bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESSG-based global spatial reference frame for datasets interrelation
Authors: Yu J. Q. , Wu L. X. , Jia Y. J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. To know well about the highly complex earth system, a large volume of, as well as a large variety of, datasets on the planet Earth are being obtained, distributed, and shared worldwide everyday. However, seldom of existing systems concentrates on the distribution and interrelation of different datasets in a common Global Spatial Reference Frame (GSRF), which holds an invisble obstacle to the data sharing and scientific collaboration. Group on Earth Obeservation (GEO) has recently established a new GSRF, named Earth System Spatial Grid (ESSG), for global datasets distribution, sharing and interrelation in its 2012–2015 WORKING PLAN.The ESSG may bridge the gap among different spatial datasets and hence overcome the obstacles. This paper is to present the implementation of the ESSG-based GSRF. A reference spheroid, a grid subdvision scheme, and a suitable encoding system are required to implement it. The radius of ESSG reference spheroid was set to the double of approximated Earth radius to make datasets from different areas of earth system science being covered. The same paramerters of positioning and orienting as Earth Centred Earth Fixed (ECEF) was adopted for the ESSG reference spheroid to make any other GSRFs being freely transformed into the ESSG-based GSRF. Spheroid degenerated octree grid with radius refiment (SDOG-R) and its encoding method were taken as the grid subdvision and encoding scheme for its good performance in many aspects. A triple (C, T, A) model is introduced to represent and link different datasets based on the ESSG-based GSRF. Finally, the methods of coordinate transformation between the ESSGbased GSRF and other GSRFs were presented to make ESSG-based GSRF operable and propagable.
Detection of discrepancies in land-use classification using multitemporal Ikonos satellite data
Authors: Gilichinsky M. , Peled A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Geoinformation systems (GIS) and other spatial databases containing land-use data are usually subjected to intensive change processes that impact the quality of their inherent classification and diminish its relevance. Consequently, with time, databases accumulate various types of erroneous information. The combination of the satellite data with the thematic land-use data from a core national GIS, provides an excellent case for GIS-driven analysis of land-use changes. The aim of this research was to assess the land-use changes using time-series of optical Ikonos satellite data. An area of ∼35 km2 in the north of Israel served as the study case of the research. Seven land-use classes were detected in the relevant National GIS spatial database layers updated in the year 2000 and further in the year 2009. These seven type-classes were: water bodies, residential areas, agricultural fields, badlands, natural forests, build-up areas, and plantations. The Iterative discriminant analysis (IDA) algorithm was applied on both GIS datasets using corresponding Ikonos images acquired in 2002 and 2010, respectfully. The IDA process resulted with a re-classification of the initial land-use polygons. It was assessed by validating the classification of all the land-use polygons. Comparing with Ikonos image from the year 2002, the fraction of the polygons that were correctly detected as consistent with the corresponding GIS dataset (77.9%) was relatively close to the fraction of polygons correctly detected as discrepant (75.5%). Classification of Ikonos image from the year 2010 showed that 81.9% of the land-use polygons were correctly detected as consistent whereas the fraction of polygons that were correctly detected as discrepant was about (78.3%). The main advantage of the proposed GIS-driven methodology for detection of changes in land-use classification is its analytical simplicity that allows for straightforward employment of spectral and spatial data in the classification process.
Point cloud registration and virtual realization of large scale and more complex historical structures
Authors: Altuntas C. , Yildiz F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Digital information technology always needs more information about object and its relations. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) models of historical structures are created for visualize and documentation of them. Laser scanner performs collecting spatial data with fast and high density. 3D modeling is extensively performed by terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) with high accuracy. At the same time, point cloud registration of large scale objects must be performed precisely for high accuracy 3D modeling. In this study, 3D model was created by measuring the historical Mevlana Museum in Konya with terrestrial laser scanner. Outside and inside point clouds were registered relation one of the point clouds selected from the measurements. In addition accuracy evaluation was performed for created point cloud model. In addition, important details were specifically imaged by mapping photographs onto the point cloud and detail measurements were given.
Line-based Classification of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data using Conditional Random Field
Authors: Luo C. , Sohn G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This paper describes a line-based classification method, which labels TLS point clouds into vertical object, ground, tree and low objects. A local classifier implements labeling task on individual site independently of its neighborhood, the inference of which often suffers from similar local appearance across different object classes. In this paper, we describe an approach using contextual information as postclassification improvement to a local generative classifier. The contextual information is expected to compensate for ambiguity in objects' visual appearance. A generative classifier is produced using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), model parameters of which are iteratively optimized with Expectation-Maximization (EM). The model we use to incorporate contextual information is the Conditional Random Field (CRF), which improves the classification results obtained from GMM-EM classifier by incorporating neighborhood interactions among labeled objects as well as local appearance. The proposed method was validated with three TLS datasets acquired from RIEGL LMS-Z390i scanner using cross validation.
Comparison of working efficiency of terrestrial laser scanner in day and night conditions
Authors: Arslan A. E. , Kalkan K.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Terrestrial Laser Scanning is a popular and widely used technique to scan existing objects, document historical sites and items, and remodel them if and when needed. Their ability to collect thousands of point data per second makes them an invaluable tool in many areas from engineering to historical reconstruction. There are many scanners in the market with different technical specifications. One main technical specification of laser scanners is range and illumination. In this study, it is tested to be determined the optimal working times of a laser scanner and the scanners consistency with its specifications sheet. In order to conduct this work, series of GNSS measurements in Istanbul Technical University have been carried out, connected to the national reference network, to determine precise positions of target points and the scanner, which makes possible to define a precise distance between the scanner and targets. Those ground surveys has been used for calibration and registration purposes. Two different scan campaigns conducted at 12 am and 11 pm to compare working efficiency of laser scanner in different illumination conditions and targets are measured with a handheld spectro-radiometer in order to determine their reflective characteristics. The obtained results are compared and their accuracies have been analysed.
