bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boosting Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency Using Tin Based Compounds
Authors: Arum Chinaecherem Tochukwu , Bbumba Simon , Kigozi Moses , Karume Ibrahim , Jawad Muhammad , Kiganda Ivan , Nsamba Hussein Kisiki , Ssekatawa John , Ntale Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Herein, we reviewed lead (Pb) free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using Tin (Sn) compounds (FASnI3, CsSnI3) as alternative materials that are stable, cheap, and environmentally benign. These devices have an efficiency of 13 %, but when compared to the 25.7 % of Pb, it is still low. Oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+, surface defects, and low energy band gap alignment are concerns for the application Sn since they lower the device performance. It is worth mentioning that several solutions have been implemented to address the drawbacks, such as the use of encapsulation technology, the preparation method, and charge carrier materials. In this regard, encapsulation technology is applied to reduce aerial oxidation, which results in high stability. Furthermore, the charge carrier materials play a crucial role in energy band alignment, reduction in hole and electron recombination, and improvement of the contact between the interfacial surfaces. In brief, this review summarizes the Sn-based perovskites solar cells and how their efficiency can be modified based on the preparation method, use of either the solvent or the anti-solvent, charge transport materials, and encapsulation technology.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Panchagavya and Micro-nutrient on Growth Attributes and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Soils of Sand Loam
Authors: Reema  , Dudwal Mahipal , Bijarnia Shankar Lal , Choudhary Dilip
Published: September 2024

The present study highlights the effect of Foliar Spray of Panchagavya and Some Micro-nutrient on Growth Attributes and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Soils of Sand Loam. A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2023-24 at research farm, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur. The experiment was layout in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment consisted of three levels of Panchgavya (2, 4 and 6%), two level of micronutrients (B and Zn) (0.1 and 0.1%) and control. The soil in the experimental area was sandy loam with pH (8.21), Organic Carbon (0.21%), Available N (134.5 kg/ha), Available P (21.13 kg/ha) and Available K (202.24 kg/ha). Seeds are sown at a spacing of 30 × 10 cm to a seed rate of 80 kg/ha. The application of Panchgavya 6% + Zn 0.1 % + B 0.1 % significantly increased the Plant height (61.87 cm), No. of nodules/plant (12.87), Dry matter accumulation (123.01 g), Number of Pods/plant (62.13), Number of seeds/pod (2.10), Seed yield (1641.35 kg/ha) and Stover Yield (3542 kg/ha) of chickpea over the control.
Nature’s Cure: The Role of Botanicals in Integrated Disease Management
Authors: Akbari D. A. , Bagul G. D. , Kachhela H. R. , Kansara S. S.
Published: September 2024

The excessive and haphazard use of the majority of synthetic fungicides has led to a variety of toxicological and environmental issues. Our ancestors used various botanicals to manage plant diseases long before the advent of conventional fungicides. Recently, attention has been focused on using higher plant products as innovative chemotherapeutics in plant protection in many parts of the world. Botanical pesticides are gaining increasing popularity, with various plant-based products being used as bio-pesticides worldwide. As botanical pesticides, pyrethroids and neem products have a well-established industry due to their widespread customer acceptability and generally safe reputation. Additionally, treating seeds and applying a foliar spray of freshly prepared garlic bulb extract led to a reduction in alternaria blight by 35.6%, white rust by 50.4%, powdery mildew by 67.7% and sclerotinia rot by 80.3% in mustard. This treatment also resulted in a 27.3% increase in yield compared to the untreated control. Some volatile oils, which often contain the main aromatic and flavoring components of herbs and spices, have been recommended as plant-based antimicrobials to delay microbial contamination and reduce food spoilage. Botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries, but they can play a much larger role in the production and post-harvest protection of food products in developing countries.
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain TIA2019A Concentration as Starter Culture on Volatile Aroma Fingerprint of Cocoa Beans and Sensory Perception of End-chocolate
Authors: Assi-Clair Brice Judicaël , Koné Mai Koumba , Yao Mathurin Konan , Lebrun Marc , Maraval Isabelle , Boulanger Renaud , Guéhi Tagro Simplice
Published: September 2024

