bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moon and tide effects on fish capture in a tropical tidal flat
Authors: Reis-Filho José Amorim , Barros Francisco , Nunes José De Anchieta Cintra Da Costa , Sampaio Cláudio Luis Santos , De Souza Gabriel Barros Gonçalves
Published: January 2011

The influence of the lunar phases and tidal range on the fish capture was analysed in a tidal flat in Barra do Paraguaçu (Baía de Todos os Santos). The sampling was realized in the flood tide and ebb tide of the spring (full moon) and neap (waning moon) tides, between June 2007 and May 2008. At all sampling occasions, two parallel drags were accomplished to the tidal flat, in the same direction of the current, in a 100 m long area marked on the beach beforehand, using a seine net of 15 m × 2.0 m with a mesh of 12 mm between adjacent knots. A total of 2312 fish specimens were captured (26.5 kg), belonging to 75 species from 45 families. The mean number of captured fish was significantly larger in full moon at ebb tides, while the mean weight in the captures was larger in ebb tides. There was significant difference in number of species, number of fish, richness and diversity between full and waning moons. The number of fish and biomass were significantly different between tides. Significant differences were found in community structure regarding trophic groups in relation to tide and moon, although the classic diversity indices did not capture this effect between tides. Furthermore, it was possible to identify preferences of occurrence related to the change of tide in dominant species.
An investigation of ECM secreting structures in the gastrula of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus
Authors: Reunov Arkadiy , Crawford Bruce
Published: January 2011

To highlight the diversity of extracellular embryonic matrix (ECM) secreting structures in the gastrulae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus the localization of antibody generated to hyaline layer, was studied. It was shown that hyaline layer epitope takes place in the cortical granules. Moreover, this material was revealed in secretory vacuoles and secretory vesicles which are situated in the apical parts of ectoderm cells. Besides, the same molecules were found in the yolk granules having loosened content. It seems likely that in P. ochraceus the ECM is secreted by four types of secretory structures.
Temporal changes in lipid biomarkers, especially fatty acids, of the deep-sea crustaceansBoreomysis arcticaandNematoscelis megalops: implications of their biological cycle and habitat near the seabed
Authors: Cartes J.E.
Published: January 2011

Two species of benthopelagic deep-water crustaceans, the suprabenthic mysidBoreomysis arcticaand the bathypelagic euphausiidNematoscelis megalopswere analysed in their lipidic composition, with especial emphasis on fatty acids, from specimens obtained in the north-west of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) at depths ranging between 650 and 780 m. Temporal shifts were studied seasonally, based on five cruises performed in August and November 2003, and February, April and June 2004, using a Macer-GIROQ suprabenthic sledge (0.5 mm mesh size). Evidences of omnivorous and carnivorous feeding habits were found for both species derived from their fatty acid and other lipid profiles.Boreomysis arcticashowed a more varied fatty acid profile thanN. megalops. This suggests thatB. arcticafeeds on a wider range of food sources and is a more opportunistic feeder. The high proportions of 16:1(n-7), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) fatty acids in both species suggests a link between surface primary production and deep slope habitats, while markers such as 18:1(n-9) and the 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty alcohols indicate a predatory activity, likely on calanoids. These components may arrive both via phytodetritus deposition to the seabed and by migratory movements of prey consumed byB. arcticaandN. megalopsclose to the sea bottom. Seasonal changes in the total lipids and fatty acid composition of both species are related to the seasonal dynamics in their food sources, coupled with changes in the physiological or developmental stage of individuals. The proportion of total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the two species may be related to the different life histories ofB. arcticaandN. megalops. The mysid has direct development of embryos within brood pouches, so eggs with large amount of vitelum are generated and gonad is well developed. By contrast, the meso-bathypelagic euphausiids generate planktotrophic larvae, with a high number of free developmental larvae stages (fromnaupliustoFurcilia/Calyptopis), and eggs with poor storage of lipid compounds compared withB. arcticaembryos.
Augustus’ Erlass und Gottes Macht: Überlegungen zur Charakterisierung der Augustusfigur und ihrer erzählstrategischen Funktion in der lukanischen Erzählung
Authors: Blumenthal Christian
Published: January 2011

It has long been noted by interpreters of Luke 2.1–3 that by the reference to Caesar Augustus and his decree Luke opens up a worldwide horizon in order to underline the universal importance of Jesus’ birth. While the recent discussion of this short passage is largely concerned with explaining thehistoricalbackground of the decree and its initiator Augustus, the present study, in which Luke-Acts is read as a narrative, provides a detailed analysis of theLukanpicture of Caesar Augustus. By use of a narratological approach it examines how Luke characterizes the figure of this Roman emperor and what role he and the decree play in the narrative in Luke 1–2, especially in relation to the characterization of God and Jesus Christ. At the end of this study its results are related to the geographical orientation of the world presented by Luke in the first two chapters of his Gospel.
Luke in theGospel of Thomas
Authors: Gathercole Simon
Published: January 2011

