bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibration Suppression for Large Scale Adaptive Truss Structures Using Direct Output Feedback Control1
Authors: Lu Lyan-Ywan , Utku Senol , Wada Ben K.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the vibration control of adaptive truss structures, where the control actuation is provided by length adjustable active members, is formulated as a direct output feedback control problem. A control method named Model Truncated Output Feedback (MTOF) is presented. The method allows the control feedback gain to be determined in a decoupled and truncated modal space in which only the critical vibration modes are retained. The on-board computation required by MTOF is minimal; thus, the method is favorable for the applications of vibration control of large scale structures. The truncation of the modal space inevitably introduces spillover effect during the control process. In this article, the effect is quantified in terms of active member locations, and it is shown that the optimal placement of active members, which minimizes the spillover effect (and thus, maximizes the control performance), can be sought. The problem of optimally selecting the locations of active members is also treated.
Analysis of an Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Motor Using Numerical Modeling
Authors: Le Letty R. , Claeyssen F. , Wendling P. , Hamonic B. , Bossut R.
Published: March 2007

Ultrasonic motors use a frictional force, produced by high frequency vibrations created by the piezoelectric effect of the stator, to drive the rotor. These devices have been widely stud ied, especially in Japan. A stator of a piezoelectric ultrasonic rotating motor, which uses Lamb waves vibrations, has been modeled using the finite element code ATILA. It takes into account three-dimensional piezoelectric effects and electrical excitations. ATILA permits the computation of the resonance frequency and the effective coupling coefficient of each vibrational mode, the electrical impedance and the elliptical displacement field. The governing electromechanical coupling has been determined. Con sequently, the selection of active material and stator geometry may be optimized to provide an improved transduction efficiency.
Adaptive Structures in Japan
Authors: Utku Senol , Wada Ben K.
Published: March 2007

A review of some of the research and development activities in Japan in the area of adaptive structures is given. The article is based on the authors' participation in the First and Second U.S./Japan and Japan/U.S. Joint Conferences on Adaptive Structures in Maui. Hawaii (November 1990) and Nagoya, Japan (November 1991), their review of the papers presented in these meetings, personal contacts with the researchers, and on-site visitation of the laboratories both in the industry and also in the universities. The review covers the period ending January 1992.
Embedded Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Fiber Optic Strain Rosette Sensors
Authors: Case S.W. , Lesko J.J. , Fogg B.R. , Carman G.P.
Published: March 2007

The ability to determine the state of strain within a plane is of great importance to the health monitoring of composite materials and structures. In this preliminary study, fiber optic strain sensors are arranged in a rosette configuration to study their effectiveness in monitoring arbi trary strain states within a neat resin and a graphite/epoxy laminate. The extrinsic Fabry Perot Fiber Optic Strain Rosette Sensor (FP-FOSRS) is very capable of measuring axial (0°) and transverse (90°) strains. However, discrepancies are noted between strain measured by the embedded Fabry Perot Sensors and externally mounted strain gages at 45°. Further, it is believed that the compressive strength of FP-FOSRS embedded composites is most affected by the sensors' presence. A com pressive strength reduction of 300% is measured. This reduction is compared with the result pre dicted by a micromechanical model.
Phase-Strain Model for Polarimetric Strain Sensors Based on Fictitious Residual Strains
Authors: Sirkis J.S. , Lo Y.L. , Nielsen P.L.
Published: March 2007

The development of a phenomenologically based phase-strain model for structurally embedded polarimetric sensors is presented and then applied to Bow-Tie and E-core high-birefrin gence optical fibers and standard circular core low-birefringence optical fiber. This phase-strain model is developed by postulating the existence of a fictitious residual strain state in the optical fiber core, and then following standard model development techniques. Calibration procedures are used to determine all parameters required by this model.
Control of Flexural Vibration in a Beam Using a Piezoceramic Actuator and an Angle Stiffener
Authors: Young Andrew J. , Hansen Colin H.
Published: March 2007

