bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggressive Behaviors of Adult Male Atlantic Spotted Dolphins: Making Signals Count during Intraspecific and Interspecific Conflicts
Authors: Volker Cassandra L. , Herzing Denise L.
Published: February 2021

Some species exhibit behavioral plasticity by altering their aggressive behavior based on their opponent. Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are two sympatric species resident to the northern Bahamas. We examined whether groups of adult male spotted dolphins demonstrated behavioral plasticity during two different types of aggressive interactions. We described and compared the types of aggressive behaviors used during intraspecific aggression and interspecific aggression with bottlenose dolphins. Between the years 1991-2004, twenty-two aggressive encounters (11 intraspecific (spotted only), 11 interspecific (spotted vs. bottlenose)) were behaviorally analyzed. Twenty-three specific aggressive Behavioral Events, further grouped into three Behavioral Types, were examined throughout these encounters. Similarities and differences in the use of the Behavioral Types occurred during intra- and interspecific aggression. Groups of male Atlantic spotted dolphins altered their behavior during aggressive encounters with male bottlenose dolphins. Spotted dolphins increased their use of the Pursuit Behavioral Type and did not use the Display Behavioral Type significantly more than the Contact Behavioral Type during interspecific aggression. The increased use of a more overt and energy intensive Behavioral Type, Pursuit, suggests that Atlantic spotted dolphins altered their behavior during aggressive encounters with bottlenose dolphins to compensate during fights with a larger species and/or to effectively communicate with a different species.
Drug Discovery for Covid-19 – A Multidimensional Perspective
Authors: Satish Kumar Sharma  , Omprakash Goshain
Published: February 2021

Covid-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) has challenged pharmaceutical science against viruses, globally. The disease has become a global pandemic beginning the race of new therapeutic strategies against novel corona virus (nCoV). Therefore, management of such pandemic issue is a need of the hour. Drug delivery refers to an approach adopted to transfer drug particles within the body to obtain a potent therapeutic effect. In the present study, an attempt has been taken to discuss about plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and fungal bioactive compounds which are potent antiviral pharmaceutical agents. Also, a discussion about allopathic ingredient of plant secondary metabolites have also been done. The unique repository of Indian plants and versatility of fungal species provide broad spectrum to screen for pharmaceutical ingredients against novel corona virus. Further, screening of plant secondary metabolites by molecular docking can be a cost effective way to combat from novel corona virus. Thus, it can be said that, Multidimensional approach discussed herein may provide insights to combat antimicrobial resistance in the future. The present review will promote further research horizons in plants and fungal based therapeutics and a novel approach towards drug discovery thereby preventing the humans from suffering through severe adversities.
Identification of Bacteria Sample Plaque from Periodontal Disease Among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Shahida Mohd-Said  , Nur Fatimah Zaharah Salehuddin  , Siti Nursyuhada Jafar  , Haslinda Ramli  , Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom  , Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah
Published: February 2021

Molecular identification of bacteria are very important to develop database gene bank in university. Databases of genes are very important to annotate a collection of nucleotide sequence and protein translation of oral bacteria. This research was conducted to identify bacteria that present in the plaque sample among diabetic patients collected from the Department of Periodontology and Community Oral health Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). A total of bacteria was successfully isolated on Blood Agar from periodontal patients’ plaques. Colony Forming Unit (CFU/mL) was calculated to estimate the number of viable bacteria in a sample after performed serial dilution. Gram stained was done for all isolated samples to differentiate between Gram positive and negative organisms. About 2.07 x 10 7 CFU/mL of bacteria was successfully collected from periodontal plaques on diabetes patient. From the numbers, only 17 were selected to identify the species. Seven from the samples were Gram-positive bacteria, meanwhile ten samples were identified as Gram-negative bacteria. PCR products were isolated from the samples by using polymerase chain reaction analysis. Purification had been done to all PCR products before sent it for sequencing. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Streptococcus downei,, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter clocae, Salmonella enterica subs enterica, Enterobacter ludwigii, Enterobacter mori, Enterobacter roggen kampii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter tabaci and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified from all samples via DNA sequencing.
The Comparative Mental Health Responses Between Post-Musculoskeletal Injury and Post-Concussive Injury Among Collegiate Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sabol Joseph , Kane Cecelia , Wilhelm Mark P , Reneker Jennifer C , Donaldson Megan Burrowbridge
Published: February 2021

Background

The average annual national estimate of injuries sustained by collegiate athletes is 210,674, which encompasses both those of a musculoskeletal and a concussive nature. Although athletic injuries are sustained through physical means and produce physical symptoms, sports-related injuries may be a stressor among athletes that is related to mental health.

