bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die chemischen Potentiale der Komponenten des ternären flüssigen Systems Wasser—Dioxan—Salzsäure
Authors: Ortmanns Günter
Published: November 2023

Aus der Reziprozitätsgleichung, die die chemischen Potentiale zweier Komponenten eines Mehrkomponentensystems miteinander verknüpft, wird für ein ternäres System bestehend aus zwei Nichtelektrolyten und einem Elektrolyten je ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem chemischen Potential des Nichtelektrolyten und des Elektrolyten hergestellt. Aus dem bekannten chemischen Potential des Elektrolyten lassen sich dann die chemischen Potentiale der beiden andern Komponenten ermitteln. Das wird am Beispiel des Systems Wasser‐Dioxan‐Salzsäure gezeigt.
Mathematical models in the design and development of chemical reactors
Authors: Horn F.
Published: November 2023

An account is given of some typical mathematical models used for heterogeneous catalytic reactors. Three aspects of reactor analysis are discussed in particular: formal equivalence between reactors of different type, global analysis corresponding to the study of a set of operating and design conditions, and local analysis which is related to perturbation theory.
Zur direkten Berechnung der Aktivitätskoeffizienten aus kryoskopischen Meßdaten für kleinere Konzentrationen
Authors: Stock Hans‐Peter
Published: November 2023

Es wird gezeigt, daß bis zu einer gewissen Konzentrationsgrenze die in der Kryoskopie erhaltenen Meßdaten Δ T/m bei Elektrolyten durch ein Polynom in Potenzen von m1/2 wiedergegeben werden können. Die Koeffizienten dieses Polynoms stehen in einfachen Verhältnissen zu den Koeffizienten des Polynoms für den Logarithmus des Aktivitätskoeffizienten, so daß In y ± unmittelbar berechnet werden kann.
Kernresonanz‐Untersuchungen zu Fehlordnung und Platzwechsel der Ionen in den Kupfer(I)‐halogeniden
Authors: Becker K. D. , Herzog G. W. , Kanne D. , Richtering H. , Stadler E.
Published: November 2023

Die Kernresonanzlinien in den Kupfer(I)‐halogeniden zeigen bei 100 °C Bewegungsverschmälerungen, aus denen man für alle drei Verbindungen annähernd gleiche, mittlere Platzwechselfrequenzen v der Kationen von

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ableitet, die nicht von Verunreinigungen bestimmt werden. Daraus berechnete Ionenleitfähigkeiten schließen sich gut an direkte Messungen bei höheren Temperaturen an. Aus dem geringen Einfluß von zweiwertigen Zusätzen kann man auf Frenkel‐Fehlordnung, relativ hohen Fehlordnungsgrad und darauf schließen, daß der Platzwechsel überwiegend durch Prozesse bewirkt wird, bei denen Zwischengitterteilchen auf normalen Gitterplätzen befindliche Kationen verdrängen. In Proben mit Zusätzen von zweiwertigen Kationen findet man bei etwa 200 °C ausgeprägte Minima der Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxationszeit. In den hexagonalen Hochtemperaturphasen bestimmen Quadrupol‐Wechselwirkungen die Linienform. Für β‐CuBr konnten Quadrupol‐Kopplungskonstanten ermittelt werden, die sich stark mit der Temperatur ändern. Die Kernresonanzsignale in den kubischen Hochtemperaturphasen und in den Schmelzen unterscheiden sich kaum.
Comparison of EPR Absorption Intensities of Manganese(II), Copper(II), and Peroxylamine Disulfonate in Solution. — The Semiquinone Formation Constant of the System Duroquinone‐Durohydroquinone in Methanol‐Water.
Authors: Dohrmann Jürgen K.
Published: November 2023

Relative EPR absorption intensities of CuCl2 · 2 H2O, MnSO4 · H2O, MnCl2 · 4 H2O, and potassium peroxylamine disulfonate in aqueous solution and of CuCl2 · 2 H2O and MnCl2 · 4 H2O in methanol‐water solution (equal parts by weight) were measured by analog double integration of the output signal of a field modulation spectrometer. The absorption intensity was normalized to the signal exhibited by a secondary ruby standard located in the microwave cavity. Except for CuCl2 at concentrations below 0.1 M, all substances were found to be appropriate primary standards for the determination of spin concentration in aqueous and in aqueous‐methanolic solutions. The semiquinone formation constant of the system duroquinone‐durohydroquinone in methanol‐water (equal parts by weight) is (1.4 ± 0.1) · 10−5 at apH* of 10.3 and 25 °C.
Die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion von atomarem Wasserstoff mit Acetylen. II. Die Reaktionen D + C2H2 und H + C2D2
Authors: Hoyermann K. , Gg. Wagner H. , Wolfram J. , Zellner R.
Published: November 2023

Die Reaktionen D + C2H2 und H + C2D2 wurden in einem isothermen Strömungssystem untersucht, das an ein ESR‐ und ein Massenspektrometer angeschlossen war. Durch gleichzeitige Bestimmung der Konzentrationen von H‐ und D‐Atomen mit Hilfe der ESR konnten die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Isotopenaustauschreaktionen magnified image im Temperaturbereich von 200–465 °K bzw. 300–470 °K bestimmt werden: magnified image
Hochdruckbereich der Rekombination O + O2 → O3
Authors: Hippler H. , Troe J.
Published: November 2023

