bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. II. Biomass production in a 4-year plantation
Authors: Heilman Paul E. , Stettler R. F.
Published: July 2010

Productivities of 5 black cottonwood clones from each of 10 source populations (50 clones in total) were compared at one plantation site in western Washington. The source populations are located west of the Cascade Mountains, between central Oregon and southern British Columbia. Most source stands represented populations in major river valleys. Individual clones were selected for superior form and growth rate. Spacing was 1.2 × 1.2 m (6944 stems•ha−1) and trees were harvested after 4 years. Considerable variation in mortality, height, and productivity were found among clones within individual stands and among stands. Southwestern clones were generally more productive. Heights of individual clones averaged between 8.5 and 11.8 m at 4 years. Average dry weight production of black cottonwood clones was 12.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 and varied between 5.2 and 23.1 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for individual clones. Three new Populustrichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids planted in the trial were generally more productive than black cottonwood or the 'Robusta' hybrid, with average heights varying from 11.5 to 12.2 m and dry weight production ranging from 15.6 to 27.8 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for an average of 23.6 Mg•ha−1•year−1. The high yields in this experiment are attributed to favorable climate (1940 degree-days•year−1)3, cultural treatments (irrigation, N fertilization) and genetic constitution of certain clones. The data promise substantial gains in short-rotation productivity from combining clonal selection with interspecific hybridization.
Selection for cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume in young Populusdeltoides clones
Authors: Olson James R. , Jourdain Charles J. , Rousseau Randall J.
Published: July 2010

Seventy-five eastern Cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.) clones, selected from tests representing the top one-third of clones tested throughout the Lower Mississippi River Valley, were analyzed for alpha cellulose content, specific gravity, and volume after three growing seasons. All traits were found to differ significantly among clones. Mean clonal alpha cellulose content ranged from 48.2 to 55.8% of oven-dry, extractive-free wood with an average of 51.1%. Specific gravity averaged 0.33, with clones ranging from 0.27 to 0.39. Specific gravity was highly inherited, while alpha cellulose content was found to be moderately heritable. Negative genetic correlations between volume and both wood properties indicate that using a selection index to simultaneously improve all three traits is currently not possible. Two other selection methods were discussed. These selections showed substantial gain differentials in volume, but either a small loss or improvement in specific gravity and alpha cellulose content. This indicates that at age 3 years only volume should be considered in a selection program.
The effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on cold acclimation and growth of Pinussylvestris
Authors: Smit-Spinks B. , Swanson B. T. , Markhart III A. H.
Published: July 2010

Low temperature acclimation and growth of roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings (Pinussylvestris L.) under long day or short day (SD), and warm temperature or low temperature (LT) treatments were compared. Three methods were used to evaluate shoot injury; measurement of electrolyte leakage, regrowth, and visual microscopic evaluation were also compared to determine their usefulness in root injury evaluation. Visual evaluation was the most accurate and convenient technique for assessing LT root injury. Under all treatments shoots were hardier than roots with maximum hardiness of −40 and −15 °C, respectively, induced by SD/LT treatment. Stems acclimated and ceased growth in response to SD and LT, while only LT induced root acclimation and growth cessation. SD treatment does not induce substantial root cold acclimation and it reduces root growth primarily by limiting the availability of assimilates. White root tips were acclimated to −10 °C and did not affect the cold hardiness of more mature portions of the root.
Water potential of forest duff and its possible relationship to regeneration success in the northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Potts Donald F.
Published: July 2010

Organic material moisture characteristic curves (water potential versus moisture content) from the literature are compared with field observations of duff moisture content through the summer of 1981. The field site was a seed-tree harvest in a subalpine fir – menziesia habitat type (1830 m elevation; north aspect; 30° slope). It may be inferred that duff water potentials reached −1.5 MPa early in July and may have exceeded −100 MPa in August, that duff moisture was unavailable for regeneration through the end of September, and that seedling mortality would be extensive. The severity and duration of extreme duff water potentials would have even greater impact on regeneration success on lower elevation, higher energy sites.
CONSERVATION FEATURES IN BINARY COLLISIONS FOR RULE 110 CELLULAR AUTOMATON
Authors: SAUSEDO-SOLORIO JOSE M.
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates collisions of gliders generated by one-dimensional Rule 110 cellular automaton. A specific value associated with each glider and an algebraic equation that describes the collision between two gliders were found. Because the products of the collision between two gliders may result in no gliders or one, two or more gliders, this equation states that the total sum of the associated values corresponding to colliding gliders equals the sum of the values of the gliders which are products of the collision. Moreover, an analogy is proposed between the glider collisions and the collisions of physical particles with the equation corresponding to colliding gliders being similar to the equation of energy conservation in physics. In this scheme, even without carrying out the temporal evolution for a collision, it can be determined if a possible combination of resulting gliders accomplishes the equation corresponding to that collision.
OBSERVING THE IMPACT OF MULTIPLE METRICS AND RUNTIME ADAPTATIONS ON BSP PROCESS RESCHEDULING
Authors: DA ROSA RIGHI RODRIGO , PILLA LAÉRCIO LIMA , MAILLARD NICOLAS , CARISSIMI ALEXANDRE , NAVAUX PHILIPPE OLIVIER ALEXANDRE
Published: July 2010

