bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical mass spectrometry of herbicides
Authors: Budde William L.
Published: November 2003

I.
Introduction
 2

   II.
Scope of Information Within Each Herbicide Category
 3

  III.
Herbicides by Category
 4

A.  Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Salts
 4

B.  Amides, Including Chloroacetanilides
 4

C.  Aminoacids and Derivatives
 5

D.  Benzoic and Phthalic Acids, Esters, and Salts
 6

E.  Benzonitriles
 7

F.  Cyclohexanediones
 7

G.  Dinitrophenylamines (Dinitroanilines)
 7

H.  Diphenyl Ethers
 8

I.  Imidazolinones
 9

J.  Miscellaneous Heterocyclics
10

K.  Phenols
11

L.  Phenoxycarboxylic Acids, Esters, and Salts
12

M.  Pyridines
13

N.  Pyridazines
14

O.  Quaternary Ammonium Salts
15

P.  Sulfonylureas
16

Q.  Sulfonamides and Other Sulfur Compounds
16

R.  Thiocarbamates and Carbamates
19

S.  Triazines and Related Compounds
19

T.  Triazoles
20

U.  Ureas
21

References
22

Herbicides are chemical substances that are applied to agricultural soils, gardens, lawns, or plants to destroy or to prevent the growth of undesirable vegetation. The herbicides included in this review are generally synthetic organic compounds that are ingredients in commercial herbicide products that were designated active during late 2002 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's database of registered and canceled pesticide products. The compounds are organized into 21 categories according to their general chemical structures or a common structural group. The herbicides in each category are discussed in terms of their structures, their database electron ionization mass spectra, and their amenability to separation and measurement with gas chromatography, reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Ionization techniques that are considered here are mainly electron ionization, electrospray, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Sixty‐six references are provided to herbicide reviews, and to the recent herbicide analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry research literature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 23:1–24, 2004
Lung proteome alterations in a mouse model for nonallergic asthma
Authors: Houtman René , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Kool Mirjam , Romijn Edwin P. , Redegeld Frank A. , Nijkamp Frans P. , Heck Albert J. R. , Humphery‐Smith Ian
Published: November 2003

A mouse model for nonatopic asthma was employed to study the alterations of the lung proteome to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease pathophysiology post‐challenge. Lung samples from asthmatic and control mice were used to generate 24 high quality two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels wherein 2115 proteins were examined for disease relevance. In total, 23 proteins were significantly up‐ or down‐regulated following hapten‐challenge of dinitro‐fluorobenzene‐hypersensitive mice. Twenty proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, of which 18 could be linked to asthma related symptoms, such as stress and inflammation, lung detoxification, plasma exudation and/or tissue remodeling. As such, proteomics was clearly vindicated as a means of studying this complex disease phenomenon. The proteins found in this study may not necessarily play a role in the immunological mechanisms and/or pathophysiology of asthma development. However, they may prove useful as surrogate biomarkers for quantitatively monitoring disease state progression or response to therapy. The mathematics of achieving statistical confidence from low numbers of gel replicates containing large numbers of independent variables stress the need for high numbers of replicates to better sample the population of proteins revealed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Dihydropyrimidinase related protein‐2 as a biomarker for temperature and time dependent post mortem changes in the mouse brain proteome
Authors: Franzén Bo , Yang Yang , Sunnemark Dan , Wickman Monica , Ottervald Jan , Oppermann Madalina , Sandberg Kristian
Published: November 2003

Proteome analysis in the central nervous system area represents a large and important challenge in drug discovery. One major problem is to obtain representative and well characterized tissues of high quality for analysis. We have used brain tissues from normal mice to study the effect of post mortem time (up to 32 h) and temperature (4°C and room temperature) on protein expression patterns. A number of proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and potential markers were localized. One of the proteins identified, dihydropyrimidinase related protein‐2 (DRP‐2), occurs as multiple spots in two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels. The ratio between the truncated form of DRP‐2 (fDRP‐2) and full length DRP‐2 is suggested as an internal control that can be used as a biomarker of post mortem time and post mortem temperature between unrelated brain protein samples. Results of this study may be useful in future efforts to detect disease specific alterations in proteomic studies of human post mortem brain tissues.
Proteomic identification of heat shock protein 70 as a candidate target for enhancing apoptosis induced by farnesyl transferase inhibitor
Authors: Hu Wei , Wu WeiGuo , Verschraegen Claire F. , Chen Ling , Mao Li , Yeung Sai‐Ching Jim , Kudelka Andrzej P. , Freedman Ralph S. , Kavanagh John J.
Published: November 2003

Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) are novel antitumor drugs with clinical activity. FTIs inhibit cell growth not only by preventing direct Ras farnesylation but also through a Ras‐independent pathway. Proteomics has been shown to be a powerful tool to monitor and analyze molecular networks and fluxes within the living cells and to identify the proteins that participate in these networks upon perturbation of the cellular environment. To observe early and dynamic protein changes in the cellular response to FTI in ovarian cancer cells, total proteins were extracted from 2774 cells treated or not with 10 μM manumycin, an FTI, for 3, 6 and 16 h. The proteins in the cells that were differentially expressed following treatment with manumycin for 3, 6 and 16 h were noted by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and further identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as stress proteins. Both heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and altered HSP70 were significantly up‐regulated as early as 16 h in 2774 cells after exposure to manumycin. Since HSP70 plays an important role in protecting cells under stress, we treated the 2774 cells with the HSP inhibitor quercetin in combination with FTI. Quercetin dramatically enhanced the manumycin‐mediated apoptosis in 2774 cells. Inducible HSP70 by manumycin in surviving ovarian cancer cells was also inhibited by quercetin as demonstrated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The inhibition of HSP70 by quercetin was correlated with enhancement of manumycin‐induced mediated apoptosis in 2774 cells. The inhibition of HSP70 by 50 μM quercetin was also correlated with a decreased expression of procaspase‐3 and enhancement of specific cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase into apoptotic fragment in 2774 cells treated with manumycin. The interaction between the HSP70 inhibitor and FTI confirms the functional significance of the up‐regulation of HSP70 as a protective mechanism against FTI‐induced apoptosis and provides the framework for combination treatment of ovarian cancer.
Single‐step perfusion chromatography with a throughput potential for enhanced peptide detection by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Choi Byung‐Kwon , Cho Young‐Moon , Bae Soo‐Han , Zoubaulis Christos C. , Paik Young‐Ki
Published: November 2003

Mass spectrometric peptide mapping of proteins separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis can be routinely performed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) which has become a standard tool. Since MALDI‐MS detection relies heavily on the quality of the MALDI target, development of an efficient sample preparation technique for removal of sample contaminants is necessary. To date, among the several sample preparation techniques for MALDI targets available, multistep perfusion chromatography (MSPC) using Poros R2 and Oligo R3 has been most commonly used. However, MSPC requires at least four working steps and is not efficient for high‐throughput analysis and recovery of low abundance proteins. During the course of proteomic analysis of a large set of rat liver tissues and the immortalized human sebaceous gland cells (SZ95 cells), we were interested in developing an alternative to MSPC. Here, we describe a single‐step perfusion chromatography (SSPC) method for MALDI target preparation, which uses a tiny column packed with a mixture of Poros R2 and Oligo R3 resins. The SSPC method significantly improves not only detection of peptides but also efficiency of sample handling, thus enabling high‐throughput sample preparation for analyzing large set of samples with high resolution and reproducibility.
Current therapy and new molecular approaches to antiviral treatment and prevention of hepatitis C
Authors: Hügle Thomas , Cerny Andreas
Published: November 2003

Current therapeutic options for hepatitis C are limited, especially for genotype 1. For genotypes 2 and 3, pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, can lead to a sustained virological response in up to 80% of patients. Unfortunately, adverse effects of IFN and ribavirin are a major problem and the list of contraindications for HCV therapy is long, including decompensated cirrhosis of the liver and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. New delivery options for IFN and ribavirin are aimed at optimising efficiency and reducing adverse effects. Recent progress in the molecular virology of HCV has identified new targets for antiviral intervention. Inhibition of HCV gene expression and replication as well as immunotherapeutic concepts aimed at enhancing the cellular immune response against HCV are being explored. Solution of the crystal structures of HCV key enzymes led to the design of specific inhibitors including compounds active against the well characterised NS3 serine protease and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase which are currently in the early phase clinical investigation. New strategies for inhibiting HCV gene expression include the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes. Immunomodulation by agents such as inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors, thymosin‐alpha 1, histamine or amantadine are being studied in combination with IFN and/or ribavirin. Immunotherapeutic vaccination with recombinant HCV E1 protein improved host immunity against HCV and thus seems to be a promising new option. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model for subsurface flow and variable source areas along complex hillslopes: 2. Intercomparison with a three‐dimensional Richards equation model
Authors: Paniconi Claudio , Troch Peter A. , van Loon E. Emiel , Hilberts Arno G. J.
Published: November 2003

