bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus vaccination in survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Klosky James L. , Gamble Heather L. , Spunt Sheri L. , Randolph Mary E. , Green Daniel M. , Hudson Melissa M.
Published: October 2009

Effective vaccination is now available to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection and the cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. HPV vaccine uptake is particularly important for females surviving cancer, some of whom are at high risk for HPV complications because of the direct and indirect effects of cancer treatment. Thus, version 3.0 of the Children's Oncology Group's Long‐Term Follow‐Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer recommends HPV vaccination for all eligible females surviving childhood cancer. Because this vaccine was only approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2006, little is known regarding the complexity of vaccination uptake among those surviving cancer. The purpose of this article was to describe the HPV vaccine and its usefulness in the survivorship population, provide a rationale for describing cancer survivors as being at increased risk for HPV complications, identify factors associated with HPV vaccination, and discuss the utilization of these predictors in designing strategies to promote adherence to HPV vaccination recommendations within the survivorship context. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Risk of dying from prostate cancer in men randomized to screening
Authors: Bergdahl Anna Grenabo , Aus Gunnar , Lilja Hans , Hugosson Jonas
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Although the true benefits and disadvantages of prostate cancer screening are still not known, the analysis of fatal cases is important for increasing knowledge of the effects of prostate cancer screening on mortality. Who dies from prostate cancer despite participation in a population‐based prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening program?

METHODS:

From the Goteborg branch of the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, 10,000 men randomly assigned to active PSA‐screening every second year formed the basis of the present study. Prostate cancer mortality was attributed to whether the men were attendees in the screening program (attending at least once) or nonattendees.

RESULTS:

Thirty‐nine men died from prostate cancer during the first 13 years. Both overall (34% vs 13 %; P < .0001) and cancer‐specific mortality (0.8% vs 0.3 %; P < .005) were found to be significantly higher among nonattendees compared with attendees. Furthermore, the majority of deaths (12 of 18) among screening attendees were in men diagnosed at first screening (prevalent cases). Only 6 deaths (including 3 interval cases) were noted among men complying with the biennial screening program.

CONCLUSIONS:

Nonattendees in prostate cancer screening constitute a high‐risk group for both death from prostate cancer and death from other causes comparable to that described in other cancer screening programs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of interlaboratory variation in absolute T‐cell counts by single‐platform and optimized dual‐platform methods
Authors: Hultin Lance E. , Chow Marianne , Jamieson Beth D. , O'Gorman Maurice R. G. , Menendez Frederick A. , Borowski Luann , Denny Thomas N. , Margolick Joseph B.
Published: October 2009

Background:

Previous studies have reported that the adoption of a single‐platform flow cytometry cell counting method resulted in lower interlaboratory variation in absolute T cell counts as compared to predicate dual‐platform flow cytometry methods which incorporate independent automated lymphocyte counts (Schnizlein‐Bick et al., Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7:336–343; Reimann et al., Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7:344–351). In the present study, we asked whether use of a single‐platform method could reduce variation in absolute cell counts across the laboratories in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) (n = 4), as suggested by the studies cited.

Methods:

Identical study samples were shipped overnight to the MACS laboratories either by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS Immunology Quality Assessment (NIAID‐ IQA) proficiency‐testing program (n = 14), or by the Los Angeles site of the MACS (n = 10). For each sample, two tubes of blood were received; one was used for an automated complete blood count and differential, and the other for flow cytometry. The latter was performed using both our current dual‐platform method (three‐color CD45 gating and automated hematology) and the single‐platform method (with TruCOUNT® beads to generate the absolute counts).

Results:

The median percent coefficients of variation (%CVs) for the dual‐platform and single‐platform methods were 6.6 and 9.9, respectively, for CD4 T cell counts, and 5.9 and 8.5, respectively, for CD8 T cell counts (n = 24). These differences were not statistically significant. The differences in absolute T‐cell counts between the MACS sites and the median of all laboratories participating in the NIAID‐IQA were smaller for the dual‐platform than for single‐platform absolute count method.

Conclusion:

In contrast to previous reports, we did not observe lower interlaboratory variation across the MACS sites for single‐platform absolute lymphocyte subset counting relative to dual‐platform methods. This result may be at least partly explained by the lower interlaboratory variation with the optimized dual‐platform method in this study relative to the previous reports. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Evidence‐based evaluation of the risks of malignancy predicted by thyroid fine‐needle aspiration biopsies
Authors: Marchevsky A. M. , Walts A. E. , Bose S. , Gupta R. , Fan X. , Frishberg D. , Scharre K. , Zhai J.
Published: October 2009

A National Cancer Institute (NCI) “Thyroid Fine‐Needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference” recently proposed standardized nomenclature and “risks of malignancies” associated with various diagnostic categories. We evaluated the evidence levels of the data used by NCI to predict malignancy risks and whether those estimates had clinical validity in our patient population.

