bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of High-intensity Warm-ups on Running Performance
Authors: González-Mohíno Fernando , Martín Raúl , Santos-García Daniel , Fidel Pedro , de Asis Fernandez Francisco , Yustres Inmaculada , González-Ravé José
Published: March 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity warm-ups (WUs) on performance, physiological, neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters. Three randomized cross-over 105%vVO2max time limit trials (TLimT) were performed by 11 well-trained runners following three different WU protocols. These included two experimental high-intensity variants and one control WU variant: (i) 9x20-sec level strides (105%vVO2max; 1% gradient) with 60 s of recovery (level); (ii) 6x6-sec uphill strides (105%vVO2max; 5% gradient), with the same recovery (uphill) and (iii) 7 min at 60%vVO2max as control condition (control). The uphill and level WUs resulted in a greater performance during TLimT (160.0±6.62 s and 152.64±10.88 s, respectively) compared to control WUs (144.82±6.60 s). All WU conditions reduced the energy cost (EC) of running, respiratory exchange ratio, and step frequency (SF) after the experimental and control phases of WU, while blood lactate (BLC) increased in uphill and level WUs and decreased in control WUs. Changes in kinematic variables were found without differences between WU conditions during TLimT. BLC rose at conclusion of TLimT without differences between WU conditions. Both high-intensity WUs show a longer TLimT. EC is deteriorated after the high-intensity WU exercise due to a change of substrate utilization, increase of BLC and SF. A long transient phase (18 min) is necessary to avoid impairing the performance.
Effect of layer number and metal-chloride dopant on multiple layers of graphene/porous Si solar cells
Authors: Shin Dong Hee , Kim Jong Min , Jang Chan Wook , Kim Ju Hwan , Kim Sung , Choi Suk-Ho
Published: March 2018

Porous silicon (PSi) is an attractive building block for Si-based solar cells due to its low reflectance. Here, PSi is prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching of a Si wafer on which Au nanoparticles are formed by sputtering for 5 s. The layer number (Ln) of graphene is varied to optimize multiple layers of graphene/PSi Schottky junction solar cells because the sheet resistance, work function, transmittance, and reflectance of graphene strongly depend on Ln. At Ln = 2, the best condition for the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE), various metal chlorides are employed as dopants for graphene. The PCE is maximally enhanced to 9.15% by doping the graphene with RhCl3 and is reduced by only 20% of its original value (absolutely from 9.15% to 7.23%) during 10 days in air. These results are very meaningful in that even a single doping for graphene can be effective for achieving high PCE from graphene/PSi solar cells by controlling Ln.
Signatures of Wigner localization in one-dimensional systems
Authors: Diaz-Marquez Alejandro , Battaglia Stefano , Bendazzoli Gian Luigi , Evangelisti Stefano , Leininger Thierry , Berger J. A.
Published: March 2018

We propose a simple and efficient approach to study Wigner localization in one-dimensional systems using ab initio theory. In particular, we propose a suitable basis for the study of localization which consists of equally spaced overlapping gaussians. We illustrate our approach with full-configuration interaction which yields exact results for a given basis set. With our approach, we were able to study up to 8 electrons with full-configuration interaction. Finally, we propose the total-position spread tensor and the total electron entropy as convenient quantities to obtain signatures of Wigner localization.
Investigation of La and Al substitution on the spontaneous polarization and lattice dynamics of the Pb(1-x)LaxTi(1-x)AlxO3 ceramics
Authors: Yadav Arun Kumar , Verma Anita , Kumar Sunil , Srihari Velaga , Sinha A. K. , Reddy V. Raghavendra , Liu Shun Wei , Biring Sajal , Sen Somaditya
Published: March 2018

The phase purity and crystal structure of Pb(1-x)LaxTi(1-x)AlxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) samples (synthesized via the sol-gel process) were confirmed using synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (wavelength, λ =  0.44573 Å). Rietveld analyses of powder x-ray diffraction data confirmed the tetragonal structure for compositions with x ≤ 0.18 and cubic structure for the sample with x = 0.25. Temperature-dependent XRD was performed to investigate the structural change from tetragonal to cubic structure phase transition. Raman spectroscopy at room temperature also confirmed this phase transition with compositions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) provided information about the surface morphology while an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer attached with FESEM confirmed the chemical compositions of samples. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric studies showed that the tetragonal to cubic phase transition decreased from 680 K to 175 K with an increase in the x from 0.03 to 0.25, respectively. This is correlated with the structural studies. Electric field dependent spontaneous polarization showed a proper ferroelectric loop for 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.18 belonging to a tetragonal phase, while for x ≥ 0.25, the spontaneous polarization vanishes. Bipolar strain versus electric field revealed a butterfly loop for 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.18 compositions. Energy storage efficiency initially increases nominally with substitution but beyond x = 0.18 enhances considerably.
Dissipation dynamics of field-free molecular alignment for symmetric-top molecules: Ethane (C2H6)
Authors: Zhang H. , Billard F. , Yu X. , Faucher O. , Lavorel B.
Published: March 2018

