bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Still Functional After All These Years
Authors: Green John C.
Published: October 2003

The American party system has experienced considerable change since 1960, and the meaning of this change is the subject of much debate, at the core of which is a basic question: how functional is the American party system after four turbulent decades? Depending on the evidence considered, scholars offer different answers to this question, ranging from a loss of functionality due to party ‘decline’ to potential gains from party ‘revival’. Reviews these arguments and assesses changes in key aspects of the American party system between 1960 and 1996. It finds some merit in both the ‘declinist’ and ‘revivalist’ points of view. There is a brief introductory section to the current situation, and this is followed by two further introductory sections, which present a more in‐depth discussion of the American ‘two‐party’ (Republicans and Democrats) system, and of party decline and revival. The next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine the popular legitimacy of American parties, the organizational strength of American parties, and the systemic functionality of American parties (governance and political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political communication and education, and encouraging political participation).
Political Parties in Australia
Authors: McAllister Ian
Published: October 2003

Placed in a comparative perspective, the hallmark of Australian politics is the dominance of party: the vast majority of voters identify with and vote for one of the major political parties, and gaining election at the federal level is next to impossible without the benefit of one of three party labels (Liberal, National, or Labour). Within the legislature, party government operates in every sense of the word, with parties determining the legislative agenda and enforcing rigid discipline among their members. Perhaps more interestingly from a comparative perspective, Australia has seen little decline in the strength of the major parties in recent years, in contrast to Britain, the US, or many of the other advanced democracies. The explanation for the continuing strength of political parties in Australia can be traced to the origins and development of the country's political culture; Australia's split from Britain was imbued with the utilitarian ideas of Jeremy Bentham and his followers, and political parties are a necessary and important part of this utilitarian political culture. The introductory part discusses these factors, and also presents a separate account of the development of the party system; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine party legitimacy (turnout—voting is compulsory, party identification, party membership, and attitudes towards parties), organizational strength (party finance, and mass media), and systemic functionality (governance, interest articulation and aggregation, political recruitment, political organization, political participation, and political communication and education).
Paulinus Noster
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

The heart of this book is a reading of the letters of Paulinus of Nola, aristocratic convert to Christianity of the late fourth‐century, and his correspondents, most notably St Augustine of Hippo. We begin with an analysis of letter writing in late antiquity; we investigate the letters as traces of fuller historical events, emphasize the importance of the letter carriers, and conclude that the letters have a sacramental function. The notion of spiritual community created and sustained by the letters is explored through discussions of Christian friendship, and of the patterns of imagistic thought which facilitate the spiritual interpretation of mundane events. Finally, we demonstrate how Paulinus’ notion of spiritual community leads to a novel conception of the self as truly relational. The impact of these letters, and of the epistolary mode, on the formation of Christian ways of life and thought is extraordinary.
Ipsae Litterae: The Actual Letters
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

Using internal evidence from fourth‐century letter collections, this chapter explores the norms of composition for letters, the mechanics of delivery of letters, and their part in a wider nexus of communication. This nexus includes gift giving, exchange of books, and the verbal reports of letter carriers. The role of the letter carriers is shown to be particularly important.
Amicitia and Caritas Christi: Friendship and the Love of Christ
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

The chapter begins from the Ciceronian notion of friendship as ‘nothing other than a benevolent and loving accord in all things, divine and human’, and shows how Christian letter‐writers revised the idea to make Christ the crucial element in true friendship. This leads to discussion of the terminology of Christian friendship: caritas or amicitia? In Christian friendship, the disadvantage of geographical separation is transformed into spiritual advantage – supported by the theological notions of unanimitas and Christians as membra Christi. Christian friendship is instantaneous; it is also inclusive – even, in theory, of women. Specific friendships of Paulinus are discussed: with Sulpicius Severus; with St Felix of Nola.
Imago Terrena and Imago Caelestis: The Earthly and the Heavenly Image
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

This chapter begins to explore the mechanics of how the spiritual is linked to the temporal in Paulinus’ thought. Paulinus’ descriptions of his building projects are imbued with symbolism; architecture and images serve as a starting point for spiritual meditation. Earthly images are inferior to spiritual reality – yet the spiritual is persistently expressed in figural language. The paradoxes of Christianity are thus more readily expressed; rich webs of imagistic association are established.
Homo Interior: The Inner Self
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

