bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY & ITS IMPORTANCE IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Jena Akash Kumar , Pradhan Shiva , Pradhan Pratik
Published: June 2024

Food is the basic requirement of all human beings, food contains nutrients essential for repair and growth of body tissues, as the population increasing time to time the demand of people also increasing all over the globe. However productivity is reducing because of many difficulties in production. Throughout the mid 1970s the traditional practices of crop development/enhancement like resistant to pathogens, plant introduction, selection process, breeding in plants for high yield and draught animal practices were done. But nowadays there are many several few techniques are introduced and are used in agriculture sector like gene transfer, vector transfer, mutant breeding, DNA polymerase, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), protoplast culture etc. By the help of this technique, transgenic plants are growing effectively and resistant to pathogens, predators, parasites, and drought and can even grow in adverse condition with less uses of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer etc. More than 5 million farmers are being benefitted by using transgenic plants in 60 hectares all over the globe. Recombinant DNA technology is also called genetic engineering, a technique that uses laboratory based technologies changes the genetic material by altering the genome of plants or by inserting foreign DNA. Genetically modified crops can be easily grown in agriculture by the help of genetically modified organisms. Nowadays, in the market genetically modified food, fruits and vegetables are available in large majority. As per the report all over the world farmer using less fertilizer and pesticide due to the establishment of recombinant DNA technology as well as it increases the productivity.
BIOREACTORS - A CRITICAL REVIEW ON CONSTRUCTION, CONSIDERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Anupama Dr. Palukurty Mary
Published: June 2024

Bioreactors play a crucial role in the fermentation industry, enabling the controlled growth of microorganisms, plant cells or animal cells to produce various products like enzymes, antibiotics, biofuels, secondary metabolites, vaccines etc. They provide aseptic condition and also the optimal conditions for growth and metabolic activity of organisms Made from glass, metal or fibre, they help in bioconversions or transformations and even bioremediations. Various types of bioreactors are developed to cater the needs of the industry. Some examples include- Stirred tank bioreactors, membrane bioreactors, fluidized bed bioreactors, photobioreactors etc. Their sizes depend upon the scale of production. Effective bioreactors are the once which automatically regulate the conditions of production or transformation and result in good turnover. Many of them are equipped with specialized devices that allow adequate mass transfer, heat transfer, free flow of media and supporting ports. This chapter discusses various types of bioreactors, their design, modification if any and applications at large.
SCOPE AND FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY
Authors: Satyarup Dharmashree , Nanda Jagruti , Kumar Manish , Dalai Radha Prasanna , Rathor Karishma Rajan
Published: June 2024

The application of nano-technology in dentistry has opened new frontiers in diagnostics, treatment, and preventive care. Nanomaterials, with dimensions at the nanoscale, have been employed in the development of advanced dental materials. Nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles, have demonstrated antimicrobial properties, paving the way for improved infection control in dental procedures. These materials exhibit improved mechanical properties, enhanced biocompatibility, and increased durability, leading to longer-lasting dental restorations. Nano sensors and imaging techniques enable more precise diagnostics, allowing dentists to detect early signs of dental issues with greater accuracy. Moreover, nanoparticles have been harnessed for targeted drug delivery in oral healthcare, ensuring efficient and controlled release of therapeutic agents. This chapter explores how integration of nano-technology in dentistry not only enhances the overall quality of dental treatments but also contributes to the development of minimally invasive procedures, promising a more comfortable and efficient dental experience for patients
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF TEXTILE AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
Authors: Agale Pratiksha G. , Mane Pramod C. , Dhole Varsha R , Kadam Deepali D. , Chaudhari Ravindra D.
Published: June 2024

Water has a key role in mediating ecosystem processes at the global scale, connecting the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere by transporting materials across them and facilitating chemical reactions. Natural waters are never completely pure; instead, they are a complex, dynamic blend of suspended particles, dissolved inorganic and organic compounds On average, water accounts for 60 to 70 percent of an organism's weight. It fills cells, giving many tissues shape and support. All of life's chemical reactions take place in the medium of water, and water actively participates in many of these events. Water is a solvent that breaks down both the nutrients that cells require for survival and the waste products that cells generate.Water is therefore necessary for the transportation of materials to and from cells.Salts and other substances are dissolved by water, creating solutions that conduct electricity. The energy that powers photosynthesis is also provided by these fluids, which are known as electrolytes.
BIOMECHANICS IN IMPLANTS: A CRITICAL OPINION
Authors: Panda Sangram Kumar , Garnayak Mirna , Das Sitansu Sekhar , Mohapatra Abhijita , Mohapatra Abhilash
Published: June 2024

