bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of High‐Hydrostatic Pressure on Inactivation of Human Norovirus and Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Oysters
Authors: Ye Mu , Lingham Talaysha , Huang Yaoxin , Ozbay Gulnihal , Ji Lin , Karwe Mukund , Chen Haiqiang
Published: May 2015

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of high‐hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on inactivation of human norovirus (HuNoV) in oysters and to evaluate organoleptic characteristics of oysters treated at pressure levels required for HuNoV inactivation. Genogroup I.1 (GI.1) or Genogroup II.4 (GII.4) HuNoV was inoculated into oysters and treated at 300 to 600 MPa at 25 and 0 °C for 2 min. After HHP, viral particles were extracted by porcine gastric mucin‐conjugated magnetic beads (PGM‐MBs) and viral RNA was quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR. Lower initial temperature (0 °C) significantly enhanced HHP inactivation of HuNoV compared to ambient temperature (25 °C; P < 0.05). HHP at 350 and 500 MPa at 0 °C could achieve more than 4 log10 reduction of GII.4 and GI.1 HuNoV in oysters, respectively. HHP treatments did not significantly change color or texture of oyster tissue. A 1‐ to 5‐scale hedonic sensory evaluation on appearance, aroma, color, and overall acceptability showed that pressure‐treated oysters received significantly higher quality scores than the untreated control (P < 0.05). Elevated pressure levels at 450 and 500 MPa did not significantly affect scores compared to 300 MPa at 0 °C, indicating increasing pressure level did not affect sensory acceptability of oysters. Oysters treated at 0 °C had slightly lower acceptability than the group treated at room temperature on day 1 (P < 0.05), but after 1 wk storage, no significant difference in sensory attributes and consumer desirability was observed (P > 0.05).
Intramuscular injection of mitomycin C combined with endoscopic dilation for benign esophageal strictures
Authors: Zhang Yin , Wang Xiang , LIU Li , Chen Jian Ping , Fan Zhi Ning
Published: May 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intramuscular injection of either mitomycin C or dexamethasone with endoscopic dilation for benign esophageal strictures after esophageal surgery or endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Methods

Patients with benign esophageal strictures were retrospectively enrolled in this study and divided into three groups: mitomycin C group (mitomycin C injection with endoscopic dilation, dexamethasone group (dexamethasone injection and dilation) and dilation group (physiological saline injection and dilation). The patients' characteristics, locations of lesions, number of previous dilations, esophageal diameters after dilation, grades of dysphagia before and after the procedure and dysphagia‐free period during the follow‐up period were recorded.

Results

Altogether 74 patients including 25 in the mitomycin C group, 25 in the dexamethasone group and 24 in the dilation group were enrolled. The diameter of the esophagus before the procedure was 3.32 ± 0.90 mm, 3.92 ± 1.55 mm and 3.70 ± 1.30 mm, respectively, while that was increased to 12.77 ± 1.62 mm, 12.14 ± 1.28 mm and 12.73 ± 1.42 mm after endoscopic dilation in the mitomycin C, dexamethasone and conventional dilation groups. The dysphagia‐free period was 4.88 ± 1.66 months in the mitomycin C group, 4.02 ± 1.77 months in the dexamethasone group and 2.41 ± 1.26 months in the dilation group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Intramuscular injection of mitomycin C or dexamethasone may prolong the dysphagia‐free period and decrease the frequency of repeat dilations compared with conventional endoscopic dilations in patients with benign esophageal strictures.
Intensive walking exercise for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lyu Xiafei , Li Sheyu , Peng Shifeng , Cai Huimin , Liu Guanjian , Ran Xingwu
Published: May 2015

Background

Supervised treadmill exercise is the recommended therapy for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients with intermittent claudication (IC). However, most PAD patients do not exhibit typical symptoms of IC. The aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy and safety of intensive walking exercise in PAD patients with and without IC.

Methods

The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of intensive walking exercise with usual care in patients with PAD were included for systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Results

Eighteen trials with 1200 patients were eligible for the present analysis. Compared with usual care, intensive walking exercise significantly improved the maximal walking distance (MWD), pain‐free walking distance, and the 6‐min walking distance in patients with PAD (P < 0.00001 for all). Subgroup analyses indicated that a lesser improvement in MWD was observed in the subgroup with more diabetes patients, and that the subgroup with better baseline walking ability exhibited greater improvement in walking performance. In addition, similar improvements in walking performance were observed for exercise programs of different durations and modalities. No significant difference was found in adverse events between the intensive walking and usual care groups (relative risk 0.84; 95% confidence interval 0.51, 1.39; P = 0.50).

