bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing the fitness function for the job: Automated generation of test suites that detect real faults
Authors: Salahirad Alireza , Almulla Hussein , Gay Gregory
Published: June 2019

Search‐based unit test generation, if effective at fault detection, can lower the cost of testing. Such techniques rely on fitness functions to guide the search. Ultimately, such functions represent test goals that approximate—but do not ensure—fault detection. The need to rely on approximations leads to two questions—can fitness functions produce effective tests and, if so, which should be used to generate tests? To answer these questions, we have assessed the fault‐detection capabilities of unit test suites generated to satisfy eight white‐box fitness functions on 597 real faults from the Defects4J database. Our analysis has found that the strongest indicators of effectiveness are a high level of code coverage over the targeted class and high satisfaction of a criterion's obligations. Consequently, the branch coverage fitness function is the most effective. Our findings indicate that fitness functions that thoroughly explore system structure should be used as primary generation objectives—supported by secondary fitness functions that explore orthogonal, supporting scenarios. Our results also provide further evidence that future approaches to test generation should focus on attaining higher coverage of private code and better initialization and manipulation of class dependencies.
The need for awareness raising, advocacy, and capacity building in Integrated Water Resources Management toward sustainable development: A case study in Malaysia
Authors: Elfithri Rahmah , Mokhtar Mazlin Bin , Zakaria Salmah
Published: June 2019

Malaysia has, since the turn of the 21st century, formally adopted Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as the way forward to sustainably manage its water resources. This paradigm shift has also been embodied in the National Water Resources Policy formally launched in March 2012. The adoption of IWRM marks a clear shift away from past fragmented and sectoral management practices. The recent endorsement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by Malaysia has further reiterated that IWRM will be implemented at all levels by the year 2030. Despite the formal declaration and adoption of the IWRM policy, its implementation to‐date has yet to gain adequate traction on a national scale. Fragmented management of the water sector both at the Federal and State levels is a legacy from the past which continues as the institutional norm. There is a need for IWRM awareness raising, advocacy, and capacity building. This includes training and education programs, modular and material development, communication, and delivery system, facilities establishment, and appropriate governance mechanisms to improve the current water management system and practices in Malaysia, as well as ensure local participation and governance. This approach will also polish the shortcoming through the mobilization of all institutional and community stakeholders toward the implementation of the IWRM agenda nation‐wide.
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two DMTCNQ and DETCNQ Gadolinium Complexes
Authors: Zhang Ju‐Wen , Liu Wen‐Hua , Li Guang‐Ming , Yan Peng‐Fei , Liu Bin‐Qiu
Published: June 2019

Two DMTCNQ (DMTCNQ = 2,5‐dimethyl‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐p‐quinodimethane) and DETCNQ (DETCNQ = 2,5‐diethyl‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐p‐quinodimethane) gadolinium complexes [Gd(DMTCNQ)2(CH3OH)(H2O)6][DMTCNQ]·4H2O (1) and [Gd(DETCNQ)(H2O)7][2DETCNQ] (2) were synthesized by reactions of GdCl3·6H2O with Li(DMTCNQ) or Li(DETCNQ). X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that complexes 1 and 2 are discrete complexes. The central metal atom in 1 is coordinated by two DMTCNQ ligand radicals whereas that in 2 is coordinated by just one DETCNQ ligand radical. The adjacent molecules are connected by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form the two‐dimensional (2D) supramolecular layer structures, which are further packed into a three‐dimensional (3D) supramolecular architecture through the π–π interactions between ligand radicals in 1 and 2. Magnetic investigation indicates that the antiferromagnetic interactions between spin carriers exists in 1 and 2.
Fabrication of FeOOH/BiOCl Nanocomposites with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Qian Xuefeng , He Panpan , Chen Jiaxin , Wang Bo , Lv Enjun , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming
Published: June 2019

