bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTHFUL BEEF CARCASSES IN RELATION TO WEIGHT, AGE AND SEX: II. CARCASS MEASUREMENTS AND YIELD OF RETAIL PRODUCT
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , MARTIN A. H. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

In a study of 574 carcasses comprising 168 steers, 147 heifers and 259 bulls, weight was found to be the only factor influencing carcass length, leg length, depth at flank and rib, and thickness and width of round. All of these increased with increasing weight. Weight had a negligible influence on carcass proportions, although there was a tendency for percent hind quarter to decrease and percent plate and flank to increase with increasing weight. Sexes, compared on an equal weight basis, were similar in carcass proportions, the main differences being in percent chuck and fore quarter (bulls highest) and percent shank (heifers lowest). Sex and source were the main contributors to differences in carcass composition. At equal weight heifers averaged approximately 20% greater in fat cover over the rib. This extra fat was largely offset by less bone (1.0%), with the result that heifers were virtually equivalent to steers in the proportion of boneless-defatted product. Bulls were superior to steers in lean content, averaging approximately 10% greater in longissimus dorsi area, 30% less in fat cover over the rib, and 3% greater in proportion of deboned-defatted product. For all sex-source groups, percent bone decreased with increasing weight.
CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN YORKSHIRE PIGS FROM BIRTH TO 20 WEEKS OF AGE
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C.
Published: March 2010

The mortality rate in 6890 Yorkshire piglets from birth to 20 weeks was 25.6%, of which 7.2% occurred at farrowing, and 16.4% from birth to weaning. The average number of mummified or decomposed pigs was 0.13 per litter. Of the total mortality, 15.3% occurred on the first day and 43.7% occurred during the first week. Major causes of death were: general congenital weakness and inanition, 26.9%; overlain or bitten by dam, 19.2%; scours, 14.2%; and paralysis, 10.2%. When inbreeding increased from less than 5% to 25% and over, mortality before birth went from 5.9% to 14.1%, and before weaning from 15.1% to 20.9%. No significant effect of farrowing quarters on mortality was detected, but there were significant effects of fines and years. Curvilinear relationships between average pig weight, litter size and mortality were fitted, and maximum rates were calculated. A linear relationship was observed between the survival at weaning and the within-litters coefficient of variation of pig weights at birth.
RAPESEED AS AN ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE IN DIETS FOR GROWING PIGS
Authors: BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Twenty gilts and 20 barrows were fed 0, 5 or 10% ground rapeseed in diets with or without rapeseed meal (RM) and either adjusted or unadjusted for levels of digestible energy (DE) and total protein. Dietary rapeseed at a level of 10% depressed (P < 0.10) feed intake and improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion in comparison with 0% rapeseed, but did not significantly influence efficiency of DE conversion. Pigs fed rapeseed gained 0.05 to 0.11 kg/day more slowly than those fed no rapeseed, but differences were not significant. Carcass dressing percentage was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 5 or 10% rapeseed in diets without RM than it was for those fed a diet with 0% rapeseed or with 5% rapeseed plus 4% RM. The former pigs also had carcass measurements that suggested leaner carcasses. Data on rapeseed composition, including amino acid values, are presented. Coefficients for DE, metabolizable energy (ME), ME corrected to N equilibrium (MEn), and digestible N (DN) at 21 kg liveweight were not influenced by diet. The DE, ME, MEn and DN per unit of feed were increased by the addition of 10% rapeseed to the diet. Rapeseed had a calculated DE of 5703 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis. The DE, ME and MEn were highly correlated (r = 0.970 to 0.997), indicating little difference in accuracy between these energy measures. Daily N retained averaged 16.8 g and was not influenced by diet. Barrows ate more, required more feed and more DE/kg gain and had poorer carcasses than gilts. The DE, ME, MEn and DN were significantly higher for barrows than for gilts. The data suggest that when 5 or 10% rape-seed is fed to growing pigs from 8 kg initial weight, a depression of approximately 2% in feed intake can be expected for each 1% of dietary rapeseed added, regardless of whether DE and protein adjustments are made. Improved feed conversion when rapeseed is fed occurs in association with the high gross energy content of the seed.
SOME MATERNAL EFFECTS ON GROWTH IN LAMBS PRODUCED BY RECIPROCAL CROSSBREEDING BETWEEN LINCOLN AND SOUTHDOWN SHEEP
Authors: KARIHALOO A. K. , COMBS W.
Published: March 2010

Effects due to maternal environment, sex of lamb and litter size on the growth of lambs were studied in lambs produced by reciprocal crossbreeding of Lincoln and Southdown sheep. At birth, maternal environment (Lincoln vs. Southdown) had a highly significant (P < 0.001) effect on the fetal weight. The difference at birth increased slightly at 40 days (weaning) but at 150 and 190 days the difference was small and nonsignificant. The effect of maternal environment on cannon bone length, although small compared with body weight, had a significant effect (P < 0.05) extending to at least 150 days of age. The difference in cannon bone width due to maternal environment was significant (P < 0.05) at birth. However, after 90 days the difference was small and nonsignificant. Litter size had a highly significant effect (P < 0.001) on body weight, cannon bone length and cannon bone width at birth and postnatally. Birth differences due to sex of lamb were rather small in all three traits, but increased as the lambs grew older. The effects of breed of sire on body weight and cannon bone length were relatively small at birth but increased with age. Breed of sire, however, had no effect on cannon bone width at birth or postnatally but interacted significantly with breed of dam on birth and weaning weight.
INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SOME REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN SWINE
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C. S.
Published: March 2010

