bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES FOR THE TRANSFER BY MEMBER STATES OF THE AUTHORITY TO THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION AND EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Щур-Труханович Лидия , Shchur-Trukhanovich Lidiya
Published: September 2016

This article presents an analysis of constitutional grounds for the transfer of certain powers of the state by Member-States of the European Union (EU) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The focus of the legal analysis is the EAEU, a regional integration grouping which is operating since 1 January 2015. This new international organization, comprising Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Russia is rapidly developing , making the use of the powers vested into it by its Member-States. However, only one Member-State of the EAEU has a constitutional act that contains norms allowing the transfer of certain powers to an international association — namely, the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The constitutional acts of other Member-States of the EAEU do not contain such provisions, and the relevant analysis was left to the constitutional judiciary authorities of those states. In contrast, constitutional acts of most European states contain norms that generally establish the right of the state to transfer certain powers to international organizations and associations, and, moreover, that specifically refers to the EU as a subject of such a transfer, while at the same time outlining procedures for the interaction between governmental bodies of those states and the institutions of the EU. By making a comparative analysis of international norms and national constitutional provisions in the EU and EAEU, the article attempts to estimate the relevant risks for the EAEU, and identify the conditions in which they may occur.
NEW DIRECTIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES (DYNAMICS OF THE LAST FIVE YEARS)
Authors: Масловская Татьяна , Maslovskaya Tatyana
Published: September 2016

The article analyzes the conditions of the constitutional reforms in foreign countries, the goal of constitutional changes at the present stage. Attention is paid to popularity of practice of adopting of interim constitutions. We study the full and partial constitutional reforms passed in foreign countries over the past five years. Provide new directions of constitutional reforms, based on modern challenges. Careful attention is paid to analysis of constitutional reforms as a response to the crisis: a crisis of values in society and the state, the security crisis. Subject to review are new constitutions of the XXI century, as well as draft constitutional laws. Provided the tendency of strengthening the state’s position in order to protect national interests. The author attempts to envisage further constitutional development in foreign countries.
CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL REGULATIONS AS AN ELEMENT OF THE LEGAL PREVENTION OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
Authors: Кошкина Дарья , Koshkina Darya
Published: September 2016

The article raises the most actual question: the problem of the prevention of international terrorism — and the mechanisms of the legal security of the counterterrorist activity. All these are analyzed at the constitutional level. Having this in mind the author undertook the respective analysis and established that a few of them have such legal regulations. Examples are to be found in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Iraq and the Arab Republic of Egypt. The attempt is made to explain the reasons of the existence of these legal regulations in the main laws of these countries and to define the efficacy of their application and realization into the practice. On the basis of analysis the author proposed to include the similar legal regulations in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
POSTHUMOUSLY CONCEIVED CHILDREN: DETERMINATION OF PARENTAGE AND INHERITANCE RIGHTS
Authors: Шелютто Марина , SHyelyutto Marina
Published: September 2016

The possibility to store sperm and to produce embryos in vitro has made it possible for a child to be conceived after the death of one or even both of the child’s parents and the number of posthumous conceptions has increased in recent decades around the world. Posthumous reproduction raises a complex of legal issues: has someone the right to harvest sperm from a dead man body and to use cryopreserved sperm, embryos or eggs to conceive a child after the death of his (her) genetic parent, can posthumously conceived child have legal tie with such a parent and inherit from his (her) parent? These issues have direct relevance to human rights in the sphere of reproduction and the rights of posthumously conceived child simultaneously. According to foreign law the key questions in determination of parentage are the consent of the deceased person to use postmortem reproduction and his or her consent to be a parent of posthumously conceived child. Traditionally to inherit, a person must be alive at the death of the testator or to be conceived before the death, but this rule has been already changed in 21 states of the USA and the Canadian province of British Columbia, where posthumously conceived children can inherit. However, besides the determination of parentage, there are several other additional conditions of their inheritance rights.
GLOBALISATION OF THE WORLD TRADE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS UNIDROIT
Authors: Мещанова Мария , Meshchanova Mariya
Published: September 2016

This paper is concerned with the role of the UNIDROIT Principles in the processes of legal globalization. The central argument is that this non-State codification does not have a legal binding nature, but this document which covers the rules of conduct and dispute settlement, no doubt, contributed to the acceleration of globalization of world trade. It analyses the revision of the UNIDROIT Principles since 1994 to the current version of 2010 and from the stand point of strengthening of the general approaches in legal regulation and extension of the scope of their application. The UNIDROIT Principles may have impact on the reform of the national legislation of various countries, thus, facilitating the process of harmonization of Contract Law. At the same time it is noted that many of the provisions of the national legislation, and, in particular, the German Civil Code, may serve as the basis for progressive development of the mentioned non-state codification. This set of unified rules may be used as an instrument for the interpretation of the terms enshrined in international commercial contracts.
An Islamic View of International Commercial Law (Comparative Study)
Authors: Мирмохаммади Мустафа , Mirmokhammadi Mustafa
Published: September 2016

