bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing feasible and effective health plan payments in countries with data availability constraints
Authors: Henriquez Josefa , Iommi Marica , McGuire Thomas , Mentzakis Emmanouil , Paolucci Francesco
Published: January 2022

Risk equalization schemes, which transfer money to/from insurers that have above/below average risks, are a fundamental tool in regulated health insurance markets in many countries. Risk sharing (the transfer of some responsibility for costs from a plan to the regulator or the overall insurance market), are an additional method of insulating insurers who attract higher‐than‐average risks. This paper proposes, implements and quantifies incorporating risk sharing within a risk equalization scheme that can be applied in a data‐poor context. Using Chile's private health insurance market as case study, we show that modest amount of risk sharing greatly improves fit even in simple demographic‐based risk equalization. Expanding the model's formula to include morbidity‐based adjustors and risk sharing redirects compensations at insurer level and reduces opportunity to engage in profitable risk selection at the group level. Our emphasis on feasibility may make alternatives proposed attractive to countries facing data‐availability constraints.
Recognising silence and absence as part of multivocal storytelling in and through picturebooks: migrant learners in South Africa engaging with The Arrival
Authors: Hanna Helen
Published: January 2022

This article presents research with migrant primary school learners in South Africa using the wordless picturebook The Arrival (by Shaun Tan) as a research tool. Bringing together the disciplines of literacies and childhood studies, it considers representation, storytelling, absence and silence as part of children's ‘voice’ in order to shed light on communication during fieldwork with Black migrant learners in South Africa. It examines both the absences and/or silences in The Arrival itself and instances where silence was used by participants, potentially as a way of avoiding topics such as children's ‘voice’ and ‘race’. It offers possible explanations for such silence and absence, including that such topics were banal to the learners, too sensitive or controversial and made them feel uncomfortable discussing with a White researcher in a school where the majority of teachers were White, or that the characters were not representative of their racial identities. Ultimately, I argue that the concepts of silence and absence should be considered more carefully when using literature as a tool in research and teaching, as a step towards enabling children to engage with storytelling in a way that is more reflective of their own multivocal stories.
Managing Intelligence Policy Dynamics
Authors: Juneau Thomas , Carvin Stephanie
Published: January 2022

One of the dominant characteristics of the intelligence policy nexus in Canada is how both sides poorly understand each other. Policy literacy among the intelligence community is low: although it varies across units, intelligence analysts and their managers typically poorly understand their policy clients. Many policy makers have a limited understanding of the nature of intelligence analysis. The chapter then discusses the intelligence priorities-setting process, which for years was mostly focused on collection and neglected the analytical side. Next, we discuss how analytical units establish a range of more or less formal mechanisms to manage relations with clients. Finally, while politicization is a frequent source of tension between policy and intelligence in other national contexts, especially the US, our research found a strong consensus that hard politicization does not occur in Canada. The chapter concludes with a case study of the relation between Global Affairs Canada and intelligence.
Approaches to Analysis
Authors: Juneau Thomas , Carvin Stephanie
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the characteristics that make a product useful for policy makers. It starts by discussing how the analytical community too often offers long products that clients rarely have time to read. Our research shows that intelligence analysis in Canada does not sufficiently address government priorities but instead often falls into the trap of producing interesting but irrelevant analysis. A majority of interviewees on the client side also confirmed that methodology is unimportant for them. Some expressed their irritation with the frequent use of jargon- and process-heavy methods. The chapter also explains how the analytical community has learned to better integrate open-source intelligence into its work. Finally, analytical units still have a tendency to inflate the classification of their products, which often constrains client organizations’ ability to use that information. The chapter concludes with a case study of the analytical roles of the Canadian Forces Intelligence Command.
The Aesthetics of Jewish Primitivism II
Authors: Spinner Samuel J.
Published: January 2022

Ein Ghetto im Osten: Wilna (A ghetto in the East – Vilna) is a 1931 photobook by the Bauhaus-trained photographer Moyshe Vorobeichic (better known for his book Paris, under the name Moï Ver). His Vilna book is a striking example of Jewish primitivism, which offers an alternative to the dominant form of Jewish visual art in the period, dismissed as sentimental “Chagallism” by Henryk Berlewi. Deploying a form of what James Clifford has called “ethnographic surrealism,” Vorobeichic portrayed subjects usually depicted sentimentally with the techniques (including montage and distorted perspective) of avant-garde photography. Vorobeichic’s skepticism toward notions of primitive authenticity diverged strikingly from the mainstream of Jewish art in the period. Vorobeichic’s photobook critiques the trope of the primitive Jew and the idea of authenticity while valorizing the humanity of his subjects.
The Kings of Edom
Authors: Hellner-Eshed Melila
Published: January 2022

Continuing the exploration of the myth of the Edom, this chapter looks at the themes of balance and lack of balance, and the masculine and feminine.
Zeʿeir Anpin’s Head and Its Features
Authors: Hellner-Eshed Melila
Published: January 2022