The associations between 15 preweaning traits in pigs were studied to determine which had the most important effects on litter weights at birth and weaning. The traits were litter size at birth and weaning, number born alive, percentage survival to birth and weaning, pig and litter weights at birth and weaning, daily gain from birth to weaning, gestation length, number of teats, weights of dam at farrowing and at weaning, and the change in dam weight during lactation. Of the 105 correlations, 66 were statistically significant, though many were markedly low. Litter weights at birth and weaning were significantly and relatively highly correlated with most of the other traits, whereas number of teats was correlated only with survival rates at birth and weaning and pig birth weight. The results showed that the importance of litter size was almost twice that of pig weight in determining litter weights at birth and weaning. The results in general indicated that most of the economically important traits related to swine reproductivity are favorably associated.
RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO DIETS OF DIFFERENT DIGESTIBLE ENERGY CONCENTRATIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF CEREAL SOURCE AND ADDED MOLASSES ON PERFORMANCE
Authors: O’GRADY J. F. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and sixty pigs weaned at 2 weeks were allotted at an average initial weight of 3.8 kg to two experiments to examine the effects of diets based on barley or wheat as the cereal component and having digestible energy (DE) concentrations ranging from 2.8 to 3.6 Mcal/kg. Protein was in constant ratio to DE (15.2 kcal DE/g protein). Very high mortality was experienced on the lower energy levels, although the inclusion of 5% molasses in the formulation reduced mortality. Among surviving pigs, growth rate was significantly reduced at lower energy concentrations. The optimum DE level for maximum gain was 3.2 Mcal in the first experiment and 3.4 Mcal/kg in the second. The efficiency of utilization of DE for growth was best at a DE concentration of 3.2 Mcal/kg in the first experiment but did not vary in the second. Digestibility of dietary protein increased with increasing dietary DE but nitrogen (N) retention as percentage of N intake or of digestible N was not significantly influenced by DE in the diet.
EFFECTS OF HIGH LEVELS OF DIETARY COPPER ON ENDOGENOUS LIPID METABOLISM IN THE PIG
Authors: MYRES A. W. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary copper on the performance and lipid metabolism of pigs. In experiment 1 the addition of 250 ppm copper had no significant effect on performance but resulted in a more unsaturated depot fat. It was postulated that the latter effect could be caused by a preferential mobilization of saturated fatty acid (SFA) from adipose tissue, but examination of the fasting free fatty acid (FFA) plasma fraction revealed no evidence for any preferential mobilization, although the concentration of total FFA was increased in the copper-fed animals. The objective of experiment 2 was to investigate whether dietary copper resulted in an increased synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in adipose tissue. Uptake of plasma triglycerides was prevented by prior injection of Triton WR-1339 to give an uncomplicated picture of fatty acid synthesis. The results showed that copper did alter the distribution of14C activity in adipose tissue fatty acids but shifted the pattern to one of a more saturated nature, which clearly invalidated the hypothesis that copper increases synthesis of UFA.
DIET AND FEEDING INTERVAL EFFECTS ON SERUM AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF GROWING SWINE
Authors: KNIPFEL J. E. , KEITH M. O. , CHRISTENSEN D. A. , OWEN B. D.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments were undertaken to establish the effects of diet and feeding regimen on serum amino acid concentrations of growing swine. Single meal feeding resulted in fluctuations in serum amino acid levels that could not be attributed solely to diet. A short-interval feeding regimen was proposed that resulted in relatively stable serum amino acid concentrations during the refeeding program. This procedure was suggested to be useful in attempting to evaluate protein quality by examination of serum amino acid fluctuations. A semipurified diet was observed to result in extremely high serum levels of methionine and several other amino acids, raising the possibility that the dietary amino acid requirements of swine fed semipurified diets were lower than accepted values. When the dietary methionine concentration was altered from 0.41% to 0.70%, an adaptation period of about 3 days was required to stabilize serum methionine at a new level.
DETERMINATION OF THE METHIONINE REQUIREMENT OF GROWING PIGS USING SERUM FREE AMINO ACIDS
Authors: KEITH M. O. , CHRISTENSEN D. A. , OWEN B. D.
Published: March 2010

Six littermate Yorkshire gilts averaging 18 kg body weight were fed a semipurified diet containing six graded levels of methionine during six 4-day feeding periods in a Latin square design. Serum methionine concentrations were determined at the end of each period. Plotting serum methionine concentration against dietary methionine intake showed the methionine requirement to be 0.46% of the diet; this estimate was substantiated by animal performance data.
AVAILABILITY OF METHIONINE IN VARIOUS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AS DETERMINED BY CHICK BIOASSAY
Authors: OH S. , SUMMERS J. D. , WOOD A. S.
Published: March 2010

A series of experiments were conducted to obtain estimates of the biological availability of methionine in various protein supplements. The degree of response of the test diets was shown to be linearly related to the level of the supplementary material added, or to some constant function of such levels. Four procedures of bioassay were studied on the basis of slope-ratio technique: (A) weight gain vs. levels of dietary methionine; (B) efficiency of feed utilization vs. levels of dietary methionine; (C) weight gain vs. total available methionine consumed; and (D) gain in weight attributable to intake of test protein methionine vs. methionine intake from the test protein. Method D was the more precise and reliable method as judged by the usual statistical criteria. Using this method the available methionine content of meat, fish, blood, rapeseed, soybean, and feather meals was estimated to be 91.1, 89.9, 66.3, 87.2, 94.7, and 35.0%, respectively.
INFLUENCE OF BREED OF SIRE ON THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHT AND HEAVY MARKET LAMBS
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C. S. , LEMAY J. P. , NADEAU M.
Published: March 2010

