bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential association between affect and somatic symptoms at the between‐ and within‐individual level
Authors: Schenk Hendrika M. , Bos Elisabeth H. , Slaets Joris P. J. , de Jonge Peter , Rosmalen Judith G. M.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The established between‐subjects associations between affect and somatic symptoms have often been interpreted as indicating a causal effect of affect on somatic symptoms, but it is doubtful whether this is valid. In this study, we evaluate the association between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and somatic symptoms at both the between‐ and within‐subject level.

Design and methods

Diary data were collected in the context of an online study called ‘HowNutsAreTheDutch’. Participants filled out an online questionnaire, three times a day for 30 consecutive days. A mixed linear model was used to test the contemporaneous and lagged associations between affect and somatic symptoms.

Results

Five hundred and eighty‐six participants (481 females, median age 39.6 years [range 18.1–71.4]) were included with a total number of 28,264 completed questionnaires. At the between‐subjects level, a positive association between NA and somatic symptoms was found (B = .60, p < .001), whereas the negative association between PA and somatic symptoms was much smaller (B = −.14, p = .062). At the within‐subject level, PA (B = −.33, p < .001) was more strongly associated with somatic symptoms than NA (B = .13, p < .001). The lagged analyses showed a negative association between previous‐day PA and somatic symptoms (B = −.05, p = .001).

Conclusions

The results suggest that NA is more important for differences in symptom levels between subjects, whereas PA is more important for variations in symptom levels within subjects. Moreover, our results suggest that an increase in PA is followed by a decrease in somatic symptoms after 24 hr, which suggests a causal effect.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Affect and somatic processes are closely linked. Cross‐sectional studies show, for example, that people with higher levels of negative affect tend to report more somatic symptoms. Findings between individuals, though, might camouflage processes at within‐individual level, and it might not always be possible to translate findings at the population level to the individual. However, diary studies are upcoming and show more about processes on individual level.

What does this study add?

Highlights the difference between processes at the within‐individual and the between‐individual level.

Shows the importance of positive affect at individual level in relation to somatic symptoms.

Shows the benefits of the use of new techniques in diary studies.
The infant's developmental path in phonological acquisition
Authors: Swingley Daniel
Published: January 2017

Research on how language acquisition begins has been fragmented both in terms of scientific communities and in terms of the phenomena that are taken to characterize developmental progress. In her article, Marilyn Vihman argues for an integrative approach that takes the child's efforts at speech production as primary, and notes that infants' knowledge of how words sound may accrue over a protracted period developmentally. Here, I briefly discuss how reconceptualization of the process can help integrate perspectives previously at odds.
More evidence of the linkage between face processing and language processing
Authors: Pascalis Olivier , Dole Marjorie , Lœvenbruck Hélène
Published: January 2017

This review of the literature on the emergence of language describes two opposing views of phonological development, the sound‐based versus the whole‐word‐based accounts. An integrative model is proposed which claims that learning sublexical speech sounds and producing wordlike vocalizations are in fact parallel processes that feed each other during language development. We argue that this model might find unexpected support from the face processing literature.
Species identification and decay assessment of Late Pleistocene fragmentary vertebrate remains from Pin Hole Cave (Creswell Crags, UK) using collagen fingerprinting
Authors: Buckley Michael , Harvey Virginia L. , Chamberlain Andrew T.
Published: January 2017

Ancient bone remains are widely utilized when investigating vertebrate biodiversity of past animal populations but are often so highly fragmented that the majority of specimens cannot be identified to any meaningful taxonomic level. Recently, high‐throughput methods for objective species identification using collagen peptide mass fingerprinting have been created to overcome this with the added indication that they could also offer a means of relative ageing through decay measurement. Here we explore both species identification and decay measurements for the Pin Hole Cave ‘microfaunal’ assemblage, the site that has been designated as a representative for Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 in Britain in terms of its suite of mammalian fauna. We explore the technique's potential to corroborate the faunal diversity established previously by macroscopic studies and evaluate the decay measurements across the species boundary. The results support that the analysis of fragmentary remains by collagen fingerprinting can yield a more diverse set of fauna, and offer additional information relating to taphonomy, than the analysis of morphologically intact bones on their own. However, although useful for identifying likely contaminations of an assemblage, there was an unexpected decrease in the decay measurements observed for some megafauna compared with much younger microfauna, indicating that other factors need to be carefully monitored before it could be used as a relative ageing technique in Quaternary deposits.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione as antimycobacterial agents
Authors: Sonawane Amol D. , Rode Navnath D. , Nawale Laxman , Joshi Rohini R. , Joshi Ramesh A. , Likhite Anjali P. , Sarkar Dhiman
Published: January 2017

