bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Attractiveness, Mood, and the Decision to Card for the Purchase of Alcohol: Evidence for a Mood‐Management Hypothesis1
Authors: McCall Michael
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that physical attractiveness is associated with a decrease in being carded for the purchase of alcohol. Two studies examine whether this relationship might be moderated by the mood of the decision maker. Participants were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 (Mood: Positive or Neutral × Attraction: High or Low) factorial design in which they first described a series of positive (or negative) life events, and then viewed a video of a female college student. Males were less likely to card an attractive target than an unattractive target; negative mood increased the tendency for an unattractive target to be carded, and decreased the tendency for an attractive target to be carded. Study 2 considered whether this influence may have been a result of the participant's interest in dating the target. Female subjects rated a female target in terms of their willingness to have the target date their brother or a close friend. Data revealed an interesting mood by attractiveness interaction, indicating that an attractive target was less likely to be carded, and a positive mood state appeared to enhance this general tendency. Results from both studies are interpreted within a mood‐management conceptual framework.
Alcohol in the Movies: Characteristics of Drinkers and Nondrinkers in Films From 1940 to 1989
Authors: McIntosh William D. , Smith Stephen M. , Bazzini Doris G. , Mills Penny S.
Published: August 2006

We examined depictions of alcohol use in 100 popular films spanning 5 decades. Drinkers were depicted as more attractive, more romantically/sexually active, more aggressive, and having a higher socioeconomic status than nondrinkers. No systematic changes were found across decades that might reflect the growing knowledge base regarding the adverse effects of alcohol use. We compared the depiction of alcohol use in movies to real‐world demographics and found that alcohol use in movies is somewhat glamorized.
College Students’ Perceptions of Peers Who Cheat1
Authors: Whitley Bernard E. , Kost Cecily R.
Published: August 2006

Two studies investigated the efficacy of 3 theoretical models in explaining college students judgments of peers who cheat and of accomplices who assist cheaters. The value pluralism model predicted that accomplices who acted for money would be judged more harshly than those who acted from friendship; the attributional model predicted that cheaters whose actions were caused by internal controllable factors would be judged more harshly than those who actions were caused by external uncontrollable factors, and the relative preference model predicted that students who saw themselves as more likely to act as the cheater and accomplice did would make less harsh judgments. Overall, the results provided the best support for the relative preference model.
Attributions for Poverty: A Comparison of Middle‐Class and Welfare Recipient Attitudes1
Authors: Bullock Heather E.
Published: August 2006

This study compared how a nonrandom sample of 112 middle‐class persons and 124 welfare recipients explained poverty and perceived the welfare system and welfare recipients. Analyses revealed that welfare recipients were more likely to make structural attributions for poverty and to reject restrictive welfare‐reform policies. However, they were also more likely than middle‐class respondents to regard welfare recipients as dishonest and idle. Both groups underestimated the percentage of European Americans receiving public assistance. Implications for intergroup relations and public policy are discussed.
A Causal Model Explaining the Perception and Acceptance of Gene Technology1
Authors: Siegrist Michael
Published: August 2006

This study examined factors affecting perceived risks and acceptance of gene technology. Based on the reviewed literature, a causal model was proposed. The plausibility of the postulated model was tested using structural equation modeling procedures. Participants were randomly selected students from a Swiss university (N= 837). Results indicated that trust in companies and scientists performing gene manipulations have a strong effect on the benefits and risks perceived. When trust was controlled for the inverse relationship between perceived risk and perceived benefit vanished. Furthermore, world views, perceived benefit, and perceived risk each are found to contribute independently to the prediction of acceptance of gene technology. World views and trust appear to play an important role in perceptions of gene technology.
Counterfactual Production and Achievement Orientation in Competitive Athletic Settings1
Authors: Grieve Frederick G. , Houston David A. , Dupuis Susan E. , Eddy Deborah
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined the impact of achievement orientation on counterfactual production in competitive sporting situations. In Study 1, participants created counterfactuals after reading 4 vignettes. Results indicated that participants reading about winners created more subtractive and downward counterfactuals than did participants reading about losers, while participants reading about losers created more additive and upward counterfactuals than did participants reading about winners. In Study 2, using participants in 3‐on‐3 basketball games, achievement orientation interacted with game outcome to produce adaptive responses for participants who held a mastery orientation and maladaptive responses for participants who held an outcome orientation. In addition to achievement orientation, the margin of victory played an important role in determining the type of counterfactual produced. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Reactions to a Motor‐Vehicle Accident in Relation to Mitigating Circumstances and the Gender and Moral Worth of the Driver1
Authors: FEATHER NORMAN T. , DEVERSON NICHOLAS H.
Published: August 2006

