bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further studies in Memecylon sect. Afzeliana (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae): the type of M. liberiae and its taxonomic implications
Authors: Stone Robert Douglas
Published: October 2014

Under the principle of priority, Memecylon liberiae is the correct name for the West African species previously known as M. aylmeri. A lectotype is designated for M. liberiae from the original material rediscovered in the Berlin herbarium. Use of the neotype designated by Jacques-Félix must therefore be abandoned. A new species M. emancipatum is proposed to replace M. liberiae sensu Jacques-Félix. A revised identification key is provided for the West African species of Memecylon sensu stricto.
Dictyostelids from Jilin Province, China. I
Authors: Liu Pu , LI Yu
Published: October 2014

Six species of dictyostelid cellular slime molds (dictyostelids) in two genera were isolated from soil samples collected from Jilin Province in China. Two of these species (Dictyostelium multistipes and D. gracile) are new to China, and D. clavatum is recorded for the first time in the northern part of the country, being known previously only from Taiwan. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for these species based on our collections.
Simulations of a Heat-Wave Event in New York City Using a Multilayer Urban Parameterization
Authors: Gutiérrez Estatio , González Jorge E. , Martilli Alberto , Bornstein Robert , Arend Mark
Published: October 2014

The Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model coupled to a multilayer urban canopy parameterization was used to evaluate the evolution of a 3-day heat wave in New York City, New York, during the summer of 2010. Results from three simulations with different degrees of urban modeling complexity and one with an absence of urban surfaces are compared with observations. To improve the city morphology representation, building information was assimilated and the land cover land-use classification was modified. The thermal and drag effects of buildings represented in the multilayer urban canopy model improve simulations over urban regions, giving better estimates of the surface temperature and wind speed. The accuracy of the simulation is further assessed against more simplified urban parameterizations models. The nighttime excessive cooling shown by the Building Energy Parameterization is compensated for when the Building Energy Model is activated. The turbulent kinetic energy is vertically distributed when using the multilayer scheme with a maximum at the average building height, whereas turbulence production is confined to a few meters above the surface when using the simplified scheme. Evidence for the existence of horizontal roll vortices is presented, and the impact that the horizontal resolution and the time step value have on their formation is assessed.
Climate Signals in the Mid- to High-Latitude North Atlantic from Altimeter Observations
Authors: Li Feili , Jo Young-Heon , Yan Xiao-Hai , Liu W. Timothy
Published: October 2014

The variability of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) in the mid- to high-latitude North Atlantic for the period of 1993–2010 was investigated using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition to identify the dominant time scales. Sea level variations in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) are dominated by the annual cycle and the long-term increasing trend. In comparison, the SSHA along the Gulf Stream (GS) is dominated by variability at intraseasonal and annual time scales. Moreover, the sea level rise in the SPG developed at a reduced rate in the 2000s compared to rates in the 1990s, which was accompanied by a rebound in SSHA variability following a period of lower variability in the system. These changes in both apparent trend and low-frequency SSHA oscillations reveal the importance of low-frequency variability in the SPG. To identify the possible contributing factors for these changes, the heat content balance (equivalent variations in the sea level) in the subpolar region was examined. The results indicate that horizontal circulations may primarily contribute to the interannual to decadal variations, while the air–sea heat flux is not negligible at annual time scale. Furthermore, the low-frequency variability in the SPG relates to the propagation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations from the deep-water formation region to midlatitudes in the North Atlantic, which might have the implications for recent global surface warming hiatus.
Improvement of ENSO Simulation Based on Intermodel Diversity
Authors: Ham Yoo-Geun , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: October 2014

In this study, a new methodology is developed to improve the climate simulation of state-of-the-art coupled global climate models (GCMs), by a postprocessing based on the intermodel diversity. Based on the close connection between the interannual variability and climatological states, the distinctive relation between the intermodel diversity of the interannual variability and that of the basic state is found. Based on this relation, the simulated interannual variabilities can be improved, by correcting their climatological bias. To test this methodology, the dominant intermodel difference in precipitation responses during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated, and its relationship with climatological state. It is found that the dominant intermodel diversity of the ENSO precipitation in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is associated with the zonal shift of the positive precipitation center during El Niño. This dominant intermodel difference is significantly correlated with the basic states. The models with wetter (dryer) climatology than the climatology of the multimodel ensemble (MME) over the central Pacific tend to shift positive ENSO precipitation anomalies to the east (west). Based on the model’s systematic errors in atmospheric ENSO response and bias, the models with better climatological state tend to simulate more realistic atmospheric ENSO responses.