Resistance among dormant mycobacteria leading to multidrug‐resistant and extremely drug‐resistant tuberculosis is one of the major threats. Hence, a series of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione derivatives (4a–5c) have been synthesized and screened for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (H37Ra). The triazolethiones 4b and 4v showed high antitubercular activity (both MIC and IC50) against the dormant H37Ra by in vitro and ex vivo. They were shown to have more specificity toward mycobacteria than other Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive pathogenic bacteria. The cytotoxicity was almost insignificant up to 100 μg/ml against THP‐1, A549, and PANC‐1 human cancer cell lines, and solubility was high in aqueous solution, indicating the potential of developing these compounds further as novel therapeutics against tuberculosis infection.
Radiologically isolated syndrome and clinically isolated syndrome
Authors: Niino Masaaki , Miyazaki Yusei
Published: January 2017

Magnetic resonance imaging has improved the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), and its widespread use has contributed to creating the concept of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) to describe patients without symptoms of MS whose magnetic resonance imaging findings suggest they might be at risk of future demyelinating events. Indeed, using the revised McDonald criteria now allows some patients who would have been diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) in the era of Poser criteria to be diagnosed as having MS before a second episode. The present review discusses the current concepts of RIS and CIS, and the risk factors for conversion from these conditions to MS. Clinical trials involving participants with CIS at high risk of developing clinically definite MS have shown that disease‐modifying drugs significantly suppressed the conversion from CIS to MS, and that early treatment with these drugs could improve future disease prognosis in patients who subsequently developed MS. When a patient presents with RIS or CIS, the primary concern for the physician and patient should be the probability of conversion to MS, and the patient should be followed up taking into consideration the risk factors for conversion from RIS or CIS to MS.
Clinical features, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ochi Hirofumi
Published: January 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune‐mediated disease characterized by recurrent demyelinating episodes of the central nervous system, which typically occurs in young adults. It is the most common disabling neurological disease of young people; however, pediatric MS, defined as onset of MS before the age of 18 years, has been increasingly recognized worldwide in the past two decades. Pediatric MS might represent up to 10% of all patients with MS. As in adults, the diagnosis of pediatric MS rests on the demonstration of dissemination of lesions in both space and time, and the exclusion of alternative diagnosis. However, it can be more difficult to distinguish MS accurately from other conditions in children compared with the adult population, because there is considerable overlapping of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features between pediatric MS and other acquired demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. In view of therapeutic strategies, although interferon‐beta and glatiramer acetate are the most commonly used disease‐modifying drugs for pediatric MS so far, none of the current available disease‐modifying drugs were tested in pediatric MS by randomized controlled trials, and thus there is limited information regarding the efficacy and safety. The present review article describes the epidemiology, clinical features, consensus definition and treatment strategy of pediatric MS.
Endogenous type I interferons and their regulators in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Miyazaki Yusei , Niino Masaaki
Published: January 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. In the past few decades, several disease‐modifying drugs including interferon (IFN)‐β have become available for treating MS. IFN‐β belongs to the type I IFN family, and thus is an endogenous molecule whose primary role is thought to be host defense against viruses. In addition, type I IFN are constitutively produced at low amounts and involved in the homeostasis of various tissues. In contrast, it is suggested that type I IFN play a pathogenic role in other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus. Several lines of evidence from studies using MS samples and animal models suggest the protective role of endogenous type I IFN in MS. Correspondingly, MS patients with a higher endogenous type I IFN signature show lower disease activity. Paradoxically, these patients have been shown to respond poorly to IFN‐β therapy. In addition, an animal model with a defective regulatory mechanism in type I IFN signaling has been shown to develop augmented central nervous system autoimmunity, suggesting that type I IFN responses need to be appropriately regulated in MS. Multiple endogenous molecules participate in the regulation of type I IFN responses, but their roles in MS have not been studied extensively. Further study delineating the role of endogenous type I IFN and their regulatory mechanisms in MS should enhance our understanding of the disease, and could lead to improvements in the therapeutic effects of IFN‐β in MS.
Physiological basis and practice of rehabilitation medicine in the management of individuals with spinal cord injury
Authors: Tajima Fumihiro , Kamijo Yoshi‐ichiro , Sumiya Tadashi , Nishimura Yukihide , Arakawa Hideki , Nakamura Takeshi , Furusawa Kazunari
Published: January 2017

Rehabilitation medicine has made dramatic and successful progress in recent years, and neurologists and physiatrists have faced greater challenges in coordinating the clinical management of patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). To ensure the best clinical outcome in SCI, physiatrist need to comprehend the dysfunctions of various body systems and the physiological aspects of the central nervous, musculoskeletal and autonomic nervous system, as well as the social support system. Furthermore, the rehabilitation team, including physiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, social workers and peer supporters, should provide surgical treatment, clinical management, drug therapy and optimal assistance for SCI. We believe that the first important task in the management of SCI patients is precise diagnosis of the site of the spinal cord lesion. This should be followed as soon as possible by spinal surgery to stabilize the vertebral column. The day after surgery, the patient should be handled by the rehabilitation team. Orthostatic loads should be applied, and exercise of the remaining muscles should begin in order to ensure early mobilization and satisfactory repair. Our group has carried out extensive research into the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and autonomic nervous systems and exercise responses in SCI, and reported the benefits and improvements of early mobilization and exercise, and the safety of physical medicine and rehabilitation. The rehabilitation team should follow these individuals closely to provide long‐term clinical care, and deal with social issues arising during the chronic phase. Participation in sports activities (para‐sports) could work well to improve the physical condition of these individuals.
Did International Outsourcing Cause the Increase in China's Skill Premium?
Authors: Wang Jun
Published: January 2017

