bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bizalom és az empatikus kommunikáció szerepe és eszközei az egészségügyben a COVID–19-járvány idején
Authors: Gács Boróka , Kovács Petra , Birkás Béla , Füzesi Zsuzsanna
Published: August 2021

Összefoglaló. A járvánnyal szembeni védekezés során mindennapossá
vált a maszkhasználat, amely jelentős kihívást jelent a hétköznapi kommunikációs
helyzetekben. Az egészségügy bizonyos területein korábban is jelen volt ez a
probléma, azonban a most általános érvényű, folyamatos maszkviselés és
védőruha-használat szimbolikus és gyakorlati értelemben is akadályként jelenik
meg az orvos és a páciens között, ami több szinten nehezíti a hatékony
kapcsolatteremtést és kommunikációt. Ezért szükségessé vált olyan egységes
kommunikációs protokollok kidolgozása, amelyek segítik a bizalmi kapcsolat
kiépítését az egészségügyben úgy, hogy az ellátók érzelmi elérhetősége és a
biztonságos fizikai távolságtartás egyszerre valósuljon meg. Tanulmányunk célja,
hogy a kurrens szakirodalom áttekintése révén összefoglaljuk a maszkviselés és a
védőruha-használat hatásait az orvos-beteg kommunikációra és a kapcsolatban
megjelenő bizalomra és empátiás folyamatokra, valamint fel kívánjuk hívni a
figyelmet az egészségügyi személyzetet érő hatásokra is. Célunk továbbá, hogy a
hazai és nemzetközi tapasztalatokat figyelembe véve olyan ajánlásokat
fogalmazzunk meg, melyek segítségével javítható az egészségügyi dolgozók
kommunikációja, azon keresztül pedig az ellátás legfontosabb szereplőinek, a
betegeknek és az ellátóknak az elégedettsége a kapcsolattal. Orv Hetil. 2021;
162(23): 897–904.

Summary. In the fight against the epidemic, the use of masks has
become commonplace, which is a significant challenge in everyday communication
situations. This problem has been present in some areas of healthcare in the
past, but today’s universal use of masks and personal protective equipment (PPE)
is both a symbolic and practical barrier between doctor and patient, making it
difficult to establish an effective communication and connectivity on several
levels. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop unified communication
protocols that help building a relationship of trust in healthcare so that
emotional availability of providers and safe physical distance are achieved
simultaneously. The aim of our study is to summarize the effects of mask wearing
and PPE usage on the physician-patient communication and also the trust and
empathy processes that emerge within the relationship through the review of the
current literature. We would also like to draw attention to the effects on
healthcare staff. Our goal is also to formulate recommendations, taking into
account domestic and international experience, that can be used to improve the
communication of healthcare professionals, and through that, the satisfaction of
the most important actors in care, patients and caregivers. Orv Hetil. 2021;
162(23): 897–904.
Kestabilan Titik Ekuilibrium Endemik Pada Model SIS Transmisi Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Dengan Populasi Berbeda
Authors: Pratama Suryadi Harto , Suryani Irma , Wartono Wartono
Published: August 2021

Paper ini membahas model matematika tentang kestabilan titik ekuilibrium endemik terhadap Human Papillomavirus (HPV) pada model SIS dengan populasi berbeda. Model SIS Terdiri dari dua kompartemen, yaitu kompartemen rentan (Susceptible) dan kompartemen yang terinfeksi (Infected) dengan populasi yaitu subpopulasi perempuan  dan subpopulasi laki-laki . Titik ekuilibrium endemik pada model SIS ini dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan substitusi atau manipulasi aljabar terhadap asumsi-asumsi pada model SIS Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Selanjutnya, kestabilan endemik dinyatakan stabil asimtotik dapat di uji menggunakan matriks Jacobian dengan syarat  terpenuhi. Kemudian, model SIS Human Papillomavirus (HPV) dianalisis dengan simulasi numerik dengan hasil kestabilan titik ekuilibrium endemik itu stabil asimtotik jika . Dan ini menjelaskan bahwa subpopulasi terinfeksi akan memungkinkan menginfeksi atau menularkan virus kepada subpopulasi  rentan. Artinya virus masih ada dalam populasi.
Niqab in Indonesia: Identity and Nationalism of the Female Students in Palopo
Authors: Pirol Andul , Aswan Aswan
Published: August 2021

This research discusses the politics of identity that are increasingly strengthening in the public sphere. This phenomenon grows through the religious sentiment circulated massively on social media and is also evident in dress and daily behavior. This article wants to see: (1) the extent to which the identity of female students that wearing niqab influences the national insight, (2) how their perspectives and attitudes in national and state life. As a result, the sentiment of niqab female students' identity grew more vital in the public sphere. It is directly proportional to their low acceptance of government leaders of different religions. The government role is also considered lacking in helping them to overcome the life problems they face. Interestingly, the position of the Pancasila in the group gaining acceptance is relatively high. The primary data of this study through a questionnaire with the techniques of purposive sampling of 30 female students that wearing the niqab from various religious organisations spread across many campuses in the City of Palopo.
Realitas Pernikahan Beda Agama pada Masyarakat suku Dayak Ngaju di Kota Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Telhalia Telhalia , Natalia Desi
Published: August 2021

