bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melting experiments on hydrous low‐K tholeiite: Implications for the genesis of tonalitic crust in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana arc
Authors: NAKAJIMA KATSUJI , ARIMA MAKOTO
Published: September 2004

A series of water‐deficient partial melting experiments on a low‐K tholeiite were carried out under lower crustal P–T–H2O conditions (900–1200 °C, 0.7–1.5 GPa, 2 and 5 wt% H2O added) using a piston‐cylinder apparatus. With increasing temperature at 1.0 GPa, supersolidus mineral assemblages vary from amphibolitic to pyroxenitic. Garnet crystallizes in the higher pressure runs (> 1.2 GPa). Melt compositions show low‐K calc‐alkalic trends, and are classified as metaluminous or peraluminous tonalite. These features are similar to the felsic rocks in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc, for example Tanzawa plutonic rocks. The anatectic origin of Tanzawa tonalites is consistent with geochemical modeling, which demonstrates that the rare earth element (REE) characteristics of Tanzawa plutonic rocks (which represent the middle crust of the IBM arc) can be generated by partial melting of amphibolite in the lower crust (∼ 50% melting at 1050 °C and below 1.2 GPa). Estimated densities of pyroxenitic restites (∼ 3.9 g/cm3) after extraction of andesitic melts are higher than that of mantle peridotite beneath the island arc (3.3 g/cm3). The high density of the restite could cause delamination of the IBM arc lower crust. Rhyolitic magmas in the IBM arc (e.g. Niijima) could be formed by low degrees of partial melting of the amphibolitic crust at a temperature just above the solidus (10% melting at or below 900 °C).
Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana arc: An overview
Authors: Sui A. U , Lasby G. P. G
Published: September 2004

Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits are relatively common along the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc but hydrothermal iron crusts are much less so. The hydrothermal manganese deposits show characteristics typical of submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits found worldwide. Recent hydrothermal manganese deposits associated with active hydrothermal systems occur on seamounts or rifts located ∼ 5–40 km behind the volcanic front on the Shichito‐Iwojima Ridge, IBM. Fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits associated with older hydrothermal systems occur on inactive seamounts located on ridges running parallel to the volcanic front in both forearc and back‐arc settings. These fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits are generally overlain by younger hydrogenetic manganese crusts. Differences in minor element composition and in the rare earth element pattern of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the forearc and back‐arc settings may reflect differences in the nature of substrate rocks or temperature of the hydrothermal fluids at these locations.
OK‐432 and lymphatic malformations in children: the Starship Children's Hospital experience
Authors: Wheeler Jonathan S. , Morreau Phillip , Mahadevan Murali , Pease Percy
Published: September 2004

Background:  Surgery has previously been the mainstay of treatment for lymphatic malformations but has attendant problems of marked scarring, high chance of recurrence and potential nerve damage. Alternative management for these lesions involves the intralesional injection of OK‐432. The present paper reviews OK‐432 use in lymphatic malformations in children.

Methods:  A retrospective chart review was carried out of children undergoing intralesional OK‐432 therapy from the Departments of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Otolaryngology and Plastic Surgery at Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland.

Results:  Over the past 4 years, seven children under the age of 5 years underwent OK‐432 therapy as day‐case procedures requiring between one and seven procedures each. Four children had lesions involving the axilla/chest wall, two involved extra‐mylohyoid tissues in the neck and one child had lymphatic malformation involving tongue, floor of mouth and an extramylohyoid component. Spontaneous haemorrhage into a cystic space may be the cause of the observed partial resolution of the lymphangiomas in two. A predictor of a successful outcome was the ability to aspirate fluid prior to injection. Ultrasound guidance was useful to localize the lesions for aspiration and injection. Macrocystic lesions respond well to OK‐432 therapy but the response of microcystic or cavernous lesions to OK‐432 is disappointing and surgery remains the definitive treatment for these microcystic lesions.

Conclusion:  OK‐432 appears to be a safe and effective treatment for the macrocystic component of lymphatic malformations.
Lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer: comparison of Union International Contra Cancer and Japanese systems
Authors: Ikeguchi Masahide , Murakami Daiki , Kanaji Shingo , Ohro Shotaro , Maeta Yoshihiko , Yamaguchi Ken‐ichi , Tatebe Shigeru , Kondo Akira , Tsujitani Shun‐ichi , Kaibara Nobuaki
Published: September 2004

Background:  The pN classification of gastric cancer (GC) in the Japanese system (Japanese Gastric Cancer Association; JGCA) is based on the site and distance of metastatic nodes from the primary tumour. Union International Contra Cancer (UICC) has recently proposed a classification system based on the number of nodes involved (TNM‐1997). The aim of the present study is to assess which classification system is more suitable for providing a prognosis in advanced GC with lymph node metastasis.

Methods:  A total of 224 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy (R0: UICC−TNM and Resection A and B: JGCA) and D2 lymphadenectomy between 1990 and 1999, and diagnosed as pT2, pT3 and pT4 GC were enrolled. Patients were followed until the end of 2002. The disease‐free survival rates of patients were compared between the two‐stage systems (UICC−TNM and JGCA).

