bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Health: Children, Waterfowl, and Lead Exposure in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Edwards Joshua R. , Fossum Theresa W. , Nichols Karen J. , Noah Donald L. , Tarpley Raymond J. , Prozialeck Walter C.
Published: May 2017

The One Health concept focuses on the interrelationship between the health of humans, animals, and the environment. There is a delicate balance among these relationships, and when an imbalance exists, the effects can be catastrophic. Such an imbalance occurred in 2010, when elevated lead exposure in rural communities in northwestern Nigeria resulted in the deaths of an estimated 400 children younger than 5 years in a 12-month period. Before the children became ill, waterfowl began to die in great numbers, a connection that would not be realized until much later. This review covers toxicodynamics and the neurotoxic effects of lead in the developing central nervous system, the role that animals can play in recognizing lead exposure and contamination, and environmental sources of lead exposure. The experiences in Nigeria may be especially pertinent to the emerging problems associated with lead exposure and poisoning in the United States.
Use of the Fascial Distortion Model to Evaluate a Limp in a Child
Authors: James Sarah J. , Hudnall Jasmine
Published: May 2017

Pediatric limp is a relatively common condition in primary care and can be challenging to diagnose and manage. Common causes of painful pediatric limp include transient synovitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and trauma. The authors present the case of an 11-year-old girl with a painful limp and anterior ankle pain of unclear origin. Osteopathic structural examination revealed a somatic dysfunction known as continuum distortion, 1 of 6 fascial alterations identified in the fascial distortion model. Myofascial release was applied, providing rapid, complete resolution of symptoms. This case demonstrates that osteopathic physicians may consider the fascial distortion model framework when identifying causes of pain in patients.
Spanish ‘depalatalization’: the synchronic, diachronic and perception perspectives
Authors: Bessett Ryan M. , Colina Sonia
Published: May 2017

Spanish has a restriction on palatal nasals and laterals in the coda causing them to be realized as dental/alveolar coronals. In the onset position, the palatal point of articulation is retained, bello ‘beautiful-masc.’, beldad ‘beauty’; doña ‘Madam’, don ‘Mister’. Alternations such as these led phonologists to propose a rule of depalatalization that turns an underlying palatal nasal/lateral into a coronal (Contreras 1977; Harris 1983). Pensado (1997) and Harris (1999) later tried to debunk this rule, the former on psycholinguistic grounds, and the latter on the basis of the word structure of Spanish (palatals are always followed by –e).  More recently, within an optimality-theoretic framework and through loan word evidence, Lloret and Mascaró (2006) argue again in favor of an active process of depalatalization in Modern Spanish.  Taking Lloret and Mascaró as its point of departure, this paper expands the discussion on depalatalization to consider diachronic data and the role of the underlying representation and the perception grammar.  Historical data supports depalatalization as an active phenomenon in Old and Medieval Spanish; yet the morphophonological alternations cannot be considered active/productive synchronically.  Unlike previous serial models of phonology, an OT framework allows for the incorporation of diachronic data into the analysis, thus explaining how the current situation came about and shedding light on synchronic alternations.  OT also provides a formalization of the role of the underlying representation in the diachronic change and in synchronic loanword evidence, thus providing support for depalatalization as an active phonotactic restriction.
Patterns of bleaching and mortality following widespread warming events in 2014 and 2015 at the Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve, Hawai‘i
Authors: Rodgers Ku‘ulei S. , Bahr Keisha D. , Jokiel Paul L. , Richards Donà Angela
Published: May 2017

Drastic increases in global carbon emissions in the past century have led to elevated sea surface temperatures that negatively affect coral reef organisms. Worldwide coral bleaching-related mortality is increasing and data has shown even isolated and protected reefs are vulnerable to the effects of global climate change. In 2014 and 2015, coral reefs in the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) suffered up to 90% bleaching, with higher than 50% subsequent mortality in some areas. The location and severity of bleaching and mortality was strongly influenced by the spatial and temporal patterns of elevated seawater temperatures. The main objective of this research was to understand the spatial extent of bleaching mortality in Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve (HBNP), O‘ahu, Hawai‘i to gain a baseline understanding of the physical processes that influence localized bleaching dynamics. Surveys at HBNP in October 2015 and January 2016 revealed extensive bleaching (47%) and high levels of coral mortality (9.8%). Bleaching was highly variable among the four HBNP sectors and ranged from a low of ∼31% in the central bay at Channel (CH) to a high of 57% in the area most frequented by visitors (Keyhole; KH). The highest levels of bleaching occurred in two sectors with different circulation patterns: KH experienced comparatively low circulation velocity and a low temperature increase while Witches Brew (WB) and Backdoors (BD) experienced higher circulation velocity and higher temperature increase. Cumulative mortality was highest at WB (5.0%) and at BD (2.9%) although WB circulation velocity is significantly higher. HBNP is minimally impacted by local factors that can lead to decline such as high fishing pressure or sedimentation although human use is high. Despite the lack of these influences, high coral mortality occurred. Visitor impacts are strikingly different in the two sectors that experienced the highest mortality evidenced by the differences in coral cover associated with visitor use however, coral mortality was similar. These results suggest that elevated temperature was more influential in coral bleaching and the associated mortality than high circulation or visitor use.
Prevalence and seroepidemiology ofHaemophilus parasuisin Sichuan province, China
Authors: Wang Zhenghao , Zhao Qin , Wei Hailin , Wen Xintian , Cao Sanjie , Huang Xiaobo , Wu Rui , Yan Qigui , Huang Yong , Wen Yiping
Published: May 2017

Haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, has been reported as widespread, but little is known about its epidemiology in the Sichuan province of China. The goal of our research is to reveal the prevalence and distribution ofH. parasuisin this area. Sampling and isolation were performed across Sichuan; isolates were processed using serotyping multiplex PCR (serotyping-mPCR) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) for confirmation of serovar identity. This study was carried out from January 2014 to May 2016 and 254H. parasuisfield strains were isolated from 576 clinical samples collected from pigs displaying clinical symptoms. The isolation frequency was 44.10%. Statistically very significant differences of infection incidence were found in three age groups (P < 0.01) and different seasons (P < 0.01). Serovars 5 (25.98%) and 4 (23.62%) were the most prevalent, however, non-typeable isolates accounted for nearly 7.87%. In terms of geographical distribution, serovars 5 and 4 were mostly prevalent in west and east Sichuan. The results confirmed that the combined approach was dependable and revealed the diversity and distribution of serovars in Sichuan province, which is vital for efforts aimed at developing vaccine candidates allowing for the prevention or control ofH. parasuisoutbreaks.
Modeling thecis-regulatory modules of genes expressed in developmental stages ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: López Yosvany , Vandenbon Alexis , Nose Akinao , Nakai Kenta
Published: May 2017

Because transcription is the first step in the regulation of gene expression, understanding how transcription factors bind to their DNA binding motifs has become absolutely necessary. It has been shown that the promoters of genes with similar expression profiles share common structural patterns. This paper presents an extensive study of the regulatory regions of genes expressed in 24 developmental stages ofDrosophila melanogaster. It proposes the use of a combination of structural features, such as positioning of individual motifs relative to the transcription start site, orientation, pairwise distance between motifs, and presence of motifs anywhere in the promoter for predicting gene expression from structural features of promoter sequences. RNA-sequencing data was utilized to create and validate the 24 models. When genes with high-scoring promoters were compared to those identified by RNA-seq samples, 19 (79.2%) statistically significant models, a number that exceeds previous studies, were obtained. Each model yielded a set of highly informative features, which were used to search for genes with similar biological functions.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of isonuclear-alloplasmic lines unmask key transcription factor genes and metabolic pathways involved in sterility of maize CMS-C
Authors: Li Chuan , Zhao Zhuofan , Liu Yongming , Liang Bing , Guan Shuxian , Lan Hai , Wang Jing , Lu Yanli , Cao Moju
Published: May 2017

Although C-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-C) is one of the most attractive tools for maize hybrid seed production, the detailed regulation network of the male sterility remains unclear. In order to identify the CMS-C sterility associated genes and/or pathways, the comparison of the transcriptomes between the CMS-C line C48-2 and its isonuclear-alloplasmic maintainer line N48-2 at pollen mother cell stage (PS), an early development stage of microspore, and mononuclear stage (MS), an abortive stage of microspore, were analyzed. 2,069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two stages were detected and thought to be essential for the spikelet development of N48-2. 453 of the 2,069 DEGs were differentially expressed at MS stage between the two lines and thought to be participated in the process or the causes of microspore abortion. Among the 453 DEGs, 385 (84.99%) genes were down-regulated and only 68 (15.01%) genes were up-regulated in C48-2 at MS stage. The dramatic decreased expression of the four DEGs encoding MYB transcription factors and the DEGs involved in “polyamine metabolic process”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Fatty acid elongation”, “Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids” and “Proline metabolism” might play an important role in the sterility of C48-2. This study will point out some directions for detailed molecular analysis and better understanding of sterility of CMS-C in maize.
O avesso da cidade da cultura
Authors: Bogéa Eliana , Figueiredo Silvio
Published: May 2017

O trabalho estabelece a relação entre cultura e o desenvolvimento do território da cidade para analisar um (anti)modelo ainda vigente nas cidades brasileiras em paralelo ao contexto de Ananindeua, que bem poderia ser de qualquer outra cidade do Brasil e/ou do mundo. Escolher essa abordagem como fio condutor significou descortinar um território ainda invisível no espaço da aglomeração de Belém, na contramão do modelo do empreendedorismo urbano tão em alta num país das cidades sedes dos grandes eventos.
TrkA is a binding partner of NPM‐ALK that promotes the survival of ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shi Wenyu , George Suraj Konnath , George Bhawana , Curry Choladda V. , Murzabdillaeva Albina , Alkan Serhan , Amin Hesham M.
Published: May 2017

