bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Aircraft Measurements during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA
Authors: Mei Fan , Wang Jian , Comstock Jennifer M. , Weigel Ralf , Krämer Martina , Mahnke Christoph , Shilling John E. , Schneider Johannes , Long Charles N. , Wendisch Manfred , Machado Luiz A. T. , Schmid Beat , Krisna Trismono , Pekour Mikhail , Hubbe John , Giez Andreas , Weinzierl Bernadett , Zoeger Martin , Schulz Christiane , Pöhlker Mira L. , Schlager Hans , Cecchini Micael A. , Andreae Meinrat O. , Martin Scot T. , de Sa Suzane S. , Fan Jiwen , Tomlinson Jason , Springston Stephen , Pöschl Ulrich , Artaxo Paulo , Pöhlker Christopher , Klimach Thomas , Minikin Andreas , Afchine Armin , Borrmann Stephan
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The indirect effect of atmospheric aerosol particles on the Earth’s radiation balance remains one of the most uncertain components affecting climate change throughout the industrial period. This issue is partially a result of the incomplete understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions. One objective of the GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA projects was to improve the understanding of the influence of the emissions of the tropical megacity of Manaus (Brazil) on the surrounding atmospheric environment of the rainforest and to investigate its role in the life cycle of convective clouds. During one of the intensive observation periods (IOPs) in the dry season from September 1 to October 10, 2014, comprehensive instrument suites collected data from several ground sites. In a coordinated way, the advanced suites of sophisticated instruments were deployed in situ both from the U.S. Department of Energy Gulfstream-1 (G1) aircraft and the German High Altitude and Long-Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during three coordinated flights on September 9, 21, and October 1. Here we report on the comparison of measurements collected by the two aircraft during these three flights. Such comparisons are difficult to obtain, but they are essential for assessing the data quality from the individual platforms and quantifying their uncertainty sources. Similar instruments mounted on the G1 and HALO collected vertical profile measurements of aerosol particles number concentration and size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei concentration, ozone, and carbon monoxide concentration, cloud droplet size distribution, and downward solar irradiance. We find that the above measurements from the two aircraft agreed within the range given by the measurement uncertainties. Aerosol chemical composition measured by instruments on HALO agreed with the corresponding G1 data collected at high altitudes only. Furthermore, possible causes of discrepancies between the data sets collected by the G1 and HALO instrumentation are addressed in this paper. Based on these results, criteria for meaningful aircraft measurement comparisons are discussed.
Evaluating the Met Office Unified Model land surface temperature in Global Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1), Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) and limited area 2.2 km configurations
Authors: Brooke Jennifer K. , Harlow R. Chawn , Scott Russell L. , Best Martin J. , Edwards John M. , Thelen Jean-Claude , Weeks Mark
Published: April 2019