Developing a registration entry and query system within the scope of harmonizing of the orthophoto metadata with the international standards
Authors: Şahin İ. , Alkış Z.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Increase in the number of satellites and the utilization of digital cameras in the aerial photography has spread the use of satellite image and oriented aerial photograph as real or near-real time resolution, accessible, cost effective spatial data. Co-registered images or aerial photos corrected for the height variations and orthogonality (scale) have become an essential input for geographical information systems and spatial decision making due to their integration with the other spatial data. Beyond that, images and photographs compose infrastructure for the other information in usage of spatial data with the help of the access and query facility web providing. Although the issue of the aerial photo ortho-rectification has been solved long ago, the problems related with the storage of huge amount of photos and images, their management, processes, and user accesses have been raised. These subjects concern the multitudinous private and governmental institutes. Some governmental organizations and private companies have gained the technical ability to perform these works in recent times. This situation has lead to significant increase in the amount of aerial photograph taking and processing in one year for whole country. General Command of Mapping has been using digital aerial camera since 2008 for the photograph taking. The total area covered by the satellite images, purchased for different purposes, and the aerial photographs, taken for some revision purposes or demands of governmental and private institutes, has reached up to 200.000 km². It is considered that, colored and high resolution orthophotos of the whole country can be achieved within four years; provided that the annual production would continue similarly without any increase in amount. From the numbers given above, it is clear and inevitable that the orthophoto production procedure must be improved in order to produce orthophotos in the same year just after the photograph takings. Necessary studies about the storage, management and presentation of the huge amounts of orthophoto images to the users must be started immediately. In this study; metadata components of the produced orthophotos compatible with the international standards have been defined, a relational database has been created to keep complete and accurate metadata, and a user interface has been developed to insert the metadata into the database. Through the developed software, some extra time has been saved while creating and querying the metadata.
TanDEM-X Mission: Overview and Evaluation of intermediate Results
Authors: Soergel U. , Jacobsen K. , Schack L.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The German Aerospace Center (DLR, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) currently conducts the bistatic interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Mission TanDEM-X, which shall result in a DEM of global coverage in an unprecedented resolution and accuracy according to DTED level 3 standard. The mission is based on the two SAR satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X that have been launched in June 2007 and 2010, respectively. After the commissioning phase of TanDEM satellite and the orbital adjustment the bistatic image acquisition in close formation began end of 2010. The data collection for the mission is scheduled to last about three years, i.e., the bigger part of the required data have been already gathered. Based on this data DLR will conduct several processing steps in order to come up finally with a global and seamless DEM of the Earth's landmass which shall meet the envisaged specifications. Since the entire mission is an endeavor in the framework of a private-public-partnership, the private partner, Astrium, will eventually commercialize the DEM product. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the data collection and the deliverables that will come along with TanDEM-X mission. Furthermore, we will analyze a DEM derived from early stage immediate products of the mission.
Supporting spatial data harmonization process with the use of ontologies and Semantic Web technologies
Authors: Strzelecki M. , Iwaniak A. , Łukowicz J. , Kaczmarek I.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Nowadays, spatial information is not only used by professionals, but also by common citizens, who uses it for their daily activities. Open Data initiative states that data should be freely and unreservedly available for all users. It also applies to spatial data. As spatial data becomes widely available it is essential to publish it in form which guarantees the possibility of integrating it with other, heterogeneous data sources. Interoperability is the possibility to combine spatial data sets from different sources in a consistent way as well as providing access to it. Providing syntactic interoperability based on well-known data formats is relatively simple, unlike providing semantic interoperability, due to the multiple possible data interpretation. One of the issues connected with the problem of achieving interoperability is data harmonization. It is a process of providing access to spatial data in a representation that allows combining it with other harmonized data in a coherent way by using a common set of data product specification. Spatial data harmonization is performed by creating definition of reclassification and transformation rules (mapping schema) for source application schema. Creation of those rules is a very demanding task which requires wide domain knowledge and a detailed look into application schemas. The paper focuses on proposing methods for supporting data harmonization process, by automated or supervised creation of mapping schemas with the use of ontologies, ontology matching methods and Semantic Web technologies.
Assessing hydrometeorological impacts with terrestrial and aerial Lidar data in Monterrey, México
Authors: Yepez Rincon F. , Lozano Garcia D. , Vela Coiffier P. , Rivera Rivera L.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Light Detection Ranging (Lidar) is an efficient tool to gather points reflected from a terrain and store them in a xyz coordinate system, allowing the generation of 3D data sets to manage geoinformation. Translation of these coordinates, from an arbitrary system into a geographical base, makes data feasible and useful to calculate volumes and define topographic characteristics at different scales. Lidar technological advancement in topographic mapping enables the generation of highly accurate and densely sampled elevation models, which are in high demand by many industries like construction, mining and forestry. This study merges terrestrial and aerial Lidar data to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools assessing volumetric changes after a hurricane event of riverbeds and scour bridges The resulted information could be an optimal approach to improve hydrological and hydraulic models, to aid authorities in proper to decision making in construction, urban planning, and homeland security.
Autonomy – A leading principle in the end-of-life decision making?
Authors: Peterková Helena
Published: October 2013

