bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic congruence between Neotropical primates and plants is driven by frugivory
Authors: Fuzessy Lisieux , Silveira Fernando A. O. , Culot Laurence , Jordano Pedro , Verdú Miguel
Published: November 2021

Seed dispersal benefits plants and frugivores, and potentially drives co‐evolution, with consequences to diversification evidenced for, e.g., primates. Evidence for macro‐coevolutionary patterns in multi‐specific, plant‐animal mutualisms is scarce, and the mechanisms driving them remain unexplored. We tested for phylogenetic congruences in primate‐plant interactions and showed strong co‐phylogenetic signals across Neotropical forests, suggesting that both primates and plants share evolutionary history. Phylogenetic congruence between Platyrrhini and Angiosperms was driven by the most generalist primates, modulated by their functional traits, interacting with a wide‐range of Angiosperms. Consistently similar eco‐evolutionary dynamics seem to be operating irrespective of local assemblages, since co‐phylogenetic signal emerged independently across three Neotropical regions. Our analysis supports the idea that macroevolutionary, coevolved patterns among interacting mutualistic partners are driven by super‐generalist taxa. Trait convergence among multiple partners within multi‐specific assemblages appears as a mechanism favouring these likely coevolved outcomes.
Comparison of the efficacy of rifampin/azithromycin and rifampin/tulathromycin for the treatment of foals affected with pneumonia
Authors: Goebel B. , Freise F. , Venner M.
Published: November 2021

Background

There is a lack of data on treatment protocols of moderate to severe pneumonia in foals.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of two antibiotic combinations, rifampin/azithromycin and rifampin/tulathromycin, and to find out which one leads to faster healing of pulmonary abscesses in foals and long‐term treatment success.

Study design

The study was designed as a prospective, randomised and blind study.

Methods

A total of 160 foals older than 4 weeks of age with moderate to severe pneumonia from a Warmblood stud were included in the study. An abscess score of ≥15 cm was chosen as the start of treatment to rule out possible spontaneous healing of foals with ultrasonographic pulmonary findings. Foals with moderate to severe pneumonia were randomly assigned to one of two groups and treated with different antibiotic combinations. The foals assigned to group R/T (n = 87) were treated with rifampin (10 mg/kg orally once daily) and tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg dose once weekly intramuscularly/intravenously). The foals in group R/A (n = 73) were treated with rifampin and azithromycin (each 10 mg/kg orally once daily). The effect of treatment was evaluated twice weekly based on the findings of the clinical examination and the sonographically determined abscess score. Additionally, the white blood cell count of the foals was determined once weekly.

Results

The recovery rates (group R/T 89.6% and group R/A 91.7%) did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Most foals needed 3 weeks of treatment to recover.

Main limitations

As the pneumonia was diagnosed in an early stage, it is questionable whether the results can be transferred to clinical cases with more severe lesions.

Conclusion

In our study population, both antimicrobial combinations were effective in treating foals with moderate to severe bronchopneumonia in 3 weeks of time.
The impact of gender‐based microaggressions and internalized sexism on mental health outcomes: A mother–daughter study
Authors: Feigt Nicole D. , Domenech Rodríguez Melanie M. , Vázquez Alejandro L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Although research is emerging on the subtle slights that women experience, research is needed regarding the frequency with which gender‐based microaggressions occur, their impact on mental health, and how views on gender roles may influence their impact.

Objective

The current study examined how mothers and daughters experienced gender‐based microaggressions, internalized sexism, and mental health symptoms.

Methods

The sample included 102 predominantly White mother–daughter pairs. Adolescents were 14 to 18 years old, and mothers were 34 to 68 years old. Mothers and daughters answered surveys including a demographic questionnaire, the Gender‐Microaggressions Scale, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire—9 for depression, and the General Anxiety Disorder—7 for anxiety.

Results

Greater gender‐related microaggressions experienced in the past month were related to higher levels of mental health distress associated with depression and anxiety among mothers and daughters (p < .05). Mothers and daughters scores were significantly correlated (p < .05) for microaggressions experienced in the past month, total score of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, depression, and anxiety. For mother's depression, a mother's level of ambivalent sexism approached significance in terms of moderating the relationship between microaggressions and mental health (p = .055).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that microaggressions are related to mental health distress in adolescent girls and middle‐aged women.

Implications

Uncovering the chronic nature of gender‐based microaggressions and how these may affect individuals and family systems may be useful in individual and family therapy as well as in efforts to change broader social processes.
Land‐use legacies predispose the response of trees to drought in restored forests
Authors: Verheyen Kris
Published: November 2021

Transformative change is required to achieve conservation of the globe's natural resources. Ambitious forest restoration can help achieve this change. Restoration success depends on trees persisting through multiple stressors, with drought standing out as one of utmost importance. However, research tends to focus on tree inciting factors of tree decline, like drought, whilst ignoring the fundamental importance of context, potentially leading to the wasted restoration effort. Indeed, the propensity of trees to succumb to, or resist, drought depends on whether they are predisposed to fail or succeed. Here, I argue that this predisposition crucially depends on the nature and characteristics of the former land use at the restoration site and propose a research agenda that will help enable the successful upscaling of forest restoration ambitions by revealing the land‐use history‐determined conditions under which tree species are likely to succeed in an era of environmental challenges.
Reproducibility of Research During COVID‐19: Examining the Case of Population Density and the Basic Reproductive Rate from the Perspective of Spatial Analysis
Authors: Paez Antonio
Published: November 2021

