bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DUS Characterization of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Using Morphological Descriptors and Quality Parameters
Authors: Mondal Biswajit , Singh Sumer Pal , Joshi Dinesh Chandra
Published: June 2014

India has recently enacted Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization for rice. This paper focuses on DUS characterization using morphological descriptors for 21 rice varieties planted in a randomized block design during two kharif seasons (2007 and 2008). Data were recorded for 60 DUS descriptors (46 qualitative and 14 quantitative) following guidelines from the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Authority (PPV & FRA). Data on quantitative traits were subjected to Combined Over Years Distinctness (COYD) and Combined Over Years Uniformity (COYU) analyses. The descriptors offering the most discrimination were time to 50% heading, decorticated grain shape, and the colour of lemma and palea. The cultivar Sathi, an improved landrace entry, was observed to be the most distinct, with the rarest morphological features. Eight of the 21 qualitative and 8 of the 14 quantitative traits exhibited uniformity as determined by UPOV-recommended levels. Twelve of the quantitative traits were relatively stable as judged by seasonal variation in Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) values. Finally, the varieties were clustered following the eight grouping characteristics recommended by PPV & FRA. All the approaches clustered the improved landrace entities separately from the conventionally bred varieties.
Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Policy Changes on Hospitality Stock Performance
Authors: Chen Ming-Hsiang
Published: June 2014

The literature has documented a significant effect of monetary policy changes on hospitality stock returns. Extending the current hospitality literature, this paper tests asymmetric effects of Federal Reserve (Fed) monetary policy changes on long-term US hospitality index returns (HIRs) in bull and bear markets. Monetary policy changes are measured by directional changes in the discount rate ( dr) and in the federal funds rate ( ffr). This study uses a Markov regime-switching model of stock returns to identify bull and bear stock market conditions. The test results bring new evidence to the hospitality literature. The significant effects of both dr and ffr on all five HIRs exist only in bear markets over the 36-year period from January 1973 to May 2008. In addition, after controlling for all three different macroeconomic conditions, asymmetry in the impact of both dr and ffr remains robust in bear markets, but not in business cycle contractions or under tight credit market conditions. The findings support the credit channel of monetary policy transmission mechanism by showing that characteristics of hospitality sectors interact with stock market conditions to determine the impact of Fed policy changes on HIRs.
Research Note: Service Quality and Market Structure in the International Tourist Hotel Industry
Authors: Lin Yu-Chen , Chen Chiang-Ming
Published: June 2014

This paper empirically examines the relationship between service quality and market structure using metropolitan-level panel data from the Taiwanese hotel industry. The empirical results indicate, first, that the influence of market structure on room service quality is U-shaped – high and low levels of market concentration lead to better service quality; and, second, that market structure is positively associated with food and beverage service quality.
Herwaardering van herindeling: een evaluatie van 10 jaar gemeentelijke herindelingen in Gelderland, Limburg en Overijssel
Authors: Ferket Jony , Schulz Martin , van Twist Mark , van der Steen Martijn
Published: June 2014

Revaluation of amalgamation: an evaluation of 10 years of municipal amalgamations in Gelderland, Limburg en Overijssel

This article presents the effects of an evaluation study of different municipal amalgamations in the past ten years in the Dutch provinces Gelderland, Limburg and Overijssel. It is an evaluation that passes through two tracks; we investigate by written sources and evaluation studies of specific amalgamations its gains, but we also by the method of a survey-feedback have asked the opinions on the amalgamation of a considerable group of people involved in the amalgamation. Would they do it again this way years after the amalgamation and they do have a positive or negative assessment of the amalgamation as a whole afterwards? The answer to this question is surprising: a lot of people involved are quite positive on a municipal amalgamation and would choose for it again in the same circumstances. They also think it is an alternative to be preferred over piling up arrangements of municipal cooperation. There is also a remarkable small difference between the assessment afterwards of a voluntary or a ‘forced’ amalgamation. That difference of assessment can be felt intensively in the process before and during the amalgamation, but afterwards the respondents are also positive about amalgamations that have been imposed ‘top-down’. This result suggests that the proverb of a ‘bottom-up amalgamation’ needs relativisation and the provinces and the central government can play a more active part in the process of amalgamation.
Gewoon doen! Een beschouwing over vier kritieken op de doe-democratie
Authors: van Stipdonk Vincent
Published: June 2014

Just do it! A reflection on four criticisms of ‘do-democracy’

The (changing) relations between citizens and administration are in the middle of attention and therefore the Dutch cabinet indicated in a white paper on ‘do-democracy’ (that is a literal translation of the Dutch word “Doe-democratie”) its willingness to contribute actively to the transition to more ‘do-democracy’ (a form of co-decision making of citizens by handling societal issues themselves). In a number of examples the cabinet showed which possibilities it sees to support civilian forces, but also mentioned several dilemmas, risks and objections it brings about. The white paper received praising as well as critical reactions. Especially from the critical reactions we can learn in which respects further action or reflection is necessary. To stimulate thinking and especially doing this article treats four criticisms not enough dealt with in the white paper itself: 1) ‘do-democracy’ is just a cover-up for expenditure cuts; 2) ‘do-democracy’ does a moral appeal on (affective) citizenship; 3) ‘do-democracy’ is reserved for the wealthy and the high-educated: a ‘do-aristocracy’; 4) it not a real form of democracy, because no control is handed over. To help our government every criticism is accompanied by a reply. In a short conclusion the author (himself secretary of the white paper) calls the government to make a start with the actual implementation of the ideas of the white paper.
The Effect of 'Excessive’ Tax Planning and Tax Setting on Welfare: Action Needed?
Authors: Vrijburg Hendrik
Published: June 2014

The Effect of 'Excessive’ Tax Planning and Tax Setting on Welfare: Action Needed?

