bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Evaluation of Functionalized Aryl and Biaryl Isothiocyanates against Human MCF‐7 Cells
Authors: Fanta Claire C. , Tlusty Kaitlyn J. , Pauley Sarah E. , Johnson Amanda L. , Benjamin Genevieve A. , Yseth Taylor K. , Bunde Michaela M. , Pierce Paul T. , Wang Shirley , Vitiello Peter F. , Mays Jared R.
Published: May 2022

Organic isothiocyanates (ITCs) are a class of anticancer agents which naturally result from the enzymatic degradation of glucosinolates produced by Brassica vegetables. Previous studies have demonstrated that the structure of an ITC impacts its potency and mode(s) of anticancer properties, opening the way to preparation and evaluation of synthetic, non‐natural ITC analogues. This study describes the preparation of a library of 79 non‐natural ITC analogues intended to probe further structure‐activity relationships for aryl ITCs and second‐generation, functionalized biaryl ITC variants. ITC candidates were subjected to bifurcated evaluation of antiproliferative and antioxidant response element (ARE)‐induction capacity against human MCF‐7 cells. The results of this study led to the identification of (1) several key structure‐activity relationships and (2) lead ITCs demonstrating potent antiproliferative properties.
Sharing is Caring: Guidelines for Sharing in the Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) Chemotion as applied by a Synthesis‐oriented Working Group**
Authors: Fink Fabian , Hüppe Henrika M. , Jung Nicole , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: May 2022

The documentation and storage of experimental data is crucial in research data management and science in general. With regard to automated data curation and the generation of data for machine learning processes, the collection and sharing of machine‐readable data, including negative results, is a key step. The electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) Chemotion provides the possibility to share synthesis data with other scientists taking the mentioned aspects into account. In these guidelines, we offer general information on how to share data in Chemotion and present our sharing policy as a best practice example on how to use Chemotion's sharing functions in a working group with several group members on various hierarchy levels.
Sustained improvement in tolerance to water deficit accompanies maize yield increase in temperate environments
Authors: Messina Carlos , Ciampitti Ignacio Antonio , Berning Dan , Bubeck Dave , Hammer Graeme , Cooper Mark
Published: May 2022

Studies at a regional scale suggest that although maize (Zea mays L.) yield increased substantially, sensitivity to water deficit also increased concurrently with crop improvement. This study assessed changes in yield and yield stability after two decades of breeding by evaluating two cohorts of hybrids released by the AQUAmax program and comparing them to a non‐AQUAmax control. Studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 seasons at four sites under well‐watered, moderate and severe stress conditions. Plant densities varied from 2.5 to 12.5 pl m−2. AQUAmax hybrids yielded more than non‐AQUAmax hybrids under water deficit conditions with the magnitude of the difference dependent on plant density. The sensitivity in yield across environments with a wide range of total crop evapotranspiration (350–800 mm) was lower for AQUAmax than non‐AQUAmax, so both yield and yield under stress conditions (yield stability), were enhanced for AQUAmax hybrids. The median differences between observed yields and the 80% quantile yield–evapotranspiration front were 379 for AQUAmax and 427 g m−2 for non‐AQUAmax hybrids. We conclude that deliberate selection of hybrids for yield performance under water deficit underpinned the sustained improvement in yield stability after two decades of drought breeding. Future research should focus on understanding the root causes for the suboptimal utilization of drought tolerant maize for the diversity of environments at a regional scale.
α‐Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides
Authors: Tian Xianhai , Kaur Jaspreet , Yakubov Shahboz , Barham Joshua P.
Published: May 2022

α‐Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross‐electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C−C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net‐reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
A stochastic computing architecture for local contrast and mean image thresholding algorithm
Authors: Xu Wenbing , Xie Guangjun , Wang Shaowei , Lin Zhendong , Han Jie , Zhang Yongqiang
Published: May 2022

Image binarization algorithms in document image analysis divide pixel values into two groups, including white as background and black as foreground. Among others, the local contrast and mean (LCM)‐based thresholding algorithm offers excellent performance in processing degraded documents. This algorithm, however, is susceptible to noise and requires significant hardware resources. In this paper, an energy‐efficient and fault‐tolerant architecture is proposed for implementing the LCM algorithm in stochastic computing (SC). Leveraging correlated input bitstreams, this architecture saves energy and improves the fault tolerance of the implementation. Experimental results show that the proposed LCM stochastic architecture significantly outperforms the stochastic implementation of the Sauvola algorithm in terms of both binarization accuracy and hardware overhead and energy consumption. Even using 16‐bit streams, the proposed circuit produces an error rate lower than 5%. The stochastic implementation of the LCM algorithm using a 16‐bit length FSM‐based LD sequence is 22 times less in area, 26 times less in total power, 28 times less in energy consumption and more fault‐tolerant than the conventional 8‐bit bit‐width weighted binary with the same frequency constraints.
High diversity of lysis‐resistant cells upon the application of targeted physical and chemical lysis to environmental samples originating from three different water bodies
Authors: Junier Thomas , Paul Christophe , Corona Ramírez Andrea , Filippidou Sevasti , Fatton Mathilda , Lehmann Anaël , Chain Patrick S. , Ariztegui Daniel , Vennemann Torsten , Viollier Patrick H. , Junier Pilar
Published: May 2022