Process rescheduling is an useful mechanism to offer runtime load balancing, mainly in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. In this context, we developed a model called MigBSP which controls the process migration on BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) applications. A BSP application is divided in one or more supersteps, each one containing both computation and communication phases followed by a barrier synchronization. Since the barrier waits for the slowest process, MigBSP's final objective is to adjust the processes location in order to reduce the supersteps' times. Its novel ideas are twofold. The former is represented by the combination of three metrics - Memory, Computation and Communication - in order to measure the Potential of Migration of each BSP process. The second idea consists in offering efficient adaptations that work on the rescheduling frequency. Both ideas turn MigBSP a viable model for getting performance on BSP applications. Meanwhile, it provides a low overhead on application execution when migrations do not take place. This paper presents MigBSP's algorithms, the parallel machine organization, some experimental results and related work.
NESTED OPENMP PARALLELIZATION OF A HIERARCHICAL DATA CLUSTERING ALGORITHM
Authors: HADJIDOUKAS PANAGIOTIS E. , AMSALEG LAURENT
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a high performance parallel implementation of a hierarchical data clustering algorithm. The OpenMP programming model, either enhanced with our lightweight runtime support or through its tasking model, deals with the high irregularity of the algorithm and allows for efficient exploitation of the inherent loop-level nested parallelism. Thorough experimental evaluation demonstrates the performance scalability of our parallelization and the effective utilization of computational resources, which results in a clustering approach able to provide high quality clustering of very large datasets.
A MACROSCOPIC CROWD MOTION MODEL OF GRADIENT FLOW TYPE
Authors: MAURY BERTRAND , ROUDNEFF-CHUPIN AUDE , SANTAMBROGIO FILIPPO
Published: July 2010

A simple model to handle the flow of people in emergency evacuation situations is considered: at every point x, the velocity U (x) that individuals at x would like to realize is given. Yet, the incompressibility constraint prevents this velocity field to be realized and the actual velocity is the projection of the desired one onto the set of admissible velocities. Instead of looking at a microscopic setting (where individuals are represented by rigid discs), here the macroscopic approach is investigated, where the unknown is a density ρ(t,x). If a gradient structure is given, say U = -∇D where D is, for instance, the distance to the exit door, the problem is presented as a Gradient Flow in the Wasserstein space of probability measures. The functional which gives the Gradient Flow is neither finitely valued (since it takes into account the constraints on the density), nor geodesically convex, which requires for an ad hoc study of the convergence of a discrete scheme.
Exploring XML web collections with DescribeX
Authors: Consens Mariano P. , Miller Renée J. , Rizzolo Flavio , Vaisman Alejandro A.
Published: July 2010

As Web applications mature and evolve, the nature of the semistructured data that drives these applications also changes. An important trend is the need for increased flexibility in the structure of Web documents. Hence, applications cannot rely solely on schemas to provide the complex knowledge needed to visualize, use, query and manage documents. Even when XML Web documents are valid with regard to a schema, the actual structure of such documents may exhibit significant variations across collections for several reasons: the schema may be very lax (e.g., RSS feeds), the schema may be large and different subsets of it may be used in different documents (e.g., industry standards like UBL), or open content models may allow arbitrary schemas to be mixed (e.g., RSS extensions like those used for podcasting). For these reasons, many applications that incorporate XPath queries to process a large Web document collection require an understanding of the actual structure present in the collection, and not just the schema.

To support modern Web applications, we introduce DescribeX, a powerful framework that is capable of describing complex XML summaries of Web collections. DescribeX supports the construction of heterogenous summaries that can be declaratively defined and refined by means of axis path regular expression (AxPREs). AxPREs provide the flexibility necessary for declaratively defining complex mappings between instance nodes (in the documents) and summary nodes. These mappings are capable of expressing order and cardinality, among other properties, which can significantly help in the understanding of the structure of large collections of XML documents and enhance the performance of Web applications over these collections. DescribeX captures most summary proposals in the literature by providing (for the first time) a common declarative definition for them. Experimental results demonstrate the scalability of DescribeX summary operations (summary creation, as well as refinement and stabilization, two key enablers for tailoring summaries) on multi-gigabyte Web collections.
The Effect of Nutrition on Blood Pressure
Authors: Savica Vincenzo , Bellinghieri Guido , Kopple Joel D.
Published: July 2010

