bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Managers ‘ Perceptions: A Dimension Missing from Theories about Firms
Authors: Salgado Susan R , Mezias John M
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at some evidence about the accuracy—or rather the inaccuracy—of managers‘ perceptions. With few exceptions, academic theorists assume that managers perceive accurately. Some theorists, mainly economists, even assume that managers have precisely correct expectations about future events. But managers often perceive inaccurately. They often make perception errors when they are dealing with phenomena that they run into daily in their jobs; they make larger errors and make them more often when they encounter novel phenomena. Yet academics often base studies on managers ‘ perceptions of phenomena that are unfamiliar to the managers and do not into their daily experiences. As a result, academics generate noisy data that have very different meanings for managers than for academics.
Multi-Bank Financing: What It is and is Not
Authors: Mugasha Agasha
Published: November 2023

This introductory chapter describes the different types and phases of multi- bank financing and distinguishes multi-bank financing from similar transactions. These initial remarks are completed in chapter 2, which describes who uses multi- bank financing, where, and why.

Multi-bank financing occurs when a number of banks act in concert to extend credit to a borrower. The combination of the banks is usually highly coordinated, but in some cases the banks act in loose associations that are linked only by the simultaneous extension of credit to a borrower. The two main phases of multi- bank financing are the syndicated loan and secondary loan market practices.
A Framework For Adaptive Strategy
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

We are now ready to introduce the framework for strategy in public organizations.

The central task is to find ways to achieve profound purposes within the constraints of an external and internal environment. That requires any serious exercise of strategy to address:

• Why actions are taken: the purposes, needs, values, aspirations, and fears that most matter to a society, and which cannot be provided without the help of the state. These are shaped and fought over through politics and through the slow movement of culture. What the context is in which these purposes can be achieved—the possible opportunities and threats; the state of knowledge; and the capacities of institutions.
Whither Core Competency for the Large Corporation in an Open Innovation World?
Authors: Christensen Jens Frøslev
Published: November 2023

By the early 1990s, it had become broadly acknowledged that large technology-intensive companies, in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, should stick to their core technological competencies, exploit these in the development of critical components and product architectures within their core business areas, and pursue opportunities for diversification into technology-related product markets. In several ways this strategic ‘wisdom ‘ represented a substantial change in the mental models and practices of corporate strategy that had prevailed during the previous decades. First, it reflected a break away from the tendencies in the 1960s and 1970s towards unrelated business diversification based on portfolio thinking, particularly in the US (Porter 1987).
The Use of Intellectual Property in Software: Implications for Open Innovation
Authors: Mowery Stuart J H Graham David C
Published: November 2023

The sine qua non of the ‘open innovation ‘ paradigm is the use by firms of both internal and external sources of knowledge in their quest for competitive advantage in the marketplace (Chesbrough 2003a). The movement from the ‘closed ‘ to the ‘open ‘ innovation paradigm has spanned decades. Chesbrough catalogues changes in firms ‘ strategies during the 1980s and 1990s for sourcing knowledge and managing their innovation processes, with firms moving increasingly from a ‘closed ‘ to an ‘open ‘ paradigm. This shift to an ‘open ‘ paradigm encompasses change in industry structure, firm strategy, and managers ‘ perception and uses of intellectual property (IP).
The controversy over Iran’s nuclear programme
Authors: Kile Shannon N
Published: November 2023

This research report is set against the background of the international controversy over the scope and nature of Iran’s nuclear programme and Iran’s compliance with its comprehensive safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The controversy has moved to the forefront of the international debate about the future of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and its principal legal foundation, the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT). It has centred on revelations by the IAEA that Iran failed over a period of 18 years to declare important nuclear activities, in contravention of its NPT-mandated full-scope safeguards agreement with the agency. Iran insists that its nuclear programme is aimed solely at producing electricity and that any safeguards violations were inadvertent.
Interpreting Normativity
Authors: Dickson* Julie
Published: November 2023

Interpreting the views of Hans Kelsen was one of Jim Harris’s long-standing academic interests. In a series of articles and book chapters from the early 1970s onwards, Harris developed a distinctive and sometimes critical take on several important aspects of Kelsen’s thinking. In this essay, I will focus on Harris’s interpretation and critical analysis of Kelsen’s account of the normativity of law. The search for an adequate understanding of legal normativity has generated a series of enduring puzzles for analytical jurisprudence.
Weak and Strong Conceptions of Property: An Essay in Memory of Jim Harris
Authors: Epstein* Richard A
Published: November 2023

