bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

The lymphoid organs of mice show definite changes after cancer inoculation. In immune mice there is a tendency towards a lymphoid hyperplasia, while in susceptible mice more or less marked depletion of the lymphoid tissue takes place. These changes are evident at the end of the 3rd week after cancer inoculation.
GENERAL LEUCOCYTIC RESPONSE OF THE GUINEA PIG DURING THE REACTION OF ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOUS INFECTION
Authors: Hussey Raymond G.
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs have been rendered relatively immune against infection with virulent tubercle bacilli by preliminary inoculation with a suitable quantity of avirulent tubercle bacilli. Blood counts on these animals show that associated with the immune reaction there is a definite general leucocytic response characterized by an absolute increase in the total count, with an absolute and relative increase in the lymphocytes. The period of greatest activity coincides with that known to be the period of greatest reaction, based on anatomical evidence during the course of infection following this method of immunization. Moreover, blood counts made on animals inoculated with avirulent tubercle bacilli alone show an increase in the circulating lymphocytes during the period of greatest reaction to the infection, while blood counts on guinea pigs inoculated with virulent bacilli alone show an erratic course in which the polymorphonuclear forms are much increased, though not regularly so.

These results indicate a parallelism between lymphoid activity and resistance of the animals to tuberculous infection, and suggest an association of lymphocytes with the factors determining this resistance, a relation which warrants consideration of the blood picture in the clinical study of tuberculous infection.
GIANT CELLS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. , Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Giant cells resembling those found in tuberculous nodes appeared in cultures of various normal and pathological human lymph nodes cultivated in plasma. They migrated out from the explants from normal and tuberculous nodes, from nodes from acute and chronic lymphadenitis and Hodgkin's disease, and from a metastatic sarcoma. They were most abundant in cultures from tuberculous nodes. The giant cells are similar in structure to the large wandering cells and probably arise from them. We are uncertain, however, as to how the giant cells develop. There is no evidence of fusion of the large mononuclear wandering cells; on the other hand, there is some evidence that they arise by amitosis of the nuclei without division of the cytoplasm, which increases in bulk.

They contain a large central area of more or less granular character which takes up neutral red with great avidity. This central area probably consists of dead material, the waste products of metabolism and of digested foodstuffs such as lymphocytes that the cells are unable to get rid of in the abnormal environment, and perhaps also of accumulated non-living foreign substances that have penetrated into the cells and become segregated.

The central area is surrounded by a conspicuous zone of fat globules in which the nuclei are embedded.

The nuclei vary in number from 2 or 3 to 50 or 60. Usually, however, there are not more than 10 or 20, and in the cells that are flattened out on the cover-slip they often have a horseshoe-like arrangement about the equator of the central area.

Mitochondria are abundant and usually in the form of wavy or curly threads. They seem to be most numerous in the ectoplasm immediately about the fat zone. They also extend in among the fat globules and out into the ectoplasm.

A distinct, clear, homogeneous ectoplasm envelops the cell.
RELATION OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN TO SERUM DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Mackenzie George M. , Leake W. H.
Published: June 2004

1. Studies on nineteen patients to whom foreign serum had been administered for therapeutic purposes are reported. Analysis of the results obtained by following the precipitin and precipitinogen in the circulation and comparing these factors with the time of appearance, intensity, and duration of the symptoms shows that the nineteen patients fall into three groups.

2. The first group includes eleven patients. These were good precipitin formers, they had severe serum disease, and the precipitinogen disappeared from the circulation near the time that the symptoms subsided.

3. The second group includes four patients who had little or no serum disease, in whose circulation little or no precipitin was demonstrable, and in whom the precipitinogen persisted in the circulation as long as the patients could be kept under observation—from 52 to 67 days.

4. The remaining four patients form a more or less distinctly intermediate group.

5. The results lend further support to the conception of serum disease as an antigen-antibody reaction.

6. The possibility that our results indicate a factor which may be important in the mechanism of natural immunity is discussed.
STUDIES ON MEASLES
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Trask James D.
Published: June 2004

It is shown that monkeys which have recovered from experimental measles are immune to reinfection with the virus of measles irrespective of whether the virus is of homologous or heterologous origin. In this respect experimental measles in the monkey corresponds with measles as observed in human beings, and the result is the same whether the virus is inoculated on the respiratory mucous membrane or is injected intravenously.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

1. Slowing of the heart occurred in monkeys and guinea pigs during the febrile period of the experimental infection due to Leptospira icteroides. A similar reaction took place in animals inoculated with Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ.