In most habitats, fluctuating environmental conditions create periods of compromised survival for metabolically active organisms. In response, various survival strategies have evolved, including the formation of resilient resting cells. We assessed the biodiversity of the lysis‐resistant bacteria in three different environments by applying a harsh physicochemical treatment to the samples. The bacterial diversity of the lysis‐resistant fraction was compared with the bacterial diversity from the same environmental samples without the application of the enrichment method. As expected, in the lysis‐resistant fraction, a significantly higher relative abundance of endospore‐forming Firmicutes (for instance, Bacillus, Clostridium and Paenisporosarcina) was observed in comparison with the untreated samples. However, genera from which the existence of a resistant cell form is not yet reported were also highly enriched in comparison with the untreated samples. Our results suggest a more diversified repertoire of bacterial resistant cellular structures than previously thought.
Pectin with various degrees of esterification differentially alters gut microbiota and metabolome of healthy adults
Authors: Huang Wenqi , Fang Qingying , Fan Linlin , Hong Tao , Tan Huizi , Nie Shaoping
Published: May 2022

Pectin with various degrees of esterification (DE) leads to different food processing directions and has the distinct potential for modulating human health. Investigations of pectin–gut microbiota interactions may contribute towards better understanding of the structure–function mechanism. In this study, in vitro batch fermentation (artificial colon model) was used to illustrate the differential impacts of pectin with different DE on the gut microbiota and metabolome of healthy adults. The results indicated that low‐esterified pectin L13 showed better‐sustained abilities in terms of the diversity of microbiota and promoted the abundance of Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae at family levels, and Bacteroides and Lachnospira at genus levels. High‐esterified pectin H121 induced less Enterococcus and Clostridium. Data from untargeted metabolomics revealed the alterations of intracellular metabolites including fatty acids, amino acids, and organic molecules by various types of pectins. Inositol was the unique intracellular metabolite that was significantly upregulated by low‐esterified pectin L13. All types of pectins could increase the level of acetic acid, but butyric acid was only enriched by pectin L13.
Forecasting the performance of a diffusion absorption refrigeration system using optimal fluid blend—A neural network approach
Authors: Valiyandi Sreenesh , Thampi Gireeshkumaran
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the diffusion absorption system has gained special attention in several types of research due to its ability to promote sufficient cooling effect from the use of low‐grade heat. Normally, in the diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) system, ammonia works as a refrigerant, helium as an inert gas, and water as an absorbent. These refrigerant combinations cause certain environmental issues such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, toxic gas formation, etc. This work aims to formulate an environment‐friendly DAR system from among six different alternative refrigerant blends. The refrigeration performances such as coefficient of performance (COP), exergy analysis, heat supplied in the generator, mass flow rate, refrigeration effect, and cooling capacity are determined for different evaporator temperatures. Harris hawk optimization (HHO) screened the optimal refrigerant blend and validated using hybrid Elman recurrent neural network (ERNN)‐based HHO methods. It is observed that the performance of the DAR is optimal when isobutane + dimethylformamide + helium is used as the working fluid.
Principal component analysis reveals multiple consistent responses to naturalistic stimuli in children and adults
Authors: Di Xin , Biswal Bharat B.
Published: May 2022

Functional MRI (fMRI) study of naturalistic conditions, for example, movie watching, usually focuses on shared responses across subjects. However, individual differences have been attracting increasing attention in search of group differences or associations with behavioral outcomes. Individual differences are typically studied by directly modeling the pair‐wise intersubject correlation matrix or projecting the relations onto a single dimension. We contend that it is critical to examine whether there are one or more consistent responses underlying the whole sample, because multiple components, if exist, may undermine the intersubject relations using the previous methods. We propose to use principal component analysis (PCA) to examine the heterogeneity of brain responses across subjects and project the individual variability into higher dimensions. By analyzing an fMRI dataset of children and adults watching a cartoon movie, we showed evidence of two consistent responses in the supramarginal gyrus and other regions. While the first components in many regions represented a response pattern mostly in older children and adults, the second components mainly represented the younger children. The second components in the supramarginal network resembled a delayed version of the first PCs for 4 s (2 TR), indicating slower responses in the younger children than the older children and adults. The analyses highlight the importance of identifying multiple consistent responses in responses to naturalistic stimuli. This PCA‐based approach could be complementary to the commonly used intersubject correlation to analyze movie‐watching data.
Synbiotic containing extensively hydrolyzed formula improves gastrointestinal and atopic symptom severity, growth, caregiver quality of life, and hospital‐related healthcare use in infants with cow's milk allergy
Authors: Hubbard Gary P. , Atwal Kiranjit , Graham Lynne , Narayanan Sankara , Cooke Lisa , Casewell Catherine , Denton Sally‐Ann , Gavin Joan , Browne Robert M. , Kinnear Fiona J. , McHardy Ailsa J. , Evans Debbie , Vallis Rachel , Venkataraman Devasmitha , Cawood Abbie L. , Donohoe Sarah , Steele Victoria , Armstrong Sonia , Stratton Rebecca J.
Published: May 2022

Background

Healthy gut microbiota is important for prognosis in cow's milk allergy (CMA). The application of synbiotics (specific pre‐ and probiotics) in extensively hydrolyzed formulae (eHFs) is a relatively new concept.

