bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preemptive Regulation of Intracellular pH in Hippocampal Neurons by a Dual Mechanism of Depolarization-Induced Alkalinization
Authors: Svichar Nataliya , Esquenazi Susana , Chen Huei-Ying , Chesler Mitchell
Published: May 2011

Numerous studies have documented the mechanisms that regulate intracellular pH (pHi) in hippocampal neurons in response to an acid load. Here, we studied the response of pHito depolarization in cultured hippocampal neurons. Elevation of external K+(6–30 mm) elicited an acid transient followed by a large net alkaline shift. Similar responses were observed in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons. In Ca2+-free media, the acid response was curtailed and the alkaline shift enhanced. DIDS blocked the alkaline response and revealed a prolonged underlying acidification that was highly dependent on Ca2+entry. Similar alkaline responses could be elicited by AMPA, indicating that this rise in pHiwas a depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA). The DIA was found to consist of Cl−-dependent and Cl−-independent components, each accounting for approximately one-half of the peak amplitude. The Cl−-independent component was postulated to arise from operation of the electrogenic Na+–HCO3−cotransporter NBCe1. Quantitative PCR and single-cell multiplex reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated message for NBCe1 in our hippocampal neurons. In neurons cultured fromSlc4a4knock-out (KO) mice, the DIA was reduced by approximately one-half compared with wild type, suggesting that NBCe1 was responsible for the Cl−-independent DIA. InSlc4a4KO neurons, the remaining DIA was virtually abolished in Cl−-free media. These data demonstrate that DIA of hippocampal neurons occurs via NBCe1, and a parallel DIDS-sensitive, Cl−-dependent mechanism. Our results indicate that, by activating net acid extrusion in response to depolarization, hippocampal neurons can preempt a large, prolonged, Ca2+-dependent acidosis.
Approaching Parents to Take Part in a Cleft Gene Bank: A Qualitative Pilot Study
Authors: Williams Lucy , Dures Emma , Waylen Andrea , Ireland Tony , Rumsey Nichola , Sandy Jonathan
Published: May 2011

Objective

A gene bank, comprising genetic material and environmental and family history data, is being established in the United Kingdom to improve the understanding of the etiology of orofacial clefting (OFC). This study aimed to identify factors that might contribute to participation in a cleft gene bank and what issues need to be considered in approaching parents to be included.

Design

A qualitative approach was adopted, using focus groups and interviews. Transcripts of audio recordings were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Participants

A UK cleft center invited 100 families of children born with OFC to participate. Inclusion criteria included any parent of a child aged between 6 months and 16 years willing to take part. Sixteen parents participated.

Results

Participants were generally motivated to take part in a cleft gene bank because they value the discovery of new knowledge of the etiology of OFC. They wanted reassurance about the purpose and integrity of the project. Many conveyed shock at the diagnosis of cleft and offered mixed accounts of experiences with health care professionals. They suggested an individualized approach from a trustworthy and sensitive professional when being invited to join the gene bank, avoiding difficult times associated with new-baby challenges and issues related to the cleft.

Conclusions

This pilot study indicates that parents of children born with OFC would be supportive of developing a cleft gene bank, but sensitive issues need to be considered.
Antiretroviral Prophylaxis and the Risk of Cleft Lip and Palate: Preliminary Signal Detection in the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Events Reporting System Database
Authors: Cartsos Vassiliki M. , Palaska Pinelopi Kleio , Zavras Athanasios I.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Antiretroviral prophylaxis has been found to be effective in preventing vertical HIV transmission to the offspring of infected mothers. Because medicine and the art of public health require benefits to outweigh any plausible risks, our study aimed to explore and quantify preliminary associations between antiretroviral medications and clefting.

Methods

We analyzed 5 years of available data from the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Events Reporting System (Medwatch program) and calculated reporting odds ratios (RORs) and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

The medications with the highest effects were efavirenz with an ROR of 196 (95% CI, 86 to 447), lamivudine with an ROR of 60.2 (95% CI, 14.25 to 148), the combination abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine with an ROR of 59.3, and nelfinavir with and ROR of 50.5, followed by nevirapine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and lamivudine/zidovudine.

Conclusion

Given the multifactorial etiology of cleft lip and palate, further studies are needed to assess the relative safety of antiretroviral prophylaxis and the specific conditions or potential synergies that might lead to the development of this defect.
Does the Prevalence of Contract Hog Production Influence the Price Received by Independent Hog Producers?
Authors: Key Nigel
Published: May 2011

