bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Bernoulli
Authors: Donati Fabrizio , Myerson Saul , Bissell Malenka M. , Smith Nicolas P. , Neubauer Stefan , Monaghan Mark J. , Nordsletten David A. , Lamata Pablo
Published: January 2017

Background—

Transvalvular peak pressure drops are routinely assessed noninvasively by echocardiography using the Bernoulli principle. However, the Bernoulli principle relies on several approximations that may not be appropriate, including that the majority of the pressure drop is because of the spatial acceleration of the blood flow, and the ejection jet is a single streamline (single peak velocity value).

Methods and Results—

We assessed the accuracy of the Bernoulli principle to estimate the peak pressure drop at the aortic valve using 3-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow data in 32 subjects. Reference pressure drops were computed from the flow field, accounting for the principles of physics (ie, the Navier–Stokes equations). Analysis of the pressure components confirmed that the spatial acceleration of the blood jet through the valve is most significant (accounting for 99% of the total drop in stenotic subjects). However, the Bernoulli formulation demonstrated a consistent overestimation of the transvalvular pressure (average of 54%, range 5%–136%) resulting from the use of a single peak velocity value, which neglects the velocity distribution across the aortic valve plane. This assumption was a source of uncontrolled variability.

Conclusions—

The application of the Bernoulli formulation results in a clinically significant overestimation of peak pressure drops because of approximation of blood flow as a single streamline. A corrected formulation that accounts for the cross-sectional profile of the blood flow is proposed and adapted to both cardiovascular magnetic resonance and echocardiographic data.
Spike-Centered Jitter Can Mistake Temporal Structure
Authors: Platkiewicz Jonathan , Stark Eran , Amarasingham Asohan
Published: January 2017

Jitter-type spike resampling methods are routinely applied in neurophysiology for detecting temporal structure in spike trains (point processes). Several variations have been proposed. The concern has been raised, based on numerical experiments involving Poisson spike processes, that such procedures can be conservative. We study the issue and find it can be resolved by reemphasizing the distinction between spike-centered (basic) jitter and interval jitter. Focusing on spiking processes with no temporal structure, interval jitter generates an exact hypothesis test, guaranteeing valid conclusions. In contrast, such a guarantee is not available for spike-centered jitter. We construct explicit examples in which spike-centered jitter hallucinates temporal structure, in the sense of exaggerated false-positive rates. Finally, we illustrate numerically that Poisson approximations to jitter computations, while computationally efficient, can also result in inaccurate hypothesis tests. We highlight the value of classical statistical frameworks for guiding the design and interpretation of spike resampling methods.
Analysis of Online Composite Mirror Descent Algorithm
Authors: Lei Yunwen , Zhou Ding-Xuan
Published: January 2017

We study the convergence of the online composite mirror descent algorithm, which involves a mirror map to reflect the geometry of the data and a convex objective function consisting of a loss and a regularizer possibly inducing sparsity. Our error analysis provides convergence rates in terms of properties of the strongly convex differentiable mirror map and the objective function. For a class of objective functions with Hölder continuous gradients, the convergence rates of the excess (regularized) risk under polynomially decaying step sizes have the order [Formula: see text] after [Formula: see text] iterates. Our results improve the existing error analysis for the online composite mirror descent algorithm by avoiding averaging and removing boundedness assumptions, and they sharpen the existing convergence rates of the last iterate for online gradient descent without any boundedness assumptions. Our methodology mainly depends on a novel error decomposition in terms of an excess Bregman distance, refined analysis of self-bounding properties of the objective function, and the resulting one-step progress bounds.
Solving Nonlinearly Separable Classifications in a Single-Layer Neural Network
Authors: Conaway Nolan , Kurtz Kenneth J.
Published: January 2017

Since the work of Minsky and Papert ( 1969 ), it has been understood that single-layer neural networks cannot solve nonlinearly separable classifications (i.e., XOR). We describe and test a novel divergent autoassociative architecture capable of solving nonlinearly separable classifications with a single layer of weights. The proposed network consists of class-specific linear autoassociators. The power of the model comes from treating classification problems as within-class feature prediction rather than directly optimizing a discriminant function. We show unprecedented learning capabilities for a simple, single-layer network (i.e., solving XOR) and demonstrate that the famous limitation in acquiring nonlinearly separable problems is not just about the need for a hidden layer; it is about the choice between directly predicting classes or learning to classify indirectly by predicting features.
STDP-Compatible Approximation of Backpropagation in an Energy-Based Model
Authors: Bengio Yoshua , Mesnard Thomas , Fischer Asja , Zhang Saizheng , Wu Yuhuai
Published: January 2017