The field-free molecular alignment of symmetric-top molecules, ethane, induced by intense non-resonant linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulses is investigated experimentally in the presence of collisional relaxation. The dissipation dynamics of field-free molecular alignment are measured by the balanced detection of ultrafast molecular birefringence of ethane gas samples at high pressures. By separating the molecular alignment into the permanent alignment and the transient alignment, the decay time-constants of both components are quantified at the same pressure. It is observed that the permanent alignment always decays slower compared to the transient alignment within the measured pressure range. This demonstrates that the propensity of molecules to conserve the orientation of angular momentum during collisions, previously observed for linear species, is also applicable to symmetric-top molecules. The results of this work provide valuable information for further theoretical understanding of collisional relaxation within nonlinear polyatomic molecules, which are expected to present interesting and nontrivial features due to an extra rotational degree of freedom.
Validating data analysis of broadband laser ranging
Authors: Rhodes M. , Catenacci J. , Howard M. , La Lone B. , Kostinski N. , Perry D. , Bennett C. , Patterson J.
Published: March 2018

Broadband laser ranging combines spectral interferometry and a dispersive Fourier transform to achieve high-repetition-rate measurements of the position of a moving surface. Telecommunications fiber is a convenient tool for generating the large linear dispersions required for a dispersive Fourier transform, but standard fiber also has higher-order dispersion that distorts the Fourier transform. Imperfections in the dispersive Fourier transform significantly complicate the ranging signal and must be dealt with to make high-precision measurements. We describe in detail an analysis process for interpreting ranging data when standard telecommunications fiber is used to perform an imperfect dispersive Fourier transform. This analysis process is experimentally validated over a 27-cm scan of static positions, showing an accuracy of 50 μm and a root-mean-square precision of 4.7 μm.
Theoretical study of ultrafast x-ray photoelectron diffraction from molecules undergoing photodissociation
Authors: Tsuru Shota , Fujikawa Takashi , Stener Mauro , Decleva Piero , Yagishita Akira
Published: March 2018

We present a new theoretical work for the ultrafast x-ray photoelectron diffraction (UXPD) method to track photodissociation of molecules over the long range in femtosecond time scale. Our theory combines the accurate multicenter description of XPD at short to medium distances and the multiple-scattering XPD approach at larger internuclear separations. Then, the theoretical framework is applied to a demonstration of the UXPD profiles from halogen diatomics undergoing photodissociation. The computational results indicate that such a combination of the two theoretical approaches sufficiently works to seamlessly track the conformational evolution during photodissociation. The present study provides information on dissociation kinetics of neutral diatomic molecules available with the UXPD method and is a step towards an approach applied to general photoelimination processes.
CO oxidation on Ru–Pt bimetallic nanoclusters supported on TiO2(101): The effect of charge polarization
Authors: Jia Chuanyi , Zhong Wenhui , Deng Mingsen , Jiang Jun
Published: March 2018

Pt-based catalyst is widely used in CO oxidation, while its catalytic activity is often undermined because of the CO poisoning effect. Here, using density functional theory, we propose the use of a Ru–Pt bimetallic cluster supported on TiO2 for CO oxidation, to achieve both high activity and low CO poisoning effect. Excellent catalytic activity is obtained in a Ru1Pt7/TiO2(101) system, which is ascribed to strong electric fields induced by charge polarization between one Ru atom and its neighboring Pt atoms. Because of its lower electronegativity, the Ru atom donates electrons to neighboring Pt. This induces strong electric fields around the top-layered Ru, substantially promoting the adsorption of O2/CO + O2 and eliminating the CO poisoning effect. In addition, the charge polarization also drives the d-band center of the Ru1Pt7 cluster to up-shift to the Fermi level. For surface O2 activation/CO oxidation, the strong electric field and d-band center close to the Fermi level can promote the adsorption of O2 and CO as well as reduce the reaction barrier of the rate-determining step. Meanwhile, since O2 easily dissociates on Ru1Pt7/TiO2(101) resulting in unwanted oxidation of Ru and Pt, a CO-rich condition is necessary to protect the catalyst at high temperature.
Towards a juggling 87Rb atomic dual fountain
Authors: Hu Qingqing , Yang Jun , Luo Yukun , Jia Aiai , Xu Fufang , Wei Chunhua , Li Qixue
Published: March 2018

This paper presents methods for achieving and optimizing a Juggling Atomic Dual Fountain (JADF) of alkali atom 87Rb with one magneto-optical trap (MOT) vacuum chamber. The height difference of this two atomic fountains is 30 cm, the temperature and atom number of each atomic cloud are 2.0±0.2 μK and 1.4(±0.05)×108, respectively. The dependence of the recaptured atom number on the height of the pre-launched atomic cloud is investigated. This JADF provides a low temperature, large atom number and common-mode noise elimination atomic source for developing a highly stable, compact atomic gravity gradiometer.

