bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE of Pleurotus ostreatus KUMMER INCREASES BASIL BIOMASS AND ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD
Authors: CARMO CRISTIANO OLIVEIRA DO , RODRIGUES MARCOS DE SOUZA , SILVA FRANCELI DA , IRINEU TÂMARA GRAZIELE MATOS , SOARES ANA CRISTINA FERMINO
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT Lignocellulosic residues are used to produce mushrooms, but they generate large amounts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The objective of this study was to evaluate they effect of SMS of Pleurotus ostreatus, combined with organic fertilization, on biomass production and essential oil yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The fertilizer was formulated using combinations of organic compounds: SMS, organic compost (OC), and earthworm humus (EH). The treatments were applied using 35 g of the formulations, corresponding to an application of 20 Mg ha-1. The treatments used were: 100% OC; 100% EH; 100% SMS; 75% SMS + 25% OC (C1); 75% SMS + 25% EH (C2); 50% SMS + 50% OC (C3); 50% SMS + 50% EH (C4); 50% SMS + 25% OC + 25% EH (C5), and a control with no fertilizer application (CT). Plants grown with the soil fertilizers containing SMS, single or combined with OC and EH, presented higher average plant height (55.6 to 62.2 cm) and leaf area per plant (696.5 to 836.4 cm2). The treatment C3 resulted in plants with higher mean dry weight (10.9 g plant-1), and C2 resulted in the highest oil yield (5.0 kg ha-1), representing a gain of 324.8% in oil yield when compared to the control. Thus, SMS increases biomass production and essential oil yield of basil plants.
ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY FOR IRON AND ZINC IN COWPEA BY AMMI ANALYSIS
Authors: CARDONA-AYALA CARLOS ENRIQUE , ARAMENDIZ-TATIS HERMES , CAMACHO MIGUEL MARIANO ESPITIA
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT Iron and zinc deficiency is one of the main problems affecting vulnerable populations in the Colombian Caribbean, thereby generating malnutrition from the consumption of foods with low content of essential minerals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotype-environment interaction for iron and zinc accumulation in grains in 10 cowpea bean genotypes by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and to select the most stable ones to stimulate their planting or as parents in the genetic improvement program. Nine promising lines and a commercial control were evaluated using the randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and four replications in 10 environments of the northern Colombia in the second semester of 2017 and first of 2018. The adaptability and stability analysis was done using AMMI model. The results showed highly significant differences at the level of environments, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction for iron and zinc, demostrating a differential adaptability of genotypes in the test environments. Genotypes 2 and 3 expressed greater adaptability and stability for iron contents in the seed; while genotype 1, recorded it for zinc contents. These three genotypes outperformed the commercial control and, therefore, can be recommended for planting or be used as parents in the genetic improvement program.
COCONUT MEAL INCLUSION IN HIGH CONCENTRATE SHEEP DIETS AFFECTS FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND INTAKE1
Authors: SILVA PAULA FABRINY MAUÉS DA , PANTOJA SARAH OLIVEIRA SOUSA , DOMINGUES FELIPE NOGUEIRA , RÊGO ANIBAL COUTINHO DO , FATURI CRISTIAN
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT Coconut meal can be an affordable low-cost alternative to noble ingredients such as corn and soybean meal in sheep diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of coconut meal inclusions, when used as a corn and soybean meal replacement, on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of sheep diets. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs with body weights (BW) of 26.6 ± 3.2 kg were used in the study. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments and eight replications. The animals received a total mixed ratio of 30% roughage (elephant grass) and 70% concentrate. The animals were fed on two experimental diets with 11% and 22% coconut meal inclusion and a control diet (without coconut meal). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake as a percentage of BW were negatively influenced by the inclusion of coconut meal. The ether extract (EE) intake increased but did not differ between the 11% and 22% coconut meal diets. Furthermore, the digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and ADF did not differ between the two evaluated diets. The inclusion of coconut meal reduced NDF digestibility and increased that of NFC. The level of inclusion of coconut meal in the diet must be based on the EE content in the meal; keeping the EE intake below 0.16% of the BW helped to avoid limited intake of feed.
Sociomaterialidade e Análise Organizacional: da Retórica à Relevância
Authors: Holz Edvalter Becker
Published: September 2021

Abstract This essay expands upon the debate on sociomateriality with a critique of the current ontological agenda. Based upon the influential literature from the fields of management and organization studies, and information systems, it presents the emergence, the development, the consolidation and the popularization of the debate on the relations between the social and the material in organizations. Drawing on this trajectory, the paper suggests that the current agenda for a sociomaterial ontology is constituted predominantly through rhetorical uses of the notion of ontology. The relevance of this contribution lies in questioning the supposed development of a sociomaterial ontology, describing and exemplifying its rhetorical strategies: authorial randomness, theoretical centrifugation, and conceptual procrastination. It concludes that it is necessary to return to the phenomenon as relevant “in” the debate from the point of view of its trajectory: the diffusion of new technologies and the subsequent implications at the organizational and social levels. The main implication for future research is the adoption of pragmatic ontologies with the aim of restoring the primacy of the phenomenon over the ontology.
Gradual and Transformative Institutional Change: the influence of stakeholders and advocacy coalitions at the Belo Monte Hydroelectric power plant
Authors: Vieira Diego Mota
Published: September 2021

