bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in Greenhouse Area, 1991 to 2001
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canadas greenhouse area doubled between 1991 and 2001, to about 17.9 million square metres. Flowers have traditionally been the main greenhouse commodity, accounting for more than two-thirds of greenhouse sales in 2001. However, the demand for top-quality salad
makings is so great that vegetables are starting to challenge flowers. Total greenhouse product sales reached 1.86 billion Canadian dollars in 2001.
Average Maximum Snow Depth
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the average maximum snow depth in centimetres computed over 18 winter seasons (1979 to 1997). Over southern Canada this usually occurs in January or February, while the time of maximum accumulation occurs much later in mountain areas and in the
Arctic. The main features of the map are the pronounced maximum in snow accumulation over the western Cordillera, where snow depths can exceed several metres, with a secondary maximum over Quebec and Labrador. These maxima are related to their proximity to oceans, which act as sources of moisture
and winter storms, and to the orographic effect of the mountains in the case of western Canada. The two maxima are linked by a band of higher snow accumulation that follows the boreal forest zone; this is a preferred track for winter storms. To the north of this zone is the relatively shallow snow
cover of the Arctic (low snowfall with extensive wind packing). To the south, the depth of snow is limited by the shorter accumulation season and the substantial sublimation of snow over the Canadian Prairies.
Average Annual Employment Growth, 2001 - 2006 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 2001 and 2006, total employment in Canada increased at an annual average rate of 1.7%, the fastest rate increase among the Group of Seven (G7) nations. Italy's growth rate of 1.2% was second followed by France and the United States of America.
Employment rose in every part of the country. Over the five years, the 1.7% annual average national employment growth rate was surpassed only in Alberta (2.9%) and British Columbia (2.1%) and the three territories. The map shows the average annual growth rate between 2001 and 2006 by
census division.
All Generating Stations, 1997 - By Capacity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the 1960s, several mining companies started systematically exploring for diamonds in Canada. Today, in addition to the Ekati mine, other diamond projects could reach production within few years. This map shows the location of the main Canadian diamond
exploration areas to the year 1997.
Aboriginal Population and Forested Areas
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the distribution of the Aboriginal population (including Indians, Métis and Inuit) in comparison to the location of forests. More than a quarter of the Aboriginal population live in urban centres located outside the forested areas; however,
nearly 80% of the Aboriginal communities are located in forested areas. Forests play an essential role in the lives of Aboriginal People.
Aboriginal Peoples circa 1630
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples early in the seventeenth century before the eastern population dislocations. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical societies
are Aboriginal peoples that were known by name and location to Europeans early in the seventeenth century. Also mapped are the major archaeological sites current to 1980. A linguistic family code identifies each ethnohistorical society on the map and is used to reference specific information for
each ethnohistorical society (refer to the Atlas of Canada's 5th Edition map Native Peoples 1630 for the information).
Human Components of Watersheds
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Apart from a source of drinking water, the water resources in watersheds supply water for irrigation and the production of hydroelectricity, and are a primary mode of transportation. Major water consumers are municipalities, agriculture, mining, manufacturing and
thermal power generation. The original map consisted of several optional layers to show the impact of human activity on watersheds and the utilization of watersheds for economic, social or cultural purposes. Only layers from the original map that could be viewed simultaneously without loss of
information are mapped. Refer to the map text for the complete list of the human components of watersheds that were originally mapped.
Significant Earthquakes and Seismic Hazard
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

An earthquake is the rapid shaking of the Earths surface that follows the sudden release of energy within the Earth. They are most commonly caused by movements along the edges of the plates that make up the Earths crust. Each year, more than 3500 mostly small
earthquakes are recorded in or near Canada, 50 of which can be felt. More than half of all the earthquakes in Canada occur along the west coast. There is also scattered activity in southeastern Canada and in the Arctic. The size of an earthquake is measured on a magnitude scale, and its intensity is
measured on the Modified Mercalli Scale. This map shows the most significant earthquakes recorded in Canada to 2006.
