bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Philosopher’s Approach to Business Ethics
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

I MUST start by explaining two things in my title. I say ‘ one philosopher’s approach’ because not all philosophers agree. There are a great many different ethical theories, nearly all of which have something to be said for them. One has to look at them all and see what truths they bring out, and also what mistakes they make, and try to find a theory which preserves the truths and avoids the mistakes; and that is what I have done. There has to be a theoretical basis for the rational discussion of moral problems in business, just as of anything else, and no one should think that we can do without it. That would leave us at the mercy of whatever prejudices we started with. My own theory is in the main a combination of the insights I find in Kant and in the utilitarians— two sorts of philosophy that are thought to be quite irreconcilable but which actually fit together very well if we understand what is going on in them (Hare, 1993).
The Responsibilities of a Businessman
Authors: Lucas J R
Published: November 2023

MANY thinkers deny the possibility of businessmen having responsibilities or ethical obligations. A businessman has no alternative, in view of the competition of the market-place, to do anything other than buy at the cheapest and sell at the dearest price he can. In any case, it would be irrational—if, indeed, it were possible—not to do so. Admittedly, there is a framework of law within which he has to operate, but that is all, and so long as he keeps the law he is free to maximize his profits without being constrained by any moral or social considerations, or any further sense of responsibility for what he does.
Control and Restraint in National Health Service Contracting
Authors: Montgomery Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The introduction of market reforms into the NHS has attracted considerable ideologically driven comment in the political arena. For some, ‘markets’, ‘contracting’, and ‘competition’ are axiomatically positive mechanisms for driving up the quality of services and driving down the costs of providing them. For others, those very same ideas represent a betrayal of the values of public services in general and health care in particular. In this populist debate, little attention is paid to the nature of the market that has been established for health services. In fact, the key division of responsibility between planning health services and providing them became as much part of the Labour Party’s agenda as that of the Conservative government (Labour Party 1995). The Labour Party prefers to talk of agreements, rather than to use the language of contract, and to emphasize collaboration rather than competition. However, the degree of divergence may in fact be quite small when the operation of the existing system is considered. This chapter explores the nature of the current NHS market (in 1996) and considers the importance of contracts and competition within it.
Contract Law, Co-operation, and Good Faith: The Movement from Static to Dynamic Market-Individualism
Authors: Brownsword Roger
Published: November 2023

According to Will Hutton, the long-term competitive strength of an economy depends, not upon the nostrums of the New Right, but upon the successful institutional promotion of trust, commitment, co-operation, and continuity (Hutton: 1995, esp. chs. 1 and 9). The law has a contributory role to play in promoting such conditions—for example, by attuning its competition policy to benign co-operative arrangements (see Chapters 13 and 15, this volume), by putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework for corporate responsibility and investment, by facilitating co-operative labour relations, by harnessing public law more directly to the needs of a modem inclusive democracy, and so on.
Quality Assurance in Subcontracting
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: November 2023

The relation between assemblers and suppliers lies at the heart of industry. Most consumer goods are comprised of component parts supplied by a number of businesses, which are then assembled into a finished product. This is as true of a can of beans as of motor cars. The finished product is the joint work of assembler and supplier: ‘It is Ford and her suppliers who make cars’.1 Two fields of competition intersect in this production process: suppliers compete for the business with an assembler; and the assemblers compete between themselves for market share among consumers.
From Education to First Job: The French Case
Authors: Goux Dominique , Maurin Eric
Published: November 2023

