bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel fuzzy c-regression model algorithm using a new error measure and particle swarm optimization
Authors: Soltani Moêz , Chaari Abdelkader , Ben Hmida Fayçal
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a new algorithm for fuzzy c-regression model clustering. The proposed methodology is based on adding a second regularization term in the objective function of a Fuzzy C-Regression Model (FCRM) clustering algorithm in order to take into account noisy data. In addition, a new error measure is used in the objective function of the FCRM algorithm, replacing the one used in this type of algorithm. Then, particle swarm optimization is employed to finally tune parameters of the obtained fuzzy model. The orthogonal least squares method is used to identify the unknown parameters of the local linear model. Finally, validation results of two examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed algorithm.
Neural network segmentation of images from stained cucurbits leaves with colour symptoms of biotic and abiotic stresses
Authors: Gocławski Jarosław , Sekulska-Nalewajko Joanna , Kuźniak Elżbieta
Published: March 2016

The increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in plant leaf tissues is a hallmark of a plant’s reaction to various environmental stresses. This paper describes an automatic segmentation method for scanned images of cucurbits leaves stained to visualise ROS accumulation sites featured by specific colour hues and intensities. The leaves placed separately in the scanner view field on a colour background are extracted by thresholding in the RGB colour space, then cleaned from petioles to obtain a leaf blade mask. The second stage of the method consists in the classification of within mask pixels in a hue-saturation plane using two classes, determined by leaf regions with and without colour products of the ROS reaction. At this stage a two-layer, hybrid artificial neural network is applied with the first layer as a self-organising Kohonen type network and a linear perceptron output layer (counter propagation network type). The WTA-based, fast competitive learning of the first layer was improved to increase clustering reliability. Widrow–Hoff supervised training used at the output layer utilises manually labelled patterns prepared from training images. The generalisation ability of the network model has been verified by K-fold cross-validation. The method significantly accelerates the measurement of leaf regions containing the ROS reaction colour products and improves measurement accuracy.
Neural network based identification of hysteresis in human meridian systems
Authors: Tan Yonghong , Dong Ruili , Chen Hui , He Hong
Published: March 2016

Developing a model based digital human meridian system is one of the interesting ways of understanding and improving acupuncture treatment, safety analysis for acupuncture operation, doctor training, or treatment scheme evaluation. In accomplishing this task, how to construct a proper model to describe the behavior of human meridian systems is one of the very important issues. From experiments, it has been found that the hysteresis phenomenon occurs in the relations between stimulation input and the corresponding response of meridian systems. Therefore, the modeling of hysteresis in a human meridian system is an unavoidable task for the construction of model based digital human meridian systems. As hysteresis is a nonsmooth, nonlinear and dynamic system with a multi-valued mapping, the conventional identification method is difficult to be employed to model its behavior directly. In this paper, a neural network based identification method of hysteresis occurring in human meridian systems is presented. In this modeling scheme, an expanded input space is constructed to transform the multi-valued mapping of hysteresis into a one-to-one mapping. For this purpose, a modified hysteretic operator is proposed to handle the extremum-missing problem. Then, based on the constructed expanded input space with the modified hysteretic operator, the so-called Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) neural network is utilized to model hysteresis inherent in human meridian systems. As hysteresis in meridian system is a dynamic system, a dynamic ELMneural network is developed. In the proposed dynamic ELMneural network, the output state of each hidden neuron is fed back to its own input to describe the dynamic behavior of hysteresis. The training of the recurrent ELM neural network is based on the least-squares algorithm with QR decomposition.
Rheological Modeling of Polymeric Melts in Extruders upon Two-Dimensional Shear Flow
Authors: Hosseini H. , Aseyev V. , Berdyshev B. V. , Borisov A. A.
Published: March 2016

The rheological modeling of a polymer melt in the course of its extrusion through a circular cylindrical channel inside a shaping die equipped with a rotating mandrel and a rotating or stationary nozzle is investigated. This paper attempts to provide a detailed rheological description of the physical processes of a polymer melt based on Leonov model inside the channel of an extruder under its kinematic deformation upon two-dimensional shear flow. Based on the obtained rheological equations of state, the flow process can be described in a form of dependencies reflecting kinematics of complex polymer deformation in the die channel. These expressions allow estimation of the velocity distribution for the flow elements within the channel as well as of the flow-pressure characteristics of the process. A quantitative relation between flow characteristics, rheological properties of polymer, and technical parameters of the channel of an extruder was determined. Comparison of this theoretical model with experimental results validates the suggested model.
Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Polyethylene Parts by Rotomolding
Authors: Ortega Z. , Díaz N. , Alemán-Domínguez M. E. , Romero A. , Monzón M. D. , Gómez-Tejedor J. A.
Published: March 2016

In this study, the feasibility of obtaining superhydrophobic polyethylene parts by rotational molding has been confirmed. The superhydrophobicity is obtained through the surface modification of the thermoplastic by using a microrough aluminium mold. The treatment used to create the microroughness of the mold was an electrochemical process followed by heating at 180 °C. Once the superhydrophobic aluminium mold has been prepared, several rotomolding cycles were carried out. The mold was then used for obtaining rotomolded test cube parts using a conventional polyethylene grade. The behavior of the parts under a water jet show a superhydrophobic behavior of the surface, fact confirmed by the measurement of contact angles above 145°.
Monitoring Theophylline Concentrations in Saline Using Terahertz ATR Spectroscopy
Authors: Takeya Kei , Muto Keita , Ishihara Yasuhiro , Kawase Kodo
Published: March 2016