The emergence of the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus and the global COVID‐19 pandemic in 2019 led to explosive growth in scientific research. Alas, much of the research in the literature lacks conditions to be reproducible, and recent publications on the association between population density and the basic reproductive number of SARS‐CoV‐2 are no exception. Relatively few papers share code and data sufficiently, which hinders not only verification but additional experimentation. In this article, an example of reproducible research shows the potential of spatial analysis for epidemiology research during COVID‐19. Transparency and openness means that independent researchers can, with only modest efforts, verify findings and use different approaches as appropriate. Given the high stakes of the situation, it is essential that scientific findings, on which good policy depends, are as robust as possible; as the empirical example shows, reproducibility is one of the keys to ensure this.
Follicle‐stimulating hormone in postmenopausal women living with HIV: a prevalence study
Authors: Tariq Shema , Okhai Hajra , Severn Abigail , Sabin Caroline A. , Burns Fiona , Gilson Richard , Fox Julie , Gilleece Yvonne , Mackie Nicola E. , Post Frank A. , Reeves Iain , Rosenvinge Melanie , Sullivan Ann , Ustianowski Andrew , Miller Robert F.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

We examined follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in women living with HIV aged > 45 reporting ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea, and investigated correlation with menopausal symptoms.

Methods

A cross‐sectional substudy of 85 women from the Positive Transitions through the Menopause (PRIME) Study who reported irregular periods at entry into the PRIME Study and ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea at recruitment into this substudy. Serum FSH was supplemented with clinical data and menopausal symptom assessment. Serum FSH > 30 mIU/mL was defined as consistent with postmenopausal status. Associations between FSH and menopausal symptom severity were assessed using Pearson's correlation and the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results

Median age was 53 years [interquartile range (IQR): 51–55]; all were on antiretroviral therapy, three‐quarters (n = 65) had a CD4 T‐cell count > 500 cells/μL and 91.8% (n = 78) had an HIV viral load (VL) < 50 copies/mL. Median FSH was 65.9 mIU/mL (IQR: 49.1–78.6). Only four women (4.7%) had FSH ≤ 30 mIU/mL; none reported smoking or drug use, all had CD4 T‐cell count ≥ 200 cells/μL, and one had viral load (VL) ≥ 50 copies/mL. Median body mass index (BMI) was elevated compared with women with FSH > 30 mIU/mL (40.8 vs. 30.5 kg/m2).

Over a quarter (28.2%) reported severe menopausal symptoms, with no correlation between FSH and severity of menopausal symptoms (p = 0.21), or hot flushes (p = 0.37).

Conclusions

Four women in this small substudy had low FSH despite being amenorrhoeic; all had BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2. We found that 95% of women with HIV aged > 45 years reporting ≥ 12 months’ amenorrhoea had elevated FSH, suggesting that menopausal status can be ascertained from menstrual history alone in this group.
Patients with persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain in dental practice
Authors: Sanner Frank , Sonntag David , Hambrock Norbert , Zehnder Matthias
Published: November 2021

Aim

To assess whether persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain (PIDAP), a diagnosis of exclusion, exhibits common features that can facilitate its diagnosis. PIDAP is defined by the International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP 6.3.) as ‘Persistent unilateral intraoral dentoalveolar pain, rarely occurring in multiple sites, with variable features but recurring daily for more than 2 h per day for more than 3 months, in the absence of any preceding causative event’.

Methodology

In this observational study, participants fulfilling the new ICOP diagnostic criteria of PIDAP were included, covering 16 years of consecutive data. A systematic, retrospective assessment of patients utilizing the new PIDAP criteria on complaints of chronic tooth pain in a referral‐based endodontic practice was undertaken. Non‐idiopathic cases were excluded on the basis of clinical and radiologic findings. A modified neuropathic pain questionnaire was used to describe the painful sensations. Furthermore, allodynia in the periodontal space and sensory changes in the oral mucosa were assessed using a periodontal probe.

Results

Amongst the 160 patients assessed, 78 (63 women) fulfilled the strict PIDAP criteria. Pain history of PIDAP included no nocturnal awakening (85%) and a ‘pulling/dragging’ pain quality (59%). In 69% of the patients with PIDAP, pain was associated with a root filled tooth at the same site. In 14% of the cases, no endodontic treatment was performed in the affected quadrant. Mechanical allodynia in the gingival sulcus was observed in 91% of patients with painful teeth or implants.