Abstract This work analyzes the performance of stakeholders and advocacy coalitions in processes of gradual institutional change based on the case study of the Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant. The methodology adopts content analysis, using shorthand notes of hearings held in the National Congress, and other publicly available documents. In-depth semi-structured interviews were also conducted, collecting data from individuals involved in the history of the power plant. The study allowed to characterize stakeholders pro or against the enterprise, observing their degree of influence and the role played. In addition, the work used the Advocacy Coalition Framework to verify how stakeholders formed three advocacy coalitions and exerted the strategies of institutional change ‘displacement,’ ‘conversion,’ and ‘layering’ following the gradual and transformative institutional change model. Empirical evidence indicates that the composition of coalition members may determine the type of institutional change and that institutional changes can also result from learning among coalitions, as the incorporation of socio-environmental considerations that have altered the original design of the hydroelectric power plant.
Narrativas de Trabalhadoras Rurais: a Construção da Subalternidade, os Espaços Hierarquizados e a Dominação Colonial
Authors: Dornela Fernanda Junia , Oliveira Cintia Rodrigues de
Published: September 2021

Abstract In this research, our aim is to analyze how gender relations are manifested in the narratives of women rural workers, in coffee farming in the Cerrado Mineiro Region, in a post-colonial perspective. It is a qualitative research, the empirical material of which consists of narrative interviews conducted with 14 rural coffee workers in the municipalities of Patrocínio, Carmo do Paranaíba and Monte Carmelo, in the state of Minas Gerais. The empirical material was submitted to the thematic analysis technique. The results suggest that gender relations are expressed through inheritances of colonialism, which constitute the themes identified: (1) constructed subordination; (2) hierarchical spaces; and (3) colonial domination.
Surgical glance at pancreatic arterial anatomy
Authors: Kriger A. G. , Pronin N. A. , Dvukhzhilov M. V. , Gorin D. S. , Pavlov A. V. , Karmazonovsky G. G.
Published: September 2021

Aim. Study of anatomical variations of the pancreatic neck blood supply, which may affect the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Material and methods. Anatomic characteristics of arterial blood supply of pancreas were studied in 42 autopsied cases, who died from diseases not associated with abdominal organs failure. Clinical part of our study included 62 patients. Arterial anatomy was examined during early arterial phase of computer tomography. Options of the origin of the dorsa pancreatic artery were noted. All patients had “soft” pancreas confirmed by morphological examination and computer tomography. Main group included 20 patients. Dissection of the pancreas during pancreatoduodenectomy in this group were performed 10–15 mm left of portal vein confluence. Control (retrospective) group included 42 patients performed standard procedure, when pancreas was dissected above the portal vein confluence.

Results. It was found that the neck of pancreas was supplied from dorsal pancreatic artery, found in all specimens. In 76% of cases it was a branch of splenic artery, in other cases – a branch of superior mesenteric artery. CT scan revealed the dorsal pancreatic artery in 54 (87.1%) people, in 8 patients the artery could not be identified. The dorsal pancreatic artery was a branch of the splenic artery in 64.8% of cases. In other cases it was a branch of the superior mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery, gastroduodenal artery and middle colon artery. If the dorsal pancreatic artery was a branch of the superior mesenteric, common hepatic, gastroduodenal artery, it was transected during lymphadenectomy. This led to higher frequency of postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Conclusion. Localization of dorsal pancreatic artery must be taken into account during the pancreatoduodenectomy. That allows to decrease probability of postoperative pancreatic fistula.
Differentiated approach of using extraction balloon catheters in endoscopic biliary surgery
Authors: Kotovskiy A. E. , Magomedova B. M. , Glebov K. G. , Martyntsov A. A. , Mahmudova A. K. , Prividentseva A. S.
Published: September 2021

Aim. Expand and determinate indications for using of extraction balloon catheters in endoscopic biliary surgery, as an additional and auxiliary endoscopic technique, which optimizes the technical conditions for performing medical and diagnostic tasks.

Material and methods. We used disposable two- and three-lumen extraction balloon catheters with a diameter of 7.5 Fr. The catheters assumed delivery of an extractor balloon along a conductor with a diameter of 0.35 in into the bile duct, and also made it possible to inject a radiopaque substance. 136 retrograde endoscopic interventions were performed on the bile ducts using extraction balloon catheters.

Research results. Indications for the use of an extractor balloon have been determined and proposed as a conventional standard. Interventions on the bile ducts were carried out using only a balloon catheter and in combination with a Dormia basket (n = 61). An extraction balloon catheter was used during retrograde endoscopic intervention on the bile ducts as an additional diagnostic endoscopic manipulation to facilitate the performance of the diagnostic task (n = 38). The device was also used to optimize the technical conditions of medical and diagnostic tasks (n = 37). 116 patients had benign diseases, 20 patients had tumor lesion.

Сonclusion. The main function of an extraction balloon catheter is to move or displace the contents from the proximal to the distal parts of the bile duct, followed by its extraction into the duodenum. The design characteristics of the instrument make it possible to significantly expand the indications for its use, including not for its intended purpose, but as an additional method, optimizes the technical conditions for performing medical and diagnostic tasks. The endoscopic extraction balloon catheter is a multipurpose instrument that can be used to solve both diagnostic and therapeutic tasks of retrograde interventions on the bile ducts.
Мinimally invasive stent technologies in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery
Authors: Karpov O. E. , Vetshev P. S. , Bruslik S. V. , Maady A. S. , Sviridova T. I. , Aliev F.
Published: September 2021

Aim. To compare the aspects of the use of various stents in hepatopancreatobiliary zone diseases.