This chapter is about the parts of the head of Ze‘eir Anpin as an expression of dual consciousness: hair/transmission, forehead/judgmental providence, eyes/divine providence in duality, nose/divine wrath, and ears/attentiveness, discernment, and mechanisms of delay.
The Kings of Edom
Authors: Hellner-Eshed Melila
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the third appearance of the mythical kings of Edom in the Idra Rabba.
Separation and Coupling
Authors: Hellner-Eshed Melila
Published: January 2022

The topic in this chapter is the separation and individuation of masculine and feminine bodies, as well as their first coupling.
Emerging from the Idra Rabba
Authors: Hellner-Eshed Melila
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the end of the Idra Rabba and its themes of fear of revealing too much, the death of the Companions, validating the Assembly, and amplifying the figure of Rabbi Shimon.
The Diffusion of Alliance Strategy
Authors: Kuo Raymond C.
Published: January 2022

This chapter uses quantitative analysis to determine that the core alliance systematically produces the dominant strategy. Seven statistical tests probe the theory’s causal foundations and mechanisms, providing reinforcing support for the book’s argument. The dominant strategy is statistically linked to social proof and validation, credibility concerns, international norms, and legitimacy.
Diffusion to the Periphery
Authors: Kuo Raymond C.
Published: January 2022

The final case details the role of alliance construction in southern Africa’s status-building policy following the Cold War. Suddenly bereft of superpower patronage, these countries viewed NATO and Europe more broadly as the most effective strategy to foster military security and economic development in their region. But southern Africa was politically unsuited to such a strategy, leading states to seize alliance leadership to advance their own unilateral policies. These countries nevertheless continued to model NATO to legitimate their security strategy and foreign policy goals.
Why Indefinite Extension?
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: January 2022

The first chapter provides a gentle introduction to the history of the NPT’s indefinite extension, by asking “why indefinite extension?” This chapter discusses the origins of the provisions for limited duration in the NPT – how these provisions made their way into the treaty, and how the parties originally thought about these provisions. It also offers a brief history of the NPT from 1970 till 1995, including the gradual expansion and the successes (and failures) of the review conferences, with particular emphasis on the topics that emerged as key in the NPT discussions between 1970 and 1995. The chapter provides a historical and legal sketch of the possible extension options, including their meanings and justifications. Lastly, chapter 1 provides an overview of the US position, with an emphasis on decision-making within the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and at the State Department, and the involvement of the White House.
“Friends with Benefits”
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on the cooperation between the US and the European countries. While US cooperation with the European countries happened primarily within the framework of the Western Europe and Others Group (WEOG) of the UN General Assembly, this cooperation allowed the US to leverage the EU’s economic power in its neighborhood to the advancement of its own goal of furthering nuclear nonproliferation. Because the EU supported indefinite extension on its own, teaming up with the EU allowed the US to advance its interests more efficiently. On the one hand, the chapter focuses on the negotiations between the US and the European countries (sometimes joined by Russia), especially within the framework of the WEOG. On the other hand, it looks at the activities of the European countries, primarily concerning the démarches, threats, and inducements toward the third countries.
Maximum Wall Stress on a Smooth Flat Plate Under Planar Jet Impingement
Authors: Wei Tie , Wang Yanxing , Tu Cat Vo , Wood David
Published: January 2022

This paper investigates the maximum wall shear stress value τmax and its location xmax as measured on a smooth flat plate impinged upon by a normal planar jet. τmax and xmax are found to be closely related to the stagnation pressure Ps and the half-width of the mean wall pressure profile bpw. The measurements were made by two different techniques: a Stanton probe and oil film interferometry. The maximum wall shear stress location xmax is found to be independent of the jet Reynolds number. At a small nozzle-to-plate distance H≲6 Djet, xmax is related to the jet slot width as xmax≈1.1Djet. At a large nozzle-to-plate distance H≳6 Djet, the maximum wall shear stress location is related to the mean wall pressure half-width as xmax≈1.4 bpw. A new Reynolds number, referred to as the stagnation Reynolds number, is defined as Res=def2bpwPs/ρ/ν, where ρ is the fluid density and ν is the kinematic viscosity. The maximum wall shear stress is found to be strongly influenced by the stagnation Reynolds number, and the dependence as measured by Stanton probes is approximated by a power law of τmax/Ps≈0.38/Res0.38. The solution of the laminar flow equations in the Appendix gives an alternate relation for τmax, which is in better agreement with the oil film interferometry measurements. Dimensional analysis is performed to gain insight into the empirical findings.
In memory of Gary Bauchan: Integrated taxonomy of soil mites in farming systems
Authors: Rueda-Ramírez Diana , Carta Lynn , Mowery Joseph , Bauchan Gary , Ochoa Ronald , Young Monica , Santos Jandir Cruz , Palevsky Eric
Published: January 2022

