bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND WATER RELATIONS OF REDBUD
Authors: Aiello Anthony S. , Joly Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Redbud (Cercis canadensis) is known to be very susceptible to injury by road de-icing salts. The purpose of these experiments was to measure the effects of sodium chloride on net CO2 assimilation (A), conductance (g), transpiration (E), and leaf area expansion (LAE) of hydroponically grown redbud seedlings. Eight week-old seedlings were exposed to 0, 4500, and 9000ppm NaCl in the hydroponic growth solution. A, g, E, and LAE were measured for seven consecutive days during treatment application.

A, g, E, an LAE all decreased with increased salt stress. By the seventh day, growth in NaCl at 4500 and 9000 ppm resulted in reductions in A from that that of the control by 34% and 63%, respectively. For the medium treatment, g and E had decreased by 70% over control rates, and by 85% over control for the high treatment. For the 0, 4500, and 9000ppm treatments, total leaf area increased by 68%, 46% and 28%, respectively, over the seven days of the experiment.

Further experiments will examine the effect of treatments on whole plant transpiration, water potential and osmotic potential and will measure the ability of seedlings to recover from treatments of various duration.
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ROOTING SHOOT CUTTINGS OF AZALEA (RHODODENDRON SP.) IN SOLUTION CULTURE
Authors: Green Carrie E. , Hershey David R.
Published: February 2019

Fundamental research on mineral nutrition of azalea has been restricted due to the lack of a model experimental system for growing azaleas in solution culture. The need to maintain a clean root system dictates that azalea cuttings be rooted in solution. A propagation system (HortScience 24:706) was used to root 10-cm long terminal shoot cuttings of azalea `Delaware Valley White' under intermittent mist in a greenhouse. Cutting bases were dipped in 8,000 mg/liter K-IBA for 40 seconds before rooting. Rooting percentages after 7 weeks were 6, 10, and 50% for rooting solutions of tap water, modified 20% Hoagland solution, and 2mM CaCl2, respectively. After an additional 5 weeks the rooting percentage had increased to 83% in the 2 mM CaCl2 treatment. Three other azalea cultivars were found to root much slower than `Delaware Valley White'. Acclimatization of rooted cuttings to the normal greenhouse environment is essential to prevent leaf necrosis and is accomplished by gradually reducing the misting frequency prior to removal from under intermittent mist.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF DORMANT GRAPE (Vitis sp.) BUDS.
Authors: Esensee Virgil , Stushnoff Cecil , Forsline Philip L.
Published: February 2019

There is need for backup storage of clonally propagated plant cultivars of numerous taxa. Initial tests, using a protocol developed for dormant apple buds that includes desiccation and slow freezing prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen (-196 C), was not effective with `Valiant' grape. Accordingly, replicates of V. vinifera `Riesling', V. riparia, `Valiant' and a V. amurensis × riparia cross were also tested for survival at –196 C, following desiccation to 25% & 18% water (fwb) and direct immersion into liquid nitrogan. Visual and electrolyte leakage ratings following nine days of dehydration in moist peat were used to assess viability. Direct immersion of desiccated samples resulted in survival for some buds of `Valiant' and a V. amurensis × riparia cross. V. riparia showed some survival when field hydrated and at 25% water, while all buds desiccated to 18% survived. `Riesling' did not survive desiccation, and was killed by all -196 C treatments. The apple protocol was partially effective, in combination with desiccation to 18% in `Valiant' and V. riparia. This is the first report of grape bud survival in liquid nitrogen and more detailed studies are planned.
THE EFFECTS OF PINCHING, SPACING, AND PLANTING DATE ON CUTFLOWER PERFORMANCE OF SATINFLOWER.
Authors: Utami Liliek S. , Geneve Robert L. , Anderson Robert G. , Kester Sharon T.
Published: February 2019

Satin flower (Clarkia amoena ssp. whitneyi - syn. Godetia) is a cool season native to the Western U.S. being studied for its potential use as a cutflower crop in Kentucky. In May 1989, plants of `Grace Salmon' were transplanted to the field into black fabric mulch. A factorial experiment was conducted with three pinching treatment (no pinch, pinched early at the third mode prior to transplanting, and pinched in the field at the third mode after the first flower bud was visible) and at three spacings (15, 30 end 45 cm). There were significant main and interaction effects for both pinching and spacing for the number of flowering stems, stem length and plant diameter. However, no treatment combination consistently produced flowering stems of sufficient length for commercial quality. This may be due to the later spring planting date and hot weather in 1989. In an attempt to increase flower stem length, Godetia `Grace Salmon' plants have bean transplanted on April 10, 25 and May 10, Plants will be pinched in the greenhouse or grown without pinching et 45 or 15 cm spacing, respectively, The. effect of supplemental lighting and long days during transplant production will also be considered,
SALT STRESS INHIBITS ARGININE BIOSYNTHESIS IN TEPARY BEAN (PHASEOLUSA CUTIFOLIUS)
Authors: Lazcano-Ferrat Ignacio , Lovatt Carol J.
Published: February 2019

Two lines of tepary bean, PI 321-638 and PI 319-443, were salinized at age 7 days with Shive's nutrient solution plus 60 mM NaCl-CaCl2 in a 2:1 molar ratio. Salt was added at the rate of 1/3 the final concentration every other day. The osmotic potential of the salinizing solution was -0.33 MPa. Fifteen days of salt treatment reduced plant growth 45% and inhibited the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into the combined pool of arginine plus urea 60 and 85% for the two lines, respectively. The salt sensitive step in the arginine biosynthetic pathway was identified as carbamylphosphate synthetase in both lines, Incorporation of [14C]citrulline and [14C]carbamylphosphate plus ornithine were not inhibited by the salt treatment, but the incorporation of NaH14CO3 remained inhibited even in the presence of added ornithine (10 mM). Inhibition at carbamylphosphate synthetase was confirmed by demonstration that the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into UMP was also inhibited by salt stress. Evidence is provided suggesting that reduced availability of ornithine additionally compromised both arginine and pyrimidine biosynthesis during salt stress.

