bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foveal thickness and vascular variables in adolescents born moderate‐to‐late preterm
Authors: Ovik Titus , Lind Alexandra , Popovic Zoran , Dahlgren Jovanna , Aring Eva , Andersson Grönlund Marita
Published: April 2024

Purpose

It is well established that children born very preterm are at increased risk for ocular abnormalities including altered foveal morphology. However, little is known about how children born moderate‐to‐late preterm (MLP), gestational age 32 + 0–36 + 6 weeks, are affected later in life. This study investigates foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vascular density (VD), central foveal thickness (CFT) and ganglion cell layer thickness (GCL++) of adolescents born MLP without history of retinopathy of prematurity and compare the results with full‐term controls.

Methods

In a prospective population‐based cohort study, 50 adolescents (26 girls; mean age 16.5 years) born MLP were examined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT‐A). FAZ and VD were obtained from OCT‐A scans and adjusted for ocular magnification. CFT and GCL++ were obtained from the OCT scans. The results from the MLP individuals were compared with the results from 49 healthy full‐term controls (29 girls; mean age 16.7 years).

Results

The results showed statistically significant differences in FAZ area (0.22 vs 0.28 mm2; p = 0.0032) and CFT (198.1 vs 187.1 μm; p = 0.0010) between the MLP group and controls. Strong correlations between FAZ area and CFT (r = −0.773, p < 0.0001) and GCL++ (r = −0.924, p < 0.0001) were found in the MLP group. There were no differences in VD.

Conclusions

Our results show that adolescents born MLP have a smaller FAZ area and an increased CFT compared with full‐term controls. These results indicate that adolescents born MLP have similar parafoveal changes as children born extreme or very preterm.
Effects of quercetin in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Authors: de Oliveira Vian Camila , Marinho Marcelo Augusto Germani , da Silva Marques Magno , Hort Mariana Appel , Cordeiro Marcos Freitas , Horn Ana Paula
Published: April 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects dopaminergic neurons, thus impairing dopaminergic signalling. Quercetin (QUE) has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties that are promising for the treatment of PD. This systematic review aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of QUE against PD in preclinical models. The systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. At the final screening stage, 26 articles were selected according to pre‐established criteria. Selected studies used different methods for PD induction, as well as animal models. Most studies used rats (73.08%) and mice (23.08%), with 6‐OHDA as the main strategy for PD induction (38.6%), followed by rotenone (30.8%). QUE was tested immersed in oil, nanosystems or in free formulations, in varied routes of administration and doses, ranging from 10 to 400 mg/kg and from 5 to 200 mg/kg in oral and intraperitoneal administrations, respectively. Overall, evidence from published data suggests a potential use of QUE as a treatment for PD, mainly through the inhibition of oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory response and apoptotic pathways.
Persistence to statin treatment: A cohort study in Lithuania
Authors: Kirilova Karina , Trečiokienė Indrė , Bratčikovienė Nomeda , Qvarnström Miriam , Wettermark Björn
Published: April 2024

Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death, and statins can reduce the risk of major vascular events. Lithuania is among the European countries with the highest cardiovascular mortality despite a rapidly increasing use of statins. Previous reviews have shown the problem of poor patient adherence, but there are limited studies from Eastern European countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment persistence in new users of statins in Lithuania and to investigate factors associated with persistence. Dispensed prescriptions from patients aged >18 years old initiated on statins in 2018–2019 were included, and data were obtained from a national health insurance fund. Persistence was assessed by the proportion of patients who still had statins dispensed 1 year after the first dispensing. Factors associated with persistence were assessed using logistic regression. A total of 104 726 patients (41.3% men) were initiated on statin treatment. Only 41% of them continued statin use 1 year after initiation. Factors associated with higher persistence rate were older age, higher dose of statin, use of other medicines and use of statins as secondary prevention. Low persistence to statin therapy needs to be recognized by healthcare workers, pharmacists and policy makers to address this problem.
Implications and hidden toxicity of cardiometabolic syndrome and early‐stage heart failure in carfilzomib‐induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: Efentakis Panagiotis , Varela Aimilia , Lamprou Sofia , Papanagnou Eleni‐Dimitra , Chatzistefanou Michail , Christodoulou Andriana , Davos Constantinos H. , Gavriatopoulou Maria , Trougakos Ioannis , Dimopoulos Meletios Athanasios , Terpos Evangelos , Andreadou Ioanna
Published: April 2024

Background and Purpose

Cancer therapy‐related cardiovascular adverse events (CAEs) in presence of comorbidities, are in the spotlight of the cardio‐oncology guidelines. Carfilzomib (Cfz), indicated for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM), presents with serious CAEs. MM is often accompanied with co‐existing comorbidities. However, Cfz use in MM patients with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) or in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is questionable.

Experimental Approach

ApoE−/− and C57BL6/J male mice received 14 weeks Western Diet (WD) (CMS models). C57BL6/J male mice underwent permanent LAD ligation for 14 days (early‐stage HFrEF model). CMS‐ and HFrEF‐burdened mice received Cfz for two consecutive or six alternate days. Daily metformin and atorvastatin administrations were performed additionally to Cfz, as prophylactic interventions. Mice underwent echocardiography, while proteasome activity, biochemical and molecular analyses were conducted.

