bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased lactate concentration and glycolytic enzyme expression reflect inhibition of mTOR signal transduction pathway in B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Lee Seung‐Cheol , Marzec Michal , Liu Xiaobin , Wehrli Suzanne , Kantekure Kanchan , Ragunath Puthiyaveettil N. , Nelson David S. , Delikatny Edward J. , Glickson Jerry D. , Wasik Mariusz A.
Published: June 2012

The application of kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment is growing rapidly. However, methods for monitoring the effectiveness of the inhibitors are still poorly developed and currently rely mainly on the tracking of changes in the tumor volume, a rather late and relatively insensitive marker of the therapeutic response. In contrast, MRS can detect changes in cell metabolism and has the potential to provide early and patient‐specific markers of drug activity. Using human B‐cell lymphoma models and MRS, we have demonstrated that the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway can be detected in malignant cells in vitro and noninvasively in vivo by the measurement of lactate levels. An mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, suppressed lactic acid production in lymphoma cell line cultures and also diminished steady‐state lactate levels in xenotransplants. The inhibition was time dependent and was first detectable 8 h after drug administration in cell cultures. In xenotransplants, 2 days of rapamycin treatment produced significant changes in lactic acid concentration in the tumor measured in vivo, which were followed by tumor growth arrest and tumor volume regression. The rapamycin‐induced changes in lactate production were strongly correlated with the inhibition of expression of hexokinase II, the key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. These studies suggest that MRS or 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) detection of changes in glucose metabolism may represent effective noninvasive methods for the monitoring of mTOR targeting therapy in lymphomas and other malignancies. Furthermore, the measurement of glucose metabolic inhibition by MRS or FDG PET imaging may also prove to be effective in monitoring the efficacy of other kinase inhibitors given that the rapamycin‐sensitive mTOR lies downstream of many oncogenic signaling pathways. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient adaptive integration of functions with sharp gradients and cusps in n‐dimensional parallelepipeds
Authors: Mousavi S.E. , Pask J.E. , Sukumar N.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we study the efficient numerical integration of functions with sharp gradients and cusps. An adaptive integration algorithm is presented that systematically improves the accuracy of the integration of a set of functions. The algorithm is based on a divide and conquer strategy and is independent of the location of the sharp gradient or cusp. The error analysis reveals that for a C0 function (derivative discontinuity at a point), a rate of convergence of n + 1 is obtained in . Two applications of the adaptive integration scheme are studied. First, we use the adaptive quadratures for the integration of the regularized Heaviside function—a strongly localized function that is used for modeling sharp gradients. Then the adaptive quadratures are employed in the enriched finite element solution of the all‐electron Coulomb problem in crystalline diamond. The source term and enrichment functions of this problem have sharp gradients and cusps at the nuclei. We show that the optimal rate of convergence is obtained with only a marginal increase in the number of integration points with respect to the pure finite element solution with the same number of elements. The adaptive integration scheme is simple, robust, and directly applicable to any generalized finite element method employing enrichments with sharp local variations or cusps in n‐dimensional parallelepiped elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Five years later: The current status of the use of proteomics and transcriptomics in EMF research
Authors: Leszczynski Dariusz , de Pomerai David , Koczan Dirk , Stoll Dieter , Franke Helmut , Albar Juan Pablo
Published: June 2012

The World Health Organization's and Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority's “Workshop on Application of Proteomics and Transcriptomics in Electromagnetic Fields Research” was held in Helsinki in the October/November 2005. As a consequence of this meeting, Proteomics journal published in 2006 a special issue “Application of Proteomics and Transcriptomics in EMF Research” (Vol. 6 No. 17; Guest Editor: D. Leszczynski). This Proteomics issue presented the status of research, of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) using proteomics and transcriptomics methods, present in 2005. The current overview/opinion article presents the status of research in this area by reviewing all studies that were published by the end of 2010. The review work was a part of the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) Action BM0704 that created a structure in which researchers in the field of EMF and health shared knowledge and information. The review was prepared by the members of the COST Action BM0704 task group on the high‐throughput screening techniques and electromagnetic fields (TG‐HTST‐EMF).
Side‐on Surface Modification of Polystyrene with an Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma Jet
Authors: Olabanji Olumuyiwa T. , Bradley James W.
Published: June 2012

