bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Villain to Victim: The Feminine Hero in Sharon Pollock’s Blood Relations
Authors: Babagolzadeh Reza , Shafieyan Mahdi
Published: November 2016

Sharon Pollock’s Blood Relations (1984) is based on the infamous legend of Lizzie Borden and the murder mysteries of her father and stepmother at their family home in Fall River, Massachusetts. Despite her acquittal, Lizzie remained the suspect by society facing ostracism. Pollock's play creates a scenario some ten years after the murder, portraying a different side to the myth. Her feminist play invites the audience to sympathize with Lizzie, regardless of the speculations surrounding the heinous act. However, this paper goes beyond feelings of sympathy by portraying the suspected patriarchal pariah and father-killing figure as the hero of the oppressed.
The University and the Voluntary Work Culture: Reality and Perspective
Authors: Almaraee Mohammed Abdullah
Published: November 2016

To explore the present role of universities in propagating the culture of voluntary work in the Saudi community, mixed research design has been incorporated along with descriptive statistics for retrieving outcomes. The research design has been implemented in order to evaluate the concept of voluntary work culture among the university staff and students and the factors associated with it. A structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to the sample of university students and staff members of Najran University to find the present situation of the university from the perspective of staff members and students and their role in propagating voluntary work culture. Universities play a modest role in propagating the voluntary work culture. Moreover, the students and faculty agree regarding the concept of voluntary work culture. No statistically significant differences exist among the male and female staff of the university. The research participants have emphasized on spreading voluntary work culture.
The Participatory Management in the Enterprise through Digital Marketing: Enterprise 2.0
Authors: Granata Giuseppe , De Filippo Antonio
Published: November 2016

From its birth to the nowadays lifestyle, web has strongly changed. Although once it was a “place’’ to find information, now it represents that virtual condition, in which it can be possible to share and collect information, thoughts, desires and doing shopping and so on and so forth.

Today, the company does not only make just a commercial communication. Instead, there exist many types of interaction: the internal communication, for instance. Enterprise 2.0 is that kind of business that uses the instruments of the web 2.0 both for external and internal communication. It means to use all the digital marketing tools to manage the entire organization, such that we have to think in a participatory management way. Indeed, we have to focus ourselves even more on a participatory organization, where the development of new projects derives from the ones who work into the company. The Social media that can be involved in this field are the same that are used for a commercial communication: social network, blogs, Wikipedia, podcasts, rss feed and so on and so forth.

Even though there are very few Italian companies that apply the tools of web 2.0 to manage the entire organization, the paradigm of the enterprise 2.0 is slowly taking off.

The purpose of this work paper is to identify how the company can efficiently adopt the digital marketing instruments, utilizing the participatory management: enterprise 2.0. The adoption of these participatory tools is fundamental, because only through their adoption, it can be possible to reach a vast audience and to satisfy the digital consumer needs, who is no more passive, but he is even more active and critic about the choices he is going to make.
A Cross-Country Comparison of Factors Affecting Foreign Portfolio Investment in Emerging Economies: In the Case of Bangladesh, China, India, and Pakistan
Authors: Haider Muhammad Afaq
Published: November 2016

Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) plays vital role in prosperity of any economy. The importance of FPI becomes even more crucial when, the subject country is in its developing phase, and in the process of exhausting its resources which are not utilized yet. Moreover, do these factors have similar effect on FPI across counties or not? We have used Multiple Linear Regression Models for China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, being emerging economies within the same region to examine FPI’s determinants. The study found that GDP growth, External Debt, Population growth, and Inflation are the main factors that affect FPI. Moreover, it is also found that there is different relation of similar factor across the countries, which is due the socio-economic, geographic, and geo-political differences among the subject countries.
Analyzing the Effect of Persuasion Component on the Audience
Authors: Nejad Mehran Ebrahimi , Sharifi Mahdi
Published: November 2016

Nowadays, persuasion is considered as one of the most pivotal components of social influence. It can promote or change the current attitude of the audience. Considering this component, the main objective of persuasion is creating motivation in the audience to meet their needs. Therefore, the current research aims at analyzing the effect of persuasion on the audience. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used in this research. The researcher has used both library and field methods as well as Delphi method to gather data. Also, one-sample t-test has been used to analyze the validity of the findings. The results indicate that in addition to the attraction criterion, some other criteria including excitement, feelings, and verbal skills affect the attitudes of the audience. Also it can be concluded that both persuasion model and validity have significant effects on persuasion component. On the other hand, the objective and validity of the audience don’t have significant effect on the audiences’ persuasion.
The Effect of Learning Standards and Market-Orientation in Competitive Strategy and Organizational Survival of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)
Authors: Emamgholizadeh Mehdi , Javanmard Habib Allah
Published: November 2016

The aim of the present study to is to determine the effect of learning standards and market orientation effect on competition and survival strategies in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. This research is an applied research and the method of collecting data is field research. The Statistical Society includes all 248 managers and senior technical experts in IRIB in 2015 which by using of Morgan Table the 148 volume has been selected. For gathering data, we used OL learning Criteria Questionnaire (2001), Slater and Narver marketing Questionnaire (1990), Self-made questionnaire based on Porter’s competitive strategy, and Self-made questionnaire based on organizational survival in Likert’s 5-degree scale. Data collected by descriptive statistics (Frequency tables, graphs, percentages, averages) and inferential statistical methods, (Pearson correlation, synchronous multiple regression analysis, structural equation modeling) by using statistical software SPSS and AMOS were analyzed. The results showed: learning criterion has a positive and significant effect on marketing, Marketing (customer-oriented, cross-sector coordination, competitiveness) has a significant positive impact on competitive strategies and organizational survival, Competitive strategies have a positive and significant effect on organizational survival. The results showed that the model fit is appropriate.
Criteria for Housing Design with Emphasis on Comparison between Traditional and Today Contemporary Iranian Architecture
Authors: Nasr Tahereh
Published: November 2016

Settling in the cities and the numerous efforts being made for massive supply of houses in a short time period, makes difficult the access to a pattern as appropriate for family life with increase in concentration in building construction, the individual and family borders, too, are neglected.

