bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drooling in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Shavell Audrey
Published: August 2017

A review of methods of treatment used over the past twelve years in the alleviation of Drooling in Cerebral Palsy is considered. A small group of  patients remain persistent droolers in spite of intensive conservative treatment . Information  was obtained on patients who had been referred for oral surgery between October 1973 - December 1976 to determine whether any common factors would be found  among them which might assist in the selection of future cases for oral surgery; predict the outcome of  future  surgery more accurately; assess the improvement achieved in the twenty cases of  this series; and indicate post-operative complications.Data was obtained from  an analysis of  the results of  a questionnaire completed by speech therapists on patients who had all undergone bilateral submaxillary gland excision com-bined with parotid duct elongation and posterior relocation. The oral surgery was carried out by the late Dr. Isidore Kaplan formerly  honorary plastic surgeon, Forest Town Cerebral Palsy School.
Spastic Dysphonia: A case report
Authors: Wolk Lesley
Published: August 2017

An in-depth investigation of a 55-year-old woman with spastic dysphonia was performed. The findings  from otological, neurological and psychological investigations assisted in making a differential diagnosis and served to provide evidence for  the etiology of this disorder. Subjective-perceptual evaluations of  the voice revealed a strained, harsh-breathy voice quality with frequent  breaks in phonation, a variable pitch and visible tension in the face and neck muscles. Objective spectrographic evaluations revealed much turbulence, ill-defined  harmonics, a breakdown in formant structure, rapid pitch fluctuations  and evidence of diplophonia, which was confirmed on a fiberscopic examination. Post-treatment spectrographic evaluations indicated an improved phonatory ability with significant improvement in the above parameters. Results are discussed in terms of  the etiology and symptomatology of  this disorder; and clinical implications for diagnosis and treatment are considered.
Corrigendum: Die wisselende rol van kontinuïteit en diskontinuïteit in die geskiedenis van die filosofie en die wiskunde
Authors: Strauss Danie F.M.
Published: August 2017

No abstract available.
Possibilidades e desafios do trabalho e da profissão de professoras na escola
Authors: Ferreira Liliana Soares
Published: August 2017