Objective: The objective of this paper is to introduce some of the most specific legal regulations on informed consent and patient’s will and to show the limits of the recognition of patient’s autonomy, especially as the end-of-life issues are regarded. Autonomy of a competent patient is often presented as an overwhelming argument in the end-of-life debate, regardless whether in the context of life termination on request or in the decision making about withdrawal or withholding of the treatment. Despite of the general opinion, that decriminalization of life termination on request is legitimately based on the respect for the patient’s wishes to die, even in the world most liberal end-of-life law of Benelux countries the legal concept seems to be built in a considerably different and more sophisticated way, as it does not solely rely on the request of the patient to be administered the lethal dose. Basically, the will of a competent patient to be let die is to be understood as a reason for the doctors to omit the further medical treatment, even if this omission leads to death of the patient. To the contrary, no actively caused death, as well as actively caused grievous injuries which are not a result of an acknowledged proper treatment, can be pleaded lawful with the reference to the consent of the patient. With this paper, the extent of exercising patient’s autonomy concerning the specific law on euthanasia in some European countries was examined to show on these examples the perhaps too overestimated factual impact of the autonomy principle in the medical law. Methods: Whilst comparing the most liberal legal systems in the world (among others the Swiss and Dutch ones) in which either life termination on request and/or assisted suicide was conditionally decriminalised, a critical analysis was performed to show to what extent and under which circumstances represents the will of a competent patient a defence to a doctor who provided the patient with life termination on request or assisted suicide or let the patient die. Results: According to the analysis, in no legal jurisdiction in the world the will (incl. consent and request) of the patient as such can serve as a full defence; for decriminalisation of the life termination on request or assisted suicide the fulfilment of other criteria must be reached. Conclusions: Although the will of the patient can with no doubt be understood as a conditio sine qua non for decriminalisation of life termination on request and/or assisted suicide, without being accomplished with other legal requirements it cannot be pleaded as full defence. Therefore, as the area of end-of-life decision making is concerned, the primacy of principle of autonomy should not be automatically taken for granted.
Crystal Structure, and Magnetic and Fluorescence Properties of a New Terbium(III) Complex, [Tb(L)3(2,2´-bipy)(DMF)]·(2,2´-bipy)
Authors: Yang Ying-Qun , Zhang Shao-Hua , Tan Hong-Bo , Fu Li-Xia
Published: October 2013