The Boussinesq equation for subsurface flow in an idealized sloping aquifer of unit width has recently been extended to hillslopes of arbitrary geometry by incorporating the hillslope width function w(x) into the governing equation, where x is the flow distance along the length of the hillslope [Troch et al., 2003]. Introduction of a source/sink term N allows simulation of storm‐interstorm sequences in addition to drainage processes, while a function Sc(x) representing the maximum subsurface water storage can be used to account for surface saturation response in variable source areas activated by the saturation excess mechanism of runoff generation. The model can thus simulate subsurface flow and storage dynamics for nonidealized (more realistic) hillslope configurations. In this paper we assess the behavior of this relatively simple, one‐dimensional model in a series of intercomparison tests with a fully three‐dimensional Richards equation model. Special attention is given to the discretization and setup of the boundary and initial conditions for seven representative hillslopes of uniform, convergent, and divergent plan shape. Drainage and recharge experiments are conducted on these hillslopes for both gentle (5%) and steep (30%) bedrock slope angles. The treatment and influence of the drainable porosity parameter are also considered, and for the uniform (idealized) hillslope case the impact of the unsaturated zone is examined by running simulations for different capillary fringe heights. In general terms, the intercomparison results show that the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model is able to capture the broad shapes of the storage and outflow profiles for all of the hillslope configurations. In specific terms, agreement with the Richards equation results varies according to the scenario being simulated. The best matches in outflow hydrographs were obtained for the drainage experiments, suggesting a greater influence of the unsaturated zone under recharge conditions due to transmission of water throughout the hillslope. In the spatiotemporal water table response a better match was observed for convergent than divergent hillslopes, and the bedrock slope angle was not found to greatly influence the quality of the agreement between the two models. On the basis of the intercomparison experiments we make some suggestions for further development and testing of the hillslope‐storage model.
UV induced mass‐independent sulfur isotope fractionation in stratospheric volcanic sulfate
Authors: Savarino J. , Romero A. , Cole‐Dai J. , Bekki S. , Thiemens M. H.
Published: November 2003

Sulfuric acid aerosols produced in the stratosphere following massive volcanic eruptions possess a mass‐independent sulfur isotopic signature, acquired when volcanic SO2 experiences UV photooxidation. The volcanic data are consistent with laboratory SO2 photooxidation experiments using UV light at 248 nm (maximum absorption of ozone), whereas sulfur isotopic anomalies previously observed in Archean samples are consistent with photodissociation at 190–220 nm. A mechanism of SO2 photooxidation, occurring in the early stage of a stratospheric volcanic plume, in the range of 220–320 nm (weak band absorption of SO2), is also proposed. Since mass‐independent sulfur isotope anomalies in stratospheric volcanic sulfate appear to depend on the exposure of SO2 to UV radiation, their measurements might therefore offer the possibility to determine the degree of UV penetration in the ozone‐absorption window for the present and past atmospheres. They can also be used to determine the stratospheric or tropospheric nature of volcanic eruptions preserved in glaciological records, offering the possibility to reassess the climatic impact of past volcanic eruptions.
Geometrical force balance in glaciology
Authors: Hughes T.
Published: November 2003

The analytical force balance traditionally used in glaciology relates gravitational forcing to ice surface slope for sheet flow and to ice basal buoyancy for shelf flow. It is unable to represent stream flow as a transition from sheet flow to shelf flow by having gravitational forcing gradually passing from being driven by surface slope to being driven by basal buoyancy downslope along the length of an ice steam. This is a serious defect, because ice streams discharge up to 90% of ice from ice sheets into the sea. The defect is overcome by using a geometrical force balance that includes basal buoyancy, represented by the ratio of basal water pressure to ice overburden pressure, as a source of gravitational forcing. When combined with the mass balance, the geometrical force balance provides a holistic approach to ice flow in which resistance to gravitational flow must be summed upstream from the calving front of an ice shelf. This is not done in the analytical force balance, and it provides the ice‐thinning rate required by gravitational collapse of ice sheets as interior ice is downdrawn by ice streams.
Remote sensing studies of the Lomonosov‐Fleming region of the Moon
Authors: Giguere Thomas A. , Hawke B. Ray , Blewett D. T. , Bussey D. B. J. , Lucey Paul G. , Smith G. A. , Spudis P. D. , Taylor G. Jeffrey
Published: November 2003