By no stretch of the imagination would I count myself as a close friend of Jim Harris. Until May of 2003, I only knew of his work from afar. But when I came to Oxford to deliver the Hart Lecture, he graciously invited me and my wife to Keble College for lunch, where on one occasion I got the full flavour of the man. Undeterred by his blindness, he was at once courteous, lively, and insistent. He cared deeply about the field to which he made such a major contribution, and seemed primed to take on new intellectual challenges in the years to come, before his life was so tragically cut short.
Property and Ownership: Marginal Comments
Authors: * Tony Honoré
Published: November 2023

Jim Harris’s Property and Justice is a major work. Its range, coherence, and depth put it in a different class from most modern writing on these intractable topics. The comments that follow concern his treatment of property, in particular the relation of his view of property and ownership to mine. The ad hominem strategy is suggested by the way in which Harris summarizes his conclusions in the introduction to Property and Justice: [I]t will emerge that the essentials of a property institution are the twin notions of trespassory rules and the ownership spectrum.
The Morality of James Harris’s Theory of Property
Authors: Lametti* David
Published: November 2023

People everywhere invoke ‘justice’ in political and ethical controversies and in criticizing and applying the law. Against that, two and a half millennia of speculative thought have yielded no agreement about what justice is. Indeed, in addition to diametrically opposed conceptions of justice, there are those who say justice does not exist. . . . Such disagreements and scepticism about justice are familiar enough. More surprisingly, there is no consensus, and there is also scepticism, about the concept of property. All societies have property institutions of one kind or another.
Towards Principles of Overruling in a Civil Law Supreme Court
Authors: Rorive* Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Professor Jim Harris dedicated a fair amount of his research to the issue of precedent in English law and in the common law system. He developed a very fine analysis of the attitude of the House of Lords towards its own precedents. His work is crucial for anybody interested in the way supreme courts are developing and changing the law on their own, with no legislative intervention whatsoever. Today, writing about judge-made law does still bring back to me the long hours spent in his room at Keble College, discussing the subtleties of overruling and distinguishing.
The Rationality of Tradition
Authors: Smith* Lionel
Published: November 2023

This Chapter is concerned with the binding power of precedent. It argues that the commitment to a particular outcome, which is represented by an official decision on the issue, rightly provides a rational basis for dispensing with any re-examination of the same issue. This rational basis is independent from, and incommensurable with, the rationality (the set of substantive reasons) underlying the original decision. The irreconcilable tension between the two modes of rationality is resolved differently in different legal systems; the common law solution is that in some situations, the rationality that favours consistency is privileged as a mandatory rule of law ( stare decisis) that disallows access to the rationality based on substantive reasons.
How Do Institutions Cohere and Change? The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis and Its Extension
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, economic theory has focused on the allocation of scarce resources by pure market mechanisms and therefore the role of economic institutions was only referred within descriptive historical studies or comparative system of analyses. During the last two decades, economists have rediscovered with Coase (1937) that flrms do play a major role in the allocation of resources and might be more efflcient than markets when transaction costs are introduced on top of production costs. This hypothesis has triggered a new interest in the institutions of capitalism that previously was a quite neglected domain of research (Williamson 1985). More fundamentally, modern neoclassical microeconomic theory has recognized that market mechanisms cannot cope with public goods, externalities, innovations, and social justice concerns (Ingrao and Israel 1990), and these market failures call for alternative coordinating mechanisms such as quality standards, law, conventions, norms, and even State interventions at the macroeconomic level (Stiglitz 1987).
Advancing Our Understanding of Capitalism With Niels Bohr’s Thinking About Complementarity
Authors: Hollingsworth J Rogers
Published: November 2023

This chapter is structured around several basic perspectives. First, we live in an age in which our understanding of the world is ever more limited. It is not clear that we have any idea of how to develop a more coherent view of the world and more effective institutions for governing the world. Second, the essay identifles some of the key factors which interfere with our understanding, and suggests a few important steps for improving the situation. These are only very modest steps, as most of us are still profoundly ignorant of the universe around us, despite substantial advances in knowledge over the last century and the vast resources which our societies invest in education, research, and information technology.
The Blurring of Organizational Boundaries and The Fragmentation of Work
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Marchington Mick , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

