bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult-Type Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Pediatric-Age Patients: Experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Milan
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Casanova Michela , Collini Paola , Meazza Cristina , Luksch Roberto , Massimino Maura , Cefalo Graziella , Terenziani Monica , Spreafico Filippo , Catania Serena , Gandola Lorenza , Gronchi Alessandro , Mariani Luigi , Fossati-Bellani Franca
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors for which optimal treatment remains controversial. We report on a large group of 182 patients younger than 18 years old treated at a single institution over a 25-year period.

Patients and Methods

In this relatively homogeneous subgroup of adult-type histotypes, surgery was the mainstay of treatment; radiotherapy was administered to 73 patients, and chemotherapy was administered to 114 patients (70 received chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy).

Results

Overall survival at 5 years was 89% in patients who underwent complete resection at diagnosis, 79% in patients who had marginal resection, 52% in initially unresected patients, and 17% in patients with metastases at onset. Outcome was unsatisfactory in patients with large and high-grade tumors, even after gross resection; adjuvant chemotherapy seemed to improve the results in this group. Initially unresected patients who responded well to chemotherapy and subsequently underwent complete resection had an event-free survival rate of approximately 70%. The rate of response to chemotherapy was 58%.

Conclusion

The identification of prognostic variables should enable risk-adapted therapies to be planned. Patients with initially unresectable disease and patients with resected large and high-grade tumors are at high risk of metastases and treatment failure. Although the limits of this retrospective analysis are self-evident, our data would suggest that intensive chemotherapy (with an ifosfamide-doxorubicin regimen) might have a more significant role in these patients than what is generally assumed.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations, Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors, and Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Authors: Pao William , Miller Vincent A.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Gefitinib and erlotinib are small molecules that selectively inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. When these drugs were introduced into the clinic, the specific targets affected in human tumors were unknown. In April 2004, two groups reported that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR are strongly associated with gefitinib sensitivity in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We subsequently extended these findings and showed that such mutations are also associated with sensitivity to erlotinib. Here, we present current knowledge about EGFR mutations in the context of clinical trials involving gefitinib and erlotinib in NSCLC.

Design

This article reviews the rationale for targeting EGFR, the development of gefitinib and erlotinib, the discovery of EGFR mutations, and subsequent studies to define the incidence, spectrum, and functions of EGFR mutations.

Results

The discovery of EGFR mutations promises to alter the ways in which we consider and treat NSCLC.

Conclusion

This information can guide practitioners and help them inform their patients about EGFR mutations and their impact on the treatment of NSCLC.
Early Results of a Chemoimmunotherapy Regimen of Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab As Initial Therapy for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Keating Michael J. , O’Brien Susan , Albitar Maher , Lerner Susan , Plunkett William , Giles Francis , Andreeff Michael , Cortes Jorge , Faderl Stefan , Thomas Deborah , Koller Charles , Wierda William , Detry Michelle A. , Lynn Alice , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC), which are active in treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), are synergistic with the monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitro in lymphoma cell lines. A chemoimmunotherapy program consisting of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) was developed with the goal of increasing the complete remission (CR) rate in previously untreated CLL patients to ≥ 50%.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a single-arm study of FCR as initial therapy in 224 patients with progressive or advanced CLL. Flow cytometry was used to measure residual disease. Results and safety were compared with a previous regimen using FC.

Results

The median age was 58 years; 75 patients (33%) had Rai stage III to IV disease. The CR rate was 70% (95% CI, 63% to 76%), the nodular partial remission rate was 10%, and the partial remission rate was 15%, for an overall response rate of 95% (95% CI, 92% to 98%). Two thirds of patients evaluated with flow cytometry had less than 1% CD5- and CD19-coexpressing cells in bone marrow after therapy. Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia occurred during 52% of courses; major and minor infections were seen in 2.6% and 10% of courses, respectively. One third of the 224 patients had ≥ one episode of infection, and 10% had a fever of unknown origin.

Conclusion

FCR produced a high CR rate in previously untreated CLL. Most patients had no detectable disease on flow cytometry at the end of therapy. Time to treatment failure analysis showed that 69% of patients were projected to be failure free at 4 years (95% CI, 57% to 81%).
Consumer Trust and Advice Acceptance: The Moderating Roles of Benevolence, Expertise, and Negative Emotions
Authors: Barnett White Tiffany
Published: March 2005

I explored advice acceptance for high‐stakes decisions (i.e., those with subjectively important and risky outcomes), focusing on the relative influence of two components of consumer trust—benevolence and expertise—as well as perceived emotional decision difficulty. Participants solicited advice from experts when their decisions were low in perceived emotional difficulty but favored the advice of predominantly benevolent providers when making highly emotionally difficult decisions. Although consumers who faced emotionally difficult decisions were willing to trade off expertise for benevolence, they did not perceive this non‐normative trade‐off to influence decision quality. Instead, the results support a “stress buffering” effect whereby consumers were more confident in the accuracy of predominantly benevolent providers’ advice.
Development of piezoelectric paint thick-film vibration sensors
Authors: Hale J M , White J R , Stephenson R , Liu F
Published: March 2005

