bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The liturgical present tense
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

A striking feature of the hymns sung by Christians on Christmas and Easter is that they are often in the present tense even though the events sung about occurred long ago. This chapter explores the significance of what it calls “the liturgical present tense.” The view, common among liturgical theologians, that on the high holy days, events central to the biblical narrative that happened in the distant past are reactualized, is discussed at some length, the conclusion being that the view is false. The chapter then introduces and explains the concept of what it calls “the as-if trope.” A boy talks to his dog as if it were a personal friend, etc. The chapter suggests that when Christians use the present tense in singing about Christ’s birth, death, and resurrection, they are using a version of the as-if trope. It closes with a discussion of why they do this.
Consent and Control in the Authoritarian Workplace
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

Today, a large proportion of the world’s states are under authoritarian governments. These countries limit participation rights, both in the political sphere and in the workplace. At the same time, they have to generate consent in the workplace in order to ensure social stability and prevent the escalation of conflict. But how do companies generate consent, given that employee voice and interest representation may be limited or entirely absent? Based on a review of research literature from sociology, organizational psychology, and behavioral economics, this book develops a theory of consent generation and distinguishes three groups of consent-producing mechanisms: socialization, incentive mechanisms, and participation and interest representation. It presents an empirical analysis of how these mechanisms work in Russian and Chinese automotive factories and shows how sociocultural factors and labor regulation present the differences between both countries regarding consent and control in the workplace. The book contributes to two research debates. First, it examines the generation of consent in the workplace: a core topic of the sociology of work and organization. Its particular focus is on consent generation in authoritarian societies. Second, the book contributes to the debate regarding the reasons for the different trajectories of post-communist Russia and China. The book provides an empirical analysis that explains the different work behaviors of employees in both countries, and links the micro level of the workplace and the macro level of institutions and organizational cultures.
Theory and State of the Research
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the state of the current research on workplace consent in authoritarian states. It reviews the existing empirical studies of factory regimes in Russia and China and existing theories of workplace consent. The core of the chapter focuses on developing the theoretical approach used in the study. This approach centers on three consent-generation mechanisms: socialization, incentives, and participation. Taken together, these mechanisms are referred to as the factory regime. Based on the assumption that participation mechanisms are absent or underdeveloped in authoritarian societies, the chapter develops the thesis that, to generate consent and compensate for the lack of participation, authoritarian societies need to rely on very intensive organizational socialization processes (including social engineering) and material incentives.
Relational Blockworld and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

The main thread of chapter 4 introduces some of the major mysteries and interpretational issues of quantum mechanics (QM). These mysteries and issues include: quantum superposition, quantum nonlocality, Bell’s inequality, entanglement, delayed choice, the measurement problem, and the lack of counterfactual definiteness. All these mysteries and interpretational issues of QM result from dynamical explanation in the mechanical universe and are dispatched using the authors’ adynamical explanation in the block universe, called Relational Blockworld (RBW). A possible link between RBW and quantum information theory is provided. The metaphysical underpinnings of RBW, such as contextual emergence, spatiotemporal ontological contextuality, and adynamical global constraints, are provided in Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 4. That is also where RBW is situated with respect to retrocausal accounts and it is shown that RBW is a realist, psi-epistemic account of QM. All the relevant formalism for this chapter is provided in Foundational Physics for Chapter 4.
Mythography in Europe, 1500–1567
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, there were several collections and editions of earlier mythographies available, but these books often drew attention to the need for new mythographies to be written. The first phase of the renewal of the mythographical genre came in humanist miscellanies, in which sophisticated indexes allowed readers to look up all the latest information on a specific god. In the middle of the sixteenth century, there then emerged a series of large-scale, Italian mythographies by Giraldi (1548), Cartari (1556), and Conti (1567). Each of these mythographies specialized in one of the three key aspects of Renaissance mythography: etymology, images, or allegory. Unlike the English works, all of these continental mythographies were educational tools that were designed to be used as reference works, and not to engage in political or religious debates
Introduction
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

