bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identidad y participación de la mujer en América Central
Authors: Casaús Arzú Marta Elena , García Giráldez Teresa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En la primera parte del artículo, las autoras analizan los procesos sociopolíticos de la región desde una perspectiva de género. En la segunda parte, plantean las transformaciones de género en el contexto de la crisis y el aumento de la pobreza. Finalmente se señala que, si bien las mujeres centroamericanas manifiestan dificultades para organizarse y participar políticamente, tienen una gran capacidad para agruparse en la lucha contra la pobreza.ABSTRACT: Firstly, the authors analyze the socio-political processes in the region, from a genre perspective.In a second part, they point out the transformations of genre in the context of crisis and increase of poverty.Finally, they argue that central-american women have great capacity to gather while fighting against poverty, apart from the difficulties they find to organize and participate in a political way.
Las elecciones dominicanas de 1994: el último clivaje de una cuasipoliarquía gerontocrática y delegativa
Authors: Jiménez Polanco Jacqueline
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza los resultados de los comicios presidenciales de 1994, en los que Joaquín Balaguer obtuvo el triunfo por un estrecho margen. Previamente se identifican los principales rasgos específicos del sistema político dominicano y se describe el denso entramado de pactos preelectorales, así como las características de la campaña electoral, marcada también por la crisis política haitiana. Seguidamente se describe la situación política derivada del apretado resultado electoral, que culminó con la reforma constitucional aprobada el 14 de agosto de 1994. Por último, la autora analiza la evolución de las fuerzas políticas ante las elecciones presidenciales de agosto de 1996.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the results of the Presidential Elections of 1994, in which Joaquín Balaguer got the Presidency for a narrow gap. Previously, the author identify the main specific features of Dominican political system and describe the dense framework of preelectoral pacts and the characteristics of electoral campaign marked also by the Haitian political crisis. Later she describes the political situation which finished with the constitutional reform approved 14 August 1994. Finally, the author studies the evolution of political forces before the Presidential Elections of August 96.
Haití: los inciertos caminos hacia la democracia
Authors: López-Accotto Ana Inés , González Javier M.
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El presente artículo realiza un recorrido a lo largo de la historia reciente de Haití, centrándose en las circunstancias que rodearon la última ruptura del orden constitucional y el exilio del presidente Aristide. Después de reseñar la sítuacíón creada por el golpe militar de 1991, por la posterior reacción internacional y la ocupación militar norteamericana, los autores analizan la configuración de fuerzas políticas de la isla y los resultados de las elecciones legislativas y municipales celebradas el 25 de junio de 1995. Finalmente, reflexionan sobre las condiciones necesarias para la consolidación de la democracia en el país.ABSTRACT: The present article realizes a review through the recent political history of Haití, focusing on the circumstances of the last breakdown of the constitutional order and the exile of President Aristide. After mentioning the problems created by the military coup of 1991, the later international reaction and North American military occupation, the authors analyze the configuration of political forces and the results of the legislative and local elections of 25 June 1995. Fínally, they conclude about the necessary conditions for democratic consolidation in this country.
Las elecciones mexicanas de 1995
Authors: Lujambio Alonso
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo analiza las elecciones estatales y locales celebradas en México en 1995. El autor destaca cuatro factores presentes en estos comiciones. En primer lugar, se celebraron en un contexto de crisis económica. En segundo lugar, el PRI cosechó los peores resultados electorales de su historia. En tercer lugar, los procesos electorales (salvo quizá el de Yucatán) fueron limpios y transparentes. Por último, la competitividad del mercado electoral aumentó al concentrarse el voto opositor en una de las opciones, de la centro-derecha representada por el Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), y al perder presencia el partido opositor de centro-iexquierda Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD). Así, pues, tendió a fortalecerse el esquema bipartito PRI-PAN y a debilitarse el tripartidismo PRD-PRI-PAN. El autor concluye que 1995 fue un año de aceleración para el proceso de transición a la democracia en México.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the local and federal state elections held in México in 1995. The author mark four principal factors in this elections. First, this elections took place in a context of economical crisis. Second, the PRI had got the worst results in his history. Third, the elections (xcepts maybe in Yucatán) were clean. At last, the election competitiveness increased because of the concentration of the opposing vote in the Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN, centre-right). The centre-leftist Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) losed influence. The author conclusion is that 1995 was a year in wich the transition to democracy go faster.
Las elecciones brasileñas de 1994: ¿continuidad o cambio?
Authors: Gugliano Alfredo Alejandro , Jerez Novara Ariel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo, los autores analizan los aspectos más característicos de la última campaña electoral en Brasil y los resultados de los comicios que llevaron a Fernando Henrique Cardoso a la Presidencia. De ese análisis se derivan conclusiones sobre el panorama político resultante y la transformación en la relación de fuerzas entre partidos y al interior de los mismos. Finalmente, se apuntan las líneas principales de la acción de gobierno del nuevo Presidente.ABSTRACT: In this article, the authors analyze the more characteristics aspects of the last electoral campaign in Brazil and the electoral results with the triumph of F.H. Cardozo. From this analysis, they extract conclusions about the political situation and the transformation of balance of power among parties and inside them. Finally, they set the main lines of governmental action of the new President.
Tudo, ao mesmo tempo, agora
Authors: Jerez Novara Ariel , López-Accotto Ana Inés
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Partiendo del análisis de algunos factores poco visibles de la crisis, los autores intentan captar la relación entre la problemática de la gobernabilidad y el sistema político. Determinadas estructuras y dinámicas institucionales muestran la necesidad de reforzar una doble tarea ya emprendida por la sociedad brasileña: la de renovación de élites y la de innovación institucional.ABSTRACT: Starting from the analysis of several hardly visible factors of the crisis, the authors try to observe the ongoing linkages between the problems of governability and the political system. Some of the structures and dinamics of the institucional process reveal the need for reinforcing a double enterprise just begun by the brasilian society: the elite renovation and the institucional innovation.
La caída de la fecundidad y los derechos reproductivos en Brasil: un desafío urgente
Authors: Holzmann Lorena