An atmospheric‐pressure microplasma jet operating in helium gas has been used in a side‐on configuration to modify locally the surface energy of polystyrene (PS). The plasma plume and gas outflow emanating from the capillary‐type discharge (8 kVp–p at 30 kHz excitation) were directed parallel to (side‐on) and just above the sample surface, rather than head‐on as in conventional treatment. This side‐on treatment method has been shown to prevent surface damages, pitting or roughing caused by head‐on treatment methods. Schlieren photography has been used to identify regions of laminar and turbulent flow in the exiting gas stream and the nature of their interaction with the substrate surface. Correlation of these observations with spatially resolved water contact angle (WCA) measurements of the treated PS, show clearly that substantial reductions in WCA (∼50–60°) occur in downstream regions where the turbulent gas mixed with air impinges the surface. In contrast, only small changes in WCA occur (∼10–20°) in regions closer to the exit orifice where the helium (He) flow is still laminar across the surface. Little or no treatment is observed for distances greater than 5 cm from the source. In addition, low levels of treatment were observed in the regions where the visible plasma glow of the jet is adjacent and parallel to the surface. The results indicate that excited air species (either mixed or entrained in the He gas flow) are the main agents causing surface covalent bond breaking leading to surface modification.

magnified image
Magnetic field dependence of the effective permittivity in multiferroic composites
Authors: Wang Yaojin , Hasanyan Davresh , Li Menghui , Gao Junqi , Viswan Ravindranath , Li Jiefang , Viehland D.
Published: June 2012

A sensitive tuning of dielectric properties under the application of magnetic field in Fe74.4Co21.6Si0.5B3.3Mn0.1C0.1/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.3PbTiO3 multiferroic composites is presented. We demonstrate large variations of the effective permittivity at resonance region under extremely low magnetic field of 4 Oe near room temperature. The tuning of the maximum dielectric permittivity at resonance and the corresponding frequency was systematically studied. We suggest that the magnetic dependence of the effective permittivity is consistent with a strain‐mediated magnetic‐elasto‐dielectric effect. Our results suggest a route towards future applications of the dielectric properties tuning effect in advanced devices.
Singular ways to search for the Higgs boson
Authors: De Rújula A. , Galindo A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The discovery or exclusion of the fundamental standard scalar is a hot topic, given the data of LEP, the Tevatron and the LHC, as well as the advanced status of the pertinent theoretical calculations. With the current statistics at the hadron colliders, the workhorse decay channel, at all relevant H masses, is H → W W, followed by W → ℓν, ℓ = e or μ. Using phase-space singularity techniques, we construct and study a plethora of “singularity variables” meant to facilitate the difficult tasks of separating signal and backgrounds and of measuring the mass of a putative signal. The simplest singularity variables are not invariant under boosts along the pp or
$$ p\overline p $$
axes and the simulation of their distributions requires a good understanding of parton distribution functions, perhaps not a serious shortcoming during the boson hunting season. The derivation of longitudinally boost-invariant variables, which are functions of the four charged-lepton observables that share this invariance, is quite elaborate. But their use is simple and they are, in a kinematical sense, optimal.
Surgical treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma in octogenarians: a single center experience
Authors: Takahashi Yu , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Nagino Masato
Published: June 2012

Background/Purpose

Surgery can offer the only chance for a cure in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, and a growing number of elderly patients are undergoing resection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of patient age on surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

From 2001 to 2011, 431 consecutive patients underwent a potentially curative resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at the Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. Perioperative and long‐term outcomes after surgery were compared between octogenarians (80 years and older, n = 21) and younger patients (less than 80 years old, n = 410).

Results

All 21 octogenarians were healthy and deemed to be candidates for surgery; however, twenty (95 %) had one or more comorbidities. Nineteen (90 %) octogenarians underwent major hepatectomy with bile duct resection and the remaining two (10 %) underwent bile duct resection only, whereas almost all the (99 %) younger patients underwent hepatectomy (P = 0.021). Postoperative morbidity and mortality occurred in 57 and 5 % of the octogenarians, respectively. These rates were similar to those in the younger patients (P = 0.372 and P = 0.332, respectively). The overall 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates in the octogenarians were both 56.8 %, and 3 patients survived for more than 5 years. Their survival rate was similar to that of the younger patients (P = 0.348).

Conclusions

Surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma can be safely performed even in octogenarians, and careful patient selection can lead to acceptable morbidity, mortality, and long‐term survival. Octogenarian patients should not be precluded from surgical resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Der Stellenwert der „array comparative genomic hybridization“ in der Pränataldiagnostik
Authors: Held K.R. , Kähler C. , Kerber S. , Auber B.
Published: June 2012

