bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: MacFadyen Douglas A.
Published: June 2004

1. Aqueous extracts of Chicken Tumor I cause a disintegration of yeast nucleic acid.

2. Two enzyme activities, a polynucleotidase and a phosphatase, are demonstrated.

3. These activities are distinguished by different reactions to an environment of hydrogen, different optima of hydrogen ion concentration, and different rates of activity.

4. Adsorption with aluminum hydroxide Type C removes substances inhibiting the polynucleotidase activity.

5. There is a rough proportionality between the polynucleotidase activity and the tumor-inducing power of different fractions of extracts of Chicken Tumor I.

6. There is a rough proportionality between the inhibition of polynucleotidase activity and the inhibition of the tumor agent.

7. The polynucleotidase activity of Chicken Tumor I is as great as that of spleen, slightly less than that of kidney and liver, but much greater than that of muscle. There are also qualitative differences.
A COMPARISON OF OCULAR MICROMETRIC AND PROJECTOSCOPIC METHODS OF ESTIMATING GROWTHS IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Moen Johannes K. , Vaubel Ernst
Published: June 2004

In estimating the increments of growth of tissue cultures and of comparative indices it is possible to use areas calculated from measurement of two axes made with an ocular micrometer in an ordinary microscope. On the assumption that the growths are approximately circular in outline the squares of their radii are used as the factors for comparison. Results obtained with this method agree fairly closely with those derived from projectoscopic drawings and planimetric measurements.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

The clinical manifestations and course of a highly contagious and acutely fatal disease designated as rabbit pox have been described. The general symptomatology of this infection varies within wide limits and accurate diagnosis rests on the occurrence of certain characteristic lesions. The most distinctive sign of infection is a pock-like eruption which is often outspoken and widespread over the body, but is sometimes poorly defined and detectable only after careful physical examination. Other lesions depend upon the involvement of particular organs and give rise to special symptoms. As a rule, the incubation period of the epidemic infection varies between 5 and 7 days. No evidence of the transmission of the infection by recovered animals could be obtained. Furthermore, breeding tests demonstrated that the reproductive capacities of most animals were not permanently impaired.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF A FACTOR INCREASING TISSUE PERMEABILITY IN ORGANS OTHER THAN TESTICLE
Authors: Claude Albert , Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Many of the organs from animals of both sexes, including the ovary, have been found to contain in various proportion a factor or factors increasing tissue permeability. The potency exhibited by such active extracts was always less than that of extracts from testicle. Blood serum was found to be devoid of any spreading property.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Repeated intravenous injections of dilute ferric chloride solution in tuberculous rabbits markedly retard the development of the disease as evidenced both by a prolongation in the survival time and by comparison of lesions in control and experimental animals.

Partial immunity induced by first infection combined with ferric chloride administration enhances in reinfected animals even more strikingly the favorable effects of the iron salt. Some of the experimental animals were still alive and apparently well about 6 months after the death of the last of the controls which succumbed about 4 months after reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli.

Factors that may perhaps account for the favorable effect of ferric chloride in experimental tuberculosis have been discussed.
THE PARTICIPATION OF SKIN LYMPHATICS IN REPAIR OF THE LESIONS DUE TO INCISIONS AND BURNS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen S.
Published: June 2004

With the aid of solutions of vital dyes the lymphatic capillaries in the ear of the mouse have been studied during the period of immediate reaction to injuries of various sorts and during the period of repair.

The behavior of lymphatics severed by incision differs greatly from that of the small blood vessels. Instead of closing they sometimes remain open for as long as 48 hours. Materials introduced into the wound pass directly into the lymphatics through their gaping ends, a fact which will explain why infection from incisions is predominantly along the lymphatics.

All around an injury the lymphatics are rendered abnormally permeable. So, too, are the blood vessels, a fact well recognized in the past. Twenty-four to 48 hours later, at a time when the blood vessels in the edematous tissue surrounding the injured area are still much more permeable than normal, the draining lymphatics allow far less to escape than usual. The possible reasons for this have been discussed. The lymphatics participate in the removal of fluid from the edematous tissue.