2. The mechanism of slowing was usually due to slowing of the whole heart.

3. Once incomplete heart block was seen. Changes in the ventricular complex occurred four times.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Thjötta Theodor
Published: June 2004

From the data presented in the foregoing experiments it is evident that Bacillus influenzæ will grow in a fluid medium consisting of plain broth to which have been added small amounts of emulsions or extracts of mucoid bacilli or of Bacillus proteus. The bacterial extracts may be made by simple boiling of the bacillary emulsions in broth or saline solution and centrifuging out the bacterial bodies; they may be filtered without losing their growth-inducing property.

Cultures of Bacillus influenzæ in bacterial extract broth, if not too small doses of the extracts were employed, always showed heavier growth than the control cultures in blood broth, and growth occurred at a considerably earlier period than in blood broth. In many instances growth could be seen after 3 to 4 hours, and a bacterial whirl was always visible after 6 hours incubation.

When the nature of the culture used for seeding is not stated, this was 0.1 cc. of the supernatant fluid of a blood broth culture.

All cultures were made in fluid medium; solid medium is much more difficult to use in connection with the extracts.

In explanation of the remarkable growth of Bacillus influenzæ in this blood-free medium, the idea is proposed that the growth-stimulating effect of the bacterial extracts is due possibly to substances of the same nature as the so called vitamines.

Further investigations on this principle of bacterial nutrition will appear in subsequent papers, together with a more thorough study of the sources and character of the growth-inducing substances.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

During the course of animal experiments with the anaerobic filter-passing organisms cultivated from epidemic influenzal sources, certain pulmonary infections with ordinary bacteria have been observed. The experiments also have shown that the lungs of animals infected with Bacterium pneumosintes are less resistant than normal lungs to infection with ordinary bacteria. The demonstration of this fact invites a comparison of the course of these experimental bacterial infections with the sequence of postinfluenzal pneumonias attributable to similar organisms in man.

These observations furnish additional proof of the identity of Bacterium pneumosintes and the active agent derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in the early hours of epidemic influenza.
STUDIES ON THE D'HÉRELLE PHENOMENON
Authors: Gratia André
Published: June 2004

The inhibition produced by the lytic agent on the growth of Bacillus coli is greatly influenced by the reaction of the medium; it is faint in a slightly acid (pH 6.8) or neutral (pH 7) or even slightly alkaline broth (pH 7.4), but is much stronger in a more alkaline medium (pH 8 or 8.5).

We have isolated from the original strain of Bacillus coli two types of organisms; one (Type S) is sensitive to the lytic agent, the other (Type R) is much more resistant. These types are distinguished also by other characteristics: Type S grows quickly in artificial medium and is non-motile; Type R grows more slowly, is extremely motile, much less phagocytable, and more virulent. Both types produce indole and ferment carbohydrates, with the exception of saccharose. Both types keep their individuality even after passage through a guinea pig.

We have also demonstrated that even a culture of a single type, Type S for instance, is not a homogeneous whole but is made up of organisms of varying resistance to the lytic agent; only a few are resistant enough to overcome the strong action of the undiluted lytic agent. On the other hand, only a few as well are sufficiently sensitive to be dissolved even by very dilute lytic agent.

This explains why dilute lytic agent spread on an agar plate seeded with Bacillus coli confines its action only to certain places and produces the small round areas of dissolution that d'Hérelle considered as "colonies of bacteriophage." Moreover, we have observed the same localized action even with non-dilute lytic agent when submitting to its action cultures of greater resistance.

Our original lytic agent was found to be specific; it acted exclusively on the coli with which the guinea pigs were injected. By allowing this original lytic principle to act on broth cultures of our two types of Bacillus coli, we have obtained two new filtrates. The first, resulting from dissolution of the sensitive Strain S, is specific as is the original filtrate. But with the second, obtained from the resistant Strain R, Dr. Wollstein has found a marked action on Shiga, on Flexner, and on Hiss dysentery bacilli. In consequence of this observation, we have been able, by a method of successive passages through appropriate strains, to extend the lytic power to other species, as typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, and have obtained by this somewhat different technique results similar to those recently published by Bordet and Ciuca.
STUDY OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD
Authors: Ashby Winifred
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to show that there is no hemolytic toxin producing the anemia in pernicious anemia.

Partial evidence is presented to show that the periods of active blood destruction which are seen as the exception in pernicious anemia cases during a series of transfusions are due to the activity of the blood-destroying organs of the body rather than to the intrinsic weakness of the pernicious anemia blood corpuscle.

