bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distress, loneliness, and mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Test of the extension of the Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness
Authors: Keller Franziska Maria , Derksen Christina , Kötting Lukas , Dahmen Alina , Lippke Sonia
Published: March 2022

COVID‐19 restrictions such as lockdowns or quarantines may increase the risk for social isolation and perceived loneliness. The mechanisms can be modeled by Cacioppo's Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL), which predicts that a lack of perceived social connectedness may lead, in the long‐term, to mental and physical health consequences. However, the association between COVID‐19 pandemic distress, mental health, and loneliness is not sufficiently understood. The present longitudinal study examined the relationship between distress and depression, and the mediating effects of anxiety and loneliness in a German rehabilitation sample (N = 403) at two timepoints (≤6 weeks pre‐rehabilitation; ≥12 weeks post‐rehabilitation; mean time between T1 and T2 was  52 days). Change scores between T1 and T2 were examined for the variables COVID‐19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI), anxiety, loneliness, and depression. The results of the serial mediation analysis indicated that anxiety and loneliness were able to explain the relationship between distress and depression with 42% of variance in depression accounted for. Findings extend research on the relationship between COVID‐19 and mental health by considering anxiety and loneliness as sustaining factors of depressive symptoms, thus, successfully applying the ETL. Results stress the necessity to consider anxiety and loneliness in the treatment or prevention of depression.
Fostering Transitions Towards Sustainability? The Politics of Bioeconomy Development in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil
Authors: Siegel Karen M , Deciancio Melisa , Kefeli Daniel , de Queiroz‐Stein Guilherme , Dietz Thomas
Published: March 2022

The concept of bioeconomy is increasingly gaining attention in South America as a potential strategy to foster sustainability transitions. As bioeconomy development is intertwined with often contested questions of natural resource governance, it is important that the promotion of bioeconomy takes place in an inclusive manner. In three case studies from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil we examine who takes up the concept, what interests are reflected in this and the implications for socio‐environmental concerns. This points to two interrelated aspects which demonstrate variations in inclusiveness: the constellation of actors who drive bioeconomy visions, and the scope of issues covered.
On the information contents of indirect citations
Authors: Chung Kim‐Sau , Liang Meng‐Yu , Lo Melody
Published: March 2022

Citation indices, originally designed to measure influence, in practice are often repurposed by administrators and funding agencies as proxies for quality. Suppose there are more researchers in the mainstream than in the fringe, and it takes a higher quality to have the same influence across groups than within groups. Then, controlling for quality, a mainstream researcher may receive more citations than a fringe researcher. To correct for this mainstream bias, a citation index may need to be increasing in direct citations but decreasing in indirect citations.
Supporting collaborative relationships between parents and non‐relative foster parents
Authors: Spielfogel Jill E. , Leathers Sonya J.
Published: March 2022

Despite policy recommendations that foster parents form positive relationships with the parents of children in their care, this is difficult to achieve in actual practice. This study examined relationships between foster parents and parents in a sample of 13 triads of parents, foster parents and caseworkers of children ages 5–13 living in non‐relative foster homes with a goal of reunification (N = 38). Findings highlighted the evolution of relationships over time and the important role of caseworkers in supporting communication between parents and foster parents. Findings also suggest that parents often felt judged and lacked control regarding decision‐making and contact. Casework practice was typically not proactive in creating or supporting better relationships and gave foster parents the choice to communicate with parents only if they wanted to. The first meeting between parents and foster parents was critical for establishing the basis for a relationship, but often lacked structure and clear expectations. When foster parents took the initiative to form collaborative relationships, relationships were often positive, and parents were mutually supportive to one another.
Predictors of no, low and frequent emergency department use for any medical reason among patients with cannabis‐related disorders attending Quebec (Canada) addiction treatment centres
Authors: Fleury Marie‐Josée , Grenier Guy , Cao Zhirong , Huỳnh Christophe
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Patients with substance‐related disorders and mental disorders (MD) contribute substantially to emergency department (ED) overcrowding. Few studies have identified predictors of ED use integrating service use correlates, particularly among patients with cannabis‐related disorders (CRD). This study compared predictors of low (1–2 visits/year) or frequent (3+ visits/year) ED use with no ED use for a cohort of 9836 patients with CRD registered at Quebec (Canada) addiction treatment centres in 2012–2013.

Methods

This longitudinal study used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate clinical, sociodemographic and service use variables from various databases as predictors of the frequency of ED use for any medical reason in 2015–2016 among patients with CRD.

Results

Compared to non‐ED users with CRD, frequent ED users included more women, rural residents, patients with serious MD and chronic CRD, dropouts from programs in addiction treatment centres and with less continuity of physician care. Compared with non‐users, low ED users had more common MD and there more workers than students.

