bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy of geoelectrical time series in the natural time domain
Authors: Ramírez-Rojas A. , Telesca L. , Angulo-Brown F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Seismic electric signals (SES) have been considered precursors of strong earthquakes, and, recently, their dynamics have been investigated within the Natural Time Domain (NTD) (Varotsos et al., 2004). In this paper we apply the NTD approach and the chaotic map signal analysis to two geoelectric time series recorded in a seismically very active area of Mexico, where two strong earthquakes, M=6.6 and M=7.4, occurred on 24 October 1993 and 14 September 1995, respectively. The low frequency geoelectric signals measured display periods with dichotomic behavior. Our findings point out to an increase of the correlation degree of the geoelectric signals before the occurrence of strong earthquakes; furthermore, the power spectrum and entropy in NTD are in good agreement with the results published in literature. Our results were validated by the analysis of a chaotic map simulated time series, which revealed the typical characteristics of artificial noise.
Theories and research lines regarding the franchise system: a review from the 60's to 2009
Authors:   Universidad Europea de Madrid. Departamento de Empresa. C/ Tajo, s/n. Urb. El Bosque 28670 - Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid). E-mail: veronica.baena@uem.es, Baena Graciá Verónica
Published: January 2011

Many works have analyzed franchising and identified the major research lines regarding the scientific works published until that moment (Elango and Fried, 1997; Díez de Castro and Rondán, 2004). The present paper tries to follow this process. Moreover, it is identified the theories used by researchers to study franchising -agency theory, resource scarcity theory, risk extension theory, contractual theory, transaction cost theory, as well as signaling theory-, and explained its contributions to the literature. Subsequently, four research lines are highlighted in conjunction with main literature about the topic, and emphasized those studies developed by Spanish researchers under the form of papers, conference proceedings, books, book's chapters, as well as dissertations. In doing so, we attempt to offer a whole vision about franchising literature from the 60s up to date.
Distinctive features of China for business development: findings from case studies
Authors:   Departamento de Economía y Dirección de Empresas, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Gran Vía, 2 - 50005 Zaragoza (España). E-mail: noemar@unizar.es, Martínez Caraballo Noemí
Published: January 2011

China has emerged as a major player on the global scenario, having lead, during the last three decades, a great magnitude process of economic and social transformation. Nevertheless, selling Western produce -mainly, food products- in China is, the most complicated challenge which companies that decide to operate in this market should face. This paper aims to offer a panoramic vision of several China particularities with the purpose of reviewing its potential for Western business development. Hence, a number of cases studies of companies that have succeeded to enter the Chinese market and different examples of wrong decisions or failure cases are presented, trying to provide an analytical evaluation and managerial guidelines.
Peripheral Visual Field Thresholds using Humphrey Field Analyzer Program 60–4 in Normal Eyes
Authors: Berezina Tamara L. , Khouri Albert S. , Kolomeyer Anton M. , Clancy Patrick S. , Fechtner Robert D.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Various methods have been used for testing peripheral visual field disturbances such as defects caused by drug toxicity. Static threshold perimetry with Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) is widely available. The aim of this study was to better define the normal thresholds for peripheral visual field (PVF) sensitivity and to refine analysis strategies.

Methods

Automated PVF testing was performed with HFA 60–4 program in 33 normal subjects. Test locations were organized into inner, middle, and outer eccentricity rings and divided into 4 zones: nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior. The threshold visual sensitivity (TVS) in decibels was established for each point.

Results

The majority of points with the lowest TVS and highest between-subject variability were located within the nasal area of the outer ring. Points with the highest TVS and least variability were detected in the inner ring and in the temporal area of the middle and outer rings. Mean zone TVS decreased and variability increased with increasing eccentricity.

Conclusions

The areas that demonstrate the highest between-subject consistency and thus might best reveal peripheral visual abnormalities with HFA 60–4 are the inner ring, inferior and temporal zone of the middle ring, and temporal zone of the outer ring. These observations may be useful for developing strategies to detect peripheral field loss at an early stage when central vision is not yet affected.
Forced fabrication versus interviewer suggestions: Differences in false memory depend on how memory is assessed
Authors: Ackil Jennifer K. , Zaragoza Maria S.
Published: January 2011

Many studies show that witnesses can develop false memories for suggested misinformation provided by an interviewer. The forced fabrication effect extends this finding by demonstrating that witnesses can also develop false memories for events they were forced to fabricate themselves. In two experiments we compared the incidence of false memory following forced fabrication and interviewer provided suggestion under various conditions (pre‐test warning/no warning; one‐week/two‐week delay) and type of test (source recognition vs. narrative recall). Whereas interviewer suggestions resulted in more false memories than forced fabrications on source recognition tests when participants overtly resisted fabricating and were warned at test, tests of narrative recall showed the opposite pattern even with pre‐test warnings: Fabrications generated following overt resistance led to more false recall than interviewer provided suggestions. This dissociation between suggestive interview type and test type indicates that predictions about the deleterious consequences of interviews are dependent on the way memory is assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gait alterations in healthy carriers of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation
Authors: Mirelman Anat , Gurevich Tanya , Giladi Nir , Bar‐Shira Anat , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Hausdorff Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2011