The concept of Christianization dominates scholarship on the early Middle Ages. Yet, “Christianization” is a vague, anachronistic term, applied haphazardly to group an assortment of diverse changes as if all had the same cause. Moreover, the concept treats Christianity as a “religion”: a transhistorical system of fixed doctrines and institutions separate from other spheres of life. Early medieval Christianity, however, was an evolving conglomeration of rituals, ideas, practices, and institutions. Medieval people thought that someone became a Christian not by accepting a religion, but rather by joining the Christian commonwealth (res publica christiana) through certain universal rituals—Rogationtide among them. By studying the development of Rogationtide, this book formulates a paradigm for Christianization without the need for “religion.”
Rome Purified
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

For centuries, historians have claimed that Rogationtide is a Christianized adaptation of a pagan festival, the Ambarvalia. This chapter scrutinizes Roman sources for the Ambarvalia in order to demonstrate that no such syncretism ever occurred. The genealogy of this spurious Ambarvalia story illuminates how the standard Christianization paradigm rests on theology. This claim about Rogation syncretism is a remnant of medieval typology and Reformation polemic, which arose and spread because it helped clerics delineate what kinds of practices were or were not appropriately “Christian.” Early medieval preachers imagined a world where the Christian liturgical year had forever superseded its Jewish and pagan antitypes. Like its ancestor supersessionism, syncretism is an inescapably theological concept.
Beating the Bounds of the Christian
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