O artigo sistematiza estudo com professoras de Ensino Fundamental, no Sul do Brasil, buscando analisar os sentidos evidenciados em seus discursos sobre trabalho e profissão na escola. Buscou-se compreender como esses sujeitos se revelam ou não profissionais, em sua condição de mulheres-professoras e como encaminham seu trabalho pedagógico na escola. Com base nesses sentidos, elaborou-se um percurso pelo qual, acredita-se, sistematizar características da escola, como efetivo espaço e tempo de constituição profissional para essas mulheres, tendo como base as relações de gênero, a historicidade, as crenças, e, neste tempo e espaço, recuperar sentidos e desejos que movimentam e constituem os sujeitos e o trabalho pedagógico.
An assessment of ozone mini-hole representation in reanalyses over the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Millán Luis F. , Manney Gloria L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. An ozone mini-hole is a synoptic-scale region with strongly decreased total column ozone resulting from dynamical processes. Using total column measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument and ozone profile measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder, we evaluate the accuracy of mini-hole representation in five reanalyses. This study provides a metric of the reanalyses' ability to capture dynamically driven ozone variability. The reanalyses and the measurements show similar seasonal variability and geographical distributions of mini-holes; however, all of the reanalyses underestimate the number of mini-holes and their area, and in many reanalyses their location displays an eastward bias. The reanalyses' underestimation of mini-hole number ranges from about 34 to about 83 %. The mini-hole vertical representation in the reanalyses agrees well with that in the MLS measurements and, furthermore, is consistent with previously reported mechanisms for mini-hole formation. The skill of the reanalyses is not closely tied to the ozone fields assimilated, suggesting that the dynamics of the reanalysis models are more important than the assimilated ozone fields to reproducing ozone mini-holes.
On the multiday haze in the Asian continental outflow: the important role of synoptic conditions combined with regional and local sources
Authors: Seo Jihoon , Kim Jin Young , Youn Daeok , Lee Ji Yi , Kim Hwajin , Lim Yong Bin , Kim Yumi , Jin Hyoun Cher
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The air quality of the megacities in populated and industrialized regions like East Asia is affected by both local and regional emission sources. The combined effect of regional transport and local emissions on multiday haze was investigated through a synthetic analysis of PM2. 5 sampled at both an urban site in Seoul, South Korea and an upwind background site on Deokjeok Island over the Yellow Sea during a severe multiday haze episode in late February 2014. Inorganic components and carbonaceous species of daily PM2. 5 samples were measured, and gaseous pollutants, local meteorological factors, and synoptic meteorological conditions were also determined. A dominance of fine-mode particles (PM2. 5 ∕ PM10  ∼  0.8), a large secondary inorganic fraction (76 %), high OC ∕ EC (> 7), and highly oxidized aerosols (oxygen-to-carbon ratio of  ∼  0.6 and organic-mass-to-carbon ratio of  ∼  1.9) under relatively warm, humid, and stagnant conditions characterize the multiday haze episode in Seoul; however, the early and late stages of the episode show different chemical compositions of PM2. 5. High concentrations of sulfate in both Seoul and the upwind background in the early stage suggest a significant regional influence on the onset of the multiday haze. At the same time, high concentrations of nitrate and organic compounds in Seoul, which are local and highly correlated with meteorological factors, suggest the contribution of local emissions and secondary formation under stagnant meteorological conditions to the haze. A slow eastward-moving high-pressure system from southern China to the East China Sea induces the regional transport of aerosols and potential gaseous precursors for secondary aerosols from the North China Plain in the early stage but provides stagnant conditions conducive to the accumulation and the local formation of aerosols in the late stage. A blocking ridge over Alaska that developed during the episode hinders the zonal propagation of synoptic-scale systems and extends the haze period to several days. This study provides chemical insights into haze development sequentially by regional transport and local sources, and shows that the synoptic condition plays an important role in the dynamical evolution of long-lasting haze in the Asian continental outflow region.
Comparison and evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of SO2
and NOx over China
Authors: Li Meng , Klimont Zbigniew , Zhang Qiang , Martin Randall V. , Zheng Bo , Heyes Chris , Cofala Janusz , He Kebin
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Bottom-up emission inventories provide primary understanding of sources of air pollution and essential input of chemical transport models. Focusing on SO2 and NOx, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely-used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find the clues in improving emission inventories. We first compared the activity rates and emission factors used in two inventories, and investigated the reasons of differences and the impacts on emission estimates. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those of MIX. Discrepancies at sectorial and provincial level are much higher. We then examined the impacts of different inventories on model performance, by using the nested GEOS-Chem model. We finally derived top-down NOx emissions by using the NO2 columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and compared with the bottom-up estimates. To our knowledge, this is the first work where source-sector comparisons are made along with the remote sensing retrievals and chemical transport modeling. Through the comparison between bottom-up emission inventories and evaluation with top-down information, we summarized the potential directions for further improvement in inventory development.
The potential of satellite spectro-imagery for monitoring CO2 emissions from large cities
Authors: Broquet Grégoire , Bréon François-Marie , Renault Emmanuel , Buchwitz Michael , Reuter Maximilian , Bovensmann Heinrich , Chevallier Frédéric , Wu Lin , Ciais Philippe
Published: August 2017

Abstract. This study assesses the potential of 2 to 10 km resolution imagery of CO2 concentrations retrieved from the Short Wave Infra Red measurements of a space borne passive spectrometer for monitoring the spatially integrated emissions from the Paris area. Such imagery could be provided by missions similar to CarbonSat, which was studied as a candidate Earth Explorer 8 mission by the European Space Agency (ESA). This assessment is based on Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) with an atmospheric inversion approach at city scale. The inversion system solves for hourly city CO2 emissions and natural fluxes, or for these fluxes per main anthropogenic sector or ecosystem, during the 6 hours before a given satellite overpass. These 6 hours correspond to the period during which emissions produce CO2 plumes that can be identified on the image from this overpass. The statistical framework of the inversion accounts for the existence of some prior knowledge about the hourly emissions from an inventory based on energy use and carbon fuel consumption statistics. The link between the hourly or sectorial emissions and the vertically-integrated column of CO2 observed by the satellite is simulated using a coupled flux and atmospheric transport model. This coupled model is built with the information on the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions from the emission inventory produced by the local air-quality agency (Airparif) and a 2 km horizontal resolution atmospheric transport model. Tests are conducted for different realistic simulations of the spatial coverage, resolution, precision and accuracy of the imagery from sun-synchronous polar-orbing missions, corresponding to the specifications of CarbonSat and Sentinel-5 or extrapolated from these specifications. First, OSSEs are conducted with a rather optimistic configuration in which the inversion system is perfectly informed about the statistics of the limited number of error sources. These OSSEs indicate that the image resolution has to be finer than 4 km to decrease the uncertainty in the 6-hour mean emissions by more than 50 %. More complex experiments assess the impact of more realistic error estimates that current inversion methods do not properly account for, in particular the systematic measurement errors with spatially correlated patterns. These experiments highlight the difficulty to improve current knowledge on CO2 emissions for urban areas like Paris with CO2 observations from satellites, and call for more technological innovations in the remote sensing of vertically integrated columns of CO2 and in the inversion systems that exploit it.
Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model
Authors: Schwinger Jörg , Tjiputra Jerry , Goris Nadine , Six Katharina D. , Kirkevåg Alf , Seland Øyvind , Heinze Christoph , Ilyina Tatiana
Published: August 2017

