bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jan Kott in Exile: Arden and Absolute Milan
Authors: Kuharski Allen J.
Published: September 2003

In this essay, Allen J. Kuharski discusses Jan Kott as an exiled Polish writer best known for his essays on Shakespeare's plays, and compares and contrasts his writings with those of a variety of other Polish émigré writers, notably Witold Gombrowicz. He argues that Kott's most important contribution was ultimately as a performance theorist, in the traditions of Wyspiański and Brecht, rather than as a traditional critic or scholar, and in consequence he reached a wider readership in English and other languages than any other Polish writer. His choice of Shakespeare as a subject belied the full depth and complexity of the Polish sources (often experiential) for his readings of the plays – sources not always acknowledged in his work. Kuharski uses Kott's own syncretic, archetypal methods to interpret his life and work, explaining his position as an exiled writer via Shakespearean characters such as Duke Senior in As You Like It and Prospero in The Tempest – and, closest to the experience of the émigré, the cross-dressing Rosalind, compelled to belie herself in order to express herself. Tracing the evolution of Kott's complex existential self-definition in various phases of his life and writing, Kuharski concludes that the key to Kott's various authorial personae is the influence of the inter-war Polish writer and critic Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński. Allen J. Kuharski, Associate Editor for Theatre Journal, is the Director of the Theatre Studies Program at Swarthmore College in Philadelphia, and has published extensively on Gombrowicz, Kott, and other aspects of contemporary Polish and American theatre in the US, UK, Poland, France, and the Netherlands. His translation and stage adaptation of Gombrowicz's novel Ferdydurke has been performed in various countries, winning a Fringe First at the Edinburgh Festival in 2001.
Theatre and Democracy
Authors: McGrath John
Published: September 2003

John McGrath died from leukaemia in January 2002, having put the final touches to his last book, Naked Thoughts That Roam About: Reflections on Theatre, 1958–2001, edited by Nadine Holdsworth (Nick Hern Books, 2002). The following article forms the conclusion to this collection of essays, lectures, interviews, theatre reviews, 7:84 company documents, programme notes, letters, and poems, for which McGrath provides a contextualizing commentary. Like the other pieces in the book, it testifies to McGrath's faith in theatre's ability to contribute to humanity through its engagement with people, communities, and political processes – a commitment he maintained and developed to the end of his life. In ‘Theatre and Democracy’ he drew on the work of the Greek philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis to frame his hopes for theatre in the twenty-first century – a theatre which would operate in public dialectical debate with the society from which it evolves, and, by asking hard questions about the social processes that construct that society, provide a voice for oppositional opinion and the marginalized. The essay was reworked from a keynote address to the ‘European Theatre, Justice, and Morality’ conference held at the University of London in June 1999, and in its earlier form appeared in the conference proceedings, published as Morality and Justice: the Challenge of European Theatre, edited by Edward Batley and David Bradby (Rodopi, 2001).
Creating a Movement Space: the Passageway in Noh and Greek Theatres
Authors: Noy Kinneret
Published: September 2003

Keir Elam's observation in 1980 that ‘the theatrical text is defined and perceived above all in spatial terms’ reflected a growing attention to the significance of spatial organization and utilization in creative and perceptive processes in the theatre. In the last twenty years space has found its long-deserved status as a prominent feature of the theatrical experience and a key element in theatre studies. In this article Kinneret Noy focuses on a unique spatial component shared by two theatrical traditions – the Greek and the Japanese. By comparing and contrasting the function of the eisodos in the Greek theatre with that of the hashigakari in the Japanese Noh, she offers a fresh look at both forms. The spatial relation between the passageway and the main ‘stage’ create what Mitsuo Inoue terms a ‘movement space’. Noy borrows this term from Japanese architecture to point the connection between theatrical space and dramatic techniques. After discussing the main characteristics of a ‘movement space’ in the theatre she deals with the differences that exist between Noh and Greek theatres' spatial qualities, suggesting some connections between developments in the theatres and social and political changes. A graduate from the University of Pittsburgh (1997), Kinneret Noy studied with the Noh master Takabayshi Shinji in Kyoto, and currently teaches in the Theatre Department and East Asian Department of Haifa University and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
‘An Uncooked Army Boot’: Spike Milligan, 1918–2002
Authors: Barnes Peter
Published: September 2003

THE LAST Goon Show radio script Spike Milligan wrote, No. 227, dealt with murder, betrayal, starvation, and cannibalism, with a passing reference to the Holocaust.
Double Acts, Theatrical Couples, and Split Britches' ‘Double Agency’
Authors: Harris Geraldine
Published: September 2003

