bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Experimental, Analytical and Simulation Model of Distributed Computation on ARM processors in High-Performance Computing
Authors: Augustynowicz Paweł , Buraczyńska Aneta
Published: October 2017

The paper presents a comparison between experimental, analytical and simulation model of distributed cryptographic computation regarding password recovery with SHA 1 password hashing. The aim of this paper is compare popular mobile ARM processors with their Intel Atom analogue and determine their usefulness in cryptographic computations from High Performance Computing (HPC) point of view. During the construction process of HPC cluster, three different versions of Raspberry Pi computers were used. Then the constructed model was applied to develop an analytical and simulation models that allow calculating most influential characteristics from HPC clusters administrator’s point of view. Reference model was constructed on Intel Atom processors.
On sentence membership problem in context-sensitive languages
Authors: Ryszawa Paweł
Published: October 2017

A new type of graph is introduced, the grammar graph. The possibility of assigning labels to each node in such a graph extends it to the grammar net. The grammar net should be considered as a new graphical tool that helps in an analysis of whether a particular sentence belongs to a given context-sensitive grammar. Another concept, the derivation net, closely related to the grammar graph and of a similar structure, will be used to show an algorithm that is able to decide that some sentences do not belong to a language generated by a context sensitive grammar, while leaving others as a candidate members of it.
Get Custom THM Stripping Without Breaking the Bank
Authors: Tormaschy Cliff
Published: October 2017

To limit costs, consider site‐specific parameters if installing off‐the‐shelf trihalomethane removal systems.
What Are Some Best Practices for Internal Corrosion Control?
Authors:   AWWA Staff
Published: October 2017

Throughout the last century, lead service lines were used extensively to connect homes to community water systems. Corrosive water can cause lead and other metals to leach from pipes and fixtures into the water we consume. This is what occurred in Flint, Mich., in 2015, and threatens to occur elsewhere when water isn't treated properly.
Monitor, Assess, and Act to Optimize Biofiltration
Authors: Martin Barb , Linder Kevin
Published: October 2017

Biofiltration can provide numerous water treatment benefits but can also pose hydraulic and water quality challenges to operations staff. Carefully monitoring and controlling biofilter conditions are important practices for optimizing a biofiltration plant's performance.
Referentiality and the Noun
Authors: Anderson John
Published: October 2017

This paper argues that nouns and names, as such, do not refer. Apparently-referring nouns and names have been converted lexically to determiners. Thus nouns and names participate in reference by virtue of dependency on a determiner, either in the syntax, as part of a determiner phrase, or lexically, by conversion. Determiners may be partitive (referring to a subset) or non-partitive (generic), and deﬁnite or non-deﬁnite; and various combinations of these subcategories may be expressed either by presence of an independent determiner or by conversion of a noun to a determiner. So, in English, for example, the cows is deﬁnite and partitive; but converted cows may be either non-deﬁnite (partitive or not) or deﬁnite non-partitive (generic). Apparently-referring nouns and names in English are paralleled in some other languages by expressions with a distinct determiner. In French, for instance, conversion is sparing and nouns typically appear with an accompanying determiner: So non-deﬁnite partitive cows corresponds to des vaches in French, and deﬁnite non-partitive cows to (one sense of) les vaches. Greek is intermediate in recourse to conversion. Presence of a determiner and conversion are considered to be alternative strategies (syntactic vs. lexical) for permitting nouns to participate in reference. In the absence of these, nouns are predicative, and languages again vary in how predicativity is expressed – though arguably again involving a determiner. Non-singular predicative nouns are often converted to a non-referential determiner. Singulars may or may not be accompanied by a singular non-referential determiner: compare Greek Ine δikiγoros (‘S/he is lawyer’) with English She is a lawyer.
Quality in WIPO Domain Name Arbitration Decisions
Authors: Escudero Laura Martín
Published: October 2017

Over the last decades, linguists have drawn special considerations to deﬁne specialized discourse. Basically, the complexity of describing specialized discourse lies in its multi-dimensional nature. The main purpose of this paper is to characterize specialized discourse in WIPO Domain Name Arbitration as the result of social and institutional conditionings. First, the study focuses on characterizing text-external factors associated with this highly-specialized professional practice. More in particular, the study focuses on the analysis of ‘Quality’ in WIPO Domain Name Arbitration decisions. Second, the study found useful to deﬁne the boundaries of ‘specialized discourse’ Third, the study limited the focus of attention on analyzing ‘Quality’ in relation to ‘Objectivity’ and ‘Neutrality’ as factors associated with specialized discourse and also to ‘Impartiality’ and ‘Independence’ as conditionings speciﬁcally related to WIPO domain name arbitration professional practice. Following Bhatia (Bhatia 2004) this study conceptualizes specialized discourse as a concept highly dependent on social and institutional conditions.
L’expression matérielle québécoise du djembé africain de culture mandingue
Authors: Provost Monique
Published: October 2017