At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 8 April 2019.
RF power absorption by plasma of low pressure low power inductive discharge located in the external magnetic field
Authors: Kralkina E. A. , Rukhadze A. A. , Nekliudova P. A. , Pavlov V. B. , Petrov A. K. , Vavilin K. V.
Published: March 2018

Present paper is aimed to reveal experimentally and theoretically the influence of magnetic field strength, antenna shape, pressure, operating frequency and geometrical size of plasma sources on the ability of plasma to absorb the RF power characterized by the equivalent plasma resistance for the case of low pressure RF inductive discharge located in the external magnetic field. The distinguishing feature of the present paper is the consideration of the antennas that generate not only current but charge on the external surface of plasma sources. It is shown that in the limited plasma source two linked waves can be excited. In case of antennas generating only azimuthal current the waves can be attributed as helicon and TG waves. In the case of an antenna with the longitudinal current there is a surface charge on the side surface of the plasma source, which gives rise to a significant increase of the longitudinal and radial components of the RF electric field as compared with the case of the azimuthal antenna current.
Stick boundary condition at large hard sphere arising from effective attraction in binary hard-sphere mixtures
Authors: Nakamura Yuka , Yoshimori Akira , Akiyama Ryo , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2018

We have studied the diffusion of a large hard-sphere solute immersed in binary hard-sphere mixtures. We reveal how the boundary condition at the solute surface is affected by the solvent density around the solute. Solving equations for a binary compressible mixture by perturbation expansions, we obtain the boundary condition depending on the size ratio of binary solvent spheres. When the size ratio is 1:2, the boundary condition lies close to the slip boundary condition. By contrast, when the size ratio becomes large, the boundary condition approaches the stick boundary condition with the addition of larger solvent spheres. We find that the transition to the stick boundary condition is caused by the increase in the solvent density around the solute due to an entropic effect.
Time-resolved microbial guild responses to tidal cycling in a coastal acid-sulfate system
Authors: Ling Yu-Chen , Gan Han Ming , Bush Michelle , Bush Richard , Moreau John W.
Published: March 2018

Environmental contextMicrobes play key roles in controlling acidification and metal toxicity in coastal acid-sulfate soils. We characterised the time-dependent metabolic activities of abundant and rare taxa in acidifying tidal wetlands and showed that rare taxa exhibiting higher activity may exert significant influence on iron- and sulfur-cycling. Our findings yield new insights into the drivers and timing of iron- and sulfur-cycling in coastal acid-sulfate systems. AbstractTidal inundation has been trialled as a remediation strategy for coastal acid-sulfate soil (CASS) environments. Microbial community structure and activity are hypothesised to play key roles in this process, but remain poorly understood for long-term (decadal or longer) CASS ecosystems. More detailed understanding of the distribution and timing of microbial activity in CASS ecosystems is necessary to evaluate their real bioremediation potential. In this study, we compared 16S ribosomal DNA (rRNA) and RNA (as copy DNA, cDNA, a proxy for overall enzymatic activity) sequence datasets to characterise and resolve microbial community structure and activity across a tidal cycle in the East Trinity long-term CASS wetland (Queensland, Australia). The timing and extent of activity among abundant (>1 %) and rare (<0.1 %) microbial taxa showed that a larger number of rare members (phylotype) displayed greater overall range in activity than was apparent for more abundant members. Certain taxa from both abundant and rare populations varied rapidly in their 16S rRNA levels in response to tidal cycling. The observation of rRNA accumulation in response to drying and rewetting was used to divide the microbial community structure into ‘early responders’ (within 3 h of dry-down or wet-up) and ‘delayed responders’ (3+ h after wet-up). Response patterns were phylogenetically constrained across supra- to subtidal zones across all tidal stages. Microbial iron- and sulfur-cycling networks included these rare but active taxa, illustrating their spatiotemporal complexity, which should be considered for an accurate assessment of bioremediation efficiency, and specially for validating predictive biogeochemical models of long-term CASS ecosystems.
Emplacing hate
Authors: Bilkic Maida
Published: March 2018

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, the 1992–1995 war is the foundation on which its citizens are building their future. Contested spaces marked by violence are (re)created by means of graffiti frequently conveying locally hegemonic (re)narrations of legitimacy and attestation. Following the lead of scholars like Wee (2016), Stroud (2016), Rubdy and Ben Said (2015), this paper scrutinizes how the ongoing struggles of Bosnia-Herzegovina are constituted and sustained through/in the intersection of language and space. The first set of analysed graffiti is taken from an online database and the second is collected during fieldwork in areas where territorial status is especially fraught. I offer a three-part analysis of the key ways explicitly partisan and sometimes intimidating messages are realized through the subtle interplay of semiotic and spatial resources. Turbulent graffscapes (Stroud, 2016) of Bosnia-Herzegovina are materializations of linguistic violence (Tirrell, 2012), generating hateful places which sustain and potentially deepen social tensions between ethnic groups.
m-RNA mammaglobin expression in metastatic breast cancer patient at Medan city, Indonesia
Authors: Rimbun S , Siregar Y
Published: March 2018