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize existing literature describing mental health responses in collegiate athletes with a concussion compared to those with a musculoskeletal injury.

Study Design

Systematic Review

Methods

Systematic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, and SportDiscus were completed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were utilized. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. Data extracted from the included articles included the study design, number of participants, type of injury, sex, age, sport participation, outcome measures, and time to return to play.

Results

A total of six articles were included. Peak depressive symptoms in athletes who sustain a concussion or musculoskeletal injury occur within one-week post-injury. No significant differences between the concussive and musculoskeletal groups anxiety scores were found at baseline or at each follow-up session. Athletes from both groups were found to be returning to their respective sports with anxiety scores representative of clinical anxiety.

Conclusion

Similar trends in depressive and anxiety symptoms at various time points post-injury were observed in athletes with both musculoskeletal and concussive injuries. This study identified that athletes were returning to play before their psychological symptoms had returned to their baseline.

Level of Evidence

2a
An Alternative Model of Care for the Treatment of Adolescent Athletes with Extension-Based Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study.
Authors: Selhorst Mitchell , Rodenberg Richard , Padgett Nick , Fischer Anastasia , Ravindran Reno , MacDonald James
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose

Half of adolescent athletes report low back pain (LBP) and there is a significant risk of vertebral injury in this population. The current model of care for adolescent athletes with LBP is to first confirm a medical diagnosis of spondylolysis which frequently requires advanced imaging. However, routine use of advanced imaging increases cost, delays treatment, and can expose the athlete to radiation.

Purpose

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the viability of a physical therapist guided functional progression program to manage low back pain (LBP) in adolescent athletes.

Study Design

Non-randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Methods

Sixteen adolescents (15 ± 1.8 years, 50% female) with extension-based LBP were assigned to the biomedical model or physical therapy first model. The biomedical model sought to determine a spondylolysis diagnosis to guide treatment. In the physical therapy first model, patients began early therapeutic exercise and their ability to functionally progress determined the course of care. Dependent variables were change in Micheli Function Score, use of imagining, days out of sport, and ability to return to sport. Adverse events were monitored in order to assess safety. Descriptive statistics were completed to assess the viability of the alternative model.

Results

Both models had similar improvements in pain and function. The physical therapy first model reduced use of advanced imaging by 88% compared to the biomedical model. Patients in the biomedical model who did not sustain a vertebral injury returned to sport sooner than the physical therapy first model (3.4 days versus 51 days), while those with a vertebral injury took longer in the current model (131 days versus 71 days). All of the patients in the physical therapy first model and 88% of patients in the current model made a full return to sport. Two adverse events occurred in the biomedical model, and none were noted in the physical therapy first model.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrated that the physical therapist guided functional progression program may be a viable method for treating young athletes with LBP and further research is warranted.

Level of Evidence

3b
The Immediate Effects of Expert and Dyad External Focus Feedback on Drop Landing Biomechanics in Female Athletes: An Instrumented Field Study
Authors: Leonard Kelly A. , Simon Janet E. , Yom Jae , Grooms Dustin R.
Published: February 2021

Background

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury prevention interventions have used trained experts to ensure quality feedback. Dyad (peer) feedback may be a more cost-effective method to deliver feedback to athletes.

Purpose

To determine the immediate effects of dyad versus expert feedback on drop landing kinematics and kinetics in female athletes.

Study Design

Cohort study

Setting

College gymnasium

Methods

Two teams (one female basketball and one female volleyball), from a local college, were team randomized to dyad feedback (volleyball team) or expert feedback (basketball team) (13 expert, 19±0.87years, 1.7±0.09m, 68.04±7.21kg) (10 dyad 19.4±1.07years, 1.73±0.08m, 72.18±11.23kg). Participants completed drop vertical jumps at two different time points (pre- and post-feedback). Knee flexion and abduction displacement were assessed with Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) was assessed with a force plate during the landing phase of the drop vertical jump and compared across groups and condition (pre- and post-feedback) with a repeated measures ANCOVA a priori α <0.02 was set for multiple tests conducted.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups for flexion displacement. There was a significant change pre- to post- (decrease 4.65˚ p=0.01) in abduction displacement, with no group effect. There was a significant interaction of group by condition (p=0.01) for vGRF with no difference between groups before feedback (p>0.05). Between groups there was a decrease of vGRF in the expert group (difference 0.45 N*bw-1, p=0.01) at post-feedback relative to dyad. Within the expert group there was a significant difference between pre- and post-feedback (difference 0.72 N*bw-1, p=0.01), while the dyad group did not change pre- to post-feedback (difference 0.18 N*bw-1, p=0.67).

