bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timbre as a a means of reconstructing an ancient ritual in the XXI century chamber music of Kazakhstan (on the example of “Kamlanie”)
Authors:   Kurmangazy Kazakh National Conservatory e-mail: berzhaprakov@mail.ru, Berzhaprakov D.
Published: July 2021

The article considers the work for flute, viola and kyl-kobyz “Kamlanie” is examined in detail for the purpose of identifying new timbre solutions in the XXI century chamber music of Kazakhstan. At the present time, in the Kazakh musical science many works of composers have not been an object of special study from the point of timbre drama and the search for new musical colors. Therefore, the relevance of Kazakh music of the XXI century, which is important for the current generation of composers, musicologists and lovers of modern musical art, also increases. The main objective of this article was the idea to show timbre as the leading category, the most important element of drama, concept of the work, as well as to reveal the originality of timbre solution and performing techniques in the work “Kamlanie” by D.Berzhaprakov.
The existential problem of the person in the story by O.Bokey “Atau-kere”
Authors:   E.A. Buketov Karaganda University e-mail: eldar4ik_07@mail.ru, Bolkenbaeva A. , Ertisova Z. ,   The Zh.Akylbayev school-gymnasium (Karagandaregion, Kazakhstan)
Published: July 2021

The scientific article deals with the problem of Existentialism, which has not lost its relevance in modern society. The scientific opinions of many scientists underlying the research were discussed, the psychological characteristics of Existentialism and its basic concepts were analyzed. Revealing the relationship between science and Existentialism, existentialists supplemented the reasoning: "from a scientific point of view, it is impossible to be silent about the existence of man" with an argument, analyzing the actions of the heroes of O. Bokey's story "Atau-Kere". Although the existentialist did not investigate human existence from a scientific point of view, the existentialist in the work scientifically grouped the actions of the characters, demonstrating the psychological sequence of thinking. He noted that the existence of images in one's own world is a complex psychological process. We tried to find ways to solve this problem by analyzing the actions of the heroes. That's the scientific basis of the article. Existentialism considers two types of human life: false and true. The first is the daily life of a person, and the next is his life, detached from social relations and independent of anyone, listening to his inner nature. The author in his article tried to prove that the way to solve this problem lies in spiritual wealth.
Contrasting effects of secondary organic aerosol formations on organic aerosol hygroscopicity
Authors: Kuang Ye , Huang Shan , Xue Biao , Luo Biao , Song Qicong , Chen Wei , Hu Weiwei , Li Wei , Zhao Pusheng , Cai Mingfu , Peng Yuwen , Qi Jipeng , Li Tiange , Wang Sihang , Chen Duohong , Yue Dingli , Yuan Bin , Shao Min
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Water uptake abilities of organic aerosol under sub-saturated conditions play critical roles in direct aerosol radiative effects and atmospheric
chemistry; however, field characterizations of the organic aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κOA under sub-saturated conditions remain
limited. In this study, a field campaign was conducted to characterize κOA at a relative humidity of 80 % with hourly time
resolution for the first time in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Observation results show that, during this campaign, secondary organic aerosol
(SOA) dominated total organic aerosol mass (mass fraction > 70 % on average), which provides a unique opportunity to investigate
influences of SOA formation on κOA. Results demonstrate that the commonly used organic aerosol oxidation level parameter O/C
was weakly correlated with κOA and failed to describe the variations in κOA. However, the variations in
κOA were well reproduced by mass fractions of organic aerosol factor resolved based on aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. The
more oxygenated organic aerosol (MOOA) factor, exhibiting the highest average O/C (∼ 1) among all organic aerosol factors, was the most
important factor driving the increase in κOA and was commonly associated with regional air masses. The less oxygenated organic
aerosol (LOOA; average O/C of 0.72) factor revealed strong daytime production, exerting negative effects on κOA.
Surprisingly, the aged biomass burning organic aerosol (aBBOA) factor also formed quickly during daytime and shared a similar diurnal pattern with
LOOA but had much lower O/C (0.39) and had positive effects on κOA. The correlation coefficient between
κOA and mass fractions of aBBOA and MOOA in total organic aerosol mass reached above 0.8. The contrasting effects of LOOA and aBBOA
formation on κOA demonstrate that volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors from diverse sources and different SOA formation
processes may result in SOA with different chemical composition, functional properties and microphysical structure, consequently exerting
distinct influences on κOA and rendering single oxidation level parameters (such as O/C) unable to capture those
differences. Aside from that, distinct effects of aBBOA on κOA were observed during different episodes, suggesting that the
hygroscopicity of SOA associated with similar sources might also differ much under different emission and atmospheric conditions. Overall, these
results highlight that it is imperative to conduct more research on κOA characterization under different meteorological and
source conditions and examine its relationship with VOC precursor profiles and formation pathways to formulate a better characterization and
develop more appropriate parameterization approaches in chemical and climate models.
Empirical evidence for deep convection being a major source of stratospheric ice clouds over North America
Authors: Zou Ling , Hoffmann Lars , Griessbach Sabine , Spang Reinhold , Wang Lunche