Though due to the extensiveness and complexity of the concept of housing, one cannot give a comprehensive, unique definition of it, but the housing, as a shelter, is regarded as the primary and basic needs of the family.

House as a place for relaxation and comfort and a shelter for removing tiredness has been a peace and security locality from a long time ago. House demand is one of the most essential human`s demands. According to Article 31 of fundamental law of Islamic Republic of Iran also, possessing a suitable house is considered as the right for every person and every Iranian family. House not only as a shelter, but also as a place for humans raise, has a great importance in the initial and most fundamental society union, namely family.

Identifying the identity and investigating the residential complexes in regard to the aesthetics implies the precise and conscious observing and noticing their beauties and or ugliness.

Main Questions in this paper are:

What are the consequences of disregarding the identity of today's housing architecture, especially the architecture of the ancient towns?

Can the components of Iranian traditional architecture be applied in today contemporary residential architecture and be effective to create a sense of place?

So the main purpose of this article is Pathology of Today Contemporary Iranian housing Architecture and Comparison with traditional Iranian architecture.

The method explored is a descriptive-analytical and field method to gather information and documents are available. The impact of known factors and variables in Iranian contemporary and traditional residential architecture has been evaluated and compared.

Accordingly, having some criteria for achieving a suitable house design pattern is essential in a way that makes it possible to understand all its visual embodiments and identify its identity.
This research also state the reasons for disability of today`s architecture and urban development against house problem and recommend some criteria for achieving a house design pattern after an overview of the definition of housing and examination of Iranian housing.
The Awareness of Sustainability Principles in the Practice of Architecture in the Developing World: A Survey of South-South Nigeria
Authors: Obia Ajah Ekpeni , Obot Isaiah Dickson
Published: November 2016

Contemporary Nigerian architecture seems to lack the ‘green’ in architecture due mainly to inadequate knowledge of the principles of sustainability; a serious environmental and sustainability problem. The objective of this paper therefore is to examine the degree of the spread of the knowledge of sustainable (green) architecture in the South-South Region of Nigeria. The result shall be used to judge what obtains in Nigeria and by extension, in most developing world countries, especially in Africa, south of the Sahara. This study will also create greater awareness among the practitioners of the profession. The study was done through the questionnaire/interview (technique), which sought to find how much the architects in the south-south of Nigeria knew about sustainable architecture. The analysis involved the use of means and percentages. The results of the analysis show that all the respondents agreed that the application of the principles of green architecture is very important in the practice of architecture in Nigeria, but only 12.5 % have clients who are knowledgeable about sustainability in the practice of architecture, The outcome of the analysis paved way for the conclusion and recommendations that, 1) many architects from Nigeria are yet to practice green architecture; a step they have to take if they must catch up with their counterparts from the developed nations, 2) Nigerian architects should be encouraged to train and retrain in the concepts and application of green architecture, 3) codes for sustainable building and designs should be introduced into building codes for use by all, 4) Governments and private organizations should encourage serious projects and researches on green architecture by providing funds and other necessary logistics.
Descrição anatômica de Calycophyllum Multiflorum Griseb. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Baldin Talita , Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: November 2016

O lenho de Calycophyllum multiflorum Griseb. é anatomicamente descrito e ilustrado. A estrutura microscópica é comparada com referências da literatura, destacando-se: vasos extremamente numerosos, em múltiplos radiais, menos comumente solitários e racemiformes; elementos vasculares de comprimento médio, com apêndices longos; parênquima axial ausente; raios heterogêneos, em sua maioria com duas células de largura; e fibras libriformes septadas, de paredes delgadas a espessas.
Anatomia da Madeira de Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)
Authors: Siegloch Anelise Marta , Finato Sabrina , Machado Paulo Fernando Dos Santos , Baldin Talita , Gatto Darci Alberto , Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: November 2016

A anatomia da madeira de Melia azedarach L. é descrita de acordo com IAWA (1989) e ilustrada com fotomicrografias, com base em material procedente de Jaguari, RS, Brasil. Na estrutura da madeira destacam-se: poros em múltiplos radiais; placas de perfuração simples; elementos vasculares pequenos; pontoações intervasculares pequenas, alternas e ornamentadas; parênquima axial vasicêntrico, confluente e marginal; raios homogêneos; e fibras libriformes não septadas.
Oficina bingo da saúde
Authors: Munhoz Oclaris Lopes , Ramos Tierle Kosloski , Moro Bernardo , Timm Marcella Simões , Venturini Larissa , Cremonese Luiza , Ressel Lúcia Beatriz
Published: November 2016

