bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free compact 2-categories
Authors: PRELLER ANNE , LAMBEK JOACHIM
Published: January 2007

Before one can attach a meaning to a sentence, one must distinguish different ways of parsing it. When analysing a language with pregroup grammars, we are thus led to replace the free pregroup by a free compact strict monoidal category. Since a strict monoidal category is a 2-category with one 0-cell, we investigate the free compact 2-category generated by a given category, and describe its 2-cells as labelled transition systems. In particular, we obtain a decision procedure for the equality of 2-cells in the free compact 2-category.
ANAESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND PERIPARTUM MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN WITH PRE-EXISTING CARDIAC AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Authors: RICHARDS NICOLE A , YENTIS STEVEN M
Published: January 2007

Cardiac and respiratory systems undergo significant changes in pregnancy and the puerperium, and the course of disease of these two systems in pregnancy can be difficult to predict and manage. Good assessment and planning is essential for the general management of patients with cardiorespiratory disease and will directly impact on the anaesthetic services they require and receive.
FLEXIBILITY, SECTORAL HYSTERESIS, AND DOWNTURNS
Authors: STEGER THOMAS M.
Published: January 2007

This paper sets up a two-sector growth model with sectoral hysteresis because of intersectoral factor reallocation costs. The main results are: (i) The economy under study exhibits nonergodic growth implying path-dependency (history matters) and permanent consequences of temporary shocks. (ii) Flexible economies are more likely to take advantage of technological improvements. The analysis points to a new mechanism in the flexibility-growth nexus, which complements the findings of Bertola (1994). (iii) Periods of negative growth can be explained as optimal responses of an economy to favorable technology shocks. This result sheds light on the fact that economic development is associated with recurring downturns.
MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: BACHMEIER LANCE , LEELAHANON SITTISAK , LI QI
Published: January 2007

Specification tests reject a linear inflation forecasting model over the period 1959–2002. Based on this finding, we evaluate the out-of-sample inflation forecasts of a fully nonparametric model for 1994–2002. Our two main results are that: (i) nonlinear models produce much better forecasts than linear models, and (ii) including money growth in the nonparametric model yields marginal improvements, but including velocity reduces the mean squared forecast error by as much as 40%. A threshold model fits the data well over the full sample, offering an interpretation of our findings. We conclude that it is important to account for both nonlinearity and the behavior of monetary aggregates when forecasting inflation.
OPTIMAL POLICY IN RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS MODELS: NEW SOLUTION ALGORITHMS
Authors: DENNIS RICHARD
Published: January 2007

This paper develops methods to solve for optimal discretionary policies and optimal commitment policies in rational expectations models. These algorithms, which allow the optimization constraints to be conveniently expressed in second-order structural form, are more general than existing methods and are simple to apply. We use several New Keynesian business cycle models to illustrate their application. Simulations show that the procedures developed in this paper can quickly solve small-scale models and that they can be usefully and effectively applied to medium- and large-scale models.
HOW DIFFERENT IS THE CYCLICAL BEHAVIOR OF HOME PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES?
Authors: BLANKENAU WILLIAM , KOSE M. AYHAN
Published: January 2007

This paper studies stylized business-cycle properties of household production in four industrialized countries (Canada, the United States, Germany, and Japan). We employ a dynamic small open-economy business-cycle model that incorporates a household production sector. We use the model to generate data on home output, hours worked in the home sector, and hours spent on leisure. We find that in each country, home output is more volatile than market output, whereas home sector hours are about as volatile as those in the market sector. In each country, leisure is the least volatile series. Leisure hours and home hours are countercyclical in all countries, and home output is not highly correlated with market output. Home sector variables are generally less persistent than market variables and cross-country correlations related to home production tend to be lower than those related to market production. These findings demonstrate that despite some well-known structural differences in labor markets, the cyclical features of home sector variables are similar across the countries we consider.
CURRENCY ATTACKS WITH MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA AND IMPERFECT INFORMATION: THE ROLE OF WAGE-SETTERS
Authors: FEMMINIS GIANLUCA
Published: January 2007