This article argues that Luke influences theGospel of Thomas, on the basis of an examination of those places where redactional material in Luke not in Mark is found inThomas.This has been argued already by various scholars, but the present study aims (a) to refine further the method used to argue this position and (b) to expand the catalogue of thoseThomassayings which can be shown to indicate Lukan influence. Furthermore, it proposes (c) to respond to recent scholarship arguing thatThomasinfluences Luke, as well as to scholars maintaining the independence ofThomasand the Synoptics.
Earlier and Later If and Only If Past, Present and Future
Authors: Corish Denis
Published: January 2011

To prove the equivalence one must start with one side, and the earlier-later side seems, for starting with, logically the clearer. The equivalence is provable on reasonable definitions of ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’ in terms of the earlier-later structure of time. McTaggart's attempted distinction between the past-present-future A series and the earlier-later B series, as though they were rivals for the structure of time, is based on an unexamined, and false, assumption. The equivalence shows they are not rivals; they are quite consistent with each other. A very serious consequence is that all subsequent argument, from the A side or the B, however sophisticated, is flawed to the extent that it accepts McTaggart's false distinction.
Intimations of Mortality
Authors: Magee Bryan
Published: January 2011

The nearness of death can lead me to see the empirical world as separate from myself since, only too soon, it will exist without me. This raises the question whether I might partake of some other mode of existence without the empirical world. Logically, such existence may be possible; but our inability to validate any conception of what is actually the case without ultimate reference to experience, or to the possibility of experience, renders us permanently unable to have grounds for believing in the reality of it. This inability does not eliminate the logical possibility, but a logical possibility is all we are left with. And we do know that only the very tiniest proportion of logical possibilities is actualized.
Literature, Moral Reflection and Ambiguity
Authors: Taylor Craig
Published: January 2011

While a number of philosophers have argued recently that it is through our emotional response to certain literary works that we might achieve particular moral understanding, what has not been discussed in detail in this connection are works which generate conflicting responses in the reader; which is to say literary works in which there is significant element of ambiguity. Consider Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. I argue that in making sense of our potentially conflicting responses to this novel, and specifically to its central character Jim, we may gain a richer sense of the ways in which literature may contribute to moral understanding – in this case by contributing to an understanding of our own character, its blind spots and its limitations.
Gyrfalcons to Germany: Herdemerten's expedition to west Greenland, 1938
Authors: Barr William
Published: January 2011

In the summer of 1938 the Hermann-Göring-Stiftung [Hermann Göring Foundation], located at the Reichsjägerhof Riddagshausen near Braunschweig, dispatched a two man expedition to west Greenland, primarily in order to capture gyrfalcons. Although nowhere stated in the expedition account, the aim appears to have been to acclimatise the birds to a German environment for the purpose of falconry. Five birds were captured and transported to Germany, four juveniles from a nest near Godhavn and an adult bird from near Uummannaq. After a brief sojourn at Riddagshausen the birds were transferred to Goldhöhe (Zlaté návr_í) in the Riesengebirge (Krkono_e) as being a more appropriate environment. The results of the experiment and the fate of the birds are not stated in the expedition account. Secondary aims of the expedition were geological, meteorological and botanical investigations and bird banding.
Administrative incidence of psychosis assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting
Authors: Cheng F. , Kirkbride J. B. , Lennox B. R. , Perez J. , Masson K. , Lawrence K. , Hill K. , Feeley L. , Painter M. , Murray G. K. , Gallagher O. , Bullmore E. T. , Jones P. B.
Published: January 2011

Background

Early Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIS) for young people in England experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) were commissioned in 2002, based on an expected incidence of 15 cases per 100 000 person-years, as reported by schizophrenia epidemiology in highly urban settings. Unconfirmed reports from EIS thereafter have suggested higher than anticipated rates. The aim of this study was to compare the observed with the expected incidence and delineate the clinical epidemiology of FEP using epidemiologically complete data from the CAMEO EIS, over a 6-year period in Cambridgeshire, for a mixed rural–urban population.

Method

A population-based study of FEP (ICD-10, F10–39) in people aged 17–35 years referred between 2002 and 2007; the denominator was estimated from mid-year census statistics. Sociodemographic variation was explored by Poisson regression. Crude and directly standardized rates (for age, sex and ethnicity) were compared with pre-EIS rates from two major epidemiological FEP studies conducted in urban English settings.

