bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined use of a pCONus and a Solitaire stent: Report of two cases
Authors: Bhogal Pervinder , Aguilar Pérez Marta , Martinez Moreno Rosa , Miś Marcin , Miś Maciej , Henkes Hans
Published: December 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to report our initial experience of the use of the pCONus neck protection device in conjunction with the Solitaire AB stent to assist in the endovascular management of complex intracranial aneurysms with arteries arising from both the neck and the dome of the aneurysm.

Methods

Two patients with unruptured aneurysms underwent elective endovascular management of their aneurysms, one arising from the middle cerebral artery bifurcation and one from the anterior communicating artery. Both aneurysms had vessels arising from the neck and dome of the aneurysm. We present the strategy involved to protect all the arterial branches and coil occlude the aneurysm, the angiographic appearances and clinical status of the patients.

Results

Both cases involved the combined use of a pCONus and Solitaire stent. The parent vessel and efferent branches were all preserved with exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. There were no intraoperative complications. One patient developed mild transient symptoms 24 hours post procedure, which had resolved completely on discharge.

Conclusion

The use of the pCONus in conjunction with the Solitaire stent is a useful combination when dealing with complex wide-necked aneurysms with arteries derived from the fundus of the aneurysm.
Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership
Authors: Hallinger Philip
Published: December 2016

Research on educational leadership and management has resulted in the accumulation of increasingly persuasive findings concerning the impact school leadership can have on school performance. Indeed, there is a growing consensus that there exists a generic set of leadership practices (e.g. goal setting, developing people) which must be adapted to meet the needs and constraints that describe different school contexts. However, to date, researchers have yet to develop a theory or report comprehensive findings on this challenge. This paper explores several types of school contexts (institutional, community, socio-cultural, political, economic, school improvement) and what we have learned about how they shape school leadership practice. The analysis leads to several conclusions and recommendations. First, it affirms, elaborates and extends the assertion made by scholars of the importance of examining leadership in context. Second, the need to contextualize leadership highlights deficiencies in modal research methods that focus on mean effects and either ignore context effects or relegate them to the shadows. Finally, the field needs to refine current research methods and explore new approaches that enable us to better study how successful leadership responds and adapts to different contexts.
Ascites matters
Authors: Rudralingam Velauthan , Footitt Clare , Layton Ben
Published: December 2016

The excess accumulation of intra-peritoneal fluid, referred to as ascites, is an important clue that points to a significant underlying illness. This may be due to a pathological event within the peritoneal cavity or secondary to an underlying systemic condition. Ascites is broadly classified into transudate and exudate, based on protein content, with a potential wide range of differential diagnoses. Traditionally, computed tomography has been regarded as the imaging modality of choice to demonstrate ascites and diagnose the underlying cause. However, ultrasound can reliably detect small volumes of fluid and is a useful first-line imaging modality for clinical triage. For instance, in the emergency setting, the detection of a trace of ascites may be the earliest indicator of an acute abdomen needing surgery. Ultrasound can quantify the volume of ascites and aid in the decision process for fluid drainage. Ultrasound is superior to computed tomography in the qualitative assessment of fluid. Broadly, simple fluid is anechoic, whereas complex fluid may appear particulate, layered or contain septations. On computed tomography, both have a uniform hypo-dense appearance and are often indistinguishable. Given ultrasound, in comparison to computed tomography, is safe, relatively inexpensive and readily available, it is a valuable tool in the assessment of ascites. Once ascites is detected on ultrasound, it is imperative for the operator to have a systematic approach to attempt to provide an underlying diagnosis. Through a series of cases, this article aims to increase awareness and reaffirm the role of ultrasound in the assessment of ascites.
Hubristic leadership: A review
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene , Akstinaite Vita , Robinson Graham , Wray Tim
Published: December 2016