Key Results

CMS did not exacerbate Cfz left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, whereas Cfz led to metabolic complications in both CMS models. Cfz induced autophagy and Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation, whereas metformin and atorvastatin prevented Cfz‐mediated LV dysfunction and molecular deficits in the CMS‐burdened myocardium. Early‐stage HFrEF led to depressed LV function and increased protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. Cfz further increased myocardial PP2A activity, inflammation and Ca2+‐cycling dysregulation. Metformin co‐administration exerted an anti‐inflammatory potential on the myocardium without improving LV function.

Conclusion and Implications

CMS and HFrEF seem to exacerbate Cfz‐induced CAEs, by presenting metabolism‐related hidden toxicity and PP2A‐related cardiac inflammation, respectively. Metformin retains its prophylactic potential in the presence of CMS, while mitigating inflammation and Ca2+ signalling dysregulation in the HFrEF myocardium.
Dental caries and school readiness in 5‐year‐olds: A birth cohort data linkage study
Authors: Giles Erin , Relins Samuel , Gray‐Burrows Kara , Baker Sarah R , Day Peter F.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To describe the association between dental caries and school readiness in 5‐year‐old children taking part in the Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort, UK.

Methods

The Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP) assesses the school readiness of young children and is strongly predictive of future academic attainment. Children are recorded as ‘emerging’ (below expected), ‘expected’, or ‘exceeding’ in five key learning areas. The Oral Health Survey of 5‐year‐olds (OHS5) is undertaken biennially in England, assessing caries experience at a dentine threshold (d3mft). EYFSP and OHS5 were available for a proportion of children participating in BiB. Odds ratios and confidence intervals for caries experience were established, and odds ratios adjusted for significant sociodemographic variables.

Results

EYFSP and OHS5 data were available for 2.5% (n = 346) BiB participants. Nearly half (45.2%) had caries. A measure of socio‐economic status, receiving free school meals, was the only demographic variable strongly related to caries experience (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6–4.9). After adjustment, children ‘emerging’ in EYFSP learning areas had 1.6‐ to 2.2‐fold (95% CI: 1.0–3.8) higher odds of experiencing caries. Children ‘exceeding’ EYFSP learning areas had 2.3‐ to 4‐fold (95% CI: 0.1–0.9) lower odds of caries experience.

Conclusion

This is the first study to explore the association between caries experience and school readiness using a holistic assessment tool. The association was found across different learning areas and was comparable to and independent of socio‐economic status. The findings indicate oral health‐related absenteeism is not a causative factor. EYFSP shows potential to enhance the targeting of preventive interventions at a child, class or school level.
Experiences of dental behaviour support techniques: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Geddis‐Regan Andrew , Fisal Aisyah Binti Ahmad , Bird James , Fleischmann Isabel , Mac Giolla Phadraig Caoimhin
Published: April 2024

Background

Little is known about patients' or carers' reported experiences of dental care provided using dental behaviour support (DBS) techniques. Qualitative literature can provide unique insight into these experiences.

Aim

To explore and synthesize qualitative literature related to patient experience of dental behaviour support.

Methods

A PROSPERO‐registered systematic review of qualitative articles was undertaken. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO. Abstracts were screened by two reviewers and data were extracted to summarize the qualitative findings included within them. A thematic summary approach was used to synthesize the qualitative data identified.

Results

Twenty‐three studies were included. Studies primarily explored experiences of dental care of children by speaking to their parents (n = 16), particularly regarding paediatric dental general anaesthesia (DGA) (n = 8). Studies of adults' experiences of DBS (n = 7) covered a range of techniques. Nine studies explored broader dental care experiences and did not study specific DBS approaches. A thematic synthesis identified five themes applicable across the studies identified: Trust and the therapeutic alliance supporting effective care delivery; considered information sharing often alleviated anticipatory anxiety; control and autonomy‐reduced anxieties; variations in the perceived treatment successes and failures of DBS techniques; and DBS techniques produced longer positive and negative impacts on patients beyond direct care provision.

Conclusion

Qualitative research has been under‐utilized in research on DBS techniques. Care experiences of most DBS techniques outside of paediatric DGA are poorly understood. Building trust with patients and enabling autonomy appear to support positive patient‐reported experiences of care.
Effects of sterilization, conditioning, and thermal aging on the retention of zirconia hybrid abutments: A laboratory study
Authors: Alghanaim Nalah , Kern Matthias , Yazigi Christine , Chaar M. Sad
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate the effects of sterilization, conditioning method, and thermal aging on the retentive strength of two‐piece zirconia abutments.

