bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Volcano Geomorphology: landforms, processes and hazards’  ̶̶ A new book in ‘Advances in Volcanology’ Collection, Springer Verlag 
Authors: Karátson Dávid , Thouret Jean-Claude
Published: March 2024

We present a new book aimed at graduate students, and academics, as well as all volcano enthusiasts. We chose to publish on the topic of volcano geomorphology for two main reasons. Firstly, although several geomorphology textbooks have been published, ones focussed on volcano geomorphology are scarce or outdated and out of print (Cotton, 1944, McDonald, 1972; Ollier, 1969 and 1988). Secondly, many volcanology books have been published over the past few decades, but they do not describe landforms and geomorphic processes in sufficient detail (as stated by the late P. Francis in 1993). To our knowledge, only five modern books on volcanology include a chapter on volcanoes as landforms and landscapes (Francis, 1993 and Francis & Oppenheimer, 2004; Chester, 1993; Scarth, 1993; Lockwood and Hazlett, 2010). They are less process-oriented than modern books on geomorphology.Our book on Volcano Geomorphology is organised into five main themes, and contains 10 chapters. The first theme is an overview of the geodynamic environments in which the Earth's volcanoes are created.  The second is a detailed account of elementary “constructional” landforms, from lava forms to monogenetic volcanoes, both terrestrial and subaqueous, reflecting a variable degree of magma-water interaction. The third deals with polygenetic volcanic edifices including shield volcanoes, composite cones and volcanic clusters. This is followed by landforms and processes that form calderas, caldera complexes, and volcano-tectonic depressions. The fourth is oriented towards the degradation of volcanoes by short- and long-term erosion processes. The fifth and final theme is twofold: first, we deal with geomorphic hazards on active and dormant volcanoes, along with five specific case studies of recent events; and lastly, we conclude with a chapter presenting a wide array of methods (morphometry, simulations of processes, structural geology, age determination, etc.) that are used to unravel processes on active and dormant volcanoes.             In summary, our textbook aims to: (1) review the most recent research in geomorphology and physical volcanology, e.g. an improved classification and understanding of volcanic landforms, with respect to geodynamic settings, lithology, and climate; (2) update our knowledge of processes and rates of growth and destruction of volcanic landforms and landscapes by integrating recent results from the expanding sector of volcanology both in the field and in the laboratory; (3) consider how volcanic landforms, landscapes, and processes can be studied by reviewing classical and modern methods.  In this way, we hope that our compilation, which provides a richly referenced and illustrated piece of work on volcano geomorphology, will be of interest to a broad audience. It is expected to be published later this year (2024).  
High-Resolution Monitoring of Eco-hydrological Changes Following Rewetting of European Peatlands – Bridging Earth Observation and Restoration Practices
Authors: Giese Laura , Renken Marvin , Ludwig Marvin , Bartel Anna , Lehmann Jan , Knorr Klaus-Holger , Meyer Hanna
Published: March 2024

In Europe, approximately 52 % of former peatland area is strongly degraded due to human exploitation. This makes the EU the worlds’ second largest emitter of greenhouse gases from drained peatlands. Rewetting of drained peatland sites has therefore a great climate change mitigation potential, as net greenhouse gas emissions can be strongly reduced in the long term. To assess the success of rewetting actions, there is a strong demand for cost-effective and unified monitoring techniques. With the aid of cloud-based remote sensing, the field of earth observation has quickly improved in terms of data accessability and handling, which facilitates the development of individual open-access solutions for environmental monitoring, and may therefore provide suitable tools to monitor peatland rewetting.We developed a tool to assess the status and changes of peatlands in terms of vegetation and moisture conditions. Therefore, time-series of vegetation and moisture indices (such as NDVI, NDWI) based on freely available satellite data (such as Landsat) were compiled, which provide spatially and temporally continuous information on changes in peatland ecosystems for the last decades.Anomalies were calculated with reference to the known pre-rewetting time period of selected peatlands, and pre- and post-rewetting trends were analyzed. This provides a spatio-temporal overview of eco-hydrologic changes at individual user-defined peatland sites, which allows deriving information even for remote locations and inaccessable or protected areas. In this contribution we exemplary focus on a rewetted peatland in Northwestern Germany (Neustaedter Moor) for which we could show a clear signal in NDWI anomalies following a rewetting measure in 2013, indicating that these measures have indeed been effective.We intend to test the application further at multiple sites in cooperation with practitioners and to assess the analysis by comparing results to field-specific data. The fully automatized multi-index approach is provided as a web-based application, which can be used to summarize and compare the advances in peatland restoration at continental scale also in the future. We aim to provide opportunities for new insights by creating synergies between earth observation and restoration practice in European Peatlands.This research was funded through the 2020-2021 Biodiversa+ and Water JPI joint call for research projects, under the BiodivRestore ERA-NET Cofund (GA N°101003777), with the EU and the funding organisations DFG (Germany), FWF (Austria), NSC (Poland) and the LNV (The Netherlands)
Heat and meltwater fluxes across the front of Dotson ice shelf cavity, Amundsen Sea
Authors: Zheng Yixi , Hall Rob , Heywood Karen , Queste Bastien , Sheehan Peter , Damerell Gillian
Published: March 2024

