bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wood-plastic composites development from waste products for the agricultural and industrial needs
Authors: Yui Lin’ , Davydov Roman , Kosolapov Vladimir , Savchenko Ivan , Markaryan Artem , Krasnoscshekov Viktor
Published: November 2020

Three monomers of maleic anhydride (MAH), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA) are graft copolymerization of high-density polyethene (HDPE) by grafting and melting grafting method to prepare the graft copolymer as an interfacial modifier. The results of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that we graft polar monomers onto the chain of polyolefin molecules. The modifier HDPE-g-MAH/MMA/BA (M-GPE) is successfully prepared by the melt grafting method. Secondly, the wood flour and bagasse are pre-treated by steaming and boiling. We found that cooking could improve the mechanical properties of wood flour and bagasse, and the mechanical properties of cooked wood were higher than that of steamed wood. Finally, we use the melt grafting method to modify polyethene wax (PEW) and obtain PEW-g-MAH/MMA/BA (M-GPEW). M-GPEW and MGPE are used together to improve the interfacial compatibility of pre-treated wood plastic composites. The results show that the optimum ratio of the compound modifier M-GPE/GPEW is 8/2, and the mechanical properties of the material are the best. The mechanical properties of the wood-plastic composites are much more affected than the single modifier.
Characterization of the process of compaction of residual biomass from the palm oil industry
Authors: Bernal David , Contreras Huber Cabrales , Kosolapov Vladimir , Krasnoshchekov Viktor , Rud’ Yuriy , Bykova Natalia
Published: November 2020

To produce fuel briquettes from the waste of the biological processing process, this biomass is pre-dried and pressed into briquettes. Subsequently, prepared fuel briquettes are used for heating residential premises and factory workshops. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for producing briquettes from biomass with specified characteristics. Basic technical specifications for oil palm biomass compression are determined, based on certain variables to be monitored in the manufacture of briquettes from this material. Briquettes were manufactured under certain conditions. The briquettes were tested. According to the test result, a correlation has been established between the initial data (fiber length, relative humidity of raw materials and compression time) and the results obtained (compression strength, durability and volumetric density). Biomass with a relative humidity of not more than 8% has been determined to be used in the production process. The ideal values for quantitative variables have been established: relative humidity of the air 8%, fiber length 85 mm and compression time 20 s.
Car transport intensity impact on heavy metal distribution in urban environment
Authors: Pilecka Jovita , Grinfelde Inga , Purmalis Oskars , Burlakovs Juris
Published: November 2020

Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems and the cause of various diseases around the world. Intensive traffic is one of the main sources of air pollution in an urban environment. In cold and temperate climate regions snow on roads and its surroundings can accumulate significant amounts of pollutants which can affect human health and the environment in both the short and long term. Various urban snow pollution studies were made in many parts of the world, but in Latvia, Jelgava city such an experience is something new. In this article, we studied the relationship between air pollution on different road sections depending on the snow sample sampling distance from the road. In the city of Jelgava near the roads with high traffic there were collected 54 snow samples, in 18 places on 3 road sections in 3 different distances from road 1 m, 50 m and 100 m. Snow samples were collected in January 2018, seven days after snowfall. We analyzed copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in snow melting water samples. Mostly Cu concentrations at a distance of 1 m from the road were up to eight times higher than 50 or 100 m distance. The highest concentrations of Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are 1 m away from the road. For snow samples at a distance of 50 m and 100 m from road differences are minimal. To better understand pollution spread near road, different intensity roads and streets of Jelgava should be covered. Sample plots should be located all over the city territory, excluding as much as possible other pollutants object impact on performed study.
Development of energy-efficient techniques and technology for environmentally friendly microwave processing of oil sludge
Authors: Abdeev Eldar , Saitov Rail , Abdeev Rinat , Fatykhov Minnehan , Gulemova Liana
Published: November 2020

Methods of processing hydrocarbon-containing waste, such as chemical, biological, thermal, physico-chemical, filtering and settling, centrifugation at low efficiency and a wider range of other disadvantages. One of the promising technologies in the oil industry is considered to be microwave heating of hydrocarbon compounds to reduce viscosity during transportation, separation of stable emulsions during primary oil refining, and utilization of drilling oil sludge and petrochemical production wastes. The results of the development of energy efficiency low-temperature technology for environmentally friendly microwave processing of hydrocarbon-containing waste are presented. Studies on a mathematical model showed that at a frequency of microwave radiation equal to the resonant frequency of water molecules, the field strength needed to break the emulsion is 2-100 V/m. For comparison, we note that microwave generators with a power of 50-100 kW are used for heating, respectively, the electric field is more than 10000 V/m, i.e. 100 times higher than required. The time required for phase separation imposes unacceptable requirements on the flow rate. In the studied microwave processing mode due to the resonant interaction of water dipoles with an electromagnetic field, the exposure time is determined by the value of 10-9-10-10 seconds. With these parameters, the temperature of hydrocarbon-containing waste, as shown by calculations on the mathematical model, remains practically unchanged. Due to short-term (microsecond) processing, this technology can be used in the process stream of primary processing and oil refineries, which will significantly reduce the amount of waste generated.
Modelling a system of intercepting reservoirs distributed on the side tributaries of a river to prevent flooding of agricultural land
Authors: Podgornov Nikita , Davydov Roman , Switala Franciszek , Zotov Dmitry
Published: November 2020