In 2001 Split Britches presented a double bill entitled Double Agency, consisting of one new piece, Miss Risqué, and one already in their repertoire, It's a Small House and We've Lived in it Always – both works having been created in collaboration with the Clod Ensemble. In this article, Geraldine Harris re-stages her earlier encounter with Small House, in the light of seeing it again as part of the double bill, as a means of examining a number of issues concerning the work of Split Britches in general and its reception in the academic world. Particular consideration is given to the manner in which Peggy Shaw and Lois Weaver's performances have been read in terms of their ‘real’ lives and relationship and the various ways in which this may reflect the preconceptions of the spectator–critic. Focusing on how their work reiterates specific theatrical traditions and conventions, Harris suggests that utopian tendencies in academic feminist criticism may have underplayed the ways in which, like many famous theatrical double acts, Split Britches constantly perform on the border – between tragedy and comedy, optimism and despair, fantasy and the possible, escape and entrapment. Geraldine Harris is a Senior Lecturer in Theatre Studies at Lancaster University. Her previous publications include a number of articles on female practitioners in nineteenth-century French popular theatre and on gender issues in contemporary performance. Her latest book, Staging Femininities, Performance and Performativity (Manchester University Press, 1999), explored the relationship between feminist performance and a range of postmodern and poststructuralist theories.
Kinds of Place at Bore Place: Site-Specific Performance and the Rules of Spatial Behaviour
Authors: Wilkie Fiona
Published: September 2003

Following her survey of site-specific performance companies and their understanding of their work and its circumscriptions in NTQ70, Fiona Wilkie here proposes that places as such can be characterized in terms of differing sets of rules in dialogue with one another. She examines one place in particular in order to suggest some principles for approaching site-specific performance. Various spatial experiences – visual, physical, and mythical – are read through a range of attempts to theorize our relationships with space (including Foucault's heterotopia and de Certeau's pedestrian tactics). Moving away from more mundane examples of site ‘dos’ and ‘don'ts’, Fiona Wilkie expands the notion of spatial rules to develop two related concepts – the repertoire and the inner rule – that offer complex ways of imagining and articulating the rule-bound site. Finally, she suggests that site-specific performance meanings emerge out of a process of negotiation between three sets of rules: those of the site, the performance, and the spectators. Fiona Wilkie is currently completing a PhD thesis (provisionally entitled Constructing Meaning/Performing Place: Site-Specific Performance in Contemporary Britain) at the University of Surrey, from which article is drawn.
In Memoriam: Jan Kott, 1914–2001; John McGrath, 1935–2002.
Authors: Trussler Simon
Published: September 2003

Grieving:

UNDER THE TITLE of ‘Old Friends’, Clive Barker mourned in the first issue of NTQ the passing of two men who, in very different ways, had devoted their lives to the service of the theatre – the American director Alan Schneider and the Scottish scholar who gave academic drama an international dimension, James Arnott. Both had been good friends and contributors to the old Theatre Quarterly.

And now, two more old friends to mourn, yet whose lives and achievements must also be celebrated. Jan Kott died, after a long illness, on 22 December, at the age of eighty-seven. He was the only one of our original advisory editors still on the masthead after one hundred and ten issues of the two journals. John McGrath died of leukaemia one month later, on 23 January, at the age of sixty-six.
Export pathways for river discharged fresh water in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Morey Steven L. , Martin Paul J. , O'Brien James J. , Wallcraft Alan A. , Zavala‐Hidalgo Jorge
Published: September 2003

A numerical simulation of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) using the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) is used to identify the pathways by which fresh water discharged by major rivers in the northern Gulf is exported away from the region. The NCOM, a new primitive equation ocean model with a hybrid sigma/geopotential level vertical coordinate, is described along with its application to the GoM region. Trajectories from surface drifters are analyzed to show evidence of the seasonally shifting alongshore and cross‐shelf transport in the region. The model results are used to determine the preferred locations and times of year for cross‐shelf and along‐shelf export of low‐salinity water from the northern GoM. The annual cycle of local wind stress plays an important role in shifting the export pathway of the fresh water discharged from the major rivers (primarily the Mississippi River) toward the east in the spring/summer, where it can be transported offshore by the currents associated with deep ocean mesoscale eddies, and toward the west in the fall/winter, where it is transported southward along the Mexican coastline as a coastally trapped current.
An active role of extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies in determining anomalous turbulent heat flux
Authors: Tanimoto Youichi , Nakamura Hisashi , Kagimoto Takashi , Yamane Shozo
Published: September 2003