The underlying notions of the self in these letters form the link between all the other chapters. We now investigate the vocabulary of selfhood, especially the development of the term persona. In fourth‐century ideas of the self, soul is superior to body, but, far from being dismissed, the bodily part of the self is taken very seriously – as is commensurate with an incarnational theology. We return to the role of the letter carriers: they, as well as friends, are described as ‘another self’. This leads to a climactic notion of the self as fully relational: a reading of Paulinus’ letter exchange with his former tutor Ausonius demonstrates how the ‘relational self’ is played out.
Nations and Sovereignty
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: October 2003

The concepts of nation and state must be separated conceptually. Nation should be understood as a normative concept based on a claim to self‐determination. This does not mean the creation of a state, but rather the right to negotiate one's status within the state and constitutional order. State sovereignty, always a difficult concept, is being transformed by changes in the state and transnational integration. This opens up the possibility of shared and divided sovereignty as a way of reconciling nationality claims.
In Search of the Ancient Constitution: Historiography of the Nation
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: October 2003

Self‐determination claims are often based on historic rights. In this, they are no different from the claims made for the existing states. State historiography tends to provide a teleological vision in which consolidation of the state is part of modernity and associated with liberalism and democracy. Historiography of the minority nations has rediscovered traditions of shared sovereignty and pactism, and presented these as both liberal democratic in implications and more attuned to the reality of the modern state and international system.
What Do the Nations Want? Nationalist Aspirations and Transnational Integration
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: October 2003

An analysis of the policies of minority nationalist parties in the UK, Spain, Canada, and Belgium shows that they are tending away from independence in favour of insertion of the nation into the emerging complex state and international systems. Public opinion does not make a sharp distinction between autonomy and independence.
Asymmetrical Government and the Plurinational State
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: October 2003

Asymmetrical government is one way to manage nationality questions. It raises a number of problems in principle, but these appear less serious in practice. A wide range of asymmetrical arrangements presently exist in the UK, Spain, Canada, and Belgium.
Beyond Sovereignty: Nations in the European Commonwealth
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: October 2003

European integration provides a number of ways in which the nationalities question can be accommodated. It undermines the doctrine of unitary state sovereignty, detaches citizenship from rights, and provides a number of opportunities for stateless nations to project themselves beyond state borders. The practical opportunities this gives are, perhaps, less impressive than the symbolic ones.
Values and Discourse in the Politics of Adjustment
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: October 2003

The chapter explores the role of values and discourse in the politics of welfare‐state adjustment. By focusing on moments of crisis or transition when values were generally made explicit in public debates, the chapter offers comparative insights not only into the values that remain central to polities’ notions of social justice but also into the discourses that appealed to values in their efforts to legitimize policy change. Moreover, it considers not only the substantive content of those normative discourses but also how the national institutional context affects the locus of discourse and the course of reform. More specifically, it demonstrates that in multi‐actor polities, the “coordinative discourse” that is necessary to achieve compromises among multiple policy elites may impede the effectiveness of the “communicative discourse” through which policy makers seek to legitimize change to the wider public. However, as comparative analyses of single‐actor polities demonstrate, single‐actor institutions do not guarantee, and multi‐actor constellations do not rule out, successful communicative discourses that gain public acceptance of painful but effective welfare‐state reforms.
Restructuring the British Welfare State: Between Domestic Constraints and Global Imperatives
Authors: Rhodes Martin
Published: October 2003

In the UK, as in Australia and New Zealand, the ‘liberal’ post‐war welfare state was conceived as a minimal safety net under conditions in which full employment was to be ensured by (‘Keynesian’) macroeconomic policies. In the 1950s and 1960s, economic growth was constrained by stop–go policies trying to defend the pound as an international reserve currency in the face of inflationary wage pressures. After the dramatic failure of Labour economic policies in the crises of the 1970s, the (‘monetarist’) Conservative government of the 1980s succeeded in breaking the power of the unions and in stabilizing the currency at the expense of full employment, but did not fundamentally change the structure of the welfare state. After 1997, however, the ‘New Labour’ government set out to adjust the liberal welfare state to conditions in which government economic policies could no longer ensure full employment.
Internationalization and Two Liberal Welfare States Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Schwartz Herman
Published: October 2003

