bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Determinants of T Cell Epitope Recognition to the Common Timothy Grass Allergen
Authors: Oseroff Carla , Sidney John , Kotturi Maya F. , Kolla Ravi , Alam Rafeul , Broide David H. , Wasserman Stephen I. , Weiskopf Daniela , McKinney Denise M. , Chung Jo L. , Petersen Arnd , Grey Howard , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro
Published: June 2010

We investigated the molecular determinants of allergen-derived T cell epitopes in humans utilizing the Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) allergens (Phl p). PBMCs from allergic individuals were tested in ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning known Phl p allergens. A total of 43 distinct antigenic regions were recognized, illustrating the large breadth of grass-specific T cell epitopes. Th2 cytokines (as represented by IL-5) were predominant, whereas IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 were detected less frequently. Responses from specific immunotherapy treatment individuals were weaker and less consistent, yet similar in epitope specificity and cytokine pattern to allergic donors, whereas nonallergic individuals were essentially nonreactive. Despite the large breadth of recognition, nine dominant antigenic regions were defined, each recognized by multiple donors, accounting for 51% of the total response. Multiple HLA molecules and loci restricted the dominant regions, and the immunodominant epitopes could be predicted using bioinformatic algorithms specific for 23 common HLA-DR, DP, and DQ molecules. Immunodominance was also apparent at the Phl p Ag level. It was found that 52, 19, and 14% of the total response was directed to Phl p 5, 1, and 3, respectively. Interestingly, little or no correlation between Phl p-specific IgE levels and T cell responses was found. Thus, certain intrinsic features of the allergen protein might influence immunogenicity at the level of T cell reactivity. Consistent with this notion, different Phl p Ags were associated with distinct patterns of IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 production.
Empire as material setting and heuristic grid for New Testament interpretation: Comments on the value of postcolonial criticism
Authors: Punt Jeremy
Published: June 2010

Using postcolonial analysis to account for the Roman Empire’s pervasive presence in and influence on early Jesus-follower communities (early Christians), as depicted in New Testament texts, is both evident (given its usefulness for analysing situations of unequal power relationships) and complicated. The complications are due partly to the material and conceptual potential and constraints inherent in postcolonial biblical studies, as well as to the complexities involved in dealing with empire and imperialism. The study of the Roman Empire, as far as its impact on early Christianity and (in this article) on the letters of Paul is concerned, requires attention to Empire’s material manifestation, ideological support for Empire, and religious aspects – issues that are identified and briefly discussed. Empire can be understood in many different ways, but it was also constantly constructed and negotiated by both the powerful and the subjugated and therefore attention is required for its possible reach, uses and the purposeful application of discursive power in New Testament texts that were contemporary with Empire.
Burnout and engagement of reformed church ministers
Authors: Buys Chenelle , Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: June 2010

Orientation: The ministry is one occupation where burnout is increasingly considered to be a consequence of the problems with which ministers have to cope. However, few studies focused on the positive antipode of a minister’s work.Research purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of job-demands and job-resources on ministers’ burnout and engagement. Congregational commitment and health were included as possible consequences of burnout and engagement.Motivation for the study: Ministers’ well-being has become an important topic for both researchers and practitioners.Research design, approach and method: A survey design with a non-probability, purposive voluntary sample of 115 ministers was used. The Job-Demands–Resources Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Work Engagement Scale, General Health Questionnaire, and Congregational Commitment Scale were administered.Main findings: Regression analysis indicated that the pace, amount of work and emotional demands were indicators of burnout while growth opportunities, social support and job significance were indicators of engagement. Furthermore, it was found that exhaustion predicted somatic symptoms and depression, while mental distance predicted depression. Engagement predicted social functioning and affective commitment.Practical implications: Interventions should be implemented to help ministers deal more effectively with any burnout symptoms experienced in order to prevent ministers who are already showing signs of burnout from getting sick to increase their engagement and to rehabilitate individuals who are ill as a result of the work place.Contribution: The study contributes to knowledge regarding the effects of job-demands and resources on the well-being of ministers.
Wetland‐driven shifts in suspended particulate organic matter composition of the Hudson River estuary, New York
Authors: Hunsinger Glendon B. , Mitra Siddhartha , Findlay Stuart E. G. , Fischer David T.
Published: June 2010