The control of flexural vibrations in a stiffened beam using a piezoceramic actuator placed between the stiffener flange and the beam and a single error sensor is examined. A theoretical model is developed allowing for a variety of beam terminations. The effect of control source loca tion, error sensor location, frequency and stiffener flange length on the required control force and maximum achievable attenuation of acceleration level are discussed for beams with various types of terminations. Good agreement is obtained between experimental results and theoretical predictions.
Active Vibration Control Using the Modified Independent Modal Space Control (M.I.M.S.C.) Algorithm and Neural Networks as State Estimators
Authors: Chen Ching I. , Napolitano Marcello R. , Smith James E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a numerical study related to the active control of the vibrations of a cantilevered beam with piezoelectric actuators using the Modified Independent Modal Space Control (M.I.M.S.C.) algorithm coupled with a neural network for state estimation. Among other control strategies, the M.I.M.S.C. algorithm has been shown to have excellent closed-loop structural damping. Such an algorithm requires as input data the modal displacements and velocities of the vibrating beam. A Neural Network is proposed in this paper as an alternative approach to classic estimation structures for the on-line estimation of the modal parameters. The results of a numerical case study are presented and discussed.
Shape Memory: A New Concept of Explanation and of Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Kafka V.
Published: March 2007

The shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity that are observed typically with some binary and ternary alloys are explained on the basis of interaction of the sets of different atoms of the elements constituting the alloy. The concrete discussion is limited to binary alloys only, assuming that the processes in ternary alloys are similar in principle, but substantially more complicated and therefore difficult to be modelled. The differing thermal expansions of the two elements present in a binary alloy are assumed to be the cause of the changes of energy of the interatomic forces with changing temperature. Cooling of such an alloy in austenitic state leads to an increase of this energy, then the energy is partly dissipated and the structure of the alloy transforms to a martensitic one; the metastable austenitic configuration changes into the lower energy martensitic structure. The mechanism of the transformation consists in the following variations of the interatomic distances: the distances between the differing atoms in the binary alloy (pairs with the smallest distances and with the strongest bonds) remain nearly unchanged, whereas the distances between atoms of the same el ement (pairs with larger distances and with weaker bonds) do change with martensitic transforma tion substantially, which leads to the lowering of the bond energy. It is shown that this understanding of the process agrees with a number of observed phenomena and it opens the possibility of model ling the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity by a continuum model consisting of two con tinuous infrastructures corresponding to the two sets of atoms present in the binary alloy.
New Contexts for Relational Communication in Groups
Authors: Barker Valerie E. , Abrams Jessica R. , Tiyaamornwong Vanessa , Seibold David R. , Duggan Ashley , Park Hee Sun , Sebastian Minu
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the importance of relational communication in groups. Connections are made with potentially fruitful theoretical concepts, while findings from related group research are used to discuss new and interesting directions with regard to relational communication in three pivotal group contexts. Each section provides a rationale for why these group contexts should be studied and suggests propositions to guide future research. The discussion highlights the many facets of the relational side of members’ intentions in groups: cooperation, connection, autonomy, similarity, flexibility/rigidity, cohesion/withdrawal, harmony/conflict, stereotyping, and stigmatization. Concerning group process analysis, the authors revisit the family, as one’s first group experience, from a relational communication perspective. Next, the influence of heterogeneity of group membership and intercultural diversity is discussed with regard to relational dynamics. Finally, the effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) on relational communication in groups are investigated.
Racial Diversity, Age Diversity, Interdependence, and Team Performance
Authors: Timmerman Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between age diversity, racial diversity, and team performance in two settings with very different requirements for member interaction. Basketball and baseball were chosen as examples of activities requiring high interdependence and low interdependence, respectively. Archival data were gathered from 871 professional basketball teams and 1,082 professional baseball teams from 1950 to 1997. The results revealed that (after controlling for team ability) age diversity and racial diversity were negatively associated with basketball team performance. Diversity on both variables was unrelated to baseball team performance. These results are interpreted in terms of the interaction patterns required in the different sports.
Does Diversity Affect Group Efficacy?
Authors: Sargent Leisa D. , Sue-Chan Christina
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relation between racioethnic diversity and group efficacy (assessed as group outcome efficacy and group potency). Social cohesion was hypothesized to moderate this relationship. The authors also predicted that the interactive effect of racioethnic diversity and social cohesion on group efficacy would be mediated by task interdependence. The sample consisted of 42 student project groups. Data were gathered at the completion of the groups’ projects. The results indicate support for the hypotheses that racioethnic diversity is positively related to group efficacy and that the effect of racioethnic diversity on group outcome efficacy is enhanced by social cohesion. There was also some support for the mediating role of task interdependence.
Investigating the Mediational Relationship of Leadership, Class Cohesion, and Adherence in an Exercise Setting
Authors: Loughead Todd M. , Colman Michelle M. , Carron Albert V.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if older adults’ perceptions of class cohesion serve as a mediator between exercise class leader behavior and adherence (operationally defined as attendance and perceived exertion) in exercise programs. Participants were enrolled in recreational exercise programs. Each participant completed a questionnaire that assessed cohesion (individual attractions to the group-task [ATG-T] and -social, group integration-task [GI-T] and group integration-social), class leader behaviors (enthusiasm, availability, motivation, and instruction), and perceived exertion. Attendance was obtained from records maintained by the instructors. Four specific mediation relationships were found: (a) ATG-T mediated the relationship between class leader motivation and perceived exertion, (b) ATG-T mediated the relationship between class leader availability and perceived exertion, (c) ATG-T mediated the relationship between class leader enthusiasm and attendance, (d) GI-T mediated relations between class leader enthusiasm and attendance. A number of aspects related to specific results were discussed.
Dimensions of Interaction in Psychotherapeutic Groups
Authors: Greenway Jennifer Diane , Greenway Philip
Published: March 2007