Materials and Methods

In total, 128 stock zirconia abutments were divided into four groups (n = 32) according to the conditioning parameters: (A) air‐abrasion using 50 μm alumina particles/1.0 bar, (B) 50 μm/2.0 bar, (C) 100 μm/1.0 bar, and (D) 100 μm/2.0 bar. All abutments were bonded onto titanium bases using DTK adhesive resin and stored in water bath (37°C) for 72 h. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 16), group 1 was disinfected, whereas group 2 followed disinfection and autoclave sterilization. Half of the specimens of each subgroup (n = 8) was directly subjected to the axial retention test (groups N), while the other half was first subjected to 150 days of thermocycling followed by retention test (groups T). Statistical analysis was performed with three‐way ANOVA, additional statistical analysis was performed by using separate one‐way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey's post‐hoc test for post hoc pairwise comparisons among groups.

Results

The highest median retention strength was recorded for group B2N (1390 N), whereas the lowest strength was recorded for group C1T (688 N). No significant interaction (p ≥ 0.05) was detected between the different variables; conditioning method, sterilization, and the thermal cycling regarding the effect on the resulting retention. However, the sterilization always showed a positive effect. Thermocycling presented an adversely significant effect only in the absence of sterilization (p < 0.05), with the exception of subgroups A. For the sterilized groups, thermocycling had no statistically significant effect on the retention.

Conclusion

Steam autoclaving increased the retention of hybrid zirconia abutments. DTK adhesive resin for two‐piece zirconia abutments performed well after sterilization and thermocycling.
Audience segmentation approach to conservation messaging for transforming the exotic pet trade
Authors: Naito Rumi , Chan Kai M. A. , López de la Lama Rocío , Zhao Jiaying
Published: April 2024

Advancing transformative change for sustainability requires population‐wide behavior change. Yet, many behavioral interventions tackling environmental problems only examine average effects on the aggregate, overlooking the heterogeneous effects in a population. We developed and preregistered a novel audience segmentation approach to test the diverse impact of conservation messaging on reducing demand for exotic pets (private action ‐ i.e., desire to own exotic pets or visit wildlife entertainment places) and fostering citizen engagement for system‐wide change (civic action ‐ e.g., signing a petition or participating in a protest against the exotic pet trade). Through an online survey with US participants (n = 2953), we identified 4 population segments (early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards), representing varying levels of commitment to wildlife conservation and then randomly assigned each segment to one of 3 messaging conditions. Messages highlighting negative consequences of the exotic pet trade and the power of collective action for system change effectively promoted private action among all segments except early adopters (ηp2 = 0.005). Among civic actions, only the collective action message motivated early adopters and the early majority to sign petitions (φC = 0.193 andφC = 0.097, respectively). Furthermore, the 4 segments showed distinct reasoning for action and inaction on wildlife conservation, with certain relational values, such as care, serving as both motivations and barriers to action. These findings highlight the need for targeted behavioral interventions across diverse populations.
Global patterns of human–wildlife spatial associations and implications for differentiating conservation strategies
Authors: Zhang Chengcheng , Wang Yihong , Chang Jiang , Li Junsheng , Pan Shengkai , Yang Biao , Zhan Xiangjiang , Dai Qiang
Published: April 2024

Understanding the global patterns of human and wildlife spatial associations is essential for pragmatic conservation implementation, yet analytical foundations and indicator‐based assessments that would further this understanding are lacking. We integrated the global distributions of 30,664 terrestrial vertebrates and human pressures to map human–nature index (HNI) categories that indicate the extent and intensity of human–wildlife interactions. Along the 2 dimensions of biodiversity and human activity, the HNI allowed placement of terrestrial areas worldwide in one of 4 HNI categories: anthropic (human‐dominated areas), wildlife‐dominated (little human influence and rich in wildlife), co‐occurring (substantial presence of humans and wildlife), and harsh‐environment (limited presence of humans and wildlife) areas. The HNI varied considerably among taxonomic groups, and the leading driver of HNI was global climate patterns. Co‐occurring regions were the most prevalent (35.9%), and wildlife‐dominated and anthropic regions encompassed 26.45% and 6.50% of land area, respectively. Our results highlight the necessity for customizing conservation strategies to regions based on human–wildlife spatial associations and the distribution of existing protected area networks. Human activity and biodiversity should be integrated for complementary strategies to support conservation toward ambitious and pragmatic 30×30 goals.
Impact of delayed listing after initiating kidney transplant evaluation on transplant outcomes
Authors: Ly Lisa , Zhu Danting , Schaubel Douglas E. , Woodside Kenneth J. , Sung Randall S.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Longer end‐stage renal disease time has been associated with inferior kidney transplant outcomes. However, the contribution of transplant evaluation is uncertain. We explored the relationship between time from evaluation to listing (ELT) and transplant outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective study included 2535 adult kidney transplants from 2000 to 2015. Kaplan–Meier survival curves, log‐rank tests, and Cox regression models were used to compare transplant outcomes.

Results

Patient survival for both deceased donor (DD) recipients (p < .001) and living donor (LD) recipients (p < .0001) was significantly higher when ELT was less than 3 months. The risks of ELT appeared to be mediated by other risks in DD recipients, as adjusted models showed no associated risk of graft loss or death in DD recipients. For LD recipients, ELT remained a risk factor for patient death after covariate adjustment. Each month of ELT was associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 1.021, p = .04) but not graft loss in LD recipients in adjusted models.