Supported by the Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, Riverside.
EXTENSION OF MUSKMELON POST-HARVEST LIFE THROUGH THE USE OF OF HOT WATER TREATMENT AND POLYETHYLENE CARTON LINERS
Authors: Mayberry K.S. , Hartz T.K. , Cantwell M.
Published: February 2019

Trials were conducted in California to evaluate techniques to extend post-harvest life of Western shipper-type muskmelon cultivars (Cusumis melo L.). The use of .025 mm polyethylene bags, either as individual melon wraps or as liners for 18 kg commercial cartons, minimized water loss and associated softening of the fruit. A three minute dip in 58-60°C water effectively checked surface mold and decay. The combination of hot water dip and polyethylene carton liner maintained high quality marketable fruit for at least 30 days of cold storage at 2-4°C. This technique would require only modest changes in commercial handling practices, with minimal additional per carton cost. Commercial utilization of this technique could stimulate the export of California muskmelons to Pacific Rim countries.
THE RESPONSE OF TABLE GRAPE GROWTH AND RIPENING TO WATER STRESS
Authors: Garrot D. J. , Kilby M. W. , Gibson R. D.
Published: February 2019

Arizona is currently experiencing an explosion in the commercial cultivation and production of table grapes. Decreasing water supplies, increasing water cost, and recent groundwater legislation are forcing Arizona growers to be more water efficient if they are to remain competitive with other markets. Research was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on vine growth and berry ripening. “Flame Seedless” table grapes (4th leaf) were subjected to increasing water stress levels based upon infrared canopy temperatures and the crop water stress index (CWSI). A lower water stress level (CWSI = 0.18 units at irrigation) promoted earlier berry sizing, increased berry weight, and increased cluster weight over drier treatments. Significantly higher growth (P= 0.01), based on pruning weights, also was attained at the lower water stress level. However, highest production (grade 1 and 2 packed boxes) was attained when irrigations were scheduled at 0.30 CWSI units. Total applied water to maintain the wet, medium, and dry treatments was 1136 mm (CWSI = 0.18), 775 mm (CWSI = 0.30), and 669 mm (CWSI = 0.33), respectively.
PREGERMINATION TREATMENTS AND TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR GERMINATION OF MEXICAN REDBUD, EVERGREEN SUMAC, AND MEALY SAGE SEEDS.
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L.
Published: February 2019

The maximum predicted germination was 95% after 62 minutes scarification and 35 days stratification for mexican redbud (Cercis canadensis var. mexicana) and 59% after 52 minutes scarification and 73 days stratification for evergreen sumac (Rhus virens). Mexican redbud germination occurred from 24 to 31 C, evergreen sumac from 21 to 31 C, and mealy sage (Salvia farinacea) from 21 to 34 C. The maximum predicted final percent germination and the temperature at which it occurred for mexican redbud, evergreen sumac, and mealy sage was 104 at 27 C, 90 at 29 C, and 42 at 22 C, respectively. The maximum predicted maximum germination rate and the temperature at which it occurred for mexican redbud, evergreen sumac, and mealy sage was 30 at 31 C, 69 at 31 C, and 104 at 27 C, respectively. The minimum predicted inflection time and the temperature at which it occurred for mexican redbud, evergreen sumac, and mealy sage was 4 days at 28 C, 10 days at 25 C, and 3 days at 28 C, respectively.
INVOLVEMENT OF ABSCISIC ACID IN REDUCING CHILLING INJURY OF ZUCCHINI SQUASH
Authors: Wang Chien Yi
Published: February 2019

The endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in zucchini squash were increased by temperature conditioning at 10°C for 2 days. This temperature conditioning treatment reduced the severity of chilling injury in the squash during subsequent storage at 2.5°C. The ABA levels remained higher in treated squash than in untreated samples throughout storage. Direct treatments of squash with ABA at 0.5 mM and 1 mM before storage at 2.5°C increased ABA levels in the tissue and were also effective in reducing chilling injury. The involvement of ABA in reducing chilling injury will be discussed.
USE OF FIELD-LOCATED DRAINAGE LYSIMETERS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STRAWBERRY WATER REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Clark G. A. , Albregts E. E. , Zazueta F. S
Published: February 2019

Sixteen field-located drainage lysimeters (each 60 cm wide, 2.44 m long, 60 cm deep) designed specifically for determination of water requirements for fruiting strawberry production (season - Oct to April) were installed in 1986. Each lysimeter was equipped with individual micro-irrigation and drainage collection systems automated for minimal management input. Initially, computer control (using a low-cost microcomputer) was used to continuously check switching-tensiometers located in each lysimeter and apply irrigation water as needed, A drainage suction (-10 MPa) was applied continuously to simulate field drainage conditions. Manually-installed lysimeter covers were used to protect the plots from interference from rainfall when needed, Initial irrigation application treatments were set at four levels of soil moisture tension controlled by tensiometers and were measured using flow meters for each lysimeter. This paper will discuss problems that were experienced with the initial setup (difficulty in measuring actual application amounts, tensiometer and computer control, elimination of rainfall interference, uniformity of irrigation application, and salinity in the rooting zone) and the modifications (pressurized reservoir tanks, construction of motorized rain-out shelter, micro-irrigation emitters used, and fertilization program) which have been made to overcome them,
SHOOT REGENERATION FROM LEAF DISCS OF EUROPEAN BIRCH
Authors: Leege Annette D. , Tripepi Robert R.
Published: February 2019

