bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Using a Ru Chromophore Tethered to Six Viologen Acceptors
Authors: Yamamoto Keiya , Call Arnau , Sakai Ken
Published: August 2018

A new photo‐charge separator (PCS) consisting of a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) chromophore and six viologen (MV2+) acceptors, [Ru(bpyMV2)3]14+, is synthesized and its application in the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction is reported. The present PCS possesses shorter linkers for connecting the Ru chromophore and the MV2+ acceptors in comparison with our previous PCSs (Inorg. Chem. Front., 2016, 3, 671–680) and shows a consecutive photo‐driven electron transfer in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], leading to a multi‐electron storage over the PCS. This behavior can also be coupled with the catalytic H2 evolution by the presence of a colloidal Pt catalyst. More importantly, the present PCS exhibits a much higher durability during the photolysis, which is attributed to the higher rate in the catalytic process. The high durability is also attributed to its bulky framework preventing undesirable side reactions.
Recent Progress in the Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Activation of Si−Si Bonds To Form C−Si Bonds
Authors: Xiao Peihong , Gao Lu , Song Zhenlei
Published: August 2018

Disilanes possessing a Si−Si bond are unique element–element species. Transition‐metal‐catalyzed activation of the Si−Si bond allows many useful transformations that generate diverse organosilanes. This Minireview highlights impressive developments in this field over the past decade, with an emphasis on the formation of vinyl‐, aryl‐, and acylsilanes by C(sp2)−Si bond formation as well as the formation of allyl‐ and alkylsilanes by C(sp3)−Si bond formation.
“Clicked” Porphyrin‐Cucurbituril Conjugate: A New Multifunctional Supramolecular Assembly Based on Triglycosylated Porphyrin and Monopropargyloxycucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Koc Ahmet , Khan Rehan , Tuncel Dönüs
Published: August 2018

The design, synthesis, and characterization of a new multifunctional supramolecular assembly based on a photoactive glycosylated porphyrin and covalently attached monofunctionalized cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) are reported. To obtain the target supramolecular assembly, azido‐functionalized tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was used as a building block. TPP was first glycosylated by copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, then a monopropargyloxy‐functionalized‐CB7 unit was conjugated to glycosylated TPP with a second CuAAC reaction. The host–guest chemistry of the assembly was investigated by 1H NMR experiments to establish the availability of the CB7 as a host. The imidazole‐based guest, which is known to have high affinity toward CB7, was observed to form inclusion complex with CB7. It was also demonstrated that this supramolecular assembly can serve as an efficient photosensitizer for the generation of singlet oxygen.
Photochemical and Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation by Splitting Seawater
Authors: Ayyub Mohd Monis , Chhetri Manjeet , Gupta Uttam , Roy Anand , Rao C. N. R.
Published: August 2018

Producing hydrogen from water in an efficient manner could significantly reduce consumption of fossil fuels. In this regard the abundant presence of water in oceans offers an important alternative approach for water splitting using seawater. Direct use of seawater for the generation of hydrogen is a difficult and complex process due to the presence of various ions in seawater, which affect the activity of the catalysts and makes the selectivity towards efficient water splitting a challenging task. Herein various ways are reported to efficiently reduce seawater to hydrogen under visible light irradiation by various catalysts already reported by this group. A better performance than pure water was observed in some cases, and in a few cases the opposite was observed, implying that with a proper approach seawater can be efficiently reduced to generate hydrogen.
Removal of Anions from Aqueous Media by Means of a Thermoresponsive Calix[4]pyrrole Amphiphilic Polymer
Authors: Ji Xiaofan , Guo Chenxing , Chen Wei , Long Lingliang , Zhang Gengwu , Khashab Niveen M. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: August 2018

To address the challenge of removing unwanted anions from aqueous media under extraction‐free conditions we have prepared a thermoresponsive amphiphilic polymer with pendent calix[4]pyrrole (C4P) receptors. Because of its amphipathicity, this polymer self‐assembles into micelles in water. These micelles contain the C4P receptors buried in a hydrophobic core. This allows uptake of various cesium anions into the micelles. Due to the thermal responsiveness of the hydrophilic block chain, the anion‐bearing micelles precipitate in water upon heating. Simple filtration allows their removal from the aqueous environment, thus allowing for effective water purification. Treating the anion‐trapped micelles with acidic aqueous solution leads to the competition‐induced release of the bound anion and thus recycling the polymeric material.
Pimarane diterpenes: Natural source, stereochemical configuration, and biological activity
Authors: Reveglia Pierluigi , Cimmino Alessio , Masi Marco , Nocera Paola , Berova Nina , Ellestad George , Evidente Antonio
Published: August 2018

