bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Non-Skeletal Tissues: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Angwa Linet Musungu , Masinde David
Published: March 2023

Several studies have investigated the oxidative stress parameters in non-skeletal tissues of animals exposed to fluoride, however, the findings from these studies are inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in experimental animals treated with fluoride compared with the control group. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, and JSTOR databases were searched for studies reporting oxidative stress biomarkers in non-skeletal tissues of animals exposed to fluoride. A random effects model with the standardized mean difference (SMD) was used for meta-analyses. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Higgin’s I2 statistics. The risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool and publication bias using Egger’s test. Compared to the control, the levels of ROS, LPO, and NO were significantly elevated and the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSH significantly reduced in the studied tissues. The level of GST however showed no significant difference. The test for subgroup differences suggested that different animal species and tissues have varying susceptibilities and tolerance to fluoride. Furthermore, the extent of fluoride-induced oxidative stress damage can be modified by the intervention period. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the studies’ effect size for LPO was influenced by animal species. This meta-analysis’s findings demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants in the non-skeletal tissues of experimental animals exposed to fluoride.
Bronchial foreign body presenting as pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in a young child
Authors: Shilpakar Rajendra , Shrestha Nipun , Shrestha Dhruba
Published: March 2023

Pneumomediastinum (PM) and Subcutaneous emphysema (SCE) following foreign body aspiration is very rare. Pneumomediastinum (PM) occurs due to alveolar rupture whereas subcutaneous emphysema occurs if air leak persists. It is benign in nature but in some cases, it might be fatal. Therefore, proper assessment and management is required to limit the life-threatening complications and FB should always be suspected whenever spontaneous PM and SCE is seen. We describe an 18-month-old boy who was presented with cough, fever and respiratory distress to Siddhi Memorial Hospital (for women and children), Emergency Department. On examination, there was decreased air entry over supra-mammary and infra-axillary region on left side of the lung field. He had foreign body in left distal bronchus with PM and SCE with in radiography. The patient was treated with oxygen, antibiotics and planned for bronchoscopy but the child self-expectorated bean seed while coughing. PM and SCE are very rare presentations of foreign body aspiration in children of age less than 3 years and in such circumstances, the possibility of foreign body should be considered.
TRANSFORMING SUFISM INTO DIGITAL MEDIA
Authors: Hidayat Ziaulhaq
Published: March 2023

This article seeks to examine the rise of tarekat (Sufi order) in the context of the digital public sphere with a special attention to the Eshaykh website. As this article argues, the Eshaykh website represents an adaptation of conventional groups of tarekat combined with information technology. However, this digital adoption raises a new problem, especially related to the differences in terms of access between digital tarekat and conventional tarekat. This article—using a virtual ethnographic approach—focuses on the Eshaykh website by the Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Haqqaniyah (TNH) as the primary source. The website provides all information about the tarekat, both the doctrine and the wirid, which are presented online. There is also an element of the simplification of orthodoxy which has so far been strictly guarded by conventional tarekat, but the rise of the Eshaykh website in the digital public sphere is offering tarekat practices that are easily accessible and reach all levels of society.
Where Have All the Smart Women Gone?
Authors: Rowe Alice
Published: March 2023

When society discourages women from showing their intelligence, two problems arise. Not only are women's abilities hidden, but bright women are literally hidden from one another.
Violence(s) and Silence(s) in Engineering Classrooms
Authors: Tonso Karen
Published: March 2023

By finding that young women deny these violences, we move toward better understandings of the extent to which women's mistreatment becomes normalized in our society.
Adjusting to A New Society: A Study of Educated Chinese Women's Acculturation in the United States
Authors: Liu Pimg
Published: March 2023

Meeting the challenge of adjusting to a new culture and social life from a professional to a housewife places a great deal of pressure on these educated Chinese women. They have strong desires and motivation to continue their professions, but have not obtained the support necessary accomplish their goals. As housewives, their social circle is very limited, which leads to isolation in the host culture.
Title IX of the United States Education Amendments: A Gender-Equity Education Intervention Strategy
Authors: Pemberton Cindy
Published: March 2023

It has become increasingly apparent that gender equity in athletics, while in some instances centered on the particulars of Title IX compliance, is about more than that. Gender equity in athletics is about confronting fundamental cultural norms, beliefs and values held by a population who has been historically and traditionally responsible for perpetuating sexism, sex bias and discrimination through a variety of socio-cultural institutions, one of which is the co-curricular activity of school sport.
Women as School Executives: Voices and Visions: Book Review
Authors: Garner Linda
Published: March 2023

