bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Fibroblast Physiology and Pathology
Authors: Dostal David , Glaser Shannon , Baudino Troy A.
Published: March 2015

Cardiac function is mediated by interactions between the cellular constituents of the heart, as well as the extracellular matrix. The major cell types of the heart include cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, there are also resident stem cells and transient cell types, such as immune cells. Interactions in the heart include chemical, mechanical, and electrical signals, which vary depending on the developmental stage, disease state, and specific cell type. Understanding how these different signals interact at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels is important for better understanding cardiac function under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Cardiac fibroblasts play key roles in maintaining normal cardiac form and function, as well as in the cardiac remodeling process during pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction and hypertension. Regardless of normal or pathological status of the heart, fibroblasts have multiple functions, such as synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix and cell‐cell communication with other cardiac cells, including myocytes and endothelial cells. Interactions with other cell types can affect multiple cell signaling pathways (e.g., ERK, JNK, and p38), the expression and secretion of numerous growth factors and cytokines, microRNA exchange, gene and protein expression, and angiogenesis. In this review, we provide insight into the cardiac fibroblast under normal and pathological conditions to illustrate their importance in maintaining proper cardiac function. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:887‐909, 2015.
Channelopathies of Skeletal Muscle Excitability
Authors: Cannon Stephen C.
Published: March 2015

Familial disorders of skeletal muscle excitability were initially described early in the last century and are now known to be caused by mutations of voltage‐gated ion channels. The clinical manifestations are often striking, with an inability to relax after voluntary contraction (myotonia) or transient attacks of severe weakness (periodic paralysis). An essential feature of these disorders is fluctuation of symptoms that are strongly impacted by environmental triggers such as exercise, temperature, or serum K+levels. These phenomena have intrigued physiologists for decades, and in the past 25 years the molecular lesions underlying these disorders have been identified and mechanistic studies are providing insights for therapeutic strategies of disease modification. These familial disorders of muscle fiber excitability are “channelopathies” caused by mutations of a chloride channel (ClC‐1), sodium channel (NaV1.4), calcium channel (CaV1.1), and several potassium channels (Kir2.1, Kir2.6, and Kir3.4). This review provides a synthesis of the mechanistic connections between functional defects of mutant ion channels, their impact on muscle excitability, how these changes cause clinical phenotypes, and approaches toward therapeutics. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:761‐790, 2015.
Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA
Authors: Hall W , Weier M
Published: March 2015

A major challenge in assessing the public health impact of legalizing cannabis use in Colorado and Washington State is the absence of any experience with legal cannabis markets. The Netherlands created a de facto legalized cannabis market for recreational use, but policy analysts disagree about how it has affected rates of cannabis use. Some US states have created de facto legal supply of cannabis for medical use. So far this policy does not appear to have increased cannabis use or cannabis‐related harm. Given experience with more liberal alcohol policies, the legalization of recreational cannabis use is likely to increase use among current users. It is also likely that legalization will increase the number of new users among young adults but it remains uncertain how many may be recruited, within what time frame, among which groups within the population, and how many of these new users will become regular users.
Young brains on cannabis: It's time to clear the smoke
Authors: Porath‐Waller AJ , Notarandrea R , Vaccarino FJ
Published: March 2015

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance among youth. Recent policy developments and ongoing debate related to this drug underscore the urgent need to “clear the smoke” and better understand what the scientific evidence says about the health and behavioral effects of cannabis use, particularly on youth whose brains are undergoing rapid and extensive development.
First Pinacol Coupling in Emulsified Water: Key Role of Surfactant and Impact of Alternative Activation Technologies
Authors: Billamboz Muriel , Len Christophe
Published: March 2015

For the first time, the influence of surfactants on the radical pinacol coupling reaction is investigated. The rate and selectivity of this reductive C‐C coupling are compared under three different activation technologies: thermal activation, microwave irradiation, and sonication. The use of IgepalCO520, a neutral surfactant, led to the successful conversion of aromatic or α,β‐unsaturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds in moderate to excellent yield (55‐90 %). An insight on the potential mechanism involved in the reaction is also proposed, based on microscopic observations and particle size measurement.
Sparse deployment scheme in mobile sensor networks with prioritized event area
Authors: Liu Jun , Cheng Lianglun , Wang Tao , Wang Jianhua
Published: March 2015

Sensor deployment is a fundamental issue in Internet of things. In this paper, It addressed the problem of how to effective deployment for prioritized event area in mobile sensor networks with low density sensors, which coverage completely cannot be realized. When event areas have been detected, the problem how to make mobile nodes moved to a suitable place with effective deployment is studied. Firstly, a coverage weight by priority function of event area is defined. It deduced conclusion that coverage effectiveness have maximization as if all of nodes coverage weight are identical. A nodes deployed strategy have presented that combined coverage weight and virtual force. Finally, some simulations shown that the proposed deployment algorithm are accurate and effective. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying the movement behavior of benthic macroinvertebrates with automated video tracking
Authors: Augusiak Jacqueline , Van den Brink Paul J.
Published: March 2015