While the formal welfare states of Australia and New Zealand resembled the British model in the post‐war period, economic policies and industrial‐relations systems differed. As highly competitive exporters of agricultural products and raw materials, both countries had developed highly protected import‐substituting manufacturing industries to ensure full employment as a complement to the minimal protection provided by the ‘liberal’ welfare state. When this configuration ceased to be economically viable in the 1970s, both countries chose to liberalize their industrial sectors, attempting to achieve price competitiveness through government‐controlled wage‐setting procedures. In New Zealand, these efforts failed and its Westminster‐type government opted for radical neo‐liberal reforms in the 1980s that reduced welfare‐state protection and caused a steep rise of unemployment. In Australia, by contrast, unions were better able to cooperate with the government in defending international competitiveness, and federal and bicameral institutions did favour policy compromises that combined liberalization with the maintenance and even expansion of welfare‐state protection.
Switzerland Adjustment Politics Within Institutional Constraints
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano , Mach André
Published: October 2003

Among ‘Continental’ welfare states, Switzerland had and has the highest per capita income and the highest employment ratio in the group of advanced welfare states included in this study. Its export‐oriented industries and services have remained highly competitive; its levels of taxation and welfare expenditures are low; and its labour‐market institutions are highly flexible. Nevertheless, Switzerland suffered severe job losses in the first oil‐price crisis and responded by introducing compulsory unemployment insurance. In the 1980s and 1990s, political pressures from export‐oriented businesses were successful in reducing the tariff and non‐tariff barriers, protecting the sheltered sectors of the Swiss economy, whose inefficiency was beginning to hurt the competitiveness of internationally exposed firms. However, when the demand for neo‐liberal reforms touched on the benefits provided by the — not particularly generous — Swiss welfare state, they were stopped not by the ‘social partners’ as in other consociational/ corporatist democracies, or by electoral shifts in governments, but by the direct democracy of the referendum system. As a consequence, limited retrenchment had to be combined with some important extensions of welfare coverage.
How Small Countries Negotiate Change Twenty‐Five Years of Policy Adjustment in Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Unger Brigitte , Visser Jelle
Published: October 2003

Although Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium are so seemingly alike in their tightly coupled, consociational, and corporatist democratic structures and in the “Bismarckian” origin of their welfare states, they have had radically different experiences since the 1970s. While the Netherlands, which appeared in the 1970s and early 1980s to be afflicted with a terminal ‘Dutch disease’, has seemingly been cured, Belgium, with a similar initial profile, has been malingering and Austria has managed to avoid the crises from which the others are recovering. Since all three countries have internationally exposed and hence vulnerable economies as well as policymaking structures with plural veto positions, the success or failure of adjustment policies did depend on the ability of actors to adopt action orientations that emphasize common, rather than separate, interests. The Austrian social partners succeeded in maintaining this ‘encompassing’ perspective throughout the period under study; the Dutch had to relearn it after dismal failures; and in Belgium, the increasing salience of linguistic cleavages added to the difficulty of achieving, and acting on, convergent perceptions and interest definitions.
France Directing Adjustment?
Authors: Levy Jonah D.
Published: October 2003

The Bismarckian welfare state in France is financed by social security contributions to an even greater degree than is true in Germany. During the oil‐price crises of the 1970s and early 1980s, job losses could be contained through an expansion of nationalized industries and subsidies to private firms. This changed with the end of dirigisme in industry after 1983. Thereafter, early retirement was expanded to absorb the massive job losses caused by industrial restructuring. Since rising non‐wage labour costs impeded job creation in the private services, the government has shifted part of the burden to a special income tax, whereas attempts by successive governments to reduce the generosity of welfare benefits were typically blocked by large‐scale public protests.
Italy Rescue from Without?
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio , Gualmini Elisabetta
Published: October 2003

Italy's economic and employment problems were to a large extent home made, whereas external economic and political pressures did facilitate internal revitalization. While export‐oriented industries in northern Italy had maintained international competitiveness, overall employment rates were very low, and inflation was very high until the early 1990s. Since the clientelistic Italian state was not able to put the brakes on the spiral of wage and price increases that were automatically linked to all sorts of public and welfare‐state expenditures, public‐sector deficits were rising inexorably. After the collapse of the old party system, however, the unions were able and willing to enter into a series of accords with successive reform governments that not only facilitated price stability through wage restraint but that also legitimated significant welfare cutbacks that contributed to budget consolidation. The impetus for reform was a serious political commitment to meet the stringent Maastricht criteria in order to ensure Italy's membership in the European Monetary Union.
Sweden and Denmark Defending the Welfare State
Authors: Benner Mats , Vad Torben Bundgaard
Published: October 2003