Therefore, the statistical method to correct the ENSO response mostly improves the ENSO response. After the statistical correction, simulating quality of the MME ENSO precipitation is distinctively improved. These results provide a possibility that the present methodology can be also applied to improving climate projection and seasonal climate prediction.
A New Look at the Summer Arctic Frontal Zone
Authors: Crawford Alex , Serreze Mark
Published: October 2014

A notable characteristic of the summertime Arctic is the existence of a narrow band of strong horizontal temperature gradients spanning the coastlines of Siberia, Alaska, and western Canada that extends through a considerable depth of the troposphere. Past research has associated this summer Arctic Frontal Zone (AFZ) with contrasts in atmospheric heating between the Arctic Ocean and snow-free land, with its regional strength strongly influenced by topography; however, little is known about its variability. In this study, output from the latest generation of global atmospheric reanalyses is used to better constrain and define the summer AFZ, including its spatial and seasonal characteristics. The relative importance of different factors linked to its variability is then evaluated. The AFZ is best expressed in July and is manifested aloft as a separate Arctic jet feature at about 250 hPa. It is clearly associated with differential atmospheric heating, as evidenced by the sharp difference in surface energy balance terms between the Arctic Ocean and land. Furthermore, the AFZ is strongest over the coastline whether observed near the surface or throughout the troposphere. Interannual variations in peak strength of the AFZ are spatially heterogeneous and systematic near the surface (the 2-m level). Spatiotemporal variability is primarily dependent on factors affecting temperature over land, especially variability in cloud cover, surface wind direction, and the timing of the annual snow cover retreat. Local variability in the timing of annual sea ice retreat is also important through its control on temperatures over coastal seas.
Internal-Tide Spectroscopy and Prediction in the Timor Sea
Authors: Kelly Samuel M. , Jones Nicole L. , Ivey Gregory N. , Lowe Ryan J.
Published: October 2014

Spectral analyses of two 3.5-yr mooring records from the Timor Sea quantified the coherence of mode-0 (surface) and mode-1 (internal) tides with the astronomical tidal potential. The noncoherent tides had well-defined variance and were most accurately quantified for tidal species (as opposed to constituents) in long records (>6 months). On the continental slope (465 m), the semidiurnal mode-0 and mode-1 velocity and mode-1 pressure variance were 95%, 68%, and 56% coherent, respectively. On the continental shelf (145 m), the semidiurnal mode-0 and mode-1 velocity and mode-1 pressure variance were 98%, 34%, and 42% coherent, respectively. The response method produced time series of the semidiurnal coherent and noncoherent tides. The spectra and decorrelation time scales of the semidiurnal tidal amplitudes were similar to those of the barotropic mean flow and mode-1 eigenspeed (~4 days), suggesting local mesoscale variability shapes noncoherent tidal variability. Over long time scales (>30 days), mode-1 sea surface displacement amplitudes were positively correlated with mode-1 eigenspeed on the shelf. At both moorings, internal tides were likely modulated during both generation and propagation. Self-prediction using the response method enabled about 75% of semidiurnal mode-1 sea surface displacement to be predicted 2.5 days in advance. Improved prediction models will require realistic tide–topography coupling and background variability with both short and long time scales.
Predicting Tidal Heights for New Locations Using 25 h of in situ Sea Level Observations plus Reference Site Records: A Complete Tidal Species Modulation with Tidal Constant Corrections
Authors: Byun Do-Seong , Hart Deirdre E.
Published: October 2014

A hybrid technique for predicting tides for new locations, based on as little as 25 h of concurrent temporary and reference site sea level observations, plus up to a year of reference records, is evaluated using 2-yr South Korean and New Zealand case studies. Comparisons are made between the existing prediction methods of conventional standard harmonic analysis and prediction (CSHAP) and tidal species modulation with tidal constant corrections (TSM+TCC). Building on these approaches, a new procedure is developed to produce a complete tidal species modulation (CTSM) equivalent of CSHAP, with the added inclusion of nodal factors and angles, astronomical arguments, and tidal species tidal constant correction terms (+TCC), to generate results for temporary sites. The CTSM+TCC approach described here overcomes the record length limitations of traditional standard harmonic-based prediction methods, making the technique more useful to diverse coastal and hydrographic researchers.