Hubristic leaders over-estimate significantly their own abilities and believe their performance to be superior to that of others; as a consequence, they make over-confident and over-ambitious judgements and decisions. The fact that hubristic leaders tend to be resistant to criticism, and invulnerable to and contemptuous of the advice of others further compounds the problem. In this article, we review conceptual, theoretical and methodological aspects of hubristic leadership research. We examine hubristic leadership from two standpoints: first, from a psychological and behavioural perspective, we review hubris in terms of over-confidence and its relationship to core self-evaluation and narcissism; second, from a psychiatric perspective, we review hubris as an acquired disorder with a distinctive set of symptoms (Hubris Syndrome), the onset of which is associated with the acquisition of significant power. In doing so, we draw distinctions between hubris and several related constructs, such as over-confidence, narcissism, core self-evaluation and pride. Methodologically, we review how hubris and Hubris Syndrome can be recognised, diagnosed and researched, and we explore some of the unique challenges and opportunities hubris research presents. We conclude by offering some directions for future inquiry and recapitulate the practical and pedagogical significance of this vitally important but under-researched leadership phenomenon.
Intra- and inter-tester reliability and validity of normal finger size measurement using the Japanese ring gauge system
Authors: Suzuki T. , Sato Y. , Sotome S. , Arai H. , Arai A. , Yoshida H.
Published: December 2016

This study was designed to investigate the reliability and validity of measurements of finger diameters with a ring gauge. A reliability study enrolled two independent samples (50 participants and seven examiners in Study I; 26 participants and 26 examiners in Study II). The sizes of each participant’s little fingers were measured twice with a ring gauge by each examiner. To investigate the validity of the measurements, five hand therapists compared the finger size and hand volume of 30 participants with the ring gauge and with a figure-of-eight technique (Study III). The intra-class correlation coefficient for intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 in Study I, and 0.90 to 0.97 in Study II. The intra-class correlation coefficient for inter-observer reliability was 0.95 in Study I and 0.94 in Study II. The validity study showed a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of 0.75. The ring gauge showed high reliability and validity for measurement of finger size.

Level of evidence: III, diagnostic
Restoration of shoulder abduction in brachial plexus avulsion injuries with double neurotization from the spinal accessory nerve: a report of 13 cases
Authors: Huan K. W. S. J. , Tan J. S. W. , Tan S. H. , Teoh L. C. , Yong F. C.
Published: December 2016

In upper (C5-C7) and total (C5-T1) root avulsion brachial plexus injury, a method of double neurotization from a single donor spinal accessory nerve to two target nerves (suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve) may be done, leaving donor nerves available for reconstruction procedures to restore other aspects of upper limb function. A mean range of shoulder abduction of 91° (SD 25°) was achieved through this procedure in our study of 13 cases, of which seven cases were C5-C7 root avulsion and six cases were C5-T1 root avulsion brachial plexus injuries. Six of the former group and three of the latter group achieved >90° shoulder abduction. The technique of double neurotization from a single donor nerve provides favourable results in restoring shoulder abduction in avulsion brachial plexus injuries.

Level of evidence: IV
Circadian transcription factor BMAL1 regulates innate immunity against select RNA viruses
Authors: Majumdar Tanmay , Dhar Jayeeta , Patel Sonal , Kondratov Roman , Barik Sailen
Published: December 2016

BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1, also known as MOP3 or ARNT3) belongs to the family of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)-PAS domain-containing transcription factors, and is a key component of the molecular oscillator that generates circadian rhythms. Here, we report that BMAL1-deficient cells are significantly more susceptible to infection by two major respiratory viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family, namely RSV and PIV3. Embryonic fibroblasts from Bmal1–/– mice produced nearly 10-fold more progeny virus than their wild type controls. These results were supported by animal studies whereby pulmonary infection of RSV produced a more severe disease and morbidity in Bmal1–/–mice. These results show that BMAL1 can regulate cellular innate immunity against specific RNA viruses.
Inflammatory signaling pathways induced by Helicobacter pylori in primary human gastric epithelial cells
Authors: Tran Cong Tri , Garcia Magali , Garnier Martine , Burucoa Christophe , Bodet Charles
Published: December 2016