The increasing use of production contracts in the hog sector has reduced the number of spot market transactions and raised concerns about price manipulation by packers. These concerns have helped spur legislative efforts to restrict packer ownership of livestock and to regulate livestock contracts. Using panel data from the 2002 and 2007 Census of Agriculture, this study looks for evidence that production contracts are associated with market manipulation by examining whether the local prevalence of production contracts affects the price of finished hogs received by independent producers. The empirical approach examines whether changes in the prevalence of contracting at the county level are correlated with changes in the spot market price received by individual farmers. By comparing differences over time, this approach controls for unobservable time-invariant individual and county characteristics—such as product quality and location—that might be correlated with price and contracting prevalence. Results are sufficiently precise to rule out an economically significant negative relationship between contracting prevalence and the spot price as statistically unlikely.
Modified divergence theorem for analysis and optimization of wall reflecting cylindrical UV reactor
Authors: Milanovic Djurdje , Sajfert Vjekoslav , Obradovic Slobodan , Vujotic Ljiljana , Rosic Bozidar , Milanovic Srdjan
Published: May 2011

In this paper, Modified Divergence Theorem (MDT), known in earlier literature
as Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, was formulated and proposed as a general
approach to electromagnetic (EM) radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV)
radiation reactor modeling. Formulated mathematical model, based on MDT, for
multilamp UV reactor was applied to all sources in a reactor in order to
obtain intensity profiles at chosen surfaces inside reactor. Applied
modification of MDT means that intensity at a real opaque or transparent
surface or through a virtual surface, opened or closed, from different sides
of the surface are added and not subtracted as in some other areas of
physics. Derived model is applied to an example of the multiple UV sources
reactor, where sources are arranged inside a cylindrical reactor at the
coaxial virtual cylinder, having the radius smaller than the radius of the
reactor. In this work, optimization of a reactor means maximum transfer of EM
energy sources into the fluid for given fluid absorbance and fluid flow-dose
product. Obtained results, for in advanced known water quality, gives unique
solution for an optimized model of a multilamp reactor geometry. As everyone
can easily verify, MDT is very good starting point for every reactor modeling
and analysis.
Measuring Clinical Change in Routine Mental Health Care: Differences Between First Time and Longer Term Service Users
Authors: Parabiaghi Alberto , Rapisarda Filippo , D'Avanzo Barbara , Erlicher Arcadio , Lora Antonio , Barbato Angelo
Published: May 2011

Objective: The aims were to assess the feasibility of routinely collecting outcome data in everyday mental health services across Italy and to evaluate clinical change in a cohort of patients stratified by illness duration.

Method: A prevalence sample of patients attending nine Italian community mental health services (CMHS) was assessed over one year with the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). The patients were classified on the basis of the duration of their contact with services. Clinical outcome was evaluated taking into account parameters of reliable and clinically significant change (RCSC). Predictors of change included clinical and socio-demographic characteristics at first assessment and six month reliable improvement.

Results: 2059 patients were evaluated with only 3% attrition at follow up; 22% of first time and about 7% of longer term users achieved reliable improvement at one year. First contacts had a better outcome than longer term users and significant differences were seen at both group and individual level. Reliable improvement at six months was the best predictor of clinical improvement at one year for the whole cohort.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated the feasibility of routine outcome assessment and gave an expected and realistic picture of the one-year outcome of a representative sample of patients attending a group of Italian CMHS. RCSC showed potential utility as a means of communicating with clinicians and decision makers.
‘It used to be about the kids’: Nutrition Reform and the Montreal Protestant School Board
Authors: Povitz Lana
Published: May 2011

Abstract:

The nutrition programs that developed in Montreal Protestant schools during the 1970s attest to a deepening awareness of child and adolescent welfare. The combination of grassroots activism and government support that brought about these initiatives took place in the context of post–Quiet Revolution Quebec, when Montrealers were grappling with the role that the newly activist state should play in social life. At the same time, school nutrition reform was part of a broader ongoing renegotiation of state responsibility. Both in Canada and the United States, governments were steadily assuming a mantle of responsibility for expanded liberal rights.
Tomato Lycopene and Lung Cancer Prevention: From Experimental to Human Studies
Authors: Palozza Paola , Simone Rossella E. , Catalano Assunta , Mele Maria Cristina
Published: May 2011

Increasing evidence suggests that tomato lycopene may be preventive against the formation and the development of lung cancer. Experimental studies demonstrated that lycopene may inhibit the growth of several cultured lung cancer cells and prevent lung tumorigenesis in animal models through various mechanisms, including a modulation of redox status, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis induction, a regulation of growth factor signaling, changes in cell growth-related enzymes, an enhancement of gap junction communication and a prevention of smoke-induced inflammation. In addition, lycopene also inhibited cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Several lycopene metabolites have been identified, raising the question as to whether the preventive effects of lycopene on cancer risk is, at least in part, due to its metabolites. Despite these promising reports, it is difficult at the moment to directly relate available experimental data to human pathophysiology. More well controlled clinical intervention trials are needed to further clarify the exact role of lycopene in the prevention of lung cancer cell growth. Such studies should take into consideration subject selection, specific markers of analysis, the levels of carotenoids being tested, metabolism and isomerization of lycopene, interaction with other bioactive food components. This article reviews data on the cancer preventive activities of lycopene, possible mechanisms involved, and the relationship between lycopene consumption and human cancer risk.
Effect of Combined High Pressure and Thermal Treatment on Myofibrillar Proteins Solubilization of Beef Muscle
Authors: Ma Hanjun , Zhou Guanghong , Ledward David A. , Yu Xiaoling , Pan Runshu
Published: May 2011