Materials and methods. We analyzed the experience of using biliary plastic and metal self-expanding stents placed by the antegrade percutaneous (n = 45) or retrograde endoscopic method (n = 160). Pancreatic stenting with 5 Fr plastic stents was performed in 35 patients.

Results. Our experience shows the high efficiency of stenting performed by antegrade and endoscopic retrograde access for bile and pancreatic ducts obstruction. Pancreatic stenting is justified in the prevention of acute pancreatitis (in the presence of a risk factor) and in treatment of post-ERCP pancreatitis, as well as in the treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis with impacted stone in papilla Vater.

Conclusion. Minimally invasive technologies has a leading role in the treatment of patients with ductal failure of the hepatopancreatobiliary zone. Stenting should be used to prepare for radical surgery or as a final palliative treatment method. A differentiated approach is important in selecting a stent, depending on the specific clinical task. For biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice of various etiologies, it is permissible to use both the retrograde and antegrade stenting. The choice of the decompression method depends on the level of the biliary obstruction, the cause of obstructive jaundice, the technical equipment of the department and the training of specialists in retrograde and (or) antegrade endobiliary technologies. Antegrade access is preferred for proximal obstruction of the bile ducts, retrograde endoscopic access is preferred for distal obstruction.
Alterations in the management for patients with retroduodenal perforations after transpapillary interventions
Authors: Shapovalianz S. G. , Budzinskiy S. A. , Bordikov M. V. , Fedorov E. D. , Budzinskiy A. S.
Published: September 2021

Aim. To evaluate treatment results of retroduodenal perforations after transpapillary endoscopic procedures, considering new possibilities of modern minimally invasive interventions.

Materials and methods. Perforations were identified in 29(0,5%) cases from 5943 endoscopic retrograde procedures in Moscow City Hospital №31 since 01.01.2010 to 01.01.2021. There were 24(82,8 %) women and 5(17,2%) men in the age from 29 to 89 years (median age – 64.2 ± 14.9 years) Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy was performed n 25 (86.2%) cases (in 5 – incisional), with additional lithoextraction in 12 (46.7%), endoscopic papillectomy – in 4 (10%) cases. Perforations developed in 27 (93,1%) patients with two and more risk factors.

Results. Combination of endoscopic and conservative treatment was applied to cure the perforation in 24 cases (82.8%). A fully covered self-expandable metal stent was placed in 16 (66.7%) cases, and clips were applied to stenting in 2(8.3%) cases. Isolated endocliping was performed in 5 (20.8%) patients, and a plastic biliary stent – in 1(4.2%) case. Other 5(17.2%) patients underwent conservative (3) and surgical (2) treatment only. Satisfactory results were achieved in 23(79.3%) cases, when combination of endoscopic and conservative therapy was performed. Mortality was observed in 6(20.7%) cases (isolated conservative therapy (3), surgical treatment (2) and endoscopic placement of a plastic biliary stent (1).

Conclusion. Retroduodenal perforations can lead to death in 20.7% cases, according to our data. Timely diagnosis and using a combination of conservative and endoscopic methods as biliary stenting with fully covered self-expandable metal stent and endocliping allowed to achieve recovery in all cases.
Research of the complex formation of neopentanic acid hydrazide with non-ferrous metal ions
Authors:   Perm State University,, Bardina E.S. , Elchishcheva Y.B. ,   Perm State University,, Chekanova L.G. ,   Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch of RAS, Maksimov A.S. ,   Perm State University,
Published: September 2021

The processes of complexation of neopentanic acid hydrazide (GnPC) with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II),Fe(III), Ag(I) ions in ammonia and hydrochloric acid solutions by spectrophotometric methodhave been studied. The optimal conditionsfor the formation of complexes have been found; the molar ratios [Me(II)]:[GnPC] have beenestablishedby saturation and shift of equilibriummethods.
Some peculiarities of the anodic behavior of Co2Si electrode in sulphuric acid solution
Authors:   Perm State University, Kichigin, V.I. , Shein A.B. ,   Perm State University
Published: September 2021

The effect of anodic film formation conditions on the electrochemical behavior of Co2Si electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 has been studied. It was shown that the rate of passive dissolution of Co2Si is only moderately greater than that of CoSi2 provided the Co2Si electrode passes through the active dissolution region very quickly. From the current decay curves at E = const, it was deduced that in the middle part of the passive region the oxide film on Co2Si grows according to near logarithmic law. Impedance spectra obtained in measurements at different initial electrode potentials were analyzed.
ERGENLERDE PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIĞIN KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİ VE ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEĞE GÖRE YORDANMASI
Authors: GÖKALP Ensar Abdullah , YÖNDEM Zeynep
Published: September 2021

