives on competition, and speculate on the possibility that competition can play an instrumental role in sustainable engagement in a task.
Vision
Authors: Greene Vivien
Published: October 2021

Even though the culture of decadence at the fin de siècle was widespread, most artists of the period did not think of themselves as “decadent.” Instead, writers transposed the term from literature to art. This article considers whether there was a decadent subset to symbolism, a movement that burgeoned when scientific developments, industrialization, and secularism spurred artistic explorations antithetical to reality and the physical world. Close readings of specific symbolist works identify potentially decadent tendencies, such as overwrought, debased, or gruesome imagery animated by exaggerated form, distorted line, and extreme ornamentation. Centering on depictions of erotically charged, bestial, and often “exoticized” women, from castrating femmes fatales to hybrid mythical creatures, the chapter contextualizes such representations within contemporary scientific, pseudo-scientific, and social theories, especially evolutionary ideas, that were manipulated to validate white European male supremacy. Ultimately, symbolist painters who were inclined to decadence deployed hyperbolic style in frequently misogynistic or racially biased interpretations of nonmimetic subjects that threatened dominant culture and the status quo.
Contemporary Contexts
Authors: Condé Alice
Published: October 2021

Decadence is manifest most strongly at moments of unease about sociohistorical transition and relates to extremes of taste, passing into the realms of the distasteful or the extravagant. The Boulet Brothers’ Dragula (2016–) uses the format of the reality TV drag competition popularized by RuPaul’s Drag Race (2009–) to unite contestants of different gender identities and sexual orientations under the credo of “drag, filth, horror, glamour,” showcasing decadent performances that deliberately confront conventional standards of taste while simultaneously promoting ideals of compassion and self-acceptance among marginalized figures in an increasingly conservative political climate. The concept of decadence is most potent when its double meaning (negative moral judgment, unconventional culture) is most clear and its use in right-wing political rhetoric is confronted by those performing the aesthetics of bodily excess in rebellion against those in power. Today’s socially conscious decadents are artists, not agents, of social decline.
History of Archaeology in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Summerhayes Glenn R.
Published: October 2021

Prior to the excavations of Sue Bulmer in the late 1950s, the archaeological modelling of New Guinea’s past was hindered by a lack of time depth. Archaeological models of change involving the movement of peoples were the norm, and they were based on datasets including material culture, language, and physical attributes of people. This article charts early attempts of archaeology in exploring Papua New Guinea’s past using excavation and material culture. It concludes by noting that despite past drawbacks in interpreting these early excavations and analyses, these legacy collections can be revisited using modern scientific techniques in providing new directions in understanding the past.
Island Hopping to Sahul
Authors: Norman Kasih , O'Connor Sue , Bird Michael
Published: October 2021

The dispersal of Homo sapiens to Sahul required passage through the vast Wallacean archipelago, resulting in the first large-scale modern human maritime migration. This migration likely required social, technological, and economic innovations as modern humans island-hopped east towards Sahul (the combined Pleistocene landmass of Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands). The dispersal pathways through Wallacea are not well documented archaeologically, with theoretical and computational models of dispersal still playing an important role in our understanding of the region. This article reviews the archaeological and fossil evidence for the earliest H. sapiens presence in Wallacea; suggests possible overlap with archaic humans; and summarizes the findings of recent modelling for modern human migrations through Wallacea. The archaeological record of Wallacea attributed to H. sapiens is currently younger than that found in either Sunda (now comprising the western portion of Island Southeast Asia) or Sahul. From this pattern of evidence the authors conclude that the more ancient evidence for H. sapiens remains to be discovered in Wallacea, and they highlight the most promising islands for future research.
What Leaders Are Like and Their Effect on Decision-Making
Authors: Hermann Margaret G.
Published: October 2021

