bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of microtubule motors from an insect ovarian system: Characterization using a novel motility substratum
Authors: Anastasi Angela , Hunt Cherryl , Stebbings Howard
Published: April 2021

The ovaries of hemipteran insects contain massive microtubule-based translocation channels known as nutritive tubes, linking nurse cells to the developing oocytes. Translocation, which is in a retrograde direction along the nutritive tube microtubules, has previously been reactivated in vitro. Here, ATP-sensitive microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have been isolated from the insect ovaries, and beads coated with such proteins applied to salt-treated, detergent-extracted nutritive tube microtubules microdissected from the insect ovaries. These motility substrata are composed of many thousands of parallel microtubules, all with a common known polarity, so that not only are they easily observed, but the direction of any translocation along their length can be readily interpreted.

ATP extracts of insect ovarian MAPs, containing both kinesin and dynein, were seen to promote bidirectional movements of beads. Movements in the two directions differed in both rate and form. On fractionation of the ATP extract, those fractions containing kinesin brought about bead movement in an anterograde direction. Fractions containing dynein failed to promote movement of beads, and no single fraction promoted movement of beads in a retrograde direction.

Kinesin, while clearly present in the insect ovary, is absent from the nutritive tube translocation channels. The nutritive tubes, however, contain a polypeptide that co-electrophoreses with insect ovarian dynein, making dynein a possible candidate for the motor that drives the retrograde translocation along nutritive tubes.
Localization of human growth hormone to a sub-set of cytoplasmic vesicles in transfected PC12 cells
Authors: Schweitzer Erik S. , Paddock Stephen
Published: April 2021

Two distinct population of vesicles can be identified in PC 12 cells by subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence. Density gradient separation reveals one population of dense vesicles that contains the transgenic regulated secretory protein hGH (human growth hormone) along with the endogenous neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Some of the neuronal vesicle marker synaptophysin (P38) is also associated with these vesicles. A second population of low-density vesicles contains synaptophysin but not hGH or norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence localization of hGH revealed a pattern consistent with packaging into catecholaminergic vesicles: the staining is punctate and most concentrated in the tips of the neuritic processes, with secondary accumulation in the perinuclear region. Double-staining of cells for hGH and synaptophysin confirms that these proteins do not co-localize but rather are spatially segregated within the cell. The observed distribution of vesicle markers is inconsistent with simple models for the generation of one type of vesicle from the other, suggesting that the vesicles are products of two divergent biosynthetic pathways. While the hGH is clearly contained in regulated secretory vesicles, the function of the second population of vesicles remains uncertain.
Lysosomal enzyme secretory mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Ebert David L. , Jordan Kevin B. , Dimond Randall L.
Published: April 2021

Dictyostelium discoideum secretes a number of lysosomal enzymes during axenic growth and upon suspension in a low ionic strength, non-nutrient buffer (standard secretion conditions). These secretory characteristics have allowed us to identify 74 lysosomal enzyme secretory mutants generated by N-methyl-N′ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. The majority of these mutants fell into one of four classes, on the basis of their secretory characteristics in non-nutrient buffer. The four mutant classes indicate that a minimum of three distinct sets of genes are necessary for proper secretion of lysosomal enzymes from D. discoideum cells under standard secretion conditions: one set of genes that is involved in general lysosomal enzyme secretion, one that is involved in glycosidase type secretion, and a third that is involved in acid phosphatase type secretion. These three classes likely reflect heterogeneity in the intracellular destination of lysosomal enzymes, the secretory mechanism, or both. A fourth set of genes may be necessary for proper secretion during growth, but plays no role under standard secretion conditions. These are likely altered in the regulation of secretion or in lysosomal enzyme targeting. Of the 74 secretory mutants, 36 were also modification mutants resulting in decreased pl, thermolability, or in vivo instability of lysosomal enzyme activities. The high frequency of modification mutants indicates an integral relationship between lysosomal enzyme modification, and lysosomal enzyme targeting and secretion in D. discoideum.
Microtubule depolymerization inhibits transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes
Authors: Scheel Jochen , Matteoni Raffaele , Ludwig Thomas , Hoflack Bernard , Kreis Thomas E.
Published: April 2021

Lysosomes as well as a prelysosomal compartment rich in the mannose 6-phosphate receptor are clustered close to the Golgi apparatus in the perinuclear region of the microtubule organizing center in interphase human skin fibroblasts. The spatial organization of these organelles depends on an intact microtubule network. Depolymerization of the microtubules by treatment of cells with nocodazole leads to random scattering of Golgi elements, the prelysosomal compartment, and lysosomes throughout the cytoplasm. To test whether microtubules and the spatial organization of these organelles are important for efficient transport of lysosomal enzymes, the effect of microtubule depolymerization on the maturation of newly synthesized cathepsin D was studied. An up to fivefold inhibition of proteolytic maturation of cathepsin D was observed in drug-treated cells. This effect was due to a decreased rate of transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes. Depolymerization of microtubules did not inhibit transport of cathepsin D from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network. Furthermore, synthesis of the phosphomannosyl marker present on cathepsin D was not affected by nocodazole. These results suggest that efficient transport of cathepsin D from the Golgi apparatus to a prelysosomal compartment and lysosomes is facilitated by microtubules and the spatial organization of these organelles.
Extracts from eggs and oocytes of Xenopus Laevis differ in their capacities for nuclear assembly and dna replication
Authors: Cox Lynne S. , Leno Gregory H.
Published: April 2021