Ice shelves terminating in the Amundsen Sea are losing mass rapidly, exporting an increasing amount of meltwater into the ocean. Investigation into the melt rates of ice shelves near in the Amundsen Sea is therefore crucial for predicting the impact of ice shelf processes on future climate. However, observations near ice shelves often lack continuity in either time or space, limiting our knowledge of their melt rates. During a research cruise in austral summer 2022, we undertook a high resolution (horizontal sampling interval: ~ 2 km) CTD/LADCP transect spanning the front of the Dotson ice shelf encompassing the inflow and outflow to the ice shelf cavity.  In addition, we deployed three ocean gliders yielding five fine-resolution (horizontal sampling interval: ~ 650 m) hydrographic transects along the front of the Dotson Ice Shelf over three weeks. With an average of just 4.5 days between occupations, these new observations allow us to comprehensively investigate short-term variability along the ice front. The glider transects revealed considerable temporal variability in the across-ice shelf current speed.The CTD section reveals that the meltwater content is higher (around 20 g/kg) in the west (outflow) and lower (around 10 g/kg) in the east (inflow), with a meltwater-poor layer centred at about 350 m sandwiched between two meltwater-rich layers along the ice shelf transect (one above about 250 m and the second centred at about 450 m). We reference geostrophic shear to the LADCP velocity profiles and demonstrate that the net volume flux across the ice shelf front is close to zero. We then calculate the net ocean heat flux across the ice shelf front to be  2.9×1011 W. Assuming that this net heat loss all results from basal melting, we estimate the glacial melt rate from this heat flux to be 28.1 Gt yr-1. The net transport of meltwater out of the cavity is 9.8×105 kg s-1, which is equivalent to 31 Gt yr-1, remarkably similar to the heat-flux-derived value. The small difference between the meltwater-flux-derived and heat-flux-derived melt rates might be attributed to subglacial rivers or other uncertainties in the estimates. Finally, we discuss the heat and meltwater fluxes using the glider transects and determine their temporal variability.
A comprehensive study from the Sun to the Earth of the Space Weather event starting on the 6 September 2017
Authors: Laurenza on behalf of the CAESAR Team Monica
Published: March 2024

It is well known that Space Weather events can have a profound impact on our technology-dependent society. On September 6, 2017, a powerful Space Weather event originated on the Sun in the active region 12673 located at 9 degrees North latitude and 42 degrees West longitude.  An X9.3 class flare was produced, peaking at 12:02 UT, and was associated with a powerful eruptive coronal mass ejection and the emission of solar energetic particles. Correspondingly, several phenomena were observed in the interplanetary space and Earth’s environment on September 7: a shock passage at 22.58 UT associated with an energetic particle enhancement, followed by magnetospheric compression, plasmasphere density depletion, ionospheric storm and intensification of convection cells, and a Forbush decrease in the cosmic ray intensity. Here we provide a comprehensive understanding of the event, encompassing the whole chain of phenomena occurred from the Sun to the Earth. We explore the causes and evolution the Space Weather event and evaluate effects on technological systems as well as  implications for future space weather research. 
Black pine-grass paired plot water balance experiment in the botanic garden of Sopron UNI
Authors: Orosz Kamilla , Herceg András , Kalicz Péter , Zagyvai-Kiss Katalin Anita , Lebar Klaudija , Zabret Katarina , Bezak Nejc , Keve Gábor , Koch Dániel , Gribovszki Zoltán
Published: March 2024

Hydrological measurements, particularly those conducted on paired plots, provide valuable tools for comparing the water balance of different surface covers. Hydro-meteorological measurements have been carried out in the University of Sopron Botanical Garden since 1925. Conducting long-term measurements provides a good opportunity for studying the water balance in forested areas. The proximity of educational facilities allows for frequent measurements, regular equipment checks, and student participation. A hydrological paired-plot experiment site was established in the botanical garden as part of an international Slovenian-Hungarian project. We set up the research plot under black pine trees. For comparative purposes, we designated an open-air plot as a control site, positioned approximately 100 meters away from the pine trees. The focus of the experiment was to better understand the complex water dynamics within the research site under the black pine tree canopy. The first set of experiments is suitable for analysing rainfall distribution in a forest (canopy and litter interception), and comparing the soil moisture and groundwater dynamics of grass and forest plots. In the experimental area, automated equipment installation is presently underway. The experiment serves educational and demonstration purposes in addition to its primary research function. The following joint projects (143972SNN, N2-0313 projects and the TKP2021-NKTA-43 project) supported the preparation of this paper. TKP2021-NKTA-43 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary (successor: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary) from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NKTA funding scheme. This contribution is also part of ongoing research entitled “Microscale influence on runoff” supported by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (N2-0313).
Ionospheric environment of Ganymede during the Galileo flybys
Authors: Beth Arnaud , Galand Marina , Modolo Ronan , Leblanc François , Jia Xianzhe , Huybrighs Hans , Carnielli Gianluca
Published: March 2024

