bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton of target hepatocytes and NK cells during induction of apoptosis
Authors: Blom W. Marty , de Bont Hans J.G.M. , Meijerman Irma , Kuppen Peter J.K. , van der Meulen Hans , Mulder Gerard J. , Nagelkerke J. Fred
Published: August 2002

Natural Killer cells are immune cells that recognize and eliminate altered and non‐self cells from the circulation. To study the interaction between NK cells and target cells, we set up an experimental system consisting of rat Interleukin‐2 activated Natural Killer cells (A‐NK cells) and rat hepatocytes with a masked Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The masking of the MHC induces recognition of the hepatocytes by the NK cells as non‐self. We showed that in vitro apoptosis is rapidly induced in the hepatocytes [Blom et al., 1999] after co‐incubation with A‐NK cells. Now we describe the morphological changes that occur during and after interaction of A‐NK cells with hepatocytes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the actin cytoskeleton of the NK cells was remodeled during attack of hepatocytes. Some NK cells were in close contact with the hepatocytes while others had formed actin‐containing dendrites of varying length that made contact with the hepatocytes. However, dendrite formation is not obligatory for induction of apoptosis because cells that were unable to form these did induce FAS‐dependent apoptosis in hepatocytes. Apparently both direct as well as distant contact resulted in apoptosis. Formation of the dendrites was calcium‐dependent as EGTA largely prevented it. Importantly, chelation of the calcium also suppressed killing of the hepatocytes. Within 1 h after addition of the A‐NK cells, morphological changes in hepatocytes that are characteristic of apoptosis, such as the formation of apoptotic bodies and fragmented nuclei, became apparent. Specifically, the actin cytoskeleton of the hepatocytes was remodeled resulting in the formation of the apoptotic bodies. Inhibition of caspase activity by z‐Val‐Ala‐DL‐Asp‐fluoromethylketone (100 μM) partly protected against the rearrangement of the actin filaments in the hepatocytes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49:78–92, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CPT‐11 plus cisplatin in patients with advanced, untreated gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma
Authors: Ajani Jaffer A. , Baker Jackie , Pisters Peter W. T. , Ho Linus , Mansfield Paul F. , Feig Barry W. , Charnsangavej Chusilp
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

This Phase II study assessed the response rate and toxicity profile of the combination CPT‐11 and cisplatin administered weekly to patients with untreated, advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or the gastroesophageal junction.

METHODS

Patients with histologic proof of adenocarcinoma of the stomach or the gastroesophageal junction with adequate liver, kidney, and bone marrow functions were treated with 65 mg/m2 CPT‐11 plus 30 mg/m2 cisplatin, both administered intravenously 1 day per week for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by a recovery period of 2 consecutive weeks. The response rate, time to disease progression, survival, and toxic effects were analyzed.

RESULTS

Thirty‐six of 38 registered patients (95%) were assessable. The median number of 6‐week cycles per patient was 2.5 (range, 1–7 6‐week cycles). Four patients (11%) achieved a complete response, and 17 patients (47%) had a partial response for an overall response rate of 58%. The median time to progression of carcinoma was 24 weeks, and the median survival was 9 months (range, 1–23+ months). There was one treatment‐related death. Major toxic effects included diarrhea, neutropenia, and fatigue. Ninety percent of all planned doses were delivered on time; however, 53 of 79 canceled or delayed weekly doses (66%) occurred in the third or fourth week of the therapy cycle.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of CPT‐11 and cisplatin is active against gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and needs to be studied further. A modification in doses and schedules may be warranted to make the regimen more tolerable to patients. The addition of other active drugs or radiation therapy to this regimen would be of interest. Cancer 2002;94:641–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10279
Sexual dimorphisms in a copulatory neuromuscular system in the green anole lizard
Authors: Ruiz Claudia C. , Wade Juli
Published: August 2002

Sexual dimorphisms in neuromuscular systems have been investigated in several vertebrate groups, but data on reptiles are limited. The present studies were designed to establish the copulatory neuromuscular system of the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) as an appropriate model. Like mammals, male reptiles have copulatory organs. However, each individual has two “hemipenes” that are controlled by bilateral sets of muscles. First, the anatomy of the hemipenes and associated muscles was described in males and the same anatomical region examined in females. Second, spinal motoneurons innervating one of these muscles, the transversus penis (TPN), were localized by using the retrograde tracer biocytin. They were detected in the last trunk and first sacral segments (T17–S1). Third, motoneuron number and soma size were assessed in Nissl‐stained sections of spinal cord segments T17–S1 of breeding males and females. Male‐biased sexual dimorphisms were detected in both measures, but the motoneurons innervating a tail muscle, the caudifemoralis (CF), are also located in the same region of cord. Therefore, in the last study, the CF was injected with biocytin in both sexes to eliminate its motoneurons from the analysis and gain a more accurate representation of the TPN motoneuron pool. An equivalent number of CF motoneurons were labeled in both sexes, and the results from the previous study were replicated. Thus, similar to other vertebrate models, parallels between morphology and function exist in the green anole copulatory system. Future investigations will broaden the comparative perspective on mechanisms regulating sexual dimorphisms relating to reproductive behaviors in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:289–297, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial arrangement of cerebro‐pontine terminals
Authors: Schwarz Cornelius , Möck Martin
Published: August 2002

