bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Tactile Display on Automated Vehicle Takeover: A Literature Review
Authors: Martinez Kimberly D. , Huang Gaojian
Published: October 2022

Current autonomous vehicles are still semi-autonomous and require drivers to take over control of the vehicle under various conditions (e.g., encountering erased lane markings). This presents an issue in human-machine interaction, as there is a need for reliable methods to guide drivers through the sudden and complex takeover process. A tactile display that can present multi-dimensional information (e.g., status, direction, and position) may be a good option, especially when the information presented in their visual and auditory channels is overloading. However, limited work has attempted to summarize this topic. Therefore, the goal of this study is to synthesize literature that examined the effects of tactile display on takeover performance in automated vehicles. Findings indicated that tactile displays can be placed in multiple in-vehicle locations to present various vibrotactile patterns helping to improve drivers’ performance during the automated vehicle takeover, which could inform the design of human-machine interfaces for autonomous vehicles.
A Practical Tool to Enhance Faculty and Student Interactions Surrounding e-Learning Platforms
Authors: Williams Kimberly N. , Gombas Alexandria K. , Cornejo Happel Claudia , Parodi Tracy C. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: October 2022

Learning management systems (LMS) are prevalent in modern day education, but their implementation is often highly diverse based on individual faculty and course needs. This can result in students falling behind in their schoolwork if they do not understand how faculty use the e-learning platform in specific courses, which may be further exacerbated when students are exposed to many different faculty using learning management systems in different ways at a single institution. The current research sought to create a practical tool to reduce the impact of diverse LMS implementation through the generation of a homepage template that could be customized across courses. We utilized focus groups and literature review to identify requirements and create the template. This template was implemented across a diverse set of classes and its impact is being assessed through surveys administered to faculty and students. From the faculty perspective, the template has been well received and the majority of faculty who have completed our feedback survey intend to continue to reuse the template in many of their courses.
Examining the Effects of Cognitive Assistive Agents on Team Coordination in Manufacturing Teams
Authors: S.R. Begerowski , F. Waldherr , J. Biddlecom , A. Traylor , M. Krugh , L. Mears , M.L. Shuffler
Published: October 2022

This article details the motivation and design of an experiment to investigate the effects of artificially intelligent cognitive assistive agents on coordination efforts in manufacturing teams. As automation solutions become more accessible and products rapidly grow in complexity, there are significant calls to leverage abilities of both artificial agents and human workers to maximize team functioning and product output. As such, we propose an experimental design where we introduce a cognitive agent with two levels of autonomy (low, and high) into a team of participants during an assembly task. We hypothesized that cognitive assistive technologies would enhance coordination within assembly teams, leading to higher productivity and reduced errors, with initial data suggesting trends in support of these hypotheses. We seek to demonstrate the value of cognitive agents in augmenting human workers, allowing manufacturers to see the benefit of increased productivity while retaining value and relevance of human labor in the face of technological development.
The Effects of Task Difficulty and Stress on Trust in an Automated Navigation Aid
Authors: Monroe Stephen , Vangsness Lisa
Published: October 2022

Trust is a complex social phenomenon which also affects human interactions with automated systems. Trust in automated systems is comprised of dispositional, learned, and situational trust. The factors that affect situational trust are relatively under-studied in the literature. To further explore factors affecting situational trust in automation, we constructed an experiment using a videogame-like task wherein participants navigated mazes of varying difficulty under the stress of time pressure, aided by a GPS-like navigation aid system which varied in its reliability. Our findings showed that task difficulty and stress had significant effects on participants’ trust in the automated navigation aid. Trust was also affected by the system’s response to errors: participants were slightly less likely to follow the instructions of an automated system that corrected itself. These findings reinforce the importance of considering task and environmental conditions when predicting peoples’ compliance with automated systems under different operating conditions and usage environments.
A Heuristic Evaluation of the CDC’s Social Media Information Dissemination Practices
Authors: Jones Luciana , Devkota Bijita , Montalvo Fernando L. , Sasser Jordan A. , Pavlov Kathren , McConnell Daniel S. , Smither Janan A.
Published: October 2022

During the present COVID-19 global pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is tasked with providing information and public guidance for appropriate COVID-19 prevention and management. However, public perception is varied and disseminated information must compete with sources of misinformation. Given usability’s impact on trust, usefulness, and attitudes towards systems, we conducted a usability heuristic assessment of the CDC’s COVID-19 information dissemination practices on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Results show a critical need for dissemination practices to include design elements which help reduce external influences. Additionally, the usability of the CDC health information is impacted by the medium through which the information is disseminated, especially when the information is released via social media.
A training analytics support framework for operational training design
Authors: Hale Christopher R.
Published: October 2022

