bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal distribution of zooplankton in the northern basin of Lake Chad*
Authors: Robinson A. H. , Robinson Patricia K.
Published: May 2010

More than 300 pairs of fine and coarse mesh plankton net samples were collected in the northern basin of Lake Chad during an 18‐month period, June 1967 to November 1968. The seasonal distribution and abundance of the dominant species of Rotifera and Crustacea are given in addition to a general description of the hydrology and circulation of the northern basin of the lake. The composition and abundance of the zooplankton varied considerably over the sampling period; a generalized seasonal cycle is suggested. Synoptic estimates of absolute abundance are presented and compared to those in the southeastern portion of the lake,
The ability of Clarias lazera (Pisces) to survive without air breathing
Authors: Abdel‐Magid A. M.
Published: May 2010

The respiratory behaviour of Clarias lazera under different conditions was investigated.

In water saturated with air but with the fish allowed access to the surface (Fig. 2) the respiratory movements were seen to increase before it surfaced. Once the fish had settled at the bottom of the aquarium, however, a marked drop in the frequency occurred (Fig. 4): The rate gradually built up, reaching a certain maximum before a revisit to the surface was made.

At low oxygen concentrations but again with the fish allowed access to the surface (Fig. 2), diminution of the oxygen content of the water to critical value 4‐3 mg/l. resulted in a marked increase in the frequency of surfacing (Fig. 7(a)). This lasted for only a short period, however, before the fish became acclimated and showed a regular pattern of surfacing at a relatively lower rate (Fig. 7(b)). The frequency again is influenced by the activity of the fish.

These results conflict with Moussa's (1957) findings and show that Clarias does not die if prevented from surfacing provided that the oxygen concentration in the surrounding water is sufficiently high. This condition, however, imposes on the fish a respiratory frequency higher than normal.

It was concluded that surfacing in Clarias is rhythmic. It is affected in the first place by the activity of the fish and secondly influenced by the oxygen concentration in water. The fish surfaces to inhale air which comes in contact with the accessory respiratory organs where gaseous exchange takes place.
The food of some Australian anurans (Amphibia)
Authors: Pengilley R. K.
Published: May 2010

Analysis of the stomach contents of adults of three species of the genus Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae) occurring in south‐eastern New South Wales showed that the diet consists mainly of ants or termites. In P. corroboree differences in size and taxonomic categories of prey items were associated with the size of the predator. Seasonal variation in feeding activity of the adults, which was related to the seasonal change in temperature, was also revealed.

Differences in diet of five species living in the same area were seen. Both P. corroboree and P. dendyi fed on similar food items. The stomach contents of Crinia signifera and juvenile P. corroboree were similar which suggested that they were feeding in the same zone. Hyla verreauxi, a large ground dwelling hylid appeared to feed on larger insect items.
A histological and hormonal analysis of physiological and morphological chromatophore responses in the soft‐shelled turtle Trionyx sp.*
Authors: Bartley John A.
Published: May 2010

Exceptionally little information is available on the nature of pigmentary responses in chelonians. It has been suggested that changes in pigmentation in these animals require relatively long intervals of time and that these changes are morphological in character. Because of the uniqueness of the skin on the carapace and plastron of the soft‐shelled turtle, Trionyx, it has been possible to describe the interaction of the various pigment cells in their contribution to the colouration of the integument. In Trionyx, the distribution of the pigment cells is similar to those described for other reptiles. In addition, it has been established that spotting and related patterns are due to increased cell populations and/or differences in the degree of pigment dispersion within the melanin‐containing cells. Analysis of the epidermis has demonstrated the existence of functional units of melanin production and distribution‐epidermal melanin units. Light adaptation studies have shown that changes in colouration are primarily physiological in nature. With time, these changes may be reinforced by secondary, morphological changes. In vitro and in vivo studies with known melanin dispersing and aggregating substances strongly suggest that the regulatory mechanisms behind these changes are hormonal and not neural in origin.
The free nerve endings in fish epidermis
Authors: Whitear Mary
Published: May 2010

Electron micrographs are presented to show the appearance of nerve fibres in the epidermis of teleost fish, most of which are believed to come to free endings. Nerve fibres are wrapped for part of their course in the borders of epithelial cells. There is little morphological change in the nerves as they run in the epidermis, but their fibrillar structure becomes less organized as the end is approached. Many of the nerve fibres are varicose, with mitochondria accumulated in the varicosities. Many fibres contain vesicles, and some contain bodies with an electron‐dense core. Nerve fibres have not been seen to reach to the surface of the epithelium, although they may reach to within half a micrometre of the surface in some places. Most of the superficial nerve fibres run between or below the outer layer of epithelial cells.
Intertidal polychaetes from Kuwait, Arabian Gulf, with descriptions of three new species
Authors: Mohammad Murad‐B. M.
Published: May 2010

