bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory Mates: An Evaluation of a Classroom-Based, Student-Focused Working Memory Intervention
Authors: Colmar Susan , Double Kit , Davis Nash , Sheldon Linda , Phillips Natalie , Cheng Matthew , Briddon Sophie
Published: June 2020

This applied experimental research tested the effectiveness of a universal, student-focused intervention (‘Memory Mates’), specifically focused on supporting students to use attention and working memory strategies within academic contexts, unlike computer-based programs. Memory Mates is presented in the form of icons and explanations, with the strategies embedded within the classroom. Analyses compared the impact of the intervention over 8 months in three schools with three control schools, comprising 13 Year 4 primary school classes. The intervention group students showed a significant improvement in mathematics and spelling; however, there was no differential effect on reading comprehension or academic engagement. Based on the present results, it is contended that implementing Memory Mates within classroom contexts demonstrated promising potential as a new approach to supporting academic progress.
THE LOGIC OF COMPARATIVE CARDINALITY
Authors: DING YIFENG , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , HOLLIDAY WESLEY H.
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the principles that one must add to Boolean algebra to capture reasoning not only about intersection, union, and complementation of sets, but also about the relative size of sets. We completely axiomatize such reasoning under the Cantorian definition of relative size in terms of injections.
Value extremity contributes to affective polarization in the US
Authors: Enders Adam M. , Lupton Robert N.
Published: June 2020

A wealth of research documents the rise of affective polarization, or the increasing disdain for the out-party in American politics. In this paper, we analyze ANES data from 1988 to 2016 to investigate the contribution of core value polarization to the phenomenon of out-party enmity. We find that greater differences in fundamental principles relate significantly to emotionally intense evaluations of the opposing party and its candidates, as well as the ideological out-group, independent of issue attitude extremity and the strength of one's partisan and ideological identities. Moreover, ANES panel data from 1992 to 1996 reveal that past value extremity promotes future affective polarization. These results are important for our understanding of the nature and extent of value-based polarization in American politics.
The longitudinal relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among adolescents
Authors: Ng Ai Kah , Hairi Noran Naqiah , Dahlui Maznah , Su Tin Tin , Jalaludin Muhammad Yazid , Abdul Majid Hazreen
Published: June 2020

The longitudinal relationship between muscle strength, dietary intake and physical activity among adolescents is not well understood. We investigated the trend and longitudinal effects of dietary intakes and physical activity scores on muscle strength in adolescents. This prospective cohort study consisted of 436 adolescents (134 males; 302 females) aged 13 years at baseline (2012) who were followed up at the ages of 15 (2014) and 17 (2016) years, respectively. We measured muscle strength using a calibrated hand dynamometer, estimated dietary intake with a 7-d dietary history and physical activity scores with a validated physical activity questionnaire for older children. A generalised estimating equation was used to examine the effect of dietary intakes and physical activity on muscle strength changes. The analysis was performed separately by sex. The muscle strength for males and females had increased within the 5-year period. The dietary intakes (energy and macronutrients) also increased initially but plateaued after the age of 15 years for both sexes. Females recorded a significant declining trend in physical activity scores compared with males as they grew older. A significant positive longitudinal relationship was found between protein (β= 0·035;P= 0·016), carbohydrate intake (β= 0·002;P= 0·013) and muscle strength among males. However, no longitudinal relationship was found between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among females. Higher protein and carbohydrate intake among males was associated with higher muscle strength but was not observed in females. Nutrition and physical activity focusing on strength building are required in early adolescence and need to be tailored to males and females accordingly.
Lower Cambrian facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy, NW France: framework for evaluation of basin-wide processes of sedimentation
Authors: Went David J.
Published: June 2020

A correlation and interpretation of the sequence stratigraphy of the lower Cambrian strata of NW France is presented and used to characterize basin-wide controls on processes of sedimentation. Deposition occurred in two basins, as two third-order stratigraphic sequences. A northern basin in the Cotentin was dominated by deposition of marine siliciclastic sediments of Sequence 1 (Cambrian Stages 2–3). The primary sediment input was from the NW at La Hague. A middle Normandy basin, SW of Caen, was characterized by deposition of platform carbonates and fine-grained, offshore siliciclastics in Sequence 1 and fluvio-deltaic and marine siliciclastics in Sequence 2 (Cambrian Stages 3–4). Major sediment input points lay to the west in Brittany and to the NE of Caen (in Sequence 2). Lowstand and transgressive systems tract strata dominate both sequences, with local preservation of highstand deposits in basin-centre locations. Fluvial deposits occur at basin margins and display sandstone-dominated facies typical of prevegetation systems. Two styles of fluvially dominated siliciclastic delta are recognized, which show delta-front strata composed of fluvial channels overlying either wave-formed deposits or hyperpycnites. The former formed on shallow shelves, whereas the latter formed where basin bathymetry was steeper and commonly fault controlled. Fossil microbial life forms are conspicuous in Sequence 1, as are intervals of low-diversity bioturbation. The balance of life forms is consistent with the punctuated replacement of algal matgrounds with mixgrounds during early Cambrian time. Super-mature quartz arenites were formed by high-energy wave processes on slowly aggrading basin flanks following marine transgression.
Maternal weight change between successive pregnancies: an opportunity for lifecourse obesity prevention
Authors: Alwan Nisreen A. , Grove Grace , Taylor Elizabeth , Ziauddeen Nida
Published: June 2020