The very generous, service‐oriented ‘social–democratic’ welfare states in Sweden and Denmark did consistently achieve higher levels of overall employment, extremely high levels of public services, greater equality in wages, and higher rates of female employment than either the ‘liberal’ or the ‘Bismarckian’ welfare states covered in this study. Following the liberalization of capital markets and errors of fiscal and monetary policy at the end of the 1980s, however, the Swedish economy went from an overheated boom into a deep recession, which then required significant cutbacks of social spending and public‐sector employment in the 1990s. By contrast, Denmark combined growth‐oriented macroeconomic policies with more flexible labour‐market regulations that allowed it to maintain the high level of public services while also increasing employment in private services. With the rapid recovery of the Swedish economy at the end of the 1990s, both countries are again successful in combining high competitiveness in the international economy with very high levels of social protection.
Any Way out of ‘Exit from Work’? Reversing the Entrenched Pathways of Early Retirement
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard
Published: October 2003

After the first oil‐price crisis, many (but not all) OECD countries used early retirement as an adaptation to industrial restructuration, mass unemployment, the social needs of older workers, and the employment needs of young and female job seekers. As the costs of an increasingly inactive population rose, however, while expected employment effects failed to materialize, reformers sought to reverse the course of ‘welfare without work’. Besides blocking the pathways of early retirement, disability, and long‐term unemployment, welfare states are now stressing new forms of part‐time pension, extension, and equalization of normal pension age, and they are trying to shift responsibilities and costs to individuals and firms.
Adjusting National Tax Policy to Economic Internationalization Strategies and Outcomes
Authors: Ganghof Steffen
Published: October 2003

While tax competition is widely regarded as a major fiscal constraint on the welfare state, in fact, very little is known about its real impact. How have advanced industrialized states reacted to the growing mobility of parts of their tax base? To what extent has tax competition resulted in a shift of burdens to less mobile tax bases? In answering these questions, the article identifies the different shape and force of tax competition in different areas of taxation, and the differing ways in which countries have responded. The conclusion is that the pressures of international tax competition are real, but so are countervailing economic and political pressures that work against a general ‘race to the bottom’ in the taxation of potentially mobile bases. At the same time, revenue‐preserving adjustment strategies have prevented large‐scale revenue losses at the price of creating politically more controversial structures of taxation.
Politics in the Vernacular
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This book explores the rights and situations of ethnocultural groups in Western democracies. It presents essays that share three major themes: the dialectic of nation building and minority rights, the gap between theory and practice of liberal democracies; and the effectiveness of emerging forms of nation-building and minority rights in Western democracies. The book is divided into four parts. Part I presents debates on the rights of ethnocultural minorities. Part II discusses the requirements for ethnocultural justices in a liberal democracy. Part III examines liberals’ misconceptions about nationalism. Part IV focuses on how democratic citizenship can be sustained.
Introduction
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This introductory chapter discusses the three major themes shared by the essays included in this volume. These are the dialectic of nation building and minority rights, the gap between theory and practice of liberal democracies; and the effectiveness of emerging forms of nation-building and minority rights in Western democracies. It then presents an overview of these essays.
Do We Need a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights? Reply to Carens, Young, Pareth, and Forst
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter presents the author’s response to criticisms that the theory of minority rights developed in his book, “Multicultural Citizenship” relies on universal liberal values, and is insensitive to contextual factors and cultural differences. The author argues that any attempt to develop a theory of minority rights will contradict other conceptions on the nature and role of culture. Developing a coherent liberal theory of minority rights is essential to finding the answers to questions on ethnocultural pluralism.
Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter explores the rights of indigenous peoples within the context of social justice and environmental protection. It argues that although indigenous peoples have inherent rights to self-determination, this does not absolve them from redistributive obligations. It presents two ways in which principles of justice can be adapted to accommodate that situation of indigenous peoples: extra resources may be required to rectify the disadvantages they face as minority cultures; indigenous peoples should be free to decide how to manage their traditional lands in accordance with the principles of justice.
A Crossroads in Race Relations
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the status of minorities in Canada and the United States. It proposes an immigration model of integration as a realistic policy goal for Blacks in Canada, and a new and complex model of accommodation for African-Americans. It argues that Blacks in Canada, mostly immigrants from the Caribbean, have been victims of racial bias, which is leading to the creation of a disaffected black subculture.
From Enlightenment Cosmopolitanism to Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the debate between traditional Enlightenment cosmopolitanism and liberal nationalism. Enlightenment thinkers view the state as a protector of individual liberties, rather than a defender of national culture or identities. Liberal nationalists expect the state to protect national cultures and to express people’s identities. It is argued that liberal nationalism involves a ‘redefinition’ of cosmopolitanism, given that these share many commonalities.
Cosmopolitanism, Nation‐States, and Minority Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter explores the claims regarding the importance of three separate levels of political community and political agency: sub-state minority nations, nation-states, and transnational institutions. It is argued that these levels are mutually reinforcing rather than mutually competing. Since nation-states can no longer protect the interests of their citizens on their own, establishing well-functioning transnational institutions can help states focus on the goals they can successfully pursue. Self-government of minorities should not be viewed as a threat but a precondition to long-term stability of states.
American Multiculturalism in the International Arena
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