Current and future legislation requiring the reduction of pesticides use, coupled with global initiatives for the promotion of soil health and conservation of soil biodiversity are creating opportunities for studies aimed at highlighting ecosystem services provided by functioning soil food webs in agricultural systems, including soil predatory mites. However, the key personnel for performing such studies are expert taxonomists, who are already spread very thin. To meet this demand, we propose an integrative approach where scientists (without expertise in taxonomy) play a significant role in supporting expert taxonomists. Soil samples were collected at the USDA ARS Farming Systems Project (FSP) at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, either incubated or not, followed by extraction of mites and nematodes. Improved modified Berlese funnels and an extraction protocol were utilized to improve sequencing success. Incubation dramatically enhanced the number of extracted individuals per sample whilst the daily freezing of extracted mites substantially improved the sequencing success rate compared to previous studies. Taken together, this led to the addition of records for eight Mesostigmata and ten Oribatida BINs to BOLD (Barcode of Life Datasystem). Fifteen species of Mesostigmata species were found, with three dominant species, Cycetogamasus diviortus (Athias-Henriot, 1967) (Parasitidae), Lasioseius youcefi Athias-Henriot 1959 (Blattisociidae) and a new species of Gamasellodes (Ascidae). LTSEM imaging followed by molecular identification contributed further details to the published descriptions of C. diviortus and L. youcefi. In line with our general aim, collecting, extracting, identification to morpho-species, sample preparation for DNA barcoding and uploading relevant information to BOLD was performed by trained personnel, but without taxonomic expertise. Whereas our skilled taxonomists focused on the morphological identifications using light microscopy, expanding on existing descriptions using LTSEM images and in a subsequent manuscript the description of a new species. We believe this division of tasks and labor will set the stage for further collaborative integrated studies between ecologists, biocontrol specialists and expert taxonomists for the identification, evaluation, and description of known and novel soil acarine biological control agents (BCAs).
Three new species of Diptilomiopus Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from South China
Authors: Qin Fengping , Tan Mengchao , Wang Yan , Wang Guoquan
Published: January 2022

Three new species of the genus Diptilomiopus Nalepa viz., Diptilomiopus osmanthis sp. nov. infesting Osmanthus fragrans Lour. (Oleaceae), Diptilomiopus radermacherae sp. nov. infesting Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl. (Bignoniaceae) and Diptilomiopus styracus sp. nov. infesting Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartw. (Styracaceae) are described and illustrated. All three new species are vagrant on the leaves of their host plant respectively causing no visible damage.
Supplemental Material: Decrypting the polymetamorphic record of the Himalaya
Authors: Lihter Iva , Larson Kyle , al. et
Published: January 2022

Detailed analytical methods, geochemical and geochronological data, calculations, and images.
Music Recognition and Classification Algorithm considering Audio Emotion
Authors: Na Wang , Yong Fang
Published: January 2022

At present, the existing music classification and recognition algorithms have the problem of low accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes a music recognition and classification algorithm considering the characteristics of audio emotion. Firstly, the emotional features of music are extracted from the feedforward neural network and parameterized with the mean square deviation. Gradient descent learning algorithm is used to train audio emotion features. The neural network models of input layer, output layer, and hidden layer are established to realize the classification and recognition of music emotion. Experimental results show that the algorithm has good effect on music emotion classification. The data stream driven by the algorithm is higher than 55 MBbs, the anti-attack ability is 91%, the data integrity is 83%, the average accuracy is 85%, and it has good effectiveness and feasibility.
Application of Music Industry Based on the Deep Neural Network
Authors: Fan Minglei
Published: January 2022

After entering the digital era, digital music technology has prompted the rise of Internet companies. In the process, it seems that Internet music has made some breakthroughs in business models; yet essentially, it has not changed the way music content reaches users. In the past, different traditional and shallow machine learning techniques are used to extract features from musical signals and classify them. Such techniques were cost-effective and time-consuming. In this study, we use a novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract multiple features from music signals and classify them. First, the harmonic/percussive sound separation (HPSS) algorithm is used to separate the original music signal spectrogram into temporal and frequency components, and the original spectrogram is used as the input of the CNN. Finally, the network structure of the CNN is designed, and the effect of different parameters on the recognition rate is investigated. It will fundamentally change the way music content reaches music users and is a disruptive technology application for the industry. Experimental results show that the proposed recognition rate of the GTZAN dataset is about 73% with no data expansion.
Long-Term Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Patients with Metastatic Solid Tumors Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hautecloque-Rayz Ségolène , Albert-Thananayagam Marie , Martignene Niels , Le Deley Marie-Cécile , Carbonnelle Guillaume , Penel Nicolas , Carnot Aurélien
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Admission of metastatic cancer patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) poses medical and ethical challenges in the absence of reliable prognostic tools to guide decision-making. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical charts of 129 consecutive patients with metastatic solid tumors admitted to the ICU between January and September 2014 and identified prognostic factors (PFs) using Cox models. Results: The mean patient age at ICU admission was 58.9 years (range, 25–81 years; males, 51%). Performance status (PS) was 0–1 and 2–3 in 61% and 39% of the patients, respectively. The most prevalent cancers were lung cancer (20%), sarcoma (17%), and breast cancer (16%). ICU admission was attributable to the cancer itself (53%), cancer treatment toxicity (43%), and comorbidities (37%). The median overall survival (OS) after ICU admission was 2.6 months; 15% of the patients died during the ICU stay. Poor PFs for OS were PS >1 before ICU admission (p = 0.007) and ICU admission for the cancer itself (p < 10−3). After ICU discharge, 58% and 42% of the patients received systemic treatment within 12 months and showed good PS recovery, respectively. Multiple organ failure and a multidisciplinary decision to limit therapeutic efforts were poor PFs for reinitiation of systemic treatment (p = 0.2 and 0.006, respectively), and the latter was also a poor PF for PS recovery (p = 0.004). Discussion: In the ICU, the OS of adult patients with solid tumors was similar to that of the noncancer population. For ICU admissions related to the cancer itself, the prognosis is poor.
Sharing Space with Monkeys and Human Tolerance Are Critical Supplements to Primate Conservation, but Not Substitutes for Protected Nature Reserves: A Long-Term View from Sri Lanka, with a Reply to Rudran [2021]
Authors: Dittus Wolfgang P.J. , Gunathilake Sunil , Felder Melissa
Published: January 2022