To test for an association between the LRRK2‐G2019S mutation and gait, we studied 52 first‐degree relatives of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who carry this mutation. An accelerometer quantified gait during usual‐walking, fast‐walking, and dual‐tasking. Noncarriers (n = 27) and carriers (n = 25) were similar with respect to age, gender, height, and gait speed during all conditions. During dual‐tasking and fast‐walking, gait variability and the amplitude of the dominant peak of the accelerometer signal were significantly altered among the carriers. These findings support the possibility of previously unidentified, presymptomatic motor changes among relatives who have an increased risk of developing PD. Ann Neurol 2010
Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: The international pediatric stroke study
Authors: Mackay Mark T. , Wiznitzer Max , Benedict Susan L. , Lee Katherine J. , deVeber Gabrielle A. , Ganesan Vijeya ,   on behalf of the International Pediatric Stroke Study Group
Published: January 2011

Objective

To describe presumptive risk factors (RFs) for childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and explore their relationship with presentation, age, geography, and infarct characteristics.

Methods

Children (29 days–18 years) were prospectively enrolled in the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Risk factors, defined conditions thought to be associated with childhood AIS, were divided into 10 categories. Chi‐square tests were used to compare RFs prevalence across regions and age; logistic regression was used to determine whether RFs were associated with particular features at presentation or infarct characteristics.

Results

A total of 676 children were included. No identifiable RFs was present in 54 (9%). RFs in others included arteriopathies (53%), cardiac disorders (CDs) (31%), infection (24%), acute head and neck disorders (AHNDs) (23%), acute systemic conditions (ASCs) (22%), chronic systemic conditions (CSCs) (19%), prothrombotic states (PTSs) (13%), chronic head and neck disorders (CHNDs) (10%), atherosclerosis‐related RFs (2%), and other (22%). Fifty‐two percent had multiple RFs. There was lower prevalence of arteriopathy in Asia, lower prevalence of CSCs in Europe and Australia, higher prevalence of PTSs in Europe, and higher prevalence of ASCs in Asia and South America. Prevalence of CDs and ASCs was highest in preschoolers, arteriopathies in children 5 to 9 years old, and CHNDs were highest in children aged 10 to 14 years. Arteriopathies were associated with focal signs and ASCs, CHNDs, and AHNDs with diffuse signs. Arteriopathies, CSCs, and ASCs were associated with multiple infarcts and CDs with hemorrhagic conversion.

Interpretation

RFs, especially arteriopathy, are common in childhood AIS. Variations in RFs by age or geography may inform prioritization of investigations and targeted preventative strategies. Ann Neurol 2011;69:130–140.
No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset
Authors: Baracchini Claudio , Perini Paola , Calabrese Massimiliano , Causin Francesco , Rinaldi Francesca , Gallo Paolo
Published: January 2011

Objective

An impaired cerebrospinal venous drainage, defined as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has been recently hypothesized to be the possible cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated this hypothesis by studying the occurrence of CCSVI in clinically isolated syndromes (CISs) suggestive of MS.

Methods

Fifty consecutive patients presenting with a CIS and evidence of dissemination in space of the inflammatory lesions (ie, possible MS [pMS]) underwent a detailed diagnostic workup, including extracranial and transcranial venous echo‐color Doppler sonography (ECDS‐TCDS). Those with CCSVI underwent selective venography. Fifty healthy subjects (HCs) age‐matched and gender‐matched with pMS patients (HC1); 60 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA); and 60 healthy subjects age‐matched and gender‐matched with TGA patients (HC2) constituted the control groups and underwent ECDS‐TCDS.

Results

Mean age of pMS patients was 33.0 ± 8.5 years (range, 14–50); 35 (70%) were female (female:male ratio, 2.3). TCDS was normal in all pMS patients. One or more abnormal ECDS findings were observed in 26 of 50 (52.0%) pMS patients, in 35 of 110 (31·8%) HCs (HC1+HC2), and in 41 of 60 (68.3%) TGA patients. Eight (16%) pMS patients fulfilled the diagnosis of CCSVI. Selective phlebography performed in 7 of these patients (1 denied consent) did not show venous anomalies.