Freeze-up of Sea Ice
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Typical advance of sea ice over from late summer to late winter is shown on this map. Sea ice is any form of ice that is found at sea and has originated from the freezing of seawater. Formation of sea ice begins in mid-September in the Canadian Arctic and
advances southward through the onset of winter. Sea ice begins to form in the St. Lawrence estuary around the first of January, and advances from coastal inlets into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Sea ice in Canada normally reaches a maximum extent at the beginning of March. The map shows the typical
advance of the sea ice cover from late summer (mid-September) to late winter (mid-March). The dates shown in the legend of the map indicate the extent of the sea ice cover at those dates.
Age, 1996 - Later Working Years (35 to 64 years) by Census Division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The segment of the population between 35 and 64 years of age are considered the population in the latter half of their working life. They have, for the most part, finished having children, are in the upper end of their earning potential, children are leaving the
nest, mortgages are paid and assets are increasing. This map exhibits a few interesting patterns when compared with other maps in the age structure. Compared to the early working years group, the later working years segment is less concentrated in the inner parts of the city. Higher proportions are
evident on the census subdivision layer in areas outside of cities reflecting past suburban migration patterns. In the north the area outside the populated places is dominated by a high proportion of people in their later working years. Note that very small populations exist in many large census
divisions and subdivisions in the North.
Educational Attainment, 2001 - University Education (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2001, the proportion of the population (individuals aged 15 and older) with non-university post-secondary credentials had more than doubled since 1971 to 36%. This, added to the 15% with university qualifications, meant that more than one-half
(51%) of all Canadians aged 15 and over had post-secondary qualifications in 2001.
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, 2006 - College, CEGEP, non-university certificate or diploma (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census enumerated 13 012 475 adults aged 15 and over whose highest level of educational attainment was a trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree in 2006.
This was an increase of 32% from 9 864 970 in 2001. In 2006, 23% of Canadians aged 15 and over had completed a university certificate, diploma or degree, 17% had completed a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma and 11% had completed a trades certificate or diploma.
The proportion of the population aged 15 and over with a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest credential was 26% and those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent was 24%.
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, 2006 - College, CEGEP, non-university certificate or diploma (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census enumerated 13 012 475 adults aged 15 and over whose highest level of educational attainment was a trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree in 2006.
This was an increase of 32% from 9 864 970 in 2001. In 2006, 23% of Canadians aged 15 and over had completed a university certificate, diploma or degree, 17% had completed a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma and 11% had completed a trades certificate or diploma.
The proportion of the population aged 15 and over with a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest credential was 26% and those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent was 24%.
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, 2006 - University certificate, diploma or degree (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census enumerated 13 012 475 adults aged 15 and over whose highest level of educational attainment was a trades certificate or diploma; a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma; or a university certificate, diploma or degree in 2006.
This was an increase of 32% from 9 864 970 in 2001. In 2006, 23% of Canadians aged 15 and over had completed a university certificate, diploma or degree, 17% had completed a college, CEGEP or non-university certificate or diploma and 11% had completed a trades certificate or diploma.
The proportion of the population aged 15 and over with a high school diploma or equivalent as their highest credential was 26% and those with less than a high school diploma or equivalent was 24%.
Location of study inside Canada, same province or territory as province or territory of residence, 2006 (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the 2006 Census individuals aged 15 and over were asked to provide the location where their highest certificate, diploma or degree was obtained according to the boundaries in existence on Census Day, May 16, 2006. In 2006, 10% of Canadian postsecondary
graduates aged 15 and over had earned their highest certificate, diploma or degree outside the province or territory in which they resided in 2006. Another 16% had completed their highest postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree outside of Canada.