Many investigators of human-monkey competition (HMC) in Sri Lanka have revealed some common threads. Except at temple and protected sites, all monkeys were considered as household or agricultural pests wherever they shared space with humans. This included the widely distributed toque macaque (Macaca sinica), the grey langur (Semnopithecus priam thersites) of the Dry Zone, and the purple-faced langur (S. vetulus) of the southwestern and central rain forests where human densities and habitat fragmentation were greatest. People sharing space with monkeys resorted to various non-lethal methods to chase monkeys away from their properties and most preferred to have monkeys removed to protected areas; such translocations have been politically popular, though contrary to ecological principles. The main cause of HMC near primate habitats has been environmental conversion to agriculture, whereas in many towns the refuse generated in the wake of widespread growing tourism lured omnivorous macaques towards human habitation and stimulated macaque population growth. While most Sri Lankans share space with monkeys reluctantly, only a minority, flouting cultural restraints, want monkeys destroyed. Nonetheless, a major threat to primate conservation has been habitat loss and the killing of monkeys, especially in the densely populated southwestern area of the island where recent surveys showed that most macaques have been wiped out. Two subspecies, S. v. nestor of the rain forest lowlands and M. s. opisthomelas of the montane forests, are Critically Endangered. Sharing space with monkeys rests on public tolerance, understanding, and empathy with monkeys. Religious concepts venerating monkeys provide fertile ground for this. Our science-based educational documentaries (n > 35), among other efforts, also have contributed to these human sentiments in Sri Lanka and globally. The trends in HMC suggest that protected nature reserves for all wildlife are more secure for primate survival than ethnoprimatology by itself would be. Rudran [Folia Primatologica 2021, DOI: 10.1159/000517176] criticized our recent publication on HMC in Sri Lanka [Dittus et al., Folia Primatologica 2019, 90: 89–108]. We consider his comments as misconstruing efforts in primate conservation through denying the importance of traditional protected areas, overlooking our achievements in educating the public and reducing HMC, as well as misunderstanding the limits of marketing monkeys to tourists as a source of income to support conservation.
Análise da representação e recuperação de partituras em catálogos especializados
Authors: Tolare Jessica Beatriz , Fujita Mariângela Spotti Lopes
Published: January 2022

A partitura musical é a representação, tanto no papel quanto no meio digital, da música. Por ser voltada para um público e conter informações ambos específicas é necessário que haja um tratamento adequado desse material nos acervos especializados.  Por isso, tem como objetivo de observar, verificar e analisar como é realizada a indexação desses materiais nessas bibliotecas.  Dessa forma, foram analisadas quatro bibliotecas especializadas em partituras musicais: Biblioteca do Conservatório de Tatuí; Biblioteca do Instituto de Artes (IA) da UNICAMP; Biblioteca Artes do Campus de São Paulo da UNESP e o catálogo de Partituras da USP.  Para realizar esse estudo, se deu através de simulações de busca e recuperações de partituras nos catálogos dessas bibliotecas. Cada biblioteca possui seu próprio sistema e sua própria forma de organizar a informação musical. Pode-se concluir que a partir da análise e da observação das informações recuperadas nos catálogos que é importante que o indexador tenha um conhecimento sobre a área de música e que a partitura tenha um tratamento diferente de um texto como livro ou artigo no processo de indexação.
­On new collections of Scaphidiinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from China, with description of two new species
Authors: LÖBL IVAN
Published: January 2022

Two new species of Scaphidiinae, Scaphisoma konvicka sp. nov. and Toxidium hartmanni sp. nov. are described from China. New records are given for eight other Chinese scaphidiine species.
Reduced intensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for accelerated-phase myelofibrosis
Authors: Gagelmann Nico , Wolschke Christine , Salit Rachel B. , Schroeder Thomas , Ditschkowski Markus , Panagiota Victoria , Cassinat Bruno , Thol Felicitas , Badbaran Anita , Robin Marie , Reinhardt Hans Christian , Ayuk Francis , Heuser Michael , Scott Bart L. , Kröger Nicolaus
Published: January 2022

