bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exocentricity in Morphology
Authors: Moyna María Irene
Published: May 2019

The definition of exocentricity hinges on the notion of head in morphology. Exocentricity and its opposite, endocentricity, describe the two possible relationships between compound constituents and the compound lexeme they make up. In endocentric compounds, one of the constituent lexemes is the head, that is, the lexical item with the semantico-syntactic features that are passed on to the whole compound. In exocentric compounds, the features of the whole are not attributable to the constituents and must be sought elsewhere.

Exocentric compounds can be divided into two broad classes, namely, syntactic (or formal) and semantic exocentric compounds. Syntactic exocentric compounds exhibit a mismatch between the grammatical category of their constituents and that of the whole. Semantic exocentric compounds are exocentric by virtue of their meaning alone, their structure providing no clues of their nonliteral interpretation. Historically, most descriptive and theoretical analyses of exocentricity have focused on syntactic exocentric compounds. On the basis of large but non-exhaustive databases of the world languages, it has been shown that exocentric compounds are marked. With a few exceptions, exocentric compound patterns are both less frequent cross-linguistically and less likely to be used in those languages that can have them. However, some patterns recur with remarkable regularity in the world’s languages. These include possessive compounds (known by their Sanskrit name, bahuvrīhi), which combine a description of a part to denote the whole (e.g., Eng. sabretooth). Deverbal nominal compounds are also robust in many language families, such as Romance; these compounds combine a verb and its direct object to denote an agent or instrument (e.g., Fr. portefeuilles ‘briefcase,’ lit. ‘carry+papers’). A third highly frequent exocentric compounding pattern combines two constituents of the same grammatical category to create a lexeme of a different word class (e.g., Japanese daisho ‘size,’ lit. ‘small+large’). It should be noted that the basic distinction between syntactic and semantic exocentric compounds can become blurred because any lexicalized compound, regardless of its internal structure, is potentially susceptible to metaphoric meaning shifts and to formal recategorization through conversion. Although exocentricity is a syntactico-semantic feature typically attributed to compounds, other morphological structures may occasionally exhibit similar behavior, namely, phrasal chunks or “syntactic freezes.”

Exocentric compounds create interesting challenges to rule-based accounts of morphology, including both lexicalist hypotheses and also those that subsume word formation operations to those of syntax. In both types of proposals, the features of all constructions are attributable to their head, so that accounting for the mismatch exhibited by exocentric compounds requires structural adjustments. Cognitive linguistics has also focused on exocentric compounds, and has sought to account for their meanings through a combination of metaphoric and metonymic shifts.
Morphology and Pro Drop
Authors: Koeneman Olaf , Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: May 2019

Many, and according to some estimates most, of the world’s languages allow the subject of the sentence to be unexpressed, a phenomenon known as ‘pro(noun) drop’. In a language like Italian, Gianni parla ‘Gianni speaks’ and Parla ‘(S)he speaks’ are both grammatical sentences. This is in contrast to a language like English, in which not expressing the subject leads to an ungrammatical sentence: *Speaks. The difference between being and not being able to leave the subject unexpressed (or, to put it differently, to have a ‘null subject’) has been related to the richness of the verbal paradigm of a language. Whereas Italian has six different agreement endings in the present tense, English only marks the third-person singular differently (with an -s affix, as in John speak-s). Although this correlation with rich agreement is pervasive, it does not successfully capture all the cross-linguistic variation that is attested. Languages like Japanese and Chinese, for instance, allow unexpressed arguments (including subjects) in the absence of any agreement. For these languages, it has been observed that their pronominal paradigms tend to have transparent, agglutinative nominal morphology, expressing case or number features. Trickier perhaps are languages that allow pro drop under certain conditions only. Some languages, such as Finnish or colloquial variants of German, allow it in certain but not all person/number contexts. Other languages, such as Icelandic, allow the subject to be unexpressed only if it is an expletive, the counterpart of English it (cf. It is raining) or there (There is a man in the garden). For these so-called partial pro drop languages, it is still unclear if one can relate their more restricted absence of overt subjects to other observable properties that they possess.
Global Overview of the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Natural Hazard Governance
Authors: Gibson Terry , Wisner Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play important roles in that they: strengthen natural hazard governance through service delivery and humanitarian response; mobilize local actors and work for advocacy, knowledge access, and integration; promote disaster risk reduction (DRR), development, and climate change adaptation (CCA) perspectives; and facilitate calls for transformative approaches. Some roles are best undertaken by large international and national NGOs (INGOs and NNGOs) and some are the province of smaller local NGOs (LNGOs). The sector as a whole plays a vital role by both challenging actors and bridge-building among them, as well as by modeling innovative practice, highlighting changing risk drivers, and engaging in policy advocacy. However, the growth of the sector has brought about challenges. The potential of NGOs is reduced by the constraints attached to much institutional funding, pressure for upward rather than downward accountability, and limited engagement by large INGOs and NNGOs with LNGOs and local people. Initiatives such as the Grand Bargain, emerging from the World Humanitarian Summit, seek to refashion and rebalance the sector. If NGOs, particularly the larger and more established organizations, prove able to address such challenges then the ability of the whole sector to support transformative change will be strengthened.
3. Love
Authors: Knapp Liza
Published: May 2019