A new Tb(III) complex, [Tb(L)3(2,2´-bipy)(DMF)]·(2,2´- bipy) (1), has been synthesized with 2-benzoylbenzoic acid (HL) and 2,2´-bipyridine (2,2´-bipy) as ligands. In 1, the Tb(III) ion is coordinated by nine atoms to give a distorted tri-capped trigonal-prismatic geometry. The magnetic and fluorescence properties of 1 are discussed. Compound 1 is paramagnetic in the temperature range of 300 - 24 K, and when the temperature decreases from 22 to 2 K, it exhibits weak ferromagnetism. The compound shows four intense fluorescence emission bands arising from the transitions of Tb3+: 5D4→7F6 (492 nm), 5D4→7F5 (546 nm), 5D4→7F4 (590 nm) and 5D4 →7F3 (622 nm) with an excitation wavelength of 315 nm.
Synthesis, Structural Investigation and Characterization of an α-Keggin-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid, [Cu(BIIM)2]{[Cu(BIIM)2(H2O)][Cu(BIIM)2BW12O40]·3H2O}2 (BIIM = 2,2´-Biimidazole)
Authors: Wei Lin-Heng , Wang Zi-Liang , Li Ming-Xue
Published: October 2013

An organic-inorganic hybrid based on the α-Keggin anion [BW12O40]5-, [Cu(BIIM)2] {[Cu(BIIM)2(H2O)][Cu(BIIM)2BW12O40]·3H2O}2 (BIIM=2,2´biimidazole) (1) was hydrothermally prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV spectra. Compound 1 is composed of [Cu(BIIM)2]2+ and [Cu(BIIM)2(H2O)]2+ cations and a [Cu(BIIM)2BW12O40]3- polyanion, in which the [BW12O40]5- anion is decorated by one [Cu(BIIM)2]2+ cation through one terminal oxygen atom. These components are finally arranged through hydrogen bonds into a twodimensional network. Investigations of the intermolecular interactions by Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots indicate that besides the classical N-H···O hydrogen bonds, there are rare W- O(terminal)···π(imidazole ring) interactions stabilizing the structure.
Syntheses of Two Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with 2-(1H-Imidazolyl-1- methyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylate Ligands and Their Effect on Cardiac Fibroblasts Proliferation
Authors: Wang Ying , Yan Shuxun , Zhang Yanzhou , Sun Lina , Wei Zihan
Published: October 2013

Two new isostructural complexes based on 2-(1H-imidazolyl-1-methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (imb) and di-anionic 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (bdic), namely, {[Co(bdic)(imb)2(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Ni(bdic)(imb)2(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (2), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal Xray diffraction. Both complexes possess a chain structure with the di-anionic bdic groups bridging the metal ions. The imb ligands coordinate the metal ions in a monodentate mode at two sides of the main chain. These chains are further packed into 3D networks through five kinds of hydrogen bonds. The in vitro effect of 1 and 2 on cultured cardiac fibroblasts (CF) proliferation in the presence or absence of excessive angiotensin II (AngII) have been investigated by a flow cytometric assay. The results have indicated that both complexes have no obvious effect on the cell cycle distribution of CF, but they can suppress the CF proliferation induced by AngII.
Mathematical Explorations: Rethink Your Drink
Authors: Ebby Caroline B.
Published: October 2013

An activity uses the visual element of sugar cubes to examine how much sugar is included in drinks packaged in various sizes. Activity sheets are included.
Echinocandins for candidemia: a rational choice
Authors: Menichetti Francesco , Tagliaferri Enrico
Published: October 2013

Among antifungal drugs, echinocandins (micafungin, caspofungin and anidulafungin) represent a rational choice for the first-line therapy of candidemia/invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. Among other properties characterizing echinocandins, it’s important to emphasize the broad spectrum of activity, the fungicidal activity against the majority of Candida spp., and the activity against the biofilm. Furthermore, echinocandins show greater efficacy than conventional amphotericin B and fluconazole, and similar efficacy to liposomal amphotericin B (but they are less toxic). Finally, echinocandins are recommended at the highest level of evidence (AI) for the treatment of invasive candidiasis by IDSA and ESCMID guidelines.
Informed consent of the critically ill patient and drug therapy: legal aspects
Authors: Fresa Riccardo
Published: October 2013

Legal issues concerning the doctor-patient relationship are numerous, and belong to the wider field of professional liability in health care. This article will be dealt with the issues related to informed consent in patients temporarily unable to express consent, or patients who are in a state of temporary incapacity. If the patients are temporarily incapable, and therefore are not able to receive the information nor to express consent to treatment, the physicians’ duty to provide medical treatment and the patients’ self-determination should be considered: the patients can consent or refuse treatment only if able to understand the significance of their decision. If a patient is temporarily unable to give consent and the practitioner doesn’t have at his/her disposal a valid document reporting the patient’s wishes, it’s necessary to rely on the so called “amministratore di sostegno” (introduced in the Italian legal system by Law n. 6 of January 9th, 2004). But in the case of not deferrable treatment, as a lifesaving intervention, the rule is in dubio pro life meaning that a doctor is always legitimized by this situation of urgent need, regardless of the informed consent of the patient and/or third parties.
The management of critical bleeding in obstetrics
Authors: Lancé Marcus D.
Published: October 2013

Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the most frequent causes of maternal death: worldwide it contributes for a 25% of deaths. The risk of death from pregnancy complications has decreased dramatically over the last few decades, but several evidences show they have not yet been reduced to a minimum. There is therefore the need for a further improvement in the quality of medical care. Purpose of this paper is to briefly outline an overview of the definition of PPH, with an illustration of the possible causes and treatments currently available. WHO defined PPH as excessive bleeding > 500 ml after vaginal delivery and severe PPH as bleeding in excess of 1,000 ml after vaginal delivery, but a variety of definitions for PPH have been proposed, yet no single satisfactory definition exists. Another crucial item regards the estimation of blood loss, too often based on a visual assessment and, therefore, inaccurate and minimized. However, in medical literature there are no specific classifications for severe bleeding in obstetrics. During pregnancy there are several changes in coagulation state: because haemostatic reference intervals are generally based on samples from non-pregnant women, this can cause a further difficulty in doing an accurate diagnosis and treatment of haemostatic disorders during pregnancy. In the treatment of critical bleeding in trauma patients have been developed some new insights that may be applied, at least partially, in the management of bleeding patients in obstetrics. In recent years it has been developed an approach called “Damage control resuscitation”, which combines to the surgery a medical treatment aimed at correcting the underlying coagulopathy. This approach is based on three items: minimise use of crystalloids and colloids; optimise fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to red blood cells (RBC) ratio; make an appropriate use of antifibrinolitic agents, fibrinogen and cryoprecipitate.
Les égarements de l’imagination, ou le roman raisonné de Philippe-Louis Gérard
Authors: Brodeur Pierre-Olivier
Published: October 2013

L’article examine le discours religieux sur le roman tel qu’il se manifeste dans un roman édifiant de la fin du xviiie siècle, Le Comte de Valmont, ou les égarements de la raison (1774), de l’écrivain antiphilosophique Philippe-Louis Gérard (1737-1813). Ce roman épistolaire est une des rares oeuvres de l’époque à critiquer aussi violemment le genre romanesque. Loin de se cantonner aux traditionnelles attaques sur la moralité du roman, la critique de Gérard insiste particulièrement sur les effets pernicieux de l’imagination telle que l’exploite le roman, laquelle opère une distorsion dans l’esprit du lecteur qui en vient à confondre le réel et l’imaginaire. Pour Gérard, l’imagination est ainsi non seulement la source des passions, mais également l’ennemie de la raison qui seule peut atteindre la vérité, c’est-à-dire les dogmes fondamentaux du christianisme. En mettant de l’avant une conception de l’imagination réduite à une puissance qui égare la raison, Gérard s’oppose à une longue tradition de penseurs qui, d’Aristote à Pascal en passant par Montaigne et François de Sales, ont réservé à l’imagination une place légitime dans les processus cognitifs. Son roman Le Comte de Valmont manifeste ce rejet complet de l’imagination par l’exploitation d’une poétique de la raison : l’oeuvre est structurée en fonction des thèmes abordés et des discussions philosophiques et théologiques qui sont les véritables moteurs de l’action dans le roman. Le cas de Gérard permet ainsi de constater que le débat sur le roman doit être envisagé comme une partie intégrante de débats plus larges, qui mettent en cause le potentiel cognitif de la fiction narrative et, plus généralement, le rapport de l’homme à la vérité.
An MHD model of Ganymede's mini‐magnetosphere suggests that the heliosphere forms in a sub‐Alfvénic flow
Authors: Kivelson Margaret Galland , Jia Xianzhe
Published: October 2013

Directional fluxes of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer spacecraft reveal a Ribbon of strong emission whose source lies beyond the termination shock. Intense emissions of ENAs (energies 0.1 to 6 keV) appear along an extended arc significantly displaced from the nose of the heliosphere, the point on the boundary defined by the Sun's motion relative to the local interstellar medium (LISM). The locus of the Ribbon differs from expectations based on early models of the interaction of the solar wind with the LISM, assumed to flow at a super‐Alfvénic speed. Here we argue that the distribution of the ENA source can be understood if the flow is sub‐Alfvénic. We use a magnetohydrodynamic model of the mini‐magnetosphere of Ganymede, embedded in the sub‐Alfvénic flow of Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma, to establish where heated ions are distributed on the magnetopause. If the flow of the LISM is sub‐Alfvénic, reconnection would occur along an arc centered away from the nose for an appropriately chosen field orientation. Charge exchange with ions heated by reconnection would produce an ENA source distributed in a manner close to that observed. Heating of ions by reconnection can account also for the way ENA images vary with energy. Sub‐Alfvénic flow implies not only that reconnection on the heliopause can be centered well away from the nose, but also that no bow shock forms upstream of the heliopause. It also seems probable that the configuration of the heliosphere differs from the bullet shape frequently illustrated.
Interannual variability of mesopause zonal winds over Ascension Island: Coupling to the stratospheric QBO
Authors: de Wit R. J. , Hibbins R. E. , Espy P. J. , Mitchell N. J.
Published: October 2013