Abstract: The practice of interfaith marriage has occurred in the Dayak Ngaju community for various reasons and considerations. Similar reasons include love, pregnancy before marriage, and thinking that he is the only match. Interfaith marriage is not easy to unite thoughts and wills together in an ideal marriage. This is because interfaith marriage couples need very high understanding, patience and loyalty in carrying out their married life as an effort to build high tolerance for differences that occur between them through mutual agreement and commitment. Unavoidable phenomenon. This can be seen in couples who marry different religions with a background of emotional experiences together. Through this agreement, a join commitment is neeeded to carry it out responsibly as joint commitment is needed to carry it out responsibly as a form of loving God and others (Matthew 22:37-40).  Abstrak: Praktik perkawinan beda agama telah terjadi pada masyarakat Dayak Ngaju dengan bermacam pertimbangan dan alasan. Alasan yang hampir sama antara lain terjadi atas dasar cinta, hamil sebelum menikah, dan adanya pemikiran bahwa hanya dia pasangan yang cocok. Perkawinan beda agama tidaklah mudah menyatukan pikiran dan kehendak bersama dalam sebuah perkawinan yang ideal. Hal ini dikarenakan pasangan perkawinan beda agama membutuhkan pengertian, kesabaran dan kesetiaan yang sangat tinggi dalam menjalankan kehidupan perkawinan mereka sebagai upaya membangun toleransi yang tinggi terhadap perbedaan-perbedaan yang terjadi di antara mereka melalui kesepakatan dan komitmen bersama. Fenomena yang tak bisa dihindari. Hal ini nampak pada pasangan yang menikah beda agama dengan dilatarbelakangi oleh pengalaman emosional bersama. Melalui kesepakatan ini, maka diperlukan komitmen bersama untuk melaksanakannya dengan penuh tanggung jawab sebagai salah satu bentuk mengasihi Tuhan dan sesama (Matius 22:37-40).
Memória e cerimônia nos palácios assírios (Iº milênio A.E.C.): um estudo de uma sala do palácio sudoeste de Nínive
Authors: Ranieri Leandro Penna
Published: August 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é propor a noção de “cerimônia da memória” como uma das funções dos espaços palacianos da Assíria. Conta-se com uma análise de uma sala do palácio sudoeste de Nínive, denominada 36, e de seus relevos parietais esculpidos. Cerimônia da memória não está estritamente associada a um atributo elaborado e expresso na documentação visual, mas é uma prática de registro de tipo memorial num espaço cerimonial, que é similar à prática de elaboração das inscrições reais, ambas voltadas à comunidade palaciana no presente e para o futuro.
“RETURN TO PARADISE”IN I.A. KRYLOV'S IDYLL AND ODE:AN ARTISTIC MODEL AND A WORLDVIEW
Authors:   Moscow state university of design and technology named after A.N. Kosygin, Zavelskaya Darya A.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the philosophical and religious works of I.A. Krylov, in which there is a motive of man's “falling away”from nature as a loss of heavenly bliss. At the early stage of his creative work, the poet was looking for various approaches to reflect this existential problem, embodying his thought in images of nature and civilization. These images bear the imprint of the stylistics of two different genres of Russian classicism:odes (high style) and idyll (middle style). Stylistic and genre analysis makes it possible to reveal Krylov's attitude to the world as a whole and to a person's place in it. Idyllic elements are associated with the notion of primordial innocence. The highstyle of the ode manifests itself in two ways: in threatening prophetic denunciations and solemn praises. The solemn praise of nature is in tune with the chanting of the Creator in the Psalm arrangements–the traditional genre of Russian classicism. Based on these parallels, we can assume the development of the poet's philosophical search from rejection of civilization to the organic reunion of man with being through the creative principle
THE DISCURSIVE WALKS OF MIGRANT WORKERS AS A TRAUMA:FROM A COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE TO A FEELING OF NOSTALGIA
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Milanović Željko
Published: August 2021

The paper starts by tracing the shifts in the status of Anđelko Krstić in the framework of Serbian and Macedonian literature. We interpret the possibility of Krstić being unconditionally accepted as an author with more than one homeland as a non-ideological principle of literary history that could be involved in a de-traumatization of the past and the creation of a conflict-free future. The similarities in the depiction of migrant workers in the novels Trajanby Anđelko Krstić and Infidelityby Dejan Trajkoski are marginal when compared to the involvement of contemporary novelistic protagonists in the modernization processes which open the affected individuals to the experiences of the Other. However, we conclude with the observation that the discrete historical context of Infidelityreproduces memory narratives that perceive their subject solely as a victim of collective trauma in the past. Although Infidelitycontains elements of an invigorating relativization of memory, it is influenced by dominant discourses that abandoned multi-perspectives of the Balkan past and the inclusion of the Other. Such multifaceted perspectives which include the Other represent a prerequisite for a conflict-free future of the Balkan peoples and cultures.
NEW OBJECTIFICATION OF REALITY: THE BACKGROUND OF KUNDERA’S UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING
Authors:   Institute of Macedonian Literature,Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Mojsieva-Guševa Jasmina
Published: August 2021

