bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Characterization of Dual Drug Loaded Microspheres for Colon Drug Targeting
Authors: Jain Singhai Nidhi , Rawal Anand , Maurya Rahul , Ramteke Suman
Published: September 2024

The present investigation was focus to prepared and characterized eudragit coated pectin microspheres for the delivery of mesalamine and prednisolone to the colon. The pectin microspheres were prepared using emulsion dehydration technique. A 33 full factorial design (three variables in three levels) was employed to evaluate the combined effect of the selected independent variables: drugs to polymer ratio, emulsifier concentrations and stirring speed on dependent variables such as particle size and size distribution, percentage yield, % drug entrapment and swelling ratio. Optimized formulation i.e. F18, F24, and F27 were coated with eudragit S100 by the solvent evaporation technique to prevent drug release in the stomach. Eudragit S100 coated pectin microspheres were further characterized for coating thickness and in-vitro release kinetics. The cumulative percent drug release of mesalamine and prednisolone from formulation in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer was found to be 97.01 + 1.35% and 96.89 + 0.67% for mesalamine and prednisolone, respectively. Optimized formulation (F24) was characterized for in-vivo studies. The eudragit-coated pectin microspheres may improve therapeutic efficacy by local action and reduce the side effects by minimizing the systemic absorption of mesalamine and prednisolone. Amalgamation of mesalamine and prednisolone in therapeutic regimen will show synergism action for treatment of UC.
Inhibition of Innate Immune Responses of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes and Monocytes by Rhinacanthin‑C
Authors: Dahima Rashmi
Published: September 2024

Phagocytosis is a pivotal microbicidal function of innate immune cells by which phagocytes would engulf and eliminate invading pathogens. The functioning and efficacy of immune system is altered by many pathogens e.g. bacteria and fungi and the nonspecific kind of innate immunity is responsible for providing protection against these invading pathogens. The aim of this study is to assess the inhibitory effect of rhinacanthin‑C on phagocytic activities to obtain important insights into its ability to suppress phagocytes. Phagocytosis activity of innate immune cell was monitored using a flowcytometer and myeloperoxidase activity assay was conducted using a myeloperoxidase activity colorimetric assay. Rhinacanthin‑C at 100.0 and 6.25 μg/ml significantly showed strong inhibition of phagocytosis with percentage of 26.40% and 30.59% respectively, in comparison with the positive control (p< 0.001). A dose-dependent (50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.13 μg/ml) inhibition of MPO activity of rhinacanthin-C was observed and show high activity compared to control cells (p< 0.001). This finding indicated that rhinacanthin-C was able to suppress human phagocyte response and emphasizing their potency as immunomodulatory agents. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to elucidate other immunomodulatory responses.
Keywords: macrophage, monocyte, myeloperoxidase, phagocytosis, rhinacanthin-C
Characterization of Phytochemicals in Methanolic Extract of Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees Collected from Kanyakumary Coast of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sakunthala M , John Peter Paul J
Published: September 2024

The present study was aimed to explore the preliminary phytochemicals analysis of Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees collected from Kanyakumari in the Southern coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract was carried out using Harborne method, followed by the characterization was done using FT-IR and HPLC. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of the following secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, emodines, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phlobatannins, coumarins, steroids, diterpenes and triterpenoids. The crude methanol extract of Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees was passed into FTIR and it confirmed the presence of functional groups such as alcohols and phenols, aliphatic compounds, aromatic nitro compound, amides, vinyl ethers, organophosphorus compounds, amines, sulfonyl chloride, primary aliphatic amines, ketones, phosphines and aliphatic compound. HPLC fingerprint of Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees displayed three prominent peaks at the retention time of 2.050min, 2.493min and 3.427min out of six compounds separated.
Keywords: Seaweeds, Phytochemicals, Secondary metabolites, FTIR, HPLC
Advancement in Novel Drug Delivery System: Niosomes
Authors: Sharma Rajni , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N. , Hira Shabnam , Monika ,
Published: September 2024

Niosomes represent a promising drug delivery module. Noisome same as to liposome and Noisome represent alternative vesicular drug delivery systems with respect to liposomes, due to the noisome ability to encapsulate the different type of drugs within their multi environmental structure. Niosomes are thoughts to be a better system for drug delivery as compared to liposomes due to various factors like cost, stability etc. They are many types of drug deliveries that can be possible using niosomes like targeting, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc. In recent research, comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. Niosomes proved to better drug carrier system and has the potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Noisome used more than fifty drugs are tried in niosomal formulations by the intravenous route, per oral administration, trans-dermal route of administration, and inhalation preparation, ocular nasal route of administration. Treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a revolutionary work in recent years. The large numbers of disease-specific biological have been developed, and also emphasis has been made to effectively deliver these biological. Niosomes shows an emerging class of novel vesicular systems. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicles composed primarily of synthetic surfactant and cholesterol. Comprehensive research carried over noisome as a drug carrier. Various drugs are enlisted and tried in noisome surfactant vesicles. This article presents an overview of the techniques of preparation of noisome, types of noisome, characterization and their applications.
Keywords-Niosomes; Method of preparation; Evaluation study; Application of Niosomes
Recent updates on natural compounds in treatment of diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive Approach
Authors: Bais Nidhi , Choudhary G.P.
Published: September 2024