The Training Analytics Support (TAS) framework encompasses a theory and associated analysis stages intended to facilitate training design. Through execution of these stages, the TAS framework will allow training developers to define portfolios tailored to the needs of each trainee, track trainee mastery status across careers, and dynamically adjust portfolios to target ongoing training to specific areas in need of remediation. This document summarizes the six stages of training analytics within the TAS framework and briefly describes the manual and automated methods used to instantiate each stage.
Headway Times on Urban, Multiple Lane Freeways
Authors: King Danielle R. , Gold Amber , Phillips Kyra B. , Krauss David A.
Published: October 2022

Transportation departments commonly suggest following lead vehicles with headway times of two seconds or more. However, research has shown that headway times of under two seconds are common and that headway times vary across different roadway types. Here, we obtained and analyzed traffic video footage to measure headway times on four- and five- lane urban freeways in Los Angeles County. When a five second headway cutoff was applied, 58.3% of headway times were shorter than two seconds and the median headway time was 1.74 seconds. We performed a regression analysis to examine how speed, testing location, and travel lane were associated with headway times. Headway times were fairly consistent across testing locations. Speed was positively associated with headway times, and headway times were shorter in lane one compared to lanes three and four. These results demonstrate that headway times of under two seconds are ubiquitous on multiple lane, urban freeways.
Developing and Validating Measurement Scales During Pandemic Conditions: A Case Study with the Scale for Habitat Usability
Authors: Robertson Ian , Munson Brandin , Stephenson Jerri , Amick Ryan Z.
Published: October 2022

At NASA, habitat evaluations often employ subjective measures. Some measures are frequently used, well-established tools, whereas others are homegrown measures tailored to specific projects. The variety of measures used makes evaluation comparisons across projects difficult. Additionally, some of these measures are burdensome, may be too specialized, or may require an expert to use and interpret, limiting their utility. Taken together, these drawbacks suggest the need for a new measurement tool. To that purpose, a team at NASA worked on developing a new scale for measuring habitat usability, the Scale for Habitat Usability (SHU). The SHU is intended to be a quick, multi-faceted measure for evaluating habitat usability across the development lifecycle. However, like many research projects, the development of the SHU faced setbacks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic prevention protocols precluded in-person data collection, forcing the team to take some non-traditional approaches to scale development. This paper reports the steps the team took to complete the project.
Examining Multitasking Performance in Naturalistic 2D Environments
Authors: Jackson Kenneth M. , Melles Lydia , McCarty Madeleine M. , Shaw Tyler H. , Helton William S.
Published: October 2022

Visual searches are done frequently and commonly while doing other tasks. Previous research has shown that multitasking inhibits performance of tasks done together, however little has examined visual search and word recall performed together, especially when there are an undisclosed number of targets to be found. The purpose of this study is to examine how multitasking affects visual search and word recall.

Participants recalled words shown on a heads-up display while simultaneously searching realistic landscape images for target distortions. The participants also completed these tasks individually. It was found that during multitasking, participants found significantly less targets and remembered significantly less words than when doing those tasks individually. It was also shown that prioritizing tasks led to small improvements in performance for that task. The results of this study could be used to influence design of technology made for individuals searching environments who also need to communicate information.
Assessing Satisfaction in and Understanding of a Collaborative Explainable AI (Cxai) System through User Studies
Authors: Ibne Mamun Tauseef , Alam Lamia , Hoffman Robert R. , Mueller Shane T.
Published: October 2022

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems have become more capable and more widely used, but often involve underlying processes their users do not understand and may not trust. Some researchers have addressed this by developing algorithms that help explain the workings of the system using ‘Explainable’ AI algorithms (XAI), but these have not always been successful in improving their understanding. Alternatively, collaborative user-driven explanations may address the needs of users, augmenting or replacing algorithmic explanations. We evaluate one such approach called “collaborative explainable AI” (CXAI). Across two experiments, we examined CXAI to assess whether users’ mental models, performance, and satisfaction improved with access to user-generated explanations. Results showed that collaborative explanations afforded users a better understanding of and satisfaction with the system than users without access to the explanations, suggesting that a CXAI system may provide a useful support that more dominant XAI approaches do not.
Evaluating the Usability of Augmented Reality (AR) Applications: The Impact of The Device Used
Authors: Derby Jessyca L. , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: October 2022

