bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Conversion of Radish to Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon as Effective Metal‐Free Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Yu , Jin Xu , Pan Ying , Li Jianming , Guo Ningning , Wang Runwei
Published: June 2018

An activation step is essential for yielding nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon (NMCs) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts from biomass. Though many solely KOH or ZnCl2 activated carbon materials have been synthesized with fine ORR activity, there a deep discussion of activated‐carbon‐based electrocatalysts obtained from different activation processes is still lacking. In this paper, we systemically compare radish‐derived NMCs that underwent different activation processes, and reveal the relationship between structure and activity of these activated carbons. We showed that though ZnCl2 is not an effective porogen compared with KOH, owing to a more open pore structure along with effective preservation of nitrogen heteroatoms, ZnCl2 assisted activated carbon could show significantly improved ORR activity, with an onset potential of 0.91 V (vs. RHE), close to benchmark Pt/C catalysts and even better extended operation stability and stronger tolerance to methanol crossover compared with commercial Pt/C catalysts. Thus we proved that ZnCl2 assisted activation is better than exclusively self‐activation or KOH assisted activation in preparing biomass‐derived ORR catalysts.
Dimmable integrated CMOS LED driver based on a resonant DC/DC hybrid‐switched capacitor converter
Authors: Castellanos Juan C. , Turhan M. , Hendrix Marcel A.M. , van Roermund Arthur , Cantatore Eugenio
Published: June 2018

Summary

This paper presents a 7.7‐mm2 on‐chip LED driver based on a DC/DC resonant hybrid‐switched capacitor converter operating in the MHz range with and without output capacitor. The converter operation allows continuously dimming the LED while keeping control on both peak and average current. Also, it features no flickering even in the absence of output capacitor and for light dimmed down to 10% of the nominal value. The capacitors and switches of the LED driver are integrated on a single IC die fabricated in a low‐cost 5 V 0.18‐μm bulk CMOS technology. This LED driver uses a small (0.7 mm2) inductor of 100 nH, which is 10 times smaller value than prior art integrated inductive LED drivers, still showing a competitive peak efficiency of 93% and achieving a power density of 0.26 W/mm2 (0.34 W/mm3).
Is fish embryo test (FET) according to OECD 236 sensible enough for delivering quality data for effluent risk assessment?
Authors: Stelzer Julio Alberto Alegre , Rosin Catiusa Kuchak , Bauer Luana Hainzenreder , Hartmann Marilia , Pulgati Fernando Hepp , Arenzon Alexandre
Published: June 2018

Over the past few years, the fish embryo test (FET) has become widely accepted as an animal-friendly protocol for ecotoxicological research. As Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 236, the FET has been widely applied for simple mixture exposures under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals regulation of the European Union; and now its use is spreading worldwide as a supposedly reliable whole-effluent test (i.e., the testing of complex mixture exposures). However, comparative peer-reviewed data regarding the FET's efficiency for whole-effluent tests are virtually nonexistent. The primary objective of the present study was to make the first comparative test between the FET according to OECD 236 and other standard and slightly modified standard fish protocols used worldwide for whole-effluent tests. For that, we used an untreated hospital effluent considered to be highly toxic but disposed of in municipal sewerage. The base methods were OECD 203 (juvenile), US Environmental Protection Agency method 2000.0 (larvae), and OECD 236 (embryo). We also evaluated the addition of 3 virtually costless sublethal metrics (immobility, nonhatching, and pericardial edema) that could enhance the sensitivity of OECD 236. We observed acute toxicity in all 8 methodologies tested, with a clear escalation in sensitivity (larvae > juvenile ≥ embryo). Larvae were the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. The addition of sublethal metrics to OECD 236 enhanced its previous sensitivity in over 30%. Thus we conclude that OECD 236 acts below its potential and that the embryonic stage (as used in the FET) may not be the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2925–2932. © 2018 SETAC
Somatic late effects in 5‐year survivors of neuroblastoma: a population‐based cohort study within the Adult Life after Childhood Cancer in Scandinavia study
Authors: Norsker Filippa Nyboe , Rechnitzer Catherine , Cederkvist Luise , Holmqvist Anna Sällfors , Tryggvadottir Laufey , Madanat‐Harjuoja Laura‐Maria , Øra Ingrid , Thorarinsdottir Halldora K. , Vettenranta Kim , Bautz Andrea , Schrøder Henrik , Hasle Henrik , Winther Jeanette Falck
Published: June 2018