Este estudio tiene como objetivo relatar la experiencia de integrantes del Programa de Educación Tutorial del curso de enfermería en el proyecto de extensión 'Acampavida" que se realiza anualmente con adultos mayores mediante actividades de educación sanitaria. Se trata de un relato de talleres lúdico pedagógicos, planificados y organizados por estudiantes del Programa de Educación Tutorial Enfermería, llamados "bingo de la salud', respaldados en la metodología participativa. Los cartones de bingo traían imágenes que señalaban aspectos específicos referentes a problemas de salud en el envejecimiento. La realización de cada rueda del taller permitió compartir información, vivencias y experiencias significativas, no sólo para los adultos mayores, sino también para los participantes académicos. Teniendo en cuenta que el enfermero desempeña el rol de educador en salud, se concluye que esta actividad refuerza la importancia de su logro, e igualmente empodera y motiva a futuros profesionales de la salud a que difundan actividades similares.
Reprodução feminina e saúde sob os olhares de mulheres sem filhos
Authors: Machado Jacqueline Simone de Almeida , Penna Claudia Maria de Mattos
Published: November 2016

Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, respaldado en la metodología de la historia oral temática, basada en la sociología comprensiva de la vida cotidiana que busca comprender la influencia de la reproducción femenina en la construcción de la identidad de las mujeres sin hijos, considerando el aspecto socio-político de la salud sobre el cuerpo femenino. Participaron diecinueve mujeres sin hijos, mayores de 18 años, edad reproductiva en las décadas de 1950 a 2010, atendidas por la salud pública. La selección de las participantes se realizó mediante la técnica de bola de nieve y la recogida de datos por entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se utilizó el análisis de las narrativas para el procesamiento de datos. Los resultados muestran un cambio en el papel femenino y en el ideal de la mujer-madre. El cuerpo femenino asume nuevas formas de subjetivación, disociando la reproducción de la sexualidad y la maternidad surge como una opción. Estos cambios requieren la implementación o efectividad de las políticas públicas existentes que atiendan a las mujeres desde otras perspectivas y no sólo en los aspectos reproductivos, en el embarazo y en el parto.
Viajeros por los paisajes de España: del siglo XVIII a la actualidad
Authors: Pillet Capdepón Félix
Published: November 2016

Continuando con los estudios realizados sobre los viajeros ilustrados y románticos por
el conjunto de España, tanto extranjeros como españoles, haremos una relectura de estos
autores, para detenernos en sus descripciones paisajistas, con el fin de seguir analizando el
proceso durante el modernismo, el realismo social, el paisajismo franquista, y por último, la
situación actual, donde tanto el hiperrealismo, como el neo-romanticismo vienen a demostrar
que la literatura de viajes sigue vigente, aunque con enfoques distintos en los últimos
momentos. El objetivo del estudio consiste en analizar a lo largo del proceso cómo fueron
cambiando los medios de transporte y cómo los paisajes que interesaron a los viajeros pasaron
de los naturales-rurales a los urbanos.
Evolución de la política turística y la intervención estatal. El caso de Marruecos
Authors: Almeida García Fernando , Chahine Samia
Published: November 2016

El turismo ha ido ganando espacio en la agenda política del gobierno de Marruecos.
Durante los últimos 50 años, el desarrollo turístico ha estado liderado por el Estado, con
diferentes grados de implicación, dependiendo del periodo y contexto político y económico.
Se han alternado periodos de gasto público con otros de privatización o desinterés.
Este trabajo presenta la evolución de la política turística de Marruecos, destacando el cambio
de función que ha tenido el turismo que ha pasado de tener un papel secundario, a ser
en la actualidad una pieza clave de la economía del país. Así mismo, se detalla el proceso
de crecimiento turístico experimentado en los últimos años, similar al que han realizado
otros países turísticos en vía de desarrollo. Este estudio analiza los principales planes
turísticos llevados a cabo por el la Administración pública, y plantea un debate en torno al
modelo actual de desarrollo turístico y su conexión con las inversiones internacionales y
el sector inmobiliario.
Actividad de búsquedas en internet como variable para determinar la afluencia a museos
Authors: Gómez Martínez Rául , Rodríguez Herráez Beatriz , Pérez-Bustamante Yábar Diana Catalina
Published: November 2016

Tanto Internet como las nuevas tecnologías tienen cada vez más importancia en las investigaciones académicas o profesionales que se realizan. Con este trabajo tratamos de analizar si las estadísticas de búsqueda en un buscador como Google tienen capacidad de predicción respecto al número visitantes que van a acudir a un museo. Se trata de demostrar científicamente a través de un modelo econométrico que las estadísticas de búsqueda en Google sirven para conocer la posibilidad de visitantes de un museo. Con este artículo se pretenden realizar nuevas aportaciones a la gestión de los museos y sugerir la utilización de datos existentes que permitan conocer con cierta antelación la afluencia de público que se tendrá y así poder desarrollar estrategias.
Diversificación de la actividad turística de balnearios: el caso de Pehuén Co, Argentina
Authors: Luján Bustos María , Ferrelli Federico , Piccolo María Cintia
Published: November 2016