Plants and fungi are seemingly inexhaustible sources of interesting natural products with remarkable structural and biological diversity. One of the most important groups is the terpenes, ubiquitous natural products that are generated by 2 now well‐established biosynthetic pathways: the older mevalonate and the more recently discovered 1‐deoxyxylulose‐5‐phosphate. Among the diterpenes, the pimarane diterpenes are a very representative subgroup with several and interesting biological activities resulting from different functional group modifications. In this review, we outline the method of their structure determination, mainly spectroscopic results, their absolute configuration, and structure‐activity relationships, were reported, as well as the mode of action for selected examples from plants, marine organisms, and fungi. The pimarane, isopimarane, andent‐pimarane diterpenes covered in this review have a wide range of biological activities including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, phytotoxic, phytoalexin, cytotoxicity, and antispasmodic and relaxant effects.
Visible‐Light‐Catalyzed Phosphonation‐Annulation: an Efficient Strategy to Synthesize β‐Phosphonopyrrolidines and β‐Phosphonolactones
Authors: Li Chong , Qi Zhi‐Chao , Yang Qiang , Qiang Xiao‐Yue , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: August 2018

A new type of phosphine radical precursor for C—P bond formation has been developed and successfully used in visible‐light‐catalyzed phosphonation‐annulation of unsaturated sulfonamides and carboxylic acids. The catalytic process is simple and green accessible, and no additional oxidant or base is needed. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via a single electron transfer pathway.
Ancillary studies in cytology: Secondary or necessary?
Authors: Clark Douglas P.
Published: August 2018

Ancillary studies are rapidly becoming an integral and necessary aspect of cytologic analysis. In addition to morphologic features, cytologic specimens contain an enormous amount of information content within their molecules that should be tapped to add value to these samples. Fortunately, a large number of existing and emerging technologies exist to provide access to this information. Adoption of these technologies will require continued attention to fundamental aspects of specimen procurement, handling, and processing to ensure testing accuracy. Successful implementation of ancillary studies will depend on rigorous validation of assays and the development of evidence‐based guidelines for their use in patients. Cytopathologists must embrace the role of ancillary test stewardship to ensure the future clinical use of cytologic specimens.
Pre‐analytic error: A significant patient safety risk
Authors: Heher Yael K. , Chen Yigu , VanderLaan Paul A.
Published: August 2018

Ancillary testing in cytopathology has grown dramatically over the past decade, enhancing the clinical value of cytology specimens obtained via minimally invasive methods. However, a complex testing landscape brings with it new and emerging risks to patient safety. Recognition of complicated systems issues as well as shared responsibility in process ownership can help to minimize safety risks. Because pre‐analytic factors account for the majority of errors in pathology, attention to operational steps (test ordering, specimen collection, specimen transport, specimen accessioning, and specimen processing) is critical for successful quality improvement programs. With increasing technical costs and complexity of many ancillary molecular tests, a growing trend toward send‐out testing to centralized reference laboratories poses additional patient safety risks. Given these new realities in cytopathology ancillary testing, a collaborative, team‐based approach with all process stakeholders is needed to improve pre‐analytic processes, reduce error risk, and enhance patient safety.
Identification of infectious organisms in cytopathology: A review of ancillary diagnostic techniques
Authors: Allison Derek B. , Simner Patricia J. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: August 2018

The cytopathology laboratory plays a critical role in screening for and diagnosing a number of infectious diseases. This article provides an overview of the most practical ancillary techniques commonly used to identify microorganisms on cytology specimens.
Application of ancillary studies in soft tissue cytology using a pattern‐based approach
Authors: Chebib Ivan , Jo Vickie Y.
Published: August 2018

The cytologic diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasms has undergone many advances due to the development of numerous useful immunohistochemical markers and molecular assays that target specific molecular alterations. Ancillary tests, when used in conjunction with clinical, radiologic, and cytomorphologic features, allow for more accurate classification and refinement of differential diagnoses of soft tissue neoplasms. Soft tissue tumors encompass a diverse group of tumors showing a wide range of cytomorphologies that can be broadly grouped as lipomatous, myxoid, spindled, pleomorphic, round cell, and epithelioid. This pattern‐based classification enables the formation of appropriate differentials; however, entities that share these basic morphologic patterns may vary greatly in their clinical behavior. The breadth of soft tissue tumors that can be diagnosed on cytologic preparations continues to increase with identification of defining molecular alterations that can be detected by conventional means (eg, fluorescence in situ hybridization) or by immunohistochemical surrogates. Furthermore, the emergence of high‐throughput molecular techniques (eg, next generation sequencing) has potential roles for additional discovery and diagnostic applications. This review highlights the diagnostic role of ancillary tests in the context of a pattern‐based approach to soft tissue cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;000:000‐000. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
The tree shrew cerebellum atlas: Systematic nomenclature, neurochemical characterization, and afferent projections
Authors: Ni Rong‐Jun , Huang Zhao‐Huan , Luo Peng‐Hao , Ma Xiao‐Hong , Li Tao , Zhou Jiang‐Ning
Published: August 2018