Male and female students (N= 153) at the Flinders University of South Australia read scenarios describing a motor‐vehicle accident that varied mitigating circumstances (driving on a slippery road vs. driving at high speed), gender of driver, and the moral worth of the driver (very dependable and trustworthy vs. not dependable and a bit untrustworthy). Results showed that mitigation affected judgments about the driver's responsibility, seriousness of the offense, driver's deservingness of penalty imposed, harshness of penalty, positive affect about the penalty, and sympathy for the driver, consistent with a social cognitive process model (Feather, 1996c, 1998). Moral worth affected judgments about the driver's moral character, harshness of penalty, and liking and sympathy for the driver. Participants attributed higher moral character to the female driver and also reported more liking for the female driver. There was some limited evidence for an in‐group gender bias.
Conservatives' Approach to Work: Less Prepared for Future Work Demands?1
Authors: FAY DORIS , FRESE MICHAEL
Published: August 2006

This study examined conservatism in the domain of work by relating conservatism to work‐related attitudes and personal initiative. Wilson's (1973) concept was used, defining conservatism as rooted in a generalized intolerance of uncertainty. Focusing on the domain of work, it was hypothesized that conservatism should be related to avoiding uncertainty at work, such as responsibility, innovation, change, and challenge, and that conservatives would take less initiative at work. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 478 participants from former East Germany. Questionnaire and behavior‐based interview data were analyzed with structural equation modeling procedures; hypotheses were largely supported. Results are discussed referring to future demands at work. It is concluded that conservatives will have more problems adapting to new requirements that evolve with tomorrow's jobs.
Race‐Based Social Judgment by Minority Perceivers1
Authors: BILLINGS LAURA S. , VESCIO THERESA K. , BIERNAT MONICA
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated processes of social judgment from the perspective of a minority group. Black participants evaluated either Black or White law‐school applicants who possessed either strong or weak credentials. Consistent with predictions of the shifting‐standards model (Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991), a significant pattern of out‐group polarization emerged when judgments were made on subjective, but not objective response scales. Importantly, results revealed that out‐group polarization on subjective response scales was moderated by participants' stereotypes. In line with shifting‐standards predictions, only participants who viewed Blacks relatively favorably, compared to Whites, on the dimension of school performance showed a significant pattern of out‐group polarization. The shifting‐standards model is discussed in relation to other judgment models.
The Gendered Nature of Competence: Specific and General Aspects of Self‐Knowledge in Social Contexts1
Authors: BORNHOLT LAUREL J.
Published: August 2006

A sense of academic competence combines at least 2 forms of gender stereotyping: an illusory glow about performance on specific tasks. and traditional gender stereotyping about general perceptions of natural talent. Flexible categorization in terms of generality and content suggests a multifaceted model of aspects of self‐knowledge about Mathematics and English (ASK‐ME). This paper demonstrates the flexibility of the ASK‐ME model for adolescents (N= 1,360) in 2 social contexts (coed and single‐gender schools). The forms of gender stereotyping combine so that where traditional gender stereotyping was reduced at single‐gender schools, an illusory glow had more influence. One outcome was that boys in single‐gender settings expressed enhanced perceptions of performance in mathematics and language. Results highlight the importance of generality and content in understanding the gendered nature of academic self‐concepts in social contexts. Implications are for differential influences on the plans and choices adolescents make about work and study.
Are Ethicality Perceptions of Different Counterproductive Behaviors Affected by Workplace Dependencies?1
Authors: Viswesvaran Chockalingam , Deshpande Satish P. , Joseph Jacob
Published: August 2006

Dependency theory posits that relationships in organizations are affected by perceived dependencies. The present paper investigated whether the perceived ethicality of various counterproductive behaviors depends on perceived dependencies. Falsifying time reports and using organizational resources for personal use were considered to be more unethical by individuals who scored low on dependency, whereas concealing one's errors was considered to be more unethical by individuals who scored high on dependency. These results were not attributable to social desirability bias. Implications are elaborated.
Modeling Potential Psychological Risk Factors of Pathological Gambling
Authors: Burtonton Scot , Netemeyer Richard G. , ANDREWS J. CRAIG
Published: August 2006

This paper proposes a model of potential psychological risk factors antecedent to pathological gambling. Proposed relationships are tested using a structural equations methodology for 2 samples: (a) gamblers composed of members of Gamblers Anonymous and individuals clinically diagnosed and in treatment for pathological gambling. and (b) a demographically matched sample drawn from the general population of a 3‐state area from which the gamblers were recruited. Results show both intriguing similarities and differences in relationships among the risk factors. Specifically. for these 2 samples, relationships among the constructs of neurotic/obsessive thoughts, self‐esteem, impulsiveness, and anxiety/nervousness are generally similar, but relationships between model constructs and a measure of probable pathological gambling varies across the samples.
Effects of Perceived Fairness on Willingness to Pay
Authors: Ajzen Icek , Rosenthal Lori H. , Brown Thomas C.
Published: August 2006