To assess the possibility of terahertz technology for the determination of drug concentration in blood, we endeavored to apply a terahertz (THz) attenuated total reflection (ATR) method to measure the levels of theophylline in saline. A change in reflected THz wave amplitude was observed in a theophylline concentration-dependent manner. This result was obtained with simple measurements of comparisons of the amplitude of the reflected wave, and suggests that it is possible to monitor concentration changes of drugs in liquid material using THz ATR measurements.
Rotor Design for an Efficient Single-Phase Induction Motor for Refrigerator Compressors
Authors: Ahn Hyun-Jin , Kim Kang-Won , Choi Joon-Ho , Kim Eui-Sun , Lim Young-Cheol
Published: March 2016

This article describes a rotor making technology for the production of high-efficiency single-phase induction motors (SPIMs) to be used in refrigerator compressors. Rotors can have different aluminum fill factors according to the fabrication method. In order to examine the association between the fill factor and the efficiency of the rotor, we analyzed the distribution of magnetic flux density using the finite element method (FEM). Next, we made prototype rotors by conventional casting methods and by the proposed casting method and compared their fill factors. In addition, SPIMs were made using the rotors, and their efficiencies were measured using a dynamometer. Moreover, the SPIMs were put to use in a compressor, for testing, and for each SPIM the refrigerating capacity of the compressor was measured with a calorimeter. Based on the results of the FEM analysis of the magnetic flux density and the experiments, the reliability and validity of the proposed method were proven.
Biomimetic Membranes for Multi-Redox Center Proteins
Authors: Naumann Renate , Geiss Andreas , Steininger Christoph , Knoll Wolfgang
Published: March 2016

His-tag technology was applied for biosensing purposes involving multi-redox center proteins (MRPs). An overview is presented on various surfaces ranging from flat to spherical and modified with linker molecules with nitrile-tri-acetic acid (NTA) terminal groups to bind his-tagged proteins in a strict orientation. The bound proteins are submitted to in situ dialysis in the presence of lipid micelles to form a so-called protein-tethered bilayer lipid membrane (ptBLM). MRPs, such as the cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) from R. sphaeroides and P. denitrificans, as well as photosynthetic reactions centers (RCs) from R. sphaeroides, were thus investigated. Electrochemical and surface-sensitive optical techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance, surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS), were employed in the case of the ptBLM structure on flat surfaces. Spherical particles ranging from µm size agarose gel beads to nm size nanoparticles modified in a similar fashion were called proteo-lipobeads (PLBs). The particles were investigated by laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSM) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Electron and proton transfer through the proteins were demonstrated to take place, which was strongly affected by the membrane potential. MRPs can thus be used for biosensing purposes under quasi-physiological conditions.
The Role of Physical Activity and Nutrition in the Sarcopenia of Cirrhosis
Authors: Trovato Francesca , Aiello Flavia , Larocca Licia , Taylor-Robinson Simon
Published: March 2016

The aim of this review is to understand how physical activity and nutrition are involved in the improvement of sarcopenia in patients affected by liver cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia in cirrhosis involves three major factors: inadequate dietary intake, metabolic disturbances, and malabsorption. Although in the early stages muscles appear to be spared, sarcopenia progressively leads to mobility limitations and its consequences, such as propensity to falls and drastically reducing life quality. Several studies confirm the important role played by physical activity and balanced nutrition in this chronic condition. Exercise and nutritional intervention should be recommended in these patients in order to improve quality of life.
Expected Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Mediterranean Marine Life
Authors: Bray Laura , Reizopoulou Sofia , Voukouvalas Evangelos , Soukissian Takvor , Alomar Carme , Vázquez-Luis Maite , Deudero Salud , Attrill Martin , Hall-Spencer Jason
Published: March 2016

Current climate policy and issues of energy security mean wind farms are being built at an increasing rate to meet energy demand. As wind farm development is very likely in the Mediterranean Sea, we provide an assessment of the offshore wind potential and identify expected biological effects of such developments in the region. We break new ground here by identifying potential offshore wind farm (OWF) “hotspots” in the Mediterranean. Using lessons learned in Northern Europe, and small-scale experiments in the Mediterranean, we identify sensitive species and habitats that will likely be influenced by OWFs in both these hotspot areas and at a basin level. This information will be valuable to guide policy governing OWF development and will inform the industry as and when environmental impact assessments are required for the Mediterranean Sea.
Dealing with Data Quality in Smart Home Environments—Lessons Learned from a Smart Grid Pilot
Authors: Leonardi Alessandro , Ziekow Holger , Strohbach Martin , Kikiras Panayotis
Published: March 2016