The effects of high pressure (to 600 MPa) at different temperatures (20 to 60 °C) for 20 min on protein solubilization and electrophoretic pattern in beef post-rigor longissimus dorsi muscle were studied. The results showed that protein solubilization increased with increasing temperature, especially from 40 °C to 60 °C. A regular trend of protein solubilization was found when isolated myofibrils were subjected to high pressure at different temperatures, an increase was observed with increasing pressure up to about 400 MPa, solubility then decreasing to 600 MPa. Electrophoretic profiles showed that myosin light chains and actin thin filaments were sensitive to pressure, and were released from myofibrils subjected to 100 MPa and higher pressures at the different temperatures.
Dietary Proteins as Determinants of Metabolic and Physiologic Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Jahan-Mihan Alireza , Luhovyy Bohdan L. , El Khoury Dalia , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: May 2011

Dietary proteins elicit a wide range of nutritional and biological functions. Beyond their nutritional role as the source of amino acids for protein synthesis, they are instrumental in the regulation of food intake, glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, bone metabolism and immune function. The interaction of dietary proteins and their products of digestion with the regulatory functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a dominant role in determining the physiological properties of proteins. The site of interaction is widespread, from the oral cavity to the colon. The characteristics of proteins that influence their interaction with the GI tract in a source-dependent manner include their physico-chemical properties, their amino acid composition and sequence, their bioactive peptides, their digestion kinetics and also the non-protein bioactive components conjugated with them. Within the GI tract, these products affect several regulatory functions by interacting with receptors releasing hormones, affecting stomach emptying and GI transport and absorption, transmitting neural signals to the brain, and modifying the microflora. This review discusses the interaction of dietary proteins during digestion and absorption with the physiological and metabolic functions of the GI tract, and illustrates the importance of this interaction in the regulation of amino acid, glucose, lipid metabolism, and food intake.
Tree Classification with Fused Mobile Laser Scanning and Hyperspectral Data
Authors: Puttonen Eetu , Jaakkola Anttoni , Litkey Paula , Hyyppä Juha
Published: May 2011

Mobile Laser Scanning data were collected simultaneously with hyperspectral data using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Sensei system. The data were tested for tree species classification. The test area was an urban garden in the City of Espoo, Finland. Point clouds representing 168 individual tree specimens of 23 tree species were determined manually. The classification of the trees was done using first only the spatial data from point clouds, then with only the spectral data obtained with a spectrometer, and finally with the combined spatial and hyperspectral data from both sensors. Two classification tests were performed: the separation of coniferous and deciduous trees, and the identification of individual tree species. All determined tree specimens were used in distinguishing coniferous and deciduous trees. A subset of 133 trees and 10 tree species was used in the tree species classification. The best classification results for the fused data were 95.8% for the separation of the coniferous and deciduous classes. The best overall tree species classification succeeded with 83.5% accuracy for the best tested fused data feature combination. The respective results for paired structural features derived from the laser point cloud were 90.5% for the separation of the coniferous and deciduous classes and 65.4% for the species classification. Classification accuracies with paired hyperspectral reflectance value data were 90.5% for the separation of coniferous and deciduous classes and 62.4% for different species. The results are among the first of their kind and they show that mobile collected fused data outperformed single-sensor data in both classification tests and by a significant margin.
Modeling of Beams’ Multiple-Contact Mode with an Application in the Design of a High-g Threshold Microaccelerometer
Authors: Li Kai , Chen Wenyuan , Zhang Weiping
Published: May 2011

Beam’s multiple-contact mode, characterized by multiple and discrete contact regions, non-uniform stoppers’ heights, irregular contact sequence, seesaw-like effect, indirect interaction between different stoppers, and complex coupling relationship between loads and deformation is studied. A novel analysis method and a novel high speed calculation model are developed for multiple-contact mode under mechanical load and electrostatic load, without limitations on stopper height and distribution, providing the beam has stepped or curved shape. Accurate values of deflection, contact load, contact region and so on are obtained directly, with a subsequent validation by CoventorWare. A new concept design of high-g threshold microaccelerometer based on multiple-contact mode is presented, featuring multiple acceleration thresholds of one sensitive component and consequently small sensor size.
Foamy Virus Biology and Its Application for Vector Development
Authors: Lindemann Dirk , Rethwilm Axel
Published: May 2011