Because of the rarity of neuroblastoma and poor survival until the 1990s, information on late effects in neuroblastoma survivors is sparse. We comprehensively reviewed the long‐term risk for somatic disease in neuroblastoma survivors. We identified 721 5‐year survivors of neuroblastoma in Nordic population‐based cancer registries and identified late effects in national hospital registries covering the period 1977–2012. Detailed treatment information was available for 46% of the survivors. The disease‐specific rates of hospitalization of survivors and of 152,231 randomly selected population comparisons were used to calculate standardized hospitalization rate ratios (SHRRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs). During 5,500 person‐years of follow‐up, 501 5‐year survivors had a first hospital contact yielding a SHRR of 2.3 (95% CI 2.1–2.6) and a corresponding AER of 52 (95% CI 44–60) per 1,000 person‐years. The highest relative risks were for diseases of blood and blood‐forming organs (SHRR 3.8; 95% CI 2.7–5.4), endocrine diseases (3.6 [3.1–4.2]), circulatory system diseases (3.1 [2.5–3.8]), and diseases of the nervous system (3.0 [2.6–3.3]). Approximately 60% of the excess new hospitalizations of survivors were for diseases of the nervous system, urinary system, endocrine system, and bone and soft tissue. The relative risks and AERs were highest for the survivors most intensively treated. Survivors of neuroblastoma have a highly increased long‐term risk for somatic late effects in all the main disease groups as compared to background levels. Our results are useful for counseling survivors and should contribute to improving health care planning in post‐therapy clinics.
Indirect inference with time series observed with error
Authors: Rossi Eduardo , Santucci de Magistris Paolo
Published: June 2018

We propose the indirect inference estimator as a consistent method to estimate the parameters of a structural model when the observed series are contaminated by measurement error by considering the noise as a structural feature. We show that the indirect inference estimates are asymptotically biased if the error is neglected. When the condition for identification is satisfied, the structural and measurement error parameters can be consistently estimated. The issues of identification and misspecification of measurement error are discussed in detail. We illustrate the reliability of this procedure in the estimation of stochastic volatility models based on realized volatility measures contaminated by microstructure noise.
Spin‐coated ZnO–graphene nanostructure thin film as a promising matrix for urease immobilization of impedimetric urea biosensor
Authors: Ghayedi Karimi Kobra , Mozaffari Sayed Ahmad , Ebrahimi Mahmoud
Published: June 2018

The fabrication, characterization, and application of a nanostructured zinc oxide/graphene (ZnO/Gr) transducer were described for the determination of urea concentration. For this purpose, thin films of sol–gel‐synthesized ZnO nanostructure and Gr were prepared using the spin coating technique on the conductive fluorinated–tin oxide (FTO) substrate. Appropriate correlations between the spinning parameters and thin film features were established so that an efficient ZnO–Gr thin film was obtained. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images prove thin film pores to be an operative biosensing zone for urease (Urs) enzyme immobilization. Step‐by‐step monitoring of FTO/ZnO‐Gr/Urs biosensor fabrication was achieved using electrochemical methods. The impedimetric results of a fabricated FTO/ZnO‐Gr/Urs biosensor show high sensitivity for urea detection within 5.0–125.0 mg/dL and a limit of detection of 3.36 mg/dL.
A porous inorganic zirconyl pyrophosphate as an efficient catalyst for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ‐valerolactone
Authors: Wang Jianjia , Wang Ruiying , Zi Huimin , Wang Haijun , Xia Yongmei , Liu Xiang
Published: June 2018

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of ethyl levulinate (EL) to γ‐valerolactone (GVL) is an alluring reaction in the field of biomass catalytic conversion, but it normally depends on the consumption of H2. In this study, we report a porous Zr‐containing inorganic pyrophosphate catalyst (ZrOPP), which was used as a catalyst for CTH of EL to GVL in the presence of isopropanol and characterized using FT‐IR, py‐FTIR, TGA, XRD, BET, XPS, ICP‐AES, SEM, TEM, NH3‐TPD, and CO2‐TPD. We achieved a high yield of 94% GVL at 433 K for 11 hr. Furthermore, the ZrOPP has the trait of easy separation and could be reused more than five times without distinct decrease in activity and selectivity. In addition, this catalyst could also be applied to other catalytic hydrogenation reactions, such as those of cyclohexanone, acetophenone, 2‐heptanone etc. Its outstanding performance was mainly ascribed to the acid sites from the Zr element and basic sites from phosphate groups interspersing on the surface of the catalyst.
Efficient CO2separation in mixed matrix membranes with a hierarchical pore carbon nanostructure
Authors: Wang Zhongming , Hou Jinpeng , Guo Ruili , Li Xueqin
Published: June 2018

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) based on Pebax MH 1657 (Pebax) and “sea‐urchin” like hierarchical mesopore–micropore carbon nanotube nanopolyhedras (CNPs) are fabricated for CO2separation. The membranes have an efficient improvement in CO2permeability and CO2/CH4selectivity with the addition of CNPs. The improved gas‐separation performance was attributed to the hierarchical mesopore–micropore structure of nanopolyhedras in CNPs and the “sea‐urchin” like structure of CNPs. First, abundant mesopores (4.8 nm) with a large pore volume and a connected porous network structure in nanopolyhedras can provide convenient gas transmission pathways to improve the CO2permeability. Second, micropores (1.1 nm) in nanopolyhedras play a role of molecular sieves and the outstretched CNTs of the “sea‐urchin” like structure of CNPs can extend the gas‐delivery path, which will enhance the CO2/CH4selectivity. Therefore, the CO2permeability and CO2/CH4selectivity are significantly enhanced. The MMMs with 8 wt% CNP show the highest CO2permeability of 510.1 Barrer and CO2/CH4selectivity of 56.8, the CO2separation performance surpassed the 2008 Robeson upper bound line.
A low‐cost platform for eye‐tracking research: Using Pupil© in behavior analysis
Authors: Picanço Carlos R. , Tonneau François
Published: June 2018