The CTSM+TCC method is refined using yearlong input and comparative data from contrasting hydrographic settings, revealing spring periods, specific months, and conditions devoid of nontidal residual extremes (e.g., storms) as the most appropriate sample periods for collecting temporary site data in order to maximize prediction accuracy. CTSM+TCC represents a viable alternative to tidal prediction methods using multiconstituent inferences, for those wishing to make predictions for new sites based on established conventional tidal prediction software, with the added benefits of efficient input data collection and no need for a decision process regarding multiconstituent inference calculations. CTSM+TCC could, without compromising accuracy, support the spatial and temporal proliferation of tidal predictions across coastal oceans, where fieldwork funds and instruments currently hinder predictions for new locations.
The Path to Academic Access for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Timberlake Maria T.
Published: October 2014

Federal special education law (Individuals With Disabilities Education Act) guarantees, but does not define, access to the general education curriculum for all students with disabilities. In-depth qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with special educators ( n = 33) about their academic decision making for students with significant cognitive disabilities. Findings revealed a distinct path to decision making about academic access, including a context of aloneness, the influence of professionalism, and perceived barriers. As traditional ways of educating students with significant cognitive disabilities are challenged by new expectations, this research provides a glimpse of how teachers struggle to interpret policy and enact access. Understanding access as a conceptual path enables policy, research, and professional development aimed at increasing access to focus on specific points in the decision-making process.
Repurposing American Labor Law
Authors: Garrick Jessica
Published: October 2014

The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 has been widely portrayed as an anachronistic piece of legislation that needs to be reformed or abandoned. In the absence of reform, many US labor unions try to avoid the NLRA process altogether by organizing workers outside the confines of the law. But Somos un Pueblo Unido, or “Somos,” a worker center in New Mexico, has been using a novel interpretation of the NLRA less to boost union density than to develop an alternative to contract unionism. By helping nonunionized workers use Section 7 of the NLRA to act concertedly in their own defense, I argue, Somos is combating employer abuse, in the short run, and demonstrating that worker centers and their memberships may be transforming the US labor movement, in the long run. Their experiences illustrate the ability of organizations to redeploy existing institutional resources with potentially transformative results.
Mediators of the Relationship Between Core Self-Evaluations and Life Satisfaction in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Smedema Susan Miller , Tansey Timothy N.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to test a meditational model of the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSE) and life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injuries. A quantitative descriptive design using multiple regression analysis was used. Two hundred forty-seven persons with spinal cord injuries participated in the online study. Hope, perceived health, autonomy, and social support were found to partially mediate the relationship between CSE and life satisfaction. CSE affected life satisfaction by first increasing hopeful thinking, positive health perceptions, a sense of autonomy, and support from others in persons with spinal cord injuries. Future research should explore the development of interventions to increase CSE to increase the positive variables that affect life satisfaction in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
Psycho-social experiences and coping among caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS in the North-West province of South Africa
Authors: Amoateng Acheampong Yaw , Kalule-Sabiti Ishmael , Oladipo Samuel E
Published: October 2014

This study examined psycho-social experiences and coping among caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS in the North West Province of South Africa. Using a cross-sectional survey design and non-probability purposive sampling method, 728 participants were surveyed. Data were collected using self-developed, validated scales for coping and caregivers’ challenging experiences. Results showed no significant gender difference in coping. Employment status had a significant influence on coping, with the employed coping significantly better than the unemployed. Marital status did not significantly predict coping among caregivers. Caregivers who did not receive food support coped less well with the challenges of caregiving. Caregivers who did not perceive that they had financial challenges, challenges of meeting medical demands of relatives, or the challenge of the fear of death of relatives (respectively) were more likely to cope better with the stress of caring for people living with HIV/AIDS. Caregivers face a number of psycho-social challenges, and it is recommended that policy makers, non-government organizations and healthcare providers review their programmes to assist in addressing psycho-social challenges in this context.
“They Shall Not Pass”
Authors: Schlichting Kara M.
Published: October 2014

Estate owners in Greens Farms in Westport, Connecticut, and on the North Shore of Long Island doggedly fought inclusive, state-sponsored public recreation in the 1910s and 1920s. Private land-use goals shaped localism and, in turn, exploited home rule governance to control public land use. This study of local politics in the New York metropolis contributes to the ongoing regionalization of urban history. These home rule fights against state parks reveal the extent to which elite local interests systematically exploited ineffective county government to block Progressive-era regionalism. For all the interest shared by urban historians on the topic of real estate, there is surprisingly little cross-jurisdictional analysis on the competing pressures of local and regional property interests on city planning decisions. The empowerment of private property interests in local government in Westport and on the North Shore illuminate the potential for seeing the emergence of greater New York in a new light.
How much do you need: a randomised experiment of whether readers can understand the key messages from summaries of Cochrane Reviews without reading the full review
Authors: Maguire Lisa K , Clarke Mike
Published: October 2014

Objective

We explored whether readers can understand key messages without having to read the full review, and if there were differences in understanding between various types of summary.