Dental implants are regarded as the finest treatment option for replacing missing teeth due to their high survival rates and wide range of applications. However, only a small percentage of dental implant therapies are effective, and some fail for biological and mechanical reasons. This study aimed to comprehensively review literature that concentrates on the biomechanical characteristics of dental implants and highlight all the variables that affect the implant's survival rates.
NEXT-GENERATION BIOMARKERS AND DISEASE DETECTION IN THE BIOTECH ERA
Authors: Tripathy Debasish , Subhadarshini Sushree Swagatika , Behera Shreeram , Dubey Debasmita , Tripathy Subrat Kumar , Purohit Gopal Krishna
Published: June 2024

The biotech era has ushered in a new paradigm in healthcare, revolutionizing our approach to disease detection and health monitoring through next-generation biomarkers. This chapter explores the transformative impact of biotechnology on biomarker discovery and their applications in early disease detection and personalized medicine.Traditional biomarkers have long served as crucial indicators of disease, but their limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity have driven the search for next- generation biomarkers. These biomarkers, ranging from liquid biopsies to microbiome signatures and epigenetic markers, hold immense promise for early disease detection, risk assessment, and treatment monitoring. High-throughput omics technologies, artificial intelligence, and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 have played pivotal roles in their discovery and validation.The chapter delves into the diverse landscape of disease detection, highlighting advances in cancer diagnosis through liquid biopsy and circulating tumor DNA analysis. Infectious diseases benefit from rapid diagnostic tests, while neurodegenerative diseases see progress with biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques. Beyond diagnosis, continuous health monitoring takes center stage with wearable devices, implantable sensors, and remote patient monitoring. These technologies empower individuals to actively participate in their healthcare and provide clinicians with real-time data for informed decisions.Personalized medicine, guided by biomarker profiles, ensures treatments are tailored to individual needs. Pharmacogenomics and drug response prediction enhance therapeutic outcomes, and case studies underscore the success of personalized approaches. As we embrace these advancements, ethical considerations related to data privacy and equitable access must be addressed. Integration of big data and predictive analytics plays a crucial role in leveraging the full potential of biomarkers. Looking ahead, emerging technologies like nanotechnology and CRISPR-based diagnostics promise further breakthroughs. Additionally, global health efforts aim to make biomarker-based diagnostics accessible to all.This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of the biotech era's impact on biomarkers, disease detection, and health monitoring, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research to harness their full potential.
NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN ORAL SURGERY
Authors: Lenka Sthitaprajna , Rathor Karishma , Subudhi Santosh Kumar , Panda Nitish Kumar , Bej Ananya , Sahoo Swagata
Published: June 2024

Diagnostic imaging, surgery, dentistry, and other fields have all undergone numerous dramatic developments with the help of nanotechnology. Monitoring numerous severe diseases, including cancer, genetic anomalies, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, etc., has demonstrated its most significant potential. Medicine can be used for improvised medication therapy, suture material, surgical tools, visualization techniques, and the prevention, diagnosis, and planning of numerous diseases. As a result, it raised the bar for research conducted by scientists and medical professionals in dentistry, clinical trials, the creation of dental equipment, and the management and care of patients. Using nanotechnology in various oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures could have long-term repercussions.
CROSS-KINGDOM RNA INTERFERENCE: A NOVEL STRATEGY FOR PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Chowdhury Gopal
Published: June 2024

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. They include microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and are involved in controlling plant immunity against pathogens and pests. Recent research has revealed that sRNAs can move between different species and silence genes, a process called cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi). This discovery has led to the development of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), where transgenic plants are engineered to produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that targets specific pathogen genes. This RNA-based approach offers a promising alternative to agrochemicals and transgenic crops with potential health and environmental risks. By applying dsRNAs or sRNAs directly onto host plants or post-harvest products, a technique known as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), effective disease management can be achieved without the need for transgenic methods. This chapter explores recent advancements in using cross-kingdom RNAi to manage plant diseases
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN MITIGATING POLLUTION FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Authors: Joshi Ashaben Parmanand , Sharma Nikita , Sharma Uttam Prakash
Published: June 2024

The textile industry is a significant contributor to environmental pollution due to the discharge of various pollutants, including dyes, chemicals, and organic compounds, into water bodies and the atmosphere. Biotechnological applications have emerged as effective and sustainable strategies for mitigating pollution from the textile industry. In wastewater treatment, bioremediation techniques harness the capabilities of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae to degrade, absorb, or transform textile pollutants. Enzyme-based processes, involving specific enzymes like amylases, proteases, and cellulases, facilitate the breakdown of complex compounds, reducing the environmental impact of wastewater. Algae-based systems contribute to nutrient uptake and carbon capture, aiding in wastewater purification and carbon dioxide sequestration. These biotechnological solutions offer efficient and sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical-intensive treatments. Overall, biotechnological applications offer promising avenues for pollution mitigation in the textile industry. They promote the development of environmentally friendly practices, ranging from innovative wastewater treatment methods to novel dyeing techniques. As the industry strives for sustainability, integrating biotechnological solutions not only reduces pollution but also fosters a more responsible and eco-conscious approach to textile manufacturing. This chapter highlights key biotechnological approaches utilized in pollution mitigation, focusing on wastewater treatment and eco-friendly dyeing processes.
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN BIOREMEDIATION
Authors: Campal Edward Inpent , Hemamalini Nallaiah , Sudarshan Shanmugam , Subanesam Sathiyanesan
Published: June 2024