Para desarrollar un Manejo Integral Costero (MIC) de localidades turísticas es necesario
identificar posibles alternativas que ayuden a diversificar su turismo. La localidad de Pehuén
Co (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) es un típico caso de turismo sin diversificación.
Se realizó un análisis de su oferta y demanda turística mediante encuestas y relevamientos.
Esto permitió trazar una zonificación del área de estudio según el grado de desarrollo
turístico. Como resultado se identifican nuevas zonas con potencial turístico que permitiría
la diversificación de la economía local y regional. Estas alternativas potenciarían un uso
sustentable de los recursos y atractivos turísticos de Pehuén Co.
« Ici, c’est polyethnique » : les cadrages de la diversité ethnique dans quatre quartiers de classes moyennes à Montréal
Authors: Leloup Xavier , Germain Annick , Radice Martha
Published: November 2016

La dernière décennie aura été marquée, au Québec, par l’expression d’un inconfort grandissant face à l’immigration. Tant le discours politique que les sondages d’opinion auront véhiculé l’image d’une population moins encline à l’ouverture. Peu de travaux ont toutefois cherché à savoir comment les conduites quotidiennes et, en particulier, la cohabitation interethnique à l’échelle des quartiers ont pu être influencées par ces évolutions. Une recherche a été conduite entre 2011 et 2012 en vue d’apporter une réponse à cette question en ciblant comme terrain quatre quartiers de classes moyennes. Elle s’inspire largement des travaux sur la géographie des rencontres impliquant la différence. Le choix a cependant été fait de mettre l’accent sur les processus et conditions qui les rendent possibles plutôt que sur leurs éventuels effets. L’enquête cherche ainsi à renouer avec certains enseignements de l’École de Chicago, dont le caractère intermédiaire du quartier en tant qu’espace partagé, l’implication des engagements multiples sur les relations sociales et l’importance de la construction de la situation par ses participants. Les résultats montrent comment les individus se livrent à un travail de cadrage de la différence afin de maintenir le caractère ouvert de l’espace. Ils mettent aussi en évidence l’émergence d’ordres sociaux locaux différenciés d’un quartier à l’autre, les classes moyennes continuant à y occuper un rôle de pivot entre les groupes, en contradiction avec les images véhiculées à leur sujet. L’ensemble de la démarche souligne enfin l’utilité de l’enquête de terrain afin d’aborder la cohabitation interethnique par le bas et non à partir d’une vue normative et surplombante se focalisant sur les discours et les valeurs.
Quelles différences de perception des entreprises locales et des firmes multinationales de leurs relations d’alliances stratégiques instables ?
Authors: Cheriet Foued
Published: November 2016

L’objet de cet article est d’identifier et d’expliquer les différences de perception des partenaires engagés dans des alliances stratégiques asymétriques instables. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la configuration, au fonctionnement et à l’évolution d’alliances entre firmes multinationales et entreprises locales agroalimentaires en Méditerranée. Les tests de comparaison de deux échantillons de relations coopératives asymétriques, selon la version de chaque partenaire, révèlent des différences significatives en termes d’appréciation du conflit, de l’engagement et de la satisfaction des petits et des grands partenaires. Sur le plan méthodologique, ces résultats suggèrent la pertinence des approches multiperspectives lors de l’analyse des alliances stratégiques asymétriques.
УЛАЗИ ТАКСОНА У НОВЕ ЕКОЛОШКЕ НИШЕ- АДАПТИВНЕ РАДИЈАЦИЈЕ
Authors: Павловић Боро П. , Павловић Невенка
Published: November 2016

Нова врста настаје издвајањем једне јединке или групе јединки у затворену репродуктивнуцјелину из оквира једног или два демоса. Та репродуктивна јединица представља почетак новогдемоса који са окружењем чини нови демоекон и укључује се у хијерархију ценоекона којимаприпада тај демоекон. Репродуктивно одвајање демоса може да буде повезано са просторнимодвајањем и/или дјелимично одвајањем других компоненти нише. Одвајање нише бива развијенотоком интеграције новог демоекона. Ти процеси, демосове (репродуктивне) и демоеконове (ниша)дивергенције, значе да су се појавили: нови специес-таксон и нови специес-таксоекон. Повећанадивергенција и таксона и таксоекона, су начини изницања виших нивоа таксона и таксоекона.Иницијални таксони који развију сасвим нову нишу унутар својих таксоекона су темељни заадаптивну радијацију. Приказани су илустративни примјери неколико таксоверзитета итаксоеконверзитета у оквиру Bios-а и Bioecon-а, посебно за Лимнофауну Европе. Неколико новихтермина, или нових дефиниција, дато је у форми појмовника. Нови термини, ениша, еваленца,еспектар чине се више практичним са лингвистичког и суштинског становишта него еколошканиша, еколошка валенца, еколошки спектар.
МИТОХОНДРИЈАЛНИ ГЕНОМИ КЛАСЕ DEMOSPONGIAE SOLLAS 1885
Authors: Елез-Бурњаковић Николин , Смајловић Ајла , Кулић Милан
Published: November 2016