Tracking eye movements is being increasingly recognized as a valuable source of information about stimulus control. So far, however, eye‐tracking research has suffered from accessibility issues, with expensive hardware and closed‐source software. In this article we review Pupil©, an eye‐tracking platform developed by Pupil Labs and that combines open‐source software with low‐cost hardware components. We offer concrete recommendations about Pupil use in stimulus‐control research and we show how the software can be extended to automatize the analysis of gaze data. Finally, we present the results of a study of visual discrimination and conditioned reinforcement conducted with Pupil, establishing the usefulness of this platform as a research tool in behavior analysis.
Handheld surface‐enhanced Raman scattering identification of dye chemical composition in felt‐tip pen drawings
Authors: Saviello Daniela , Di Gioia Alexandra , Turenne Pierre‐Ives , Trabace Maddalena , Giorgi Rodorico , Mirabile Antonio , Baglioni Piero , Iacopino Daniela
Published: June 2018

A handheld Raman spectrometer is used for the first time to perform surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis of felt‐tip pen drawings on paper. The use of SERS combined with near‐infrared excitation wavelength allows overcoming the strong fluorescence background interference so that diagnostic spectra are obtained from drawings made by 18 pens of 10 different colors and five different brands. The analysis reveals that often mixtures of two or more dyes are used by pen manufactures in order to obtain the desired color hue and also that same colors from different pen brands often display different dye composition. Handheld SERS is also used for revealing the dye content of historical felt tip pens extensively used by the Italian film director Federico Fellini. The results from this work open the way to the use of handheld instrumentation for analysis of ink‐based art works and documents and also provide a starting point towards the creation of a reference SERS database for dye identification.
An Asymmetric Furan/Thieno[3,2‐b]Thiophene Diketopyrrolopyrrole Building Block for Annealing‐Free Green‐Solvent Processable Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Ding Shang , Ni Zhenjie , Hu Mengxiao , Qiu Gege , Li Jie , Ye Jun , Zhang Xiaotao , Liu Feng , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: June 2018

A new asymmetric furan and thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (TTFDPP) building block for conjugated polymers is designed and used to generate a donor–acceptor semiconducting polymer, poly[3‐(furan‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐6‐(thieno[3,2‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4(2H,5H)‐dione‐alt‐thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (abbreviated to PTTFDPP‐TT), consisting of TTFDPP unit copolymerized with thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene comonomer (TT), which is further synthesized. Results demonstrate that PTTFDPP‐TT‐based thin‐film transistors in a bottom‐gate bottom‐contact device configuration exhibit typical hole‐transporting property, with weak temperature dependence for charge carrier mobility from room temperature to 200 °C. In addition, the good solubility of PTTFDPP‐TT due to the incorporation of a polar furan unit and an asymmetric conjugated structure makes it able to be solution processed with a less toxic nonchlorinated solvent such as toluene, demonstrating comparable performance with that prepared from chlorinated solution. These results suggest PTTFDPP‐TT as a promising organic semiconductor candidate for annealing‐free, environmentally benign, and less energy‐consuming applications in large‐area flexible organic electronic devices.
Iteratively reweighted algorithm for signals recovery with coherent tight frame
Authors: Bi Ning , Liang Kaihao
Published: June 2018

We consider the problem of compressed sensing with a coherent tight frame and design an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm to solve it. To analyze the problem, we propose a sufficient null space property under a tight frame (sufficient D‐NSP). We show that, if a measurement matrixAsatisfies the sufficient D‐NSP of orders, then ans‐sparse signal under the tight frame can be exactly recovered. Furthermore, ifAsatisfies the restricted isometric property with tight frameDof order 2bs, then it also satisfies the sufficient D‐NSP of orderaswitha < bandbsufficiently large. We prove the convergence of the algorithm based on the sufficient D‐NSP and give the upper error bounds. In numerical experiments, we use the discrete cosine transform, discrete Fourier transform, and Haar wavelets to verify the effectiveness of this algorithm. With increasing measurement number, the signal‐to‐noise ratio increases monotonically.
Hyperbranched poly (ester) s for delivery of small molecule therapeutics
Authors: Zhang Tracy , Howell Bob A. , Zhang Daniel , Zhu Brandon , Smith Patrick B.
Published: June 2018