This article addresses comparative study of some ethical and legal rule in Islamic Jurisprudence (Figh). The first aim of this study is a review of Islamic teaching in the realm of commercial law and the second — is seeking and introducing similar concepts in the other legal systems. Therefore, the article divided in two sections. In the first section the author discusses about those principles and rules govern on international trades and next section will intrude some commercial ethical codes in Islamic teaching.
PLASMA OF BLOOD: LEGAL STATUS AND TURNOVER THEREOF IN RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS
Authors: Трубина Виолетта , Trubina Violetta
Published: September 2016

The shortage of blood plasma medicine in the Russian Federation has made the production of domestic medicine a top priority task of the state. Until recently the blood products were made mainly by state-owned enterprises, nowadays this has become very attractive for privately owned companies. In practice, they have to deal with the ambiguity of the status and transferability of blood plasma at different stages of the medicine production line. Therefore, the issue of legal regulation of plasma as the main raw material for the production of blood medicine has become to be a practical issue. This article attends to the problem of the nature and legal status of human blood plasma from the point of view of currently effective laws of the Russian Federation and European legislation. Special attention is paid to the basic principles applied to the use of human tissues and organs. The author reviews the legal regulation relating to the status of a human body and its organs from the point of view of international legal norms, civil legislation of the EU, Switzerland and the Russian Federation. Also, the author reasons the proprietary nature of the blood plasma as a source for biological medicine, and describes the factors limiting its transferability. The conclusion contains brief description of the legal status of the blood plasma.
THE EUROPEAN PROCEDURAL MODELS IN JURY TRIALS: JURY TRIAL IN BELGIUM (COMPARATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH)
Authors: Насонов Сергей , Nasonov Syergyey
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the procedural rules in the jury administered in Belgium in compliance with the Rules adopted in 1878 (with amendments of 2016) as a type of a European model procedure. These features are considered in the comparative legal aspect, in comparison with the same procedure that of the Russian CCP. The article notes that the requirements for candidates for jurors, enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure of Belgium, in general, are similar to the Russian requirements. The procedure of drawing up lists of candidates for jury service in Belgium has significant similarities with the Russian, as there is the absence of open (transparent) procedures, which is compensated by the publication of the lists. Features of the Belgian procedure of selecting the jury manifested in the establishment of the rule of gender proportions of the panel, which is not typical for the Russian legislation and practice. The proceeding in the jury trial in Belgium is an example of the continental type of this form of proceeding and its significant differences from the same procedure, enshrined in the Russian CCP are based on this factor. The presiding judge has broad discretion in the field of proving, as all questions set by the parties for interrogated persons are asked through him. The features of the judicial enquiry in jury in Belgium are: the presentation of an indictment and defense objections to the jury, the prohibition to the parties to put questions to the defendant, an extensive research of the personal information of the defendant before the jury. The article notes the specifics of the stages of putting the questions to jury, of charging the jury (the presiding judge don’t address the facts of the case), of the jury deliberations, as jury is obliged to motivate the verdict. The article suggests the possibility of the borrowing of the certain elements of the Belgian model of proceeding into a jury trial of the Russian legislation.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Доронина Наталия , Doronina Nataliya
Published: September 2016

The article is about the way to achieve economic integration. Latin American countries after receiving independence began to work hard to strengthen their States through integrating into confederation. On the basis of International Treaties, the Bustamante Code and the Andean Investment Code were adopted. The methods of economic integration in Latin America were adopted for regional integration (The Hague Conference on Private International Law and Inter-American Conference on Private International Law) as well as integration of universal type (Agreements in the framework of World Trade Organization. The article speaks of specific approach of Latin American countries to the issues in question.
FEDERAL STATE CLAUSE, TERRITORIAL UNITS CLAUSE AND FEDERAL RESERVATION — THE WAYS TO LIMIT INTERNATIONAL TREATY OBLIGATIONS
Authors: Осминин Борис , Osminin Boris
Published: September 2016

Federal states may encounter difficulties in applying international treaties on matters constitutionally committed to their constituent units. In such cases a federal state may not be able to join the treaty without some accommodation either by its constituent units or other parties to the treaty. There are certain methods by which these problems can be reduced: federal state clauses, territorial units clauses, and federalism reservations. Some treaties may include a federal state clause to the effect that limits the scope of treaty’s obligations to those that federal state’s government has constitutional authority to assume. Another solution is to include a territorial units clause where the treaty may apply to some of a state’s constituent units but not others. Several federal states have made reservations to limit their obligations to those areas of legislative jurisdiction that the federal government has assumed. On occasion, other states have objected to such reservations. Alternatively, a federal state may issue a federal declaration to explain how federalism affects its implementation of the treaty. Unitary states tend to resist the federal state clause and the territorial units clause because they create an imbalance between rights and obligations of the contracting federal and unitary states. Although such clauses are not popular with unitary states, they do make it that much easier for federations to become parties. Such clauses are a compromise between the interest of unitary and federal states. Domestic law provides no excuse for a failure to fully implement international treaty obligations. In international law, if the constituent units fail to comply, it is the federal government that is liable for the failure to properly implement the treaty.
RUSSIAN WATER FUND AS AN INTEGRATED OBJECT OF LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Сиваков Дмитрий , Sivakov Dmitriy
Published: September 2016

