bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speciation And Mobility Study Of Selected Heavy Metals In Kofe Dumpsite Soil Of Jimma Town, Jimma, Ethiopia
Authors: Kedir Kassim , Gure Abera , Merdassa Yared
Published: April 2021

Speciation and mobility of selected heavy metals including Cd, Pb and Fe were investigated in Kofe dumpsite soils of Jimma Town, Jimma, Ethiopia. To study vertical mobility of the metals, soil samples were collected at three depth profiles comprising surface soil (0-10 cm), subsoil (20-30 cm), and bottom soil (40-50 cm) using soil auger. Similarly, for horizontal mobility assessment, soil samples were collected from 5 m, 10 m and 15 m distances starting from the edge of the dumpsite in east, west, north and south directions. Control soil samples were also collected at the same depth profiles, from 200 m away from the dumpsite. The collected samples were air dried, sieved as well as ground before processing utilizing a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The fraction of the target metals in the extracted samples were then determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The mobility factor (%MF) of the target metals was investigated in both vertical and horizontal variations and the obtained results showed that the target metals have exhibited both vertical and horizontal mobility. The texture, organic matter and pH of the soil samples were also analyzed for correlation study. Variation among obtained results, i.e., %MF and concentration of analytes, were evaluated using one way ANOVA at (P<0.05). It was observed that Cd and Pb exhibited vertical mobility and thus could lead to pollution of the underground water. Similarly, the highest amount of Pb in the bioavailable fraction may also indicate its horizontal mobility and its high tendency to pollute surface water, sediment as well as agricultural products.Key Words: Speciation, Mobility, Sequential extraction, Heavy metals
Hydrogeological deep percolation modelling of groundwater recharge in Voinjama Region, Liberia
Authors: Onafeso O.D. , Olusola A.O. , Adeniyi S.A.
Published: April 2021

Indirect physical methods of assess groundwater recharge rely on the measurement or estimation of soil physical parameters, which along with soil physical principles; can be used to estimate the potential or actual recharge. However, the deep percolation method uses a daily water- budget approach to simulate deep percolation. In this method, the model computes daily fluxes of water into and out of a volume extending from the top of foliage to the bottom of the root zone and accounts for changes in water content. In most environments, deep percolation is destined to recharge the saturated systems that are tapped by wells. Deep percolation technique was deployed to determine the rate of ground water recharge in the Voinjama region of Liberia, and also establish points of lineaments where wells can be dug for water supply. The perimeter of the hypothesized basin is about 28.9km while the length of the thalweg of the mainstream is about 11km. the average width of the basin area is 5.9km while the circumference of the equivalent circular area is 25.33km and compactness coefficient (R) of the basin is computed at 1.14. The elongation ratio (Er) is computed at 0.73km. The diurnal recharge computed from Deep Percolation was 6712.21 cm3 /km2 per annum. In conclusion, this study aids the restoration of water supply system destroyed during the war periods emphasizing the abundant water in the hydrological system and viable ground water recharge adequate for exploitation in a near uniform geology. Several faults and crevices scattered abroad the area were recorded indicating good lineament distribution and abundant aquifer recharge.Keywords: Hydrogeology, Deep Percolation Method, Groundwater, Recharge
Integrated solid waste management: a palliative to existing waste management challenges in Jabi-District, Abuja
Authors: Maton D.J. , Kigun P.A. , Ogalla M
Published: April 2021