Family Structure, 1996 - Lone-parent Families
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Lone parents are not a new phenomenon in Canada, however an increase of 33% has been observed between 1986 and 1996. Today there are approximately 1 138 000 lone-parent families, and families headed by women continue to outnumber those headed by men by four
to one, or 83% of all lone-parent families. Lone parent families make up 22% o all families with children.
Marital Status, 1996: Separated
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In Canada, separation is usually seen as a transitional state before divorce or marriage annulment and perhaps remarriage. Many chose to remain single. In 1996, only 3% of persons 15 years of age or older were separated. These individuals are still considered
legally married, but no longer live with their spouse. Overall, the rate of marriage breakdowns has continued to rise significantly since the early 1900's as a result of changes to attitudes and perceptions of the institution of marriage. To a certain extent, religion and the influence of the church
has maintained some control over formal marriage dissolution through divorce.
Marital Status, 2006: Married (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, for the first time in Canadian history, there were more unmarried persons aged 15 years and over than legally married people. Just over one-half of Canadas population aged 15 years and over (51.5%) was unmarried; that is, they had never been legally
married (34.9%), or they were divorced (8.0%), widowed (6.2%) or separated (3.0%). Legally married people formed slightly less than half (47.9%) of the population. Twenty years earlier, 61.4% of the population aged 15 years and over was legally married, while 38.6% were
unmarried. Although the proportions of widowed and separated persons have remained relatively stable over the past two decades, increases have occurred largely among the divorced and, even more so, among the single (never legally married) population.
Marital Status, 2006: Widowed (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, for the first time in Canadian history, there were more unmarried persons aged 15 years and over than legally married people. Just over one-half of Canadas population aged 15 years and over (51.5%) was unmarried; that is, they had never been legally
married (34.9%), or they were divorced (8.0%), widowed (6.2%) or separated (3.0%). Legally married people formed slightly less than half (47.9%) of the population. Twenty years earlier, 61.4% of the population aged 15 years and over was legally married, while 38.6% were
unmarried. Although the proportions of widowed and separated persons have remained relatively stable over the past two decades, increases have occurred largely among the divorced and, even more so, among the single (never legally married) population.
Average Value of Dwelling, 2001 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The average value of a dwelling in Canada was $162 709 according to the 2001 Census, compared to the 1996 Census average of $147 877, an increase of 10%. All provinces and territories have experienced a rise in housing values, particularly in Alberta and
Ontario, markedly in Calgary, Ottawa and Toronto. The value of a dwelling is the dollar amount expected by the owner if the dwelling were to be sold and the average value pertains only to owner-occupied private dwellings, which do not include dwellings situated on farms, but can include
owner-occupied dwellings situated on rented or leased land or part of a condominium. The map shows the average value of owner occupied dwellings by census division.
Shelter Costs, 2006 - Average monthly payments for owner-occupied dwellings without a mortgage by census division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, the average monthly shelter cost for renter households was $728 and for owner households it was $998. For owners without a mortgage it was lower at $455 and for owners with a mortgage it was higher at $1393. Shelter costs are the average monthly total of
all shelter expenses paid by households to secure shelter. Shelter costs for owners may include the mortgage payment, property taxes, condominium fees and the costs of electricity, heat and municipal services. Shelter costs for renters may include rent and the costs of electricity, heat and
municipal services. The map shows by census division the average owners major (monthly) payments on shelter costs for households without a mortgage.
Shelter Costs, 2006 - Average monthly payments for owner-occupied dwellings with a mortgage by census division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, the average monthly shelter cost for renter households was $728 and for owner households it was $998. For owners without a mortgage it was lower at $455 and for owners with a mortgage it was higher at $1393. Shelter costs are the average monthly total of
all shelter expenses paid by households to secure shelter. Shelter costs for owners may include the mortgage payment, property taxes, condominium fees and the costs of electricity, heat and municipal services. Shelter costs for renters may include rent and the costs of electricity, heat and
municipal services. The map shows by census division the average owners major (monthly) payments on shelter costs for households with a mortgage.
