bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital Malformations in Twins
Authors: Myrianthopoulos Ntinos C.
Published: July 2016

Among 1195 twins born in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, for whom information was available, 219 (18.33%) were found to have malformations, 179 (14.98%) single and 40 (3.35%,) multiple. The frequency of malformations among twins was significantly higher than that among singletons from the same population, but the difference was entirely contributed by MZ twins. This holds true for both major and minor malformations. The frequency among Negro twins was higher than among white, and among male twins higher than among female. Twins had more malformations of the central nervous, musculoskeletal, ear, respiratory, cardiovascular, and alimentary systems and fewer malformations of the genitourinary and integumentary systems than singletons. In a significant number of cases when one twin of a pair had a malformation, the cotwin also had a malformation though not necessarily the same as that of the first twin.
Leukemia in Twins: Antenatal and Postnatal Factors
Authors: Keith Louis , Brown Eric R. , Ames Bruce , Stotsky Michael , Keith Donald M.
Published: July 2016

Two factors emerged from a search for obstetric phenomena that might explain concordance of leukemia in both members of a twin pair within days or months of each other: antenatal exposure to ionizing radiation; and antenatal cojoined intrauterine circulation. In addition, antenatal tumor metastasis and chromosomal changes, antenatal or postnatal, may be contributory. Continued observation of reports should be carried out.
Specific Language Disorders in Twins During Childhood
Authors: Levi Gabriel , Bernabei Paola
Published: July 2016

The delay in the development of the language often found in twins is usually interpreted as being strictly connected with the twinning situation and on the assumption that a model of verbal, tendentially crypto-phasic, communication would more easily exist between twins. Two types of language pathology in twins, diverging from this classic framework, are presented: (1) Developmental dyslalia (or developmental dysarthria); in these cases no abnormality could be found in the modality of verbal communication between the cotwin; (2) Developmental dysphasia; in these cases not only no tendency toward cryptophasia was observed, but indeed the verbal communication between the twins was markedly reduced. These two types of language disorders, as well as the classic one, are discussed in the light of a neurolinguistic interpretation.
A Dream Come True: The Illinois Organization of Mothers of Twins Clubs
Authors: Dojutrek Jane
Published: July 2016

The dream began when an exuberant mother of identical twin girls engaged the help of a mother of identical twin boys to assist her in contacting already formed mothers of twins clubs (MOTC) throughout the state of Illinois. Their dream and their purpose then – and the purpose of the Illinois Organization of Mothers of Twins Clubs, Inc. (IOMOTC) now — was to join together socially and educationally member clubs throughout the state of Illinois and to exchange information pertaining to the rearing, development and recognition of the individuality of twins as may be forthcoming from parents, doctors, educators and other appropriate sources. The 16 charter clubs and 2 members-at-large became organized on October 20, 1962… thus a dream came true.

Today IOMOTC boasts a membership of 27 clubs and 1 member-at-Iarge for a total of 556 members and a voluntary executive board of 8 officers and 16 chairmen. All member clubs are self-governing. IOMOTC is noncommercial, nonpartisan, nonprofit and nonsectarian. Two sister clubs have the smallest membership (8 members each) and two clubs tie for the largest (48 members each). A bimonthly newsletter, Illinois State Saga, is available to all mothers of multiple births at a nominal cost. As part of their dues benefits, each member club receives copies of Saga. The second vice-president is always available to help either by mail, phone, or in person, any MOT's wishing to start a club or just wanting to join a club close to her home. Officers and chairmen are often invited to visit local clubs. This is valuable in bringing members up-to-date in the latest goings on in “state”.
The effect of potassium on the sodium requirements of growing steers with and without α-tocopherol supplementation
Authors: Morris J. G. , Gartner R. J. W.
Published: July 2016

1. Hereford steers, housed in concreted yards and given demineralized water, were offered ad lib. a low-sodium (0.07 g Na and 4.5 g potassium/kg) basal diet of sorghum grain, urea and minerals, to which 0, 15 or 30 g K as KHCO3/kg diet had been added. Mean daily intakes of K were 26, 107 and 168 g/steer respectively.

2. The steers were given daily supplements of 0, 3.25 or 6.50 g Na as NaHCO3/steer, added to the food; mean daily intakes of Na (food plus supplemental NaHCO3 minus residues) were 0.41, 3.06 and 6.26 g/steer respectively.

3. Rate of gain of body-weight was positively related to the rate of Na supplementation and negatively related to the K content of the diet, but there was no interaction between Na and K contents of the diet.

4. The Na: K ratios for the parotid saliva from steers not given Na supplements was 0.3, whereas steers ingesting either 3.1 or 6.3 g Na/d had Na: K ratios of about 12. Increasing the amount of K in the diet had no consistent effect on the saliva Na: K ratio. The Na: K ratios for rumen fluid reflected changes in the saliva Na: K ratio in response to Na supplements and were inversely related to the amount of K in the diet.