Araştırmanın amacı, ergenlerde psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyini kişilik özelliklerinin ve algılanan sosyal desteğin yordama gücünü belirlemektir. Araştırmada ilişkisel ve betimsel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları, Anadolu, Fen ve Meslek liseleri olmak üzere farklı lise türlerinde öğrenim gören, gelir düzeyi düşük 343 erkek (%48), 372 kadın (%52) toplam 715 ergenden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında 'Ergen Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği', 'Hızlı Büyük Beşli Kişilik Testi', 'Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği' ve araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan ‘Kişisel Bilgi Formu’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson korelasyon tekniği ve aşamalı (stepwise) regresyon analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, ergenlerde psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyi ile kişilik özellikleri ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyi arasında pozitif ilişkiler olduğu bulunmuştur. Ergenlerde psikolojik dayanıklılığın en önemli yordayıcısının algılanan sosyal destek olduğu ve bunu kişilik özelliklerinden sırasıyla; uyumluluk, duygusal denge, sorumluluk, deneyime açıklık ve dışadönüklük özelliklerinin izlediği belirlenmiştir. Algılanan sosyal destek ile kişilik özelliklerinin, psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyinin toplam varyansının %45,9'unu açıkladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları alanyazındaki başka araştırma bulguları ile birlikte tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
KAYNAŞTIRMA ÖĞRENCİSİ BULUNAN TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN ÖĞRETİM UYARLAMALARINA İLİŞKİN YAPTIKLARI ÇALIŞMALARIN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: ÜÇLER Ahmet Mahmut , YIKMIŞ Ahmet
Published: September 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kaynaştırma öğrencisi bulunan Türkçe öğretmenlerinin öğretim uyarlamalarına ilişkin yaptıkları çalışmaları belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Konya il ve ilçelerindeki ortaokullarda görev yapan ve kaynaştırma öğrencisi bulunan toplam 31 Türkçe öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından durum çalışması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları kullanılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme sorularından elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına bakıldığında, öğretmenlerin çoğunluğunun kaynaştırma uygulamaları ve öğretimsel uyarlamalar konusunda herhangi bir eğitim almamış oldukları görülmektedir. Bu nedenle öğretmenlerin, öğretimsel uyarlama yapma konusunda bilgi eksikliğinden kaynaklanan sorunlar yaşadıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sorunlar; fiziksel düzenlemeler yapma, öğretimsel uyarlamalar yapma ve öğretim sürecinin düzenlenmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Türkçe öğretmenlerine yönelik; öğretim öncesinde, öğretimin sunumunda, öğretim sonunda yapılması gereken uyarlamalara yönelik ve materyal geliştirme, ölçme ve değerlendirme, etkili zaman yönetimi konularında eğitim verilmesi önerilmektedir.
ANADOLU LİSESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN İKİNCİ YABANCI DİL ALMANCA ÖĞRENMEYE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ÜSTÜN Bilal
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmada Anadolu Lisesi öğrencilerinin ikinci yabancı dil olarak Almanca öğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Anadolu Lisesi öğrencilerinin ikinci yabancı dil Almanca öğrenmeye yönelik tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesini amaçlayan bu çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye’de Anadolu Liselerinde okuyan ve ikinci yabancı dil olarak Almanca dersi alan öğrenciler, örneklemini ise İç Anadolu bölgesinde bulunan bir Anadolu Lisesinde ikinci yabancı dil olarak Almanca dersi alan öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya toplam 208 öğrenci katılmıştır. Katılımcıların %64,9’u kadın, 34,1’i ise erkektir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Türk (2020) tarafından geliştirilen “Ortaöğretim Öğrencilerinin İkinci Yabancı Dil Olarak Almanca Öğrenmeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan ‘kişisel bilgi formu’ kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS 22 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sürecinde frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve t-testi hesaplamalarına yer verilmiştir. Normal dağılım gösteren verilerin değerlendirilmesi ikili gruplarda t-testi, ikiden fazla gruplarda tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda kız öğrencilerin Almanca öğrenmeye yönelik kararlılık ve korkularının erkek öğrencilere göre daha yüksek olduğu; Almanca başarı puanı 5 olan katılımcıların Almanca başarı puanı daha düşük olan katılımcılara göre Almanca öğrenmeye daha ilgili oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Benzer bir çalışmanın ileride daha geniş bir örneklem grubuyla ve karma araştırma yöntemi ile yapılmasının daha kapsamlı sonuçlara ulaşabilme açısından faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHING PROFESSION PERCEPTION AND PROFESSIONAL ANXIETY LEVELS OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS
Authors: KARAKIŞ Özlem
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between teaching profession perception and professional anxiety levels of prospective teachers. A total of 387 prospective teachers, participating pedagogical formation certificate program, voluntarily participated in the study where descriptive and relational survey models were used. According to the results of the study, the prospective teachers within the scope of the study have moderate levels of professional anxiety and perception, the average scores in the teaching profession perception scale were significant in favour of the female prospective teachers, prospective teachers who participated in the program to do the teaching profession afterwards, who preferred a teaching department in university entrance exams priorly and who will take the Public Personnel Selection Exam (PPSE). The average scores in the professional anxiety scale were found to be significant in favour of male prospective and employed prospective teachers. In addition, it was determined that there was a low, positive, and meaningful relationship between prospective teachers’ teaching profession perception and professional anxiety levels. Based on the findings of the present study, experimental studies to decrease their professional anxiety levels and increase their level of professional perceptions of prospective teachers are recommended for further research.
OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU'NUN DOĞU VE GÜNEY BÖLGELERİNDE EĞİTİM ŞEMSİYESİ ALTINDA AMERİKAN BOARD CEMİYETİNİN MİSYONERLİK FAALİYETLERİ
Authors: DEMİRTAŞ Çağrı , KILIÇ Fahri
Published: September 2021