The incidence and severity of hypertension are affected by nutritional status and intake of many nutrients. Excessive energy intake and obesity are major causes of hypertension. Obesity is associated with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, possibly other mineralcorticoid activity, insulin resistance, salt-sensitive hypertension and excess salt intake, and reduced kidney function. High sodium chloride intake strongly predisposes to hypertension. Increased alcohol consumption may acutely elevate blood pressure. High intakes of potassium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein, along with exercise and possibly vitamin D, may reduce blood pressure. Less-conclusive studies suggest that amino acids, tea, green coffee bean extract, dark chocolate, and foods high in nitrates may reduce blood pressure. Short-term studies indicate that specialized diets may prevent or ameliorate mild hypertension; most notable are the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and the DASH low-sodium diet. Long-term compliance to these diets remains a major concern.
Colors with Functions: Elucidating the Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Carotenoid Metabolism
Authors: von Lintig Johannes
Published: July 2010

Carotenoids affect a rich variety of physiological functions in nature and are beneficial for human health, serving as antioxidants in lipophilic environments and blue light filters in the macula of human retina. These dietary compounds also serve as precursors of a unique set of apo-carotenoid cleavage products, including retinoids. Although knowledge about retinoid biology has tremendously increased, the metabolism of retinoids' parent precursors remains poorly understood. Recently, molecular players in carotenoid metabolism have been identified and biochemically characterized. Moreover, mutations in their corresponding genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various pathologies in animal models. Polymorphisms in these genes alter carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis in humans as well. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the molecular/biochemical basis of carotenoid metabolism and particularly the physiological role of carotenoids in retinoid-dependent physiological processes.
Pica in Pregnancy: New Ideas About an Old Condition
Authors: Young Sera L.
Published: July 2010

Pica, the purposive consumption of nonfood substances, is a millennia-old nutritional enigma. Its worldwide ubiquity, prevalence among pregnant women and children, and association with both positive and negative health outcomes, especially micronutrient deficiencies, underscore the importance of understanding this behavior. Multiple proposed etiologies of pica are reviewed, including cultural expectations, psychological stress, hunger, dyspepsia, micronutrient deficiencies (Fe, Zn, and Ca), and protection against toxins and pathogens. Currently available data, although limited, best support the protection hypothesis as a cause of most types of pica, although some evidence suggests that pagophagy (ice consumption) may occur during iron deficiency. It is possible that the binding capacity of pica substances explains the association with micronutrient deficiencies; earth, starch, etc. may render micronutrients in ingesta unavailable for absorption. Increased research efforts are warranted and must be hypothesis driven, interdisciplinary, and permit the testing of multiple causal inferences.
Central Nervous System Nutrient Signaling: The Regulation of Energy Balance and the Future of Dietary Therapies
Authors: Stefater M.A. , Seeley R.J.
Published: July 2010

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates cell growth in response to nutrient availability. Increasing evidence points to a role for mTOR to also direct whole-body energy balance in response to micronutrient as well as hormonal cues. This positions mTOR as a key central integrator of acute and chronic changes in fuel status. Energy balance is affected by mTOR in several organ systems, including the hypothalamus, where the pathway can modulate feeding. We propose that a greater understanding of this nutrient-sensitive pathway may open the door to more intelligent, effective diet design based on the effects of micronutrients on specific signaling pathways.
The Role of Muscle Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Jornayvaz François R. , Samuel Varman T. , Shulman Gerald I.
Published: July 2010

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and is associated with other comorbidities such as a proinflammatory state and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its prevalence is high, especially among developed countries, and mainly reflects overnutrition and sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, the developing countries are not spared, as obesity and its related problems such as the metabolic syndrome are increasing quickly. We review the potential primary role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, showing that in lean, young, insulin-resistant individuals, impaired muscle glucose transport and glycogen synthesis redirect energy derived from carbohydrate into hepatic de novo lipogenesis, promoting the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia and NAFLD. The demonstration of a link between skeletal muscle insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome offers opportunities in targeting early defects in muscle insulin action in order to counteract the development of the disease and its related complications.
Compartmentalization of Mammalian Folate-Mediated One-Carbon Metabolism
Authors: Tibbetts Anne S. , Appling Dean R.
Published: July 2010

The recognition that mitochondria participate in folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism grew out of pioneering work beginning in the 1950s from the laboratories of D.M. Greenberg, C.G. Mackenzie, and G. Kikuchi. These studies revealed mitochondria as the site of oxidation of one-carbon donors such as serine, glycine, sarcosine, and dimethylglycine. Subsequent work from these laboratories and others demonstrated the participation of folate coenzymes and folate-dependent enzymes in these mitochondrial processes. Biochemical and molecular genetic approaches in the 1980s and 1990s identified many of the enzymes involved and revealed an interdependence of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. These studies led to the development of a model of eukaryotic one-carbon metabolism that comprises parallel cytosolic and mitochondrial pathways, connected by one-carbon donors such as serine, glycine, and formate. Sequencing of the human and other mammalian genomes has facilitated identification of the enzymes that participate in this intercompartmental one-carbon metabolism, and animal models are beginning to clarify the roles of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes of these enzymes. Identifying the mitochondrial transporters for the one-carbon donors and elucidating how flux through these pathways is controlled are two areas ripe for exploration.
The Effect of Exercise and Nutrition on Intramuscular Fat Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Shaw Christopher S. , Clark Juliette , Wagenmakers Anton J.M.
Published: July 2010

Intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) is both a dynamic fat-storage depot that can expand during periods of elevated lipid availability and a fatty acid source that can be utilized during periods of increased energy expenditure in active individuals. Although many studies have investigated the lifestyle determinants of IMTG content, the results are far from consistent, and studies attempting to unravel the mechanisms behind IMTG metabolism are in their infancy. The limited evidence available suggests that the enzymes responsible for skeletal muscle lipolysis and IMTG synthesis play an important role in determining the fate of fatty acids and therefore the concentration of lipid metabolites and insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. This review provides a summary of current knowledge on the effects of acute and chronic exercise as well as energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet upon the metabolism of IMTG and the implications for metabolic health.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Tonsil with Nodal Involvement
Authors: Bazaadut Simon , Soodin Dilshard , Singh Pradeep , Khalafallah Alhossain , Withers Shannon , Taylor Scott , Fernando Ruchira
Published: July 2010

We present a rare case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the palatine tonsil with cervical lymph node involvement treated by surgical resection. A 58-year-old Caucasian male presented with a solitary 3 cm×3 cm jugulodigastric lymph node and was found to have an ipsilateral tonsillar swelling. The involved tonsil and lymph node were surgically resected after two inconclusive fine-needle aspirates, and plasmacytoma was confirmed histologically and by immunocytochemistry. Adjuvant radiotherapy was not indicated as adequate resection was achieved at surgery. We also highlight the challenges of diagnosis when fine-needle aspiration is inconclusive and the need for careful planning before surgery.
Acute, Multiple-Dose Dermal and Genetic Toxicity of Nu-3: A Novel Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Sun Juan , Hu Yanxin , Cao Shanping , Zhang Guozhong , Sun Lun-Quan , Wang Ming
Published: July 2010

Nu-3 [butyl-phosphate--thymidine--phosphate-butyl] is a modified nucleotide that has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria includingPseudomonas aeruginosa. However, data on the toxicological profile of Nu-3 are still lacking. In the present study, the toxicity of Nu-3 was evaluated by the following studies: acute oral toxicity, dermal and mucous membrane irritation, multiple-dose toxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and vitro. The acute oral toxicity test in mice showed that Nu-3 had an of 2001mg/kg body weight. The irritation tests on rats revealed that Nu-3 was not irritant, with an irritation scoring of 0. The multiple-dose toxicity study in rats showed that Nu-3 did not cause significant changes in histology, selected serum chemistry, and hematological parameters compared to the controls. Rats administrated with multiple-doses of Nu-3 showed no visible toxic symptoms. Both in vitro and in vivo, Nu-3 exhibited no notable genetic toxicity. Overall, the data suggest that Nu-3 is hypotoxic or nontoxic antimicrobial compound that warrants being further developed for treatingPseudomonas aeruginosainfection.
Novel Method of Cell-Free In Vitro Synthesis of the Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Gene
Authors: Zuo Peijun , Rabie A. Bakr M.
Published: July 2010

Recombinant DNA projects generally involve cell-based gene cloning. However, because template DNA is not always readily available, in vitro chemical synthesis of complete genes from DNA oligonucleotides is becoming the preferred method for cloning. This article describes a new, rapid procedure based onTaqpolymerase for the precise assembly of DNA oligonucleotides to yield the complete human fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) gene, which is 468 bp long and has a G+C content of 51.5%. The new method involved two steps: (1) the design of the DNA oligonucleotides to be assembled and (2) the assembly of multiple oligonucleotides by PCR to generate the whole FGF1 gene. The procedure lasted a total of only 2 days, compared with 2 weeks for the conventional procedure. This method of gene synthesis is expected to facilitate various kinds of complex genetic engineering projects that require rapid gene amplification, such as cell-free whole-DNA library construction, as well as the construction of new genes or genes that contain any mutation, restriction site, or DNA tag.
Novel Polyoxyethylene-Containing Glycolipids Are Synthesized inCorynebacterium matruchotiiandMycobacterium smegmatisCultured in the Presence of Tween 80
Authors: Wang Cindy , Mahrous Engy A. , Lee Richard E. , Vestling Martha M. , Takayama Kuni
Published: July 2010