Results

A total of 285 cases met FEP diagnoses in CAMEO, yielding a crude incidence of 50 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5–56.2]. Age- and sex-adjusted rates were raised for people from black ethnic groups compared with the white British [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.8]. Rates in our EIS were comparable with pre-EIS rates observed in more urban areas after age, sex and ethnicity standardization.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the incidence observed in EIS is far higher than originally anticipated and is comparable to rates observed in more urban settings prior to the advent of EIS. Sociodemographic variation due to ethnicity and other factors extend beyond urban populations. Our results have implications for psychosis aetiology and service planning.
Maternal death and the onward psychosocial circumstances of Australian Aboriginal children and young people
Authors: Zubrick S. R. , Mitrou F. , Lawrence D. , Silburn S. R.
Published: January 2011

Background

This study sought to determine the social and emotional impact of maternal loss on Aboriginal children and young people using data from the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS).

Method

Data were from a population-based random sample of 5289 Aboriginal children aged under 18 years. Interview data about the children were gathered from primary carers and from their school teachers. Probabilistic record linkage to death registrations was used to ascertain deaths. Association between maternal death and subsequent psychosocial outcomes was assessed using univariate analyses and logistic regression.

Results

Of the 5289 Aboriginal children, 57 had experienced the death of their birth mother prior to the survey. Multi-variable adjustment accounting for age and gender found that, relative to children who were living with their birth mother, children whose birth mother had died were at higher risk for sniffing glue or other substances [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–8.7], using other drugs (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.8), talking about suicide (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7) and attempting suicide (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.6–31.1).

Conclusions

Although the death of a birth mother is relatively rare and the vast majority of Aboriginal children with adverse developmental outcomes live in families and are cared for by their birth mother, the findings here suggest that the loss of a birth mother and the circumstances arising from this impart a level of onward developmental risk for mental health morbidity in Australian Aboriginal children.
Augustinian origins of the Reformation reconsidered
Authors: Ellingsen Mark
Published: January 2011

The work of Alister McGrath and Julius Kostlin challenges the often-cited claim regarding Luther's dependence on Augustine. The article demonstrates that such critics fail to recognise the rich diversity of the African father's thought, but have been inclined to read it systematically the way the Roman Catholic interpretative tradition has. Text study of Augustine's writings, as well as Luther's comments about the African father, reveals that the Reformer's insights about soteriology (including the externality and passivity of righteousness as well as other aspects of his dialectical thinking) are affirmed by Augustine. Likewise, even Luther's critiques of Augustine lend insight into the Reformer's appropriation of his thought. The article demonstrates that when Luther diverges from the African father the two men are addressing incompatible pastoral concerns, but when he is inspired by Augustine their pastoral contexts are similar. This insight sheds fresh light on the sense in which we can speak of an Augustinian character of the Reformation. The article's findings also lend further credence to the possibility that there is a pattern to the use of Christian concepts in the history of the church, whereby, in similar contexts such as in response to perceived Pelagianism, Christians have pretty much responded similarly throughout the centuries.
‘The stones would cry out’ (Luke 19:40): a Lukan contribution to a hermeneutics of creation's praise
Authors: Horrell David G. , Coad Dominic
Published: January 2011

Beginning from Richard Bauckham's proposal that the biblical theme of creation's praise is of considerable importance for an ecological spirituality, this article takes a close look at Luke 19:40, a text largely ignored in ecological readings of the Bible. An examination of Luke's distinctive account of the entry into Jerusalem and a consideration of the relevant Jewish parallels to the motif of the crying stone leads to a view of the stones’ cry as one of both praise and protest. The ecotheological potential of this text is then discussed and, in contrast to Bauckham's view of creation's praise as something creation always and already does simply by being itself, an eschatological view of creation's praise – and the combined expression of praise and protest – is presented as important, not least for its ecotheological and ethical potential.
Karl Barth and personalist philosophy: a critical appropriation
Authors: McInroy Mark J.
Published: January 2011

Scholarship on Karl Barth's engagement with so-called ‘personalist philosophy’ has claimed that the following three sources exerted a significant influence on this aspect of Barth's thought: (1) the founders of an interdisciplinary society known as the ‘Patmos Circle’; (2) Barth's fellow dialectical theologians, Emil Brunner and Friedrich Gogarten; (3) Martin Buber, in particular his classic work,I and Thou. In spite of these assessments, however, I argue that Barth's initial stance towards personalism is actually best characterised as one of resistance and criticism. Specifically, I claim here that Barth undertakes a highly critical appropriation of personalism in which the categories of encounter (Begegnung), co-humanity (Mitmenschlichkeit) and the I–Thou relation (Ich–Du-Beziehung) are deeply criticised and recast in an explicitly theological – not philosophical – mould. When Barth does use personalist categories in his own theological anthropology – particularly in theChurch Dogmatics, III/2 – he roots his notion of the human being as a ‘being in encounter’ in his christology and trinitarian theology, comprehensively restructuring personalist categories by placing them on a new foundation.
Just democracy, just church: Hauerwas and Coles on radical democracy and Christianity
Authors: Bowlin John
Published: January 2011

