bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of quality and clarity on the recall of photographic illustrations
Authors: Golden Anthony R
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the combined effects of the quality and clarity of a photographic illustration as factors influencing a viewer's recall of the content of the photography. The stylistic elements of lighting, image quality, degree of detail, image sharpness and perspective were manipulated in order to control the overall quality and clarity of the image. Photographs designated high signal noise ratio (S/N) had high overall quality and clarity. Photographs designated low S/N had minimum acceptable quality and clarity. Eighteen high and low S/N photographs of agricultural produce were shown randomly to 204 first‐year communication students in four groups. The subjects were also identified according to their preferred information processing modality— visual, aural or visual and aural. Five days after the presentation of the photographs, the subjects were asked to list the content of as many photographs as they could remember.
Modes, media and methods: the search for educational effectiveness
Authors: Spencer Ken
Published: October 2006

The educational effectiveness of illustrations, visual‐based instructional media, programmed learning, computer assisted learning, audio‐tutorial instruction, organization of groups, and mastery learning strategies, are discussed. Attention is drawn to those aspects which produce educationally significant improvements in student performance. It is suggested that this research, which clearly indicates a variety of ways in which levels of attainment can be greatly enhanced, is being ignored in new curriculum developments. The author concludes that the improvements sought by educationists and politicians will not be achieved until the knowledge gained from many years of research is acted upon.
A practical approach to student‐centred learning
Authors: Edwards Robert , Sutton Alan
Published: October 2006

Coauthor Edwards has developed and delivered an undergraduate first year course in which students were encouraged to take more responsibility for their own learning. The techniques used included giving students responsibility for:

setting their own objectives, and working at their own pace

making self‐assessments of their own work, and the marks to be awarded for it

arranging their own visits, individually or in small groups, to public or private organisations

liaising with external lecturers, and agreeing the content of their lectures with them

keeping their own diaries of work plans and achievements

arranging and moderating their own computer‐based electronic conference.

Coauthor Sutton was invited to be an external observer of the operation of the course. He met the students in large and small groups on several occasions; observed the processes involved in self‐assessment; and used two questionnaires to help elicit the students’ feelings about the course. This article discusses the course, its content, the learning methods used, the students’ reactions, and the results obtained.
Post‐questioning, concept mapping and feedback: a distance education field experiment
Authors: Bernard Robert M , Naidu Som
Published: October 2006

This study was designed to assess the instructional potential of two learning strategies—post‐questioning and concept mapping—in the presence and absence of systematic instructional feedback. It is a first attempt to test combinations of these treatments experimentally in the context of a course in distance education. Five research questions, drawn from the literature of post‐questioning, concept mapping and feedback, were formulated to guide the design and analysis. Substantial differences in achievement outcomes were found for four of the five questions. These results are discussed in relation to the existing literature on outcomes of learning strategies and their implication for practice in distance education.
Learning through collaborative computer simulations
Authors: Laurillard Diana
Published: October 2006

The author argues that computer‐based simulations can help students to enhance their conceptual and intuitive understanding of theoretical concepts. Intuitive understanding of scientific concepts goes beyond conceptual understanding; attaining a sense of familiarity with ideas that cannot be directly experienced requires opportunities for student‐directed activities and feedback on those activities in an environment that simulates the theory concerned. Computer‐based simulations can offer these characteristics, but they still do not always achieve the intended enhancement in intuitive understanding. The author discusses evaluation studies of particular science simulations in order to draw conclusions about the design and implementation characteristics that contribute to the success of an educational simulation.
Unchaining the slaves: discovery learning is not being told
Authors: Markle Susan M
Published: October 2006

The emotional and intellectual advantages claimed for teaching by discovery have a long history, but actual designs for instructional environments in which discovery learning is facilitated are still all too rare. Contrary to many people's assumptions, the Socratic dialogues show no evidence of discovery‐based learning, nor are they even examples of good questioning technique. Those who work with hypertext need to give deep thought to what it means to discover while being told.
Notebook computers as note‐takers for handicapped students
Authors: James Veronica , Hammersley Michael
Published: October 2006

This article is based on a study undertaken as an extension of our Phones for the Deaf programme. In the original programme, PC computers, linked by modems and null‐modems, have been used very successfully as a means of communication between hearing‐impaired persons and their hearing peers. In this study, the use of cable‐linked computers has been extended into the classroom to provide an extremely effective note‐taking system. This use of computer technology has proved to be both more efficient and at the same time far less intrusive than the conventional note‐taker or signing systems. It provides at the same time complete participation within the class for the student and a hard‐copy of the proceedings for later study.
Group work with Multimedia in Mathematics: contrasting patterns of interaction
Authors: Hudson Brian
Published: October 2006