Es wurde die Quantenausbeute der NO2‐Photolyse bei 3660 Å für NO2–O2‐Gemische in N2 als Trägergas bei Zimmertemperatur gemessen. Aus der Quantenausbeute wurde auf die Geschwindigkeit der Rekombination O + O2 → O3 geschlossen. Durch Variation des Druckes des Trägergases N2 zwischen 1 und 200 Atm gelang es, den Übergang dieser Rekombination von einer Reaktion 3. Ordnung zu einer Reaktion 2. Ordnung nahezu vollständig zu beobachten. Als Geschwindigkeitskonstante 3. Ordnung im Niederdruckbereich wurde (mit N2 als Stoßpartner) k60 = 2,9 · 1014 cm6/mol2 sec, als Geschwindigkeitskonstante 2. Ordnung im Hochdruckbereich k'6∞ = 1012 cm3/mol sec bestimmt. Ein Vergleich der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des Hochdruckbereichs der Rekombination, k∞, und des entsprechenden Isotopenaustausches, ki, ergibt im O3‐System ki/k∞ ≈︁ 0,6, während im NO3‐System ki/k∞ ≈︁ 0,3 und im NO2‐System ki/k∞ ≈︁ 0,1 gefunden wurde.Die O3‐, NO2‐und NO3‐Systeme werden anhand ihrer unterschiedlichen Potentialeigenschaften verglichen.
Die Streuung über thermischer Alkaliatomstrahlen an Cu‐[100]‐Flächen
Authors: Neumann W.
Published: November 2023

Über thermische Kalium‐Atomstrahlen einer Energie von 200 ‐ 1500 eV wurden unter Ultrahochvakuumbedingungen an einer Cu‐[100]‐Fläche gestreut. Die Winkelverteilung der hierbei durch Oberflächenionisation entstandenen K+‐Ionen wurde für verschiedene Energien und Einfallswinkel der Strahlatome in Abhängigkeit vom Reinheitsgrad der streuenden Oberfläche untersucht. Außerdem wurden die K+‐Ionen einer Gegenfeld‐Energie‐Analyse unterworfen. Hieraus ergaben sich einige charakteristische Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Reinheitsgrad der Cu‐[100]‐Probe sowie den Winkelverteilungen und dem mittleren Energieverlust der gestreuten Teilchen.
Magnetische und infrarotspektroskopische Messungen am α‐Fe2O3 mit chemisorbiertem Kohlenmonoxid
Authors: Knappwost Adolf , Ivens Ludwig
Published: November 2023

Zur Prüfung der von Eckell schon 1933 auf Grund von kinetischen Messungen entwickelten Vorstellung des Auftretens einer Reduktionsphase bei der Katalyse der CO‐Oxydation am α‐Fe2O3 wurden an α‐Fe2O3‐Präparaten magnetische Suszeptibilitätsmessungen während der Katalyse durchgeführt. Obwohl z. T. extrem feinteiliges α‐Fe2O3 (spez. Oberfläche > 100 m2/g) als Kontakt verwendet wurde, konnte während und nach der Katalyse eine nach der Vorstellung des intermediären Auftretens des ferrimagnetischen Fe3O4 bzw. des daraus durch Oxydation unterhalb 300°C entstehenden ebenfalls ferrimagnetischen γ‐Fe2O3 zu erwartende Suszeptibilitätszunahme nicht festgestellt werden. Dagegen gelang an den hochdispersen α‐Fe2O3‐Präparaten infrarotspektroskopisch der Nachweis von Adsorptionsstrukturen des CO, die Blyholder und Richardson in ihren 1962 veröffentlichten Infrarotmessungen an α‐Fe2O3‐Pulvern nicht gefunden hatten.
Adsorption und Elektronenstoßdesorption von Sauerstoff an Nickel
Authors: Klopfer A.
Published: November 2023

Die Adsorption und die durch Elektronenstoß hervorgerufene Desorption von Sauerstoff an einem polykristallinen Nickelband wurden mit massenspektrometrischen Methoden im Druckbereich von 10−9 bis 10−5 Torr untersucht. Von der Oberfläche, die im niedrigen Druckbereich mit 7,5 · 1014 O2‐Molekülen pro cm2 belegt worden war, desorbierten durch Elektronenstoß neutrale O2‐Moleküle mit einem Wirkungsquerschnitt von 1,5 bis 2 · 10−19 cm2 und O+‐Ionen mit einem Wirkungsquerschnitt von 1–2 · 10−21 cm2. Eine Desorption von neutralen Sauerstoffatomen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.

Nach Begasungen bei hohen Drücken, die zur Oxydation führten, erfolgte neben der schon genannten Desorption von Sauerstoffmolekülen noch eine O2‐Desorption mit wesentlich größeren Wirkungsquerschnitten aus zwei weiteren Adsorptionsphasen, die jedoch nur sehr geringe Bedeckungen aufwiesen. Die Desorptionswahrscheinlichkeit für die O+‐Ionen stieg um mehr als einen Faktor 10 an.

Beim Erhitzen auf 1220°K bei niedrigen Drücken desorbierten thermisch nur 2 · 1013 Moleküle pro cm2. Der O+‐Ionenstrom fiel auf einen sehr niedrigen Wert, was mit einer Diffusion der Sauerstoffatome ins Innere des Nickelbandes erklärt wird.
Pulsradiolyse und Polarographie Die pH‐Abhängigkeit der Oxydations‐ und Reduktionspotentiale kurzlebiger organischer Radikale an der Hg‐Tropfelektrode
Authors: Grätzel M. , Henglein A. , Lilie J. , Scheffler M.
Published: November 2023

Die polarographischen Kurven der Radikale CH3CHOH, CH(OH)2, CH3CHOC2H5, CH2COOH, C6H6OH, CH2C(CH3)2OH und CH3CHC(CH3)2OH wurden bei verschiedenen pH‐Werten der wäβrigen Lösung aufgenommen. Bei vielen Radikalen ist die Lage der Reduktionsstufe in alkalischer Lösung unabhängig vom pH‐Wert; in saurer Lösung verschiebt sie sich zu positiveren Potentialen mit fallendem pH. Die Oxydationsstufe zeigt oft das umgekehrte Verhalten. Das C6H6OH‐Radikal zeichnet sich durch die pH‐Unabhängigkeit beider Stufen aus; ähnliches Verhalten zeigt das CH3CHOC2H5‐Radikal. Die Frage der Reversibilität der ablaufenden Elektrodenprozesse wird diskutiert und Mechanismen werden angegeben, die qualitativ die beobachteten Erscheinungen zu verstehen gestatten.
Eine elektrooptische Methode zur Bestimmung von Rekombinationsrate und Termverteilung an Halbleiteroberflächen
Authors: Gobrecht H. , De Haan A. , Thull R.
Published: November 2023