Over the last years, we have witnessed increasing interconnection between the physical and digital world. The so called Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more a reality in application domains like manufacturing, mobile computing, transportation, and many others. However, despite promising huge potential, the application domain of smart homes is still at its infancy and lags behind other fields of IoT. A deeper understanding of this type of techno-human system is required to make this vision a reality. In this paper, we report findings from a three year pilot that sheds light on the challenges of leveraging IoT technology in the home environment. In particular, we provide details on data quality issues in real-world deployments. That is, we analyze application level data for errors in measurements as well as issues in the end-to-end communication. Understanding what data errors to expect is crucial for understanding the smart building domain and paramount for building successful applications. With our work, we provide insights in a domain of IoT that has tremendous growth potential and help researchers as well as practitioners to better account for the data characteristics of smart homes.
Influence of Post Weld Heat Treatment on Strength of Three Aluminum Alloys Used in Light Poles
Authors: Menzemer Craig , Hilty Eric , Morrison Shane , Minor Ray , Srivatsan Tirumalai
Published: March 2016

The conjoint influence of welding and artificial aging on mechanical properties were investigated for extrusions of aluminum alloy 6063, 6061, and 6005A. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on the aluminum alloys 6063-T4, 6061-T4, and 6005A-T1 in both the as-received (AR) and as-welded (AW) conditions. Tensile tests were also conducted on the AR and AW alloys, subsequent to artificial aging. The welding process used was gas metal arc (GMAW) with spray transfer using 120–220 A of current at 22 V. The artificial aging used was a precipitation heat treatment for 6 h at 182 °C (360 °F). Tensile tests revealed the welded aluminum alloys to have lower strength, both for yield and ultimate tensile strength, when compared to the as-received un-welded counterpart. The beneficial influence of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on strength and ductility is presented and discussed in terms of current design provisions for welded aluminum light pole structures.
Identifying the Presence of AMD-Derived Soil CO2 in Field Investigations Using Isotope Ratios
Authors: Awuah-Offei Kwame , Mathiba Moagabo , Baldassare Fred
Published: March 2016

Recent incidents of hazardous accumulations of CO2 in homes on or adjacent to reclaimed mine land have been shown to be linked to neutralization reactions between acidic mine drainage and carbonate material. An efficient and economic method is necessary to identify the presence of acid mine drainage- (AMD-) derived CO2 on reclaimed mine land, prior to construction. One approach to identify the presence of AMD-derived CO2 is to characterize stable carbon isotope ratios of soil CO2. To do so, a viable method is necessary to acquire soil gas samples for isotope ratio analysis. This paper presents preliminary investigations of the effectiveness of two methods of acquiring gas samples (sampling during soil flux measurements and using slam bar) for isotope analysis. The results indicate that direct soil gas sampling is cheaper and provides better results. Neither method is adequate without accounting for temporal effects due to changing gas transport mechanisms. These results have significant implications for safe post-mining land uses and future investigations of leakages from geologic carbon sequestration sites.
Nanotechnology Formulations for Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides
Authors: Jackman Joshua , Yoon Bo , Li Danlin , Cho Nam-Joon
Published: March 2016

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides have long been known to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that is based on lytic behavior against bacterial cell membranes. Considering the growing challenges of drug-resistant bacteria and the need for new classes of antibiotics, the wide prevalence, affordable cost, and broad spectrum of fatty acids and monoglycerides make them attractive agents to develop for healthcare and biotechnology applications. The aim of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the history of antimicrobial lipids and their current status and challenges, and to present a detailed discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop nanotechnology formulations of fatty acids and monoglycerides that enable superior in vitro and in vivo performance. Examples of nano-emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and controlled release hydrogels are presented in order to highlight the potential that lies ahead for fatty acids and monoglycerides as next-generation antibacterial solutions. Possible application routes and future directions in research and development are also discussed.
Expression and Functional Activity of the Human Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R38 in Human Placental Tissues and JEG-3 Cells
Authors: Wölfle Ute , Elsholz Floriana , Kersten Astrid , Haarhaus Birgit , Schumacher Udo , Schempp Christoph
Published: March 2016

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed in mucous epithelial cells of the tongue but also outside the gustatory system in epithelial cells of the colon, stomach and bladder, in the upper respiratory tract, in the cornified squamous epithelium of the skin as well as in airway smooth muscle cells, in the testis and in the brain. In the present work we addressed the question if bitter taste receptors might also be expressed in other epithelial tissues as well. By staining a tissue microarray with 45 tissue spots from healthy human donors with an antibody directed against the best characterized bitter taste receptor TAS2R38, we observed an unexpected strong TAS2R38 expression in the amniotic epithelium, syncytiotrophoblast and decidua cells of the human placenta. To analyze the functionality we first determined the TAS2R38 expression in the placental cell line JEG-3. Stimulation of these cells with diphenidol, a clinically used antiemetic agent that binds TAS2Rs including TAS2R38, demonstrated the functionality of the TAS2Rs by inducing calcium influx. Restriction enzyme based detection of the TAS2R38 gene allele identified JEG-3 cells as PTC (phenylthiocarbamide)-taster cell line. Calcium influx induced by PTC in JEG-3 cells could be inhibited with the recently described TAS2R38 inhibitor probenecid and proved the specificity of the TAS2R38 activation. The expression of TAS2R38 in human placental tissues points to further new functions and hitherto unknown endogenous ligands of TAS2Rs far beyond bitter tasting.
Prevalence of Nutrition and Health-Related Claims on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Five-Country Study in Europe
Authors: Hieke Sophie , Kuljanic Nera , Pravst Igor , Miklavec Krista , Kaur Asha , Brown Kerry , Egan Bernadette , Pfeifer Katja , Gracia Azucena , Rayner Mike
Published: March 2016