We describe a cell-free extract derived from the oocytes of Xenopus laevis. The oocyte extract is capable of decondensing sperm chromatin and of replicating single-stranded DNA in a semiconservative, aphidicolin-sensitive manner. In addition, oocyte extract supports the elongation phase of DNA synthesis in nuclei that have been preinitiated for replication. All of these properties are shared by previously described egg extracts.

However, oocyte extracts differ from egg extracts in two important ways. First, they cannot support nuclear assembly, as visualised by phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Second, they do not initiate replication on chromatin or nuclei de novo. Crude low-speed supernatants can be partially fractionated into soluble and vesicular components by high-speed centrifugation. Such fractions from eggs can be functionally reconstituted, but the oocyte soluble fraction does not acquire the ability to assemble nuclei, or replicate them, even when supplemented with the egg vesicular fraction. Similarly, oocyte vesicles cannot substitute for egg vesicles on reconstitution with the egg soluble fraction. When the requirement for nuclear assembly is bypassed by using preformed, quiescent nuclei, replication is observed in egg but not oocyte extracts. However, the oocyte extract is not inhibitory for initiation of replication, as it does not prevent replication of sperm nuclei when mixed with egg extract.

We suggest that the different capabilities of egg and oocyte extracts could provide the basis of an assay system for identifying factors involved in the initiation of DNA replication.
The role of intermediate filaments in adrenal steroidogenesis
Authors: Almahbobi Ghanim , Hall Peter F.
Published: April 2021

Cholesterol is stored in adrenal cells as ester in lipid droplets, which are transported to mitochondria to provide a substrate for steroid hormone synthesis. Using mouse adrenal tumour cells (Y-l), we show here that approximately 33% of the adrenal cell cholesterol ester is bound tightly to intermediate filaments while the rest is either loosely attached or free in the cytosol. Specific binding of droplets to intermediate filaments was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was based upon Nile Red to stain lipid and antibodies to vimentin, actin and tubulin. Electron microscopy, including immunoelectron microscopy with protein A conjugated to gold particles (5nm), was used to examine whole mounts of cytoskeletons and intermediate filaments. Immuno fluorescence reveals that bound droplets are surrounded by a capsule containing vimentin and can be removed from the filaments by extraction with ethanol or 6 M urea. Negative staining of the urea extracts revealed isolated droplets. To the extent that cholesterol ester is the storage form of steroidogenic cholesterol, the knowledge that lipid droplets containing such esters are attached to intermediate filaments may prove important in unravelling the complex process of the transport of cholesterol to mitochondria.
Cooperative enhancement of hyaluronic acid synthesis by combined use of IGF-I and EGF, and inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, in cultured mesothelial cells from rabbit pericardial cavity
Authors: HONDA ATSUSHI , NOGUCHI NAKAE , TAKEHARA HIROMI , OHASHI YOSHIAKI , ASUWA NORIKO , MORI Y.O.
Published: April 2021

We examined the combined effects of IGF-I and EGF on hyaluronic acid synthesis using cultured pericardial mesothelial cells from rabbit pericardial cavity. Combined exposure of pericardial cells to IGF-I and EGF cooperatively increased hyaluronic acid synthesis and the level of hyaluronic acid synthase activity over that seen with or without IGF-I or EGF alone, but did not significantly stimulate the sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Increase in the level of hyaluronic acid synthesis and hyaluronic acid synthase activity induced by these growth factors was blocked after pretreatment with a tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitor, genistein. Genistein had no direct inhibitory effect on hyaluronic acid synthase activity. These results suggest that cooperative enhancement of hyaluronic acid synthesis induced by combined use of IGF-I and EGF could be mediated by a receptor tyrosine kinase-involved transmembrane signaling process that is responsive to IGF-I and EGF.
The role of lamin LIII in nuclear assembly and DNA replication, in cell-free extracts ofXenopuseggs
Authors: Meier J. , Campbell K. H. S. , Ford C. C. , Stick R. , Hutchison C. J.
Published: April 2021

