bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpholinium and Piperidinium Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Synthesis of Pyrazole‐5‐Carbonitriles, Indoles and Tetrazoles: Bulk Properties via Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Sanam  , Bux Khair , al‐Rashida Mariya , Alharthy Rima D. , Moin Syed T. , Hameed Abdul
Published: December 2018

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have gained much popularity in the area of green synthetic chemistry, since they act as excellent alternative to traditional organic solvents for carrying out diverse organic reactions and transformations. Furthermore, they are thermally stable over a wide temperature range, they are non‐volatile, inert and can be easily recovered and reused after carrying out reactions. In the present study, we have synthesized morpholine and piperidine based ionic liquids, and combined them with different hydrogen bond donors (urea, diethylene glycol (DEG), carboxylic acid, thiourea, ethanol and methanol) to produce different DES melts. These DES melts were then explored for their potential as catalyst/reaction media for carrying out different organic transformations for synthesis of molecules such as pyrazole‐5‐carbonitriles 5 a‐d, Fisher Indoles 8 a‐d and 1H‐tetrazoles 10 a‐b. In DES, the hydrogen bonded interactions between ionic liquids and hydrogen bond donors are known to be crucial for mediating their catalytic and synthetic efficiency, hence molecular dynamics simulations of these DES melts were carried out to investigate and study these effects.
On the role of mindfulness and compassion skills in students' coping, well‐being, and development across the transition to college: A conceptual analysis
Authors: Dvořáková Kamila , Greenberg Mark T. , Roeser Robert W.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we aim to integrate the current conceptual approaches to stress and coping processes during the college transition with the potential role of mindfulness and compassion (MC) skills on students' well‐being and development. First, we provide an overview of the issues and challenges emerging adults are facing during the transition to college, drawing on the revised version of the transactional stress model by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). Second, we introduce a conceptual model of adaptive stress and coping processes enhanced by MC skills to positively impact the appraisal and coping resources and emerging adults' mental health. Specifically, MC skills may play an important role in promoting a healthy stress response by strengthening emerging adults' socioemotional competencies and supporting the development of adaptive appraisal and coping resources, including processes antecedent and consequent to a coping encounter. In particular, MC skills were hypothesized to enhance (a) preparedness to cope, (b) productive stress response through adaptive appraisals and skillful deployment of coping resources, and (c) healthy postcoping reflections. Therefore, MC skills may be a useful preventive tool to strengthen emerging adults' ability to adjust to a new academic environment and fulfil the developmental tasks of this period.
Stator flux orientation inverse system decoupling control strategy of bearingless induction motor considering stator current dynamics
Authors: Bu Wenshao , Chen Youpeng , Zu Conglin
Published: December 2018

The bearingless induction motor (BLIM), is a multi‐variable, nonlinear, and strongly coupled system. In order to improve its dynamic control performance, considering the stator current dynamics, a stator flux orientation (SFO) inverse system decoupling control strategy is proposed in this paper. Taking the dynamic characteristics of the torque winding current into account, the state equation of the BLIM system based on SFO is established. Then, on the basis of invertibility analysis, the inverse system dynamic mathematical model of the BLIM system is derived, the inverse system dynamic decoupling control strategy is presented, and the comprehensive design of the closed loop for each decoupled linear subsystem is carried out. Simulation experimental results show that the BLIM control system has excellent dynamic and static decoupling control performance, the influence of rotor parameters can be effectively overcome, and the ability to resist the load torque disturbance can be obviously improved. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advancing our predictive understanding of river corridor exchange
Authors: Ward Adam S. , Packman Aaron I.
Published: December 2018

Despite decades of research, we lack an accurate framework to predict and manage hydrologic exchange in the river corridor and the associated ecosystem services and functions at the scales of stream reaches and entire networks. While many individual studies have been conducted to investigate specific mechanisms, they have not been synthesized to account for heterogeneity in space, nonstationarity, and multiscale feedbacks that typify the river corridor. As a result, contradictory predictions of exchange flux, geometry, and timescale are prevalent in the literature. We attribute these contradictions to (a) failure to account for multiscale feedbacks and (b) uncertainty in the information content of common measurement methods. Here, we apply the concept of interacting multiscale spatial and time‐variable domains to the river corridor to demonstrate why more complete multiscale characterization is necessary to achieve predictive understanding. Next, we highlight uncertainties and inconsistencies in measurement methods which may obfuscate our understanding of river corridor exchange. Finally, we briefly outline four necessary advances to achieve predictive understanding of river corridor exchange: standardization of metadata, critical evaluation of the information content and support volumes for measurement techniques, multiscale model‐data integration, and advancing theoretical models of river corridor exchange.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Science of Water > Methods
Wave‐current interaction effects on structural responses of floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Chen Lin , Basu Biswajit
Published: December 2018