This article presents a literature review on the welfare effects of excessive company taxation practices. The article intends to structure the debate by sketching a conceptual framework of thought for the topic under consideration and places the existing literature within this framework. The article ends with a thought-provoking discussion between two extreme papers in the literature, one against tax planning and one in favour. The discussion is concluded by identifying the fundamental differences in assumptions underlying both approaches.
Rome III and Parties’ Choice
Authors: Kruger Thalia
Published: June 2014

Rome III and Parties’ Choice

This article discusses the possibility spouses have under the Rome III Regulation (EC Regulation 1259/2010) to choose the law applicable to their divorce. It discusses the limits and exceptions of this freedom to choose.
Het legaat met keuzemogelijkheid en ‘het verbod van willekeur’
Authors: Bauduin Nathalie
Published: June 2014

Het legaat met keuzemogelijkheid en ‘het verbod van willekeur’

In deze bijdrage wordt nader ingegaan op het erfrechtelijke ‘willekeur’-begrip. Volgens de minister is het niet toegestaan dat een erflater een legaat maakt dat afhankelijk is van de willekeur van een ander. Wanneer is hiervan sprake en hoe zwaar dient aan dit, door de minister uitgesproken, ’willekeurverbod’ getild te worden? Aan de hand van een korte beschouwing van het bepaaldheidsvereiste, de corrigerende rol die de redelijkheid en billijkheid in ons vermogensrecht kan spelen, een analyse van het Duitse § 2065 I BGB, de al dan niet toelaatbaarheid van de potestatieve voorwaarde en een vergelijking met de schenking, kan naar het oordeel van de auteur worden gesteld dat voor erfrechtelijke willekeur niet gauw gevreesd hoeft te worden.

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This contribution examines the definition of arbitrariness in Dutch succession law. According to the Ministry of Justice of the Netherlands, a testator is not permitted to make a bequest subject to the arbitrariness of a third party. What does arbitrariness mean, and how important is this ’prohibition of arbitrariness’? Based on a review of the determinable terms, the role of equity and fairness in Dutch property law, the German provision § 2065 I BGB, the principle of ’potestatieve voorwaarde’, and through comparison with benefactions, the author suggests that there is hardly any risk of arbitrariness in Dutch succession law.
Gezamenlijk ouderschap na scheiding: over de interactie tussen de doelstellingen van de Deense wet op de ouderlijke verantwoordelijkheid, de bevindingen in de uitgevoerde wetsevaluatie en de daaropvolgende wetswijzigingen
Authors: Jeppesen de Boer Christina G.
Published: June 2014

Gezamenlijk ouderschap na scheiding: over de interactie tussen de doelstellingen van de Deense wet op de ouderlijke verantwoordelijkheid, de bevindingen in de uitgevoerde wetsevaluatie en de daaropvolgende wetswijzigingen

In Denemarken en Nederland is sprake geweest van wetgeving die tot doel had, in het belang van het kind, de gelijkheid van ouders ten opzichte van hun kinderen verder te bevorderen. Voor beide landen werd al tijdens de parlementaire behandeling van de wetsvoorstellen toegezegd dat de wetten binnen een termijn van drie jaar zouden worden geëvalueerd. Inmiddels heeft de evaluatie van de Deense wet op de ouderlijke verantwoordelijkheid ook tot wetswijziging geleid. In dit artikel worden de achtergrond van de Deense wetsevaluatie, de evaluatie zelf en de daaropvolgende wetswijzigingen behandeld. Daarna wordt kritisch gekeken naar de interactie tussen de wetsevaluatie en de daaropvolgende wetswijzigingen. De vragen die hier rijzen, betreffen de doelstellingen van de wetsevaluatie. Wat werd beoogd? Moest de wet zich bewijzen of werd alleen beoogd de eventuele scherpe randjes van de wet af te halen? In hoeverre zijn de bevindingen verwerkt in de daaropvolgende wetswijzigingen? Ten slotte wordt het gezamenlijk ouderschap na evaluatie in perspectief gebracht.