Lomonosov‐Fleming is a 620 km, pre‐Nectarian impact basin centered at 19°N, 105°E. Clementine multispectral images and a variety of spacecraft photographs were used to investigate the composition and origin of geologic units in the region. Mare basalt deposits in the Lomonosov‐Fleming region are small and exhibit varying degrees of highlands contamination. Four previously unrecognized dark mantle deposits of probable pyroclastic origin were identified and mapped. A major expanse of cryptomare was mapped in and around the Lomonosov‐Fleming basin. Spectral and chemical data obtained for dark‐haloed craters (DHC) established that these impact craters excavated mare basalt from beneath higher‐albedo highlands‐rich surface units. The buried basalts exposed by DHCs in the region exhibit a variety of compositions, which range from very low titanium basalt to intermediate TiO2 mare basalt. Nectarian‐aged units with subjacent cryptomare are much more extensive than Imbrian‐aged deposits with underlying basalt. At least some of the buried mare basalts in the region may have been emplaced during pre‐Nectarian time. While both impact basins and craters played a role in cryptomare formation by transporting highlands material to mare surfaces, the evidence indicates that most of the cryptomare inside the basin are of the distal basin ejecta type. The enhanced FeO and TiO2 abundances exhibited by these cryptomare surfaces, usually light plains units, demonstrate that ballistic erosion and sedimentation played an important role in their formation.
The fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) FRIOS® Algipore® is a suitable biomaterial for the reconstruction of severely atrophic human maxillae
Authors: Christian Schopper , Doris Moser , Alexis Sabbas , Georgios Lagogiannis , Else Spassova , Franz König , Karl Donath , Rolf Ewers
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Grafting of the maxillary sinus is an established treatment modality to provide sufficient bone for the fixation of dental implants. We stated the hypothesis that the porous fluorohydroxyapatitic (FHA) biomaterial FRIOS® Algipore® could be used as a suitable biomaterial for sinus grafting in severely atrophic maxillae. To investigate the accuracy of our hypothesis, 69 trephine specimens from 26 patients who received maxillary sinus grafting with FRIOS® Algipore® were retrieved during the installation of dental implants. The specimens were processed undecalcified and subjected to histomorphological and histomorphometrical examination. After a mean healing time of 7 months, 23.0% (±8.3) new bone had formed around the implanted particles. Bone formation was also evident within the pores of the particles. Statistical analysis indicated that bone formation originated from the sinus floor. Particles provided scaffolding for the promotion of newly formed bone towards apical sinus portions. Mineral dissolution from the walls of the pores was observed prior to and during bone apposition. Thereafter, portions of the particles were resorbed during bone remodeling and replaced by newly formed bone. The present investigation shows that the biomaterial FRIOS® Algipore® is a suitable biomaterial for sinus grafting of severely atrophic maxillae.
Companion planting – do aromatic plants disrupt host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly and the onion fly more effectively than non‐aromatic plants?
Authors: Finch Stan , Billiald Helen , Collier Rosemary H.
Published: November 2003

Brassica and Allium host‐plants were each surrounded by four non‐host plants to determine how background plants affected host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) and the onion fly [Delia antiqua (Meig.)] (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), respectively. The 24 non‐host plants tested in field‐cage experiments included garden ‘bedding’ plants, weeds, aromatic plants, companion plants, and one vegetable plant. Of the 20 non‐host plants that disrupted host‐plant finding by the cabbage root fly, fewest eggs (18% of check total) were laid on host plants surrounded by the weed Chenopodium album L., and most (64% of check total) on those surrounded by the weed Fumaria officinalis L. Of the 15 plants that disrupted host‐plant finding in the preliminary tests involving the onion fly, the most disruptive (8% of check total) was a green‐leaved variant of the bedding plant Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bail and the least disruptive (57% of check total) was the aromatic plant Mentha piperita × citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. Plant cultivars of Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. and Pelargonium×hortorum, selected for their reddish foliage, were less disruptive than comparable cultivars with green foliage. The only surrounding plants that did not disrupt oviposition by the cabbage root fly were the low‐growing scrambling plant Sallopia convolvulus L., the grey‐foliage plant Cineraria maritima L., and two plants, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. and Lobelia erinus L. which, from their profuse covering of small flowers, appeared to be white and blue, respectively. The leaf on which the fly landed had a considerable effect on subsequent behaviour. Flies that landed on a host plant searched the leaf surface in an excited manner, whereas those that landed on a non‐host plant remained more or less motionless. Before taking off again, the flies stayed 2–5 times as long on the leaf of a non‐host plant as on the leaf of a host plant. Host‐plant finding was affected by the size (weight, leaf area, height) of the surrounding non‐host plants. ‘Companion plants’ and aromatic plants were no more disruptive to either species of fly than the other plants tested. Disruption by all plants resulted from their green leaves, and not from their odours and/or tastes.
Coupling diet quality and Bowman‐Birk and Kunitz‐type soybean proteinase inhibitor effectiveness to Diatraea saccharalis development and mortality
Authors: Pompermayer Patrícia , Falco Maria Cristina , Parra José Roberto P. , Silva‐Filho Marcio C.
Published: November 2003

We used bioassays to investigate the effect of Bowman‐Birk and Kunitz‐type soybean proteinase inhibitors on two artificial diets (diets 1 and 2) which are commonly used to feed laboratory colonies of larvae of the moth Diatraea saccharalis, monitoring food intake and utilization, and larval development and mortality. Diet 1 was less nutritious, with a low protein content and reduced mineral and essential amino acid (e.g., cysteine, lysine, and methionine) content, while diet 2 was richer and more complete. When proteinase inhibitors were incorporated into the artificial diets, the effects on larval development were significantly greater for those larvae fed diet 1, with the chronic ingestion of proteinase inhibitors reducing the level of trypsin‐like activity in the midgut of larvae fed this diet. Larvae fed diet 2 also showed a reduced level of tryptic activity in the midgut, but this was less marked than for diet 1. These results indicate that despite their inhibitory effect on midgut enzymes, the effectiveness of proteinase inhibitors is directly dependent on the quality of the diet. The different effects seen on insect biology when proteinase inhibitors are added to rich or poor diets suggests that the role of anti‐nutritional proteins in the control of insects might not be adequately addressed by bioassays based on the incorporation of inhibitors into artificial diets.
Female Cowbird Song Perception: Evidence for Plasticity of Preference
Authors: King Andrew P. , West Meredith J. , White David J.
Published: November 2003

