bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologie des Alkoholkonsums bei älteren Menschen in Privathaushalten: Ergebnisse des telefonischen Gesundheitssurvey 2007
Authors: Hapke Ulfert , Hanisch Christiana , Ohlmeier Christoph , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: In Deutschland gibt es kaum aussagefähige Daten zum Alkoholkonsum bei älteren Menschen in Privathaushalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll der Alkoholkonsum älterer, in Privathaushalten lebender Menschen untersucht werden.

 Methodik: Am Robert Koch-Institut wurde der telefonische Gesundheitssurvey 2007 ohne Altersbeschränkung durchgeführt. Der Alkoholkonsum wurde mit dem AUDIT-C bei 2.503 Frauen und Männern im Alter ab 18 Jahren erhoben. In der Stichprobe waren 547 (22 %) der Personen 60 Jahre oder älter.

 Ergebnisse: Die Auswertung ergab bei Frauen ab 70 Jahren eine Abnahme des durchschnittlichen Alkoholkonsums. Bei den Männern wurde lediglich eine Tendenz jedoch keine signifikante Abnahme im Alter gefunden. Bei Frauen wurde eine Zunahme des Alkoholkonsums mit steigender Sozialschicht gefunden. Tendenziell ist in den meisten Altersgruppen der Alkoholkonsum in der unteren Sozialschicht geringer. Im Alter ab 70 Jahren ist dieser Unterschied am stärksten ausgeprägt. Eine Unterteilung in Risikotrinker, moderate Trinker und Nietrinker zeigt eine Verdoppelung des Nietrinkens bei Frauen im Alter ab 70 Jahren, bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme des moderaten und riskanten Konsums. Bei den Männern hatte im Alter ab 70 das Nietrinken ebenfalls zugenommen, wobei diese Zunahme geringer ausfiel und somit die Häufigkeiten von moderatem und riskantem Konsum in dieser Altersgruppe nicht signifikant rückläufig waren. Riskanter Alkoholkonsum war bei den Frauen der unteren Sozialschicht seltener, bei den Männern zeigt sich dieser Unterschied zwischen den Sozialschichten nicht.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird resümiert, dass bei der Analyse des Alkoholkonsums älterer Menschen, Geschlecht, Alter, Sozialschicht und regionale Besonderheiten berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Rauchen und gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität: ein systematisches Review
Authors: Rasch Andrej , Greiner Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Assoziation des Rauchens und gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität.

 Methodik: Es wurde eine systematische Recherche in der MEDLINE-Datenbank (mit anschließender Handrecherche) durchgeführt.

 Ergebnisse: Es werden 24 Publikationen in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Die Lebensqualität wird überwiegend mittels SF-36 erfasst. Insgesamt berichten 23 Studien eine signifikant negative Assoziation des Rauchens und gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität. Zehn dieser Publikationen belegen den signifikant negativen Zusammenhang in allen untersuchten Lebensqualitätsbereichen. Neben dem Raucherstatus können auch signifikante Assoziationen mit der Dauer und der Intensität des Tabakkonsums sowie der Abstinenzdauer festgestellt werden. Inwieweit eher psychische oder physische Dimensionen stärker mit dem Rauchen korrelieren, kann abschließend nicht beantwortet werden.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studien bestätigen die Annahme, dass das Rauchen mit einer Beeinträchtigung in diversen Dimensionen der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität assoziiert ist. Da fast ausschließlich nur Ergebnisse von Querschnittsstudien vorliegen, sollte der kausale Zusammenhang für die psychischen Dimensionen mit Vorsicht interpretiert werden.
Patienten mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen: Analyse soziodemographischer und behandlungsbezogener Daten der Deutschen Suchthilfestatistik 2007
Authors: Bauer Christina , Hildebrand Anja , Wegmann Lena , Sonntag Dilek
Published: September 2010

Ziele: In einer explorativen Analyse werden Merkmale von Patienten mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen in ambulanten und stationären Suchthilfeeinrichtungen untersucht und mit Merkmalen von Betroffenen mit einer alkoholbezogenen Diagnose aus einer Bevölkerungsstichprobe verglichen.

 Methodik: Die Auswertung basierte auf einer Teilstichprobe der aggregierten Daten des Deutschen Kerndatensatzes (KDS) von 61.354 Patienten mit einer behandlungsleitenden Diagnose »Alkoholabhängigkeit« oder »schädlicher Gebrauch von Alkohol« aus 720 ambulanten und 17.309 Patienten aus 147 stationären Suchthilfeeinrichtungen. Zum Vergleich wurden eine Teilstichprobe des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (381 Männer, 137 Frauen) herangezogen.

 Ergebnisse: Patienten in stationärer Behandlung wiesen höhere Belastungsmerkmale auf (z. B. Arbeitslosigkeit bei Männern 48 % vs. 41 %). Planmäßig beendete stationäre Behandlungen gingen signifikant häufiger mit einer positiven Beurteilung des Behandlungsergebnisses einher als ambulante Therapien (93 % vs. 84 %). Der Therapieverlauf von Frauen wurde häufiger positiv eingeschätzt als der von Männern. Personen mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen in der Bevölkerung wiesen im Vergleich zu den Behandelten tendenziell weniger soziale Belastungen wie Scheidung oder Arbeitslosigkeit auf.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Für die Behandlung von Patienten mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen ist vor allem im stationären Bereich die Berücksichtigung spezifischer Belastungsfaktoren von Bedeutung. Die Möglichkeiten geschlechtsspezifischer Angebote sollten näher untersucht werden.
Correction [to “Striving to diversify the geosciences workforce”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2010