The addition of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) to a culture of mycobacteria greatly influences cell permeability and sensitivity to antibiotics but very little is known regarding the underlying mechanism. Here we show thatCorynebacterium matruchotii(surrogate of mycobacteria) converts Tween 80 to a structural series of polyoxyethylenic acids which are then used to form novel series-2A and series-2B glycolipids. Minor series-3 glycolipids were also synthesized. The polyoxyethylenic acids replaced corynomycolic acids in the cell wall. Correspondingly the trehalose dicorynomycolate content was reduced. MALDI mass spectrometry, MS-MS,1H-NMR, and13C-NMR were used to characterize the series-2 glycolipids. Series-2A glycolipid is trehalose 6-C36:2-corynomycolate-6′-polyoxyethylenate and series-2B glycolipid is trehalose 6-C36:2-corynomycolate-6′-furan ring-containing polyoxyethylenate.Mycobacterium smegmatisgrown in the presence of Tween 80 also synthesizes series-2 type glycolipids. The synthesis of these novel glycolipids in corynebacteria and mycobacteria should result in gross changes in the cell wall permeability and drug sensitivity.
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma mRNA Expression Subtypes Are Reproducible, Clinically Important, and Correspond to Normal Cell Types
Authors: Wilkerson Matthew D. , Yin Xiaoying , Hoadley Katherine A. , Liu Yufeng , Hayward Michele C. , Cabanski Christopher R. , Muldrew Kenneth , Miller C. Ryan , Randell Scott H. , Socinski Mark A. , Parsons Alden M. , Funkhouser William K. , Lee Carrie B. , Roberts Patrick J. , Thorne Leigh , Bernard Philip S. , Perou Charles M. , Hayes D. Neil
Published: July 2010

Purpose: Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and current diagnostic practices do not adequately substratify this heterogeneity. A robust, biologically based SCC subclassification may describe this variability and lead to more precise patient prognosis and management. We sought to determine if SCC mRNA expression subtypes exist, are reproducible across multiple patient cohorts, and are clinically relevant.

Experimental Design: Subtypes were detected by unsupervised consensus clustering in five published discovery cohorts of mRNA microarrays, totaling 382 SCC patients. An independent validation cohort of 56 SCC patients was collected and assayed by microarrays. A nearest-centroid subtype predictor was built using discovery cohorts. Validation cohort subtypes were predicted and evaluated for confirmation. Subtype survival outcome, clinical covariates, and biological processes were compared by statistical and bioinformatic methods.

Results: Four lung SCC mRNA expression subtypes, named primitive, classical, secretory, and basal, were detected and independently validated (P < 0.001). The primitive subtype had the worst survival outcome (P < 0.05) and is an independent predictor of survival (P < 0.05). Tumor differentiation and patient sex were associated with subtype. The expression profiles of the subtypes contained distinct biological processes (primitive: proliferation; classical: xenobiotic metabolism; secretory: immune response; basal: cell adhesion) and suggested distinct pharmacologic interventions. Comparison with lung model systems revealed distinct subtype to cell type correspondence.

Conclusions: Lung SCC consists of four mRNA expression subtypes that have different survival outcomes, patient populations, and biological processes. The subtypes stratify patients for more precise prognosis and targeted research. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4864–75. ©2010 AACR.
The Novel Hsp90 Inhibitor NXD30001 Induces Tumor Regression in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Zhu Haihao , Woolfenden Steve , Bronson Roderick T. , Jaffer Zahara M. , Barluenga Sofia , Winssinger Nicolas , Rubenstein Allan E. , Chen Ruihong , Charest Al
Published: July 2010

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has an abysmal prognosis. We now know that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway and the loss of function of the tumor suppressor genes p16Ink4a/p19ARF and PTEN play a crucial role in GBM pathogenesis: initiating the early stages of tumor development, sustaining tumor growth, promoting infiltration, and mediating resistance to therapy. We have recently shown that this genetic combination is sufficient to promote the development of GBM in adult mice. Therapeutic agents raised against single targets of the EGFR signaling pathway have proven rather inefficient in GBM therapy, showing the need for combinatorial therapeutic approaches. An effective strategy for concurrent disruption of multiple signaling pathways is via the inhibition of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90 inhibition leads to the degradation of so-called client proteins, many of which are key effectors of GBM pathogenesis. NXD30001 is a novel second generation Hsp90 inhibitor that shows improved pharmacokinetic parameters. Here we show that NXD30001 is a potent inhibitor of GBM cell growth in vitro consistent with its capacity to inhibit several key targets and regulators of GBM biology. We also show the efficacy of NXD30001 in vivo in an EGFR-driven genetically engineered mouse model of GBM. Our findings establish that the Hsp90 inhibitor NXD30001 is a therapeutically multivalent molecule, whose actions strike GBM at the core of its drivers of tumorigenesis and represent a compelling rationale for its use in GBM treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2618–26. ©2010 AACR.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Attenuates Cell Growth with Associated Telomerase Inhibition in High-Grade Childhood Brain Tumor Cells
Authors: Rahman Ruman , Osteso-Ibanez Teresa , Hirst Robert A. , Levesley Jane , Kilday John-Paul , Quinn Siobhan , Peet Andrew , O'Callaghan Chris , Coyle Beth , Grundy Richard G.
Published: July 2010

Aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression contributes to tumor initiation and progression. Studies from a plethora of hematologic and solid tumors support the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) as potent anticancer agents. However, the mechanism of HDACi action with respect to the temporal order of induced cellular events is unclear. The present study investigates the anticancer effects of the HDACi trichostatin A in high-grade childhood brain tumor cells. Acute exposure to trichostatin A resulted in marked inhibition of cell proliferation, an increase in the proportion of G2-M cells, activation of H2A.X, and subsequent induction of apoptosis in the majority of cell lines. These phenotypic effects were associated with abrogation of telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase downregulation in the majority of cell lines. In contrast, no cytotoxicity was observed in primary ependymal cells with respect to cilia function. Thus, inhibition of histone deacetylases leads to antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in childhood brain tumor cells, likely to involve altered chromatin regulation at the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2568–81. ©2010 AACR.
Monochorionic Twins with Ruptured Vasa Previa: Double Trouble!
Authors: Papathanasiou D. , Witlox R. , Oepkes D. , Walther F.J. , Bloemenkamp K.W.M. , Lopriore E.
Published: July 2010

Velamentous cord insertion and vasa previa occur more frequently in monochorionic twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies. Both have been linked with poor perinatal outcome due to the increased risk of rupture of the velamentous vessels. We present a case of acute fetal distress in 2 fetuses in a monochorionic twin pregnancy caused by ruptured vasa previa that was not detected antenatally. Both infants were severely anemic at birth. Acute blood loss in twin 1 through the ruptured vessels, led to an acute feto-fetal transfusion from the co-twin through the placental vascular anastomoses. In monochorionic twins, ruptured vasa previa and acute hemorrhage in one fetus can lead to acute feto-fetal transfusion and result in severe hypovolemic shock and acute anemia in both fetuses. Increased awareness for vasa previa and the characteristic placental angioarchitecture in monochorionic twinning is of paramount importance.
Prognostic Value of Lead V
1
ST Elevation During Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wong Cheuk-Kit , Gao Wanzhen , Stewart Ralph A. , French John K. , Aylward Philip E. , Benatar Jocelyne , White Harvey D.
Published: July 2010

Background—

Lead V
1
directly faces the right ventricle and may exhibit ST elevation during an acute inferior myocardial infarction when the right ventricle is also involved. Leads V
1
and V
3
indirectly face the posterolateral left ventricle, and ST depression (“mirror-image” ST elevation) in V
1
through V
3
may reflect concomitant posterolateral infarction. The prognostic significance of V
1
ST elevation during an acute inferior myocardial infarction may therefore be dependent on V
3
ST changes.

Methods and Results—

In 7967 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction in the Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion-2 (HERO-2) trial, V
1
ST levels were analyzed with adjustment for lead V
3
ST level for predicting 30-day mortality. V
1
ST elevation at baseline, analyzed as a continuous variable, was associated with higher mortality. Unadjusted, each 0.5-mm-step increase in ST level above the isoelectric level was associated with ≈25% increase in 30-day mortality; this was true whether V
3
ST depression was present or not. The odds ratio for mortality was 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.37) after adjustment for inferolateral ST elevation and clinical factors and 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.40) if also adjusted for V
3
ST level. In contrast, lead V
1
ST depression was not associated with mortality after adjustment for V
3
ST level. V
1
ST elevation ≥1 mm, analyzed dichotomously in all patients, was associated with higher mortality. The odds ratio was 1.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.61) unadjusted, 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.92) adjusted for V
3
ST level, and 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.76) adjusted for ECG and clinical factors. Persistence of V
1
ST elevation ≥1 mm 60 minutes after fibrinolysis was associated with higher mortality (10.8% versus 5.5%,
P
=0.001).

Conclusion—

V
1
ST elevation identifies patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction who are at higher risk.
Simvastatin Ameliorates Rat Cerebrovascular Remodeling During Hypertension via Inhibition of Volume-Regulated Chloride Channel
Authors: Liu Yu-Jie , Wang Xiao-Guang , Tang Yong-Bo , Chen Jing-Hui , Lv Xiao-Fei , Zhou Jia-Guo , Guan Yong-Yuan
Published: July 2010