This paper outlines the use of the UK National Curriculum Council sponsored multimedia package World of Number with a Year 9 mathematics class. The classroom research was conducted in a South Yorkshire comprehensive school during the Spring term of 1994. The class worked on graphs of relationships between distance, speed and time. The resulting activity is illustrated through examples of the discourse from some of the groups working on the multimedia‐based activities. Despite initial impressions of effective collaboration, contrasting patterns of interaction are highlighted, with some examples of rich interaction about the problem in several cases but also with examples of much lower levels of engagement with the problem in others.
Using computer generated images and text for the whole of an undergraduate course
Authors: Couper Ross , Kaye John
Published: October 2006

Computer generated images are being used to provide text and diagrams for lectures. These images are then openly available to first year undergraduates in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing Systems at the University of Northumbria. A large lecture theatre is fitted with a computer‐driven overhead projector and is used to display the files to over one hundred students. The image files and a text file commentary are provided, via automated routines on department computers, for students to copy onto their own discs.

The images are produced in a compressed and self displaying form, allowing all the material for the course to be contained on a single 1.4Mb floppy disc. All the material associated with these lectures is held on magnetic media.

This paper describes the method used, comments on some of the practical problems of using the method, and gives some of the student reaction to it.
Small Firms and Fair Trade
Authors: Reid Gavin C.
Published: October 2006

They use the language of ethics, but is it just a game?
The Ethics of Selling Personalities
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: October 2006

There is a legitimate trade in personalities, but what are its bounds and rules? The author is on the staff of The Independent.
Right and Wrong
Authors: Jackson Jennifer
Published: October 2006

‘The virtuous life need not be seen as a life in which every moment has to be justified in relation to some overridingly urgent quest.’
European and American Executive Values
Authors: Mathison David L.
Published: October 2006

Recent research shows interesting differences and similarities in attitudes and priorities of CEOs in various parts of Europe and in the USA. Professor Mathison is Chair of the Department of Management in Loyola Marymount University's College of Business Administration, Los Angeles.
Who's Who in Business Ethics Teaching Business Ethics in Post‐Communist Prague
Authors: Něemcová Lidmila
Published: October 2006

Management students at the Economic University of Prague have recently been introduced to the subject of Business Ethics. Lidmila Něemcová, who designed and teaches the course, describes their and her reactions.
Codes of Ethics: Bricks without Straw
Authors: Warren Richard C.
Published: October 2006

’Ethical codes of conduct are superficial and distracting answers to the question of how to promote ethical behaviour in corporate life.’The author is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Business Studies at Manchester Metropolitan University.
European Corporate Citizenship in the USA: An Enquiry
Authors: Pinkston Tammie S.
Published: October 2006

European direct investment in the USA raises many local concerns. Are these concerns justified, or alleviated, by the way in which different European companies exercise corporate citizenship in the host country? The author is Assistant Professor of Strategic Management at the College of Business Administration, University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Norman, Oklahoma 73019‐0450, USA.
Codes of Practice and Ethics in the UK Communications Industry
Authors: Harrison Shirley
Published: October 2006

The media, advertising and public relations are all regulated in some degree by ethical codes of practice, but do they work and do they help practitioners? The author is Senior Lecturer in public relations and philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF. She is currently preparing material for a new MA in Business Policy and Ethics, to be offered jointly by Leeds Metropolitan University and the University of Leeds.
FOCUS: Using a Computerised Game in Teaching Business Ethics
Authors: Higginson Richard , Moore Geoff
Published: October 2006

Games have become a standard tool in management education. The authors have cooperated on developing just such a teaching aid for business people and management students interested in playing the business game ethically. Dr Higginson is Director of The Ridley Hall Foundation, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, CB3 9HG and Geoff Moore is Principal Lecturer at Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST.
FOCUS: Information Technology and Business Ethics
Authors: Ennals Richard
Published: October 2006

’Those who understand the underlying technology on which the modern business depends have a professional, social and moral obligation to look to the needs of their neighbours who lack that understanding’. Professor Ennals is a member of the Business Information Technology Research Unit of Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston‐on‐Thames KT2 7LB, England, where he has shared in developing the new Business Information Technology degree.
FOCUS: Coping with Scepticism: about the philosopher's role in teaching ethical business
Authors: Jackson Jennifer
Published: October 2006

A philosopher looks at the scepticism of some of her colleagues about just what the study of ethics can contribute to ethical business, and argues that its main purpose is to help business people to engage in constructive ethical dialogue in society as well as in their corporation. The author is a regular contributor to this Review, and Director of the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT.
FOCUS: Consistency and Sympathy Changing attitudes through moral theories
Authors: Griseri Paul
Published: October 2006