Breast cancer is the most common causes of women’s death in the world. Metastatic spread presents a major clinical problem in about 30% of the patients. The study aims to investigate the clinical reliability of mammaglobin mRNA as a marker of circulating cancer cells in breast cancer patients. The positivity of blood was analyzed in relation to clinical and pathological characteristics. This study was on 29 breast cancer patients (13 metastatic, 16 non- metastatic patients), where28 were invasive intraductal carcinoma type and 1 was invasive lobular carcinoma type. Breast cancer patients were according to the histologic grade into grade I (7 patients),grade II (6 patients) and grade III (15 patients). All individuals included in this study were subjected to detection of mammaglobin m-RNA of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood using RT-PCR technique. Positivity for mammaglobin in blood samples was in 38% of patients with metastatic but not in the non-metastatic patients. The presence of mammaglobin correlated with metastatic tumor (P = 0.011). Mammaglobin overexpression in breast tissue was significantly positive in low-grade tumors (I and II).
Diagnostic test pepsinogen I and combination with tumor marker CEA in gastric cancer
Authors: Sembiring J , Sarumpaet K , Ganie R A
Published: March 2018

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Human pepsinogens (HP) are considered promising serological biomarkers for the screening of atrophic gastritis (AG) and GC. HP are biochemically and immunochemically classified into two groups: pepsinogen I (PG I) and PG II. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, which is present in normal mucosal cells but increased amounts are associated with adenocarcinoma, especially colorectal cancer. CEA in combination with other tumour markers can be used in pre-operative staging and thereby assist in the planning of the type of surgery required and future management options. The purpose of this study was to diagnose test PG I and combination with tumor marker CEA in 32 patients suspected with GC. There was a significant difference in levels of CEA between GC group with non-GC with a value p <0.001. PGI sensitivity was 70.58% and specificity 93.3%. The sensitivity of PGI and CEA combination of 94.1% and specificity 80%. The area of AUC obtained was 92.7% at 95% confidence interval (82.7-100%). This AUC value indicated that the value of diagnostic accuracy of the PGI and CEA combinations of 92.7%.
Vitamin D status did not related to calcium status in active tuberculosis patients in North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Sari Dina Keumala , Arrasyid Nurfida Khairina
Published: March 2018

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the highest mortality caused in a tropical country with abundant sunlight such Indonesia. Vitamin D and calcium plays important roles in tuberculosis pathogenesis. Objective:We sought to determine whether there is an association between vitamin D status and calcium status in tuberculosis patients. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 32 man and women aged 18-60 years with active tuberculosis in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Parameters were 25(OH)D and calcium serum level, body mass index, fat mass, and others lifestyles factors also assessed. The association was analysis using chi-square or fischer test. Results: the mean of study subjects age were 37.2±14.9 years old and BMI were 20.8±4.4 kg/m2 There were 81.2% subjects categorized into vitamin D deficiency-insufficiency and 18.8% categorized into vitamin D sufficiency. There were 29% subjects categorized into normal calcium level, and 3% were hypocalcemia. Based on food recall analysis, there were found lower vitamin D and calcium intake. There is no association between vitamin D and calcium classification. Conclusions: based on this result, although there is no association between vitamin D and calcium, but there could be altered by lower food intake and tuberculosis progression.
The correlation of pain intensity and quality of life in chronic LBP patients in Adam Malik general hospital
Authors: Nasution I K , Lubis N D A , Amelia S , Hocin K
Published: March 2018

Low back pain (LBP) is a world health problems and a major cause of disability. The study is to determine the correlation between pain intensity and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic LBP. This study was a descriptive, analytical research with the cross sectional design. Twenty-nine chronic LBP outpatients that have visited the Neurology Clinic of Adam Malik General Hospital Medan. Patients from July to November 2015 were selected by consecutive sampling. A questionnaire and interview are asking the information about subjects’ characteristics, diagnosis, medical history, pain intensity and quality of life-based on WHO QoL criteria were used to collect the data. Using Spearman correlation test, we found correlation among VAS and physical function (p<0.001, r=-0.606), limitations due to physical problems (p<0.001, r=-0.837), limitations due to emotional problems (p=0.007, r=-0,477), vitality (p=0.021, r=-0.380), social function (p=0.015, r=-0.403), the feeling of pain (p=0.003, r=-0.499) and general health (p=0.040, r=-0.330). On the other hand, there was no correlation between VAS and mental health (p=0.110, r=-0.235). We concluded that pain intensity in outpatients with chronic LBP in the Neurology Clinic at Adam Malik General Hospital Medan correlates with the patients’ quality of life.
A Dictionary of Business and Management in China
Authors: Hsu Sara
Published: March 2018

Over 240 entries

Expanding on Oxford’s coverage of the topic in A Dictionary of Business and Management, this dictionary includes up-to-date coverage of China’s business policy, customs, financial sector, and managerial practices as well as treatment of regulations, laws, and regulatory bodies relating to Chinese business and management. It is fully cross-referenced and includes entries such as the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, guanxi, Tier One City, and decentralization. A useful list of entries by subject has also been included for easy access to definitions relating to a specific topic or module.