Eight hundred seventy‐nine patients underwent thyroid FNA during 2006. FNA diagnoses were translated into NCI diagnostic categories, and 2‐year follow‐up retrospective information was obtained. Four percentages of malignancies were calculated for each diagnostic category using follow‐up information from FNA, thyroidectomy, both, and all patients as denominators. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for all proportions, and results were analyzed with chi‐square statistics. “Relative risk” calculations were performed using the percentage of malignancies in the entire population under study as a denominator.

Most of the studies cited by the NCI provided incomplete and variable level III evidence based mainly on surgical follow‐up. Among our patients, the percentages of malignancies calculated with follow‐up data from all patients as the denominator were similar to the “risk estimates” proposed by the NCI, but estimates based on surgical follow‐up overestimated the probability of thyroid malignancy for patients with FNA diagnosis of “benign” and “follicular lesions of undetermined significance” (FLUS). Relative risk and 95% CI calculations suggested that the NCI classification could be simplified into three categories: “benign,” “FLUS + neoplasm,” and “suspicious + malignant.” Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomorphologic characteristics of fine needle core biopsy of multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kemp Anna M. Collins , Nayar Ritu , De Frias Denise , Lin Xiaoqi
Published: October 2009

Multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon cystic mesothelial proliferative lesion. It occurs predominantly in women of reproductive age and most commonly arises in the pelvis. The preoperative diagnosis of MPM is difficult to establish based on clinical and radiographic findings, and has therefore traditionally been diagnosed following surgical resection. Due to differing management of MPM and its differential diagnoses including both benign and malignant lesions, it would be beneficial to diagnose MPM preoperatively. We report a case of MPM in a middle aged female that was diagnosed by fine needle core biopsy and touch preparations, allowing for appropriate clinical management. The cytomorphologic features of needle core biopsy, immunocytochemical studies and differential diagnosis are discussed. Furthermore, despite its infrequency, the current case emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of this entity in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the abdomen and pelvis at the time of on‐site evaluation and final diagnosis, in order to avoid misinterpretation of strips of benign mesothelial cells as inadequate for diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the sensitivity of conventional cytology and the ThinPrep Imaging System for 1,083 biopsy confirmed high‐grade squamous lesions
Authors: Halford J. A. , Batty T. , Boost T. , Duhig J. , Hall J. , Lee C. , Walker K.
Published: October 2009

Liquid‐based cytology continues to be utilized as an adjunct to conventional cytology in most Australian laboratories, even though a direct‐to‐vial ThinPrep protocol has been introduced in many countries with established cervical screening programs. Manual screening of ThinPrep slides has been widely practiced for more than 10 years and the recent introduction of the ThinPrep Imaging System (TPI) has been reported as being more sensitive than the conventional smear (CS) in the identification of high‐grade cervical disease.

We report our experience with ThinPrep Imaging since its introduction into our routine gynecological cytology service. 87,284 split sample pairs reported using the Imaging System demonstrated a decrease in unsatisfactory reports (3.65% for CS and 0.87% for TPI) and an increase in possible high grade and definite high‐grade squamous reports (1.57% for CS and 1.62% for TPI).

For 1,083 biopsy confirmed high‐grade lesions, the correct diagnosis of high grade or possible high‐grade squamous disease was made on the ThinPrep imaged slide in 61.0% (661/1,083) of cases and on the CS in 59.4% (643/1,083). This was not statistically significant. When all abnormalities identified on cytology were considered, including possible low grade and definite low‐grade abnormalities, the difference in sensitivity for Thinprep imaged slides of 96.0% (1,040/1,083) and CSs of 91.6% (992/1,083) was statistically significant. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anal cytology in patients with AIDS
Authors: Calore E. E. , Nadal S. R. , Manzione C. R. , Horta S. C. , Santos R. R. , Nadal L. M.
Published: October 2009

The objective of the present study was to study the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology in patients with AIDS. Anal smears, obtained with a cytobrush, of 102 HIV‐positive patients of the Emilio Ribas Institute (Sao Paulo, Brazil) were collected, and only after that, the patients were submitted to anoscopy. Thirty‐two patients had LSIL and 14 others had HSIL. Squamous intra‐epithelial lesions were also observed in 38% of the patients without condyloma (18/47): in 9 of the 33 patients without history of condyloma (27%) and in 9 of the 14 patients who had previously treated condyloma (64%). An invasive squamous cell carcinoma was observed in one patient without history of condyloma. In all 13 patients with HSIL, biopsies guided by high resolution anoscopy confirmed high grade dysplasia. Our findings suggest that anal cytology is mandatory in AIDS even in patients without macroscopic anal lesions or without previous history of anal condyloma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and validation of an infrared spectroscopy‐based method for the analysis of moisture content in 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Singh Parul , Jangir Deepak K. , Mehrotra Ranjana , Bakhshi A. K.
Published: October 2009

