bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Integration of Gravity in Trajectory Planning of Vertical Pointing Movements
Authors: Crevecoeur Frédéric , Thonnard Jean-Louis , Lefèvre Philippe
Published: May 2009

The planning and control of motor actions requires knowledge of the dynamics of the controlled limb to generate the appropriate muscular commands and achieve the desired goal. Such planning and control imply that the CNS must be able to deal with forces and constraints acting on the limb, such as the omnipresent force of gravity. The present study investigates the effect of hypergravity induced by parabolic flights on the trajectory of vertical pointing movements to test the hypothesis that motor commands are optimized with respect to the effect of gravity on the limb. Subjects performed vertical pointing movements in normal gravity and hypergravity. We use a model based on optimal control to identify the role played by gravity in the optimal arm trajectory with minimal motor costs. First, the simulations in normal gravity reproduce the asymmetry in the velocity profiles (the velocity reaches its maximum before half of the movement duration), which typically characterizes the vertical pointing movements performed on Earth, whereas the horizontal movements present symmetrical velocity profiles. Second, according to the simulations, the optimal trajectory in hypergravity should present an increase in the peak acceleration and peak velocity despite the increase in the arm weight. In agreement with these predictions, the subjects performed faster movements in hypergravity with significant increases in the peak acceleration and peak velocity, which were accompanied by a significant decrease in the movement duration. This suggests that movement kinematics change in response to an increase in gravity, which is consistent with the hypothesis that motor commands are optimized and the action of gravity on the limb is taken into account. The results provide evidence for an internal representation of gravity in the central planning process and further suggest that an adaptation to altered dynamics can be understood as a reoptimization process.
Edge-Detection Filter Improves Spatial Resolution in the Electrosensory System of the Paddlefish
Authors: Hofmann Michael H. , Chagnaud Boris P. , Wilkens Lon A.
Published: May 2009

In many fishes, prey capture is guided primarily by vision. In the paddlefish, the electrosense can completely substitute for the visual system to detect tiny daphnia, their primary prey. Electroreceptors are distributed over the entire rostrum, head, and gill covers, and there are no accessory structures like a lens to form an image. To accurately locate planktonic prey in three-dimensional space, the poor spatial resolving power of peripheral receptors has to be improved by another mechanism. We have investigated information processing in the electrosensory system of the paddlefish at hind- and midbrain levels by recording single cells extracellularly. We stimulated with a linear array of electrodes that simulated a moving dipole field. In addition, global electric fields were applied to simulate the temporal component of a moving dipole only. Some stimulation were done with sinusoidal fields. The fire rate of cells in the hindbrain followed the first derivative of the stimulus wave form. In contrast, the response of tectal cells were similar to the third derivative. This improves spatial resolution and receptive fields of tectal units are much smaller than the ones of hind brain units. The principle is similar to a Laplacian of Gaussian filter that is commonly used in digital image processing. However, instead of working in the space domain, the paddlefish edge detection filter works in the time domain, thus eliminating the need for extensive interconnections in an array of topographically organized neurons.
Names and Notions of Black Studies
Authors: Karenga Maulana
Published: May 2009

The principle purpose of this article is to bring under critical reflection some of the central issues surrounding and informing current and continuing notions of Black Studies and the ongoing concerns about its appropriate naming. It is a fundamental assumption of this article that the various notions and names of Black Studies are anchored in and reflective of differing concepts of the roots, range, and relevance of the discipline. The issue of roots has to do with the conception of the primary rootedness of the discipline in the African American initiative and experience and the Black Freedom Movement and its emancipatory thrust. The issue of range involves varied positions on the reach and inclusiveness of the discipline in terms of African peoples and its self-conception as a pan-African project. Finally, the issue of relevance raises questions of the intellectual value and viability of the African American initiative and experience as a self-standing discipline in the academy, as distinct from a dependent program or one area of emphasis within a regional study of African peoples—that is, Diasporan or Atlantic Studies—and its marketability as an area of competence.
Gaming Destination Images: Implications for Branding
Authors: Kneesel Erin , Baloglu Seyhmus , Millar Michelle
Published: May 2009

The study examines brand images and perceptions of Las Vegas, Atlantic City, Chicagoland (IL, IN), and Connecticut to reveal their perceived strengths and weaknesses. The brand images are analyzed through a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures. Significant differences between the four destinations are found, revealing strengths and weaknesses across 19 cognitive variables, 4 affective variables, and overall image and behavioral intentions.These results are enhanced with answers to open-ended questions about each gaming market, which surface additional cognitive and affective associations. Interestingly, no brand personality descriptors are mentioned in the open-ended responses, questioning the applicability of brand personality scales to tourist destinations. Well-known destination brands are associated with high awareness and familiarity, more positive overall images, and more affective descriptions, which might have a halo effect on evaluations of cognitive attributes, visitation intention, and word of mouth. The study provides theoretical, methodological, and practical implications for destination branding.
Bohemia as Subculture; “Bohemia” as Industry
Authors: Currid Elizabeth
Published: May 2009