In the byline of the 17 August 2010 feature article (“Striving to diversify the geosciences workforce,” Eos, 91(33), 289, 2010), author Edith Jaurrieta de Velasco's name was misspelled. Eos deeply regrets this error.
Transient Increase in HDL‐Cholesterol During Weight Gain by Hyperalimentation in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Lindström Torbjörn , Kechagias Stergios , Carlsson Martin , Nystrom Fredrik H. ,   For the Fast Food Study Group
Published: September 2010

Determination of lipid levels is fundamental in cardiovascular risk assessment. We studied the short‐term effects of fast food‐based hyperalimentation on lipid levels in healthy subjects. Twelve healthy men and six healthy women with a mean age of 26 ± 6.6 years and an aged‐matched control group were recruited for this prospective interventional study. Subjects in the intervention group aimed for a body weight increase of 5–15% by doubling the baseline caloric intake by eating at least two fast food‐based meals a day in combination with adoption of a sedentary lifestyle for 4 weeks. This protocol induced a weight gain from 67.6 ± 9.1 kg to 74.0 ± 11 kg (P < 0.001). A numerical increase in the levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol occurred in all subjects during the study and this was apparent already at the first week in 16/18 subjects (mean increase at week 1: +22.0 ± 16%, range from −7 to +50%), whereas the highest level of HDL during the study as compared with baseline values varied from +6% to +58% (mean +31.6 ± 15%). The intake of saturated fat in the early phase of the trial related positively with the HDL‐cholesterol‐increase in the second week (r = 0.53, P = 0.028). Although the levels of insulin doubled at week 2, the increase in low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol was only +12 ± 17%, and there was no statistically significant changes in fasting serum triglycerides. We conclude that hyperalimentation can induce a fast but transient increase in HDL‐cholesterol that is of clinical interest when estimating cardiovascular risk based on serum lipid levels.
Similarities and differences in the structure and function of 4.1G and 4.1R135, two protein 4.1 paralogues expressed in erythroid cells
Authors: Nunomura Wataru , Kinoshita Kengo , Parra Marilyn , Gascard Philippe , An Xiuli , Mohandas Narla , Takakuwa Yuichi
Published: September 2010

Membrane skeletal protein 4.1R is the prototypical member of a family of four highly paralogous proteins that include 4.1G, 4.1N and 4.1B. Two isoforms of 4.1R (4.1R135 and 4.1R80), as well as 4.1G, are expressed in erythroblasts during terminal differentiation, but only 4.1R80 is present in mature erythrocytes. Although the function of 4.1R isoforms in erythroid cells has been well characterized, there is little or no information on the function of 4.1G in these cells. In the present study, we performed detailed characterization of the interaction of 4.1G with various erythroid membrane proteins and the regulation of these interactions by calcium-saturated calmodulin. Like both isoforms of 4.1R, 4.1G bound to band 3, glycophorin C, CD44, p55 and calmodulin. While both 4.1G and 4.1R135 interact with similar affinity with CD44 and p55, there are significant differences in the affinity of their interaction with band 3 and glycophorin C. This difference in affinity is related to the non-conserved N-terminal headpiece region of the two proteins that is upstream of the 30 kDa membrane-binding domain that harbours the binding sites for the various membrane proteins. The headpiece region of 4.1G also contains a high-affinity calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding site that plays a key role in modulating its interaction with various membrane proteins. We suggest that expression of the two paralogues of protein 4.1 with different affinities for band 3 and glycophorin C is likely to play a role in assembly of these two membrane proteins during terminal erythroid differentiation.
The Rate of Evaporation of Water through Duplex Films
Authors: Gilby AR , Heymann E
Published: September 2010

The stability of duplex films of
hydrocarbon oils containing spreaders is discussed in this paper. Duplex films
containing spreaders of high molecular weight and of complex nature, e.g. stand
oil, eucalyptus residue, polymerized oleic acid, may remain spread for long
periods but are thermodynamically metastable.

The penetration of water molecules from a
water surface through a duplex film has been discussed in terms of the
evaporation resistances of the interfacial layer of spreader, the bulk layer of
oil and the stagnant layer of air above the film.

Evaporation through duplex films of
thickness 1-100 μ has been studied in conditions of " still air
" at atmospheric pressure and in a vacuum, and in non-turbulent winds at
several controlled wind velocities.

The efficiency of duplex films in reducing
evaporation is greater in wind than in still air and Increases with the wind
velocity.

When duplex films thicker than 10 μ
are placed on water surfaces, even a wind at 8 miles per hour does not increase
the rate of evaporation. Thus with such films the resistance of the stagnant
layer of air above the film is small compared with that of the oil layer and of
the interfacial film of spreader.

With all duplex films thicker than 10 μ
the total evaporation resistance is proportional to the film thickness and
depends on the nature of the spreader. An analysis of the experimental results
suggests that the interfacial layer of spreader makes an appreciable
contribution to the evaporation resistance of the duplex films under
investigation. Approximate relative figures characterizing the magnitude of
this contribution are calculated for several spreaders.
The Thermal Decomposition of Synthetic and Natural Alunite: An Investigation by X-ray Diffraction, Electron Diffraction, and Electron Microscope Methods
Authors: Bayliss NS , Cowley JM , Farrant JL , Miles GL
Published: September 2010

In the thermal decomposition of synthetic
alunite, as studied by X-ray diffraction, dehydration at about 500� C. is
accompanied by the formation of dehydrated alum and γ-alumina. At 700-750�
C., α-alumina predominates together with hexagonal potassium sulphate. At
850� C. there is some evidence of the formation of " potassium aluminate
". The calcination at 850� C. of a synthetic mixture of alunite and
natro-alunite in the ratio 3 : 1 gives glaserite as the water-soluble phase.