This paper describes a programme of trials of thick-film dynamic strain sensors made using ‘piezoelectric paint’. The fabrication process is described and it is shown that the sensitivity is comparable with that of other thick-film sensors and the piezoelectric polymer polyvnylidenefluoride (PVDF). A series of dynamic and environmental tests is described. The dynamic range and bandwidth are shown to be suitable for structural vibration monitoring, and to be largely unaffected by adverse environments (rain, frost, sunlight, etc.).
Leaflet geometry extraction and parametric representation of a pericardial artificial heart valve
Authors: Jiang Hongjun , Campbell G , Canas R
Published: March 2005

Reverse engineering technology was used to reconstruct the complex leaflet geometry of a commercial pericardial valve in our study. Results show that the three-dimensional computer-aided design model of the leaflet surface can be rendered by fitting the surface either to cloud points or by a group of B-splines fitted to a set of cloud points that had been obtained by the process of laser-scanning digitizing. However, an acceptable smooth surface is usually not guaranteed and additional manipulation is required.

An alternative method is introduced in this paper, which involves the fitting of an equation to the leaflet geometry to create a smooth surface. The geometrical profile of a pericardial artificial heart valve was scanned using a laser digitizing system. The leaflet profile is represented as a set of cloud points. A quadric surface is fitted to a set of unique points, which were located on the set of cloud points. A mathematical equation is obtained by solving a least-squares fit. The geometry of the fitted leaflet surface has been proven to be closely represented by an elliptical hyperboloid. The quadratic equations of the leaflet curvatures, calculated along both the circumferential and the radial directions, resulted in simple hyperbolic curvatures.

The advantages of using elliptical hyperboloid geometry for the leaflet surface are discussed and compared with other types of conicoid geometries. The concepts of parametric representation of the leaflet geometry and parametric design for leaflets are discussed. A smooth surface without inflection points and with an adjustable surface area suitable for a series of stent sizes with incremented diameters is created by this method of a single parametric design.

Finally, a generic method to apply the geometry extraction and parametric representation to most pericardial heart valve prostheses was discussed. The application to valves with natural shape was introduced, challenges were identified, and a technical solution was proposed.
A three-dimensional active shape model for the detection of anatomical landmarks on the back surface
Authors: Huysmans T , Van Audekercke R , Vander Sloten J , Bruyninckx H , Van der Perre G
Published: March 2005

In this study relations between anatomical landmarks on the dorsal surface of the human torso corresponding to underlying skeletal structures are established. By examining the statistics of the positions of the landmarks in a training set of subjects a point distribution model is derived. Rotations of the pelvis are simulated in order to show that the main mode shapes of variation are consistent with rotations of the pelvis relative to the trunk. The parameters of these mode shapes can therefore be used as independent measures of clinical parameters such as pelvic inclination, pelvic tilt, etc. The point distribution model is further applied to improve reliability and robustness for an automatic and objective detection of the anatomical landmarks on the back surface (active shape model). The results show that it is possible to replace radiographs by surface measurements in order to measure position and orientation of the pelvis, which is particularly valuable in the case of functional examinations that normally involve a large number of radiographs (e.g. to measure the position of the pelvis in a scoliosis).
Gas turbine based high-efficiency ‘Vision 21’ natural gas and coal central plants
Authors: Rao A. D. , Samuelsen G. S. , Yi Y
Published: March 2005

Under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory, a multidisciplinary team led by the Advanced Power and Energy Programme of the University of California at Irvine is defining the system engineering issues associated with the integration of key components and subsystems into power plant systems that meet performance and emission goals of the ‘Vision 21’ programme. Earlier tasks of the programme have narrowed down the myriad of fuel processing, power generation, and emission control technologies to selected scenarios that identify those combinations having the potential to achieve the Vision 21 programme goals of high efficiency and minimized environmental impact while using fossil fuels. These analyses have been extended to include coal-based ‘zero-emission’ power plants and H2 coproduction facilities. The technology levels considered are based on projected technical and manufacturing advances being made in industry and on advances identified in current and future government-supported research. Included in these advanced systems are solid oxide fuel cells and advanced-cycle gas turbines. The results of this investigation will serve as a guide for the US Department of Energy in identifying the research areas and technologies that warrant further support.
Bond coating issues in thermal barrier coatings for industrial gas turbines
Authors: Wright I. G. , Pint B. A.
Published: March 2005