Zonal‐wind measurements obtained between October 2001 and July 2011 with the SKiYMET meteor radar located at Ascension Island (8°S, 14°W) have been used to study the interannual variability at meteor ablation altitudes (approximately 78–100 km) and its coupling to the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). An upper mesospheric QBO (MQBO) with a period of 27.5 months has been detected throughout the observational period. The MQBO is found to be out‐of‐phase with the stratospheric QBO (SQBO) at 15–20 hPa and in‐phase compared to 70 hPa, whereas no significant zero time‐lag correlation exists between the long‐term mesospheric zonal winds and the SQBO at 40–50 hPa. The MQBO magnitude is found to be 4.1±0.7 m/s at 88 km. No significant change in MQBO magnitude is found throughout the altitude range under consideration. It was found that the MQBO signal is mainly carried around the March equinox, although the MQBO signal is present throughout most of the year, although less pronounced, at the lower altitudes as well. No observational evidence was found that the MQBO, between approximately 78–100 km, plays a role in the interhemispheric ducting of the quasi‐16 day wave.
VIIRS on‐orbit calibration methodology and performance
Authors: Xiong Xiaoxiong , Butler James , Chiang Kwofu , Efremova Boryana , Fulbright Jon , Lei Ning , McIntire Jeff , Oudrari Hassan , Sun Junqiang , Wang Zhipeng , Wu Aisheng
Published: October 2013

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor aboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership spacecraft has successfully operated since its launch in October 2011. The VIIRS collects data in 22 spectral bands that are calibrated by a set of onboard calibrators (OBC). In addition, lunar observations are made to independently track VIIRS long‐term calibration stability for the reflective solar bands (RSB). This paper provides an overview of VIIRS OBC functions as well as its on‐orbit operation and calibration activities. It also describes sensor calibration methodologies and demonstrates VIIRS on‐orbit performance from launch to present. Results reported in this paper include on‐orbit changes in sensor spectral band responses, detector noise characterization, and key calibration parameters. Issues identified and their potential impacts on sensor calibration are also discussed. Since launch, the VIIRS instrument nominal operation temperature has been stable to within ±1.0 K. The cold focal plane temperatures have been well controlled, with variations of less than 20 mK over a period of 1.5 years. In general, changes in thermal emissive bands (TEB) detector responses have been less than 0.5%. Despite large response degradation in several near‐infrared and short‐wave infrared bands and large SD degradation at short visible wavelengths, the VIIRS sensor and OBC overall performance has been excellent postlaunch. The degradation caused by the telescope mirror coating contamination has been modeled and its impact addressed through the use of modulated relative spectral response in the improved calibration and the current sensor data record data production. Based on current instrument characteristics and performance, it is expected that the VIIRS calibration will continue to meet its design requirements, including RSB detector signal to noise ratio and TEB detector noise equivalent temperature difference, throughout its 7 year design lifetime.
Employing ∼100% Excitons in OLEDs by Utilizing a Fluorescent Molecule with Hybridized Local and Charge‐Transfer Excited State
Authors: Li Weijun , Pan Yuyu , Xiao Ran , Peng Qiming , Zhang Shitong , Ma Dongge , Li Feng , Shen Fangzhong , Wang Yinghui , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang
Published: October 2013

In principle, the ratio (Φ) of the maximum quantum efficiencies for electroluminescence (EL) to photoluminescence (PL) can be expected to approach unity, if the exciton (bound electron–hole pair) generated from the recombination of injected electrons and holes in OLEDs has a sufficiently weak binding energy. However, seldom are examples of Φ > 25% reported in OLEDs because of the strongly bound excitons for most organic semiconductors in nature. Here, a twisting donor–acceptor triphenylamine‐thiadiazol molecule (TPA‐NZP) exhibits fluorescent emission through a hybridized local and charge‐transfer excited state (HLCT), which is demonstrated from both fluorescent solvatochromic experiment and quantum chemical calculations. The HLCT state possesses two combined and compatible characteristics: a large transition moment from a local excited (LE) state and a weakly bound exciton from a charge transfer (CT) state. The former contributes to a high‐efficiency radiation of fluorescence, while the latter is responsible for the generation of a high fraction of singlet excitons. Using TPA‐NZP as the light‐emitting layer in an OLED, high Φ values of 93% (at low brightness) and 50% (at high brightness) are achieved, reflecting sufficient employment of the excitons in the OLED. Characterization of the EL device shows a saturated deep‐red emission with CIE coordinates of (0.67, 0.32), accompanied by a rather excellent performance with a maximum luminance of 4574 cd m−2and a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext) of ∼2.8%. The HLCT state is a new way to realize high‐efficiency of EL devices.
A description of a fetal syndrome associated with HNF1B mutation and a wide intrafamilial disease variability
Authors: Rasmussen Maria , Ramsing Mette , Petersen Olav Bjørn , Vogel Ida , Sunde Lone
Published: October 2013