Abstract. We estimate the additional transient surface warming ΔTs caused by a potential reduction of marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production due to ocean acidification under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 until the year 2200. Since we use a fully coupled Earth system model, our results include a range of feedbacks, such as the response of marine DMS production to the additional changes in temperature and sea ice cover. Our results are broadly consistent with the findings of a previous study that employed an offline model set-up. Assuming a medium (strong) sensitivity of DMS production to pH, we find an additional transient global warming of 0.30 K (0.47 K) towards the end of the 22nd century when DMS emissions are reduced by 7.3 Tg S yr−1 or 31 % (11.5 Tg S yr−1 or 48 %). The main mechanism behind the additional warming is a reduction of cloud albedo, but a change in shortwave radiative fluxes under clear-sky conditions due to reduced sulfate aerosol load also contributes significantly. We find an approximately linear relationship between reduction of DMS emissions and changes in top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes as well as changes in surface temperature for the range of DMS emissions considered here. For example, global average Ts changes by −0. 041 K per 1 Tg S yr−1 change in sea–air DMS fluxes. The additional warming in our model has a pronounced asymmetry between northern and southern high latitudes. It is largest over the Antarctic continent, where the additional temperature increase of 0.56 K (0.89 K) is almost twice the global average. We find that feedbacks are small on the global scale due to opposing regional contributions. The most pronounced feedback is found for the Southern Ocean, where we estimate that the additional climate change enhances sea–air DMS fluxes by about 9 % (15 %), which counteracts the reduction due to ocean acidification.
Gross and net land cover changes based on plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps
Authors: Li Wei , MacBean Natasha , Ciais Philippe , Defourny Pierre , Lamarche Céline , Bontemps Sophie , Houghton Richard A. , Peng Shushi
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) impacts local energy and water balance and contributes at global scale to a net carbon emission to the atmosphere. The newly released annual ESA CCI land cover maps provide continuous land cover changes at 300 m resolution from 1992 to 2015, and can be used in land surface models (LSMs) to simulate LULCC effects on carbon stocks and on surface energy budgets. Here we investigate the absolute areas, gross and net changes of different plant functional types (PFTs) derived from ESA CCI products. The results are compared with other datasets. Global areas of forest, cropland and grassland PFTs from ESA are 30.4, 19.3 and 35.7 million km2 in 2000. The global forest area is lower than that from LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), Hansen et al. (2013) and Houghton and Nassikas (2017) while cropland area is higher than LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), in which cropland area is from HYDE3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016). Gross forest loss and gain during 1992–2015 are 1.5 and 0.9 million km2 respectively, resulting in a net forest loss of 0.6 million km2, mainly occurring in South and Central America. The magnitudes of gross changes of forest, cropland and grassland PFTs in ESA CCI are smaller than those in other datasets. The magnitude of global net cropland gain for the whole period is consistent with HYDE3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016), but most of the increases happened before 2004 in ESA while after 2007 in HYDE3.2. Brazil, Bolivia and Indonesia are the countries with the largest net forest loss from 1992 to 2015, and the decreased areas are generally consistent with those from Hansen et al. (2013) based on Landsat 30 m resolution images. Despite discrepancies compared to other datasets, and uncertainties in converting into PFTs, the new ESA CCI products provide the first detailed long time-series of land-cover change and can be implemented in LSMs to characterize recent carbon dynamics, and in climate models to simulate land-cover change feedbacks on climate. The annual ESA CCI land cover products can be downloaded from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php (Land Cover Maps – v2.0.7; see details in Section 2.5).
Historical glacier outlines from digitized topographic maps of the Swiss Alps
Authors: Freudiger Daphné , Mennekes David , Seibert Jan , Weiler Markus
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Since the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850, the total glacier area of the Central European Alps has considerably decreased. In order to understand the changes in glacier coverage at various scales and to model past and future streamflow accurately, long-term and large-scale datasets of glacier outlines are needed. To fill the gap between the morphologically reconstructed glacier outlines from the moraine extent corresponding to the time period around 1850 and the first complete dataset of glacier areas in the Swiss Alps from aerial photographs in 1973, glacier area from 80 sheets of a historical topographic map, so-called Siegfried map, were manually digitized for the publication years 1878–1918 (further called first period, with most sheets being published around 1900) and 1917–1944 (further called second period, with most sheets being published around 1935). The accuracy of the digitized glacier areas was then assessed through a two-step validation process: the data was (1) visually and (2) quantitatively compared to glacier area datasets of the years 1850, 1973, 2003, and 2010, which were derived from different sources. The validation showed that at least 70 % of the digitized glaciers were comparable to the outlines from the other datasets and were therefore plausible. Furthermore, the accuracy of the manual digitization was found to be lower than 5 %. The presented datasets of glacier outlines for the first and second periods were found to be valuable source of information for long-term glacier mass balance or hydrological modelling in glacierized basins if the uncertainty of the historical topographic maps is considered in the interpretation of the results. The datasets can be downloaded from the FreiDok plus data repository (https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/12874, https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/12874).
The CO5 configuration of the 7 km Atlantic Margin Model: large-scale biases and sensitivity to forcing, physics options and vertical resolution
Authors: O'Dea Enda , Furner Rachel , Wakelin Sarah , Siddorn John , While James , Sykes Peter , King Robert , Holt Jason , Hewitt Helene
Published: August 2017