Abstract. A limitation of the Met Office
operational data assimilation scheme is that surface-sensitive infrared
satellite sounding channels cannot be used during daytime periods where
numerical weather prediction (NWP) model background land surface temperature
(LST) biases are greater than 2 K in magnitude. The Met Office Unified Model
(UM) has a significant cold LST bias in semi-arid regions when compared with
satellite observations; a range of UM configurations were assessed with
different model resolutions, land surface cover datasets and bare soil
parameterisations. UM LST biases were evaluated at global resolution and in a
limited area model (LAM) at a 2.2 km resolution over the SALSTICE (Semi-Arid
Land Surface Temperature and IASI Calibration Experiment) experimental domain
in south-eastern Arizona. This validation is in conjunction with
eddy-covariance flux tower measurements. LST biases in the Global
Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1) configuration were largest in the mid-morning
with respect to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra
(-13.6±2.8 K at the Kendall Grassland site). The diurnal cycle of LST
in Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) showed a significant improvement
relative to GA/L3.1 with the cold LST biases reduced to -1.4±2.7 K and
-3.6±3.0 K for Terra and Aqua overpasses, respectively. The
higher-resolution LAM showed added value over the global configurations. The spatial distribution of the LST biases relative to MODIS and the
modelled bare soil cover fraction were found to be moderately correlated
(0.61±0.08) during the daytime, which suggests that regions
of cold LST bias are associated with low bare soil cover fraction.
Coefficients of correlation with the shrub surface fractions followed the
same trend as the bare soil cover fraction, although with a less significant
correlation (0.36±0.09), and indicated that the sparse
vegetation canopies in south-eastern Arizona are not well represented in UM
ancillary datasets. The x component of the orographic slope was positively
correlated with the LST bias (0.41±0.05 for MODIS Aqua) and
identified that regions of cold model LST bias are found on easterly slopes,
and regions of warm model LST bias are found on westerly slopes. An
overestimate in the modelled turbulent heat and moisture fluxes at the
eddy-covariance flux sites was found to be coincident with an underestimate
in the ground heat flux.
Evaluation of a combined drought indicator and its predictive
potential for agricultural droughts in Southern Spain
Authors: Jiménez-Donaire María del Pilar , Tarquis Ana , Giráldez Juan Vicente
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Drought prediction is critical, especially where rainfall regime is irregular, such as in Mediterranean countries. A new combined drought indicator (CDI) is proposed that integrates rainfall, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) is used for evaluating rainfall trends. A bucket-type soil moisture model is used to keep track of soil moisture and calculate anomalies, and, finally, satellite-based NDVI data is used for monitoring vegetation response. The proposed CDI has four levels, in increasing amount of severity: watch, alert, warning type I and II. This CDI was then applied over the period 2003–2013 to five study sites, representative for the main grain-growing areas of SW Spain. The performance of the CDI levels was assessed by comparison against observed data on crop damage. Observations show a good match between crop damage and CDI. Important crop drought events in 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, marked by crop damage between 70 and 95 % of the total insured area, were correctly predicted by the proposed CDI in all five areas.
Instantaneous sea ice drift speed from TanDEM-X interferometry
Authors: Dammann Dyre Oliver , Eriksson Leif E. B. , Jones Joshua M. , Mahoney Andrew R. , Romeiser Roland , Meyer Franz J. , Eicken Hajo , Fukamachi Yasushi
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The drift of sea ice is an important geophysical process with
widespread implications for the ocean energy budget and ecosystems. Drifting
sea ice can also threaten marine operations and present a hazard for ocean
vessels and installations. Here, we evaluate single-pass along-track
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (S-ATI) as a tool to assess
ice drift while discussing possible applications and inherent limitations.
Initial validation shows that TanDEM-X phase-derived drift speed corresponds
well with drift products from a ground-based radar at Utqiaġvik, Alaska.
Joint analysis of TanDEM-X and Sentinel-1 data covering the Fram Strait
demonstrates that S-ATI can help quantify the opening/closing rate of leads
with possible applications for navigation. S-ATI enables an instantaneous
assessment of ice drift and dynamic processes that are otherwise difficult
to observe. For instance, by evaluating sea ice drift through the Vilkitsky
Strait, Russia, we identified short-lived transient convergence patterns. We
conclude that S-ATI enables the identification and analysis of potentially
important dynamic processes (e.g., drift, rafting, and ridging). However,
current limitations of S-ATI are significant (e.g., data availability and
they presently only provide the cross-track vector component of the ice drift
field) but may be significantly reduced with future SAR systems.
Verwobenin “Indianthusiasm”: A Uniquely German Entanglement
Authors: Perry Nicole
Published: April 2019

The German fascination with North American Indigenous peoples is extensive. Primarily based on the writings of the nineteenth-century German author Karl May, the Indianer permeates German culture, and yet it is little known outside Central Europe. Many North American Indigenous artists, writers, filmmakers, and performance artists are aware of this phenomenon and are often met with resistance from a German perspective when they intervene and assert their voices into the conversation. This article examines the German fascination with North American Indigenous peoples and contemporary Indigenous responses. Kent Monkman and Drew Hayden Taylor challenge the constructed German images of Indigeneity by practicing what Gerald Vizenor has termed “Native survivance.” Ideas of colonialism, sexuality, and contemporaneity are challenged and expose deep-rooted cultural and societal truths regarding Indigenous peoples in North America and their Indianer counterparts.
Measurement of cultural competency: A pilot study of nurses' knowledge of religious practices
Authors: Hickerson Kirsten A. , Fried Carly , Levy Rochelle R. , Lewis Lisa M. , Bernstein Joseph
Published: April 2019

Background: Most studies assessing cultural competence inquire about attitudes and beliefs and do not measure mastery of information. In this study, we investigate how much nurses know about various religious practices they might encounter.Methods: An open response examination with 90 questions regarding Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Mormonism, Seventh Day Adventist and Evangelical Christianity was administered to 24 faculty members and 60 students.Results: The mean score on the exam was 22.8 out of 100 (students 23.3%; faculty 21.6%). The sub-scores were highest for questions about Judaism (mean 36.3%) and lowest for questions about Hinduism (12.7%). The answer “I don’t know” was offered in response to 67.3% of all questions.Discussion: Factual mastery by nurses regarding religious practices was seen to be low. Because providing culturally competent care demands nurses to be both willing and able, this preliminary finding suggests that delivering culturally competent care requires not only awareness and readiness but a better factual knowledge base.
¿Deshaciendo o reproduciendo prácticas de género? Ambivalencias en madres primerizas y profesionales en España
Authors: Botía-Morillas Carmen
Published: April 2019