Shelter Costs, 2006 - Average monthly payments for renter-occupied dwellings by census division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, the average monthly shelter cost for renter households was $728 and for owner households it was $998. For owners without a mortgage it was lower at $455 and for owners with a mortgage it was higher at $1393. Shelter costs are the average monthly total of
all shelter expenses paid by households to secure shelter. Shelter costs for owners may include the mortgage payment, property taxes, condominium fees and the costs of electricity, heat and municipal services. Shelter costs for renters may include rent and the costs of electricity, heat and
municipal services. The map shows by census division the average (monthly) rent for renter households.
Foreign-born Population, 2001: Foreign-born Population (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, 5.4 million people, or 18.4% of the total population, were born outside the country. This was the highest proportion since 1931, when foreign-born people made up 22.2% of the population. In 1996, the proportion was 17.4%. The map
shows the percentage of the total population that was foreign-born by census division.
Foreign-born Population, 2001 - Population Immigrated between 1991 and 2001 (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, 5.4 million people, or 18.4% of the total population, were born outside the country. This was the highest proportion since 1931, when foreign-born people made up 22.2% of the population. In 1996, the proportion was 17.4%. The map
shows the percentage of the total population that was foreign-born by census subdivision and immigrated between 1991 and 2001.
Foreign-born Population, 2001 - Population Immigrated before 1991 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, 5.4 million people, or 18.4% of the total population, were born outside the country. This was the highest proportion since 1931, when foreign-born people made up 22.2% of the population. In 1996, the proportion was 17.4%. The map
shows the percentage of the total population that was foreign-born by census division.
Index of Aboriginal Language Ability, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The Index of Ability compares the number of people who report being able to speak the language with the number who have that Aboriginal language as a mother tongue. The index has been compiled and mapped for each of the Aboriginal communities shown in the map
Aboriginal Languages by Community, 1996. Relatively higher values of this index may suggest some degree of language revival.
Mother Tongue, 2001 - French (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the 2001 Census, 22.9% of Canadians had French as their mother tongue, 59.1% English, and 18% neither of the two official languages. Mother tongue is defined as the first language a person learned at home in childhood and still understood at the
time of the census. A person with both English and French mother tongue learned both languages at home equally and still understands both. Persons whose mother tongue is neither English or French, in combination with one non-official language, or have neither English or French mother tongue fall in
the other language group.
Bilingualism, 2006 (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada has two official languages, English and French. In 2006, about 17.4% of the population were bilingual, as they were able to conduct a conversation in both official languages. People living in Quebec reported the highest percentage of being bilingual.
New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province in Canada, had the highest bilingualism rate among Anglophones (16.0%) outside Quebec. People living in Eastern Ontario and in the Greater Sudbury area also reported a higher rate of bilingualism compared to the other parts of Canada. For the
rest of Canada, the rate of bilingualism varied among the provinces and territories. In some regions, the rate of bilingualism reached as high as 15%.
Mother Tongue, 2006 - English (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census data showed that Anglophones, that is the population whose mother tongue is English, made up the majority of the population in Canada, about 57.8%. This was the case for all provinces and territories except Quebec, where the majority of the
population reported French as mother tongue. In total, 22.1% of the population in Canada were Francophones, which is the population with French as their mother tongue. Allophones, the population who reported a non-official language as mother tongue, made up 20%.
Mother Tongue, 2006 - French (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census data showed that Anglophones, that is the population whose mother tongue is English, made up the majority of the population in Canada, about 57.8%. This was the case for all provinces and territories except Quebec, where the majority of the
population reported French as mother tongue. In total, 22.1% of the population in Canada were Francophones, which is the population with French as their mother tongue. Allophones, the population who reported a non-official language as mother tongue, made up 20%.