The consensus on American multiculturalism centres around three claims: that some or other form of multiculturalism is unavoidable, that the appropriate form of multiculturalism must be fluid in its conception of groups and group boundaries, and that the biggest challenge to such a conception is the disadvantaged and stigmatised status of African-Americans. It is argued that these conceptions have been explained in ‘contrast’ to minority nationalism. This contrast confuses rather than clarifies debates on American multiculturalism, and inhibits efforts to understand minority nationalism in other countries.
Citizenship in an Era of Globalization: Commentary on Held
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

David Held argues that globalisation has eroded the capacity for meaningful democratic citizenship at the domestic level, as nation-states lose some of their historic sovereignty. It is argued that globalisation has not undermined domestic political participation, and has mobilised otherwise apathetic people. The prospects for producing a meaningful form of transnational citizenship are discussed.
Liberal Egalitarianism and Civic Republicanism: Friends or Enemies?
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter argues that civic republicanism and procedural liberalism are allies, and that exaggerating their conflict is philosophically suspect and politically counterproductive. It explains the reasons why Sandel exaggerates the differences between these two approaches. It further argues that under certain circumstances, procedural liberalism is preferable to civic republicanism.
Introduction
Authors: Dow Christopher
Published: October 2003

This chapter has two main parts. The first discusses the aims and methods of the study, and includes definitions of recessions and recoveries, and an account of the method of investigation used, which is a combination of econometric analysis and evidence from case studies of successive recessions. The second gives a plan of the book and discusses its character.
The Facts to be Explained
Authors: Dow Christopher
Published: October 2003

A summary is given of the chief relevant facts and background information about the UK and the other main economies in the period since 1920, showing what happens to the relation between costs and prices, and hence to profits and real wages, in the course of major recessions. Section 2.1 gives a first conspectus of the whole period covered by the book––1920–95. An analysis of fluctuations must confront the question of how best to separate trend and divergences from trend; this is discussed in Sect. 2.2. Section 2.3 provides a brief account of fluctuations and growth rates in the UK and other main countries. Section 2.4 notes the impact of major recessions of profits and factor income shares.
The Two Interwar Recessions
Authors: Dow Christopher
Published: October 2003

Through most of the interwar period, UK unemployment was high: it was high after the recession of 1921, and higher again during and after the Great Depression of 1929–32. It was argued in Ch. 3 that if the economy becomes underemployed, it tends to stay underemployed, and if that is so, the question is not why unemployment stayed high after 1921 or remained higher after 1929, but what caused the breaks at these two dates, checked output, and pushed unemployment higher then, and after 1932 brought unemployment down. Section 6.1 gives an overview of the whole interwar period, Sect. 6.2 looks at the 1921 recession and the following years, and then, since it is argued that the recession of 1929–32 was dominated by events in the USA, Sect. 6.3 discusses the US Great Depression. Section 6.4 then looks at the international transmission of that Depression and its manifestation in the UK, and Sect. 6.5 at the UK recovery after 1932, while conclusions of theoretical interest are stated in Sect. 6.6. Three appendices discuss Friedman and Schwartz's (1963) Monetary History of the United States, Eichengreen's (1992) Golden Fetters, and the international transmission of the US Depression, and there is also a statistical appendix.
The Credit Expansion of the Late 1980s and the Recession of the Early 1990s
Authors: Dow Christopher
Published: October 2003