Conclusions

In this observational study, PIDAP mainly affected females and was associated with undisturbed sleep and periodontal allodynia.
Optogenetic control of cancer cell survival in ChR2‐transfected HeLa cells
Authors: Córdova Claudio , Lozano Carlo , Rodríguez Belén , Marchant Ivanny , Zúñiga Rodrigo , Ochova Paola , Olivero Pablo , González‐Arriagada Wilfredo Alejandro
Published: November 2021

Optogenetics is a molecular biological technique involving transfection of cells with photosensitive proteins and the subsequent study of their biological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blue light on the survival of HeLa cells, transfected with channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2). HeLa wild‐type cells were transfected with a plasmid that contained the gene for ChR2. Transfection and channel function were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), fluorescence imaging using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and flow cytometry for intracellular calcium changes using a Fura Red probe. We developed a platform for optogenetic stimulation for use within the cell culture incubator. Different stimulation procedures using blue light (467 nm) were applied for up to 24 h. Cell survival was determined by flow cytometry using propidium iodide and rhodamine probes. Change in cell survival showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse association with the frequency and time of application of the light stimulus. This change seemed to be associated with the ChR2 cis‐trans‐isomerization cycle. Cell death was associated with high concentrations of calcium in the cytoplasm and stimulation intervals less than the period of isomerization. It is possible to transfect HeLa cells with ChR2 and control their survival under blue light stimulation. We suggest that this practice should be considered in the future development of optogenetic systems in biological or biomedical research.
Dynamic intron retention modulates gene expression in the monocytic differentiation pathway
Authors: Song Renhua , Tikoo Shweta , Jain Rohit , Pinello Natalia , Au Amy Y. M. , Nagarajah Rajini , Porse Bo , Rasko John E. J. , J.‐L. Wong Justin
Published: November 2021

Monocytes play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and mediating a successful innate immune response. They also act as central players in diverse pathological conditions, thus making them an attractive therapeutic target. Within the bone marrow, monocytes arise from a committed precursor termed Common Monocyte Progenitor (cMoP). However, molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of cMoP to various monocytic subsets remain unclear. Herein, we purified murine myeloid precursors for deep poly‐A‐enriched RNA sequencing to understand the role of alternative splicing in the development and differentiation of monocytes under homeostasis. Our analyses revealed intron retention to be the major alternative splicing mechanism involved in the monocyte differentiation cascade, especially in the differentiation of Ly6Chi monocytes to Ly6Clo monocytes. Furthermore, we found that the intron retention of key genes involved in the differentiation of murine Ly6Chi to Ly6Clo monocytes was also conserved in humans. Our data highlight the unique role of intron retention in the regulation of the monocytic differentiation pathway.
The healing dynamics of non‐healing wounds using cryo‐preserved amniotic membrane
Authors: Svobodova Alzbeta , Horvath Vojtech , Smeringaiova Ingrida , Cabral Joao Victor , Zemlickova Martina , Fiala Radovan , Burkert Jan , Nemetova Denisa , Stadler Petr , Lindner Jaroslav , Bednar Jan , Jirsova Katerina
Published: November 2021

We evaluated the effect of the application of cryo‐preserved amniotic membrane on the healing of 26 non‐healing wounds (18 patients) with varying aetiologies and baseline sizes (average of 15.4 cm2), which had resisted the standard of care treatment for 6 to 456 weeks (average 88.8 weeks). Based on their average general responses to the application of cryo‐preserved AM, we could differentiate three wound groups. The first healed group was characterised by complete healing (100% wound closure, maximum treatment period 38 weeks) and represented 62% of treated wounds. The wound area reduction of at least 50% was reached for all wounds in this group within the first 10 weeks of treatment. Exactly 19% of the studied wounds responded partially to the treatment (partially healed group), reaching less than 25% of closure in the first 10 weeks and 90% at maximum for extended treatment period (up to 78 weeks). The remaining 19% of treated wounds did not show any reaction to the AM application (unhealed defects). The three groups have different profiles of wound area reduction, which can be used as a guideline in predicting the healing prognosis of non‐healing wounds treated with a cryo‐preserved amniotic membrane.
Defect equilibria and thermophysical properties of CeO2‐x based on experimental data and density functional theory calculation result
Authors: Watanabe Masashi , Nakamura Hiroki , Suzuki Kiichi , Machida Masahiko , Kato Masato
Published: November 2021

Properties of CeO2 were evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) simulation to determine bandgap, Frenkel defect formation energy, and defect migration energy. Bandgap and Frenkel defect formation energy were used to analyze defect equilibria. Oxygen partial pressure dependence of defect equilibria was evaluated based on oxygen potential experimental data and DFT calculation, and a Brouwer diagram was derived. The defect formation energies, including Frenkel defect, electron‐hole pair, and so on, were determined and used to evaluate the properties, including oxygen diffusion coefficients, electrical conduction, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. Mechanisms of various properties were discussed for a deeper understanding based on defect chemistry, and the relationship among properties was systematically described.
The effect of skilled labor intensity on corporate dividend payouts
Authors: Nguyen Justin Hung , Qiu Buhui
Published: November 2021