Aims

To evaluate a synbiotic‐containing, whey‐based eHF (SeHF) with galacto‐oligosaccharides, fructo‐oligosaccharides, and bifidobacterium breve M‐16V in infants with CMA.

Materials and Methods

A 31‐day one‐arm pilot study in 29 infants with CMA (mean age 30.8 weeks [SD 11]) was undertaken, with outcomes including gastrointestinal tolerance, atopic dermatitis symptoms, dietary intake, growth, SeHF acceptability, caregiver quality of life, and hospital‐related healthcare use.

Results

Significant improvements (p < .05) in the severity of abdominal pain (in 57%), burping (in 46%), flatulence (in 79%), constipation (in 14%), rhinitis (41%), and itchy eyes (73%), as well as atopic dermatitis in those with severe baseline symptoms (PO‐SCORAD©reduction: 34.7–18.2 (p = .003),n = 6) were observed over time. Growth and caregiver quality of life scores significantly increased (+26.7%,p < .05) over time. Hospital visits and medications significantly reduced (−1.61 and −2.23, respectively,p < .005) in the 6 months after SeHF initiation.

Discussion

In this small, single‐arm, pilot study, the use of SeHF enhanced the management of infants with non‐IgE mediated CMA who were already established on eHF. Conclusion: Whilst this study adds to the evidence base for the use of SeHF in CMA, further robust research to explore the longer‐term benefits of synbiotics, specifically the blend used in this study, for the clinical management of infants with CMA is warranted.
Diagnosing temporomandibular joint disorders using second harmonic imaging of collagen fibers
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhang Jing‐Ying , Xu Ying , Chui Hsiang‐Chen , Han Jiajia , Li Rui
Published: May 2022

This proposed optical imaging method is a nondestructive, real‐time and high‐resolution approach to distinguish healthy and injured temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissues. And the TMJ health index was invented. TMJ pathologies are commonly and reported frequently. It could be associated with the damage of collagen, cartilage and bone tissue. The second harmonic generation images could be obtained by a femtosecond laser pulses, so the aligned information of the collagen fibers in all directions for the TMJ disorders was collected. The disorder degree of collagen fibers was quantified and ranked using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The TMJ health index can effectively present the TMJ healthy condition and the disorder degree of collagen fibers, a valuable objective tool for tissue characterization for TMJ healthy condition. Integrated with the staining methods, we can provide the scaling information at different injury degree.
The erythropoietin‐derived peptide ARA 284 reduces tissue wasting and improves survival in a rat model of cancer cachexia
Authors: Palus Sandra , Elkina Yulia , Braun Tanja , von Haehling Stephan , Döhner Wolfram , Anker Stefan D. , Cerami Anthony , Brines Michael , Springer Jochen
Published: May 2022

Background

Cancer cachexia (CC) is a severe complication during the last stages of the disease, which is characterized by the substantial loss of muscle and fat mass. Currently, there is no effective treatment of CC. Erythropoietin plays tissue‐protective role in different tissues. Based on the structure of erythropoietin, small non‐erythropoietic peptides were synthesized, which activate tissue‐protective signalling pathways.

Methods

Here, we investigated the influence of the tissue‐protective peptide ARA 284 on CC in rats using the Yoshida hepatoma model.

Results

Treatment with ARA 284 (1.7 μg/kg/day) counteracted the loss of body weight (12.46 ± 4.82% ARA 284 vs. 26.85 ± 0.88% placebo, P < 0.01), fat mass (P < 0.01), and lean mass (P < 0.01). It improved spontaneous activity of ARA 284‐treated animals. Further, gastrocnemius mass was increased (13.2% ARA 284 vs. placebo, P < 0.01) in association with induced p‐Akt (P < 0.01) and decreased in p‐p38 MAPK, GSK‐3β, and myostatin (all P < 0.01), suggesting an induction of anabolic pathways. At the same time, we observed the significant increase in the survival of animals by high‐dose ARA 284 treatment (hazard ratio: 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.23–0.94, P = 0.0325).

Conclusions

Taken together these results suggest that ARA 284 can be considered beneficial in experimental CC and it remains to be seen, if it can have similar beneficial effects in CC patient.
Thermophysical properties of novel ammonium‐based eutectic solvents with ethane‐1,2‐diol and ZnCl2
Authors: Walvekar Rashmi , Saputra Ricky , Khalid Mohammad , Vaka Mahesh , Mubarak Nabisab Mujawar , Dharaskar Swapnil
Published: May 2022

Background

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new types of tunable solvents that have attracted a large scientific community due to their versatile applications and attractive physical properties. Ammonium‐based solvents are widely used in desulfurization processes, but they are toxic and expensive. Thus, to replace the conventional ammonium‐based solvents, this work aims to synthesize novel ammonium–ethylene glycol (EG)‐based ternary DESs (TDESs). The thermophysical properties, such as viscosity, density, acidity, stability, degradation point, melting point, conductivity, refractivity and miscibility, were measured in this study.