Nucleophosmin‐anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐expressing (NPM‐ALK+) T‐cell lymphoma is an aggressive neoplasm that is more commonly seen in children and young adults. The pathogenesis of NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma is not completely understood. Wild‐type ALK is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is physiologically expressed in neural tissues during early stages of human development, which suggests that ALK may interact with neurotrophic factors. The aberrant expression of NPM‐ALK results from a translocation between the ALK gene on chromosome 2p23 and the NPM gene on chromosome 5q35. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is the first neurotrophic factor attributed to non‐neural functions including cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. These functions are primarily mediated through the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). The expression and role of NGF/TrkA in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma are not known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TrkA signaling is upregulated and sustains the survival of this lymphoma. Our data illustrate that TrkA and NGF are expressed in five NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cell lines and TrkA is expressed in 11 of 13 primary lymphoma tumors from patients. In addition, we found evidence to support that NPM‐ALK and TrkA functionally interact. A selective TrkA inhibitor induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation of NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cell lines. These effects were associated with downregulation of cell survival regulatory proteins. Similar results were also observed using specific knockdown of TrkA in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cells by siRNA. Importantly, the inhibition of TrkA signaling was associated with antitumor effects in vivo, because tumor xenografts in mice regressed and the mice exhibited improved survival. In conclusion, TrkA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma, and therefore, targeting TrkA signaling may represent a novel approach to eradicate this aggressive neoplasm.
Multiresolution analysis of characteristic length scales with high‐resolution topographic data
Authors: Sangireddy Harish , Stark Colin P. , Passalacqua Paola
Published: May 2017

Characteristic length scales (CLS) define landscape structure and delimit geomorphic processes. Here we use multiresolution analysis (MRA) to estimate such scales from high‐resolution topographic data. MRA employs progressive terrain defocusing, via convolution of the terrain data with Gaussian kernels of increasing standard deviation, and calculation at each smoothing resolution of (i) the probability distributions of curvature and topographic index (defined as the ratio of slope to area in log scale) and (ii) characteristic spatial patterns of divergent and convergent topography identified by analyzing the curvature of the terrain. The MRA is first explored using synthetic 1‐D and 2‐D signals whose CLS are known. It is then validated against a set of MARSSIM (a landscape evolution model) steady state landscapes whose CLS were tuned by varying hillslope diffusivity and simulated noise amplitude. The known CLS match the scales at which the distributions of topographic index and curvature show scaling breaks, indicating that the MRA can identify CLS in landscapes based on the scaling behavior of topographic attributes. Finally, the MRA is deployed to measure the CLS of five natural landscapes using meter resolution digital terrain model data. CLS are inferred from the scaling breaks of the topographic index and curvature distributions and equated with (i) small‐scale roughness features and (ii) the hillslope length scale.
An improved numerical model suggests potential differences of wind‐blown sand between on Earth and Mars
Authors: Bo T. L. , Fu L. T. , Liu L. , Zheng X. J.
Published: May 2017

The studies on wind‐blown sand are crucial for understanding the change of climate and landscape on Mars. However, the disadvantages of the saltation models may result in unreliable predictions. In this paper, the saltation model has been improved from two main aspects, the aerodynamic surface roughness and the lift‐off parameters. The aerodynamic surface roughness is expressed as function of particle size, wind strength, air density, and air dynamic viscosity. The lift‐off parameters are improved through including the dependence of restitution coefficient on incident parameters and the correlation between saltating speed and angle. The improved model proved to be capable of reproducing the observed data well in both stable stage and evolution process. The modeling of wind‐blown sand is promoted by all improved aspects, and the dependence of restitution coefficient on incident parameters could not be ignored. The constant restitution coefficient and uncorrelated lift‐off parameter distributions would lead to both the overestimation of the sand transport rate and apparent surface roughness and the delay of evolution process. The distribution of lift‐off speed and the evolution of lift‐off parameters on Mars are found to be different from those on Earth. This may thus suggest that it is inappropriate to predict the evolution of wind‐blown sand by using the lift‐off velocity obtained in steady state saltation. And it also may be problematic to predict the wind‐blown sand on Mars through applying the lift‐off velocity obtained upon terrestrial conditions directly.
Dual effects of the winter monsoon on haze‐fog variations in eastern China
Authors: Liu Qian , Sheng Lifang , Cao Ziqi , Diao Yina , Wang Wencai , Zhou Yang
Published: May 2017

Previous studies have revealed a negative correlation between the East Asian winter monsoon and wintertime haze‐fog events in China. The winter monsoon reduces haze‐fog by advecting away aerosol particles and supplying clean air through cold waves. However, it is found that the frequency of haze‐fog events on subseasonal time scales displays no correlation with typical winter monsoon indices. The results show that the accumulating and maintaining effects of calm weather related to the Siberian High, which is also a part of the monsoon circulation system, are equally important for the development of haze‐fog events during winter. Correlation analysis indicates that subseasonal variations in haze‐fog are closely related to the intensity of the Siberian High (r = 0.49). The Siberian High may increase the occurrence of haze‐fog events by reducing the near surface wind speed and enhancing the stratification stability. To quantify the contribution of these diverse effects of the winter monsoon on the variations in haze‐fog events, we analyzed haze‐fog events during periods of cold wave activity and calm weather separately and contrasted the relative contributions of these two effects on different time scales. On the subseasonal scale, the effect of the Siberian High was 2.0 times that of cold waves; on the interannual scale, the effect of cold waves was 2.4 times that of the Siberian High. This study reveals the dual effects of the East Asian winter monsoon on wintertime haze‐fog variations in eastern China and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the monsoon and haze‐fog events.
Riverine CO2 emissions in the Wuding River catchment on the Loess Plateau: Environmental controls and dam impoundment impact
Authors: Ran Lishan , Li Lingyu , Tian Mingyang , Yang Xiankun , Yu Ruihong , Zhao Ji , Wang Lixin , Lu X. X.
Published: May 2017