Misyonerlik kelimesi, Latince "missio" kelimesinden türemiştir. İngilizce ve Fransızcaya "mission" şeklinde geçmiştir. En yaygın ve özel anlama göre misyon, İncil'i Hıristiyan olmamış halklara yaymaktır. Bu bağlamda misyoner “missioner”, yetkili, görevli, kendisini bir fikrin yayılmasına adamış kimse demektir. Amerika, büyük devlet olabilmek için yeni benimsediği dış politika ilkelerini çiğnemeden tacirlerini ve misyonerlerini kullanarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu içten fethetme girişimlerine başlamıştır. Amerikan Board Cemiyeti, misyonerlik faaliyetleri için özel bir alan ve topluma kolay nüfuz edilebilecek olan eğitim sahası seçilmiştir. Amerikan Board Cemiyeti Osmanlı topraklarında misyonerlik faaliyetleri için yapılanmaya gitmiş ve yapılar inşaat etmek amacıyla devletten arsa, arazi ve bina almak için resmî girişimler başlatmıştır. Osmanlı Devletinin önemli bölgelerinde değerli mülkler edinmeye başlamıştır. Bu mülklerde açtığı okullarda misyonerlik faaliyetlerine başlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti topraklarında faaliyet gösteren Amerikan Board Cemiyeti, takip edilen ders programları ve derslerde okutulan kitaplarla farklı ırk ve millîyetlerden olan öğrencilere hürriyet fikirlerini aşılamaya, onların millî şuurlarını uyandırmaya çalışmıştır. Örneğin Bebek Koleji, Pera erkek ve kız okullarının ders programlarında, Ermenice, Ermeni edebiyatı dersleri vardır. Misyoner okullarında benzer şekilde Rumca eğitim de verilmiştir. Bu okullardan mezun olan öğrenciler ise kendi mensubu oldukları topluluklarda bağımsızlık fikirlerini halk arasında yaymaya başlamışlardır. Bulgaristan’ın kurucu devlet adamlarının Robert Kolejinde eğitim görmesi bu malumatı desteklemektedir. Aynı şekilde Arap millîyetçiliğini yöneten idareciler Suriye Protestan Kolejinde yetiştirilmiştir.
SOSYAL BİLGİLER ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ PROSOSYALLİK DÜZEYİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ERYILMAZ Önder
Published: September 2021

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının prososyallik düzeyinin incelenmesidir. Ayrıca sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının prososyallik düzeyi ile alt boyutlardan yardım etme, hayırseverlik, özgecilik, bağışlama ve affetme düzeylerinin cinsiyet ve sınıf seviyesi değişkenine göre incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kesitsel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu Türkiye’nin farklı üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören 412 sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Prososyallik Ölçeği aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde Mann-Whitney U testi ile Kruskal-Wallis testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının prososyallik düzeyinin orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının hayırseverlik, özgecilik ve affetme düzeylerinin orta; yardım etme ve bağışlama düzeylerinin düşük olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada erkek sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının prososyallik düzeyinin kız öğrencilerin düzeyinden anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Sınıf seviyeleri arasında ise prososyallik düzeyinin yanında hayırseverlik, özgecilik ve bağışlama düzeyleri açısından anlamlı farklılığın olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarından hareketle uygulamaya ve araştırmacılara yönelik olarak öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
HYDRAULIC MODELS IN THE PROBLEMS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT AUXILIARY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Vanin V. , Kruhol M.
Published: September 2021

The work is devoted to the study of thermal power plants auxiliary energy efficiency. The main mechanisms in the auxiliary systems are centrifugal mechanisms that work in complex hydraulic networks with variable productivity. The main ways to adjust the parameters of the centrifugal mechanisms are to change the speed of rotor rotation, change the guide vane angle and throttle. The operation mode of a complex hydraulic network which includes a group of centrifugal mechanisms with a mixed connection scheme is analyzed. The system of equations which characterize the hydraulic system has been obtained on the basis of Kirchhoff's laws. The centrifugal mechanisms' operating characteristics are given by approximation dependences obtained with the method of least squares and similarity laws. To analyze efficiency of different methods of centrifugal mechanisms parameters regulation, optimal control problems were set and solved. The constraints for the problems are a system of equations that describe the hydraulic system operation and technical constraints that depend on the control method. Through solving the problems, values of the optimal parameters and weighted average efficiency of the group mechanisms were obtained. Studies have shown that the most effective way to regulate the centrifugal mechanisms parameters is to use an individual frequency drive, the least effective is to use only changing angle of centrifugal mechanism's guide vane. Utilization of group control is highly efficient and not inferior to individual frequency drive. However, this statement is correct under condition of the operating characteristics agreement with the centrifugal mechanisms’ operating modes similarity.
Association of the phenolic content, DNA protective activity and some antioxidant properties in the Achillea arabica Kotschy Flower
Authors: KOÇPINAR Enver Fehim
Published: September 2021