Effective solid waste management is the collective responsibility of a nation’s citizens and its government. For a sustainable built-environment, urban infrastructure will need to better meet the prevailing challenges of city environments with respect to: energy and water scarcity;  pollution  and  emissions;  traffic  congestion;  crime;  waste  disposal;  and  safety  risks  from ageing  infrastructure. As a concept, Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a sustainable practice underpinned by an increased capacity for material recovery from solid waste. However, an effective ISWM depends largely on the perspective of consumers on waste generation, collection and disposal. This survey is a qualitative appraisal of solid waste management practice in Jabi district of Abuja, Nigeria’s capital city, against the backdrop of solid waste best practices. The survey tools used were literature reviews, structured questionnaires, oral interviews/ focus group discussion and observation of the case study area over a one-year period.  Questionnaire responses indicated that a waste collection routine by service providers exists and that the frequency of evacuation depended on the quantity of household waste generated. Survey results also indicated the following challenges to effective solid waste management in the case study area; non-sorting and bagging of waste at collection stage; poor/ inadequate infrastructure and machinery; a relaxed enforcement of the provisions of the ratified environmental regulations, etc. Possible solutions and recommendations toward a more sustainable built environment for Jabi are also proffered in accordance with global best practices.Keywords: Solid waste management, Urbanization, ISWM, Non-sorting, Best practices
Enteropathogens in Under-Five Children with Diarrhea in Health Facilities of Debre Berhan Town, North Shoa, Ethiopia
Authors: Zenebe Zelelie Tizazu , Shenkute Gebreyes Demissew , Tesema Tilahun Alemnesh , Craddock Hillary A. , Zegeye Gishen Nigus
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity for under-five children in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral and socioeconomic risk factors, etiology, and drug susceptibility of bacteria isolated from under-five children with acute diarrhea who were treated at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital or Health Center in Ethiopia.METHODS: A health facility based cross-sectional study design was used to investigate enteropathogens from 163 under-five children with acute diarrhea. After obtaining written consent from parents or guardians, data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Freshly passed stool samples were collected for microbiological tests for bacteria and parasites. The chi-square test was used for assessing the relationships of variables.RESULTS: Enteropathogens were detected among 55.8% (91/163) participants. There was a 46%(75/163) bacterial culture positivity rate and a 9.8%(16/163) prevalence of parasites. The isolated enteropathogens were Escherchia coli, Klebsiella specie, Proteus species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Enterobacter species, Giardia lamblia, Enteameba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Hymnoleps nana. Level of antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates ranged from 0 to 87.2%. Poor hand washing and poor cleaning of feeding utensils showed significant association with the presence of enteropathogens.CONCLUSION: Bacterial enteropathogens with drug resistance were observed in this study. Continuous health education and promotion about diarrheal disease for mothers/caretakers and regular surveillance of entropathogenes are recommended to reduce under-five mortality.
Equality Analysis of Main Health Indicators among Children under 5 Years in Uganda
Authors: Hussein Elduma Adel
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Inequality in the access to health services is a major cause of health problemsamong children under five old. The aim of this analysis is to measure the inequality among children under-5 years in relation to main health indicators inUganda.METHOD: Main child health indicators data in Uganda were obtained from WHO inequity data set for the years 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2011. Indicators such as under-5 years mortality rate, underweight prevalence and full vaccination converge and child with infection access to health facilities were included in th analysis. For simple indicators, inequality difference wascalculated, and relative concentration index for complex order indicators was used. Four different inequality dimensions were used to work as stratifies for these indicators.RESULTS: Inequality regarding child health indicators was observed in different dimensions. It was clear that inequality among people living in rural areas were more than urban areas. Femaleshad high inequality than males. Poor and uneducated people are more likely to have inequality than rich and educated people.CONCLUSION: Great effort should be made to decrease inequality among children less than five years through access to health services for all groups in different areas.
Perspectives of Protocol Based Breaking Bad News among Medical Patients and Physicians in a Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Henok Fisseha  , Wudneh Mulugeta  , Rodas A Kassu  , Temesgen Geleta  , Hailemichael Desalegn
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND፡ Discussing potentially bad outcomes is a standard communication task in clinical care. Physicians’ awareness on ways to communicate bad news is considered low. SPIKES protocol is the most popular strategy used by physicians, but its practice and patients' perception are not known. This study attempted to fill the knowledge gap on protocol implementation, patient preference and physician effects.METHODS: Hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at SPHMMC from May 1 to June 30 using structured interviews administered to patients and physicians. Three hundred and sixty patients and 111 physicians were included. Assessment of SPIKES performance, patient satisfaction, patient preference, and physician awareness, attitude and effects were studied.RESULTS: Performance of SPIKES protocol was setting (74.5%), perception (51.1%), invitation (56.3%), knowledge (15.9%), emotion (22.3%) and summary (10.1%). Only 30.6% of the patients were entirely satisfied with the interaction, and 19.2% with knowledge attained. Patient satisfaction was associated with physician asking how much information they like (P=0.025). Patient desire and report showed variation. Eighty-two percent of the physicians were not aware of the protocol, and 83.8% had no training. Half of the physicians feel depressed after disclosure.CONCLUSIONS: Patient satisfaction with communication process and knowledge is poor, as is performance of SPIKES components. Satisfaction is related to being asked how much patients want to know. Patients’ desires on how to be told news is different from how it is done. Breaking bad news increases feeling of depression. Awareness and training on the protocol are deficient; medical schools should incorporate it into their studies and implement proper follow-up.
Exploring Challenges of Health System in Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Marziye Hadian  , Alireza Jabbari  , Hojjat Sheikhbardsiri
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND፡ Traditional medicine is a complete system, including diagnostic methods, etiology and treatment based on interpersonal differences. Owing to a lack of investigations in the field of Iranian traditional medicine as well as its many present challenges, certain studies in this area can prove quite practical in identifying and solving ongoing challenges. This study investigates the challenges of the health system in Iranian traditional medicine in the context of control levers.METHODS: The study was qualitative content analysis. A framework analysis, "Control Knob Approach", was considered appropriate to promote apprehension of challenges of health systems in Iranian traditional medicine. Data were collected by purposeful sampling through in-depth and semi-structured individual interviews with 35 experts of Iranian traditional medicine. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data, which extracted the initial codes after performing the recorded interviews on paper and immersing them in the data analysis.RESULTS: Upon analysis of data by Iranian medicine experts, five main categories including financing, payment system, regulations, behavior and organization were defined alongside 13 subcategories.CONCLUSION: According to current challenges and the tendency of society to receive traditional medicine services, as well as the long history of traditional medicine in Iran, fair access to traditional medicine services should be provided. This access must be through the production of indigenous knowledge and the formulation of regulatory and educational policies and guidelines and the empowerment of relevant, healthy, effective, evidencebased and cost-effective forces.
Client Factors Affect Provider Adherence to Guidelines during First Antenatal Care in Public Health Facilities, Ethiopia: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tewodros Seyoum  , Mekuriaw Alemayehu  , Kyllike Christensson  , Helena Lindgren
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND፡ Timely entry to an antenatal care with a healthcare provider who follows a set of national guidelines is assumed to ensure higher levels of client satisfaction. It is also expected to improve perinatal outcomes. Little is known about the level of adherence of Ethiopian providers to these guidelines. Therefore, this study aims to assess the proportion of clients who received complete (100%) provider adherence to antenatal care guidelines at the first visit and client associated factors in Gondar Town.METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 834 study participants was conducted in public health facilities of Gondar Town in Ethiopia. An 18 point checklist was used to observe provider adherence to the first antenatal care visit guidelines. Descriptive statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression model were done by using STATA 14 software.RESULT: The proportion of clients who received the complete provider’s adherence to the first antenatal care guideline was 32.25% (95% CI: 29.1-35.5). The mean adherence score was 16.78%. Women who had prior history of pregnancy and/or birthrelated complications (AOR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.04-2.04) and late antenatal care booking at gestational week 16 or greater (AOR =1.45; 95%CI: 1.03-2.03) were significantly associated with clients receiving complete providers’ adherence to the first antenatal guideline.CONCLUSIONS: We found the level of adherence to national antenatal care guidelines during first visit as surprisingly low. When considering to upgrade the guidelines to the actual WHO guideline of eight visits, we recommend that refresher training be provided regularly to help staff understand the importance of following the guidelines as closely as possible. Perhaps, we need to learn more from the health care providers themselves about their reasons for not following the guidelines.
Reversible Long Term Contraceptives Utilization among Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Areka Town, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Samson Kastro Dake  , Temesgen Lera Abiso
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND፡ In low income countries, bearing many children is the main factor affecting maternal health. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of reversible long term contraceptives utilization and identify factors associated with it among married women of child bearing age in Areka District in South EthiopiaMETHODS: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey involving systematically recruited 346 married women of reproductive age group. Data was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire on May 2019. We used SPSS version 25 for data entry and analyses. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to select exposure variables with crude association. Multivariate analysis was done to control for potential confounders and identify predictors of the outcome. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI)was reported, and statistical significance was declared at p<0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of reversible long term contraceptives utilization among married women of reproductive age group was 134(38.7%). Utilization of Reversible Long Term Contraceptives (RLTCs) was positively associated with being protestant Christian religion follower, advanced educational status, history of abortion, and having a better attitude towards reversible long term contraceptives. In other words, being housewife, being daily laborer, having no radio in the household and making fertility decisions alone were negatively associated.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RLTCs in the study area was high. Women should be empowered educationally through other alternative opportunities to formal school. In addition to electronic media, different community events and community conversations should be used to convey messages on contraceptives particularly RLTCs. Behavioral change communications would benefit women in shaping their attitudestowards RLTCs.
CHANGING SUGAR CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN PAKISTAN AND INCREASING SUGAR INDUSTRY'S PROFITABILITY
Authors:   KASB Institute of Technology, Karachi., Chhapra Imran Umer
Published: April 2021