Domestic and industrial pollution has been eliminated in the modern environment through physical and chemical means. However, these methods are pricy and harmful to the environment. The development of genetically modified microbes (GEMs) for bioremediation pollution abatement was prompted by the growing environmental contamination. Pollutants like oil spills, camphor, hexane, naphthalene, toluene, octane, and halo benzoates have been broken down using GEMs such bacteria, fungi, and algae. These genetically altered bacteria are quicker to adapt to different contaminants as co-metabolizers or substrates than wild strains, making them more effective than those. Engineered microorganisms can offer a more cost-effective and secure substitute for conventional methods.
RNASEQ AND PRIME EDITING - A PATH TOWARD HUMAN GENOME SURGERY
Authors: Ramya Rajagopal , Balaganesan Mariappan , Shanmugam Seerappalli Aran , Thangarani, Albin Jemila , Ramila Rajagopal
Published: June 2024

The development of next gene sequencing (NSG) technology and prime editing (PE) techniques has made it possible to perform human genome surgery. NGS has revolutionized the development of personalised medicine through rapid DNA and RNA sequencing. To detect genetic disorders and diseases, RNAseq is the basic technique needed for analysing the expressed genes in an individual. Machine learning models analyse RNAseq data to diagnose disease from the reference genome. Sequences provide information about mutations in the expressed genome. Gene editing has been dramatically advanced by the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). It is possible to edit genomes very precisely using the PE tool that has a PE protein and a PE guide RNA (pegRNA). All type of genome surgery/editing is possible with PE and it is therefore a one-size-fits-all solution to many genetic diseases and disorders. Several mutations were corrected using PE, and the tool is evolving rapidly to meet the needs. As molecular therapies advance, PE will ultimately become a cure for most genetic and epigenetic disorders that cannot be treated effectively with chemotherapy.
BIOFUEL
Authors: R Mahenthiran , P S Sudhiksha , M Srimukie , E P Rubavani , K Arunavarsini
Published: June 2024

The chapter describes the history, types, generations, production, advantages, disadvantages, and importance of biofuel. Biofuel is a renewable resource used as an alternative fuel that is produced from organic matter and waste from plants and animals in a short period of time. Biofuel plays an important role as an alternative fuel for diesel, petrol, or other fossil fuels mainly used for transportation in our society. The main reason for using biofuel instead of other fuel sources is that the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide produced by others leads to global warming. Biofuel can also be used to generate heat and electricity. It may exist in three different states: solid, liquid, and gas. It is also cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Biomass is directly converted into liquid fuels called biofuels. Knowledge of history, Generation, production, and uses are important to know about biofuel and explore its facts in our society.
MICROPROPAGATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SALACIA CHINENSIS L. AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT
Authors: Manjula P
Published: June 2024

Salacia chinensis L.is an endangered medicinal plant of Indian subcontinent mainly used to treat diabetes. Endangered nature of Salacia chinensis L. is due to over exploitation for its medicinal uses and poor seed germination. Therefore, it is important to propagate the plants using tissue culture technique. The plants propagated successfully by using micropropagation technique and nodal explants were used in this technique with different combination and concentrations of plant growth hormones but maximum shooting is observed when MS media provided with3mg/l BAP and 1.5mg/l IBA. Successful rooting was observed in MS media supplemented with 1.5mg/l IBA. Qualitative phytochemical analysis also conducted to study the presence of different phytochemical constituents. These studies were useful for conservation of endangered medicinal plantSalacia chinensisL.
ADVANCES IN BIOSENSORS FOR AGRICULTURAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Sharma Surbhi , Dahiya Usha , Poria Rachna , Poria Renu , Gupta Shagun , Kaushal Ankur
Published: June 2024