Diabetes is one of the major public health concerns over the world Persistent hyperglycemia or uncontrolled diabetes has the potential to cause serious complications such as kidney disease, vision loss, cardiovascular disease, and lower-limb amputations which contributed towards morbidity and mortality Herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine are synonymous, utilizes plants intended for medicinal purposes. Medicinal use of herbal medicine in the treatment and prevention of diseases including diabetes has a long history compared to conventional medicine Several medicinal plants and their preparations have been demonstrated to act at key points of glucidic metabolism. The most common mechanisms of action found include the inhibition of α-glucosidase and of AGE formation, the increase of GLUT-4 and PPARs expression and antioxidant activity. However, the selection of herbs might depends on several factors, which include the stage of progression of diabetes, types of comorbidities that the patients are having, availability, affordability as well as the safety profile of the herbs. This review focuses on the herbal and natural remedies that play the role in the treatment or prevention of this morbid disorder e diabetes, including their underlying mechanisms for the blood glucose-lowering property and the herbal products already been marketed for the remedial action of diabetes
Keywords: Diabetes, kidney disease, vision loss, α-glucosidase
A Review on Microsponge Delivery System
Authors: Hans Mansi , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N , Sharma Diksha , Monika ,
Published: September 2024

Microsponge is recent novel technique for control release and target specific drug delivery system. Microsponge technology has been introduced in pharmaceutical industry to provide the controlled release of active drug ingredient for the application into the skin in order to decrease systemic exposure and reduce local cutaneous reactions to active drugs. Microsponges comprises of microporous beads, typically 10-25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. The microsponge releases its active ingredient on a time mode, when applied to the skin,  and also in response to other stimuli that are used mostly for topical and recently for oral administration. Microsponge technology has many favourable characteristics which make It all around suitable as drug delivery vehicle. Microsponge systems can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, cream, liquid or powder. The outer surface is mostly porous, allowing the sustained flow of substances out of the sphere. Microsponge drug delivery system causes increased efficacy for the topically active agents with enhanced safety and product stability for a longer period of time with reduction in side effects. In addition their non-allergenic, non-irritating, non-mutagenic and nontoxic behaviour makes them the suitable dosage form. The present review emphasis Microsponge drug delivery system along with its release mechanism.
Keywords: Novel drug delivery system, Microsponges, Microsponge drug delivery system, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method.
A Recent Review on Film Forming Topical Formulation
Authors: Nimase S A , Patil P B , Saudagar R B
Published: September 2024

Film forming  topical formulation is solutions / sprays , gels , emulsion are a novel approach is as an alternative to the conventional dosage formed  used on the topically on skin , such as ointment , creams or patches .The polymeric solution is an applied to the skin as a liquid and forms a transparent invisible film by solvent evaporation the aim of this review was to search for alternatives to the conventional dosage forms .it is a novel approach helpful in providing  sustained release drug delivery system with increase resistance time  ,reduce skin irritation , improve skin adhesion property , increase drug  release  and increase patient comfortability.
Keywords: film  forming formulation , transdermal drug delivery ,evaluation parameter.
Standardization and Quality Evaluation of Herbal Drugs
Authors: Bhusnure Omprakash G , Suryawanshi Shivraj , Vijayendra Swamy S.M. , Gholve Sachin B , Girm Padmaja S. , Birajdar Mahesh J
Published: September 2024

In recent years most, people throughout world are turning to use medicinal plant and herbal product in healthcare system. the use of herbal product as medicine by the basis of history. The identification of pure active ingredient is an important requirement for Quality and dose determination of plant related dugs. Therefore, evaluation of the parameters based upon chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological studies can serve as an important tool in stability studies. Standardization of herbal drugs means confirmation of its identity, Quality and purity. The present overview covers the standardization parameters with their standards value of some herbal drugs.
Keywords: Herbal medicine, Standardization, Quality control, evaluation, WHO Guidelines.
Phytopharmaceuticals and In-Vitro Antioxidant Potentials of Soyabean Methonolic Extract
Authors: Menaria Jeevan , Vaghela Jai Singh , Singune Shanti Lal
Published: September 2024