China is a key emerging market which has experienced significant economic development over recent decades, making this dictionary an essential resource for students, academics, and professionals engaging with international business, and requiring definitions specific to China.
The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
Authors: Nicholson Oliver
Published: March 2018

Over 5,000 entries

The first comprehensive, multi-disciplinary reference work covering every aspect of history, culture, religion, and life in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East (including the Persian Empire and Central Asia) between c. AD 250 to 750, the era now generally known as Late Antiquity. This period saw the re-establishment of the Roman Empire, its conversion to Christianity and its replacement in the West by Germanic kingdoms, the continuing Roman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Persian Sassanian Empire, and the rise of Islam.

Consisting of more than 1.5 million words, drawing on the latest scholarship, and written by more than 400 contributors, it bridges a significant period of history between those covered by the acclaimed Oxford Classical Dictionary and The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, and aims to establish itself as the essential reference companion to this period.
2. How does development happen?
Authors: Goldin Ian
Published: March 2018

‘How does development happen?’ looks at how our understanding of how development happens has evolved. It first considers the evolution of post-war development theory that was strongly influenced by classical writings on political economy. It then outlines Modernization Theory of the 1950s and 1960s, followed by planning for economic development and Dependency Theory. By the late 1970s and early 1980s a range of factors led to the pendulum swinging sharply to the right, away from a statist approach to development, with neo-classical market-led development. In the 1990s, the growing recognition that markets alone cannot deliver development engendered a rich debate on the role of the state and market.
8. The future of development
Authors: Goldin Ian
Published: March 2018

‘The future of development’ considers some of the key challenges facing all countries: the sequencing of different policy reforms and investment efforts; the role of private investment and foreign aid; the coherence of aid policies; the provision of global public goods; and the role of the international community in the protection and restoration of the global commons. As individuals get wealthier and escape poverty, the choices they make increasingly impact other people. More than ever the futures of advanced and developing countries are intertwined. The term ‘development’ is less and less about a geographic place and more and more about our collective ability to cooperate in harvesting global opportunities and managing the associated global risks.
2. How to read the book of life
Authors: Archibald John
Published: March 2018

For all its biological importance, DNA is a fragile molecule so extracting it is a difficult process. ‘How to read the book of life’ explains the techniques required to sequence DNA. It begins by explaining the techniques developed for protein and RNA sequencing by Frederick Sanger, Robert Holley, and Carl Woese that were then developed further for DNA sequencing. Following the success of the Human Genome Project, the next generation of DNA sequencing was developed in the mid-2000s. Pyrosequencing was capable of generating orders of magnitude more data at a fraction of the cost, but was superceded within a decade by semiconductor sequencing, reversible chain-termination sequencing, and single-molecule sequencing.
7. The future of genomics
Authors: Archibald John
Published: March 2018

‘The future of genomics’ explores some of the ways in which genome science will continue to expand the frontiers of human knowledge, as well as change our world and the way we interact with it. Important ethical, legal, and social issues have already been raised. Who owns your genome sequence and who has the right to access the information it contains? Should it be legal to make ‘designer babies’ by editing the DNA of human embryos? Should we bring extinct species back to life and introduce them into the wild? As genomics-enabled personalized and reproductive medicine become increasingly commonplace, such questions will no longer be hypothetical.
8. Afterthoughts
Authors: Lowrie William
Published: March 2018

Geophysics has made many important advances towards understanding the behaviour and properties of planet Earth. Geophysical research continues to make discoveries and developments that benefit society. Many problems presented by the Earth—such as the prediction of both the time and location of an earthquake—have been researched by geophysicists for decades, but remain unsolved because of the complex nature of their causes. ‘Afterthoughts’ explains that earth scientists cannot control the natural events that occur, but can only observe and try to understand them. The equipment for attaining these goals improves continually, in a remarkably rapid and encompassing manner. Land-based methods are now augmented in several fields by remarkable observations from space.
3. Geologic time
Authors: Ellis Erle C.
Published: March 2018

If we are to understand the case both for and against recognizing the Anthropocene as an interval of geologic time, a basic understanding of the science of stratigraphy and how the Geologic Time Scale is established is essential. ‘Geologic time’ outlines the origins of stratigraphy and the publication of the Geologic Time Scale (GTS) that brought together the work of generations of stratigraphers within a single standardized geochronology of Earth history. It explains how the GTS is divided into different time intervals and considers the work of the Anthropocene Working Group whose task is to examine the case for recognizing the Anthropocene as a new interval of geologic time.
1. Metaphors of reading
Authors: Hutchinson Ben
Published: March 2018