Le djembé, tambour d’origine mandingue, est un objet culturel africain qui a connu un phénomène de mondialisation dans les années 1990. On le retrouve autant aux États-Unis qu’en Inde ou au Japon; il a même été adopté par certains Autochtones d’Amérique du Nord et il est fabriqué par des artisans québécois. Cet article présente une analyse comparative entre la méthode africaine traditionnelle de fabrication encore pratiquée aujourd’hui au Burkina Faso et la méthode québécoise. Cette comparaison des chaînes opératoires de chacun des artisans, finement illustrées, démontre comment la fabrication locale d’un objet exogène peut refléter les pratiques de la collectivité qui se l’approprie.
Guider au temps des médiations
Authors: Sagnes Sylvie
Published: October 2017

Modalité de médiation parmi d’autres, le métier de guide se distingue par son ancienneté et par la pédagogie du récit qu’il met en oeuvre, aux antipodes des attentes d’autonomie et d’expériences que l’on suppose aux visiteurs. Aux château et remparts de la Cité de Carcassonne, parallèlement aux médiations assurées par les chargés d’action culturelle et aux visites audioguidées ou libres, subsistent, quoique menacées de disparaître, les visites des agents d’accueil et de surveillance (ou « gardiens »), selon des modalités et pour des raisons que l’on se propose ici d’analyser. L’enquête conduite dans le sillage de ces guides volontaires montre que l’exercice tient moins de la communication de savoirs que de la transmission de dispositions (passion du passé et goût d’apprendre) et du plaisir de la rencontre. Ses maîtres-mots que sont l’échange et le contact l’inscrivent dans notre présent du patrimoine, tandis qu’ils le ramènent à une expérience qui fait tout autant place, sinon plus, à la personne du guide qu’au monument.
Whose America? Decolonial Translation by Frederick Douglass and Caetano Veloso
Authors: Price Joshua M.
Published: October 2017

Colonial domination entails a struggle over interpretation. The colonizers establish whose version of reality will be codified and become the dominant one. Breaking with that dominant, authorized account implies a struggle against hegemony. Translators have always played key roles in colonization as agents of the colonizer. Subaltern translators and interpreters have often served in this role. But they often contest dominant meanings. They subvert dominant meanings as they transform them across the colonial divide. Theorizing translation practices from that point of colonial conjunction or contact, this essay adduces two examples to see how a decolonial methodology to study translation and power can shed light on how, in the hands of an astute translator, a translation can offer a counter-narrative that deconstructs colonial systems of meaning. The two examples: Frederick Douglass’ intralingual translation of the meaning of the Fourth of July (1852) and singer Caetano Veloso’s recording of Augusto de Campos’ translation (1979) of John Donne’s “Elegy 19: To His Mistress Going To Bed” (1654). Three interconnected characteristics make the translations decolonial. (1) They are abusive (Lewis, 2000; Venuti, 2013). (2) The target language or culture is an imagined world, better and more just than the world we live in now (Santos, 2014). (3) They are performatives insofar as they begin to bring that imagined world into existence through performing the translation (Austin, 1975). As a deconstructive embrace, this kind of translation draws attention to the colonial legacy and to the colonial context, and also to itself—that is, to its own selective appropriation (Spivak, 1995, p. 31).
Vectors of Exchange: Translation Praxis in Cuadernos de Marcha and Revista Casa de las Américas
Authors: Guzmán María Constanza
Published: October 2017

Historically, translation has been at the core of intellectual projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. This article investigates the translation praxis of two influential twentieth-century Latin American and Caribbean cultural journals whose influence reached beyond their own national borders: the Uruguayan Cuadernos de Marcha and the Cuban Revista Casa de las Américas. This paper examines the translation practices of these periodicals focusing on the material selected for translation. Looking at the discursive compositions that are constructed through translation, it discusses the vectors of intellectual exchange as they can be traced via translation, the way in which these periodicals create images of the Americas as a territory, and the extent to which these images either conform to or challenge the historical discursive practices that contribute to shaping existing regional imaginaries.
Fulani Oral Literature and (Un)translatability: The Case of Northern Cameroon Mbooku Poems
Authors: Mal Mazou Oumarou
Published: October 2017

This paper sets out to examine the translatability of Fulani oral poetry from Northern Cameroon, especially thembookugenre, in a literary perspective. The corpus is gathered from selected oral poems that were transcribed and translated into German, English and French by different translators. The study reveals that it is possible to translate Fulani poems into European languages so that the target texts perform the same literary functions as the source texts, in spite of linguistic and cultural difficulties that occur during the transfer process. Thus, the author proposes a retranslation in which the content meets the form, taking into account some patterns of European modern poetry. He therefore advocates for retranslations of these poems from a purely literary perspective and would like to see translation studies focus more on the primary source of African orality.
Using mobile phones as acoustic sensors for high-throughput mosquito surveillance
Authors: Mukundarajan Haripriya , Hol Felix Jan Hein , Castillo Erica Araceli , Newby Cooper , Prakash Manu
Published: October 2017