This paper proposes a model considering the wave‐current interactions in dynamic analyses of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) and investigates the interaction effects on the FOWT responses. Waves when traveling on current are affected by the current, leading to frequency shift and shape modification. To include such interactions in FOWT analysis, which has not been considered by the researchers till date, a nonlinear hydrodynamic model for multicable mooring systems is presented that is able to consider the cable geometric nonlinearity, seabed contact, and the current effect. The mooring model is then coupled with a spar‐type FOWT model that handles the structural dynamics of turbine blades and tower, aerodynamics of the wind‐blade interaction, and wave‐current effects on the spar. The analytical wave‐current interaction model based on Airy theory considering the current effect is used in the computation of flow velocity and acceleration. Numerical studies are then carried out based on the NREL offshore 5‐MW baseline wind turbine supported on top of the OC3‐Hywind spar buoy. Two cases, (1) when the currents are favorable and (2) when the currents are adverse, are examined. Differences of up to 15% have been observed by comparing the cable fairlead tension obtained excluding and including the wave‐current interactions. In particular, when irregular waves interact with adverse current, a simple superposition treatment of the wave and the current effects seems to underestimate the spar motion and the cable fairlead tension. This indicates that the wave‐current interaction is an important aspect and is needed to be considered in FOWT analysis.
Change detection in dynamic attributed networks
Authors: Hewapathirana Isuru U.
Published: December 2018

A network provides powerful means of representing complex relationships between entities by abstracting entities as vertices, and relationships as edges connecting vertices in a graph. Beyond the presence or absence of relationships, a network may contain additional information that can be attributed to the entities and their relationships. Attaching these additional attribute data to the corresponding vertices and edges yields an attributed graph. Moreover, in the majority of real‐world applications, such as online social networks, financial networks and transactional networks, relationships between entities evolve over time. Change detection in dynamic attributed networks is an important problem in many areas, such as fraud detection, cyber intrusion detection, and health care monitoring. It is a challenging problem because it involves a time sequence of attributed graphs, each of which is usually very large and can contain many attributes attached to the vertices and edges, resulting in a complex, high‐dimensional mathematical object. In this survey we provide an overview of some of the existing change detection methods that utilize attribute information. We categorize these methods based on the levels of structure in the graph that are exploited to detect changes. These levels are vertices, edges, subgraphs, communities, and the overall graph. We focus attention on the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, including their performance and scalability. Furthermore, we discuss some publicly available dynamic network datasets and give a brief overview of models to generate dynamic attributed networks. Finally, we discuss the limitations of existing approaches identifying key areas for future research.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Data Concepts

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Technologies > Machine Learning

Application Areas > Business and Industry
Enabling smart environments through scalable policy reasoning and Internet of Things
Authors: Göynügür Emre , Şensoy Murat , de Mel Geeth
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we discuss how to combine ontology‐based policy reasoning mechanisms with in‐use Internet of Things applications to customize and automate device behaviors. We discuss how the policy framework can be extended with data federation to handle diverse and distributed data sources. We demonstrate that smart devices and sensors can be orchestrated through policies in diverse settings, from smart home environments to hazardous workplaces, such as coal mines. Lastly, we evaluate our approach using real applications with real data and demonstrate that it is scalable under high load of data and devices.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Computational Intelligence

Application Areas > Science and Technology

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Introduction
Authors: Gill Nick , Good Anthony
Published: December 2018

Introducing the volume, the editors characterise the European asylum ‘crisis’ as a specific form of ‘moral panic’. National policies display tensions between securitisation models emphasising control of refugees because of perceived risks they pose; and rights models focusing on asylum seekers as unique individuals. Approaches to asylum decision-making also reflect each country’s legal culture and political circumstances, generating anomalies both in the procedures adopted and in national rates of refugee recognition, while actual practice emerges from the multifaceted interaction of numerous legal and quasi-legal social fields. An ethnographic approach is best suited to disentangle processes of such complexity. Finally, the introduction explains the organisation of the book into sections focusing on ‘actors’, ‘communication’, and ‘decision-making’, and summarises how each chapter contributes to those themes.
What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Credibility? Refugee Appeals in Italy
Authors: Sorgoni Barbara
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the first level of appeal in the Italian refugee status determination procedure. I use the “credibility issue” as a lens through which to observe how this notion is employed at the tribunals of Bologna and Turin, simultaneously as a core issue in the determination procedure, a sensitive category to handle with care, and an almost-empty shell used for purposes stretching out far beyond the tribunals themselves. Such purposes can only be grasped when shifting the gaze from the mechanics of civil law as enacted inside specific local sites, towards national and supra-national migratory policies, rooted in an entangling culture of denial that strongly impacts on local-level decisional procedures of recognition or rejection.
Making the Right Decision: Justice in the Asylum Bureaucracy in Norway
Authors: Liodden Tone Maia
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the meaning of justice in the asylum bureaucracy in Norway. Uncertainty and lack of reliable feedback makes it difficult to determine the accuracy of decisions. By comparing similar claims, decision-makers create local yardsticks of what a genuine refugee looks like. In this context, equal treatment to some extent comes to serve as a proxy for justice, in addition to creating a sense of certainty about the outcome. The uncertainty of asylum decisions is matched by outward certainty, as representatives of the institution have to meet public expectations about justice, whereby refugees are recognized as a clear-cut, objective category. The production of outward certainty contributes to the legitimacy of policies that involve high human costs, such as detention and deportation.
Becoming a Decision-Maker, or: “Don’t Turn Your Heart into a Den of Thieves and Murderers”
Authors: Schneider Stephanie
Published: December 2018