We consider a dynamic stochastic model of currency attacks, characterized by imperfect information about a fundamental. Agents not only decide whether to attack the peg but also formulate expectations concerning the probability of future devaluation. The subjective devaluation probabilities influence the inflation expectations, which, in turn, affect the next-period wage level and unemployment. Hence, expectations affect the following-period fundamental and the policymaker's ability to resist an attack. Agents decide upon next-period wage having observed whether the current-period currency attack has been successful or not: this publicly available information is sufficient to allow for a coordination effect among agents, leading to multiple equilibria. Our results imply that a ‘transparent policy’ during a currency crisis is in the policymaker's interest.
Deutsche Frontkrankenschwestern im II. Weltkrieg
Authors: Teegen Frauke , Handwerk Ute
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Ziel der Studie war es, ehemalige deutsche Frontkrankenschwestern zu Erinnerungen an traumatische Lebenserfahrungen - vor allem während des Einsatzes im Zweiten Weltkrieg - zu befragen, und ein Screening zu Symptomen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS, PCL-C), komorbiden Beschwerden (SCL-90-R), emotional-kognitiven Bewältigungsfähigkeiten (Alexithymie, TAS-20; Kohärenzsinn, SOC-13) sowie persönlicher Reifung nach Belastungen (PRB) durchzuführen. An der Erhebung beteiligten sich 59 Frauen, die im Mittel 82 Jahre alt waren. Die Stichprobe ist durch ein höheres Bildungsniveau, einen guten Gesundheitsstatus sowie eine hohe Ausprägung salutogenetischer Einstellungen und persönlicher Reife charakterisiert. Alle Frauen berichteten über traumatische Erfahrungen während des Kriegseinsatzes, der im Mittel 3 Jahre dauerte. Bei 5 % wurde eine Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung und bei weiteren 19 % eine partielle PTBS festgestellt. Im Vergleich zu gering belasteten Teilnehmerinnen litten Frauen mit (voller oder partieller) PTBS signifikant stärker unter komorbiden Beschwerden und zeigten eine höhere Ausprägung von Alexithymie sowie ein geringeres Kohärenzgefühl. Bezüglich der persönlichen Reifung ergaben sich keine Gruppenunterschiede.
Fördergruppe für Demenzpatienten und Beratungsgruppe für Angehörige
Authors: Jost Elke , Voigt-Radloff Sebastian , Hüll Michael , Dykierek Petra , Schmidtke Klaus
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Ein ambulantes Behandlungskonzept für Demenzpatienten und ihre Angehörigen wurde in der Memory-Ambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg entwickelt. In zwölf Terminen in zweiwöchentlichen Abständen werden Patienten und Angehörige zeitgleich, aber in getrennten Räumen betreut. Die Angehörigen nehmen an einem Informations- und Beratungsprogramm unter Leitung einer Psychologin und einer Sozialarbeiterin teil. Die Patienten erhalten ein Förder- und Aktivierungsprogramm unter Leitung von Mitarbeitern aus therapeutischen Berufen (Ergotherapie, Physiotherapie, Logopädie). Einzelne Termine werden mit Patienten und Angehörigen gemeinsam durchgeführt, um den Angehörigen einen aktivierenden und Selbstwert-fördernden Umgang mit den Patienten näher zu bringen. Die Praktikabilität, Akzeptanz und erste Hinweise zur Wirksamkeit des Behandlungsansatzes wurden in der vorliegenden Studie anhand von 50 teilnehmenden Patienten-Angehörigen-Paaren untersucht. Die Entwicklung von Patienten und Angehörigen wurde über den halbjährigen Interventionszeitraum im Eingruppen-prä/post-Vergleich mit standardisierten Erhebungsinstrumenten evaluiert. Das Programm erwies sich als gut praktikabel und erfuhr eine hohe Akzeptanz von Patienten- und Angehörigenseite. Bei den Patienten zeigten sich im Verlauf eine Zunahme der Alltagsbeeinträchtigung, eine geringe Zunahme depressiver Symptome und eine leichte Verschlechterung des sozialen Verhaltens. Hingegen blieb die Ausprägung sonstiger Verhaltensauffälligkeiten unverändert. Trotz der erwartungsgemäßen Progredienz der Erkrankung konnte die Belastung und das psychische Befinden der Angehörigen auf dem Niveau einer geringen Beeinträchtigung stabil gehalten werden.
Kausalattributionen von körperlichen Beschwerden bei somatoformen Störungen
Authors: Martin Alexandra , Korn Hans-Jürgen , Cebulla Marian , Saly Marijke , Fichter Manfred M. , Hiller Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Es wird angenommen, dass Patienten mit somatoformen Störungen überwiegend organmedizinisch-biologische Ursachen für ihre Beschwerden verantwortlich machen - und dass diese Attributionen an der Aufrechterhaltung der Störung beteiligt sind. Bislang wurden die Kausalattributionen nur selten und überwiegend mit Bestätigungsmethoden an somatoformen Störungen untersucht. Ziele der Studie waren die Identifikation der spontanen Ursachenzuschreibungen und der Prädiktoren des Attributionsstils bei Patienten mit somatoformen Störungen - sowie die Überprüfung der Auswirkung der Kausalattributionen auf den Therapieverlauf. Insgesamt wurden 79 Patienten einer psychosomatischen Klinik mit somatoformen Störungen aufgenommen. Im Rahmen eines Interviews zur Erfassung der Kausalattributionen (KAUSOM) wurden die subjektiven Ursachen für die Körperbeschwerden offen erfragt und anschließend durch eine Stichprobe externer Rater (n = 51) in somatische vs. psychische Ursachen kategorisiert. Zusätzlich wurden Angaben zu der somatoformen Symptomatik (SOMS), Krankheitsängsten (WI), katastrophisierenden Kognitionen (FKG) und Depressionssymptomatik (BDI) vor und nach der Therapie erhoben. Schrittweise multiple Regressionsanalysen ergaben das Geschlecht, die Anzahl der somatoformen Symptome und die Depressivität als Prädiktoren des Attributionsstils. In der Folge der verhaltensmedizinischen Therapie verbesserte sich die Symptomatik insgesamt, ohne dass der Attributionsstil den Verlauf der somatoformen Symptomatik, der Krankheitsangst und der Depressivität beeinflusste. Modellkonform zeigte sich ein Überwiegen der somatischen Kausalattributionen. Jedoch wurden häufig auch psychosoziale Ursachen für die Beschwerden genannt, insbesondere bei ausgeprägterer Depressivität. Die generelle Annahme, dass somatoformen Störungen mit organmedizinisch-biologischen Kausalattributionen verbunden sind, erscheint nicht voll zutreffend. Auch präjudizieren somatische Kausalattributionen nicht zwangsläufig einen negativen Behandlungsverlauf.
Körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland
Authors: Barkmann Claus , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Brähler Elmar
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Im Vergleich zu psychischen Auffälligkeiten liegen bislang nur wenige gesicherte empirische Erkenntnisse über Körperbeschwerden im Kindes- und Jugendalter vor. Im Rahmen des Hamburger Gesundheitssurveys wurden deshalb anhand einer bundesweit repräsentativen Stichprobe von N = 1950 4- bis 18-Jährigen mittels eines Eltern- und Kinderfragebogens Daten zu körperlichen Beschwerden, Biographie und Lebensumständen erhoben. Neben studienspezifischen Items wurde der Gießener Beschwerdebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche (GBB-KJ) verwendet. Mit Abstand am häufigsten zeigen sich bei allen Alters-, Geschlechts- und Urteilskombinationen Erkältungssymptome; Kreislaufbeschwerden treten am seltensten auf. Die verschiedenen Beschwerdekomplexe weisen insbesondere mit Eintritt in die Pubertät unterschiedliche alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Verläufe auf. Der Gesamt-Beschwerdedruck über alle Beschwerdekomplexe hinweg bleibt für Jungen mit zunehmendem Alter relativ gleich, für Mädchen erfolgt mit Beginn der Pubertät eine Zunahme. Die Übereinstimmung der Eltern- und Selbsturteile für 11- bis 18-Jährige fällt moderat aus. Die Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit bisherigen Arbeiten überein und weisen darauf hin, dass körperliche Beschwerden bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ein häufiges Phänomen darstellen.
Körperliche Beschwerden bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen
Authors: Baumeister Harald , Härter Martin
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die Literatur bietet bislang nur wenige Systematisierungshilfen und Handlungshinweise in Bezug auf die Bedeutung und psychotherapeutische Behandlungsimplikationen somatischer Beschwerden bei psychischen Störungen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit hat zum Ziel, diese Lücke zu schließen. Es erfolgt eine Systematisierung somatischer Beschwerden auf der Basis möglicher pathogenetischer Zusammenhänge zu psychischen Störungen. Basierend auf dieser Unterteilung werden daraus ableitbare Besonderheiten psychotherapeutischer Interventionen diskutiert. Die Systematisierung umfasst somatische Beschwerden, die 1) vorwiegend körperlicher Ursache und 2) Teil einer psychischen Störung sein können. Im ersten Fall erfolgt eine weitere Unterteilung der somatischen Beschwerden auf der Basis ihres kausalen Zusammenhangs mit der psychischen Störung (ursächlich für, Folge von und zufällig koexistent). Bei somatischen Beschwerden, die Teil einer psychischen Störung sind, werden insbesondere pathogenetische und behandlungsrelevante Aspekte somatoformer Störungen diskutiert. Die Übersichtsarbeit verdeutlicht die pathogenetische Vielfalt somatischer Beschwerden bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen und unterstreicht die Bedeutung krankheitsspezifischen Wissens sowie eines interdisziplinär arbeitenden Versorgungsnetzes bei Patienten mit psychischer und somatischer Symptomatik.
Estimating the greenhouse gas fluxes of European grasslands with a process‐based model: 2. Simulations at the continental level
Authors: Vuichard Nicolas , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Calanca Pierluigi , Soussana Jean‐François
Published: January 2007