The cerebellum is involved in the control of movement, emotional responses, and reward processing. The tree shrew is the closest living relative of primates. However, little is known not only about the systematic nomenclature for the tree shrew cerebellum but also about the detailed neurochemical characterization and afferent projections. In this study, Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry were used to reveal anatomical features of the cerebellum of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). The cerebellar cortex presented a laminar structure. The morphological characteristics of the cerebellum were comprehensively described in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal sections. Moreover, distributive maps of calbindin‐immunoreactive (‐ir) cells in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum of tree shrews were depicted using coronal, sagittal, and horizontal schematics. In addition, 5th cerebellar lobule (5Cb)‐projecting neurons were present in the pontine nuclei, reticular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus, ventral spinocerebellar tract, and inferior olive of the tree shrew brain. The anterior part of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (PMa) received mainly strong innervation from the lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olive, pontine reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pontine nuclei, and reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. The present results provide the first systematic nomenclature, detailed atlas of the whole cerebellum, and whole‐brain mapping of afferent projections to the 5Cb and PMa in tree shrews. Our findings provide morphological support for tree shrews as an alternative model for studies of human cerebellar pathologies.
An energy‐aware method for data replication in the cloud environments using a Tabu search and particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Ebadi Yalda , Jafari Navimipour Nima
Published: August 2018

Cloud computing is a type of parallel, configurable, and flexible system, which refers to the provision of applications on virtual data centers. However, reducing the energy consumption and also maintaining high computation capacity have become timely and important challenges. The concept of replication is used to face these challenges. By increasing the number of data replicas, the energy consumption, the performance, and also the cost of creating and maintaining new replicas also are increased. Deciding on the number of required replicas and their location on the cloud system is an NP‐hard problem. In this paper, the problem is formulated as an optimization problem and a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm is offered to solve it. The algorithm uses the global search capability of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and the local search capability of the Tabu Search (TS) to get high‐quality solutions. The efficiency of the method is shown by comparing it with simple PSO, TS, and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm on different test cases. The obtained results indicate that the method outperforms all of them in terms of consumed energy and cost.
User attitudes and behaviors toward personalized control of privacy settings on smartphones
Authors: Zhou Yun , Qi Lianyong , Raake Alexander , Xu Tao , Piekarska Marta , Zhang Xuyun
Published: August 2018

The fine‐grained access control has been proved to be a reliable tool to ensure preserving of privacy of end users. In fog computing, one of the challenges is to understand users' attitudes and behaviors toward personalized control. However, few of studies have given a clear view on users' perception of the burden of interactivity when they set complex privacy settings. To this end, we conducted a user study including a lab study with 26 participants and an evaluation with 223 participants. From the lab study, we found that participants were satisfied with improved privacy settings but did not adapt well to complex personalized interfaces. We proposed effective methods to assist users to balance between the full control and the additional interaction burden, including sorting, recommendations, and establishing profiles. After this lab study, we organized a survey evaluation additionally to explore users' current usage of privacy features. Results from the evaluation showed that the principle reason that users failed to use privacy features was that they were not appropriately aware of these features. A key conclusion is that privacy settings should not only let users take over the control of smartphones but also inform them of the knowledge on privacy practices.
Improving Continuous Flow Singlet Oxygen Photooxygenation Reactions with Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Mendoza Carlos , Emmanuel Noémie , Páez Carlos A. , Dreesen Laurent , Monbaliu Jean‐Christophe M. , Heinrichs Benoît
Published: August 2018

Continuous flow photochemistry relying on photosensitizers faces two main challenges: 1) Photodegradation (bleaching) and 2) the downstream removal of the photosensitizer. Rose bengal (RB) is a common photosensitizer utilized for photooxygenation reactions with singlet oxygen (1O2), but is notoriously sensitive to photobleaching and difficult to remove from reactor effluents. The heterogenization of photosensitizers on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is arguably a viable option for such applications. Herein, we report on the use of RB covalently incorporated into MSNs (RB@MSNs) for photooxygenation reactions under continuous flow conditions. RB@MSNs enable the 1O2 photooxygenation of various organic substrates upon irradiation with 540 nm LEDs. A series of organic substrates were evaluated including methionine, α‐terpinene, 2‐furoic acid, triphenylphosphine, citronellol and cyclopentadiene. These results emphasize an improved resistance to photobleaching, and the possibility to use RB@MSNs as an easily recoverable catalyst, which could be removed from the reactor effluent either a) by centrifugation or b) by in‐line membrane filtration.
Thiol−Ene Coupling in a Continuous Photo‐Flow Regime
Authors: Janssens Pieter , Debrouwer Wouter , Van Aken Koen , Huvaere Kevin
Published: August 2018

Photoinitiated thiol−ene chemistry is a promising technique for use in chemical synthesis and related sciences. In view of scaling, the process was successfully transferred to a continuous flow regime with compelling results in terms of selectivity, efficiency, and productivity. A series of selected thiols and enes were reacted using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone as radical initiator to respond to the 365 nm UV‐LED source. Process parameters were evaluated and chemical cross‐reactivity of the different substrates was assessed. Optimization of conditions gave high productivity of the thio‐ether resulting from the model reaction between benzyl thiol and 1‐decene when performed under neat conditions. The robustness of this method was demonstrated by running it under continuous operation for an extended period of time, with product output reaching constant yields of 90–92 % as soon as the steady‐state regime was installed. The corresponding space–time yield was 9.75 kg l−1 h−1, an impressive value that further demonstrates scale‐up potential.
Reactivity Determinants in Electrodeposited Cu Foams for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Klingan Katharina , Kottakkat Tintula , Jovanov Zarko P. , Jiang Shan , Pasquini Chiara , Scholten Fabian , Kubella Paul , Bergmann Arno , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz , Roth Christina , Dau Holger
Published: August 2018