Purpose- Major aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of price hike and purchasing power on sugar consumption pattern of individuals in Pakistan. The constant rising prices of food commodities including sugar, and the sugar crises the country mostly is seen caught into prompted researcher to conduct this study. Methodology/sample- The study involved use of questionnaires filled by 240 respondents and financial data of three sugar mills for the period of 2010-11 for financial analysis. The respondent individuals belonged to different age groups, social classes and areas of residence. To analyze the data, Regression, ANOVA and Correlation tests were applied. Data from three different sugar mills from three different provinces of Pakistan was also collected and financial analysis of their annual reports was conducted to determine their growing profits. Findings- The analysis and comparative results clearly suggested that individuals in Pakistan have decreased their sugar consumption due to increasing prices, while sugar mills are earning huge profits. It was also concluded that higher profits earned by the sugar mills was due to artificial shortage created by cartel making by the sugar mill owners in Pakistan. Practical Implications- The outcomes of the research might help the corporate decision makers, government policy formulators and other related quarters to understand the impact of rising prices of commodities in Pakistan and to understand the overall dynamics and mechanism of sugar sector in Pakistan.
EXPLORING IMPACT OF MACRO ECONOMIC VARIABLES ON GDP OF PAKISTAN
Authors:   Dadabhoy Institute of Management Sciences, Karachi., Jilani Sidrat
Published: April 2021