Este artículo analiza las prácticas de maternidad a partir de una investigación cualitativa longitudinal, centrada en relaciones de pareja no tradicionales, heterosexuales y de doble ingreso, desde el momento previo al nacimiento hasta la experiencia de tener la primera criatura. Cada miembro de la pareja fue entrevistado separadamente en dos momentos, durante el embarazo y a los 12 meses aproximadamente tras el nacimiento. Para mujeres profesionales, la primera maternidad está cargada de dilemas y ambivalencias, dificultándose las interacciones de pareja no tradicionales que sí existían antes del nacimiento. Además, el artículo define el concepto de nueva maternidad y analiza los conceptos doing gender, undoing gender y propone el concepto de interacciones partially undoing gender en relación con nuevas prácticas de maternidad en España.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 12, No. 5
Authors: Duran Kevin
Published: April 2019

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 12, No. 5, 2019 issue
Adult Learning Across USA, Canada, and New Zealand: A Cross-Cultural Study of PIAAC
Authors: Yu Chong Ho , Lee Hyun Seo , Lara Emily , Gan Siyan
Published: April 2019

Skeptics of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trend for International Math and Science Study (TIMSS) argue that while US elementary and high school students are behind their peers in other nations, the US workforce is still excellent because of the high quality post-secondary educational institutions in the US. However, the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) indicates that US adults are in fact far behind their international peers in literacy, numeracy, and technology-based problem solving. Through the use of data mining, this study explored the possible association between PIAAC scores and several constructs. Since the US, Canada, and New Zealand were considered culturally similar nations, according to cluster analysis, patterns between PIAAC scores and selected constructs were analyzed by a variety of big data analytical methods, including cluster analysis, bootstrap forest, boosted tree, and data visualization. Given that PIAAC used multiple computerized adaptive testing, the consequential plausible values were randomly selected when the ensemble approach was used. Additionally, model comparison was utilized to decide between bagging and boosting in order to select the optimal model for each sample. In these samples, cultural engagement, readiness to learn, and social trust, respectively emerged as strong predictors for learning outcomes as they were assessed by PIAAC.
Assessing the Knowledge Level of Teachers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder about the Importance of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Strategies in Zarka City
Authors: Khaleel Yasser F.
Published: April 2019

The current study aimed at assessing the knowledge level of teachers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder about the Importance of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) strategies in Zarka City. Furthermore, the study attempted to explore whether teachers’ knowledge level differ according to their gender, years of experience, level of education, or specialized training. The sample of this study comprised of (60) teachers (25 male and 35 female). In order to achieve the goals of this study, the researcher constructed a questionnaire. The final version of it consisted of (27) items. The results showed that teachers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder were given a high degree of importance on the whole scale. The mean was (2.95). The results also indicated no statistically significant differences in total degrees of importance of (ABA) strategies can be attributed to gender or level of education, while there were statistically significant differences in total degrees of importance of (ABA) strategies can be attributed to training. Finally, the results indicated statistically significant differences in total degrees of importance and no statistically significant differences in total degrees of use of (ABA) strategies can be attributed to years of experience.
Growth Models for Lettuce Cultivars Growing in Spring
Authors: Carini Fernanda , Filho Alberto Cargnelutti , Bandeira Cirineu Tolfo , Neu Ismael Mario Marcio , Pezzini Rafael Vieira , Pacheco Milena , Thomasi Rosana Marzari
Published: April 2019

The objectives of this study were to adjust the Gompertz and logistic models to fit the fresh and dry matters of leaves and fresh and dry matters of shoots of four lettuce cultivars and indicate the model that best describes the growth in spring. Cultivars Ceres, Gloriosa, Grandes Lagos, and Rubinela were grown in protected environment and in soilless system, in the spring of 2016 and 2017. Seven days after transplantation, fresh and dry leaf matters and fresh and dry shoot matters were weighed every four days until beginning of flowering. The Gompertz and logistic models were adjusted as a function of accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and logistic models and their confidence intervals were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the goodness-of-fit measures and critical points were calculated, and the parametric and intrinsic nonlinearities quantified. The logistic and Gompertz growth models fitted well to fresh and dry leaf and shoot matters of cultivars Ceres, Gloriosa, Grandes Lagos, and Rubinela, under spring conditions. The logistic model is the most suitable to describe the growth of lettuce cultivars.
Biostimulants Based on Humic Acids, Amino Acids and Vitamins Increase Growth and Quality of Lettuce Seedlings
Authors: Silva Rubens Ribeiro da , Santos Antonio Carlos Martins dos , Carneiro Jefferson Santana da Silva , Marques Lara Couto , Rodrigues Larissa Urzêdo , Faria Alvaro José Gomes de , Freitas Gilson Araújo de , Nascimento Vitor L.
Published: April 2019

