bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Pyrolysis Kinetic Triplet, Thermodynamics, Product Characteristics and Reaction Mechanism of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel under the Influence of Copper Slag
Authors: Shen Tianhao , Zhang Fengxia , Yang Shiliang , Wang Hua , Hu Jianhang
Published: February 2023

WCO-Biodiesel can be used as a fuel instead of fossil energy for the copper smelting industry will not only save resources but also protect the environment. The pyrolysis of WCO-Biodiesel in the melting pool is influenced to some extent by the copper slag (CS) generated during the copper smelting process. In this study, the effects of CS on the kinetic triplet, thermodynamics, product characteristics and reaction mechanism of WCO-Biodiesel are comprehensively investigated via a thermogravimetric analyzer and pyrolysis experimental system. Firstly, the apparent activation energy (Eα) is calculated using STR, and Eα decreased at different α under the influence of CS. Then, the trend of the WCO-Biodiesel pyrolysis mechanism with α is determined by the master plots method based on 18 commonly used models similar to the Pn and D1 models. The analysis of WCO-Biodiesel pyrolysis gas products shows that more flammable gases containing H are formed under the influence of CS. The analysis of the liquid products shows that more PAHs and more small molecule products are generated under the influence of CS. Two coke products are produced at high temperatures, which differ significantly in microscopic morphology, spherical carbon particle size and chemical structure. Finally, the mechanism of pyrolysis of the main components in WCO-Biodiesel in the high-temperature environment of melt pool melting is explored.
Applied Complex Diagnostics and Monitoring of Special Power Transformers
Authors: Ivanov Georgi , Spasova Anelia , Mateev Valentin , Marinova Iliana
Published: February 2023

As a major component in electric power systems, power transformers are one of the most expensive and important pieces of electrical equipment. The trouble-free operation of power transformers is an important criterion for safety and stability in a power system. Technical diagnostics of electrical equipment are a mandatory part of preventing accidents and ensuring the continuity of the power supply. In this study, a complex diagnostic methodology was proposed and applied for special power transformers’ risk estimation. Twenty special power transformers were scored with the proposed risk estimation methodology. For each transformer, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) tests, transformer oil quality analysis, visual inspections of all current equipment on-site and historical data for the operation of each electrical research were conducted. All data were collected and analyzed under historical records of malfunctioning events. Statistical data for expected fault risk, based on long-term records, with such types of transformers were used to make more precise estimations of the current state of each machine and expected operational resource. The calculated degree of insulation polymerization was made via an ANN-assisted predictive method. Assessment of the collected data was applied to allow detailed information of the state of the power transformer to be rated. A method for risk assessment and reliability estimation was proposed and applied, based on the health index (HI) for each transformer.
A Review of the Levelized Cost of Wave Energy Based on a Techno-Economic Model
Authors: Guo Chenglong , Sheng Wanan , De Silva Dakshina G. , Aggidis George
Published: February 2023

Wave energy provides a renewable and clear power for the future energy mix and fights against climate change. Currently, there are many different wave energy converters, but their costs of extracting wave energy are still much higher than other matured renewables. One of the best indicators of calculating the generating cost of wave energy is the ‘levelized cost of energy’ (LCOE), which is the combined capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX), and decommissioning cost with the inclusion of the annual energy production, discount factor, and project’s lifespan. However, the results of the LCOE are in disagreement. Hence, it is important to explore the cost breakdown of wave energy by the wave energy converter (WEC), so for finding potential ways to decrease the cost, and finally compare it with other renewable energies. Different WECs have been installed in the same place; the Wave Dragon LCOE platform is the best one, with an energy conversion of EUR 316.90/MWh, followed by Pelamis with EUR 735.94/MWh and AquaBuOY with EUR 2967.85/MWh. Even when using different locations to test, the rank of the LCOE would remain unchanged with the different value. As the CAPEX and OPEX dramatically drop, the availability and capacity factors slowly increase, and the LCOE decreases from a maximum of USD 470/MWh to a minimum of USD 120/MWh. When the discount rate is down from 11% to 6%, the LCOE reduces from USD 160/MWh to USD 102/MWh. Under the ideal condition of the optimal combination of multiple factors, in theory, the LCOE can be less than USD 0.3/KWh. To better explore the LCOE for WECs, the detailed cost elements found in the CAPEX and OPEX have been examined for the scenarios of the undiscounted, half-discounted, and discounted cost models. When the AEP is discounted, the lowest LCOE is equal to USD 1.171/kWh in scene 2 when using a five-step investment, which is below the LCOE value of USD 1.211/kWh in scene 1 when using a two-step investment. Meanwhile, the highest LCOE amounts to USD 2.416/kWh using the five-step investment, whose value is below the LCOE of a two-step investment. When using a one-step investment in scene 3, the lowest LCOE is equal to USD 0.296/kWh, which accounts for 25% of the lowest value in the five-step investment. Meanwhile, the highest LCOE amounts to USD 0.616/kWh, which accounts for 24% of the highest value in the two-step investment. The results of the case study show that a one-step investment program in the half-discounted model is superior to the multi-step investment in the discounted model. This paper examines the viability of wave energy technologies, which is a critical factor for the LCOE of wave energy; furthermore, the form of investment in the wave energy project is also important when calculating the LCOE.
A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Current Control Method for Direct Matrix Converters
Authors: Li Yao , Qiu Lin , Liu Xing , Ma Jien , Zhang Jian , Fang Youtong
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the first approach to a current control problem for the direct matrix converter (DMC), which makes use of the deep reinforcement learning algorithm. The main objective of this paper is to solve the real-time capability issues of traditional control schemes (e.g., finite-set model predictive control) while maintaining feasible control performance. Firstly, a deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm is utilized to train an agent, which learns the optimal control policy through interaction with the DMC system without any plant-specific knowledge. Next, the trained agent is used to make computationally efficient online control decisions since the optimization process has been carried out in the training phase in advance. The novelty of this paper lies in presenting the first proof of concept by means of controlling the load phase currents of the DMC via the DQN algorithm to deal with the excessive computational burden. Finally, simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed methodology for DMCs.
Prediction of NOx Emission Based on Data of LHD On-Board Monitoring System in a Deep Underground Mine
Authors: Banasiewicz Aleksandra , Śliwiński Paweł , Krot Pavlo , Wodecki Jacek , Zimroz Radosław
Published: February 2023