Aus der internen Reflexionsspektroskopie wurde eine einfache Meßmethode zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften des oberflachennahen Bereiches von Halbleiterelektroden entwickelt. Insbesondere gelingt es mit diesem Verfahren, durch Messung der Infrarotabsorption freier Ladungsträger die Rekombinationsrate der Oberfläche einer Germaniumelektrode zu bestimmen. Daneben lassen sich in Abhängigkeit vom Polarisationszustand der Elektrode die energetische Verteilung der zur Rekombination führenden Adsorptionsterme angeben. sowie Aussagen über die Zusammensetzung und Struktur der Helmholtz‐Schicht gewinnen.
Tieftemperatur‐Elektronenspektren von Tetrahalogenomanganaten(II)
Authors: Oelkrug D. , Wölpl A.
Published: November 2023

Von den Tetrahalogenomanganaten A2MnHal4 mit Hal = Cl, Br, J und A = (CH3)4N, (C2H5)4N, (n‐C4H9)4N wurden Absorptionsspektren in diffuser Reflexion sowie Phosphoreszenzanregungsspektren im Bereich von 19000 ‐ 38000cm−1 bei 77°K untersucht. Die meisten Elektronenübergänge sind deutlich strukturiert. Die Struktur läßt sich im wesentlichen auf Kopplung mit der totalsymmetrischen Komplexschwingung zurückführen. Darüber hinaus machen sich in einigen Absorptionsbanden Aufspaltungen bemerkbar, die vom Chlorid zum Jodid zunehmen und die mit einer Erniedrigung der Komplexsymmetrie von Td auf D2d beschrieben werden.
Complete theory of paramagnetism in transition metal ions I. The octahedral and tetrahedral d4 and d6 electron configurations
Authors: König E. , Kremer S.
Published: November 2023

On the basis of the diagonalization of the complete ligand field, interelectronic repulsion, spin‐orbit interaction, and Zeeman effect matrices, the magnetic properties have been calculated for the octahedral and tetrahedral d4 and d6 electron systems. The calculations were performed according to both the strong‐field and the weak‐field method and complete agreement of the results was achieved. The magnetic moment μeff is presented as function of the octahedral and tetrahedral ligand field splitting parameter 10Dq and the temperature for a fixed set of values of the Racah parameters B, C, the spin‐orbit coupling parameter, and the orbital reduction factor k. The effect of a variation in the parameter values of B, C, and k is investigated in detail. The results may be employed in an accurate comparison of experimental magnetic data with theory if, as is usually the case, the values of 10 D q, B, and C are known from optical spectra and if reasonable estimates of and k may be applied.
Über die Kernresonanzspektren symmetrischer Spinsysteme des allgemeinen Typs 2
Authors: Hägele Gerhard , Harris Robin K.
Published: November 2023

Kernresonanzspektren symmetrischer Spinsysteme des allgemeinen Typs [magnified image]2 werden für den Grenzfall verschwindender long‐range‐Kopplungen untersucht. Es resultieren explizite algebraische Ausdrücke für die Resonanzfrequenzen und deren relative Intensitäten in den X‐Kern‐Teilspektren. Die bisher bekannten symmetrischen Systeme vom Typ [AXn]2, [AMXn]2 und [ARtXn]2 werden als Sonderfälle des allgemeineren [magnified image]2‐Spinsystems erkannt.
Stromfluß bei Elektrosorptionsprozessen und Elektrosorptionswertigkeit γ
Authors: Vetter K. J. , Schultze J. W.
Published: November 2023

Die Elektrokapillargleichung wird für Elektrosorptionsreaktionen unter Abtrennung der Effekte der diffusen Doppelschicht in Abhängigkeit von der Potentialdifferenz Δ der starren Doppelschicht (Gleichung (4)) bzw. bei Fremdelektrolyüberschuß in Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotential behandelt. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Größen Elektrodenladung qm, Oberflächenüberschuß Γad* partieller Ladungsübergang λ, Stromfluß i und Adsorptionsgeschwindigkeit vad werden hergeleitet. In qm geht der Ladungsübergang mit ΔΓad ein. Der Ladungsfluß oder das Verhältnis i/vad lassen sich bei Fremdelektrolytüberschuß unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen durch die Elektrosorptionswertigkeit γ beschreiben gemäß der Gleichung (δqm/δΓad)epsi; = ipot/vad=‐ γ F. Diese Beziehung entspricht dem Faradayschen Gesetz mit einer nichtganzzahligen Wertigkeit Γ. Über die Potentialabhängigkeit (δμ/δϵ)Γ = γF folgt, daß γ sich aus Anteilen der Ionenladung, des Ladungsübergangs, der Dipolorientierung und der Kapazitätsänderung zusammensetzt.
Electron Transfer between Metal Ions through Bridging Ligands
Authors: Taube H.
Published: November 2023

In considering the mechanism of charge transport between complexes undergoing an oxidation‐reduction reaction by an inner‐sphere process, a distinction is sought between a mechanism in which on the one hand there is direct charge exchange between the metal ion centers, and on the other, a two‐step process involving an intermediate reduced or oxidized form of the bridging ligand. For a number of systems with Cr(III) or Co(III) complexes being reduced by Cr(II) and single atoms bridging the two metal ion centers, it is apparent that a single‐step mechanism operates. For more complex bridging groups, mediation in the charge transfer process has thus far been observed only for ligands having conjugated bond systems, one or more polar groups being part of the conjugated bond network. For Co(III) complexes of such ligands reacting with Cr(II), circumstantial evidence points to the conclusion that a two‐step mechanism operates, this mechanism depending on the capacity that the strongly reducing reaction partner Cr(II) has of placing an electron in a pi orbital of the ligand.