Thermal barrier coatings are intended to work in conjunction with internal cooling schemes to reduce the metal temperature of critical hot gas path components in gas turbine engines. The thermal resistance is typically provided by a 100-250 μm thick layer of ceramic (most usually zirconia stabilized with an addition of 7–8 wt% of yttria), and this is deposited on to an approximately 50 μ thick, metallic bond coating that is intended to anchor the ceramic to the metallic surface, to provide some degree of mechanical compliance, and to act as a reservoir of protective scale-forming elements (Al) to protect the underlying superalloy from high-temperature corrosion. A feature of importance to the durability of thermal barrier coatings is the early establishment of a continuous, protective oxide layer (preferably α-alumina) at the bond coating—ceramic interface. Because zirconia is permeable to oxygen, this oxide layer continues to grow during service. Some superalloys are inherently resistant to high-temperature oxidation, so a separate bond coating may not be needed in those cases. Thermal barrier coatings have been in service in aeroengines for a number of years, and the use of this technology for increasing the durability and/or efficiency of industrial gas turbines is currently of significant interest. The data presented were taken from an investigation of routes to optimize bond coating performance, and the focus of the paper is on the influences of reactive elements and Pt on the oxidation behaviour of NiAl-based alloys determined in studies using cast versions of bond coating compositions.
Online compressor washing: A numerical survey of influencing parameters
Authors: Mund F C , Pilidis P
Published: March 2005

Online compressor washing is an advanced method to recover power losses caused by compressor blade fouling without incurring the availability penalty of having to shut down the gas turbine engine. Liquid is sprayed into the compressor at full or near full load to wash off particulates accumulated on the compressor surfaces. In particular, the cleaning of the first stage is vital to reinstate the mass flow of the engine, and a uniform fluid distribution is desirable in order to cover the full annulus. To achieve this, washing systems are generally developed empirically. Owing to the variety of intake duct geometries and gas turbine engines, the design of washing systems is generally related to individual power plants. To illustrate the trends of the main influencing parameters, a numerical investigation has been undertaken, based on an application case of a washing system installed in a heavy-duty gas turbine. The parameters studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were airflow reduction, injection location and direction, droplet mass, and injection velocity. The effectiveness of the washing system was evaluated from the fluid distribution at the compressor inlet plane. It has been shown that, depending on the spray nozzle location, different optimum droplet sizes and injection velocities are required. Consequently, the application of different nozzle types is advisable. The operating condition of the engine has a significant effect on the fluid distribution at the compressor inlet and therefore changes in engine mass flow have to be considered when deciding on a washing scheme.
The Profession of the Color Blind: Sociocultural Anthropology and Racism in the 21st Century
Authors: Shankles Eugenia
Published: March 2005

In this essay, I suggest that American sociocultural anthropology has been a "color blind" profession for nearly a half century and that, as a discipline, we need to restore and refine our color perceptions in order to fight the supposedly fixed opposition in American society between "black" and "white" and deal with the racist consequences of this folk opposition. In the first section, 'How Anthropology Became 'Color Blind,'" I delineate the circumstances under which anthropology became the "color blind" profession. In the second section, "Teaching Color Blindness," I discuss the tendency, in teaching sociocultural anthropology, to ignore racism and its effects. In the final section, "Restoring Color Vision," I take up the questions of what the profession needs to do next to cope with racism and its consequences, emphasizing especially the issue of group identities, how they are formulated, inculcated, and overcome, and proposing a Foucauldian model—following Foucault's lead in analyzing relations of biopower and race—for formulating new ways of responding to and resisting the inevitable recastings of racist ideas,
The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequences
Authors: Lewis Herbert S.
Published: March 2005

Critiques of anthropology from within the discipline and from without have been a major feature of our intellectual life since the late 1960s. The theoretical and empirical bases of cultural and social anthropology have been under attack since the Marxist and New Left critiques of the 1960s to those coming more recently from poststructuralism, postmodernist and literary theory, and postcolonial and cultural studies. As a result, several academic generations have been educated by reading the attacks on the field but rarely dealing with the actual theoretical works and ethnographies of earlier anthropologists. This article deals with several of the most common charges leveled at anthropology, notably that it has regularly and necessarily exoticized "Others," has been ahistorical, and has treated each culture as if it were an isolate, unconnected to any other. It demonstrates how inaccurate and easily falsifiable such claims are and recommends a critical reevaluation of these unexamined and destructive cliches,
Contemporary Tie and Dye Textiles of Indonesia
Authors: Hedlund Ann Lane
Published: March 2005

Contemporary Tie and Dye Textiles of Indonesia. Kim Jane Saunders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.107 pp.
Yânomamö Interactive: The Ax Fight on CD‐ROM
Authors: Ottenheimer Martin
Published: March 2005

Yânomamö Interactive: The Ax Fight on CD‐ROM. Peter Biella. Napoleon A. Chagnon. and Gary Seaman. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997.
Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology through Film
Authors: Ehrenreich Jeffrey David
Published: March 2005

Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology through Film. Karl G. Heider. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997. 347 pp.,. videotapes.
Korean American Economy and Society
Authors: Abelmann Nancy
Published: March 2005

Changes and Conflicts: Korean Immigrant Families in New York. Pyong Gap Min. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.134pp.