This book chapter explores the cutting-edge applications and significance of biosensors in modern agricultural analysis. Biosensors, combining biological recognition elements with transducers, are instrumental in detecting and quantifying specific substances in the agricultural environment. The chapter begins by explaining the principles and purpose of biosensors in agriculture, emphasizing their role in precision farming and resource optimization. It highlights their contributions to soil analysis, monitoring soil nutrients, pH, salinity, and moisture levels. The chapter also delves into their vital role in crop health monitoring, enabling early detection of plant pathogens and stressors. Moreover, biosensors play a critical role in detecting pesticide residues, assessing water quality, and ensuring food safety and quality. Recent technological advances, such as miniaturization, wireless connectivity, and integration with IoT, have expanded the capabilities of biosensors, transforming them into real-time and on-site monitoring tools. However, challenges like improving sensitivity, stability, and cost-effectiveness require attention to fully harness their potential. The chapter concludes with an optimistic outlook for the future of biosensors in agricultural analysis, envisioning their integration with precision agriculture systems and the adoption of sustainable practices. Overall, this chapter serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, farmers, and policymakers interested in harnessing the potential of biosensors to revolutionize agriculture, ensuring a resilient and efficient food production system for the future.
NANOSENSORS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Dahiya Usha , Poria Rachna , Poria Renu , Sharma Surbhi , Gupta Shagun , Kaushal Ankur
Published: June 2024

Nanosensors have emerged as revolutionary tools in biomedical applications, offering highly sensitive and specific detection capabilities at the nanoscale. This abstract provides an overview of the significant impact of nanosensors in various aspects of healthcare. In early disease detection and diagnosis, nanosensors detect disease-specific biomarkers at low concentrations, enabling timely intervention and improving treatment outcomes. The integration of nanosensors with IoT and AI allows for real-time monitoring and personalized healthcare, leading to proactive disease management. Nanosensors facilitate precision medicine through targeted drug delivery and continuous therapeutic monitoring, optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing side effects. Moreover, nanosensors have enabled point-of-care diagnostics, making medical testing rapid and accessible even in resource-limited settings. Additionally, nanosensors find application in medical implants and prosthetics, enhancing performance and patient comfort. In conclusion, nanosensors hold tremendous promise in biomedical applications, transforming disease detection, treatment monitoring, and personalized healthcare. Their integration with cutting-edge technologies heralds a future where nanosensors will revolutionize the landscape of medicine, improving patient outcomes and advancing healthcare practices.
APPLICATIONS OF MIRACULOUS RNA PATHOGENS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Pahal Nisha , Dhir Yashika , Dhir Sunny
Published: June 2024

Viroids are the smallest infectious agents currently known. They are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without the ability to code for proteins. Viroids were initially identified as the primary culprits in a number of plant illnesses, but they are now showing promise in a number of biotechnological uses. This book chapter explores the various applications of viroid in biotechnology, including gene regulation, plant protection, agricultural improvement, and RNA-based therapeutics. We examine the viroid research landscape, highlight their special qualities, and discuss about the difficulties and probable future directions of viroid applications in biotechnological development.
ROLE OF PLANT VIRUS AND VIRUS LIKE PARTICLES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Sharma Vasudha , Dhir Yashika , Dhir Sunny
Published: June 2024

Plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) have gotten a lot of attention in biotechnology because of their unique properties and wide range of applications. These entities, which are frequently viewed solely as pathogens that harm plants, have inherent characteristics that make them valuable tools in a variety of biotechnological applications. One of the most important applications of plant viruses is their ability to act as vectors for genetic engineering and the introduction of foreign genes into plants. These viruses can be genetically modified to carry and express desired genes, allowing the development of genetically modified crops with improved traits such as disease resistance, yield, and nutritional content.Furthermore, virus-derived vectors and VLPs have found widespread application in the field of nanotechnology. Because of their self-assembly and structural stability, they are ideal scaffolds for nanomaterial synthesis, drug delivery systems, and as templates for the creation of novel nanomaterials with tailored functionalities. Plant viruses and VLPs are also important in biopharmaceutical production. Their ability to express and produce large amounts of recombinant proteins in plants has paved the way for the low-cost production of vaccines, therapeutic proteins, and antibodies. When compared to traditional production methods, this plant-based expression system provides advantages in terms of scalability, safety, and affordability. Furthermore, because of their distinct structures, VLPs are appealing candidates for vaccine development against not only plant viruses but also human and animal pathogens. These VLPs mimic the native structure of viruses without the genetic material, eliciting a strong immune response and providing a safer option for vaccine development.
HERBAL MEDICINE IN INDIA: CONTEMPORARY STATUS AND MOLECULAR MARKER INTEGRATION IN HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Princi Mr , Mumtaz Ms. , Singh Anjana , Noorani Md Salik , Umar Shahid
Published: June 2024