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Recent developments in Danish and Dutch legislation have provided norms which were directed at furthering equality between parents, in the interest of the child. In both countries, it was promised in the course of the parliamentary deliberations that the enacted legislation would be evaluated within a period of three years. The Danish evaluation led to new legislation being enacted. In this article the background for the Danish evaluation, the findings in the evaluation en the resulting legislative changes are deliberated. Subsequently, the interaction between the evaluation and the resulting changes is critically analysed. An essential question concerns the purpose of the evaluation. What was envisaged? That the stated aims were realised? Or just the elimination of sharp edges of the legislation? To what extent were the findings in the evaluation taken into account in the subsequent legislative changes? Finally, joint parenting after evaluation will be brought into perspective.
De technologie van toegang tot het recht
Authors: Verdonschot J.H.
Published: June 2014

The technology of access to justice

Current trends in the delivery of legal services create the opportunity to develop a new generation of access to justice platforms. On the basis of two examples, the author illustrates how this can work. M-Sheria is a technology-based access to justice service that serves the poor in Kenya. It combines state of the art information technology (USSD, SMS, internet) and human technology (community paralegals and pro bono advocates) to help slum dwellers solve their legal problems. Rechtwijzer 2.0 is an internet-based platform that provides online human and technology-facilitated support to people with a legal problem in the Netherlands. These examples show how processes and professionals can be innovated to facilitate dispute resolution in delivering information and interventions just in time.
The Right to Have Rights as the Right to Asylum
Authors: Oudejans Nanda
Published: June 2014

The Right to Have Rights as the Right to Asylum

This article argues that the right to have rights, as launched by Hannah Arendt, is relative to refugee displacement and hence translates as a right to asylum. It takes issue with the dominant view that the public/private divide is the locus classicus of the meaning of this primordial right. A different direction of thought is proposed, proceeding from Arendt’s recovery of the spatiality of law. The unencompassibility of place in matters of rights, freedom and equality brings this right into view as a claim at the behest of those who have lost a legal place of their own. This also helps us to gain better understanding of Arendt’s rebuttal of the sharp-edged distinction between refugees and stateless persons and to discover the defiant potential of the right to have rights to illuminate the refugee’s claim to asylum as a claim to an own place where protection can be enjoyed again.
Kleurenblind de criminaliteit te lijf?
Authors: van der Leun Joanne P. , van der Woude Maartje
Published: June 2014

Fighting crime colourblind? A broader look at selective criminal justice policy, beyond the ethnic profiling discussion

By rephrasing and reshaping specific criminal justice and security policies, the Dutch government has been struggling for a while in trying to find its course on how to address crime problems in its multicultural society in a politically correct – non discriminatory – way. In this article we focus on government selectivity by examining the development of criminal justice policy in the Netherlands. To what extent does the government take a stand in favor of or against special – and therefore selective – attention for people with a minority background?
ZSM, Zo Selectief Mogelijk…
Authors: Bac Johan , Vink Machiel
Published: June 2014

ASAP: As Selective As Possible… Triage in the criminal justice system

The Dutch abbreviation ‘ZSM’ literally means ASAP. In the Dutch criminal justice system, it stands for a response to a crime ‘as speedy, selective, smart and supportive for victims as possible’. The project was initiated by the Public Prosecution Service and the Police, and it also involves the Dutch Probation Services, Victim Support Netherlands and the Child Care and Protection Board. The goal of ZSM is to assure meaningful and fast interventions, based on quality and effectiveness for society, including suspects and victims. To reach this goal, the Public Prosecutor is situated at the front of the criminal justice chain and triages the high volume crimes to determine the best procedure for a case, in cooperation with the partners.
Cicero en de constitutionele dialoog
Authors: Witteveen W.J.
Published: June 2014

Cicero en de constitutionele dialoog

In deze bijdrage wordt een dialoog van Cicero, Over de wetten, in zijn receptiegeschiedenis geanalyseerd. Daarbij blijken systematische en fragmentarische interpretaties elkaar aan te kunnen vullen. De constitutionele dialoog die in deze tekst naar voren komt, biedt voorts inzicht in de combinatie van macht en onmacht die ook eigentijdse pogingen tot constitutionele dialoog kenmerkt.
Fiscale opfrisser, een opmerkelijk vonnis en de rekenrente naar minder dan 2%
Authors: van Dort R.M.J.T.
Published: June 2014

Fiscale opfrisser, een opmerkelijk vonnis en de rekenrente naar minder dan 2%

In dit artikel zet de auteur de fiscale beoordeling van schadevergoedingen bij letselschade uiteen aan de hand van rechtspraak en literatuur, de hoofdregels in dat kader, maar ook de uitzonderingen daarop. Tevens geeft hij zijn visie op een vonnis waarin de rechtbank naar zijn opvatting nogal opmerkelijk oordeelt over begroting van schade van een ondernemer en daarbij vergaand abstraheert van de feitelijke omstandigheden. Ten slotte bespreekt de auteur zijn visie op de rekenrente voor berekening van toekomstschade, die naar zijn mening op minder dan 2% dient te worden gesteld.
De grondrechtelijke positie van de jongensbesnijdenis
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Aernout
Published: June 2014

Circumcision of male minors; a fundamental rights’ perspective

On the one hand, the religiously motivated circumcision of male minors is a manifestation of the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, circumcision is an interference with the right to physical integrity. This article makes an effort to explain the fundamental rights’ position of male minor circumcision, dealing as well with the right to freedom of religion of the male minor, with some medical aspects, and with the difference between the circumcision of boys and girls. The article results in a discussion of the question, if specific regulation is required, in view of the recent discussion about the legitimacy of circumcision of male minors.
Transmission à rebours, filiation inversée, socialisation ascendante : regards renversés sur les rapports de générations
Authors: Lobet Delphine , Cavalcante Lidia Eugenia
Published: June 2014