Митохондрије су органеле специјализоване за производњу енергије у еукариотскимћелијама, а воде поријекло од ендосимбиотских -протеобактерија. Постоје значајне разлике уархитектури митохондријалних генома и саставу гена међу различитим групама Metazoa.Истраживањем митохондријалне ДНК (мтДНК, енгл. mtDNA) најједноставнијих вишећелијскихорганизама стичу се нове спознаје о раним фазама еволуције митохондријалних генома.Одређивањем примарне структуре циркуларне митохондријалне ДНК спужви класе DemospongiaeSollas, 1885 процијењена је њихова приближна величина и састав гена. Генетички код јеминимално измијењен, само се терминацијски кодон UGA препознаје као кодон за триптофан,што је одлика до сада анализираних мтДНК из филума Porifera. У овом раду су дати прегледи досада анализираних митохондријалних генома класе Demospongiae, њихова величина, те гени замалу (rns) и велику (rnl) подјединицу рибозомалне РНК (рРНК), транспортне РНК (тРНК) икодирајуће гене. Дат је и процентуални приказ G+C базног састава који значајно варира измеђуразличитих група Metazoa. Митохондријални геном Spongilla lacustris Linnaeus 1758 који нијеобјављен, убачен је у преглед, а посједује својства и анцестралних, али и за животињеспецифичних особина које сврставају класу Demospongiae у базалну групу вишећелијскихживотиња. Митохондријални геноми Demospongiae садрже сетове гена за тРНК, најчешће од 2 до27 тРНК гена. Гени за тРНК су конзервирани код свих врста, у односу на величину, примарнуструктуру и секундарну структуру. Гени за малу и велику подјединицу рРНК (rns i rnl) који сеналазе непосредно један уз други (раздвојени 1-3 тРНК) у већини анализираних генома су такођевисоко конзервирани. Већина врста класе Demospongiae има сет са 13 протеинских гена.
An essential cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in cardiac iron homeostasis
Authors: Lakhal-Littleton Samira , Wolna Magda , Chung Yu Jin , Christian Helen C , Heather Lisa C , Brescia Marcella , Ball Vicky , Diaz Rebeca , Santos Ana , Biggs Daniel , Clarke Kieran , Davies Benjamin , Robbins Peter A
Published: November 2016

Hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Derived primarily from the liver, it inhibits the iron exporter ferroportin in the gut and spleen, the sites of iron absorption and recycling respectively. Recently, we demonstrated that ferroportin is also found in cardiomyocytes, and that its cardiac-specific deletion leads to fatal cardiac iron overload. Hepcidin is also expressed in cardiomyocytes, where its function remains unknown. To define the function of cardiomyocyte hepcidin, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of hepcidin, or knock-in of hepcidin-resistant ferroportin. We find that while both models maintain normal systemic iron homeostasis, they nonetheless develop fatal contractile and metabolic dysfunction as a consequence of cardiomyocyte iron deficiency. These findings are the first demonstration of a cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in iron homeostasis. They raise the possibility that such function may also be important in other tissues that express both hepcidin and ferroportin, such as the kidney and the brain.
A model for handling cell stress
Authors: Le Breton Laura , Mayer Matthias P
Published: November 2016

The heat shock response in yeast is regulated by the interaction between a chaperone protein and a heat shock transcription factor, and fine-tuned by phosphorylation.
Open surgery versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis: a retrospective study of 120 patients
Authors: Zhang Su , Luo You , Wang Cheng , Xiong Hu , Fu Sheng-Jun , Yang Li
Published: November 2016

Background

Laparoscopic renal surgery has been widely used in the treatment of renal diseases. However, there is still little research about its application in addressing renal tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively investigate the surgical results of laparoscopic and open surgery for nonfunctional tuberculous kidneys.

Methods

Between May 2011 and June 2016, 120 nephrectomies were performed in patients with a nonfunctional tuberculous kidney. Of these, 69 patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy, and 51 patients underwent open nephrectomy. Data about the patients’ characteristics and surgical outcomes were collected from their electronic medical records. Outcomes were compared between these two groups.

Results

Our results showed that a number of renal tuberculosis patients presented no significant symptoms during their disease. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were the most common at a rate of 73/120, followed by flank pain or accidently discovery (66/120), urine abnormality (30/120) and fever (27/120). Patients who underwent open surgery were similar to laparoscopic patients with regard to sex, BMI, location, previous tuberculous history, grade, anemia, adhesion, hypertension, diabetes and preoperative serum creatinine level, but were generally older than laparoscopic patients. There were no significant differences between open and laparoscopic surgery in estimated blood loss, transfusion, postoperative hospital days and perioperative complication rate. However, the median operation time of laparoscopic operation was much longer than open surgery (180 [150–225] vs 135 [120–165] minutes, P < 0.01). Seven of the 69 laparoscopic operations were converted to open surgery because of severe adhesions.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is as an effective treatment as open surgery for a nonfunctional tuberculous kidney, although it requires more time during the surgical procedure. No significant differences in other surgical outcomes were observed.
Estimating surface turbulent heat fluxes from land surface temperature and soil moisture observations using the particle batch smoother
Authors: Lu Yang , Dong Jianzhi , Steele‐Dunne Susan C. , van de Giesen Nick
Published: November 2016

