bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved tropospheric NO2 product for the GEMS instrument
Authors: Richter Andreas , Lange Kezia , Boesch Tim , Zilker Bianca , Latsch Miriam , Behrens Lisa , Burrows John P. , Kim Si-Wan , Hong Hyunkee , Lee Hanlim , Park Junsung
Published: February 2023

Nitrogen oxides are among the most important pollutants in the troposphere. They are emitted in many anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel use for energy production and transportation or agricultural burning. At high concentrations, nitrogen oxides are a health hazard. They also are involved in the formation of tropospheric ozone and acid rain.There are many different ways to measure nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Satellite observations of NO2 are one of the most powerful as they provide excellent coverage. However, the spatial resolution is limited and in the case of measurements from low-earth satellites, there is only one measurement per day. The latter problem can be overcome by using geostationary satellites, and the Korean GEMS instrument is the first to provide hourly NO2 observations over Asia.In this study, a full year of tropospheric NO2 columns are retrieved from GEMS observations. Different retrieval settings are applied and the results compared with a particular emphasis on the analysis of the diurnal variation of NO2. Sensitivity tests include correction for the polarisation sensitivity of the GEMS instrument, different stratospheric correction schemes, different surface reflectances and different a priori profiles. While all of these parameters affect the retrieved NO2 columns, the pattern of the diurnal variation of the retrieved tropospheric columns appears to be robust, at least over regions with large pollution signals.
A novel apparatus to study the mechano-chemical processes active during the nucleation and propagation of earthquakes (MEERA).
Authors: Spagnuolo Elena , Cornelio Chiara , Aretusini Stefano , Pozzi Giacomo , Cocco Massimo , Selvadurai Paul , Di Stefano Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

We present a novel apparatus designed to investigate the mechanical and chemical processes active during the nucleation and the subsequent propagation of a seismic rupture. The earthquake is experimentally represented by the sudden frictional sliding of two blocks caused by either: i) the passage of a rupture front from a nearby seismogenic source at prescribed slip velocity, or ii) by the sudden release of strain energy cumulated during the slow (tectonic) loading stage preceding the nucleation of seismic rupture. M.E.E.R.A. (Mechanics of Earthquake and Extended Rupture Apparatus) is a biaxial horizontal machine installed at the laboratories of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia of Rome (Italy) thanks to a grant funded by the Italian Dipartimento di Protezione Civile. MEERA works on two blocks sized 320x80x50 mm3 put in frictional contact under a normal load up to 30 MPa. Blocks can be either rocks or analogue materials. The normal load and the shear stress are supplied by 6 hydraulic piston cylinders. One piston applies the tangential force up to 150 kN and up to 40 mm/s of slip rate. The other 5 cylinders modulate the normal force on the 320 x 50 mm2 contact surface. The 6 pistons are mounted on a rigid stainless-steel vessel that can be closed by a top built in plexiglass, which enables the environmental chamber for fluid confinement. The plexiglass top resists up to 6 MPa of fluid pressure exerted and controlled by using two ISCO pumps.  MEERA is designed following the outline described in McLaskey and Yamashita (2017) and introduces three novelties: the control in displacement and displacement rate of the tangential piston up to 1kS/s; the environmental chamber; the rigid stainless-steel frame. MEERA is designed to study how the tectonic loading of a frictional interface composed of natural rocks determine the stress state and shear stress evolution governing seismogenic processes. To this end, the simulated fault in MEERA is equipped with acoustic sensors, strain gauges, optical fibers and high velocity cameras to measure and constrain rupture nucleation processes and earthquake source parameters, including directivity and rupture velocity, the dynamics of seismic ruptures and the earthquake energy budget at different scales. We aim at comparing the laboratory observations and the signals collected by MEERA with those collected by the newly developed on-fault observatory of the ERC FEAR project in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG, Swiss Alps) to provide novel insights in earthquake mechanics. 
Analysing Emergency Response with an Online Survey of Local Residents following the July 2021 Flood Event in Western Germany
Authors: Murdock Heather , Heidenreich Anna , Bubeck Philip , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: February 2023

In July 2021 an intense and rapid onset rainfall event resulted in severe flooding for several watersheds in Western regions of Germany as well as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. In the two German federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RLP) the impacts of flooding were severe, with damage to buildings and infrastructure as well as more than 180 fatalities. This event was highly publicized in the German and international media with a focus on the performance of the early warning system. 

We analyse the warning situation for this flood event based on the results of an online survey with responses from 1348 participants from affected areas in the two federal states NRW and RLP. Following the severe flood event in mid-July 2021 the online survey for local residents was prepared and made available online for 8 weeks starting at the end of August 2021. Among other topics, the survey addressed whether residents received a flood warning, when they received a warning, and whether they knew what to do in response to a flood. 