The underground mining industry is at the forefront when it comes to unsafe conditions at workplaces. As mining depths continue to increase and the mining fronts move away from the ventilation shafts, gas hazards are increasing. In this article, the authors developed a statistical polynomial model for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission prediction of the LHD vehicle with a diesel engine. The best-achieved prediction accuracy by the 4th order polynomial model for 11 and 10 input variables is about 8% and 13%, respectively. It is comparable with the sensors’ accuracy of 10% at a stable regime of loading and 20% in the transient periods of operation. The obtained results allow planning of ventilation system capacity and power demand for the large fleet of vehicles in the deep underground mines.
Research on Transformer Voiceprint Anomaly Detection Based on Data-Driven
Authors: Yu Da , Zhang Wei , Wang Hui
Published: February 2023

Condition diagnosis of power transformers using acoustic signals is a nonstop, contactless method of equipment maintenance that can diagnose the transformer’s type of abnormal condition. To heighten the accuracy and efficiency of the abnormal method of diagnosing abnormalities by sound, a method for abnormal diagnosis of power transformers based on the Attention-CNN-LSTM hybrid model is proposed. This collects the sound signals emitted by the real power transformer in the normal state, overload, and the discharge condition. It preprocesses the sound signals to obtain the MFCC characteristics of the sound signals. It is then grouped into a set of sound feature vectors by the first- and second-order differences, and enters the Attention-CNN-LSTM hybrid model for training. The training results show that the Attention-CNN-LSTM hybrid model can be used for the status sound detection of power transformers, and the recognition of the three states can achieve an accuracy rate of more than 99%.
Biosurfactants Produced by Yeasts: Fermentation, Screening, Recovery, Purification, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Fernandes Natalia de Andrade Teixeira , Simões Luara Aparecida , Dias Disney Ribeiro
Published: February 2023

The demand for biosurfactants (BS) produced by yeast for use in industrial processes and products is increasing. Therefore, there has been an increase in the number of publications related to characterization of surfactant compounds produced by yeasts generally recognized as safe (GRAS), which has enabled their application in several industries, including the pharmaceutical and food industries. However, some of these studies use techniques that are not accurate or are no longer essential because of advancements in new technologies. Given the industrial importance of yeasts and their potential to produce BS, this study reviews the production of BS by this microorganism and the most recent industrial applications of BS. It also critically reviews a wide range of techniques used in screening of BS-producing strains, as well as those used in recovery, purification, and characterization of these surfactant compounds produced by yeasts. This review introduces diverse methodologies that are indispensable for the study of BS produced by yeast in an effort to advance BS design, synthesis, and application and introduces new perspectives in the research of these compounds to overcome the obstacles present in this field.
Synergistic Effect of HEDP.4Na and Different Induced Pouring Angles on Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Composites
Authors: Wei Jingjie , Liu Jianwei , Khayat Kamal H. , Long Wu-Jian
Published: February 2023