Purpose-This research work explores the impact of macroeconomic variables like inflation, real exchange rate and interest rate on GDP of Pakistan in the light of 32 years data, for the period of 1980 to2013. Methodology/sample-Research was secondary data based, and multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Econometric model used for analysis consisted of GDP as dependent variable while the independent variables were interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate. Data was taken for these variables from the website of State Bank of Pakistan and World Bank. Individual significance of the variables, overall significance and goodness of fit of the econometric model was analysed. Findings-The study found that there is significant impact of inflation, interest rate and exchange rate on GDP. As far as the signs of co-efficient are concerned, inflation and interest rate had negative relation with GDP while interest rate possessed positive relation with GDP. Practical implications-Based on results and its analysis it is recommended that Government adopted tight monetary policy to reduce inflation as the results indicate that inflation has significant but negative impact on GDP. In case of developing counties like Pakistan high value of real exchange rate should be maintained because results show that there is significant and positive impact of exchange rate with GDP. Ceiling of interest rate should be removed in order to boost the economy.
Dampak Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dan Korupsi terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia
Authors: Khasanah Lailatul
Published: April 2021

Kemiskinan menjadi salah satu penyakit perekonomian yang sulit dihilangkan di hampir setiap Negara, terlebih lagi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia yang masih memiliki tingkat kemiskinan cukup tinggi dibandingkan dengan beberapa Negara disekitarnya. Terdapat isu menarik berkaitan dengan masalah kemiskinan di Indonesia yaitu adanya ketimpangan pendapatan.Namun tidak disertai dengan peningkatan penurunan angka kemiskinan. Salah satu indikasi yang menyebabkan sulitnya menurunkan angka kemiskinan adalah adanya kecurangan-kecurangan dilakukan pemerintah. Misalnya dengan melakukan praktek korupsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dan menganalisis dampak ketimpangan pendapatan, tata kelola pemerintahan dan korupsi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah SPSS. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan, tata kelola pemerintahan dan korupsi masing-masing mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat kemiskinan.
Potential Impact of Corporate Climate Action in India
Authors: Hingne Ashwini , Sheikh Atik , Agarwal Varun , Adhia Vivek
Published: April 2021

Many large Indian businesses have committed to ambitious climate initiatives. However, there exists little understanding of the aggregate impact of these initiatives and how they relate to emissions at the national level. This working paper estimates the collective impact of voluntary climate actions by Indian companies. As climate commitments and initiatives by non-state and subnational actors increase globally, a better understanding of their potential impacts can help draw better projections to support better climate policy planning and implementation.
Огляд сучасних аспектів профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців Збройних Сил України
Authors: Kuts T. V. , Moroz G. Z. , Tkachuk І. М.
Published: April 2021

Мета дослідження: провести аналіз та узагальнення даних літературних джерел щодо сучасного стану профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців Збройних Сил  України.

Матеріали та методи. Аналітична база даних сформована з 80 наукових праць, в тому числі нормативно-правових документів і статистично-довідкових матеріалів (з них 4 – англомовних). Огляд літератури здійснено з використанням системного підходу та системного аналізу, бібліосемантичного методу.

Результати. Огляд літератури показав позитивні тенденції в системі профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців Збройних Сил України, а саме: розроблена та запроваджена функціонально-організаційна модель профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців на рівні первинної медичної допомоги; розроблене навчально-методичне забезпечення щодо удосконалення підготовки військових лікарів загальної практики-сімейної медицини та молодших спеціалістів з медичною освітою з питань профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань; запроваджено методичне забезпечення підвищення поінформованості військовослужбовців з питань здорового способу життя; створено на базі Клініки амбулаторної допомоги Національного військово-медичного клінічного центру «ГВКГ» «Школи здоров’я для хворих на артеріальну гіпертензію військовослужбовців з коморбідними тривожними і депресивними розладами» та запроваджено комплексний підхіду до організації лікування та реабілітації військовослужбовців-учасників бойових дій з артеріальною гіпертензією. Проте існує низка проблемних питань, які потребують  вирішення: необхідно створити галузевий клінічний протокол щодо профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців; не регламентовано проведення виявлення факторів ризику серцево-судинних захворювань призовникам на рівні військових комісаріатів; не визначено роль і місце цивільних закладів охорони здоров’я та закладів освіти, громадських і волонтерських організацій в реалізації профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань в період до призову в лави Збройних сил України.

Висновки. Узагальнення сучасних наукових даних показало, що існуюча система профілактики серцево-судинних захворювань у військовослужбовців потребує удосконалення відповідно до стандартів НАТО, де найважливіше місце займають превентивні заходи.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA “DESKRIPSI CERDAS” UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENYAJIKAN TEKS DESKRIPSI SISWA KELAS VII
Authors: Nurcahyani Nani
Published: April 2021