The employment relationship is normally regarded as contracted between a single employer and an employee and shaped and formed within a single organization with a clear organizational boundary. This approach, taken as the bedrock for enquiry in areas such as industrial relations, human resource management (HRM), employment law, and labor economics, fails to consider the way in which differences in organizational forms (such as outsourcing, joint ventures, multiemployer sites, partnerships, agency working, and pseudo self-employment) impact on employment relations. Conversely, analyses of changing organizational forms tend to ignore the impact of changes to employment relationships on the likely performance and sustainability of a particular organizational form.
Generating Creative Options
Authors: Leonard Dorothy , Swap Walter
Published: November 2023

‘I don’t need to tell you how important this distance learning contract is,’ said Hazel as she opened the meeting. ‘If we get to design the ad campaign, we’ll have a whole new line of business. That’s why I’ve put our very best people on this team-including Fred from Sales and Tom-even though he’s moved to our financial services account. I know some of you were a bit surprised at my bringing them in, but we needed a variety of backgrounds and knowledge to be creative. I was really pleased with yesterday’s brainstorming session-we came up with a lot of cool ideas .
Partnerships for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Parise Salvatore , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that alliances and partnerships among companies will be a critical component of strategic management in the 21st century, including playing a major role in the transfer and management of knowledge resources. If done successfully, alliances can contribute significantly to a company’s growth potential. The numbers are very impressive. In a recent study, highly successful alliance companies expect 35 percent of their revenues by 2003 to come from a1liances, up from 21 percent in 1998 and 15 percent in 1995. Also, from the same study, the most active alliance participants achieved a 17.2 percent return on equity, which is much higher than the average return on equity for both Fortune 500 companies as well as companies least active with a1liances.
Managing Knowledge the Chevron Way
Authors: Derr Kenneth T
Published: November 2023

Of all the initiatives we’ve undertaken at Chevron during the 1990s, few have been as important or as rewarding as our efforts to build a learning organization by sharing and managing knowledge throughout our company. In fact, I believe this priority was one of the keys to reducing our operating costs by more than $2 billion per year-from about $9.4 billion to $7.4 billion over the last seven years. Oil prices-adjusted for inflation-are now at their lowest levels since Woodrow Wilson was in the White House. Nevertheless, the long-term forecast for the global energy business is one of growth and opportunity.
Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy
Authors: Kim W Chan , Mauborgne Renee
Published: November 2023

A London policeman gave a woman a ticket for making an illegal turn. When the woman protested that there was no sign prohibiting the turn, the police man pointed to one that was bent out of shape and difficult to see from the road. Furious, the woman decided to appeal by going to court. Finally, the day of her hearing arrived, and she could hardly wait to speak her piece. But she had just begun to tell her side of the story when the magistrate stopped her and summarily ruled in her favor. How did the woman feel? Vindicated? Victorious? Satisfied? No, she was frustrated and deeply unhappy. ‘I came for justice,’ she complained, ‘but the magistrate never let me explain what happened.’ In other words, although she liked the outcome, she didn’t like the process that had created it.
Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks
Authors: Cross Rob , Parker Andrew , Prusak Laurence , Borgatti Stephen P
Published: November 2023

‘So the call came in late on Thursday afternoon and right away I wished I hadn’t answered the phone. We had received a last-second opportunity to bid on a sizable piece of work that the Partner on the other end of the line really wanted to pursue. I had no due how to even begin looking for relevant methodologies or case examples, so my first move was to tap into my network to find some relevant info and leads to other people or databases. And I relied pretty heavily on this group over the next couple of days. Seth was great for pointing me to other people and relevant information, Paul provided ideas on the technical content of the project while Jeff really helped in showing me how to frame the client’s issues in ways that we could sell.
Do You Know Who Your Experts Are?
Authors: Idinopulos Michael , Kempler Lee
Published: November 2023

Expertise can be surprisingly difficult to find, even in institutions that have spent millions to attract and retain world-class experts. Take the experience of one manager at a biotechnology company. Early in the project, it needed someone with deep technical knowledge of a particular protein. We spent weeks looking for an expert-calling HR, asking around the office, scanning personnel records. Finally, we concluded the expert didn’t exist. Three days later, I’m in an elevator complaining about this to a colleague, when the woman next to me turns and says, ‘I wrote my doctoral thesis on that protein. What do you need to know?’ Such inefficiency and reliance on chance would normally be unthinkable for corporate resources.
Language and Nation
Authors: Vick Brian
Published: November 2023

At least since biblical times language has counted as one of the most important markers of difference between peoples; whether language also constitutes a main criterion of national identity in the modern age of nationalism, however, is a different question, particularly where this involves the distribution of civil rights. Since the earlier part of the twentieth century, the standard position has been that there are in fact two types of nationalism—civic-voluntarist and ethnic-cultural— having corresponding forms of national identity, in the latter of which language does indeed play a central role while in the former it need not.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Williams Chris
Published: November 2023