This study analyzes the transmission mechanism for the increase in the skill premium caused by international outsourcing through skill‐biased technological change (SBTC). Using 2000–2013 panel data from 27 manufacturing industries in China, this study conducts both probit and Tobit tests and shows that international outsourcing led to SBTC in China's manufacturing industries. A positive correlation is found between international outsourcing and the increase in the skill premium in both static and dynamic models. For each 1‐percent increase in the international outsourcing index, the skill premium will rise approximately 10 percent. This finding indicates the existence of a mechanism through which the effect of international outsourcing on the skill premium is reinforced where SBTC is occurring. However, this may enlarge wage gaps within the same industry. Therefore, China should not only use the skill premium to promote the transformation and upgrading of industries benefiting from outsourcing and optimize the structure of employment but also prevent the negative effects of an increased skill premium.
Enrolling the Private Sector in Community Development: Magic Bullet or Sleight of Hand?
Authors: McEwan Cheryl , Mawdsley Emma , Banks Glenn , Scheyvens Regina
Published: January 2017

The role of the private sector in international development is growing, supported by new and evolving official programmes, financing, partnerships and narratives. This article examines the place of the private sector in ‘community development’ in the global South. It situates corporate community development (CCD) conceptually in long‐standing debates within critical development studies to consider the distinct roles that corporations are playing and how they are responding to the challenges and contradictions entailed within ‘community development’. Drawing on field‐based research across three different contexts and sectors for CCD in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and South Africa, the article suggests that caution is required in assuming that corporations can succeed where governments, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and international development organizations have so often met with complex challenges and intractable difficulties. We argue that four specific problems confront CCD: (a) the problematic ways in which ‘communities’ are defined, delineated and constructed; (b) the disconnected nature of many CCD initiatives, and lack of alignment and integration with local and national development planning policies and processes; (c) top‐down governance, and the absence or erosion of participatory processes and empowerment objectives; (d) the tendency towards highly conservative development visions.
The Good, the Bad and the Different: Can Gender Quotas Raise the Quality of Politicians?
Authors: Júlio Paulo , Tavares José
Published: January 2017

The debate over political gender quotas is unduly confined to a supposed trade‐off between diversity and competence. We characterize the effects of a political gender quota in a citizen‐candidate model, to find that quotas do increase the overall quality of those elected whenever the rewards from public office are high, or the skill premium or political gender discrimination are sufficiently low. In such cases, high‐skill women candidates run for office in sufficiently high numbers, driving off low‐skill male and female candidates. Our model compares quotas with other policies in terms of their impact on the number and quality of those elected.
Hox gene expression in the specialized limbs of the Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis)
Authors: Bickelmann Constanze , van der Vos Wessel , de Bakker Merijn A. G. , Jiménez Rafael , Maas Saskia , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: January 2017

Fossorial talpid moles use their limbs predominantly for digging, which explains their highly specialized anatomy. The humerus is particularly short and dorsoventrally rotated, with broadened distal and proximal parts where muscles attach and which facilitate powerful abductive movements. The radius and ulna are exceptionally robust and short. The ulna has an expanded olecranon process. The femur is generalized, but the fused tibia‐fibula complex is short and robust. To understand the developmental bases of these specializations, we studied expression patterns of four 5′ Hox genes in the fossorial Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis). These genes are known to play major roles in patterning the developing limb skeleton in the mouse, with which comparisons were made (Mus musculus, C57BL/6Jico strain). We find that HoxA9 expression is spatially expanded in the developing stylopodial area in the mole forelimb, compared to the less specialized mouse forelimb and mole hind limb. HoxD9 expression does not extend into the thoracic body wall in the mole forelimb in contrast to the mouse, and is also reduced in the presumptive zeugopodium in mole forelimb, compared to mouse. Expression of HoxD11 is upregulated in the mole in the postaxial area of the hind limb zeugopod, compared to the mouse. On the other hand, HoxD13 is downregulated in the postaxial zeugopodial area in the forelimb of the mole, compared to the mouse. The differences in the expression patterns of these 5′ Hox genes between Talpa and Mus are an indication of the developmental changes going hand in hand with anatomical digging adaptations in the mole adult.
Differences in anatomical connections across distinct areas in the rodent prefrontal cortex
Authors: Bedwell Stacey A. , Billett E. Ellen , Crofts Jonathan J. , Tinsley Chris J.
Published: January 2017