Because it remains difficult to gain access to political leaders—particularly those at the national level, researchers wishing to study them as individuals have had to become innovative. Such innovations include the development of psychobiography; structured, focused comparative case studies; personality assessment-at-a-distance; and the simulation of policymaking via experiments. With each, researchers have tried to become more systematic and objective in how they study leaders and what leaders are like. In applying these analysis-at-a-distance techniques, researchers have discovered a number of characteristics that appear to shape how political leaders engage in decision-making and the nature of their decisions. These characteristics cover the four elements of personality: cognition, motivation, traits (in this case, leadership style and its components), and reactions to the context (both immediately through emotions and in the long term through political experience). This chapter gives import to the individual level of analysis in understanding policymaking and the policymaking process as well as poses ways of opening up the “black box” to do so, both critical components of behavioral political science.
Recentering Music
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: October 2021

Study of the creative process in music promises to help facilitate reintegration of a field of research that has become decentered through the cultivation of subdisciplines. The approach of genetic criticism and recent sketch studies move beyond traditional music philology. With examples from several composers and works of Beethoven as a central focus, this article assesses the limitations of Urtext editions, the musical-work concept, and organicist and constructivist approaches. Beethoven’s music is found to be less autonomous and more intertextual than is often acknowledged. A blending of source research and musical analysis can help heal disciplinary wounds inflicted by the severing of topics that belong together in the same body of knowledge.
Solidarity and Attachment in Durkheim’s Sociological Thought
Authors: Paugam Serge
Published: October 2021

This chapter seeks to identify the reasons why Durkheim abandoned the two key concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity that he had developed in his thesis to the benefit of a more complete analysis of the plurality of social bonds that attach individuals to society: he shifted from a theory of the evolution of solidarity to a theory of social attachment. This does not mean that Durkheim in any way renounced the ambitious program he had developed in the first years of his life in Bordeaux. On the contrary, he seeks to extend this program by carrying out his sociological study of suicide at a time when the concept of solidarity begins a new career. And it is just after the publication of Suicide that he uses the concept of attachment to groups to refer to the social bonds and the moralities associated with them.
The Red River Campaign, 1864
Authors: Parrish T. Michael
Published: October 2021

The Red River Campaign in the spring of 1864 was the disastrous culmination of the Union high command’s persistent efforts to conquer Louisiana and Texas. Abraham Lincoln ordered Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, commander of the Department of the Gulf, to lead a large force from New Orleans up the Red River Valley, capture Shreveport (the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi capital and major commercial center), and invade Texas. Lincoln delayed an important campaign against Mobile and diverted significant manpower from the western theater and Arkansas, along with a large fleet of naval vessels, to support Banks in order to accomplish sweeping economic, political, and foreign policy goals. Mismanaged by Banks from the start, the campaign suffered defeat before reaching Shreveport, but it created havoc in the Red River Valley by allowing many slaves to flee to Union forces, compelling many civilians to flee with their slaves to Texas for safety, and inducing defeated Union soldiers to destroy a vast array of civilian properties and towns. As a result, northern Louisiana suffered economically for many years, while Texas emerged from the war continuing to grow into an economic powerhouse.
Industrialization
Authors: Schmidt James
Published: October 2021

The complex relationships embedded in the youth culture of work during the modern era are examined. The history of youthful work looks different when focusing on people who are coming of age and entering the world of work, even if they might be defined as “children” by labor law. Learning to work and earning a wage became markers of adulthood, and young people across the industrializing world shaped labor markets and workplaces by their participation. As reformers pushed the legal age of labor upward, they came into conflict with young people’s economic activities. Ironically, reformers moved both to prevent young people from working and to force them to labor in institutional settings such as industrial schools. This legacy has persisted into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries as young people continue to face a culture that delegitimizes their economic activities yet expects them to prepare for usefulness in the future. First is a focus on the early nineteenth century and pairing a brief look at early wage work and child labor reform in Europe and America with a closer examination of the experience of working girls in Lowell, Massachusetts. Second is a survey of the successful efforts to restrain and then delegitimize wage work for younger people with a more in-depth examination of youthful work in industrial and reform institutions. Finally, there is a brief look at the youth culture of work in recent years.
Exploring the Role of Islam in Mali
Authors: Bleck Jaimie , Thurston Alex
Published: October 2021

