bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruptive Effect of Holistic Bias on Processing of Other-Race Faces following Face Categorization
Authors: Greenberg Seth N. , Macgregor-Hannah Maren
Published: May 2010

Prior work on own-race bias in visual face recognition has considered cognitive and social-cognitive explanations to account for the more efficient recognition of own-race faces as compared to faces of models from other races. One perceptual account with reasonable support suggests that the pattern reflects a cognitive tendency away from holistic processing of other-race faces. The present study engaged participants in an orientation task that provoked either global (holistic) or local (feature) processing prior to a face recognition task. Response latencies suggested that inducing a global processing bias slowed recognition of other-race faces relative to that of own-race faces, whereas inducing a local processing bias led to nearly equal face recognition times for both categories of faces. Furthermore, processing of other-race faces was slower with a global rather than a local processing bias. Results provide converging evidence that own-race faces and other-race faces differ in global analysis received.
Nonconscious Activation of an Elderly Stereotype and Speed of Driving
Authors: Branaghan Russell J. , Gray Rob
Published: May 2010

Under the guise of evaluating a head-up display in a driving simulator, 11 participants (5 men), ages 21 to 35 years, completed scrambled-sentence tasks (while waiting at stop signs) designed to prime an elderly stereotype. Each driver completed both the Elderly Stereotype and Control conditions with order counterbalanced across participants. Further, order of presentation of word sets for each trial was random. Driving speed and driving time between stop signs in the Elderly Stereotype condition were compared to the Control condition in which nonspecific age words were substituted for elderly stereotyped words. Participants showed lower maximum speed and longer driving time in the Elderly Stereotype condition than in the Control condition, even though participants reported no awareness of the theme in the experimental condition.
Exploring the Central Executive in Situation Awareness
Authors: Soliman Abdrabo Moghazy
Published: May 2010

Despite its significance, the central executive is the least explored component of working memory, particularly in complicated contexts. Exp. 1 investigated the role of executive control of working memory in situation awareness in a real-life driving simulation. Exp. 2 examined the extent to which taxing the central executive might affect situation awareness. High, Medium, and Low Situation Awareness groups were formed as assessed using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique. Executive function was measured using several tests. Results from Exp. 1 demonstrated that the Low Situation Awareness group performed significantly worse on all executive function tasks compared to High and Medium Situation Awareness groups. Findings from Exp. 2 suggested that concurrent load on the central executive dramatically affected the Low Situation Awareness group but not the High Situation Awareness group: the former had significantly more driving violations under central executive load.
Narcissistic Behaviour and the Successful Conservation of Ambivalence
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: May 2010

Central to narcissistic behaviour is the tendency to elicit admiration from others, but it is done in such a high-handed way that these same others are, in time, alienated from the narcissist. This is widely thought to be due to some internal deficit in the narcissist psyche which leads them to fail at what is to them of utmost importance. This paper uses a social rather than an intrapsychic perspective to question the failure hypothesis and to show by means of self-organization theory that the apparent failure can be seen as part of a goal-directed way of conserving an ambivalent autonomy or identity. Narrative descriptions are presented for two cases of female narcissism to illustrate how narcissistic behaviour operates differently in different cases in order to conserve successfully and simultaneously both poles of an ambivalent autonomy.
Sibship Size and Personality
Authors: Vatan Sevginar , Gençöz Faruk , Lester David
Published: May 2010

In a study of 330 Turkish undergraduate students, only children scored higher on measures of hopelessness and suicidality and seemed more concerned with interpersonal relationships.
Multilevel Approach to Stressors, Coping, and Psychopathological Symptoms
Authors: Forns María , Balluerka Nekane , Gómez-Benito Juana , Kirchner Teresa , Amador Juan Antonio
Published: May 2010

A 4-yr. longitudinal study was conducted of the relationship between stressors, coping strategies, and psychopathological symptoms in a group of 447 adolescents. The Coping Responses Inventory–Youth Form and the Youth Self-Report were used to evaluate coping strategies and psychopathological symptoms, respectively. Stressors were identified on the basis of written reports produced by the adolescents and coded using the System of Coding Problems of Adolescents. A multilevel approach showed that scores for externalizing symptoms increased significantly with age. General distress and internalization also tended to increase with age, although without reaching statistical significance. Approach and avoidance coping strategies remain stable across the ages studied. Avoidant coping increases psychopathological symptoms, whereas the influence of approach coping depends on the type of stressor (personal, interpersonal, or nonpersonal).
Compliments and Purchasing Behavior in Telephone Sales Interactions
Authors: Dunyon Josh , Gossling Valerie , Willden Sarah , Seiter John S.
Published: May 2010

A fitness equipment salesperson sold more add-on merchandise and earned a higher commission when complimenting customers (47 men, 41 women) than when not complimenting them during telephone interactions. Compliments did not increase the sales of fitness equipment, however.
Extraversion and Evaluation of Humorous Advertisements
Authors: Styśko-Kunkowska Malgorzata A. , Borecka Dorota
Published: May 2010