Temporal and spatial structures of turbulent latent and sensible heat flux anomalies are examined in relation to dominant patterns of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) observed over the North Pacific. Relative importance among observed anomalies in SST, surface air temperature, and wind speed in determining the anomalous turbulent heat fluxes is assessed through linearizing the observed flux anomalies. Over the central basin of the North Pacific, changes in the atmospheric variables, including air temperature and wind speed, are primarily responsible for the generation of local SST variations by changing turbulent heat flux, which supports a conventional view of extratropical air‐sea interaction. In the region where ocean dynamics is very important in forming SSTAs, in contrast, SSTAs that have been formed in early winter play the primary role in determining mid‐ and late‐winter turbulent heat flux anomalies, indicative of the SST forcing upon the overlying atmosphere. Specifically, both decadal scale SSTAs in the western Pacific subarctic frontal zone and El Niño related SSTAs south of Japan are found to be engaged actively in such forcing on the atmosphere. The atmospheric response to this forcing appears to include the anomalous storm track activity. The observed atmospheric anomalies, which may be, in part, forced by the preexisting SSTAs in those two regions, act to force SSTAs in other portions of the basin, leading to the time evolution of SSTAs as observed in the course of the winter season.
Water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids in the tropospheric aerosols collected over east Asia and western North Pacific by ACE‐Asia C‐130 aircraft
Authors: Kawamura K. , Umemoto N. , Mochida M. , Bertram T. , Howell S. , Huebert B. J.
Published: September 2003

Tropospheric aerosols were collected during C‐130 aircraft campaign over the east Asia/Pacific region in April to May 2001 and were analyzed for low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids. Homologous series of C2–C5 dicarboxylic acids were detected, for the first time, in the polluted troposphere in the Asian region using aircraft. Oxalic acid (C2) was found to be the most abundant species followed by malonic (C3) or succinic (C4) acid. Total concentrations of C2–C5 diacids (44–870 ng m−3, average 310 ng m−3) are similar to those reported in urban Tokyo near the ground level. Concentrations of oxalic acid showed a positive correlation (r2 = 0.70) with total organic carbon (TOC), although other diacids showed weaker positive correlation. These results suggest that water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids and TOC were emitted from similar sources on the ground in the Asian continent and/or produced by the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic organic compounds in the atmosphere. The diacid‐carbons were found to comprise 0.2–3.3% (average 1.8%) of TOC. Water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids may play an important role in controlling the chemical and physical properties of organic aerosols in the polluted troposphere over the east Asia and the western Pacific.
Connectivity properties of two‐dimensional fracture networks with stochastic fractal correlation
Authors: Darcel C. , Bour O. , Davy P. , de Dreuzy J. R.
Published: September 2003

We present a theoretical and numerical study of the connectivity of fracture networks with fractal correlations. In addition to length distribution, this spatial property observed on most fracture networks conveys long‐range correlation that may be crucial on network connectivity. We especially focus on the model that comes out relevant to natural fracture network: a fractal density distribution for the fracture centers (dimension D) and a power law distribution for the fracture lengths (exponent a, n(l) ∼ l−a). Three different regimes of connectivity are identified depending on D and on a. For a < D + 1 the length distribution prevails against fractal correlation on network connectivity. In this case, global connectivity is mostly ruled by the largest fractures whose length is of the order of the system size, and thus the connectivity increases with scale. For a > D + 1 the connectivity is ruled by fractures much smaller than the system size with a strong control of spatial correlation; the connectivity now decreases with system scale. Finally, for the self‐similar case (a = D + 1), which corresponds to the transition between the two previous regimes, connectivity properties are scale invariant: percolation threshold corresponds to a critical fractal density and the average number of intersections per fracture at threshold is a scale invariant as well.
Foreshocks explained by cascades of triggered seismicity
Authors: Helmstetter Agnès , Sornette Didier
Published: September 2003

The observation of foreshocks preceding large earthquakes and the suggestion that foreshocks have specific properties that may be used to distinguish them from other earthquakes have raised the hope that large earthquakes may be predictable. Among proposed anomalous properties are the larger proportion than normal of large versus small foreshocks, the power law acceleration of seismicity rate as a function of time to the mainshock, and the spatial migration of foreshocks toward the mainshock when averaging over many sequences. Using southern California seismicity, we show that these properties and others arise naturally from the simple model that any earthquake may trigger other earthquakes, without arbitrary distinction between foreshocks, aftershocks, and mainshocks. We find that foreshock precursory properties are independent of the mainshock size. This implies that earthquakes (large or small) are predictable to the same degree as seismicity rate is predictable from past seismicity by taking into account cascades of triggering. The cascades of triggering give rise naturally to long‐range and long‐time interactions, which can explain the observations of correlations in seismicity over surprisingly large length scales.
New TOPEX sea state bias models and their effect on global mean sea level
Authors: Chambers D. P. , Hayes S. A. , Ries J. C. , Urban T. J.
Published: September 2003