Early medieval Europe lacked both the classical polis and the high medieval parish. No legal or administrative apparatus delimited who belonged to each local church and what area lay under the pastoral care of its clergy. Instead, preachers and congregants employed the Rogation Days and other mandatory rituals as times for community formation and social solidarity, when the local church exhibited itself to itself as a Christian body. Ideally, all Christians processed together, fasting and in penitential garb: an amorphous mass of laity led by their clergy. Early medieval Rogation processions never “beat the bounds” in the physical sense of walking around the limits of a parish. But they did beat the bounds in another sense: they demarcated the borders of the Christian people.
Pre-Critical Readings
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter briefly considers the reception of the major herem texts in a number of corpora that lie outside the primary focus of the present work: in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament itself (including the Apocrypha), in Second Temple and Jewish Hellenistic literature, in the New Testament, and in Christian authors before Marcion. These readings are ‘pre-critical’ in that they predate Marcion’s seminal criticism and do not address herem in terms of a moral challenge. The reception of herem texts within this corpus is shown to have been largely uncritical; there is some evidence of toning down in the works of Philo, who strategically omits certain herem passages and interprets others allegorically. However, neither the allegoresis by Philo nor that by Barnabas or Justin Martyr appear to have resulted from moral concerns about the texts. There is also no suggestion that these events did not in fact occur.
Middle-Class Voices, c.1969–1979
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses three different source bases to examine middle-class attitudes towards class and social change in the 1970s: interviews from Paul Thompson’s Edwardians oral history project, the journalistic study Voices from the Middle Class, by Jane Deverson and Katharine Lindsay, and the diaries of an upwardly mobile man, deposited with Mass Observation. It argues that some older middle-class people in the 1970s still thought of class as something given by birth and breeding, and still felt comfortable voicing class prejudices. However, even among older generations, some recognized that such attitudes were no longer widely acceptable. Younger generations of the middle classes were far more heterogeneous, and many younger middle-class people rejected class distinction and tradition. Social change, particularly the expansion of upward social mobility in the post-war decades, meant the middle classes were more heterogeneous and less bound by a common culture.
Mass Observers’ Attitudes to Class, 1990
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses responses to Mass Observation’s 1990 directive on ‘social divisions’ to examine what the Mass Observers thought about class. It concludes that earlier accounts have overstated these (largely middle-class) writers’ comfortableness with technical, sociological class language. Rather, many were hostile to or ambivalent about using such terms, and drew on popular culture, especially humour, when talking about class. A rejection of ‘class’ and snobbishness, and an emphasis on ordinariness and authenticity, were again central to many Mass Observers’ writings about class. In their testimonies, we can also see that new ethnic diversity and new, more diverse norms of gender in post-war Britain had disrupted the old class categories. Upwardly mobile people were particularly over-represented among the Mass Observers and their writing shows that upward social mobility—which expanded in the post-war decades—could lead to a cultural ‘homelessness’ and critiques of both traditional working-class and traditional middle-class cultures.
Thank Heaven for Little Flaws
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 introduces central themes of the book by dealing with the importance of symmetry principles in physics and of small symmetry violations (or “flaws”) in establishing conditions for life. It provides a visual analog of the combined symmetries of parity (P) and charge conjugation (C) via a drawing by M.C. Escher. Escher’s signature represents a small imperfection in the drawing’s otherwise nearly perfect symmetry, inspiring the book’s title. This chapter argues that a well-tuned violation of the combined CP symmetry (i.e., a CP violation) is necessary to establish a preference for matter over antimatter (i.e., matter–antimatter asymmetry), while still allowing for a long-lived universe that resists gravitational collapse. The chapter establishes the book’s focus on the intricate tapestry of inventive experiments physicists are pursuing to expose and quantify the extent of these tiny flaws.
Where’s the Antimatter Gone, Long Time Passing?
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 describes experiments searching for CP symmetry violations that might account for the matter–antimatter imbalance in our universe. It describes the historical discovery of mesons and quantum-mechanical oscillations between particle and antiparticle (i.e., particle–antiparticle oscillations) in the neutral K meson and heavier meson systems. It introduces quarks and quark flavor. The chapter relates CP violation to violations of time reversal invariance that might be revealed by a spatial separation of positive and negative electric charge within or around the fundamental constituent particles of matter. It describes a halfcentury of experimental searches, including ongoing projects, for the particle electric dipole moments that would characterize such a charge separation. Technological advances (such as ultra-cold neutron beams) and theoretical concepts (such as vacuum polarization) relevant to these searches are introduced. While some CP violation has been clearly observed, its extent remains insufficient to account for the universe’s matter–antimatter imbalance.
Randomness and Complexity
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 7 describes the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules, and in biological evolution. Experiments testing the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox have demonstrated, via Bell’s inequalities, that no local hidden variable theory can provide a viable alternative to quantum mechanics, with its fundamental randomness built in. Randomness presumably plays an equally important role in the chemical assembly of a wide array of polymer molecules to be sampled for their ability to store genetic information and self-replicate, fueling the sort of abiogenesis assumed in the RNA world hypothesis of life’s beginnings. Evidence for random mutations in biological evolution, microevolution of both bacteria and antibodies and macroevolution of the species, is briefly reviewed. The importance of natural selection in guiding the adaptation of species to changing environments is emphasized. A speculative role of cosmological natural selection for black-hole fecundity in the evolution of universes is discussed.
Lucky or Special?
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 9 sums up the cumulative evidence from preceding chapters and addresses (without resolution) the underlying question of how to interpret the existence of a universe so finely tuned. The chapter’s central science vs. religion theme contrasts conceptions of a Creator, who established conditions for life, with the anthropic principle, which claims that it is inevitable that living observers find physical attributes that are tuned to support life in their universe. The concepts of eternal inflation, the multiverse, and the string theory landscape of myriad possible vacuum states are introduced. The astronomical odds against landing in a universe built on a string theory vacuum capable of supporting life are contrasted with the vastly superior odds of finding a planet in our universe within the habitable zone of a living star. The testability of the multiverse concept is discussed in the framework of Karl Popper’s criterion of scientific falsifiability.
Visible Policing Subjects and Low Visibility Policing
Authors: Boon-Kuo Louise
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that street-based migration policing in Australia is the site of two important dynamics in contemporary practices of racialization. It explores migration policing as a process that racializes the putatively race-neutral legal categories of citizenship and unlawful non-citizenship. Immigration status checks of both citizens and non-citizens reveal how assumptions about ethnicity have informed whether a person is stopped on the street, how investigations into identity and citizenship have been conducted, and whether a person is detained under immigration laws. This chapter also briefly explores the limited oversight over migration policing as a practice which props up the myth of legal racial neutrality. Thinking through these practices, this chapter raises questions about how race is formed and obscured through the low visibility of migration policing and the methodological implications for migration and policing research.
Boltzmann’s Theory
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

In this last chapter, the reader will find synthetic reflections on Boltzmann’s sources, on the basic components of his theory, and on the ways it was received. The basic components are arranged according to the natural order in which they occurred in Boltzmann’s theory making: constructive tools, chief constructions, crucial predictions, underlying concepts, bridges between different approaches. To fully understand his enterprise, one must embrace his theory as an entire whole organism. This is a difficult and time-consuming task, which this book is meant to ease. In the past, Boltzmann’s readers fortunately did not need a historian’s thoroughness in order to benefit from his multiple constructs and insights. These elements, even taken out of context, had enough power to propel diverging theoretical projects from Boltzmann’s times to ours. In many ways, Boltzmann’s theory anticipated the richness, diversity, and residual opacity of modern statistical mechanics.
Dryden and the Cultivation of the Restoration Pindaric Ode
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