Cocoa from Côte d’Ivoire is currently characterized by low technological quality including the absence of desired fine flavors. Various yeasts are essential for cocoa fermentation and play a key role in the formation of cocoa volatile aroma precursors. This study investigated the improvement of aromatic quality of dry fermented cocoa beans through inoculation of yeats reported to be high potential aroma compounds producer to the cocoa fermentation. Starter culture based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain TIA2019A from wine fermentation were prepared at 2 concentrations about 0.5 and 1.0 g yeast per kg of fresh cocoa beans. Cocoa 6 days-fermentation with about 25 kg of fresh beans were carried out in plastic boxes (50×30×30 cm3) for 06 days with 2 turnings at 48 and 96 hours. Fermented cocoa beans was then sun-dried until a moisture content about 8%. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fingerprint of dry fermented cocoa beans were determined using SPME-GC/MS method. Main results showed that dry fermented cocoa beans fermented from inoculated 0.5 g of S. cerevisiae per kg of fresh cocoa recorded higher contents of relevant VOCs comprised between 100 and 600 µg.g-1 than cocoa beans inoculated at 1.0 g of yeast per kg.  Chocolate made from cocoa beans inoculated at 0.5 g of S. cerevisiae per kg of cocoa recorded better score for fresh fruit flavors and global organoleptic quality than those produced from cocoa beans inoculated at 1.0 g of S. cerevisiae per kg of cocoa.  Utilization of starter based on S. cerevisiae at low concentration promoted the organoleptic qualities of cocoa and derived chocolate. Selected yeast strains with VOCs producing performance can thus be used to improve aroma quality of dry cocoa beans and the organoleptic quality of chocolate produced thereof.
Improving Pain and Disability in Lower Back Pain with Neural Mobilization: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shekhawat Devendra Singh , Kapoor Harshita , Tiwari Madhusudan
Published: September 2024

Background: Radiating pain in a leg region usually supplied by a single nerve root in the lumbar or sacral spine is the hallmark of sciatica; sensory and motor impairments may also be present. Neural mobilization is one therapy for lumbosacral radiculopathy on which physical therapists have placed a great deal of attention. Its goal is to mobilize peripheral neural tissue and surrounding tissues, which in turn affects the mechanical properties of peripheral nerves. NM can lessen the mechanical sensitivity of nerves and has a hypoalgesic impact.
Methods: Systematic review of the studies reporting separate outcomes of patients with LBP and LBP with leg pain and synthesis of available evidence. Literature search of English language peer-reviewed publication was conducted using CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Google Scholar.
Results: Of the papers gained though search, 13 were included in the review and all these articles supported that Neural Mobilization is an effective method to decrease pain and improve functional ability in patients with NSLBP.
Analyzing Farmers’ Perceived Information Need and its Mitigation by Extension and Advisory Service (EAS) Providers in Pluralistic System
Authors: Hossain Sk Mosaraf , Mukhopadhyay S D
Published: September 2024

Agriculture is one vital component of national growth. Access to information related to agriculture is crucial for the betterment of farmers. A complex web of connections among Extension and Advisory Service (EAS) providers mitigates the farmers' diverse information needs. Many EAS providers, working alone or in tandem, facilitate this information need in a pluralistic extension scenario. This study attempted to clarify farmers' information needs and provide a comparative evaluation of EAS providers' ability to mitigate those needs. The research was carried out in the Birbhum, Jalpaiguri, and Nadia districts in West Bengal. Four Extension and Advisory Service providers, namely, ATMA & Dept of Agriculture, KVK, Input Dealer, and FPC, from each district were compared based on the farmers' preferences regarding the specific information that each farmer needed. Twenty farmers for each extension advisory service provider, totaling Eighty from every district, and ultimately, two hundred and forty respondents from three study districts were examined. The study revealed that information about the Varietal Aspects, Government welfare schemes, Crop Production Techniques, and Market information are the most sought needs. The farmer's Extent of Needs is Multiplied by the percentage of farmers choosing any EAS for the Information Need, to generate a Magnitude Score, and after summing them, a Need Mitigation Score for all the EAS Providers is generated. Based on this score, FPCs emerged as the best need mitigator, followed by ATMA & DoA, KVK, and Input Dealer in descending order.
Pruning in Horticulture: A Blend of Art and Science
Authors: M Aneja Nair , Neha  , Raveena  , Ramanjineyulu M. , Rao M. Sainath , Siddiqua Ayesha , Khayum Arshad
Published: September 2024

Pruning is a critical horticultural practice that skilfully combines scientific principles with artistic techniques to enhance plant health, aesthetics, and productivity. This process involves the strategic removal of plant parts, such as branches, buds, or roots, to influence growth patterns, improve flowering and fruiting, and maintain structural integrity. From a scientific perspective, pruning is grounded in plant physiology, understanding how plants respond to wounds, and the redistribution of resources like hormones and nutrients. This knowledge allows horticulturists to make precise cuts that encourage desirable growth, prevent disease, and enhance the plant's overall vigour. Artistically, pruning requires an eye for symmetry, balance, and the natural growth habits of each plant species. Techniques range from basic thinning and heading cuts to more sophisticated methods like espalier and topiary. These methods are tailored to different horticultural objectives, whether it's shaping a plant for ornamental purposes, improving air circulation and light penetration, or maximizing fruit production. The art of pruning lies in making cuts that not only promote health but also enhance the plant's aesthetic appeal. By merging scientific knowledge with artistic vision, pruning optimizes plant health and yields, contributing to the beauty and functionality of gardens and landscapes. This dual approach ensures that plants are both visually appealing and biologically robust, supporting sustainable and productive horticultural practices. Effective pruning can transform a garden, creating a harmonious balance between nature's intrinsic beauty and human design, ultimately fostering a thriving, sustainable environment.
Effects of Cadmium on the Marine Cyanobacteria
Authors: Kabasi Arpita , Ghosh Sahana , Kesh Gargi Saha
Published: September 2024