Evaluation of humorous advertisements is supposed to be influenced by the perceivers' traits. The present study assessed the relation of extraversion with ratings of eight characteristics of humorous and informative advertisements. 75 high school students viewed the advertisements; a small positive correlation was found between scores on Extraversion and overall positive ratings of the humorous advertisement, but the correlation of scores on Extraversion with overall ratings of the informative advertisement was not statistically significant. Higher scores for Extraversion were positively correlated with more favorable reactions toward the humorous advertisement. Overall ratings of the humorous advertisement were also positively correlated with the humorousness and informativeness ratings, indicating that the more the advertisement was perceived as humorous and informative, the more positive was the overall rating. The later ratings were significantly intercorrelated at rs = .50. The role of extraversion was small but significant in the evaluation of humorous advertisements.
The Value of Mindfulness-Based Methods in Teaching at a Clinical Field Placement
Authors: Gökhan Nurper , Meehan Edward F. , Peters Kevin
Published: May 2010

The value of mindfulness-based methods in an undergraduate field placement was investigated in relation to the acquisition of self-care and other basic clinical competencies. The participants were 22 students in an applied behavioral analysis course, which included a mindfulness-based training module, and 20 students enrolled in an experimental psychology course without mindfulness training. The Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale, the Freiberg Mindfulness Inventory, and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills were used as measurements before and after intervention. Mindfulness-trained participants kept records and were asked to share their personal experiences during supervision and an exit interview. Results demonstrated that training significantly increased mindfulness. Qualitative data indicated enhanced self-care, attention to well-being, self-awareness, active involvement acquiring skills, and empathy and compassion. The need to expand the utility of mindfulness to the realm of education and the importance of including comparison groups with other self-care modules for future studies were discussed.
Content Differences in Suicide Notes by Sex, Age, and Method: A Study of Australian Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David , Haines Janet , Williams Christopher L.
Published: May 2010

A text analysis of 261 suicide notes from Australia identified 13 differences by sex and 24 by age in a set of 74 content variables.
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Health Care Workers in Earthquake-Affected Areas in Southwest China
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Jianxin , Zhou Mingjie , Shi Zhanbiao , Liu Ping
Published: May 2010

The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated risk factors were investigated among health care workers in earthquake-affected areas in southwest China. 343 health care workers completed the Chinese version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised 3 mo. after the Wenchuan Earthquake. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 19%. The significant risk factors identified for PTSD severity included being female, being bereaved, being injured, and higher intensity of initial fear. These findings suggest that PTSD is a common mental health problem among health care workers in earthquake-affected areas. The present information can be useful in directing, strengthening, and evaluating disaster-related mental health needs and interventions after an earthquake.
Personality and Fatigue in Medical Students
Authors: Tanaka Masaaki , Mizuno Kei , Fukuda Sanae , Watanabe Yasuyoshi
Published: May 2010

Among medical students, fatigue is a common complaint and is related to poor academic outcomes. Associations of scores on personality traits and fatigue in medical students were examined. A group of 125 healthy second-year medical students completed a questionnaire about fatigue, the Japanese version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory. On simple regression analyses, the Temperament and Character Inventory dimension of Harm Avoidance was positively associated with Fatigue scores and those on Self-directedness were negatively associated. Similarly, on multiple regression analyses adjusted for age and sex, scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory dimension of Harm Avoidance were positively associated with Fatigue scores, and those for Self-directedness were negatively associated. These correlations were evident even after adjustment for other Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions. The temperament dimension of Harm Avoidance and the character dimension of Self-directedness were both associated with Fatigue in medical students.
Affective Response to a Set of New Musical Stimuli
Authors: Hill W. Trey , Palmer Jack A.
Published: May 2010

Recently, a novel set of musical stimuli was developed in an attempt to bring more rigor to a paradigm which often falls under scientific scrutiny. Although these musical clips were validated in terms of recognition for emotion, valence, and arousal, the clips were not specifically tested for their ability to elicit certain affective responses. The present study examined self-reported “elation” among 82 participants after listening to one of two types of the musical clips; 47 listened to happy music and 35 listened to sad music. Individuals who listened to happy music reported significantly higher “elation” than individuals who listened to the sad music. These results support the idea that music can elicit certain affective state responses.
Using a Case Report of a Patient With Spinal Cord Injury to Illustrate the Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health During Multidisciplinary Patient Management
Authors: Rauch Alexandra , Escorpizo Reuben , Riddle Daniel L. , Eriks-Hoogland Inge , Stucki Gerold , Cieza Alarcos
Published: May 2010

Background and Purpose

Physical therapists require a comprehensive assessment of a patient's functioning status to address multiple problems in patients with severe conditions. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is the universally accepted conceptual model for the description of functioning. Documentation tools have been developed based on ICF Core Sets to be used in multidisciplinary rehabilitation management and specifically by physical therapists. The purposes of this case report are: (1) to apply ICF-based documentation tools to the care of a patient with spinal cord injury and (2) to illustrate the use of ICF-based documentation tools during multidisciplinary patient management.