Conclusion

Movement screening experts giving real-time feedback were successful in improving key injury-risk kinematics and kinetics in female athletes, while dyad feedback only improved kinematics, indicating that expert feedback may be needed to ensure changes in kinematics and kinetics.

Level of Evidence

2
Validity of a Sham Dry Needling Technique on a Healthy Population
Authors: Cushman Daniel M , Holman Anna , Skinner Lee , Cummings Keith , Haight Peter , Teramoto Masaru
Published: February 2021

Background

Various methods of sham procedures have been used in controlled trials evaluating dry needling efficacy although few have performed validation studies of the sham procedure.

Hypothesis/Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a sham dry needling technique on healthy, active subjects.

Study Design

Validation study

Methods

Runners capable of completing a half-marathon or marathon race and were randomized to receive true (using an introducer and needle) or sham (using an introducer and fixed, blunted needle) dry needling. Blinded subjects were asked to identify if they received sham or true dry needling following the procedure. Proportions of those who correctly identified their needling were also examined on the basis of past experience of receiving dry needling.

Results

Fifty-three participants were included in this study, with 25 receiving the true dry needling procedure and 28 receiving the sham. Of those who had received dry needling in the past (n = 16), 11 (68.8%) correctly identified their respective groups. For those who had not previously received dry needling (n = 37), 13 (35.1%) accurately identified their group. Most importantly, 94.1% of dry needling-naïve participants were unable to identify they received the sham procedure (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study shows that a fixed needle in an introducer tube is a simple, inexpensive, effective sham procedure in patients who have never received dry needling before. This technique may be useful for randomized controlled trials in the future.

Levels of Evidence

2
Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
Authors: Hoffman Larisa R , Koppenhaver Shane L , MacDonald Cameron W , Herrera Johnny M , Streuli Joshua , Visco Zachary L , Wildermuth Nicole , Albin Stephanie R
Published: February 2021

Background

Quantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contracted state. A secondary aim was to identify demographic, anthropometric, medical history factors, and biomechanical factors related to muscle stiffness.

Methods

Stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both a resting and contracted state in 102 asymptomatic individuals in this cross-sectional study. Differences based on muscle state (resting vs contracted) and sex (female vs male) were assessed using a 2 X 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Associations between muscle stiffness and sex, age, BMI, race, exercise frequency, exercise duration, force production, and step length were assessed using correlation analysis.

Results

Gastrocnemius muscle stiffness significantly increased from a resting to a contracted state [mean difference: 217.5 (95% CI: 191.3, 243.8), p < 0.001]. In addition, muscles stiffness was 35% greater for males than females in a resting state and 76% greater in a contracted state. Greater muscle stiffness in a relaxed and contracted state was associated with larger plantarflexion force production (r = .26, p < 0.01 and r = .23, p < 0.01 respectively).

Conclusion

Identifying normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in asymptomatic individuals may help guide diagnosing and managing individuals with aberrant muscle function.

Level of Evidence

2b Individual Cohort Study

Clinical Relevance

What is known about the subject: Muscle stiffness has been shown to be related to individuals with pathology such as Achilles tendinopathy; however, research is sparse regarding normative values of muscle stiffness. Measuring muscle stiffness may also be a way to potentially predict individuals prone to injury or to monitor the effectiveness of management strategies.

What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study establishes defined estimates of muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state in healthy individuals. Myotonometry measures of muscle stiffness demonstrated an increase in stiffness during contraction that varies by sex. Greater gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was associated with increased plantarflexion force production.
Post-Trial Feedback Alters Landing Performance in Adolescent Female Athletes Using a Portable Feedback System
Authors: Kernozek Thomas W , Rutherford Drew , Heinert Becky , Onsager Jessica , Lee Maria , Schiedermayer Jeremie , Dietrich Stephanie , Dade Renee , Almonroeder Thomas Gus
Published: February 2021

Background

Post-performance verbal and visual feedback based on data collected via lab-based instruments have been shown to improve landing patterns related to non-contact ACL injury. Biomechanical methods are often complex, difficult to transport and utilize in field settings, and costly, which limits their use for injury prevention. Developing systems that can readily provide feedback outside of the lab setting may support large scale use of feedback training for ACL injury prevention.

Purpose/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single training session using a custom portable feedback training system that provides performance cues to promote changes in impact kinetics and lower extremity position during landing in female athletes.

Study Design

Repeated measures

Methods

One hundred fifty female athletes (ages 13-18 years old) landed from a 50 cm platform with and without feedback related to vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), vGRF symmetry and lower extremity position. Feedback was provided via a portable, low-cost system that included two custom-built force plates interfaced with a digital camera. Each athlete performed six pre-test trials followed by two blocks of six trials where they received visual feedback from the training system and individualized verbal cues from an investigator. Following training blocks, athletes completed six post-test trials without feedback and then six dual-task trials where a ball was randomly thrown to the performer during the landing (transfer task). vGRF and knee to ankle (K:A) separation ratio were measured and the average responses were reported for each trial block.