River ecosystems contribute significantly to CO2 emissions. However, estimates of global riverine CO2 emissions remain greatly uncertain owing to the absence of a comprehensive and spatially resolved CO2 emission measurement. Based on intensive field measurements using floating chambers, riverine CO2 evasion in the Wuding River catchment on the Loess Plateau was investigated. Lateral carbon derived from soil respiration and chemical weathering played a central role in controlling the variability of riverine CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). In addition, in‐stream processing of allochthonous organic carbon was an also important source of CO2 excess, modulating the influence of lateral carbon inputs. All the surveyed streams were net CO2 sources, exhibiting pronounced spatial and seasonal variabilities. The mean CO2 efflux was 172, 116, and 218 mmol m−2 d−1 in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Unlike the commonly observed strongest CO2 emissions in headwater streams, the increasing CO2 efflux with stream order in the Wuding River catchment reflects its unique geomorphologic landscape in controlling CO2 emissions. While in reservoirs, the pCO2 was more controlled by primary production with aquatic photosynthetic assimilation constraining it to a lower level. Both the magnitude and direction of CO2 evasion from reservoirs have been greatly altered. Contrast to streams with large CO2 effluxes, reservoirs were small carbon sources and even carbon sinks, due primarily to greatly reduced turbulence and enhanced photosynthesis. In view of the large number of reservoirs on the Loess Plateau, assessing the resulting changes to CO2 emissions and their implications for regional carbon budgets warrants further research.
Dynamics of simulated Atlantic upwelling annual cycle in CMIP5 models
Authors: Wang Li‐Chiao , Jin Fei‐Fei , Wu Chau‐Ron
Published: May 2017

As one of the prominent climatic component of tropical climate system, the annual cycle of the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue region has been a subject of significant research. In this work, we examine the fidelity of the key part of the annual cycles, namely, the upwelling annual cycles, from the simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Utilizing the simple framework we have recently developed based on the Zebiak‐Cane (ZC) ocean model, we first tested the validity of the simple framework of upwelling as a combination of the local wind‐driven Ekman upwelling and nonlocal wind‐driven wave upwelling. It is demonstrated that the theoretically reconstructed upwelling annual cycles to large extent are in good agreement with the simulations in these coupled climatic models. Comparing with observations, we show that the semiannual component of the upwelling is systematically too strong. This significant bias is attributable to the dynamic amplification to the wind‐driven wave upwelling originated from a less significant bias in the semiannual harmonic component in the central equatorial wind field. The latter is dynamically amplified in the wind‐driven wave upwelling owing to its relatively fast time scale. Thus, the realistic simulations of equatorial annual cycles may sensitively depend on good simulations of the semiannual harmonic components in equatorial wind fields.
Seaglider surveys at Ocean Station Papa: Diagnosis of upper‐ocean heat and salt balances using least squares with inequality constraints
Authors: Pelland Noel A. , Eriksen Charles C. , Cronin Meghan F.
Published: May 2017

Heat and salt balances in the upper 200 m are examined using data from Seaglider spatial surveys June 2008 to January 2010 surrounding a NOAA surface mooring at Ocean Station Papa (OSP; 50°N, 145°W). A least‐squares approach is applied to repeat Seaglider survey and moored measurements to solve for unknown or uncertain monthly three‐dimensional circulation and vertical diffusivity. Within the surface boundary layer, the estimated heat and salt balances are dominated throughout the surveys by turbulent flux, vertical advection, and for heat, radiative absorption. When vertically integrated balances are considered, an estimated upwelling of cool water balances the net surface input of heat, while the corresponding large import of salt across the halocline due to upwelling and diffusion is balanced by surface moisture input and horizontal import of fresh water. Measurement of horizontal gradients allows the estimation of unresolved vertical terms over more than one annual cycle; diffusivity in the upper‐ocean transition layer decreases rapidly to the depth of the maximum near‐surface stratification in all months, with weak seasonal modulation in the rate of decrease and profile amplitude. Vertical velocity is estimated to be on average upward but with important monthly variations. Results support and expand existing evidence concerning the importance of horizontal advection in the balances of heat and salt in the Gulf of Alaska, highlight time and depth variability in difficult‐to‐measure vertical transports in the upper ocean, and suggest avenues of further study in future observational work at OSP.
Internal wave generation by tidal flow over periodically and randomly distributed seamounts
Authors: Zhang Likun , Buijsman Maarten C. , Comino Eva , Swinney Harry L.
Published: May 2017