One of the areas of engineering protection of lands from flash floods is the use of intercepting waterworks on the side tributaries, which help to reduce the peak of the flood on the main river and redistribute it over time. With an increase in rainfall, flood protection capacity of existing or designed structures may not be enough to transform the river flow. The paper considers a mathematical model of flow control by a system of reservoirs, where a part of the accumulating capacity of the flood protection structure on the side tributary is redistributed into gabion waterworks located upstream of the river. This model allows to clarify the parameters and modes of operation of waterworks and evaluate their functioning, considering current and future economic and environmental conditions.
Development of machine for collection of cement dust
Authors: Yigebahal Vogen , Shurupov Dmitry , Krasnoscshekov Victor , Switala Franciszek , Yushkova Victoria , Rud Sergey , Dushkin Vladislav
Published: November 2020

One of the negative changes in the Earth’s ecosystem is air pollution from cement production waste. Cement industry enterprises annually emit more than 27 million tons of dust into the environment. They account for 2/3 of industrial emissions of solid substances and 44% of gaseous ones. The construction of various facilities is increasing every year. This leads to increased cement production and additional pollution. The most dangerous is fine dust (particle size less than 10 microns). It was found that a significant part of the fine dust is carried away by the exhaust gases even before entering the stage of dry cement formation. It is deposited in various production facilities. Further dust can enter the atmosphere from the workshops and cause pollution. Collecting it is a very complicated and expensive process. In the article, the design of a machine for collecting and unloading cement dust makes it possible to collect about 69% of all dust in the workshop and on the territory of the plant and load it into a special container. This significantly improves the ecological state of the air.
First World Aging: Scenario Forecasts of Dependency Ratios
Authors: Zinkina Julia , Shulgin Sergey , Andreev Aleksey
Published: November 2020

Population aging in the first world and its expected consequences are actively discussed in the research community. Effects of aging can be seen in the age structures projected for various countries by UN DESA. However, their «medium» scenario most frequently used by researchers to understand the effects of aging is based on the national-level assumptions (their set being rather fixed and limited in number). In this paper we propose a different approach, where age structures and dependency ratios are projected based on global-level assumptions impacting the demographic dynamics of each particular country. As a first approximation, this approach gives us 4 scenarios of demographic dynamics associated with: 1) the growth of human capital (in particular, an increase in the level of education); 2) stagnation of human capital; 3) a decrease in global integration and migration flows; 4) increased globalization, increased openness of borders and migration flows.
Electrochemical energy storage performance analysis of carbon based porous materials based on high temperature decomposition
Authors: Song Jialong , Sun Mingfen
Published: November 2020

Carbon based porous materials have low energy storage capacity, poor utilization rate and poor electrochemical storage performance. Therefore, this paper proposes an analytical method for electrochemical energy storage performance of carbon based porous materials based on high temperature decomposition. By analyzing the structure of carbon based porous materials, the parameters affecting the properties of low-carbon porous materials were obtained. The chemical properties of carbon based porous materials were studied. The carbon based porous materials were modified by high-temperature decomposition method to improve the power storage capacity of carbon based porous materials. The experimental results show that the high temperature decomposition of carbon based porous materials has strong energy storage performance, which can effectively improve the energy storage capacity of carbon based porous materials.
Design and analysis of hybrid domestic gas supply system with biomass energy and hydrocarbons
Authors: Gao Lin , Wu Song , Zhang Xiong , Zhu Jingqi , Fang Qichao
Published: November 2020

A new gas supply system for residents was designed, taking puleyuan village as the research object. Aiming at the rural areas with abundant biomass energy and considering the seasonal difference of gas supply to residents, the gas supply system with biomass gasification coupled with hydrocarbons was used. Through the analysis of the system design principle, the calculation of combustible mixture property and the numerical calculation of energy conversion process, the energy efficiency design of the system was analyzed and optimized in this paper. At the same time, the system was evaluated from the economic perspective of energy conservation and emission reduction, compared with those of traditional fossil energy heating. The results showed that the gas supply system could bring considerable economic and environmental benefits, and it was feasible and expansible to implement in the rural areas in the north of China and the southern areas where winter heating was needed.
Evolution and Benefit Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Energy Interconnection
Authors: Tan Xue , Jin Yanming , Zhao Qiuli , Du Honglin , Chen Di
Published: November 2020