Maternal obesity is a major risk factor for adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the child, including the serious public health problem of childhood obesity which is globally on the rise. Given the relatively intensive contact with health/care professionals following birth, the interpregnancy period provides a golden opportunity to focus on preconception and family health, and to introduce interventions that support mothers to achieve or maintain a healthy weight in preparation for their next pregnancy. In this review, we summarise the evidence on the association between interpregnancy weight gain with birth and obesity outcomes in the offspring. Gaining weight between pregnancies is associated with an increased risk of large-for-gestational age (LGA) birth, a predictor of childhood obesity, and weight loss between pregnancies in women with overweight or obesity seems protective against recurrent LGA. Interpregnancy weight loss seems to be negatively associated with birthweight. There is some suggestion that interpregnancy weight change may be associated with preterm birth, but the mechanisms are unclear and the direction depends if it is spontaneous or indicated. There is limited evidence on the direct positive link between maternal interpregnancy weight gain with gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension and obesity or overweight in childhood, with no studies using adult offspring adiposity outcomes. Improving preconception health and optimising weight before pregnancy could contribute to tackling the rise in childhood obesity. Research testing the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of interventions to optimise maternal weight and health during this period is needed, particularly in high-risk and disadvantaged groups.
A meta-analysis comparing cognitive function across the mood/psychosis diagnostic spectrum
Authors: Lynham Amy J. , Cleaver Siân L. , Jones Ian R. , Walters James T. R.
Published: June 2020

Background

The nature and degree of cognitive impairments in schizoaffective disorder is not well established. The aim of this meta-analysis was to characterise cognitive functioning in schizoaffective disorder and compare it with cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizoaffective disorder was considered both as a single category and as its two diagnostic subtypes, bipolar and depressive disorder.

Methods

Following a thorough literature search (468 records identified), we included 31 studies with a total of 1685 participants with schizoaffective disorder, 3357 with schizophrenia and 1095 with bipolar disorder. Meta-analyses were conducted for seven cognitive variables comparing performance between participants with schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia, and between schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder.

Results

Participants with schizoaffective disorder performed worse than those with bipolar disorder (g = −0.30) and better than those with schizophrenia (g = 0.17). Meta-analyses of the subtypes of schizoaffective disorder showed cognitive impairments in participants with the depressive subtype are closer in severity to those seen in participants with schizophrenia (g = 0.08), whereas those with the bipolar subtype were more impaired than those with bipolar disorder (g = −0.23) and less impaired than those with schizophrenia (g = 0.29). Participants with the depressive subtype had worse performance than those with the bipolar subtype but this was not significant (g = 0.25, p = 0.05).

Conclusion

Cognitive impairments increase in severity from bipolar disorder to schizoaffective disorder to schizophrenia. Differences between the subtypes of schizoaffective disorder suggest combining the subtypes of schizoaffective disorder may obscure a study's results and hamper efforts to understand the relationship between this disorder and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Annihilation or salvation? A philosophical case for preferring universalism to annihilationism
Authors: KRONEN JOHN , REITAN ERIC
Published: June 2020

InGod's Final Victory: A Comparative Philosophical Case for Universalism, we argue that for every version of the doctrine of hell there is a version of the doctrine of universal salvation that, granted traditional Christian teachings, is more philosophically defensible. This article explores whether a parallel case can be made for preferring universalism to annihilationism. While assuming for the sake of this article that the chief arguments for favouring universalism over the doctrine of hell, developed inGod's Final Victory, are strong, we argue that a comparably strong parallel case for favouring universalism to annihilationism can indeed be made.
Towards greater impact in health technology assessment: horizon scanning for new and emerging technologies in Singapore
Authors: Wong Wan Qing , Lin Liang , Ju Hong , Ng Kwong
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To alert policy makers early about emerging health technologies that could significantly impact the healthcare system at the clinical, financial and organizational levels, the Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE) in Singapore established a horizon scanning system (HSS) in 2019. This paper describes the development of the ACE HSS and showcases its application with cell and gene therapy products as the first example.

Methods

A literature review of existing HSS methods, including the processes of the EuroScan International Network and other overseas horizon scanning agencies, was done to inform the development of our horizon scanning framework. The framework was first applied to the new and emerging cell and gene therapies.

Results

Identification sources, filtration and prioritization criteria, and horizon scanning outputs for the HSS were developed in alignment to international best practices, with recommendations for technology uptake represented by a traffic light system. For the first horizon scanning exercise on cell and gene therapies, forty therapies passed the filtration step, of which eight were prioritized for further assessment. The few early reports developed were used to inform and prepare the healthcare system for their potential introduction, particularly in terms of the need to develop health and funding policies.