Xenopus egg extracts, which support nuclear assembly and DNA replication, were functionally depleted of lamin Lin by inoculating them with monoclonal anti-lamin antibodies. Phase-contrast microscopy and electron-microscopy studies indicated that lamin-depleted extracts supported efficient chromatin decondensation, and assembly of double membrane structures and nuclear pores on demembranated sperm heads. Immunofluorescence microscopy suggests that lamin-antibody complexes are transported across the nuclear membrane but do not assemble into a lamina. These findings were confirmed by immunoblotting analysis of isolated nuclei. Metabolic labelling studies with either biotin-11-dUTP or [32P]dCTP, revealed that nuclei lacking a lamina were unable to initiate DNA replication and that, although such nuclei could import proteins required for DNA replication (e.g. PCNA), these proteins were apparently not organized into replicon clusters.
Modification of the pressure-probe technique permits controlled intracellular microinjection of fluorescent probes
Authors: Oparka K. J. , Murphy R. , Derrick P. M. , Prior D. A. M. , Smith J. A. C.
Published: April 2021

The pressure probe has been widely used to study the water relations of plant cells. Here we describe a simple modification of the pressure-probe technique that permits the controlled microinjection of fluorescent probes into plant cells while simultaneously measuring cell turgor pressure. Using the pressure probe, less than 1 nl of the membrane-impermeant fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH was introduced into micropipettes and subsequently injected into leaf trichome cells of Nicotiana clevelandii. Disruption of cell contents could be minimized by raising the hydrostatic pressure in the probe prior to impalement to a value approaching the anticipated cell turgor pressure. Injections to the cytosol resulted in intercellular symplastic transport of the dye in both acropetal and basipetal directions. In contrast, no symplastic transport was observed following an injection of dye into the vacuole. As measured with the pressure probe, cell turgor pressures were in the range 0.18 to 0.36 MPa; the half-time for water exchange across the cell boundary was approximately 10 s. The potential of this technique for the study of turgor-pressure-dependent intercellular transport and the hydraulic conductivities of the tonoplast, plasmalemma and plasmodesmata is discussed.
On the presence of microscopic fungi in water deleterious to Health
Authors: Lankester Edwin
Published: April 2021

Notone of the least important services rendered by the microscope, is the facility with which the presence of organic matters, especially when living, can be detected by its agency in positions where chemical analysis fails to recognise such compounds at all. This is remarkably the case with the lower forms of animal and vegetable life which inhabit fresh, mineral, and marine waters. Some of the animals, as, for instance, the jelly-fishes, which are large enough to be seen by the naked eye, and even to present creatures of formidable dimensions, are scarcely recognisable by chemical analysis in the water in which they have existed. Such facts as these seem to indicate that the microscope may be successfully employed in investigating waters which may be suspected of containing deleterious matters, or of determining the presence of agents injurious to health. It is true that our knowledge of the forms of microscopic life which may be injurious to health is very limited, but sufficient is known to stimulate further inquiry, and to prompt further efforts to identify special organic forms with the unfitness of water for dietetical purposes. On this ground I have thought the following notes not unworthy of record.
On the Origin of Greensand, and its Formation in the Oceans of the Present Epoch
Authors: Bailey J. W.
Published: April 2021

As an introduction to the subject of this paper, it is proper to refer to various observations which have been made of facts intimately related to those which I wish to present. That the calcareous shells of the Polythalamia are sometimes replaced by silica, appears to have been first noticed by Ehrenberg, who, in a note translated by Mr. Weaver, and published in the ‘L. E. and D. Philosophical Journal’ for 1841, vol. xviii, p. 397, says:
Abstract of Remarks on the marginal bodies of the medusæ
Authors: Gegenbaur C.
Published: April 2021

“These bodies,” the author observes, “ afford better systematic characters for the classification of these animals than can be derived from the form of their bodies or the relations of their tentacles.”
Microscopical society, October 21st, 1857.
Authors: Shadbolt George
Published: April 2021

November 11th, 1857.

A paper was read by Dr. Donkin, “ On the Marine Diatomaceæ of Northumberland, with a description of twenty new species. (f Trans.,’ p. 12.)
Remarks on the genus “ rhizosolenia” of ehrenberg
Authors: Brightwell Thomas
Published: April 2021

Among the remarkable forms lately detected in Ascidia! and Noctiluca, specimens have been found of some which appear to belong to the genus Rhizosolenia, of Ehrenberg.
On the Development of the Transversely Striated Muscular Fibre, in Man, from Simple Cells
Authors: Kölliker A.
Published: April 2021