Herbal drugs play a significant role in traditional medicine practices, particularly in countries like India & China. In India, the traditional system of medicine known as Ayurveda relies heavily on the use of plants, animals, and minerals for the well-being of individuals. India being a hotspot of mega biodiversity, it is crucial to utilize medicinal plants in a rational and sustainable manner while ensuring the conservation of biodiversity. The Department of Biotechnology and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research have identified the top medicinal plants in India that are in high demand globally for import and export purposes. Scientific validation of the pharmacological activity of traditional drugs used in Ayurveda where medicinal plants are selected based on many centuries of experiences. DNA-based molecular markers are useful in many disciplines such as taxonomy, physiology, embryology and genetics, amongst others. DNA-based techniques have been extensively utilized for the authentication of medicinally important plant species. Aim of this book chapter to provide information on various aspects related to Indian herbal drugs and molecular markers use in herbal drug technology
THE ROLE OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: ADVANCEMENTS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vats Gourav , Dhir Yashika , Dhir Sunny
Published: June 2024

In the world of Biotechnology, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a revolutionary technology with profound implications for scientific research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development. This chapter explores the central role played by NGS in revolutionizing biotechnology through its remarkable advancements and diverse applications. Beginning with a discussion of the foundational principles and evolution of NGS, it highlights the technology's accessibility, working, and making high-throughput sequencing a ubiquitous tool across multiple scientific disciplines. Further, the chapter delves into the myriad applications of NGS, from unraveling the intricacies of the human genome and deciphering genetic variations, RNA sequencing, role in epigenetics, and facilitating investigations in agriculture and environmental science. It underscores NGS's transformative power in advancing scientific discovery and reshaping healthcare and beyond.
CUTTING-EDGE APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Kumari Deepika , Singh Dr. Veer Bahadur , Singh Dr. Shailendra Pratap
Published: June 2024

The growth and muscle-nerve communication of the neuromuscular junction depends on acetylcholine receptor clustering. Acetylcholine clusters affect neuromuscular diseases such as Myasthenic Syndrome, Lambert Eaton Syndrome, and Neuromyotonia. Acetylcholine receptor clusters, Lrp4, Musk, and Agrin form a motor end-plate complex. After binding to Lrp4; Agrin stimulates the kinase domain of musk to self-phosphorylate Musk and CK2 in the neuromuscular junction signal pathway. This enters the cell membrane and forms the clusters of acetylcholine receptors. Neurotrophic factors rise during exercise. Exercise alone increases skeletal muscle Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Muscle force production and atrophy prevention are improved by exercising. Neuro stimulation is one of the methods of neural system engineering with the help of which muscles can be stimulated by using electrical stimulating devices such as electrodes that eventually boosts the muscle strength. These devices send electrical pulses to muscles from signal generators and skin electrodes. This pulse triggers the user's limb through involuntary muscle contractions. These electrodes can be used to trigger the wrist, shoulder, biceps, triceps, legs and other body parts. Electrical muscle stimulation targets hard-to-reach areas. Exercise training along with the electrical muscle stimulation increases the protein levels in neuromuscular junction. Various Proteins increases acetylcholine receptor clustering, which helps muscle and nerve cells interaction. Contact between nerve and muscle cells prevents neuromuscular diseases like Myasthenia gravis and others.
A REVIEW OF INSTRUMENTS USED IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE-PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: S Ranjitha , M Dinesh , Anandan Monisha , R Divya
Published: June 2024

Plant tissue culture biotechnology plays a vital role in plant propagation, genetic engineering, and conservation efforts. The success of tissue culture techniques heavily relies on the efficient utilization of various instruments throughout the process. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the instrumentation used in plant tissue culture biotechnology, highlighting recent advances and their applications. The review begins by discussing the fundamental equipment required for establishing a tissue culture laboratory, including laminar flow hoods, autoclaves, and incubators. It explores the significance of these instruments in maintaining aseptic conditions, sterilizing culture media and equipment, and providing optimal growth conditions for plant tissues. In addition to culture vessel-related instruments, the review highlights the crucial role of microscopes and imaging systems in plant tissue culture. It discusses the application of compound microscopes in observing tissue cultures, monitoring cell division, and assessing morphological changes during in vitro plant regeneration. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the instrumentation used in plant tissue culture biotechnology and their role in achieving successful tissue culture outcomes. By examining recent advances and applications, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of plant biotechnology research and its practical applications in agriculture, horticulture, and conservation.
RABIES - “A NEURONAL DIESEASE”
Authors: Kumar Ram , Mohanavarshaa S CA , Singh Anuragh , Ilango Dr. K
Published: June 2024

This world is filled with perpetual diseases which are Fascinated by mankind and rabies occupied annon-concessive position even in the present day. Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by Rabies virus (RABV) genotype 1 and this most common lethal infection worldwide. This fear is not due to the incidence it is due to the inevitable clinical signs; the image of furious rabid animal is prepared to bite anything in the path is at the heart of the fear in people who lives in western countries, like Europe, Asia Africa and with bats in America. This chapter gives a explain about the path physiology of the rabies virus.
IS FOOD NUTRIEMENT ESSENTIAL FOR CHRONIC DISEASE
Authors: Anandan Monisha , Gomathinayagam Varsha , Mohan Sumithra
Published: June 2024