Understanding the interaction of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum requires knowledge of the highly complex spatial characteristics of cerebro‐cerebellar signal transfer. Cerebro‐pontine fibers from one neocortical site terminate in several sharply demarcated patches across large parts of the pontine nuclei (PN), and fibers from different neocortical areas terminate in the same pontine region. To determine whether projections from segregated neocortical sites overlap in the PN, we studied double anterograde tracing of cerebro‐pontine terminals from large parts of rat neocortex. In none of these experiments, including double injection into two functionally related areas, were we able to demonstrate overlapping patches, although close spatial relationships were always detected. This non‐overlapping distribution is consistent with a compartmentalized organization of the cerebro‐pontine projection and may be the basis of the fractured type of maps found in the cerebellar granular layer. The critical distance between two sites on the neocortical surface that project to non‐overlapping patches in the PN was found to be 600 μm, by using double injection within the whisker representation of the primary somatosensory area. This matches the diameter of dendritic trees of layer 5 projection neurons, indicating that non‐overlapping populations of neocortical projection neurons possess non‐overlapping patches of pontine terminals. Estimations based on this critical distance and the pontine volume anterogradely labeled by one injection site indicate that the size of the PN may be well suited to accommodate a complete set of non‐overlapping pontine patches from all possible neocortical sites. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:418–432, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of SCG10 and stathmin proteins in the rat olfactory system during development and axonal regeneration
Authors: Pellier‐Monnin Véronique , Astic Liliane , Bichet Sandrine , Riederer Beat M. , Grenningloh Gabriele
Published: August 2002

The membrane‐associated protein SCG10 is expressed specifically by neuronal cells. Recent experiments have suggested that it promotes neurite outgrowth by increasing microtubule dynamics in growth cones. SCG10 is related to the ubiquitous but neuron‐enriched cytosolic protein stathmin. To better understand the role played by SCG10 and stathmin in vivo, we have analyzed the expression and localization of these proteins in both the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb in developing and adult rats, as well as in adult bulbectomized rats. The olfactory epithelium is exceptional in that olfactory receptor neurons constantly regenerate and reinnervate the olfactory bulb throughout animal life‐span. SCG10 and stathmin expression in the olfactory receptor neurons was found to be regulated during embryonic and postnatal development and to correlate with neuronal maturation. Whereas SCG10 expression was restricted to immature olfactory receptor neurons (GAP‐43–positive, olfactory marker protein–negative), stathmin was also expressed by the basal cells. In the olfactory bulb of postnatal and adult rats, a moderate to strong SCG10 immunoreactivity was present in the olfactory nerve layer, whereas no labeling was detected in the glomerular layer. Olfactory glomeruli also showed no apparent immunoreactivity for several cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin and microtubule‐associated proteins. In unilaterally bulbectomized rats, SCG10 and stathmin were seen to be up‐regulated in the regenerating olfactory epithelium at postsurgery stages corresponding to olfactory axon regeneration. Our data strongly suggest that, in vivo, both SCG10 and stathmin may play a role in axonal outgrowth during ontogenesis as well as during axonal regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:239–254, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating policies and mechanisms to support distributed real‐time applications with CORBA
Authors: O'Ryan Carlos , Schmidt Douglas C. , Kuhns Fred , Spivak Marina , Parsons Jeff , Pyarali Irfan , Levine David L.
Published: August 2002

To be an effective platform for performance‐sensitive real‐time systems, commodity‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) distributed object computing (DOC) middleware must support application quality of service (QoS) requirements end‐to‐end. However, conventional COTS DOC middleware does not provide this support, which makes it unsuited for applications with stringent latency, determinism, and priority preservation requirements. It is essential, therefore, to develop standards‐based, COTS DOC middleware that permits the specification, allocation, and enforcement of application QoS requirements end‐to‐end.

The real‐time CORBA and messaging specifications in the CORBA 2.4 standard are important steps towards defining standards‐based, COTS DOC middleware that can deliver end‐to‐end QoS support at multiple levels in distributed and embedded real‐time systems. These specifications still lack sufficient detail, however, to portably configure and control processor, communication, and memory resources for applications with stringent QoS requirements.