Interpretation

Our findings do not support a cause‐effect relationship between CCSVI and pMS. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether CCSVI is associated with later disease stages and characterizes the progressive forms of MS. Ann Neurol 2011;69:90–99.
MicroRNA expression profiles as biomarkers of minor salivary gland inflammation and dysfunction in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Alevizos Ilias , Alexander Stefanie , Turner R. James , Illei Gabor G.
Published: January 2011

Objective

MicroRNA reflect physiologic and pathologic processes and may be used as biomarkers of concurrent pathophysiologic events in complex settings such as autoimmune diseases. We generated microRNA microarray profiles from the minor salivary glands of control subjects without Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and patients with SS who had low‐grade or high‐grade inflammation and impaired or normal saliva production, to identify microRNA patterns specific to salivary gland inflammation or dysfunction.

Methods

MicroRNA expression profiles were generated by Agilent microRNA arrays. We developed a novel method for data normalization by identifying housekeeping microRNA. MicroRNA profiles were compared by unsupervised mathematical methods to test how well they distinguish between control subjects and various subsets of patients with SS. Several bioinformatics methods were used to predict the messenger RNA targets of the differentially expressed microRNA.

Results

MicroRNA expression patterns accurately distinguished salivary glands from control subjects and patients with SS who had low‐degree or high‐degree inflammation. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we validated 2 microRNA as markers of inflammation in an independent cohort. Comparing microRNA from patients with preserved or low salivary flow identified a set of differentially expressed microRNA, most of which were up‐regulated in the group with decreased salivary gland function, suggesting that the targets of microRNA may have a protective effect on epithelial cells. The predicted biologic targets of microRNA associated with inflammation or salivary gland dysfunction identified both overlapping and distinct biologic pathways and processes.

Conclusion

Distinct microRNA expression patterns are associated with salivary gland inflammation and dysfunction in patients with SS, and microRNA represent a novel group of potential biomarkers.
Carotid atherosclerosis predicts incident acute coronary syndromes in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Evans Matthew R. , Escalante Agustín , Battafarano Daniel F. , Freeman Gregory L. , O'Leary Daniel H. , del Rincón Inmaculada
Published: January 2011

Objective

The role of atherosclerosis in the acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been quantified in detail. We undertook this study to determine the extent to which ACS are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in RA.

Methods

We prospectively ascertained ACS, defined as myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cardiac arrest, or death due to ischemic heart disease, in an RA cohort. We measured carotid atherosclerosis using high‐resolution ultrasound. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between ACS and atherosclerosis, adjusting for demographic features, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and RA manifestations.

Results

We performed carotid ultrasound on 636 patients whom we followed up for 3,402 person‐years. During this time, 84 patients experienced 121 new or recurrent ACS events, a rate of 3.5 ACS events per 100 patient‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.0–4.3). Among the 599 patients without a history of ACS, 66 incident ACS events occurred over 3,085 person‐years, an incidence of 2.1 ACS events per 100 person‐years (95% CI 1.7–2.7). The incidence of new ACS events per 100 patient‐years was 1.1 (95% CI 0.6–1.7) among patients without plaque, 2.5 (95% CI 1.7–3.8) among patients with unilateral plaque, and 4.3 (95% CI 2.9–6.3) among patients with bilateral plaque. Covariates associated with incident ACS events independent of atherosclerosis included male sex, diabetes mellitus, and a cumulative glucocorticoid dose of ≥20 gm.

Conclusion

Atherosclerosis is strongly associated with ACS in RA. RA patients with carotid plaque, multiple CV risk factors (particularly diabetes mellitus or hypertension), many swollen joints, and a high cumulative dose of glucocorticoids, as well as RA patients who are men, are at high risk of ACS.
Analyzing cellulose degree of polymerization and its relevancy to cellulosic ethanol
Authors: Hallac Bassem B. , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: January 2011

The degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose in cellulosic biomass and how it changes during enzymatic and chemical transformations has remained a fundamental property of interest to numerous researchers. Currently, with increased interest in cellulosic biofuels, more attention is being focused on determining changes in cellulose DP before and during pre‐treatment, as well as the effect of DP on enzymatic deconstruction of cellulose to glucose. Different sources of celluloses from woody and non‐woody biomass have been isolated and the DP has been frequently examined as a key parameter contributing to efficient biomass deconstruction. The isolation and derivatization/dissolution of cellulose are crucial steps in determining cellulose DP. This review summarizes approaches to measuring DP developed over the past six decades and highlights opportunities for further improvements. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A real‐time and hands‐on research course in protein purification and characterization: Purification and crystal growth of human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase
Authors: Kreiling Jodi L. , Brader Kerry , Kolar Carol , Borgstahl Gloria E. O.
Published: January 2011