Based on a qualitative study in the German asylum authority, this chapter focuses on how caseworkers are taught to deal with the uncertainties and quandaries of asylum administrative decision-making. The asylum administration is conceptualised as a relatively autonomous field in which ongoing processes of boundary work take place. Amongst others, these revolve around caseworkers’ emotional involvement and their creativity in handling the ‘stuff’ of casework. Focusing on references to emotions and materialities during a training course for decision-makers, the analysis demonstrates how they may be used both to counteract the unintended consequences of rationalisation and to delegate responsibility for dealing with conflicting demands onto the individual caseworker. Even seemingly mundane aspects of casework may thus become an object of struggles around bureaucratic autonomy and accountability.
“It’s All About Naming Things Right”: The Paradox of Web Truths in the Belgian Asylum-Seeking Procedure
Authors: Spotti Massimiliano
Published: December 2018

The chapter deals with the process of identity (mis)recognition that has led to the rejection of an asylum seeking application. Spotti addresses discrepancies between the story narrated by the asylum seeking applicant and the type of factual knowledge sought by the officials judging the truthfulness of his identity claim, as well as between official naming practices and the locally based naming of things used by the applicant. The case documented here, demonstrative of a politics of suspicion, also serves the metonymic function of laying bare some of the torn ligaments around the bones of globalization. It encapsulates how migratory experiences are registered into administrative prescriptive accounts of how one should prove his own identity.
Why Handling Power Responsibly Matters: The Active Interpreter Through the Sociological Lens
Authors: Dahlvik Julia
Published: December 2018

This contribution is based on empirical findings from an ethnographic case study on the administration of asylum applications in a branch of the former Austrian Federal Asylum Office. I adopt a sociological perspective to explore the relationship between public official and interpreter in asylum interviews and thereby hint at the complexity and contours of the power imbalance in these institutional(ised) interactions. As existing literature suggests, the relation is more complex than a simple contractee-contractor relation and, as a part of that, interpreters are often in a more powerful position than officials would want them to be. Against this background, I argue that both researchers and practitioners need to focus more on professionalism and ethics in community interpreting, especially in the context of international protection.
Communicative Practices and Contexts of Interaction in the Refugee Status Determination Process in France
Authors: Gibb Robert
Published: December 2018

This chapter draws on material from an anthropological study of the asylum process in France, conducted between 2007 and 2009, to explore the following questions: What can ethnographic research contribute to knowledge and understanding of the kinds of communication that take place at successive stages of the refugee status determination process in France? What light can it throw, more specifically, on the relationship between forms of communicative practice and the different contexts or spaces in which interaction between those involved occurs? Finally, what are some of the difficulties associated with adopting an ethnographic approach to investigate asylum processes and how can researchers attempt to address these?
Introduction—The Hacker, the City and Their Institutions: From Grassroots Urbanism to Systemic Change
Authors: de Waal Martijn , de Lange Michiel
Published: December 2018

In the debate about smart cities, an alternative to a dominant top-down, tech-driven solutionist approach has arisen in examples of ‘civic hacking’. Hacking here refers to the playful, exploratory, collaborative and sometimes transgressive modes of operation found in various hacker cultures, this time constructively applied in the context of civics. It suggests a novel logic to organise urban society through social and digital media platforms, moving away from centralised urban planning towards a more inclusive process of city-making, creating new types of public spaces. This book takes this urban imaginary of a hackable city seriously, using hacking as a lens to explore examples of collaborative city-making enabled by digital media technologies. Five different perspectives are discussed. Hacking can be understood as (1) an ethos, a particular articulation of citizenship in the network era; (2) as a set of iterative and collaborative city-making practices, bringing out new roles and relations between citizens, (design) professionals and institutional actors; (3) a set of affordances of institutional structures that allow or discourage their appropriation; (4) a critical lens to bring in notions of democratic governance, power struggles and conflict of interests into the debate on collaborative city-making; and (5) a point of departure for action research. After a discussion of these themes, the various chapters in the book are briefly introduced. Taken together they contribute to a wider debate about practices of technology-enabled collaborative city-making, and the question how city hacking may mature from the tactical level of smart and often playful interventions to a strategic level of enduring impact.
Reinventing the Rules: Emergent Gameplay for Civic Learning
Authors: Ampatzidou Cristina
Published: December 2018