Results

The TDESs were prepared using varying molar ratios ranging from 1:3 to 1:5 by combining a hydrogen bond donor (EG) with ZnCl2 and three ammonium‐based hydrogen bond acceptors, namely ethylammonium chloride, diethylammonium chloride and diethylethanolammonium chloride. It was found that most properties are significantly superior to those of the constituent components of the TDESs. Arrhenius and linear equation fittings with respect to temperatures ranging from 20 to 100 °C predict R2 values close to unity. The viscosity, pH and density decrease while electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.

Conclusion

Such interesting observations are mainly caused by the particles’ excitation phenomena that increase their kinetic energy and volume. Furthermore, the lower melting point of TDESs compared to the constituent components is attributed to the charge delocalization through hydrogen bonding between donor and acceptor molecules. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
A new liver regeneration molecular mechanism involving hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and glucose‐regulated protein 78 as a new hepatotrophic factor
Authors: Hagiwara Kei , Harimoto Norifumi , Yamanaka Takahiro , Ishii Norihiro , Yokobori Takehiko , Tsukagoshi Mariko , Watanabe Akira , Araki Kenichiro , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Shirabe Ken
Published: May 2022

Background/Purpose

To overcome liver failure, we focused on liver regeneration mechanisms by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Kupffer cells (KCs). It is known that the HSC‐secreted Mac‐2‐binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGi) activates KC in the fibrotic liver. However, its importance for liver regeneration of the HSCs/M2BPGi/KCs axis after hepatectomy is still unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the HSC‐derived M2BPGi can activate KCs after hepatectomy, and elucidate the new molecular mechanism of liver regeneration.

Methods

We examined the effect of M2BPGi on human hepatocytes and KCs, and explored secretory factors from M2BPGi‐activated KCs using proteomics. Furthermore, the effect on liver regeneration of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) as one of the M2BPGi‐related secreted proteins was examined in vitro and in murine hepatectomy models.

Results

Although M2BPGi had no hepatocyte‐promoting effect, M2BPGi promoted the production of GRP78 in KCs. The KC‐driven GRP78 promoted hepatocyte proliferation. GRP78 administration facilitated liver regeneration after 70% hepatectomy and increased the survival rate after 90% hepatectomy in mice.

Conclusions

The M2BPGi‐activated KCs secrete GRP78, which facilitates liver regeneration and improves the survival in a lethal mice model. Our data suggest that the new hepatotrophic factor GRP78 may be a promising therapeutic tool for lethal liver failure.
The global monsoon system representation in BAM‐v1.2 and HadGEM3 climate simulations
Authors: Cavalcanti Iracema F. A. , Souza Dayana C. , Kubota Paulo Y. , Coelho Caio A. S. , Figueroa Silvio N. , Baker Jessica C. A.
Published: May 2022

The features of monsoon systems in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are analysed in climate simulations of two atmospheric models: the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model version 1.2 (BAM‐v1.2) and the UK Met Office Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3). The results are compared to GPCP precipitation and ERA5 datasets. Although they have different configurations and parameterizations, the purpose is to evaluate their ability in representing key features of the global monsoon system. The spatial extent of the monsoon domains is well simulated by the models, as well as the main characteristics of the monsoons, although precipitation biases are noticed in the regions affected by the systems, consistent with vertical motion and moisture flux biases. The largest precipitation biases are found in the West Pacific Monsoon Region, extended to the east, and in the Australia Monsoon Region extended to the Maritime continent. Deficiencies in precipitation can be related to inaccuracy of vertical motion and humidity flux, as well as to the lack of air–sea interaction. However, the atmospheric circulation features at low and high levels are well represented in all monsoon regions, as well as the annual cycle of precipitation in those regions by both models. The divergence at high levels and convergence at low levels associated with ascending air movement and precipitation in monsoon regions are well represented by the models. An analysis of two monsoon indices at eight monsoon regions showed the models are generally able to simulate the relationship between precipitation and circulation features. In the majority of years, the signs of indices from the models agree with observations. Correlations of precipitation and circulation indices between models and observations show statistically significant values for some monsoon regions. The results obtained contribute to improving knowledge about global monsoon features and their representation in the two models.
Intercomparisons of methods for extracting the internal climate variability from the observed records over the Indo‐Pacific sector
Authors: Miyaji Yuma , Hasegawa Takuya , Tanimoto Youichi
Published: May 2022