CO2 reduction is of significant interest for the production of nonfossil fuels. The reactivity of eight Cu foams with substantially different morphologies was comprehensively investigated by analysis of the product spectrum and in situ electrochemical spectroscopies (X‐ray absorption near edge structure, extended X‐ray absorption fine structure, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy). The approach provided new insight into the reactivity determinants: The morphology, stable Cu oxide phases, and *CO poisoning of the H2 formation reaction are not decisive; the electrochemically active surface area influences the reactivity trends; macroscopic diffusion limits the proton supply, resulting in pronounced alkalization at the CuCat surfaces (operando Raman spectroscopy). H2 and CH4 formation was suppressed by macroscopic buffer alkalization, whereas CO and C2H4 formation still proceeded through a largely pH‐independent mechanism. C2H4 was formed from two CO precursor species, namely adsorbed *CO and dissolved CO present in the foam cavities.
Enhanced Base‐Free Formic Acid Production from CO2 on Pd/g‐C3N4 by Tuning of the Carrier Defects
Authors: Mondelli Cecilia , Puértolas Begoña , Ackermann Miriam , Chen Zupeng , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: August 2018

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Javier Pérez‐Ramírez at ETH Zurich. The image shows the Pisa tower supported by an ant standing on carbon nitride and a palladium nanoparticle, which symbolizes the CO2‐based production of formic acid through bifunctional catalysis. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201801920.
A write‐improved low‐power 12T SRAM cell for wearable wireless sensor nodes
Authors: Sharma Vishal , Vishvakarma Santosh , Chouhan Shailesh Singh , Halonen Kari
Published: August 2018

In this work, a data‐dependent feedback‐cutting–based bit‐interleaved 12T static random access memory (SRAM) cell is proposed, which enhances the write margin in terms of write trip point (WTP) and write static noise margin (WSNM) by 2.14× and 8.99× whereas read stability in terms of dynamic read noise margin (DRNM) and read static noise margin (RSNM) by 1.06× and 2.6 ×, respectively, for 0.4 V when compared with a conventional 6T SRAM cell. The standby power has also been reduced to 0.93× with an area overhead of 1.49× as that of 6T. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed cell offers a robust write margin when compared with the state‐of‐the‐art memory cells available in the literature. An analytical model of WSNM for 12T operating in subthreshold region is also proposed, which has been verified using the simulation results. Finally, a small SRAM macro along with its independent memory controller has been designed.
A class of half‐bridge quasi‐Z‐source inverters: Detailed steady‐state analysis in various operating states, design considerations, and derivation of general topology
Authors: Sedaghati Farzad , Shokati Asl Elias
Published: August 2018

In this paper, 2 types of half‐bridge quasi‐Z‐source inverters with detailed analysis are proposed. Unlike the classical half‐bridge inverter, both types of proposed half‐bridge inverters can generate zero voltage level in output. Moreover, lack of continuous input current in conventional half‐bridge inverters is resolved by the second type of proposed inverters. One of the important advantages of proposed inverters is using the 1 impedance network only with 2 capacitors and 2 inductors; whereas, most of the half‐bridge Z‐source inverters have more than 1 impedance network or use additional semiconductor elements. In this paper, operation principles of proposed inverters in different operating modes are discussed. Then, design considerations and calculation of critical Inductance in boundary conditions between 2 different states are provided. Next, power circuit of general topology with multiple DC sources and derivation of subcircuits are proposed. Finally, to verify validity of derived equations, simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software and experimental results are provided.
Metabolic fate of the new synthetic cannabinoid 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat, human, and pooled human S9 studied by means of hyphenated high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Richter Lilian H.J. , Maurer Hans H. , Meyer Markus R.
Published: August 2018

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are an important issue in clinical/forensic toxicology. 7’N‐5F‐ADB, a synthetic cannabinoid derived from 5F‐ADB, appeared recently on the market. Up to now, no data about its mass spectral fragmentation pattern, metabolism, and thus suitable targets for toxicological urine screenings have been available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolic fate of 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat, human, and pooled human S9 (pS9). The main human urinary excretion products, which can be used as targets for toxicological screening procedures, were identified by Orbitrap (OT)‐based liquid chromatography–high resolution‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS). In addition, possible differentiation of 7’N‐5F‐ADB and 5F‐ADB via LC–HRMS/MS was studied. Using the in vivo and in vitro models for metabolism studies, 36 metabolites were tentatively identified. 7’N‐5F‐ABD was extensively metabolized in rat and human with minor species differences observed. The unchanged parent compound could be found in human urine but metabolites were far more abundant. The most abundant ones were the hydrolyzed ester (M5), the hydrolyzed ester in combination with hydroxylation of the tertiary butyl part (M11), and the hydrolyzed ester in addition to glucuronidation (M30). Besides the parent compound, these metabolites should be used as targets for urine‐based toxicological screening procedures. Two urine‐paired human plasma samples contained mainly the parent compound (c = 205 μg/L, 157 μg/L) and, at a higher abundance, the compound after ester hydrolysis (M5). In pS9 incubations, the parent compound, M5, and M30 were detectable among others. Furthermore, a differentiation of both compounds was possible due to different retention times and fragmentation patterns.
A tale of two cities: The genetic mechanisms governing calvarial bone development
Authors: Ferguson James W. , Atit Radhika P.
Published: August 2018