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: La autora analiza cómo el argumento sobre los riesgos de la explosión demográfica esgrimidos hasta épocas muy recientes en Brasil, carecen en la actualidad de fundamento ya que la tasa de fecundidad viene cayendo rápida e intensamente en las últimas décadas. Se centra en estas modificaciones, el contexto en que tienen lugar, los procedimientos anticonceptivos responsables de su declive, su utilización en diferentes segmentos socio-económicos de la población y lo que este proceso puede representar para las mujeres, en términos de conquista de una ciudadanía plena que, para ser tal, debe incorporar los derechos reproductivos.ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the argument about the risks of demographic explosion exposed until a few years ago in Brazil and concludes that nowadays these arguments lack of groundwork because the fecundity rate is decreasing quickly and profoundly in the last dcades. There are sttled these modifications, the context in which they take place, the anticonceptive procedures responsible for this decrease, their use for different socioeconomic sectors of population and what this process could mean for women, in terms of conquest a full citizenship which needs to take into account the reproductive rights.
Una teoría para la cuestión racial del negro en Brasil: el recorrido del círculo vicioso
Authors: Santos Helio
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo trata de resaltar la necesidad de encontrar una teoría específica para el estudio pero también para la mejora social de la población negra (no blanca) en el Brasil actual. Santos destaca la importancia de la teoría sistémica para entender el recorrido del círculo vicioso en el que se encuentra esta población. Este círculo se completa con unos ingresos inferiores y una escolaridad inferior, violencia cotidiana y policial, y así el círculo se repite una vez tras otra.ABSTRACT: The article tries to underline the necessity to find a specific theory to explain but also to improve socially the black (non-white) sectors of brazilean society. Santos stands out the importance of the sistemic theory in order to undestand the way of the viciuous circle in which there is this population. This circle is completed with low incomes and low education, daily and policial violence and so the circle begins again and again.
Política y economía en la Argentina de los 90 (o por qué el futuro ya no es lo que solía ser)
Authors: Acuña Carlos H.
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Acuña trata los principales lineamientos de la compleja relación entre economía y política en la Argentina de los noventa. Analizando el proceso de toma de decisiones así como la influencia de distintos actores políticos y sociales desde 1989, explica el resultado de estas políticas y las distintas alternativas. Como conclusión, el autor perfila una nueva matriz política en la Argentina de los noventa.ABSTRACT: Acuña designs the main dines of the complex relationship between economics and politics in Argentina in the nineties. Analyzing the process of how decisions are taken and the influence of the distinct political and social actors since 1989, he explains the results of this policies and the different alternatives. As a conclusion, this author trazae a new political matrix in Argentina for this decade.
Gasto público en un contexto de transición democrática
Authors: Viñas Verónica Esther
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Diversos trabajos de investigación abordan el tema de la distribución funcional del gasto público en Argentina, ya sea desde un plano teórico o estudiando un período histórico concreto. Algunas de estas investigaciones relacionan los cambios cualitativos de esa distribución con el cambio del gobierno autoritario que se autodenominó "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional" (1976/1983) al gobierno democrático de la Unión Cívica Radical (1984/1989), llegando a diversas conclusiones.ABSTRACT: Several research projects have studied the topic of the functional distribution of the public spenditure in Argentina, from a theoretical aspect or a concrete period of time. Some of the investigations relate the cualitative changes of these distribution with the change of the authoritarian government calles "Proceso de Reorganización NaCional" (1976-1983 to the UCR's democratic government (1984-1994), obtaining different conclusions.
Un lugar en el mundo: Argentina en el Mercosur
Authors: Colominas Norberto
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En 1990, Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y Paraguay firmaron el acuerdo de integración económica denominado Mercado Común del Sur o Mercosur. En la actualidad, Chile está negociando su inclusión del tipo "4+1" y se han iniciado conversaciones con el Pacto Andino y con México en el seno de la ALADI. Colominas destaca la importancia económica que para estos cuatro países ha supuesto la creación del Mercosur, así como que la integración regional puede superar el desarrollo excluyente de estas economías.ABSTRACT: In 1990, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay signed an aggrement of economical integration denominated Mercado Común del Sur or Mercosur. At present time, Chile is negotiating its inclusion of the type "4+1" and they are also getting into conversations with the Andean Pact and with México and ALADI. Colominas points up the economical importance of this accord for these four countries and that the regional integration can help to overcome the exclusive development of these economies.
El proyecto modernizador en Argentina y Brasil en los años cincuenta. Un estudio comparado
Authors: López-Accotto Ana Inés , Gugliano Alfredo Alejandro
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: López-Accotto y Gugliano se proponen, en estas páginas, hacer un ejercicio de comparación de las políticas económicas en Argentina y Brasil durante las gestiones de los presidentes Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) y Juscelino Kubitscheck (1956-1961). Este estudio lo abordan desde una triple perspectiva: histórica, reconstruyendo los procesos a los que se hace referencia y procurando contextualizarlo históricamente; sociológico-política, centrándose en las estrategias económicas de cada gobierno; y, comparada, al tomar en consideración estos dos casos señalados.ABSTRACT: López-Accotto and Gugliano tries, in this article, to compare economical politics in Argentina and Brazil during the government of presidents Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) and Juscelino Kubitscheck (1956-1961). The authors faced this study with a triple perspective: historical, rebuilding these proccesses and trying to contextualize them; sociological-political, focused on the economical strategy of each government; and, comparative, taking into account these two cases.
Los Derechos Humanos en Ecuador: una visión pesimista
Authors: Rivera Vélez Fredy
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: La reivindicación de los derechos humanos en Ecuador tiene que ver con la percepción generalizada que se tiene de esos derechos y de la idiosincrasia de la sociedad. Para el autor, la vulneración de los derechos humanos no sólo proviene del Estado, sino también concierne a los ciudadanos. Así, la cultura política y social del Ecuador ha estado permeada por el clientelismo, sistema que ha generado relaciones de dependencia y dominación que confirman el poder en un sector, que impiden el desarrollo de la ciudadanía y hacen imposible la democratización del poder. La legalidad está al margen de la vida política y social, lo que permite que reglas mínimas como son los derechos humanos sean desconocidos y la sociedad no se plantee su reivindicación. La cultura política y social es fundamental para entender el escepticismo y la entrega a normas de conducta contrarias al ejercicio de la ciudadanía y en últimas a la consolidación de la dignidad.ABSTRACT: The reivindication of human rights in Ecuadror relates to the generalized vision of the population regarding those rights. For the author, the transgression of these rights does not only stem from the state, but also from the citizens. Social and political culture in Ecuador has been characterized by clientelism, dependence, and domination. This cultural system hampers the development of citizenship and makes democratization impossible. Social and political life is not affected by the rule of law, which prevents human rights from being widely known and demanded. Social and political culture is crucial to understand the scepticism and the prevalence of behaviors which are inimical to citizenship and human dignity.
MENGENAL JENIS HIU APENDIKS II CITES
Authors: Fahmi Fahmi
Published: March 2020