Pharmacological herbs are our first medicines in history and we take them into our bodies in different ways by consuming tea, spices, or raw. Nowadays, due to the side effects of more effective synthetic medicines, the tendency to use pharmacological plants has increased and the benefits are provided from plants in the treatment of routine diseases and to protect from them. In our daily life, stress and adverse environmental conditions may cause oxidative stress by increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a cell and oxidative stress is known to be associated with cancer and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Antioxidants protect the cell against diseases by regulating ROS concentration and herbal phenolics are known as antioxidants and strong candidates for this. In addition, studies on the herb and active ingredient have gained more importance during the Covid-19 epidemic period as they provide important data for vaccine development studies. This study was aimed to obtain useful data with this study that can be used in advanced research. For this purpose, Achillea arabica, which one of the important members of the Asteraceae family known whose various pharmacological properties, was collected from Ağrı/Patnos and stored by converting into herbarium material. DMSO extract was prepared from the flowers of the herbarium plant and some biological activities such as the determination of some in vitro antioxidant properties, DNA protective activity, and the phenolic content by HPLC were evaluated.
Saf Kalsiyum Elementinin Isıtma Sürecinin Moleküler Dinamik Benzetim Yöntemi ile İncelenmesi
Authors: ÇELTEK Murat
Published: September 2021

Çalışmada, gömülü atom metot (EAM) ve sıkı-bağ (TB) çok cisim potansiyelleri kullanılarak, ısıtma süreci boyunca saf kalsiyum (Ca) elementinin yapısal ve bazı fiziksel özellikleri klasik moleküler dinamik (MD) benzetim yöntemi ile incelendi. Bu süreç boyunca fiziksel parametrelerde ve atomik yapıda meydana gelen değişimleri incelemek için, enerji-, örgü parametresi-, yoğunluk-sıcaklık eğrileri, çiftler dağılım fonksiyonu, yapı faktörü ve Honeycutt-Andersen (HA) metodu gibi farklı analiz yöntemleri kullanıldı. Her iki potansiyel için elde edilen sonuçlar, literatürde rapor edilen uygun deneysel ve diğer MD benzetim sonuçları ile karşılaştırıldı ve birlikte tartışıldı. Geniş sıcaklık aralığında EAM potansiyelinin, TB potansiyeline göre daha başarılı sonuçlar ürettiği gözlenmiştir. HA sonuçları, sistemin erime sürecinde özellikle 1541 ve 1551 tipi beşli kümelerin, sıvı bölgede ise 1431 tipi dörtlü kümelerin daha etkin roller üstlendiğini göstermiştir
Termal buharlaştırma yöntemi ile üretilen n-ZnO/p-Si heteroeklem kontakların elektriksel ve optiksel karakterizasyonu
Authors: ÖZKARTAL Abdullah
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmada, n-ZnO ince filmi p-Si yarıiletkeni ve mikroskop camı üzerinde termal buharlaştırma yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. n-ZnO ince filmler, UV-Vis spektroskopisi, X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ve enerji dağılımlı X-ışını spektroskopisi (EDX) ile incelenmiştir. n-ZnO/p-Si diyotların elektriksel özellikleri karanlıkta ve oda sıcaklığında, akım-voltaj (I-V) ve kapasitans-voltaj (C-V) ölçümleri ile incelenmiştir. Üretilen numunelerin idealite faktörü (n), engel yüksekliği (Фb) ve seri direnci (Rs), I-V ve C-V ölçümlerinden ve Cheung fonksiyonlarından hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca n-ZnO/p-Si diyotların optiksel özellikleri 100 mW/cm2 ve AM 1.5 aydınlatma altında incelenmiştir.
High-Resolution Crustal Shear-Wave Velocity Structure in the Pearl River Delta, South China
Authors: Lü Zuoyong , Huang Haibo , Ye Xiuwei , Lü Jinshui , Xiong Cheng
Published: September 2021

We present a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model of the upper-middle crust beneath the Pearl River Delta. The sedimentary basins are characterized by low-velocity anomalies at depths of 6–8 km and reflect the lateral migration of the deposition centers. High-velocity structures are located predominantly in Hong Kong, and outline the supervolcano conduit and magma reservoir in the crust. We observe contrasting velocity structures across the Lianhuashan fault zone (LFZ) where low-velocity anomaly zones (LVZs) are developed in different strikes. Microseismic swarms at depths of 8–16 km mainly occurred at the intersection of the LVZs. Metamorphic fluids and migration in the crust are proposed to interpret the seismic activity. The intersecting LVZs would increase the lithologic permeability to allow deep-rooted fluids to flow up, whereas the overlying high-velocity structures representing the overflowing magma act as a permeable barrier that confines the seismicity in the middle-lower crust. We anticipate that the detailed subsurface structures will help correlate magmatic remnants with the distribution of intraplate earthquakes and assess the earthquake risks in the Greater Bay Area of China.
The depth of the October 1981 off Chile outer-rise earthquake (Ms = 7.2) estimated by a comparison of several waveform inversion methods
Authors: Honda Satoru , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Seno Tetsuzo
Published: September 2021