As repair after injury takes place severed lymphatics may reunite when as yet there are no functioning blood vessels. Later an active hyperplasia of the lymphatic channels occurs, an extraordinarily abundant plexus of minute lymph capillaries budding into the area under repair.
IRREVERSIBLE CHARACTER OF THE LATE CHANGES AFTER HEPATECTOMY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

The symptoms of advanced liver insufficiency, in the hepatectomized rabbit, are irreversible. That is to say, cross-transfusions between liverless rabbits and normal ones fail to ameliorate the symptoms of liver deprivation once they are established. The normal rabbits show no symptoms suggesting that toxic substances have accumulated in the blood of the hepatectomized ones.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF COPPER AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM INFECTION IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: Perla David
Published: June 2004

The effect was studied of additions of copper to an adequate diet on the course of infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum in rats. Copper in amounts equivalent to 0.2 mg. of elemental copper per rat per day during a period of 10 days prior to an induced infection with small numbers of trypanosomes raised the natural resistance of the rat to the infection. The infection was aborted in all instances when the rats were infected by the injection of 2,000 trypanosomes and in 75 per cent of instances when the rats were infected by the injection of 10,000 trypanosomes.
STUDIES ON MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Victor Joseph , Potter James S.
Published: June 2004

1. Two highly inbred strains of mice of different genetic constitution (Storrs-Little and C58) were used in a study of the influence of hosts on metabolism of cells of transmissible lymphatic leukemia.

The experiments were carried out with leukemic cells of transmission Line I as well as with Line M-liver. About 50 per cent of the Storrs-Little mice were killed by each line of cells at this time, while 100 per cent of the C58 mice were killed.

2. The normal lymphoid tissues of the two strains of mice were significantly the same in regard to rates of oxygen consumption and both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.

3. Leukemic cells of Line I, growing in hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, gave significantly lower rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis than when growing in hosts of Strain C58. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher. Leukemic cells of Line M-liver, growing in hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, gave significantly lower rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis than when growing in Strain C58. Oxygen consumption was not significantly different.

4. After one to three passages through hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, the cell lines were returned to hosts of Strain C58, with immediate return to significantly the same metabolic rates originally given by each line in hosts of Strain C58.

5. These results lead to the more general conclusions that: (a) The genetic constitution of the host modifies the metabolism of the cell line. (b) The same host constitution may modify the metabolism of different cell lines in different ways. (c) Host constitution does not appear to modify the inherent constitution of the leukemic cells, but acts as a determining environmental factor on their metabolism.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTIONS OF EMULSIONS AND EXTRACTS OF HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN
Authors: Schwentker Francis F. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits injected with fresh emulsions of homologous brain developed few or no antibodies capable of fixing complement in the presence of aqueous emulsions or alcoholic extracts of rabbit brain. Complement-fixing antibodies, however, were produced in rabbits by means of injections (1) of sterile emulsions of homologous brain which had been allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 to 30 days and (2) of emulsions of homologous brain experimentally infected with vaccine virus. The antisera that were produced following injections of emulsions of autolyzed homologous brain were shown by absorption tests to contain both specific and non-specific antibodies. The specific brain antigen was found to be approximately six times as abundant in the white matter as in the grey. It was almost absent from the brain of fetal and newly born rabbits, but increased in amount with the age of the animal to reach a maximum concentration at maturity. The specific antigen seemed to parallel the myelin content of brain tissue.
A THERMOPRECIPITATION REACTION IN TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM INFECTION IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Poindexter Hildrus A.
Published: June 2004

There is a thermoprecipitinogenic substance in extracts of the spleen of rats, guinea pigs and rabbits infected with T. equiperdum. It does not appear to be within the body of the trypanosome itself.

Antibodies to this heat-resistant precipitable substance were found in the serum of infected animals.

The antibody strength seems to be relatively less in the serum of rats than in the other animals but the power of extracts from the spleen of infected rats appeared to be equivalent to the power of similar extracts of the other animals.

The antibody titer of the serum of rabbits was greater than in the case of the other two species investigated. This was shown not only by the reaction with the extracts of spleens of the same species, but also by the reaction with extracts of the spleens of similarly infected animals of other species.
A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF INVASIVENESS OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Dennis Emery Westervelt , Berberian Dicran
Published: June 2004

1. Menkin's observations of the failure of inflammatory fixation in areas of acute inflammation due to Streptococcus haemolyticus have been confirmed.

2. The lack of inflammatory fixation in the presence of streptococci is not due to the passive nature of the streptococcus, but may be attributed to the production of (1) fibrinolytic, and (2) antifibrinogenic substances which dissolve the fibrin barrier, or prevent its formation, thus maintaining the patency of the lymphatics and capillaries and facilitating the dissemination of the organisms.

3. The production of fibrinolytic or antifibrinogenic substances, and the invasiveness of a given strain of streptococcus are correlative.

4. Both substances are relatively thermostable. Fibrinolysin is destroyed if held at 100°C. for 1 hour. The antifibrinogenic substance is weakened but is not destroyed under the same conditions.

