bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Vitamin E Expansion Project (VITEX)
Authors: Hellmann Gunther
Published: June 2006

Following an extensive internal site evaluation process, in 2000 Hoffmann-La Roche (the former Roche Vitamins Division belongs today to DSM through an acquisition in October 2003 as DSM Nutritional Products) made the decision to build the world's largest Vitamin E plant in Switzerland.
This article describes the necessity for this major investment, the decision-making process, the course of the project, and its outcome. In conclusion the decision is challenged in the light of today's general conditions.
In Kaisten, Syngenta Operates the World's Largest Plant in which an Enantioselective Catalytic Hydrogenation is Performed. How Did This Come About?
Authors: Hofer Roland
Published: June 2006

This article provides a short overview of the successful industrial-scale introduction of a new and demanding chemical process at Kaisten (Switzerland). A list of probably the most important criteria that prompted management to decide in favour of this location at that time is given.
CarboGen and AMCIS: Dedicated to Drug Development
Authors: Schaefer Rolf , Kumli Frank
Published: June 2006

For 44 years of combined history, CarboGen and AMCIS have benefited from their prime location in Switzerland. The combined companies have flourished in a nation that delivers geographic, legislative, and economic benefits that are particularly appealing to developing pharmaceutical
companies that serve global markets. Firmly committed to their combined mission of reducing the time, cost, and risks associated with drug development, CarboGen and AMCIS routinely apply innovative science and technology for industrial advantage. Together, these leading Swiss pharmaceutical
industry suppliers serve to further science and advance therapeutic treatments that improve the human condition around the world.
Chemistry is a Fundamental Element for Novel Education in Molecular Life Sciences
Authors: Aeschbacher Roger , Gygax Daniel
Published: June 2006

Chemistry is a science and an art. But it is not art for art's sake. Increasingly, chemistry is being used as a fundamental knowledge base to further innovations in bordering disciplines such as biology or medicine. At the School of Life Sciences in Muttenz, chemistry has this dual
role. Chemists and chemical engineers alike can study chemistry in a bachelor curriculum. In addition, this course is now complemented by an option in molecular bioanalytics. This design complements the steady increase in applied research and development in such areas as diagnostics, screening
or biomonitoring undertaken at Muttenz. Strengthening knowledge in molecular life sciences while maintaining a rigorous education in chemistry is central to making students fit for the modern work-place. They will be able to perform well in such diverse fields as biological or pharmacological
chemistry, chemical biology or (bio)chemical engineering.
From Supramolecular Photochemistry to Self-Assembled Photoactive Architectures: The Emergence of Photochemical Nanosciences
Authors: Bassani Dario M.
Published: June 2006

The use of supramolecular interactions to control and direct excited-state reactivity is described, with emphasis on the author's contributions in this area. The systems are based on the multiple-point hydrogen-bonding molecular recognition motif present in the melamine–barbituric
acid system, and are designed to operate in solution phase. Despite the weak nature of non-covalent interactions, control of high energy intermediates such as excited cinnamantes, stilbenes, or fullerenes is possible. These results demonstrate the particular sensitivity of short-lived electronically
excited molecules to their environment, and particularly to the mutual orientation of the reactants.
Photochromic Dithienylethene- Phenanthroline Ligands and their Corresponding Ru(II) Complexes
Authors: Kühni Joël , Adamo Vincent , Belser Peter
Published: June 2006

Dithienylethene-phenanthroline ligands as new photochromic systems are described. The photochemical and photophysical properties are strongly influenced by the substituents on the thiophene moiety. The photochromic properties are lost, if one or two methyl groups in position 2 and/or
2' of the target molecules (2o, 3o, 4o) are replaced by isopropyl groups. Replacement of a methyl group by a phenyl group in position 5 and/or 5' shifts the absorption maxima from 514 nm to 575 nm for the free ligand (1c, 2c) and from 530 nm to 613 nm for
the corresponding ruthenium complex (Ru(1c), Ru(2c)) in its closed form. Unfortunately, the photochromic unit in its closed form can be reopened by a back reaction in the dark at room temperature. Complex Ru(2o) shows an emission with a maximum at
608 nm. The emission is quenched if the metal complex is in its closed form (Ru(2c)). Fatigue resistance is better for complex Ru(2o) than for the free ligand (2o).
Switch-Peptides: From Conformational Studies to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Saucède Lydiane , Tuchscherer Gabriele , Lashuel Hilal , Lopez John , Dubochet Jacques , Adrian Marc , Grouzmann Eric , Bérard Jérémy , Camus Marie-Stéphanie , Murat Karine , Mimna Richard , Mandal Bhubaneswar , Chandravarkar Arunan , Santos Sonia Dos , Mutter Manfred
Published: June 2006