In France, as in many other ·western countries, the educational system has been thoroughly transformed during the post-war decades. The 1950s and l 960s were years of rapid economic growth, and drastic shortages of qualified employees encouraged the French administration to open up the secondary school, and to encourage a broader diffusion of general education and qualifications. From a purely quantitative standpoint, this objec tive has undoubtedly been reached. Today, in each given birth cohort, the majority of French children pass their upper secondary examinations (51 per cent, as against 26 per cent in the 1960s), and France is no longer the lowest-ranking pupil in the classroom of industrialized countries (Table 4.1).
Investment in Education Educational Qualifications and Class of Entry in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: breen Richard , Whelan christopher t.
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we investigate the relationship between educational qual ifications and class of entry in the Republic of Ireland, using data on entrants to the labour market in the period since 1967. Our goal is to show how macro-social and institutional factors condition the nature of the link between qualifications and entry class. \Ve begin, therefore, by outlining some salient institutional features of the Irish educational system and labour market.
Occupational Returns to Education 1n Contemporary Italy
Authors: Schizzerotto Antonio , Cobalti Antonio
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the linkage between education qualifications and social position of first job and current employment status, respectively, in Italy from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s. In no society are the work outcomes of individuals determined solely by intellectual ability and/ or professional skill, and even in post-industrial societies, with their high rates of social mobility and educational enrolment, social origin and gen der still condition the occupational position both directly, via occupational inheritance and the gender segmentation of the labour market, and indirectly, by differentiating among educational opportunities (Blau and Duncan 1967; Goldthorpe 1980; Halsey, Heath, and Ridge 1980; Schadee and Schizzerotto 1990; Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992; Muller and Karle 1993; Shavit et al. 1994; Cobalti and Schizzerotto 1994).
Qualifications and the Allocation Process of Young Men and Women in the Swedish Labour Market
Authors: Ultee wout c.
Published: November 2023

Social stratification is a phenomenon that relates to the allocation of people to positions in the class structure. If the rewards connected with different social positions are perceived as trophies, then the allocation process is the competition. One must not necessarily adhere to the view of life as a rat-race to acknowledge the crucial role that agencies which shape the allocation regime play for individuals in a given society. Individuals adjust to these agencies, often try to play the game according to what they perceive the rules to be, and sometimes seek, individually or collectively, to change those rules.
in Switzerland Do Characteristics of the Educational System and Class Barriers Matter?
Authors: Buchmann Marus , Sacchi Stefan
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of social origin and educational attain ment on occupational outcomes at the time of labour-market entry in Switzerland. This country constitutes an interesting case because the transition from school to work is largely unexplored. Given the strong occupational orientation of the Swiss educational system, which is, with the notable exceptions of Germany and Austria, unique in the industrial ized world, the investigation of the extent to which, and the ways in which, occupation-specific credentials condition the allocation of persons to jobs will shed light on the significance of institutional factors in this process.
Making Toyota in America: Evidence from the Kentucky Transplant, 1986-1994
Authors: Mishina Kazuhiro
Published: November 2023

Toyota is a mysterious company. On the one hand, it is praised internationally for its outstanding manufacturing performance, and there is little doubt that Toyota was the model of ‘lean production’ when the term was coined by Womack et al. (1990). A lean producer, the book claimed, uses less of everything compared with mass producers—less labour, less time, less space, less inventory, less rework, and less defects. It seems that Toyota has realized manufacturing Utopia.
Stability and Change at NUMMI
Authors: Adler Paul s. , Goldoftas Barbara , Levine David I
Published: November 2023

Japanese automobile manufacturers achieved great success in world export markets during the 1970s. This success led to trade conflicts with the USA, and in an attempt to defuse these conflicts, many Japanese automobile firms decided to build North American plants. The Japanese companies’ export success was often attributed to their highly effective production system-later it would be labelled ‘lean’. Two questions were thus posed. First, could this Japanese lean production system be effective in US ‘transplants’, or did its effectiveness depend on a Japanese context? Secondly, to what extent would firms implement this sys tem, or would they adapt it to the very different social context of the USA? The transplants thus constitute an unusual natural experiment for organizational theory.
Hybridization of the Japanese Production System in North America, Newly Industrializing Economies, South-East Asia, and Europe: Contrasted Configurations
Authors: Abo Tetsuo
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with ‘hybridizations’ of the Japanese production system, that is, the different mixes of Japanese and local elements in Japanese transplants in North America, Europe, Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs), and South-East Asia (ASEAN). The study arises from a research programme carried out since the early 1980s on the inter-regional comparative analysis of the international transfer of Japanese management and production technologies in the automobile and consumer electronics industries.
Conclusion: Transplants, Hybridization, and Globalization: What Lessons for the Future?
Authors: Boyer Robert , Charron Elsie , Jürgens Ulrich , Tolliday Steven
Published: November 2023