The poor flexural and damping properties of building materials damages concrete structures and affects their service life when concrete structures are subjected to dynamic loads. Three different dosages (i.e., 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of organic phosphonates (HEDP.4Na) and different pouring methods (i.e., conventional pouring method, 90°-induced pouring method, and 150°-induced pouring method) were designed to improve the flexural and damping performance of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag composites (FR-AASC). The enhanced mechanism of HEDP.4Na was revealed by phase analysis (X-ray diffraction, XRD), pore structure analysis (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, MIP), the heat of hydration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that 0.3% HEDP.4Na combined with the 150°-induced pouring angle can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the FR-AASC sample compared with the reference group. The sample with 0.3% HEDP.4Na cast by the 150°-induced pouring angle increased compressive and flexural strength, damping energy consumption and storage modulus by 20%, 60%, 78%, and 30%, respectively, compared with the reference sample cast by the conventional pouring methodology. HEDP.4Na reduced the early hydration heat and total porosity of the FR-AASC matrix, modified the fiber–matrix interface transition zone, and increased the frictional energy consumption of steel fibers. Overall, the synergistic effect of HEDP.4Na and the induced pouring methodology significantly improved the flexural and damping properties of FR-AASC. This study can provide a guidance for improving the flexural and damping capacity of FR-AASC and promote the application of FR-AASC in construction engineering.
Single-View Measurement Method for Egg Size Based on Small-Batch Images
Authors: Liu Chengkang , Wang Qiaohua , Ma Meihu , Zhu Zhihui , Lin Weiguo , Liu Shiwei , Fan Wei
Published: February 2023

Egg size is a crucial indicator for consumer evaluation and quality grading. The main goal of this study is to measure eggs’ major and minor axes based on deep learning and single-view metrology. In this paper, we designed an egg-carrying component to obtain the actual outline of eggs. The Segformer algorithm was used to segment egg images in small batches. This study proposes a single-view measurement method suitable for eggs. Experimental results verified that the Segformer could obtain high segmentation accuracy for egg images in small batches. The mean intersection over union of the segmentation model was 96.15%, and the mean pixel accuracy was 97.17%. The R-squared was 0.969 (for the long axis) and 0.926 (for the short axis), obtained through the egg single-view measurement method proposed in this paper.
The Contribution of Scalded and Scalded-Fermented Rye Wholemeal Flour to Quality Parameters and Acrylamide Formation in Semi-Wheat-Rye Bread
Authors: Klupsaite Dovile , Starkute Vytaute , Zokaityte Egle , Cernauskas Darius , Mockus Ernestas , Kentra Evaldas , Sliazaite Rugilė , Abramaviciute Gabriele , Sakaite Paulina , Komarova Vitalija , Tatarunaite Ieva , Radziune Sandra , Gliaubiciute Paulina , Zimkaite Monika , Kunce Julius , Avizienyte Sarune , Povilaityte Milena , Sokolova Kotryna , Rocha João , Özogul Fatih , Bartkiene Elena
Published: February 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of scalded (Sc) and scalded-fermented (FSc) (with Lactiplantibacillus paracasei No. 244 strain) rye wholemeal flour on the quality parameters and acrylamide formation in semi-wheat-rye bread. To that purpose, 5, 10 and 15% of Sc and FSc were used for bread production. Results showed that scalding increased fructose, glucose and maltose content in rye wholemeal. Lower concentrations of free amino acids were found in Sc when compared with rye wholemeal, but fermentation of Sc increased the concentrations of some amino acids (on average by 1.51 times), including gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, by 1.47 times). Addition of Sc and FSc had a significant influence (p ≤ 0.05) on bread shape coefficient, mass loss after baking and most bread colour coordinates. Most of the breads with Sc or FSc showed lower hardness after 72 h of storage compared with the control (i.e., without Sc or FSc). FSc improved bread colour and flavour, as well as overall acceptability. Breads with 5 and 10% of Sc had a similar level of acrylamide to the control, while its level in breads with FSc was higher (on average, 236.3 µg/kg). Finally, different types and amounts of scald had varying effects on the quality of the semi-wheat-rye bread. FSc delayed staling and improved sensory properties and acceptability, as well as the GABA level of wheat-rye bread, while the same level of acrylamide as was seen in control bread could be reached when using between 5 and 10% of scalded rye wholemeal flour.
In Silico Evidence of the Multifunctional Features of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus LPG1, a Natural Fermenting Agent Isolated from Table Olive Biofilms
Authors: López-García Elio , Benítez-Cabello Antonio , Ramiro-García Javier , Ladero Victor , Arroyo-López Francisco Noé
Published: February 2023