Quantifying and understanding movement is critical for a wide range of questions in basic and applied ecology. Movement ecology is also fostered by technological advances that allow automated tracking for a wide range of animal species. However, for aquatic macroinvertebrates, such detailed methods do not yet exist. We developed a video tracking method for two different species of benthic macroinvertebrates, the crawling isopod Asellus aquaticus and the swimming fresh water amphipod Gammarus pulex. We tested the effects of different light sources and marking techniques on their movement behavior to establish the possibilities and limitations of the experimental protocol and to ensure that the basic handling of test specimens would not bias conclusions drawn from movement path analyses. To demonstrate the versatility of our method, we studied the influence of varying population densities on different movement parameters related to resting behavior, directionality, and step lengths. We found that our method allows studying species with different modes of dispersal and under different conditions. For example, we found that gammarids spend more time moving at higher population densities, while asellids rest more under similar conditions. At the same time, in response to higher densities, gammarids mostly decreased average step lengths, whereas asellids did not. Gammarids, however, were also more sensitive to general handling and marking than asellids. Our protocol for marking and video tracking can be easily adopted for other species of aquatic macroinvertebrates or testing conditions, for example, presence or absence of food sources, shelter, or predator cues. Nevertheless, limitations with regard to the marking protocol, material, and a species’ physical build need to be considered and tested before a wider application, particularly for swimming species. Data obtained with this approach can deepen the understanding of population dynamics on larger spatial scales and of the effects of different management strategies on a species’ dispersal potential.
An optimal proportion of mixing broad‐leaved forest for enhancing the effective productivity of moso bamboo
Authors: Cheng Xiao‐Fei , Shi Pei‐Jian , Hui Cang , Wang Fu‐Sheng , Liu Guo‐Hua , Li Bai‐Lian
Published: March 2015

Moso bamboos (Phyllostachys edulis) are important forestry plants in southern China, with substantial roles to play in regional economic and ecological systems. Mixing broad‐leaved forests and moso bamboos is a common management practice in China, and it is fundamental to elucidate the interactions between broad‐leaved trees and moso bamboos for ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. We examine how the proportion of broad‐leaved forest in a mixed managed zone, topology, and soil profile affects the effective productivity of moso bamboos (i.e., those with significant economic value), using linear regression and generalized additive models. Bamboo's diameter at breast height follows a Weibull distribution. The importance of these variables to bamboo productivity is, respectively, slope (25.9%), the proportion of broad‐leaved forest (24.8%), elevation (23.3%), gravel content by volume (16.6%), slope location (8.3%), and soil layer thickness (1.2%). Highest productivity is found on the 25° slope, with a 600‐m elevation, and 30% broad‐leaved forest. As such, broad‐leaved forest in the upper slope can have a strong influence on the effective productivity of moso bamboo, ranking only after slope and before elevation. These factors can be considered in future management practice.
Investment in sensory structures, testis size, and wing coloration in males of a diurnal moth species: trade‐offs or correlated growth?
Authors: Shiel Brett P. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Elgar Mark A. , Johnson Tamara L. , Symonds Matthew R. E.
Published: March 2015

For dioecious animals, reproductive success typically involves an exchange between the sexes of signals that provide information about mate location and quality. Typically, the elaborate, secondary sexual ornaments of males signal their quality, while females may signal their location and receptivity. In theory, the receptor structures that receive the latter signals may also become elaborate or enlarged in a way that ultimately functions to enhance mating success through improved mate location. The large, elaborate antennae of many male moths are one such sensory structure, and eye size may also be important in diurnal moths. Investment in these traits may be costly, resulting in trade‐offs among different traits associated with mate location. For polyandrous species, such trade‐offs may also include traits associated with paternity success, such as larger testes. Conversely, we would not expect this to be the case for monandrous species, where sperm competition is unlikely. We investigated these ideas by evaluating the relationship between investment in sensory structures (antennae, eye), testis, and a putative warning signal (orange hindwing patch) in field‐caught males of the monandrous diurnal painted apple moth Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in southeastern Australia. As predicted for a monandrous species, we found no evidence that male moths with larger sensory structures had reduced investment in testis size. However, contrary to expectation, investment in sensory structures was correlated: males with relatively larger antennae also had relatively larger eyes. Intriguingly, also, the size of male orange hindwing patches was positively correlated with testis size.
Political Trust and Perceptions of the Quality of Institutional Arrangements – how do they influence the public's acceptance of environmental rules
Authors: Zannakis Mathias , Wallin Are , Johansson Lars‐Olof
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the relationship between political trust and the acceptability of government regulations in the environmental field. We hypothesise that trust in particular authorities and perceptions of the quality of institutional arrangements are important predictors of rule acceptance, which we assume is important for the long‐term legitimacy of the regulatory system. We explore the validity of this hypothesis using the case of homeowners with on‐site sewage systems (OSSs), i.e. small‐scale systems treating sewage from one or a few households that contribute to eutrophication and data was gathered through a questionnaire sent to randomly selected homeowners with OSS in Sweden. The results support propositions that political trust indeed is an important factor explaining homeowners' acceptability of governmental regulations. Political trust is in turn influenced by homeowners' perceptions of authorities being environmentally effective and impartial when enforcing rules, as well as by positive experiences of authority contacts. Policy makers and officials should thus use trust‐building approaches and factors underpinning trust such as those investigated in this study to increase rule acceptance and, in the longer‐run, pro‐environmental behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Provision of Climate Advice as a Mechanism for Environmental Governance in Swedish Agriculture
Authors: Stål Herman I. , Bonnedahl Karl J.
Published: March 2015