Ten years ago managers and industry experts were preoccupied with the question, ‘Can Japanese production methods be effectively transplanted outside Japan?’ In the subsequent decade it became clear that it was indeed possible to transfer such methods, and influential commentators began to argue that all productive systems would now have to converge on the Japanese model as a single ‘one best way’. What are the implications of this book (along with its companion GERPISA studies)1 for these issues? First, this book shows that Japanese trans plants are just one instance of a wider phenomenon of the transfer of productive models to other economic and social spaces.
Social Change and Innovation in the Labour Market
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1990s the Census Office released for the first time 1% and 2% Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) from the 1991 British Census. This pathbreaking study presents the results of the first analysis of labour market data from the new SARs, drawing comparisons with research results for the USA and other Western European countries. The author describes a distinctive, new category of integrated occupations, employing men and women equally in highly qualified work; the diversification of part-time work; the emergence of a new category of marginal jobs; and the expansion of student jobs. Fresh insight is offered into the pay gap, social stratification, occupational differences in labour mobility, current trends in homework, travel to work patterns, self-employment and small firm creation, and the impact of housing choice on female workrates. The book presents a case-study of pharmacists to illustrate these developments as well as an excellent introductory guide for future SAR users - warning them of pitfalls in the data, as well as pointing out advantages to be exploited.
Profiles of Integrated and Segregated Occupations
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

All modern societies have a high degree of role differentiation and specialization and have conventions for allocating roles and tasks to members on the basis of sex and age, at the minimum, along with a variety of other criteria. The sexual division of labour is sometimes reinforced by formal rules or laws permitting and restricting access to particular occupations, social and political roles. But informal rules and conventions can be equally powerful, and they have persisted long after the introduction of sex and race discrimination legislation in Europe, North America, and other modern industrialized societies in the 1960s and 1970s. Studies of occupational segregation are concerned with the degree of separation between work done mainly by men and work done mainly by women.
Occupational Segregation, Social Stratification, and the Pay Gap
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the relationship between occupational segregation, social stratification, and the sex differential in earnings. Social inequality and economic inequality are obviously linked (Marshall et al., 1988). Their relationship to the sex-segregation of occupations is not self-evident. Hartmann was clear that occupational segregation is a patriarchal practice, being the primary mechanism in capitalist society for maintaining the superiority of men over women because it enforces lower wages for women in the labour market. But she was also clear that there are no social class exemptions from patriarchy, and that all men, workers as well as employers, contribute to the maintenance and constant renewal of occupational segregation and the maintenance of women’s inferiority in the labour market (Hartmann, 1976: 139). Men enjoyed only the single oppression of capitalism, whereas women confronted the double burden of capitalism and patriarchy (Hartmann, 1976: 168).
Small Firms and the Solo Self-Employed
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

The historical decline of self-employment came to a halt in 1965 in Britain and in the 1970s in most other industrial societies. Most countries have experienced a revival of self-employment since then, albeit uneven in some cases, but the growth in Britain up to 1990 was spectacular and attracted special attention (OECD, 1992: 155, 172-3). This new rising trend prompted vigorous public policy debate and a great deal of new research on the causes of the upturn in self-employment, whether the revival had similar characteristics across all industrialized countries, the role of public policy (on unemployment, on taxes, on state benefits, and on promoting an enterprise culture), and on the characteristics of the new entrepreneurs (OECD, 1986, 1992; Curran, 1986; Hakim, 1988b; Steinmetz and Wright, 1989; Storey, 1994). The new research programme on self-employment and the enterprise.
Conclusions
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Research on the labour market in the late twentieth century has tended to focus on perennial problems, such as unemployment and discrimination, or on the impact of changes in information and communication technologies (Daniel, 1987; Howard, 1995), economic shocks, and major swings in government policy (Boyer, 1989; Michie, 1992). This study has focused on the impact of social changes that produce less dramatic and sometimes invisible processes of gradual change and innovation in the labour market. The longterm impact of changes in sex-role attitudes, the feminization of the workforce, the prolongation of full-time education beyond adolescence and into early adulthood, the upskilling of the workforce, and the increased weight placed on autonomy and the exercise of skill by highly educated workersall these have been slow and continuous processes of social change rather than attention-grabbing sudden events.
The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present
Authors: Corbon Jean
Published: November 2023

In the second half of the twentieth century the Middle East became one of the hot areas of the globe for reasons which are well known: strategic, energy-related, and also religious. While political observers tum their attention to the States of the Arab Mashreq, for scholars of religion the interest lies rather in the development of Islam in the modem era. People rarely remember about the existence of Christians in this region and when they do, their identity is merged with the wider context of relations between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The West has occasionally heard about the Christians of Lebanon or the Copts of Egypt, but in situations of conflict which are immediately generalized. Hence, apart from the Christians of the Middle East, few people know of the existence of authentic Christian Churches there.
The Cultural Production of Arab Christians Today: An Expression of their Identity in a Predominantly Muslim Society
Authors: Hechaïmé Camille
Published: November 2023