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in obtaining probiotic bacteria from plant origins. This is the case of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus LPG1, a lactic acid bacterial strain isolated from table olive biofilms with proven multifunctional features. In this work, we have sequenced and closed the complete genome of L. pentosus LPG1 using both Illumina and PacBio technologies. Our intention is to carry out a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and whole-genome annotation for a further complete evaluation of the safety and functionality of this microorganism. The chromosomic genome had a size of 3,619,252 bp, with a GC (Guanine-Citosine) content of 46.34%. L. pentosus LPG1 also had two plasmids, designated as pl1LPG1 and pl2LPG1, with lengths of 72,578 and 8713 bp (base pair), respectively. Genome annotation revealed that the sequenced genome consisted of 3345 coding genes and 89 non-coding sequences (73 tRNA and 16 rRNA genes). Taxonomy was confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity analysis, which grouped L. pentosus LPG1 with other sequenced L. pentosus genomes. Moreover, the pan-genome analysis showed that L. pentosus LPG1 was closely related to the L. pentosus strains IG8, IG9, IG11, and IG12, all of which were isolated from table olive biofilms. Resistome analysis reported the absence of antibiotic resistance genes, whilst PathogenFinder tool classified the strain as a non-human pathogen. Finally, in silico analysis of L. pentosus LPG1 showed that many of its previously reported technological and probiotic phenotypes corresponded with the presence of functional genes. In light of these results, we can conclude that L. pentosus LPG1 is a safe microorganism and a potential human probiotic with a plant origin and application as a starter culture for vegetable fermentations.
RG-I Domain Matters to the In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Pectic Polysaccharides Recycled from Citrus Canning Processing Water
Authors: Wu Jiaxiong , Shen Sihuan , Gao Qiang , Yu Chengxiao , Cheng Huan , Pan Haibo , Chen Shiguo , Ye Xingqian , Chen Jianle
Published: February 2023

Canned citrus is a major citrus product that is popular around the world. However, the canning process discharges large amounts of high-chemical oxygen demand wastewater, which contains many functional polysaccharides. Herein, we recovered three different pectic polysaccharides from citrus canning processing water and evaluated their prebiotic potential as well as the relationship between the RG-I domain and fermentation characteristics using an in vitro human fecal batch fermentation model. Structural analysis showed a large difference among the three pectic polysaccharides in the proportion of the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) domain. Additionally, the fermentation results showed that the RG-I domain was significantly related to pectic polysaccharides’ fermentation characteristics, especially in terms of short-chain fatty acid generation and modulation of gut microbiota. The pectins with a high proportion of the RG-I domain performed better in acetate, propionate, and butyrate production. It was also found that Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, and Bifidobacterium are the main bacteria participating in their degradation. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Eubacterium_eligens_group and Monoglobus was positively correlated with the proportion of the RG-I domain. This study emphasizes the beneficial effects of pectic polysaccharides recovered from citrus processing and the roles of the RG-I domain in their fermentation characteristics. This study also provides a strategy for food factories to realize green production and value addition.
Novel Grade Classification Tool with Lipidomics for Indica Rice Eating Quality Evaluation
Authors: Zhao Luyao , Duan Xiaoliang , Liu Hongbin
Published: February 2023

The eating quality evaluation of rice is raising further concerns among researchers and consumers. This research is aimed to apply lipidomics in determining the distinction between different grades of indica rice and establishing effective models for rice quality evaluation. Herein, a high-throughput ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method for comprehensive lipidomics profiling of rice was developed. Then, a total of 42 significantly different lipids among 3 sensory levels were identified and quantified for indica rice. The orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models with the two sets of differential lipids showed clear distinction among three grades of indica rice. A correlation coefficient of 0.917 was obtained between the practical and model-predicted tasting scores of indica rice. Random forest (RF) results further verified the OPLS-DA model, and the accuracy of this method for grade prediction was 90.20%. Thus, this established approach was an efficient method for the eating grade prediction of indica rice.
Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Potential of Melissa officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Mentha spicata L. Extracts
Authors: Silva Beatriz Nunes , Cadavez Vasco , Caleja Cristina , Pereira Eliana , Calhelha Ricardo C. , Añibarro-Ortega Mikel , Finimundy Tiane , Kostić Marina , Soković Marina , Teixeira José António , Barros Lillian , Gonzales-Barron Ursula
Published: February 2023

Plants are rich in bioactive phytochemicals that often display medicinal properties. These can play an important role in the production of health-promoting food additives and the replacement of artificial ones. In this sense, this study aimed to characterise the polyphenolic profile and bioactive properties of the decoctions, infusions and hydroethanolic extracts of three plants: lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Total phenolic content ranged from 38.79 mg/g extract to 84.51 mg/g extract, depending on the extract. The main phenolic compound detected in all cases was rosmarinic acid. The results highlighted that some of these extracts may have the ability to prevent food spoilage (due to antibacterial and antifungal effects) and promote health benefits (due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities) while not displaying toxicity against healthy cells. Furthermore, although no anti-inflammatory capacity was observed from sage extracts, these stood out for often displaying the best outcomes in terms of other bioactivities. Overall, the results of our research provide insight into the potential of plant extracts as a source of active phytochemicals and as natural food additives. They also support the current trends in the food industry of replacing synthetic additives and developing foods with added beneficial health effects beyond basic nutrition.
PDDA/Honey Antibacterial Nanofiber Composites for Diabetic Wound-Healing: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Parvinzadeh Gashti Mazeyar , Dehdast Seyed Ahmad , Berenjian Ali , Shabani Mohammad , Zarinabadi Ehsan , Chiari Fard Ghazaleh
Published: February 2023