The publication of the Texas Council of Women School Executives (TCWSE), Women as School Executives: Voices and Visions, edited by Beverly J. Irby and Genevieve Brown, explores the paradigm shift of women in executive roles in school administration. The editors have pointed to the changing landscape of leadership and found that inclusiveness is necessary in the educational work place and will enrich the fabric of the education of young people in America.
Critical Research: Postmodern Methodologies for the Examination of Race, Ethnicity, Class, and Gender in Education
Authors: Cannella Gaile
Published: March 2023

Although feminist perspectives are at times in conflict with each other, all focus on the lives of women and, to some extent, social justice for women.
Highly Successful Women Administrators: The Inside Story of How They Got There Sandra Lee Gupton & Gloria Appelt Slick: A Book Review
Authors: Griffith Kimberly , Thompson Janice
Published: March 2023

We are encouraged to acknowledge the fact that gender-related problems will face us as we pursue educational administrative careers.Our family, friends, and professional peers can provide the wisdom and support we need to lead with excellence.
BLACK ACADEMIC WOMEN: PROGRESS BUT NO PARITY
Authors: Gregory Shela
Published: March 2023

Although many Black faculty women in this study found teaching personally rewarding as opposed to the politics of administration, other concerns such as unclear expectations of scholarly research and ambiguous requirements of promotion and tenure continued to be tremendous barriers towards advancement.
Worker Bees and Wild Roses: The Pleasure and Pain of Mid-Career Female Academics
Authors: Vongalis-Macrow Athena
Published: March 2023

Drawing on self-identified metaphorical expressions that represent women at work, this paper discusses how a group of mid- career academic women experience their work and workplace. The research was prompted by consistently high number of female academics who remain in the mid-levels in the academic career ladder despite research that shows this group is ambitious and holds leadership aspirations. Understanding the experiences at the mid-career levels, by gaining insights into their workplace experiences, may further our knowledge of how to advance women in leadership. The research draws on the metaphoric descriptions provided by 28 mid-career women working across three Australian universities. Metaphors elicit hidden and implicit values about how the subjects respond and give meaning to their work and working conditions and have been used in organisational practices to disclose underlying issues. The findings discuss the positive and negative work and workplace associations disclosed by the participants. However, the findings suggests that women find pleasure and desire in and through their work. It is through their work that academic women experience self-expression, creativity and adding value. By focussing on the value of doing academic work and the rewards of contributing to academia, there is potential to enhance the capacity for mid-career women to thrive in academia and build the foundations for leadership. Keywords: metaphors, mid-career academics, women, higher education
Interweaving Life and Career: The Recursive Impact of Life and Career Decisions Among Female Higher Education Faculty
Authors: Peterson Teri , Slack Amy , Pemberton Cynthia Lee
Published: March 2023

Through this study the researchers sought to describe and understand the unidirectional and recursive impact of major life and career decisions on female higher education faculty, and subsequently scaffold emergent themes using life course theory. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with 12 female faculty members at an institution in the Intermountain west. Qualitative inquiry was used to analyze the interviews, providing rich descriptions and understanding from the perspective of the individuals' lived experience. Five themes emerged from the interview data. These themes were then scaffolded within life course theory to frame an understanding of the interplay of major life and career decisions on the career trajectories of female higher education faculty. The themes were geographical choice, family, support structures, job type, and time/balance. These themes illustrated the primary aspects of life course theory, particularly the Timing of lives, Linked or interdependent lives, Human agency in making choices, Developmental risk and protection, and Diversity in life course trajectories. The usefulness of applying this theory when considering female faculty perceptions about their lived experiences was supported by the study findings; facilitating and deepening our understanding of the interaction of life events and career decisions among female faculty in the academy. Keywords: work life balance, career trajectory, female faculty, life course theory
1990 23rd Annual Convention. Indianapolis, Indiana, September 13-16.
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 23 Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1990.
XVIth World Buiatrics Congress. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, August 13-17, 1990
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Desciption of the 16th World Buiatrics Congress, 1990.
1993 26th Annual Convention. Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 16-19
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 26th Convention of the World Association for Buiatrics, 1993.
1995 28th Annual Conference. San Antonio, Texas, September 14-17
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 28th convention of the World Association of Buiatrics, 1995.
1996 29th Annual Conference. San Diego, California, September 12-15
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 29th conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1996.
XIX World Buiatrics Congress. Edinburgh, Scotland, July 8-12, 1996
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 19th Congress of the World Association of Buiatrics, 1996.
1998 31st Annual Convention. Spokane, Washington, September 24-27
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 31st conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1998.
XXth World Buiatrics Congress. Sydney, Australia, July 3-10, 1998
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 20th World Buiatrics Congress, 1998.
VIIIth World Association for Buiatrics Congress. Milan, Italy. September 9-13, 1974
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 8th World Association for Buiatrics Congress, 1974.
Xth World Association for Buiatrics Congress. Mexico City, Mexico, August 16-19, 1978
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 10th World Association for Buiatrics Congress, 1978.
1982 15th Annual Convention. Nashville, Tennessee, December 1-4
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 15th Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1982.
1983 16th Annual Convention. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, November 28-December 1
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 16th Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1983.
XIII World Association for Buiatrics Congress. Durban, South Africa, September 17-21, 1984
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 13th World Association for Buiatrics Congress, 1984.
XIVth World Buiatrics Congress. Dublin, Ireland, August 26-269, 1986
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 14th World Buiatrics Congress, 1986.
1987 20th Annual Convention. Phoenix, Arizona, November 10-13
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 20th Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1987.
Use of Nutritional consultation in dairy practice
Authors: Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