Results:  Using the JGCA system, there was a significant difference between the two survival curves (pN0 and pN1, P = 0.025; pN1 and pN2, P < 0.001; pN2 and pN3, P = 0.031), but the 5‐year survival rate of 27 pN2 patients (32.7%) was not significantly different from that of 14 pN3 patients (34.3%, P = 0.994) using the UICC−TNM. In 47 patients with JGCA pN2, the 5‐year survival rate of 18 patients with UICC−TNM pN1 (42.9%) was not significantly different from that of 18 patients with UICC−TNM pN2 (25.2%, P = 0.422) or from that of 11 patients with UICC−TNM pN3 (24.2%; P = 0.383).

Conclusions:  The JGCA system is more suitable for estimating the prognosis of Japanese patients with advanced GC than the UICC−TNM.
Economic Roots of Political Conflict: The Case of Sri Lanka
Authors: Abeyratne Sirimal
Published: September 2004

The escalation of political conflicts in many developing countries and their impact on economic development have been topical issues in recent development literature. The overwhelming emphasis on ‘ethnic conflicts’ in the literature has, however, precluded analysts from looking at political conflicts beyond their ethnic dimension, in the wider context of the development process. In particular, because of the preoccupation with ethnic roots as the prime source of these conflicts, reverse causation, running from economic policy to political conflict, has been virtually ignored in the debate. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap through an in‐depth case study of the ‘twin political conflict’ in Sri Lanka – the Tamil separatist war in the North and the Sinhala youth uprising in the South – with emphasis on its economic roots. The findings suggest that fundamental contradictions in the national development policy in the restrictive trade regime of Sri Lanka were at the heart of the country's twin political conflict.
Miracles and Debacles: In Defence of Trade Openness
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: September 2004

The central theme of this paper is that sustained rapid growth cannot be achieved without rapid growth in trade. A review of the experience during the past four decades offers virtually no examples of countries achieving sustained rapid growth – called miracles in this paper – without simultaneously experiencing sustained rapid growth in trade in the presence of low or high but declining barriers to trade. Simultaneously, the claim that opening to trade leads to sustained income losses is unfounded. A review of the experience of the countries that have faced stagnation or declining per‐capita incomes on a long‐term basis – called debacles in this paper – reveals no connection to a sustained surge in imports.
The Merits of Dual Pricing of Russian Natural Gas
Authors: Tarr David G. , Thomson Peter D.
Published: September 2004

Our analysis reveals that, from Russia's perspective, there is no economic rationale to unify the price of natural gas it sells domestically and in Europe. We argue that pipelines allow Gazprom to segment the Russian market from the European (including Turkey) market and that Russia has market power in the European market. If Russia were to fail to exploit this market power in its European market, by selling its natural gas to Europe at only full long‐run marginal cost plus transportation costs, Russia would lose between $5 billion and $7.5 billion per year (almost two per cent of its GDP). If, instead, Russia were to raise its domestic prices to the prices it charges in Europe, Russian industry would incur very large investment adjustment and unemployment costs in the short run – adjustment costs that cannot be justified on the basis of comparative advantage. We estimate that the efficient world price would be achieved if Gazprom were to employ its optimal ‘two‐part tariff’. The optimal two‐part tariff would double Gazprom's annual profits in Europe, but it involves significant long‐term risks for Gazprom of lost market share.
Institutions Matter?
Authors: Przeworski Adam
Published: September 2004

The main methodological problem in assessing the impact of political institutions on any kind of performance stems from the possibility that institutions may be endogenous. As a result, institutions cannot be matched for the conditions under which they function. Inferences from such non-experimental observations are subject to several biases and, in the end, our conclusions may not be robust. One should not be confident, therefore, that any institutions would function in the same way under conditions different from those from which they are transplanted.
The Populist Zeitgeist
Authors: Mudde Cas
Published: September 2004

Since the 1980s the rise of so-called ‘populist parties’ has given rise to thousands of books, articles, columns and editorials. This article aims to make a threefold contribution to the current debate on populism in liberal democracies. First, a clear and new definition of populism is presented. Second, the normal-pathology thesis is rejected; instead it is argued that today populist discourse has become mainstream in the politics of western democracies. Indeed, one can even speak of a populist Zeitgeist. Third, it is argued that the explanations of and reactions to the current populist Zeitgeist are seriously flawed and might actually strengthen rather than weaken it.
Flight orientation behavior of Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of phytophagous bugs in soybean
Authors: TAKASU Keiji , TAKANO Shun‐Ichiro , MIZUTANI Nobuo , WADA Takashi
Published: September 2004