This chapter traces Dryden’s responses to the development of the Restoration Pindaric ode. In Renaissance Europe, Pindar’s Greek odes were commonly seen as examples of inspired poetry. Abraham Cowley’s vernacular odes echoed and modified this tradition by presenting irregular Pindaric metre and form as a vehicle for paraphrasing biblical scripture. The chapter sees how Dryden thought through this link between inspiration and the Pindaric in odes including ‘To the Memory of Anne Killigrew’ and ‘An Ode for Secelia’s Day’. The heavenly origins of music and its ability to provoke the passions were central to Dryden’s adaptation of the form’s inspired heritage. Such ideas developed politicized associations with military violence after William III came to the throne in 1689. The chapter argues that Dryden’s late ode ‘Alexander’s Feast’ is engaged in a close, critical conversation with Williamite sublime poetics as practised especially by John Dennis.
The Demand for a New Product
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This is the first of three chapters that review the factors that drive the demand for, supply of, and the incentives to introduce new products. It explores the determination of the demand for newly launched products, with emphasis upon intertemporal development. Parallels are drawn with the literature on the diffusion of new technologies and it is emphasized how learning, differences between buyers, stock effects, order, and other effects impact upon the demand. The issue of new suppliers offering further products on the market is explored with a distinction between new to market and new to firm products and between horizontal and vertical innovations. The demand for a product innovation may change over time as products, knowledge, and the number of suppliers changes. One might expect that prices (and price expectations) play a major role in the determination of demand, but many other factors also come into play.
Empirical Evidence on the Determination of the Extent of Product Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers determinants of product innovation across and within firms. Firms that are innovative in one dimension are also innovative in others; thus both what distinguishes the innovating firm and the literature based upon the analysis of various innovation indicators can give insight into the determinants of product innovation. It is concluded that (i) technological characteristics of industries matter; (ii) firm and market characteristics are related, but not linearly, to innovation; (iii) the two most important firm characteristics are internal finance and sales; (iv) there is an inverted U-curve relationship between competition and R&D; (v) competition in foreign markets is predominantly found to have positive effects on innovation at home; (vi) there are various spillover effects. Survey data on the constraints to innovation indicate that the issues considered to be of main importance are (i) innovation costs; (ii) risk and finance; and (iii) the availability of qualified labour.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

The Introduction surveys a wide range of early modern textual production—including both literary genres and professional or technical materials pertaining to cartography—in order to offer a sense of the breadth of cartographic anxieties alive in the period, and to offer a taxonomy of the kinds of anxiety (about the map’s representational insufficiency, or about its political efficacy, or about its worrying complicity in state violence) most perceptible in the epic works Chapters 1–3 treat in depth. The introduction proposes that early modern writers and readers interrogating the map’s obfuscation of its own metaphoricity, its manipulation of detail and frame, and its innovative bibliographic presentation, ended up confronting literature’s own protocols for mediating the literal and the figurative, for constructing description and imagery, and for exploiting or rejecting their own material instantiations.
The Embedded Costs of Power Sharing
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter covers the factors that shape the formation of coalitions in presidential systems. It distinguishes these factors from those that determine coalition formation in parliamentary systems. It focuses particular attention on the distal (legislative parties, institutional rules, electoral dynamics) and proximal (formateur party size and legislative fragmentation) factors. It also specifies how the size, fairness, and heterogeneity of coalitions on ‘Day One’ of a presidential term affect the subsequent task of coalition maintenance. It distinguishes between ‘Day One’ coalitions in terms of high, moderate, or low levels of maintenance, and introduces the fifty-one episodes of coalitional presidentialism that are the focus of discussion in the following chapters.
Partisan Powers and Coalition Management
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how presidents manage coalitions by wielding control over the behaviour of their co-partisans. It presents examples of presidents in Armenia, Ecuador, and Malawi who failed to deploy this tool effectively, and discusses the significant costs that they incurred. It also discusses the system-level (electoral system, party organization), coalition-level (size of the president’s party, heterogeneity of the coalition), and conjunctural factors (crisis, policy success, time) that have shaped the relative costs that presidents face when they deploy partisan powers. It analyses data on party defections to assess the consequences of weak partisan powers, and it explores examples of effective and ineffective partisan tool deployment in Brazil, Ukraine, and Malawi. Finally, it uses data from surveys of MPs to assess the relative significance of partisan power, and explores the differences in the ways that presidents deploy partisan powers across the nine country cases.
The Social Dialogue as a Source of EU Legal Acts—Past Performance and Future Perspectives
Authors: van Hoek Aukje A.H.
Published: March 2018