This study illustrates the major dimensions of interpersonal perceptions of members of small groups using the repertory grid technique. These dimensions were elicited in the initial and middle stages of group development in a therapeutic and com parison group. The main purpose of the study was to relate one of these dimen sions, a variant of the accepting-rejecting dimension, to independently derived per sonality measures: Mehrabran's RS and DEP. The factor that correlated with these measures was similar to what Bierman (1969) called "empathetic, committed, en countering, " a factor highly typical of the middle stages of group development. This finding applied only to the therapeutic group, suggesting that the method of group management was effective in making group members aware of their feel ings of personal vulnerability in their interactions within the group.
The Volunteers
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

A total of 14 individuals volunteered to live in relative psychosocial isolation for 6 months in an attempt to emulate the life-style of the 1820 English settlers in South Africa. Throughout this period, the newly formed community was monitored by a television camera crew. This study explored personal orientation changes over time through an administration of the Personal Orientation Inventory—a psychometric measure of 12 dimensions of self-actualization—on two separate occasions: immedi ately before the start of the "experiment" and 1 month prior to its termination. Significant change was found on the self-acceptance dimension only. This article outlines apparent dynamics of the group and explores possible reasonsfor the general lack of detected significant change in values and behavior. Trends in reorientation are also examined .
The Measurement of Distortion Tendencies Induced by the Win-Lose Nature of In-group Loyalty
Authors: Burton Gene E.
Published: March 2007

A great deal has been written about the pressing need to put people back into the decisionmaking process and to rely less on machines, models, and quantitative methods for management decisions. Considerable research has been devoted to the task of identifying the relative advantages and disadvantages of the more popular group decision-making techniques such as interacting groups, nominal groups, and Delphi groups. The purpose of this inquiry is the measurement of the distortion effects of group loyalty on the decision-making behavior of nominal groups.
A Psychoeducational Group for Clients with Heterogeneous Problems
Authors: Flowers John V. , Booraem Curtis D.
Published: March 2007

The improvement of 23 clients with heterogeneous psychological problems attending three 16-sessiont psychoeducational (structured) tlherapy groups was compared to 20 similar clients attending three experiential (less structured, conttrol) groups, employing the Autoinatic Thoughlts Questiotnnaire atnd a measure of overall pathology based on the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Additionally, the clients in the psychoeducational groups were assessed by a GoalAttainment Scaling procedure. The clients in the experienttial groups were considered to be a conservative cotntrol group rather than a comparison group because of the length of treatment. Additionzally, clienits in both types of group completed process evaluations selected by thle therapists of both cotnditions after every session. Results inidicated that the clients in the psychoeducational groups improved significantly more than the clients in the experiential grouips ont both measures and improved on the Goal Attainment Scaling measure when compared to goals not addressed in therapy. Each condition was significantly superior on the process measures chosen by the therapists of that condition; however, factor analysis of the process and outcome data indicated the relationshtip of process to outcome was not linear and was extremely complex.
Confidentiality Dilemmas in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Roback Howard B. , Purdon Scot E. , Ochoa Elizabeth , Bloch Frank
Published: March 2007

This article examines how 100 experienced group psychotherapists report that they would manage problematic ethical incidents related to confidentiality. Findings suggest a relation between therapist gender, office location (private practice, public outpatient, hospital), degree of societal threat explicit in the incident (e.g., threats ofphysical endangerment), and management strategies. There is also some indication that psychoanalytically oriented group therapists are less likely than non-analytically oriented clinicians to contact authorities when confronted with psycholegal issues. Limitations in the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Sociocognition in Work Groups
Authors: Gruenfeld Deborah H , Hollingshead Andrea B.
Published: March 2007