Results show that 35% of the survey respondents in NRW did not receive any warning, while the same was true for 29% of respondents in RLP. Of those that did receive a flood warning 85% underestimated the severity of the event and 46% did not know what to do. In addition, many respondents reported that they experienced personal loss, shared life-threatening experiences, and problems with warning apps as well as message format. Multiple regression analyses identify factors that are linked to higher levels of situational knowledge on protective behavior in response to the flood event including demographics, warning elements, personal experience and risk perception. 

This presentation will discuss these results and potential conclusions to improve risk management for this type of flood event. 
Fast regional-scale technical shallow geothermal energy potential calculation with a steady-state solution of the finite line source
Authors: Miocic Johannes , Schleichert Lukas , Van de Ven Adinda , Koenigsdorff Roland
Published: February 2023

The heating and cooling sector needs a large-scale transformation to achieve the climate neutrality goals by 2050 as outlined in the European Green Deal. Heat pumps coupled with a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) are a frequently discussed option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the heating and cooling of residential buildings. The thermal interference between BHEs makes the calculation of the technical potential on a regional scale computing intensive. Here, we use a steady-state solution of the finite line source to rapidly calculate the technical geothermal energy potential for a study area of ~35.000 km² and for up to 8.6 million BHEs. The results show that the proposed methodology can be used to calculate the potential of ground source heat pumps for heating on a regional scale with a high accuracy. Limitations of the study include the random placement of BHEs within parcels (with regulatory restrictions applying), and the non-consideration of ground water flow.
Modelling the Scales of Hail
Authors: Grieser Jürgen
Published: February 2023

On average, the largest registered hailstone per year in Europe has a diameter of about 11cm. Individual hail events can cause losses exceeding one billion Euros. Therefore, the insurance industry is interested in modelling local hail risk. In fact, questions can be as specific as ‘What is the probability that this specific solar panel or roof window gets destroyed by hail within the next year?’Meteorological modelling on the other hand describes the probability of hail on synoptic scales. Moody’s RMS developed a hierarchy of statistical models downscaling the risk from the large synoptical scale down to individual objects at risk.I will discuss how the models are designed and calibrated to characterize local risk as well as spatial correlation on various time scales. To make the final model applicable for the insurance industry a thorough validation analysis is performed and results of this validation are shown in this presentation.
Improving the representation of the sea ice and snow heat conduction in models through the lens of the MOSAiC dataset
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Hutter Nils , Holland Marika
Published: February 2023

The parameterization of the heat conduction through sea ice and snow remains simple in state-of-the-art models. Specifically, it relies on prescribed conductivity parameters constant in time and space, therefore neglecting the substantial heterogeneity of these mediums down to the unresolved subgrid scale. This assumption clashes with robust observational evidence, which indicates that snow and ice conductivities can vary greatly depending on the environmental conditions and the history of the sea ice. The winter observations collected during the MOSAiC expedition are unique tools for advancing the quantitative understanding of heat conduction in sea ice and improving the realism of the thermodynamic parameterizations in models. Our investigation utilizes gridded helicopter-borne thermal infrared imaging, laser scanner (ALS) elevation observations, and meteorological measurements to assess the model bias and diagnose the importance of unresolved processes and topographic heterogeneity on heat conduction. We evidence different heat conduction regimes depending on the ice thickness, type (i.e., ridged or level ice), and snow patchiness. In light of these results, we will discuss strategies for an effective parametrization of these unresolved processes in sea ice models, and their harmonization with the preexisting model infrastructure. Furthermore, I will comment on the potential of emerging data-driven analysis techniques and machine learning in facilitating the formulation of parameterization at different stages of the development process.
Inverse identification of soil properties at catchment scale via pilot point calibration of an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model
Authors: Głogowski Arkadiusz , Fiałkiewicz Wiesław , Schilling Oliver , Brunner Philip
Published: February 2023

For water managers, extreme weather events such as droughts and heavy rainfall can pose severe challenges. Both sudden and longer term surpluses or shortages of water are operationally challenging to deal with. Investigating the effects of extreme hydrological events at the catchment scale requires the development of hydrological models capable of simulating such events. The present study is focused on developing such a model for an agricultural catchment using the integrated surface-subsurface hydrological flow model (ISSHM) HydroGeoSphere. For robust simulation of the impact of heavy rainfall and drought events on water availability and crops, an accurate representation of the spatially highly variable soil hydraulic properties has been identified as crucial. To identify effective soil hydraulic properties at the catchment scale, we propose a method combining real time observations of soil moisture, groundwater levels and catchment outflow with an ISSHM of the catchment via pilot point-based model inversion. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on a 17 km2 tributary agricultural catchment of the Odra River located 20 km north of Wrocław, Poland. The validation data for the approach consist of soil samples analysed both before and after the vegetation period.
On the performance of the corrections to the current precession-nutation models in VLBI data analysis
Authors: Ferrándiz José M. , Karbon Maria , Belda Santiago , Escapa Alberto
Published: February 2023