EU law recognizes the regulatory role of social partners—the bodies representing management and labour—but provides neither a legal nor a fully developed conceptual framework. An output analysis of the texts produced by the social partners demonstrates that they fulfil a variety of functions, both as stakeholders and co-regulators. However, only a small percentage of the documents produced in the European social dialogue have the status of EU collective agreements. It is the latter group which is most interesting from the point of view of regulation. A further analysis tracks the different interactions between EU law and EU collective agreements and highlights the tension between horizontal and vertical subsidiarity created by the REFIT agenda.
Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

This chapter sets out the plan of the book, and poses the question of whether humanity is making progress with sustainable development, as seen over the course of history, or not.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

This chapter is about the sustainable development of humanity from the beginnings of recorded history until the year 1800. The quest for sustainable development during all of these centuries was always a struggle between unsustainable environmental practices, unsustainable economic contexts, and heavy prices to be paid for most of the world’s people in terms of longevity, poverty, and famine. Despite some improvements in the great civilizations of antiquity in their economic and social contexts in the cases of ancient Greece, Italy, and China, the progress they achieved was washed away in the Middle Ages for the West, and a few centuries later, for China. Economic growth (but not social or environmental improvements) began to change in the west, but only very slowly, from the Renaissance forwards. Although environmental and social sustainability were not being solved at this point, one part of the equation, showed glimmerings of progress.
The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

This chapter is about the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution, and the swirl of science, technology, and radical change within the epoch. Of all the three elements of sustainable development, the one that really changed was economic growth.
Getting the Stories
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes the qualitative methodology used in this study. Risman and her students and colleagues designed an interview schedule to study gender as a social structure. Questions were asked about experiences across different life contexts. Questions focused on the individual level of identities, the interactional level of expectations they held for others and faced by themselves, and their macro-level ideologies and experiences of institutional constraints. Most of the 116 respondents were from Chicagoland and were recruited at local universities, LGBTQ centers, and by word of mouth. The majority‒minority sample was also gender diverse including transgender, genderqueer, and other nonconforming respondents. All data were recorded and transcribed for qualitative data analysis. A preview of the findings is included as a conclusion to the chapter.
The Innovators
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the innovators and provides a portrait of them. The chapter analyzes these innovators at the individual, interactional, and macro level of the gender structure. The chapter begins at the individual level of analysis because these young people emphasize how they challenge gender by rejecting requirements to restrict their personal activities, goals, and personalities to femininity or masculinity. They refuse to live within gender stereotypes. These Millennials do not seem driven by their feminist ideological beliefs, although they do have them. Their worldviews are more taken for granted than central to their stories. Nor are they consistently challenging gender expectations for others, although they often ignore the gender expectations they face themselves. They innovate primarily in their personal lives, although they do reject gendered expectations at the interactional level and hold feminist ideological beliefs about gender equality.
Uncle Sam Rag
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes Bob Fosse’s work on the shows Redhead and The Conquering Hero. At Gwen Verdon’s insistence, Fosse was hired as both choreographer and director of Redhead, a musical comedy murder mystery. Working closely with the authors, Fosse shaped Redhead into a dazzling star vehicle with the pace and fluidity of a show fully staged by one person. This success was followed by The Conquering Hero, on which Fosse felt that his contributions as director-choreographer were sufficiently integral to the show’s creation that he sought, and received, Dramatists Guild recognition as an author. But this time, his relationship with his collaborators was combative, and he was dismissed while the show was in out-of-town tryouts. Fosse’s experience on The Conquering Hero demonstrated that the control he increasingly sought was not always easily negotiated.
Reciting the Goddess
Authors: Birkenholtz Jessica Vantine
Published: March 2018