Climate mitigation is both a pressing and complex task, and one that frequently requires both participation, to involve stakeholders, and capacity building to enable them to change their practices. This paper considers whether the provision of climate advice to affected parties could be an effective policy activity in both respects. The article investigates the feasibility and potential influence of providing climate advice by examining the role that such advice has played in the discursive activities of agriculture extension consultants in Sweden. This case demonstrates that rather than promoting substantial change in practices, the climate issue is used to support conventional efficiency‐increasing measures and to change the descriptions of prevailing agricultural activities. We find that the embedding of climate‐related discourse within agricultural extension, and the lack of clear climate mitigation goals for the agricultural sector, reduced and adapted the climate issue, accommodating it to the narratives prevailing among farmers, which are well aligned with conventional economic rather than climate policy goals. This lock‐in could be addressed by establishing clear and radical reduction targets and through the broader involvement of a wider range of stakeholders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Carbene Complexes Based on Dilithium Methandiides
Authors: Gessner Viktoria H. , Becker Julia , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan
Published: March 2015

In the last 15 years, methandiide ligands have given access to a new class of carbene complexes with unique electronic properties. The metal–carbon interactions in these complexes cover a range of bonding situations, from highly polar interactions to metal–carbon double bonds. This flexibility has allowed the isolation of complexes with metals covering the whole periodic table, including metals that had long been reluctant to form multiple bonds with carbon atoms. Thus, recent years have seen the revelation of many unusual carbene species with interesting reactivities. In this microreview, we focus on the latest developments in the chemistry of methandiides and their use as ligands in carbene complexes. We give an overview of the geminal dianionic compounds, their properties, and molecular and electronic structures, with special focus on those compounds that are applied in transition metal chemistry. The second part of the article deals with the preparation and electronic structures of methandiide‐derived carbene complexes, and we highlight important examples that display the unique properties and efficiency of the ligands. The last section gives an overview of the reactivity and the non‐innocent behavior of these methandiide ligands.
Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Halide Complexes Containing the Triimido Sulfur(VI) Phosphanyl Ligand
Authors: Carl Elena , Stalke Dietmar
Published: March 2015

The monomeric compounds [GeCl{(NtBu)3SCH2PPh2}] (1) and [SnBr{(NtBu)3SCH2PPh2}] (2) have been synthesized from equimolar reactions of [(tmeda)Li{(NtBu)3SCH2PPh2}] and GeCl2·dioxane or SnBr2, respectively, to introduce the N,N′‐chelating triimidosulfonate anion Ph2PCH2S(NtBu)3–. The complexes were fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
Oxide‐Bridged Heterobimetallic Aluminum/Zirconium Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Boulho Cédric , Zijlstra Harmen S. , Harder Sjoerd
Published: March 2015

A bimetallic aluminum/zirconium complex Cp*2Zr(Me)OAl(DIPH) [DIPH‐H2 = 3,3′‐bis(2‐methylallyl)‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐2,2′‐diol; Cp* = C5Me5] was prepared in good yield by the reaction of (DIPH)AlMe with Cp*2Zr(Me)OH. In contrast to Roesky's catalyst, Cp2Zr(Me)O(Me)Al(DIPP‐nacnac) {DIPP‐nacnac = CH[(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)]2}, it contains no Al–Me functionality and has increased Lewis acidity at Al. Crystal structures and the NMR spectra of the aluminum complex (DIPH)AlMe and the bimetallic Al/Zr species reveal in both cases dimeric complexes. The crystal structure of [Cp*2Zr(Me)OAl(DIPH)]2 shows a planar Al2O2 core and a terminal Cp*2Zr(Me)O group. Ethylene polymerization in toluene was studied for the bimetallic complex with a variety of scavengers. Under comparable polymerization conditions, the methylalumoxane‐activated species show high activities that are similar to those obtained with Cp*2ZrCl2 and Roesky's bimetallic complex Cp2Zr(Me)OAl(Me)(DIPP‐nacnac), with a relatively narrow polydispersity index (2.47).
Silver‐Mediated Decarboxylative Fluorination of Paraconic Acids: A Direct Entry to β‐Fluorinated γ‐Butyrolactones
Authors: Phae‐nok Supasorn , Soorukram Darunee , Kuhakarn Chutima , Reutrakul Vichai , Pohmakotr Manat
Published: March 2015