Conclusions

Early assessment of prioritized topics has provided support for strategic efforts within the Ministry of Health. Given that ACE's horizon scanning program is still in its infancy, the framework will continue to evolve to ensure relevance to our stakeholders so that it remains fit for purpose for our healthcare system.
The merits of using Ethereum MainNet as a Coordination Blockchain for Ethereum Private Sidechains
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: June 2020

ACoordination Blockchainis a blockchain that coordinates activities of multiple private blockchains. This paper discusses the pros and cons of using Ethereum MainNet, the public Ethereum blockchain, as a Coordination Blockchain. The requirements Ethereum MainNet needs to fulfil to perform this role are analyzed within the context of Ethereum Private Sidechains, a private blockchain technology which allows many blockchains to be operated in parallel, and allows atomic crosschain transactions to execute across blockchains. We found that Ethereum MainNet is best suited to storing long-term static data that need to be widely available, such as the Ethereum Registration Authority information. However, due to Ethereum MainNet’s probabilistic finality, it is not well suited to information that needs to be available and acted upon immediately, such as the Sidechain Public Keys and Atomic Crosschain Transaction state information that need to be accessible prior to the first atomic crosschain transaction being issued on a sidechain. Although this paper examined the use of Ethereum MainNet as a Coordination Blockchain within reference to Ethereum Private Sidechains, the discussions and observations of the typical tasks a Coordination Blockchain may be expected to perform are applicable more widely to any multi-blockchain system.
Economic Legitimation in a New Era: Public Attitudes to State Ownership and Market Regulation in China
Authors: Eaton Sarah , Hasmath Reza
Published: June 2020

Autocrats typically seek public support on the basis of economic growth-promotion and redistribution policies, and China is no exception. As important as these factors are for authoritarian resilience, we argue that economic legitimation is a more complex phenomenon than has previously been acknowledged. Beyond improvements in material well-being, citizens form judgements about the state's effectiveness in carrying out a variety of economic roles beyond growth promotion and they also care about the fairness of these market interventions. In this study, we use original survey data collected in late 2015 and early 2016 to evaluate Chinese citizens’ perceptions of two economic roles of the state that have been hotly debated in recent years: state ownership and market regulation. We find that while citizens view the ideas of state ownership and interventionist regulation in a generally positive light, suggesting a broad level of agreement in Chinese society about what economic functions the state ought to perform, perceptions of how the state actually carries out these roles are more mixed. Our results show that the urban young are especially inclined to critical evaluations, raising the question of how the Chinese Communist Party's legitimation strategy will fare under conditions of inter-generational value change.
Association of spontaneous abortion and Ureaplasma parvum detected in placental tissue
Authors: Oliveira C. N. T. , Oliveira M. T. S. , Oliveira H. B. M. , Silva L. S. C. , Freire R. S. , Santos Júnior M. N. , Oliveira M. V. , Timenetsky J. , Campos G. B. , Marques L. M.
Published: June 2020

Spontaneous abortion is considered a public health problem having several causes, including infections. Among the infectious agents, bacteria of the vaginal microbiota and Ureaplasma parvum have been associated with abortion, but their participation needs to be further elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the influence of Mollicutes on the development of spontaneous abortion. Women who underwent spontaneous abortion and those with normal birth (control) were studied. Samples of cervical mucus (CM) and placental tissue were collected to identify Mollicutes using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodology. Eighty-nine women who had a miscarriage and 20 women with normal pregnancies were studied. The presence of Mollicutes in placental tissue increased the chance of developing miscarriage sevenfold. The prevalence of U. parvum in women who experienced spontaneous abortion was 66.3% in placental tissue. A positive association was observed between the detection of U. parvum in samples of placental tissue and abortion. There was a significant increase in microbial load in placental tissue for M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum compared to the control group. Detection of U. parvum in CM in pregnant women can ascend to the region of the placental tissue and trigger a spontaneous abortion.
Managing uncertainty: Principles for improved decision making
Authors: Kaye P. H. , Smith A. D. , Strudwick M. J. , White M. , Bird C. E. L. , Aggarwal G. , Durkin T. , Marcuson T. A. G. , Masters T. R. , Regan N. , Restrepo S. , Toller J. R. , White S. , Wilkinson R.
Published: June 2020

Effective management of uncertainty can lead to better, more informed decisions. However, many decision makers and their advisers do not always face up to uncertainty, in part because there is little constructive guidance or tools available to help. This paper outlines six Uncertainty Principles to manage uncertainty.