A careful isolation of the externally forced component (EFC) and the internal climate variability (ICV) embedded in the observed records as well as the climate simulations is critical to investigate an actual response to the external radiative forcing and/or background dynamics in the ICV. Employing three different methods, we evaluate the EFCs contained in the observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) fields in the Indo‐Pacific region. After removing these EFCs, we obtain the respective ICVs as the remaining anomalies. The remaining SST and SLP anomalies are then evaluated on decadal time scales in a combined empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of different spatial portions: the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the whole Indo‐Pacific region. After making statistical intercomparisons of the spatial patterns and associated time series of the EOF analyses, we found that the EFCs of the individual grid point values (GPVs) were appropriately estimated by regressing onto the multi‐model ensemble global mean surface temperature (GMSTMME) and were less well approximated by the conventional linear trend and the multi‐model ensemble mean of the simulated GPVs. The regressed SST anomalies of the individual historical simulations onto the GMSTMME were much larger than the observed anomalies, illustrating that the ICV‐to‐EFC variance ratio is a performance‐improvement indicator of climate models.
Temporal variation and landcover influence survival in adult female mottled ducks
Authors: Bonczek Elizabeth S. , Ringelman Kevin M. , Marty Joseph R. , Collins Samantha A.
Published: May 2022

Adult survival is a key driver of waterfowl population growth and is subject to temporal and spatial variation. Mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) are native to the Gulf Coast and peninsular Florida, USA, and have suffered population declines over the past decade, especially in Texas and Louisiana, USA. Although the cause of this decline is not well understood, previous research concluded variation in survival contributed to nearly a third of variation in the species' population growth rate. We used global positioning system‐groupe spécial mobile (GPS‐GSM) transmitters to study temporal and spatial variation in survival of adult female western Gulf Coast mottled ducks in southwestern Louisiana, 2017–2020. We evaluated weekly survival models parameterized with combinations of hunted and non‐hunted periods, biological seasons, and landcover types that were used by mottled ducks. There were 3 competitive survival models, and all contained 4 parameters that parsed the annual cycle into the non‐hunted period, first part of the general waterfowl season, and second part of the waterfowl season, and included the proportion of GPS locations in agricultural lands. Weekly survival was 0.979 during the first part of the general waterfowl hunting season, and 0.996 during the second part of the general waterfowl season. Daily survival rate increased with an increasing proportion of locations logged in agricultural lands. Annual survival rates were similar to other waterfowl that are not experiencing population declines, which suggests survival is not limiting population growth of mottled ducks along the western Gulf Coast. Managers should ensure the availability of refuge areas where hunting is prohibited during the first part of the general waterfowl season, when mottled ducks are at an increased risk of mortality, in addition to the targeted conservation of agricultural lands that provide cover and forage.
Independent Light Field Manipulation in Diffraction Orders of Metasurface Holography
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Xue , Zhao Ruizhe , Geng Guangzhou , Li Junjie , Huang Lingling , Wang Yongtian
Published: May 2022

Metasurface holograms are novel optical elements with enormous potential because of the charming electromagnetic features, which can manipulate amplitude, phase, polarization state, and other parameters of light field via an elaborately designed subwavelength nanostructure array. Metagratings are extensively researched for controlling the feature of light in diffraction orders. However, a flexible and simple method is yearned for realizing independent wavefront manipulation in different orders. Here, a metasurface holography that can reconstruct various information in each diffraction order is demonstrated. The physical model is based on Jacobi–Anger expansion and iterative optimization, and both helicity‐dependent and birefringent metasurfaces can work compatibly with this proposed method to achieve arbitrary control of 1D and 2D orders. Specifically, information in 18 channels consisting of diffraction orders and polarization states is encoded in a single metasurface hologram. The approach provides promising and versatile optical elements for beam shaping, holographic display, optical storage, information encryption, etc.
Well‐posedness and exponential stability of the Kawahara equation with a time‐delayed localized damping
Authors: Chentouf Boumediène
Published: May 2022

The aim of this article is to investigate the well‐posedness and stability problems of the so‐called Kawahara equation under the presence of an interior localized delayed damping. The system is shown to be well‐posed. Furthermore, we prove that the trivial solution is exponentially stable in spite of the delay effect. Specifically, local and semi‐global stability results are established according to the properties of the spatial distribution of the delay term.
Safe care transitions for patients receiving parenteral nutrition
Authors: Adams Stephen C. , Gura Kathleen M. , Seres David S. , Kovacevich Debbie , Maguire Angela , Herlitz Jean , Canada Todd W. , Nishikawa Reid , Boullata Joseph ,   and the ASPEN Parenteral Nutrition Safety Committee
Published: May 2022

Transitions of care require coordination between inpatient healthcare providers, care managers, outpatient/ambulatory providers, and the patient/caregiver and family members. Poor communication during transitions of care can affect health outcomes and economic costs for patients/caregivers, healthcare providers, and healthcare systems. The goal of this paper is to identify risk‐prone processes in the transition of care for patients requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) between healthcare environments, including the hospital, home, skilled nursing facility, and long‐term acute care hospital settings. To facilitate the evaluation of the transition, a sequential series of steps in the transition process were identified: initial notification, assessment in preparation for transfer, identifying the receiving organization, identifying accountable providers at each sending/receiving organization, communicating the nutrition care plan, implementing the plan and additional considerations regarding PN preparation and readmissions. Safety concerns with risk‐prone processes are identified and recommended best practices are proposed for improving processes at each step of the transition. Pediatric considerations are included in the evaluation of the various steps in the transition of care. This paper was approved by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors.
Chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: Moving to a circular model
Authors: de Dios Caputto María Dolores , Navarro Rodrigo , Valentín Juan López , Marcos‐Fernández Ángel
Published: May 2022