This text sheds light on the meaning of the popular phrases "unbearable lightness of being" and "feeling of austerity" in Milan Kundera's novel "The Book of Laughter and Oblivion" and Philip Kaufman's film "Unbearable Lightness of Being", which is based on Kundera's novel of the same name. This explanation is rooted in his subversive magically realistic poetics, which are related to his emigrant life path and the inability to directly write about the burning topics of freedom, terror, morality, human relations, promiscuity, love.Special emphasis is put on the poetics of magical realism, which is explained as the way in which Kundera expresses his artistic ideas. Specifically, many magically realistic elements are present in the above-mentioned works, such as: verbal magic; magical atmosphere; merging the real and the magical; displacement of time, space, identity. The representation of all these magically realistic elements is interpreted as a shield that covers a new objectification of the reality of East and West and of the postmodern world in general, which is characterized, as Kundera sarcastically states, by the phrase "unbearable lightness of being".
ONE NOSTALGIC COUNTER-NARRATIVE:THANK YOU EVER SO MUCHBY MARKO VIDOJKOVIĆ
Authors:   Institute for Serbian culture, Bečejski Mirjana M.
Published: August 2021

Relying on the virtual narrative theory and the theory ofpossible worlds as a basis for interpreting narrative multiverses, this paper focuses on Marko Vidojković’s Thank You Ever So Much as a nostalgic counter-narrative in which the idea of nostos is realized by creating an alternative history. The events thatthe hero narrates/ writes in the first person take place in two parallel universes, “upward” (the world of the ideal SFRY, from which he comes) and “downward” (the world modelled after is the existential reality of the divided Yugoslav states) namely in the narrative present. At the diachronic level, the time axes, depicted in the form of the hero’s memories or dialogue, multiply backwards only until June 3, 1989, when the splitting of the universe(s) occurred. Further regressing introduces a motif of shared history and, through a wealth of details, reveals the position of the Yugo-nostalgic author of the narrative (Mirko Šipka or Marko Vidojković?), who avoids pathos with the help of irony, parody and vulgarisms while narrating us his anguish over all losthistorical possibilities to create the best country in the world, and his inability to return to his desired homeland.
WAR TRAUMA IN THE CONTEMPORARY SERBIAN NOVEL: THE HOUSE OF REMEMBRANCE AND OBLIVIONBY FILIP DAVID, THE DELUSION OF ST. SEBASTIANBY VLADIMIR TABAŠEVIĆ, THE DOG AND THE DOUBLE BASSBY SAŠA ILIĆ
Authors:   Institute forLiterature and Arts, Živković Miloš
Published: August 2021

The paper discusses the literary shaping of war traumas in the novels “The House of Remembrance and Oblivion” by Filip David, “The Delusion of St. Sebastian” by Vladimir Tabašević and “The Dog and the Double Bass” by Saša Ilić. The manner in which the Holocaust influences the life of Albert Weiss and the lives of other characters, decades after World War II, and the mystical contemplation of the meaning of evil stand out as the most important themes of David’s novel. The interpretation of “The Delusion of St. Sebastian” proceeds via the protagonist Karl and his attitude to the language he learned during the war. The war induces dissociative identity disorder, the protagonist’s adoption and subsequent overcoming of the victim’s position. The analysis of Ilić’s work focuses on the protagonist of the novel “The Dog and the Double Bass”, Filip Isaković, and his post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as psychiatric and anti-psychiatric treatment methods.
WITH JANKO GLAZER ON THE PATH OF EXILE
Authors:   Maribor First Grammar School, Markežič Tjaša
Published: August 2021

The German occupation of a part of Slovenian territory in April 1941 meant a breaking point in the lives of many people. Among the victims there were also Slovene authors. First, the Nazis established migration headquarters in Maribor and subordinate agencies to organise deportations; later, they established assembly camps in different places in Lower Styria. In Maribor they reorganised a part of the barracks in Melje into a camp. They were brought to different locations in Serbia, some also in Croatia.
A PICTORIAL POWER OF LANGUAGE IN THE TEXTS OF TROBAIRITZ AND LES PRÉCIEUSES
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Blažić Milena Mileva
Published: August 2021