The derivation and subsequent use of suitable corrections to the current IAU2006/IAU2000 precession/nutation models is a main objective of the IAU/IAG Joint Working Group on Improving theories and models of the Earth rotation (JWG ITMER). It has been recognized in the latter IERS/GGOS Unified Analysis Workshops as the fastest way of improving the accuracy of those models at the short-term and thus contributing to the development of the last Resolutions of the IAG and IAU on Earth rotation.In the last few years, some research groups have proposed different sets of corrections or updates to precession and either the forced or free nutations – including alternative approaches to free core nutation (FCN) models. The derivations of the various sets are related to VLBI solutions or observational data to quite different extents. The purpose of this study is providing a wider view into the performance of such corrections, focusing on features and capabilities more directly related to VLBI data analysis
The Galileo for Science project: Precise Orbit Determination and force-modeling for the Galileo FOC satellites
Authors: Sapio Feliciana , Lucchesi David , Visco Massimo , Lefevre Carlo , Cinelli Marco , Di Marco Alessandro , Fiorenza Emiliano , Loffredo Pasqualino , Lucente Marco , Magnafico Carmelo , Peron Roberto , Santoli Francesco , Gatto Natalia , Vespe Francesco
Published: February 2023

The Galileo for Science Project (G4S_2.0) is an ongoing project funded by the Italian Space Agency that has several goals in the field of Fundamental Physics by exploiting the Galileo-FOC Constellation and, in particular, GSAT-0201 and GSAT-0202, the two FOC in elliptical orbit. The high eccentricity of their orbits and the accuracy of their atomic clocks allow to measure gravitational redshift and relativistic precessions of the orbits. These results will place new constraints on possible alternative theories of gravitation, both metric and non-metric in their structure. Furthermore, constraints on the presence of Dark Matter in our Galaxy can be placed by analysing data of the satellites’ atomic clocks.In this framework a fundamental point is obtaining a suitable satellite orbit solution by performing an accurate Precise Orbit Determination (POD). To this purpose modeling, as better as possible, the complex effects of the Non-Gravitational Perturbations (NGPs) is essential. In particular, the direct Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) represents the main source of error in determining the orbit of any GNSS spacecraft, as it is the largest NGPs perturbation.Our final goal is to build a refined Finite Element Model (FEM) of the Galileo FOC spacecraft to compute the perturbing accelerations that will be used in the POD procedure.As an intermediate step a Box-Wing (BW) model, as well as a 3D-CAD of the spacecraft, have been developed. We will present the results for the perturbing accelerations produced by SRP, Earth’s infrared radiation and Earth’s albedo in the case of a BW model built using the ESA Galileo metadata.Moreover, accounting for multiple reflections and mutual shadowing effects is crucial to improve the POD and the scientific results. To this purpose we apply the so-called Ray Tracing technique to the spacecraft FEM. We will present our ongoing work on this technique by using the software COMSOL and Matlab on the current development we obtained for the FEM.Finally, by using the residuals in the orbital elements obtained from a POD, we can test our new models and the improvements in the quality of the POD. In order to prove the reliability and robustness of the scientific results that will be obtained within G4S_2.0, we aim to exploit both GEODYN II and the Bernese software for the POD.
Gene-environment interactions in human disease development: the example of workers exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Authors: Zavattari Patrizia , Moi Loredana , Loi Eleonora , Marongiu Antonietta , Valera Paolo , Serra Matteo , Gibilras Rocco , Papacchini Maddalena , Di Basilio Marco
Published: February 2023

It is well known that genetic and environmental factors jointly influence the risk of developing human diseases. The interplay between genes and the environment is mediated by epigenetic changes of the genome consisting in modifications of DNA (e.g., by methylation) or of proteins that intimately associate with DNA, without altering the underlying DNA sequence. One of the main focuses of epigenetic research is the study of cancer, that traditionally was viewed as a genetic disease but it is now clear that its onset is preceded by epigenetic abnormalities while the genetic modifications occur later. The study of epigenetic alterations has also a particular relevance in understanding the effect of occupational exposures to pollutants and new materials, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers (NF), which are promising candidates for numerous applications in consumer products, but with potential toxic effects.The aim of this project is to investigate whether TiO2 represents a risk to human health.To this purpose, we have chosen to investigate the possible presence of circulating DNA in the plasma showing methylation alterations identified by our research group as tumor biomarkers, in subjects exposed to TiO2, compared to the plasma of cancer patients. We enrolled 40 workers employed in TiO2 production, 5 office workers, 18 external controls and 19 patients affected by colorectal cancer. Circulating DNA was extracted from the plasma of each subject, then converted by sodium bisulfite to interrogate the methylation levels of a particularly informative tumor biomarker using the qPCR technique called MethyLight. Preliminary results show, as expected, high methylation levels in cancer patients, low or negligible levels in control subjects and, quite surprisingly, intermediate levels in exposed subjects, with values very similar to those of cancer patients for some categories of workers. More in-depth multivariate analyses, taking into account possible confounding factors such as smoking habits, diet, comorbidities, will be conducted, as well as extending the series as much as possible.These results, although preliminary, seem to confirm a potential risk conferred by TiO2 exposure on human health. To date, the European Food Safety Authority has stated that a potential genotoxicity of titanium dioxide as a food additive (E171) cannot be excluded. However, its use in cosmetics and medicines has not yet been banned.
Facies association and depositional environment of shallow-water contourite deposits in the Hupo Basin, East Sea of Korea
Authors: Hong Seok-Hwi , Yoo Dong-Geun , Lee Gwang-Soo , Kim Jin Cheul , Yi Sangheon , Kim Gil-Young
Published: February 2023