Surface heat fluxes interact with the overlying atmosphere and play a crucial role in meteorology, hydrology, and climate change studies, but in situ observations are costly and difficult. It has been demonstrated that surface heat fluxes can be estimated from assimilation of land surface temperature (LST). One approach is to estimate a neutral bulk heat transfer coefficient (CHN) to scale the sum of turbulent heat fluxes, and an evaporative fraction (EF) that represents the partitioning between fluxes. Here the newly developed particle batch smoother (PBS) is implemented. The PBS makes no assumptions about the prior distributions and is therefore well‐suited for non‐Gaussian processes. It is also particularly advantageous for parameter estimation by tracking the entire prior distribution of parameters using Monte Carlo sampling. To improve the flux estimation on wet or densely vegetated surfaces, a simple soil moisture scheme is introduced to further constrain EF, and soil moisture observations are assimilated simultaneously. This methodology is implemented with the FIFE 1987 and 1988 data sets. Validation against observed fluxes indicates that assimilating LST using the PBS significantly improves the flux estimates at both daily and half‐hourly timescales. When soil moisture is assimilated, the estimated EFs become more accurate, particularly when the surface heat flux partitioning is energy‐limited. The feasibility of extending the methodology to use remote sensing observations is tested by limiting the number of LST observations. Results show that flux estimates are greatly improved after assimilating soil moisture, particularly when LST observations are sparse.
An Injectable, Click‐Cross‐Linked Small Intestinal Submucosa Drug Depot for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kim Kyungsook , Park Ji Hoon , Park Seung Hun , Lee Hye Yun , Kim Jae Ho , Kim Moon Suk
Published: November 2016

Here, a click‐cross‐linked small intestine submucosa (SIS) drug depot is described for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of the knowledge, there have been no studies related to the intra‐articular injection of methotrexate (Met)‐loaded click‐cross‐linkable SIS (Met‐loaded Cx‐SIS) for RA treatment. As the key objective of this work, injectable formulations of tetrazine‐modified SIS (TE‐SIS) and transcyclooctene‐modified SIS (TC‐SIS) are employed as drug depots. Within a few seconds, the simple mixing of equal amounts of TE‐SIS and TC‐SIS suspensions forms a gelatinous click‐cross‐linked SIS (Cx‐SIS) drug depot in vitro and in vivo. The formed Cx‐SIS depot is maintained in the articular joint over an extended period, while SIS alone rapidly disappears. Injectable formulations of Met‐loaded Cx‐SIS and Met‐loaded SIS are prepared and then injected into articular joints to form drug depots. Compared to animals treated with Met‐loaded SIS, RA animals treated with Met‐loaded Cx‐SIS show effective RA repair, as well as extensive regeneration of chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycan deposits. Collectively, these results indicate that the Met‐loaded Cx‐SIS depot is successfully formed after intra‐articular injection of click‐cross‐linkable SIS, and that this formulation induces long‐lasting Met release and allows Met to act effectively in the articular joint, resulting in RA repair.
The PLA/ZIF‐8 Nanocomposite Membranes: The Diameter and Surface Roughness Adjustment by ZIF‐8 Nanoparticles, High Wettability, Improved Mechanical Property, and Efficient Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Dai Xiu , Cao Yu , Shi Xiaowei , Wang Xinlong
Published: November 2016

In this study, the nanoparticles of metal–organic framework ZIF‐8 are incorporated into the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to prepare the nanocomposite electrospun membrane. The diameter and the surface roughness of the fibers can be successfully controlled by increasing the content of ZIF‐8 in the membranes. The prepared PLA/ZIF‐8 membranes have increased oil wettability and significantly improved mechanical property compared with pure PLA membrane. The tensile strength, stain at break of PLA/ZIF‐8 membrane with 0.5 wt% ZIF‐8 are increased to 5.02 MPa and 88.81% compared to 2.77 MPa and 57.89% for pure PLA membranes, respectively. The PLA/ZIF‐8 membranes are proved to be good candidate for oil/water separation with high efficiency because of the fast oil wetting ability, the roughness of fibers, and the adsorption effect of the porous ZIF‐8 nanoparticles.
Considerations for Upscaling of Organohalide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lin Qianqian , Nagiri Ravi Chandra Raju , Burn Paul L. , Meredith Paul
Published: November 2016

Thin film organohalide lead perovskite‐based solar cells have emerged over the last five years as a potentially low‐cost, low‐embedded‐energy and high‐efficiency photovoltaic technology. However, almost all reported high‐efficiency devices have small active areas significantly less than 1 cm2. Upscaling of organohalide lead perovskite solar cells is now required for successful manufacturing and commercialization. In this work, three generic design rules for large area devices are proposed. Using these design rules, high efficiency large area (2.0 cm2) cells are demonstrated based on a predictive methodology incorporating the optoelectronic design of highly transparent and conductive electrodes, and controlled crystal size and uniformity of the organohalide perovskite junction. These optimized large area monolithic solar cells show power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) >12%, with an enhanced open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) of 1.02 V and respectable fill factor (FF) of 0.61.
One‐Pot Directing Group Formation/C−H Bond Functionalization via Copper(I) and Ruthenium(II) Catalysis
Authors: Bruneau Christian , Gramage‐Doria Rafael
Published: November 2016

A copper(I)‐catalyzed oxidation leading to the formation of 2‐pyridyl ketone directing groups has been efficiently coupled with a ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H bond arylation transformation without performing any intermediate work‐up. This sustainable approach was further extended to sequential three‐step transition metal‐catalyzed transformations in which up to four new bonds (C–O, C–C, C–H and O–H) are formed in a one‐pot fashion. This is the first example in which two different transition metal catalysts are sequentially employed for the directing group formation and the C−H bond functionalization, respectively.

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Regioselective Asymmetric Formal (3+2) Cycloadditions of Nitrone Ylides from Isatins and Enals
Authors: Chen Yu‐Rong , Zhan Gu , Du Wei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: November 2016

A highly regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselective formal (3+2) cycloaddition reaction of nitrone ylides from isatins and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes was developed via iminium catalysis in the presence of an additional base, furnishing a spectrum of 1′‐hydroxy‐3,2′‐pyrrolidinylspirooxindole frameworks. Interestingly, the regioselectivity could be finely switched in the reactions between nitrone ylides and crotonaldehyde by adding catalytic amounts of lithium perchlorate and copper(II) bromide.