A new lecture/laboratory course to offer advanced biochemical training for undergraduate and early graduate students has been developed in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. This unique course offers students an opportunity to work hands‐on with modern instrumentation not normally found in a predominately undergraduate institution, and to complete an entire research project in a realistic timeframe via a time‐intensive curriculum as a special summer session. The course content gives a strong background in protein structure/chemistry, purification principles, protocol development, optimization strategies, use and programming of an automated chromatography instrument, and characterization strategies with an emphasis on X‐ray crystallography. The laboratory portion offers students the chance to purify a protein (human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase) from start to finish, program and use an ÄKTA fast protein liquid chromatography instrument, and to grow and analyze their own protein crystals using their purified protein. This innovative laboratory experience gives the participating students the opportunity to complete a miniresearch project in real time and enhances their overall understanding of important biochemical research techniques and the instrumentation involved, fostering a better understanding of the research process all within a classroom setting. Evaluations and feedback concerning this course indicated a positive learning environment, a retention of knowledge and skills, a belief that the skill set learned continues to be useful in current endeavors, and a sense of accomplishment in the completion of an actual research project within the confines of a class setting. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 28–37, 2011
Using research to teach an “introduction to biological thinking”
Authors: Bell Ellis
Published: January 2011

A course design for first‐year science students is described, where the focus is on the skills necessary to do science. The course uses original research projects, designed by the students, to teach a variety of skills including reading the scientific literature, hypothesis development and testing, experimental design, data analysis and interpretation, and quantitative skills and presentation of the research in a variety of formats.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 10–16, 2011
Enhancing student interactions with the instructor and content using pen‐based technology, youtube videos, and virtual conferencing
Authors: Cox James R.
Published: January 2011

This report describes the incorporation of digital learning elements in organic chemistry and biochemistry courses. The first example is the use of pen‐based technology and a large‐format PowerPoint slide to construct a map that integrates various metabolic pathways and control points. Students can use this map to visualize the integrated nature of metabolism and how various hormones impact metabolic regulation. The second example is the embedding of health‐related YouTube videos directly into PowerPoint presentations. These videos become a part of the course notes and can be viewed within PowerPoint as long as students are online. The third example is the use of a webcam to show physical models during online sessions using web‐conferencing software. Various molecular conformations can be shown through the webcam, and snapshots of important conformations can be incorporated into the notes for further discussion and annotation. Each of the digital learning elements discussed in this report is an attempt to use technology to improve the quality of educational resources available outside of the classroom to foster student engagement with ideas and concepts. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 4–9, 2011
Special‐study modules in a problem‐based learning medical curriculum: An innovative laboratory research practice suppporting introduction to research methodology in the undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Guner Gül Akdogan , Cavdar Zahide , Yener Nilgün , Kume Tuncay , Egrilmez Mehtap Yuksel , Resmi Halil
Published: January 2011

We describe the organization of wet‐lab special‐study modules (SSMs) in the Central Research Laboratory of Dokuz Eylül Medical School, Izmir, Turkey with the aim of discussing the scientific, laboratory, and pedagogical aspects of this educational activity. A general introduction to the planning and functioning of these SSMs is given, along with specific examples. The wet‐lab SSMs incorporate several innovative pedagogies: problem‐based learning, research‐based learning, practical laboratory education, team‐based learning, and project‐based learning. Oral and written evaluations show that the students find this activity rewarding. The wet‐lab SSM model applied in the Research‐Lab of Dokuz Eylül School of Medicine represents a format which is effective in training the students in research methodology, practical laboratory work, and independent learning. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 47–55, 2011
Problem‐solving test: Catalytic activities of a human nuclear enzyme
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: January 2011

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: ion exchange chromatography, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, radioactive labeling, template, primer, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, helicase, nucleoside triphosphates, nucleoside diphosphates, nucleoside monophosphates, nucleosides, 5′‐end and 3′‐end, bacteriophage, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, urea, autoradiography, proofreading, telomerase, endonucleases, exonucleases, primase, topoisomerases, and excinuclease. Biochemistry and Molecular biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 58–60, 2011
Vacuum Microwave Treatment of Potato Starch and the Resultant Modification of Properties
Authors: Mollekopf Norbert , Treppe Konrad , Fiala Petra , Dixit Onkar
Published: January 2011

The study focuses on the vacuum microwave treatment of low‐moisture potato starch. Typical temperature and drying profiles are presented and explained with the help of other process parameters such as sample weight, pressure, incident and absorbed microwave power. Subsequently water absorption capacity of vacuum microwave treated and conduction heated samples was investigated at 55 °C. During vacuum microwave treatment, 50 g samples were treated with incident powers of 460, 500 and 750 W at 3800 Pa for durations between 30 and 300 s. Water absorption capacity increased exponentially with the net absorbed energy but could not be functionally correlated to end temperature and incident power. During conduction heating, starch samples were treated at temperature values of 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160 °C, till constant weight. The water absorption capacity was observed to increase with increase in treatment temperature.
Pharmaceutical Product Design: Tailored Dissolution of Drugs by Different Extrusion Techniques
Authors: Kleinebudde Peter
Published: January 2011