This study is part of the research undertaken in the EU funded project CLYMBOL (“Role of health-related CLaims and sYMBOLs in consumer behaviour”). The first phase of this project consisted of mapping the prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic nutrition and health-related claims (NHC) on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in five European countries. Pre-packaged foods and drinks were sampled based on a standardized sampling protocol, using store lists or a store floor plan. Data collection took place across five countries, in three types of stores. A total of 2034 foods and drinks were sampled and packaging information was analyzed. At least one claim was identified for 26% (95% CI (24.0%–27.9%)) of all foods and drinks sampled. Six percent of these claims were symbolic. The majority of the claims were nutrition claims (64%), followed by health claims (29%) and health-related ingredient claims (6%). The most common health claims were nutrient and other function claims (47% of all claims), followed by disease risk reduction claims (5%). Eight percent of the health claims were children’s development and health claims but these were only observed on less than 1% (0.4%–1.1%) of the foods. The category of foods for specific dietary use had the highest proportion of NHC (70% of foods carried a claim). The prevalence of symbolic and non-symbolic NHC varies across European countries and between different food categories. This study provides baseline data for policy makers and the food industry to monitor and evaluate the use of claims on food packaging.
Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Merucci Luca , Zakšek Klemen , Carboni Elisa , Corradini Stefano
Published: March 2016

The characterization of volcanic ash clouds released into the atmosphere during explosive eruptions includes cloud height as a fundamental physical parameter. A novel application is proposed of a method based on parallax data acquired from two geostationary instruments for estimating ash cloud-top height (ACTH). An improved version of the method with a detailed discussion of height retrieval accuracy was applied to estimate ACTH from two datasets acquired by two satellites in favorable positions to fully exploit the parallax effect. A combination of MSG SEVIRI (HRV band; 1000 m nadir spatial resolution, 5 min temporal resolution) and Meteosat-7 MVIRI (VIS band, 2500 m nadir spatial resolution, 30 min temporal resolution) was implemented. Since MVIRI does not acquire data at exactly the same time as SEVIRI, a correction procedure enables compensation for wind advection in the atmosphere. The method was applied to the Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy, eruption of 23 November 2013. The height of the volcanic cloud was tracked with a top height of ~8.5 km. The ash cloud estimate was applied to the visible channels to show the potential accuracy that will soon be achievable also in the infrared range using the next generation of multispectral imagers. The new constellation of geostationary meteorological satellites will enable full exploitation of this technique for continuous global ACTH monitoring.
Characteristics of Land Use/Cover and Macroscopic Ecological Changes in the Headwaters of the Yangtze River and of the Yellow River over the Past 30 Years
Authors: Liu Lulu , Cao Wei , Shao Quanqin , Huang Lin , He Tian
Published: March 2016

Based on land use and land cover (LULC) datasets in the late 1970s, the early 1990s, 2004 and 2012, we analyzed characteristics of LULC change in the headwaters of the Yangtze River and Yellow River over the past 30 years contrastively, using the transition matrix and LULC change index. The results showed that, in 2012, the LULC in the headwaters of the Yellow River were different compared to those of the headwaters of the Yangtze River, with more grassland and wet- and marshland. In the past 30 years, the grassland and wet- and marshland increasing at the expense of sand, gobi, and bare land and desert were the main LULC change types in the headwaters of the Yangtze River, with the macro-ecological situation experiencing a process of degeneration, slight melioration, and continuous melioration, in that order. In the headwaters of the Yellow River, severe reduction of grassland coverage, shrinkage of wet- and marshland and the consequential expansion of sand, gobi and bare land were noticed. The macro-ecological situation experienced a process of degeneration, obvious degeneration, and slight melioration, in that order, and the overall change in magnitude was more dramatic than that in the headwaters of the Yangtze River. These different LULC change courses were jointly driven by climate change, grassland-grazing pressure, and the implementation of ecological construction projects.
Environmental Performance of Hypothetical Canadian Pre-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Processes Using Life-Cycle Techniques
Authors: Piewkhaow Lakkana , Manuilova Anastassia , Chan Christine , Wilson Malcolm , Tontiwachwuthikul Paitoon
Published: March 2016