Face up to uncertainty

Deconstruct the problem

Don’t be fooled (un/intentional biases)

Models can be helpful, but also dangerous

Think about adaptability and resilience

Bring people with you

These were arrived at following extensive discussions and literature reviews over a 5-year period. While this is an important topic for actuaries, the intended audience is any decision maker or advisor in any sector (public or private).
CBDX: a workhorse mortality model from the Cairns–Blake–Dowd family
Authors: Dowd Kevin , Cairns Andrew J. G. , Blake David
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to identify a workhorse mortality model for the adult age range (i.e., excluding the accident hump and younger ages). It applies the “general procedure” (GP) of Hunt & Blake [(2014), North American Actuarial Journal, 18, 116–138] to identify an age-period model that fits the data well before adding in a cohort effect that captures the residual year-of-birth effects arising in the original age-period model. The resulting model is intended to be suitable for a variety of populations, but economises on the number of period effects in comparison with a full implementation of the GP. We estimate the model using two different iterative maximum likelihood (ML) approaches – one Partial ML and the other Full ML – that avoid the need to specify identifiability constraints.
Interspecific and Intrashell Stable Isotope Variation Among the Red Sea Giant Clams
Authors: Killam Daniel , Thomas Ryan , Al‐Najjar Tariq , Clapham Matthew
Published: June 2020

The Gulf of Aqaba is home to three giant clam species with differing ecological niches and levels of photosymbiotic activity. Giant clams grow a two‐layered shell where the outer layer is precipitated in close association with photosymbiont‐bearing siphonal mantle, and the inner layer is grown in association with the light‐starved inner mantle. We collected 39 shells of the three species (the cosmopolitan Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, as well as the rare endemic T. squamosina) and measured carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from inner and outer shell layers, to test for differences among species and between the layers of their shells. T. squamosina records higher temperatures of shell formation as determined by oxygen isotope paleothermometry, consistent with its status as an obligately shallow‐dwelling species. However, the known negative fractionation imparted on tissue carbon isotopes by photosymbiotic algae did not produce measurable offsets in the carbonate δ13C values of the more symbiotic T. squamosina and T. maxima compared to the more heterotrophic T. squamosa. Across all species, outer shell layers recorded mean growth temperatures 1.8°C higher than corresponding inner layers, which we propose is a function of the high insolation, low albedo microenvironment of the outer mantle, and potentially the activity of the symbionts themselves. Population‐wide isotopic sampling of reef‐dwelling bivalve shells can help constrain the ecological niches of rare taxa and help reconstruct their internal physiology.
Glider Observations of the Northwestern Iberian Margin During an Exceptional Summer Upwelling Season
Authors: Rollo Callum , Heywood Karen J. , Hall Rob A. , Barton Eric Desmond , Kaiser Jan
Published: June 2020

Glider observations from the Northwestern Iberian Margin during the exceptionally strong 2010 summer upwelling season resolved the evolution of physical and biogeochemical variables during two upwelling events. Upwelling brought low‐oxygen Eastern North Atlantic Central Water from 190 m depth onto the shelf up to a depth of 50 m. During the two observed periods of upwelling, a poleward jet developed over the shelf break. The persistent upwelling favorable winds maintained equatorward flow on the outer shelf for 2 months with no reversals during relaxation periods, a phenomenon not previously observed. During upwelling, near‐surface chlorophyll a concentration increased by more than 6 mg m−3. Oxygen supersaturation in the near surface increased by more than 20%, 6 days after the chlorophyll a maximum.
Simulating Agriculture in the Community Land Model Version 5
Authors: Lombardozzi Danica L. , Lu Yaqiong , Lawrence Peter J. , Lawrence David M. , Swenson Sean , Oleson Keith W. , Wieder William R. , Ainsworth Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2020

Agricultural expansion and management have greatly increased global food production and altered Earth's climate by changing physical and biogeochemical properties of terrestrial ecosystems. Few Earth system models represent agricultural management practices due to the complexity of the interactions between human decisions and biological processes on global scales. We describe the new capabilities of representing crop distributions and management in the Community Land Model (CLM) Version 5, which includes time‐varying spatial distributions of major crop types and their management through fertilization and irrigation, and temperature‐based phenological triggers. Including active crop management increases peak growing season gross primary productivity (GPP), increases the amplitude of Northern Hemisphere net ecosystem exchange, and changes seasonal and annual patterns of latent and sensible heat fluxes. The CLM5 crop model simulates the global observed historical trend of crop yields with relative fidelity from 1850 to 1990. Cropland expansion was important for increasing crop production, especially during the first century of the simulations, while fertilization and irrigation were important for increasing yields from 1950 onward. From 1990 to present day, observed crop production continued to increase while CLM5 production levels off, likely because intensification practices are not represented in the model. Specifically, CLM does not currently include increasing planting density, crop breeding and genetic modification, representations of tillage, or other management practices that may also affect crop‐climate and crop‐carbon cycle interactions and alter trends in yields. These results highlight the importance of including crop management in Earth system models, particularly as global data sets for parameterization and evaluation become more readily available.
The Fingerprints of Flexure in Slab Seismicity
Authors: Sandiford D. , Moresi L. M. , Sandiford M. , Farrington R. , Yang T.
Published: June 2020