The development of molecular platforms for sustained release of actives is important for both veterinary and personal care applications. A time release platform composed of hyperbranched poly (ester) s (HBPEs) derived from glycerol, a trifunctional bio‐alcohol, and adipic acid, a difunctional bio‐acid, can be readily generated and conjugated with active agents for sustained delivery. The HBPE delivery platform is composed of very inexpensive building blocks that are on the FDA's Generally Regarded As Safe list. Two such active agents, 2‐undecanone and salicylic acid, have been covalently bonded to the HBPE and evaluated for sustained release. 2‐Undecanone is an effective, naturally occurring mosquito repellent, but due to its volatility, it must be reapplied every 15 to 30 minutes. The duration of the effectiveness of 2‐undecanone is enhanced by a sustained release formulation. Salicylic acid and derivatives are widely used for treatment of acne and inflammation, but it causes irritation if dosed at too high a level. A time‐release formulation of salicylic acid would reduce irritation as well as lengthen the duration of its effectiveness. Both actives were covalently bonded to the HBPE and shown to release over time by hydrolysis, either chemically or enzymatically. Moreover, their time release profiles were shown to be a function of composition, catalyst and catalyst level, and physical form.
Alteration of matrix curing characteristics and its role in extension of hydrodynamic equation for predicting viscoelastic properties of nitrile rubber/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Khabiri Mohammad , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Pourhossainy Mohammad Reza , Khonakdar Hossein Ali
Published: June 2018

Neglecting the alteration of matrix curing characteristics in a filled rubber nanocomposite, as a result of possible interactions between the nano filler and curing agent ingredients, leads to inaccurate properties prediction using conventional hydrodynamic equations. In the current work, we present a new empirical extended version of hydrodynamic equation and examine its capability in predicting the viscoelastic properties of NBR/nanosilica system in which the negative influence of the filler on the curing process of the NBR matrix was confirmed through various analyses such as tensile test, rheometry, swelling experiments, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results showed that the proposed empirical extended model is able to account the contribution of alteration of matrix curing characteristics in changing the composite properties below the filler percolation threshold. It was demonstrated that the extended model provides more accurate prediction of viscoelastic properties of silica‐filled cured NBR nanocomposites above glass transition temperature.
Poly (caprolactone)/poly (ethylene glycol) pervaporation blend membranes: Synthesis, characterization, and performance
Authors: Afsar Faranak , Saljoughi Ehsan , Mousavi Seyed Mahmoud
Published: June 2018

Poly (caprolactone) membranes with addition of different poly (ethylene glycol) concentrations were prepared for separation of water/isopropanol azeotropic mixture by pervaporation process. Different characterization tests including Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out on the prepared membranes. In addition, the effect of poly (ethylene glycol) PEG content on the swelling degree and the performance of the prepared membranes in pervaporation process were investigated. According to the obtained results, all the membranes were water selective and the blend membrane containing 3 wt% PEG exhibited the best pervaporation performance with a water flux of 0.517 kg/m2 hour and separation factor of 1642 at the ambient temperature. Hydrophilicity improvement of the blend membranes was confirmed by constant decrease in water contact angle of the membranes as PEG content increased in the casting solution. Scanning electron microscopy cross‐sectional images indicated that the blend membranes containing PEG had a closed cellular structure. Furthermore, mechanical and thermal properties of the membranes decreased by adding PEG.
Polymerization of Chrysoidine with chemical and enzymatic oxidative preference: Synthesis, characterization, and spectroscopic study
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Kolcu Feyza
Published: June 2018

Chrysoidine (CHRY) is a type of azo‐dye extensively used in industry. This study delineates 2 routes as enzymatically and oxidatively polycondensation of chrysoidine for the syntheses of poly (chry‐enz) and poly (chry‐ox), respectively. The molecular structures of enzymatically and oxidatively polymerized chrysoidine were described by the FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR techniques. The molecular structures were obtained to be different as in the cyclization process of the enzymatic polymerization. Solvatochromic behavior in selected polar solvents on the optical properties of poly (chry‐ox) were studied. Further characterization was implemented by fluorescence (PL), electrochemical, thermogravimetric (TG‐DTA), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The number of average molecular weight of poly(chry‐ox) was found to be higher than that of poly(chry‐enz). Photoluminescence (PL) measurements enlightened the response of poly (chry‐ox) with intense light emissions upon a bicolor irradiation by Ultra‐Violet and visible light. CV technique was utilized to make a comment about HOMO‐LUMO energy levels and electrochemical (
) band gaps of the polymers. Optical and electrochemical band gaps of poly (chry‐enz) were lower than those of poly (chry‐ox), proving the successful synthesis of π‐conjugated structure of poly (chry‐enz). To further make comments about the features of the polymers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were exemplified to study the surface forms of the polymers. Surface morphology of poly (chry‐enz) was seen as agglomerates of grains toward the out‐of‐plane direction. As the polymerization method was changed, the morphology was transformed into a flat‐smooth surface present with visible holes for poly (chry‐ox).
Predicting lifetime by degradation tests: A case study of ISO 10995
Authors: Fang Guanqi , Rigdon Steven E. , Pan Rong
Published: June 2018