One of the leading causes of chronic disease in the world is overeating unhealthy foods. Differential responses to nutrition, commonly known as food-gene interaction, are linked to some genetic variations. Epidemiological evidence suggests that quitting smoking, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, controlling infections, reducing alcohol consumption, and managing stress are all likely to have a significant impact on chronic disease rates. This dietary pattern could be concerning, and it warrants further examination. Long-term consumption of a typical junk-food diet sets off a number of processes that ultimately hasten the onset of heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, thyroid, etc. Although many drugs are available for the treatment of this condition, it continues to be life-threatening, and its long-term treatment is expensive.
REVOLUTIONIZING TUBER CROPS PRODUCTION THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND PRECISION FARMING
Authors: Arutselvan R. , Laxminarayana K.
Published: June 2024

Tuber crops play a vital role in global agriculture, serving as essential staples for billions of people and contributing significantly to food security. However, traditional tuber crop production faces numerous challenges such as pest infestations, diseases, and environmental stresses, leading to reduced yields and compromised crop quality. To address these issues and enhance agricultural productivity, a paradigm shift towards emerging biotechnological approaches and precision farming techniques has emerged. This book chapter examines the transformative impact of biotechnology on tuber crops production, highlighting the integration of innovative scientific techniques into conventional agricultural practices. Biotechnological advancements in tuber crops breeding have revolutionized the development of new varieties, incorporating techniques like marker-assisted selection, gene editing, and transgenic modifications. These approaches have facilitated the enhancement of desirable traits, such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and nutritional content, ultimately improving crop yield and quality. Additionally, the application of advanced tissue culture techniques has facilitated the mass propagation of disease-free and genetically uniform planting materials, ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of tuber crops to farmers. Moreover, the adoption of precision farming practices, which leverage IoT devices, remote sensing technologies, and data analytics, has empowered farmers to make data-driven decisions on resource management. Precision farming optimizes irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, minimizing resource wastage, reducing environmental impact, and increasing overall productivity. Further, biotechnological interventions have enabled the genetic engineering of tuber crops to confer resistance against pests and diseases, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and promoting more sustainable agricultural practices. In conclusion, the combination of emerging biotechnological approaches and precision farming techniques offers a promising pathway to revolutionize tuber crop production, empowering farmers with tools to achieve higher yields, improved crop quality, and sustainable agricultural practices. These innovations hold great potential in meeting the challenges of a growing global population and a changing climate, ensure to evolve resilient varieties to develop high yielding with good quality produce to meet the food security in future.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN COSMETICS
Authors: R Divya. , A Monisha. , S Ranjitha.
Published: June 2024

Biotechnology has revolutionized the cosmetic industry by introducing novel, biologically derived ingredients that offer numerous benefits over traditional formulations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of biotechnologically derived cosmetic ingredients, their classification, and the techniques employed in their production. The significance of biotechnology in cosmetics lies in its potential to yield sustainable, eco-friendly, and high-performing ingredients, meeting consumer demands for natural and effective products. However, its implementation is not without challenges and considerations, such as safety, regulatory compliance, and ethical concerns. The paper addresses these aspects to facilitate a better understanding of the opportunities associated with harnessing biotechnology for cosmetic purposes.
THE ROLE OF MARINE FUNGI IN DEGRADATION OF MICROPLASTIC AND PLASTICS – A REVIEW
Authors: Bhagat Dr. Sanjana
Published: June 2024

Plastic has become an essential and fundamental necessity worldwide. Currently, global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons per year. Plastics possess various attributes, such as cost-effectiveness, inertness, relatively low weight, and resistance to accumulating as waste in the environment. In the entirety of 2015, the world generated 6.3 billion tons of plastic waste, with 79% either disposed of in landfills or left in the natural environment. Furthermore, projections indicate that approximately 12 billion tons of plastic waste will accumulate on Earth by 2050. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop an efficient plastic biodegradation process that can expedite the natural rate of plastic decomposition. Researchers have identified over 400 species of microorganisms capable of breaking down plastic. The existing literature provides a comprehensive list of previously documented plastic-degrading fungi and highlights the most significant fungal groups involved in this process. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis of plastic-degrading fungi was conducted using a dataset that included ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 sequences from 395 strains. The findings confirm that plastic-degrading fungi span 11 fungal classes, including Ascomycetes (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), Basidiomycetes (Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Trimellomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), and Mucoromycetes.
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF NON-EDIBLE SEED OIL FROM JATROPHA CURCAS- A PROMISING APPROACH TOWARDS THE PRODUCTION OF II GENERATION BIOFUEL
Authors: G R Subiksha
Published: June 2024