The silver(I)‐mediated decarboxylative fluorination of paraconic acids using Selectfluor® as a fluorine source is reported. Readily available paraconic acids undergo decarboxylative fluorination with Selectfluor® mediated by AgNO3 to give the corresponding β‐fluorinated γ‐butyrolactones in moderate to good yields. This approach serves as a direct and site‐selective strategy for the introduction of a fluorine atom at the β position of γ‐butyrolactone cores. The fluorinated products are synthetically useful scaffolds for organic synthesis.
A DFT Study of Inter‐ and Intramolecular Aryne Ene Reactions
Authors: Pérez Patricia , Domingo Luis R.
Published: March 2015

The molecular mechanisms of inter‐ and intramolecular aryne‐ene reactions have been theoretically studied by DFT methods at the MPWB1K/6‐311G(d,p) level. These reactions proceed through a one‐step mechanism via nearly asynchronous transition states (TSs), in which the C–C single bond formation is slightly more advanced than the hydrogen transfer process. These ene reactions show very low activation enthalpies (<1 kcal/mol) and are strongly exothermic by more than 73 kcal/mol. An electron localisation function (ELF) topological analysis of the changes of electron density during these ene reactions indicates that the bonding changes are nonconcerted. ELF topological analysis of the electron density in the C1–C2 bonding region of benzyne indicates that the 1,2‐pseudodiradical vinyl structure, rather than a structure with a C≡C triple bond, is responsible for the very high reactivity of these species.
Hetero‐Click Conjugation of Oligonucleotides with Glycosides Using Bifunctional Phosphoramidites
Authors: Meyer Albert , Noël Mathieu , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Morvan François
Published: March 2015

Two phosphoramidite derivatives, 1 and 2, each bearing two orthogonal functions: alkyne/thioacetyl or alkyne/tosyl, respectively, were synthesized and used to generate heteroglyco 5′‐oligonucleotide conjugates. After coupling, the first conjugation was performed using CuAAC on solid support with an azide‐bearing carbohydrate. For 1, the second conjugation was performed in solution by a thiol “click” reaction using a bromoacetamide galactoside, whereas for 2, the tosyl group was converted into an azide and a second CuAAC was applied on solid support. Accordingly, a deoxycholic‐centered heteroglycocluster exhibiting two D‐galactose and two L‐fucose motifs, conjugated to an oligonucleotide, was successfully synthesized.
The Dynamic Assembly of Covalent Organic Polygons: Finding the Optimal Balance of Solubility, Functionality, and Stability
Authors: Smith Merry K. , Goldberg Alexander R. , Northrop Brian H.
Published: March 2015

Six variably functionalized phenanthrene‐based bis(catechol) derivatives have been synthesized and their ability to undergo dynamic covalent assembly with 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) to give discrete, shape‐persistent [2+2] assemblies has been investigated. Systematically varying the functionality of the bis(catechol) derivatives is found to influence both the reaction conditions necessary to promote their self‐assembly with BDBA as well as the stability of the resulting assemblies in the presence of protic solvents. A model is proposed to describe how solvent choice and starting material functionality must be carefully balanced in order to shift many competing equilibria toward the formation of discrete, soluble covalent organic polygons. The results are expected to provide additional insight into optimizing the synthesis of other boronate ester polygons/polyhedra as well as related, “infinite” covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
Structure and Absolute Configuration of Auriculamide, a Natural Product from the Predatory Bacterium Herpetosiphon aurantiacus
Authors: Schieferdecker Sebastian , Domin Nicole , Hoffmeier Christine , Bryant Donald A. , Roth Martin , Nett Markus
Published: March 2015

The genome of the filamentous, predatory bacterium Herpetosiphon aurantiacus harbors a plethora of genes that are predicted to be involved in natural product biosynthesis. Until now, however, no secondary metabolites have been described from this microorganism. Analysis of H. aurantiacus culture extracts by 1H NMR spectroscopy now led to the discovery of a chlorinated amide, which we termed auriculamide. The configuration of the three chiral centers in auriculamide was solved by chromatographic comparison with stereospecifically prepared reference compounds following chemical degradation. Furthermore, a putative gene cluster for the biosynthesis of auriculamide was identified by genome mining.
Cu(OAc)2‐Catalysed Oxidative Dual C–H/N–H Activation of Terminal Alkynes and N‐Deprotected Sulfonimidamides: An Easy Access to N‐Alkynylated Sulfonimidamides
Authors: Nandi Ganesh Chandra , Kota Sudhakar Rao , Naicker Tricia , Govender Thavendran , Kruger Hendrick G. , Arvidsson Per I.
Published: March 2015

We report a mild and efficient Cu(OAc)2‐catalysed protocol for the oxidative C–N cross‐coupling of terminal alkynes and N‐deprotected sulfonimidamides. The reaction leads to hitherto unknown N‐alkynylated sulfonimidamides. Furthermore, we found that the synthesised N‐alkynylated sulfonimidamides could undergo silica‐gel‐mediated hydrolysis to give the corresponding N‐acyl‐sulfonimidamides, as well as borane–dimethyl sulfide‐mediated reduction to give the corresponding N‐alkylated sulfonimidamides.
Tetramethylammonium‐lactobionate: A novel ionic liquid chiral selector based on saccharides in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Zhang Qi , Du Yingxiang , Du Shuaijing , Zhang Jinjing , Feng Zijie , Zhang Yanjie , Li Xiaoqi
Published: March 2015