This chapter covers the period of accelerating growth experienced the UK in the late 1980s, particularly the years 1985–8, which was followed by a protracted decline into deep recession; other industrial countries went through something like the same phases, though with many differences in degree and timing, and these developments were everywhere unexpected––each stage came as a surprise, and forecasts were repeatedly wrong. In hindsight, the recession is widely seen to have resulted from the boom, a view with which this survey agrees. Once more, this recession was very different from its predecessors––each of the two 1970s recessions seemed due in large part to external shocks, but on this latest occasion, it now seems clear that the causes of the recession grew out of previous developments in the domestic economy, which at the time lay undetected. The explanation proposed agrees with the common view that the recession was not due to exogenous shocks of the normal sort, but attributes the boom to over‐optimism rather than (as often argued) to financial deregulation. Section 9.1 sets out this thesis more fully before going on to describe the evidence that bears on it; Sect. 9.2 summarizes the parallel fluctuations in other industrial countries, since they are an important part of the background; Sect. 9.3 then gives an analysis of boom and recession in the UK; Sect. 9.4 considers what the experience of this decade contributes to our understanding of recessions; and Sect. 9.5 discusses the resumption of growth after the recession.
The Theoretical Model: The Economy's Behaviour in Major Fluctuations
Authors: Dow Christopher
Published: October 2003

The discussion presented in previous chapters results in a view of the economy that appears novel in a number of ways, and by way of summarizing the discussion, this chapter aims to put the elements together, and to draw out some implications of the theoretical model that results. The next chapter summarizes the empirical results of the study, and this chapter and that one are designed to be self‐contained, and briefly repeat key facts and arguments from earlier chapters; they are intended to be read together, and to provide a background for the later discussion of policy in Ch. 12. Some elements of the model presented are more firmly grounded than others, but the different elements do not all stand or fall together as a bloc. Compared with many existing models of the economy, the model presented lacks some elements of self‐adjustment, and this aspect is described in Sect. 10.1; Sect. 10.2 describes how it is supposed that major recessions originate, and how the view here taken differs from that of other models; Sect. 10.3 notes how the shape taken by major recessions as here conceived differs from what is usually assumed, and goes on to set out the implications for the role of changes in expectations or confidence in determining major recessions. Appendix A10 sets out inter‐sectoral relationships more formally and, in particular, illustrates the financial implications of fluctuations and the key role of the banking system.
Propositions, Time, and Eternity
Authors: Künne Wolfgang
Published: October 2003

I argue that neither sentences nor sentential utterances nor token‐sentences, but propositions, conceived of as (possible) contents of certain speech acts and of certain mental acts and states, are the primary truth‐value bearers. Following Husserl, I make a point of taking the proposition that p to be the content, rather than the (intentional) object, of a thinker's V‐ing that p, and of assigning the latter role to states of affairs. Temporalists (such as the Stoics, Prior, and Kaplan) claim that truth is an unstable property of certain sayables and thinkables, whereas eternalists (like Bolzano, Frege, and Russell) deny this. After distinguishing different kinds of eternalism and of temporalism and locating Lukasiewicz's position on my map, I argue that we need the concept of indexically expressed propositions with stable truth‐values. Finally, I concede that the notion of sayables and thinkables with shifting truth‐values also serves some important explanatory purposes.
Two Pleas for Modesty
Authors: Künne Wolfgang
Published: October 2003

The chapter starts with an exposition and discussion of Paul Horwich's truth‐theoretical minimalism. I defend it against Davidson's objection, and I complain that it is not minimally contentious since it underwrites the tertium non datur. Then I present my own view. According to our workaday concept of truth, what we think is true if and only if things are as we think they are. I argue that this platitude can be spelt out in terms of higher‐order quantification over propositions, without invoking notions like correspondence, fact, or meaning. I unearth the roots of this conception in earlier work by Ramsey, Kotarbinski, Tarski and Kneale, and I try hard to defend it against various objections. The defence includes an extensive discussion of the contrast between substitutional and objectual quantification and several arguments for my contention that the proposition that p is different from the linguistic meaning of ‘p’ even if there is neither ambiguity nor context‐sensitivity in ‘p’.
The Politics of the Euro-Zone
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: October 2003