Studies on designed peptides that exhibit high tendencies for medium-induced conformational transitions have recently attracted much attention because structural changes are considered as molecular key processes in degenerative diseases. The experimental access to these events has been
limited so far mainly due to the intrinsic tendency of the involved polypeptides for self-association and aggregation, e.g. amyloid ? plaque formation, thought to be at the origin of Alzheimer's disease. We have developed a new concept termed 'switch-peptides' which allows the
controlled onset of polypeptide folding and misfolding in vitro and in vivo, starting from a soluble, non-toxic precursor molecule. As a major feature, the folding process is initiated by enzyme-triggered N,O-acyl migrations restoring the native peptide backbone in situ.
As the folding is set off in the moment of creating the bioactive molecule ('in statu nascendi', ISN), our concept allows for the first time the investigation of the early steps of protein misfolding as relevant in degenerative diseases, opening new perspectives for the rational design
of therapeutically relevant compounds.
Modulation Excitation PM-IRRAS: A New Possibility for Simultaneous Monitoring of Surface and Gas Species and Surface Properties
Authors: Urakawa Atsushi , Bürgi Thomas , Baiker Alfons
Published: June 2006

Polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (Pm-irras) is a sensitive tool for the analysis of species residing at gas–solid and gas–liquid interfaces. the polarization-modulation allows excellent back-ground compensation and the analysis of surface/interface
species under moderate pressure (e.g. atmospheric pressure of ir-absorbing gases) is possible. we demonstrate a new possibility to extract simultaneously information of gas and solid phases in addition to surface species from the Pm-irras experiments, using co oxidation over Pt film
as an example. modulation excitation spectroscopy (mes) has been combined with this technique to enhance the sensitivity and to analyze the kinetic behavior of species. the surface species involved in the oxidation process, the state of Pt, and the gas phase species (co and co2)
could be simultaneously monitored in situ and analyzed quantitatively. the technique can serve as a valuable tool for investigations of various dynamic phenomena occurring at gas-solid interfaces.
Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography – The Next Step in HPLC
Authors: Van Oordt Thomas , Bayliss Edwin , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner , Spielmann Thomas
Published: June 2006

Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) technology, a continuous chromatographic separation process, is of increasing interest in the field of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and biotechnology. The complexity of SMB asks for a deeper understanding of the mathematical design and physical adsorption
processes, along with the practical training in chromatography and process engineering. This makes SMB a technology which is also suitable for educational purposes. The principle of SMB separation is described with a short introduction of its mathematical design for a simulation. A method
of measuring the adsorption isotherms, which are crucial for a process simulation, is also discussed. As an example, the application of SMB to the separation of two groups of biologically important vitamin E compounds, i.e. tocopherols and tocotrienols from natural-source material is
presented.
Quantitative Concepts in Drug Formulation and Absorption and their Relevance for Drug Delivery
Authors: Imanidis Georgios , Sutter Marc , Reitbauer Susanne , Kapitza Susanne B. , Van Hoogevest Peter , Hummel Daniel , Müller Beat , Lütolf Peter
Published: June 2006

A series of theoretical models is presented to describe the processes of drug release and absorption following non-invasive administration by the intestinal and the (trans)dermal route. These models are used to analyze experimental data and provide the means to test hypotheses about
the involved mechanisms and influence factors. They thus strengthen the basic understanding of drug release and absorption and help establish quantitative relationships that are relevant for the prediction and control of drug delivery.
Prelog Lecture 2005
Authors: Feringa Ben L.
Published: June 2006

On Monday, November 7, 2005, the rector Prof. Dr. K. Osterwalder presented the Prelog Medal 2005 to Prof. Dr. Ben L. Feringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. The title of the lecture that followed was 'In Control of Chirality, from Asymmetric Catalysis to Nanomachines'.
Pharmaceutical Technology: Drug Delivery, Formulation, and Process Research
Authors: Leuenberger Hans
Published: June 2006

This paper describes in the introduction the actual research trends in the area of pharmaceutical technology and the impact of FDA's PAT (Process Analytical Technology) Initiative on this research field. These new FDA requirements concerning a science-based approach in the area of pharmaceutical
formulations and processes will boost this research field in academia and industry. There is a special need for a research initiative in the field of pharmaceutical powder technology, which is the basis for ca. 80% of all drug delivery systems on the market, i.e. solid dosage
forms. Pharmaceutical formulations are complex systems which are difficult to model and analyse. For this purpose special tools such as the percolation theory, concept of fractal dimensions, dielectric spectroscopy, etc. are necessary. In this context, typical results obtained with
these novel tools are presented.
Drug Discovery through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: From Binding Epitopes and Ligand Screening to Conformational Analysis
Authors: Cutting Brian
Published: June 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods at the Institute of Molecular Pharmacy (IMP) provide crucial information in several fundamental themes in drug discovery. Assignments of complex carbohydrates are obtained to a high degree of completion and accuracy, thereby accelerating their
identity. Conformational analysis of ligands in their unbound state reveals to what extent the steric considerations, essential for minimizing entropy losses upon binding, are optimized. Small libraries of compounds are screened for their binding to receptors. Promising ligands are analyzed
in the presence of their receptor to determine the geometric arrangements in the bound state, as well as the functional groups responsible for the observed binding.
Hospital Pharmacy and Research
Authors: Surber Christian , Pellanda Carolina , Zimmermann Katja , Endres Manuela , Figueiredo Verena , Werner Roland , Plagge Herbert , Marseiler Ruth Leu
Published: June 2006

