bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of liquid‐based cytology in the evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration: Comparison with the conventional smears
Authors: Kim Jeong Won , Seo Dong Wan , Moon Sung‐Hoon , Gong Gyungyub
Published: February 2010

Background and aim: Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has been introduced in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions, adjacent lymph nodes, and organs. To investigate the usefulness of liquid‐based cytology (LBC) in EUS‐FNA, we compare the efficacy of the conventional smear (CS) and LBC in EUS‐FNA specimens. Methods: Forty‐three paired LBC and CS slides were obtained using a split sample protocol. The specimen adequacy and diagnostic values were compared. Results: The adequate cases for diagnosis were 36 (83.7%) in CS and 22 (51.2%) in LBC. Inadequate samples were mostly obtained from lymph nodes: 6 cases in CS and 17 in LBC. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CS and LBC were as follows: 90.5%, 95.5%, and 93.0% in CS, respectively, and 57.1%, 100%, and 79.1% in LBC. The false‐negative and false‐positive rates were 4.7% and 2.3% in CS, respectively, and 20.9% and 0% in LBC. The overall agreement of CS and LBC for the diagnosis of malignancy was high (κ= 0.616). Conclusions: CS is a more effective and adequate preparation method for use in EUS‐FNA‐based diagnosis. Considering the split sample protocol of this study, LBC is a comparable diagnostic tool to CS in the evaluation of EUS‐FNA specimens.
Chromosome doubling of the bioenergy crop, Miscanthus×giganteus
Authors: YU CHANG YEON , KIM HYOUNG SEOK , RAYBURN A. LANE , WIDHOLM JACK M. , JUVIK JOHN A.
Published: February 2010

The perennial grass, Miscanthus×giganteus is a sterile triploid, which due to its growth rate and biomass accumulation has significant economic potential as a new bioenergy crop. The sterility associated with the triploid genome of this accession requires labor‐intensive vegetative, instead of seed propagation for potential commercial production. Chromosome doubling was used to produce hexaploid plants in an effort to restore fertility to M×giganteus. Tissue culture derived calli from immature inflorescences were treated with the antimitotic agents, colchicine and oryzalin in liquid and solid media. Calli survival rate decreased with increasing concentrations and durations of colchicine or oryzalin treatments and ranged from 0% to 100%. Nuclear DNA content, as determined by flow cytometry, indicated that the frequency of chromosome‐doubled calli varied between compounds and concentrations with the greatest proportion of callus doubling observed using 2‐day treatments of 15 μm oryzalin (78%) or 939 μm colchicine (67%). Liquid media treatments were more effective than solid gels for chromosome doubling. Although oryzalin was effective at chromosome doubling, it inhibited callus growth and plant regeneration frequency. Seven hexaploid plants with doubled DNA content were generated, which displayed increased stomata size (30.0±0.2 μm) compared with regenerated triploid M. ×giganteus plants (24.3±1.0 μm). Following clonal replication these plants will be evaluated for growth rate, biomass accumulation, and pollen viability. Successful chromosome doubling and plant regeneration of M.×giganteus suggests that ploidy manipulation of this plant and its parental species (Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus) could be a means to access genetic variability for the improvement of Miscanthus as a biofuel/bioenergy crop.
Etching of SiO2 in C4F8∕Ar plasmas. I. Numeric kinetics modeling and Monte Carlo simulation in a three-dimensional profile simulator
Authors: Guo Wei , Sawin Herbert H.
Published: February 2010

In this article, the etching kinetics of SiO2 in C4F8∕Ar plasmas was modeled and calculated in a three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo profile simulator. The kinetics models were developed using the numerical integration of the rate equations with mass balance constraints for a planar surface and iteratively solved to determine the rate coefficients by least squares regression. The assumptions including the well mixed surface layer and equal reactivity of similar species were used to simplify the reaction scheme. Initially, etching yields of SiO2 in multiple CFx+ beam scattering experiments were fitted to determine the rate coefficients associated with ion-induced etching and sticking coefficients of the neutrals. The reaction set and the initially fitted rate coefficients were then adjusted using numerical integration of the set of rate equations to steady state and least squares regression of the model coefficients to fit SiO2 etching in C4F8∕Ar gas plasma. The etching yield was modeled over a wide range of neutral-to-ion flux ratios, ion energies, and ion bombardment angles with good agreement with the experimental results. The surface composition was modeled to evaluate the fundamental reaction set and the parameters such as the sticking probability. The kinetics was then incorporated into the 3D cell-based profile simulator with Monte Carlo flux calculation. Similar etching yields were obtained for SiO2 planar surfaces using either the profile simulator or the numerical integration of the set of rate equations over a wide range of plasma conditions and for off-normal ion bombardment, thereby verifying the Monte Carlo solution of the set of rate equations within the 3D profile simulator.
Etching of SiO2 in C4F8∕Ar plasmas. II. Simulation of surface roughening and local polymerization
Authors: Guo Wei , Sawin Herbert H.
Published: February 2010