This paper provides four contributions to research on real‐time DOC middleware. First, we illustrate how the CORBA 2.4 real‐time and messaging specifications provide a starting point to address the needs of an important class of applications with stringent real‐time requirements. Second, we illustrate how the CORBA 2.4 specifications are not sufficient to solve all the issues within this application domain. Third, we describe how we have implemented portions of these specifications, as well as several enhancements, using TAO, which is our open‐source real‐time CORBA ORB. Finally, we evaluate the performance of TAO empirically to illustrate how its features address the QoS requirements for certain classes of real‐time applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with using CORBA to implement a file caching coordination system
Authors: Sim A. , Nordberg H. , Bernardo L. M. , Shoshani A. , Rotem D.
Published: August 2002

We describe our experience with using several CORBA products to interconnect the software modules of a fairly complex system for file caching coordination from a tertiary storage. The application area that the system was designed for is High Energy and Nuclear Physics (HENP). In this application area, the volume of data reaches hundreds of terabytes per year and therefore it is impractical to store them on disk systems. Rather the data are organized into large files and stored on robotic tape systems that are managed by some Mass Storage System (MSS). The role of the Storage Access Coordination System (STACS) that we developed is to manage the caching of files from the MSS to a large disk cache that is shared by multiple HENP analysis programs. The system design involved multiple components developed by different people at different sites and the modules could potentially be distributed as well. In this paper we describe the architecture and implementation of STACS, emphasizing the inter‐module communication requirements. We describe the use of CORBA interfaces between system components, and our experience with using multi‐threaded CORBA and using hundreds of concurrent CORBA connections. STACS development was recently completed and is being incorporated in an operational environment that started to produce data in the summer of 2000 [1]. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theory of tie‐set graph and its application to information network management
Authors: Shinomiya Norihiko , Koide Toshio , Watanabe Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a new circuit theoretical concept based on the principal partition theorem for distributed network management focusing on loops of an information network. To realize a simple network management with the minimum number of local agents, namely the topological degrees of freedom of a graph, a reduced loop agent graph generated by contracting the minimal principal minor is proposed. To investigate the optimal distribution of the loop agents, a theory of tie‐set graph is proposed. Considering the total processing load of loop agents, a complexity of a tie‐set graph is introduced to obtain the simplest tie‐set graph with the minimum complexity. As for the simplest tie‐set graph search, an experimental result shows that the computational time depends heavily on the nullity of the original graph. Therefore, a tie‐set graph with the smallest nullity is essential for network management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a novel P2 receptor associated with cyclooxygenase‐2 upregulation and reactive astrogliosis
Authors: Brambilla Roberta , Schiller Paul , D’Ippolito Gianluca , Neary Joseph T. , Burnstock Geoffrey , Cattabeni Flaminio , Abbracchio Maria P.
Published: August 2002

Astrocytes respond to trauma and ischemia with reactive astrogliosis. Although beneficial under certain conditions, excessive gliosis may be detrimental and contribute to neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. To evaluate the hypothesis that ATP may act as a trigger of reactive gliosis, we tested α,βmethyleneATP (α,βmeATP) in an in vitro experimental model (rat brain astrocytic cultures), where astrogliosis can be quantified as elongation of astrocytic processes, an event that reproduces one of the main hallmarks of in vivo gliosis. α,βmeATP induced a concentration‐dependent elongation of astrocytic processes, an effect which was counteracted by the P2 receptor antagonists suramin and pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS). Signaling studies revealed that α,βmeATP‐induced gliosis is mediated by a G‐protein‐coupled receptor (a P2Y receptor) characterized by an “atypical” pharmacological profile and coupled to an early release of arachidonic acid. In an earlier study we showed that challenge of cells with α,βmeATP also resulted in upregulation of inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), whose activity has been reported to be pathologically elevated in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by inflammation and astrocytic activation. Upregulation of COX‐2 by α,βmeATP was causally related to reactive astrogliosis in vitro, since the selective COX‐2 inhibitor NS‐398 prevented both purine‐induced elongation of astrocytic processes and the associated increase in COX‐2 protein levels. Preliminary data on the putative receptor‐to‐nucleus pathways responsible for purine‐induced gliosis suggest that upregulation of COX‐2 may occur through the protein kinase C / mitogen‐activated protein kinase system and may involve the formation of AP‐1 transcription complexes. We speculate that antagonists selective for this novel P2Y receptor subtype may represent a new class of neuroprotective agents able to reduce neurodegeneration by counteracting the inflammatory events contributing to neuronal cell death. Drug Dev. Res. 53:148–157, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud
Authors: Sugimoto Toshiyuki , Doi Shin‐Ichiro , Takahashi Makoto , Higashiyama Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001
Space charge formation and breakdown in polyethylene influenced by the interface with semiconducting electrodes
Authors: Murakami Yoshinobu , Mitsumoto Shinichi , Fukuma Masumi , Hozumi Naohiro , Nagao Masayuki
Published: August 2002

This paper deals with the influence of interface between polyethylene and semiconducting electrode on the space charge formation and electrical breakdown. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films attached with different semiconducting electrodes were subjected to the DC breakdown test, and corresponding space charge distribution was measured.