To discuss the present cultural production of Arab Christians as an ex¬ pression of identity in the heart of a predominantly Muslim society, we must proceed in two phases. The first phase will review this production, examining the different parts of it; the second phase will start from the cultural production itself to assess whether it is really an expression of religious identity and in what form this is understood.To better understand the present situation and its evolution, however, it is important to see, even if rapidly, how the cultural production of Arab Christians has developed in the heart of Muslim society, both in the distant and recent past.
Christians in Iraq
Authors: Habbi Yūsuf
Published: November 2023

Following the Gulf War, more than 150,000 Christians, a sixth of the total Christian population in the country, left Iraq for various destinations. Most were young people and some of the places they left for are areas of risk, in the sense that they offer little hope of finding acceptable work and standards of living. The migratory trend of Christians is not just affecting Iraq, but also the other Middle Eastern States where they are present. The increase in the exodus in recent years could arouse suspicions of a deliberate evacuation of Eastern Christians from their country of origin (Iraq, Persia, Syria, and other countries). The causes of this phenomenon in Iraq and the factors involved are the subject of this contribution.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W
Published: November 2023

KONSIDERABLE body of research is now available on new religious movements in the United States. Those religions with roots in Eastern traditions, in particular, captured the attention both of the American public and of academics who study religion in America. Theories of religious conversion and explanations of the seemingly sudden advent of Eastern religions in the United States abound.1 These circumstances necessitate some justification for offering yet another.
Introduction
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

Between the early 1970s and 1990s, a rapidly changing technical and economic environment was widely seen as heralding a transformation in the character of employment relations in Britain. Economic and political change combined to produce a far-reaching restructuring of British industry. It was a period that witnessed the collapse of large sectors of traditional manufacturing industry and a marked shift towards an economy based primarily on the service industries. At the same time, heightened competitive pressures, linked to the increasingly global nature of markets and, particularly, to the process of integration of the West European economies, confronted British management with the need for major improvements in performance in terms of both cost and quality.
Skill and the Quality of Work
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

A wide range of theories have placed changes in the level and nature of skill at the centre of their accounts of the dynamics of wider changes in employment relations. It was seen in the last chapter that three main theses have been advanced. The first argues that there has been a long-term trend of rising skill levels as societies have become more industrialized. The second puts forward the directly contrary view that the long-term trend has been towards an erosion of skill levels, with a concomitant degradation of the experience of work. Finally, it has been suggested that experiences of skill change may have differed very substantially in different segments of the labour market, leading to a growing polarization in employment experiences.
Women, Men and Non-Standard Employment: Breadwinning and Caregiving in Germany, Italy, and the UK
Authors: Yeandle Sue
Published: November 2023

This chapter draws on a number of statistical and survey sources to explore recent changes in the sexual division of labour in three European countries: Germany, Italy, and the UK. It reviews the evidence on the growth of non-standard employment in these countries, and explores some aspects of the relationship between the changes in women’s and men’s employment behaviour and social policy, cultural and attitudinal factors. The discussion draws on a growing literature offering theoretical and empirical insights into the differences and similarities between countries in the contemporary development of gender relations.
Nationalism and the Historians*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

The history of nationalism is as much a history of its interlocutors as of the ideology and movement itself. Exactly because it appears so protean and seems so elusive, nationalism reveals itself only in its various forms, or rather the forms given to us by its proponents and critics. That is why nationalism is so often considered an ‘historical movement’ par excellence. Not only did it emerge in a given epoch of European history, and not only does it manifest itself in specific historical situations. Nationalism is also profoundly ‘historicist’ in character: it sees the world as a product of the interplay of various communities, each possessing a unique character and history, and each the result of specific origins and developments.
National Identity and Myths of Ethnic Descent*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