Urban energy interconnection is the most important part of energy interconnection, which push forward the transformation and upgrading of urban energy system, and promotes the coordinated development of urban economy, society and environment. This paper summarizes the stylized facts of urban energy interconnection evolution. Then a urban energy interconnection analysis framework is proposed to analyze the logical framework of the energy system from the physical, information, and value layers. Further, this paper proposes a comprehensive indicator system for quantitatively evaluating the degree of coordination between urban development and energy systems, and provides a method for assessing the comprehensive benefits of sustainable urban energy interconnection.
Analysis of typical characteristics and main functions of urban energy internet under city energy reformation
Authors: Wang Linyu , Han Siwei , Guo Lei , Huo Molin , Chen Hao , Chen Guang
Published: November 2020

The construction of urban energy internet is an important starting point for realizing the national energy revolution strategy and promoting the high-quality development of city energy. At present, the research on urban energy internet is extensively carried out, and the definition of urban energy internet is also varied. This article summarizes the current mainstream views, summarizes and refines the structure, features, and main functions of the urban energy internet. Through combing the structure, features, and main functions, it enriches and improves the theoretical basis of the urban energy internet model and other research.
Analysis of Greening Ecology in Landscape Reconstruction of Construction Waste Dump in Wind-sand Area
Authors: Zhefeng Li , Yueyan Liu , Gaofeng Zhang , Daoligeerma
Published: November 2020

In order to solve the problem of increasing urban construction waste, taking QiuLing Park in Hohhot as an example, the green space park after the landscape transformation of urban building was investigated. In this paper, the characteristics of green planting in the fragile ecological areas were analyzed, based on the relationship between ecological environment factors, the method of configuring vegetation in the landscape of construction waste in the park was discussed. Meanwhile, combined with the climatic and meteorological conditions of the region, the function and ecological benefits of the urban green space after the transformation were evaluated. It can provide experience for landscape construction and ecological restoration of construction waste dump.
A Study on the Construction of Xianning Ecotourism Greenway Brand Project
Authors: Jianian Liang , Bin Dai
Published: November 2020

The boutique villages, intangible cultural heritage, cultural and historical sites, natural landscape, agricultural industry and other resources along the road network in Xianning are closely linked through the construction of greenways. Strengthening the construction of ecotourism greenways and building the city’s brand image is an important measure to accelerate the green development of Xianniang and realize that “green mountains are gold mountains” in the new era.
Water Quality Restoration with Ecological Water Demand Allocation Regulation
Authors: Ma Mengting , Xiang Long , Huang Yishuang , Gong Hongbo
Published: November 2020

Ecological water replenishment is the main means of ecological restoration in urbanized rivers. The control targets of utilizing water resources, allocating water and restoring the water quality have become the research hotspot. In this study, the Chengnan River Basin in Jiangbei New District of Nanjing was taken as the object, and the ecological water demand threshold in the Chengnan River Basin was evaluated by using the calculation result of the ecological water demand obtained by the improved Tennant method. According to the ecological water replenishment configuration plan, a water quality and quantity coupling model was constructed to simulate and analyze the water quality improvement effects at the control section of the Chengnan River Basin under different guarantee conditions. The results show that the monthly water demand allocation scheme based on the improved Tennant method can be used as the basis for water replenishment of river ecological restoration, and it can effectively improve the water quality of the Chengnan River. The use of 40,000 t / d water replenishment for 11 days can make the Longwangmiao section meet the water quality target control requirements.
Analysis and evaluation of the instability chain of room and pillar goaf in Western China ecological fragile area
Authors: Wen Li , Donghao Wang , Hailong Du , Jinsong An , Weiye Zhao
Published: November 2020

The Yushenfu mining area is a typical ecologically fragile area in western China. The ground subsidence accident caused by the sudden instability of a large area of coal mine goaf has endangered the local ecological environment and safety of production and life. Based on the case analysis of the instability of the goaf of the coalmine in the Yushenfu Mining Area, the paper analyzes the ultimate strength and stress of the coal pillar under the action of the coal and rock’s own weight, and studies the influence of external factors such as static ground load, dynamic load, and mining disturbance. A chain analysis and evaluation of goaf instability under the influence of multiple factors has been carried out. Practice has shown that the chain analysis and evaluation of goaf instability is an effective method.
Research on earthquake damage prediction of stone structure in southern Fujian based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
Authors: Yang Chun-yan , Liu Qiang
Published: November 2020