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) network structure is implicated in a number of complex higher‐order functions and with a range of neurological disorders. It is therefore vital to our understanding of PFC function to gain an understanding of its underlying anatomical connectivity. Here, we injected Fluoro‐Gold and Fluoro‐Ruby into the same sites throughout rat PFC. Tracer injections were applied to two coronal levels within the PFC (anterior +4.7 mm to bregma and posterior +3.7 mm to bregma). Within each coronal level, tracers were deposited at sites separated by approximately 1 mm and located parallel to the medial and orbital surface of the cortex. We found that both Fluoro‐Gold and Fluoro‐Ruby injections produced prominent labelling in temporal and sensory‐motor cortex. Fluoro‐Gold produced retrograde labelling and Fluoro‐Ruby largely produced anterograde labelling. Analysis of the location of these connections within temporal and sensory‐motor cortex revealed a consistent topology (as the sequence of injections was followed mediolaterally along the orbital surface of each coronal level). At the anterior coronal level, injections produced a similar topology to that seen in central PFC in earlier studies from our laboratory (i.e. comparing equivalently located injections employing the same tracer), this was particularly prominent within temporal cortex. However, at the posterior coronal level this pattern of connections differed significantly, revealing higher levels of reciprocity, in both temporal cortex and sensory‐motor cortex. Our findings indicate changes in the relative organization of connections arising from posterior in comparison to anterior regions of PFC, which may provide a basis to determine how complex processes are organized.
Surrogate Fathers: imaginary dialogue and patristic culture in late antiquity
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: January 2017

This article seeks to contribute to recent debates over Christian dialogue in late antiquity. It explores a specific form of dialogue text: invented debates about the definition of correct doctrine, often starring renowned church Fathers and notorious heretics. It argues that, far from symbolizing an ‘end’ to dialogue in late antiquity – closed down by appeals to patristic authorities – these heresiological dialogues helped to perpetuate controversial Christian debates.
Order in the church: understanding councils and performing ordines in the Carolingian world
Authors: Kramer Rutger
Published: January 2017

This article takes a fresh look at Carolingian councils through the prism of Ordines de Celebrando Concilio. Presenting themselves as instructions on how to hold councils, such ordines in part act as prescriptive texts aimed at ensuring that the liturgical framework around these meetings would guarantee the credibility of their conclusions – thus creating an image of ecclesiastical unity reflected both in the councils themselves and in their written records. By probing beyond these liturgical directions, it is here argued that the Carolingian ordines also aimed at maintaining an open, safe climate for holding debates that could actually push the agenda and effectuate useful correctio. The prescriptive nature of these texts not only enlarged the scale at which participants in individual councils saw themselves operate, but also served to ensure that the purity and pastoral authority of the discussants remained inviolate.
I, Claudius. Self‐styling in early medieval debate
Authors: Raaijmakers Janneke
Published: January 2017

Historians often have difficulties understanding contrary figures who deviated from mainstream practices and beliefs. In the case of Claudius of Turin, who because of his iconoclasm has been pictured as a proto‐Protestant, this image of a solitary was partly his own creation. Claudius liked to present himself as a truth‐teller, defending God's honour and the unity of the church against all kinds of evils. This article uses the case of Claudius and the response of Dungal, one of his learned opponents, like him connected to the royal court, to reflect on the role of self‐styling in early medieval debate.
Doctrinal debate and social control in the Carolingian age: the predestination controversy (840s–60s)
Authors: Pezé Warren
Published: January 2017

This paper reconsiders the impact of public opinion on religious controversies in the Carolingian age. Doctrinal debate was by no means limited to the elite circles connected with royal and episcopal power. A wider constituency was involved, as is shown by the well‐known controversy on double predestination (840s–60s). During this debate, monks, rural priests and lower clerics read, disputed and circulated treatises and booklets, and questioned the authority of their superiors. The reaction of the clerical elite to the extension of the sphere of debate was ambivalent. A wider discussion was discouraged by a discourse of self‐restraint that emphasized the virtue of simplicitas, but also by disciplinary means. Yet dissent was not entirely stifled, so leading churchmen had to convince their subordinates while not officially acknowledging the latter as their equal discussion partners. This required complex strategies of communication, which only become visible by investigating all aspects of such doctrinal debates.
For God, king and country: the personal and the public in the Epitaphium Arsenii
Authors: de Jong Mayke
Published: January 2017