A total of 79 species of polychaetous annelids, belonging to 28 families, have been identified Among these, three are named as new to science and 29 are indicated as new to the Arabian Gulf.
Some aspects of energy balance in the Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus
Authors: Meese G. B.
Published: May 2010

A study was made of the energetics of the Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, on a number of different diets. Daily energy flow was shown to have considerable variation on the different diets examined; oats, wheat, acorns and bluebell corms. Energy flow of voles living in pairs was calculated and shown to have lower values than for voles living singly. The energetics of weight change were also investigated. Approximate values were obtained for daily energy flow of voles in the wild and these were compared with the values determined in the laboratory. Voles in the wild were calculated to have much greater values for energy flow.
Aspects of the biology of billfish (lstiophoridae) from the equatorial western Indian Ocean*
Authors: Merrett N. R.
Published: May 2010

A tuna longline survey of billfish was carried out in the equatorial western Indian Ocean during 1964‐67, in which 265 specimens of five species (Istiophorus platypterus, Tetrapterus audax, T. angustirostris, Makaira indica and M. nigricans) were caught. The comparative morphometric evidence obtained is used in confirming the conspecificity of these istiophorids with Pacific Ocean forms. However, the insufficient depth and detail of the data allow only preliminary observations on populational differences. The distribution and seasonal abundance of the species are discussed in terms of percentage catch rate. The weight‐length relations of the species are examined. The size composition of the catches is shown by the analysis of length and weight frequencies, and tentative estimates of the year classes present in the catches of T. audax are given. An examination of the sex ratio of the species is made. Gonad maturation indices for males and females are established, based on both macroscopic and histological evidence. The indices are used to study breeding in the species caught in the survey area. Relative gonad weight is also considered as a means of assessing the stage of gonad development. The results of the gonad examination indicate that little spawning occurs in the area, and it is suggested that seasonal abundance of certain species is related to feeding. Preliminary observations on the size at first maturity are made, and the fecundity of female I. platypterus, T. audax, and T. angustirostris is examined.
A comparative study of the structure of the skin of certain air‐breathing fresh‐water teleosts
Authors: Mittal A. K. , Munshi J. S. Datta
Published: May 2010

A comparative study of the skin, based on the micro‐anatomical investigation of skin fragments taken from a specific region of the body, has been made of three air‐breathing fishes, namely,Heteropneustes fossilis, Amphipnous cuchiaandMastacembelus pancalus.

On the basis of their structure and histochemical nature, five types of skin glands have been distinguished in the epidermis of these fishes.

The relative thickness of the epidermis (A. cuchia–119 μm (average value),H. fossilis– 98 μm (average value),M. pancalus–34 μm (average value)) and its vascularization has been considered and compared with other fishes and amphibians. The possibilities of cutaneous respiration in these air‐breathing fishes has been discussed.

The presence of a well‐defined lymphatic system, comprising a series of lymph spaces containing small lymphocytes, in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis of these fishes has been established.

The stratum laxum layer of the dermis inAmphipnousis characterized by the presence of definite areas containing “Substantia amorpha” having acidic mucopolysaccharides which may be related with the amphibious habit of the fishes. This is an adaptation against desiccation similar to that found in the Anura. InMastacembeluselliptical areas of the stratum laxum penetrate into the epidermis thus making these areas of the epidermis considerably thin (about 7 μm) for cutaneous respiration.

There is an inverse relationship between the thickness of the stratum compactum and squamation.
A study of caddis flies (Trichoptera) of the family Limnephilidae, based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey, 1964‐68
Authors: Crichton M. I.
Published: May 2010

Captures of caddis flies of the family Limnephilidae from light traps at 52 sites in Great Britain are recorded and analysed. The distribution, sex proportions and seasonal occurrence of the species are discussed. A scheme is proposed for the classification of the flight periods of the British Limnephilidae in relation to their life cycles.
Morphometric and functional studies on the stomach of the lizard Lacerta vivipara
Authors: Avery R. A.
Published: May 2010

Stomach volumes of the lizard Lacerta vivipara were determined by injection with water to a pressure of 40 mm mercury. The relation between stomach volume and body weight is isometric. Food consumption per unit of body weight, however, decreases with increasing size. It is concluded that stomach volume is not the main factor which determines food consumption.