We examine numerically the conversion of barotropic tidal energy into internal waves by flow over an isolated seamount and over systems of periodically and randomly distributed 1100 m tall seamounts with Gaussian profiles. The simulations use the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) to calculate for an infinitely deep ocean the dependence of the energy conversion on seamount slope, seamount separation, tidal direction, and the size and aspect ratio of the simulation domain. For neighboring seamounts with a slope greater than the internal wave beam slope, wave interference reduces the conversion relative to that calculated for an isolated seamount, and relative to that predicted by linear theory for a seamount of slope less than the beam slope. The conversion by an individual seamount in a system of random seamounts separated by an average distance of 18 km is found to be suppressed by 16% relative to the conversion by an isolated seamount. This study provides insight into tidal conversion by ocean seamounts modeled as Gaussian mountains with slopes both smaller and larger than the beam slope. We conclude that the total energy conversion by all seamounts (peak height
m) and knolls (peak height 500–1000 m), taking into account interference affects, is of the order of 1% of the total barotropic to baroclinic energy conversion in the oceans, which is about twice as large as previous estimates.
Wetting and greening Tibetan Plateau in early summer in recent decades
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Lixia
Published: May 2017

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an essential role in the global hydrological cycle. Unlike the well‐recognized surface warming, changes in precipitation over the TP and the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. A significant increase in the amount of precipitation over the southeastern TP in May over 1979–2014 (13.46% decade−1 of the climatology) is identified in this study, based on homogenized daily rain gauge data. Both the increased precipitation frequency and intensity have contributions. The coherent increases in soil moisture content and vegetation activities further confirm the precipitation trend, indicating a wetting and greening TP in the early summer in recent decades. The moisture budget analysis shows that this wetting trend in the past four decades is dominated by the increased water vapor convergence due to circulation changes, while increases in specific humidity play a minor role. The wetting trend over the TP in May results directly from the earlier onset of the South Asian summer monsoon (ASM) since the late 1970s associated with the phase transition of Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation around the late 1990s. The earlier onset of the ASM triggers low‐level southwesterly anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean, promoting moisture convergence and increased precipitation over the TP in May. Specifically, the increased amount of precipitation after the onset of the ASM explains 95% of the increase in the total amount of precipitation in May.
Martian aeolian activity at the Bagnold Dunes, Gale Crater: The view from the surface and orbit
Authors: Bridges N. T. , Sullivan R. , Newman C. E. , Navarro S. , van Beek J. , Ewing R. C. , Ayoub F. , Silvestro S. , Gasnault O. , Le Mouélic S. , Lapotre M. G. A. , Rapin W.
Published: May 2017

The first in situ investigation of an active dune field on another planetary surface occurred in 2015–2016 when the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover investigated the Bagnold Dunes on Mars. High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images show clear seasonal variations that are in good agreement with atmospheric model predictions of intra‐annual sand flux and migration directions that together indicate that the campaign occurred during a period of low wind activity. Curiosity surface images show that limited changes nevertheless occurred, with movement of large grains, particularly on freshly exposed surfaces, two occurrences of secondary grain flow on the slip face of Namib Dune, and a slump on a freshly exposed surface of a large ripple. These changes are seen at Martian solar day (sol)‐to‐sol time scales. Grains on a rippled sand deposit and unconsolidated dump piles show limited movement of large grains over a few hours during which mean friction speeds are estimated at 0.3–0.4 m s−1. Overall, the correlation between changes and peak Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) winds is moderate, with high wind events associated with changes in some cases, but not in others, suggesting that other factors are also at work. The distribution of REMS 1 Hz wind speeds shows a significant tail up to the current 20 m s−1 calibration limit, indicating that even higher speed winds occur. Nonaeolian triggering mechanisms are also possible. The low activity period at the dunes documented by Curiosity provides clues to processes that dominated in the Martian past under conditions of lower obliquity.
Comparisons of global land surface seasonality and phenology derived from AVHRR, MODIS, and VIIRS data
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Liu Lingling , Yan Dong
Published: May 2017

Land surface seasonality has been widely investigated from satellite observations for monitoring the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems in response to climate change. A great deal of efforts has focused on the characterization of interannual variation and long‐term trends of vegetation phenological metrics derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data across regional and global scales. Recently, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data have become available for the detections of global land surface phenology. These data sets provide us a potential opportunity to generate a consistent long‐term climate data record of land surface phenology. However, to bridge the multiple‐sensor‐based phenology measurements, we need to understand their consistency and discrepancy across various geographical and ecological regions. To this end, we collected daily AVHRR, MODIS, and VIIRS data (~5 km) globally, compared their temporal trajectories of two band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) during 2013 and 2014, examined their discrepancy of phenology retrievals, and explored the influence of EVI2 data quality from the three satellite sensors on phenology detections. The results revealed the similarity and discrepancy of EVI2 time series and land surface phenology retrievals globally. Specifically, EVI2 time series from VIIRS and MODIS observations were similar with some discrepancies mainly arising from unsystematic impact factors. In contrast, VIIRS EVI2 was systematically higher than AVHRR EVI2, in which their differences could be greatly reduced by intersensor calibration. Further, the quality of EVI2 time series among AVHRR, MODIS, and VIIRS varied largely across the globe, which was generally better in Northern Hemisphere than in Southern Hemisphere. Their differences in EVI2 data quality led to the inconsistencies in the detections of phenological dates. On average, the absolute difference of phenological transition dates among the three products was larger than 10 days in about 30% of pixels in Northern Hemisphere and more than 40% in Southern Hemisphere.
Role of the TGF‐β pathway in dedifferentiation of human mature adipocytes
Authors: Côté Julie Anne , Lessard Julie , Pelletier Mélissa , Marceau Simon , Lescelleur Odette , Fradette Julie , Tchernof André
Published: May 2017