5. The width of the adrenal zona glomerulosa from steers receiving the basal diet, without Na supplements, was significantly greater than that from steers given the Na supplements, but it was not affected by the amount of K in the diet.

6. Both Na supplements and the diet containing 30 g added K/kg significantly increased the Na: K ratio of the plasma.

7. The addition of 200 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate/steer per d to the diet had no significant effects on the growth rate of the steers.

8. It was concluded that the Na requirement of steers for growth was not significantly affected by the amount of K in the diet up to 168 g/d.
The influence of food intake on portal blood flow and heat production in the digestive tract of sheep
Authors: Webster A. J. F. , Osuji P. O. , White F. , Ingram J. F.
Published: July 2016

1. Measurements were made of portal blood flow, heat production and oxygen consumption in the digestive tract of sheep either fasted or given the following diets: chopped, dried grass; pelleted, dried grass; chopped, dried lucerne; pelleted, dried lucerne; or a pelleted baley diet.

2. For sheep that had been fasted for 48 h, portal blood flow was 1.84 1/min, total visceral heat production was 62.3 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per 24 h and aerobic heat production, estimated from oxygen consumption, was 62.1 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per 24 h.

3. Portal blood flow was markedly influenced by food intake, increasing from 1.8 1/min for starved sheep to 2.4 and 4 1/min for sheep fed at maintenance and 2.5 × maintenance levels of intake respectively. Variations in the quality and physical form of the diets had no apparent effect on portal blood flow.

4. There was a curvilinear relationship between total heat production in the gut and metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The increase obtained for levels of intake below maintenance was greatest with lucerne diets, and least with pelleted, dried grass or pelleted barley diets. Above maintenance levels of intake the rate of increase in heat production, with all diets, was about 150 kJ/MJ ME intake.

5. The heat of fermentation, estimated from the difference between total visceral metabolism and the aerobic metabolism of the tissues of the gut wall, was 76, 60 and 22 kJ/MJ digestible energy intake for the dried grass, lucerne and barley diets respectively.

6. The contribution of fermentation heat and the aerobic metabolism of the gut to the total heat increment of feeding in sheep was assessed. It was concluded that about half the heat increment must be derived from tissues outside the digestive tract.
Estimation of available methionine and cysteine in proteins of food products by in vivo and in vitro methods
Authors: Pieniaźek Danuta , Rakowska Maria , Szkiłładziowa Wiesława , Grabarek Z.
Published: July 2016

1. The available methionine and cysteine contents of proteins were determined by chemical methods after preliminary enzymic hydrolysis.

2. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure proteins (casein and bovine serum albumin) estimated by chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore, Spackman & Stein (1958).

3. Reductions of 15 and 11% respectively, when compared with unprocessed samples, were found in the available methionine contents of sweetened and unsweetened, condensed milks; of roller-dried milk and whey powders, and of mackerel sterilized at 126°, the reductions were 22, 14 and 19% respectively.

4. The available cysteine content of sweetened, condensed milk was reduced by about 32%, whereas for mackerel sterilized at 115 and 126° it was reduced by 64 and 75% respectively.

5. The contents of total sulphur amino acids for these food products did not differ from those for the unprocessed samples.

6. Values obtained for available S amino acid contents by rat bioassay confirmed the results of the in vitro estimations.
The relationship of the age of onset of obesity to the success of its treatment in the adult
Authors: Ashwell Margaret
Published: July 2016

1. A survey was done of 2333 men and women who claimed experience of slimming.

2. Their loss of weight was determined from their maximum stated weight and their present weight. The loss of weight was calculated as the percentage of the maximum weight and was related to the stated age of onset of obesity.

3. The results showed that those people in the survey who had been fat since childhood had lost just as much weight as those people who had become fat as adults.

4. These results suggest that the treatment of early-onset obesity may not be an unrealistic objective.
Effects of dietary hydrochloric acid on voluntary food intake and metabolism of sheep in relation to the use of mineral acids as silage additives
Authors: L'Estrange J. L. , Mcnamara T.
Published: July 2016

1. In Expt 1, a pelleted grass-meal diet was supplemented with hydrochloric acid, added to the grass pellets before feeding, at five levels from 0 to 628 mmol/kg dry matter (DM). Each diet was offered ad lib. for 21 d to five sheep in a 5 × 5 Latin-square design.

2. Voluntary food intake decreased rectilinearly with increasing HCl supplementation (P < 0.001), to 42% of the control value for sheep on the high-HCl diet. The decrease in food intake was related both to dietary pH and to the extent of metabolic acidosis induced by the HCl treatment. Although the pH of rumen fluid decreased slightly with increasing HCl supplementation, effects of the HCl treatment on volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were not significant (P > 0.05).

3. In Expt 2, palatability and metabolic effects of dietary HCl were studied by comparing its effect when mixed into the pelleted grass meal before feeding, with and without a supplement of an equivalent amount of sodium bicarbonate given intraruminally, or when HCl was given intraruminally while the sheep consumed pelleted grass meal alone. Each of the three treatments was given at two levels of HCl, 280 and 560 mmol/kg DM. At each level of dietary HCl supplementation, the three treatments and the control diet (pelleted grass meal alone) were each given to four sheep, in a Latin-square design, for 11 d.