Cet article introductif propose un aperçu de la situation présente de la recherche en sciences sociales sur la question des rapports de génération étudiés dans le sens inverse au sens habituel, c’est-à-dire dans le sens enfants-parents. Comment la recherche traite-t-elle cette importante question de la transmission à rebours, de la socialisation inversée, de la filiation ascendante, en bref comment traite-t-elle cette question : que font les enfants à leurs parents et à leur famille? Il propose ensuite de réfléchir au contexte actuel de l’accélération des savoirs : quel impact la société de l’information multiconnectée peut-elle avoir sur les rapports parents-enfants en ce qui concerne la transmission et la socialisation, précisément? Enfin, nous reviendrons sur les « trouvailles », sur les principales découvertes que les auteurs de ce numéro d’Enfances Familles Générations ont retirées de l’exercice de renversement du regard auquel ils se sont prêtés.
« Enfant abandonné en Chine, puis domestiqué en France? Qu’est-ce que je suis pour eux?! ». Obligations familiales à rebours des enfants migrants d’origine chinoise à Paris
Authors: Wang Simeng
Published: June 2014

S’appuyant sur une enquête de terrain effectuée pendant trois ans dans la région parisienne auprès de jeunes d'origine chinoise qui consultent dans le secteur public ou privé de la psychiatrie, cet article1 se focalise sur la relation entre ces derniers et leurs parents, et notamment sur le phénomène des « obligations familiales à rebours ». Il montre comment ces enfants migrants font bénéficier leurs parents de diverses ressources acquises ou liées au pays d’accueil. Au travers d'analyses sur le processus des migrations en deux temps – le délai entre la ou les migrations des parents et celle de l'enfant peut être de plus de dix ans –, l'auteure met d'abord en exergue trois formes d’obligations familiales à rebours : culturelle, économique et administrative, ainsi que leurs logiques sous-jacentes. Ensuite, sont prises en considération les réactions des jeunes concernés par ce phénomène : après avoir décrit leurs réflexions sur le fait de se sentir « obligés » de se mettre à la disposition de leurs parents, l'auteure examine les stratégies qu'ils adoptent pour contourner ces obligations familiales à rebours par l’intermédiaire du monde extérieur (école, travail, lieu de soin, association, etc.) où ils souhaitent ouvrir le champ des possibles.
L’halal à l’épreuve de la socialisation inversée
Authors: Rodier Christine
Published: June 2014

Les pratiques des descendants de migrants sont souvent analysées à la lumière d’un « ici » et d’un « là-bas » que l’acteur articule sans cesse sans jamais s’en départir. Ce « là-bas » insinue que la culture du pays d’origine est « hors du temps », et où l’histoire serait constamment rabattue sur la culture. La notion même d’un « ici » et d’un « là-bas » ou d’un « entre-deux » insinue que les adolescents descendants de migrants seraient tiraillés constamment entre un ailleurs et un présent et, par conséquent, ne disposeraient au quotidien que d’une marge de manoeuvre réduite, voire inexistante. Cette articulation conduirait de fait à des états de crises et de fortes tensions entre, d’une part, les adolescents et leurs parents et, d’autre part, les adolescents et la société dans son ensemble. Notre objectif, à travers cette contribution, est de comprendre comment, à travers la consommation de produits halal, de nombreux adolescents interrogent les pratiques alimentaires de leurs parents et l’« exotisme » dont celles-ci font l’objet tant de la part des grandes surfaces que du regard porté par les « autres », désignant pour certains adolescents les « Français ». Plus précisément, la socialisation inversée mise au jour par divers travaux (Gollety, 1999; Young, 2003) s’observe dans les pratiques alimentaires des descendants de migrants. Les descendants des migrants adhèrent à un islam qu’ils jugent « savant », à l’opposé de l’islam de leurs parents, et interfèrent dans la transmission parentale au profit d’une transmission horizontale avec des individus de même génération et d’une diffusion par le biais de la mosquée d’un savoir livresque et d’une approche scripturaire. Ce mode de transmission leur apparaissait légitime, car il repose sur le texte qui suffit à justifier le respect de telle ou telle pratique. Cette socialisation inversée à travers l’halal s’inscrit dans un nouveau rapport à la foi, à son contenu et à ses formes.
Solar filament impact on 21 January 2005: Geospace consequences
Authors: Kozyra J. U. , Liemohn M. W. , Cattell C. , De Zeeuw D. , Escoubet C. P. , Evans D. S. , Fang X. , Fok M.‐C. , Frey H. U. , Gonzalez W. D. , Hairston M. , Heelis R. , Lu G. , Manchester W. B. , Mende S. , Paxton L. J. , Rastaetter L. , Ridley A. , Sandanger M. , Soraas F. , Sotirelis T. , Thomsen M. W. , Tsurutani B. T. , Verkhoglyadova O.
Published: June 2014