The direct monitoring of mosquito populations in field settings is a crucial input for shaping appropriate and timely control measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Here, we demonstrate that commercially available mobile phones are a powerful tool for acoustically mapping mosquito species distributions worldwide. We show that even low-cost mobile phones with very basic functionality are capable of sensitively acquiring acoustic data on species-specific mosquito wingbeat sounds, while simultaneously recording the time and location of the human-mosquito encounter. We survey a wide range of medically important mosquito species, to quantitatively demonstrate how acoustic recordings supported by spatio-temporal metadata enable rapid, non-invasive species identification. As proof-of-concept, we carry out field demonstrations where minimally-trained users map local mosquitoes using their personal phones. Thus, we establish a new paradigm for mosquito surveillance that takes advantage of the existing global mobile network infrastructure, to enable continuous and large-scale data acquisition in resource-constrained areas.
Sperm competition risk drives rapid ejaculate adjustments mediated by seminal fluid
Authors: Bartlett Michael J , Steeves Tammy E , Gemmell Neil J , Rosengrave Patrice C
Published: October 2017

In many species, males can make rapid adjustments to ejaculate performance in response to sperm competition risk; however, the mechanisms behind these changes are not understood. Here, we manipulate male social status in an externally fertilising fish, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and find that in less than 48 hr, males can upregulate sperm velocity when faced with an increased risk of sperm competition. Using a series of in vitro sperm manipulation and competition experiments, we show that rapid changes in sperm velocity are mediated by seminal fluid and the effect of seminal fluid on sperm velocity directly impacts paternity share and therefore reproductive success. These combined findings, completely consistent with sperm competition theory, provide unequivocal evidence that sperm competition risk drives plastic adjustment of ejaculate quality, that seminal fluid harbours the mechanism for the rapid adjustment of sperm velocity and that fitness benefits accrue to males from such adjustment.
The need for speed
Authors: Pizzari Tom
Published: October 2017

A change in social status can quickly lead to a change in the quality of the seminal fluid produced by a male Chinook salmon as he responds to increased reproductive competition from higher-status males.
Necdin shapes serotonergic development and SERT activity modulating breathing in a mouse model for Prader-Willi syndrome
Authors: Matarazzo Valéry , Caccialupi Laura , Schaller Fabienne , Shvarev Yuri , Kourdougli Nazim , Bertoni Alessandra , Menuet Clément , Voituron Nicolas , Deneris Evan , Gaspar Patricia , Bezin Laurent , Durbec Pascale , Hilaire Gérard , Muscatelli Françoise
Published: October 2017

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with hypotonia and respiratory distress in neonates. The Necdin-deficient mouse is the only model that reproduces the respiratory phenotype of PWS (central apnea and blunted response to respiratory challenges). Here, we report that Necdin deletion disturbs the migration of serotonin (5-HT) neuronal precursors, leading to altered global serotonergic neuroarchitecture and increased spontaneous firing of 5-HT neurons. We show an increased expression and activity of 5-HT Transporter (SERT/Slc6a4) in 5-HT neurons leading to an increase of 5-HT uptake. In Necdin-KO pups, the genetic deletion of Slc6a4 or treatment with Fluoxetine, a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, restored normal breathing. Unexpectedly, Fluoxetine administration was associated with respiratory side effects in wild-type animals. Overall, our results demonstrate that an increase of SERT activity is sufficient to cause the apneas in Necdin-KO pups, and that fluoxetine may offer therapeutic benefits to PWS patients with respiratory complications.
A novel animal model for neuroinflammation and white matter degeneration
Authors: Ji Baohu , Higa Kerin , Soontornniyomkij Virawudh , Miyanohara Atsushi , Zhou Xianjin
Published: October 2017

Small interference RNA has been widely used to suppress gene expression. Three different short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1), driven by mouse U6 promoter in self-complementary AAV8 vector (scAAV8), were used to silence mouse striatal Drd1 expression. Transduction of mouse striatum with all three scAAV8-D1shRNA viruses, but not the control scAAV8 virus, causes extensive neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axon degeneration. RNA interference is known to be coupled to the innate immune system as a host cell defense against virus infection. Activation of the innate immune system may play a causal role in the development of neuroinflammation and white matter degeneration, providing a novel animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Ecology of intertidal sea anemones. Density, dispersion and autoecology of Phymactis clematis Dana, 1849 (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
Authors: Acuña FH , Zamponi MO
Published: October 2017

A study was conducted on the species Phymactis clematis Dana, 1849 (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) in the intertidal zone of Mar del Plata and Santa Clara del Mar (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina). A great number of this species lives in protected microhabitats such as crevices, and tends to be larger than those in exposed areas. The specimens from the protected zones appear to have better environmental conditions, due to a greater concentration of oxygen and food in the remnant sea water during low tides. The dispersion of P. clematis is aggregated and the population density is variable. The highest values were recorded in Playa Punta Cantera (Mar del Plata) in comparison to Santa Clara del Mar.
Short term variations of the anticyclonic circulation in Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno, BC
Authors: Amador-Buenrostro A , Argote-Espinosa ML , Mancilla-Peraza M , Figueroa-Rodríguez M
Published: October 2017