Based on fuzzy mathematics method, earthquake damage prediction of stone structure houses in Southern Fujian is studied. The subsets of earthquake damage affecting factors applicable to stone structures and their fuzzy relation with earthquake damage levels are established. Furthermore, the earthquake damage prediction model of stone structure houses in southern Fujian is developed based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Taking the two-storey stone structure house as an example, the model is applied to predict and evaluate the damage state of the two-storey stone structure house after earthquake damage. The results show that, according to the fuzzy comprehensive prediction and evaluation model, the stone structure house suffers serious damage degree in the earthquake damage, the evaluation grade of earthquake damage is C, and the evaluation result is consistent with the actual damage state. The model of earthquake damage prediction is clear and easy to calculate, which provides a theoretical basis for earthquake damage prediction and reinforcement and maintenance of stone structure houses in southern Fujian.
Research on Cultural Protection of Environmentally Displaced Persons
Authors: Ding Guorong , Wang Wenbo , Shen Yang
Published: November 2020

Life or death, this is a question. Environmental change and environmental degradation have fundamentally changed the world’s geographic pattern. As global warming accelerates sea level rise, some island nations are in danger of disappearing completely. When the land of the island nation disappears, these environmentally displaced persons (EDPs) not only need to be relocated, but also run the risk of losing their unique culture, language and lifestyle. Of course, this is a very complicated issue. Our paper will explain our views from the drivers of environmental change and population migration, the cultural protection of displaced persons and the pattern of immigration integration. It should be noted. If we are islanders, we would very much hope that our culture, location and identity will not disappear. Obviously, the full emigration and abandonment of these islands will have far-reaching adverse effects on the protection of islands culture and territorial political sovereignty.
Online measurement of distributed capacitance in distribution network
Authors: Zhang Xiuhua
Published: November 2020

The distributed capacitance current of distribution network is the main factor of single-phase grounding current. In the current engineering, the distributed capacitance current is mostly measured by testing the distributed capacitance. Using the volt and ampere relationship of capacitor element can be indirectly realizing the test of distributed capacitance current. Most of the existing distributed capacitance measurement methods use the total impedance of the system to replace the distributed capacitance, which is easily to cause measurement error. Based on the analysis of the distribution network operation, this paper proposes an online measurement technology of distribution network which can precisely test the distributed capacitance. The physical engineering model is established, and the simulation research and design is carried out. The research shows that the online test technology of distributed capacitance can control the test accuracy below 1%, which can effectively make up for the deficiency of the existing distributed capacitance testing technology. It can realize the online detection of the distributed capacitance current of the distribution network, and ensure the operation safety.
Research on Diagnosis and Evaluation of Power Grid Enterprise Management Development Based on Combined Weight TOPSIS Theory
Authors: Du Ying , Wang Chao , Jie Jiao , Zhang Jiyuan , Chen Chao
Published: November 2020

At present, the operation and management of power grid enterprises is facing a complicated situation. Facing the new market-oriented reform situation and development trend, power grid companies must strengthen the awareness of input and output efficiency, fully integrate the key factors that determine investment and cost allocation and the evaluation results of enterprise production and operation, and do a good job in production and operation and grid development. This paper takes the county companies in the S area as the empirical analysis object, proposes a power grid management development evaluation index system, and combines the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and the entropy weight method(EWM) to determine the weight, uses the TOPSIS theory to comprehensively evaluate the actual situation of the county companies, and through comparative analysis, The rationality of the indicator system and evaluation method is verified, and it can provide support and reference for further improving the level of fine investment management.
Eddy Current Testing in Service of the Boiler Heating Surface Tube Elbow in Thermal Power Plants
Authors: Liu Yunlong , Xie Ameng , Shen Dingjie , Yang Xiangwei
Published: November 2020

According to the characteristics of closed ends, tight tube screen and narrow testing spaces of the eddy current testing in service of the boiler heating surface tube elbow in thermal power plants, an external placed saddle eddy current testing probes which could be used to test the small diameter austenitic stainless steel tube elbow was designed. Then the comparative sample tube was processed in accordance with the eddy current testing technical standards. Through the sample testing and the applications in thermal power plants, the results show that the designed saddle-shaped eddy current detecting probe device has high detection sensitivity and reliability for linear defects above 0.2 mm and hole defects above Φ1.4 mm. It can realize the non-destructive testing in service of the austenitic stainless steel tube elbow, which has more serious oxidation, corrosion and more focused stress.
Study on Line Loss Status Classification Based on Decision Tree
Authors: Haibo Tan , Bingxiang Luo , Mouhai Liu , Guang Guo , Xiong Xie
Published: November 2020