The circular economy is a path that society, governments, and business must adopt to develop a viable and sustainable model for plastic production. Following the route guided by the United Nations and the new laws of the European Union, such as the Green Deal, it will be able to put an end to the great problem of this era, the inadequate treatment and management of plastic waste. On the plastics production ladder, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) ranks fifth alongside polyurethanes, but only an average of 17% of total PET waste is recycled. Moreover, according to the latest survey made by Zero Waste Europe, most of this recycling source is used in low features applications through a downcycling process. There are mainly two ways for PET recycling, it can be done mechanically or chemically. On the one hand, mechanical recycling is easy to employ but presents some limitations as the properties of the final product decrease from the second cycle, whereas chemical recycling offers versatile procedures although it requires huge amounts of investment money. To address these drawbacks, diverse chemical recycling methods, specially aminolysis and glycolysis, were proposed as the promising way to obtain high added‐value products. In this review, different updated state of the art works about recycling of PET were discussed, presenting the two forms for recycling PET waste, mechanical and chemical approach, and the reason of why is important to focus on the obtention of high‐added value products in an upcycling process.
Double‐ring sign in granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐induced vasculitis
Authors: Mizushima Reimi , Kikuchi Ryota , Takoi Hiroyuki , Shioiri Nao , Toriyama Kazutoshi , Abe Shinji
Published: May 2022

Key message

If a double‐ring sign is found in contrast‐enhanced computed tomography, this should raise concern not only for Takayasu arteritis, but also for granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐induced vasculitis.
Nitrogen and Sulfur Co‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Sensing Applications: A Review
Authors: Somaraj Gayathri , Mathew Sneha , Abraham Thomas , Ambady K. G. , Mohan Chitra , Mathew Beena
Published: May 2022

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged in the last decade, outperforming other members of the carbon family due to remarkable properties such as fluorescence, cytocompatibility, photostability, and other chemical properties, which have led to an increasing number of applications in bioimaging, sensing, photovoltaic, and medicine. Nature is a treasure trove of exciting precursors, which inspires constant persuasion of safe synthetic routes. Doped CQDs, in particular, exhibit excellent luminous characteristics and have been effectively used in various applications. Among the different doping methods used to tune the properties of CQDs, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are the most commonly used elements with comparable atomic sizes, strong valence bonds, and similar electronegativity. As a result, the last lustrum has seen a significant increase in several synthetic approaches to NSCQDs. This is an attempt to review the journey of NSCQDs through green and chemical sources of synthesis and their sensing applications.
Janus‐Structural AIE Nanofiber with White Light Emission and Stimuli‐Response
Authors: Zhao Shikun , Sun Jiangman , Qin Zhen , Li Yufeng , Yu Hao , Wang Guan , Gu Xinggui , Pan Kai
Published: May 2022

White‐light emitting elastomers (WLEEs) based on stimuli‐responsive aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and regulated Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have aroused increasing attention due to the demands for wearable optoelectronic devices. Herein, the blue and orange AIEgens with different environmental sensitivities are synthesized and then encapsulated on both sides of nanofibers via side‐by‐side electrospinning aiming to achieve the Janus WLEEs. After regulating the blue‐orange AIEgens ratio, efficient and stable white light emission with a CIE coordinate of about (0.33, 0.31) is achieved at a blue‐orange AIEgens mass ratio of 3:1. Besides, the Janus nanofibers (Janus‐NFs) also present super stretchability with elongation at the break over 150% and tensile strength close to 7 MPa. The sensitivity of fluorescence for Janus‐NFs to its stretching deformation is used to visualize the evolution of the microstructure of nanofibers during stretching. Moreover, the Janus‐NFs are also sensitive to HCl and NH3, of which the fluorescence color would change under HCl and NH3 fuming above 2 and 57 ppm in air, respectively. The promising applications of the white light Janus‐NFs in smart fabrics, warning sensors, and anti‐counterfeiting packaging are demonstrated. This finding provides an efficient strategy for achieving wearable WLEEs with multiple functionalities, promoting the development of wearable devices.
Pulsed Microwave‐Induced Thermoacoustic Shockwave for Precise Glioblastoma Therapy with the Skin and Skull Intact
Authors: Li Wenjing , Zhang Shanxiang , Xing Da , Qin Huan
Published: May 2022