Elemental carbon and nitrogen, stable isotopes, and lignin phenols were quantified for suspended particulate material exchanging between Tivoli Bays wetlands and the main stem of the freshwater‐tidal Hudson River estuary (HRE) across a tidal cycle, seasonally in 2006 and monthly in 2007 during the ice‐free portion of the year. Temporal shifts in organic matter (OM) composition ranged from 33.1 to 247.6 mg g−1 particulate organic carbon (POC), ‐34.7‰ to ‐27.2‰ stable carbon isotopic signature of POC (δ13CPOC), ‐3.6‰ to 13.6‰ nitrogen isotopic signature of particulate nitrogen (δ15NPN), and 0.8 to 25.0 mg per 100 mg OC lignin phenols. From May to August, the wetlands transferred abundant (up to 247.6 mg g−1), chemically distinctive (δ13CPOC as depleted as ‐34.7‰) particulate OM to the HRE, particularly Tivoli South Bay. We estimated a net export of > 60 Mg km−2 yr−1 POC from Tivoli Bays into the HRE. Mixing model iterations indicated that planktonic OM was the dominant source (50% to 86%) during summertime, while contributions from allochthonous and planktonic OM during other seasons were roughly equivalent (~ 38%). Taken together, both geochemical data and mixing modeling underscore the function and value of HRE tidal wetlands as major generators of compositionally unique and labile POC for the estuarine carbon budget. In a broader context, lateral aquatic connections with tidal wetlands at seasonal or localized scales may overshadow internal or upland influences on OM composition, production, and processing in estuaries; a latent but key consideration when deciphering temporal and longitudinal trends.
Observational constraints on the global atmospheric budget of ethanol
Authors: Naik V. , Fiore A. M. , Horowitz L. W. , Singh H. B. , Wiedinmyer C. , Guenther A. , de Gouw J. A. , Millet D. B. , Goldan P. D. , Kuster W. C. , Goldstein A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Energy security and climate change concerns have led to the promotion of biomass-derived ethanol, an oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC), as a substitute for fossil fuels. Although ethanol is ubiquitous in the troposphere, our knowledge of its current atmospheric budget and distribution is limited. Here, for the first time we use a global chemical transport model in conjunction with atmospheric observations to place constraints on the ethanol budget, noting that additional measurements of ethanol (and its precursors) are still needed to enhance confidence in our estimated budget. Global sources of ethanol in the model include 5.0 Tg yr−1 from industrial sources and biofuels, 9.2 Tg yr−1 from terrestrial plants, ~0.5 Tg yr−1 from biomass burning, and 0.05 Tg yr−1 from atmospheric reactions of the ethyl peroxy radical (C2H5O2) with itself and with the methyl peroxy radical (CH3O2). The resulting atmospheric lifetime of ethanol in the model is 2.8 days. Gas-phase oxidation by the hydroxyl radical (OH) is the primary global sink of ethanol in the model (65%), followed by dry deposition (25%), and wet deposition (10%). Over continental areas, ethanol concentrations predominantly reflect direct anthropogenic and biogenic emission sources. Uncertainty in the biogenic ethanol emissions, estimated at a factor of three, may contribute to the 50% model underestimate of observations in the North American boundary layer. Current levels of ethanol measured in remote regions are an order of magnitude larger than those in the model, suggesting a major gap in understanding. Stronger constraints on the budget and distribution of ethanol and OVOCs are a critical step towards assessing the impacts of increasing the use of ethanol as a fuel.
Calibration of the total carbon column observing network using aircraft profile data
Authors: Wunch D. , Toon G. C. , Wennberg P. O. , Wofsy S. C. , Stephens B. B. , Fischer M. L. , Uchino O. , Abshire J. B. , Bernath P. , Biraud S. C. , Blavier J.-F. L. , Boone C. , Bowman K. P. , Browell E. V. , Campos T. , Connor B. J. , Daube B. C. , Deutscher N. M. , Diao M. , Elkins J. W. , Gerbig C. , Gottlieb E. , Griffith D. W. T. , Hurst D. F. , Jiménez R. , Keppel-Aleks G. , Kort E. , Macatangay R. , Machida T. , Matsueda H. , Moore F. , Morino I. , Park S. , Robinson J. , Roehl C. M. , Sawa Y. , Sherlock V. , Sweeney C. , Tanaka T. , Zondlo M. A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) produces precise measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and H2O at a variety of sites worldwide. These observations rely on spectroscopic parameters that are not known with sufficient accuracy to compute total columns that can be used in combination with in situ measurements. The TCCON must therefore be calibrated to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in situ trace gas measurement scales. We present a calibration of TCCON data using WMO-scale instrumentation aboard aircraft that measured profiles over four TCCON stations during 2008 and 2009. The aircraft campaigns are the Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START-08), which included a profile over the Park Falls site, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO-1) campaign, which included profiles over the Lamont and Lauder sites, a series of Learjet profiles over the Lamont site, and a Beechcraft King Air profile over the Tsukuba site. These calibrations are compared with similar observations made during the INTEX-NA (2004), COBRA-ME (2004) and TWP-ICE (2006) campaigns. A single, global calibration factor for each gas accurately captures the TCCON total column data within error.