Line loss rate is the ratio of power loss to power supply in a certain period of time, and it is an important index to assess the technical economy of power grid. In recent years, with the increasing scale of power grid construction and the aging of power lines, the traditional monitoring methods with simple logic judgment can not meet the accurate judgment status of line loss, so it is urgent to effectively improve the lean management level of transmission and transformation line loss abnormality. In order to realize the automatic classification of line loss anomalies machine learning algorithm is proposed, the paper takes 1500 transmission line loss data as training samples, builds a line loss anomaly classification model based on decision tree, and realizes the accurate classification of line loss anomaly causes. Meanwhile, the paper uses KNN, support vector machine and decision tree algorithm to identify the anomaly for comparing the accuracy of different machine learning algorithms, and uses MATLAB software to verify the algorithm. The experimental results show that the comprehensive the recognition accuracy of decision tree for line loss anomaly is the highest, reaching 88.9%, 60% for support vector machine and 82% for KNN. This is of great significance to the realization of lean line loss management and has a high engineering value.
Classifying and coding system of turbine parts based on internal and external codes
Authors: Ma Lyuzhou
Published: November 2020

Based on the smooth implementation of PDM in enterprises, this paper focuses on the system structure of classification and coding system, puts forward the concept of internal and external codes, and develops a product classification and coding system based on internal and external codes with reference to various classification coding systems at home and abroad. Internal and external codes are used separately in different department of the enterprise and their function is different, so it can solve the past problem of long codes and make the value of every code fully utilized. It is shown from the application that internal and external codes can meet the requirements of PDM for the classification and coding of turbine parts and contribute to its successful implementation in the enterprises.
Molecular dynamics simulation of pore - containing single crystal magnesium stretching along different crystalline orientations
Authors: Tang Jinqi , Yao Junping
Published: November 2020

The uniaxial stretching process of single crystal magnesium containing holes was simulated by molecular dynamics method, and the influence of the stretching crystal orientation on the growth and deformation of the holes was studied. Tensile simulations of different crystal orientations show that the microscopic mechanism of void growth and deformation in single crystal magnesium was different. For the orientation of the [1210] crystal, there will be small holes in the crystal at first, and with the process of loading, the polymerization of large and small holes will make the holes grow and then lead to the failure of the material. For the [0001] crystal orientation, the deformation mechanism was different from the former. In the early stage, it was caused by dislocation movement and stacking fault deformation, while in the later stage, it was mainly caused by twin nucleation and growth.
Solid-liquid Diffusion Interconnection Method Based on Cu-In Secondary Micro Nano Layer
Authors: Xiao Jin , Zhai Qian , Zhang Bin , Li Wuchu
Published: November 2020

A solid-liquid diffusion interconnection method based on Cu-In secondary micro nano layer is proposed. The substrate surfaces of two copper indium secondary micro nano layers with special morphology are contacted with each other, and the contact area is heated to carry out solid-liquid interconnection. The special morphology of copper indium micro nano layer includes copper needle layer and indium micro layer coated on it. During interconnection, liquid indium infiltrates copper needle layer and forms intermetallic compound with good plasticity. The microstructure, intermetallic compounds and shear strength of the interface were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and welding strength tester. The results show that this solid-liquid interconnection method can obtain good interconnection quality and it is of great significance to green packaging.
Extraction and surface activity of tea saponin from Pu’er tea seeds
Authors: Yang Zhi , Li Wenyi
Published: November 2020

Tea saponin was extracted from Pu’er Tea seeds using the ultrasound-ethanol method, the factors influencing the extraction rate were investigated, the extract was characterized and identified, and then the surface activity of the obtained tea saponin was explored from the aspects of surface tension, foamability and foam stability and detergency. The results show that the optimal extraction conditions include extraction time: 80 min, temperature: 70°C, liquid-solid ratio: 8:1, critical micelle concentration (CMC): 0.05%, and the surface tension is 30.01 mN/m under CMC concentration; the tea saponin has excellent foamability, high foam stability and strong detergency under CMC concentration.
Simulation Study of Area Effect at Shock Initiation of Shield Explosive
Authors: Jiang Lei , Li Ruibo , Qin Zhen , Xue Yan
Published: November 2020

To get the rule of area effect changing with diameter, velocity and height of projectile and thickness and material of target, the process of projectile perpendicular impacting target was simulated by AUTODYN and the pressure and velocity of observing points that set at the opposite side of hitting were analysed. And then simulation value and calculation value of experience formula in existence were compared. The result shows that experience formula is feasible, which provides a new method for the study of shield explosive shock initiation.
Structure design of camellia oleifera fruit sheller by EBD method
Authors: Meng Jie , Li Ang , Liang Xi
Published: November 2020