Conclusions

Kidney transplant recipients with longer ELT times had higher rates of death after transplant, and ELT was independently associated with an increased risk of death for LD recipients. Investigations on the impact of pretransplant evaluation on post‐transplant outcomes can inform transplant policy and practice.
Frequency of hypoglycaemia with basal insulin treatments in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with basal‐bolus insulin regimens in treat‐to‐target trials: A narrative review
Authors: Russell‐Jones David , Bailey Timothy S. , Lane Wendy , Mathieu Chantal , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik
Published: April 2024

Aim

To summarise, in a narrative review, published data on hypoglycaemia occurrence with basal insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with basal‐bolus insulin regimens in treat‐to‐target randomised controlled trials.

Methods

Data were included from 21 eligible trials, which mainly used self‐measured blood glucose or plasma glucose to detect hypoglycaemia.

Results

All‐day self‐measured blood glucose or plasma glucose level 2 (glucose threshold of 3.1 or 3.0 mmol/L) and level 3 (severe, requiring assistance) hypoglycaemic events were reported, respectively, by a range of 69.0%–97.5% and 0%–13.4% adults when receiving basal‐bolus insulin therapy, with rates of 10.6–68.1 and 0.0–0.4 events per patient‐year of exposure, respectively. Hypoglycaemia rates measured using continuous glucose monitoring (three studies) were numerically, yet consistently, higher than with either other method, except when limiting to symptomatic events. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia rates were generally less than 30% of the equivalent all‐day rates.

Conclusions

Differences across the studies in design (e.g., titration targets) and participant characteristics hindered comparison of hypoglycaemia rates by insulin formulation. Consequently, few trends were identified by insulin formulation, study methodology or individuals' characteristics, suggesting that further research is required to identify treatment strategies that facilitate development of individualised recommendations to lower hypoglycaemia risk. These findings are useful to understand hypoglycaemia risk with available basal insulin therapies when used in a multiple daily injection regimen, as well as to provide context for the results of ongoing and future clinical trials, including those for two once‐weekly basal insulins, insulin icodec and basal insulin Fc.
A trait‐based understanding of the vulnerability of a Paleotropical moth community to predation by a sympatric bat with flexible foraging strategies
Authors: Dey Pritha , Balakrishnan Rohini
Published: April 2024

Prey vulnerability across seasons can be predicted by measuring their morphological traits and availability. Although conventional prey–predator dynamics focus on pairs of prey and predator species, the trait‐based approach allows us to draw inferences at the scale of the entire assemblage.

Here, we coupled measurable prey traits with their availability in the study area, to identify the vulnerability of a diverse moth assemblage to predation by the lesser false vampire bat (Megaderma spasma) Chiroptera: Megadermatidae, Linneaus 1758, a bat with flexible foraging strategies, in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot of India.

We analysed the discarded prey remains from several roosts, collected over 3 years, for seasonal patterns in the diet and selective hunting. Through light‐trapping, we collected moth specimens in different seasons and measured the morphological traits likely to affect their vulnerability to predation, such as body size and evasive flight capability.

Our results showed that consumed moth prey diversity varies seasonally, with moths belonging to the Hepialidae family being preferred in the wet season. We found that the larger moth species with lower evasive capabilities are more vulnerable to predation. Sphingid and Hepialid moths, among the most abundant in the diet, have the lowest manoeuvrability and the maximum body size, respectively. By assessing vulnerability at the prey assemblage level, our study sets the stage for future research on moth–bat interactions from the diverse and less‐explored Paleotropical communities. In addition, the study reiterates the usefulness of trait‐based approaches to understanding prey–predator dynamics.
Understanding school principals' burnout
Authors: Karaevli Özge
Published: April 2024

This study explores why the principals experiences burnout and what the future plans of the principals who experienced burnout were. This is a case study that uses qualitative research methods. Before collecting qualitative data, the researcher collected and analysed data from principals working at different school levels and revealed their burnout tendencies. Subsequently, I collected qualitative data from kindergarten, middle school, and vocational high school principals through semi‐structured interview questions and analysed them through content analysis. Along with the four main themes, four subthemes emerged based on the theme of burnout sources. Accordingly, school principals experience burnout due to situations arising from parents, senior management, teachers, other principals, students, non‐education‐related workload, and insufficient financial income. Although the short‐term plans of school principals experiencing burnout are to continue their duties in their schools, in the long term, they plan to leave the profession and completely move away from educational work.
Long‐term successive biochar application increases plant lignin and microbial necromass accumulation but decreases their contributions to soil organic carbon in rice–wheat cropping system
Authors: Chen Zhaoming , He Lili , Ma Jinchuan , Ma Junwei , Ye Jing , Yu Qiaogang , Zou Ping , Sun Wanchun , Lin Hui , Wang Feng , Zhao Xu , Wang Qiang
Published: April 2024