During the calibration of the Jason‐1 altimeter, it was discovered that the Jason‐TOPEX sea surface height (SSH) residuals contained a trend correlated with significant wave height (SWH), indicating an error in the sea state bias (SSB) model for one or both of the altimeters. After updating the SSB model for Jason the trend remained, which pointed to an error in the TOPEX model. Since two different TOPEX altimeters (TOPEX_A and TOPEX_B) have operated during the mission, we estimated new SSB models using data from each one. The estimated SSB model for TOPEX_B is significantly different than the model provided with the data, which was estimated using only TOPEX_A data. Replacing the SSB model on TOPEX with the new TOPEX_A and TOPEX_B models not only removes the correlation with SWH in the Jason‐TOPEX SSH residuals, it also removes most of a bias between TOPEX_A and TOPEX_B that has been observed in tide gauge calibrations. The magnitude of the change between TOPEX_A SSH and TOPEX_B SSH is of the order of 10 mm globally, with TOPEX_B SSH increasing when the new SSB model is applied. The application of this improved model will increase the rate of observed global mean sea level rise from 1.7 mm/year when the original TOPEX data are used to 2.8 mm/year when the updated SSB models are applied.
In vivo
regeneration of murine prostate from dissociated cell populations of postnatal epithelia and urogenital sinus mesenchyme
Authors: Xin Li , Ide Hisamitsu , Kim Yoon , Dubey Purnima , Witte Owen N.
Published: September 2003

The existence of a postnatal prostate stem cell is supported by several types of evidence. Withdrawal of androgen leads to involution of the gland, but readdition can rapidly stimulate regeneration. Tissue fragments derived from mouse or rat prostatic epithelia from midgestation embryos or adult mice, when combined with tissue fragments from urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grafted under the kidney capsule, can regenerate prostatic structures. Indirect evidence supports that the stem cell population is contained within the basal layer. Purified prostatic stem cell preparations would be useful to define the physical and functional properties required for regeneration and to compare with cells that accumulate during abnormal growth states, like prostate cancer. We have developed a regeneration system using dissociated cell populations of postnatal prostate epithelia and embryonic urogenital sinus mesenchyme. Efficient
in vivo
regeneration of prostatic structures in the subcapsular space of the kidney was observed within 4-8 wk with as few as 10
3
epithelial cells from prostates derived from donors 10 d to 6 wk of age. The regenerated structures show a branching tubular epithelial morphology, with expression of a panel of markers consistent with prostate development. Donor epithelial populations can be readily infected with GFP expressing lentiviral vectors to provide integration markers and easy visualization. The cell preparations of urogenital sinus mesenchyme can be expanded in short-term
in vitro
culture while their inductive capabilities are retained. Further definition of the subpopulation of prostate epithelial cells containing the regeneration activity should be possible with such technologies.
Enhanced hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem cells conditionally expressing Stat5
Authors: Kyba Michael , Perlingeiro Rita C. R. , Hoover Russell R. , Lu Chi-Wei , Pierce Jonathan , Daley George Q.
Published: September 2003

The signal transducer Stat5 plays a key role in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation and hematopoietic stem cell function. To evaluate the effects of Stat5 signaling in the earliest hematopoietic progenitors, we have generated an embryonic stem cell line in which Stat5 signaling can be induced with doxycycline. Ectopic Stat5 activation at the point of origin of the hematopoietic lineage (from day 4 to day 6 of embryoid body differentiation) significantly enhances the number of hematopoietic progenitors with colony-forming potential. It does so without significantly altering total numbers or apoptosis of hematopoietic cells, suggesting a cell-intrinsic effect of Stat5 on either the developmental potential or clonogenicity of this population. From day-6 embryoid bodies, under the influence of Stat5 signaling, a population of semiadherent cells can be expanded on OP9 stromal cells that is comprised of primitive hematopoietic blast cells with ongoing, mainly myeloid, differentiation. When these cells are injected into lethally irradiated mice, they engraft transiently in a doxycycline-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the hematopoietic commitment of embryonic stem cells may be augmented by a Stat5-mediated signal, and highlight the utility of manipulating individual components of signaling pathways for engineering tissue-specific differentiation of stem cells.
The origin and liver repopulating capacity of murine oval cells
Authors: Wang Xin , Foster Mark , Al-Dhalimy Muhsen , Lagasse Eric , Finegold Milton , Grompe Markus
Published: September 2003

The appearance of bipotential oval cells in chronic liver injury suggests the existence of hepatocyte progenitor/stem cells. To study the origin and properties of this cell population, oval cell proliferation was induced in adult mouse liver by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) and a method for their isolation was developed. Transplantation into fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) deficient mice was used to determine their capacity for liver repopulation. In competitive repopulation experiments, hepatic oval cells were at least as efficient as mature hepatocytes in repopulating the liver. In mice with chimeric livers, the oval cells were not derived from hepatocytes but from liver nonparenchymal cells. This finding supports a model in which intrahepatic progenitors differentiate into hepatocytes irreversibly. To determine whether oval cells originated from stem cells residing in the bone marrow, bone marrow transplanted wild-type mice were treated with DDC for 8 months and oval cells were then serially transferred intoFahmutants. The liver repopulating cells in these secondary transplant recipients lacked the genetic markers of the original bone marrow donor. We conclude that hepatic oval cells do not originate in bone marrow but in the liver itself, and that they have valuable properties for therapeutic liver repopulation.
Stem cells of the skin epithelium
Authors: Alonso Laura , Fuchs Elaine
Published: September 2003