An experiment tested the effects of fairness on willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods. Treatments varied the amount requested (high vs. low), the fairness of the requested contribution (high vs. low), and the beneficiary (self vs. other) or cause of the needed change (internal vs. external). Irrespective of fairness type (beneficiary or cause), under conditions of high fairness, the public good was judged to be more valuable and the requested contribution more justified. The judged value of the public good and the perceived fairness of the requested contribution each made a significant contribution to the prediction of WTP. The requested amount influenced WTP by acting as an initial anchor. The implications of these findings for contingent valuation are discussed.
Gender at Work and at Home in Britain: Continuities and Changes
Authors: Siann Gerda , Wilson Fiona , Riley Sarah , Callaghan Margaret
Published: August 2006

This paper discusses the views that British men and women hold about gender roles. Drawing on a survey with over 4,000 university students and interviews with professional men and women, it is suggested that, while the majority of both genders are moving toward an egalitarian model of gender roles, men's views are more likely than women's to be constrained by an essentialist mode] of gender. The data presented indicate that men were more likely than were women to endorse traditional gender roles, to regard women as better equipped for child care than men, to believe that women's advances necessarily disadvantage men, and to believe that men's work opportunities have worsened in comparison to women's. Drawing on both the interviews and the survey, it is also argued that beliefs about gender roles tend to be mediated by individualist discourses, which exempt exceptional individuals from normative gender roles.
Is Smoking Detrimental to Effective Supervision?
Authors: Gilbert G. Ronald , Hannan Edward L. , Flaggert James J.
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the relationship between the smoking hehavior of supervisors and the effectiveness ratings attributed to them by their subordinates on 5 leadership eflectiveness measures. A sample of 3.422 assessments revealed that supervisors who smoke were rated lower than were nonsmoking supervisors. The findings suggest that smoking tobacco is associated with lower supervisory effectiveness, as perceived by subordinates. The causes for such lower ratings are attributed to bias against smokers in the workplace. actual performance differences, or both.
The Stigma of Psychological Problems in a Work Environment: Evidence From the Screening of Service Members Returning From Bosnia1
Authors: Britt Thomas W.
Published: August 2006

The present research examined the stigma associated with psychological problems among service members returning from the United States peacekeeping mission to Bosnia. The results show that admitting a psychological problem in the military is perceived as muchmore stigmatizing than admitting a medical problem. Service members had more concerns about stigmatization and felt more uncomfortable discussing psychological problems than medical problems, and these feelings were magnified when service members were being screened with their units rather than alone. Service members also reported a lesser likelihood of following through with a psychological referral than with a medical referral. However, participants who discussed psychological issues with a therapist felt the screening was more beneficial than those who did not discuss their responses. The results address the neglected topic of the stigma associated with psychological problems in the workplace.
Marital Stress, Psychological Distress, and Healthful Dietary Behavior: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Schafer Robert B. , Keith Patricia M. , Schafer Elisabeth
Published: August 2006

This longitudinal study examined the role of marital and psychological distress on healthful dietary change. A theoretical model is proposed that specified barriers to healthful dietary behavior as mediating the effect of depressive symptoms, role disagreement, inequity, and education on dietary change over time. Subjects were 97 married couples interviewed in their homes at 2 separate times. Selection in the first wave was by random area sampling based on population concentration. The findings provide evidence of the negative influence of interpersonal and intrapsychic distress on positive dietary change. For wives, marital and psychological distress and the barriers to dietary change were important factors in actual changes in dietary behavior. For both husbands and wives, higher barriers were associated with lesser positive dietary change.
Clinical Evaluations: Impact of Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Gender Role
Authors: Biaggo Maryka , Roades Laurie A. , Staffelbach Darlene , Cardinali John , Duffy Rosemary
Published: August 2006

This study surveyed clinicians regarding their judgments of disturbance as a function of client sexual orientation. gender, and gender role. Members of the American Psychological Association's Psychotherapy Division (N= 422) read a case description and responded to questions about psychological functioning. Results revealed no differences in diagnosis of depression. but a significant interaction between client sexual orientation and client gender for ratings on alcohol dependence and on schizophrenia. Heterosexual men and lesbians received slightly higher ratings of both disorders than did gay men and heterosexual women. The most significant finding for ratings of psychological functioning was a main effect for client sexual orientation. with gav/lesbian clients evaluated as functioning better in their significant relationships, being more motivated for therapy, and having a higher need for medication.
The Roles of Gender and Affirmative Action Attitude in Reactions to Test Score Use Methods1
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Bauer Talya N.
Published: August 2006