A heat treatment to LDPE itself did not bring about a significant change in space charge profile; however, when a semiconducting electrode was hot‐pressed, the impurities would migrate into LDPE at high temperature, leading to the change in space charge profile. Furthermore, it was suggested from the comparison between the results with degassed and as‐received semiconducting electrodes that some carriers relating to impurities in the electrode would move into LDPE under the voltage. In addition, it was shown that the breakdown is not determined by the field at the cathode which can supply sufficient electrons, but by the maximum field across the specimen, suggesting that an increase in conduction current due to the generation and/or injection, rather than the electronic avalanche process, leads to the breakdown. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 19–25, 2002
Modeling of a sequential control system with cyclic scan by Petri net
Authors: Itoh Yoshiaki , Miyazawa Iko , Sekiguchi Takashi
Published: August 2002

Programmable Controllers (PCs) are widely applied in the control of manufacturing systems. The purpose of this paper is to give some basic concepts for the verification of sequential control systems. In particular, we propose the modeling method of the Ladder Diagram (LD) with cyclic scanning of the PC by Petri Nets (PNs). First, some experiments are conducted to examine the relationship between the cyclic scan and the behavior of the LD. Second, PNs are used for qualitative modeling of the behavior of the LD, based on IEC61131‐3. In addition to LD Boolean logic expressions, we consider PC operation, described by the cyclic scan, peripherals, memories, and scanning ladder rungs. It is shown that the difference between the LD description and the behavior caused by the cyclic scan can be represented by the proposed PNs. Moreover, the behavior of the PNs can be analyzed by firing sequences, and is confirmed to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 79–86, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1169
Transport and dispersal of organic debris (peat blocks) in upland fluvial systems
Authors: Evans Martin , Warburton Jeff
Published: August 2002

This paper assesses the mechanisms and pathways by which peat blocks are eroded and transported in upland fluvial systems. Observations and experiments from the north Pennines (UK) have been carried out on two contrasting river systems. Mapping of peat block distributions and appraisal of reach‐based sediment budgets clearly demonstrates that macro‐size peat is an important stream load component. In small streams block sizes can approximate the channel width and much of the peat is transported overbank. Local ‘peat jams’ and associated mineral deposition may provide an important component of channel storage. In larger systems peat blocks rapidly move down‐channel and undergo frequent exchanges between bed and bank storage. Results of peat block tracing using painted blocks indicate that once submerged, blocks of all sizes are easily transported and blocks break down rapidly by abrasion. Vegetation and bars play an important role in trapping mobile peat. In smaller streams large block transport is limited by channel jams. Smaller blocks are transported overbank but exhibit little evidence of downstream fining. In larger rivers peat blocks are more actively sorted and show downstream reduction in size from source. A simple model relating peat block diameter (Dp) to average flow depth (d) suggests three limiting transport conditions: flotation (Dp < d), rolling (d < Dp > d/2) and deposition (Dp > d/2). Experiments demonstrate that peat block transport occurs largely by rolling and floating and the transport mechanism is probably controlled by relative flow depth (d/Dp ratio). Transport velocity varies with transport mechanism (rolling is the slowest mode) and transport lengths increase as flow depth increases. Abrasion rates vary with the transport mechanism. Rolling produces greater abrasion rates and more rounded blocks. Abrasion rates vary from 0 to 10 g m−1 for blocks ranging in mass from 10 to 6000 g. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crafting evaluation in support of welfare reform
Authors: Julnes George , Foster E. Michael
Published: August 2002

This chapter discusses the challenges facing evaluators of welfare reform and the ways that multiple methods can be combined to meet these challenges.
Cross‐state findings on families leaving welfare
Authors: Isaacs Julia B.
Published: August 2002

Fourteen states and large counties received federal funding in 1998 to use a combination of administrative and survey data to monitor the condition of families leaving welfare. This chapter provides an overview of these studies.
Patterns of recidivism for welfare leavers
Authors: Rickman Dana K. , Bross Nancy , Foster E. Michael
Published: August 2002

Using administrative and survey data from Georgia, this chapter examines the risk factors for recidivism among welfare leavers and the relationship between recidivism and leavers' ability to find sustained employment.
Support service use patterns by early TANF leavers
Authors: Anderson Steven G. , Halter Anthony P. , Schuldt Richard
Published: August 2002