5. There is evidence that both substances are antigenic, and exhibit some degree of type specificity.

6. The role of fibrinolysin and the antifibrinogenic factor in the invasion of the tissues by streptococci is discussed.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T. , Babers Frank H.
Published: June 2004

The results of the present study indicate that by means of serological reactions it is possible to differentiate selectively the p-aminophenol glycosides of maltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, and lactose. The immunological specificity of disaccharide-protein antigens prepared from these derivatives, irrespective of the nature of the conjoined protein, is determined by (1) the glycoside molecule as a whole, (2) the configuration of the terminal hexose molecule, and (3) the position of linkage of the two hexose units in the carbohydrate radical. The specificity of the antibodies induced by the disaccharide antigens appears to be more sharply defined when the configuration of the terminal hexose is of the ß rather than of the α type.
STUDIES UPON MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Bliss Eleanor A.
Published: June 2004

The cultural and biochemical characteristics of a group of minute hitherto undescribed beta hemolytic streptococci from human sources have been recorded and upon the basis of these cultural reactions it is suggested that these organisms may represent new species of the genus streptococcus.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

1. A method, conforming to the criteria of quantitative analytical chemistry, is described for the estimation of the agglutinin content of antisera. Examples are given of the application of the method to various antipneumococcus sera.

2. This new, absolute method is discussed with regard to its relation to the commonly used relative methods.
THE PROTECTION AFFORDED BY VACCINATION AGAINST SECONDARY INVADERS DURING COLDS IN INFANCY
Authors: Kneeland Yale
Published: June 2004

All intensive course of vaccination with the pathogenic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract modified favorably the winter outbreak of severe respiratory disease in an infant population. The incidence of the common cold was not affected.

The significance of these findings is discussed.
COMPARISON OF THE HEMACYTOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Pearce Louise , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei
Published: June 2004

1. The blood cytology of 41 pairs of virgin rabbits was studied, each pair consisting of a buck and a litter mate sister. A comparison of the values for each blood factor of the two groups was made by obtaining the mean difference and the standard error of the mean difference. In addition, correlation coefficients, both zero order and first order eliminating age, and regression equations were calculated for each of the blood cell elements of the bucks and does.

2. It was found that the male values for both the red cell count and the hemoglobin content were higher than the corresponding female values, and these differences were of statistical significance. No differences were observed between the two groups with respect to other cells. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the two sexes for the following blood constituents: Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin content, lymphocytes in both absolute and relative numbers, and neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes in relative numbers.

3. Since all known variables had been held constant, it was concluded that the higher red cell count and hemoglobin value for the male group were the results of constitutional differences between the sexes. Moreover, the significant correlations between the blood cells of male and female litter mates were ascribed to hereditary influences, and thus the female as well as the male rabbit is available for studies on the mechanism involved in the inheritance of the blood formula. In addition, since high correlations were obtained for cells which have been found to be the most reliable indices of the natural immunity of the male host to subsequent inoculation with tumor or syphilis, it was concluded that these cells should give dependable information concerning the natural resistance of the female host to these two diseases.
ULTRAFILTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Theiler Max , Bauer Johannes H.
Published: June 2004

From the ultrafiltration analysis the size of the virus of human poliomyelitis has been estimated to be somewhere between 12 and 17 mµ. Technical difficulties encountered and the low concentration of the virus make it seem possible that the virus is even smaller.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INCLUSION BODIES FOUND IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF INFANTS, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF INCLUSION BODIES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF HAMSTERS, WHITE MICE, AND WILD RATS (PEIPING)
Authors: Kuttner Ann G. , Wang Shao-Hsun
Published: June 2004

1. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies occur in the salivary glands of Chinese infants dying from miscellaneous causes. The lesion is similar to that previously described in infants in Europe and America.

2. Attempts to prove that this lesion is due to an infectious agent by its production in animals have been unsuccessful.

3. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies have been found in the submaxillary glands of hamsters, white mice, and wild rats.

4. Evidence is presented to show that the lesion in hamsters, white mice, and wild rats is due to a virus, which is specific for each species, being transmissible to normal individuals of this breed, and which is very similar to the submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs.
THE EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TOXIN ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: VonGlahn William C. , Weld Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. The hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus elaborates a toxin in vitro that when injected intravenously produces lesions in the kidneys of rabbits and cats.

2. The toxin injures primarily the blood vessels of the kidney.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Fite George L.
Published: June 2004

1. Mice of special strains injected intracerebrally with a 10 per cent emulsion of bacteria-free brain tissue from fatal cases of encephalitis in St. Louis and Kansas City develop a characteristic and fatal encephalitis.

2. Transmission of the disease can be continued indefinitely by injecting the bacteria-free brain tissue from the infected mice into healthy mice.