In their remarkable new book,Christianity, Democracy, and the Radical Ordinary, Stanley Hauerwas and Rom Coles endorse a radical turn in our democratic practices and ecclesial engagements. In what follows, I say what this turn amounts to and consider what reasons might encourage churches and democracies to make it. In the end, I argue that good reasons are missing. We should forgo the radical and settle for just democracy, just church. In large measure, it is a dispute over Augustine's legacy as a social critic. Hauerwas and Coles accent the discussion of pagan virtue and temporal politics in theCity of Godwhile I prefer the remarks on idolatry and just love from book 4 of theConfessions. Hauerwas and Coles might share Augustine's anxiety about idolatry, but they resist his solution. He suspects that our idolatrous tendencies can be resolved only as we take on the just love of Christ, while they are inclined to think that democracy and church made radical will do the trick. They might also insist that their departure from Augustine on this matter is less than it seems, that they accent the radical in order to avoid unjust love, but I'm not convinced and in the end I bring in Plato's Alcibiades – garlanded, drunk and angry – to help justify my doubts.
What is radical about the ordinary?
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley
Published: January 2011

‘Radical Ordinary’ seemed like a good idea. The ‘ordinary’ is just, well, it is just so ordinary. No one is particularly attracted to the ‘ordinary’. But our lives are sustained by the ‘ordinary’. So maybe one of the ways to remind us of the significance of the ordinary is to qualify the ordinary by the word ‘radical’. A clever strategy that may, given Bowlin's response to the book Coles and I wrote, be far too clever.
Helping the Poorest Help Themselves? Encouraging Employment Past 65 in England and the USA
Authors: LAIN DAVID
Published: January 2011

In the context of population ageing and low retirement incomes, the UK government is encouraging delayed retirement. However, the OECD has argued that UK means-tested benefits disincentivise employment for the poorest, and Vickerstaff (2006b) has suggested managers have typically controlled opportunities to work beyond 65. In the US, contrastingly, benefits are meagre and difficult to access, and age discrimination legislation protects individuals from forced retirement. Would a US ‘self-reliance’ policy approach increase employment amongst the poorest over 65s in the UK and enhance or diminish their financial position? The evidence suggests that extending UK age discrimination legislation and restricting benefits would increase overall employment past 65, although not necessarily to US levels. Analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the US Health and Retirement Study finds the poorest over 65s were more likely to work in the USA than in England in 2002. However, within the USA, employment amongst the poorest was still low, especially compared with wealthier groups; logistic regression analysis primarily attributes this to lower levels of health and education. A US policy approach would therefore most likely damage the financial position of the poorest in the UK, as increased employment would not sufficiently compensate for lost benefits.
Some facts of Seneca kinship semantics
Authors: Kay Paul
Published: January 2011

Jones's analysis of Seneca kinship semantics gets some of the facts about close relatives wrong, and his mechanism for extending the analysis to distant relatives does not work.
The shared evolutionary history of kinship classifications and language
Authors: Seyfarth Robert M. , Cheney Dorothy L.
Published: January 2011

Among monkeys and apes, both the recognition and classification of individuals and the recognition and classification of vocalizations constitute discrete combinatorial systems. One system maps onto the other, suggesting that during human evolution kinship classifications and language shared a common cognitive precursor.
Language and kinship: We need some Darwinian theory here
Authors: Knight Chris
Published: January 2011

Common to language and kinship is digital format. This is a discovery, not an innate feature of human cognition. But to produce a testable model, we need Darwinian behavioural ecology.
Typological variation of kinship terminologies is a function of strict ranking of constraints on nested binary classification trees
Authors: Miers Paul
Published: January 2011

Jones argues that extending Seneca kin terms to second cousins requires a revised version of Optimality Theoretic grammar. I extend Seneca terms using three constraints on expression of markers in nested binary classification trees. Multiple constraint rankings on a nested set coupled with local parity checking determines how a given kin classification grammar marks structural endogamy.
The cognitive path through kinship
Authors: El Guindi Fadwa
Published: January 2011

Integral to the discipline of anthropology are both science and holism. The application of Optimality Theory to two partial kin terminologies narrows analysis to descriptive value, fragments phenomena, and constrains data selection, which precludes significant knowledge. Embedded in this critique is a call to move analysis from fragment to whole and from descriptive features to deeper levels of knowledge underlying kin terms, thereby leading to a cognitive path for holistic understanding of human phenomena.
Genealogy, kinship, and knowledge: A cautionary note about causation
Authors: Lyon Stephen M.
Published: January 2011