The study described in this article examined the integrative complexity of shared conceptualizations of group culture: how they can be distinguished from member cognitions about group culture and how they affect taskperformance over time. Twenty-two workgroups wrote weekly essays about their collective activity over a 12-week period. Group members first wrote independent accounts and then collaborated to create a single group account of their activity during that week During thefirst 5 weeks of that period, the integrative complexity of group essays was not significantly differentfrom that of average individual essays but was significantly lower than that of essays written by the highest complexity members. During the last 5 weeks, the level of group complexity increased at a greater rate than either the average orhighest individual levels, until it was significantly greater than that of the average individual and statistically equivalent to that of the highest member The results also supported the notion that the relation of integrative complexity-at the group level-to the quality of decision outcomes depends on the nature of the task Taken as a whole, these findings support the developing notion that thoughts and ideas can be conceived as collective, rather than purely individual, phenomena.
Explanations of Individual-Group Performance Differences
Authors: Stasson Mark F. , Bradshaw Scott D.
Published: March 2007

The issues of whetherornotgroups outperform individuals on multiple-item problem-solving tasks and the size of the performance difference were discussed. The level of analysis was found to be an important consideration-groups outperformed their best member at the aggregate level of analysis (i.e., total score), but often failed to perform at the level of the best member on individual items. It was argued that groups outperform individuals at the aggregate level because group members often have complementary bases of knowledge that can compensate for each other's weaknesses and because of "synergistic " effects in groups. Implications for using groups as decision-making units in applied contexts were discussed.
An Examination of Functional Role Behavior and Its Consequences for Individuals in Group Settings
Authors: Mudrack Peter E. , Farrell Genevieve M.
Published: March 2007

Adult members of 68 ongoing small groups evaluated their peers' functional role behaviors (i.e., task, maintenance, individual) in classroom settings. These three role categories generally emerged from these group ratings and were interrelated as predicted. Group members who played task roles also tended to play maintenance roles. Individual role behaviors were largely unrelated to task role adoption but were inversely associated with maintenance role behaviors. Perceptions of group cohesiveness were positively linked with both task and maintenance role activity but were lowest among individual role players. Task roles were seen as valuable and as contributing to the group effort, whereas both maintenance and individual roles were viewed neutrally in this regard. Implications of these results for both researchers and group members are addressed.
The Effects of Perceived Loafing and Defensive Impression Management on Group Effectiveness
Authors: Mulvey Paul W. , Bowes-Sperry Lynn , Klein Howard J.
Published: March 2007

The influence of defensive impression management and perceived loafing on group effectiveness was investigatedfor 49 groups of 204 undergraduate business students working for 3 months on a team interdependent task The interaction between perceived loafing and defensive impression management was also tested. Results demonstrated that both independent variables were negatively correlated with satisfaction with group members and group performance. In addition, the perceived loafing by defensive impression management interaction explained significant incremental variance in satisfaction with group members and group performance as predicted. Groups with high levels of perceived loafing had a negative relationship between defensive impression management and group effectiveness, whereas groups with low levels ofperceived loafing had a positive relationship. Implications for managers andfuture research issues are discussed.
Developing Commitment in Japanese Organizations in Hong Kong
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Sasaki Shigeru , Moy Jane W.
Published: March 2007

Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition may be usefully extended to understand how employees decide to commit to their organizations. Results ofstructural equation analyses on data colkctedfrom interviews of Chinese and Japanese employees of Japanese multinational organizations operating in Hong Kong indicate that cooperative goals contributed to open discussion between employees, which resulted in productive workand stronger work relationships, which in turn led employees to feel committed. Competitive and independent goals were largely negatively correlated with dynamics and outcomes. These results argue that the theory of cooperation and competition is usefulfor understanding interdependence and interaction in Asian as well as North American organizations. The theory may have the potentialfor structuring interaction that rewards employees, facilitates their relationships and productivity, and results in commitment.
Simulation of the Perfect Simulation?
Authors: Bielecki Witold T.
Published: March 2007