It is questionable whether blood destruction is as important a factor in producing the anemia of pernicious anemia as it is at present usually assumed to be.
NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF STOCK STRAINS OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Experiments carried out on rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum showed that there was a constant invasion and localization of the organisms in the superficial lymph nodes, that the infection persisted indefinitely, and that organisms could be recovered at any time from such nodes as the popliteals. Based upon these observations, a method is proposed for the preservation or recovery of stock strains of Treponema pallidum and for the demonstration of infection in rabbits.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Sherman H. C. , Pappenheimer A. M.
Published: June 2004

1. A simple diet is presented which regularly induced rickets in young rats.

2. The substitution of 0.4 per cent secondary potassium phosphate for a small part of calcium lactate in this diet completely inhibited the development of rickets.

3. Quantitative determinations of calcium in the bodies of parallel rats showed a marked increase of calcium content in the rats receiving the added phosphate over those which developed rickets.

4. While it is thus shown by x-rays and by histological examinations and by quantitative chemical analysis that added potassium phosphate increased the assimilation and normal deposition of calcium, it may be the quantitative relationship between the inorganic ions rather than actual deficiency of any one of them which was here the determining factor in the cause or prevention of rickets. Our experiments and conclusions do not exclude the possibility of other causes of rickets than those here discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

In lobar pneumonia due to the fixed types of pneumococci a specific precipitin reaction is obtained when the pneumonic exudate is mixed with the homologous antipneumococcic serum.
DATA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA IN THE FOWL
Authors: Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2004

In observations on the development of the ova of Heterakis papillosa in cultures, it was found that they failed to develop at a temperature ranging from 2.5–8°C., but developed slowly at a temperature of 11.5–13.5°C. The minimum temperature for development seems to lie between 8° and 11.5–13.5°C. At temperatures ranging in various cultures from 18–29°C. ova developed to their final stage in 7 to 12 days.

Undeveloped ova subjected to a freezing temperature for a period of 4 days were viable at the end of that time. Fully developed ones remained alive when exposed out of doors for a period of 7 days at a temperature ranging from 5–62°F.

Undeveloped ova survived desiccation at room temperature for a period of 16 days, but not for 41 days. Fully developed eggs were alive after desiccation for 18 days, but not after 49 days. In another instance they were no longer viable after 10 days.

Embryos within ova kept in physiological salt solution at room temperature survived during a period of a little over 12 months. Fully developed ova kept in soil outdoors under circumstances approaching natural conditions contained living embryos after a period of 8 months.

From a study of a series of artificially infested chickens killed at short intervals it appears that the ova of Heterakis hatch in the small intestine and the larvæ pass by way of the small and large intestines to the ceca where they undergo development to maturity. Larvæ found in the mucosa of the ceca were not in an encysted condition.

Feeding of numerous artificially incubated ova may lead to a light infestation, the cause of which has not been definitely determined.

A period of 57 days was required for larvæ to reach maturity in a host. The entire cycle from egg to adult requires a minimum time of about 64 days.

A brief study of the growth and development of larvæ within the host has been made. No evidence was found of a migration through the tissues. A few penetrate into the mucosa of the ceca.
WANDERING CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND FIBROBLASTS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. , Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Wandering cells migrate from cultures of human lymph nodes after 2 or 3 hours incubation; they are actively ameboid and phagocytic.

Endothelial cells appear in the plasma clot after 24 to 48 hours incubation. They are relatively inactive and less phagocytic.

Fibroblasts are seen after 48 hours incubation. They are inactive and not phagocytic.

The probable origin of wandering cells from endothelial cells is discussed.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

As long as the wounds were protected by a connective tissue dressing against mechanical, chemical, and bacterial irritations, no evidence of cicatrization was found. The complete or partial failure of four experiments was due to the slipping of the inner dressing from the wound, mechanical irritation by the gauze, and infection. In the two experiments in which the connective tissue was maintained at the surface of the wound, there was no beginning of cicatrization, although 25 and 18 days respectively had elapsed since the operation, while in the control wound the duration of the latent period did not exceed 5 or 6 days. The experiments were interrupted after the second or third inspection, on account of the technical impossibility of again applying to the wounds a non-irritant dressing. It is probable that the wounds could have been kept for a much longer time in a condition of quiescence. While it is not known whether cicatrization could be prevented for an indefinite period, there is no doubt that the mechanism of regeneration is not set in motion at the usual time, when all external irritations are suppressed. It appears, therefore, that under ordinary conditions, cicatrization is not initiated by an internal factor.

On the contrary, the application of turpentine, chick embryo pulp, and staphylococci decreased markedly the length of the latent period, which was often reduced to less than 2 days. This fact demonstrated the importance of external factors in the initiation of cicatrization. It seems that the mechanism of regeneration has become adapted to the ordinary conditions of life of the animals. A small wound will begin to cicatrize sooner if slightly infected, as practically always happens, than if it were thoroughly protected by a non-irritant dressing.
REMOTE RESULTS OF COMPLETE HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE CORNEA
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. , Carrel Anne
Published: June 2004

1. A flap composed of the entire thickness of the cornea of a cat was transplanted to the cornea of another cat, and was found to be perfectly transparent 2 years after the operation.

