bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delineating urban functional regions by considering interaction cohesiveness and function diversity
Authors: Kuo Fei-Ying , Wen Tzai-Hung
Published: July 2019

Abstract. A functional region is usually defined as a region characterized by not only interaction cohesiveness but also function diversity. The former indicates that places within a region should share a cohesive interacting pattern of human movements, such as commute or daily travel; the latter means that the places should possess diverse functions like residence, commerce, etc. Due to these two characteristics, people living and moving in one region can acquire almost all their daily needs, and they do not need to frequently move to other regions. In other words, a functional region resembles a life circle. Based on this definition, many previous studies have developed different methods to analyse human flow data so that they can properly profile different types of functional regions like Local labour market area (LLMA) or daily urban system (DUS), which helps people better understand how functional regions compose an area. Existing methods have considered interaction cohesiveness in a functional region, but function diversity is ignored. This is because these studies only used specific-purpose-trip data, such as journey to work or to shop. These kinds of trips describe people moving from their home to their office or to shopping malls, so each trip has an inherent distinction of functions between its origin and destination; thus, a functional region consisting of these trips indirectly owns function diversity. However, this framework has some problems. First, it cannot profile a functional region shaped by composite functions, for only one trip purpose can be taken into account each time. Second, collecting the data of specific-purpose trips needs either some questionnaires or some surveys, so it is often costly and time consuming. Finally, the purpose-unrecorded-trip data provided by rapidly developed smart card systems in several countries can be collected quickly, yet it cannot properly profile functional regions through the aforementioned framework due to the lack of trip purposes. Therefore, we propose a new spatial partitioning algorithm which can simultaneously consider both interaction cohesiveness and function diversity in profiling functional regions. Compared with previous methods, the proposed algorithm can better profile functional regions from many purpose-unrecorded-trip data based on the inclusion of land-use data. Our results provide deeper insights for understanding how various functions of lands and human movements together shape the boundary of a region. It could be significant reference for developing policies for urban planning or public transportation management.
The Impact of landscape composition for urban heat island intensity in Addis Ababa City using Landsat data (1986–2016)
Authors: Dissanayake DMSLB , Morimoto Takehiro , Murayama Yuji , Ranagalage Manjula
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Exploring changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the city area and its surrounding is important to understand the variation of surface urban heat island (SUHI) and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). The SUHII can be calculated based on the local climate zone by using land use and land cover compossition of the city and based on the urban rural zone . The objective of this research is to examine the spatiotemporal changes of LULC and the impact of its composition for the formation of SUHI in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia based on the urban rural zones. The mean center of the central business district of the Addis Ababa City was considered as the central point of the study area. We represented the 30 km × 30 km geographical area as a study area with a 15km radius from the central point. As data sources, multi-temporal satellite data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) were used in respect to the years of 1986, 2001, and 2016. In the methodology, we first completed the classification of LULC by using pixel-oriented method for the three years and the validation of the classification has been made. For the classification five LULC classes were identified such as forest, impervious surface, grass land, bare land and crop land. Afterward, land surface temperature (LST) has been computed for three years respectively. Finally, urban rural gradient zones (URGZs) have been generated as a set of polygons with 210m distance in each zone from the central point of the study area. In order to evaluate the SUHII along the URGZs in respect to the LULC, the following analyses were accomplished: (i) the relationship between mean LST and composition of the LULC was computed, (ii) the SUHII was calculated based on the LST variation of main LULC categories and the temperature difference between URGZs, (iii) multi-temporal and multi-directional SUHII was computed, and (iv) linear regression analyses were used to assess the correlations of the mean LST with composition of LULC. The results of the analyses show that (i) distribution pattern of SUHII has changed over the study period as results of changes in LULC, and (ii) mean LST gradually declines from city centre to outside of the city , then it can be seen increasing trends due to the effect of bare lands in rural area. This pattern can be seen over the three years as the result of multi-directional approach. The methodology presented will be able to apply other cities which are showing similar growth pattern by making necessary calibration, and our finding can be used as a proxy indicator to introduce appropriate landscape and town planning in a sustainable viewpoint in Addis Ababa City.
Segmented flow coil equilibrator coupled to a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer for measurements of a broad range of volatile organic compounds in seawater
Authors: Wohl Charel , Capelle David , Jones Anna , Sturges William T. , Nightingale Philip D. , Else Brent G. T. , Yang Mingxi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We present a technique that utilises a segmented flow coil
equilibrator coupled to a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer to
measure a broad range of dissolved volatile organic compounds. Thanks to its
relatively large surface area for gas exchange, small internal volume, and
smooth headspace–water separation, the equilibrator is highly efficient for
gas exchange and has a fast response time (under 1 min). The system allows
for both continuous and discrete measurements of volatile organic compounds
in seawater due to its low sample water flow (100 cm3 min−1) and
the ease of changing sample intake. The equilibrator setup is both
relatively inexpensive and compact. Hence, it can be easily reproduced and
installed on a variety of oceanic platforms, particularly where space is
limited. The internal area of the equilibrator is smooth and unreactive.
Thus, the segmented flow coil equilibrator is expected to be less sensitive
to biofouling and easier to clean than membrane-based equilibration systems.
The equilibrator described here fully equilibrates for gases that are
similarly soluble or more soluble than toluene and can easily be modified
to fully equilibrate for even less soluble gases. The method has been
successfully deployed in the Canadian Arctic. Some example data from underway
surface water and Niskin bottle measurements in the sea ice zone are
presented to illustrate the efficacy of this measurement system.
Validation of modeled snow properties in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan
Authors: Bair Edward H. , Rittger Karl , Ahmad Jawairia A. , Chabot Doug
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Ice and snowmelt feed the Indus and Amu Darya rivers, yet there are limited in situ measurements of these resources. Previous work in the region has shown promise using snow water equivalent (SWE) reconstruction, which requires no in situ measurements, but validation has been a problem until recently when we were provided with daily manual snow depth measurements from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan by the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH). For each station, accumulated precipitation and SWE were derived from snow depth using the SNOWPACK model. High-resolution (500 m) reconstructed SWE estimates from the ParBal model were then compared to the modeled SWE at the stations. The Alpine3D model was then used to create spatial estimates at 25 km to compare with estimates from other snow models. Additionally, the coupled SNOWPACK and Alpine3D system has the advantage of simulating snow profiles, which provide stability information. Following previous work, the median number of critical layers and percentage of facets across all of the pixels containing the AKAH stations was computed. For SWE at the point scale, the reconstructed estimates showed a bias of −42 mm (−19 %) at the peak. For the coarser spatial SWE estimates, the various models showed a wide range, with reconstruction being on the lower end. For stratigraphy, a heavily faceted snowpack is observed in both years, but 2018, a dry year, according to most of the models, showed more critical layers that persisted for a longer period.
Comparative epidemiology of late blight and early blight of potato under different environmental conditions and fungicide application programs
Authors: Duarte Henrique da Silva Silveira , Zambolim Laércio , Machado Franklin Jackson , Porto Hitor Rafael Pereira , Rodrigues Fabricio Avila
Published: July 2019