This study focus on the depositional environment of the Hupo Basin shelf. We used sedimentary facies, grain size, textures, sediment color, as well as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) age data.  A long sediment core (19ESDP-101, about 120 m) has been interpreted to be the product of shallow water contourites. The sediments in the core are divided into seven sedimentary facies grouped into four facies associations (FA): FA1) contourite drift, FA2) contourite drift and channel transition, FA3) contourite channel and drift transition, and FA4) contourite channel. FA1 resulted from the interaction between hemipelagic fallout, low-density gravity flow, and sedimentation under low velocity bottom currents. Compared to FA1, both FA 2 and FA3 are indicative of higher velocity bottom currents, owing to their relative increase in grain size and the presence of subtle indicators of bed-load transport. FA 4 portrayed massive to slightly bedded sand,  representing a contourite channel environment with high-energy conditions. The sedimentary facies stacking patterns observed at the study area site suggested that the depositional processes changed at the area where the core was optained. Therefore, the FA stacking pattern suggests the lateral migration of the contourite depositional system and continuous flow of the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC). Fluctuations in the bottom current activity, related to the intensification and deceleration of the NKCC, have caused fluctuations between contouritic and hemipelagic dominated periods. Our findings and interpretations can serve as a much needed reference for shallow-water contourite recognition in modern environments.
Recycling of Nitrogen and Phosphorus with Bone Biochar and Biogas Digestates from Abattoir Residues
Authors: Soja Gerhard , Sörensen Anders , Drosg Bernhard , Gabauer Wolfgang , Schumergruber Alexander , Dunst Gerald , Meitner Daniela , Guillen Elena , Pfeifer Christoph
Published: February 2023

The by-products of abattoirs may become valuable resources for nutrient recycling and energy generation by including pyrolysis and biogas production in the value creation chain. This study investigated the potential of bone chars as sorbents for ammonium in order to produce a soil amendment useful for fertilizing purposes. Ammonium enriched from the digestate by membrane distillation or from pure ammonium sulphate solutions accommodated the nitrogen sorption to the bone chars. The plant availability of the sorbed nitrogen was studied by a standardized short-term plant test with rye (Secale cereale L.).The results showed that ammonium, both from biogas digestate of the abattoir and from pure salt solutions, could be sorbed successfully to the bone chars post-pyrolysis and increased the nitrogen concentration of the chars (1.6±0.3 %) by 0.2-0.4 %. This additional nitrogen was desorbed easily and supported plant growth (+17 to +37 %) and plant nitrogen uptake (+19 to 74 %). The sorption of ammonium to the bone chars had a positive effect on the reversal of pure bone char phytotoxicity and on nitrogen availability. In summary, this study showed that abattoir wastes are useful pyrolysis input materials to produce bone chars and to use biogas digestates as ammonium source for nitrogen sorption to the chars. This innovation offers the possibility to produce nitrogen-enriched bone chars as a new type of fertilizer that upgrades the known value of bone char as phosphorus fertilizer by an additional nitrogen fertilizer effect. The study also shows that abattoirs, too, may become contributors to circular economy by facilitating the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus.
First results of applying the updated two-energies turbulence scheme over complex terrain
Authors: Schmidli Juerg , Bastak Duran Ivan , Quimbayo-Duarte Julian , Sakradzija Mirjana , Singh Shweta
Published: February 2023

The unified parameterization of turbulence and clouds in the atmospheric boundary layer is one of the challenges in current weather and climate models. The updated two-energy turbulence scheme is able to successfully model both stratocumulus cases and shallow convection without the need of an additional parameterization for non-local fluxes. The update includes the introduction of the entropy potential temperature to distinguish between a shallow convection and a stratocumulus regime. In addition, the two-energy scheme is coupled to a simplified assumed PDF method in order to achieve a more universal representation of the cloudy regimes. The updated turbulence scheme has been tuned based on several idealized cases and is now evaluated for several real cases in the ICON modeling framework. These cases include cloud streets over relatively flat terrain and stable boundary layers including fog over complex terrain. The performance of the updated scheme is comparable to or better than the operational setup, and can be thus used instead of the operational turbulence and shallow convection scheme in ICON.
Tonian to Mississippian magmatic pulses recorded within the Pearya Succession I in the vicinity of Yelverton Inlet, Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Majka Jarosław , Kośmińska Karolina , Bazarnik Jakub
Published: February 2023