Artists have long been thought of as agents of revitalization, transforming warehouses and blighted neighborhoods into bohemian enclaves that become destinations for the well-heeled, simultaneously bringing redevelopment and reinvestment. Yet, the active cultivation of art as a central part of economic development is new. The increasing shift in economic development focused on attracting people not smokestacks has brought art and culture center-stage. This article considers the arts in economic development through several discrete but interrelated lenses: 1) As an amenity or consumption product 2) As a redevelopment and development tool 3) As a way to “brand” place 4) As generator of jobs and revenue. Finally, I consider current research that begins to unpack the social and economic processes necessary to cultural production. This line of research may enable a better understanding of the arts' function and potential in economic development.
The Validation of the Evaluation Involvement Scale for Use in Multisite Settings
Authors: Toal Stacie A.
Published: May 2009

Evaluation researchers and practitioners acknowledge that involving stakeholders in the planning and implementation of an evaluation increases buy-in, understanding, and use. With the recent increase in multi-site evaluations of large federal programs, evaluators must think differently about how to encourage meaningful collaboration by stakeholders. To date, there has been no published measure of such involvement, despite recent calls for more systematic, replicable research. The purpose of this study was to validate the Evaluation Involvement Scale for use in multi-site evaluations. Between the fall of 2006 and spring of 2007 data were collected from an electronic survey and phone interviews of evaluators and principal investigators of four National Science Foundation program evaluations. Using Messick’s unitary concept of validity as a framework, theoretical, statistical, and rational evidence is provided to support the use of the Evaluation Involvement Scale to measure stakeholder involvement in multi-site evaluations.
Nomenclature for stacking in phyllosilicates: Report of the Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2008
Authors: Guggenheim S. , Adams J. M. , Bergaya F. , Brigatti M. F. , Drits V. A. , Formoso M. L. L. , Galán E. , Kogure T. , Stanjek H. , Stucki J. W.
Published: May 2009

Kogure and co-workers have published several papers reporting the stacking structures of various 2:1 layer phyllosilicates (e.g. aspidolite, Kogure et al. (2004); wonesite, Kogure et al. (2005); pyrophyllite, Kogure et al. (2006)), mainly by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). However, there is ambiguity in wording that refers to the lateral displacement between two tetrahedral sheets across the interlayer regions. Zvyagin et al. (1969) used the symbol “τ” for this displacement, which describes the structures of pyrophyllite and talc, but no universally accepted wording was used for other 2:1 phyllosilicates or 1:1 phyllosilicates.
Kaolin in the net-like horizon of laterite in Hubei, south China
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Li Zhaohui , Yang Muzhuang , Xiao Ping , Xue Huijuan
Published: May 2009

The clay mineralogy and chemical composition of the white veins, red matrix and both Fe- and Mn-bearing nodules occurring in a laterite profile in Hubei, south China were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the mineral components of the red matrix are mainly quartz, kaolinite, halloysite, goethite and minor illite, whereas the white net-like veins contain mostly quartz, kaolinite, halloysite, and illite. In the net-like horizon, the chemical index of alteration (CIA, the ratio of Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+K2O+Na2O)) and the TiO2/Al2O3ratio are 89.8% and 0.021 for the white vein and 90.7% and 0.025 for the red matrix, respectively. Both white-vein and red-matrix components have similar TiO2/Al2O3ratios, and are similar to the ratio 0.027 of the unaltered bedrock. The similarity in TiO2/Al2O3values indicates that all three portions of the laterite soil share the same origin. Also, although the white-vein and red-matrix components differ in Fe2O3abundance, the similar CIA values do imply similar degrees of alteration. The Fe-bearing and Mn-bearing nodules were produced by the local accumulation of Fe2O3and MnO, respectively. Halloysite in the weathering profile occurs in two different morphologies, tubular and platy crystals. Tubular halloysite occurs both in the red matrix and the Fe-bearing nodule whereas platy halloysite occurs only in the white vein and Mn-bearing nodule assemblages. Crystallization of small tubular halloysite from Si and Al concretions in the red matrix is observed, indicating that the morphology of these crystals in the weathering environment is mainly controlled by Fe3+cations, whereas platy halloysite may be derived from the hydration of kaolinite.
RARα2 expression is associated with disease progression and plays a crucial role in efficacy of ATRA treatment in myeloma
Authors: Wang Siqing , Tricot Guido , Shi Lei , Xiong Wei , Zeng Zhaoyang , Xu Hongwei , Zangari Maurizio , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John D. , Zhan Fenghuang
Published: May 2009

Specific genetic alterations in multiple myeloma (MM) may cause more aggressive diseases. Paired gene array analysis on 51 samples showed that retinoic acid (RA) receptor α (RARα) expression significantly increased at relapse compared with diagnosis. RARα encodes 2 major isoforms: RARα1 and RARα2. In this study, we examined the function of RARα2 in MM. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed ubiquitous RARα1 expression in MM cells, but RARα2 was expressed in 26 (32%) of 80 newly diagnosed patients and 10 (28%) of 36 MM cell lines. Patients with RARα2 expression had a significantly shorter overall survival on identical treatments. The presence of RARα2 remained significant on multivariate analysis. Knockdown of RARα2 but not RARα1 induced significant MM cell death and growth inhibition, and overexpressing RARα2 activated STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Interestingly, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment induced potent cell death and growth inhibition in RARα2+ but not RARα2− MM cells; overexpressing RARα2 in RARα2-deficient MM cells restored sensitivity to ATRA. Furthermore, ATRA treatment significantly inhibited the growth of RARα2-overexpressing MM tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model. These findings provide a rationale for RA-based therapy in aggressive RARα2+ MM.
Transcriptional profiling of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense highlights gene expression signatures underlying trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility
Authors: O'Gorman Grace M , Park Stephen DE , Hill Emmeline W , Meade Kieran G , Coussens Paul M , Agaba Morris , Naessens Jan , Kemp Stephen J , MacHugh David E
Published: May 2009