The Korean American Dream: Immigrants and Small Business in New York City. Kyeyoung Park. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.228 pp.

On My Own: Korean Businesses and Race Relations in America. In‐Jin Yoon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.274 pp.
The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "Discovery" in the Southeast; Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
Authors: Sabo George
Published: March 2005

The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "Discovery" in the Southeast. Patricia Galloway. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.458 pp.

Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms. Charles Hudson. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1997.562 pp.
Integrating Archaeological Demography: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Prehistoric Population
Authors: Creamer Winifred
Published: March 2005

Integrating Archaeological Demography: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Prehistoric Population. Richard R. Paine. ed. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1997.396pp.
Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni
Published: March 2005

Linguistic Anthropology. Alessandro Duranti. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.398 pp.
Mind, Culture, and Activity: Seminal Papers from the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition.; Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution
Authors: Prost Jack H.
Published: March 2005

Mind, Culture, and Activity: Seminal Papers from the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition. Michael Cole. Yrjo Engestrom. and Olga Vasquez. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.502 pp.

Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Andrew Lock and Charles R. Peters. eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.906 pp.
Darwinian Evolution
Authors: Bowler Peter J.
Published: March 2005

Darwinian Evolution. Anthony Flew. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997.150 pp.
Social Construction of the Past: Representations as Power
Authors: McGuire Randall H.
Published: March 2005

Social Construction of the Past: Representations as Power. George C. Bond and Angela Gilliam. New York: Routledge, 1997.232 pp.
Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand
Authors: Morris Rosalind C.
Published: March 2005

Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand. Katherine A. Bowie. New York: Columbia University‐ Press, 1997.
Reconstructed Lives: Women and Iran's Islamic Revolution
Authors: Beck Lois
Published: March 2005

Reconstructed Lives: Women and Iran's Islamic Revolution. Haleh Esfandiari. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.234pp.
Hong Kong: The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis
Authors: Constable Nicole
Published: March 2005

Hong Kong: The Anthropology of. Chinese Metropolis. Grant Evans and Maria Tarn Siu‐Mi. eds. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.336 pp.
Sexual Cultures and Migration in the Era of AIDS: Anthropological and Demographic Perspectives
Authors: Lindenbaum Shirley
Published: March 2005

Sexual Cultures and Migration in the Era of AIDS: Anthropological and Demographic Perspectives. Gilbert Herdt. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.256 pp.
Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry
Authors: Swartz Marc J.
Published: March 2005

Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry. Richard Jessor. Anne Colby. and Richard Shweder. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. pp. 516.
Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millennium
Authors: Stonich Susan C.
Published: March 2005

Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millennium. Barbara Rose Johnston. ed. Walnut Creek. C A: AltaMira Press, 1997.350 pp.
The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: March 2005

The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power. Bruce Kapferer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.400 pp.
Mal'occhiu. Ambiguity, Evil Eye, and the Language of Distress
Authors: Harney Nicholas
Published: March 2005

Mal'occhiu. Ambiguity, Evil Eye, and the Language of Distress. Sam Migliore. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.160 pp.
Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil
Authors: Headland Thomas N.
Published: March 2005

Amazon Stranger:. Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil. Mike Tidwell. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1996.216 pp.
Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England
Authors: Foner Nancy
Published: March 2005

Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England. Nicole Rodriguez Toulis. New York: New York University Press, 1997.304 pp.
Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa
Authors: Magistro John
Published: March 2005

Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Alex de Waal. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.238 pp.
Presence in the Flesh: The Body in Medicine
Authors: Cassell Joan
Published: March 2005

Presence in the Flesh: The Body in Medicine. Katharine Young. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.200 pp.
Being Political: Polish Youth and Democratic Practice
Authors: Cowley Jane
Published: March 2005

This paper confronts questions of political identity raised by the transition to democracy in Poland by focusing on university students in the late 1990s. These youth have constructed a shared identity that is defined by political competence derived through international experience. These students also define their political identity in terms of their differences from earlier generations. I explore the process of political identity construction by looking at representations — images created by these students and about these students ‐ which are used as mechanisms for both communicating and constructing shared identity. While much work has been done that examines the format and structure of the evolving political organizations in Central Europe, my research provides a micro‐level analysis of one important, but too often overlooked, aspect of this transition: the relationships that individuals involved in this transition establish between themselves, the state and their fellow citizens.
Breaking Walls, Building Bridges: Expanding the Presence and Relevance of Rural Sociology*
Authors: Beaulieu Lionel J.
Published: March 2005