The determination of source depth of the October 1981 (Ms = 7.2) outer-rise earthquake off the Chilean coast has important implications for the stress state of the subducting plate. We analyze the Chile earthquake using three different waveform inversion methods in order to check the consistency of these methods and to estimate the source depth. The methods we used are:

These methods give consistent results which suggest that the centroid depth and depth extent of the Chile earthquake lies between 20 to 45 km, measured from the sea surface. This conclusion is contradictory to those obtained by the previous workers who prefer a shallow (<25 km) source depth. We found that the GDSN long-period data alone cannot constrain the source depth well. The shape of deconvolved source-time function is found to be strongly dependent on the assumption of point and distributed sources and the crustal structure used in the deconvolution. The source depth obtained in this study shows that the 1981 Chile outer-rise earthquake possibly occurred because of the compression associated with the bending of the subducting plate.
Two-dimensional model for site-effect studies of microtremors in the San Fernando Valley
Authors: Novaro O. , Seligman T. H. , Alvarez-Tostado J. M. , Mateos J. L. , Flores J.
Published: September 2021

A new model is developed for the resonant response of ground motion in enclosed sedimentary basins. In their study of deeply embanked sediment-filled valleys, Bard and Bouchon (1980 a, b; 1985) show that reflections and refractions at the valley's edges generate important conversion of incident SV waves to horizontally propagating P waves which establish lateral resonance patterns. Our model is related to these results through the use of two approximations: reflecting edges and horizontal P waves. This model allows us to calculate lateral resonances in a given sedimentary basin for any shape of its borders. We apply this model to the actual shape of San Fernando Valley and account for the large differential amplifications reported by Kagami et al. (1986) in their two-dimensional study of microtremors in this basin. We obtain a map of amplifications in the surface of the San Fernando Valley that shows a remarkable coincidence with the microtremor experimental data.
Source inversion of the 1988 Upland, California, earthquake: Determination of a fault plane for a small event
Authors: Mori Jim , Hartzell Stephen
Published: September 2021

We examined short-period P waves to investigate if waveform data could be used to determine which of two nodal planes was the actual fault plane for a small (ML 4.6) earthquake near Upland, California. We removed path and site complications by choosing a small aftershock (ML 2.7) as an empirical Green function. The main shock P waves were deconvolved by using the empirical Green function to produce simple far-field displacement pulses. We used a least-squares method to invert these pulses for the slip distribution on a finite fault. Both nodal planes (strike 125°, dip 85° and strike 221°, dip 40°) of the first-motion focal mechanism were tested at various rupture velocities. The southwest trending fault plane consistently gave better fitting solutions than the southeast-trending plane. We determined a moment of 4.2 × 1022 dyne-cm. The rupture velocity, and thus the source area could not be well resolved, but if we assume a reasonable rupture velocity of 0.87 times the shear wave velocity, we obtain a source area of 0.97 km2 and a stress drop of 38 bars. Choice of a southwest-trending fault plane is consistent with the trend of the nearby portion of the Transverse Ranges frontal fault zone and indicates left-lateral motion. This method provides a way to determine the fault plane for small earthquakes that have no surface rupture and no obvious trend in aftershock locations.
SH-wave scattering from a sinusoidal grating: An evaluation of four discrete wavenumber methods
Authors: Axilrod H. D. , Ferguson J. F.
Published: September 2021

A useful test of discrete wavenumber modeling techniques is to model scattering from a sinusoidal free surface, while varying the maximum slope of the interface. Four discrete wavenumber methods, the Aki-Larner, the Waterman, the Waterman-Fourier, and the Campillo-Bouchon, are evaluated by testing for energy conservation and comparing displacement. Contrary to the claim of some authors (Varadan et al. 1987), the Waterman-Fourier shows no advantage over the Aki-Larner method for steep slopes. With the FFT to calculate the scattering matrix, the Waterman-Fourier method is as fast as Aki-Larner. The Campillo-Bouchon method is superior to the other methods in its ability to handle steep slopes, but it requires more wavenumber samples and is an order of magnitude slower.
Calculation of zero-offset vertical seismic profiles generated by a horizontal point force acting on the surface of an anelastic half-space
Authors: Liu Hsi-Ping
Published: September 2021

Impulse responses including near-field terms have been obtained in closed form for the zero-offset vertical seismic profiles generated by a horizontal point force acting on the surface of an anelastic half-space. The method is based on the correspondence principle. Through transformation of variables, the Fourier transform of the elastic impulse response is put in a form such that the Fourier transform of the corresponding anelastic impulse response can be expressed as elementary functions and their definite integrals involving distance, angular frequency, phase velocities, and attenuation factors. These results are used for accurate calculation of shear-wave arrival rise times of synthetic seismograms needed for data interpretation of anelastic-attenuation measurements in near-surface sediment.
Fault zone trapped seismic waves
Authors: Li Y.-G. , Leary P. C.
Published: September 2021