Hospital pharmacies play a crucial role in managing and/or accompanying the entire drug handling process, from the drug's origin all the way through the hospital system to the patient, and to promote rational and appropriate drug use. Drug preparation – still part of this process
– has not disappeared from the fields of activity of hospital pharmacists. However, this activity is bound to many legal constraints and, therefore, remains reserved to a limited circle of hospitals that can offer such services. Based on a national license (Swissmedic), the Institute
of Hospital Pharmacy of the University Hospital of Basel offers opportunities to provide drug preparations according to current guidelines. These preparations include patient-individualized drug preparations (compounding) to fulfil special needs in oncology, dermatology, paediatrics and other
disciplines. Additionally this national license enables our institution to prepare drug preparations for clinical research. This is the basis of an important activity of our institute: to prepare clinical research samples for the pharmaceutical industry and for clinicians at the university
hospital, to support industry independent research, and to conduct our own research in biopharmaceutics in collaboration with other national and international institutions. Against this background we report on our research support activities, and, in more detail, on our own research and development
programs in biopharmaceutics: dermal and intranasal bioavailability.
How to Provide Feedback to Students' Learning – Assignment and Feedback Concept in the Blended Learning Environment pharma2
Authors: Weber Christina , Vögtli Alexander , Ensner Adrian , Utelli Anna-Barbara
Published: June 2006

In traditional university teaching and learning settings feedback to students' performance is often neglected even though it is known to be an important factor to improve learning outcomes. Therefore we placed strong emphasis on this topic while developing and implementing the blended
learning concept pharma2 into the curriculum of pharmaceutical sciences. pharma2 combines traditional face-to-face teaching with computer-based learning and testing tools. Once implemented, computer-based testing tools allow frequent feedback
to large groups of students. However, commercially available systems show limited possibilities for demanding question and assessment types. Thus we developed PharmAskYou and ViLab. PharmAskYou makes e-testing on higher cognitive levels possible and
allows immediate and response contingent feedback. ViLab offers the opportunity to practice demanding lab methods online in the form of video sequences and interactive tools. While working through the method step by step the students receive response contingent feedback. Beside
the possibilities of these computer-based testing and online feedback forms other assignments, e.g. reports and posters, followed by an individual feedback by the instructor are implemented into the blended learning concept. We consider the continuity of different assignments and constructive
feedback important for students' motivation and hence learning progress. Even though developing and operating a didactically adequate feedback system is time-consuming it is worthwhile when students' performance can be improved as shown in our setting.
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care: Patient-Oriented Application of Pharmaceutical Expertise
Authors: Lampert Markus L. , Krähenbühl Stephan , Hersberger Kurt E. , Schlienger Raymond G.
Published: June 2006

Clinical Pharmacy is a health speciality describing the activities and services of the clinical pharmacist to develop and promote the rational and appropriate use of drugs, medicinal products, and devices by the individual as well as by the society. Very closely related to the term
of clinical pharmacy is the concept of pharmaceutical care. This means a new pharmacy practice paradigm which puts the patient into the centre. In the course of this practice, a pharmacist takes responsibility for a patient's drug-related needs with the aim of achieving definite outcomes that
improve a patient's quality of life. At the University of Basel, clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care have developed constantly over the last twenty years. Examples from research and practice are given in this article, and areas for future work are outlined.
Pharmacoepidemiology – Assessing the Risks and Benefits of Drugs in the Postmarketing Phase
Authors: Meier Christoph R.
Published: June 2006

The Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit (BPU) is a research unit affiliated with the Institute of Clinical Pharmacy at the University of Basel, the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology at the Basel University Hospital, and the Boston University School of Medicine. The main research
activities of the BPU are drug safety studies in the post-marketing phase, but drug utilisation studies as well as clinical epidemiology projects are also part of the research activities of the BPU. Many of the research projects of the BPU are done upon request by and in close collaboration
with the pharmaceutical industry. The main research tool the BPU currently uses is the UK-based 'General Practice Research Database' (GPRD), a unique and ongoing data collection of some 5 million out-patient records including demographics, diagnoses and drug prescriptions. The BPU uses various
study designs (e.g. follow-up, case-control studies) to address the study questions of interest. The BPU conducts epidemiological research projects covering a wide spectrum of exposures and outcomes.
Simultaneous Determination of Palladium, Platinum and Rhodium by On‐Line Column Enrichment and HPLC with 5‐(2,4‐Dihydroxyphenylazo)‐Rhodanine as Pre‐Column Derivatization Reagent
Authors: Li Zhigang , Li Xuemei , Hu Qiufen , Yin Jiayuan , Chzn Jing , Yang Guangyu
Published: June 2006