In this paper, Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)/honey nanofiber wound dressing composites were prepared and their effects on the diabetic wound-healing was evaluated using in vivo experiments. The release of effective compounds and the solubility of nanofibers were controlled through the crosslinking process by glutaraldehyde. The crosslinked nanofibers (crosslinking time was 3 h) showed an absorption capacity at a maximum value of 989.54%. Interestingly, the resultant composites were able to prevent 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, effective compounds were continuously released from nanofibers for up to 125 h. In vivo evaluation indicated that the use of PDDA/honey (40/60) significantly enhanced wound-healing. On the day 14th, the average healing rate for samples covered by conventional gauze bandage, PDDA, PDDA/honey (50/50), and PDDA/honey (40/60) were 46.8 ± 0.2, 59.4 ± 0.1, 81.7 ± 0.3, and 94.3 ± 0.2, respectively. The prepared nanofibers accelerated the wound-healing process and reduced the acute and chronic inflammation. Hence, our PDDA/honey wound dressing composites open up new future treatment options for diabetic wound diseases.
Factors Associated with Lack of Health Screening among People with Disabilities Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model
Authors: Kim Ye-Soon , Ho Seung Hee
Published: February 2023

People with disabilities often have poorer health than the general population, and many do not participate in preventive care. This study aimed to identify the health screening participation rates of such individuals and investigate why they did not receive preventive medical services based on Andersen’s behavioral model, using data from the Survey on Handicapped Persons with Disabilities. The non-participation health screening rate for people with disabilities was 69.1%. Many did not in health screening because they showed no symptoms and were considered healthy, in addition to poor transportation service and economic limitations. The binary logistic regression result indicates that younger age, lower level education, and unmarried as predisposing characteristics; non-economic activity as the enabling resources; and no chronic diseases, severe disability grade, and suicidal ideation as need factor variables were the strongest determinants of non-participation health screening. This indicates that health screening of people with disabilities should be promoted while takings into account the large individual differences in socioeconomic status and disability characteristics. It is particularly necessary to prioritize ways to adjust need factors such as chronic disease and mental health management, rather than focusing on uncontrollable predisposing characteristics and enabling resources among barriers to participation in health screening for people with disabilities.
Differences in Growth and Water Use Efficiency in Four Almond Varieties Grafted onto Rootpac-20
Authors: Álvarez Sara , Núñez Lidia , Martín Hugo , Barajas Enrique , Mirás-Avalos José Manuel
Published: February 2023

Almond cultivation in the Mediterranean area has undergone important changes leading to the current trend of intensification. In this scenario, low-vigor rootstocks have recently been developed, such as the ‘Rootpac®’ series, but knowledge about the rootstock’s influence on adaptation to high-density planting systems is very scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the morphological and physiological response of four almond cultivars grafted on ‘Rootpac-20’. To this end, one-year-old almond plants (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb.) cv ‘Penta’ (P), ‘Guara’ (G), ‘Vialfas’ (V) and ‘Soleta’ (S) were grown in pots, irrigated at field capacity (from June to September). Plant height and trunk diameter were measured periodically, and the water use efficiency of production was determined at the end of the trial. Evapotranspiration was measured throughout the experiment. The trunk diameter was greater in S and G at the end of the trial. Similarly, the tallest plants were G while the shortest ones were P. In general, G and S had a higher water use efficiency than V and P. ‘Soleta’ grafted on ‘Rootpac-20’ had higher evapotranspiration values (+25%), which is an important issue when selecting plant material, especially in the case of limited water availability for irrigation.
Auxin Participates in the Regulation of the Antioxidant System in Malus baccata Borkh. Roots under Sub-Low Temperature by Exogenous Sucrose Application
Authors: Li Lijie , Yang Beilei , Zhao Xiaoping , Wang Peng , Lyu Deguo , Qin Sijun
Published: February 2023

Malus baccata Borkh., an apple rootstock, is found to be damaged by oxidation at sub-low root-zone temperature. In previous studies, we have found that exogenous sucrose could alleviate oxidative damage and increase the indole acetic acid (IAA) in roots under sub-low temperature (L). However, the role of IAA in sucrose-induced tolerance to L remains unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous sucrose and IAA synthesis/transport inhibitors (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, TIBA; 4-biphenylboronic acid, BBo) on growth, IAA levels, sugars, and the antioxidant system of M. baccata under L. The results showed that the L treatment decreased IAA contents by 23.69% (48 h) and induced significant increases in root contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen (ROS), along with increasing catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities first increased (24 h) and then decreased (48 h), and glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) activities significantly decreased. The L treatment also decreased ascorbate/oxidized ascorbate (AsA/DHA), glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and coenzyme II/oxidized coenzyme II (NADPH/NADP+) ratios. Furthermore, the L treatment increased the contents of sucrose, fructose, glucose and sorbitol in the roots and suppressed plant growth. Sucrose pretreatment significantly increased IAA contents (12.42%, 24 h and 14.44%, 48 h) and decreased MDA and ROS contents, which improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes other than APX and increased the contents of AsA, GSH, and NADPH, and increased sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol contents and promoted plant growth. However, the sucrose + TIBA or BBo treatments decreased IAA contents and attenuated or almost abolished the positive effects of exogenous sucrose under sub-low temperature. Our findings indicate that IAA is involved in the sucrose-induced regulation of the antioxidant system in M. baccata roots under sub-low temperature and we provided theoretical references for further study on the adaptability of apple roots to low temperature.
Foliar Calcium Effects on Quality and Primary and Secondary Metabolites of White-Fleshed ‘Lemonato’ Peaches
Authors: Maletsika Persefoni , Liava Vasiliki , Sarrou Eirini , Titeli Vaia Styliani , Nasiopoulou Elpida , Martens Stefan , Karagiannis Evangelos , Grigoriadou Katerina , Molassiotis Athanassios , Nanos George D.
Published: February 2023