The Galileo spacecraft flew by Ganymede, down to 0.1 RG from the surface for the closest, six times giving us insight into its plasma environment. Its ionosphere, made of ions born from the ionisation of neutrals present in Ganymede’s exosphere, represents the bulk of the plasma near the moon around closest approach. As it has been revealed by Galileo and Juno, near closest approach the ion population is dominated by low-energy ions from the water ion group (O+, HO+, H2O+) and O2+. However, little is known about their density, spatial distribution, and effect on the surface weathering of the moon itself. Galileo G2 flyby has been extensively studied. Based on a comparison between observations and 3D test-particle simulations, Carnielli et al. (2020a and 2020b) confirmed the ion composition (debated at the time), highlighted the inconsistency between the assumed exospheric densities and the observed ionospheric densities, and derived the contribution of ionospheric ions as an exospheric source. However, other flybys of Ganymede are also available (e.g. G1, G7, G8, G28, and G29) providing in-situ measurements at different phases of Ganymede around Jupiter or jovian magnetospheric conditions at the moon. We extend the original study by Carnielli et al. to other flybys, and compare our modelled ion moments (ion number density, velocity, and energy distribution) with Galileo in-situ data. We discuss our results and contrast them with those obtained for the G2 flyby.

 

 
Impact of glaciations on the exhumation history of the Kyrgyz Range – Western Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan).
Authors: Mariotti Apolline , Schildgen Taylor , Sobel Edward R. , Bernard Maxime , Gong Lingxiao , van der Beek Peter , Glodny Johannes
Published: March 2024

Constraining the effect of global climatic changes on Earth-surface processes is crucial to our understanding of landscape evolution. One debated question is the impact of Cenozoic cooling and subsequent glaciations on the spatial and temporal distribution of erosion in mountain ranges. The apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronometric system can record low temperature (
Representation of extreme precipitation events in storm-resolving global climate models within the nextGEMS project
Authors: Wille Jonathan , Fischer Erich
Published: March 2024

The amplitude of precipitation extremes across Europe is expected to increase through the 21st century under most climate change scenarios. Current CMIP-style global climate models broadly project increased flooding and drought extremes; however, they often rely on parametrization schemes or downscaling methods for inferring about potential future extreme events. These methods often introduce errors leading to high levels of uncertainty for policymakers and infrastructure planning. The need for accurate extreme event projections became further evident after the July 2021 floods and summer 2022 record-breaking heatwaves and droughts across Western Europe.The ongoing H2020 Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems (nextGEMS) project aims to address these issues with the development of storm-resolving, fully-coupled, Earth-system models. Using the latest Cycle 3 runs from the Integrated Forecast System from ECMWF and ICON from MPI-M, we examine the dynamical representation of extreme precipitation events across Europe and compare it against a suite of observations (station and satellite based), reanalysis datasets, and CESM2 simulations. Focusing on tail-end extremes, the results focus on the realism of high precipitation extremes, value of upscaling to CMIP6 resolution, representation of precipitation drivers, and dry extremes (dry day percentages and consecutive dry days). Overall, both ICON and IFS perform reasonably well in representing high precipitation extremes although issues related to the ICON non-parameterized, deep convection causes overly frequent precipitation events.
Exploring the mechanisms controlling dryland hydroclimate in past 'warmer worlds'
Authors: Markowska Monika , Vonhof Hubert B. , Groucutt Huw S. , Petraglia Michael D. , Scholz Denis , Weber Michael , Gerdes Axel , Albert Richard , Schroeder Julian , Krüger Yves S. , Meckler Anna Nele , Fiebig Jens , Stewart Matthew , Boivin Nicole , Nicholson Samuel L. , Breeze Paul S. , Drake Nicholas , Tindall Julia C. , Haywood Alan M. , Haug Gerald
Published: March 2024

Drylands cover almost half of Earth’s land surfaces, supporting ~30% of the world’s population. The International Panel on Climate Change predicts increasing aridification and expansion of drylands over the course of this century. As we approach new climate states without societal precedent, Earth’s geological past may offer the best tool to understand hydroclimate change under previously, allowing us to elucidate responses to external forcing. Paleo-records from previously warm and high-CO2 periods in Earth’s past, such as the mid-Pliocene (~3 Ma), point towards higher humidity in many dryland regions.  Here, we examine desert speleothems from the hyper-arid desert in central Arabia, part of the largest near-continuous chain of drylands in the world, stretching from north-western Africa to the northern China, to elucidate substantial and recurrent humid phases over the past 8 million years. Independent quantitative paleo-thermometers suggest that mean annual air temperatures in central Arabia were approximately between 1 to 5 °C warmer than today. The analyses of the isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of speleothem fluid inclusion waters, representing ‘fossil rainwater’, reveal an aridification trend in Arabia from the Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene during Earth’s transition from a largely ‘ice-free’ northern hemisphere to an ‘ice-age’ world. Together, our data provide evidence for recurrent discrete wetter intervals during past warmer periods, such as the Pliocene. Data-model comparisons allow us to assess the agreement between our paleoclimate data and climate model output using the HadCM3 isotope-enabled model simulations during past ‘warmer worlds’ – namely the mid-Piacenzian warm period (3.264 to 3.025 Ma). To assess the hydroclimate response to external forcing, we examine model output from a series of sensitivity experiments with different orbital configurations allowing us to postulate the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of humid episodes in the Arabian desert, with potential implications for other dryland regions at similar latitudes. Together, our approach unveils the long-term controls on Arabian hydroclimate and may provide crucial insights into the future variability.
Next-Gen Zarr Web Map Visualization
Authors: Barciauskas Aimee , Jones Max , Martin Kata , Harkins Sean , Sarago Vincent
Published: March 2024