Mother Tongue, 2006 - French (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census data showed that Anglophones, that is the population whose mother tongue is English, made up the majority of the population in Canada, about 57.8%. This was the case for all provinces and territories except Quebec, where the majority of the
population reported French as mother tongue. In total, 22.1% of the population in Canada were Francophones, which is the population with French as their mother tongue. Allophones, the population who reported a non-official language as mother tongue, made up 20%.
Mother Tongue, 2006 - Other Languages (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census data showed that Anglophones, that is the population whose mother tongue is English, made up the majority of the population in Canada, about 57.8%. This was the case for all provinces and territories except Quebec, where the majority of the
population reported French as mother tongue. In total, 22.1% of the population in Canada were Francophones, which is the population with French as their mother tongue. Allophones, the population who reported a non-official language as mother tongue, made up 20%.
Literacy Performance on 2003 Adult Literacy Skills Survey: Population Aged 16 and Over (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2003, the average prose literacy score for the Canadian population age 16 and over was 272 on a scale ranging from 0 to 500. Prose literacy is defined as the skills needed to understand and use information from texts. The average prose literacy scores were
above the national average in the Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Conversely, the average prose literacy scores of those of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador and Nunavut were below the Canadian average. Nova Scotia, the Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Ontario and Prince
Edward Island had average prose scores that were not statistically different than the Canadian averages. In Quebec there were significant variations in performance across the domains. This map depicts average prose scores by census divisions.
Literacy Performance on 2003 Adult Literacy Skills Survey: Population Aged 16 and Over (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2003, the average prose literacy score for the Canadian population age 16 and over was 272 on a scale ranging from 0 to 500. Prose literacy is defined as the skills needed to understand and use information from texts. The average prose literacy scores were
above the national average in the Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Conversely, the average prose literacy scores of those of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador and Nunavut were below the Canadian average. Nova Scotia, the Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Ontario and Prince
Edward Island had average prose scores that were not statistically different than the Canadian averages. In Quebec there were significant variations in performance across the domains. This map depicts average prose scores by census subdivisions.
Air Routes to Nunavut
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In Nunavut, aircrafts are the ideal form of transportation for people because of the enormous distances between communities and vast areas of permafrost. Air transportation has developed rapidly, and now all communities are served on a daily basis. This
contributes to Nunavuts economy because it allows for faster and easier access within the territory and to the southern regions.
Population Density, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The majority of the Canadian population, about 60% is concentrated within a thin belt of land representing 2.2% of the land between Windsor, Ontario and Quebec City. Even though Canada is the second largest country in the world in terms of land area, it
only ranks 33rd in terms of population. The agricultural areas in the Prairies and eastern Canada have higher population densities than the sparsely populated North, but not as high as southern Ontario or southern Quebec.
Aboriginal Population, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Aboriginal populations are most prominently found in the territories, but also in the north of the provinces. A large proportion of them are in fact found in northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta and Quebec. The northwestern coast of British Columbia also has
a high percentage of Aboriginal population. Most Aboriginal people in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador live in Labrador.
Inuit Population, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the distribution of the 41 000 persons identifying themselves as Inuit in the 1996 Census. Inuit are the Aboriginal people of Arctic Canada. The word « Inuit » means « the people » in Inuktitut, the Inuit language, and is the
term by which Inuit refer to themselves. The Inuit population is almost entirely situated north of the 50th parallel.
Métis Population, 2006 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the distribution of the population by census division who identified themselves in the 2006 Census as Métis. According to the 2006 Census, 389 785 people identified themselves as Métis.
Sex Composition (male) by Age, 2006 - Youth by Census Subdivision (under 15 years of age)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census subdivision.
Sex Composition (male) by Age, 2006 - Oldest Old by Census Division (80 years of age and older)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census division.
Sex Composition (male) by Age, 2006 - Later Working Years by Census Division (35 - 64 years old)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census division.
Sex Composition (female) by Age, 2006 - Later Working Years by Census Subdivision (35 - 64 years old)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census subdivision.
Sex Composition (female) by Age, 2006 - Golden Years by Census Division (65 - 79 years old)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census division.