Data were taken on 396 lambs born to crossbred ewes to compare New Zealand-type Southdown (NZS), American-type Southdown (AS), and Suffolk (SU) rams as sires of light and heavy market lambs (20 and 40 kg liveweight respectively). Ewes mated to AS rams had 7% (P > 0.05) higher lambing rate than those mated to SU or NZS rams. Preweaning mortality rate of NZS sired lambs was 3.7 (P < 0.10 > 0.05) and 11.8% (P < 0.01) lower than those by AS and SU rams, respectively. Suffolk-sired lambs were heavier at birth and 28 days. Lambs sired by AS, NZS, and SU were 88, 82, and 83 days old at 20 kg, and 187, 172, and 166 days old at 40 kg liveweight respectively. Carcass finish score and classification were higher in NZS- and AS- than in SU-sired lambs marketed as light lambs, whereas the opposite was observed in heavy lambs. Dressing percentage was not significantly affected by breed of ram, but the lambs sired by AS rams had significantly higher pelt percentage. Lambs sired by NZS rams had generally higher lean percentage. Suffolk-sired lambs had larger bones, longer cuts, and heavier organs than those by the Southdowns. Carcasses from lambs marketed as heavy were classified 1.5 grade better, scored 2.7 points higher but dressed 0.22% lower than lambs marketed as light. Males were superior to females in growth rate and produced wholesale cuts higher in lean and lower in fat percentages. Females, however, were 8.3% (P < 0.01) higher in carcass classification than males. Other factors having significant effects were age of dam, type of birth, year, and station.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS FROM LINES SELECTED FOR FEED UTILIZATION AND CARCASS SCORE
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C. S.
Published: March 2010

Eight reproductive traits were studied on 751 gilts of 3 lines of Yorkshire pigs derived from a common population by selecting for feed utilization (line 1), carcass score (line 2), and for both traits combined (line 3) during 10 generations. Least squares means for the traits were as follows: gestation length 115.2 days; litter size at birth 9.0 pigs (total) and 8.4 pigs (alive); litter size at weaning 6.8 pigs; number of teats 13.4; and litter weight at birth, 21, and 56 days, 9.3, 32.6, and 92.6 kg, respectively. Heritability estimates were calculated for each line by half-sib correlation and intra-sire regression of offspring on dam. The pooled estimate for the above eight traits was 0.45, 0.11, 0.09, 0.15, −0.12, 0.08, 0.14, and 0.14, respectively. Line effect was highly significant for all traits except litter size at birth. Means and heritabilities for line 3 were higher than those for lines 1 and 2, which did not differ greatly from each other. Variation from year to year had significant effects only on litter weight at different ages. The within years–within line regressions of the eight traits on inbreeding were not significant. The within line phenotypic correlations between each of feed utilization and carcass score and the eight traits were generally low and nonsignificant.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS DIETARY GLUCOSINOLATES ON GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, AND THYROID FUNCTION OF RATS
Authors: LO MEI-TEIN , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

The glucosinolate form of 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (BNCS)G was compared in two experiments with rapeseed meal (RSM) glucosinolates (including oxazolidinethione, (BNCS) G, and (OZT)G), and with the hydrolyzed compounds 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (BNCS) and 3-butenyl cyanide (BCN) combined. These were fed to rats for 21 days. A tracer dose of 125I was given on the 21st day. One experiment involved the use of an iodine-free mineral supplement; the other had supplemental iodide added. Responses to the antithyroid compounds were more severe with the low iodine diets. Growth depression occurred with dietary (BNCS)G levels of 2–3 mg/g diet. Less than half this amount of BNCS gave similar effects. Thyroid enlargement was greatest when (OZT)G was fed. The glucosinolate (BNCS)G resulted in reduced proportions of triiodothyronine (125I-T3) and thyroxine 125I-T4 in the thyroids. The combination of (BNCS)G + (OZT)G found in RSM resulted in higher proportions of iodine remaining as I− as well as decreased proportions of 125I-T3 + 125I-T4:125I-monoiodotyrosine + 125I-diiodotyrosine.
INFLUENCE OF AN IMPROVED HATCHING-EGG STORAGE METHOD ON THE SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different hatching-egg storage environments on the subsequent performance of broiler chickens. The two environments involved: (1) an improved egg storage method consisting of eggs packed small endup on fiber trays, enclosed in vinylidene (Cryovac) bags flushed with nitrogen gas; and (2) eggs packed in the conventional manner small end-down on fiber trays. The effects of preincubation fumigation was also evaluated. A 20-min fumigation was conducted prior to packing the eggs using 1.5 ml formalin and 1 g potassium permanganate per 0.028 m3 of fumigation chamber. Fumigated eggs were ventilated 24 hr before packaging. The improved storage method resulted in the higher hatchability of broiler chicks, lower mortality, higher growth rate, and higher monetary returns to 8 weeks of age compared with chicks hatched from eggs stored under conventional conditions. There were no significant differences in the performance of chicks hatched from eggs stored for 23 and 30 days under the improved storage method and chickens hatched from eggs held only 2 days prior to incubation. Fumigation effects on subsequent bird performance appeared to have no important effect. It is concluded that deleterious effects on chick performance associated with the prolonged storage of hatching eggs under conventional methods can be reduced or eliminated by using improved egg storage methods.
EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF TWO STOCKS OF CHICKENS
Authors: KONDRA P. A. , HODGSON G. C. , HAMID M. A.
Published: March 2010