We conducted field experiments to examine flight orientation behavior of Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii, an egg parasitoid of soybean feeding bugs, using sticky traps with synthetic aggregation pheromones of the host, Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg). Experiments were conducted in plots either containing a soybean field or not containing one. When the traps were suspended at heights of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 m above a soybean field in Kobe, O. nezarae females were most frequently caught in the 0.5 m traps. In an open field on the same campus where the vegetation was predominantly tall goldenrod, females were more frequently trapped at 1.5 or 3.0 m. In a soybean field in Kumamoto, females were most frequently trapped in the 0.8 m traps, compared to traps placed at 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 m. In an oat field in the same area, females were trapped most frequently at heights of 0.8 and 2.0 m. Unlike females, only a small number of males were trapped in the fields in both areas. The result that O. nezarae females were caught in traps at higher positions in non‐host habitats than in soybean fields probably reflects differences in host searching behavior in or movement between the habitats. In host habitats, females mainly walk on the plants or fly within the plant canopy to search for hosts. In non‐host habitats, females may not intensively search for hosts within the plants, and directly respond to host pheromones in the traps at heights equal to or a little higher than the plant canopy.
Interpopulation differences in the mandible size of the coastal tiger beetle Lophyridia angulata associated with different sympatric species
Authors: SATOH Aya , HORI Michio
Published: September 2004

The coastal tiger beetle Lophyridia angulata (Fabricius) co‐occurs with one or two tiger beetle species at any one locality (in a sandy beach habitat) along the Japan Sea coast of Honshu, from eastern to southern Kyushu, and on Tanega‐shima, an island south of Kyushu, in Japan. Lophyridia angulata displays sexual dimorphism in mandible length (the mandible is longer in females), and shows large interpopulation differences in mandible size. We analyzed variation in mandible length between L. angulata populations associated with three different sympatric species, and examined morphological differences that may have resulted from interaction with these other species. Lophyridia angulata showed a significant size shift towards larger mandibles in a population that co‐occurred with Cicindela lewisii, which has a similar mandible length to that of L. angulata, as compared to a neighboring population of L. angulata that co‐occurred with another species. This pattern may be interpreted as a type of character displacement associated with food resource competition. Males in L. angulata populations co‐occurring with Chaetodera laetescripta showed little variation in mandible length, as compared to other populations. These males may experience some pressure from C. laetescripta and from conspecific females. We found no significant changes in mandible length or in size variation of L. angulata before and 20 years after the extinction of Abroscelis anchoralis at one site historically co‐inhabited by both species; that is, we did not detect a character release over the 20 years.
Further evidence of the Asian mud‐daubing wasps in Europe (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: ĆETKOVIĆ Aleksandar , RADOVIĆ Ivica , ÐOROVIĆ Ljiljana
Published: September 2004

We report the further south‐eastward range extension of the invasive Asian mud‐daubing wasp, Sceliphron curvatum (Smith), initially introduced into Austria in the late 1970s. We document its presence in the central Balkan Peninsula from 1997 onwards, and we discuss the circumstances and course of its recent expansion in the area. We also report the first finding of another Asian species, Sceliphron deforme (Smith), in Europe, and we consider various aspects of this case, given the possibility that the record from southern Montenegro represents a successful introduction.
Maternal induction of larval diapause and its sensitive stage in the blow fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: TACHIBANA Shin‐Ichiro , NUMATA Hideharu
Published: September 2004

Lucilia sericata has a facultative diapause in the third larval instar after cessation of feeding. Induction of the diapause is influenced by the photoperiod and temperature conditions experienced by insects in the parental generation as well as those experienced by the larvae themselves. The sensitive stage of the parental generation for induction of diapause was examined using diapause‐averting conditions of 16 h light : 8 h darkness (LD 16:8) at 25°C and diapause‐inducing conditions of LD 12:12 at 20°C. The incidence of diapause in the progeny was predominantly determined by the conditions experienced by the parents in the adult stage. Moreover, the results of reciprocal crosses showed that only the mother's experience is involved in the induction of diapause in the progeny.
Genetic distance between Nasutitermes takasagoensis (Isoptera: Termitidae) populations in Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands, analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
Authors: GARCÍA Julio , MAEKAWA Kiyoto , MIURA Toru , MATSUMOTO Tadao
Published: September 2004

Dispersal ability and degree of inbreeding in a population can indirectly be assessed using genetic markers. It has been suggested that winged termites are not able to fly distances greater than several hundred meters. Using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, we previously analyzed the population substructure of Nasutitermes takasagoensis in the Yaeyama Islands, southern Japan. We found that there is moderate subpopulation structure based on the AFLP data. Moreover, the relatively low Gst and genetic distances among insular populations suggest that there is a possibility that winged termites are able to fly over distances of several kilometers. To learn more about this, in the present study, we compared new samples collected from the Hengchuen Peninsula in southern Taiwan with samples previously collected from the Yaeyama Islands. Using the samples collected in Taiwan, genetic distance was calculated against samples from six of the Yaeyama Islands. Genetic diversity, average heterozygosity, percentage of polymorphic loci, Gst and gene flow (Nm) were calculated. A total of 155 AFLP fragments were obtained for three primer combinations used, with 8 (5%) polymorphic bands. Genetic distance between the populations of Taiwan and the rest of the islands was greater than the genetic distance among the Yaeyama Islands. Although previous studies showed that average Nm among the Yaeyama Islands was 2.47, all of the observed Nm between Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands were below 1. These findings suggest that the geographic distance between Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands is large enough to prevent gene flow between them.
Morphological caste and sex differences in the Taiwanese stingless bee Trigona ventralis hoozana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: SUNG I‐Hsin , YAMANE Sôichi , HO Kai‐Kuang , WU Wen‐Jer , CHEN Yue‐Wen
Published: September 2004