The author shortly explains why a question put down in the title will be a question that must be considered by individuals engaged in the areas of simulation and simulation games in the near future.
Simulation and Games Forum
Authors: Gaines W. George
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the "Simulation and Games Forum" is to provide a medium for informal and informative discussion about games and simulation. The forum may contain comments on papers previously published or may initiate a topic for discussion, unrelated to previous publications in SIMULATION & GAMES. This section is intended to generate debate and to lay out issues on which readers might differ. Communications will be published in the issue following receipt. They should be limited to 700 words and sent in letter form addressed to the Editors. We look forward to a lively section.
Simulation and Games Forum
Authors: House Peter W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the "Simulation and Games Forum" is to provide a medium for informal and informative discussion about games and simulation. The forum may contain comments on papers previously published, or may initiate a topic for discussion, unrelated to previous publications in SIMULATION AND GAMES. This section is intended to generate debate and to lay out issues on which readers might differ. Communications will be published in the issue following receipt They should be limited to 700 words and sent in letter form addressed to the Editors.
A Simulation Administrator's Perspective
Authors: Golden Peggy A. , Smith Jerald R.
Published: March 2007

The ABSEL simulation competition revealed a variety of readily identifiable team-playing styles. These types seemed to be associated with various levels of performance and may provide some insights for simulation administrators as to how to coach various teams in a class.
A Loser's Perspective I
Authors: Wellington William J. , Faria A. J.
Published: March 2007

This article provides the authors' nonwinning perspective on their team's participation in a simulation competition. The article presents the strategies adopted and discusses the reasons why some strategies were ineffective.
Rebuttal to Wolfe's Comments on Modeling the Human Component in Computer-Based Business Simulations
Authors: Thavikulwat Precha
Published: March 2007

Algorithmic adequacy is vital in computer-based games because designers control algorithms, because users cannot safely change algorithms, because elegant algorithms reduce programming errors, and because intrinsically valid algorithms increase a game's flexibility. Although algorithmic errors can remain unnoticed, this is generally more true of errors deliberately introduced by a researcher than of errors inadvertently made by a programmer. Besides being valid, good algorithms are comprehensible and clearly structured. When comprehensible algorithms are accompanied by configurable parameters, instructors can readily adapt the game, and create strategic decision-making situations, thereby opening new possibilities for learning and research.
Southeast State University: A Simulation for Higher Education Administration Courses
Authors: Twale Darla J.
Published: March 2007

The prototype institution, Southeast State University (SSU) is a self-developed, minimum structure simulation game that uses an in-basket format and assigns collegiate roles and statuses to class participants in higher education administration. Situations come from news media or are adapted from key personnel who fulfill academic, administrative, student service, and auxiliary campus functions. Topics cover policy change, fiscal mismanagement, student problems, harassment, hazing, academic freedom, and program revision. Students assume a hypothetical personality, contemplate issues, role-play, render decisions, and reflect on their choices. Participants express that SSU portrays the complex social, economic, and political nature of higher education administration.
A Further Study of the External Validity of Business Games: Five-Year Peer Group Indicators
Authors: Wolfe Joseph , Roberts C. Richard
Published: March 2007

Relatively few studies have attempted to assess the external validity of business games. A S-year longitudinal study examined interpersonal, career-success-related factors not previously considered Within-team peer assessments of various playing/behavioral factors displayed by players were compared to their later career mobility, satisfaction, and salary levels. Significant relationships existed between a player's influence on the team's decision-making process, leadership, esteem and value to the team, and the person's later income levels and salary increases. All interpersonal group factors were significantly related to the person's current position or job title. These results, when combined with the results of an earlier study relating a player's economic performance to career success, led to the conclusion that external validity may exist for business games.
Current Applications, Trends, and Organizations in U.S. Military Simulation and Gaming
Authors: Oswalt Ivar
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes recent military simulation and gaming applications, trends that are affecting their use, their characterization and criteria of evaluation, and trends impacting their development (technologies, standards, and requirements). It also describes current organizations and implementations within the military services, universities, and commercial enterprises; and concludes with a discussion of issues in combat simulation.
Improving Learning Persistence of Military Personnel by Enhancing Motivation in a Technical Trainiing Program
Authors: Whitehill Betty V. , McDonald Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect of motivational variables on task persistence and performance in Navy technical training. The motivation variables consisted of a context of either a game or a drill and payoff points that were either fixedor variable. This resulted in four groups: (a) game context with fixed pay off (b) game context with variable payoff, (c) drill context with fixed payoff and (d) drill context with variable payoff In all experimental conditions, students were asked to solve 10 circuit problems. In the game context, students simulated the role of an electrician repairing circuits. Students moved a cursor around a maze representing a Navy ship 'floor plan to locate and repair faulty circuits to prevent the ship from sinking. If water started to rise in the ship, students knew they needed to improve their performance. In the drill context, students were presented with the same problems one at a time without the simulated game embellishments. In the fixed-payoff condition, each problem was worth a fixed number of points, regardless of the difficulty level selected by students. For each problem in the variable-payoff condition, points varied according to the difficulty level, types of help, and quits selected. Dependent variables were accuracy, persistence, time, level of difficulty, attempts, helps, and quits selected. The results show that a task-based simulation game combined with a variable payoff increased student persistence in selecting high levels of difficulty and induced a conservative behavior in relying on feedback helps. Further, the result was in the direction of improved performance for game with variable payoff.
Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy: Organizing Structured Activities to Facilitate Family Development
Authors: Kunkler Kara P. , Rigazio-DiGiio Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