Discussion and Conclusions

Multimorbidity, including MD, chronic physical illnesses and other substance‐related disorders than CRD, predicted more ED use and explained frequent use of outpatient services and prior specialised acute care, as did being 12–29 years, after controlling for all other covariates. Better continuity of physician care and reinforcement of programs like assertive community or integrated treatment, and chronic primary care models may protect against frequent ED use. Strategies like screening, brief intervention and treatment referral, including motivational therapy for preventing treatment dropout may also be expanded to decrease ED use.
Present status and the future of ultrathin endoscopy
Authors: Kawai Takashi , Kawai Yusuke , Hamada Mariko , Iwata Eri , Niikura Ryota , Nagata Naoyoshi , Yanagisawa Kyosuke , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Fukuzawa Masakatsu , Yamagishi Tetsuya , Itoi Takao
Published: March 2022

Endoscopic population‐based screening for gastric cancer began in April 2016, and the use of transnasal ultrathin esophagogastroduodenoscopy (UT‐EGD) has rapidly become popular. With UT‐EGD, discomfort associated with an examination is reduced, patient satisfaction is high, and adverse effects on cardiopulmonary function are fewer. Consequently, UT‐EGD is a good option for gastric screening in an aging society. Because of the narrower diameter of the endoscope, however, image quality is inferior to that obtained using transoral conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy (C‐EGD). As a result, lesions observed by UT‐EGD must be viewed at close proximity and chromoendoscopy should be used concurrently, which is burdensome for the endoscopist. Recent innovations by endoscope manufacturers have enabled dramatic improvements in transnasal UT‐EGD and facilitated Hi‐Vision imaging. Furthermore, image enhancement that allows for observation on a par with transoral C‐EGD is now feasible. In the future, UT‐EGD will be equipped with functions that permit magnified endoscopic image. It is anticipated that a multiroute transition between transnasal and transoral UT‐EGD will become possible.
How to approach a neurogenetics diagnosis in different European countries: The European Academy of Neurology Neurogenetics Panel survey
Authors: Mancuso Michelangelo , Houlden Henry , Molnar Maria Judit , Filla Alessandro , Breza Marianthi , Graessner Holm , Bassetti Claudio L. A. , Boesch Sylvia
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

Seven thousand rare diseases have been identified; most of them are of genetic origin. The diagnosis of a neurogenetic disease is difficult, and management and training programs are not well defined through Europe. To capture and assess care needs, the Neurogenetics Panel of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) has performed an explorative survey.

Methods

The survey covering multiple topics of neurogenetics was sent to all neurologists and neuropediatricians affiliated with the EAN practicing in Europe.

Results

We collected answers from 239 members based in 40 European member states. Even though most of the responders were aware of neurogenetic diseases, when we came to amenability of carrying out a complete genetic diagnosis, almost one‐third of the responders declared they were not happy with the current way of ordering genetic analyses in their countries. Furthermore, although single‐gene analysis is diffusely present in Europe, whole exome and genome sequencing are not easily accessible, with considerable variabilities among countries. Almost 10% of the responders did not know if presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis was available in their countries, and 47.3% were not aware of which newborn screening programs were available. Finally, 96.3% of responders declared that there is a need for education and training in neurogenetics.

Conclusions

We believe that this survey may be of importance for all European stakeholders in neurogenetics in identifying key priorities, targeting areas to encourage education/travel fellowships, and educational seminars in the future, because this area will only accelerate, and diagnostic requirements will expand.
RETRACTED: Measuring systemic and systematic risk in the financial markets using artificial intelligence
Authors: Kamruzzaman M. M. , Alruwaili Omar , Aldaghmani Dhiyaa
Published: March 2022

Financial markets are exposed to sharp price volatility, and defaults and errors, which results in high risks for relevant stakeholders. In such markets, success depends upon the quality and quantity of information available to assist the decision‐making. Artificial intelligence (AI), in this regard, can measure or predict systemic and systematic risk in the financial markets. This research study aims to highlight how the risks can be measured and controlled with the support and integration of modern AI and machine learning mechanisms. By performing a review‐based methodology, the study first presents an explanation of the models, which is followed by proposing a new AI‐based model. The model relies on several financial system's inputs, which include portfolio data, trade data, market data, financial reports, market condition, and sector‐wise data. The systemic and systematic risk is then assessed through a number of outputs that the AI algorithm will process, in the form of an interactive dashboard. The article further tests that model and presents benefits and implications.
Haitian and Haitian American experiences of racism and socioethnic discrimination in Miami‐Dade county: At‐risk and court‐involved youth
Authors: Cela Toni , Marcelin Louis Herns , Waldman Rachel , Dembo Richard , Demezier Danna , Clement Roy , Arcayos Alexandra , Santisteban Daniel , Jean‐Gilles Michèle , Hogue Aaron
Published: March 2022