Die hochauflösende „array comparative genomic hybridization“ (Array-CGH) erkennt ohne eine vorhergehende Anzüchtung fetaler Zellen mit hoher Sicherheit Veränderungen in der Kopienzahl weit unterhalb des Auflösungsvermögens der konventionellen Chromosomenanalyse. Trotz dieser unstreitigen Vorteile wurde die Array-CGH bisher nur zögerlich in der Pränataldiagnostik eingesetzt. Dies ist auf die Befürchtung zurückzuführen, dass bei der Diagnostik genomische Kopienzahlveränderungen („copy number variations“, CNVs) mit unklarer Bedeutung detektiert werden können. Um Unsicherheiten zu minimieren, sollte die Array-CGH in der Pränataldiagnostik nicht als primäre („first tier“), sondern nur als ergänzende Diagnostik eingesetzt werden. Die Indikationen hierfür werden in der Arbeit definiert und begründet. Als Voraussetzung für die Durchführung sollten in jedem Labor klare Vorgaben bestehen hinsichtlich der Mindestgröße der Kopienzahlveränderungen, die bewertet, und der genomischen Regionen, die als klinisch relevant angesehen werden.
An Exploratory Study into the Role and Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues in Australian Consumers’ Evaluations of Fish
Authors: Lawley Meredith , Birch Dawn , Hamblin Denise
Published: June 2012

This study explores the role and interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues when evaluating fish quality and in shaping consumers’ attitudes toward fish consumption. A sensory analysis of nine different fish including five variants of barramundi was conducted to determine how consumers evaluated the fish on intrinsic cues. Focus groups were then conducted to explore the impact of extrinsic cues on attitudes and purchase intentions. While the sensory analysis revealed distinct differences between barramundi variants on intrinsic cues (notably taste), the focus groups revealed that, as a brand, barramundi is perceived much more favourably and consistently. Consumers used extrinsic cues, particularly country of origin, as surrogate indicators of quality. Aquaculture producers need to ensure intrinsic product quality and consistency, as while consumers use the extrinsic cue of “Australian grown” as a surrogate indicator of quality, as their familiarity and confidence with seafood grows, this overreliance on extrinsic cues may diminish.
Pseudo half‐molecules of the ABC transporter, COMATOSE, bind Pex19 and target to peroxisomes independently but are both required for activity
Authors: Nyathi Yvonne , Zhang Xuebin , Baldwin Jocelyn M. , Bernhardt Kristin , Johnson Barbara , Baldwin Stephen A. , Theodoulou Frederica L. , Baker Alison
Published: June 2012

PEX19‐2
binds to
CTS‐N
by pull down (View Interaction)
Geochemistry of silver in Permo-Triassic traps of the Siberian Platform
Authors: Medvedev A.Ya. , Al’mukhamedov A.I.
Published: June 2012

The first data on the silver content in volcanics of the West Siberian Plate are presented, and data on basalts of the Siberian Platform are supplemented. The silver contents in all studied rocks do not depend on the fractionation of initial melts and contamination of the host rocks and average 0.07–0.10 ppm. The high silver contents can be associated only with sulfide formation.
A geothermal method for detecting gas hydrates in the bottom sediments of water basins
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Istomin V.E. , Sokolova L.S.
Published: June 2012

We formulate the fundamentals of the geothermal method for determining the hydrate saturation of bottom sediments. According to laboratory experiments (A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, A.V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry), detecting gas hydrates in bottom sediments requires measurement of thermal conductivity at least twice at one bottom site, using a cylindrical probe with different heater power values. Changing the latter permits controlling gas hydrate stability and instability. A low-power probe does not destroy gas hydrates and permits measuring the true thermal conductivity of the sediments. Increasing heater power destroys gas hydrates near the probe and drastically increases effective thermal conductivity. Comparison between true and effective thermal conductivity clearly shows the presence of gas hydrates in the sample or their absence from it. A technique was proposed for the quantitative interpretation of changes in the temperature field of a cylindrical probe. It permits quite a precise determination of the mass of gas hydrate that decomposed in the layer surrounding the probe over a certain period. Also, it permits a rough estimation of the gas hydrate content of the sediments. Thermal conductivity can be measured in the field with submersible multichannel thermoprobes, which are commonly used for studying the heat flow through the bottom of water basins. Now it is important to perform field experiments, so that we gain the necessary experience with the geothermal method.
African American English
Authors: Green Lisa J.
Published: June 2012

This authoritative introduction to African American English (AAE) is the first textbook to look at the grammar as a whole. Clearly organised, it describes patterns in the sentence structure, sound system, word formation and word use in AAE. The book uses linguistic description and data from conversation to explain that AAE is not a compilation of random deviations from mainstream English but that it is a rule-governed system. The textbook examines topics such as education, speech events in the secular and religious world, and the use of language in literature and the media to create black images. This much-needed book includes exercises to accompany each chapter and will be essential reading for students in linguistics, education, anthropology, African American studies and literature.
An Empire on Trial
Authors: Wiener Martin J.
Published: June 2012