Background

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) caused by tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa of the genusTrypanosomais a major constraint on livestock and agricultural production in Africa and is among the top ten global cattle diseases impacting on the poor. Here we show that a functional genomics approach can be used to identify temporal changes in host peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression due to disease progression. We also show that major gene expression differences exist between cattle from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible breeds. Using bovine long oligonucleotide microarrays and real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) validation we analysed PBMC gene expression in naïve trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle experimentally challenged withTrypanosoma congolenseacross a 34-day infection time course.

Results

Trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle displayed a rapid and distinct transcriptional response to infection, with a ten-fold higher number of genes differentially expressed at day 14 post-infection compared to trypanosusceptible Boran cattle. These analyses identified coordinated temporal gene expression changes for both breeds in response to trypanosome infection. In addition, a panel of genes were identified that showed pronounced differences in gene expression between the two breeds, which may underlie the phenomena of trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility. Gene ontology (GO) analysis demonstrate that the products of these genes may contribute to increased mitochondrial mRNA translational efficiency, a more pronounced B cell response, an elevated activation status and a heightened response to stress in trypanotolerant cattle.

Conclusion

This study has revealed an extensive and diverse range of cellular processes that are altered temporally in response to trypanosome infection in African cattle. Results indicate that the trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle respond more rapidly and with a greater magnitude to infection compared to the trypanosusceptible Boran cattle. Specifically, a subset of the genes analyzed by real time qRT-PCR, which display significant breed differences, could collectively contribute to the trypanotolerance trait in N'Dama.
Laboratory-based evaluation of legionellosis epidemiology in Ontario, Canada, 1978 to 2006
Authors: Ng Victoria , Tang Patrick , Jamieson Frances , Guyard Cyril , Low Donald E , Fisman David N
Published: May 2009

Background

Legionellosis is a common cause of severe community acquired pneumonia and respiratory disease outbreaks. The Ontario Public Health Laboratory (OPHL) has conducted most testing forLegionellaspecies in the Canadian province of Ontario since 1978, and represents a multi-decade repository of population-based data on legionellosis epidemiology. We sought to provide a laboratory-based review of the epidemiology of legionellosis in Ontario over the past 3 decades, with a focus on changing rates of disease and species associated with legionellosis during that time period.

Methods

We analyzed cases that were submitted and tested positive for legionellosis from 1978 to 2006 using Poisson regression models incorporating temporal, spatial, and demographic covariates. Predictors of infection with culture-confirmedL. pneumophilaserogroup 1 (LP1) were evaluated with logistic regression models.

Results

1,401 cases of legionellosis tested positive from 1978 to 2006. As in other studies, we found a late summer to early autumn seasonality in disease occurrence with disease risk increasing with age and in males. In contrast to other studies, we found a decreasing trend in cases in the recent decade (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.95,P-value = 0.001); only 66% of culture-confirmed isolates were found to be LP1.

Conclusion

Despite similarities with disease epidemiology in other regions, legionellosis appears to have declined in the past decade in Ontario, in contrast to trends observed in the United States and parts of Europe. Furthermore, a different range ofLegionellaspecies is responsible for illness, suggesting a distinctive legionellosis epidemiology in this North American region.
Diagnostic yield of renal biopsies: a retrospective single center review
Authors: Scheckner Bari , Peyser Alexandra , Rube Jacob , Tarapore Freya , Frank Rachel , Vento Suzanne , Hoffman Cathy , Valderrama Elsa , Charney Douglas , Goilav Beatrice , Trachtman Howard
Published: May 2009

Background

Previous studies have examined the spectrum of diseases identified with a kidney biopsy and the complications of the procedure. However, few studies have examined the utility of the test to clarify the diagnosis and guide treatment of pediatric patients. This retrospective, single-center chart review was performed to test the hypothesis that at least 80% of native kidney biopsies provide clinically valuable information that rationally guides diagnosis and patient management.

Methods

200 biopsies performed between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2008 were reviewed. A scheme composed of six categories was devised to classify the utility of each kidney biopsy.

Results

196 complete case files were available for review. Twenty-four (12.2%) biopsies did not shed light on the diagnosis and were unhelpful in patient management – 21 biopsies (10.7%) were non-diagnostic and 3 (1.5%) failed to yield enough tissue for examination. The number of unhelpful biopsies did not cluster in any specific disease entity.