To examine morphological differences among queens, workers and males, 14 external body characters were measured in two colonies of the Taiwanese stingless bee Trigona ventralis hoozana. Queens were largest in all of the body parts measured except eye width and mesoscutum length, and values for most variables in queens did not overlap with those of workers and males. In contrast, the worker : male size ratios for 11 variables were close to 1.0, showing that overall body size and shape of workers resembled that of males rather than of queens. Males had the largest eyes and their mesoscutum length was comparable to that of queens. ancova between 14 morphometric variables and mesoscutum width chosen as standard body size showed that allometric growth in most variables was not linear. Plotting of some variables on mesoscutum width showed that queens had a proportionally wider first metasomal tergum and longer antennal scape, but a proportionally narrower head and eye than workers and males. These tests suggest that the morphological caste differences in this species belong to a category of complete dimorphism.
The Mediator as Face‐Giver
Authors: Ginkel Eric van
Published: September 2004

Face issues under the surface can make mediation akin to negotiating a minefield. This article proposes to help mediators map the terrain, uncovering critical face issues that can stymie the negotiation. The author demonstrates how, by using face‐giving techniques to diffuse uncovered face issues, mediators can help move the parties through sensitive conflicts to sustainable resolution—with egos and relationships intact.
On phenomenology and classification of hoarding: a review
Authors: Maier T.
Published: September 2004

Objective:  Hoarding is a behavioural abnormity characterized by the excessive collection of poorly useable objects. It is described mainly in association with obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCDs) and in geriatric populations. Yet the literature on the phenomenon is heterogeneous and the notion obviously lacks a consistent definition. This review attempts to describe the psychopathological and clinical spectrum of hoarding and may contribute to clarify its classification.

Method:  Systematic review and discussion of the literature on hoarding.

Results:  Hoarding is a complex behavioural phenomenon associated with different mental disorders. The psychopathological structure is variously composed of elements of OCDs, impulse‐control disorders, and ritualistic behaviour. Severe self‐neglect is a possible consequence of hoarding.

Conclusion:  Without further specifications the term hoarding is of limited heuristic value and cannot guide therapeutic interventions satisfactorily. The condition needs to be evaluated carefully in every particular case in relation to the aforementioned psychopathological concepts.
Long‐term outcome of offspring after maternal severe puerperal disorder
Authors: Abbott R. , Dunn V. J. , Robling S. A. , Paykel E. S.
Published: September 2004

Objective: To study adult mental health in offspring of mothers who experienced severe puerperal disorder.

Method: Mothers, followed up a mean of 23 years after puerperal disorder requiring hospitalization, were interviewed regarding adult psychiatric illness, childhood neurotic symptoms and conduct problems of 48 offspring of the index episode and 62 additional siblings.

Results: In these predominantly young adults the lifetime rate of ICD‐10 adult psychiatric illness was 26%, and was higher in offspring of puerperal episodes (35% vs. 15%,P = 0.07). There were also high rates of childhood symptoms and problems.

Conclusion: There are high lifetime rates of adult psychiatric illness in young adult offspring of mothers with puerperal disorder, which are likely to increase further with time, and warrant special attention.
T‐cell‐mediated protective efficacy of a systemic vaccine approach in cynomolgus monkeys after SIV mucosal challenge
Authors: Michelini Zuleika , Negri Donatella R.M. , Baroncelli Silvia , Catone Stefania , Comini Antonella , Maggiorella Maria T. , Sernicola Leonardo , Crostarosa Federica , Belli Roberto , Mancini Maria G. , Farcomeni Stefania , Fagrouch Zahra , Ciccozzi Massimo , Rovetto Claudia , Liljestrom Peter , Norley Stephen , Heeney Jonathan , Titti Fausto
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  The immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of a new polyvalent triple vector (DNA/SFV/MVA) based vaccine against mucosal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251 were investigated. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were primed intradermally with DNA, boosted twice subcutaneously with recombinant Semliki Forest virus (rSFV) and finally intramuscularly with recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara strain (rMVA). Both DNA and recombinant viral vectors expressed SIV proteins (Gag, Pol, Tat, Rev, Nef and Env). The vaccinated monkeys developed T helper proliferative responses to viral antigens after the second immunization while interferon (IFN)‐γ enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot‐forming cell assay (ELISPOT) specific responses appeared only after the last boost with rMVA. Upon intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, three of four vaccinated monkeys were either fully protected or exhibited a dramatic reduction of virus replication up to undetectable level. A major contribution to this protective effect appeared to be the anamnestic T‐cell IFN‐γ ELISPOT responses to vaccine antigens (Gag, Rev, Tat, Nef) that mirrored the viral clearance. These results underline the efficacy of a multiprotein approach in combination with a triple vector system of antigen delivery.
Replacement of pickling with shot blasting for wire rod preparation
Authors: Gillström Peter , Jarl Magnus
Published: September 2004