‘Metaphors of reading’ asks—What is comparative literature? How does it differ from literature? And why and how does one become a comparatist? Almost every comparatist has a different idea of how and what to compare, and a different set of priorities. The only consensus is on the inherent instability of the term. This instability is the very essence of comparative literature. By looking at literature comparatively one realizes how much can be learned by looking beyond one’s own tradition; one discovers more not only about other literatures, but also about one’s own; and one participates in the great utopian dream of understanding the way cultures interact.
Emerging virus infections
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: March 2018

The term ‘emerging virus infection’ refers to both the emergence of an infectious disease caused by a virus that is new to the species it infects, and to a re-emerging infection, meaning that the disease is increasing in frequency, either in its traditional geographic location or in a new area. ‘Emerging viruses: vertebrate-transmitted viruses’ discusses examples such as swine flu, bird flu, Ebola virus, HIV, and the SARS and MERS coronaviruses. The differing patterns of emerging virus outbreaks depend on viral factors, including incubation period, disease manifestations and method of spread, and important host factors like living conditions, propensity to travel, and the success of any preventive measures.
Turning the tables
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: March 2018

How are diseases such as smallpox eradicated? ‘Turning the tables’ outlines the development of vaccination programmes including Edward Jenner’s research on smallpox in the late 18th century and Louis Pasteur’s rabies vaccine. In order to prevent virus spread, at least 80 per cent of a population must be vaccinated. The difference between live and inactivated vaccines is explained using the case of polio. The ethical debate surrounding vaccination is also discussed along with antiviral drugs, recombinant subunit viral vaccines, the difficulties of producing a vaccine for HIV, and the invention of the polymerase chain reaction in the 1980s and human genome sequencing, which have revolutionized viral diagnosis.
4. Enter the proletariat
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

In 1844, Marx published an article called ‘Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction’, which stands as a milestone in the road to Marxism. This is where Marx first allocated to the working class a decisive role in the future redemption of humanity. ‘Enter the proletariat’ examines the impact this piece of work had on Marx’s theory and looks at the circumstances in which he wrote it. Marx had just moved to Paris, where socialist ideas were more advanced than in Germany. He mixed with socialist leaders of the time. Marx tailored his philosophy to fit with his new-found enthusiasm for the working class and its revolutionary potential.
5. The first Marxism
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

Marx had developed two important ideas: that economics is the chief form of human alienation and that the material force needed to liberate humanity from its domination by the capitalist system lies in the working class. ‘The first Marxism’ looks at how Marx began his immense study of economics in 1844 and outlines the ideas he formed at this time, culminating in his greatest work, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Marx advocated the abolition of wages, alienated labour, and private property in one blow: in a word, communism. The 1844 version of Marxism is a speculative philosophy of history rather than a scientific study. The aim of world history is human freedom.
7. The goal of history
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

According to Marx, it is the powers of production—the ‘productive forces’—which give rise to relations of production, and these relations constitute the economic structure of society. ‘The goal of history’ considers Marx’s theory of history and what Marx meant by these ‘productive forces’. Relations of production are relations between people and things. There exists a three-stage process: productive forces determine relations of production, which in turn determine the political, legal, and ideological superstructure. The productive forces are fundamental. Their growth provides the momentum for the whole process of history. The development of productive forces, and the liberation of human capacities that this development will bring, is the goal of history.
Longitudinal Twin Study of Subjective Health: Differences in Genetic and Environmental Components of Variance Across Age and Sex
Authors: Finkel Deborah , Franz Carol E , Christensen Kaare , Reynolds Chandra A , Pedersen Nancy L
Published: March 2018

Objective

The current analysis examines sex differences in longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental influences on three measures of subjective health (SH).

Method

Sample includes 7,372 twins (mean intake age = 73.22) with up to 8 waves of measurement (mean = 3.1). Three SH items were included: general self-rated health (SRH), health compared to age peers (COMP), and impact of health on activities (ACT) which previous research shows capture different frames of reference.

Results

Latent growth curve modeling indicated significant differences across gender and frame of reference in trajectories of change with age and in genetic and environmental contributions to change. Men have higher mean scores on all three SH measures, indicating better SH, but there were no sex differences in pattern of change with age. Accelerating declines with age were found for SRH and ACT, whereas COMP improved with age. Results indicated more genetic variance for women than men, but declining genetic variance for both after age 70. Increasing shared environmental variance with increasing age was also found for both sexes.