We apply a simulation model in order to quantify the patterns of carbon and nitrogen cycling within European grasslands. We map the fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 exchanged with the atmosphere as controlled by climate and management conditions. We distinguish between grazing and cutting practice. Because geo‐referenced management information for grasslands does not exist at the scale of Europe, we develop a new and robust set of rules defining some management variables. We then perform realistic simulations in term of N fertilization using a national level data set. The model results at European scale are compared with agricultural statistics (yield, animal stocks), which shows that our very simple management calculation is reasonably realistic. We also compare the simulated seasonal cycle of grassland phenology as calculated by PASIM with remote sensing observations from the EOS‐TERRA‐MODIS satellite, which shows a good general agreement. Emission factors for soil N2O and grazing animals CH4 emissions are diagnosed from the model runs and shown to be comparable to those of previous experimental surveys. We investigate impact of N fertilization on NPP and C storage potential, N2O emissions by soils and CH4 emissions by ruminants. We conclude that, for different time horizon, CH4 and N2O sources are lower than the potential sink of CO2, on a carbon equivalent basis. This result is independent of fertilization intensity but assumes that the current soil C stocks are below the long‐term equilibrium values.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes and their relationships with water‐sediment characteristics in a hyper‐eutrophic shallow lake, China
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Yang Longyuan , Wang Weidong , Lu Jinwei , Yin Chengqing
Published: January 2007