We examine how juvenile justice‐involved youth of Haitian descent in Miami‐Dade County cope with structural racism and its impact on their mental health. Drawing on longitudinal ethnography, psychosocial assessment data, and a family‐based clinical intervention funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, this article explores youth narratives of discrimination prior to and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We use critical race theory and theory of practice to understand youths’ perceptions as racialized bodies and stigmatized selves, highlighting the experiences and perspectives of a particular black immigrant group, ethnic beings caught up in the everyday practices of racialization, sociocultural marginalization, and racism. We frame these experiences as a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism and racial domination in the US. These experiences have caused anger, fear, anxiety, chronic anticipatory distress, and hopelessness among youth of Haitian descent. We conclude with some recommendations for therapeutic support that encourages youth to process their experiences, promotes their development of a positive self‐concept, and provides them with mind‐body techniques to attenuate the physical impacts of discriminatory events. The clinical trial registration number for this study intervention is NCT03876171.
The Majority Theorem for the Single (p = 1) Median Problem and Local Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. , Chun Yongwan , Kim Hyun
Published: March 2022

Except for about a half dozen papers, virtually all (co)authored by Griffith, the existing literature lacks much content about the interface between spatial optimization, a popular form of geographic analysis, and spatial autocorrelation, a fundamental property of georeferenced data. The popular p‐median location‐allocation problem highlights this situation: the empirical geographic distribution of demand virtually always exhibits positive spatial autocorrelation. This property of geospatial data offers additional overlooked information for solving such spatial optimization problems when it actually relates to their solutions. With a proof‐of‐concept outlook, this paper articulates connections between the well‐known Majority Theorem of the 1‐median minisum problem and local indices of spatial autocorrelation; the LISA statistics appear to be the more useful of these later statistics because they better embrace negative spatial autocorrelation. The relationship articulation outlined here results in the positing of a new proposition labeled the egalitarian theorem.
Giving an account of patients' experience: A qualitative study on the care process of hip and knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Battista Simone , Manoni Mattia , Dell'Isola Andrea , Englund Martin , Palese Alvisa , Testa Marco
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Despite the publication of clinical practice guidelines, the quality of the care process as experienced by patients with osteoarthritis (OA) appears suboptimal. Hence, this study investigates how patients with OA experience their disease and care process, highlighting potential elements that can enhance or spoil it, to optimise their quality of care.

Methods

A qualitative study based on semi‐structured interviews. Patients with hip and knee OA in Italy were interviewed. The interview guide was created by a pool of health professionals and patients. The interviews were analysed through a theme‐based analysis following a philosophy of descriptive phenomenological research.

Results

Our analysis revealed seven main themes: (1) Experiencing a sense of uncertainty, as interviewees perceived treatment choices not to be based on medical evidence; (2) Establishing challenging relationships with the self and the other, as they did not feel understood and felt ashamed or hopeless about their condition; (3) Being stuck in one's own or the health professionals' beliefs about the disease management, as a common thought was the perception of movement as something dangerous together with a frequent prescription of passive therapies; (4) Dealing with one's own attitudes towards the disease; Understanding (5) the barriers to and (6) the facilitators of the adherence to therapeutic exercise, which revolve around the therapy cost, the time needed and the patients' willingness to change their life habits and (7) Developing an uneasy relationship with food since the diet was considered as something that “you force yourself to follow” and overeating as a way “to eat your feelings”.

Conclusion

The lack of clear explanations and a negative attitude towards first‐line nonsurgical treatments (mainly physical exercise), which are considered as a way to fill the time while waiting for surgery, underlines the importance of providing patients with adequate information about OA treatments and to better explain the role of first‐line intervention in the care of OA. This will enhance patient‐centred and shared decision‐making treatments.

Patient Contribution

Patients with hip and knee OA participated in creating the interview and contributed with their experience of their care process.
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the clothes of nursery teachers in daycare centres
Authors: Žagar Dominika , Zore Anamarija , Godič Torkar Karmen
Published: March 2022

Aims

Childcare facilities act as microenvironments that facilitate and promote the selection, spread and transmission of antibiotic-resistant micro-organisms in the community. We focused on the study of antimicrobial resistance and genetic predispositions for β-lactamase production in bacterial isolates from nursery teachers' clothing.

Methods and Results

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. isolated from 80 samples of nursery teachers' clothing was determined. The selected ESβL genes were found in 30 (44.1%) of 68 strains examined. The CTX-M type ESβL determinants were detected in 15.4%, 71.5% and 42.5% of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Bacillus isolates, respectively. The OXA-type coding genes were detected only in strains of the genera Pseudomonas (57.1%) and Bacillus (48.6%). Thus, most B. cereus strains were sensitive to the recommended antibiotics used to treat infections caused by these bacteria. Methicillin resistance was phenotypically confirmed in 27 (14.6%) of 185 staphylococcal isolates. Four isolates (2.2%) were identified as MRSA. Vancomycin resistance was not observed in any of the staphylococcal and enterococci strains.