We show that Langevin Markov chain Monte Carlo inference in an energy-based model with latent variables has the property that the early steps of inference, starting from a stationary point, correspond to propagating error gradients into internal layers, similar to backpropagation. The backpropagated error is with respect to output units that have received an outside driving force pushing them away from the stationary point. Backpropagated error gradients correspond to temporal derivatives with respect to the activation of hidden units. These lead to a weight update proportional to the product of the presynaptic firing rate and the temporal rate of change of the postsynaptic firing rate. Simulations and a theoretical argument suggest that this rate-based update rule is consistent with those associated with spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The ideas presented in this article could be an element of a theory for explaining how brains perform credit assignment in deep hierarchies as efficiently as backpropagation does, with neural computation corresponding to both approximate inference in continuous-valued latent variables and error backpropagation, at the same time.
Avoiding Optimal Mean ℓ2,1-Norm Maximization-Based Robust PCA for Reconstruction
Authors: Luo Minnan , Nie Feiping , Chang Xiaojun , Yang Yi , Hauptmann Alexander G. , Zheng Qinghua
Published: January 2017

Robust principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most important dimension-reduction techniques for handling high-dimensional data with outliers. However, most of the existing robust PCA presupposes that the mean of the data is zero and incorrectly utilizes the average of data as the optimal mean of robust PCA. In fact, this assumption holds only for the squared [Formula: see text]-norm-based traditional PCA. In this letter, we equivalently reformulate the objective of conventional PCA and learn the optimal projection directions by maximizing the sum of projected difference between each pair of instances based on [Formula: see text]-norm. The proposed method is robust to outliers and also invariant to rotation. More important, the reformulated objective not only automatically avoids the calculation of optimal mean and makes the assumption of centered data unnecessary, but also theoretically connects to the minimization of reconstruction error. To solve the proposed nonsmooth problem, we exploit an efficient optimization algorithm to soften the contributions from outliers by reweighting each data point iteratively. We theoretically analyze the convergence and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm. Extensive experimental results on several benchmark data sets illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Maximum Pseudolikelihood Estimation for Model-Based Clustering of Time Series Data
Authors: Nguyen Hien D. , McLachlan Geoffrey J. , Orban Pierre , Bellec Pierre , Janke Andrew L.
Published: January 2017

Mixture of autoregressions (MoAR) models provide a model-based approach to the clustering of time series data. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of MoAR models requires evaluating products of large numbers of densities of normal random variables. In practical scenarios, these products converge to zero as the length of the time series increases, and thus the ML estimation of MoAR models becomes infeasible without the use of numerical tricks. We propose a maximum pseudolikelihood (MPL) estimation approach as an alternative to the use of numerical tricks. The MPL estimator is proved to be consistent and can be computed with an EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm. Simulations are used to assess the performance of the MPL estimator against that of the ML estimator in cases where the latter was able to be calculated. An application to the clustering of time series data arising from a resting state fMRI experiment is presented as a demonstration of the methodology.
Effect of temperature, time and glycerol concentration on the dehydration and rehydration process of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae in alginate granule formulation
Authors: Kary Naser Eivazian , Chahardoli Samira , Mohammadi Davoud , Dillon Aoife B.
Published: January 2017

The osmotic responses ofSteinernema carpocapsaeandS. feltiaein terms of dehydration and rehydration in the presence of calcium alginate and formaldehyde were studied. Infective juveniles (IJ) were exposed to different levels of osmotic concentrations, temperatures and dehydration periods and survival of immobilised IJ was quantified. Osmotic responses showed significant differences and the highest numbers of osmotically dehydratedS. feltiaeandS. carpocapsaeIJ were recorded at 14 and 12% glycerol solution, respectively. Mean percentage of rehydrated IJ was significantly higher when dehydration was processed in 22% glycerol solution. Alginate-formulated IJ showed significantly different survival rates depending on the IJ state (dehydrated or non-dehydrated) and the presence of antimicrobial agent. In addition to optimising alginate formulation, the results demonstrate that the concentration of osmotic solution not only determines the percentage of dehydrated IJ, but also their recovery rate during rehydration. By adding formaldehyde, considerable increases were observed in IJ survival.
The Other Australia/Japan Living Marine Resources Dispute
Authors: Serdy Andrew
Published: January 2017

