bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The existing literature and a first set of arguments
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter offers a broad literature review of works that are connected to the main question and arguments of the study. It begins by considering the political theory literature on fear of concentrated power and on institutional restraints within states, in particular the work of John Locke. It then offers a summary of comparative politics scholarship on the evolution of domestic power restraints, especially the ones discussing early national institutions and comparative authoritarianism. The discussion of the international relations literature begins with a summary of liberal approaches and emphasizes the lack of attention to the Lockean theme of institutional power restraints. It notes some important related works such as those of John Ikenberry and Daniel Deudney, showing how the present study differs from existing ones. The chapter concludes by extracting a set of five main arguments from the broad body of literature discussed earlier.
A global framework to govern military AI: Transnational networked cooperation and common good governance
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

The concluding chapter lays out the framework for creating a common good governance-based framework to govern military AI, viewed as a global public good. It sets out three pillars. The first is an emerging international norm on the peaceful uses of AI that includes a human-centered approach for future generations, AI as a global common, and a new international treaty on autonomous weapons. The second pillar is a risk assessment and precautionary action framework that involves an assessment of the risk of global strategic instability, and common concern for humanity. The third pillar is anchored in lessons learned from previous instances of successful global cooperation in two domains. The first domain examined encompasses ocean law, ozone layer healing, cooperation in the Arctic and in the Antarctica, outer space cooperation, and the prohibition of nuclear tests. The second domain considers lessons from previous regulations and prohibitions in methods of warfare. It closes with a summation of the concepts of common good governance and humanity’s security that the volume proffers.
Pandemic Population Surveillance
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: November 2023

Covid-19 surveillance should not be seen as one more instance of centralized state surveillance of populations, as if it were an intensification of a single trend started with bulk collection by the NSA and GCHQ for counter-terrorist purposes. On the contrary, in some of its intense forms it is strongly disanalogous morally to bulk collection and its associated data analytics for preventing terrorist attacks. Covid-19 surveillance is open to a strong moral justification, tied to the status of virology and epidemiology as sciences, and the strong independent justifiability of public health measures. Although at its most effective, surveillance has been unnecessarily intrusive, the ethics of Covid-19 surveillance is not primarily to be judged by privacy considerations, but by its connections to sufficiently inclusive, properly timed, and accurate tests of the presence of the virus.
Epistemic Dimensions of Surveillance in Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Hutchison Katrina , Johnson Jane
Published: November 2023

Public health emergencies—whether pandemics, natural, or human-caused disasters—give rise to distinct knowledge needs and sometimes justify new or invasive forms of data gathering and surveillance to meet these needs. In this chapter we focus on the knowledge-related aspects of surveillance for public health emergencies. We argue that distinctive features of public health emergencies can give rise to epistemic injustices, including testimonial injustices and dysfunctions associated with trust. If unaddressed, these threaten not only the fairness and moral acceptability of the public health response but also the epistemic goals of public health surveillance. That is, inattention to epistemic injustices in public health emergencies can undermine the ability of authorities to collect essential data needed to manage the emergency and ensure public safety.
An Unexceptional Theory of Morally Proportional Surveillance in Exceptional Circumstances
Authors: Thomsen Frej Klem
Published: November 2023

Proponents of pandemic surveillance initiatives often point to the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic constituted a global health emergency, and explicitly or implicitly claim that exceptional situations justify measures that would ordinarily be impermissible. This chapter explores the notion of exceptionalism, to argue for a quantitative difference view of exceptions. According to this view, the only difference between states of emergency and ordinary circumstances is that the stakes are greater in a state of emergency. This entails that our account of morally permissible surveillance should be unexceptional: there is no clear-cut separation between ordinary circumstances and emergencies, but rather a spectrum between them. The chapter sketches an unexceptional theory of permissible surveillance in exceptional circumstances, offering definitions of key principles and discussing certain features of particular interest.
The extraordinary actions of ordinary people
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M.
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the gains of our comparative analysis of civilian protective agency across a range of conflict settings. It begins by returning to some of the conceptual issues arising from the chapters and the implications for how we specify the nature and boundaries of civilian protective agency as a field of study. It then moves on to synthesize findings about the dynamics and effects of civilian protective agency—including the conditions for those effects—as well as what we learn from our coverage of new dimensions of protective agency. In so doing, the chapter also reviews the methodological strategies of authors and discusses the extent of claims that can be made from different methodological approaches. The final section addresses normative questions emerging from the empirical analysis and potential opportunities and challenges for those seeking to assist civilians in the task of self-protection. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research and forms of further inter-disciplinary collaboration.
Fragile dominance?
Authors: Hinfelaar Marja , Resnick Danielle , Sishuwa Sishuwa
Published: November 2023