Conclusions

This study has shown that potential pathogens have been isolated from the clothing of nursery teachers, posing a risk of transmission to children. These clothes should be maintained and properly laundered to avoid cross-contamination and the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in childcare centres.

Significance and impact of the study

This study provides insight into the route of transmission of MDR micro-organisms through the clothing of nursery teachers, to which greater importance should be given in the future. Proper procedures for the cleaning and use of clothing in daycare centres should be clarified and standardized.
A review: Developing an ecological model approach to co‐worker incivility experiences of new graduate nurses
Authors: Blackstock Sheila , Cummings Greta , Glanfield Florence , Yonge Olive
Published: March 2022

Aim

To explore how an ecological approach be used to explore relationships among workplace empowerment, authentic leadership, trust in management, areas of work life and co‐worker incivility experiences of new graduate nurses.

Design

Key concepts related to new graduate nurses' incivility experience informed the research question building on the findings of our first author's integrative review. Second, relevant theories and concepts were identified by conducting a literature review. Third, the themes build on prior theories and factors to propose a hypothetical model.

Data Sources

(2016–2019) CINAHL, OVID, PSYCINFO, PUBMED, EBSCO, ERIC, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library; PROQUEST and Google Scholar.

Review Methods

(a) Constructs identified in an IR (Blackstock et al., 2018) guided a literature review on predictive variables linked to new graduate nurse's co‐worker incivility experiences; (b) an ecological approach was explored; and (c) we demonstrate how multidimensional organizational factors related to incivility experiences of new graduate nurses can be situated in an ecological model.

Results

Structural and organizational factors, and nurse leaders influencing new graduate nurses' experiences are situated in an ecological model. Placing new graduate nurses' co‐worker incivility experiences in the microsystem and close to the mesosystem (nurse supervisor) and exosystem (workplace empowerment) of our ecological model provides new insights into their incivility experiences and informs future research.

Conclusion

The ecological approach and operational definition of incivility help to clarify incivility behaviours as not merely individual behaviours observed by others needing corrective cognitive behaviours, nor support in a graduate transition program, but rather a symptom of work environment factors contributing to multidimensional work environments of new graduate nurses' and influence incivility behaviours.

Impact

New graduate nurse co‐worker incivility research could measure change across time and across system domains informed by this ecological approach and can shape new ways of thinking about how to prevent and mitigate incivility.
The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and rumination in adolescents after earthquake: A systematic review
Authors: Turan Nazan , Yılmaz Didem Yüksel , Ertekin Kutluhan
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This systematic review aims to examine, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and rumination in adolescents after an earthquake. The aim of the review is to provide high‐quality, evidence‐based recommendations that contribute to the roles of psychiatric nurses and the development of psychosocial support systems.

Design and Methods

This study has been conducted in line with the Centres for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) guideline which guides preparation for transparent reporting of meta‐analysis and systematic reviews.

Findings

Despite the limited evidence, it was concluded that it is important to identify the psychological processes that lead to PTG and reduce the incidence of PTSD in earthquake‐affected adolescents.

Practical Implications

This evidence shows how important it is to raise the awareness of healthcare providers in different disciplines, including psychiatric nurses, around the need for psychosocial support interventions following a natural disaster.
Immediate impact of child maltreatment on mental, developmental, and physical health trajectories
Authors: Winter Sibylle M. , Dittrich Katja , Dörr Peggy , Overfeld Judith , Moebus Imke , Murray Elena , Karaboycheva Gergana , Zimmermann Christian , Knop Andrea , Voelkle Manuel , Entringer Sonja , Buss Claudia , Haynes John‐Dylan , Binder Elisabeth B. , Heim Christine
Published: March 2022

Objective

The immediate impact of child maltreatment on health and developmental trajectories over time is unknown. Longitudinal studies starting in the direct aftermath of exposure with repeated follow‐up are needed.

Method

We assessed health and developmental outcomes in 6‐month intervals over 2 years in 173 children, aged 3–5 years at study entry, including 86 children with exposure to emotional and physical abuse or neglect within 6 months and 87 nonmaltreated children. Assessments included clinician‐administered, self‐ and parent‐report measures of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms, development, and physical health. Linear mixed models and latent growth curve analyses were used to contrast trajectories between groups and to investigate the impact of maltreatment features on trajectories.

Results

Maltreated children exhibited greater numbers of psychiatric diagnoses (b = 1.998, p < .001), externalizing (b = 13.29, p < .001) and internalizing (b = 11.70, p < .001) symptoms, impairments in cognitive (b = −11.586, p < .001), verbal (b = −10.687, p < .001), and motor development (b = −7.904, p = .006), and greater numbers of medical symptoms (b = 1.021, p < .001) compared to nonmaltreated children across all time‐points. Lifetime maltreatment severity and/or age at earliest maltreatment exposure predicted adverse outcomes over time.