On 21 January 2005, a moderate magnetic storm produced a number of anomalous features, some seen more typically during superstorms. The aim of this study is to establish the differences in the space environment from what we expect (and normally observe) for a storm of this intensity, which make it behave in some ways like a superstorm. The storm was driven by one of the fastest interplanetary coronal mass ejections in solar cycle 23, containing a piece of the dense erupting solar filament material. The momentum of the massive solar filament caused it to push its way through the flux rope as the interplanetary coronal mass ejection decelerated moving toward 1 AU creating the appearance of an eroded flux rope (see companion paper by Manchester et al. (2014)) and, in this case, limiting the intensity of the resulting geomagnetic storm. On impact, the solar filament further disrupted the partial ring current shielding in existence at the time, creating a brief superfountain in the equatorial ionosphere—an unusual occurrence for a moderate storm. Within 1 h after impact, a cold dense plasma sheet (CDPS) formed out of the filament material. As the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotated from obliquely to more purely northward, the magnetotail transformed from an open to a closed configuration and the CDPS evolved from warmer to cooler temperatures. Plasma sheet densities reached tens per cubic centimeter along the flanks—high enough to inflate the magnetotail in the simulation under northward IMF conditions despite the cool temperatures. Observational evidence for this stretching was provided by a corresponding expansion and intensification of both the auroral oval and ring current precipitation zones linked to magnetotail stretching by field line curvature scattering. Strong Joule heating in the cusps, a by‐product of the CDPS formation process, contributed to an equatorward neutral wind surge that reached low latitudes within 1–2 h and intensified the equatorial ionization anomaly. Understanding the geospace consequences of extremes in density and pressure is important because some of the largest and most damaging space weather events ever observed contained similar intervals of dense solar material.
Welding of pyroclastic conduit infill: A mechanism for cyclical explosive eruptions
Authors: Kolzenburg S. , Russell J. K.
Published: June 2014

Vulcanian‐style eruptions are small‐ to moderate‐sized, singular to cyclical events commonly having volcanic explosivity indices of 1–3. They produce pyroclastic flows, disperse tephra over considerable areas, and can occur as precursors to larger (e.g., Plinian) eruptions. The fallout deposits of the 2360 B.P. eruption of Mount Meager, BC, Canada, contain bread‐crusted blocks of welded breccia as accessory lithics. They display a range of compaction/welding intensity and provide a remarkable opportunity to constrain the nature and timescales of mechanical processes operating within explosive volcanic conduits during repose periods between eruptive cycles. We address the deformation and porosity/permeability reduction within natural pyroclastic deposits infilling volcanic conduits. We measure the porosity, permeability, and ultrasonic wave velocities for a suite of samples and quantify the strain recorded by pumice clasts. We explore the correlations between the physical properties and deformation fabric. Based on these correlations, we reconstruct the deformation history within the conduit, model the permeability reduction timescales, and outline the implications for the repressurization of the volcanic conduit. Our results highlight a profound directionality in the measured physical properties of these samples related to the deformation‐induced fabric. Gas permeability varies drastically with increasing strain and decreasing porosity along the compaction direction of the fabric but varies little along the elongation direction of the fabric. The deformation fabric records a combination of compaction within the conduit and postcompaction stretching associated with subsequent eruption. Model timescales of these processes are in good agreement with repose periods of cyclic vulcanian eruptions.
Spatial variability and landscape controls of near‐surface permafrost within the Alaskan Yukon River Basin
Authors: Pastick Neal J. , Jorgenson M. Torre , Wylie Bruce K. , Rose Joshua R. , Rigge Matthew , Walvoord Michelle A.
Published: June 2014

The distribution of permafrost is important to understand because of permafrost's influence on high‐latitude ecosystem structure and functions. Moreover, near‐surface (defined here as within 1 m of the Earth's surface) permafrost is particularly susceptible to a warming climate and is generally poorly mapped at regional scales. Subsequently, our objectives were to (1) develop the first‐known binary and probabilistic maps of near‐surface permafrost distributions at a 30 m resolution in the Alaskan Yukon River Basin by employing decision tree models, field measurements, and remotely sensed and mapped biophysical data; (2) evaluate the relative contribution of 39 biophysical variables used in the models; and (3) assess the landscape‐scale factors controlling spatial variations in permafrost extent. Areas estimated to be present and absent of near‐surface permafrost occupy approximately 46% and 45% of the Alaskan Yukon River Basin, respectively; masked areas (e.g., water and developed) account for the remaining 9% of the landscape. Strong predictors of near‐surface permafrost include climatic indices, land cover, topography, and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus spectral information. Our quantitative modeling approach enabled us to generate regional near‐surface permafrost maps and provide essential information for resource managers and modelers to better understand near‐surface permafrost distribution and how it relates to environmental factors and conditions.
Morphology and dynamics of explosive vents through cohesive rock formations
Authors: Galland O. , Gisler G. R. , Haug Ø. T.
Published: June 2014