The expansion of income and service supports to reinforce work efforts has been an important component of welfare reform. This chapter examines support service use patterns by leavers of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, as well as reasons for nonuse of services.
Design of continuous‐monitoring device based on membrane extraction with sorbent interface and micro‐gas chromatograph
Authors: Ciucanu Ionel , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: August 2002

A device for the continuous monitoring of the volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in air by membrane extraction followed by sorbent concentration and gas chromatographic separation is discussed. The device samples headspace and makes automatic injections followed by rapid separation and quantification. The main components of the system include membrane module, microtrap, and transfer line. A membrane module, microtrap, and fan are mounted in a housing, together constituting a MESI (membrane‐extraction sorbent interface) sampling unit. A heated silicosteel capillary column was used as the transfer line, avoiding adsorption and condensation of analytes and performing separation of the analytes prior to detection. The device demonstrated potential for field monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, and terpenoids. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 69–74, 2001
Chemical variation in the essential oils of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth.
Authors: Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , da Silva Milton Helio L. , Maia José Guilherme S. , Luz Arnaldo Iran R. , da Silva João Domingos
Published: August 2002

Essential oils from Hyptis crenata growing wild in the Amazon Region were submitted to hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The main compounds identified in the oil of specimen A, collected at Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, were terpinolene (37.8%) and β‐caryophyllene (9.9%). The major components found in the oils of specimens B, collected at São Sebastião da Boa Vista, State of Par a, were 1,8‐cineole (23.9%), borneol (21.8%) and β‐caryophyllene (18.8%). The oils of specimens C and D, collected at Melgaço, Marajó Island, State of Pará, were dominated by α‐pinene (51.1%; 14.5%), 1,8‐cineole (16.5%; 36.7%), limonene (15.0%; −) and β‐pinene (10.3%; 7.9%), respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components of the essential oil from Glehnia littoralis
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Kurose Kohsuke , Itoh Akiko , Hiraoka Noboru , Kameoka Hiromu
Published: August 2002

The chemical composition of the essential oils from Glehnia littoralis of aerial and root parts growing cultivated in Niigata Collage of Pharmacy were examined by GC, GC–MS and 1H‐NMR. Sixty seven components were characterized of G. littoralis aerial parts, with β‐phellandrene (12.96%), propyl octanoate (16.89%), hexadecanoic acid (14.45%), linoleic acid (8.79%) and methyl linolenate (5.47%) as the major constituents. Sixty six components were identified in the oil of root parts, with α‐pinene (13.40%), β‐phellandrene (22.93%) and germacrene B (6.68%) as the major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor‐suppressive activity to a 1.8‐megabase region of chromosome band 11q13
Authors: Cheng Yue , Chakrabarti Rita , Garcia‐Barcelo Merce , Ha Thomas J. , Srivatsan Eri S. , Stanbridge Eric J. , Lung Maria Li
Published: August 2002

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy that is particularly prevalent among populations from Southern China and Southeast Asian countries. Evidence for a genetic contribution to the disease has been documented, although the genetic basis for NPC development is not yet fully understood. Previous functional evidence of tumor‐suppressive activity on chromosome band 11q13 in NPC was obtained using a microcell‐mediated chromosome‐transfer approach with HONE1 NPC cells. In the present study, this region was subjected to a detailed investigation of microcell hybrids and their tumor segregants using microsatellite analysis to narrow down the region of tumor‐suppressive activity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was also performed with BAC and cosmid probes to confirm the microsatellite data. The critical region responsible for tumor suppression was narrowed down to a 1.8‐Mb interval, which does not tolerate an additional normal allele by chromosome transfer. One or two alleles from either endogenous or exogenous chromosomes at 11q13 were consistently eliminated during tumor growth. Results of this study suggest that a candidate tumor‐suppressor gene, not the MEN1 gene, maps between D11S4907 and GSTP1 in NPC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic organization and expression of the rearranged REL proto‐oncogene in the human B‐cell lymphoma cell line RC‐K8
Authors: Kalaitzidis Demetrios , Gilmore Thomas D.
Published: August 2002

The human large B‐cell lymphoma cell line RC‐K8 has a rearranged REL locus that is transcribed into a chimeric mRNA, termed REL‐NRG (Non‐Rel Gene). By analyzing the recently completed human genome sequence, we have found that the normal REL and NRG loci are separated by approximately 28 megabase pairs on chromosome 2, suggesting that a deletion created the REL‐NRG locus in RC‐K8 cells. Using computer‐based and molecular approaches, we have determined the structure of the altered REL locus in RC‐K8 cells. The REL‐NRG transcript is encoded by 7 REL exons and 6 NRG‐derived exons. Direct DNA sequencing has identified the site of the REL‐NRG fusion in RC‐K8 cells. We also show that both wild‐type c‐Rel and c‐Rel‐Nrg proteins are expressed and in a complex in RC‐K8 cells. Furthermore, like c‐Rel, c‐Rel‐Nrg is a cytoplasmic protein when overexpressed in fibroblasts in culture and can bind to a κB DNA site in vitro. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bayesian approach to the transmission/disequilibrium test for binary traits
Authors: George Varghese , Laud Purushottam W.
Published: August 2002