Abstract. We describe the physical model component of the standard Coastal Ocean version 5 configuration (CO5) of the European north-west shelf (NWS). CO5 was developed jointly between the Met Office and the National Oceanography Centre. CO5 is designed with the seamless approach in mind, which allows for modelling of multiple timescales for a variety of applications from short-range ocean forecasting to climate projections. The configuration constitutes the basis of the latest update to the ocean and data assimilation components of the Met Office's operational Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) for the NWS. A 30.5-year non-assimilating control hindcast of CO5 was integrated from January 1981 to June 2012. Sensitivity simulations were conducted with reference to the control run. The control run is compared against a previous non-assimilating Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System (POLCOMS) hindcast of the NWS. The CO5 control hindcast is shown to have much reduced biases compared to POLCOMS. Emphasis in the system description is weighted to updates in CO5 over previous versions. Updates include an increase in vertical resolution, a new vertical coordinate stretching function, the replacement of climatological riverine sources with the pan-European hydrological model E-HYPE, a new Baltic boundary condition and switching from directly imposed atmospheric model boundary fluxes to calculating the fluxes within the model using a bulk formula. Sensitivity tests of the updates are detailed with a view toward attributing observed changes in the new system from the previous system and suggesting future directions of research to further improve the system.
The Potential of Historical Hydrology in Switzerland
Authors: Wetter Oliver
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Historical hydrology bases on data derived from historical written-, pictorial and epigraphic documentary sources. It lies on the interface between hydrology and environmental history using methodologies from both disciplines basically with the goal to significantly extend the instrumental measurement period with the experience from the pre instrumental past. Recently this field of research gained some recognition as a tool to improve current flood risk estimations when EU guidelines regulated by law the quantitative consideration of previous floods. The awareness to consider pre instrumental experience in flood risk analysis seems to have risen at the level of local- and federal authorities in Switzerland as well. The 2011 Fukushima catastrophe probably fostered this rethinking process, when pressure from the media, society and politics as well as the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), forced the authorities to reassess the current flood risk analysis for Swiss nuclear power plants. In 2015 a historical hydrological study was commissioned by the Federal Office for Environment (FOEN) to assess the magnitudes of pre instrumental Aare river flood discharges including the most important tributaries (Saane-, Emme-, Reuss and Limmat river). The results of the mentioned historical hydrological study serve now as basis for the currently running main study EXAR [commissioned under the lead of FOEN in cooperation with the Swiss Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Federal Office for civil protection (FOCP), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)] which combines historical- and climatological analysis with statistical approaches and mathematical models with the goal to better understand the hazards and possible interactions that can be caused by extreme flood events. In a second phase the catchment of Rhine River will be targeted as well. More recently several local historical hydrological studies of smaller catchments have been requested by responsible local authorities. The course for further publicly requested historical hydrological analysis seems thus to have been set. This paper therefore intends to discuss the potential of historical hydrological analysis with a focus on the specific situation in Switzerland.
Technical note: using Distributed Temperature Sensing for Bowen
ratio evaporation measurements
Authors: Schilperoort Bart , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Luxemburg Willem , Jiménez Rodríguez César , Cisneros Vaca César , Savenije Hubert
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Rapid improvements in the precision and spatial resolution of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology now allows its use in hydrological and atmospheric sciences. Introduced by Euser [Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2021–2032 (2014)] is the use of DTS for measuring the Bowen ratio (BR-DTS), to estimate the sensible and latent heat flux. The Bowen ratio is derived from DTS measured vertical profiles of the air temperature and wet-bulb temperature. However, in previous research the measured temperatures were not validated, and the cables were not shielded from solar radiation. Additionally, the BR-DTS method has not been tested above a forest before, where temperature gradients are small and energy storage in the air column becomes important. In this paper the accuracy of the wet-bulb and air temperature measurements of the DTS are verified, and the resulting Bowen ratio and heat fluxes are compared to eddy covariance data. The performance of BR-DTS was tested on a 46 m high tower in a mixed forest in the centre of the Netherlands in August 2016. The average tree height is 26 to 30 m, and the temperatures are measured below, in, and above the canopy. Using the vertical temperature profiles the storage of latent and sensible heat in the air column was calculated. We found a significant effect of solar radiation on the temperature measurements, leading to a deviation of up to 3 K. By installing screens, the error caused by sunlight is reduced to under 1 K. Wind speed seems to have a minimal effect on the measured wet-bulb temperature, both below and above the canopy. After a simple quality control, the Bowen ratio measured by DTS correlates well with eddy covariance (EC) estimates (r2 = 0.59). The average energy balance closure between BR-DTS and EC is good, with a mean underestimation of 3.4 W m−2 by the BR-DTS method. However, during daytime the BR-DTS method overestimates the available energy, and during night-time the BR-DTS method estimates the available energy to be more negative. This difference could be related to the biomass heat storage, which is neglected in this study. The BR-DTS method overestimates the latent heat flux on average by 18.7 W m−2, with RMSE = 90 W m−2. The sensible heat flux is underestimated on average by 10.6 W m−2, with RMSE = 76 W m−2. Estimates of the BR-DTS can be improved once the uncertainties in the energy balance are reduced. However, applying e.g. Monin-Obukhov similarity theory could provide independent estimates for the sensible heat flux. This would make the determination of the highly uncertain and difficult to determine net available energy redundant.