ISO 10995 is the international standard for the reliability testing and archival lifetime prediction of optical media. The standard specifies the testing conditions in terms of the combinations of stress variables—temperature and relative humidity. The periodically collected data from tests are the error rate of the device, and failure is defined as the error rate exceeding a predetermined level. The standard assumes that the projected failure time is the actual failure time, and these projected failure times are then analyzed by using an Eyring or Arrhenius model. Since true failure times are often not directly observed, the uncertainties in the failure time must be taken into account. In this paper, we present a hierarchical model for degradation that can directly infer failure time at the use condition and compare this model with the International Standard Organization (ISO) standard through a simulation study. Not accounting for the uncertainty in the projected failure times leads to unjustified confidence in the estimation for the median lifetime at both the stress conditions used in the experiments and at the use condition.
Calibration of a rumen bolus to measure continuous internal body temperature in moose
Authors: Herberg Andrew M. , St‐Louis Véronique , Carstensen Michelle , Fieberg John , Thompson Daniel P. , Crouse John A. , Forester James D.
Published: June 2018

Mortality implant transmitters (MITs), a device that can record continuous rumen temperature, have been deployed in wild moose (Alces alces) in Minnesota, USA, to understand physiological and behavioral responses of moose to increasing ambient temperatures. We compared temperatures collected using MITs to temperatures collected using vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) in 8 captive female moose (>2 yr old) at the Kenai Moose Research Center in Alaska, USA, during 2015. Both devices collected continuous body temperature measurements at 5‐min intervals for 1 year. We directly observed moose behavior for 384 hr during 4 2‐week windows distributed seasonally within the sampling period, to assess potential effects of behavior on MIT‐recorded temperatures. We documented a decrease in MIT‐recorded temperatures following water intake and developed an approach for censoring these observations. After removing these observations, MIT‐based temperatures were, on average, 0.03° C (95% CI = −0.57–0.55° C;  = 38.14° C) lower than VIT‐based temperatures ( = 38.17° C; n = 760,439). We fit linear mixed‐effects models to test the relationship between MIT and VIT‐based temperatures across seasons and individuals. On average, the difference between predicted and observed temperatures was 0.05° C (95% PI = −0.19–0.29° C) and 0.33° C (95% PI = 0.01–0.63° C) for winter and summer seasons, respectively. We conclude that minimally invasive MITs can accurately record internal body temperature in moose, and thus provide a tool for understanding physiological and behavioral responses of moose to environmental stressors. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Pomeron fan diagrams in perturbative QCD
Authors: Bartels J. , Braun M. A.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Within QCD reggeon field theory we study the formation of two subsequent triple pomeron vertices in the process P→PP→PPP. We make use of an earlier investigation [1] of the six-reggeon amplitude in deep inelastic scattering and show that in the large-N

c
limit pomeron fan diagrams emerge with the same triple pomeron vertex in all places. We thus confirm the BK-equation, but we also find additional terms related to the reggeization of the gluon, and we discuss their potential significance. Our analysis also includes the general pomeron → two odderon vertex: a particular version of this vertex has been included into earlier generalizations the BK equation.
Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks
Authors: Plaschke Ferdinand , Hietala Heli , Archer Martin , Blanco-Cano Xóchitl , Kajdič Primož , Karlsson Tomas , Lee Sun Hee , Omidi Nojan , Palmroth Minna , Roytershteyn Vadim , Schmid Daniel , Sergeev Victor , Sibeck David
Published: June 2018

The magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially localized, transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” among other denominations. Here, we describe the present state of knowledge with respect to such jets, which are a very common phenomenon downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock. We discuss their properties as determined by satellite observations (based on both case and statistical studies), their occurrence, their relation to solar wind and foreshock conditions, and their interaction with and impact on the magnetosphere. As carriers of plasma and corresponding momentum, energy, and magnetic flux, jets bear some similarities to bursty bulk flows, which they are compared to. Based on our knowledge of jets in the near Earth environment, we discuss the expectations for jets occurring in other planetary and astrophysical environments. We conclude with an outlook, in which a number of open questions are posed and future challenges in jet research are discussed.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Hemodynamic Response in the Pre-Frontal Cortex and Genital Organ During Sexual Arousal Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Evgenii , Kim Sungchul , Zephaniah Phillips V. , Lee Songhyun , Anguluan Eloise , Park Kwangsung , Kim Jae Gwan
Published: June 2018

Background

The monitoring of brain activity along with genital organ response to sexual stimulation can play an important role in understanding the under-lying mechanisms of sexual arousal as well as diagnosing erectile dysfunction. Several studies have observed brain activity corresponding to sexual stimuli, but only a few studies have shown a simultaneous measurement of brain activation and penile response.

Aim

To introduce near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a portable, easily implemented, and low-cost technique to simultaneously record brain activity and hemodynamics in the genital organ during sexual arousal.