Hydrographic observations of currents and satellite images obtained from 7 to 19 September 1992 were used to analyze variability, on a time scale of days, of a anticyclonic eddy located in Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno. The results indicate that during September 1992 there was a close relationship between the superficial manifestation of a warm-water eddy in the interior of Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno and the intensification or relaxing of the upwelling to the north of the bay off Punta Baja. During episodes of intense wind from the northwest, the eddy was delimited by marked gradients of surface temperature, generated by the advection of low-temperature water that rose to the surface in Punta Baja and was transported towards the interior of the bay. During periods on the order of days, the diameter of the eddy fluctuated between 55 and 75 km and its depth between 40 and 55 m; these fluctuations were associated with variations in the wind intensity. A noteworthy characteristic of the wind field in the interior of the bay was the generation of a calm zone to the southwest of Isla de Cedros when winds from the northwest were present. The wind stress curl resulting from that distribution produces a convergence in the Ekman transport, which, according to the recent results of a barotropic model applied to Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno (Palacios et al., in preparation), is the mechanism responsible for generating the anticyclonic eddy. The observations made indicate that there also exists an important baroclinic response to this convergence of the Ekman transport.
Crude fiber and chitin in the red crab (Pleuroncodes Planipes, Stimpson): Similarities and differences
Authors: Calvo-Carrillo MC , Castro-González MI , Sánchezarmas-Luna R , Pérez-Gil-Romo F
Published: October 2017

One of the potentially important marine resources in Mexico is the crustacean known as the red crab, Pleuroncodes plunipes, Stimpson. During a bibliographic review of the chemical composition of crustaceans, it was found that some authors report chitin as crude fiber, a structural component of plants formed principally by cellulose. It differs from chitin in that it is a homopolysarccharide and the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans. The objective of this work was to determine similarities and differences between the official method of estimating crude fiber and the method selected here for analyzing chitin in red crab meal. The analytical methods were: that described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for crude fiber, and that of Black and Schwartz for chitin. Twelve repetitions in five lots of red crab meal were conducted to determine crude fiber and chitin. The results show statistical differences between chitin and crude fiber. The conclusions indicate that despite similarities in the analytical methods and the chemical structures of crude fiber and chitin, and that they both form the structural part of the organisms and are considered as the indigestible portion, specific techniques should be used to quantify them. Using the crude fiber method instead of the chi- tin method overestimates the chitin. Since no official technique exists for determining chitin, it is recommended to use Black and Schwartz’ method since it can be adapted in a conventional food analysis laboratory.
Impact of artisanal fishery on production of the pink shrimp Penaeus farfantepenaeus duorarum Burkenroad, 1939
Authors: Gracia A
Published: October 2017

The impact of artisanal fishery of pink shrimp juveniles on recruitment and total production of Penaeus duorarum in the state of Campeche is analyzed using simulation models. The biological, population and fishery parameters available in literature were used to feed the models, and others were estimated for this purpose. The size structure of the artisanal fishery extends from 12 to 115 mm total length (TL). Catch modal size is between 35 and 40 mm TL. Eighty-five percent of the juvenile shrimps caught are between 25 and 60 days old. Artisanal shrimp fishery causes a decrease in offshore production directly proportional to the amount captured. Simulation results are more affected by natural mortality variability than growth parameter variations. The artisanal fishery of pink shrimp juveniles causes a loss in production at a rate of 1:7.5-10 per kilogram caught which, in terms of value, corresponds to a rate of l:23-32. According to the simulations, the levels of artisanal fishery recorded in the state of Campeche could be responsible for a IO-20% decrease in pink shrimp production.
Preliminary survey of the benthic communities of the Patagonian shrimp fishing grounds in San Jorge Gulf (Argentina)
Authors: Roux AM , Fernández M , Bremec C
Published: October 2017

Benthic sampling was carried out in the Patagonian shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri Bate, 1888) fishing grounds in San Jorge Gulf, Argentina, in order to determine composition, spatial distribution and relative abundance of the species in the benthic communities. Biological samples were taken with an epibenthic sledge in 66 sampling stations, and 57 sediment samples for granulometric analysis with a Picard dredge. A total of 135 taxa from the benthic communities were identified. Cluster Analyses (Q and R modes) were applied using the Fager (Fager and McGowan, 1963) and Czekanowski (Legendre and Legendre, 1979) indexes. Faunistic and sedimentological studies clearly define two areas with particular benthic communities. The dominant species in area 1, characterized by muddy and muddy-sandy sediments, are Nuculana sulculata (Couthouy, 1852), Nucula puelcha D’Orbigny, 1842 and Pseudechinus magellanicus (Philippi, 1857). The dominant species, mainly colonial elements, in area 2 which is characterized by gravel-sandy sediments are Sertulariidae, Bowerbankia sp. and Aetea. The relationships between Patagonian shrimp juveniles and a particular benthic community are discussed, considering the presence of the species as an integrant of the epifaunal benthos.
Feeding habits of the spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus Randall, 1840) in Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur
Authors: Díaz-Arredondo MA , Guzmán-de-Próo SA
Published: October 2017