Food is lost from the stomach at an exponential rate. At normal temperatures, the stomach is nearly empty at the beginning of the morning activity period.
Evidence for a sensory function for the copulatory spicules of nematodes
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: May 2010

The copulatory spicules of the nematodes Heterakis gallinarum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have been shown to contain nerve axons and to possess cholinesterase activity associated with these axons. The structure and position of these axons indicates that the spicule is a tactile organ which is capable of acting as a sensory probe during copulation.
Growth and life‐span of Octopus cyanea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)*
Authors: Heukelem WilliamF. Van
Published: May 2010

The growth of Octopus cyanea was followed from 67 to 6500 g in captivity on an ad libitum diet of live crabs. Females spawning in captivity always die after the eggs hatch. Males may mate many times with several different females but do not appear to outlive females. The species spawns throughout the year; the time of spawning is probably determined by the age of the female. Males stop growing after suckers at the edge of the web enlarge and gradually lose weight until their death, about two or three months after maximum sucker enlargement. The life‐span of O. cyanea appears to be between 12 and 15 months from settlement.

A growth curve is presented for the species from settling to maximum size and compared with experimental data on captive and marked, free‐living animals. Free octopuses grew at rates similar to captives fed ad libitum, indicating that food was not limiting to growth in the field, and that a reasonable estimate of age could be obtained from the weight at capture.

A method of marking animals by branding is described which gives lifetime scars making it possible to study the growth of individual animals released in the field.
Chromosomes of Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Authors: Lucas Mary , Wallace Isobel
Published: May 2010

Chromosome preparations from four gorillas have been examined by conventional techniques. In two of the specimens banding patterns have been shown by special staining techniques, and compared with the pattern found in human chromosomes.
Quantitative estimation of the daily ingestion of phytoplankton by Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis in Lake George, Uganda
Authors: Moriarty Christine M. , Moriarty D. J. W.
Published: May 2010

A direct method has been used to estimate the amount of phytoplankton ingested per day by herbivorous fish in Lake George, Uganda. The quantities ingested are linearly related to the weight of the fish, as given by the following regression equations: for Tilapia nilotica: y= 271+13.3 x and for Haplochromis nigripinnis: y=–29.6+21.9 x, where y is the dry weight of phytoplankton (mg) ingested per day and x is the wet weight of the fish (g).

Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis have a diurnal feeding cycle. They start feeding shortly before dawn and feed continually until about dusk. They do not feed during the night. Although there is some individual variation, a linear increase in the average dry weight of stomach contents from dawn to dusk, and a linear decrease from dusk until about midnight is generally observed. The dry weight of algae passing into the intestine increases steadily until the first algae eaten in the morning reach the end of the intestine. The rates of change in these weights are used to estimate the total amount of food ingested over 24 hours. It was found that the rate of passage of algae from the stomach to intestine was greater during feeding than after feeding had stopped. The quantities ingested are linearly related to the weight of the fish, as given by the following regression equations:

T. nilotica y= 271+13.3 x

H. nigripinnis y=–29.6+21.9 x

where y is the dry weight of phytoplankton (mg) ingested per day and x is the wet weight of the fish (g).
Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella
Authors: PAYNE M. R.
Published: May 2010

The growth of the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazellaat South Georgia is described from 556 specimens whose age was determined. The following parameters are described: standard length, body weight, foreflipper length, hindflipper length, neck girth, axillary girth and blubber thickness. Data are also presented on absolute and relative sizes of the following organs in new‐born pups, pups near weaning, two‐year‐olds and adults: thyroids, adrenals, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen and brain.

The growth of the pup within the 110–115 day suckling period is estimated as 98 g/day for males and 84 g/day for females. No other species of fur seal grows so rapidly at this time. Subsequent growth is compared with that of the other species of fur seal to inhabit polar water, Callorhinus ursinus. A. gazellagrows more rapidly up to age three, and although adult males are smaller, females are slightly larger. This more rapid initial growth, and earlier breeding, may be related to the large reduction in the Antarctic stocks of baleen whales which eat the same food.

The mean weights of males, females and all individuals in the population are calculated as 54‐8,25‐3 and 39‐3 kg respectively. The number in the population at the end of the breeding season is 41 times the number of pups born, equivalent to a total population in March 1976 of 369,000 seals with a biomass of 14,500 tonnes and an annual food consumption of about 350,000 tonnes.
Growth and LDH isozyme patterns in the pectoral and cardiac muscles of the Japanese Lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus cornutus from the standpoint of adaptation for flight
Authors: YOKOYAMA KEIICHI , OHTSU RYUICHI , UCHIDA TERU AKI
Published: May 2010

From the point of view of adaptation for flight in bats, we compared growth and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isozyme patterns in the pectoral and cardiac muscles of the Japanese Lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus cornutus. In the pectoral muscles, the four LDH isozyme bands were recognized throughout life. In the embryo and newborn young the predominant isozyme was LDH‐3 and the relative amount of LDH‐1 was very low. The predominant isozyme of the infant in the flying stage was LDH‐1.