Tolstoy’s love life has been extensively documented and debated. Tolstoy himself addressed all this directly in letters, in diaries, and in frank conversation with memoirists; others involved, including his wife, also left their own accounts. ‘Love’ explains that Tolstoy’s major fiction, known for its autobiographical and ‘autopsychological’ elements, roughly follows the trajectory of Tolstoy’s life and loves. It documents Tolstoy’s views on love, sex, marriage, adultery, and family happiness in Childhood, Boyhood, Youth; War and Peace; Anna Karenina; ‘The Kreutzer Sonata’; and ‘Alyosha Pot’. Tolstoyan heroes are often haunted by the Ant Brothers’ dream of love and happiness for all. It may be an insurmountable obstacle on their course toward family happiness or sexual bliss.
3. What are the cognitive causes of dyslexia?
Authors: Snowling Margaret J.
Published: May 2019

The defining feature of dyslexia—poor reading—is a behaviour that depends upon a range of cognitive abilities. A key challenge is to understand dyslexia’s cognitive or ‘proximal’ causes. Furthermore, a causal theory at the cognitive level of explanation provides the rationale for the design of interventions that can moderate dyslexia’s impact. ‘What are the cognitive causes of dyslexia?’ considers a number of different cognitive theories concerning the causes of dyslexia including the Verbal Deficit Hypothesis and the Phonological Deficit Hypothesis as well as theories proposing deficits in auditory, speech, or visual processing in dyslexia.
Blood Pressure Instability in Persons With SCI: Evidence From a 30-Day Home Monitoring Observation
Authors: Katzelnick Caitlyn G , Weir Joseph P , Jones April , Galea Marinella , Dyson-Hudson Trevor A , Kirshblum Steven C , Wecht Jill M
Published: May 2019

Background

To determine the degree of blood pressure instability over a 30-day home observation in participants with spinal cord injury grouped by level of injury pertaining to cardiovascular autonomic regulation.

Methods

This is an observational study completed at the Kessler Foundation and James J. Peters Veterans Medical Center. Seventy-two participants with tetraplegia (C1–T1), 13 with high thoracic (T2–T4), and 28 with low thoracic (T5–T12) injury participated in this study. Participants were asked to record their blood pressure using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor three times a day for 30 days.

Results

The number of blood pressure fluctuations was significantly increased in the tetraplegia group compared with the paraplegia groups. Age and duration of injury contributed to an increase in the observation of 30-day blood pressure instability; however, completeness of injury did not.

Conclusion

The data indicate significant blood pressure instability that may not be exclusive to persons with tetraplegia; in fact, individuals with low thoracic injuries demonstrated severe blood pressure fluctuations. The use of a monitor at home for an extended period may help document dangerous and extreme fluctuations in blood pressure and should be considered an important adjunctive clinical practice for tracking of the secondary consequences in the spinal cord injury population.
TADA: phylogenetic augmentation of microbiome samples enhances phenotype classification
Authors: Sayyari Erfan , Kawas Ban , Mirarab Siavash
Published: May 2019

Motivation

Learning associations of traits with the microbial composition of a set of samples is a fundamental goal in microbiome studies. Recently, machine learning methods have been explored for this goal, with some promise. However, in comparison to other fields, microbiome data are high-dimensional and not abundant; leading to a high-dimensional low-sample-size under-determined system. Moreover, microbiome data are often unbalanced and biased. Given such training data, machine learning methods often fail to perform a classification task with sufficient accuracy. Lack of signal is especially problematic when classes are represented in an unbalanced way in the training data; with some classes under-represented. The presence of inter-correlations among subsets of observations further compounds these issues. As a result, machine learning methods have had only limited success in predicting many traits from microbiome. Data augmentation consists of building synthetic samples and adding them to the training data and is a technique that has proved helpful for many machine learning tasks.

Results

In this paper, we propose a new data augmentation technique for classifying phenotypes based on the microbiome. Our algorithm, called TADA, uses available data and a statistical generative model to create new samples augmenting existing ones, addressing issues of low-sample-size. In generating new samples, TADA takes into account phylogenetic relationships between microbial species. On two real datasets, we show that adding these synthetic samples to the training set improves the accuracy of downstream classification, especially when the training data have an unbalanced representation of classes.