The choice of emphasis in kinship studies has often resulted in incompatible theoretical models of kinship that are mutually undermining and contradictory. Jones' attempts to reconcile disparate approaches to kinship using OT is useful, however; seeing kinship as a specialized system for representing genealogy may be unwarranted in the light of recent advances in mathematical approaches to kinship terminologies.
The applicability of theories of phonological contrast to kinship systems
Authors: Nevins Andrew
Published: January 2011

With the goal of broadening the range of possible extant theories of phonological contrast from which kinship studies can draw, I outline, and briefly apply to the Seneca vs. English kinship systems, three approaches developed for predicting universals and variations of vowel system contrast.
Thinking about kinship and thinking
Authors: Jones Doug
Published: January 2011

The target article proposes a theory uniting the anthropological study of kin terminology with recent developments in linguistics and cognitive science. The response to comments reaches two broad conclusions. First, the theory may be relevant to several current areas of research, including (a) the nature and scope of the regular, “grammatical” side of language, (b) the organization of different domains of conceptual structure, including parallels across domains, their taxonomic distribution and implications for evolution, and (c) the influence of conceptual structure on social structure. Second, the theory compares favorably with alternatives, including (a) the theory that kin terminology is not really that complicated, (b) the theory that kin terms mirror social categories, (c) componential analysis, and (d) kinship algebra. If further research in anthropology, linguistics, and other fields supports the theory, and confirms the psychological reality of proposed mechanisms, then kinship may emerge as a model system for the study of important issues in cognition and social organization.
The usability of syntax
Authors: Avrutin Sergey
Published: January 2011

Clahsen and Felser's article (CF) is an important contribution to the field of psycholinguistics in several respects. First, it draws attention to the importance of a better understanding of the processing mechanisms utilized by child and adult language learners. Differences in these mechanisms may be responsible for the final outcome of the acquisition process. Second, the article provides an excellent summary of current first language (L1) and second language (L2) research on processing. A variety of studies, ranging from morphological off-line investigations to on-line research on syntactic development, are reviewed in a concise and accurate manner; the cross-linguistic dimension of the article makes both the review and the argument even more comprehensive and convincing. Third, based on their own experimental results, and the results from other studies, the authors propose a novel account of L2 processing, the so-called shallow syntax hypothesis (SSH).
Shallow processing: a consequence of bilingualism or second language learning?
Authors: Carroll Susanne E.
Published: January 2011

Clahsen and Felser (CF) review ground-breaking work comparing selected types of language processing in monolingual children and adults, on the one hand, and in monolingual first language (L1) adults and adult second language (L2) learners, on the other. They argue that children behave essentially like adults, but that adult L2 learners, even high-proficiency ones, do not. Thus, there is a principled difference to be made among types of learners; there is continuity of mechanism and process to be observed in monolingual development but L2 acquisition exhibits certain fundamental differences. In particular, L2 learners construct shallow syntactic structures (essentially failing to compute trace chains) when processing long-distance filler-gap dependencies. According to the shallow structure hypothesis (SSH), learners immediately interpret incoming words in a minimal semantic representation by assigning thematic roles to argument expressions and associating modifiers to their hosts. They are not mapping detailed and complete syntactic representations onto semantic representations.
It is time to work toward explicit processing models for native and second language speakers
Authors: Indefrey Peter
Published: January 2011

In their target article, Clahsen and Felser (CF) review studies that they and others have conducted in recent years to confirm the dual mechanism hypothesis and to extend its application to first and second language (L1 and L2) learners. They interpret the findings as supporting both the dual mechanism hypothesis and the claim that the sentence-level processing of L2 but not L1 learners shows “striking” differences compared to adult native speakers. I argue that an exclusive focus on the representation of linguistic knowledge is insufficient for understanding the real-time processes in morphological production and sentence comprehension.
Grammar and parsing and a transition theory
Authors: Juffs Alan
Published: January 2011

The article by Clahsen and Felser (CF) on grammatical processing in language learning is a timely and much-needed synthesis of research on this topic. It correctly identifies both morphological processing and syntactic processing as key areas that require attention. This commentary raises two issues: the relationship between the grammar and the parser, and the need for a transition theory in adult second language (L2) learning.
Pervasiveness of shallow processing
Authors: Sekerina Irina A. , Brooks Patricia J.
Published: January 2011

Clahsen and Felser (CF) offer a novel explanation for the qualitative differences in language processing often observed between adult first language (L1) speakers and second language (L2) learners. They argue that, although L2 learners are successful in drawing on lexical, morphological, and pragmatic sources of information, they underutilize syntactic structure, which results in shallower and less detailed processing than that of native speakers.
How dynamic is second language acquisition?
Authors: Steinhauer Karsten
Published: January 2011