Arguments may have little effect in changing people's views, but trying to sympathise with another's point of view can open the possibility of changing one's own attitude. Dr.Griseri is Director of the MBA Programme at the Management Centre, London Guildhall University, 84 Moorgate, London EC2M 6SQ.
FOCUS: Ethical Problems in Ethics Research
Authors: Bain William A.
Published: October 2006

Current research in business ethics gives serious cause for concern because it may be designed more to advance academic careers than to encourage ethical business. The author is completing his doctoral thesis in business ethics at the Management School, Imperial College, London.
FOCUS: Synergy Between Creativity and Destructiveness in Competition
Authors: Askonas Peter
Published: October 2006

Creativity is a powerful determinant of all economic activity, including competition. But its mirror image may be destructiveness, which cannot be ignored, either in life or in business. In fact, the nature of competition appears to involve synergy between the two. The author has considerable business experience as a Senior Executive of a medium‐sized textile group, and is now Visiting Lecturer in Social Ethics at Heythrop College, University of London, Kensington Square, London W8 5HQ. This paper was first presented at a Seminar on Teaching Business Ethics held at London Business School on Friday, 10 March, 1995.
Ethics and Ecotourism
Authors: Karwacki Judy , Boyd Colin
Published: October 2006

The world's largest industry is trying to become environmentally sensitive, but is it succeeding? Judy Karwacki, currently working towards an MBA, has an MA in Political Studies; she runs a travel agency in Saskatoon and has a very strong personal interest in ecotourism. Colin Boyd is Professor of Management at the College of Commerce, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 0W0, and an Associate Editor of this Review.
Editorial Interview Ethics in Competition and Fair Trading
Authors: Carsberg Sir Bryan
Published: October 2006

The former Director General of Fair Trading in Britain, interviewed by Jack Mahoney, reflects on the place of ethics in competition at national, European and global levels.
FOCUS: The Social Responsibility of Business: Who Are the Responsible Agents?
Authors: Kenyon Alfred
Published: October 2006

Resolving the strongly polarised debate about whether or not business has social responsibilities may call for distinguishing more clearly between a business as a non‐moral agent with a purely financial raison d'être and its managers who may have wider and more complex commitments. The author worked as a financial manager in industry and taught at City University Business School for many years, and also served on the professional conduct appeal committee of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. He is currently co‐writing his third book, a study on business strategy.
FOCUS: Business as a Community of Purpose
Authors: Warren Richard C.
Published: October 2006

“We need to start by recognising that the company is a contributor to the moral order of society.” Only then can we really and accurately identify the role of business in today's society. The author of this important study is Principal Lecturer in the Business Studies Department, Manchester Metropolitan University.
Window on Eastern Europe: Business and National Culture in Estonia
Authors: Meel Mari , Saat Maksim
Published: October 2006

As the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe try to make capitalism work in an ethical manner, their historical background and the national culture acquired over centuries cannot be ignored, as this study from Estonia eloquently shows. Dr Professor Maksim Saat is Professor of Business Administration, and Dr Mari Meel is Assistant Professor of Business Ethics, at the Tallinn Technical University, Ehitajate tee 5, EE‐0026 Tallinn, Estonia. In an Appendix Dr Meel describes how she teaches business ethics to university students.
Window on Eastern Europe: Current Issues in Business Ethics in the Czech Republic
Authors: Bohatá Marie
Published: October 2006

Our Associate Editor, who is head of the Center for Ethics in Economics and Business, CERGE‐EI, in Prague, writes of a macabre case of brand copying as one illustration of the difficulties of achieving fair competition in the CR.
The Agenda for Ethics in Human Resource Management
Authors: Winstanley Diana , Woodall Jean , Heery Edmund
Published: October 2006

In April this year a Conference on Ethical Issues in Contemporary Human Resource Management was held at the Management School, Imperial College, London, and jointly sponsored by the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA) and the UK Chapter of the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN‐UK). We are indebted to the organisers of the Conference, Dr Diana Winstanley, Lecturer in Human Resource Management at Imperial College Management School, Dr Jean Woodall, Reader in Human Resource Management at Kingston Business School, and Professor Edmund Heery, Professor of Human Resource Management at Cardiff Business School, for the following overview of the ethics agenda emerging for modern HRM as this figured in contributions to the Imperial College Conference. All the papers delivered at the Conference are obtainable from Dr Diana Winstanley, Imperial College Management School, 53 Prince's Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2PG, tel: (44)(0) 171‐594‐9114.
Window on Eastern Europe: A Moral Movement for Polish Business
Authors: Ryan Leo V.
Published: October 2006