An Empire on Trial is the first book to explore the issue of interracial homicide in the British Empire during its height – examining these incidents and the prosecution of such cases in each of seven colonies scattered throughout the world. It uncovers and analyzes the tensions of empire that underlay British rule and delves into how the problem of maintaining a liberal empire manifested itself in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The work demonstrates the importance of the processes of criminal justice to the history of the empire and the advantage of a trans-territorial approach to understanding the complexities and nuances of its workings. An Empire on Trial is of interest to those concerned with race, empire, or criminal justice, and to historians of modern Britain or of colonial Australia, India, Kenya, or the Caribbean. Political and post-colonial theorists writing on liberalism and empire, or race and empire, will also find this book invaluable.
An Introduction to Arabic Literature
Authors: Allen Roger
Published: June 2012

Roger Allen provides a comprehensive introductory survey of literary texts in Arabic, from their unknown beginnings in the fifth century AD to the present. The volume focuses on the major genres of Arabic literature, dealing with Islam's sacred text, the Qur'an, and a wealth of poetry, narrative prose, drama and criticism. Allen reveals the continuities that link the creative output of the present day to the illustrious literary heritage of the past and incorporates an enormously rich body of popular literature typified most famously by The Arabian Nights. The volume is informed by Western critical approaches, but within each chapter the emphasis is on the texts themselves, with extensive quotations in English translation. Reference features include a chronology and a guide to further reading. A revised and abridged version of Allen's acclaimed study, The Arabic Literary Heritage, this book provides an invaluable student introduction to a major non-Western literary tradition.
An Introduction to Kant's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Uleman Jennifer K.
Published: June 2012

Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy is one of the most distinctive achievements of the European Enlightenment. At its heart lies what Kant called the 'strange thing': the free, rational, human will. This introduction explores the basis of Kant's anti-naturalist, secular, humanist vision of the human good. Moving from a sketch of the Kantian will, with all its component parts and attributes, to Kant's canonical arguments for his categorical imperative, this introduction shows why Kant thought his moral law the best summary expression of both his own philosophical work on morality and his readers' deepest shared convictions about the good. Kant's central tenets, key arguments, and core values are presented in an accessible and engaging way, making this book ideal for anyone eager to explore the fundamentals of Kant's moral philosophy.
German Philosophy 1760–1860
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2012

In the second half of the eighteenth century, German philosophy came for a while to dominate European philosophy. It changed the way in which not only Europeans, but people all over the world, conceived of themselves and thought about nature, religion, human history, politics, and the structure of the human mind. In this rich and wide-ranging book, Terry Pinkard interweaves the story of 'Germany' - changing during this period from a loose collection of principalities into a newly-emerged nation with a distinctive culture - with an examination of the currents and complexities of its developing philosophical thought. He examines the dominant influence of Kant, with his revolutionary emphasis on 'self-determination', and traces this influence through the development of romanticism and idealism to the critiques of post-Kantian thinkers such as Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard. His book will interest a range of readers in the history of philosophy, cultural history and the history of ideas.
Chronobiology of Marine Organisms
Authors: Naylor Ernest
Published: June 2012

Do intertidal organisms simply respond to the rise and fall of tides, or do they possess biological timing and navigation mechanisms that allow them to anticipate when conditions are most favourable? How are the patterns of growth, development and reproduction of some marine plants and animals related to changes in day-length or to phases of the moon? The author describes how marine organisms, from single cells to vertebrates, on sea shores, in estuaries and in the open ocean, have evolved inbuilt biological clockwork and synchronisation mechanisms which control rhythmic processes and navigational behaviour, permitting successful exploitation of highly variable and often hostile environments. Adopting a hypothesis-testing and experimental approach, the book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of marine biology, marine ecology, animal behaviour, oceanography and other biological sciences and also as an introduction for researchers, including physiologists, biochemists and molecular biologists entering the field of chronobiology.
Church and State in America
Authors: Hutson James H.
Published: June 2012

This is an account of the ideas about and public policies relating to the relationship between government and religion from the settlement of Virginia in 1607 to the presidency of Andrew Jackson, 1829–37. This book describes the impact and the relationship of various events, legislative, and judicial actions, including the English Toleration Act of 1689, the First and Second Great Awakenings, the Constitution of the United States, the Bill of Rights, and Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists. Four principles were paramount in the American approach to government's relation to religion: the importance of religion to public welfare; the resulting desirability of government support of religion (within the limitations of political culture); liberty of conscience and voluntaryism; the requirement that religion be supported by free will offerings, not taxation. Hutson analyzes and describes the development and interplay of these principles, and considers the relevance of the concept of the separation of church and state during this period.
Classical and Quantum Information Theory
Authors: Desurvire Emmanuel
Published: June 2012