Glioblastoma has a dismal prognosis and is a critical and urgent health issue that requires aggressive research and determined clinical efforts. Due to its diffuse and infiltrative growth in the brain parenchyma, complete neurosurgical resection is rarely possible. Here, pulsed microwave‐induced thermoacoustic (MTA) therapy is proposed as a potential alternative modality to precisely and effectively eradicate in vivo orthotopic glioblastoma. A nanoparticle composed of polar amino acids and adenosine‐based agonists is constructed with high microwave absorbance and selective penetration of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) at the tumor site. This nanoparticle can activate the adenosine receptor on the BBB to allow self‐passage and tumor accumulation. The nanoparticle converts absorbed microwaves into ultrasonic shockwaves via the thermoacoustic cavitation effect. The ultrasonic shockwave can mechanically destroy tumor cells within a short range with minimal damage to adjacent normal brain tissue due to the rapid decay of the ultrasonic shockwave intensity. The deep tissue penetration characteristics of the microwave and the rapid decay of the ultrasonic shockwave make MTA therapy a promising glioblastoma cure including intact skin and skull.
Enabling Scalable Polymer Electrolyte with Synergetic Ion Conductive Channels via a Two Stage Rheology Tuning UV Polymerization Strategy
Authors: Qi Shengguang , Li Shulian , Zou Wenwu , Zhang Weifeng , Wang Xiujun , Du Li , Liu Shumei , Zhao Jianqing
Published: May 2022

Lithium metal batteries with polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrolytes are considered as one of the ideal candidates for next generation power sources. However, the low ambient operation capability and conventional solvent‐based fabrication process of PEO limit their large‐scale application. In this work, a comb‐like quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte (QPE) reinforced with polyethylene glycol terephthalate nonwoven is fabricated. Combining the density functional theory calculation analysis and polymer structure design, optimized and synergized ion conductive channels are established by copolymerization of tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and introduction of plasticizer tetramethyl urea. Additionally, a unique two‐stage solventless UV polymerization strategy is utilized for rheology tuning and electrolyte fabrication. Compared with the conventional one‐step UV process, this strategy is ideally suited for the roll‐to‐roll continuous coating fabrication process with environmental friendliness. The fabricated QPE exhibits high ionic conductivity of 0.40 mS cm−1 and Li+ transference number (t = 0.77) at room temperature. LiFePO4//Li batteries are assembled to evaluate battery performance, which deliver excellent discharge capacity (144.9 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C) and cycling stability (with the retention rate 94.5% at 0.5 C after 200 cycles) at room temperature. The results demonstrate that it has high potential for solid‐state lithium metal batteries.
Manganese Dioxide‐Based Nanocarrier Delivers Paclitaxel to Enhance Chemotherapy against Orthotopic Glioma through Hypoxia Relief
Authors: Jiang Shuqi , Li Xiaohu , Zhang Fang , Mao Jiaji , Cao Minghui , Zhang Xinna , Huang Siming , Duan Xiaohui , Shen Jun
Published: May 2022

Chemotherapy plays an important role in treating cancers in clinic. Hypoxia‐mediated chemoresistance remains a major hurdle for effective tumor chemotherapy. Herein, a new class of tLyP‐1‐modified dopamine (DOPA)‐β‐cyclodextrin (CD)‐coated paclitaxel (PTX)‐ and manganese dioxide (MnO2)‐loaded nanoparticles (tLyP‐1‐CD‐DOPA‐MnO2@PTX) is developed to enhance glioma chemotherapy. The nanomedicine delivered to the tumor site decomposes in response to the weak acidity and high hydrogen peroxide in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in collapse of the system to release PTX and generates Mn2+ and O2. In a rat model of intracranial glioma, tLyP‐1‐CD‐DOPA‐MnO2@PTX can efficiently pass through the blood‐brain‐barrier to accumulate in tumor sites. The hypoxia in TME can be relieved via O2 generated by MnO2 and the reactive oxygen species produced by Mn2+ can kill tumor cells. The tLyP‐1‐CD‐DOPA‐MnO2@PTX nanoparticles exert a remarkable antitumor effect by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of tumor cells in addition to enabling real‐time tumor monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging. This MnO2‐based theranostic medicine will offer a novel strategy to simultaneously enhance chemotherapy and achieve real‐time imaging of therapeutic process in glioma treatment.
Accelerating O‐Redox Kinetics with Carbon Nanotubes for Stable Lithium‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Zhou Junhua , Chen Zhujie , Yu Guo , Ma Keni , Lian Xueyu , Li Shuo , Shi Qitao , Wang Jiaqi , Guo Lingli , Liu Yu , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Sun Jingyu , Yang Ruizhi , Choi Jin‐Ho , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: May 2022

Lithium‐rich cathodes (LRCs) show great potential to improve the energy density of commercial lithium‐ion batteries owing to their cationic and anionic redox characteristics. Herein, a complete conductive network using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) additives to improve the poor kinetics of LRCs is fabricated. Ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy first demonstrates that the slope at a low potential and the following long platform can be assigned to the transition metal and oxygen redox, respectively. The combination of galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further reveal that a battery with CNTs exhibited accelerated kinetics, especially for the O‐redox process. Consequently, LRCs with CNTs exhibit a much better rate and cycling performance (≈89% capacity retention at 2 C for over 200 cycles) than the Super P case. Eventually, TEM results imply that the improved electrochemical performance of the CNTs case also benefits from its more stable bulk and surface structures. Such a facile conductive additive modification strategy also provides a universal approach for the enhancement of the electron diffusion properties of other electrode materials.
Enhanced Selective Photooxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde over Co3O4‐Modified BiOBr/AgBr S‐Scheme Heterojunction
Authors: Deng Jie , Lei Wanying , Fu Junwei , Jin Huile , Xu Quanlong , Wang Shun
Published: May 2022