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured in hyper‐eutrophic Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu by the static chamber method for two years. The lake was an important source of atmospheric N2O. Large temporal variations were recorded for N2O fluxes, ranging from −278 to 2101μg N2O m−2h−1in the littoral zone and from −177 to 164μg N2O m−2h−1in the pelagic zone, with the highest N2O emissions observed during the algal bloom. Wide spatial variation in N2O fluxes occurred in the littoral zone responding to water‐sediment variables, while such variation was not found in the pelagic zone. In the infralittoral zone, the redox condition, temperature and nitrogen (N) sources controlled the N2O fluxes, whereas the influences of these parameters on N2O fluxes were weak in the pelagic zone. This difference indicated that N cycling was more intensive in the littoral zone than in the pelagic zone. A multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that water‐column denitrification and the carbon (C) and N contents of the sediment affected the N2O exchange in the infralittoral zone. Water‐column inorganic N content affected the consumption of atmospheric N2O significantly in both zones.
Submeter bathymetric mapping of volcanic and hydrothermal features on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°50′N
Authors: Ferrini Vicki Lynn , Fornari Daniel J. , Shank Timothy M. , Kinsey James C. , Tivey Maurice A. , Soule S. Adam , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Whitcomb Louis L. , Yoerger Dana , Howland Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Recent advances in underwater vehicle navigation and sonar technology now permit detailed mapping of complex seafloor bathymetry found at mid‐ocean ridge crests. Imagenex 881 (675 kHz) scanning sonar data collected during low‐altitude (∼5 m) surveys conducted with DSV Alvin were used to produce submeter resolution bathymetric maps of five hydrothermal vent areas at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) Ridge2000 Integrated Study Site (9°50′N, “bull's‐eye”). Data were collected during 29 dives in 2004 and 2005 and were merged through a grid rectification technique to create high‐resolution (0.5 m grid) composite maps. These are the first submeter bathymetric maps generated with a scanning sonar mounted on Alvin. The composite maps can be used to quantify the dimensions of meter‐scale volcanic and hydrothermal features within the EPR axial summit trough (AST) including hydrothermal vent structures, lava pillars, collapse areas, the trough walls, and primary volcanic fissures. Existing Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) bathymetry data (675 kHz scanning sonar) collected at this site provide the broader geologic context necessary to interpret the meter‐scale features resolved in the composite maps. The grid rectification technique we employed can be used to optimize vehicle time by permitting the creation of high‐resolution bathymetry maps from data collected during multiple, coordinated, short‐duration surveys after primary dive objectives are met. This method can also be used to colocate future near‐bottom sonar data sets within the high‐resolution composite maps, enabling quantification of bathymetric changes associated with active volcanic, hydrothermal and tectonic processes.
Trends in direct normal irradiance in Oregon: Comparison of surface measurements and ISCCP‐derived irradiance
Authors: Lohmann Sina , Riihimaki Laura , Vignola Frank , Meyer Richard
Published: January 2007

Long‐term pyrheliometer measurements of direct normal irradiance at three sites in Oregon are compared to irradiance calculated from data of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. An increase of direct normal irradiance of up to 1 W/m2 per year between 1980 and 2004 is found in the measured data. The increase seems to be partially caused by stratospheric aerosols from two major volcano eruptions. After removing data for the years most affected by volcanic aerosol, two of the three sites still show a significant increase in direct normal irradiance, indicating other atmospheric changes may contribute to the observed trends. From 1984–2004, for which satellite data are available, both data sets correlate very well and show an increase in direct normal irradiance of 0.3 W/m2 per year on average. In both data sets trends vary seasonally. A strong increase is observed during summer and fall. At two sites a significant decrease during winter, which is consistent in measured and satellite derived values, counteracts part of the summer increase.
Satellite‐derived rain rates in vertically sheared tropical cyclones
Authors: Cecil Daniel J.
Published: January 2007

When tropical cyclones interact with environmental vertical wind shear, they often take on an asymmetric structure. Prior observational and modeling studies have identified a preference for rainfall enhancement in the directions that are down shear and also to the left of the shear vector (in the Northern Hemisphere). This study composites hundreds of snapshots of the rain fields for Atlantic tropical cyclones between 1988–2004, taken from satellite‐borne passive microwave radiometer estimates. Quadrant mean rain rates are fairly symmetrical in weakly sheared hurricanes. For cases with shear greater than 10 m s−1, the favored downshear and left‐of‐shear quadrants have a factor of two greater rain rates in the inner core than the non‐favored quadrants. Beyond 100 km from the center, this asymmetry increases to a factor of four or more. The magnitude of the asymmetry is greater for tropical storms, although the mean rain rates are less.
Thermochemical structure and dynamics of the African superplume
Authors: Simmons Nathan A. , Forte Alessandro M. , Grand Stephen P.
Published: January 2007

We present a new three‐dimensional (3‐D) model of the thermochemical structure of the African superplume region obtained from simultaneous inversion of global seismic and convection‐related data. Convection‐related observations include the global free‐air gravity field, tectonic plate motions, dynamic surface topography and the excess ellipticity of the core‐mantle boundary. A 3‐D image of the chemically‐induced density perturbations provides direct evidence that intrinsically‐dense material is entrained within the superplume and concentrated into a rounded structure ∼1000 km above the core‐mantle boundary. The thermally‐induced density perturbations are greater in magnitude than the chemically‐induced implying overall positive buoyancy throughout the superplume. The observed morphology and density signatures are consistent with a thermochemical plume that has risen from a compositionally‐distinct ‘pile’ at the base of the mantle and may be currently deforming under the influence of its intrinsic negative chemical buoyancy.
Is the top of atmosphere dust net radiative effect different between Terra and Aqua?
Authors: Jones Thomas A. , Christopher Sundar A.
Published: January 2007