Information theory lies at the heart of modern technology, underpinning all communications, networking, and data storage systems. This book sets out, for the first time, a complete overview of both classical and quantum information theory. Throughout, the reader is introduced to key results without becoming lost in mathematical details. Opening chapters present the basic concepts and various applications of Shannon's entropy, moving on to the core features of quantum information and quantum computing. Topics such as coding, compression, error-correction, cryptography and channel capacity are covered from classical and quantum viewpoints. Employing an informal yet scientifically accurate approach, Desurvire provides the reader with the knowledge to understand quantum gates and circuits. Highly illustrated, with numerous practical examples and end-of-chapter exercises, this text is ideal for graduate students and researchers in electrical engineering and computer science, and practitioners in the telecommunications industry. Further resources and instructor-only solutions are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521881715.
Communication Across Cultures
Authors: Bowe Heather , Martin Kylie
Published: June 2012

Communication Across Cultures is an academic reference for university students and interdisciplinary researchers who have no specialised knowledge of linguistics. Key concepts relevant to an understanding of language issues in intercultural communication are drawn from the research area of pragmatics, discourse analysis, politeness and cross cultural communication. The book examines the ways in which the spoken and written word may be interpreted differently depending on the context and expectations of the participants. Intercultural communication involves additional sociocultural dimensions to the context. Examples are drawn from a variety of languages and cultures - ranging from Japan to Germany to the Americas, to Africa and to Australia. Relevant academic literature and recent research is exemplified and explained throughout the book so readers can become familiar with the way research in this field is conducted and so that interdisciplinary researchers can incorporate some of the perspectives presented here into their own research.
Imperfect Union
Authors: Berry Christopher R.
Published: June 2012

Imperfect Union offers the first political theory of special purpose jurisdictions, which constitute the most common form of local government in the United States today. Collectively, special purpose governments have more civilian employees than the federal government and spend more than all city governments combined. The proliferation of special purpose jurisdictions has fundamentally altered the nature of representation and taxation in local government. Citizens today are commonly represented by dozens - in some cases hundreds - of local officials in multiple layers of government. As a result, political participation in local elections is low and special interest groups associated with each function exert disproportionate influence. With multiple special-interest governments tapping the same tax base, the local tax base takes on the character of a common-pool resource, leading to familiar problems of overexploitation. Strong political parties can often mitigate the common-pool problem by informally coordinating the policies of multiple overlapping governments.
Palaeopathology
Authors: Waldron Tony
Published: June 2012

Palaeopathology is designed to help bone specialists with diagnosis of diseases in skeletal assemblages. It suggests an innovative method of arriving at a diagnosis in the skeleton by applying what are referred to as 'operational definitions'. The aim is to ensure that all those who study bones will use the same criteria for diagnosing disease, which will enable valid comparisons to be made between studies. This book is based on modern clinical knowledge and provides background information so that those who read it will understand the natural history of bone diseases, and this will enable them to draw reliable conclusions from their observations. Details of bone metabolism and the fundamentals of basic pathology are also provided, as well as a comprehensive and up-to-date bibliography. A short chapter on epidemiology provides information on how best to analyze and present the results of a study of human remains.
A Concise History of Modern India
Authors: Metcalf Barbara D. , Metcalf Thomas R.
Published: June 2012

In a second edition of their successful Concise History of Modern India, Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf explore India's modern history afresh and update the events of the last decade. These include the takeover of Congress from the seemingly entrenched Hindu nationalist party in 2004, India's huge advances in technology and the country's new role as a major player in world affairs. From the days of the Mughals, through the British Empire, and into Independence, the country has been transformed by its institutional structures. It is these institutions which have helped bring about the social, cultural and economic changes that have taken place over the last half century and paved the way for the modern success story. Despite these advances, poverty, social inequality and religious division still fester. In response to these dilemmas, the book grapples with questions of caste and religious identity, and the nature of the Indian nation.
Phase Equilibria, Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations
Authors: Hillert Mats
Published: June 2012

Computational tools allow material scientists to model and analyze increasingly complicated systems to appreciate material behavior. Accurate use and interpretation however, requires a strong understanding of the thermodynamic principles that underpin phase equilibrium, transformation and state. This fully revised and updated edition covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics, with a view to modern computer applications. The theoretical basis of chemical equilibria and chemical changes is covered with an emphasis on the properties of phase diagrams. Starting with the basic principles, discussion moves to systems involving multiple phases. New chapters cover irreversible thermodynamics, extremum principles, and the thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces. Theoretical descriptions of equilibrium conditions, the state of systems at equilibrium and the changes as equilibrium is reached, are all demonstrated graphically. With illustrative examples - many computer calculated - and worked examples, this textbook is an valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in materials science and engineering.
Probability and Random Variables
Authors: Stirzaker David
Published: June 2012