Our regular contributor on the business ethics scene in Poland reports on recent encouraging developments and sees them as contributing to the ‘moral revolution’ in addition to the political and economic ones which a leading Polish academic judges his country needs today. The author is Professor of Management at DePaul University Department of Management, 1 East Jackson Blvd, Chicago IL 60604, and Visiting Fulbright Professor of Management at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan.
Inmos: a case of unsuitable corporate governance?
Authors: Dyerson Romano
Published: October 2006

Which institution ‐ the Government, the large corporation, or the entrepreneur ‐ can best manage a small high tech firm? This article seeks to answer that question in considering the case of Inmos, a small high tech firm set up with Government funding, that went on to pioneer the field of paraiiel computing through its revolutionary product the Transputer. Despite this technological success, Inmos failed commercially before passing out of British control where it now enjoys a level of success. This article considers the reasons for Inmos's failure to capitalise on its pioneering role, focusing in particular on the effect of the ownership structure on the company's performance.
Britain's Economic Performance: The Strategic Dimension
Authors: Prevezer Martha , Temple Paul
Published: October 2006

Today it is widely recognised that manufacturing industry has a vital role to play if economic recovery in Britain is to be sustained, raising issues for policy of both its competitiveness and its size. This article argues that both are fundamentally linked by innovation; it identifies various weaknesses in the innovative potential of the manufacturing base, before examining the scope for improving the record in the more specific area of science based innovation, where Britain retains considerable strength. The article concludes by arguing that only through a coherent industrial policy can manufacturing play its desired role.
British Steel: a Turnaround under Public Ownership
Authors: Beauman Christopher
Published: October 2006

This case history of British Steel Corporation (BSC) is based on personal experience: the author was advisor to the Chairmen between 1976 and 1981 ‐ the period when the company, still publicly owned, adopted the critical measures on which the turnaround was founded. BSC has been a model for a successful heavy industry turnaround and subsequent privatisation, even if some of its circumstances were unique. This article argues that it was the management rather than government which created the framework for change and that the steel strike of 1980, seen at the time as a disaster, became the watershed for fundamental change. Several of the principal actors achieved effects which were the opposite of what they intended: the article is about irony as well as steel.
Management as Science versus Management as Practice in Postgraduate Business Education
Authors: Bailey James , Ford Cameron
Published: October 2006

This first article in our Special Feature on Management Education aims to set the scene and ask fundamental questions about the function and methodology of teaching business studies. The authors start by summarising the history of management education from a US perspective. Distinguishing between research and education, they then argue that in education the pendulum needs to swing away from what they call “scientism” and that management should be taught as a craft rooted in action.
The Control of CEO Compensation by Institutional Investors: An Empirical Study of Agency Theory in Large U.S. Industrial Corporations
Authors: Winfrey Frank L.
Published: October 2006

This paper reviews the organizational control process, its role, and outlines the role of ownership control as applied to executive compensation. The findings from the study suggest that institutional ownership is an important factor in the compensation of CEOs of large U.S. industrial firms. Other factors found to be of consistent influence are firm size and firm profitability.
Determinants of US Outside Director Compensation
Authors: Boyd Brian K.
Published: October 2006

Executive compensation has recently become the subject of extensive scrutiny by the popular press. However, compensation for corporate directors is one area which has only received little attention or research. The present study combined resource dependence and agency theories with previous research on executive salaries to develop an explanatory model of director compensation. Data were collected from US firms at two points in time to assess the stability of these predictors. Four variables were found to have a significant relationship with director compensation: firm size, firm profitability, equity ownership by directors, and resource richness of the board. However, the explanatory power of these variables appear to decline over time. Practical implications of these results are discussed.
Creativity and Stress
Authors: Talbot Reg , Cooper Cary , Barrow Steve
Published: October 2006

Involvement in an organizational change programme presented an opportunity to study relationships between stress and creativity in the organization. Levels of stress were close to population norms, whereas the scores from the Creative Climate Questionnaire indicated a stagnated (as opposed to innovative) organization. Strong negative correlations between stress and creative climate scores were found, especially for stress arising from relationships with others and from organizational structure and climate. In addition, differences in both stress and creativity scores were found between samples from five different levels in the organizations hierarchy. The higher the level, the less the stress and the better the perceived creative climate. It is suggested that this is a function of the type of culture pertaining in the organization. Keywords: Creative climate, occupational stress, organizational hierarchy.
Switching the Buyer to Buying Mode: how new technology is revolutionizing product design
Authors: Houlihan John T.
Published: October 2006