Beim Design pharmazeutischer Produkte ist die Freisetzung nicht allein wichtig, aber von besonderer Bedeutung. Je nach Eigenschaften der zu verarbeitenden Wirkstoffe und Therapieziel beinhaltet die gezielte Freisetzung unterschiedliche Aufgabenstellungen. Es werden drei Techniken der pharmazeutischen Extrusion, die Feuchtextrusion, die Festfettextrusion und die Schmelzextrusion, vorgestellt und deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zur Beeinflussung der Freisetzung beschrieben. Das größte Potenzial zum Freisetzungsdesign bietet die Schmelzextrusion. Je nach Auswahl der Matrixbildner und der Verarbeitung lassen sich alle Aufgabenstellungen hinsichtlich der Freisetzung lösen.
Gold‐Catalysed Activation of Epoxides: Application in the Synthesis of Bicyclic Ketals
Authors: Balamurugan Rengarajan , Kothapalli Raveendra Babu , Thota Ganesh Kumar
Published: January 2011

Gold‐catalysed generation of diol equivalents from epoxides and their intramolecular reaction with C≡C bonds to generate bicyclic ketals is presented. This reaction essentially involves the formation of an acetonide, which subsequently cyclises on the alkyne intramolecularly under gold catalysis conditions. This method could be extended to make optically pure bicyclic ketals. Deuterium incorporation experiments were carried out to ascertain the mechanism of the reaction.
A conceptual model outline for integrated exposure assessment of waste disposal sites
Authors: Butt T.E. , Ingles A.J.D. , Baloch M.I.
Published: January 2011

There are generic elements in environmental risk assessments, which are independent of the subject to which risk analysis is applied. Examples of these elements are as follows: baseline study, hazard identification, hazards' concentration assessment, risk quantification, etc. Another important example of such generic elements is exposure assessment, which is required in a risk analysis process for landfill leachate as it would in any other environmental risk issue. Furthermore, computer models are also being developed to assist risk analysis in different fields. However, in the literature review of risk assessment approaches in general and risk analysis regarding landfills in particular, it was discovered that a comprehensive risk assessment methodology addressing all relevant modules and submodules for landfill leachate does not exist. A range of knowledge deficiencies and models' limitations has been uncovered in the literature reviewed to date. One of which is the absence of a holistic exposure assessment framework aided with a corresponding computer model specifically for quantitative risk analysis of landfill leachate. The same is the case for landfill gas and degraded landfill waste (although both are not the focus of this article). From the perspective of landfill leachate, this article attempts to outline an integrated and holistic framework of the exposure assessment accompanied with a computer model, thereby bridging knowledge gaps. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Application of three different methods for determination of optimum insulation thickness in external walls
Authors: Ucar Aynur , Inalli Mustafa , Balo Figen
Published: January 2011

In this study, three different methods for determining the optimum thickness of used insulation material in external walls of building are presented. The first method is life cycle cost based on the energetic costs. The second method is thermoeconomic optimization based on the cost of insulation materials and fuel. Finally, the third method is optimization of insulation thickness by Turkish Thermal Insulation Standard‐TS 825 based on heat energy requirement of buildings. The results show that the optimum insulation thicknesses vary between 3.2 and 12 cm, energy savings vary between 2.63 $/m2 and 4.35 $/m2, and payback periods vary between 1.7 and 2.7 yrs depending on the city and optimization method. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
The emotional regulatory features of bulimic episodes and compulsive exercise in muscle dysmorphia: A case report
Authors: Murray Stuart B. , Maguire Sarah , Russell Janice , Touyz Stephen W.
Published: January 2011

Muscle dysmorphia is a recently identified psychiatric condition, whose relationship to the eating disorders remains unclear. This case describes an adolescent male who met diagnostic criteria for both an eating disorder not otherwise specified and muscle dysmorphia, allowing the first examination of read muscle dysmorphia presentations. This case suggests that muscle dysmorphia may present inclusive of episodes of binge eating and purging in addition to compulsive exercise, which may serve an emotional regulation function. We suggest that the assessment of muscle dysmorphia include a comprehensive assessment of all eating disorder features including bulimic symptoms, and that treatment address these features. Clinical implications for the conceptualization of muscle dysmorphia are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Perfectionism and learning experiences in dance class as risk factors for eating disorders in dancers
Authors: Penniment Kylie J. , Egan Sarah J.
Published: January 2011