Methods

Hemodynamic measurements of 15 healthy men were obtained using a home-built NIRS system. In the initial experiment, hemodynamics in the pre-frontal cortex (N = 10) were measured during visual sexual stimulation (VSS) and neutral visual stimulation (NVS) to identify brain activity related to sexual arousal. In the subsequent experiment, cerebral and penile hemodynamics were simultaneously measured (N = 5) using NIRS during VSS and NVS.

Results

The pre-frontal cortex showed activity related to VSS but not to NVS. Simultaneous measurements showed a corresponding increase of penile oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration indicating an increase of blood volume associated with sexual arousal in healthy men. An average response delay of 4 seconds was observed in the hemodynamic changes between the brain and genital organ.

Conclusion

In this preliminary study, we presented a NIRS system capable not only of detecting cerebral hemodynamic changes related to sexual arousal but also the simultaneous measurement of penile hemodynamics. We believe the NIRS system can be a potential technique to supplement the field of sexual medicine and can be expanded further to diagnose erectile dysfunction.
Use of nonintrusive sensor‐based information and communication technology for real‐world evidence for clinical trials in dementia
Authors: Teipel Stefan , König Alexandra , Hoey Jesse , Kaye Jeff , Krüger Frank , Robillard Julie M. , Kirste Thomas , Babiloni Claudio
Published: June 2018

Cognitive function is an important end point of treatments in dementia clinical trials. Measuring cognitive function by standardized tests, however, is biased toward highly constrained environments (such as hospitals) in selected samples. Patient‐powered real‐world evidence using information and communication technology devices, including environmental and wearable sensors, may help to overcome these limitations. This position paper describes current and novel information and communication technology devices and algorithms to monitor behavior and function in people with prodromal and manifest stages of dementia continuously, and discusses clinical, technological, ethical, regulatory, and user‐centered requirements for collecting real‐world evidence in future randomized controlled trials. Challenges of data safety, quality, and privacy and regulatory requirements need to be addressed by future smart sensor technologies. When these requirements are satisfied, these technologies will provide access to truly user relevant outcomes and broader cohorts of participants than currently sampled in clinical trials.
The National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework on Alzheimer's disease: Application to clinical trials
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey
Published: June 2018

Introduction

The National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Research Framework on Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an important advance in the biological characterization of the AD spectrum.

Methods

The National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework is considered as it applies to clinical trials.

Results

Using the combination of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers, the Framework provides a means of defining the state of patients with regard to Alzheimer pathologic change. The Framework is relevant to clinical trials of disease‐modifying agents, allowing participants to be characterized biologically at baseline. The ATN Framework can also inform trial outcomes. The preclinical phase of the disease after amyloid deposition is defined by A+T−N−, and the transition to prodromal disease and dementia is characterized by the addition of T and N. Most symptomatic patients in clinical trials are in the class of A+T+N− and A+T+N+.

Discussion

The National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer's Association Framework on AD represents progress in providing biomarker profiles of participants in the AD spectrum that can be used to help design clinical trials.
Mobilization as Mediation
Authors: VanValkenburgh Parker , Silva Luiza O. G. , Repetti-Ludlow Chiara , Gardner Jake , Crook Jackson , Ballsun-Stanton Brian
Published: June 2018

In this essay, we examine the potentials and challenges of mobile computing for a core activity of archaeological laboratory research—the typological analysis of ceramics. We discuss the collaborative development, implementation, and evaluation of the PAZC Ceramics module in the FAIMS Mobile platform. Our deployment of the module yielded significant improvements in the efficiency of data collection, as well as reduced numbers of missing fields and higher user satisfaction scores. However, it did not improve data consistency between users and yielded a classificatory system that was somewhat more challenging to update than our previous mode of operation. These results underscore some of the trade-offs that may be entailed in employing mobile technologies for archaeological applications and highlight the ways in which specific media configurations impact the production of archaeological knowledge.
Quality improvement primer part 3: Evaluating and sustaining a quality improvement project in the emergency department
Authors: Chartier Lucas B. , Vaillancourt Samuel , Cheng Amy H. Y. , Stang Antonia S.
Published: June 2018

Quality improvement (QI) and patient safety are two areas that have grown into important operational and academic fields in recent years in health care, including in emergency medicine (EM). This is the third and final article in a series designed as a QI primer for EM clinicians. In the first two articles we used a fictional case study of a team trying to decrease the time to antibiotic therapy for patients with sepsis who were admitted through their emergency department. We introduced concepts of strategic planning, including stakeholder engagement and root cause analysis tools, and presented the Model for Improvement and Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles as the backbone of the execution of a QI project. This article will focus on the measurement and evaluation of QI projects, including run charts, as well as methods that can be used to ensure the sustainability of change management projects.
Optimal wing hinge position for fast ascent in a model fly
Authors: Noest R. M. , Jane Wang Z.
Published: June 2018