This is a simple and concise introduction to probability theory. Self-contained and readily accessible, it is written in an informal tutorial style with concepts and techniques defined and developed as necessary. After an elementary discussion of chance, the central and crucial rules and ideas of probability including independence and conditioning are set out. Examples, demonstrations, and exercises are used throughout to explore the ways in which probability is motivated by, and applied to, real life problems in science, medicine, gaming and other subjects of interest. This book is suitable for students taking introductory courses in probability and will provide a solid foundation for more advanced courses in probability and statistics. It would also be a valuable reference to those needing a working knowledge of probability theory and will appeal to anyone interested in this endlessly fascinating and entertaining subject.
Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists
Authors: Yanofsky Noson S. , Mannucci Mirco A.
Published: June 2012

The multidisciplinary field of quantum computing strives to exploit some of the uncanny aspects of quantum mechanics to expand our computational horizons. Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists takes readers on a tour of this fascinating area of cutting-edge research. Written in an accessible yet rigorous fashion, this book employs ideas and techniques familiar to every student of computer science. The reader is not expected to have any advanced mathematics or physics background. After presenting the necessary prerequisites, the material is organized to look at different aspects of quantum computing from the specific standpoint of computer science. There are chapters on computer architecture, algorithms, programming languages, theoretical computer science, cryptography, information theory, and hardware. The text has step-by-step examples, more than two hundred exercises with solutions, and programming drills that bring the ideas of quantum computing alive for today's computer science students and researchers.
The Body as Material Culture
Authors: Sofaer Joanna R.
Published: June 2012

Bodies intrigue us. They promise windows into the past that other archaeological finds cannot by bringing us literally face to face with history. Yet 'the body' is also highly contested. Archaeological bodies are studied through two contrasting perspectives that sit on different sides of a disciplinary divide. On one hand lie science-based osteoarchaeological approaches. On the other lie understandings derived from recent developments in social theory that increasingly view the body as a social construction. Through a close examination of disciplinary practice, Joanna Sofaer highlights the tensions and possibilities offered by one particular kind of archaeological body, the human skeleton, with particular regard to the study of gender and age. Using a range of examples, she argues for reassessment of the role of the skeletal body in archaeological practice, and develops a theoretical framework for bioarchaeology based on the materiality and historicity of human remains.
The Dark Side of Democracy
Authors: Mann Michael
Published: June 2012

A new theory of ethnic cleansing based on the most terrible cases (colonial genocides, Armenia, the Nazi Holocaust, Cambodia, Yugoslavia, Rwanda) and cases of lesser violence (early modern Europe, contemporary India, and Indonesia). Murderous cleansing is modern, 'the dark side of democracy'. It results where the demos (democracy) is confused with the ethnos (the ethnic group). Danger arises where two rival ethno-national movements each claims 'its own' state over the same territory. Conflict escalates where either the weaker side fights because of aid from outside, or the stronger side believes it can deploy sudden, overwhelming force. Escalation is not simply the work of 'evil elites' or 'primitive peoples'. It results from complex interactions between leaders, militants, and 'core constituencies' of ethno-nationalism. Understanding this complex process helps us devise policies to avoid ethnic cleansing in the future.
The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization
Authors: Van den Bossche Peter
Published: June 2012

As the leading student text in the field, this title provides both a detailed examination of the law of the World Trade Organization and a clear introduction to the basic principles and underlying logic of the world trading system. It explores the institutional aspects of the WTO together with the substantive law. New to this edition are examinations of the WTO rules on the protection of intellectual property and the rules on technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Assignments are integrated throughout to allow students to assess their understanding, while chapter summaries reinforce learning. In addition further-reading sections have been added to each chapter and exercises have been included to draw on primary sources and real-life trade scenarios, enabling students to hone their practical and analytical skills. The title is an essential tool for any student of the WTO, either at undergraduate or postgraduate level.
The Logic of Violence in Civil War
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: June 2012

By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against the prevailing view that such violence is an instance of impenetrable madness, the book demonstrates that there is logic to it and that it has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, and cultures than currently believed. Kalyvas specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and individual civilians trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what opportunities their predicament affords them. Violence, he finds, is never a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats simple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the 'frontlines' of civil war.
The Moral Demands of Memory
Authors: Blustein Jeffrey
Published: June 2012

Despite an explosion of studies on memory in historical and cultural studies, there is relatively little in moral philosophy on this subject. In this book, Jeffrey Blustein provides a systematic and philosophically rigorous account of a morality of memory. Drawing on a broad range of philosophical and humanistic literatures, he offers a novel examination of memory and our relations to people and events from our past, the ways in which memory is preserved and transmitted, and the moral responsibilities associated with it. Blustein treats topics of responsibility for one's own past; historical injustice and the role of memory in doing justice to the past; the relationship of collective memory to history and identity; collective and individual obligations to remember those who have died, including those who are dear to us; and the moral significance of bearing witness.
The Research Imagination
Authors: Gray Paul S. , Williamson John B. , Karp David A. , Dalphin John R.
Published: June 2012