Humic acids (HA), amino acids (AA) and vitamins can increase plant growth; however, there are still few studies that determine the ideal concentration for use in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of HA enriched with sources and levels of AA and vitamins on lettuce seedlings morphology and quality. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The first experiment had 16 treatments, 3 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was betaine, glycine and proline used in the HA enrichment, and second factor five concentrations of AA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1), plus the control, without HA and AA. The second experiment had 21 treatments, 4 × 5 + 1 factorial design, the first factor was the use of four vitamins (A, E, B1 and B2) in the enrichment of HA, while the second factor was composed of five concentrations of each vitamin (0, 0.5; 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L-1) plus the control, without HA and vitamins. The application of HA and HA+AA promote the improvement in the seedling’s morphology and quality, while the application of the HA+vitamins negatively affected the morphology, reducing seedling quality.
Incident Precipitation Partitioning: The Canopy Interactions Enrich Water Solution With Nutrients in Throughfall and Stemflow
Authors: Momolli Dione Richer , Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Viera Marcio , Ludvichak Aline Aparecida , Guimarães Claudiney do Couto , Souza Huan Pablo de
Published: April 2019

Atmospheric deposition is responsible for the ions input, which may be due to dust and aerosols and rainfall. During rainfall a portion is intercepted by the tree canopy and returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, another part crosses the forest canopy called throughfall and stemflow. The objective of the present work was to quantify the nutrient input of the incident rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and canopy enrichment in an Eucalyptus dunnii plantation, established in soil with low natural fertility. Four plots of 20 m × 21 m were demarcated. The rainfall consists 3 rain collectors in an open área. The throughfall consisted 3 collectors per plot in the line, interlining and diagonal positions of the trees. The stemflow consisted in the installation of three systems per plot formed by a hose in the trunk of the tree that leads the solution to a reservoir. Through rainfall, 29.5 kg ha-1 of nutrients were supplied. When we consider the sum of the throughfall and stemflow, the amount of nutrients was 77.6 kg ha-1. After interaction with the tree canopy 48.2 kg ha-1 of nutrients were incorporated. Potassium showed the highest enrichment: 607%. The average nutrient enrichment was 163%. The input of N and K via incident rainfall was 1.8 and 3.1 kg ha-1. Considering the fertilization described in the methodology, this contributed amount represents 6.1 and 2.6% of the total. If we consider the rotation of 7 years for Eucalyptus dunnii, the contribution at the end of rotation represents 42.4 and 18% of N and K2O. The interaction with the canopy of Eucalyptus dunnii enriches the rainwater with nutrients making the solution with a more basic character.
Genetic Diversity and Fine-Scale Genetic Structure in Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.: A Survivor Palm Species of the Semiarid
Authors: Souza Luciana Rodrigues de , Soares Helbert Fagundes , Ribeiro Sara Luiza Ramos , Junior Afrânio Farias de Melo , Brandão Murilo Malveira , Menezes Elytania Veiga , Royo Vanessa de Andrade , Oliveira Dario Alves
Published: April 2019

The species Syagrus oleracea is a native palm tree, present in highly impacted environments of the Brazilian semiarid. This species is exploited for use in the manufacture of folk crafts and for human and animal feeding. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of individuals from different populations, located in anthropic regions of the Brazilian semiarid region, in the state of Minas Gerais. This information is important for species management and conservation strategies. Thus, we used ISSR molecular markers in 157 individuals in seven populations of S. oleracea. Looking at the results, one can observe that amplifications of 109 locos occurred and that an average of 18, 17 alleles were found on each primer, values that demonstrated that the ISSR technique used was highly efficient. The genetic diversity indexes were observed, showing expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon index (I) of 0.260 and 0.383, respectively. The number of alleles observed (na) among populations was 1.954 and the effective number of alleles (ne) was 1,606. Individuals of the populations are genetically structured in groups (demes) in a random and aggregate manner. We obtained the amplification of 109 ISSR loci, with a mean of 18.2 alleles per primer. The genetic diversity indexes revealed expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon index (I) of 0.260 and 0.383, respectively. The number of alleles observed (na) was 1.954 and the effective number of alleles (ne) was 1.606. The value of the indirect gene flow found was 1.546. Evidence of high levels of kinship in populations was found, possibly due to low migration rates and geographical barrier. In addition, we observed signs of overexploitation in the areas, which consequently leads to a low rate of gene flow, occurring inbreeding among the sampled populations of Syagrus oleracea.
Characterization of Water Quality Indicators in the Micro-basin of the Arizona River, Atlántida (Honduras)
Authors: Alemán Luis Antonio Beltrán , Fernández Ismael Montero , Maldonado Selvin Antonio Saravia , López Dixon Nohel Morales , Villanueva José David Portillo , Pérez Nelson Edmundo Arriaga
Published: April 2019