Conclusions

Regardless of exercise length and modality, regularly intensive walking exercise improves walking ability in PAD patients more than usual care. The presence of diabetes may attenuate the improvements in walking performance in patients with PAD following exercise.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of gefitinib in a patient with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Luo Jinmei , Ni Li , Wang Mengzhao , Zhong Wei , Xiao Yi , Zheng Ke , Hu Pei
Published: May 2015

Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are frequently elderly with poor performance status and usually cannot withstand chemotherapy because of its toxicities. We report a case of an elderly woman with chronic renal failure undergoing HD who was diagnosed with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer and treated with orally administered gefitinib. We analyzed the pharmacokinetic data of gefitinib in this patient and found that that gefitinib was safe under these conditions.
Spatial and temporal evaluation of veterinarians and veterinary employers relative to human and domesticated animal populations in Australia 2002–2012
Authors: Smyth GB , East IJ , Wicks RM
Published: May 2015

Objectives

To examine the distribution of veterinarians, humans, domestic animals and non‐private practice employers in Australia and assess whether a relationship exists between them. To identify trends in the number of veterinarians, humans and domestic animals between 2002 and 2012 that may influence future demands for veterinary services.

Methods

Australian data on registered veterinarians, veterinary practices, the human population and various domestic animal species were obtained for the years 2002, 2007 and 2012. The data were mapped to assess distribution and temporal trends in number and distribution were assessed.

Results

Nationally, registered veterinarians were distributed similarly to the general population, with a slight bias to regional areas. The number of veterinarians nationally increased both in absolute terms and relative to the human population between 2002 and 2012. Companion animals were distributed similarly to the human population and livestock occurred in highest density in the more productive agricultural areas. The areas with highest density of domestic animals were within 100 km of an existing veterinary practice. There was moderate correlation between the number of registered veterinarians and the number of people or companion animals, but poor correlation for livestock. The number of domestic animal species decreased between 2002 and 2012, with the exceptions of cattle and poultry.

Conclusions

There is not a simple relationship between the number of veterinarians, people or domestic animals. Better data are needed to describe the drivers for demand for veterinary services and enable future workforce planning.
Malignancy‐associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children and adolescents
Authors: Lehmberg Kai , Sprekels Björn , Nichols Kim E. , Woessmann Wilhelm , Müller Ingo , Suttorp Meinolf , Bernig Toralf , Beutel Karin , Bode Sebastian F. N. , Kentouche Karim , Kolb Reinhard , Längler Alfred , Minkov Milen , Schilling Freimut H. , Schmid Irene , Vieth Simon , Ehl Stephan , Zur Stadt Udo , Janka Gritta E.
Published: May 2015

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in the context of malignancy is mainly considered a challenge of adult haematology. While this association is also observed in children, little is known regarding inciting factors, appropriate treatment and prognosis. We retrospectively analysed 29 paediatric and adolescent patients for presenting features, type of neoplasm or preceding chemotherapy, treatment and outcome. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was considered triggered by the malignancy (M‐HLH) in 21 patients, most of whom had T‐ (n = 12) or B‐cell neoplasms (n = 7), with Epstein–Barr virus as a co‐trigger in five patients. In eight patients, HLH occurred during chemotherapy (Ch‐HLH) for malignancy, mainly acute leukaemias (n = 7); an infectious trigger was found in seven. In M‐ and Ch‐HLH, median overall survival was 1·2 and 0·9 years, and the 6 month survival rates were 67% and 63%, respectively. Seven of 11 deceased M‐HLH patients exhibited active malignancy and HLH at the time of death, while only two out of five deceased Ch‐HLH patients had evidence of active HLH. To overcome HLH, malignancy‐ and HLH‐directed treatments were administered in the M‐HLH cohort; however, it was not possible to determine superiority of one approach over the other. For Ch‐HLH, treatment ranged from postponement of chemotherapy to the use of etoposide‐containing regimens.
Multi‐centre validation of the prognostic value of the haematopoietic cell transplantation‐ specific comorbidity index among recipient of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: ElSawy Mahmoud , Storer Barry E. , Pulsipher Michael A. , Maziarz Richard T. , Bhatia Smita , Maris Michael B. , Syrjala Karen L. , Martin Paul J. , Maloney David G. , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Storb Rainer , Sorror Mohamed L.
Published: May 2015

The haematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) was developed in a single centre as a weighted scoring system to predict risks of non‐relapse mortality (NRM) following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Information on the performance of the HCT‐CI in multi‐centre studies is lacking in the literature. To that end, a collaborative multicentre retrospective study was initiated. Comorbidity data from 2523 consecutive recipients of human leucocyte antigen‐matched grafts from five different US institutions were analysed. Among all patients, HCT‐CI scores of 0 vs. 1–2 vs. ≥3 were associated with 2–year NRM rates of 14%, 23% and 39% (P < 0·0001), respectively, and 2–year overall survival (OS) rates of 74%, 61% and 39%, respectively (P < 0·0001). Using regression models, increasing HCT‐CI scores were independently associated with increases in hazard ratios for NRM and worse survival within individual institutions. The HCT‐CI retained independent capacity for association with outcomes within different age as well as conditioning intensity groups. C‐statistic estimates for the prognostic power of the HCT‐CI for NRM and OS were 0·66 and 0·64, respectively. The estimates within each institution were overall similar. The HCT‐CI is a valid tool for capturing comorbidities and predicting mortality after haematopoietic cell transplantation across different institutions.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Scutellarein Carbamate Derivatives as Potential Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sang Zhi‐pei , Qiang Xiao‐ming , Li Yan , Wu Bei , Zhang Hui , Zhao Ming‐gao , Deng Yong
Published: May 2015