In this paper, a new method for the simultaneous determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium ions was developed using a rapid column high performance liquid chromatography equipped with on‐line enrichment technique. The palladium, platinum and rhodium ions were pre‐column derivatized with DHAR to form colored chelates. The Pb‐DHAR, Pt‐DHAR and Rh‐DHAR chelates could be absorbed onto the front of the enrichment column when they were injected into the injector and sent to the enrichment column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6×10 mm, 1.8 μm] with a 0.05 mol L‐1of phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase. After enrichment, and by switching the six ports switching valve, the retained chelates were back‐flushed by mobile phase and traveling towards the analytical column. The separation of these chelates on the analytical column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6×50 mm, 1.8 μm] was satisfactory with 54% acetonitrile (containing 0.05 mol L‐1of phosphoric acid and 0.1% of tritonX‐100) as mobile phase. Palladium, platinum and rhodium were separated completely within 2 min. By on‐line enrichment technique, the enrichment factor of 100 was achieved, and the detection limits (S/N=3) of palladium, platinum and rhodium reaches 1.4 ng L‐1, 1.6 ng L‐1and 2.0 ng L‐1, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in water, urine and soil samples with good results.
Co‐synthesis of H2 and ZnO by in‐situ Zn aerosol formation and hydrolysis
Authors: Ernst Frank O. , Tricoli Antonio , Pratsinis Sotiris E. , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: June 2006

Simultaneous synthesis of H2 and ZnO nanoparticles is investigated by steam‐hydrolysis of Zn vapor in a hot‐wall aerosol flow reactor with separated evaporation, cooling, and reaction zones. Superheated Zn vapor was carried by Ar into a tubular, quartz reactor where it was mixed and quenched by a superheated, equimolar H2O/Ar stream, resulting in Zn/ZnO nanoparticles and H2. The Zn(g) vapor was generated by electric heating of a Zn crucible whose weight was continuously monitored and compared to H2 production rate. The reactor was operated at 1 bar and 573–1273 K: above and below the Zn saturation vapor pressure suppressing and allowing, respectively, Zn aerosol formation by condensation taking place in parallel with the omnipresent ZnO formation by gas phase or surface hydrolysis of Zn. The process yielded up to 90% H2 conversion and nanoparticles with Zn and ZnO mean crystallite sizes of 100 and 40 nm, respectively, containing up to 80 wt % ZnO. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor: the management and conservation of two of the largest fish species in the Mekong River in southern Laos
Authors: Baird Ian G.
Published: June 2006

Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor are two of the largest carps in the Mekong River Basin, each reaching a maximum weight of about 70 kg. P. jullieni is listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, and both are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the first as ‘endangered’ and the second as ‘data deficient’.

Six years of quantitative monitoring of a large‐meshed gill net fishery for Probarbus just below the Khone Falls in Khong district, Champasak province, in southern Laos shows that 78% of the overall catch is comprised of Probarbus, with P. jullieni making up 65% of landings.

Over the 6‐year period catches of Probarbus declined significantly. However, catch‐per‐unit effort statistics do not indicate that the fishery is in decline, although fishers are convinced that real stock reductions are a large part of the reason for catch declines and decreases in fishing effort.

A number of ecological and social factors are affecting the number and quality of gill nets in use, the length of fishing seasons, and gill net efficiency, making it difficult to compare catch‐per‐unit effort between years.

There has been a shift from using large‐meshed gill nets for catching Probarbus to targeting smaller species using gill nets with smaller mesh‐sizes. This is an example of the ‘fishing down’ of a Mekong fish community, in which large long‐lived species are the first to be affected by heavy fishing pressure.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on coastal lagoon typology in the light of the EU Water Framework Directive: Italy as a case study
Authors: Tagliapietra Davide , Ghirardini Annamaria Volpi
Published: June 2006

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that Member States differentiate the transitional water bodies into types.

WFD assigns coastal lagoons to two different water categories, ‘transitional waters’ and ‘coastal waters’ on the basis of freshwater influence.

The main physical factors that contribute to the genesis and characterization of coastal lagoons are coastal typology, tidal range and climate.

Italian lagoons are presented as an example of how these physical factors can be used in coastal lagoon characterization and typology. On this basis, a clear distinction of Italian lagoons into two main groups is possible: Northern Adriatic and Mediterranean.

Large lagoons can be profitably subdivided into a hierarchical system of sub‐basins facilitating both the comparison of parts of the same lagoon and the comparison between different lagoons.