KNOWING SHARKS LISTED IN APPENDIX II CITES. Sharks have become one of major concerns in fisheries management and marine conservation worldwide. Many members of this group are threatened to extinction due to extensive exploitation since few decades ago. Several species of sharks are now listed in the CITES appendices, which controls the international trade for endangered species. Most of them are relatively easy to identify in the field, especially if their fins are still attached. However, few species may difficult to identify correctly due to the similar appearance to other non-CITES species and when the body is not complete anymore. This article aims to give better understanding on how to identify some shark CITES species in detail.
Análise do sistema de captação de água com enfoque no rebaixamento do nível dinâmico dos poços da cidade de São Carlos-SP
Authors: Beham Thais Sarinho , Santos Maristela Oliveira
Published: March 2020

No estado de São Paulo, nos últimos anos, há uma crescente preferência ao uso da água proveniente de poços para o abastecimento público. Isso se deve à diminuição dos custos de bombeamento da água subterrânea e à deterioração da qualidade das águas dos rios. Todavia, esta decisão é geralmente realizada apenas com base em fatores econômicos. Para estudar a situação do sistema de abastecimento da área urbana do município de São Carlos, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático de otimização linear inteira que considerou a captação e o rebaixamento do nível dinâmico dos poços e a captação dos rios em um período de 30 anos. Para testar os modelos, foram gerados dois cenários considerando diferentes custos para o rebaixamento do nível dinâmico. Vale ressaltar que este trabalho apenas considerou o rebaixamento devido a superexplotação e não ponderou outros fatores como a influência entre os poços e as condições de recarga do aquífero. As soluções obtidas indicam uma projeção otimizada para a proporção de captação de água subterrânea e a superficial. Os resultados apresentam a melhor solução encontrada em termos de minimizar os impactos ambientais pois representam a conﬁguração de operação que otimiza a resiliência do nível dinâmico dos poços e cumpre as restrições impostas que visam garantir a sustentabilidade do sistema.
Knowing Oldest Old’s Preferences May Improve their Healthcare
Authors: Herrera Tejedor Juan Antonio
Published: March 2020