Paschasius Radbertus's Epitaphium Arsenii is a lively and polemical dialogue that takes us straight into the controversies within the court‐connected and competitive elite of the 850s. The latter's membership, ecclesiastical as well as secular, measured each other against the yardstick of public service, and used failure to live up to this as a means of attack. On the one hand, the Epitaphium is a highly personal text, aimed at a restricted audience; on the other, it addresses the shared values of the Carolingian political leadership. This was not a world dominated by ‘the Church’, but one in which many ‘churches’ (monasteries) and their abbots actively participated in the political arena.
Parasympathectomy increases resting salivary secretion in normal and irradiated submandibular glands of rats
Authors: Qi Wei , Cong Xin , Zhang Xue‐Ming , Wang Zong‐Ye , Yang Ning‐Yan , Ding Chong , Shan Xiao‐Feng , Wu Li‐Ling , Yu Guang‐Yan
Published: January 2017

Fluid and ion secretion from the submandibular gland (SMG) is mainly regulated by parasympathetic nerves. This study evaluated the effect of parasympathectomy on salivary secretion from normal and irradiated rat SMGs from 1 to 24 wk after denervation. Although stimulated salivary secretion was significantly lower in denervated SMGs compared with contralateral self‐controls, the resting salivary flow rates were markedly higher in the denervated SMGs at 1, 12, and 24 wk after denervation. The levels of muscarinic acetylcholine M1 and M3 receptors, as well as of aquaporin 5, were up‐regulated. Notably, although irradiated SMGs showed significantly lower resting and stimulated salivary secretion rates than non‐irradiated SMGs, the resting salivary secretion rates of the irradiated and denervated SMGs were markedly higher than seen in the irradiated self‐control SMGs at 1, 12, and 24 wk after parasympathectomy, and were even higher than seen in the non‐irradiated sham‐operated rats. The expression of M1 and M3 receptors was similarly elevated. Taken together, our results suggest that parasympathetic denervation increases resting salivary secretion of both normal and irradiated SMGs. This approach might provide a potential modality for relieving radiation‐induced xerostomia, which is a common complication following treatment of head and neck cancer.
The use of sonoelastography to assess the recovery of stiffness after equine superficial digital flexor tendon injuries: A preliminary prospective longitudinal study of the healing process
Authors: Tamura N. , Nukada T. , Kato T. , Kuroda T. , Kotoyori Y. , Fukuda K. , Kasashima Y.
Published: January 2017

Background

The objective assessment of the mechanical properties of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) could provide useful information for the rehabilitation of horses with SDFT injuries. Assessment of strain ratio (the strain of a standard reference divided by that of lesions) is a quantitative method in sonoelastography for evaluating tissue stiffness in vivo. As yet, no longitudinal studies have used strain ratio to evaluate the progression of stiffness in SDFT injuries.

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that strain ratio can evaluate the recovery of stiffness during the healing of SDFT injuries.

Study design

Prospective and longitudinal study with observer‐blinded evaluation.

Methods

Ultrasonography, including sonoelastography, was performed in seven Thoroughbred horses with naturally occurring SDFT injuries at five time points: within 20 days of the injury, and at 2, 3, 6 and 9 months after the injury. Blinded sonoelastographic images were independently evaluated by two veterinarians to assess interobserver agreement. The recovery of stiffness and echogenicity in lesions were evaluated using the strain ratio and grey‐scale ratio (echogenicity of lesions divided by that of the surrounding area), respectively.

Results

Interobserver agreement was assessed as ‘almost perfect’. Strain ratios were significantly higher at 9 months after injury than at the other time points (all P<0.05). Strain ratios at 6 months after injury were significantly higher than those at earlier time points (P<0.05). Grey‐scale ratios within 20 days of injury were significantly lower than those at the other time points (all P<0.05).

Main limitations

Validations of SDFT status were evaluated only by recovery of the echogenicity in lesions and not by histopathological examination.

Conclusions

Although further studies are needed to validate the relationships between injured SDFT status and sonoelastographic findings, this preliminary study shows that strain ratio may provide a means to monitor the recovery of stiffness in lesions during rehabilitation, even when the grey‐scale ratio remains unchanged from a few months after SDFT injury.

The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting Information.
Merging for Capacity and a Capacity for Merging: Politicians, Citizens, and Discourses in Public Administrations
Authors: Mussari Riccardo , Ruggiero Pasquale
Published: January 2017

It is assumed in many countries that the merger of municipalities can increase the capacity of their public administrations. This paper concentrates primarily on the activities preceding the implementation of the merger, by analyzing the ex‐ante stages of the process. Using a case study, the paper analyzes the activities used to explain the merger initiative to citizens and to overcome any potential resistance. The analysis is developed using the Foucauldian concepts of discourse and technology of the self. The aim is to explain the way human resources can and should be managed during the implementation of a capacity‐building initiative.
From phosphoproteins to phosphoproteomes: a historical account
Authors: Venerando Andrea , Cesaro Luca , Pinna Lorenzo A.
Published: January 2017