Availability and implementation

TADA is available at https://github.com/tada-alg/TADA.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Benchmarking of 4C-seq pipelines based on real and simulated data
Authors: Walter Carolin , Schuetzmann Daniel , Rosenbauer Frank , Dugas Martin
Published: May 2019

Motivation

With its capacity for high-resolution data output in one region of interest, chromosome conformation capture combined with high-throughput sequencing (4C-seq) is a state-of-the-art next-generation sequencing technique that provides epigenetic insights, and regularly advances current medical research. However, 4C-seq data are complex and prone to biases, and while specialized programs exist, an unbiased, extensive benchmarking is still lacking. Furthermore, neither substantial datasets with fully characterized ground truth, nor simulation programs for realistic 4C-seq data have been published.

Results

We conducted a benchmarking study on 66 4C-seq samples from 20 datasets, and developed a novel 4C-seq simulation software, Basic4CSim, to allow for detailed comparisons of 4C-seq algorithms on 50 simulated datasets with 10–120 samples each. Simulations and benchmarking were adapted to address different characteristics of 4C-seq data. Simulated data were compared with published samples to validate simulation settings. We identified differences between 4C-seq algorithms in terms of precision, recall, interaction structure, and run time, and observed general trends. Novel differential pipeline versions of single-sample based 4C-seq algorithms were included in the benchmarking. While no single tool was optimally suited for both near-cis and far-cis, and both single-sample and differential analyses, choosing a high-performing algorithm variant did improve results considerably. For near-cis scenarios, r3Cseq, peakC and FourCSeq offered high precision, while fourSig demonstrated high overall F1 scores in far-cis analyses. Finally, 4C-seq simulations may aid in the development of improved analysis algorithms.

Availability and implementation

Basic4CSim is available at https://github.com/walter–ca/Basic4CSim.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mating changes a male contestant from a loser to a winner in male–male competition in a wolf spider
Authors: Zhang Shichang , Ai Hui , Li Daiqin
Published: May 2019

Mating may change a male’s behaviour by increasing its motivation to engage in a contest, and enabling it to win in subsequent male–male contests. To test this hypothesis, we recorded male contests in the wolf spider, Venonia coruscans (Araneae: Lycosidae), testing a male’s motivation to fight under three different resource value conditions. First, we staged contests between two males in two different resource value conditions, on an egg-produced female’s web and then on a virgin female’s web, to test a male’s fighting ability. After determining each male’s fighting ability, we allowed each loser that lost its contests under both resource value conditions to mate with a virgin female and then introduced the previous contest winner to the web where the loser had mated. We found that without mating, the losers always lost their contests, regardless of the resource value conditions. However, once they had mated, the losers fiercely attacked the previous winners, and most won the contests back. Our study therefore provides evidence that a male’s motivation to fight can be changed under certain circumstances (e.g. mating) and can greatly influence contest outcomes in male–male competition in a mating context.
MALDI-TOF MS-based analysis of dried seed proteins immobilized on filter paper
Authors: Reeve Michael A , Pollard Kathryn M
Published: May 2019

Matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) is commonly used for the characterization of protein-containing biological samples. For this, we have previously developed sample-preparation methods that can be used for discrimination between Impatiens species and also between regional biotypes of Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), initially using leaf samples and, more recently, using seed material. In the current article, we have developed a further MALDI-TOF MS-based method that can be used with seeds that uses only simple equipment and minimally hazardous reagents prior to storing and/or shipping dried seed proteins immobilized on filter paper for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. We have investigated I. glandulifera regional-biotype seeds originating from four different sites within the UK for which the parent plants differ in their susceptibility to the biological control agent Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae. Using a combination of time-course comparisons and principal-component analysis, we have demonstrated good MALDI-TOF MS spectral conservation, even after storage for 1 month at 35°C, of dried seed-protein samples immobilized on filter paper. This method may provide a further useful tool for the matching of biological control agents optimally to susceptible (regional) target-plant biotypes, and for seed characterization and/or identification in general.
Quantifying Facial Expression Intensity and Signal Use in Deaf Signers
Authors: Stoll Chloé , Rodger Helen , Lao Junpeng , Richoz Anne-Raphaëlle , Pascalis Olivier , Dye Matthew , Caldara Roberto
Published: May 2019

We live in a world of rich dynamic multisensory signals. Hearing individuals rapidly and effectively integrate multimodal signals to decode biologically relevant facial expressions of emotion. Yet, it remains unclear how facial expressions are decoded by deaf adults in the absence of an auditory sensory channel. We thus compared early and profoundly deaf signers (n = 46) with hearing nonsigners (n = 48) on a psychophysical task designed to quantify their recognition performance for the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Using neutral-to-expression image morphs and noise-to-full signal images, we quantified the intensity and signal levels required by observers to achieve expression recognition. Using Bayesian modeling, we found that deaf observers require more signal and intensity to recognize disgust, while reaching comparable performance for the remaining expressions. Our results provide a robust benchmark for the intensity and signal use in deafness and novel insights into the differential coding of facial expressions of emotion between hearing and deaf individuals.
Voluntarism, Corporatism and Path Dependency: The Metalworkers’ Unions Amalgamated Engineering Union and IG Metall and their Place in the History of British and German Industrial Relations
Authors: Hoffrogge Ralf
Published: May 2019