Biochar application is widely recognized as an effective approach for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and mitigating climate change in agroecosystems. However, the effects of biochar application on net accumulations and relative contributions of different SOC sources remain unclear. Here, we explored the effects of biochar application on plant‐derived (PDC) and microbial necromass C (MNC) in a 10‐year experimental rice–wheat rotation field receiving four different intensities of biochar application (0, 2.25, 11.5, and 22.5 t ha−1 for each crop season), using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), lignin phenols and amino sugars as biomarkers of microbial biomass, PDC and MNC, respectively. Our results showed that biochar application increased SOC content and stock by 32.6%–203% and 26.4%–145%, respectively. Higher biochar application (11.5 and 22.5 t ha−1) increased soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), SOC/TN, and root biomass. In addition, higher biochar application enhanced bacterial, fungal, and total microbial biomass. Plant lignin phenols and MNC contents significantly increased, whereas their contributions to SOC significantly decreased with the increase in biochar application rates due to the disproportionate increase in PDC and MNC, and SOC. Fungal necromass had a greater contribution to SOC than bacterial necromass. The fungal/bacterial necromass decreased from 2.56 to 2.26 with increasing biochar application rates, because of the higher abundances of bacteria than that of fungi as indicated by PLFAs under higher biochar application rates. Random forest analyses revealed that pH, TP, and SOC/TN were the main factors controlling plant lignin and MNC accumulation. Structural equation modeling revealed that biochar application increased lignin phenols by stimulating root biomass, whereas enhanced MNC accumulation was primarily from increased microbial biomass and lignin phenols. Overall, our findings suggest that biochar application increases the accumulation of the two SOC sources but decreases their contributions to SOC in paddy soils.
Challenges for trainee physician–scientists during their PhD candidature: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kitching Arthur Richard , Ebeling Peter Robert
Published: April 2024

Background

Physician–scientists are important drivers of research, in both knowledge acquisition and research translation. In Australia, many newly qualified physicians and advanced physician trainees enrol in PhD studies, with a view to training as physician–scientists. However, data on perceived challenges and ways to support them are limited.

Methods

This single‐centre study surveyed trainee physician–scientists undertaking PhD studies within the Monash University Department of Medicine in 2020. Following discussions with PhD students and a qualitative written questionnaire, trainee physician–scientists were invited to complete a quantitative survey that aimed to identify current and future career challenges and determine the type of enrichment and support mechanisms they value most and would most likely use.

Results

From 45 eligible participants, 25 responses were received (76% female). Participants identified multiple substantial challenges (median of 6) during their candidature relating to their project, changes in roles and their personal lives. They also envisaged future challenges post‐PhD in establishing themselves as an independent investigator, further changes in their identity and their personal lives. Of potential support mechanisms during their candidature, a mentoring program was the most favoured, with an online discussion forum being the least popular.

Conclusions

Trainee physician–scientists report multiple challenges during their PhD candidature and envisage significant challenges in establishing their research independence after PhD completion. They valued several potential support mechanisms, particularly a mentoring program. Australian universities and their associated academic health services should consider establishing programs to support trainee physician–scientists.
Flirting with a basic income in Canada: Were the lessons worth the risk of popular backlash?
Authors: Forget Evelyn L. , Frankel Sid
Published: April 2024

Canada responded to the COVID‐19 pandemic with a series of supports, including direct payments to workers displaced by public health measures. While not a true basic income, the experience highlighted a number of issues including challenges with implementation and intergovernmental relations that affected public opinion and must be dealt with by basic income advocates. The operation of the Canadian social‐liberal welfare state informed pandemic policy making and exhibited the path dependence of a deserving/undeserving binary that resulted in conditionality. The income supports associated with the pandemic represent a pragmatic response to an exogenous shock that highlights the inadequacies of existing policy and offers the possibility of change.
Diversity within universality: Explaining pandemic universal cash transfers in East Asia
Authors: Choi Young Jun , Noh Hye Sang , Han Seon Hoe , Gentilini Ugo
Published: April 2024

The response to the global COVID‐19 pandemic has prompted a surge in short‐term universal cash transfer programmes around the world. Notably, East Asian high‐income economies have been at the forefront of these initiatives. While the innovative nature of these universal cash injections has been emphasized, there is limited documentation regarding their characteristics, prospects, and underlying motivations. This article sheds light on the domestic political and institutional processes that led to the implementation and design of universal cash transfers in Hong Kong (China), Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan (China). Overall, the analysis reveals that, within the framework of universality, a nuanced, diverse and dynamic set of operational choices emerge. A range of factors shaped the adoption and evolution of these programmes, including, for example, political pressures stemming from political party competition and efforts to maintain political legitimacy. In general, design parameters are not only defined in technocratic terms, but are negotiated politically.
Introduction: Emergency basic income: Distraction or opportunity?
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Henderson Troy
Published: April 2024

This themed issue, guest‐edited by Jurgen De Wispelaere and Troy Henderson, is devoted to examining, first, whether the widespread use of immediate and unconditional cash transfers as a policy response to the socioeconomic impacts of the COVID‐19 crisis has provided a boost to cash transfer programmes generally and to emergency basic income (EBI) policies more specifically. The set of articles then charts the reception of EBI‐type policies as a pandemic response in specific country or regional contexts, and reflects on their relevance for the future development of universal social protection and, especially, universal basic income (UBI). While the contribution to be made by basic income to realizing resilient and agile social protection policy responses merits serious consideration, in particular in a context where existing social protection systems are patchy and fragmented, important questions remain as to how to evaluate the time‐limited EBI crisis response in light of the more durable needs which a permanent UBI purports to address.
YTHDF1 promotes gallbladder cancer progression via post‐transcriptional regulation of the m6A/UHRF1 axis
Authors: Chen Jiemin , Bai Xuesong , Zhang Wenqin , Yan Zhiyu , Liu Yongru , Zhou Shengnan , Wu Xi , He Xiaodong , Yang Aiming
Published: April 2024