The water quality was studied in the basin of the Arizona River, supplier of the urban helmet of the municipality of Arizona, department of Atlántida (Honduras). In order to determine the quality of the water provided to the population. The methodology implemented consisted in carrying out tours in the area to obtain information on the delimitation, maps of land uses using tools of the geographic information system (GIS), then it was determined to assign the sampling sites for the three days for three months being the the following: take, storage tank and three taps of the urban center of the municipality of Arizona. The analytical parameters for the micro-watershed (site work) were evaluated and analyzed by the NSF ICA with a multivariate statistical analysis of principal component methods, the remaining analyzes were developed in comparisons according to the admissible values of the Standard Technique for the Quality of Drinking Water of Honduras 1995.
Molecular Characterization of Isolates of Fusarium spp. Associated With Wilt in Capsicum spp.
Authors: Anjos Isabela V. dos , Melo Suelene S. de , Gilio Thiago A. S. , Kreitlow Jessé P. , Neves Sandra M. A. da S. , Araújo Kelly L. , Serafim Milson E. , Neves Leonarda G.
Published: April 2019

Fusarium is a diverse and heterogeneous fungi genus. Its wide genetic variability and similarity in morphological characteristics hinder the identification of species of this genus. Identifying Fusarium species is difficult due to the genus. Several molecular methods have been useful for differentiating these species, and the amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the fungus ribosomal DNA has been successfully used, since ITS are preserved regions of the DNA that assists in distinguishing species. The objective of this work was to collect and characterize isolates of Fusarium spp. associated with wilt symptoms in Capsicum spp. in the biomes of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Were collected tissue samples of plants with wilt symptoms. The DNAs of the Fusarium spp. found were extracted, and subjected to polymerase chain reaction, using the primers ITS1 (5’TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3’) and ITS4 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’). Subsequently, the sequencing was performed. The resulting sequences were, five Fusarium species were found F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. chlamydosporum, predominating F. solani and F. equiseti.
Irrigation Depth and Nitrogen Fertilization on Production and Quality of Cherry Tomatoes
Authors: Santos Antonio P. dos , Costa Adriana R. da , Silva Patrícia C. , Giongo Pedro R. , Mesquita Marcio , Drumond Anailda A. L.
Published: April 2019

Nitrogen fertilization and water supply are determinant factors for production and physical-chemical quality of cherry tomato. The objective of this study is to evaluate the productivity and quality of cherry tomatoes, cultivar Carolina, produced under different irrigation depth and nitrogen treatments. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment in randomized blocks and a 5 × 3 factorial design with three replications. The treatments were integrated by the combination of five irrigation depth consisting of 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of replacement of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and three nitrogen treatments fertilization (common urea, urea with urease inhibitor and without the application of nitrogen). The productive and qualitative characteristics of tomato fruits were evaluated. Productivity was better responsive with the 125% ETo depth. The 100% ETo depth provided the highest titratable acidity. Nitrogen treatments did not promote differences in productivity and quality of tomatoes.
Estimation of Leaf Area of Jackfruit Through Non-destructive Method
Authors: Oliveira Vinicius de Souza , Hell Leonardo Raasch , Santos Karina Tiemi Hassuda dos , Pelegrini Hugo Rebonato , Santos Jéssica Sayuri Hassuda , Oliveira Graziela Evencio de , Nascimento Adriel Lima , Santos Gleyce Pereira , Schmildt Omar , Czepak Marcio Paulo , Arantes Sara Dousseau , Alexandre Rodrigo Sobreira , Schmildt Edilson Romais
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study was to determine mathematical equations that estimate the leaf area of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in an easy and non-destructive way based on linear dimensions. In this way, 300 leaves of different sizes and in good sanitary condition of adult plants were collected at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Itapina, located in Colatina, municipality north of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Were measured The length (L) along the midrib and the maximum leaf width (W), observed leaf area (OLA), besides the product of the multiplication of length with width (LW), length with length (LL) and width with width (WW). The models of linear equations of first degree, quadratic and power and their respective R2 were adjusted using OLA as dependent variable in function of L, W and LW, LL and WW as independent variable. The data were validated and the estimated leaf area (ELA) was obtained. The means of ELA and OLA were compared by Student’s t test (5% probability) and were evaluated by the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) criteria. The choice of the best model was based on non-significant comparative values of ELA and OLA, in addition to the closest values of zero of EAM and RQME. The jackfruit leaf area estimate can be determined quickly, accurately and non-destructively by the linear first-order model with LW as the independent variable by equation ELA = 1.07451 + 0.71181(LW).
Datenverarbeitung im Beschäftigungskontext
Authors: Morasch Olga
Published: April 2019

Recently, the GDPR has been causing quite a stir. In this context, not only large internet companies face an enormous pressure to act. Many employers and company partners have a lot of work to do when entering into company agreements or seeking consent. This raises the question of which European requirements apply to national regulations on the processing of employee data. The legislator will face the same problem: The long-awaited law on the protection of employee data is up for discussion once more. However, the GDPR does not contain any differentiated regulations in this respect, but grants the member states regulatory competence in art. 88 GDPR. Consequently, they may provide more specific regulations on the processing of personal employee data. This work aims to demonstrate what exactly this entails and whether stricter regulations than those provided by the GDPR are permissible in order to protect employees.
Die Zulässigkeit von Mission und Impact Investing für Stiftungen
Authors: Windeknecht Philipp
Published: April 2019