Accelerated-phase myelofibrosis, currently defined by circulating blasts 10% to 19%, usually confers very high risk for progression and poor outcome. The outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for accelerated-phase myelofibrosis has not been evaluated yet. We analyzed the outcome of 349 clinically and genetically annotated patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis undergoing reduced intensity transplantation, of whom 35 had accelerated-phase myelofibrosis. In comparison with chronic-phase (<10% blasts) myelofibrosis, median leukocyte counts were higher, more patients had constitutional symptoms, and RAS mutations were detected more frequently in the accelerated-phase group. After a median follow-up of 5.9 years, estimated 5-year overall survival was 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49% to 81%) vs 64% (95% CI, 59% to 69%) for the chronic-phase group (P = .91), and median overall survival was not reached. In terms of relapse-free survival, estimated 5-year outcome for the accelerated-phase group was 49% (95% CI, 32% to 67%) vs 55% (95% CI, 50% to 61%) for the chronic-phase group (P = .65). Estimated 5-year nonrelapse mortality was 20% (95% CI, 8% to 33%) for the accelerated-phase group vs 30% (95% CI, 24% to 35%; P = .25) for the chronic-phase group. In terms of relapse, 5-year incidence was 30% (95% CI, 14% to 46%) for the accelerated-phase group vs 15% (95% CI, 11% to 19%) for the chronic-phase group (P = .02). Results were confirmed in multivariable analysis and propensity score matching. In conclusion, reduced intensity transplantation showed excellent survival but higher relapse for accelerated-phase myelofibrosis.
Dopamine-2 receptor antibody encephalitis presenting as pure tongue-biting in a tourette syndrome patient: a case report
Authors: Lai Mingfeng , Li Yuanyuan , Luo Dan , Xu Jiajun , Li Jing
Published: January 2022

Background

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by repetitive and patterned tics. Its onset correlates with dysfunctions in immunological activation and neurotransmitters. Autoimmune movement disorders such as dopamine-2 receptor antibody encephalitis (D2R encephalitis) may go undiagnosed in TS patients seeking medical help for tic symptoms only. Here, we present a clinical case of D2R encephalitis in a TS patient.

Case presentation

A 13-year-old boy with a history of TS presented with acute tongue-biting without positive neurologic examination or auxiliary examination results, except for a weakly positive finding for D2R antibodies in the serum sample. He was initially diagnosed with possible D2R encephalitis, but the influence of TS could not be ruled out. In addition to psychotropics, we administered immunotherapy early based on clinical characteristics, and his symptoms were ameliorated significantly. During the follow-up, he was diagnosed with definite D2R encephalitis, and the dosage of psychotropics was further adjusted for fluctuating symptoms.

Conclusions

Our case suggests that clinicians should discern D2R encephalitis in TS patients when tics are the primary symptoms. Administering immunotherapy early, according to clinical characteristics, may benefit the patient. Moreover, the features of premonitory urges could help evaluate the state of TS.
How can Christian love be taught using the ‘spiritual cinema’?
Authors: Baranova Jūratė
Published: January 2022

The article reflects upon one aspect of multimodal education – the possibility to teach moral matters with films. This possibility was discerned by American film philosopher Stanley Cavell. It was also discussed in detail by American social science teacher W.B.Russell III, The author of this particular article sees some essential similarities and some differences between Russell’s suggested methodologies and stages and the methodology she developed herself and started to use actively from 2002 teaching practical philosophy in some Lithuanian universities in practical philosophy courses. She is using films as an analogy. Educators using this method of teaching with films customarily stress its purpose as being to develop critical-thinking ability and acquire knowledge. But is it possible to use cinema in education for acquiring sensitivity to certain values? For example, the ability to recognize the values of Christian ethics? The article discusses the results of multimodal teaching experiment teaching Christian ethics with two feature films: Ingmar Bergman’s The Winter Light (1963) and Robert Bresson’s Diary of a Country Priest (1951). As the results of teaching experiments were reflected the values of suffering, love and patience discerned by the students.
ROZWIJANIE MYŚLENIA KOMPUTACYJNEGO U DZIECI WCZESNEJ EDUKACJI
Authors: Skibińska Małgorzata , Zacniewska Joanna
Published: January 2022

Wszechobecność technologii cyfrowych w życiu codziennym zasadniczo zmienia sposób, w jaki jednostki uzyskują dostęp do wiedzy i ją wykorzystują. Osoby te muszą przetwarzać złożone informacje, myśleć systematycznie i podejmować decyzje w oparciu o różne formy danych. Co ważniejsze, aby wykorzystać nowe możliwości, jakie otwierają technologie cyfrowe w wielu dziedzinach, należy rozwinąć odpowiedni zestaw umiejętności, aby efektywnie korzystać z tych technologii. Obok alfabetyzacji i biegłości w posługiwaniu się IT potrzebne są zdolności intelektualne, tj. myślenie komputacyjne. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości rozwijania myślenia komputacyjnego u najmłodszych uczniów. Zawiera on przegląd podstawowych pojęć związanych z zagadnieniem myślenia komputacyjnego oraz wybranych sposobów rozwijania tego myślenia na początkowym etapie kształcenia.
O religii poczciwych ludzi Stanisława Konarskiego – między historiografią a nowymi ustaleniami na podstawie akt Kongregacji Świętego Oficjum
Authors: Zając Paweł
Published: January 2022