The present study explored the effects of 2 variables, affirmative action (AA) attitude and gender, on reactions to 3 test score use (TSU) methods: top‐down selection. banding with random selection, and banding with preferences. In a study of 94 upper‐division and graduate business students, AA attitude was associated with different reactions to TSU methods in terms of fairness and organizational attractiveness. Moreover, women with negative AA attitudes and men rated banding with preferences lower than the other two methods, but women with positive AA attitudes did not Results are discussed in terms of applicant reactions models, implications for organizations and future research.
Volunteerism in a Community‐Based Sample of Women Aged 50 to 80 Years1
Authors: Bowen Deborah J. , Andersen M. Robyn , Urban Nicole
Published: August 2006

This paper has 2 purposes: (a) to present the differences in demographic and health characteristics of older women volunteers and nonvolunteers in a community‐based sample; (b) to identify the motivations of current and past volunteers, as contrasted with those who have never volunteered. A population‐based survey was conducted with a sample of 1,104 women aged 50 to 80 years in the state of Washington. Nonvolunteers were less likely to be married and were slightly less likely to be White than were current or past volunteers. Demographic variables (e. g., age) and health status predicted level of reported motivation for volunteering. These data provide us with population‐based estimates of volunteering and motivations for older women.
The Structure of Coping in AIDS Caregivers: A Factor Analytically Derived Measure1
Authors: Land Helen , Long Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2006

We report on the development of a new coping inventory. Findings demonstrate factorial invariance for 3 factors across 3 groups of caregivers. From a 19‐item summative inventory, we derived a 3‐factor model including direct problem management. positive outlook, and reality‐based coping. The model, inclusive of 9 items. appears to have consistent factor structure across groups. Results offer evidence that the 3‐factor structure is robust and may be generalized across other groups of caregivers. The model provides an acceptable fit with coping concepts of direct problem management, cognitive, and perceptual management of meaning. Findings suggest that caregivers are similar in these 3 dimensions of coping; that domain‐specific caregiving experiences are responsible for selection of coping efforts comprising these coping dimensions.
Leadership and Social Identification in Military Units: Direct and Indirect Relationships1
Authors: Shamir Boas , Zakay Eliav , Brainin Esther , Popper Micha
Published: August 2006

This study examines some antecedents and consequences of social identification in military units. Data were collected from 2 samples in each unit: staff members and soldiers. It was found that identification with the unit was related to 3 categories of leader behavior: an emphasis on collective identity, an emphasis on shared values, and inclusive behaviors. Some of the effects of leader behaviors on members' social identification were mediated by their effects on unit culture. Some of the effects of leader behaviors on the social identification of more distant subordinates (soldiers) were mediated by their effects on the social identification of closer subordinates (staff members). Differential effects of leader behaviors on the 2 levels of subordinates were also discovered.
Electronic Performance Monitoring: A Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Monitoring and Difficulty on Task Performance, Mood State, and Self‐Reported Stress Levels
Authors: Davidson Rick , Henderson Ron
Published: August 2006

Increases in the sophistication of workplace computerization has provided modern‐day managers with superior tools, such as electronic performance monitoring (EPM), with which to supervise their employees. Expanding on studies by Aiello (e. g., Aiello, 1993), the present study aimed to examine EPM in a social facilitation framework, exploring not only the relationship with task performance and stress, but also with an individual's subjective mood state. Thirty‐three female and 15 male university students were required to solve a series of anagrams via a purpose‐built computer program. Both the difficulty of the anagrams (easy or difficult) and the presence of monitoring (present or absent) were varied for each participant. Results indicated that the visual presence of EPM resulted in an easy task being performed with greater proficiency and a difficult task being performed with less proficiency. When participants were attempting to solve an easy task, the presence of EPM resulted in a participant's mood state becoming significantly more positive; whereas when solving a difficult task, EPM caused a more negative mood state. Similarly, it was found that a higher level of subjective stress was experienced when EPM was present, as opposed to absent. when individuals were performing a difficult task. The implications for the workplace applications produced by this study are discussed.
Preferred Attributes of Effective Conflict Resolvers in Seven Societies: Culture, Development Level, and Gender Differences1
Authors: Montiel Cristina JAYME , Boehnke Klaus
Published: August 2006