3. In the injected mice there is a 3 to 4 day incubation period, followed by hyperesthesia, coarse tremors, convulsions, prostration, and death in from 4 to 6 days.

4. The lesions in the mice with experimental encephalitis consist chiefly of perivascular accumulations of mononuclear leucocytes throughout the brain, stem, cord, and the pia, and destruction of pyramidal cells in the lobus piriformis and cornu Ammonis.

5. The human encephalitis brain tissue preserved in glycerine from the time of death of the patient apparently loses its infectivity for mice in about 32 days.
I. BARTONELLA INCIDENCE IN SPLENECTOMIZED BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Hawkins W. B.
Published: June 2004

Splenectomized bile fistula dogs in this laboratory have regularly exhibited spontaneous periods of anemia, which are associated with excessive bile pigment production.

In three out of four dogs, such periods have been shown to be associated with the presence in the blood of bodies morphologically indistinguishable from descriptions of Bartonella canis.

Simple splenectomized dogs have not shown such periods of anemia arising spontaneously. Inoculations of blood containing Bartonella bodies into two splenectomized dogs have resulted in intervals of blood destruction associated with the presence in their blood of bodies similar to those in the inoculated blood. Injection of such blood into a splenectomized biliary-renal fistula dog has resulted in a similar picture.

Efforts to cultivate Bartonella bodies in artificial culture media have so far been unsuccessful.

Neosalvarsan appears to have a specific sterilizing effect on the condition.

Spleen extract feeding appears to have an inhibiting effect upon the periods of anemia and bile pigment overproduction.
THE ASSOCIATION OF BARTONELLA BODIES WITH INDUCED ANEMIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

On feeding to splenectomized dogs a diet producing black tongue, severe anemia developed associated with the presence of small bodies in or on the erythrocytes. The bodies were morphologically similar to Bartonella muris and Bartonella canis. The addition of lean beef to the diet, a material prophylactic against its effects, was followed by improvement of the blood levels, the presence of increased numbers of reticulocytes in the circulating blood, and the disappearance of the bodies.

When the blood containing Bartonella-like bodies was injected into other splenectomized dogs fed a normal or a black tongue-producing diet, anemia developed in them and the bodies appeared in large numbers. Similar injections into non-splenectomized animals fed in the same way had anemia alone as its result. Injections into normal animals fed a normal diet caused not even anemia.
ON THE PRESERVATION OF TYPHUS FEVER RICKETTSIAE IN CULTURES
Authors: Nigg Clara
Published: June 2004

1. Cultures of typhus fever rickettsiae were as a rule found to remain viable and virulent after being stored at 37° and –20°C. for several months, whereas they failed to survive when stored at the intermediate temperatures of 20° and –4°C. for 4 weeks and 10 days respectively. In one instance cultures were stored at 37°C. for 8 months without having been transferred, and were subsequently found to be viable and infectious.

2. The conditions influencing such long survival of an organism which seems to require living tissue for multiplication (as filterable viruses do in general) are discussed.

3. Typhus-infected tissues (minced guinea pig tunica) suspended in a serum-Tyrode mixture in sealed flasks remained infectious at 37°C. for at least 10 weeks.

4. Additional evidence for the etiological significance of the rickettsiae in typhus fever is obtained from the experiments described.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

A brief description is given of the main physical and chemical characteristics of active chicken tumor extracts. By special methods constituents have been removed from the active solution: (1) the major part of the tumor-proteins, which are adsorbed on alumina gel and discarded; (2) a carbohydrate, present in large amounts in the tumor extract, is eliminated by precipitation in combination with gelatin. In both cases the tumor principle is not directly affected and largely remains in active form in the solution.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

The fractionation of active chicken tumor extracts has been continued.

1. By a rapid method of dialysis the diffusible fraction of the treated extract, representing about 75 per cent of the solids, has been eliminated without reducing the tumor-producing activity.

2. Combined methods of fractionation have resulted in the elimination of as much as 95 per cent of the total solids of the extract as inactive constituents. Since there was some concomitant enhancement of the activity of the agent the results were equivalent to a 25-fold concentration of it in terms of dry weight.

3. The chemical content of the undiffusible fraction has been determined in terms of total nitrogen, reducing substances, sulfur, phosphorus, and lipoids.

4. The evidence points to a protein and a phospholipoid as the principal constituents of the active residue. Further fractionation is being attempted with a view to connecting the tumor-producing activity with one of its remaining constituents.
PRESSOR SUBSTANCES FROM THE BODY FLUIDS OF MAN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. Extracts of human blood plasma, ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids have been shown to contain a substance or substances which have a prolonged and powerful pressor action when injected into test animals.