Augmented Reality (AR) has become increasingly popular in recent years in the realms of training, manufacturing, gaming, office work, and even a social platform. This technology has shown promise as different types of devices support AR, such as mobile phones, head-mounted displays (HMDs), desktop PCs, etc. As applications are deployed on multiple AR device types, it is important to assess the usability of these applications on all possible devices to assess the cross-channel user experience. This paper describes two case studies that show usability issues with different types of devices. Overall, using known interactions with devices instead of implementing new interactions was more important for mobile devices, comfort is more of a concern for HMDs, and common "rules of thumb" (such as making sure the form of buttons communicates function) is a concern for both application types.
I Care, If You Care: A Customizable Methodology for Eliciting Task Criticality Ratings to Guide Critical Task Analysis
Authors: Willoughby Hannah , Foley Liam , Scipione Andrea , Banbury Simon
Published: October 2022

In this practitioner paper, we present a customizable multi-domain methodology for eliciting task criticality ratings to determine if a Critical Task Analysis (CTA) is required to analyze safety-critical tasks undertaken by personnel conducting uranium mining and processing. This evidence-based methodology builds upon previous methodologies by integrating empirical findings from the risk and job analysis literature. Tasks are rated against five critical criteria: Impact on Environmental/Social License, Mission Effectiveness, Impact on Human Health/Safety, Cost, and Impact on Equipment/Infrastructure. The relative importance of each criterion can be customized through pre-determined weightings. Based on the summation of ratings against each criterion, a task criticality rating is derived using a custom flowchart. This allows for wide applicability to projects and industries, whose weighting against each criterion will differ, and is a step towards creating a validated, standardized CTA methodology that can be applied by practitioners across a broad range of safety critical domains.
Individual Differences in the Effect of Social Presence on Vigilance Performance: The Role of Personality Traits
Authors: Garibaldi Allison E. , Waldfogle Grace E. , Szalma James L.
Published: October 2022

Some research has suggested that social presence may improve performance. However, results in this area have been inconsistent, and it may be the case that individual differences in personality are crucial moderators of the effect of social presence on vigilance performance. Thus, the present study examined the effect of personality traits on performing a vigilance task in various social contexts. 124 participants completed a 24-minute vigilance task either alone, with an evaluative observer, with an independent co-actor, or both. Results indicated that conscientiousness was the only trait to interact with experimental condition, such that conscientious individuals reported higher task motivation when completing the task either alone or in the presence of both an evaluator and co-actor. The present results suggest that while conscientiousness may not affect performance, it may be an important moderator of motivation for vigilance tasks.
The Role of Trait Mindfulness in Aggressive Driving Behavior
Authors: Duany John M. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2022

Aggressive driving behavior is regarded as a social dysfunction that poses a major risk to traffic safety. Previous research has indicated trait mindfulness as a protective factor for maladaptive thoughts and driver anger. The current study was designed to examine the mediating role of trait driver aggressiveness on the relationship between trait mindfulness and propensity for aggressive driving behavior. A sample of 122 drivers responded to a series of online questionnaires that assessed trait mindfulness, trait driver aggressiveness, and propensity for aggressive driving behavior. Results indicated that trait mindfulness was a significant predictor of trait driver aggressiveness. Similarly, trait mindfulness had also a moderating effect on the relationship between propensity for aggressive driving and trait driver aggressiveness. This indicated that those with higher trait mindfulness scores and lower trait driver aggressiveness scores were less likely to engage in aggressive driving behavior. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are presented.
Safety first: User needs analysis of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to determine learning preferences
Authors: Choy Elaine C. , Patel Shivani J. , Chaparro Alex
Published: October 2022

Adaptive cruise control, lane keep assist, and forward emergency braking are some examples of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) currently available in many automotive vehicles on the road today. As the capabilities of ADAS in vehicles continue to grow, is the driver’s understanding of these advanced features and their limitations also growing? We administered a 15-item online survey gauging familiarity, perceived importance, comfort using, and learning resource preferences of ADAS to 956 participants. These participants were drivers with experience in owning or renting ADAS-equipped vehicles. In brief, findings indicated that drivers perceive ADAS as important, but lacked an understanding of key safety precautions for optimal use and preferred non-corrective features. Based on the results of this study, future research should consider a method of consolidating learning to increase user knowledge and use of ADAS in vehicles.
Creating a Virtual Dog Simulation to Examine Perceived Control
Authors: Schmidt Kristen M. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: October 2022