The article presents the authors of literary creation, based on the theory of Julia Kristeva Tales of Love,1987andMarie Nikolajave Reading for Learning, 2015. Trial is the author of medieval trobairitz, enlightenment préciosité, romanticwomen fairy tale writersto contemporary trobairitz. The texts of the authors of the intertextual, dominated by emotional motifs (love, trust, loyalty), supported by actions (Love test) reflect the symbols (garden fountain, wall). Central emotionalekphrasis -love the emotion that has similar symptoms as anxiety (expectation,call andmeeting). The authors express themselves with metaphors, often asliterary parallelism -externalization of the inner landscape -literal and emotional winter. The authors are suggestible translate visuals into verbal world -songs(Azalais de Porcairagues, Comtessade Dia, Maria de Ventadorn), memories (Helena Kottanner), fairy tales (Jeanne Marie Leprince de Beaumont).
Issues of Civil Law Regulation Regarding the Protection of Civil Rights When Using Genetic Information
Authors:   Bashkir State University, Tuzhilova-Ordanskaya E. M. , Akhtyamova E. V. ,   Bashkir State University
Published: August 2021

Introduction: the article deals with some basic legal issues that arise from the use of human genetic information. There exist some issues of defining the legal nature of such information, which we identify in the article. Current legal regulation is not able to take into account the peculiarities of genetic information and provide an effective protection against the misappropriation and improper use of genetic information when carrying out genetic diagnostics, working with biomaterials. At the moment, special public law and civil law regulation of the procedure for obtaining, accumulating, processing, accessing, and protecting genetic information is required. Purpose: to develop a conception of the legal nature of genetic information, to identify the issues in the field of civil rights protection when using genetic information, to propose possible ways of resolving those, which is done in the article based on the analysis of scientific works as well as international and Russian legislation. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: in order to overcome the issues associated with the use of genetic information, it is necessary to develop an effective system of legal guarantees aimed at ensuring respect for human dignity, protecting rights and interests of an individual, protecting their genetic information in order to prevent possible harm from its improper use. Conclusion: in order to prevent the threat of illegal use of genetic information and violation of human rights, the government must take a number of important measures and introduce amendments and supplements into the statutory regulations: genetic information of an individual must acquire a special legal status, namely, it must be set apart from the group of personal biometric information and form an independent type of personal data with restricted access based on the kinship (blood) relationship between third parties and the carrier of such information; it is important to bring the provisions of civil legislation into line with the Law on Personal Data; it is necessary to legislatively specify the regime of the use and preservation of genetic information obtained as a result of gene diagnostics and to provide the legal framework for the activities of biobanks. Such amendments and supplements would make it possible to form a unified system of ways of genetic information protection as a right in combination with the norms on the protection of private life.
Influence of the Yalta Conference on the Development of Modern International Law
Authors:   Crimean Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Cherniadeva N. A. , Vasilyeva Yu. V. ,   Perm State University
Published: August 2021

Introduction: the article analyzes the contribution of the Yalta conference of 1945 to the formation of the modern international legal system. We believe that the role the decisions taken at this conference played in the formation of current international law is significantly underestimated these days. The purpose of this article was to identify the elements of modern international law the formation and development of which were influenced by the Yalta Conference. For this, the following objectives were set and consistently accomplished in the course of research: to determine the role of international conferences as mechanisms for the development of international law; to identify the features of the Yalta conference; to study international legal decisions that were made during the Yalta conference. Methods: we applied general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, interpretation, formal logic. In connection with the study of historical aspects of international legal science, the method of historical and legal analysis played a significant role. Of the specialized legal methodological tools used in the preparation of the article, we note the methods of formal legal analysis and legal modeling. Results: the article proves that the Yalta conference laid the legal foundations for new significant international legal regulations. We consider the following to be the main international legal achievements of Yalta-1945: final agreement on the creation of the UN; the creation of a completely new mechanism of international legal governance – the UN Security Council; participation in the formation of a new system of sources of international law; participation in the development of the basis of new international law; participation in the formation of a number of new branches of international law. Conclusions: the Yalta Conference marks the end of one era and the beginning of a new one, in which the UN will occupy the most important place in the system of management of international legal relations. Many decisions made in Yalta concerned the future of the international legal order, and not just the resolution of the geopolitical issues of the Second World War at its last stage.
COGNOMINA OF BOTH PLINIES: GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS AND GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS
Authors:   St. Petersburg State Universit, Berezkin A. V. , Kritskaya S. Y. ,   North-Western branch of the Russian State University of Justice
Published: August 2021

This article provides information on the actual naming of two Roman writers and statesmen: Gaius Plinius Secundus, and Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus. Modern researchers make some mistakes in the names of both Plinies. The history of these names sheds light on legal relations in Ancient Rome (family law, especially the order of adoption, the right of Roman citizens on three names – ius trium nominum) and on the evidence of the folk laughter culture (sniper data cognomina of citizens). Medieval and modern traditions of a generic or family naming have their roots in the Roman law. The Roman name was closely related to social status, indicating the antiquity of the genus or personal privileges, for example, the senatorial class, which included the ancient patrician clans or plebeian nobility, as well as a freeborn citizen or a freedman, a slave or a foreigner–peregrine, etc. Geographic area, family relations, and personal excellence were also taken into account. I. Kajanto, as one would expect from a classifier as a pioneer, goes on formal grounds, referring cognomina, Felix and Faustus, to the category of “wish” or “praise”, and Secundus to the order of birth. Our method of studying in a sociocultural context reveals cognomen Secundus as “happy”.
TO GIVE, TO ORDER, AND TO CONFIRM. THE FRENCH PRELATES' POWER IN THE WORLD OF THE 13TH CENTURY CHARTERS
Authors:   University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Shelina E. A.
Published: August 2021