Of all the factors which have an influence on the incidence of illness and disease on the farm, as well as the outcome, probably nutrition plays the most important role. Not only does it influence our client’s livestock physical health, but also our client’s fiscal health. Therefore, it influences our own fiscal wellbeing. The reasons for a veterinarian becoming directly involved in his clients nutritional programs then are obvious. The nutritional consultation is means for the practitioner to influence the ultimate success or failure ultimately of all the efforts of the farm. Nutritional consultation provides the veterinarian with the opportunity to change his/her relationship with clients to that of a consultant. It allows for a change in the emphasis of practice to a more organized schedule for task completion. It allows the veterinarian to practice beyond certain physical limitations. Ideally, it can be used to enhance the effectiveness of therapy. Within the limited scope of this paper, I will attempt to describe the basis of evaluation that is used by us to provide nutritional advice to clients.
Should the veterinarian have a mechanism to prescribe drugs in feed?
Authors: Hentschl Arnold F.
Published: March 2023

The import of the topic which we are discussing this morning varies greatly with type of practice activity involved, or to be more precise, the species of food animal involved with the practice activity. A food animal practitioner whose work in herd health maintenance deals primarily with the porcine species would undoubtedly manifest the strongest interest in the issue of using feed as a vehicle to provide therapeutic pharmaceuticals to animals. Since our practice activity has very little to do with swine and focuses primarily on bovines, the comments will be presented from that viewpoint. The bovine activity at Harbor Beach is primarily dairy cattle. In addition, I personally am involved in herd health maintenance practice activity with cattle feedyards throughout the state. This involvement addresses an annual turn-over rate of some 75,000 feeder cattle.
New reproductive biothechnologies that affect the dairy industry
Authors: Hunter Alan G.
Published: March 2023

The emerging biotechnologies will have a revolutionary effect upon domestic animal breeding. The current state of development for in vitro maturation of oocytes, their in vitro fertilization and “cloning” suggests that they will have a major impact on animal agriculture within 5-10 years.
Potential use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbSTH) on Minnesota dairy farms
Authors: Otterby D. E. , Soderholm C. G. , Annexstad R. J.
Published: March 2023

An account is given of the effects of somatotropin on milk yield and composition, feed intake, health and reproduction, and of the effect of stage of lactation on the response to somatotropin. Economic aspects are considered.
Palpation facilities for conducting dairy reproductive herd health programs
Authors: Elmore R. G. , Hardin D. J. , Bolinger D. R. , Bierschwal C. J.
Published: March 2023

There are many key elements in making a dairy reproductive herd health program successful. The success of any such program is dependent upon the complete cooperation of all involved personnel; the maintenance and periodic evaluation of complete, accurate records on every cow within the herd; the regular scheduling of routine herd health visits; and the availability of a safe, comfortable palpation facility. The information gained during routine rectal palpations forms the basis for many important decisions regarding the management of each cow within the herd. Because of this, palpation facilities should be safe, both for the cows and the palpator; should be comfortable for the palpator; and should cause the cows minimal stress.
Diagnosing infertility in a dairy herd
Authors: Walker Darey
Published: March 2023