Clahsen and Felser (CF) present a thought-provoking article that is likely to have a strong impact on the field, in particular, on developmental psycholinguistics and second language (L2) acquisition research. Unlike the majority of previous work on language acquisition that focused on “competence,” that is, the knowledge basis underlying grammar, CF emphasize the need to approach language acquisition with psycholinguistic measures of processing. Based primarily on behavioral and electrophysiological on-line data, they argue that language acquisition in early first language (L1) and late L2 follows different patterns.
Commentary on Clahsen and Felser
Authors: Traxler Matthew J.
Published: January 2011

In this article, the authors lay out an impressive body of evidence that supports two main claims. First, they favor the continuity hypothesis, according to which children's parsing mechanisms are essentially the same as adults'. Parsing strategies change little over time, and those changes that occur are attributed to differences in lexical processing efficiency and working memory capacity. Second, they suggest that there are substantial differences in the parsing strategies adopted by native speakers and adult learners of second languages.
The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing
Authors: CHOI NAMKEE G. , KIM JINSEOK
Published: January 2011

Although accumulated research findings point to both short- and long-term salutary effects of time volunteering on older adults' physical and mental health, little research has been done on the effect of older adults' making charitable donations on their wellbeing. Guided by activity theory and the theory of volunteering and using data from the first and second waves of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995–1996 and MIDUS II, 2004–2006), this study examined the question of whether time volunteering and charitable donations nine years earlier had a positive direct effect on psychological wellbeing among individuals age 55 and above. Controlling for time 1 (T1) psychological wellbeing and T1 human, cultural, and social capital resources, a moderate amount (up to ten hours monthly) of T1 time volunteering and any amount of T1 charitable donations had a direct positive effect on time 2 (T2; nine years later) psychological wellbeing. The findings also show a greater effect on psychological wellbeing of any amount of charitable donations than of any amount of time volunteering, although the extent of the effect of both time volunteering and charitable donations was small. With regard to human, cultural, and social capital resources, T1 self-rated health and generative quality were significant predictors of T2 psychological wellbeing, but T1 social capital had no significant effect on T2 psychological wellbeing.
Race, History, and the Australian Faith Missions
Authors: Cruickshank Joanna
Published: January 2011

In 1901, the parliament of the new Commonwealth of Australia passed a series of laws designed, in the words of the Prime Minister Edmund Barton, “to make a legislative declaration of our racial identity”. An Act to expel the large Pacific Islander community in North Queensland was followed by a law restricting further immigration to applicants who could pass a literacy test in a European language. In 1902, under the Commonwealth Franchise Act, “all natives of Asia and Africa” as well as Aboriginal people were explicitly denied the right to vote in federal elections. The “White Australia policy”, enshrined in these laws, was almost universally supported by Australian politicians, with only two members of parliament speaking against the restriction of immigration on racial grounds.
What makes terrorism modern? Terrorism, legitimacy, and the international system
Authors: ZARAKOL AYŞE
Published: January 2011

This article aims to understand the phenomenon of international terrorism by wedding a constructivist understanding of terrorism with an overview of the historical evolution of the state. The Westphalian state has replaced three types of authority: religious, personal and local. Political challenges to the modern international system inevitably derive their claim to legitimacy from one of these other forms of authority. I argue that there is a correlation between the kind of legitimacy claim a ‘terrorist’ cause is based on and how threatening we find the activities based on that claim. The less the distance between the unrecognised legitimacy claim on the one hand and the principles conferring legitimacy in the modern states system on the other, the less ontologically threatening we find the claimants to be. All historical variants of modern ‘terrorism’ fall into one of two categories of disruptive activity. They are either based in claims to local authority and target only particular states, or in claims to personal and/or religious authority and reject the modern states system altogether. Groups labelled as terrorist can therefore be classified as system-affirming or system-threatening. The former is a contained problem, but the latter has followed geographically broadening spread pattern throughout the international system.
Republican security theory revisited
Authors: KUSTERMANS JORG
Published: January 2011

Republicanism is getting increasing attention in International Relations. Engaging Daniel Deudney'sRepublican Security Theory, it is argued that republicanism should be interpreted in ideological terms, that it is a polysemous tradition of political thought, and that it matters because it is socially embodied in world political practice. Special attention is given to republicanism's relationship to the question of technology. A short case study of the Cold War illustrates the central claims of the argument.
Analytical and numerical investigation of pulse-shape effect on the interaction of an ultrashort, intense, few-cycle laser pulse with a thin plasma layer
Authors: Malav Harish , Maheshwari K. P. , Choyal Y.
Published: January 2011