The Pearya Terrane of northern Ellesmere Island is composed of a Tonian crystalline arc, Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary successions, an Ordovician island arc complex and related volcaniclastics, and middle Ordovician to Silurian sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks of the Pearya Succession I, dominated by Tonian gneiss, were targeted for ion microprobe U-Pb zircon dating. Two felsic gneisses yielded Tonian c. 960 Ma and 940 Ma ages, respectively. Another two felsic gneisses gave ages of c. 870 Ma and c. 750 Ma. The latter exhibited common inherited zircon cores dominated by a c. 870 Ma signature. Out of three dated mafic samples, a gabbro yielded an age of c. 470 Ma, while basaltic dykes gave c. 415 Ma and c. 340 Ma. The c. 415 Ma dyke is cutting the c. 940 Ma gneiss, whereas the c. 360 Ma dyke is emplaced within the c. 870 Ma gneiss. While the obtained ages in the range of c. 960-940 Ma are typically reported from the Pearya Succession I, felsic gneisses of c. 870 Ma and 750 Ma, to our knowledge, have not been reported so far. Tentatively, we interpret these two ages as a potential expression of post-Grenville extension, associated with an attempted, repeated, but unsuccessful rifting. The c. 470 Ma gabbro is interpreted to have formed in an active margin environment as a part of the Thores Arc during the main phase of the Caledonian (M’Clintock) subduction and amalgamation. The age of c. 415 of the older mafic dyke somewhat corresponds to other Early Devonian magmatic rocks known from Pearya. Interestingly, it slightly precedes the timing of prograde metamorphism within an adjacent Barrovian sequence of the Petersen Bay Assemblage. Thus, it may represent the earliest expression of a hypothesized igneous heat source for the Barovian sequence (Kośmińska et al. 2022, JPet). Lastly, the c. 340 Ma mafic dyke is coeval with metamorphism and granitic magmatism known from Pearya (Trettin 1998 GSC Bulletin, Estrada et al. 2016 JGeodyn, Powell & Schneider 2022 Tectonics). It is also coeval with regional extension and deposition of the Emma Fiord and Borup formations of the Sverdup Basin. Notably, the latter contains the Audchild basaltic lavas and pyroclastic sediments (Thorsteinsson 1974, GSC Bulletin). Thus, we postulate that the mafic dyke of c. 340 Ma age is closely related with extension and rifting responsible for the formation of the Sverdrup Basin. This discovery calls for much more careful interpretation of numerous undated mafic dykes occurring within the Pearya Succession I.This research is funded by the National Science Centre (Poland) project no. 2019/33/B/ST10/01728.
Environmental impacts and mitigation options on cultivated peatland with shallow peat depth in northern Finland – NorPeat platform
Authors: Liimatainen Maarit , Kulmala Liisa , Läpikivi Miika , Lötjönen Timo , Yli-Halla Markku , Nieminen Jaana , Kekkonen Jarkko , Kinnunen Juho , Gerin Stephanie , Vekuri Henriikka , Pham Tung , Höyhtyä Iida , Marttila Hannu , Klöve Björn , Liedes Toni , Laurila Tuomas , Lohila Annalea , Liski Jari , Joki-Tokola Erkki
Published: February 2023

To use peatlands for agriculture or forestry, they need to be drained. Lowered water table and increased oxygen concentration in the soil profile alter soil biogeochemistry, enhancing peat decomposition and mineralization processes. After the drainage, peatland changes from carbon sink to carbon source into the atmosphere and watercourses. The drainage affects the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and runoff water quality depending on soil nutrient status and the new water table depth. Usually, carbon dioxide ad nitrous oxide fluxes increase, and methane fluxes decrease.In Finland, approximately 10% of cultivated fields are on organic soils but they are responsible for a larger share of agricultural GHG emissions. Finland has set a challenging goal for carbon neutrality by 2035, thus the pressure to mitigate GHG emissions from cultivated peatlands is high. However, if the cultivation of drained peatlands was heavily restricted, their local importance creates socio-economic challenges, due to their uneven distribution in Finland. At the same time, recent global and economic circumstances as well as the increased occurrence of extreme weather events have underlined the importance of national food security. During dry growing seasons, cultivated peatlands produce decent crop yields more reliably than mineral soils.NorPeat research platform (26 ha) located at Ruukki, Finland (64.68°N, 25.11°E) and governed by Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) is a cultivated peatland under normal silage grass rotation for beef cattle feed production. The platform was established in 2017 to study various environmental effects of cultivated peatlands monitoring year-round GHG fluxes, as well as flow and the quality of subsurface drainage water and overflow. The field is divided into 8 plots and the peat depth varies from 15 to 75 cm. Water storage reservoir (0.7 ha) located next to the field is connected to the subsurface drainage system and it allows subsurface irrigation and manipulation of the water table level in the individual plots. Environmental conditions are monitored with multiple sensors to supplement the datasets of GHG emissions and leaching. Along with field experiments, we are running column experiments in controlled conditions in the laboratory to study environmental impacts in more detail. In addition, the technical usability of sub-irrigation systems as a tool for GHG mitigation via water table control is studied in the field and laboratory. These are carried out with the aim to add automated features to the system to optimize the operation of the sub-irrigation.
A global synthetic multi-peril flood event set
Authors: Quinn Niall , Murphy-Barltrop Callum , Probyn Izzy
Published: February 2023