The skull bones must grow in a coordinated, three‐dimensional manner to coalesce and form the head and face. Mammalian skull bones have a dual embryonic origin from cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) and paraxial mesoderm (PM) and ossify through intramembranous ossification. The calvarial bones, the bones of the cranium which cover the brain, are derived from the supraorbital arch (SOA) region mesenchyme. The SOA is the site of frontal and parietal bone morphogenesis and primary center of ossification. The objective of this review is to frame our current in vivo understanding of the morphogenesis of the calvarial bones and the gene networks regulating calvarial bone initiation in the SOA mesenchyme.
Roots point to water sources of Welwitschia mirabilis in a hyperarid desert
Authors: Henschel Joh R. , Wassenaar Theo D. , Kanandjembo Angie , Louw Michele Kilbourn , Neef Götz , Shuuya Titus , Soderberg Keir
Published: August 2018

Welwitschia mirabilis is a long‐lived evergreen in the hyperarid Namib Desert; at our study site, rainfall is rare (mean annual precipitation = 31 mm), groundwater deep (57–75 m), and fog frequent (50–90 events per year). By examining root architecture in relation to soil moisture and analysing the isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen of plant and soil water, we established whether welwitschia sources water from a stable supply of deep groundwater, or from shallow moisture originating from fog and dew, or from rainwater at infiltration depth. Isotopes suggested rainwater as principal water source. Most (55%) major roots and fine roots occurred in 10‐ to 66‐cm‐deep layers of gypsum containing 10% moisture. A further 25% of both root types grew in moist sand in petrocalcic horizons at 93‐ to 125‐cm depths. A high density of fine roots (14% of total) grew upwards towards the ground surface in a 1.5‐m radius around plants, an area occasionally wetted by run‐off of fog and dew. We conclude that welwitschia mainly relies on rainwater obtained in perched horizons. Supplemental water is obtained from fog and dew from the surface and potentially from gypsum blocks. Multiple strategies enable this extremely long‐lived evergreen to be resilient against dehydration in hyperarid conditions.
Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees
Authors: Adler Lynn S. , Michaud Kristen M. , Ellner Stephen P. , McArt Scott H. , Stevenson Philip C. , Irwin Rebecca E.
Published: August 2018

Hotspots of disease transmission can strongly influence pathogen spread. Bee pathogens may be transmitted via shared floral use, but the role of plant species and floral trait variation in shaping transmission dynamics is almost entirely unexplored. Given the importance of pathogens for the decline of several bee species, understanding whether and how plant species and floral traits affect transmission could give us important tools for predicting which plant species may be hotspots for disease spread. We assessed variation in transmission via susceptibility (probability of infection) and mean intensity (cell count of infected bees) of the trypanosomatid gut pathogen Crithidia bombi to uninfected Bombus impatiens workers foraging on 14 plant species, and assessed the role of floral traits, bee size and foraging behavior on transmission. We also conducted a manipulative experiment to determine how the number of open flowers affected transmission on three plant species, Penstemon digitalis, Monarda didyma, and Lythrum salicaria. Plant species differed fourfold in the overall mean abundance of Crithidia in foraging bumble bees (mean including infected and uninfected bees). Across plant species, bee susceptibility and mean intensity increased with the number of reproductive structures per inflorescence (buds, flowers and fruits); smaller bees and those that foraged longer were also more susceptible. Trait‐based models were as good or better than species‐based models at predicting susceptibility and mean intensity based on AIC values. Surprisingly, floral size and morphology did not significantly predict transmission across species. In the manipulative experiment, more open flowers increased mean pathogen abundance fourfold in Monarda, but had no effect in the other two plant species. Our results suggest that variation among plant species, through their influence on pathogen transmission, may shape bee disease dynamics. Given widespread investment in pollinator‐friendly plantings to support pollinators, understanding how plant species affect disease transmission is important for recommending plant species that optimize pollinator health.
Institutional externalities and actor performance in polycentric governance systems
Authors: Mewhirter Jack , Lubell Mark , Berardo Ramiro
Published: August 2018