As corpora of medieval texts became available online, and platforms for textometric analysis (TXM, among others) were developed in the last decade, it has become possible to explore old historiographical issues from a new perspective. This study explores the actions of medieval dominants and the forces they used to perform those actions. The author unites a corpus of the author unites a corpus of the charters of prelates of the French dioceses from the period following the “documentary revolution”, because the general increase in the number of charters since the 12th century enables the author to work at the level of particular social groups. The charters of bishops and archbishops and the charters of abbots and abbesses of the 13th century were collected from online editions of medieval French cartularies (from the Chartae Galliae, the Cartulaires d'Île-de-France, and the Cartulaire blanc). The author generated lists of the most frequent verbs and nouns in the ablative and examined the most common adverb co-occurrences for the most frequent verbs of the two corpora. As a result of the study, a number of observations were obtained. 1) Along with the group of verbs that denote the activity of creating a charter and of disseminating the information, the most frequent verbs refer to the activities of giving, ordering and confirming in the corpus of bishops. These three main activities were distinguished by analyzing the structure of verb binomials in the corpus. 2) The activities of abbots appear to be different from those of bishops: the verbs of ordering are far less frequent, while the verbs of selling and exchanging are more common. While bishops form the dominant group within the whole society, the activities of the abbots in society are less conspicuous (abbots dominate within their monasteries). 3) The auctoritas, although an important power force that enables the majority of power actions, is not the only one used by prelates: members of the Church acted by voluntas; a large amount of actions requires consent or counsel. Finally, the promise requires the force of fides, etc. 4) The 13th century society was the one where all actions were judged as more or less spiritual, and where the less spiritual power actions and practices of the prelates were also ‘spiritualised’. Although different groups of verbs attract different kinds of adverbs (e.g. one should serve ‘honestly and devotedly’, one possesses ‘peacefully’, one commands and orders ‘firmly and rigorously’), they all have positive connotations. The charters serve to reproduce a system where the spiritual plays a dominant role and where attaining the celestial realm is the central goal of all actions (documents on the exercise of power belong to the same system as theological texts).
THE FRENCH 47TH INFANTRY REGIMENT DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR: AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH
Authors:   University Rennes II, Le Gall E.
Published: August 2021

The First World War can be examined from the perspective of traditional military history as well as the perspective of the relationship between combatants and the environment. The author reveals based on a wide range of archival materials, printed media and ego-documents (diaries, memoirs, letters) the question of combat peculiarities of the 47th Infantry Regiment of the French Army considering with the influence of environmental conditions on the soldiers. The author demonstrates the dependence of the regiment's intensity and efficiency of combat operations on the terrain, weather and climate changes on the Western Front of the First World War. In the first phase of the conflict, soldiers were extremely vulnerable to even the slightest temperature changes (extreme heat, cold) due to their uniforms' problems. Physical strain from long marches across unfamiliar terrain and an extended stay in the trenches also harmed their health. The combat unit's active influence on the environment is also emphasised, with the pollution of the battlefield by sewage, leftover ammunition and weapons. The soldiers' health being adversely affected by the polluted environment (above all, the spread of contagious diseases, poisoning by chemical and metal warfare agents) is also considered. Severe environmental changes during battles also made combat operations more difficult. Thus, during the First World War, both the soldiers of the 47th Infantry Regiment of the French Army and all the other poilus became hostages to a severely altered environment due to the impact of millions of combatants.
NEW MEANS OF COMMUNICATION AND THE OLD SYSTEM (INTEGRATION OF THE TELEPHONE ACTIVITY INTO THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGULATION OF COMMUNICATIONS IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)
Authors:   Russian Academy of Sciences, Perekrestova S. V.
Published: August 2021

The paper analyzes the process of formulating the main principles of the state regulation of the telephone activities in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Even though the emergence of the telephone in Russia matched the process of the whole unified postal and telegraph service’s organizing, crucial necessity of including the telephone into the system of the state management of communications did not become just a step in these reforms’ development. It caused the discussion on another matter, namely on the main principle of the system’s functioning, i.e. perception of the communications as the subject of the state monopoly. Thus, the Russian government’s attempts to adopt the telephone to a broadly settled system of the state regulation happened to be followed by the debates on neither administrative no technical, but on the legal and economic matters. Lately, they moved to the principle of the state monopoly in the communications sphere as a whole and to perception of the latter as a source of the state income. Nevertheless, during the analyzed period, the focus of all the disputes was made on responding to the private capital’s threat to the monopoly status of the government. However, its main concern was not the monopoly itself, but one of its aspects, i.e. the most commercially profitable way to build and use the telephone communications.
FINANCING OF THE GRAND DUCAL RESIDENCES CONSTRUCTION: INTERSECTION AND CONFLICT OF POSSIBILITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF THE IMPERIAL COURT AND WISHES OF THE AUGUST CUSTOMERS
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yefimov A. A.
Published: August 2021