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Ice clouds in the lowermost stratosphere affect stratospheric water vapour and the Earth's radiation budget. The knowledge of its occurrence and driving forces is limited. To assess the distribution and possible formation mechanisms of stratospheric ice clouds (SICs) over North America, we analysed SIC occurrence frequencies observed by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) instrument during the years 2006 to 2018. Possible driving forces such as deep convection are assessed based on Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations during the same time. Results show that at nighttime, SICs are most frequently observed during the thunderstorm season over the Great Plains from May to August (MJJA) with a maximum occurrence frequency of 6.2 %. During the months from November to February (NDJF), the highest SICs occurrence frequencies are 5.5 % over the north-eastern Pacific and western Canada and 4.4 % over the western North Atlantic. Occurrence frequencies of deep convection from AIRS, which includes storm systems, fronts, mesoscale convective systems, and mesoscale convective complexes at midlatitude and high latitude, show similar hotspots like the SICs, with highest occurrence frequencies being observed over the Great Plains in MJJA (4.4 %) and over the north-eastern Pacific, western Canada, and the western North Atlantic in NDJF (∼ 2.5 %). Both, seasonal patterns and daily time series of SICs and deep convection show a high degree of spatial and temporal relation. Further analysis indicates that the maximum fraction of SICs related to deep convection is 74 % over the Great Plains in MJJA and about 50 % over the western North Atlantic, the north-eastern Pacific, and western Canada in NDJF. We conclude that, locally and regionally, deep convection is the leading factor related to the occurrence of SICs over North America. In this study, we also analysed the impact of gravity waves as another important factor related to the occurrence of SICs, as the Great Plains is a well-known hotspot for stratospheric gravity waves. In the cases where SICs are not directly linked to deep convection, we found that stratospheric gravity wave observations correlate with SICs with as much as 30 % of the cases over the Great Plains in MJJA, about 50 % over the north-eastern Pacific and western Canada, and up to 90 % over eastern Canada and the north-west Atlantic in NDJF. Our results provide a better understanding of the physical processes and climate variability related to SICs and will be of interest for modellers as SIC sources such as deep convection and gravity waves are small-scale processes that are difficult to represent in global general circulation models.
Analysis of the microphysical properties of snowfall using scanning polarimetric and vertically pointing multi-frequency Doppler radars
Authors: Oue Mariko , Kollias Pavlos , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Battaglia Alessandro , Ryzhkov Alexander V.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Radar dual-wavelength ratio (DWR) measurements from the Stony Brook Radar
Observatory Ka-band scanning polarimetric radar (KASPR, 35 GHz), a W-band
profiling radar (94 GHz), and a next-generation K-band (24 GHz) micro rain
radar (MRRPro) were exploited for ice particle identification using triple-frequency approaches. The results indicated that two of the radar
frequencies (K and Ka band) are not sufficiently separated; thus, the
triple-frequency radar approaches had limited success. On the other hand, a
joint analysis of DWR, mean Doppler velocity (MDV), and
polarimetric radar variables indicated potential in identifying ice particle
types and distinguishing among different ice growth processes and even in
revealing additional microphysical details. We investigated all DWR pairs in conjunction with MDV from the KASPR
profiling measurements and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific
differential phase (KDP) from the KASPR quasi-vertical profiles. The
DWR-versus-MDV diagrams coupled with the polarimetric observables exhibited
distinct separations of particle populations attributed to different rime
degrees and particle growth processes. In fallstreaks, the 35–94 GHz DWR
pair increased with the magnitude of MDV corresponding to the scattering
calculations for aggregates with lower degrees of riming. The DWR values
further increased at lower altitudes while ZDR slightly decreased,
indicating further aggregation. Particle populations with higher rime
degrees had a similar increase in DWR but a 1–1.5 m s−1 larger
magnitude of MDV and rapid decreases in KDP and ZDR. The analysis
also depicted the early stage of riming where ZDR increased with the
MDV magnitude collocated with small increases in DWR. This approach will
improve quantitative estimations of snow amount and microphysical quantities
such as rime mass fraction. The study suggests that triple-frequency
measurements are not always necessary for in-depth ice microphysical studies
and that dual-frequency polarimetric and Doppler measurements can
successfully be used to gain insights into ice hydrometeor microphysics.
Evaluation methods for low-cost particulate matter sensors
Authors: Bean Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Understanding and improving the quality of data generated from low-cost sensors is a crucial step in using these sensors to fill gaps in air quality measurement and understanding. This paper shows results from a 10-month long campaign that included side-by-side measurements and comparison between EPA-approved reference instruments and low-cost particulate matter sensors in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. At this rural site in the Midwestern United States the instruments typically encountered only low (under 20 µg/m3) concentrations of particulate matter, however higher concentrations (50–400 µg/m3) were observed on three different days during what were likely agricultural burning events. This study focused on methods for understanding and improving data quality for low-cost particulate matter sensors. The data offered insights on how averaging time, choice of reference instrument, and the observation of higher pollutant concentrations can all impact performance indicators (R2 and root mean square error) for an evaluation. The influence of these factors should be considered when comparing one sensor to another or when determining whether a sensor can produce data that fits a specific need. Though R2 and root mean square error remain the dominant metrics in sensor evaluations, an alternative approach using a prediction interval may offer more consistency between evaluations and a more direct interpretation of sensor data following an evaluation. Ongoing quality assurance for sensor data is needed to ensure data continues to meet expectations. Observations of trends in linear regression parameters and sensor bias were used to analyze calibration and other quality assurance techniques.
Variable tree rooting strategies are key for modelling the distribution, productivity and evapotranspiration of tropical evergreen forests
Authors: Sakschewski Boris , von Bloh Werner , Drüke Markus , Sörensson Anna Amelia , Ruscica Romina , Langerwisch Fanny , Billing Maik , Bereswill Sarah , Hirota Marina , Oliveira Rafael Silva , Heinke Jens , Thonicke Kirsten
Published: July 2021