Moreover, the percentage of B subunit of LDH isozymes in the pectoral muscles increased remarkably during the transition period from the flapping to flying stage. Thus, it is concluded that there is a reversal of LDH isozyme activity toward more anodal side (cardiac muscle type) during the transition period, which is regarded as an adaptation to the metabolic requirement at isozyme level of the pectoral muscles for an adult. This species has a highly manoeuvrable flight with low speed, like that of a butterfly. On the other hand, most of the activity in the cardiac muscles, even in the embryo, was concentrated in more anodal isozymes with LDH‐1 and LDH‐2, and consequently the percentage of B subunit showed a considerably higher value, which continued to increase gradually until the adult stage.
The fauna of Lake Sonfon, Sierra Leone
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: May 2010

Lake Sonfon lies in an isolated basin in the Sula Mountains of Sierra Leone. One hundred and two animal taxa were collected from this lake in April 1976: 78 of these have been identified to species, and all but four as far as the genus. The fauna consists mainly of animals with extensive geographical distributions, indicating that they have wide dispersal capacities. Three of the rotifers have not previously been recorded in Africa, and are known only from the Americas. The lake is characterized by a low conductivity and low pH. These two factors influence the fauna. Snails are absent, rhizopods are abundant, and so are rotifers of the genusLecane, while the genusBrachionusis poorly represented. When compared with Debundsha Lake, a low conductivity crater lake in Cameroon, which has been studied to a similarextent, Lake Sonfon has twice as many species; this can be related to the greater diversity of habitats in Lake Sonfon.
Social organization and movement patterns of Black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelas in South Africa*
Authors: Ferguson J. W. H. , Nel J. A. J. , Wet M. J. de
Published: May 2010

Black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelas were studied in three areas in Southern Africa, by means of radio tracking, visual observations and ear tagging. Jackal pups moved from the close proximity of their natal dens at 3 months of age, but stayed in the vicinity of the dens for at least 6 months. Dispersal often occurred at an age of about 2 years, mainly during the winter. Adult jackals had smaller home ranges than younger animals. Adult home ranges were inhabited by mated pairs. These ranges were mutually exclusive and differed in size between study areas. The home ranges of immature jackals overlapped extensively with those of the adult jackals. Some young jackals acted as helpers in rearing the pups at natal dens, while others roamed over large areas. Adult jackals move over longer daily distances than did younger animals. The significance of the division of Black‐backed jackal populations into breeding and non‐breeding components is discussed as well as the similarities among the social systems of Canis mesomelas. C. aureus and C. latrans.
The breeding migration of the Common toad (Bufo bufo) to a pond in mid‐ Wales
Authors: Gittins S. P.
Published: May 2010

A pond was completely enclosed by a clear polythene barrier and all toads entering and leaving were recorded over an entire year. The inward breeding migration lasted one month, and the outward migration about one month for females and two months for males. Interruptions in the numbers arriving during the inward migration could be explained by low air temperature. Large males and females arrived before smaller individuals, and males arrived before females, staying about a month, four times longer than females. During the breeding season 865 individuals were captured; the male: female ratio was 4.7: 1. Relatively few toads visited the pond during the summer, but at this time the imbalance in the adult sex ratio was not so great as during the breeding season. Juvenile toads also visited the pond during the summer. It appears that females suffer a mortality rate of about 4.7% per week during their stay in the pond and males a rate of 2.6% per week.
Fluoxetine prevents stimulation‐dependent fatigue of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Henkel Andreas Wolfram , Welzel Oliver , Groemer Teja Wolfgang , Tripal Philipp , Rotter Andrea , Kornhuber Johannes
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 697–705.

Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on stimulation‐dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis were examined in cultured primary hippocampal neurons. Synaptic vesicles were fluorescently labeledin vitrowith FM1–43, washed and subsequently destained in two consecutive cycles. Exocytosis was triggered by electric field stimulation and imaged by fluorescence microscopy. In control preparations, the second staining‐destaining cycle caused a significant reduction of relative fluorescence loss, number of active synapses and half‐decay time (t50). These fatigue effects were largely prevented by short‐term administration of 1 μM fluoxetine, which was present before and during the second stimulation cycle. Fluoxetine concentrations above 10 μM inhibited exocytosis almost completely but showed no other toxic effects on neurons. Stressed neurons, grown under hyperosmotic conditions, were even more fatigue‐protected by fluoxetine. These observations support the idea that therapeutic concentrations of fluoxetine enhance the recovery of neurotransmission from exhausting stimuli in healthy and in hyperosmotically stressed neurons as well.
Dopamine stimulation of postnatal murine subventricular zone neurogenesis via the D3 receptor
Authors: Kim Yongsoo , Wang Wei‐Zhi , Comte Isabelle , Pastrana Erika , Tran Phuong B. , Brown Jennifer , Miller Richard J. , Doetsch Fiona , Molnár Zoltán , Szele Francis G.
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 750–760.