MODY5, renal cysts, and diabetes syndrome are autosomal dominant entities caused by mutation in the HNF1B gene. Here we report two fetal siblings and their father who have a HNF1B missense mutation and describe the fetal phenotype associated with mutation in this gene. To the best of our knowledge two non‐twin siblings with a missense mutation and a severe phenotype have not been reported previously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat‐resistant sustained‐release fragrance microcapsules
Authors: Li Yan , Huang Yi‐Qing , Fan Heng‐Feng , Xia Qiang
Published: October 2013

In this study, fragrance microcapsules were prepared by a spray‐drying method, in which the osmanthus flower fragrance acted as the core material and gum arabic and maltodextrin acted as shell materials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the microcapsules were approximately spherical in shape with a concave surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to prove the formations of the microcapsules. The fragrance retention rate at high temperatures (80–120°C) after a short heating time (30 min) reached 85.20 ± 2.72% and the retention rate after a long heating time (a week) at 60°C reached 95.40 ± 2.88%. The retention rate after 100 days exceeded 90%, and the transdermal release experiments showed that on the surface of the skin, the fragrance in the microcapsules stayed longer than in the pure fragrance oil. These results indicate that the fragrance microcapsules had an excellent aroma‐reserving ability. The results of the release test proved that the transport mechanism of the fragrance microcapsules conformed to the Weibull equation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40053.
Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Properties of Novel Benzophenone‐Conjugated Coumarin Analogs
Authors: Lakshmi Ranganatha V. , Zameer Farhan , Meghashri S. , Rekha N. D. , Girish V. , Gurupadaswamy H. D. , Khanum Shaukath Ara
Published: October 2013

In the current scenario, development of anticancer drugs with specific targets is of prime importance in modern chemical biology. Observing the importance of benzophenone and coumarin nucleus, it would be worthwhile to design and synthesize novel benzophenone derivatives (8a–o) bearing the coumarin nucleus. Further, they were screened for prospective anticancer activities in vitro against the Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) and Ehrlich's ascites tumor (EAT) cell lines and their biomarkers, followed by in silico studies regarding phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and caspase by molecular docking. Benzophenones have been reported as potential drugs targeting tumor angiogenesis; thus, the formation of neovessels in an in vivo model system like CAM, which is angiogenesis dependent, was observed in the presence of compounds 8a–o. The above findings would help in understanding their putative potential as therapeutic agents for cancer patients.
Segmentation of biomedical images using active contour model with robust image feature and shape prior
Authors: Yeo Si Yong , Xie Xianghua , Sazonov Igor , Nithiarasu Perumal
Published: October 2013

In this article, a new level set model is proposed for the segmentation of biomedical images. The image energy of the proposed model is derived from a robust image gradient feature which gives the active contour a global representation of the geometric configuration, making it more robust in dealing with image noise, weak edges, and initial configurations. Statistical shape information is incorporated using nonparametric shape density distribution, which allows the shape model to handle relatively large shape variations. The segmentation of various shapes from both synthetic and real images depict the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method. © 2013 The Authors.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineeringpublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of Metal‐Nanoparticle‐Modified Semiconducting Copper– and Silver–TCNQ Materials as Substrates for the Reduction of Chromium(VI) Using Thiosulfate Ions at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Pearson Andrew , O'Mullane Anthony P.
Published: October 2013

Invited for this month’s cover is the group of Dr. Anthony P. O′Mullane from RMIT University in Melbourne. The cover picture shows a SEM image of a semiconducting CuTCNQ microrod whose surface is decorated with metal nanoparticles by a simple galvanic replacement process. Read the full text of the article at page 1343.
Cardiolipin as key lipid of mitochondria in health and disease, Bari, Italy, September 17, 2013
Authors: Corcelli Angela , Schlame Michael
Published: October 2013

The idea of a Cardiolipin workshop in Italy came to the meeting organizers in June 2011, during the mini‐sabbatical of Angela Corcelli in New York City in the Laboratory of Michael Schlame. They thought to take advantage of the presence of the 54th International Conference on the Bioscience of Lipids (ICBL) at Bari in 2013 to organize the Cardiolipin workshop as a satellite event. The web page of the Cardiolipin Meeting was kindly supported by the Euro Fed Lipid organization. About 60 scientists attended the meeting focused on the multiple roles of cardiolipin in mitochondria in physiological and pathological states in various organisms as well as in bacterial membranes. In addition to ICBL participants, many students and colleagues of the Universities of Bari and Lecce attended the meeting, increasing the number of total participants to about 100. As defects in cardiolipin metabolism may cause Barth syndrome, the meeting also presented an occasion to establish contacts between the nascent Italian Barth Syndrome Foundation and scientists actively involved in cardiolipin research.
Predicting Retirement Upon Eligibility: An Embeddedness Perspective
Authors: Bamberger Peter A. , Bacharach Samuel B.
Published: October 2013