This article examines the relationship between institutional externalities and an actor's ability to achieve their goals in the decision‐making forums that exist in polycentric governance systems. We argue that an actor's performance is largely a function of the transaction costs associated with participation in a variety of forums. Institutional externalities—instances where the decisions made in one forum impact another forum—may increase or decrease transaction costs in linked forums, subsequently impacting actor performance. Using survey data collected from forum participants in the California Delta and Tampa Bay watershed governance systems, we examine how the strength of perceived externalities generated between linked forums affects an individual's perceived performance in the forum receiving the externality. We find that externalities are prevalent in both systems, but have varying effects on performance. Externalities, on average, negatively impact actor performance in the California Delta, but neither increase nor decrease performance in Tampa Bay. Further analyses reveal that in both systems, the effect of externalities on performance in the externality‐receiving forum is largely conditional on their performance in the externality‐generating forum. Externalities are negatively associated with forum performance when actors exhibit low levels of performance in the externality‐generating forum. The negative effect is mitigated when actors exhibit higher levels of performance in the externality‐generating forum.
A Convenient Approach to Luminescent Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes with Organometallic π‐Bonded Benzenedithiolate
Authors: Sesolis Hugo , Gontard Geoffrey , Jutand Anny , Gullo Maria Pia , Bandini Elisa , Barbieri Andrea , Amouri Hani
Published: August 2018

A family of neutral cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes [(C^N)Pt(η‐S^S)] with π‐bonded benzenedithiolate {(η‐S^S) = Cp*Ru(C6H4S2)} and various cyclometalated ligands, {(C^N) = 2‐phenylpyridine (ppy), (2); 2,4‐difluorophenylpyridine (F2ppy) (3), benzo[h]quinoline (bzq) (4); dibenzo[f,h]quinoline (dbzq) (5)} were prepared and fully characterized. For comparison purposes the related bipyridine platinum(II) complex [(bpy)Pt(η‐S^S)][OTf] (6) was also prepared. The electrochemistry behavior of these complexes was investigated and shows the enhanced stability of these compounds toward oxidation due to the presence of Cp*Ru moiety which is now π‐bonded to the benzenedithiolato group. Moreover, several complexes were identified by single‐crystal X‐ray molecular structures. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first structures to be reported for cyclometalated platinum complexes with a π‐bonded benzenedithiolate (bdt) ligand. All of the complexes are luminescent in fluid solution at room temperature and in glassy solution at 77 K; their emission properties can be tuned through ligand variation.
Etherification of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Biofuel Additive Catalyzed by Aquivion® PFSA Modified Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Dou Youwei , Zhang Mengyuan , Zhou Shuai , Oldani Claudio , Fang Wenhao , Cao Qiue
Published: August 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Wenhao Fang from Yunnan University, Kunming, China. The cover image shows the preparation of a PFSA‐functionalized silica hybrid solid acid used as an efficient catalyst.
Right‐wing adherence and objective numeracy as predictors of minority group size perceptions and size threat reactions
Authors: Earle Megan , Hodson Gordon
Published: August 2018

Racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minority populations are growing rapidly in the West. We investigate predictors and consequences of threat responses to perceived minority group size, and perceptions of minority group size itself. Study 1 (N = 274) finds that right‐wing adherence predicts greater size threat, whereas lower numerical ability predicts larger perceived group size (confirmed in Studies 2–3). Study 2 (Sample 1, N = 124; Sample 2, N = 263) finds that the relation between right‐wing adherence and prejudice toward minorities exhibits an indirect effect via group size threat (but not perceived size), explaining 35–66% of this relation. Study 3 (N = 310) finds a comparable indirect effect explaining 27–40% of this relation, even after statistically controlling for indirect effects of realistic, symbolic, and terroristic threat. These findings provide novel insights into psychological processes surrounding perceived minority group size, identifying size threat as especially crucial in understanding intergroup relations.
Electrochemical Behavior of Electrode Materials (Nickel and Stainless Steels) for Sudomotor Dysfunction Applications: A Review
Authors: Bedioui Fethi , Lair Virginie , Griveau Sophie , Ringuedé Armelle , Zagal José H. , Cassir Michel
Published: August 2018

This is an overview of the electrochemical characterization of nickel and stainless steel (so‐called SS) as electrodes in medical devices for the early diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy that originates from type‐2 diabetes or cystic fibrosis. The electrical current responses obtained during the clinical tests are related to the amount of chloride present on the sweat. SS electrodes are now used to replace nickel because this later not only presents problems with chloride sensitivity but its contact with skin can cause possible allergic reactions for some patients. For the above reasons, several types of SS were studied. It was shown that some of them perform well and have lower costs than Ni electrodes. We discuss the state of the art of the electrochemical studies conducted with nickel and steels under physiological or biomimetic conditions and discuss the advantages of a particular steel over the others depending on the conditions, especially chloride concentration.
A valve‐based microfluidic device for on‐chip single cell treatments
Authors: Sun Yue , Cai Bo , Wei Xiaoyun , Wang Zixiang , Rao Lang , Meng Qian‐Fang , Liao Qingquan , Liu Wei , Guo Shishang , Zhao Xingzhong
Published: August 2018