Gallbladder cancer is a rare but fatal malignancy. However, the mechanisms underlying gallbladder carcinogenesis and its progression are poorly understood. The function of m6A modification and its regulators was still unclear for gallbladder cancer. The current study seeks to investigate the function of YTH m6A RNA‐binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) in gallbladder cancer. Transcriptomic analysis and immunochemical staining of YTHDF1 in gallbladder cancer tissues revealed its upregulation compared to paracancerous tissues. Moreover, YTHDF1 promotes the proliferation assays, Transwell migration assays, and Transwell invasion assays of gallbladder cancer cells in vitro. And it also increased tumour growth in xenograft mouse model and metastases in tail vein injection model in vivo. In vitro, UHRF1 knockdown partly reversed the effects of YTHDF1 overexpression. Mechanistically, dual‐luciferase assays proved that YTHDF1 promotes UHRF1 expression via direct binding to the mRNA 3′‐UTR in a m6A‐dependent manner. Overexpression of YTHDF1 enhanced UHRF1 mRNA stability, as demonstrated by mRNA stability assays, and Co‐IP studies confirmed a direct interaction between YTHDF1 and PABPC1. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the progression of gallbladder cancer as well as a novel post‐transcriptional mechanism of YTHDF1 via stabilizing target mRNA.
Phenotypic plasticity, and temporal and spatial variation in the relative abundance of lentic brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, across Ontario
Authors: Haxton Tim , Ball Helen , Friday Michael J.
Published: April 2024

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are a highly prized species found in lakes and streams throughout Ontario. A broadscale monitoring program (BsM) has been conducted in lakes throughout the province, in 5‐year cycles, which targets Salvelinus fontinalis populations. The objective of this study was to use the data gained from the BsM and establish a contemporary baseline on the variation of relative abundance and demographics of natural lake populations of S. fontinalis in Ontario. Additionally, given the variability in environmental conditions across the landscape, an objective was to assess the factors, abiotic and biotic, that influence relative abundance among waterbodies. Over the three BsM cycles (2008–2022), 273 S. fontinalis waterbodies were assessed, some multiple times, and 124 were unique populations. S. fontinalis were sampled in 112 of these unique lakes. In total, 7487 S. fontinalis were caught and 5372 were fully sampled (length, weight, and age assessed). The mean catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) in all waterbodies was 1.4 (0.12 standard error) S. fontinalis per net gang. There was not a significant trend in CPUE over the three BsM cycles nor did CPUE vary significantly among BsM cycles at the provincial scale, but CPUE varied significantly among fisheries management zones (FMZs). Multiple variables were examined to explain the variation in CPUE across the province; a negative association with species diversity was the only variable considered significant. Furthermore, S. fontinalis were more associated with the relative abundance of small cyprinids (i.e., chubs and shiners) and negatively associated with centrarchids, smelt, and other game species. Mean growth potential was greater for males than females but not significantly, whereas longevity favored females. Growth potential and parameters were similar between sexes within FMZs but varied among FMZs. Mean survival among these populations was 25.7%, ranging from 15.2% to 45.6%, with a mean instantaneous mortality of 1.41. This study provided a contemporary assessment of the current range and variability in relative abundance population dynamics of S. fontinalis in lakes within Ontario. This provides a benchmark to assess changes with the pending stressors of climate change and human expansion across the landscape.
Pulsed light treatment of water enriched with short‐chain fructooligosaccharides
Authors: Shaik Lubna , Pravallika Kosana , Chakraborty Snehasis , Alzahrani Khalid J. , Kale Ravindra , Misra N. N.
Published: April 2024

Short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (sc‐FOS) are a soluble dietary fiber with a low calorific value and a sweet taste. The beverage industry is leveraging sc‐FOS in a variety of innovative functional drinks. However, sc‐FOS drinks are vulnerable to microbial spoilage due to the presence of free sugars and high water activity. This study explored the potential of pulsed light (PL) technology to pasteurize water enriched with sc‐FOS at 3% and 6% levels of usage. PL treatments were carried out at 1.7, 1.9, and 2.1 kV for 120, 180, and 240 s, corresponding to fluence ranging between 0.28 and 1.03 J/cm2. The microbial inactivation (of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes), pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), color profile, and sc‐FOS integrity were investigated. A 5‐log10 inactivation in the microbial populations was obtained at 1.9 kV/ 240 s (equivalent to 0.85 J/cm2 fluence). Of the log‐linear and Weibull models evaluated, Weibull model was found to best‐fit the inactivation kinetics. Insignificant effects of PL were observed on pH, TA, TSS, and color. More than 98% sc‐FOS content was retained in all samples after PL flashing. Therefore, PL technology can be explored as an industrial antimicrobial intervention for functional beverages, including water enriched with sc‐FOS.