Results

Differences in vGRF between baseline, post-test and transfer task trial blocks were observed (F(2,298)=181.68, p < .0001). Mean (SD) peak vGRF (body weight) were 4.43 (0.90), 3.28 (0.61), and 3.80 (0.92), respectively. Differences in K:A ratio between baseline, post-test and transfer task trial blocks were shown (F(2,298)=68.47, p < .0001). Mean (SD) K:A ratio were 0.87 (0.21), 0.98 (0.19), and 0.92 (0.19), respectively.

Conclusion

A portable feedback system may be effective in reducing peak vGRFs and promoting a more desirable K:A ratio during landing and transfer task landing in adolescent female athletes.

Level of Evidence

3b
Determining Near Point of Convergence: Exploring a Component of the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screen Comparing Varied Target Sizes
Authors: Heick John D , Bay Curt
Published: February 2021

Background

Near point of convergence (NPC), a component of the Vestibular Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment, may be helpful in diagnosing concussion. The VOMS uses a standardized approach to measure NPC; however, methods of screening for NPC are not standardized.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether four different methods of measuring NPC yielded different estimates.

Study Design

Descriptive within-subjects laboratory study.

Level of Evidence

Level 3.

Methods

Healthy recreational athletes participated in a comparison of 4 commonly used methods of measuring NPC: a 12-point font target, the VOMS (14-point font target), the tip of a black pen, and the Bernell VergelTM device (9-point font target). The order of the presentation of the 4 targets was randomized.

Results

Seventy-five participants (59 females, 16 males; mean [SD] age=21.0 [6.12] years) completed 3 trials. The mean (SD) of the 900 NPC measurements was 7.11 (3.67) cm. Measurements for all targets had excellent reliability (r=0.94 to 0.98). In a comparative analysis, participant age was associated with NPC (p<0.01) and was covaried. The NPCs derived from both the 12-point and 14-point font targets were smaller than NPCs from the tip of the black pen and the 9-point font device (p<0.01). Measurements between the tip of the black pen and the 9-point font device (p=0.25) and between the 12-point and 14-point font targets (p=0.84) did not differ.

Conclusions

The method used to measure NPC as a screening test for concussion should be standardized because the estimate differs depending on the technique chosen. The current study supports previous findings that the type of target used to measure NPC should be standardized for concussion assessment.

Clinical Relevance

Screening of NPC should be standardized for concussion assessment to improve the reliability of NPC testing.
Inter-Disciplinary Conservative Management of Bilateral Non-United Lumbar Pars Defects in a Junior Elite Golfer
Authors: Brearley Simon L , Buckley Orlaith , Gillham Patrick , Clements Bryan , Coughlan Daniel
Published: February 2021

The prevalence of spondylolysis amongst adolescent athletes presenting with low back pain has been reported as high as 47-55%. Youth athletes participating in sports involving movements combining compression, extension and rotation appear most susceptible. As such, young golfers are a high-risk group, particularly given the high shear and compressive forces associated with the golf swing action. This is compounded by a culture which encourages very high practice volumes, typically poorly monitored. Although non-operative interventions are deemed the gold-standard management for this condition, surgery is indicated for more severe presentations and cases of ‘failed’ conservative management. The case presented herein outlines an inter-disciplinary, non-operative management of a 17-year old elite golfer with a moderate to severe presentation. A 4-stage model of reconditioning is outlined, which may be of use to practitioners given the paucity of rehabilitation guidelines for this condition. The report highlights the benefits of a graded program of exercise-based rehabilitation over the typically prescribed “12 weeks rest” prior to a return to the provocative activity. It also supports existing evidence that passive therapeutic approaches should only be used as an adjunct to exercise, if at all in the management of spondylolysis. Finally, and crucially, it also underlines that to deem non-surgical rehabilitation ‘unsuccessful’ or ‘failed’, clinicians should ensure that (long-term) exercise was included in the conservative approach.