Towards the alarming rate of environmentally hazardous greenhouse gas emissions, this chapter features the potential exploitation of seeds of Jatropha curcas L. as a raw material for biodiesel production. Biodiesels are single-alkyl esters generated from plant and animal oils that serve as a sustainable source of liquid biofuel. The examination of oil derived from Jatropha curcas seeds indicates its economic viability, environmental safety, and technological achievability in response to increasing energy needs and dwindling fossil fuel resources. The seeds of J. curcas possess good fuel properties with an enormous quantity of oil extracted per hectare, accounting for 40% per seed by weight; it contributes to developmental strategies involved in marketing low-cost biodiesel on a large scale. Further, biodiesels have no traces of sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons, or crude oil leftovers, leading to a firm possibility to overcome the release of harmful pollutants (CO2, SO2, methane, etc.) The extraction of seed oil from Jatropha spp. has also led to outweigh the growing critical concerns and impact of ‘food’ over ‘fuel’ in highly populated countries such as India and China; the production of second-generation biofuels from non-edible sources (J. curcas L.) deduces the chance of usage of edible oil sources (Soybean oil, for instance) as biodiesel feedstock. With the physicochemical properties evaluated to be in an acceptable range for use in diesel engines, the delimiting exploitation of biofuels from Jatropha sp. finds promising economic value in semi-arid regions and encourages the betterment of rural life. This chapter aims to disclose the replacement of fossil fuels by an alternative renewable energy source and describe the methods of oil extraction, biodiesel production, and improvement strategies in crop yield and crude oil properties of J. curcas L. seeds.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGY VIA CROPS AND MICROBES FOR DECONTAMINATING HAZARDOUS METAL-POLLUTED SOILS
Authors: M Devan. , S Siji.
Published: June 2024

Soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) is a serious concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Rapid industrialization and activities such as mining, manufacturing, and construction are generating a huge quantity of toxic waste which causes environmental hazards. Microorganisms and plants employ different mechanisms for the bioremediation of polluted soils. Using plants for the treatment of polluted soils is a more common approach in the bioremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. Combining both microorganisms and plants is an approach to bioremediation that ensures a more efficient clean-up of heavy metal polluted soils. However, success of this approach largely depends on the species of organisms involved in the process. This review covers some new aspects and dimensions of bioremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. This review highlights better understanding of the problems associated with the toxicity of heavy metals to the contaminated ecosystems and their viable, sustainable and eco-friendly bioremediation technologies, especially the mechanisms of phytoremediation of heavy metals along with some case studies in India and abroad. Further, factors affecting the bioremediation efficiency are discussed.
PRODUCTION OF THIRD GENERATION BIOFUEL FROM OLEAGINOUS BACTERIA- AN APPROACH FOR UTILIZATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTRATES BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Authors: Pandiyan Rajakumari , D Snegalatha
Published: June 2024

Population growth is a serious issue nowadays since it is increasing at an alarming rate while the earth's resources are still being degraded. Resources for conventional fossil fuels are exhausted and unsustainable. Alternatives to fossil fuels include biofuels. They possess qualities such as sustainability, low production costs, great productivity, short incubation times, etc. Microorganisms with an oily nature are harnessed for the production of third-generation biofuels, aiming to address the limitations of both first and second-generation methods. Single cell oil is the name given to the lipid that the microorganisms create. The biofuel production from oleaginous bacteria is the recent interest area in the research field which uses lignocellulosic biomass as their substrate. This review discussed the lipid contents in bacteria and its extraction by bioprocessing technologies and the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
BIOREMEDIATION OF WASTE WATER USING MICROALGAE
Authors: Durai Kohila , Jeyakumar Sri Sneha
Published: June 2024

Water is an essential part of life. Water shortage, which leads major issue throughout the worldwide, would also result from a diminish in water quality. By reason of rising water demand, contaminated water bodies, and a lack of technologies to recover used water. Microalgae and cyanobacteria-based process are primarily used to remove nutrients and heavy metals from waste water. As primary producer, microalgae can do good to the environment and contribute to the development of a circular economy. Microalgae systems are classified as open or closed, with each having advantages and disadvantages. Open systems are more susceptible to microbiological contamination and require more process control, whereas closed systems, despite their greater initial commercial grade, are easier to control for critical cultivation parameters such as availability of nutrients, pH, dissolved CO2, temperature, and contamination. Centrifugation, filtration, flotation, coagulation, and flocculation are some of the commonly used biomass separation technologies. Microalgae require only light, sugar, CO2, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to grow, and they can synthesis large amounts of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that can be processed and converted into bio-fuels and high-value-added chemical products such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Carotenoids.
BIOREMEDIATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS: THE ROLE OF ENZYMES PRODUCED BY MICROBES
Authors: K Deepak , Persis J Jenisha
Published: June 2024