Assays toward single‐cell analysis have attracted the attention in biological and biomedical researches to reveal cellular mechanisms as well as heterogeneity. Yet nowadays microfluidic devices for single‐cell analysis have several drawbacks: some would cause cell damage due to the hydraulic forces directly acting on cells, while others could not implement biological assays since they could not immobilize cells while manipulating the reagents at the same time. In this work, we presented a two‐layer pneumatic valve‐based platform to implement cell immobilization and treatment on‐chip simultaneously, and cells after treatment could be collected non‐destructively for further analysis. Target cells could be encapsulated in sodium alginate droplets which solidified into hydrogel when reacted with Ca2+. The size of hydrogel beads could be precisely controlled by modulating flow rates of continuous/disperse phases. While regulating fluid resistance between the main channel and passages by the integrated pneumatic valves, on‐chip capture and release of hydrogel beads was implemented. As a proof of concept for on‐chip single‐cell treatments, we showed cellular live/dead staining based on our devices. This method would have potential in single cell manipulation for biochemical cellular assays.
In vivo animal studies help achieve international consensus on standards and guidelines for health risk estimates for chronic exposure to low levels of tritium in drinking water
Authors: Guéguen Yann , Priest Nicholas D. , Dublineau Isabelle , Bannister Laura , Benderitter Marc , Durand Christelle , Ebrahimian Teni G. , Grégoire Eric , Grison Stéphane , Ibanez Chrystelle , Legendre Audrey , Lestaevel Philippe , Roch‐Lefèvre Sandrine , Roy Laurence , Tack Karine , Wyatt Heather , Leblanc Julie , Jourdain Jean‐René , Klokov Dmitry
Published: August 2018

Existing and future nuclear fusion technologies involve the production and use of large quantities of tritium, a highly volatile, but low toxicity beta‐emitting isotope of hydrogen. Tritium has received international attention because of public and scientific concerns over its release to the environment and the potential health impact of its internalization. This article provides a brief summary of the current state of knowledge of both the biological and regulatory aspects of tritium exposure; it also explores the gaps in this knowledge and provides recommendations on the best ways forward for improving our understanding of the health effects of low‐level exposure to it. Linking health effects specifically to tritium exposure is challenging in epidemiological studies due to high uncertainty in tritium dosimetry and often suboptimal cohort sizes. We therefore argued that limits for tritium in drinking water should be based on evidence derived from controlled in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies that use realistically low levels of tritium. This article presents one such mouse study, undertaken within an international collaboration, and discusses the implications of its main findings, such as the similarity of the biokinetics of tritiated water (HTO) and organically bound tritium (OBT) and the higher biological effectiveness of OBT. This discussion is consistent with the position expressed in this article that in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies carried out within large, multi‐partner collaborations allow evaluation of a great variety of health‐related endpoints and essential to the development of international consensus on the regulation of tritium levels in the environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:586–594, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society
Multiobjective optimization for hydro‐photovoltaic hybrid power system considering both energy generation and energy consumption
Authors: Li Fang‐Fang , Qiu Jun , Wei Jia‐Hua
Published: August 2018

Hydropower can be an ideal compensation for fluctuant photovoltaic (PV) power due to its flexibility. In this study, a multiobjective optimization model considering energy generation and consumption simultaneously for a hydro‐PV hybrid power system is proposed. With the daily mean radiation intensity and temperature, the PV power output is calculated. Taking reservoir release as the decision variable, the total energy generation of the hydro‐PV system is maximized. Meanwhile, the gap between the energy generation and the energy consumption is minimized to reduce the abandoned PV power or hydropower. The proposed multiobjective model is optimized by Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms‐II (NSGA‐II). The Longyangxia Project, the largest hydro‐photovoltaic hybrid power system in the world is taken as the study case to estimate the optimal operational strategies for different objectives in wet year, normal year, and dry year, respectively. The optimal operation process of the reservoir is presented, which is instructive for the operation in the future.
Experimental evaluation of collection, thermal, and conductivity efficiency of a solar distiller pond as a free concentration unit in wastewater treatment process
Authors: Farahbod Farshad , Omidvar Mohammadnabi
Published: August 2018

The performance of one solar pond as a passive step in distilled and potable water production from desalination effluent is surveyed in this research. This solar pond is proposed in a zero discharge desalination process to prevent the salinity shocking which is made by a brackish water stream that exists from desalination units. The solar pond performance is evaluated by measuring three types of efficiency, experimentally, and mathematically. The efficiencies which are defined and calculated from experimental data are conductivity efficiency, thermal efficiency, and water recovery efficiency. The mathematical results are verified by experimental data which has been obtained during a year. The theoretical modelings show very good agreement with experimental data, especially for water collection and conductivity efficiency evaluation. The relative error of theoretical and experimental results for thermal efficiency evaluation through the day and night is obtained 7.2% and 4.9%, respectively.
Tide‐induced variability in beach surface moisture: Observations and modelling
Authors: Brakenhoff Laura B. , Smit Yvonne , Donker Jasper J. A. , Ruessink Gerben
Published: August 2018