An oxide scale layer covers steel wire rod produced by hot rolling. This oxide is often removed by pickling before wire drawing; otherwise, hard oxides will be impressed into the wire surface and give an inferior surface quality. Stricter pollution regulations increase the incentive to replace pickling with mechanical descaling. This paper gives results from tests on carbon steels by using shot blasting to descale wire rod. The tests include: (i) shot blasting experiments in an industrial full‐scale in‐line shot blasting machine, (ii) laboratory drawing experiments on shot blasted wire rod, (iii) industrial trials on shot blasted wire rod at the drawing plants. There are differences in the appearance of surfaces between shot blasted and pickled wires, but no differences in the drawing process were observed in the laboratory experiment. In the industrial trials the wear of dies were more severe when drawing shot blasted wire of one of the steel grades. In the downstream processes, problems were recorded with the cleanness of the surface of another grade and adhesion of copper coating on a third grade.
Variation of back‐calculated breakage rate parameters in Bond‐mill grinding
Authors: Hoşten Çetin , Avşar Çağatay
Published: September 2004

The variation of breakage rates with grinding environment is important in the analysis and simulation of various grinding processes. In particular, computer simulation of the labor‐intensive experimental Bond grindability test requires reliable estimates of breakage rate and distribution parameters from a minimum amount of experimental work. This paper was aimed at studying the variation of breakage rate parameters in the Bond mill. Batch kinetic experiments with monosize feeds and standard locked‐cycle Bond grindability tests with natural size feeds were carried out on cement clinker and trass samples. Using the cumulative‐basis, size‐discretized population balance model (PBM) of batch grinding and invariant breakage distribution parameters determined from monosize short‐time grinding experiments, the breakage rate parameters were back‐calculated by minimizing the sum of squares of relative deviations between the simulated and experimental product size distributions. The back‐calculated rate parameters were found to be varying depending on either grinding time or the feed size distribution. No single set of parameters was found to be representative of the whole grinding path in the Bond grindability test, and therefore attempts to simulate the Bond test with 1 set of parameters resulted in incorrect computed work index values.
Microbiological evaluation of dental unit water systems in general dental practice in Europe
Authors: Walker J. T. , Bradshaw D. J. , Finney M. , Fulford M. R. , Frandsen E. , Østergaard E. , Ten Cate J. M. , Moorer W. R. , Schel A. J. , Mavridou A. , Kamma J. J. , Mandilara G. , Stösser L. , Kneist S. , Araujo R. , Contreras N. , Goroncy‐Bermes P. , O'Mullane D. , Burke F. , Forde A. , O'Sullivan M. , Marsh P. D.
Published: September 2004

A range of opportunistic pathogens have been associated with dental unit water systems (DUWS), particularly in the biofilms that can line the tubing. This study therefore aimed to assess the microbiology of DUWS and biofilms in general dental practices across seven European countries, including the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland (IRL), Greece (GR), Spain (ES), Germany (D), Denmark (DK) and the Netherlands (NL). Water supplied by 51% of 237 dental unit water lines exceeded current American Dental Association recommendations of ≤ 200 colony‐forming units (CFU) ml−1. Microbiological loading of the source waters was between 0 (Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain) and 4.67 (IRL) log CFU ml−1; water line samples from the DUWS ranged from 1.52 (ES) to 2.79 (GR) log CFU ml−1; and biofilm counts ranged from 1.49 (GR) to 3.22 (DK) log CFU.cm−2. Opportunistic pathogens such as legionellae (DK and ES), including Legionella pneumophila SG1 (DK and GR), and Mycobacterium spp. (DK, NL, GR, D and ES) were recovered occasionally. Presumptive oral streptococci (ES and NL), oral anaerobes (GR), Candida spp. (UK, NL and ES) and blood (GR and IRL) were detected at relatively low frequencies, but their presence indicated a failure of the 3‐in‐1 antiretraction valve, leading to back siphonage of oral fluids into the water and biofilm phase. These findings confirm that a substantial proportion of DUWS have high levels of microbial contamination, irrespective of country, type of equipment and source water. The study emphasizes the need for effective mechanisms to reduce the microbial burden within DUWS, and highlights the risk of occupational exposure and cross‐infection in general dental practice.
New views of the solar wind with the Lambert W function
Authors: Cranmer Steven R.
Published: September 2004