Germany and Britain have served as models of either corporatist or voluntarist industrial relations. The more recent typology of ‘varieties of capitalism’ then identified Britain as a model case of a ‘liberal market economy’ while Germany was portrayed as a (state) ‘co-ordinated market economy’. The mainstream of German-language labour history also tells this success story. Some research on the evolution of co-determination has portrayed its subject as a long-standing trait of German capitalism, with predecessors dating back as far as 1848. With its focus on the history of two key trade unions in core industries of Britain and Germany, the British metalworkers’ union the Amalgamated Society of Engineers / Amalgamated Engineering Union and the German Metal Workers’ Union / IG Metall, this article questions both exceptionalism and continuity. It argues that a path dependency exists in the structure of both unions and the industrial relations around them—but that this never came close to a linear evolution of voluntarism or corporatism. On closer examination, the history of both unions includes localist as well as centralist practices. From the 1890s both unions were part of collective bargaining with strong employers’ associations; especially after 1945 both were open to corporatist compromises. For West Germany only, such a compromise was found in the early 1950s, and not before, while in Britain that same compromise was attempted but failed during the crucial years between 1965 and 1979. Therefore, to quote Stefan Berger, this article argues that ‘similarities between the British and the German labour movements have been underestimated’.
Mendelian randomization analysis of celiac GWAS reveals a blood expression signature with diagnostic potential in absence of gluten consumption
Authors: Fernandez-Jimenez Nora , Bilbao Jose Ramon
Published: May 2019

Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy with a strong genetic component where the main environmental trigger is dietary gluten, and currently a correct diagnosis of the disease is impossible if gluten-free diet (GFD) has already been started. We hypothesized that merging different levels of genomic information through Mendelian randomization (MR) could help discover genetic biomarkers useful for CeD diagnosis. MR was performed using public databases of expression quantitative trait loci (QTL) and methylation QTL as exposures and the largest CeD genome-wide association study conducted to date as the outcome, in order to identify potential causal genes. As a result, we identified UBE2L3, an ubiquitin ligase located in a CeD-associated region. We interrogated the expression of UBE2L3 in an independent data set of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and found that its expression is altered in CeD patients on GFD when compared to non-celiac controls. The relative expression of UBE2L3 isoforms predicts CeD with 100% specificity and sensitivity and could be used as a diagnostic marker, especially in the absence of gluten consumption. This approach could be applicable to other diseases where diagnosis of asymptomatic patients can be complicated.
Non-linearity in stock–recruitment relationships of Atlantic cod: insights from a multi-model approach
Authors: Sguotti Camilla , Otto Saskia A , Cormon Xochitl , Werner Karl M , Deyle Ethan , Sugihara George , Möllmann Christian
Published: May 2019

The stock–recruitment relationship is the basis of any stock prediction and thus fundamental for fishery management. Traditional parametric stock–recruitment models often poorly fit empirical data, nevertheless they are still the rule in fish stock assessment procedures. We here apply a multi-model approach to predict recruitment of 20 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks as a function of adult biomass and environmental variables. We compare the traditional Ricker model with two non-parametric approaches: (i) the stochastic cusp model from catastrophe theory and (ii) multivariate simplex projections, based on attractor state-space reconstruction. We show that the performance of each model is contingent on the historical dynamics of individual stocks, and that stocks which experienced abrupt and state-dependent dynamics are best modelled using non-parametric approaches. These dynamics are pervasive in Western stocks highlighting a geographical distinction between cod stocks, which have implications for their recovery potential. Furthermore, the addition of environmental variables always improved the models’ predictive power indicating that they should be considered in stock assessment and management routines. Using our multi-model approach, we demonstrate that we should be more flexible when modelling recruitment and tailor our approaches to the dynamical properties of each individual stock.
Less invasive left ventricular assist device implantation may reduce right ventricular failure
Authors: Pasrija Chetan , Sawan Mariem A , Sorensen Erik , Voorhees Hannah , Shah Aakash , Strauss Erik , Ton Van-Khue , DiChiacchio Laura , Kaczorowski David J , Griffith Bartley P , Pham Si M , Kon Zachary N
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVES

Right ventricular (RV) failure after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation continues to be a morbid complication. In this study, we hypothesized that a less invasive approach to implantation would preserve RV function relative to a conventional sternotomy (CS) approach.

METHODS

All patients (2013–2017) who underwent LVAD implantation were reviewed. Patients were stratified by surgical approach: less invasive left thoracotomy with hemi-sternotomy (LTHS) and CS. The primary outcome was severe RV failure.