Tissue stem cells form the cellular base for organ homeostasis and repair. Stem cells have the unusual ability to renew themselves over the lifetime of the organ while producing daughter cells that differentiate into one or multiple lineages. Difficult to identify and characterize in any tissue, these cells are nonetheless hotly pursued because they hold the potential promise of therapeutic reprogramming to grow human tissue
in vitro
, for the treatment of human disease. The mammalian skin epithelium exhibits remarkable turnover, punctuated by periods of even more rapid production after injury due to burn or wounding. The stem cells responsible for supplying this tissue with cellular substrate are not yet easily distinguishable from neighboring cells. However, in recent years a significant body of work has begun to characterize the skin epithelial stem cells, both in tissue culture and in mouse and human skin. Some epithelial cells cultured from skin exhibit prodigious proliferative potential; in fact, for >20 years now, cultured human skin has been used as a source of new skin to engraft onto damaged areas of burn patients, representing one of the first therapeutic uses of stem cells. Cell fate choices, including both self-renewal and differentiation, are crucial biological features of stem cells that are still poorly understood. Skin epithelial stem cells represent a ripe target for research into the fundamental mechanisms underlying these important processes.
One strategy for cell and gene therapy: Harnessing the power of adult stem cells to repair tissues
Authors: Prockop Darwin J. , Gregory Carl A. , Spees Jeffery L.
Published: September 2003

Most recent evidence suggests that the process of tissue repair is driven by stem-like cells that reside in multiple tissues but are replenished by precursor cells from bone marrow. Among the candidates for the reparative cells are the adult stem cells from bone marrow referred to as either mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (MSCs). We recently found that after MSCs were replated at very low densities to generate single-cell-derived colonies, they did not exit a prolonged lag period until they synthesized and secreted considerable quantities of Dickkopf-1, an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We also found that when the cells were cocultured with heat-shocked pulmonary epithelial cells, they differentiated into epithelial cells. Most of the MSCs differentiated without evidence of cell fusion but up to one-quarter underwent cell fusion with the epithelial cells. A few also underwent nuclear fusion. The results are consistent with the interesting possibility that MSCs and similar cells repair tissue injury by three different mechanisms: creation of a milieu that enhances regeneration of endogenous cells, transdifferentiation, and perhaps cell fusion.
Little evidence of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes in the replacement of injured liver
Authors: Kanazawa Yoshiyuki , Verma Inder M.
Published: September 2003

We have tested the ability of bone marrow (BM) cells (BMCs) to form hepatocytes in liver injury models. We used three models: (
i
) carbon tetrachloride (CCl
4
) treatment, (
ii
) albumin-urokinase transgenic mouse [TgN(Alb1Plau)], and (
iii
) hepatitis B transgenic mouse [TgN(Alb1HBV)]. As a nonselective liver injury model, irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) mice were transplanted with BMCs from GFP transgenic mouse [TgN(ActbEGFP)] or β-galactosidase transgenic mouse [TgN(MtnLacZ)] followed by the administration of CCl
4
. Irradiated TgN(Alb1HBV) and TgN(Alb1Plau) were also transplanted with BMCs from TgN(ActbEGFP) or TgN(MtnLacZ). Approximately 1.5 × 10
6
hepatocytes per liver were analyzed for GFP-positive cells, and the whole livers were inspected for β-galactosidase expression. No GFP-positive hepatocytes and no gross blue staining of the livers with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-
d
-galactoside in any of the 18 recipient mice analyzed were detected. The livers from female animals with gender-mismatched BM transplantation were also tested with Y chromosome fluorescent
in situ
hybridization analysis to detect donor-derived cells. A total of five isolated hepatocytes were positive for Y chromosome in 4.1 × 10
5
hepatocytes analyzed. Our results demonstrate that there is little or no contribution of BMCs to the replacement of injured livers in these models. We conclude that BM-derived cells cannot generally lead to a cure of liver damage.
Genetic and functional differences between multipotent neural and pluripotent embryonic stem cells
Authors: D'Amour Kevin A. , Gage Fred H.
Published: September 2003

Stem cells (SCs) are functionally defined by their abilities to self-renew and generate differentiated cells. Although much effort has been focused on defining the common characteristics among various types of SCs, the genetic and functional differences between multipotent and pluripotent SCs have garnered less attention. We report a direct genetic and functional comparison of molecularly defined and clonally related populations of neural SCs (NSCs) and embryonic SCs (ESCs), using theSox2promoter for isolation of purified populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A stringent expression profile comparison of promoter-defined NSCs and ESCs revealed a striking dissimilarity, and subsequent chimera analyses confirmed the fundamental differences in cellular potency between these populations. This direct comparison elucidates the molecular basis for the functional differences in pluripotent ESCs and multipotent NSCs.
Activation of Notch signaling pathway precedes heart regeneration in zebrafish
Authors: Raya Ángel , Koth Christopher M. , Büscher Dirk , Kawakami Yasuhiko , Itoh Tohru , Raya R. Marina , Sternik Gabriel , Tsai Huai-Jen , Rodríguez-Esteban Concepción , Izpisúa-Belmonte Juan Carlos
Published: September 2003