The feeding habits and nutritional state of the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) were studied; 71 specimens, ranging from 57-132.2 mm cephalothoracic length, were collected on a seasonal basis in August and November 1986 and February and May 1987, in Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur. The index of relative importance, which combines the frequency and weight of the different components, was used to analyze the diet composition. The nutritional state was assessed by means of a condition factor, calculated by dividing the individual total weight by the caparace length, and the reserve food index, which is the hepatopancreas weight divided by the individual total weight. Panulirus interruptus showed an omnivorous diet, changing from carnivorous to herbivorous or even scavenger, depending on the environmental conditions. The diet consisted mainly of gastropods, fish remains, decapods and red and brown algae. Seasonal variation was observed in the feeding patterns of both sexes. Apparently, this variation was associated with the fluctuations in the availability of food items and with the home range of each sex. The condition factor registered the maximum value during the winter (x = 407.7, sd. = 30.27), whereas the reserve food index showed the lowest value in the spring (x = 1.55, s.d. = 0.48). The differences observed are apparently related to the reproductive stage and to the cyclical movements of the lobster population, from shallow to deeper waters, throughout the year.
Unilateral ablation of Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson)
Authors: Gendrop-Funes V , Valenzuela-Espinoza E
Published: October 2017

Wild females of Penaeus stylirostris, captured in August 1990 in the northern region of the Gulf of California, were induced to maturation by unilateral ablation under standard maturation laboratory conditions. Two experimental groups (A, B) and one control without ablation (C) were structured. Unilateral ablation was applied to A at 24 f 2 h and to B at 38 ± 2 h, once the intenmolt stage had begun. The experimental groups registered similar values in number of spawnings per female per month, signifícantly different from the control (p < 0.05). Mean number of eggs per spawn was not different among groups. Ablation had no effect on the quality of eggs and larvae; all groups registered similar percentages of fertilization, hatch and metamorphosis (p > 0.05). Maximum reproductive response was obtained by group A females; 73.3% of ablated females matured and produced one spawn. The number of ablated females that produced subsequent spawns decreased by 20% in the second and approximately 33% in the third. Among the experimental groups, higher survival (86%) and maximum accumulated production of eggs (4.8 million nauplii) was registered by A.
Frond elongation rates of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) AG. at Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Carmona G
Published: October 2017

Growth rates of Macrocystis pyrifera fronds were measured in a control and a harvested bed in Bahía Tortugas, BCS. Measurements were taken every third day for the first 15 days after tagging and once again after 100 days. Growth rate in the control bed, as a function of frond length, follows a logarithmic relation, with maximum values in winter and minimum in summer. This pattern was consistent with the 100-day average growth rate, which varied from 12.8 cm/day in summer to 20.8 cm/day in winter. No significant difference was found in the percentage daily growth rate (E), ranging from 5.4% (spring) to 8.5% (winter). The standard growth rate (G) was not significantly different either, varying from 5.3% (spring) to 8.8% (winter), and the data obtained for average growth over 15 and 100 days were used to determine the seasonal variation, which is related to ambient temperature and nutrient availability. No adverse effects were found due to the experimental harvest, but the logarithmic relation changed to a linear one in spring and fall. Maximum values were also found in winter and autumn, with minimum values in spring and summer in both the 15 and 100-day average growth rates; average growth values after 100 days varied from 14.7 cm/day (spring) to 23.3 cm/day (winter). The E values ranged from 6.3% (spring) to 7.2% (winter). The G values varied from 6.9% (winter) to 10.1% (spring) and were significantly greater than those of the control bed. Considering the data obtained in this study, I suggest future experiments to validate the results in order to propose additional regulations for sustaining the harvest of the M. pyrifera kelp beds in the southern region of their distribution in Mexico.
Bioturbation rates in Bahía la Choya, Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Lynn-Myrick J , Flessa KW
Published: October 2017

Experimental determination of sediment reworking rates in a subtropical intertidal flat environment yielded information about the amount, nature and implications of sediment reworking in nearshore deposits. Callianassid shrimp in Bahía La Choya, Sonora, Mexico, overturn the sediment in the inner flats at an average rate of 0.56 m3/m2/year. Elasmobranch rays overturn the sediment in the midflats at an average rate of 1.01 m3/m2/year. Resin castings indicate that the shrimp are capable of burrowing to a depth of at least 1.15 m and, where present, can completely rework this interval in Bahía La Choya in two years. The rays reach a maximum observed burrowing depth of 20 cm and, where present, can completely rework this interval in Bahía La Choya in 72 days. Reworking rates are high enough to preclude the preservation of most physical sedimentary structures under normal conditions. Only large-scale sedimentary structures or those buried deeply and rapidly are likely to escape reworking. Rates of biogenic sedimentation by callianassid shrimp are high enough to generate subsurface shell beds. Short-term biogenic sedimentation rates are higher than long-term rates, indicating that such intertidal sediments are not only thoroughly reworked, but are incomplete at time scales of weeks to months.
Endovascular Stent Graft Repair of a Ruptured Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Zou Junjie , Jiao Yuanyong , Jiang Jun , Yang Hongyu , Ma Hao , Zhang Xiwei
Published: October 2017