This project was begun in August, 1985 on a dairy herd in Northwest Ohio. This herd was experiencing reproductive problems characterized by the dairyman as follows: 1) high incidence of metritis, 2) long interval to first estrus, 3) poor conception rates, and 4) a high number of repeat breeders. A second complaint was of a high incidence of an acute febrile disease in cows one to three day post-partum characterized by a mucous nasal discharge, dyspnea, anorexia, and diarrhea. The condition appeared to be unresponsive to antibiotic therapy and ran its course in 7 to 10 days. In an attempt to define the etiology of the problems, a complete herd work-up was initiated which included: 1) history, 2) physical and reproductive examinations, 3) nutritional evaluation, 4) laboratory diagnostics, and 5) herd health record analysis.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Officers, district news, events, awards, conference programs, and other news.
Bovine Practitioner No. 22 (1987 November). Front matter
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Cover, Masthead, Table of Contents, and other editorial information.
Treatment of early postpartum metritis in a dairy herd
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A.
Published: March 2023

Infection of the uterus or the metritis complex is a commonly diagnosed disorder of the postpartum period in dairy cows. Rates of 32-80% have been reported in dairy herds. The effect of metritis on milk production is not well documented, however, in one study cows classified as having severe metritis had a significant decline in production compared to cows identified as normal or having a mild infection. Most investigations have been directed towards the effect metritis has on reproductive efficiency. When metritis was classified as mild or severe, the mild cases had no detrimental effect while those classed as severe had reduced fertility. In reports where there was no attempt to grade the infections, cows with metritis had lower reproductive efficiency.

In some cases the accuracy of making a diagnosis of metritis can be questioned, likewise, the need to treat all cases can be disputed, and the treatment strategy to follow is not clear. Over time thee has been a wide array of treatments used with generally a high degree of clinical recovery. There is no doubt that a high percentage of early postpartum metritis cases make a spontaneous recovery, and this must be considered when evaluating treatments. Unfortunately, there are few controlled trials to judge treatment efficacy.

In the past few years a better understanding of the postpartum period has been gained. The postpartum period has been characterized and classified into 3 periods. The bacteriology and endocrinology have been investigated, and the pathogenesis of pyometra outlined. The role that prostaglandins may have on the postpartum uterus and the involutionary process has been studied, and the various treatment options for uterine infections have been detailed.

The purpose of this study was to make a retrospective analysis from reproductive health records of postpartum metritis in a dairy herd.
Coccidiosis in first lactation dairy cattle
Authors: Hovelson Dennis W.
Published: March 2023

Outbreaks of coccidiosis in 2 herds of dairy cattle in the USA are described.
Progressive retinal atrophy in related cattle
Authors: Stehman Susan M. , Rebhun William C. , Riis Ronald C.
Published: March 2023

Blindness secondary to retinal degeneration has been described in Hostein cattle. In the few reported cases, the disease is of unknown etiology, appears in apparently healthy adult cows with no other systemic signs of illness, and has not been linked to heredity. This report will describe two cases of an apparent familial retinal degeneration and blindness in related adult dairy cows.
Photosensitization
Authors: Evans Mary Ann Borden
Published: March 2023

A yearling black-baldy steer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital on August 4, 1986. The owner reported that the steer had been depressed, losing weight, anorexic and not drinking. This steer was one of 220 calves purchased by the owner to be used as Stockers. Of the 220 calves there were four currently sick and five dead. The steer presented was representative of the herd problem.

These calves had been on the present location for thirty days and the first calf noticed sick was fourteen days ago. The calves were on a pasture containing mixed bermuda and native grass. Eleven acres of the pasture contained alfalfa with Kochia mixed in. There was also a pasture of millet which the owner reported the calves would not eat.

Upon arrival the steer had a temperature of 103.9° F, heart rate 72 and regular and respiratory rate was 24. The steer was thin, weak and had a rough hair coat. The head was swollen and there was excess lacrimal and nasal discharge. The mucous membranes were pale and yellow and mucosal and nasal ulcers were present. The underside of the tongue was ulcerated and necrotic.
Assessment of the efficiency of the Leister-Ghibli hot air disbudding gun
Authors: Moroz Myron
Published: March 2023

For many years the red-hot iron has been the method of choice for the de-horning of calves in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, there can be little doubt that the method involves considerable tissue destruction and a certain degree of pain in the immediate post-operative period. It is therefore interesting to find that Leister-Ghibli have produced a hot air tool for the same purpose.

The Leister-Ghibli hot air tool has a wide variety of applications not only in the field of Veterinary Science but also in Human Medicine, Agriculture and laboratory work. In this study the efficiency of the gun for disbudding calves was investigated.
Animal drug use considerations of the bovine practitioner
Authors: Washington George E.
Published: March 2023

The following paper is solely a personal opinion, not official policy of the A.A.B.P.