Research on the topic of perceived control in caregiving is often limited in scope due to safety concerns. Two studies were done to create a simple virtual dog training simulation to have a safe and controllable way to test perceived control in both difficult and easy caregiving situations. Using materials normed in Study 1, we were able to create a simple virtual dog training simulation with 3 dog attitude levels; Friendly, Neutral, and Aggressive. Study 2 found a pattern of results that matched previous findings in perceived control research, which indicate not only further evidence on the relationship between perceived control and caregiver interactions with pets, but also the viability of using a virtual simulation to test such things.
Evaluation of Lower Limb Exoskeleton for Improving Balance during Squatting Exercise using Center of Pressure Metrics
Authors: Ramadurai Sruthi , Jacobson Michael , Kantharaju Prakyath , Jeong Hyeongkeun , Jeong Heejin , Kim Myunghee
Published: October 2022

The foot center of pressure (COP) variability is an important indicator of balance, particularly relevant for rehabilitation and training using wearable lower limb exoskeletons. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of our exoskeleton in assisting squatting motion using the COP variability as a metric. Six human subjects performed alternate squatting and standing movements while their foot pressure and COP trajectories were recorded using insole pressure sensors. The exercises were performed under three conditions: i) no device, ii) unpowered device, and iii) device with optimal stiffness. Results showed that the variability of the COP trajectory in the anterior-posterior direction of the foot during squatting tended to be lower for the optimal stiffness condition than the no device and unpowered device conditions, indicating the potential usefulness of the device in improving balance during squatting. This study has implications for human-inthe-loop optimization and balance control of the exoskeleton based on COP.
Humans working with un-reliable automation: Reverse psychology versus disuse Model
Authors: Wang Yuanchen , Yang X. Jessie
Published: October 2022

This paper investigated people’s behavior model and performance when working with an un-reliable automation. Automation with reliability higher than 70% is beneficial to human-automation system. Nevertheless, how automation with reliability far less than 70% affects human’s behavior and performance is yet unknown. Two types of behavior models: the reverse psychology model and the disuse model could occur when automation reliability is low but little research has investigated them. In this study, fourteen participants performed a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) memory test with an un-reliable automation with 20% or 40% reliability. Results showed that the number of occurrences of each behavior model was significantly affected by reliability level. When reliabil ity was 20%, there was a linear relationship between occurrence number of the reverse psychology model and performance improvement. Our findings provided a reference to better understand human behavior in a complex human-automation system where automation reliability could be low.
The Future of Teamwork: Facilitating Effective Team Performance in Virtual and Hybrid Work Environments in a Post-pandemic World
Authors: J. Lang C. , A. Dony J. , S. Roberts
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated remote work for a large segment of the workforce. At the height of pandemic restrictions in the United States, almost 70% of full-time workers worked remotely either some or all of the time. That number had fallen to 45% by September of 2021, but remains significantly higher than pre-pandemic levels as many employers delay return-to-work deadlines or implement permanent remote work arrangements. As this trend drastically increases the amount of work that is conducted by distributed teams, organizations and workers can benefit from the implementation of employer interventions to facilitate effective team performance and individual wellbeing among remote workers. This paper presents recommendations based on extant literature, interviews conducted with health and safety professionals at large corporations, and surveys of labor force participants.
Performance and Relative Risk Dynamics during Driving Simulation Tasks under Distinct Automation Conditions
Authors: Rodriguez Rodriguez Lucero , Bustamante Orellana Carlos , Gremillion Gregory M. , Huang Lixiao , Demir Mustafa , Cooke Nancy , Metcalfe Jason S. , Amazeen Polemnia G. , Kang Yun
Published: October 2022

Risk has been a key factor influencing trust in Human-Automation interactions, though there is no unified tool to study its dynamics. We provide a framework for defining and assessing relative risk of automation usage through performance dynamics and apply this framework to a dataset from a previous study. Our approach allows us to explore how operators’ ability and different automation conditions impact the performance and relative risk dynamics. Our results on performance dynamics show that, on average, operators perform better (1) using automation that is more reliable and (2) using partial automation (more workload) than full automation (less workload). Our analysis of relative risk dynamics indicates that automation with higher reliability has higher relative risk dynamics. This suggests that operators are willing to take more risk for automation with higher reliability. Additionally, when the reliability of automation is lower, operators adapt their behavior to result in lower risk.
The Effect of ADHD Diagnosis, Roadway Environment, and Traffic Aggressiveness on Aggressive Driving Behavior
Authors: Duany John M. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2022