Serious games are tools that can instigate civic learning through the social interaction among players who exchange information, negotiate and deliberate during gameplay. Energy Safari is a serious board game developed to make citizens familiar with the energy transition in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands and how it translates in local and regional policies. This chapter analyses how players have collectively exploited the ambiguities in the rule set of the game to define their own rules, regarding project selection, partnerships, knowledge exchange and attitude towards the local government. These ad hoc agreements encouraged players to reflect and relate in-game situations to their real-life experiences with energy transition, leading to civic learning. In doing so, they “bend the logic” of current assumptions for the energy transition and demonstrate possibilities for positioning emergent gameplay within the design and negotiation processes of actual hackable urban and regional policymaking.
Unpacking the Smart City Through the Lens of the Right to the City: A Taxonomy as a Way Forward in Participatory City-Making
Authors: Anastasiu Irina
Published: December 2018

Henri Lefebvre’s urgent utopia of right to the city to achieve a new form of urban governance that moves beyond both capitalism and state bureaucracy seems timely with the increasing critiques of how techno-centric, top-down and corporate-driven smart cities are ill-equipped to deliver their promised civic, economic and political benefits. The exploration of the smart city through Lefebvre’s lens enables the reconceptualisation of the emerging notion of participatory city-making as a translation of the right to the city into practice. This chapter seeks, thus, to further unpack the concept of participatory city-making and, by linking it to operational concepts and proposing a taxonomy for the classification of initiatives that shape the city, clear a path forward towards systemic change.
A Hacking Atlas: Holistic Hacking in the Urban Theater
Authors: Schuler Douglas
Published: December 2018

This essay is intended to help further the understanding of contemporary social change and social activism, which in turn should assist people developing civic intelligence within both local and global communities. Civic intelligence is a social phenomenon that describes how well collectivities address their shared problems efficiently and equitably. It describes examples at a variety of scales from a neighborhood trying to stop a new trash incinerator from being built next to its school to the global climate change agreement negotiated in Paris in 2015. To accomplish this effort, the concepts of hacking and holistic hacking, and hacking spaces (and seven types of hacking spaces) are introduced and then employed in relation to an actual activist mobilization called Shell No, that was waged in Seattle by environmental activists over a 30-day period in Spring 2015.
Of Hackers and Cities: How Selfbuilders in the Buiksloterham Are Making Their City
Authors: de Lange Michiel
Published: December 2018

How can citizens become active city-makers alongside design professionals, local government institutions and others, by creatively using digital technologies in collaborative processes of urban planning and management? This challenge is particularly daunting in the Buiksloterham, a brownfield area in Amsterdam North, that is assigned as an urban laboratory destined to grow from 200 inhabitants to over 10,000 people. The area was opened to selfbuilders: private individuals and households who build their own home, and collectives of about 15–50 people who build a shared apartment together. The research is based on ethnographic research carried out in the area. It provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the connection between bottom-up city-making processes and institutionalisation. It also proposes a research and design narrative about people-centric hackable smart cities. This contribution results from a long-running research project called The Hackable City (http://thehackablecity.nl), which between 2012 and 2017 in multiple separately funded iterations, investigated new modes of city-making through the notion of ‘hackability’. The project was a collaboration between academics, an architecture and urban design office, and various organisations in the domains of policy, urban services and the cultural field.
Rapid Street Game Design: Prototyping Laboratory for Urban Change
Authors: Bedö Viktor
Published: December 2018

Street games are predominantly physical games played in the streets, incorporating the built urban environment, spatial layout, social and political characteristics of urban sites into the gameplay. This paper outlines how rapid street game design and playing street games are means of knowledge generation for urban change. To develop the argument, it looks first at implicit aspects of design knowledge in an iterative design process. It then explores the role of explicit and implicit rules in game design as well as the concept of the magic circle that incorporates both the game design and the context of the actual urban site. Game design examples underpin the exploratory and prototyping aspects of street game design.
Transforming Cities by Designing with Communities
Authors: Webb Rosie , Avram Gabriela , García Javier Burón , Joyce Aisling
Published: December 2018