There is strong evidence that perfectionism is a risk factor for eating disorders. Women who engage in dance training have been reported to be at risk for eating disorders, and it has been hypothesised that expectancies about thinness and restricting food intake are formed partly as a result of exposure to thinness related learning (TRL) experiences in this environment, which may increase their risk. To clarify the relative contribution of perfectionism and learning in accounting for eating disorder symptoms in this group, 142 female ballet dancers completed an online survey. Through structural equation modelling it was found that the association between perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms was partially mediated by learning about thinness and restriction. The results suggest that eating disorder symptoms in dancers are significantly influenced by the interaction of perfectionism and learning, and future research should investigate the efficacy of prevention programs to target these risk factors in female dancers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Affect consciousness and eating disorders. Short term stability and subgroup characteristics
Authors: Lech Börje , Holmqvist Rolf , Andersson Gerhard
Published: January 2011

The aim of the study was to analyse differences in observer rated affect consciousness (AC) between subgroups of patients diagnosed with eating disorders (N = 44; 30 with anorexia nervosa and 14 with bulimia nervosa), and a non‐clinical group (N = 40). Another aim was to study the short‐term stability of AC over 10–11 weeks of treatment and its relation to self‐reported eating pathology and general psychopathology. A moderate short‐term stability of AC was found but the levels were not correlated with eating pathology or psychopathology. No differences between the two diagnostic categories were found, but the eating disorder group as whole had significantly lower AC compared with a non‐eating disorder reference group. AC seems to be a moderately stable ability that differentiates patients diagnosed with eating disorders from a non‐clinical population. However, AC is not related to symptoms of eating disorder or general psychiatric symptoms in this group of patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal evolution and deep crustal processes in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt, North China Craton: a review
Authors: Li S. Z. , Zhao G. C. , Santosh M. , Liu X. , Dai L. M.
Published: January 2011

The Palaeoproterozoic Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt is located in the eastern margin of the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. In this paper, we synthesize the tectonothermal evolution and deep crustal processes in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt based on recent information. A mantle plume‐related underplating from 2.53 to 2.36 Ga is envisaged which led to the emplacement of the 2.47–2.33 Ga alkali granite plutons and mafic dyke swarms, followed by the development of the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Rift and bi‐modal volcanism. The underplating resulted not only in different sedimentary environments in the upper crust, but also in a differentiation of the initial thermal structure in the rift. This controlled the metamorphism and style of P‐T‐t paths in the different parts of the rift. Subsequent underplating resulted in the emplacement of the A‐type Liaoji granites ofca. 2.17 Ga in the lower crust, and the formation of associated pegmatites of 2.2 and 2.0 Ga, together with the development of a bedding‐parallel extension. However, the main orogeny occurred between 1.93 and 1.88 Ga with closing of the rift, compressional deformation and high‐pressure granulite metamorphism in the southern part of the orogen. Subsequently, lithospheric blocks were possibly delaminated at ∼1.85 Ga; anorogenic magmatic rocks such as rapakivi granite, alkaline granites and syenite were intruded, and pegmatite veins and mafic dyke swarms were emplaced cross‐cutting all the earlier structural traces. We identify that the underplating styles, collision processes and delamination types in the deep lithosphere controlled the tectonothermal evolution of the crust in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the British Silurian cystoids
Authors: Paul Christopher R. C. , Donovan Stephen K.
Published: January 2011

New interpretations of morphology, new occurrences and new taxa of British Silurian cystoids are summarized. Two ambulacral patterns occur in the Callocystitidae. In one the first two brachiole facets branch to the left in ambulacra B and D, but only the first one in ambulacra A, C and E (the B + D arrangement). In the alternative pattern all ambulacra are the same with only the first brachiole branching to the left. The B + D pattern is plesiomorphic. Among callocystitids with four ambulacra the type species of Tetracystis has the B + D arrangement as does ‘Apiocystites’ elegans; both are referred to Tetracystis. The British species ‘T.’ oblongus has all ambulacra the same and becomes type species of the new genus Troosticystis. New records include Homocystites brenchleyi sp. nov. from the Rhuddanian of South Wales, which demonstrates that the family Cheirocrinidae did not become extinct at the end of the Ordovician as previously suspected. The British Silurian cystoid Prunocystites fletcheri has been recorded from Norway, the only species known to occur outside Britain. Schizocystis armata (Forbes, 1848) occurs at a new locality near Buildwas, Shropshire. Glansicystis glans sp. nov. is described for ‘the common form’ of G. baccata. It differs from G. baccata in having a larger oral area, weaker thecal ornament, shallower plate sutures and a more cylindrical theca. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loneliness among the rural older people in Anhui, China: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Wang Guoying , Zhang Xiujun , Wang Kai , Li Youhai , Shen Qiong , Ge Xiaojiao , Hang Wei
Published: January 2011

Objectives

To clarify the prevalence of loneliness and evaluate the impact of social support, family function and socio‐demographic factors on loneliness and their correlation among the rural older people in Anhui, China.

Methods

A sample of 5652 older people were surveyed using the UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles)‐Loneliness Scale, the FAD (family assessment device), and the SSRS (Social Support Rating Scale).