The article is aimed at scrutinizing the possible difficulties and frictions that arose during the construction of residences for the youngest son of Nicholas I and the sons of Alexander II between the grand dukes themselves as final customers and the Ministry of the Imperial Court as an organizer and executor. The author reveals the nature and degree of the financial participation of the Grand Dukes in the erection of palaces. As examples, the author selected the suburban residence of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich “Mikhailovskaya Dacha” and the metropolitan palaces of Grand Dukes Vladimir Aleksandrovich and Aleksei Aleksandrovich. Considering the first example, the author notes that the Ministry of the Imperial Court was able to satisfy the main wishes of the customer without much financial difficulties, although the latter, nevertheless, had to take a certain monetary part and then subsequently received appropriate compensation. The article states that since the 1860s, the Court Department moved to a policy of reducing the provision for new palaces for the imperial family members. However, the decision made by Alexander II on the financing limit of 600 000 rubles did not pass the verification of reality, and Grand Duke Vladimir Aleksandrovich, having spent more than four hundred thousand rubles on his palace, ultimately sought reimbursement of this amount from the treasury. Nevertheless, the idea of tightly restricting appropriations for palace construction was then supported by Alexander III, who introduced new payment limits in 1886. At the same time, the attempt of Grand Duke Aleksey Aleksandrovich to obtain additional funds by presenting the house allocated to him for the future palace and sold by him as a gift, which did not fit into the general calculation, failed, since the Court Department, as the author shows, this time firmly adhered to the boundaries established by law.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR AT THE EASTERN FRONT: HISTORIOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE AND RESEARCH PROSPECTS
Authors:   Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Nagornaia O. S. , Golubinov Y. A. ,   Samara National Research University
Published: August 2021

A lacuna that clearly needs to be filled and remains among various topics of the ecological history of the First World War is the Eastern front theme. The authors of this historiographical essay attempt to analyze various papers and monographs on the ecological history of the First World War, such as works on ecological history and history of technologies, works on socio- and cultural-ecological aspects of the Great War, as well as publications on the experience of military occupation at the Eastern Front and its impact on the ecosystems of different regions. A critical analysis of the achievements and limitations of modern historiography allow the authors to emphasize thematic fields of perspective research. The authors notice that the Eastern front is still obscure and largely ignored by English-speaking scholars. The historiography includes a wide variety of thematic fields. Most of them are related to environmental changes in West European war theatre, as well as in colonial landscapes. Such a view deforms the general picture of the Great War. So, the reconstruction of the military impact on the landscapes of the Eastern front, attempts to economically organize the war space by different armies on the same territories, as well as the transformations of local population's management practice, seem to correct the idea of the universality of the Western front processes and phenomena.
CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGER (1910–2003) AND THE BEGINNING OF STUDIES ON THE HISTORY OF GLOBAL AND NATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRES
Authors:   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Nikitin L. V. ,   South Ural State University
Published: August 2021

The article deals with one of the key aspects of the research work of the outstanding American economist, historian and government official Charles Poor Kindleberger (1910–2003): a study of the rise of cities as financial centres at national and international levels. Such analysis, presented mainly in one specialized work by Kindleberger (1974), despite its relative brevity, laid the foundation for a new and very noticeable trend in contemporary interdisciplinary research. Basing his study on the data for seven countries of North America and Western Europe (thus underestimating Asia’s emerging financial success), Kindleberger showed the formation and development of their business metropolises from the 18th and 19th centuries until the 1970s. The most important regularity that the scholar emphasized when considering such material was the tendency of most national financial systems to the gradual establishment of a single dominant centre. In addition, Kindelberger examined in a similar way the major historical milestones with regard to the change of the leading cities in the global financial arena. The conclusions made by the American researcher regarding the current situation for him (that is, for the first half of the 1970s), as well as the predictions that logically emerged from them, are tested in the article on the basis of an expanded array of independent statistical data. Such a comparison shows, although not absolute, but very high accuracy of most of Kindleberger's observations, which undoubtedly gives his pioneering study additional academic value.
Multifunctional ionization chamber and its electronic path for use on the medical accelerator "Prometeus"
Authors: Siksin V. V.
Published: August 2021