A plant regeneration system that is compatible with recombinant DNA techniques is required before birch can be genetically transformed. The goal of this research is to develop a shoot regeneration system from leaf discs of European birch (Betula pendula Roth), since this tissue culture procedure is compatible with current transformation technology. Leaves from microplants were excised from stems, cut into approximately 25 mm2 pieces, and placed on WPM media containing differing ratios of NAA (0, 3, 6, 9 μM) to BA (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 μM) in a 4 × 4 factorial design. Four replicates, each containing 4 leaf pieces, were used per treatment. After 4 and 8 weeks, data was taken including the percent leaves forming shoots and the number of shoots per leaf disc. Only a concentration of 15 or 22.5 μM BA without NAA stimulated shoot formation on leaf discs. Data on the effects of light, media formulations and tissue orientation will be presented. With a reliable and efficient shoot regeneration system for European birch, genetic engineering of this species is now possible.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN CALIFORNIA WALNUT
Authors: Olson William H. , Uriu Kay , Pearson Jim
Published: February 2019

Initial leaf tissue-analysis indicated that the degree of distortion and dieback in a young walnut orchard was correlated with decreasing amounts of Cu in the leaf. Complete correction of Cu deficiency was obtained for two years when high rates of Kocide 101 were used or when low rates were applied repeatedly each year. Soil treatments gave partial correction; soil injected treatments showed continued improvement over time. Tissue analysis for Cu correlated well with the degree of distortion and dieback in the trees. Critical Cu levels in the walnut kernel were 4 ppm and 3 ppm in the leaf. Kernel and leaf tissue levels were highly correlated. Shriveling of the kernels was the main nut quality symptom associated with Cu deficiency. High rates of foliar or a combination of foliar and soil treatments may give the best results in young trees. Once trees are in production, the standard yearly Cu program for walnut blight control should provide adequate Cu deficiency correction.
THE EFFECTS OF UNICONAZOLE ON PRODUCTION AND POSTPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTER LILIES
Authors: Campbell Linda S. , Prince Timothy A. , Tayama Harry K.
Published: February 2019

Uniconazole (Sumagic) drench applications of 1.9, 2.7, and 3.8 mL per plant and spray applications of 10, 20, and 30 ppm resulted in shorter plants and more blasted flower buds compared to control plants. Drench applications also resulted in more chlorotic leaves than controls. Average lily height with Sumagic ranged from 19 to 29 cm after Sumagic drench and spray applications, respectively. Average plant height was 29 and 31 cm for ancymidol spray and drench application, respectively. Bud abortion was 10, 12, and 17% for spray treatments of Sumagic at 10, 20, and 30 ppm, respectively, while ancymidol spray caused no abortion. Bud abortions were 8, 7, and 11% from Sumagic drenches of 1.9, 2.7 and 3.8 mL/plant compared with 0% from ancymidol drenches. Plants drenched with Sumagic exhibited leaf chlorosis on day of bloom of 18, 16 and 16%, respectively, for the three respective rates of application while ancymidol caused 11.8% chlorosis. The number of buds initiated was not affected by the treatments, Further studies should be conducted to determine the effect of lower application rates of Sumagic on Easter lilies.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC POTENTIAL OF SPUR LEAVES WITHIN AN APPLE CANOPY
Authors: Campbell Richard J. , Marini Richard
Published: February 2019

Light saturation curves were developed for detached, non-fruiting `Stayman' and `Delicious' spur leaves from interior, middle, and peripheral canopy positions throughout the season in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Be inning at bloom, measurements were made every 2 weeks for the first 8 weeks, and monthly thereafter. SLW was calculated simultaneously with photosynthetic measurements. MacArthur-Wilson saturation equations were used with non-linear regression to fit the saturation curves and SLW data, and curves were compared using indicator variables. Even at bloom, saturation curves and SLW differed among positions. The peripheral position bad a greater saturation point and equilibrium rate throughout the season, and the interior and middle positions were equivalent by about 6 weeks after bloom.
ASEXUAL PROPAGATION OF `DESERT MUSEUM' HYBRID PALO VERDE AND MESQUITE SPECIES UNDER INTERMITTENT MIST
Authors: Hagen Randall H. , Palzkill David A.
Published: February 2019

The `Desert Museum' hybrid between the Blue, Foothills, and Mexican palo verdes has been well received by the public. However, it has remained unavailable due to difficulties in asexual propagation. Studies were conducted on effects of IBA cone. (0 to 10,000 ppm), cutting position along the stem, size of cutting, season, and temperature of the medium.