Land-use change may exacerbate climate change
impacts on water resources in the Ganges basin
Authors: Tsarouchi Gina , Buytaert Wouter
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Quantifying how land-use change and climate change affect water resources is a challenge in hydrological science. The Upper Ganges (UG) river basin in northern India experiences monsoon flooding almost every year. Studies have shown evidence of strong coupling between the land surface (soil moisture) and atmosphere (precipitation) in northern India, which means that regional climate variations and changes in land use/cover could influence the temporal dynamics of land-atmosphere interactions. This work aims to quantify how future projections of land-use and climate change are affecting the hydrological response of the UG river basin. Two different sets of modelling experiments were run using the JULES Land Surface Model and covering the period 2000–2035: In the first set, climate change is taken into account, as JULES was driven by the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) outputs of 21 models, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 & RCP8.5), whilst land use was kept constant at year 2010. In the second set, both climate change and land-use change were taken into consideration, as apart from the CMIP5 model outputs, JULES was also forced with a time-series of 15 future land-use scenarios, based on Landsat satellite imagery and Markov chain simulation. Variations in hydrological variables (stream flow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture) are calculated during the simulation period. Significant changes in the near-future (years 2030–2035) hydrologic fluxes arise under future land cover and climate change scenarios pointing towards a severe increase in high extremes of flow: the multi-model mean of the 95th percentile of streamflow [Q5] is projected to increase by 63 % under the combined land-use and climate change high emissions scenario [RCP8.5]. The changes in all examined hydrological components are greater in the combined land-use and climate change experiment. Results are further presented in a water resources context, aiming to address potential implications of climate change from a water-demand perspective, highlighting that that demand thresholds in the UG region are projected to be exceeded in the future winter months (Dec–Feb).
The importance of parameterization when simulating the hydrologic response of vegetative land-cover change
Authors: White Jeremy , Stengel Victoria , Rendon Samuel , Banta John
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Computer models of hydrologic systems are frequently used to investigate the hydrologic response of land-cover change. If the modeling results are used to inform resource-management decisions, then providing robust estimates of uncertainty in the simulated response is an important consideration. Here we examine the importance of parameterization, a necessarily subjective process, on uncertainty estimates of the simulated hydrologic response of land-cover change. Specifically, we applied the soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model to a 1.4 km2 watershed in southern Texas to investigate the simulated hydrologic response of brush management (the mechanical removal of woody plants), a discrete land-cover change. The watershed was instrumented before and after brush-management activities were undertaken, and estimates of precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration (ET) are available; these data were used to condition and verify the model. The role of parameterization in brush-management simulation was evaluated by constructing two models, one with 12 adjustable parameters (reduced parameterization) and one with 1305 adjustable parameters (full parameterization). Both models were subjected to global sensitivity analysis as well as Monte Carlo and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) conditioning to identify important model inputs and to estimate uncertainty in several quantities of interest related to brush management. Many realizations from both parameterizations were identified as behavioral in that they reproduce daily mean streamflow acceptably well according to Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient, percent bias, and coefficient of determination. However, the total volumetric ET difference resulting from simulated brush management remains highly uncertain after conditioning to daily mean streamflow, indicating that streamflow data alone are not sufficient to inform the model inputs that influence the simulated outcomes of brush management the most. Additionally, the reduced-parameterization model grossly underestimates uncertainty in the total volumetric ET difference compared to the full-parameterization model; total volumetric ET difference is a primary metric for evaluating the outcomes of brush management. The failure of the reduced-parameterization model to provide robust uncertainty estimates demonstrates the importance of parameterization when attempting to quantify uncertainty in land-cover change simulations.
Debris flow run-out simulation and analysis using a dynamic model
Authors: Melo Raquel , van Asch Theo , Zêzere José L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Only two months after a huge wildfire occurred in the upper part of a valley located in Central Portugal, several debris flows were triggered by intense rainfall. The event caused infrastructural and economical damage, although no life was lost. The present research aims to simulate the run-out of two debris flows occurred during the event as well as to calculate by back-analysis the rheological parameters and the excess rain involved. Thus, a dynamic model was used, which integrates surface runoff, concentrated erosion along the channels, propagation and deposition of flow material. The rheological and entrainment parameters obtained for the most accurate simulation were then used to perform three scenarios of debris flows run-out at the basin scale. Due to the lack of quantitative information to validate these models, the results were compared with historical references of debris flow events in the study area. Six streams were identified, where debris flows occurred in the past and caused material damage and loss of lives. The worst-case scenario carried out at the basin scale shows a potential inundation that may affect 345 buildings at the present day.