The methodology of life-cycle assessment was applied in order to evaluate the environmental performance of a hypothetical Saskatchewan lignite-fueled Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) electricity generation, with and without pre-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from a full life-cycle perspective. The emphasis here is placed on environmental performance associated with air contaminants of the comparison between IGCC systems (with and without CO2 capture) and a competing lignite pulverized coal-fired electricity generating station in order to reveal which technology offers the most positive environmental effects. Moreover, ambient air pollutant modeling was also conducted by using American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) air dispersion modeling to determine the ground-level concentration of pollutants emitted from four different electricity generating stations. This study assumes that all stations are located close to Estevan. The results showed a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and acidification potential by applying both post-combustion and pre-combustion CO2 capture processes. The GHG emissions were found to have reduced by 27%–86%, and IGCC systems were found to compare favorably to pulverized coal systems. However, in other environmental impact categories, there are multiple environmental trade-offs depending on the capture technology used. In the case of post-combustion capture, it was observed that the environmental impact category of eutrophication potential, summer smog, and ozone depletion increased due to the application of the CO2 capture process and the surface mining coal operation. IGCC systems, on the other hand, showed the same tendency as the conventional coal-fired electricity generation systems, but to a lesser degree. This is because the IGCC system is a cleaner technology that produces lower pollutant emission levels than the electricity generating station; thus, the benefits of capture are reduced on a comparative basis. The results from air dispersion analysis showed that the maximum ground-level concentrations of pollutants from all electricity generating stations are in compliance with all air quality standards, except for Co, Pb and Ni. The IGCC with capture revealed the lowest nitrogen dioxide (NO2) ground-level concentration compared to all other scenarios. Moreover, IGCC systems both with and without pre-combustion CO2 capture revealed no ground-level concentration of trace elements. This is because the IGCC system operates with an acid gas cleaning process that removes most of the trace contaminants from the syngas.
Privatisation et marginalisation syndicale dans une conserverie sénégalaise
Authors: Diouf Babacar
Published: March 2016

La privatisation d'une entreprise de conserve de poisson sénégalaise a profondément modifié les rapports entre ouvriers et direction. Les cadres qui la dirigent actuellement, après avoir licencié une partie du personnel, s'attachent à imposer de nouvelles méthodes d'encadrement. Dans le même mouvement, les employés délaissent la CNTS, syndicat de «participation responsable », qu'ils soutenaient auparavant très activement. Restructurations syndicale et industrielle sont donc étudiées ensemble dans cette conserverie.
Appréhension du VIH/sida dans le secteur privé à Abidjan : stratégies d'entreprises et médecins du travail
Authors: Aventin Laurent
Published: March 2016

La prévalence de l'infection à VIH à Abidjan (Côte-d'Ivoire) est l'une des plus élevées en Afrique de l'Ouest. Sur les lieux de travail certains employeurs prennent des mesures d'exclusion vis-à-vis d'employés dont ils ont appris le statut sérologique VIH. Ils considèrent ces personnes comme non productives à terme, leur objectif est alors de les licencier. Parfois, ils bénéficient de la complicité du médecin d'entreprise qui ne respecte pas le secret médical. Différentes stratégies et techniques sont utilisées par l'employeur pour justifier le licenciement pour un autre motif que celui de l'infection par le VIH.
Le sida et les employées de maison au Kwazulu-Natal en Afrique du Sud : une question de genre, de soins et d'extension des droits de l'homme
Authors: Seidel Gill
Published: March 2016

In the post-apartheid South Africa, the importance of gender have been recognized in the spread of HIV. But the author shows that domestic workers of the rural Kwazulu-Natal, who often are expected to care for HIV symptomatic people in their employer's household, enjoy very limited rights and no education about care and about protecting themselves.
Ethnoscience et sciences cognitives
Authors: Friedberg Claudine
Published: March 2016

Ethnoscience and cognitive sciences

From its beginning, in the 1950s, research in ethnoscience has kept a very close relationship with the cognitive sciences. These ties have evolved because of the manner in which the researchers have considered the relationships between the building of knowledge and the cognitive mechanisms.

The analysis of the relationships implies that one should study the problem of biological determinism, at the brain or at the environmental level, and brings up the research on «universals ».

We will study specially the processes that are in action in the classification of plants by distinguishing three aspects : 1) perception/identification ; 2) denomination ; 3) references to a genus.

Present interest in popular, naturalistic know-how in the management and utilization of the environment, brings forth an increase in studies on the evolution of the representations according to practices and vice-versa.
Cognition et archéologie : habiletés impliquées dans les techniques du passé
Authors: Roux Valentine
Published: March 2016

The study of motor and cognitive skills involved in ancient techniques depicts an anthropological approach which is especially heuristic. Skills are studied, in a current context, according to the methodologies developed by experimental psychology. The goal is to highlight some universal principles in order to interpret, by reference to the present, the skills practiced locally by ancient groups.
La gouvernance d’entreprise japonaise et l’acculturation du modèle américain
Authors: Pejovic Caslav
Published: March 2016

La gouvernance d’entreprise peut être analysée à travers différents prismes, l’analyse juridique n’étant que l’un d’entre eux. L’examen des normes juridiques qui réglementent la gouvernance d’entreprise est un exercice utile mais insuffisant. Afin de le compléter, cet article analyse la relation entre les normes extra-légales et la gouvernance d’entreprise et plus particulièrement l’influence de ces normes sur le fonctionnement de la gouvernance d’entreprise au Japon. L’objectif est ainsi d’examiner les raisons des écarts entre la gouvernance d’entreprise japonaise et le modèle américain transplanté durant la période d’après-guerre. Cette recherche relève donc du domaine du droit comparé puisqu’elle s’intéresse aux questions des transplantations légales et des cultures juridiques mondiales. La gouvernance d’entreprise japonaise est utilisée simplement comme une étude de cas. L’objectif de cette recherche est plus large qu’une simple analyse de la gouvernance des sociétés japonaises ; nous espérons que le résultat de nos recherches s’appliquera à d’autres segments du système juridique japonais et aidera à comprendre le rôle joué par les normes légales et extra-légales dans la société japonaise. Un objectif supplémentaire est de souligner la nécessité de porter une plus grande attention à l’approche sociologique du droit et plus généralement à une approche pluridisciplinaire dans la recherche juridique. Explorer ces nouvelles approches pourrait permettre d’étendre le domaine de la recherche et nous espérons que cet article y contribue.
Le nouveau Règlement “Rome III” : la séparation de corps et le divorce de la population marocaine en Europe et en Espagne
Authors: Ruiz Sutil Carmen
Published: March 2016