Retrieval of atmospheric optical parameters from ground-based sun-photometer measurements for Zanjan, Iran
Authors: Bayat A. , Masoumi A. , Khalesifard H. R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We are reporting the results of ground-based spectroradiometric measurements on aerosols and water vapor in the atmosphere of Zanjan for the period of October 2006 to September 2008 using a Cimel CE318-2 sun-photometer. Zanjan is a city in Northwest Iran, located at 36.70° N, 48.51° E, and at an altitude of 1800 above m.s.l. The spectral aerosol optical depth, Ångström exponent, and columnar water vapor have been calculated using the data recorded by the sunphotometer through direct-beam irradiance measurements of sunlight (sun mode). The average values of aerosol optical depth at 440 nm, columnar water vapor, and the Ångström exponent, α, during the mentioned period are measured as, 0.27±0.16, 0.53±0.37 cm and 0.75±0.46, respectively. The maximum (minimum) value of the aerosol optical depth was recorded in May 2007 (January 2007), and that of columnar water vapor, in July 2007 (January 2008). Using the least-squares method, the Ångström exponent was calculated in the spectral interval 440–870 nm along with the coefficients of a second order polynomial fit (α1 and α2) to the log-log plot of aerosol optical depth versus the wavelength. The coefficient α2 shows that most of the aerosols in the Zanjan area have dimensions larger than 1 μm. The values calculated for α2−α1 indicate that 70% of the aerosols are in the coarse-mode (>1 μm) and 30% of them are in the fine-mode (<1 μm). Comparison of α2−α1 for the atmosphere over Zanjan with other regions indicates dust and anthropogenic aerosols are the most dominant aerosols in the region.
An integration platform for heterogeneous sensor systems in GITEWS – Tsunami Service Bus
Authors: Fleischer J. , Häner R. , Herrnkind S. , Kloth A. , Kriegel U. , Schwarting H. , Wächter J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) is built upon a complex sensor data infrastructure. To best fulfill the demand for a long living system, the underlying software and hardware architecture of GITEWS must be prepared for future modifications both of single sensors and entire sensors systems. The foundation for a flexible integration and for stable interfaces is a result of following the paradigm of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). The Tsunami Service Bus (TSB) – our integration platform in GITEWS – realizes this SOA approach by implementing the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards and services. This paper focuses on architectural and implementation aspects of the TSB. Initially, the general architectural approach in GITEWS by SOA and SWE is presented. Based on this conception, the concrete system architecture of GITEWS is introduced. The sensor integration platform TSB is then discussed in detail, following by its primary responsibilities and components. Special emphasis is laid on architectural transparency, comprehensible design decisions, and references to the applied technology.
Numerical earthquake response analysis of the Liyutan earth dam in Taiwan
Authors: Feng Z. , Tsai P. H. , Li J. N.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The dynamic response of the Liyutan earth dam to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (ML=7.3) in Taiwan was numerically analyzed. First, the staged construction of the dam was simulated. Then, seepage analysis, considering a 60-m water level, was performed. After seepage analysis, the initial static stress (prior to dynamic loading) was established in the dam. Both the horizontal and vertical acceleration time histories recorded at the base of the dam were used in the numerical simulations. The dynamic responses of the dam were analyzed for 50 s in the time domain. The simulated results were in agreement with the monitored data. The transfer function analysis and Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) were used to compare the results and to perceive the response characteristics of the dam. In particular, the time-frequency-energy plots of the HHT can reveal the timing and time frame of the dominant frequencies of the dynamic response. The influences of the initial shear modulus and uni-axial earthquake loading were also investigated.
Spatially extensive estimates in annual accumulation in the dry zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet inferred from radar altimetry
Authors: de la Peña S. , Nienow P. , Shepherd A. , Helm V. , Mair D. , Hanna E. , Huybrechts P. , Guo Q. , Cullen R. , Wingham D. J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We present estimates of accumulation rate along a 200 km transect ranging in elevation from 2750 to 3165 m in the dry snow zone on the western slope of the Greenland Ice Sheet. An airborne radar altimeter is used to estimate the thickness of annual internal layers and, in conjunction with ground based snow/firn density profiles, annual accumulation rates between 1998 and 2003 are derived. The observed inter-annual variability is high, with the annual mean accumulation rate estimated at 0.372 m.w.e. yr−1 (s.d. ± 0.063 m.w.e. yr−1). Mean accumulation rates modelled using meteorological data overestimate our results by 13% on average, but by 37% and 32% in the years 2001 and 2002. The methodology presented here demonstrates the potential to obtain accurate and spatially extensive accumulation rates from radar altimeters in regions of ice sheets where field observations are sparse.
Endothelial Cells: Immunological Aspects
Authors: Sumitran‐Holgersson Suchitra , Holgersson Jan
Published: June 2010