The determination of moisture content in pharmaceuticals is very important as moisture is mainly responsible for the degradation of drugs. Degraded drugs have reduced efficacy and could be hazardous. The objective of the present work is to replace the Karl Fischer (KF) titration method used for moisture analysis with a method that is rapid, involves no toxic materials and is more effective. Diffuse reflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which is explored as a potential alternative to various approaches, is investigated for moisture analysis in 5‐fluorouracil, an anticancer drug. A total of 150 samples with varying moisture content were prepared in laboratory by exposing the drug at different relative humidities, for different time intervals. Infrared spectra of these samples were collected with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer using a diffuse reflectance accessory. Reference moisture values were obtained using the Karl Fischer titration method. A number of calibration models were developed using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method. A good correlation was obtained between predicted IR values and reference values in the calibration and validation set. The derived calibration curve was used to predict moisture content in unknown samples. The results show that IR spectroscopy can be used successfully for the determination of moisture content in the pharmaceutical industry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of antidepressants and biosimilars in elite sport
Authors: Machnik M. , Sigmund G. , Koch A. , Thevis M. , Schänzer W.
Published: October 2009

The use of prescribed antidepressants by athletes has not been restricted in human sports since 2003, after the antidepressants bupropion and amineptine were removed from the list of prohibited substances. Recent awareness of antidepressants has been stimulated by reports from the media concerning possible misuse of antidepressants among healthy athletes.

The prevalence of antidepressants has been monitored over the past ten years with screening procedures routinely used by WADA‐accredited laboratories. The growth in antidepressant use among athletes peaked in 2007 and 2008 after a modest increase over the first eight years of this survey. Pharmacy prescriptions for antidepressants in Germany did not show a correlated growth during this period. The increasing variety of antidepressant medications has led to a continued increase in the diversity of antidepressant substances used by athletes and the ‘normal’ population. The number of different sports affected by the presence of antidepressants has increased in the past decade, especially in endurance sports. The predominance of female antidepressant users in the normal population was reflected in the athletes' group. We concluded from our results that the development of antidepressant prevalence in elite sports did not correlate with that among the general public in Germany. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual fluorescent protein reporters for studying cell behaviors in vivo
Authors: Stewart M. David , Jang Chuan‐Wei , Hong Nicholas W. , Austin Anthony P. , Behringer Richard R.
Published: October 2009

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are useful tools for visualizing live cells and their behaviors. Protein domains that mediate subcellular localization have been fused to FPs to highlight cellular structures. FPs fused with histone H2B incorporate into chromatin allowing visualization of nuclear events. FPs fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor signal sequence label the plasma membrane, highlighting cellular shape. Thus, a reporter gene containing both types of FP fusions would allow for effective monitoring of cell shape, movement, mitotic stage, apoptosis, and other cellular activities. Here, we report a binary color‐coding system using four differently colored FP reporters that generates 16 distinct color codes to label the nuclei and plasma membranes of live cells in culture and in transgenic mice. As an initial test of this system in vivo, the promoter of the human Ubiquitin C (UBC) gene was used to widely express one of the color‐code reporters. Widespread expression of the reporter was attained in embryos; however, both male and female transgenic mice were infertile. In contrast, the promoter of the mouse Oct4/Pou5f1 gene linked to two different color‐code reporters specifically labeled blastocysts, primordial germ cells, and postnatal germ cells, and these mice were fertile. Time‐lapse movies of fluorescently‐labeled primordial germs cells demonstrate the utility of the color‐code system to visualize cell behaviors. This set of new FP reporters should be a useful tool for labeling distinct cell populations and studying their behaviors in complex tissues in vivo. genesis 47:708–717, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast template matching for spike sorting
Authors: Sato Takashi , Suzuki Takafumi , Mabuchi Kunihiko
Published: October 2009

The present study introduces an approach to detect and classify extracellulary recorded action potentials of neurons, usually termed spike sorting. Our approach is based on template matching, which is an optimal filter under Gaussian noise; however, this approach is usually expensive in computational time.

To speed up the filter, it is important to curtail the matching process when the distance between template and waveform exceeds some threshold. We approach this aspect of the problem using the frame of similarity detection algorithms (SSDA) and Davies‐Bouldin validation indices (DBVI). Windowing pair of the filter was selected in DBVI‐based order and a signal which has a rapidly increasing error was discarded to reduce the computational time. DBVI is a function of the ratio of the sum of within‐cluster scatter to between‐cluster separation; thus, using this order we can expect to separate a signal and a noise in fewer window point calculation than full point matching. This matching process performed well, with a shortter computational time and fewer incorrect classifications than other ordering methods such as time‐based or amplitude‐based order. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 57–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10066
Photo‐curable resins and evaluation methods for UV‐nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Hirasawa Tamao , Taniguchi Jun , Ohtaguchi Makoto , Sakai Nobuji
Published: October 2009