The goal of the research reported here was to look for evidence of modifiability of preference for male song in female cowbirds, Molothrus ater. To this end, we investigated whether social experience affected the breadth and consistency of females’ playback preferences for geographic variants of male song. In three experiments, we varied female cowbirds’ exposure to males. Wild‐caught juvenile females showed a preference for local song in their first year when housed without males in sound‐attenuating chambers, as we had found previously with adult females. But we found that neither adult nor juvenile females showed a preference for local over distant song after they had been housed in large, outdoor aviaries with other females but without male residents. Aviary housing with local males did lead to preferences for local songs. These data represent the first unqualified evidence that adult and juvenile female cowbird preferences for song are modifiable. These data add to the growing body of literature suggesting that receivers, as well as signalers, rely on learning during development of their communication system.
Oviposition Behavior and Offspring Emergence Patterns in Succinea thaanumi, an Endemic Hawaiian Land Snail
Authors: Brown Susan G. , Crowell Karen , Keene Patricia
Published: November 2003

In this field study, newly laid egg clutches of Succinea thaanumi, an endemic Hawaiian land snail, were labeled and observed weekly over a 12‐mo period. Snails usually laid their clutches under leaf tips and, moreover, this placement affected snail emergence by mitigating the effects of dehydration through the leaf‐drip phenomenon. During droughts, the gel surrounding egg clutches dehydrated, pasting the embryos to the backs of leaves. The hygroscopic gel rehydrated once rains resumed. The majority of newly laid clutches contained shell‐less embryos which required more time for emergence than embryos laid with visible shells. More shelled embryos were laid subsequent to a 3‐wk drought, indicating that snails retained their eggs during adverse environmental conditions and laid them when conditions improved. The snails’ abilities to retain eggs in adverse conditions, but to lay more unshelled embryos over their lifetimes, contributed to their overall reproductive success.
Gelatinase B is associated with peri‐implant bone loss
Authors: Ma Jian , Kitti Uula , Hanemaaijer Roeland , Teronen Olli P. , Sorsa Timo A. , Natah Sirajedin , Tensing Eve‐Kai , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: The aim of this study was to clear whether gelatinase B is associated with peri‐implant bone loss (PBL). Peri‐implant sulcus fluid was collected from 46 implant sites in 12 patients. These sites were also characterized using modified Gingival Index (mGI). Activated and total gelatinase B levels, measured using a modified urokinase assay, showed correlation with PBL (n=46, Spearman's rank correlation test). Activated and total gelatinase B values were significantly higher in PBL>3 mm group (n=6) compared to PBL<1 mm (n=29) and 1 <PBL<3 mm (n=11) groups (rank sum test). Activated gelatinase B level in mGI>0.5 group (n=24) was clearly higher compared to mGI=0 (n=13) and p0.5 (n=9) groups (Rank sum test). We conclude that gelatinase B is associated with PBL. Activation of gelatinase B together with elevated mGI eventually reflect active phases of peri‐implantitis and may prove to be diagnostically useful.
Efficacy of bovine bone mineral for alveolar augmentation: a human histologic study
Authors: Norton Michael R. , Odell Edward W. , Thompson Ian D. , Cook Richard J.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteoconductivity of bovine bone mineral in humans. Fifteen patients referred to a private specialist surgical practice were treated consecutively for the repair of alveolar defects, and/or ridge maintenance at the site of extraction sockets, prior to implantation. Bio‐Oss xenograft (Geistlich Pharma, Wolhusen, Switzerland) was utilized as the principal grafting material. Bone cores were trephined out at the time of implant placement and processed and examined to evaluate the tissue response under the light microscope. A total of 22 trephines were processed for histomorphometric evaluation to calculate the mean percentage of bone, residual graft and connective tissue by area. In addition, the mean percentage bone‐to‐graft contact was also calculated. The mean percentage area of new bone formation was 26.9%, and the percentage of residual graft and connective tissue as 25.6% and 47.4% respectively. The mean percentage contact length between bone and residual graft was 34%. One implant placed into a site, which was histologically identified as having little new bone and, unusually, an inflammatory infiltrate, failed with mobility at abutment connection. All other implants were restored into function, with a survival rate at baseline of 97%.
Fate of monocortical bone blocks grafted in the human maxilla: a histological and histomorphometric study
Authors: Zerbo Ilara R. , De lange Gert L. , Joldersma Manon , Bronckers Antonius L.J.J. , Burger Elisabeth H.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Local bone defects in the anterior maxilla are commonly grafted with monocortical blocks of autologous bone in order to restore the defect site prior to the placement of dental implants. Increasing evidence suggests that osteocytes are involved in the control of bone remodelling and thus may be important for optimalisation of bone structure around implants, and thus for implant osseointegration. However, it is not well known whether osteocytes will survive when bone blocks are grafted into defects. We grafted 19 patients with monocortical bone blocks derived from the symphysis, to the defect site in the maxillary alveolar process. The bone grafts were left to heal for times varying from 2.5 to 7 months. During implant installation, bone biopsies were removed using a trephine burr, and processed for hard tissue histology. Bone histology and histomorphometry were then carried out in order to gain insight into the density, viability and remodelling of the graft. Clinically, all the bone grafts were successful, with no implant failures, and little resorption was seen. Histologically, bone volume expressed as percentage of tissue volume at the implant site varied from 27% to 57% with an overall average of 41%. Bone fields with empty osteocyte lacunae were observed and measured. The amount of this so‐called nonvital bone (NVB) varied between 1% and 34% of the total tissue volume. The amount of NVB decreased significantly with the time of healing. The data suggest that the majority of the osteocytes of the monocortical bone do not survive grafting. The results indicate that the NVB is progressively remodelled into new vital bone 7 months after grafting.
Effects of neem‐treated aphids as food/hosts on their predators and parasitoids
Authors: Ahmad M. , Oßiewatsch H. R. , Basedow T.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in greenhouses. Of three neem preparations sprayed upon eggs, only neem oil (NO) exerted a negative impact on the hatching rate of Coccinella septempunctata and Chrysoperla carnea. First instar larvae of Episyrphus balteatus proved to be highly susceptible, when feeding 24 h on aphids sprayed with neem kernel water extract (NKWE). First instar larvae of C. septempunctata showed a very high mortality when feeding on aphids sprayed with different neem preparations. Aphid feeding and live span was reduced. When NKWE had been applied to the soil, the mortality of larvae of E. balteatus and C. septempunctata were lower, when feeding on aphids. Second instar larvae of C. septempunctata were far less susceptible when feeding 48 h on neem‐sprayed aphids than first instars; the time of their development was prolonged, and aphid consumption reduced. Larvae of C. carnea proved to be less susceptible, when feeding on neem‐sprayed aphids, than E. balteatus and C. septempunctata. In C. carnea, however, significant influences were also observed in aphid consumption, time of development, mortality, longevity, and rate of deformity. NO, containing a very low concentration of azadirachtin A, had stronger negative effects than NeemAzal‐T/S®, in all observations. In the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae, NKWE application to the soil induced negative reactions, when aphids on these plants were parasitized: low percentage parasitization, lowered mummy weight, low emergence rate of adults of F1 and even of F2. Foliar sprays of NKWE had less severe effects in this parasitoid species. The results are discussed with regard to their theoretical and practical significance.
Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Function and Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Cycling Mares
Authors: Roberto da Costa RP , Carvalho H , Agrícola R , Alpoim‐Moreira J , Martins C , Ferreira‐Dias G
Published: November 2003