Siswa kelas VII SMP masih kesulitan menyajikan teks deskripsi secara tulis karena media pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia masih sedikit yang berbasis Teknologi Informasi (TI). Siswa memerlukan media pembelajaran berbasis TI untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis teks deskripsi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan media “Desdas” dalam meningkatkan keterampilan menulis teks deskripsi siswa kelas VII. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini adalah pengembangan “Deskripsi Cerdas (Desdas)” sebagai stimulus untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis teks deskripsi. Metode analisis data pengembangan media dilakukan melalui teknik deskriptif dan kualitas media diukur dengan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif. Model penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan Model Four-D Thiagarajan yakni Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate. Teknik pengumpulan data pada proses penelitian pengembangan ini dengan dokumentasi, wawancara, angket, dan catatan pendukung, sedangkan kualitas media diukur dari validitas, kepraktisan, dan keefektifan media dalam meningkatkan keterampilan menulis teks dekripsi. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII. Data proses pengembangan diperoleh dari deskripsi kegiatan pendefinisian, perencanaan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran sedangkan kualitas pengembangan diperoleh dari hasil data 1) validitas 91,5% kategori sangat valid; 2) kepraktisan 90% kategori sangat praktis; dan 3) keefektifan 86,6% kategori sangat efektif. Penggunaan media Desdas dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menyajikan teks fantasi dengan kategori sangat layak untuk diimplementasikan dalam pembelajaran dan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menyajikan teks fantasi siswa kelas VII.
Diagnostic Value Of Post Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure Response In Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Jawhar Ghazi Asi , AL- Marayati Amal N. , Alhaleem Mahmood Riyadh
Published: April 2021

Background: The normal decline in systolic blood pressure during recovery phase of treadmill exercise dose not occur in most patients with coronary artery disease, in others recovery values systolic blood pressure may even exceed the peak exercise value. Objectives: Treadmill exercise test parameters indicating the presence and extent of coronary artery disease have traditionally included such as exercise duration, blood pressure and ST-segment response to exercise. The three –minute systolic blood pressure ratio is another important indicator of presence and significance of coronary artery disease is useful and obtainable measure that can be applied in all patients who are undergoing stress testing for evaluation of suspected ischemic heart disease and this increase the sensitivity of exercise test . Type of the study: A prospective study. Methods: Between April 2011 and April 2012 ,all patients underwent treadmill exercise test , echocardiography coronary angiography in Ibn Ab-bitar Hospital Cardiac Surgery. Clinical and procedural data for patients undergoing treadmill and coronary angiography were prospectively collected and entered into database specially designed for the present study.To calculate mean systolic blood pressure ratio for each , Measurement of blood pressure in the 3rd minute of recovery time and divided by peak systolic blood pressure during exercise test ,after excluding patients . Coronary angiography was done for all patients who under went treadmill exercise test and multiple views were taken accordingly to clarify the lesion and critical lesion defined as >50% stenosis in LMS and >70% stenosis in LAD,LCX and RCA. Results: We studied 100 patients In the period from April 2011 to April 2012, 78(78%) male and 22 (22%) a female with a mean age 55.49±7.60 who undergone treadmill exercise testing and coronary angiography to assess the chest pain, 32 patient had normal blood pressure 68 had hypertension and 24 patients had normal coronary angiography and 76 patients had abnormal coronary angiography. SBP/3 minute recovery blood pressure ratio was significantly higher in patient with coronary artery disease than patient without coronary artery disease (mean ±SD O.92±0.09 VS 0.81 SBP/3 minute recovery blood pressure ratio was significantly related with the severity of coronary artery disease its higher in three vessels than one vessel disease 0.95±0.10 vs0. 91 ±0.01 p-value 0.0001. Conclusions: post exercise blood pressure response in patients with coronary artery diseaseis higher than patients with normal coronary artery .post exercise blood pressure is related to the severity of coronary artery disease
Pendidikan Masyarakat Modern dan Tradisional dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Sosial dan Modernisasi
Authors: Rizik Miftahur , Hasibuan Lias , Anwar Us Kasful
Published: April 2021

Perubahan sosial dan modernisasi merupakan hal yang tidak dapat terelakkan dalam kehidupan saat ini. Perubahan-perubahan yang begitu cepat terjadi di masyarakat tentunya akan berdampak positif dan negatif tergantung bagaimana menyikapinya. Akan ada konsekuensi yang akan ditanggung pada berbagai aspek kehidupan masyarakat dalam menghadapai perubahan sosial dan modernisasi ini. Perubahan sosial dan modernisasi di tandai dengan berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Maka peran pendidikan menjadi sangat penting bagi masyarakat agar mampu beradaptasi dengan cepat dengan perubahan ini. Pendidikan diharapkan mampu meningkatkan sumber daya masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan dengan baik sumber daya alam yang ada disekitarnya.
Преводът на Анастас Гранитски „За тръговско писмописание“ от 1858 г.: уводни бележки / Anastas Granitski’s Translation on Commercial Writing (1858): Introductory Notes
Authors: Nikolova Nadka
Published: April 2021