Three experiments were carried out in an experimental field from Viçosa city, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to compare late blight (LB) (Phytophthora infestans) and early blight (EB) (Alternaria grandis) epidemics under different environmental conditions and fungicide application programs. Each experiment consisted of two side-by-side trials that were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replications. At 30 days after planting the potato (‘Ágata’ cultivar) plants in plots of trials 1 and 2 were inoculated with an isolate of P. infestans (A2 mating type) and four isolates of A. grandis, respectively. Fungicide applications were initiated at seven days after inoculation and repeated at 7- or 15-day intervals. The severity of LB and EB was assessed every two days, and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for both diseases. The yield was quantified by weighing the tubers of all the plants from each plot after their maturation. Yield data were converted into kg ha-1 and the percentage of loss was calculated for each treatment. Based on the AUDPC, the LB severity was greater than the EB severity under all three environmental conditions, and this was reflected in the yield. LB and EB caused yield losses as high as of 82 and 45%, respectively. The fungicide effects on both LB and EB and the associated yield losses changed according to the environmental conditions, therefore, indicating the importance of using tools such as a forecast system to help farmers to decide the best time for fungicide application.
Dry matter yield, growth index, chemical composition and digestibility of Marandu grass under nitrogen and organic fertilization
Authors: Neves Rafaela Guerra , Freitas Guilherme Santos , Deminicis Bruno Borges , Mendonça Eduardo de Sá , Peçanha Anderson Lopes , Dobbss Leonardo Barros , Chambela Neto Alberto , Deminicis Renata Gomes da Silveira
Published: July 2019

A pasture composed of the forage Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, for more than 15 years and never fertilized, with an initial condition of degradation, was fertilized with nitrogen and humic substances, with the purpose Of recovering the vigor and productivity of the pasture. In the two years (December of 2012 to April 2013 and December 2014 to April 2015), analyses were made for dry matter production, plant height, light interception, leaf / stem ratio), chemical composition and digestibility of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. This was a completely randomized block experimental design, in a 5x4 arrangement, with five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 kg N.ha-1), four doses of humic substances (0, 12.5, 25 and 50%), with 5 replicates. The forage presented lower means of dry matter production in the first year in relation to the second, but there was no difference for the chemical composition and digestibility between the years. There was a significant effect of Nitrogen levels on the production of dry matter, crude protein, silica, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DVMS). The best response was obtained with 200 kg N.ha-1. The doses of humic substances influenced only reducing the leaf/stem ratio, but there was no effect of doses of humic substances on the other variables studied.
Seroepidemiological survey for leptospirosis in equines from semiarid region of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Morais Davidianne de Andrade , Costa Diego Figueiredo da , Nunes Bruno Cesar , Santos Carolina de Sousa Américo Batista , Alves Clebert José , Azevedo Sérgio Santos de
Published: July 2019