Results

78.1% of the older people had moderate to severe levels of loneliness. There was a great difference between loneliness level and subjects' age, marital status and income, family size and education level. Social support and family function were negatively associated with loneliness. Multiple regressions indicated that more social support and better family function offered protection against loneliness.

Conclusions

The high rate of loneliness among rural older people in Anhui deserves attention. Family function and social support have played an important role in the development and course of loneliness. The strategy and intervention to alleviate loneliness among rural older people should be designed to enhance family function and social support. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intergenerational cohabitation in modern Indonesia: filial support and dependence
Authors: Johar Meliyanni , Maruyama Shiko
Published: January 2011

Informal filial care plays an important role for elderly parents facing health challenges. Ageing, however, exacerbates the burden of filial care because the ratio of older to younger individuals is higher and disabled parents live longer. The well‐being of elderly parents is even more insecure in Asian developing countries that are undergoing unprecedented ageing and drastic changes in social norms and values, whereas old‐age support systems have yet to be developed. In this paper, we investigate factors that influence cohabitation decision by elderly parents and their adult children using the longitudinal Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). Focusing on new cohabitation in which a parent who lives independently starts to cohabitate with a child, we conduct transition analysis to make a more convincing causal interpretation than the standard cross‐sectional approach. We find that, while parental needs are important, cohabitation is influenced to a larger extent by the costs and gains of children. The elderly facing health and economic challenges are at higher risk of not receiving filial support than other elderly individuals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in land cover datasets for global land‐surface models derived from 1‐km global land cover datasets
Authors: Nakaegawa T.
Published: January 2011

The influence of the uncertainties or differences in 1‐km global land cover datasets on a land cover dataset used in land‐surface modelling is explored. The uncertainties in six 1‐km global land cover datasets were found to be transferred to land cover datasets derived by either the dominant land cover type method (DLM) or the area ratio method (ARM). The agreement among the DLM‐derived land cover datasets (the DLM agreement) was higher than the per‐pixel agreement among the six 1‐km global land cover datasets owing to the spatial aggregation effect. The agreement among the ARM‐derived land cover datasets using the ARM (the ARM agreement) was higher than the DLM agreement because of the area ratio retention effect. The area ratios of all land cover types affect the ARM agreement, whereas only the dominant land cover type affects the DLM agreement. The DLM and ARM agreements were both strongly correlated with the per‐pixel agreement among the 1‐km global land cover datasets. Therefore, reducing the uncertainty in the 1‐km global land cover datasets is the key to reducing the uncertainty in the land cover datasets used in land‐surface models. Improving the land cover classification, especially in areas with small homogeneous regions or in transition zones between major land cover types, is also important for reducing the uncertainty in the datasets used for land‐surface models. These sources of uncertainty should be taken into account when interpreting the land‐surface model results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of potential changes in cereals production under climate change scenarios
Authors: Tatsumi Kenichi , Yamashiki Yosuke , Valmir da Silva Roberto , Takara Kaoru , Matsuoka Yuzuru , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Maruyama Koki , Kawahara Naoko
Published: January 2011

This survey proposed a new methodology ‐ iGAEZ (improved GAEZ), developed based on the GAEZ (Global Agro‐Ecological Zones) model, capable of simulating crop yields on a global scale for wheat, potato, cassava, soybean, rice, sweet potato, maize, green beans. iGAEZ determines the optimum criteria of crop parameter of growth cycles to ensure best realistic crop yield combinations under comprehensive consideration of climate and crop condition. Global‐scale crop yields were calculated using iGAEZ model for the period of 1990‐1999. Through comparing simulated yields and FAO statistics, iGAEZ has demonstrated a very good ability to reproduce realistic crop yields on a global scale. We also predicted the impact of global warming on crop yields from the 1990s to 2090s by projecting five GCM outputs for AR4 under SRES A1B scenarios. According to the result, temperature rise will make many cultivated areas (eastern part of USA, India, eastern China, Africa) less productive. On the other hand, the regions with cold weather under current climate condition (Canada, northern Europe, northeastern China) become suitable for crop productivity under future climate scenario. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropogenic changes in a confined groundwater flow system in the Bangkok basin, Thailand, part I: was groundwater‐recharge enhanced?
Authors: Mikita Makoto , Yamanaka Tsutomu , Lorphensri Oranuj
Published: January 2011