It is now clear that the vascular endothelium is not merely a passive vessel wall lining but is actually a multifunctional organ involved in maintaining homeostasis. Strategically located at the interface between blood and the extravascular space, the endothelium is a highly specialised cellular system which plays a key role in physiological processes such as blood supply, nutrient delivery, metabolic homeostasis and immune cell trafficking, as well as pathological processes such as inflammation. Endothelial cells represent a highly heterogeneous population of cells with the ability to interact with and modulate the function of immune cells. These cells regulate the traffic and functions of leucocytes by expressing adhesion molecules and cytokines in a regulated way. The ability of endothelial cells (ECs) to recruit Ag‐specific T cells into the inflammatory sites by displaying cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–peptide complexes contributes a new dimension to the central role played by endothelium in the regulation of immune responses.

Key Concepts:

Endothelial cells are not just an inert barrier between the blood and parenchyma.

The morphology of the endothelial lining differs between vascular beds.

The endothelial cell orchestrates cellular processes key to the inflammatory reaction.

A regulated use of different adhesion molecules and chemokines guides tissue‐specific leucocyte extravasation.

Selectin ligands are carbohydrates with a common structural motif, the tetrasaccharide sialyl‐Lewis X.

Especially, microvascular endothelial cells can act as antigen‐presenting cells.

Endothelial cells are both targets for and a source of cytokines – soluble polypeptides acting as mediators of communication with leucocytes and other cells.
Plant Exocytosis, Endocytosis and Membrane Recycling in Turgid Cells
Authors: Frigerio Lorenzo
Published: June 2010

In plant cells, growth is dependent on cell wall building and plasma membrane growth. Secretion of proteins is vital for cell function and cell–cell communication. The fusion of secretory vesicles at the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a key mechanism because it delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane and proteins and polysaccharides to the cell wall. The anterograde flow of membranes is balanced by endocytosis, which retrieves excess membrane and recycles plasma membrane receptors and transporters. Exocytosis and endocytosis have recently been shown to underpin the establishment of cell polarity which is key to the control of plant developmental processes. The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis is, therefore, crucial to both plant signalling and development, is highly regulated and is an exciting subject of current research.

Key Concepts:

Exocytosis is the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis retrieves lipids and proteins from the plasma membrane.

The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis regulates cell growth, polarity and expansion, ultimately underpinning all plant developmental processes.
Size‐exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Hagel Lars , Haneskog Lars
Published: June 2010

Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), also termed gel filtration (GF) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), separates solutes according to decreasing size. Typical applications are desalting (buffer exchange), fractionation (purification) and size or size‐heterogeneity analysis (mass determination). The theory of SEC is well established and simulations of experiments may readily be performed to aid in optimisation of experimental conditions, although optimisation often is not needed. Unlike many other chromatographic techniques separation using SEC allows a limited volume of sample since it is not concentrated on the column. The acceptable volume depends on column size and mode of separation. SEC is possibly the most common final step in protein purification because of its simplicity and its power to remove not only impurities but also aggregates of the target protein. Buffer exchange of protein preparations by SEC is a good alternative to ultrafiltration or dialysis methods because of speed and low risk of protein aggregation.