White Leghorn hybrid and broiler type chickens were subjected to continuous wave (CW) microwave radiations, at a frequency of 6 GHz and at densities of 0.02 and 400 pw/cm2. The birds were exposed continuously from hatching, throughout the growing and reproductive period, to 420 days of age for broiler-type stock and to 476 days of age for egg-type stock. Microwave treatment of birds had no significant effect on growth rate, feed efficiency, egg production and quality, hatchability, and mortality in either type or stock.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND PROTEIN ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF STEERS
Authors: HOWES A. D.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-nine head of Hereford steers were used to study the effects of three different levels of dietary protein (low, basal, and high) and two levels (0 and 5%) of volatile fatty acid (VFA) on efficiency of gain and carcass composition. Energy retention data was determined by using a comparative slaughter technique. The accumulation of fat resulted in higher gross efficiency of gain. A 5% addition of VFA resulted in 9% better gains. These data suggest that increasing dietary protein without simultaneously increasing dietary energy, as VFA, will not increase performance. However, when energy, in the form of 5% VFA and protein were added together, increased performance occurred. Increasing the level of dietary protein resulted in increased levels of plasma urea nitrogen and total ruminal VFA concentrations. Results of this experiment suggest that blood glucose levels increase when 5% VFA is added to each of the three dietary levels of protein. These results suggest that the addition of 5% VFA to each of the three dietary levels of protein provide a more readily available energy source than a non-VFA supplemented ration.
EVALUATION OF TRITICALE SILAGE FOR LACTATING COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

The nutritive values of corn and triticale silage were compared in a changeover experiment using eight lactating Holstein cows. Intake of silage dry matter was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for corn silage (9.41 vs. 7.49 kg/100 kg0.75 body weight) than for triticale silage. Solids, corrected milk yield, and protein content were significantly higher (P < 0.01) for corn silage (25.0 vs. 21.4 kg/day and 3.34 vs. 3.11%) than for triticale silage. The apparent digestibility of dry matter for rations containing corn and triticale silage was 67.0 and 64.0%, respectively.
VARIATION IN PROXIMATE FRACTIONS AND B-VITAMINS IN SASKATCHEWAN FEED GRAINS
Authors: NIK-KHAH A. , HOPPNER K. H. , SOSULSKI F. W. , OWEN B. D. , WU K. K.
Published: March 2010

Two varieties each of wheat and oats and three varieties of barley were grown during a 5-year period at 16 locations representing the main soil types and zones in Saskatchewan. Year (climatic) factors were responsible for significant variations in the concentration of proximate fractions and B-vitamins in each crop. The effects of soil type and zone on nutrient levels were relatively small and inconsistent. The season × soil zone interactions were significant but the mean squares were very small. Differences between varieties in content of proximate fractions were similar to those reported in the literature and significant differences in B-vitamin content were also noted. The Saskatchewan-grown wheat, barley, and oats contained considerably more crude protein than has been reported elsewhere. In addition, the nicotinic acid content of barley and oats was greater than published values, whereas the pantothenic acid level in oats appeared low. Coefficients of variation for the proximate fractions varied between 2 and 11% and, for the B-vitamins, the range was 9–28%. Many of the correlation coefficients between the proximate fractions and B-vitamins in the three cereal grains were significant. However, the coefficients were generally of low magnitude and had no predictive value.
HETEROSIS IN CROSSES BETWEEN THREE LINES OF YORKSHIRE SWINE SELECTED FOR FEED EFFICIENCY AND CARCASS QUALITY
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
POSTWEANING PLASMA AMINO ACID PATTERNS AND NITROGEN CONSTITUENTS IN YEARLING BULLS AND HEIFERS WITH DIFFERENT RATES OF GROWTH
Authors: BOLING J. A. , THRIFT F. A. , CROSS D. L.
Published: March 2010

Jugular blood samples were collected from 63 yearling Hereford bulls and 76 yearling Hereford heifers of similar genetic background at the end of a 160-day postweaning test. Plasma protein, amino nitrogen, and urea were determined on samples from all animals. Plasma free amino acids were determined on the 12 highest and 12 lowest gaining bulls and heifers, selected on the basis of 365-day weight. Plasma protein averaged 8.41 g/100 ml, amino nitrogen 56.38 μg/ml, and urea nitrogen 17.19 mg/100 ml for the 63 bulls. In the 76 heifers, plasma protein averaged 7.52 g/100 ml, amino nitrogen 52.90 μg/ml, and urea nitrogen 7.65 mg/100 ml. Plasma protein, amino nitrogen, and urea nitrogen were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the high- and low-gaining groups within sexes. The concentrations (μmoles/100 ml) of the individual plasma amino acids did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the high- and low-gaining groups of bulls or heifers. When calculated on a proportional basis (molar %), the individual plasma amino acids also did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two groups within sexes. Proline and tyrosine were negatively correlated (P < 0.01) to postweaning gain in the bulls, whereas isoleucine and aspartic acid were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to postweaning average daily gain in the heifers.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL HAY ON CONSUMPTION OF LOW AND MEDIUM DRY MATTER CORN SILAGE BY HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS
Authors: WALDERN D. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of supplementing low (23.9%) dry matter (DM) and medium (28.9%) DM corn silage roughage rations fed ad libitum to high-producing dairy cows, with orchard grass hay at 0.7% of their body weight on milk production and composition, was determined in a double reversal feeding trial using 24 lactating cows. Cows fed medium DM corn silage consumed 15.2% more DM/100 kg body weight daily than those cows fed low DM silage (P < 0.05). Supplemental hay fed with either low or medium DM silage resulted in equal consumption of total forage DM/100 kg body weight by cows on the two treatments. Each kilogram of hay DM consumed by cows offered low DM corn silage reduced silage DM intake by 0.47 kg, whereas hay DM intake reduced silage DM intake by 0.79 kg for cows offered medium DM silage. Daily production of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), percent nonfat solids (SNF), and daily body weight gain were lower for cows consuming low DM corn silage than for those on the other treatments (P < 0.05). Cows consuming low DM corn silage plus orchard grass hay at 0.7% of their body weight produced milk at the same level and of similar protein, lactose, and SNF content as those fed medium DM silage plus hay. Supplemental hay fed with medium or low DM corn silage increased FCM production over feeding silage alone, independent of DM or moisture content of the silage fed (P < 0.05).
EFFECTS OF BIN-HEATING ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF RAPESEED FED TO MICE
Authors: BELL J. M. , GIOVANNETTI P. M. , YOUNGS C. G.
Published: March 2010