While the study of ethnic identity and national movements has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the meanings and visions underlying them in the social consciousness. These meanings and visions are encapsulated in distinctive ethnic myths which, like all myth, bring together in a single potent vision elements of historical fact and legendary elaboration to create an overriding commitment and bond for the community. Of course, such myths often change their symbolic forms and content over time in relation to different perceptions of significant others outside the community and varying degrees of conflict or competi-tion with those outsiders (Kriesberg 1982).
Nation and Ethnoscape*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Current views of the rise of nations and nationalism emphasize the role of the modern state in constructing nations and engendering national loy¬alties and conflicts. In the work of Eric Hobsbawm, Benedict Anderson, and Anthony Giddens, to name some of the most original scholars in the field, nations owe their existence and borders to the growth of modern, central¬ized states, their reflexive bureaucratic penetration and their ethnographic controls.1 To this perspective, Michael Mann and Charles Tilly have added a military dimension: prolonged inter-state warfare, fed by capitalism, deter¬ mines the reach of states and the mobilization of their citizen populations as nations.2 Clearly, there is much to commend in this view, particularly its insistence on the central role of the political domain in creating nations and engendering national conflicts.
Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

This article considers the debate that has recently developed in studies of nationalism between those scholars who see the nation as a modern and constantly changing construction ex nihilo and those who see it as an immemorial, unchanging communal essence. It outlines the so-called ‘gastronomical’ and ‘geological’ metaphors of nation formation and suggests a synthetic model which balances the influence of the ethnic past and the impact of nationalist activity. It shows that the central question which has divided theorists of nationalism is the place of the past in the life of modern nations. The author recognizes the role of nationalists in national mobilization but stresses that nationalists are not social engineers or mere image makers as modernist and post-modernist accounts would have it, but rather social and political archaeologists whose activities con¬sist in the rediscovery and reinterpretation of the ethnic past and through it the regeneration of their national community.
The Resurgence of Nationalism? Myth and Memory in the Renewal of Nations*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Contrary to liberal evolutionary expectations, the world has witnessed a resurgence of ethnic conflicts and nationalist movements since the end of the Cold War. Though it calls into question theories of the demise of nations and nationalism, this revival should not be interpreted as a throwback to earlier nationalisms or a passing phenomenon. Rather, it is one of many resurgences since the French Revolution and it demonstrates once again the power of the resources and trends which reproduce a world of nations and nationalism.
Class Analysis and the Reorientation of Class Theory: The Case of Persisting Differentials in Educational Attainment
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

IN AN ESSAY published elsewhere, Gordon Marshall and I have set out the case for class analysis as a research programme. The aim of this programme could be summarized as that of enquiring into the interrelations that prevail among class structures, class mobility, class inequalities, and class formation (or decomposition). Viewed in this way, we argued, class analysis ‘does not entail a commitment to any particular theory of class’ but, rather, provides a context in which ‘different and indeed rival theories’ may be formulated and assessed (Goldthorpe and Marshall 1992: 382).
Conservative Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

A CENTRAL argument of this book is that, leaving aside the Catholic and Orthodox countries, there is a largely common pattern to the mutation of religion in the industrializing societies of western Europe and their colonial offshoots: except in those settings where ethnic and national conflict places an unusual premium on communal solidarity, the church form of religion is challenged by that of the sect and both become denominations. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the cultic form has become more common. The denomination and the cult will be considered in detail in the next chapter. It is the impact of choice on the sectarian style of religion that concerns me here.
Introduction: family and household change in Britain
Authors: McRae Susan
Published: November 2023

This book describes and analyses change in British families and house holds at the end of the twentieth century. That there has been such change is without doubt. Britain today is a much more complex society than in past times, with great diversity in the types of household within which people live: one-person; cohabiting; families with children and families without; stepfamilies; lone parents —whether divorced or never-married; gay and lesbian couples; pensioners. Much of this diversity has been gained at the expense of tradition and there has been a downward trend in the prevalence of certain types of family —most particularly, the traditional two parents plus dependent children. For some, change means decline; or more strongly, the ‘death of the family’. But household diversity does not by itself entail family decline. While there has been a reduction in the number of traditional family households, there has also been a growth in opportunities-to live alone or to cohabit, for example, or to avoid a shotgun wedding or to develop an openly gay or lesbian house hold. It is true that some changes have had devastating consequences for individuals and their families, perhaps across generations.
Britain’s place in Europe’s population
Authors: Coleman David , Chandola Tarani
Published: November 2023