Abstract. A variety of modelling studies have suggested tree rooting depth
as a key variable to explain evapotranspiration rates, productivity and the
geographical distribution of evergreen forests in tropical South America.
However, none of those studies have acknowledged resource investment, timing and
physical constraints of tree rooting depth within a competitive environment,
undermining the ecological realism of their results. Here, we present an
approach of implementing variable rooting strategies and dynamic root growth
into the LPJmL4.0 (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) and apply it to tropical and sub-tropical
South America under contemporary climate conditions. We show how competing
rooting strategies which underlie the trade-off between above- and
below-ground carbon investment lead to more realistic simulation of
intra-annual productivity and evapotranspiration and consequently of
forest cover and spatial biomass distribution. We find that climate and soil
depth determine a spatially heterogeneous pattern of mean rooting depth and
below-ground biomass across the study region. Our findings support the
hypothesis that the ability of evergreen trees to adjust their rooting
systems to seasonally dry climates is crucial to explaining the current
dominance, productivity and evapotranspiration of evergreen forests in
tropical South America.
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy-covariance site network, and optimized future enhancements
Authors: Pallandt Martijn , Kumar Jitendra , Mauritz Marguerite , Schuur Edward , Virkkala Anna-Maria , Celis Gerardo , Hoffman Forrest , Göckede Mathias
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Large changes in the Arctic carbon balance are expected as warming linked to climate change threatens to destabilize ancient permafrost carbon stocks. The eddy covariance (EC) method is an established technique to quantify net losses and gains of carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere at high spatio-temporal resolution. Over the past decades, a growing network of terrestrial EC tower sites has been established across the Arctic, but a comprehensive assessment of the network’s representativeness within the heterogeneous Arctic region is still lacking. This creates additional uncertainties when integrating flux data across sites, for example when upscaling fluxes to constrain pan-Arctic carbon budgets, and changes therein. This study provides an inventory of Arctic (here >= 60° N) EC sites, which has also been made available online (https://cosima.nceas.ucsb.edu/carbon-flux-sites/). Our database currently comprises 120 EC sites, but only 83 are listed as active, and just 25 of these active sites remain operational throughout the winter. To map the representativeness of this EC network, based on 18 bioclimatic and edaphic variables, we evaluated the similarity between environmental conditions observed at the tower locations and those within the larger Arctic study domain. With the majority of sites located in Fennoscandia and Alaska, these regions were assigned the highest level of network representativeness, while large parts of Siberia and patches of Canada were classified as under-represented. This division between regions is further emphasized for wintertime and methane flux data coverage. Across the Arctic, particularly mountainous regions were poorly represented by the current EC observation network. We tested three different strategies to identify new site locations, or upgrades of existing sites, that optimally enhance the representativeness of the current EC network. While 15 new sites can improve the representativeness of the pan-Arctic network by 20 percent, upgrading as few as 10 existing sites to capture methane fluxes, or remain active during wintertime, can improve their respective network coverage by 28 to 33 percent. This targeted network improvement could be shown to be clearly superior to an unguided selection of new sites, therefore leading to substantial improvements in network coverage based on relatively small investments.
Efficient Bayesian inference for large chaotic dynamical systems
Authors: Springer Sebastian , Haario Heikki , Susiluoto Jouni , Bibov Aleksandr , Davis Andrew , Marzouk Youssef
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Estimating parameters of chaotic geophysical models is challenging due to their inherent unpredictability. These models cannot be calibrated with standard least squares or filtering methods if observations are temporally sparse. Obvious remedies, such as averaging over temporal and spatial data to characterize the mean behavior, do not capture the subtleties of the underlying dynamics. We perform Bayesian inference of parameters in high-dimensional and computationally demanding chaotic dynamical systems by combining two approaches:
(i) measuring model–data mismatch by comparing chaotic attractors and (ii) mitigating the computational cost of inference by using surrogate models. Specifically, we construct a likelihood function suited to chaotic models by evaluating a distribution over distances between points in the phase space; this distribution defines a summary statistic that depends on the geometry of the attractor, rather than on pointwise matching of trajectories.
This statistic is computationally expensive to simulate, compounding the usual challenges of Bayesian computation with physical models. Thus, we develop
an inexpensive surrogate for the log likelihood with the local approximation Markov chain Monte Carlo method, which in our simulations reduces the time required for accurate inference by orders of magnitude. We investigate the behavior of the resulting algorithm with two smaller-scale problems and then use a quasi-geostrophic model to demonstrate its large-scale application.
The Flexible Modelling Framework for the Met Office Unified Model (Flex-UM, part of the UM 12.1 release)
Authors: Maher Penelope , Earnshaw Paul
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Met Office Unified Model (UM) is a world-leading atmospheric weather and climate model. In addition to comprehensive simulations of the atmosphere, the UM is capable of running idealised simulations, such as the dry physics Held–Suarez test case, radiative convective equilibrium and simulating planetary atmospheres other than Earth. However, there is a disconnect between the simplicity of the idealised UM model configurations and the full complexity of the UM. This gap inhibits the broad use of climate model hierarchy approaches within the UM. To fill this gap, we have developed the Flexible modelling framework of the UM – Flex-UM – which broadens the climate model hierarchy capabilities within the UM. Flex-UM was designed to replicate the atmospheric physics of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) idealised moist physics aquaplanet model. New parameterisations have been implemented in Flex-UM, including simplified schemes for: convection, large-scale precipitation, radiation, boundary layer and sea surface temperature (SST) boundary conditions. These idealised parameterisations have been implemented in a modular way, so that each scheme is available for use in any model configuration. This has the advantage that we can incrementally add or remove complexity within the model hierarchy. We compare Flex-UM to ERA5 and aquaplanet simulations using the Isca climate modelling framework (based on the GFDL moist physics aquaplanet model) and comprehensive simulations of the UM (using the GA7.0 configuration). We also use two SST boundary conditions to compare the models (fixed SST and a slab ocean). We find the Flex-UM climatologies are similar to both Isca and GA7.0 (though Flex-UM is generally a little cooler, with higher relative humidity, and a less pronounced storm track). Flex-UM has a single InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the slab ocean simulation but a double-ITCZ in the fixed SST simulation. Further work is needed to ensure that the atmospheric energy budget closes to within 1–2 W m−2 , as the current configuration of Flex-UM gains 9–11 W m−2 (the range covers the two SST boundary conditions). Flex-UM greatly extends the modelling hierarchy capabilities of the UM and offers a simplified framework for developing, testing and evaluating parameterisations within the UM.
Re-discovering Robert E. Horton's Lake Evaporation Formulae: New Directions for Evaporation Physics
Authors: Vimal Solomon , Singh Vijay P.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Evaporation from open water is among the most rigorously studied problems in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unbeknownst to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and heuristically relating his observations to physical laws. His work furthered known theories of lake evaporation, but it appears that it got dismissed as simply empirical. This is unfortunate, because Horton’s century-old insights on the topic, which we summarize here, seem relevant for contemporary climate change-era problems. In re-discovering his overlooked lake evaporation works, in this paper we: 1) examine his several publications in the period 1915–1944 and identify his theory sources for evaporation physics among scientists of the late 1800s; 2) illustrate his lake evaporation formulae which require several equations, tables, thresholds, and conditions based on physical factors and assumptions; and 3) assess his evaporation results over continental U.S., and analyse the performance of his formula in a subarctic Canadian catchment by comparing it with five other calibrated (aerodynamic and mass transfer) evaporation formulae of varying complexity. We find that Horton’s method, due to its unique variable vapor pressure deficit (VVPD) term, outperforms all other methods by ~ 3–15 % of R2 consistently across timescales (days to months), and an order of magnitude higher at sub-daily scales (we assessed up to 30 mins). Surprisingly, when his method uses input vapor pressure disaggregated from reanalysis data, it still outperforms other methods which use local measurements. This indicates that the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) term currently used in all other evaporation methods is not as good an independent control for lake evaporation as Horton's VVPD. Therefore, Horton's evaporation formula is held to be a major improvement in lake evaporation theory which, in part, may: A) supplant or improve existing evaporation formulae including the aerodynamic part of the combination (Penman) method; B) point to new directions in lake evaporation physics as it leads to a "constant" and a non-dimensional ratio – the former is due to him, John Dalton (1802), and Gustav Schübler (1831), and the latter to him and Josef Stefan (1881); C) offer better insights behind the physics of the evaporation paradox (i.e. globally, decreasing trends in pan evaporation are unanimously observed, while the opposite is expected due to global warming). Curiously, his rare observations of convective vapor plumes from lakes may also help explain the mythical origins of Greek deity Venus and the dancing Nereids.
Microphysical features of typhoon and non-typhoon rainfall observed in Taiwan, an island in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Janapati Jayalakshmi , Seela Balaji Kumar , Lin Pay-Liam , Lee Meng-Tze , Joseph Everette
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Information about the raindrop size distribution (RSD) is vital for
comprehending the precipitation microphysics, improving the rainfall estimation algorithms, and appraising the rainfall erosivity. Previous research has revealed that the RSD exhibits diversity with geographical location and weather type, which leads to the assessment of the region and weather-specific RSDs. Based on long-term (2004 to 2016) disdrometer measurements in northern Taiwan, this study attempts to demonstrate the RSD aspects of summer seasons that were bifurcated into two weather conditions, namely typhoon (TY) and non-typhoon (NTY) rainfall. The results show a higher concentration of small drops and a lower concentration of large-sized drops in TY compared to NTY rainfall, and this behavior persisted even after characterizing the RSDs into different rainfall rate classes. RSDs expressed in gamma parameters show higher mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) and lower normalized intercept parameter (Nw) values in NTY than TY rainfall. Moreover, sorting these two weather conditions (TY and NTY rainfall) into stratiform and convective regimes revealed a larger Dm in NTY than in TY rainfall. The RSD empirical relations used in the valuation of rainfall rate (Z–R, Dm–R, and Nw–R) and rainfall kinetic energy (KE–R and KE–Dm) were enumerated for TY and NTY rainfall, and they exhibited profound diversity between these two weather conditions. Attributions of RSD variability between the TY and NTY rainfall to the thermodynamical and microphysical processes are elucidated with the aid of reanalysis, remote sensing, and ground-based data sets.
A Bayesian network approach to modelling rip-current drownings and shore-break wave injuries
Authors: de Korte Elias , Castelle Bruno , Tellier Eric
Published: July 2021