Undamaged and bin-heated rapeseed (Brassica campestris) were either: ground; ground and dry-cooked for 30 min at 110 C; ground and autoclaved for 30 min at 1.2 kg/cm2, then dried at 100 C; ground, autoclaved, partially extracted with petroleum ether; or ground, autoclaved, extracted, steam-stripped, and dried. These meals were incorporated at 8, 12, 16, and 20% levels, seed basis, in approximately isocaloric, isonitrogenous mouse diets containing about 20% protein. Bin-heated rapeseed contained no glucosinolates, no myrosinase, and only a trace of hydroxynitriles, but had lost 65, 52, 28, 23, and 15% of its original tryptophan, lysine, histidine, arginine, and threonine, respectively. Mycotoxins were not detected. The odor of the meal derived from heated rapeseed was rated by a panel and found to be generally pleasant. Growth rates and feed utilization by mice fed bin-heated rapeseed were normal. Dietary protein levels were too high to allow the amino acid changes to be reflected in animal performance.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COLOSTRUM AND MILK COMPOSITION OF SEVEN BREEDS OF SWINE
Authors: FAHMY M. H.
Published: March 2010

Colostrum and milk samples taken at 1, 14, 28, and 35 days after farrowing from 31 sows of seven breeds (Yorkshire, Landrace, Lacombe, Duroc, Hampshire, Berkshire, and Large Black) were chemically analyzed to study the effects of breed and stage of lactation on composition. Breed was a significant source of variation for fat, sodium, and magnesium percentages of milk, and potassium percentage of the colostrum. Significant breed differences were also found in energy and ash, total solids, and phosphorus percentages. Yorkshire, Hampshire, and Lacombe were generally higher and Berkshire and Large Black lower in milk constituents than the other breeds. Significant changes in total solids, protein, ash, calcium, and phosphorus percentages were observed with the advance in lactation. The overall means for the different determinations of milk corrected for the effects of breed and stage of lactation were: specific gravity, 39 Quevenne/15.6 C; energy, 1.11 kcal/g; ash %, 1.04; total solids %, 19.0; fat %, 6.3; protein %, 5.4; calcium %, 0.20; sodium %, 0.04; potassium %, 0.10; magnesium %, 0.02; and phosphorus %, 0.17.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE OF MILK REPLACER AND METHOD OF FEEDING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN VEAL CALVES
Authors: FLIPOT PAUL , LALANDE GASPARD , FAHMY M. H.
Published: March 2010

The influences of the temperatures of milk replacer (warm, 37 C; room, 18 C; or cold, 1.5 C) and of feeding method (limited vs. ad libitum intake) on body weight gain, age at slaughter (100 kg liveweight), dressing percentage, and feed efficiency were studied on 30 and 36 Holstein male calves raised in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Calves reared on cold milk grew 0.124 and 0.142 kg/head per day (P < 0.05) slower than those reared on milk at room or warm temperatures, respectively. Calves reared at room temperature had 0.12 kg (dry matter/body gain) lower feed efficiency and about 0.6% higher dressing percentage. Calves fed ad libitum were superior to those fed limited intake in daily gain (0.043 kg), age at slaughter (4.3 days), dressing percentage (1.8%, P < 0.05), but were inferior in feed efficiency (0.27 kg). The present findings indicated that feeding limited intake of cold milk should be avoided because this treatment resulted in high mortality and several cases of inanition. Year differences were significant (P < 0.01) on dressing percentage and feed efficiency.
EFFECTS OF HOUSING AND TYPE OF FORAGE ON THE RESPONSE OF PREGNANT BEEF COWS TO DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE IN WINTER
Authors: LISTER E. E. , JORDAN W. A. , PIGDEN W. J. , WAUTHY J. M. , COMEAU J. E.
Published: March 2010