Shallow explosive volcanic processes, such as kimberlite volcanism and phreatomagmatic and phreatic activity, produce volcanic vents exhibiting a wide variety of morphologies, including vertical pipes and V‐shaped vents. In this study we report on experimental and numerical models designed to capture a range of vent morphologies in an eruptive system. Using dimensional analysis, we identified key governing dimensionless parameters, in particular the gravitational stress‐to‐fluid pressure ratio (Π2 = P/ρgh) and the fluid pressure‐to‐host rock strength ratio (Π3 = P/C). We used combined experimental and numerical models to test the effects of these parameters. The experiments were used to test the effect of Π2 on vent morphology and dynamics. A phase diagram demonstrates a separation between two distinct morphologies, with vertical structures occurring at high values of Π2 and diagonal ones at low values of Π2. The numerical simulations were used to test the effect of Π3 on vent morphology and dynamics. In the numerical models we see three distinct morphologies: vertical pipes are produced at high values of Π3, diagonal pipes at low values of Π3, and horizontal sills at intermediate values of Π3. Our results show that vertical pipes form by plasticity‐dominated yielding in high‐energy systems (high Π2 and Π3), whereas diagonal and horizontal vents dominantly form by fracturing in lower energy systems (low Π2 and Π3). Although our models are two‐dimensional, they suggest that circular pipes result from plastic yielding of the host rock in a high‐energy regime, whereas V‐shaped volcanic vents result from fracturing of the host rock in lower energy systems.
Low organic carbon burial efficiency in arctic lake sediments
Authors: Sobek S. , Anderson N. J. , Bernasconi S. M. , Del Sontro T.
Published: June 2014

Many arctic landscapes are rich in lakes that store large quantities of organic carbon in their sediments. While there are indications of highly efficient carbon burial in high‐latitude lakes, the magnitude and efficiency of carbon burial in arctic lake sediments, and thus their potential as carbon sinks, has not been studied systematically. We therefore investigated the burial efficiency of organic carbon (OC), defined as the ratio between OC burial and OC deposition onto the sediment, in seven contrasting lakes in western Greenland representing different arctic lake types. We found that the OC burial efficiency was generally low in spite of the differences between lake types (mean 22%, range 11–32%), and comparable to lakes in other climates with similar organic matter source and oxygen exposure time. Accordingly, post‐depositional degradation of sediment organic matter was evident in the organic matter C:N ratio, δ13C and δ15N values during the initial ~50 years after deposition, and proceeds simultaneously with long‐term changes in, e.g., productivity and climate. Pore water profiles of dissolved methane suggest that post‐depositional degradation may continue for several centuries in these lakes, at very low rates. Our results demonstrate that the regulation of the sediment OC burial efficiency is no different in arctic lakes than in other lakes, implying that the efficiency of the carbon sink in lake sediments depends similarly on environmental conditions irrespective of latitude.
Parsing the variability in CH4 flux at a spatially heterogeneous wetland: Integrating multiple eddy covariance towers with high‐resolution flux footprint analysis
Authors: Matthes Jaclyn Hatala , Sturtevant Cove , Verfaillie Joseph , Knox Sara , Baldocchi Dennis
Published: June 2014

Restored wetlands are a complex mosaic of open water and new and old emergent vegetation patches, where multiple environmental and biological drivers contribute to the measured heterogeneity in methane (CH4) flux. In this analysis, we replicated the measurements of CH4 flux using the eddy covariance technique at three tower locations within the same wetland site to parse the spatiotemporal variability in CH4 flux contributed by large‐scale seasonal variations in climate and phenology and short‐term variations in flux footprint movement over a mosaic of vegetation and open water. Using a hierarchical statistical model accounting for site‐level environmental effects, tower‐level footprint and biological effects, and temporal autocorrelation, we partitioned the key drivers of the daily CH4 flux variability among the three replicated towers. The daily mean air temperature and mean friction velocity, a measure of momentum transfer, explained a significant variability in CH4 flux across the three towers, and the abundance and spatial aggregation of vegetation in the flux footprint along with the daily gross primary productivity explained much of the tower‐level variability. This statistical model captured 67% of the total variance in the daily integrated growing season CH4 fluxes at this site, which bridged an order of magnitude from 80 to 480 mg C m−2 d−1 during the measurement period from 10 May 2012 to 24 October 2012.
Experimental comparison between centimeter‐ and millimeter‐wave ultrawideband radio channels
Authors: Martinez‐Ingles Maria‐Teresa , Molina‐Garcia‐Pardo Jose‐Maria , Rodríguez José‐Víctor , Pascual‐García Juan , Juan‐Llácer Leandro
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzes radio wave propagation phenomena at two very different frequency bands: 2–10 GHz (centimeter wave) and 57–66 GHz (millimeter wave (mm‐W)). The two frequency bands have been measured using the same equipment and under similar propagation conditions, such as path loss, root‐mean‐square delay spread, maximum excess delay, and Rician K factor, and their respective correlations compared. Obstructed line of sight situations have also been considered by using metal and cardboard obstructions. The statistical distributions, main specular reflections, and decay factors have been found similar for the two bands. However, the measured path loss, correlation in terms of electrical distances, and the K factor are higher for the millimeter‐wave frequency band. Indeed, the importance of propagation mechanism changes from one band to the other, which must be considered in the design of future mm‐W systems.
Immunoglobulin M oligoclonal bands: Biomarker of targetable inflammation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Villar Luisa M. , Casanova Bonaventura , Ouamara Nadia , Comabella Manuel , Jalili Farzaneh , Leppert David , de Andrés Clara , Izquierdo Guillermo , Arroyo Rafael , Avşar Timuçin , Lapin Sergey V. , Johnson Trina , Montalbán Xavier , Fernández Oscar , Álvarez‐Lafuente Roberto , Masterman Donna , García‐Sánchez María I. , Coret Francisco , Siva Aksel , Evdoshenko Evgeniy , Álvarez‐Cermeño José C. , Bar‐Or Amit
Published: June 2014

Objective

To identify a biomarker distinguishing patients who, despite a primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) clinical course, may nonetheless benefit from immune therapy.