Design

A randomised experiment of review summaries which compared understanding of a key outcome.

Participants

Members of university staff ( n = 36).

Setting

Universities on the island of Ireland.

Method

The Cochrane Review chosen examines the health impacts of the use of electric fans during heat waves. Participants were asked their expectation of the effect these would have on mortality. They were then randomly assigned a summary of the review (i.e. abstract, plain language summary, podcast or podcast transcription) and asked to spend a short time reading/listening to the summary. After this they were again asked about the effects of electric fans on mortality and to indicate if they would want to read the full Review.

Main outcome measure

Correct identification of a key review outcome.

Results

Just over half (53%) of the participants identified its key message on mortality after engaging with their summary. The figures were 33% for the abstract group, 50% for both the plain language and transcript groups and 78% for the podcast group.

Conclusions

The differences between the groups were not statistically significant but suggest that the audio summary might improve knowledge transfer compared to written summaries. These findings should be explored further using a larger sample size and with other reviews.
Designing a new scoring system (QualyP Score) correlating the management of cardiopulmonary bypass to postoperative outcomes
Authors: Rubino AS , Torrisi S , Milazzo I , Fattouch K , Busà R , Mariani C , D’Aleo S , Giammona D , Sferrazzo C , Mignosa C
Published: October 2014

Aim:

The aim of this study was to ascertain if a score, directly derived from CPB records, could correlate to major postoperative outcomes.

Methods:

An additive score (QualyP Score) was created from 10 parameters: peak lactate value during CPB, peak VCO2i, lowest DO2i/VCO2i, peak respiratory quotient, CPB time, cross-clamp time, lowest CPB temperature, circulatory arrest, ultrafiltration during CPB, number of packed red cells transfused intraoperatively. The PerfSCORE was calculated, as well. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to detect the independent predictors of: peak lactate >3 mmol/L during the first three postoperative days; the incidence of acute kidney injury network (AKIN) 1-2-3; respiratory insufficiency; mortality.

Results:

The mean score was 4.8±2.6 (0-10). A QualyP Score ≥1 was predictive of postoperative acidosis (OR=1.595). A score ≥2 was predictive of AKIN 2 (OR=1.268) and respiratory insufficiency (OR=1.526). A score ≥5 was predictive of AKIN 3 (OR=1.848) and mortality (OR=1.497).

Conclusions:

QualyP Score may help to provide a quality marker of perfusion, emphasizing the need for goal-directed perfusion strategies.
In the streets with a degree: How political generations, educational attainment and student status affect engagement in protest politics
Authors: Olcese Cristiana , Saunders Clare , Tzavidis Nikos
Published: October 2014

Using survey data collected at 52 major street demonstrations across five European countries during 2009–2012, this article contributes to the debate on the (contentious) politics of the highly educated in Europe. In particular, it explores which of the theories explaining student activism better capture differences in motivations and ways of engaging in protests between protesters who have a university education and those who do not. The findings build on the literature explaining student participation in protest in terms of campus-based politicization. Some support for the liberal education theory comes from the finding that protesters with a university degree are more likely to be left-wing than those without a university education. The article also provides some insights on the importance of political generations.
Quality of Life and Time to Death
Authors: Gheorghe Maria , Brouwer Werner B. F. , van Baal Pieter H. M.
Published: October 2014

This article explores the implications of the relation between quality of life (QoL) and time to death (TTD) for economic evaluations of preventive interventions. By using health survey data on QoL for the general Dutch population linked to the mortality registry, we quantify the magnitude of this relationship. For addressing specific features of the nonstandard QoL distribution such as boundness, skewness, and heteroscedasticity, we modeled QoL using a generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) with a β inflated outcome distribution. Our empirical results indicate that QoL decreases when approaching death, suggesting that there is a strong relationship between TTD and QoL. Predictions of different regression models revealed that ignoring this relationship results in an underestimation of the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains for preventive interventions. The underestimation ranged between 3% and 7% and depended on age, the number of years gained from the intervention, and the discount rate used.
Understanding Multiplexity of Collaborative Emergency Management Networks
Authors: Kapucu Naim , Hu Qian
Published: October 2014

This article explores the multiplex relationships among organizations within the context of emergency management. It examines the role of friendship networks and disaster preparedness networks in predicting sustainable collaborative disaster response networks. Furthermore, it examines the impact of emergency management systems on network building and sustainability. This article applies inferential network analysis methods in analyzing relationships among emergency management networks and examines the predictive power of preestablished network arrangements. This research suggests that friendship networks are important for encouraging organizations to be involved in disaster preparedness networks. Yet it is the collaboration ties during disaster preparedness that influence the formation of collaborations during disaster response. Structural attributes of emergency management systems have impacts on the development of multiplex relationships among organizations within various networks. These findings not only contribute to developing sustainable emergency management networks but also provide insights for building collaborative networks in a broader context.
Decreased placental miR-126 expression and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with pre-eclampsia
Authors: Hong Fanzhen , Li Yuyang , Xu Yongping
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To detect microRNA (miR)-126 expression and its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in placentas from patients with pre-eclampsia compared with those from normotensive pregnancies.