Pregnant hay-fed beef cows confined in an insulated, forced-air ventilated barn (In) and those in an open yard with access to a log barn (In–Out), gained weight from autumn to late winter (273 and 257 g/day for In and In–Out, respectively), compared with those out-of-doors with only a windbreak shelter (Out), which lost weight (−31 g/day) (P < 0.05), when all groups were adjusted by co-variance to the mean digestible energy (DE) intake for hay-fed cows. For grass silage-fed cows, the In groups gained 196 g/day, more (P < 0.05) than the In–Out (132 g/day), and In, and In–Out groups gained more (P < 0.05) than Out cows (−185 g/day) when all groups were adjusted to the mean DE intake for silage-fed groups. Estimated daily DE intake required for maternal maintenance and fetal growth for the period covered by this experiment (beginning 238–243 days, ending 59–75 days before parturition) was 3.10, 3.12, and 4.32 Mcal/100 kg initial weight (IW) for hay-fed cows In, In–Out, and Out, respectively, and 2.84, 3.00, and 3.91 Mcal/100 kg IW for silage-fed cows In, In–Out, and Out, respectively.
EFFECTS OF LYSINE INFUSION PER ABOMASUM OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY
Authors: BOILA R. J. , DEVLIN T. J.
Published: March 2010

Four dairy steers were allotted to four lysine infusion levels in a 4 × 4 latin square design and fed an 11.5% crude protein (90% dry matter (DM)) diet continuously (10-min intervals every 24 hr). Lysine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 g lysine per day was infused per abomasum. When 9 g lysine were infused per day, the percent of absorbed nitrogen (N) retained was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; urinary N excretion as a percentage of N intake and plasma-free lysine were increased significantly compared with the other three infusion treatments. The infusion of 9 g lysine per day apparently exceeded the body tissue requirements for this amino acid and the excess N was excreted in the urine. A possibility of lysine being limiting (0.28% lysine of a 100% DM diet) was apparently offset by the synthesis of lysine by rumen microorganisms, which increased the dietary lysine two- to threefold. Increased levels of infused lysine did not result in a linear increase of lysine in the abomasum. With 3 g per day lysine infusion rumen ammonia and N retentions were high. However, a smaller amount of N reached the abomasum with steers on this treatment.
PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS FED GRADED LEVELS OF NIACIN AND TRYPTOPHAN
Authors: OH S. Y. , SUMMERS J. D. , WOOD A. S.
Published: March 2010

The effect of excess dietary niacin on the performance of chicks was investigated in a factorial experiment in which niacin and tryptophan were studied simultaneously in terms of interdependence. Weight gain of chicks was increased with increasing levels of dietary tryptophan. Dietary supplementation of niacin enhanced feed consumption, thus resulting in significant weight gain but excess dietary niacin appeared to depress feed consumption and hence retard chick growth. Tryptophan was observed to partially spare dietary niacin but could not compensate entirely for a niacin deficiency. It is concluded that the maximum dietary requirement of niacin is no higher than 30 mg/kg of feed at any level of tryptophan, and that any additional input of the vitamin may negatively affect feed consumption and weight gain of the chicks.
EFFECTS OF CROSSBREEDING AND SEX ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION BY YOUNG PIGS
Authors: SHARMA V. D. , YOUNG L. G. , SMITH G. C. , SAISON R.
Published: March 2010

The influence of crossbreeding and sex on digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values, fasting heat production (FHP), energy requirement for maintenance and growth, and on the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy in young weanling pigs, was investigated by employing a comparative slaughter technique. The pigs obtained by insemination of Yorkshire sows with pooled semen (equal number of sperms) from purebred Yorkshire and Hampshire boars, were identified for genotype by blood-group typing. A total of 37 pigs was used in this study, of which 9 pigs selected at random were killed to provide the initial body composition and energy status of pigs in the feeding experiment. The remaining 28 pigs (16 purebred: 8 male and 8 female; and 12 crossbred: 6 male and 6 female) were allotted at random to a feeding experiment of a randomized complete block design involving a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (purebred vs. crossbred, male vs. female, and level of dietary energy input: 130 and 330 kcal ME/Wkg0.75 daily). One metabolism trial with each pig individually kept in a crate was conducted during the 4th week of the 40-day feeding period. The coefficients of DE and ME were 89.2 and 84.2%, respectively, and were not influenced by sex or genotype. An interaction was observed in the estimates of the fasting heat production and energy requirement for maintenance. Purebred Yorkshire males had a greater fasting heat production than Hampshire × Yorkshire males, whereas females of the two breeding groups had similar values. The apparent efficiency of utilization of ME was 76% and the net efficiency of utilization of ME available above maintenance was 66%. The energetic efficiency and the net energy value of the diet were similar for both breeding groups and sex. The mechanism of rapid gains due to crossbreeding was investigated.
SELECTION INTENSITY AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR YEARLING WEIGHT IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: NEWMAN J. A. , FREDEEN H. T. , RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

Ten years of selection for yearling weight in two replicate herds of beef Shorthorns has resulted in genetic increases of 4.8 ± 3.1 and 4.1 ± 3.0 kg/yr in males and 3.3 ± 2.7 and 2.3 ± 1.5 kg/yr in females. These increases were measured as deviations from an unselected control line mean and comprise about 40–45% of the absolute increase in yearling weight that took place during the selection program. The accumulation of selection differential was irregular at first but, in the last 6 yr of the program, advanced regularly at rates of 12.1 ± 0.7 and 11.2 ± 0.9 kg/yr for males and 9.1 ± 0.3 and 7.6 ± 0.4 kg/yr for females. Estimates of realized heritability derived from the two herds were.49 ±.12 and.51 ±.16 for males and.50 ±.11 and.29 ±.08 for females. A separate evaluation, based on line crosses within one herd, tended to confirm the heritability estimates.
INFLUENCE OF BREED, AGE, AND EJACULATION FREQUENCY ON BOAR SEMEN COMPOSITION
Authors: SWIERSTRA E. E.
Published: March 2010