Abstract. A Bayesian network (BN) approach is used to model and predict shore-break-related injuries and rip-current drowning incidents based on detailed environmental conditions (wave, tide, weather, beach morphology) on the high-energy Gironde coast, southwest France. Six years (2011–2017) of boreal summer (15 June–15 September) surf zone injuries (SZIs) were analysed, comprising 442 (fatal and non-fatal) drownings caused by rip currents and 715 injuries caused by shore-break waves. Environmental conditions at the time of the SZIs were used to train two separate Bayesian networks (BNs), one for rip-current drownings and the other one for shore-break wave injuries. Each BN included two so-called “hidden” exposure and hazard variables, which are not observed yet interact with several of the observed (environmental) variables, which in turn limit the number of BN edges. Both BNs were tested for varying complexity using K-fold cross-validation based on multiple performance metrics. Results show a poor to fair predictive ability of the models according to the different metrics. Shore-break-related injuries appear more predictable than rip-current drowning incidents using the selected predictors within a BN, as the shore-break BN systematically performed better than the rip-current BN. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were performed to address the influence of environmental data variables and their interactions on exposure, hazard and resulting life risk. Most of our findings are in line with earlier SZI and physical hazard-based work; that is, more SZIs are observed for warm sunny days with light winds; long-period waves, with specifically more shore-break-related injuries at high tide and for steep beach profiles; and more rip-current drownings near low tide with near-shore-normal wave incidence and strongly alongshore non-uniform surf zone morphology. The BNs also provided fresh insight, showing that rip-current drowning risk is approximately equally distributed between exposure (variance reduction Vr=14.4 %) and hazard (Vr=17.4 %), while exposure of water user to shore-break waves is much more important (Vr=23.5 %) than the hazard (Vr=10.9 %). Large surf is found to decrease beachgoer exposure to shore-break hazard, while this is not observed for rip currents. Rapid change in tide elevation during days with large tidal range was also found to result in more drowning incidents. We advocate that such BNs, providing a better understanding of hazard, exposure and life risk, can be developed to improve public safety awareness campaigns, in parallel with the development of more skilful risk predictors to anticipate high-life-risk days.
Estimating the Absolute Salinity of Chinese offshore waters using nutrients and inorganic carbon data
Authors: Ji Fengying , Pawlowicz Rich , Xiong Xuejun
Published: July 2021