Earthquake moment tensors in eastern Pacific (ePac) slabs typically show downdip tensional (DT) axes, whereas in the western Pacific (wPac), they typically show downdip compressional (DC) axes or have mixed orientations indicative of unbending. Prevailing conceptual models emphasize uniform stress/deformation modes, that is, bulk slab stretching or shortening, as the dominant control on intermediate depth seismic expression. In contrast, we propose that a diversity of seismic expression, including DT‐ and DC‐dominated regions, is consistent with expectations of flexural strain accumulation, based on systemic differences in slab geometry. Our analysis reveals two largely unrecognized features of ePac intraslab seismicity. First, earthquake clusters consistent with slab unbending are present in ePac slabs, albeit at much shallower depths than typical of wPac slabs. Second, intermediate depth ePac DT seismicity is strongly localized to the upper half of zones undergoing curvature increase, such as flat slab segments. Our study highlights how the seismic expression of slab flexure is impacted by the relative contribution of brittle and ductile deformation. The strongly asymmetric temperature structure that is preserved in sinking slabs means that seismicity disproportionately records the deformation regime in the colder part of the slab, above the neutral plane of bending. The expression of in‐plane stress may be discernible in terms of a systematic modifying effect on the seismic expression of flexure.
Runoff and Evapotranspiration Elasticities in the Western United States: Are They Consistent With Dooge's Complementary Relationship?
Authors: Xiao Mu , Gao Ming , Vogel Richard M. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: June 2020

Many studies have examined how runoff (Q) responds to long‐term changes in precipitation (P) and temperature (T), but the effects of potential evapotranspiration (PET) have received less attention. We examine observational data sets for P, T, and Q, along with PET estimated from observations, to determine the extent to which derived P and PET runoff elasticities (𝜀𝑃 and 𝜀𝑃𝐸𝑇, the fractional changes in runoff associated with given fractional changes in precipitation and PET, respectively) meet Dooge's complementary relationship (under certain conditions, 𝜀𝑃 + 𝜀𝑃𝐸𝑇 = 1). We apply three statistical methods and two hydrologic models to estimate 𝜀𝑃 and 𝜀𝑃𝐸𝑇 in 84 headwater river basins in California, Oregon, and Washington. We find that while the estimates of 𝜀𝑃 are generally consistent across two statistical estimators and one model‐based estimator, the estimates of 𝜀𝑃𝐸𝑇 using the statistical methods differ considerably (generally, they are much more negative) from the model‐based estimates, and some appear to be implausible. The model‐based estimates show better conformance to the complementary relationship (and in the median across sites, they sum to close to 1.0). We explore several factors that might explain the failure of the observation‐based estimators, including interaction between P and PET and nonclosure of the water budget at annual time scales.
Rayleigh Wave Attenuation Tomography in the Crust of the Chinese Mainland
Authors: Zhou Lianqing , Song Xiaodong , Yang Xiaoning , Zhao Cuiping
Published: June 2020

In this study, we report a first major effort to measure surface wave amplitudes and to map attenuation structures of the Chinese mainland with dense modern broadband seismic networks in the country. We developed a method of phase‐matched filtering to automatically extract fundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves and to measure the spectral amplitudes. The results are compatible with those from the previous manual method with great improvement in efficiency. Using the automatic method, we extracted a large quantity of the amplitudes of Rayleigh waves at periods of 10 and 20 s recorded by 141 broadband stations from the China Digital Seismograph Network and 656 broadband stations from the China Regional Seismic Network. We performed tomographic inversions using the method of two‐station amplitude ratios and obtained images of the surface wave attenuation maps at periods of 10 and 20 s for the Chinese mainland. The tomographic model resolution reaches 1–2° in central and eastern China, 3–5° in western China, and 5° in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and northeastern China. The tomographic results demonstrate good correspondence with geological structures. The distribution of strong historical earthquakes indicates that in the Chinese mainland, these earthquakes occurred mainly in high‐attenuation areas or the junctions between high‐ and low‐attenuation areas.
An Analysis of Trouvelot's Auroral Drawing on 1/2 March 1872: Plausible Evidence for Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Bhaskar Ankush , Hayakawa Hisashi , Oliveira Denny M. , Blake Sean , Silverman Sam M. , Ebihara Yusuke
Published: June 2020

This work examines Trouvelot's observations and drawing of an auroral display during the night of 1 March 1872. It is known that the auroral oval moves equatorward to midlatitude and even low latitude during large geomagnetic storms. Trouvelot's graphical record of the great aurora on 1 March 1872 has been often cited as a remarkable example of a midlatitude aurora, although it is puzzling that this apparently occurred on a geomagnetically quiet day. Kataoka et al. (2019, JSWSC, 9, A16) even criticised this as a dating error. Here, we investigate Trouvelot's descriptions and available geomagnetic measurements in detail. Our analysis shows that the original date of Trouvelot's auroral drawing is most probably accurate in local time. Moreover, Trouvelot's descriptions and the observational site show that the auroral visibility fell at the beginning of 2 March 1872 in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Consulting simultaneous variations of magnetograms at Helsinki and Greenwich, we found that the nightside aurora specifically coincides with the initial phase of the storm (substorm) and suggests a close association with a substorm triggered by sudden magnetospheric compression. This case study shows that short geomagnetic storms can be overlooked in a daily aa index and they can also cause midlatitude aurorae. Moreover, we found ≈27‐day intervals between this storm, the extreme storms on 4–6 February 1872, and another “bright aurora” that was reported on 6 January 1872. Based on their intervals, these midlatitude aurorae have probably resulted from recurrent solar activity.
Cross‐Shore Structure of Tidally Driven Alongshore Flow Over Rough Bathymetry
Authors: Amador A. , Arzeno I. B. , Giddings S. N. , Merrifield M. A. , Pawlak G.
Published: June 2020