Practical applications

Short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (sc‐FOS) are a soluble dietary fiber with a low calorific value and a sweet taste. This study explored the potential of pulsed light (PL) technology to pasteurize water enriched with sc‐FOS at 3% and 6% levels of usage. The study establishes that pulsed light (PL) treatment can be an effective nonthermal pasteurization condition for functional water enriched with short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (sc‐FOS). A PL fluence of 0.85 J/cm2 can be employed for the pasteurization of a 3% sc‐FOS drink (considered a source of dietary fiber) and a drink with 6% sc‐FOS (considered a fiber‐enriched drink). PL fluence up to 1.03 J/cm2 has no concerning effect on the total sugars or sc‐FOS content of the water enriched with FOS after PL treatment, thus making it suitable for an industrial application.
A pioneering EMR‐embedded digital health literacy tool reveals healthcare disparities for diverse older adults
Authors: Rousseau Julie , Gibbs Lisa , Garcia‐Cabrera Carlos , Runge Ava , Palmer Christina , Haria Jigar , Eichinger Matthew , Lee Jung‐Ah
Published: April 2024

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic transformed healthcare delivery with the rapid adoption of telehealth and digital technologies to access healthcare. Interventions are needed to ensure that older people in underserved communities do not face new technology‐driven healthcare disparities. This article describes pioneering electronic medical record (EMR) embedded tools to assess and support each diverse patient's digital health literacy.

Methods

We designed and validated a rapid EMR‐embedded Digital Health Engagement Tool (DHET) to assess each patient's digital literacy in English and Spanish. We built a separate, EMR‐generated auto‐scoring function to assess patient use of telehealth and healthcare navigation as recorded within the EMR. Combined, the tools created a complete digital literacy assessment for each patient. We then deployed the tools to conduct a pilot study to elucidate disparities.

Results

A total of 112 ethnic/racial diverse older patients were enrolled (mean age was 78, ranging from 57 to 96) years (SD = 8.04). The female participants were 72.3%. Among the participants, non‐Hispanic Whites were 47.3%; Hispanic 25.0%; non‐Hispanic Asian 19.6%; non‐Hispanic others (including multi‐race and non‐Hispanic Black/African Americans) 8.0%. Digital literacy disparities were revealed for older adults, particularly those over 70 years old, female gender, and those reporting relying on a helper.

Conclusion

New EMR‐embedded tools enable healthcare systems to assess the ability of patients to navigate and utilize EMR capabilities, such as video telehealth appointments, messaging providers, reviewing labs/radiology reports, and requesting prescriptions. The study identified significant challenges for older patients in navigating EMRs and calls for healthcare systems to better support patient learning.
Use of machine learning and Poincaré density grid in the diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction caused by sinoatrial conduction block in dogs
Authors: Flanders Wyatt Hutson , Moïse N. Sydney , Otani Niels F.
Published: April 2024

Background

Sinus node dysfunction because of abnormal impulse generation or sinoatrial conduction block causes bradycardia that can be difficult to differentiate from high parasympathetic/low sympathetic modulation (HP/LSM).

Hypothesis

Beat‐to‐beat relationships of sinus node dysfunction are quantifiably distinguishable by Poincaré plots, machine learning, and 3‐dimensional density grid analysis. Moreover, computer modeling establishes sinoatrial conduction block as a mechanism.

Animals

Three groups of dogs were studied with a diagnosis of: (1) balanced autonomic modulation (n = 26), (2) HP/LSM (n = 26), and (3) sinus node dysfunction (n = 21).

Methods

Heart rate parameters and Poincaré plot data were determined [median (25%‐75%)]. Recordings were randomly assigned to training or testing. Supervised machine learning of the training data was evaluated with the testing data. The computer model included impulse rate, exit block probability, and HP/LSM.

Results

Confusion matrices illustrated the effectiveness in diagnosing by both machine learning and Poincaré density grid. Sinus pauses >2 s differentiated (P < .0001) HP/LSM (2340; 583‐3947 s) from sinus node dysfunction (8503; 7078‐10 050 s), but average heart rate did not. The shortest linear intervals were longer with sinus node dysfunction (315; 278‐323 ms) vs HP/LSM (260; 251‐292 ms; P = .008), but the longest linear intervals were shorter with sinus node dysfunction (620; 565‐698 ms) vs HP/LSM (843; 799‐888 ms; P < .0001).