The article describes the proposed new multifunctional ionization chamber (MIC) designed to measure dose profiles when the medical accelerator "Prometheus" is operating in the scanning "pencil beam" mode. A digital image acquisition detector (DIDE) with a tissue-equivalent water phantom is used to calibrate the accelerator before a radiation therapy session. The application of the CPPI on the beam of a proton accelerator operating in the mode of beam splitting into spots with a scanning beam is considered. The CDPI detector allows for a few accelerator pulses in on-line mode to see how the energy release of each spot is distributed over the area of the irradiated target, which is the actual calibration of the accelerator before the proton therapy session. During the proton therapy session, it is planned to install the MIC directly in front of the patient. The MIC chamber contains two ionization chambers operating simultaneously — a pad chamber (PC) operating on gas or "warm liquid" and a strip ionization chamber operating only on gas (SC). At the accelerator "Prometheus" it is proposed to use a MIC, which will be used in the mode of operation by the method of active scanning with a "pencil" proton beam. The use of the MIC operation is intended to control the density of the beam intensity during the irradiation of the "target" in the patient during the proton therapy session. In case of violation of the planned operating mode of the accelerator and the beam goes beyond the parameters preset before the session, the deviation detection control system (SDMS) will turn off the accelerator. The device of the readout electronics (SE) of the MIC and SKOO cameras is described. This proposed detector, including the MIC and SKOO camera and the reading electronics serving it, will improve the quality of the therapeutic beam supply, due to the accurate determination of the absorbed dose density supplied by the scanning beam to each spot of the irradiated target, and therefore the generated high dose distribution field will correspond to the irradiated volume of the patient and will increase the safety and control of patient exposure to the target. The PC included in the MIC is designed on a "warm liquid" (or gas) and is a high-precision ionization chamber with coordinate sensitivity over the width of the irradiated target. The SC included in the MIC operates on gas and controls the direction of the incident beam to a given spot in the target. A version of the charge-sensitive preamplifier (QCD) and the SE system designed for experimental verification of the MIC prototype has been developed. The SCOO circuit working in conjunction with the MIC camera allows you to control the predetermined parameters of the irradiation of the patient's target boundaries and turns off the accelerator if these parameters deviate from the initially specified ones.
Posjusticia neofranquista en el democrático y católico capitalismo español
Authors: Franco Martínez Juan Agustín
Published: August 2021

La supervivencia del régimen franquista bajo el capitalismo español encuentra su máxima expresión en la laxitud de la legislación antifascista, algo incomparable en toda Europa, siendo paradigmática de tal debilidad la Ley de Memoria Histórica. El auge de la ultraderecha española se explica en buena medida por esta sobrerreacción ante las mayores demandas democráticas de justicia y reparación a las víctimas del franquismo a las que son renuentes los poderes fácticos.
Cortés: 500 años después de la conquista de México (1521-2021)
Authors: Calvo Buezas Tomás
Published: August 2021

El presente ensayo recoge algunos datos de varias encuestas realizadas en 2019 y 1993 referentes a la valoración de la conquista y de la colonización española de América, así como los vínculos que nos unen. La encuesta de 2019 fue aplicada a 2.476 escolares españoles, de ellos 678 extremeños. Sus resultados son comparados con dos macroencuestas iberoamericanas, una de 2019 (N=11.322) y otra de 1993 (N=43.816), analizando los cambios en estos 26 años de la hispanofobia y de la leyenda negra. Se analizan las imágenes negativas y positivas sobre la colonización y figuras como la de Hernán Cortés, quien hace 500 años conquistara México. Se pide para 2021 un diálogo de México-España, así como de México-Extremadura, centrado en los lazos comunes que nos unen, como la lengua, cultura y religión, proponiendo el mestizaje indo-afro-hispano como Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
ENDOSCOPY OF THE CEREBELLO-PONTINE ANGLE: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Mathews Sunil , Nandhan Raghu , Natarajan Kiran , Kameswaran Mohan
Published: August 2021

Background

The cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) is an important region in the skull base which can harbour a variety of pathologies. Because it is surrounded by numerous vital structures, surgical access is a challenge, more so when distorted by disease. Microscopes have successfully guided CPA surgery over the past three decades. CPA endoscopy has evolved today as an alternative way to explore this intriguing region with minimal morbidity to collateral structures.

Discussion

CPA endoscopy has been introduced on an experimental basis into a range of CPA surgeries, including assistance in lower cranial nerve tumor removal, microvascular decompression, vestibular neurectomy, and assistance in auditory brainstem implantation. CPA endoscopy is currently used as a surgical adjunct to the operating microscope, and it has the potential to become standard in many CPA surgeries.

Conclusions

CPA endoscopy has evolved from a diagnostic to a therapeutic tool because it allows near and clear visualization of the CPA with in-depth view of the various nerve roots arising from the brainstem and their exit foramina. This review evaluates the current status and future directions of endoscopic technology and its role in skull base surgical practice.
Glutathione system in rat blood serum under the conditions of carrageenan-induced joint inflammation and chondroitin sulfate prophylactic injection
Authors: Dvorshchenko K. , Korotkiy O. , Grebinyk D. , Torgalo Ye.
Published: August 2021