Soyabean methanolic extract were used for investigation of phytopharmaceuticals and antioxidant potentials. The extract was analyzed for total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH assay. The results depicted that the methonolic extract have broad range of antioxidants present in it.
Keywords: phytopharmaceuticals, Soyabean methanolic extract, antioxidant
Floating Drug Delivery System: A comprehensive review
Authors: Patil Prashant , Baviskar Priyanka , Saudagar Ravindranath B.
Published: September 2024

The recent literature with some special interest on the principal mechanism of floatation to obtain gastric retention is the main purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). The recent developments in floating drug delivery systems are containing the physiological and formulation variables impacting on gastric retention time, approaches to formulating of single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are discussed in detail. This review also summarizes evaluation parameters and application of floating drug delivery systems. These systems are useful to several problems introduced during the formulations of a pharmaceutical dosage form.
Keywords: floating drug delivery system, gastro-retention, floating beads, gastric technology.
Conjugation of Ibuprofen to Poly Ethylene Glycol and In-vitro drug release evaluation
Authors: Dutta Sikhamoni , Das Gupta Debapratim
Published: September 2024

Polymers have become an integral part of drug delivery systems due to their improved pharmacokinetics properties. Polymer conjugation is a well-known and widely exploited technique useful to improve therapeutic properties of peptides, proteins, small molecules and oligonucleotides. Polymer conjugated drug generally exhibit prolonged half-life, higher stability, water solubility, lower immunogenicity, antigenicity and often also to the specific targeting tissue. Polymer materials are designed to be capable of delivering active substance. to the target diseased tissues and  cells. Conjugation of Ibuprofen and polyethylene glycol (PEG) helps to increase the duration of action of the parent drug. The PEG-Ibu conjugates were synthesized from ibuprofen and PEG with two different molecular weights by esterification in the presence of DCC and DMAP. The PEG-Ibu conjugation characterized by FT-IR, UV, DSC and NMR and also in-vitro drug release study in different buffer at different ph.
Keyword: Polymer, Conjugation, In vitro, prodrug, spacer molecule.
Development and Validation of UV- Spectrophotometric Method for estimation of Vancomycin Hydrochloride
Authors: Pande Saikat , Parikh Jolly R
Published: September 2024

UV-spectrophotometry refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This method of analysis is gaining importance as it is rapid, simple, precise, less time consuming and highly accurate. The objective of the present investigation was to develop an accurate, rapid and robust method for determination of Vancomycin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations by using UV spectrophotometric method. Vancomycin hydrochloride shows maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 281 nm, which is used for this study. The method provides a linear response from a quantitation range of 20 µg/ml to 100 µg/ml in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with regression equation y = 0.0038x + 0.0045 and r2 0.9994. Interday precision and accuracy was found to be below 0.2 and above 99.00% respectively for the developed method. Thus the developed method may be suitably applied for regular quality control of Vancomycin hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations.
Keywords: Vancomycin hydrochloride, spectroscopic method, validation.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Bilayer Tablet for Effective Treatment of Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Rohit Ajay , Patel Mukesh Kumar , Manigauha Ashish
Published: September 2024

The present study was aimed at developing Gastro retentive bilayer drug delivery systems containing esomeprazole and clarithromycin for the treatment of H. pylori induced gastric ulcer to minimize the side effect, improve the prolongation of action, to reduce the frequency of drug administration. The tablet is characterized by immediate release layer of esomeprazole and Gastroretentive layer of clarithromycin. The formulation containing Gastroretentive layer was designed using HPMC K 15, HPMC K4 and PVP K30 as floating agents, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as gas-generating agent. Crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium was used as superdisintegrant for the preparation of immediate release layer. The prepared Gastroretentive layer was evaluated for their precompression parameters, physical characteristics like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content, swelling index, In-vitro floating studies and In-vitro drug release. The release of the esomeprazole from the immediate release layer was found to be 89.98 % in 15minutes. The release of clarithromycin for the sustained release floating layer was found to be 98.89±0.47% in 12 hours. The data obtained from In-vitro release were fitted into the various kinetic models (Zero Order, Higuchi, First Order and Korsmeyer–Peppas Model).
Keywords: Esomeprazole, Clarithromycin, Bilayer floating tab, Crospovidone, Superdisintegrant
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Extract of Allivum sativum (Garlic) Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
Authors: Gupta Durgesh Kumari , Kesharwani Shivangi , Sharma N.K. , Gupta Mahesh K.
Published: September 2024