For `Desert Museum', basal cuttings of slightly hardened new stem growth rooted much better than apical cuttings. Best rooting for apical cuttings was 79% using IBA from 2,500-5,000 ppm. Basal cuttings averaged 95% rooting and showed no response to IBA. Rooting of cuttings taken in September declined to 10% for apical and 2170 for basal cuttings averaged over all IBA levels. Six other species or hybrids of Cercidium and Parkinsonia and five of Prosopis were also rooted.
EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM RESPONSE TO pH OF GROWING MEDIA
Authors: Harbaugh Brent K.
Published: February 2019

Symptoms of foliar chlorosis or bleaching, interveinal chlorosis of lower leaves, leaf edge and tip necrosis, stunted growth and delayed flowering of Eustoma increased as pH decreased below 6.5 in various peat-vermiculite based media for all cultivars tested. Symptoms were evident with or without microelement amendments in the media or fertilizer. A 5×5 factorial with pH of media and fertilizer solutions ranging from 5.1 to 7.5 indicated fertilizer pH did not negate plant response to low media pH. Leaf tissue levels of Zn were elevated at low media pH and negatively correlated to plant growth and flowering characteristics, while imbalances in tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and B appeared to be less important. Symptomatic plants grown in media with a pH from 5.0 to 5.8 had tissue levels of Zn ranging from 200 to 1200 ppm, and plants without symptoms in media with a higher pH had leaf tissue levels from 40 to 100 ppm Zn.
EFFECTS OF FALL ETHEPHON AND GIBBERELLIC ACID APPLICATIONS ON BLOOM DELAY, FLOWERING, AND FRUITING OF PLUM
Authors: Murdock B.A. , Ferguson N.H.
Published: February 2019

The influence of fall applications of ethephon and gibberellic acid to produce bloom delay in `Wade' plum were carried out in 1987-89. Single saturation applications of ethephon at either 125 and 250 mg·liter-1 with 50 mg·liter-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) at first sign of leaf fall in October of 1987 produced bloom delay of 6-17 days the following spring. No difference in bloom delay was seen between the two treatments. Gummosis and death of some lateral shoots were observed in both treatments but was more severe at the higher ethephon concentration. There was no adverse effect on flower bud opening in either treatment, In 1988 untreated trees suffered 100% fruit loss because of frost injury while both treatments allowed for excellent yields as a result of frost avoidance. In the fall-spring of 1988-89 the experiment was repeated on the same trees; a 5-8 day delay in bloom was observed in both treatments but a late freeze destroyed all fruit on both treated and untreated trees.
APPLE FRUIT CUTICULAR WAX INFLUENCE ON FLYSPECK, SOOTY BLOTCH, AND RUSSETING
Authors: Belding Robert D. , Young Eric
Published: February 2019

Fruit from six cultivars of mature apple trees were evaluated for cuticular wax characteristics. Incidence of flyspeck, sooty blotch and russet was compared to the wax component of the cuticle. Three cultivars of Golden Delicious: Sundale Spur, Pure Gold, and Lys Golden; and three cultivars of Red Delicious: Starkspur Supreme, Oregon I, and Starkrimson, were examined.

Incidence of flyspeck on Golden Delicious apples was negatively correlated to cuticular wax per unit area. Sooty blotch appearance was greater on Golden Delicious fruit as compared to Red Delicious. Incidence of sooty blotch was positively correlated to cuticular wax weight per unit area among the cultivars of Red Delicious. Russeting was negatively correlated to wax weight per unit area for the Red Delicious cultivars. Wax compositional analysis will also be discussed.
RELEASE OF A NEW GARDEN CENTER MANAGEMENT MANUAL
Authors: Barton Susan S.
Published: February 2019

Few good texts for use in teaching a garden center management course are currently in print. But a wealth of excellent information exists in the form of trade journal articles and business management publications. The second edition of The Garden Center Management Manual combines pertinent articles into 21 categories (chapters). Each chapter begins with a “fill-in-the-blank” summary designed as a guide for note-taking. A teacher's edition is available with the completed summaries. The articles in each chapter appeared in trade journals or other publications between 1985 and 1990. This text can serve as the basis for a garden center management course or as a reference for garden center managers.
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION TREATMENTS AND TIME OF FOLIAR-APPLIED UREA ON YIELD OF NAVEL ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS L. OSBECK)
Authors: Ali Anwar G. , Lovatt Carol J.
Published: February 2019

This study investigated the effect of irrigation treatments and time of foliar applications of low-biuret urea on yield of 30-yr-old navel orange trees grown under optimal N fertilization. The experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, Riverside, using split plot design with 12 replications. The two irrigation treatments were the mainplots and the urea applications were the subplots. Irrigation was withheld from one set of trees from October to March, the other set was irrigated according to commercial practice. Foliar-urea (0.17 kg/tree) was applied in November, December, January, or February.

The results of the first year showed no significant differences between irrigation treatments with regard to total fruit weight or total number of fruit per tree, All trees receiving urea had significantly higher fruit weight and fruit number per tree than the control trees. The specific time of urea application had no significant effect.

With respect to fruit size distribution, the irrigated treatment resulted in a significantly higher number of fruit of size 7.0-8.0 cm (box sizes 88-72). Generally, the non-irrigatd trees had more fruit of size 6.0 cm or less. No interaction between irrigation treatments and foliar urea sprays was observed.
COMPARISON OF LOW VOLUME DRIP AND SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEMS.
Authors: Blom Theo J. , Piott Brian D.
Published: February 2019

Low volume drip (2 l/h) was compared with 2 subirrigation ('trough' and `ebb and flo') systems for production of poinsettias and chrysanthemums in 15 cm diameter (1.6 l) `azalea' pots. Irrigation frequency as well as fertilizer rates were the same for all systems. The drip system received 280 ml per watering.