Several vertebrates display the ability to regenerate parts of their body after amputation. During this process, differentiated cells reenter the cell cycle and proliferate to generate a mass of undifferentiated cells. Repatterning mechanisms act on these cells to eventually shape a regenerated tissue or organ that replaces the amputated one. Experiments with regenerating limbs/fins in newts and zebrafish have shown that members of the Msx family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors play key roles during blastema formation and patterning. Here we show that adult zebrafish have a remarkable capacity to regenerate the heart in a process that involves up-regulation of
msxB
and
msxC
genes. We present evidence indicating that heart regeneration involves the execution of a specific genetic program, rather than redeployment of a cardiac development program. Preceding
Msx
activation, there is a marked increase in the expression of
notch1b
and
deltaC
, which we show are also up-regulated during fin regeneration. These data suggest a role for the Notch pathway in the activation of the regenerative response. Taken together, our results underscore the use of zebrafish as a model for investigating the process of regeneration in particular and the biology of stem cells in general. Advances in these fields will undoubtedly aid in the implementation of strategies for regenerative medicine.
Normal and leukemic hematopoiesis: Are leukemias a stem cell disorder or a reacquisition of stem cell characteristics?
Authors: Passegué Emmanuelle , Jamieson Catriona H. M. , Ailles Laurie E. , Weissman Irving L.
Published: September 2003

Leukemia can be viewed as a newly formed, abnormal hematopoietic tissue initiated by a few leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that undergo an aberrant and poorly regulated process of organogenesis analogous to that of normal hematopoietic stem cells. A hallmark of all cancers is the capacity for unlimited self-renewal, which is also a defining characteristic of normal stem cells. Given this shared attribute, it has been proposed that leukemias may be initiated by transforming events that take place in hematopoietic stem cells. Alternatively, leukemias may also arise from more committed progenitors caused by mutations and/or selective expression of genes that enhance their otherwise limited self-renewal capabilities. Identifying the LSCs for each type of leukemia is a current challenge and a critical step in understanding their respective biologies and may provide key insights into more effective treatments. Moreover, LSC identification and purification will provide a powerful diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in the clinic.
‘Enculturation’: Acquisition of conceptual blind spots and epistemological prejudices
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael
Published: September 2003

Abstract Traditional science teaching has relied on ‘chalk and talk’. In recent years, ‘authentic science’ has become an alternative slogan that many educators easily adopted into their pedagogic discourses, for it was associated with ‘getting students to do the real stuff’. However, authentic science when it is not accompanied by reflection on representations of knowledge more generally, can also mean to enculturate (and worse, indoctrinate) students to a particular epistemology. In this article, the author provides two examples of invisible ways in which students of ecology are enculturated to particular ideologies. The unreflected matter‐of‐factness of the discursive and mathematical representations in lectures and textbooks makes the world appear to be typologically decomposable (into variables) which have clear, mathematically fully determined relationships (topologies). In this way, school science has a certain likeness with indoctrination. The author concludes by suggesting that science (or mathematics, history etc.) courses need to have built in moments in which students can critically examine disciplinary knowledge representations and the way these are constituted.
The Primary Teacher's Role in Child Protection
Authors: Webb Rosemary , Vulliamy Graham
Published: September 2003

Abstract The Children Act (1989), Department for Education and Employment Circular 10/95, Protecting Children from Abuse: the role of the education service and government guidance place increasing responsibilities upon schools to be proactive in child protection. This article examines policy and practice in relation to child protection in primary schools and reports the perspectives of child protection coordinators. It draws on the findings of the Social Work in Primary Schools (SWIPS) project based on qualitative research in 15 primary schools and a national questionnaire survey. The findings are analysed in relation both to Nias's discussion of the ‘culture of care’ in primary schools and to the tensions between the Government's inclusive education rhetoric and its Standards agenda.
Truth and Inquiry: A reply to David Bridges
Authors: Hufton Neil
Published: September 2003

Abstract A distinction is drawn between factual propositions and theoretical propositions. It is accepted that truth can be attributed to factual propositions, but argued that the unproblematic attribution of truth may be restricted to these. For theoretical propositions generally—including those held to be grounded in empirical educational research—it is not clear either how truth is to be attributed, or that any benefit flows from making the attempt. Nor do we need, as Bridges asserts, to know truth, in order to lie, or to query false belief in others. Haack's explanation of what is involved in having rigorous belief is sketched and offered as a basis for guiding the conduct of inquiry, whilst assisting with problems of confusion, methodological misdirection, and doctrinaire exclusivity arising from insisting on truth as a goal, or criterion of inquiry.
Shape and Structure in Primary Mathematics Lessons: A comparative study in the North‐east of England and St Petersburg, Russia ‐ some implications for the daily mathematics lesson
Authors: Wilson Linda , Andrew Carolyn , Sourikova Svetlana
Published: September 2003