Key Concepts:

Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates substances according to size.

SEC is used for desalting (buffer exchange), fractionation (purification) and size or size‐heterogeneity analysis.

SEC often accepts a broad range of solvent conditions.

Only a limited sample volume should be applied in SEC since no concentration of sample components take place on the column. A too large sample volume may compromise separation.

Highest separation in SEC requires a long column with small beads and good quality of packing.

In method optimisation the choice of SEC material (selectivity and efficiency) is usually more important than running conditions.

The peak capacity in SEC is generally much smaller than for other chromatography techniques.

SEC is a key technique for the final step (polishing) when purifying proteins. Impurities and aggregated or fragmented target protein can be removed.

SEC can be used for analysis of protein size‐homogeneity under native conditions, for example for screening purification or storage conditions.
Protein Motifs for
DNA
Binding
Authors: Xu Hang , Morrical Scott W
Published: June 2010

Protein–
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) interactions play a central role in directing the flow of genetic information and in the control of life itself. Research has demonstrated that many DNA‐binding proteins belong to distinct families containing common structural motifs. In this article, several important motifs are introduced and their interactions with DNA are discussed. Interestingly, these motifs show great variability in their DNA‐binding modes. In some cases, a simple structural element, such as a single α helix or β ribbon, accounts for the most critical interactions, whereas in other protein–DNA complexes, more complicated structural scaffolds are required. In addition, the efficiency and specificity of protein–DNA interactions depend on the nature of bonding, the induced fit of macromolecules and the oligomerisation of protein motifs.

Key Concepts:

DNA‐binding motifs are prototypic structural elements, each representing a group of DNA‐binding proteins.

The stability of protein–DNA complexes is attributed to both sequence‐specific and nonsequence‐specific interactions, whereas the specificity only depends on the former.

Conformational change is often observed in protein–DNA complexes, which facilitates the complex formation and/or the following biological function.

In addition to promoting extreme conformational change in DNA, oligomerisation of DNA‐binding proteins may also enable regulation of protein–DNA complexes.
Protein Folding and Chaperones
Authors: Sinnige Tessa , Karagöz G Elif , Rüdiger Stefan GD
Published: June 2010

Proteins fold via specific pathways to achieve their native structure. Protein structures are, however, inherently unstable; hence folding and unfolding are in equilibrium. Protein instability is a major concern inside the cell. Specialised proteins called molecular chaperones are, therefore, required to assist proteins in folding and to prevent aggregation of folding intermediates. Many different classes of chaperones exist that are conserved throughout all kingdoms of life, many of which are known as heat‐shock proteins. Chaperones typically recognise hydrophobic patches, but the exact functions and mechanisms of action of the various chaperone classes are very different. The main chaperone classes
Hsp70
,
Hsp90
,
Hsp100
and
chaperonins
all depend on
adenosine triphosphatase
(
ATPase
) cycles, which enable subtle activity control by co‐chaperones. The molecular understanding of the mechanism of both chaperones and protein folding are key problems in today's life sciences. The importance is illustrated by the fact that many diseases are associated with these processes.

Key Concepts:

Proteins fold via pathways.

Protein structures are labile.

Protein folding
in vivo
is assisted by molecular chaperones.

Assisted protein folding requires ATP energy.

Molecular chaperones are evolutionarily conserved.

Chaperone activity is controlled by co‐chaperones and cofactors.

Chaperone families differ in structure and function.
Nematodes in Ecological Webs
Authors: Yeates Gregor W
Published: June 2010

Nematodes, with a simple, tubular body form are the most abundant multicellular animals on earth. Wherever there is active animal life there are nematodes, often with up to 200 species and several million plant and soil nematodes per square metre. Although not active without free water, typically nematode populations are regulated by predators and microbial parasites, and their diverse biological interactions place them in many food webs. Nematode activity may affect plant community composition and succession. Their abundance, diversity and effects on soil processes make indices of nematode assemblage useful indicators of ecosystem condition. Although some parasites cause disease, most nematodes are beneficial, keeping earth's nutrients cycling or enhancing the diversity of natural ecosystems.

Key Concepts:

Nematodes are abundant, widespread and diverse.

Nematodes require free water and food resources to be active but narrow soil pores may prevent them using some resources.

Nematodes excrete the excess nitrogen from their food in plant‐available form.