2. The chemical properties of the substance suggest those of an organic base. It is extracted with alcohol, soluble in water and acetone, extracted from water by chloroform, and probably is but slightly heat-stable. The plasma colloids seem to hold the substance in a bound state since it does not appear in the ultrafiltrate and is liberated on coagulation of the colloids by alcohol. Coagulation alone of the blood does not cause the substance to be formed.

3. Its action suggests that its pressor effect is brought about by mediation of the central nervous system. This inference was drawn from the following observations. (a) The functional intactness of the central nervous system is essential in order that pressor responses be obtained. Unanesthetized animals exhibit greater vascular responses than do anesthetized. (b) Pithing animals completely abolishes the response. Progressive ablation of the brain to the level of the hind brain does not alter the response, but below this level, injury abolishes the activity of the extract. (c) Some substance in the extract sensitizes the mechanism responsible for the carotid sinus reflex. (d) There is no parallelism between the response to peripherally acting drugs and pressor extracts. (e) Removal of the adrenal glands does not affect its character.

4. The rise in blood pressure appears to be due especially to constriction of the arteries in the splanchnic region.

5. Assay of the pressor extracts is made difficult because of the dependence of the vascular response on the functional state of the central nervous system. The carotid sinus reflex and stimulation with carbon dioxide-air mixtures have proved most useful means for the estimation of this functional state. It has been pointed out that the vascular responses to extract, stimulation of the carotid sinus, and inhalation of carbon dioxide-air vary greatly during the course of an experiment on anesthetized animals. This natural history of the vascular responses has been described.

6. No evidence has been produced by the method employed that the amount of this pressor substance is increased in the blood or spinal fluid of patients with hypertension of varied pathogenesis (nephritic hypertension, essential hypertension, malignant hypertension, eclampsia, and pituitary basophilism).
CORTIN PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Wolfram J. , Zwemer R. L.
Published: June 2004

Studies have been made on a possible protective action of cortin in the prevention of anaphylactic shock induced by crystallized egg albumin.

Of sixteen control guinea pigs only two survived.

Sixteen of thirty-three cortin-treated animals received hormone at the optimum period of from 2 to 6 hours before the shocking dose. Nine survived and two others showed some protection. In groups treated at other time intervals the evidence of protection is inconclusive.

2 weeks after the first test the cortin-treated survivors succumbed to a second antigen dose, which was not preceded by cortical extract.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEPRESSOR EXTRACTS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND ON THE VASCULAR ACTION OF EXTRACTS OF RABBIT AND DOG BLOOD
Authors: Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. Alcoholic extracts of the plasma of rabbits obtained from arterial or venous blood differ from those of human plasma in having a marked depressor action on the blood pressure of anesthetized cats. This action is unantagonized on atropinization. Extracts of the plasma of dogs, on the other hand, are almost without vascular effect.

2. Ultrafiltrates of the plasma of rabbits are actively vasodepressor, while those of human and dog plasma are without action.

3. Extracts of the plasma of rabbits reduce the renal volume greatly and they have a relatively weak dilator action on the arteries of the periphery. These effects resemble those of adenylic acid more than those of histamine.

4. It is possible that the pressor-depressor substances of the blood are species-specific.

5. Human plasma, ascitic and spinal fluid which have been allowed to stand, yield extracts that are depressor and in their pharmacological action resemble closely extracts prepared from red blood cells and acetic acid extracts of tissues. Their constrictor effect on the kidneys is marked.

6. Histamine, choline, and adenosine depress the level of the blood pressure more effectively than they constrict the volume of the kidneys, while the reverse is true when adenylic acid is employed.
SALT AND WATER LOSSES IN DIURETIN DIURESIS AND THEIR RELATION TO SERUM NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN AND ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Kerpel-Fronius Edmond , Butler Allan M.
Published: June 2004

The losses of sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrogen, and water following the administration of diuretin to rabbits over 5 to 9 day periods together with the changes in serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, N. P. N., and total protein occurring simultaneously with these losses are described.

The circumstances responsible for the presence of azotemia in the animals were investigated in particular and the dependence of nitrogen retention upon dehydration and the modification of this dependence by variation in urine volume were demonstrated. It was clearly shown that no direct relationship exists between the azotemia and the coincident hypochloremia. It was found that nitrogen retention can be removed by the administration of water without salt, and the extent to which serum electrolyte and protein concentrations can be lowered by this procedure was also observed.