This research examined variations in preferred personality attributes of conflict resolvers. Using a semantic differential scale, youth from Malaysia, Japan, China, Philippines, Australia, Germany, and the United States described an effective conflict resolver. ANOVA procedures tested whether culture, country's level of economic development, or gender produced significant variations on conflict resolver preferences. Results show that conflict resolvers can be described along a continuum that has a compassionate peacemaker on one side and a dominating peacemaker on the other. Cultural differences produced marginal significance. The stronger effects were results of variations in power positions. A compassionate peacemaker was preferred by respondents from developing societies, rather than by those from the wealthier countries, and by women more than men.
Rock Stars in Anti‐Drug‐Abuse Commercials: An Experimental Study of Adolescents' Reactions1
Authors: Newcomb Michael D , Antoine Mercurio Claire , Wollard Candace A.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined adolescents' perceptions and effectiveness of rock stars in antidrug‐abuse public‐service announcements (PSAs). In the pilot study (N= 24 teenagers), adolescents expected rock musicians, and in particular heavy metal musicians, to be drug users. In our experimental study (N= 78 high school students aged 15 to 16 years), one group was shown 4 PSAs produced by Rock Against Drugs, using rock stars Jon Bon Jovi, Aimee Mann, Gene Simmons, and Belinda Carlysle as spokespersons. The comparison group was shown 4 equivalent PSAs that were created using unknown actors selected for their similarity to the rock stars in terms of age, ethnicity, and gender, but without any reference to rock music. PSA ratings were taken on 4 scales: attractiveness, expertness, trustworthiness, and overall PSA rating. Pretest and posttest measures of drug attitudes supported our hypotheses that countermessages from rock stars denormalize the connection between rock music and drugs, and that adolescents respond more positively to PSAs with rock stars than to PSAs without rock stars.
Effects of Seeking Accommodation and Disability on Preemployment Evaluations
Authors: Hazer John T. , Bedell Karen V.
Published: August 2006

Within the context of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, we examined the impact of requesting accommodation and having a disability on ratings of applicant suitability for employment. Psychology students and human resources (HR) professionals reviewed application materials from a hypothetical job candidate and then evaluated the candidate's qualifications for the job. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 conditions that consisted of a candidate seeking or not seeking accommodation partially crossed with disability type (none, physical, or psychiatric). Three potential covariates were considered: HR employment status, and knowledge of and attitude toward the ADA. Results showed that asking for reasonable accommodation lowered suitability ratings, even when controlling for HR employment status, the only significant covariate. Also, a candidate with a psychiatric disability was given significantly lower employment suitability ratings than was a candidate with no disability. Implications for applicants with disabilities and employers are discussed.
Illusory Personal Control as a Determinant of Bet Size and Type in Casino Craps Games1
Authors: Davis Deborah , Sundahl Ian , Lesbo Michael
Published: August 2006

Langer's (1974, 1975) theory regarding the conditions under which subjects performing a chance task will suffer from an illusion of control over the outcome has specified 6 conditions proposed to enhance the illusion ofcontrol in chance tasks. A number of studies have applied her theory and predictions to gambling, a real‐world arena of chance tasks where participants have been observed to act as if the outcomes are controllable by the use of various “logical” (acting on the “gambler's fallacy”) and superstitious strategies (e. g., blowing on dice). Thus far, however, these studies have not been conducted in naturalistic gaming environments and have yielded mixed results regarding the operation of the illusion of control. The present research offers the first study of the operation of the illusion of control in such a real‐world context. In order to examine the effects of active vs. passive task participation (a variable hypothesized by Langer to affect the illusion of control), patrons of Reno casinos were observed placing craps bets on their own and another yoked patron's dice rolls. It was hypothesized that subjects would (a) place higher bets and (b) place more “difficult” bets (e. g., where only one specific number, as opposed to any of several numbers, may win) on their own rolls (when they would experience the illusion of control over the outcome) than on other patrons' roles (when they would not experience such an illusion). That is, players were expected to generally adopt riskier betting strategies when throwing the dice. Results supported the hypotheses.
Tornado Preparedness of Students, Nonstudent Renters, and Nonstudent Owners: Issues of PrE Theory1
Authors: MULILIS JOHN‐PAUL , DUVAL T. SHELLEY , Bovalino Karen
Published: August 2006

Previous research has indicated that certain characteristics appear to affect the extent to which populations prepare for natural hazards. In an effort to investigate the effects of the mechanisms of PrE theory on the relationship between population characteristics and preparedness actions, relevant data were assessed for 3 separate population types. Results indicated that homeowners were more prepared for tornadoes than were renters, who in turn were more prepared for tornadoes than were students. Furthermore. homeowners appraised their preparedness resources as greater than the perceived threat of a tornado. and felt more responsible for preparing for tornadoes than did renters; who in turn appraised their preparedness resources as greater than the perceived threat of a tornado, and felt more responsible for preparing for tornadoes than did students.
Coping Self‐Efficacy and Psychological Distress Following the Oklahoma City Bombing1
Authors: Benight Charles C. , Freyaldenhoven Robert W. , Hughes Joel , Ruiz John M. , Zoschke Tiffany A. , Lovallo William R.
Published: August 2006