Concern over the impact of baby‐boomers' retirement on needed skills and proprietary knowledge has stimulated an interest in identifying workplace factors associated with retirement upon eligibility. Drawing from embeddedness theory, the authors identify work‐based antecedents potentially underlying a related, but distinct, form of withdrawal—retirement upon eligibility. The authors generate and test hypotheses regarding the impact of fit‐, sacrifice‐, and links‐related antecedents using a prospective study design and a national probability sample of some 500 older individuals who, at the time of the initial interview, were within months of becoming—for the first time—eligible to receive such benefits. The findings indicate that, beyond the effects of person‐based antecedents (e.g., age, health, assets, expected retirement income), a combination of fit‐ (i.e., job challenge), sacrifice‐ (i.e., perceived organizational support), and links‐related factors (i.e., stability of close workplace peer relations) have a substantial influence on the decision to retire upon eligibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iodobenzene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Azidoketones and α‐Thiocyanatoketones from Aryl Ketones with MCPBA as a Cooxidant
Authors: Chang Ya‐Li , Chung Chi‐Lin , Wu Fang‐Wen , Wang Huey‐Min , Hou Rei‐Sheu , Kang Iou‐Jiun , Chen Ling‐Ching
Published: October 2013

Iodobenzene‐catalyzed synthesis of α‐azidoketones and α‐thiocyanatoketones from aryl ketones with MCPBA as a cooxidant is described. The method is simple, rapid and practical, generating α‐azidoketones and α‐thiocyanatoketones from the aryl ketone without isolation of α‐tosyloxyketones in good to excellent yields.
Economic impact and the notion of compensated procurement
Authors: Enzer H. , Berry S. D. , Martin J. I.
Published: October 2013

The paper consists essentially of two parts. In the first part a linear economic impact model is presented whose structure is based on subcontracting flows. The structural coefficients are defined in terms of flows per area. The model is derived from two identities that are analogous to the income and expenditure identities of national income accounting. The parameters are prime contracts and when one or several of the prime contracts are changed, the model determines the impacts of such changes on the various regions that have been selected. The impacts can be combined with regional multipliers to derive changes in regional income and regional employment. Fragmentary data for this kind of model have been collected on a one‐time basis by DOD in 1965 and some results based on the data are presented. The second part of the paper is concerned with normative economics. A scheme is suggested, called compensated procurement, that outlines how the Department of Defense might employ the impact model in a macroeconomic setting. The basic idea is that a stabilization fund be established to finance an array of potential projects which are contracted for to balance sudden shifts in defense demand. Only short‐run stabilization is advocated.
Relationships among potential sorties, ground support, and aircraft reliability
Authors: Guthrie Donald , Means Edward H.
Published: October 2013

A methodology is developed for assessing tactical airfield/aircraft system effectiveness, and for evaluating effectiveness changes resulting from incremental investments in ground support resources and/or aircraft reliability. Two categories of ground support functions–turnaround and maintenance–are distinguished. The measure of effectiveness is the maximum potential sortie rate achievable by the system. The methodology enables empirical derivation of the general equation of the tactical airfield/aircraft system. It also enables graphical presentation of the system tradeoffs in the form of a System Analysis Chart.
Quasi‐separable utility functions
Authors: Keeney Ralph Lyons
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with a method for the assessment of utility functions of multi‐numeraire consequences. It is proven that given von Neumann and Morgenstern's axioms of “rational behavior” and two additional assumptions, the utility function for (x, y) consequences can be written as U(x, y) = Ux(x) + Uy(y) + KUx(x) Uy(y).

K is a constant that must be evaluated empirically. This form shall be designated as a quasi‐separable utility function. It is more general than the separable utility function and is shown to be nearly as easy to use.

Implications and ramifications of such a utility function and its requisite assumptions are discussed. A technique for practical application of this work is presented.
Markov chain analyses of multiprogrammed computer systems
Authors: Coffman E. G.
Published: October 2013

Most operating systems for large computing facilities involve service disciplines which base, to some extent, the sequencing of object program executions on the amount of running time they require. It is the object of this paper to study mathematical models of such service disciplines applicable to both batch and time‐shared processing systems. In particular, Markov queueing models are defined and analyzed for round‐robin and foreground‐background service disciplines. With the round‐robin discipline, the service facility processes each program or job for a maximum of q seconds; if the program's service is completed during this quantum, it leaves the system, otherwise it returns to the end of the waiting line to await another quantum of service. With the foreground‐background discipline each new arrival joins the end of the foreground queue and awaits a single quantum of service. If it requires more it is subsequently placed at the end of the background queue which is allocated service only when the foreground queue is empty.

The analysis focuses on the efficiency of the above systems by assuming a swap or set‐up time (overhead cost) associated with the switching of programs on and off the processor. The analysis leads to generating functions for the equilibrium queue length probabilities, the moments of this latter distribution, and measures of mean waiting times. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results along with several examples.