If we ever hope to compete in today's vicious market‐place, we will have to work smarter, not harder. At Timex I'm expected to maintain design parity or even superiority with 1/25th the design resource of our closest competitor in the digital watch business. To make matters worse, this year I was handed the task of eliminating my in‐house mockup resource as part of a massive cost‐cutting programme aimed at forcing the company into a more competitive posture. The effort is still underway so this message is sort of a ‘work in progress’ report. I plan to tell you how our design department reacted to the demands of the business, the challenges of changing the design process, the impact on the other departments within the corporate structure, and how these demands created new responsibilities for the design department. I will also touch on some problems we encountered and what benefits we expect from this effort.
A Reasonably Accurate History of Man: And The Next Age
Authors: Groth John C.
Published: October 2006

It is a necessary disclaimer that you know that I am not a historian. What I share with you might suffer in terms of preciseness of order and even content. I may omit certain events that others would have included. Nevertheless, I offer thoughts that I hope will add to perspective. That is one of my objectives. In addition, it is my intent to provide a stimulus for other roamings of the Mind.
Creating Innovatory Climates: R&D Scientists in High‐Technology Organisations
Authors: Jones Oswald E.
Published: October 2006

This paper details a study of over 400 R&D scientists in 10 technology‐based organisations. There were two objectives, first, to establish whether employees differentiated between organisation according to their reputations for a commitment to scientific research. Secondly, to identify the factors which ‘determined’ a good or bad reputation. The results indicate that an innovatory climate is the main determinant of an R&D Department's reputation. That is, the extent to which R&D employees believe their organisation is a good place in which to practice science is dependent upon whether or not they are encouraged to be creative and innovatory. Job satisfaction was also strongly linked to a good reputation and it is argued that this confirms the importance of an innovatory climate for R&D scientists.
The Reported Advantage: What Journalists say Chief Executives do to Foster Innovation in their Firms
Authors: Purser Ronald E. , Kumar Nagananda
Published: October 2006

Journalistic perceptions may be regarded as forums for knowledge creation, and therefore offer a potentially valuable but largely ignored source of research on the management of innovation. Journalistic accounts from Fortune Magazine's annual surveys were thematically analyzed over a ten year period, using ratings of innovativeness on the organizations reported. Three themes were identified as innovation directed executive actions which differentiated the more innovative firms. These CEO actions or strategies were characterized as a dilating of organizational focus, generating elasticity in organizational processes, and concentrating (‘swarming’) resources until innovations were stabilised. These themes cut across sectoral differences in the firms studied.
Leading with Innovation in Mind
Authors: Frost Peter
Published: October 2006

This paper focuses on the process of innovation and discusses the way in which actions and activities that are involved in doing leading may improve the chances that a new product may be successful. One major emphasis in the paper is on reframing situations so that resistance to and/or misunderstandings about a new idea might be overcome. Actions involving politics, language, trust and time are discussed as possible contexts in which actions may lead to a change in people's minds about how they respond to innovation.
Information Processing Theory and its Explanation of the Creative Process
Authors: Riquelme H.
Published: October 2006

Herbert Simon, perhaps the most influential exponent of Information‐Processing theory, has argued that creativity involves no more than normal problem‐solving processes. This article describes Information‐Processing theory and its explanation of the creative process. It also highlights major criticisms to such an explanation.
The ‘Design Dimension’ of Quality Improvement Programmes*
Authors: Topalian Alan
Published: October 2006

There is a direct link between design and quality: often effective design is the soundest foundation for enhanced quality. Yet design and design management issues are rarely addressed adequately during the course of quality improvement programmes. Moreover, design and design professionals do not appear to be harnessed to help such programmes succeed. This paper outlines an initiative by the Chartered Society of Designers which seeks to redress these shortcomings by highlighting ‘the design dimension’ of quality improvement programmes.
Ends, Means and Innovation Management
Authors: Hauschildt J. , Pearson A. W.
Published: October 2006

The management of innovation inevitably implies the management of uncertainty. Research and practise clearly indicate that judgements about the size and the nature of this are often inaccurate. This can result in poor performance against expectations and in some cases in complete failure. In this paper it is argued that prior analysis of the type of uncertainty can help to improve the success rate and/or reduce the time to completion. Early signs that discontinuation, or a significant change in direction, might be called for are also highlighted by this analysis.
The Importance of Autonomy in Encouraging Creativity: Managerial Implications from a Study in Fashion Design
Authors: Greenberg Ellen
Published: October 2006