Inflammatory signaling pathways induced by Helicobacter pylori remain unclear, having been studied mostly on cell-line models derived from gastric adenocarcinoma with potentially altered signaling pathways and nonfunctional receptors. Here, H. pylori-induced signaling pathways were investigated in primary human gastric epithelial cells. Inflammatory response was analyzed on chemokine mRNA expression and production after infection of gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori strains, B128 and B128Δ cagM, a cag type IV secretion system defective strain. Signaling pathway involvement was investigated using inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), MAPK, JAK and blocking Abs against TLR2 and TLR4. Inhibitors of EGFR, MAPK and JAK significantly reduced the chemokine mRNA expression and production induced by both H. pylori strains at 3 h and 24 h post-infection. JNK inhibitor reduced chemokine production at 24 h post-infection. Blocking Abs against TLR2 but not TLR4 showed significant reduction of chemokine secretion. Using primary culture of human gastric epithelial cells, our data suggest that H. pylori can be recognized by TLR2, leading to chemokine induction, and that EGFR, MAPK and the JAK/STAT signaling pathways play a key role in the H. pylori-induced CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL8 response in a cag pathogenicity island-independent manner.
Tenascin-C Prevents Articular Cartilage Degeneration in Murine Osteoarthritis Models
Authors: Matsui Yuriyo , Hasegawa Masahiro , Iino Takahiro , Imanaka-Yoshida Kyoko , Yoshida Toshimichi , Sudo Akihiro
Published: December 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether intra-articular injections of tenascin-C (TNC) could prevent cartilage damage in murine models of osteoarthritis (OA).

Design

Fluorescently labeled TNC was injected into knee joints and its distribution was examined at 1 day, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks postinjection. To investigate the effects of TNC on cartilage degeneration after surgery to knee joints, articular spaces were filled with 100 μg/mL (group I), 10 μg/mL (group II) of TNC solution, or control (group III). TNC solution of 10 μg/mL was additionally injected twice after 3 weeks (group IV) or weekly after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks (group V). Joint tissues were histologically assessed using the Mankin score and the modified Chambers system at 2 to 8 weeks after surgery.

Results

Exogenous TNC was maintained in the cartilage and synovium for 1 week after administration. Histological scores in groups I and II were better than scores in group III at 4 and 6 weeks, but progressive cartilage damage was seen in all groups 8 weeks postoperatively. Sequential TNC injections (groups IV and V) showed significantly better Mankin score than single injection (group II) at 8 weeks.

Conclusion

TNC administered exogenously remained in the cartilage of knee joints for 1 week, and could decelerate articular cartilage degeneration in murine models of OA. We also showed that sequential administration of TNC was more effective than a single injection. TNC could be an important molecule for prevention of articular cartilage damage.
The role of combined fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: current evidence and controversies
Authors: Skarbnik Alan P. , Faderl Stefan
Published: December 2016

Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) has become a cornerstone in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) has emerged as the standard of care for therapy of previously untreated patients with CLL who are younger than 65 years and have no significant comorbidities. In this article, we review the role of FCR in the current treatment paradigm for CLL.
Exploring and Measuring Spectator Sport Fanaticism
Authors: Dwyer Brendan , LeCrom Carrie , Greenhalgh Gregory P.
Published: December 2016

Spectator sport fan behavior is vast and represents one of the society’s most universal leisure activities. While event attendance and media consumption has received a great deal of attention from researchers, there is growing understanding that sport fans interact with their favorite teams in numerous other ways. Little is known, however, of what constitutes the fanatical behavior of sport spectators. Thus, there is an opportunity to understand the impassioned actions of the sport fan population to provide marketers and media providers with a better understanding of how sport fans interact with team brands beyond direct consumption. The current study aimed to discover and develop an instrument to measure spectator sport team fanaticism. Two focus groups were utilized to uncover and generate items. Three samples and an expert review were then conducted to validate the instrument. The following four unique dimensions were uncovered and preliminarily validated: instigation, superstition, committed interaction, and vicarious impact.
“We Must Be out of That”
Authors: Schwartz Rachel A.
Published: December 2016

Drawing from ethnographic data gathered in a large U.S. supermarket, the author develops the concept of deflective labor to further our understanding of customer service work as more than providing service to the customer. In an effort to maintain dignity on the shop floor, workers learned to simultaneously deflect and fulfill customer service inquiries. Rather than viewing deflection as the logical conclusion of a low-skilled workforce, positing deflective labor as an actual form of assistance allows us to better understand the realities of interactive service work. It is suggested that the retailer may allow deflective labor to assuage worker dissatisfaction and maintain the store’s reputation as a “good place to work.”
TSMOs and Protest Participation
Authors: Dodson Kyle
Published: December 2016