W historiografii przeważa opinia, że oskarżenie książki Stanisława Konarskiego O religii poczciwych ludzi jako zawierającej błędy doktrynalne było przesadą niechętnych autorowi kręgów. Nie potrafiono jednak dotąd opisać następstw denuncjacji złożonej przez nuncjusza Angelo Marię Duriniego w Rzymie, ani też genezy łacińskiej wersji dzieła. Wykorzystane po raz pierwszy źródła archiwalne Kongregacji Doktryny Wiary pozwalają na szczegółowy opis procesu, jaki miał miejsce w Świętym Oficjum. Zlecono tam włoskie i łacińskie tłumaczenie książki, poddano je ocenie rzymskich teologów, zalecono Konarskiemu precyzyjną korektę oraz przygotowanie drugiego poprawionego wydania. Oczyszczono go z wielu zarzutów postawionych mu przez teologów w Polsce, lecz zakwalifikowano książkę do indeksu ksiąg zakazanych, o ile autor nie zgodzi się na jej poprawienie. Decyzja ta pozostała jednak utajniona, ponieważ autor poddał się nakazowi i przygotował drugie poprawione wydanie w języku łacińskim.
“Quiero ser mi propio jefe”: la crítica de la autonomía en Sorry We Missed You de Ken Loach.
Authors: Gracia Gómez Alfonso A.
Published: January 2022

El cine de Ken Loach es célebre por una propuesta incisiva que busca extraer en sus historias las contradicciones del sistema económico y social. En este sentido, la reciente Sorry We Missed You contribuye a una reflexión novedosa que nos acerca a la crítica del totalitarismo neoliberal que expusieron los autores de la ya célebre Dialéctica de la Ilustración. En concreto nos remitiremos a una tesis ilustrada por antonomasia, que es la que propone la exigencia de autonomía del individuo como mandato ético presuntamente emancipador. Pese a que este mandato ético es imposible de obedecer, los individuos se ven obligados a observarlo con respeto y admiración por exigencias ideológicas que solo contribuyen a cavar más y más hondo en la zanja de su propia perdición.
Edytorstwo muzyczne w Krakowie w latach 1850-1918
Authors: Lewicki Michał
Published: January 2022

The thesis deals with the activity and the output of music publishers active in Krakow in years 1850–1918, with regard to 40 institutions. The work was divided into three parts and twelve chapters, with an appendix. The first part contains an overview of Krakow’s music publishers and describes the extent of their activities. Production, distribution and advertising of musical prints was characterised by following criteria: editorial form and graphic design, relations composer-editor, accommodation of a musical manuscript for printing, printing techniques, print run size, sheet music vending, activity of sheet music lending libraries, ways and forms to disseminate information on sheet music publishing. The second part contains multi-aspect analysis of the music repertoire published in Krakow. The following aspects were characterised: composers, dedicatees, performing cast members and musical genres. Songbooks and instrumental methods were given a separate insight. The third part presents the role of Krakow’s music publishing in a music life of Krakow. The examples for the presence of published sheet music in programs of contemporary concerts and in scholarly practice were given and commented. This part characterises a publishers’ role in the propagation of wide-ranged composers’ output; Krakow’s music publishers were assessed and confronted with other publishing centres. The appendix contains a detailed catalogue of 1735 Krakow’s musical publications from years 1850–1918, that together with 109 Stichvorlage manuscripts and other manuscripts as well as prints constitute a source documentation for the dissertation.
Part One
Authors: Proust Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter narrates the first appearance of the men-women, descendants of those of the inhabitants of Sodom who were spared by the fire from heaven. It focuses mainly on the fortuitous encounter of Charlus and Jupien. The scene is stamped with a strangeness or a naturalness, the beauty of which steadily increases. Charlus has encountered the tailor with the good fortune reserved for men of the baron's type, the men predestined to exist in order that they may have their share of sensual pleasure on this earth: the men who care only for elderly gentlemen. The chapter then shifts to demonstrate the conversation between Charlus and Jupien about other men in the neighborhood. It emphasizes the descendants of the Sodomites who have established themselves throughout the entire world.
Translator’s Introduction
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a background on the translation and commentary on the works of Alhaj Yusuf Salih Ajura or Afa Ajura, a self-professed orthodox Islamic scholar. It describes Ajuraism, which is Afa Ajura's reform-oriented educational approach. It also explains that Ajuraism is based on the concept of orthodoxy and orthopraxy according to Sunnah that rejected the status quo of traditional Dagomba practices and the syncretism and innovations of Tijaniyyah Sufism. The chapter reviews the “Munchirism” approach, which is considered “undiluted” Islamic thought and practices based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. It details Afa Ajura's collection of handwritten poems that address multiple intellectual issues and diverse socio-religious topics.
Nsab Nsabliŋo (I Compose This Writing of Mine)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with the poem “Nsab Nsabliŋo,” which recounts the role and participation of Afa Ajura and his people during the 1960 celebration of Nigeria's independence. It contains a narrative about the political history of Ghana and Nigeria in the celebration, wherein Afa Ajura talks about meeting several Nigerian dignitaries and political players. It also mentions Alhaj Yahya Iddi who, together with Afa Ajura, was considered to be a supporter of diametrically opposing parties in political, religious, and chieftaincy affairs. The chapter provides an eyewitness account that testifies to Afa Ajura's clout in the political terrain of President Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana in 1960. It contains a rare depiction of the geopolitics and political history of African independence.
Becoming Basmati
Authors: Galvin Shaila Seshia
Published: January 2022