Case Description

The patient was a 22-year-old man with tetraplegia (C2 level) who was 5 months postinjury. The report describes the integration of the ICF-based documentation tools into the patient's examination, evaluation, prognosis, diagnosis, and intervention while he participated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for 2 months.

Outcomes

The patient's comprehensive functioning status at the beginning of the program, the rehabilitation goals, the intervention plan, and his improvements in functioning following rehabilitation and the according goal achievement were illustrated with physical therapy–specific and multidisciplinary ICF-based documentation tools.

Discussion

This case report illustrates how the ICF-based documentation template for physical therapists summarizes all relevant information to aid the physical therapist's patient management and how ICF-based documentation tools for multidisciplinary care complement one another and thus can be used to enhance multidisciplinary patient management. In addition, the ICF assists in clarifying clinician roles as part of a multidisciplinary team. The case report demonstrates that the ICF can be a viable framework both for physical therapy and multidisciplinary management and for clinical documentation.
Low cost production of computer-generated holograms: from design to optical evaluation
Authors: Moreno Ignacio , Martínez-García Antonio , Nieradko Lukasz , Albero Jorge , Gorecki Christophe
Published: May 2010

In this work we review some optical characterization methods useful for the low cost production of two phase level computer generated holograms (CGH). As an example, binary CGH are designed with an iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA) and fabricated on a silicon master micromachining with a single step of selective dry etch of silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer. The CGH characterization is performed in three steps; a first one involves the application of spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements to accurately measure the thickness of the SiO2 layer. These results permit the evaluation of the relative complex reflectance between the two levels of the developed hologram as a function of the wavelength. In a second step, interference microscopy is applied to directly visualize the phase shift in the SiO2/Si binary phase profile. Finally, the performance and diffraction efficiency of the fabricated CGH is compared for various lasers with different wavelengths. These experimental measurements in these two last steps confirm with very good accuracy the results derived from the spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis. In conjunction, the combination of these well established optical techniques provides a precise optical characterization of binary diffractive optical elements produced with simple and low cost technique, useful for mass production.
Unilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in a patient with cervical dystonia and tremor
Authors: Torres Cristina V. , Moro Elena , Dostrovsky Jonathan O. , Hutchison William D. , Poon Yu-Yan W. , Hodaie Mojgan
Published: May 2010

Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) is the favored neuromodulation procedure in cases of cervical dystonia. The authors report on a case of unilateral GPi implantation that resulted in sustained benefit with marked improvement in pain and dystonia.
Motor cortex stimulation: functional magnetic resonance imaging–localized treatment for three sources of intractable facial pain
Authors: Esfahani Darian R. , Pisansky Marc T. , Dafer Rima M. , Anderson Douglas E.
Published: May 2010

Neuropathic facial pain can be a debilitating condition characterized by stabbing, burning, dysesthetic sensation. With a large range of causes and types, including deafferentation, postherpetic, atypical, and idiopathic, both medicine and neurosurgery have struggled to find effective treatments that address this broad spectrum of facial pain. The authors report the use of motor cortex stimulation to alleviate 3 distinct conditions associated with intractable facial pain: trigeminal deafferentation pain following rhizotomy, deafferentation pain secondary to meningioma, and postherpetic neuralgia. Functional MR imaging was used to localize facial areas on the precentral gyrus prior to surgery. All 3 patients experienced long-lasting complete or near-complete resolution of pain following electrode implantation. Efficacy in pain reduction was achieved through variation of stimulation settings over the course of treatment, and it was assessed using the visual analog scale and narrative report. Surgical complications included moderate postsurgical incisional pain, transient cerebral edema, and intraoperative seizure. The authors' results affirm the efficacy and broaden the application of motor cortex stimulation to several forms of intractable facial pain.
Anti-Proliferative Effect of Camellianin A in Adinandra nitida Leaves and Its Apoptotic Induction in Human Hep G2 and MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Gao Han , Liu Benguo , Liu Feng , Chen Yongsheng
Published: May 2010

Leaves of Adinandra nitida constitute a kind of flavonoid-rich plant food. In this study, camellianin A, the main flavonoid in the leaves of Adinandra nitida,was prepared and identified by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS). In the anticancer assay, it was found camellianin A could inhibit the proliferation of the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma Hep G2 and human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and induce the significant increase of the G0/G1 cell population. After treated by camellianin A, phosphatidylserine of Hep G2 and MCF-7 cells could translocate significantly to the surface of the membrane. The increase of an early apoptotic population of Hep G2 and MCF-7 cells was observed. It was concluded that camellianin A not only affected the progress of the cell cycle, but also induced cells to enter into apoptosis.
Improving Student Critical Thinking Skills Through a Root Cause Analysis Pilot Project
Authors: Tschannen Dana , Aebersold Michelle
Published: May 2010