Abstract  Rural areas continue to face a series of challenges; many are likely to have profound impacts on the vitality of these places over the long term. Of central concern is whether the rural sociological enterprise, a potentially vital source of information and guidance on such diverse issues, will be able to effectively respond to such challenges. The author argues that in order to strengthen its relevance and viability in coming years, the rural sociological profession must embrace three important shifts. First, it must modify the manner in which it engages in the production of new knowledge by pursuing a more balanced portfolio of investments in disciplinary and transdisciplinary research. Second, it must take a bold step to build bridges to new entities whose missions, goals, and values closely align with those of the Rural Sociological Society. And third, it must take a more proactive role in generating quality, scientifically sound information that is aligned with the needs of federal and state policy communities, particularly information that can better articulate how policies are likely to impact rural people and places.
When 90% confidence intervals are 50% certain: on the credibility of credible intervals
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , JØrgensen Magne
Published: March 2005

Estimated confidence intervals for general knowledge items are usually too narrow. We report five experiments showing that people have much less confidence in these intervals than dictated by the assigned level of confidence. For instance, 90% intervals can be associated with an estimated confidence of 50% or less (and still lower hit rates). Moreover, interval width appears to remain stable over a wide range of instructions (high and low numeric and verbal confidence levels). This leads to a high degree of overconfidence for 90% intervals, but less for 50% intervals or for free choice intervals (without an assigned degree of confidence). To increase interval width one may have to ask exclusion rather than inclusion questions, for instance by soliciting ‘improbable’ upper and lower values (Experiment 4), or by asking separate ‘more than’ and ‘less than’ questions (Experiment 5). We conclude that interval width and degree of confidence have different determinants, and cannot be regarded as equivalent ways of expressing uncertainty. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indications for anti‐solar differential rotation of giant stars
Authors: Weber M. , Strassmeier K. G. , Washuettl A.
Published: March 2005

Observational evidence of anti‐solar differential rotation of K‐type giant stars is presented. Time‐series Doppler imaging based on 70 nights of spectroscopic data was used to derive the spot evolution of the stellar surfaces. The relative differential rotation parameters (α) of the binary stars IMPeg, HD208472, and HKLac were obtained using two techniques, cross‐correlation analysis and the sheared‐image method. Additionally, two previously published single giant stars are revisited and qualitatively compared to recent theoretical models. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrochemically Generated Super‐Hydrophilic Surfaces.
Authors: Premkumar JeromeRajan , Khoo Soo Beng
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 6,6‐Dialkyl‐4,8‐dioxo‐5,7‐dioxaspiro [2.5]octane‐1,1,2,2‐tetracarbonitriles and 2,2,3,3‐Tetracyanocyclopropanecarboxylic Acid.
Authors: Kayukova O. V. , Kayukov Ya. S. , Nikolaev A. N. , Nasakin O. E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aziridine Sulfides and Disulfides as Catalysts for the Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes.
Authors: Braga Antonio L. , Milani Priscila , Paixao Marcio W. , Zeni Gilson , Rodrigues Oscar E. D. , Alves Elenilson F.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐Methoxybenzylamino Derivatives of Dibenzothiadiazepine Dioxide.
Authors: Lebegue Nicolas , Gallet Sebastien , Flouquet Nathalie , Carato Pascal , Giraudet Stephanie , Berthelot Pascal
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Catechin‐Pyrylium Derived Pigment.
Authors: de Freitas Victor , Sousa Carlos , Silva Artur M. S. , Santos‐Buelga Celestino , Mateus Nuno
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solution‐Phase Parallel Synthesis of New 2H‐Pyrimido‐[4,5‐e][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐ylidenecyanamides.
Authors: Lee Ill Young , Kim Sang Yo , Lee Jin Young , Yu Chan‐Mo , Lee Duck Hyung , Gong Young‐Dae
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of a New Class of Potential Antiatherosclerosis Agents: NO‐Donor Antioxidants.
Authors: Cena Clara , Boschi Donatella , Tron Gian Cesare , Chegaev Kostantin , Lazzarato Loretta , Di Stilo Antonella , Aragno Manuela , Fruttero Roberta , Gasco Alberto
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzoxepins
Authors: von Angerer S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sensor Technologies for Monitoring Metabolic Activity in Single Cells. Part 2. Nonoptical Methods and Applications
Authors: Yotter Rachel A. , Wilson Denise Michelle
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Genetic locus half baked is necessary for morphogenesis of the ectoderm
Authors: McFarland Karen N. , Warga Rachel M. , Kane Donald A.
Published: March 2005