Contents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different parameters of the immune status in the mare, during the follicular and the luteal phases of the oestrous cycle, in two consecutive years. Functional competence of peripheral blood neutrophils, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and oxidative burst was assessed under physiological cyclic conditions (Exp. I). In the second year of this study (Exp. II), besides peripheral blood neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst analysis, circulating lymphocyte subsets were also characterized. The reproductive status in a total of 17 adult cycling mares was evaluated by ultrasonography and further confirmed by plasma progesterone levels. Chemotaxis tests were performed using porous membranes inserted in transwell chambers. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromEscherichia coliandN‐formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLP) were used as chemoattractants. Measurement of phagocytosis and oxidative burst in blood neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry using commercially available kits. Quantification of T‐lymphocyte subsets was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence staining after incubation with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 cell markers by flow cytometry. Natural killer cells and B cells were estimated mathematically. No significant difference was found in migration, phagocytosis and oxidative burst at either phase of the oestrous cycle. Statistical analysis of total white blood cell counts also showed no significant difference between either phase of the oestrous cycle, although there was a tendency for blood neutrophils to increase in number under the progesterone influence (p = 0.09). Lymphocytic subpopulations did not differ throughout the oestrous cycle. Overall, our results suggest that luteal and follicular phases in cycling mares may not influence the immune status of the mare.
Effects of Glucose Concentration on in vitro Fertilization in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Wu HT , Chou CK , Lin CS , Huang MC
Published: November 2003