Cyanobacteria, being one of the earliest producers on the planet, have developed unique survival strategies. These uniqueness of cyanobacteria are drawing the attention of the scientists to study the properties of this organism for the goal of the pollution control. Due to industrialisation and other reasons, water bodies across the globe is are facing the problems of the heavy metal toxicity. As a way to remediate the water bodies polluted with the heavy metals like cadmium, use of cyanobacteria could be significant. Cyanobacteria have been shown to remove or absorb 10-60% of the contaminating cadmium in different previous studies. Strain AP25 isolated from islands of the Indian Sundarbans have been used for this study. The photosynthetic pigments of AP 25 have been studied in order to determine whether the uptaken heavy metals alter the  vital cellular processes in cyanobacteria. Along with the photosynthetic pigments, the different physiological parameters, like the  biomass, total protein of AP25 also showed decline with the time even when the cadmium concentration remained a constant of 1000 µM. The area of study concerning phytoremediation is extremely vast and requires extensive research, this study would act as a stepping stone to elaborate the research in this field of  bioremediation, the marine cyanobacteria.
Oriented Surface Nanotopography Promotes the Osteogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Xiao Qian‐Ru , Zhang Ning , Wang Xi , Man Xin‐Yao , Yang Ke , Lü Lan‐Xin , Huang Ning‐Ping
Published: December 2016

Stem cells could regulate their fate by responding to physical signals from their microenvironment. Recently, a few studies have shown that the spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could occur on surfaces with nanoscaled structures (e.g., nanotubes and nanopits), which is essentially useful when designing biomaterial scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. However, the osteogenic nanotopography has not been widely investigated and the osteogenic mechanism of surfaces is still not well understood. In this study, oriented nanograting‐like surfaces are fabricated by stretching the nanoholed inverse opal films, which are made through a convenient bottom‐up approach of the self‐assembly of colloidal nanoparticles. The effect of different surface nanotopography on the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow‐derived MSCs (rBMSCs) is examined in the absence of osteogenic inducing media and the underlying mechanisms are investigated using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. It is found that rBMSCs on the oriented nanograting‐like surfaces show significantly higher expression levels of osteogenic genes and more phosphorylation of Smad1/5, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERKs), and p38, confirming the activation of Smad and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the nanotopography‐induced osteogenesis. Thus, the oriented nanograting‐like surface nanotopography may provide a new strategy for the surface design of biomaterial scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
Dynamic models and fault diagnosis‐based triggers for closed‐loop scheduling
Authors: Touretzky Cara R. , Harjunkoski Iiro , Baldea Michael
Published: December 2016

Establishing an explicit feedback connection between production management and process control decisions is a key requirement for more nimble and cost effective process operations in today's variable market conditions. Past research efforts focused on embedding dynamic process information in the production scheduling problem. In this article, we propose a novel framework for closing the scheduling loop, based on considering the process‐level events and disturbances that impact the implementation of scheduling decisions. We emphasize the role of a comprehensive fault detection, isolation and reconstruction mechanism as a trigger for rescheduling decisions and for reflecting the process capabilities altered by these events in the rescheduling problem formulation. Our framework is agnostic to the process type, and we present two (continuous process, sequential batch process) case studies to demonstrate its applicability. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1959–1973, 2017
Achiral Inorganic Gypsum Acts as an Origin of Chirality through Its Enantiotopic Surface in Conjunction with Asymmetric Autocatalysis
Authors: Matsumoto Arimasa , Kaimori Yoshiyasu , Uchida Mizuki , Omori Haruna , Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Soai Kenso
Published: December 2016

Achiral inorganic gypsum (CaSO4⋅2 H2O) triggers the asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol on its two‐dimensional enantiotopic faces to give highly enantioenriched alkanol products with absolute configurations corresponding to the respective enantiotopic surfaces. This is the first example of highly enantioselective synthesis on the enantiotopic surface of an achiral mineral.
Brief Report: Remission Rates With Tofacitinib Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Various Remission Criteria
Authors: Smolen Josef S. , Aletaha Daniel , Gruben David , Zwillich Samuel H. , Krishnaswami Sriram , Mebus Charles
Published: December 2016

Objective

Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor that is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In previous clinical trials of tofacitinib, a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28)–based analysis was used to assess outcomes. In this study, remission rates according to various remission criteria were evaluated across 5 phase III randomized controlled studies.

Methods

In all 5 studies, tofacitinib was administered at a dosage of 5 mg twice daily or 10 mg twice daily, either as monotherapy or with background methotrexate or other conventional synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. One of the studies included adalimumab 40 mg once every 2 weeks. In addition to the 4‐variable DAS28 using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28‐4[ESR]), a primary efficacy variable used in the phase III studies, disease activity was assessed post hoc by the 4‐variable DAS28 using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐4[CRP]), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and Boolean‐based assessment.