The basins are consistent water bodies that can be used as managerial units for environmental conservation, species protection and wise use of resources.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternatives to taxonomic‐based approaches to assess changes in transitional water communities
Authors: Mouillot D. , Spatharis S. , Reizopoulou S. , Laugier T. , Sabetta L. , Basset A. , Do Chi T.
Published: June 2006

Transitional waters, described as critical transition zones because of their position at terrestrial, freshwater and marine interfaces, provide essential goods and services to the biosphere including human populations. These ecotones face increasing human influence mainly due to population density increase in coastal areas.

Transitional water bodies have, to date, received little attention in the development of ecological status indicators; this is a critical deficiency when trying to meet the Water Framework Directive objective of all significant water bodies achieving good ecological status by the year 2015.

In order to assess changes in transitional water communities many taxonomic‐based indicators have already been proposed but there are a number of concerns for their use such as taxonomic classification difficulties, their unsuitability for multi‐site comparisons and their inconsistent relationships with disturbance or stress.

Alternative methods based on body size, abundance distribution among functional groups, functional diversity and productivity descriptors are proposed. These methods offer the opportunity to compare sites with different taxonomic compositions and allow derivation of indicators related to ecological status of communities under scrutiny.

Finally, the suitability of these taxonomic‐free descriptors to provide relevant information for each of the four main biotic compartments in coastal lagoons is discussed. The use of biomass distribution among functional groups for fish, benthos and macrophyte and to use body‐size distribution for benthos and plankton is proposed.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in the guinea pig: role of protein binding
Authors: Gupta Anubha , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta , Chatelain Pierre , Massingham Roy , Jonsson E. Niclas
Published: June 2006

Purpose. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine enantiomers in the guinea pig including protein binding in both the guinea pig and human plasma.

Methods. Plasma concentrations of cetirizine enantiomers in the guinea pig were determined using a LC‐MS/MS method after a short i.v. infusion (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) of racemic cetirizine. Protein binding was determined using an in vitro equilibrium dialysis technique. A pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM and the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine were estimated.

Results. The plasma concentration time data of both the enantiomers were best described by a three‐compartment pharmacokinetics model. The clearance (CL) of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine was 1.2 and 2.7 ml/min, respectively, and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 457 ml and 996 ml, respectively. The fraction unbound (fu) in guinea pig plasma for levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine was 7–10% and 16–21% while in human plasma, it was 8% and 12%, respectively. The factor describing the difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the cetirizine enantiomers was estimated to be 2.26.

Conclusions. Cetirizine pharmacokinetics is stereoselective in the guinea pig. For levocetirizine, fu, CL and Vss were half those of dextrocetirizine, indicating that protein binding is an important factor affecting the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine. The effect of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of the cetirizine enantiomers could be extrapolated to humans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three‐State Model for the Photophysics of Adenine
Authors: Serrano‐Andrés Luis , Merchán Manuela , Borin Antonio Carlos
Published: June 2006

An ab initio theoretical study at the CASPT2 level is reported on minimum energy reaction paths, state minima, transition states, reaction barriers, and conical intersections on the potential energy hypersurfaces of two tautomers of adenine: 9H‐ and 7H‐adenine. The obtained results led to a complete interpretation of the photophysics of adenine and derivatives, both under jet‐cooled conditions and in solution, within a three‐state model. The ultrafast subpicosecond fluorescence decay measured in adenine is attributed to the low‐lying conical intersection (gs/ππ* La)CI, reached from the initially populated 1(ππ* La) state along a path which is found to be barrierless only in 9H‐adenine, while for the 7H tautomer the presence of an intermediate plateau corresponding to an NH2‐twisted conformation may explain the absence of ultrafast decay in 7‐substituted compounds. A secondary picosecond decay is assigned to a path involving switches towards two other states, 1(ππ* Lb) and 1(nπ*), ultimately leading to another conical intersection with the ground state, (gs/nπ*), with a perpendicular disposition of the amino group. The topology of the hypersurfaces and the state properties explain the absence of secondary decay in 9‐substituted adenines in water in terms of the higher position of the 1(nπ*) state and also that the 1(ππ* Lb) state of 7H‐adenine is responsible for the observed fluorescence in water. A detailed discussion comparing recent experimental and theoretical findings is given. As for other nucleobases, the predominant role of a ππ*‐type state in the ultrafast deactivation of adenine is confirmed.
Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of DNA Spore Photoproduct Analogues
Authors: Friedel Marcus G. , Pieck J. Carsten , Klages Jochen , Dauth Christina , Kessler Horst , Carell Thomas
Published: June 2006