Herein, photocatalytic selective oxidation of hydrocarbons through O2 represents a promising way for fine chemical industry on account of its mild reaction condition. In this work, Co3O4‐modified BiOBr/AgBr S‐scheme heterojunction can effectively oxidize sp3 CH bonds at benzylic position to its corresponding aldehydes, with a toluene to benzaldehyde selectivity of 94%, which is much higher than that of pure BiOBr (21.7%) and AgBr (58.9%). A unique S‐scheme charge‐transfer mode is confirmed for the ternary composites by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reactive species quenching measurement. The remaining photogenerated electrons in AgBr with powerful reduction ability can react with O2 to generate •O2
− species, which can further oxidize the benzyl radical formed on the Co3O4 surface to peroxyl radicals and then thermodynamically decompose to benzaldehyde. Herein, this work has important guiding significance for the structure regulation of photocatalysts and application in selective oxidation of sp3 CH bond of hydrocarbons.
Process Engineering of Semitransparent DSSC Modules and Panel Incorporating an Organic Sensitizer
Authors: Vesce Luigi , Mariani Paolo , Calamante Massimo , Dessì Alessio , Mordini Alessandro , Zani Lorenzo , Di Carlo Aldo
Published: May 2022

Among the technologies adopted in the building‐integrated photovoltaics sector, dye‐sensitized solar cells appear very attractive because of unique features like tunable color and good transparency. However, the prospect of their low‐cost fabrication is realistic only if reliable and scalable processes under real manufacturing conditions (i.e., pilot line and/or plant factory) are designed, developed, and optimized for large‐area, efficient, and stable devices. Herein, a highly reproducible process is shown based on the deposition of different inks by screen‐printing technique to realize twenty modules (400 cm2) and one panel (0.2 m2) incorporating an organic sensitizer. Module design considers the resistive losses caused by electron transport, the durability of the device and its aspect ratio (>70%). The module champion efficiency is 5.1% with 35.7% transparency (average visible transmittance), and its stability is determined to be >1000 h according to two International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols (D‐2 and L‐1). The modules show no structural failures, electrolyte leakage, or other signs of degradation. The consistency of the gap between photo‐ and counter‐electrodes before and after stress is demonstrated. An industrial lamination process to realize a panel with an outdoor efficiency of 2.7% at 60 °C tilt angle is adopted.
Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructural Evolution and Transformation Kinetics Simulation by Finite Element Method of Low‐Carbon High‐Alloy Martensitic‐Bearing Steel
Authors: Wei Xinhong , Zhang Xu , He Wenchao , Li Jun , Zhang Junxuan , Li Donghui , Li Shaohong
Published: May 2022

Nowadays, deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is taken as a promising technique for improving the performance of steel. This article is focused on the influence of different heat treatment processes involving DCT on the microstructural evolution of a high Cr–Co–Mo high‐temperature‐bearing steel. Moreover, a multiphysical field coupling numerical model is built to investigate the martensitic transformation kinetics during DCT. The results show that DCT significantly improves the hardness and promotes the transformation of retained austenite to martensite at low temperatures. DCT not only refines the retained austenite as thin‐film morphology but also increases the precipitation of carbides and induces the carbides more homogenous distribution. This indicates that DCT promoted the segregation of carbon atoms and reduced the carbon content of martensite. The finite element model simulation shows that the retained austenite transformation is still incomplete, and the simulation results agree well with the experimental data by X‐Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope analysis. This implies that the finite element simulation can better reflect and verify the experimental results.
Effect of Cooling Rates on the Characteristics of Carbides during Solidification of D2 Cold‐Work Die Steel
Authors: Liu Junchen , Li Wanming , Fu Le
Published: May 2022

Characteristics of carbides, such as their shape, size, type, and structure, significantly affect the plasticity and toughness of D2 cold‐work die steel. The effect of variations in the cooling rate on characteristics of carbides during solidification of D2 cold‐work die steel is investigated. Characteristics of carbides solidified at various cooling rates are quantified by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The quantity of M7C3 carbides increases, but their size and the layer spacing decrease as the cooling rate increases in the range of 0.3–4 °C s−1. The types of carbide are not affected by the cooling rate. The main type is M7C3, with small amounts of M23C6 and MC. The carbides mostly comprise hexagonal hollow bars. There are a few lamellar and curved bar structures. The formation mechanism of hexagonal hollow bar carbides is clarified. The growth of hexagonal hollow bar M7C3 carbides is primarily affected by the chromium content and temperature gradient. Carbides form planar shapes together with nucleation masses and subsequently grow within a lateral envelope of helical dislocations. The interior cavity of M7C3 bar carbides shrinks and becomes filled with austenite as the cooling rate increases, which results in thin hexagonal hollow bar carbides.