Results

A total of 3,306 patients were analyzed (1,213 of these patients received tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily, 1,212 received tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily, 679 received placebo, and 202 received adalimumab 40 mg every 2 weeks). Remission rates varied according to the criteria used, with higher rates in the active‐treatment groups for the DAS28‐4(CRP) than for other scores. At month 3, remission rates with tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily were 18–22% using the DAS28‐4(CRP), 5–10% using the DAS28‐4(ESR), 4–7% using the SDAI, 5–6% using the CDAI, and 2–7% using the Boolean‐based method. In contrast, the remission rates with placebo varied from 0% to 7%, with small differences between the DAS28‐4(ESR) and the DAS28‐4(CRP).

Conclusion

Although tofacitinib at dosages of 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily was effective compared with placebo in achieving disease remission, regardless of the disease activity measure, remission rates were substantially higher when the DAS28‐4(CRP) was used. The presence or absence and type of acute‐phase reactants in remission criteria were significant contributors to remission rates across treatment groups. This finding has important consequences for trial design and clinical practice.
Testing and Defending Methods Against DOS Attack in State Estimation
Authors: Zhang Heng , Qi Yifei , Zhou Huan , Zhang Jian , Sun Jing
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we consider a state estimation problem. In this problem, a sensor measures the state of a linear discrete‐time system and sends measurements to an estimator via a packet‐dropping communication link. We are concerned with the effect of Denial‐of‐Service (DoS) attacks on stability of the estimation system, and particularly focus on how to examine whether the communication channel is under DoS attack or not as well as how to defend accordingly, if defense is possible. We formulate the detection problem as a hypothesis testing problem provided that the statistics of the communication channel is known a priori. Two defense countermeasures are proposed: one of which uses a secured packet coding approach to partly compensate the previous packet loss; and in the other the sensor's transmission power is raised to resist the jamming effect brought by the DoS attack. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the main results.
Race and ethnicity and preconception folic acid supplement use among pregnant women in Georgia, PRAMS 2009 to 2011
Authors: Mukhtar Ayesha , Kramer Michael R. , Oakley Godfrey P. , Kancherla Vijaya
Published: December 2016

Background

The United States Public Health Service recommends that all women of reproductive age consume 400 μg of folic acid daily to prevent major neural tube defects. Hispanics have the highest prevalence of neural tube defects compared with other race/ethnic groups. We studied prevalence of preconception folic acid supplement use, and its association with race/ethnicity among pregnant women in Georgia.

Methods

Using state‐wide population‐based data from 2009 to 2011 Georgia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we examined the prevalence of preconception folic acid supplement use among pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to examine the association between race/ethnicity and supplemental folic acid use among study participants.

Results

Overall, 25% of all participants reported taking folic acid supplements daily before conception. Only 21% of Hispanic women reported preconception folic acid supplement use. Hispanic women were twice as likely to not take folic acid supplements (adjusted odds ratio = 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.35–3.40) compared with non‐Hispanic whites, after controlling for maternal age, parity, pregnancy intention, knowledge that folic acid prevents birth defects, and preconception smoking and exercise.

Conclusion

Hispanics are a growing population in the United States with an expected 14 million women of child‐bearing age by 2020, and the prevalence of preconception folic acid supplement use is low in this group with a high risk of neural tube defects. Promotion of voluntarily fortified corn masa flour can lower neural tube defects in Hispanics. Mandatory corn masa fortification will be a more effective public health policy.Birth Defects Research 109:38–48, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combination of two epitope identification techniques enables the rational design of soy allergen Gly m 4 mutants
Authors: Havenith Heide , Kern Karolin , Rautenberger Paul , Spiegel Holger , Szardenings Michael , Ueberham Elke , Lehmann Jörg , Buntru Matthias , Vogel Simon , Treudler Regina , Fischer Rainer , Schillberg Stefan
Published: December 2016

Detailed IgE‐binding epitope analysis is a key requirement for the understanding and development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to address food allergies. An IgE‐specific linear peptide microarray with random phage peptide display for the high‐resolution mapping of IgE‐binding epitopes of the major soybean allergen Gly m 4, which is a homologue to the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 is combined. Three epitopes are identified and mapped to a resolution of four key amino acids, allowing the rational design and the production of three Gly m 4 mutants with the aim to abolish or reduce the binding of epitope‐specific IgE. In ELISA, the binding of the mutant allergens to polyclonal rabbit‐anti Gly m 4 serum as well as IgE purified from Gly m 4‐reactive soybean allergy patient sera is reduced by up to 63% compared to the wild‐type allergen. Basophil stimulation experiments using RBL‐SX38 cells loaded with patient IgE are showed a decreased stimulation from 25% for the wild‐type Gly m 4 to 13% for one mutant. The presented approach demonstrates the feasibility of precise mapping of allergy‐related IgE‐binding epitopes, allowing the rational design of less allergenic mutants as potential therapeutic agents.
Response to ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia improves in quality with time
Authors: Molica Stefano , Carillio Guido , Battaglia Caterina
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