Five kinds of photo‐curable resins were prepared, and their thermal properties, mechanical properties, and suitability for the imprint process were experimentally evaluated. Measurements of thermal properties using the TG method, TM‐DSC method, and laser interferometric method indicated that determination of the thermally stable temperature, glass transition temperature, and coefficient of linear expansion of the resins was possible. Measurements of mechanical properties using nanoindentation were also made. Measurements of the Young's modulus of the thin resin film on the substrate were found to be possible by this method. To determine suitability for the imprint process, we investigated the effects of mold release treatment and their durability for two kinds of resins by measuring the adhesive force. It was found that the difference in the durability of mold release treatment effects depends on the resin type. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 51–56, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10136
A practical 3D measurement system based on projection pattern control techniques
Authors: Cho Genki , Lu Cunwei
Published: October 2009

Most of the recent 3D image measurement methods have employed certain pattern projection techniques because of their higher reliabilities. Especially, the intensity‐modulated technique can detect more stripe addresses by a single projection and therefore is very much expected for its practical use in the near future. The traditional techniques of this type, however, have encountered several serious problems where 3D measurements are difficult in sensitivity, speed and accuracy or fatally impossible for unknown objects. In order to solve these problems, we propose an automatic control technique of angle and space frequency of projection pattern. Furthermore, for security of measurement accuracy and measurement speed, projection pattern intensity control technique and optimal intensity‐modulation projection technique are adopted in the proposal measurement system. By using the proposed technique the automatic 3D measurement intended for the geostationary objects and the swaying objects were realized in experimental results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 34–41, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10147
Face recognition for images of persons against a general background using approximate parameter estimation of affine transform
Authors: Izumi Tetsuya , Hattori Tetsuo , Qing yu Shu , Kitajima Hiroyuki , Yamasaki Toshinori
Published: October 2009

A method for face recognition of acquaintance in a given people image with general background is proposed. We assume that the face pattern to be recognized in the input image is perturbed approximately by affine transform (rotated, enlarged or reduced, and translated) from a registered original one and also by a lighting variation. In order to estimate the parameters of the affine transform, the method uses a Karhunen–Loeve (KL) expansion, spatial correlation, and a correction equation based on Taylor's expansion of the transform. Moreover, in order to be insensitive to the lighting variations, we deal with a normalized gradient vector field (NGVF) pattern representation. The experimental result shows that the method using NGVF representation and approximate parameter estimation is considerably effective. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(11): 1–8, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10152
The transport of fine particulate organic matter in vegetated chalk streams
Authors: Warren Luke L. , Wotton Roger S. , Wharton Geraldene , Bass Jonathon A. B. , Cotton Jacqueline A.
Published: October 2009

Chalk streams are characterized by the presence of abundant stands of rooted macrophytes. There is typically a steep reduction in current velocity within stands and this promotes the trapping and accumulation of fine sediments. Fine sediments have also been shown to infill the gravel beds and shallow hyporheic zones of chalk streams in the process of colmation. We investigated how in‐channel vegetation and colmation affect the reach‐scale transport of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, particles <1 mm in diameter) in a chalk stream. Corn pollen was used to model FPOM and a vegetated reach retained 62·5% of the corn pollen, while only 41·8% of the corn pollen was trapped in an unvegetated reach of similar length. In a second release, 51·2% of the corn pollen was retained in a vegetated reach, with 58·7% retained after the removal of the macrophytes to leave a bed coated with fine sediment. Two series of flume releases were used to examine the effect of colmation (infilling with fine sediment). In the first releases, retention of the corn pollen was 2% over the gravel‐only bed, but infilling with sand increased retention to 34%. In the second releases, retention increased from 9% over a gravel‐only bed up to 37% after infilling with sand. Our findings have implications for the residence times of sediment‐bound nutrients and pesticides in chalk streams and for weed cutting, a common practice for flood risk management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic controls on spatial patterns of conifer transpiration and net primary productivity under climate warming in mountain ecosystems
Authors: Tague C. , Heyn K. , Christensen L.
Published: October 2009