This study shows that skilled labor‐intensive firms have lower dividend payouts. A one standard deviation increase in skilled labor intensity on average results in a 0.74 percentage point decline in the propensity to pay dividends and a 0.72 percentage point decrease in the dividend payout ratio. Our evidence suggests that greater labor adjustment costs (LACs) of skilled labor increase future cash flow uncertainty, which discourages managers from paying dividends. Consistently, we find that an exogenous increase (decrease) in LACs following the shock of 2017 H‐1B policy changes (the shock of 2005 Hurricane Katrina) leads treated firms to lower (heighten) their dividend payouts. Collectively, these findings indicate a strong dampening effect of LACs on corporate dividend payouts.
Price competition online: Platforms versus branded websites
Authors: Loginova Oksana
Published: November 2021

The focus of this theoretical study is price competition when some firms operate their own branded website while others sell their products through an online platform, such as Amazon Marketplace. On one hand, selling through Amazon expands a firm's reach to more customers, but on the other hand, starting a website can help the firm to increase the perceived value of its product, that is, to build brand equity. In the short run the composition of firms is fixed, whereas in the long run each firm chooses between Amazon and its own website. I derive the equilibrium prices and profits, analyze the firms' behavior in the long run, and compare the equilibrium outcome with the social optimum. Comparative statics analysis reveals some interesting results. For example, I find that the number of firms that choose Amazon may go down in response to an increase in the total number of firms. A pure‐strategy Nash equilibrium may not exist; I show that price dispersion among firms of the same type is more likely in less concentrated markets and/or when the increase in the perceived value of the product is relatively small.
A new species of Hoplias malabaricus species complex (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) from the Crepori River, Amazon basin, Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Karen L. A. , Rosso Juan J. , González‐Castro Mariano , Souza Mendelsohn F. B. , Díaz de Astarloa Juan M. , Rodrigues Luís R. R.
Published: November 2021

A new species belonging to the Hoplias malabaricus complex from the Amazon basin, Brazil, is described. The new species is characterized by 15–16 predorsal scales, 37–39 lateral‐line scales, 5 scales from dorsal fin to lateral line, 38–39 vertebrae, iii‐iv, 7–8 anal‐fin rays, ii‐iv, 12–15 caudal‐fin rays, last vertical series of scales on the base of caudal‐fin rays forming a straight line, 6–7 dark bands in anal fin and no distinctive dark bands or blotches on flanks. The new species is also distinguished from other congeners of the H. malabaricus species‐group by means of landmark‐based morphometrics and DNA Barcoding (Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene). An identification key to species of the H. malabaricus species complex is provided.
The Term Structure of Currency Futures' Risk Premia
Authors: BERNOTH KERSTIN , VON HAGEN JÜRGEN , DE VRIES CASPER
Published: November 2021

The use of futures instead of forwards exchange contracts completes the maturity spectrum of the correlation between spot yields and the premium. We find that the forward premium puzzle appears to be a precrisis phenomenon and is only observed for maturities longer than about 1 month. Differences in the exposure to risk help to explain cross‐sectional spreads in currency excess returns. However, this only applies for medium and longer maturities. Considering that most studies that test the validity of a risk‐based approach to currency excess returns focus on short maturity securities, this explains why this approach is so often rejected.
Effectiveness of eHealth interventions for cancer‐related pain, fatigue, and sleep disorders in cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Li Juejin , Zhu Chuanmei , Liu Chunhua , Su Yonglin , Peng Xingchen , Hu Xiaolin
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To systematically evaluate the effects of Electronic health (eHealth) interventions on fatigue, pain, and sleep disorders in cancer survivors.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted.

Methods

Relevant studies were searched from five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, CINAHL, and PsycINFO). The comprehensive literature search was done in December 2020. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of eHealth interventions among cancer survivors were included.

Findings

Twenty‐five RCTs were included. The meta‐analysis showed that eHealth interventions had a positive impact on pain interference (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −0.54 to −0.20, p = 0.0001) and sleep disorders (SMD = −0.43, 95% CI: −0.77 to −0.08, p = 0.02) but not on pain severity or fatigue in cancer survivors. The sensitivity and subgroup analyses indicated that the pooled results were robust and reliable.

Conclusion

eHealth interventions are effective in improving pain interference and sleep disorders in cancer survivors. Additional high‐quality RCTs are needed to test the effectiveness of eHealth interventions on fatigue, pain, and sleep disorders in cancer survivors.

Clinical relevance

This systematic review and meta‐analysis provides evidence to offer effective and sustainable eHealth care for symptom management among cancer survivors.
Use of quantum molecular resonance energy for managing postrhinoseptoplasty perilesional edema and ecchymosis
Authors: Ahn Tae Hwan , Kim Do Yeon , Kim Hyoung‐Moon , Oh Wook , Cho Sung Bin
Published: November 2021

Background

Quantum molecular resonance (QMR) technology employs nonionizing high‐frequency waves ranging from 4 to 64 MHz to generate low‐intensity quanta of energy that interacts with cellular components.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of QMR treatment on postoperative perilesional edema and ecchymosis in patients with rhinoseptoplasty or revision rhinoseptoplasty.

Patients/Methods

In total, 30 patients were treated with QMR stimulation therapy (QMR group) once daily for 5 days, while another 30 patients were treated with conventional icepack application (control group). The duration of perilesional edema and ecchymosis were comparatively evaluated according to anatomic regions.