Methods

The presence or absence of both immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM oligoclonal bands (OCB) was blindly examined in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from a large PPMS patient cohort, and related to clinical and imaging evidence of focal inflammatory disease activity.

Results

Using both cross‐sectional samples and serial sampling in a subgroup of patients followed prospectively as part of the placebo‐controlled OLYMPUS study of rituximab in PPMS, we found that the presence of CSF‐restricted IgM OCB (but not of IgG OCB) is associated with an active inflammatory disease phenotype in PPMS patients. This finding was confirmed in an independent, multicenter validation cohort.

Interpretation

The presence of CSF IgM OCB may be a biomarker for a subset of PPMS patients with more active inflammatory disease, who may benefit from immune‐directed treatments. Ann Neurol 2014;76:231–240
TEOS as an improved alternative for chitosan beads cross‐linking: A comparative adsorption study
Authors: Copello Guillermo J. , Villanueva María E. , González Joaquín A. , López Egües Sofía , Diaz Luis E.
Published: June 2014

In this work the use of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) for cross‐linking of chitosan hydrogel beads was studied at the level of 1 mmol TEOS per gram of chitosan. They were compared with glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin cross‐linked beads. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water content, nitrogen content, and their point of zero charge. The performance of the anionic dye Remazol Black (RB) and the cationic Cd(II) adsorptions was assessed in order to characterize the sorbate–sorbent interaction. Adsorption experimental data were analyzed using two‐ and three‐parameter isotherm models along with the evaluation of mean adsorption energy and standard free energy. The adsorption was observed to be pH dependent. The uptake rate of RB and Cd(II) showed that the three type of beads followed a similar kinetic behavior. For both sorbates the TEOS cross‐linked beads showed the higher maximum adsorption capacity, followed by epichlorohydrin and glutaraldehyde cross‐linked beads. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41005.
Surface relief gratings induced by pulsed laser irradiation in low glass‐transition temperature azopolysiloxanes
Authors: Damian Victor , Resmerita Elena , Stoica Iuliana , Ibanescu Constanta , Sacarescu Liviu , Rocha Licinio , Hurduc Nicolae
Published: June 2014

Polymers capable of generating surface relief gratings (SRGs) were studied intensively in the last period for their applications in hot research areas, such as data storage, solar energy conversion, plasmonics, and biology. In the case of azopolymers, SRGs can be generated by two main procedures: pulsed or continuous laser irradiation. In this article, we discuss the possibility of obtaining stable SRGs with azopolysiloxanes with low glass‐transition temperature values, depending on the illumination type. These studies evidenced that the polymer chemical structure had a strong influence on the SRG stability in time. For the unsubstituted azobenzene, unstable surfaces resulted, whereas for the substituted azo groups stable reliefs were obtained. A parallel discussion between the pulsed and continuous irradiation techniques and structuration mechanisms is given. The operational conditions strongly affected the relief quality when the pulsed laser irradiation method was used. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41015.
Crystallization behavior of partially crosslinked poly(β‐hydroxyalkonates)/poly(butylene succinate) blends
Authors: Ma Piming , Cai Xiaoxia , Wang Wei , Duan Fang , Shi Dongjian , Lemstra Piet J.
Published: June 2014

Partially crosslinked poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐β‐hydroxyvalerate)/poly(butylene succinate) (PHBV/PBS) and poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate)/poly(butylene succinate) (PHB/PBS) blends were prepared by melt compounding with dicumyl peroxide. The effect of partial crosslinking on crystallization of the PHBV/PBS and PHB/PBS blends was investigated systematically. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the overall crystallization rates of both PHBV and PBS in their blends were enhanced considerably by the partial crosslinking. Similar results were also detected in the PHB/PBS blends. The polarized optical microscope observation displayed that the nuclei density of PHBV was increased while the spherulitic morphology did not change much. Conversely, the PBS spherulites turned into cloud‐like morphology after the partial crosslinking which is a result of the decrease in spherulite size, the reduction in interspherulite distance and the interconnection of fine PBS domains. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction patterns confirmed the enhancement in crystallization of the PHBV/PBS blends after the partial crosslinking without modification on crystalline forms of the PHBV and PBS components. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41020.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole/graphene/nonwoven fabric composites used as electrodes of electrochemical capacitor
Authors: Liu Feifei , Wang Suwen , Han Gaoyi , Liu Ruiqin , Chang Yunzhen , Xiao Yaoming
Published: June 2014