L’augmentation en Espagne de l’immigration en provenance du Maroc suscite, dans le cadre des relations hispano-marocaines, un problème qui se caractérise par la forte hausse du trafic des décisions judiciaires concernant les conflits matrimoniaux entre les deux pays. Les Règlements «Bruxelles II bis » et «Rome III » constituent le système préférentiel pour déterminer la dissolution du mariage des Marocains auprès des autorités européennes et espagnoles. Depuis le 21 juin 2012, les règles de conflit du Règlement «Rome III » sont susceptibles d’entraver la reconnaissance dans des États tiers, des jugements de divorce prononcés en Europe, puisque la priorité des critères de rattachement est accordée à la résidence habituelle des époux au détriment de la nationalité. De nos jours, ceci est devenu classique dans les instruments européens et on le retrouve dans tous les projets à venir relatifs au droit de la famille. Cette solution ne favorisera pas les relations privées produites entre l’Espagne et le Maroc. Par ailleurs, la connaissance limitée du droit marocain de la famille et l’inefficacité de la Convention Hispano-marocaine à attribuer une validité aux décisions judiciaires en la matière, incitent à étudier le sujet dans le dessein d’éviter les situations boiteuses qui détériorent les relations juridiques hispano-marocaines.
La dénonciation, déni et dénigrement : les procédures allemandes d’auto-contrôle de la recherche face au plagiat
Authors: Hochmann Thomas
Published: March 2016

Depuis un peu plus de dix ans, les universités et autres institutions de recherche allemandes ont adopté des procédures internes de contrôle de la recherche. Afin d’ébranler l’inertie systémique des institutions scientifiques face au plagiat, ces procédures favorisent la dénonciation, notamment en protégeant son auteur. Cependant, la lutte contre le déni et la protection de la dénonciation ne doivent pas aboutir au règne du dénigrement : une rumeur de plagiat peut causer de lourds dégâts dans un milieu où la réputation joue un rôle essentiel. Dès lors, si l’établissement d’un plagiat ne saurait être dissimulé, les procédures internes prévoient certaines garanties à l’égard du scientifique accusé. Les récents scandales de plagiat qui ont ébranlé les milieux politiques et académiques en Allemagne sont l’occasion de présenter ces procédures et d’établir un bilan de leur application.
L’appréciation de la faute civile en présence de handicap physique. Une comparaison entre les États-Unis et la France
Authors: Moradzadeh Hassan
Published: March 2016

La place accordée aux handicapés au sein de la société est devenue, de nos jours, une question cruciale. Toutefois, malgré les avancées réalisées pour améliorer leur accueil, les handicapés peuvent toujours subir des dommages ou exposer les autres personnes à des dangers. Tant la faute de le handicapé à l’égard d’autrui que celle de ce dernier envers le handicapé doivent donc être considérées. Dans l’appréciation des fautes, la notion française de bon père de famille est comparable à la notion américaine de personne raisonnable.
Terminologie et traduction des législations relatives au droit des contrats. L'exemple du BGB
Authors: Lardeux Gwendoline
Published: March 2016

Se pencher sur la traduction en français du droit allemand des contrats semble devoir ne soulever que des problèmes de nature linguistique. Les deux systèmes juridiques en présence appartenant en effet au même monde romano-germanique, les concepts d’une matière aussi fondamentale que le droit des obligations contractuelles ne pourraient qu’être identiques. S’il ne faut pas nier d’importantes similitudes, il est tout aussi évident cependant que le droit allemand des contrats conserve sa part naturelle d’étrangeté, ayant pour cause principale les origines pandectistes du BGB. Celle-ci présente un double visage : d’une part, une très forte spécificité du vocabulaire juridique allemand sur laquelle se focalisent les principales difficultés de traduction ; d’autre part, une rigueur terminologique d’un degré inconnu du droit français et qui, à l’inverse, est un atout important pour le traducteur.
Creating a Supportive Environment Using Cues for Wayfinding in Dementia
Authors: Davis Rebecca , Weisbeck Catherine
Published: March 2016

The ability to find one's way in the world, known as wayfinding, is impaired in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Older adult residential environments (e.g., independent living, assisted living, nursing home residences) are often especially difficult for wayfinding, with long, non-distinctive hallways and poorly differentiated routes. Wayfinding problems can cause anxiety, distress, and decreased interaction in individuals with dementia. Visual cues are one promising intervention to help this population find their way more easily. The current article reviews research studies that examine the influence of visual cues on wayfinding. The literature shows evidence that individuals with AD have difficulty wayfinding, yet can still learn their way if the environment is supportive of wayfinding. There is beginning evidence that colorful, familiar (easily identified), and personally meaningful cues placed at key decision points and residents' rooms can help individuals with AD find their way. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing
,
42
(3), 36–44.]
Feasibility and Effect Sizes of the
Revised Daily Engagement of Meaningful Activities Intervention
for Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers
Authors: Lu Yvonne Yueh-Feng , Bakas Tamilyn , Yang Ziyi , Weaver Michael T. , Austrom Mary Guerriero , Haase Joan E.
Published: March 2016