In 2000 an arbitral tribunal formed under Annexviito the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea denied its own jurisdiction to hear the case brought against Japan by Australia and New Zealand over Japan’s unilateral experimental fishing programme for southern bluefin tuna. Despite the criticism the tribunal’s reasoning attracted, it was widely supposed that the applicants would have failed on the merits because of the reluctance of international courts and tribunals to delve into scientific matters, as would have been necessary with the dispute’s underlying cause being the parties’ scientific disagreements regarding both the tuna stock itself and the nature and risks of the programme. In 2014, however, the International Court of Justice showed no such reticence in deciding in Australia’s favour the case against Japan’s scientific whaling, based partly on flaws it identified in the design of that experiment. Reviewing the evolution in the tuna experiment’s design, the propositions it was designed to (dis)prove and the use to which Japan proposed to put that proof, this paper suggests that similar factors were at play in both disputes and that a similar outcome of the tuna case, though not inevitable, would have been amply justified.
Pitcairnia singularis (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae), a new species from Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: FLORES-ARGÜELLES ALEJANDRA , ESPEJO-SERNA ADOLFO , LÓPEZ-FERRARI ANA ROSA
Published: January 2017

Pitcairnia singularis, known only from the municipality of Puerto Vallarta in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, is here described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by very narrow, epetiolate, deciduous normal leaves, a simple inflorescence with 14–20 pedicellate, secund, white flowers, and petals 1.5–1.7 cm long, without appendages. An identification key has been included for all the species of the genus present in the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
The genus Acantholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan: A revised key and a description of the previously unknown female of Acantholyda flaviventris
Authors: SHINOHARA AKIHIKO , KATO YU
Published: January 2017

Based on a recently collected specimen, we describe the previously unknown female of Acantholyda flaviventris Shinohara, 1991, and give a revised key to the females of the 14 species of the genus distributed in Japan.
Bird droppings on chestnut leaves or sawfly larvae: DNA barcodes verify the occurrence of the archaic Megaxyela togashii (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: SHINOHARA AKIHIKO , HARA HIDEHO , KRAMP KATJA , BLANK STEPHAN M. , KAMEDA YUICHI
Published: January 2017

We made a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences for ten unidentified Megaxyela larvae from Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku, Japan, and 15 identified adults of four Megaxyela, one Macroxyela and three Xyela species. It revealed that all larvae belonged to M. togashii Shinohara, 1992, which showed rather large intraspecific genetic variability even among the individuals from the same population. This is the first distribution record of M. togashii from Hokkaido. Megaxyela togashii is a univoltine species with a very short larval feeding period, only nine days in one rearing experiment from egg to larval maturation. The larva is a solitary, external leaf-feeder on Juglans ailanthifolia, resting curled around the central leaf vein at the apex of a leaflet, and may resemble the excrement of birds. The prepupa overwinters in an earthen cell whose wall is made only of soil, neither parchment-like nor containing fiber. The mature larva is described and several life traits are discussed.
Structure Function Analysis of Water Vapor Simulated with a Convection-Permitting Model and Comparison to Airborne Lidar Observations
Authors: Selz Tobias , Fischer Lucas , Craig George C.
Published: January 2017

The spatial scale dependence of midlatitude water vapor variability in the high-resolution limited-area model COSMO is evaluated using diagnostics of scaling behavior. Past analysis of airborne lidar measurements showed that structure function scaling exponents depend on the corresponding airmass characteristics, and that a classification of the troposphere into convective and nonconvective layers led to significantly different power-law behaviors for each of these two regimes. In particular, scaling properties in the convective air mass were characterized by rough and highly intermittent data series, whereas the nonconvective regime was dominated by smoother structures with weaker small-scale variability. This study finds similar results in a model simulation with an even more pronounced distinction between the two air masses. Quantitative scaling diagnostics agree well with measurements in the nonconvective air mass, whereas in the convective air mass the simulation shows a much higher intermittency. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the model data to assess the impact of limitations of the observational dataset, which indicate that analyses of lidar data most likely underestimated the intermittency in convective air masses due to the small samples from single flight tracks, which led to a bias when data with poor fits were rejected. Though the quantitative estimation of intermittency remains uncertain for convective air masses, the ability of the model to capture the dominant weather regime dependence of water vapor scaling properties is encouraging.
Cold Pools and Their Influence on the Tropical Marine Boundary Layer
Authors: de Szoeke Simon P. , Skyllingstad Eric D. , Zuidema Paquita , Chandra Arunchandra S.
Published: January 2017

Cold pools dominate the surface temperature variability observed over the central Indian Ocean (0°, 80°E) for 2 months of research cruise observations in the Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) experiment in October–December 2011. Cold pool fronts are identified by a rapid drop of temperature. Air in cold pools is slightly drier than the boundary layer (BL). Consistent with previous studies, cold pools attain wet-bulb potential temperatures representative of saturated downdrafts originating from the lower midtroposphere.

Wind and surface fluxes increase, and rain is most likely within the ~20-min cold pool front. Greatest integrated water vapor and liquid follow the front. Temperature and velocity fluctuations shorter than 6 min achieve 90% of the surface latent and sensible heat flux in cold pools. The temperature of the cold pools recovers in about 20 min, chiefly by mixing at the top of the shallow cold wake layer, rather than by surface flux.