The zebrafish epiboly mutants partially block epiboly, the vegetalward movement of the blastoderm around the giant yolk cell. Here, we show that the epiboly mutations are located near the centromere of Linkage Group 7 in a single locus, termed the half baked locus. Nevertheless, except for the similar mutants lawine and avalanche, we find the epiboly traits of each of the alleles to be distinguishable, forming an allelic series. Using in situ analysis, we show that the specification and the formation of the germ layers is unaffected. However, during early gastrulation, convergence movements are slowed in homozygous and zygotic maternal dominant (ZMD) heterozygous mutants, especially in the epiblast layer of the blastoderm. Using triple‐mutant analysis with squint and cyclops, we show that ablating involution and hypoblast formation in hab has no effect on the epiboly phenotype on the ventral and lateral sides of the embryo, suggesting that the hypoblast has no role in epiboly. Moreover, the triple mutant enhances the depletion of cells on the dorsal side of the embryo, consistent with the idea that convergence movements are defective. Double‐mutant analysis with one‐eyed pinhead reveals that hab is necessary in the ectodermal portion of the hatching gland. In ZMD heterozygotes, in addition to the slowing of epiboly, morphogenesis of the neural tube is abnormal, with gaps forming in the midline during segmentation stages; later, ectopic rows of neurons form in the widened spinal cord and hindbrain. Cell transplantation reveals that half baked acts both autonomously and nonautonomously in interactions among cells of the forming neural tube. Together, these results suggest that half baked is necessary within the epiblast for morphogenesis during both epiboly and neurulation and suggest that the mechanisms that drive epiboly possess common elements with those that underlie convergence and extension. Developmental Dynamics 233:390–406, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation and Reaction of Ammonium Ylides in Basic Two‐Phase Systems
Authors: Kowalkowska Anna , Suchołbiak Dorota , Jończyk Andrzej
Published: March 2005

Reaction of the quaternary ammonium salts 2a–i with electrophilic alkenes 3, active alkylating agents 7 or aromatic aldehydes 11, carried out in basic two‐phase systems A–D, afforded cyclopropanes 4, cyanoalkenes 8 or cyanooxiranes 12 respectively, via the corresponding ammonium ylides 2+ –. The method is very simple, and gives cyclopropanes 4 and cyanoalkenes 8 in high yield. Under similar conditions, 1‐cyanodienes 8aa,ba were cyclopropanated at the γ,δ‐double bond with formation of vinylcyclopropanes 9a,b. The stereochemistry of the prepared cyclopropanes was elucidated from literature, 1H NMR spectroscopic data, NOE experiments or X‐ray single crystal analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Highly Fluorinated Sulfimides and Sulfoximides as Functional Building Blocks for Materials Science
Authors: Kirsch Peer , Lenges Marc , Kühne Daniel , Wanczek Karl‐Peter
Published: March 2005

Several examples of highly fluorinated sulfimides and sulfoximides have been synthesized in order to assess their potential usefulness as functional materials, such as liquid crystals or as active components in molecular electronics. The polarity of liquid crystals with these types of functional groups was lower than expected, due to conformational effects. A new synthetic method provides a convenient access to N,S,S‐triaryl sulfimides and sulfoximides, which were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Vascular endothelial growth factor and enhanced angiogenesis do not promote metastatic conversion of a newly established azoxymethane‐induced colon cancer cell line
Authors: Belinsky Glenn S. , Claffey Kevin P. , Nambiar Prashant R. , Guda Kishore , Rosenberg Daniel W.
Published: March 2005

The organo‐specific carcinogen, azoxymethane (AOM), produces colon tumors in mice that share many pathological features with sporadic human colorectal cancer (CRC). An important distinction between AOM‐induced CRC and human CRC is lack of mucosal invasion in the murine model. To assess the role of the microenvironment in preventing the invasive phenotype, multiple benign in situ adenocarcinomas were harvested from AOM‐treated mice and cultured in vitro. However, tumor cell growth was extremely limiting under standard culturing conditions. Thus, we injected tumor cells directly into nude mice and performed two serial transplants, and successfully explanted a rapidly growing epithelial tumor cell line (AJ02nm0). When injected subcutaneously (sc) into nude mice, AJ02nm0 cells formed well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas with minimal tumor invasive capacity. To define whether metastatic and invasive potential were related to lack of angiogenic stimuli, the AJ02nm0 cells were transfected to overexpress murine vascular endothelial growth factor‐164 (VEGF164). AJ02nm‐VEGF cells produced rapidly growing tumors in nude mice that exhibited extensive pseudo‐epithelial ductal architecture and supporting vasculature, but without increased invasive potential compared to controls. The established murine colon epithelial cell line provides a useful experimental model to further elaborate genetic and epigenetic factors that may promote or inhibit colon tumorigenesis and metastasis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustained engraftment post bone marrow transplant despite anti‐platelet antibodies in Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Authors: Flood Veronica H. , Johnson F. Leonard , Boshkov Lynn K. , Thomas Gregory A. , Nugent Diane J. , Bakke Antony C. , Nicholson H. Stacy , Tilford David , Brown Mary P. , Godder Kamar T.
Published: March 2005

Background

Patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) have normal platelet counts but abnormal platelet aggregation and carry the risk of life‐threatening bleeding. We report three patients who received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for type I GT and discuss the risk and management of anti‐platelet antibodies.