Plant and soil nematodes use a wide range of food resources; other nematodes may be parasites of invertebrates and vertebrates.

Nematode populations may be regulated by predators and microbial parasites.

The diverse biological interactions of nematodes place them in many food webs.

Nematode feeding affects their microbial and plant food resources and may result in trophic cascades.

Nematode activity may affect plant community composition and succession.

Because of their abundance, diversity and effects on soil process indices of nematode assemblages are often useful indicators of ecosystem condition.
Small Silencing
RNAs
and Gene Therapy
Authors: Grimm Dirk
Published: June 2010

Within one decade,
ribonucleic acid
interference (RNAi), that is, the sequence‐specific knockdown of gene expression triggered by small silencing RNAs, has rapidly matured from a biological curiosity into our single most promising biotherapeutic for a wide array of human diseases. Its exciting looming clinical translation is particularly accelerated by the increasingly pursued juxtaposition of RNAi technologies with established gene therapy methodologies. Fostering this mutual attraction of two potent clinical modalities and paving the way to fully harness their therapeutic power are the abilities of viral gene transfer vectors to mediate stable, efficient and tailored transduction of RNAi into recipient cells. Finally, moreover adding to the enormous promise of combining small silencing RNAs and gene therapy are latest findings on the role of endogenous microRNAs for various human diseases, further enlarging our already fertile chest of tools and targets for intervention and fortifying the optimism that RNAi gene therapies will soon become a clinical reality.

Key Concepts:

Expression of RNAi triggers from viral gene transfer vehicles is a potent strategy to optimise the issues of
in vivo
delivery and specificity.

Vice versa, the development of expressible, vector‐compatible RNAi triggers adds a crucial therapeutically relevant template to our arsenal of gene therapy vectors.

The combination of RNAi and gene therapy thus synergistically enhances the power and promise of each individual approach.

Beyond exploiting RNAi to directly target and destroy disease‐associated genes, cellular miRNAs can also be used to segregate vectors or viruses.

This allows to either direct transgene expression to a certain subset of cells in the body, or to increase the specificity and safety of oncolytic viruses.

Further improvements of RNAi gene therapy vectors concern the promoter, which can be constitutive or inducible, weak or strong, or specific or ubiquitous.

Concurrent advances in viral vector genome designs and structures help to maintain a threshold of RNAi expression required for potent gene silencing.

Latest improvements in the field of RNAi gene therapy vectors comprise combinatorial approaches either aiming at enhancing custom vector properties or juxtaposing various RNAi triggers and other gene silencers, or co‐targeting different viral or cellular genes, to avert target viral escape by mutation.
Thermal Decomposition of Mono‐ and Bimetallic Magnesium Amidoborane Complexes
Authors: Spielmann Jan , Piesik Dirk F.‐J. , Harder Sjoerd
Published: June 2010

Complexes of the type [(DIPPnacnac)MgNH(R)BH3] have been prepared (DIPPnacnac=CH{(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)}2). The following substituents R have been used: H, Me, iPr, DIPP (DIPP=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl). Complexes [(DIPPnac‐ nac)MgNH2BH3]⋅THF, [{(DIPPnac‐ nac)MgNH(iPr)BH3}2] and [(DIPPnacnac)MgNH(DIPP)BH3] were structurally characterised. The Mg amidoborane complexes decompose at a significantly higher temperature (90–110 °C) than the corresponding Ca amidoborane complexes (20–110 °C). The complexes with the smaller R substituents (H, Me) gave a mixture of decomposition products of which one could be structurally characterised as [{(DIPPnacnac)Mg}2(H3B‐NMe‐BH‐NMe)]⋅THF. [{(DIPP‐ nacnac)MgNH(iPr)BH3}2] cleanly decomposed to [(DIPPnacnac)MgH], which was characterised as a dimeric THF adduct. The amidoborane complex with the larger DIPP‐substituent decomposed into a borylamide complex [(DIPPnacnac)MgN(DIPP)BH2], which was structurally characterised as its THF adduct. Bimetallic Mg amidoborane complexes decompose at lower temperatures (60–90 °C) and show a different decomposition pathway. The dinuclear Mg amidoborane complexes presented here are based on DIPPnacnac units that are either directly coupled through NN bonding (abbreviated NN) or through a 2,6‐pyridylene bridge (abbreviated PYR). Crystal structures of [PYR‐{Mg(nBu)}2], [PYR‐{MgNH(iPr)BH3}2], [NN‐{MgNH(iPr)BH3}2]⋅THF and the decomposition products [PYR‐Mg2(iPrN‐BH‐iPrN‐BH3)] and [NN‐Mg2(iPrN‐BH‐iPrN‐BH3)]⋅THF are presented. The following conclusions can be drawn from these studies: i) The first step in the decomposition of a metal amidoborane complex is β‐hydride elimination, which results in formation of a metal hydride complex and R(H)NBH2, ii) depending on the nature of the metal, the metal hydride is either stable and can be isolated or it reacts further, iii) amidoborane anions with small R substituents decompose into the dianionic species (RN‐BH‐RN‐BH3)2−, whereas large substituents result in formation of the borylamide RNBH2− and iv) enforced proximity of two Mg amidoborane units results in decomposition at a significantly lower temperature and cleanly follows the BNBN pathway.
The Intramolecular Interaction of Thiophene and Furan with Aromatic and Fluoroaromatic Systems in Some [3.3]Meta(heterocyclo)paracyclophanes: A Combined Computational and NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Benaglia Maurizio , Cozzi Franco , Mancinelli Michele , Mazzanti Andrea
Published: June 2010