BiOCl as a two‐dimensional layer ternary oxide semiconductor, has been widely used in energy and environmental area due to its non‐toxicity, price and the good photocatalytic performance. However, BiOCl has a wide bandgap and can only absorb ultraviolet light, which limits its solar energy conversion efficiency for practical application. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of FeOOH/BiOCl nanocomposites by hydrothermal method. The results of XPS and FT‐IR indicated that FeOOH has been loaded on the nanocomposites. The chemical and optical properties of the nanocomposite are well‐characterized. The nanocomposite showed much more excellent photocatalytic performance compared with the individual FeOOH and BiOCl single component. Reactive specie trapping experiment indicated that·O2– and h+ were the two main active species during the photocatalytic process of FeOOH/BiOCl nanocomposites.
On the validity of perturbative studies of the electroweak phase transition in the Two Higgs Doublet model
Authors: Kainulainen Kimmo , Keus Venus , Niemi Lauri , Rummukainen Kari , Tenkanen Tuomas V. I. , Vaskonen Ville
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Making use of a dimensionally-reduced effective theory at high temperature, we perform a nonperturbative study of the electroweak phase transition in the Two Higgs Doublet model. We focus on two phenomenologically allowed points in the parameter space, carrying out dynamical lattice simulations to determine the equilibrium properties of the transition. We discuss the shortcomings of conventional perturbative approaches based on the resummed effective potential — regarding the insufficient handling of infrared resummation but also the need to account for corrections beyond 1-loop order in the presence of large scalar couplings — and demonstrate that greater accuracy can be achieved with perturbative methods within the effective theory. We find that in the presence of very large scalar couplings, strong phase transitions cannot be reliably studied with any of the methods.
The SU(2) Wess-Zumino-Witten spin chain sigma model
Authors: Hernández Rafael , Nieto Juan Miguel , Ruiz Roberto
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Classical strings propagating in AdS
3 × S
3 × T
4 supported with Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz flux are described by a Wess-Zumino-Witten model. In this note, we study the emergence of their semiclassical SU(2) spectrally flowed sectors as the Landau-Lifshitz limit of the underlying quantum spin chain. We consider the propagator in the coherent state picture, and find that the time interval is discretized proportionally to the lattice spacing. In the Landau-Lifshitz limit, where both time and space become continuous, we derive a path integral representation of the propagator for each spectrally flowed sector. We prove that the arbitrariness of the global phase of coherent states is mapped to the gauge freedom of the B-field in the classical action. We show that higher order corrections in the Landau-Lifshitz limit are suppressed by inverse powers of the ’t Hooft coupling.
Surgical Residents’ Proficiency and Turnover May Affect the Overall Efficiency in an Emergency Department
Authors: Mongelli Francesco , Fischer Henning , Stickel Michael , Patella Miriam , Heeren Nickolaus , Christ Michael , Gass Markus
Published: June 2019

Background

Within Emergency Department (ED), problem responsiveness and organizational capacity are extremely important for providing acute care. The “July effect” has been described as the period when junior doctors start new turnovers, possibly reflecting on hospital and ED efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of residents’ turnover on ED efficiency at a Swiss teaching hospital.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated patients presenting with surgical needs to ED from June 2014 to January 2019. Data regarding gender, age, length of stay (LOS), resident doctors and level of urgency were collected and analyzed.

Results

We identified 27,767 surgical admissions treated by 92 residents. The LOS analysis within residents’ period in the ED showed a progressive reduction over time, with 80% of proficiency achieved after 98 patients. The mean LOS was 257.3 and 237.6 min during and after the learning curve (p < 0.0001), although no difference was noted in triage level 1 patients (p = 0.813). By replacing 40–70% of residents (January and July), the LOS raised from 243.1 to 259.7 min (absolute difference 16.6 min, p < 0.001), but if only 10–20% of residents newly started, no difference was detected (p = 0.071).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that surgical residents’ turnover within the ED could affect the overall efficiency. The training period for new resident physicians was a caseload of 98 patients, respectively, 3 weeks of work. The impact of trainees’ turnover was only relevant if more than 40% of the resident team is replaced at one time and only less urgent cases were affected.
The $$M^{X}/M/c$$ Bernoulli feedback queue with variant multiple working vacations and impatient customers: performance and economic analysis
Authors: Bouchentouf Amina Angelika , Guendouzi Abdelhak
Published: June 2019

The present paper deals with an $$M^{X}/M/c$$

M
X

/
M
/
c

Bernoulli feedback queueing system with variant multiple working vacations and impatience timers which depend on the states of the servers. Whenever a customer arrives at the system, he activates an random impatience timer. If his service has not been completed before his impatience timer expires, the customer may abandon the system. Using certain customer retention mechanism, the impatient customer can be retained in the system. After getting incomplete or unsatisfactory service, with some probability, each customer may comeback to the system as a Bernoulli feedback. Using the probability generating functions (PGFs), we derive the steady-state solution of the model. Then, we obtain useful performance measures. Moreover, we carry out an economic analysis. Finally, numerical study is performed to explore the effects of the model parameters on the behavior of the system.
The Impact of Adding Online-to-Offline Service Platform Channels on Firms’ Offline and Total Sales and Profits
Authors: Zhang Sha , Pauwels Koen , Peng Chenming
Published: June 2019

Online-to-offline service platform (O2OSP) channels offer innovative means for customers to order local, daily services online (via apps) and have them delivered almost instantly offline. By comparing the business models underlying O2OSP, traditional online and offline, and platform-based e-commerce channels, this article aims to identify the short- and long-term impacts of adding an O2OSP channel on firms’ offline and total sales and profits. The analysis focuses primarily on a recent set of daily data gathered from a Chinese fast-food restaurant chain with 35 physical stores that also participates in four food delivery O2OSP channels. The panel data regressions with fixed effects reveal that adding O2OSP channels hurts offline and total profits in the short run but improves offline and total sales and profits in the long run. Specifically, offline and total sales increase by 23.28% and 33.94%, respectively. Thus, the O2OSP channel can serve as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, the offline channel. These results challenge previous research on the sales effects of adding (pure) online or offline channels and highlight the attractiveness of O2OSP channels for improving sales and profits. However, negative interaction effects among different O2OSP channels also signal that adding more O2OSP channels does not necessarily lead to profitable growth.
Objective napping, cognitive decline, and risk of cognitive impairment in older men
Authors: Leng Yue , Redline Susan , Stone Katie L. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Yaffe Kristine
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Little is known about the longitudinal association between napping and cognitive impairment in older adults.