The withdrawal from the body of large amounts of potassium as well as of sodium and chloride following the administration of diuretin, and also the inefficacy of sodium chloride solution in preventing the potassium loss was demonstrated.
FURTHER STUDIES ON KALA-AZAR
Authors: Forkner Claude E. , Zia Lily S.
Published: June 2004

The summary of our experiments (Table V) including data previously reported is as follows:

1. Twenty-two patients were studied, in all of whom the diagnosis of kala-azar was confirmed by puncture of the spleen or liver, with recovery of Leishman-Donovan bodies.

2. Microscopic examination of the nasal secretions revealed typical parasites in twelve (54.5 per cent) of the twenty-two cases.

3. Microscopic examination of smears from the pharyngeal tonsils of ten patients showed parasites in three (30 per cent).

4. The results of intraperitoneal inoculation into hamsters of nasal discharge from fourteen patients proved that the parasites were present and had retained their infectivity in thirteen (92.8 per cent).

5. Intraperitoneal inoculation into animals of sputum or saliva killed many animals before sufficient time had elapsed for the presence or absence of infection with leishmania to be demonstrated. However, in eight cases animals survived and in two of these (25 per cent) transmission of the disease had occurred.

6. Material obtained from the pharyngeal tonsils of two patients, when inoculated intraperitoneally into hamsters resulted in infection with leishmania in both instances.

7. Single inoculations, into the oral and nasal cavities of hamsters, of nasal discharge from five patients have resulted in transmission of leishmaniasis in one instance only, but these experiments are incomplete.

8. Repeated inoculations by the oral and nasal routes of hamsters and of two human volunteers with nasal secretions from patients with kala-azar have not yet been concluded, but to the present date have resulted negatively.

9. Emulsions of material from the pharyngeal tonsil of one patient, when fed to three hamsters in amounts of from 0.1 to 0.2 cc. on one occasion only, resulted in generalized infection with leishmania in each of the animals.

10. Evidence as obtained from the medical literature both for and against the transmission of kala-azar by direct or indirect contact and by means of the bite of the sand-fly is presented.
A STUDY OF REPEATED ATTACKS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA IN DOGS
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. , Robertson O. H.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of repeated attacks of experimental lobar pneumonia in the dog produced by the intrabronchial injection of Pneumococcus Type I. Twenty-five individual dogs were given 78 infections in all at intervals of 3 days to 19 months. The number of attacks to which a single animal was subjected varied from two to eleven. It was found that recovery from this experimental disease conferred on the animal increased resistance against subsequent infections as shown by the fact that such animals regularly survived doses of culture which in the dog infected for the first time produced a fatal outcome. The recurrent attacks of pneumonia were uniformly mild in character; the febrile course was brief; the pulmonary lesion was usually confined to a single lobe, and bacteremia seldom occurred. There was no detectable difference between the second and the subsequent infections, which could be produced whenever desired, nor did the time intervals between attacks appear to bear any relationship to the severity of the experimental disease. Tests for acquired antipneumococcal immune substances in the blood after recovery showed their presence in some animals and not in others, yet dogs without demonstrable humoral immunity appeared to be just as resistant to reinfection as those possessing it.

A comparison of the pathogenesis of these secondarily induced lesions with those of the initial infection revealed certain striking differences between the two. Secondary lesions produced in the lobe previously affected tended to evolve much more rapidly than did the primary ones. They were characterized by the early appearance of a generalized macrophage reaction and a marked diminution in the numbers of pneumococci in the tissues or their complete absence. These changes occurred more slowly in secondary lesions initiated in hitherto uninvolved lobes. The macrophage reaction, which consists of a swelling of the fixed tissue cells (histiocytes) and a subsequent liberation of macrophages into the alveolar exudate, is regarded as a significant evidence of increased antipneumococcal resistance, since it has been observed to occur regularly at the time of recovery from the first infection and is accompanied by the local disappearance of the invading microorganisms.
TESTS FOR PNEUMOCOCCUS HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN DOGS AFTER RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T.
Published: June 2004

The data derived from the above described investigations indicate that dogs do not develop hypersensitivity to the pneumococcus as the result of experimental lobar pneumonia. This inference is based on the following findings:

1. Fifteen dogs were given Type I and Type II pneumococcus lobar pneumonia and following recovery were tested for hypersensitiveness by means of intrabronchial and intracutaneous injections of the autolysate made from the homologous pneumococcus.

2. Seven dogs showed a pulmonary lesion discernible with the X-ray at site of the autolysate inoculation; three of these dogs were normal controls.

3. No evidence of a positive skin reaction was found in any of the fifteen dogs, many of which received repeated infections and intradermal autolysate injections.

4. Subsequent infections in the same animals were definitely milder than the initial infection.

5. The infections following the administration of intrapulmonary and cutaneous autolysate were practically of the same intensity as the initial infection.