The extensive prevalence of unicellular muscular fibres or of contractile fibre cells in the Invertebrata having been demonstratively shown, I was induced to inquire whether the mode of formation first noticed by Lebert, and afterwards by Remak, in the transversely striated muscular fibre of the frog, that, viz., acccording to which each muscular fibre is produced from a single cell, which becomes exceedingly elongated, did not apply to the case of all transversely striated fibres (‘Würz. Verb.’ viii. p. 113). I am now, in fact, enabled to show that the same mode of formation also obtains in the human subject. In a two-months embryo I found the muscles of the rudimentary foot in so undeveloped a condition, that it was by no means difficult to exhibit their very early conditions. The earliest forms seen by me were simple fusiform cells, 0·06—0·08‴ long containing in the middle portion, which was 0·001—0’015‴ in breadth, one or two elongated nuclei, and produced at either extremity into an extremely delicate filament at most 0·0004‴ in diameter, presenting at the same time no trace of transverse striation. Now from the muscular substance of the thigh and leg a complete series of forms, from these simple fibre-cells, which could be nothing else than elongated primordial embryo-cells, could be traced up to fibres 0·2—0·3‴ long and 0·002‴ wide, which were also attenuated at each end, and containing 4—9 elongated nuclei placed at considerable distances apart, and also presenting the first faint indications of a transverse striation, so that it could not be doubted that the future muscular fibres are derived simply from a growth in length and breadth of the original uninucleated fibre-cells, accompanied with an energetic multiplication of the nuclei; to Which growth is subsequently superadded a peculiar transformation of the cell-Contents. And this conclusion was the more readily arrived at from the circumstance that the nuclei of these elements presented almost all the indications of an active multiplication, which I have already described.
On some Madeiran Polyzoa
Authors: Johnson J. Yates
Published: April 2021

We continue the account of zoophytes, brought by Mr. J. Y. Johnson from Madeira, and to which he has made some interesting additions in the present year, and kindly placed at our disposal for description. In the next number of the Journal we hope to be able to include figures of all the remaining new or imperfectly described forms brought by Mr. Johnson, and shall then give a general list of the known species derived from that most interesting locality.
The Microscope in its application to Clinical Medicine
Authors: Beale Lionel
Published: April 2021

On the appearance of the first edition of this work (vol. ii, p. 267) we gave it our highest commendation; and the fact of its having so soon reached a second edition shows that our high estimation of its value was correct. Short, however, as has been the time since the publication of the first edition, it has been one of great advancement in the direction of microscopical research. Hasty generalizations have been corrected, incorrect observations have been exposed, increased facilities for investigation, by the improvement of the microscope, have been introduced, new methods of research have been employed, and a large addition has been made to our knowledge of minute structure, during the last four years. For many of these results we are not a little indebted to Dr. Beale’s book, and to the unwearied industry and singleness of purpose with which Dr. Beale has worked with the microscope. When we see how much work Dr. Beale has done the last four years, and recollect that during that time he has performed the duties of Physician to King’s College Hospital, and Professor of Physiology in the College, we cannot but marvel at the extent of his labours, and hope that he is not taxing his physical powers to an extent which he or his friends may have occasion to lament.
The Aquarian Naturalist ; a Manual for the Sea-side
Authors: Jones Thomas Rymer
Published: April 2021

Having been indebted to the politeness of the publisher for a copy of this elegant drawing-room volume, we have pleasure in directing the attention of those for whose benefit it is intended to its numerous attractions, though unable to perceive that the Author has made much use of the microscope in any researches which can be regarded as novel in it.
Manual of Technical Analysis, a guide for the testing and valuation of the various natural and artificial substances employed in the Arts and Domestic Economy, founded upon the ‘Handbuch’ of Dr. P. A. Bolley
Authors: Paul Benjamin
Published: April 2021

In the examination of the structure and composition of the various natural substances used by man in the Arts and Domestic Economy, it is frequently necessary to use more than one instrument of investigation. Where chemical analysis fails the microscope succeeds, and where the microscope is valueless the chemical reagents will frequently establish facts of the first importance. It not uncommonly happens that these two means of investigation are necessary to arrive at correct conclusions. Substances which cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities to be analysed with the naked eye may be chemically manipulated with the greatest success under the microscope. It is on this ground that the microscope and chemical experiment frequently meet, and the investigator of nature and the man of business must appeal to both.
Proceedings of Societies: On the Early Stages of Inflammation
Authors: Lister Joseph
Published: April 2021

In this communication the author gives an account of an investigation with which he has been recently occupied, into the process of inflammation in the Frog’s foot. The paper is divided into four sections, with an introduction and conclusion.
Descriptions of New Species Of British Diatomaceæ, Chiefly observed by the late Professor Gregory
Authors: Greville Robert Kaye
Published: April 2021

Towards the close of the year 1857, my lamented friend, the late Professor Gregory, was engaged in the examination of some Diatomaceous gatherings, the results of various dredgings made by Professor Balfour in Lamlash Bay. He had. detected a considerable number of forms which he believed to be undescribed ; and with reference to their publication I had completed drawings of a portion of the series, when he was attacked by his last illness. It does not appear that he had reduced any of his observations on these new species to writing ; at least, I have not been able to find a single memorandum on the subject. So that, however desirous I may be to secure to the name of my late friend the credit due to his discoveries, I fear that, even with the aid of his collection, which has been most kindly presented to me by his widow, I shall perform this duty very imperfectly. It unfortunately happens that, in some cases, the slides which contained the objects to be drawn were returned to him for description, and I have neither been able to find the original slides (in the absence of any distinctive mark or label), nor additional examples of the forms in question. The present communication consequently does not contain a notice even of all the species of which I had made drawings. The wonderful memory possessed by Professor Gregory rendered him independent of temporary notes. The careful study he bestowed upon the forms which came under his eye, fixed every character, however minute, in his mind, and it was not until he had completed his investigations that he sat down to record them. By his death Science has lost a most successful explorer, as well as one of the most patient and indefatigable of microscopic observers.
On the Calcareous Corpuscles of the Trematoda; and on the Genus Tetracotyle
Authors: Claparède E.
Published: April 2021