A series of scutellarein carbamate derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the multitarget‐directed drug design strategy for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, antioxidant activities, metals chelation, and neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide‐induced PC12 cell injury were evaluated in vitro. The preliminary results indicated that compound 7b exhibited good inhibitory potency toward AChE and BuChE with IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.03 μm and 22.1 ± 0.15 μm, respectively, possessed the strong antioxidant potency (10.3 trolox equivalents), as well as acted as a selective metal chelator and neuroprotective agent. Furthermore, 7b could improve memory impairment induced by scopolamine, ethanol, and sodium nitrite using the step‐down passive avoidance task in vivo and could remarkably decrease the activity of acetylcholinesterase in mice brain. This study indicated that 7b could be considered as a potential multitarget agent against AD.
Human immunoglobulin G suppresses the production of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Okada Kazumasa , Adachi Hiroaki
Published: May 2015

Objective

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 is a key molecule that indicates disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and is recognized as a candidate biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to determine whether human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) could reduce the production of MMP‐9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with MS.

Methods

We investigated the effect of hIgG on the expression of MMP‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 in PBMC of patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) compared with healthy controls (HC) in vitro.

Results

Patients with RRMS were not receiving any disease‐modifying therapies when blood was sampled in this study. Although levels of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 in PBMC were not different between RRMS and HC groups, the MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio was significantly increased in patients with RRMS when compared with HC. PBMC that were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) expressed a higher level of MMP‐9 in RRMS than the HC groups, although the level of TIMP‐1 was equal between groups. hIgG reduced the level of MMP‐9 in PBMC from both patients with RRMS and HC with LPS stimulation in a dose‐dependent manner, but had no effect on the expression of TIMP‐1. The MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio in both patients with RRMS and HC was also decreased by hIgG. The effect of hIgG was not through neutralization of MMP‐9. hIgG alone did not induce MMP‐9 mRNA, and suppressed the upregulation of mRNA in PBMC stimulated with LPS.

Conclusions

These results suggest that hIgG could be effective in treating patients with RRMS though the inhibition of the transmigration of immune cells into the brain parenchyma.
Serum lipids and cardiac function correlate with nitrotyrosine and MMP activity in coronary artery disease patients
Authors: Bencsik Péter , Sasi Viktor , Kiss Krisztina , Kupai Krisztina , Kolossváry Márton , Maurovich‐Horvat Pál , Csont Tamás , Ungi Imre , Merkely Béla , Ferdinandy Péter
Published: May 2015

Aims

Peroxynitrite‐matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) signalling has been shown to contribute to myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure and to be influenced by hyperlipidaemia in preclinical models. Therefore, here we investigated the correlation between the markers of peroxynitrite–MMP signalling and hyperlipidaemia in patients with significant coronary stenosis.

Methods

Five minutes before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), arterial blood samples were collected from 36 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) selected for elective PCI.

Results

Serum nitrotyrosine positively correlated with MMP‐9 activity (r = 0·54, P = 0·01), but not with MMP‐2 activity. Nitrotyrosine positively correlated with total (r = 0·58; P < 0·01) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0·55; P < 0·01), serum triglyceride (r = 0·47; P < 0·05), and creatinine (r = 0·42; P < 0·05) and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = −0·46; P < 0·05) and with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; r = −0·55; P < 0·05), respectively. MMP‐2 activity correlated positively with total (r = 0·55; P < 0·05) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0·45; P < 0·05). In statin‐treated patients, a significantly reduced serum nitrotyrosine was found as compared to statin naives; however, MMP activities and serum cholesterol levels were not different. MMP‐9 activity correlated with urea nitrogen (r = 0·42; P < 0·05) and LVEF (r = −0·73; P < 0·01). Serum creatinine correlated negatively with LVEF (r = −0·50, P < 0·01).