Conclusion

Our findings provide guidance to nephrologists about the total risk of a kidney biopsy, including uninformative results, when seeking informed consent for the procedure. The results suggest an appropriate balance has been reached which maximizes the use of kidney biopsies while minimizing the risk of this invasive procedure (word count: 202).
On the mechanism of autoinhibition of the RhoA-specific nucleotide exchange factor PDZRhoGEF
Authors: Zheng Meiying , Cierpicki Tomasz , Momotani Ko , Artamonov Mykhaylo V , Derewenda Urszula , Bushweller John H , Somlyo Avril V , Derewenda Zygmunt S
Published: May 2009

Background

The Dbl-family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate the cytosolic GTPases of the Rho family by enhancing the rate of exchange of GTP for GDP on the cognate GTPase. This catalytic activity resides in the DH (Dbl-homology) domain, but typically GEFs are multidomain proteins containing other modules. It is believed that GEFs are autoinhibited in the cytosol due to supramodular architecture, and become activated in diverse signaling pathways through conformational change and exposure of the DH domain, as the protein is translocated to the membrane. A small family of RhoA-specific GEFs, containing the RGSL (regulators of G-protein signaling-like) domain, act as effectors of select GPCRsviaGα12/13, although the molecular mechanism by which this pathway operates is not known. These GEFs include p115, LARG and PDZRhoGEF (PRG).

Results

Here we show that the autoinhibition of PRG is caused largely by an interaction of a short negatively charged sequence motif, immediately upstream of the DH-domain and including residues Asp706, Glu708, Glu710 and Asp712, with a patch on the catalytic surface of the DH-domain including Arg867 and Arg868. In the absence of both PDZ and RGSL domains, the DH-PH tandem with additional 21 residues upstream, is 50% autoinhibited. However, within the full-length protein, the PDZ and/or RGSL domains significantly restore autoinhibition.

Conclusion

Our results suggest a mechanism for autoinhibition of RGSL family of GEFs, in which the RGSL domain and a unique sequence motif upstream of the DH domain, act cooperatively to reduce the ability of the DH domain to bind the nucleotide free RhoA. The activation mechanism is likely to involve two independent steps, i.e. displacement of the RGSL domain and conformational change involving the autoinhibitory sequence motif containing several negatively charged residues.
Uterine and placental expression of TRPV6 gene is regulated via progesterone receptor- or estrogen receptor-mediated pathways during pregnancy in rodents
Authors: Lee Bo-Mi , Lee Geun-Shik , Jung Eui-Man , Choi Kyung-Chul , Jeung Eui-Bae
Published: May 2009

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+channel protein expressed in calcium absorbing organs. In the present study, we investigated the expression and regulation of uterine and placental TRPV6 during gestation in rodents. Uterine TRPV6 peaked at pregnancy day (P) 0.5, P5.5 and, P13.5 and was detected in uterine epithelium and glands of rats, while placental TRPV6 mRNA levels increased in mid-gestation. Uterine and placental TRPV6 mRNA levels in rats appear to cyclically change during pregnancy, suggesting that TRPV6 may participate in the implantation process. In addition, uterine TRPV6 mRNA is only expressed in placenta-unattached areas of the uterus, and uterine TRPV6 immunoreactivity was observed in luminal and glandular epithelial cells. In the placenta, TRPV6 was detected in the labyrinth and spongy zone. These results may indicate that TRPV6 has at least two functions: implantation of the embryo and maintenance of pregnancy. To investigate the pathway(s) mediating TRPV6 expression in rodents, anti-steroid hormone antagonists were injected prior to maximal TRPV6 expression. In rats, TRPV6 expression was reduced by RU486 (an anti-progesterone) through progesterone receptors, and ICI 182,780 (an anti-estrogen) blocked TRPV6 expression via estrogen receptors in mice. The juxtaposition of uterine and placental TRPV6 expressed in these tissues supports the notion that TRPV6 participates in transferring calcium ions between the maternal and fetal compartments. Taken together, TRPV6 gene may function as a key element in controlling calcium transport in the uterus between the embryo and the placenta during pregnancy.
Lateralization of the connections of the ovary to the celiac ganglia in juvenile rats
Authors: Morán Carolina , Zarate Fabiola , Morán José Luis , Handal Anabella , Domínguez Roberto
Published: May 2009

During the development of the female rat, a maturing process of the factors that regulate the functioning of the ovaries takes place, resulting in different responses according to the age of the animal. Studies show that peripheral innervation is one relevant factor involved.

In the present study we analyzed the anatomical relationship between the neurons in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia (CSMG), and the right or left ovary in 24 or 28 days old female pre-pubertal rats. The participation of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) in the communication between the CSMG and the ovaries was analyzed in animals with unilateral section of the SON, previous to injecting true blue (TB) into the ovarian bursa. The animals were killed seven days after treatment. TB stained neurons were quantified at the superior mesenteric-celiac ganglia.

The number of labeled neurons in the CSMG of rats treated at 28 days of age was significantly higher than those treated on day 24. At age 24 days, injecting TB into the right ovary resulted in neuron stains on both sides of the celiac ganglia; whereas, injecting the left side the stains were exclusively ipsilateral. Such asymmetry was not observed when the rats were treated at age of 28 days.

In younger rats, sectioning the left SON resulted in significantly lower number of stained neurons in the left ganglia while sectioning the right SON did not modify the number of stained neurons. When sectioning of the SON was performed to 28 days old rats, no staining was observed.