Oldest old people’s preferences are not taken into account though their importance in healthcare planning. To identify them, we undertook a qualitative study, using in-depth interviews, in a rural area of Toledo, Spain. The majority of participants rate the health care received as good. They favour building a trusting relationship with the physician, choosing to receive enough treatment to avoid the burden of suffering. They express the wish to die at home, but when an acute event occurs they want to be transferred to hospital. Knowing oldest old people health values will help to develop suitable healthcare systems.
Equidad versus inequidad en las distintas leyes autonómicas de muerte digna en España
Authors: Galán González-Serna José María , Postigo Mota Salvador
Published: March 2020

En España, diez comunidades autónomas regulan jurídicamente el derecho a morir dignamente. Objetivo: analizar si las leyes permiten la equidad de la toma de decisiones y una calidad de la asistencia equivalente. Método: estudio cualitativo de diseño documental, mediante el análisis comparativo de las leyes autonómicas. Resultados: se constata una homogeneidad de derechos asistenciales, pero existen diferencias en la conceptualización y condiciones de aplicación de la limitación de esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) o de la adecuación de esfuerzo terapéutico (AET). Conclusiones: la falta de igualdad de criterios sobre la LET y la AET obliga a una asistencia diferente según territorios.
Cuidados paliativos a pessoa idosa com demência
Authors: Reis Rogério Donizeti , Garcia Andrade Ana Maria , Silva José Vitor da , GEPECEL Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Cuidados Paliativos e Luto
Published: March 2020

Os cuidados paliativos na atenção à pessoa idosa com demência são uma estratégia contemporânea. Os objetivos foram identificar as características pessoais e profissionais dos enfermeiros, conhecer os sentimentos dos enfermeiros ao cuidar de idoso com demência em cuidados paliativos. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo descritivo-exploratório. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, mediante entrevista gravada. A amostra constitui-se de 14 enfermeiros. As categorias emergentes foram: “Impotência e limitação”, “Tristeza pela evolução da doença” e “Beneficiente”. Concluiu-se que os sentimentos do profissional enfermeiro e a Bioética integram e qualificam os cuidados paliativos.
Disforia de género infantil
Authors: Hernández Escorcia Rubén Darío
Published: March 2020

Hablar de disforia de género infantil en Colombia es enfrentarnos al vacío que en este tema se tiene y ello puede responder, entre otras cosas, a factores culturales y heterodominantes, ya que el país, hasta hace poco, ha venido mirando y trabajando incipientemente el tema de diversidad de género. Por tanto, la investigación que aquí abordamos pretende ser un aporte que sirva para afianzar caminos en este campo específico del saber en el país para futuras investigaciones.
Notes from the Editors, March 2020
Authors: The Editors -
Published: March 2020

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According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. economy is experiencing an unemployment rate that is at a fifty-year low. Yet, wage growth continues to be weak, with continuing wage stagnation even at the peak of the business cycle. A major and largely undertheorized reason for the sluggish wages in a period of seeming full employment is to be found in the fact that the new jobs being created by the economy do not measure up to those of the past in terms of weekly wages and hours, or in the degree to which they support households or even individuals.
Another Gray Afternoon in Guernica
Authors: Salzmann Kenneth
Published: March 2020

A new poem by Kenneth Salzmann, author of The Last Jazz and Other Poems.
Benefit of an association of an antioxidative substrate and a traditional chinese medicine on telomere elongation
Authors: M'kacher Radhia , Breton Ludovic , Colicchio Bruno , Puget Henry , Hempel William M. , Al Jawhari Mustafa , Jeandidier Eric , Frey Michel
Published: March 2020