The aim of this survey was to determine epidemiological indicators for leptospirosis in equids from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 138 equids were sampled from 58 rural properties, and for the diagnosis of leptospirosis it was used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with 22 serovars as antigens. A seropositivity found was 40.6% (56/138). The reactive serogroups were Australis (43%), Sejroe (16.3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Grippotyphosa (10.2%), Canicola (6.1%), Tarassovi (4.1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) and Hebdomadis (2%). Animals over 36 months of age presented higher chance of get seropositive (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.23 – 7.56; P = 0.016). The results obtained in the present work point to the high occurrence of seropositive equids for Leptospira sp. in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. As it is the first report of seropositive equidae in Paraíba, other surveys should be conducted in the region aiming to isolate and identify the agent for the determination of the current infection in the animals.
De criminaliteitsdaling in New York
Authors: Schuilenburg M.B.
Published: July 2019

The crime drop in New York. On ‘what works’ and ‘what works not’ in crime policy

This article describes the long decline of crime rates in New York, as analysed by Franklin Zimring in his book The city that became safe (2012). The author discusses and analyses the processes involved in ‘lesson drawing’ and the ‘policy transfer’ from New York to the Netherlands. Issues that are further addressed include the opportunities of prevention and the enforcement of ‘hot crimes’.
Vagebonden in woorden en daden, én in beelden
Authors: Koenraadt Frans
Published: July 2019

Vagrants in words, actions and images

Vagabonds, mainly relating to beggars and vagrants, have occupied the Western European social and criminal landscape by the ages. In this contribution some long term patterns – from the Middle Ages onwards – are investigated. The central questions are a) What is the place vagabonds occupied in society? and b) How was dealt with them in the past centuries? In order to answer these questions the perception of and the distinction between true and false beggars and vagrants are included. In addition to penal and criminological sources also those from the visual arts (history) are applied. Answering these questions shows a process of increasing institutionalization seeing a pattern of social exclusion to institutional confinement. An important role in the institutionalization is reserved for the interference of criminal law.
Directe actie als de verzekerde rechtspersoon niet meer bestaat: uitzondering op meldingsplicht geldt volgens de Hoge Raad voor alle schades
Authors: Kruijswijk Jansen J.
Published: July 2019

Directe actie als de verzekerde rechtspersoon niet meer bestaat: uitzondering op meldingsplicht geldt volgens de Hoge Raad voor alle schades. HR 1 februari 2019, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:150

Op 1 februari 2019 heeft de Hoge Raad de reikwijdte van de uitzondering op het meldingsvereiste voor een beroep op de directe actie van artikel 7:954 BW verduidelijkt. Volgens lid 2 van artikel 7:954 BW is voor een beroep op de directe actie niet nodig dat de schade door de aansprakelijke verzekerde aan de aansprakelijkheidsverzekeraar is gemeld, als de verzekerde een rechtspersoon was die heeft opgehouden te bestaan. In alle andere gevallen kan de directe actie alleen worden uitgeoefend als de schade door de verzekeringnemer of verzekerde wél is gemeld bij de aansprakelijkheidsverzekeraar. In het onderhavige arrest stond ter discussie of dit voor alle schades geldt of alleen voor de zogenaamde long tail-schades: schades die zich pas (na lange tijd) manifesteren nadat een rechtspersoon heeft opgehouden te bestaan.
Een evaluatie van de effectiviteit van de Wet tijdelijk huisverbod
Authors: Timmermans Maartje , de Vaan Katrien
Published: July 2019

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Dutch temporary restraining order act

On 1 January 2009, the Dutch Temporary Restraining Order Act (Wth) entered into force. This act allows mayors to impose a ten-day restraining order (which may be extended to 28 days) on (potential) perpetrators of domestic violence, which prohibits these perpetrators from entering their own house and contacting their partner and/or children. During the restraining order everyone involved (evicted persons, those who stay behind and children) is offered a range of support and intervention measures. The law requires that within five years after its entry into force the Dutch parliament is informed of the effectiveness. To this end, a study was conducted between September 2011 and August 2013. The aim of this impact assessment is to gain insight in the effectiveness of the restraining order and the support services that are connected to it. The study was designed as a quasi-experimental study with an intervention group (restraining orders) and a control group (similar situations in which no restraining order was imposed). The study shows that the restraining order is associated with less incidence of new domestic violence. After imposing a restraining order new domestic violence occurs less frequently, and in case it does occur, fewer incidents occur than in (comparable) situations where no restraining order was imposed. The main explanation for the correlation found between the restraining order and the lower incidence of new domestic violence seems to lie in the support that is offered after the imposition of a restraining order. Moreover, the support seems to be more effective in the more serious cases than in the lighter cases. The degree in which antecedents of the evicted person are present and whether or not the evicted person is criminally prosecuted are not related to a lower degree of repeated domestic violence.
Potencjał betonu sprężonego
Authors: Łabuzek Barbara
Published: July 2019