The
Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice
provides a framework for building the baccalaureate education for the twenty-first century. One of the exemplars included in the essentials toolkit includes student participation in an actual root cause analysis (RCA) or failure mode effects analysis. To align with this exemplar, faculty at the University of Michigan School of Nursing developed a pilot RCA project for the senior-level Leadership and Management course. While working collaboratively with faculty and unit liaisons at the University Health System, students completed an RCA on a nursing sensitive indicator (pain reassessment or plan of care compliance). An overview of the pilot project, including the implementation process, is described. Each team of students identified root causes and recommendations for improvement on clinical and documentation practice within the context of the unit. Feedback from both the unit liaisons and the students confirmed the pilot’s success.
DIFE: A New Model in Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Holloway Kathy , Polaschek Nick , Pool Leanne
Published: May 2010

This article presents a new model of nursing created in 2003 for use in an undergraduate nursing program. It reviews the drivers for the development of an innovative approach to nursing education in a New Zealand educational institution, Whitireia Community Polytechnic. After referring to the literature informing this development, the article briefly outlines the philosophy underpinning a revised curriculum for the program. The article then describes the nursing model created to realize the intention of the revised curriculum, the DIFE framework, consisting of four interrelated phases: Discovery, Interpretation, Facilitation, and Evaluation. It highlights the distinctive educational practices that use of the model in teaching the curriculum produces. In this approach, educational practice embodies a model for clinical practice. Finally, this article reflects on the value of this new model of nursing after 5 years of use.
The Evolution of a Nontraditional Nursing Curriculum in Switzerland
Authors: Simon Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2010

This article introduces the transition of Haute Ecole de Santé Genève (HEDS) from Le Bon Secours (LBS). History reveals that unlike many nursing schools in Switzerland, HEDS absorbed the nurse education culture of the United States. HEDS was influenced by the vision of its founder Dr. Champendal, the support and strategies of the Rockefeller Foundation, American nurse education through its past directors, and eventually the European educational reform. Founded in 1905 with a vision to be in constant evolution, HEDS is still making a difference in the local and global community through opportunities for transcontinental presence for its students. The international vision of this school with new English-speaking strategies will lead HEDS to define and develop nursing science research in Western Europe and Switzerland. This article will inspire academics to initiate steps to provide a unique experience for their nursing students.
Evaluating the effect of wind‐driven patchiness on trophic interactions between zooplankton and phytoplankton
Authors: Blukacz E. A. , Sprules W. G. , Shuter B. J. , Richards J. P.
Published: May 2010

We measured spatial patterns of zooplankton and chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton) with continuous sensors along horizontal transects that were repeatedly sampled (n = 150) under varying wind conditions throughout a growing season in two basins (South Arm and Annie Bay) of Lake Opeongo, Ontario, Canada. Spatially explicit in situ simulations that included activity costs associated with feeding were used to examine the effects of chlorophyll patchiness on the energy gain in different zooplankton communities. Simulations were repeated for several zooplankton size classes (small, large, and bulk) and two communities (all copepods and all cladocerans). For each simulated combination, a spatial energetic differential (SED) was estimated by contrasting the energy that zooplankton could gain using observed spatial patterns in chlorophyll and water temperature with the energy they could gain using uniform concentrations of chlorophyll and water temperature. Large zooplankton showed the greatest SED range across all communities, from a decrease of 8% to a maximum increase of 20%, assuming relatively low costs associated with feeding activity. Small zooplankton had the narrowest SED range. Zooplankton energy gain is sensitive to both the degree of zooplankton‐chlorophyll spatial overlap and energetic costs associated with zooplankton feeding activity. SED values as high as 485% can occur under plausible estimates of activity costs. Wind‐driven increases in spatial overlap between predator and prey can be large enough to substantially alter planktonic trophic interactions.
Coccolithophore dynamics in non‐bloom conditions during late summer in the central Iceland Basin (July‐August 2007)
Authors: Poulton Alex J. , Charalampopoulou Anastasia , Young Jeremy R. , Tarran Glen A. , Lucas Mike I. , Quartlya Graham D.
Published: May 2010