The Euro‐zone represents the single most important step in European integration since 1957 and one of the boldest economic, monetary, and political projects in modern history. This book examines the main political questions raised by the birth of the Euro‐zone on 1 January 1999, and argues for a more informed analysis and assessment of its nature, operation, and prospects. How does it operate? What does it mean for European states and the strategies of their governments? What are its prospects for stability? What kinds of measures are needed to strengthen its capacity to withstand crises? The book stresses the central role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the Euro‐zone, and explains the extent of the ECB's authority and power as an engine of European integration. An innovative aspect of the book is its application of a strength–strain model for assessing the Euro‐zone's stability. It concludes that such stability will be a function of three factors: first, how far its political culture proves to be influenced by the principles of Kant, rather than of Locke or Hobbes; second, the quality of its policy instruments for tackling liquidity as well as debt traps; third, the speed and efficiency of its mechanisms for bench‐marking, policy‐transfer, and lesson‐drawing.
How the Euro‐Zone Operates: ‘Hollowing Out’ Or Rescue of the European State?
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: October 2003

This chapter assesses and compares the ‘governance’ and ‘state‐centric’ models of interaction between member states and the operation of the Euro‐zone. The ‘governance’ model overemphasizes the functions of the European Central Bank and underemphasizes its dependence on a consensual political culture. Conversely, the ‘state‐centric’ model overemphasizes the role of states as ‘principals’ in the Euro‐zone and underemphasizes its derogation from their sovereignty over monetary policy. The chapter challenges the notion that the Euro‐zone states are in decline, and rejects the argument that the Euro‐zone is dictating a common set of ideas and practices. States continue to matter, and some states play a more pivotal role than others in shaping the politics of the Euro‐zone— but that role is to be defined more in Kantian terms than in Hobbesian terms, however imperfectly Kantian the EU continues to be.
Responsibility and Justice
Authors: Lake Christopher
Published: October 2003

Ch. 2 unpacks the notion of responsibility. It begins by pointing to the different senses in which people are said to be responsible for things and then goes on to examine why our responsibility for something matters in assessing the claims we advance. As part of this, two distinctions are drawn: between instrumental and non‐instrumental accounts of responsibility and between arguments about responsibility as these apply to individuals considered in isolation and as these apply to the regulation of relations between individuals.
Rules and Institutions in Multi‐Country Economies
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

Many economies are multi‐country, in the sense that their geographical area falls under the jurisdiction of more than one sovereign state. The search for paths along which international economic relationships could evolve towards a better order generally addresses specific problems, or attempts to devise comprehensive new arrangements. Instead, an analysis is made here of methods of international cooperation, with an explicit focus on the role to be played by rules and discretion, and the importance of the development of institutions.
Lessons from the European Monetary System
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

Few proposals have been made for the reform of what used to be called the international monetary system, and academic economists have tended to ignore the experience of the European Monetary System (EMS) in their research. An account is given here of this experience. It addresses the functioning of the EMS, considers desirable developments, and examines the difficulties that such developments are likely to encounter.
The ECU's Coming of Age
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The main qualitative aspects of the past, present, and future development of the European Currency Unit (ECU) are discussed. Aspects covered are: the formal establishment phase of the ECU clearing system; the overcoming of the basket phase; the rate of return on the ECU; the ECU exchange rate; the policy instruments; a reassessment of the lender‐of‐last‐resort problem; and the need for a link between the private and the official ECUs.
After the Single European Act: Efficiency, Stability, and Equity
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The problems now facing the European Union are the result of the decisions taken in 1985 to enlarge the (then) European Community by accepting applications from Spain and Portugal, and to create a single market without internal frontiers by 1992. This chapter examines the problems posed by the Single European Act: actual implementation of the programme; the logical consistency of the programme; and the cohesion of the community and distribution of income within it. Guidelines and recommendations for action are proposed. These are based on the report ‘Efficiency, Stability and Equity’ prepared at the request of the EC Commission by a group of experts chaired by the author.
The EMS Is not Enough: The Need for Monetary Union
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The long‐term prospects of the European Monetary System (EMS) are examined from a non‐technical viewpoint, considering the system as a variable rather than a given. The prospects are seen as comprising three phases. The first phase, which has now concluded, is consolidation. The second phase is the current phase, and is the period in which the ‘inconsistent quartet’ emerges. This involves seeking to achieve the impossible task of reconciling free trade, full capital mobility, fixed (or managed) exchange rates, and national autonomy in the conduct of monetary policy. The third phase is starting to foresee European Monetary Union (EMU); in this phase full implementation of free trade and capital mobility will occur.
Monetary Union and Competition
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The publication of the Delors Report in 1989 revived the classic confrontation between the institutional and market components of monetary systems. In the institutional component, public action is fundamental and there is an element of monopoly; legislation, rules, and public bodies play a decisive role. In the market component, private action is fundamental, and there are individual decisions and competition; the customs and habits of individuals are key factors. In this chapter on monetary competition in the process leading to European Monetary Union, the discussion focuses on the discrete and complementary roles of public and private action, institutions and the market, and central banks and currencies.
Fiscal Compatibility and Monetary Constitution
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The issue is discussed of how much fiscal union (fiscal discipline and coordination) is needed among member countries’ budgets to ensure European Monetary Union. Aspects of the question addressed include budget deficits and European monetary policy, the distributive problem, the functions of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the coordination of fiscal policies.
After the Storm
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