The absence of Islamist parties or religious candidates in Mali conceals the important role that Muslim leaders have played in politics during the multiparty era. Unlike other contexts, where religious leaders have leveraged networks of service provision to launch mass parties, Islamic service provision fuels personalist networks for major religious figures in Mali, who exist in varying degrees of complementarity with the secular state. This chapter examines clerics’ roles in politics and governance in Mali. As trusted providers of social services, including education and justice provision, Muslim clerics also offer patronage networks that are an alternative to those embedded in the secular state. Rather than explicitly challenge the regime, the country’s leading clerics have struck a delicate balance between competition and complementarity with the state. They use their close proximity to the state to influence politics, gain power, and engage in contentious politics, but minimize reputational costs associated with running for office. The chapter demonstrates that the introduction of jihadist groups, and their repertoires of service provision, which explicitly challenges the state, is a strong departure from existing patterns of political engagement by Muslim clerics and their networks. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways that jihadist presence, with its explicit challenge to the secular state, could challenge existing patterns of accommodation between religious leaders and the state.
Politics in Muslim Societies: What’s Religion Got to Do with It?
Authors: Cammett Melani , Jones Pauline
Published: October 2021

In Western scholarship, depictions of social and political life in the Muslim world oscillate between emphasizing the importance of religion and rejecting its relevance altogether. This chapter explores how—if at all—religion influences social, political, and economic outcomes in the Muslim world. Based on a narrow definition of religion as doctrine—that is, the set of beliefs and practices that delimit a particular faith—the authors agree with much of the scholarly community that religion is not the root cause of various social, political, and economic outcomes in the Muslim world. Their broader conceptualization of religion as both the beliefs and practices that constitute doctrine and the infrastructure that sustains these beliefs and practices enables them to adopt a more nuanced approach. The authors argue that doctrine is critical to understanding religion’s potential force, whereas infrastructure—specifically, social organization (i.e., institutions and actors) and social identity—is the key to understanding why, when, and where religion has agency to enact that force. The goal is not to make universal claims, but to understand the effects of religious institutions, actors, and identities in a given context. This approach can apply more generally to Western and non-Western contexts with distinct dominant religious traditions and help to integrate the study of politics in Muslim societies more fully into mainstream comparative analytical frameworks.
Digital Luxury
Authors: Black Sandy
Published: October 2021

The digital revolution that began slowly at the end of the last century has increased in pace, creating global connectivity and changing the way we live, work, and do business. The luxury industry, based largely on quality physical products and notions of heritage and craftsmanship, coupled with a high level of personal service, could be seen as incompatible with the digital economy and was slow to adapt. Taking the luxury personal goods area, especially fashion, as its focus, this chapter discusses the ways in which the digital shift has impacted luxury business and transformed the way luxury is accessed and consumed. Examples of emerging concepts for the digital and virtual experience of fashion are discussed. The intrinsic values of luxury (longevity, quality, and craftsmanship) can be aligned to sustainability, and we discuss the potential for digitalisation to transform the luxury experience. Can experiential luxury be the next frontier for digital luxury and provide a net sustainability benefit?
Planetary Challenges
Authors: Wright Christopher , Nyberg Daniel
Published: October 2021

The extraction and consumption of fossil-fuel-based energy has underpinned the growth of global capitalism over the past two centuries, resulting in an industry dominated by some of the largest and most powerful companies in the world. However, the centrality of fossil energy to economic growth has also come at a huge environmental cost as escalating carbon emissions have generated a climate crisis that now threatens the future of organised human civilisation. This article explores the origins of the global fossil-fuel industry and its political response to the growing recognition of climate change and moves towards the decarbonization of economies. It highlights how the industry has engaged in various forms of political activity to defend itself from critique and delay the transition to a low-carbon economy. While this has been a successful strategy for over forty years, the article notes how the growing urgency of the climate crisis and the recent global pandemic pose fundamental threats to the continuation of fossil fuel expansion.
Self-as-Context
Authors: McHugh Louise , Stapleton Alison
Published: October 2021