2. The curvatures of the cornea appeared to be normal.
A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM TO LYMPHOID TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

A widespread dissemination of Treponema pallidum from a local focus of inoculation in the rabbit constantly occurs by way of the lymphatics. Spirochetes were regularly recovered from the satellite lymph nodes by animal inoculation after scrotal inoculation; they were present as early as 2 days, when no specific primary reaction was detected, and at later periods of from 5 to 61 days after inoculation. Other superficial nodes at remote sites such as the popliteals and with no syphilitic lesions in the drainage area have also been shown to harbor active organisms. Although spirochetes were found in relatively few of the lymph node emulsions, the orchitis resulting from their injection was of a rapidly progressive type with an incubation period but slightly longer than that produced by a testicular or skin nodule emulsion rich in spirochetes.

It has further been shown that a syphilitic infection is sufficiently established in the rabbit body within 48 hours after scrotal inoculation so that the primary lesion is no longer essential for its maintenance.

Active treponemata survive in the popliteal lymph nodes for long periods of time and have been regularly recovered from them in cases of true latency. The lymph nodes, therefore, function as reservoirs of the organisms. The ability to recover the spirochetes from lymphoid tissue through successive generations is seen in the serial passage of lymph node emulsion to testicle during an 18 months period.

The persistence of spirochetes in lymphoid tissue irrespective of the presence or absence of syphilitic lesions is a characteristic and fundamental feature of syphilis of the rabbit. The existence of infection, therefore, may be demonstrated at any time by the recovery of spirochetes from the popliteal lymph nodes by animal inoculation. This fact is of great practical importance in the therapy of the infection and may be profitably utilized in determining the ultimate effect of a therapeutic agent.

These experiments demonstrate that the disease is not confined to the site of local inoculation but that lymphogenous dissemination of treponemata regularly takes place, and that during the course of this process organisms become localized in the lymph nodes and exist there indefinitely irrespective of the occurrence of manifestations of disease. The intimate relation of Treponema pallidum to lymphoid tissue is an essential concept of syphilis of the rabbit, and from this point of view, the infection is primarily one of lymphoid tissue.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

We have presented experiments to show that the typhus virus in the tissues of the guinea pig during the height of reaction to the experimental disease does not lose its infecting power when the cells of the brain or of the spleen are disintegrated by repeated freezing and thawing, or by freezing and desiccating, or by crushing by mechanical means, or by grinding into a homogeneous pulp with sand. The virus after such treatment is as actively infective as in the same tissue not subjected to the disintegrating influences. The possibility exists, therefore, of an extracellular condition of the typhus virus.

Fourteen attempts to filter through Berkefeld V and N candles the virus contained in the disintegrated tissue have all resulted in failure.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

1. Washed cellular suspensions of pneumonic lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a protease or proteolytic ferment, derived chiefly from the leucocytes of the exudate.

2. This protease is able to convert horse fibrin to a non-coagulable split product. In a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 the digestion is slight at the most acid end. With decrease in acidity there is a gradual rise in activity to pH 6.0, and then a sharp increase up to the maximum digestion at pH 8.0. Judging from the amino nitrogen determinations, the most complete splitting occurs at pH 7.0. The degree of autolysis occurring in the pneumonic lung cellular suspension controls suggests that the active enzyme is identical with that causing the digestion of the fibrin.

3. Washed cellular suspensions of normal lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a proteolytic enzyme which is active in a moderately acid medium (pH 4.0) and essentially inactive in less acid, neutral, and slightly alkaline media.
THE TRANSMISSION OF AGGLUTININS OF BACILLUS ABORTUS FROM COW TO CALF IN THE COLOSTRUM
Authors: Little Ralph B. , Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

The agglutinins towards Bacillus abortus found in the blood serum of new-born calves are obtained from the mother through the colostrum. Calves at birth, unfed, are without agglutinins. The problem of the production of agglutinins by the fetus in whose tissues Bacillus abortus has multiplied and which is subsequently expelled prematurely is not touched by these observations.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Exposure to large doses of x-rays will cause notable increase in the speed of autolysis of the crypt or secretory epithelium of the dog's small intestine. These changes can be demonstrated readily in material obtained from dogs killed 2, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after the initial radiation (Text-figs. 1 and 2).