Any attempt to investigate the relative purchase of ethnic and civic nationalisms in Britain during the long nineteenth century first has to clarify what is meant by ‘Britain’. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into being on 1 January 1801, following the passage of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland during the preceding year. The state of Great Britain was itself of recent origin, having been created in 1707 by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. England had incorporated Wales following earlier Acts of Union in 1536 and 1543.
Introduction and making the diagnosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused when a person has inherited two copies of a faulty gene (one from each parent). CF is suspected in children who: (a) have a bowel blockage at birth (b) fail to gain weight even when eating well (c) have frequent smelly stools (d) have a persistent or recurrent wet cough or chest infection Newborn infants can now be screened for CF by a heel-prick blood test The diagnosis of CF is confirmed by a sweat test which measures the concentration of chloride (as salt) in the sweat
How cystic fibrosis affects the digestive system
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

The pancreas is the gland which produces enzymes to digest foodstuffs, All individuals with CF produce decreased amounts of enzymes, Around 85 per cent of people with CF cannot produce enough enzymes for efficient digestion and absorption of food and need to take additional enzymes by mouth with each meal, Around 15 per cent of babies with CF have blockage of the bowel from birth; this is called meconium ileus
The cystic fibrosis team
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

All individuals with CF should have their care managed through a cystic fibrosis centre, The cystic fibrosis team consists of doctors, nurses and therapists who have been specially trained in CF care and see large numbers of children and adults with CF
Micro-organisms in the cystic fibrosis lung
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Staphylococcus aureus is the bacteria most commonly found in young children with CF and is treated with an oral antibiotic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a bacteria which occurs naturally in warm moist environments and is particularly attracted to the lung in CF, Early treatment of P. aeruginosa infection with oral plus inhaled or intravenous antibiotics can usually prevent chronic infection, Hygiene measures are important to prevent cross-infection between patients with CF
Background and Outline
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

In Part II, we shall provide a comprehensive and critical guide to the legislation. The exposition will draw upon the theoretical perspectives adduced in Part I and will inform operational and practical impacts as well as assessments (Part III). This opening Chapter 2 will consider the background history to the Act, an outline of its overall scheme, and the standards by which it should be adjudged.

The most prominent progenitors to the Civil Contingencies Act are (for Part I) the Civil Defence Act 1948 and (for Part II) the Emergency Powers Act 1920.
Towards A Civil Contingencies Framework
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to examine the broader institutional and organizational impact and setting of the Civil Contingencies Act. This inquiry will thereby move beyond the local and regional tiers, which lie at the heart of the legislation, into the work of central government, on which there is near silence.

The Civil Contingencies Committee (CCC), chaired by the Home Secretary, is the key Cabinet Committee. Its terms of reference and related structures are illustrated in Table 8A overleaf:

The foregoing structure was settled largely in 20013 but was augmented in 2002 with a range of Cabinet sub-committees based on the standing Defence and Overseas Policy Committee.
The Development Of An Electronic Web Diary For The Monitoring Of Primary Headaches
Authors: Sances J , Tassorelli C , Ghiotto N , Loi M , Guaschino E , Pagani M , Corti L , Nappi G
Published: November 2023

Headache is a very frequent disorder in the general population. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) has defined the diagnostic criteria for the different types of primary and secondary headaches. According to ICHD-II, the diagnosis of primary headache is purely clinical, based on patient history, reported symptoms and detected signs. The use of monitoring charts to detect and diagnose headaches is crucial in the management of headache disorders. Besides supplying details on a patient’s medical history, diaries and calendars provide the physician with important information concerning the clinical features, frequency and temporal pattern of attacks.
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

‘Subrogation’ literally means ‘substitution’; the word derives from the same Latin root as the more familiar word ‘surrogate’.1 In English law the term ‘subrogation’ denotes a process by which one party is deemed to have been substituted for another, so that he can acquire and enforce the other’s rights against a third party for his own benefit. It is often said that a subrogated claimant ‘stands in the shoes’ of the party whose rights he is deemed to have acquired.
Discharge Of Obligations
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter it was explained that in cases where a claimant’s money is used to pay a creditor in respect of a defendant’s obligation, the type of subrogation to which the claimant may be entitled varies according to whether the defendant’s obligation is discharged by the payment. To identify the type of subrogation to which he may be entitled, the claimant therefore needs to understand the rules which determine when obligations are discharged by payment.
The Form Of The Remedy
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines various issues relating to the form which a claimant’s subrogation rights might take. Section B considers the nature and extent of these rights. It is explained that they are new rights, generated by discharge of the creditor’s original rights, as a remedy to reverse the unjust enrichment that would otherwise accrue to the debtor and/or remoter parties. To achieve this goal the law generates new rights for the claimant that replicate the creditor’s original rights.
Decisions and Mechanisms in Exemplar-based Phonology
Authors: Johnson Keith
Published: November 2023