Methods

We used wrist actigraphy to measure naps in 2751 community‐dwelling older men. Cognition was assessed repeatedly over 12 years, and clinically significant cognitive impairment was determined by physician diagnosis, Alzheimer's medication use or a significant cognitive decline.

Results

After adjustment for all covariates, men with longer napping duration had greater cognitive decline and higher risk of cognitive impairment. Men who napped for ≥120 min/day (vs. <30 min/day) were 66% more likely to develop cognitive impairment (odds ratio = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.09–2.54) in 12 years. Further adjustment for nighttime sleep quality did not appreciably alter the results. The association between napping and cognitive impairment was more pronounced among those with higher sleep efficiency and average sleep duration.

Discussion

Napping might be useful as an early marker of cognitive impairment in the elderly, and its cognitive effects may differ by nighttime sleep.
Which healthcare workers work with acute respiratory illness? Evidence from Canadian acute-care hospitals during 4 influenza seasons: 2010–2011 to 2013–2014
Authors: Jiang Lili , McGeer Allison , McNeil Shelly , Katz Kevin , Loeb Mark , Muller Matthew P. , Simor Andrew , Powis Jeff , Kohler Philipp , Di Bella Julia M. , Coleman Brenda L. ,   for the Canadian Healthcare Worker Study Group
Published: June 2019

Background:

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring and transmitting respiratory viruses while working in healthcare settings.

Objectives:

To investigate the incidence of and factors associated with HCWs working during an acute respiratory illness (ARI).

Methods:

HCWs from 9 Canadian hospitals were prospectively enrolled in active surveillance for ARI during the 2010–2011 to 2013–2014 influenza seasons. Daily illness diaries during ARI episodes collected information on symptoms and work attendance.

Results:

At least 1 ARI episode was reported by 50.4% of participants each study season. Overall, 94.6% of ill individuals reported working at least 1 day while symptomatic, resulting in an estimated 1.9 days of working while symptomatic and 0.5 days of absence during an ARI per participant season. In multivariable analysis, the adjusted relative risk of working while symptomatic was higher for physicians and lower for nurses relative to other HCWs. Participants were more likely to work if symptoms were less severe and on the illness onset date compared to subsequent days. The most cited reason for working while symptomatic was that symptoms were mild and the HCW felt well enough to work (67%). Participants were more likely to state that they could not afford to stay home if they did not have paid sick leave and were younger.

Conclusions:

HCWs worked during most episodes of ARI, most often because their symptoms were mild. Further data are needed to understand how best to balance the costs and risks of absenteeism versus those associated with working while ill.
Understanding ultraviolet light surface decontamination in hospital rooms: A primer
Authors: Boyce John M. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: June 2019

Ongoing challenges in maintaining optimum manual cleaning and disinfection of hospital rooms have created increased interest in “no-touch” decontamination technologies including the use of ultraviolet light (UV). Trials have shown that some UV devices can decrease surface contamination and reduce healthcare-associated infections. Despite substantial marketing of these devices for use in healthcare settings, few data are available regarding the doses of UV-C necessary to yield desired reductions in healthcare pathogens and the ability of mobile devices to deliver adequate doses to various surfaces in patient rooms. This review summarizes the physical aspects of UV that affect the doses delivered to surfaces, the UV-C doses needed to yield 3 log10reductions of several important healthcare-associated pathogens, the doses of UV-C that can be achieved in various locations in patient rooms using mobile UV-C devices, and methods for measuring UV doses delivered to surfaces.
Hegemonic dividend and workforce diversity: The case of ‘biat’ and meritocracy in nation branding in Turkey
Authors: Ozbilgin Mustafa F. , Yalkin Cagri
Published: June 2019

We introduce and explore the notion of hegemonic dividend in the context of a country which does not have hierarchy attenuating means such as legal measures to protect workforce diversity. This paper explains the consequences of two hierarchy enhancing ideologies on workforce diversity in Turkey; meritocracy, an ideology that privileges merit, and ‘biat’, an ideology of subservience to the structures of power. We illustrate how these two ideologies operate as a duality, as meritocracy vanes with dire circumstances for workforce diversity in nation-branding efforts of Turkey. Drawing on Bourdieu and Gramsci, we illustrate hegemonic dividend in the increasingly hegemonic system in which journalism, as a state apparatus, is embedded in Turkey, where privileged few are sustaining and advancing their positions of power by appealing to and submitting themselves to the revisioned nation brand. We focus on the news industry as it commands a special position of power in terms of creating, modifying and controlling the discourses of a nation brand. We argue that failing to protect and promote workforce diversity with hierarchy attenuating measures exposes nation branding practices to discriminatory and hierarchy enhancing ideologies that negate efforts to achieve humanisation and democratisation of work.
Psychiatry’s ‘Others’? Rethinking the Professional Self-Fashioning of British Mental Nursesc. 1900–20
Authors: Neuendorf Mark
Published: June 2019