The moisture content ws of a beach surface strongly controls the availability of sand for aeolian transport. Our predictive capability of the spatiotemporal variability in ws, which depends to a large extent on water table depth, is, however, limited. Here we show that water table fluctuations and surface moisture content observed during a 10‐day period on a medium‐grained (365μm) planar (1:30) beach can be predicted well with the nonlinear Boussinesq equation extended to include run‐up infiltration and a soil–water retention curve under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. On the intertidal part of the beach the water table is observed and predicted to continuously fall from the moment the beach surface emerges from the falling tide to just before it is submerged by the incoming tide. We find that on the lower 30% of the intertidal beach the water table remains within 0.1–0.2 m from the surface and that the sand is always saturated (ws≈20%, by mass). Higher up on the intertidal beach, the surface can dry to about 5% when the water table has fallen to 0.4–0.5 m beneath the surface. Above the high‐tide level the water table is always too deep (>0.5 m) to affect surface moisture and, without precipitation, the sand is dry (ws  <  5 − 8%). Because the water table depth on the emerged part of the intertidal beach increases with time irrespective of whether the (ocean) tide falls or rises, we find no need to include hysteresis (wetting and drying) effects in the surface‐moisture modelling. Model simulations suggest that at the present planar beach only the part well above mean sea level can dry sufficiently (ws  <  10%) for sand to become available for aeolian transport. ©2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Preventing Hepatitis B Reactivation During Anti‐CD20 Antibody Treatment in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Jasmine Bullard A. , Cunningham Francesca E. , Volpp Bryan D. , Lowy Elliott , Beste Lauren A. , Heron Bernadette B. , Geraci Mark , Hammond Julia M. , LaPlant Kourtney , Stave Elise A. , Turner Marsha J. , O’Leary Meghan C. , Kelley Michael J. , Hunt Christine M.
Published: August 2018

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation may occur with high risk immunosuppression, such as anti‐cluster of differentiation (CD)20 antibodies (Abs). Appropriate HBV prophylaxis during anti‐CD20 Ab therapy averts hepatitis, chemotherapy disruption, and death. Serologic evidence of prior HBV exposure is present in one in nine veterans in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). In 2014, most (61%‐73%) patients in the VHA who were receiving anti‐CD20 Ab treatment underwent HBV testing, yet <20% of eligible patients received HBV antiviral prophylaxis. We aimed to prevent HBV reactivation by increasing HBV testing and antiviral treatment rates among anti‐CD20 Ab recipients through prospective interventions. A multidisciplinary team of clinicians, pharmacists, and public health professionals developed comprehensive prevention systems, including national seminars/newsletters/websites; pharmacy criteria for HBV screening/treatment prior to anti‐CD20 Ab use; changes to national formulary restrictions to expand HBV prophylaxis prescribing authority; Medication Use Evaluation Tracker to identify omissions; national e‐mail alert to all VHA oncology providers detailing specific testing and HBV antiviral treatment needs; and a voluntary electronic medical record “order check” used at interested facilities (n = 11) to automatically assess pretreatment HBV testing and antiviral treatment and only generate a reminder to address deficiencies. Analysis of monthly data from June 2016 through September 2017 among anti‐CD20 Ab recipients revealed pre‐anti‐CD20 Ab treatment HBV testing increased to 91%‐96% and appropriate HBV antiviral prophylaxis to 76%‐85% nationally following implementation of the intervention. Medical centers using the voluntary electronic medical record order check increased HBV testing rates to 93%‐98% and HBV antiviral prophylaxis rates to 99%. Conclusion: Multimodal intervention systems to prevent HBV reactivation among VHA patients receiving anti‐CD20 Ab therapies increased national rates of HBV testing to >90% and antiviral prophylaxis to >80%.
Salicylate induces anxiety‐like behavior and slow theta oscillation and abolishes the relationship between running speed and fast theta oscillation frequency
Authors: Winne Jessica , Franzon Rafael , de Miranda Aron , Malfatti Thawann , Patriota João , Mikulovic Sanja , Leão Katarina E. , Leão Richardson N.
Published: August 2018

Salicylate intoxication is a cause of tinnitus in humans and it is often used to produce tinnitus‐like perception in animal models. Here, we assess whether salicylate induces anxiety‐like electrophysiological and behavioral signs. Using microwire electrode arrays, we recorded local field potential in the ventral and, in some experiments dorsal hippocampus, in an open field arena 1 hr after salicylate (300 mg/kg) injection. We found that animals treated with salicylate moved dramatically less than saline treated animals. Salicylate‐treated animals showed a strong 4–6 Hz (type 2) oscillation in the ventral hippocampus (with smaller peaks in dorsal hippocampus electrodes). Coherence in the 4–6 Hz‐theta band was low in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus when compared to movement‐related theta coherence (7–10 Hz). Moreover, movement related theta oscillation frequency decreased and its dependency on running speed was abolished. Our results suggest that salicylate‐induced theta is mostly restricted to the ventral hippocampus. Slow theta has been classically associated to anxiety‐like behaviors. Here, we show that salicylate application can consistently generate low frequency theta in the ventral hippocampus. Tinnitus and anxiety show strong comorbidity and the increase in ventral hippocampus low frequency theta could be part of this association.