This chapter tracks how the Patriotic Front (PF)—Zambia’s main opposition from 2006 to 2011—shifted its strategies of dealing with the urban poor, civil society, and the middle class, in order to manage its vulnerability. While all three groups fully supported the PF in 2011, they slowly became disenchanted with the party. In 2021, they and other Zambians turned out in record numbers to vote in an election that ousted the PF. We contextualize these dynamics in the broader political landscape, relying on historical processing tracing, in-depth interviews, and a survey with informal traders. The chapter demonstrates how and why particular strategies for dominance emerge, where the threats to this dominance emerge, and why governing elites target particular groups for co-optive or coercive interventions. It concludes that the PF’s hold on Lusaka needed to be maintained if the party was going to retain the presidency in the 2021 elections.
Humans
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The fourth chapter presents current and future education paradigms that might develop humankind. It discusses challenges in education and teaching and reviews reported efficiency of educational methods, including Montessori and Problem-Based Learning. It describes successful studies on Growth Mindset and how it can be adopted by simply changing the way we speak. It reviews research on the effect of art studies and personal development as well as findings on extraordinary talented individuals. It envisions High-Performance Technology and Innovation Academies. Besides, it investigates how strategic projects can develop groups of people and presents exemplary projects in rural and indigenous communities. It showcases mindfulness as a beneficial practice gaining momentum in educational and work environments. The chapter returns to human development through education, reviewing previous and contemporary movements. It revises principles of Humanism and Neo-Humanism. It also presents more recent trends called Transhumanism and Posthumanism that seek fundamental changes in the human species thanks to technology. Finally, the chapter reviews studies on happiness and describes ultrahumans.
Non-canonical word order
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 is the first chapter of the syntactic part of the book; it first discusses key aspects of the interplay between word order, prosody, and information structure, and then turns to the phenomenon of wh-in-situ and echo questions, focusing on languages where this syntactic word order results in non-canonical readings. The next section in this chapter deals with declarative questions, another domain where the word order of questions in many languages differs from that of canonical question speech acts. The last empirical phenomenon Chapter 4 looks at is non-canonical frontings in questions (i.e., non-canonical word orders involving the periphery of the clause).
Non-canonical wh-elements
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 discusses a set of non-canonical wh-constituents that yield non-canonical interpretations in questions. Specifically, this chapter first illustrates why-like-what elements and demonstrates that they differ from regular why-questions. After that, Chapter 5 explores extreme degree readings of wh-elements in utterances with interrogative syntax. In this context, it is argued that exclamatory readings can be found across speech acts, analogous to other discourse-relevant interpretations (e.g., information structure) that can be found below illocutionary force in the functional hierarchy of the clause. Finally, the chapter presents some cross-linguistic data on so-called how come questions and proposes an analysis to account for them.
Non-canonical questions, expressivity, and the model of communication
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 10 ends the book with a new proposal for how to account for the phenomenon of non-canonical questions at the level of fundamental functions of human language. It first elaborates on different notions of expressivity of language and proposes a distinction between two fundamental types of expressivity, allowing us to think of discourse phenomena like information structure, on the one hand, and emotional aspects of meaning, on the other hand, in a new and unified way. Given this new account of the expressive function of language, Chapter 10 then turns to the addressee-oriented function of language, where language is viewed within the context of a model of communication. The chapter explores to what extent this view allows us to account for non-canonical as well as indirect speech acts more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) and their main struggle once they have won their first elections. CAPs successfully challenge mainstream parties by accusing them of being dishonest, although, unlike radical parties, they do not attack them on ideological grounds. In Central and Eastern Europe, CAPs frequently win large numbers of votes but seldom survive more than one electoral cycle. The chapter discusses why existing theories of party survival such as those focusing on ideological distinctiveness and party organization—both scarce among CAPs—explain CAPs’ struggles but not why some manage to persist. The chapter derives three strategies of survival and argues that the loss of newness, which is the only characteristic that initially set CAPs apart from the establishment, makes a change in strategy inevitable. It then introduces a new expert survey on anti-corruption and anti-establishment rhetoric, which makes it possible to measure CAPs’ electoral strategies over time.
The Social in Social Science
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The third chapter explores the social in the social sciences and its contribution to understanding international cooperation. Cognitive and social psychology, anthropology, sociology, and ecology have much to say about the human drive to cooperate in terms of learning, teaching, norms, and perceptions. Much of this research converges on recognition of the human capacity to empathize, communicate, and improve our collective lives on Earth. At the same time, some of this work also identifies the antisocial qualities of which we are capable and, specifically, how our ultrasocial nature can also be lured into tribalism. The social sciences bring us closest to an understanding of the politics of international relations as they shed light on human behavior and social interaction on a broader scale.
In an Ultrasocial World, Certain Ideas Matter More
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The fourth chapter turns to international relations and builds a bridge from these other disciplines to a new understanding of how our species behaves on a global, political scale. Evidence from biology, evolution, neuroscience, cognitive science, anthropology, sociology, and psychology has emerged, documenting various dimensions of the surprising human propensity to be “good” and to strive to create good societies. This chapter scales up these findings to the international level. It argues that the ultrasocial landscape provides the context from which ideas emerge, making change and progress possible. Ideas are not all created equal: those that engage our capacity for transcendence, provide an optimistic vision, and tap into our imagined reality tend to be more appealing. These ideas are more likely to resonate with ultrasocial inclinations, to captivate, and to spur to action a sufficient swath of society to effect change.
The Net Zero Idea and the Race to Save the Earth
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces the emergence of the net-zero idea and the early development of the climate movement. Drawing upon the author’s own participant observation at the 2015 UN Paris climate summit (COP21), this chapter sheds light on the lead-up to COP21 and the Paris Agreement itself to explain how and why the climate movement became galvanized around the idea of net zero. The net-zero idea became so powerful that various facets of civil society set aside differences to work toward a common goal. Local and regional initiatives to tackle climate change also blossomed. The climate movement, their transformational idea of net zero, and worrying real-world, climate-induced changes have made this an impossible issue for governments to ignore.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the case for why energy storage will be a crucial component of twenty-first-century energy systems, and thus the motivation for this book. It introduces the urgent societal need to mitigate climate change by transforming the electricity and transport sectors. It then focuses on the key challenge facing greater uptake of wind and solar power, and a key driver for investment in energy storage: the need for flexibility to complement the variability in their output. The key flexibility options are outlined: flexible generation, network interconnection, and demand-side response, placing energy storage into the wider context within future power systems. The chapter concludes by showcasing the scale of the transformation required when replacing the fossil fuel reserves that currently balance energy demand and supply.
Market value
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops methods to determine the potential revenue for providing any electricity storage application. It reviews the value that storage can access in four major electricity markets: the US, the Great Britain, Germany, Australia. These revenues are compared with lifetime cost to determine the potential profitability of any technology in any application. The chapter then focuses on the largest bulk application, energy arbitrage, using an economic dispatch model to explore the interactions between storage and electricity markets, focusing on revenue cannibalization, and market power. Lastly, the prominent topic of revenue stacking is conceptualized and discussed, with a guided walk through the steps of conducting a financial appraisal of electricity storage projects. A worked example tied to www.EnergyStorage.ninja> allows readers to analyse the financial viability of providing arbitrage, and the influence of technology performance on its profitability.
System value
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