Aggressive driving behavior poses a serious risk to public safety worldwide. Aggressive driving is described as a socially dysfunctional behaviors marked by unsafe driving maneuvers that pose as a risk to driver safety. Sixty-seven drivers with previous driving experience participated in this study. Participants were required to complete a series of driving behavior questionnaires and simulated driving scenarios. Furthermore, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was used to collect heart rate variability (HRV) scores as a measure of mental workload. It was hypothesized that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, roadway environment, and traffic aggressiveness would have an effect on driving performance and mental workload. Results indicated that roadway environment and traffic aggressiveness had a significant effect on driving performance. Results from the HRV analyses showed that ADHD participants had significantly higher HRV scores than their non-ADHD counterparts. Collectively, these findings highlight the utility of HRV measure for evaluating mental workload among ADHD drivers. Our findings have practical implications for driver assessment, roadway design, and traffic safety.
Assessing How Driving Self-Efficacy Influences Situational Trust in Driver Assist Technologies
Authors: Ferraro James C. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2022

As the movement toward fully autonomous driving continues, it is critical to assess factors that may impact how drivers interact with and perform in conjunction with automated driving systems. The trust drivers place in the driver assist technologies can impact how effectively these systems are utilized. Human factors research has found a variety of factors related to the environment, the system, and the user that influence trust in automated systems. The current study was designed to assess how situational factors influence how drivers trust different driver assist features, and how driving self-efficacy impacts this relationship. 101 participants reported situational trust scores based on 10 vignette traffic scenarios that described driving in high or low complexity situations while using one of five driver assist features. It was hypothesized that situation and automation-related factors would influence participants’ trust. Results indicated a significant interaction between the complexity of the driving scenario and the different driver assist features. Additional results indicated self-efficacy impacted relationships between the driver assist technologies and trust. These findings are consistent with previous results related to trust and use of automation and have implications for researchers interested in how drivers interact with current and emerging driving technologies. These results can be applied to the development of automated driving systems, informing decisions in the design of future automated vehicles.
Applying User Experience Principles to Patient Experiences
Authors: Pavlov Kathren , Montalvo Fernando , Sasser Jordan A. , Jones Luciana , McConnell Daniel S. , Smither Janan A.
Published: October 2022

Patient experiences within the healthcare system are often negative due to the predominantly system-centric nature of healthcare, as well as the physical or mental symptoms of the medical condition being experienced. Improved patient experiences are likely to improve patient visits, engagement with treatment, reduce frustration, and in some medical conditions, improve treatment outcomes. One way to improve patient experiences is to apply user experience principles to the design of patient interactions within the healthcare system. The present study utilized Arhippainen’s User Experience heuristics to identify ways in which patient experiences can be improved. Fundamental restructuring towards patient-centric experiences and general security practices would lead to improved PX and perceptions of healthcare.
Supporting Journalistic Trust Determinations: A Heuristic Analysis of News Trust Tools Through a Transparency Lens
Authors: Monroe Ayana , Francis Errol , Sidnam-Mauch Emily , Ivancsics Bernat , Washington Eve , Bonneau Joseph , McGregor Susan , Caine Kelly
Published: October 2022

To combat declining trust in news in the United States, numerous tools have been created to increase transparency by providing contextual information around news content, but they have largely been developed without regard for usability. We examine 59 such tools to identify the type(s) of transparency (disclosure, participatory, or ambient) information each tool aims to provide. We then conduct a heuristic usability analysis of a subset of these transparency tools and identify common usability barriers.
Exploring Team Competencies in Cybersecurity
Authors: Sinlapanuntakul Pitch , Fausett Crystal M. , Keebler Joseph R.
Published: October 2022

With the exponential increase of cyberattacks due to the ubiquitous adoption of remote work, strong and effective cybersecurity teams are indispensable. However, in-depth knowledge of team competencies in cybersecurity literature is scarce. This article reviews and suggests areas of improvement for cybersecurity teams through the lens of the existing attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions (ABCs) framework. Suggested areas for immediate improvement within cybersecurity teams include attitudinal variables such as cohesion, mutual trust, team reward attitude, and a cognitive variable known as shared mental models. Identifying relevant ABCs associated with the team competencies necessary for cybersecurity teams to be effective will be a critical step toward creating applicable measurement and training.
How do drivers respond to vehicle cyberattacks? A driving simulator study
Authors: Parker Jah'inaya , Zhang Fangda , Wang Meng , Roberts Shannon C.
Published: October 2022

Modern vehicles are embedded with numerous electronic components, making them more advanced and automated, while also making them vulnerable to cyberattacks. This study investigated how drivers respond to unexpected, cyber-attack-induced situations through a driving simulator study. It also examined differences in driver responses if they were trained or received warning messages on how to mitigate the effect of a vehicle cyberattack. The findings suggest that drivers' responses to cyberattacks vary based on the severity of the event. Those who receive training are much more likely to drive cautiously when the vehicle behaves unexpectedly and those who receive warning messages are likely to view them, but not necessarily take action. These results have far reaching implications into the utility of training programs in improving driver behavior and leave future work in terms of optimizing warning message systems.
Physiological Measurements of Vigilance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mehrabi Elaheh , Kim Ji-Eun
Published: October 2022