In this article the SiO2 surface morphology in C4F8∕Ar plasma etching was simulated using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo profile simulator. The complete surface kinetics model was previously developed, incorporated, and tested for accuracy within the simulator as reported in the companion paper [Guo et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 28, 250 (2010)]. The simulated planar surface roughening at ion incidence angles from 0° to 82° and flux ratios of 5 and 20 were compared to the experimental results that were etched in reactive ion beam experiments and characterized by atomic force microscopy. Distinctively different patterns were obtained with varying ion incidence angle. The surface remained smooth at normal ion incidence up to 45° off-normal and transformed to striations perpendicular to the ion beam at 60°–75°. The transverse striation was explained with the local curvature dependence based on the sputtering theory. The surface became smooth again at grazing angle of 82°. The simulated transition of surface morphology was qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations. Surface composition was mapped out to disclose the roughening mechanism. At low flux ratio, the surface composition indicated the formation of polymer islands around the roughened area. Greater polymer formation on the shadowed edge of features and enhanced the roughening, in agreement with the micromasking mechanism proposed previously based on other experimental observations. At high flux ratio, the simulation showed a higher extent of polymerization with a uniform distribution. The surface passivation together with other factors led to a smooth surface. The simulated polymer distribution provided insights to the surface roughening process.
Objective estimation of tracheoesophageal speech ratings using an auditory model
Authors: McDonald Robert , Parsa Vijay , Doyle Philip C.
Published: February 2010

Total laryngectomy is often the treatment of choice for many individuals diagnosed with advanced laryngeal cancer. This procedure alters the normal voice production mechanism, and tracheoesophageal (TE) speech is one alternative method of voicing postlaryngectomy. TE speech is created when pulmonary air is passed through the upper esophagus to create a vibratory source that is then articulated into speech. TE speech is often characterized by abnormal voice quality. Acoustic analysis of TE speech has the potential of quantifying the voice quality and assisting the speech language pathologist in facilitating rehabilitation. Motivated in part by the recent advances in telecommunication industry for speech quality estimation, this paper investigated the application of an auditory model in predicting the ratings of TE speech by normal hearing listeners. The Moore–Glasberg auditory model was employed to extract perceptually relevant features from the acoustic waveform, and these features were later combined to estimate the subjective ratings of TE speech. This approach was validated with a database of subjective ratings of speech samples recorded from 35 TE speakers. Results showed moderate correlations between the objective metrics and the subjective ratings, and these correlations were significantly better than those obtained with traditional methods used in the telecommunication applications.
Sensitization to masked tones following notched-noise correlates with estimates of cochlear function using distortion product otoacoustic emissions
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Henin Simon , Thompson Suzanne E. , Long Glenis R. , Parra Lucas C.
Published: February 2010

Neuronal gain adaptation has been proposed as the underlying mechanism leading to the perception of phantom sounds such as Zwicker tones and tinnitus. In this gain-adaptation theory, cochlear compression plays a significant role with weaker compression leading to stronger phantom percepts. The specific aim of this study was to find a link between the strength of neuronal gain adaptation and cochlear compression. Compression was assessed using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Gain adaptation is hypothesized to manifest itself in the sensitization observed for the detection of masked tones when preceded by notched noise. Perceptual thresholds for pure tones in notched noise were measured at multiple frequencies following various priming signals. The observed sensitization was larger than expected from the combined effect of the various maskers. However, there was no link between sensitization and compression. Instead, across subjects, stronger sensitization correlated with stronger DPOAEs evoked by low-level primaries. In addition, growth of DPOAEs correlated reliably with perceptual thresholds across frequencies within subjects. Together, the data suggest that short-term dynamic adaptation leading to perceptual sensitization is the result of an active process mediated by the outer hair cells, which are thought to modulate the gain of the cochlear amplifier via efferent feedback.
Acoustic and laryngographic measures of the laryngeal reflexes of linguistic prominence and vocal effort in German
Authors: Mooshammer Christine
Published: February 2010

This study uses acoustic and physiological measures to compare laryngeal reflexes of global changes in vocal effort to the effects of modulating such aspects of linguistic prominence as sentence accent, induced by focus variation, and word stress. Seven speakers were recorded by using a laryngograph. The laryngographic pulses were preprocessed to normalize time and amplitude. The laryngographic pulse shape was quantified using open and skewness quotients and also by applying a functional version of the principal component analysis. Acoustic measures included the acoustic open quotient and spectral balance in the vowel /e/ during the test syllable. The open quotient and the laryngographic pulse shape indicated a significantly shorter open phase for loud speech than for soft speech. Similar results were found for lexical stress, suggesting that lexical stress and loud speech are produced with a similar voice source mechanism. Stressed syllables were distinguished from unstressed syllables by their open phase and pulse shape, even in the absence of sentence accent. Evidence for laryngeal involvement in signaling focus, independent of fundamental frequency changes, was not as consistent across speakers. Acoustic results on various spectral balance measures were generally much less consistent compared to results from laryngographic data.
Inverse problem in anisotropic poroelasticity: Drained constants from undrained ultrasound measurements
Authors: Berryman James G. , Nakagawa Seiji
Published: February 2010