Despite facing manifold social and educational barriers, British asylum nurses across the long nineteenth century articulated distinctive professional identities as a means of leveraging their position in the medical hierarchy. This article draws upon a corpus of previously unattributed contributions to theAsylum News(1897–1919) – one of the first journals produced for the edification of asylum workers – to illustrate the diversity of medical personae developed and disseminated by these employees in the Edwardian era. Through scientific and creative works, nurses engaged with the pressing social and medical debates of the day, in the process exposing a heterogeneous intellectual culture. Moreover, as their writings attest, for some ambitious nurses these pretensions to intellectual authority prompted claims for medical autonomy, driving agitation on the hospital wards. The article thus strengthens claims for the ‘cultural agency’ of asylum workers and offers new insights into the cultural antecedents of professionalisation and trade unionism.
The Human Wallace Line: Racial Science and Political Afterlife
Authors: Sysling Fenneke
Published: June 2019

This paper examines racial science and its political uses in Southeast Asia. It follows several anthropologists who travelled to east Nusa Tenggara (the Timor Archipelago, including the islands of Timor, Flores and Sumba), where Alfred Russel Wallace had drawn a dividing line between the races of the east and the west of the archipelago. These medically trained anthropologists aimed to find out if the Wallace Line could be more precisely defined with measurements of the human body. The paper shows how anthropologists failed to find definite markers to quantify the difference between Malay and Papuan/Melanesian. This, however, did not diminish the conceptual power of the Wallace Line, as the idea of a boundary between Malays and Papuans was taken up in the political arena during the West New Guinea dispute and was employed as a political tool by all parties involved. It shows how colonial and racial concepts can be appropriated by local actors and dismissed or emphasised depending on political perspectives.
Vitamin B12 status in kidney transplant recipients: association with dietary intake, body adiposity and immunosuppression
Authors: Pontes Karine Scanci da Silva , Klein Márcia Regina Simas Torres , da Costa Mariana Silva , Rosina Kelli Trindade de Carvalho , Barreto Ana Paula Medeiros Menna , Silva Maria Inês Barreto , Rioja Suzimar da Silveira
Published: June 2019

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin B12(B12) deficiency in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and its possible association with B12dietary intake, body adiposity and immunosuppressive drugs. In this cross-sectional study, we included 225 KTR, aged 47·50 (sd12·11) years, and 125 (56 %) were men. Serum levels of B12were determined by chemiluminescent microparticle intrinsic factor assay and the cut-off of 200 pg/ml was used to stratify KTR into B12-sufficient or B12-deficient group. B12dietary intake was evaluated by three 24 h dietary recalls and was considered adequate when ≥2·4 μg/d. Body adiposity was estimated after taking anthropometric measures and using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method. B12deficiency was seen in 14 % of the individuals. B12-deficient group, compared with the B12-sufficient group, exhibited lower intake of B12(median 2·42 (interquartile range (IQR) 1·41–3·23)v. 3·16 (IQR 1·94–4·55) μg/d,P= 0·04) and higher values of waist circumference (median 96·0 (IQR 88·0–102·5)v. 90·0 (IQR 82·0–100·0) cm,P= 0·04). When the analysis included only women, B12deficiency was associated with higher total and central body adiposity measurements obtained with anthropometry (BMI, body adiposity index, waist and neck circumferences) and DXA (total and trunk body fat). Among individuals with adequate intake of B12, the deficiency of this vitamin was more frequently seen in those using mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (17 %)v. azathioprine (2 %),P= 0·01. In conclusion, the prevalence of B12deficiency in KTR was estimated as 14 % and was associated with reduced intake of B12as well as higher adiposity, especially in women, and with the use of MMF.
Corporations, Democracy, and the Historian
Authors: John Richard R.
Published: June 2019

What is the relationship between the corporation and American democracy? This provocative and timely question informs the ten essays that Naomi R. Lamoreaux and William J. Novak have assembled in a tightly edited volume that has attracted a good deal of attention from specialists in the history of U.S. public policy. In an age in which the political influence of big business has once again thrust itself onto the political agenda, this collection should also prove to be of great interest to the many historians, legal scholars, and jurists who are trying to understand the long and complex relationship between business, law, and the state.
First observations of hermaphroditism in the patellid limpetPatella piperataGould, 1846
Authors: Sousa Ricardo , Henriques Paulo , Vasconcelos Joana , Faria Graça , Riera Rodrigo , Pinto Ana Rita , Delgado João , Hawkins Stephen J.
Published: June 2019