Conclusion

The profound, immediate, and stable impact of maltreatment on health and developmental trajectories supports a biological embedding model and provides foundation to scrutinize the precise underlying mechanisms. Such knowledge will enable the development of early risk markers and mechanism‐driven interventions that mitigate adverse trajectories in maltreated children.
Analysis of relapse by inflammatory Rasch‐built overall disability scale status in the PATH study of subcutaneous immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Merkies Ingemar S. J. , van Schaik Ivo N. , Bril Vera , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Lewis Richard A. , Sobue Gen , Lawo John‐Philip , Mielke Orell , Cornblath David R. ,   the PATH study group
Published: March 2022

Clinical trials in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) often assess efficacy using the ordinal Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score. Here, data from the PATH study was reanalyzed using change in Inflammatory Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale (I‐RODS) to define CIDP relapse instead of INCAT. The PATH study comprised an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dependency period and an IVIG (IgPro10 [Privigen]) restabilization period; subjects were then randomized to weekly maintenance subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG; IgPro20 [Hizentra]) 0.2 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg or placebo for 24 weeks. CIDP relapse was defined as ≥1‐point deterioration in adjusted INCAT, with a primary endpoint of relapse or withdrawal rates. This retrospective exploratory analysis redefined relapse using I‐RODS via three different cut‐off methods: an individual variability method, fixed cut‐off of ≥8‐point deterioration on I‐RODS centile score or ≥4‐point deterioration on I‐RODS raw score. Relapse or withdrawal rates were 47% for placebo, 34% for 0.2 g/kg IgPro20 and 19% for 0.4 g/kg IgPro20 using the raw score; 40%, 28% and 15%, respectively using the centile score, and 49%, 40% and 27%, respectively using the individual variability method. IgPro20 was shown to be efficacious as a maintenance therapy for CIDP when relapse was defined using I‐RODS. A stable response pattern was shown for I‐RODS across various applied cut‐offs, which could be applied in future clinical trials.
Attitudes towards prevention of cervical cancer and early diagnosis among female academicians
Authors: Doğan Nurhan , Fışkın Gamze
Published: March 2022

Background

It is important for public health to determine the awareness of cervical cancer, which is preventable and treatable when detected at an early stage.

Aim

This study was conducted to determine female academicians' attitudes towards prevention and early diagnosis of cervical cancer and the factors affecting them.

Methods

This descriptive study was conducted with 211 female academicians working in all departments of a university. In the study, the data were collected using questionnaire form, the attitude scale for early diagnosis of cervical cancer, and the attitudes towards prevention of cervical cancer scale.

Results

It was determined that 68.2% of the female academicians had knowledge about the pap smear test; however, 41.0% of them did not have the test because they could not find time, and 56.4% had the knowledge about the pap smear test from a healthcare professional. It was determined that academicians had lower scores from the Attitude Scale for Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer (88.55 ± 9.75) and above‐average scores from the Attitudes Towards Prevention of Cervical Cancer Scale (74.30 ± 15.92). It was found that area of expertise, income status, history of infectious disease, and vaginal douching affected both the early diagnosis of cervical cancer and the attitudes towards prevention of it.

Conclusion

The female academicians inadequate attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer and better attitudes towards prevention. Nurses and administrators should encourage female academics and all women to screen for cervical cancer.
Current Tobacco Use Trends and Harm Perceptions Among High School Students by Asthma Status and Sex, 2012‐2018
Authors: Miura Sarah Selica T. , Bernat Debra , Reid Keshia M. , Macdonald Megan , Porter Lauren , Choi Kelvin
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Tobacco use is known to worsen asthma management. No studies have investigated how trends in youth tobacco use and related harm perceptions vary by asthma status and sex. This study examined these trends among Florida high school students during 2012‐2018.

METHODS

Data from the 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed. Public high school students (grades 9‐12) with known asthma status were included along with their current tobacco product use, tobacco product harm perceptions, and demographics. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to assess trends in tobacco product use and harm perceptions and test differences by asthma status and sex.

RESULTS

From 2012 to 2018, high school students with asthma had the slowest decline in cigarette and cigar use prevalence (asthma status‐time interaction p = .01) compared to those with no asthma. Cigarette and cigar smoking were perceived as less harmful over time, except among females with asthma who smoked cigarettes (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Those with asthma showed a slower decline and were more likely to smoke cigarettes. Results indicate that further public health efforts are needed to address tobacco use among high school students with asthma.
The effects of genetic variation in seed parent lines for high biomass F1 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the breeding process
Authors: Osanai Kousuke , Honda Toshimitsu , Kawahigashi Hiroyuki , Yonemaru Jun‐ichi , Kasuga Sigemitsu
Published: March 2022