That this kind of mechanism operates is considered to be a consequence of the symmetry mismatch between the redox‐active orbitals on the metal centers, which have σ symmetry, and the carrier orbital on the ligand, which has pi symmetry. Evidence, again circumstantial in nature, points to the conclusion that when Ru(III), which has a vacancy in an orbital of pi symmetry, is used in place of Co(III), the mechanism changes, and now charge transfer occurs by a single‐step process.

Some properties of binuclear complexes, namely, their stabilities and labilities, are considered in the light of the electronic structure of the participating metal ions. These considerations explain the bond reorganizations which accompany charge transport in oxidation‐reduction reactions. The discussion is generalized to include binuclear complexes in which there is no net bond reorganization, a principal point of interest being the energy of interaction between the metal ion partners in the binuclear combinations.
Die Kinetik der Komplexbildung des Cu(II)‐lons mit Imidazol und Ammoniak
Authors: Diebler H. , Rosen Ph.
Published: November 2023

Mit Hilfe des Temperatursprung‐Relaxationsverfahrens wurde in wäßriger Lösung die Kinetik der Bildung der 1:1‐Komplexe des Cu2+− Ions mit den Liganden Imidazol und Ammoniak untersucht. Bei 25° ergaben sich für die Bildungsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten die folgenden Werte: Imidazol, k = 5.7±108 M−1; sec−1; NH3, k = 2.0±108 M−1 sec−1. Werte dieser Gröβe sind wahrscheinlich als typisch für die Reaktionen des Cu2+ mit einfachen neutralen Liganden anzusehen. Die Ursachen für die bei einigen anderen Liganden beobachteten abweichenden Werte für k werden diskutiert. Eine Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten von der Basizität der Liganden läβt sich nicht feststellen.
Photochemie von cis‐Dichloro‐bisdipyridyl‐kobalt(III)
Authors: Ionescu M. , Kelm H. , Wasgestian F.
Published: November 2023

Bestrahlung einer wäßrigen Lösung von cis‐[Co(dipy)2Cl2]+ führt zur Reduktion des Zentralions. Die photochemischen Quantenausbeuten bei 366 mμ und 7°C erwiesen sich als unabhängig von der Komplexkonzentration, der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (pH 1‐3) und der Gegenwart von gelostem Sauerstoff. Zusatz von 10−2 m Oxalsaure erhöhte die Quantenausbeute von 1,6 · 10−3 auf 3,2 · 10−3 mol/Einst. Im Bereich von 7° bis 40°C wurde eine geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit beobachtet, die keiner linearen Arrheniusbeziehung genügte. Bei Anregung mit Licht der Wellenlängen λ ≤ 370 mμ wurde nur eine geringe Wellenlängenabhangigkeit gefunden. Weitere Erhöhung der Anregungswellenlange lieβ die Quantenausbeute stark abfallen. Bei 546 mμ wurde eine Quantenausbeute von 5 · 10−5 mol/Einst. ermittelt.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung über die Bildung des Radikal‐Anions SCNS2O2‐3
Authors: Schöneshöfer M.
Published: November 2023

Bei der Oxidation von SCN− durch OH in wäßriger Lösung wird in Gegenwart kleiner Mengen S2O2‐3 neben den Radikalanionen (SCN)−2 und S4O2‐3 auch SCNS2O2‐3 erzeugt. SCNS2O2‐3 absorbiert maximal bei 4200 Å mit ϵ → = 7.4·103 M−1 cm−1. Die Gleichgewichte

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stellen sich bei hohen SCN−‐Konzentrationen sehr schnell ein. Die Gleichgewichtskonstanten betragen 1,6·102 bzw. 8,3·10−4 M. Ferner wurden die Konstanten der Gleichgewichte

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zu > 8,3 · 102 bzw, 3,1 · 10−8 M berechnet.
Mass Spectrometric Investigations of Silver Halides II: Temperature Dependence of the Mass Spectrum of Silver Chloride
Authors: Gräber P. , Weil K. G.
Published: November 2023

It is shown that two effects are responsible for the temperature dependence of the mass spectrum of silver chloride: the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure in the Knudsen cell and the temperature dependence of the fragmentation reactions of the parent ions after their formation in the ionisation chamber. A procedure is demonstrated which even in this case enables us to determine enthalpies of vaporisation for monomeric and trimeric silver chloride molecules. The following results are obtained

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Finally it was possible to derive from the experiments values for the enthalpies of vaporisation and sublimation at lower temperatures. These led to a value for the enthalpy of dissociation of AgCl (gas) into the elements: D = 305 ± kJ mol−1 (298 K), in good accordance with a value given in Part I of this series.
The Orientation of the Water Molecules in the Hydration Sphere of F− and in the Hydrophobic Hydration Sphere
Authors: Hertz H. G. , Rädle C.
Published: November 2023

Nuclear magnetic relaxation rates of 19F in aqueous KF solutions and of the proton in aqueous solutions of formic acid, HCOOD, of pro‐pionic acid, CHD2CD2COOD, and of methanol, CHD2OD are reported. The solvent water is 16OD2 to which suitable amounts of 17OD2 or 16OH2 are added. From the intermolecular relaxation rate of the solute nucleus (19F or H), caused by the dipole‐dipole interaction with the magnetic nuclei in the solvent, the orientation of the water molecules in the hydration sphere of the solute particle has been derived. Our results regarding the angle of the electric dipole moment of the H2O molecule relative to a radial reference axis are: βo = 50° for F−. βo = 96° for formic acid, βo = 107.5° for propionic acid and βo = 102.5° for methanol.
Hyperfiltration of Saccharide Solutions
Authors: Wiedner G. , Woermann D.
Published: November 2023