Vigilance is the ability to sustain attention for more than 5 to 10 minutes at a time. Maintaining vigilance over a prolonged duration is challenging, and the ability to do so generally declines over time; This is a phenomenon that is known as “vigilance decrement.” Vigilance decrement is often associated with physiological changes. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between physiological responses and vigilance decrement, the results are inconsistent and the trends are not sufficiently clear. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive overview of the existing results, in this paper, we review the most recent studies focusing on physiological changes as indicators of vigilance decrement. We consider electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), eye movement, and electromyography (EMG). We present an overview of the overall relationship between these measures and vigilance levels; we also highlight the limitations and challenges of previous studies and provide some insight into future research directions in this field.
User-Centered Design of a Face Shield for Healthcare Workers
Authors: Yu* Minji , Griffin Linsey
Published: October 2022

A face shield is personal protective equipment that protects all or part of the face. It is worn to prevent injury or reduce the spread of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore what problems healthcare workers experience while wearing a face shield, and to develop a new face shield design with improved usability. For user needs-based design, three-stage interviews were conducted with three healthcare workers with experience wearing face shields and product design major graduate students. Reported problems with face shields were related to human factors such as low degree of seal confidence, low work efficiency, skin irritation, pressure, glare, heat, and humidity. Based on the needs of healthcare workers and product design perspectives, a low-fidelity concept was developed and reviewed, including basic improvement directions and redesign ideas. Iterative design evaluation and user interviews were performed throughout the design process for modifications of the design. A final face shield design that enhances protection and usability was developed and described.
Machine Learning in Healthcare: Two Case Studies
Authors: Kang Rachael , Rantanen Esa M. , Youngstrom Eric A.
Published: October 2022

Machine learning (ML) is making significant inroads into the field of medicine. It can be used as a preventative measure by predicting a patient’s diagnosis and introducing early treatment to prevent adverse outcomes or lessen their impact. However, despite many demonstrated advantages of machine learning tools in health-care, their performance assessment remains partial at best. In particular, human interactions with machine learning tools in clinical settings remain poorly researched. This review examined machine learning tools in two important areas, sepsis diagnosis and suicide prediction. However, our exploration into the use of machine learning in sepsis and suicide prediction turned up no thorough human factors analyses of provider interactions with their machine learning tools, suggesting a critical research gap waiting to be filled.
Comparative Evaluation of Twelve Automotive CMS Display Layout Designs in Two Lane Change Task Scenarios
Authors: Ryu Jungmin , Beck Donghyun , Park Woojin
Published: October 2022

Recently, the automotive industry has shown a growing interest in replacing conventional automotive mirrors with camera monitor systems (CMS) as CMS may provide multiple advantages, including the enhancement of driving safety through the human factors design of display layout. Despite past research, however, pertinent CMS display layout design guidelines have not been firmly established, due to insufficient empirical knowledge. To alleviate the current research gaps and inform the optimal design, this study comparatively evaluated twelve CMS display layout designs employing driving performance and eye glance behavior measures: six separate display layouts (three with the side-view displays near the A-pillars, and, three, on each side of the steering wheel), and, six integrated display layouts (three “segmented” and three “stitched” view layouts). Each design was evaluated in a safety-critical and a less safety-critical lane change scenario. The study demonstrated that the display layout design effects could vary across different driving task scenarios.
Comparison of Tools for Digitally Tracking Changes in Text
Authors: Washington Eve , Ivancsics Bernat , Sidnam-Mauch Emily , Monroe Ayana , Caine Kelly , McGregor Susan E.
Published: October 2022

Tracking changes in digital texts is a longstanding interface challenge, as early digital technologies left no recorded traces of alterations. Currently, two key categories of tools track text changes: code editing and word processing tools. Each has implemented different interface patterns to accomplish several goals: attributing change authorship, tracking the time of change, recording the change action taken, and specifying the location and content of the change. While some visual characteristics of change tracking are consistent across all tools, there are significant differences in change representation divided along the tool-type line, that may reflect their specific cultures of use. Overall, however, there is a limited range of visual methods for representing changes to digital text over time.
A Preliminary Comparison of Drivers’ Overtaking behavior between Partially Automated Vehicles and Conventional Vehicles
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhao Ruobing , Li Yueqing
Published: October 2022