RESULTS

Eighty-three patients (LTHS: 37, CS: 46) were identified. The median Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) score was significantly worse in the LTHS compared to the CS cohort, and there was a trend towards higher RV failure scores and HeartMate II mortality scores. Preoperative RV dysfunction, in pulmonary artery pulsatility index and RV stroke work index were similar between the 2 groups. Though operative time did not significantly differ between the 2 groups, cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly shorter in the LTHS group (61 vs 95 min, P < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative severe RV failure was significantly reduced in the LTHS group (16% vs 39%, P = 0.030), along with the need for temporary right ventricular assist device (3% vs 26%, P = 0.005). Improvement in RV function, along with a change in pulmonary artery pulsatility index, was significantly greater in the LTHS cohort. There was a trend towards improved Kaplan–Meier 1-year survival in the LTHS cohort (91% vs 56%, P = 0.056).

CONCLUSIONS

In this cohort, less invasive LVAD implantation appears to be associated with reduced postoperative RV failure, and equivalent or improved survival compared to conventional LVAD implantation.
Bacterial brothers in arms: cooperation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during antimicrobial exposure
Authors: Lenhard Justin R , Smith Nicholas M , Quach Christine D , Nguyen Tuan Q , Doan Linh H , Chau Jeanette
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The optimal selection of antibacterials during polymicrobial infections is poorly defined. The objective of the current investigation was to quantify the pharmacodynamics of relevant antimicrobials during co-culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with two separate Staphylococcus aureus phenotypes.

Methods

Time–kill experiments were conducted against co-cultures of the P. aeruginosa strain PA01 paired with either the normal phenotype (NP) MRSA isolate COL or the small colony variant phenotype (SCVP) MRSA isolate Ia48. The killing by levofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, vancomycin and polymyxin B was evaluated to investigate drugs with activity against one or both pathogens. A Hill-type function and a mechanism-based model were used to describe bacterial killing.

Results

P. aeruginosa attenuated the activity of clindamycin against NP MRSA, with a reduction in the Emax (maximal killing) from 3.67 (95% CI 2.79–4.56) in monoculture to 1.86 (95% CI 1.35–2.37) during co-culture, whereas a significant protective effect was not observed for other antibacterials. The reduction in NP MRSA killing by clindamycin was described well by a mechanism-based model that generated a maximal killing rate constant of clindamycin against the susceptible NP MRSA subpopulation of 0.267 h−1 in monoculture and 0.0395 h−1 in the presence of P. aeruginosa. During exposure to gentamicin, P. aeruginosa was the dominant organism in co-culture experiments regardless of the drug concentration or S. aureus phenotype; however, the SCVP MRSA was able to dominate the joint population beginning at a levofloxacin concentration of 1.5 mg/L.

Conclusions

The anti-staphylococcal activity of clindamycin was attenuated by the presence of P. aeruginosa.
Oral antibiotics for neonatal infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Keij Fleur M , Kornelisse René F , Hartwig Nico G , Reiss Irwin K M , Allegaert Karel , Tramper-Stranders Gerdien A
Published: May 2019

Background

Worldwide many neonates suffer from bacterial infections. Adequate treatment is important but is associated with prolonged hospitalization for intravenous administration. In older children, oral switch therapy has been proven effective and safe for several indications and is now standard care.

Objectives

To evaluate the currently available evidence on pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of oral antibiotics and oral switch therapy in neonates (0–28 days old).

Methods

We performed systematic searches in Medline, Embase.com, Cochrane, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Studies were eligible if they described the use of oral antibiotics in neonates (0–28 days old), including antibiotic switch studies and pharmacological studies.

Results

Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with parenteral administration, oral antibiotics generally reach their maximum concentration later and have a lower bioavailability, but in the majority of cases adequate serum levels for bacterial killing are reached. Furthermore, studies on efficacy of oral antibiotics showed equal relapse rates (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.79–1.16; I2 0%) or mortality (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.72–1.72; I2 0%). Moreover, a reduction in hospital stay was observed.

Conclusions

Oral antibiotics administered to neonates are absorbed and result in adequate serum levels, judged by MICs of relevant pathogens, over time. Efficacy studies are promising but robust evidence is lacking, most importantly because in many cases clinical efficacy and safety are not properly addressed. Early oral antibiotic switch therapy in neonates could be beneficial for both families and healthcare systems. There is a need for additional well-designed trials in different settings.
Text messaging to engage friends/family in diabetes self-management support: acceptability and potential to address disparities
Authors: Mayberry Lindsay S , Bergner Erin M , Harper Kryseana J , Laing Simone , Berg Cynthia A
Published: May 2019

Objective

Explore acceptability of engaging family/friends in patients’ type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management using text messaging.

Materials and Methods

Participants (N = 123) recruited from primary care clinics for a larger trial evaluating mobile phone support for T2D completed self-report measures and a hemoglobin A1c test and then had the option to invite an adult support person to receive text messages. We examined characteristics and reasons of participants who did/did not invite a support person, responses to the invitation, and feedback from patients and support persons.