Level of Evidence

4-Case Report
Analisis Faktor Penurunan Gangguan Saluran Udara Tegangan Menengah (SUTM) Pada Penyulang Parangbanoa
Authors: Adriani Adriani
Published: February 2021

The reliability of the electric power system is one of the most important things to pay attention to in order to maintain the performance of the three main pillars of PT. PLN (Persero). The problem that often occurs in the distribution sector is interference with feeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of trip feeder disturbances in parangbanoa feeders at PT. PLN (Persero) ULP Kalebajeng. The problem that often occurs in the distribution sector is feeder disturbance. Based on the results of the ArcGIS (Geometry Informindo System) output, the potential causes of trip disruption in the parangbanua feeders are trees and plants that affect SUTM, animals on the network, damaged JTM components, broken insulators, and less tight connections causing hot temperatures. Maintenance activities carried out are divided into integrated maintenance. saving obtained is 7,418 kWh / week, and the gain obtained can reach Rp. 10,882,206, - / week, while the benefits are a reduction in the number of interruption of feeder trips.
Semantic Prosody Revisited: Implications for Language Learning
Authors: Omidian Taha , Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

No description supplied
Research on the on-line processing of collocation: Replication of Wolter and Gyllstad (2011) and Millar (2011)
Authors: Sonbul S , Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

© Cambridge University Press 2019. Research employing psycholinguistic techniques to assess the on-line processing of collocation by native and non-native speakers has flourished in the past few years. This line of research aims (among other things) at exploring actual performance in real time as opposed to the traditional paper-and-pencil testing techniques that have been extensively employed in collocation research. The present paper reviews some of the pertinent research on the on-line processing of collocations and argues for the need for more replication studies in the area. It then looks at how two experimental studies on the topic - Millar (2011) and Wolter and Gyllstad (2011) - may be replicated in order to gain deeper understanding of the key factors behind collocation processing and to obtain more valid and generalizable results that can find their way into language teaching practice.
A cross-disciplinary investigation of multi-word expressions in the moves of research article abstracts
Authors: Omidian Taha , Shahriari H , Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Conformity to the epistemological orientations of academic disciplines is often reflected in the ways in which knowledge is constructed and communicated through certain linguistic features in academic genres. This paper explores instances of such conformity in hard and soft science disciplines, as it is reflected in the use of recurrent word combinations in different rhetorical moves of research article abstracts. A corpus-driven approach was adopted to identify the most frequently occurring word combinations of different length in a corpus of 5910 abstracts from six disciplines. Following this, the identified sequences were classified according to their communicative functions in different moves of the abstract. A mixed-methods approach was then adopted through which the patterns of variation reflected in the use of the identified sequences were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found that members of different academic domains have different priorities for representing their research in academic abstracts.
Representation and processing of multi-word expressions in the brain
Authors: Siyanova Anna , Conklin K , Caffarra S , Kaan E , van Heuven WJB
Published: February 2021

© 2017 Elsevier Inc. Language comprehension is sensitive to the predictability of the upcoming information. Prediction allows for smooth, expedient and successful communication. While general discourse-based constraints have been investigated in detail, more specific phrase-level prediction has received little attention. We address this gap by exploring the ERPs elicited during the comprehension of English binomials – familiar and predictable multi-word expressions. In Experiment 1a, participants read binomial expressions (knife and fork), infrequent strongly associated phrases (spoon and fork), and semantic violations (theme and fork). In Experiment 1b, participants read the same stimuli without “and”. Experiment 1a revealed that binomials elicited larger P300s and smaller N400s compared to the other conditions, reflecting the activation of a ‘template’ that matches the upcoming information (P300) and pointing to easier semantic integration (N400). In contrast, no differences were observed between binomials and associates in Experiment 1b. We conclude that distinct mechanisms underlie the processing of predicable and novel sequences.
The use of academic words and formulae in L1 and L2 secondary school writing
Authors: Omidian Taha , Beliaeva N , Todd L , Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

No description supplied
Collocation in beginner learner writing: A longitudinal study
Authors: Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. The fact that second-language (L2) learners have problems with collocation is widely attested. However, few studies have investigated the development of L2 collocational knowledge longitudinally. Fewer still have employed more than a handful of participants. In addition, almost all studies to date have looked at advanced learners of English. Other L2 proficiencies and backgrounds have, by and large, been disregarded. The lacuna left by this paucity motivated the present study. Thirty-six Chinese beginner learners of Italian wrote a composition at the beginning (Level 1), in the middle (Level 2), and at the end (Level 3) of an intensive course. A small corpus of L2 Italian was compiled with the aim of investigating N + Adj combinations. Analyses revealed that the number of combinations at the beginning and at the end of the course was comparable, the number of higher frequency items, however, was greater in Level 3 compositions than Level 1 compositions. Importantly, analyses showed an increase in strongly associated collocations in Level 3 writings compared to Level 1 writings. Thus, Level 3 compositions contained not only more higher frequency combinations, but also more strongly associated collocations than did Level 1 compositions. Taken together, the study provides new insights into the development of L2 collocational competence.
Gender stereotypes across the ages: On-line processing in school-age children, young and older adults
Authors: Siyanova Anna , Warren Paul , Pesciarelli F , Cacciari C
Published: February 2021