The Adaptive Governance Lab at the School of Architecture at University of Limerick has been working collaboratively with local government officials and community activists on action research projects co-designing with communities in neighbourhoods, villages and city districts in various locations in Ireland since 2010. The collaboration model developed is a genuine example of ‘hackable city-making’, where the local communities are involved in designing specific solutions for improving liveability in their areas, with the involvement and support of local government. A ‘Designing with Communities’ framework has emerged from the process in the 5 years of practice this chapter refers to. This has led to the need to refine the characterisation of the time frame, the methodologies, the commitments required from participants, the financial costs associated with the process, the advantages and disadvantages of engagement as well as the replicability of the process across cultures and governmental systems. Our chapter documents that ongoing process, defines the emerging structure of the framework, reflects on the value and risks of the process that has been carried out to date in terms of its usefulness as an urban management tool and active learning tool and proposes ways in which the framework can be adapted to fit into the developing community engagement structures of both academia and local government in Ireland.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Early Motherhood Among Low-Income, Maltreated, and Foster Youth
Authors: Font Sarah A. , Cancian Maria , Berger Lawrence M.
Published: December 2018

Early childbearing is associated with a host of educational and economic disruptions for teenage girls and increased risk of adverse outcomes for their children. Low-income, maltreated, and foster youth have a higher risk of teen motherhood than the general population of youth. In this study, we assessed differences in the risk of early motherhood among these groups and investigated whether differences likely reflect selection factors versus effects of involvement with Child Protective Services (CPS) or foster care. Using a statewide linked administrative data system for Wisconsin, we employed survival analysis to estimate the hazard of early birth (child conceived prior to age 18) among females. We found that both the youth involved in CPS and youth in foster care were at significantly higher risk of early motherhood than low-income youth, and these differences were not explained by a range of sociodemographic and family composition characteristics. Moreover, our findings indicate that CPS and foster care are unlikely to be causal agents in the risk of early motherhood: among foster youth, risk was lower during foster care compared with before; among CPS-involved girls, risk was the same or lower after CPS investigation compared with before. Subsequent analysis showed that after girls exited foster care, those who were reunified with their birth families were at higher risk than those placed in adoption or guardianship. Overall, our findings suggest that whereas CPS and foster youth are high-risk populations for early motherhood, CPS involvement and foster care placement do not exacerbate, and may instead reduce, risk.
Immigrant Legal Status and Health: Legal Status Disparities in Chronic Conditions and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Mexican-Born Farm Workers in the United States
Authors: Hamilton Erin R. , Hale Jo Mhairi , Savinar Robin
Published: December 2018

Immigrant legal status determines access to the rights and privileges of U.S. society. Legal status may be conceived of as a fundamental cause of health, producing a health disparity whereby unauthorized immigrants are disadvantaged relative to authorized immigrants, a perspective that is supported by research on legal status disparities in self-rated health and mental health. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on legal status disparities in physical health and examined whether a legal status disparity exists in chronic conditions and musculoskeletal pain among 17,462 Mexican-born immigrants employed as farm workers in the United States and surveyed in the National Agricultural Workers Survey between 2000 and 2015. We found that unauthorized, Mexican-born farm workers have a lower incidence of chronic conditions and lower prevalence of pain compared with authorized farm workers. Furthermore, we found a legal status gradient in health whereby naturalized U.S. citizens report the worst health, followed by legal permanent residents and unauthorized immigrants. Although inconsistent with fundamental cause theory, our results were robust to alternative specifications and consistent with a small body of existing research on legal status disparities in physical health. Although it is well known that Mexican immigrants have better-than-expected health outcomes given their social disadvantage, we suggest that an epidemiologic paradox may also apply to within-immigrant disparities by legal status. We offer several explanations for the counterintuitive result.
The vanishing viscosity limit for some symmetric flows
Authors: Gie Gung-Min , Kelliher James P. , Lopes Filho Milton C. , Mazzucato Anna L. , Nussenzveig Lopes Helena J.
Published: December 2018

The focus of this paper is on the analysis of the boundary layer and the associated vanishing viscosity limit for two classes of flows with symmetry, namely, Plane-Parallel Channel Flows and Parallel Pipe Flows. We construct explicit boundary layer correctors, which approximate the difference between the Navier–Stokes and the Euler solutions. Using properties of these correctors, we establish convergence of the Navier–Stokes solution to the Euler solution as viscosity vanishes with optimal rates of convergence. In addition, we investigate vorticity production on the boundary in the limit of vanishing viscosity. Our work significantly extends prior work in the literature.
Molecular and epidemiologic investigation of a rhinovirus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: El Idrissi Kenza Rahmouni , Isabel Sandra , Carbonneau Julie , Lafond Martine , Quach Caroline , Caya Chelsea , Fontela Patricia S. , Beltempo Marc , Boivin Guy , Lefebvre Marie-Astrid , Papenburg Jesse
Published: December 2018