Analysis of conserved variables shows mean BL air is composed of 51% air entrained from the BL top (800 m), 22% saturated downdrafts, and 27% air at equilibrium with the ocean surface. The number of cold pools, and their contribution to the BL heat and moisture, nearly doubles in the convectively active phase compared to the suppressed phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation.
Amplification of the Downstream Wave Train during Extratropical Transition: Sensitivity Studies
Authors: Keller Julia H.
Published: January 2017

A tropical cyclone (TC) undergoing extratropical transition (ET) may support the amplification of a Rossby wave train in the downstream midlatitudes. Within the context of downstream baroclinic development, the TC acts as an additional source of eddy kinetic energy (). Previous studies concluded that the impact depends, in particular, on the phasing between the TC and the midlatitude flow and the continuation of the generation during ET. These studies did not quantify the impact of ET on the within a downstream Rossby wave train.

The present study uses ensemble sensitivity analysis to examine the sensitivity of downstream Rossby wave train amplification to the budget of the transitioning TC and of the upstream midlatitude features for Typhoon Choi-Wan (2009) and Hurricane Hanna (2008) in ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The amplification of the downstream wave train is measured using the amplitude of its associated maxima. The sensitivity of the maximum’s intensity at a particular forecast time to the budget terms of the TC and the upstream midlatitudes at earlier forecast times is determined. The results show that increasing the budget terms within Choi-Wan (Hanna) by one standard deviation can result in an up to 36% (23%) more intense downstream maximum. This is favored by the phasing between Choi-Wan and the midlatitude trough, and the reintensification of Hanna, respectively. By contrast, weaker contributions to downstream Rossby wave amplification arise from budget terms associated with flow features in the upstream midlatitudes.
An Aspect of Transference: The Struggle to Become an Analysand
Authors: Olinick Stanley L.
Published: January 2017

The patient's efforts to enter into a collaborative relationship with the analyst, to become an analysand, are burdened with difficulties, of which a major one is the not infrequent intrinsic structuring of certain aspects of transference—its functional, secondary autonomy, or independence of its historical roots. The effect is to confuse and misrepresent, through a struggle by the patient that dissembles the major purposes of the work. The struggle is a function that has become independent of its historical origins, and is now less an anxiety-driven defense than an automatized, concrete seeking of a vaguely plausible, rationalized satisfaction and security. It represents the patient's effort to work his or her way to closeness with the surrogate, but with distancing by means of control and domination. It lacks the symbolism and metaphor of unconscious derivatives. A mutual responsiveness by the analyst is a potentially undesirable outcome. Recognizing an interactional process, there is the necessity of clarifying a future-oriented process by a patient, who is working over the establishing of a dominant self-image of integrity and security without intimacy. Illustrative vignettes and a comparison with role responsiveness are included.
Analysis, Reanalysis, and Self-Analysis
Authors: Silber Austin
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a training analysis which required a reanalysis. An evaluation of the circumstances leading to the need for further psychoanalysis for the practicing analyst is detailed. A discussion of the value and necessity for self-analysis following analysis is presented. The description of a specific technique for conducting a self-analysis is rendered.
The Impact of the 1980's Merger Movement on U.S. Industrial Concentration
Authors: Eckard E. Woodrow
Published: January 2017

Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention? [the inspector asked of Sherlock Holmes]. To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time. The dog did nothing in the night-time. That was the curious incident.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Australia's Confiscation Laws
Authors: Freiberg Arie , Fox Richard
Published: January 2017

For more than a decade Australian jurisdictions have enthusiastically embraced wide-reaching laws for the forfeiture and confiscation of the proceeds of crime. These were offered as new and potent weapons against organised crime. Despite the lack of evidence regarding its effectiveness, this type of legislation has become progressively more severe. This paper enquires how such legislation has been applied in practice over the past ten years, whether it has been properly targeted, whether it has achieved its intended deterrent effect, and whether the enactment of ever more draconian measures is the appropriate policy response.
Le Lévitique condamnerait-il l'homosexualité ? De l'exégèse à l'hermeneutique
Authors: Caron Gérald
Published: January 2017