We investigated the expression and role of the dopamine receptor 3 (D3R) in postnatal mouse subventricular zone (SVZ). In situ hybridization detected selective D3R mRNA expression in the SVZ. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of adult SVZ subtypes using hGFAP‐GFP and Dcx‐GFP mice showed that transit amplifying progenitor cells and niche astrocytes expressed D3R whereas stem cell‐like astrocytes and neuroblasts did not. To determine D3R’s role in SVZ neurogenesis, we administered U‐99194A, a D3R preferential antagonist, and bromodeoxyuridine in postnatal mice. In vivo D3R antagonism decreased the numbers of newborn neurons reaching the core and the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Moreover, it decreased progenitor cell proliferation but did not change the number of label‐retaining (stem) cells, commensurate with its expression on transit amplifying progenitor cells but not SVZ stem cell‐like astrocytes. Collectively, this study suggests that dopaminergic stimulation of D3R drives proliferation via rapidly amplifying progenitor cells to promote murine SVZ neurogenesis.
Selective lesion of the developing central noradrenergic system: short‐ and long‐term effects and reinnervation by noradrenergic‐rich tissue grafts
Authors: Coradazzi Marino , Gulino Rosario , Garozzo Sebastiano , Leanza Giampiero
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 761–771.

The possibility to selectively remove noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SubC) complex by the immunotoxin anti‐dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH)‐saporin has offered a powerful tool to study the functional role of this projection system. In the present study, the anatomical consequences of selective lesions of the LC/SubC on descending noradrenergic projections during early postnatal development have been investigated following bilateral intraventricular injections of anti‐DBH‐saporin or 6‐hydroxydopamine to immature (4 day old) rats. Administration of increasing doses (0.25–1.0 μg) of the immunotoxin produced, about 5 weeks later, a dose‐dependent loss of DBH‐immunoreactive neurons in the LC/SubC complex (≈ 45–90%) paralleled by a similar reduction of noradrenergic innervation in the terminal territories in the lumbar spinal cord. Even at the highest dose used (1.0 μg) the immunotoxin did not produce any detectable effects on dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic or cholinergic neuronal populations, which, by contrast, were markedly reduced after administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine. The ≈ 90% noradrenergic depletion induced by 0.5 and 1.0 μg of anti‐DBH‐saporin remained virtually unchanged at 40 weeks post‐lesion. Conversely, the ≈ 45% reduction of spinal innervation density estimated at 5 weeks in animals injected with the lowest dose (0.25 μg) of the immunotoxin was seen recovered up to near‐normal levels at 40 weeks, possibly as a result of the intrinsic plasticity of the developing noradrenergic system. A similar reinnervation in the lumbar spinal cord was also seen promoted by grafts of fetal LC tissue implanted at the postnatal day 8 (i.e. 4 days after the lesion with 0.5 μg of anti‐DBH‐saporin). In these animals, the number of surviving neurons in the grafts and the magnitude of the reinnervation, with fibers extending in both the grey and white matter for considerable distances, were seen higher than those reported in previous studies using adult recipients. This would suggest that the functional interactions between the grafted tissue and the host may recapitulate the events normally occurring during the ontogenesis of the coeruleo‐spinal projection system, and can therefore be developmentally regulated. Thus, the neonatal anti‐DBH‐saporin lesion model, with the possibility to produce graded noradrenergic depletions, holds promises as a most valuable tool to address issues of compensatory reinnervation and functional recovery in the severed CNS as well as to elucidate the mechanisms governing long‐distance axon growth from transplanted neural precursors.
Functional ‘glial’ GLYT1 glycine transporters expressed in neurons
Authors: Raiteri Luca , Raiteri Maurizio
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 647–653.