We assess the difference in Top of Atmosphere (TOA) cloud‐free Net Radiative Effect (NRE) of dust aerosols between the Terra and Aqua satellites using three years of collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data over the Atlantic Ocean [0–30°N, 10–60°W]. The dust aerosol optical thickness at 0.55 μm (τdust) was first separated from the total aerosol column aerosol optical thickness (τ) and our results indicate that the Terra minus Aqua difference for both τ and τdust is approximately 10%, with Terra values generally being slightly higher. The resulting difference in TOA NRE from dust aerosols is less than 1 Wm−2. The difference between Terra and Aqua NRE lies well within previously reported uncertainties indicating that data from either satellite can be used interchangeably if independent adjustments for diurnal effects and clear‐sky sample biases are made.
Aerosol major ion record at Mount Washington
Authors: Fischer E. V. , Ziemba L. D. , Talbot R. W. , Dibb J. E. , Griffin R. J. , Husain L. , Grant A. N.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the seasonal cycles and regional‐scale meteorological controls on the chemical properties of bulk aerosols collected from 1999 to 2004 at Mount Washington, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The concentrations of NH4+ and SO42− peaked during summer months. The pattern for aerosol NO3− was more complicated with relatively high median concentrations characterizing spring and summer months, but with major elevated events occurring during fall, winter, and spring. The seasonal relationship between NH4+ and SO42− indicated that during warmer months a mixture of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4 was present, while it was mainly the latter in winter. More acidity and higher concentrations of the major species were generally associated with winds from the southwest and west sectors. The highest (≥95th percentile) concentrations of SO42− and NH4+ were associated with air mass transport from major upwind source regions in the Midwest and along the eastern seaboard. The ionic composition and seasonal cycle observed at Mount Washington were similar to those measured at other northeastern sites, but the range and average concentrations were much lower. These differences were exaggerated during wintertime. Included in this paper are several Eulerian case studies of SO2 conversion to SO42− during transit from Whiteface Mountain, New York, to Mount Washington. The calculations suggest a gas‐phase SO2 oxidation rate of ∼1–2% per hour and demonstrate the possibility of using these two sites to investigate the chemical evolution of air masses as they move from Midwestern source regions to northern New England.
Remote sensing information for fire management and fire effects assessment
Authors: Chuvieco Emilio , Kasischke Eric S.
Published: January 2007

Over the past decade, much research has been carried out on the utilization of advanced geospatial technologies (remote sensing and geographic information systems) in the fire science and fire management disciplines. Recent advances in these technologies were the focus of a workshop sponsored by the EARSEL special interest group (SIG) on forest fires (FF‐SIG) and the Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics (GOFC‐GOLD) fire implementation team. Here we summarize the framework and the key findings of papers submitted from this meeting and presented in this special section. These papers focus on the latest advances for near real‐time monitoring of active fires, prediction of fire hazards and danger, monitoring of fuel moisture, mapping of fuel types, and postfire assessment of the impacts from fires.
Bioinformatics Approach for Functional Glycomics
Authors: Paulson James
Published: January 2007

Presentation in the Human Glycomics Proteomics Disease Initiative (HGPI) session.
Optimization of transfection mediated by calcium phosphate for plasmid rAAV‐LacZ (recombinant adeno‐associated virus–β‐galactosidase reporter gene) production in suspension‐cultured HEK‐293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells
Authors: Feng Lei , Guo Meijin , Zhang Shuxiang , Chu Ju , Zhuang Yingping , Zhang Siliang
Published: January 2007

rAAV (recombinant adeno‐associated virus) has become a very useful gene‐delivery vector for gene therapy. However, it is very difficult to generate rAAV using triple transfection on a commercial scale, owing to its low productivity and inconveniently adhesive nature of its culture. An optimal suspension‐culture transfection procedure was developed for rAAV‐LacZ production in suspended HEK‐293 cells mediated by calcium phosphate (lacZ, a reporter gene, codes for β‐galactosidase). The study showed that cytotoxicity of transfection complexes and cell aggregation in suspension culture were two key factors affecting high suspension‐culture transfection efficiency. Cytotoxicity of transfection complexes was influenced effectively by mixture of Ca2+ and plasmid DNA when their concentrations were decreased from 300 to 150 mM and from 3.0 to 1.5 μg/ml respectively, as manifested by a relatively higher cell viability after suspension‐culture transfection. Moreover, the transfection efficiency was still less than 15%. In addition, we explored the disruption of cell aggregation and the control of transfection‐complex size with 2.0 mM EGTA treatment for 30 min before transfection and the addition of 100 mM Mg2+ during transfection respectively, procedures which enhanced transfection efficiency significantly, owing to more contact and endocytosis between cells and transfection complexes. Finally, the high transfection level and rAAV‐LacZ titre achieved under optimized suspension‐culture transfection conditions, namely 40% and 5×1011 v.g. (vector genomes)/60 ml of medium respectively, is promising for the technique's application in the large‐scale production of rAAV.
Achieving accuracy in spectroradiometric measurements of temperature in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell: Diamond is an optical component
Authors: Benedetti Laura Robin , Guignot Nicolas , Farber Daniel L.
Published: January 2007

We present theoretical calculations of the optical effects of the diamond anvil on the accuracy of spectroradiometric temperature measurements made with the laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Considering the dual effects of wavelength-dependent index of refraction and wavelength-dependent absorbance, we find that systematic errors can be minimized by using low numerical aperture optics and by characterizing wavelength-dependent absorbance for each anvil as part of system response measurement. Quantitatively, failure to observe these guidelines can lead to systematic errors of hundreds of degrees. This physical effect may be one part of the origin of the discrepancy of experimental measurements of the melting temperature of iron at megabar pressures.
Design, microfabrication, and analysis of micrometer-sized cylindrical ion trap arrays
Authors: Cruz D. , Chang J. P. , Fico M. , Guymon A. J. , Austin D. E. , Blain M. G.
Published: January 2007