Conclusions

Number and duration of pauses, not heart rate, differentiated sinus node dysfunction from HP/LSM. Machine learning and Poincaré density grid can accurately identify sinus node dysfunction. Computer modeling supports sinoatrial conduction block as a mechanism of sinus node dysfunction.
Successful hemodialysis treatment of a Quarter Horse mare with silver maple leaf toxicity and acute kidney injury
Authors: Pinnell Erin F. , Her Jiwoong , Gordon Daniel , Kinsella Hannah M. , Langston Catherine E. , Toribio Ramiro E.
Published: April 2024

An adult American Quarter Horse mare presented for pigmenturia and lethargy of 12 hours' duration and was diagnosed with silver maple leaf toxicity. The mare had intravascular hemolysis and azotemia. The mare was treated with a transfusion of whole blood, fluids administered IV, antibiotics, oxygen insufflation, and supportive care. The azotemia persisted despite conventional medical management and hemodialysis was elected. After 2 intermittent hemodialysis treatments over 3 days, the azotemia almost resolved, clinical signs improved, and the mare was discharged. The blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and electrolyte concentrations remained normal 6 months later after examination by the referring veterinarian. Hemodialysis treatment can be feasible in horses if equipment and expertise are available and should be considered as a treatment option if indicated.
Analysis of handwritten heritage in the personal collection of theologian Momaqan Aliyev
Authors: Bekbolat Adilbek , Kairbekov Nurlan , Smagulov Murat
Published: April 2024

There are historical precedents of episodes of misunderstanding and confrontation between Kazakhs and Russians. The communist ideology prevailing in the USSR proclaimed the gradual extinction of religious cults, which resulted in problems in relations between confessional institutions and the state apparatus. To build a new paradigm of coexistence of two nations, it makes sense, firstly, to draw up a brief description of the state policy of the USSR regarding the Muslim religion, as an important part of the Kazakh culture. Secondly, to examine the manuscript heritage of the Kazakh historian and theologian Momaqan Aliyev (1897‐1969), who was the iconic person for his period. The methodological basis of the study has become standard methods of historical research, in particular descriptive‐narrative, historical‐genetic, source studies methods and a systemic approach. The information provided in the study will be useful for researchers in the field of ethnography, local history, sources of religious studies.
Cardiorespiratory fitness has declined among French children since 1999, although the decline appears to be getting smaller
Authors: Vanhelst Jérémy , Lang Justin J. , Matelot David , Carré François , Mercier Daniel , Ulmer Zékya , Oppert Jean‐Michel , Baquet Georges , Berthoin Serge , Fillon Alicia , Béghin Laurent , Tomkinson Grant R.
Published: April 2024

Background

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong marker of current and future health. The aim of this study was to assess the national temporal trends in CRF for French children and adolescents between 1999 and 2022.

Methods

CRF data were obtained from several cross‐sectional studies on 15 420 (51.1% boys) French children and adolescents aged 9–16 years between 1999 and 2022. The 20‐m shuttle run test (20mSRT) estimated CRF. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height and body mass, with BMI z‐scores (BMIz) calculated using WHO growth curves. The 20mSRT results were corrected for protocol and converted to z‐scores (20mSRTz) using international sex‐ and age‐specific norms. With additional adjustment for BMIz, temporal trends in mean 20mSRT performance (20mSRTz) were estimated using linear regression, with the distance max (Dmax) method used to locate a breakpoint and linear segments fitted to points below and above the breakpoint. Trends in distributional characteristics were assessed visually and described as the ratio of the coefficients of variation (CVs).

Results

After adjustment for protocol, age, sex, and BMIz, a large decline in mean 20mSRT performance (trend per decade (95% CI): −1.42 SDs (−1.45, −1.39) or −18.4% (95% CI: −18.8, −18.0)) between 1999 and 2022 was found. Dmax located a breakpoint for the two‐linear‐segment model in year 2010. There was a large decline in mean 20mSRT performance pre‐2010 (trend per decade (95% CI): −2.31 SDs (−2.39, −2.24)), which reduced 0.06‐fold to a negligible decline post‐2010 (trend per decade (95% CI): –0.15 SD (−0.20, −0.10)). We also found that the trend in mean 20mSRT performance was not uniform across the population distribution. Between 1999 and 2022, there was a small trend in distributional asymmetry, with slightly smaller declines experienced by the high performers (above the 75th percentile).

Conclusions

Our data suggest a large decline in the 20mSRT performance of French children and adolescents since 1999. This declining trend seems to have diminished considerably since 2010. Such declines in CRF could translate into declines in health status. Although a slowing in the declining trend in CRF in recent years is encouraging, more data are needed to confirm these findings.
Coronatine orchestrates ABI1‐mediated stomatal opening to facilitate bacterial pathogen infection through importin β protein SAD2
Authors: Liu Lu , Liu Yanzhi , Ji Xuehan , Zhao Xia , Liu Jun , Xu Ning
Published: April 2024

Stomatal immunity plays an important role during bacterial pathogen invasion. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces plants to close their stomata and halt pathogen invasion, but many bacterial pathogens secrete phytotoxin coronatine (COR) to antagonize ABA signaling and reopen the stomata to promote infection at early stage of invasion. However, the underlining mechanism is not clear. SAD2 is an importin β family protein, and the sad2 mutant shows hypersensitivity to ABA. We discovered ABI1, which negatively regulated ABA signaling and reduced plant sensitivity to ABA, was accumulated in the plant nucleus after COR treatment. This event required SAD2 to import ABI1 to the plant nucleus. Abolition of SAD2 undermined ABI1 accumulation. Our study answers the long‐standing question of how bacterial COR antagonizes ABA signaling and reopens plant stomata during pathogen invasion.