For a membrane system near equilibrium, the thermodynamics of irreversible processes yields an expression relating the filtration coefficient of the solute, its chemical flux and the volume flow through the membrane. This relation was checked experimentally and found to be correct for the investigated membrane system. Furthermore, the filtration coefficient and the rejection for saccharides of various molecular weights was determined.
Nationalising the international in China: A phenomenological study on the purpose of international schooling in an era of regulation
Authors: Poole Adam , Qin Yunyun
Published: November 2023

Recent policy changes to the regulation of international schooling for Chinese nationals in China have seen restrictions on curriculum, admissions and ownership. While there is evidence of the impact of these changes at the institutional level, it is not clear how recent regulation has impacted the actors at the phenomenological level. In order to address this gap, we situate recent regulation within the concept of cosmopolitan nationalism, which highlights the interplay of local and global forces and places lived experience at the forefront of analysis. We also draw on qualitative survey and in‐depth interview data with teachers from an international school in China that explored their understandings of international schooling. By analysing the teachers’ understandings of international schooling, we were able to gain an insight into the impact of regulation at the level of lived experience. Overall, we found little evidence that regulation had impacted the teachers’ beliefs about international schooling, suggesting either the normalisation of regulation or a lag between its implementation and internalisation. Our findings also suggested two main configurations of cosmopolitan nationalism held by the teachers. The first, which we refer to as ‘cosmopolitanism with national characteristics’, positions international schools as a more diverse and care‐free alternative to domestic schooling. The second configuration of cosmopolitan nationalism, which we refer to as ‘nationalism with cosmopolitan characteristics’, positions the nation as the foundation and cosmopolitan‐related aspects as peripheral.
Knockout of the lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP2C, improves transient gene expression in HEK293 cells via increased intracellular plasmid availability
Authors: Kim Dongwoo , Kim Seul Mi , Lee Jaejin , Kim Jiwon , Lee Jae Seong
Published: November 2023

Plasmid‐based transfection can be used in many applications such as transient gene expression (TGE)‐based therapeutic protein production. These applications preferentially require maximization of intracellular plasmid availability. Here, we applied a lysosome engineering approach to alleviate lysosome‐mediated nucleic acid degradation and enhance the TGE in mammalian cells. By knocking out the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2C, which is known to be the main player in RNautophagy/DNautophagy (RDA), we significantly improved transient fluorescent protein expression in HEK293 cells by improving the retention rate of transfected plasmids; however, this effect was not observed in CHO cells. Additional knockout of a lysosomal membrane transporter and another RDA player, SIDT2, was ineffective, regardless of the presence of LAMP2C. LAMP2C knockout enhanced TGE‐based mAb production in HEK293 cells by up to 2.82‐fold increase in specific mAb productivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HEK293 cells can be engineered to improve the usage of the transfected plasmid via knockout of the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2C and provide efficient host cells in TGE systems for therapeutic protein production.
Correlation of microbial community structure and volatile flavor compounds during corn yellow wine fermentation
Authors: Guo Jianhua , Zhao Xiaoxu , Shi Jie
Published: November 2023

High‐throughput sequencing was used to define microbial community structure and GC–MS to identify volatile flavor substances during fermentation of corn yellow wine, and results were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. Seventeen bacterial phyla, 239 bacterial genera, 4 fungal phyla, and 18 fungal genera were found and changes in community structure occurred during fermentation. Twenty‐four volatile flavor substances, including 14 esters and 5 alcohols, were detected and changes during fermentation recorded. Sixteen microbial genera correlated with volatile flavor substances and Weissella, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodotorul, and Kwoniella had significant correlation with ethyl esters and higher alcohols. Micro‐organisms thus influence flavor development during corn yellow wine fermentation.
Legal experts shed light on 4 myths surrounding NIL
Authors: Stein Callan , Brolley Christopher , DeFilippis Connor , Clifford Danielle
Published: November 2023

Ever since the NCAA changed its stance and permitted student‐athletes to receive compensation for their name, image, and likeness, there's been an explosion of rules, guidance, and even state laws regulating NIL. Because NIL is new, its regulation has been evolving, with the NCAA releasing numerous iterations of its own guidance for institutions, and state legislatures enacting, amending, and in some cases even repealing NIL legislation. The end result of all of this is a patchwork system of rules and laws that have created confusion among student‐athletes, institutions, coaches, collectives, and other NIL stakeholders about what is and isn’t true about current NIL regulation. In this article, we’ll try to bring some clarity to these rules by discussing four myths surrounding NIL.
Find out why emotional intelligence matters
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: November 2023

Generally speaking, I don’t read articles about emotional intelligence. As a matter of course, I avoid them. If I see EI, I just keep scrolling. Why? Well, I haven’t really wanted to know if I’m emotionally intelligent or unintelligent.
Brazilian Green Propolis’ Artepillin C and Its Acetylated Derivative Activate the NGF‐Signaling Pathways and Induce Neurite Outgrowth in NGF‐Deprived PC12 Cells
Authors: Rocha Caldas Gabriel , do Amaral Lilian , Munhoz Rodrigues Débora , Mayrink de Miranda Aline , Aparecida Guinaim dos Santos Neife , Machado Rocha Leandro , Tame Parreira Renato Luis , Cardozo dos Santos Antônio , Kenupp Bastos Jairo
Published: November 2023