In the leaf in Figure 3.1 you can see a branching structure—an almost crystalline organization that could be described with a clean mathematical generative formalism. Now, if we raise our gaze only a little we see a forest—diversity formed from interlaced systems of water and light, plant and insect.
A Brief Introduction
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

This book is dedicated to a single, foundational issue in the study of child language acquisition: What exactly is the child acquiring? Even the most ardent of nativists will acknowledge that languages differ from one another, and that the child uses her input to choose among the various grammars permitted by human biology. What exactly are the decisions that the child has to make? At the other end of the spectrum, those with an empiricist inclination expect the process of language acquisition to depend much more heavily on the input. Yet, these researchers too acknowledge that the final state of language acquisition includes grammatical knowledge of a general nature, more abstract than the specific examples encountered in the input. Again, what form does this grammatical knowledge take? The parametric approach to child language is a broad research program dedicated to this issue. Here the word parametric is a convenient cover term for any kind of abstract grammatical knowledge, regardless of how it is implemented: Possible instantiations include actual parameter settings, constraint rankings, or abstract features of functional heads, to name but a few My central empirical claim will be that the time course of child language acquisition is itself a rich source of evidence about the nature of what the child is acquiring. First, theories of grammatical variation across languages make strong, testable predictions about the process of language acquisition in children. This book will show, in considerable detail, how to derive these predictions and then test them with various types of evidence from children. Second, certain broad observations about the process of language acquisition, in and of themselves, have direct implications for the nature of what the child is acquiring. I will elaborate on this point in the final chapter of the book. My objective in writing the book is to create a resource for fellow child-language researchers who are interested in parametric questions.
The View from Syntactic Theory
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys the ideas on cross-linguistic variation that are prominent in contemporary syntactic theory. Two major frame-works are considered: the Principles-and-Parameters framework and the Minimalist Program. For each framework I provide a brief overview and at least one example of how cross-linguistic variation is treated, together with ways of using acquisitional data to test specific proposals. In the first section, on the Principles-and-Parameters framework, I also introduce the idea that the child is grammatically conservative, at least in spontaneous production, and discuss the relevance of this characteristic when generating acquisitional predictions.
Case Studies in the Parametric Approach
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present three case studies in the parametric approach to child language. The first is a study of children’s acquisition of syllable structure in Dutch, which I conducted in collaboration with Ning Pan. The second example concerns a type of empty-category phenomenon in Spanish that I term “noun-drop”, and was conducted in collaboration with Ann Senghas and Kelly Inman. The final example is a study of children’s acquisition of prepositional questions in English, and was conducted with Koji Sugisaki.
Conclusions: Grammatical Conservatism and Cross-Linguistic Variation
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I first surveyed the leading theories of exactly what the child must acquire, in order to know the syntax and phonology of her native language. I then turned to the ways in which acquisitional data can be used to evaluate such theories. In several of the chapters I presented evidence that children make remarkably few of the logically possible errors as they acquire the grammar of their target language. In particular, in children’s spontaneous speech, syntactic errors of comission are strikingly rare. When such errors do occur they belong to one of a few consistent types.
Obstetrics
Authors: Scott Wendy E
Published: November 2023