W artykule przedstawiono
przypadek ciekawego wykorzystania kablobetonu
z cięgnami bez przyczepności
w konstrukcji Pawilonu Muzycznego w Muszynie.
Opracowane rozwiązania konstrukcyjne,
a w szczególności zaprojektowane
elementy sprężone – belka i strop – pozwoliły
na zrealizowanie przyjętej koncepcji
architektonicznej kładącej nacisk na zachowanie
jedności konstrukcji z istniejącym
otoczeniem.
A note from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Tanaś Maciej
Published: July 2019

A note from the Editor-in-Chief
Identifying and overcoming barriers to gender equality in Tanzanian schools: Educators’ reflections
Authors: Jones Shelley
Published: July 2019

This paper reports on an action research study that took place during a one-week professional development course focused on establishing gender equality in primary schools, held in a Teachers’ College in Southern Tanzania (June/July 2015), in which 28 educators and administrators participated. I draw upon Sarah Ahmed’s (2005) theoretical framework of gender orientations to explore understanding of gender. A feminist, participatory, action research methodology using multimodal methods (Jewitt, 2008; Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001) was used to collect and analyze data. Highlighted are salient aspects activities and discussions in which the participants engaged concerned with constructions and orientations of gender, and gender-based oppression, violence, and discrimination and how these impact girls’ education. I also report on participants’ personal and professional knowledge, understanding, and insights into barriers to, and opportunities for gender equality and their proposed approaches for bringing about change through initiatives they articulated in the gender-responsive school action plans they began to develop. Findings indicate that despite the participants’ interest in learning more about gender constructions and orientations – conceptually as well as practically – and the implied expectation from policies than educators essential in bringing about transformative change leading to gender equality in society, the participants had had little, if any, exposure to policies, initiatives, resources, or professional development to guide and support them. Recommendations including provided professional development opportunities in gender-responsive pedagogy and programming at all schooling levels, and to include educators’ voices, as experts of their own contexts, in future policies, programming, and initiatives.
A pedagogic complexus on the knowledge and impact of economic recession on secondary school students
Authors: Okam Chinyere Lilian
Published: July 2019

Economic recession in its simplest explication is the decline in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any country. For over 25 years, recession set in Nigeria in 2015 with the oil price adjustment that affected global economy. Its effect on the country’s export has been punishing, seeing export and government revenues decline rapidly. This is due to some factors that include the fact that oil is Nigeria’s main source of foreign exchange earnings and government and financial revenue; insurgency in the North East of Nigeria and the agitating activities of the Niger/Delta region which has seen Chevron and some oil prospecting companies, the straightening of dollar which has made the Naira of less value. The study determine the extent to which the recession has affected students of school age. It describes the process of Theatre for Development (TFD) in the University of Calabar International Demonstration Secondary School (UCIDSS) as a means of evaluating the students’ knowledge of economic recession and how the recession has affected their studies and career choice. The issues discussed here came from the students, enabling them develop critical reasoning that will help them rekindle their ambitions as well as eliciting their knowledge of changes around their environment. Methodologically, Semi-Structured Interview, TFD and other participatory methodologies like FGD and playmaking were used and for those students who may have issues discussing their views in problem, Key informant Interview was applied.
Representation of Disability in Fairy Tales from the Perspective of the Social Model of Disability. A Case Study of Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Oscar Wilde, Charles Perrault, Giovanni Francesco Straparola, and Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont
Authors: Grzelka Michalina
Published: July 2019

Beginning from the position of disability understood as a social and cultural construct, this paper aims to analyze and compare representations of disability in fairy tales by such authors as the Grimm brothers, Hans Christian Andersen, Oscar Wilde, Charles Perrault, Giovanni Francesco Straparola, and Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont. Despite the prevalence of disabled characters in many fairy tales, there exists just a handful of articles on disability in fairy tales within the field of disability studies (Schmiesing 2014). Therefore, this study attempts to fill in a knowledge gap in the area of disability studies by looking at disability and characters with disabilities in fairy tales from the perspective of the social model of disability. In this paper I seek to explore variations in the way different authors describe disability/sickness/deformity and to discuss such subjects related to the area of disability studies as overcoming disability and the question of cure (understood, in the context of fairy tales, as a supernatural restoration to the able-bodied state). In addition, I attempt to see if there exist any differences in how sick/disabled/deformed fairy tales characters are portrayed depending on their gender.
Title: Challenges of field research. Between involved participant and outside observer
Authors: Chovgrani Claudia , Cieślikowska Magdalena , Odyniec Katarzyna
Published: July 2019