The present study aim to get novel approach of herbal chitosan nanoparticle to get improved efficacy of the drug with a less side effect. The present study include formulation and evaluation of chitosan loaded nanoparticle of Allivum sativum by using ionic gelation method. In present study five different formulations were prepared by using the different ratio of polymer and TPP. The prepared nanoparticle was evaluated for its particle size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), production yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), stability and in-vitro drug release. The optimized Allivum sativum extract loaded chitosan nanoparticle was found with production yield of 73.59%. They were found round shape and with smooth surface. The in-vitro release profile sustained up to 90.65 %. Thus results have found F1 formulation was more stable. It showed highest in-vitro drug release. So it was found that F1 was best formulation among the all batches prepared. This formulation can be further use to treat disease like cancer.
Keywords: Chitosan nanoparticle, SEM, Allivum sativum, Anti-cancer activity, Chemotherapy
Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development: A Review
Authors: Saudagar R B , Mahale Manisha M
Published: September 2024

High performance liquid chromatography is one of the most accurate method widely used for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of drug product and it is used for determining drug product stability. Stability indicating HPLC methods are used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacturing of drug product. This article discusses the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance.
Keywords: stability indicating method, high performance liquid chromatography, drug substance.
Effect of pH and Gastrointestinal Enzymes on Stability of Psoralen, Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol using Simultaneous TLC Densitometric Method and Standardization of commercial formulations containing Psoralea cordyfollia Linn.
Authors: Chopade Jyotsna Rudrakumar , Mahadik Kakasaheb R. , Sathiyanarayanan L. , Nikam Ajinkya
Published: September 2024

Psoralea corylifolia is used for treatmet of skin diseases such as psoriasis, vitiligo. Psoralen is responsible for its effectiveness against psoriasis. Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol are DNA polymerase and topoisomerase II inhibitors. To study the effect of pH and gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes on Psoralen, Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol from Psoralea corylifolia Linn using a simple, sensitive, accurate and robust high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method. The method was performed on silica gel 60 F254with n- Hexane : Ethyl acetate ( 7.5 : 2.5 v/v)  as the mobile phase. Densitometric scanning at 285 nm for Psoralen, Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol was used. The method was validated as per the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). In addition the applicability of the method was tested for the standardization of both mono and polyherbal formulations containing the above markers. The Rf values of 0.37, 0.48 and 0.63 were obtained for Psoralen, Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol respectively. The linearity range of 20-120 ng spot-1,  20-120 ng spot-1 and 80-280 ng spot-1  with good correlation coefficients of r2 = 0.998, 0.998 and 0.999 were obtained for Psoralen, Bakuchicin and Bakuchiol  respectively. The method was applied for the in vitro stability studies of above markers in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids to study the effect of pH and GI enzymes. Psoralen was found to be most stable in the simulated physiological fluids whereas other two compounds showed instability. The method was found to be precise, robust and suitable for the routine quality control analysis of plant extracts and polyherbal formulations.
Keywords: Psoralea corylifolia Linn, Leguminoceae, HPTLC, Enzymatic stability
Anticancer Activity of Bee Venom against Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549 Cells) Enhanced by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Syzygium Aromaticum
Authors: Bagyalakshmi Balasubramanian , Lalitha Priyadarshini Sivamani , Balamurugan Angusamy
Published: September 2024

Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum. Total phenolic content and iron oxide nanoparticles were found to increasing with concentration of extract and had higher antioxidant activity. The UV-Visible spectral analysis showed absorption peaks at 240 nm. SEM image of nanoparticles revealed that they were aggregated and had irregular shape. The signals obtained in EDAX spectrum imply that particles synthesized were iron oxide nanoparticles. The FT-IR spectrum revealed that nanoparticles which is capped by C-H group of alkane. The average size of nanoparticles was 52 nm. The nanoparticles were mixed with bee venom in various ratios to enhance anticancer activity and were identified as 1:1. MTT assay of 1:1 volume ratio of iron oxide nanoparticles and bee venom was found to have cytotoxicity higher than absence of nanoparticles. It confirmed the enhancement of anticancer activity by iron oxide nanoparticles of clove extract.
Keywords: Syzygium aromaticum; Green synthesis; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Bee venom; Anticancer activity.
A view of Homoeopathy on Musculoskeletal Disorders in Sports Injuries
Authors: Nayak Chintamani , Hati Akshay K , Pati Samar , Dhal Subhashree , PAITAL BISWARANJAN
Published: September 2024