Dependence of quasistatic Wakefield and high harmonic generation on the pulse-shape of an ultrashort, intense, few-cycle laser in the reflected radiation from a thin dense plasma layer is investigated. The pulse envelopes considered are Gaussian, Lorentzian, and hyperbolic secant having identical full width at half maximum of intensity. The reflected radiation from the strongly driven surface plasma layer embodies a quasistatic Wakefield, which exists after the main pulse is passed over. A phase modulation is also experienced by the laser light upon reflection from plasma surface motion. As a result harmonics of center carrier frequency of the laser-pulse are generated in the reflected signal. Intensity of the laser harmonics and magnitude of the Wakefield in the reflected radiation are found to depend on the pulse-shape, number of cycles, carrier envelope phase difference, plasma density, angle of incidence, and intensity of the incident pulse.
Thinking about knowing: conceptual foundations for interdisciplinary environmental research
Authors: KHAGRAM SANJEEV , NICHOLAS KIMBERLY A. , BEVER DENA MACMYNOWSKI , WARREN JUSTIN , RICHARDS ELIZABETH H. , OLESON KIRSTEN , KITZES JUSTIN , KATZ REBECCA , HWANG REBECA , GOLDMAN REBECCA , FUNK JASON , BRAUMAN KATE A
Published: January 2011

Working across knowledge-based research programmes, rather than institutional structures, should be central to interdisciplinary research. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed to facilitate interdisciplinary research, with the goals of promoting communication, understanding and collaborative work. Three core elements need to be addressed to improve interdisciplinary research: the types (forms and functions) of theories, the underlying philosophies of knowledge and the combination of research styles; these three elements combine to form the research programme. Case studies from sustainability science and environmental security illustrate the application of this research programme-based framework. This framework may be helpful in overcoming often oversimplified distinctions, such as qualitative/quantitative, deductive/inductive, normative/descriptive, subjective/objective and theory/practice. Applying this conceptual framework to interdisciplinary research should foster theoretical advances, more effective communication and better problem-solving in increasingly interdisciplinary environmental fields.
The illusion of tacit knowledge as the great problem in the development of product configurators
Authors: Haug Anders
Published: January 2011

In many cases, the use of product configurators provides a number of benefits for engineering-oriented companies, such as shorter lead times, the use of fewer man hours, and improved product quality. However, not all of these projects are successful. The task of defining what should be implemented into the configurator is much more complex than anticipated in many configurator projects. In the worst-case scenario, this implies that the configurator is never fully developed or it fails to support the users in a satisfactory manner. The difficulties in creating adequate specifications of what to implement in the knowledge base of a configurator have been explained in much of the configuration literature by the assumption that much of the relevant knowledge of the product experts is tacit. However, this paper shows that this kind of explanation can be misleading and may even be incorrect. This is accomplished by discussing the problems inherent in such explanations and through interviews with configuration project knowledge engineers. Therefore, according to this basis, this paper provides general recommendations concerning the use of the termtacit knowledgeand outlines issues related to the acquisition of product knowledge in configuration projects.
Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from bats in the urban area of São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: DIAS M. A. GALVÃO , OLIVEIRA R. M. ZANCOPÉ , GIUDICE M. C. , NETTO H. MONTENEGRO , JORDÃO L. R. , GRIGORIO I. M. , ROSA A. R. , AMORIM J. , NOSANCHUK J. D. , TRAVASSOS L. R. , TABORDA C. P.
Published: January 2011

The presence of bats in caves, attics, ceilings, and roofs is important epidemiologically as they can increase the chance of human acquisition of pathogens, including Histoplasma capsulatum. Brazilian urban areas contain many species of bats, especially insectivorous bats, that are attracted by a wide range of readily available food and shelter. From August 2003 to December 2008, we analysed 2427 bats in the São Paulo State region. Homogenates of the livers and spleens of the bats were plated on specific medium to identify animals infected with H. capsulatum. The fungus was isolated from 87 bats (3·6%). The infected bats were identified as Molossus molossus (74), Nyctinomops macrotis (10), Tadarida brasiliensis (1), Molossus rufus (1) and Eumops glaucinus (1), all insectivorous species. The data presented are a relevant contribution to the epidemiology of H. capsulatum in densely populated urban areas such as in São Paulo State, especially since histoplasmosis is not included in the mandatory disease notification system.
On using intelligent computer-assisted language learning in real-life foreign language teaching and learning
Authors: Amaral Luiz A. , Meurers Detmar
Published: January 2011

This paper explores the motivation and prerequisites for successful integration of Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) tools into current foreign language teaching and learning (FLTL) practice. We focus on two aspects, which we argue to be important for effective ICALL system development and use: (i) the relationship between activity design and restrictions needed to make natural language processing tractable and reliable, and (ii) pedagogical considerations and the influence of activity design choices on the integration of ICALL systems into FLTL practice.
Hormonal induction and semen characteristics of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum
Authors: Maria Alexandre Nizio , Azevedo Hymerson Costa , Santos Jadson Pinheiro , Carneiro Paulo César Falanghe
Published: January 2011