Seven semen characteristics were studied in two ejaculates collected at 24-h intervals from each of 41 Yorkshire (body weight 86 ± 6 kg) and 54 Lacombe (body weight 95 ± 8 kg) boars between 21 and 26 wk of age (group 1), and from each of 56 Yorkshire (body weight 94 ± 7 kg) and 47 Lacombe (body weight 107 ± 10 kg) boars between 27 and 31 wk of age (group 2). Means for certain semen criteria of the Yorkshire and Lacombe boars in group 1 were, respectively: semen volume 180 ml, 184 ml; sperm per ml 111 × 106, 104 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 15.9 × 109, 13.9 × 109; motility 58%, 53%. Means for these criteria of group 2 Yorkshire and Lacombe boars were, respectively: semen volume 194 ml, 199 ml; sperm per ml 202 × 106, 126 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 29.5 × 109, 17.8 × 109; motility 66%, 55%. Group 1 boars had fewer sperm per ml (P < 0.01), fewer total and motile sperm per ejaculate (P < 0.01), and fewer progressively motile sperm (P < 0.05) than group 2 boars. First ejaculates differed (P < 0.01) from second ejaculates for all criteria measured except percent motile sperm. In general, Yorkshire boars between 21 and 31 wk of age had better quality semen, as measured by sperm per ml and motile sperm per ejaculate, than Lacombe boars. A third ejaculate was collected 24 h after the second from 33 Yorkshires in group 1 and from 17 Yorkshires in group 2. Most semen criteria showed significant changes from first to second and from second to third ejaculates, but correlations among ejaculates for all criteria were significant. Nine 36-wk-old, six 86-wk-old, and seven 139-wk-old Yorkshire boars were ejaculated at 72-h intervals for 63 days, followed by daily ejaculations for 13 days. Mean semen criteria for the 36-, 86-, and 139-wk-old groups on the 72-h collection schedule were, respectively: semen volume 170 ml, 368 ml, 404 ml; sperm per ml 209 × 106, 128 × 106, 146 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 25.6 × 109, 36.8 × 109, 45.9 × 109; motility 79%, 79%, 79%. On the 24-h collection schedule the means for these criteria were, respectively: semen volume 157 ml, 277 ml, 316 ml; sperm per ml 93 × 106, 39 × 106, 56 × 106; total sperm per ejaculate 9.9 × 109, 8.3 × 109, 12.8 × 109; motility 79%, 80%, 78%. On an ejaculate basis, the three groups showed highly significant decreases in all semen criteria except gel volume and motility when the ejaculation interval was changed from 72 to 24 h. Sperm output per unit time was greater on the 72- than on the 24-h collection schedule.
INFLUENCE OF ENERGY SOURCE AND PHYSICAL FORM OF ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS ON EARLY WEANED LAMBS
Authors: TAIT R. M. , BRYANT R. G.
Published: March 2010

Barley and wheat were compared as energy sources in all-concentrate rations for lambs weaned at 8 wk of age. The cereal grains were fed in the whole, rolled, and pelleted forms, together with a pelleted protein–mineral–vitamin supplement. Digestibility trials were also conducted to measure the digestibility of energy and protein as influenced by grain, process, and level of intake. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth rate of lambs fed wheat or barley. Whole grains resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) faster rate of gain than the pelleted form. Digestibility of energy was not influenced by the method of processing, indicating that the lambs digested the whole grains as efficiently as the processed forms. Protein digestibility was similar for the whole and rolled grains with a tendency for pelleting to depress digestibility of this nutrient. Increasing feed intake from maintenance to appetite resulted in a slight but significant (P < 0.05) depression in nutrient digestibility. The results of this study suggest that processing cereal grains for lambs is unnecessary from the standpoint of digestibility and would appear to be detrimental in terms of growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.
SKINNING TIME FOR RAM AND WETHER LAMBS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN PRICING AND MARKETING ENTIRE MALES
Authors: VESEILY J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF LATE CASTRATION AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IMPLANTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF BOARS AND ON INCIDENCE OF BOAR TAINT
Authors: NEWELL J. A. , BOWLAND J. P. , TUCKER L. H. , STINSON G. C.
Published: March 2010