The study investigated drivers' overtaking behavior in partially automated vehicles and conventional vehicles under different traffic density conditions. Twelve participants "drove" a simulated vehicle on a 10-mile straight, two-way rural interstate highway in 4 scenarios (2 (traffic density: Low, High) x 2 (vehicle type: Partially automated vehicle, Conventional vehicle)) in random orders. Participants' driving performance, eye movement, brain activity, and workload were collected and analyzed. Results indicated that vehicle type significantly affects speed standard deviation, pupil dilation and workload. Results also showed that traffic density significantly affects average speed and workload. The findings should help improve the design of automated vehicles and thus improve traffic efficiency.
Multidimensional Task Analysis (MTA): A New Design Method for Human Factors Practitioners
Authors: Intriligator James
Published: October 2022

In this practice-oriented paper, we describe Multidimensional Task Analysis (MTA). MTA encourages researchers, designers, and evaluators to perform a range of focused task analyses when working with, or toward, a product, process, or system. While some forms of task analysis are well known - e.g., behavioral and cognitive task analysis -MTA suggests that there are many other task analyses that could be performed. Each additional analysis helps the practitioner identify important design constraints and opportunities. As a case-study, we discuss one form of analysis in depth: Emotional Task Analysis (ETA). ETA allows and encourages practitioners to make explicit emotional aspects of a task. We briefly present other new forms of task analysis, including Information Task Analysis, Decision Task Analysis, Attention Task Analysis, and Teamwork Task Analysis. We also suggest a wide range of other forms of task analysis.
Emergency Clinical Procedure Detection via Wearable Sensors
Authors: Baskaran Prakash , Heard Jamison , Adams Julie A.
Published: October 2022

Communicating a patient’s state accurately during transfer from emergency medical technicians to hospital personnel is crucial for optimal care. Prior work demonstrated automated algorithms that combined wearable sensors with video data from cameras to detect clinical procedures and improve this information transfer. However, incorporating video requires task-or environment-specific installation mechanisms, raises privacy concerns, and is susceptible to occlusion and image noise. The presented approach detects clinical procedures using wearable sensors (i.e., inertial and electrophysiological) only and the procedures’ subtasks to mitigate the sensors’ signal variability to provide clinical procedure detection.
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Training for Pilots: A Review of Links between User Presence, Search Task Performance, and Collaboration within Virtual Reality
Authors: Walters William T. , Walton Jamiahus
Published: October 2022

The impact of user presence on both collaboration and search task performance within virtual reality is not fully understood. The purpose was to review existing literature and determine what research has been conducted on user presence in virtual reality (VR), as well as what research has been conducted on how user presence in virtual reality influences a user’s communication abilities and performance on search tasks. The need for alternative means of pilot training, specifically the possibility of utilizing virtual reality, and the importance of understanding collaboration and search task performance for this training method were outlined. Future research into the efficacy of VR as a training tool for pilots should aim to fill in this gap and seek to understand how user presence in VR influences both communication and search task performance in a virtual cockpit environment.
Improving Air Travel Comfort & Experience: Designing for Infection Prevention and Control in Response to COVID-19
Authors: Daigle Kayla , Trudel Chantal , Kelsey Shelley
Published: October 2022

In lieu of the recent impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the health and safety of individuals around the world, domestic and international travel organizations, and more specifically, the aviation industry, rapidly implemented preventative measures to support infection prevention and control (IPAC). Such measures have drastically and understandably changed how passenger interactions and experiences take place through various points in their air travel journey. Research that examines the user experience of passengers in response to changes that emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic is needed. This study focused on developing a better understanding of passenger experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the design of the environment may be influencing this experience. Design recommendations to respond quickly to future pandemic conditions or other infectious outbreak scenarios is an expected outcome of this study.
Active sloshing control of a circular cylindrical container with FG GPL-RC
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi Mohammad Yaghoub
Published: October 2022

The main purpose of the current study is to design a control system for a sloshing system to suppress the vibration of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite (FG GPL-RC) on the top surface. A set of piezoelectric sensors and actuators are used for active control of fluid-structure coupling in transient seismic analysis of an inviscid liquid sloshing in a cylindrical tank. First, the top surface FG GPL-RC is optimized to satisfy maximum deformation, face failure, mid shear, and face wrinkling by changing the geometrical parameters and weight fraction distribution through the thickness. The nonlinear governing equations of nanocomposite panels with mechanical properties derived from the Halpin–Tsai model are solved by smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. A parameter study counting the boundary condition effects, thickness-to-radius ratio, material distribution of the laminates, and dimensions of the sloshing tank on the FG GPL-RC natural frequencies are surveyed and explained in detail. Then, the frequency analysis of the plate with and without sloshing is performed while the inviscid fluid motion is modeled by SPH. The proposed method is validated with available data in the literature. Finally, the active control of the coupled system in response to the external disturbances is completed by a tuned proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller which used the piezoelectric sheets on the top surface plate. The performance of the proposed control system is illustrated by a comparison of the controlled and uncontrolled transient responses of the coupled hydro-elastic system to the El-Centro seismic load.
Experimental and numerical analysis of mechanical characteristics of fused deposition processed honeycomb fabricated from PLA or ULTEM 9085
Authors: Derevianko I , Uspensky B , Avramov K , Salenko A , Maksymenko-Sheiko K
Published: October 2022