Musculoskeletal disorders and treatment focus on various aspects of Repetitive Motion Injuries, Repetitive Strain Injuries, Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Occupational Cervico-brachial Disorders, Overuse Syndrome, Regional Musculoskeletal Disorders, Soft Tissue Disorders, Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Musculoskeletal Disorders. It can be seen in the elderly, arthritis, drug interaction checker, fibromyalgia, living healthy, lupus osteoarthritis, pill identifier, rheumatoid arthritis, sports injuries, etc. Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common problems in sport injuries resulting loss of mobility and physical independence. Homoeopathic treatment schedule considers disease as a dynamic unit and the derangement of the whole man, expressed through the particular organs of the body, i.e. the ‘whole man’ is primarily diseased and individual organs/parts are only secondarily affected. It distinguishes each entity suffering from various or same diseases as different from others, because individuals are inimitable by virtue of their particular and peculiar mental and physical states, and characteristics. Concisely, it lays emphasis on, the ‘person diagnosis’, instead of the ‘disease diagnosis’. Therefore,” every diseases has a cure” is the believe of homoeopathy. Under this flow of homeopathy principle, the aim of this article is to present some of the most frequent musculoskeletal disorders in sports Injuries and their homoeopathic treatment schedule .Sports is an essential part of each nation. There are many ways to classify sports injuries based on the time taken for the tissues to become injured, tissue type affected, severity of the injury, and type of the injury occurred in the individual. Therefore, different homeopathic treatments are required to tackle different category of injury especially the outcomes of sport activities.
Keywords: Acute injuries, homoeopathy, overuse injuries, prevention, sports injuries, treatment.
Identification of functional groups in Corbichonia decumbens by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: ARUNPRASATH A , Indhumathi M.
Published: September 2024

The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical compounds and FTIR analysis of Corbichonia decumbens. The FTIR method was performed on a spectrophotometer system, which was used to detect the characteristic peak values and their functional groups. The results showed in preliminary phytochemical analysis are Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides, Steroids were observed in hexane and ethanol extracts. The phenol and tannins were only present in the ethanolic extract. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional compounds in the ethanol extracts. In FTIR analysis of C. decumbens there are 33 functional groups were identified. The FTIR analysis of C. decumbens was the first attempt based on the literature survey.
Studies on Chromene based 2, 6-disubstituted-Thiazolo [3,2-B] [1,2,4] Triazole derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Naseer Md Arif , Husain Asif
Published: September 2024

In this study, a series of novel chromene based 2,6-disubstituted-thiazolo[3,2-b] [1,2,4] triazole derivatives (7a-g) were synthesized by condensing 5-substituted-1,2,4-traizole-thione (6a-g) using poly phosphoric acid through one pot reaction. The structure of new compounds was supported by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated using writhing assays for analgesic and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method for anti-inflammatory activities respectively. Some of the newly synthesized compounds 7c, 7f and 7g showed very good anti-inflammatory activity with 90.83%, 85.81% and 88.40% protection respectively along with low GI toxicity as compared to standard drug ibuprofen while compounds 7a, 7b, 7d and 7f showed highest analgesic activity with 52.54%, 54.02%, 56.76% and 52.45% protection among them compound 7d showed better protection than standard drug ibuprofen.
Keywords: thiazolo-triazoles, Chromene, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
A Review on Finasteride: A 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors, its Mechanism, Facts and Benefits
Authors: Nemane Shraddha T. , Bhusnure Omprakash G. , Gholve Sachin B. , Mitakari Pooja R. , Karwa Pawan N.
Published: September 2024

This review gives the information about the Finasteride i.e. 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Primarily finasteride isused to treat BPH i.e benign prostatic hyperplasia and male androgenetic alopecia. Five-alpha reductase inhibitors (5α-RIs) could stimulate male sexual dysfunction due to their effects on testosterone and DHT i.e. dihydrotestosterone. Some studies account insignificant or acceptable adverse effects, which decrease after a changeable period of time so that they do not require terminating finasteride administration. The 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride blocks the conversion of TT to DHT i.e. testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the androgen responsible for androgenetic alopecia i.e. male pattern hair loss. This paper presents a possible explanation of the Finasteride drug.
Keywords: Finasteride, 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, BPH, DHT, alopecia.
A Review on Quality by Design Approach (QBD) for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Bhise Jayashri J. , Bhusnure Omprakash G. , Mule Shrikrishna T. , Mujewar Imran N. , Gholve Sachin B. , Jadhav Pallavi U.
Published: September 2024

Quality by Design is the modern approach for quality of pharmaceuticals. It describes use of Quality by Design to ensure quality of Pharmaceuticals. In this review, the Quality by Design is described and some of its elements identified. Process parameters and quality attributes are identified for each unit operation. Benefits, opportunities and steps involved in Quality by Design of Pharmaceutical products are described. It is based on the ICH Guidelines Q8 for pharmaceutical development, Q9 for quality risk management, Q10 for pharmaceutical quality systems. It also gives application of Quality by Design in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. It includes the Quality target product profile, critical quality attributes and key aspects of Quality by Design. It also gives comparison between product quality by end product testing and product quality by Quality by Design. The foundation of Quality by Design is ICH Guidelines.
Keywords: QbD design, ICH, QTPP, CQA, PAT.
Pharmaceutical Creams and their use in wound healing: A Review
Authors: Rai Pratikcha , Poudyl Adarsh Pratik , Das Sujit
Published: September 2024