The author reveals key terms of water law — water fund and water objects in c ontext of various relationships. The author discloses correlation of these terms with the concepts of real estate, watersectoral complex; understands said terms through the prism of state surveillance, account and zoning of water fund. Water objects of common usage are also inspected by the author. The following methods of scientific research are used: historic retrospective, comparative analyze and extrapolation. Experience of EU, CIS and other countries is taken into account. The article exposes the views and breakthrough ideas of leading scientists of modern jurisprudence (T. Y. Khabrieva, Yu. A. Tikhomirov, M. M. Brinchuk, S. A. Bogolyubov, O. S. Kolbasov, O. I. Krassov), some representatives of the natural sciences and mass media. Russian water fund is not only a basis of water sector, but also is a permanent basis of all economy. Degradation of quality and reduction of quantity of water resources inevitably would harm the wellbeing of the Russian society. Norms of Soviet and Russian legislation are presented by the author in a critical manner. The author inspects the classification of water objects, which is important for the state water fund. As it is stated in article 5 of Russian Water Code, depending on the features of the regime, geographical, morphometric and other features, water objects have complicated gradation. For the purposes of this article, first of all it is important to divide the surface and underground water objects. According to the article 5 of Russian Water Code, the term “surface water object” includes not only water masses, but also covered land within the coastline. These are the necessary features of surface water objects — connection of land and water. In this regard, a difficult question is attended to as of whether the surface water objects have in their structure real estate.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF LANDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
Authors: Азимзода Алимардон , Azimzoda Alimardon
Published: September 2016

The article focuses on the legal aspects underlying protection and rational use of lands in the Republic of Tajikistan. Subject to analysis are ways of perfection of legal instruments with a view to protection and rational use of lands. The author describes the dehkan (farmer) state of affairs as characterized by the existence of small plots of land which were inefficient in terms of their use and economy. In order to do away with such a situation the legislators of the Republic of Tajikistan suggested to set the minimum size of land plots to be allocated for agricultural purposes. Sanction alone would not prevent irrational land use and adverse affects thereof. For, the objective of rational use and protection of land can be achieved through economic incentives of farmersstakeholders. Particularly, to get the land users interested in exploitation of unused land and make them willing to invest into agricultural development of said lands they should be given these plots and be freed from taxes for the period of first few years.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AS THE CEMTRAL POINT IN ESTABLISHING AN ELECTRONIC STATE: CHALLENGES OF “NEW REALITIES”
Authors: Головина Анна , Golovina Anna , Черногор Николай , Chernogor Nikolay , Кашеварова Юлия , Kashevarova Yuliya , Стратюк Анастасия , Stratyuk Anastasiya
Published: September 2016

The currently ongoing information revolution has become one of the most significant perquisites for the formation of a new legal order — “new realities”, characterized by the formation of “electronic state“. The challenges of this “new reality” make search for science-based solutions ever more topical, including the means and methods and technologies for legal regulation with regard to public relationships. An attempt to look for said mechanisms was undertaken by the participants of the XI International School for young scholars — jurists “Effective law enforcement: doctrine and practice”. It was held at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation on May 27, 2016. One of the sections of said School was dedicated to “Law enforcement in the light of formation of electronic state“. The article contains summary of the discussions and the outcomes.
Freezing versus wrecking: Reworking the superhero genre in Disney’s Frozen (2013) and Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Authors: Benhamou Eve
Published: September 2016

Tropes of the superhero genre in Disney’s Frozen (Buck and Lee, 2013) and Wreck-It Ralph (Moore, 2012), and the way they impact on the films’ gender constructions will be the focus of this article. Whether it be in popular or critical accounts, Frozen has often been referred to as a fairy tale or a Disney ‘princess film’. However, with its marginalized protagonist endowed with extraordinary powers (Elsa), I argue that it also borrows from another very popular genre: the superhero film. How does Frozen rework this genre? To what extent does this reworking influence its portrayal of femininity? My reading of Frozen as a superhero narrative will consist of comparative textual analyses with Wreck-It Ralph, which also portrays an outcast with extraordinary abilities (Ralph). I will investigate the potential gendered particularities of the characters’ extraordinary abilities. Building on Shahriar Fouladi’s concept of superheroes’ ‘underlying monstrosity’, I will pay attention to themes of power, anger and control. Evident in male-centred superhero films such as The Incredible Hulk (Leterrier, 2008), I will explore the extent to which these become more problematic when associated with female characters such as Elsa. Focusing on gender through a specific genre-sensitive approach – the superhero genre – and relying on comparative textual analyses will allow me to investigate the extent to which Frozen actually presents challenging images of femininity, and aims at opening up new ways of considering this animated feature.
Disney classics and ‘Poisonous Pedagogy’: The fairytale roots of Frozen (2013)
Authors: Langsdale Samantha
Published: September 2016