A ruptured aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is very rare. In recent years, there have been some reports of successful endovascular therapy of SMA aneurysms. However, endovascular stent graft repair of a ruptured SMA aneurysm has not been reported previously. We report on a 50-year-old man with a ruptured aneurysm of the proximal SMA. Using an endovascular approach, the aneurysm was initially excluded with 2 stent grafts. Two weeks following the first procedure, computed tomography angiography revealed a proximal endoleak, which was treated with another stent graft. The endovascular stent graft repair finally resulted in total exclusion of the ruptured aneurysm. Patency of the SMA was maintained and no ischemic complications occurred.
A Case of Cavernous Hemangioma of the Gallbladder Treated With Single-Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Akama Yuichi , Mizuguchi Yoshiaki , Mamada Yasuhiro , Shimizu Tetsuya , Kanda Tomohiro , Nakamura Yoshiharu , Taniai Nobuhiko , Takata Hideyuki , Naito Zenya , Uchida Eiji
Published: October 2017

Although hepatic hemangiomas are common, gallbladder (GB) hemangiomas are extremely rare. We present a case of a cavernous GB hemangioma, which was detected during routine ultrasonography screening. The 51-year-old female patient was asymptomatic and had no relevant medical history. The preoperative imaging findings, including those of endoscopic ultrasonography, suggested that malignancy was highly unlikely in this submucosal tumor. Thus, we performed a single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a diagnostic and curative procedure. The postoperative pathological examination confirmed a GB hemangioma. In this case, the preoperative diagnosis was quite difficult, especially because of this rare presentation of a GB hemangioma. This is probably why the definitive diagnosis is established postoperatively in most previously reported cases of GB hemangioma.
Mitochondrial retrograde signaling in the nervous system
Authors: Hunt Rachel J. , Bateman Joseph M.
Published: October 2017

Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP and are essential for neuronal function. Loss of mitochondrial activity leads to primary mitochondrial diseases and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Mitochondria communicate with the cell through mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and allow the organelle to control nuclear gene transcription. Neuronal mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways have been identified in disease model systems and targeted to restore neuronal function and prevent neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe yeast and mammalian cellular models that have paved the way in the investigation of mitochondrial retrograde mechanisms. We then discuss the evidence for retrograde signaling in neurons and our current knowledge of retrograde signaling mechanisms in neuronal model systems. We argue that targeting mitochondrial retrograde pathways has the potential to lead to novel treatments for neurological diseases.
Characterizing the Potential for Injection‐Induced Fault Reactivation Through Subsurface Structural Mapping and Stress Field Analysis, Wellington Field, Sumner County, Kansas
Authors: Schwab Drew R. , Bidgoli Tandis S. , Taylor Michael H.
Published: October 2017

Kansas, like other parts of the central U.S., has experienced a recent increase in seismicity. Correlation of these events with brine disposal operations suggests pore fluid pressure increases are reactivating preexisting faults, but rigorous evaluation at injection sites is lacking. Here we determine the suitability of CO2injection into the Cambrian‐Ordovician Arbuckle Group for long‐term storage and into a Mississippian reservoir for enhanced oil recovery in Wellington Field, Sumner County, Kansas. To determine the potential for injection‐induced earthquakes, we map subsurface faults and estimate in situ stresses, perform slip and dilation tendency analyses to identify well‐oriented faults relative to the estimated stress field, and determine the pressure changes required to induce slip at reservoir and basement depths. Three‐dimensional seismic reflection data reveal 12 near‐vertical faults, mostly striking NNE, consistent with nodal planes from moment tensor solutions from recent earthquakes in the region. Most of the faults cut both reservoirs and several clearly penetrate the Precambrian basement. Drilling‐induced fractures (N = 40) identified from image logs and inversion of earthquake moment tensor solutions (N = 65) indicate that the maximum horizontal stress is approximately EW. Slip tendency analysis indicates that faults striking <020° are stable under current reservoir conditions, whereas faults striking 020°–049° may be prone to reactivation with increasing pore fluid pressure. Although the proposed injection volume (40,000 t) is unlikely to reactive faults at reservoir depths, high‐rate injection operations could reach pressures beyond the critical threshold for slip within the basement, as demonstrated by the large number of injection‐induced earthquakes west of the study area.
Thalassaemias
Authors: Hay Deborah , Weatherall David J
Published: October 2017

The thalassaemias are the commonest genetic disorders in humans, representing an imbalance in the production of the α‐ and β‐globin chains which combine to form haemoglobin. The globin chain which is present in excess may precipitate in red cell precursors, causing oxidative damage and ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with thalassaemia are therefore anaemic despite an expansion of erythroid activity in the bone marrow. In severe cases (thalassaemia major), regular blood transfusion is needed for survival. The high prevalence of thalassaemia in tropical regions is thought to reflect the relative resistance of carriers to falciparum malaria. Although bone marrow transplantation is currently the only curative treatment, intensive study of transcriptional regulation at the loci for the globin genes has highlighted the potential for gene therapy and gene editing. However, finding approaches to treatment that are practical for the majority of affected patients who live in low income regions of the world remains a major challenge.