The idea that science is a blueprint for research, and imagination gives research its life and purpose inspired this comprehensive explanation of research methodology. The authors' decades of experience have revealed that research is a craft requiring judgment and creativity, not simply memorization and application of the rules of science. Whether one is conducting an intimate one-on-one interview or a large-scale examination of an entire society, human imagination and scientific principles of inquiry go hand in hand. To that end, this book emphasizes scientific method, but also acknowledges its critics. It covers a wide variety of data-collection techniques, but presents them as reinforcing rather than competing with one another, thus striking a balance between qualitative and quantitative methods. It is designed for students and instructors who want a comprehensive treatment of a variety of research techniques with special emphasis on qualitative approaches.
Uncertainty
Authors: Morgan Millett Granger , Henrion Max
Published: June 2012

The authors explain the ways in which uncertainty is an important factor in the problems of risk and policy analysis. This book outlines the source and nature of uncertainty, discusses techniques for obtaining and using expert judgment, and reviews a variety of simple and advanced methods for analyzing uncertainty.
Using Chinese Synonyms
Authors: Zhang Grace Qiao
Published: June 2012

Using Chinese Synonyms is an essential reference book, specifically designed for non-native speakers of Chinese, and for teachers and other language professionals who want a user-friendly guide to the finer nuances of Chinese synonyms. It contains approximately 1700 synonyms in 316 groups. With the particular needs of non-native speakers of Chinese in mind, this invaluable book selects and explains words and phrases in everyday use, allowing students to enhance their knowledge of one of the most important and widely-spoken languages in the world. This book assists in the development of fluent, spontaneous and skilful use of Chinese synonyms.
Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers
Authors: Eggleston Dennis L.
Published: June 2012

Ideal for a one-semester course, this concise textbook covers basic electronics for undergraduate students in science and engineering. Beginning with the basics of general circuit laws and resistor circuits to ease students into the subject, the textbook then covers a wide range of topics, from passive circuits through to semiconductor-based analog circuits and basic digital circuits. Using a balance of thorough analysis and insight, readers are shown how to work with electronic circuits and apply the techniques they have learnt. The textbook's structure makes it useful as a self-study introduction to the subject. All mathematics is kept to a suitable level, and there are several exercises throughout the book. Password-protected solutions for instructors, together with eight laboratory exercises that parallel the text, are available online at www.cambridge.org/Eggleston.
General Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Starr Ross M.
Published: June 2012

General Equilibrium Theory: An Introduction presents the mathematical economic theory of price determination and resource allocation from elementary to advanced levels, suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of economics. This Arrow–Debreu model (known for two of its most prominent founders, both Nobel Laureates) is the basis of modern price theory and of a wide range of applications. The new edition updates discussion throughout and expands the number and variety of exercises. It offers a revised and extended treatment of core convergence, including the case of non-convex preferences, and introduces the investigation of approximate equilibrium with U-shaped curves and non-convex preferences.
Heidegger, Art, and Postmodernity
Authors: Thomson Iain D.
Published: June 2012

Heidegger, Art, and Postmodernity offers a radical new interpretation of Heidegger's later philosophy, developing his argument that art can help lead humanity beyond the nihilistic ontotheology of the modern age. Providing pathbreaking readings of Heidegger's 'The Origin of the Work of Art' and his notoriously difficult Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning), this book explains precisely what postmodernity meant for Heidegger, the greatest philosophical critic of modernity, and what it could still mean for us today. Exploring these issues, Iain D. Thomson examines several postmodern works of art, including music, literature, painting and even comic books, from a post-Heideggerian perspective. Clearly written and accessible, this book will help readers gain a deeper understanding of Heidegger and his relation to postmodern theory, popular culture and art.
Law and Religion
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: June 2012

The worlds of law and religion increasingly collide in Parliament and the courtroom. Religious courts, the wearing of religious symbols and faith schools have given rise to increased legislation and litigation. This is the first student textbook to set out the fundamental principles and issues of law and religion in England and Wales. Offering a succinct exposition and critical analysis of the field, it explores how English law regulates the practice of religion. The textbook surveys law and religion from various perspectives, such as human rights and discrimination law, as well as considering the legal status of both religion and religious groups. Controversial and provocative questions are explored, promoting full engagement with the key debates. The book's explanatory approach and detailed references ensure understanding and encourage independent study. Students can track key developments on the book's updating website. This innovative text is essential reading for all students in the field.
VIII.—Satirical Rhymes on the defeat of the Flemings before Calais in 1436; from a MS. in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth. Communicated in a Letter from Benjamin Williams, Esq., to Capt. W. H. Smyth, R.N., Director
Authors: Williams Benjamin
Published: June 2012