Despite a very tenuous connection to Hans Christian Andersen’s The Snow Queen (1844), the creators of Disney’s Frozen (2013) seemed motivated to keep an affiliation with ‘traditional’ fairytales alive. Having said that, directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee also professed to ‘kind of taking a new approach’, while simultaneously wanting to ‘relaunch’ the spirit of the Disney ‘classics’. Although Frozen does avoid a heteronormative love story, I argue that it does indeed harken back to the fairytale-based Disney ‘classics’. This is not because the story actually recalls Andersen’s Snow Queen (1844), but because it operates on a fairytale model used by Disney’s other source for ‘classics’, the Grimm Brothers. In her recent monograph, Willful Subjects (2014), Sara Ahmed begins by quoting the Grimm Brothers’ story of ‘The Willful Child’. The wilful child is one who refuses to capitulate to authority and so is punished by God. This narrative model is part of what Ahmed, following Alice Miller, calls ‘poisonous pedagogy’, a genre of fairytale used to ‘straighten children out’ and ‘cure’ them of wilfulness. I suggest that in trying to retain some connection with the Disney ‘classics’, the creators of Frozen produced a story that leans heavily towards this tradition. Elsa, a child whose will is powerful and visible, is taught that it must be suppressed. When she wilfully abandons her duty, and flouts patriarchal authority, punishment ensues and it is only when she returns to the confines of normal society that life can go on happily. Ahmed’s arguments that this model has been formative in training western subjects to reject wilfulness are affirmed both by the film’s conclusion, and by fan reactions to Elsa’s ‘abandonment’ of Anna and Arendelle. Nevertheless, similar to the ways Ahmed develops a queer reading of ‘The Willful Child’, I suggest that a queer reading of Frozen (2013) may prove fruitful in disrupting the film’s function as ‘poisonous pedagogy’.
Colourful material histories: The Disney paint formulae, the paint laboratory and the ink and paint department
Authors: Thompson Kirsten Moana
Published: September 2016

When the Disney studio shifted into digital animation by the early 1990s, it radically reduced its ink and paint department and discarded a number of production tools and documents that had once formed a part of the company’s earliest history. These included the paints and mustard grinders that Ub Iwerks had purchased for the Hyperion Studio’s ink and paint department in the late 1920s. Along with records of the paint formulae, and other production materials used in cel animation, these artefacts were subsequently acquired by several animation restorers and made available to the author. The discovery of these extant materials is a rare opportunity to better understand the colour production processes of a leading studio, which pioneered the introduction of three-strip (or Technicolor IV) colour into the motion picture industry in the early 1930s.
Scenario writers and scenario readers in the Golden Age of Japanese cinema
Authors: Kitsnik Lauri
Published: September 2016

This article seeks to open discussion on the history of Japanese scenario (shinario). It examines the notion of scriptwriter as author and the unique working spaces assigned for writers during the flourishing of the studio system in the 1950s. It also addresses the appearance of scenario reader that was prompted by extensive script publishing that placed the scenario in a focal position in film culture. Presented and consumed in this manner, scenarios both complemented and contested screenviewing experience and the emerging canon of Japanese cinema.
The screenplay and the spectator: Exploring audience identification in narrative structure
Authors: Finnegan John
Published: September 2016

In ‘The protagonist’s dramatic goals, wants and needs’, published in Journal of Screenwriting in 2010, screenwriting analyst Patrick Cattrysse offers a revision of character ‘want’ and ‘need’, a common trope in screenwriting guides and manuals, to develop a protagonist’s arc throughout a story. His revision expands on this theory to include the audience and their subconscious connection with a character. This connection can generate feelings of sympathy and empathy, which can lead to identification. It can also create feelings of fear or anxiety in the audience based on their knowledge of the character. In ‘Her body, himself: Gender in the Slasher’ (1987), film analyst Carol Clover identifies the ‘Final Girl’ theory, a trope found in the horror ‘slasher’ subgenre. The Final Girl is easily identifiable for both screenplay readers and film spectators and is an ideal theoretical model to explore the revision that Cattrysse speaks of, in a practical setting. This article investigates how the screenplay and screenwriter can play a leading role in better understanding the implied reader or spectator in film studies. It concludes that scholarly research into screenwriting can benefit the writer in a practical setting.
The Pleistocene protagonist: An evolutionary framework for the analysis of film protagonists
Authors: Pelican Kira-Anne , Ward Robert , Sherry Jamie
Published: September 2016