Hermaphroditism is thought to be an advantageous strategy common in marine molluscs that exhibit simultaneous, sequential or alternating hermaphroditism. Several species of patellid limpets have previously been shown to be protandrous hermaphrodites. The present study aimed to confirm whether this phenomenon occurs inPatella piperata. Transitional forms of simultaneous protandrous hermaphroditism were found in intermediate size classes ofP. piperata, in Madeira (North-eastern Atlantic). Sequential hermaphroditism was confirmed after histological analysis. The overall sex-ratio was biased towards females but approached similar proportions in the larger size classes. Analysis of size at sex change showed that at a shell length of 36 mm 50% of the population probably have changed sex. The results reported confirm the occurrence of sequential hermaphroditism. These findings are of utmost importance to the understanding of the reproductive biology of this species with direct effect on management and conservation of this traditionally harvested limpet.
Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics
Authors: Destradi Sandra , Plagemann Johannes
Published: June 2019

As populists have formed governments all over the world, it becomes imperative to study the consequences of the rise of populism for International Relations. Yet, systematic academic analyses of the international impact of populist government formation are still missing, and political commentators tend to draw conclusions from few cases of right-wing populism in the Global North. But populism – conceptualised as a ‘thin’ ideology based on anti-elitism and anti-pluralism – takes different shapes across world regions as populists combine it with different ‘thick’ ideologies. To reflect such diversity and gain more systematic insights into the global implications of populism, we focus on cases of populist government formation in the Global South. We find that populists in power are not, per se, more belligerent or less willing to engage globally than their non-populist predecessors. Factors like status seeking or a country's embeddedness in international institutions mitigate the impact of populism. Its most immediate effect concerns procedural aspects: foreign policymaking becomes more centralised and personalised – yet, not entirely unpredictable, given the importance of ‘thick’ ideologies espoused by populist parties and leaders. Rather than changing course entirely, populists in power reinforce existing trends, especially a tendency towards diversifying international partnerships.
The development of possession in the L1 acquisition of Northern East Cree
Authors: HENKE Ryan E.
Published: June 2019

This study presents the first investigation of the development of possessive constructions in Northern East Cree, a polysynthetic language indigenous to Canada. It examines transcripts from naturalistic recording sessions involving one adult and one child, from age 2;01.12 to 3;08.24. Findings reveal that, despite the frequency of possessive inflection in child-directed speech, the child overwhelmingly produces a possessive construction that circumvents this morphology. This construction, named here theequational possessive strategy(EPS), is largely undescribed in existing literature but is the primary mechanism for the child to express possession. These findings have potential implications for the cross-linguistic acquisition of possessive morphology and the connections between child-directed speech and child language production.
Patients with laboratory evidence of West Nile virus disease without reported fever
Authors: Landry K. , Rabe I. B. , Messenger S. L. , Hacker J. K. , Salas M. L. , Scott-Waldron C. , Haydel D. , Rider E. , Simonson S. , Brown C. M. , Smole S. C. , Neitzel D. F. , Schiffman E. K. , Strain A. K. , Vetter S. , Fischer M. , Lindsey N. P.
Published: June 2019

In 2013, the national surveillance case definition for West Nile virus (WNV) disease was revised to remove fever as a criterion for neuroinvasive disease and require at most subjective fever for non-neuroinvasive disease. The aims of this project were to determine how often afebrile WNV disease occurs and assess differences among patients with and without fever. We included cases with laboratory evidence of WNV disease reported from four states in 2014. We compared demographics, clinical symptoms and laboratory evidence for patients with and without fever and stratified the analysis by neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive presentations. Among 956 included patients, 39 (4%) had no fever; this proportion was similar among patients with and without neuroinvasive disease symptoms. For neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive patients, there were no differences in age, sex, or laboratory evidence between febrile and afebrile patients, but hospitalisations were more common among patients with fever (P < 0.01). The only significant difference in symptoms was for ataxia, which was more common in neuroinvasive patients without fever (P = 0.04). Only 5% of non-neuroinvasive patients did not meet the WNV case definition due to lack of fever. The evidence presented here supports the changes made to the national case definition in 2013.
A tuberculosis outbreak at an insecure, temporary housing facility, manga café, Tokyo, Japan, 2016–2017
Authors: Endo M. , Ota M. , Kayebeta A. , Takahashi I. , Nagata Y.
Published: June 2019