Integrative models of psychotherapy provide clinicians with a number of benefits, including organized access to a variety of assessment and intervention strategies throughout the course of treatment. Such benefits allow practitioners to be flexible in therapy, to tailor treatment to the specific needs of their clients, and to service a wide range of client types. Systemic cognitive developmental therapy (SCDT) represents one such integrative marriage and family treatment model that uses a cognitive-developmental framework to design assessment procedures, create developmentally oriented treatment plans, and evaluate the effectiveness of the therapeutic process. Because SCDT draws from a variety of family counseling and therapy approaches, it can provide clinicians access to a wide range of familiar structured activities and exercises for use in treatment. In this article, the authors describe the SCDT model and illustrate how this cognitive-developmental framework can be used to organize various structured exercises and activities into developmentally oriented treatment plans. A case example is provided to illustrate application of the model.
The Real-World Connection
Authors: Estes Charles R.
Published: March 2007

The growth in technology is giving each of us increasing opportunities for appreciation of the world's problems and its opportunities. Worldwide computer networking is increasing understanding among peoples. New technologies, such as nanotechnology, add new dimensions for exploring both inner and outer space. We must hope these technological advancements will at last help to bring us social enlightenment. But first, we must examine what science can and cannot do.
Enhancing Entrepreneurial Expertise: Experiential Pedagogy and the New Venture Expert Script
Authors: Mitchell Ronald K. , Chesteen Susan A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors link entrepreneurial expertise with the notion of an expert script as a means for enhancing entrepreneurial expertise. The focus of this article is an instructional pedagogy that improves students' entrepreneurial expertise by applying the recommendations of information theorists regarding script acquisition. Expert information theory suggests contact with expert scripts as a primary means for acquiring expertise. Concepts from the simulation and gaming literature are employed to design the pedagogy that features such contact as its primary emphasis. The effectiveness of this pedagogy is examined using a model derived from expert information theory and tested using multiple discriminant analysis. The experiential pedagogy is shown to enhance novices' propensity to enter the new venture script, beyond that of either non-enhanced novices or experts, while providing a significant improvement in novices' ability to do the things the new venture script requires.
Gaming: An Emergent Discipline
Authors: Duke Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Experiential learning efforts in the 1950s mimicked the logistic operational gaming of World War II; the results were encouraging. Subsequently, funded research efforts over three decades focused on gaming phenomena. Computers permitted more elaborate games, creating the illusion that they might be used for prediction; subsequent research established the potential of games for communicating complexity. By the late 1970s, large organizations were losing faith in the ability of other disciplinary approaches to deal with complex decision environments that defied quantification. Prompted by crisis, these clients sought to employ gaming for developing strategic plans. Many gaming projects, national and international, presented the context for observations about the evolution of knowledge of the disciplinary characteristics of gaming. Both advantages and disadvantages of viewing gaming as a disciplined activity are considered. The evolution of professional organizations, related academic activity, the game design process, and the need for consistent use of terms are also addressed.
Total Enterprise Simulation Performance as a Function of Myers-Briggs Personality Type
Authors: Gosenpud Jerry , Washbush John
Published: March 2007

This article presents a series of studies designed to research the predictive association between scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and performance in the total enterprise simulation. In previous studies by Patz, simulation teams with a high composition of individuals who processed information intuitively and made decisions by thinking (Myers-Briggs types N and T) performed better. Patz found this result across 10 industries, and he reported correlations of greater than. 7. This research, from 12 industries with 99 teams, showed that teams composed of individuals who process information intuitively and use thinking to make decisions did not perform better in total enterprise simulations. The present authors propose that differences in population, game administration, and pedagogical factors may explain the differences between Patz's findings and the present results.
Strategic Management Games: A Review
Authors: Keys J. Bernard
Published: March 2007