Under contract farming arrangements for organic agriculture introduced in the early 2000s in Uttarakhand’s Doon Valley, the production of organic basmati rice must adhere not only to standards for organic production and certification but, simultaneously, to standards for export-quality basmati rice that pertain to the physical and material features of the grain itself. This chapter shows how the coming into being of organic basmati rice has been shaped not only by the standards and practices of organic agriculture and certification, but also by the conditions of contract farming established in the Doon Valley in the early 2000s by means of the longer histories of commoditization through which basmati has become a globally traded grain. The chapter examines the convergence of sociotechnical and socionatural practices that have made basmati a distinct category of rice—a category brought into being through government notifications, geographic indications, processes of standardization and commodification that, while established far from the Doon Valley where basmati is cultivated, are enacted and realized every day in its fields.
Market Imaginaries and the Horizons of Aspiration
Authors: Galvin Shaila Seshia
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns from the basmati fields of the Doon Valley to Uttarakhand’s mountainous regions, in order to explore how organic quality catalyzes imaginations of new agricultural markets for little-known hill crops. Imagination and aspiration are here taken to be forms of affect and elements of human agency that are central to forging new market connections. The analysis departs from understandings of economic agency as primarily calculative, an approach characteristic of both recent behavioral and actor-network approaches. The chapter considers the ways in which different kinds of aspiration and imagination encounter each other, and are negotiated, in the context of buyer-seller meets that bring hill cultivators together with potential commercial buyers. It then examines the forms of bureaucratic imagination through which organic agricultural production in the mountains is made amenable to the supply-chain logistics of metropolitan and international buyers. Finally, it turns to the village of Nagthari in western Uttarakhand and examines how its residents aspire and act to cultivate new forms of market participation.
Assigned to Suffering: Gendered Bodily Suffering in the Ancient World
Authors: Henning Meghan R.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 offers an overview and fresh reading of the relationship between Gender and Bodily Suffering in early Christianity. The chapter opens with Clement of Alexandria’s statement that women are “assigned to suffering” and explores the way in which this understanding of gender and the body can be seen in other ancient literature, philosophy, juridical torture, and medicine. The chapter the returns to different ancient Christian understandings of gender, the body, and suffering, demonstrating the different ways that early Christians related gender and bodily suffering. Whereas previous studies of these themes had not included discussions of punitive bodily suffering, this chapter brings together disparate understandings of the body that one finds in church teachers, martyrdom acts, tours of hell, and monastic teachings.
Beyond the Threshold
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

O’Neill felt certain that the play as written, not as performed, was the thing and wrote for posterity and not for the ephemeral applause of a theatrical production. The extensive dialogue, elaborate stage directions, and explanations and descriptions of scenes and characters, including the actual thoughts of characters in a pivotal scene, attempted to create a theatrical event for the reader that would surpass the experience in an actual theatrical space. The sheer amount of text that O’Neill produced in his desire to complete his theatrical vision in literary form belied the problem he attempted to solve in the Cycle. He endeavored to show how thoughts and feelings reinforced and contradicted each other simultaneously and not sequentially, but the narrative form of writing piled up word after word. Despite O’Neill’s novelistic impulses, he needed a theatrical space to fulfill his visions. The Cycle, two plays as one event, still awaits its premiere production.
Antebellum Consensus, 1792–1849
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