Transnational social movements organizations (TSMOs) have grown at a remarkable rate since the 1950s, which has given protest politics a decidedly international character. In the 1990s, TSMOs shifted their strategy to focus more on mass mobilization. The success of these efforts remains unclear, however, as scholars have yet to examine whether TSMO connections are associated with increased protest participation. The uncertainty is compounded by work that suggests linkages between TSMO activity and mass mobilization could be an artifact of other factors. This study addresses the gap by merging data on TSMO memberships with data on individual protest participation to examine the existence of such a relationship. The merged data set contains information on 32,580 individuals in 35 countries. Results from a multivariate analysis that controls for several possible sources of spuriousness indicate that the number of TSMO memberships in a country is associated with individual protest activities. The results are similar in both high- and middle-income countries. The findings suggest that TSMOs have been successful at accomplishing one of their primary organizational objectives.
Prevalence of Cholelithiasis Among Igbo Adult Subjects in Nnewi, Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Eze Charles Ugwoke , Ezugwu Emmanuel Emeka , Ohagwu Christopher Chukwuemeka
Published: December 2016

Aim: To determine the prevalence of cholelithiasis in a Nigerian population. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study of Igbo adult subjects in Nnewi, Nigeria, was conducted from June 2011 to April 2014. A sample of 3501 adult subjects’ gallbladders and associated biliary systems was evaluated by sonography, and the presence or absence of cholelithiasis was documented. The age and anthropometric variables of the subjects were recorded. Results: The subjects (18-92 years) comprised 1731 men (49.4%) and 1770 women (50.6%). Only 4.4% (n = 154) had cholelithiasis. It is more common in women than men, at a ratio of 2.8:1. It is also more common in subjects with a high body mass index. Conclusion: The prevalence of cholelithiasis among the Igbo people in Nnewi is 4.40%, and it is about three times more common in women than men.
Heterogeneous leukemia stem cells in myeloid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kinstrie Ross , Karamitros Dimitris , Goardon Nicolas , Morrison Heather , Hamblin Mike , Robinson Lisa , Clark Richard E. , Copland Mhairi , Vyas Paresh
Published: December 2016

Key Points

In BP-CML multiple, nonhierarchically arranged immunophenotypic stem/progenitor populations have functional LSC activity. BP-associated cytogenetic abnormalities are detected equally in all immunophenotypic stem/progenitor cells.
Baseline susceptibility of different European lepidopteran and coleopteran pests to Bt proteins expressed in Bt maize: a systematic review
Authors: Priesnitz Kai U. , Vaasen Anja , Gathmann Achim
Published: December 2016

Background

Lepidopteran and coleopteran species are the most important pests in maize. They can be controlled using genetically modified (GM) crops expressing insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. The long-term success of this technology demands a pest resistance management. Important information for the successful management of resistance is the baseline susceptibility of the different target pests to the different Bt proteins. The data on baseline susceptibility should enable risk assessors and managers to assess whether a GM maize produces a Bt protein in a high-dose to specific target organisms and resistance has evolved during the commercial cultivation of this GM maize events.

Methods

Our systematic search followed an a priori protocol including the database platforms Web of Science, Scopus, CAB abstracts, Science Direct and JSTOR. We additionally conducted a Google scholar search. We collated all search results and screened all retrieved articles using predetermined inclusion criteria. We identified 30 studies, which fulfilled the criteria of including a relevant Bt protein, a relevant species, an appropriate endpoint, and field-derived pest generations reared in the laboratory no longer than three generations. We then made a quality assessment to discover if the studies considered the dose response curves with confidence intervals, described the protein source, tested the protein concentration and the protein activity via positive controls, use more than ten larvae per concentration, more than two replications, and more than five protein concentrations. Since no quantitative synthesis was possible the synthesis of the results was done in a narrative form.

Results

Seventy percent of the studies fulfilled five or more criteria and 17% fulfilled four of the seven criteria. Six Bt proteins were tested on one or more of the four species Ostrinia nubilalis, Helicoverpa armigera, Sesamia nonagrioides, and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. We extracted the baseline susceptibility for the given protein-species-combinations and the test method with the Bt protein applied either on the surface of the diet or incorporated. Although, the data displays a high heterogeneity and are thus hard to compare, they give an overview of the baseline susceptibility of lepidopteran/coleopteran pests to Bt proteins.