Measurements of primary production (PP), calcification (CF), and coccolithophore abundance were made during late summer (July‐August 2007) in the Iceland Basin. Low numbers of coccolithophore cells and detached coccoliths (< 1 × 103 cells mL−1 and 1‐15 × 103 coccoliths mL−1, respectively) indicated a non‐bloom community, with Emiliania huxleyi as the dominant coccolithophore in terms of abundance, coccolithophore organic biomass, and cell calcite. PP ranged from 0.1 to 2 [mol C m−3 d−1, while CF ranged from 10 to 250 [mol C m−3 d−1, with both typically decreasing with depth. Coccolithophores were estimated to contribute 10‐20% toward total chlorophyll a, phytoplankton carbon, and PP within the euphotic zone. In these non‐bloom conditions, ~ 30‐60% of the total calcite in the water column was present as detached coccoliths rather than whole cells. Both cell numbers and variability in cell‐normalized CF controlled the magnitude of total CF, and hence both physiological limits to cell CF and growth, as well as mortality factors, need to be taken into account when examining oceanic coccolithophore communities. Combining cell‐normalized CF with an estimate of coccolith calcite gave coccolith production rates (0.4‐1.8 h−1) similar to those reported in the literature for laboratory cultures of E. huxleyi. None of the factors currently associated with coccolithophore blooms (irradiance, mixed‐layer depth, nitrate, phosphate, or calcite saturation) showed a clear correlation with community or cellular CF. Hence, although mortality is likely to control cell numbers, other factors such as trace metal (iron) availability may influence coccolithophore physiology in the central Iceland Basin during late summer.
Trends of anthropogenic CO2 storage in North Atlantic water masses
Authors: Pérez F. F. , Vázquez-Rodríguez M. , Mercier H. , Velo A. , Lherminier P. , Ríos A. F.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. A high-quality inorganic carbon system database, spanning over three decades (1981–2006) and comprising of 13 cruises, has allowed the applying of the φC°T method and coming up with estimates of the anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) stored in the main water masses of the North Atlantic. In the studied region, strong convective processes convey surface properties, like Cant, into deeper ocean layers and grants this region an added oceanographic interest from the point of view of air-sea CO2 exchanges. Generally, a tendency for decreasing Cant storage rates towards the deep layers has been observed. In the Iberian Basin, the North Atlantic Deep Water has low Cant concentrations and negligible storage rates, while the North Atlantic Central Water in the upper layers shows the largest Cant values and the largest annual increase of its average concentration (1.13 ± 0.14 μmol kg−1 yr−1). This unmatched rate of change in the Cant concentration of the warm upper limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation decreases towards the Irminger basin (0.68 ± 0.06 μmol kg−1 yr−1) due to the lowering of the buffering capacity. The mid and deep waters in the Irminger Sea show rather similar Cant concentration rates of increase (between 0.33 and 0.45 μmol kg−1 yr−1), whereas in the Iceland basin these layers seem to have been less affected by Cant. Overall, the Cant storage rates in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during the first half of the 1990s, when a high North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase was dominant, are ~48% higher than during the 1997–2006 low NAO phase that followed. This result suggests that a net decrease in the strength of the North Atlantic sink of atmospheric CO2 has taken place during the present decade. The changes in deep-water ventilation are the main driving processes causing this weakening of the North Atlantic CO2 sink.
Tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology of lakes Ohrid and Prespa, Balkans
Authors: Sulpizio R. , Zanchetta G. , D'Orazio M. , Vogel H. , Wagner B.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Four cores from Balkans lakes Ohrid and Prespa were studied for recognition of tephra layers and cryptotephras, and the results presented along with the review of data from other two already published cores from Lake Ohrid. The six cores provide a previously unrealised tephrostratigraphic framework of the two lakes, and supply the first detailed tephrochronologic profile (composite) for the Balkans, which spans from the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the end of the Ancient Age (AD 472). A total of 12 tephra layers and cryptotephras were recognised in the cores. One is of Middle Pleistocene age (131 ky) and correlated to the marine tephra layer P-11 from Pantelleria Island. Eight volcanic layers are Upper Pleistocene in age, and encompass the period between ca. 107 ky and ca. 31 ky. This interval contains some of the main regional volcanic markers of the Central Mediterranean area, including X-6, X-5, Y-5 and Y-3 tephra layers. The other layers of this interval have been related to the marine tephra layers C20, Y-6 and C10, while one was for the first time recognised in distal areas and correlated to the Taurano eruption of probable Vesuvian origin. Three cryptotephras were of Holocene age. Two of which have been correlated to Mercato and AD 472 eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, while the third has been correlated to the FL eruption from Mount Etna. These recognitions provide a link of the Ohrid and Prespa lacustrine successions to other archives of the Central Mediterranean area, like South Adriatic, Ionian, and South Tyrrhenian Seas, lakes of Southern Italy (Lago Grande di Monticchio, Pantano di San Gregorio Magno and Lago di Pergusa) and Balkans (Lake Shkodra).
Service Animals in Health Care Settings
Authors: Iezzoni Lisa I. , Higgins Kate K.
Published: May 2024

This JAMA Insights article reviews Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) rules for patients, visitors, and other members of the public bringing service animals into health care settings.
Causal Inference About the Effects of Interventions From Observational Studies in Medical Journals
Authors: Dahabreh Issa J. , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten
Published: May 2024

Importance

Many medical journals, including JAMA, restrict the use of causal language to the reporting of randomized clinical trials. Although well-conducted randomized clinical trials remain the preferred approach for answering causal questions, methods for observational studies have advanced such that causal interpretations of the results of well-conducted observational studies may be possible when strong assumptions hold. Furthermore, observational studies may be the only practical source of information for answering some questions about the causal effects of medical or policy interventions, can support the study of interventions in populations and settings that reflect practice, and can help identify interventions for further experimental investigation. Identifying opportunities for the appropriate use of causal language when describing observational studies is important for communication in medical journals.