A description of the design and microfabrication of arrays of micrometer-scale cylindrical ion traps is offered. Electrical characterization and initial ion trapping experiments with a massively parallel array of 5μm internal radius (r0) sized cylindrical ion traps (CITs) are also described. The ion trap, materials, and design are presented and shown to be critical in achieving minimal trapping potential while maintaining minimal power consumption. The ion traps, fabricated with metal electrodes, have inner radii of 1, 2, 5, and 10μm and range from 5to24μm in height. The electrical characteristics of packaged ion trap arrays were measured with a vector network analyzer. The testing focused on trapping toluene (C7H8), mass 91, 92, or 93amu, in the 5μm sized CITs. Ions were formed via electron impact ionization and were ejected by turning off the rf voltage applied to the ring electrode; a current signal was collected at this time. Optimum ionization and trapping conditions, such as a sufficient pseudopotential well and high ionization to ion loss rate ratio (as determined by simulation), proved to be difficult to establish due to the high device capacitance and the presence of exposed dielectric material in the trapping region. However, evidence was obtained suggesting the trapping of ions in 1%–15% of the traps in the array. These first tests on micrometer-scale CITs indicated the necessary materials and device design modifications for realizing ultrasmall and low power ion traps.
Microwave heating of water, ice, and saline solution: Molecular dynamics study
Authors: Tanaka Motohiko , Sato Motoyasu
Published: January 2007

In order to study the heating process of water by the microwaves of 2.5–20GHz frequencies, the authors have performed molecular dynamics simulations by adopting a nonpolarizable water model that has fixed point charges on a rigid-body geometry. All runs are started from the equilibrated states derived from the Ic ice with given density and temperature. In the presence of microwaves, the molecules of liquid water exhibit rotational motion whose average phase is delayed from the microwave electric field. Microwave energy is transferred to the kinetic and intermolecular energies of water, where one-third of the absorbed microwave energy is stored as the latter energy. The water in ice phase is scarcely heated by microwaves because of the tight hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules. Dilute salt water is significantly more heated than pure water because of the field-induced motion of salt ions, especially that of large-size ions, by the microwave electric field and energy transfer to water molecules by collisions.
Arrays of Ni nanowire/multiwalled carbon nanotube/amorphous carbon nanotube heterojunctions containing Schottky contacts
Authors: Luo Jun , Zhu Jing , Huang Zhipeng , Zhang Lu
Published: January 2007

Ordered arrays of heterojunctions comprising Ni nanowires, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and amorphous carbon nanotubes (a-CNTs) connected end to end were fabricated. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the heterojunctions embedded in the arrays were measured by a conductive atomic force microscope. It was found that although the electrical signals of Schottky contacts in some heterojunctions were buried by those of the long a-CNT segments, Schottky contacts in the other heterojunctions played a central role and made the corresponding heterojunctions possess rectifying I-V characteristics. The quantitative analysis showed that the thermionic emission theory was applicable to Schottky contacts in one-dimensional heterojunctions.
General adjoint approach to the physics-based noise modeling of semiconductor devices through Langevin sources
Authors: Huang Mingwei , Mayergoyz Isaak , Andrei Petru
Published: January 2007

A general approach to the numerical analysis of noise in physics-based semiconductor devices is proposed. This approach is based on the Riesz representation theorem and can be applied to most partial-differential-equation-based semiconductor device models. Explicit expressions of Green’s functions for both open-circuit and short-circuit configurations are provided. Our approach is conceptually simpler than Branin’s method developed through the network analogy and it is flexible in the sense that it can be applied to any network configuration without additional matrix transformations. Numerical results of the noise in short-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and 4H-Si metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors are presented and discussed.
The ground state tunneling splitting and the zero point energy of malonaldehyde: A quantum Monte Carlo determination
Authors: Viel Alexandra , Coutinho-Neto Maurício D. , Manthe Uwe
Published: January 2007

Quantum dynamics calculations of the ground state tunneling splitting and of the zero point energy of malonaldehyde on the full dimensional potential energy surface proposed by Yagi et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 1154, 10647 (2001)] are reported. The exact diffusion Monte Carlo and the projection operator imaginary time spectral evolution methods are used to compute accurate benchmark results for this 21-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface. A tunneling splitting of 25.7±0.3cm−1 is obtained, and the vibrational ground state energy is found to be 15122±4cm−1. Isotopic substitution of the tunneling hydrogen modifies the tunneling splitting down to 3.21±0.09cm−1 and the vibrational ground state energy to 14385±2cm−1. The computed tunneling splittings are slightly higher than the experimental values as expected from the potential energy surface which slightly underestimates the barrier height, and they are slightly lower than the results from the instanton theory obtained using the same potential energy surface.
Synthesis of magnetic Fe-based bulk metallic glasses starting from the Fe–Cr–Co system
Authors: Mastrogiacomo Giovanni , Kradolfer Jürg , Löffler Jörg F.
Published: January 2007