The calcareous corpuscles of different entozoa have frequently attracted the attention of observers. For a long time regarded as ova, their calcareous constitution was at length recognized, and at present they are universally looked upon as an earthy deposit in the integument. Siebold, for instance, compares them with the calcareous bodies found in the integument of the Holuthuriæ and in the soft parts of many polypes. I have, however, for some time, been aware that these corpuscles, in some Trematoda at any rate, have a certain relation to the excretory apparatus. This observation was first made in April, 1855, in Diplostomum rachiæum, Henle, from the spinal canal Of the Frog. In this instance, it was obvious at first sight that a minute vessel proceeded from each corpuscle. Closer examination showed that each corpuscle is contained in a capsule fitting pretty closely around it, and whose wall is continuous with that of the tubule. Several of these vessels unite into a single branch, which communicates again with one of the ramifications of the excretory system. This system in D. rachiæum is constituted of a slender, gradually enlarging trunk, which runs from behind forwards in the middle line of the body, and is connected, at the anterior extremity of the animal, by a branch on either side, with the lateral trunks. The latter descend nearly parallel with the border and, gradually enlarging, open at the hinder end into the two-pointed contractile vesicle. From each of these three main trunks numerous vibratile vessels are given off; and besides these they are connected with each other by numerous transverse branches; one of which, in particular, may always be remarked passing across immediately in front of the abdominal acetabulum. As is well known, Leydig * has regarded this excretory system as a ramified intestine, considering, on the other hand, the true intestine as a bifurcate excretory apparatus.
On some of the Rarer or Undescribed Species of Diato-Maceæ. Part I
Authors: Brightwell T.
Published: April 2021

It is my purpose to give in this and some following papers descriptions of some of the many undescribed or unfigured species of Diatomaceæ, chiefly marine, which still are found in our cabinets; illustrated by Mr. Tuffen West’s excellent figures, they will, I trust, be acceptable and useful to algologists.
Das Mikroskop; Theorie, Gebrauch, Geschichte, und gegen-wärtige Zustand desselben. [the Microscope; its theory, use, history, and present state.]
Authors: Harting P.
Published: April 2021

Professor Harting’s work on the ‘Microscope,’ originally written in the Dutch language, and consequently a sealed book to all but a very few, appeared in three distinct portions or volumes, to which a voluminous appendix was added last year. The whole was thus brought up to the present time.
On the structure and mode of formation of the dental tissues, according to the principle of “ molecular coalescence”
Authors: Rainey George
Published: April 2021

In a paper contained in the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,’ for October, 1857, “On the Elementary Formation of the Skeleton,” I have intimated that the globular form of dentine noticed by some of the later writers on the dental-tissues, is the result of the same process of molecular coalescence as that by which bone and shell are formed; and that the so-called “dentinal tubules” are merely spaces bounded directly by the dentine-fibres, and the partially coalesced dentine - globules. As, at that time, I was not aware that a similar view of the nature of these passages had been published by M. Raschkow, any observations of mine, however demonstrative of the fact, can only be regarded as confirmatory of his. This view of the nature of these passages had, to my knowledge, no supporters among those who had written upon the subject in this country, being supposed to have its origin entirely in the fibrous appearance presented by dentine under a low magnifying power, and thus Raschkow’s view was passed over as incorrect. I may remark, that as there are few structures which have been so minutely and carefully examined as the dental tissues, it must follow, that so far as microscopical appearances are concerned, it will be impossible to add much to what has, with more or less minuteness and accuracy, been described, and therefore I shall have but little to communicate strictly of an anatomical character which will be new. But originality in this respect is not, in this communication, my object, which is to give the proper interpretation of appearances already described, and to show that they admit of being accounted for, and their mode of formation demonstrated on the same principle of molecular coalescence as has been applied to the formation of shell-tissues. I may further notice, that as this article must be as brief as possible, only such details of the structure of the dental tissues, and the organs concerned in forming them, will be introduced, as are absolutely necessary to render the physiological observations and explanations intelligible.
Evenings at the Microscope ; or, Researches among the Minuter Organs and Forms of Animal, Life
Authors: Gosse Philip Henry
Published: April 2021