This paper presents closed-form analytic solutions to two illustrative problems in solar physics that have been considered not solvable in this way previously. Both the outflow speed and the mass loss rate of the solar wind of plasma particles ejected by the Sun are derived analytically for certain illustrative approximations. The calculated radial dependence of the flow speed applies to both Parker’s isothermal solar wind equation and Bondi’s equation of spherical accretion. These problems involve the solution of transcendental equations containing products of variables and their logarithms. Such equations appear in many fields of physics and are solvable by use of the Lambert W function, which is briefly described. This paper is an example of how new functions can be applied to existing problems.
Understanding Heisenberg’s “magical” paper of July 1925: A new look at the calculational details
Authors: Aitchison Ian J. R. , MacManus David A. , Snyder Thomas M.
Published: September 2004

In July 1925 Heisenberg published a paper that ushered in the new era of quantum mechanics. This epoch-making paper is generally regarded as being difficult to follow, partly because Heisenberg provided few clues as to how he arrived at his results. We give details of the calculations of the type that Heisenberg might have performed. As an example we consider one of the anharmonic oscillator problems considered by Heisenberg, and use our reconstruction of his approach to solve it up to second order in perturbation theory. The results are precisely those obtained in standard quantum mechanics, and we suggest that a discussion of the approach, which is based on the direct calculation of transition frequencies and amplitudes, could usefully be included in undergraduate courses on quantum mechanics.
Basic principles of celestial navigation
Authors: Van Allen James A.
Published: September 2004

Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s geographic position by the observation of identified stars, identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. This subject has a multitude of refinements which, although valuable to a professional navigator, tend to obscure the basic principles. I describe these principles, give an analytical solution of the classical two-star-sight problem without any dependence on prior knowledge of position, and include several examples. Some approximations and simplifications are made in the interest of clarity.
A simple design for an electronic speckle pattern interferometer
Authors: Moore Thomas R.
Published: September 2004

An electronic speckle pattern interferometer suitable for use in an undergraduate laboratory is described. This interferometer can be built for a small fraction of the cost of a commercial version and is simple and inexpensive to build and understand. The interferometer is useful for visualizing the normal modes of vibrating objects as well as changes in index of refraction.
Analytic, graphical, and geometric solutions for photonic band gaps
Authors: Szmulowicz Frank
Published: September 2004

Photonic band gap (PBG) structures consisting of alternating layers of two dielectric materials exhibit PBGs—regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where light propagation is forbidden. The edges of these gaps are found from the Kronig–Penney relation. It is shown that the conditions for the band edges can be visualized using the sides and angles of a triangle. It also is shown that the wavelength at the band edges scales with the layer widths. Photon wavelengths at the band edges are found analytically as a function of PBG parameters for the technologically important cases of quarter-wave/half-wave and eighth-wave/half-wave PBG stacks; in a general case, a pedagogically transparent graphical solution is provided.
Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference of DC-SIGN Expression Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission from Dendritic Cells to T Cells
Authors: Arrighi Jean-François , Pion Marjorie , Wiznerowicz Maciej , Geijtenbeek Teunis B. , Garcia Eduardo , Abraham Shahnaz , Leuba Florence , Dutoit Valérie , Ducrey-Rundquist Odile , van Kooyk Yvette , Trono Didier , Piguet Vincent
Published: September 2004

In the early events of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, immature dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) receptor capture small amounts of HIV-1 on mucosal surfaces and spread viral infection to CD4
+
T cells in lymph nodes (22, 34, 45). RNA interference has emerged as a powerful tool to gain insight into gene function. For this purpose, lentiviral vectors that express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into mammalian cells represent a powerful tool to achieve stable gene silencing. In order to interfere with DC-SIGN function, we developed shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors capable of conditionally suppressing DC-SIGN expression. Selectivity of inhibition of human DC-SIGN and L-SIGN and chimpanzee and rhesus macaque DC-SIGN was obtained by using distinct siRNAs. Suppression of DC-SIGN expression inhibited the attachment of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 to DC-SIGN transfectants, as well as transfer of HIV-1 to target cells in
trans
. Furthermore, shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors were capable of efficiently suppressing DC-SIGN expression in primary human DCs. DC-SIGN-negative DCs were unable to enhance transfer of HIV-1 infectivity to T cells in
trans
, demonstrating an essential role for the DC-SIGN receptor in transferring infectious viral particles from DCs to T cells. The present system should have broad applications for studying the function of DC-SIGN in the pathogenesis of HIV as well as other pathogens also recognized by this receptor.
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 Plays an Essential Role in Transcriptional Initiation from the Hepatitis B Virus X Gene Promoter
Authors: Tokusumi Yumiko , Zhou Sharleen , Takada Shinako
Published: September 2004