4. At the low level of supplementation, HCl, when mixed into the pelleted grass meal, reduced food intake by 17%, this effect was not altered by NaHCO3 supplementation, but when HCl was given intraruminally food intake was not reduced. At the high level of HCl supplementation, food intake was reduced by about 40% by each method of HCl supplementation; and NaHCO3 supplementation did not appreciably alter the effect of HCl on food intake, but prevented metabolic acidosis associated with the HCl treatments. Food intakes for the low-HCl treatments were significantly higher than those for the high-HCl treatments (P < 0.01) and the level of dietary HCl×treatment interaction was also significant (P < 0.01). DM digestibility, and the pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid were not significantly affected by the different treatments.

5. It is concluded that at a low level of HCl supplementation the adverse effects of dietary HCl on voluntary food intake of sheep is determined by palatability associated with low dietary pH, whereas at a high level of HCl supplementation the effect is determined by palatability and by a metabolic response.
A study of the effectiveness of calcined magnesite as a neutralizing agent for hydrochloric acid in the diet of sheep
Authors: McNamara T. , L'Estrange J. L.
Published: July 2016

1. Five experimental diets were offered ad lib. for 21 d to five sheep in a 5 × 5 Latin-square design experiment as follows: pelleted grass meal alone (control); pelleted grass meal plus hydrochloric acid (470 mmol/kg dry matter (DM)); pelleted grass meal plus 470 mmol HCl/kg DM and either an equivalent amount of calcined magnesite (MgO) (235 mmol/kg DM) or twice the amount (470 mmol MgO/kg DM); pelleted grass meal plus 470 mmol MgO/kg DM.

2. MgO supplementation partly prevented the reduction in food intake caused by HCl, being more effective at the low than at the high level. When fed alone, the high level of MgO had a slight adverse effect on food intake.

3. There was no significant treatment effect on either the pH or volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid. MgO supplementation was only slightly effective in preventing the metabolic acidosis caused by HCl supplementation, as indicated by blood and urine acid–base measurements.

4. With the MgO-supplemented diets, values for the faecal and urinary excretion of magnesium were approximately 70 and 10% respectively of Mg intake and were not significantly affected by HCl supplementation. For rumen fluid, the water-soluble Mg concentration as a percentage of the total Mg concentration was similar for each treatment, approximately 90%. For faeces, the corresponding value was also similar for each treatment, approximately 30%.

5. MgO supplementation altered the effect of dietary HCl on faecal calcium excretion and on the balance of Ca, but did not alter its effect on urinary Ca excretion.

6. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of MgO supplementation on the intake of the HCl-treated diet was related more to its influence on dietary pH than on conditions in the rumen or the acid–base balance of the sheep.
Studies on the absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorus by young and mature Ca-deficient sheep
Authors: Braithwaite G. D.
Published: July 2016

1. A combination of a mineral balance and a radioactive technique has been used to study the effects of increased levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the Ca and P metabolism of young and mature wether sheep previously made Ca-deficient.

2. Ca absorption was directly related to Ca intake until an absorption maximum was reached. Young animals absorbed dietary Ca more efficiently than mature animals and had a much higher maximum rate of absorption. Apparent P absorption was directly related to P intake and maximum P absorption was also higher for the young animals.

3. Excretion of Ca in the urine and into the intestine was not altered by changes in Ca intake. Excretion of P in the urine, however, varied considerably and it is suggested that this process may be largely responsible for P homoeostasis.

4. Ca retention was directly related to Ca absorption. Maximum retention was considerably higher for the young animals than for the mature animals and occurred for each group of animals at exactly the same dietary intake as maximum Ca absorption.

5. Ca and P were retained in a constant ratio of 1.25:1 and the results suggested that P retention was controlled by the rate of Ca retention.

6. Bone turnover was higher for the young than for the mature animals. Animals mobilized skeletal Ca when receiving the Ca-deficient diet and replaced their Ca losses when the dietary Ca was plentiful by changing the relative rates of bone resorption and bone accretion. Although bone resorption was mainly responsible for Ca homoeostasis, bone accretion appeared to play some part in the young animals.

7. Maximum retention of Ca occurred just as the rate of bone resorption become zero and was equal to the rate of bone accretion. The lower maximum retention of Ca for mature animals was due to a lower rate of bone accretion.

8. Results suggested that when bone resorption ceased, Ca absorption was regulated by homoeostatic mechanisms at a level just sufficient to maintain maximum retention, and that the maximum rates of absorption measured may not have been true maximum rates.

9. The consequences of a relationship between bone accretion and maximum Ca retention are discussed with reference to older, pregnant and lactating animals.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Varnish Shirley A. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: July 2016

1. The digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been estimated by two different techniques: the analysis of faeces (conventional method) and the analysis of ileal contents (ileal technique).