Abstract Pupils' poor achievement in number in England has been indicated by research involving international comparisons. Such findings have contributed to an increased interest in mathematics teaching in other countries. This article presents the initial results of a comparative study of mathematics lessons in Sunderland and St Petersburg. The research focuses upon an analysis of the shape and structure of mathematics lessons in the two countries and identifies common features and characteristic routines. These suggest a contrast between the public interaction typical of Russian lessons and the private nature of much interaction in the middle phase of English lessons. Whereas Russian lessons are composed of a greater number of shorter sections, English lessons have a characteristic long section during which pupils work independently and have a greater responsibility for controlling the pace of the learning. It is suggested that a comparative analysis of the two models can usefully stimulate thinking about forms of social constructivism in practice.
Development of Division Strategies for Year 5 Pupils in Ten English Schools
Authors: Anghileri Julia
Published: September 2003

Abstract A division test involving both context and bare problems was taken by year 5 pupils in 10 different schools at two points in the school year to identify changes in approach as the standard algorithm was introduced. Increase in the use of the standard algorithm led to many errors and only half of the attempts to use this strategy in the second test were successful. More successful were efficient informal strategies although difficulties in structuring a written record of such strategies were evident. Overall 52% of pupils gained a higher score in the second test while 48% remained the same or performed less well. In comparing context and bare problems, development of a successful strategy was most marked in problems that were given a context. In both tests girls performed better than boys with better improvements over the two tests.
Analysis of National Value‐added Datasets to Assess the Impact of Selection on Pupil Performance
Authors: SCHAGEN IAN , SCHAGEN SANDIE
Published: September 2003

The impact of selective education systems on pupil performance has long been a contentious issue, but the advent of national value‐added datasets linking performance across key stages for the majority of pupils in England has enabled detailed analysis to throw some light on the issues. The main finding has been a distinct difference in Key Stage 3 test levels for pupils on the ‘borderline’ between grammar school and secondary modern school, even when prior attainment is taken into account. Possible explanations for this apparent ‘grammar school effect’ are discussed.
The Impact of Part‐time Jobs in Years 12 and 13 on Qualification Achievement
Authors: PAYNE JOAN
Published: September 2003

Many students in full‐time secondary education in the UK hold part‐time jobs. Though this has benefits, there is concern that long hours of paid work conflict with students' studies. However, there is no recent nationally based UK evidence on the impact of paid work on examination results. This article fills the gap, with data on a large, nationally representative sample from the England and Wales Youth Cohort Study. It describes patterns of paid work amongst full‐time students in Years 12 and 13 and how these relate to time spent working for qualifications. It shows that, after controlling for a range of factors, paid work of a few hours per week has a negligible impact on A level grades, but that long working hours significantly reduce grades. The critical number of hours is lower in Year 13 than in Year 12. The impact of part‐time jobs on the probability of obtaining advanced vocational qualifications is much less clear.
Pathways and Possibilities in Professional Development: Case studies of effective teachers of literacy
Authors: POULSON LOUISE , AVRAMIDIS ELIAS
Published: September 2003

This article reports part of an empirical research project investigating the professional development, knowledge and beliefs of a number of teachers working in primary schools throughout England who were identified as effective at teaching literacy. The larger study employed a range of approaches, including a survey, interviews and observation of lessons. The article presents a detailed case study analysis of the literacy‐related professional development experience of a subsample of the effective teachers of literacy. The case studies highlight the interwoven nature of experience gained within a range of professional contexts, including classroom, school, local education authority and national loci. The importance of meso‐level support for professional learning and development, such as that provided by local education authority advisers, is highlighted. The case studies indicate the importance of the affective and personal dimensions within longer‐term professional development, and also the creative interplay between autonomy and collegiality. The non‐linear, and often long‐term, nature of career development is also emphasised: particularly in relation to primary schools, where teachers may change subject or phase orientations over time. It is argued that the long‐term nature of professional development poses particular challenges for policies that focus increasingly on measurable impact and outcomes.
Developing a Pedagogy of Metacognition and Transfer: Some signposts for the generation and use of knowledge and the creation of research partnerships
Authors: LEAT DAVID , LIN MEI
Published: September 2003