Observations

A structured approach to whether and how causal language may be used when describing observational studies would enhance the communication of research goals, support the assessment of assumptions and design and analytic choices, and allow for more clear and accurate interpretation of results. Building on the extensive literature on causal inference across diverse disciplines, we suggest a framework for observational studies that aim to provide evidence about the causal effects of interventions based on 6 core questions: what is the causal question; what quantity would, if known, answer the causal question; what is the study design; what causal assumptions are being made; how can the observed data be used to answer the causal question in principle and in practice; and is a causal interpretation of the analyses tenable?

Conclusions and Relevance

Adoption of the proposed framework to identify when causal interpretation is appropriate in observational studies promises to facilitate better communication between authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. Practical implementation will require cooperation between editors, authors, and reviewers to operationalize the framework and evaluate its effect on the reporting of empirical research.
Telehealth Experience Among Patients With Limited English Proficiency
Authors: Rodriguez Jorge A. , Khoong Elaine C. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Lyles Courtney R. , Bates David W. , Samal Lipika
Published: May 2024

This cross-sectional study assesses the implication of patients’ English language skills for telehealth use and visit experience.
Comprehensive Bridging Radiotherapy for Limited Pre-CART Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Saifi Omran , Breen William G. , Rule William G. , Lin Yi , Munoz Javier , Kharfan-Dabaja Mohamed A. , Peterson Jennifer L.
Published: May 2024

This cohort study examines the role of comprehensive bridging radiotherapy in the setting of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Place-Based Measures of Inequity and Vision Difficulty and Blindness
Authors: Hicks Patrice M. , Lin George , Newman-Casey Paula Anne , Niziol Leslie M. , Lu Ming-Chen , Woodward Maria A. , Elam Angela R. , Musch David C. , Mehdipanah Roshanak , Ehrlich Joshua R. , Rein David B.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Known social risk factors associated with poor visual and systemic health in the US include segregation, income inequality, and persistent poverty.

Objective

To investigate the association of vision difficulty, including blindness, in neighborhoods with measures of inequity (Theil H index, Gini index, and persistent poverty).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the 2012-2016 American Community Survey and 2010 US census tracts as well as Theil H index, Gini index, and persistent poverty measures from PolicyMap. Data analysis was completed in July 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was the number of census tract residents reporting vision difficulty and blindness (VDB) and the association with the Theil H index, Gini index, or persistent poverty, assessed using logistic regression.

Results

In total, 73 198 census tracts were analyzed. For every 0.1-unit increase in Theil H index and Gini index, there was an increased odds of VDB after controlling for census tract–level median age, the percentage of the population that identified as female sex, the percentage of the population that identified as a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, state, and population size (Theil H index: odds ratio [OR], 1.14 [95% CI, 1.14-1.14; P < .001]; Gini index: OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.15-1.15; P < .001]). Persistent poverty was associated with an increased odds of VDB after controlling for census tract–level median age, the percentage of the population that identified as female sex, the percentage of the population that identified as a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, state, and population size compared with nonpersistent poverty (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.35-1.36; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, residential measures of inequity through segregation, income inequality, or persistent poverty were associated with a greater number of residents living with VDB. It is essential to understand and address how neighborhood characteristics can impact rates of VDB.
Resorcinol‐Phthalaldehyde Resins for Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide: Modulation of Electronic Structure and Integration of Dual Channel Pathway
Authors: Chen Zhong , Chu Chengcheng , Yao Ducheng , Li Qiuju , Mao Shun
Published: May 2024

Modulating of electronic structure of photocatalyst and integration of dual channel pathway are promising strategy for efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from pure water without sacrificial agent and oxygen exposure. In this work, nontoxic aromatic dialdehyde is used to replace the commonly used toxic formaldehyde to form resorcinol‐phthalaldehyde resins through a hydrothermal method. The introducing of aromatic ring as π spacer increases the separation distance of electrons and holes to avoid their recombination. H2O2 can be produced via integrated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and water oxidation reaction (WOR) due to the suitable energy band positions and spatially separated reaction sites. Resorcinol‐p‐phthalaldehyde (RP) resin exhibits a promising H2O2 yield of 3351 µmol g−1 h−1 with high apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 14.9% at 420 nm and solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 1.54%. This work provides a simple strategy to modulate the charge separation efficiency and redox reaction pathway on photocatalyst at molecular level design.
Cross‐Scale Synergistic Manipulation of Dielectric Genes in Polymetallic Sulfides from Micropolarization to Macroconductance Toward Wide‐Band Microwave Absorption
Authors: Cheng Junye , Li Yao , Raza Hassan , Che Renchao , Jin Yongheng , Ye Shulong , Wang Shun , Zhang Deqing , Zheng Guangping
Published: May 2024