The article is a theoretical contribution that deals with problems of field researcher. Shows difficulties related to researcher's morality, their role as a witness and an observer, describes etic and emic research. The authors begin their deliberations with an in-depth description of the essence of the relationship created between the arrived researcher and rooted in the given research community. They review anthropological research, pointing to valuable discoveries of field researchers, and do not bypass the description of difficult situations related to the experience of social relations that can not be experienced or described adequately from the privacy of an office.
An analysis of causes of trauma, spectrum of injuries and treatment outcomes of patients treated in 2015 year in Multitrauma Centre of the University Teaching Hospital No 1 in Szczecin. Comparison of results form years 2015 and 2007
Authors: Dziubiński Dawid , Abramczyk Urszula , Ciechanowicz Dawid , Kozłowski Jan , Pakulski Cezary , Zyluk Andrzej
Published: July 2019

Multitrauma is defined as injury involving two or more different body parts, with a condition that at least one of these injuries is life-threatening. They represent serious traumas, requiring treatment in the intensive care units and frequently surgical intervention.
The objective of this study was epidemiological and clinical analysis of patients treated in 2015 year in Multitrauma Centre of the University Teaching Hospital no 1 in Szczecin, and comparison the results with outcomes of similar study conducted in the same Centre in 2007 year.
Clinical material comprised medical notes of 82 patients, 52 men (63%) and 30 women (37%), with a mean age of 44 years, who sustained multitrauma injuries. An analysis included causes of traumas, spectrum of injuries, involvement of body parts, methods and outcomes of the treatment.
Results. The most common cause of multitrauma was traffic accident - 45 cases (55%), followed by fall from height - 22 (27%) and other mechanism - 15 (18%). The most frequent component of multitrauma made bone fractures (spine, pelvis, limbs) - 64 cases (78%), followed by head traumas - 63 (77%), chest - 53 (65%) and abdominal 30 (36%) injuries. A total of 48 patients (58%) required surgical intervention, the most frequently fixation of bone fractures - 24 patients (29%), repair of abdominal and head injuries - 18 (22%) either. Of 82 treated patients 64 (78%) survived and 18 (22%) died. A mean period of stay in Multitrauma Centre was 23 days for survived patients and 17 days for those who died. Comparing to similar analysis conducted 8 years earlier, a change in involvement of particular body parts comprising multitrauma injury was observed: number of head injuries increased of 14%, number of chest traumas and bone fractures decreased of 21% and 11%, respectively. The survival rate improved of 10%.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) - EVIDENCES FROM ALBANIAN TRADE SECTOR
Authors: Todri Ardita , Scalera Francesco
Published: July 2019

This research implements business intelligence models through structured qualitative and quantitative data to predict liquidity management process in short-run by recognizing the relevance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) organizational behavioral patterns operating in Albanian trade sector. Thus, in a sample of 33 trading SMEs there is contemporary predicted the volatility of working capital, receivables accounts turnover ratio, money conversion cycle and net profit margin at 95% confidence level through a radial basis function by examining some liquidity, operational efficiency, risk and growth  ratios. The results demonstrate that for an efficient liquidity management process it should be taken in consideration the operative efficiency and risk areas, then, equity origin, firm size, collateral value as well as borrowers’ status in interaction with organizational behavioral patterns in order to ensure profitability enhancement. Thereby it can be traced the approach how these kinds of businesses survive, grow-up and mature by ensuring performance goals.
PRIVREDA I ODRŽIVI RAZVOJ U NACIONALNIM OKVIRIMA
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Marković Sanja , Grbić Ana
Published: July 2019

Preduzeća u Republici Srbiji se nalaze pred izazovom da budu još inovativnija, produktivnija i profitabilnija a istovremeno još odgovornija i održivija. Savremeni tokovi privrede, fleksibilni uslovi privređivanja i turbulentno okruženje zahtevaju savremenu organizaciju koja se kao dinamički sistem permanentno menja, usavršava i prilagođava okruženju u kojem obavlja svoje poslovne aktivnosti. Promovisanje održivog razvoja predstavlja radikalan zaokret u koncepciji zaštite životne sredine. Osnovna ideja jeste što čvršće povezivanje ekonomskog rasta i razvoja i problema životne sredine. Ideja održivog razvoja je ubedljivija ukoliko se tumači kao način da dodatni nivo razvoja može biti društveno nepotreban ukoliko se životna sredina ugrozi, odnosno ako veća nejednakost u raspodeli vodi lošem životu čitave zajednice. Zbog toga poslovanje na društveno odgovoran način postaje ključna tema i imperativ savremenog poslovanja preduzeća, s obzirom da se poslovanje odvija u okruženju o kome se mora voditi računa.
Vocal and locomotor coordination develops in association with the autonomic nervous system
Authors: Gustison Morgan L , Borjon Jeremy I , Takahashi Daniel Y , Ghazanfar Asif A
Published: July 2019