The X gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major factors in HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and is essential for the establishment of productive HBV replication in vivo. Recent studies have shown that the X gene product targets mitochondria and induces calcium flux, thereby activating Ca
+
-dependent signal transduction pathways. However, regulatory mechanisms of X gene expression have remained unclear. Previous studies had localized a minimal promoter activity to a 21-bp GC-rich sequence located 130 bp upstream of the X protein coding region and showed that there was a cellular protein bound to this DNA. Interestingly, the 21-bp sequence identified as an X gene minimal promoter does not contain any previously identified core promoter elements, such as a TATA box. To better understand the mechanisms of transcriptional initiation of the X gene, we set out to biochemically purify the binding protein(s) for the 21-bp DNA. We report here the identification of the X gene minimal promoter-binding activity as nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), a previously known transcription factor that activates the majority of nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes and various housekeeping genes. Primer extension analyses of the X mRNAs show that mutations at the binding site specifically inactivate transcription from this promoter and that a dominant-negative NRF1 mutant and short interfering RNAs inhibit transcription from this promoter. Therefore, NRF1 specifically binds the 21-bp minimal promoter and positively contributes to transcription of the X gene. Simultaneous activation of the X gene and mitochondrial genes by NRF1 may allow the X protein to target mitochondria most efficiently.
Identification of an hnRNP A1-Dependent Splicing Silencer in the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L1 Coding Region That Prevents Premature Expression of the Late L1 Gene
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Rush Margaret , Schwartz Stefan
Published: September 2004

We have previously identified
cis
-acting RNA sequences in the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) L1 coding region which inhibit expression of L1 from eukaryotic expression plasmids. Here we have determined the function of one of these RNA elements, and we provide evidence that this RNA element is a splicing silencer which suppresses the use of the 3′ splice site located immediately upstream of the L1 AUG. We also show that this splice site is inefficiently utilized as a result of a suboptimal polypyrimidine tract. Introduction of point mutations in the L1 coding region that altered the RNA sequence without affecting the L1 protein sequence resulted in the inactivation of the splicing silencer and induced splicing to the L1 3′ splice site. These mutations also prevented the interaction of the RNA silencer with a 35-kDa cellular protein identified here as hnRNP A1. The splicing silencer in L1 inhibits splicing in vitro, and splicing can be restored by the addition of RNAs containing an hnRNP A1 binding site to the reaction, demonstrating that hnRNP A1 inhibits splicing of the late HPV-16 mRNAs through the splicing silencer sequence. While we show that one role of the splicing silencer is to determine the ratio between partially spliced L2/L1 mRNAs and spliced L1 mRNAs, we also demonstrate that it inhibits splicing from the major 5′ splice site in the early region to the L1 3′ splice site, thereby playing an essential role in preventing late gene expression at an early stage of the viral life cycle. We speculate that the activity of the splicing silencer and possibly the concentration of hnRNP A1 in the HPV-16-infected cell determines the ability of the virus to establish a persistent infection which remains undetected by the host immune surveillance.
Splice Junction Map of Simian Parvovirus Transcripts
Authors: Vashisht Kapil , Faaberg Kay S. , Aber Amanda L. , Brown Kevin E. , O’Sullivan M. Gerard
Published: September 2004

The transcription map of simian parvovirus (SPV), an
Erythrovirus
similar to
Parvovirus
B19, was investigated. RNA was extracted from tissues of experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques and subjected to reverse transcription-PCR with SPV-specific primers. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify splice junctions. A total of 14 distinct sequences were identified as putative partial transcripts. Of these, 13 were spliced; a single unspliced transcript putatively encoded NS1. Sequence analysis revealed that spliced partial transcripts may encode portions of open reading frames for the major capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 and smaller, unknown proteins. These unspliced and spliced transcripts and putative proteins encoded by SPV were similar to those of B19. Initial splice junctions at nucleotides 279 and 333 were analogous to those at nucleotides 406 and 441, respectively, in B19. Seven of the 10 splices identified had typical GT/AG donor/acceptor junctions. The splice sites were confirmed by Northern blotting and autoradiography. In contrast to B19, which has a maximum of two splices per transcript, up to three splices were observed in SPV transcripts. A spliced transcript putatively encoding a truncated version of NS1, as seen with minute virus of mice and adeno-associated virus 2, was also observed. The findings indicate that that the splicing pattern of transcripts of SPV and B19 is similar, but SPV also has coding strategies in common with other parvoviruses.
Enhanced Expression of Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes in Virus-Specific Memory CD8
+
T Cells
Authors: Latner Donald R. , Kaech Susan M. , Ahmed Rafi
Published: September 2004

Unlike naive CD8
+
T cells, antigen-experienced memory CD8
+
T cells persist over time due to their unique ability to homeostatically proliferate. It was hypothesized that memory cells might differentially regulate the expression of genes that control the cell cycle to facilitate homeostatic proliferation. To test this, the expression levels of 96 different cell cycle regulatory genes were compared between transgenic naive and memory CD8
+
T cells that specifically recognize the GP33-41 epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). It was discovered that relative to naive cells, memory cells overexpress several important genes that control the transition between G
1
and S phase. Some of these genes include those encoding cyclins D3, D2, B1, C, and H, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) 4 and 6, the cdk inhibitors p16, p15, and p18, and other genes involved in protein degradation and DNA replication. Importantly, these differences were observed both in total populations of LCMV-specific naive and memory CD8
+
cells and in LCMV-specific CD8
+
T-cell populations that were in the G
1
phase of the cell cycle only. In addition, the expression differences between naive and memory cells were exaggerated following antigenic stimulation. The fact that memory cells are precharged with several of the major factors that are necessary for the G
1
- to-S-phase transition suggests they may require a lower threshold of stimulation to enter the cell cycle.
Identification of Proteins in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Particles: the HCMV Proteome
Authors: Varnum Susan M. , Streblow Daniel N. , Monroe Matthew E. , Smith Patricia , Auberry Kenneth J. , Paša-Tolić Ljiljana , Wang Dai , Camp David G. , Rodland Karin , Wiley Steven , Britt William , Shenk Thomas , Smith Richard D. , Nelson Jay A.
Published: September 2004