Telomere shortening is involved in age-related disorders, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, telomerase re-activation strategies have been proposed to counteract telomere shortening and its consequences. Here, we investigated the benefit of dietary supplementation with a mix of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) and a polysaccharide extract of Astragalus (APS) on telomere length of circulating lymphocytes of healthy volunteers. Blood lymphocytes of a cohort of 26 healthy volunteers who were administrated the mix of SAMe and APS in a food supplement for one year were collected. In vitro treatment of blood lymphocytes of healthy volunteers with the mix was also performed. A cohort of 150 healthy volunteers was used as a control. Telomere length was measured by Q-FISH. The micronucleus assay was performed to detect genotoxicity of the mix. The telomeres of circulating lymphocytes of the cohort of 26 donors supplemented with the mix were significantly longer than those of matched controls (p < 10-4). This elongation was essentially observed in the lymphocytes of older donors. Similarly, in vitro treatment of circulating lymphocytes with the mix significantly increased telomere length and decrease the proportion of cells with short telomeres. Here, we observed an increase in telomere length after in vivo and in vitro administration of a mix with SAMe and APS.  The benefit of dietary supplementation with this mix opens a new horizon for the battle against aging and could be used in the treatment of chronic age-related disorders.
Loss of Piccolo Function in Rats Induces Cerebellar Network Dysfunction and Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 3-like Phenotypes
Authors: Falck Joanne , Bruns Christine , Hoffmann-Conaway Sheila , Straub Isabelle , Plautz Erik J. , Orlando Marta , Munawar Humaira , Rivalan Marion , Winter York , Izsvák Zsuzsanna , Schmitz Dietmar , Hamra F. Kent , Hallermann Stefan , Garner Craig Curtis , Ackermann Frauke
Published: March 2020

Piccolo, a presynaptic active zone protein, is best known for its role in the regulated assembly and function of vertebrate synapses. Genetic studies suggest a further link to several psychiatric disorders as well as Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia type 3 (PCH3). We have characterized recently generated Piccolo KO (Pclogt/gt) rats. Analysis of rats of both sexes revealed a dramatic reduction in brain size compared with WT (Pclowt/wt) animals, attributed to a decrease in the size of the cerebral cortical, cerebellar, and pontine regions. Analysis of the cerebellum and brainstem revealed a reduced granule cell layer and a reduction in size of pontine nuclei. Moreover, the maturation of mossy fiber afferents from pontine neurons and the expression of the α6 GABAAreceptor subunit at the mossy fiber-granule cell synapse are perturbed, as well as the innervation of Purkinje cells by cerebellar climbing fibers. Ultrastructural and functional studies revealed a reduced size of mossy fiber boutons, with fewer synaptic vesicles and altered synaptic transmission. These data imply that Piccolo is required for the normal development, maturation, and function of neuronal networks formed between the brainstem and cerebellum. Consistently, behavioral studies demonstrated that adultPclogt/gtrats display impaired motor coordination, despite adequate performance in tasks that reflect muscle strength and locomotion. Together, these data suggest that loss of Piccolo function in patients with PCH3 could be involved in many of the observed anatomical and behavioral symptoms, and that the further analysis of these animals could provide fundamental mechanistic insights into this devastating disorder.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 3 is a devastating developmental disorder associated with severe developmental delay, progressive microcephaly with brachycephaly, optic atrophy, seizures, and hypertonia with hyperreflexia. Recent genetic studies have identified non-sense mutations in the coding region of the PCLO gene, suggesting a functional link between this disorder and the presynaptic active zone. Our analysis of Piccolo KO rats supports this hypothesis, formally demonstrating that anatomical and behavioral phenotypes seen in patients with Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 3 are also exhibited by these Piccolo deficient animals.
Asia in 2019
Authors: Heo Uk
Published: March 2020

Among the major events that occurred in Asia in 2019 were four that received global attention: the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the US-China trade war, the North Korean nuclear issue, and protests in Hong Kong. These events have significant policy implications for the world as well as for Asia.
Laos in 2019
Authors: High Holly
Published: March 2020

Climate disruptions highlighted factors likely to shape the contours of climate change in Laos. Among these, regional relationships and resource-driven development continued to be important, as did inequality within Laos. Popular dissatisfaction with the capacity of the Lao state continued, exacerbated by environmental disasters and continuing limitations on free speech.
Bangladesh in 2019
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: March 2020

After winning a third consecutive term as prime minister in the compromised December 2018 general election, Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League continues to consolidate one-woman rule. Throughout 2019, Hasina continued to persecute critics and opponents. Despite the deepening malaise of bad governance, Bangladesh has continued to enjoy impressive economic growth. But it remains haunted by the desperate Rohingya exodus from Myanmar, and the decades-old Bihari question.
Nepal in 2019
Authors: Lawoti Mahendra
Published: March 2020

After decades of instability, a stable government in Nepal offered many promises, but despite progress in some sectors, the government has become less popular in the last two years. The Communist Party’s ideological ambivalence, shown by its questionable policies and activities with regard to democratization, free expression, inclusion, and governance, is probably responsible for its fading credibility among the masses.
Sri Lanka in 2019
Authors: Klem Bart
Published: March 2020

Sri Lanka was confronted with three interrelated crises in 2019: the unresolved gridlock of last year’s constitutional crisis; the Easter bombings and their turbulent aftermath; and the coming to a head of fiscal shortfalls and debt burdens. Growth is stalling, living costs are rising, deficits are widening, and the price of Sri Lanka’s debt is weighing heavily on the government budget. In the presidential elections, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, heir of the Rajapaksa dynasty, prevailed with a landslide.
Mongolia in 2019
Authors: Rossabi Morris
Published: March 2020