Spuma- or foamy viruses (FV), endemic in most non-human primates, cats, cattle and horses, comprise a special type of retrovirus that has developed a replication strategy combining features of both retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Unique features of FVs include an apparent apathogenicity in natural hosts as well as zoonotically infected humans, a reverse transcription of the packaged viral RNA genome late during viral replication resulting in an infectious DNA genome in released FV particles and a special particle release strategy depending capsid and glycoprotein coexpression and specific interaction between both components. In addition, particular features with respect to the integration profile into the host genomic DNA discriminate FV from orthoretroviruses. It appears that some inherent properties of FV vectors set them favorably apart from orthoretroviral vectors and ask for additional basic research on the viruses as well as on the application in Gene Therapy. This review will summarize the current knowledge of FV biology and the development as a gene transfer system.
Gold-catalyzed regioselective oxidation of terminal allenes: formation of α-methanesulfonyloxy methyl ketones
Authors: Luo Yingdong , Zhang Guozhu , Hwang Erik S , Wilcoxon Thomas A , Zhang Liming
Published: May 2011

Synthetically useful α-methanesulfonyloxy methyl ketones are readily prepared in one-step from terminal allenes in fair to good yields. The chemistry relies on a gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of the 1,2-diene unit using 3,5-dichloropyridine N-oxide as the oxidant. The reaction tolerates a range of functional groups and shows excellent regioselectivity.
The YMDD and rtA194T Mutations Result in Decreased Replication Capacity in Wild-Type HBV as well as in HBV with Precore and Basal Core Promoter Mutations
Authors: Zhu Yuao , Curtis Maria , Borroto-Esoda Katyna
Published: May 2011

Background:

A recent study indicated that addition of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) precore (PC) or basal core promoter (BCP) mutations to wild-type HBV offset the reduced replication of the HBV polymerase rtA194T ±rtL180M+rtM204V mutations. rtA194T was reportedly associated with tenofovir resistance. We investigated these findings in genotype D HBV, where both PC and BCP naturally occur in vivo.

Methods:

A plasmid containing a wild-type 1.3 genome length genotype D HBV laboratory strain was used as a parent for PC, BCP, rtA194T ±rtL180M+rtM204V, rtL180M+rtM204V and rtM204I mutants. Viral replication was evaluated by Southern blot analysis of intracellular HBV core DNA following transient transfection of HepG2 cells. Drug susceptibility was evaluated by quantitative PCR of intracellular HBV DNA.

Results:

PC and BCP mutations each increased HBV DNA replication by approximately 200% over wild-type. rtA194T reduced replication by <40%, whereas rtL180M+rtM204V, rtL180M+rtA194T+rtM204V or rtM204I each reduced by >75% from their respective wild-type, PC or BCP genome backbone ( P<0.05). The enhanced replication by PC or BCP offset the reduction by rtA194T; however, the other reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations in PC or BCP backbones remained signifcantly lower than wild-type ( P<0.05). Regardless of the backbone, rtA194T ±rtL180M+rtM204V remained susceptible to tenofovir in vitro. rtA194T alone remained susceptible to lamivudine, while rtL180M+rtM204V and rtL180M+rtA194T+rtM204V were resistant.

Conclusions:

PC or BCP mutations increased HBV DNA replication, offset the decreased replication by rtA194T alone, but they did not fully rescue the impaired replication conferred by other RT mutations as compared with wild-type. rtA194T ±rtL180M+rtM204V did not confer tenofovir resistance.
Cultures croisées
Authors: Guy Jean-Michel
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’étude Cultures croisées analyse les références culturelles communes et réciproques ? une approche de l’interculturalité ? des Allemands, des Italiens et des Français en matière de patrimoine architectural, historique, littéraire, cinématographique, théâtral et lyrique et sur des références ou des figures de la culture populaire. Conduite auprès de 4 500 personnes dans les trois populations, cette enquête, inédite dans son domaine et par son ampleur, cherche à sonder le fondement commun des cultures en Europe, d’une culture européenne ou de l’identité culturelle européenne par la culture. Les résultats confirment la corrélation des connaissances et du niveau d’éducation, mettent en évidence la prégnance des stéréotypes sur les peuples et l’absence d’une véritable culture commune. L’existence de quelques références transnationales massivement partagées montre néanmoins que l’interculturalité, qui suppose la connaissance des autres peuples, n’est pas hors de portée. L’étude invite à repenser objectifs, méthodes et outils de l’interculturalité européenne.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Literature Review
Authors: Minami Yasunori , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: May 2011

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver cancers can be performed safely using percutaneous, laparoscopic, or open surgical techniques, and much of the impetus for the use of RFA has come from cohort series that have provided an evidence base for this technique. Here, we give an overview of the current status of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including its physical properties, to assess the characteristics that make this technique applicable in clinical practice. We review the technical development of probe design and summarize current indications and outcomes of reported clinical use. An accurate evaluation of treatment response is very important to secure successful RFA therapy since a sufficient safety margin (at least 0.5 cm) can prevent local tumor recurrences. We also provide a profile of side effects and information on the integration of this technique into the general management of patients with HCC. To minimize complications of RFA, physicians should be familiar with each feature of complication. Appropriate management of complications is essential for successful RFA treatment. Moreover, adjuvant therapy, such as molecular targeted therapies following curative therapy, is expected to further improve survival after RFA.
Resident Stem Cells and Renal Carcinoma
Authors: Bussolati Benedetta , Brossa Alessia , Camussi Giovanni
Published: May 2011