Abstract. In June 2009, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO released The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short; IOC et al., 2010) to define, describe and calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. Compared to the Equation of State-1980 (EOS-80 for short), the most obvious change with TEOS-10 is the use of Absolute Salinity as salinity argument, replacing the Practical Salinity used in the oceanographic community for 30 years. Due to the lack of observational data, the applicability of the potentially increased accuracy in Absolute Salinity algorithms for coastal and semi-enclosed seas is not very clear to date. Here, we discuss the magnitude, distribution characteristics, and formation mechanism of Absolute Salinity and Absolute Salinity Anomaly in Chinese shelf waters, based on the Marine Integrated Investigation and Evaluation Project of the China Sea and other relevant data. The Absolute Salinity SA ranges from 0.1 to 34.66 g kg−1. Instead of silicate, the main composition anomaly in the open sea, CaCO3 originating from terrestrial input and re-dissolution of shelf sediment is most likely the main composition anomaly relative to SSW and the primary contributor to the Absolute Salinity Anomaly δSA. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the accurate measurement and expression of Absolute Salinity of the China offshore waters.
Damping Identification of Offshore Wind Turbines using Operational Modal Analysis: A Review
Authors: van Vondelen Mees , Navalkar Sachin T. , Iliopoulos Alexandros , van der Hoek Daan , van Wingerden Jan-Willem
Published: July 2021