In November 2016, a woman in her 30s who stayed at an insecure, temporary housing facility, a manga café in Tokyo, Japan, for a year was diagnosed with sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (TB). Since the café had 31 staff members and provided with accommodation to many people, the local health office initiated a contact investigation. This study aims to characterise the cases found in the outbreak. A TB case was defined as a person tested bacteriologically positive for TB, or was determined to have TB by a physician. A latent TB infection case was defined as a person tested positive by interferon-γ release assay. From January 2016 through November 2017, there were 31 staff members at the manga café, of which, six developed TB disease (one smear-negative, culture-positive and five smear- and culture-negative) in addition to seven LTBI. Another long-term customer was found having sputum smear-positive TB. Variable numbers tandem repeat (VNTR) test revealed that the index patient and the long-term customer had the identical type of VNTR; however, one staff member had a different VNTR. Local health authorities should intensify screening long-term customers of such facilities for TB regularly as well as once a TB outbreak occurs.
Echocardiographic predictors of elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure in adolescent and adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Lubert Adam M. , Cotts Timothy B. , Zampi Jeffrey D. , Yu Sunkyung , Norris Mark D.
Published: June 2019

Elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify echocardiographic measures associated with left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12 mmHg in this population. Repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients age ≥13 years, who underwent a left heart catheterisation within 7 days of having an echocardiogram were evaluated. Univariate comparison was made in echocardiographic and clinical variables between patients with left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12 versus ≤12 mmHg. Ninety-four patients (54% male) with a median age of 24.6 years were included. Thirty-four (36%) had left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12 mmHg. Patients with left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12mmHg were older (median 32.9 versus 24.0 years, p = 0.02), more likely to have a history of an aortopulmonary shunt (62% versus 38%, p = 0.03), and have a diagnosis of hypertension (24% versus 7%, p = 0.03) compared to those with left ventricular end diastolic pressure ≤12 mmHg. There were no significant differences in mitral valve E/A ratio, annular e’ velocity, or E/e’ ratio between patients with left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12 versus ≤12 mmHg. Patients with left ventricular end diastolic pressure >12mmHg had larger left atrial area (mean 17.7 versus 14.0 cm2, p = 0.03) and larger left atrium anterior–posterior diameter (mean 36.0 versus 30.6 mm, p = 0.004). In conclusion, typical echocardiographic measures of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction may not be reliable in tetralogy of Fallot patients. Prospective studies with the use of novel echocardiographic measures are needed.
The impact of green preferences on the relevance of history versus expectations
Authors: Schaefer Andreas , Stünzi Anna
Published: June 2019

In an overlapping generations model with multiple steady states, we analyse the impact of endogenous environmental policies on the relevance of history and expectations for the equilibrium selection. In a polluting regime, environmental preferences cause an increasing energy tax which raises the risk that the economy transitions to the inferior equilibrium under pessimistic expectations. However, higher environmental preferences imply an earlier switch to the clean energy regime. Then, the conflict between production and environmental preferences is resolved and the prospects of selecting the superior equilibrium improve, since positive expectations become more relevant. In an empirical analysis we find that people with environmental preferences tend to have more optimistic expectations about economic development. Using these findings to analyse the steady-state dynamics implies that agents with environmental preferences support higher energy taxes and switch to clean production more quickly. Due to their optimism, the likelihood of reaching the superior stable steady state increases.
Seasonal Variation of the Intraepithelial Gland in Camel Epididymis with Special Reference to Autophagosome
Authors: Abdel-Maksoud Fatma M. , Hussein Manal T , Attaai Abdelraheim
Published: June 2019

The key role of the epididymis is contributing to sperm storage, maturation, and survival. The epididymis of camel has a unique structure called the intraepithelial gland. The present work aimed to investigate the structure of the epididymal intraepithelial gland with special references to the seasonal variation. The samples were collected from the distal part of the corpus epididymes of completely healthy mature camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Tomato lectin-positive material had been demonstrated within the epididymal spermatozoa. Here, we provide the first transmission electron microscopic study for the intraepithelial gland of camel epididymis detecting the autophagy during the nonbreeding season. The autophagosomes originated from the endoplasmic reticulum, surrounding mitochondria, and located mainly next to the basement membrane. This location is probably valuable for subsequent passing of their contents into the interstitium for possible recycling. The histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the gland in the breeding season indicated a hyperactive secretory microenvironment enriched with the glycoprotein-producing machinery, which could be controlled by androgens. The present data suggest that the camel intraepithelial gland has a significant impact on the reproductive activity through their secretory microenvironment during the breeding season. Moreover, it recycles the unused organelles or proteins for reuse or to supply energy under stress conditions in the nonbreeding season.
Evaluation of Nanomechanical Properties of Tomato Root by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Nicolás-Álvarez D. E. , Andraca-Adame J. A. , Chanona-Pérez J. J. , Méndez-Méndez J. V. , Cárdenas-Pérez S. , Rodríguez-Pulido A.
Published: June 2019