Conclusion

Our systematic review illustrates the heterogeneity of the data and indicates the necessity of standard protocols for testing susceptibility of insect pests, which provide comparable data. The cultivation of Bt crops, as with any other plant protection measure, is likely to result in resistance evolution in the target pests. Industry, policy makers, and research should combine knowledge to protect the benefits of this technology.
Economics and Psychology: Why the Great Divide?
Authors: Goodwin Craufurd D.
Published: December 2016

This article explores the interactions between the disciplines of economics and psychology as they emerged from the mother discipline of philosophy and moved into the twentieth century. Some of the early contributors who are examined include Simon Nelson Patten, William McDougall, William James, Thorstein Veblen, and Rexford Tugwell. Vigorous controversies took place over instinct theory, marginal utility, and behaviorism. Attention to the confluence of the two disciplines was stimulated by concerns over human relations during World War I, the success of propaganda, and mounting political instability. Among economists, American institutionalists were most attracted to psychology, notably Wesley Clair Mitchell and John Maurice Clark. Herbert Davenport, Thomas Nixon Carver, and Frank Knight were among the critics. It is suggested that the cultural context of America may explain some of the resistance to psychology in economics. Tensions were reduced when psychology moved to the subdisciplines of economics, especially those in business schools.
Behaviorism and Control in the History of Economics and Psychology
Authors: Edwards José
Published: December 2016

There is a misunderstanding about the meaning of behaviorism in recent discussions on the history of economics and psychology. This essay explores that “behaviorist myth” by highlighting the role of “control” as defined by behaviorists and contrasting their views against those of economists. It then uses “control as a viewpoint” from which to study the history of the two disciplines. It reveals why behaviorism did not meet consumer demand theory during the “ordinalist / revealed preferences revolution” of the 1930s (i.e., the behaviorist myth), despite common methodological references to Percy Bridgman's operationalism. Applying this new viewpoint, this essay also joins the general topic of this volume by exploring early American institutionalism and recent behavioral economics as specific instances in which psychology and economics meet (or do not).
The Economics of Motivations: Tibor Scitovsky and Daniel Berlyne
Authors: Bianchi Marina
Published: December 2016

Tibor Scitovsky made fundamental contributions across many fields of economics, from international trade and growth to monopoly power and competition. But his main interest, and principal legacy, has been in exploring new areas in welfare economics by drawing on research in psychology and other social science disciplines. In The Joyless Economy (1976), Scitovsky analyzed the formation of preferences and how these processes may respond, on the one hand, to activities that simply ease and free life from pain and bother and what he called comfort or defensive activities and, on the other, to “stimulating” activities in all their variety, from sports and the arts to intellectual activities. These, that he deemed creative, are also the pursuits that characterize a joyful economy. He owed this distinction to the discovery of a new body of experimental research in psychophysiology. In my article I retrace the basic contributions of this new psychology of motivations and show how Scitovsky used them to formulate a new model of individual choice.
Theoretical Behaviorism, Economic Theory, and Choice
Authors: Staddon John
Published: December 2016

Choice behavior is studied differently in humans and in animals, and different theories have arisen to explain the results. I suggest that an approach derived from animal studies is also appropriate for human choice. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's prospect theory, a popular two-part account of human choice, is a functional theory amounting, after some years of evolution, to a classification of types of deviation from “rational” reward maximization. Animal choice, on the other hand, can be explained causally as the outcome of competition between a set of possible responses with different “strengths.” The strength of each response is directly related to its historical payoff probability, and responses compete in winner-take-all fashion. An “active” response occurs and is strengthened or weakened depending on its outcome. If it is sufficiently weakened, it will be supplanted by the strongest “silent” response. This cumulative effects (CE) model has been tested in operant conditioning experiments that show, for example, that when choosing between two identical probabilistic choices in a “two-armed bandit” situation, animals will fixate on one if the payoff probabilities are high, but be indifferent if they are low, a pattern not easily deducible from any kind of optimality theory. Kahneman's distinction between “fast” and “slow” systems is indistinguishable from the distinction between active and silent responses in the CE model, which therefore offers a causal account of human as well as animal choice behavior.
Persian Architectural Revivals in the British Raj and Qajar Iran
Authors: Grigor Talinn
Published: December 2016