Statins have pleiotropic actions against the development of vascular remodeling and the incidence of ischemic stroke. Although previous studies have suggested that posttranslational modification of several proteins, such as Rho by mevalonate-derived isoprene groups, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or farnesyl pyrophosphate, underlie the pleiotropic effects of statins, the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. Recent growing evidence demonstrated that ClC-3 volume-regulated chloride channel plays an important role in cell proliferation, and the activity of this channel is increased in basilar smooth muscle cells from a hypertensive rat. We hypothesized that inhibition of volume-regulated chloride channel may contribute to the beneficial effects of statins on cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. Our study here demonstrated that simvastatin ameliorated hypertension-caused cerebrovascular remodeling. In rat basilar smooth muscle cells, simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation and activation of volume-regulated chloride channel, and these effects of simvastatin were abolished by pretreatment with mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In addition, Rho A inhibitor C3 exoenzyme and Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 both reduced cell proliferation and activation of volume-regulated chloride channel. Moreover, ClC-3 overexpression decreased the suppressive effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation and increased estimated IC
50
of simvastatin on endothelin 1- and hypo-osmolarity-induced cell proliferation from 3.40±0.08 and 3.50±0.10 μmol/L to 5.30±0.70 and 5.60±0.70 μmol/L, respectively (
P
<0.01; n=6). Furthermore, the expression of ClC-3 was increased in basilar artery during hypertension, and simvastatin normalized the upregulation of ClC-3. Our data suggested that simvastatin ameliorates cerebrovascular remodeling in the hypertensive rat through inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by suppression of volume-regulated chloride channel.
The International Plan of Action on Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing: The Legal Context of a Non-Legally Binding Instrument
Authors: Edeson William
Published: July 2010

This paper traces the evolution of the International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU) from the expert consultation held in Sydney, Australia in May 2000, through the two technical consultations held in Rome at FAO and at COFI, to its adoption by the FAO Council in June 2001. It does not, except incidentally, enter into the substance of the provisions of the IPOA-IUU. It focuses instead on the legal context in which this voluntary instrument was negotiated, looking at some questions that arose in the course of its negotiation, such as for example the use of definitions, footnotes and addenda. It looks in particular at the relationship of the IPOA to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, and to other International Plans of Action negotiated in the context of the Code of Conduct. It also examines the role given to international law in the IPOA, and its relationship to the 1982 LOS Convention and other international instruments.
Temporal Patterns of Mental Model Convergence: Implications for Distributed Teams Interacting in Electronic Collaboration Spaces
Authors: McComb Sara , Kennedy Deanna , Perryman Rebecca , Warner Norman , Letsky Michael
Published: July 2010

Objective: Our objective is to capture temporal patterns in mental model convergence processes and differences in these patterns between distributed teams using an electronic collaboration space and face-to-face teams with no interface. Background: Distributed teams, as sociotechnical systems, collaborate via technology to work on their task. The way in which they process information to inform their mental models may be examined via team communication and may unfold differently than it does in face-to-face teams. Method: We conducted our analysis on 32 three-member teams working on a planning task. Half of the teams worked as distributed teams in an electronic collaboration space, and the other half worked face-to-face without an interface. Results: Using event history analysis, we found temporal interdependencies among the initial convergence points of the multiple mental models we examined. Furthermore, the timing of mental model convergence and the onset of task work discussions were related to team performance. Differences existed in the temporal patterns of convergence and task work discussions across conditions. Conclusion: Distributed teams interacting via an electronic interface and face-to-face teams with no interface converged on multiple mental models, but their communication patterns differed. In particular, distributed teams with an electronic interface required less overall communication, converged on all mental models later in their life cycles, and exhibited more linear cognitive processes than did face-to-face teams interacting verbally. Application: Managers need unique strategies for facilitating communication and mental model convergence depending on teams’ degrees of collocation and access to an interface, which in turn will enhance team performance.
Maulana Bhashani and the transition to secular politics in East Bengal
Authors: Custers Peter
Published: July 2010

During the decade of the 1950s, East Bengal, then a province of Pakistan, saw the emergence of a mass movement in support of the demand for national self–determination of the Bengali people. This movement was primarily led by the politician–preacher maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, who had emerged as the leader of marginalised Bengali peasants in Assam before the Partition of the subcontinent. Though Bhashani initially positioned himself as a Muslim League leader, he actually openly opposed the orientation of other Muslim League politicians. This article discusses the significance of Bhashani’s politics against the background of his training as a theologian and against the background of his ideology of Rabubiyat. It argues that although Bhashani’s was an Islamic world outlook, he vigorously advocated the need for a separation between state rule and people’s religious faiths. Moreover, Bhashani did not just take a stance in favor of secularism, the evidence collected by historians brings out that he personally led the transition to secular politics in the decades that preceded the formation of Bangladesh in 1971.
The Six Cultures Study: Prologue to a History of a Landmark Project
Authors: LeVine Robert A.
Published: July 2010

The Six Cultures Study of Socialization (SCSS), launched in the middle of the 20th century, was an unprecedented cross-cultural project of field research on child rearing and development in diverse settings. Nothing quite so ambitious has been attempted since then-more than 50 years on-so the SCSS deserves scholars’ attention as an historical landmark that inspired future work and exemplifies the possibilities and problems of comparative research on child development. This article is not a full intellectual history of the project, which would be based on primary documents and a cross-validated oral history, but the reflections of one participant who has remained in this field. The author’s focus is on the roots of the SCSS, the project as it was actually carried out and as it changed after the field work was completed, and its implications for future research.
Cross-Cultural Research on Children’s Development: Deep Roots and New Branches
Authors: New Rebecca S.
Published: July 2010