By mission and impact investing, German foundations can effectively support charitable purposes even in a low-interest environment. The permissibility of these investments depends particularly on the investment partner and the type of funds used by the foundation. The permissibility is evaluated on the basis of foundation law, and, for non-profit foundations, also on the basis of non-profit law. Moreover, the profitability of each investment has to be analysed, specifically focusing on the purpose of the investment. Despite these requirements, foundations may conduct permissible mission and impact investments. Hence, foundations can promote their purposes and fulfil their social responsibility even with a modest income.
License to Do Math with a Full Tank
Authors: Lancaster Ron
Published: April 2019

Since its inception, the Mathematical Lens column has provided teachers with resources to use with their students to make connections between mathematics and the world around us through the use of photographs. The editors and the dozens of teachers who submitted material for columns have taken all of us on a journey around the world to discover where mathematics lives. These columns have offered teachers a license to do mathematics everywhere and to travel far with their students with a full tank of resources.
Spinning the Cube with Technologies
Authors: Bu Lingguo
Published: April 2019

The rise of dynamic modeling and 3-D design technologies provides appealing opportunities for mathematics teachers to reconsider a host of pedagogical issues in mathematics education, ranging from motivation to application and from visualization to physical manipulation. This article reports on a classroom teaching experiment about cube spinning, integrating traditional tools, GeoGebra (www.geogebra.org), and 3-D design and printing technologies. It highlights the rich interplay between worthwhile mathematical tasks and the strategic use of diverse technologies in sustaining sense making and problem solving with a group of prospective teachers.
Between Self-awareness and Descent: Constructing Lithuanian Identity in Re-established Lithuania, 1988–1993
Authors: Daukšas Darius
Published: April 2019

The early years of the independence of the Lithuanian state in the last decade of the twentieth century witnessed the construction of the nationhood through the evolving definition of “we” and “the other” in the nation. The Lithuanian diaspora took an active part in the discussions of defining one’s belonging to a nation. The core element in the discussion was the Law on Citizenship of the Republic Lithuania of 1991, which could be seen as a tool for classification of the population in defining an individual’s belonging to the nation. In this law, gradual clarification of the notion of the Lithuanian descent could be seen as inclusion of the diaspora in the category of ‘we’ in the general framework of the nationhood. The analysis of media articles of that period gives a vivid picture of the process of the construction of national belonging and reveals quite innovative interpretations of belonging proposed by the diaspora. Lithuanian émigrés questioned the established assumption in nationalist thinking that regarded the territory as the main precondition for belonging to a nation; instead, they suggested definitions of belonging based on common self-awareness, language, and the like, but their main criterion was the Lithuanian descent.
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
Authors: Musselman Randall L.
Published: November 2024

Electromagnetic wave scattering is the reradiation of electromagnetic energy that results when an electromagnetic field encounters an abrupt change in electrical parameters. Typically, this occurs when an electromagnetic field is incident on a structure or scattering object. When the original electromagnetic field crosses the boundary between two regions of different materials, each with different electrical properties, the field will change as it enters the second region. Sources, including conduction, displacement, and polarization currents, will be induced at the discontinuity between the two regions. These currents act as sources of electromagnetic radiation, much like the sources of the original incident electromagnetic field. This reradiation is calledelectromagnetic scatteringbecause it scatters the incident electromagnetic field from its original propagation path.
Microwave Scattering Models for Earth Terrain
Authors: Fung Adrian K.
Published: November 2024

This article treats microwave scattering models for soil surface, leafy vegetation, and snow‐covered terrain. These models are generally useful for understanding the physics of the scattering problem, the design of scatterometers for specific applications, and the inversion of physical or geometric terrain parameters in remote sensing. It begins with introducing basic terms associated with the general scattering problem and terms associated with specific types of terrain. Then, it shows how surface scattering, volume scattering, and surface–volume interaction fit together in terrain scattering through the radiative transfer formulation. Illustrations of theoretical model behaviors are given for each terrain type, while derivations of the scattering models are provided in the references. The applications of these models to data interpretations are discussed.
Miniaturized Packaged (Embedded) Antennas for Portable Wireless Devices
Authors: Ali M.
Published: November 2024

Packaged (embedded) antennas are becoming more and more in need with the rapid proliferation of wireless communication devices and systems. This include mobile phones, pagers, wireless PDAs, phones with enhanced GPS services, terminals with Bluetooth/WLAN functionalities, and RFID tags for inventory tracking and identification. In this article an overview of miniaturized packaged (embedded) antennas is presented. This includes multiband embedded antennas for mobile phone applications in the 900/1900‐MHz bands, Bluetooth/WLAN in 2.4‐ and 5–6‐GHz bands. Miniaturized planar inverted‐F antennas (PIFAs) are discussed along with wideband monopoles for possible triple‐band applications. Surface‐mount PIFAs, integrated inverted‐F antennas (IFAs), and packaged monopole type radiators are discussed for Bluetooth and WLAN applications. Finally, some future trends in this research area are also discussed.
Satellite Antennas
Authors: Dybdal R. B.
Published: November 2024