Investigation of the DNA repair process performed by the spore photoproduct (SP) lyase repair enzyme is strongly hampered by the lack of defined substrates needed for detailed enzymatic studies. The problem is particularly severe because the repair enzyme belongs to the class of strongly oxygen‐sensitive radical (S)‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes, which are notoriously difficult to handle. We report the synthesis of the spore photoproduct analogues 1 a and 1 b, which have open backbones and are diastereoisomers. In order to solve the problem of stereochemical assignment, two further derivatives 2 a and 2 b with closed backbones were prepared. The key step of the synthesis of 2 a/b is a metathesis‐based macrocyclization that strongly increases the conformational rigidity of the synthetic spore photoproduct derivatives. NOESY experiments of the cyclic isomers furnished a clear cross‐peak pattern that allowed the unequivocal assignment of the stereochemistry. The results were transferred to the data for isomers 1 a and 1 b, which were subsequently used for enzymatic‐repair studies. These studies were performed with the novel spore photoproduct lyase repair enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The studies showed an accordance with a recent investigation performed by us with the spore photoproduct lyase from Bacillus subtilis,1 in that only the S isomer 1 a is recognized and repaired. The ability to prepare a defined functioning substrate now paves the way for detailed enzymatic studies of the SP‐lyase lesion recognition and repair process.
Feuerwiderstand von hoch belasteten schlanken Ziegelwänden
Authors: Meyer Udo
Published: June 2006

Ziegelmauerwerk hat erfahrungsgemäß einen hohen Feuerwiderstand. Durch aktuelle Untersuchungen im Auftrag der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mauerziegel wurde nachgewiesen, daß die höchste bauaufsichtliche Anforderung “feuerbeständig” (F 90/REI 90) auch für die erhöhten Belastungen nach DIN 1053‐100 weiterhin sicher durch die Verwendung von beidseitig verputzten, 115 mm dicken Wänden aus HLzB6‐0,8 nach DIN V 105‐2 ein.
A Supramolecular Assembly of Organotin Complexes: Syntheses, Characterization and Crystal Structures of Organotin Complexes with meso‐2,3‐Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Zhang Qingfu
Published: June 2006

A series of two types of organotin complexes, namely [(R3Sn)4(dmsa)] (R = Ph 1, PhCH2 2, CH3 3, nBu 4; H4dmsa = meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid) and [(R2Sn)2(dmsa)(Y)]·L (R = Ph, Y = 2H2O, L = H2O, Et2O 5; R = PhCH2 6; R = CH3 7; R = nBu 8; R = nBu, Y = 0.5MeOH 9) have been synthesized. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy. Among them, the strucrtures of complexes 1, 3, 5, and 9 were also determined by X‐ray crystallography. The structural analyses show that complexes 1 and 3 are tetranuclear triorganotin monomers, complex 5 is a dinuclear diphenyltin monomer, and complex 9 is a 3D di‐n‐butyltin coordination polymer with a metal‐organic framework structure. The supramolecular structure analyses reveal that the type of organic substituent attached to the tin atoms can apparently affect the supramolecular assembly: when the substituents attached to the tin atom are aromatic groups (1 and 5) the supramolecular structures are dominated by intermolecular π–π (C–H···π) weak interactions, whereas when the substituents attached to the tin atom are alkyl groups (3 and 9) the supramolecular structures are dominated by intermolecular Sn←X (X = S, O) coordination interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Epibatidine‐Related Δ2‐Isoxazoline Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Binding Affinity at Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Dallanoce Clelia , Bazza Paola , Grazioso Giovanni , De Amici Marco , Gotti Cecilia , Riganti Loredana , Clementi Francesco , De Micheli Carlo
Published: June 2006

The group of Δ2‐isoxazoline derivatives5a–cand6a–c, structurally related to epibatidine, and the simplified analogues7a–cwere synthesized by means of a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition‐based strategy and tested at α4β2 and α7 neuronal acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Competition binding experiments at α4β2 nAChR subtypes showed an overall significant reduction in affinity for the compounds under study in comparison to the reference radioligand [3H]‐epibatidine. These outcomes have been rationalized by taking into account the ligand‐based pharmacophore models reported in the literature and the recently proposed molecular model of the α4β2 receptor subtype. Conversely, compounds5b,5c, and6bexhibited a noticeable affinity for the α7 receptors and, in the case of5c, also some subtype selectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Mathematical model for hydrodistillation of essential oils
Authors: Sovová Helena , Aleksovski Slavcho A.
Published: June 2006

Hydrodistillation of essential oils was studied using a model with broken and intact cells, in which the solute located in the cells with broken walls is rapidly extracted and the solute from intact cells diffuses slowly to the surface of botanical material. The essential oil is regarded as a pseudo‐component. Model equations describe two types of particles: the leaves, where a part of the solute is deposited on the surface in fragile glandular trichomes, and the ground particles, with initially homogeneous solute distribution. Analytical solution of model equations contains two time constants, the larger one related to essential oil diffusion from the particle core. Using literature data, the model was applied to hydrodistillation of creeping thyme leaves and intact coriander seeds. The effective diffusivity of oil in coriander seed was evaluated as 1.7 × 10−11[sol ]m2[sol ]s. A further model development should respect the different volatilities of essential oil components, leading to changes in the distilled oil composition in the course of the process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early caspase‐3 activation independent of apoptosis is required for cellular function
Authors: Rosado Juan A. , Lopez Jose J. , Gomez‐Arteta Emilio , Redondo Pedro C. , Salido Gines M. , Pariente Jose A.
Published: June 2006