The first phosphoprotein (casein) was discovered in 1883, yet the enzyme responsible for its phosphorylation was identified only 130 years later, in 2012. In the intervening time, especially in the last decades of the 1900s, it became evident that, far from being an oddity, phosphorylation affects the majority of eukaryotic proteins during their lifespan, and that this reaction is catalysed by the members of a large family of protein kinases, susceptible to a variety of stimuli controlling nearly every aspect of life and death. The aim of this review is to present a historical account of the main steps of this spectacular revolution, which transformed our conception of a biochemical reaction originally held as a sporadic curiosity into the master mechanism governing cell regulation, and, if it is perturbed, causing cell dysregulation.
Does the Probability of Informed Trading Model Fit Empirical Data?
Authors: Gan Quan , Wei Wang Chun , Johnstone David
Published: January 2017

The probability of informed trading (PIN) is used widely as a measure of information asymmetry. Relatively little work has appeared on how well PIN models fit empirical trade data. We reveal structural limitations in PIN models by examining their marginal distributions and dependence structures represented by copulas. We develop a distribution‐free test of the goodness‐of‐fit of PIN models. Our results indicate that estimated PIN models have generally poor fit to actual trade data. These results suggest that researchers should be cautious when PIN estimates are plugged into empirical models as explanatory variables.
Impact of the great tsunami in 2011 on the quality of nursery grounds for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Sendai Bay, Japan
Authors: Kurita Yutaka , Uehara Shinji , Okazaki Yuji , Sakami Tomoko , Nambu Ryogen , Tomiyama Takeshi
Published: January 2017

The impact of the great tsunami, which was generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, on the quality of a nursery ground for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with a sandy bottom of <15 m in depth in Sendai Bay, Japan, was evaluated. Growth rates of juveniles, as an index of the quality of the nursery ground, were compared between before and after the tsunami. Recent growth rates (RGR; mm day−1) between 1 and 6 days before collection in 2011–2013, which were estimated from the width of otolith increments, ranged from 0.84 to 2.37 mm day−1 for juveniles of 24.8–146 mm in total length (TL). These figures are comparable to the maximum RGR for juvenile Japanese flounder in the literature. A linear model for RGR selected TL and bottom temperature but rejected biomass of the mysid Orientomysis mitsukurii, the main prey item, as explanatory variables, indicating that the growth rates of juveniles after the tsunami were not controlled by food density, i.e., optimal food condition occurred in the nursery. A linear model for observed growth rate (mm day−1), which was calculated from the temporal changes in the juvenile size frequency distribution, suggested the growth rate did not change between before and after the tsunami. Additional information on prey abundance and sediment size distribution also support this conclusion. Therefore, we conclude that the quality of the nursery ground for juvenile Japanese flounder in the study site has not been damaged by the great tsunami.
Emergent climate and CO2 sensitivities of net primary productivity in ecosystem models do not agree with empirical data in temperate forests of eastern North America
Authors: Rollinson Christine R. , Liu Yao , Raiho Ann , Moore David J. P. , McLachlan Jason , Bishop Daniel A. , Dye Alex , Matthes Jaclyn H. , Hessl Amy , Hickler Thomas , Pederson Neil , Poulter Benjamin , Quaife Tristan , Schaefer Kevin , Steinkamp Jörg , Dietze Michael C.
Published: January 2017

Ecosystem models show divergent responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to global change over the next century. Individual model evaluation and multimodel comparisons with data have largely focused on individual processes at subannual to decadal scales. Thus far, data‐based evaluations of emergent ecosystem responses to climate and CO2 at multidecadal and centennial timescales have been rare. We compared the sensitivity of net primary productivity (NPP) to temperature, precipitation, and CO2 in ten ecosystem models with the sensitivities found in tree‐ring reconstructions of NPP and raw ring‐width series at six temperate forest sites. These model‐data comparisons were evaluated at three temporal extents to determine whether the rapid, directional changes in temperature and CO2 in the recent past skew our observed responses to multiple drivers of change. All models tested here were more sensitive to low growing season precipitation than tree‐ring NPP and ring widths in the past 30 years, although some model precipitation responses were more consistent with tree rings when evaluated over a full century. Similarly, all models had negative or no response to warm‐growing season temperatures, while tree‐ring data showed consistently positive effects of temperature. Although precipitation responses were least consistent among models, differences among models to CO2 drive divergence and ensemble uncertainty in relative change in NPP over the past century. Changes in forest composition within models had no effect on climate or CO2 sensitivity. Fire in model simulations reduced model sensitivity to climate and CO2, but only over the course of multiple centuries. Formal evaluation of emergent model behavior at multidecadal and multicentennial timescales is essential to reconciling model projections with observed ecosystem responses to past climate change. Future evaluation should focus on improved representation of disturbance and biomass change as well as the feedbacks with moisture balance and CO2 in individual models.
LYRISCHE WUNDERKAMMERN DER ‘SATTELZEIT’: GEDICHTSAMMLUNGEN ALS INSTRUMENT BÜRGERLICHER KANONSTIFTUNG
Authors: Braam Hans , Hagestedt Lutz
Published: January 2017