Satellite antenna development is a significant part of present‐day antenna technology. Much progress in antenna systems for both the space and user segments has been made. However, future requirements such as the development of satellite systems for personal use provide a rich opportunity for further development and challenges to meet the increased performance levels demanded in future systems and applications.
Traveling Wave Antennas
Authors: Waterhouse Rod B.
Published: November 2024

In this article, a review of common traveling wave antennas is presented. We briefly discuss the structural characteristics, design trends, and overall performance of several traveling wave antennas including Beverage antennas (wire and printed), horn antennas, reflectors, and tapered slots. Some examples of manufactured traveling wave antennas are given. We also attempt to outline the fundamental properties of this general class of antenna and how it can be differentiated from resonant style radiators. It will be shown that traveling wave antennas are essential for a variety of applications ranging from sophisticated radio astronomy platforms to simple low‐frequency communications.
Low‐Power Broadcasting
Authors: Morgan Chip
Published: November 2024

Low‐power broadcasting systems are very interesting from a technical perspective for several reasons. Although they appear to be simple to build and easy to design, they can actually be more critical than higher‐powered stations. In fact, since the signal is local and likely to receive or cause interference, design and optimization methods for low‐power systems can make the difference between a successful operation and a failure.
Mobile Communication
Authors: Wysocki Tadeusz , Zepernick Hans-Jürgen , Weber Ralf
Published: November 2024

Mobile communication has already become an integral part of modern life and is one of the driving forces of telecommunications. Wireless access to global telecommunication can be expected to change the face of telecommunication even further. Apart from traditional voice services and low‐rate data, future mobile communication will provide for multimedia services that are a mixture of voice, data, text, graphic, and video. Land mobile, maritime, aeronautic, and satellite systems will not just coexist but will establish a global mobile system allowing users to communicate at any time and from anywhere in the world.
Thermal Analysis and Design of Electronic Systems
Authors: Kraus Allan D. , Bar-Cohen Avram , Geisler Karl J.
Published: November 2024

The challenges posed by high chip heat fluxes and ever more stringent performance and reliability constraints make thermal management a key enabling technology in the development of microelectronic systems for the twenty‐first century. Thus, thermal packaging efforts must be performed in the context of the salient trends and parameters that characterize the IC technology and the electronic products industry.

Recent road‐mapping efforts, have affirmed the expectation that improvements in CMOS semiconductor technology will continue unabated into the early part of the twenty‐first century. Exploiting the potential of this IC technology, with the attendant increase in chip size, switching speed, and transistor density, will necessitate significant improvements in packaging technology.
High‐Field Effects
Authors: Hess K.
Published: November 2024

Electrons and holes contribute to the charge transport in semiconductors, while ordinary charge transport in metals is restricted to electrons only. Another distinctive feature of semiconductor transport is its inherent nonlinearity in high electric fields.

The basic phenomena of high field transport are nonlinear conductance; changed responses to magnetic fields; changed high‐frequency response, including the dielectric function; and changed confinement in potential wells or at heterojunctions between different semiconductors.
Millimeter‐Wave Measurement
Authors: Vernet Guy , Beaudin Gerard , Cros Dominique , Crozat Paul , Dambrine Gilles , Huyart Bernard , Nebus Jean‐Michel
Published: November 2024

In the millimeter‐wave range up to 100 GHz, the equipment and methods of measurement have been extended from the microwave domain. The major problems in the millimeter field are due to the small size of the devices and the transmission line losses. Above 100 GHz, as an alternative, other equipment and methods of measurement, using a quasioptic setup, have been developed or adapted from far‐infrared techniques (dielectric waveguide cavity resonator, free‐space methods).
Acoustic Microwave Devices
Authors: Smith Peter M.
Published: November 2024

Acoustic wave devices are often used in radiofrequency and microwave circuits because of their very small size and the performance that they offer. In this article, we review the basic theory of acoustic wave propagation in crystals. We describe some of the implementations of acoustic wave devices and show how they can be employed in microwave systems. We then present some of the models that are commonly used in the design of acoustic wave devices.
Ferrite Loaded Waveguides
Authors: Marqués Ricardo
Published: November 2024

This article describes the main physical effects due to the propagation and guidance of electromagnetic waves in ferrite‐loaded waveguides useful in microwave technology. The linear approach, in which the high‐frequency magnetic susceptibility of the ferrite is a function susceptibility of the ferrite is a function static magnetic field, will be considered valid. This approach includes the analysis of exchange free electromagnetic waves, as well as magnetostatic waves approximations, but not the analysis of spin waves nonlinear effects, magnetoelastic waves, and other complex interactions.
Left‐Handed Materials for Microwave Devices and Circuits
Authors: Krowne Clifford M.
Published: November 2024