‘Lemonato’ is a Greek peach melting-flesh white-flesh cultivar with high nutritional value highly appreciated by the consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest foliar calcium application on fruit quality, primary metabolite profile, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic profile of the ‘Lemonato’ peach, clone ‘Stamatis’. The experiment was conducted for two years, 2019 and 2020, in two commercial orchards at Kato Lehonia and Agios Vlasios regions, central Greece, where the ‘Lemonato’ clone ‘Stamatis’ is traditionally cultivated. The treatments were organic calcium (Ca), calcium–silicate in nanoparticles (Ca–Si), and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Foliar application of the different Ca formulations, commonly used as a horticultural practice, were not effective at improving the fruit quality characteristics in this clone, which is characterized by fruit softening during ripening. The study revealed the sugars and organic acid composition and phenolic profile of the ‘Lemonato’ peach, clone ‘Stamatis’. Peach fruit quality, primary metabolites, and phenolic compounds of the two orchards showed a different response to organic Ca and Ca–Si, indicating that genetic or environmental factors may also be involved. A higher concentration of organic Ca and CaCl2 increased the peach fruit phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant activity, improving the fruit nutritional quality.
Water Cycles and Geothermal Processes in a Volcanic Crater Lake
Authors: Chikita Kazuhisa A. , Goto Akio , Okada Jun , Yamaguchi Takashi , Oyagi Hideo
Published: February 2023

Exploring how the hydrological and thermal conditions of a volcanic lake change in response to volcanic activity is important to identify the signs of a volcanic eruption. A water cycle system and a geothermal process in a crater lake, Okama, in the active Zao Volcano, Japan, were explored by estimating the hydrological and chemical budgets of the lake, and analyzing the time series of lake water temperature, respectively. In 2021, the lake level consistently increased by snowmelt plus rainfall in May–June, and then stayed nearly constant in the rainfall season of July–September. The hydrological budget estimated during the increasing lake level indicated that the net groundwater inflow is at any time positive. This suggests that the groundwater inflow to the lake is controlled by the water percolation into volcanic debris from the melting of snow that remained in the catchment. Solving the simultaneous equation from the hydrological and chemical budgets evaluated the groundwater inflow, Gin, at 0.012–0.040 m3/s, and the groundwater outflow, Gout, at 0.012–0.027 m3/s in May–September 2021. By adding the 2020 values of Gin and Gout evaluated at the relatively high lake level, it was found that Gin and Gout exhibit highly negative and positive correlations (R2 = 0.661 and 0.848; p < 0.01) with the lake level, respectively. In the completely ice-covered season of 15 December 2021–28 February 2022, the lake water temperature increased between the bottom and 15 m above the bottom at the deepest point, which reflects the geothermal heat input at the bottom. The heat storage change during the increasing water temperature was evaluated at a range of −0.4–5.5 W/m2 as the 10-day moving average heat flux. By accumulating the daily heat storage change for the calculated period, the water temperature averaged over the heated layer increased from 1.08 to 1.56 °C. The small temperature increase reflects a stagnant state of volcanic activity in the Zao Volcano. The present study could be useful to investigate how an active volcano responds to water percolation and geothermal heat.
HexTile: A Hexagonal DGGS-Based Map Tile Algorithm for Visualizing Big Remote Sensing Data in Spark
Authors: Yao Xiaochuang , Yu Guojiang , Li Guoqing , Yan Shuai , Zhao Long , Zhu Dehai
Published: February 2023