Over the last 25 years, evolutionary science has reinvigorated not only the human sciences but also literary criticism and film theory. Drawing on models of human behaviour advanced by evolutionary psychologists Bernard et al., Lövheim and Zuckerman et al., we propose that the application of an evolutionary framework will illuminate our understanding of film protagonists and their associated audience appeal. We report the development of a new instrument to assess differences in film protagonists’ emotions, motivations and character traits across 34 scales: the Assessment of Protagonists’ Traits, Emotions and Motivations Questionnaire (APTEM-Q). The results of a preliminary study comparing protagonists in 100 popular, recent American and Chinese films indicate that the questionnaire is comprehensive and that four protagonist motivations and emotions predict whether a film is preferred at the American or Chinese box office. Using this four-factor model, we found cross-cultural consensus in the way these psychological attributes are perceived. These findings are consistent with evolutionary theories, which would suggest that screen characters’ traits, motivations and emotions are writers’ emulations of universal adaptations to evolutionary selection pressures, reshaped through aesthetic and cultural processes.
Czechoslovak screenwriting discourse and cultural transfer between 1948 and 1954: The influence of Soviet manuals
Authors: Černík Jan
Published: September 2016

The subject of this article is the screenwriting discourse in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1954. In a small national film industry like the one in Czechoslovakia, there were always significant influences of bigger film industries (e.g., United States, Germany, USSR). After World War II, the USSR inspiration became dominant and many Soviet production and screenwriting manuals were translated into Czech. I will explore how the cultural transfer changed the screenwriting discourse in Czechoslovakia, first in a historical perspective and then through an analysis of the following topics: frameworks of screenwriting discourse; screenplay development; authorship; and screenwriting organization. The methodology of screenwriting discourse analyses will be used to explore how Soviet manuals transformed screenwriting discourse after the nationalization of the Czechoslovak film industry in 1945.
France, 1940 : débats stratégiques et militaires autour de la défaite
Authors: Augé Bertrand
Published: September 2016

Parmi les grandes évènements de la seconde guerre mondiale, la campagne de France de maijuin 1940 suscite encore beaucoup de controverses notamment sur la stratégie des deux étatsmajors ou la supposée supériorité de l’armée allemande face à l’impréparation de l’armée française. Le mois de mai-juin 1940 est tragique pour l’armée française. Quelles sont les causes de sa défaite ? Cette dernière était-elle forcément prévisible ? Nous reviendrons dans cette communication sur l’enchainement de circonstances qui ont conduit à un dénouement aussi brutal qu’inattendu.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_1
De la crise occidentale à la crise de l'Europe politique. Une crise de transition
Authors: Contogeorgis Georges
Published: September 2016

Notre époque recommande que la société quitte le passé où s'est installée depuis la Renaissance et s'harmonise à la phase suivante comme l'ont fait déjà les "marchés".Pour cela il faut: une révolution des concepts à commencer par la démocratie et la liberté; la réorientation de la finalité politique vers l'intérêt du social; la transformation du peuple en société des citoyens (en démos), qui égale à la transition du système de "monarchie élective" actuelle en système représentatif.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_10
(Des)ilusão europeia ou oportunidade, tal Fénix renascida?
Authors: Almeida Rita Guimarães Fialho d'
Published: September 2016

Numa altura em que a Europa ameaça fragmentar-se e o fracasso do projecto europeu aparece como uma possibilidade, questiona-se sobre se a União Europeia terá ainda alguma coisa a oferecer ante a suposta inexistência de alternativas ou poderá, ao invés, ‘renascer das cinzas’, tal imagem de Fénix renascida da mitologia grega. Com o presente texto propomo-nos chamar a atenção para dados aspectos essenciais em torno da problemática em apreço e lançar alguns argumentos para o debate sobre a Europa, a democracia e a cidadania europeia, bem como sobre a aproximação dos cidadãos às instituições da União.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_11
O Partido Socialista e as Europeias de 2014
Authors: Frederico Rui
Published: September 2016

Neste texto pretende-se desenvolver uma breve reflexão analítica em torno de conceitos, conteúdos programáticos, estratégias e definições doutrinárias de um dos quatro partidos estruturantes do regime democrático português relativamente à adesão do país à – à época – Comunidade Económica Europeia (hoje União Europeia), ao projeto comunitário, à abordagem às eleições europeias de 2014 - em concreto - e ao aprofundamento político, económico e monetário da integração e da UE 28. Nesta análise propomo-nos realizar uma retrospetiva histórica e sintética em torno dos fundamentos doutrinários e ideológicos do PS no que concerne à Europa no sentido de compreendermos algumas das realidades atuais dos socialistas nas eleições para o Parlamento Europeu de 2014. Observamos as atuais perspetivas europeias de alguns dos mais marcantes líderes socialistas, de Mário Soares a António José Seguro, passando por Jorge Sampaio ou Ferro Rodrigues, e as circunstâncias particulares que caracterizam o processo eleitoral. Procuramos fundamentos, fundações e bases que expliquem as estratégias utilizadas pelo PS para superar a coligação e direita constituída pelo PSD e o CDS. Procuramos enquadrar os resultados de 2014 numa perspetiva mais ampla que percorre as lideranças e a própria história europeia do partido.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_12
Les idées européennes du jeune Willy Brandt (1939-1945)
Authors: Patry Pénélope
Published: September 2016