In adult animals, movement and vocalizations are coordinated, sometimes facilitating, and at other times inhibiting, each other. What is missing is how these different domains of motor control become coordinated over the course of development. We investigated how postural-locomotor behaviors may influence vocal development, and the role played by physiological arousal during their interactions. Using infant marmoset monkeys, we densely sampled vocal, postural and locomotor behaviors and estimated arousal fluctuations from electrocardiographic measures of heart rate. We found that vocalizations matured sooner than postural and locomotor skills, and that vocal-locomotor coordination improved with age and during elevated arousal levels. These results suggest that postural-locomotor maturity is not required for vocal development to occur, and that infants gradually improve coordination between vocalizations and body movement through a process that may be facilitated by arousal level changes.
Swimming eukaryotic microorganisms exhibit a universal speed distribution
Authors: Lisicki Maciej , Velho Rodrigues Marcos F , Goldstein Raymond E , Lauga Eric
Published: July 2019

One approach to quantifying biological diversity consists of characterizing the statistical distribution of specific properties of a taxonomic group or habitat. Microorganisms living in fluid environments, and for whom motility is key, exploit propulsion resulting from a rich variety of shapes, forms, and swimming strategies. Here, we explore the variability of swimming speed for unicellular eukaryotes based on published data. The data naturally partitions into that from flagellates (with a small number of flagella) and from ciliates (with tens or more). Despite the morphological and size differences between these groups, each of the two probability distributions of swimming speed are accurately represented by log-normal distributions, with good agreement holding even to fourth moments. Scaling of the distributions by a characteristic speed for each data set leads to a collapse onto an apparently universal distribution. These results suggest a universal way for ecological niches to be populated by abundant microorganisms.
Algal-fungal symbiosis leads to photosynthetic mycelium
Authors: Du Zhi-Yan , Zienkiewicz Krzysztof , Vande Pol Natalie , Ostrom Nathaniel E , Benning Christoph , Bonito Gregory M
Published: July 2019

Mutualistic interactions between free-living algae and fungi are widespread in nature and are hypothesized to have facilitated the evolution of land plants and lichens. In all known algal-fungal mutualisms, including lichens, algal cells remain external to fungal cells. Here, we report on an algal–fungal interaction in which Nannochloropsis oceanica algal cells become internalized within the hyphae of the fungus Mortierella elongata. This apparent symbiosis begins with close physical contact and nutrient exchange, including carbon and nitrogen transfer between fungal and algal cells as demonstrated by isotope tracer experiments. This mutualism appears to be stable, as both partners remain physiologically active over months of co-cultivation, leading to the eventual internalization of photosynthetic algal cells, which persist to function, grow and divide within fungal hyphae. Nannochloropsis and Mortierella are biotechnologically important species for lipids and biofuel production, with available genomes and molecular tool kits. Based on the current observations, they provide unique opportunities for studying fungal-algal mutualisms including mechanisms leading to endosymbiosis.
Geographic context affects the landscape change and fragmentation caused by wind energy facilities
Authors: Diffendorfer Jay E. , Dorning Monica A. , Keen Jolene R. , Kramer Louisa A. , Taylor Robert V.
Published: July 2019

Wind energy generation affects landscapes as new roads, pads, and transmission lines are constructed. Limiting the landscape change from these facilities likely minimizes impacts to biodiversity and sensitive wildlife species. We examined the effects of wind energy facilities’ geographic context on changes in landscape patterns using three metrics: portion of undeveloped land, core area index, and connectance index. We digitized 39 wind facilities and the surrounding land cover and measured landscape pattern before and after facility construction using the amount, core area, and connectivity of undeveloped land within one km around newly constructed turbines and roads. New facilities decreased the amount of undeveloped land by 1.8% while changes in metrics of landscape pattern ranged from 50 to 140%. Statistical models indicated pre-construction development was a key factor explaining the impact of new wind facilities on landscape metrics, with pre-construction road networks, turbine spacing, and topography having smaller influences. As the proportion of developed land around facilities increased, a higher proportion of the facility utilized pre-construction developed land and a lower density of new roads were built, resulting in smaller impacts to undeveloped landscapes. Building of new road networks was also a predictor of landscape fragmentation. Utilizing existing development and carefully placing turbines may provide opportunities to minimize the impacts of new wind energy facilities.
Assessing subspecies status of leopards (Panthera pardus) of northern Pakistan using mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Asad Muhammad , Martoni Francesco , Ross James G. , Waseem Muhammad , Abbas Fakhar-i- , Paterson Adrian M.
Published: July 2019