© 2015 Siyanova-Chanturia, Warren, Pesciarelli and Cacciari. Most research to date on implicit gender stereotyping has been conducted with one age group - young adults. The mechanisms that underlie the on-line processing of stereotypical information in other age groups have received very little attention. This is the first study to investigate real time processing of gender stereotypes at different age levels. We investigated the activation of gender stereotypes in Italian in four groups of participants: third- and fifth-graders, young and older adults. Participants heard a noun that was stereotypically associated with masculine (preside "headmaster") or feminine roles (badante "social care worker"), followed by a male (padre "father") or female kinship term (madre "mother"). The task was to decide if the two words - the role noun and the kinship term - could describe the same person. Across all age groups, participants were significantly faster to respond, and significantly more likely to press 'yes,' when the gender of the target was congruent with the stereotypical gender use of the preceding prime. These findings suggest that information about the stereotypical gender associated with a role noun is incorporated into the mental representation of this word and is activated as soon as the word is heard. In addition, our results show differences between male and female participants of the various age groups, and between male- and female-oriented stereotypes, pointing to important gender asymmetries.
Investigation of Native Speaker and Second Language Learner Intuition of Collocation Frequency
Authors: Siyanova Anna , Spina S
Published: February 2021

© 2015 Language Learning Research Club, University of Michigan. Research into frequency intuition has focused primarily on native (L1) and, to a lesser degree, nonnative (L2) speaker intuitions about single word frequency. What remains a largely unexplored area is L1 and L2 intuitions about collocation (i.e., phrasal) frequency. To bridge this gap, the present study aimed to answer the following question: How do L2 learners and native speakers compare against each other and corpora in their subjective judgments of collocation frequency? Native speakers and learners of Italian were asked to judge 80 noun-adjective pairings as one of the following: high frequency, medium frequency, low frequency, very low frequency. Both L1 and L2 intuitions of high frequency collocations correlated strongly with corpus frequency. Neither of the two groups of participants exhibited accurate intuitions of medium and low frequency collocations. With regard to very low frequency pairings, L1 but not L2 intuitions were found to correlate with corpora for the majority of the items. Further, mixed-effects modeling revealed that L2 learners were comparable to native speakers in their judgments of the four frequency bands, although some differences did emerge. Taken together, the study provides new insights into the nature of L1 and L2 intuitions about phrasal frequency.
On the 'holistic' nature of formulaic language
Authors: Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

© 2015 2015 by De Gruyter Mouton. Many applied and corpus linguists entertain the idea of collocations, and other types of formulaic language, being processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. It has, indeed, been demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, formulaic sequences are processed quantitatively faster than matched novel phrases. This finding implies an important role of phrasal frequency in language processing and highlights the contribution of entrenchment of a particular phrasal configuration in memory. This finding, however, cannot be taken to suggest that formulaic sequences are necessarily processed as unanalysed, or holistic units. The present paper reviews some of the recent studies and explains why a processing advantage observed for formulaic sequences over novel phrases should not be equated with holistic storage and processing. The present paper is not intended as an overview of the studies on on-line processing of formulaic language. For a comprehensive review of the method and findings specific to formulaic sequences, their on-line representation and processing, we direct an interested reader to Siyanova-Chanturia (2013) and Siyanova-Chanturia and Martinez (2014).
The idiom principle revisited
Authors: Siyanova Anna , Martinez R
Published: February 2021

© 2014 Oxford University Press 2014. John Sinclair's Idiom Principle famously posited that most texts are largely composed of multi-word expressions that 'constitute single choices' in the mental lexicon. At the time that assertion was made, little actual psycholinguistic evidence existed in support of that holistic, 'single choice', view of formulaic language. In the intervening years, a number of studies have shown that multi-word expressions are indeed processed differently from novel phrases. This processing advantage, however, does not necessarily support the holistic view of formulaic language. The present review aims to bring together studies on the processing of multi-word expressions in a first and second language that have used a range of psycholinguistic techniques, and presents why such research is important. Practical implications and pathways for future research are discussed.
Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research: A state-of-the-art review of the method and findings
Authors: Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie on-line processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho-and neurolinguistic techniques-eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs)-and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Using eye-tracking to investigate topics in L2 acquisition and L2 sentence and discourse processing
Authors: Roberts L , Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