In this paper, through the analysis of the characteristics of camellia oleifera fruit (COF), a sheller with low damage rate of tea seeds, easy to manufacture and integrating shelling and screening functions is designed based on environment based design (EBD) method. The main structure of the COF sheller is designed and calculated. This design can provide a reference for the research of related machinery in camellia oleifera industry.
Evaluation of a robust Gel System for Water Shutoff in Large Aperture Fractures
Authors: Wu Qianhui , Ge Jijiang
Published: November 2020

Polymer gels for water shutoff usually base on high concentration and high molecular weight of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). It would lead to a high injection pressure during blocking the large aperture fractures in tight reservoirs. The in-situ polymerization of monomer gel (IPMG) has been investigated in this study. The properties of high strength and long-term thermal stability could greatly extend gel conformance control duration. The gelation time of IPMG can up to 24 hours at the temperature of 65°C. In addition, the gel strength with formulations based on Na montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was much better than that without it. The flooding experiments have shown that the robust gel has a high rupture pressure when blocking the fractures. Another benefit of the gel is a long-lasting decrease permeability of the fracture even after experiencing long time flooding.
Numerical simulation of internal flow and adsorption process in an activated carbon canister for ORVR system
Authors: Zhong Xianglin , Liu Daming , Li Yaqi , Zhen Xudong , Lu Shaoyun
Published: November 2020

In the vehicle fuel evaporation control system, the activated carbon canister is the core component and plays a vital role in the performance of the entire system. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the internal flow and adsorption process of an activated carbon canister used in an ORVR system was conducted to analyze the influence of the structure of the canister on the flow distribution and adsorption process. The research results showed that in the adsorption process, the flow through the activated carbon layer belonged to laminar flow, which was conducive to the full absorption of butane by activated carbon. In the desorption process, the flow velocity reached 0.05-0.09m/s. The higher flow velocity was beneficial to the desorption of the activated carbon. In the initial adsorption stage, due to the high flow velocity through the inlet, the butane concentration distribution was non-uniform, and the activated carbon under the inlet saturated faster than other positions. The activated carbon released heat during the adsorption process. The temperature at each monitor point showed a trend of fast increasing first and then slowly decreasing. The adsorption capacity of each monitor point increased significantly in the early stage of the adsorption process, while in the later stage tended to be stable. The adsorption capacity of butane was directly affected by the temperature of the activated carbon layer. The higher temperature was not conducive to the adsorption process.
Laboratory study on high-efficiency viscosity reducer in high temperature and salinity of heavy oil reservoir
Authors: Du Huili , Chen Fuhan , Guo Li , Zhao Ziyin , Chen Xi , Tang Yajuan , Lei Xiaoyang , Su Na , Zhang Tiantian
Published: November 2020

The Z70 reservoir of Huabei Oilfield is the typical heavy oil reservoir of high viscosity and high contents of gum and asphaltine, while there exists a serious problem that the effect of water injection is poor. In this paper, to increase oil displacement efficiency and improve reservoir development effects, the performance of seven different types of surfactants was studied, which combined with reservoir temperature and oil properties. Then, the emulsifying ability of the system was quantitatively characterized by water diversion rate combined with Turbiscan Lab. At the same time, the performance such as interfacial activity and static adsorption loss was studied under reservoir condition to obtain the viscosity reducing product with high-efficiency emulsification. considering the performance such as interfacial activity and static adsorption loss, the viscosity reducing product with high-efficiency emulsification was preferred for high-temperature and high-salt heavy oil reservoirs. Thus, the surfactant experiment was carried out to test the performance and applicability. one kind of surfactant, nonionic-amphoteric-anionic, was selected, which showed good dispersity and could form super-low interfacial tension with the crude oil of fault block Z70 in Huabei Oilfield. The interfacial tension reached 5×10−4mN/m when the concentration of the surfactants was 0.5%. And the No.1 combined system showed preferable emulsion performance with crude oil which stood for 30 minutes with no water precipitating out. It also provided, after 180 minutes, the emulsion system was completely demulsified, which could be re-emulsified after slight shaking. Good viscosity reducing property was showed with the oil-water ratio range of 1:1∼1:9, which viscosity reduction rate was more than 99.5%. furthermore, low static adsorption loss was showed when the adsorption capacity was less than 4.4mg/g. The experiments indicated that No.1 non-ionic-amphoteric-anionic composite surfactant could be determined to be the efficient viscosity reducer for fault block Z70 in Huabei Oilfield.
Study on the variation law of interlayer interference in injection-well
Authors: liu Guo-hua
Published: November 2020