Visualization of Earth science data is crucial for its exploration and understanding. Web browsers, as a universal platform, face the challenge of rendering complex geospatial data swiftly. This led to the creation of pre-generated static map tiles, allowing quick visualization but limiting user control over data representation and imposing storage and update burdens on providers.While pregenerated map tiles make it possible to visualize data quickly, there are drawbacks. The most significant is the data provider chooses how the data will appear. The user has no power to adjust the visualization, such as modifying the color scale, color map or perform “band math” where multiple variables are combined to produce a new variable. Other drawbacks impact the data provider, such as storage costs and maintaining a pipeline to constantly update or reprocess the tile storage with new and updated data. Next generation approaches give that power to the user, while still giving providers control over the costs.More recent years have seen the success of the dynamic tiling approach which allows for on-demand map tile creation. This approach has traditionally relied on Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs). When Zarr gained popularity for large-scale n-dimensional data analysis, users started to call for browser-based visualization, but no tools existed to visualize Zarr in the browser.Now there are 2 options: a dynamic tile server and a dynamic client approach. rio_tiler’s XarrayReader supports tile rendering from anything that is xarray-readable. This means a tile server can render tiles from Zarr stores as well as netCDF4/HDF5 and other formats. However, a tile server still requires running a server while the second option, a “dynamic client”, reads Zarr directly in the browser client and uses WebGL to render map tiles.The authors have contributed to libraries and testing of both approaches and authored a “Zarr Visualization Report”. This report includes the tradeoffs, requirements for preprocessing the data and performance testing results for when those preprocessing steps were taken or not. We hope that readers will be able to reuse lessons learned and recommendations to deliver their Zarr data to users in web browsers and contribute to the wider adoption of this format for large scale environmental data understanding.Looking ahead, the focus is on making NASA datasets more accessible through these innovative approaches. The use of Kerchunk reference files, or virtual Zarr datasets, will play a key role in indexing various archival file formats used by NASA, such as HDF5 and NetCDF4. With the capability of titiler-xarray to handle any xarray-readable data, a wide range of NASA datasets can be visualized without the need for duplicating data. Additionally, the creation of data pyramids will further enhance visualization speed at lower resolutions.
Drivers of heatwaves in CMIP6 models: an evaluation on historical simulations
Authors: Squintu Antonello A. , McAdam Ronan , Peláez Rodríguez César , Pérez Aracil Jorge , Alvarez Castro Carmen , Scoccimarro Enrico
Published: March 2024

Heatwaves heavily affect European public health, society and economy. A full understanding of the drivers behind the occurrence and intensity of heatwaves (HW) is one of the priorities of H2020 CLimate INTelligence (CLINT) project. Particular attention is given to the detection and attribution of HWs in future climate projections. However, it is important to assess the capability of climate models to thoroughly describe relationships between the drivers and the occurrence and intensity of HWs. For this reason, a feature selection framework, based on the Coral Reef Optimization (Salcedo-Sanz et al., 2014) has been developed. This has been applied to ERA5 summer data, using as a target the Lake Como HW occurrence and, as candidate predictors, time series of weather variables calculated on clustered areas on European and global scales. The same algorithm has been applied to historical climate simulations included in CMIP6. The comparison of the results of these two steps has first focused on the similarities in maximum temperature and HW trends in the target region of Lake Como. Then, the selected drivers in each historical climate simulation have been evaluated, using ERA5 results as benchmark. Thanks to this, the models that better resemble the statistical properties and teleconnections described by the reanalysis have been identified. This set of models will be considered for the detection and attribution of heatwaves in future climate projections under different emission scenarios. In this upcoming phase the goal will be to analyse changes in the relationship between the drivers and HW occurrence and intensity, giving an insight about possible future evolutions in heatwaves frequency and magnitude.
High-pressure eclogites preserve a halogen-bearing metasomatizing agent in primary melt inclusions (Bohemian Massif, Germany).
Authors: Borghini Alessia , Ferrero Silvio , O'Brien Patrick , Wunder Bernd , Tollan Peter , Majka Jarosław , Fuchs Rico , Gresky Kerstin
Published: March 2024