2. Freeze-dried muscle protein was found by both techniques to be almost completely digested. After autoclaving, the digestibility for the same protein was estimated by the conventional and ileal techniques to be 0.65 and 0.57 repectively.

3. Unmodified lactalbumin was found by both techniques to have a digestibility of about 0.90. Propionylation of the lactalbumin reduced digestibility to 0.82 and 0.79 as indicated by faecal analysis and ileal content analysis respectively.

4. In general, the digestibilities of individual amino acids in any one protein sample were rather uniform, and reflected over-all protein digestibility. For each amino acid, digestibility, as determined by the both methods, was lower for the modified protein than for the corresponding control protein: estimates based on ileal content analyses were consistently lower than those obtained by conventional analyses. The ileal technique was considered to be both more convenient and meaningful.

5. From the results obtained by the ileal technique it appears that reduced digestibility is an adequate explanation for the reduction found in nutritional value of the autoclaved protein. In contrast, for the propionylated protein, reduced digestibility of lysine is only a partial explanation of the low availability of this amino acid as estimated by chick growth assay.

6. In our experiments we found that the type of dietary protein used did influence the amino acid composition of the ileal contents. This was most marked with the least-digestible protein. These findings do not support the views of Nasset (1962).
Thresholds of response to electric shock in previously undernourished rats
Authors: Smart J. L. , Whatson T. S. , Dqbbing J.
Published: July 2016

1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were fed ad lib. from weaning. Behavioural tests were done using adult males.

2. Thresholds of aversion to electric shock were determined in a rectangular box, one side of which was designated ‘live’ and the other ‘safe’ (o V side) for any particular shock level. Three 15 min sessions were given at each of five shock levels. Previously undernourished rats had a lower aversion threshold than controls. They spent more time than controls on the o V side at two intermediate levels of shock.

3. Other male rats were subjected to six graded series of brief, unavoidable shocks. Previously undernourished rats responded to a greater total number of shocks than controls.

4. These results support the hypothesis that previously undernourished rats have a lowered threshold of arousal.
IMPACT OF PRENATAL MATERNAL FACTORS AND BIRTH ORDER ON THE ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS OF NEWBORNS IN IRAN
Authors: Kheirouri Sorayya , Alizadeh Mohammad
Published: July 2016

This cross-sectional study was carried out to capture possible maternal factors affecting newborns’ anthropometric measurements. Data were collected from eight public health centres and referral university hospital records in Tabriz and Heriss districts, north-west Iran, for 807 mother–neonate pairs delivering live singleton births and their offspring during the two years up to August 2014. The incidence of low birth weight (LBW) was 5.1%. A close correlation was found between maternal anthropometry and birth order with neonatal anthropometric data. Birth order and maternal height and body mass index (BMI) positively affected neonates’ birth size (weight, length and head circumference). The rate of LBW was significantly higher for older (≥35 years), taller (≥170 cm), underweight (BMI<18.5) and non-iron-taking women and in the first-born babies. The odds of having LBW newborns in older, taller, underweight, obese and irregular iron-taking women were 3.82, 4.00, 9.07, 3.50 and 2.50 times those of mid-age group, middle-height, overweight and regular iron-taking women, respectively. First-born newborns were 5.97 times more likely to be LBW compared with second-birth neonates. The results indicate that maternal anthropometric indices, age, iron intake and birth order influence the risk of LBW in newborns.
Late pagan alternatives: Plotinus and the Christian gospel
Authors: CLARK STEPHEN R. L.
Published: July 2016

Philosophical pagans in late antiquity charged Christians with believing ‘without evidence’, but were themselves accused of arbitrariness in their initial choice of philosophical school. Stoics and Platonists in particular adopted a form of cosmic religion that Christians criticized on rationalistic as well as sectarian grounds. The other charge levelled against Christians was that they had abandoned ancestral creeds in arrogant disregard of an earlier consensus, and of the world as pagans themselves conceived it. A clearer understanding of the dispute can be gained from a comparison of Heracles and Christ as divinized ‘sons of God’. The hope on both sides was that we might become, or somehow join with, God. Both sought an escape from the image of a pointless, heartless universe – an image that even moderns find difficult to accept and live by. The notion that pagans and Christians had of God, and of the divine life we might hope to share, was almost identical – up to the point, at least, where both philosophical and common pagans conceived God as Pheidias had depicted him (the crowned Master), and Christians rather as the Crucified, ‘risen against the world’.
Hydisos in Caria
Authors: Crowther Charles
Published: July 2016

This paper offers a revised text and date for I.Priene 52, a fragmentary inscription of five surviving lines recording a decree of an unidentified community for a foreign court from Priene. A new identification for the provenance of the decree is suggested and its context briefly considered.
A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots The Çatalhöyük ‘map’ and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory
Authors: Meece Stephanie
Published: July 2016