Despite being classified as critically endangered, little work has been done on leopard protection in Pakistan. Once widely present throughout this region, leopards are now sparsely distributed, and possibly extinct from much of their previously recorded habitat. While leopards show morphological and genetic variation across their species range worldwide, resulting in the classification of nine different subspecies, the leopard genetic structure across Pakistan is unknown, with previous studies including only a very limited sampling. To clarify the genetic status of leopards in Pakistan we investigated the sequence variation in the subunit 5 of the mitochondrial gene NADH from 43 tissue samples and compared it with 238 sequences available from online databases. Phylogenetic analysis clearly separates the Pakistani leopards from the African and Arabian clades, confirming that leopards from Pakistan are members of the Asian clade. Furthermore, we identified two separate subspecies haplotypes within our dataset: P. p. fusca (N = 23) and P. p. saxicolor (N = 12).
Changes of the erythrocyte phenotype and blood biochemistry in dairy calves during the first ten weeks of age
Authors: Golbeck Lennart , Cohrs Imke , Scheu Theresa , Grünberg Walter
Published: July 2019

Background

Bovine erythrocytes undergo important changes in their morphology and chemical composition during the first weeks of age, which must be understood to accurately interpret hematology results in calves. The objectives of this prospective cohort study were to describe physiological changes of calf erythrocytes and to investigate mechanisms potentially causing these changes.

Methods

Blood samples from 30 clinically healthy dairy calves were obtained from birth to the tenth week of age in weekly intervals. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters as well as the mineral electrolyte content of erythrocytes were determined and followed over time. The changes of parameters characterizing the erythrocyte phenotype over time were compared to the changes of plasma and erythrocyte biochemical parameters and possible associations were investigated using correlation and stepwise regression analyses.

Results

Although the erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) declined from 43.6 ± 3.7 fL to 35.6 ± 3.2 fL between the first and seventh week, the red blood cell count (RBC) increased from 7.2 ± 1.1 × 1012/L to 9.3 ± 1.0 × 1012/L until the fifth week of age. The blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration increased from 0.96 ± 0.16 g/L to 1.16 ± 0.11 g/L in the first three weeks of age and remained at this level until the end of the study. Changes in MCV were accompanied by a decline of the erythrocyte potassium content (KERY) from 91.9 ± 13.5 to 24.6 ± 7.2 mmol/L and a concomitant increase of the erythrocyte sodium content from 45.0 ± 32.0 to 102.7 ± 26.5 mmol/L. MCV was found to be associated with KERY, the primary determinant of the intra-erythrocyte osmotic pressure from the sixth week of age and with blood hemoglobin, the primary determinant of the intra-erythrocyte oncotic pressure from the eighth week of age, when KERY, blood Hb and MCV already had reached or approached normal levels of adult cattle. The plasma iron concentration was not found to be associated to any of the studied hematological parameters.

Conclusion

A volume reduction of 20% in bovine neonatal erythrocytes is a physiological change occurring during the first weeks of age and is neither associated with sideropenia nor with anemia in healthy calves. The mechanism driving the observed erythrocyte volume change could not be identified. Results of the correlation and regression analyses indicate that changes in intra-erythrocyte osmotic or oncotic pressure are improbable underlying causes. Results reported here show that KERYis an unreliable indicator for the K homeostasis of the intracellular space in neonatal calves and that a decrease in MCV in early life per-se is an unreliable indicator for the development of microcytic anemia.
The relationship between fish abundance and benthic community structure on artificial reefs in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, and the importance of sea whip corals Leptogorgia virgulata
Authors: Schweitzer Cara C. , Stevens Bradley G.
Published: July 2019

Autogenic engineers (i.e., biogenic structure) add to habitat complexity by altering the environment by their own physical structures. The presence of autogenic engineers is correlated with increases in species abundance and biodiversity. Biogenic structural communities off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva) are comprised of multiple species including boring sponge Cliona celata, various hydroids (i.e., Tubularia sp., Obelia sp., Campanular sp.), northern stone coral Astrangia poculata, sea whips Leptogorgia virgulata, and blue mussels Mytilus edulis. Sea whips are soft corals that provide the majority of vertical height to benthic structure off the coast of the Delmarva peninsula. The mid-Atlantic bight is inhabited by several economically valuable fishes; however, data regarding habitat composition, habitat quality, and fish abundance are scarce. We collected quadrat and sea whip images from 12 artificial reef sites (i.e., shipwrecks) ranging from 10 to 24 m depth to determine proportional coverage of biogenic structures and to assess habitat health, respectively. Underwater video surveys were used to estimate fish abundances on the 12 study sites and determine if fish abundance was related to biogenic coverage and habitat health. Our results showed that higher fish abundance was significantly correlated with higher proportional sea whip coral coverage, but showed no significant relationship to other biogenic structure. Assessment of sea whip condition (as a damage index) showed that sea whip corals on artificial reefs off the Delmarva coast exhibited minor signs of degradation that did not differ significantly among study sites.
Marine biodiversity from zero to a thousand meters at Clipperton Atoll (Île de La Passion), Tropical Eastern Pacific
Authors: Friedlander Alan M. , Giddens Jonatha , Ballesteros Enric , Blum Shmulik , Brown Eric K. , Caselle Jennifer E. , Henning Bradley , Jost Christian , Salinas-de-León Pelayo , Sala Enric
Published: July 2019