Artepillin C is the most studied compound in Brazilian Green Propolis and, along with its acetylated derivative, displays neurotrophic activity on PC12 cells. Specific inhibitors of the trkA receptor (K252a), PI3K/Akt (LY294002), and MAPK/ERK (U0126) signaling pathways were used to investigate the neurotrophic mechanism. The expression of proteins involved in axonal and synaptic plasticity (GAP‐43 and Synapsin I) was assessed by western blotting. Additionally, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and drug‐likeness were evaluated by the SwissADME web tool. Both compounds induced neurite outgrowth by activating the NGF‐signaling pathways but through different neuronal proteins. Furthermore, in silico analyses showed interesting physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds. Therefore, these compounds could play an important role in axonal and synaptic plasticity and should be further investigated.
Polyoxometalate as an Effective Catalyst for Catalytic Lignin into Value‐Added Molecules
Authors: Zhang Haichuan , Fu Shiyu
Published: November 2023

Lignin, an inherently heterogeneous arylpropanoid polymer, presents a unique resource for the sustainable manufacture of aromatic chemicals and fuels. Recently, numerous catalytic strategies for lignin valorization have been explored. Polyoxometalates (POMs), with their distinctive structures enabling control of redox processes in lignin conversion, have been of particular interest. However, a comprehensive assessment of this emerging field of study is currently missing. This paper aims to fill this gap with a detailed review of the use of POMs for catalytic lignin conversion into value‐added compounds. This review delves into various catalytic lignin conversion techniques, including thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and tandem processes for lignin separation, depolymerization, and upgrading. Moreover, we highlight innovative investigations utilizing polyoxometalate‐ionic liquids (POM‐ILs), POM‐deep eutectic solvents (POM‐DESs), and solidification or immobilization techniques for POMs as lignin valorization catalysts. Lastly, we discuss the future prospects and challenges in the domain of POM catalytic lignin conversion.
Loose and Encased Graphite for Methylene Blue Adsorption: Process Optimization and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Mah Cheng Yee , Azhar Nurul Natasha , Wong Voon Loong , Chen Yi-Lee , Yagoub Sami Abdelrahman Musa , Teo Swee Sen , Su Shao Feng , Yeap Swee Pin
Published: November 2023

Graphite is often converted to expanded graphite or graphene for water remediation. However, these processes require extra chemicals and energy. This study tested loose and encased pristine graphite powders for dye removal. The loose graphite exhibited good methylene blue removal (>97 % across pH levels), indicating that π‐π interaction is the governing factor besides electrostatic attraction. Notably, 5 g of loose graphite led to 100 % removal. Langmuir isotherm fitting disclosed a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.7059 mg g−1. Principal component analysis showed that dye concentration and adsorbent dosage had a greater impact than pH and contact time. However, encasing graphite in a tea bag inhibits adsorption; future studies could explore options facilitating adsorbate penetration into tea bags.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Its Metabolite Tenofovir in Healthy Chinese Volunteers
Authors: Ji Xingfang , Li Yunfei , Wang Zhipeng , Gao Yuan , Wang Ling
Published: November 2023

Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is a first‐line drug for treating hepatitis B virus infection. This study aimed to establish the prodrug–metabolite population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for TAF and its metabolite tenofovir (TFV) in healthy Chinese volunteers and evaluate the factors affecting the PK. Using 1043 TAF and 1198 TFV plasma sample concentrations collected from 67 healthy volunteers, a population PK model was developed using the nonlinear mixed‐effects model. The 1‐compartment model containing 4 transit compartments and the 2‐compartment model accurately described the PK of TAF and TFV, respectively. Covariates such as meal state and sex were found to be statistically significant and potentially clinically relevant. Both internal and external validations demonstrated good stability and predictive performance of the connected model. This study elucidated the PK process by which TAF was absorbed, converted, and finally metabolized and eliminated as TFV, and explored the sources of interindividual variability between TAF and TFV.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the time to emergency endoscopy and clinical outcomes in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Komatsu Takumi , Sato Yoshinori , Kuroki Yuichiro , Yoshida Yoshihito , Aoyama Natsumi , Iijima Yoshihiko , Nakamoto Yusuke , Kato Masaki , Kiyokawa Hirofumi , Tanabe Kenichiro , Matsunaga Koutaro , Maehata Tadateru , Yasuda Hiroshi , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Tateishi Keisuke
Published: November 2023

Objectives

To investigate endoscopic management and clinical outcomes in patients with non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of 332 patients with non‐variceal upper GI bleeding who underwent emergency upper GI endoscopy at three hospitals during the pandemic (April 2020–June 2021) and before the pandemic (January 2019–March 2020). The number of emergency upper GI endoscopies, time from hospital arrival to endoscopy, mortality within 30 days, rebleeding within 30 days, interventional radiology (IVR)/surgery requirement, composite outcome, rates of endoscopic hemostasis procedures, and second‐look endoscopy were investigated using logistic regression.

Results

Overall, 152 and 180 patients underwent emergency upper GI endoscopies during and before the pandemic, respectively. The mean time from arrival to endoscopy was longer during the pandemic than before it (11.7 vs. 6.1 h, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that mortality within 30 days (odds ratio [OR]: 2.27, p = 0.26), rebleeding within 30 days (OR: 0.43, p = 0.17), IVR/surgery requirement (OR: 1.79, p = 0.33), and composite outcome (OR: 0.98, p = 0.96) did not differ significantly between the periods; conversely, endoscopic hemostasis procedures (OR: 0.38, p < 0.01) and second‐look endoscopies (OR: 0.04, p < 0.01) were less likely to be performed during the pandemic than before it.