Methods

miR-126 expression, and VEGF mRNA and protein levels, in placentas collected sequentially from patients with pre-eclampsia and normotensive pregnancies were measured using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The relationship between miR-126 and VEGF expression was analysed statistically. The regulatory effect of miR-126 on VEGF expression in human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells in vitro was also investigated.

Results

miR-126 expression was decreased, and VEGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower, in placentas from patients with pre-eclampsia ( n = 115) compared with placentas from normotensive pregnancies ( n = 115). A positive correlation was found between VEGF mRNA and miR-126 expression ( r = 0.79). In addition, miR-126 overexpression significantly upregulated VEGF expression in BeWo cells, whereas miR-126 downregulation decreased VEGF expression.

Conclusions

miR-126 was downregulated in placentas from patients with pre-eclampsia and this correlated with decreased VEGF expression. These findings indicate that miRNA-126 may be involved in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis and could be a potential biomarker for this disease.
Cerebral and Ocular Ochroconiasis in 2 Elegant Crested Tinamou (Eudromia elegans) Chicks
Authors: Ossiboff R. J. , Clancy M. M. , Terio K. A. , Conley K. J. , McAloose D.
Published: October 2014

Two elegant crested tinamou chicks ( Eudromia elegans), aged 27 and 50 days, respectively, died following acute onset of weakness and neurologic disease. Microscopically, the cerebral hemispheres of both chicks and the optic lobes of 1 chick contained multifocal granulomatous and heterophilic inflammation and necrosis with intralesional pigmented, thin-walled, fungal hyphae. In 1 chick, hyphae extended along the optic nerve into the globe and were associated with severe granulomatous and heterophilic inflammation of the choroid, retina, pecten, and vitreous. In both chicks, polymerase chain reaction amplification of the fungal 28S large subunit ribosomal RNA was positive with 99% sequence identity to Ochroconis gallopava. While a well-characterized fungal infection of domestic poultry, ochroconiasis has rarely been reported in exotic avian species, and this is the first histologic characterization of ocular ochroconiasis in any avian species.
Suture Placement Near the Musculotendinous Junction in the Supraspinatus
Authors: Kullar Raj S. , Reagan Jeffrey M. , Kolz Christopher W. , Burks Robert T. , Henninger Heath B.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair has an increased incidence of medial rotator cuff failure compared with single-row repair. No studies have evaluated the influence of the proximity of the suture row to the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) on cyclic gapping and failure properties.

Hypothesis:

A single row of horizontal mattress sutures placed within the supraspinatus tendon lateral to the MTJ will experience less gap formation and higher failure loads than a similar suture row placed at the MTJ.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Paired supraspinatus tendons were isolated from human cadaveric specimens and resected at the tendon insertion to the humerus. Randomized within a pair, a single row of 4 horizontal mattress sutures was placed either in the tendon 5 mm lateral to the MTJ or at the MTJ. The tied sutures secured the tendon to a fixture that ensured consistent placement of the suture row in the tendon and static fixation of the row. The muscle belly was gripped in a cryoclamp, and a servohydraulic materials testing machine was used to provide uniaxial tensile deformation for 500 cycles at 1 Hz, followed by load to failure at 1 mm/s. Fiducial markers with video tracking were used to quantify gap formation at the suture line, while the materials testing machine recorded loading for the cyclic and failure tests.

Results:

During cyclic loading, both constructs experienced gross initial gap formation, followed by progressive gap formation that plateaued after cycle 200. The MTJ specimens had significantly higher mean cumulative gapping than the tendon specimens: 3.6 ± 1.0 mm versus 2.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively ( P = .012). The tendon specimens had significantly higher mean loads to failure than did the MTJ specimens: 567.1 ± 121.8 N versus 434.2 ± 148.1 N, respectively ( P = .013). The mean failure displacement did not differ between groups for the tendon and MTJ: 5.7 ± 2.5 mm versus 4.5 ± 2.0 mm, respectively ( P = .144).