In this article we discuss the use of left‐handed materials or arrangements of materials to produce left‐handed responses to enable the construction of electronic devices and circuits. Attention is directed mainly toward the nonfocusing and nonradiating aspects of left‐handed behavior. Production of these materials, insertion of these materials in structures to produce devices and circuits, and the potential new properties of these electronic components and circuits is covered. The new physics causing the unusual aspects of left‐handed materials is presented. Propagation constants for microwave and millimeter electromagnetic waves will be presented, as well as electromagnetic field distributions in devices using left‐handed materials. Left‐handed devices and circuits, utilizing the physical action of left‐handed materials, will be discussed.
Microstrip Transitions
Authors: Holzman Eric L.
Published: November 2024

Microstrip line is a printed microwave transmission line used to interconnect microwave devices on an electronic circuit board. Coaxial and waveguide transmission lines are used to interconnect different electronic circuit boards. Thus, transitions are often required between microstrip and other transmission lines. These transitions must have low loss and be well matched, be easy to fabricate and be mechanically robust. This article surveys many of the most commonly used microstrip transitions.
Noise, High‐Frequency
Authors: Agethen M. , Reuter R. , Bertenburg R. M. , Brockerhoff W. , Tegude F. J.
Published: November 2024

The high‐frequency behavior of electronic devices is of major interest in the field of research and development. Beside the typical RF device parameters, like the cutoff frequenciesfTandfmax, the high‐frequency noise behavior should be considered for circuit design, especially if noise has a significant influence on the system performance, for instance, the sensitivity of receivers. Thus, there is a demand for simple, but exact RF noise models that must consider the physically relevant noise phenomena with a significant contribution to the total noise behavior of the device.

After an introduction to various physical noise sources, a general description of noisy two‐ports will be presented. Then, a short presentation of a special measurement setup for RF noise in the range of 2–18 GHz with dependence on temperature (15–400 K) is given. In Section 4 RF noise phenomena in certain devices are examined and high‐frequency noise models for heterostructure field‐effect transistors (HFETs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) based on the material system InP are presented. For both devices the capabilities of the model presented will be proved by comparing measured and modeled RF noise parameters. In Section 5 modifications of the HFET noise model and applications of this RF noise model are presented.
Distributed Amplifiers
Authors: Koryu Ishii T.
Published: November 2024

The objective of this article is to present various aspects of distributed amplifiers. Distributed amplifiers are by definition, electronic amplifiers consisting of distributed circuit parameters. However, in practice, amplifier systems that consist of a number of discrete amplifiers associated with distributed parameter circuits are often termed distributed amplifiers; this latter amplifier is actually a pseudodistributed amplifier.
Wideband Amplifiers
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: November 2024

More recent developments in broadband communications systems have forced the development of circuit components that are more suited and more appropriate for broadband applications. In addition, the development of broadband communication systems has led the way to an increasing demand for use of wideband amplifiers. It should be recognized that distributed amplifiers have been critical
building
blocks in many such systems because of their performance characteristics, which are clearly
wideband
.
Xenon Regeneration by CO2 Removal from Exhaled Anesthetic Gas Mixture by a Hybrid Ultramicroporous Material with Customized Nanotrap
Authors: Nie Hong‐Xiang , Yu Mei‐Hui , Huang Hongliang , Liu Shan‐Shan , Jia Ji‐Zhen , Li Landong , Chang Ze , Zaworotko Michael J. , Bu Xian‐He
Published: November 2024

Xenon, Xe, is a noble gas that is present in the atmosphere in trace amounts. Nevertheless, despite its low abundance and relatively high cost, Xe has utility, including as an anesthetic and a neuroprotectant in the medical industry. Xe recycling after usage will represent an approach that shall enable more widespread adoption in medicine. In this work, it is reported that the microporous metal‐organic framework (MOF) material NKU‐1017(Si) can enable Xe recycling by capturing CO2 impurities from exhaled anesthetic Xe gas mixtures at ambient temperature for facile and efficient recycling of Xe. The performance of NKU‐1017(Si) is driven by its ultramicroporous structure that offers a high density of aromatic rings on the pore surface along with other functionality to form a bespoke nanotrap for CO2 with multiple C─H…π interaction sites that result in CO2/Xe selectivity of 15.5 at ambient conditions. Whereas NKU‐1017(Si) adsorbs both H2O (300 cm3g−1) and CO2 (70 cm3g−1), humidity does not affect dynamic breakthrough performance. Theoretical studies provide insight into the CO2‐framework binding interactions that drive this performance. The superior separation selectivity of NKU‐1017(Si) under ambient conditions enables a new approach for the Xe recovery through the regeneration of anesthetic gas for more widespread application in medicine.