Conclusions

Although the time from arrival to endoscopy was significantly longer during the pandemic, it did not affect mortality and rebleeding.
Comparable use of tidal living shorelines and natural‐fringe marshes by herons and shorebirds
Authors: Leu Matthias , Isdell Robert E. , Galvin Robert M. , Rapp Andrew J. , Mason Samuel D. , Bilkovic Donna M. , Chambers Randolph M.
Published: November 2023

Living shorelines (LSs) increasingly are implemented as a defense against coastal erosion and rising seas; however, their ecological function for wading birds has not been evaluated. Here, we compared heron and shorebird use of LSs (created fringe salt marshes with a wave break fronting the planted marshes) to natural‐fringe marshes (NFMs) in the Chesapeake Bay. We assessed the use between May and August in 2018 and 2019 at 13 tidal marsh pairs, each consisting of one LS and NFM site, with sites within pairs having similar surrounding land use and wave exposure. In each year, we assessed diurnal use with video cameras recording at least four 30‐min segments/day for a total of 677 h of video, and nocturnal/diurnal use with acoustic recording equipment recording 10‐min sound files every 2 h/day for a total of 160 h of recording. We quantified diurnal use by measuring the total time a species spent at a site, and nocturnal/diurnal use by estimating the probability of detection (i.e., presence/absence). We detected four heron and five shorebird species when data were aggregated across pairs and sampling methods. Using Bayesian mixed models, time of use did not differ between LS and NFM sites for great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and yellow‐crowned night‐herons (Nyctanassa violacea). In contrast, time of use was higher for green herons (Butorides virescens) and spotted sandpipers (Actitis macularis) at LS sites but tended to be higher for great egrets (Ardea alba) at NFM sites. The probability of detection did not differ between LS and NFM sites for great blue herons and great egrets (combined as “Ardea spp.” due to difficulty in differentiating calls under noisy conditions), yellow‐crowned night‐herons, and spotted sandpipers. Green herons and killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), however, tended to be detected more frequently at LS sites. Collectively, our research indicates that LSs are functionally equivalent to NFMs for herons and shorebirds. We hypothesize that the low‐profile rock sills of LS provide platforms for resting and preening and offer prey even when vegetated marshes are unavailable to short‐legged species during flooding tides. In addition to their established reduction of coastal erosion, LSs provide habitat for herons and shorebird species.
Synthetic Outer Membrane Vesicles Bearing Tn Antigen
Authors: Chieffo Carolina , Comte Arnaud , Strazewski Peter , Fiore Michele
Published: November 2023

N‐Alkyl‐thio glycolipids (TGL) are proposed as fundamental components in the production of synthetic outer membrane vesicles (S‐OMVs). A small but representative library of glycolipids was prepared by thiol‐ene coupling (TEC), using unprotected thiols in acceptable to good yields (63‐96 %). Multilamellar giant vesicles (GVs) of varying sizes were assembled from mixtures of TGL and 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphate (POPC). Our results mark an important advancement for the development of synthetic anticancer vaccines, supramolecular adjuvants and drug delivery systems based on glycolipid/phospholipid formulations (10 % mol/mol in 0.1 mm solution).
KA2 Coupling, Catalyzed by Well‐Defined NHC‐Coordinated Copper(I): Straightforward and Efficient Construction of α‐Tertiary Propargylamines**
Authors: Chalkidis Savvas G. , Vougioukalakis Georgios C.
Published: November 2023

A new, straightforward, highly efficient, and mild catalytic protocol for the synthesis of α‐tertiary propargylamines, via the multicomponent KA2 reaction (Ketone‐Amine‐Alkyne), employing well‐defined, sustainable copper(I) complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands, is reported herein. The methodology uses very low catalyst loading under moderate heating to achieve the construction of a wide range of propargylamines in good to excellent yields in very short reaction times. Challenging substrates, including acyclic linear ketones, aromatic ketones, and electron‐poor aromatic alkynes, as well as substrates bearing synthetically valuable functionalities, are well tolerated.
Methanol as a C1 Source for the Synthesis of 1,3‐Polyheterocyclic Systems
Authors: Molteni Letizia , Beccalli Egle M. , Castoldi Laura , Broggini Gianluigi , Loro Camilla
Published: November 2023

A very attractive approach toward 1,3‐polyheterocyclic systems was provided exploiting the copper‐catalyzed reaction of aminoalcohols and diaminoalkanes, in oxidative conditions and in the presence of methanol. The synthetic pathway showed the involvement of methanol both as solvent and as a reagent, making the procedure particularly efficient and sustainable for the synthesis of five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered polyheterocyclic rings.
Cobalt perchlorate hexahydrate catalyzed one‐pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidin‐ones/‐thiones through sonochemistry and its mechanistic study using density functional theory calculations
Authors: Ambatwar Ramesh , Kumar Sumit , Agarwal Dhairiya , Chandrakar Lokesh , Khatik Gopal L.
Published: November 2023

A cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate coordinated synthesis of dihydropyrimidin‐ones and ‐thiones through sonochemistry is developed. Herein, the reaction was demonstrated as a simple, efficient, and one‐pot method for synthesizing a series of interesting 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones. Further, the reaction mechanism was investigated using mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations suggesting that a Lewis acid character of cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate plays a crucial role in coordinating carbonyl functionalities and stabilizing the polar intermediates like imine–enamine which further led to cyclized dihydropyrimidin‐ones and ‐thiones. This methodology was further explored to synthesize a gram‐scale synthesis of monastrol drug, a kinase inhibitor.
Cultivation and competition in Colombia: Disentangling the effects of coca price changes on violence
Authors: Stoelinga Nicole
Published: November 2023