Garnets in the eclogites of Pfaffenberg, Granulitgebirge (Bohemian Massif, Germany) contain primary granitic melt inclusions with a continental crust signature. The inclusions are up to 30 µm in diameter and polycrystalline with a main mineral assemblage dominated by phlogopite/biotite, kumdykolite, quartz/cristobalite, two unknown phases with main Raman peaks at 412 and 430 cm-1 respectively, osumilite and plagioclase. In minor amounts, the inclusions contain also white mica, K-feldspar, amphibole and kokchetavite with the local presence of a fluid phase composed of CO2, CH4 and N2.The inclusions were successfully re-homogenized at 975ºC and 2.7 - 3 GPa and the melt is from trondhjemitc to granitic, peraluminous and hydrous (average H2O = 4.82 wt%). The melt trace elements patterns revealed similarities with melts produced by partial melting of metasediments part of the continental crust. The melt is in fact enriched in Cs, Pb, Rb, Th, U, Li and B and most likely it originated from the continental crust itself. Interestingly, in situ analyses of Cl and calculation of F partitioning between apatite and melt show that the melt is exceptionally halogens-rich with an average Cl content of 0.41 wt% and a calculated F content of 0.23 wt%.Pfaffenberg eclogites occur as lenses in garnet peridotite and they are surrounded by continental rocks. They can be regarded as the product of crust-mantle interaction taking place during subduction at mantle depth with the agent of the interaction, i.e., the melt, now preserved as inclusions in the eclogite garnets. The melt is responsible for crustal material mobilization and transfer in the mantle and can be used to constrain and quantify the elements, especially volatiles, transported from the crust to the mantle.This research is part of the project No. 2021/43/P/ST10/03202 co-funded by the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 945339.
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Tainan Margin (NE South China Sea): comparison with the Pearl River Mouth Basin
Authors: Rodrigues de Vargas Mateus , Mohn Geoffroy , Tugend Julie , Kusznir Nick , Lin Andrew
Published: March 2024

The wide rifting mode that preceded the opening of the South China Sea (SCS) in the Cenozoic generated a set of Paleogene rift basins presently buried under thick post-rift sedimentary infill. Much of the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the South China Sea is now relatively well-constrained (e.g., Pearl River Mouth Basin). However, the SCS's northeasternmost part (i.e., the Tainan margin sensu lato), which might represent the oldest passive margin segment, remains to be integrated into the framework of the rifting and opening of the SCS.This work aims to review and revisit the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Tainan margin. To do so, an integrative approach has been used combining the analysis of seismic reflection and gravity data. We use 3D gravity inversion to determine the distribution of Moho depth and crustal thickness within this margin segment. The gravity inversion scheme incorporates a lithosphere thermal gravity anomaly correction, which is critically important because of the elevated geothermal gradient within the young oceanic lithosphere of the South China Sea and its continental margins. In the Tainan margin, results show contrasted crustal domains from the continental shelf, to the distal margin and oceanic domain.Only limited crustal thinning is observed over the continental shelf where a succession of rift basins is documented (i.e., Taihsi, Nanjihtao, and Penghu basins) that are part of the Northern Rift System. In contrast, the distal Tainan margin shows greater crustal thinning to less than 10 km thick under an aborted breakup basin, thereby forming the Southern Rift System. To the south, this basin is separated from the unambiguous oceanic domain (6 to 8 km thick) by a comparatively thicker crustal block (~ 10 to 15 km thick). This crustal block forms the Southern High where numerous volcanic edifices and magmatic intrusions are observed or inferred.Half-grabens of the Northern Rift System are controlled by counter-regional faults and filled by Paleocene to Eocene syn-rift sediments. For the distal domain, no well calibration is available. There, we identified several seismic units bounded by regional unconformities. Our results show relatively thin syn-rift sediments locally controlled by a low-angle normal fault system in the Southern Rift System. In contrast, thick post-rift sequences are observed except over the Southern High.Based on our results, we propose a review of structural style and age correlations from the continental shelf to the distal domains of the Tainan margin. To illustrate along-strike variations of the crustal structure and stratigraphic style, we build an array of regional geological cross-sections that are further compared with existing observations in the adjacent Pearl River Mouth Basin.
Observing and modeling short-term changes in basal friction during rain-induced speed-ups on an Alpine glacier
Authors: Togaibekov Anuar , Gimbert Florent , Gilbert Adrien , Walpersdorf Andrea
Published: March 2024