This book presents a new perspective on the making of Hinduism in Nepal with the first book-length study of Nepal’s goddess Svasthānī and the popular Svasthānīvratakathā textual tradition. In the centuries following its origin as a short local legend in the sixteenth century, the Svasthānīvratakathā developed into a comprehensive Purana text that is still widely celebrated today among Nepal’s Hindus with an annual month-long recitation. This book interrogates the ways in which the Svasthānīvratakathā can be viewed as a medium through which the effects of important shifts in the political and cultural landscape that occurred among Nepal’s ruling elite were taken up by the general public and are evidenced within one decidedly local, lay tradition. Drawing on both archival and ethnographic research, the book begins with a detailed examination of Svasthānī (“the Goddess of One’s Own Place”) and the Svasthānīvratakathā within the shifting literary, linguistic, religious, cultural, and political contexts of medieval and modern Nepal from the sixteenth century to the present. It then widens its scope to explore the complementary and contentious dynamics between Nepal’s heterogeneous Newar Hindu and high-caste hill Hindu communities and those of Nepal as a Hindu kingdom vis-à-vis Hindu India. The Svasthānī tradition serves as a case study for a broader discussion of the making of Hindu religious identity and practice in Nepal and South Asia, and the role of religion in historical political change. This book brings to the fore a neglected vantage point on the master narratives of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent.
Creative in a different sort of way
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

This final chapter of Music as Creative Practice addresses a variety of contexts that shape practices of creative music-making. Topics include the prodigy phenomenon from Mozart to Michael Jackson; long-term relationships of creative intimacy, with a case study of Elgar; the teaching of creative performance, including issues of the relationship between tacit and explicit knowledge; the application of ideas of originality and innovation to music, leading to a critical analysis of copyright in music; and repetition, traditionally regarded as the opposite of creativity, but in music an illustration of the creative potential of thinking within the box. The aim is to develop the foundations for an approach to creativity that is better adapted to music than the innovation-based approaches that dominate the creativity literature, and also better adapted to the circumstances of everyday life—an approach that is fully presented in the book's Conclusion.
Health, Illness, and Disease
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

This introduction discusses traditional meanings of the following concepts: health, sickness, disease, suffering, and healing. The point is made that “disease” is an abstract phenomenon, albeit one that is critically important to the contemporary practice of medicine. Unfortunately, the term disease has often come to occupy the center of physicians’ preoccupations. Currently, health is considered in a negative sense, as an “absence of disease.” This chapter proposes a new and bold definition of sickness, one that revolves around the notion of function. This opens up possibilities for the goals of physicians and for medical education to be truly person centered.
Functioning
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

Sickness is defined as follows: The inability of individuals to pursue their goals and purposes because of impairments in functioning. Functional impairment may occur at any place from the molecular to the spiritual. This chapter explores the meaning of functioning and its relationship to personal activities and participation in society. It also discusses impairments in function, its distinction from disability, and physicians’ roles in returning patients to a functional status and a sense of well-being. Conceptual links between functioning and narrative structure are proposed.
Person-Centeredness
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The historical roots of the term patient-centeredness are presented. The point is made that, although the term possesses considerable rhetorical power, in reality many institutions that wave the banner of patient-centeredness remain resolutely disease focused. This has been the case since the early nineteenth century, when clinicopathologic correlation became an imperative of medical practice. That the doctor’s primary mandate is to ferret out disease remains a tenacious precept in contemporary medical practice as well as in medical education. This chapter argues that a medicine anchored in a new and bold definition of sickness, one with a laser-sharp focus on a person’s functioning, necessarily opens many avenues for a practice centered on the person.
Teaching a Clinical Method Adapted to Contemporary Medicine
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

A truly person-centered curriculum requires important changes to how the clinical method is taught. Medical interviewing demands explicit instruction in how the spoken language works and specific strategies that elevate the status of attentive listening so that this aspect is seen as important as the more mechanical aspects of traditional communication skills training. The term chief complaint is declared outdated and suggestions for its replacement are offered. The medical record is considered an important educational instrument, and recommendations are made so that it is in service of functional assessment and better aligned to a person-centered approach. Modifications to the physical examination, particularly a renewed emphasis on clinical observation, are outlined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of clinical thinking and judgment. A plea is made for inculcating a receptiveness toward a narrative competence within medicine.
Phases III and IV—Doctoring
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