The following satirical Rhymes on the defeat of the Flemings, and their raising the siege of Calais, in 1436, are inserted in a very fine copy of the Brute, or English Chronicle, ending that year, in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, No. 6. If you think them worth the attention of the Society of Antiquaries, I shall be obliged by your presenting them.
XIII.—Account of a Gold Torquis found in Needwood Forest in Staffordshire, in a Letter to the Viscount Mahon, President, from Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. Secretary
Authors: Ellis Henry
Published: June 2012

By the kindness of George Edward Anson, Esqr. I am enabled to exhibit to our Society a Torquis of fine gold, picked up a few days ago in a Wood, belonging to the Queen as Duchess of Lancaster, in Needwood Forest in Staffordshire. A new Fox-earth had been made just at the place, and the Cubs appeared to have been sporting with the Torquis, which it is supposed they had dug up. It was found in its present state (see Plate VIII.) by the Keeper at the mouth of the hole.
I.—Supplement to the Description of an Astrological Clock, belonging to the Society of Antiquaries: in a Letter to the President from Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., K S.F., D.C.L., Director
Authors: Smyth W. H.
Published: June 2012

Since the publication of my letter to your Lordship, on the history and construction of our Astrological Clock, I have been requested to make an addition or two to that paper, in order to its being more fully illustrative of the subject. In the first place, perhaps the mere representation of the figure of the balance which is given in the thirty-third volume of the Archæologia, page 28, does not convey a precise notion of its end and aim, and therefore another diagram, representing it as applied to the escapement, would be more explanatory: secondly, it has been suggested that to many readers not familiar with the forms of the mediæval horloge, a general drawing of our table-clock would be an acceptable illustration: and thirdly, Count Krasinski, of a distinguished Polish family, who investigated the story and times of Sigismund the Great, has further strengthened me with circumstantial evidence respecting Queen Bona, the presumed original possessor of the clock. On these grounds, therefore, I again trespass on your Lordship's time.
VIII. Remarks on some Remains of Ancient Greek Writings, on the Walls of a Family Catacomb at Alexandria: by H. C. Agnew, Esq. in a Letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Agnew H. C.
Published: June 2012

I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a paper containing copies of several ancient Greek Inscriptions discovered by me on the walls of a family catacomb at Alexandria in Egypt, together with a Plan and short description of the Tomb, and some remarks on the writings.
IX. An Inquiry into the existing Narratives of the Battle of Cressy, with some Account of its Localities, Traditions, and Remains. By George Frederick Beltz, Esq. K.H., F.S.A., Lancaster Herald, in a Letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Beltz George Frederick
Published: June 2012

The recent researches of several very able French antiquaries among the municipal archives of Picardy and Artois—conducted, apparently, in a spirit of candour, and with an unbiassed zeal for the developement of historical truth—having produced some variations in, and additions to, the existing narratives of the Battle of Cressy, and contributed, by a more minute attention than had hitherto been given to the relative localities, traditions and remains, materially to illustrate the positions and preliminary operations of both armies, I have thought that a condensed view of the result of these inquiries may possibly not be unacceptable to the Society of Antiquaries.
X. A Brief History of the late English Convent at Paris of the Order of the Conception, commonly called the Blue Nuns; in a Letter from John Gage Rokewode, Esq. F.R.S., Director, to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Rokewode John Gage
Published: June 2012

In 1798 the Abbé Mann favoured the Society with a short chronological account of the religious establishments made by English Catholics on the continent of Europe, noticing among them the Nuns of the Conception at Paris.
XIX.—On the Anglo-Saxon Kings denominated Bretwaldas. By Henry Hallam, Esq. V.P. in a Letter to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. Secretary
Authors: Hallam Henry
Published: June 2012

In turning my attention lately to some parts of our Anglo-Saxon history, I was struck by the obscurity attending the nature and extent of the authority pertaining to those shadowy sovereigns, called by the Saxon chronicler Bretwaldas; a name which writers of the 19th century have usually adopted to distinguish them. “Whether,” says Turner, “this was a mere title assumed by Hengist, and afterwards by Ella, and continued by the most successful Anglo-Saxon prince of his day, or conceded in any national council of all the Anglo-Saxons, or ambitiously assumed by the Saxon King that most felt and pressed his temporary power; whether it was in imitation of the British unbenneath, or a continuation of the Saxon custom of electing a war cyning, cannot now be ascertained.”—Vol. i. p. 331 (1828.)