Transport Variability of the Brazil Current from Observations and
a Model
Authors: Schmid Claudia , Majumder Sudip
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Brazil Current transports from observations and a model are analyzed to improve our understanding of its structure and variability. The observed transports are derived from a three-dimensional field of the velocity in the South Atlantic covering the years 1993 to 2015 (hereinafter called Argo & SSH). The mean transport of the Brazil Current from 3.8 ± 2.2 Sv (1 Sv is 106 m3s−1) at 25° S to 13.9 ± 2.6 Sv at 32° S, which corresponds to a mean slope of 1.4 ± 0.4 Sv per degree. The Hybrid Coordinate Model (HYCOM) has somewhat higher transports than Argo & SSH (5.2 ± 2.7 Sv and 18.7 ± 7.1 Sv at 25° S and 32° S), but these differences are small when compared with the standard deviations. Overall, the observed latitude dependence of the transport of the Brazil Current is in agreement with the wind-driven circulation in the super gyre of the subtropical South Atlantic. A mean annual cycle with highest (lowest) transports in austral summer (winter) is found to exist at selected latitudes (24° S, 35° S and 38° S). The significance of this signal shrinks with increasing latitude, mainly due to the mesoscale and interannual variability. In addition, it is found that the interannual variability at 24° S is correlated with the Southern Annular Mode and the Niño 3.4 index. A coupled EOF of the meridional transport and the sea level pressure is used to improve the understanding of the impact of these ocean indexes.
Storm-induced water dynamics and thermohaline structure at the
tidewater Flade Isblink Glacier outlet to the Wandel Sea (NE
Greenland)
Authors: Kirillov Sergei , Dmitrenko Igor , Rysgaard Søren , Babb David , Pedersen Leif Toudal , Ehn Jens , Bendtsen Jørgen , Barber David
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In April 2015, an ice-tethered conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiler and a down-looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were deployed from the landfast ice near the tidewater glacier terminus of the Flade Isblink Glacier in the Wandel Sea, NE Greenland. The three week timeseries showed that water dynamics and the thermohaline structure were modified considerably during a storm event on 22–24 April when northerly winds exceeded 15 m/s. The storm initiated downwelling-like water dynamics characterized by on-shore water transport in the surface (0–40 m) layer and compensating off-shore flow at intermediate depths. After the storm, currents reversed in both layers, and the relaxation phase of downwelling lasted ~4 days. Although current velocities did not exceed 5 cm/s, the enhanced circulation during the storm caused cold turbid intrusions at 75–95 m depth that are likely attributed to sub-glacial water from the Flade Isblink Ice Cap. It was also found that the semidiurnal periodicities in the temperature and salinity time series were associated with the lunar semidiurnal tidal flow. The vertical structure of tidal currents corresponded to the first baroclinic mode of the internal tide with a velocity minimum at ~40 m. The tidal ellipses rotate in opposite directions above and below this depth and cause a divergence of tidal flow which was observed to induce semidiurnal internal waves of about 3 m height at the front of the glacier terminus. Our findings provide evidence that shelf-basin interaction and tidal forcing can potentialy modify coastal Wandel Sea waters even though they are isolated from the atmosphere by landfast sea ice almost year round. The northerly storms over the continental slope cause an enhanced circulation facilitating a release of cold and turbid sub-glacial water to the shelf. The tidal flow may contribute to the removal of such water from the glacial terminus.
Measurements of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Adélie Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Grazioli Jacopo , Genthon Christophe , Boudevillain Brice , Duran-Alarcon Claudio , Del Guasta Massimo , Madeleine Jean-Baptiste , Berne Alexis
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The first results of a campaign of intensive observation of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, are presented. Several instruments collected data from November 2015 to February 2016 or longer, including a polarimetric radar (MXPol), a Micro Rain Radar (MRR), a weighing gauge (Pluvio2), and a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). These instruments collected the first ground-based measurements of precipitation in the region of Adélie Land (Terre Adélie), including precipitation microphysics. Microphysical observations during the austral summer 2015/2016 showed that, close to the ground level, aggregates are the dominant hydrometeor type, together with small ice particles (mostly originating from blowing snow), and that riming is a recurring process. Eleven percent of the measured particles were fully developed graupel, and aggregates had a mean riming degree of about 30 %. Spurious precipitation in the Pluvio2 measurements in windy conditions, leading to phantom accumulations, is observed and partly removed through synergistic use of MRR data. The yearly accumulated precipitation of snow (300 m above ground), obtained by means of a local conversion relation of MRR data, trained on the Pluvio2 measurement of the summer period, is estimated to be 815 mm of water equivalent, with a confidence interval ranging between 739.5 and 989 mm. Data obtained in previous research from satellite-borne radars, and the ERA-Interim reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provide lower yearly totals: 655 mm for ERA-Interim and 679 mm for the climatological data over DDU. ERA-Interim overestimates the occurrence of low-intensity precipitation events especially in summer, but it compensates for them by underestimating the snowfall amounts carried by the most intense events. Overall, this paper provides insightful examples of the added values of precipitation monitoring in Antarctica with a synergistic use of in situ and remote sensing measurements.
Redes associativas e de comunicação entre as câmaras de uma capitania, São Paulo (século XVIII).
Authors: Moura Denise Aparecida Soares de
Published: August 2017