In the radiated dogs the secretory crypt epithelium of the small intestine autolyzes first and the epithelium of the villi last, while the reverse is true in the normal control small intestine. These abnormalities of autolysis associated with lethal Roentgen ray exposures can be demonstrated for the small intestine over the whole 4 day period subsequent to radiation.

The colon shows little change and the stomach no demonstrable changes in autolysis under like conditions. The kidney likewise is negative.

The spleen, lymph glands, liver, and pancreas show a moderate increase in speed of autolysis in tissues taken from radiated animals within 48 hours of the initial exposure.

What the significance of this disturbance of cell ferments in the intestinal mucosa may be, we cannot pretend to say. At least these observations strengthen one's confidence in the profound functional disturbance of this important intestinal epithelium—a disturbance which we believe is responsible for the clinical abnormalities and fatal intoxication.
THE RELATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS TO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Cutler Elliott C.
Published: June 2004

An operative technique was evolved permitting successful partial hypophysectomy in guinea pigs.

Such animals, when immunized to Bacillus typhosus, produced specific agglutinins in the same quantity and at the same rate as unoperated and operation controls immunized at the same time and by the same method.

In guinea pigs previously immunized to Bacillus typhosus and hen red blood corpuscles partial hypophysectomy had no effect on the continued production and persistence of typhoid agglutinins, hemagglutinins, and hemolysins.

In guinea pigs immunized to Bacillus typhosus both the continued ingestion and the intraperitoneal injection of the whole pituitary gland extract (Burroughs Wellcome) had no effect on the subsepuent agglutinin titers as compared to that of normal animals.

The experiments would appear to show either that the hypophysis does not play an important direct or indirect part in the production of and persistence in the blood of typhoid agglutinins, hemagglutinins, and hemolysins, or that the amount of hypophysis left behind in the operation in order to maintain life is adequate also to exercise the degree of functional influence on these processes which the entire hypophysis conceivably exercises.
EXPERIMENTAL GENERALIZED ANALGESIA AFTER EXPOSURE TO SOME WAR GASES
Authors: Auer John
Published: June 2004

Cats gassed with dimethylsulfate or chloropicrin in such concentration that death generally results within 4 days, usually exhibit a marked generalized analgesia, both superficial and deep.

Gassed cats react with no obvious sign of pain to operative interferences, including laparotomy and gentle friction of the parietal-peritoneum.

The analgesia develops within a few hours after gassing, and reaches its maximum in about 24 hours. With dimethylsulfate the analgesia may persist for 6 months; with chloropicrin practically normal sensitiveness has been observed 7 days after gassing.

This analgesia is considered to be caused and maintained largely by a general, low grade, tissue aspbyxia which is chiefly of pulmonic origin.
CONSTRUCTION OF AN OXYGEN CHAMBER FOR THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stadie William C.
Published: June 2004

1. The construction of an oxygen chamber is given. This chamber can be quickly filled with oxygen to any concentration up to 65 per cent and maintained at the desired concentration for an indefinite time.

2. The construction of ventilating system, cooling device, carbon dioxide remover, automatic oxygen analyzer, and filling and maintenance devices is given.

3. The chamber is designed so that pneumonia patients with anoxemia may be placed in it and breathe an atmosphere containing 40 to 60 per cent of oxygen.

4. The chamber is easy of ingress and egress, is economical in cost of operation, and comfortably accomodates patient and attendants so that adequate nursing and medical attention can be given at all times.
AN ORGANISM RESEMBLING BACILLUS ACTINOIDES ISOLATED FROM PNEUMONIC LUNGS OF WHITE RATS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

An organism obtained from the pneumonic lungs of eleven white rats is described. It has been maintained in pure culture in a number of instances. In young cultures the organism appears as a long slender bacillus. In older cultures on coagulated serum media characteristic club-like capsular material is formed. On blood agar characteristic swellings appear at one or both ends of the rod. These become more refringent, and the body of the organism begins to shrink. Finally only rounded spore-like refringent bodies are found. The organism is Gram-negative.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , McCann G. F. , Zucker T. F. ,   With the Collaboration of M. Stanley-Brown, M. Strauss, B. Stimson, and E. Klein.
Published: June 2004

1. Rachitic bone lesions may be produced in rats by a diet containing an excess of calcium, but deficient in phosphates.

2. Similar lesions follow a diet deficient in calcium, but containing an excess of phosphates. The endochondral lesions, however, are less pronounced.

3. A diet deficient in both calcium and phosphate induces atypical rickets.

4. Inorganic salts other than calcium or phosphate seem to be without influence upon the development or prevention of rachitic lesions.