We need to educate the public and especially the press that we have the most wholesome and the least expensive food supply in the world. To be able to accomplish this, I call on the Pharmaceutical Industry, the Center for Veterinary Medicine, all facets of veterinary medicine and animal industries to work together to provide food animal practitioners with new and better products for treatment of their patients so we do not have to use “extra label” treatments. If we do not, we may go back to the time when treatment of choice was whiskey and tender, loving care, but we will not be able to use whiskey, because it will be off label. I hope I have enlightened you to the problems that face the dairy practitioner when it comes to proper drug usage. The “dollar and sense” to the dairy practitioner amounts to the fact that “extra label” is the rule, not the exception when using antibiotics, tranquilizers and anesthetics, because we do not have effective or approved drugs in these groups.
Profile of a practicing veterinarian
Authors: Baker Ian
Published: March 2023

During a recent visit to his homeland, the Editor had the distinct pleasure of visiting one of the most outstanding veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. He was the guest of Dr. Ian D. Baker, Aylesbury, Bucks, England.
Bovine somatotropin
Authors: Baker Ian D.
Published: March 2023

Never before has there been so much controversy about a new drug as there is about Bovine Somatotropin (B.S.T.) This is even more unusual since the drug is only in the early period of its trials and is probably some four years away from being licensed for general use. Much of this controversy and concern is due to a lack of knowledge about the product and in this article I will try and allay some of these fears.
Agricultural technology
Authors: Tweeten Luther
Published: March 2023

This paper first briefly describes past and prospective developments in agricultural technology, then forecasts changes in agricultural productivity and structure from emerging technology. Much of the paper addresses the socio-economic implications of changes in agricultural technology. Technology, defined as the means used to convert resources into things needed or desired, has profoundly altered agriculture and society over time. It has done so in three past revolutions. A fourth revolution is beginning.
Practical embryo transfer
Authors: Aggen Lynn H.
Published: March 2023

One of the most crucial areas of embryo transfer is the grading of the embryos. Proper classification is essential to the evaluation of the success of your transfer program. This is an area where fledgling embryologists will often times fail. The common urge is to transfer every embryo you find no matter what it looks like. This should be avoided and you should grade carefully and select your transferable embryos and freezing embryos cautiously.
Screening test for production evaluation in dairy herds
Authors: Ehrlich J. L.
Published: March 2023

Collecting data on production problems can be time-consuming and readily available data difficult to interpret. In day-to-day practice it is too easy to ask occasionally “How are the cows milking?” and leave it at that. This paper describes a computer-generated graph to show how the cows are milking, and help identify the source of production problems. Although as a screening test it is rarely by itself sufficient to diagnose the source of a problem, it can easily alert us to a problem before it becomes a disaster. The graph can be computed and printed automatically using data downloaded via modem from the Northeast Dairy Herd Improvement Association mainframe computer.

Looking at the dipstick in the bulk tank is an extremely crude measure of whether a herd is producing up to its potential. A herd is made up of individuals, and a herd is not producting at its potential until every individual is producing at hers. Since “normal” production for each individual varies with her age and lactation stage, normal production of a herd will vary as cows freshen, progress through their lactations, and are dried off. Each cow’s production is expected to follow a curve that will have a shape fiddering with the age of the animal. When we add together curves for a hundred different animals of different ages, breed, and parity only a computer can reasonably analyze and express the results.
Response of reproductive control program to computer enhancement
Authors: Harness J. K , Ott J. M. , Butt M. T. , Bowers K. A. , Henry R. T.
Published: March 2023

The effect of adding computer technology to an existing reproductive herd health program was studied. The data from twenty dairy herds already on reproductive program was entered onto a computer program designed to prepare action lists and to produce reports measuring reproductive performance. These reports were used to encourage, educate and critique dairy management. Measurements of seven reproductive parameters during a base period were compared with measurements 9 and 15 months later to determine if computer enhancement provided a useful tool for increasing breeding efficiency. Days from calving to conception were reduced from 111 to 101. Other parameters were unaffected.
Economics of reproductive beef management
Authors: Prince D. Kirk , Mickelsen W. D. , Prince E. G.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the economic importance of reproductive management in a beef herd. Deseret Ranches, Ltd., of Alberta, Canada, have provided their computerized records for use in this project.

Unlike the dairyman, the beef breeder derives most of his income from calves born into the herd, making fertility the most important trait. A recent economic study showed that fertility was five times more important than growth rate and ten times more important than carcass quality.