The advent of the era of big remote sensing data has transformed traditional data management and analysis models, among which visualization analysis has gradually become an effective method, and map tiles for remote sensing data have always played an important role. However, in high-latitude regions, especially in polar regions, the deformation caused by map projection still exists, which lowers the accuracy of global or large-scale visual analysis, as well as the execution efficiency of big data. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes an algorithm called HexTile, which uses a hexagonal discrete global grid system (DGGS) model to effectively avoid problems caused by map projection and ensure global consistency. At the same time, the algorithm was implemented based on the Spark platform, which also has advantages in efficiency. Based on the DGGS model, hierarchical hexagon map tile construction and a visualization algorithm were designed, including hexagonal slicing, merging, and stitching. The above algorithms were parallelized in Spark to improve the big data execution efficiency. Experiments were carried out with Landsat-8, and the results show that the HexTile algorithm can not only guarantee the quality of global data, but also give full play to the advantages of the cluster in terms of efficiency. Additionally, the visualization was conducted with Cesium and OpenLayers to validate the integration and completeness of hexagon tiles. The scheme proposed in this paper could provide a reference for spatiotemporal big data visualization technology.
The State of the Art of Molecular Fecal Investigations for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Antibiotic Resistances
Authors: Celiberto Francesca , Losurdo Giuseppe , Pricci Maria , Girardi Bruna , Marotti Angela , Di Leo Alfredo , Ierardi Enzo
Published: February 2023

A new paradigm shift for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection would be timely due to a progressive increase in antibiotic resistance. Such a shift in the perspective of the H. pylori approach should include the preliminary assessment of antibiotic resistance. However, the availability of sensitivity tests is not widespread and the guidelines have always indicated empirical treatments without taking into account the need to make sensitivity tests accessible, i.e., the necessary starting point for improving results in different geographical areas. Currently, the traditional tools for this purpose (culture) are based on performing an invasive investigation (endoscopy) and often involve technical difficulties; thus, they were only confined to the settings where multiple attempts at eradication have failed. In contrast, genotypic resistance testing of fecal samples using molecular biology methods is much less invasive and more acceptable to patients. The purpose of this review is to update the state of the art of molecular fecal susceptibility testing for the management of this infection and to extensively discuss the potential benefits of their large-scale deployment, i.e., novel pharmacological opportunities.
Unveil the Secret of the Bacteria and Phage Arms Race
Authors: Wang Yuer , Fan Huahao , Tong Yigang
Published: February 2023

Bacteria have developed different mechanisms to defend against phages, such as preventing phages from being adsorbed on the surface of host bacteria; through the superinfection exclusion (Sie) block of phage’s nucleic acid injection; by restricting modification (R-M) systems, CRISPR-Cas, aborting infection (Abi) and other defense systems to interfere with the replication of phage genes in the host; through the quorum sensing (QS) enhancement of phage’s resistant effect. At the same time, phages have also evolved a variety of counter-defense strategies, such as degrading extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that mask receptors or recognize new receptors, thereby regaining the ability to adsorb host cells; modifying its own genes to prevent the R-M systems from recognizing phage genes or evolving proteins that can inhibit the R-M complex; through the gene mutation itself, building nucleus-like compartments or evolving anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to resist CRISPR-Cas systems; and by producing antirepressors or blocking the combination of autoinducers (AIs) and its receptors to suppress the QS. The arms race between bacteria and phages is conducive to the coevolution between bacteria and phages. This review details bacterial anti-phage strategies and anti-defense strategies of phages and will provide basic theoretical support for phage therapy while deeply understanding the interaction mechanism between bacteria and phages.
Rats with Long-Term Cholestasis Have a Decreased Cytosolic but Maintained Mitochondrial Hepatic CoA Pool
Authors: Krähenbühl Lukas , Krähenbühl Stephan
Published: February 2023

Previous studies showed that rats with long-term bile duct ligation have reduced coenzyme A stores per g of liver but maintained mitochondrial CoA stores. Based on these observations, we determined the CoA pool in the liver homogenate, liver mitochondria, and liver cytosol of rats with bile duct ligation for 4 weeks (BDL rats, n = 9) and sham-operated control rats (CON rats, n = 5). In addition, we tested the cytosolic and mitochondrial CoA pools by assessing the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole and benzoate in vivo and of palmitate in vitro. The hepatic total CoA content was lower in BDL than CON rats (mean ± SEM; 128 ± 5 vs. 210 ± 9 nmol/g), affecting all subfractions equally (free CoA (CoASH), short- and long-chain acyl-CoA). In BDL rats, the hepatic mitochondrial CoA pool was maintained, and the cytosolic pool was reduced (23.0 ± 0.9 vs. 84.6 ± 3.7 nmol/g liver; CoA subfractions were affected equally). The urinary excretion of hippurate after i.p. benzoate administration (measuring mitochondrial benzoate activation) was reduced in BDL rats (23.0 ± 0.9 vs. 48.6 ± 3.7% of dose/24 h), whereas the urinary elimination of N-acetylsulfamethoxazole after i.p. sulfamethoxazole administration (measuring the cytosolic acetyl-CoA pool) was maintained (36.6 ± 3.0 vs. 35.1 ± 2.5% of dose/24 h BDL vs. CON rats). Palmitate activation was impaired in the liver homogenate of BDL rats but the cytosolic CoASH concentration was not limiting. In conclusion, BDL rats have reduced hepatocellular cytosolic CoA stores, but this reduction does not limit sulfamethoxazole N-acetylation or palmitate activation. The hepatocellular mitochondrial CoA pool is maintained in BDL rats. Impaired hippurate formation in BDL rats is explained best by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Aducanumab—Hope or Disappointment for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Wojtunik-Kulesza Karolina , Rudkowska Monika , Orzeł-Sajdłowska Anna
Published: February 2023