Creams have been used as topical preparations since time immemorial due to their ease of application to the skin and also their removal. Pharmaceutical creams have a variety of applications ranging from cosmetic purposes such as cleansing, beautifying, altering appearance, moisturizing etc. to skin protection against bacterial, fungal infections as well as healing cuts, burns, wounds on the skin. The human skin is easily vulnerable to injury but it has the capability to heal on its own. However, the natural healing process can take time and there is also risk of infection especially in the early stages of injury. In such cases, creams can be applied to the site of injury to speed up the healing process as well as protect the wound from infection. In this review of literature, we have focused on the use of pharmaceutical creams for wound healing with detailed discussion relating to the wound healing process, suitable methods of preparation of creams; their classification based on their function, characteristics and emulsion type and the various types of creams, ingredients used in the formulation of creams and their various evaluation parameters.
Keywords: Cream, Wound Healing
Designing and Molecular Modeling Studies on Novel Bisindole-imidazopyridine Against Adrenocarcinoma
Authors: MOURYA AMAN , Kapoor Kapish
Published: September 2024

Adrenocarcinoma is an uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells originating in the ducts or breast lobules. EGFR or Epidermal growth factor receptor is a transmembrane protein with cytoplasmic kinase activity that transduces important growth factor signaling from the extracellular milieu to the cell. 45 bisindole-imdazopyridine analogues were obtained from the literature. Free-wilson QSAR studies were erformed on the given data set. Compounds were designed on the basis of QSAR studies. Further, Molecular docking studies were performed on the designed compounds to check the binding affinity on the protein. After that Drug-likeliness and ADMET studies were performed on the selected molecules. The results revealed that the selected analogues can be used against the treatment of adrenocarcinoma.
Keywords: Adrenocarcinoma, bisindole-imidazopyridine, QSAR, Molecular Docking, ADME studies.
Hepatotoxicity and Antioxidants: An overview
Authors: Fikry Ebtehal Mohammad , Ahmed Ahmady Yousef
Published: September 2024

The liver is responsible for several functions in the body including performing and controlling the homeostasis as well as nutrient and energy supply, metabolism and growth. It activates and inactivates exogenous and endogenous xenobiotics due to it has a defense mechanism but this sometimes inadequate, resulting in pathological conditions that influence the function and structure of the liver compartment leading to pathophysiological changes which may results in hepatotoxicity. It is the main reason for withdrawing of some drugs from marketing. Antioxidants are the substances those are present at low levels and significantly delay or prevent oxidation of the oxidizable substrate. They are one solution for controlling the hepatotoxicity. It is necessary to obtain a comprehensive article giving us overview information about hepatotoxicity and antioxidants relationship.
Keywords: Hepatotoxicity – Antioxidants - Pathophysiological changes
An Eco-benign Synthesis of AgNps using Hydroalcoholic Extract of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck : Anticancer Response against Human Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7
Authors: Chintamani Ravindra Bhausaheb , Salunkhe Kishor S. , Kharat Kiran R. , Chavan Macchindra J.
Published: September 2024

Breast Cancer is the second foremost reason of Cancer mortality in females globally. The conventional treatments available for Breast Cancer include surgery yet they are related to serious side effects that have moved the worldwide focus towards Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM). One of the emerging strategies has been the use of plant extracts for synthesizing metal nanoparticles (such as gold and silver) for anticancer applications. The objective of this study is to reflect the current availed study on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) with its future prospects to treat Breast Cancer. The development of eco-friendly and reliable techniques for silver nanoparticles synthesis is a vital initiative in the area of nanotechnology. Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck Leaves Extract (LE) prepared by maceration process and silver nanoparticles of LE prepared by using biological reduction method. Female rats were divided into 5 groups, Group-I served as Positive Control and received normal saline. Group-II served Negative Control (Tumor Bearing) and was treated with single dose of MCF 7. Breast Cancer Cells (1.7 mg/pellet). Group-III served Standard Control (Tumor Bearing) treated with Paclitaxel 40 mg/Kg. Group-IV served test and treated with LE 400 mg/Kg, Group-V served test and treated with LENP 400 mg/Kg respectively about 21 days and on 21th day blood samples were collected for Hematological Parameters and Feed and Water Consumption, Body Weight Determination and Organ Weight were estimated. These discoveries infer that the synthesized Silver nanoparticles utilizing green nanotechnology could be a perfect methodology to battle malignant growth and irresistible ailments.
Keywords:  Breast Cancer, Nanotechnology, Synthesis, , MCF-7, CAM
A REVIEW ON CONCEPT OF GRIVASANDHIGATAVATA AND ITS MANAGEMENT WSR CERVICAL SPOMDYLOSIS
Authors: Gautam Dr. pinkee , Singh Dr. Priyanka , Sahu Dr Ajay Kumar , Joshi Prof.Ram Kishor
Published: September 2024