Two instances of fault zone trapped seismic waves have been observed. At an active normal fault in crystalline rock near Oroville in northern California, trapped waves were excited with a surface source and recorded at five near-fault borehole depths with an oriented three-component borehole seismic sonde. At Parkfield, California, a borehole seismometer at Middle Mountain recorded at least two instances of the fundamental and first higher mode seismic waves of the San Andreas fault zone. At Oroville recorded particle motions indicate the presence of both Love and Rayleigh normal modes. The Love-wave dispersion relation derived for an idealized wave guide with velocity structure determined by body-wave travel-time inversion yields seismograms of the fundamental mode that are consistent with the observed Love-wave amplitude and frequency. Applying a similar velocity model to the Parkfield observations, we obtain a good fit to the trapped wavefield amplitude, frequency, dispersion, and mode time separation for an asymmetric San Andreas fault zone structure—a high-velocity half-space to the southwest, a low-velocity fault zone, a transition zone containing the borehole seismometer, and an intermediate velocity half-space to the northeast. In the Parkfield borehole seismic data set, the locations (depth and offset normal to fault plane) of natural seismic events which do or do not excite trapped waves are roughly consistent with our model of the low velocity zone. We conclude that it is feasible to obtain near-surface borehole records of fault zone trapped waves. Because trapped modes are excited only by events close to the fault zone proper—thereby fixing these events in space relative to the fault—a wider investigation of possible trapped mode waveforms recorded by a borehole seismic network could lead to a much refined body-wave/tomographic velocity model of the fault and to a weighting of events as a function of offset from the fault plane. It is an open question whether near-surface sensors exist in a stable enough seismic environment to use trapped modes as an earth monitoring device.
The effect ofS-wave arrival times on the accuracy of hypocenter estimation
Authors: Gomberg Joan S. , Shedlock Kaye M. , Roecker Steven W.
Published: September 2021

Well-constrained hypocenters (latitude, longitude, depth, and origin time) are required for nearly all studies that use earthquake data. We have examined the theoretical basis behind some of the widely accepted “rules of thumb” for obtaining accurate hypocenter estimates that pertain to the use of S phases and illustrate, in a variety of ways, why and when these “rules” are applicable. Results of experiments done for this study show that epicentral estimates (latitude and longitude) are typically far more robust with respect to data inadequacies; therefore, only examples illustrating the relationship between S phase arrival time data and focal depth and origin time estimates are presented. Most methods used to determine earthquake hypocenters are based on iterative, linearized, least-squares algorithms. Standard errors associated with hypocenter parameters are calculated assuming the data errors may be correctly described by a Gaussian distribution. We examine the influence of S-phase arrival time data on such algorithms by using the program HYPOINVERSE with synthetic datasets. Least-squares hypocenter determination algorithms have several shortcomings: solutions may be highly dependent on starting hypocenters, linearization and the assumption that data errors follow a Gaussian distribution may not be appropriate, and depth/origin time trade-offs are not readily apparent. These shortcomings can lead to biased hypocenter estimates and standard errors that do not always represent the true error. To illustrate the constraint provided by S-phase data on hypocenters determined without some of these potential problems, we also show examples of hypocenter estimates derived using a probabilistic approach that does not require linearization. We conclude that a correctly timed S phase recorded within about 1.4 focal depth's distance from the epicenter can be a powerful constraint on focal depth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even a single incorrectly timed S phase can result in depth estimates and associated measures of uncertainty that are significantly incorrect.
The Intelligent Monitoring System
Authors: Bache Thomas C. , Bratt Steven R. , Wang James , Fung Robert M. , Kobryn Cris , Given Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2021

The Intelligent Monitoring System (IMS) is a computer system for processing data from seismic arrays and simpler stations to detect, locate, and identify seismic events. The first operational version processes data from two high-frequency arrays (NORESS and ARCESS) in Norway. The IMS computers and functions are distributed between the NORSAR Data Analysis Center (NDAC) near Oslo and the Center for Seismic Studies (Center) in Arlington, Virginia. The IMS modules at NDAC automatically retrieve data from a disk buffer, detect signals, compute signal attributes (amplitude, slowness, azimuth, polarization, etc.), and store them in a commercial relational database management system (DBMS). IMS makes scheduled (e.g., hourly) transfers of the data to a separate DBMS at the Center. Arrival of new data automatically initiates a “knowledge-based system (KBS)” that interprets these data to locate and identify (earthquake, mine blast, etc.) seismic events. This KBS uses general and area-specific seismological knowledge represented in rules and procedures. For each event, unprocessed data segments (e.g., 7 min for regional events) are retrieved from NDAC for subsequent display and analyst review. The interactive analysis modules include integrated waveform and map display/manipulation tools for efficient analyst validation or correction of the solutions produced by the automated system. Another KBS compares the analyst and automatic solutions to mark overruled elements of the knowledge base. Performance analysis statistics guide subsequent changes to the knowledge base so it improves with experience.

The IMS is implemented on networked Sun workstations, with a 56 kbps satellite link bridging the NDAC and Center computer networks. The software architecture is modular and distributed, with processes communicating by messages and sharing data via the DBMS. The IMS processing requirements are easily met with major processes (i.e., signal processing, KBS, and DBMS) on separate Sun 4/2xx workstations. This architecture facilitates expansion in functionality and number of stations.

The first version was operated continuously for 8 weeks in late-1989. The Center functions were then transferred to NDAC for subsequent operation. Later versions will be distributed among NDAC, Scripps/IGPP (San Diego), and the Center to process data from many stations and arrays. The IMS design is ambitious in its integration of many new computer technologies, but the operational performance of the first version demonstrates its validity. Thus, IMS provides a new generation of automated seismic event monitoring capability.