Recently, the design and development of efficient microwave absorbents by facile engineering approaches have attracted much attention. Particularly, some unique structures caused by cross‐scale design are promising in enhancing the absorbing capability toward microwave irradiation. Herein, the cross‐scale design strategy is implemented to enhance the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of polymetallic sulfides (PMS). In PMS, the dipole polarization unit is optimized, and the distribution of electronic states is improved by doping Ti atoms; Meanwhile, the MS/M3S4 homogeneous hetero‐phases interfaces is constructed in PMS using a phase separation strategy; and the conductivity of PMS is modulated by the addition of acetylene black (ACET). The cross‐scale synergy of microwave absorption leads to a significant enhancement of the microwave absorption (MA) performance of PMS/ACET composites. The optimal reflection loss value of Ti‐LES with 10% ACET addition reaches −55.49 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 6.73 GHz. The 17.5% ACET‐conditioned Ti‐HES achieves a reflection loss of −37.2 dB at a low frequency of 4.8 GHz. This study not only provides a novel strategy for the development of new broadband MA materials but also validates a new idea for the multi‐scale synergistic optimization of MA materials.
Injectable Thermosensitive Gel CH‐BPNs‐NBP for Effective Periodontitis Treatment through ROS‐Scavenging and Jaw Vascular Unit Protection
Authors: Wang Yuli , Yuan Yuqing , Wang Ruyu , Wang Tianxiao , Guo Fanyi , Bian Yifeng , Wang Tianyao , Ma Qian , Yuan Hua , Du Yifei , Jin Jianliang , Jiang Huijun , Han Feng , Jiang Jiandong , Pan Yongchu , Wang Lulu , Wu Fan
Published: May 2024

Periodontitis, a prevalent inflammatory condition in the oral cavity, is closely associated with oxidative stress‐induced tissue damage mediated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The jaw vascular unit (JVU), encompassing both vascular and lymphatic vessels, plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis and contributes to the pathological process in inflammatory diseases of the jaw. This study presents a novel approach for treating periodontitis through the development of an injectable thermosensitive gel (CH‐BPNs‐NBP). The gel formulation incorporates black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs), which are notable for their ROS‐scavenging properties, and dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide (NBP), a vasodilator that promotes lymphatic vessel function within the JVU. These results demonstrate that the designed thermosensitive gel serve as a controlled release system, delivering BPNs and NBP to the site of inflammation. CH‐BPNs‐NBP not only protects macrophages and human lymphatic endothelial cells from ROS attack but also promotes M2 polarization and lymphatic function. In in vivo studies, this work observes a significant reduction in inflammation and tissue damage, accompanied by a notable promotion of alveolar bone regeneration. This research introduces a promising therapeutic strategy for periodontitis, leveraging the unique properties of BPNs and NBP within an injectable thermosensitive gel.
Addressing the Carbonate Issue: Electrocatalysts for Acidic CO2 Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wu Weixing , Xu Liangpang , Lu Qian , Sun Jiping , Xu Zhanyou , Song Chunshan , Yu Jimmy C. , Wang Ying
Published: May 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) powered by renewable energy provides a promising route to CO2 conversion and utilization. However, the widely used neutral/alkaline electrolyte consumes a large amount of CO2 to produce (bi)carbonate byproducts, leading to significant challenges at the device level, thereby impeding the further deployment of this reaction. Conducting CO2RR in acidic electrolytes offers a promising solution to address the “carbonate issue”; however, it presents inherent difficulties due to the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, necessitating concerted efforts toward advanced catalyst and electrode designs to achieve high selectivity and activity. This review encompasses recent developments of acidic CO2RR, from mechanism elucidation to catalyst design and device engineering. This review begins by discussing the mechanistic understanding of the reaction pathway, laying the foundation for catalyst design in acidic CO2RR. Subsequently, an in‐depth analysis of recent advancements in acidic CO2RR catalysts is provided, highlighting heterogeneous catalysts, surface immobilized molecular catalysts, and catalyst surface enhancement. Furthermore, the progress made in device‐level applications is summarized, aiming to develop high‐performance acidic CO2RR systems. Finally, the existing challenges and future directions in the design of acidic CO2RR catalysts are outlined, emphasizing the need for improved selectivity, activity, stability, and scalability.
Constructing Ru‐O‐TM Bridge in NiFe‐LDH Enables High Current Hydrazine‐assisted H2 Production
Authors: Zhu Yin , Chen Yanxu , Feng Yafei , Meng Xiangmin , Xia Jing , Zhang Genqiang
Published: May 2024