Results

In both groups, the longest duration of postoperative edema and ecchymosis was found on the left anterior cheek, followed by the right anterior cheek, left lower eyelid, right lower eyelid, and right and left upper eyelids. The mean duration of overall postoperative perilesional edema was significantly shorter in the QMR group (2.0 ± 0.8 days) than the control group (4.6 ± 2.0 days); the mean duration of overall ecchymosis was also markedly shorter in the QMR group (2.9 ± 1.5 days) than control group (7.5 ± 2.9 days). Patient satisfaction after postoperative QMR treatment was rated as 2.2 ± 0.8, whereas patient satisfaction in control group was rated as 1.6 ± 0.9.

Conclusion

Our clinical study demonstrated that postrhinoseptoplasty QMR treatment effectively reduces the duration of postoperative perilesional edema and ecchymosis without remarkable side effects. We suggest that QMR treatment can be considered as an alternative option for noninvasively managing postrhinoseptoplasty perilesional edema and ecchymosis.
Climate change, activism, and supporting the mental health of children and young people: Perspectives from Western Australia
Authors: Godden Naomi J , Farrant Brad M , Yallup Farrant Jaime , Heyink Emma , Carot Collins Eva , Burgemeister Bella , Tabeshfar Mena , Barrow Jason , West Mara , Kieft Jasmine , Rothwell Mason , Leviston Zoe , Bailey Susan , Blaise Mindy , Cooper Trudi
Published: November 2021

The climate crisis has detrimental impacts on the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people. Psychological effects include feelings of fear, overwhelm, worry, distress, hopelessness and anger; PTSD; depression; anxiety; phobias; panic disorder; sleep disturbances; attachment disorders; learning difficulties; substance abuse; shock and trauma symptoms; adjustment problems; behavioural problems; and, suicidal thinking. First Nations' children and young people are particularly at risk due to loss of place, identity, culture, land and customs informed by kinship relationships with the Earth; while sustainable land use practices and connection to Country and community can enhance climate resilience. In Western Australia (WA), some young people engage in climate activism – including striking from school – to demand government action to address the causes of climate change, including colonisation and capitalism. Climate activism can promote resilience, particularly when children and young people can emotionally engage in the climate crisis; when mental health is systemically supported; when climate communication is transparent and comprehensive; and, when activism is informed by the knowledges and wisdoms of First Nations peoples and grounded on Country. This article is co‐authored by WA young people, Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal academics, activists and practitioners engaged in youth, mental health and climate justice spaces. We argue for structural change to address the causes of the climate crisis, alongside enhanced evidence and approaches to appropriately support the mental health of children and young people. Furthermore, we support the call of Aboriginal peoples to ensure culturally appropriate, place‐based responses based in caring for Country.
Monitoring climate change and child health: The case for putting children in all policies
Authors: Romanello Marina , McGushin Alice , MacGuire Frances A S , Sly Peter D , Jennings Bethany , Requejo Jennifer , Costello Anthony
Published: November 2021

Climate change is threatening the health of current and future generations of children. The most recent evidence from the Lancet Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and Climate Change finds declining trends in yield potential of major crops, rising heatwave exposures, and increasing climate suitability for the transmission of infectious diseases, putting at risk the health and wellbeing of children around the world. However, if children are considered at the core of planning and implementation, the policy responses to climate change could yield enormous benefits for the health and wellbeing of children throughout their lives. Child health professionals have a role to play in ensuring this, with the beneficiaries of their involvement ranging from the individual child to the global community. The newly established Children in All Policies 2030 initiative will work with the Lancet Countdown to provide the evidence on the climate change responses necessary to protect and promote the health of children.
Buy‐now‐pay‐later: Hazards to human and planetary health from plastics production, use and waste
Authors: Symeonides Christos , Brunner Manuel , Mulders Yannick , Toshniwal Priyanka , Cantrell Matthew , Mofflin Louise , Dunlop Sarah
Published: November 2021

More than 8 billion tonnes of plastic were produced between 1950 and 2015, that is 1 tonne for every man, woman and child on our planet. Global plastic production has been growing exponentially with an annual growth rate of 8.4% since 1950, equating to approximately 380 million tonnes per annum. A further 50 kg of plastic is now being produced for each person every year with production continuing to accelerate. Here, we discuss the human and planetary health hazards of all that plastic. We consider each step in the journey of these complex and pervasive industrial materials: from their synthesis predominantly from fossil fuel feedstocks, through an often‐brief consumer use as plastic products, and onto waste streams as fuel, permanent landfill or as unmanaged waste in our environment, food, air and bodies.
Health professionals' perceptions of complex feeding decision‐making in school‐aged children
Authors: Jackson Bianca , Wong Celine , Miles Anna
Published: November 2021

Aim

Whilst prevalence of paediatric feeding disorders is high amongst children in specialist schools, there is little guidance for professionals supporting families with a child feeding orally with established risk of aspiration. We sought perceptions of the complex feeding decision‐making process amongst health professionals supporting families in the specialist school setting in New Zealand.