A nurse-led intervention, Daily Engagement of Meaningful Activities (DEMA), was evaluated for feasibility and effect sizes in a two-group randomized pilot study with 36 patient–caregiver dyads (17 DEMA and 19 attention control). Effect sizes were estimated on 10 outcomes: dyad functional ability awareness congruence; patients' meaningful activity performance and satisfaction, confidence, depressive symptoms, communication satisfaction, physical function, and life satisfaction; and caregivers' depressive symptoms and life changes. High feasibility of DEMA was supported by the following indicators: consent (97.7%), session completion (91.7%), and Time 3 measure completion (97.2%). Compared to the attention control group, the DEMA group had higher dyad congruence in functional ability awareness and life satisfaction 3 months post-intervention and improved physical function at 2 weeks post-intervention. Although DEMA showed high feasibility and benefits on some health-related outcomes, further testing of DEMA in a larger randomized controlled clinical trial is needed. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing
,
42
(3), 45–58.]
Aeropuerto de Viena
Authors: Schmidt Wilhelm
Published: March 2016

La edificación principal consta de tres cuerpos dedicados: el central a despacho de viajeros y mercancías, el ala este a administración, y la oeste a restaurante.
El bloque central, de 80 x 60 m y una altura de 17 m, está subdividido en dos plantas; en la superior existe una galería que domina la pista de aterrizaje y, a la vez, permite ver la zona de despacho. La planta inferior, al nivel de la pista de aterrizaje, contiene los servicios sanitarios, correo, equipajes, etcétera.
El edificio dedicado a administración, de 85x13 m y 14 m de altura, consta de cuatro plantas. Y el restaurante, de la misma altura que el anterior, pero de dimensiones 90 x 13, está organizado en tres plantas.
Unida a estas construcciones se encuentra la torre de control, cerebro del aeropuerto, con una altura de 35 m, en cuyas nueve plantas se alojan los más avanzados equipos de emisión y recepción.
Está dotado, asimismo, de un aparcamiento con capacidad para 1.500 coches. La magnitud de sus instalaciones, su organización y el cuidado con que han sido estudiados los más pequeños detalles, hacen que este aeropuerto sea uno de los más modernos de Europa.
El Museo Kestner, en Hannover
Authors: Dierschke Werner , Wildometz R.
Published: March 2016

El Museo Kestner, dedicado a las artes menores —artes aplicadas— y al arte industrial, nos conduce, en una ordenación cronológica, desde las producciones de las grandes culturas de la antigüedad hasta las salas en las que se exhibe el arte industrial de la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. El arte industrial más moderno comprende los grupos: cristal, plata, azulejo y porcelana, que están colocados separadamente. Además, contiene el museo un gabinete gráfico, una colección «numismática» y una sala de Exposiciones general. La idea de conservar el edificio antiguo y de construir uno nuevo en celosía, condujo a una solución de planta cuadrada, forma fundamental neutral que cumple la función de cierre de la plaza por todos los lados. La celosía del nuevo muro exterior es de piezas de hormigón celular, de 53x53 cm, y 25 cm de profundidad, suficiente para proteger las salas del soleamiento directo. Estas células están cerradas por dentro con vidrios «difusores», generalmente no transparentes. Su aspecto exterior provoca en el visitante la curiosidad de ver lo que hay detrás de tantas ventanillas. Si aquél queda intrigado y llega a sospechar que dentro hay encerrado un tesoro, se ha obtenido uno de los fines esenciales del espíritu del edificio. Por otro lado, se ha pretendido que su apariencia sea típica y característica de un museo para arte industrial.
Edificio, en Tel-Aviv
Authors: Solotov Nahum
Published: March 2016

Constituye un claro exponente de la lucha que sostiene la. nueva generación de arquitectos, formados en Israel, por crear una arquitectura nacional propia—basada principalmente en la prefabricación—, contraria a los moldes clasicistas tan arraigados en el Oriente Medio y a la gran ola de arquitectura americanizante.
El edificio, el más alto construido hasta la fecha, en la zona central de Tel-Aviv, arranca en planta baja de unos pilares verticales, que se abren en la planta primera en forma de Y, para sustentar el bloque de apartamentos.
Los cerramientos de fachada están construidos con piezas prefabricadas de hormigón; y una gran celosía constituida por bloques de hormigón, a los cuales van adosadas unas piezas salientes que dan sombra y facilitan la ventilación, resolviendo acertadamente este problema fundamental en toda la arquitectura del país.
Iglesia en Garden Grove, California
Authors: Neutra Richard J. , Fischer Bernno , Koschin Serge , Blanton John
Published: March 2016