Glycine transporter 1 (GLYT1) and GLYT2 are the glycine transporters in CNS. While GLYT2 is largely expressed in glycinergic neurons, GLYT1 has long been considered to be exclusively present in glial cells. There is increasing evidence that significant amounts of the ‘glial’ transporter also exist on neurons, particularly on pre‐synaptic nerve endings of glutamatergic neurons. The functions of ‘neuronal GLYT1’ may be manifold and are discussed in this review. Of major interest are the interactions between neuronal GLYT1 and glutamatergic receptors of the NMDA type the activity of which is modulated not only by astrocytic GLYT1 but also by neuronal GLYT1. Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications of neuronal GLYT1 are emerging from recent studies with genetically modified mice, particularly with animals lacking forebrain neuron‐specific GLYT1 transporters. These mutant mice exhibit promnesic phenotypes reflecting enhancement of NMDA receptor function, as it occurs following administration of GLYT1 inhibitors. Inactivation of neuronal GLYT1 in the forebrain may represent an effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Disruptions in Women's Self-Promotion: The Backlash Avoidance Model
Authors: Moss-Racusin Corinne A. , Rudman Laurie A.
Published: May 2010

Women experience social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash) for self-promotion, a behavior that violates female gender stereotypes yet is necessary for professional success. However, it is unknown whether and how the threat of backlash interferes with women's ability to self-promote. The present research examined the effects of fear of backlash and self-regulatory mode on women's self-promotion success by testing the backlash avoidance model (BAM), a model designed to account for disruptions in women's self-promotion. Two studies employing U.S. undergraduate samples examined self-promotion both in a live interview and written context. Results supported the BAM's predictions that self-promoting women's fear of backlash inhibits activation of a goal-focused, locomotive regulatory mode, which subsequently interferes with self-promotion success. This process was not evident for self-promoting men (Study 1) or peer-promoting women (Study 2), groups who demonstrated reliably more promotion success than self-promoting women. The influence of women's endorsement of communal stereotypes and their perceived entitlement were also investigated. Implications for women's self-promotion, gender stereotyping, and workplace parity are discussed.
Men Want Equality, But Women Don't Expect It: Young Adults' Expectations for Participation in Household and Child Care Chores
Authors: Askari Sabrina F. , Liss Miriam , Erchull Mindy J. , Staebell Samantha E. , Axelson Sarah J.
Published: May 2010

This study explored whether there was a discrepancy between young adults' ideal and expected participation in household and child care chores as well as what variables predicted expectations for future chore division. Three-hundred fifty-eight unmarried, heterosexual participants with no children completed an online questionnaire assessing the percentage of chores they ideally wished to, and actually expected to, complete in addition to measures of individual differences. Results showed that, although men desired and expected an egalitarian division of labor, women projected that they would actually engage in a disproportionate amount of the household labor and child care. Additionally, women, but not men, expected to do significantly more chores than they ideally wanted. Women with more liberal feminist attitudes ideally wanted to, and expected to, do fewer household and child care chores, whereas men with liberal feminist attitudes ideally wanted to, and expected to, do more. The importance of finding a partner with a career orientation was related to ideally wanting to do more household labor and child care whereas the importance of finding a partner with a family orientation was related to wanting to do less. On the other hand, men and women who felt it was unlikely that they would find family-oriented partners expected to actually do more household chores and child care. Results indicated that young women expected inequity in their relationships, consistent with findings from research on married couples, despite the fact that men expected equality. The importance of structural changes that will set the stage for egalitarianism are discussed.
Trehalose extends longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Honda Yoko , Tanaka Masashi , Honda Shuji
Published: May 2010

Trehalose is a disaccharide of glucose found in diverse organisms and is suggested to act as a stress protectant against heat, cold, desiccation, anoxia, and oxidation. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans with trehalose starting from the young‐adult stage extended the mean life span by over 30% without any side effects. Surprisingly, trehalose treatment starting even from the old‐adult stage shortly thereafter retarded the age‐associated decline in survivorship and extended the remaining life span by 60%. Demographic analyses of age‐specific mortality rates revealed that trehalose extended the life span by lowering age‐independent vulnerability. Moreover, trehalose increased the reproductive span and retarded the age‐associated decrease in pharyngeal‐pumping rate and the accumulation of lipofuscin autofluorescence. Trehalose also enhanced thermotolerance and reduced polyglutamine aggregation. These results suggest that trehalose suppressed aging by counteracting internal or external stresses that disrupt protein homeostasis. On the other hand, the life span‐extending effect of trehalose was abolished in long‐lived insulin/IGF‐1‐like receptor (daf‐2) mutants. RNA interference‐mediated inactivation of the trehalose‐biosynthesis genes trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase‐1 (tps‐1) and tps‐2, which are known to be up‐regulated in daf‐2 mutants, decreased the daf‐2 life span. These findings indicate that a reduction in insulin/IGF‐1‐like signaling extends life span, at least in part, through the aging‐suppressor function of trehalose. Trehalose may be a lead compound for potential nutraceutical intervention of the aging process.
Greater Risk of Dementia When Spouse Has Dementia? The Cache County Study
Authors: Norton Maria C. , Smith Ken R. , Østbye Truls , Tschanz JoAnn T. , Corcoran Chris , Schwartz Sarah , Piercy Kathleen W. , Rabins Peter V. , Steffens David C. , Skoog Ingmar , Breitner John C. S. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. ,   for the Cache County Investigators
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of caring for a spouse with dementia on the caregiver's risk for incident dementia.