Second language (L2) researchers are becoming more interested in both L2 learners' knowledge of the target language and how that knowledge is put to use during real-time language processing. Researchers are therefore beginning to see the importance of combining traditional L2 research methods with those that capture the moment-by-moment interpretation of the target language, such as eye-tracking. The major benefit of the eye-tracking method is that it can tap into real-time (or online) comprehension processes during the uninterrupted processing of the input, and thus, the data can be compared to those elicited by other, more metalinguistic tasks to offer a broader picture of language acquisition and processing. In this article, we present an overview of the eye-tracking technique and illustrate the method with L2 studies that show how eye-tracking data can be used to (a) investigate language-related topics and (b) inform key debates in the fields of L2 acquisition and L2 processing. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013.
Herbst, T., Faulhaber, S. & Uhrig, P. (Eds). 2011. The Phraseological View of Language. A Tribute to John Sinclair. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton. (xii + 324 pp.)
Authors: Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

No description supplied
Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition: A Practical Guide. Alison Mackey and Susan M. Gass (Eds). Oxford: Blackwell, 2011). Pp. 326.
Authors: Siyanova Anna
Published: February 2021

No description supplied
L2 learner production and processing of collocation: A multi-study perspective
Authors: Siyanova A , Schmitt N
Published: February 2021

This article presents a series of studies focusing on L2 production and processing of adjective-noun collocations (e.g., social services). In Study 1, 810 adjective-noun collocations were extracted from 31 essays written by Russian learners of English. About half of these collocations appeared frequently in the British National Corpus (BNC); one-quarter failed to appear in the BNC at all, while another quarter had a very low BNC frequency. Based on frequency data and mutual information (MI) scores, it was discovered that around 45% of all learner collocations were, in fact, appropriate collocations, that is, frequent and strongly associated English word combinations. When the study data were compared to data from native speakers, very little difference was found between native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS) in the use of appropriate collocations. Unfortunately, the high percentage of appropriate collocations does not mean that NNSs necessarily develop fully native-like knowledge of collocation. In Study 2, NNSs demonstrated poorer intuition than NS respondents regarding the frequency of collocations. Likewise, Study 3 showed that NNSs were slower than NSs in processing collocations. Overall, the studies reported here suggest that L2 learners are capable of producing a large number of appropriate collocations but that the underlying intuitions and the fluency with collocations of even advanced learners do not seem to match those of native speakers. © 2008 The Canadian Modern Language Review.
Native and nonnative use of multi-word vs. one-word verbs
Authors: Siyanova A , Schmitt N
Published: February 2021

One of the choices available in English is between one-word verbs (train at the gym) and their multi-word counterparts (work out at the gym). Multi-word verbs tend to be colloquial in tone and are a particular feature of informal spoken discourse. Previous research suggests that English learners often have problems with multi-word verbs, and may even avoid their use. This study explores this issue further by comparing the likelihood of using multi-word vs. one-word verbs by both native speakers and advanced nonnatives. A questionnaire of 26 multi-word/one-word verb pairs showed that nonnatives were less likely to use multi-word verbs than native speakers in informal spoken contexts. Moreover, the amount of exposure to native-speaking environments did not have an effect on the likelihood of using the multi-word verbs. However, a corpus analysis of the same verb pairs showed that the one-word verbs are often more frequent in both written and spoken discourse. © © Walter de Gruyter 2007.
Intracellular complexities of acquiring a new enzymatic function revealed by mass-randomisation of active-site residues
Authors: Hall Kelsi R , Robins Katherine J , Williams Elsie M , Rich Michelle H , Calcott Mark J , Copp Janine N , Little Rory F , Schwoerer Ralf , Evans Gary B , Patrick Wayne M , Ackerley David
Published: February 2021

No description supplied
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT IN RECREATIONAND TOURISM ORGANIZATION
Authors:   Ferghana State University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Makhkamov Elyorbek
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the natural conditions for recreation and tourism. The main criteria for the evaluation were the analysis of the natural conditions of the area, climate, internal waters, flora and fauna.
PRONÓSTICO DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LAS PRINCIPALES FRUTAS EN LA REGIÓN DE PIURA. UN ANÁLISIS ECONOMÉTRICO CON EL MÉTODO DE BOX-JENKINS
Authors: Carrasco Choque Freddy
Published: February 2021