6. Temperature, pulse rates, white blood counts and differential blood pictures showed no significant variations following intrapulmonary injection of autolysate.

7. Tests for the acquisition of humoral immune bodies following autolysate injection and recovery from the experimental disease showed the presence of these substances in some of the dogs and their absence in others.

8. Study of the pathology of the pulmonary lesions produced by the autolysate failed to reveal histological changes characteristic of an allergic reaction. However, the presence of perivascular accumulations of large mononuclear cells observed in the lesions of the recovered dogs does suggest a locally accelerated reactivity of the fixed tissue cells to the products of the pneumococcus.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PURE CULTURES OF FIBROBLASTS FROM SINGLE MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Moen Johannes K.
Published: June 2004

1. Most isolated guinea pig mononuclear exudative cells in tissue culture become typical migrating macrophages, but a small proportion take on fibroblastic characteristics, and produce pure colonies of fibroblasts. These fibroblasts maintain their morphological characteristics through repeated subcultures.

2. It is suggested that the subsequent development of individual mononuclear cells in tissue culture is conditioned at the time of explantation.

3. Apposition with other cells is not necessary for the initiation of mitotic cellular division.

4. There is a definite optimal relationship between the bulk of the medium, the number of explanted cells and the extent of proliferation. The presence of other cells in the vicinity enhances cellular division.

5. Mitosis in the isolated explanted cell is preceded by a latent period. The rate of division varies in different colonies of fibroblasts.

6. Admixed erythrocytes in the mononuclear suspension definitely inhibit proliferation of fibroblasts in tissue culture. The inhibiting factor in disintegrating erythrocytes is apparently present in the stroma.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET
Authors: Pommerenke W. T. , Slavin H. B. , Kariher D. H. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein and uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs are excellent test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured.

To regenerate plasma proteins in any significant amount the depleted dog requires food protein. Some proteins are very potent for new plasma protein production and others are utilized poorly.

Beef serum is very potent and its proteins (2.6 gm.) will produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein in the depleted dog—a potency ratio of 2.6.

Kidney protein stands at the bottom of our list and the dog needs 21 gm. of kidney protein to regenerate 1 gm. of plasma protein—a potency ratio of 21.0.

Some grain proteins approximate the potency of beef serum and may show potency ratios of 2.7 to 4.6. Some of these grain proteins appear to favor the production of globulin more than albumin in the plasma.

Skeletal muscle, gizzard (smooth muscle), lactalbumin and egg white fall into a favorable group with a potency ratio of 5.3 to 6.0.

Whole liver, liver fractions, casein, and beef heart are a little less potent and present potency ratios of 6.5 to 8.0. Many of these food substances favor the production of albumin more than globulin.

Pancreas and salmon muscle show less favorable potency ratios of 19.0 and 15.0 respectively.

Fasting periods indicate that these depleted dogs can produce little if any new plasma protein.

Iron feeding in some unexplained manner will influence body metabolism so that an excess of plasma protein will be produced.

These observations have a bearing on clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia and give suggestions for diet aid or control in some of these abnormal states. The make-up of the diet is obviously of great interest and it is possible that protein combinations may be more potent than a single protein or that food potency ratios may differ in health and disease.
DOG PLASMA PROTEIN GIVEN BY VEIN UTILIZED IN BODY METABOLISM OF DOG
Authors: Pommerenke W. T. , Slavin H. B. , Kariher D. H. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Foreign plasma protein (horse) introduced parenterally into the protein fasting dog is not utilized in the body economy. Its fate appears to be disintegration and elimination as excess urinary nitrogen. This is totally different from the fate of dog plasma protein under similar conditions.

Dog hemoglobin given parenterally to the protein fasting dog is not utilized as is dog plasma protein to keep the animal in nitrogen equilibrium but the globin is largely broken down and discarded as excess urinary nitrogen. A small part of the injected hemoglobin is probably utilized to maintain the red cell concentration in the blood at high levels.

Dog plasma given parenterally in a protein fasting dog will maintain the dog in nitrogen equilibrium and there is no surplus nitrogen elimination in the after periods. It is apparent that the introduced plasma protein is utilized efficiently in body metabolism to replace or repair tissue protein. It is suggested that although this is an emergency reaction the same reactions may go on in normal internal metabolism. The observation that foreign plasma and dog hemoglobin cannot be utilized when given parenterally actually strengthens this last argument for a normal contribution from plasma proteins to body proteins.
NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B.
Published: June 2004

1. The concentration of protein in the serum and plasma of normal dogs is given. Analyses of serum from 38 animals yielded the following averages and standard deviations, (a) for albumin: 3.26 ± 0.48 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.72 ± 0.76 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 5.98 ± 0.67 gm. per cent. Analyses of plasma from 19 animals showed, (a) for albumin: 3.38 ± 0.38 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.98 ± 0.55 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 6.36 ± 0.71 gm. per cent.