Pregnancy is a physiological process. In some instances, it may, however, become a pathological state. Women may choose to conceive, carry the child to term, and deliver the child. Accidental or forced conception, a wanted embryo that develops with an abnormality, or a woman’s change of mind, may result in a termination of that pregnancy. Women have opportunities from conception onwards, to exercise their right to continue with the pregnancy, or to have it terminated—within the legal restriction of the Abortion Act(1)and the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990(2). Women themselves, by way of pressure groups and support groups such as the National Childbirth Trust and the Birthday Trust, or women’s magazines and other media channels, are very much in the forefront of educating other women as regards opportunities and ‘rights’ around issues of pregnancy, labour, and delivery. This form of education has the inherent problem that it may be biased and incomplete. There is a significant swing away from hospital deliveries to home deliveries, the incidence of which is thought to be anything between 4% and 10%. Accurate information is not easily obtainable(3). The UK government publication in 1993 entitled ‘Changing Childbirth’(4) proposed greater choice for women in many aspects of their care, including the place to give birth. Obstetricians do not have professional responsibility for women who wish to have a home confinement or who wish to be delivered in a midwifery-led unit, unless subsequently referred to them. General practitioners have become less involved in maternity care. Many women never access their general practitioner during pregnancy. The midwife is the lead health professional responsible for that woman. A woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy and straightforward delivery may go through the entire pregnancy and labour without seeing an obstetrician. Over the last few years, there has arisen, mainly from outside the medical profession, but also some within the profession, the expectation that doctors are, and should be, surplus to requirement as regards normal pregnancy, which is seen as an entirely physiological process. There has been a trend to move from a medical model to a social model of pregnancy. When complications arise, or a woman is ‘high risk’ because of her own previous medical problems, she will either be under the shared care of a midwife and obstetrician or completely under the care of the obstetrician, seeing her midwife only for routine checks during the pregnancy.
Awareness during anaesthesia
Authors: Aitkenhead Alan R
Published: November 2023

Awareness during anaesthesia has been recognized as a clinical entity for many years, and had an incidence of 1–2% in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s(1–3), when most anaesthetics comprised nitrous oxide and an opioid analgesic, but no volatile anaesthetic agent. Despite this high incidence, there was only a very modest number of law suits annually, partly because the culture of medical litigation was very different to the present day, partly because some patients were led to believe that awareness was an inevitable complication of anaesthesia, and partly because many patients were disbelieved when they reported awareness and became convinced that their experience must have been imagined. A dramatic change occurred in 1985. In that year, a patient who had experienced severe and prolonged pain during Caesarean section, with profound psychological sequelae, sued her anaesthetist, and was awarded damages in excess of £13 000(4) amidst a blaze of publicity generated by her solicitor, who knew that a number of other patients treated by the same anaesthetist were also seeking compensation. The publicity resulted in an enormous increase in litigation by patients who claimed that they had been aware during anaesthesia. Some of the alleged experiences had occurred up to 20 years earlier, but many of these claims were allowed to proceed despite the normal limitation period. The large majority of claims were sustainable. Claims for awareness during anaesthesia suddenly escalated.
Psychiatric risk
Authors: Nathanson Michael H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatric complications following anaesthesia and surgery are feared by both patients and anaesthetists. Patients are fearful of ‘losing control’ and embarrassing or injuring themselves, whereas for anaesthetists, these complications may appear difficult to diagnose, prevent, or manage. Many patients are frightened of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction and can recall family stories of an uncle or aunt who was ‘never the same’ after his/her operation. Furthermore, all psychiatric conditions still have a stigma attached to them. Many doctors will have faced a combative postoperative patient, unsure what to do and hesitant of giving any medication that may make the situation worse. Many of these complications are due to an underlying cause (Table 16.1) that in some cases can be easily remedied. However, some are idiosyncratic reactions or associated with much more complicated underlying conditions. This chapter describes in detail two problems: postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, the risk of developing these complications, and the factors that can be modified. Neurocognitive problems after cardiac surgery are also described.
Temperature
Authors: Holbrook Simon P , Hopkins Philip M
Published: November 2023

Humans are homeothermic, that is, in the face of considerable variation in the temperature of the environment, the core body temperature is kept comparatively constant. The enzyme reactions that preserve homeostasis operate most favourably when body temperature is maintained within a narrow range. Normal core body temperature follows a circadian pattern, varying by 0.5 to 0.7°C, being highest in the evening and lowest at approximately 06:00 h; the morning oral temperature averages at 36.7°C, but in 95% of young adults this value lies between 36.3 and 37.1°C. Therefore, core body temperature values outside this range may be normal. In addition, the luteal phase or latter half of the menstrual cycle is associated with an increase of 0.3 to 0.5°C in basal body temperature. Maintenance of a normal body temperature depends on equilibrium between the production of heat and heat loss. Cell metabolism, muscular activity, and food ingestion are the major sources of heat. Heat is lost through the processes of radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The control centre for temperature regulation is the hypothalamus, which integrates afferent information from peripheral and central thermoreceptors to primarily produce appropriate autonomic and behavioural responses. The principal effectors triggered by cold are vasoconstriction, particularly of arteriovenous shunts in fingers and toes, and shivering. Those triggered by heat are sweating and active cutaneous vasodilatation. These mechanisms maintain tight control of core body temperature around a set point, for example, 37°C. When heat loss exceeds heat production, body temperature falls: when the threshold temperature, say 36.8°C, is breached, vasoconstriction occurs; shivering may not commence though until 35.5°C is reached. The threshold for sweating may typically be 37.1°C. The difference between the thresholds for vasoconstriction and sweating is defined as the inter-threshold range and is approximately 0.2 to 0.4°C.
Drug reactions and drug errors
Authors: Glavin Ronnie J
Published: November 2023