The reduced graphene oxide/nonwoven fabric (rGO/NWF) composites have been fabricated through heating the NWF coated with the mixture of GO and HONH2·HCl at 130°C, during which the GO is chemically reduced to rGO. Then the composites of polypyrrole (PPy)/rGO/NWF have been prepared through chemically polymerizing pyrrole vapor by using the FeCl3·6H2O adsorbed on rGO/NWF substrate as oxidant. Finally, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as conductive enhancer to modify PPy/rGO/NWF through dip‐dry process to obtain MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF. The prepared composites have been characterized and their capacitive properties have been evaluated in 1.0MKCl electrolyte by using two‐electrode symmetric capacitor test. The results reveal that MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF possesses a maximum specific capacitance (Csc) of about 319 F g−1while PPy/rGO/NWF has aCscof about 277.8 F g−1at the scan rate of 1 mV s−1and that optimum MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF retains 94.5% of initialCscafter 1000 cycles at scan rate of 80 mV s−1which is higher than PPy/rGO/NWF (83.4%). Further analysis reveals that the addition of MWCNTs can increase the charger accumulation at the outer and inner of the composites, which is favorable to improve the stability and the rapid charge‐discharge capacity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 41023.
Wear Pattern, Dental Function, and Jaw Mechanism in the Late Cretaceous Ankylosaur Hungarosaurus
Authors: Ősi Attila , Barrett Paul M. , Földes Tamás , Tokai Richárd
Published: June 2014

Feeding in thyreophoran dinosaurs is poorly understood. Although the group existed for over 130 million years, only the Early Jurassic basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus harrisonii and the Late Cretaceous ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus have been studied from this perspective in detail. In contrast to the earlier, conservative hypothesis of a simple “orthal pulping” feeding mode with no or limited tooth–tooth contact, recent studies have demonstrated precise dental occlusion with differing jaw mechanisms in these two species. Here, we describe the first detailed study of feeding related characters in a nodosaurid ankylosaur, Hungarosaurus tormai, from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary. Dental wear patterns comprising small, apical, and low‐angled facets on the maxillary and steep, extended, and bowl‐like facets on the dentary teeth reveal sophisticated tooth–tooth contact in this basal nodosaurid. The presence of two different scratch generations (vertical and low‐angled) on the dentary teeth unambiguously demonstrate a multiphasic powerstroke, which is further supported by the morphology of the quadrate‐articular and mandibular symphyseal joints and by the architecture of the reconstructed jaw adductors. Chewing started with an initial slicing phase associated with orthal movement that was followed by a retractive powerstroke with significant occlusal contact. Because of the curved tooth rows, these movements were probably facilitated by some mediolateral translation and/or axial rotation of the mandibles to produce precise shearing along the whole tooth row. These results demonstrate that complex jaw mechanisms and dental occlusion were more widespread among thyreophorans than thought previously and that palinal movement was present in at least two ankylosaurian lineages. Anat Rec, 297:1165–1180, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental Failure of Segmentation in a Caudal Vertebra of Apatosaurus (Sauropoda)
Authors: Lovelace David M.
Published: June 2014

A vertebral element assigned to an Apatosaurus cf. ajax from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation is described. The specimen exhibits an unusual morphology where two vertebrae are nearly seamlessly fused together, including the haemal arch that spans them. This morphology is thought be the result of a developmental abnormality. CT scans of the specimen reveal a thin zone of dorsoventral thickening between the two neural arches consistent with cortical bone. Contrast in internal morphology differentiates the anterior and posterior vertebral bodies with the anterior expressing greater porosity, which increased accommodation for barite‐rich calcite precipitation. No vacuities are observed to suggest the former presence of an intervertebral disk or intervertebral joints: the absence of an intervertebral disc or intervertebral joints is indicative of a condition known as block vertebra. Block vertebrae occur with the loss, or inhibition, of somitocoele mesenchyme early in embyogenesis (i.e., during resegmentation of the somites responsible for the formation of the affected vertebra). The derivatives of somitocoele mesenchyme include the intervertebral disc and joints. Although vertebral paleopathologies are not uncommon in the fossil record, this specimen is the first recognized congenital malformation within Sauropoda. Anat Rec, 297:1262–1269, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Histology of the Fibrocartilago humerocapsularis in Some Species of European Wild Birds
Authors: Canova Marco , Bombardi Cristiano , De Sordi Nadia , Clavenzani Paolo , Grandis Annamaria
Published: June 2014

The occurrence and structure of the fibrocartilago humerocapsularis (FHC) in the shoulders of 72 subjects of various species of wild birds were evaluated by gross dissection and histological examination with the purpose of increasing the body of knowledge regarding this structure and verifying the functional hypotheses submitted in the past in other species. The results showed that the FHC has a conical shape with a narrow cavity on the inside. The structure is heterogeneous in the various species and consists of different tissues, such as hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, and bone. From the data obtained in this study, there does not appear to be any correlation between ossification and the weight of the prey lifted, wing shape, and aging. This study also provided interesting preliminary data regarding the ossification of the FHC. In fact, in the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), the ossification seemed to be correlated with the mechanical stimulation of flying. Additional studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Anat Rec, 297:1189–1194, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.