The ability to understand ourselves and take others’ perspectives is fundamental to the development of our sense of self. This article explores self-as-context, an acceptance and commitment therapy process that fosters a healthy sense of self and flexible perspective-taking. The discussion begins with a conceptual overview of self-as-context, highlighting its relevance to psychological well-being and its relation to both relational frame theory and traditional behavior-analytic principles. Also provided here are clinical descriptions of the process of change involved in developing a self-as-context repertoire and the means of assessing self-as-context, as well as a synthesis of the research that has been done on self-as-context to date. Finally, future directions for research and practice with this process of change are described.
Values in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: LeJeune Jenna , Luoma Jason
Published: October 2021

While the concept of values has been present in behavioral traditions dating back to Skinner, the analysis of the role of values in modern contextual behavioral science (CBS) in relation to motivation has greatly expanded over the past 30 years. In particular, values are important in a modern understanding of the role of human language in modifying how reinforcement occurs. In this article we outline values work as a foundational component of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and analyze values through a CBS and relational frame theory lens. Included are an extensive review of the empirical literature on the role of values in ACT and a discussion of values measures commonly used in CBS research and clinical practice. Finally, we offer recommendations for the next steps needed to expand our understanding of this essential process.
Violence and Internal Ruling Party Politics in Zimbabwe (2008–2018)
Authors: Raleigh Clionadh
Published: October 2021

In the post-2000 years, Zimbabwe’s ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party became locked in strong internal factional struggles, which intensified as the economy declined and president Robert Mugabe advanced in age. This chapter maintains that political violence was an important feature of these internal struggles. The violent June 2008 run-off presidential election, which is the chapter’s main focus, was emblematic of ZANU-PF’s internal uses of violence. The chapter analyses political violence in Zimbabwe in three sequential parts: the patterns and explanations for the 2008 poll violence, the subsequent low-level violence since 2008, and the violence emanating from internal ZANU-PF factional struggles. What emerges from this analysis is that violence is an important way in which internal competition in ZANU-PF is performed and there are continuities in this violence over the past decade. In addition, violence is most intense during election periods. Despite the repeated risks of violence during elections, Zimbabwe remains a relatively stable country.
Transcranial stimulation and decision-making
Authors: Csifcsák Gábor , Mittner Matthias , Forstmann Birte U.
Published: October 2021

Decision making (DM) is essential for everyday functioning. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods such as transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation have been used extensively to understand the behavioral and neural correlates of choice arbitration. However, the considerable inconsistency across findings renders it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the magnitude and robustness of their effects. This variability is likely due to differences in stimulation protocols across studies, but also to statistical fluctuations arising from insufficient power. In this chapter, we make a distinction between perceptual and value-based DM, and evaluate NIBS studies through the lens of computational modeling. We argue for the importance of recovering latent DM parameters via formal mathematical models, and describe how this approach can elucidate NIBS mechanisms on phenomena such as speed-accuracy trade-off and reinforcement learning. Finally, we provide recommendations for future studies to improve the reliability and replicability of NIBS findings.
Within and Beyond the Anthropology of Language and Law
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines why U.S. legal scholarship has been unable to make use of abundant empirical research on law and language within the field of anthropology. Specifically, linguistic anthropologists have disproven old theories still used by US legal philosophers to ground their analyses of legal language. These anthropologists have provided ample alternative foundations for theorizing how legal language works. After reviewing that research and contrasting outdated conceptions of legal language within legal academic scholarship, the chapter examines how metalinguistic assumptions that are built into legal thinking have actually discouraged legal theorists from incorporating more sophisticated and accurate conceptions of law’s language. While overcoming this obstacle may not be possible, the chapter concludes by urging both legal scholars and linguistic anthropologists to consider possible avenues for better communication. Updated insights from anthropological research on language and communication have much to offer legal scholars studying the language of law.
Law & Development
Authors: Böckenförde Markus , Gebeye Berihun A.
Published: October 2021