The glass-forming ability of Fe-based bulk metallic glasses is strongly correlated with the amount of metalloids they contain. Starting from a ferromagnetic and ductile Fe-based metallic glass of composition (Fe0.582Co0.418)80Cr10Zr10, we were able to produce several bulk metallic glasses by alloying titanium and boron. The resulting alloys of composition [(Fe0.582Co0.418)0.81Cr0.10Zr0.07Ti0.02]100−xBx (x=10–20at.%) exhibit a critical casting thickness of 0.5mm, a wide undercooled liquid region ΔTx(=Tx−Tg) of 16–84K, and ferromagnetic properties. dc magnetization measurements show an inverted hysteresis at room temperature, and small-angle neutron scattering on the [(Fe0.582Co0.418)0.81Cr0.10Zr0.07Ti0.02]90B10 bulk metallic glass reveals a power-law dependence of the differential scattering cross-section. The latter indicates a pronounced short-range order with a surface fractal dimension of 2.5. A splat-cooled sample of the same composition does not reveal this pronounced short-range order, but still an inverted hysteresis. From the scaling behavior of the magnetization curves, measured at different temperatures between 50 and 300K for the splat-cooled sample, we find that an antagonistic internal magnetic field is present in this material. The resulting inverted hysteresis is presumably caused by interacting superparamagnetic and blocked regions.
The determination of an inhomogeneous linewidth for a strongly coupled adsorbate system
Authors: Lane Ian M. , King David A. , Arnolds Heike
Published: January 2007

We present a set of experiments that provide a complete mapping of coherent and incoherent vibrational relaxation times for a molecule on a metal surface, CO∕Ir{111}. Included is the first detection of a midinfrared photon echo from a metallic surface, some 15years after the analogous measurement on a semiconductor surface, which sets a precedent for the ability to manipulate and rephase polarization on a subpicosecond time scale on surfaces. For the C–O stretch in a strongly dipole-coupled CO layer we obtain a total linewidth of 5.6cm−1, composed of a homogeneous width of 2.7cm−1 and an inhomogeneous contribution of 3.0cm−1. Pure dephasing is negligible at liquid nitrogen temperatures, making CO∕Ir{111} an attractive model system for quantum computing.
Giant magnetothermopower and magnetoresistance in metals with embedded ferromagnetic nanoclusters
Authors: Tsyplyatyev Oleksandr , Kashuba Oleksiy , Fal’ko Vladimir I.
Published: January 2007

We show that in granular normal-ferromagnetic metals the giant magnetothermopower is related to the giant magnetoresistance as it is a result of the interplay between the spin-dependent elastic scattering (responsible for magnetoresistance effect) and the inelastic spin mixing scattering on magnetic clusters. For a small change of resistance of sample in an applied magnetic field the variation of the thermopower is connected linearly with the giant magnetoresistance and both are proportional to the square of the sample magnetization.
Sequential addition of H2O, CH3OH, and NH3 to Al3O3−: A theoretical study
Authors: Guevara-García Alfredo , Martínez Ana , Ortiz J. V.
Published: January 2007

Photoelectron spectra of two species, Al3O3(H2O)2− and Al3O3(CH3OH)2−, that are produced by the addition of two water or methanol molecules to Al3O3− are interpreted with density-functional geometry optimizations and electron propagator calculations of vertical electron detachment energies. In both cases, there is only one isomer that is responsible for the observed spectral features. A high barrier to the addition of a second molecule may impede the formation of Al3O3N2H6− clusters in an analogous experiment with NH3.
Isomer-specific spectroscopy of the (H2O)8− cluster anion in the intramolecular bending region by selective photodepletion of the more weakly electron binding species (isomer II)
Authors: Roscioli J. R. , Johnson M. A.
Published: January 2007

The vibrational predissociation spectra of the two more strongly electron binding forms of the (H2O)8− anion are obtained in the HOH intramolecular bending region. This is accomplished by deconvoluting the overlapping spectra obtained from a mixed ensemble using a population modulation scheme in which the low electron binding isomer (II) is removed from the ion packet prior to spectroscopic analysis. By choosing the energy of the photodepletion laser to lie between the vertical detachment energies of the two isomers, the contribution from isomer II can be quantitatively eliminated, leaving the population of I largely unaffected. The low binding energies involved in the application of the method to the water cluster anions necessitate that this should be carried out in the midinfrared, thus requiring two tunable ir laser systems for implementation. The isolated spectrum of isomer 1 displays a strong, redshifted feature associated with a double H-bond acceptor (AA) water molecule in direct contact with the excess electron and a large gap before higher energy features appear that are typically associated with (acceptor/donor) AD and ADD binding sites in the network. The more weakly binding isomer II does not display the AA feature and instead contributes broad structure at intermediate redshifts that merges with the region associated with neutral water cluster networks.
Rheology of a reversible supramolecular polymer studied by comparison of the effects of temperature and chain stoppers
Authors: Knoben W. , Besseling N. A. M. , Cohen Stuart M. A.
Published: January 2007

The rheology of a reversible supramolecular polymer is studied by comparing the effects of an increase in temperature and the addition of chain stoppers. The dependence of the zero-shear viscosity and the terminal relaxation time on temperature is exponential, and the activation energy for viscous flow can be calculated. Above a critical stopper fraction, power laws describe the stopper dependence of the viscosity and relaxation time. A simple model for the effect of the addition of chain stoppers on the average degree of polymerization adequately describes the results. A comparison of flow curves at several temperatures and stopper fractions reveals considerable differences between solutions with the same zero-shear viscosity. These are mainly associated with differences in the terminal relaxation time. A mechanism of shear-induced alignment and subsequent elongation of chains is proposed, with which the experimental results are consistent.
Depolarization ratio of Rayleigh scattered radiation by molecules
Authors: Sharma Ramesh D. , Burtt Kelly D.
Published: January 2007