Methods

An observational, cross‐sectional, national online survey of speech‐language therapists was followed by in‐depth interviews with seven health professionals associated with one specialist school.

Results

Survey responses from 32 speech‐language therapists showed inconsistency in assessment processes and how family, children and school staff are involved in feeding decisions, with 71% reporting a doctor had been involved. Respondents were not confident in their ability to predict aspiration risk, with 41% reporting that they could often determine risk, 41% sometimes and 16% never. Sixty‐three percent of respondents indicated that level of risk was written in a report for a child and 50% reported that every child at high risk had a management plan. Speech‐language therapists valued professional supervision, but it was not always available. Health professionals were broadly positive about the collaborative nature of decision‐making in most but not all situations. They described communication, access/institutional and emotional barriers to timely, shared decision‐making.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate variability in how families are supported to make complex feeding decisions. Health professionals identified a need for clearer processes and strengthened communication between family, school and health professionals. Trusting relationships are critical if all families are to be well‐supported.
Effects of Aeromonas sobria on physiology and fillet quality of market‐sized Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Keretz Shay S. , Peterman Beth , Petrie‐Hanson Lora , Schilling M. Wes , Allen Peter J.
Published: November 2021

Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus fillets are rejected by processing plants because of diffuse red discoloration, but the cause of the red discoloration is currently unknown. Previous studies have shown a correlation between Aeromonas sobria and the occurrence of red fillet, although causation has not been established and little is known of the effects of A. sobria on catfish. Therefore, the present study inoculated Channel Catfish with A. sobria to determine whether inoculation induced red discoloration in fillets. Visual examination of the muscle of fish inoculated with A. sobria showed diffuse red blotches around the inoculation area and muscle histology showed increased presence of leukocytes and red blood cells, edema, and necrosis. Inoculation with A. sobria also resulted in necrosis of hematopoietic tissue, interstitial hemorrhage and melanomacrophage aggregates in the posterior kidney, and inflammation in the anterior kidney and spleen. These findings demonstrate intramuscular inoculation of A. sobria can result in red fillets and impact hematopoietic and erythrocytic tissues. Further research will be necessary to assess red fillet prevention and control for both catfish farmers and processors.
Characterizing asphalt mixtures with random aggregate gradations based on the three‐dimensional locally homogeneous model
Authors: Du Cong , Liu Pengfei , Sun Yiren , Chen Jingyun , Liu Quan , Oeser Markus
Published: November 2021

A three‐dimensional (3‐D) locally homogeneous model for asphalt mixtures is presented in this study, which can effectively balance the simulating accuracy and computational effort. Moreover, the locally homogeneous model accounts for various aggregate gradations to allow for the mesoscale analysis of the asphalt concrete (AC) under loading. In the first step of the locally homogeneous model development, weighted Voronoi tessellation technology was employed to divide the volume of asphalt mixture into several local parts in terms of the aggregate gradations and random particle locations with each part containing one or a few aggregates particles. Subsequently, the mesomechanical Mori–Tanaka method was used to calculate the homogeneous mechanical properties for each local space. Finally, 3‐D models of asphalt mixtures were developed, which were further used for numerical simulations. The finite element method was used for the asphalt mixture mesoscale investigations. Two asphalt mixtures were studied consisting of dense‐ and gap‐graded aggregates and labeled, respectively, AC‐13 and stone mastic asphalt (SMA)‐11. The efficacy of the numerical analysis was demonstrated by comparing model‐generated responses and performance with compressive dynamic loadings test results. The models demonstrated the ability to characterize the linear viscoelastic performance for both asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the locally homogeneous models of AC‐13 and SMA‐11 mixtures were coupled into global asphalt pavements to identify the influence of aggregate particles on their mechanical responses. The results indicated that the locally homogeneous models are able to consider both the pavement structure at the global scale and the internal feature of asphalt mixtures at the local scale.
Apparent Type 2 Sonatas and Reversed Recapitulations in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: VANDE MOORTELE STEVEN
Published: November 2021

In a small number of sonata forms scattered across the nineteenth century, the development is followed immediately by a return of the subordinate theme, the main theme coming back only later or not at all. How to interpret these forms – often casually referred to as sonata forms with ‘reversed recapitulation’ – has been a topic of debate among theorists within the newFormenlehre. While some (e.g. Hepokoski and Darcy 2006, Smith 2019 and Hepokoski 2021) have argued against the ‘reversed recapitulation’ model and in favour of an understanding along the lines of the (eighteenth‐century) ‘type 2 sonata’, others (e.g. Wingfield 2008, Wingfield and Horton 2012 and Vande Moortele 2017) have problematised that position on historical and analytical grounds.