Four thiophene‐ and furan‐containing [3.3]meta(heterocyclo)paracyclophanes were designed and synthesized to study the intramolecular interaction between standard heteroaromatic rings and tetra‐H‐ or tetra‐F‐substituted benzenes. A complete conformational analysis, carried out by DFT calculations and variable‐temperature NMR techniques, showed that, despite their structural similarity, these adducts have different conformational preferences and undergo different types of isomerizations depending on the nature of the heterocycle. The thiophene‐derived adducts adopted a parallel stacked arrangement of the aromatic systems in the ground‐state conformations. Their isomerization pathways involved a thiophene ring‐flip process passing through an edge‐to‐face arranged transition state in which the heterocycle is perpendicular to the benzene platform and its sulfur atom points toward the center of that ring. The threshold energy barrier to the ring‐flip process was higher by 10 kJ mol−1 in the case of the adduct featuring the perfluorinated benzene. This difference was rationalized by assuming that the ground‐state conformations of the H‐ and F‐substituted compounds have different stability. On the contrary, the furan‐derived adducts were shown by calculations and NMR spectroscopy to adopt, in their ground‐state conformations, a perpendicular edge‐to‐face disposition of the rings with the oxygen atom pointing toward the benzene platform. The adoption of this arrangement was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. In the case of these compounds, the isomerization process involved distortion of the CH2SCH2 bridges connecting the aromatic systems and the adoption of transition‐state geometries for which the rings were arranged in a parallel‐stacked orientation. Once again a very nice agreement was observed between the predicted and the experimentally determined geometries and pathways. In the case of the furan‐containing compounds, the threshold barriers were found to be much lower in energy that those observed for the thiophene derivatives. Remarkably, they were virtually independent of the presence of fluorine atoms on the platform benzene ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Derivation of Force Field Parameters, and Force Field and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Layered α‐ and γ‐Zirconium Phosphates.
Authors: Alberti Giulio , Grassi Antonio , Lombardo Giuseppe M. , Pappalardo Giuseppe C. , Vivani Riccardo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Electron Affinities of the Selenium Fluorides SeFn (n = 1—7)
Authors: Li Qian‐shu , Xu Wen‐guo , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer III Henry F.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sm2SCl4: A Sulfide Chloride of Trivalent Samarium with anti‐SiS2‐Analogous Chains ∞1{[SSm4/2]4+}.
Authors: Lissner Falk , Schleid Thomas
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Chemical, and Transport Properties of a New Clathrate Compound: Cs8Zn4Sn42.
Authors: Nolas G. S. , Weakley T. J. R. , Cohn J. L.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The DuPont Powder Challenge: The Crystal Structure of [C5NH6][Al3F10] — A Cautionary Tale.
Authors: Harlow Richard L. , Herron Norman , Li Zhigang , Vogt Thomas , Solovyov Leonid , Kirik Sergei
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Vapor Transport of Solid Solutions. Part 5. Chemical Transport of MnS/ZnS, FeS/ZnS, and FeS/MnS Mixed Crystals.
Authors: Knitter St. , Binnewies M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations in the YBa2WnCu3‐nOx Series.
Authors: Nipan G. D. , Kol'tsova T. N.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Behavior of Er2(SO4)3×8H2O and Er2(SO4)3×4H2O.
Authors: Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Ultrafine‐Particle Titanium Compounds by Carbon Reduction of Titania.
Authors: Shveikin G. P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: RbFe[BP2O8(OH)]: A New Borophosphate Containing Open‐Branched Tetrahedral Vierer‐Einfach Chains.