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for binary traits is a powerful method for detecting linkage between a marker locus and a trait locus in the presence of allelic association. The TDT uses information on the parent‐to‐offspring transmission status of the associated allele at the marker locus to assess linkage or association in the presence of the other, using one affected offspring from each set of parents. For testing for linkage in the presence of association, more than one offspring per family can be used. However, without incorporating the correlation structure among offspring, it is not possible to correctly assess the association in the presence of linkage. In this presentation, we propose a Bayesian TDT method as a complementary alternative to the classical approach. In the hypothesis testing setup, given two competing hypotheses, the Bayes factor can be used to weigh the evidence in favor of one of them, thus allowing us to decide between the two hypotheses using established criteria. We compare the proposed Bayesian TDT with a competing frequentist‐testing method with respect to power and type I error validity. If we know the mode of inheritance of the disease, then the joint and marginal posterior distributions for the recombination fraction (θ) and disequilibrium coefficient (δ) can be obtained via standard MCMC methods, which lead naturally to Bayesian credible intervals for both parameters. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:41–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear inverse source estimate of combined EEG and MEG data related to voluntary movements
Authors: Babiloni Fabio , Carducci Filippo , Cincotti Febo , Del Gratta Cosimo , Pizzella Vittorio , Romani Gian Luca , Rossini Paolo Maria , Tecchio Franca , Babiloni Claudio
Published: August 2002

A method for the modeling of human movement‐related cortical activity from combined electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data is proposed. This method includes a subject's multi‐compartment head model (scalp, skull, dura mater, cortex) constructed from magnetic resonance images, multi‐dipole source model, and a regularized linear inverse source estimate based on boundary element mathematics. Linear inverse source estimates of cortical activity were regularized by taking into account the covariance of background EG and MEG sensor noise. EEG (121 sensors) and MEG (43 sensors) data were recorded in separate sessions whereas normal subjects executed voluntary right one‐digit movements. Linear inverse source solution of EEG, MEG, and EEG‐MEG data were quantitatively evaluated by using three performance indexes. The first two indexes (Dipole Localization Error [DLE] and Spatial Dispersion [SDis]) were used to compute the localization power for the source solutions obtained. Such indexes were based on the information provided by the column of the resolution matrix (i.e., impulse response). Ideal DLE values tend to zero (the source current was correctly retrieved by the procedure). In contrast, high DLE values suggest severe mislocalization in the source reconstruction. A high value of SDis at a source space point mean that such a source will be retrieved by a large area with the linear inverse source estimation. The remaining performance index assessed the quality of the source solution based on the information provided by the rows of the resolution matrix R, i.e., resolution kernels. The i‐th resolution kernels of the matrix R describe how the estimation of the i‐th source is distorted by the concomitant activity of all other sources. A statistically significant lower dipole localization error was observed and lower spatial dispersion in source solutions produced by combined EEG‐MEG data than from EEG and MEG data considered separately (P < 0.05). These effects were not due to an increased number of sensors in the combined EEG‐MEG solutions. They result from the independence of source information conveyed by the multimodal measurements. From a physiological point of view, the linear inverse source solution of EEG‐MEG data suggested a contralaterally preponderant bilateral activation of primary sensorimotor cortex from the preparation to the execution of the movement. This activation was associated with that of the supplementary motor area. The activation of bilateral primary sensorimotor cortical areas was greater during the processing of afferent information related to the ongoing movement than in the preparation for the motor act. In conclusion, the linear inverse source estimate of combined MEG and EEG data improves the estimate of movement‐related cortical activity. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:197–209, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A survey of the behavior of the hydroxybisphosphonic function in crystallized acids, metallic salts, and some related compounds
Authors: Silvestre J.‐P. , Dao Nguyen Quy , Leroux Y.
Published: August 2002

The flexibility and the different degrees of ionization of the hydroxybisphosphonic function provide numerous possibilities for the complexation of metallic and organic cations to molecules possessing these functions. The properties of this class of compounds are very interesting for different industrial and medical applications. They depend in a large part on the nature of the hydrocarbonated chain substituted to CH3 in hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonic acid and of the number and the position of the bisphosphonic groups grafted on this chain. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:73–89, 2001
Finding Points of Contact for Collaborative Work
Authors: Hirsch Deborah J. , Burack Cathy
Published: August 2002

Academic and student affairs officers in New England meet regularly to identify and develop opportunities for collaboration.
Economic evaluations of hepatitis B immunization: a global review of recent studies (1994–2000)
Authors: Beutels Philippe
Published: August 2002

A search was carried out for economic evaluations of hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination, published between 1994 and 2000. The results of these studies are discussed according to the level of HBV endemicity. The great majority of these evaluations were carried out for industrialized countries, for the most part situated in areas of low to very low HBV endemicity.