Poroelastic analysis has traditionally focused on the relationship between dry and drained constants, which are assumed known, and the saturated or undrained constants, which are assumed unknown. However, there are many applications in this field of study for which the main measurements can only be made on the saturated/undrained system, and then it is uncertain what the effects of the fluids were on the system, since the drained constants remain a mystery. The work presented here shows how to deduce drained constants from undrained constants for anisotropic systems having symmetries ranging from isotropic to orthotropic. Laboratory ultrasound data are then inverted for the drained constants in three granular packings: one of glass beads, and two others for distinct types of more or less angular sand grain packings. Experiments were performed under uniaxial stress, which resulted in hexagonal (transversely isotropic) symmetry of the poroelastic response. One important conclusion from the general analysis is that the drained constants are uniquely related to the undrained constants, assuming that porosity, grain bulk modulus, and pore fluid bulk modulus are already known. Since the resulting system of equations for all the drained constants is linear, measurement error in undrained constants also propagates linearly into the computed drained constants.
Analytical method for the ultrasonic characterization of homogeneous rigid porous materials from transmitted and reflected coefficients
Authors: Groby J.-P. , Ogam E. , De Ryck L. , Sebaa N. , Lauriks W.
Published: February 2010

A frequency domain method dedicated to the analytic recovery of the four relevant parameters of macroscopically homogeneous rigid frame porous materials, e.g., plastic foams, at the high frequency range of the Johnson–Champoux–Allard model is developed and presented. The reconstructions appeal to experimental data concerning time domain measurements of the ultrasonic fields reflected and transmitted by a plate of the material at normal incidence. The effective density and bulk modulus of the material are first reconstructed from the frequency domain reflection and transmission coefficients. From the latter, the porosity, tortuosity, and thermal and viscous characteristic lengths are recovered. In a sense, the method presented herein is quite similar in the ultrasonic range, but also quite complementary, to the method developed by Panneton and Olny [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 2027–2040 (2006); 123, 814–824 (2008)] at low frequency, which appeal to experimental data measured in an impedance tube.
Bioethical and Clinical Dilemmas of Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomic Testing: The Problem of Misattributed Equivalence
Authors: Eng Charis , Sharp Richard R.
Published: February 2010

What are the challenges associated with direct-to-consumer genomic tests as compared with validated clinical genetic tests?
Engineered Proteins Pull Double Duty
Authors: Cochran Jennifer R.
Published: February 2010

Bi-specific proteins that recognize two different clinical targets are starting to enter clinical testing for a variety of biomedical applications.
Identification of Therapeutic Targets for Quiescent, Chemotherapy-Resistant Human Leukemia Stem Cells
Authors: Saito Yoriko , Kitamura Hiroshi , Hijikata Atsushi , Tomizawa-Murasawa Mariko , Tanaka Satoshi , Takagi Shinsuke , Uchida Naoyuki , Suzuki Nahoko , Sone Akiko , Najima Yuho , Ozawa Hidetoshi , Wake Atsushi , Taniguchi Shuichi , Shultz Leonard D. , Ohara Osamu , Ishikawa Fumihiko
Published: February 2010

CD32 and CD25, molecules specifically found in human leukemia stem cells, are promising targets for therapy.
Quieting the Quivering Heart
Authors: Damani Samir
Published: February 2010

Genome-wide association studies link phenotypes from electrocardiograms with genetic variations, illuminating pathways associated with atrial fibrillation.
Ultrastructural observations on the ascomata and ascospores of the truffleMattirolomyces terfezioides
Authors: Healy Rosanne A. , Kovács Gábor M.
Published: February 2010

The septal pore ultrastructure of non-ascogenous and reproductive hyphae, as well as development of the spore wall were examined in the truffle Mattirolomyces terfezioides (Mattir.) E. Fisch. (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Pezizaceae) and compared with other pezizalean taxa. The septal pore in ascogenous hyphae of M. terfezioides is a uni- or bi-convex band of the type found in the Pezizaceae. Septal pore ultrastructure in other hyphae included a uniconvex band with lamellate structure. Woronin bodies were globose to hexagonal, and infrequently ellipsoid in shape. Hexagonal Woronin bodies have not been previously reported in the Pezizaceae. Ascospore delimitation starts with two delimiting membranes and the spore-wall development is typical of the Pezizales. The heterogeneously staining spines of the secondary cell wall differ from the structures of Terfezia species. The ultrastructural characteristics of M. terfezioides show the general characteristics of the Pezizaceae, except that the hexagonal Woronin body form is new to this family. The spore delimitation, spine-cap structure, and Woronin body shape of M. terfezioides presented here are in agreement with molecular taxonomic results, which separate the genus from Terfezia and call into question the generic position of Mattirolomyces tiffanyae Healy.
Allometry of Corispermum macrocarpum in response to soil nutrient, water, and population density
Authors: Huang Yingxin , Zhao Xueyong , Zhou Daowei , Luo Yayong , Mao Wei
Published: February 2010