Floods are one of the most common, costly, and deadly natural disasters in many regions of the world. Billions of dollars of damages are caused annually, while most studies predict a further worsening of impacts under a warming climate over the next century. To help mitigate the impacts it is important to understand where, when and the likely severity of flooding that might take place. Recently, the emergence of efficient hydraulic modeling frameworks, able to produce flood hazard maps over the entire world, have provided a vital tool that helps to provide this information to end users. However, these maps are typically ‘static’, offering no information about what a real flood event could look like. This is problematic to, for example, emergency planners who may need to know how large the worst case event might be, or those in the insurance sector who may be interested in estimating tail losses across asset portfolios spanning large spatial regions. To meet these requirements, it is important to consider the spatial dependencies in flood events, i.e., given there is flooding in one region, what is the likelihood we see flooding simultaneously in another. In this work we attempt to meet this need through the development of a modeling framework that enables the automated creation of thousands of years of synthetic flood footprints, representing pluvial, fluvial and coastal processes, anywhere in the world. We do this by obtaining global, freely available reanalysis products to use as training data to characterize the flood dependence structures within a multivariate extreme value model at selected locations. The dependence structures are then used to derive synthetic events, interpolated to create event surfaces, which are then used to sample from existing global static hazard layers. The output is a dataset containing thousands of years of synthetic multi-peril (pluvial, fluvial, coastal) flood event footprints around the world. This presentation outlines the key input datasets, methodological steps, and validation procedures implemented. We also highlight important limitations and plans for future development. 
Understanding our capabilities in observing and modelling Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Verbeke Christine , Mays M. Leila , Mierla Marilena ,   International Team 480 from the International Space Science Institute: Understanding Our Capabilities In Observing And Modeling Coronal Mass Ejections
Published: February 2023

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun. They are considered to be the main drivers of strong space weather events at Earth. Multiple models have been developed over the past decades to be able to predict the propagation of CMEs and their arrival time at Earth. Such models require input from observations, which can be used to fit the CME to an appropriate structure.When determining input parameters for CME propagation models, it is common procedure to derive kinematic parameters from remote-sensing data. The resulting parameters can be used as inputs for the CME propagation models to obtain an arrival prediction time of the CME f.e. at Earth. However, when fitting the CME structure to obtain the needed parameters for simulations, different geometric structures and also different parts of the CME structure can be fitted. These aspects, together with the fact that 3D reconstructions strongly depend on the subjectivity and judgement of the scientist performing them, may lead to uncertainties in the fitted parameters. Up to now, no large study has tried to map these uncertainties and to evaluate how they affect the modelling of CMEs. Furthermore, when using these determined parameters as inputs into CME propagation models, they spread throughout the modelling domain and influence the final results of the simulation and the predicted arrival time of the modelled CME.Fitting a large set of CMEs within a selected period of time, we aim to investigate the uncertainties in the CME fittings in detail. Each event is fitted multiple times by different scientists. We discuss statistics on uncertainties of the fittings. We also present some first results of the impact of these uncertainties on CME propagation modelling.Acknowledgements: This work has been partly supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in the framework of International Team 480 entitled: Understanding Our Capabilities In Observing And Modeling Coronal Mass Ejections'.
Hypotheses Concerning Global Magnetospheric Convection, Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, and Auroral Activity at Uranus
Authors: Turner Drew , Cohen Ian , Clark George , Kollmann Peter , Regoli Leonardo
Published: February 2023