Results

Participants were 55.9 ± 10.1 years old, 55% female, 53% minority, and 54% disadvantaged (low income, less than high school degree/GED, uninsured, and/or homeless). Participants who invited a support person (48%) were slightly younger, more likely to be partnered, and reported more depressive symptoms and more emergency department visits in the year prior to study enrollment as compared to participants who did not (all p <.05). Participants’ reasons for inviting a support person included needing help and seeing benefits of engaging others, while reasons for not inviting a support person included concerns about being a “burden” and support person’s ability or desire to text. Support persons reported the texts increased awareness, created dialogue, and improved their own health behaviors.

Discussion

Patients inviting a support person had higher need and thus may stand to benefit most. Most support persons were open to engagement via text messages.

Conclusion

Across race and socioeconomic status, text messaging may engage support persons to increase health-related support—particularly for patients with higher levels of need.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02409329.
The Impact of Introducing a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Consultation Service to an Academic Burn Center
Authors: Robinson Lawrence R , Godleski Matthew , Rehou Sarah , Jeschke Marc
Published: May 2019

Prior retrospective studies suggest that physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) acute care consultation improves outcome and reduces acute care length of stay (ACLOS) in trauma patients. There have not been prospective studies to evaluate this impact in burn patients. This cohort study compared outcomes before and after the introduction of a PM&R consultation service to the acute burn program, and the inpatient rehabilitation program, at a large academic hospital. The primary outcome measures were length of stay (LOS) in acute care and during subsequent inpatient rehabilitation. For the acute care phase, there were 194 patients in the preconsultation group and 114 who received a consultation. There was no difference in age, Baux score, or LOS in these patients. For the rehabilitation phase, there were 109 patients in the prephysiatrist group and 104 who received PM&R care. The LOS was significantly shorter in the latter group (24 days vs 30 days, P = .002). Functional independence measure (FIM) change, unexpected readmission, and discharge destination were not significantly different. The addition of a burn physiatrist did not influence ACLOS. However, there was a significant reduction in inpatient rehabilitation LOS.
Identification of Molecular Determinants of Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in California, USA
Authors: Liebman Kelly A , Billeter Sarah A , Yoshimizu Melissa Hardstone , Yang Fan , Metzger Marco E , Schildhauer Samuel , Payne Robert , Pakingan Mary Joyce , Hu Renjie , Kramer Vicki , Padgett Kerry A
Published: May 2019

The first breeding populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) were identified in California in 2013, and have since been detected in 13 counties. Recent studies suggest two introductions likely occurred, with genetically distinct populations in the central and southern regions of the state. Given the threat of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus transmission, it is imperative to understand if these populations harbor genes that could confer resistance to pyrethrin-based insecticides, known as pyrethroids, the most commonly used class of adulticides in the state. In 2017, the California Department of Public Health initiated a pesticide resistance screening program for Ae. aegypti to assess the presence of specific mutations on the sodium channel gene (V1016I and F1534C) associated with knockdown resistance to pyrethroids. Mosquitoes collected between 2015 and 2017 from 11 counties were screened for mutations using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Results revealed distinctly different resistance profiles between the central and southern regions. The central population displayed nearly fixed resistant mutations at both loci, whereas the southern population was more variable. The relative proportion of resistant alleles observed in sampled mosquitoes collected in southern California increased each year from 2015 through 2017, indicating potential increases in resistance across this region. The presence of these mutations indicates that these mosquitoes may be predisposed to surviving pyrethroid treatments. Additional biological and biochemical assays will help better elucidate the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in California Ae. aegypti and prompt the use of pesticides that are most effective at controlling these mosquitoes.
Clinical Application of Metabolomics in Pancreatic Diseases: A Mini-Review
Authors: Gu Wang , Tong Zhong
Published: May 2019

Metabolomics is a powerful new analytical method to describe the set of metabolites within cellular tissue and bodily fluids. Metabonomics can uncover detailed information about metabolic changes in organisms. The morphology of these metabolites represents the metabolic processes that occur in cells, such as anabolism, catabolism, inhomogeneous natural absorption and metabolism, detoxification, and metabolism of biomass energy. Because the metabolites of different diseases are different, the specificity of the changes can be found by metabolomics testing, which provides a new source of biomarkers for the early identification of diseases and the difference between benign and malignant states. Metabolomics has a wide application potential in pancreatic diseases, including early detection, diagnosis, and identification of pancreatic diseases. However, there are few studies on metabolomics in pancreatic diseases in the literature. This article reviews the application of metabolomics in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and evaluation of pancreatic diseases.
Comparisons of MHD propeller model with observations of cataclysmic variable AE Aqr
Authors: Blinova A A , Romanova M M , Ustyugova G V , Koldoba A V , Lovelace R V E
Published: May 2019