este texto discute a interlocução horizontal que existiu entre as câmaras da capitania de São Paulo no século XVIII. Esta interlocução foi em grande medida formal, ocorria através da troca de ofícios e discutia questões da administração cotidiana das vilas. Esta troca de correspondências entre as câmaras contribuiu para criar um sentido de ligação entre estas instituições, a ponto de em algumas circunstâncias terem atuando em conjunto na representação de seus interesses junto aos poderes centrais. Este texto apoia-se na matriz teórica que defende a noção de autonomia e auto-governo das câmaras. Mas durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa tanto na historiografia quanto na pesquisa empírica foram encontradas evidências de que estas noções envolveram também a relação horizontalizada entre as instituições municipais. Para desenvolver este trabalho foram utilizados ofícios trocados entre as câmaras da capitania de São Paulo e cartas e representações escritas e enviadas por estas instituições para o Conselho Ultramarino.
A AULA EM LOMBA GRANDE/RS (1860-1881) NA PERSPECTIVA DA TRAJETÓRIA DO PROFESSOR MEYER
Authors: Souza José Edimar
Published: August 2017

Objetivo foi reconstruir a partir de memórias arquivadas em documentos aspectos da trajetória do professor Henrique Meyer, soldado Brummer, que a partir de sua dispensa do exército brasileiro se estabeleceu, em 1860, em Lomba Grande - atualmente, um bairro do município de Novo Hamburgo/RS. A pesquisa pretendeu conhecer e compreender como os primórdios do ensino público se constituíram nessa localidade, valendo-se de documentos escolares deste professor. Trata-se de mapas de frequência escolar, apostilas de docência, petições e ofícios localizados em dois fundos arquivísticos – Arquivo do Museu Histórico Visconde de São Leopoldo e Arquivo Histórico do Rio Grande do Sul.  A perspectiva teórica orienta-se pela História Cultural que considera as representações construídas em relação ao contexto de análise. A análise documental possibilitou identificar que as práticas nesse lugar agregaram usos e costumes à Cultura Escolar, além de evidenciar, a influência imigrante no processo de escolarização.
Epistemology of Optimization Models for Decision Making in Organizations
Authors: Mayo Augusto Renato Pérez , Nieto Nohemí Roque , Salgado Arteaga Daniela Beatriz
Published: August 2017