The allometric effects of Corispermum macrocarpum Bunge in response to soil nutrient content, water content, and population density were compared in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed that biomass allocation was size-dependent. The plasticity of roots, leaf allocation, and reproductive effort was “true” plasticity (i.e., changing biomass allocation in response to environmental conditions regardless of plant size), and no plasticity was detected in stem allocation in response to soil nutrient variation. At a low soil nutrient content, C. macrocarpum allocated more resources to reproductive organs than to roots and leaves at equivalent plant size, but the value of root allocation was consistent because of the trade-off between the effects of plant size and soil nutrient content. In the response to soil water variation, the plasticity of root allocation and reproductive effort was true plasticity, the plasticity of stem allocation was “apparent” plasticity (i.e., changing biomass allocation in response to plant size regardless of environmental conditions), which was caused by plant size, but there was no plasticity in leaf allocation. Except for the true plasticity of root allocation, there was no plasticity in stems, leaves, and reproductive organs in response to population density.
Microdistribution des espèces végétales au pied des troncs d'Acer saccharum dans une érablière du sud du Québec
Authors: Cloutier André
Published: February 2010

This paper confirms the hypothesis that in a sugar maple – hickory forest, the forest floor vegetation growing near the base of Acer saccharum trunks is distributed following a nonrandom pattern. Bryophytes and herbaceous plants grow mostly near the trunk. In the same microhabitat, woody seedlings, dominated by Acer saccharum, seem unable to get established. This pattern is thought to be correlated with soil depth and the presence of stemflow. It is suggested that, in the community studied, the base of Acer saccharum trees constitutes an ecological niche essentially different from the rest of the forest floor.
Evaluation of the presence of double-stranded RNA in Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Hoch J. G. , Tavantzis S. M. , Campana R. J. , Anagnostakis S. L.
Published: February 2010

Nineteen cultures of Ceratocystis ulmi were classified by mating type and growth rate in vitro. Eleven of the cultures contained double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with 52% of the segments having molecular weights (MWs) ranging from 1.5 × 106 to 2.0 × 106. Eight of 11 fast-growing (aggressive) isolates contained one to five dsRNA segments with MWs ranging from 0.6 × 106 to 3.1 × 106, whereas 3 of 8 slower growing (nonaggressive) cultures had one or two dsRNA species with MWs ranging from 1.8 × 106 to 2.7 × 106. In addition, cultures with both A and B mating types were found to either contain or lack dsRNA. Thus, there was no clear association between the presence of dsRNA or specific components of dsRNA and aggressiveness or nuclear mating type in the cultures of C. ulmi examined in this study.
Des variations d'activités de la 5′-nucléotidase et de l’adénylate-cyclase sont-elles des composantes de la levée d'inhibition du bourgeon cotylédonaire du pois?
Authors: Nougarède Arlette , Landré Pierre , Rembur Jacques , Hernandez Mercedes Niebla
Published: February 2010

Adenylate cyclase and 5′-nucleotidase activities were localized at the ultrastructural level. Variations of these activities were checked in the transfer cells of the cotyledonary node in the intact or decapitated plant. They were also studied in the shoot apex of both inhibited (G0 state) and released cotyledonary buds, during the transitions G1–S orG2–M. The adenylate cyclase activity is mainly associated with the exterior side of the plasma membrane and it is identical in both specialized and meristematic cells, no matter what the phase of the cell cycle is. Sodium fluoride did not appear as an activator of the plant enzyme adenylate cyclase. The 5′-nuelcotidase activity was predominant on the outside of the plasma membrane and in the plasmodesmata with no variation of intensity in the meristematic cells of the bud in relation to the cell cycle phases. Use of inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase (L-p-bromotetramisole and L-phenylalanine) and 5′-nucleotidase activities (α-β-methylene adenosine 5′-diphosphate) demonstrated the specificity of the reaction along the plasma membrane. The constancy of adenylate cyclase and 5′-nucleotidase activities in both inhibited and released buds suggests that if the optimization of the pool of polynucleotides is a component of the release from inhibition in the cotyledonary bud of pea, it is not due to the variation of activities of enzymes which release adenosine from ATP.
Aliphatic acids as spore germination inhibitors of wood-decay fungi in vitro
Authors: Schmidt Elmer L.
Published: February 2010

Influences of eight saturated aliphatic acids (C5–C10, C12, and C16) on basidiospores of four isolates of wood-decay fungi (Poria tenuis and Trametes hispida, white rot fungi, and two isolates of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum) were observed in vitro. Spore responses after 24 h on malt extract agar containing 10, 102 or 103 ppm of each acid included normal germination, delay of germ tube emergence, vacuolation and degeneration of spore cytoplasm, and prevention of germ tube development without spore destruction. Acids of chain length C5–C10 prevented spore germination and killed spores of all fungi at concentrations of 20–50 ppm in media, whereas other acids tested were less active. Spore germination assay of decay fungi may prove useful as a screening tool to compare potency of wood preservatives.
Growth and reproductive biology of Joffrea speirsii gen. et sp. nov., a Cercidiphyllum-like plant from the Late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Crane Peter R. , Stockey Ruth A.
Published: February 2010