The response of forests to a warmer climate depends upon the direct impacts of temperature on forest ecophysiology and indirect effects related to a range of biogeophysical processes. In alpine regions, reduced snow accumulation and earlier melt of seasonal snowpacks are expected hydrologic consequences of warming. For forests, this leads to earlier soil moisture recharge, and may increase summer drought stress. At the same time, increased air temperature alters plant net primary productivity. Most models of climate change impacts focus either on hydrologic behaviour or ecosystem structure or function. In this study we address the interactions between them. We use a coupled model of eco‐hydrologic processes to estimate changes in evapotranspiration and vegetation productivity under temperature warming scenarios. Results from Yosemite National Park, in the California Sierra Nevada, suggest that for most snow‐dominated elevations, the shift in the timing of recharge is likely to lead to declines in productivity and vegetation water use, even with increased water‐use efficiency associated with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The strength of this effect, however, depends upon interactions between several factors that vary substantially across elevation gradients, including the initial timing of melt relative to the summer growing season, vegetation growth, and the extent to which initial vegetation is water‐limited or temperature‐limited. These climate‐driven changes in vegetation water use also have important implications for summer streamflow. Results from this analysis provide a framework that can be used to develop strategic measurement campaigns and to extrapolate from local measurements of vegetation responses to watershed scale patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removing Compositional Boundaries in Mixed‐Linker Keplerate Clusters
Authors: Botar Bogdan , Ellern Arkady , Sougrati Moulay T. , Kögerler Paul
Published: October 2009

The formation of a self‐assembled multi‐heterometal Keplerate polyoxomolybdate demonstrates compositional control of linker groups in spherical clusters. The resulting partially reduced {MoV/VI72FeIII20VIV8MoV2}‐type cluster exhibits intramolecular ferrimagnetic ordering characteristic of such mixed‐spin Keplerate systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
One‐Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐(Arylmethyl)pyrrolidines from 1‐Aryl‐2‐cyclopropylalkynes and Primary Amines by a Hydroamination/Cyclopropylimine Rearrangement/Reduction Sequence
Authors: Gräbe Kerstin , Zwafelink Björn , Doye Sven
Published: October 2009

A one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of N‐substituted 2‐(arylmethyl)pyrrolidines from 1‐aryl‐2‐cyclopropylalkynes and primary amines is presented. The procedure proceeded first through an [Ind2TiMe2]‐catalyzed regioselective hydroamination of a 1‐aryl‐2‐cyclopropylalkyne with a primary amine. The resulting cyclopropylimine, which was not isolated, was then forced to undergo a cyclopropylimine rearrangement in the presence of catalytic amounts of NH4Cl at 145 °C to deliver the corresponding 2‐pyrroline. A subsequent reduction performed with NaBH3CN and ZnCl2 finally gave the desired N‐substituted 2‐(arylmethyl)pyrrolidine.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Properties of Ferrocenylmethylene‐Bridged Calix[4]azulene and a New Example of Bis(1‐azulenyl)ferrocenylmethylium Ion
Authors: Shoji Taku , Higashi Junya , Ito Shunji , Toyota Kozo , Iwamoto Takeaki , Morita Noboru
Published: October 2009

Ferrocenylmethylene‐bridged calix[4]azulene derivative 3 and bis(1‐azulenyl)ferrocenylmethane derivative 4 were obtained by the reaction of 6‐tert‐butylazulene (6) with ferrocenecarbaldehyde (7) in acetic acid. The new bis(1‐azulenyl)ferrocenylmethylium ion 5+ was also generated by the hydride abstraction reaction of the corresponding hydro derivative 4 with DDQ. The novel ferrocene‐substituted calix[4]azulene derivative 3 exhibit a reversible one‐step multi‐electron oxidation upon cyclic voltammetry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Base‐ and Copper‐Catalysed Condensation of Primary Activated Nitro Compounds with Enolisable Compounds
Authors: Trogu Elena , Cecchi Luca , De Sarlo Francesco , Guideri Luca , Ponticelli Fabio , Machetti Fabrizio
Published: October 2009

Primary nitro compounds have not been employed as nitrile oxide precursors in reactions with active methylene compounds because the reagents commonly used as dehydrating agents also react with these dipolarophiles. However, the CuII‐catalysed cycloaddition/condensation procedure has been shown to be viable with these substrates, leading directly to the expected polyfunctional isoxazoles provided nitro compounds with enhanced acidity (“activated”) were used. In the absence of added dipolarophiles, these nitro compounds underwent self‐condensation to the corresponding furoxans. However, as well as 3,4‐dibenzoylfuroxan, benzoylnitromethane predominantly gave the isomer 3‐benzoyl‐4‐nitro‐5‐phenylisoxazole, the structure of which was confirmed by crystallographic analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Uncertainty and religious reactivity: Uncertainty compensation, repair, and inoculation
Authors: Wichman Aaron L.
Published: October 2009

Recent research conducted in Western, democratic societies indicates that temporary uncertainty inductions lead to intolerance of religious dissent, increased conviction in religious attitudes, and even increased support for holy war. Past and current conflicts based on religious ideology underscore the danger such responses to uncertainty can pose. This paper responds to the need to learn how to control responses to uncertainty. After having confirmed through pilot testing that uncertainty increases self‐report religious faith, two subsequent studies investigate different techniques to control compensatory responses to uncertainty. Study 1 demonstrates that uncertainty‐induced increases in religiosity can be eliminated by a post‐uncertainty directed positive recall writing task. Study 2 presents evidence for an uncertainty “inoculation,” whereby a pre‐uncertainty self‐affirmation exercise can protect against uncertainty compensation effects. These findings, in combination with a consideration of previous research, offer insight into how undesirable uncertainty compensation effects might be reduced and even prevented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Analysis of the effects of ultrafine particulate matter while accounting for human exposure
Authors: Reich Brian J. , Fuentes Montserrat , Burke Janet
Published: October 2009

Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 131–146 (March 2009)

DOI: 10.1002/env.915

On page 144 of the above paper, under Discussion, the first sentence of the third paragraph should read, “The dynamic factor model proposed in Section 3 could be adapted to model a single pollutant that is repeatedly measured at multiple locations, as in Lopes et al. (2008).”.