The goal of this work was the research of chondroitin sulfate prophylactic action on the glutathione system state in rat blood serum during acute
joint inflammation. The research was performed on white non-linear pubertal rat males weighting 160-240 grams in compliance to all general ethical principles of animal research. All animals were divided to four experimental groups. The first group – the control: the animals were injected with 0,1 ml of 0,9 % NaCl solution in a right hind leg. The second group – rats were subjected to daily intramuscular injections of 3 mg/kg of chondroitin sulfate in the theurapeutic dose during 28 days. The third group – the animals were subjected to daily doses of 0,1 ml of 0,9 % NaCl solution injected in right hind extremities and starting from 29th day the acute joint inflammation was modelled (the animals were subjected to 0,1 ml of 1% of сarrageenan intramuscular injection in right hind extremities. The fourth group – rats were receiving intramuscular injections of therapeutic dose of 3 mg/kg of chondroitin sulfate for 28 days, and after that the acute joint inflammation was modelled starting from 29th day. 40 animals in all were taking part in the experimental research. The glutathione peroxidase activity was assessed judging from the decrease in GSH amount in the reaction with Ellman reagent. The glutathione peroxidase activity was estimated by the decrease in probe optical density owing to NADPH oxidation. Glutathione transferase activity was estimated by the speed of the conjugate formation between GSH and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobemzene. The amount of reduced glutathione was estimated spectrophotometrically using orthophthalic aldehyde. It was established that during the carrageenan-induced inflammation the glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione reductase activity were reduced, a well as the amount of reduced glutathione, whereas the glutathione transferase activity was increased in comparison to the control. It was shown that under the prophylactic injection of the chondroitin sulfate based preparate to animals with acute joint inflammation the aforementioned parameters were partially stabilized.
Constitutive K-Ras^[G12D] activation of ERK2 specifically regulates oncogenesis of pancreatic cancer cells in 3D
Authors:   , Botta Gregory P. , Lelkes Peter I.
Published: August 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are highly invasive and metastatic neoplasms commonly unresponsive to current drug therapy. Overwhelmingly, PDAC harbors early constitutive, oncogenic mutations in K-Ras G12D that exist prior to invasion. Histologic and genetic analyses of human PDAC biopsies also exhibit increased expression of ERK1/2, pro-invasive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as their inhibitors tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) - all indicators of poor prognosis. However, the distinct molecular mechanisms necessary for K-Ras - ERK1/2 signaling and its influence on stromal invasion and proliferation in primary human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs) has yet to be elucidated in 3D. Expression of oncogenic K-RasG12D alone in genetically-defined PDECs reveals increased invadopodia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and hyperplasia but only when cultured in a 3D model incorporating a basement membrane. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 2 (ERK2), but not ERK1, also occurs only in K-RasG12D mutated PDECs cultured in 3D and is a necessary intracellular signaling event for invasion based upon pharmacologic and shRNA inhibition. Increased active invasion of K-RasG12D PDECs through the basement membrane is associated with a specific microarray gene expression signature and induction of MMP endopeptidases. Specifically, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 RNA, their secreted proteins, and MMP-1's proteolytic cleavage activity are amplified in K-RasG12D PDECs when assayed by RT q-PCR, ELISA, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Importantly, shRNA silencing of MMP-1 mimics ERK2 inhibition and disrupts active, vertical PDEC invasion. TIMP-1 silencing is dispensable but overexpression induces proliferation in only K-RasG12D mutated PDECs. ERK2-isoform and MMP-1 targeting are shown to be viable strategies to attenuate invasion of K-RasG12D mutated human pancreatic cancer cells in a 3D tumor microenvironment while TIMP-1 use to attenuate growth is cautioned.
ESTIMATION OF VARIABILITY ANALYSIS PARAMETERS FOR MAJOR GROWTH AND FLOWERING TRAITS OF Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii GERMPLASM
Authors:   College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University(KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Korea, Rai Rameshwar ,   Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea, Nguyen Viet Yen ,   College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University(KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Korea, Kim Jong Hwa ,   College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University(KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Korea,   Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
Published: August 2021

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the Lilium leichtlinii var maximowiczii germplasm collected from the different natural habitats from all over Korea. In total 30 accessions were studied for nine traits viz. plant height, leaf length, leaf width, the numbers of flowers, flower diameter, length of outer tepal, width of outer tepal, the number of leaf burn, and days to flowering in randomized block design with three replications. The ANOVA revealed highly significant variability prevailing among the investigated genotypes for almost all studied traits (except leaf width). The higher estimated value of GCV, PCV, heritability (H2), and genetic advance as percent of the mean was obtained for the number of flowers and leaf burn. The moderate to high GCV and PCV coupled with higher heritability estimates (H2) and GAM were found for plant height and flower diameter. Progeny selection would be effective as the prevalence of additive gene effect for these traits. Besides, leaf width, leaf length, length of outer tepal, the width of outer tepal, and days to flowering traits were possessed moderate to low GCV and PCV value coupled with the moderate value of heritability estimate with the low level of GAM proved to be the prevalence of non-additive genetic effect thereby indicating the necessity of alternative breeding approach for these traits improvement and breeding scheme. For the former group of traits breeding hybridization and selection would be an effective method, and primarily mean performance of these traits would be very handy for the decision of selection.