Le fait qu’au cours de ses années d’exil en Norvège et en Suède, le jeune Willy Brandt se lance dans le débat sur l'avenir d'une Europe unifiée et en propose des conditions concrètes de réalisation, est encore très largement méconnu. L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en lumière la contribution de Brandt au discours européen de l’exil allemand entre 1939 et 1945. Si l’idée d’unification européenne a connu dès l’entre-deux-guerres un formidable renouveau qui se reflète dans la promptitude de l’ensemble de l’exil politique à élaborer des plans pour l’union future du continent, le projet européen de Willy Brandt a quelque chose de différent: à partir de l’étude de fonds d’archives scandinaves, cet article présente ce qu’il convient d’appeler la «troisième voie » pour l’Europe que Brandt formule en Scandinavie et qui porte indéniablement l’empreinte du socialisme nordique.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_2
A Portuguese poem for Europe (1945). The European ideal of Adolfo Casais Monteiro
Authors: Baltazar Isabel
Published: September 2016

As part of this work, we only restrict this analysis to the period immediately before the war, i.e. from 1939, when she prepares to start. We wish to show that the European Union projects, presented with great breath in previous decades as a result of the first world war, were not merely circumstantial. Before the world war still exist these ideas to unite Europe, achieved through the presentation of specific proposals, presented at various levels, not being "utopias" of intellectuals or even isolated politicians who dream of a "Europe whole and free".In the twenty-first century, Europe is still an unfinished work, a "dream unfulfilled." Despite sixty years of European construction, and the actual achievements made, the European project, announced soon after the First World War, and implemented by the "method of small steps” after the second conflict, still remains valid. Europe is still Europe, future dream, as prophetically announced Adolfo Casais Monteiro.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_3
(Re) constructing Europe after 1945: the Council of Europe and the new political and normative architecture
Authors: Xavier Ana Isabel
Published: September 2016

Since its foundation, the Council of Europe has played a leading role both in the post-World War II, and after the Berlin Wall fall, striving for the adoption of high standards of protection of fundamental freedoms and human rights. Although the constitutive Treaty of the Council of Europe was signed in London in 1949, its headquarters were set halfway between Paris and Prague, recognising the importance of linking “two former Europes” economical and socially devastated by the two world wars. After more than 50 years, it’s important to recall the origins and the evolving role of the Council of Europe, as well as discuss the future prospects of one of the most important but also probably one of the less recognized, and frequently misunderstood, European political Organisations of the post 1945.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_4
Breslau or Wrocław? The identity of the city in regards to the World War II in an autobiographical reflection
Authors: Olchówka Anna
Published: September 2016

On the 1st September 1939 a German city Breslau was found 40 kilometers from the border with Poland and the first front lines. Nearly six years later, controlled by the Soviets, the city came under the "Polish administration” in the "Recovered Territories". The new authorities from the beginning  virtually  denied all  the  past  of  the  city,  began  the  exchange  of  population  and  the gradual erasure of multicultural memory; the heritage of the past recovery continues today. The main objective of this paper is to present the complexity of history through episodes of a city history. The analysis of texts and images, biographies of the inhabitants / immigrants / exiles of Breslau  /  Wrocław  and  the  results  of  modern  research facilitate  the  creation  of  a  complex political, economic, social and cultural landscape, rewritten by historical events and resettlement actions. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_5
The New Order of Hitler: Virtual History, Fiction and Myth
Authors: Neto Sérgio
Published: September 2016

At the intersection of counterfactual Historiography and literary fantasy, the triumph of the Axis powers in World War II has been one of the main issues. The resurgence of a hypothetical IV Reich also results extensive. Similarly, cinema has not failed to go over the old question of “if”. This article intent to analyse some virtual literature and historical works of reference about the New European Order in order to discuss possible inspiration that science awoke this genre and concepts revolving around the revisionism and determinism.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_7
The reception of penicillin in Portugal during World War II: cooperation with Brazil and the United States of America
Authors: Bell Victoria , Pereira Ana Leonor , Pita João Rui
Published: September 2016