Two plantings of poinsettias (fall) as well as two plantings of chrysanthemums (spring and summer) showed no differences in plant growth between the drip and the subirrigation systems. Water uptake by the medium was similar for all irrigation systems, but water and fertilizer application was 70% higher for the drip system. Nutrients, measured at 4 depths within the pot at monthly intervals, increased with time and was markedly more concentrated in the top layer, regardless of the irrigation system.
YIELD OF `QUINAULT' OVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES USING MULCHES AND ROW COVERS IN INTERIOR, ALASKA
Authors: Matheke Grant E.M. , Wagner Patricia J. , Holloway Patricia S.
Published: February 2019

Yields of `Quinault' everbearing strawberries were compared during three seasons for plants grown under eight different mulch treatments with or without polyethylene row covers. In 1987, yields using clear polyethylene mulch with or without row covers (3.81 kg/m2 and 3.45 kg/m2, respectively) were significantly greater than all other mulch, treatments. Yields ranged from 1.05 kg/m2 to 2.60 kg/m2 for black polyethylene; black over white two-sided, embossed polyethylene; black latex liquid; permeable landscape fabric; white over black two-sided, embossed polyethylene mulch, all with row covers or the unmulched control plot without a row cover. During the second year, yields using clear polyethylene mulch were significantly greater than all treatments except for black polyethylene (5.32 kg/m2 and 4.74 kg/m2, respectively). Yields for the other mulch treatments ranged from 3.55 kg/m2 to 3.85 kg/m2. The summer of 1988 was warmer than average which may account for the improved performance of the black polyethylene mulch. In 1989 results were similar to 1987 in which the clear polyethylene mulch had significantly higher yields (5.66 kg/m2) than all other mulches (2.12 - 4.31 kg/m2). Clear polyethylene mulch with or without row covers is recommended for everbearing strawberry production in Alaska,
EFFECT OF AUXIN SOURCE AND EXPLANT TYPE ON MORPHOGENESIS IN VITRO OF THREE TOMATO INBRED LINES
Authors: Warner April L. , Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: February 2019

Cotyledon explants and zygotic embryos of Lycopersicon esculentum H132, OH8442, and OH2253 were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing varying concentrations of 2,4-D and NAA with and without 10-7 M zeatin. NAA above 10-5 M and 2,4-D above 10-6 M inhibited root formation from cotyledons. Zygotic embryos were removed from developing ovules at the globular, heart, and torpedo stages and later germinated on hormone-free medium. Globular structures that resembled immature zygotic embryos were produced at NAA concentrations between 10-4 and 10-3 M and 2,4-D concentrations between 10-5 and 10-4 M. Treatments reported to enhance maturation and germination of somatic embryos of other species, including subculture to a hormone-free medium with and without activated charcoal, the addition of an ABA treatment subsequent to the auxin treatment, isolation of individual structures from the explant, and a liquid medium rinse containing activated charcoal, have not been successful in stimulating further development of the globular structures.
MATURITY RANGE OF FRESH MARKET PEACHES AND DURATION OF PEAK YIELDS FROM ONCE-OVER HARVESTS
Authors: Horton B. D.
Published: February 2019

Cultivars of fresh market peaches (Prunus persica, L. Batsch) vary in the duration for maximum yields in the shipping stage (firm ripe) from once-over harvests. A cultivar having many firm ripe fruit with few green and over ripe at a given time has a narrow maturity range. It can be picked fewer times, facilitate mechanical once-over harvests and reduce spray costs. Fruit were harvested from small trees or scaffold branches of large trees at 2- to 3-day intervals as once-over harvests on 4 dates to estimate maturity range and duration of the maximum firm ripe fruit. Fruit of 3 cultivars were graded by color into maturity stages: 1) green, 2) firm ripe, and 3) over ripe. `Loring' had 82% firm ripe sorted in the 1st 3 harvests in 1987 and 1988. `Redskin' had 83% firm ripe in the 2nd and 3rd harvests in 1987. `Redglobe' had 85% marketable in the 2nd and dropped to 75% in the 3rd harvest in 1987. `Redhaven' had about 80% firm ripe in the 1st 3 harvests in 1988. Results indicate that the duration of narrow maturity ranges of `Loring' and `Redhaven' would permit them to be harvested over about 5 days with high yieids in the firm-ripe stage.
SCREENING CULTIGENS OF CUCUMBER AND HORNED CUCUMBER FOR RESISTANCE TO ROOT KNOT NEMATODES
Authors: Walters S. Alan , Wehner Todd C.
Published: February 2019

Root knot, caused by Meloidogyne spp. is the most important disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in North Carolina, causing an average annual yield loss of 12 %. A greenhouse study was conducted 10 screen 924 cultigens (728 accessions, 136 cultivars and 36 breeding lines of C. sativus, and 24 accessions of C. metuliferus Naud.] for resistance to 3 species of root knot nematodes, M. incognita r. 3, M. arenaria r. 2 and M. hapla, Plants were grown from seed in 150-mm diameter clay pots. Two-week-old seedlings were inoculated with 5000 nematode eggs per plant, then evaluated for resistance 9 weeks later. All cultigens evaluated were resistant to M. hapla. Little resistance was found in the cultigens of C. sativus to M. incognita r. 3 and M. arenaria r. 2. Most of the cultigens evaluated were susceptible to both. `Southern Pickler' was resistant to both nematodes (1 % average galls). `Green Thumb and LJ 90430 were resistant to M. arenaria r. 2, Two check cultigens, `Sumter' and Wis. SMR 18, had an average of more than 50% galls. All C. metuliferus cultigens evaluated were resistant to all root knot nematodes tested. PI 482452 was most resistant (1 % average galls), and PI 482443 was least resistant (5% average galls) of the C. metuliferus cultigens tested.
SCREENING VEGETABLE SOYBEAN CULTIVARS FOR SEED YIELD EFFICIENCY AND CORN EARWORM RESISTANCE
Authors: Thompson Herbert , Joshi J.M. , Dadson R.B. , Nobaht M.
Published: February 2019

Vegetable Soybean Cultivars belonging to MG III thru V were evaluated for their Seed Yield Efficiency (SYE) and Resistance to Heliothis Zea.