Dans cet article - le deuxième d'une série de quatre sur « l'homosexualité et la parole de Dieu » — l'auteur s'interroge sur le sens et la portée du double interdit du Lévitique dans le débat actuel autour de l'homosexualité. Contrairement à l'histoire de Sodome en Genèse 19, le Lévitique semble condamner de façon non équivoque les rapports sexuels entre hommes. Si l' on reconnait généralement que cet interdit ne se réfère pas à l'homosexualité au sens moderne du mot, le débat reste ouvert quant à l'interprétation du texte dans le contexte d'aujourd'hui. Après une première section consacrée à la discussion de certains points exégétiques soulevés par le texte, une deuxième partie aborde la question proprement herméneutique. En particulier, l'auteur propose une approche de l'autorité de la bible qui permet à la fois de reconnaître le rôle du lecteur d'aujourd'hui dans tout processus d'interprétation, et ainsi de censurer ou corriger des textes jugés immoraux dans le contexte d'aujourd'hui.
Ideology and Equality
Authors: Wolchik Sharon L.
Published: January 2017

Socialism has had a mixed impact on the status of women in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. While women's roles have changed since the institution of socialist systems, the rate and extent of change in different areas of life have varied. The pattern of role change which has occured in these countries as the result of modernization and directed social change differs from that which has occurred more spontaneously in non-socialist countries, particularly in the areas of education and employment. Women in socialist states have greater access to higher education and are more often employed. But they remain at the fringes of economic and political power and are hindered by the persistence of a traditional division of labor within the home. This pattern is explained by reference to the differential commitments of socialist elites, who have tended to promote improvement in the status of women, only where it contributes to higher priority goals, such as modernization. Prospects for further change in the status of women in socialist and Western states are assessed.
Regime Type and Performance
Authors: King Dwight Y.
Published: January 2017

Taking issue with the conclusion reached in several studies that economic variables best explain variation in economic performance among nations, this article reasserts the explanatory power of regime type and political characteristics for performance. If performance is evaluated in terms of material equality and welfare rather than growth, and is examined diachronically over the past decade and within differentiated population groups (rural, landless, and nearlandless), democratic-type regimes (Malaysia, Sri Lanka) have performed better than bureaucratic-authoritarian ones (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand). Where bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes have not perpetuated or increased poverty and inequality, e.g., South Korea, these “deviant” outcomes are due more to the peculiarities of the context and historical experience than to regime policies.
Impact of Infrastructure Development on the Ports of India's Western Coast
Authors: Ranade Prabha Shastri
Published: January 2017

Commissioning of Konkan railway along the west coast in January 1998 was a major step towards infrastructure development in India. Completion of Konkan railway has provided impetus for the development of the coastal areas by connecting the major ports. The ports which are directly benefited by the completion of Konkan railway are: JNPT (Nhava Sheva), Mormugao and Mangalore. This paper aims to study the impact of infrastructure development, i.e. commissioning of Konkan railway on these three ports. The imports and exports from these ports prior to construction of Konkan railway are compared with the latest (2000-01) statistics of import and export. The changes in the volume and composition of traffic of these ports as a consequence of their increased accessibility are analysed.

The share of the three ports in India's export trade is much more than in its import trade. Over half of India's exports of iron ore, over one third of the country's exports of POL products and one fourth of the exports of other liquids were handled by these three ports in 2000-01.

Our analysis reveals that infrastructure development at and around the ports of western coast has a positive impact on the traffic handled by these ports. Value and volume of traffic handled by these ports have increased.

With the improvement in infrastructure facilities for handling the specialised cargo, the import and export of liquid bulk cargo have significantly increased. The impact is most remarkable in case of JNPT. where the exports have increased at a higher rate than the imports. The improved connectivity of western coastal ports after the construction of Konkan railway has helped to relieve the congestion at the Mumbai port. With infrastructure development at ports and improvement in goods traffic handled by Konkan railway in due course of time, traffic at these ports will be further augmented.
Why Foreign Institutional Investors are Investing in India?
Authors: Kumar S.S.S.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines whether the surge in FII inflows to India is consistent with the standard models of international portfolio choice. Our analysis shows that the FIIs are investing in India primarily due to the high returns that may be earned by investing in India and not because of the diversification benefits that accrue to a foreign portfolio investor by choosing to invest in an emerging market like India. Therefore, any attempts by the policymakers to use the forex reserves for financing any real assets have to be very carefully weighed because substantial part of the Indian forex reserves are built from the portfolio flows.
Indo-US Economic Relations
Authors: Sahoo Pravakar , Ashwini  , Nataraj Geethanjali
Published: January 2017

India and the Unites States of America (USA) have much in common – diversity, democracy, commitment to global causes. India being the 10th largest and USA being the number one economies account for about 27 per cent of the world production and play a major role in shaping the global economy. The last decade witnessed increased economic relations between these two resulting in four-fold increase in trade and investment making India the twelfth largest trading partner of USA. Though trade and investment constitute the core of the Indo-US strategic dialogue, such cooperation in its current form lacks focus and the actual trade has been much below potential given the size and complementarity between the two countries. In this context, the present paper analyzes trade, investment and mutual cooperation between the two countries and identifies a number of issues to improve US-India economic relations.
Intellectual Property Rights and Strategic Complementarities
Authors: Padhi Satya Prasad
Published: January 2017

Starting with the Uruguay Round, the issue of tighter IPR regime divides the rich and the poor countries; developed countries generally favour a tighter IPR that would not permit any free riding.