The course of the thermal decomposition of
natural alunite from Chandler, Western Australia, is similar except for
important side reactions resulting from the presence of silica. The formation
of an aluminium silicate (sillimanite or mullite), and of orthoclase or
microcline was detected at temperatures as low as 750� C.

Electron micrographs are shown of natural
alunite at various stages of decomposition.
A New Interferometer
Authors: Johnson ER , Scholes JFM
Published: September 2010

A new interferometer,
especially suitable for studying aerodynamic fields, in which a parallel beam
of light passes once through the field, is described. The dividing plates and
the optical components in the auxiliary beam are small, though the main beam
covers a wide field. The relevant theory and an outline of a method of
adjustment are given ; and possible development to replace lenses with mirrors
and to improve light transmission is indicated.
On the Practical Determination of Lunar and Luni-Solar Daily Variations in Certain Geophysical Data
Authors: Tschu KK
Published: September 2010

This is a continuation of two earlier
papers, in which Chapman and Miller (9, cf. Miller 13) developed the
mathematical theory of a convenient method for the determination of the lunar
daily variations in geomagnetic and meteorological elements, and for estimating
the probable error of any determination thus made. Important practical details
of the work are given in the present paper, with examples of the calculations
on suitable computing forms. It also includes a new application of the
Chapman-Miller Method to the determination of a luni-solar periodic component
first predicted and investigated in ionospheric data by Martyn(7).
The Noise-like Character of Solar Radiation at Metre Wavelengths
Authors: Payne-Scott R
Published: September 2010

Thermal radiation received from the sun at
radio frequencies is indistinguishable from fluctuation noise in the radio
receiver. However, the enhanced radiation often encountered at metre
wavelengths is unlikely to have a thermal origin and hence may not be
noise-like in character. This paper describes an experiment in which enhanced solar
radiation on 85 and 60 Mc/s. was
compared with receiver noise and with a C.W. signal by comparing the outputs
from a diode with variable bias. This should detect any marked difference in
the distribution of amplitudes of the fluctuations in solar and receiver noise.
It was found that the enhanced solar radiation was indistinguishable from
receiver noise.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Melicope fareana. II. Preliminary Examination of Melicopine, Melicopidine, and Melicopicine
Authors: Crow WD , Price JR
Published: September 2010

Four of the five oxygen atoms in the
alkaloids melicopine, melicopidine, and melicopicine are present as alkoxyl
groups, either methoxyl or methylenedioxy. In each alkaloid one of the methoxyl
groups is remarkably sensitive to hydrolysis by acids. The resulting hydroxy
compound is an alcohol, or more likely, an unreactive phenol. The
methylenedioxy group in melicopine and melicopidine is attacked by alcoholic
alkali and replaced by an hydroxyl and an alkoxyl group. The resulting phenols
still contain the easily hydrolysed methoxyl group, the loss of which gives
rise to a series of dihydroxy compounds. A number of acidic oxidation products
is described.
Theoretical Aspccts of Cloud Drop Distributions
Authors: Kraus EB , Smith B
Published: September 2010

A theoretical study indicates that the
number and size of the drops formed in a cloud vary with the rate of cooling,
the initial temperature, and the air pressure. The faster the cooling rate, the
lower the initial temperature, and the lower the altitude, the greater is the
number of drops and the smaller their size. The drop size spectrum also
depends, to a large extent, on the number of available condensation nuclei.
Furthermore, it tends to be widened by sedimentation and turbulence.
The Dielectric Properties of Binary Systems of Ketones and Hydrocarbons
Authors: Meakins RL
Published: September 2010

Experimental work on the dielectric
properties of solid systems of long-chain polar and non-polar compounds has
been performed by Jackson(l), Sillars(2), and Pelmore(3) with dilute solutions
of esters in paraffin wax. In subsequent theoretical studies in this field Fr�hlich(4)
adopted, as a model, a crystalline long-chain paraffin in which a small
proportion of the molecules were assumed to be replaced by long-chain polar
molecules. Taking Debye's theory of dielectric absorption in polar solids as a
basis, this led to the derivation of a relationship between the relaxation time
and the number of links in the polar molecule.

In order to obtain experimental results
more closely related to the theory, electrical measurements have now been made
with symmetrical long-chain ketones in pure crystalline hydrocarbon solvents.
The variation of dielectric constant and loss angle with frequency for these
systems is found to be approximately in agreement with the Debye theory of
dielectric absorption.

For ketones of chain-length shorter than
that of the hydrocarbon solvent the relationship between relaxation time and
chain-length is of the type expected from Fr�hlich's theory, but displaced
towards lower frequencies. The results show that, in applying the theoretical
relationship to systems of long-chain polar and non-polar compounds, it would
be necessary to determine new constants for each different type of polar
compound and for each different solvent.

The results of electrical measurements of
ketone-hydrocarbon systems with ketones of varying chain-length (both less and
greater than that of the solvent) are in accordance with conclusions from
previous X-ray studies of long-chain hydrocarbons.