The additional reference is:

Lopes, H., Salazar, E. and Gamerman, D. 2008. Spatial dynamic factor analysis. Bayesian Analysis 3: 759–792.
Evaluating a general sediment transport model for linear incisions under field conditions
Authors: Vanwalleghem T. , Giráldez J. V. , Jiménez‐Hornero F. J. , Laguna A.
Published: October 2009

Prediction of sediment transport in concentrated overland flow remains a fundamental challenge in soil erosion assessment. Sediment transport is often modelled as a non‐linear function of shear stress. These relations are mostly derived from river channels or flume experiments. Here, new data of active incisions that occurred as a response to a single runoff event is presented. This allowed to complement and revisit a field‐based sediment transport‐shear stress equation. The results demonstrate the general applicability of the proposed relation for predicting sediment transport in linear incisions, ranging from rills to gullies, in field conditions. These findings have important implications for erosion modelling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of OCDMA system with FEC based on interference statistical distribution analysis
Authors: Sahuguede Stephanie , Julien‐Vergonjanne Anne , Cances Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2009

The optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique has been investigated for several years as a promising alternative to provide multiple access in high speed optical networks. However, due to the use of binary on off keying (OOK) modulation, an inherent main performance limitation is multiple access interference (MAI), following a specific distribution. In order to reduce errors induced by MAI, it is necessary to take into account this specific statistic when applying forward error correction (FEC) with soft decision decoding. In this paper, we analyse the MAI distribution in order to determine FEC soft decoding calculation rules. The study is performed for a low density parity check (LDPC) code scheme over an OCDMA system using two‐dimensional (2‐D) OCDMA spreading codes. The a priori information required for soft decoder initialisation is calculated according to the specific OCDMA channel statistic. The enhancement provided by the decoding algorithm adaptation confirms that it is important to take into account the specific MAI distribution as described in this paper. Finally, we show that, despite the loss of available data rate linked to the addition of redundancy, the data rates per user can significantly be increased thanks to this efficient error correction scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNS of swirling turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Nygård F. , Andersson H. I.
Published: October 2009

A new flow problem is designed with the view to explore the effects of swirl on turbulent pipe flow. A tailor‐made azimuthal mean velocity is produced by means of a prescribed circumferential mean pressure gradient. The resulting flow field resembles that of an axially rotating pipe, but offers a greater flexibility with respect to swirl topology.

Results from direct numerical simulations of fully developed turbulent pipe flow with swirl are presented. Three different strengths of the swirl have been considered and the results are compared with the data from the conventional pipe flow. The induced azimuthal mean velocity induces a skewing of the coherent near‐wall structures. The flow resistance is increased in the low‐swirl case, whereas a drag reduction is observed with stronger swirl. This interesting flow phenomenon is interpreted by means of the Reynolds stress components, joint pdfs of the fluctuating velocity components, as well as the helicity. The low‐swirl case
exhibits a qualitatively different helicity distribution in the near‐wall region as compared with the cases with stronger swirl. The skewing of the coherent near‐wall structures alone is not sufficient to reduce the wall‐friction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A POD goal‐oriented error measure for mesh optimization
Authors: Fang F. , Pain C. C. , Navon I. M. , Gorman G. J. , Piggott M. D. , Allison P. A. , Goddard A. J. H.
Published: October 2009

The approach for designing an error measure to guide an adaptive meshing algorithm proposed in Power et al. (Ocean Modell. 2006; 15:3–38) is extended to use a POD adjoint‐based method, thus facilitating efficient primal and adjoint integration in time. The aim is to obtain a new mesh that can adequately resolve all the fields at all time levels, with optimal (w.r.t. the functional) efficiency. The goal‐based method solves both the primal and adjoint equations to form the overall error norms, in the form of a metric tensor. The tetrahedral elements are then optimized so that they have unit size in Riemannian space defined with respect to the metric tensor.