The two major goals of reproductive management are: Increase the number of females in estrus early in the breeding season, and improve conception rates. In order to address these goals, a brief description of the physical ranch management practices must be given. This will be followed by a description and comparison of the reproductive management practices before (Program 1) and after (Program 2) the implementation of a veterinary supervised reproductive herd health program. The comparison will deal specifically with the economic efficiency of each program in striving to attain the two stated major goals.
Diagnosing the cause of abortion in cattle
Authors: Miller R. B.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a practical approach by which the cause of abortions in cattle may be determined. This will be presented under the following headings; definitions, magnitude of reproductive failure, some general causes of reproductive loss, infectious causes, and diagnostic rate. Ways to improve the diagnostic rate will include areas of responsibility, clinical examination and samples to collect.
Epidemiological evaluation of coccidiosis in a cow-calf herd
Authors: Thomson John U.
Published: March 2023

The epidemiology of Eimeria infection in cattle is discussed, and is illustrated by a case report of infection in a cow-calf herd.
Case report
Authors: Edmondson Peter W.
Published: March 2023

High fluctuating total bacteria counts of between 7000 and 74?000/ml together with a somatic cell count of 882?000/ml in the same month prompted the herdowner to request a mastitis investigation. Mastitis incidence averaged 3.5 clinical cases/100 cows per month for the past 7 months. Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from a bulk tank milk sample.
Comparison of the effect of xylazine on plasma glucose in Hereford and Friesian steers
Authors: Raptopoulos D. , Weaver B. M. Q.
Published: March 2023

Xylazine hydrochloride was administered intravenously to 17 Hereford and 17 Friesian steers on 84 occasions. In all animals plasma glucose concentration rose rapidly during the first half hour following injection. In the Friesian steers, it continued to rise steeply for a further one and a half hours, while in the Hereford steers only a small and statistically not significant further rise occurred during this time. At each sampling time from 1 to 6 hours following the xylazine injection, the glucose levels were found to be significantly different between the two breeds. It is postulated that the differing plasma glucose levels in response to xylazine between the breeds might be due to differences in the number and distribution of α2-adrenoceptors in the α- and β- cells of the pancreatic islets and in the liver. Plasma insulin concentration was considerably reduced, but no changes in the concentration of blood free fatty acids were observed.

Xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun) is widely used in domestic and wild animal species for its sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxing properties. It has been shown to produce a state of pronounced hyperglycaemia in cattle and Symods and Mallinson found that the hyperglycaemia arose from a combination of increased hepatic glucose production and reduced plasma insulin concentration. More recently it has been found that the xylazine induced hyperglycaemia is mediated via α2-adrenoceptors. The intravenous dose of xylazine to induce recumbency has previously been shown to be significantly different in Hereford steers as compared with Friesian ones. This paper reports the plasma glucose concentrations after intravenous xylazine administration in these two breeds of steer. In addition a few measurements were made on plasma insulin and free fatty acids (FFA).
Liver biopsy in cattle
Authors: Whitehair C. K. , DaSilva R. B. , Ames N. K.
Published: March 2023

Liver biopsy can be a safe, simple, and reliable technique to obtain information on the liver content of nutrients, drugs, chemicals, and metabolic products. The technique is suitable for a wide variety of research and diagnostic application in cattle. The additional information obtained could contribute to improved and efficient cattle production.
Beef heifer estrus synchronization programs
Authors: Cherpes Tom
Published: March 2023

Oestrus synchronization by administration of PG, norgestomet + oestradiol valerate or MGA + PG is discussed.
Johne's disease
Authors: Parker Gene
Published: March 2023

Johnes disease is a specific infectious enteritis of cattle, sheep, and goats. It is characterized by progressive emaciation, chronic diarrhea, and a thickened and corrugated wall of the intestines. Johnes disease is caused by the organism Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. It is strongly acid fast and also gram positive. Synonyms for the condition are bovine paratuberculosis or chronic bacterial enteritis.
Comparison of fenprostalene and oxytetracycline as treatment for retained fetal membranes in dairy cows
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A. , Frank D. J.
Published: March 2023

Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is a common postpartum disorder of the reproductive system of dairy cows. The incidence, etiology, consequences, treatment and prevention of RFM have been thoroughly discussed. Agreement on the best way to manage and treat RFM is not unanimous. Management and treatment schemes are numerous, and there are proponents of each. Regimes of therapy include no treatment, intrauterine antibacterials, systemic antibacterials, uterine contractants, manual removal, no manual removal and various combinations. At the present time the most widely used treatment for RFM is probably intrauterine tetracycline with or without manual removal of the membranes; however, there is an apparent trend away from manual removal. The ideal therapy for RFM would be non-irritating to the endometrium, non-depressing to the uterine defense mechanism, prevent the development of metritis and promote uterine tone and contractions to discourage the accumulation of fluid. To achieve these desired effects, it would appear that both the proper antibacterials and uterine contractants would be needed. Thus far, the various treatments employed have not consistently brought about the desired results.