Contents

BALB/c mice are widely used in genetic, tumour and immunological studies. However, the mice demonstrate a lower reproduction rate, low fertility and small litters, because of their highly genetic homozygoisty. Based on in vitro fertilization (IVF), a routine technique for biomedical studies, it is worth to evaluate the effects to BALB/c mice on IVF efficiency. In order to test the genetic factor affecting the IVF efficiency of BALB/c, four reciprocal IVF tests of BALB/cByJ and FVB/NCrl mice were performed. The results showed that the average fertility of IVF sponsored by FVB/NCrl spermatozoa was 69.6%, but only 12.1% was obtained from BALB/cByJ strain. Effect of glucose contained in the culture medium to the IVF efficiency of BALB/cByJ was also evaluated. The results showed that the fertility of BALB/cByJ spermatozoa incubated with 0, 2.7, 5.5, 11.1 and 22.2 mm of glucose in the TYH medium were 6.8, 9.9, 13.9, 32.7 and 22.2%, respectively. It is showed that IVF efficiency of BALB/cByJ spermatozoa could be improved depending on the concentration of glucose in the IVF medium. According to the results, it is beleived that lower IVF of BALB/cByJ mice might be due to the genetic defect in spermatozoa and increasing glucose in the IVF medium which significantly affect the IVF efficiency of BALB/cByl via activating the spermatozoa.
Is There a Risk Premium Puzzle in Real Estate?
Authors: Shilling James D.
Published: November 2003

This paper is based on my Presidential Address to the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association delivered at Washington, D.C., in January 2003. The paper asks whether there is a risk premium puzzle in real estate. I examine this question by reporting on an empirical investigation of real estate investors' expectations over the last 15 years. The results suggest that ex ante expected risk premiums on real estate are quite large for their risk, too large to be explained by standard economic models. Further, the results suggest that ex ante expected returns are higher than average realized equity returns over the past 15 years because realized returns have included large unexpected capital losses. The latter conclusion suggests that using historical averages to estimate the risk premium on real estate is misleading.
Climatic effects on soil trophic networks and the resulting humus profiles in holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) forests in the High Atlas of Morocco as revealed by correspondence analysis
Authors: Sadaka N. , Ponge J. F.
Published: November 2003

Multivariate methods have been widely used for revealing the structures of communities, and in this paper we explore one particular method, namely correspondence analysis (also called reciprocal averaging), for studying humus profiles by the ‘method of small volumes’. The present study was done on humus profiles under holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia), an evergreen Mediterranean species, in the High Atlas of Morocco. Three sites (1500 m, 1700 m, 1900 m altitude) and 2 years (1999 and 2002) were compared. The humus form is Dysmull (mull with thick litter horizons), with variations in the thickness of the OL (entire leaves), OF (fragmented leaves with faecal pellets) and A (hemorganic) horizons according to altitude and year. The dead leaves are rapidly incorporated into holorganic (earthworm, insect) and hemorganic (enchytraeid) animal faeces, which form the bulk of the OF and A horizons. The S horizon (weathering parent rock) shows the greatest development of the root system. As altitude increases more fresh litter (OL) or more humified organic matter (OF, A) is accumulated. Variation from year to year is depicted by opposite differences in the amount of entire oak leaves and of dead roots. Humus components (classes) are used as active (main) variables, after standardization of their means and variances. The addition of numerous passive (additional) variables, standardized in the same way as active variables, enabled us to understand the influence of biological and climatic effects on the composition of humus profiles and soil trophic networks.
Functional diversity of the soil microflora in primary succession across two glacier forelands in the Central Alps
Authors: Tscherko D. , Rustemeier J. , Richter A. , Wanek W. , Kandeler E.
Published: November 2003

We compared functional diversity in 6‐ to 150‐year‐old sites on two primary successional glacier forelands (Ödenwinkelkees and Rotmoosferner, Austria) and related these changes to properties of their habitat in the soil (pH, soil organic matter, mineral nitrogen, phosphorus). Comparisons were made with land undisturbed for 9500 years immediately outside the glacier foreland. The functional diversity of the soil microflora was assessed based on microbial processes (N mineralization, ammonium oxidation, arginine deaminase) as well as on the activities of soil enzymes (protease, urease, xylanase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase). On both chronosequences, functional diversity (Shannon diversity index and evenness) and enzyme activity increased up to an age of 50 years, while older soils appeared to have reached a temporary steady state. The values of microbial biomass and enzyme activity were generally smaller in the Ödenwinkel soils than in the Rotmoos sequence, indicating that primary input of carbon from plant growth was less. Functional diversity increased with increasing plant development and organic matter accumulation, explaining similarities in enzyme activity patterns in the sequences. The local climates might also have contributed to the magnitude of the changes. Our data suggest that microbial functional diversity reached stability within 50 years' succession.
Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use
Authors: Conigrave Katherine M. , Davies Peter , Haber Paul , Whitfield John B.
Published: November 2003

Aims  The blood tests used traditionally as markers of excessive drinking are the liver enzymes, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the red blood cell volume (mean corpuscular volume; MCV). Here we review the nature of these markers’ association with alcohol use, their practical application in detecting, assessing or monitoring drinking and increases in understanding of these markers in the past 10 years.

Design  Articles were identified via Medline search and perusal of bibliographies.