Sex Composition (female) by Age, 2006 - Later Working Years by Census Division (35 - 64 years old)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In general, in most regions of Canada there are more females than males and this trend is particularly evident in areas with higher proportions of the population who are elderly. The preponderance of females in the older age groups is due to their higher life
expectancy compared to males. In 2006, Saskatchewan had the highest proportion (17.1%) of the female population that was 65 years and over, while Alberta (11.9%), and the three territories (7.2% for Yukon, 4.9% for the Northwest Territories, and 2.6% for Nunavut) had the lowest
proportions. The map shows the sex composition by age of the population by census division.
Sex Composition (male) by Marital Status, 2006 - Divorced (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, 49.4% of males and 46.5% of females aged 15 years and over were legally married (and not separated), while 2.7% of the males and 3.2% of the females were separated, but still legally married. The male and female proportions for divorced
people were 7.2% and 8.8% respectively. The gender gaps in the widowed and never married categories were larger: 2.5% of males and 9.7% of females were widowed while 38.2% of males, but only 31.8% of females were never legally married. In the case of the never married
population 15 years of age and over, the highest proportions occurred in Quebec (46.8% of men and 40.0% of women), and the three territories (Yukon: 46.6% of men and 40.7% of women; Northwest Territories: 54.4% of men and 49.4% of women; and Nunavut: 63.4% of men and
59.2% of women). On the other hand, the sexual divergence of rates between males and females never legally married was highest in Alberta (37.7% of males versus 30.4% for females or a 7.3% difference) and Saskatchewan (36.6% of males versus 29.3% for females or a 7.3%
spread). For the widowed population, this disparity was most pronounced for Saskatchewan (2.7% widowers versus 11.6% widows or an almost 9% difference). The map shows by census division the marital status of the population 15 years of age and over by gender.
Sex Composition (female) by Marital Status, 2006 - Separated (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006, 49.4% of males and 46.5% of females aged 15 years and over were legally married (and not separated), while 2.7% of the males and 3.2% of the females were separated, but still legally married. The male and female proportions for divorced
people were 7.2% and 8.8% respectively. The gender gaps in the widowed and never married categories were larger: 2.5% of males and 9.7% of females were widowed while 38.2% of males, but only 31.8% of females were never legally married. In the case of the never married
population 15 years of age and over, the highest proportions occurred in Quebec (46.8% of men and 40.0% of women), and the three territories (Yukon: 46.6% of men and 40.7% of women; Northwest Territories: 54.4% of men and 49.4% of women; and Nunavut: 63.4% of men and
59.2% of women). On the other hand, the sexual divergence of rates between males and females never legally married was highest in Alberta (37.7% of males versus 30.4% for females or a 7.3% difference) and Saskatchewan (36.6% of males versus 29.3% for females or a 7.3%
spread). For the widowed population, this disparity was most pronounced for Saskatchewan (2.7% widowers versus 11.6% widows or an almost 9% difference). The map shows by census division the marital status of the population 15 years of age and over by gender.
Visible Minority Population, 2006 - Filipino Population by Census Subdivision
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census estimated 5.1 million individuals who belonged to a visible minority. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. The visible minority
population has grown steadily over the last 25 years. In 1981, when data for the four Employment Equity designated groups were first derived, the estimated 1.1 million visible minorities represented 4.7% of Canada's total population. In 1991, 2.5 million people were members of the visible
minority population, 9.4% of the total population. The visible minority population further increased to 3.2 million in 1996, or 11.2% of the total population. By 2001, their numbers had reached an estimated 3.9 million or 13.4% of the total population. In 2006, the visible minorities
accounted for 16.2% of Canadas total population. This map shows the percentage of visible minorities (Filipino population) by census subdivisions.