Key Concepts

Thalassaemia results from an imbalance between α‐ and β‐globin chain production.

Its genetic basis is very variable, with α thalassaemia usually being caused by small deletions, and β thalassaemia normally due to point mutations.

The high gene frequency in areas of the world affected by malaria is thought to represent the protective effect of the carrier status.

Clinical consequences of thalassaemia include anaemia, bone marrow expansion and iron loading.

Iron loading may occur as a result of increased gastrointestinal absorption and, more significantly, due to regular blood transfusion.

The consequences of iron overload include hepatic, cardiac and endocrine dysfunction.

Bone marrow transplant remains the only curative treatment at present.

In the investigative context, individuals have attained transfusion independence through lentiviral gene therapy.

Efforts to reactive foetal haemoglobin therapeutically have focused on understanding BCL11a expression.
Health Services Research, Overview
Authors: Lohr Kathleen N. , Freeman Nikki L. B.
Published: October 2017

Health services research (HSR) studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, technology, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the costs and quality of health care, and the health and well‐being of individuals and populations. HSR, a boundary‐crossing field, engages a very wide set of clinical and academic disciplines; investigates a broad array of questions relating to health care delivery and management, financing, clinical practice, personal health care decision‐making, and health policy; and employs virtually all quantitative and qualitative methods found in the social sciences, economics, outcomes measurement, management and administration, epidemiology and statistics, law, and policy analysis. It has one major professional organization, AcademyHealth, and is supported in the United States in large measure by the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, certain other federal agencies, and various private‐sector entities and philanthropic organizations. Numerous journals exclusively or predominantly publish on HSR‐related topics.
Cure Models
Authors: Farewell Vern T.
Published: October 2017

Cure models are used for time to event data when a subset of subjects who will not experience the event of interest may exist. Formulations of such models are presented, and special cases in the literature are highlighted. Estimation of such models is discussed. The issues of identifiability of parameters and nonstandard hypothesis testing are highlighted. Generalized cure and other two‐part models for clustered or longitudinal data are also introduced.
m‐Out‐of‐n Bootstrap
Authors: Lee Stephen M. S.
Published: October 2017

Treated as a generalized version of the standard bootstrap, them‐out‐of‐nbootstrap method is reviewed under three broad scenarios: (i) when the standard bootstrap works successfully, (ii) when the standard bootstrap is asymptotically correct but works poorly, and (iii) when the standard bootstrap fails. The last scenario, where them‐out‐of‐nbootstrap provides an appealing remedy for the standard bootstrap, is covered in detail and illustrated with numerical examples. We also address briefly the issues of selection ofmand uniform consistency.
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)
Authors: Haslett Stephen J. , Puntanen Simo
Published: October 2017

In this article, our aim is to outline basic properties of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). We first introduce the general linear model , where is the covariance matrix and the expectation of the response variable . We then let be an unobservable random vector generated by , where the covariance matrix between the random error terms and is known. Our main goal is to predict linearly the unobservable on the basis of the observable . BLUP involves finding a matrix so that is unbiased for , and the covariance matrix of the prediction error is minimal in the Löwner sense. Then, via setting in the linear mixed model , we show how prediction of can be used to provide BLUPs of the random effects, and hence of . Empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP), used when covariances are estimated rather than known, is then outlined.
Polyaniline Enriched Flexible Carbon Nanofibers with Core–Shell Structure for High‐Performance Wearable Supercapacitors
Authors: Iqbal Nousheen , Wang Xianfeng , Babar Aijaz Ahmed , Yan Jianhua , Yu Jianyong , Park Soo‐Jin , Ding Bin
Published: October 2017

High performance lightweight and flexible supercapacitors with superior electrochemical performance are in extremely high demand for wearable electronic device applications. Herein, a novel synthesis process is reported for developing highly flexible supercapacitor electrodes from carbon black doped carbon nanofiber/polyaniline core–shell nanofibers via electrospinning followed by carbonization and electrospray techniques. Resultant supercapacitor electrodes offer exceptional specific capacitance (SC) of 501.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent capacitance retention of 91% even after 5000 cycles, demonstrating a long and stable life of the fabricated device. Moreover, solid state supercapacitor shows no obvious change in SC when subjected to various bending angles up to 180°. This simple three step (i.e., electrospinning, carbonization, and electrospray) fabrication technique paves new insights into the development of lightweight flexible supercapacitors.
Iodine/Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Direct Annulation of N‐Benzimidazolyl Amidines with Aldehydes for the Synthesis of Ortho‐Fused 1,3,5‐Triazines
Authors: Wang Manman , Meng Yinggao , Wei Wei , Wu Jie , Yu Wenquan , Chang Junbiao
Published: October 2017

A direct annulation reaction of N‐benzimidazolyl amidines with aldehydes has been established and allows the synthesis of ortho‐fused 1,3,5‐triazine derivatives. The N‐benzimidazolyl amidine substrates are readily accessible by the addition of 2‐aminobenzimidazoles to the corresponding nitriles. In the presence of molecular iodine and copper iodide, cyclization of benzimidazolyl amidines with various aldehydes in toluene under reflux followed by oxidation with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) gives the corresponding products. In this reaction, iodine acts more as a Lewis acid catalyst than as an oxidant. This synthetic process is insensitive to air and operationally simple, and provides facile access to a variety of novel 1,3,5‐triazino[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles and related heterocycles.