The agronomic traits of sorghum F1 lines from 93 seed parent lines crossed with a fixed pollen parent were evaluated in three different locations, namely, Chiba, Miyazaki and Nagano, in Japan in 2016 and 2017. Genomic DNA extraction from 93 sorghum parental lines and subsequent analysis were performed for determining genetic diversity. Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained through the Genotyping by Sequencing method. Overall, 3,577 SNPs were obtained from the parent seed lines and were grouped into four clusters characterized by stem length and lodging resistance. Genome‐wide association studies were conducted using field data to identify genes that conferred agronomic traits. There were peaks in stem length, dry matter weight, lodging and aphid damage on Chr. 9, which covered the Dw1 gene locus, suggesting that the gene exerted a multi‐faced effect on agronomic traits. The F1 lines from the seed parent lines with the homozygous dw1 mutant gene were likely to have shorter stem length, lower dry matter weight, resistance to lodging and severer aphid damage.
Federalism: Contemporary political philosophy issues
Authors: Da Silva Michael
Published: March 2022

Federalism has important implications for basic philosophical concepts, including authority and distributive justice. Philosophers played key roles in the development of federalism as a(n at least purportedly) normative doctrine. However, federalism remains peripheral in contemporary political philosophy, leading to periodic calls for renewed scrutiny. This article identifies questions that any complete philosophical account of federalism should aim to answer and provides an overview of some dominant responses to those questions offered in contemporary work in law, political science, and the nascent contemporary philosophical work on the doctrine. It first explains why federalism should be considered philosophically important. It then explores issues about the meaning and purpose, paradigm cases, institutional implications, and subjects/objects of federalism. It finally highlights the need to explain federalism's relationships to adjacent concepts, like democracy, subsidiarity, and self‐determination, and possible links between them.
The (State) University of Haiti: Toward a Place‐Based Understanding of Kriz
Authors: Dubuisson Darlène
Published: March 2022

This article examines the historical, structural, and embodied aspects of the 2016–2018 crisis at the Université d’État d'Haïti (State University of Haiti, UEH) to contextualize and disrupt a conventional notion of “Haitian perpetual crisis.” The article first discusses various approaches to the ongoing crises in Haiti. It specifically highlights Beckett's conceptualization of kriz (embodied crisis) and uses articulation and embodied spaces to forward a place‐based understanding of kriz. It next examines transnational processes, which articulate UEH as a “crisis factory” by constituting it as a state‐nonstate entity located in a yellow zone (meaning, a site of insecurity). The embodied space thus creates affective uncertainty for individuals. In the final section, the article uses a composite narrative to retell the story of the UEH crisis from 2016 to 2018. It also draws on fieldwork at three UEH faculties (schools) to trace kriz through the affective experiences and embodied practices of UEH students, professors, and administrators. This article argues that the UEH crisis was a manifestation of the so‐called crisis factory articulation that geographically situated bodies incorporated and reified through a habitus of improvisation. It concludes that this improvisation may also provide a way out of future crises—to the extent that improvisers can coalesce around a shared vision of the future that can drive systemic change.
Buying from Local Providers: The Role of Governance Preferences in Assessing Performance Information
Authors: Lerusse Amandine , Van de Walle Steven
Published: March 2022

Governance preferences influence how public officials process performance data about service providers. Based on motivated reasoning theory, we examine the extent to which local delivery preferences—preferences for contracting with local service providers over contracting with non‐local ones—influence public managers' and politicians' interpretation of performance data. We firstly expect public officials to misinterpret evidence that contradicts their local delivery preferences and we, secondly, hypothesize that politicians are more prone to biases than public managers are. We test these hypotheses by conducting a randomized survey experiment among 4,000 public officials in Belgium. The results indicate that public officials tend to show a bias for local providers, but not for non‐local providers. Yet, we found no significant differences between politicians and public managers. Our study provides new evidence about the influence of governance preferences on the interpretation of performance information, and calls into question its effective use by politicians and public managers.
Future feed resources in sustainable salmonid production: A review
Authors: Albrektsen Sissel , Kortet Raine , Skov Peter Vilhelm , Ytteborg Elisabeth , Gitlesen Susanne , Kleinegris Dorinde , Mydland Liv‐Torunn , Hansen Jon Øvrum , Lock Erik‐Jan , Mørkøre Turid , James Philip , Wang Xinxin , Whitaker Ragnhild Dragøy , Vang Birthe , Hatlen Bjarne , Daneshvar Ehsan , Bhatnagar Amit , Jensen Linda B. , Øverland Margareth
Published: March 2022