Most papers in this book are dedicated to new developments in population and households in Britain. This paper has a different focus-to put Britain’s demography in the context of the rest of Europe. Throughout the 1990s, Europe has seldom been off the front pages. European integration is much discussed: some hope for a unified European state of the future, sharing common economic, social, and legal institutions as well as a common currency. Others, conscious of the exceptionalism of the oldest nation-state in Europe, fear the submergence of national autonomy and distinctiveness by Euro-federalism and alien bureaucracy (Black 1994).
Forecasting British families into the twenty-first century
Authors: Murphy Mike , Wang Duolao
Published: November 2023

This chapter forecasts the numbers of adults and children who would be living in single, married, cohabiting, divorced, or lone-parent families under alternative scenarios of the trends in family formation and dissolution. In order to derive these scenarios, it is necessary to set the scene, since future trends, especially in the short term, reflect an evolution of current trends. Over recent decades, a number of major changes in people’s living arrangements have been experienced to some extent by all Western developed societies (van de Kaa 1987).
Family influences on teenage fertility
Authors: Wellings Kaye , Wadsworth Jane
Published: November 2023

This analysis of data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles seeks to contribute to a general understanding of the factors associated with early sexual expression and fertility. A review of the literature shows teenage sexual activity and parenthood to be strongly associated with characteristics of the family of origin. The prevalence of early sexual activity and parenthood are closely related to the structure and size of families, to patterns of relationships, and to the extent of disruption within them. Women from larger than average families, who lived with only one parent as a child, and who have parents who have been divorced, separated, or bereaved, have been shown to be more likely than other groups of women to give birth early (Hogan and Kitagawa 1985; Simms and Smith 1986; Miller and Jorgensen 1988).
Who divorces?
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Mueller Ganka
Published: November 2023

The rise of divorce is one of the most important social developments of recent decades, and brings to the fore fundamental questions about the relations between men and women and the rearing of children in modern societies. Britain has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. Yet, there are surprisingly few recent British studies on the characteristics of the divorced population or about which men, women, and couples are more prone to divorce. Some well-known features of the divorced population have been revealed by previous research in Britain and other countries. One of the most robust and consistent findings is that the earlier a partnership is formed, the more likely it is to break down, a tendency which persists after many years of marriage (Murphy 1985; Hoem 1991).
The residential mobility of divorced people
Authors: Flowerdew Robin , Al-Hamad Alaa , Hayes Lynn
Published: November 2023

Household structure in Britain has been undergoing considerable change over the last few decades, with the life courses of individual people becoming more complex (Bonvalet and Lelièvre 1997). In particular, the increasing numbers of people living alone (Hall et al. 1997, Chapter 11 of this volume) and of movements in and out of marriage and cohabiting relationships have implications for demographic structure and for residential mobility. The divorce rate in Britain increased substantially throughout the 1970s with some slowing down in the 1980s (Haskey 1996b). If divorce continues at the present rate, around a quarter of couples presently entering marriage are likely to divorce within ten years and around a third will have divorced within twenty years (Grundy 1992b: 173).
Forming and Managing Shared Organization Ventures Resources and Transaction Costs
Authors: Tallman Stephen
Published: November 2023

Firms are turning in increasing numbers to strategic alliances as a means for entering and operating in domestic and international markets. The strategic value of inter-firm cooperative relationships is apparent in the modern context of rapidly growing and changing markets, globalizing competition, network organizations, and dynamic, complex, and expensive technologies. Alliances permit firms to create new joint competencies by rapidly and inexpensively combining sets of resources and capabilities that are not available to them individually, but which are in some way complementary (Geringer, 1988). This possibility would seem to provide considerable competitive advantage.
Differential Learning in Alliances
Authors: Nti Kofi O , Kumar rajesh
Published: November 2023

Inter-firm collaboration through strategic alliances has become important in the contemporary business environment due to the complex and dynamic environment engendered by rapid technological change and globalization. Alliances enable firms with complementary resources and capabilities to collaborate to develop new technologies, enter new product markets, or employ new organizational methods and systems. Pekar and Allio (1994) estimated that US companies alone formed over 20,000 alliances between 1988 and 1992 and that the rate of alliance formation was growing by more than 25 per cent annually.
Trust and Control: Opposing or Complementary Functions?
Authors: Faulkner David O
Published: November 2023