We performed a molecular and epidemiologic study of a healthcare-associated rhinovirus outbreak to better understand transmission in neonatal intensive care settings. Sequencing of the 7 outbreak strains revealed 4 distinct clades, indicating multiple sources. A single clade infected 3 patients in adjacent rooms, suggesting horizontal transmission. We observed 1 rhinovirus-associated death.
Turbulence in intermittent transitional boundary layers and in turbulence spots
Authors: Marxen Olaf , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: December 2018

Direct numerical simulation data of bypass transition in flat-plate boundary layers are analysed to examine the characteristics of turbulence in the transitional regime. When intermittency is 50 % or less, the flow features a juxtaposition of turbulence spots surrounded by streaky laminar regions. Conditionally averaged turbulence statistics are evaluated within the spots, and are compared to standard time averaging in both the transition region and in fully turbulent boundary layers. The turbulent-conditioned root-mean-square levels of the streamwise velocity perturbations are notably elevated in the early transitional boundary layer, while the wall-normal and spanwise components are closer to the levels typical for fully turbulent flow. The analysis is also extended to include ensemble averaging of the spots. When the patches of turbulence are sufficiently large, they develop a core region with similar statistics to fully turbulent boundary layers. Within the tip and the wings of the spots, however, the Reynolds stresses and terms in the turbulence kinetic energy budget are elevated. The enhanced turbulence production in the transition zone, which exceeds the levels from fully turbulent boundary layers, contributes to the higher skin-friction coefficient in that region. Qualitatively, the same observations hold for different spot sizes and levels of free-stream turbulence, except for young spots which do not yet have a core region of developed turbulence.
Using a geochemical method of dissolved and insoluble fractions to characterize surface snow melting and major element elution
Authors: WU GUANGJIAN , LI PEILIN , ZHANG XUELEI , ZHANG CHENGLONG
Published: December 2018

A geochemical method to characterize post-depositional melting and elution is demonstrated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure concentrations of dissolved and insoluble fractions of major crustal elements in snow samples collected from March 2006 to January 2010 at Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tien Shan. Dust from these samples has compositional homogeneity, suggesting that dust has a stable dissolved fraction percentage (DFP, calculated as dissolved/(dissolved + insoluble)%). Calcium has the highest DFP (averaging 61.5 ± 19.4%), followed by Na (30.4 ± 19.6%), Mg (13.2 ± 9.8%), and K (7.9 ± 9.8%). Acid input can affect dissolution of Na and Ca. Taking DFP values of unmelted samples as the reference, the higher DFPs refer to strengthened dissolution from acid input, while the lower ones refer to elution. Based on the DFP difference between unmelted and eluted states, an elution sequence Ca > Na > Mg > K is obtained. Some details such as the beginning and the ending stages of elution can be found by DFP and acid input index, while using ion concentration is not capable of this. Our results reveal that acid input is an important mechanism for DFP changes, that the DFP index can provide an effective assessment of snow elution, and that this will aid in understanding low latitude ice cores.
A dyrosaurid from the Paleocene of Senegal
Authors: Martin Jeremy E. , Sarr Raphaël , Hautier Lionel
Published: December 2018

We describe a partial dyrosaurid skeleton recently prepared out of a limestone block discovered in the 1930s from Danian strata along the Atlantic coast of Senegal. The specimen, from a single individual, comprises nicely preserved elements of the appendicular and axial skeleton from the abdominal and sacral region, which enables us to refine our knowledge on some postcranial characteristics of the Dyrosauridae. Although Dyrosauridae are abundant in early Eocene deposits of North Africa, the present discovery in the Danian of Senegal fills a patchier record early after the K/Pg boundary and provides an important comparative data point with the few other Danian dyrosaurid records such asAtlantosuchusfrom nearby Morocco orGuarinisuchusandHyposaurusfrom Brazil and the USA, respectively.
The Abortion Act (1967): a biography
Authors: Sheldon Sally , Davis Gayle , O'Neill Jane , Parker Clare
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we set out what it means to offer a ‘biography’ of a law, illustrating the discussion through the example of the Abortion Act (1967), an important statute that has regulated a highly controversial field of practice for five decades. Biography is taken as a useful shorthand for an approach which requires simultaneous attention to continuity and change in the historical study of a law's life. It takes seriously the insight that written norms are rooted in the past, enshrining a certain set of historically contingent values and practices, yet that – as linguistic structures that can impact on the world only through acts of interpretation – they are simultaneously constantly evolving. It acknowledges the complex, ongoing co-constitution of law and the contexts within which it operates, recognising that understanding how law works requires historical, empirical study. Finally, it suggests that consideration of a law can offer a unique window through which to explore these broader contexts.
Postembryonic development ofDalmanitina, and the evolution of facial suture fusion in Phacopina
Authors: Drage Harriet B. , Laibl Lukáš , Budil Petr
Published: December 2018