Findings from a study of 27 victims of the Oklahoma City bombing are reported. This research focused on the importance of subjective appraisals of coping self‐efficacy in predicting psychological distress following this tragedy. Results supported the hypothesis that judgments of coping self‐eficacy taken 2 months after the bombing added significantly to the explanation of general and trauma‐related distress after controlling for income, social support, threat of death, and loss of resources. Coping self‐eficacy judgments taken I year later were also important in explaining psychological distress after controlling for loss of resources and social‐support perceptions. Although coping self‐efficacy perceptions taken at 2 months were related to distress levels 1 year later, they did not remain significant in a regression analysis controlling for loss of resources and income. Implications of these findings for post‐terrorist bombing interventions are discussed.
Predictors of Teens' Attitudes Toward Condoms: Gender Differences in the Effects of Norms
Authors: Mizuno Yuko , Seals Brenda , Kennedy May , Myllyluoma Jaana
Published: August 2006

Using data collected from a telephone survey of adolescents aged 15 to 19, we studied predictors of condom attitudes. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 348 sexually active teens. Multiple regression revealed that holding other variables constant being females, African American, perceiving that more of their friends were using condoms (i. e., perceived normative behavior). and stronger perceived normative pressure were significantly associated with favorable condom attitudes. Furthermore, significant interaction effects pointed to gender differences in the association between two types of norms and attitudes toward condoms. Perceived normative behavior had a greater effect on the attitudes of female adolescents. Perceived normative pressure had a greater effect on the attitudes of male adolescents.
Disaster Preparedness: Relationships Among Prior Experience, Personal Characteristics, and Distress1
Authors: Sattler David N. , Kaiser Charles F. , Hittner James B.
Published: August 2006

At the peak of a hurricane watch and warning, participants completed a questionnaire asking about their prior experience with a hurricane (property loss and distress), and their degree of preparation, perceived threat, and distress when threatened by Hurricane Emily (Study 1) or Hurricane Fran (Study 2). In Study 1, age, income, internal locus of control, perceived threat, and current distress predicted preparation. Among participants with hurricane experience, age and distress as a result of the hurricane accounted for a significant portion of preparation variance. In Study 2, age, perceived threat, and hurricane experience predicted preparation. The findings support both the conservation of resources stress model (Hobfoll, 1989) and the warning and response model (Lindell & Perry, 1992). Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
The Effects of Music on Atmosphere in a Bank and a Bar1
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J. , Mckendrick Jennifer
Published: August 2006

This paper reports 2 studies of the effects of music on customers' perceptions of the atmosphere in a city center bank and a city center bar, respectively. In the first study, classical music, easy‐listening music, and no music were played over the course of 3 weeks, and customers were asked to rate the banking hall in which it was played and the music in terms of twenty 10‐point adjectival scales. Customers' responses indicated a positive correlation between ratings of the banking hall and the music on each of the scales. There were also statistically significant differences between the conditions on factor scores derived from a factor analysis of responses to the banking hall. The second study employed a similar methodology over 9 days in a bar, comparing classical, pop, and no music. Customers rated the atmosphere of the bar and the music played there in terms of II adjectival scales. Once again there was a positive correlation between ratings of the listening environment and ratings of the music. Type of music and volume level gave rise to main effects on ratings of the bar in terms of these adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings gave rise to 3 factors, which were similar to those obtained in the first study, and also to those in an earlier study situated in a university cafeteria. Finally, there were significant Type of Music × Time of Day, and Volume × Time of Day interactions on customers' estimates of the maximum sum they would be prepared to pay for products on sale in the bar. These results demonstrate that music can have reliable effects on atmosphere and purchase intentions in commercial environments.
Women's Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Reactions to a Male Coworker's Sexist Behavior1
Authors: Schneider Kimberly T. , Tomaka Joe , Palacios Rebecca
Published: August 2006

Empirical research has documented the attitudinal and behavioral consequences of sexual harassment, but has not examined the physiological consequences. In the present study, we monitored women's autonomic physiological activity while they performed a word‐association task with a male confederate who was either harassing, egalitarian, or submissive. Subsequently, we examined the women's cognitive, affective, and physiological reactions as they prepared and delivered a speech to the same confederate. Results indicate that harassment led to greater cardiovascular reactivity during the word‐association task and to greater cognitive, negative affective, and cardiovascular reactions during the subsequent speech compared with other conditions. Subgroups of harassed women who confronted their coworker, or who blamed themselves for his behavior, also exhibited greater cardiovascular reactivity during both tasks compared to women who did not use these coping responses. We integrate our laboratory results with those obtained in field settings.
Media Exposure, Perceived Similarity, and Counterfactual Thinking: Why Did the Public Grieve When Princess Diana Died?1
Authors: Pillow David R. , McNaughton Cassill Mary E.
Published: August 2006