It is always a pleasant thing to meet Mr. Gosse in print, whether he ushers himself into the world from the Red Lion press in Pæternoster Row, or obtains the sanction of “the Committee of General Literature and Education appointed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.” Why Mr. Gosse publishes his books under the direction of a Society for promoting Christian knowledge at all we are at a loss to perceive, for we find nothing in this book that might not have been published by Mr. Van Voorst, or the most sceptical publisher in the Row. We are, in fact, a little jealous of religious societies publishing books of this sort, both on the grounds that such books are not strictly Christian, and that funds are appropriated to their production to the injury of the regular publisher which were not intended for this object. It is true that this does not in any’ way interfere with the quality of the work, and this is with what we have more particularly to do. As its name would imply, Mr. Gosse’s book is a popular introduction to working with the microscope. It differs, however, from other introductions to the microscope, that it contains no account of the structure of the microscope at all. This is really a feature, albeit a negative one, in the book. As reviewers bound to read every word of every book we notice, we are glad for once to deal with one on the microscope without anything about the microscope at all.
On some histological features in the shells of the crustacea
Authors: Williamson W. C.
Published: April 2021

In the Report of the British Association for 1848, Dr. Carpenter called attention to the fact that the tegumentary shell of the common crab chiefly consists of a tubulated structure closely resembling dentine. Since the publication of that report, the subject has been further investigated by Professor Quekett (‘Lectures on Histology vol. ii, 1854), and by Professor Huxley (‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology art. Tegumentary Organs, 1855-6). Each of these later writers have contributed much to our previous stock of information on this subject. But as discrepancies exist between the conclusions at which they have arrived, a new investigation of the matter became desirable; hence the present communication.
The Nature-printed British Sea-Weeds; a history accompanied by figures and dissections of the Algae of the British Isles
Authors: Johnstone William Grosart , Croall Alexander
Published: April 2021

The success of the production of the British ferns by the new process of nature-printing has encouraged Mr. Bradbury to attempt a much larger family of plants. The seaweeds, on account of their membranous nature, presented peculiar facilities for representing them by nature-printing; and in this volume we have an instalment of a work which is to be devoted to the whole of the British species of this family.
Description of Two New Species of Staurastrum
Authors: Archer W. , Dixon N. V.
Published: April 2021

(Read before the Dublin Natural History Society, on Friday, June 3d, 1859; extracted from the ‘Natural Histmy Review and Quarterly Journal of Science,’ for Oct. 1859.)

In these days of cancelling from our lists, and their consolidation with others, of numerous species, or reputed species, in the various walks of natural history,—and this, no doubt, in many cases, with much reason,—it may appear unjustifiable rashness and temerity on my part to come forward for the purpose of describing the following two new forms to be added to our lists of Desmidiaceæ. But in a more extended point of view, in regard to what is a species and what is not, it seems to me that naturalists are prone to err in one of two directions: they either restrict the number of species in their lists within too narrow limits, or inordinately increase their number by giving a name and specific rank to almost every variation which they encounter. On the one hand, because, between two hitherto recognised distinct, but allied species, there are occasionally found forms, as it were intermediate, connecting them, it is assumed that these two original forms must necessarily make but one species. On the other hand, those naturalists might possibly be not wanting who would feel inclined to consider not only the two original, but also one or several of those intermediate forms, as themselves species. Both extremes, as it seems to me, may be wrong. Might it not be expected to be the case that the limits of variation of each of the two original species, so nearly allied, might, so to speak, so touch each other at the margin, as to seem to unite them together, and give rise to the assumption, always plausible, but perhaps not always correct, that one of the original species could (and does), by a series of transitions, pass into the other ? If any one species become modified, is it not to be expected that the characters of the most nearly allied form, and not those of one remote in affinity, will be those which, to a greater or less degree, it will be likely to simulate? Under this hypothesis, the two original forms would still justly be considered true and distinct species—in contradiction to the opinion of the former class of naturalists —while the forms intermediate would be but variations (perhaps but of a temporary or local nature), some derived from one species, some perhaps from the other, and could by no means be looked upon as true species—in opposition to the views of the latter class of naturalists. I do not mean to intimate, when a hitherto acknowledged species is rejected, that I imagine the step always to be an erroneous one, for he who successfully demolishes the spurious claims of a mere book-species does science a good service; but it seems to me that what I have tried to express is a state of things, the possibility of the existence of which, by those who are anxious to suppress species, may sometimes be lost sight of or ignored.
Further Observations on the Structure of Nerve-Fibres
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: April 2021

In the number of this Journal for October, 1859, appeared a communication by Professor Lister and myself, ‘On the Structure of Nerve-Fibres? In it we directed attention to the great benefits to be derived from the use of chromic acid and carmine in the examination of these fibres. We especially pointed out the different action of these two substances upon the constituent structures of the fibres, the axial cylinders alone being coloured by the carmine, whilst the medullary sheaths assumed under the action of the chromic acid a peculiar fibroid appearance. Our observations were made especially upon transverse sections through the fibres, not only as they exist in an ordinary spinal nerve, such as the sciatic, but also as they lie in the columnar’ portions of the cord. In addition, we described and figured certain fibres, views of which were obtained by mailing longitudinal sections of the columnar portions of the cord. Since this paper was printed, I have continued my observations on the subject, and, by a slight modification of our former process have succeeded in obtaining extremely satisfactory views of the axial cylinder, and of the proportion which it bears to the medullary sheath. From the great simplicity and precision of this process, I am induced to make the following communication.
On Sarcina, and especially on its occurrence in the Urine of Man
Authors: Welcker Hermann
Published: April 2021