Conclusion:

A horizontal suture row placed at the MTJ has inferior mechanical properties (increased gapping, decreased load support) as compared with a suture row placed 5 mm laterally within the tendon.

Clinical Relevance:

The integrity of rotator cuff repair may be compromised if sutures are placed too close to the MTJ.
Pathways to Work
Authors: Rocheleau Gregory C.
Published: October 2014

This research examines variation in the relationships between college expectations, planfulness, and intense adolescent work by socioeconomic factors using data from Add Health ( n = 8,836). Results show that higher college expectations are related to higher odds of intense school-year work among lower social class youth, but lower odds of intense work among youth from higher social class backgrounds. Moreover, planful adolescents are more likely to work intensely during the school year among youth from disadvantaged neighborhoods, but less likely to work intensely among those from advantaged neighborhoods. Results also show less variability in these relationships when considering summer work.
Acceptability of Adaptations for Struggling Writers
Authors: Graham Steve , Harris Karen R. , Bartlett Brendan J. , Popadopoulou Eleni , Santoro Julia
Published: October 2014

One hundred twenty-five primary-grade teachers randomly selected from across the United States indicated how frequently they made 20 instructional adaptations for the struggling writers in their classroom. The measure of frequency ranged from never, several times a year, monthly, weekly, several times a week, and daily. Using a 6-point Likert-type scale, they also rated the acceptability of each of the 20 adaptations on five dimensions: suitability, effectiveness, negative effects, time to apply, and implementation know-how. Teachers reported making 13 different adaptations monthly or more often. The most common adaptations were extra encouragement and extra time to complete writing assignments, whereas the least common adaptations involved technology or dictation. Teachers viewed all of the adaptations as acceptable, and their views on acceptability made a unique and statistically significant contribution to predicting reported use of adaptations after variance due to student and other teacher variables was first controlled.
Comparison of costs for three hypothetical alternative kitchen waste management systems
Authors: Schiettecatte Wim , Tize Ronald , De Wever Heleen
Published: October 2014

Urban water and waste management continues to be a major challenge, with the Earth’s population projected to rise to 9 billion by 2050, with 70% of this population expected to live in cities. A combined treatment of wastewater and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste offers opportunities for improved environmental protection and energy recovery, but the collection and transport of organic wastes must be cost effective. This study compares three alternative kitchen waste collection and transportation systems for a virtual modern urban area with 300,000 residents and a population density of 10,000 persons per square kilometre. Door-to-door collection, being the standard practice in modern urban centres, remains the most economically advantageous at a cost of 263 euros per tonne of kitchen waste. Important drawbacks are the difficult logistics, increased city traffic, air and noise pollution. The quieter, cleaner and more hygienic vacuum transport of kitchen waste comes with a higher cost of 367 euros per tonne, mainly resulting from a higher initial investment cost for the system installation. The third option includes the well-known use of under-sink food waste disposers (often called garbage grinders) that are connected to the kitchen’s wastewater piping system, with a total yearly cost of 392 euros per tonne. Important advantages with this system are the clean operation and the current availability of a city-wide sewage conveyance pipeline system. Further research is recommended, for instance the application of a life cycle assessment approach, to more fully compare the advantages and disadvantages of each option.
Addressing the Needs of Students With Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Kern Lee
Published: October 2014

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders continue to challenge educators, and their progress in school has not been favorable. In my experience, we have failed to implement some of the most promising practices with this group of students. In this article, I discuss three approaches, positive supports, mentoring and relationship building, and fidelity of intervention delivery, that have the potential to significantly improve the lives of many students with emotional and behavioral problems.
Future of Early Intervention With Infants and Toddlers for Whom Typical Experiences Are Not Effective
Authors: McWilliam R. A.
Published: October 2014

Early intervention for infants and toddlers began with high hopes, but became mired in overspecialization, bureaucracy, and turf guarding. Nevertheless, two important advances in the field have been (a) a recognition that the child’s natural caregivers are in the best position to be the intervention agents and, concomitantly, (b) a rethinking of the role of early interventionist from directly working with the child to consulting with the child’s caregivers. Future directions for the field are (a) understanding the dose and quality of intervention the child receives from natural caregivers and (b) determining the subgroups or “clusters” of families in early intervention.
Effect of Increased Immunosuppression on Developmental Outcome of Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS)
Authors: Mitchell Wendy G. , Wooten Amelia A. , O’Neil Sharon H. , Rodriguez Jenny G. , Cruz Rosa E. , Wittern Rachael
Published: October 2014