Six kinds of angiosperm compression fossils are described from the Paskapoo Formation (Late Paleocene) at Joffre Bridge near Red Deer, Alta. Pistillate inflorescences with attached carpels, folliculate infructescences, seeds, seedlings, leaves, and shoots arc all assigned to Joffrea speirsii gen. et sp. nov. Crane and Stockey. Evidence for treating the different organs under a single binomial includes attachment of inflorescences and leaf petioles to long and short shoot systems, morphological intermediates between carpels and follicles, follicles preserved expelling seeds, seeds preserved during germination, stages in seedling development, similarity between seedling and adult foliage, and constant field association. Joffrea is similar in many respects to the widespread Upper Cretaceous and early Tertiary fossil Nyssidium arcticum (Heer) Iljinskaja. Comparison of Joffrea to the extant genera Cercidiphyllum Siebold et Zuccarini, Trochodendron Siebold et Zuccarini, and Tetracentron Oliver indicates a close relationship to Cercidiphyllum; and Joffrea is interpreted as an extinct representative of the family Cercidiphyllaceae. The fossil material clarifies morphological interpretations of the pistillate reproductive structures in extant Cercidiphyllum. The probable staminate inflorescences of Joffrea, are also similar to extant Cercidiphyllum. They are budlike and composed of 10–20 bracts, some of which have stamens in their axils. Pollen has not been recovered from the anthers. Pistillate inflorescences developed from axillary buds on the short shoots and were probably wind-pollinated. The production of numerous small winged seeds, epigeal germination, and the preservation of large numbers of in situ seedlings suggest that Joffrea speirsii and similar extinct Upper Cretaceous and early Tertiary species may have been "weedy" plants capable of rapidly colonizing open floodplain habitats.
Prion protein gene (PRNP) polymorphisms in native Chinese cattle
Authors: Zhao Hui , Wang Xiao-Yan , Zou Wei , Zhang Ya-Ping
Published: February 2010

Polymorphisms in four regions of the bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) confer susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). These polymorphisms include a 23-bp insertion/deletion (indel) in the promoter region, a 12-bp indel in intron 1, an octapeptide repeat or 24-bp indel in the open reading frame, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region. In this study, we investigated the frequency distributions of genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes at these indel sites in 349 native Chinese cattle and sequence variants in 50 samples. Our results showed that cattle in southern China have low frequencies of the 12-bp deletion allele and the 23-bp deletion / 12-bp deletion haplotype, which have been suggested to be relevant to BSE susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant difference was observed between BSE-affected cattle and healthy Chinese cattle in the 12-bp indel polymorphism. A total of 14 SNPs were discovered in the coding region of PRNP in Chinese cattle. Three of these SNPs were associated with amino acid changes (K3T, P54S, and S154N). The E211K substitution that was recently reported in the US atypical BSE case was not detected in this study.
Commemorating the 20th century Darwin: Ernst Mayr’s words and thoughts, five years later
Authors: Kulathinal Rob J.
Published: February 2010

It has been five years since Ernst Mayr, one of the most influential evolutionary biologists of the last century, passed away. Mayr’s seminal work as a naturalist and, in particular, as a bird systematist allowed him to approach the species problem in a revolutionary way. As a leading architect of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, Mayr helped integrate Darwinian theory with the broad fields of systematics and genetics. We pay tribute to this legend by publishing an interview taken shortly before his death.
SLIDE CULTURE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI: II. IN VITRO SENSITIVITY TESTING
Authors: Reed R. W.
Published: February 2010

A technically simple method of testing the sensitivity of tubercle bacilli to tuberculostatic agents is described which gives accurate results directly from positive sputum in one or two weeks. Parallel slide and tube sensitivity tests against streptomycin and isoniazid on 136 specimens show 49% and 68% agreement respectively. The number of cultures within the sensitive range of each drug was almost identical. The advantages of slide sensitivity testing over conventional methods are technical simplicity and rapid results.
EQUILIBRATION OF SUCCINATE SOLUTIONS WITH ADAPTED AND UNADAPTED AZOTOBACTER CELLS
Authors: Williams Anna Maria , Wilson P. W.
Published: February 2010

Sucrose-grown (unadapted) and succinate-grown (adapted) cells were mixed with various concentrations of succinate at 3 °C. under air and at 30 °C. under helium. The amount of succinate removed from the external solution by the cells was proportional to the concentration of succinate and did not differ significantly with the two types of cells. Although the data did not differentiate between equilibration with intracellular water and mere adsorption, they indicate that no change has occurred in the surface of the adapted cells to allow a more rapid diffusion of succinate across the osmotic barrier under nonmetabolic conditions. So far as can be determined by using masses of cells, any "permeability" changes during adaptation of the azotobacter cells to succinate must be connected with an active transport process associated with metabolism.
THE HEMAGGLUTINATION REACTION TO BCG AND VOLE BACILLUS VACCINATIONS
Authors: Hawirko Roma Z.
Published: February 2010

The antibody response in four groups of five rabbits, three vaccinated with BCG and one with the vole bacillus, was measured by the hemagglutination reaction. In the control series, in which the standard BCG vaccination procedure was carried out, a mean titer of 1:16 or higher appeared on the third week and was maintained for eight weeks. In the second series, in which the vaccine was administered in two doses, with a three-week interval, a titer of 1:16 or higher appeared on the fourth week and was maintained for 11 weeks. In the third series the vaccine was prepared in a water-in-oil emulsion and administered as in the control series. A titer of 1:16 or higher appeared on the second week and was maintained for 13 weeks. In the fourth series the standard procedure was followed, except that the vole bacillus was substituted for BCG. A titer of 1:16 appeared on the fifth week and was maintained for three weeks. The differences between the results in series three and in series four and those of the control were significant, whereas the results in series two did not differ significantly from those of the control.
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND CANDIDA ALBICANS: A STUDY OF GROWTH-PROMOTING FACTORS
Authors: Mankiewicz Edith
Published: February 2010