Chiral ionic liquids (ILs) have aroused widespread interest in separation science; however, only a few papers have reported the application of chiral ILs in CE for enantioseparation, and the use of chiral ILs as the sole chiral selector in an electrophoretic or a chromatographic system was reported in only three papers. In this study, we designed a lactobionic acid LA‐based IL, tetramethylammonium‐lactobionate (TMA‐LA), and it is very interesting to find that the chiral separation capability can be remarkably improved when a conventional saccharide chiral selector evolved into an IL chiral selector. A comparative study of the enantiorecognition capability of three separation systems (single LA system, LA + TMA‐chloride (TMA‐Cl) system, and TMA‐LA IL system) was also conducted, and the results showed that the use of TMA‐LA IL as the sole chiral selector exhibited a remarkable superiority. A series of parameters affecting the enantioseparation, such as the type and proportion of organic modifier, buffer composition and pH, chiral selector concentration, as well as applied voltage were systematically investigated. The best enantioseparation was obtained at pH 7.6 using a 40 mM borax buffer with 40% v/v methanol, 200 mM TMA‐LA, and 20 kV applied voltage. It is the first time that a saccharide‐based IL is evaluated as a sole chiral selector in CE, and we hope this study would provide a new direction for the development of novel ILs chiral selectors based on conventional chiral selectors.
Label‐free detection of multidrug resistance in K562 cells through isolated 3D‐electrode dielectrophoresis
Authors: Demircan Yağmur , Koyuncuoğlu Aziz , Erdem Murat , Özgür Ebru , Gündüz Ufuk , Külah Haluk
Published: March 2015

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a technique used to separate particles based on different sizes and/or dielectric properties under nonuniform electric field, is a promising method to be applied in label‐free, rapid, and effective cell manipulation and separation. In this study, a microelectromechanical systems‐based, isolated 3D‐electrode DEP device has been designed and implemented for the label‐free detection of multidrug resistance in K562 leukemia cells, based on the differences in their cytoplasmic conductivities. Cells were hydrodynamically focused to the 3D‐electrode arrays, placed on the side walls of the microchannel, through V‐shaped parylene‐C obstacles. 3D‐electrodes extruded along the z‐direction provide uniformly distributed DEP force through channel depth. Cell suspension containing resistant and sensitive cancer cells with 1:100 ratio was continuously flown through the channel at a rate of 10 μL/min. Detection was realized at 48.64 MHz, the cross‐over frequency of sensitive K562 cells, at which sensitive cells flow with the fluid, while the resistant ones are trapped by positive DEP force. Device can be operated at considerably low voltages (<9 Vpp). This is achieved by means of a very thin (0.5 μm) parylene coating on electrodes, providing the advantages offered by the isolation of electrodes from the sample, while the working voltage can still be kept low. Results prove that the presented DEP device can provide an efficient platform for the detection of multidrug resistance in leukemia, in a label‐free manner.
Comparison of detection techniques for capillary electrophoresis analysis of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Matczuk Magdalena , Aleksenko Svetlana S. , Matysik Frank‐Michael , Jarosz Maciej , Timerbaev Andrei R.
Published: March 2015

As metallic nanoparticles are growing in importance as analytes in CE, increases an interest in appropriate detection methods for their quantification in various samples. For gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), the most common UV detection poses intricacy of inadequate sensitivity that hinders the applicability of CE. With the objective of resolving this challenge, UV detection was compared with C4D and ICP‐MS as alternative modes of detection for AuNPs. A C4D detector, applied under pressure‐driven conditions, exhibited better sensitivity than a UV detector. However, C4D turned to be unsatisfactory to differentiate the signal of AuNPs at common CE conditions despite varying the nature of BGE and detection conditions. Due to intrinsic sensitivity and low background levels typical to Au, ICP‐MS greatly surpasses UV detection. After optimization trials, CE‐ICP‐MS gained the LOD of AuNPs as low as 2 × 10–15 M, as well as an excellent performance in terms of signal stability and linearity. Also importantly, the optimized BGE appears to be well matched to explore the behavior of AuNPs in biologically relevant systems. This was demonstrated by probing the interaction between AuNPs and the main blood‐transporting protein, HSA.
Food Addiction in Overweight and Obese Adolescents Seeking Weight‐loss Treatment
Authors: Meule Adrian , Hermann Tina , Kübler Andrea
Published: March 2015

Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such addiction‐like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining food addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about food addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight‐loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with food addiction reported more binge days, more frequent food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that food addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to ‘food addiction’. Addiction‐like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment‐seeking, obese adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Competencies for Program Evaluators in Light of Adaptive Action: What? So What? Now What?
Authors: King Jean A. , Stevahn Laurie
Published: March 2015

This chapter considers next steps in the development and use of evaluator competencies in the United States and globally. It begins with a brief grounding in definitions, then applies the framework of adaptive action (Eoyang & Holladay, 2013), asking “What?” to first describe the current status of evaluator competencies, “So what?” to discuss the implications of that status, and finally “Now what?” to identify potential actions that might attend to the complexity of change in the field of evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
How Does Accreditation Fit Into the Picture?
Authors: McDavid James C. , Huse Irene
Published: March 2015