In 2019, Mongolia sought to recover from a scandal over corruption that reached the highest levels of government. An ineffective Anti-Corruption Agency, as well as poverty and environmental degradation, plagued the economy. In contrast, Mongolia bolstered economic and diplomatic relations with Russia, China, Japan, and the West.
N‐acetyl‐l‐tyrosine is an intrinsic triggering factor of mitohormesis in stressed animals
Authors: Matsumura Takashi , Uryu Outa , Matsuhisa Fumikazu , Tajiri Keiji , Matsumoto Hitoshi , Hayakawa Yoichi
Published: March 2020

Under stress conditions, mitochondria release low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which triggers a cytoprotective response, called “mitohormesis”. It still remains unclear how mitochondria respond to stress‐derived stimuli and release a low level of ROS. Here, we show that N‐acetyl‐l‐tyrosine (NAT) functions as a plausible intrinsic factor responsible for these tasks in stressed animals. NAT is present in the blood or hemolymph of healthy animals, and its concentrations increase in response to heat stress. Pretreatment with NAT significantly increases the stress tolerance of tested insects and mice. Analyses using Drosophila larvae and cultured cells demonstrate that the hormetic effects are triggered by transient NAT‐induced perturbation of mitochondria, which causes a small increase in ROS production and leads to sequential retrograde responses: NAT‐dependent FoxO activation increases in the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and Keap1. Moreover, we find that NAT represses tumor growth, possibly via the activation of Keap1. In sum, we propose that NAT is a vital endogenous molecule that could serve as a triggering factor for mitohormesis.
AN APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NONLINEAR DYNAMIC MODEL PROCESS CUTTING FOR DIAGNOSIS CONDITION OF TOOLS
Authors: Fomin Oleksandr A. , Pavlenko Vitaliy D. , Derevyanchenko Oleksandr G. , Vodichev Vladimir A. , Ruban Oleksandr D.
Published: March 2020

The features of the use of the theory of integral series in applied problems of identification of nonlinear dynamic systems in the field of diagnosing the state of cutting tools are considered. The prospects for developing a method for estimating the states of cutting tools based on indirect measurements using integral non-parametric dynamic models based on experimental input-output data using test pulse effects on the cutting system are substantiated. This approach allows increasing the efficiency of diagnosis by reducing the amount of calculations, as well as, the reliability of the diagnosis by simultaneously taking into account the nonlinear and inertial properties of the system in integrated non-parametric dynamic models. In addition, the models in question are capable of describing faults caused by both changes in the system parameters and its structure, as well as can be used in test and functional diagnostics. A method has been developed for building information models of cutting tool states based on indirect measurements using test pulse effects on a cutting system in the form of loads with impacts and recording system responses, on the basis of which information models are built in the form of multidimensional transition functions. A block diagram of the organization of the experiment “input-output” in the framework of the problem of diagnosing the state of the tool under the conditions of pulse effects on the cutting system to obtain theprimary diagnostic information is proposed. The methods of forming test pulse loads of the cutting system by successive insertion of the cutting tool into the workpiece with different cutting depths, with variable feed and with variable cutting duration are considered.The computational experiment demonstrates the advantages of information models in the form of multidimensional tran-sition functions for modeling nonlinear dynamic systems in problems of diagnosing the states of cutting tools. It has been established that multidimensional second-order transition functions can be used as an effective source of primary data in the construction of au-tomated technical diagnostics systems.
DP: A LIGHTWEIGHT LIBRARY FOR TEACHING DIFFERENTIABLEPROGRAMMING
Authors: Herta Christian , Strohmenger Klaus , Fischer Oliver , Oktay Diyar
Published: March 2020

Deep Learning (DL) has recently gained a lot of interest, as nowadays, many practical applications rely on it. Typically, these applications are implemented with the help of special deep learning libraries, which inner implementations are hard to understand. We developed such a library in a lightweight way with a focus on teaching. Our library DP (differentiable programming) has the following properties which fit particular requirements for education: small code base, simple concepts, and stable ApplicationProgramming Interface (API).Its core use case is to teach how deep learning libraries work in principle. The library is divided into two layers. The low-levelpart allows programmatically buildinga computational graph based on elementary operations. In machine learning, the computational graph is typically the cost function including a machine learning model, e.g. a neural network. Built-in reverse mode automatic differentiation on the computational graph allows the training of machine learning models. This is done by optimization algorithms,such as stochastic gradient descent. Thesealgorithms use the derivatives to minimize the cost by adapting the parameters of the model.In the case of neural networks, the parameters are the neuron weights. The higher-level part of the library eases the implementation of neural networks by providing larger building blocks, such as neuron layers and helper functions, e.g., implementation of the optimization algorithms (optimizers)for training neural networks. Accompanied to the library, we provide exercises to learn the underlying principles of deep learning libraries and fundamentals of neural networks. An additional benefit of the library is that the exercises and corresponding programming assignments based on it do not need to be permanently refactored because of its stable API.
Can Student Self-Directed Learning Improve Their Academic Performance? Experimental Evidence from the Instruction of Protocol-Guided Learning in China’s Elementary and Middle Schools
Authors: Zhou Longjun , Li Chungang
Published: March 2020