Schools and teachers in England and Wales are under pressure to raise standards. Currently, there is little direct relationship between research activity and support for teachers in meeting these demands. The context for the article is teaching thinking which is being promoted as a means to raise standards by the current government. Teaching thinking includes the concepts of metacognition and transfer in its underpinnings but there is little practical assistance for teachers to make these concepts a reality in the classroom. The article describes 10 roles that teachers can perform to put these concepts into practice, which were identified by interviewing pupils who had been taught by teachers using the innovative practice of debriefing. The article discusses the broader issues of how teachers can be engaged in research and knowledge production in a more satisfying relationship than is currently the norm.
Gender Differences and High Attainment
Authors: TINKLIN TERESA
Published: September 2003

Recent emphasis on raising attainment has focused attention onto the ‘gender gap’ in school attainment levels. Using data from the Scottish School Leavers Survey, the article examines factors related to high attainment and asks whether these differ for males and females. A strong relationship is established between social advantage and high attainment within each gender. There is no evidence of differential progression rates for males and females between the ages of 16 and 18. The only factor which offers any explanation for gender differences in attainment is the evidence that girls took school more seriously than boys. This supports theories that girls and boys experience different peer pressures which influence their school attainment. Other factors have also been shown to influence gender differences in performance in the research literature. Factors affecting gender differences were found equally in all schools, suggesting that wider cultural factors are also influential in creating gender differences.
Media Representation of Research: The case of a review of ethnic minority education
Authors: HAMMERSLEY MARTYN
Published: September 2003

Concern with the dissemination of research findings has increased in recent years, in the wake of critiques of research for failing to have an impact on policy‐making and practice. The most direct way in which research findings can be disseminated to a wide audience is via the mass media. However, coverage of social and educational research in the media is very limited. Furthermore, when it is covered researchers often complain that their work has been distorted. This article examines some of the media coverage of an Office for Standards in Education commissioned review of research on the education of ethnic minority children, published in 1996. Analysis of this media coverage is used as a basis for addressing questions about what is involved in media representation of research, how it should be evaluated, and what meaning can be given to the concept of distortion.
One‐way Traffic? Connections between Literacy Practices at Home and in the Nursery
Authors: MARSH JACKIE
Published: September 2003

This article reports on a small‐scale study which examined the home literacy practices of a group of 3 and 4 year‐old children in a working‐class community in the north of England and explored how far these practices were reflected in the curriculum of the nursery the children attended. The data illustrate that there was a dissonance between out‐of‐school and schooled literacy practices and that there was more evidence of nursery literacy practices infiltrating the home than vice versa. Children's literacy practices in the home were focused on media and popular cultural texts and the article argues for greater recognition of these contemporary cultural practices in early years policy documentation and curriculum guidance.
Bridging the Cultural Divide: The role of the home‐school support worker
Authors: WEBB ROSEMARY , VULLIAMY GRAHAM
Published: September 2003

A three‐year Home Office funded project placed social work trained home‐school support workers on the staff of secondary schools with the aim of reducing school exclusions. Data from the project evaluation enabled an analysis of the possibilities and limitations of social work in school settings. A qualitative evaluation methodology was adopted with extended periods of fieldwork in the seven project schools and the use of a variety of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. It is argued that, if schools are to be successful sites for social work, the tensions arising from the different cultures of teachers and social workers must be recognised and addressed. A number of factors were found to be crucial for assisting social work trained support workers to become accepted in schools. The support worker role resulted in a variety of benefits for teachers, thus enabling the project to act as a bridge between social work and educational cultures.
Challenging the Kerb Crawler Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Campbell Rosie , Storr Merl
Published: September 2003

During recent years in North America and Europe many feminists have become increasingly critical of responses to street prostitution that concentrate solely on punishing women who sell sex while ignoring their male clients. In order to address this gender imbalance some feminists have advocated the enforcement and/or strengthening of kerb crawling legislation and other schemes that target men who pay for sex. During 1998–9 one initiative, which aimed to target men who pay for sex in the UK, the Kerb Crawler Rehabilitation Programme (KCRP), was piloted in Leeds, West Yorkshire. Although the KCRP received considerable media coverage there has been relatively little critical debate among feminists about this approach to working with clients of sex workers. This article draws attention to some of the opposition to the Leeds KCRP.
Mental Health Services for ‘Difficult’ Women: Reflections on Some Recent Developments
Authors: Williams Jennie , Scott Sara , Waterhouse Sue
Published: September 2003

The provision of mental health services to women has come sharply into focus for providers of secure psychiatric services in the UK. Women's services are being developed in response to the known risks of mixed-sex provision, and a growing appreciation of the ways that women in secure services can be further disadvantaged by their minority status. Our intention here is to present evidence and reflections to help inform this development. The evidence is drawn from our recent work in this field, which includes carrying out a review of local mental health services for ‘difficult’ women, and developing and piloting a national training programme for staff working with women in secure services. The reflections we offer are informed by the conviction that taking social inequalities into account is central to making sense of women's mental health difficulties, and improving service responses to women's needs. While there are signs that many mental health workers in secure services are beginning to share these convictions, the challenge now is to provide the necessary authorization, training and support that will enable them to translate these understandings into empowerment practice with women.