Present results show that the number and connectivity of post-ganglionic neurons of the CSMG connected to the ovary of juvenile female rats change as the animal mature; that the SON plays a role in this communication process as puberty approaches; and that this maturing process is different for the right or the left ovary.
Influence of nucleotide identity on ribose 2′-hydroxyl reactivity in RNA
Authors: Wilkinson Kevin A. , Vasa Suzy M. , Deigan Katherine E. , Mortimer Stefanie A. , Giddings Morgan C. , Weeks Kevin M.
Published: May 2009

Hydroxyl-selective electrophiles, including N-methylisatoic anhydride (NMIA) and 1-methyl-7-nitroisatoic anhydride (1M7), are broadly useful for RNA structure analysis because they react preferentially with the ribose 2′-OH group at conformationally unconstrained or flexible nucleotides. Each nucleotide in an RNA has the potential to form an adduct with these reagents to yield a comprehensive, nucleotide-resolution, view of RNA structure. However, it is possible that factors other than local structure modulate reactivity. To evaluate the influence of base identity on the intrinsic reactivity of each nucleotide, we analyze NMIA and 1M7 reactivity using four distinct RNAs, under both native and denaturing conditions. We show that guanosine and adenosine residues have identical intrinsic 2′-hydroxyl reactivities at pH 8.0 and are 1.4 and 1.7 times more reactive than uridine and cytidine, respectively. These subtle, but statistically significant, differences do not impact the ability of selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension-based (SHAPE) methods to establish an RNA secondary structure or monitor RNA folding in solution because base-specific influences are much smaller than the reactivity differences between paired and unpaired nucleotides.
Detecting Minimal Residual Disease in Neuroblastoma: The Superiority of a Panel of Real-Time Quantitative PCR Markers
Authors: Stutterheim Janine , Gerritsen Annemieke , Zappeij-Kannegieter Lily , Yalcin Bilgehan , Dee Rob , van Noesel Max M , Berthold Frank , Versteeg Rogier , Caron Huib N , van der Schoot C Ellen , Tytgat Godelieve A M
Published: May 2009

Background: PCR-based detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in neuroblastoma (NB) patients can be used for initial staging and monitoring therapy response in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). PHOX2B has been identified as a sensitive and specific MRD marker; however, its expression varies between tumors. Therefore, a panel of markers could increase sensitivity.

Methods: To identify additional MRD markers for NB, we selected genes by comparing SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries of healthy and NB tissues followed by extensive real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) testing in samples of tumors (n = 56), control BM (n = 51), PB (n = 37), and cell subsets. The additional value of a panel was determined in 222 NB samples from 82 Dutch stage 4 NB patients (54 diagnosis BM samples, 143 BM samples during/after treatment, and 25 PB samples).

Results: We identified 2 panels of specific RQ-PCR markers for MRD detection in NB patients: 1 for analysis of BM samples (PHOX2B, TH, DDC, CHRNA3, and GAP43) and 1 for analysis of PB samples (PHOX2B, TH, DDC, DBH, and CHRNA3). These markers all showed high expression in NB tumors and no or low expression in control BM or PB samples. In patients’ samples, the PHOX2B marker detected most positive samples. In PB samples, however, 3 of 7 PHOX2B-negative samples were positive for 1 or more markers, and in BM examinations during treatment, 7% (6 of 86) of the PHOX2B-negative samples were positive for another marker.

Conclusions: Because of differences in the sensitivities of the markers in BM and PB, we advise the use of 2 different panels to detect MRD in these compartments.
Mysteries of Alast: The Realm of Subtle Entities (lam-i dharr) and the Primordial Covenant in the BabiBaha'i Writings
Authors: Kazemi Farshid
Published: May 2009

One of the more esoteric terms in ShiiShaykhi thought that has found its way into the vast corpus of the BabiBaha'i sacred scriptures is called the realm of subtle entities or lam-i dharr (lit. world of particles). The source of inspiration for this term (dharr) in the
early Shii cosmology and cosmogony lies in one of the more important and dramatic scenes which informs the whole spectrum of Islamic thought, namely the Primordial Covenant of Qur'an 7:1712. It is there, in what seems to be pre-existence, that God addresses humanity in the form of particles
or seeds (dharr) saying, Am I not your Lord? (alastu bi-rabbikum) while the archetype or potential of all future generations of humanity responds with the loving reply, Yes (bal). In light of the significance of this term for the Covenant in the BabiBaha'i revelations
it is surprising that there has only been but passing references to it in some secondary Baha'i sources. In this paper we will outline the history and background of this term and examine some of the interpretations or hermeneutics accorded to it by select examination of its use in Shiism,
Shaykhism, and the BabiBaha'i religions. Among other themes that will be touched upon in relation to alam-i-dharr is the hermeneutics of the pre-existence of souls, the question of free will and predestination, the seven stages of creation (martib-i sabih), and the mystic colour
hierarchies (alwn).
The Suppression of the Baha'is of Iran in 1955
Authors: Choubine Bahram , Rabbani Ahang
Published: May 2009

This is the translation of that part of Dr Choubine's Introduction to Al Dasht, 23 Sl (23 Years) that deals with the persecutions of the Baha'is of Iran during the reign of Muhammad Reza Shah. It has been published in Persian on the Internet as a separate work and covers such
episodes as the forged Dolgorouki memoirs and the collusion between the shah and the highest-ranking cleric of the Shii world, Ayatu'llah Burujirdi, in the campaign of persecutions that occurred in 1955 following the radio broadcasts of Falsafi. Dr Choubine also deals with the role of Ayatu'llah
Khomeini, Ayatu'llah Muntaziri and the Hujjatiyyih in this period.
Relationships among Risk Factors for Concussion in Minor Ice Hockey
Authors: Cubos Jeff , Baker Joseph , Faught Brent , McAuliffe Jim , Keightley Michelle L. , McPherson Moira , Macpherson Alison , Reed Nick , Duggan Catrin , Taha Tim , Montelpare William J.
Published: May 2009