The following is an abstract of Dr. Weicker’s communication, which has appeared in. Henle and Pfeuffer’s ‘Zeitsch. f Rat. Med.,’ 3d ser., vol. v, p. 199 (1859).
On Cyclotella
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. A.
Published: April 2021

My object is not to give here a monograph of the genus Cyclotella, but to endeavour to clear up the synonyms of our British species, which to me appear to be in a little confusion.
On the Marine Diatomaceæ of Northumberland, with a Description of Several New Species
Authors: Donkin Arthur Scott
Published: April 2021

In my previous communication * on this subject, I believe I was the first to point out to observers, that in many localities on the sands of the open shore, marine Diatomaceæ, in a living state, can be collected in great abundance; and several to whom I have sent slides, or gatherings, have had opportunities of judging of their richness and purity; amongst whom I may mention my friends, Dr. Greyille, Mr. Roper, and Mr. Okeden. Since the publication of my former contribution, the ample experience of three consecutive summers has led me to arrive at the conclusion, that the presence of Diatomaceæ on the sandy beach of still bays is not an accidental occurrence, or the result of peculiarities of season; but, on the contrary, that such localities are the natural habitat of the free species belonging to this highly interesting class of microscopic organisms, and that, in such localities, these species are annually, during the spring and summer months, generated in surprising abundance. But my observations have led me to infer that certain conditions are essential to their propagation on the open shore. These are— 1, a clean sandy beach; 2, a still or calm condition of the water by which this beach is washed; 3, a certain degree of warmth in the sand.
Chemistry in its Relations to Physiology and Medicine
Authors: Day George E.
Published: April 2021

Although the science of physiology cannot be fully comprehended, unless studied in connection with the organs which perform the functions of life, there can be now little doubt of the vast importance to be attached to the chemical constitution and changes which the organs of living bodies undergo. In fact, the great development, in recent years, of physiological science has been in the direction of chemical inquiry. It is the object of Dr. Day, in this book, to set forth more particularly the relations of chemistry to physiology; and he has produced a work of great practical value. We have been previously indebted to him for having translated Simon’s work on ‘Animal Chemistry’ and Lehmann’s ‘Physiological Chemistry,’ and no one could be better fitted for giving a view of the whole subject than Dr. Day. But whilst it is easy to separate the chemistry of life from any detailed account of the morphology of the organs of living beings, it is impossible to treat this subject satisfactorily, without describing the histological structure of the organs and secretions. Hence the necessity for the use of the microscope, and the examination by its aid of the various tissues and secretions. Whilst, therefore, writing a book expressly devoted to the chemistry of life, Dr. Day has felt himself compelled to refer constantly to the nature of those living products which can only be detected by the aid of the microscope. The work is accompanied by five plates, illustrative of the microscopic structure of the crystals and histological elements found in the blood and secretions. These illustrations are got up in the style of those published in Funk’s Physiological Atlas,’ and will be found of great value to the student who is beginning to work at this subject.
On Nobert’s Test-Plate and the Striæ of Diatoms
Authors: Sullivant W. S. , Wormley T. G.
Published: April 2021

The limit of the resolvability of lines, or how small a space can exist between lines and still admit of their being separated under the microscope, appears to be an undecided point. Professor Queckett (‘Treatise on the Microscope,’ 3d ed., p. 238, 1855) asserts that “no achromatic has yet been made capable of separating lines closer together than the of an inch.” In the same work, p. 245, it is stated that Mr. Ross found it impossible to ascertain the position of a line nearer than the of an inch. We find also on p. 512, that Mr. De la Rue, in his extended examination of Nobert’s test-plates, was unable to resolve any lines closer than the of an inch. In Professor Carpenter’s work (‘The Microscope,’ 2d ed., p. 189, 1859) this sentence occurs: “The well-defined lines on Nobert’s test-plates have not yet been resolved -when they have approximated more closely than the of an inch.’’
On Changes of Form in the red corpuscles of Human Blood
Authors: Addison William
Published: April 2021

In the natural history of plants and animals, the relations between different parts of the structure of an individual have, on many occasions, been established by the study of malformations or irregularities.
The Minute Structure of the Human Umbilical Cord
Authors: Koester K.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In a short historical introduction Dr. Koster recapitulates some of the views which have been taken of connective tissue in general, and of tissue such as that of the umbilical cord in particular. The peculiar interest of this structure lies in the fact that it is nourished without any proper vascular system. Virchow, who first showed the identity of bone-, cartilage-, and connective-tissue-corpuscles, was also the first to suggest that these bodies, with their prolongations, formed an anastomosing system of channels by which nutriment is conveyed. These views were energetically opposed by Henle and, to some extent, by Kölliker, and a long controversy arose, to which a new direction was given by the researches of Recklinghausen.3
On the Relation of Assimilation and Secretion to the Functions of Organic Life
Authors: Gedge J.
Published: April 2021