Aquaculture is one of the most resource‐efficient and sustainable ways to produce animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that cultivated aquatic species will provide around 53% of the world's seafood supply by 2030. Further growth of intensive farmed aquatic species may be limited by a shortage of feed resources. The aquaculture sector therefore needs to intensify its search for alternative ingredients based on renewable natural resources. A significant increase in production will require an accelerated transition in technology and production systems, better use of natural available resources, development of high‐quality alternative feed resources and exploitation of available space. The present review discusses the urgent need to identify appropriate alternative ingredients for a sustainable future salmonid production. We describe and evaluate the most promising marine ingredients, including low‐trophic species (mesopelagic fish, zooplankton, polychaetes, macroalgae and crustaceans), novel microbial ingredients (bacteria, yeast and microalgae), insects (black soldier fly, yellow meal worm and crickets), animal by‐products (poultry meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal and hydrolysed feather meal) and by‐products from other commercial productions (trimmings and blood). Furthermore, we discuss the available volumes and need for new processing technologies and refining methods to ensure commercial production of nutritionally healthy ingredients. The essential production steps and considerations for future development of sustainable and safe seafood production are also discussed.
High‐Risk Transnationalism: Why Do Israeli‐Americans Volunteer in the Israeli Military?*
Authors: Yohanani Lior
Published: March 2022

This study investigates how second‐generation Israeli Americans explain their voluntary enlistment in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). By using 63 interviews, I compare enlistment motivation narratives of three groups: IDF enlistees with a background in Tzofim, an Israeli‐Zionist youth movement in the U.S.; same movement participants who did not enlist; and IDF enlistees with no movement background. The findings illustrate the importance that life circumstances, instrumental considerations, and a search for belonging have for enlistment. Respondents whose future life course was clear were more likely to opt for college, while those without a clear life course joined the IDF in a quest for belonging and future opportunities. Ideological motives were mostly subsidiary, and enlistees without a movement background were even less likely to express them. The study brings together the scholarship on migration and nationalism with the sociological theory of high‐risk participation. It thus investigates the largely uncharted territory of homeland military service among diaspora members, an underexplored yet highly relevant topic in the current era of mass migration. The study also offers a novel contribution to high‐risk collective action theory as it brings attention to two largely overlooked groups: non‐participants and participants who have not undergone movement socialization.
Taking an elemental approach to the conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
Authors: Kay Cameron S. , Arrow Holly
Published: March 2022

The study of aversive or ‘dark’ personality traits (e.g., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) is afflicted by three types of issues. Measures of aversive traits that are meant to assess the same traits often capture different content—an issue of jingle. Measures that are meant to assess different traits often capture near‐identical content—an issue of jangle. Finally, disagreement over what unites aversive personality traits leads to different conclusions about what is and is not an aversive personality trait—an issue of conceptual centrality. This study outlines how decomposing personality traits into smaller elements can address these three issues. It also provides a primer on the history and assessment of these traits and sets an agenda for future research.
A statistical modelling approach for source attribution meta‐analysis of sporadic infection with foodborne pathogens
Authors: Mughini‐Gras Lapo , Benincà Elisa , McDonald Scott A. , de Jong Aarieke , Chardon Jurgen , Evers Eric , Bonačić Marinović Axel A.
Published: March 2022

Numerous source attribution studies for foodborne pathogens based on epidemiological and microbiological methods are available. These studies provide empirical data for modelling frameworks that synthetize the quantitative evidence at our disposal and reduce reliance on expert elicitations. Here, we develop a statistical model within a Bayesian estimation framework to integrate attribution estimates from expert elicitations with estimates from microbial subtyping and case‐control studies for sporadic infections with four major bacterial zoonotic pathogens in the Netherlands (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli [STEC] O157 and Listeria). For each pathogen, we pooled the published fractions of human cases attributable to each animal reservoir from the microbial subtyping studies, accounting for the uncertainty arising from the different typing methods, attribution models, and year(s) of data collection. We then combined the population attributable fractions (PAFs) from the case‐control studies according to five transmission pathways (domestic food, environment, direct animal contact, human–human transmission and travel) and 11 groups within the foodborne pathway (beef/lamb, pork, poultry meat, eggs, dairy, fish/shellfish, fruit/vegetables, beverages, grains, composite foods and food handlers/vermin). The attribution estimates were biologically plausible, allowing the human cases to be attributed in several ways according to reservoirs, transmission pathways and food groups. All pathogens were predominantly foodborne, with Campylobacter being mostly attributable to the chicken reservoir, Salmonella to pigs (albeit closely followed by layers), and Listeria and STEC O157 to cattle. Food‐wise, the attributions reflected those at the reservoir level in terms of ranking. We provided a modelling solution to reach consensus attribution estimates reflecting the empirical evidence in the literature that is particularly useful for policy‐making and is extensible to other pathogens and domains.
Characterization of the Flow and Surface Temperature Around Multiple Vortex Generators
Authors: Park Jeongmoon , Alvarado Jorge L. , Chamorro Leonardo P. , Lux Scott , Marsh Charles P.
Published: March 2022