The chapter recounts how antebellum state constitution-making stabilized American politics. First, the chapter describes bank charter debates in Congress and the Supreme Court, explaining how President Andrew Jackson’s distribution of the national surplus to the states encouraged states to constitutionally charter and regulate banks, quieting controversy and discouraging federal amendment proposals on the topic. Second, the chapter shows how Jeffersonian congressmen pushed territorial slavery regulation on the states, with new Northern states constitutionally entrenching abolition and new Southern ones recognizing slavery, following congressional instruction, and preventing congressional intervention. Finally, Jeffersonian and Jacksonian state constitutional framers expanded popular election and the adult white male franchise, precluding suffrage and federal election reform amendments. State constitutionalism defused these three national controversies, guiding and stabilizing national political development.
Progressive Experimentation, 1878–1931
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses progressive-era politics in five roughly chronological steps. The first and second sections recount how most states, in the absence of federal action, implemented the income tax and direct election of senators in the 1890s and 1910s, aiding the later passage of the matching Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments to the federal Constitution in 1913. The third section describes the long fight for female suffrage through state constitutional reform in the 1900s and 1910s, eventually yielding the accompanying federal Nineteenth Amendment. The fourth section concerns prohibition, a case of national deference to the states, failed dictation of national liquor law, and state convergence around repeal between the 1910s and 1930s. The chapter concludes with an explanation of how state constitution-making pre-empted federal amendments on parochial schooling, polygamy, child labor, and civil and voting rights in these years.
Novellas
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter one introduces the Jewish novellas of the Apocrypha: Esther in its Greek form, Tobit, Judith, and the additions to Daniel: Susanna, Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three, and Bel and the Dragon. Third Maccabees, although written like a history, is also included here since it is more of a novella than a history. The superficial similarity between histories and novellas, in fact, reveals part of the method of the novella: what seems at first like a prose narrative of real events was actually likely fiction and intended as entertainment. Similarities to the court narrative genre and to the somewhat later Greek novels are also noted. Other Jewish and non-Jewish texts, not part of the Apocrypha, are also compared, such as the later Joseph and Aseneth, Tales of the Persian Court and Prayer of Nabonidus from Qumran, satires such as Testament of Abraham, novelistic histories such as Artapanus’s On Moses, Tobiad Romance and Royal Family of Adiabene from Josephus’s Antiquities, and from outside Judaism, Story of Ahikar, Alexander Romance, Ninus Romance, and Life of Aesop.
A Brief Stroll through Rūm
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

Leaving behind the city of Konya, this chapter follows Sultan Valad’s representatives as they spread throughout Rum. This allows us to envision how the intersecting literary landscapes of Anatolia might sound and resound, as performers recited Greek, Turkish, and Armenian poetry aloud during this period. Rather than merely surveying the major literary works that circulated at this time, this chapter traces the migration of units of composition, both smaller and larger than actual texts, in order to trouble the assumption that these literary cultures were rigidly unlike one another or were ontologically distinct. This chapter therefore offers a reevaluation of how we might conceptualize what is native and foreign, indigenous and exogenous within these literary cultures.
Providence and the Scandal of Missionary Failure
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how the Whitman story evolved out of the history of the establishment and subsequent collapse of Marcus Whitman's mission among the Cayuse people. It situates the Whitman Mission within antebellum Protestant understandings of missionary labor as ordained by God and destined for success. It also illustrates the providential framework, wherein the failure of a mission to win converts or implement any material change in the lives of missionized peoples would be viewed as incompatible with the divine destiny of mission work. The chapter recounts how Whitman came to the conclusion that the Cayuse people were providentially doomed to extinction and that his true purpose was to facilitate the Christianization of Oregon Territory. It discusses Whitman's renarration of his own missionary purpose so that it could be seen as a success.
Professionalizing Providence
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on another of Marcus Whitman's missionary associates, William Henry Gray, who participated in the first efforts to commemorate the Pacific Northwest's Anglo-American pioneers. It highlights the Oregonians' mythology of Whitman in their earliest attempts to create a regional history, which made Henry Harmon Spalding's providential history a part of broader struggles over regional identity. It also talks about the establishment of the Pioneer and Historical Society of Oregon, which is a Protestant-leaning organization that fashioned Whitman into a key symbol of Oregon's white Christian pioneer heritage. The chapter refers to detractors of the Whitman story who sought to demonstrate that the West was abandoning local legends in favor of modern historical methods. It emphasizes two conflicting historical methodologies: pioneer providentialism and pioneer secularism.
After Providence
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the tale of Marcus Whitman's ride as a legend with real consequences as it played a central role in constructions of regional and religious identities. It reviews how the Whitman story helped Anglo-Americans narrate their way into lands that they had conquered and allowed Pacific Northwest Protestants to envision the West as a Christian region. It also talks about how the story powered historical organizations, fundraising efforts, and public displays of the unity of Protestant and state power. The chapter looks at the changing iterations of the Whitman story that reflected and shaped academic and popular history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It emphasizes how providential history and the Whitman story continued to haunt the halls of the academy, the pages of popular history, and spaces of public remembrance in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Socialism is not Enough: Race, Feminism, Religion, War, and Eugene Debs
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

One-factor socialism is not enough, and never was, contrary to the Marxian orthodoxy that proletarian struggle is the cure for all social ills. The Socialist Party, even when it tried to support reform causes, was always hampered by its orthodoxy that reform movements are secondary, bourgeois, and distracting. The party attracted notable Black and female leaders who tried to overcome these obstacles and mostly failed. Then the party was viciously persecuted for opposing America’s entry into World I and blown apart by the meteor of world communism.