Judgments of perceived similarity to Princess Diana and counterfactual thinking, in conjunction with media exposure, were examined as competing explanations that might account for the public's affective responses to the fatal accident of Princess Diana. Shortly after the accident, 222 introductory psychology students were surveyed. Results indicate that each of these constructs contributed uniquely to predict negative affective responding. An interaction was found such that persons high in perceived similarity had high levels of counterfactual ruminations and negative responding, regardless of their media exposure, whereas media exposure largely predicted the responses of those low in perceived similarity. Possible causal sequences involving these constructs, social comparison theory, and work on media‐related stress are discussed.
The Impact of Alcohol on Negotiator Behavior: Experimental Evidence1
Authors: Schweitzer Maurice E. , Gomberg Leslie E.
Published: August 2006

Business‐related drinking is an important organizational and managerial activity with particular relevance to the negotiation process. This paper investigates the influence of a moderate amount of alcohol on negotiator behavior and negotiated outcomes. We conducted 2 negotiation studies involving inebriated and sober participants, and found that inebriated negotiators used more aggressive tactics, made more mistakes, and reached less integrative agreements than did sober negotiators. Across both studies, we found that inebriated negotiators were unaware that alcohol had affected their negotiations.
“How Many Partners Is Too Many?” Shaping Perceptions of Personal Vulnerability1
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Haddock Geoffrey , Schwarz Norbert
Published: August 2006

The effectiveness of interventions that directly inform people of the risks posed by their own behavior is frequently undermined by people's ability to defend themselves against unwanted information. In response to this difficulty, an alternative approach to shaping people's perceptions of personal vulnerability in which people remained unaware of the intervention was tested. As part of a survey on sexual issues, college undergraduates reported the total number of sexual partners they had had on a response scale that systematically framed their sexual behavior as being either above average or below average. Participants in the 2 conditions reported the same absolute number of sexual partners. However, those who received a response scale that implied they had had more partners than the average student reported greater concern about their sexual behavior than did those who received a scale that implied they had had fewer partners than average. The implications of this approach for influencing perceptions of personal risk are discussed.
Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self‐Esteem Among African Americans1
Authors: Coard Stephanie Irby , Breland Alfiee M. , Raskin Patricia
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of skin color (i.e., lightness–darkness), as it pertains to racial identity development theory and self‐esteem among 113 African American college students of various skin colors. Findings revealed that the sample preferred skin color of a medium tone, rather than exhibiting self‐preference for either lighter or darker skin tones. There was also a significant relationship between one's perceptions of and preferences for his or her skin color and the skin tones idealized by others (e.g., opposite gender, family). Lighter skin color was positively related to higher levels of racial identity attitudes (immersion/emersion); the more satisfied darker skinned individuals were with their skin color, the lower their self‐esteem, and gender differences existed in perceptions of others’ preferences for skin color. Implications of this study for providing therapeutic clinical services and fostering the healthy psychological development of African American men, women, and children are discussed.
Attitudes Toward the Protection and Restoration of Natural Areas Across Three Geographic Levels: An Examination of Interattitude Consistency1
Authors: Bright Alan D. , Barro Susan C. , Burtz Randall T.
Published: August 2006

In addition to large, rural, pristine natural areas, urban open space is increasingly viewed as harboring small pockets of indigenous flora and fauna that need to be protected. We examined the consistency of attitudes toward protecting the natural environment among tropical rainforests, regional natural areas of the midwestern United States, and local open space within the Chicago metropolitan region. We also examined the moderating effects of issue importance, environmental ideology, and objective knowledge on attitude consistency. When environmental protection was rated as important, attitudes toward protecting tropical rainforests, regional forests, and local open space were more consistent with each other than when the issue was unimportant. Persons with distinct environmental ideologies differed in the extent to which their attitudes toward environmental protection at the three geographic levels were consistent.
Sexual Lying Among College Students in Close and Casual Relationships1
Authors: Williams Sunyna S.
Published: August 2006