We have developed a numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the propeller candidate star AE Aqr using axisymmetric MHD simulations. We suggest that AE Aqr is an intermediate polar-type star, where the magnetic field is relatively weak and an accretion disc may form around the white dwarf. The star is in the propeller regime, and many of its observational properties are determined by the disc–magnetosphere interaction. Comparisons of the characteristics of the observed versus modelled AE Aqr star show that the model can explain many observational properties of AE Aqr. In a representative model, the magnetic field of the star is B ≈ 3.3 × 105 G and the time-averaged accretion rate in the disc is 5.5 × 1016 g s−1. Most of this matter is ejected into conically shaped winds. The numerical model explains the rapid spin-down of AE Aqr through the outflow of angular momentum from the surface of the star to the wind, corona, and disc. The energy budget in the outflows, 9 × 1033 erg s−1, is sufficient for explaining the observed flaring radiation in different wavebands. The time-scale of ejections into the wind matches the short time-scale variability in the light curves of AE Aqr.
Understanding the evolution of Atira-class asteroid 2019 AQ3, a major step towards the future discovery of the Vatira population
Authors: de la Fuente Marcos C , de la Fuente Marcos R
Published: May 2019

Orbiting the Sun at an average distance of 0.59 au and with the shortest aphelion of any known minor body, at 0.77 au, the Atira-class asteroid 2019 AQ3 may be an orbital outlier or perhaps an early indication of the presence of a new population of objects: those following orbits entirely encompassed within that of Venus, the so-called Vatiras. Here, we explore the orbital evolution of 2019 AQ3 within the context of the known Atiras to show that, like many of them, it displays a present-day conspicuous coupled oscillation of the values of eccentricity and inclination, but no libration of the value of the argument of perihelion with respect to the invariable plane of the Solar system. The observed dynamics is consistent with being the result of the combined action of two dominant perturbers, the Earth–Moon system and Jupiter, and a secondary one, Venus. Such a multiperturber-induced secular dynamics translates into a chaotic evolution that can eventually lead to a resonant behaviour of the Lidov–Kozai type. Asteroid 2019 AQ3 may have experienced brief stints as a Vatira in the relatively recent past and it may become a true Vatira in the future, outlining possible dynamical pathways that may transform Atiras into Vatiras and vice versa. Our results strongly suggest that 2019 AQ3 is only the tip of the iceberg: a likely numerous population of similar bodies may remain hidden in plain sight, permanently confined inside the Sun’s glare.
High-resolution radiative transfer modelling of M33
Authors: Williams Thomas G , Baes Maarten , De Looze Ilse , Relaño Monica , Smith Matthew W L , Verstocken Sam , Viaene Sébastien
Published: May 2019

In this work, we characterize the contributions from both ongoing star formation and the ambient radiation field in Local Group galaxy M33, as well as estimate the scale of the local dust-energy balance (i.e. the scale at which the dust is re-emitting starlight generated in that same region) in this galaxy through high-resolution radiative transfer (RT) modelling, with defined stellar and dust geometries. We have characterized the spectral energy distribution (SED) of M33 from UV to sub-mm wavelengths, at a spatial scale of 100 pc. We constructed input maps of the various stellar and dust geometries for use in the RT modelling. By modifying our dust mix (fewer very small carbon grains and a lower silicate-to-carbon ratio as compared to the Milky Way), we can much better fit the sub-mm dust continuum. Using this new dust composition, we find that we are able to well reproduce the observed SED of M33 using our adopted model. In terms of stellar attenuation by dust, we find a reasonably strong, broad UV bump, as well as significant systematic differences in the amount of dust attenuation when compared to standard SED modelling. We also find discrepancies in the residuals of the spiral arms versus the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM), indicating a difference in properties between these two regimes. The dust emission is dominated by heating due to the young stellar populations at all wavelengths (∼80 per cent at 10 $\mu$m  to ∼50 per cent at 1 mm). We find that the local dust-energy balance is restored at spatial scales greater than around 1.5 kpc.
tRNAviz: explore and visualize tRNA sequence features
Authors: Lin Brian Y , Chan Patricia P , Lowe Todd M
Published: May 2019