The effects of dipole interaction on the
dielectric absorption of systems of laurone and n-hexacosane, are discussed in
relation to the solid-liquid phase diagram. The results of dielectric
measurements with pure crystalline compounds suggest that dipole interaction
and electrical cooperative effects are larger in ketones than in esters of
similar chain-length.
The Isolation of d-Sparteine from Hovea Species
Authors: Morrison JH , Neill KG
Published: September 2010

The fairly widespread alkaloid d-sparteine has been isolated from two
Hovea species. The constants of four salts prepared from it agreed with those
previously recorded.
Measurements of Solar Radiation at a Wavelength of 50 Centimetres during the Eclipse of November 1, 1948
Authors: Christiansen WN , Yabsley DE , Mills BY
Published: September 2010

Radio-frequency power received from the
sun at a wavelength of 50 cm. was measured at three well-separated places
during the solar eclipse of November 1, 1948. Abrupt changes in slope on the
records of received flux density were interpreted as being the result of the
covering and uncovering on the sun of small areas of great radio brightness.
These areas were found to be associated with some visible sunspots, with
positions previously occupied by sunspots, and with one prominence. The average
effective temperature of the bright areas was about 5 X 106 �K., and
the are= contributed a total power of roughly one-fifth of that from the entire
sun.

After the effects of active areas had been
taken into account, the remaining four- fifths of the power received from the
sun was found to originate from a source larger than the visible disk. About 40
per cent. of the power from this source originated outside the edge of the
visible disk. The results were consistent with a theoretical distribution of
brightness on the source, which involved limb-brightening.

The relative magnitudes of the two
circularly-polarized components of the solar radiation showed small differences
as the bright areas were eclipsed. No predominance of one component was seen
when one hemisphere of the sun was eclipsed ; hence no effects of any general
magnetic field on the sun were detected.
Solar Radiation at a Wavelength of 3.18 Centimetres
Authors: Minnett HC , Labrum NR
Published: September 2010

Solar radiation at a wavelength of 3.18
cm. has been measured over a period of three months. The received intensity was
found to vary from day to day and the changes are shown to be closely
associated with sunspots. The equivalent black-body temperature of the sun over
this period, in the absence of sunspots, was 19,300 �K., with a probable error
of �7 per cent. The temperature increased by 8 �K. per unit increase of sunspot
area (one unit equals 10-5 times the area of the sun's visible
disk). This increase is much less than that at longer microwavelengths.

Sudden increases of radiation at 3.18 cm.,
caused by disturbed conditions in the sun, were found to be rare. A number of
bursts were observed and a comparison is made with records of longer wave solar
radiation and other phenomena of solar origin.

Observations were made during the solar
eclipse of November 1, 1948 and the results are consistent with either of two
simple brightness distributions on the sun's disk. In the first of these, 74 per
cent. of the energy is emitted uniformly by the sun's visible disk and the
remaining 26 per cent. by a bright ring around the circumference ; in the
second, the whole of the radiation comes from a uniform disk of diameter 1.1
times that of the visible sun.
Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. II. The Discrete Sources
Authors: Stanley GJ , Slee OB
Published: September 2010

An account is given of observations on a
number of discrete sources of radio- frequency radiation, together with a brief
description of the observational techniques used in their detection, and of the
methods employed to determine their positions and angular extent.Noise
spectra of four of the more intense sources have been measured over a frequency
range of 40-160 Mc/s. : in three cases the change of intensity with wave-
length is found to be greater than that of the background continuum, and in one
case less. Two of the sources have been provisionally identified with
astronomically rare objects, the Crab Nebula and N.G.C. 5128.Finally,
the short period fluctuations in the intensity of some of the sources, notably
that in Cygnus, are discussed. Evidence is presented which, contrary to
previous views, suggests that these fluctuations are of terrestrial rather than
of extra-terrestrial origin.
Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. III. Galactic Structure
Authors: Bolton JG , Westfold KC
Published: September 2010

From radio-frequency observations it is
deduced that the sun is situated in or near an arm of a spiral galaxy. The
first part of this paper consists of an analysis of the radio-frequency data
followed by the presentation of optical evidence in favour of a spiral form.
The sense of rotation of the Galaxy -that of the spiral unwinding- is in
accordance with the theories of Lindblad and Milne.
Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. I. The Systems Carbon Tetrachloride-cyclo-hexane and Water-Acetic Acid
Authors: Brown I , Ewald AH
Published: September 2010

An apparatus for the accurate
determination of liquid-vapour equilibria is described. Data obtained with it
for the system carbon tetrachloride-cyclohexane at 70 �C. and the thermodynamic
functions derived from these are shown to agree with the corresponding values
determined by Scatchard, Wood, and Mochel(1). Equilibrium data of the system
water-acetic acid have been measured at 760 mm. Hg, particular attention being
given to high acetic acid concentrations. These results are compared with
published values and the excess chemical potentials of the components have been
calculated.
The Synthesis of Polymers in Reduced Wool
Authors: Lipson M , Hope RJ
Published: September 2010