There is increasing concern among parents, coaches, and officials about injury risk in youth ice hockey, particularly in light of recent evidence suggesting that incidence of serious injury is considerably under reported. However, an adequate method for ascertaining injury risk for concussion does not yet exist. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among variables measuring exposure and head impact forces in a group of representative level bantam aged hockey players. Across an entire hockey season, trained research assistants attended games and recorded the duration of time spent on the ice for each player (i.e., exposure time) and total number of body contacts using time-on-task software designed specifically for this study. A body contact included any intentional or incidental contact between two players. Collectively, these variables provide a simple, easily administered measure of head injury risk for researchers collecting data in this area. However, their relationship to actual brain trauma is unknown. To this end, head acceleration data were also collected using helmet-based accelerometers that provide measures of linear accelerations experienced by each player. These data were collected by telemetry methods and represent data that are likely very useful for injury researchers but not without sufficient costs. Results demonstrated low associations among the data sources. A method based on combining data sources (through an examination of their potential relationships) is proposed to maximize the potential to identify at-risk youth in minor hockey.
Synchronization of Timing and Motion Among Performing Musicians
Authors: Goebl Werner , Palmer Caroline
Published: May 2009

WE INVESTIGATED INFLUENCES OF AUDITORY FEEDBACK, musical role, and note ratio on synchronization in ensemble performance. Pianists performed duets on a piano keyboard; the pianist playing the upper part was designated the leader and the other pianist was the follower. They received full auditory feedback, one-way feedback (leaders heard themselves while followers heard both parts), or self-feedback only. The upper part contained more, fewer, or equal numbers of notes relative to the lower part. Temporal asynchronies increased as auditory feedback decreased: The pianist playing more notes preceded the other pianist, and this tendency increased with reduced feedback. Interonset timing suggested bidirectional adjustments during full feedback despite the leader/follower instruction, and unidirectional adjustment only during reduced feedback. Motion analyses indicated that leaders raised fingers higher and pianists' head movements became more synchronized as auditory feedback was reduced. These findings suggest that visual cues became more important when auditory information was absent.
Movement-Related Feedback and Temporal Accuracy in Clarinet Performance
Authors: Palmer Caroline , Koopmans Erik , Loehr Janeen D. , Carter Christine
Published: May 2009

SENSORY INFORMATION AVAILABLE WHEN MUSICIANS' fingers arrive on instrument keys contributes to temporal accuracy in piano performance (Goebl & Palmer, 2008). The hypothesis that timing accuracy is related to sensory (tactile) information available at finger-key contact was extended to clarinetists' finger movements during key depressions and releases that, together with breathing, determine the timing of tone onsets. Skilled clarinetists performed melodies at different tempi in a synchronization task while their movements were recorded with motion capture. Finger accelerations indicated consistent kinematic landmarks when fingers made initial contact with or release from the key surface. Performances that contained more kinematic landmarks had reduced timing error. The magnitude of finger accelerations on key contact and release was positively correlated with increased temporal accuracy during the subsequent keystroke. These findings suggest that sensory information available at finger-key contact enhances the temporal accuracy of music performance.
Moving with and Without Music: Scaling and Lapsing in Time in the Performance of Contemporary Dance
Authors: Stevens Catherine J. , Schubert Emery , Wang Shuai , Kroos Christian , Halovic Shaun
Published: May 2009

TIME-KEEPING AMONG DANCERS WAS INVESTIGATED by measuring a dancer's movement in the presence and absence of music. If an internal clock was at work, then change from the ideal would manifest as scaling---consistently faster or slower unaccompanied performance; if time differences were due to lapsing, then sections from the with-music condition would be deleted, or material would be inserted into the no-music condition. Motion was recorded during ensemble performances of a four-minute choreographed piece with and without music. The median of 24 markers in the height dimension was analyzed for scaling and lapsing. Twenty percent of the variance was accounted for by sporadic scaling. Lapses---insertions and deletions---accounted for nearly all the speeding up---10.45 of 14 s. As in musical performance of memorized material, lapsing rather than scaling accounted for timing variations. Automation of lapsing and scaling detection has application in the analysis of music and dance time series data.
Examination of accommodation in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Németh Gábor , Tsorbatzoglou Alexis , Módis László , Berta András
Published: May 2009