However, the paper adopts a research methodology which starts with the well accepted premise that market power (incentive to innovation) is specific to output expectations and therefore is specific to strategic complementarities amongst various industries (Solow, 1998). In this context, the paper maintains that the good outcome, i.e. the realization of increasing returns to innovation, is particularly dependent on the possibility that the market power to innovation is specific to a growth process; a particular focus is then on the Youngian endogenous growth thesis where innovation induces further innovation through external economies, permitting further industrial differentiation (diversification) to permit increasing returns phenomenon; this approach to the problem, insofar as it focuses on the crucial role of the external economies, permits some free riding (as Romer, 1986 maintained that knowledge as a factors of production by a firm has external economies when it cannot be perfectly patented).

The paper therefore focuses on specificity of free riding possibilities that facilitate the working of external economies, which, in turn, should permit (i) higher returns to innovation more than static returns, (ii) higher growth of innovation with possibility of participation of poor countries, and (thus) (iii) higher participation in international trade by the poor countries, giving fillip to international trade.
An Experimental Evaluation of a Method for Simplifying Electronic Maintenance
Authors: Elliott Thomas K. , Joyce Reid P.
Published: January 2017

Two groups of subjects solved the same set of 13 troubleshooting and repair problems in seven solid-state-circuit modules which contained as many as five stages each. Both groups used the same hand tools and test equipment. One group was composed of 41 conventionally trained Air Force 5-and 7-level technicians who normally maintain such equipment as part of their Jobs. The technicians used the same troubleshooting techniques they ordinarily used on their jobs, and they were provided with a performance aid resembling an Air Force technical order. The other group was composed of 20 high-school students with no prior training or experience in electronics. Their training for this study consisted of a 12-hour course in the use of hand tools and test equipment and in the use of the proceduralized troubleshooting aid evaluated in this study. The aid indicated which check to make based upon the outcome of previous checks. Using the proceduralized troubleshooting aid, the high-school students took significantly less troubleshooting time than did the experienced technicians using normal techniques; however, the technicians required significantly less repair time and made significantly fewer errors than did the students. These differences may be accounted for in part by differences in the tasks and scoring methods for the two groups, and there were no differences between the two groups on a number of other measures. However, the difference in training time and, therefore, cost of training between the two groups was so great as to suggest the possibility that job-relevant training and proceduralization of the task can introduce substantial savings, even after the cost of developing the special performance aids required by proceduralized troubleshooting is subtracted.
Blink Coding for Information Display
Authors: Smith Sidney L. , Goodwin Nancy C.
Published: January 2017

Ten men scanned cathode-ray-tube displays to search for designated target items. Search time increased with increasing display density, and was 50% faster when a 3-cps blink was imposed on items of the target class. The blinking of nontarget items was almost equally effective, indicating that blink can be used either as an inclusion or exclusion code. In comparison with steady, nonblinking displays, search time was not significantly different for displays in which all items blinked, or in which a random selection of items blinked. It is concluded that for visual search tasks of the kind reported here, there is no marked deleterious effect of blink coding on symbol legibility, and no marked interference attributable to irrelevant blink.
A Stereo Tape Recorder Technique for Observational Data
Authors: Long James L.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a technique for the collection and analysis of observational data using a specially configured stereo tape recorder and a dual-channel amplifier-recorder for a paper printout. The technique has been used to compare trainer operations to real-life operations, and in field studies to evaluate console designs, activity rates, and percentage of time devoted to various activities.
Experimental Evaluation of an Airborne Illumination System
Authors: Hilgendorf Robert L.
Published: January 2017

To evaluate an airborne illumination system for night reconnaissance, two investigations were conducted, one in flight and one in the laboratory, both using scaled simulation. The in-flight investigation suggested the desirability of: (1) using an observation aircraft flying below the “light ship”; and (2) increasing the limits of permissable lateral coverage of the lights. Both hypotheses were confirmed by a scale-model laboratory experiment.
The Elimination of Irrelevant Information in a Multidimensional Stimulus Classification Task
Authors: Cicchinelli Louis F. , Lantz Alma E.
Published: January 2017