This is the first attempt to use POD to estimate an anisotropic error measure. The metric tensor field can be used to direct anisotropic mesh adaptivity. The resulting mesh is optimized to efficiently represent the solution fields over a given time period. The calculation of the error measures is carried out in the reduced space. The POD approach facilitates efficient integration backwards in time and yields the sensitivity analysis necessary for the goal‐based error estimates. The accuracy of both the primal and adjoint‐reduced models is thus optimized (through the use of anisotropic mesh adaptivity). In addition, the functional for optimizing meshes has been designed to be consistent with that for 4D Var data assimilation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance and Evaluation of Cu‐based Nano‐composite Anodes for Direct Utilisation of Hydrocarbon Fuels in SOFCs
Authors: Lee J.‐J. , Park E.‐W. , Hyun S.‐H.
Published: October 2009

The anodes for direct utilisation of hydrocarbon fuels have been developed by using Cu/Ceria‐based nano‐composite powders. The CuO/GDC/YSZ–YSZ or CuO/GDC‐GDC nano‐composite powders were synthesised by coating nano‐sized CuO and CeO2 particles on the YSZ or GDC core particles selectively by the Pechini process. Their microstructures and electrical properties have been investigated with long‐term stability in reactive gases of dry methane and air. The anodes fabricated using Cu‐based nano‐composite anodes showed almost no carbon deposition until 500 h in dry CH4 atmosphere. The type of an electrolyte‐supported single cell in conjunction with the Cu/Ceria‐based anode must be selected together for the low melting temperature of Cu/CuO. The GDC electrolyte supported unit cell with the Cu/GDC–GDC anode showed the maximum power density of 0.1 Wcm–2 and long‐term stability for more than 500 h under electronic load of 0.05 Acm–2 at 650 °C in dry methane atmosphere.
Updating Geographic Distribution of Artemia urmiana Günther, 1890 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in Europe: An Integrated and Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Abatzopoulos Theodore J. , Amat Francisco , Baxevanis Athanasios D. , Belmonte Genuario , Hontoria Francisco , Maniatsi Stefania , Moscatello Salvatore , Mura Graziella , Shadrin Nickolaj V.
Published: October 2009

Artemia urmiana (a species previously considered endemic of Lake Urmia, NW Iran) has been found in Lake Koyashskoe, a hypersaline lake on the Black Sea coast of the Crimean peninsula (Ukraine). Therefore, this is the first record of A. urmiana in Europe which updates its distribution. The species identification was based on an integrated and interdisciplinary approach using discriminant analysis of the morphometric characters, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular profile analysis. The data derived from the above mentioned approaches converge to significant similarity of the population under investigation with A. urmiana. The updated geographic distribution of the species, deriving from the present report, asks for additional contribution of other disciplines (e.g., avian dispersal of cysts, history of salt trade) to be finally clarified. At present we suggest that the punctuated geographic distribution of A. urmiana is probably linked to its low dispersal capability, and we suppose that its presence in two distant sites could be explained by historical human salt trade between Lake Urmia and the ancient port of Kimmerik, whose remains have been found in the present Lake Koyashskoe. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative study of various normal mode analysis techniques based on partial Hessians
Authors: Ghysels An , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Pauwels Ewald , Catak Saron , Brooks Bernard R. , Van Neck Dimitri , Waroquier Michel
Published: October 2009

Standard normal mode analysis becomes problematic for complex molecular systems, as a result of both the high computational cost and the excessive amount of information when the full Hessian matrix is used. Several partial Hessian methods have been proposed in the literature, yielding approximate normal modes. These methods aim at reducing the computational load and/or calculating only the relevant normal modes of interest in a specific application. Each method has its own (dis)advantages and application field but guidelines for the most suitable choice are lacking. We have investigated several partial Hessian methods, including the Partial Hessian Vibrational Analysis (PHVA), the Mobile Block Hessian (MBH), and the Vibrational Subsystem Analysis (VSA). In this article, we focus on the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, in terms of the reproduction of localized modes, collective modes, and the performance in partially optimized structures. We find that the PHVA is suitable for describing localized modes, that the MBH not only reproduces localized and global modes but also serves as an analysis tool of the spectrum, and that the VSA is mostly useful for the reproduction of the low frequency spectrum. These guidelines are illustrated with the reproduction of the localized amine‐stretch, the spectrum of quinine and a bis‐cinchona derivative, and the low frequency modes of the LAO binding protein. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Potential fuel oils from the microalga Choricystis minor
Authors: Mazzuca Sobczuk Tania , Chisti Yusuf
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Continuous culture of the freshwater microalga Choricystis minor was investigated for possible use in producing lipid feedstock for making biofuels. The effects of temperature (10–30 °C) and dilution rate (0.005–0.017 h−1) on lipid productivity in a nutrient sufficient medium in a 4 L stirred tank bioreactor under continuous illumination at an incident irradiance level of 550 µE · m−2s−1 and a controlled pH of 6 under carbon dioxide supplemented conditions are reported.