A tidally driven alongshore flow on the western coast of O'ahu Hawai'i is examined using velocity measurements from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) along with time series observations of the alongshore pressure gradient. Depth‐averaged velocities over the forereef shelf are reconstructed from AUV‐based velocity observations as a function of cross‐shore distance assuming a sinusoidal tidal periodicity. Ensemble phase averages of the alongshore pressure gradient and velocities from multiple AUV surveys reveal characteristics akin to an oscillatory boundary layer, with the nearshore flow leading the offshore flow in phase and with a corresponding velocity attenuation at shallower depths. Analysis of the depth‐averaged alongshore momentum equation indicates that the cross‐shore structure and evolution of the tidal boundary layer is well described by a balance between the local acceleration, the barotropic pressure gradient, and bottom drag. This primary balance allows estimation of the drag coefficient as a function of cross‐shore distance over depths spanning from 24 to 6 m. Results indicate that drag coefficients range from 0.004 to 0.010 [±0.002] over a 600 m cross‐shore forereef section. These estimates are in good agreement with previous results obtained at the 12 m isobath using fixed observations and compare favorably with roughness estimates from LIDAR and AUV‐based mapping. Roughness data suggest that larger scales, with wavelengths of O(10 m), play a more significant role than smaller meter‐scale roughness in determining the drag on the tidal flow.
Enlarged Nonclosure of Surface Energy Balance With Increasing Atmospheric Instabilities Linked to Changes in Coherent Structures
Authors: Gao Zhongming , Liu Heping , Chen Xingyuan , Huang Maoyi , Missik Justine E. C. , Yao Jingyu , Arntzen Evan , Mcfarland Douglas P.
Published: June 2020

The nonclosure of surface energy balance remains an outstanding problem in eddy covariance (EC) measurements of land‐surface fluxes of heat, water vapor, and CO2. Here data collected from an EC tower over a semiarid sagebrush ecosystem indicate that under unstable atmospheric conditions, the nonclosure becomes increased with increasing instability, consistent with many other studies. It is demonstrated that the increased nonclosure is not caused by the inadequate sampling of large‐scale turbulent motions using a 30‐min averaging interval, though the scales of turbulent motions dominating sensible and latent heat fluxes become enlarged with increasing instability. Quadrant analysis is then used to reveal that the flux contributions from ejections remain nearly constant with increasing instability, whereas the flux contributions from sweeps are reduced and their time fractions increase. Our results imply that the increased nonclosure of surface energy balance is associated with changes in turbulent structures including their dominant time scales and flux contributions of ejections and sweeps as the atmospheric instability increases, which require further studies using vertically distributed observations and/or large eddy simulations.
Promoting Equity and Resilience: Wellness Navigators’ Role in Addressing Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Barnett Miya L. , Kia-Keating Maryam , Ruth Andria , Garcia Mayra
Published: June 2020

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have demonstrable negative effects on long-term physical and mental health. Racial and ethnic minority children disproportionally experience ACEs due to the impacts of structural inequality and discrimination, which could drive health disparities. Pediatric settings offer an opportune context to address ACEs and improve health equity, and to link families to the necessary resources to promote resilience. Wellness navigators (WNs), who can reflect patients’ cultural, linguistic, and other shared characteristics, have the potential to improve patient care and integrated behavioral health services to mitigate the public health impact of ACEs. In the current study, bilingual and bicultural WNs helped to deliver ACEs screening and response to predominately Latinx patients in a pediatric service setting. Methods: Quantitative data on referrals made by WNs and qualitative interviews were analyzed to understand the role of WNs in ACEs screening. Results: Among families (infants and caregivers) that screened positive for ACEs, WNs addressed social determinants of health and, based on individual needs assessments, made referrals to community resources in over half of the cases. Insurance, childcare, and housing were the most frequent referral sources. WNs supported caregivers in initiating services with 94% of the referrals that were made. Qualitative interviews with medical providers and caregivers underscored WNs’ role in the ACEs screening process. Implications for ACEs screening, trauma-responsive pediatric care, and integrating WNs into an integrated behavioral health team are discussed.