According to the cancer stem cell hypothesis tumors are maintained by a cancer stem cell population which is able to initiate and maintain tumors. Tumor-initiating stem cells display stem or progenitor cell properties such as self-renewal and capacity to re-establish tumors that recapitulate the tumor of origin. In this paper, we discuss data relative to the presence of cancer stem cells in human renal carcinoma and their possible origin from normal resident stem cells. The cancer stem cells identified in human renal carcinomas are not derived from the normal CD133+progenitors of the kidney, but rather from a more undifferentiated population that retains a mesenchymal phenotype. This population is able to self-renewal, clonogenicity, and in vivo tumor initiation. Moreover, they retain pluripotent differentiation capability, as they can generate not only the epithelial component of the tumor, but also tumor endothelial cells. This suggests that renal cancer stem cells may contribute to the intratumor vasculogenesis.
Stem Cell Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pot of Gold or Pandora's Box
Authors: Shah V. K. , Shalia K. K.
Published: May 2011

Stem cell therapy for conditions characterized by myocyte loss in myocardial infarction and heart failure is intuitively appealing. Stem cells from various sources, including heart itself in preclinical and animal studies, have shown the potential to improve the function of ventricular muscle after ischaemic injury. The clinical experience from worldwide studies have indicated the safety profile but with modest benefits. The predominant mechanisms of transplanted cells for improving cardiac function have pointed towards paracrine effects rather than transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes. Thus, further investigations should be encouraged towards bench side and bedside to resolve various issues for ensuring the correct type and dosing of cells, time, and method of delivery and identify correct mechanism of functional improvement. An interdisciplinary effort at the scientific, clinical, and the government front will bring successful realization of this therapy for healing the heart and may convert what seems now a Pandora's Box into a Pot of Gold.
Imaging of the Head and Neck following Radiation Treatment
Authors: Debnam J. Matthew
Published: May 2011

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck occurs in approximately 40,000 patients annually in the United States and is often treated with radiation therapy. Radiological studies are obtained following treatment for head and neck malignancies to assess for recurrent tumor, posttreatment changes, and associated complications. Radiation treatment creates a difficult clinical picture for oncologists, head and neck surgeons, neuroradiologists, and neuropathologists. As post-treatment imaging studies are often discussed at radiology/pathology working conferences, knowledge of the imaging appearance of radiation-associated changes in the head and neck and the terminology used by neuroradiologists may not only aid in interpretation of the pathologic specimen, but also assist in communications with neuroradiologists and referring clinicians.
Adrenal adenomatoid tumor in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Phitayakorn Roy , MacLennan Gregory , Sadow Peter , Wilhelm Scott
Published: May 2011

We present the clinical course of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus and an adrenal adenomatoid tumor (AAT). We describe the clinical course and laboratory, radiographic, and microscopic findings of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and an adenomatoid tumor of the right adrenal gland. A review of the literature was also done via electronic searches through PubMed for articles from 1965 to 2008 that contained the following search terms, adenomatoid tumor limited to the English language only. A 22 year-old African-American male with HIV was incidentally found to have a hypermetabolic right adrenal mass. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy and the mass had morphological and immunohistochemical features that were consistent with an AAT. A review of the medical literature reveals that almost all cases of AAT were in male patients (96%) with a mean age of 41±11 years (range=22–64) with no significant difference in laterality (right side=46%, left side=50%, unknown=4%). AAT have an average size of 4.2±3.5 cm (range=0.5–14.3 cm). Pre-operative imaging studies do not appear to be able to reliably distinguish AAT from other types of adrenocortical tumors. For reasons that require further research, AAT typically occur in male patients and may be associated with immunosuppression. AAT can be safely removed laparoscopically with no evidence of long-term recurrence even with tumor extension beyond the adrenal capsule.
Ester: Vroulike durf binne ’n manlike bestel
Authors: Spies Lina
Published: May 2011

In this article, the Book of Esther was interpreted in a way that was clearly not intended by the author. The article aimed to specifically concentrate on the motives and character traits of the personas, as revealed by their actions. The splendour and pomp of Ahasuerus’s banquet reveals his ostentatious nature that Vasthi distances herself from. In spite of the apparent humiliation of losing her position as queen, she retains her dignity as a woman. Esther, on the other hand, deals with the king’s appetite for pleasure by pleasing him with her sexual wiles and sumptuous meals. The royal power that she subsequently gains enables her to save her people from extinction. The male personas are shown up by their female counterparts as being obsessed by power and status. In a fierce political struggle, Haman is brought to a fall and Mordechai, a Diaspora Jew who risks his Jewishness for his ambition, replaces him as vice-roy of Persia. God’s absence in the Book of Esther is explained in that God might perhaps speak through the weak, the insignificant and the humiliated or that God withdraws in silence from the political schemes of those in power.
Gender critique on the narrator’s androcentric point of view of women in Matthew’s gospel
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: May 2011