A number of pro‐apoptotic stimuli induce the activation of caspase‐9, an initiator protease that activates executioner caspases, such as caspase‐3, leading to the development of programmed cell death. Here we demonstrate that cell (platelets and pancreatic acinar cells) stimulation with agonists induces a bimodal activation of caspase‐3. The early caspase‐3 activation occurs within 1 min of stimulation and is independent on caspase‐9 or mitochondrial cytochrome c release suggesting that is a non‐apoptotic event. The ability of agonists to induce early activation of caspase‐3 is similar to that observed for other physiological processes. Activation of caspase‐3 by physiological concentrations of cellular agonists, including thrombin or CCK‐8, is independent of rises in cytosolic calcium concentration but requires PKC activation, and is necessary for agonist‐induced activation of the tyrosine kinases Btk and pp60src and for several cellular functions, including store‐operated calcium entry, platelet aggregation, or pancreatic secretion. Thus, early activation of caspase‐3 seems to be a non‐apoptotic event required for cellular function. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 142–152, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of electrochemical oxidation for treatment of industrial wastewater — the influence of reactor hydrodynamics on direct and mediated processes
Authors: Szpyrkowicz Lidia
Published: June 2006

The influence of kinetic and hydrodynamic factors in electrochemical reactors used in the removal of pollutants from industrial wastewater is shown, distinguishing between the two main types of reactions, namely direct and mediated electro‐oxidation. The effect of stirring during treatment of four different types of wastewater is reported. Whilst for direct electro‐oxidation of pollutants, the influence of agitation on the performance of the reactor can be easily predicted from a mass transfer correlation, its effect during electro‐oxidation mediated in the homogeneous phase by a redox couple is not straightforward. The Hatta number can be a useful criterion to apply to electrochemical reactors performing mediated oxidation of compounds (in analogy to gas–liquid reactions), so as to define whether the reaction occurs in the bulk of the reactor or near the electrode, and thus can be affected differently by stirring. The hydrodynamic conditions in the reactor for treatment of industrial wastewater can affect the differential selectivity of the removal of pollutants and this can be used for optimising the performance of the reactor with respect to a target pollutant. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental atherosclerotic plaque: Comparison of two ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide
Authors: Herborn Christoph U. , Vogt Florian M. , Lauenstein Thomas C. , Dirsch Olaf , Corot Claire , Robert Philippe , Ruehm Stefan G.
Published: June 2006

Purpose

To evaluate a new ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) compound, ferumoxytol, as a marker of macrophage activity in atherosclerotic plaques and to compare it to ferumoxtran‐10.

Materials and Methods

Ten mature heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) female Watanabe rabbits served as the animal model for atherosclerosis, four coeval female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were the control group. Five WHHL and two NZW received a single intravenous injection (250 μmol/kg) of either ferumoxtran‐10 or ferumoxytol and were subjected to daily MR examinations on a 1.5T whole body scanner for the next five days. Development of signal intensity changes and susceptibility effects was assessed. Statistical analysis was based on a nonparametric Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney‐U test by using a P value at the 0.05 significance level. On day 5, the rabbits were sacrificed and the aorta was referred to histopathology, distribution of iron particles in the vessel wall was analyzed.

Results

MRI was feasible in all animals. Three days after injection of ferumoxytol the highest luminal signal intensity measurements were observed in the ferumoxytol group; the highest measurements were five days after injection in the ferumoxtran‐10 group (P < 0.05). In the WHHL, susceptibility effects presented as homogeneous dark lines parallel to the aortic wall after ferumoxytol and spotted areas void of signal after ferumoxtran‐10. None of these findings were observed in the NZW control groups.

Conclusion

Ferumoxtran‐10 and ferumoxytol at a respective dose of 250 μmol/kg appear well suited for atherosclerotic plaque detection with MRI in experimental atherosclerosis. Ferumoxytol warrants further analysis in humans. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of the nitric oxide/protein kinase G pathway in polychlorinated biphenyl‐induced cell death in SH‐SY 5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Canzoniero Lorella M.T. , Adornetto Annagrazia , Secondo Agnese , Magi Simona , Dell'Aversano Carmela , Scorziello Antonella , Amoroso Salvatore , Di Renzo Gianfranco
Published: June 2006