Hydrazine oxidation‐assisted water splitting is a critical technology to tackle the high energy consumption in large‐scale H2 production. Ru‐based electrocatalysts hold promise for synergetic hydrogen reduction (HER) and hydrazine oxidation (HzOR) catalysis but are hindered by excessive superficial adsorption of reactant intermediate. Herein, this work designs Ru cluster anchoring on NiFe‐LDH (denoted as Ruc/NiFe‐LDH), which effectively enhances the intermediate adsorption capacity of Ru by constructing Ru─O─Ni/Fe bridges. Notably, it achieves an industrial current density of 1 A cm−2 at an unprecedentedly low voltage of 0.43 V, saving 3.94 kWh m−3H2 in energy, and exhibits remarkable stability over 120 h at a high current density of 5 A cm−2. Advanced characterizations and theoretical calculation reveal that the presence of Ru─O─Ni/Fe bridges widens the d‐band width (Wd) of the Ru cluster, leading to a lower d‐band center and higher electron occupation on antibonding orbitals, thereby facilitating moderate adsorption energy and enhanced catalytic activity of Ru.
Rapid Surface Reconstruction of In2S3 Photoanode via Flame Treatment for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Jeong Yoo Jae , Tan Runfa , Nam Seongsik , Lee Jong Ho , Kim Sung Kyu , Lee Tae Gyu , Shin Seong Sik , Zheng Xiaolin , Cho In Sun
Published: May 2024

Surface reconstruction, reorganizing the surface atoms or structure, is a promising strategy to manipulate materials' electrical, electrochemical, and surface catalytic properties. Herein, a rapid surface reconstruction of indium sulfide (In2S3) is demonstrated via a high‐temperature flame treatment to improve its charge collection properties. The flame process selectively transforms the In2S3 surface into a diffusionless In2O3 layer with high crystallinity. Additionally, it controllably generates bulk sulfur vacancies within a few seconds, leading to surface‐reconstructed In2S3 (sr‐In2S3). When using those sr‐In2S3 as photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting devices, these dual functions of surface In2O3/bulk In2S3 reduce the charge recombination in the surface and bulk region, thus improving photocurrent density and stability. With optimized surface reconstruction, the sr‐In2S3 photoanode demonstrates a significant photocurrent density of 8.5 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), marking a 2.5‐fold increase compared to pristine In2S3 (3.5 mA cm−2). More importantly, the sr‐In2S3 photoanode exhibits an impressive photocurrent density of 7.3 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V versus RHE for iodide oxidation reaction. A practical and scalable surface reconstruction is also showcased via flame treatment. This work provides new insights for surface reconstruction engineering in sulfide‐based semiconductors, making a breakthrough in developing efficient solar‐fuel energy devices.
High‐Voltage Spinel Cathode Materials: Navigating the Structural Evolution for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Xiaobo , Huang Aoyu , Martens Isaac , Vostrov Nikita , Sun Yongqi , Richard Marie‐Ingrid , Schülli Tobias U. , Wang Lianzhou
Published: May 2024

High‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel oxides are highly promising cobalt‐free cathode materials to cater to the surging demand for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, commercial application of LNMOs is still challenging despite decades of research. To address the challenge, the understanding of their crystallography and structural evolutions during synthesis and electrochemical operation is critical. This review aims to illustrate and to update the fundamentals of crystallography, phase transition mechanisms, and electrochemical behaviors of LNMOs. First, the research history of LNMO and its development into a LIB cathode material is outlined. Then the structural basics of LNMOs including the classic and updated views of the crystal polymorphism, interconversion between the polymorphs, and structure‐composition relationship is reviewed. Afterward, the phase transition mechanisms of LNMOs that connect structural and electrochemical properties are comprehensively discussed from fundamental thermodynamics to operando dynamics at intra‐ and inter‐particle levels. In addition, phase evolutions during overlithiation as well as thermal‐/electrochemical‐driven phase transformations of LNMOs are also discussed. Finally, recommendations are offered for the further development of LNMOs as well as other complex materials to unlock their full potential for future sustainable and powerful batteries.
A Customized Biohybrid Presenting Cascade Responses to Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Li Feiyu , Zhu Peipei , Zheng Bingzhu , Lu Zijie , Fang Chao , Fu Yike , Li Xiang
Published: May 2024

Intrinsic characteristics of microorganisms, including non‐specific metabolism sites, toxic byproducts, and uncontrolled proliferation constrain their exploitation in medical applications such as tumor therapy. Here, the authors report an engineered biohybrid that can efficiently target cancerous sites through a pre‐determined metabolic pathway to enable precise tumor ablation. In this system, DH5α Escherichia coli is engineered by the introduction of hypoxia‐inducible promoters and lactate oxidase genes, and further surface‐armored with iron‐doped ZIF‐8 nanoparticles. This bioengineered E. coli can produce and secrete lactate oxidase to reduce lactate concentration in response to hypoxic tumor microenvironment, as well as triggering immune activation. The peroxidase‐like functionality of the nanoparticles extends the end product of the lactate metabolism, enabling the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals. This, coupled with the transformation of tirapazamine loaded on nanoparticles to toxic benzotriazinyl, culminates in severe tumor cell ferroptosis. Intravenous injection of this biohybrid significantly inhibits tumor growth and metastasis.