Visible Minority Population, 2006 - Latin American Population by Census Subdivision
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census estimated 5.1 million individuals who belonged to a visible minority. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. The visible minority
population has grown steadily over the last 25 years. In 1981, when data for the four Employment Equity designated groups were first derived, the estimated 1.1 million visible minorities represented 4.7% of Canada's total population. In 1991, 2.5 million people were members of the visible
minority population, 9.4% of the total population. The visible minority population further increased to 3.2 million in 1996, or 11.2% of the total population. By 2001, their numbers had reached an estimated 3.9 million or 13.4% of the total population. In 2006, the visible minorities
accounted for 16.2% of Canadas total population. This map shows the percentage of visible minorities (Latin American population) by census subdivisions.
Visible Minority Population, 2006 - South Asian Population by Census Division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 2006 Census estimated 5.1 million individuals who belonged to a visible minority. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. The visible minority
population has grown steadily over the last 25 years. In 1981, when data for the four Employment Equity designated groups were first derived, the estimated 1.1 million visible minorities represented 4.7% of Canada's total population. In 1991, 2.5 million people were members of the visible
minority population, 9.4% of the total population. The visible minority population further increased to 3.2 million in 1996, or 11.2% of the total population. By 2001, their numbers had reached an estimated 3.9 million or 13.4% of the total population. In 2006, the visible minorities
accounted for 16.2% of Canadas total population. This map shows the percentage of visible minorities (South Asian population) by census divisions.
Quality of Life - Access to Health Resources
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Health resources make the production of health services possible. Access to health resources directly influences quality of life, as it directly impacts on quality of health care and the prolongation of life.
Quality of Life - Education
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Education is important for social mobility, participation and employment opportunity. High educational attainment level directly impacts quality of life, since it is closely linked to the ability to take advantage of employment opportunities and for social
mobility.
Quality of Life - Environment Quality
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The quality of the physical environment has effects on well-being, social participation and health. Populations with high spatial concentrations or densities (for example, the density of dwellings requiring major repairs) inversely influence quality of life, in
terms of social behaviour and health, since they 1) inversely impact on the landscape, interfering with the ability to enjoy and appreciate the environment; and 2) result in concentrations of poor housing conditions, thus inversely impacting upon the environment and health. High levels of air
pollution may severely impact health.
Quality of Life Economic Environment Indicator - Average Owner's Major Payments
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The economic environment represents the external conditions under which people are engaged in, and benefit from, economic activity. The indicators of the economic environment measure the ability of households to access goods and services important to quality of
life.
Quality of Life Physical Environment Indicator - Average Number of Persons per Room
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The physical environment represents the external conditions under which we live. This map shows the quality of the physical environment: the environment in which people live. It includes aspects of access to services, security and safety, and environmental
conditions pertaining to air quality and housing. Eight indicators have been used to assess aspects of the quality of the physical environment.
Quality of Life Social Environment Indicator - Number of Family Physicians per Thousand People
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The social environment represents the external conditions under which people engage in social activity within their community. It includes aspects of social opportunity, leisure and recreation, education, access to health services, health status and participation
in democratic processes. Fourteen indicators have been used to assess aspects of quality of the social environment.
Quality of Life Social Environment Indicator - Male Participation Rate in Workforce
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The social environment represents the external conditions under which people engage in social activity within their community. It includes aspects of social opportunity, leisure and recreation, education, access to health services, health status and participation
in democratic processes. Fourteen indicators have been used to assess aspects of quality of the social environment.
Quality of Life Social Environment Indicator - Incidence of Low Birth Weight per Thousand People
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The social environment represents the external conditions under which people engage in social activity within their community. It includes aspects of social opportunity, leisure and recreation, education, access to health services, health status and participation
in democratic processes. Fourteen indicators have been used to assess aspects of quality of the social environment.