2. A diet for dogs is described, the feeding of which results in a progressive decline in the concentration of protein in the serum. A composite curve constructed from the findings with 21 animals discloses a rapid initial fall and a slower subsequent decrease in albumin and total protein and an approximately constant level for globulin. The course of the globulin curve was subject to wide variation in separate experiments, both increases and decreases being recorded.

3. With five dogs the nitrogen balance was followed through a total of 42 metabolism periods of approximately 7 days each. The average daily loss of nitrogen was 1.15 gm. Approximate calculations disclose that only 3 or 4 per cent of the nitrogen eliminated is accounted for by the decline in circulating protein, the remainder being represented by loss from the tissues.

4. An episode is described with one dog when, during a period of self-imposed fasting, the serum albumin regenerated to a normal level, apparently at the expense of catabolized tissue protein.

5. The course of serum proteins is described during the recovery which follows interruption of the low protein diet and return to a regime of adequate feeding.

6. A discussion is given of the relationship between tissue proteins and plasma proteins. The data permit one to entertain the hope that a way will be found for stimulating an internal readjustment to provide temporary relief from hypoproteinemia, a way which will depend upon the potential ability of the tissues to provide sufficient protein for the needs of the plasma.
RENAL DAMAGE FOLLOWING THE INGESTION OF A DIET CONTAINING AN EXCESS OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

The addition of an excess of inorganic phosphate in the form of orthophosphoric acid, acid, basic or neutral sodium or potassium phosphate to the diet of albino rats results in the development of an interesting and permanent renal lesion.

The phosphate renal lesion is characterized by a necrosis of the cells of the convoluted tubules commencing at the terminal end, followed by a regeneration of atypical epithelium and calcification of the necrotic debris that fills the tubules.

The entire outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla is transformed into a zone of distorted structures and there is an increase in the interstitial connective tissue. The adjoining cortex is also involved with cystic dilatation of tubules and collapse. Such areas may reach the free surface of the organ and produce a retracted scar.

In the gross the kidneys are enlarged and firm on section with a pebbled surface produced by numerous scars.

The maximum changes in the kidney structure are reached after some 15 days although necrosis of the convoluted tubule cells is evident after a single day of phosphate feeding.

The renal structure is not restored to its normal form when the excess of phosphate is removed from the diet.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The mucous surfaces of the nasal passages and orbital sinuses appear to afford particularly favorable conditions for the development of the fowl coryza bacillus. Injected in the nasal tract, in any appreciable number, the bacilli regularly develop and may continue to exist for a considerable period of time in spite of an active inflammatory reaction on the part of the host.

The specific bacillus multiplies either sparsely or not at all when injected extranasally, regardless of the nature of the cellular surface with which it is brought in contact.

If the locus of injection is in communication with the upper air passages, as in the case of the trachea, internal ear, and orbital cavity, the bacilli may be carried there, even in the absence of a local development, and produce a coryza.

Introduction of the bacilli in loci not in communication with the upper air passages is followed by a nasal carriage only in the case of the peritoneal cavity. Following intraperitoneal injection, 7 of 12 birds showed the specific bacillus in the nasal passages and except in one instance without an accompanying inflammation.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

New toxic substances in certain tuberculin, O.T., and B. typhosus culture filtrates are described. These substances are capable of eliciting the hemorrhagic necrosis characteristic of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity provided heterologous bacterial filtrates of high potency are used either for the intradermal or the intravenous injection. The toxic substances apparently have no relationship to the tuberculin substances proper.

The experiments with inactive preparations also demonstrate in rabbits a state of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin, O.T., and bacteria-free culture filtrates in the absence of tuberculous foci. The reactions are elicited provided the tissues are rendered vulnerable through contact with certain soluble bacterial factors capable of eliciting the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates, and provided the tuberculin or the tuberculous culture filtrates are injected intravenously into immunized rabbits.
THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C.
Published: June 2004

1. Smooth, round, shiny, non-granular, and non-spreading colonies have been observed in cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli freshly isolated from eight human sources other than sputum. The classification of six of these strains as of human type was established by inoculation into rabbits and guinea pigs.

2. The 3 per cent NaOH or 6 per cent H2SO4 frequently used in the isolation of tubercle bacilli are definitely unfavorable to the development of smooth colonies.

3. It was observed that smooth colonies are produced in greater number when the pH of the medium (Corper's egg yolk-glycerine) is adjusted to a point near to but slightly on the acid side of neutral.