Conclusions

This is the first demonstration that (i) serum nitrotyrosine correlates with MMP‐9 activity, (ii) lipid parameters correlate with nitrotyrosine and MMP‐2 activity, (iii) myocardial function correlates with creatinine, nitrotyrosine and MMP‐9 activity, and (iv) creatinine correlates with nitrotyrosine and urea nitrogen with MMP‐9 activity in patients with CAD. Studying the biomarkers of peroxynitrite–MMP pathway in large prospective trials may reveal their diagnostic avails.
Labour market institutions, crisis and gender earnings gap in Eastern Europe
Authors: Perugini Cristiano , Selezneva Ekaterina
Published: May 2015

We study gender pay inequality in ten Central and Eastern EU countries before (2007) and during the economic crisis (2009) using quantile regression methods. The analysis reveals remarkable cross‐country diversity in levels and patterns of the gender gap along the earnings distribution; for the majority of the countries the crisis is associated with declining male/female disparities. We address the role played by labour market institutions in shaping the observed gender pay gap levels and patterns. Labour market deregulation increases gender inequality at the middle and at the top of the pay distribution, but reduces disparities at the bottom. Higher union density and wage coordination reduce the pay gap, with stronger equalizing effects on better‐paid jobs. The crisis seems to weaken the already poor role of institutions in the low‐pay sector.
Does treatment have an impact on incidence and risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in children with infantile spasms?
Authors: Bitton Jonathan Y. , Demos Michelle , Elkouby Katia , Connolly Mary , Weiss Shelly K. , Donner Elizabeth J. , Whiting Sharon , Ronen Gabriel M. , Bello‐Espinosa Luis , Wirrell Elaine C. , Mohamed Ismail S. , Dooley Joseph M. , Carmant Lionel
Published: May 2015

Objective

Infantile spasms (IS) are a severe form of childhood epilepsy associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in up to 35% of cases. The objective of this post hoc analysis of our randomized control trial was to determine whether rapid diagnosis and treatment of IS could limit the incidence of ASD while identifying risk factors related to ASD outcome.

Methods

Patients with IS were randomized in a standardized diagnostic and treatment protocol. Clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluations were completed at all eight visits over 5 years, while cognitive evaluations were administered at 0, 6, 24 and 60 months, respectively. Autism was initially screened by means of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) at 24 months, and formally assessed at the 30‐and 60‐month follow‐ups using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic (ADOS‐G).

Results

Of the 69 patients included in the study, 25 could not be assessed due to severe delay or death. Eleven of the 42 patients screened with CHAT, were found to be at risk of an ASD outcome. ADOS was performed in 44 and 10 were diagnosed with ASD. The CHAT proved to correlate highly with the ADOS (80% ppv). Only patients with symptomatic IS developed ASD (p = 0.003). Earlier diagnosis or successful treatment did not correlate with a reduced rate of ASD. Other risk factors were identified such as having chronic epileptic discharges in the frontotemporal areas after disappearance of hypsarrhythmia (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007) and being of nonwhite origin (p = 0.009).

Significance

ASD was only observed in children with sympyomatic IS. Other clinical risk factors include chronic frontotemporal epileptic activity and being of non‐white origin. Early diagnosis and treatment did not prevent ASD as an outcome of IS. However, patients at risk for ASD could be identified early on and should in the future benefit from early intervention to potentially improve their long‐term outcome.
The Horizontal Effect of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU: Rediscovering the Reasons for Horizontality
Authors: Frantziou Eleni
Published: May 2015

This article analyses the horizontal effect of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Horizontal effect has been an integral part of the Union's application of fundamental rights, especially in the field of equality. However, the codification of fundamental rights in the Charter raises important questions as to how horizontal effect will continue to apply in the EU, particularly in the aftermath of the Court's reticent rulings in cases such as Dominguez and Association de Médiation Sociale. This article argues that the emphasis on prior approaches to horizontal effect in recent rulings fails to address the profound constitutional issues that the horizontal effect of a fundamental rights catalogue raises, which concern the role of private responsibility within the developing constitutional order of the European Union. It therefore calls for a more systematically theorised approach towards the horizontal application of fundamental rights under the Charter framework.
Still ‘a Good Job for a Woman’? Women Teachers' Experiences of Modernization in England and Wales
Authors: Conley Hazel , Jenkins Sarah
Published: May 2015

This article examines women teachers' experiences of modernization in schools in England and Wales. The article explores the impact of modernization on their work and non‐work lives and why, in some cases, modernization has made it impossible for them to remain in the occupation. The evidence presented suggests that modernization has resulted in the intensification and extensification of teaching to such an extent that it is increasingly difficult to combine a teaching career with primary family care responsibilities. Given that teaching is a female‐dominated occupation, this has serious implications for government education policy. We argue that the modernization project in the UK has been a driving force for the adverse gender impact that is undermining equality of opportunity for women teachers.
Import competition and firm refocusing
Authors: Liu Runjuan
Published: May 2015