This article weighs the arguments for and against the various positions, at once problematising the type 2 approach and arguing for a more restrictive application of the reversed recapitulation idea. Analyzing more and less familiar pieces by Mendelssohn (Octet, Op. 20/ii), Schumann (Symphony No. 4/iv), Martucci (Piano Trio Op. 62/iv), Hartmann (Piano Sonata Op. 34/iv) and Hummel (Piano Sonata Op. 106/iv), it develops ways of thinking about these forms that move beyond the dichotomy between type 2 and reversed recapitulation by introducing the categories of ‘main‐theme deletion’ and ‘development‐recapitulation fusion’.
Radiologic–pathologic association of tumor‐like lesions with inflammation in cerebral white matter: Comparison of two cases with distinct clinical outcomes
Authors: Shishido‐Hara Yukiko , Akazawa Kentaro , Takeuchi Hayato , Hirato Junko , Konishi Eiichi , Yamada Kei , Itoh Kyoko , Hashimoto Naoya
Published: November 2021

Here, we report two cases showing tumor‐like white matter lesions; one case was diagnosed as having inflammatory disease, and the other was diagnosed as having astrocytoma. Their outcomes were completely distinct despite similar pathology. Prior to biopsy, perfusion computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were conducted. The two mass‐forming lesions were distinct in edema level and vascularity patterns on CT and MRI. However, pathological examination of brain biopsy specimens revealed commonalities, including (1) proliferation of glial cells, (2) perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and (3) appearance of numerous macrophages. Although atypical astrocytes proliferated in both cases, nuclear atypia was more distinct in case 2 than in case 1. The immunohistochemical results were the same for both cases: isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H mutation was negative, and alpha thalassaemia mental retardation X‐linked (ATRX) was retained. Faint immunoreactivity for p53 was observed in a few glial cells, and Ki‐67 immunoreactive cells were markedly reduced in numbers (< 1%). Inflammatory reactions were evident in both cases: T cells dominantly infiltrated over B cells in the perivascular area in case 1, whereas both T and B cells infiltrated in case 2. Molecular analysis revealed wild‐type IDH1 and IDH2 in both cases. However, a telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) sequence mutation was detected in case 2 but not in case 1. Eventually, case 1 was diagnosed as having inflammatory lesions, whereas case 2 was diagnosed as having diffuse astrocytoma associated with inflammatory reactions. The prognosis was favorable for case 1, whereas case 2 died 10 months following biopsy. These data indicated the diagnostic value of molecular analysis, for example, a TERT mutation, in association with the radiological findings. Although in case 2, histopathological evidence did not suggest high‐grade glioma, the case met the new diagnostic criteria: “diffuse astrocytic glioma, IDH wild‐type, with molecular features of glioblastoma, World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV,” according to cIMPACT‐NOW, update 3. Thus, interdisciplinary approaches are essential for accurate diagnosis of newly categorized white matter diseases.
Asthma as a risk factor for hospitalization in children with COVID‐19: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Gaietto Kristina , Freeman Megan Culler , DiCicco Leigh Anne , Rauenswinter Sherry , Squire Joseph R. , Aldewereld Zachary , Iagnemma Jennifer , Campfield Brian T. , Wolfson David , Kazmerski Traci M. , Forno Erick
Published: November 2021

Background

Most pediatric studies of asthma and COVID‐19 to date have been ecological, which offer limited insight. We evaluated the association between asthma and COVID‐19 at an individual level.

Methods

Using data from prospective clinical registries, we conducted a nested case‐control study comparing three groups: children with COVID‐19 and underlying asthma (“A+C” cases); children with COVID‐19 without underlying disease (“C+” controls); and children with asthma without COVID‐19 (“A+” controls).

Results

The cohort included 142 A+C cases, 1110 C+ controls, and 140 A+ controls. A+C cases were more likely than C+ controls to present with dyspnea and wheezing, to receive pharmacologic treatment including systemic steroids (all p < .01), and to be hospitalized (4.9% vs. 1.7%, p = .01). In the adjusted analysis, A+C cases were nearly 4 times more likely to be hospitalized than C+ controls (adjusted OR = 3.95 [95%CI = 1.4–10.9]); however, length of stay and respiratory support level did not differ between groups. Among A+C cases, 8.5% presented with an asthma exacerbation and another 6.3% developed acute exacerbation symptoms shortly after testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. Compared to historic A+ controls, A+C cases had less severe asthma, were less likely to be on controller medications, and had better asthma symptom control (all p < .01).

Conclusions

In our cohort, asthma was a risk factor for hospitalization in children with COVID‐19, but not for worse COVID‐19 outcomes. SARS‐CoV‐2 does not seem to be a strong trigger for pediatric asthma exacerbations. Asthma severity was not associated with higher risk of COVID‐19.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the 2020 pediatric anesthesiology fellowship application cycle: A survey of program directors
Authors: DiGiusto Matthew , Lupa Maria Concetta , Corridore Marco , Sivak Erica L. , Lockman Justin L.
Published: November 2021

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic created a situation with an urgent need to produce a virtual system for the 2019–2020 pediatric anesthesiology fellowship cycle. With fellowship interviews beginning in April 2020, there was minimal time for programs to adapt. Each program rapidly developed its own platform, expectations, materials, and process for interviews—all while under the stress of managing the unfolding patient care, financial, and leadership crises of the unfolding pandemic.