John and Beatrice Whiting took on the ethnocentric assumptions of the fields of child development and child psychiatry and crafted a research agenda that laid the groundwork for half a decade of scholarship. They made culture visible through their study of behavior and relationships, as illustrated in decades of systematic and ethnographic observations of individual children in context. Their research initiatives served to critique and enhance social science discourse, and they routinely engaged others in debating the processes and meanings of their research. Although a bulk of their work has since been incorporated into scholarship on the cultural nature of child development, their theoretical and methodological orientation to the social and environmental bases of children’s learning and development has influenced research in other fields as well. This article examines contributions of the Whitings to theory, research, and, increasingly, policy and practices in the applied fields of early care and early childhood education, including the utilization of ethnography to improve minority and multicultural education. Examples of contemporary theory and culturally grounded research are presented as new branches of scholarship that extend far beyond what they might have foreseen, yet with deep roots tracing back to the work of John and Bea Whiting.
Linkages Between the Whiting Model and Contemporary Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Keller Heidi
Published: July 2010

This article deals with the conceptual basis of the Whiting model for psychocultural research as related to evolutionary theorizing. It is argued that both conceptions have similar views of the proximate regulation of behavior and development; however, they differ with respect to the ultimate goal of reproductive success as central to evolutionary theory. Both conceptions place ecology and its resources and constraints at the beginning of a causal chain of mechanisms that lead to adult psychology. Nevertheless, the conceptions are not deterministic and static, as some critiques have claimed. Both conceptions integrate universal as well as differential behavioral patterns and use quantitative as well as qualitative methodology. Consequently, both approaches have a life span perspective wherein childhood and children’s learning environment are especially emphasized for informing developmental pathways. In the final part of the article an integrative model that conceptualizes developmental pathways as the cultural solutions to universal tasks is proposed.
Explaining Male Initiation Ceremonies: New Cross-Cultural Tests and a Catalytic Model
Authors: Ember Carol R. , Ember Melvin
Published: July 2010

This cross-cultural study compares two different explanations of male initiation ceremonies: John Whiting and colleagues’ theory that initiation rites function to resolve psychological conflict and Melvin Ember’s theory that male initiation ceremonies provide basic army training in nonstate societies. Although bivariate results suggest support for John Whiting’s, but not Ember’s, theory, a reconsideration of Beatrice Whiting’s theorizing about the importance of cultural setting suggested to the authors that psychological conflict might more strongly predict male initiation in the presence of the following catalysts: nonmatrilocal residence, nonstate political organization, and warfare. The ability to predict male initiation ceremonies is strikingly improved when these catalysts are considered.
Parental Ethnotheories in the Context of Immigration: Asian Indian Immigrant and Euro-American Mothers and Daughters in an American Town
Authors: Raghavan Chemba S. , Harkness Sara , Super Charles M.
Published: July 2010

Cross-cultural research is inherently limited by the difficulty of disentangling cultural effects on children’s development from other environmental features that covary with culture. The growing presence of immigrant populations in the United States offers an opportunity to study parents’ cultural belief systems, or “parental ethnotheories,” as they influence children’s settings and activities in the absence of other environmental supports. This study examined Asian Indian immigrant mothers’ ( n = 10) and matched Euro-American mothers’ ( n = 10) ethnotheories about their daughters by means of analysis of the mothers’ discourse in the context of semistructured interviews, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of the descriptors, and consensus analysis. The mothers’ ethnotheories are reflected in differences between the settings and daily activities of their daughters. The Indian immigrant mothers’ ideas and practices are compared to findings in the Whitings’ comparative field studies and discussed in relation to several concepts of culture.
Adolescent Work Intensity, School Performance, and Academic Engagement
Authors: Staff Jeremy , Schulenberg John E. , Bachman Jerald G.
Published: July 2010

Teenagers working more than 20 hours per week perform worse in school than youth who work less. There are two competing explanations for this association: (1) that paid work takes time and effort away from activities that promote achievement, such as completing homework, preparing for examinations, getting help from parents and teachers, and participating in extracurricular activities, and (2) that the relationship between paid work and school performance is spurious, reflecting preexisting differences between students in academic ability, motivation, and school commitment. Using longitudinal data from the ongoing national Monitoring the Future project, this research examines the impact of teenage employment on school performance and academic engagement during the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. The authors address issues of spuriousness by using a two-level hierarchical model to estimate the relationships of within-individual changes in paid work to changes in school performance and other school-related measures. Unlike in prior research, the authors compare youth school performance and academic orientation when they are actually working in high-intensity jobs to when they are jobless and wish to work intensively. Results indicate that the mere wish for intensive work corresponds with academic difficulties in a manner similar to actual intensive work.