Since evaluation does not currently accredit preparation programs, the content of this chapter was virtually a blank slate for the authors. Fittingly, they began by reviewing some background literature as to basic terms, what accreditation might entail, and critically parsing out the benefits of doing so. From there they proceeded to examine fields with a kinship to evaluation (accounting, business management, and human resource development) that have implemented systems to provide accredited status for their educational programs. The results have been questionable and led to perhaps unanticipated recommendations for what evaluation should be considering. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
P2Y2 receptor antagonists as anti‐allodynic agents in acute and sub‐chronic trigeminal sensitization: Role of satellite glial cells
Authors: Magni Giulia , Merli Davide , Verderio Claudia , Abbracchio Maria P. , Ceruti Stefania
Published: March 2015

Trigeminal (TG) pain often lacks a satisfactory pharmacological control. A better understanding of the molecular cross‐talk between TG neurons and surrounding satellite glial cells (SGCs) could help identifying innovative targets for the development of more effective analgesics. We have previously demonstrated that neuronal pro‐algogenic mediators upregulate G protein‐coupled nucleotide P2Y receptors (P2YRs) expressed by TG SGCs in vitro. Here, we have identified the specific P2YR subtypes involved (i.e., the ADP‐sensitive P2Y1R and the UTP‐responsive P2Y2R subtypes), and demonstrated the contribution of neuron‐derived prostaglandins to their upregulation. Next, we have translated these data to an in vivo model of TG pain (namely, rats injected with Complete Freund's adjuvant in the temporomandibular joint), by demonstrating activation of SGCs and upregulation of P2Y1R and P2Y2R in the ipsi‐lateral TG. To unequivocally link P2YRs to the development of facial allodynia, we treated animals with various purinergic antagonists. The selective P2Y2R antagonist AR‐C118925 completely inhibited SGCs activation, exerted a potent anti‐allodynic effect that lasted over time, and was still effective when administration was started 6‐days post induction of allodynia, i.e. under subchronic pain conditions. Conversely, the selective P2Y1R antagonist MRS2179 was completely ineffective. Moreover, similarly to the anti‐inflammatory drug acetylsalicylic acid and the known anti‐migraine agent sumatriptan, the P2X/P2Y nonselective antagonist PPADS was only partially effective, and completely lost its activity under sub‐chronic conditions. Taken together, our results highlight glial P2Y2Rs as potential “druggable” targets for the successful management of TG‐related pain. GLIA 2015;63:1256–1269
Using temporal orientation, category fluency, and word recall for detecting cognitive impairment: the 10‐point cognitive screener (10‐CS)
Authors: Apolinario Daniel , Lichtenthaler Daniel Gomes , Magaldi Regina Miksian , Soares Aline Thomaz , Busse Alexandre Leopold , das Gracas Amaral Jose Renato , Jacob‐Filho Wilson , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi
Published: March 2015

Objectives

A screening strategy composed of three‐item temporal orientation and three‐word recall has been increasingly used for detecting cognitive impairment. However, the intervening task administered between presentation and recall has varied. We evaluated six brief tasks that could be useful as intervening distractors and possibly provide incremental accuracy: serial subtraction, clock drawing, category fluency, letter fluency, timed visual detection, and digits backwards.

Methods

Older adults (n = 230) consecutively referred for suspected cognitive impairment underwent a comprehensive assessment for gold‐standard diagnosis, of whom 56 (24%) presented cognitive impairment not dementia and 68 (30%) presented dementia. Among those with dementia, 87% presented very mild or mild stages (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 or 1). The incremental value of each candidate intervening task in a model already containing orientation and word recall was assessed.

Results

Category fluency (animal naming) presented the highest incremental value among the six candidate intervening tasks. Reclassification analyses revealed a net gain of 12% among cognitively impaired and 17% among normal participants. A four‐point scaled score of the animal naming task was added to three‐item temporal orientation and three‐word recall to compose the 10‐point Cognitive Screener. The education‐adjusted 10‐point Cognitive Screener outperformed the longer Mini‐Mental State Examination for detecting both cognitive impairment (area under the curve 0.85 vs 0.77; p = 0.027) and dementia (area under the curve 0.90 vs 0.83; p = 0.015).

Conclusions

Based on empirical data, we have developed a brief and easy‐to‐use screening strategy with higher accuracy and some practical advantages compared with commonly used tools. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of subclinical recurrence or second primary cancer using 18F‐FDG PET/CT in patients treated curatively for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kikuchi Masahiro , Shinohara Shogo , Hino Megumu , Itoh Kyo , Tona Risa , Kishimoto Ippei , Harada Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Keizo , Suehiro Atsushi , Naito Yasushi
Published: March 2015

Background

The efficacy of posttreatment surveillance 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET)/CT was evaluated in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

The subjects were 158 patients with HNSCC who underwent PET/CT after definitive treatment. PET/CT detection of subclinical recurrence or a second primary cancer and the effect of timing of PET/CT scans on survival were analyzed.