As anaesthetists, we rely on drugs for our professional practice. We use drugs to interfere with the normal physiological controls of our patients to allow them to undergo diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedures. We need to have an understanding of the nature and extent of adverse reactions to those drugs, not only so that we can disclose such facts to the patient before anaesthesia, but also so that we can engage in a meaningful dialogue with those patients. Quoting frequencies and incidences is only the first stage in a process of helping a patient make sense of the possible implications for the journey through the perioperative period. The aim of this chapter is to equip the anaesthetist with the necessary information to enable such a process to take place. The first section provides a framework into which different kinds of adverse reaction can be placed. The second section deals with those reactions that are immunologically based; although not very frequent, their potential severity makes them of particular relevance. The third section describes some of the more important possible adverse reactions associated with each of the major classes of drugs which anaesthetists use. The fourth section discusses drug error, as this is not only an unfortunately common source of adverse reaction but has gone beyond the previous confines of the medical literature into the popular press. The final section contains a very short review of possible future directions, especially in the field of pharmacogenetics.
Consent in anaesthesia
Authors: Leigh Bertie
Published: November 2023

Respect for the autonomy of the patient in the eyes of the law has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished. This chapter will examine the truth of this proposition, describe the mischief to which it gives rise, and identify steps that anaesthetists can take to protect themselves until the fashion changes. This remark is now regarded as an axiom, having been cited with approval by the House of Lords on at least two occasions. The proposition is not in any way surprising, reflecting as it does the ancient principle in English Common Law that any intentional touching of a person is unlawful and amounts to the tort of battery unless it is justified by consent or some other lawful authority. In practice, this means that doctors operate on patients only when they consent or when they are incapable of consent. What is much newer, and has developed only during the last 50 years, is the idea that the doctor seeking the consent of a patient owes a duty to act as a reasonable doctor would act in advising of the risks involved.
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Goemai
Authors: Hellwig Birgit
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses one complement clause type and several complementation strategies in Goemai, a West Chadic language (Afroasiatic, Chadic, West Chadic A, Angas-Goemai, Southern Branch) that is spoken in the Jos Plateau area of Central Nigeria.
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategy in Kambera
Authors: Klamer Marian
Published: November 2023

Kambera is spoken by approximately 150,000 speakers in the eastern region of the island of Sumba (province Nusa Tenggara Timur) in Eastern Indonesia. In non-coastal and rural areas of the region, the language is still being spoken by children, while the absence of secondary education and mass media in these areas also limits the inXuence of Indonesian. Kambera is thus not an endangered language in number of speakers. It is classified as belonging to the Central Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian languages (cf. Blust 1993).
Payment
Authors: Scott Katharine
Published: November 2023

Having completed the summary assessment of costs, and arrived at a figure that the paying party must pay to the receiving party, the court must determine what provisions it will make as to the payment of that sum from one party to another. There is no reason why the assessed sum should not be paid as soon as reasonably practicable. If no date is specified in the order, the payment should be made within 14 days. If the hearing that has led to the summary assessment is an interim application, or a trial of a preliminary issue, different issues arise. In the first place, it may not always be appropriate for the monies to be paid over to the receiving party. The paying party may, for example, want the order not to be enforced until the conclusion of the claim, so that they can set off any monies they have to pay against any monies they may eventually be paid. It is entirely a matter for the discretion of the judge whether he accedes to such an application. A further complication arises in claims in which the receiving party is funded by way of a CFA. The court must not make an order for payment out of any assessed costs to the receiving party unless the court is satisfied that the receiving party has a liability to pay those costs to his legal representative following an interim application. This will depend on the terms of the CFA. The solicitor’s signature on the bottom of the statement of costs (the N260) will usually be sufficient proof of the party’s liability to pay those costs at an interim stage.
Chali: Front-Line Garrison
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