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are ubiquitous across the tree of life. Although tRNA structure is highly conserved, there is still significant variation in sequence features between clades, isotypes and even isodecoders. This variation not only impacts translation, but as shown by a variety of recent studies, nontranslation-associated functions are also sensitive to small changes in tRNA sequence. Despite the rapidly growing number of sequenced genomes, there is a lack of tools for both small- and large-scale comparative genomics analysis of tRNA sequence features. Here, we have integrated over 150 000 tRNAs spanning all domains of life into tRNAviz, a web application for exploring and visualizing tRNA sequence features. tRNAviz implements a framework for determining consensus sequence features and can generate sequence feature distributions by isotypes, clades and anticodons, among other tRNA properties such as score. All visualizations are interactive and exportable. The web server is publicly available at http://trna.ucsc.edu/tRNAviz/.
Protection
Authors: Sergio Gamonal C. , Rosado Marzán César F.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 describes the protective principle and in dubio pro operario in Latin America, namely, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. It also describes worker protection in International Labor Organization (ILO) instruments and other international human rights texts. It then searches for the protective principle and in dubio pro operario in the United States. It argues that the protective principle can be found in the Thirteenth Amendment, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The Thirteenth Amendment bans involuntary servitude and mandates Congress to protect free labor. The chapter even finds something akin to in dubio pro operario in the general way that U.S. jurisprudence calls for “liberal” interpretations of statutes that derogate the common law. It further finds the protective principle in U.S. purposive methods of statutory interpretation, applied by some judges. However, those broad, purposive, worker-protective interpretations of the law have given way to more reluctant and narrow readings of the labor laws—and without good reasons. Finally, we address how employment at will narrows worker protection in the United States. While U.S. labor law has grown less labor protective, judges could reverse existing jurisprudence through the existing legal texts. Some statutory reform is, however, desirable, especially if anchored in the Thirteenth Amendment and if it derogates employment at will.
Nonwaiver
Authors: Sergio Gamonal C. , Rosado Marzán César F.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 describes the principle of nonwaiver in Latin America focusing on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. It posits that employers and workers cannot waive labor rights, given by law, through contract. It shows how the principle is expressly stated in some positive law, in court opinions, and in legal scholarship. It also details how the principle is typically applied in controversies over contract terms and claim settlements. The chapter also shows that the principle surfaces in Latin American cases related to contract modification and novation, even when such contracts contain terms that meet or exceed minimum labor standards. Second, the chapter finds a nonwaiver principle in the United States, mostly in its protection of free labor under the Thirteenth Amendment and in the positive labor law and jurisprudence. However, the chapter also focuses on the particular problem of so-called “procedural” waivers sanctioned by the U.S. Supreme Court’s coerced readings of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). The U.S. Supreme Court permits employers to require employees to sign agreements to arbitrate legal claims, even if those legal claims are class or collective in scope. Evidence clearly shows that such “procedural waivers” undermine substantial labor rights. Because the U.S. Supreme Court has already ruled on the issue, we argue that such waivers need to either be legally banned or regulated by Congress, under its Thirteenth Amendment authority, so as to not undo workers’ rights in the United States and force workers to agree to terms they likely oppose. In fact, we argue that regulated arbitration might actually help to create legitimate labor courts in the United States, which that country still lacks.
The Return of Labor Principles: Conflict or Harmony?
Authors: Sergio Gamonal C. , Rosado Marzán César F.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 acknowledges that labor law principles are not the end-all for all labor law cases and controversies. Labor law may conflict with other laws and their principles, complicating adjudication. The chapter discusses two major conflicts between labor law and other law, particularly in the United States, but likely also present elsewhere: constitutional rights concerning property and free speech. The U.S. Supreme Court has held in ways that essentially sustain that labor law conflicts with property rights and free speech and, in addition, must cede space to property rights and free speech. The U.S. doctrine of permanent strike replacements, which violates international labor standards, is based on protecting employer property rights. The recent Janus v. AFSCME decision outlawing compulsory union service fees in the public sector is based on protecting individual free speech. But such conflicts need not be. By understanding labor law principles and how labor norms operate, we should recognize that labor law protects workers’ property rights and their capacity to consume, which better guarantees the health of capitalism and societal property rights generally. Moreover, labor law provides a voice to workers, who would be otherwise subordinated. As long as labor norms stem from democratic processes, labor norms should respect constitutional free speech rights. Labor law can thus live side by side with important constitutional principles. Given the importance of property rights and free speech in contemporary, liberal societies, the U.S. case can help warn other jurisdictions from heading down the same erroneous jurisprudential path.
The Open BoxAchille Castiglioni and the Architecture of Television
Authors: Lavin Sylvia
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the exhibition design and architecture that Achille Castiglioni completed in the 1950s and 1960s for the Italian television network RAI. The author demonstrates how these projects adumbrate the elements of a design culture uniquely suited to the speed and rapid change of the television medium. She explicates the work of Castiglioni in relation to the contemporaneous discussion of media by semiotician Umberto Eco. Castiglioni’s television sets were just some of the many objects he designed to fill a well-appointed interior. Yet his way of working and thinking about design in the era of information also laid the foundation for developing a radically social and participatory understanding of the end user, one that ultimately made it possible to assign architecture new forms of value, even in the context of consumer society. The most acute transformations to architecture in the era of television did not result in a reconfigured window or facilitate the domestication of a new optical toy replete with reality effects, although both of those things certainly took place. Instead, television triggered a wave of thinking about the emergence of a communications environment that recalibrated the speed, recalculated the membership, and redefined the “nature” of architecture as a world space and an open work.