This study was conducted in 1968 and 1969. Each entry was planted in a single row plot. Each plot was 5.0 m long and 0.75 m apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications.. All entries were evaluated for Seed Yield Efficiency by computing the ratio of seed dry matter wt. to non-seed dry matter wt. and their resistance as the percentage of damage pods.

Preliminary data indicated that cultivars kim and Oakland (MG III), Kingston and Jefferson (MG IV), Pershing and PI 416.467 (MG V) were very high in SYE while Fuji (MG III), Sanga (MG IV) and PI 417.266 (MG V) were observed to have high level of resistance to Heliothis Zea.

We hope that these cultivars could be used as parents for the development of Breeding Program in Vegetable Soybean.
SEED EXPLANT MATURITY AND 2,4-D AFFECT ORGANOGENESIS OF WHITE ASH (FRAXINUS AMERICANA L.)
Authors: Bates Sharon , Preece John E.
Published: February 2019

At three different times throughout the growing season, white ash seeds representing different maturity levels were transversely dissected, surface sterilized, and placed on agar-solidified MS medium containing 10 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and a factorial combination of 0, 1, and 5 μM 2,4-D and 0, 0.5, and 1 μM glyphosate. After four weeks, explants were transferred to MS medium containing 5 μM BA and 5μM NAA. After 12 weeks in vitro, the greatest percent (60%) of explants with organogenesis (adventitiously produced leafy structures that could grow into shoots) was when seeds were exposed to 1 μM 2,4-D. Organogenesis occurred on explants only exposed to TDZ (31%), therefore auxin was not necessary for, but enhanced organogenesis. Seed explants were not consistently stimulated, or inhibited by these levels of glyphosate. Compared to immature-seeds, mature see explants were the most organogenic (67%) and had the greatest amount of adventitious shoots (14%).
CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION OF MALE-STERILE ZINNIA ELEGANS
Authors: Rogers R.B. , Smith M.A.L. , Cowen R.
Published: February 2019

The only method for large scale production of pure hybrid seed in Zinnia elegans involves the use of male sterile individuals. The male sterile trait, however, is a three gene recessive which at best produces only 50% male sterile progeny from seed. Since no method of clonal propagation is available, seed-produced female lines require labor intensive field roguing to insure removal of all normal flowered individuals. Clonal micropropagation was investigated as a means of mass producing male steriles for use as female lines. Sterilization procedures were developed for seed and axillary bud explants. Shoot proliferation media containing various levels of BAP, 2ip, and kinetin were screened using in vitro germinated seedling explants of the inbred line `Orange Starlight'. Microshoots demonstrated a high rooting percentage after 2 weeks on basal medium without growth regulators. Plantlets were easily acclimated in 1 to 2 weeks in a high humidity environment. In vitro derived plants of identified male sterile plants were phenotypically evaluated as to their suitability for use in field production.
GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF PHOTINIA × FRASERI WITH FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Newman Steven E.
Published: February 2019

The action of foliar-applied uniconazole, paclobutrazol, dikegulac-sodium, ancymidol, 6-BA, GA4+7, and 6-BA + GA4+7 On container–grown Photinia × fraseri was studied over a one year period. Vegetative growth habit was evaluated at three month intervals. Shoot dry weight and histological examination of stern anatomy in the apical meristematic region was conducted at experiment termination.

Several plant growth regulators, primarily uniconazole, 6-BA, 6-BA + GA4+7, and dikegulac-sodium, stimulated lateral branching. Linear increases in lateral branching occurred as application rates increased. High application rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol created an asymmetrical growth habit and decreased dry weight accumulation.
3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE, A CATALASE INHIBITOR, PROLONGS CARNATION VASE LIFE.
Authors: Altman Steven A. , Solomos Theophanes
Published: February 2019

Sim-type carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L., cv. Elliot's White) continuously treated with 50 mM or 100 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) and held in the dark at 18°C did not exhibit a respiratory climacteric relative to dH2O-treated controls. No morphological changes symptomatic of floral senescence appeared in treated flowers until 12-15 days post-harvest. Other triazoles were not effective in prolonging senescence. Amitrole appears to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis by blocking the enzyme-mediated conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Ethylene action appears to be progressively inhibited in that flowers held in treatment solution for 2 d or less responded to application of 10 uL/L exogenous ethylene whereas flowers held 10 d or longer exhibited no response. Electrophoretic resolution of total crude extracts evidenced protein synthesis as well as degradation. Western analysis and total activity assays showed an amitrole concentration-specific inhibition of catalase activity.
GROWTH, YIELD, QUALITY, AND INSECT CONTROL OF CABBAGE AS INFLUENCED BY FLOATING ROW COVERS, MULCH, AND COLOR
Authors: Harrison Helen C.
Published: February 2019

This 1988–1990 field study was designed to: evaluate the effectiveness of wide width floating row covers (covers remained over the crops the entire growing season), polyethylene mulch, and mulch color--red, green, and black--on the growth, yield, quality, insect, and weed control for red (`Red Danish') and green (`Resistant Danish') cabbage cultivars. Insect control treatments included Agronet floating row covers, periodic sprays with dipel, and no insect control. Subplots for weed control were: PPI Treflan and black, green, and red polyethylene mulch. Sub–subplots were red and green cabbage cultivars. Annual rye grass was utilized as a living mulch between the polyethene strips.