Patients and Results

Diagnosis of GT was made through abnormal platelet aggregation studies or the absence of GPIIb/IIIa by flow cytometry. All patients had severe bleeding requiring multiple red blood cell transfusions. One patient received an unrelated donor transplant and two received matched sibling donor transplants following conditioning therapy with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and fludarabine. Two patients developed an anti‐platelet antibody, treated in one with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). Engraftment of white blood cells and platelets was achieved on day +13 to +14 and +17 to +25, respectively. Complete donor chimerism and GPIIb/IIIa+ platelets are sustained at +22 to +30 months post transplant.

Conclusions

In summary, patients with GT and history of severe hemorrhage can be cured with BMT, but the presence of anti‐platelet antibodies should be sought and platelet transfusions minimized prior to transplant. IVIG may be helpful in cases of refractory immune thrombocytopenia related to anti‐platelet antibodies. Improvement in transplant‐related complications with current transplant regimens allows consideration of BMT for life‐threatening non‐malignant disorders such as GT. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profiling Hospital Performance of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Based on the Administrative Data of Four Teaching Hospitals in Japan
Authors: Hirose Masahiro , Imanaka Yuichi , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Sekimoto Miho , Harada Yoshiaki , Kuwabara Kazuaki , Hayashida Kenshi , Oh Eun‐Hwan , Evans S. Edward
Published: March 2005

Over the last decade in Japan, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has replaced traditional open cholecystectomy as the standard of elective surgery for cholelithiasis. The laparoscopic approach has a clinical course relatively easier to standardize among the different types of intraabdominal surgery. However, significant practice variation is suspected in Japan, but there has been little demonstration or discussion based on empirical data. Through the analysis of 1589 elective LC cases from four leading teaching hospitals in Japan between 1996 and 2000, this study aims to demonstrate the surgical variations and to investigate their determinants regarding the length of hospital stay and the health care charge. Substantially and significantly large variation existed among the hospitals in terms of the length of hospital stay and the total health care charge, even after the differences in patient factors were adjusted. Particularly, the combined drug and exam charge per day was strikingly different among the four hospitals, which indicated that the daily process also varied widely, as did the total course of inpatient care. In addition, intra‐hospital variation was also remained very large even after adjusting for all the potential correlates studied. This study alarmingly points out great room for improvement in the efficiency of health care resource use and potentially in the quality of care through standardization of LC. It has serious implications for the national policy and individual providers under the on‐going health care reforms directed toward higher efficiency and quality.
Simulating redox coupled proton transfer in cytochrome c oxidase: Looking for the proton bottleneck
Authors: Olsson Mats H.M. , Sharma Pankaz K. , Warshel Arieh
Published: March 2005

Gaining a detailed understanding of the molecular nature of the redox coupled proton transfer in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is one of the challenges of modern biophysics. The present work addresses this by integrating approaches for simulations of proton transport (PTR) and electron transfer (ET). The resulting method converts the electrostatic energies of different charge configurations and reorganization energies to free‐energy profiles for different PTR and ET pathways. This approach provides for the first time a tool to study the actual activation barriers and kinetics of different feasible PTR processes in the cycle of COX. Using this tool, we explore the PTR through the bottleneck water molecules. It is found that a stepwise PTR along this commonly assumed path leads to far too high barriers and is, thus, inconsistent with the observed kinetics. Furthermore, the simulated free‐energy profile does not provide a simple gating mechanism. Fortunately, we obtain reasonable kinetics when we consider a PTR that involves a concerted transfer of protons to and from E286. Finally, semi‐qualitative considerations of the forward and backward barriers point toward open questions about the actual gating process and offer a feasible pumping mechanism. Although further studies are clearly needed, we believe that our approach offers a general and effective tool for correlating the structure of COX with its function.
The Social, Economic and Political Issues Surrounding Employers' Liability Insurance in the UK
Authors: HOOD JOHN
Published: March 2005

It has long been recognised in both the UK and in other countries that society has an obligation to compensate workers who are injured or who suffer ill health through the course of their employment. The most common means of society ensuring this is by government legislation requiring employers to fund a variety of insurance schemes.