Dedifferentiation of adipocytes contributes to the generation of a proliferative cell population that could be useful in cellular therapy or tissue engineering. Adipocytes can dedifferentiate into precursor cells to acquire a fibroblast‐like phenotype using ceiling culture, in which the buoyancy of fat cells is exploited to allow them to adhere to the inner surface of a container. Ceiling culture is usually performed in flasks, which limits the ability to test various culture conditions. Using a new six‐well plate ceiling culture approach, we examined the relevance of TGF‐β signaling during dedifferentiation. Adipose tissue samples from patients undergoing bariatric surgery were digested with collagenase, and cell suspensions were used for ceiling cultures. Using the six‐well plate approach, cells were treated with SB431542 (an inhibitor of TGF‐β receptor ALK5) or human TGF‐β1 during dedifferentiation. Gene expression was measured in these cultures and in whole adipose tissue, the stromal–vascular fraction (SVF), mature adipocytes, and dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells. TGF‐β1 and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene expression was significantly higher in DFAT cells compared to whole adipose tissue samples and SVF cells. TGF‐β1, COL1A1, and COL6A3 gene expression was significantly higher at day 12 of dedifferentiation compared to day 0. In the six‐well plate model, treatment with TGF‐β1 or SB431542, respectively, stimulated and inhibited the TGF‐β pathway as shown by increased TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, COL1A1, and COL6A3 gene expression and decreased expression of TGF‐β1, COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL6A3, respectively. Treatment of DFAT cells with TGF‐β1 increased the phosphorylation level of SMAD 2 and SMAD 3. Thus, a new six‐well plate model for ceiling culture allowed us to demonstrate a role for TGF‐β in modulating collagen gene expression during dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes.
A
labaster,
W
illiam
Authors: Murray Molly
Published: May 2017

Clergyman and writer of Latin and English poetry, prose, and polemic, William Alabaster (1568–1640), through his eventful life and varied writings, vividly illustrates the heterodoxy of post‐Reformation English Christianity. Spending a significant portion of his life in prison or in voluntary exile for his religious beliefs, he is the author of a Senecan tragedy, a projected epic poem on Elizabeth's reign, a long prose spiritual autobiography on his conversion to Catholicism, as well as works of theology and hermeneutics, and a significant body of lyric poetry, including a well‐known collection of sonnets.
A
scham,
R
oger
Authors: Ord Melanie
Published: May 2017

Roger Ascham (1514/15–1568), Tudor humanist and courtier, was the author of three main literary works in English:
Toxophilus
(1545), a dialogue promoting the sport of archery;
A report and discourse written by Roger Ascham, of the affaires and state of Germany and the Emperour Charles his court, duryng certaine yeares while the sayd Roger was there
(written in 1552 and published posthumously in 1570), a commentary on the current state of European politics; and his most popular text,
The scholemaster
(also published posthumously in 1570), which sets out Ascham's plans for a reformed grammar school practice and which is best known today for its vociferous objection to travel to Italy and its extended opposition to the process of Italianization.
A
ubrey,
J
ohn
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: May 2017

John Aubrey (1626–97) was an antiquary, biographer, and miscellanist. His works range from mathematics and natural philosophy to archaeology and antiquarianism, and from folklore and fieldwork to the biographical sketches for which he is most famous today.
A
udland/
A
udley,
A
nne
Authors: Malson‐Huddle Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

Anne Audland/Audley, née Newby, later Camm (1627–1705), Quaker preacher, missionary, and writer, was baptized on 28 October 1627 in Kendal, Westmorland; her father, Richard Newby, gave his daughter a religious education. When she was 13, she went to live with her aunt to continue her education in London, where she remained for seven years (Evans & Evans 1837). Upon returning home, she joined a small Independent church in which she met her first husband, John Audland, a dissenting preacher and linen draper. They were married in 1650 and were converted to Quakerism in 1652 by George Fox (Leachman 2004). Together they worked as missionaries and preachers in the Society of Friends.
B
aldwin,
W
illiam
Authors: Lucas Scott
Published: May 2017

William Baldwin (d.1563) was a leading light of mid‐Tudor literature. Nearly everything to which Baldwin turned his hand during the period 1547–63, including poetry, prose fiction, translation, and edited collections, won success in its own time and, in many cases, for long after.
B
ale,
J
ohn
Authors: Mottram Stewart
Published: May 2017