The concluding essay in the book, written in 1994. It summarizes the factors and events that led to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, and then gives the author's interpretation of events between the late spring of 1992 and early 1994, when the process of ratification and the crisis of the European Monetary System (EMS) interacted so powerfully. The concluding section reflects on the problems of implementing the treaty.
Logical Properties
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: October 2003

This book discusses the nature of identity, existence, predication, necessity, and truth. Its main claims are that identity, existence, and truth are logical properties, that predicates are singular terms that refer to properties, and that necessity (and other modalities) are modes of instantiation of properties by objects. The book develops a realist anti‐naturalist stance on logical properties, which takes logical notions at face value, and refuses to reduce them to other notions. Two further contentions central to this work are, first, that the quantifier has been overrated as an instrument of logico‐linguistic analysis; and secondly, that past attempts to define logical notions such as identity or existence have been largely unsuccessful.
Identity
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: October 2003

Four central claims about the nature of identity are formulated. Identity is unitary, indefinable, fundamental, and it is a genuine relation. This general conception of identity is appealed to in later chapters when discussing other topics.
Truth
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: October 2003

Taking disquotation to be the essence of truth, this chapter argues that truth is that unique property of a proposition from which one can deduce the fact stated by it. This position is called ‘thick disquotationalism’, for though disquotational in nature, truth is nevertheless a robust property. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the metaphysics of truth: truth is a primitive, non‐natural property that supervenes on the facts and is constitutive of reality.
Location, Competitiveness, and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain
Published: October 2003

An overview is given of the key insights, resulting from recent international business research on the interactions between location advantages and the competitiveness of multinational enterprises (MNEs). There are four main sections. The first discusses the evolution of the location advantage concept in the international economics literature; the complex nature of location advantages for MNEs is more fully discussed in the second section. The third section describes the intellectual foundations of a spatial analysis of MNE activities. The fourth section discusses the relative contribution of home country‐specific advantages (CSAs) and host CSAs to MNE competitiveness: it concludes that host CSAs may become increasingly important in achieving global competitiveness.
National Policies and Domestic Politics
Authors: Spar Debora L.
Published: October 2003

Arguing that international business is essentially and incontrovertibly political, this essay describes the range of state policies that can shape and constrain the behaviour of firms. Specifically, it examines the five most important domestic policies that affect firms: trade policy (including export controls, protectionism, and strategic trade policy), foreign direct investment (FDI), capital controls, regulation, and competition policy. The first section describes how policies tend to emerge in each of these areas, what objectives they are often directed towards, and how they affect the course of international business. The second section then moves to the politics behind the policies—i.e. to an examination of how the policies that affect international business are created and by whom. A concluding section examines the emerging role of transnational groups (international institutions such as GATT and WTO, and non‐governmental organizations) in shaping and defining a country's national policies.
The Multinational Enterprise as an Organization
Authors: Westney D. Eleanor , Zaheer Srilata
Published: October 2003

Changing models of multinational enterprise (MNE) organization over the last three decades of the twentieth century are surveyed and their theoretical underpinnings examined. The potential of these theories for understanding the future evolution of organizations in international business is assessed. An appendix gives details of the basic models of formal MNE structure identified in the 1960s and 1970s, which are still relevant.
Strategy and Management in MNE Subsidiaries
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian
Published: October 2003

The first part of this chapter is a selective review of the last thirty years of literature on multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries, which aims to provide a roadmap of the field by highlighting the various empirical and theoretical issues that have been studied. The second part of the chapter provides a more detailed examination of the issue of subsidiary strategy. For some people, the term subsidiary strategy is an oxymoron because they believe the subsidiary should be acting as an instrument of the MNE. For others (including the author), the idea that the MNE subsidiary has its own strategy is necessary if the MNE is to make effective use of its far‐flung network. This section provides a discussion of what exactly strategy means at the subsidiary level, and some insights into how it is being affected by changes in the business environment and in the strategic direction of MNEs as a whole.