In June 2021, the world was informed about a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease approved by the FDA. Aducanumab (BIIB037, ADU), being a monoclonal antibody IgG1, is the newest AD treatment. The activity of the drug is targeted towards amyloid β, which is considered one of the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical trials have revealed time- and dose-dependent activity towards Aβ reduction, as well as cognition improvement. Biogen, the company responsible for conducting research and introducing the drug to the market, presents the drug as a solution to cognitive impairment, but its limitations, costs, and side effects are controversial. The framework of the paper focuses on the mechanism of aducanumab’s action along with the positive and negative sides of the therapy. The review presents the basis of the amyloid hypothesis that is the cornerstone of therapy, as well as the latest information about aducanumab, its mechanism of action, and the possibility of the use of the drug.
Exogenous Nitric Oxide-Induced Postharvest Gray Spot Disease Resistance in Loquat Fruit and Its Possible Mechanism of Action
Authors: Ren Yanfang , Yan Tengyu , Hu Chunmei , Liu Dong , He Junyu
Published: February 2023

The effectiveness of nitric oxide (NO) for control of grey spot rot cause by Pestalotiopsis eriobotryfolia in harvested loquat fruit and its probable mechanisms have been investigated. The results showed that NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) did not evidently inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of P. eriobotryfolia, but resulted in a low disease incidence and small lesion diameter. SNP resulted in a higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level in the early stage after inoculation and a lower H2O2 level in the latter period by regulating the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. At the same time, SNP enhanced the activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenoloxidase, and total phenolic content in loquat fruit. However, SNP treatment inhibited the activities of cell wall-modifying enzymes and the modification of cell wall components. Our results suggested that NO treatment might have potential in reducing grey spot rot of postharvest loquat fruit.
Insights into the Structure–Property–Activity Relationship of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Acid–Base Catalysis
Authors: Timofeeva Maria N. , Panchenko Valentina N. , Jhung Sung Hwa
Published: February 2023

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been extensively examined for their potential in acid–base catalysis. Many studies have demonstrated that ZIFs possess unique structural and physicochemical properties that allow them to demonstrate high activity and yield products with high selectivity. Herein, we highlight the nature of ZIFs in terms of their chemical formulation and the textural, acid–base, and morphological properties that strongly affect their catalytic performance. Our primary focus is the application of spectroscopic methods as instruments for analyzing the nature of active sites because these methods can allow an understanding of unusual catalytic behavior from the perspective of the structure–property–activity relationship. We examine several reactions, such as condensation reactions (the Knoevenagel condensation and Friedländer reactions), the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, the synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether from propylene oxide and methanol, and the cascade redox condensation of 2-nitroanilines with benzylamines. These examples illustrate the broad range of potentially promising applications of Zn–ZIFs as heterogeneous catalysts.
Untargeted Lipidomics of Erythrocytes under Simulated Microgravity Conditions
Authors: Manis Cristina , Murgia Antonio , Manca Alessia , Pantaleo Antonella , Cao Giacomo , Caboni Pierluigi
Published: February 2023

Lipidomics and metabolomics are nowadays widely used to provide promising insights into the pathophysiology of cellular stress disorders. Our study expands, with the use of a hyphenated ion mobility mass spectrometric platform, the understanding of the cellular processes and stress due to microgravity. By lipid profiling of human erythrocytes, we annotated complex lipids such as oxidized phosphocholines, phosphocholines bearing arachidonic in their moiety, as well as sphingomyelins and hexosyl ceramides associated with microgravity conditions. Overall, our findings give an insight into the molecular alterations and identify erythrocyte lipidomics signatures associated with microgravity conditions. If the present results are confirmed in future studies, they may help to develop suitable treatments for astronauts after return to Earth.
Comparisons between Plant and Animal Stem Cells Regarding Regeneration Potential and Application
Authors: Liu Lulu , Qiu Lu , Zhu Yaqian , Luo Lei , Han Xinpei , Man Mingwu , Li Fuguang , Ren Maozhi , Xing Yadi
Published: February 2023

Regeneration refers to the process by which organisms repair and replace lost tissues and organs. Regeneration is widespread in plants and animals; however, the regeneration capabilities of different species vary greatly. Stem cells form the basis for animal and plant regeneration. The essential developmental processes of animals and plants involve totipotent stem cells (fertilized eggs), which develop into pluripotent stem cells and unipotent stem cells. Stem cells and their metabolites are widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry, environmental protection, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences in animal and plant tissue regeneration, as well as the signaling pathways and key genes involved in the regulation of regeneration, to provide ideas for practical applications in agriculture and human organ regeneration and to expand the application of regeneration technology in the future.