In many Asian megacities, the excessive use of confined groundwater has caused drastic decline of piezometric level with succeeding severe problems such as land subsidence and groundwater salinisation. At the same time, it may have enhanced groundwater recharge via an increase in vertical and/or lateral hydraulic gradient. The strength and spatiotemporal variation of the enhanced recharge are expected to depend on geographical and/or hydrogeological settings of an area in question. In the present study, the Bangkok basin in Thailand was selected to examine characteristics of enhanced recharge due to excessive pumping. We carried out numerical experiments on this phenomenon for half a century using a three‐dimensional groundwater flow model. The model reproduced well observed hydraulic‐head variations. Model outputs showed clearly that confined groundwater recharge under natural conditions (e.g. without pumping) occurred only in suburban hilly areas corresponding to deep aquifer outcrop areas, while recharge was enhanced due not only to suburban pumping urban areas mantled in thick clay (i.e. Bangkok metropolitan area). Recharge flux response to temporal variation in groundwater pumping was faster in urban areas and slower in remote hilly areas. On the plain, enhanced recharge was more distinct at locations where the Bangkok clay is relatively thin. These results suggest that piezometric level decline can be mitigated if appropriate sites are selected for groundwater pumping. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Input data resolution‐induced uncertainty in watershed modelling
Authors: Patil Abhijit , Deng Zhi‐Qiang , Malone Ronald F.
Published: January 2011

The temporal‐spatial resolution of input data‐induced uncertainty in a watershed‐based water quality model, Hydrologic Simulation Program‐FORTRAN (HSPF), is investigated in this study. The temporal resolution‐induced uncertainty is described using the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is found to decrease with decreasing temporal resolution and follow a log‐normal relation with time interval for temperature data while it exhibits a power‐law relation for rainfall data. The temporal‐scale uncertainties in the temperature and rainfall data follow a general extreme value distribution and a Weibull distribution, respectively. The Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient (NSC) is employed to represent the spatial resolution induced uncertainty. The spatial resolution uncertainty in the dissolved oxygen and nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations simulated using HSPF is observed to follow a general extreme value distribution and a log‐normal distribution, respectively. The probability density functions (PDF) provide new insights into the effect of temporal‐scale and spatial resolution of input data on uncertainties involved in watershed modelling and total maximum daily load calculations. This study exhibits non‐symmetric distributions of uncertainty in water quality modelling, which simplify weather and water quality monitoring and reducing the cost involved in flow and water quality monitoring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogeomorphic processes of thermokarst lakes with grounded‐ice and floating‐ice regimes on the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska
Authors: Arp Christopher D. , Jones Benjamin M. , Urban Frank E. , Grosse Guido
Published: January 2011

Thermokarst lakes cover > 20% of the landscape throughout much of the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) with shallow lakes freezing solid (grounded ice) and deeper lakes maintaining perennial liquid water (floating ice). Thus, lake depth relative to maximum ice thickness (1·5–2·0 m) represents an important threshold that impacts permafrost, aquatic habitat, and potentially geomorphic and hydrologic behaviour. We studied coupled hydrogeomorphic processes of 13 lakes representing a depth gradient across this threshold of maximum ice thickness by analysing remotely sensed, water quality, and climatic data over a 35‐year period. Shoreline erosion rates due to permafrost degradation ranged from < 0·2 m/year in very shallow lakes (0·4 m) up to 1·8 m/year in the deepest lakes (2·6 m). This pattern of thermokarst expansion masked detection of lake hydrologic change using remotely sensed imagery except for the shallowest lakes with stable shorelines. Changes in the surface area of these shallow lakes tracked interannual variation in precipitation minus evaporation (P − EL) with periods of full and nearly dry basins. Shorter‐term (2004–2008) specific conductance data indicated a drying pattern across lakes of all depths consistent with the long‐term record for only shallow lakes. Our analysis suggests that grounded‐ice lakes are ice‐free on average 37 days longer than floating‐ice lakes resulting in a longer period of evaporative loss and more frequent negative P − EL. These results suggest divergent hydrogeomorphic responses to a changing Arctic climate depending on the threshold created by water depth relative to maximum ice thickness in ACP lakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activating transcription factor 3 regulates survivability and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Lv Dandan , Meng Dan , Zou Fang‐Fang , Fan Li , Zhang Ping , Yu Ying , Fang Jing
Published: January 2011

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/CREB (CAMP responsive element binding protein) family of transcription factors. The expression and the function of ATF3 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain unknown. The aim of this work is to determine the expression and possible function of ATF3 in VSMCs. We found that VSMCs expressed ATF3, and expression of ATF3 in VSMCs was induced by a variety of stimuli including serum, angiotensin II, and H2O2. Knockdown of ATF3 induced apoptosis of VSMCs, caspase‐3 cleavage, and cytochrome c release. The results suggest that ATF3 regulates survivability of VSMCs. Moreover, we found that overexpression of ATF3 promoted migration of VSMCs and induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1, 3, and 13. These results suggest that ATF3 plays a role in regulating migration of VSMCs. In addition, we found that the expression of ATF3 was upregulated in smooth muscle cells in the injured mouse femoral arteries compared with the uninjured control group. These results suggest that ATF3 is relevant to disease physiology. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life,63(1):62–69, 2011.