Discussion

As aging triggers a re-evaluation of the meaning of “good health,” physical aspects of health may become less important and shared cultural conceptions of health may become more relevant. This change in conceptions of good health may reflect both aging and the change in composition of the elderly population as a result of selective survival.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Assess the Safety of Bupropion and Varenicline in Pregnancy
Authors: Turner Emily , Jones Matthew , Vaz Luis R , Coleman Tim
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Smoking in pregnancy is a substantial public health issue, but, apart from nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), pharmacological therapies are not generally used to promote cessation. Bupropion and varenicline are effective cessation methods in nonpregnant smokers and this systematic review investigates their safety in pregnancy.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases for studies of any design reporting pregnancy outcomes after bupropion or varenicline exposure. We included studies of bupropion used for smoking cessation, depression, or where the indication was unspecified. Depending on study design, quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Most findings are reported narratively but meta-analyses were used to produce pooled estimates for the proportion of live births with congenital malformations and of the mean birthweight and gestational age at delivery following bupropion exposure.

Results

In total, 18 studies were included: 2 randomized controlled trials, 11 cohorts, 2 case– control studies, and 3 case reports. Study quality was variable. Gestational safety outcomes were reported in 14 bupropion and 4 varenicline studies. Meaningful meta-analysis was only possible for bupropion exposure, for which the pooled estimated proportion of congenital malformations amongst live-born infants was 1.0% (95% CI = 0.0%–3.0%, I2 = 80.9%, 4 studies) and the mean birthweight and mean gestational age at delivery was 3305.9 g (95% CI = 3173.2–3438.7 g, I2 = 77.6%, 5 studies) and 39.2 weeks (95% CI = 38.8–39.6 weeks, I2 = 69.9%, 5 studies), respectively.

Conclusions

There was no strong evidence that either major positive or negative outcomes were associated with gestational use of bupropion or varenicline. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017067064.

Implications

We believe this to be the first systematic review investigating the safety of bupropion and varenicline in pregnancy. Meta-analysis of outcomes following bupropion exposure in pregnancy suggests that there are no major positive or negative impacts on the rate of congenital abnormalities, birthweight, or premature birth. Overall, we found no evidence that either of these treatments might be harmful in pregnancy, and no strong evidence to suggest safety, but available evidence is of poor quality.
Strategies for Successful Treatment of Active Tuberculosis in the Setting of DRESS on RIPE
Authors: Kizilbash Quratulain , Vasquez Adriana , Seaworth Barbara
Published: March 2018

We describe 2 young, female patients who developed drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome while on treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Active TB was treated successfully with second-line TB medications, including moxifloxacin, ethambutol, linezolid, and amikacin for 18 months.
Reconstruction
Authors: Volkman Lucas P.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 7 reveals how Radical Republicans during Reconstruction adopted a new state constitution that disqualified ministers of the gospel from preaching for failure to take a Test Oath professing present and past loyalty to the Union. Northern evangelical church leaders made a declaration of loyalty and a profession that slavery and slaveholding amounted to sin into a litmus test for church membership. Opposition to the Test Oath produced the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Cummings v. State of Missouri. This decision undercut the Radical redefinition of Protestant faith and citizenship. It also provided the legal grist with which southern evangelicals reclaimed the church lands and buildings that Union soldiers, Radicals, and their northern evangelical allies had seized during the war. High-profile litigation over church property reflected the preferences of partisan judges. These disputes and their judicial outcomes further clouded the boundaries of church and state.
Introduction
Authors: Ashurst-McGee Mark , Jensen Robin Scott , Howcroft Sharalyn D
Published: March 2018

Mark Ashurst-McGee, Robin Scott Jensen, and Sharalyn D. Howcroft introduce Foundational Texts of Mormonism: Examining Major Early Sources by noting the rich documentary record of the early history of Mormonism and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Among these the documents from the founding era under Joseph Smith are several major sources to which historians continually turn for information. However, as the authors explain, this is often with little appreciation for the complexity of the circumstances under which these documents were produced. The volume provides several examples of how understanding the complexity of documentary production helps historians to use these sources more critically. The authors individually introduce the chapters of the book.
Joseph Smith’s Missouri Prison Letters and the Mormon Textual Community
Authors: Grua David W.
Published: March 2018

During winter 1838–1839, the Mormon community faced existential crisis. On 27 October 1838, Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs declared all Mormons to be enemies of the state, and unless they disavowed their religion they would be required to depart Missouri or risk “extermination.” Missouri officials charged Joseph Smith and other church leaders with treason and other crimes and confined them in a county jail. David W. Grua’s chapter, “Joseph Smith’s Missouri Prison Letters and the Latter-day Saint Textual Community,” places Smith’s letters from jail within the historical genre of the prison letter. Grua contends that Smith’s letters sought to make the church’s catastrophe in Missouri comprehensible by connecting suffering with a foundational tenet of the Mormon religion—revelation. Smith’s prison epistles functioned as ligatures that textually bound the scattered Latter-day Saint community together.
Joseph Smith’s Sermons and the Early Mormon Documentary Record
Authors: Smith William V.
Published: March 2018