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are persistent environmental contaminants whose chronic exposure can affect nervous system development and function. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal damage are not yet clear. In the present study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) could be involved in aroclor 1254 (A1254; a PCB mixture)‐induced cytotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Prolonged exposure (24 hr) to A1254 (10–100 μg/ml) caused a dose‐dependent reduction of cell viability that was attenuated in the presence of a calcium entry blocker, gadolinum (Gd3+) at 10 μM, a concentration able to block voltage‐sensitive calcium channels. In addition, A1254 caused an increase of cytosolic calcium that was dependent on extracellular calcium, as measured by fura‐2 videomicroscopy. A1254‐induced calcium rise may stimulate NO production through an activation of neuronal NOS (nNOS). Indeed, the concomitant addition of the selective nNOS inhibitor Nω‐propyl‐L‐arginine (NPLA) and A1254 prevented cell injury, suggesting that NO production plays a major role in A1254‐evoked cell injury. Furthermore, the exposure (14 hr) to A1254 (30 μg/ml) produced an up‐regulation of the expression of β isoform of nNOS. This up‐regulation was calcium dependent and was accompanied by an enhancement of NO production as demonstrated by an increase of nitrite formation. Moreover, A1254‐induced cell injury was prevented when KT 5823, a selective cGMP/PKG inhibitor, was added concomitantly to 30 μg/ml A1254. These results suggest that PCB‐induced cell death in neuroblastoma cells is mediated by an activation of the cGMP/PKG pathway triggered by NO production. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New role for spinal Stargazin in α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor‐mediated pain sensitization after inflammation
Authors: Tao Feng , Skinner John , Su Qingning , Johns Roger A.
Published: June 2006

Considerable evidence has demonstrated that α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor blockade has an antinociceptive effect on inflammatory pain. Stargazin (STG) is the first transmembrane protein known to associate with AMPA receptors and regulate their synaptic targeting. However, it is not known whether STG is involved in inflammatory pain processing by regulating AMPA receptor function. In the present study, we investigated the effect of knockdown of spinal STG on AMPA receptor‐mediated pain sensitization after inflammation. Antisense technology was employed to knock down STG expression in the spinal cord. We show that STG was expressed and interacted with AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 in the spinal cord. Intrathecally injected STG antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) specifically decreased STG expression in the lumbar spinal cord and dose dependently inhibited formalin‐induced inflammatory pain in the second phase. More important was our finding for the first time that this specific STG antisense ODN diminished AMPA (0.1 μg)‐enhanced formalin pain and lost its effect if pretreated with AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX. Our results demonstrate a new role for STG in central sensitization of inflammatory pain by interacting with AMPA receptors in the spinal cord. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizational identification versus organizational commitment: self‐definition, social exchange, and job attitudes
Authors: van Knippenberg Daan , Sleebos Ed
Published: June 2006

The psychological relationship between individual and organization has been conceptualized both in terms of identification and in terms of (affective) commitment. In the present study, we explore the differences between these two conceptualizations. Building on the proposition that identification is different from commitment in that identification reflects the self‐definitional aspect of organizational membership whereas commitment does not, we propose that commitment is more contingent on social exchange processes that presume that individual and organization are separate entities psychologically, and more closely aligned with (other) job attitudes. In support of these propositions, results of a cross‐sectional survey of university faculty (n=133) showed that identification is uniquely aligned (i.e., controlling for affective commitment) with the self‐referential aspect of organizational membership, whereas commitment is uniquely related (i.e., controlling for identification) to perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. We conclude that the core difference between identification and commitment lies in the implied relationship between individual and organization: Identification reflects psychological oneness, commitment reflects a relationship between separate psychological entities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A matter of feeling? The affective tone of organizational commitment and identification
Authors: Herrbach Olivier
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the relationship between organizational commitment, organizational identification, and self‐reported affect at work. The results of a questionnaire survey of 365 engineers show that affective organizational commitment was correlated with experiencing more positive affective states. On the other hand, continuance commitment was not characterized as involving significant negative affect. Organizational identification was correlated with the frequency of both positive and negative affective states, but the correlation with positive affect was no longer significant when controlling for affective commitment. The paper concludes with comments on the nature of organizational commitment and identification, based on these findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between affective and normative commitment: review and research agenda
Authors: Bergman Mindy E.
Published: June 2006

Meyer and Allen's (1991, 1997) three component conceptualization of organizational commitment (OC) includes affective (AC), continuance (CC), and normative (NC) commitment. However, AC and NC have not been as empirically differentiated as theoretically expected. Drawing on the extant literature, I review, integrate, and expand on arguments and evidence about the lack of AC‐NC differentiation. I also propose several avenues for research that could help commitment scholars attain a clearer picture of the true relationship between AC and NC, as the extant literature has inadequately addressed many issues regarding construct differentiation. Specific, testable propositions address a variety of facets of the commitment literature, including construct definition and measurement, developmental processes, relationships among the components and their unique and joint effects on outcomes, and potential moderators of the AC‐NC relationship. The goal of this paper is to spur future research into the AC‐NC relationship in order to gain greater construct clarity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.