Abstract. To increase the contribution of offshore wind energy to the global energy mix in an economically sustainable manner, it is required to reduce the costs associated with the production and operation of offshore wind turbines (OWTs). One of the largest uncertainties and sources of design conservatism for OWTs is the determination of the global damping level of the OWT. Estimation of OWT damping based on field measurement data has hence been subject to considerable research attention and is based on the use of (preferably operational) vibration data obtained from sensors mounted on the structure. As such, it is an output-only problem and can be addressed using state-of-the-art Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) techniques, reviewed in this paper. The evolution of classical time- and frequency-domain OMA techniques has been reviewed; however, literature shows that the OWT vibration data is often contaminated by rotor speed harmonics of significantly high energy located close to structural modes, which impede classical damping identification. Recent advances in OMA algorithms for known or unknown harmonic frequencies can be used to improve identification in such cases. Further, the transmissibility family of OMA algorithms is purported to be insensitive to harmonics. Based on this review, a classification of OMA algorithms is made according to a set of novel suitability criteria, such that the OMA technique appropriate to the specific OWT vibration measurement setup may be selected. Finally, based on this literature review, it has been identified that the most attractive future path for OWT damping estimation lies in the combination of uncertain non-stationary harmonic frequency measurements with statistical harmonic isolation to enhance classical OMA techniques, orthogonal removal of harmonics from measured vibration signals, and in the robustification of transmissibility-based techniques.
Wikipedia y comunicación: perspectivas del conocimiento libre
Authors: Claes Florencia , Tramullas Jesús
Published: July 2021

La investigación sobre Wikipedia debe contemplar las características de la comunidad colaborativa que le da vida, y los principios del conocimiento libre. Son numerosas las aproximaciones y enfoques en los que diferentes trabajos de investigación abordan el fenómeno Wikipedia en sus 20 años de vida: estudios de pautas de comportamiento de quienes la editan, credibilidad de la información, memoria social, estudios de género, o educación son temas relevantes.
Retractación: [Paratextualidad y novela: las partes del texto o el "diseño editorial"]
Authors: Estudios de Lengua y Literatura Española Dicenda
Published: July 2021

Nota de un artículo retractado: Álamo Felices, F. (2013). Paratextualidad y novela: las partes del texto o el "diseño editorial". Dicenda. Estudios de Lengua y Literatura Españolas, 31, 7-25. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_DICE.2013.v31.43628
Transferencias culturales en el Don Quijote de Flix. La transposición de un clásico literario al cómic, o de cómo Don Quijote se mudó a Tobosow
Authors: Krezo Laura , Kuschel Daniela
Published: July 2021

En 2012 el dibujante de cómics Flix se enfrenta a un doble desafío con su versión del Don Quijote. Por un lado propone un cambio mediático de la novela al cómic, por el otro “transfiere” los contenidos del Siglo de Oro a la Alemania del siglo XXI. En conjunto podemos hablar de una “transposición intersemiótica” de la obra cervantina. Permaneciendo fiel a las estrategias literarias y al carácter lúdico del original, Flix logra transponer tanto la crítica social como la literaria de la obra maestra, actualizándola para elaborar una crítica de los problemas contemporáneos como el tratamiento de las personas con demencia o el éxodo rural. Además, crea un manifiesto por el “noveno arte”. El último giro de esos procesos de “transferencia cultural” es la traducción del Don Quijote de Flix al español en 2014, lo que crea un acceso a la materia actualizada y culturalmente ampliada para un público hispanohablante y familiarizado con la obra original.
Gallego Hernández, Daniel, Traducción económica e investigación en España. Estudio bibliométrico. Granada: Comares 2020. 256 pp.
Authors: Santamaría Urbieta Alexandra
Published: July 2021

Reseña de la obra de Gallego Hernández, Daniel, Traducción económica e investigación en España. Estudio bibliométrico. Granada: Comares 2020. 256 pp.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from Dust
Authors: Hamzam Lara Q. , Jawad Laith Abdulhassan M.
Published: July 2021