A new growth factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is described. It is produced by Candida albicans and stimulates the growth of tubercle bacilli of reduced viability or multiplication rate, as this is observed after treatment of the patient by chemotherapeutic or antibiotic agents. A method for the earlier detection of M. tuberculosis growing on Loewenstein's medium is described: Loewenstein's culture media, previously inoculated with the pathological specimen suspected to contain tubercle bacilli, are superinoculated with suspensions of Candida albicans whose dependence upon the presence of tubercle bacilli to grow on this medium has been enhanced. Colonies of Candida albicans will "trace" the presence of M. tuberculosis.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROMPSEUDOMONAS HYDROPHILA
Authors: Reddi K. K. , Watson R. W.
Published: February 2010

A procedure for the isolation, of pentose nucleic acid (PNA) from Pseudomonas hydrophila has been outlined. The purified PNA is free from protein and desoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA). The pentose component of the PNA has been identified as ribose by conversion to its p-bromphenylhydrazone. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil were found in molar ratios of 1.00, 1.55, 0.91, and 0.55 respectively.
THE METABOLISM OF SEVEN-CARBON SUGARS, ACIDS, AND ALCOHOLS BY BACTERIA AND YEASTS
Authors: Moore W. B. , Blackwood A. C. , Neish A. C.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of heptoses and related compounds by bacteria and yeasts was investigated. Most cultures metabolized sedoheptulose, which was the only sugar dissimilated under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. No other heptuloses were utilized by these organisms. Some cultures were able to oxidize various heptoses to the corresponding heptonic acids and certain Acetobacter strains produced other compounds. Heptitols were attacked by only the Acetobacter species. Heptonic acids were utilized slightly by a few organisms.
A REVISION OF HOLMES'S CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL VIRUSES, SUBORDER III (ZOOPHAGINEAE)
Authors: Rooyen C. E. van
Published: February 2010

Holmes's classification of the animal viruses, Suborder III, Zoophagineae, has been revised and extended. Four new families, eight new genera, thirty-one new species, sixteen new combinations, and nine new subspecies have been added. A list of these is contained in the summary of proposals. The International Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature provides guidance for the use of the Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature in the orderly naming of a wide range of microbial species. Like the bacteria, the viruses are amenable to orderly arrangement and classification, and the several types may be satisfactorily named.
ESCHERICHIA COLISTRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTROENTERITIS IN INFANTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A HOSPITAL OUTBREAK DUE TOE.COLITYPE 111;B4
Authors: Crossley V. , Simpson M. , Finlayson M.
Published: February 2010

Since 1952 specimens of stool from infants have been examined for Escherichia coli types 111;B4 and 55;B5. In 1953 the examination of these specimens was extended to include E. coli types 26;B6, 86;B7, 125, and 126. E. coli type 111;B4 was identified 156 times from 138 infants varying in age from newborn to one year. These strains could be separated into the three serological groups described by Kauffmann. There were 33 of subtype 111;B4;2, six of 111;B4;12, and 103 non-motile strains without H antigen. The 111;B4;2 cultures were salicin negative and resistant to streptomycin, whereas 111;B4;12 cultures were salicin positive and sensitive to streptomycin. Subtype 111;B4;2 was responsible for a hospital outbreak of gastro-enteritis in which the organism was isolated from the feces of 25 infants. Isolations of the five other types totalled 18 from 15 patients. Ninety-five per cent of the patients from whom the six E. coli types were isolated had a history of diarrhea of more or less severity.
EFFECTS OF BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS: IV. BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE-RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM VIRGIN SOILS
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , Rogers C. G.
Published: February 2010

The presence of benzenehexachloride in agar plates prepared for estimating the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes in five virgin soils prevented the development of more than 90% of the bacteria normally appearing as colonies. The bacteria isolated from the treated plates were all Gram-negative short rods. The actinomycetes did not develop at the lowest dilution used, viz., 1:1000. Cultural studies were made of 473 BHC-resistant bacteria, and, for comparison, of 382 bacteria from the total microflora. The majority of the BHC-resistant bacteria from four of the soils produced acid from glucose, the majority from one of those soils reduced nitrate, and the majority from three were unable to hydrolyze starch. BHC prevented the hydrolysis of starch in plate cultures.
PREPARATION OF COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGEN FROM CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS: PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Fischer J. B. , Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

Complement fixing antigen from Cryptococcus neoformans strains was prepared by treating the organisms with pyridine for two hours at room temperature, washing three times with buffered 0.85% sodium chloride solution, resuspending, and subsequently exposing the suspension to ultrasonic vibration for 10 min. The antigen so prepared is not anticomplementary and appears to be specific and sensitive.
THE FERMENTATION OFD-ALLOSE ANDD-GLUCOSE BYAEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Simpson F. J. , Neish A. C.
Published: February 2010