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) produces long-term cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits. Objective was to see if more aggressive treatment improved outcome. Assessment included opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome rating, developmental/cognitive and motor assessment, and adaptive behavior. Fourteen subjects completed testing. Nine had neuroblastoma. Onset was at 10 to 35 months; onset to diagnosis: 2 days to 14 months, and onset to first treatment: 5 days to 15 months. Initial treatment was corticotropin (12), oral steroids (3), plus intravenous immunoglobulin in all. Ten received rituximab, 5 cyclophosphamide. Age at testing ranged from 2.5 to 10.3 years. Adaptive Behavior Score (11 subjects), mean 93.5; estimated Intelligence Quotient/Developmental Quotient mean 93.5; Motor: mean 92.8. Residual opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome symptoms at the time of the evaluation were generally minor; opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome scores ranged from 0 to 6. Comparison to previously reported opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome subjects showed improved outcomes: Adaptive behavior, cognitive and motor scores were significantly higher ( P < .001) in new subjects. Outcomes have improved with more aggressive immunosuppression, with most opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome survivors now functioning at or near normal.
Atherosclerotic Effects of Long-Term Old and New Antiepileptic Drugs Monotherapy
Authors: El-Farahaty Reham M. , El-Mitwalli Ashraf , Azzam Hanan , Wasel Yasser , Elrakhawy Mohamed M. , Hasaneen Bothina Mohammed
Published: October 2014

This work aimed to evaluate the metabolic and atherogenic effects of long-term antiepileptic drugs in a group of Egyptian epileptic patients. Sixty-nine epileptic patients on antiepileptic drug monotherapy for at least 2 years and 34 control subjects were recruited in this study. Patients were divided into 5 subgroups according to antiepileptic drugs used (valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam). Fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and common carotid artery intima-media thickness were measured for all subjects. Significant higher mean values of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein / high-density lipoprotein ratio, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, significantly lower mean value of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significantly larger diameter of common carotid artery intima-media thickness were observed in each drug-treated group versus control group. Our study supports that long-term monotherapy treatment with valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and topiramate had altered markers of vascular risk that might enhance atherosclerosis, whereas levetiracetam exerted minimal effect.
Clinical Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Pediatric Neurology
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Papanicolaou Andrew C. , McGregor Amy , Boop Frederick A. , Wheless James W.
Published: October 2014

Noninvasive brain stimulation is now an accepted technique that is used as a diagnostic aid and in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in adults, and is being increasingly used in children. In this review, we will discuss the basic principles and safety of one noninvasive brain stimulation method, transcranial magnetic stimulation. Improvements in the spatial accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation are described in the context of image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation. The article describes and provides examples of the current clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in children as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and discusses future potential applications. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive tool that is safe for use in children and adolescents for functional mapping and treatment, and for many children it aids in the preoperative evaluation and the risk-benefit decision making.
Expertise and Sliding Scales
Authors: Torres Jennifer M. C.
Published: October 2014

The combination of money and intimacy, particularly in the context of paid caring, can be difficult, given the tendency to view them as belonging to separate spheres. This research studied paid caring within the context of breastfeeding and labor support, using 72 interviews with lactation consultants, doulas, clients, and health care professionals, as well as 150 hours of ethnographic observation. Building upon the work of Viviana Zelizer, I examined the relational work of lactation consultants, doulas, and their clients, finding that this process is highly influenced by the way gender is mapped onto the separate spheres dichotomy. Lactation consultants, doulas, and their clients drew boundaries around their social relations to construct them as different from family care in order to legitimate the combination of money and intimacy. Lactation consultants and doulas both experienced tension in determining appropriate transactions and media for their care work, which illustrates how the separate spheres ideology can perpetuate the relative low pay of care work.
The mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene composites filled with silaned nano-SiO2
Authors: Tang Gang , Shao Changzhuan , Hu Xiong , Tang Tianhao
Published: October 2014

Silaned nano-silicon dioxide (SiO2) was used to improve the adhesion properties of carbon fiber/polyoxymethylene (CF/POM) composites. The CF and nano-SiO2 were treated and the changes on the surface properties of the treated and untreated composites were studied by impact, three-point bending tests, and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The measurement showed that the fracture toughness increases with the increase of CF content, while very high content of CF did not further cause the increase of the toughness of CF/POM composite. The impact strength of treated specimens is still higher than those of the untreated ones. The modified composite with the good matrix/fiber adhesion possessed 20% higher interlaminar shear strengths compared to the composite having weak interface.
Word Sorts for General Music Classes
Authors: Cardany Audrey Berger
Published: October 2014