A large sample of postembryonic specimens ofDalmanitina proaeva elfridaandD. socialisfrom the Upper Ordovician (Sandbian to Katian) Prague Basin allows for the first reasonably complete ontogenetic sequence of Dalmanitoidea (Phacopina). The material provides an abundance of morphological information, including well-preserved marginal spines in protaspides and meraspides, and hypostome external surfaces throughout. The development ofD. proaeva elfridais unusual due to variability in timing of the first trunk articulation. This broadens our developmental understanding of Phacopina, a diverse group of phacopid trilobites, and also allows us to study the evolution of their specializations in exoskeletal molting behavior. Adult phacopines, unlike most other trilobites, had fused facial sutures. This means that rather than molting through the sutural gape mode, characterized by opening of the facial sutures and separation of the librigenae, they disarticulated the entire cephalon in Salter’s mode of molting. For other phacopine clades (Phacopoidea) the transition to Salter’s mode occurs during the meraspid period or at the onset of holaspis, and its developmental timing is intraspecifically fixed. However, owing to the large sample size, we can see that facial suture fusion likely occurred later inDalmanitina, usually during the holaspid period, and was intraspecifically variable with holaspides of varying sizes showing unfused sutures. Further,D. proaeva elfridaspecimens showed an initial librigenal–rostral plate fusion event, where the librigenae began as separate entities but appear fused with the rostral plate as one structure (the “lower cephalic unit”) from M1, and are discarded as such during molting. Dalmanitoidea is considered to represent the first phacopine divergence, occurring earliest in the fossil record. This material therefore provides insight into how linked morphologies and behaviors evolved, potentially suggesting the timing of facial suture fusion in Phacopina moved earlier during development and became more intraspecifically fixed over geological time.
Diversity patterns of nonmammalian cynodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) and the impact of taxonomic practice and research history on diversity estimates
Authors: Lukic-Walther Marcus , Brocklehurst Neil , Kammerer Christian F. , Fröbisch Jörg
Published: December 2018

Nonmammalian cynodonts represent a speciose and ecologically diverse group with a fossil record stretching from the late Permian until the Cretaceous. Because of their role as major components of Triassic terrestrial ecosystems and as the direct ancestors of mammals, cynodonts are an important group for understanding Mesozoic tetrapod diversity. We examine patterns of nonmammalian cynodont species richness and the quality of their fossil record. A supertree of cynodonts is constructed from recently published trees and time calibrated using a Bayesian approach. While this approach pushes the root of Cynodontia back to the earliest Guadalupian, the origins of Cynognathia and Probainognathia are close to their first appearance in the fossil record. Taxic, subsampled, and phylogenetic diversity estimates support a major cynodont radiation following the end-Permian mass extinction, but conflicting signals are observed at the end of the Triassic. The taxic diversity estimate shows high diversity in the Rhaetian and a drop across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary, while the phylogenetic diversity indicates an earlier extinction between the Norian and Rhaetian. The difference is attributed to the prevalence of taxa based solely on teeth in the Rhaetian, which are not included in the phylogenetic diversity estimate. Examining the completeness of cynodont specimens through geological time does not support a decrease in preservation potential; although the median completeness score decreases in the Late Triassic, the range of values remains consistent. Instead, the poor completeness scores are attributed to a shift in sampling and taxonomic practices: an increased prevalence in microvertebrate sampling and the naming of fragmentary material.
Quota sampling using Facebook advertisements
Authors: Zhang Baobao , Mildenberger Matto , Howe Peter D. , Marlon Jennifer , Rosenthal Seth A. , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: December 2018

Researchers in different social science disciplines have successfully used Facebook to recruit subjects for their studies. However, such convenience samples are not generally representative of the population. We developed and validated a new quota sampling method to recruit respondents using Facebook advertisements. Additionally, we published an R package to semi-automate this quota sampling process using the Facebook Marketing API. To test the method, we used Facebook advertisements to quota sample 2432 US respondents for a survey on climate change public opinion. We conducted a contemporaneous nationally representative survey asking identical questions using a high-quality online survey panel whose respondents were recruited using probability sampling. Many results from the Facebook-sampled survey are similar to those from the online panel survey; furthermore, results from the Facebook-sampled survey approximate results from the American Community Survey (ACS) for a set of validation questions. These findings suggest that using Facebook to recruit respondents is a viable option for survey researchers wishing to approximate population-level public opinion.
Alteration of the phagocytosis and antimicrobial defense of Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pupae to Escherichia coli following parasitism by Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Meng E. , Li J. , Tang B. , Hu Y. , Qiao T. , Hou Y. , Lin Y. , Li J. , Chen Z.
Published: December 2018