Storage does not only offer private value to investors, but also public value to society by reducing the cost of decarbonizing power systems. This chapter introduces research into the ‘system value’ of storage and conducts a meta-analysis of how much storage and flexible capacity is needed in power systems to accommodate increasing reliance on variable renewable generation. These findings are generalized to give global implications for how much storage the world’s power systems may need in the coming decades. The chapter then goes on to consider the larger issue of completely eliminating fossil fuels from the power sector. It introduces a simple framework to assess how much storage is required to allow wind and solar power to meet 100% of hourly electricity demand. A worked example tied to www.EnergyStorage.ninja> allows for the individual assessment of future flexibility requirements.
Models and Gauge
Authors: Read James
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a number of important concepts from the philosophy of science which will be crucial for a rigorous study of background independence going forward. In particular, it discusses different classes of ‘models’ of scientific theories, and what’s meant by philosophers when they talk about ‘gauge redundancies’ of physical theories. The chapter also looks at different interpretational attitudes toward symmetry-related models of physical theories: according to ‘intepretationalism’, symmetry-related models of physical theories can invariably be regarded as representing the same physical state of affairs; not so for ‘motivationalism’, according to which said models can only be regarded as representing the same physical state of affairs once one has provided a ‘metaphysically perspicuous characterization’ of their common ontology.
Classical Theories of Spacetime
Authors: Read James
Published: November 2023