Unlike chemoimmunotherapy regimens, which are given for a defined period, ibrutinib, a first‐in‐class Bruton's kinase inhibitor, allows most patients with CLL to remain on treatment for an extended period. Our experience, supported by sequential CT scan images, suggests that long‐term ibrutinib promotes a high response rate that improves in quality with time.
Electrochemical Oxidation and Radical Cations of Structurally Non‐rigid Hypervalent Silatranes: Theoretical and Experimental Studies
Authors: Sidorkin Valery F. , Belogolova Elena F. , Wang Yu , Jouikov Viatcheslav , Doronina Evgeniya P.
Published: December 2016

Using 18 silatranes XSi(OCH2CH2)3N (1) as examples, the potentials of electrochemical oxidationE0of the hypervalent compounds of Si were calculated for the first time at the ab initio and DFT levels. The experimental peak potentialsEp(acetonitrile) show an excellent agreement (MAE=0.03) with the MP2//B3PW91 calculatedE0(C‐PCM). Radical cations of1reveal a stretch isomerism of the N→Si dative bond. Localization of the spin density (SD) on the substituent X and the short (s) coordination contact Si⋅⋅⋅N (dSiN<2.13 Å) along with the high five‐coordinate character of Si are typical for the first isomer1+.(s), whereas the second one,1+.(l), has a longer (l) Si⋅⋅⋅N distance (dSiN>3.0 Å), the four‐coordinate Si and the SD localized on the silatrane nitrogen atom Ns. The vertical model of adiabatic ionization (1→1+.(s)or1→1+.(l)) was developed. It allows, in accordance with an original experimental test (electrooxidation of1in the presence of ferrocene), a reliable prediction of the most probable pathways of the silatrane oxidation. The reliable relationships ofE0(1) with the strength characteristics of the dative contact N→Si were revealed.
Taming Metal/Fluorine Carbenoids
Authors: Molitor Sebastian , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: December 2016

Although Li/Cl carbenoids are versatile reagents in organic synthesis, the controlled handling of the extremely reactive and labile M/F carbenoids remains a challenge. We now show that even these compounds can be stabilized and isolated in solid state, as well as in solution. Particularly the sodium and potassium compounds exhibit a remarkable stability, thus allowing the first isolation of a room‐temperature‐stable fluorine carbenoid. Spectroscopic, as well as DFT studies confirmed the pronounced carbenoid character, showing M‐F‐C interactions with elongated C−F bonds. The different stabilities of the carbenoids was found to originate from the different strength of the M–F interaction. Hence, the lithium compounds are considerably more reactive than their heavier congeners. Reactivity studies showed that the nature of the metal also influences the reactivity, resulting in different selectivity in the addition to thioketones.
Altered natal dispersal at the range periphery: The role of behavior, resources, and maternal condition
Authors: Merrick Melissa J. , Koprowski John L.
Published: December 2016

Natal dispersal outcomes are an interplay between environmental conditions and individual phenotypes. Peripheral, isolated populations may experience altered environmental conditions and natal dispersal patterns that differ from populations in contiguous landscapes. We document nonphilopatric, sex‐biased natal dispersal in an endangered small mammal, the Mt. Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), restricted to a single mountain. Other North American red squirrel populations are shown to have sex‐unbiased, philopatric natal dispersal. We ask what environmental and intrinsic factors may be driving this atypical natal dispersal pattern. We test for the influence of proximate factors and ultimate drivers of natal dispersal: habitat fragmentation, local population density, individual behavior traits, inbreeding avoidance, competition for mates, and competition for resources, allowing us to better understand altered natal dispersal patterns at the periphery of a species’ range. A juvenile squirrel's body condition and its mother's mass in spring (a reflection of her intrinsic quality and territory quality) contribute to individual behavioral tendencies for movement and exploration. Resources, behavior, and body condition have the strongest influence on natal dispersal distance, but affect males and females differently. Male natal dispersal distance is positively influenced by its mother's spring body mass and individual tendency for movement; female natal dispersal distance is negatively influenced by its mother's spring body mass and positively influenced by individual tendency for movement. An apparent feedback between environmental variables and subsequent juvenile behavioral state contributes to an altered natal dispersal pattern in a peripheral population, highlighting the importance of studying ecological processes at the both range center and periphery of species’ distributions.
Crown Ether/Carbon Nanotubes Based Biperiden Disposable Potentiometric Sensor
Authors: Khaled Elmorsy , Hassan Hassan N.A. , Ahmed Mona A. , El‐Attar Rehab O.
Published: December 2016

Sensitive disposable sensors have been constructed for potentiometric determination of Biperiden hydrochloride (BPHCl) based on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes–polyvinylchloride (MWNTs–PVC) composite in presence of dibenzo 24‐crown‐8‐ ether as a molecular receptor. Electrode matrix composition was optimized on the basis of the nature of the electroactive material, ionic sites, membrane plasticizer, and nanomaterial. The fabricated sensors showed improved selectivity and sensitivity towards biperiden hydrochloride with Nernstian cationic compliance of 59.8±1.1 mV decade−1 in the concentration range from 10−6 to 10−2 mol L−1. Modification with carbon nanotubes promote electron‐transfer processes and enhanced the stability of potential reading, response time and shelf lifetime of sensors. The proposed method was applied for potentiometric assay of BPHCl in dosage formulation and biological fluids under batch and flow injection analysis (FIA) with average recoveries agreeable with the reported official methods.
Validation of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale–II
Authors: Zalta Alyson K. , Allred Kelly M. , Jayawickreme Eranda , Blackie Laura E. R. , Chambless Dianne L.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To develop a more reliable and comprehensive version of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale (PFMS)