Implications for Impact Statement

WNs play an important role in providing linkages to social services in response to ACEs screening within pediatric practices. Task-sharing between WNs and professional behavioral health providers can help address health disparities for low-income Latinx families impacted by childhood adversity.
ADAM12 is a costimulatory molecule that determines Th1 cell fate and mediates tissue inflammation
Authors: Liu Yawei , Bockermann Robert , Hadi Mahdieh , Safari Iman , Carrion Belinda , Kveiborg Marie , Issazadeh-Navikas Shohreh
Published: June 2020

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)12 was previously found to be expressed in T cells in the inflamed brain. However, the function of ADAM12 in T-cell responses in general and in tissue inflammation has not been examined. Here, we studied the role of ADAM12 in T-cell responses, fate determination on activation, and its functions in T cells to mediate tissue inflammation. We identified ADAM12 as a costimulatory molecule that is expressed on naive T cells and downregulated on stimulation. ADAM12 mimics CD28 costimulatory signaling to activate and induce the proliferation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. Monoclonal ADAM12 Fab antibodies trigger T-cell activation by amplifying TCR signaling to stimulate T-bet-mediated IFNγ production. Lack of genomicADAM12and its knockdown in T cells diminished T-bet and IFNγ production in Th1 cells, whereas other T cells, including Th17 cells, were unaffected. ADAM12 had similar functions in vivo on myelin antigen (MOG35–55)-induced T-cell activation. We found that genetic loss ofADAM12profoundly alleviated Th1-mediated neuroinflammation and thus disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Transcriptomic profiling of MOG35–55-specific ADAM12−/−T cells revealed differentially expressed genes that are important for T-cell activation, proliferation, and costimulatory signaling and Th1 pathogenicity, consistent with their inability to cause T-cell-mediated skin inflammation in a model of adoptive delayed-type hypersensitivity. We conclude that ADAM12 is a T-cell costimulatory molecule that contributes to the pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and a potential target for the treatment of Th1-mediated diseases.
The lateral septum mediates kinship behavior in the rat
Authors: Clemens Ann M. , Wang Hong , Brecht Michael
Published: June 2020

Evolutionary theory and behavioral biology suggest that kinship is an organizing principle of social behavior. The neural mechanisms that mediate kinship behavior are, however, not known. Experiments confirm a sibling-approach preference in young rat pups and a sibling-avoidance-preference in older pups. Lesions of the lateral septum eliminate such kin preferences. In vivo juxta-cellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the lateral septum show multisensory neuronal responses to kin and non-kin stimuli. Non-kin odor-responsive neurons are located dorsally and kin-odor responsive neurons are located ventrally in the lateral septum. With development, the fraction of kin-responsive lateral septal neurons decrease and ongoing firing rates increase. Lesion effects, developmental changes and the ordered representation of response preferences according to kinship—an organization we refer to as nepotopy—point to a key role of the lateral septum in organizing mammalian kinship behavior.
Structure of the polymerase ε holoenzyme and atomic model of the leading strand replisome
Authors: Yuan Zuanning , Georgescu Roxana , Schauer Grant D. , O’Donnell Michael E. , Li Huilin
Published: June 2020

The eukaryotic leading strand DNA polymerase (Pol) ε contains 4 subunits, Pol2, Dpb2, Dpb3 and Dpb4. Pol2 is a fusion of two B-family Pols; the N-terminal Pol module is catalytic and the C-terminal Pol module is non-catalytic. Despite extensive efforts, there is no atomic structure for Pol ε holoenzyme, critical to understanding how DNA synthesis is coordinated with unwinding and the DNA path through the CMG helicase-Pol ε-PCNA clamp. We show here a 3.5-Å cryo-EM structure of yeast Pol ε revealing that the Dpb3–Dpb4 subunits bridge the two DNA Pol modules of Pol2, holding them rigid. This information enabled an atomic model of the leading strand replisome. Interestingly, the model suggests that an OB fold in Dbp2 directs leading ssDNA from CMG to the Pol ε active site. These results complete the DNA path from entry of parental DNA into CMG to exit of daughter DNA from PCNA.
DNA double-strand breaks induce H2Ax phosphorylation domains in a contact-dependent manner
Authors: Collins Patrick L. , Purman Caitlin , Porter Sofia I. , Nganga Vincent , Saini Ankita , Hayer Katharina E. , Gurewitz Greer L. , Sleckman Barry P. , Bednarski Jeffrey J. , Bassing Craig H. , Oltz Eugene M.
Published: June 2020

Efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires a coordinated DNA Damage Response (DDR), which includes phosphorylation of histone H2Ax, forming γH2Ax. This histone modification spreads beyond the DSB into neighboring chromatin, generating a DDR platform that protects against end disassociation and degradation, minimizing chromosomal rearrangements. However, mechanisms that determine the breadth and intensity of γH2Ax domains remain unclear. Here, we show that chromosomal contacts of a DSB site are the primary determinants for γH2Ax landscapes. DSBs that disrupt a topological border permit extension of γH2Ax domains into both adjacent compartments. In contrast, DSBs near a border produce highly asymmetric DDR platforms, with γH2Ax nearly absent from one broken end. Collectively, our findings lend insights into a basic DNA repair mechanism and how the precise location of a DSB may influence genome integrity.
A robust Th-azole framework for highly efficient purification of C2H4 from a C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture
Authors: Xu Zhenzhen , Xiong Xiaohong , Xiong Jianbo , Krishna Rajamani , Li Libo , Fan Yaling , Luo Feng , Chen Banglin
Published: June 2020