The paper deals with a part of Anastas Granitski’s 1858 translation of „Тръ¬говско рѫководство“ (A Trade Guide) by Konstantinos Melas, a work dedicated to commercial writing. A short excursion on the circumstances surrounding the translation of the educational encyclopedia is offered along with an overview of its contents. The part On Trade Letters, which according to Anastas Granitski is the “soul of trade”, is studied in detail. It describes eleven types of letters that were common and often used by merchants – therefore a reference to the instructions for compiling them in the manual was inevitable for the modern merchant from the second half of the 19th century. Moreover, since the Greek original was undoubtedly influenced by French models, the translation acted as a bridge between the most recent examples of business correspondence from the European Mediterranean and merchants from the Balkans. This predetermines the hypothesis that these letters could function as a norm in terms of spelling and language features, genre specifics and the means of administrative and legal expression, terminology and technical layout – a number of topics to be studied in future research.
Keywords: Bulgarian National Revival; Anastas Granitski; translation; trade letters; business correspondence
За нормативната граматика / Towards Normative Grammar
Authors: Stancheva Ruska
Published: April 2021

The work presents differences between descriptive and normative grammar. The theoretical prerequisites of modern normative grammar and the principles on which the normative description is based are derived. The specific goals of the development of normative grammar of the Modern Bulgarian are defined. The tasks for their implementation are also outlined.
Keywords: normative grammar, standard language, codification
Един фрагмент от процеса на преконфигуриране на дублетността в българския книжовен език (върху съществителните пожертвование и пожертвувание; самопожертвование; себепожертвование) / A Fragment of the Process of Reconfiguration of Doublets in the Standard Bulgarian Language (Based on the Nouns Pozhertvovanie and Pozhertvuvanie; Samopozhertvovanie; Sebepozhertvovanie)
Authors: Zlateva Zhaneta , Aleksandrova Tatyana
Published: April 2021

The paper discusses the dynamics of the codification of a small group verbal nouns formed with the suffixes -ovanie and -uvanie in Bulgarian standard language. The rea-sons for keeping, eliminating or reconfiguration of these doublets in the newest orthography dictionaries have been analyzed. The paper examines the factors that determine their normative status, associated with diachronic processes in language and with modern language tendencies and codification decisions in other items of the language system as well.
Keywords: Bulgarian standard language, codification, doublets, verbal nouns, nouns formed with suffixes -ovanie and -uvanie
КЪМ ПРОБЛЕМА ЗА РАЗГРАНИЧАВАНЕТО НА ДИАЛЕКТИТЕ
НА БЛИЗКОРОДСТВЕНИ ЕЗИЦИ НА ЛЕКСИКАЛНО РАВНИЩЕ / ON THE DISTINCTION OF DIALECTS OF CLOSELY RELATED LANGUAGES AT THE LEXICAL LEVEL
Authors: ANTONOVA-VASILEVA LUCHIA
Published: April 2021

The article studies dialectal differences between Bulgarian and Serbian at the le-xical level based on data from a dialect spoken in the area of the Kosovo-Moravian dialects which is classified as a regional variety of Bulgarian according to onomastic and linguistic evidence. The author draws on material from the dialect of the village of Rahovets, Prizren Region, in the Republic of Kosovo, and provides information about the location of the settlement and the features of the dialect. She studies lexemes from the common Slavic words stock and the common Bulgarian vocabulary, cases of com-pe¬tition between lexemes typical of Serbian and ones characteristic of Bulgarian, as well as dialect-specific lexemes found in the Rahovets dialect.
ЗАСТЪПНИЦИ НА ПРАСЛАВЯНСКИТЕ СЪЧЕТАНИЯ *TJ, *DJ, *KT’ И ПАЛАТАЛИЗАЦИОННИ ПРОМЕНИ НА СЪГЛАСНИТЕ Т, Д, К И Г ВЪВ ФОНЕТИЧНАТА СИСТЕМА НА ГОВОРА НА СЕЛО РЕЧАНЕ, ПРИЗРЕНСКО – НОВИ ДАННИ / THE REFLEXES OF THE PROTO-SLAVIC COMBINATIONS *TJ, *DJ, *KT’ AND PALATALISATION CHANGES IN THE PLOSIVES Т, Д, К AND Г IN THE PHONETIC SYSTEM OF THE DIALECT OF THE VILLAGE OF RECHANE, PRIZREN REGION – NEW DATA
Authors: GARAVALOVA ILIYANA
Published: April 2021

The article traces the phonetic changes that took place in the Proto-Slavic combinations *tj, *dj, *kt’ as well as the changes in the plosives т, д, к and г that resulted in the reflexes шт, дж, ч, ж. The goal is to highlight certain diagnostic fea¬tures specific for Bulgarian that are completely functional in the dialect under discussion as further confirmation of its affiliation to the Bulgarian dialects, as well as to bring into focus the fact that the dialect’s localisation at the westernmost part of the Bulgarian linguistic territory provides evidence for the continuity of the Bulgarian linguistic continuum and the geographical position of its western border. The proposed analysis of the soft consonant system of the dialect of the village of Rechane in the Priz¬ren Region is based on material collected by the author during the conduction of prepa¬ratory courses for university entrance exams in Bulgarian language, literature, history and culture for the local Bulgarian minority during the period 2015–2019.
Hailey-Hailey Disease: A Case Study Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Shweta  , Rai Vijetha , Vaidhya Kuladeepa Ananda , Sukesh
Published: April 2021