Word sorts are standard practice for aiding children in acquiring skills in English language arts. When included in the general music classroom, word sorts may aid students in acquiring a working knowledge of music vocabulary. The author shares a word sort activity drawn from vocabulary in John Lithgow’s children’s book Never Play Music Right Next to the Zoo!
Beliefs of Applied Studio Faculty on Desirable Traits of Prospective Music Education Majors
Authors: Royston Natalie Steele , Springer D. Gregory
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the beliefs of applied music faculty on desirable traits of prospective music education majors. Researcher-designed surveys were sent electronically to applied music faculty at 12 National Association of Schools of Music–accredited institutions randomly selected from each of the four major divisions of the United States. Data from returned surveys were analyzed to describe the admissions process for music majors at each institution, in addition to respondents’ perceptions of the desirability of various professional dispositions and selection criteria for entering music education majors. Results suggest that music education faculty hold limited responsibility in the admissions process at the majority of respondents’ institutions and that admissions decisions are primarily determined by applied music faculty. In addition, respondents reported that certain professional dispositions and selection criteria were more important than others in admitting prospective music education majors. Implications for music teacher educators are discussed.
Three Music Education Majors’ Journeys Through Aural Skills 101
Authors: Buonviri Nathan O.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this narrative research was to examine the musical paths of three music education majors enrolled in their first semester of aural skills at a large university. The semester-long, interview-based study centered on a theoretical framework of the reciprocal relationship between students’ self-perceptions and their academic success. Their stories highlight the complex paths that led each of them to the same introductory college course; their experiences during the first semester; and their reflection on the meaning of the coursework for their growth as musicians and educators. Participants developed unique perceptions about their aural skills abilities during precollege musical training, carried them into undergraduate studies, and may perpetuate them through their future teaching. Recommendations for further research include investigation of the following: alignment between high school and college aural skills curricula, effects of music education majors’ aural skills progress on their teacher education coursework, and music education majors’ readiness to teach theory and aural skills.
Why Is Mississippi More Religious Than New Hampshire? Material Security and Ethnicity as Factors
Authors: Barber Nigel
Published: October 2014

Cross-national research links decline in religiosity with improved living conditions due to economic development. These associations were examined in data from Gallup polls conducted in 50 U.S. states. Correlational analysis found that state religiosity (or importance attributed to religion) declined with economic development (state Human Development Index [HDI]). Positive correlates of religiosity included state hypertension levels (used as an index of psychological stress), Southern location, and the proportion of the population that was African American. Regression analysis found that the largest predictors of religiosity were HDI and African American population. The greater religiosity of states with more African American population was statistically explained in terms of stress (hypertension) and racism (Southern location). This is the first systematic study of state or ethnic variation in U.S. religiosity. Results provide further support for the existential security hypothesis of religious belief and support adaptive environmental explanations of societal variation in religiosity.
Victimization and Perpetration of Unwanted Sexual Activities Among High School Students
Authors: Williams Corrine M. , Cook-Craig Patricia G. , Bush Heather M. , Clear Emily R. , Lewis Alysha M. , Garcia Lisandra S. , Coker Ann L. , Fisher Bonnie S.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to report the frequency of perpetration and victimization of unwanted sexual activities (threatened to end relationship or other pressures to engage in sexual activities, threatened or actual physical force, and facilitated by drugs or alcohol) in a large, statewide sample of high school males and females. Among 18,030 students, 18.5% reported victimization and 8.0% perpetration in the past year. Although females were more likely to report unwanted sexual activities due to feeling pressured, there were no significant sex differences among those reporting physical force or unwanted sexual activities due to alcohol or drug use.
Feline dental radiography and radiology
Authors: Niemiec Brook A
Published: October 2014

Practical relevance:

Information crucial to the diagnosis and treatment of feline oral diseases can be ascertained using dental radiography and the inclusion of this technology has been shown to be the best way to improve a dental practice. Becoming familar with the techniques required for dental radiology and radiography can, therefore, be greatly beneficial.

Clinical challenges:

Novices to dental radiography may need some time to adjust and become comfortable with the techniques. If using dental radiographic film, the generally recommended ‘E’ or ‘F’ speeds may be frustrating at first, due to their more specific exposure and image development requirements. Although interpreting dental radiographs is similar to interpreting a standard bony radiograph, there are pathologic states that are unique to the oral cavity and several normal anatomic structures that may mimic pathologic changes. Determining which teeth have been imaged also requires a firm knowledge of oral anatomy as well as the architecture of dental films/digital systems.

Evidence base:

This article draws on a range of dental radiography and radiology resources, and the benefit of the author’s own experience, to review the basics of taking and interpreting intraoral dental radiographs. A simplified method for positioning the tubehead is explained and classic examples of some common oral pathologies are provided.