Abstract Recent theoretical work predicts a new margin of firm adjustment to trade liberalization; that is, multi‐product firms alter their product mix to focus on their core competencies in response to trade liberalization. Using detailed product data from U.S. public firms, I find strong empirical support for this prediction. Specifically, import competition leads multi‐product firms to drop peripheral products to refocus on core production. The weaker the linkages that a peripheral product shares with the core (as measured by the extent of joint sales, joint procurement, joint production, and joint sectorship), the more likely the peripheral product is to be divested in response to import competition.
Foreign acquisition, plant survival, and employment growth
Authors: Bandick Roger , Görg Holger
Published: May 2015

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect of foreign acquisition on survival and employment growth of targets using data on Swedish manufacturing plants. We separate targeted plants into those within Swedish MNEs, Swedish exporting non‐MNEs, and purely domestic firms. The results, controlling for possible endogeneity of acquisition using IV and propensity score matching approaches suggest that acquisition by foreign owners increases the lifetime of the acquired plants only if the plant was an exporter. The effect is robust to controlling for domestic acquisitions and differs between horizontal and vertical acquisitions. We find robust positive employment growth effects only for exporters and only if the takeover is vertical.
Profit taxation and the mode of foreign market entry
Authors: Davies Ronald B. , Egger Hartmut , Egger Peter
Published: May 2015

Abstract This paper studies the role of profit taxation for an international firm's decision upon how to penetrate a foreign market – through exports or through foreign direct investment (FDI) and local supply. We show that with harmonized taxes the international firm may choose FDI even though this has welfare costs from a global point of view. With tax competition, the host country can enforce exporting instead of FDI. This leads to a Nash equilibrium associated with higher world welfare than harmonized taxes. Thus, because of the effect on entry mode, tax competition provides heretofore unexplored benefits as compared to tax harmonization.
Competing for a duopoly: international trade and tax competition
Authors: Ferrett Ben , Wooton Ian
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe analyse the tax/subsidy competition between two potential host governments to attract the plants of firms in a duopolistic industry. While competition between identical countries for a monopolist's investment is known to result in subsidy inflation, two firms can be taxed in equilibrium with the host countries appropriating the entire social surplus generated within the industry, despite explicit non‐cooperation between governments. Trade costs mean that the firms prefer dispersed to co‐located production, creating these taxation opportunities for the host countries. We determine the country‐size asymmetry that changes the nature of the equilibrium, inducing concentration of production in the larger country.
Informational externalities, strategic delay, and optimal investment subsidies
Authors: Doyle Matthew
Published: May 2015

Abstract This paper examines optimal government policy when private investment generates information, but investors cannot internalize the informational value their actions have to others. Equilibrium exhibits inefficient delay, as investors adopt a wait‐and‐see approach. The government can alter incentives via an investment subsidy, but complications arise, since future subsidies may induce investors to disregard current policy initiatives. The paper shows that the government achieves its desired outcome only when the the investment subsidy is financed by a non‐distortionary, lump‐sum tax. When taxation is distortionary, the government faces a time inconsistency problem that may prevent effective policy.
Revisiting the Coyne Affair: a singular event that changed the course of Canadian monetary history
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: May 2015

Abstract The Coyne Affair occurred during the 1959–61 period and led to the resignation of the governor. Eventually major reforms of the Bank of Canada Act were enacted. Archival and empirical evidence is used to assess the performance of monetary policy throughout the 1950s. In doing so, a real‐time data set is constructed for both Canada and the US that permits the estimation of a reaction function. I find that while the case against James Coyne is ‘not proven,’ there was a brief period when monetary policy was excessively tight, and this may well have worsened an already weak economic environment.
Making Good on a Promise: The Education of Civil War Orphans in Pennsylvania, 1863–1893
Authors: Bair Sarah D.
Published: May 2015

During and after the American Civil War, individual state governments, faced with numerous economic demands, struggled to meet the needs of soldiers and their families. Among other pressing questions, they had to decide what to do with the massive number of dependent children orphaned by the war. Pennsylvania, a state that contributed the second most soldiers to the Union cause (only New York contributed more) suffered heavy losses. More than 15,000 Pennsylvania soldiers died in battle or of mortally inflicted battlefield wounds during the conflict. When one factored in death from disease and other causes, the number of Pennsylvania casualties exceeded 33,000. In addition to those who died, many others had their lives shortened by wartime injuries and diseases. Thousands more Pennsylvania soldiers survived the battle and its aftermath, but suffered severe injuries and were left too disabled to work. As a result, an unprecedented number of children became either full orphans or half orphans (those with mothers still living) or lived in families without adequate income to support them.
G. Stanley Hall and an American Social Darwinist Pedagogy: His Progressive Educational Ideas on Gender and Race
Authors: Goodchild Lester F.
Published: May 2015

President G. Stanley Hall hung only a portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson in his office at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The philosopher embodied Hall's most cherished mid-nineteenth century ideas that comprised part of his intellectual worldview. In the 1840s, Emerson reflected on his transcendental concepts of the common mind and instinct, which held all innate human knowledge and behavioral patterns, in hisEssays:

There is one mind common to all individual men. Every man is an inlet to the same and to all of the same…. In every man's mind, some images, words, and facts remain, without effort on his part to imprint them, which others forget, and afterwards these illustrate to him important laws. All our progress is an unfolding, like the vegetable bud. You have first an instinct, then an opinion, then a knowledge, as the plant has a root, bud, and fruit. Trust the instinct to the end, though you can render no reason.
RethinkingTurner v. Keefe: The Parallel Mobilization of African-American and White Teachers in Tampa, Florida, 1936–1946
Authors: Shircliffe Barbara J.
Published: May 2015

In 1941, members of the local unit of the Florida State Teachers Association (FSTA) met in Tampa to plan a lawsuit against Hillsborough County's school board for paying African-American teachers less than white teachers. Hilda Turner, who taught history and economics at Tampa's historically black high school, agreed to serve as plaintiff; she was the only one to volunteer. Thurgood Marshall chief counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)'s Legal Defense Fund (LDF), assisted Samuel McGill, a Jacksonville attorney, in representing Turner, who filed a complaint in federal court that November. In the fall of 1942, responding to Turner's suit, Hillsborough County school board dropped the race-tiered salary schedule and adopted a “rating” scale that based teachers' pay on a number of factors other than training and experience, including “physical, health, personality, and character,” “scholarship and attitude,” and “instructional skill and performance.” The rating committee charged with classifying teachers placed 84 percent of white teachers in the highest pay bracket, and 80 percent of African-American teachers in the lowest pay bracket. As in other Florida cases, Hillsborough County school board offered the new rating scale as evidence that the district no longer discriminated on the basis of race, an assertion Marshall attempted to challenge at trial. However, in 1943, two years after Turner's complaint was originally filed, the federal district judge ruled that the new salary scale was “fair on its face.”
“An Opinion of Our Own”: Education, Politics, and the Struggle for Adulthood at Dartmouth College, 1814–1819
Authors: Green Jane Fiegen
Published: May 2015

On the night of November 11, 1817, nineteen-year-old Rufus Choate rushed to Dartmouth Hall from his Hanover boarding room to answer a call of alarm from his classmates. Professors from Dartmouth University, an institution recently created by legislative action, “had violently attacked” the student library under Choate's care “and, after an unsuccessful attempt to force the lock, literally hewed down the door” with an axe. Choate, who rejected these professors as figures of authority, joined his peers to temporarily lock the intruders in an adjoining room while they removed their books. News of the incident enraged the already volatile debate about the future of Dartmouth. Because the library riot involved generational violence, the professors accused the students of immaturity in an effort to exclude them from the Dartmouth debate. But students found that claims of immaturity could cut both ways. Although students occupied a liminal position between dependence and independence, it was not despite their youth, but because of it that they influenced the outcome of the case. The library riot, then, is important not only for understanding the social context of the Dartmouth case, but also the ways young men interpreted the meaning of youth and maturity in the Early Republic.
The Beginning of “Free Money” Ideology in American Universities: Charles W. Eliot at Harvard, 1869–1909
Authors: Kimball Bruce A. , Johnson Benjamin Ashby
Published: May 2015

During the period between 1870 and 1920, the gross national product of the United States increased more than sixfold, as revolutions in transportation, communications, and manufacturing sparked growth in the economy. Large industrial corporations emerged, and their growing power presented grave challenges for social policy, while their wealth enriched an unprecedented number of millionaires and multi-millionaires, whose contributions prompted an enormous increase in philanthropy across the nation. In particular, Andrew Carnegie sold his steel companies for $480,000,000 in 1901 and founded the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1902, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1905, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911. Even more prominent, oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, “the most famous American of his day,” devoted $447,000,000 to endowing the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in 1901, the General Education Board in 1903, the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918.
“CompromisingLa Causa?”: The Ford Foundation and Chicano Intellectual Nationalism in the Creation of Chicano History, 1963–1977
Authors: MacDonald Victoria-María , Hoffman Benjamin Polk
Published: May 2015

In the early 1970s the first large cohorts of Chicano PhD scholars entered academia, often hired into faculty positions at newly created Chicano departments or centers. These Chicano scholars came after earlier pioneer Mexican-American historians such as Carlos Castañeda and George I. Sanchez at the University of Texas, Austin; Julian Samora of the University of Notre Dame; and Carlos Cortes of the University of California, Riverside. Instead, they came of age during the fluorescence of the Chicanomovimientoof the 1960s and 1970s. The academic identities of the first Chicano PhD scholars were firmly grounded inChicanismo, a term which emphasizes ethnic nationalism, political and economic equity, and cultural and community pride.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2O2Se Ceramics by Bi Deficiencies
Authors: Zhan Bin , Liu Yaochun , Tan Xing , Lan Jin‐le , Lin Yuan‐hua , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: May 2015