Authors: Kniep Ruediger , Boy Insan , Engelhardt Holger
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of the Silylated Phosphaneimines Me3SiNP(c‐C6H11)3 and (Me3SiNPPh2)2CH2.
Authors: Mueller A. , Moehlen M. , Neumueller B. , Faza N. , Massa W. , Dehnicke K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: syn Stereocontrol in the Directed Dihydroxylation of Acyclic Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Newcombe Nicholas J. , Waring Michael J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel Chiral Rhodium Complexes as Catalysts for the Enantioselective Allylation of Arylaldehydes.
Authors: Shi Min , Lei Gui‐Xin , Masaki Yukio
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Syntheses: A Route to the Stepwise Condensation of Reduced Keggin Polyanions. From Reduced β‐[HmSiMo12O40]n‐ Monomers to Bicapped Dimerized [Si2Mo28O84(H2O)2] 6‐ Anions.
Authors: Dolbecq Anne , Cadot Emmanuel , Eisner Dirk , Secheresse Francis
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Triamminetetrakis(μ‐cyano)dicuprate(I)copper(II).
Authors: Vrabel Viktor , Garaj Jan , Sivy Julius , Oktavec Drahomir
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (NH4)2 [Mg4(H2O)18 (H2W12O42)]×10H2O, a New Compound Containing Chains Formed by Magnesium and Paradodecahedral Tungstate Ions.
Authors: Li Jing , Wang Ru‐Ji , Torardi Charlie C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of GdFeO3‐Type Rare Earth Gallates and Aluminates.
Authors: Vasylechko L. , Matkovskii A. , Savytskii D. , Suchocki A. , Wallrafen F.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Valence States of Nickel, Tin, and Sulfur in the Ternary Chalcogenide Ni3Sn2S2 — XPS, 61Ni and 119Sn Moessbauer Investigations, and Band Structure Calculations.
Authors: Guetlich Philipp , Range Klaus‐Juergen , Felser Claudia , Schultz‐Muenzenberg Christian , Tremel Wolfgang , Walcher Dorothee , Waldeck Markus
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, Electric Transport and Magnetic Properties of Sr2LaMnFeO7 and Sr2LaMn1.5Fe0.5O7.
Authors: Sharma Indu Bhushan , Magotra S. K. , Singh D. , Batra S. , Mudher K. D. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Desymmetrization of meso‐Pyrrolidine Derivatives by Enantiotopic Selective C—H Hydroxylation Using (Salen)manganese(III) Complexes.
Authors: Punniyamurthy T. , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Thiols to 1,3‐Dehydroadamantane.
Authors: No B. I. , Butov G. M. , Mokhov V. M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Mannich‐Type Reaction in Water: HBF4‐Catalyzed Condensation of Aldehydes, Amines, and Silyl Enolates for the Synthesis of β‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Takaya Jun , Kagoshima Hirotaka
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Arylacetones with Boron Tribromide.
Authors: Dupont Romain , Cotelle Philippe
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Ring Contraction of 2‐Arylidenecycloalkanones: A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Arylidenecycloalkane Carboxylates.
Authors: Varma Rajender S. , Kumar Dalip
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Valence Bond Isomerization of Fused [1,2,3]Triazolium Salts with Bridgehead Nitrogen Atom. Fused Azolium Salts. Part 19.
Authors: Beres Mariann , Hajos Gyoergy , Riedl Zsuzsanna , Soos Tibor , Timari Geza , Messmer Andras
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Organic Halides with Tri‐2‐furanylgermane: Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reaction.
Authors: Nakamura Tomoaki , Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Carbon—Carbon Bonds Using Iron Tricarbonyl(η4‐cyclobutadienyl)‐Stabilized Carbonium Ions.
Authors: Porter James R. , Snapper Marc L.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient and Convenient Method for the Direct Conversion of Alkyl THP Ethers into the Corresponding Alkyl Benzyl Ethers.
Authors: Suzuki Takeshi , Ohashi Kousaburo , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.