RESULTS: The maximum lipid productivity was 82 mg L−1 d−1 at 25 °C and a dilution rate of 0.014 h−1. Lipid contents of the biomass were 21.3 ± 1.7 g per 100 g of dry biomass, irrespective of the culture temperature and dilution rate. After the biomass had been grown in nutrient sufficient conditions in continuous culture, it was recovered and subjected to various postharvest treatments. With the best postharvest treatment, the neutral lipid contents of the algal biomass were raised ∼6‐fold relative to untreated biomass.

CONCLUSION: At 82 mg L−1 d−1, or 21 000 L ha−1 year−1, the lipid productivity of C. minor was nearly four times the lipid productivity of oil palm, a highly productive crop. Therefore, C. minor is potentially a good source of renewable lipid feedstock for biofuels. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A fully automated synthesis of [18F]‐FEAU and [18F]‐FMAU using a novel dual reactor radiosynthesis module
Authors: Paolillo Vincenzo , Riese Stefan , Gelovani Juri G. , Alauddin Mian M.
Published: October 2009

2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐[18F]fluoro‐5‐substituted‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyluracils, including 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐[18F]fluoro‐5‐methyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyluracil [18F]FMAU and [18F]FEAU are established radiolabeled probes to monitor cellular proliferation and herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1‐tk) reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography. For clinical applications, a fully automated CGMP‐compliant radiosynthesis is necessary for production of these probes. However, due to multiple steps in the synthesis, no such automated synthetic protocols have been developed. We report here a fully automated synthesis of [18F]‐FEAU and [18F]‐FMAU on a prototype dual reactor module TRACERlab FX FN. The synthesis was performed by using a computer‐programmed standard operating procedure, and the product was purified on a semipreparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) integrated with the synthesis module using 12% EtOH in 50 mM Na2HPO4. Finally, the percentage of alcohol was adjusted to 7% by adding Na2HPO4 and filtered through a Millipore filter to make dose for human. The radiochemical yield on the fluorination was 40±10% (n=10), and the overall yields were 4±1% (d. c.), from the end of the bombardment; [18F]FEAU (n=7) and [18F]FMAU (n=3). The radiochemical purity was >99%, specific activity was 1200–1300 mCi/µmol. The synthesis time was 2.5 h. This automated synthesis should be suitable for production of [18F]FIAU, [18F]FFAU, [18F]FCAU, [18F]FBAU and other 5‐substitued thymidine analogues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of labelled compounds by mass spectroscopy in the presence of heavy isotopes at natural abundance: the NAIC program
Authors: Barakzai K. Naveed D. , Howlin Brendan J. , Lockley William J. S. , Sfyrakis Konstantinos
Published: October 2009

A program is described, which allows the intensity contributions from naturally occurring heavy isotopes to be eliminated from the mass spectrometric ions of an artificially labelled compound. This allows the accurate measurement of the isotopomer distribution of the compound and hence its percentage isotopic abundance. In the case of radioactively labelled compounds the specific radioactivity can then be derived from the abundance data. The program utilizes a graphical user interface based upon the C++ Builder 6.0 environment and VCL library. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genistein induces receptor and mitochondrial pathways and increases apoptosis during BCL‐2 knockdown in human malignant neuroblastoma SK‐N‐DZ cells
Authors: George Joseph , Banik Naren L. , Ray Swapan K.
Published: October 2009

The potent antiapoptotic molecule Bcl‐2 is markedly up‐regulated in a majority of cancers, including neuroblastoma. Genistein is an isoflavone with antitumor properties. The present study sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism of genistein‐induced apoptosis and also to examine the effect of genistein in increasing apoptosis during Bcl‐2 knockdown in human malignant neuroblastoma SK‐N‐DZ cells. The cells were transfected with Bcl‐2 siRNA plasmid vector, treated with 10 μM genistein, or the combination, and subjected to TUNEL staining and FACS analysis. Semiquantitative and real‐time RT‐PCR experiments were performed for examining expression of Fas ligand (FasL), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), Fas‐associated death domain (FADD), and TNFR‐1‐associated death domain (TRADD). The cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting for levels of molecules involved in both receptor‐ and mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic pathways. Treatment with the combination of Bcl‐2 siRNA and genistein resulted in more than 80% inhibition of cell proliferation. TUNEL staining and FACS analysis demonstrated apoptosis in 70% of cells after treatment with the combination of both agents. Apoptosis was associated with increases in Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspases through the mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic pathway. Genistein triggered the receptor‐mediated apoptotic pathway through upregulation of TNF‐α, FasL, TRADD, and FADD and activation of caspase‐8. Combination of Bcl‐2 siRNA and genistein triggered a marked increase in cleavage of DFF45 and PARP that resulted in enhanced apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that Bcl‐2 knockdown during genistein treatment effectively induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, this strategy could serve as a potential therapeutic regimen to inhibit the growth of human malignant neuroblastoma. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.