The striking wall paintings uncovered in the excavations at Çatalhöyük have fascinated archaeologists and non-archaeologists alike, and many interpretations of their content and meaning have been proposed. This article re-evaluates the claim that one of these paintings is a map of the village, with Hasan Dağ erupting above it. It is argued that the excavator's first interpretation of the objects depicted in the painting, that is, that they are a leopard skin above a panel of geometric design, is in fact a far more reasonable one, when this painting is contextualised within the entire corpus of painting and other art objects found at the site. Implications of this re-interpretation for our understanding of Neolithic spatial and symbolic representation, and the origin of mapmaking are considered, as well as the importance of the depiction of animals and felines in the Neolithic period.
The ceramics of centralisation and dissolution: a case study from Rough Cilicia
Authors: Postgate J.N.
Published: July 2016

Starting from Kilise Tepe in the Göksu valley north of Silifke two phenomena in pre-Classical Anatolian ceramics are examined. One is the appearance at the end of the Bronze Age, or beginning of the Iron Age, of hand-made, often crude, wares decorated with red painted patterns. This is also attested in different forms at Boğazköy, and as far east as Tille on the Euphrates. In both cases it has been suggested that it may reflect the re-assertion of earlier traditions, and other instances of re-emergent ceramic styles are found at the end of the Bronze Age, both elsewhere in Anatolia and in Thessaly. The other phenomenon is the occurrence of ceramic repertoires which seem to coincide precisely with the frontiers of a polity. In Anatolia this is best recognised in the case of the later Hittite Empire. The salient characteristics of ‘Hittite’ shapes are standardised, from Boğazköy at the centre to Gordion in the west and Korucu Tepe in the east. This is often tacitly associated with Hittite political control, but how and why some kind of standardisation prevails has not often been addressed explicitly. Yet this is a recurring phenomenon, and in first millennium Anatolia similar standardised wares have been associated with both the Phrygian and the Urartian kingdoms. This paper suggests that we should associate it directly with the administrative practices of the regimes in question.
Aristophanes and de Ste. Croix: The Value of Old Comedy as Evidence for Athenian Popular Culture
Authors: Pritchard David M.
Published: July 2016

De Ste. Croix famously argued that Aristophanes had a conservative political outlook and attempted to use his comedies to win over lower-class audiences to this minority point of view. The ongoing influence of his interpretation has meant that Old Comedy has been largely ignored in the historiography of Athenian popular culture. This article extends earlier critiques of de Ste. Croix by systematically comparing how Aristophanes and the indisputably popular genre of fourth-century oratory represented the social classes of the Athenians and political leaders. The striking parallels between the two suggest that Aristophanes, far from advocating a minority position, exploited the rich and, at times, contradictory views of lower-class citizens for comic and ultimately competitive ends. As a consequence his plays are valuable evidence for Athenian popular culture and help to correct the markedly fourth-century bias in the writing of Athenian cultural history.
Alexander's Garrisons: A Clue to his Administrative Plans?
Authors: Thomas C. G.
Published: July 2016

Quintus Curtius' bold statement is more than tantalizing to the historian interested in Alexander's plans for the administration of his empire. If Curtius is correct in maintaining that Alexander established garrisons and founded cities throughout the territory he had conquered, then an examination of the location of his settlements as well as the composition of troops and colonists detailed to remain should suggest the nature of Alexander's policy. Furthermore, since garrisons were established from Asia Minor to India, changes in that policy should be revealed if ever his disposition of guards altered markedly.
The Roman Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul (201-191 B.C.)
Authors: McDonald A. H.
Published: July 2016

For those who study the Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul — let it be said at once — there is little or no hope of writing an adequate historical account. To say this is not to disparage what has been done. The subject has been treated admirably, with full critical care, by scholars who combined intimate knowledge of the region with personal feeling for its importance in Italian history, in the light of Gallic social conditions and Roman policy and military methods — always with the reservation ‘as far as the recorded evidence allows’.
Mithradates II and his Successors: A Study of the Parthian Crisis 90-70 B.C.
Authors: Dobbins K. Walton
Published: July 2016

The period in Parthian history between Mithradates II and Phraates 111 is one about which very little is known. Events in West Asia were in turmoil with Rome's involvement becoming ever larger, but Parthia took little or no part in the wars between Rome and the allies, Pontus and Armenia. The reason for Parthia's inactivity can only be guessed. After a summary of recent developments in the understanding of early Parthian history we will give a reconstruction of events in Parthia and her non-involvement in West Asian affairs between 90 and 70 B.C. This is only one combination of possible explanations for the several problems.
Myth as a Tool of Persuasion in Plato
Authors: Tarrant H.A.S.
Published: July 2016