Dimensions of autonomy that organizations might consider in initiatives in enhancing creative task performance on an artistic task were examined. Choice of problem and leeway in timing had significant effects on creative performance. The results have strategic implications for managing creativity.
AN OPTIMAL TAX TREATMENT OF LEVIATHAN*
Authors: Wilson John Douglas
Published: October 2006

This paper constructs a model in which taxation and public expenditure decisions are made by two decision makers: a “benevolent planner,” who treats all consumers equally in the measurement of welfare; and a “Leviathan planner,” who places more weight on the utilities of “favored consumers.” The benevolent planner can restrict the Leviathan planner's power to tax, but cannot control the allocation of expenditures between desirable public goods and income transfers to favored consumers. Several types of tax restrictions are shown to be welfare‐improving from the benevolent planner's viewpoint. These restrictions include a reduction in the size of the tax base, although administrative costs already prevent the Leviathan planner from taxing all commodities.
DEFAULT ON DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEBT: IS IT JUSTIFIED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW?
Authors: Kanaginis George T.
Published: October 2006

A simple balance of payments accounting framework is used to analyze the role of interest rates and commodity prices in the debt crisis of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. It is argued that high real interest rates in the 1980s were unexpected by showing that the actual path was significantly far away from an optimal forecast based on an ARIMA process estimated for the 1954–1979 as well as for the 1926–1979 period. According to the legal principle of unforeseen change of circumstances, this may provide sufficient grounds for partial debt forgiveness by a court of law.
THE POLITICS OF MAASTRICHT
Authors: GARRETT GEOFFREY
Published: October 2006

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) treaty signed at Maastricht does not guarantee the recreation of German‐style economic policies and outcomes at the European Community (EC) level. Membership was not limited to countries that mimic the German commitment to price stability. National representatives may outvote inflation‐averse EC central bankers in monetary policy decisions. The Council of Ministers has the power to set exchange rate policy vis‐à‐vis third currencies. The treaty does not provide binding constraints against fiscal profligacy in member states. The German government agreed to this suboptimal outcome because in the wake of the demise of the Soviet Union and German unification it had broader political interests in maintaining the pace of European integration at Maastricht. The Bundesbank's policy of high interest rates in 1992, however, has effectively guaranteed a two‐speed monetary union, in which the first group of members will be limited to a narrow deutschemark zone. Given the waning enthusiasm for integration across the EC, the German government has no incentive to alter this outcome.
INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE EMU PROCESS
Authors: MARTIN LISA L.
Published: October 2006

European progress toward monetary union takes place within the highly institutionalized setting of the European Community (EC). This paper examines the ways in which formal institutions and decisionmaking procedures have constrained the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) process. The EC's structure has both created demands for and facilitated cross‐issue linkages, and these linkages characterize the successful bargaining on EMU. However, success also requires ratification. Domestic ratification procedures and changes in the EC's context of linkage have created challenges for the ratification of the Maastricht treaty. Ratification is also tied to concerns about democratic accountability, which arise from current legislative procedures and are the subject of ongoing institutional reform.
DIMENSIONAL SIMPLIFICATION AND ECONOMIC THEORIES OF LEGISLATIVE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Poole Keith T. , Rosenthal Howard
Published: October 2006

In many many places, the political parties and political contests seem to array themselves along a single dimension. If you look at their programs in detail it always turns out that it's much more complicated than that. But it would appear that in the minds of the voters they are literally frequently arrayed on a single continuum which, as a result of the organization of the French chamber of deputies, is usually referred to as a left/right.
SAFE SEATS, MARGINAL SEATS, AND PARTY PLATFORMS: THE LOGIC OF PLATFORM DIFFERENTIATION*
Authors: Snyder James M.
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes a spatial model of two‐party competition where parties are not monolithic decision makers but collections of self‐motivated officeholders. Party platforms are chosen collectively by incumbent officeholders. The main result is that in a stable equilibrium party platforms do not converge to the same point. Instead, the parties choose platforms so that voters can distinguish between them, and these platforms divide the set of legislative districts cleanly along party lines. All incumbents prefer this situation to one where the platforms converge, because it improves their own chances of reelection.
European monetary arrangements: Implications for the dollar, exchange rate variability and credibility
Authors: Edison Mali J. , Kole Linda S.
Published: October 2006

This paper uses the recent history of the ERM to gain insights into what might happen to exchange rates on the road to EMU. to do this, the paper examines the variability of exchange rates, the transmission of monetary policy between countries, the role of the dollar in ERM exchange rate crises, and ERM members' credibility as measured by the realignment probabilities prior to the September 1992 crisis. We identify two factors that might have contributed to the September 1992 crisis: high German interest rates and weakness of the US dollar. We find that behaviour of exchange rates has changed over time and differs between ERM and non‐ERM currencies. We also demonstrate that changes in German short‐term interest rates influence interest rates in other ERM countries and vice versa.
An empirical investigation of the factors that determine the pricing of Dutch index warrants
Authors: De Roon Frans , Veld Chris
Published: October 2006