This chapter assesses the background independence of various important classical spacetime theories, including general relativity, teleparallel gravity (which is a force theory of gravitation equivalent to general relativity), Newtonian gravity, Newton-Cartan theory (which is a curved spacetime theory of gravitation equivalent to ‘standard’ Newtonian gravity), Kaluza-Klein theory (which is a version of general relativity set in a higher number of spacetime dimensions, with a view to ‘unifying’ gravity and electromagnetism), and shape dynamics (which is an alternative to general relativity manifesting absolute simultaneity). In doing so, it gets clearer on the sense (if any) in which general relativity is (as is sometimes claimed) distinguished in virtue of its background independence: the verdict is that (a) this is not the case, but (b) appraisals of the background independence of all of the above theories are more delicate than one might expect.
Conclusions
Authors: Read James
Published: November 2023

Brining things to a close, we have seen that there are multifarious definitions of background independence on the table, all of which are useful in their own ways, while nevertheless all facing their own distinct problem cases. We have also seen, using this plurality of definitions, that general relativity is not in any obvious sense distinguished from other theories of space and time by virtue of its background independence—indeed, on some accounts (in particular that in terms of the absence of absolute objects), general relativity fails to be background independent after all! Next, we’ve adapted our menu of definitions of background independence to the case of quantum theories of gravity, and have again found that the situation in certain cases (e.g., that of perturbative string theory) is more complex than one might initially have thought. As a result, it is not obviously correct to rule out certain approaches to quantum gravity on the basis of their lacking this quality. In this closing chapter, I reflect more broadly on these results: is the methodology of using intuitions and case studies to 'hone' definitions of background independence the correct one to follow? Should one be a pluralist about definitions of background independence? And to what other fields of cutting-edge physics might this methodology be applied?
An Uncertain Conclusion
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: November 2023

The conclusion summarises the arguments and interventions of the book, based on the understanding it has provided of the way everyday practices of hospitality demonstrate national ethos and mappings of responsibility. It counterposes the insights of the book against two more popular positions that make clear proposals for change: liberal attempts to produce a global migration regime that would manage movements and responsibilities, and the Marxist, feminist, postcolonial and liberal cosmopolitan proposal for the abolition of borders. In doing so, the Conclusion carves out an alternative position that offers a hedged defence of borders as both enabling hospitality, belonging and response-ability, as well as violence, exclusion, and abandonment.
Radio, Recording, and Inter-American Indigenismo in Mexico
Authors: Minks Amanda
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 focuses on the emergence of the Inter-American Indian Institute in 1940, growing out of interaction between Mexican and US intellectuals, as well as earlier precedents in Latin America. In 1941, the US ethnomusicologist Henrietta Yurchenco followed artistic networks from New York to Mexico City and became deeply involved in the collection and broadcasting of Indigenous music under the auspices of the Inter-American Indian Institute. These projects resulted from multiple agendas and collaborations among institutions and individuals. The analysis shows how documentary recordings moved notions of authenticity from Indigenous communities to institutional archival collections. Yurchenco’s activities had a variety of impacts. On the one hand, her work contributed to the hegemony of mechanical recording which displaced other modes of inscription, such as aural transcription, in fieldwork. On the other hand, Yurchenco made explicit the role of listening and active mediation to create a sense of liveness in field recording. She also reconfigured the instrumentality of institutional discourses to engage in dynamic social relations, which opened up new channels for the audibility of diverse repertoires across cultural and national borders.
Indigenous Collections and Integrative Arts in Chile
Authors: Minks Amanda
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 examines networks and collections related to Indigenous Mapuche music and vanguardist art music in Chile. In the early 1940s, cultural diplomacy sparked a close relationship between two composers who were also administrators, Charles Seeger in the United States and Domingo Santa Cruz in Chile. Through their collaboration, the Pan American Union sent new recording and copying equipment to Chile. This transnational project shaped other projects of institutionalization already in progress at the University of Chile, where Santa Cruz directed a national structure for the arts. Chile always had a marginal role in discourses of indigenismo, but several Chileans were involved in the Inter-American Indian Institute, and Chilean collection projects of the 1940s and 1950s increasingly turned to Indigenous music and folklore. The chapter discusses the contrasting examples of Indigenous collections undertaken by the Chilean composer-anthropologist Carlos Isamitt, the Argentine composer-ethnomusicologist Isabel Aretz, and the Chilean multimedia artist and composer Violeta Parra. This analysis leads to a reflection on different kinds of relations among archival collections, individuals, and communities and the processes of loss and recovery that they often entail.
Market Liquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