"Dust includes many microorganisms such as airborne bacteria. Most types of these bacteria are harmful to humans and causing severe problems. Klebsiella pneumoniae considered as serious nosocomial pathogen that cause pneumonia, UTIs, wound and liver abscesses. One hundred fifty samples isolated randomly from different indoor and outdoor areas during the period November 2014- February 2015. In the indoor isolates bacterium K. pneumoniae was the commonest pathogen (36.70%) followed by S. aureus (22.78%), S. epidermidis (12.65%), Bacillus spp. (10.12%), P. aeruginosa (5.06%), E. cloacae (5.06%), Streptococcus spp.(2.53%), Citrobacter spp.(1.26%) and Pantoea spp.(1.26%). While S. aureus comprises the majority of outdoor bacteria in (41.66%). Using PCR method for detection of Uge gene and followed with direct DNA Sequencing. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) showed highly conserved area in all studied strains. However, some variants were observed at different positions (24, 124, 152, 163, 165, 185, 199, 200, 207, 209, 248, 279, 284, 291). Also there were changes in a functional whole areas at the studied gene such as (GGCTGG) at the positions (212-217), (ATCCCG) at positions (226-231), (GCCC) at (233-236), (ACCG) at positions (242-245), (GATT) at (263-266), (TCAA) at (269-272). These differences in the gene sequence may indicates special characterizations for the isolated strain."
"Effect of Substitution of Positive Ion (M+2) on the Physical Properties of M-Fe2O4 "
Authors: Alwash Nahedh H. , Odah Jafer Fahdel , Mohamed Ahmed Namah
Published: July 2021

"Cobalt, Manganese and Magnesium ferrites powders have been synthesized using chemical mixing method. Calcination and sintering temperatures were 800oC respectively. The characteristics of spinal ferrite have been investigated by XRD technique while the magnetic characterization samples have been done using vibrating sample magnetometer (V.S.M). The magnetic properties such as initial magnetic permeability, quality factor, inductor factor and power loss density are studied under variation of frequency using L.C.R meter as well. Saturation magnetization, coercive field and remanent agnetization are determined from hysteresis loops for all prepared sample.
"The Effects of Additive TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Optical properties of DCM Doped with PVC Thin Films "
Authors: Hussian Shymaa K. , Al-musaw Thill A. Kadhum , Al himidi Shatha Raheem Helal
Published: July 2021

"In this work thin films containing laser dye (DCM) doped with (PVC) were prepared using casting method. Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles also were synthesized using sol-gel technique. Different titania nanoparticle densities (0.882×1020, 1.765×1020, 2.648×1020 and 3.530×1020 cm-3) were co-doping with dye doped polymer to study the effect of this addition on the optical properties and electronic transition energy gaps in cases of both direct and indirect transitions, Absorbance spectra were measured using Spectrophotometer. Absorption and extinction coefficients as well as the refractive indices have been obtained the spectra of absorbance at the strong absorption region. It was observed from results that the allowed direct electronic transitions energy gap was decreasing from 2.22 to 2.175e.V with the increasing of titania nanoparticles density and the allowed indirect electronic transition energy gap decreasing from 2.19 to 2.13e.V.
"Study the Effect of Immobilization on Electrostatic Potential for Methyl Orange Dye "
Authors: Mohammed Haider Shanshool
Published: July 2021

"In the current study, the effect of the immobilization on electrostatic potential, pH and the absorbance of aqueous solutions of methyl orange that was immobilized on a modified chitosan polymer by glass wool were studied. It was found that the values of these parameters of the supported methyl orange are increased compared to unsupported samples. Furthermore, the electrostatic potential of the supported methyl orange is investigated in the presence of an aqueous solutions of NaCl, where showed the value of the electrostatic potential is raised With increasing ionic strength of the sodium chloride solution and a decrease in the value of pKa to the methyl orange dye after immobilization while the results are inversely before immobilization methyl orange on a modified chitosan polymer by glass wool.
"Approximate solution for the two-dimensional Volterra-Integro differential equation of fractional order by using Generalized Deferential Transform method "
Authors: AL-Safi Mohammed G. S. , Abd AL- Hussein Wurood R.
Published: July 2021

"In this work, an efficient generalized differential transform method (GDTM) is proposed for solving the twodimensional Volterra-Integro differential equation (2-DVIDE) of fractional order. The results of the proposed method are compared with exact solution, a numerical example is considered for testing the accuracy and validity of this method."
Justification of approaches to organization of classes in the gym of students with low level of physical preparedness
Authors: Krasulia Andriy , Krasulia Maryna
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the optimization of the educational process in higher education institutions, in particular, to the improvement of physical education of students. The possibility of using special equipment (fitballs, weights, rubber shock absorbers, medballs, etc.) in the organization of classes in the gym is substantiated, the peculiarities of the organization of such classes are described. The state of health and physical fitness of higher education seekers in Ukraine is analyzed. It is established that the vast majority of students have a level of physical fitness below average. It was found that the system of organizing physical education classes in the gym with such students needs improvement. It is determined that there should be an individual approach for each student. It is emphasized that it is important to find an individual accurate dose of exercise, especially in the initial period of exercise, increasing it as the body adapts to exercise and improves fitness. We believe that the prospects for further research are to obtain experimental data that will assess the degree of impact of these types of classes on physical development and physical fitness of students
Amendment of the Contravention Code or Defiance of the Constitution by the Exceptional Situations Commission?
Authors:   Free International University of Moldova, Rusanovschi Iulian
Published: July 2021

