A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago
Authors: Abuter R. , Allouche F. , Amorim A. , Bailet C. , Berdeu A. , Berger J.-P. , Berio P. , Bigioli A. , Boebion O. , Bolzer M.-L. , Bonnet H. , Bourdarot G. , Bourget P. , Brandner W. , Cao Y. , Conzelmann R. , Comin M. , Clénet Y. , Courtney-Barrer B. , Davies R. , Defrère D. , Delboulbé A. , Delplancke-Ströbele F. , Dembet R. , Dexter J. , de Zeeuw P. T. , Drescher A. , Eckart A. , Édouard C. , Eisenhauer F. , Fabricius M. , Feuchtgruber H. , Finger G. , Förster Schreiber N. M. , Garcia P. , Garcia Lopez R. , Gao F. , Gendron E. , Genzel R. , Gil J. P. , Gillessen S. , Gomes T. , Gonté F. , Gouvret C. , Guajardo P. , Guieu S. , Hackenberg W. , Haddad N. , Hartl M. , Haubois X. , Haußmann F. , Heißel G. , Henning Th. , Hippler S. , Hönig S. F. , Horrobin M. , Hubin N. , Jacqmart E. , Jocou L. , Kaufer A. , Kervella P. , Kolb J. , Korhonen H. , Lacour S. , Lagarde S. , Lai O. , Lapeyrère V. , Laugier R. , Le Bouquin J.-B. , Leftley J. , Léna P. , Lewis S. , Liu D. , Lopez B. , Lutz D. , Magnard Y. , Mang F. , Marcotto A. , Maurel D. , Mérand A. , Millour F. , More N. , Netzer H. , Nowacki H. , Nowak M. , Oberti S. , Ott T. , Pallanca L. , Paumard T. , Perraut K. , Perrin G. , Petrov R. , Pfuhl O. , Pourré N. , Rabien S. , Rau C. , Riquelme M. , Robbe-Dubois S. , Rochat S. , Salman M. , Sanchez-Bermudez J. , Santos D. J. D. , Scheithauer S. , Schöller M. , Schubert J. , Schuhler N. , Shangguan J. , Shchekaturov P. , Shimizu T. T. , Sevin A. , Soulez F. , Spang A. , Stadler E. , Sternberg A. , Straubmeier C. , Sturm E. , Sykes C. , Tacconi L. J. , Tristram K. R. W. , Vincent F. , von Fellenberg S. , Uysal S. , Widmann F. , Wieprecht E. , Wiezorrek E. , Woillez J. , Zins G. 
Published: January 2024

Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.