El sector agrícola juega un papel importante en la economía de todos los países. La actividad agrícola en la región de Piura, es una actividad fundamental para su desarrollo. El primer objetivo del estudio fue identificar, estimar y validar el modelo ajustado para pronosticar la producción de Limón y plátano. El segundo fue realizar el pronóstico de la producción del limón y plátano para el periodo 2020M10 hasta 2022M09. Para concretizar los objetivos se utilizó la metodología de Box y Jenkins. La base de datos proviene del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú sede Piura y se consideraron datos mensuales entre los años 1999M01 y 2020M09. En los pronosticos se evidenciaron la presencia de quiebre estructural para la producción del plátano, en los pronósticos de la producción del limón se detectó presencia de estacionalidad en la serie. Luego del cumplimiento de supuestos el mejor modelo ajustado de promedio móvil integrado autoregresivo de Box-Jenkins para la producción del limón es un SARIMA y para la producción del plátano es un ARIMA . Los resultados pueden ser utilizados para tomar decisiones a investigadores, productores y empresarios del sector agrícola de la Región de Piura.
IMPLICANCIAS DE LA PRODUCCIÓN AGROECOLÓGICA EN LAS CONDICIONES SOCIOECONÓMICAS DE LAS FAMILIAS EN LA ZONA BAJA DE LA CUENCA DEL RÍO COATA, PERÚ
Authors: Quispe Mamani Julio Cesar , Guevara Mamani Marcial , Roque Guizada Cesar Elías
Published: February 2021

El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la influencia de la producción agroecológica en las condiciones socioeconómicas de las familias de la zona baja de la Cuenca de rio Coata. El diseño del estudio es de carácter descriptivo y correlacional, para su desarrollo se trabajó con fuentes primarias como encuestas y secundarias a través de la revisión de investigaciones relacionadas. Se concluye que la producción agroecológica influye en la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicasde las familias de la zona baja de la Cuenca, principalmente en el ámbito educativo, en los niveles de inicial y primaria; además, algunas prácticas agroecológicas contribuyen en que los productores dejen de acceder a programas sociales, toda vez que el 17% de la población objeto de estudio considera a la alimentación o autoconsumo como condicionante para realizar producción agroecológica, en vista que solo el 27.14% realiza producción agroecológica, el 72.86 no realiza ninguna práctica agroecológica.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INQUIRY-BASED PRACTICAL WORK THROUGH ONLINE LEARNING
Authors: Setiono Setiono
Published: February 2021

Pengalaman belajar melalui praktikum berbasis inkuiri  merupakan pengalaman belajar substansial bagi peserta didik khususnya dalam pembelajaran biologi. Pengalaman belajar ini dapat membekalkan kompetensi yang dibutihkan oleh peserta didik dimasa sekarang maupun masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerangka kerja pengalaman belajar praktikum inkuiri yang dilakukan melalui pembelajaran online. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskripstif melalui studi kasus, dokumen dan literatur. Pendekatan saintifik merupakan salah satu standar proses dalam pembelajaran mata pelajaran biologi dalam kurikulum 2013. Pandemi covid-19 menyebabkan kegiatan pembelajran dilakukan di rumah. Hal ini menjadi tantangan tersendiri untuk melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran praktikum berbasis inkuiri. Guru harus menyiapkan tugas, instruksi atau bimbingan dengan memperhitungkan banyak hal sehingga memungkinkan peserta didik melakukan kegiatan praktikum berbasis inkuiri di rumah, untuk menyiapkan hal tersebut guru memerlukan kerangka kerja pembelajaran praktikum inkuiri online yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh peserta didik di rumah.
PENINGKATAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR FISIKA MENGGUNAKAN MULTIMEDIA INTERAKTIF BERBASIS POWERPOINT PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 22 JAKARTA
Authors: Atmaja Devi Yulianty Surya
Published: February 2021

Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Fisika dengan menggunakan Multimedia Pembelajaran Interaktif  Berbasis  Ms.Powerpoint  pada  Peserta  Didik Kelas  XI  SMA  Negeri  22  Jakarta”.  Tujuan penelitian untuk mengamati Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Fisika Peserta didik Kelas XI IPA 4 SMAN 22 Jakarta dengan menggunakan ”Multimedia Interaktif Berbasis Power Point". Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Negeri 22 Jakarta dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan atau yang lebih dikenal dengan action research. Prosedur penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan model penelitian tindakan Kemmis-Taggart, yang terdiri dari empat komponen tindakan yakni perencanaan, tindakan, pengamatan dan refleksi dalam suatu system spiral yang saling terkait yang disebut satu siklus. Adapun penelitian tindakan kelas ini dengan 2 siklus. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat hipotesis tindakan, yaitu diduga setelah menggunakan multimedia interaktif berbasis Ms. powerpoint, motivasi belajar fisika peserta didik kelas XI IPA 4 di SMAN 22 Jakarta akan meningkat. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan multimedia interaktif berbasis power point telah berhasil meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik kelas XI IPA 4 SMA Negeri 22 Jakarta dengan persentase peningkatan hingga 70%. Oleh karena itu, melalui penelitian ini diharapkan dapat merekomendasikan penggunaan multimedia interaktif berbasis power point untuk lebih diterapkan di SMA Negeri 22 Jakarta, terutama untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar fisika.