The article, from a gender-sensitive perspective, is critical of patriarchal values that are harmful to women and other non-dominant groups. When the focus on women and women’s roles is usurped by male control, the androcentric self-interest of interpreters and authors becomes apparent. This is still the case in present-day theological studies, but is especially prevalent in premodern biblical writings, of which the Gospel of Matthew is an example. Recent mainstream Jesus studies demonstrate that women were welcomed in an ‘egalitarian’ way in the community of the first followers of Jesus. Women’s contribution to the first Christian faith community is highlighted. This stands in stark contrast to the silencing and invisibility of women in the surrounding patriarchal world of the ancient Middle East. Although Matthew does view women and other formerly excluded people as part of the faith community and equal recipients of God’s love, they are never treated as equal participants. The article focuses on three issues concerning the narrator’s point of view, namely that (1) women fulfilled a supporting, rather than an initiating role (Mt 1–2; 9:18–26; 15:21–28), (2) double standards were applied to male and female sexuality and women’s sexuality was regarded with prejudice (Mt 5:29–32; 19:2–12) and (3) women were seemingly given the opportunity to live ‘authentically’ as human beings, but in actual fact they could do so only if this ‘authenticity’ was sanctioned by men (Mt 20:20–23; 27:38; 27:56).
Quantification of the volatility of secondary organic compounds in ultrafine particles during nucleation events
Authors: Pierce J. R. , Riipinen I. , Kulmala M. , Ehn M. , Petäjä T. , Junninen H. , Worsnop D. R. , Donahue N. M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Condensation of secondary organic compounds onto ultrafine aerosols is important for growing these particles to sizes where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei. The organic flux to ultrafine particles depends strongly on the volatility of the condensing compounds. This paper presents quantitative estimates of the volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in freshly nucleated particles. We examine 13 nucleation/growth events in two remote continental locations, Hyytiälä, Finland and Egbert, ON, Canada. Two independent methods are used to quantify the volatility of the growing nucleation mode: (1) modelling of the growing nucleation mode to determine which volatilities allow the model to reproduce observed growth, and (2) modelling of the evaporation of heated aerosols in a Volatility Differential Mobility Particle Sizer to determine which volatilities allow the model to reproduce the observed evaporation. We find that the average saturation vapor concentration (C*) in the freshly nucleated particles is likely less than 10−3–10−2 μg m−3 (this corresponds to 3 × 106−3 × 107 molecules cm−3 and a saturation vapor pressure of 10−8−10−7 Pa). This maximum volatility depends somewhat on other uncertain factors that affect the size-dependent condensation of secondary organic compounds such as the surface tension, mass accommodation coefficient and the volatility of the pre-existing aerosols. However, our tests suggest that under no reasonable assumptions can the SOA in the ultrafine particles contain a majority of compounds with C* > 10−2 μg m−3. We demonstrate that the growth could be driven by either gas-phase or particle-phase chemistry but cannot conclude which is responsible for the low-volatility SOA.
Retrieval of atmospheric optical parameters from ground-based sun-photometer measurements for Zanjan, Iran
Authors: Bayat A. , Masoumi A. , Khalesifard H. R.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We are reporting the results of ground-based spectroradiometric measurements on aerosols and water vapor in the atmosphere of Zanjan for the period of October 2006 to September 2008 using a CIMEL CE318-2 sun-photometer. Zanjan is a city in Northwest Iran, located at 36.70° N, 48.51° E, and at an altitude of 1800 m a.m.s.l. (above mean sea level). The spectral aerosol optical depth, Ångström exponent, and columnar water vapor have been calculated using the data recorded by the sun-photometer through the direct measurements on the sun radiance (sun-mode). The average values of aerosol optical depth at 440 nm, columnar water vapor, and the Ångström exponent, α, during the mentioned period are measured as, 0.28 ± 0.14, 0.57 ± 0.37 cm and 0.73 ± 0.30, respectively. The maximum (minimum) value of the aerosol optical depth was recorded in May 2007 (November 2007), and that of columnar water vapor, in July 2007 (January 2008). Using the least-squares method, the Ångström exponent was calculated in the spectral interval 440–870 nm along with α1 and α2, the coefficients of a second order polynomial fit to the plotted logarithm of aerosol optical depth versus the logarithm of wavelength. The coefficient α2 shows that most of the aerosols in the Zanjan area have dimensions larger than 1 micron. The calculated values for α2 − α1 indicate that 80 % of the aerosols are in the coarse-mode (>1 μm) and 20 % of them are in the fine-mode (<1 μm). Comparison of α2 − α1 for the atmosphere over Zanjan with other regions indicates dust particles are the most dominant aerosols in the region.
Quantifying uncertainty in climatological fields from GPS radio occultation: an empirical-analytical error model
Authors: Scherllin-Pirscher B. , Kirchengast G. , Steiner A. K. , Kuo Y.-H. , Foelsche U.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Due to the measurement principle of the radio occultation (RO) technique, RO data are highly suitable for climate studies. Single RO profiles can be used to build climatological fields of different atmospheric parameters like bending angle, refractivity, density, pressure, geopotential height, and temperature. RO climatologies are affected by random (statistical) errors, sampling errors, and systematic errors, yielding a total climatological error. Based on empirical error estimates, we provide a simple analytical error model for these error components, which accounts for vertical, latitudinal, and seasonal variations. The vertical structure of each error component is modeled constant around the tropopause region. Above this region the error increases exponentially, below the increase follows an inverse height power-law. The statistical error strongly depends on the number of measurements. It is found to be the smallest error component for monthly mean 10° zonal mean climatologies with more than 600 measurements per bin. Due to smallest atmospheric