La iglesia de la Comunidad de Garden Grove ocupa una superficie de 1.067,45 m2, y dispone de 672 asientos y capacidad total para 1.000 feligreses.
El complejo parroquial consta, además, de una serie de dependencias anexas: salas para actividades culturales, sociales, oficinas de la parroquia, cocina..., etc., y una escuela dominical; esta última, con guardería infantil y aulas para grupos de diferentes edades.
En el exterior ha sido dispuesta una zona de aparcamiento, en la que los coches familiares—segunda casa de los norteamericanos—pueden situarse orientados radialmente hacia el altar. De esta forma sus ocupantes participan en los Oficios Sagrados, visualmente, a través de las puertas correderas (que se abren, cuando comienza el acto litúrgico, y se cierran, lentamente, solemnemente, cuando termina) y, acústicamente, mediante altavoces individuales en cada coche.
Una vez más, Richard Neutra ha diseñado a escala humana, pensando en el hombre, la mujer y el niño relacionados con el culto; ubicándolos en los bancos de la iglesia; en los automóviles familiares; en que la religión debe ser viva, evolutiva, y en que los feligreses, ni son primitivos cristianos, a los que se habla en sombrías catacumbas, ni pintorescos cruzados del siglo XI. Así ha plasmado este diseño, en una feliz realización, adecuada para la angustiada y esperanzada gente de hoy.
El entretenimiento preventivo de la maquinaria y el material
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: March 2016

La creación de un sentido de entretenimiento preventivo requiere ser llevada a la mente de los usuarios, con el fin de que la reparación de las pequeñas irregularidades que puedan presentarse en la maquinaria sean subsanadas rápidamente antes de que las mismas puedan originar averías mayores. El entretenimiento de la maquinaria exige una continuidad y atención a la que se oponen diversos factores, tales como: el aburrimiento, la escasez de medios, el sentido de falso entretenimiento, el acaparamiento, el canibalismo, un falso sentido de orgullo por parte del usuario de lograr que las máquinas funcionen, aun en malas condiciones, etc. Por lo tanto, y antes de preocuparse de las labores concretas correspondientes a cada tipo de maquinaria, es preciso convencerlos de lo favorable e indispensable que resulta dicho entretenimiento, mediante el empleo de los diversos medios e incentivos que puedan ser utilizados.
El entretenimiento preventivo de la maquinaria y el material
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: March 2016

Operaciones particulares del entretenimiento preventivo. Comprenden la vigilancia y cuidado de los órganos motores, sistemas de transmisión y aquellos otros específicos de la máquina. Entre las partes que deben ser objeto de las oportunas revisiones se encuentran a su vez piezas, mecanismos y elementos, tales como correas, carburantes, líquidos de frenos, lubricantes, filtros y elementos y mecanismos auxiliares. El estado de todos ellos contribuye al perfecto funcionamiento de la maquinaria, por lo que deberán ser objeto asimismo de diversas comprobaciones y pruebas. Los elementos tales como cables, frenos, luces y aquellos otros de los que de manera especial depende la seguridad, no sólo del funcionamiento de la máquina, sino también del personal encargado de la misma o del que interviene en los trabajos, deben ser inspeccionados con una constancia y atención que debe ser incluso excesiva en algunos casos, con el fin de evitar que puedan producirse daños irremediables.
Departamento de ingenieros de la construcción. Escuela Técnica Superior de Aquisgrán
Authors: Rosskotten Heinrich , Tritthart Edgar , Clements Josef
Published: March 2016

El núcleo central del complejo está constituido por un edificio de ocho plantas, que alberga las dependencias correspondientes a nueve cátedras, dos aulas pequeñas y salas de dibujo.
En conexión con el mismo —en dirección E—, otro de los edificios contiene dos grandes aulas con capacidad para 200 estudiantes cada una.
Y finalmente los bloques de los Institutos, que albergan las siguientes naves: de Estática, de Construcción, de Carreteras, de Maquinaria de Construcción, así como la de Mecánica del Suelo y Urbanización, todas comunicadas con el edificio principal a través de tres puentes.
La disposición orgánica de las distintas construcciones, no solamente evita la monotonía en la composición arquitectónica, sino que une todas las edificaciones en un conjunto armónico.
Grupo escolar de la «Grande Borde», en Lausana
Authors: Adatte Roger , Piguet Jean Claude
Published: March 2016

Este complejo escolar comprende dos partes: una dedicada a la orientación profesional, y otra, a la cultura física. Construido sobre un terreno con fuerte pendiente, los locales para las distintas actividades están organizados a partir de dos niveles diferentes :
En el inferior del cuerpo principal de la edificación se agrupan los locales para las instalaciones, servicios, etc., existiendo además un refugio antiaéreo, acondicionado actualmente para sala de proyección. El nivel superior tiene dos entradas: una al gimnasio, y dependencias anexas—vestuarios, sala de duchas, cuarto del monitor, etc.—, y otra a la zona de la escuela propiamente dicha: vestíbulo principal, aula de orientación profesional, etc.
Por encima de este nivel, la primera planta, está ocupada casi en su totalidad por una clase de trabajos manuales ligeros y un taller de trabajos sobre metal; y la segunda, por un taller de trabajos sobre madera.
Al norte de las edificaciones se han organizado y construido los espacios para la práctica de diversos deportes: ejercicios de salto, lanzamiento de peso, etc.; y terrenos para juegos: frontón, balón-volea, etc.