In countries of very low endemicity economic evaluations have yielded contradictory results, depending on the type of epidemiological model they used. The cost‐effectiveness of adding universal to selective vaccination strategies in these countries depends on the selective strategies' ability to sufficiently identify, reach and fully vaccinate persons in various risk groups. In areas of low, intermediate and high endemicity, universal vaccination seems justifiable on the basis of economic evaluation. In general, the accuracy of the models has improved over the years, but still the transparency, completeness and comparability of analyses could improve considerably. By noting this, the suitability of different methodologies for different areas of endemicity and vaccination strategies is discussed. It is recommended that specific guidelines for economic evaluation of the prevention of infectious diseases be developed to guarantee the relevance of and to improve the comparability between studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How profitable is risk selection? A comparison of four risk adjustment models
Authors: Shen Yujing , Ellis Randall P.
Published: August 2002

To mitigate selection triggered by capitation payments, risk‐adjustment models bring capitation payments closer on average to individuals' expected expenditure. We examine the maximum potential profit that plans could hypothetically gain by using their own private information to select low‐cost enrollees when payments are made using four commonly used risk adjustment models. Simulations using a privately insured sample suggest that risk selection profits remain substantial. The magnitude of potential profit varies according to the risk adjustment model and the private information plans can employ to identify profitable enrollees. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An expert cognitive approach to evaluate physical effort and injury risk in manual lifting—A brief report of a pilot study
Authors: Yeung Simon S. , Genaidy Ash M. , Huston Ron , Karwowski Waldemar
Published: August 2002

Although the development of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation was partly based on the expertise of committee members convened under the auspices of NIOSH, to our knowledge, there is no study reported in the published literature that examined the role of professional expertise in determining the relative contribution of different lifting task variables to effort exertion. In this study, we explored whether professional expertise can be relied on, through the use of a systematic procedure, to quantify the effects of lifting task parameters on perceived effort and risk of injury outcome measures.

Three international experts participated in the research reported herein and evaluated the interactive effects of 6 lifting variables: (a) weight of load, (b) horizontal distance, (c) frequency of handling, (d) work duration, (e) twisting angle, and (f) height of lift. They predicted the lifting effort and the injury risk of a large number of lifting configurations. A linguistic approach was used to describe the lifting activities. Logistic regression analyses were employed to model effort as a function of various lifting task variables.

The results showed that all 3 experts rated the weight of load as the most dominant variable and the height of lift as the least important variable. Furthermore, they differed slightly in ranking the relative importance of other variables. In general, the effect of weight of load on physical effort was, at a minimum, 2 times more important than other lifting task variables. The horizontal distance, work duration, frequency, and twisting angle variables were considered to be more important than the height of lift by 25% to 33%. Collectively, these findings indicate that the experts agreed on the most and least important variables. In between, the relative importance of other variables was dependent on the professional training of the expert.

The results further demonstrated that an increase in perceived physical effort was associated with an increase in the perceived risk of injury in the moderate‐ to high‐range values. There was a large variance, however, at the lower levels of physical effort and perceived risk. Collectively, the aforementioned findings confirm the notion that low‐level effort exertion activities are not perceived by the experts as risky. As the level of exertion increases to moderate values, however, the experts start to be conscious about the risks involved in the manual lifting activities. Therefore, one should not treat these 2 variables as equal, because they may reflect 2 separate dimensions in the low range. In the moderate to high range, they have some common variance but they may still reflect some differences to a certain extent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between magnitude of damage to the hippocampus and impaired recognition memory in monkeys
Authors: Zola Stuart M. , Squire Larry R.
Published: August 2002