Basal shear stress on hard-bedded glaciers results from normal stress against bed roughness, which depends on basal water pressure and cavity size. These quantities are related in a steady state but are expected to behave differently under rapid changes in water input, which may lead to a transient frictional response not captured by existing friction laws. Here, we investigate transient friction using GPS vertical displacement and horizontal velocity observations, basal water pressure measurements, and cavitation model predictions during rain-induced speed-up events at Glacier d'Argentière, French Alps. We observe up to a threefold increase in horizontal surface velocity, spatially migrating at rates consistent with subglacial flow drainage, and associated with surface uplift and increased water pressure. We show that frictional changes are mainly driven by changes in water pressure at nearly constant cavity size. We propose a generalized friction law capable of capturing observations in both the transient and steady-state regimes.
Rifting style and continental breakup of Marginal Seas
Authors: Mohn Geoffroy , Ringenbach Jean-Claude , Legeay Etienne , Tugend Julie , Vetel William , Sapin François
Published: March 2024

Marginal Seas are extensional basins formed in a convergent setting near active subduction zones. They are characterized by a short life (
Large scale molecular modelling of basalt surfaces and fracturing in basaltic glass
Authors: Guren Marthe Grønlie , Sveinsson Henrik Andersen , Caracas Razvan , Malthe-Sørenssen Anders , Renard Francois
Published: March 2024

How fracture initiate and propagate at the nanoscale controls the specific surface area available for fluid-rock interactions. Fracturing creates surface area and flow pathways, which control the flow mixing properties and reactivity. However, how fractures form at the nanoscale in basaltic glasses remains enigmatic. Here, we implement molecular dynamics simulations to reproduce fracture propagation in amorphous basalt. These simulations require large systems and long simulation times and are therefore currently depending on interatomic potentials rather than ab initio calculations. We have developed a machine-learned interatomic potential for basaltic glass that allow using molecular dynamics simulations to simulate fracture propagation at the nanoscale. This interatomic potential reproduces the mechanical properties of bulk solid and molten basalt over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. During a molecular dynamics simulation, bonds are formed and broken as the atoms and ions move. As a result, various species may form and migrate into the glass or towards the surface. In order to study how a basalt surface changes over time we looked at the cation-anion species on the surface and measured how long each species lived on the surface before the coordination changes. Our results show that the process zone around propagating cracks in basaltic glasses at the nanoscale is much larger than for instance when quartz breaks, and that cavities open ahead of the crack tip, and grow with time until they coalesce. A similar propagation process has been observed in fracture experiments on silica glasses at nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy and is reminiscent of the ductile fracturing process observed in metals. By training the interatomic potentials with water and carbon dioxide as fluids, we also aim to study how dynamic fractures may damage a basaltic glass and how the water and carbon dioxide enter these fractures in the wake of rupture. These simulations are relevant for carbon mineralization where a coupling between dissolution of the basalt and precipitation of carbonate minerals may lead to nanoscale fracturing of the rock.
Timing landslides and identifying reactivations during sequences of earthquakes and storms with Sentinel-1 amplitude and coherence
Authors: Burrows Katy , Sridharan Aadityan , Ferrario Maria Francesca
Published: March 2024

When shallow landslides are triggered by sequences of earthquakes or storms, we need to know when in the sequence they occurred and whether they were later reactivated in order to better understand and model the hazard. In tropical environments, cloud cover often obscures all or part of the optical imagery acquired during the sequence, so that it is necessary to use images acquired after the sequence of events to map the landslides. Because of this, we often cannot tell which earthquake or storm triggered a particular landslide. This limits our understanding of how landslide hazard and mass wasting evolve in space and time during such sequences.Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be acquired through cloud cover and since 2015, Sentinel-1 has acquired data globally every 6-12 days. Landslides alter the scattering properties of the Earth’s surface and so can be detected in SAR images. SAR amplitude time series can be used to constrain the timings of individual landslides. We apply these methods to three sequences of triggers in order to better understand how landsliding evolved during them: the 2018 Lombok, Indonesia earthquake sequence; the 2019 Cotabato – Davao del Sur earthquake and the earthquake-hurricane sequence that occurred in Haiti in 2021.The 2018 Lombok earthquake sequence also offers an ideal opportunity to test new methods of using InSAR coherence (the level of noise in an interferogram) to detect multi-stage failure. High resolution cloud-free images were acquired halfway through this sequence of four Mw > 6.0 earthquakes and many landslides mapped after the first two earthquakes were then observed to have grown in size or changed shape by the end of the sequence. We demonstrate that for large, favourably oriented landslides, InSAR coherence can be sensitive to this reactivation and so could potentially be used in the future for cases where no cloud-free images are available.
Direct radiocarbon measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon from environmental water using a gas ion source 
Authors: Haghipour Negar , Schnepper Charlotte , Blattmann Thomas , Kundig Kayley , Castrillejo Maxi , Casacuberta Nuria , Eglinton Timothy I. , White Margot E.
Published: March 2024