Approach for mechanical characteristic experimental analysis of honeycomb core manufactured by fused deposition modelling is suggested. Experimental analyses of shear and tension of the honeycombs specimens fabricated from PLA and ULTEM 9085 materials are performed. The experimental studies are accompanied by the finite element simulations of the shear and the tension experiments of honeycomb core. As follows from experimental and numerical studies, both the geometrical nonlinearity and plasticity behavior of the material must be accounted for the honeycomb tension analysis. The force-displacement response of honeycomb tension has nonlinear behavior.
A Linear Decomposition Approach to Explain Excess Direct Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Pain Among Adults with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ikram Mohammad , Shaikh Nazneen Fatima , Sambamoorthi Usha
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Many patients with osteoarthritis experience pain which can lead to higher healthcare expenditures. It is important to understand the factors that drive the excess expenditures associated with pain in osteoarthritis.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Study sample:

Our study sample consisted of adults (age ⩾ 18 years) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS, 2018).

Methods:

Adults who were alive during the calendar year and had pain status were included in this study (N = 2804 weighted N = 32.03 million). Osteoarthritis was identified from the medical conditions file and household file. We used multivariable ordinary least squares regression to identify the statistically significant association of pain with direct healthcare expenditures. The Blinder-Oaxaca post-linear decomposition on log-transformed total direct healthcare expenditures was used to estimate the extent to which differences in characteristics contribute to the excess expenditures associated with pain.

Results:

Adults with osteoarthritis and pain had higher average expenditures ($21 814 vs $10 827, P < .001; 9.318 vs 8.538 in logtransformed expenditures) compared to those without pain. Pooled regression weights explained 62.9% of excess expenditures differences in characteristics between the 2 groups. The 2 main drivers of excess healthcare expenditures among adults with osteoarthritis and pain were (i) comorbidities (diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, heart diseases, cancer, and non-cancer pain conditions and (ii) prescription medications (NSAIDs, opioids, and polypharmacy).

Conclusion:

Need factors such as comorbid conditions, and prescription treatment explained the excess healthcare expenditures among adults with osteoarthritis and pain. The study findings suggest that reducing polypharmacy and appropriate management of comorbid conditions may be a pathway to reduce excess expenditures among adults with osteoarthritis and pain.
Dietary Hesperidin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Male Mice
Authors: Sato Mizuho , Okuno Alato , Ishisono Keita , Yajima Yuhei , Toyoda Atsushi
Published: October 2022

Depressive disorders are partially attributed to chronic inflammation associated with the tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. Recent evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory agents may reduce the risk of depression. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin, which exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, in suppressing the Trp-Kyn pathway in the brain, using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model. Dietary hesperidin was found to suppress activation of the Trp-Kyn pathway in the prefrontal cortex. In addition, it reduced systemic LPS-induced signs of illness, such as low skin temperature and enhanced leukocyte count in the blood. However, dietary supplementation with hesperidin did not improve body weight loss, food intake, water intake, or splenic increases in leukocyte numbers in the LPS model. Collectively, the results suggest that dietary hesperidin can partially regulate central and peripheral events linked to inflammation in LPS mouse models.
Pregnant Bodies, Physical Activity and Health Literacy
Authors: Bønnelycke Julie , Larsen Maria Mieskewicz , Jespersen Astrid Pernille
Published: October 2022

In this article, we study health literacy as entangled and situated processes of authorisation of pregnant women to become competent caretakers of their own physical activity and health based on the development of the practice of ‘learning to take notice’. Based on our ethnographic fieldwork in a randomised controlled trial on physical activity during pregnancy called FitMum, we develop a processual conceptualisation of health authorisation as multidirectional flows between participants, staff and technologies. Using the concepts of attunement and authorisation from Latour and Despret, we suggest that health literacy is not just something that can be acquired once and for all, but is processual and must be maintained, nurtured and developed through continuous negotiations, adjustments and adaptations to the constantly changing conditions of the health subject.