This paper investigates the pricing of Dutch index warrants. It is found that when using the historical standard deviation as an estimate for the volatility, the Black and Scholes model underprices all put warrants and call warrants on the FT‐SE 100 and the CAC 40, while it overprices the call warrants on the DAX. When the implied volatility of the previous day is used the model prices the index warrants fairly well. When the historical standard deviation is used the mispricing of the call and the put warrants depends in a strong way on the mispricing of the previous trading day, and on the moneyness (in a non‐linear way), the volatility, and the dividend yield. When the implied standard deviation of the previous trading day is used the mispricing of the call warrants is only related to the moneyness and to the estimated volatility, while the mispricing of put index warrants depends in a strong way on the moneyness, the volatility, the dividend yield and the remaining time to maturity.
PERFORMANCE AUDITING: THE JURISDICTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN AUDITOR‐GENERAL ‐ A NOTE OF CLARIFICATION
Authors: Glynn John J.
Published: October 2006

Much confusion has arisen in recent years concerning the audit mandate of the Australian Commonwealth Auditor‐General. It is this author's contention that this mandate is, in practice, little different to that afforded to his Canadian and United Kingdom counterparts. That is, he has a mandate that permits him to examine the economy and efficiency of operations as well as the effectiveness of management of departments and other Commonwealth bodies.
FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AND THE DEMAND FOR INFORMATION
Authors: Mayston David
Published: October 2006

The public good nature of information in the public sector means that the concept of direct‘user need’as a basis for the development of a conceptual framework for financial reporting needs to be extended to the more general concept of‘individual informational benefits’. Lack of individual demand for financial reporting information does not imply zero potential individual benefit from the use of such information. The achievement of a social optimum in the use of information is likely to require both a well‐grounded conceptual framework for financial reporting and independent monitoring bodies able to make effective use of the information.
Global Environmental Change: Management Under Long‐range Uncertainty
Authors: Nijkamp Peter
Published: October 2006

This paper gives an overview of social science challenges in global environmental research. After a sketch of backgrounds, the ‘social dilemma’ is introduced as a major research question. It is asserted that current uncertainties over global environmental change provoke innovative studies on risk behaviour and management of long‐range, largely unpredictable, phenomena. Various illustrations of new research initiatives and directions are given.
The Role of Computers and Decision Aids in Crisis Management: A Developer's Report
Authors: Mitroff Ian I.
Published: October 2006

The development of usable software for crisis‐management applications is overdue. This progress report outlines a recent experience with building a proactive software program for crisis‐management capabilities. Furthermore, the author reflects on the appropriate role of information technology in crisis situations, given that often information technology is the precipitating cause for corporate crises.
Coping with Catastrophe
Authors: Bradford Janet
Published: October 2006

Coping with Catastrophe: Building an Emergency Management System to Meet People's Needs in Natural and Manmade Disasters, National Academy of Public Administration, Washington DC (1993), 133 pp.
Terrorism in the 1990s
Authors: Kupperman Robert H. , Cantagallo Michael
Published: October 2006

Terrorism: A Reference Handbook, Stephen Atkins, Santa Barbara, ABC‐CLIO (1992), 199 pp.

Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses, Lawrence Howard (Ed.), Prager, New York (1992), 193 pp.

Hostage‐Taking Terrorism: Incident Response Strategy, Alastair MacWillson, St Martins, New York (1992), 263 pp.
Disaster Recovery Plans for Computer System Failures: An Empirical Study of the State of Preparedness of American County Government
Authors: Shin Roy W. , Sung Do‐Kyung
Published: October 2006

Information technology has become an invaluable tool for government operations and the ability to interact with the public. However, as dependency on information systems increases, governments become more vulnerable to systems failure or interruption from natural, man‐made or political disasters. This paper addresses a number of current issues concerning governments’capability and contingency plan in such disaster cases in order to avoid disruption of public services. The study examined 172 counties and the political, technological and economic factors which shape their decision to invest in recovery strategies. Data derived from this survey is analyzed to identify what variables have most significant impact on the decision as to whether or not to develop a disaster recovery plan.
Communication with Hostage Takers: Blame Schema as a Framework for Persuasion
Authors: Wolf Yuval , Walters Joel
Published: October 2006