An increasing demand for radiocarbon analysis of small samples has led to the development of various methods to further improve and simplify the CO2 extraction needed for accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements. Here, the performance of a direct feeding system of CO2 from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from small water samples ( 60 ml).Seawater samples collected from Sargasso Sea, southeast of and lake water samples collected from Lake Constance have been prepared by both methods. The extraction of CO2 gas from samples for GIS measurement is performed using a carbonate handling system (CHS-Ionplus AG) through purging the headspace, acidifying the water, and sparging out the CO2. The preparation time is greatly reduced compared to conventional analysis that requires the labor-intensive graphitization step. The yielded 14C results from the direct CO2 measurements are in good agreement with values obtained from graphite measurements. The observed deviation between the two methods is below the uncertainty of radiocarbon gas measurement (~7‰).This new approach will facilitate understanding of carbon cycle dynamics in many different environments and applications where a high throughput (up to 80 sample/day) is required. The new method is suitable for groundwater, pore water, seawater, freshwaters from lakes, rivers and glacial settings. Furthermore, it enables the analysis of small milliliter-scale samples and those containing low DIC concentrations.
River responses to climate change – lessons from ancient river records, modern river discharge analyses and experiments
Authors: Plink-Bjorklund Piret , Mapes Alden , O'Halloran Molly , Slawson Jacob , Li Haipeng
Published: March 2024

Here we discuss three aspects of river responses to climate change, based on sedimentological data from ancient river systems, modern river discharge analyses and experiments.Firstly, data from the sedimentary record of rivers show that sustained Froude supercritical flow conditions occurred in some rivers, where most geomorphological work was done under supercritical flow conditions. This evidence includes meso- (bedform) and macro-scale (bar-scale) structures, and has been linked to so called variable discharge rivers that occur in certain hydroclimates. Experiments, as well as modern river observations indicate that sand and even coarser sediment is transported in suspension in such rivers, and that sediment transport capacity is elevated, and the transport rates faster than the bedform migration rates. This raises questions about whether very different values of landscape diffusivity, sedimentation rate and sediment input rate variables need to be used for rivers from different hydroclimates to calculate landscape equilibrium, reaction and response timescales.Secondly, analyses of modern river discharge show that only rivers in certain hydroclimates experience negative feedback loops due to frequent occurrence of low-magnitude and rare occurrence of high magnitude floods. Instead, rivers prone to supercritical flow occur in hydroclimates that promote high flood magnitudes and extremely low low-flow magnitudes where flows below the threshold for sediment motion are unable to rework high-magnitude event deposits and feedback loops are cumulative and positive. This shows that also river feedback mechanisms respond to climate change.Thirdly, such rivers have been documented to occur in some Paleocene-Eocene successions that formed during multiple global warming events, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) - a short interval of extreme temperatures related to the largest carbon release of the Cenozoic Era. Surprisingly, rivers shifted from subcritical-flow-dominated to supercritical-flow-dominated during initial temperature increase in Paleocene and did not shift back until after the Early Eocene warm period, despite the largest amplitude of temperature increase at the PETM and decrease post PETM. This indicates a significant, and perhaps threshold-driven change in river sensitivity to climate change.We conclude that in some rivers, related to hydroclimates with high precipitation variability, such as in monsoon zone, and sub-humid to arid subtropics, climate signal propagation capacity and its effects may be underestimated, and that the sensitivity of river response to climate change is likely nonlinear and dependent on hydroclimate type.
Flooding risk assessment of power grids by modelling and simulation
Authors: Asaridis Panagiotis , Molinari Daniela , Di Maio Francesco , Ballio Francesco , Zio Enrico
Published: March 2024

Power grids can be significantly affected by floods that can cause power outages with widespread impact on social and economic activities. In this work, we propose a “What-if” scenario analysis by modelling and simulation, which makes use of a hydraulic model to simulate hazard scenarios, fragility curves to describe the process of failure of the power grid components, and a power flow model to assess power outages. A synthetic case study is worked out with reference to the IEEE 14 bus system benchmark serving different categories of electricity customers. The proposed modelling and simulation-based analysis can be used to identify the most critical components to protect for the security of power supply.
Results of joint processing of magnetic observatory data of international Intermagnet network in a unified coordinate system
Authors: Zhumabayev Beibit , Vassilyev Ivan , Mendakulov Zhasulan , Fedulina Inna , Kapytin Vitaliy
Published: March 2024

In each magnetic observatory, the magnetic field is registered in local Cartesian coordinate systems associated with the geographic coordinates of the locations of these observatories. To observe extraterrestrial magnetic field sources, such as the interplanetary magnetic field or magnetic clouds, a method of joint processing of data from magnetic observatories of the international Intermagnet network was implemented. In this method, the constant component is removed from the observation results of individual observatories, their measurement data is converted into the ecliptic coordinate system, and the results obtained from all observatories are averaged after the coordinate transformation.The first data on joint processing of measurement results from the international network of Intermagnet magnetic observatories in the period before the onset of magnetic storms of various types, during these storms and after their end are presented. There is a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio after combining the measurement results from all observatories, which makes it possible to isolate weaker external magnetic fields. A change in the shape of magnetic field variations is shown, which can provide new knowledge about the mechanism of development of magnetic storms.
The ESA M7 candidate mission Plasma Observatory.
Authors: Marcucci Maria Federica , Retinò Alessandro ,   Plasma Observatory team
Published: March 2024