Any poet who aspired to becoming immortal in the so‐called ‘Sattelzeit’, the transitional period between 1750 and 1850, edited an anthology. And in it, he made sure to include his own poems. Only through an anthology could a poet both embed himself in a cultural context and enhance his public image. Even in the transitional period, the old adage held true that a good anthologist recognised a fellow good anthologist on account of his anthology; his activity pursued an ideal and adhered to a code. The anthologist had to balance literary history, canonicity, and contemporary currency, and the wonder of emerging poetic forms had to remain visible, such that ‘excellence across all types’ that is also ‘a rarity’ (Goethe) could be appreciated by contemporaries as something both good and useful. Editors of anthologies both mediated and inhibited literature; they established a special (and new) form of literary sociability. Their collections blossomed in an age of political turbulence (revolution, repression, and restoration) because they met with wide approval. This is the case, at least for anthologies of poetry, which were both popular with the people and artistic at the same time, as well as natural and tasteful – and therefore politically unsuspicious.

Wer als Lyriker in der so genannten ‘Sattelzeit’ (circa 1750 bis 1850) unsterblich werden möchte, der gibt eine Anthologie heraus und berücksichtigt sich darin selbst mit eigenen Gedichten. Nur damit kann man sich in der Kultur fest verankern und gleichzeitig selbst profilieren. Freilich gilt schon damals: Der gute Sammler erkennt den guten Sammler an seiner Sammlung; seine Tätigkeit folgt einem Ideal und einem Kodex. Literaturgeschichte, Kanonizität und Gegenwartspräsenz müssen sich die Waage halten, das Wunder der Emergenz des Poetischen muss durchschaubar bleiben, damit die Zeitgenossen das ‘Vortreffliche aller Art’, das zugleich (nach Goethe) ‘das seltenste’ ist, als Gutes und Nützliches erkennen. Herausgeber von Anthologien sind Literaturvermittler und ‐verhinderer in einer Person, und ihre Blütenlesen stiften eine besondere (und neue) Form literarischer Geselligkeit. Im Spannungsfeld von politischer Reaktion, Repression und Restauration im Spätabsolutismus blühen Blütenlesen geradezu auf, weil sie auf allgemeine Akzeptanz stoßen können. Dies zumindest gilt für Gedichtsammlungen, die volkstümlich und kunstvoll zugleich sind, natürlich und geschmackvoll, dabei politisch unverdächtig.
Hippo vs. Crab: tissue‐specific functions of the mammalian Hippo pathway
Authors: Nishio Miki , Maehama Tomohiko , Goto Hiroki , Nakatani Keisuke , Kato Wakako , Omori Hirofumi , Miyachi Yosuke , Togashi Hideru , Shimono Yohei , Suzuki Akira
Published: January 2017

The Hippo signaling pathway is a vital suppressor of tumorigenesis that is often inactivated in human cancers. In normal cells, the Hippo pathway is triggered by external forces such as cell crowding, or changes to the extracellular matrix or cell polarity. Once activated, Hippo signaling down‐regulates transcription supported by the paralogous cofactors YAP1 and TAZ. The Hippo pathway's functions in normal and cancer biology have been dissected by studies of mutant mice with null or conditional tissue‐specific mutations of Hippo signaling elements. In this review, we attempt to systematically summarize results that have been gleaned from detailed in vivo characterizations of these mutants. Our goal is to describe the physiological roles of Hippo signaling in several normal organ systems, as well as to emphasize how disruption of the Hippo pathway, and particularly hyperactivation of YAP1/TAZ, can be oncogenic.
Functional mutations in spike glycoprotein of Zaire ebolavirus associated with an increase in infection efficiency
Authors: Ueda Mahoko Takahashi , Kurosaki Yohei , Izumi Taisuke , Nakano Yusuke , Oloniniyi Olamide K. , Yasuda Jiro , Koyanagi Yoshio , Sato Kei , Nakagawa So
Published: January 2017

Ebola virus (EBOV) is extremely virulent, and its glycoprotein is necessary for viral entry. EBOV may adapt to its new host humans during outbreaks by acquiring mutations especially in glycoprotein, which allows EBOV to spread more efficiently. To identify these evolutionary selected mutations and examine their effects on viral infectivity, we used experimental–phylogenetic–structural interdisciplinary approaches. In evolutionary analysis of all available Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein sequences, we detected two codon sites under positive selection, which are located near/within the region critical for the host‐viral membrane fusion, namely alanine‐to‐valine and threonine‐to‐isoleucine mutations at 82 (A82V) and 544 (T544I), respectively. The fine‐scale transmission dynamics of EBOV Makona variants that caused the 2014–2015 outbreak showed that A82V mutant was fixed in the population, whereas T544I was not. Furthermore, pseudotype assays for the Makona glycoprotein showed that the A82V mutation caused a small increase in viral infectivity compared with the T544I mutation. These findings suggest that mutation fixation in EBOV glycoprotein may be associated with their increased infectivity levels; the mutant with a moderate increase in infectivity will fix. Our findings showed that a driving force for Ebola virus evolution via glycoprotein may be a balance between costs and benefits of its virulence.
Parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Reljić Vesna , Gazibara Tatjana , Nikolić Miloš , Zarić Milica , Maksimović Nataša
Published: January 2017