Separation of C2H4 from C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture with high working capacity is still a challenging task. Herein, we deliberately design a Th-metal-organic framework (MOF) for highly efficient separation of C2H4 from a binary C2H6/C2H4 and ternary C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture. The synthesized MOF Azole-Th-1 shows a UiO-66-type structure with fcu topology built on a Th6 secondary building unit and a tetrazole-based linker. Such noticeable structure, is connected by a N,O-donor ligand with high chemical stability. At 100 kPa and 298 K Azole-Th-1 performs excellent separation of C2H4 (purity > 99.9%) from not only a binary C2H6/C2H4 (1:9, v/v) mixture but also a ternary mixture of C2H6/C2H2/C2H4 (9:1:90, v/v/v), and the corresponding working capacity can reach up to 1.13 and 1.34 mmol g−1, respectively. The separation mechanism, as unveiled by the density functional theory calculation, is due to a stronger van der Waals interaction between ethane and the MOF skeleton.
Structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary coupling between GPCRs and the Gi/o family
Authors: Kim Hee Ryung , Xu Jun , Maeda Shoji , Duc Nguyen Minh , Ahn Donghoon , Du Yang , Chung Ka Young
Published: June 2020

Heterotrimeric G proteins are categorized into four main families based on their function and sequence, Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13. One receptor can couple to more than one G protein subtype, and the coupling efficiency varies depending on the GPCR-G protein pair. However, the precise mechanism underlying different coupling efficiencies is unknown. Here, we study the structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary Gi/o coupling, using the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 2 (M2R) as the primary Gi/o-coupling receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR, which primarily couples to Gs) as the secondary Gi/o-coupling receptor. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies reveal that the engagement of the distal C-terminus of Gαi/o with the receptor differentiates primary and secondary Gi/o couplings. This study suggests that the conserved hydrophobic residue within the intracellular loop 2 of the receptor (residue 34.51) is not critical for primary Gi/o-coupling; however, it might be important for secondary Gi/o-coupling.
The Fire and Tree Mortality Database, for empirical modeling of individual tree mortality after fire
Authors: Cansler C. Alina , Hood Sharon M. , Varner J. Morgan , van Mantgem Phillip J. , Agne Michelle C. , Andrus Robert A. , Ayres Matthew P. , Ayres Bruce D. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Battaglia Michael A. , Bentz Barbara J. , Breece Carolyn R. , Brown James K. , Cluck Daniel R. , Coleman Tom W. , Corace R. Gregory , Covington W. Wallace , Cram Douglas S. , Cronan James B. , Crouse Joseph E. , Das Adrian J. , Davis Ryan S. , Dickinson Darci M. , Fitzgerald Stephen A. , Fulé Peter Z. , Ganio Lisa M. , Grayson Lindsay M. , Halpern Charles B. , Hanula Jim L. , Harvey Brian J. , Kevin Hiers J. , Huffman David W. , Keifer MaryBeth , Keyser Tara L. , Kobziar Leda N. , Kolb Thomas E. , Kolden Crystal A. , Kopper Karen E. , Kreitler Jason R. , Kreye Jesse K. , Latimer Andrew M. , Lerch Andrew P. , Lombardero Maria J. , McDaniel Virginia L. , McHugh Charles W. , McMillin Joel D. , Moghaddas Jason J. , O’Brien Joseph J. , Perrakis Daniel D. B. , Peterson David W. , Prichard Susan J. , Progar Robert A. , Raffa Kenneth F. , Reinhardt Elizabeth D. , Restaino Joseph C. , Roccaforte John P. , Rogers Brendan M. , Ryan Kevin C. , Safford Hugh D. , Santoro Alyson E. , Shearman Timothy M. , Shumate Alice M. , Sieg Carolyn H. , Smith Sheri L. , Smith Rebecca J. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Stuever Mary , Stevens Jens T. , Stoddard Michael T. , Thies Walter G. , Vaillant Nicole M. , Weiss Shelby A. , Westlind Douglas J. , Woolley Travis J. , Wright Micah C.
Published: June 2020

Wildland fires have a multitude of ecological effects in forests, woodlands, and savannas across the globe. A major focus of past research has been on tree mortality from fire, as trees provide a vast range of biological services. We assembled a database of individual-tree records from prescribed fires and wildfires in the United States. The Fire and Tree Mortality (FTM) database includes records from 164,293 individual trees with records of fire injury (crown scorch, bole char, etc.), tree diameter, and either mortality or top-kill up to ten years post-fire. Data span 142 species and 62 genera, from 409 fires occurring from 1981-2016. Additional variables such as insect attack are included when available. The FTM database can be used to evaluate individual fire-caused mortality models for pre-fire planning and post-fire decision support, to develop improved models, and to explore general patterns of individual fire-induced tree death. The database can also be used to identify knowledge gaps that could be addressed in future research.