Two recent meta‐analyses, drawing on data from many of the same studies with monkeys, reached different conclusions about the relationship between hippocampal damage and recognition memory performance. Both studies found evidence of recognition memory impairment following hippocampal damage. However, Zola et al. (J Neurosci 2000;20:451–463) found no significant correlation between extent of hippocampal damage and recognition memory performance, whereas Baxter and Murray (Hippocampus 2001;11:61–71) concluded that the extent of hippocampal damage in monkeys was inversely correlated with impaired performance. Here, we first consider the requirements for carrying out a valid meta‐analysis, and point out that the analysis carried out by Baxter and Murray (Hippocampus 2001;11:61–71) is invalid on simple statistical grounds. We then adopt the appropriate statistical procedures (multiple regression analyses rather than simple correlational analysis) to assess the relationship between extent of hippocampal damage and recognition performance across different studies. None of these analyses, including a reanalysis of the data of Baxter and Murray (Hippocampus 2001;11:61–71), revealed a significant inverse relationship between lesion size and behavioral impairment. Most of the variance was explained by differences between the studies that contributed to the meta‐analysis, not by lesion size itself. Indeed, analysis of covariance indicated that there were differences among the studies beyond lesion size that significantly affected performance. Finally, we consider what relationship might hold between lesion size and memory performance in the monkey. Hippocampus 2001;11:92–98. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioural and physiological response of trout to winter habitat in tailwaters in Wyoming, USA
Authors: Annear Thomas C. , Hubert Wayne , Simpkins Darin , Hebdon Lance
Published: August 2002

Fisheries managers have often suggested that survival of trout during the winter is a major factor affecting population densities in many stream ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains. In Wyoming, trout population reductions from fall to spring in excess of 90% have been documented in some reservoir tailwaters. Though biologists have surmised that these reductions were the result of either mortality or emigration from some river sections, the specific mechanisms have not been defined and the factors leading to the trout loss are unknown. This is a review of four studies that were conducted or funded between 1991 and 1998 by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department to understand the extent of overwinter losses, identify some of the mechanisms leading to those conditions and develop management strategies to help avoid those impacts. Winter studies were conducted on tailwater fisheries in the Green, North Platte, Bighorn and Shoshone rivers to document trout population dynamics, assess physical habitat availability, evaluate trout movement and habitat selection, and understand the relationships between food availability and bioenergetic relationships. Results indicate that winter trout losses are extreme in some years, that trout movement and habitat selection are affected by supercooled flows, and that mortality is probably not directly due to starvation. The combination of physiological impairment with frequently altered habitat availability probably leads to indirect mortality from predators and other factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ito S, Nakanishi H, Ikehara Y, Kato T, Kasai Y, Ito K, Akiyama S, Nakao A, Tatematsu M. Real‐time observation of micrometastasis formation in the living mouse liver using a GFP gene‐tagged rat tongue carcinoma cell line. International Journal of Cancer 2001; 93(2) 212–217.
Authors: Ito S , Nakanishi H , Ikehara Y , Kato T , Kasai Y , Ito K , Akiyama S , Nakao A , Tatematsu M
Published: August 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in International Journal of Cancer; 2001; 93(2) 212–217.
Changes in the service delivery model and home visitors' job satisfaction and turnover in an Early Head Start program
Authors: Gill Sukhdeep , Greenberg Mark T. , Vazquez Arcel
Published: August 2002

Study of the processes through which interventions achieve the intended outcomes is as important as the study of the intervention outcomes themselves. In this article, the process of implementing an Early Head Start program is described and related to changes in the home visitors' job satisfaction and turnover. Initially, the biggest challenge for the implementing agency was maintaining undisrupted service delivery whereas the new administration team, when hired, confronted the task of rejuvenating the program. This led to an overall restructuring of the home‐based model of service delivery. Results show that, as predicted, home visitors were least satisfied with their roles, work atmosphere, and job conditions during the program make‐over phase. The staff turnover rate was the highest in the program's history during this period (39%). However, these trends were reversed as the program stabilized due to the changes. These results are presented and discussed in light of the program implementation issues and changes to the service delivery model. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
One‐year dog toxicity study of D‐002, a mixture of aliphatic alcohols
Authors: Alemán Celia , Rodeiro Idania , Noa Miriam , Menéndez Roberto , Gaméz Rafael , Hernandez Caridad , Más Rosa
Published: August 2002

D‐002 is a mixture of high‐molecular‐weight aliphatic alcohols, obtained from bees wax (Apis mellifera), with mild anti‐inflammatory properties and effective anti‐ulcer activities demonstrated in experimental models. This study investigated the oral toxicity of D‐002 administered for 1 year to beagle dogs. Twenty‐four beagle dogs (12 males and 12 females) were distributed randomly in three experimental groups (four animals per group): a control and two treated groups received D‐002 at 50 and 250 mg kg−1 (7 days/week) by gastric gavage. Overall, D‐002 was well tolerated throughout the study. No signs or symptoms of toxicity were observed, and no mortality occurred during the study. All groups showed similar weight gain and food consumption. No hematological, blood biochemical or histopathological disturbances attributable to treatment were observed. This study shows no drug‐related toxicity induced by long‐term administration of up to 250 mg kg−1 D‐002 to beagle dogs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.