Particle energization and transport of energy are key open problems of space plasma physics. Their comprehension has implications on research fields that span from space weather to the understanding of the farthest astrophysical plasmas. The Magnetospheric System is the complex and highly dynamic plasma environment where the strongest energization and energy transport occurs in near-Earth space.  Previous multi-point observations from missions such as ESA/Cluster and NASA/MMS have greatly improved our understanding of plasma processes and evidenced the fundamental role of cross-scales coupling. Simultaneous measurements at both large, fluid and small, kinetic scales are required to resolve scale coupling and ultimately fully understand plasma energization and energy transport processes. Such measurements are currently not available. Here we present the Plasma Observatory (PO) multi-scale mission concept tailored to study plasma energization and energy transport in the Earth's Magnetospheric System through simultaneous measurements at both fluid and ion scales. These are the scales at which the largest amount of electromagnetic energy is converted into energized particles and energy is transported. PO baseline mission includes one mothercraft (MSC) and six identical smallsat daughtercraft (DSC) in two nested tetrahedra formation with MSC at the common vertex for both tetrahedra. PO orbit is an HEO 8x18 RE orbit, covering all the key regions of the Magnetospheric System including the foreshock, the bow shock, the magnetosheath, the magnetopause, the magnetotail current sheet, and the transition region. Along the orbit, the separations between the spacecraft range from fluid (5000 km) to ion (30 km) scales. The MSC payload provides a complete characterization of electromagnetic fields and particles in a single point with time resolution sufficient to resolve kinetic physics at sub-ion scales (for both protons and heavy ions). The DSCs have identical payload, simpler than the MSC payload, yet giving a full characterization of the plasma at the ion and fluid scales. PO is the next logical step after Cluster and MMS and will allow us to resolve for the first time scale coupling in  the Earth's Magnetospheric System, leading to transformative advances in the field of space plasma physics. Plasma Observatory  is one of the three ESA M7 candidates, which have been selected in November 2023 for a competitive Phase A with a mission selection planned in 2026 and launch in 2037.
Estimating terrestrial water storage trends by developing a joint inversion scheme using GRACE and GRACE-FO data
Authors: Karimi Sedigheh , Shakya Amin , Rietbroek Roelof , Penning de Vries Marloes , van der Tol Christiaan
Published: March 2024

Climate change and global warming can affect the water cycle, leading to increased hydrological extremes, such as droughts affecting the environment, agricultural activities, and human life and causing serious social and economic problems worldwide. Therefore, monitoring changes in the water cycle can be helpful for effective water resources management and provide a management plan for sharing with stakeholders, water managers, and local people.This study focuses on terrestrial water storage changes (e.g., trends and seasonal shifts) that potentially indicate climate change patterns like droughts and large scale flooding events within watersheds across the Horn of Africa.In this study, an inversion scheme is being developed to process level-2 data obtained from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and subsequent measurements from GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) spanning the period from 2002 to 2023 considering the variance-covariance matrix (error matrix) of observations for estimating TWS variations monthly at basin scale. We expect that our inversion scheme will be independent of filters, and there will be no need for empirical rescaling factors to amplify the primary signal after filtering and damping effect. The TWS changes estimated from the developed inversion scheme will be compared with the TWS trends of basins that have been derived using the basin averaging standard approach and Mascon solutions TWS changes products. Additionally, the atmospheric reanalysis products will be used, along with hydrological model discharge estimates, to assess the accuracy of time derivatives of TWS changes.
Cross-Domain Standards, Tools, and Technical Approaches: EOSC "Climate Neutral and Smart Cities" and the WorldFAIR CDIF Framework
Authors: Gregory Arofan
Published: March 2024

The use of data across disiplinary boundaries is a challenge at many levels, but in order for researchers to make sense of often-unfamiliar data, they must be provided with a wealth of information regarding the provenance, methodology, structure, and semantics of data. Historically, such information has been modelled and implemented in different ways within different scientific domains. Approaches to geo-spatial data are especially problematic when we consider disiplines such as Environmental Science and Social Science. Recent work on cross-domain exchange of such metadata suggests that there are ways to improve this situation, making it far easier to support collaborative research. The EOSC "Climate Neutral and Smart Cities" project has demonstrated how improved tools for describing provenance and data processing could be developed for researchers, based on existing metadata standards such as DDI Lifecycle and DDI Cross-Domain Integration (DDI-CDI). Some of the same standards - notably DDI-CDI - are also at the core of an emerging framework designed to address the needs of cross-domain FAIR data exchange. This framework, the Cross-Domain Inteoperability Framework (CDIF) , is being developed through the WorldFAIR project, which looks at eleven different domain use cases. It exemplifies the kind of interoperability framework recommended by the EC's "Turning FAIR into Reality" report (doi: 10.2777/1524).Collaborative research involving environmental, climate, and social data is increasingly relevant as we try to understand how our world is changing, and what policies will best help us to address these changes. Aligning our data management and documentation systems on emerging best practice will make this collaborative research easier and more effective, helping us to understand the issues we face. 