The concepts of trust and of control are frequently cited as central to the potential success of strategic alliances. Researchers are by no means united in their view of the definitions of either term, but all seem to agree that they are important. Indeed Chapter 15 of this book by Steve Currell and Andrew Inkpen discusses the issue of the different levels at which trust can be built, namely interpersonal, inter-group, and inter-firm. This chapter takes the view that to be effective at the latter two levels, trust-building must be grounded at an interpersonal level. It takes Child and Faulkner’s (1998) concepts of three different forms of trust, and Geringer and Hebert’s (1989) definition of control, and considers to what extent trust and control are antithetical or complementary forces in strategic alliances.
Social Capital, the Economy, and Education in Historical Perspective
Authors: Szreter Simon
Published: November 2023

SOCIAL capital is an important new concept which, when added to the established, analytical categories already used by mainstream liberal economists, holds out the promise of a much superior understanding of the way in which real, rather than theoretical, market economies, businesses, and com petition function today and for the foreseeable future. It does this by explicitly incorporating, instead of excluding, the complex social, institutional and political contexts in which economic transactions actually occur.
Organizing for Firm Growth: the Interaction between Resource-Accumulating and Organizing Processes
Authors: Ghoshal Sumantra , Hahn, Martin , Moran Peter
Published: November 2023

With unfailing regularity, the growth of the firm expands the stock of resources that are within reach and thereby available for the firm to use. To the extent that these resources are used productively, the firm will continue to grow and will, therefore, accumulate even more resources and many more possibilities for further growth. But as every experienced manager knows, no firm is assured that its growth trajectory will continue indefinitely. Why does the growth of many, indeed most, firms eventually falter and often reverse itself, while other firms, including some that are already relatively large and complex, continue to grow? In this chapter, we argue that the key to sustainable growth lies in the firm’s organizing capability.
The Role of Prior Commitment in Governance Choice
Authors: Argyres Nicholas , Liebeskind Julia Porter
Published: November 2023

The trade-off between commitment and flexibility is a major theme in the economics literature on business strategy. Much of this work has focused on the strategic benefits to the firm from credibly committing to a course of action. Industrial organization theories have shown that committing to a future level of production can deter the entry of competitors (Spence 1977, 1979), especially when that commitment can be made credible (Dixit 1980).
The Historical Development of Self-Regulation by Japan’s Trade Associations
Authors: Schaede Ulrike
Published: November 2023

Japanese trade associations date back at least to the 11th century, and throughout their long history, these associations have been actively engaged in various forms of self-regulation. Initially formed by merchants and artisans trying to create markets and establish mechanisms by which to differentiate upstanding merchants from charlatans, trade associations were soon also engaged in practices such as creating barriers to entry, quality controls, or price setting. Because Japan did not have a Commercial Code until the 19th century, the creation and functioning of early markets were dependent on such selfregulation. Even after the introduction of commercial laws, the practice of selfregulation continued and eventually was institutionalized during WWII. Thus, the function of self-regulation is a feature as old as the associations themselves.
The Extravasation of the Sacred and the Crisis in Liberal Protestantism
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

Although secularization is a major term in the social scientific study of religion-and has been from the beginning-knowledge of just how it occurs is less certain than the belief that it does occur. After all, people do not believe they create the sacred but encounter it; likewise, it seems, we can more readily encounter the result of secularization than control the process itself. How holy things escape from their ‘proper vessels’ is puzzling indeed; the extravasation of the sacred is not easy to understand.
World Order and Mainline Religions
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

While it is safe to say that world order or world system theory has had most to say about economic actions and processes, religious reverberations from world order changes have also been noted.1 The following broad assertions would seem to summarize the current outlook with respect to this relationship: A nation-state’s position in the world political economy is reflected in its religious institutions During shifts in the world order, ideological reformation is likely, including religious unrest and diversity.
Religion and Ethnicity in Late Twentieth Century America
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

After four decades of heightened ethnic consc10usness by African Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans, asserting that assimilation in America remains the greater trend in ethnic relations may seem absurd. Indeed, controversies over ‘multiculturalism’ in the college curriculum, the ‘rise’ of ‘unmeltable’ white ethnics, and the persistence of vibrant ethnic organizations, ethnic newspapers, and ethnic fund appeals would suggest that ethnicity remains a powerful force in American society. And so it does.
Neutron Interferometry
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A
Published: November 2023