Although parasites and microbial pathogens are both detrimental to insects, little information is currently available on the mechanism involved in how parasitized hosts balance their immune responses to defend against microbial infections. We addressed this in the present study by comparing the immune response between unparasitized and parasitized pupae of the chrysomelid beetle, Octodonta nipae (Maulik), to Escherichia coli invasion. In an in vivo survival assay, a markedly reduced number of E. coli colony-forming units per microliter was detected in parasitized pupae at 12 and 24 h post-parasitism, together with decreased phagocytosis and enhanced bactericidal activity at 12 h post-parasitism. The effects that parasitism had on the mRNA expression level of selected antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of O. nipae pupae showed that nearly all transcripts of AMPs examined were highly upregulated during the early and late parasitism stages except defensin 2B, whose mRNA expression level was downregulated at 24 h post-parasitism. Further elucidation on the main maternal fluids responsible for alteration of the primary immune response against E. coli showed that ovarian fluid increased phagocytosis at 48 h post-injection. These results indicated that the enhanced degradation of E. coli in parasitized pupae resulted mainly from the elevated bactericidal activity without observing the increased transcripts of target AMPs. This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune responses of a parasitized host to bacterial infections.
DNA barcoding of large oak-living cerambycids: diagnostic tool, phylogenetic insights and natural hybridization between Cerambyx cerdo and Cerambyx welensii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M. , Bonal R.
Published: December 2018

Three large saproxylic cerambycids with different pest/legal status co-occur in the Iberian oak woodlands,Cerambyx welensii(Cw),Cerambyx cerdo(Cc) andPrinobius myardi(Pm): Cw is an emerging pest, Cc is a protected but sometimes harmful species and Pm is a secondary/minor pest. A precise taxonomic diagnosis is necessary for research, management or protection purposes, but may be problematic mainly because Cw and Cc larvae are morphologically indistinguishable. To resolve this constraint, we genotyped adults, larvae and eggs collected over a wide geographical range using the mitochondrial barcoding of the cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI). A Neighbour-Joining tree phylogram revealed three distinct clusters corresponding to Cw, Cc and Pm. We further first sequenced for Cw and Cc two mitochondrial (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear (28S rRNA) gene fragments. For the first two genes, interspecific divergence was lower than inCOI, and for the 28S (lower mutation rate), the two species shared identical haplotypes. Two approaches for species delimitation (General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Barcode Index Number (BIN)) confirmed the species distinctiveness of Cc and Cw. The BayesianCOIgene tree showed a remarkable genetic divergence between Cc populations from Iberia and the rest of Europe. Such divergence has relevant taxonomic connotations and stresses the importance of a wide geographical scale sampling for accurate DNA barcoding species identification. Incongruities between morphology/lineage andCOIbarcodes in some individuals revealed natural hybridization between Cw and Cc. Natural hybridization is important from a phylogenetic/evolutionary perspective in these cerambycids, but the prevalence of (and the behavioural/ecological factors involved in) interspecific cross-breeding remain to be investigated.
Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: a national cohort study of 1.8 million people
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Hollander Anna-Clara , Lewis Glyn , Magnusson Cecelia , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James B
Published: December 2018

Background

We assessed whether the risk of various psychotic disorders and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (including mania) varied by migrant status, a region of origin, or age-at-migration, hypothesizing that risk would only be elevated for psychotic disorders.

Methods

We established a prospective cohort of 1 796 257 Swedish residents born between 1982 and 1996, followed from their 15th birthday, or immigration to Sweden after age 15, until diagnosis, emigration, death, or end of 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model hazard ratios by migration-related factors, adjusted for covariates.

Results

All psychotic disorders were elevated among migrants and their children compared with Swedish-born individuals, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]migrants: 2.20, 95% CI 1.96–2.47; aHRchildren : 2.00, 95% CI 1.79–2.25), affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant1.42, 95% CI 1.25–1.63; aHRchildren: 1.22 95% CI 1.07–1.40), and other non-affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant: 1.97, 95% CI 1.81–2.14; aHRchildren: 1.68, 95% CI 1.54–1.83). For all psychotic disorders, risks were generally highest in migrants from Africa (i.e. aHRschizophrenia: 5.24, 95% CI 4.26–6.45) and elevated at most ages-of-migration. By contrast, risk of non-psychotic bipolar disorders was lower for migrants (aHR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.52–0.64) overall, and across all ages-of-migration except infancy (aHR: 1.20; 95% CI 1.01–1.42), while risk for their children was similar to the Swedish-born population (aHR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.93–1.08).

Conclusions

Increased risk of psychiatric disorders associated with migration and minority status may be specific to psychotic disorders, with exact risk dependent on the region of origin.