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STAR syndrome plus: The first description of a female patient with the lethal form
Authors: Bedeschi Maria F. , Giangiobbe Sara , Paganini Leda , Tabano Silvia , Silipigni Rosamaria , Colombo Lorenzo , Crippa Beatrice L. , Lalatta Faustina , Guerneri Silvana , Miozzo Monica
Published: October 2017

The STAR syndrome is a rare X‐linked dominant developmental disorder caused by point mutations in the single FAM58A gene or deletions involving FAM58A and its flanking genes. The STAR phenotype is characterized by a rather homogeneous constellation of facial dysmorphisms and malformations summarized by its acronym, Syndactyly, Telecanthus, Anogenital, and Renal malformations. Here we describe a female patient with STAR syndrome and a 130 kb deletion at Xq28, including the FAM58A gene. She presented with cleft lip palate, omphalocele, and cerebral malformations not previously considered part of the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome. She died at 6 weeks from respiratory failure.
Clinical and molecular effects of CHD7 in the heart
Authors: Corsten‐Janssen Nicole , Scambler Peter J.
Published: October 2017

Heart defects caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in CHD7 are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in CHARGE syndrome. Here we review the clinical and molecular aspects of CHD7 that are related to the cardiovascular manifestations of the syndrome. The types of heart defects found in patients with CHD7 mutations are variable, with an overrepresentation of atrioventricular septal defect and outflow tract defect including aortic arch anomalies compared to nonsyndromic heart defects. Chd7 haploinsufficiency in mouse is a good model for studying the heart effects seen in CHARGE syndrome, and mouse models reveal a role for Chd7 in multiple lineages during heart development. Formation of the great vessels requires Chd7 expression in the pharyngeal surface ectoderm, and this expression likely has an non‐autonomous effect on neural crest cells. In the cardiogenic mesoderm, Chd7 is required for atrioventricular cushion development and septation of the outflow tract. Emerging knowledge about the function of CHD7 in the heart indicates that it may act in concert with transcription factors such as TBX1 and SMADs to regulate genes such as p53 and the cardiac transcription factor NKX2.5.
Carbonic anhydrase II confers resistance to deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens
Authors: Ye Wenyun , Zhang Cheng , Xu Na , Sun Yan , Ma Lei , Shen Bo , Zhou Dan , Zhu Changliang
Published: October 2017

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metabolic enzymes that regulate the physiological equilibrium in a variety of organisms. In this study, we investigated the function of CA II in Culex pipiens pallens using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and double‐stranded RNA injection. CA II transcripts were more abundant in the deltamethrin‐susceptible strain than the deltamethrin‐resistant strain. The activities of metabolic enzymes increased when the CA II expression was silenced. These findings suggest CA II regulates deltamethrin resistance by altering metabolic enzyme activity, and could serve as a potential genetic marker for monitoring deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes.
MRI-based score to predict surgical difficulty in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Escal L , Nougaret S , Guiu B , Bertrand M M , de Forges H , Tetreau R , Thézenas S , Rouanet P
Published: October 2017

Background

Rectal cancer surgery is technically challenging and depends on many factors. This study evaluated the ability of clinical and anatomical factors to predict surgical difficulty in total mesorectal excision.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent total mesorectal excision for locally advanced rectal cancer in a laparoscopic, robotic or open procedure after neoadjuvant treatment, between 2005 and 2014, were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative clinical and MRI data were studied to develop a surgical difficulty grade.

Results

In total, 164 patients with a median age of 61 (range 26–86) years were considered to be at low risk (143, 87·2 per cent) or high risk (21, 12·8 per cent) of surgical difficulty. In multivariable analysis, BMI at least 30 kg/m2 (P = 0·021), coloanal anastomosis (versus colorectal) (P = 0·034), intertuberous distance less than 10·1 cm (P = 0·041) and mesorectal fat area exceeding 20·7 cm2 (P = 0·051) were associated with greater surgical difficulty. A four-item score (ranging from 0 to 4), with each item (BMI, type of surgery, intertuberous distance and mesorectal fat area) scored 0 (absence) or 1 (presence), is proposed. Patients can be considered at high risk of a difficult or challenging operation if they have a score of 3 or more.

Conclusion

This simple morphometric score may assist surgical decision-making and comparative study by defining operative difficulty before surgery.