The intelligibility nucleus that subjects use for decision making in companies such as models based on nomothetic sciences and ideographic sciences has been applied to a wide range of situations within different areas of management. In the conscious decision making under certainty or uncertainty, limited or unlimited rationalities, every day or complexities and static or emerging properties, analyzes, forecasts, predictions and interventions are always performed. We might think that we are not forecasting, but our options will be driven by the anticipation of results of actions or inactions. The application of Optimization Models for decision making has in each moment an epistemological support, in the thinking and acting in the organization; therefore, have also served to analyze the organizations at their different levels. All this is argued in epistemological cradles that define the direction of organizations.
Efficacy of eyedrops containing cross-linked hyaluronic acid and coenzyme Q10 in treating patients with mild to moderate dry eye
Authors: Postorino Elisa I. , Rania Laura , Aragona Emanuela , Mannucci Carmen , Alibrandi Angela , Calapai Gioacchino , Puzzolo Domenico , Aragona Pasquale
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition causing substantial burden. A randomized, controlled, single-masked study was performed in 40 patients with mild to moderate DED to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a collyrium based on crosslinked hyaluronic acid (XLHA) with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).

Methods:

Enrolled subjects were divided into 2 groups: group A, treated with XLHA + CoQ10; and group B, treated with hyaluronic acid (HA). Eyedrops were administered 4 times daily for 3 months. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, and meibomian gland assessment (MGD) were evaluated; furthermore, corneal aesthesiometry, in vivo corneal confocal microscopy, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and fundus examination were performed.

Results:

At the end of treatment, OSDI score significantly decreased in groups A and B (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively); the decrease was significantly higher in group A. Corneal staining decreased in both groups, with lower scores in group A. The MGD was significantly ameliorated in group A patients. No differences were found for corneal aesthesiometry or TBUT. Epithelial cell reflectivity was significantly reduced only in group A. For keratocytes and stromal matrix parameters, there was a significant improvement in group A. No changes were found for visual acuity, IOP, or fundus examination.

Conclusions:

The XLHA + CoQ10 treatment showed greater effectiveness in DED compared to HA alone, probably due to the longer permanency on ocular surface and the antioxidant activity of CoQ10. Therefore, XLHA + CoQ10 eyedrops could represent a new possibility in dry eye treatment.
Increased levels of circulating CD34+ cells in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: relation with clinical and OCT features
Authors: Kara Caner , Özdal Pınar Ç. , Beyazyıldız Emrullah , Özcan Nurgül E. , Teke Mehmet Y. , Vural Gülden , Öztürk Faruk
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

To investigate the levels of circulating CD34+ stem cells in patients with neovascular type age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its relation with clinical and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings.

Methods:

The study consisted of 55 patients: 28 patients (18 male and 10 female) with neovascular type AMD as a study group and 27 patients (12 male and 15 female) scheduled for cataract surgery as a control group. The level of CD34+ stem cells was measured by ﬂow cytometry. Demographic and clinical data were recorded.

Results:

The mean ages of patients in the study and control groups were 71 ± 8 and 68 ± 6 years, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, sex, or systemic disease association between study and control groups. However, smoking status was significantly higher in the study group (67.9% vs 37.0%; p = 0.02). Stem cell levels were significantly higher in the study group (1.5 ± 0.9 vs 0.5 ± 0.3; p<0.001), but there was no relation between stem cell levels and clinical and OCT findings.

Conclusions:

Increased circulating CD34+ stem cell levels were observed in patients with choroidal neovascular membrane associated with AMD, but no significant relation was found between cell levels and clinical and OCT findings.
Changes in anterior ocular structures and macula following deep sclerectomy with collagen implant
Authors: Suominen Sakari M.A. , Harju Mika P. , Hautamäki Asta M.E. , Vesti Eija T.
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

To determine the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering with deep sclerectomy (DS) on visual acuity, macular structures, and anterior ocular dimensions during the early postoperative period.

Methods:

We prospectively analyzed 35 eyes of 35 patients scheduled for DS. Our focus with the measurements was on early postoperative changes in anterior ocular and macular structures related to IOP lowering during the first month after DS. In addition to a clinical ophthalmologic examination, our measurements included corneal topography, measurement of ocular dimensions with optical biometry, and examination of macular structure with optical coherence tomography. These measurements were repeated 1, 2, and 4 weeks postoperatively.

Results:

Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) decreased 1 week postoperatively to 0.22 (0.20) LogMAR (p = 0.006). The BCVA then increased to its preoperative level, 0.17 (0.18) (p = 0.28), after 4 weeks. Axial length decreased from 24.12 (1.81) mm to 24.04 (1.81) (p<0.001) 4 weeks postoperatively. The steeper meridian of corneal curvature and average corneal power increased postoperatively; central corneal thickness was decreased. No significant change appeared in other measurements.

Conclusions:

We found changes in corneal curvature and ocular dimensions after DS. These changes were relatively small and do not completely explain the decrease in visual acuity postoperatively. Macular structures showed no changes.