It was thought that the wing hinge position can be tuned to stabilize an uncontrolled fly. However here, our Floquet stability analysis shows that the hinge position has a weak dependence on the flight stability. As long as the hinge position is within the fly’s body length, both hovering and ascending flight are unstable. Instead, there is an optimal hinge position, $h^{\ast }$, at which the ascending speed is maximized. $h^{\ast }$ is approximately half way between the centre of mass and the top of the body. We show that the optimal $h^{\ast }$ is associated with the anti-resonance of the body–wing coupling, and is independent of the stroke amplitude. At $h^{\ast }$, the torque due to wing inertia nearly cancels the torque due to aerodynamic lift, minimizing the body oscillation thus maximizing the upward force. Our analysis using a simplified model of two coupled masses further predicts, $h^{\ast }=(m_{t}/2m_{w})(g/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{2})$. These results suggest that the ascending speed, in addition to energetics and stability, is a trait that insects are likely to optimize.
Simultaneous direct measurements of concentration and velocity in the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Reese Daniel T. , Ames Alex M. , Noble Chris D. , Oakley Jason G. , Rothamer David A. , Bonazza Riccardo
Published: June 2018

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) is experimentally investigated in a vertical shock tube using a broadband initial condition imposed on an interface between a helium–acetone mixture and argon (Atwood number $A\approx 0.7$). In the present work, a shear layer is introduced at the interface to serve as a statistically repeatable, broadband initial condition to the RMI, and the density interface is accelerated by either an $M=1.6$ or $M=2.2$ planar shock wave. The development of the ensuing mixing layer is investigated using simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). PLIF images are processed to reveal the light-gas mole fraction, while PIV particle image pairs yield corresponding two-component planar velocity results. Field structure and distribution are explored through probability density functions (PDFs), and a decomposition is performed on concentration and velocity results to obtain a mean flow field and define fluctuations. Simultaneous concentration and velocity field measurements allow – for the first time in this regime – experimentally determined turbulence quantities such as Reynolds stresses, turbulent mass-flux velocities and turbulent kinetic energy to be obtained. We show that by the latest times the mixing layer has passed the turbulent threshold, and there is evidence of turbulent mixing occurring sooner for the higher Mach number case. Interface measurements show nonlinear growth with a power-law fit to the thickness data, and that integral measurements of mixing layer thickness are proportional to threshold measurements. Spectral analysis demonstrates the emergence of an inertial range with a slope ${\sim}k^{-5/3}$ when considering both density and velocity effects in planar turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) measurements.
Going with the flow: Integrated Water Resources Management, the EU Water Framework Directive and ecological flows
Authors: Howarth William
Published: June 2018

This paper seeks to relate strategic themes in water resources management to the practicalities of imposing particular regulatory measures on water uses and to protect aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, a contrast is drawn between the global imperative of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the sectoral (issue-by-issue) approach to water regulation that has traditionally prevailed in both regional (EU) and national legislation. The intuitive attractions of ‘integration’ are contrasted with the challenges of interrelating this to the diverse purposes for which water legislation is adopted, both for human needs and for ecological purposes. These challenges are well illustrated in the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) which purports to adopt an ‘integrated’ approach, but is actually concerned with water quality, largely to the exclusion of other water-related concerns. Insofar as the Directive does seek to secure integration between water quality and water quantity concerns in surface water, this is only done in a secondary or incidental way. Water flow becomes relevant only where specified environmental objectives under the Directive are not being met. However, the legally contingent status of flow has been bolstered markedly by recent guidance on ecological flows under the WFD Common Implementation Strategy. The significance of this guidance is discussed and related to the implementation challenges that it raises. In relation to the UK, and particularly England, it is argued that the response to addressing water flow issues arising under the WFD had been dilatory and inadequate. Concluding observations reflect on the global, regional and national challenges to integration of water legislation as they have been illustrated by the discussion of regulating for ecological water flows.
Palaeogeography in exploration
Authors: MARKWICK PAUL J.
Published: June 2018

Palaeogeography is the representation of the past surface of the Earth. It provides the spatial context for investigating how the Earth evolves through time, how complex processes interact and the juxtaposition of spatial information. In hydrocarbon exploration, palaeogeographies have been used to map and investigate the juxtaposition, distribution and quality of play elements (source, reservoir, seal and trap), as boundary conditions for source-to-sink analysis, climate modelling and lithofacies retrodiction, but most commonly as the backdrop for presentations and montages. This paper demonstrates how palaeogeography has been and can be used within an exploration workflow to help mitigate exploration risk. A comprehensive workflow for building palaeogeographies is described which is designed to provide a standard approach that can be applied to a range of tasks in exploration and academia. This is drawn from an analysis of the history of palaeogeography and how it has been applied to exploration in the past and why. Map applications, resolution and content depend on where in the exploration and production (E&P) cycle the map is used. This is illustrated here through three case studies, from the strategic decisions of global new ventures exploration to the more detailed basin and petroleum analyses of regional asset teams evaluating basins and plays. Through this, the paper also addresses three commonly asked questions: (1) How can I use palaeogeography in my workflow? (2) How reliable are the maps? (3) How do I build a palaeogeography?
Deep desires
Authors: MCPHERSON DAVID
Published: June 2018