The process by which securities are traded is very different from the idealized picture of a frictionless and self-equilibrating market offered by the typical finance textbook. This book offers a more accurate and authoritative take on this process. The book starts from the assumption that not everyone is present at all times simultaneously on the market, and that participants have quite diverse information about the security’s fundamentals. As a result, the order flow is a complex mix of information and noise, and a consensus price only emerges gradually over time as the trading process evolves and the participants interpret the actions of other traders. Thus, a security’s actual transaction price may deviate from its fundamental value, as it would be assessed by a fully informed set of investors. The book takes these deviations seriously, and explains why and how they emerge in the trading process and are eventually eliminated. The authors draw on a vast body of theoretical insights and empirical findings on security price formation that have come to form a well-defined field within financial economics known as “market microstructure.” Focusing on liquidity and price discovery, the book analyzes the tension between the two, pointing out that when price-relevant information reaches the market through trading pressure rather than through a public announcement, liquidity may suffer. It also confronts many striking phenomena in securities markets and uses the analytical tools and empirical methods of market microstructure to understand them. These include issues such as why liquidity changes over time and differs across securities, why large trades move prices up or down, and why these price changes are subsequently reversed, and why we observe temporary deviations from asset fair values.
Trade Size and Market Depth
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the determinants of market depth (i.e., how and why transaction prices react to order size). Market depth depends on three of the factors that affect the bid-spread: asymmetric information, risk aversion, and rents due to imperfect competition among market makers. Section 4.2 presents a leading model of price formation under asymmetric information: the static version of the Kyle (1985) model of informed trading and market liquidity. The model is extended to imperfectly competitive market-making, in the context of a call market, where all traders submit supply or demand schedules and a Walrasian auctioneer crosses them at a common market-clearing price. Section 4.3 analyzes a call market where market makers have inventory concerns, being risk averse. It shows that in this setting the price impact of orders increases in order size, and depends on the underlying volatility of the stock and the risk aversion and market power of market makers.
Estimating the Determinants of Market Illiquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

The theories set forth in previous chapters provide a qualitative interpretation of cross-sectional and time variations in market liquidity. This chapter quantifies the contribution of each source of market illiquidity to these variations, using econometric techniques. Sections 5.2 and 5.3 explain how time series of transaction prices and signed trade sizes can be used to estimate the contributions of adverse selection costs, inventory costs, and order processing costs to market illiquidity and price movements. These techniques exploit the fact that market orders have different effects on the dynamics of securities prices depending on the relative prevalence of adverse selection, order processing, and inventory holding costs. Section 5.4 shows how order flow data can be used to build a measure of the prevalence of informed trading in a security. Armed with this gauge, one can test predictions about the effect of informed trading on liquidity and the sources of informed trading (e.g., whether some trading mechanisms are more prone to informed trading).
Applying a Rights-Based Approach to Justice in Social Work
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains how to integrate a human rights approach to justice into social work practice. Using a rights-based approach, social workers respect whomever they work with whether they agree or don’t agree with someone else’s opinions, positions, actions, or goals. Rights-based approaches in social work practice aim to understand how the different systems hampered the delivery of justice that manifests as inequities, exclusion, and marginalization. According to the person-in-environment perspective, which is a crucial social work philosophy, a person’s behavior is largely understood through their environment. The chapter highlights the responsibility of choosing governments and creating institutions that respect and promote human rights. Participation in decision-making helps shift power from government officials and their agents to service users.
Introduction
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

New Suburbia explores how the suburbs transitioned from bastions of segregation into spaces of multiracial living. The “new suburbia” refers to America’s suburbs since the 1970s, which diversified at an accelerated pace. The suburbs came to hold a broad cross-section of people—rich, poor, Black, Latino, Asian, immigrant, the unhoused, the lavishly housed, and everyone in between. Suburbia came to embody inequality itself. This book focuses on Los Angeles, which was at the leading edge of these changes. As more nonwhites became homeowners, they began benefitting from the advantages of suburban life. Some adopted long-standing homeowner traditions of excluding outsiders, while others embraced more inclusive, progressive values. The new suburbia matters because it has become home to a majority of Americans. The better that we can understand the social dynamics of these places, their histories, and the forces that shaped them, the better they can grasp where America itself is headed.
From Neighborhood Trust to Neighborhood Watch
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