variability, the sampling error is found to be smallest at low latitudes equatorwards of 40°. Beyond 40°, this error increases roughly linearly, with a stronger increase in hemispheric winter than in hemispheric summer. The sampling error model accounts for this hemispheric asymmetry. However, we recommend to subtract the sampling error when using RO climatologies for climate research since the residual sampling error remaining after such subtraction is estimated to be 50 % of the sampling error for bending angle and 30 % or less for the other atmospheric parameters. The systematic error accounts for potential residual biases in the measurements as well as in the retrieval process and generally dominates the total climatological error. Overall the total error in monthly means is estimated to be smaller than 0.07 % in refractivity and 0.15 K in temperature at low to mid latitudes, increasing towards higher latitudes. This study focuses on dry atmospheric parameters as retrieved from RO measurements so for context we also quantitatively explain the difference between dry and physical atmospheric parameters, which can be significant at low latitudes below about 10 km.
First national intercomparison of solar ultraviolet radiometers in Italy
Authors: Diémoz H. , Siani A. M. , Casale G. R. , di Sarra A. , Serpillo B. , Petkov B. , Scaglione S. , Bonino A. , Facta S. , Fedele F. , Grifoni D. , Verdi L. , Zipoli G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. A blind intercomparison of ground-based ultraviolet (UV) instruments has been organized for the first time in Italy. The campaign was coordinated by the Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley (ARPA Valle d'Aosta) and took place in Saint-Christophe (45.8° N, 7.4° E, 570 m a.s.l.), in the Alpine region, from 8 to 23 June 2010. It involved 8 institutions, 10 broadband radiometers, 2 filter radiometers and 2 spectroradiometers. Synchronized measurements of downward global solar UV irradiance at the ground were collected and the raw series were then individually processed by the respective operators on the basis of their own procedures and calibration data. The comparison was performed in terms of global solar UV Index and integrated UV-A irradiance against a well-calibrated double monochromator spectroradiometer as reference. An improved algorithm for comparing broadband data and spectra has been developed. For some instruments, we found average deviations ranging from −16 % up to 20 % relative to the reference and diurnal variations as large as 15 % even in clear days. Remarkable deviations also arose from instruments recently in operation and never involved in field intercomparison.
Scaling and trends of hourly precipitation extremes in two different climate zones – Hong Kong and the Netherlands
Authors: Lenderink G. , Mok H. Y. , Lee T. C. , van Oldenborgh G. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Hourly precipitation extremes in very long time series from the Hong Kong Observatory and the Netherlands are investigated. Using the 2 m dew point temperature from 4 h before the rainfall event as a measure of near surface absolute humidity, hourly precipitation extremes closely follow a 14 % per degree dependency – a scaling twice as large as following from the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. However, for dew point temperatures above 23 °C no significant dependency on humidity was found. Strikingly, in spite of the large difference in climate, results are almost identical in Hong Kong and the Netherlands for the dew point temperature range where both observational sets have sufficient data. Trends in hourly precipitation extremes show substantial increases over the last century for both De Bilt (the Netherlands) and Hong Kong. For De Bilt, not only the long term trend, but also variations in hourly precipitation extremes on a inter-decadal timescale of 30 yr and longer, can be linked very well to the above scaling; there is a very close resemblance between variations in dew point temperature and precipitation intensity with an inferred dependency of hourly precipitation extremes of 10 to 14 % per degree. For Hong Kong there is no connection between variations in humidity and those in precipitation intensity in the wet season, May to September, consistent with the found zero-dependency of preciptation intensity on humidity for dew points above 23 °C. Yet, outside the wet season humidity changes do appear to explain the positive trend in hourly precipitation extremes, again following a dependency close to twice the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.
Radon concentrations in abandoned mines, Cumbria, UK: safety implications for industrial archaeologists
Authors: Gillmore G. , Alizadeh Gharib H. , Denman A. , Phillips P. , Bridge D.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a number of surveys performed in a geographical area of the UK, part of which until recently was considered low radon risk. The Cumbrian region was identified by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in its 1999 guide as an area without a significant radon problem in the built environment. The geology of the region, which includes the Northern Pennine Orefield is varied, but consists of granites, andesites, tuffs, carbonates, sandstones and shales. Mineralisation has taken place (mostly lead and copper ores) primarily along fault and fracture zones, one example being Copper Valley, northwest of Coniston village. This work quantifies the risk of exposure to radon in a number of abandoned mine environments. High radon levels, up to 28 589 Bq m−3, have been measured in parts of one mine. This study demonstrates that industrial archaeologists (such as the Cumbrian Amenity Trust Mining History Society or CATMHS members) and explorers of abandoned mines can be at risk from radon exposure and it proposes a management scheme to allow industrial archaeologists to continue exploration whilst minimising the risk to health from radon.
Tonometry in Keratoconic Eyes before and after Riboflavin/UVA Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Using Three Different Tonometers
Authors: Gkika Maria G. , Labiris Georgios , Kozobolis Vassilios P.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the Pascal dynamic contour tonometer (PDCT), and the ocular response analyzer (ORA) tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in keratoconic eyes before and after riboflavin/ultraviolet A corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL), to assess agreement among devices and to analyze the impact of some ocular parameters on their measurements.