Polycrystalline Bi2−xO2Se ceramics were synthesized by spark plasma sintering process. Their thermoelectric properties were evaluated from 300 to 773 K. All the samples are layered structure with a tetragonal phase. The introduction of Bi deficiencies will cause the orientation alignment and change of effective mass. As a result, a significant enhancement of thermoelectric performance was achieved. The maximum of Seebeck coefficient is −568.8 μV/K for Bi1.9O2Se at 773 K, much larger than −445.6 μV/K for pristine Bi2O2Se. Featured with very low thermal conductivity [~0.6 W·(m·K)−1] and an optimized electrical conductivity, ZT at 773 K is significantly increased from 0.05 for pristine Bi2O2Se to 0.12 for Bi1.9O2Se by introducing Bi deficiencies, which makes it a promising candidate for medium temperature thermoelectric applications.
Visible Photocurrent in Chemically Doped TiO2‐Based Schottky Diodes
Authors: Seo Hyungtak
Published: May 2015

The delicate tuning of TiO2 electronic structure is essential to achieve the maximized photoresponse of light harvesting energy devices such as photocatalysis and photovoltaic cells. In this study, the photocurrent response of TiO2‐based diodes with and without Fluorine doping method was investigated. The differences in electronic structure between undoped and F‐doped TiO2 thin films are associated to the Fermi energy level which determines the available empty state energy against the valence band maximum. The incident photoconversion efficiency results indicate that the visible photoabsorption process and charge transport can be enhanced by energy matching between subgap states in TiO2 and the interference light and provides an effective strategy for light harvesting using TiO2.
Two New Brackish Ciliates, Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. and A. bellus sp. n. from Mangrove Wetlands in Southern China, with Notes on the Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Amphileptidae (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida)
Authors: Wu Lei , Yi Zhenzhen , Li Jiqiu , Warren Alan , Xu Hualin , Lin Xiaofeng
Published: May 2015

Two new brackish pleurostomatid ciliates, Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. and A. bellus sp. n. were collected from mangrove wetlands of southern China and their morphology and molecular phylogeny were studied. Amphileptus spiculatus sp. n. can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of 11–14 right and 6–8 left kineties, two macronuclear nodules and a conspicuous beak‐like anterior body end. Amphileptus bellus sp. n. is characterized by the presence of 2–4 macronuclear nodules, 31–35 right and 6 or 7 left kineties and two types of extrusomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences data indicate that the family Amphileptidae is paraphyletic.
Micro‐anatomical characterization of vertebral curvatures in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis
Authors: Cardeira J. , Mendes A. C. , Pousão‐Ferreira P. , Cancela M. L. , Gavaia P. J.
Published: May 2015

The micro‐anatomical changes associated with lordotic and kyphotic vertebral curvatures (VC) in juvenile and adult Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis are described. In addition, it is demonstrated that the tissue and cellular structures of individual vertebrae can be severely affected. Two main conformations were found in deformed juvenile specimens: flattened vertebrae with dorso‐ventral compression and trapezoidal vertebrae forming concave and convex sides under compressive and tensile stresses. Histological analyses revealed the occurrence of an ectopic cartilaginous tissue within the acellular bone, both in juveniles and adults, possibly to cope with altered mechanical stress in deformed vertebrae. The results suggest that the alteration in loading to which curved vertebral columns are subjected might trigger vertebral reshaping and differentiation of cells towards this ectopic tissue. In addition, mesenchymal cells appear to play an important role in its formation. It is here proposed that the acellular bone of S. senegalensis is capable of adaptively responding to altered loading regimes at the structural level by reshaping vertebrae and at the micro‐anatomical level by recruiting chondrocyte‐like cells to areas of altered mechanical stress.
Urinary, Fecal, and Dual Incontinence in Older U.S. Adults
Authors: Wu Jennifer M. , Matthews Catherine A. , Vaughan Camille P. , Markland Alayne D.
Published: May 2015

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of urinary (UI), fecal (FI), and dual incontinence (DI) and to identify shared factors associated with each type of incontinence in older U.S. women and men.

Design

Population‐based cross‐sectional study.

Setting

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010).

Participants

Women and men aged 50 and older.

Measurements

UI was defined as moderate to severe (≥3 on a validated UI severity index, range 0–12); FI was at least monthly loss of solid, liquid, or mucus stool; and DI was the presence of UI and FI.

Results

Women were more likely than men to report UI only and DI but not FI only (UI only, women 19.8%, men 6.4%; FI only, women 8.2%, men 8.4%; DI women, 6.0%, men 1.9%). In both sexes, prevalence increased with age. In regression models adjusted for parity and hysterectomy, DI in women was associated with non‐Hispanic white race (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI)  = 1.5–3.4), depression (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.0–11.1), comorbidities (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.9–9.6 for ≥3 comorbidities vs none), hysterectomy (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.7), and diarrhea (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.0). In men, ADL impairment (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2–4.9) and poorer self‐rated health (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.30) were associated with DI.