From experiments in vitro it is found that
cysteine, in the presence of certain oxidizing agents, can act as a powerful
catalyst for polymerizing ethylenic monomers. This aids in explaining the
reactions which occur when wool is reduced with sodium bisulphite and then
treated with a monomer. Polymerization within the fibre is probably initiated
by free radicals produced from reduced cystine by the action of sulphoxides or
sulphones present in the wool as a result of atmospheric oxidation. Fraction
(A+B) of the cystine appears to be involved as pretreatment with alkali, which
converts this fraction to lanthionine, prevents polymerization from taking
place. Little or no polymer can be formed in wool from the base of a staple,
whereas polymer can be synthesized quite readily in the tip where oxidation
products are more likely to be present. If, however, wool from the base is
pretreated with a mild oxidizing agent, polymerization will then occur as
readily as in the tip. The polymer is apparently chemically bound to the wool
through thio-ether linkages.
Dunnione and related naphthoquinones. III. Rearrangement of hydroxynaphthoquinones to indenone carboxylic acids. allodunnione
Authors: Cooke RG , Somers TC
Published: September 2010

Certain tert.-alkylhydroxynaphthoquinones
are found to isomerize rapidly in hot aqueous alkali, and the reaction is
correlated with the rearrangement of dunnione to allodunnione. The change also occurs, relatively slowly, with
2-hydroxy-3-isopropyl- 1,4-naphthoquinone. An alternative synthesis shows that
the product in this case is 2-iaopropyl-indenone-3-carboxylic acid. The ethyl
ester of this acid shows an absorption spectrum very similar to that of allodunnione.

Alkaline rearrangement of 2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone
evidently gives the corresponding dimethylallylindenonecarboxylic acid.
Treatment of the latter with concentrated sulphuric acid forms allodunnione,
and a new isomer which apparently results from a retropinacolinic
rearrangement. All these observations support the structure originally proposed
for allodunnione.
Transmission-Like Multiple Beam Reflection Interferometry
Authors: Bruce CF
Published: September 2010

The production of transmission-like
multiple beam " Fizeau " fringes in reflection, which have high
contrast and visibility, is described. These fringes arise, not essentially
from the combination of particular reflectivities of the two plates of the interferometer
system, but from the elimination of certain rays in the reflected system which
differ in phase from other rays by π. The theory of their origin and the
experimental conditions required for their production is given. Fringes of
equal chromatic order with similar characteristics can also be produced. An
application of these fringes to vibration measurement is described where they
had important advantages over normal transmission and reflection fringes.
Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. II. The System Benzene-n-heptane
Authors: Brown I , Ewald AH
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium data for the
system benzene-n-heptane have been measured at intervals over the whole
composition range at 60 and 80 �C. and for equimolar mixtures at 60, 70, and 85
�C. The changes in the thermodynamic functions on mixing, both at constant
pressure and at constant volume, have been calculated. The values of these
changes on mixing at constant volume have been compared with values predicted
from component properties. The conditions for azeotrope formation in this
system have been defined.
The Straggling of Electrons below the Critical Energy
Authors: Hines KC
Published: September 2010

The straggling in range of electrons which
lose energy by collision and radiation processes is investigated. A diffusion
equation is set up and a solution obtained following the method of Bhabha and
Chakrabarty. In a given material the results apply for initial energies up to
about half the critical energy. A discussion of the application of the results
to the interpretation of experiments on meson decay electrons is given.
The Position and Movement on the Solar Disk of Sources of Radiation at a Frequency of 97 Mc/s. II. Noise Storms
Authors: Payne-Scott R , Little AG
Published: September 2010

Using the equipment described in Part I of
this series, the apparent position and polarization of the sources of solar
radiation at 97 Mc/s have been measured
at some time during about 30 noise storms occurring between May 1949 and July
1950, and the progress of the source daring about six of these has been
observed in some detail. The best criterion available for the chance of a storm
occurring is shown to be the size of the largest visible individual sunspot.
The evidence suggests that the storm radiation is associated with this spot
only and not with the rest of the group, that the spot magnetic field is the
important factor, and that the direction of rotation of the circular
polarization of the storm radiation depends on the magnetic polarity of the
associated spot, being usually left-handed when the largest spot is a
north-seeking pole and right-handed when it is a south pole. Deviations
observed between the apparent positions of radio source and visible sunspot on
the solar disk are explained in terms of a high origin of the storm radiation
in the solar corona, the observed heights varying from 0.3 to 1.0 photospheric
radii above the Sun's visible surface.
Polarography with Alternating Currents. III. A.C. Polarography of Copper, Bismuth. Antimony, and Tin with Special Reference to thePresence of Halogen Ions
Authors: Breyer B , Gutmann F , Hacobian S
Published: September 2010

The A.C. polarography of copper, bismuth,
antimony, and tin is discussed with special reference to the effect of the
presence of halogen ions on the reversibility of the electrode reaction. While
Cu++, Bi+++, and Sb+++
ions are irreversibly reduced in perchloric acid as supporting electrolyte, the
electrode process becomes reversible when small amounts of halogen ions are
added. It is shown that this cannot be explained by assuming the formation of
complex halogeno metal ions. Sn++ ions in perchloric acid are reversibly
reduced, but only in the presence of a large excess of chloride ions,
indicating a reduction of the stannous tetrachloro complex ion (SnCl42-),
as already observed by previous workers.

A new polarographic cell design suitable
for A.C. polarography (the "pool- condenser " saturated calomel
electrode) is described in Appendix I.
Coordination Complexes of Indium and 2,2',2'-Terpyridyl and of Indium and 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthrolin
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

Indium ions react with 2,2?,2"-terpyridyl
in dilute alcohol or in aqueous solution forming bisterpyridyl indium salts, of
which the chloride, bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate are insoluble. As
thiocyanate, one part of indium per lo5 may be detected. Metals such as zinc,
tin, and iron, with which indium is usually associated, interfere with the
reaction.