Method

In Study 1, 387 undergraduates completed an expanded PFMS (PFMS‐II) and measures of parenting, perceived control, responses to early life challenges, and psychopathology. In Study 2, 182 trauma‐exposed community participants completed the PFMS‐II and measures of perceived control, psychopathology, and well‐being

Results

In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis of the PFMS‐II revealed two factors. These factors replicated in Study 2; one item was removed to achieve measurement invariance across race. The final PFMS‐II comprised a 10‐item overprotection scale and a 7‐item challenge scale. In both samples, this measure demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity and was more reliable than the original PFMS. Parental challenge was a unique predictor of perceived control in both samples

Conclusion

The PFMS‐II is a valid measure of important parenting behaviors not fully captured in other measures.
Analysis of long‐term dry and wet conditions over Nigeria
Authors: Oguntunde Philip G. , Lischeid Gunnar , Abiodun Babatunde J. , Dietrich Ottfried
Published: December 2016

Information on trends and changes in moisture conditions over a region can help policymakers to develop strategies for water resources and disaster risk management. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation of moisture indices and their annual trends in Nigeria were investigated. Thornthwaite moisture index (MI), the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation‐evapotranspiration index (SPEI) were computed for 1951–2014 period. Mann–Kendall trend and Sen's slope tests were used to examine the existence of temporal and spatial changes in these indices. MI decreased with increasing latitude and values ranged from −86 in the extreme north to +62 in the eastern part of the Niger Delta. A total of 73.4% of the landscape is under conditions where water supply is generally below the evaporative demand and only 26.6% of the area falls within wet sub‐humid and humid regimes. Significant downward trends were observed for all the moisture indices in most of the zones. In general, negative trends were observed in 98.2% of the landscape for MI, 96.7% for SPI and 98.2% for SPEI, showing drying tendencies over Nigeria. Between 40 and 50% of the land area is manifesting persistent shift towards aridity. Observed trends in MI is strongly correlated with that of SPI (r = 0.805) and SPEI (r = 0.715) and correlation of 0.886 was found between changes in SPI and SPEI. Rainfall generally showed higher and significant correlations with MI and slopes of all moisture indices. This information could help policymakers to develop appropriate coping and mitigation strategies for the most vulnerable areas.
Carboplatin‐Complexed and cRGD‐Conjugated Unimolecular Nanoparticles for Targeted Ovarian Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Yuyuan , Wang Liwei , Chen Guojun , Gong Shaoqin
Published: December 2016

Platinum‐based chemotherapy has been widely used to treat cancers including ovarian cancer; however, it suffers from dose‐limiting toxicity. Judiciously designed drug nanocarriers can enhance the anticancer efficacy of platinum‐based chemotherapy while reducing its systemic toxicity. Herein the authors report a stable and water‐soluble unimolecular nanoparticle constructed from a hydrophilic multi‐arm star block copolymer poly(amidoamine)‐b‐poly(aspartic acid)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PAMAM‐PAsp‐PEG) conjugated with both cRGD (cyclo(Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐D‐Phe‐Cys) peptide and cyanine5 (Cy5) fluorescent dye as a platinum‐based drug nanocarrier for targeted ovarian cancer therapy. Carboplatin is complexed to the poly(aspartic acid) inner shell via pH‐responsive ion–dipole interactions between carboplatin and the carboxylate groups of poly(aspartic acid). Based on flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses, cRGD‐conjugated unimolecular nanoparticles exhibit much higher cellular uptake by ovarian cancer cells overexpressing αvβ3 integrin than nontargeted (i.e., cRGD‐lacking) ones. Carboplatin‐complexed cRGD‐conjugated nanoparticles also exhibit higher cytotoxicity than nontargeted nanoparticles as well as free carboplatin, while empty unimolecular nanoparticles show no cytotoxicity. These results indicate that stable unimolecular nanoparticles made of individual hydrophilic multi‐arm star block copolymer molecules conjugate with tumor‐targeting ligands and dyes (i.e., PAMAM‐PAsp‐PEG‐cRGD/Cy5) are promising nanocarriers for platinum‐based anticancer drugs for targeted cancer therapy.

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Thermohydrogel Containing Melanin for Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Kim Miri , Kim Hyun Soo , Kim Min Ah , Ryu Hyanghwa , Jeong Hwan‐Jeong , Lee Chang‐Moon
Published: December 2016

Melanin is an effective absorber of light and can extend to near infrared (NIR) regions. In this study, a natural melanin is presented as a photothermal therapeutic agent (PTA) because it provides a good photothermal conversion efficiency, shows biodegradability, and does not induce long‐term toxicity during retention in vivo. Poloxamer solution containing melanin (Pol–Mel) does not show any precipitation and shows sol–gel transition at body temperature. After irradiation from 808 nm NIR laser at 1.5 W cm−2 for 3 min, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Pol–Mel is enough to kill cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The tumor growth of mice bearing CT26 tumors treated with Pol–Mel injection and laser irradiation is suppressed completely without recurrence postirradiation. All these results indicate that Pol–Mel can become an attractive PTA for photothermal cancer therapy.