Physiology suffers much from the want of definite nomenclature. Organic processes specifically identical appear generically distinct, in consequence of the separate terms used in their description.
On a New Method of Studying the Capillary Circulation in Mammals
Authors: Stricker S. , Sanderson Burdon
Published: April 2021

The science of physiology is based on exact observation of the mechanical and chemical changes which take place in living beings. For this purpose the same methods and instruments must be used as are employed in physics. The observations, however, are much more difficult than those of the physicist, because the subject of observation is a living being, and consequently the conditions are much more complicated than those with which he has to deal. Hence it is of the greatest importance to devise good methods —so much so,’ that science is as much indebted to those who invent them, as to those who discover new truths.
Note on Methæmoglobin
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Hoppe-Seyler describes Methaemoglobin as an intermediate product of the spontaneous change of Hæmoglobin into Hæmatin. He states that it is soluble in water, is characterised by an absorption-band in red, like that of acid Hæmatin, and is precipitated by acetate of lead. He appears to have seen it only in mixture with Hæmoglobin, and doubts its distinct existence. Preyer, writing since in Pfluger’s c Archiv,’ describes Methaemoglobin as produced from Hæmoglobin either by ozone, carbonic acid gas, or spontaneous change in a dry chamber. He says it is not precipitated by acetate of lead. He considers it to have three absorption-, bands—one like but not identical with that of acid Hæmatin, the other two identical with those of Oxyhæmoglobin. He hence regards as Methaemoglobin what Hoppe-Seyler would regard as a mixture of Methæmoglobin and O-Hæmoglobin.
Notes on the Method of Application of Nitrate of Silver and Chloride of Gold in the Preparation of Certain Tissues for Microscopic Investigation
Authors: Moseley Henry N.
Published: April 2021

It is hoped that the following notes may be of service to some of the readers of the Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science. I have this year spent six months in the laboratories of Professor Stricker in Vienna, and have worked with the microscopes under his assistant Dr. Klein, to whom I am indebted for the greater part of my knowledge of the methods here described.
Observations and Experiments on the Red Blood-Corpuscle, Chiefly with Regard to the Action of Gases and Vapours
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Preliminary.—1. The uses of gases and vapours as a means of microchemical research.—2. Opinions and doubts concerning the red bloodcorpuscle (bibliography).—3. The normal appearance of the frog’s red blood-corpuscle.—4. The normal appearance of the human red bloodcorpuscle.—5. Means of studying the changes of the blood-corpuscles in disease.—6. Effect of pressure on the red blood-corpuscle.—7. Effect of isolation: a, by adhesion; b, by oil.—8. Effect of water in minute quantities gradually added.—9. Effect of CO2 gas.—10. Effect of osmic acid (vapour).—11. Effect of acetic acid (vapour and liquid). 12. Effect of alcohol.—13. Effect of ammonia gas.—14. Effect of chloroform (vapour and liquid).—15. Effect of bisulphide of carbon.—16. Effect of benzine.—17. Effect of turpentine oil.—18. Effect of solution of acetate of rosanilin and of tannin (Robert’s experiments).—19. Effect of carbonic oxide.—20. Effect of cyanogen gas.—21. Effect of sulphuretted hydrogen.—General conclusions and summary.
On the Circulatton of the Blood in Pyrosoma, Especially as Observed in the Embryo
Authors: Pavesi P.
Published: April 2021

At the commencement of last winter I was occupied in studying the very interesting phenomena of the alternating current of circulation in the Salpæ, when several living examples of Pyrosoma (P. giganteum, Sav.), caught in the bay, were brought to the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy for the researches on phosphorescence, which Professor Panceri continues to prosecute with such important results.
On some Peculiar Forms of Navicula from the Sulu Archipelago
Authors: O’meara Kev E.
Published: April 2021

Great diversity of opinion has existed among the most distinguished writers on the subject of the Diatomaceæ, as to the question whether Ehrenberg’s separation of Pinnularia from Navicula is tenable or not. The ground on which this distinction is made rests on the character of the striæ, which in Pinnularia are supposed to be costate, while in Navicula they are moniliform. Kützing rejected this distinction, while W. Smith and Rabenhorst maintained its validity. Ralfs in ‘Pritchard,’ p. 892, included the forms of Pinnularia under the genus Navicula, and gives his reasons for adopting this course as follows:—”Were the costæ always plainly developed, as in Pinnularia nobils and its allies, no difficulty could occur in determining the genera, but in many of the more minute species it is often very difficult to distinguish between striæ and costæ. We have not admitted Pinnularia here, partly for the reason just given, but principally because we cannot decide to which genus a large number of Ehrenberg’s species should be referred.” The existence of the distinctive characteristic is here admitted, but the genus founded on it rejected on account of the difficulty of applying it in many cases.