Methods

Fifty keratoconic eyes were included. Intraocular pressure was measured with GAT, PDCT, and ORA before and after CXL. Fifty nonkeratoconic eyes served as controls. Device agreements were calculated by Bland-Altman analysis. The effect of some ocular characteristics on IOP measurement differences between tonometers was determined.

Results

Between the 2 groups, there were statistically significant differences in all examined parameters. Preoperatively, in both groups a statistically significant difference was found in IOP measurements among devices (p<0.05). Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias among devices. On average, PDCT overread GAT and ORA. The IOP measurement differences were better predicted by corneal resistance factor. Postoperatively, in keratoconus eyes, there was no statistically significant difference in IOP measurements among the 3 tonometers (p>0.05). The IOP readings with all tonometers after treatment were higher than those obtained preoperatively; however, not to a statistically significant level, with the exception of PDCT and ORA readings at the first month postoperatively. Corneal resistance factor measurements have no significant change after CXL.

Conclusions

Pascal dynamic contour tonometer could provide more consistent and closer to the true IOP readings than GAT and ORA in healthy eyes with corneal thickness outside the 520-550 μm range, in keratoconus patients and after CXL. Corneal resistance factor was associated significantly with agreement among devices.
Numerical Differentiation of Noisy, Nonsmooth Data
Authors: Chartrand Rick
Published: May 2011

We consider the problem of differentiating a function specified by noisy data. Regularizing the differentiation process avoids the noise amplification of finite-difference methods. We use total-variation regularization, which allows for discontinuous
solutions. The resulting simple algorithm accurately differentiates noisy functions, including those which have a discontinuous derivative.
Determinants of Nurses' Attitudes toward the Care of Patients with Alcohol Problems
Authors: Crothers Cara Elizabeth , Dorrian Jillian
Published: May 2011

Nurses (, age = 39 ± 11 y) from an Australian metropolitan hospital completed the Marcus Alcoholism, Seaman Mannello Nurses' Attitudes toward Alcoholism, and the shortened Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaires. The majority had personal (73%) and/or professional (93%) experience with people with alcohol problems. Not one reported receiving drug and alcohol training. On average, nurses held neutral to positive attitudes toward alcohol problems; however, 14.3% completely disagreed with the statement “I want to work with drinkers,” and 12.5% completely disagreed that they were likely to find working with people with alcohol problems rewarding. Attitudes to care were significantly influenced by age, personal drinking habits, and beliefs about whether patients can be helped, whether alcoholism is a character defect, and the relationship between alcoholism and social status. Negative attitudes towards patient care persist and are influenced by age, personal drinking habits, and beliefs about alcoholism. Specific training in this area may be beneficial.
Hiper-homocisteinemia como fator de risco cardiovascular
Authors: Moura Mayara Storel Beserra de , Martins Maria do Carmo De Carvalho e , Souza Filho Manoel Dias de
Published: May 2011

Introdução: A hiper-homocisteinemia tem sido apontada como fator de risco para doença vascular periférica. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a homocisteína como fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica descritiva nas bases de dados SciELO e PubMed. Resultados: Incluíram-se 22 artigos na revisão de literatura. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado associação entre a hiper-homocisteinemia e risco cardiovascular, colocando-a como um importante fator de risco para doenças vasculares da atualidade. Contudo, não foram encontrados estudos conclusivos que a demonstrassem como um fator independente de risco dessa natureza. Para alguns autores ela pode ser decorrente de um evento vascular prévio e não um fator de risco. Conclusão: Embora diversos estudos mostrem associação entre a hiper-homocisteinemia e risco cardiovascular, pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para esclarecer se tal alteração é causa ou consequência de doenças cardiovasculares, bem como elucidar os mecanismos pró-ateroscleróticos relacionados com a hiper-homocisteinemia.