This article describes seven currently available management games commonly used in the strategic management course within colleges and universities. The games reviewed have had sustained use through several editions. All are now scored by a microcomputer and use up-to-date computer technology. Five tables are included summarizing the dimensions of the games reviewed. The tables summarize for the seven games the factors categorized as the external environment and industry factors, marketing variables, production variables, and financial variables. Variables included by all of the seven games are first reviewed in each table, then unique variables are itemized for each game. This review suggests that management games are becoming much more robust and much more strategic since the review of games in this journal in 1987.
Changing Customer Preferences and Product Characteristics in the Design of Demand Functions
Authors: Gold Steven C. , Pray Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical approach is developed to model product characteristics in demand functions that considers the complexities of time, technological change, and consumer preferences. Changing product characteristics are represented by assigning a new set of attributes desired by the consumer. A demand function, which allows for intertemporal changes in product attributes and consumer preferences, is simulated. Incorporating new product development in contemporary business simulations allows a number of enrichments. These include direct market influences from technology and intertemporal changes in consumer tastes, the creation of market segment diversity in a single product simulation, creating a structure permitting firms to target specific markets with different characteristics, including fact-based data for use in customer satisfaction surveys, and the creation of a modeling approach that introduces quality factors as attributes in a simulated demand function.
Developing Computerized Business Gaming Simulations
Authors: Thavikulwat Precha
Published: March 2007

A paradigm for developing computerized business gaming simulations is discussed. Simulation is defined as a replicable representation of a process. Phenotypical representation, or modeling, is distinguished fromgenotypical representation, or gaming. Definitions of a configurable game, strategy, tactic, and entrepreneurship as they relate to specific games are presented. Gaming simulations should be evaluated on how well they support the genotypical representation of the processes that define the subject of interest. Computerized business gaming simulations may be more appropriate for the assessment of business education than for the enhancement of that education.
The Association Between Client and Therapist Interpersonal Processes and Outcomes in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Coady Nick F.
Published: March 2007

The associations between interpersonal process variables and psychotherapy outcome were investigated by comparing five individual psychotherapy cases with good outcomes and four with poor outcomes. The structured analysis of social behavior model was used to analyze therapist and client behaviors in Sessions 3, 5, and 15 of 20 sessions of psychotherapy. The results indicated the following: Therapists in the good-outcome group were significantly more "helping and protecting" in each of the three sessions; clients in the good-outcome group were significantly (a) more "trusting and relying" overall and in Session 3, (b) less "walling off and avoiding" in Session 3, (c) less "asserting and separating" overall and in Session 15, (d) more "disclosing and expressing" in Session 15, and (e) less "watching and managing" in Session 15. Additionally, therapists in both outcome groups were significantly less "helping and protecting" in Session 5, compared to the other two sessions. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Foster Parent Training
Authors: Lee Jane H. , Holland Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

As child welfare agencies confront limited resources and increasing demands for demonstrating positive results from expenditures, growing attention has been directed to the potential benefits of training programs for foster parents. A number of such programs have been designed and tried by child welfare agencies, and numerous claims have been made regarding the purported beneficial effects and positive consequences of training programs for foster care. However, few empirical studies have been reported that support these claims. This article summarizes what has been found in the few controlled studies of the effects of foster parent training and reports on an evaluative research project that examined one such program. Implications of the limited knowledge m this area are then examined.
Evaluating the Oral Examination in Virginia's Licensing of Clinical Social Workers
Authors: Biggerstaff Marilyn A.
Published: March 2007

An oral examination has been used in Virginia's licensing of clinical social workers since 1978 in addition to a written examination. This article presents findings of an evaluation of the oral examination employing a stratified random sample of 99 social workers taking the oral examination from 1978 through 1988. A t test and logistic regression analyses were used to determine if characteristics of the social workers' experience in MSW field instruction, post-MSW employment, or competencies listed by the candidate on the licensing application could predict the outcome of the oral exam. Results of the study indicate that there were no characteristics of the candidates or their practice experiences that predicted the outcome ofpassing or failing the oral examination.
Group Therapy With Divorced Persons: Empirically Evaluating Social Work Practice
Authors: Vera Maria L.
Published: March 2007