Law and development (L&D) is a dynamic academic and policy field. Since the second half of the twentieth century, anthropologists, lawyers, economists, and political scientists have taken a special interest in L&D. Due to such multidisciplinary engagement and its dynamism, L&D is at once a field or discipline of inquiry, an approach or way of thinking, a phenomenon to be observed, and a funding device to be deployed in development practice. In this chapter, by going beyond the conventional narratives of L&D studies, the authors examine the idea of development and law, along with their interactions in the context of L&D at national and international levels. This comprehensive investigation shows the deeper theoretical, political, ideological, and legal perspectives that underpin and structure the scholarship, policy, and practice of law and development. The chapter then critically reviews the three moments of L&D, which have their distinct common features, and suggest why L&D should contribute more actively to forming concepts of development, rather than building on current understandings. Additionally, while the authors recognize that L&D has had a particular association with the development agenda of ‘developing’ countries, they argue that it may also be applied to the ‘developed’ on a range of issues, such as reducing inequality and ensuring sustainable development.
The Anthropology of European Law
Authors: Graziadei Michele
Published: October 2021

European law is a motley composition resulting from a multitude of sources. This contribution explores how an anthropology of law focusing on such an object first developed and how it is currently practised. The first section covers how nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century scholarship first approached the study of law and legal institutions from an anthropological point of view. Contemporary anthropologists look at these beginnings with scepticism, but an illustration of the background is necessary to understand how contemporary anthropology of law evolved out of (and eventually abandoned) an older tradition. The second section presents the purposes and the tasks of the discipline in today’s Europe. The fall of totalitarian regimes and the establishment of democracies brought about a new understanding of the purposes of law in Europe. Law and anthropology studies have thus explored a variety of themes linked to the transformations of European societies in recent decades. The third section considers how European institutions and the norms emanating from them (as opposed to national or local ones) have become an object of increasing attention from the point of view of law and anthropology scholarship. The making of a common law for Europe transforms Europe, and opens up new fields of enquiry at the same time. The conclusion highlights how the contributions coming from the field of law and anthropology have put on the research agenda crucial questions that mainstream legal studies do not address, and perhaps cannot address, except as a reflexive afterthought.
Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective
Authors: Jursa Michael , Tost Sven
Published: October 2021

This chapter surveys the evidence for dependent labour in the Ancient Near East, particularly in the state or institutional sector of the economy, comparing the findings to pertinent institutions and structures known from the Graeco-Roman world. There is a focus on diachronic change within the Ancient Near East, where the role of dependent labour evolved significantly over time. The chapter highlights similarities as well as differences and points to some pathways for causation. The ‘traditional’ image (often associated with views expressed by Moses Finley) of the Ancient Near East as being characterized by a labour regime relying nearly exclusively on compelled dependent (but not slave) labour and thus being fundamentally different from ‘the’ Graeco-Roman world is nuanced considerably.
Greek Combat Sport and the Borders of Athletics, Violence, and Civilization
Authors: Poliakoff Michael B.
Published: October 2021