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Gum‐Like Nanocomposites as Conformable, Conductive, and Adhesive Electrode Matrix for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Yu , Gozen Arda , Chen Lu , Zhong Wei‐Hong
Published: November 2016

The electrodes in energy storage devices, such as lithium/sodium ion batteries, are typical multicomponent system consisting of inorganic electrode particles, polymer binders, conductive fillers, current collectors, and other components. These components are usually porously combined by a polymeric binder to accomplish the required electrochemical functions. In spite of the great success, this classic porous configuration faces serious issues in mechanical stability and flexibility due to weak and instable structures/interfaces. Here, by learning from polymeric nanocomposites, a concept of electrode matrix is proposed based on a gum‐like nanocomposite, a dual‐conductive adhesive. As an electrode matrix, the gum‐like nanocomposite integrates the functions of binder, electrolyte, and conductive fillers. In particular, it shows strong adhesion, high electrical/ionic conductivities, and appropriate mechanical and self‐healing properties. Finally, it is demonstrated that, with the electrode matrix, battery electrodes can be fabricated into nonporous composite showing not only excellent mechanical flexibility/stability but also improved electrochemical performance when working with a gum‐like electrolyte.
Copy number variants in a population‐based investigation of Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome
Authors: Dimopoulos Aggeliki , Sicko Robert J. , Kay Denise M. , Rigler Shannon L. , Fan Ruzong , Romitti Paul A. , Browne Marilyn L. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Caggana Michele , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L.
Published: November 2016

Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital vascular disorder that is thought to occur sporadically; however, reports of familial occurrence suggest a genetic component. We examined KTS cases to identify novel, potentially causal copy number variants (CNVs). We identified 17 KTS cases from all live‐births occurring in New York (1998–2010). Extracted DNA was genotyped using Illumina microarrays and CNVs were called using PennCNV software. CNVs selected for follow‐up had ≥10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and minimal overlap with in‐house controls or controls from the Database of Genomic Variants. We identified 15 candidate CNVs in seven cases; among them a deletion in two cases within transcripts of HDAC9, a histone deacetylase essential for angiogenic sprouting of endothelial cells. One of them also had a duplication upstream of SALL3, a transcription factor essential for embryonic development that inhibits DNMT3A, a DNA methyltransferase responsible for embryonic de novo DNA methylation. Another case had a duplication spanning ING5, a histone acetylation regulator active during embryogenesis. We identified rare genetic variants related to chromatin modification which may have a key role in regulating vascular development during embryogenesis. Further investigation of their implications in the pathogenesis of KTS is warranted. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Preorganized Charge‐Display on the Cell‐Penetrating Properties of Cationic Peptides
Authors: Nagel Yvonne A. , Raschle Philipp S. , Wennemers Helma
Published: November 2016

The effect of preorganized versus undefined charge display on the cellular uptake of cationic cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) was investigated by comparing conformationally well‐defined guanidinylated oligoprolines with flexible oligoarginines. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies with different cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF‐7, and HT‐29) showed that preorganization of cationic charges in lateral distances of ≈9 Å enhanced the cellular uptake of CPPs. Binding affinity measurements revealed tighter binding of analogues of cell‐surface glycans to the guanidinylated octaproline with localized charges compared to flexible octaarginine, a finding that was further correlated to the cellular uptake by studies with CHO cells deficient in glycans on the outer plasma membrane.
Stapled Peptides by Late‐Stage C(sp3)−H Activation
Authors: Noisier Anaïs F. M. , García Jesús , Ionuţ Ioana A. , Albericio Fernando
Published: November 2016

Despite the importance of stapled peptides for drug discovery, only few practical processes to prepare cross‐linked peptides have been described; thus the structural diversity of available staple motifs is currently limited. At the same time, C−H activation has emerged as an efficient approach to functionalize complex molecules. Although there are many reports on the C−H functionalization of amino acids, examples of post‐synthetic peptide C−H modification are rare and comprise almost only C(sp2)−H activation. Herein, we report the development of a palladium‐catalyzed late‐stage C(sp3)−H activation method for peptide stapling, affording an unprecedented hydrocarbon cross‐link. This method was first employed to prepare a library of stapled peptides in solution. The compatibility with various amino acids as well as the influence of the size (i,i+3 and i,i+4) and length of the staple were investigated. Finally, a simple solid‐phase procedure was also established.
Enyne [4+4] Cycloaddition/Oxidation: Ring Contraction via Cyclopropanones and Their Anionic Ring‐Opening Reactions
Authors: Kulyk Svitlana , Khatri Buddha B. , Sieburth Scott McN.
Published: November 2016

Irradiation of a 1,3‐enyne tethered to a 2‐pyridone, in the presence of oxygen, leads to formation of a seven‐membered ring product, an overall [4+4−1] reaction. This transformation involves two unstable intermediates and a sequence of unusual reactions. An initial [4+4] photocycloaddition of the enyne with the pyridone yields a 1,2,5‐cyclooctatriene. Photooxidation of this triene forms a cyclopropanone and subsequent photoextrusion of carbon monoxide gives the observed 1,4‐cycloheptadiene product. The first‐formed cyclooctatriene and the cyclopropanone could be observed and characterized spectroscopically. The cyclopropanone underwent CO extrusion both photochemically and thermally to give the cycloheptadiene product. Addition of fluoride or acetylide to the most stable cyclopropanone occurred chemoselectively at the two different silicon groups rather than the carbonyl group. The resulting cyclopropanone ring openings gave unsaturated aldehydes.
Low‐Frequency CH Stretch Vibrations of Free Alkoxide Ions
Authors: Oomens Jos , Berden Giel , Morton Thomas Hellman
Published: November 2016