Fenprostalene, an analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha, has recently been advocated as a treatment for RFM. At least 3 reports indicate the beneficial effects of fenprostalene as therapy for RFM in dairy cows. In another trial, however, there was no benefit.

The purpose of this study was to compare fenprostalene and oxytetracycline for the treatment of RFM noting in particular the effect on body temperature, days to expulsion, incidence of postpartum metritis and subsequent fertility.
Reproductive performance of dairy cows after early detection and oxytetracycline treatment of post-partum metritis
Authors: Dawson L. J. , Aalseth E. P. , Hawman C. H. , Nalsen T. , Howard H. J.
Published: March 2023

The effect of oxytetracycline intra-uterine infusion on reproductive performance of 20 Holstein and Ayrshire cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM), or with post-partum metritis (47 cows) was studied in comparison to 37 normal post-partum cows. Cows with post-partum metritis were those found to have an abnormal cervical and uterine involution and/or abnormal vaginal discharge, based on weekly palpation and daily appraisal. Cows with RFM were those that had no expelled the membranes by 12 hours and were treated sooner than cows with evident metritis. Also, more treatments were given to the RFM cows. In addition RFM cows completed treatment sooner after calving than non-RFM cows. Palpable cervical and uterine involution (diameter) during the first 40 days was not different among normal cows, cows with RFM and post-partum metritic cows. Reproductive performance as characterized by interval to first estrus, services per conception, post-partum interval to conception and percentage cows conceiving were comparable between normal cows and those treated for metritis with or without RFM.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of different antibiotics for Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica Corynebacterium pyogenes of bovine origin, and therapeutic considerations
Authors: Specht H. , Gedek W. , Dirksen G.
Published: March 2023

A wide range of microorganisms with varying pathogenicity has been isolated from the lungs of cattle affected by enzootic bronchopneumonia (transport pneumonia, shipping fever); nevertheless there is no doubt that P. haemolytica and P. multocida are the main causes of this disease. In the advanced stage of the condition C. pyogenes is frequently also present as a secodary invader. It is therefore of practical and therapeutic significance to regularly review the sensitivity of these bacteria to the antibiotics available for the treatment of pneumonia.
Recombinant DNA to make animal vaccines
Authors: Wedman E. E.
Published: March 2023

The use of recombinant DNA technology to manufacture animal vaccines is a fairly recent development. However, several vaccines produced by this new technology now have been licensed by the USDA. These are mainly vaccines to prevent pseudorabies in swine but many others are in various stages of development. Veterinary practitioners need to understand the technology so that they can converse with clients about it. As more rDNA vaccine comes onto the market, clients may have questions regarding the safety and efficacy of these vaccines. It will become even more important to be knowledgeable about these products.
Should veterinarians be allowed to prescribe antibiotics?
Authors: Lacey Richard
Published: March 2023

The press in recent years has highlighted cases of food poisoning in hospitals and has implied a link with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock. Professor Richard Lacey, microbiologist at Leeds University, presented a very personal view of why we should be looking more closely at use of antibiotics in man not animals, to the Central Veterinary Society at its winter meeting.
Design of feeding barriers and mangers and its effect on incidence of injuries and feed wastage
Authors: Cermak Jan
Published: March 2023

Performance specifications, advantages and disadvantages of tombstone barriers, diagonal bars, post and rail barriers, mangers (shaped profiles) and dovetail feeding barriers with shaped mangers are listed. Their dimensions and arrangement are shown in diagrams. Type of injuries caused and reasons for feed wastage are presented.
Information and herd health management practices in Texas dairies
Authors: Howard Wayne H. , Knight Thomas O. , Shumway C. Richard , Blake Robert W. , Tomaszewski Michael A.
Published: March 2023

The dissemination of information by extension agents on dairy management practices used to control mastitis, and the reception and use of that information by producers were investigated. Producers were surveyed to determine current practices used. The relationship between milk yield, somatic cell count, management practices, and producer and production characteristics was estimated. Subjective probabilities were elicited from 'experts', extension agents, and producers concerning the impact and cost of various management practices. Subjective marginal value products and marginal input costs were computed and compared for the respondent groups. Stochastic dominance was used to rank the relative importance of the practices as perceived by the respondents.
Assessment of sodium deficiency and polyuria/polydipsia in dairy cows
Authors: Olson W. G. , Link K. R. J. , Otterby D. E. , Stevens J. B.
Published: March 2023