In “Joseph Smith’s Sermons and the Early Mormon Documentary Record,” William V. Smith treats Joseph Smith’s preaching record in chronological fashion. This treatment provides, in part, an explanation of documentary trends in that record and its subsequent place in the Mormon textual value system. The documentary record of Mormon founder Joseph Smith’s preaching expanded with the growing importance attached to that preaching. That growth followed from Smith’s practice of increasingly offering new doctrinal teachings that he often claimed were based on revelation. The record of Smith’s sermons—longhand reports by official clerks and the work of a growing regiment of pew auditors—reached its productive acme in 1844, the final year of his life. Examples show that the complex character of that record and its subsequent evolution as a published authority bar the historian from a simplistic use of Smith’s documented preaching corpus.
Joseph Smith’s Nauvoo Journals
Authors: Smith Alex D. , Hedges Andrew H.
Published: March 2018

In “Joseph Smith’s Nauvoo Journals,” Alex D. Smith and Andrew H. Hedges provide a thorough analysis of the journals kept in Nauvoo, Illinois, during the last two and half years of Joseph Smith’s life. The article discusses several features of these journals, including their creation at the hands of several scribes, their more corporate—rather than personal—tone, and their connections with Smith’s efforts to create an official history of the church. Significant space is also devoted to the relationships the journals share with other documents created and kept at the time. Smith and Hedges conclude with an overview of the contents of the journals and an evaluation of the contributions they make to understanding the final years of Smith’s life and the Nauvoo era of Mormon history.
A Textual and Archival Reexamination of Lucy Mack Smith’s History
Authors: Howcroft Sharalyn D.
Published: March 2018

Previous scholarly treatment of the history of Lucy Mack Smith has explained the work of Martha and Howard Coray in editing and compiling it. In “A Textual and Archival Reexamination of Lucy Mack Smith’s History,” Sharalyn D. Howcroft applies the archival principle of fonds to the history by reconstructing the original order of the rough manuscript inscribed by Martha Coray, shedding light on the history’s composition methodology and on its extant and non-extant manuscripts. Handwriting in the rough manuscript indicates Martha inscribed roughly half of the history before her husband Howard began editing it. The lack of textual indicators for dictated text suggest the rough manuscript is largely Martha’s composition, probably based on notes of her interviews with Smith. Howcroft also shows that the rough manuscript and extant fair copy are likely the amalgamation of two separate manuscripts, providing evidence that the history is a work of social publication.
Our Lady of Everyday Life
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

Based on ethnographic research in northern California, Our Lady of Everyday provides an in-depth cross-sectional analysis of three groups of Mexican origin women between the ages of 18 and 82 (single and in college; mothers; and older women). The study traces their life trajectories from childhood to adulthood. Castañeda-Liles found that their mothers’ Catholic devotion became the first religious/cultural template from within which they learned to see themselves as people of faith in a specific sociocultural context. She also found that the Catholic culture in which the mothers socialized the participants provided the parameters within which they learn how to be good girls in ways that reduces a girl’s agency to rubble. Castañeda-Liles argues that instead of blindly accepting androcentric Catholic teachings or rejecting Catholicism altogether, the women developed a type of Mexican Catholic imagination that allowed them to transgress limiting notions of what a good Catholic woman should be, while retaining the aspects of Catholicism they found life-giving—all the while continuing to identify as Catholics. This is most visible in their relationship to La Virgen de Guadalupe, which is not fixed but fluid and deeply engaged in their process of self-awareness in everyday life. Their stories demonstrate that the ways race, class, gender, sexuality, and religion intersect have serious implications for our understanding of women’s subjectivity and their mental and physical health. Therefore, Castañeda-Liles argues that treating these categories of analysis as mutually exclusive undermines the researcher’s ability to grasp the fluidity and complexity of women’s lived experience.
Becoming Señoritas
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

The author analyzes how and what the participants in this book learned as teenagers about the female body and what information, by contrast, was kept from them. Based on a comparative analysis of the groups of women, it is contended that even while the women willingly or unwillingly complied with the codes of conduct as they were growing up, they found creative ways to circumvent some of them. The Guadalupe of their childhood, the one they learned to love and see as mother, continues to accompany them as they transition on to adulthood. And as they mature, how they relate to Our Lady of Guadalupe becomes more holistic and complex.
Perceptions of Our Lady of Guadalupe’s Relationship to Feminism
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

The author contends that because Catholic Mexican-origin women learn to think of Our Lady of Guadalupe as an ever-present and all-accepting heavenly mother, they also see her as nonjudgmental. This ultimately allows the participants to continue to identify as Catholic, to retain the aspects of Catholicism they find life-giving, and to transgress some traditional limiting notions of what a good Catholic woman should be. The chapter also raises the question of what feminism means to the three cohorts of Las Damas, Las Madres, and Las Mujeres, and how they think of La Virgen de Guadalupe in relation to their definitions of feminism.