Phases III and IV of the Physicianship Curriculum focus on clinical knowledge, skills, judgment, and discernment—in short, on “doctoring.” Phase III learning activities occur mainly in clinics, day hospitals, and other outpatient settings; phase IV is in hospitals or other contexts for care of persons with acute illnesses. Students serve as members of health care teams and attending teachers ensure that, whenever possible, instruction involves actual patients encountered by the students. This is designed to provide role models of bedside (and patient-side) behaviors and avoid the depersonalization of paper- (or computer-) based reviews of clinical “cases.” Phase III has four 12-week modules addressing 12 clinical disciplines. Phase IV includes four 6-week modules in mandatory rotations and additional time for electives. Direct patient contact is emphasized, supplemented by case-based teaching, journal clubs, and sessions on imaging and other diagnostic tools. An important goal is to foster critical appraisal.
“The Real Nature and Spirit of Our Lives”
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Proponents of social evolution blurred boundaries between commerce and Christianity after the Civil War, championing Christian work as a means to economic growth, republican liberty, and national prosperity. Meanwhile, workers invoked Christ to condemn patronizing attitudes toward labor, and by organizing labor unions to hold capitalists accountable to Pauline ideals of social membership. Influenced by organic theories of social organization that traced modern corporations to medieval institutions, U.S. courts began recognizing corporations as natural persons protected by rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which had originally be crafted to protect the rights of African Americans.
“The Very Heart and Soul and Spirit of Our National Will”
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Public relations and advertising developed during the 1920s, supporting new theories of corporate trusteeship that called on managers to balance the interests of owners, workers, and consumers. Battling New Deal reforms amid widespread belief that big business was to blame for the Great Depression, business leaders became more dedicated to partisan politics. Opponents of government regulation found new bedfellows in fundamentalist Christians who interpreted current events in light of a cosmic battle between Christ and the Antichrist. Business leaders drawn to conservative interpretations of the Bible supported the expansion of evangelical networks that linked patriotism and fundamentalist Christianity to anti-statist economic policy.
Inferential Analysis
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

Researchers often employ statistical techniques to test hypotheses and to express the relative certainty they have when making a claim about how statistics derived from their sample data might be representative of population parameters. This chapter illustrates the logic underlying inferential statistical tests. Inferential analyses involves a set of tools that music education researchers can use when posing scientific questions and seeking to refute their hypotheses. The chapter describes techniques that can be used for testing hypotheses and estimating population parameters on the basis of sample data. In doing so, the chapter emphasizes basic approaches to null hypothesis significance testing, interpreting effect sizes, and building confidence intervals. The chapter also provides a brief critique of null hypothesis significance testing as a tradition.
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter consists of data-driven examples of how factor analysis as a statistical tool can be applied in music education research. The chapter presents examples of how factor analysis methods can be used to identify latent variables, which in turn can be used to represent a broad set of measured variables. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques are compared and illustrated with data-driven examples. The examples highlight some of the major considerations and basic steps for performing factor analyses so that the reader can begin to imagine how to apply this technique to their own research questions.
Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents structural equation modeling as a tool for conducting research regarding how collections of variables may be related to each other as well as to a particular outcome or even multiple outcomes. Structural equation modeling refers to a collection of analytical techniques that can be used to model complex patterns of predictive relationships among a collection of both measured and latent variables. As a statistical tool, structural equation modeling combines the features of regression and factor analysis. The chapter offers conceptual illustrations and practical steps for carrying out structural equation modeling by describing mediation and moderation analyses in the context of music education research.
Postlude
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter brings the book to a satisfying conclusion. Rather than rehashing the previous 15 chapters, this postlude presents a series of important pieces of advice for leading a life of a music education researcher. The aim of this chapter is to help novice and early career researchers as they transition from consumers of music education research methods texts to producers of meaningful music education research. The advice section includes guidance on research design choices and trade-offs, suggestions on how to become a better researcher, and observations on the state of the field. The chapter concludes with suggestions for next steps after reading the book.
Master Tara Singh’s Rise into Pre-eminence
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