We investigate the unique magnetosphere of Uranus and its interaction with the solar wind. Following previous seminal work, we developed and validated a simple yet valuable and illustrative model of Uranus’ offset, tilted, and rapidly-spinning magnetic field and magnetopause (nominal and fit to the Voyager-2 inbound crossing point) in three-dimensional space. With this model, we investigated details of the seasonal and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation dependencies of dayside and flank reconnection along the Uranian magnetopause. We found that anti-parallel (magnetic field shear angle greater than 170-degrees) reconnection occurs nearly continuously along the Uranian dayside and/or flank magnetopause under all seasons of the 84 (Earth) year Uranian orbit and the most likely IMF orientations. Such active and continuous driving of the Uranian magnetosphere should result in constant loading and unloading of the Uranian magnetotail, which may be further complicated and destabilized by sudden changes in the IMF orientation and solar wind conditions plus the reconfigurations from the rotation of Uranus itself. We demonstrate that unlike the other magnetospheric systems that are Dungey-cycle driven (i.e., Mercury and Earth) or rotationally driven (Jupiter and Saturn), global magnetospheric convection of plasma, magnetic flux, and energy flow may occur via three distinct cycles, two of which are unique to Uranus (and possibly also Neptune). Our simple model is also used to map signatures of dayside and flank reconnection down to the Uranian ionosphere, as a function of planetary latitude and longitude. Such mapping demonstrates that “spot”-like auroral features should be very common on the Uranian dayside, consistent with observations from Hubble Space Telescope. We further detail how the combination of Uranus’ rapid rotation and unique and very active global magnetospheric convection should be consistent with fueling of the surprisingly intense trapped radiation environment observed by Voyager-2 during is single flyby. Summarizing, Uranus is a very special magnetosphere that offers new insights on the nature, complexity, and diversity of planetary magnetospheric systems and the acceleration of particles in space plasmas. We still have much to learn about Uranus’ unique and intriguing magnetosphere, which might have important analogs to exoplanetary magnetospheric systems. Our hypotheses can be tested with further work involving more advanced models, new auroral observations, and unprecedented missions to explore the in situ environment from orbit around Uranus. Our results highlight why any future mission to orbit Uranus should include a complement of magnetospheric instruments in the payload.
Understanding hillslope deformation mechanisms in permafrost environments using a dense sensor network.
Authors: Fiolleau Sylvain , Uhlemann Sebastian , Wielandt Stijn , Shirley Ian , Wang Chen , Rowland Joel , Thaler Evan , Dafflon Baptiste
Published: February 2023

The rapid evolution of the landscape in the Arctic observed over many years is of concern from a climate perspective, but also regarding emerging natural hazards. Part of this evolution involves soil deformation which, by redistributing soil and organic matter, is impacting the soil carbon cycle. The variety and complexity of the mechanisms controlling soil movement is a significant source of uncertainty in estimating current and future soil carbon storage and fluxes. A better understanding of the soil deformation triggers and kinematics will allow us to better understand their impact on climate change.In this study, we investigate soil deformations and their controls in a discontinuous Arctic permafrost environment using a dense, low-cost sensor network providing depth-resolved deformation and temperature measurements to depths up to 1.8 m (Wielandt et al., 2022). The sensor network was deployed at 59 locations across a 2 km2 watershed located near Nome, AK. The deformation and temperature were monitored with a high resolution from May 2022 to September 2022. During this period, the watershed experienced air temperatures exceeding 0°C and numerous rain events, leading to critical conditions for soil deformation. During the monitoring period, displacements of a few millimeters to tens of centimeters were recorded to depths up to 1.8 m. These displacements showed different spatio-temporal patterns that vary as a function of the topographic position, the subsurface structure and the thermal and hydrological states. While some locations showed a clear relationship between seasonal thaw depth and soil deformation, other locations remained either stable or deformed mostly in response to rainfall events. A detailed analysis of the data allowed us to highlight the different factors controlling the deformation (e.g. slope aspect, permafrost depth, bedrock depth, soil moisture, etc.). We were thus able to characterize the impact of each factor on the evolution of the morphology of the watershed. This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling hillslope deformation and their possible impact on the soil carbon distribution and the hazard they may represent.Wielandt, S., Uhlemann, S., Fiolleau, S., Dafflon, B., 2022. Low-Power, Flexible Sensor Arrays with Solderless Board-to-Board Connectors for Monitoring Soil Deformation and Temperature. Sensors 22, 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072814
Towards a dynamic representation of irrigation in land surface models
Authors: Zhu Wanxue , Siebert Stefan
Published: February 2023

Water use for irrigation has a critical impact on hydrology, ecology, and agricultural productivity. The irrigation water use is determined by (1) the irrigation water volume required per unit irrigated area and (2) the extent of irrigated land. At large scales, the required water volume per unit irrigated area is usually estimated by calculating soil water balances and quantifying the volume of water supply needed to ensure that crop evapotranspiration is at the potential level or at a level minimizing drought impacts on crop yield. Little information is available about the dynamics in the extent of irrigated land, mainly due to the limited observations and investigations at large scales. To fill the above research gap and to test for factors impacting interannual variability in irrigation extent, this study is going to develop a database with 1990-2020 annual irrigated cropland extent for Europe/Eurasia, a region with relatively well data availability, at sub-national resolution. Relationships between annual irrigation extent and factors potentially impacting variabilities in the irrigated area will be tested by using process-based models. The new annual irrigation database will be applied in Community Land Model to quantify differences in dynamics and trends of irrigation water use across the region compared to the use of the current static data products. Consequently, we will analyze the impact of climate variability on the extent of irrigated crops, irrigation water requirements, and irrigation water use. This study will be fundamental for better understanding and qualifying the human impacts on the natural environment and society under climate change, so as to support future scenario forecasts and decision systems, particularly in improving irrigation management.
Active Tectonics of the East Anatolian Fault Zone based on morphometric analysis on the Şiro Valley (East Anatolia)
Authors: Akgün Elif , Topal Savaş , Softa Mustafa , Sözbilir Hasan , Aksoy Ercan , Yüksel Mehmet
Published: February 2023