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also called as familial benign chronic pemphigus, is a rare
autosomal dominant blistering skin disease with waxing and waning in its clinical course. It is characterized by the presence of flaccid vesiculo-pustules, crusted erosions or expanding plaques in the areas of friction such as neck, axilla, groins, and perineum. His to pathologically shows suprabasal separations, inconspicuous dyskeratosis, acantholytic cells within the epidermis, giving a dilapidated brick wall appearance. Here we have discussed about the clinical and histopathological features of HHD and various differential diagnosis for this disease.
REVIEW ABOUT DIABETES MELLITUS AND URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Authors:   Israa Qusay, QASIM Mohammed Jasim , FALIH Israa Qusay
Published: April 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical disease correlated with a deficiency of insulin secretion or action. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global burden of diabetes is rising due to increasing obesity and population aging. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common microbial infections known to affect the different parts of the urinary tract accounting for major antibacterial drug consumption. About 150 million UTI cases were diagnosed every year. Urinary tract infections are the most important and most common site of infections in a diabetic patient. Diabetic patients have been found to have a 5-fold frequency of acute pyelonephritis at autopsy than non-diabetics. Most of the urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes are relatively asymptomatic. The presence of this syndrome predisposes to much more severe infections, particularly in patients with acute ketoacidosis, poor diabetic control, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, vasculopathy, and nephropathy. The Gram-negative aerobic bacilli are the large group of bacterial pathogens that cause UTI with few species of Gram-positive bacteria. However, some fungi, parasites, and viruses have also been reported to invade the urinary tract. Urinary tract infection affects women more than men due to several factors such as proximity of the genital tract to the urethra, anatomy of the female urethra, sexual activity, menopause, and pregnancy. Other possible risk factors of UTI include allergy, obesity, diabetes, past history of UTI, contraceptive use, catheter use, and family history.
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CURCUMIN FROM TURMERIC RHIZOMES GROWN IN MÉRIDA, VENEZUELA
Authors: RAMÍREZ Jeans Wills , GUILLEN Marilia , DELGADO Gerzon E.
Published: April 2021

The extraction of naturally occurring compounds is one of the fastest-growing industries because of its benefits against its synthetic analogs. Environmental protection must require the use of natural products instead of chemicals to minimize pollution. Thus, this investigation studies the use of some natural product, as curcumin, as naturally occurring acid‐base indicators. Curcumin can be used as acid-base indicators since it was found that it possesses pH-dependent solubility. Curcumin, the major active component of turmeric, Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), is used as a spice in curry and as a coloring agent in yellow mustards, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and hair dyes. In this research, the main compound colored rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa) cultivated in Mérida, Venezuela, is extracted: Curcumin (C21H20O6) (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, in a yield of 3.42% after 8 hours of extraction using soxhlet extractor system with organic solvents (hexane and ethanol). The thin-layer chromatography and column performed separation and purification using a mobile phase, a mixture of chloroform-hexane 3:2. The dye was characterized by spectroscopic analysis of visible ultraviolet (UV-Vis) and infrared (IR), in addition to his studio in steering sensitivity as an acid-base indicator. This dye is useful as an acid-base indicator in strong acid-strong base volumes and did not require large amounts of it as it has high sensitivity. The results indicate that curcumin as an acid-base indicator allows the development of new standards in different chemistry fields that require this type of analysis.
Embers of War
Authors: McClelland Grigor
Published: April 2021

Grigor McClelland served as a Quaker relief worker in British-occupied Germany between May 1945 and June 1946, working first for "Displaced Persons" who had been brought to work in Germany during the war and stranded there. These were mainly Russians and Poles, but also people from most of the other countries of Europe, often perplexed as to whether they could or should return home. From December 1945 McClelland and his team transferred to work on the problems of the German population in part of the Ruhr. They distributed food and other supplies, helped German welfare and youth organizations to start again, and liaised closely with the British Military Government and with the new civilian administration, working cheek by jowl with the Swedish and Swiss agencies. The team had entered Germany whilst General Montgomery's "non-fraternization" order was in force, but soon their lives mingled with those of Germans, they sat up late at night with them, discussing religion, politics, literature and art, and developed some lasting friendships. McClelland met many survivors of Nazi concentration camps and visited two camps run by the British for Nazis and suspected Nazis.He heard Pastor Martin Niemoeller talk about the Guilt Question to a hostile audience of Westphalian pastors, and visited the War Crimes Trial at Nuremberg. He and his fellow workers were addressed by General Montgomery, and met the saintly pacifist, Pastor Wilhelm Mensching, and his congregation. The letters in this book, which were written by McClelland during those 13 months in Germany, provide a day-by-day account of the relief team's life and work, the conditions they tackled and the people they met.
Syria and the Neutrality Trap
Authors: Wieland Carsten
Published: April 2021

The Syrian war has been an example of the abuse and insufficient delivery of humanitarian assistance. According to international practice, humanitarian aid should be channelled through a state government that bears a particular responsibility for its population. Yet in Syria, the bulk of relief went through Damascus while the regime caused the vast majority of civilian deaths. Should the UN have severed its cooperation with the government and neglected its humanitarian duty to help all people in need? Decision-makers face these tough policy dilemmas, and often the “neutrality trap” snaps shut.