Results

Recurrence or a second primary cancer occurred in 70 patients, and 67% of these cases were detected by PET/CT. Detection rates were 17%, 9%, 5%, and 5% in the first, second, third, and fourth scans at 4, 9, 15, and 21 months, respectively. In multivariate analysis, patients who underwent early first scans had significantly better disease‐specific (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.37; p = .031) and overall (HR = 0.45; p = .040) survival compared with those who underwent late first scans.

Conclusion

Earlier detection of subclinical lesions by surveillance PET/CT within 4 months after treatment may improve survival in patients with HNSCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E511–E518, 2016
Synchronous reconstruction of bilateral osteoradionecrosis of the mandible using a single fibular osteocutaneous flap in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Fan Song , Wang You‐yuan , Lin Zhao‐yu , Zhang Da‐ming , Yu Xin , Chen Wei‐xiong , Zhong Jiang‐long , Li Qun‐xing , Feng Yu‐huan , Chen Wei‐liang , Pan Chao‐bin , Dias–Ribeiro Eduardo , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Ye Jian‐tao , Li Jin‐song
Published: March 2015

Background

The reconstruction of bilateral osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of mandibular defects using a single free bone flap is rarely performed because extensively radiated neck tissue with severe fibrosis is usually unsuitable for vascularized reconstruction.

Methods

Thirty‐one patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) underwent bilateral reconstruction of advanced ORN in the mandible using a single fibular osteocutaneous flap. Clinical factors associated with the operation were assessed, including classification of mandible defects, types of recipient vessels, perioperative complications, and postoperative outcomes.

Results

All of the fibular osteocutaneous flaps survived completely, with the exception of 1 inner skin paddle that presented partial necrosis in a reconstruction of through‐and‐through defects. All patients experienced an improvement in cosmetic results 6 months after the reconstruction, whereas 23 patients experienced improved mouth opening compared to the preoperative condition.

Conclusion

Advanced bilateral ORN in patients with NPC could be synchronously reconstructed with a single fibular osteocutaneous flap. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E–E, 2016
Total tumor volume and alpha‐fetoprotein for selection of transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective validation
Authors: Toso Christian , Meeberg Glenda , Hernandez‐Alejandro Roberto , Dufour Jean‐François , Marotta Paul , Majno Pietro , Kneteman Norman M.
Published: March 2015

The selection of liver transplantation (LT) candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently validated based on Milan criteria. The use of extended criteria has remained a matter of debate, mainly because of the absence of prospective validation. The present prospective study recruited patients according to the previously proposed total tumor volume (TTV; ≤115 cm3)/alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP; ≤400 ng/mL) score. Patients with AFP >400 ng/mL were excluded, and, as such, the Milan group was modified to include only patients with AFP <400 ng/mL; these patients were compared to patients beyond Milan, but within TTV/AFP. From January 2007 to March 2013, 233 patients with HCC were listed for LT. Of them, 195 patients were within Milan and 38 beyond Milan, but within TTV/AFP. The average follow‐up from listing was 33.9 ± 24.9 months. Risk of dropout was higher for patients beyond Milan, but within TTV/AFP (16 of 38; 42.1%), than for those within Milan (49 of 195 [25.1%]; P = 0.033). In parallel, intent‐to‐treat survival from listing was lower in patients beyond Milan (53.8% vs. 71.6% at 4 years; P < 0.001). After a median waiting time of 8 months, 166 patients were transplanted, 134 within Milan criteria, and 32 beyond Milan but within TTV/AFP. They demonstrated acceptable and similar recurrence rates (4.5% vs. 9.4%; P = 0.138) and post‐transplant survivals (78.7% vs. 74.6% at 4 years; P = 0.932). Conclusion: Based on the present prospective study, HCC LT candidate selection could be expanded to the TTV (≤115 cm3)/AFP (≤400 ng/mL) criteria in centers with at least 8‐month waiting time. An increased risk of dropout on the waiting list can be expected, but with equivalent and satisfactory post‐transplant survival. (Hepatology 2015;62:158‐165)
Physical Organic Chemistry (POC) Makes Chemistry a Science: A Personal Reflection on POC
Authors: Hoz Shmaryahu
Published: March 2015

The role of physical organic chemistry (POC) within organic chemistry is portrayed from the personal point of view of the author. The paper compares the past (golden era) of POC with the present situation and considers some options for the future.
CDC42 Gtpase Activation Affects Hela Cell DNA Repair and Proliferation Following UV Radiation‐Induced Genotoxic Stress
Authors: Ascer Liv G. , Magalhaes Yuli T. , Espinha Gisele , Osaki Juliana H. , Souza Renan C. , Forti Fabio L.
Published: March 2015