Megfigyelhető, hogy egyes betegek a szürkehályog-műtét során beültetett monofokális műlencse implantálása után, távoli korrekció mellett is jól használható közeli látásélességet érnek el. Ezt a jelenséget nevezik pszeudoakkomodációnak, aminek megértése és mérése a pseudophakiás szemek akkomodációjának új technikákkal történő pótlása, illetve helyreállítása miatt elengedhetetlen.
Célkitűzés:
I. A szürkehályog-műtét után megfigyelhető akkomodáció mérése. II. A csarnokmélység mérése Scheimpflug-képalkotással, és az eredmények összehasonlítása a standard, ultrahangos módszerrel. III. Egy új optikai eszköz, az elülső szegmentum optikai koherenciatomográf (Visante OCT) elülsőcsarnok-mélység mérésének eredményeit, illetve annak ismételhetőségét és megbízhatóságát vizsgálni immerziós ultrahangos módszerrel összehasonlítva, phakiás szemeken.
Módszer:
I. Az akkomodációt defokuszáló módszerrel, parciális koherencia-interferometria módszerével és a szem elülsőcsarnok-mélysége változásának a musculus ciliaris farmakológiai befolyásolása során mértük. II. A szem elülső csarnokának mélységét Pentacammal mértük, és az eredményeket összehasonlítottuk a standard ultrahangos módszerrel phakiás és pseudophakiás szemeken. III. Két vizsgáló mérési eredményeit és azok ismételhetőségét vetettük össze Visante OCT-vel történő elülsőcsarnok-mélység mérése után.
Eredmények:
I. A defokuszáló technikával 0,83 D-ás teljes akkomodációs amplitúdót igazoltunk. Parciális koherencia-interferometria módszerével a műlencsék elmozdulása fiziológiás akkomodációs inger mellett minimális volt. A musculus ciliaris farmakológiai bénítása során a műlencse átlagosan 0,18 mm-t mozdult előre. II. Phakiás szemeken a Pentacam és ultrahangos módszer eredményei azonosak, pseudophakiás szemeken azonban az optikai módszer lényegesen kisebb csarnokmélységet mér. III. Elülső szegmentum optikai koherenciatomográf az immerziós ultrahangos eszköznél nagyobb csarnokmélységet mér phakiás szemeken.
Következtetések:
A pseudophakiás szemeken megfigyelhető akkomodációs amplitúdó hátterében álló akkomodáció, illetve pszeudoakkomodáció mérése igen bonyolult, és a különböző módszerekkel csak egy-egy részfolyamat mérhető. A nem kontakt optikai módszerekkel a standard ultrahangos módszerhez képest jelentősen eltérő csarnokmélységek mérhetők. Az elülsőcsarnok-mélység mérésének intra- és interobserver ismételhetősége, valamint megbízhatósága az optikai eszközzel lényegesen jobb.
Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from middle ear fluids of children aged 0–24 months with acute otitis media
Authors: Ivády Balázs , Pásztor Mónika
Published: May 2009

Az akut otitis media a két éven aluli korcsoport egyik leggyakoribb betegsége, amelynek legfőbb bakteriális kórokozója a
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. A jelenleg elérhető, hét szerotípus elleni védelmet adó konjugált pneumococcusvakcina világszerte jelentős hatással van az otitis media, különösen a vakcinában megtalálható hét szerotípusba tartozó pneumococcusok okozta otitis media előfordulására. Az oltás hatékonysága az adott régióban észlelt otopatogén pneumococcus törzsek szerotípus-megoszlásától függ.
A vizsgálat célja:
Kétévesnél fiatalabb gyermekekben középfülgyulladást okozó
S. pneumoniae
törzsek szerotípusának és antibiotikum-érzékenységének meghatározása, és ezek összehasonlítása a nemzetközi adatokkal.
Betegek és módszerek:
2002 és 2005 között 10 budapesti gyermekgyógyászati intézményben megjelent, 0–24 hónapos korú, otitis media acutában szenvedő gyermek dobüregi váladékából 73
S. pneumoniae
törzset izoláltunk, amelyeket a Fővárosi Szent László Kórház Mikrobiológiai Laboratóriumában identifikáltuk és Quellung-reakció segítségével szerotipizáltuk. Az antibiotikum-érzékenységi vizsgálatokat a laboratórium a Magyar Mikrobiológiai Társaság által elfogadott standard módszerek alapján végezte és értékelte.
Eredmények:
A 73 izolált
S. pneumoniae
törzs 14 szerotípust reprezentált. A 14 (13,7%), a 19F (13,7%), a 6B (13,7%), a 23A (11%) és a 3 (9,6%) szerotípusok voltak a leggyakoribbak. A törzsek 63%-a tartozott a hét szerotípus ellen védelmet nyújtó konjugált vakcinában megtalálható szerotípusba. A penicillinre mérsékelten érzékeny törzsek aránya 41% volt, e törzsek 90%-a a vakcina szerotípusaiba tartozott. Penicillinrezisztenciát nem észleltünk. A leginkább rezisztens törzsek a 9V, 14, 19F szerotípusokba tartoztak.
Következtetés:
Az otopatogén
S. pneumoniae
törzsek szerotípus-megoszlása a hét szerotípus ellen védelmet adó konjugált pneumococcusvakcináció szempontjából az egyéb régiókban megismerteknek megfelel. Ennek alapján az oltás hatása az otitis media előfordulására a külföldi tanulmányokban igazoltakhoz hasonló lehet majd Magyarországon is.
Treatment of hypertension associated with prediabetes
Authors: Barna István
Published: May 2009