A writer of Protestant plays and prose attacks on the Roman Catholic Church, John Bale (1495–1563) also won esteem in his lifetime as a serious scholar: a bibliographer, antiquarian, and author of the first full‐length Protestant commentary on the book of Revelation. His coarse humour and acerbic prose appealed little to later Renaissance tastes; by the 1660s Thomas Fuller had dubbed him ‘bilious Bale’. Recent criticism has done much to redeem his reputation. Today he is recognized for his influence on John Foxe and Edmund Spenser, and for his key contribution to the development of a Protestant English national identity in the early modern period.
B
arry,
L
ording
Authors: Lopez Jeremy
Published: May 2017

Lording Barry (1580–1629) left only one play,
Ram‐alley
(printed 1611), to posterity, and a wealth of tantalizing biographical traces which hint at a life of adventure, occasional desperation, and remarkable luck.
B
eaufort,
M
argaret
Authors: Hosington Brenda M.
Published: May 2017

Lady Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509), exercised considerable power in the political arena of her day, especially after her son, Henry Tudor, became king of England in 1485. However, she was also an active patron of learning, using her remarkable intellectual ability and energy to encourage scholars, support university education, finance the publication of both religious and secular works, and study and translate spiritual writings for her own and others’ edification.
B
odley,
T
homas
Authors: Vaisey David
Published: May 2017

Thomas Bodley (1545–1613) was the founder and benefactor of the library in Oxford University that bears his name. Opening on 8 November 1602 the Bodleian (as it came to be called) replaced an earlier library in the university that had developed from the collection of manuscripts given by Humfrey, duke of Gloucester, between 1439 and 1444. That library had lacked endowment and was slow to respond to the changes in teaching at Oxford brought about by the advent of printing. Its final disintegration came with the Protestant reformers in the 1550s, and the room which once contained the library was empty when Thomas Bodley went to the university as a 15‐year‐old undergraduate in 1560.
B
rackley,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Williams Deanne
Published: May 2017

Elizabeth Brackley (1626–63), born Elizabeth Cavendish, was an author and dramatist. The daughter of William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle (1593–1676), stepdaughter of Margaret Cavendish (1623–73), and great‐granddaughter of Bess of Hardwick (Elizabeth Talbot, countess of Shrewsbury, ?1527–1608), Elizabeth grew up in a literary family that supported her literary and dramatic efforts. She is best known for her play
The concealed fancyes
(c.1644–45), which she co‐authored with her sister, Lady Jane Cavendish (1621–69), and which survives, along with a pastoral masque and their poems, in manuscripts at the Bodleian and Beineke Libraries (Beinecke Library, Osborn MS b. 223; Bodleian Library, MS Rawl. Poet. 16). She is also the author of a substantial number of writings on the Bible, prayers, and other meditations held at the British Library and the Huntington Library (British Library, MS Egerton 607; Huntington Library, MS EL 8374, 8376, 8377).
B
randon,
S
amuel
Authors: Kathman David
Published: May 2017

Samuel Brandon, whose birth and death dates are unknown, was the author of a late Elizabethan closet drama,
The vertuous Octavia
. It depicts the story of Octavia, wife of Marc Antony and sister of Octavius (the future Roman emperor Augustus), who patiently suffered while Antony had his notorious affair with Cleopatra. The play was entered in the Stationers’ Register on 5 October 1598 by William Ponsonby and printed by Edward Allde. Following the title page, which identifies the play as a ‘tragicomoedi’ (presumably because the heroine does not die), there is a dedicatory sonnet to Lucy Touchet, Lady Audley; a sonnet ‘All’ autore’ signed ‘Mia’; a poem ‘Prosopopeia al libro’ signed ‘S.B.’; a prose argument; and a list of the play's characters. Following the text of the play are two long verse epistles between Octavia and Antony, dedicated to Lady Audley's daughter Maria Thynne and modelled on Michael Drayton's
Englands heroicall epistles
(1597).
Bullein,William
Authors: Sullivan Erin
Published: May 2017

William Bullein (c.1515–76) began his professional life as a Protestant preacher, but he is best known for the witty and religiously charged medical treatises he wrote in the second half of his life. He came from a prosperous family, possibly related to that of Anne Boleyn, and it is likely that he studied at either Oxford or Cambridge, though no records exist of his enrolment. In 1550 he took up a position in a Suffolk rectory, where he was related to one of the town's prominent families, and he remained there until late 1554, when Queen Mary's rise to power prompted his resignation. Dismayed by Mary's commitment to Catholicism, Bullein soon left for the Continent, studying medicine while he was there. He returned to England by the late 1550s, practising medicine in Northumberland and Durham and moving to London in 1560. During this time Bullein's personal life was marked by scandal. Having married the widow of his late friend and patron, Sir Thomas Hilton, he soon found himself accused of murder and debt by Sir Thomas's brother William. He was found innocent of murder but spent time in a London debtors’ prison, where he wrote his second book. Although Bullein never joined the College of Physicians, he seems to have cultivated a successful London practice, leasing a substantial house in Grub Street during his time in the city (Mitchell 1959).
C
amden,
W
illiam
Authors: Klein Bernhard
Published: May 2017