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effects of single and multiple vortex generators (VGs) on the mean velocity, turbulence levels, and surface temperature distributions in a square channel. The flow and heat transfer in the wake of VGs were characterized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and infrared (IR) thermography. Measurements were performed in the wake regions of VGs, where the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs) were dominant. Inclination angle and taper angle of VGs, spacing-to-width ratio (STW), and streamwise spacing between rows of VGs (S) were varied to understand the effects on flow and heat transfer characteristics. Results reveal a distinct impact of the VGs and layouts on the vortical flow and local convective heat transfer phenomena. The measurements clearly show that configuration parameters such as inclination angle, spacing-to-width ratio, streamwise spacing, and arrangement of multiple VGs are factors in the optimum heat transfer performance applicable to a wide range of thermal management systems.
Evaluating the Limits in the Biomechanics of Blunt Lung Injury
Authors: Eaton Madelyn A. K. , McMahon Justin A. , Salzar Robert S.
Published: March 2022

Thoracic blunt trauma is evident in up to one-fifth of all hospital admissions, and is second only to head trauma in motor vehicle crashes. One of the most problematic injury mechanisms associated with blunt thoracic trauma is pulmonary contusion, occurring in up to 75% of blunt thoracic trauma cases. The source and effects of pulmonary contusion caused by blunt lung injury are not well defined, especially within the field of continuum biomechanics. This, paired with unreliable diagnostics for pulmonary contusion, leads to uncertainty in both the clinical entity and mechanics of how to predict the presence of injury. There is a distinct need to combine the clinical aspects with mechanical insights through the identification and mitigation of blunt lung trauma and material testing and modeling. This is achieved through using the mechanical insights of lung tissue behavior in order to better understand the injurious mechanisms and courses of treatment of blunt-caused pulmonary contusion. This paper hopes to act as a step forward in connecting two perspectives of blunt lung injury, the clinical entity, and mechanical testing and modeling, by reviewing the known literature and identifying the unknowns within the two related fields. Through a review of related literature, clinical evidence is correlated to mechanical data to gain a better understanding of what is being missed in identification and response to blunt lung injury as a whole.
Improved quantitation of SIMS depth profile measurements of niobium via sample holder design improvements and characterization of grain orientation effects
Authors: Angle Jonathan W. , Lechner Eric M. , Palczewski Ari D. , Reece Charles E. , Stevie Fred A. , Kelley Michael J.
Published: March 2022

The importance of SIMS analyses for “N-doped” impurity alloyed niobium and other surface-alloyed materials continues to increase. A major hurdle is the uncertainty of instrument calibration due to changes in sample height either from sample surface topography or from the sample holder itself. The CAMECA sample holder design allows for many types of samples to be analyzed. However, a drawback is that the holder faceplate can bend, contributing an uncertainty in the relative sensitivity factor (RSF) used to quantify the SIMS results. Here, we describe an improved sample holder having a reinforced faceplate, which prevents deflection and reduces uncertainty. Simulations show that the new design significantly reduces deflection from 10 μm to 5 nm. Sample measurements show a reduction of RSF uncertainty from this source from 4.1% to 0.95%. Grain orientation has long been suspected to affect RSF measurement as well. A bicrystal implant standard, consisting of randomly oriented and [001] grains, was successively rotated 15° between analyses. It was observed that 20% of the analyses performed on the randomly oriented grain exhibited anomalously high RSF values as well as slow sputter rates. These features were associated with the changing grain normal orientation with respect to the primary Cs+ beam. The grain orientation associated with the rise in RSF was simulated and determined to be the [101] crystallographic plane, thus indicating that ion channeling was responsible for the significantly increased RSF. Focused ion beam analysis confirmed slower sputter rates for the cardinal crystallographic orientations, indicating that ion channeling occurred for each.
Real-time acoustic observations in the Canadian Arctic
Archipelago
Authors: Cook Emmanuelle D. , Barclay David R. , Richards Clark G.
Published: March 2022

The main sources of noise in the Arctic Ocean are naturally occurring, rather than related to human activities. Sustained acoustic monitoring at high latitudes provides quantitative measures of changes in the sound field attributable to evolving human activity or shifting environmental conditions. A 12-month ambient sound time series (September 2018 to August 2019) recorded and transmitted from a real-time monitoring station near Gascoyne Inlet, Nunavut is presented. During this time, sound levels in the band 16–6400 Hz ranged between 10 and 135 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz. The average monthly sound levels follow seasonal ice variations with a dependence on the timing of ice melt and freeze-up and with higher frequencies varying more strongly than the lower frequencies. Ambient sound levels are higher in the summer during open water and quietest in the winter during periods of pack ice and shore fast ice. An autocorrelation of monthly noise levels over the ice freeze-up and complete cover periods reveal a ∼24 h periodic trend in noise power at high frequencies (>1000 Hz) caused by tidally driven surface currents in combination with increased ice block collisions or increased stress in the shore fast sea ice.