Here, different tissue surfaces of tomato root were characterized employing atomic force microscopy on day 7 and day 21 of growth through Young's modulus and plasticity index. These parameters provide quantitative information regarding the mechanical behavior of the tomato root under fresh conditions in different locations of the cross-section of root [cell surface of the epidermis, parenchyma (Pa), and vascular bundles (Vb)]. The results show that the mechanical parameters depend on the indented region, tissue type, and growth time. Thereby, the stiffness increases in the cell surface of epidermal tissue with increasing growth time (from 9.19 ± 0.68 to 13.90 ± 1.68 MPa) and the cell surface of Pa tissue displays the opposite behavior (from 1.74 ± 0.49 to 0.48 ± 0.55); the stiffness of cell surfaces of Vb tissue changes from 10.60 ± 0.58 to 6.37 ± 0.53 MPa, all cases showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05). Viscoelastic behavior dominates the mechanical forces in the tomato root. The current study is a contribution to a better understanding of the cell mechanics behavior of different tomato root tissues during growth.
The Electoral Politics of Growth Regimes
Authors: Hall Peter A.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the role played by electoral politics in the evolution of postwar growth regimes, understood as the economic and social policies used by governments of the developed democracies to pursue economic growth. It charts changes in growth regimes beginning with an era of modernization stretching from 1950 to 1975, through an era of liberalization running from 1980 to 2000, to a subsequent era of knowledge-based growth. Its overarching claim is that the inclination and capacities of democratic governments to pursue specific growth regimes depend not only on economic circumstances but also on evolving electoral conditions, marked especially by changes in the cleavages that condition partisan electoral strategies. This electoral dynamic affects the balance of influence over policy between actors in the electoral and producer-group arenas and carries implications for the social compromises that democracies can construct. The article concludes by exploring the implications of contemporary electoral politics for the development of growth regimes appropriate to a knowledge economy.
On the Momentum Balance of Tampa Bay
Authors: Chen Jing , Weisberg Robert H. , Liu Yonggang , Zheng Lianyuan , Zhu Jun
Published: June 2019

The momentum balance for the density‐driven, nontidal circulation of a partially mixed estuary is generally considered to be between the pressure gradient and vertical friction forces, the result being a two‐layered, mean estuarine circulation often referred to as gravitational convection. All estuaries, however, tend to have geometric complexities that may alter this simplistic view. Here we apply a very high resolution, numerical circulation model to diagnose the momentum balance distributions throughout Tampa Bay, a partially mixed estuary on Florida's west coast. With resolution as fine as 20 m, the model resolves the channels, inlets, bridge causeways, and other geometric complexities that impact the momentum balance distributions. A point‐by‐point, three‐dimensional momentum balance closure analysis demonstrates that while the general expectation for the nontidal estuarine circulation is met, the distribution of terms within the balance is more complex than the simplistic view when real geometries are considered. With Tampa Bay geometries being typical of many partially mixed estuaries, the results herein may also be of a more general nature.
When Will Spaceborne Cloud Radar Detect Upward Shifts in Cloud Heights?
Authors: Takahashi Hanii , Lebsock Matthew D. , Richardson Mark , Marchand Roger , Kay Jennifer E.
Published: June 2019

Cloud feedbacks remain the largest source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. Simulations robustly project an increase in cloud height, which is supported by some observational evidence. However, how much of this increasing trend is due to climate warming and how much is due to multiyear natural variability still remains unclear because of the brevity of existing observational records. Here we estimate when the signal will become detectable at 95% confidence by existing radar technology. We use output from a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 Community Earth System Model version 1 simulation in a Monte Carlo analysis to determine (1) what is the first year at which changes in the altitude of high cloud can be confidently estimated if we continue to fly W‐band cloud radar, (2) what radar sensitivity is required to detect those changes, and (3) at what latitude will we first detect these changes? In Community Earth System Model version 1 a cloud radar record would be able to confidently detect upward shifts in cloud height over 20–60°N before 2030 for a radar with a sensitivity of −15 dBZ and stable calibration errors of ±0.25 dBZ. Furthermore, vertical resolution could be degraded to 1.6 km with little effect on detection year. Results are more sensitive to the magnitude of calibration errors than to the minimum detectable echo. Our earlier midlatitude detection contrasts with a previous lidar‐based analysis, which may be due to radar detecting different parts of the clouds and our use of simulations that account for changing geographical patterns of forced warming through time.
Estimating a Tsunami Source by Sediment Transport Modeling: A Primary Attempt on a Historical/1867 Normal‐Faulting Tsunami in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Sugawara D. , Yu N. T. , Yen J. Y.
Published: June 2019