On 17.03.2020, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for the period March 17 - May 15, 2020. By the same Decision, the Parliament delegated the Commission for Exceptional Situations with the right to implement a series of measures to overcome the epidemiological situation in the country. However, in the conditions of a functioning Parliament and despite the clear and exhaustive texts of the Constitution, the Commission for Exceptional Situations amended during the state of emergency the Contravention Code, which is an organic law. The amendments specifically concerned the procedure and terms for examining infringement cases brought in connection with non-compliance with the measures adopted by the Commission for Exceptional Situations and the Extraordinary Commission for Public Health. In the conditions in which an organic law can be modified only by the Parliament, it is obvious the unconstitutionality, at least partial, of the Disposition no. 4 of 24.03.2020 of the Commission for Exceptional Situations, but unfortunately, the Constitutional Court is not mandated with the right to submit to constitutional review the normative acts adopted by the Commission for Exceptional Situations. Under these conditions, the state is obliged to identify solutions in order not to allow an authority to adopt unconstitutional normative acts that cannot be subject to constitutional review.
ABOUT THE CRIMINOLOGICAL SIGNS OF CRYPTOCRIMES
Authors:   Comrat State University, Florea Eugen
Published: July 2021

In addition to the undeniable advantages that it has for the development of society, scientific and technological progress, has led to the emergence of new criminal risks and threats. Some innovations are at the intersection of several academic fields and require special knowledge in each of them in order to successfully identify, record and investigate the illegal behavior associated with these technologies. One such innovation is blockchain technology and the concept of digital currency or crypto currency. This article is devoted to the analysis of the criminological characteristics of a new phenomenon that arose as a result of the development of blockchain technology and crypto currencies, namely crime in the field of cryptocurrency. The author analyzes the signs of cryptocrime, such as its transnational character, virtuality, organized character, detailed preparation with the use of methods and means of cyber espionage, dispersed character, self-determination, use of blockchain mechanisms to launder illegally acquired means, etc. The author’s conclusions address the need to arm legal practitionerswith special knowledge of blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies. This is due to the fact that Moldova can become a favorable jurisdiction for of cryptocrimes. Rapid intervention by the authorities to such threats will help to eliminate / reduce possible criminal risks.
THE CONTRACT FOR THE BENEFIT OF A THIRD PERSON. DEFINING ASPECTS AFTER THE MODERNIZATION OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Authors:   Moldova State University, Baiesu Sergiu , Beliban-Ratoi Ludmila ,   Moldova State University
Published: July 2021

The contract for the benefit of a third person is that atypical and absolutely impressive legal construction that has struggled to make its place in the laws of many states. The regulation of this type of contract was catalyzed by the practical necessity generated by the jurisprudence. This study represents an exemplary synthesis of the doctrinal-theoretical dimension of the contract issue for the benefit of a third person after the modernization of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova. The practical aspects of the contract for the benefit of a third person are also approached, and a particularly important aspect is the analysis of the subject approached in the light of the new regulations of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova.
THE RIGHT TO AN INTIMATE, FAMILY AND PRIVATE LIFE IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors:   Free International University of Moldova, Butnaru Iulia
Published: July 2021

Privacy often conflict with other rights and legitimate interests, at which is the question of establishing its boundaries. Obviously there are no clear limits beyond which an infringement must be regarded as permissible. Private life is a concept with an extensive interpretation, which includes different spheres of the person’s life, as demonstrated by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. What is certain is that each person has their own opinion about the extent of privacy and this impression depends on the psychological traits of the person concerned, but also on the traditions and customs that exist in a society at a certain historical stage. The utility of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in the protection of private life and the family is that it provides precise criteria to be applied by judges to determine whether the complaint submitted under Article 8 of the Convention European Human Rights is one valid.
CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES AND VIOLATIONS IN THE IMMIGRATION ACT
Authors: Purwanti Maidah
Published: July 2021

The mention of 'violations' in any criminal act that violates the criminal provisions of the  Immigration Law, certainly cannot be allowed to go on, because the theory of criminal law has  classified the distinction between Crime and Violation. Likewise, in the formulation of the  Immigration Law Criminal Provisions, there has been a fairly clear distinction between crime and  violation itself. Through a theoretical study of punishment, this short and simple writing provides a  description of the location of the distinction, which is very easy to identify. The condition needed is  re-habituation to differentiate the mention of immigration crime in accordance with its classification.