The quantum interference of DeBroglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. This book provides the reader with a detailed account of neutron interferometry experiments. The basic ideas and experiments related to coherence properties of matter waves and various post-selection criteria, gravitationally induced phase shifts, Berry's geometrical phase, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects, and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are topics of this book. It includes the theoretical motivations as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the beginning graduate level, and will excite many students and researchers in neutron physics, quantum optics, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.
Solid state physics applications
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A
Published: November 2023

Most neutron interferometric experiments carried out until now have dealt with fundamental physics applications, but it was known from the beginning that the interferometric method could also open new horizons for solid state physics research. Samples with density or magnetic fluctuations or decomposition effects cause inhomogeneous phase shifts, which cause a measurable loss of contrast of the interference pattern. Such experiments give complementary information to small-angle, critical, and depolarization experiments (Rauch and Seidl 1987). Phase tomography with neutrons can be realized, which permits inspection of materials without absorbing or scattering neutrons at the object. By measuring the neutron coherence function (Section 4.2), one gets direct access to the correlation functions G(r, t) of condensed matter instead of measuring its Fourier transform S(Q,w) by spectroscopic methods. Various examples of related investigations will be discussed together with their future perspectives. The essentials of future neutron Fourier spectroscopy are formulated.
The completeness theorems
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel
Published: November 2023

The formalization that we have implemented thus far allows us to represent mathematical statements, or at least some of them, in the form of sequences of symbols. We will now pursue further in this direction and formalize proofs. There are many ways of doing this and, let us admit it from the start, the one we have chosen comes with a certain number of inconveniences; in particular, it does not properly reflect the manner in which proofs are conceived in the minds of mathematicians. Moreover, it does not lend itself well to the analysis of proofs, a topic that is known as proof theory and that we will discuss only briefly in this text. In its favour, our method is a bit closer to the way in which proofs are actually written and, primarily, it requires the introduction of few prerequisites. That is why it appeared to us that this approach is the easiest to understand upon first exposure.
Formalization of arithmetic, Godel’s theorems
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H
Published: November 2023

Of all the branches of mathematics that we could choose to formalize, arithmetic is no doubt the most natural choice. This is what we undertake in the present chapter. In Section 6.1, we describe the language of arithmetic and present the set of its axioms, commonly known as Peano’s axioms, which we denote by P. The purpose of some of these axioms ( A1 through A7) is to force addition and multiplication to behave correctly; the others (the axiom scheme IS) are to sanction the well known proofs by induction. Superficially, these are very simple axioms and we could even ask ourselves whether they are not too simple.
Set theory
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H
Published: November 2023

The purpose of set theory, a subject created by G. Cantor at the beginning of the twentieth century, is to allow one to construct the whole of mathematics based, exclusively, on the concept of membership.
Movement
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about the energy that animals use for travelling around; walking, flying, or swimming. For many of them, this is the principal energy cost additional to the basic costs discussed in Chapter 2. We will discuss the energy costs of moving on land, in the air, and in water, how these costs arise, and how animals adjust their patterns of movement to keep the costs as low as possible. What gaits should animals use, how should they plan their journeys, and when is a long migration worthwhile? We will also consider the mechanisms that make possible the bursts of very high power output that are needed when an animal sprints to catch prey or to escape a predator.The energy costs of walking and running have generally been measured indirectly, by measuring animals ‘ rates of oxygen consumption. A large part of the best research was done by the late Professor C. R. (Dick) Taylor of Harvard University, and I will describe the methods that he developed and used.
Optical Spectroscopy As A Tool In Hot-Electron Studies
Authors: Shah J
Published: November 2023

The non-linear electrical conductivity of a semiconductor under the application of an electric field has been a subject of interest since the early days of semiconductor physics (Conwell 1967). At low fields, Ohm's law is obeyed and the resistance and hence the mobility of the electrons or holes remains constant. With increasing electric field, the mobility is no longer constant but begins to decrease. In III-V semiconductors, on which we concentrate in this chapter, this non-ohmic behaviour at intermediate fields can be attributed primarily to heating of the carriers by the applied electric field. Under steady-state bias, the carrier distribution function changes (i.e. the carrier temperature increases) until the rate of input of energy from the field to the carriers is balanced by the rate of loss of energy from the carriers to the lattice. Therefore, investigation of the non-ohmic transport behaviour provides information about how carriers interact with the lattice through various carrier-phonon scattering processes. At larger applied electric fields, other interesting effects such as negative differential resistance, impact ionization and dielectric breakdown occur, but we will not be concerned with these effects in this chapter.