This study applies coupled tsunami hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling to a historical earthquake‐generated tsunami to estimate its source parameters for the first time. The Keelung Earthquake and Tsunami, which struck northern Taiwan in 1867, was investigated by comparing numerical simulations with geological records of the tsunami in the Jinshan Plain in addition to historical records of the tsunami's behavior, height, and coseismic subsidence. Onshore to offshore segments of the Shanchiao normal fault were examined as potential sources of the tsunami, and varying slips of 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 m, which corresponded to an earthquake magnitude of Mw ~7, were tested individually. The tsunami hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling strongly suggested a rupture in the cross‐shore segment of the Shanchiao fault, which has not previously been considered as the source of the earthquake and tsunami. Unlike megathrust (subduction‐zone) earthquakes, an intraplate earthquake on the Shanchiao fault has minimal potential to generate a large‐scale tsunami that inundates extensive coastal areas and reworks and deposits tons of coastal sediment. However, local activity at a nearshore normal fault can generate damaging tsunamis even in a highly shallow bathymetry setting. The generation mechanism of the disastrous tsunami caused by near‐shore normal faulting may provide useful implications for tsunami risk assessments in the tsunami‐prone areas of the world.
Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review
Authors: Moffa‐Sánchez P. , Moreno‐Chamarro E. , Reynolds D. J. , Ortega P. , Cunningham L. , Swingedouw D. , Amrhein D. E. , Halfar J. , Jonkers L. , Jungclaus J. H. , Perner K. , Wanamaker A. , Yeager S.
Published: June 2019

The climate of the last two millennia was characterized by decadal to multicentennial variations, which were recorded in terrestrial records and had important societal impacts. The cause of these climatic events is still under debate, but changes in the North Atlantic circulation have often been proposed to play an important role. In this review we compile available high‐resolution paleoceanographic data sets from the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. The records are grouped into regions related to modern ocean conditions, and their variability is discussed. We additionally discuss our current knowledge from modeling studies, with a specific focus on the dynamical changes that are not well inferred from the proxy records. An illustration is provided through the analysis of two climate model ensembles and an individual simulation of the last millennium. This review thereby provides an up‐to‐date paleoperspective on the North Atlantic multidecadal to multicentennial ocean variability across the last two millennia.
Atlantic‐Pacific SST Gradient Change Responsible for the Weakening of North Tropical Atlantic‐ENSO Relationship due to Global Warming
Authors: Choi Jun‐Young , Ham Yoo‐Geun , McGregor Shayne
Published: June 2019

The changes in the negative relationship between the boreal spring North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) and the subsequent El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event are examined. While the NTA's triggering of ENSO events has strengthened in the observed period during 1992–2002 compared to 1967–1987, it is projected to be weakened in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario. The relative change in the climatological Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST), compared to those in other ocean basins, can explain the negative NTA‐ENSO relationship changes in both the observations and RCP4.5 scenario. In RCP4.5 scenario, the climatological Atlantic SST weakly increases relative to other ocean basins; therefore, the increase in the SST threshold for convection is greater than the increase in Atlantic SST, which suppress Atlantic convection. This suppresses NTA‐related local convection anomalies associated with the weakened negative NTA‐ENSO relationship. In the observed recent decades, the climatological Atlantic SST is further increased than those of other oceans, and thus, the NTA‐related teleconnection is enhanced.
Magnetospheric Multiscale Observation of Quasiperiodic EMIC Waves Associated With Enhanced Solar Wind Pressure
Authors: Liu Si , Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Liu Yang , Liao Zedong , Zhu Hui
Published: June 2019

We present a Magnetospheric Multiscale mission observation of quasiperiodic electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) variations on 24 December 2015 corresponding to magnetic field depressions as well as proton pitch angle anisotropy enhancements. Proton dynamic pressure obtained by WIND indicates that the solar wind was periodically compressing the magnetosphere with a period ∼7.5 min, which is consistent with the EMIC modulation period observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale. Numerical calculations demonstrate that the EMIC modulation period is comparable with the magnetic field line resonance period, suggesting that quasiperiodic solar wind enhancement compressing the magnetosphere and propagating as the fast mode can lead to the magnetic field line oscillation and hence the presence of quasiperiodic magnetic compressions and discrete proton anisotropy elements, which provides optimal conditions for modulating the EMIC instability. Current results provide a complete chain of self‐consistent observational evidences to illustrate the process connecting solar wind variations to EMIC wave amplitude modulation in the magnetosphere.
Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones Observed by AMSU Satellites
Authors: Lin Jialin , Qian Taotao
Published: June 2019

This study examines the vertical structures of temperature and convection associated with rapid intensification of tropical cyclones using collocated Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and HURSAT‐B1 satellite observations for 2003–2015. We used AMSU measurements from six satellites: AQUA, MetOp, NOAA‐15, NOAA‐16, NOAA‐17, and NOAA‐18. Eighteen thousand three hundred sixty nine collocated satellite overpasses of tropical cyclones were obtained. Vertical structures of temperature and convection are analyzed for different categories of tropical cyclone intensity, for the composite lifecycles of tropical cyclones in different ocean basins, and for the rapid intensification events. Tropical cyclones reaching hurricane intensity are generally associated with warm core above eyewall cloud top extending into the stratosphere, suggesting the existence of warm stratospheric downdrafts penetrating into the central eye. Rapid intensification of tropical cyclones are generally associated with strong warming rate above eyewall cloud top that extends into the stratosphere, suggesting that stratospheric downdrafts are involved in rapid intensification of tropical cyclones.