Omda Talibel Fil seems to have avoided getting too closely involved in the events surrounding the initial destruction of his district. He was certainly present in Chali, however, after it was reclaimed by the army in early 1988, and then he sent for his wife Hergke. She had spent a year away, partly because she needed treatment for a bad leg.
Blue Nile South: Ethiopian Turmoil, SPLA Protection, 1990–1992
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

When I heard the news that the Assosa camp had been evacuated under fire, in early 1990, and some months later that the people had shown up in the notorious Itang refugee camp much further south, I was astonished, and began to think about visiting there. But by early 1991 it was clear that the Mengistu regime was in a fragile condition, and in April that year during a conference visit to Addis Ababa I met Russians who told me that they and the Cuban advisers in Itang were already leaving.
The Extradition Hearing In Category 1 Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the appropriate judge’s duties and functions in an extradition hearing under Part 1 of the EA 2003 are considered. This is the hearing at which the appropriate judge must decide whether the defendant in respect of whom a Part 1 warrant has been issued is 1 In England and Wales the appropriate judge is a district judge (Magistrates’ Courts) designated for the purposes of Part 1 by the Lord Chancellor (s 67(1)(a)). The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 abolishes the office of Lord Chancellor and when the amendments to the EA 2003 made by the 2005 Act come into the force the duty of designation will fall upon the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Part 1 and Part 2 of the EA 2003 are both structured so that the appropriate judge must decide a sequential series of issues before the extradition order can be made.
The Extradition Hearing In Category 2 Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the appropriate judge’s duties and functions in an extradition hearing under Part 2 of the EA 2003 are considered. This is the hearing at which the appropriate judge is to deal with a request for extradition to a Category 2 territory (s 140(1)). As in Category 1 cases, in England and Wales the appropriate judge is a district judge (Magistrates’ Courts) designated for the purposes of Part 2 by the Lord Chancellor (s 140(1)(a)).
Extradition And Human Rights
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between the UK’s extradition process under the EA 2003 and the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the ECHR’). It also considers the substantive content of the Convention rights relevant to extradition. The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 2 October 2000. Since then district judges hearing extradition cases have been under a duty to act compatibly with the defendant’s Convention rights in the manner in which they conduct the hearing.
Consent To Extradition; Withdrawal Of Claims For Extradition
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

Some defendants do not wish to contest the request for their extradition and want to return as quickly as possible to the requesting state. The EA 1870 did not provide any mechanism for expedited return. This was recognized as undesirable in 1982 by the Home Office Working Party on Extradition, and it made appropriate recommendations in its Report. In the EA 1989 Parliament introduced a simplified procedure in s 14 and para 9 of Sch 1 by which the defendant could waive his rights under the Act. Appropriate forms of consent were contained in the Schedule to the Magistrates Court (Extradition) Rules 1989. However, these provisions gave rise to some difficulties in their application, and the European Union Extradition Regulations 2002 introduced significant changes to the procedure for consenting to return in EU cases.
Mutual Recognition Of Driving Disqualifications Within The European Union
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

Part 3 of CICA 2003 is entitled ‘Road Traffic’. Chapter 1 of Part 3 implements the Convention on Driving Disqualifications 1998. Chapter 2 deals with the mutual recognition between Great Britain and Northern Ireland of driving licences and the powers of the Secretary of State to revoke licences. The Convention on Driving Disqualifications was drawn up in 1998 on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union. The Explanatory Report to the Convention explains the mischief which the Convention is designed to address.
Innovation, Competition, and Enterprise: Foundations for Economic Evolution in Learning Economies
Authors: Metcalfe J Stanley
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews a triad of related ideas at the core of how an understanding of the connections between the growth of human cap- ability and the growth of material standards of living are related. It outlines a framework in which this triad—innovation, enterprise, com- petition—and the development and growth of an economy are woven together in a fabric of change. The framework defines the restless nature of modern capitalism, its incessant capacity to transform itself from within in a continuous process of creative destruction. Capitalism can never be stationary. Its dynamic and transformative powers have marked effects across time and space.
Prospective Structures of Science and Science Policy
Authors: Lente Harro van
Published: November 2023

Science policy’s evolution over the last decades can be understood as a strategic change of direction. Firms have a new orientation towards promises about future use of scientific findings. These promises about eventual usefulness not only legitimize the policy decisions and instruments, but also contribute to the actual development of technical-scientific fields. A rhetorical analysis is used to highlight these dynamics. The interlocking of policies and local activities creates irreversible developments in technical-scientific fields. Using the example of the rise of genomics, this implicit and emergent coordination of knowledge production and learning is captured as what might be termed a ‘prospective structure’ in which science policy has to operate.