Cervical spondylosis is caused by degenerative disc disease and usually produces intermittent neck pain in middle aged and elderly aged patients. This pain usually responds to activity modification, neck immobilization, isometric exercise, and medication. Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative condition of the cervical spine that most likely is caused by age-related changes in the intervertebral discs. Clinically, several syndromes, both overlapping and distinct are seen: Neck and shoulder pain, suboccipital pain and headache, radicular symptoms, and cervical spondylosis may coexist. As disc degeneration occurs, mechanical stresses result in osteophytic bars which form along the ventral aspect of the spinal canal. Any disease related to locomotor system of the body can be considered in the umbrella of ‘Vata Vyadhi’. SandhigataVata is mentioned under Vata Vyadhi. Acharya Charaka has mentioned that Nidana Sevana aggravates Vata Dosha and this Vata gets vitiated in Griva Asthi and Sandhi it leads to Griva-SandhiGataVata. Key Words: Griva-SandhigataVata, Cervical Spondylosis, management, Nidana.
Efficacy of Unani Formulation in Patients With GERD: A Case Series
Authors: Zafar Maryam , Latafat Tabassum , Naseer Mursaleen , Talat Hina
Published: September 2024

abstract
 
Objective: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as the backward flow of gastric contents into the oesophagus. A small amount of reflux occurs in normal individuals. It is a common disease with a prevalence as high as 10% - 20% in the western world. The disease may develop typical, atypical oesophageal and extra-oesophageal symptoms, complications, and can adversely affect an individual's quality of life. Management of GERD may involve lifestyle modification, medical therapy with PPIs, and anti - reflux surgery. But this is having adverse effects. So, the present study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of unani formulation in the treatment of GERD.
 
 Material & Methods: We conducted this study on ten clinically diagnosed cases of GERD attending the Moalejat OPD at AKTCH, AMU Aligarh.
 
Results: All the symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, nausea, water brash, sleeplessness were significantly improved after the 45 days treatment with this Unani formulation. The result was analyzed and shown on Likert’s scale.
 
Conclusion: The preliminary findings indicate that this Unani drug formulation is effective in patients with GERD.
 
Key words: GERD, Unani formulation, PPIs.
Quality By Design: A Systematic Approach for the Analytical Method Validation
Authors: Kumari Nisha , Singh Bhupendra , Saini Geetanjali , Chaudhary Amit , Verma Kritika , Vyas Manish
Published: September 2024

The scientific way to develop an easy and robust analytical technique for critical analysis is a QbD approach. QbD is a systematic approach to product or method development that begins with predefined objectives and uses science and risk management approaches to achieve product and method understanding and ultimately method control. The aim of the analytical QbD is to achieve quality in measurement. The main objective of this review to explain different steps involved in method development by the QbD approach for analytical method development and describes the implementation of QbD in analytical procedure validation. The advantages of applying QbD principles to analytical technique include discovering and minimizing the source of variability that may lead to poor method robustness and ensuring that the method meets its intended performance need throughout the product and method lifecycle.
Keywords: Quality by design (QbD), Risk Analysis, Analytical method validation
Effect of Senna and Radish Extracts on Hepatic Function in High Fat Diet Fed and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Jani Deepti Kaushalkumar , Goswami Sunita
Published: September 2024

Hyperlipidaemia and diabetes are widely associated with liver injury. Senna and radish leaves have been reported to possess anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. However, there is not enough information of these herbal medicines on hepatic function of rats with metabolic disorders. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to screen herbal extracts of senna and radish leaves on hepatic function in high fat fed and diabetic rats.
Qualitative phytochemical investigation was done as per standard procedures. Quantitative phytochemical investigation was done using gravimetric method and HPLC analysis. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed on their respective diet (high fat/ normal pellet diet) for 16 weeks and thereafter, all the rats were divided into seven groups for high fat diet model and into eight groups for streptozotocin and high fat diet-induced diabetes model. Treatment duration was 07 weeks for high fat diet models and 03 weeks for diabetes model. Parameters studied in these models were body weight, food intake, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, liver weight and liver histopathology. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates and saponins, while quantitative analysis revealed presence of rutin and myricetin in radish extract and presence of sennoside and rutin in senna extract. Treatment groups showed significant decrease in body weight, food intake, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Significant improvement was observed in liver histopathology in extract treated groups. It is concluded that senna and radish leaf extracts significantly ameliorated liver function.
Keywords: Diabetes, High fat diet, Hepatic, Senna, Radish
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Onion Peels Containing Protocatechuic Acid
Authors: Damle Mrinalini C. , Tembhurne Sachin V. , Todkar Swapnil R.
Published: September 2024