5. The minimal amount of phosphate (calculated as P) required for normal calcification in young growing rats (30 to 50 gm.) on the diets used in these experiments is approximately 160 mg. per 100 gm. of diet. At 135 mg. individual variations come into play; at 110 mg., or less, rickets invariably follows.

6. An excess of calcium is not necessary to the production of the rachitic lesions. A reduction of the calcium lactate of Diet 84 to 0.6 per cent (111 mg. of Ca per 100 gm. of diet) still results in the development of typical rickets.

7. Adult rats react to a deficiency of phosphate in the diet by the production of calcium-free osteoid in abnormal amount about the spongiosa and cortex. There is not produced any alteration of the epiphyseal cartilage, as in growing animals.
MODIFICATION OF AN IMPROVED ANAEROBE JAR
Authors: Brown J. Howard
Published: June 2004

In the filtrates of typhus-infected tissues of guinea pigs can be occasionally found a substance which produces in these animals thermic reactions, lesions characteristic of experimental typhus, and, still less frequently, inimunity to later injections of active virus. The general indications are that this substance is not a living organism.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Liu J. Heng , Sturm Ernest , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

An erythema dose of x-rays given direct to the exposed subcutaneous tissue and muscle greatly diminishes the susceptibility of the exposed area to transplanted cancer. The same dose given over the intact skin does not affect the resisting power of the underlying subcutaneous tissue.

Histological examination shows that a few days after the exposure of the subcutaneous tissue there is a lymphoid infiltration of this tissue, which infiltration sometimes includes the muscle layers as well.
THE ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTION OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Nowrey Joseph E.
Published: June 2004

A histological comparison of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, circulating young erythrocytes, and differential count in mature male and female albino rats receiving germanium dioxide with their litter controls not receiving this compound was made.

It was found that the livers of the test animals in most cases showed a condition of capillary dilatation and that more erythrocytes were in these capillaries than were in those of the controls. There was no evidence of any red cell formation by the liver.

The spleens of the test rats gave the impression of being slightly more congested and of having a slightly more dense concentration of cells in the Malpighian corpuscles than those of the controls. There was no evidence of an increased red cell destruction nor was there any evidence of splenic erythropoiesis.

In the bone marrow of the rats which had received the germanium dioxide injections there was evidence of a marked stimulation in formation of nucleated erythrocytes, in that many more of these cells were found here than in the marrow sections of the controls.

The circulating blood of the test rats contained more young red cells as demonstrated by the increased number of erythrocytes taking the polychromatic stain than did the blood of the controls.

No noteworthy differences in the values for the various types of white cells in the circulation determined by the differential count could be found between the two groups.

Using, then, as an acceptable criterion of erythropoiesis an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the circulation which is accompanied by an increase in the number of young red cells, and an increased number of nucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow, we consider ourselves justified in concluding that germanium dioxide is a potent erythropoietic agent and the source of the erythrocythemia produced by this compound is the increased production of red cell precursors by the bone marrow stimulated to increased activity by the compound used.
SPONTANEOUS DECREASE OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM. I
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. Over 3,000 measurements of surface tension of sera have been made with the ring method, and they have yielded a new phenomenon, the spontaneous and rapid decrease of the surface tension of a serum in function of the time.

2. Generally, after 10 minutes the surface tension reaches a value which is practically constant. At least, the decrease is very much slower. After stirring, a rise occurs and a similar phenomenon takes place; but stability is not obtained as rapidly, requiring about 25 minutes. By stirring again, the same thing happens repeatedly, the slope of the curve being less marked each time, the rise in surface tension being slightly below each previous value, and the phenomenon undergoing a sort of damping.

3. An equation was established which expresses the experimental facts with an accuracy of about 0.2 per cent. It applies to the whole phenomenon, before and after stirring. It has only one characteristic constant,

See PDF for Equation

This formula, by simply changing t to c (concentration), expresses satisfactorily in general the phenomenon of adsorption in the surface layer; that is, the decrease in surface tension in function of the concentration.

4. Prolonged heat, at 55°C., and time seem to inhibit this phenomenon.

5. When precipitation occurs in a serum, the bottom of the liquid, which contains the precipitate, has the highest surface tension. When stirred, the surface tension rises a little every time. The upper part, clear, with lower surface tension, shows the reverse phenomenon; after every stirring, the surface tension becomes a little lower.
VIRULENCE AND MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H.
Published: June 2004

Type D, bacillus of rabbit septicemia, exhibits marked fixity of the character of virulence. This is true for cultures that are regularly transplanted on serum agar or in broth. It is also to be observed when organisms of this variety are subjected to unfavorable conditions; e.g., remaining for 9½ days without transplant in plain broth. Under such conditions no decrease in virulence was observed. G forms which arose in the same culture during this time exhibited characteristic lack of invasibility.