Religious Affiliation, 2001: Other Religions by Census Division
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 1991 and 2001, the number of Roman Catholics in Canada increased slightly, while the number adhering to Protestant denominations continued a long-term decline. The census enumerated just under 12.8 million Roman Catholics, up 4.8%, while the number of
Protestants fell 8.2% to about 8.7 million. The largest gains in religious affiliations occurred among faiths consistent with changing immigration patterns toward more immigrants from regions outside of Europe, in particular Asia and the Middle East. (Other religions: Moslem, Christian Orthodox,
Jewish, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist.)
Religious Affiliation, 2001: No Religion by Census Subdivision
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 1991 and 2001, the number of Roman Catholics in Canada increased slightly, while the number adhering to Protestant denominations continued a long-term decline. The census enumerated just under 12.8 million Roman Catholics, up 4.8%, while the number of
Protestants fell 8.2% to about 8.7 million. The largest gains in religious affiliations occurred among faiths consistent with changing immigration patterns toward more immigrants from regions outside of Europe, in particular Asia and the Middle East.
Winter Sports Participation: Ice Hockey Participation Rates
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the participation of Canadians (population aged 12 years and over) in ice hockey by health region.
Natural Tourist Attractions - Canadian Heritage Rivers
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows both designated and nominated Heritage Rivers. The Canadian Heritage Rivers System protects the best examples of Canadas river heritage, giving the rivers national recognition and encouraging the public to enjoy and appreciate them. The goal is to
establish a system that reflects the diversity of Canadas rivers and to ensure that they continue to flow for future generations.
Natural Tourist Attractions - UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

World Heritage Sites represent exceptional natural and cultural areas recognized internationally by the World Heritage Convention of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This map locates the World Heritage sites in
Canada.
Drainage Basins
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A drainage basin is an area that drains all precipitation received as a runoff or base flow (groundwater sources) into a particular river or set of rivers. Canadas major drainage regions are the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of
Mexico. Rivers are organized into networks, each with its own recharge area upstream, and drainage channel and mouth downstream. Networks are ordered from ocean to main river to secondary rivers to streams which correspond to ocean basins, river basins, sub-basins, sub-sub-basins, and so forth. The
boundary of a watershed is called a drainage divide.
Transformation With a JrVTE1 Gene for Tocopherol Cyclase Increasing the Content Of Total Tocopherol in Sour Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.var. spinosus Hu.)
Authors: Qiuzhu Guan , Hongyan Sun , Qingrong Sun
Published: December 2018

Tocopherol cyclase (VTE1) plays a key role in promoting the production of tocopherol and increasing vitamin E content in plants. JrVTE1 gene isolated and cloned from walnut was transformed into genome of sour jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosus Hu.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Putative transgenic lines were checked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The content of tocopherol of the transgenic plants were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compared to the non-transgenic sour jujube plants, the total content of tocopherol in transgenic plants was markedly increased in all tested tissues including the stems and leaves.
Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Assets Quality in the Nigerian Banking Sector: The Fundamental Effect Approach
Authors: Nwaubani Anthony Nzeribe , Okoro Cyprian Okey
Published: December 2018

The main purpose of this work is to examine the effect of the adoption of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) on assets quality in the Nigerian banking sector. Specifically the study sought to determine the effect of the adoption on asset quality, loan volume, , net interest income and profit after tax of deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.  The adopted research design is causal-comparative. Secondary data on ten out of sixteen listed deposit money banks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange by June 2018 were used. The banks which were selected via judgmental sampling technique were those whose annual financial statements for the immediate year before IFRS adoption year were available and contained figures under Nigerian GAAP/SAS and IFRS-equivalent. The data which were analyzed using paired student t-test approach were sourced from 2011 and 2012 annual reports of the selected banks except Zenith bank for which only 2011 annual financial reports were used..  The variables of interest were grouped under Nigerian GAAP (SAS) and IFRS. Findings revealed that overall, the IFRS adoption indicates negative insignificant effect on assets quality of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study therefore, recommends inter-alia that Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria  should  partner with the CBN to provide clarity on areas of regulatory hindrance to full and effective implementation of the IFRS with regular.