In the hatchery-bred tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, spontaneous semen release does not occur, and hand-stripping produces reduced semen volume. The goal of this work is to evaluate the effects of hormonal induction with carp pituitary extract (CPE) on both qualitative (visual aspect, pH, motility, viability and morphological abnormalities) and quantitative (volume, concentration and number of spermatozoa per ejaculate) traits of tambaqui semen. Eleven males were treated with CPE (induced), and 11 were left untreated as a control (non-induced). All analysed parameters except motility and percentage of viable spermatozoa presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between the induced and non-induced treatments. CPE induction resulted in a 25-fold increase in semen volume and a 10-fold increase in the number of spermatozoa collected. However, both sperm concentration and the frequency of sperm with morphological abnormalities (commonly detached heads or bent tails) were significantly lower in CPE-induced fish. The hormonal induction of tambaqui males with CPE is efficient and positively influences some qualitative and quantitative properties of semen. Additionally, semen collection via gentle abdominal massage occurs more readily in CPE-induced fish.
Quantitative assessment of the entire thoracic aorta from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Johnson Ryan K. , Premraj Senthil , Patel Sonali S. , Wahle Andreas , Stolpen Alan , Sonka Milan , Scholz Thomas D.
Published: January 2011

Objectives

Although magnetic resonance imaging is a primary modality for following patients with connective tissue diseases, only a limited amount of the image data is utilised. The purpose of this study was to show the clinical applicability of an automated four-dimensional analysis method of magnetic resonance images of the aorta and develop normative data for the cross-sectional area of the entire thoracic aorta.

Study design

Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained serially over 3 years from 32 healthy individuals and 24 patients with aortopathy and a personal or family history of connective tissue disorder. Graph theory-based segmentation was used to determine the cross-sectional area for the thoracic aorta. Healthy individual data were used to construct a nomogram representing the maximum cross-sectional area 5th–95th percentile along the entire thoracic aorta. Aortic root diameters calculated from the cross-sectional area were compared to measured diameters from echocardiographic data. The cross-sectional area of the entire thoracic aorta in patients was compared to healthy individuals.

Results

Calculated aortic root diameters correlated with measured diameters from echo data – correlation coefficient was 0.74–0.87. The cross-sectional area in patients was significantly greater in the aortic root, ascending aorta, and descending aorta compared to healthy individuals.

Conclusion

The presentation of the dimensional data for the entire thoracic aorta shows an important clinical tool for following patients with connective tissue disorders and aortopathy.
Pentalogy of Cantrell with double-outlet right ventricle: a case of surgical correction
Authors: Ootaki Yoshio , Strainic James , Ungerleider Ross M.
Published: January 2011

Pentalogy of Cantrell is characterised by a combination of severe defects in the middle of the chest including the sternum, diaphragm, heart, and abdominal wall. Mortality rate after cardiac surgery is usually high. We report a successful total correction of the cardiac defects in a case of Pentalogy of Cantrell with a double-outlet right ventricle prior to abdominal wall defect repair.
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects with transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Şahin Murat , Özkutlu Süheyla , Yıldırım Işıl , Karagöz Tevfik , Çeliker Alpay
Published: January 2011

Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate our clinical experience using an Amplatzer septal occluder for catheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect under transthoracic echocardiography guidance without general anaesthesia.

Methods

Patients eligible for transcatheter atrial septal defect closure were selected using transthoracic echocardiography. The largest defect diameter measured in different views was selected as the reference diameter. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation with fluoroscopic and transthoracic echocardiographic guidance.

Results

Between November, 2006 and December, 2009 a secundum-type atrial septal defect was closed with the Amplatzer septal occluder in 40 patients with transthoracic echocardiographic guidance. The mean age and weight were 7.9 years and 26.9 kilograms, respectively. The mean atrial septal defect diameter was 11.4 millimetres, total septal diameter was 38.5 millimetres, and the mean device diameter and the difference between device and atrial septal defect diameter were 12.6 and 1.2 millimetres, respectively. There were no major complications. The mean follow-up time was 14.8 months.

Conclusion

In selected cases, in which the defects are small and the rims are adequate and transthoracic echocardiography provides high image quality, transthoracic echocardiography can be substituted with transoesophageal echocardiography. The ratio of defect size to total septal diameter can be used as a guide for patient selection; those that have a value of 0.33 or greater can be considered eligible for closure with transthoracic echocardiography. However, transthoracic echocardiography should not be used when there are large or multiple defects, or the rims are thin and soft and the image resolution is inadequate.