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of providing stimulus control on classification performance. In the first study, subjects were given control of various stimulus dimensions during a series of seven sessions. There was no difference in classification accuracy between the group having stimulus control and the group having no stimulus control. A significant positive correlation was obtained between the amount of information eliminated and classification accuracy. This finding suggested that subjects were able to filter some stimulus information overtly while increasing classification accuracy. The second study was designed to determine if the elimination of information produced a more “efficient” stimulus display. Subjects viewed either a “filtered” display created by subjects in Experiment 1, or the original “nonfiltered” display. Results showed that subjects viewing the “filtered” displays were significantly more accurate in classifying stimuli during the first session. Further, there was a significant correlation between the accuracy of subjects producing the “filtered” display and the subjects utilizing it. The results were discussed as a procedure for isolating the necessary information parameters for decision making.
Evaluating Pictographic Symbols: An Automotive Application
Authors: Green Paul , Pew Richard W.
Published: January 2017

Fifty university students participated in a laboratory experiment which examined 19 pictographic symbols previously used or proposed for labelling automobile controls and displays. Association norms, measures of familiarity, and magnitude estimates of the symbols' communicativeness were collected. Twenty of these subjects also participated in a paired-associate learning task and a two-alternative, forced-choice reaction-time task in which they made same-different judgments in response to verbally presented symbol labels followed by visually presented pictograms. It was found that, in general, the relative order of merit for the individual symbols was not consistent across tasks. Specifically, ratings of communicativeness were found to be well correlated with associative strength and to a lesser extent with reaction time, but associative strength was only weakly correlated with reaction time. Ease of learning was found to be an independent measure.
Miniature Job Training and Evaluation as a Selection/Classification Device
Authors: Siegel Arthur I.
Published: January 2017

A novel approach to selection/classification is described. The approach which combines the learning, performance test, and assessment center contexts has been verified in a variety of situations. There is reason to believe that the approach: (1) yields selection/classification devices which possess reliability, validity, and appropriate power, and (2) meets fairness criteria.
The Terrorist Threat to World Nuclear Programs
Authors: Blair Bruce G. , Brewer Garry D.
Published: January 2017

Terrorism in the global setting has become the predominant form of confrontation between differing subcategories of societies that seek to overcome each other, regardless of size. In the case of nuclear terrorism, the consequences of failure are potentially catastrophic. While the logic of our strategic nuclear policy is clear, the same clarity does not hold for policies directed at nuclear terrorism. In the former case, a prevailing view is that the risk of nuclear war is low because the United States responds vigilantly to nuclear threats posed by other nations. In the latter case, there is no terrorist prevention doctrine, nor is there an institutional focus for preventing terrorism that is even remotely commensurate with that which exists for deterring nuclear war. We here consider the dimensions of the nuclear terrorism problem, discuss these with respect to the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile system, consider the capabilities and objectives of potential terrorist groups, and formulate some basic recommendations for improving the current state of affairs.
The Influence of Moral Considerations on the Perceived Consequences of an Action
Authors: Kaplowitz Stan A.
Published: January 2017

It is proposed that the need to believe in a just world influences the subjective probabilities a person assigns to various outcomes. That is, moral actions will be thought likely to receive rewards, and immoral actions will be thought likely to be punished. This was tested with both survey data and an experiment. The survey data showed that respondents who saw civil rights tactics as violent (immoral) saw them as self-defeating, while those who saw them as peaceful (moral) saw them as useful. In the experiment, subjects were exposed to one of two two-person matrix games and were asked to specify the economically optimal strategy. The two games had the same strategic structure, but different equitable choices. In one set of conditions subjects thought both players were people (here equity should be regarded as morally required), while in the other set, subjects thought one player was a computer (here equity should be morally irrelevant). As predicted, (1) in the person conditions, the equitable strategy was regarded as more economically rational; (2) in the computer conditions, equity had no influence on the subjects' assessment of the economically rational strategy.
On Not Learning from One's Own Mistakes: A Reanalysis of Gerbner et ally's Findings on Cultivation Analysis Part II
Authors: Hirsch Paul M.
Published: January 2017

This article critically examines the statistical evidence and conceptual arguments presented by Gerbner et al. to support their assertion that television-viewing “cultivates” distorted perceptions of the “real world.” In Part II, I examine three reformulations or “refinements” of the original hypothesis of across-the-board, linear effects shown in Part I to lack empirical support. Reformulation 1 requires that heavy viewers in subgroups “portrayed” on television as most victimized perceive the world as “more mean” or “scarier” than light viewers in the same subgroups. They do not. Reformulations 2 and 3. proposed by the Annenberg group and called “mainstreaming” and “resonance,” are then critically examined in terms of their logical adequacy and claims of empirical support. These are shown to fail on both counts, as neither has been stated in a form offering predictions which can be supported or rejected. More generally. we conclude Gerbner et al.’S formulation(s) and assertions about cultivation effects are so inclusive that any response to survey items can be argued to support one or another version of the hypothesis. This makes the assertion both irrefutable and untestable, which argues for its rejection as a scientific proposition. Three alternative explanations of responses in the NORC data set are outlined, each providing a more statistically adequate and theoretically sensible interpretation than those offered by the Annenberg team.
World Oil Resources: An Economic Approach to Appraisal
Authors: Modelevsky M.S. , Gurevich G.S. , Kharutukov E.M.
Published: January 2017

Oil will remain a basic component of the world energy balance for no less than 30–40 years ahead. Estimates of the world oil resources vary substantially. The authors present their own estimate of recoverable resources of liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil and condensate) distributed by major regions of the non-Socialist world and differentiated by technical costs of oil production. Most important factors affecting oil production costs are characterized.