India is the second largest country for cultivation of onion. 19.90% of onion is cultivated in India. Onion that is Allium cepa family Amaryllidaceae used in daily diet for taste. Onions also have number of medicinal properties, such as hepatoprotection, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-agging, anti-inflammatory, anticancer etc.[1-2] The dried scales or peels of onion also have the same medicinal constituents with same activity as raw onions. The onion peels contains flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavones (qurcertin and its derivatives), ferulic, Gallic, protocatechuic acids, sulphur, vitamins etc. In the present study determination of protocatechuic acid in onion peels extract has been performed using HPTLC. HPTLC separation was carried out on Merck TLC aluminium sheets precoated with silica gel 60F254 using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (6: 6: 1.2 v/v/v) as mobile phase.[3-11] Quantitative analysis was carried out in the absorbance mode at 258 nm. Hydroalcoholic extract was tested for hepatoprotective activity in wistar rats (either sex) by using CCl4 as hepatotoxicity inducing agent and Silamyrin as standard. Hydroalcoholic extract shows hepatoprotective activity as indicated by decrease in the level of SGOT, SGPT, total protein, billirubin an which hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 intraperitonial injection route to animal, from the result it may be concluded that onion peels extract may be used for hepatoprotective activity.
Keywords: Onion peel extract, Protocatechuic acid, HPTLC, hepatoprotection.
NMR, Mass and DFT Studies of Ariose: A Novel Oligosaccharide from Donkey (Equus asinus) Milk
Authors: Singh Pushpraj , Gupta Nitin Kumar , Deepak Desh
Published: September 2024

Oligosaccharides play a key role in various physiological, pathological and biological activities such as biological recognition, anti-complementary, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, lipid lowering, immunological activities, prebiotic activity and hypoglycemic activity. In our endeavour to find biologically active novel oligosaccharides, donkey milk was taken, which is a rich source of oligosaccahrides and its milk is used as anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant and heart strengthening agent in folk medicine. For this purpose donkey milk was processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg followed by Gel filtration HPLC and Column Chromatography (CC) which resulted in the isolation of one novel milk oligosaccharide namely Ariose. The structure of purified milk oligosaccharide was determined with the help of chemical degradation, chemical transformation, spectroscopic techniques like 1D-NMR (1H and 13C), 2D-NMR (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC), Structure Reporter Group (SRG) theory and Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The geometry optimization of compound was done by using B3LYP method at 6-31G (d, p) basis set employing Density Functional Theory (DFT).
Antioxidant Properties of Papayasayanam Extract of Carica papaya Stem Straw
Authors: Sivasankari M. , Poongothai A. , Sudha M. , Saranraj P. , Amala K.
Published: September 2024

Medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine are well-known significant sources of natural antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds which inhibit the oxidation and in general prolong the life of the oxidizable matter. Majority of the diseases are predominantly linked to oxidative stress due to free radicals. The free radicals are species with very short half-life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw. The results of the present research has showed that the Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw has highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power activity when compared to control Ascorbic acid. So, these results indicated that the Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw exhibited free radical scavenging activity against hydrogen peroxide and reducing power. Therefore, the papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw could be a potential source of natural remediates that would have great importance as therapeutic agents.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Carica papaya, Therapeutic agents and Natural remediates.
Formulation and Evaluation of Novel Herbal Formulations Incorporated with Amla Extract for Improved Stability
Authors: Madhavi Nupur , Kumar Dharmender , Naman Subh , Singh Mela , Singh Preet Amol , Bajwa Neha , Baldi Ashish
Published: September 2024

The objective of the present study was to formulate effervescent and fast dispersible granules by incorporating the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis as an alternate of liquid herbal juices available in market. Amla juice was extracted manually and then subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which indicates the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, proteins and phytosterols. Lyophilized amla powder was used to formulate effervescent and fast dispersible granules which were further optimized on the basis of concentration of superdisintegrants and effervescent producing agents like croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Powdered formulations were then evaluated on basis of their flow properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index, hausner’s ratio, effervescent cessation time and disintegration time. Among all the effervescent formulations F2 was found to be optimum as it was having least disintegration time of 22 seconds and showed excellent flow properties. In case of the fast dispersible formulations the optimum strength were shown by formulations F9 having croscarmellose with least disintegration time of 52 seconds. Total phenolic content of fresh amla juice were found to be 8.94 mg GAE/100 gm and estimation of ascorbic acid and gallic acid in lyophilized amla powder and developed formulations was carried out by HPTLC. In vitro antioxidant activity of lyophilized amla powder was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. IC50 value of lyophilized amla powder was found to be 32 ± 0.25 ug/ml calculated in comparison to standard ascorbic acid possessing IC50 value of 25.80 ± 0.2 ug/ml.  Results of present study reveals that developed formulations may serve as alternate product with better quality, consistency and stability in comparison to available herbal liquid formulations.
Keywords: Anti-oxidant, Dispersible granules, Effervescent granules, Emblica officinalis.