Aims

The aim of this survey‐based study was to help identify changes compared with previous traditional cycles, obstacles encountered, and program director attitudes toward this, and possible future, virtual application cycles. We separately report the results of an applicant‐based survey about the 2020 virtual interview cycle.

Methods

A 50‐question survey was developed utilizing Qualtrics. An anonymous survey link was sent to all pediatric anesthesiology program directors with an invitation for one program leader (either the program director or assistant/associate program director but not both) from each program to complete the voluntary survey.

Result

Thirty respondents completed the survey, for a response rate of 50% based on the 60 ACGME‐approved pediatric anesthesiology fellowships. Compared to previous traditional cycles, almost half of respondents (14/29, 48.3%) reported no increase in the number of applications received, and a majority of respondents (16/29, 55.2%) reported that they offered the same number of interview spots for the year. The virtual interview process appears to have gone smoothly, as a majority of programs reported they never or rarely had technical problems across a number of different domains. Importantly, the majority of respondents were either somewhat satisfied or extremely satisfied (21/28, 75%) with the overall virtual interview process. Given the choice of preferred interview format going forward, half of the respondents (14/28) would offer a combination of traditional and virtual interviews.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that virtual interviews are a viable alternative to traditional interviews and can be completed without many technological complications. PDs were overall satisfied with virtual interviews, despite not having appropriate time to plan and coordinate, and would be interested in continuing this option into the future. There are areas where improvements can be made and with appropriate planning could look to mitigate some of the areas where virtual interviews fall short of traditional interviews. In combination with our previously published survey of applicants (Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(9):968–976), these data form a more complete picture of virtual interview best practices going forward.
Elucidating drought responsive networks in tef (Eragrostis tef) using phenomic and metabolomic approaches
Authors: Girija Aiswarya , Han Jiwan , Corke Fiona , Brook Jason , Doonan John , Yadav Rattan , Jifar Habte , Mur Luis A. J.
Published: November 2021

Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits crop productivity and is driving the need to introduce new tolerant crops with better economic yield. Tef (Eragrostis tef) is a neglected (orphan) Ethiopian warm‐season annual gluten‐free cereal with high nutritional and health benefits. Further, tef is resilient to environmental challenges such as drought, but the adaptive mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, metabolic changes associated with drought response in 11 tef accessions were identified using phenomic and metabolomic approaches under controlled conditions. Computerized image analysis of droughted plants indicated reductions in leaf area and green pigments compared with controls. Metabolite profiling based on flow‐infusion electrospray–high‐resolution mass spectroscopy (FIE‐HRMS) showed drought associated changes in flavonoid, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sugar metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Flavonoid associated metabolites and TCA intermediates were lower in the drought group, whereas most of the stress‐responsive amino acids and sugars were elevated. Interestingly, after drought treatment, one accession Enatite (Ent) exhibited a significantly higher plant area than the others, and greater accumulation of flavonoids, amino acids (serine and glycine), sugars (ribose, myo‐inositol), and fatty acids. The increased accumulation of these metabolites could explain the increased tolerance to drought in Ent compared with other accessions. This is the first time a non‐targeted metabolomics approach has been applied in tef, and our results provide a framework for a better understanding of the tef metabolome during drought stress that will help to identify traits to improve this understudied potential crop.
Shifting Racial Schemas: From Post‐racial to New “Old‐fashioned” Racism
Authors: Flores‐González Nilda , Salgado Casandra D.
Published: November 2021

Our study demonstrates how people manage racial dissonance when faced with situations that conflict with their understandings of racial dynamics. Borrowing from scholarship on culture and cognition, we use the concept of schema to examine how 36 Latinx young adults make sense of a changing racial terrain that defies their racial understandings. During the Obama years, Latinxs doubted or made allowances for the discrimination they experienced because it contradicted their post‐racial understandings of race. When discrimination became blatant during the Trump years, they adopted a new “old‐fashioned” racism schema based, but not identical to, notions of pre‐Civil Rights racism. Our findings point to a new understanding of racism and an expanding cultural repertoire that includes a new “old‐fashioned” racial frame to help young Latinxs navigate their racial experiences. These findings have implications for understanding how people can shift, develop, and expand their schemas to navigate a changing racial terrain.
Housing tactics: Searching for community resilience in depopulated rural contexts (Huertas, South West Spain)
Authors: Hernández‐Ramírez Macarena , Cáceres‐Feria Rafael , Ruiz‐Ballesteros Esteban
Published: November 2021

Depopulation of the rural world jeopardises the continuity of many communities and the socioecosystems they support. In response to this situation, diverse strategies are activated to ensure the continuity of these socioecosystems. All these initiatives seek, directly or indirectly, to strengthen community resilience, with a view to making the changes required to reverse the population trend. One of the most obvious, but least studied, effects of depopulation is the abandonment of housing, which initially implies urban deterioration and collapse but which can also become an opportunity if these abandoned houses are turned into a resource at different levels and in different arenas. An ethnographic case study conducted in the Sierra de Aracena Mountains (South West Spain) allows us to explore the link between housing and community resilience, helping us understand how the use and management of redundant housing can be a fundamental component of resilience in rural settings marked by depopulation.