Much is said in the text-books about Plato’s hankering after answers to moral questions which would offer scientific accuracy and absolute truth. It is to dialectic it seems that Plato turns in the hope of finding such accuracy. The Republic values Platonic dialectic rather higher than mathematical procedures, if only because the mathematician fails to explain the ultimate terms through which he conducts his inquiry. But the epistemologica! status of mathematics is at least as high as that of physical inquiry, whereas it is certainly higher than that of all this-worldly images. The images of the imitative artist were criticised for their distance from Platonic reality in Book X of the Republic, and it is not at all clear that they differ in this respect from the stories which Plato believes should be used at the commencement of his city’s education programme in Republic II (376e ff.). If myths are images, and images are low in epistemological status in the Republic and related middle period dialogues, then why does Plato use myths so prominently in precisely these dialogues?
Textual, Structural, and Interpretive Issues in HoraceCarm. 4.2
Authors: Kirby Jhon T.
Published: July 2016

Two closely-linked problems—one textual, the other interpretive—have long bedevilled readers of HoraceCarm.4.2.45-52. The first involves the text of line 49, which was conjecturally emended in the OCT of Wickham and Garrod, and has actually been obelised by Shackleton Bailey in his Teubner. The second problem concerns the addressee ofo Sol pulcher, o laudandein lines 46-7.

I would like in this essay, first, to discuss the spectrum of emendations proposed for line 49; second, to sketch out a structural analysis of the entire ode, into which lines 45-52 will fit sensibly; and third, to offer a new rhetorical analysis that will make sense of the poem overall and (particularly) of the text I have adopted for the lemma. This analysis is fundamentally linked to the interpretation ofSolin line 46, as we shall see.
The Nomenclature Patterns of the Roman Upper Class in the Early Empire: a Statistical Analysis
Authors: Gallivan Paul
Published: July 2016

From Republican times Romans, unlike any other people known to them, had three names, praenomen, nomen (gentilicium) and cognomen. In the first and second centuries A.D. Roman writers assumed that the possession of tria nomina distinguished the civis Romanus from the peregrinus.

Roman practice in the late Republican period was not always in accordance with the above. Cognomina were not adopted in official inscriptions by the Roman state as a constituent of the nomenclature of a senator or an eques until the end of the second century B.C. even though the use of cognomina by patrician families dates from the second half of the fourth century B.C. Despite this official recognition some families such as those of Marius and the Antonii never used cognomina. There were also many individuals who used an additional cognomen (or agnomen) which resulted from a military honour, adoption or the need to mark separate identity from other branches of a family. The practice of employing tria nomina, therefore, was never universal among the upper classes during the late Republic. The aim of this paper is to present a statistical analysis of the nomenclature patterns by which all individuals who can confidently be considered of senatorial or equestrian status are known to us. In the case of women, the study is restricted to those from the senatorial class.
In Defence of Patroklos: A Plea to Common Sense
Authors: Turfa Jean Macintosh , Steinmayer Alwin G.
Published: July 2016

Chariots were important weapons in ancient warfare for almost two millennia in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Chariotry in the Bronze Age Aegean was obviously of great significance, but discrepancies between epic descriptions and archaeological evidence have often led to controversy. The Etruscans, Latins and Picene tribes took rapidly to chariotry after its introduction into Italy in the 8th century B.C.—probably by Levantine interests which also persuaded Cyprus and Tartessian Spain to adopt chariots as part of an extensive aristocratic prestige system.
Philip's Letter to Athens in 340 B.C.
Authors: Hammond N.G.L.
Published: July 2016

Since the important work of Pohlenz and Wüst there has been general agreement that Philip's Letter, preserved in the Demosthenic Corpus as [D.] 12, contains authentic material. But controversy continues on some points, and this article attempts to deal with them.

In his text Griffith wrote of the Letter as if it was an authentic document (e.g. 567) but raised his own serious doubts (553), especially in an Appendix entitled ‘Afterthoughts on the Letter of Philip’ (714-16). His chief doubt was about the exploit of Callias, the leading politician at Chalcis in Euboea, then in alliance with Athens, who was said, in Griffith's translation, to have ‘captured all the inhabited cities on the Gulf of Pagasae’.
Portrait of an Archaic Lady
Authors: Davidson John
Published: July 2016

Much has been written about Herakles, one of the most significant figures in ancient Greek culture. However, despite the recent range of illuminating studies of various female mythical figures as reflected in both literary and pictorial sources, little attention has been paid to Alkmene, mother of the superhero. Alkmene stands, of course, alongside a number of other mortal women in Greek myth, including most notably Antiope, Danae, Europe, Io and Semele, who bear sons to Zeus. Despite her relationship with Zeus, however, and although undergoing more than her fair share of trials, she is never forced into the sort of extreme dislocation suffered by these other women, being presented to some extent as a ‘normal’ wife (of Amphitryon) and mother. The purpose of this paper is to explore the earliest surviving substantial literary portrait of her, found in a passage from Book Four of the pseudo-HesiodicCatalogue of Womenwhich was later incorporated as preface to theShield of Herakles.
Homer in Pisidia: Aspects of the History of Greek Education in a remote Roman Province
Authors: Horsley G.H.R.
Published: July 2016