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Minimal LST representations of MAP(n)s: Moment fittings and queueing approximations
Authors: Kim Sunkyo
Published: December 2016

A Markovian arrival process of order n, MAP(n), is typically described by two n × n transition rate matrices in terms of
rate parameters. While it is straightforward and intuitive, the Markovian representation is redundant since the minimal number of parameters is n2 for non‐redundant MAP(n). It is well known that the redundancy complicates exact moment fittings. In this article, we present a minimal and unique Laplace‐Stieltjes transform (LST) representations for MAP(n)s. Even though the LST coefficients vector itself is not a minimal representation, we show that the joint LST of stationary intervals can be represented with the minimum number of parameters. We also propose another minimal representation for MAP(3)s based on coefficients of the characteristic polynomial equations of the two transition rate matrices. An exact moment fitting procedure is presented for MAP(3)s based on two proposed minimal representations. We also discuss how MAP(3)/G/1 departure process can be approximated as a MAP(3). A simple tandem queueing network example is presented to show that the MAP(3) performs better than the MAP(2) in queueing approximations especially under moderate traffic intensities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 549–561, 2016
Experimental investigation on dynamic characterization and seismic control performance of a TLPD system
Authors: Dai Kaoshan , Wang Jianze , Mao Rifeng , Lu Zheng , Chen Shen‐En
Published: December 2016

The tuned liquid damper (TLD) and particle damper (PD) have been used as effective passive vibration absorbers to suppress undesirable structural vibrations induced by dynamic loads such as earthquake and strong winds. In this paper, through an integrated use of the TLD and PD, a new damper system named the tuned liquid particle damper (TLPD) was developed. The dynamic characteristics of TLPD in terms of tuning conditions and transfer functions were investigated through a series of shaking table tests. Nonlinear behaviors of TLPD in the frequency domain were discussed, and a preliminary framework was applied in the design of a five‐story steel frame building model using shaking table tests. Testing results confirmed the workability of the preliminary design framework as the primary structure is subjected to earthquake loadings. Performances of different TLPD‐structure systems were summarized from these testing programs. One of observations is that the TLPD system worked as a modified TLD in this study. The testing programs provide proof‐of‐concept results for this proposed vibration absorber.
Seismic analysis for tall and irregular temple buildings: A case study of strong nonlinear viscoelastic dampers
Authors: Gong Shunming , Zhou Ying , Ge Pinglan
Published: December 2016

Viscoelastic (VE) dampers, composed of VE layers sandwiched between relative rigid steel plates, have been widely used as dissipation devices to improve performance of structures under dynamic loads. Corresponding analytical and experimental investigations have been carried out by many scholars. However, most of VE dampers studied before are typically traditional dampers applied in regular structures. This paper introduces a new type of VE damper with strong nonlinearity used in the complex and irregular structure of Nanjing Dabaoen Temple. The new VE dampers show obvious nonlinear behavior, improved capacity of dissipation, and larger additional stiffness compared to the traditional ones. Nanjing Dabaoen Temple is a high‐rise steel structure by use of 112 new VE dampers. To investigate dissipation characteristics and control effect of the VE dampers in the complex structure, we established a suitable finite element model using SAP2000 software in which the VE dampers were simulated by Maxwell and Wen models connected in parallel, and then nonlinear time history analysis is executed using seven ground motions of moderate earthquakes and three of major earthquakes. Analytical results indicate that control effect of the VE dampers on structural displacement is preferable to that on structural acceleration and shear force due to dampers' additional stiffness. In addition, owing to incremental deformation of VE dampers under major earthquakes, damping effect of the VE dampers on all structural responses under major earthquakes is more obvious than that under moderate earthquakes. Analytical methods and conclusions in this paper will provide significant reference for analysis, design, and application of complex high‐rise structures added with VE dampers.
Using our hands to change our minds
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan
Published: December 2016

Jean Piaget was a master at observing the routine behaviors children produce as they go from knowing less to knowing more about at a task, and making inferences not only about how children understand the task at each point, but also about how they progress from one point to the next. This article examines a routine behavior that Piaget overlooked—the spontaneous gestures speakers produce as they explain their solutions to a problem. These gestures are not mere hand waving. They reflect ideas that the speaker has about the problem, often ideas that are not found in that speaker's talk. Gesture can do more than reflect ideas—it can also change them. Observing the gestures that others produce can change a learner's ideas, as can producing one's own gestures. In this sense, gesture behaves like any other action. But gesture differs from many other actions in that it also promotes generalization of new ideas. Gesture represents the world rather than directly manipulating the world (gesture does not move objects around) and is thus a special kind of action. As a result, the mechanisms by which gesture and action promote learning may differ. Because it is both an action and a representation, gesture can serve as a bridge between the two and thus be a powerful tool for learning abstract ideas. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1368. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1368