This article explores the situation which has recently prevailed in the UK. The system of insurance which has historically dealt with the question of an employer's liability to pay compensation has been in a state of turmoil, and a diverse range of stakeholders have called upon the government to act. The article analyses the various suggestions made, considers the merits of other national systems and evaluates the government's response. It concludes with the view that government inaction is likely to present them with an even greater crisis.
Global consequences of interactions between clouds and radiation at scales unresolved by global climate models
Authors: Cole J. N. S. , Barker H. W. , Randall D. A. , Khairoutdinov M. F. , Clothiaux E. E.
Published: March 2005

Horizontal grid‐spacings in conventional atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) are typically between 100 km and 500 km. Hence, many processes are unresolved and must be parameterized in terms of resolved variables. Development of satisfactory parameterizations of mean‐field (or domain‐average) cloud and radiative processes has been frustratingly slow. Moreover, the sensitivity of conventional GCMs to unresolved interactions between cloud and radiation is unknown. In this study, the native cloud parameterization of a GCM was replaced, in each GCM grid column, by a two‐dimensional cloud system‐resolving model (CSRM). The CSRMs used a horizontal grid‐spacing of 4 km. They were employed to assess the sensitivity of a GCM to the inclusion of interactions between cloud and radiation at unresolved scales as well as sensitivity to accurate domain‐average radiative flux profiles. For a simulation spanning one season, unresolved cloud‐radiation interactions affect the statistics of average cloud fraction and average cloud‐radiative effect, while the accuracy of domain‐average radiative flux profiles had less effect.
Indian Ocean ridge seismicity observed with a permanent hydroacoustic network
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey A. , Bowman J. Roger
Published: March 2005

The distribution of earthquakes along the Indian Ocean ridge system between January 18 and October 20, 2003 is investigated using data from two hydrophone stations of the International Monitoring System's global network. Coherent array processing of earthquake‐induced hydroacoustic T‐waves is used to determine precise arrival times and back azimuths that allow automatic location of the earthquakes. We observed 4725 events throughout the Indian Ocean Basin. Here, we examine 1146 earthquakes from the Central and Southeast Indian Ridge. Source level estimates from the hydroacoustic signals indicate that the hydroacoustic network is at least one magnitude unit more sensitive than the seismic network for Indian Ocean ridge earthquakes. The seismicity primarily clusters at ridge transform offsets. Events are observed off the ridge axis near Boomerang and St. Pierre Seamounts, the active expression of the Amsterdam‐St. Paul Hotspot. Seismic gaps are observed at several ridge segments with anomalous bathymetric highs.
Upward flow of North Pacific Deep Water in the northern South China Sea as deduced from the occurrence of drift sediments
Authors: Lüdmann Thomas , Wong How Kin , Berglar Kai
Published: March 2005

Reflection seismic profiles show that drift sediments occur in the depth range of 1200–2800 m on the continental margin off Southeast China. These drift deposits were generated by upward flow near the Dongsha Islands of the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW), which enters the South China Sea via the Bashi Channel (sill depth >2500 m). This flow results in deposition of slope sediments resuspended off East and South Taiwan on the slope southeast of the Dongsha Islands. At 1200 m water depth, this upward flow probably terminates and the NPDW mixes with the surface water. Sediment ages from ODP site 1144 southeast of the Dongsha Islands show that this process started at least 1.1 m.y. ago. Indications for mass wasting in the area of upslope water flow document the simultaneous occurrence of current‐ and gravity‐controlled sedimentation processes. However, bottom current‐related drift sedimentation dominates.
Energy of nonlinear internal waves in the South China Sea
Authors: Lien R.‐C. , Tang T. Y. , Chang M. H. , D'Asaro E. A.
Published: March 2005

Four sets of ADCP measurements were taken in the South China Sea (SCS); these results were combined with previous satellite observations and internal‐tide numerical model results. Analysis suggests that strong internal tides are generated in Luzon Strait, propagate as a narrow tidal beam into the SCS, are amplified by the shoaling continental slope near TungSha Island, become nonlinear, and evolve into high‐frequency nonlinear internal waves (NIW). Internal waves in the SCS have geographically distinct characteristics. (1) West of Luzon Strait the total internal wave energy (Eiw) is 10 × that predicted by Garrett‐Munk spectra (EGM) (Levine, 2002). There is no sign of NIW. (2) Near TungSha Island Eiw = 13 × EGM. Strong nonlinear and high‐harmonic tides are present. Repetitive trains of large‐amplitude NIW appear primarily at a semidiurnal periodicity with their amplitudes modulated at a fortnightly tidal cycle. The rms vertical velocity of NIW shows a clear spring‐neap tidal cycle and is linearly proportional to the barotropic tidal height in Luzon Strait with a 1.85‐day time lag, consistent with the travel time of internal tides from Luzon Strait to TungSha Island. (3) At the northern SCS shelfbreak Eiw = 4 × EGM. Single depression waves are found, but no multiple‐waves packets are evident. (4) On the continental shelf Eiw = 2 × EGM. Both depression and elevation NIW exist.