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its introduction as therapeutic agent in the 1940’s significantly altered the prognosis of infectious diseases and represented the starting point for research that led to the discovery of other antibiotics. Portugal was one of the first European countries, non-participant in the II World War, to obtain penicillin for civilian use. World production of the antibiotic was scarce and military forces and government appointed research centers absorbed the limited amount available. Good diplomatic relations between Portugal, Brazil and the United States of America (USA) were decisive in attaining penicillin for our country. In May of 1944, the Brazilian government offered Portugal 12 vials of penicillin. During the summer of 1944, as the Portuguese and American governments negotiated the use of the Lages military base in the Azores, they also discussed the terms regarding a regular supply of penicillin for Portugal. In order to import penicillin from the USA, Portugal was obliged to establish a controlling committee to oversee the allocation and distribution of the antibiotic. The Portuguese Red Cross played a major role in this event, on July 26, 1944 the humanitarian institution appointed the Junta Consultiva para a Distribuição de Penicilina em Portugal (JCDPP) to act as a controlling committee. The first allotment of 700 vials, each containing 100 000 units of penicillin, arrived at Lisbon airport on September 8, 1944. In January 1945, the US government increased the monthly allotment to 1000 vials and in March 1945 to 1500 vials. As world production of penicillin increased, controlling committees were no longer necessary. In June 1945, the Portuguese Red Cross terminated the JCDPP and the Portuguese pharmaceutical industry began to import the antibiotic. Cooperation with Brazil and the USA was vital for Portugal to attain penicillin. It enabled the antibiotic to become available to the Portuguese civilian population when its use was still restricted to the military forces. The in advanced acquisition of penicillin in Portugal that resulted from nation cooperation saved many lives to and initiated a new era in the treatment of infectious diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_13_9
Chiralité et médicaments: Une très importante découverte scientifique européenne
Authors: Lafont Olivier
Published: September 2016

Les travaux de Malus, de Biot, de Mitscherlich, puis de Louis Pasteur conduisirent à la découverte de la dissymétrie moléculaire, qui fut ensuite nommée chiralité par Lord Kelvin.L’importance de la chiralité pour l’activité thérapeutique des médicaments et sur leur toxicité fut progressivement mise en évidence. Les eutomères sont responsables de l’activité pharmacologique mais les distomères peuvent se révéler inactifs, ou toxiques, ou encore se montrer des auxiliaires de l’activité de l’eutomère.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_1
Performances and Standards against the Global and Current Proliferation of Counterfeit Medicines
Authors: Castillo Rodríguez Carlos del
Published: September 2016

Counterfeit medicines are an emerging problem in today's society as well as its possible impact on health, legal and today's economy. This issue has caused a significant change in the aim's view of the origin and development of counterfeit medicines and its relationship with the Spanish legal system in accordance with EU and international law. Efficacy, quality and safety of medicines depend on several elements present in traceability or in their life, such as research and development of an active ingredient or appropriate pharmaceutical agent, manufacturing, quality control, distribution, testing requirements, reliable information for health professionals, diagnosis, prescription, medicine dispensation, treatment compliance and pharmacovigilance. At each level, conflicts of interests among the groups involved arise, and in many occasions, the patient pays the consequences of these divergences. This is the case of counterfeit medicine, since it is a product deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with respect to its identity or its source. Counterfeiting can be made in both branded and generic medicines, with the correct ingredients or with the wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, with insufficient or too much active ingredient, or with fake packaging. Counterfeiting practice is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both developing and developed countries. In the present work we analyse this problem and how effective solutions have been developed to try solving such proliferation both at European and international level.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_11
Histoire de l’industrie pharmaceutique en France : De la liberté à la liberté surveillée (1800 à nos jours)
Authors: Bonnemain Bruno
Published: September 2016

L’histoire de l’industrie pharmaceutique en France, de 1800 à nos jours, est une histoire étonnante qui démarre réellement au cours du XIXe siècle. Des contraintes de plus en plus nombreuses vont venir contrôler les activités de cette industrie, tant au niveau de la recherche et du développement de nouveaux médicaments que de la commercialisation. Certaines étapes clefs ont marqué cette histoire comme la loi de Germinal (1803) qui sera à l’origine de l’obligation d’un pharmacien responsable dans l’industrie, la guerre de 1914-1918 montrant la nécessité pour l’industrie française de faire de la recherche et du développement en matière de médicament, ou encore la loi de 1941 créant officiellement la spécialité pharmaceutique et un visa pour mettre les produits sur le marché. Le coût croissant des nouveaux traitements va sans doute obliger à repenser le modèle de cette industrie pour permettre au plus grand nombre d’accéder à toutes les innovations pharmaceutiques utiles.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_2
Opportunities Missed, Warnings Ignored: Re-discovering the History of Drug Safety in Great Britain following the Thalidomide Disaster 1961
Authors: Anderson Stuart
Published: September 2016

Following the thalidomide disaster1961 many accounts of pre-thalidomide drug safety history appeared. Some identified events which represented missed opportunities or ignored warning signs. This paper reviews three assertions made in these accounts; that an opportunity to introduce a spontaneous reporting system for suspected adverse drug reactions in 1893 was missed; that concerns about dangers of drugs in pregnancy identified in 1904 were ignored; and that a proposal to establish a drug regulatory body made in 1914 was abandoned. The paper concludes that even if all had been acted upon it is unlikely that the thalidomide disaster could have been entirely avoided.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_3
50 anos de legislação farmacêutica na Europa (1965 – 2015). O caso específico de AIM
Authors: Sousa Micaela Figueira de , Pita João Rui , Pereira Ana Leonor
Published: September 2016