With 5-nitro-1,lO-phenanthroline, indium
forms insoluble tris-(5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline) indium salts as chloride,
bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate. The reactions are of little value since the
least soluble salt, the iodide, is 0.04 per cent. soluble.
On the Anisotropy of Electrical Resistivity of Deformed Cubic Metals and Alloys
Authors: Broom T
Published: September 2010

The change of resistivity on annealing
cold-rolled metals has been found to depend on the direction of measurement for
copper-nickel, steel, cc brass, and sterling silver, while no such variation
was observed for aluminium, copper, or nickel. An explanation of anisotropy
both in strip and in wire is advanced in terms of lattice disturbances such as
dislocations, vacant sites, and faults, some of which can give rise to
anisotropy of resistivity when there is a preferred orientation of crystals.

Results are presented showing the
influences of deformation, recovery, and a second phase on the anisotropy
developed in brasses.
The Magnetic Properties and Chemical Structures of Solid Haemins
Authors: Rawlinson WA , Scutt PB
Published: September 2010

The magnetic properties of protoporphyrin
and a representative group of its iron derivatives have been studied in order
to gain more detail of their structural characteristics. The greater
diamagnetism of protoporphyrin than that expected on the basis of Pascal's
additivity law indicates an increased stability of pyrrole units when linked in
resonating porphin form. The majority of iron-porphyrin complexes possess
ionically bound metal when crystallized from non-aqueous liquids. In the
presence of water, the lower values of magnetic moment reveal that iron tends
to form covalent bonds. The iron bonds of various haematin compounds are
compared with those of simple iron hydroxides and ferritin. There is strong
evidence to support the assumption that haematin in dilute al6ali possesses
covalent iron bonds involving only one d
eigen-function. In concentrated alkali the magnetic moment of haematin (2.4)
indicates that six covalent iron bonds should be directed to the corners of
either an octahedron or a trigonal prism, but the steric restrictions imposed
by the planar porphyrin nucleus and the covalent bond angle of oxygen make it
difficult to assign such specific bond directions to the metal.
On the Hysteresis of Adsorption on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Wylie RG
Published: September 2010

Hysteresis phenomena associated with the
adsorption of gases on solid surfaces are usually explained in terms of
three-dimensional capillary effects or with more or less unspecific reference
to phase transitions.

It is shown that hysteresis effects are to
be expected when two dimensional phase transitions occur on solids. In the
connection, the thermodynamic equation governing the equilibrium of small,
incompressible two-dimensional phases is derived. Such phases can form on an
imperfect solid surface in an irreversible manner and, as calculation shows,
can contribute significantly to the hysteresis of adsorption. In some cases the
phase change may be responsible for the whole effect.

The diffuseness of first-order phase
transitions may be due to the same mechanism.
Prediction Curves for Counter-Current Separations: Application to Lignin Aldehydes
Authors: Bland DE , Hillis WE , Williams EJ
Published: September 2010

A theoretical investigation of the separation of pairs of solutes in
a counter-current distribution train has been made. The results are presented
as families of curves from which may be read the number of transfers necessary
to effect a 95 or a 99 per cent. separation of a pair of substances of known
partition coefficients. The applicability of the curves has been verified when
used to predict the number of transfers necessary for the separation of
aromatic aldehydes from the oxidative decomposition of lignins. No relation between
RF value and partition coefficient could be established for the
solvents investigated.
Liquid-Vapow Equilibria. III. The Systems Benzene-n-heptane, n-Hexane-chlorobenzene, and cyclohexane-nitrobenzene
Authors: Brown I
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium compositions and
pressures and relevant thermodynamic functions are given for the systems
benzene-n-heptane at 80 �C., n-hexane-chlorobenzene at (65 �C., and
cyclohexane-nitrobenzene at 80 �C. A comparison with values obtained previously
for the first of these systems is used to demonstrate the improved performance
of a new equilibrium still which is described. It is shown that consistent
results can be obtained with the new still for miscible systems having a
relative volatility in the range 1.0 to 14. Equilibrium data are also given for
the system n-hexane-chlorobenzene at 760 mm. Hg to permit comparison with the
performance of other equilibrium stills.
The calculation of true dipole moments form solutions in Polar Solvents
Authors: Buckingham AD
Published: September 2010

The theory presented in an earlier paper
is here developed as a method for the evaluation of' true dipole moments from
data obtained from solutions in polar solvents. As illustrations, the new
method is applied to values relating to solutions of several substances in
chloroform, chlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene. The results, considering the
nature of the problem, are satisfactory. The accuracy is greatest when the
solute is highly polar and the dielectric constant of the solvent small.
Aqueous solutions of pyridine and of two amino acids are also considered. In
the latter cases especially, the predicted dipole moments agree most favourably
with anticipated values obtained for the zwitterions by multiplying the
electronic charge by the expected charge separation.
Molecular correlations in Cell Theories of liquids and solutions
Authors: Barker JA
Published: September 2010

The thermodynamic effects of correlations
between the motions of molecules in neighbouring cells in the Lennard-Jones and
Devonshire cell theory of liquids and solutions are calculated approximately,
and found to be sufficiently small to be negligible for many purposes.
Charge densities and surface conductances at solid-solution interfaces
Authors: O'Connor DJ , Street N , Buchanan AS
Published: September 2010