The depolarization ratios of Rayleigh scattered radiation by molecules has been used to measure the ratio of anisotropic polarizability to isotropic (average) polarizability in the laboratory. The authors have calculated the depolarization ratio for N2, CH3Cl, and H2O from the first principles. It is shown that the depolarization ratio derived from input polarizabilities differs by a factor of about 4 for Σ1 diatom N2, by a factor of about 2.9 for symmetric top CH3Cl, and by a factor of about 5 for asymmetric top H2O. These large discrepancies arise because in deriving the ratio of anisotropic polarizability to isotropic (average) polarizability from the measured depolarization ratio, the constraints imposed by the conservation of angular momentum have been completely ignored.
Effect of cavity length on stimulated emission from Fabry-Pérot Gunn lasers
Authors: Agarwal A. , Chung S. , Balkan N. , Hill G.
Published: January 2007

Emission characteristics from GaAlAs–GaAs–GaAlAs Gunn devices of different lengths placed in Fabry-Pérot cavities have been investigated. The emission from the device of length of 194μm is stimulated in nature, whereas for the other two devices of lengths of 100 and 50μm, the emission is spontaneous. Lasing action in such devices, when biased above the threshold of negative differential resistance, arises from the band to band recombination of impact-ionized nonequilibrium electron hole pairs created within the propagating high field Gunn domains. Quantitative results evaluated using nonequilibrium semiconductor-statistics show that reduction in the length of the device leads to (a) a shift of the gain peak towards higher energies and (b) an increase in the average nonequilibrium carrier temperature. As a result, lasing in very short devices is inhibited and only ultra-bright-spontaneous emission is observed.
Crystallographic phase change in relaxor to ferroelectric behavior in (1−x)PMN−xPZ ceramics
Authors: Singh Gurvinderjit , Tiwari V. S.
Published: January 2007

Lead magnesium niobate-zirconate has a phase boundary between cubic relaxor phase and rhombohedral normal-ferroelectric phase near x=0.50. X-ray line profile analysis and Rietveld refinement reveal the presence of mixed phases for 0.35⩽x<0.50. The width of the phase boundary between relaxor and the ferroelectric phases is about 13% for the samples prepared by the conventional dry route. No low symmetry phase formation has been found across the phase boundary. The phase change is explained in terms of growth of short range to long range rhombohedral symmetry without consideration of any polarization rotation.
Massless particles in three-dimensional Lorentzian warped products
Authors: Cabrerizo Jose L. , Fernandez Manuel , Ortega Miguel
Published: January 2007

The model of a massless relativistic particle with curvature-dependent Lagrangian is well known in (d+1)-dimensional Minkowski space. For other gravitational fields less rigid than those with constant (zero) curvature only a few results are known. In this paper, we give a geometric approach in order to solve the field equations associated with that Lagrangian in the setting of an interesting three-dimensional background, namely, a three-dimensional warped product with Lorentzian fibers. When some rigidity conditions are imposed to the fiber (constant Gauss curvature), the trajectories can be totally described. Several examples help us clarify this.
Nonlinear dielectric properties and tunability of 0.9Pb(Mg1∕3,Nb2∕3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 and Ba(Ti0.85,Sn0.15)O3 paraelectrics
Authors: Akdogan E. K. , Hall A. , Simon W. K. , Safari A.
Published: January 2007

We investigate the nonlinear dielectric properties of 0.9Pb(Mg1∕3,Nb2∕3)O3∙0.1PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) and Ba[Ti0.85,Sn0.15]O3 (BTS) paraelectrics experimentally and theoretically. We measure the nonlinear dielectric response in the parallel plate capacitor configuration, whereby we obtain the low frequency linear permittivity (ε33), and the higher order permittivities (ε3333,ε333333) at 298K as ε33PMN-PT=2.1×10−7 and ε33BTS=4.1×10−8F∕m, ε3333PMN-PT=−4.9×10−20 and ε3333BTS=−7.3×10−21F3m∕C2, and ε333333PMN-PT=7.6×10−33 and ε333333BTS=9.85×10−34F5m3∕C4. By using a self-consistent thermodynamic theory in conjunction with the experimental data, we compute the E3 dependence of electrostatic free energy ΔG, the field-induced polarization P3, and the thermodynamic tunability ∂2P3∕∂E32, and prove that electrostatic free energy has to be expanded at least up to the sixth order in the electric field to define the critical field ∣E3*∣ at which maximum tunability is attained. We also show that ∣E3*∣ is a function on ∣ε3333∣∕ε333333 only. Consequently, we find ∣E3*∣PMN-PT=8.0×105V∕m and ∣E3*∣BTS=8.6×105V∕m. We compute the engineering tunabilities as ΓPMN-PT=65% and ΓBTS=55%, and then define a normalized tunability ξ to take into account the ∣E3*∣ parameter. Thereof, we determine ∣ξ∣PMT-PT=8.1×10−5%∕Vm−1 and ∣ξ∣BTS=6.4×10−5%∕Vm−1. Our results reveal that ∣E3*∣BTS>∣E3*∣PMN-PT although ΓBTS<ΓPMN-PT, unequivocally showing the need for defining a critical field parameter in evaluating the nonlinear dielectric response and tunability, in particular, and in nonlinear dielectrics in general. The results also indicate that the nonlinear dielectric properties of PMN-PT are an order of magnitude higher than that of BTS, which we discuss in the context of structure-property relations of relaxors.