Findings  The conventional markers have imperfect sensitivity and specificity, but have an added clinical role in the detection of complications of drinking, and of comorbid conditions that may increase risk of drinking. GGT may in part be a marker of the oxidative stress associated with ethanol metabolism. Markers are more likely to be elevated in those aged more than 30 years and in regular drinkers with a longer drinking history. The markers may be useful in opportunistic case finding, in motivating patients to change drinking and in monitoring treatment response. Increased prevalence of obesity and hepatitis C must be considered in interpretation of liver enzyme results. The liver enzymes are prognostic indicators for several medical conditions and for mortality.

Conclusions  These conventional tests are widely available and relatively inexpensive. While having limited sensitivity and specificity in detection of excessive drinking, they also provide valuable data on complications of drinking, comorbid conditions that may be affected by drinking and, in some cases, prognosis.
Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum β‐hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption
Authors: Javors Martin A. , Johnson Bankole A.
Published: November 2003

Aims  The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the literature and to summarize the current status of four biochemical markers for alcohol consumption, carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT), total serum sialic acid (TSA),  sialic  acid  index  of apolipoprotein J (SIJ) and serum β‐hexosaminidase (β‐HEX).

Findings  Of these markers, CDT has been the most widely studied, is currently thought to be the most accurate predictor of alcohol consumption, is most readily available and is the only test approved by the FDA for the identification of heavy alcohol use. TSA and SIJ have the potential to be useful markers, but have only recently been discovered, are not readily available and have not yet been studied comprehensively. Finally, the relationship between serum β‐HEX and heavy alcohol consumption has been studied for about 20 years, but the test is not readily available and has not been widely accepted or used as a marker for heavy alcohol consumption.

Conclusions  These markers have the potential to be included in a combination of measurements to provide an accurate, more exact assessment of alcohol consumption in a variety of clinical and research settings.
5‐Hydroxytryptophol as a marker for recent alcohol intake
Authors: Beck Olof , Helander Anders
Published: November 2003

Aims  To review the mechanism behind the alcohol‐induced shift in serotonin metabolism, and the use of urinary 5‐hydroxytryptophol (5‐HTOL) as a biochemical marker of acute alcohol consumption.

Background  The serotonin metabolite 5‐HTOL is a normal, minor constituent of urine and is excreted mainly in conjugated form with glucuronic acid. The formation of 5‐HTOL increases dramatically after alcohol intake, due to a metabolic interaction, and the elevated urinary excretion remains for some time (>5–15 hours depending on dose) after ethanol has been eliminated. This biochemical effect can be used for detection of recent alcohol intake.

Results  5‐HTOL is determined by the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) techniques. A new ELISA method for 5‐HTOL glucuronide provides a promising clinical assay. The most robust way to use the marker is by measuring the ratio of 5‐HTOL to 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid, because this compensates for urine dilution and dietary intake of serotonin. 5‐HTOL is a very sensitive and specific indicator of recent alcohol consumption and, as such, a valuable complement to self‐report. In clinical use, 5‐HTOL is effective for monitoring lapses into drinking during out‐patient treatment and for objective evaluation of treatment efforts. Other applications include detection of high‐risk patients in elective surgery, monitoring of disulfiram treatment and a method to rule out artefactual ethanol formation in forensic toxicology. 5‐HTOL can also be used as a sensitive reference method for validation of self‐report data in clinical alcohol research.

Conclusions  An elevated urinary 5‐HTOL level can serve as a sensitive and reliable marker for recent alcohol intake with a number of clinical and forensic applications.
Drinking reports from collateral individuals
Authors: Connors Gerard J. , Maisto Stephen A.
Published: November 2003

Background and aims  Subject self‐reports are the primary source of research and clinical data on drinking behavior. In this report, we review and summarize the current literature on the reliability and accuracy of alcohol abusers’ self‐reports of alcohol consumption and related behaviors in relation to similar reports provided by collateral informants.

Conclusions  Recent research supports the assertion that subjects provide accurate reports about their drinking and associated consequences. When discrepancies have been observed between reports provided by subjects and collaterals, the subjects’ data in almost all cases have painted a picture of poorer functioning. The greatest degree of agreement between subjects and collaterals is likely when collaterals are in frequent contact with the subject, are spouse/partners and are confident about the reports they are providing.
The validity of self‐reports of alcohol consumption: state of the science and challenges for research
Authors: Del Boca Frances K. , Darkes Jack
Published: November 2003

Aims  To review three topics pertaining to the validity of alcohol self‐reports: factors that influence response accuracy; the relative merits of different self‐report approaches; and the utility of using alternative measures to confirm verbal reports.

Findings  Response behavior is influenced by the interaction of social context factors, respondent characteristics, and task attributes. Although research has advanced our knowledge about self‐report methods, many questions remain unanswered. In particular, there is a need to investigate how task demands interact with different patterns of drinking behavior to affect response accuracy. There is also a continuing need to use multiple data sources to examine the extent of self‐report response bias, and to determine whether it varies as a function of respondent characteristics or assessment timing.

Conclusion  Self‐report methods offer a reliable and valid approach to measuring alcohol consumption. The accuracy of such methods, however, can be improved by research directed at understanding the processes involved in response behavior.