A prediabétesz a diabéteszt megelőző állapot megnevezése, használata abban az esetben ajánlott, ha a vércukorérték eltér az élettani értéktől, de nem éri el a cukorbetegségre jellemző mértéket. A prediabéteszt gyakran visceralis obesitas, a glükóz- és lipidmetabolizmus, valamint a vérnyomás változásának különböző kombinációjával lehet jellemezni. A prediabéteszhez társuló hypertonia kezelése során az életmódváltás még nagyobb jelentőségű, mint az egyéb hypertoniák esetén. A gyógyszeres kezelés kiválasztása során a metabolikusan neutrális antihipertenzív kezelés alapvető jelentőségű. A prediabéteszhez társuló hypertonia népegészségügyi jelentőségét az elhízás járványszerű terjedése jelenti. A felnőtt lakosság több mint 25%-át érintő prediabéteszes hypertonia társulása esetén mind a betegek és az orvosok, mind a finanszírozók számára együttesen kell megtalálni az optimális megoldást.
Growth and Survival of Juvenile June Suckers in Enclosures in Utah Lake: Feasibility of Modified Cage Culture for an Endangered Species
Authors: Billman Eric J , Belk Mark C
Published: May 2009

An objective of the recovery program for the federally endangered June sucker Chasmistes liorus is to produce large numbers of artificially propagated individuals to augment the wild population and offset recruitment deficits. We tested the feasibility of modified cage culture in Utah Lake, Utah, as a cost-effective addition to the current hatchery program. Specifically, we examined the survival and growth of age-0 June suckers from July to September at two densities (62 and 187 fish/m3) in two cage types (fixed and floating; n = 12 cages total) in a complete factorial design and compared the cost of production with hatchery costs of production. June suckers were not given supplemental feed during the study but instead preyed on zooplankton that drifted into the cages. Mean survival of June suckers was 45.5% and was not significantly different between cage types or density. Cage design significantly affected growth of June suckers, with fish growing larger in floating cages (mean standard length [SL] = 56.7 mm) than in fixed cages (mean SL = 49.6 mm). Density significantly affected growth in fixed cages (mean SL = 52.5 and 46.6 mm in low- and high-density cages, respectively) but did not significantly affect growth in floating cages. Comparison of costs of production between cage and hatchery production indicates that cage culture would be a cost-effective addition to the current June sucker augmentation program.
Protective roles of adiponectin in obesity-related fatty liver diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhou Mingyan , Lam Karen S. L. , Xu Aimin
Published: May 2009

Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipokine possessing multiple beneficial effects on obesity-related medical complications. This adipokine is secreted from adipocytes into the circulation as three oligomeric isoforms, including trimer, hexamer and the high molecular weight (HMW) oligomeric complex. Each oligomeric isoform of adiponectin possesses distinct biological properties and activates different signaling pathways in various target tissues. The hepato-protective activities have been demonstrated by many clinical and experimental studies. The decreased level of serum adiponectin represents an independent risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver dysfunctions in humans. In animals, elevation of circulating adiponectin by either pharmacological or genetic approaches leads to a significant alleviation of hepatomegaly, steatosis and necro-inflammation associated with various liver diseases. In adiponectin knockout mice, there is a pre-existing condition of hepatic steatosis and mitochondria dysfunction, which might contribute to the increased vulnerabilities of these mice to the secondary liver injuries induced by obesity and other conditions. This review aims to summarize recent advances on delination of the structural, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepato-protective properties of adiponectin.
Metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome... and vice versa
Authors: Kandaraki Eleni , Christakou Charikleia , Diamanti-Kandarakis Evanthia
Published: May 2009

The metabolic syndrome (MS) and the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) appear to be interrelated, although they are distinct entities. Women with PCOS appear to be commonly affected by MS, while women with MS may display reproductive or endocrine features of PCOS. These clinical observations appear to be only partly attributable to the association of both syndromes with obesity and imply a reciprocal pathophysiologic relationship between PCOS and MS with potentially significant clinical sequelae. Adult women with MS are at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease; women with PCOS also appear to carry such an increased risk in their postmenopausal life. Conversely, women with MS may experience reproductive disturbances, reminiscent of PCOS, more commonly than their counterparts from the general population. This review presented the current epidemiology of MS in adults and adolescents with PCOS, as well as the limited amount of data on the prevalence of features of PCOS among women with MS or MS features. We also discuss the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the relationship between these interweaving, but distinct, syndromes.
HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS)
Authors: Geloneze Bruno , Vasques Ana Carolina Junqueira , Stabe Christiane França Camargo , Pareja José Carlos , Rosado Lina Enriqueta Frandsen Paez de Lima , Queiroz Elaine Cristina de , Tambascia Marcos Antonio
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cut-off values for HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR to identify insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS), and to assess the association of the indexes with components of the MS. METHODS: Nondiabetic subjects from the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study were studied (n = 1,203, 18 to 78 years). The cut-off values for IR were determined from the 90th percentile in the healthy group (n = 297) and, for MS, a ROC curve was generated for the total sample. RESULTS: In the healthy group, HOMA-IR indexes were associated with central obesity, triglycerides and total cholesterol (p < 0.001). The cut-off values for IR were: HOMA1-IR > 2.7 and HOMA2-IR > 1.8; and, for MS were: HOMA1-IR > 2.3 (sensitivity: 76.8%; specificity: 66.7%) and HOMA2-IR > 1.4 (sensitivity: 79.2%; specificity: 61.2%). CONCLUSION: The cut-off values identified for HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes have a clinical and epidemiological application for identifying IR and MS in Westernized admixtured multi-ethnic populations.