In order to solve the problem of flow rate and pressure change in the stratified injection well test process, that is, when the flow rate of one layer is adjusted, the flow rate of other layers also changes. The adjusted layer changes when other layers are adjusted, and the wellhead pressure also changes. Therefore, through the research of this problem, find out the interference coefficient and pressure change, realize efficient allocation, and provide ideas and basis for new flow allocation mode.
Study on ultraviolet absorption characteristics of SF6 decomposition components
Authors: Shiling Zhang , Qiang Yao
Published: November 2020

Establish the UV spectrum database of the SF6 characteristic decomposition components: Based on the previous research and simulation analysis, obtain the UV spectrum of the SF6 characteristic decomposition components, and establish the corresponding database. Through the analysis of a large number of actual test data, the ultraviolet spectrum database of SO2, CS2 and H2S is obtained and established to realize the quantitative analysis of SO2, CS2 and H2S. The detection accuracy of H2S and the SO2 reaches 10−6 level, and that of the CS2 reaches 10−9 level, realizing the low concentration quantitative detection of SF6 characteristic components. The detection of SO2, CS2 and H2S in gas insulated equipment can effectively predict and diagnose the occurrence of partial discharge fault, partial overheating fault and solid insulation fault in gas insulated equipment. As the symbol gas, the generation of H2S directly indicates the occurrence of more serious partial overheating or partial discharge fault, while SO2 is the characteristic component gas. The occurrence of CS2 indicates that there may be a local fault involving solid insulating medium in the equipment. The detection of three gases can provide important conditions for on-line monitoring of gas insulated equipment.
Study on the Method of Measuring the Molecular Weight of Polycarboxylate Water Reducer by Gel Chromatography
Authors: Shao Youzhe , Li Geli , Wu Chuandeng , Fang Yunhui , Guo Yuanqiang , Lin Tianxing
Published: November 2020

The effects of the type of mobile phase and its flow rate, column temperature, and detector temperature on the chromatographic peak separation and molecular weight test results of polycarboxylate water-reducer were studied. A method for measuring the molecular weight of polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent by gel chromatography was established, and the accuracy of the method was verified by using two dextran standard substances of standard sample 2, standard sample 3. The results show that a 0.1 mol/L sodium nitrate solution containing 0.05% sodium azide should be selected as the mobile phase, the flow rate is 0.8-0.9 mL/min, and the column temperature and the detector temperature are 35-40 °C. It has been verified that the relative errors of the molecular weight test results of standard sample 2 and standard sample 3 are all less than 5%, and the MP, Mn, and Mw values measured by this measurement method are close to the true values.
Study on adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) by MMT/St-g-P(DMC-AA)
Authors: Zhang Caining , Wang Xuman
Published: November 2020

By applying methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylic acid (AA) as the monomers, starch (St) as the main chain polymer, the composite MMT/St-g-P(DMC-AA) was prepared. Applied the composite as the adsorbent, Pb(NO3)2 (Pb(II)) and K2CrO7 (Cr(VI) ) as the adsorbates, the effects of adsorption time and the initial haevy metal ions concentrations on the adsorption capacities were studied. The adsorption data were evaluated by adsorption kinetics models. The experimental results showed that the adsorption capacities for heavy metal ions increased with the increasing of adsorption time, and then saturated after 60 min. And adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cr(VI) were 140.79 mg/g and 32.25 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption capacities also increased with the increase of initial concentrations. The adsorption data of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) by MMT/St-g-P(DMC-AA) were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
The effect of polymer type on the performance of gels
Authors: Zhang Tianci , Zhao Qingchen , Guo Hongbin , Ge Jijiang
Published: November 2020

Owing to the formation heterogeneity, the difference of mobility between sweeping phsse and formation fluids, gravity segregation, the sweeping phase usually flows along the high permeability zone, which leads to the poor oil recovery. In general, gelling systems are used into the reservoir conformance improvement. The properties of gels are different for the different composition of gelling systems. In this paper, three polymers with different AMPS content were used to investigate the effect of polymer type on the performance of polymer gels. In addition, methenamine(MA) and hydroquinone(HQ) were employed as crosslinkers, thiourea(TH) was used as oxygen scavenger to improve the stability of polymers and gels. And the gelation time, strength and syneresis rate of gels were characterized respectively. The results showed that the stability of polymer and gel was enhanced with the increase of AMPS content, and the gelation time was increased with the increment of AMPS content. And an ultrastable thermal-resistance and salt-tolerance gel was developed with the AM/AMPS copolymer (AMPS content equals 70%), the syneresis rate was less 10% after heat treatment under the harsh conditions (temperature=130°C, salinity=223802.8mg/L) for 150 days.
Section model test analysis of gate
Authors: Chang-hong Wang , Guang-lu Wang
Published: November 2020