This article seeks to get clear on an important feature of a theistic way of life: namely, the appeal to ‘deep desires’ as part of an ethical and spiritual life-orientation. My main thesis is that such appeals should primarily be seen as pertaining to our acquired second nature and the space of meaning it makes possible, rather than first nature or innateness. To appeal to the ‘depth’ of a desire, on this account, is to say something about its normative importance: it is something of profound significance for our human fulfilment about which we ought to be concerned, and it correlates with the normative ‘height’ of the object of desire. Thus, our deepest desire correlates with what is seen as the highest or most worthy object of our desire (or love), which the theist claims is God. This view is contrasted with subjectivist accounts where desires are seen as ‘deep’ in that they structure our identity. My account affirms that deep desires structure our identity, but they do so because of their perceived objective normative importance. I also seek to show how we should affirm Alasdair MacIntyre's claim that ‘the deepest desire of every [human] being, whether they acknowledge it or not, is to be at one with God’.
The role of morphology in word naming in Spanish-speaking children
Authors: D'ALESSIO MARIA JOSEFINA , JAICHENCO VIRGINIA , WILSON MAXIMILIANO A.
Published: June 2018

The role of morphology in word recognition during reading acquisition in transparent orthographies is a subject that has received little attention. The goal of this study is to examine the variables affecting the fluency and accuracy for morphologically complex word reading across grade levels in Spanish. We conducted two word-naming experiments in which morphological complexity and word frequency were factorially manipulated. Experiment 1 was a cross-sectional study with 2nd-, 4th- and 6th-grade children as participants. In Experiment 2, a longitudinal study, a sample of the children in 2nd and 4th grades in Experiment 1 were retested with the same stimuli 2 years later in order to explore the evolution of morphology and frequency effects. Analyses of reading latencies and accuracy in both experiments showed that grade and frequency affected both reading fluency and accuracy. Morphology only affected fluency, irrespective of grade. In accordance with previous literature in Italian, we conclude that when learning to read in transparent orthographies, morphology mostly benefits reading fluency since accurate pronunciation can be achieved through grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules.
Applicative bidirectional programming
Authors: MATSUDA KAZUTAKA , WANG MENG
Published: June 2018

A bidirectional transformation is a pair of mappings between source and view data objects, one in each direction. When the view is modified, the source is updated accordingly with respect to some laws. One way to reduce the development and maintenance effort of bidirectional transformations is to have specialized languages in which the resulting programs are bidirectional by construction—giving rise to the paradigm of bidirectional programming. In this paper, we develop a framework for applicative-style and higher-order bidirectional programming, in which we can write bidirectional transformations as unidirectional programs in standard functional languages, opening up access to the bundle of language features previously only available to conventional unidirectional languages. Our framework essentially bridges two very different approaches of bidirectional programming, namely the lens framework and Voigtländer's semantic bidirectionalization, creating a new programming style that is able to obtain benefits from both.
Effects of Shape and Orientation of Pore Canals on Mechanical Behaviors of Lobster Cuticles
Authors: Lin Shiyun , Chen Bin , Fang Zhongqi , Ye Wei
Published: June 2018

The work is to investigate the relationships between the microstructures and mechanical behaviors of lobster cuticles and reveal the inner mechanisms of the anisotropic mechanical properties of the cuticles and give the helpful guidance for the design of high-performance man-made composites. First, the tensile mechanical properties of the longitudinal and transverse specimens of the cuticles of American lobsters were tested with a mechanical-testing instrument. It is was found that the fracture strength and elastic modulus of the longitudinal specimens are distinctly larger than those of the transverse specimens. Then, the microstructural characteristics of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were observed with scanning electron microscope. It was observed that the pore canals in the cuticles are elliptic and their orientations are along the longitudinal orientation of the cuticles. Furthermore, the stresses and micro-damage of the longitudinal and transverse specimens were calculated with the rule of progressive damage by finite element method. It was revealed that the shape and orientation of the pore canals in the cuticles give rise to the anisotropic mechanical property of the cuticles and ensure that the cuticles possess the largest fracture strength and elastic modulus along their largest main-stress orientation.
The failure of ancient Greek growth: institutions, culture and energy cost
Authors: TRIDIMAS GEORGE
Published: June 2018

Along with introducing democracy, advancing philosophy and excelling at the arts, during the period 800–300bceancient Greece achieved substantial economic prosperity. Recent literature attributes the efflorescence to the institutions and culture of democratic city-states. However, the city-states failed to initiate sustained growth. Technological progress remained slow and the economic efflorescence ended after the prevalence of Macedon and the subsequent Roman conquest. The present study scrutinises the roles of city-state institutions and culture. It shows that ultimately ancient Greece could not sustain long-run growth because a multitude of independent small city-states prevented the exploitation of economies of scale and stoked continual wars that exhausted them financially and militarily, and because of a culture valuing landholding, self-sufficiency and collectivist attitudes.