The routine evaluation of a social work intervention designed to assist separated and divorced persons in their adjustment to divorce is reported. Divorce adjustment was measured by administering pre- and postmeasures of the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS) to 25 clients who participated in five 10-week divorce adjustment groups. The results indicated that all but 2 individuals gained in the overall adjustment score of the FDAS. There was considerable variation between individuals in the pattern and in the magnitude of improvement that was widespread across four of the five groups. Striengths and weaknesses of the design are discussed, as well as the applications of the findings for social work practice.
The Impending Demise of "Designer Diagnoses"
Authors: Bentley Kia J. , Harrison Dianne F. , Hudson Walter W.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that the increasing attention to the inadequacies of popular language and labeling, called designer diagnoses by the authors, in describing people's psychological traits and emotional distress is good news for clinicians who strive to incorporate critical thinking skills into theirday-to-day assessment decisions about clients. Specifically, the article discusses three errors in reasoning that may have led to the demise (or impending demise) of such terms as codependent, dysfunctional families, and even the broad use of the term borderline. Produc tive modes of thinking needed to avoid similar conceptual hazards that are certain to appear in the field in the future are also discussed.
Psychosocial Treatment of Depression in Women: Nine Single-Subject Evaluations
Authors: Jensen Carla
Published: March 2007

Social workers are increasingly likely to deal with clients presenting symptoms of major depression. Because of risk of suicide, increased health care costs, plus the lack of available resources and new methodologies, short-term approaches should be studied. The National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study on Depression determined that two of the most promising short-term approaches developed for the treatment of depression have been Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. This current study explores the effective ness of integrating these two approaches in a new, short-term social work intervention model for treating major depression. A single-subject, nonconcurrent, multiple-baseline, across-individuals design was used to test the effectiveness of this new integrated treatment modality through use of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Social Adjustment Scale. The findings revealed that this new integrated modality was effective in decreasing the level of depression.
Intervention Design and Development: A Case Study
Authors: Bailey-Dempsey Cynthia , Reid William J.
Published: March 2007

Approaches for systematically constructing, evaluating, improving, and disseminating human service interventions offer the potential for enhancing the effectiveness of social work practice. However, there has been little study of how such approaches actually work when carried out. This article presents a comprehensive case study of how one of them—the design and development (D&D) paradigm of Edwin J. Thomas and Jack Rothman—was applied in the development of a case management intervention for problems of school failure. The application reveals the strengths of the paradigm as well as areas in which further work is needed. For example, greater attention needs to be given to (a) the possible impact of financial, political, ethical, and other contextual factors on the development process; (b) procedures for advanced development in the absence of experimental evaluations; and (c) criteria for marketing an intervention whose effectiveness has not been fully demonstrated.
Using Second-Order Factor Analysis in Examining Multiple Problems of Clients
Authors: King Pike Cathy , Hudson Walter W. , Murphy Douglas L. , McCuan Eloise Rathbone
Published: March 2007

Data from veterans of the Persian Gulf engagement were studied to assess the potential of second-order factor analysis in examining, interpreting, and directing person-environment interventions with an array of different but related individual and environmental problems. Participants of the study were 1,532 veterans of the Persian Gulf engagement who were eligible for social services provided by the Veterans Admintstration. The results provided support for the use of second-order factors in examining client data and provided information about the relationships among clinically significant problems. Further research on the second-order factors of multidimensional instruments that are used in social work to measure client progress can yield information about how client populations differ and provide direction in selecting interventions that are congruent with social work's person-environment focus.
Does the Fiduciary Relationship Guarantee a Right to Effective Treatment?
Authors: Kutchins Herb
Published: March 2007

Although Corcoran concludes that the right to effective treatment does not exist, other legal remedies, particularly those based on fiduciary obligations, may ensure the opportunity for chents to choose the optimum intervention.
Testicular Cancer Survivors' Impressions of the Impact of the Disease on their Lives
Authors: Brodsky Mitchell S.
Published: March 2007

This is a qualitative study of the psychosocial impact of testicular cancer and its treatment. Interviews were conducted with 11 survivors to examine changes in sense of self due to the experience of testicular cancer. Those aspects of self that were examined included identification self, interpersonal self, body self, and achieving self. Data indicated changes in all four aspects of self These changes appeared to follow a common path: that of focusing on enhancing the experience of the moment.
Growing up with a Chronic Health Condition: A Model of an Ordinary Lifestyle
Authors: Admi Hanna
Published: March 2007

This descriptive exploratory study was designed to gain insight into how young people experience growing up with cystic fibrosis (CF). The retrospective longitudinal, life-history method was used to generate grounded theory from 60 accounts by 21 informants (10 with CF and 11 of their family members). Data from repeated in-depth interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method. An ordinary lifestyle model emerged. Youngsters with CF maintained a dynamic balance between their own perceptions of the disease, others' perceptions of them, and the influence of contextual factors. The disease was found to be of little centrality to their psychosocial lives, and their illness perception followed developmental changes. Managing disease-related information was related to the perceived ability of the listeners to deal with the information and the situational context. The model was compared with competing models, and implications for health care practice and research are discussed.