A história da Europa do Medicamento partilha da ideia geral de construção e integração europeias, com as necessárias adaptações decorrentes da ambiguidade do medicamento enquanto mercadoria e produto de saúde. Neste estudo procuramos fazer um histórico da legislação comunitária em matéria de medicamentos, tomando como elemento central de análise a autorização de comercialização. A Europa do Medicamento começa a desenhar-se em 1965 com a publicação da Diretiva 65/65/CEE e evoluiu paulatinamente até hoje, tendo como grande objetivo a implementação do Mercado Único de medicamentos, sem esquecer a defesa da Saúde Pública e os interesses dos consumidores.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_4
Le médecin, le pharmacien et l’herboriste. La perception de la biomédecine par les utilisateurs français de l’herboristerie, des années 1970 à nos jours
Authors: Bost Ida
Published: September 2016

A partir de résultats obtenus dans le cadre d’une thèse d’Ethnologie, cet article se propose de dresser un portrait des pharmaciens et des médecins dans la société française, à partir du regard que portent sur eux une autre catégorie d’acteurs en santé : les herboristes.Contrairement aux médecins et aux pharmaciens, ces derniers n’ont actuellement, en France, aucune existence légale. Depuis les années 1970, ils construisent leur pratique en s’appuyant sur une critique de la biomédecine et de ses limites. Mais l’observation plus approfondie de ces mêmes pratiques témoigne que les deux systèmes sont aussi appelés à se compléter, voire à s’entremêler.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_5
VIH/ Sida: situação da prevenção em Portugal e o contexto europeu
Authors: Cunha-Oliveira Aliete , Cunha-Oliveira José , Cardoso Salvador Massano
Published: September 2016

O VIH constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde pública nos países da EU/EEE. Os novos casos continuam a aumentar em homens que têm sexo com homens, que representam 42 % dos novos casos diagnosticados. 47% dos novos diagnósticos ocorrem em fase avançada da infeção. O tratamento como prevenção, a profilaxia préexposição e a indicação de tratamento independentemente das T CD4+, alteraram o paradigma de abordagem da infeção. Os programas dos últimos dez anos devem-se às Declarações de Dublin e Vílnius. A intensificação da prevenção e do tratamento nos próximos 5 anos são essenciais para atingirmos o objetivo “90-90-90”.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_6
Las enfermedades raras y los medicamentos huérfanos, su reconocimiento y protagonismo a lo largo del siglo XX
Authors: Bel Prieto Elvira , Bonet Clols Francesc
Published: September 2016

A regulação dos medicamentos órfãos na UE é implementada através da aprovação do Regulamento CE 141/2000. No entanto, até à sua publicação houve um caminho difícil que já era visível no final do século XVIII em várias publicações e certas em revistas científicas. Assim, analisamos a evolução da terminologia das 'doenças raras' e 'medicamentos órfãos', o seu escopo, e os problemas anteriores à adopção do regulamento; são valorizadas as influências que diversas propostas feitas tiveram nas tomadas de posição governamentais e no regulamento aprovado.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_14_8
IMÁGENES DEL CUERPO EN EL DÍA A DÍA DE AL-ANDALUS
Authors: Gómez Martínez Susana
Published: September 2016

La representación del cuerpo humano es un tema controvertido en el arte y la arqueología islámicas.Contrariamente a la creencia, popularmente bastante extendida, de que la representación de los seresvivos era prohibida en en el Islam Medieval, son muchas las representaciones que encontramos, tanto en lasexpresiones artísticas eruditas y palaciegas, como en las manifestaciones populares de la más diversa índole.Esta comunicación pretende aportar algunas ideas destinadas a la sistematización de la imagen humana enlos objetos del día a día del medievo islámico, con especial incidencia en la cerámica del Garb al-Andalus,procurando desvendar el valor simbólico, ritual o vivencial de las representaciones.
O CORPO COMO MEMÓRIA DO PÓ DA TERRA - UMA LEITURA A PARTIR DO ORTO DO ESPOSO
Authors: Neves Henriques Marisa das
Published: September 2016

O Orto do Esposo, obra medieval portuguesa, de caráter místico e de teor teológico-filosófico, produzidapor um monge cuja identidade ainda hoje se desconhece, é a obra que propomos trazer à reflexão naspróximas linhas.Apesar de não conter uma única iluminura nem de revelar aparentes motivos de interesse artístico, é umaobra que, à semelhança do Jardim das Delícias de Bosch, aqui evocado a certa altura, encerra umaimagética do corpo não negligenciável.Depois de apresentar otimisticamente o espaço edénico colocado à disposição do homem, a narrativamuda o seu curso e o tom de escrita, enveredando por um pessimismo antropológico estreitamente ligadoà lembrança da desobediência de Adão e Eva às recomendações divinas. Daqui decorre uma visão cruae impiedosa do corpo, cúmplice do pecado e da mundaneidade, que tentaremos analisar com base emexcertos textuais mais significativos e à luz da sensibilidade cristã.