DESIGN: Population‐based study of incident dementia in spouses of persons with dementia.

SETTING: Rural county in northern Utah.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred forty‐two subjects (1,221 married couples) aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Incident dementia was diagnosed in 255 subjects, with onset defined as age when subject met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, criteria for dementia. Cox proportional hazards regression tested the effect of time‐dependent exposure to dementia in one's spouse, adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS: A subject whose spouse experienced incident dementia onset had a six times greater risk for incident dementia as subjects whose spouses were dementia free (hazard rate ratio (HRR)=6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.2–16.2, P<.001). In sex‐specific analyses, husbands had higher risks (HRR=11.9, 95% CI=1.7–85.5, P=.01) than wives (HRR=3.7, 95% CI=1.2–11.6, P=.03).

CONCLUSION: The chronic and often severe stress associated with dementia caregiving may exert substantial risk for the development of dementia in spouse caregivers. Additional (not mutually exclusive) explanations for findings are discussed.
Cyberwar: Former Intelligence Chief Says China Aims at America's Soft Underbelly
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.

Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?

In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
A Harsh Crackdown Is Coming in Iran
Authors: JAHANBEGLOO RAMIN
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?

The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
Why a Manifesto?
Authors: SOROUSH ABDOLKARIM
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?

The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
Islam Is a European Religion
Authors: RAMADAN TARIQ
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.

In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Israel Should Get Used to the New Turkey
Authors: KINIKLIOǦLU SUAT
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.

In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Another country is the past: Western cowboys, Lanna nostalgia, and bluegrass aesthetics as performed by professional musicians in Northern Thailand
Authors: FERGUSON JANE M.
Published: May 2010

Within the popular music scene of Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand, a handful of restaurants feature live bluegrass bands, with musicians often dressed in U.S. western‐style cowboy attire. By intermingling English‐language songs with Lanna (Northern Thai) popular songs performed in the style of Appalachian bluegrass music, they use their illusion of the cowboy myth to point to notions of an authentic Lanna past. However, in their borrowing of this international code, they affirm established (Central) Thai boundaries of ethnonational gatekeeping. [Lanna, Thailand, cowboys, music, nostalgia, bluegrass, identity]
“I fell in love with Carlos the meerkat”: Engagement and detachment in human–animal relations
Authors: CANDEA MATEI
Published: May 2010

Relationship, connection, and engagement have emerged as key values in recent studies of human–animal relations. In this article, I call for a reexamination of the productive aspects of detachment. I trace ethnographically the management of everyday relations between biologists and the Kalahari meerkats they study, and I follow the animals’ transformation as subjects of knowledge and engagement when they become the stars of an internationally popular, televised animal soap opera. I argue that treating detachment and engagement as polar opposites is unhelpful both in this ethnographic case and, more broadly, in anthropological discussions of ethics and knowledge making. [human–animal relations, science, media, ethics, engagement, detachment]
Imagined lives and modernist chronotopes in Mexican nonmigrant discourse
Authors: DICK HILARY PARSONS
Published: May 2010

The globalization literature spotlights the way that the experiences of transnational actors are refracted through lives inhabitable elsewhere. In this article, I examine this process in spoken discourse about U.S.‐bound migration produced by nonmigrants in the Mexican city of Uriangato. This talk is organized around a “modernist chronotope” that pits “progress” against “tradition,” producing images of space–time grafted onto images of persons, or social personae. I show that acts of position taking vis‐à‐vis these social personae are fundamentally expressed through the ways speakers deploy the modernist chronotope and, thus, become emplotted in its imaginative sociology—a practice that constructs speakers as certain gender and class types. [discourse, chronotope, transnational migration, modernity, social positioning, gender and socioeconomic class]
Lineal masculinity: Gendered memory within patriliny
Authors: KING DIANE E. , STONE LINDA
Published: May 2010

In this article, we present a model of gender within patrilineal descent for a broad region covering Asia, Europe, and North Africa. We develop the concept of “lineal masculinity,” a perceived ontological essence that flows to and through men over the generations. It is especially expressed through people's notions of the past, present, and future of their patrilineages. We elaborate lineal masculinity in terms of male achievement, lineage founders, lineage segmentation, and male reproduction. Our model offers cross‐cultural analysis and so provides an alternative to the position of strong cultural relativism in kinship and gender studies. [patriliny, masculinity, lineage theory, kinship, gender, identity, memory]
Mobile phones and Mipoho's prophecy: The powers and dangers of flying language
Authors: MCINTOSH JANET
Published: May 2010