A focus on non‐violent means for resolution of hostage taking incidents is suggested. Anderson's (1981; 1982) psychodynamics of everyday life provides detailed and operationalizable elements which are included in the schema: Blame = Culpa ⊕ Consequences. Guidelines for spokesmen of negotiating teams are proposed along with suggestions for research investigating the viability and effectiveness of this approach.
Training Concept for Environmental Emergency Measures: Structuring Knowledge
Authors: Robert Benoît , Gamelin Chantal , Hausler Robert , Jarry Vincent
Published: October 2006

During an environmental emergency, intervenors must make rapid decisions to the best of their knowledge regarding the environment and the event itself. To insure optimal decision‐making, intervenors must acquire the necessary reflexes through numerous and realistic training sessions. It is, therefore, necessary to provide economical training methods. Advances in computer science in the area of data‐bases and expert systems allow one to envisage the development of computer tools to further emergency response training.

This article is an overview of the work carried out in this area. The authors have developed a computer method for training in environmental emergency response in the context of an oil spill in the St. Laurence River. Knowledge structuring and management methods are presented, following an overview of the study context. Lastly, ongoing computer developments are summarized in order to validate the methodology that has been developed. The work carried out opens the door to applications for other types of emergency response and serves to illustrate the usefulness of such a computerized approach.
Policy Design and Local Attributes for Flood Hazard Management
Authors: Handmer John
Published: October 2006

Policies or guidelines for the management of floodprone land are often developed by national or state governments. However, implementation of such policies generally rests with local governments, as it is these entities which possess the necessary planning and land‐use control powers. Unfortunately, there is much more involved in gaining compliance with national or state policies than simply specifying a set of standards or legally binding regulations. The local authority must be committed to the policy objectives – often not straightforward given the numerous issues competing for their attention. They must also have the capacity to implement the required measures.

This paper examines two general approaches to policy design which differ in the way they deal with the local attributes of commitment and capacity. One approach is based on cooperation between the two levels of governments. In the other approach, the senior level of government employs coercion to induce local government to implement its policies. Trends across Europe towards decentralization and greater local accountability – although variable by country – suggest a steadily increasing role for cooperative approaches in inter‐governmental relations. Outstanding issues concern the motivation of uncommitted local authorities and the more general question of the tension between hazard management and economic development.
The Future is Not the Past Repeated: Projecting Disasters in the 21st Century from Current Trends
Authors: Quarantelli E.L.
Published: October 2006

Trends affecting the modern world are resulting in social changes that raise the probability of more and worse disasters in the 21st century. The negative factors mostly stem from ever‐increasing industrialization and the urbanization process. The first trend may lead to computer and bio‐technological consequences despite no casualties. The second trend means that there will be more to impact; greater negative effects from the urban bureaucracies and heterogeneous sub‐cultures that characterize metropolitan areas; more vulnerable populations; and traditional communities are becoming less important as units for disaster planning. Some possible positive effects of other trends, such as the increasing importance of the mass media and the democratization of political activities, are unlikely to balance the negative effects of industrialization and urbanization.
Potential impacts of climate change on Sub‐Saharan African plant priority area selection
Authors: McClean Colin J. , Doswald Nathalie , Küper Wolfgang , Sommer Jan Henning , Barnard Phoebe , Lovett Jon C.
Published: October 2006

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) aims to protect 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity by 2010. This study selects sets of 1‐degree grid cells for 37 sub‐Saharan African countries on the basis of a large database of plant species distributions. We use two reserve selection algorithms that attempt to satisfy two of the criteria set by the GSPC. The grid cells selected as important plant cells (IPCs) are compared between algorithms and in terms of country and continental rankings between cells. The conservation value of the selected grid cells are then considered in relation to their future species complement given the predicted climate change in three future periods (2025, 2055, and 2085). This analysis uses predicted climate suitability for individual species from a previous modelling exercise.

We find that a country‐by‐country conservation approach is suitable for capturing most, but not all, continentally IPCs. The complementarity‐based reserve selection algorithms suggest conservation of a similar set of grid cells, suggesting that areas of high plant diversity and rarity may be well protected by a single pattern of conservation activity.

Although climatic conditions are predicted to deteriorate for many species under predicted climate change, the cells selected by the algorithms are less affected by climate change predictions than non‐selected cells. For the plant species that maintain areas of climatic suitability in the future, the selected set will include cells with climate that is highly suitable for the species in the future. The selected cells are also predicted to conserve a large proportion of the species richness remaining across the continent under climate change, despite the network of cells being less optimal in terms of future predicted distributions.

Limitations to the modelling are discussed in relation to the policy implications for those implementing the GSPC.