Different individuals of a given culture of Type D do not vary to a noticeable extent in virulence. This was ascertained by test of virulence of cultures arising from six individuals fished from Type D cultures by Barber pipette.

A Type D culture subjected to passage in plain broth undergoes D → G mutation. Type D and G individuals can be demonstrated to be present in the same culture. The virulence of such a mixed culture is proportional to the relative member of Microbes D and G present. This throws light on certain mechanisms of attenuation.

The virulence of Type G can be raised to a considerable titer by animal passage. Such organisms do not, however, lose their characteristic of granular growth. This last, on the other hand, appears to intensify by animal passage. The acid agglutination zone of Type G strains which have been passed through animals shows a marked broadening.

Microbe D owes its superior invasive power at least in part to its antiphagocytic activity, a property apparently not possessed by Microbe G.
COLLODION SACS FOR AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL CULTIVATION
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

A simple and convenient method is described for the preparation and use of collodion sacs for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultivation in vitro.

The sacs are suitable for the study of various problems in bacterial growth and metabolism. By their use with the Smith-Noguchi tissue medium, certain microorganisms may be grown in the absence of the confusing, antigenic protein precipitate characteristic of cultures containing fresh tissue, and thus the organisms are obtained in a suitable condition for serological study.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

For a rise of temperature of 10°C., the rate of cicatrization was increased about twofold. This result could be expected, since wound healing is closely related to the phenomenon of growth and regeneration. It is classical that changes in temperature affect the metabolism and the development of certain organisms in the same manner as a chemical reaction. In spite of the complexity of the factors which bring about the cicatrization of a wound, it appears that the velocity of the phenomenon depends on the rate at which certain chemical changes take place.
ACTION OF ANTIGEN ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. A small amount of foreign protein added to the culture medium does not modify the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts.

2. A large amount of foreign protein added to the culture medium decreases markedly the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts cultivated previously in homogenic medium, while it does not decrease the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts cultivated previously in the presence of a small amount of the foreign protein.

3. Fibroblasts in vitro respond to the presence of an antigen in the culture medium by becoming immunized against its action.
STUDY OF THE ACTION OF FOUR AROMATIC CINCHONA DERIVATIVES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS. A COMPARISON WITH OPTOCHIN
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown with one strain of pneumococcus (Type 1, Neufeld), that hydroquinine chloroacetanilide (C 29), hydroquinine p-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 36), hydroquinine m-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 40), and hyroquinine 4-chloroacetylaminopyrocathecol hydrochloride (C 110) have a rapid pneumococcidal activity both in vitro and in the peritoneal cavity of mice, and to a lesser extent in rabbits. In comparison, optochin is slower in action, but its power is not so easily destroyed either in vitro or in vivo.

The introduction of the hydroxy group of the benzene nucleus of hydroquinine chloroacetanilide changes the relationship between organotropism and bacteriotropism. In comparing the rapidity of in vitro bactericidal action and intraperitoneal toxicity, C 29 exhibits the most rapid pneumococcidal action and is the most toxic for mice. C 36, the para-hydroxy derivative, is one-fifth as toxic as C 29 and only one-tenth less active bactericidally. C 40 is one-half as toxic and has approximately the same bactericidal power, while C 110 is one-eigth as toxic and one-fifth as pneumococcidal; and optochin is one-sixth as toxic and has one-fifth the bactericidal action. Arranged in the order of their ability to kill pneumococci when injected simultaneously with them into the peritoneal cavity, the drugs are: C 40, C 110, C 36, optochin, and C 29.

The chemotherapeutic action of the aromatic compounds is essentially local in character. But by per os therapy there is demonstrated a certain amount of diffusion of this activity, not shown by any other method of administration, C 40 and C 110 having about the same value as optochin.

Intravenous injection of the drugs in small doses destroyed to a greater or less extent the natural defenses of the animal, optochin being perhaps less injurious than the aromatic compounds. This same destruction of natural resistance followed intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of the chemicals as measured by intravenous injections of the organisms.

The maximum tolerant dose in a single injection (intraperitoneal) is not so efficacious as the same dose divided in fifths and injected at hour intervals. Optochin under these conditions is not so active as the aromatic compounds. In general, repeated doses are more curative than single.

There is a zone between the therapeutic and toxic doses, both single and repeated, for all these chemicals alike, where the natural resistance of the animal to an infection is reduced. This effect is noted especially with C 29, C 36, and C 40. In the case of optochin the therapeutic dose is nearer the toxic than with C 110, C 36, and C 40. Apparently these chemicals exhibit a variability in in vivo bactericidal activity according to different strains of pneumococci and numerical virulence.
EXPERIMENTS ON NORMAL AND IMMUNE MICE WITH A BACILLUS OF MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

If live cultures of a mouse strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ are injected intrapleurally or intraperitoneally into normal mice, there occurs an initial lag in the rate of bacterial multiplication lasting a few hours, followed by a rapid and continued acceleration of growth until the death of the animal.