Surface charge densities for the minerals
quartz (SiO2), corundum (Al2O3), rutile (TiO2),
cassiterite (SnO2), and haematite (Fe2O3) have
been calculated using an equation based on the kinetic theory of the diffuse
layer, and requiring a knowledge of ζ-potentials. 111 addition, an
equation, which avoids the difficulties of earlier expressions of the kind, has
been derived enabling calculation of surface charge densities from surface
conductances. Values obtained from the second equation for Fe2O3,
SnO2, and TiO2 were much in excess of those calculated
from ζ-potentials. The discrepancies have been attributed to considerable
contribution of solid conductance to the measured surface conductance.
Equations have also been derived permitting calculation of quantities
characteristic of the physical properties of the porous plug packings used in
the investigations.
The calculatin of atomic polarizations for Benzene and certain other Polyatomic molecules
Authors: Le Fevre RJW , Narayana Rao DAAS
Published: September 2010

Formulae are presented for the a priori
computation of the atomic polarizations: of the following molecular types : X2YZ
(linear), XY2Z2 (tetrahedral), XZY3
(tetrahedral), X2Y6, and X6Y6
(plane hexagonal). Comparison is made between calculation and experiment for 21
compounds. Bond moments are calculated for four compounds from AP expt.�New
determinations of total polarization as vapours are recorded for benzene,
p-xylene, mesitylene, p-dichlorobenzene, p-dibromobenzene, diphenyl,
cyclohexane, 1,4-dioxane, tetrachloroethylene, naphthalene, and
hexachlorobenzene.

A rough additivity is shown to exist among
the values of (EP+AP) for 26 benzenoid molecules containing -Cl, -Br, =0, -NO2,
-CN, and ?CH3 as substituents.
The chemistry of Glyoxaline, Pyrrole, and Pyrazole
Authors: Brown RD
Published: September 2010

The results of a study of glyoxaline,
pyrrole, and pyrazole by the molecular-orbital method are reported. The
theoretical data provide a detailed interpretation of the observed course of
electrophilic substitutions in these heterocycles. Unequivocal predictions of
the orientations for nucleophilic and radical substitutions in these compounds
also emerge, but at present no relevant experimental information is available,
with the exception of a possible case of radical substitution in glyoxaline.

The present study also indicates that in
conjugated systems, the electronegativity of a nitrogen atom carrying a formal
negative charge (or a formal negative half-electronic charge) is appreciably
less than that of a neutral carbon atom. This should assist in the assignment
of electronegativity parameters in future molecular-orbital calculations.
Synthetic antispasmodics. II. Some acyclic analogues of papaverine
Authors: Cymerman-Craig J , Martin KV , Wailes PC
Published: September 2010

The preparation is described of four
series of open-chain analogues of papaverine : N-alkyl-α-aminodeoxyanisoins, N-alkyl-2-amino-1,2-di-(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethanols,
N-alkyl-1,2-di-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethylamines, and N-alkyl-di-(p-methoxyphenyl)methylamines.
All of these showed spasmolytic activity and considerably lower toxicity than
papaverine.
The photolysis of gaseous aldehydes. I. The production of Ethane and Hydrogen in the Photolysis of Acetaldehyde
Authors: Dorman FH , Buchanan AS
Published: September 2010

The rate of production of ethane in
acetaldehyde photolysis has been calculated from iodine-methyl trapping
experiments, and compared with the experimental values over the temperature
range 120-360 �C. The ratio of observed to calculated ethane rises from 0.5 at
120 �C to 2 at 350 �C, whilst the ratio of observed hydrogen to observed ethane
rises from 0.25 at 120 �C to 1 at about 300 �C. The activation energy using the
methyl radical concentration was calculated to be 7.4 kcal mole-1
for the reaction

CH3 +CH3CHO+CH,+CH3CO.
It was concluded that
formyl radical recombination occurred in a higher temperature region (up to
about 300 �C) than acetyl radical recombination (up to about 200 �C), for the
experimental conditions used. It was also found that in the temperature region
above about 250 �C a significant hydrogen atom chain initiation occurred.
Polarography of some coordination compounds of platinum. IV. Compounds of platinum(II) containing 1,10-Phenanthroline
Authors: Hall JR , Plowman RA
Published: September 2010

Four ions were studied at the dropping
mercury electrode. They were [Pt(ophen)2]2+,
[Pt(ophen)(en)]2+, [Pt(ophen)(py)2]2+, and [Pt(ophen)(py)Cl]+, where ophen=
1,10- phenanthroline, en=ethylenediamine, and py=pyridine.
The shapes of the c-v curves of the ions in supporting electrolyte 0.1M KCl, were dependent on complex ion concentration.
Adsorption phenomena occurred with some ions but the effects decreased as the
complex ion concentration decreased. The reduction of [Pt(ophen)2]2+
produced evidence for compounds of platinum with valency less than two.
Reduction of the other ions appeared to proceed directly to metallic platinum.
Loganin. I. Some observations on the structure
Authors: Birch AJ , Smith E
Published: September 2010

The glucoside, loganin, is shown to
contain the groupings C-CH3, C=C-C=O, and CO2CH3,
and several new derivatives are described. As a working hypothesis formula I is
advanced.
The preparation and characterization of some aliphatic 2,4-Dienals
Authors: Forss DA , Hancox NC
Published: September 2010

Three 2,4-dienals, 2,4-heptadienel,
2,4-nonadienal, and 2,4-hendecadienal, have been prepared synthetically for the
first time, their semicarbazones, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and
tetrahydroimidazole derivatives described, and ultraviolet absorption
characteristics of the aldehydes and the two first-named derivatives recorded.
The infra-red spectrum of 2,4-heptadienal is recorded and evidence presented
for an all-trans-configuration.
The Rheology of Kaolinite suspensions
Authors: Street N
Published: September 2010