Background

Successful control of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children depends on parents' knowledge on the disease and attitude toward ill child, but there is a lack studies exploring parental knowledge, attitude, and behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate parents' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward AD.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, between February 2015 and March 2016. Parents of children with AD were invited to complete the questionnaire, which was comprised of five parts: parental sociodemographic characteristics, demographic and clinical characteristics of children, knowledge, attitude, and behavior. To assess factors associated with a higher knowledge level on AD, stronger positive attitude, and more supportive behavior, we performed two multiple linear regression models.

Results

The average parental knowledge score was 9.5 ± 1.9 out of 12. The level of knowledge did not correlate with parental conviction that they were well‐informed on AD (ρ = −0.121; P = 0.319). Older (β = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00–0.16, P = 0.040), married/partnered parents (β = −2.14, 95% CI −3.55 to 0.72, P = 0.004), and those who have had AD themselves were more likely to be more knowledgeable on AD. Older (β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.01–0.34, P = 0.036) and employed (β = 3.99, 95% CI 1.59–6.38, P = 0.002) parents had stronger positive attitudes toward their children with AD. More supportive behavior of parents of children with AD was associated with being older (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.04–0.45, P = 0.020) and less educated (β = −0.76, 95% CI −1.24 to 0.28, P = 0.003).

Conclusion

The importance of understanding AD and accounting for attitudes by family members is obvious for successful control of the disease.
Deep caries due to Pre‐eruptive intracoronal resorption in a newly erupted primary molar
Authors: Schwimmer Yair , Zeltser Rephael , Moskovitz Moti
Published: January 2017

Case Report

This report describes a rare case of a 19‐month‐old girl with pre‐eruptive intracoronal resorption in the lower left first primary molar which had erupted a few weeks earlier and had deep caries. The treatment is described.

Conclusion

Dentists who treat children must take into consideration the possibility of pre‐eruptive lesions in the primary dentition that may cause involvement of the pulp, either before or shortly post‐eruption.
The temperature‐dependent surface energy of ceramic single crystals
Authors: Cheng Tianbao , Fang Daining , Yang Yazheng
Published: January 2017

Knowledge of the surface energy of ceramic single crystals at elevated temperatures is of fundamental importance. However, it is very hard to obtain this quantity from the existing experiments, simulations, and theories. In the present work, following the Orowan‐Polanyi and Gilman models’ principles, two theoretical models for the temperature‐dependent surface energy of the ceramic single crystals are proposed based on the authors’ previous studies on the temperature‐dependent ideal tensile strength of solids. Thus established models relate the temperature dependence of the surface energy to these of the specific heat at constant pressure, Young's modulus, and coefficient of the linear thermal expansion. The temperature‐dependent surface energies of α‐Al2O3 and β‐Si3N4 are calculated and agree well with the experimental data. The study shows that the surface energy firstly remains approximately constant and then decreases linearly as temperature increases from 0 K to melting point. However, it has stronger temperature dependence than Young's modulus, that is, surface energy decreases more rapidly with increasing temperature.
Sunrise in the city: disentangling drivers of the avian dawn chorus onset in urban greenspaces
Authors: Lee Jeffrey G.‐H. , MacGregor‐Fors Ian , Yeh Pamela J.
Published: January 2017

Urban systems are known to have a number of effects on avian richness, density, and morphological and behavioral traits. However, no study to date has simultaneously examined the wide range of urban variables in relation to the avian dawn chorus, a complex behavioral phenomenon. Previous studies investigating adjustments of the dawn chorus onset in urban settings have mainly been confined to relationships with noise and light levels. In addition to noise and light levels, in this study we included other potentially related environmental characteristics describing vegetation structure, urban infrastructure, and human activity, all of which have been shown to be drivers of bird diversity in urban areas. We conducted dawn chorus surveys at 38 Los Angeles urban greenspaces and used a classification and regression tree analysis to identify specific urban scenarios that best explained timing differences in the dawn chorus onset. Our results show that light level was the most important variable related to the dawn chorus onset time, in which, counter‐intuitively, bird communities in greenspaces with higher light levels had later onsets. In addition, noise was an important factor for the chorus onset in greenspaces with higher light levels. Although our results differ from those of previous studies, these findings highlight the importance of noise and light levels in explaining dawn chorus onset variation, indicating the need for further research in untangling this complex and ecologically important phenomenon.