If live cultures of this organism are given per os to normal mice, there occurs an incubation period of 5 to 6 days, after which the animal usually develops symptoms of disease and succumbs. A small percentage of mice, however, proves refractory to infection by this route.

If live cultures of this organism are injected intrapleurally or intraperitoneally into mice previously "vaccinated" intrapleurally or intraperitoneally, they are partially destroyed and held in check by the protective mechanisms of the animal body for 2 or 3 days. Subsequently the rate of bacterial multiplication increases gradually until the death of the animal. The partial protection following this type of "vaccination" is entirely of a general nature; no evidence of a local immunity has been obtained.

Mice given one, two, or three subcutaneous doses of "vaccine" show a similar relative increase in resistance to the subsequent intraperitoneal or per os injection of live organisms.

Feeding mice live or killed cultures of this organism induces a definite protection against subsequent intrastomachal and intraperitoneal injections of live organisms. The immunity developed in this way is also of a general as opposed to a local nature.
THE ORGANOTROPIC, BACTERIOTROPIC, AND LEUCOCYTOTROPIC ACTIONS OF CERTAIN ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M.
Published: June 2004

We are dealing, as the results show, with groups of chemicals, all of which, whether bacteriotropic or not, greatly inhibit the engulfing of Staphylococcus aureus by leucocytes. Not a sufficiently large number of experiments was performed in attempt to cure experimental staphylococcus infections to warrant any condusion in regard to possible therapeutic activity against this organism. How-ever, as will appear in another paper, the only group out of the seven which definitely possessed an in vivo bactericidal action against pneumococcus is that of the cinchona derivatives. Certain members of the other chemical groups studied, although bactericidal in a very high dilution, —chemicals in which the concentration of a non-lethal dose was many times greater than that required to kill multiple minimal lethal doses of organisms in vitro, —had no certain effect when bacteria and drug were injected simultaneously into the peritoneal cavity of a mouse. In fact, the treated mouse often died before the controls.

If we may assume,—leaving out of consideration the practical significance of in vivo chemical destruction and excretion following the injection of the drug into the animal,—that the failure of these chemicals to exhibit a benign influence on a systemic infection in cases in which the drug can be used in a bactericidal dilution, is due to their antiphagocytic property, only one step has been taken in analysis of the factors vital for the defense of the animal against a specific microorganism. Why do these chemicals inhibit leucocytic activity? Is it because of their influence upon complement, opsonin, or the leucocyte itself, or some special one function that determines the ability to ingest bacteria? Only further work can definitely settle this question and also determine whether or not such an analysis would be of practical importance in a rational development of chemotherapy.

The ideal chemotherapeutic agent may be one that has an in vivo bactericidal potency and a negligible or stimulatory phagocytic action in doses non-lethal for the experimental animal. However difficult such a drug may be to find, it seems unlikely that the ultimate success in chemotherapy will be so simple. Again, it is conceivable that a secondary action of a drug, although leucocytotropic and not bacteriotropic, may bring about conditions in the animal body that will enable it to throw off the invading organism. Or finally, a drug compatible with the forces necessary to the host's defense and possessing in vivo bactericidal action to a greater or less degree may be the chemical sought for, the goal toward which we should strive, to achieve a rational chemotherapy for infectious diseases.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOSTRUM TO THE NEW-BORN CALF
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

All of ten calves which were permitted to take colostrum after birth survived. Eight out of twelve calves which did not get colostrum died and one was killed moribund. One calf, killed on the 27th day, harbored miscellaneous bacteria in its organs. The kidneys were sclerotic and one joint diseased. Of the remaining two calves, one had transitory joint troubles, the other rhinitis. One was sold and the other killed when 2 months old. In the latter the organs were normal and sterile.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PERIARTERITIS NODOSA IN THE RABBIT WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE SPECIFIC CAUSAL EXCITANT
Authors: Harris William H. , Friedrichs Andrew V.
Published: June 2004

1. Periarteritis nodosa is a specific infectious disease which is transmissible to the rabbit.

2. The lesions induced in rabbits are identical with those occurring in man and consist of exudative and degenerative processes within the walls of the smaller arteries resulting in aneurysmal formations and thromboses.

3. The microorganism inducing the disease is capable of going through a Berkefeld N filter and is therefore to be classed with the group of so called filter passers.