William Camden (1551–1623) was an English antiquary, chorographer, and perhaps Britain's first modern historian. Admired by his Continental peers as the ‘British Strabo’, he is best known for two major works –
Britannia
(1586), a historical‐geographical survey of the British Isles; and
Annals of the reign of Queen Elizabeth
(1615), a meticulously researched political history – both of which significantly advanced the conceptual possibilities for the writing of history.
C
ampion,
T
homas
Authors: Shohet Lauren
Published: May 2017

Thomas Campion (1567–1620) is unusual for his lasting contributions to both letters and music. He is known as a poet of both English and Latin verse, a composer of songs and airs, a script or of masques and entertainments, and a theorist of both music and verse. Interested in edgy new developments in English literature of the 1580s, when poets like Philip Sidney and prose writers like John Lyly sought to develop new literary aesthetics, Campion not only wrote poetry tapping into this innovative vein, but perhaps even more significantly showed ways to use newer styles of lyrics in English song.
C
arew,
T
homas
Authors: Sanchez Melissa E.
Published: May 2017

Thomas Carew (pronounced ‘Carey’) (1594/95–1640) was a seventeenth‐century poet and courtier. The earl of Clarendon's comment that Carew's life was ‘spent with less Severity or Exactness than it ought to have been’ has powerfully shaped the poet's reputation, but much of Carew's literary work belies his reputation as a carefree, urbane wit. Carew is closely associated with a group of lyricists known as the ‘Cavalier’ poets, which included John Suckling, Robert Herrick, and Richard Lovelace. Cavalier poetry focused on exploring and defining what it meant to live the good life. On the one hand, the good life was defined by pleasure, wit, and elegance; on the other, it demanded constancy, integrity, and candour. Carew was probably born in Kent. His mother was the daughter of the lord mayor of London. His father was a civil lawyer, master in chancery, and justice of the peace for Surrey and Hampshire. After receiving his BA from Oxford, Carew began to read law at the Middle Temple, but it quickly became clear that he was not cut out to be a lawyer. In 1613 Carew left his studies to become the secretary of Sir Dudley Carleton, whom he accompanied on an embassy to Italy, where he became familiar with Italian poetry and philosophy. Carew also joined Carleton on an embassy to the Netherlands in 1616, but he was quickly dismissed for writing a satire on Carleton and his wife. The next record we have of Carew has him employed as secretary to Sir Edward Herbert (later Lord Herbert of Cherbury), whose embassy to Paris he joined in 1619. In Paris, Carew became acquainted with French poetic tradition, particularly the work of Ronsard, and probably met the Italian poet Giambattista Marino. In 1630 Carew was appointed a gentleman of Charles I's privy chamber and sewer‐in‐ordinary, which put him in charge of all royal dining arrangements. Carew also participated in Charles I's campaign to put down the Scottish rebellion in spring 1639. He died a year later, in March 1640. No authorized publication of Carew's work was printed until after his death, but his verse circulated widely in manuscript during his lifetime.
C
ary,
L
ucius,
L
ord
F
alkland
Authors: Paleit Edward
Published: May 2017

Lucius Cary, second Viscount Falkland (1609/10–1643), is now chiefly known for the circle of religious and political thinkers who met on his estate of Great Tew, northwest of Oxford, during the 1630s. He was also a minor poet and religious writer and, from late 1641 till his death in battle, a leading constitutional royalist.
C
avendish,
G
eorge
Authors: Pincombe Mike
Published: May 2017

George Cavendish (1497–c.1562) was a literary late starter. He was already in his mid‐fifties when he took up his pen to write his first work, the so‐called
Metrical visions
, a longish dream‐vision which, though apparently taking place over a single day and night, actually occupied the poet over the two years between June 1552 (or earlier) and the summer of 1554. Almost as soon as he had finished this project, Cavendish started work on another,
The life of Wolsey
, which took him from November 1554 to 24 June 1558. And then, just as suddenly as his literary career had begun, it stopped. Thus, over a roughly six‐year period during the turbulent decade of the 1550s, Cavendish had written two of the classics of mid‐Tudor literature.
C
avendish,
J
ane
Authors: Connolly Ruth
Published: May 2017

The occasional poetry of Jane Cavendish (1621–69) presents a writer whose verse reiterates the importance of familial and communal ties, particularly her personal relationship with her father, William Cavendish, first duke of Newcastle. Her play
The concealed fancyes
, co‐written with her sister, Elizabeth Brackley, offers a satiric retort to the hyperbole of courtship rituals. It examines the dynamics of power between women and men and refracts these concerns through a treatment of the Civil War that emphasizes its capacity to divide families and deprive them of male figureheads. Her work makes a significant contribution to the literary tradition of royalism, early modern women's writing, and the history of collaborative authorship.
C
avendish,
W
illiam
Authors: Coolahan Marie‐Louise
Published: May 2017

William Cavendish, first duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1593–1676), writer and patron, served as a Royalist commander during the First Civil War. His intellectual and political sympathies associated him with Cavalier culture and his circle embraced the major playwrights and thinkers of the day. His poetry is typical of aristocratic manuscript culture; he composed both closet drama and plays for the London stage. His unequivocal support for the female writers of his family has stood him in good stead with feminist scholars.