Clipperton Atoll (Île de La Passion) is the only atoll in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) ecoregion and, owing to its isolation, possesses several endemic species and is likely an important stepping stone between Oceania, the remainder of the TEP, including other oceanic islands and the west coast of Central America. We describe the biodiversity at this remote atoll from shallow water to depths greater than one thousand meters using a mixture of technologies (SCUBA, stereo baited remote underwater video stations, manned submersible, and deep-sea drop cameras). Seventy-four unique taxa of invertebrates were identified during our expedition. The majority (70%) of these taxa were confined to the top 400 m and consisted mostly of sessile organisms. Decapod crustaceans and black corals (Antipatharia) had the broadest depth ranges, 100–1,497 m and 58–967 m, respectively. Decapods were correlated with the deepest depths, while hard corals were correlated with the shallow depths. There were 96 different fish taxa from 41 families and 15 orders, of which 70% were restricted to depths <200 m. While there was a decreasing trend in richness for both fish and invertebrate taxa with depth, these declines were not linear across the depth gradient. Instead, peaks in richness at ∼200 m and ∼750 m coincided with high turnover due to the appearance of new taxa and disappearance of other taxa within the community and is likely associated with the strong oxygen minimum zone that occurs within the region. The overall depth effect was stronger for fishes compared with invertebrates, which may reflect ecological preferences or differences in taxonomic resolution among groups. The creation of a no-take marine reserve 12 nautical miles around the atoll in 2016 will help conserve this unique and relatively intact ecosystem, which possesses high predator abundance.
Monitoring cyanobacterial toxins in a large reservoir: relationships with water quality parameters
Authors: Subbiah Seenivasan , Karnjanapiboonwong Adcharee , Maul Jonathan D. , Wang Degeng , Anderson Todd A.
Published: July 2019

Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in fresh, brackish, and ocean water environments, as well as in soil and on moist surfaces. Changes in the population of cyanobacteria can be an important indicator of alterations in water quality. Metabolites produced by blooms of cyanobacteria can be harmful, so cell counts are frequently monitored to assess the potential risk from cyanobacterial toxins. A frequent uncertainty in these types of assessments is the lack of strong relationships between cell count numbers and algal toxin concentrations. In an effort to use ion concentrations and other water quality parameters to determine the existence of any relationships with cyanobacterial toxin concentrations, we monitored four cyanobacterial toxins and inorganic ions in monthly water samples from a large reservoir over a 2-year period. Toxin concentrations during the study period never exceeded safety limits. In addition, toxin concentrations at levels above the limit of quantitation were infrequent during the 2-year sampling period; non-detects were common. Microcystin-LA was the least frequently detected analyte (86 of 89 samples were ND), followed by the other microcystins (microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR). Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were the most frequently detected analytes. Microcystin and anatoxin concentrations were inversely correlated with Cl−, SO${}_{4}^{-2}$, Na+, and NH${}_{4}^{+}$, and directly correlated with turbidity and total P. Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin concentrations in water samples were inversely correlated with Mg+2 and directly correlated with water temperature. Results of our study are expected to increase the understanding of potential relationships between human activities and water quality.
Development and evaluation of a training program for occupational health nurses regarding support for workers with cancer and their workplaces
Authors: Nishikido Noriko , Sasaki Minako , Yoshikawa Etsuko , Ito Michiyo
Published: July 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a training program for occupational health nurses (OHNs) regarding support for workers with cancer and their workplaces.

Methods

Based on our prior research, we engaged in multiple discussions on the development of training program for OHNs. For examining the effectiveness of the developed training program, we collected and analyzed the data from three repeated surveys conducted before, immediately after, and 3 months after the training on self-confidence levels of the participants regarding 23 items associated with support for workers with cancer and their workplaces.

Results

We made a 3-hour training program including a lecture and a group work. First, we gave a lecture explaining the support scheme consisting of 4 parts and the 12 hints in action phrase while using the guidebook. Second, we conducted the group work regarding the case of a female worker diagnosed with breast cancer. Of the participants who supported workers with cancer in actuality during the 3-month post-training, 86% acknowledged the utility of the training in implementing support. As for the pre-post evaluation of the training program, most items of the participants’ self-confidence significantly increased from pretraining to immediately after and 3 months post-training.

Discussion

This study demonstrated that the developed training program was effective in that the participants learned the support schemes and skills and gained self-confidence in implementing supports in real-work settings. We hope that this training program will be extensively used in the future, enabling OHNs to contribute toward balancing cancer treatment and work.