In this article, I examine the ideologies surrounding the poetic forms of Giriama text messaging in the town of Malindi, Kenya. I argue that young people use rapid code‐switching and a global medialect of condensed, abbreviated English as an iconic index of a modern, mobile, self‐fashioning, sexy, and irreverent persona, whereas their use of the local vernacular (Kigiriama) tends to reroot them in the gravitas of social obligations and respect relationships. In text messages, then, English and local African tongues are sometimes treated as foils for each other, suggesting that, rather than merely being mimicked, the English medialect is flavored by distinctly local concerns. Indeed, among many Giriama elders, the poetic patterns of text messaging are construed as a special breed of witchery in which hypermobility and linguistic innovation threaten ethnic coherence and even sanity itself. I suggest, however, that the use of Kigiriama in text messaging may point not to the abandonment of ethnicity but to new ways of being Giriama that are simultaneously local and modern. [mobile phones, text messaging, globalization, Kenya, witchcraft, language ideology, code switching]
Strength Properties of Poled Lead Zirconate Titanate Subjected to Biaxial Flexural Loading in High Electric Field
Authors: Wang Hong , Lin Hua‐Tay , Wereszczak Andrew A.
Published: May 2010

The mechanical strength of poled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) has been studied using ball‐on‐ring (BoR) biaxial flexure tests with a high electric field applied concurrently. Both the as‐received and the aged PZT specimens were tested. The Weibull plot and a 95% confidence ratio ring were used to characterize the responses of mechanical strength under various electric loading conditions. A fractographical study has been conducted at the same time, and the fracture origins or strength‐limiting flaws of tested PZT specimens have been identified and characterized accordingly. The fracture toughness was further estimated to correlate with the obtained fracture stresses and flaws. It has been observed that electric field affects the mechanical strength of poled PZT, and the degree of the effect depends on the sign and magnitude of the applied electric field. Within the examined electric field range of −3 to +3 times the coercive field, an increasing electric field resulted in a rapid strength decrease and a sharp increase with the turning point around the negative coercive field. Surface‐located volume‐distributed flaws were identified to be strength limiting for this PZT material. Variations of the mechanical strength with the electric field were believed to be related to the domain switching and amount of switchable domains. An aging effect on the mechanical strength of poled PZT could be significant, especially in the OC condition. These results and observations have the potential to serve probabilistic reliability analysis and design optimization of multilayer PZT piezo actuators.
Phase Homogeneity in MgO–ZrO2 Nanocomposites Synthesized by a Combined Sol–Gel/Thermal Decomposition Route
Authors: Muoto Chigozie K. , Jordan Eric H. , Gell Maurice , Aindow Mark
Published: May 2010

A combined sol–gel/thermal decomposition route has been used to produce powders of MgO–50 vol% ZrO2 nanocomposites and the influence of synthesis variables on the phase homogeneity in ceramic materials produced from these powders has been investigated. The starting precursors were solutions of magnesium nitrate and zirconium acetate, which were mixed, dried to form a gel, and then calcined to give ceramic powders. The effects of urea additions to the precursor mixture and changes in the calcination temperature were investigated using a combination of thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Although all of the ceramic materials produced from the powders consist of fine grains of the MgO and ZrO2 phases, in most cases these are clustered into coarse‐phase domains that are distributed rather inhomogeneously. For ceramics synthesized from powders calcined at lower temperatures, and those produced from precursor mixtures containing 2 wt% or more of urea, the phase domains are finer and are distributed much more homogeneously. These observations are explained on the basis of the way in which the phase separation occurs during thermal decomposition of the precursors and crystallization of the oxides.
Low‐Income Households’ Response to Higher Home Energy Costs
Authors: Emmel JoAnn M. , Lee Hyun‐Jeong , Cox Ruby H. , Leech Irene
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the energy practices of low‐income households in Virginia and to assess the impact of high energy prices on their lives. A survey of 941 low‐income Virginia households revealed that household income, tenure type, and home structure type showed significant relationships with energy practices of these households. Results include the following: (1) households with the lowest incomes and renters tended to perceive more energy cost problems and (2) multifamily residents (e.g., in apartments or townhomes) were less likely to check for energy efficiency when buying a product that uses energy and less likely to try to find information on how to save energy compared to residents of single‐family homes and others (e.g., in mobile homes and other nontraditional homes). More research is needed on how to best assist these households with their energy burdens and to provide them with the information and motivation to help improve their situation.