In the pantheon of poets of all cultures and ages, Homer (however we respond to the ‘Homeric Question’) has a unique place. His primacy is due to the fact that his two epic poems encapsulated Hellenic culture, both for the Greeks themselves, and for others steeped in the ‘European tradition’ whether in antiquity or in subsequent ages. So much is this the case that the very name ‘Homer’ became an abstraction, summing up what it was to be Hellenic. All literature written by Greeks, in the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Imperial periods, and much that was produced by others (including in Latin), looks back to theIliadand theOdyssey,takes its rise from them, finds itslocusin them. A canonicity was conferred on these poems such as on no other Greek text in equal degree. If Shakespeare was representative of an entire age in one culture, Homer summed up a culture itself.
Popilia and laudationes funebres for women
Authors: Hillard T.W.
Published: July 2016

This paper falls into two parts. The first explores the nature of the honour (if not unprecedented, outstanding) paid to Popilia circa 100 B.C.; the second speculates about the content of the panegyric pronounced on that occasion.

In 390 B.C., according to Livy, the Roman senate, in recognition of female generosity during the preceding Gallic siege, declared that women were to share with men the rights to funeral laudationes: matronis gratiae actae honosque additus ut earum sicut virorum post mortem sollemnis laudatio esset. The record is straightforward but the item is suspect because of the variant traditions which parallel it.
Putative Akkadian Origins for the Greek Words Κίναιδος and Πυγή
Authors: Azize Joseph , Craigie Ian
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this note is to suggest Semitic, specifically Akkadian, etymologies for two Greek nouns, and thus for words derived from these. The first noun in question is κίναιδος, for a person participating in certain male homosexual acts. The authors suggest that this word is ultimately derived from the Akkadian noun ‘qinnatu’, meaning anus, or more generally, the rear. This noun was productive in Greek, and also passed into Latin as ‘cinaedus’.

The second Greek noun for which we suggest an etymology is πυγή denoting buttocks. Our hypothesis is that this word is derived from the Akkadian ‘pūqu’ meaning cleft or buttocks. Within the Greek language itself, the noun καταπύγων was developed from the noun πυγή by use of a prefix.
Celestial Dynamics at the Crossroads: Proclus' Reassessment of Plato in the Light of Empirical Science
Authors: Pedersen Stefan , Hannah Robert
Published: July 2016

The imbuing of the visible world with Reason necessitated for Plato an intermediary realm in heaven where physical bodies are seen to move with uniform and circular motion. Such an expression of celestial order was in keeping with Greek physical thought, and was adopted in turn by the later astronomers as they sought to account for apparent irregularities displayed by those very bodies in the heavens. The sophistication of the Greek scientific endeavour and especially Hellenistic astronomy led, however, to an ever increasing body of evidence which ultimately refused reconciliation with the mathematical constructs proposed to maintain the presumed uniformity.
Iranian Evidence for Pindar's ‘Spurious San’?
Authors: Sheldon John S.
Published: July 2016

In a much discussed passage Pindar uses the expression when speaking of early performances of the dithyramb. The passage was famous in antiquity and before the discovery of a papyrus fragment early in the Twentieth Century, we owed our knowledge of it chiefly to citations in Athenaeus. In discussing it, Athenaeus explains the words in the context of asigmatic odes, i.e. odes in which for the sake of euphony the letter sigma was avoided or omitted altogether. This explanation remains the most commonly accepted one, though scholars continue to puzzle over it, as it is hard to see why Pindar would use the word which means ‘false’ or ‘counterfeit’ in such a context. A more natural interpretation, and one which would, I believe, have been readily accepted had it not been for the comments of Athenaeus, is that in early dithyrambic performances the ‘s’ sound was in some way impure or unauthentic when compared with current practice. In what follows, I will re-open the discussion, arguing that Athenaeus misunderstood the passage or based his explanation on a tradition which obscured its true meaning. It will be necessary in the first place to examine evidence for the pronunciation of Greek sibilants and it is here that some light may be cast upon the discussion from a rather unexpected source—the adaptation of the Greek alphabet for writing down the Middle Iranian language of Bactria.
Poliorcetes and Cratesipolis: A Note on Plutarch, Demetr. 9.5-7
Authors: Wheatley Pat
Published: July 2016

In chapter nine of his Life of Demetrius, Plutarch records an amorous interlude between Demetrius the Besieger and Cratesipolis, the widow of Polyperchon's son, Alexander. Plutarch is our sole source for this incident. Perhaps he was struck—as we can hardly fail to be—by a sense of whimsy in the story of a liaison between lovers named ‘She Who Rules the City’ and ‘The Besieger of Cities’. There is nothing especially unusual about the affair itself, as Demetrius is remembered as a prodigal womaniser, but the historical context, timing and circumstances are bizarre, and warrant investigation.
The Silence of the Virgins: Comparing Euripides' Hippolytus and Theonoe
Authors: Chong-Gossard J.H. Kim On
Published: July 2016