Autonomous learning not only requires students to self-monitor and adjust their cognition, emotions, motivation, behavior, and environment, but also requires the creation of external environments and the provision and support of teaching strategies. Protocol-guided learning is a localized teaching strategy in the mainland of China. This study sampled students from two municipal middle schools in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province as research subjects, and used education experiments to find out the role of students’ autonomous learning in improving student performance, and observed how to promote students’ autonomous learning through protocol-guided learning as well. A total of 612 students from the first grade of two schools in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China were selected as the subjects. After excluding extreme values, a total of 196 experimental samples and 201 control samples were obtained. By analyzing the experimental data of the experimental group and the control group, it is concluded that a well-designed protocol-guided learning teaching can become an effective carrier for students’ autonomous learning. By promoting students’ autonomous learning, students’ performance can be effectively improved. At the same time, we further found that in the three subjects of Chinese, Mathematics, and English, students’ autonomous learning has the most obvious effect on Chinese learning.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF CONCEPTUAL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL TO FACILITATE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Karmana I Wayan , Samsuri Taufik
Published: March 2020

KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL MODEL CONCEPTUAL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MELATIHKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAHAbstractLearning to facilitate critical thinking requires a set of specific learning models that aims to trains critical thinking skills that in this study is the development of conceptual problem based learning model. This study aims to develop a conceptual problem-based learning model to facilitate high school students’ critical thinking skills. This study is a development research that will produce a model of learning products, namely a valid Conceptual Problem Based Learning Model to facilitate high school students’ critical thinking skills. Validation of CPBL learning model includes two components namely content validity and construct validity. The result of data analysis shows that the CPBL model can be declared valid with reliability percentage of 97% (reliable) based on syntax model assessment that is: 1) prior knowledge; 2) organize; 3) investigate; 4) analyze; 5) evaluate; to facilitate critical thinking skills.AbstrakPembelajaran untuk melatihkan berpikir kritis memerlukan satu set model pembelajaran yang spesifik melatihkan kemampuan berpikir kritis yang dalam penelitian ini pengembangan model conceptual problem based learning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model conceptual problem based learning untuk melatihkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah menengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang akan menghasilkan produk model pembelajaran, yaitu Model Conceptual Problem Based Learning yang valid untuk melatihkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah menengah. Validasi model pembelajaran CPBL meliputi dua komponen yaitu validitas isi (content validity) dan validitas konstruk (construct validity). Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa model CPBL dapat dinyatakan valid dengan persentase reliabilitas sebesar 97% (reliabel) berdasarkan penilaian sintaks model yaitu: 1) prior knowledge; 2) organize; 3) investigate; 4) analyze; 5) evaluate; untuk melatihkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah menengah.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN VIDEO GAME IPA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN KONSEP SISWA
Authors: Haerani Rosita Putri Rahmi
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn education, many empirical studies have shown evidence that video games have the potential to improve student learning outcomes, but there is still great controversy in the literature regarding the impact of video game. More evidence is needed to convince educators and researchers regarding the actual value and the efficiency of video game in learning science. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of video game in learning to improve the mastery of concepts about the interaction of living beings and the environment of junior high school students who played the “Selamatkan Dunia Digital!” educational gaming application that has been developed by author in previous studies. This weak experimental study collected pretest and posttest results to determine students' mastery of concepts before and after Intervention. Normalized Gain of the pretest and posttest are assumed to be the effect of the intervention. The results show a low increasing mastery of concept by students who learned by playing game, so this study stated that learning science by using instructional video game media are still not able to facilitate mastery of concept of students.Keywords: interactive media; video game; mastery of conceptsAbstrakDalam dunia pendidikan, banyak penelitian empiris telah berhasil menunjukkan bukti bahwa video game memiliki potensi dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa, tetapi kontroversi besar masih ada pada literatur mengenai pengaruh game yang sebenarnya. Dibutuhkan lebih banyak bukti untuk meyakinkan pendidik dan peneliti mengenai nilai aktual dan efisiensi pembelajaran menggunakan video game. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui penggunaan game dalam pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan penguasaan konsep tentang Interaksi makhluk hidup dengan lingkungan siswa SMP.  Game yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah game yang berjudul “Selamatkan Dunia Digital!” yang telah dikembangkan oleh peneliti pada penelitian sebelumnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu, dengan desain The one-Group Prettest-Posttest Design untuk memperoleh gambaran penguasaan konsep siswa sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Peningkatan nilai pada pretest dan posttest diasumsikan merupakan efek dari perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan nilai N-gain rata-rata siswa masih dalam kategori rendah, dan pencapaian skor posttest rata-rata siswa juga masih rendah, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran IPA dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran media video game masih belum dapat memfasilitasi penguasaan konsep IPA siswa pada konsep Interaksi Makhluk Hidup dengan Lingkungan.Kata Kunci: media pembelajaran interaktif; video game; penguasaan konsep Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/es.v8i2.1576
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KETERAMPILAN DASAR BEKERJA ILMIAH PADA MATERI INDERA PENGLIHATAN DAN ALAT OPTIK
Authors: Mirnawati Mirnawati , Rusdiana Dadi
Published: March 2020