The current investigation examined the extent and nature of sexual lying in close and casual relationships. Participants were 790 undergraduates recruited from 2 institutions for 1 of 4 studies employing diverse methods—2 experiments, 4 surveys, and a recalled event. Participants tended to tell fewer sexual lies in closer relationships, and those lies tended to be relatively more other‐protective than self‐protective. Also, the more they engaged in sexual lying, the more sexual lying they believed their partners engaged in. Furthermore, individual sexual lying tendencies were consistent across situations. Finally, participants were generally quite honest with their sex partners, and they lied less about risk‐relevant sexual issues than about risk‐irrelevant matters. These findings have implications for safer sex interventions.
Personality Predictors of Protégé Mentoring History
Authors: Fagenson‐Eland Ellen A. , Baugh S. Gayle
Published: August 2006

The present study identifies personality characteristics that are predicted to be associated with protégé status in a series of mentoring relationships, an area of research that has not been explored previously. Predictors of mentoring history identified are need for achievement, need for dominance, self‐esteem, and tension dissipation. A MANOVA, using number of previous mentors as the independent variable and 4 personality characteristics (need for achievement, need for dominance, self‐esteem, and tension dissipation) as outcome variables, showed a significant relationship. Univariate follow‐up tests indicated that the number of previous mentoring relationships was significantly associated with need for achievement, need for dominance, and self‐esteem, but not tension dissipation. Results are discussed in terms of protégé development, and directions for future research are suggested.
Rater Correction Processes in Applicant Selection Using Videoconference Technology: The Role of Attributions1
Authors: S.Chapman Derek , Webster Jane
Published: August 2006

Increasing global competition for the best employees has resulted in a significant increase in the recruiting and selection of geographically dispersed applicants. Innovative telecommunication technologies (e.g., videoconferencing) have provided a means to interview distant applicants at relatively low cost, compared to face‐to‐face interviews. However, some have suggested that interviewer ratings could be affected by the use of communication media to conduct the interview. In the present laboratory study, we tested a model of rater decision processes to help explain a mechanism for inflated ratings of videoconference‐based applicants. Participants who believed that they were making judgments for a real selection process rated simulated videoconference or face‐to‐face interviews. Raters who perceived interview media to be lower in richness were more likely to make external attributions for the applicant's performance, and consequently rated him more favorably.
The influence of Ratee Gender on Ratings of Organizational Citizenship Behavior1
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Rush Michael C.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to examine discrepancies in the evaluation of men and women regarding the performance of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In Study 1, base‐rate differences in the perceived frequency and value of citizenship behaviors performed by males and females were investigated. A gender by job type interaction was found indicating that women were perceived to engage in OCB more frequently than were men in gender‐neutral and male‐typed jobs. No gender differences were found regarding the value associated with citizenship behaviors. In Study 2, undergraduates rated videotaped male and female instructors who exhibited different levels of OCB. Results revealed a gender by OCB interaction such that more accurate behavioral observations were made when observing males exhibiting OCB and females exhibiting no OCB than when observing males who did not exhibit OCB and females who did exhibit OCB. No gender by OCB interactions were found with regard to ratings of overall performance evaluation or reward recommendations.
Empirical Assessment of the Ethics of the Bogus Pipeline1
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Henle Christine A.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the ethics of the bogus pipeline (BPL), a deceptive method used to enhance the validity of self‐reported attitudes and behavior. Potential participants in BPL studies (N= 180) read 1 of 6 descriptions of published articles using the BPL, and provided their perceptions of the costs and benefits of using this method. Results indicate that the BPL is perceived, overall, as a useful and ethical research method. Although they might experience some unpleasant emotions when exposed to the BPL, potential participants believed that the studies using the BPL should have been conducted and that their benefits outweighed the costs. The present empirical results will allow institutional review boards, granting agencies, and other policymakers to complement value‐based perspectives with utilitarian‐based perspectives in making decisions regarding the use of the BPL.
Measures of Ethnicity‐Related Stress: Psychometric Properties, Ethnic Group Differences, and Associations With Well‐Being1
Authors: Contrada Richard J. , Ashmore Richard D. , Gary Melvin L. , Coups Elliot , Egeth Jill D. , Sewell Andrea , Ewell Kevin , Goyal Tanya M. , Chasse Valerie
Published: August 2006

This study introduces new measures of ethnicity‐related stress and a newly adapted measure of ethnic identity. Ethnicity‐related stressors assessed in this study were perceived discrimination, stereotype confirmation concern, and own‐group conformity pressure. Ethnic identity refers to the subjective sense of ethnic group membership and, following Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), was assessed as public regard, identity centrality, and private feelings. Data for 333 undergraduates from diverse ethnic groups indicated that the measures are psychometrically sound. Ethnic group differences for mean scores demonstrated the measures’ known‐groups validity. Cross‐sectional analyses indicated that ethnicity‐related stress and identity constructs captured by the instruments are related to measures of psychological and physical well‐being. The new measures may be useful in the investigation of psychological aspects of ethnicity and their adaptive consequences.