In the first elections to the SGPC (Central Board) Kharak Singh and Master Tara Singh were elected President and Vice-President. Most of the meetings of the SGPC from 1926 to 1929 were presided over by Master Tara Singh, and a number of important resolutions were passed. He played a leading role in the Akali agitation against the Maharaja of Patiala, and in mobilizing Sikh opinion against the recommendations of the Motilal Nehru Committee which were unjust to the Sikhs. Eventually, the Congress passed a resolution at its annual session at Lahore in 1929 that no constitution for India would be finalized without the consent of the Sikhs. Master Tara Singh decided to work with the Congress, but Kharak Singh decided to boycott it. Elected President of the SGPC in 1930, Master Tara Singh replaced Kharak Singh as the topmost leader of the Akalis.
Emergence of the Demand for Territorial Reorganization of East Punjab
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Master Tara Singh’s differences with the Congress Government in political matters began to emerge in 1948. In March 1948, the Akali legislators joined the Congress party in the legislature. Master Tara Singh underscored, nevertheless, that it was essential to preserve Sikh identity in religious, social, and political matters. The Akali Dal made it clear in October 1948 that the most effective safeguard for a minority was the right to choose its own representatives through separate electorates. In February 1949, Master Tara Singh emphasized that the root of all demands and all principles for the Sikhs was to have political power. Sardar Patel kept Master Tara Singh under detention for about eight months as a political prisoner under the Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which did not allow any legal intervention. His purpose was to settle all major Sikh issues without Master Tara Singh.
Indian Nationalism
Authors: Shamshad Rizwana
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides the narrative framework within which the nationalist discourses in the three states are analysed. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section deals with a review of literature on nationalisms that have prevailed in India after Independence, and which are relevant to positioning the Bangladeshi migrants present in the three states. The second section points to some key concepts from the non-Indian literature that invites attention. The last section states the two axiomatic assumptions that underlie the narrative structure and which give the study a unity. The first assumption is that the discourse of nationalism starts with colonialism, the second assumption is that partitions have had defining impact on nationalist thought in India.
Gandhi's Dharma
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

When asked about his message to the world, the Mahatma famously said, ‘My life is my message.’ In him there was no room for contradiction between thought and action. His life in its totality is a series of experiments to convert dharma, moral principles, into karma, practices in action. Gandhi believed that development is a dialectical process stemming from the antinomy of two aspects latent within every individual—the brute and the divine. While the former represents instinct-driven behaviour, the latter is one’s true self, which is altruistic. Gandhi described this process in different fields, most of which are relevant even today. Gandhi’s Dharma is an overview of Mahatma Gandhi—his person, philosophy, and practices. The author asserts that the basic principles governing Gandhi’s thoughts—satya, ahimsa, and sarvodaya—are not relics of the past. Nor are his thoughts an obsolete list of rules. Gandhi’s ideas are dynamic principles perpetually in the making, perfectly adaptable to contemporary life.
Satya and Ahimsa
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

The third chapter discusses truth (satya) and non-violence (ahimsa) as the basic principles encompassing the entire spectrum of Gandhi’s thought. This chapter deals primarily with the philosophical foundations of Gandhian thought and practices. In Gandhi’s ontology, reality comprises two aspects—the transcendent and the immanent, the ideal and the actual. The dual aspects of reality often appear in the human condition as polarized. The perceived bipolarity sets up a dialectical process and results in a sequence of attempts to find practical synthesis of the ideal and the actual. This chapter is an attempt to address the theoretical conundrums surfacing in Gandhi’s work and sketch a plausible framework for a philosophical structure in order to understand Gandhi’s ideas and practices in the chapters that follow.
Ramarajya
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on Gandhi’s vision of governance. The Mahatma envisioned the ideal form of governance as Ramarajya. By Ramarajya, Gandhi meant a form of government which involves the empowerment of people at grassroots, equality of opportunity, decentralization of administration, cooperative participation of people, and democratic self-governance. The chapter discusses various steps taken since Independence by the Congress and governments by other parties to implement Gandhi’s ideas on Panchayat Raj and, more recently, the new initiatives of the government headed by Narendra Modi such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (Model Village Plans), and the Smart City initiative. However, the author mentions that these initiatives need to be based not on Western application of sophisticated information technology, but on promoting face-to-face relations between people and on developing instrumentalities to breathe rural ethos into urban life.