Conclusion

UI, FI, and DI are common in older women and men. Factors associated with DI were distinct from those associated with UI and FI. There were also differences according to sex, with DI associated with depression and comorbid diseases in women and lack of functional ability and poorer self‐rated health in men.
Reflections on Hope and Its Implications for End‐of‐Life Care
Authors: Mattes Malcolm D. , Sloane Michelle A.
Published: May 2015

Physicians caring for individuals with life‐altering, incurable illnesses often have a desire to convey a sense of hope while also helping their patients prepare for the end of life to minimize unnecessary suffering and grief. Unfortunately, in the United States, most people receive more‐aggressive treatments toward the end of life than studies would suggest that they desire. This reflects the challenging task of balancing optimism and realism, and how providing a false sense of hope for a cure for too long a time while avoiding advance care planning may contribute significantly to the problem. This article explores the interplay of hope and advance care planning, and suggests a need for excellent individualized communication in the setting of advanced cancer to improve end‐of‐life care.
Metabolic clues to salubrious longevity in the brain of the longest‐lived rodent: the naked mole‐rat
Authors: Triplett Judy C. , Swomley Aaron , Kirk Jessime , Lewis Katilyn , Orr Miranda , Rodriguez Karl , Cai Jian , Klein Jon B. , Buffenstein Rochelle , Butterfield D. Allan
Published: May 2015

Naked mole‐rats (NMRs) are the oldest‐living rodent species. Living underground in a thermally stable ecological niche, NMRs have evolved certain exceptional traits, resulting in sustained health spans, negligible cognitive decline, and a pronounced resistance to age‐related disease. Uncovering insights into mechanisms underlying these extraordinary traits involved in successful aging may conceivably provide crucial clues to extend the human life span and health span. One of the most fundamental processes inside the cell is the production of ATP, which is an essential fuel in driving all other energy‐requiring cellular activities. Not surprisingly, a prominent hallmark in age‐related diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer, is the impairment and dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Using a two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis proteomics approach, alterations in expression and phosphorylation levels of metabolic proteins in the brains of NMRs, aged 2–24 years, were evaluated in an age‐dependent manner. We identified 13 proteins with altered levels and/or phosphorylation states that play key roles in various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, β‐oxidation, the malate‐aspartate shuttle, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle, the electron transport chain, NADPH production, as well as the production of glutamate. New insights into potential pathways involved in metabolic aspects of successful aging have been obtained by the identification of key proteins through which the NMR brain responds and adapts to the aging process and how the NMR brain adapted to resist age‐related degeneration.

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This study examines the changes in the proteome and phosphoproteome in the brain of the naked mole‐rat aged 2–24 years. We identified 13 proteins (labeled in red) with altered expression and/or phosphorylation levels that are conceivably associated with sustained metabolic functions in the oldest NMRs that may promote a sustained health span and life span.
Filopodia formation driven by membrane glycoprotein M6a depends on the interaction of its transmembrane domains
Authors: Formoso Karina , García Micaela D. , Frasch Alberto C. , Scorticati Camila
Published: May 2015

Membrane glycoprotein M6a, which belongs to the tetraspan proteolipid protein family, promotes structural plasticity in neurons and cell lines by unknown mechanisms. This glycoprotein is encoded byGpm6a, a stress‐regulated gene. The hippocampus of animals chronically stressed by either psychosocial or physical stressors shows decreased M6a expression. StressedGpm6a‐null mice develop a claustrophobia‐like phenotype. In humans,de novoduplication ofGPM6Aresults in learning/behavioral abnormalities, and two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the non‐coding region are linked to mood disorders. Here, we studied M6a dimerization in neuronal membranes and its functional relevance. We showed that the self‐interaction of M6a transmembrane domains (TMDs) might be driving M6a dimerization, which is required to induce filopodia formation. Glycine mutants located inTMD2 andTMD4 of M6a affected its dimerization, thus preventing M6a‐induced filopodia formation in neurons.In silicoanalysis of three non‐synonymousSNPs located in the coding region ofTMDs suggested that these mutations induce protein instability. Indeed, theseSNPs prevented M6a from being functional in neurons, owing to decreased stability, dimerization or improper folding. Interestingly,SNP3 (W141R), which caused endoplasmic reticulum retention, is equivalent to that mutated inPLP1, W161L, which causes demyelinating Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease.

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In this work we analyzed the functional contribution of transmembrane domains (TMDs) of the neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6a. We determined that certain glycines present in TMD2 and TMD4 are critical for filopodia induction in neurons. In addition, three nsSNPs located in the coding region of TMD2 and TMD3 of GPM6A impair M6a function by affecting its stability, folding and dimer formation.