Aerobacter aerogenes rapidly ferments D-allose-1-C14and D-alIose-2-C14under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to give products labelled in the same manner as those obtained from similar fermentations of D-glucose-1-C14and D-glucose-2-C14. The lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol obtained from the sugars labelled in carbon-1 contained C14in the methyl groups. From the sugars labelled in carbon-2, A. aerogenes produced lactic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol labelled in the carbinol groups and acetic acid labelled in the carboxyl group. The results agree with the hypothesis that both sugars are fermented under anaerobic conditions by the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas route. This route is also of major importance under aerobic conditions where little sugar appears to be dissimilated via the hexose monophosphate shunt.
THE PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND BACILLUS MEGATERIUM: I. A COMPARISON OF SPORES AND VEGETATIVE CELLS
Authors: Fitz-James P. C.
Published: February 2010

The phosphorus fractions of the spores and young vegetative cells of B. cereus and B. megaterium were compared using the methods of Schneider and of Schmidt and Thannhauser. Differences were found, not only between the two types of cell, but also between the species studied. The spores of B. cereus and B. megaterium contained, on a dry weight basis, similar amounts of nucleic acid, yet the spores of B. megaterium contained twice as much total phosphorus as those of B. cereus. The excess phosphorus of B. megaterium spores was present as an acid and alkali insoluble residue and was made up of empty spore coats. While this same fraction accounted for only 4% of the total phosphorus of B. cereus spores it made up some 60% of that of B. megaterium. A similar fraction from vegetative cells was low in phosphorus. The spore coats of B. megaterium, in contrast to the cell walls were lysozyme-resistant. Cold acid-soluble and lipid phosphorus could be properly estimated only on disrupted spores. Disruption also proved essential for the ready extraction of spore nucleic acids with hot TCA, but did not greatly alter the solubility of the residue phosphorus. Ribosenucleic acid (RNA) comprised 50% of the total phosphorus in the spores of B. cereus (3–4% of the dry weight) but only 25% in B. megaterium spores. In both species the RNA of the vegetative forms accounted for a larger proportion of the total P of the cell. Ribonuclease digested the RNA of spores and vegetative cells to the same degree. The Schmidt and Thannhauser method was found more suitable than the Schneider method for the estimation of desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA). The DNA content of B. cereus spores was about 1% of their dry weight; that of B. megaterium spores was slightly less. Some 12–20% of the phosphorus of B. cereus spores and 6% of that of the young vegetative cells was present as acid-labile (non-nucleic acid) phosphorus which exhibited some of the characteristics of polymetaphosphate.
THE INHIBITING EFFECT OF SOME HETEROCYCLIC AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Weintraub M. , Kemp W. G.
Published: February 2010

A number of heterocyclic and miscellaneous organic compounds have been tested for their effectiveness as virus inhibitors by a half-leaf technique using Nicotiana glutinosa and tobacco mosaic virus. Several of these compounds were found to be effective in varying degrees, the main effects being a reduction in the total number of lesions produced, a delay in symptom expression, and a decrease in virus multiplication as indicated by small lesions, on the treated half-leaves. Although nothing is known about the mechanism of inhibition, it can be concluded that to effect inhibition compounds act through the physiology of the host, rather than directly on the virus. The virus content of treated half-leaves has been estimated by measuring their rate of oxygen consumption. These data indicate that the inhibiting compounds affect the metabolism of the host, as reflected in a change in respiration when compared to control half-leaves, and that the symptomless areas on the treated half-leaves do not contain significant concentrations of virus.
PIGMENT PRODUCTION IN SKIM MILK BY ACTINOMYCETES IN RELATION TO POTATO SCAB
Authors: Vaisey E. B. , Carpenter J. A. , Atkinson R. G.
Published: February 2010

This investigation confirms the reports of other workers that most actinomycetes isolated from potato scab lesions will form a dark brown ring in skim milk, and this characteristic may be positively correlated with the ability of these organisms to cause scab on potatoes. Of 39 "brown ring" isolates from potato scab lesions, 37 produced scab, whereas none of the 30 isolates that did not form a brown ring were pathogenic. This relationship did not exist, however, when studies were extended to include actinomycetes from the soil. Only six of the 43 soil isolates that produced a brown ring in skim milk were able to cause scab.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL AND CELL WALL OF SOME HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Smithies W. R. , Gibbons N. E. , Bayley S. T.
Published: February 2010

Cells of the halophilic bacteria Micrococcus halodenitrificans, Vibrio costicolus, and Pseudomonas salinaria have a relatively high nitrogen content, indicating that the cell material is predominantly protein. They contain only small amounts of fat and no detectable amount of carbohydrate other than nucleic acid pentose. Cell walls are lipoprotein. Cells disrupted by shaking with water alone contained electron-dense material similar in composition to the cell walls. In a few preparations of the Micrococcus a polymer of β-hydroxybutyric acid was found.
OXIDATION OF SUGARS BY AN ENZYME PREPARATION FROMAEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Dalby A. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes grown on a medium containing yeast extract, glucose, and salts, oxidized D-α-fructoheptose (2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-glucose), glucose, gluconate, and other hexoses and pentoses. The enzymes were in a particulate fraction and were difficult to purify. This cell-free enzyme system required magnesium or certain other divalent metal ions as activators and was not stimulated by any coenzyme tested. Phosphorylation did not appear to be involved. The pH-stability and pH-activity curves for the crude enzyme preparation were plotted and the Kmvalue for D-α-fructoheptose determined. The same enzyme system is apparently involved for all substrates and appears to be specific for sugars having the same configuration as glucose at the second and fourth carbon atoms.
THE ACTION OF T2 BACTERIOPHAGE GHOSTS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI B
Authors: French R. C. , Siminovitch L.
Published: February 2010