CH stretches in hydrocarbon cations often shift to lower frequencies relative to neutral molecules, because they do not have sufficient electrons to give every bond an electron pair. A parallel effect in negatively charged species has not been previously observed. Here we show that CH bond weakening occurs in alkoxide anions as a consequence of hyperconjugation. The reasoning differs somewhat from the case of positively charged ions, but the net effect is the same: to lower CH stretching frequencies by hundreds of wavenumbers.
Bottom‐up trifft auf Top‐down: Patch‐artig strukturierte Hybridfasermatten als effiziente Katalyseplattform
Authors: Schöbel Judith , Burgard Matthias , Hils Christian , Dersch Roland , Dulle Martin , Volk Kirsten , Karg Matthias , Greiner Andreas , Schmalz Holger
Published: November 2016

Die heterogene Katalyse an trägerfixierten Nanopartikeln (NP) ist ein überaus attraktives Forschungsfeld. Eine der größten Herausforderungen ist jedoch weiterhin die effiziente Stabilisierung der NP ohne Einschränkung ihrer katalytischen Aktivität. Durch eine Kombination bekannter Top‐down‐ (koaxiales Elektrospinnen) und Bottom‐up‐Methoden (kristallisationsinduzierte Selbstassemblierung) ist es uns gelungen, Fasermatten mit funktionellen, nanometergroßen Kompartimenten (Patches) auf der Oberfläche herzustellen. Diese Patches sind in der Lage, Gold‐Nanopartikel (AuNP) selektiv zu binden und zu stabilisieren. Die mit AuNP beladenen Hybridfasermatten zeigten in der Alkoholyse von Dimethylphenylsilan bereits nach vergleichsweise kurzen Reaktionszeiten sowie unter milden Bedingungen quantitativen Umsatz. Die exzellente Wiederverwendbarkeit zeigt sich darin, dass selbst nach 10 aufeinanderfolgenden Zyklen keine Reduktion der katalytischen Aktivität oder ein “Ausbluten” von Gold beobachtet werden konnte. Die Flexibilität der vorgestellten Methode erlaubt eine einfache Übertragung auf andere Trägerfasern und unterschiedliche katalytisch aktive NP, wodurch sich ein breites Anwendungsspektrum in der heterogenen Katalyse eröffnet.
Cerium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Acrylates to Give α‐Silyl Esters
Authors: Pindwal Aradhana , Patnaik Smita , Everett William C. , Ellern Arkady , Windus Theresa L. , Sadow Aaron D.
Published: November 2016

The homoleptic organocerium complex Ce{C(SiHMe2)3}3 (1) reacts with B(C6F5)3 to produce the zwitterionic bis(alkyl) hydridoborato Ce{C(SiHMe2)3}2HB(C6F5)3 (2). NMR and IR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography indicate that each alkyl ligand contains two bridging Ce↼H‐Si interactions in both 1 and 2. Compound 2 serves as a precatalyst for the hydrosilylation of acrylates to give α‐silyl esters at room temperature with a turnover number of 2200.
Highly ortho‐Selective Chlorination of Anilines Using a Secondary Ammonium Salt Organocatalyst
Authors: Xiong Xiaodong , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: November 2016

An organocatalytic, highly facile, efficient, and regioselective ortho‐chlorination of anilines is described. A secondary ammonium chloride salt has been employed as the catalyst and the reaction can be conducted at room temperature without protection from air and moisture. In addition, the reaction is readily scalable and the catalyst can be recycled and reused. This catalytic protocol has been applied to the efficient synthesis of a highly potent c‐Met kinase inhibitor. Mechanistic studies revealed that unique structural features of the secondary ammonium chloride salt are important for both the catalysis and regioselectivity of the electrophilic ortho‐chlorination.
High‐Frequency Mechanostimulation of Cell Adhesion
Authors: Kadem Laith F. , Suana K. Grace , Holz Michelle , Wang Wei , Westerhaus Hannes , Herges Rainer , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine
Published: November 2016

Cell adhesion is regulated by molecularly defined protein interactions and by mechanical forces, which can activate a dynamic restructuring of adhesion sites. Previous attempts to explore the response of cell adhesion to forces have been limited to applying mechanical stimuli that involve the cytoskeleton. In contrast, we here apply a new, oscillatory type of stimulus through push–pull azobenzenes. Push–pull azobenzenes perform a high‐frequency, molecular oscillation upon irradiation with visible light that has frequently been applied in polymer surface relief grating. We here use these oscillations to address single adhesion receptors. The effect of molecular oscillatory forces on cell adhesion has been analyzed using single‐cell force spectroscopy and gene expression studies. Our experiments demonstrate a reinforcement of cell adhesion as well as upregulated expression levels of adhesion‐associated genes as a result of the nanoscale “tickling” of integrins. This novel type of mechanical stimulus provides a previously unprecedented molecular control of cellular mechanosensing.