Sixty pigs (44 boars, 8 barrows, and 8 gilts) were allotted in groups of four pigs each, at an average weight of 13.1 kg. Sixteen boars were implanted with 96 mg of diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 70 kg, 16 boars were castrated at this weight, and 12 boars were left intact. From 13.1 kg to slaughter, barrows ate more (P < 0.05) feed per day than pigs in any other treatment. For this period, barrows required more feed per kilogram gain than implanted or intact boars with other groups being intermediate, but no statistical differences between treatments occurred in rate of gain. After 70 kg, implanted and intact boars and gilts ate less (P < 0.05) feed than barrows with late-castrated boars being intermediate. In this period, implanted boars gained 1.02 kg/day, which was higher (P < 0.05) than gilts (0.85 kg/day), with other treatments being intermediate. Biopsy fat samples taken at 70, 77, and 84 kg were used to evaluate the degree of taint according to two different panels. Further fat samples were obtained from the carcass after slaughter for olfactory and chemical analyses. Negative but nonsignificant correlations (r = −.41 and r = −.48) for weight and degree of taint were found for implanted and castrated boars. Correlation between the olfactory evaluation of the more highly trained panel and the quantity of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one as determined by gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis was r =.53 (significant at P < 0.05). Correlation and regression analyses between sampling weight and degree of sexual taint for intact boars suggested little change in taint after 70 kg.
EFFECTS OF TYPE OF CONFINEMENT ON PERFORMANCE AND ON THE OCCURRENCE OF LOCOMOTORY DISTURBANCES IN MARKET PIGS
Authors: ELLIOT J. I. , DOIGE C. E.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four crossbred pigs were divided into three groups of eight to study the effects of confinement on performance and the occurrence of crippling in market pigs. The three groups were confined as follows: individually in concrete-floored pens 0.6 × 1.2 m, with or without an expanded metal platform, or in groups of four in concrete-floored pens 1.4 × 2.5 m. Confinement of pigs in pens 0.6 × 1.2 m with a half-slotted concrete floor, with or without an expanded metal platform, resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) lower rate of gain, an increased feed conversion ratio (feed per unit gain), a significantly (P < 0.01) reduced cross-sectional area of cortical bone (midshaft, left femur), and a significantly (P < 0.01) decreased breaking strength (right femur) of bone in comparison with pigs confined in groups of four in pens 1.4 × 2.55 m. No significant differences in feed intake or percent bone ash were noted. Gross postmortem findings and histologic changes observed in articular cartilage are described.
A MODIFIED METHOD FOR THE IN VITRO DETERMINATION OF DRY MATTER AND ORGANIC MATTER DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: LARSEN R. E. , JONES G. M.
Published: March 2010

Several modifications were made to the two-stage in vitro fermentation techniques for dry matter and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD) determinations developed by Tilley and Terry (J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18: 104–111, 1963) and Alexander and McGowan (J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 21: 140–147, 1966). These modifications included: (1) changing the buffer medium, which resulted in a pH of 6.8–7.0 in the fermentation tubes during the initial (stage 1) 48-h fermentation period, and (2) shortening the acid-pepsin incubation period from 48 to 24 h, and thus reducing time for estimation of both IVDMD and IVOMD by 24 h. Modification (1) eliminated pH adjustments during fermentation and acidification at the end of the fermentation period. Acid-pepsin digestion of substrates was completed within 24 h instead of 48 h. Both IVDMD and IVOMD values were obtained on the same substrates. These modifications were evaluated using 65 samples that arose from 13 forages, comprised of corn and grass silages and their mixtures, which had been dried by five different methods. IVDMD and IVOMD were determined on all samples, comparing the modified method with the parent methods. IVDMD and IVOMD coefficients within each method were not statistically different between the Tilley and Terry method and the modified method.
EFFECTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCEROL SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE DIET OF DAIRY COWS ON FEED INTAKE, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION, AND INCIDENCE OF KETOSIS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , ERFLE J. D. , LODGE G. A. , SAUER F. D.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments designed to test the antiketogenic properties of propylene glycol and glycerol, concentrate mixtures containing 3, 6, or 9% propylene glycol or 3 or 6% glycerol were fed for the first 8 wk of lactation to a total of 120 cows. In the first experiment there were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of supplementation on milk yield and composition, feed intake, or energy balance. The cows fed a concentrate mixture containing 6% glycerol appeared to lose less body weight than the control cows or those fed concentrate containing either 3% glycerol or 3% propylene glycol. Cows fed the unsupplemented concentrate mixture were apparently less efficient in utilizing metabolizable energy than cows receiving either of the three supplemented rations but these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). There were no incidences of clinical ketosis and only 14 occurrences of positive ketone reactions in the milk (five on control, three on the 3% propylene glycol, four on 3% glycerol, and two on 6% glycerol). In the second experiment cows were subjected to slightly greater nutritional stress, which resulted in elevated ketone levels in 31 samples of milk from control cows, six from cows fed 3% propylene glycol, two for cows fed 6% propylene glycol, and three for cows fed 9% propylene glycol. Four cows, all on the control ration, developed clinical ketosis requiring glucose therapy. There were no consistent effects of propylene glycol on feed intake, body weight change, or efficiency of ration utilization. Propylene glycol supplementation appeared to increase milk yield at the 3 and 6% level and caused a slight decrease in milk fat and an increase in milk lactose percent.
UREA AS A NITROGEN SUPPLEMENT IN STARTER FEEDS FOR EARLY WEANED CALVES
Authors: WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

Calf starter feeds containing either urea or soybean meal as a source of supplementary nitrogen were evaluated as the sole ration for Holstein bull calves weaned at 5 or 6 wk of age. In two experiments using a total of 56 calves, weight gains of the urea-fed calves (0.72–0.88 kg/day) were similar to or slightly less than the soybean meal-fed calves (0.77–0.90 kg/day). Except for one treatment in experiment 1, intake of the urea-supplemented starters was slightly less than intake of the soybean meal-supplemented starters. Feed conversion efficiency of the urea-supplemented starters was poorer in experiment 1, but comparable with the soybean meal-supplemented starters in experiment 2. The use of urea in the calf starters resulted in reduced feed costs ranging from $3.47 to $4.07 per 100 kg; and reductions in feed costs per 100 kg gain ranged from $9.34 to $12.90. Although animal performance may be slightly reduced by urea supplementation of calf starters, an economic advantage in feed costs was demonstrated with the use of urea when ad libitum feeding was practiced.
ABSORPTION OF 75Se-SELENOMETHIONINE FROM THE RUMEN OF SHEEP
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

not available