As the mass-produced suburb of Lakewood transitioned from an rall-white, tight-knit community to one of LA’s most racially balanced towns, its community culture transformed from neighborhood trust to neighborhood watch. Early on, close-knit neighbors nurtured an environment of social trust and childhood freedom, enabled by the suburb’s stark racial segregation. By the 1970s and 1980s, Lakewood experienced a suburban crisis as racial segregation crumbled, economic downturns and dislocation threatened family security, suburban housewives joined the workforce, and rising crime unsettled peace of mind. Neighbors became more guarded and children lost the freedom to roam, protected by parents who feared for their safety against criminals, gangs, abductors, and, for residents of color, racist neighbors. Gradually, public safety, law enforcement, and surveillance became core community values. In Lakewood, law and order shaped community culture and guided the fragile process of racial integration, ultimately proving to be a tenuous foundation for community cohesion.
Varro’s Word Trees
Authors: Zanker Andreas T.
Published: November 2023

This paper focuses on one striking and very frequent metaphor used by Varro to describe language and language change: the word conceived as a tree. Zanker shows how this metaphor is deployed in many different ways to portray different kinds of relationships words have with each other, such as declinatio and impositio, as well as to describe processes of diachronic change and language contact. The method of propagation by “layering” is also potentially relevant for understanding the complex way in which words interact. Varro’s use of this metaphor reveals his wider agricultural and cultural interests.
The Use of Greek in Diomedes’ Ars grammatica
Authors: Rochette Bruno
Published: November 2023

The essay surveys the presence of Greek in Diomedes’ fourth-century Ars grammatica. Like many Roman grammarians, Diomedes explicitly addressed an audience of Greeks learning Latin. Rochette considers his use of Greek under four different headings: direct quotations, grammatical terminology, comparisons between the Greek and Latin languages, and intra-sentential code-switching. Comparisons especially with Charisius’ slightly earlier grammar provide a clearer picture of Diomedes’ aims and imagined audience.
Anonymous Grammatical Scholarship
Authors: Garcea Alessandro , Scappaticcio Maria Chiara
Published: November 2023

This paper reconsiders the marginalia found on the sixth-century Antinoë fragment of Juvenal, the only annotated manuscript of this poet to survive from antiquity. By sheer luck of survival, this portion of Juvenal involves a lengthy complaint about ancient instruction (7.149–98), making it especially relevant to the sociological themes of Guardians. The authors distinguish the hands of three different annotators interacting with each other in explaining the linguistic difficulties of this challenging literary text. Their analysis suggests that the pedagogical and scholarly aims of the composite annotations are more sophisticated than previously appreciated.
To Place a Cut
Authors: Conrath Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the films and writings of Harun Farocki with particular attention to his discourse on montage. Through the rubric of “reterritorialization,” this chapter shows that a spatial and geographic thinking prevails at virtually every level of Farocki’s praxis. At the heart of his montage discourse is a conviction that editing can be used to coordinate, or more precisely to recoordinate oneself (socially, spatially, temporally) in a world increasingly permeated and structured by technologies and processes that compress space and confound human spatiotemporal coordinates. This capacity of montage comes through the figure of the editing table, or Schnittplatz—literally a place of editing or cutting—which for Farocki is not simply a technical or even aesthetic operation but a technique for living. As Hannah Arendt writes in The Human Condition, “To live together in the world means essentially that a world of things is between those who have it in common, as a table is located between those who sit around it; the world, like every in-between, relates and separates men at the same time.” Arendt’s thought—particularly its casting of politics as a matter of “inter-est” (that which comes in between)—through the figure of the table plays a central role in this chapter’s conception of relation. This critical methodology is buttressed further by an engagement with Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s discussion of “deterritorialization” and “reterritorialization” in A Thousand Plateaus.
Space Race
Authors: Conrath Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the cinematic practice of contemporary artist Cauleen Smith as an ongoing exploration of the aesthetic and political possibilities of cinematic space, movement, and relation through editing. Drawing upon a range of critical frameworks, from cultural geography to Black feminism, it locates in Smith’s work an aesthetics and politics of errantry that favors radically nonnormative forms of relation and mobility. Borrowing the term from Martinican novelist and critic Édouard Glissant, and drawing more broadly from his thoroughgoing elucidations of the spatial dynamics of colonialism, the plantation system, and their afterlives, this chapter frames Smith’s cinematic errantry as both a formal and technological operation and as a political one grounded in a Black feminist praxis of place.
Hybrid Work
Authors: McStay Andrew
Published: November 2023