One of the purposes of this research was to perfect a pesticide-free system for small-scale vegetable production. Preliminary results indicate few color effects but do show that cabbage can be grown under row covers the entire growing season. However, the covers can become brittle after 2 months of exposure to sunlight. Significant cultivar differences for insect and disease resistance were observed.
IMBIBITION, ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE, AND GERMINATION OF SWEET CORN HYBRIDS CARRYING sh2 MUTANT ENDOSPERM
Authors: Parera Carlos A. , Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of two shrunken-2 (sh2) sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars, Crisp N' Sweet 711 and How Sweet It Is were used to analyze seed quality factor differences between the cultivars. Negative correlations occurred among germination percentage and imbibition, electric conductivity, potassium concentration and total soluble sugars of the seed leachate. Imbibition and total soluble sugar in the leachate significantly increased as imbibition temperature increased from 5°C to 25°C in both cultivars. A significant increase in conductivity of the leachate also occurred in `Crisp N' Sweet 711' when temperature increased. Cracks in the seed coat were more frequent in `How Sweet It Is' than `Crisp N' Sweet 711'. The higher concentrations of soluble sugars in the seed, greater imbibition rate, leakage conductivity, potassium and sugar concentration in the leachate may have been directly related to the poorer seed quality of `How Sweet It Is'. The alteration in cell membrane structure caused by a rapid water uptake in `How Sweet It Is' may have led to the high concentration of electrolytes in the seed leachate. This, in turn, might provide a greater nutritive subtrate for fungi development.
RESPONSE SURFACE REPRESENTATION OF ROSE (ROSA HYBRIDA L.) GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Hopper Douglas A. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: February 2019

Day (DT) and night temperature (NT), and irradiation (photosynthetic photon flux-PPF) treatment combinations were run from a rotatable central composite design. At flowering, response surfaces were plotted for `Royalty' rose for plant growth characteristics: node number, stem diameter, stem length, and dry weight of stem, leaves, flower bud, and total shoot. Overall development was recorded from pinch until visible bud, first bud color, and flowering. All characteristics except node number and stem length were significant (P=0.05) for a full quadratic model having ten estimated coefficients. Greatest dry weights were predicted at flowering for the lowest DT (15C) and NT (12C) combination, and required the longest time for development. Conversely, most rapid development and least dry weight accumulated for high DT (25C) and NT (22C). Thus, a compromise exists between rapid development and quality of the flowering stem. As PPF increased from 50 to 300 μmol m-2s-1, predictions for dry weights increased while developmental time decreased.
EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDAL LOW-OXYGEN ATMOSPHERES ON POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY OF STONE FRUITS
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Kader Adel A.
Published: February 2019

Fruits of peach (Prunus persica L., cv. `Fairtime') and plum (Prunus domestica L., cv. `Angeleno') were kept in air and in 0.25% or 0.02% O2 at 0, 5, or 10°C for 3 to 40 days to study the effects of temperatures and insecticidal low O2 atmospheres on their physiological responses and quality attributes. Exposure to low O2 atmospheres reduced respiration and ethylene production rates of the stone fruits. The low O2 treatments retarded color change and flesh softening of plums and maintained acidity of peaches. Exposure to the low O2 atmospheres also delayed incidence and reduced severity of internal breakdown (chilling injury) and decay of the peaches at 5°C and, therefore, maintained both external and internal appearance qualities of the fruits longer than those kept in air. The most important limiting factor for fruit tolerance to insecticidal low O2 atmospheres was development of alcoholic off-flavor which was associated with accumulation of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the fruits. The peaches and plums could tolerate exposures to the low O2 atmospheres for 9 to 40 days, depending on the temperature and O2 level used. These results suggest that stone fruits are quite tolerant to insecticidal low O2 atmospheres.
ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND RATE OF WATER DEFICIT DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCE PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PINUS TAEDA L. SEEDLINGS
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Davies F. T.
Published: February 2019

Pinus taeda L. seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, were grown in a glasshouse for eight months, and then subjected to rapidly developing cyclic water deficits, or to a single slowly developing water deficit. Water deficits developed at a rate of -0.16 MPa per day (predawn total water potential) for five cyclic water deficits, and at -0.04 MPa per day for the slow water deficit. In unstressed seedlings, carbon exchange rates (CER) did not differ between noninoculated and inoculated seedlings. During slow water deficit development, CER steadily declined. During rapid water deficit development, CER remained unchanged, then declined rapidly when water potentials fell below -1.3 MPa. Inoculated seedlings had higher CER when water potential was lower than -1.5 MPa.
NUTRIPRIMING: A METHOD TO IMPROVE GERMINATION PERFORMANCE OF OLD SPINACH SEEDS
Authors: Santos Jose Reynaldo A. , Dainello Frank J.
Published: February 2019

One-year old `Coho' spinach seeds (Spinacea oleracea L.) were primed, air-dried, and germinated for 12 days to determine the effects of multi nutrient liquid chelate compound (Crop-Up) and its single nutrient chelate components on the germination performance of old seeds. Treatments consisted of Crop-Up, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, and B chelate solutions at concentrations of 5, 0.25, 0.11, 0.28, 0.25, 0.34, 0.10, and 0.05%, respectively. Distilled water was used for the check. Crop-Up-, Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-priming significantly increased both seedling fresh and dry weights, and improved seed germination by 23 to 32% over the check treatment. Al1 nutrient treatments, except Cu, had a delaying effect on time of emergence. Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-priming treatments increased germination performance index by 21, 11, and 9%, respectively.
PHYLLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PRUNUS SPECIES IN THE AMYGDALUS SUBGENUS.
Authors: Chaparro Jose X. , Sederoff Ronald R. , Werner Dennis J.
Published: February 2019