It is a common hydraulic problem to study the characteristics of the discharge flow and the energy dissipation and scour prevention of the downstream of the hub. At present, many hydro junction projects under construction are located in canyon reach, and the layout of hydro junction is limited by terrain conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze the general layout scheme and discharge capacity through experiments. The key technologies and objectives of this kind of section model are put forward, which can be used for reference and guidance in the development of similar cross-section model tests.
In situ growth of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on Ni foam as binder-free electrode for electrochemical pseudocapacitor
Authors: Liu Yu , Liu Ning , Hu Junping , Xu Chengyong , Wang Sujie , Du Guoping
Published: November 2020

In this work, a facile one-step hydrothermal method has been adopted to prepare Ni(OH)2 directly deposited on Ni foam in ultrapure water. The phase structure and morphology composition of the in-situ grown Ni(OH)2/Ni foam (NF) were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results indicate that Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes uniformly in-situ grown on Ni foam construct a hierarchical structure, which in favour of full infiltration with electrolyte, and also beneficial to the reliable stability of the Ni(OH)2/NF electrode. While being employed as an integrated binder-free electrode for electrochemical pseudocapacitor, the Ni(OH)2/NF shows a high specific capacitance of 1470.8 F/g at 2.5 A/g in 2 M KOH. This work demonstrates a highly-simple and cost-effect approach for designing binder-free electrodes for high-performance electrochemical pseudocapacitor.
The theoretical study on formation energy of zinc-blende and wurtzite ZnO1-x
S
x
alloys
Authors: Luo Minghai
Published: November 2020

A theoretical study on formation energy of zinc-blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) ZnO1-x
S
x
has been carried out with the first-principles methods and the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT). The cluster expansion approach was used to describe the disordered alloys, for x = 1/6, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 5/6. With the analysis of the formation energy, the WZ structure is thermodynamically more stable than ZB structure at all temperatures and alloy compositions, which is in agreement with experiments.
The ratio of changes in construction costs and development index of the standard analysis of construction costs for state buildings
Authors: Rachman Waliulu Yusroniya Eka Putri
Published: November 2020

Wages rate and material price are an important part of a construction cost. The Construction Cost Index (CCI) that has been developed which applies to a certain area or period a basis for determining the bid price. This index is also very useful to forecasting construction cost which should reflect the comparison of wages rate and material price changes over time. Standard Construction Cost Analysis per m2 is one of the performance budget instruments to assess the budget of a construction project. Surabaya City Government applies that standard in set up government budget. SCC is composed of several Unit Price Analysis with a certain volume that design has been standardized. The composition of the labour and material price index, as a cost driver for Standar Construction Cost Analysis based on time units are expected to be used in the preparative of cost estimates for Building Construction and further research related to the effect of price increases on construction costs. The results obtained from this study are the construction cost change ratio in Surabaya for 2013-2016 increased average 17.3% per year; start from 2016 - 2020 increased not over 6,5% per year. Where as material cost change ratio tends to increase every year, except for 2014 - 2015 which has increase dramatically. In the other hand the labour price index indicate a constant increase because it was related to the Surabaya City Minimum Wage Rates, but in the early year in data (2013-2014) the Minimum Wage Rates significantly increased. In 2017-2018 labour cost change ratio increased more higher and material cost change ratio turn to decreased because the analysis used new guidelines for Analysis of Work Unit Prices for Public Works (Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia number 28 / PRT / M / 2016). The average component weight of the CCI according to the development of price are labour and foreman (41,3%), stone / brick (10,7%), roof truss and cover (10,4%), cement (8%), floor cover and paint (7,4%), wood (6,8%), iron bar (5,6%), accessories and complement (5,6%) and sand (4,2%). Material cost index tends to increase every year, except for 2018 and 2019 which has decreased. Whereas labour cost index indicated a constant increase because it was related to the UMK (City Minimum Wage) Surabaya. So that the CCI from 2013 to 2020 has increased from 1,00 to 1,93.
Study of partnership form to improve idle land based on risk management
Authors: Prawiro B Y
Published: November 2020

Assets for the company are important capital in running the company’s business. One form of company assets is land. Land assets are immovable assets provided in the Company’s Fixed Assets as long as they are not traded. Generally, land assets can be valuable if it’s sold or developed. If developed, land assets can contribute productively to the company, but conversely if these land assets are not developed (idle) will contribute non-productive to the company. Development of land assets can be done by companies itself or partnership with partners. Land assets contributing to non-productive asset will causes some problem such as legal problems and the cost of securing land assets. Legal problems will result in legal costs incurred to solve it. While the costs of securing land assets will continue to arise as long as the land assets are still attached to the Company or have not yet been developed. The purpose of this study is to response those problem. The writer examines the form of cooperation that can be carried out in accordance with regulations, dominant risk variables according to partnership, and then conducts case studies that will encourage risk-based forms of partnership.