Sodium (Na) deficiency was observed as a cause of decreased production and associated with polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) in a herd of dairy cows. Subsequent investigations revealed other herds experiencing milk loss due to Na deficiency, however PU/PD was not observed in all cases. To further study Na deficiency and diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of NaCl deficiency, sixteen mid-to-late lactation dairy cows were divided into 2 groups for a 30 day Na depletion study. The control group (C) received 0.75% NaCl in their concentrate while the deficient group (E) was fed a ration without supplemental Na. There was a significant difference in production decline (9.5% vs. 29.3%) between C (25.1 to 22.7 kg) and E (18.8 to 13.3 kg). A significant difference in urine Na was observed between C vs. E (29.7 to 21.4 vs. 43.4 to 1.8 mEq/L) and in faecal excretion of Na (FENa) of C vs. E (0.357 to 0.205 vs. 0.329 to 0.016%). A significant decline in serum K was demonstrated between C vs. E (4.43 to 4.61 to 1.8 mEq/l, P<0.01), while FEK increased (39.27 to 36.68 vs. 39.47 to 50.78%). There were no significant differences observed in serum Na or other serum parameters between groups. The diagnostic values of FENa and urine Na determinations was very high. A significant difference between control and depleted animals in both determinations was observed in both experimental and field conditions. Therefore the simple determination of urinary Na concentration in a herd of lactating dairy cows can be used to diagnose Na deficiency. Sampling of 5 high producing cows could be recommended since they would be at greatest risk of deficiency in borderline salt supplementation situations.
Common feeding problems and their solution in dairy herds
Authors: Galligan David T.
Published: March 2023

Most farm feeding problems are the result of combinations of inefficient feed selection and delivery. Inefficient feed selection results in high input cost while inefficient delivery results in impaired physical conversion of feed. The economic effect of both these factors must be considered during nutritional problem solving.
Milking equipment and mastitis control
Authors: Johnson Andrew P.
Published: March 2023

In a paper first presented to a conference on Dairy Herd Health Programming (University of Minnesota, USA, June 1989), a detailed case is argued for greater involvement of veterinary surgeons in the planning and management of mastitis control programmes on US dairy farms.
Use and abuse of serologic testing
Authors: Hietala Sharon K.
Published: March 2023

The field of serology is changing at an incredible pace with the development and utilization of new technologies such as DNNRNA probes, in situ hybridization, restriction enzymes, and monoclonal technology. The value of the information gained from any serologic test however remains dependent on appropriate use and interpretation of the test. Serology when used correctly as a diagnostic tool in combination with other diagnostic information and procedures provides a valuable and reliable means of confirming or eliminating diagnoses, monitoring flock or herd health, and evaluating management practices.
Oestrus during pregnancy in the cow
Authors: Thomas I. , Dobson H.
Published: March 2023

Oestrus during pregnancy has several important practical implications for herd management: in the absence of accurate pregnancy diagnosis, animals which show oestrus may be thought to be repeat breeders and sold as infertile. Alternatively, the insemination of already pregnant cows may result in the loss of the embryo or fetus, and the consequent lengthening of the calving interval.

The mechanism responsible for the exhibition of oestrus during pregnancy is not known. In the oestrus cycle in non-pregnant cows, hormonal changes are responsible for the manifestation of oestrus behavior, but no information is available on the hormonal status of the pregnant cows showing oestrus. A method for the diagnosis of oestrus during pregnancy is desirable; the present study was designed to examine the potential use of the characteristics of the cervical mucus, in particular the ferning pattern, and the concentration of progesterone in milk. The characteristics of the behavior of cows showing oestrus during pregnancy, especially their interactions with other cows and the bull, were also studied.
Effectiveness of prostaglandin treatment of anestrus in dairy cows
Authors: Gaines Joseph D. , Eicker Steve , Larson Paul
Published: March 2023

The reproductive records of 9 dairies that used prostaglandin (Lutalyse [dinoprost] or Estrumate [cloprostenol]) for anoestrous cows were analysed to determine effectiveness of treatment. Anoestrous cows were treated if a corpus luteum was palpable. With 179 doses [not specified] given, 73% of treated cows were served within 10 days of treatment, and pregnancy rates did not differ from other services in the herds. A decision tree was used to determine cost effectiveness and the results varied with the assumptions. At a treatment cost of $2.50 and cost per open day of $2.00, treatment was cost effective. Treatment was most effective when heat detection efficiency was high.