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language

Psychology > Learning
Free Flap Phalloplasty for Female to Male Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Garaffa Giulio , Ralph David J.
Published: December 2016

The Surgical Techniques Section is sponsored in part by Coloplast
What Determines the Establishment of Chinese Multinational Enterprises’ Asian Regional Headquarters?
Authors: Ma Xufei , Wang Pengji , Li Donghong
Published: December 2016

This study addresses why multinational enterprises (MNEs) in emerging economies establish regional headquarters outside their home countries but within their home regions – an important question that previous studies have largely ignored. We extend Rugman and Verbeke's firm-specific assets (FSAs) framework in contemporary internalization theory and differentiate two firm-specific regional strategies (i.e., foreign direct investment (FDI) and export regionalization) to examine their effects on MNEs’ establishment of regional headquarters in the context of emerging economies. Using survey data from 226 Chinese MNEs, we find that intraregional FDI and interregional exports encourage MNEs to build Asian regional headquarters (ARHQ). Furthermore, we find that home-city regional integration moderates the relationship between interregional exports and ARHQ establishment and that MNEs’ international management capability moderates the relationship between intraregional FDI and ARHQ establishment. This study contributes to the regional strategy literature by clarifying the regional strategies, structures, and management of latecomer Chinese MNEs.
Not Just How Much You Know: Interactional Effect of Cultural Knowledge and Metacognition on Creativity in a Global Context
Authors: Chua Roy Y. J. , Ng Kok Yee
Published: December 2016

The ability to think and solve problems creatively in a multicultural environment is critical for success in the 21stcentury. Integrating research on creative cognition and cultural intelligence, we examine the interactional effects of two cognitive capabilities – cultural knowledge and cultural metacognition – on individuals’ creativity in multicultural teams. We propose that although cultural knowledge is useful for creativity, too much knowledge can be detrimental because of cognitive overload and entrenchment. This inverted U-shaped relationship however, is moderated by cultural metacognition. Results of our study support our hypothesis of an inverted U-shape relationship between cultural knowledge and creativity. As expected, we found that the curvilinear effect of cultural knowledge occurs only for individuals with low metacognition. For high cultural metacognition individuals, cultural knowledge has no effect on creativity. These findings offer new insights and practical implications for creativity in today's global environment.
Tributary Labour Relations in China During the Ming-Qing Transition (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Moll-Murata Christine
Published: December 2016

This study analyses the shifts in labour relations due to state intervention, first during the conquest of the Ming empire between 1600 and 1644 by its Manchurian contenders, and thereafter until about 1780, as the Manchurian Qing dynasty established itself and drove the Chinese empire to its greatest expansion. The main focus lies on the socio-military formation of the Eight Banners, the institution that, for about 200 years, epitomized the domination of the Chinese empire by a small elite group of about two per cent of the population. These findings will be contextualized in the larger setting of labour relations of the early and mid-Qing, when state intervention occurred in the form of arbitration in labour conflicts, but also, in a much more aggressive manner, in the decimation of the Qing rulers’ Dzungharian rivals. In the framework of Charles Tilly’s paradigm of capital versus coercion, while both are present in the Chinese case, the capital-oriented path seems more distinct.
Colonial Organization of Mine Labour in Charcas (Present-Day Bolivia) and Its Consequences (Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries)
Authors: Montero Raquel Gil , Zagalsky Paula C.
Published: December 2016

This article analyses the changes in the organization of labour during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in colonial Charcas, present-day Bolivia, focusing on the role that different colonial authorities played in this process and its consequences. The Spanish took advantage of the pre-Hispanic organization of labour from the beginning of their conquest. However, in a colonial context, labour relations changed significantly, and the architect of those alterations was Viceroy Francisco de Toledo. We examine the transformations in mine labour carried out by the Spanish colonial polity; these had a significant effect not only on mining, but also on all labour relations in the southern colonial Andes.
Political Changes and Shifts in Labour Relations in Mozambique, 1820s–1920s
Authors: Ribeiro da Silva Filipa
Published: December 2016

This article examines the main changes in the policies of the Portuguese state in relation to Mozambique and its labour force during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, stemming from political changes within the Portuguese Empire (i.e. the independence of Brazil in 1821), the European political scene (i.e. the Berlin Conference, 1884–1885), and the Southern African context (i.e. the growing British, French, and German presence). By becoming a principle mobilizer and employer of labour power in the territory, an allocator of labour to neighbouring colonial states, and by granting private companies authority to play identical roles, the Portuguese state brought about important shifts in labour relations in Mozambique. Slave and tributary labour were replaced by new forms of indentured labour (initially termedserviçaisand lattercontratados) and forced labour (compelidos). The period also saw an increase in commodified labour in the form of wage labour (voluntários), self-employment among peasant and settler farmers, and migrant labour to neighbouring colonies.