Until 2020, cumulative world oil demand could be met by development of oil resources with production costs which do not exceed $45/t level (in 1987 US$). However, whilst the bulk of undiscovered resources of cheap, low-cost oil is concentrated in the developing countries, the oil potential of the developed market economies is almost exclusively represented by hard-to-access, high-cost resources.
U.S. Markets for Imported Natural Gas
Authors: Dreyfus Daniel A.
Published: January 2017

U.S. energy markets are very large in terms of global energy consumption and the U.S. is a large net importer of both oil and gas. The dynamics of the U.S. energy supply and demand balance, therefore, will be the determining factor for future crossborder gas trade.

U.S. primary energy consumption will increase at about one percent annually over the long term with natural gas consumption increasing at about one-half that rate. The potential growth markets for gas are commercial, industrial, and especially electric utility uses. Some large, new, environmental applications have the potential to increase this growth but are dependent upon policy changes rather than economic competition.

The portfolio of gas sources which currently make up the U.S. gas supply will have to be supplemented by new initiatives. By the year 2010, new initiatives will be needed to provide one-third of the required supply. Among the new initiatives, additional Canadian gas exports from frontier or unconventional resources will figure prominently.

Of common interest to both U.S. domestic and Canadian producers is the confidence that potential gas users will have in continued reliability of supply and stability of price of the portfolio of gas required to support long-term investments in gas-using facilities.
Economic Theories of (De-) Regulation: Lessons for the Power Industry
Authors: Wirl Franz
Published: January 2017

The power industry is traditionally organized as a public utility. While the United States relies on investor owned utilities combined with public regulation. Europe and many other countries use public ownership as a means to control and regulate this important industry. This paper reviews economic theories which justify and/or explain public ownership, or more generally the regulation of (private or public) firms. The aim is to use recent (economic) approaches and criteria of deregulation in order to arrive at a proposal of a — presumably more efficient — organization of the power industry.
Solar Energy Development in Japan
Authors: Horigome Takashi , Sugimoto Hiroshi
Published: January 2017

Solar energy development at the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is concerned with reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems by promoting low cost, high efficiency solar cell manufacturing technology and photovoltaic system demonstations. The first involves reducing the cost of solar cell modules by producing better silicon materials and improving fabrication techniques. A number of demonstration systems are in operation.
The Concept of Election and Second Isaiah: Recent Literature
Authors: Kaminsky Joel S.
Published: January 2017

In this article I contend that the conceptual categories utilized by many recent scholars engaged in analyzing the idea of election in the Hebrew Bible have led to a variety of interrelated misunderstandings, both of the idea of election in general and of specific texts invoked in such discussions. This article traces out the distortions in the scholarship on this central theological concept and shows how similarly problematic trends also occur in discussions of Second Isaiah, a text frequently cited in studies of election. I conclude by offering a brief sketch of both a new possible reading of Second Isaiah and the theological implications of such a reading for the contemporary situation.
The Effect of Beating and Missing Analysts' Forecasts on the Information Content of Unexpected Earnings
Authors: Lopez Thomas J. , Rees Lynn
Published: January 2017

This study investigates whether the market rewards (penalizes) firms for meeting (not meeting) analysts' earnings forecasts. Specifically, we examine the market response to positive and negative forecast errors. In addition, we examine whether the sensitivity of stock prices to positive or negative forecast errors is affected by the firms' history of consistently beating or missing analysts' forecasts. The results indicate that the earnings multiple applied to positive unexpected earnings is significantly greater than for negative unexpected earnings. In addition, we find that after controlling for the magnitude of the forecast error and bad news preannouncements, the market penalty for missing forecasts is significantly greater in absolute terms than the response to beating forecasts. We document evidence that, while the market recognizes and partially discounts the systematic component of positive analysts' forecast errors, a higher multiple is attached to the unsystematic component of unexpected earnings of firms that consistently beat analysts' forecasts. Overall, the evidence suggests that the increasing frequency of positive forecast errors as documented in previous research is a rational response by managers to market-related incentives.