The Greek combat sports, boxing, wrestling, and pankration include elements of extreme violence. Wrestling and boxing bouts in Greek mythology not infrequently end in death. Contrary to the widely held view that the Greeks kept their boxing free of the dangerous spiked gloves that characterized Roman boxing, the Greek festivals at times did admit this murderous equipment. Why did the archaic culture of single combat described so vividly in Homer’s Iliad not find expression in the type of duelling seen throughout European history? The answer appears to lie in the Greek ability to engage and resolve through competitive athletics issues of honour and status that otherwise easily slide into far more destructive manifestations. This appears to be the reason there is a vibrant legacy of Greek combat sport, while the Hellenic world remained an antitype, not a precedent, for the carnage of sword and pistol duels in latter day Europe.
Law, Litigation, and Sport in Ancient Greece
Authors: Papakonstantinou Zinon
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the interplay between sport, law, and legal contests in Archaic and Classical Greece. Since the Archaic period Greek communities legally regulated a wide range of activities, including sport. Civic laws on sport practices, such as those attributed to Solon, can be interpreted in the context of wider civic movements, evident also in the so-called archaic sumptuary legislation, to re-negotiate and pre-empt the meaning and social value of traditional elite practices. Laws that spell out sporting rules and prohibitions, as enforced in civic and interstate games or in training venues, are no less revealing, both for the conduct of competitive sport as well as for its social and ideological context. Through a detailed discussion of case studies (regulations of the Olympic games; rules governing the operation of gymnasia, palaistrai and the ephebeia) it is argued that the promulgation of legal frameworks for sport practices corresponds in many respects to the emergence and development of laws which regulated other aspects of life in the Greek world. Furthermore, extant Greek laws on sport, and the evidence for their reception and use, articulate the realities and dynamism of athletic practices as well as something of the popularity, excitement, and at times ambivalence that accompanied Greek sport.
Theatre of Cruelty
Authors: Beacham Richard
Published: October 2021

The Flavian Dynasty emerged from a theatrically violent episode of civil war; in the bloody chaos of Rome’s streets, political competition played out before a literally captive audience. Vespasian built on these experiences, incorporating mass performance venues into his triumphal route, while using live performance elements to recreate highlights of the Judaean campaign. The Colosseum project headlined the family’s work to restore Rome’s strength. Titus’ inaugural games were a series of vignettes that affirmed Roman power over distant and exotic landscapes, with the emperor’s literally amazing power working a transformative effect on the human and cosmic realm. Maintaining always an appropriate decorum and even-handedness, Titus engaged the crowd with benevolent and generous exchanges. Although autocratic Domitian scorned the audience’s favour, he still craved the masses’ awe at the scale and setting of his shows. Pliny praises Trajan’s return to the cooperative habits of spectacle discourse, hosted by a generous and paternalistic emperor, for which the crowd performed appropriate gratitude, expressed with sincere flattery.
Imperial Spectacle in the Roman Provinces
Authors: Chamberland Guy
Published: October 2021

Abstract: Despite the bounty of evidence, iconographic and architectural, for spectacles in the Roman provinces, there is surprisingly little information about their organization and presentation by political elites. This evidence does suggest that the mounting of spectacles by elected officials was in effect an obligatory form of payment in return for the power and prestige of high office; these could be considered ‘statutory’ events, responsibilities required for office holders. For this reason, the surviving epigraphic evidence for the marshalling of official spectacles is very limited, as these standard financial obligations were not considered acceptable foci for public praise. Inscriptions and other material that document private spectacles, however, make it clear that the act of organizing and mounting shows was a highly valued benefaction by Roman provincial elites.
Capturing the invisible. Sociotechnical imaginaries of energy. The critical overview
Authors: Rudek Tadeusz Józef
Published: October 2021

While the need and general direction of the energy transition are widely accepted, the implementation has different dynamics throughout the world. Sociotechnical imaginaries concept, bridging the science, policy, and society, seems promising in understanding and explaining the global differences. The present paper analyses 135 abstracts that contain the topic keywords, sociotechnical imaginaries, published in international, peer-reviewed scientific journals during the last 11 years. Further on, the author conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 43 energy-related articles to offer a panoramic overview of sociotechnical imaginaries in energy research out of the more extensive background. The paper aims to present a critical overview of the concept usage in energy studies to identify incoherences and blind spots in concept usage. What is more, this research intents to show the promising direction of using sociotechnical imaginaries. It also proposes new operationalisation and theoretical frame as well as potentially contributes to policymaking.