Human
cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is a large
complex enveloped virus composed of both viral and cellular gene
products. While the sequence of the HCMV genome has been known for over
a decade, the full set of viral and cellular proteins that compose the
HCMV virion are unknown. To approach this problem we have utilized
gel-free two-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry (MS/MS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS
to identify and determine the relative abundances of viral and cellular
proteins in purified HCMV AD169 virions and dense bodies. Analysis of
the proteins from purified HCMV virion preparations has indicated that
the particle contains significantly more viral proteins than previously
known. In this study, we identified 71 HCMV-encoded proteins that
included 12 proteins encoded by known viral open reading frames (ORFs)
previously not associated with virions and 12 proteins from novel viral
ORFs. Analysis of the relative abundance of HCMV proteins indicated
that the predominant virion protein was the pp65 tegument protein and
that gM rather than gB was the most abundant
glycoprotein. We have also identified over
70 host cellular proteins in HCMV virions, which include cellular
structural proteins, enzymes, and chaperones. In addition, analysis of
HCMV dense bodies indicated that these viral particles are composed of
29 viral proteins with a reduced quantity of cellular proteins in
comparison to HCMV virions. This study provides the first comprehensive
quantitative analysis of the viral and cellular proteins that compose
infectious particles of a large complex
virus.
Maturation and Trafficking Markers on Rotavirus-Specific B Cells during Acute Infection and Convalescence in Children
Authors: Jaimes María C. , Rojas Olga L. , Kunkel Eric J. , Lazarus Nicole H. , Soler Dulce , Butcher Eugene C. , Bass Dorsey , Angel Juana , Franco Manuel A. , Greenberg Harry B.
Published: September 2004

We have previously studied B cells, from people and mice, that express rotavirus-specific surface immunoglobulin (RV-sIg) by flow cytometry with recombinant virus-like particles that contain green fluorescent protein. In the present study we characterized circulating B cells with RV-sIg in children with acute and convalescent infection. During acute infection, circulating RV-sIgD−B cells are predominantly large, CD38high, CD27high, CD138+/−, CCR6−, α4β7+, CCR9+, CCR10+, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-negative (CLA−), L-selectinint/−, and sIgM+, sIgG−, sIgA+/−lymphocytes. This phenotype likely corresponds to gut-targeted plasma cells and plasmablasts. During convalescence the phenotype switches to small and large lymphocytes, CD38int/−, CD27int/−, CCR6+, α4β7+/−, CCR9+/−and CCR10−, most likely representing RV-specific memory B cells with both gut and systemic trafficking profiles. Of note, during acute RV infection both total and RV-specific murine IgM and IgA antibody-secreting cells migrate efficiently to CCL28 (the CCR10 ligand) and to a lesser extent to CCL25 (the CCR9 ligand). Our results show that CCR10 and CCR9 can be expressed on IgM as well as IgA antibody-secreting cells in response to acute intestinal infection, likely helping target these cells to the gut. However, these intestinal infection-induced plasmablasts lack the CLA homing receptor for skin, consistent with mechanisms of differential CCR10 participation in skin T versus intestinal plasma cell homing. Interestingly, RV memory cells generally lack CCR9 and CCR10 and instead express CCR6, which may enable recruitment to diverse epithelial sites of inflammation.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP0 Protein Mediates Activation of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2
rep
Gene Expression from a Latent Integrated Form
Authors: Geoffroy Marie-Claude , Epstein Alberto L. , Toublanc Estelle , Moullier Philippe , Salvetti Anna
Published: September 2004

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) is a human parvovirus that requires the presence of a helper virus, such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to accomplish a complete productive cycle. In the absence of helper virus, AAV-2 can establish a latent infection that is characterized by the absence of expression of viral genes. So far, four HSV-1 early genes, UL5/8/52 (helicase primase complex) and UL29 (single-stranded DNA-binding protein), were defined as sufficient for AAV replication when cells were transfected with a plasmid carrying the wild-type AAV-2 genome. However, none of these viral products was shown to behave as a transcriptional factor able to activate AAV gene expression. Our study provides the first evidence that the immediate-early HSV-1 protein ICP0 can promote
rep
gene expression in cells latently infected with wild-type AAV-2. This ICP0-mediated effect occurs at the transcriptional level and involves the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, using deletion mutants, we demonstrate that the localization of ICP0 to ND10 and their disruption is not required for the activation of the
rep
promoter, whereas binding of ICP0 to the ubiquitin-specific protease HAUSP makes a significant contribution to this effect.