A study of the physiological effects of T2 ghosts, prepared by the method of Anderson, has been made. It was found that 75% of the ghosts can be adsorbed to host cells as measured with S35. Of these, only 10 to 35% are killers. The remainder, although adsorbed, do not prevent colony formation. A number of experiments, both in liquid culture and on agar plates, show that the effect of this latter class of particles is a temporary one. They lead to an arrest in bacterial multiplication, to a very marked inhibition of protein synthesis (as measured by S35 uptake and β-galactosidase synthesis), to exclusion of either T2 or T1 phage, to continued respiration as with a phage infected cell, and to P32 uptake approaching that to be expected from the number of cells not killed. At about 80 min., these cells reverse the action of the ghosts and resume all their normal metabolic activities.
EXPERIENCES WITH A NEW ANTIGEN FOR A COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

A new method for the preparation of complement fixing antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is outlined. The procedure consists of treatment of tubercle bacilli with pyridine, washing the sediment, resuspending it in saline, and finally exposing it to ultrasonic vibration. The antigen so obtained is nonviable, not anticomplementary, and appears to be specific. The results so far obtained with sera from infected guinea pigs and from human tuberculous patients indicate that complement fixing antibodies appear regularly in both. There is a suggestion that in human patients fall in antibody titer is associated with clinical improvement and disappearance with clinical cure.
MICROBIAL PENTOSANASES: II. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF PENTOSANASES BY BACILLUS PUMILUS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

A number of carbohydrates and nitrogenous adjuncts were tested for their effect on the constitutive and adaptive pentosanases produced by Bacillus stibtilis and B. pumilus respectively in a medium containing biotin, ammonium phosphate, and other mineral salts. B. subtilis produced more enzyme with sulphite liquor than with any of the other carbohydrate sources tested. Next, in decreasing order of merit, were wheat bran, maltose, ribose, beet molasses, oat hulls, and pectin. Of the nitrogenous adjuncts tested, corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gelatin, gelysate, and ammonium lactate doubled the yield of enzyme whereas yeast extract, peptone, urea, and others were less effective. For B. pumilus the better carbohydrate sources, in decreasing order of merit, were wheat bran, water soluble pentosan of wheat flour, xylan, straw holo-cellulose, wheat straw, and sulphite liquor. Of the nitrogen sources, corn steep liquor was outstanding while casein, casitone, phytone, yeast extract, distillers' dried solubles, and soybean meal followed in decreasing order. A medium containing 6% wheat bran (20 mesh), 1% corn steep liquor neutralized with ammonia, 0.05% sodium chloride, and 0.05% calcium carbonate was devised for the production of pentosanase by B. pumilus. With this medium in shaken Erlenmeyer flasks, the enzyme was produced at a high rate between 12 and 40 hr.; thereafter the rate of production decreased. Maximum yields were obtained in 96 hr. A temperature of 26 °C. was more favorable for pentosanase production than higher temperatures.
MICROBIOLOGICAL UTILIZATION OF CELLULOSE AND WOOD: 1. LABORATORY FERMENTATIONS OF CELLULOSE BY RUMEN ORGANISMS
Authors: Stranks D. W.
Published: February 2010

Fermentations of cellulose were carried out using rumen microflora. Butyric, propionic, acetic, and traces of formic acids were produced from the cellulose fermented. When peptone was present and the pH of the mash was maintained at 6.5 and the end products of fermentation were removed continuously by a dialysis ion exchange system, 84% of a 4.12% cellulose suspension was fermented in 72 hr. at 40 °C. Fermentations using rumen organisms might become a means of utilization for low forms of wood waste.
THE EFFECT OF A NEW ANTISEPTIC (l,6-DI-4′-CHLOROPHENYLDIGUANIDOHEXANE) ON SKIN FLORA
Authors: Myers G. E. , MacKenzie W. C. , Ward K. A.
Published: February 2010

A tincture and an aqueous solution containing 0.5% of 1,6-di-4′-chlorophenyl-diguanidohexane were tested in vivo as preoperative skin antiseptics. Skin biopsies were taken from various operative sites before and after a measured time of exposure to the antiseptic. Various periods of exposure were employed. The antiseptic was neutralized immediately at the end of the exposure time and bactericidal activity was tested by a standardized series of culture procedures. Tested under these conditions both the 0.5% aqueous solution and the 0.5% tincture possess marked skin disinfecting properties against a wide range of microorganisms.
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF THE MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Branham Sara E.
Published: February 2010

This paper cites the most significant findings in the development of present day knowledge of the meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis). It is pointed out that advances have occurred stepwise, each step involving approximately a decade. These decades are discussed in turn: the period of classification, the development of serum therapy, epidemiology and biology, chemotherapy and resistance, and finally transduction and genetic recombination. Future trends in research on the meningococcus are pointed out.