Cell division control protein 42 (CDC42) homolog is a small Rho GTPase enzyme that participates in such processes as cell cycle progression, migration, polarity, adhesion, and transcription. Recent studies suggest that CDC42 is a potent tumor suppressor in different tissues and is related to aging processes. Although DNA damage is crucial in aging, a potential role for CDC42 in genotoxic stress remains to be explored. Migration, survival/proliferation and DNA damage/repair experiments were performed to demonstrate CDC42 involvement in the recovery of HeLa cells exposed to ultraviolet radiation‐induced stress. Sub‐lines of HeLa cells ectopically expressing the constitutively active CDC42‐V12 mutant were generated to examine whether different CDC42‐GTP backgrounds might reflect different sensitivities to UV radiation. Our results show that CDC42 constitutive activation does not interfere with HeLa cell migration after UV radiation. However, the minor DNA damage exhibited by the CDC42‐V12 mutant exposed to UV radiation most likely results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint and reduced proliferation and survival. HeLa cells and Mock clones, which express endogenous wild‐type CDC42 and show normal activity, are more resistant to UV radiation. None of these effects are altered by pharmacological CDC42 inhibition. Finally, the phosphorylation status of the DNA damage response proteins γ‐H2AX and p‐Chk1 was found to be delayed and attenuated, respectively, in CDC42‐V12 clones. In conclusion, the sensitivity of HeLa cells to ultraviolet radiation increases with CDC42 over‐activation due to inadequate DNA repair signaling, culminating in G2/M cell accumulation, which is translated into reduced cellular proliferation and survival. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2086–2097, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Electrochemical Behavior of a N‐containing Calix[4]arene Derivative
Authors: Wu Yanju , Zhai Shengguo , Gao Lin , Wang Fei
Published: March 2015

The electrochemical behavior of 5,11,17,23‐Tetrakis‐dimethylaminomethylcalix[4]arene (DCA) has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that there is an irreversible electrochemical oxidative wave with peak potential of 1.35 V in chloroform at a glassy carbon electrode. The kinetic parameters of the andic wave, such as α, n and ks, were discussed. In addition, a new pair of quasi‐reversible redox peaks with peak potentials of 0.72 V and 0.94 V was found. It can result in DCA electrodeposition at the electrode surface. This film modified electrode was characterized by CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, the possible mechanism of electrodeposition was also discussed
Improved Synthesis of 2,2‐Arylmethylene Bis(3‐hydroxy‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one) and 1,8‐Dioxo‐octahydroxanthene Derivatives Catalyzed by Electrogenerated Base and Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Kazemi‐Rad Reyhaneh , Azizian Javad , Kefayati Hassan
Published: March 2015

An efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthene derivatives in two‐step. In the first step, the electrogenerated base (EGB) catalyzed multicomponent transformation of dimedone and aromatic aldehydes in an undivided cell in the presence of sodium bromide as an electrolyte into 2,2′‐arylmethylene bis(3‐hydroxy‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one) at room temperature. In the second step, H2SO4 was employed as a dehydrating reagent for the cyclization process to give symmetrical heterocycles 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthene derivatives. Short reaction time, convenient work up, and using of inexpensive reagents, simple equipment, novel and eco‐friendly procedure make this strategy more useful for the preparation of xanthene derivatives.
Anharmonic Effect of the Unimolecular Isomerization/Decomposition of Benzyne
Authors: Li Qian , Yao Li , Lin S. H.
Published: March 2015

The anharmonic and harmonic rate constants were calculated for the unimolecular decomposition of o‐benzyne, the isomerization of o‐benzyne to m‐benzyne, the isomerization of m‐benzyne to p‐benzyne and unimolecular decomposition of p‐benzyne by using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory respectively, in the canonical and microcanonical systems. The geometry and the vibrational frequencies were calculated by MP2 and B3LYP methods with 6‐311G(d,p) basis set and the barrier energies were corrected using CBS‐QB3 theory. The anharmonic effect on the reactions was also examined. Comparison of results for the decompositions of benzyne indicate that both in microcanonical and canonical cases, the anharmonic effect on the decomposition of the o‐C6H4 and p‐C6H4 are significant, while the anharmonic effect on the two isomerizations are not pronounced.
The Substituent Effect of 1‐Arylazonaphthen‐2‐ols on Azo‐hydrazone Tautomerization According to NMR Analysis
Authors: Lin Yi‐Cang , Chen Chien‐Chih , Ding Mei‐Fan , Lin Shaw‐Tao
Published: March 2015

The substituent effect on azo‐hydrazone tautomerization of 1‐arylazonaphthen‐ols is studied by means of NMR analysis. Among the 13C chemical shifts, the C(2) of this series compound is the most sensitive to the variation in the nature of substituent on the phenyl ring. Therefore, the variation in the chemical shifts of C(2) is used to probe the substituent effect by using the substituent chemical shifts and free energy vs. Hammett’s constant (χρ+). Both methods give a negative correlation slope, indicating the electron‐with‐ drawing groups favor the hydrazone tautomer form. The effect on the chemical shifts of C(2) of compound 8 in ten solvents can be classified as the solvent with a proton‐donor, proton‐acceptor and arenes system. The substituent with electron‐donating character is more sensitive to the nature of solvent and it favors the hydrazone form. Free energy obtained from the dynamic NMR technique indicates the tautomerization favors the hydrazone‐form for the substituent with electron‐withdrawing character.