Eastern Mediterranean is being deformed by major intraplate strike-slip fault systems such as North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) due to the convergence between the Arabian Plate and the Eastern Anatolian Plateau. Even though the studies regarding the paleoseismology and tectonic evolution of the EAFZ have been studied since 20th century, the recent earthquakes that occurred on EAFZ (January 24, 2020-Mw:6.8) have drawn attention to the deformation dispersed into Pütürge, Sivrice and nearby segments of it.The normalized steepness index (ksn), Chi (χ), and knickpoints (KP) are powerful geomorphological tools for determining the uplift rate and stress distribution at the convergence zones. To unravel the deformation pattern, ksn, χ, and KP analyses were performed along the longitudinal course of rivers on northern margin of the Şiro valley that is bounded by strike-slip faults with significant vertical components from its northern and southern sides.The preliminary morphometric analysis revealed that: (i) the occurrence of knickpoints coincides with known and/mostly undefined faults affecting the elevated fluvial terraces on the main valley, (ii) the calculated ksn values increase towards the inner part of the valley.Ultimately, these calculated morphometric indices not only will provide many benefits for determining the target sites for the geochronological studies on the uplifted river terraces in the valley, but they will also contribute to defining new secondary active faults linked with principal displacement zone and evaluation of uplift rate, erosion rate, and slip rate. This study is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK; Project No:122Y266).Keywords: East Anatolian Fault Zone, Pütürge segment, morphometric analysis, deformation pattern, fluvial terraces
A crop phenology-based approach to quantify the C-factor at the field-parcel scale in Europe
Authors: Matthews Francis , Panagos Panos , Borrelli Pasquale , Verstraeten Gert
Published: February 2023

The crop cover-management (C-) factor in arable landscapes describes the soil erosion susceptibility associated with seasonally cultivated crops. Previous informatic and computational limitations have led many modelling studies to prescribe C-factor values and assume spatial and temporal stationarity. However, the multiple influencing factors ranging from parcel-scale crop cultivation and management to regional-scale rainfall regimes motivate new methods to capture this variation when identifying at-risk areas. Modern data systems (in this case: field parcel vector data, Sentinel-2 time series, rainfall erosivity time series networks, EU-scale land survey (LUCAS) and European regional statistical data) provide spatially and/or temporally dense information sources on which scalable model parametrisation frameworks can be built and updated. Here, we define a multi-component method to derive the C-factor by associating time series of canopy and residue surface cover from Sentinel-2 and climate-specific rainfall erosivity with Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) field parcel data from European Union Member States. A standardised approach is emphasised to increase the future interoperability and inter-comparability of soil erosion modelling studies deploying the C-factor. Additionally, field parcel simulation units with associated crop declarations provide a new reference scale to link predictions of soil erosion risk with specific management decisions and declarations by farmers. After implementing the method on a homogenised subsample of 8600 field parcels covering available IACS data regions, several key findings are outlined: 1) time series information provides new opportunities to predict the time-criticality of erosion in specific crop cultivations, 2) the varying (a-)synchronicity between seasonal crop canopy cover and heavy rainstorms means that spatial variability is inherent within the C-factor across Europe, and 3) the addition of agricultural management practices (e.g. tillage practice descriptions) to open-access IACS repositories can facilitate more comprehensive evaluations of the C-factor and soil erosion risk in the future.
Baroclinic Ocean Response to Climate Forcing Regulates Decadal Variability of Ice-Shelf Melting in the Amundsen Sea
Authors: SIlvano Alessandro , Holland Paul , Naugthen Kaitlin , Dragomir Oana , Dutrieux Pierre , Jenkins Adrian , Si Yidongfang , Stewart Andrew , Peña Molino Beatriz , Janzing Gregor , Dotto Tiago , Naveira Garabato Alberto
Published: February 2023

Warm ocean waters drive rapid ice-shelf melting in the Amundsen Sea. The ocean heat transport toward the ice shelves is associated with the Amundsen Undercurrent, a near-bottom current that flows eastward along the shelf break and transports warm waters onto the continental shelf via troughs. Here we use a regional ice-ocean model to show that, on decadal time scales, the undercurrent's variability is baroclinic (depth-dependent). Decadal ocean surface cooling in the tropical Pacific results in cyclonic wind anomalies over the Amundsen Sea. These wind anomalies drive a westward perturbation of the shelf-break surface flow and an eastward anomaly (strengthening) of the undercurrent, leading to increased ice-shelf melting. This contrasts with shorter time scales, for which surface current and undercurrent covary, a barotropic (depth-independent) behavior previously assumed to apply at all time scales. This suggests that interior ocean processes mediate the decadal ice-shelf response in the Amundsen Sea to climate forcing.