The rheological properties of constant
volume concentration kaolinite suspensions were measured and compared with ζ-potential
measurements already made. The correlation is good and the results are
interpreted on the basis of the existence of both positive and negative areas
on the clay surfaces linking the particles together in " bipolar "
flocculation ; these floccules uncoil with increasing neutralization of the
H-clay, then at the equivalence point the positive areas are neutralized, the
clay suspension deflocculated and the viscosity considerably reduced.
Synthesis of long-chain Hydroxy Ketones from Hydroxy Acids
Authors: Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

The acyl chlorides derived from threo- and
erythro-dihydroxystearic acid and -dihydroxybehenic acid, in which the alcohol
groups are unreactive, are converted into ketene dimers by reaction with
triethylamine and thence to long-chain tetra- hydroxy ketones. The ketones are
apparently homogeneous but yet presumably consist of mixtures of stereoisomers.

Certain other hydroxy acids in which the
hydroxyl groups are more reactive may also be used to prepare ketones if they
are first acetylated.
The Cardiac Glycosides of Gomphocarpus fruticosus R.Br. II. Gomphoside
Authors: Watson RR , Wright SE
Published: September 2010

Gomphoside is the second glycoside which
has been isolated from Gomphocarpus fruticosus R.Br. grown in Australia. This
compound analyses for the formula C29H44O8 and
contains neither methoxyl nor acetyl groups, but forms a diacetate, C33H48O10,
which is unstable to chromium trioxide in acetic acid. Although gomphoside
gives a negative Keller-Kiliani reaction, a quantitative oxidation by periodic
acid indicates the presence of two free adjacent hydroxyl groups in the
molecule. Hydrolysis of gomphoside gives gomphogenin, C23H34O5,
which does not give a colour reaction with tetranitromethane. The acetylation
of gomphogenin yields acetylgomphogenin, C25H36O6,
which is unstable to chromium trioxide in acetic acid.

Gomphoside and its derivatives have ultraviolet
and infra-red absorption spectra typical of those of the normal digitaloid
compounds. The reactions which have been carried out on these substances
indicate the presence of an hydroxyl group in gomphogenin, besides the normal
hydroxyl groups at C3 and C14, which is resistant to
acetylation, but which can be oxidized by chromium trioxide in acetic acid. The
nature of the carbohydrate is as yet unknown.
Oxidations with Iodosobenzene Diacetate. VII. The oxidation of p-Nitro-N-methylaniline
Authors: Mitchell J , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

The reaction of p-nitro-N-methylaniline
with iodosobenzene diacetate has been investigated in both benzene and acetic
acid solution. The relative amount of the oxidant has been varied. The nature
of the products indicates that extensive demethylation occurs. Tetramethylbenzidine is formed when
dimethylaniline is oxidized in benzene. The mechanisms of these reactions are
discussed.
Acetoxylation by aryliodoso acetates. II. Kinetics of the reaction of phenyliodoso acetate with aceto-p-toluidide
Authors: Johnson WD , Riggs NV
Published: September 2010

The reaction of phenyliodoso acetate and
aceto-p-toluidide in acetic acid is first order in each reactant and measured
rates fit the Arrhenius equation in the temperature range 15-45 �C. Addition of
water to the solvent markedly accelerates the reaction, whereas addition of
benzene lowers the rate and acetic anhydride has little effect. A polar
transition state is indicated.
Some studies in inorganic complexes. I. Thallium(III)
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

Investigations have been made into the
structures of some thallium(III) complexes of 2,2'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline,
and ethylenediamine. From the substances investigated, the results indicate
that where there are one or two molecules of ligand to one of thallic halide
the complexes are uni-univalent electrolytes of the
type [TlX2B2][TIX4] or [TlX2B2]X respectively, in which B is
chelating base and X is halide ion.
Oxidations with Iodosobenzene Diacetate. IX. A Kinetic investigation of the reaction with substituted-2-Nitroanilines
Authors: Pausacker KH , Scroggie JG
Published: September 2010

Benzofurazan oxides are formed in
excellent yield when certain substituted-2-nitroanilines react with
iodosobenzene diacetate in benzene containing 1 per cent. (by volume) of acetic
acid. The kinetics of this reaction have been studied. It is considered that
the mechanism of the reaction involves a reversible reaction of the
2-nitroaniline with iodosobenzene diacetate to form acetic acid and an
intermediate which is then converted to benzofurazan oxide, iodobenzene, and
acetic acid. This reaction is therefore similar to the reaction of
iodosobenzene diacetate with glycols.

The rates of oxidation of
substituted-2-nitroanilines could not be correlated with the electrical effect
of the substituent. The reasons for this are discussed in detail.
Methylsteroids. V. The faciliation of hydrolysis of sterically hindered acetoxy groups by carbonyl groups in the Lanosterol series
Authors: Barnes CS
Published: September 2010

The facilitation of basic hydrolysis of sterioally hindered acetoxy groups has been
ex mined among the lanosterol oxo derivatives. It is found that an llp-acetoxyl
may be hydrolysed under mild conditions in the presence of a 7-oxo group or more
easily when a 3,7-dioxo grouping is present. The 7α-acetoxy group is resistant to
basic hydrolysis except in the presence of a 3- or 11-oxo group. Possible reasons for
these effects are discussed.