Though evidence indicates the presence of coca increases violence, changes to the price of coca products can have both negative and positive effects on conflict. This study addresses this matter. Using novel data on local prices of coca products, production and supply chains, this study disentangles the returns to employment in the agricultural sector (cultivators) and employment in the criminal sector (guerillas and paramilitaries). I identify each agents' respective exposure to price changes and estimate the effect of such changes on violence. The results show the presence of the opportunity cost effect: an increase in income from coca results in a reduction in violence. This reduction comes with an increase in school attendance for rural households. An increase in the objective prize (OP) leads to more violence. Moreover, guerillas flock to the area that witnesses such an increase, resulting in higher levels of competition which coincides with the timing of the increase in violence. Additionally, increasing expected returns to joining an armed group can lead to higher school dropout rates among children.
What are the impacts of climate change and the Ukrainian war on the sustainable development goals? A case study for Burkina Faso
Authors: Sawadogo Boureima , Maisonnave Hélène
Published: November 2023

Repeated shocks to fragile economies call into question the feasibility of the achievement of the sustainable development goals. This study uses a gender‐dynamic computable general equilibrium model linked to a micro model to assess the impacts of the war in Ukraine and climate shocks on SDG1, SDG2, SDG5 and SDG8 for Burkina Faso's economy. The results reveal negative impacts on economic growth with an increase in food insecurity and household poverty. Urban households are the most affected by food insecurity, while unskilled men are most likely to lose their jobs in the short run. In the long run, however, women experience more job losses than men.
Medication error reporting attitudes and practices in a regional Australian hospital: a qualitative study
Authors: Abdelmaksoud Shady , Salahudeen Mohammed S. , Curtain Colin M.
Published: November 2023

Background

Medication errors are events that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm. Australians living outside metropolitan areas have poorer health outcomes than those living in urban areas. Medication error reporting (MER) practices vary due to the attitude of healthcare professionals (HCPs). MER can improve patient safety in community and hospital settings.

Aim

To explore HCPs' attitudes, practices, and recommendations towards MER in a regional hospital setting in Australia.

Method

Semistructured interviews were employed to identify the attitudes, practices, and recommendations of HCPs for the best utilisation of medication error reports. The study recruited HCPs (nurses, pharmacists, and doctors) working in all clinical areas from November 2021–February 2022. Interviews were recorded and transcribed via thematic analysis. Ethics approval was obtained from the Goulburn Valley Health (GVH) Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference no: GVH 35/21). Informed consent was obtained from participants via an information sheet and completion of a written consent form.

Results

Interviews with twelve HCPs elucidated four themes: barriers and enablers to reporting, and perceived benefits and recommendations for medication error reports. There was good understanding among regional HCPs about the benefits of MER. Attitudes and practices varied, with nurses reporting more medication errors than doctors, and pharmacists being concerned about the impact of reporting on interprofessional relations. Their recommendations involved standardising medication error definition and improving electronic system education.

Conclusion

Despite HCPs' understanding of the role of MER, their practices varied. We recommend improved protected time for learning, training with the incident reporting software, education about medication errors, and formalisation of test feedback to clinicians. The implementation of workplace cultural practice changes to improve organisational systems and enhance error reporting without fear of repercussions, and the adoption of additional solutions such as electronic prescribing are also encouraged.
Elastic Macroporous Matrix‐Supported In Situ Formation of Injectable Extracellular Matrix‐Like Hydrogel for Carrying Growth Factors and Living Cells
Authors: Abune Lidya , Wen Connie , Lee Kyungsene , Wang Xuelin , Ravnic Dino , Wang Yong
Published: November 2023

Hydrogels loaded with biologics hold great potential for various biomedical applications such as regenerative medicine. However, biologics may lose bioactivity during hydrogel preparation, shipping, and storage. While many injectable hydrogels do not have this issue, they face a dilemma between fast gelation causing the difficulty of injection and slow gelation causing the escape of solutions from an injection site. The purpose of this study is to develop an affinity hydrogel by integrating a pre‐formed elastic macroporous matrix and an injectable hydrogel. The data shows that the macroporous hydrogel matrix can hold a large volume of solutions for the formation of in situ injectable hydrogels loaded with growth factors or living cells. The cells can proliferate in the composite hydrogels. The growth factors can be stably sequestered and sustainably released due to the presence of aptamers. When both living cells and growth factors are loaded together into the hydrogels, cells can proliferate under culture conditions with a reduced serum level. Therefore, a macroporous and elastic matrix‐supported formation of aptamer‐functionalized injectable hydrogels is a promising method for developing the carriers of biologics.
Pricing and outsourcing strategies in different online sales models within a co‐opetitive supply chain
Authors: Shi Baoli , Xu Qi , Shan Renbang
Published: November 2023

We examine a dual‐tier supply chain where the brand entrusts its production to competitive and non‐competitive manufacturers. We explore three online sales models used by the brand and manufacturers: traditional, pre‐sale, and hybrid. Manufacturers serve the brand while competing with their own products. Considering consumer valuations across models, we create Stackelberg and Nash models. We analyze consumer valuation impact and the interplay of sales models and structural configurations on operational efficiency. We find that with competitive manufacturers' lower pricing, retailers tend to outsource to them. Retailers can choose sales models based on consumer evaluations, and higher dominance enhances profitability.
Bound‐preserving discontinuous Galerkin methods for compressible two‐phase flows in porous media
Authors: Sarraf Joshaghani Mohammad , Riviere Beatrice
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a numerical study of immiscible, compressible two‐phase flows in porous media, that takes into account heterogeneity, gravity, anisotropy and injection/production wells. We formulate a fully implicit stable discontinuous Galerkin solver for this system that is accurate, that respects maximum principle for the approximation of saturation, and that is locally mass conservative. To completely eliminate the overshoot and undershoot phenomena, we construct a flux limiter that produces bound‐preserving elementwise average of the saturation. The addition of a slope limiter allows to recover a pointwise bound‐preserving discrete saturation. Numerical results show that both maximum principle and monotonicity of the solution are satisfied. The proposed flux limiter does not impact the local mass error and the number of nonlinear solver iterations.