One of the most pleasurable features of the plays of Euripides is his exploration of a wide range of character types, each of whom has the potential to be more exciting than the previous one. The fictional Aeschylus in the underworld of Aristophanes'Frogs(1043) remembers in particular the wicked women (Stheneboea, Phaedra), but Euripides also had his share of pious and self-sacrificing virgins (Macaria, Polyxena, Iphigenia), faithful wives (Helen in her name play, Andromache, Alcestis, Evadne), shrewd matriarchs (Hecuba, Jocasta, Aethra, Alcmene), and priestesses (Cassandra, Iphigenia inI. T., Theonoe, the Pythia).
Lucretian Reflections in Seneca'sTrojan Women: The Function of the Second Choral Ode
Authors: Penwill John L.
Published: July 2016

The function of the second choral ode of Seneca'sTrojan Womenin the overall thematic design of that play is a question that has aroused much critical interest over the years. Its overt Epicureanism appears at first to sit oddly with the assumptions of various characters (including the Chorus themselves) as to whether individual consciousness survives after death, and its relationship to what precedes (Talthybius' report of the appearance of Achilles' ghost, the quarrel between Pyrrhus and Agamemnon and Calchas' injunction that both Polyxena and Astyanax must be sacrificed) and what follows (Andromache's dream of Hector) has been seen as problematic; further, there is the whole issue of how it relates to the ritual killings of Astyanax and Polyxena on which the play focuses so much attention and with which it concludes.
Catullus and Horace on Roman Women Poets
Authors: Hallett Judith P.
Published: July 2016

We treasure both Gaius Valerius Catullus and Quintus Horatius Flaccus for their literary gifts and for their lyrics on the power of love and the pleasures of sophisticated urban living. We also, and often, treasure Catullus and Horace together; after all, both poets share a number of distinctive interests: metrically, stylistically, thematically, and what one might call professionally.

Among these common professional interests is their shared literary debt to a female predecessor, the early sixth century BCE Greek poet Sappho. For this reason alone, one might expect Catullus and Horace to acknowledge the presence and activity of female poets, and especially women erotic poets, in their own Roman milieu. I would like to argue that both Catullus and Horace in fact make such acknowledgments, but do so in strikingly different ways.
Catullus in the Playground
Authors: Jackson Anna
Published: July 2016

Every authentic poem contributes to the labour of poetry … its continual labour of reassembling what has been scattered.

John Berger.

In his manifesto Personism, Frank O'Hara celebrated his own work with the announcement: ‘the poem is at last between two persons instead of two pages.’ In fact, he says, he was about to write another poem when he realised he could just pick up the telephone instead. Perhaps it is lucky telephones had not been invented when Catullus was writing his poems, which also seem to belong between two persons instead of two pages.

Yet despite the address to a ‘you’ that characterises many of Catullus’ poems, readers do not, as they do when reading a letter addressed to them, typically place themselves in the position of the person addressed. Rather, readers identify with Catullus himself.
Greek and Latin Teaching in Australian and New Zealand Universities: A 2005 Survey
Authors: O'Sullivan Patrick , Maitland Judith
Published: July 2016

The study of Latin and Ancient Greek at tertiary level is crucial for the survival of Classics within the university sector. And it is not too much to say that the serious study of Greco-Roman antiquity in most, if not all, areas is simply impossible without the ancient languages. They are essential not just for the broad cross-section of philological and literary studies in poetry and prose (ranging at least from Homer to the works of the Church Fathers to Byzantine Chroniclers) but also for ancient history and historiography, philosophy, art history and aesthetics, epigraphy, and many branches of archaeology. In many Classics departments in Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere, enrolments in non-language subjects such as myth, ancient theatre or epic, or history remain healthy and cater to a broad public interest in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This is, of course, to be lauded. But the status of the ancient languages, at least in terms of enrolments, may often seem precarious compared to the more overtly popular courses taught in translation. Given the centrality of the ancient languages to our discipline as a whole, it is worth keeping an eye on how they are faring to ensure their prosperity and longevity.
Persona and Power in Horace's First Book of Epistles
Authors: Lee-Stecum Parshia
Published: July 2016

The careful definition and in some cases active re-definition of power and freedom is at the heart of the ethical and social program of Horace's first book of Epistles, as several critics and commentators have discerned. It is not the only thing happening in Epistles Book 1, but it is one of the more prominent, and one which has elicited a variety of scholarly responses. Some, taking their cue from Epistle 1.1, have interpreted the poet's concern with independence as a heartfelt expression of his desire for poetic freedom inspired by the changing circumstances of his life and social environment. Others have sought to identify the philosophical sources of Horace's ethical views, including his views on freedom and power.
The Double Visions of Pompey and Caesar
Authors: Penwill John L.
Published: July 2016

A small but significant aspect of Lucan's presentation of both Pompey and Caesar in the Bellum Civile is the use of complementary and contrasting doublets. In the case of Pompey, the doublet comprises the two dreams narrated at the beginning of Book 3 (of his dead wife Julia) and the beginning of Book 7 (of the crowd acclaiming him in his theatre); in the case of Caesar, it comprises the apparitions that mark the beginning and end of his presence in the poem, the first of the goddess Roma and the second of Scaeva, which because of their position have an obvious framing function.