Automation of empathy at work refers to use of computational systems to dynamically gauge well-being, temperament, behaviour, and performance. This chapter reviews increasing use of data analytics in the workplace to profile and manage workers, especially emotion recognition and related systems used to ‘feel-into’ the lives of workers. In its assessment of current and emergent uses of automated empathy, it finds diverse applications of technologies in a variety of employment types, including work in fixed locations, mobile, gig, and online. It also finds tactics to respond to organisational strategies, one in which workers game the demands of systems by caricaturing their own emotional expressions and empathy with callers. The chapter also considers visions for the future of work, seeing a substantial shift towards immersion of expressive bodies in mediated communication and online work. Yet, finally, the chapter also finds tentative interest from worker unions due to scope for ‘sousveillance’ and, under negotiated conditions, use of automated empathy to indicate and evidence worker experience.
Probability
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops an inferential expressivist account of epistemic probability operators. The chapter begins by showing that, similarly to the case of epistemic modals, a traditional expressivist approach accounts for certain well-known puzzles about the semantics of probability operators but falls prey to a version of the Frege-Geach Problem. The chapter then develops an account whereby the meaning of probability operators is explained in terms of moderate assertion, a speech act whose existence is argued for on the basis of linguistic evidence. It is shown that the proposed account of probability operators allows one to deal with the Frege-Geach Problem whilst retaining the advantages of an expressivist approach to probability operators. The chapter ends by addressing the gradability of probability operators and comparing the proposed account with Moss’s work on probabilistic belief.
Introduction
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

The introduction sets out the nature, intention, readership, elements, contents, and structure of the book. The art of the filmmaker, its nature, and how it was/can be learned through an understanding of specific criteria are explained. The intended readership of this book (the student filmmaker; practicing filmmaker; student or scholar of film studies, theory, or history; student of media studies or scholar of arts programs; and the informed cinephile) and its focus not on the reading of a film but on the design and what might be figuratively described as the writing of the film’s address to its audience are each announced. The author explains the terms filmmaker and practical aesthetics—the latter the formal resources of the screen not as embellishment but the means of a visual address to the audience. The reader is cautioned on the limitations of purely forensic analysis—Aristotle’s techné as opposed to Plato’s “voice of the god.” The introduction finishes with advice on how the reader might best use the book—on first reading by attending to the accompanying screenshots, and on the second by supplementing the examples with viewing of the scenes and sequences themselves.
Screen Language
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

Aspects of screen language (one we understand but not how we understand it) are covered: grammar vs. language, relationship to meaning (inherent/founded in use), color, eye trace, inflected vs. uninflected, the image, style. Grammar offers defining terms, and grammatical decorum in editing may prove effective but does not always tell the story, perhaps ignoring narrative POV. Visual language functions through use or context—e.g., loneliness conveyed through a character in populated and unpopulated frames, the contrast in both expressive of the emotion. The rhetoric of visual language is suggestive of inherent meaning—through ikones of space (flat, mid, deep), line (horizontal, vertical, diagonal), shape, tone (black/gray/white), and color. Properties of left of frame (stability, home, the past) and right of frame (instability, away, the future) are discussed. Meaning and emotion conveyed by color are both inherent and dependent on acculturation; the color palette formulated by the filmmaker affords the movie, its world, and its setting authority. Eye trace or path is a means by which the filmmaker controls the sequential flow of audience visual engagement (through contrast in the frame) across the cut and within a frame. Uninflected cinematic language eschews active camera, extreme lensing, and high contrast lighting, as opposed to inflected cinematic language. Images are innocuous in themselves, innately powerful or poetic, or suggestive of other images (synecdoche, metaphor, symbol). Style is not indicative of elegance but inherent in content—which it may complement, comment on, or subvert (as in complementary or subversive style).
The Shot
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