The degradation of detrimental organic pollutants has been observed to involve a variety of enzymes derived from bacteria, fungi, and plants. Microbial enzymes provide the energy for the environmentally beneficial and economically viable biotechnology known as bioremediation. The research in this area will aid in the development of innovative bioprocess methods to reduce the impact of the contaminants and also yield new advantageous molecules. The fundamental process on which bioremediation is based is biodegradation, which can refer to the entire mineralization of organic pollutants into inorganic compounds, carbon dioxide, water, and cell protein or the alteration of intricate organic pollutants into other less complicated organic compounds by living organisms like microorganisms. Numerous naturally occurring bacteria in soil and water can degrade hydrocarbon contaminants.
OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL CHARACTRISTICS ON BIOMASS AND LIPID PRODUCTIVITY OF TETRASELMIS STRAIATA BUTCHER BBRR1 FOR BIOFUEL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Boopathy A Baskara , Rathinam T J Anitha , M G Rajaram , R Rengasamy
Published: June 2024

Fossil energy sources are petroleum (crude oil), coal, bitumens, natural gas, oil shales, and tar sands. During the last 200 years, developed countries have shifted their energy consumption toward fossil fuels. About 98% of carbon emissions result from fossil fuel combustion. Reducing the use of fossil fuels would considerably reduce the amount of CO2 and other pollutants produced. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and the increase in crude oil prices have made it inevitable to search for an alternative fuel as a substitute for diesel. Algae have been widely used for fuel production because of their high photosynthetic efficiency, high biomass production, and fast growth. Microalgae contain proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; the lipids can be converted into biodiesel, carbohydrates into ethanol and H2, and proteins into the raw material of biofertilizer. Biofuel from microalgae can be processed by using thermochemical and biochemical conversion. The present investigation deals with optimizing the growth and lipid production of Tetraselmis straiata BBRR1 at different laboratory conditions and formulating a Modified CFTRI medium for mass cultivation of the alga under open raceway ponds for Biofuel Applications.
BIODEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Sinha Shivangi , Verma Rupa
Published: June 2024

Xenobiotic compounds are chemical compounds that are produced by man and by the environment also but in very low concentrations. If these compounds are getting accumulated in the environment, then they will reach toxic concentrations and gives harmful effectson our environment. We need to reduceits direct or indirect use in our day-to-day life. We should also think about its degradation so that it won’t get accumulated in our environment. For doing this we should first know about it, its chemical nature, its degradability according to its chemical composition, its biodegradation by different microorganisms and the metabolic pathways within the microorganism, and the metabolic complications which arise because of the complexity of the compounds.All the above information will help us to boost the existing metabolic pathways of microorganisms and also to genetically modify the metabolic pathways to keep our environment somewhat clean and healthy. here we are going to discuss all the related information like-what is the basic meaning of xenobiotic compounds, their effect on metabolic pathways of a microorganism according to its chemical composition like the presence of halogens, cyclic groups, branched-chain, etc., hazards from xenobiotic compounds like toxicity, carcinogenicity, etc. After knowing its chemical composition and hazardous effect we will discuss the bacteria which are involved in the biodegradation of these compounds and the general features of its biodegradation, then we will discuss the co-metabolism and gratuitous metabolism of these compounds by microorganisms this information on co-metabolism will help us to boost the metabolic pathways involved, then we will discuss little the origin and capacity to degrade xenobiotic compounds because of mutation and plasmid transfer among the bacteria. After gathering all of this information we will discuss the practical approaches to degrade these xenobiotic compoundslike using mixed culture etc.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PROTEIN SEPARATION USING SDS PAGE
Authors: Singh Vishal Kumar , Kumari Priyam , Verma Rupa
Published: June 2024

Electrophoresis on SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. It isolates proteins based on their sub-atomic weight and the variations in how quickly they move through an electric field-affected gel. As evidenced by their electrophoretic compactness, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a method commonly used in regular science, criminal science, genetics, sub-nuclear science, and biotechnology to separate normal macromolecules, typically proteins or nucleic acids. The length, consistency, and charge of the molecule all affect flexibility. Additionally, with a variety of gel electrophoresis techniques, particles can be run in their local state, protecting the molecules' more demanding structure, or an engineered denaturant can be added to stop this development and turn the iota into an unstructured direct chain whose flexibility only depends on its length and mass-to-charge ratio. Urea is the denaturant that is most frequently utilized for nucleic acids. Protein tests are cleaned with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic cleaning agent that linearizes proteins and gives them a negative charge. This approach is known as SDS-PAGE. When SDS is restricted to the polypeptide chain in many proteins, the transfer of charge per unit mass is uniform, allowing for the separation of proteins by measured size during electrophoresis. To ensure that the protein is linearized and stays that way during the run, SDS is also present in the gel. Proteins with lower subatomic weight move through the gel more quickly than those with higher subatomic weight.