This book discusses the political and moral considerations of how to respond to a brutal and complex crisis while adhering to international law and practice. The author, a scholar and senior diplomat involved in the UN peace talks in Geneva, draws from first-hand diplomatic, practitioner and UN sources. He sheds light on the UN’s credibility crisis and the wider implications for the development of international humanitarian and human rights law. He is concerned about the silent retrogression towards absolute state-sovereignty, the death of Responsibility to Protect, an increasing numbness and lethargy on violations, a rise of bilateralism, and the dwindling respect for international law and institutions that have accompanied the Syrian crisis.

The meticulous account of current international practice is both insightful and disturbing. It tackles the painful lessons learnt and provides recommendations for future challenges where politics fails and humanitarians fill the moral void.
Another Day’s Begun
Authors: Sherman Howard
Published: April 2021

A work of startling originality when it debuted in 1938, Thornton Wilder’s Our Town evolved to be seen by some as a vintage slice of early 20th-Century Americana, rather than being fully appreciated for its complex and eternal themes and its deceptively simple form. This unique and timely book shines a light on the play’s continued impact in the 21st century and makes a case for the healing powers of Wilder’s text to a world confronting multiple crises. Through extensive interviews with more than 100 artists about their own experience of the play and its impact on them professionally and personally – and including background on the play’s early years and its pervasiveness in American culture – Another Day’s Begun shows why this particular work remains so important, essential, and beloved.

Every production of Our Town has a story to tell beyond Wilder’s own. One year after the tragedy of 9/11, Paul Newman, in his final stage appearance, played the Stage Manager in Our Town on Broadway. Director David Cromer’s 2008 Chicago interpretation would play in five more cities, ultimately becoming New York’s longest-running Our Town ever. In 2013, incarcerated men at Sing Sing Correctional Facility brought Grover’s Corners inside a maximum security prison. After the 2017 arena bombing in Manchester UK, the Royal Exchange Theatre chose Our Town as its offering to the stricken community.

80 years after it was written, more than 110 years after its actions take place, Our Town continues to assert itself as an essential play about how we must embrace and appreciate the value of life itself. Another Day’s Begun explains how this American classic has the power to inspire, heal and endure in the modern day, onstage and beyond.
Freak Show Legacies
Authors: Cross Gary
Published: April 2021

Society has long been fascinated with the freakish, shocking and strange. In this book Gary Cross shows how freakish elements have been embedded in modern popular culture over the course of the 20th century despite the evident disenchantment with this once widespread cultural outlet. Exploring how the spectacle of freakishness conflicted with genteel culture, he shows how the condemnation of the freak show by middle-class America led to a transformation and merging of genteel and freak culture through the cute, the camp and the creepy.

Though the carnival and circus freak was marginalised by the 1960s and had largely disappeared by the 1980s, forms of freakish culture survived and today appear in reality TV, fast-paced movies, dark comedies and the popularity of tattoos. Legacies of the Irrepressible Freak will focus less on the individual ‘freak’ as ‘the other’ in society, and more on the audience for the freakish and the transformation of wonder, sensibility and sensitivity that this phenomenon entailed. It will use the phenomenon of ‘the freak’ to understand the transformation of American popular culture across the 20th century, identify elements of ‘the freak’ in popular culture both past and present, and ask how it has prevailed despite its apparent unpopularity.
Impact of a Care Bundle on the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Lee Jerome , Lee Winona , Kimata Chieko , Honda Alyssa , Charles Neal
Published: April 2021

Objective: Evaluate the impact of a care bundle on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonatal intensive care unit. Study Design: Retrospective, single-center, population comparison of patients diagnosed with NEC before and after implementing an NEC care bundle utilizing standardized feeding protocol, donor milk program, transfusion protocol, early antibiotic protocol, and restricted indomethacin use. Result: Incidence of NEC fell from 1.92 to 0.83% (P <0.0001). Incidence of NEC in the 23-27 weeks gestation group decreased from 14.21 to 6.09% (P = 0.0009). In the 28-30 weeks gestation group, NEC incidence decreased from 5.56 to 2.10% (P = 0.0096). Significant reduction of recurrent NEC and transfusion-associated NEC was observed. Conclusion: Implementation of an NEC care bundle reduced NEC incidence, with the greatest impact seen in the most vulnerable preterm and very preterm infants.
Monseñor Romero y la teología de la liberación
Authors: Maier Martin
Published: April 2021

No abstract available.
Revista latinoamericana de teología, Vol. 33, No. 99, 2016: 201-214.
Acompañar, discernir e integrar la fragilidad (El capítulo VIII de La alegría del amor)
Authors: Codina Víctor
Published: April 2021

No abstract available.
Revista latinoamericana de teología, Vol. 33, No. 99, 2016: 261-268.
Temas fundamentales de teología de la liberación
Authors: Aquino Júnior Francisco de
Published: April 2021

No abstract available.

Revista latinoamericana de teología, Vol. 34, No. 100, 2017: 15-37.