Composition, mise en scène, selection, establishing shots and masters, subject matter, size, and framing are considered in this chapter. Composition is understood as the formation of the frame from abstract elements—proportions, shapes, lines, shades, and colors (ikones) relating to the shot’s construction and geometry, whereas mise en scène, in one sense simply setting, refers more usefully to specific elements (characters, objects, etc.). Selection is seen as founded on significance and function of subject matter and its importance; the necessity for the coverage; connection to other shots; sustaining rhythm/flow of energy; conveying spatial relationships; passage of time; posing a question; storytelling; offering a moment of intensity; or a comment. Establishing shots, more usefully considered context shots placed anywhere in a scene, may mark structural punctuation. The master shot, a foundation of a scene’s “coverage,” facilitates consistency of performance while providing insurance for the cutting room. Various criteria of the subject of a shot are considered, and whether they prompt simple static, simple fluid, complex static, or complex fluid shots. Shot size, and its spectrum—considerable or more restricted according to the filmmaker’s chosen language—may be determined by numerous factors, perhaps conveying inherent messaging, probably functioning within a film’s visual discourse. Modulation of size may articulate narrative POV and spatial relationships. It may also be informed by detail to context or context to detail scene approaches. Multiple factors involved in shot framing are considered; what/who is in and what/who out, frames within frames, short-siding, headroom, and placing of tension for suspense/surprise are illustrated.
Editing
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter a distinction is made between a common assumption of editorial art as the simple act of joining shots together and its true nature as the process determining, finally, precise story and storytelling—at granular and architectural levels—and meaning through the placing/timing of cuts (or their absence), selection of material (takes, shots, angles), ordering of scenes and “narrative units,” excision of some, and articulation of transitions. Walter Murch’s criteria for making the cut are considered central to the craft—emotion, story, rhythm, eye trace, planarity, space—to which the author adds and discusses narrative POV, together with considerations of suspense, surprise, or shock. Repetition of shots may—for good or bad—render the audience impatient, may serve to avoid showing other specific elements in a scene, or provide focus on a continuing exchange between characters, according to context. Central to editorial art is the modulation of the passage of time across the cut by overlaying dialogue, by manipulating time taken to travel short (and long) distances, and by the apparent proximity of characters—as in chase sequences. Transitions are understood to warrant considerations of contrast and affinity, of “cutting to the chase” or allowing for the resonance of emotion/realization, as in Ozu’s “pillow shots.” They may also function as stanchions in a film’s dramatic structure marked by shifts of place, time, flow of energy, and/or level of tension.
Barry Jenkins
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

This introduction to the Moonlight case studies describes how the film takes its protagonist through three stages of development—boyhood, youth, and early manhood—so that the filmmaker must “announce” Chiron, played by three different actors, three times. This aspect of the film offers invaluable insight into some of the approaches and means by which the filmmaker might introduce (or announce) their main characters. The following chapters explore each of the relevant sequences through a shot-by-shot analysis that reveals Jenkins’s filmmaking art. With scenes set “on the block,” in Black, working-class homes, in a high school, and at a diner late at night, the movie evokes an everyday world of compelling immediacy, yet the filmmaker’s cinematic artifice—largely invisible to the audience—proves on close inspection to be meticulous. An art that largely conceals art, Jenkins’s discourse also incorporates shots so precisely crafted that they take root in the audience’s cumulative memory and so come to constitute memes in the filmmaker’s visual storytelling. The agile aesthetics of Jenkins’s movie are both practical and elegant, proof that a poetic sensibility vested in the visual can be both a functional element in a filmmaker’s storytelling and a source of profound emotional resonance. Differences between the published screenplay and the film usefully point to the filmmaker’s creative process while offering the reader principles of the creative process from conception to physical production to editing.
Moonlight
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter Chiron’s introduction is analyzed in the order of its two sections: announcing Chiron and the return of Kevin. Each section is structured as follows: summary, questions (for audience, for reader), commentary, and conclusion (incorporating information conveyed, emotion, visceral sensation, and vision). Screenshots and forensic commentary provide step-by-step critical insights into the art of the filmmaker in regard to storytelling, flow of emotion, staging, shooting and editing, and address to the audience. The chapter considers both cinematic art in general and the filmmaker’s chosen discourse for his film, specific instances of his art related to universal principles. The analysis of story and film language follows the introduction of Chiron—the adolescent version of Little—seen persecuted in class by Terrell, then considers the reintroduction of Kevin, Little’s friend from the film’s previous act, and his courtship of the tentative Chiron. Screenplay and film are compared, and there follows consideration of the transition into the film’s second act or movement and its opening scene.