Total cellular DNA has been extracted from leaves and\or seed of Prunus dulcis, P. persica, P. mira, P. davidiana, P. persica subsp. ferganensis, and P. triloba. Chloroplast restriction fragments have been visualized by Southern blot analysis using heterologous probes from a petunia chloroplast library. Analysis of preliminary data separates the species into three groups. The first contains P. dulcis, P. mira, and P. davidiana; the second P. kansuensis, P. persica, and P. persica subsp. ferganensis; and the third P. triloba.

PCR amplification using oligos for cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase yields genomic fragments approximately 1kb in size from P. dulcis and P. triloba. Sequence analysis will be performed to determine species relationships at the gene level.
STORAGE TIME AND FORCING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF DWARF ASIATIC LILIES
Authors: Zhang Xuri , Beattie David J. , White John W.
Published: February 2019

Commercially cooled bulbs of five genetically dwarf Asiatic hybrid lilies were stored frozen at -2 C. Every 4 weeks for a total of 40 weeks, they were potted and forced in controlled environment chambers at 10, 15, 20, or 25 C. For each temperature, days from the time of potting to shoot emergence, visible bud appearance, and anthesis generally decreased as storage time increased. The number of flowers per plant and plant height were not significantly affected by storage time. Compared with those at 15, 20, or 25 C, plants at 10 C required significantly more time from potting to shoot emergence, visible bud, and anthesis. However, the temperature effects on forcing time were not linear. There was a 30-50 day decrease from potting to anthesis when temperature was increased from 10 to 15 C, but there was only a decrease of about 10 days when temperature was increased from 15 to 20 C. In contrast, there was no significant difference in forcing time between plants at 20 and 25 C. This indicates there is no need to force these lilies above 20 C. Plants at 25 C had more aborted flower buds than those at 10, 15, or 20 C. Plants at 10 C were taller then those at 15, 20, or 25 C.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL CALCIUM LEVEL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WATERMELON AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION OF WATERMELON RIND TISSUE
Authors: Scott W.D. , McCraw B.D.
Published: February 2019

Three cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), `Crimson Sweet', `Charleston Gray' and `Tri-X Seedless' were grown in combination with 4 levels of soil applied calcium (0, 280, 560, 1120 kg Ca/ha). Gypsum was incorporated into 6 m plots on 5 m centers then covered with black plastic mulch. Irrigation requirements were provided through a hi-wall drip system and soil water status monitored with tensiometers. Transplants were spaced 1.2 m apart in-row spacing allowing for 5 plants per plot and replicated 3 times. Melons were harvested at 7, 14, 21 days from anthesis and at full maturity. Rind tissue was analyzed for total and extractable Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn and Fe. Leaf samples were taken 6 weeks from transplanting for similar analysis, Yield, vine growth and the incidence of blossom-end rot were recorded. The study was conducted at 2 locations during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons. Data will be presented at the meeting,
NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CITRUS NURSERY STOCK IN PINE BARK SUBSTRATES.
Authors: Lea-Cox John D. , Smith Irwin E.
Published: February 2019

Pine bark is utilized as a substrate in citrus nurseries in South Africa. The Nitrogen (N) content of pine bark is inherently low, and due to the volubility of N, must be supplied on a continual basis to ensure optimum growth rates of young citrus nursery stock. Three citrus rootstock (rough lemon, carrizo citrange and cleopatra mandarin) showed no difference in stem diameter or total dry mass (TDM) when supplied N at concentrations between 25 and 200 mg ·l-1 N in the nutrient solution over a 12 month growing period. Free leaf arginine increased when N was supplied at 400 mg·l-1 N. The form of N affected the growth of rough lemon. High NH4-N:NO3-N (75:25) ratios decreased TDM when Sulfur (S) was absent from the nutrient solution, but not if S was present. Free arginine increased in leaves at high NH4-N (No S) ratios, but not at high NH4-N (S supplied) ratios. Free leaf arginine was correlated with free leaf ammonia. These results have important implications for reducing the concentration of N in nutrient solutions used in citrus nurseries and may indicate that higher NH4-N ratios can be used when adequate S is also supplied.
MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLY FROM SULFATE SOURCES IN A PINE BARK MEDIUM
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X.
Published: February 2019

Amending soilless media with micronutrients is a routine nursery practice. The objective of this research was to determine the micronutrient status of pine bark amended with two sulfate micronutrient sources and a control (unmended). Limed pine bark was unamended, amended with Ironite (1 and 2 g/l), or Micromax (1g/l). Bark was irrigated with distilled water in amounts equivalent to 30, 60, 90, and 120 irrigations (.63 cm per irrigation). Following irrigations, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were extracted with a modified saturated media extract method using .001M DPTA as the extractant. Irrigation amount had no effect on Cu and Mn concentrations which were greater in the Micromax treatment than the Ironite or control treatments. A micronutrient source × irrigation interaction existed for Fe and Zn concentrations requiring regression analysis. In general, slope values indicating the decrease in micronutrient values with increasing irrigations were quite low (≤ .001) for each source. Regardless of irrigation amount, Fe and Zn concentrations were similar for amended and unamended bark.