Abstract This study aimed to reveal the difference of the basic ability of scientific work development between students who are teached using discovery learning and conventional learning. This study used quasy experiment with The Non Equivalent Pretest-Posttest Design. The subyek which are 58 VIII grade students in one of junior high school in Palu City are chosen with simple random sampling. Data were collected by observation sheets (check list) and were analyzed by normality, homogenity, and t-test using IBM SPSS Statistic 22 program. The result shows that the significance of Sig (2-tailed) is 0.00 < 0.005, which means that H0 is rejected and H1 was accepted. In addition, the data of the basic ability of scientific work development showed that the value for students teached by the discovery learning model is 58.28% and students teached by the conventional learning model is 47.13%, so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference on the basic ability of scientific work development between students who are teached using discovery learning and conventional learning in the material of sight and optical devices. Keywords: discovery learning; basic skills of scientific work; optic Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan perbedaan perkembangan keterampilan dasar bekerja ilmiah pada siswa di kelas yang mendapat model pembelajaran discovery dibandingkan dengan kelas konvensional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperiment dengan desain penelitian the non equivalen, pretest-postest design. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 58 orang siswa kelas VIII dari salah satu SMPN di Kota Palu. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah simple random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu menggunakan lembar observasi penilaian (daftar cek). Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji Normalitas, uji Homogenitas, uji t dengan menggunakan program IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai signifikansi Sig (2-Tailed) adalah 0.00 < 0,05 yang berarti H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Diperoleh dari data perbedaan perkembangan keterampilan dasar bekerja ilmiah untuk siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran discovery sebesar 58.28% dan untuk siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional sebesar 47.13%  Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan perkembangan yang signifikan terhadap keterampilan dasar bekerja ilmiah siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional dengan siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran discovery pada materi indera penglihatan dan alat optik. Kata Kunci: discovery learning; keterampilan dasar bekerja ilmiah; optik Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/es.v8i2.1817
THE INFLUENCE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL TOWARD SAINS LITERACY ‎SKILL OF STUDENT ON REACTION RATE MATERIALS
Authors: Fitriani Dede , Milama Burhanudin , Irwandi Dedi
Published: March 2020

This study was aimed to know the effect of problem-based learning model on the ability of students scientific literacy in reaction rate material. Scientific literacy that is examined in this study only on competency dimension of science. This research was conducted at SMAN 8 South TangerangCity. The method used was quasi-experimental with nonequivalent control group design. The sample was taken byusing purposive sampling technique. The data was taken by using an essay test of scientific literacy ability in competency dimension of science. The analysis of data used is t-test that obtained tcountvalue totaled 8.27 and ttable on significant level0.05is 1.99, so that thetcount>ttable. So we can concludethat Ho was refuse. This indicatesthatthe application of problem-based learning model provides a significant impact on the ability of students scientific literacy in reaction rate material. Keywords: Problem Based Learning Model; Scientific Literacy; Competency Dimension of Science; reaction Rate.
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Fatalities in a National Pediatric Inpatient Database
Authors: Kennedy Juliana M. , Lazoritz Stephen , Palusci Vincent J.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Child maltreatment (CM) is recognized as a major public health concern, and an important number of children suffer injuries related to abuse and neglect that result in death. We sought to identify risk factors for CM fatalities among hospitalized children that can provide clinicians with information to recognize at-risk children and reduce further death.

METHODS:

In this study, we included cases from the 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database with diagnosis codes related to CM who were <5 years of age and were not transferred to another facility. Potential demographic and clinical risk factors were identified and compared to child fatality in the hospital by using bivariate and multivariate analyses. To assess how cases coded specifically for maltreatment differed from similar cases that only suggested maltreatment, a reduced-model multivariable logistic regression for fatality was created.

RESULTS:

We found 10 825 children <5 years who had inpatient diagnoses coded in their medical record for CM. Most demographic variables (age, race, and sex) were not significantly associated with fatality, whereas clinical variables (transferring in, drowning, ingestions, and burns) were significantly associated with fatality. There were regional differences on the basis of hospital location as well as significantly more chronic conditions, procedure charges, and longer lengths of stay among children who died. Controlling for significant risk factors, those with diagnoses specific for physical abuse had ∼3 times the odds of dying (odds ratio = 2.797; 95% confidence interval: 1.941–4.031).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this study, although infancy and decreased income were associated with increased risk for fatality, more important factors were the types of injuries the child endured and whether the inpatient clinician had identified specific injuries indicating physical abuse.