This essay traces the Persian artistic revival of two separate but interdependent communities: the Parsis of the British Raj and the reformist Muslims and Zoroastrians of Qajar Iran. The two communities, with their own distinct, though at times overlapping, art historical developments, conceived and erected architectural edifices from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1930s. In a typically nineteenth-century eclectic style, each aimed to appeal to a (differing) notion of the Persianate and, thus, to revive the grandeur of antique Iran at the service of divergent ideologies.
Indo-Iranian Linguistic, Literary, and Religious Entanglements
Authors: Vejdani Farzin
Published: December 2016

It is often assumed that Indo-Iranian cultural entanglements disappeared by the early twentieth century because of the rise of imperialism and colonialism, exclusionary forms of nationalism, and the accompanying loss of certain linguistic competencies. This article calls into question the supposed disappearance of exchange between Iran and India in linguistic, literary, and religious realms. Instead, it posits that earlier sets of debates between Iranian and Indian authors, particularly on the status of the Persian language, were now inflected through nationalism, imperialism, and cosmopolitanism. It traces how these new cultural articulations were often the outcome of crossings among Iran, India, and Europe for educational, journalistic, and missionary purposes. Through these crossings, cosmopolitan understandings of language, religion, and politics, albeit with their own hierarchies and exclusions, often coexisted paradoxically side by side with nationalism. Shared Indo-Iranian religious connections, either through Zoroastrianism or Islam, became grounds for new modes of imagining transnational solidarities, while viewing Persian as a beleaguered Asian lingua franca became a way of challenging the imperial hegemony of the English language.
Interwar Housing Speculation and Rent Profiteering in Colonial Calcutta
Authors: Bhattacharyya Debjani
Published: December 2016

Following World War I Presidency towns in British India witnessed a sudden, abnormal rise in housing and rents, resulting in heated debates about the relation between municipal governance, the market, and private capital. By studying this particular moment, Bhattacharyya's article uncovers the emergence of a housing and rent market in Calcutta predicated on notions of housing rights as an outgrowth of worker protest and militancy, on the one hand, and market speculation in land and housing on the other. This tension opened up a space for colonial intervention, one that drew upon numerical reasoning driven by discourses of financial calculations of value and potential risks within the emerging urban real-estate market. The article contends that the regulations surrounding the housing speculation during the 1920s were an early bureaucratic exercise in rationalizing the urban land market in order to make it efficient by regulating the ways in which land and housing accrued value economically.
Indian Friends, Iranian Selves, Persianate Modern
Authors: Kia Mana
Published: December 2016

This article examines the figure of the Indian friend in late nineteenth-century Persian-language modernist writings, specifically those by Fath ‘Alī Ākhūndzādah, Jamāl al-Dīn “al-Afghānī,” and writers published in the Calcutta newspaper Habl al-Matīn. These writings drew on older Persianate ideas of moral refinement and ethical behavior to put forth modern visions of self and collective association. This process posed a self that was Iranian but identifiable according to Persianate notions of collectivity, allowing for simultaneous broader affiliations with Muslims, Indians, and Asians. That the intimate friend involved in this process of Persianate self and collective constitution was Indian suggests the need to consider Iranian and Indian modernity as part of an interconnected process informed by the lingering memory of a shared Persianate past and new modes of engagement into the early twentieth century.
The evolution of jaw protrusion mechanics has been tightly coupled to bentho-pelagic divergence in damselfishes (Pomacentridae)
Authors: Cooper W. James , Carter Casey B. , Conith Andrew J. , Rice Aaron N. , Westneat Mark W.
Published: December 2016

Most species-rich lineages of aquatic organisms have undergone divergence between forms that feed from the substrate (benthic feeding) and forms that feed from the water column (pelagic feeding). Changes in trophic niche are frequently accompanied by changes in skull mechanics, and multiple fish lineages have evolved highly specialized biomechanical configurations that allow them to protrude their upper jaws toward the prey during feeding. Damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) are an example of a species-rich lineage with multiple trophic morphologies and feeding ecologies. We sought to determine if bentho-pelagic divergence in the damselfishes has been tightly coupled to changes in jaw protrusion ability. Using high-speed video recordings and kinematic analysis we examined feeding performance in ten species that include three examples of convergence on herbivory, three examples of convergence on omnivory and two examples of convergence on planktivory. We also utilized morphometrics to characterize the feeding morphology of an additional 40 species that represent all 29 damselfish genera. Comparative phylogenetic analyses were then used to examine the evolution of trophic morphology and biomechanical performance. We find that pelagic-feeding damselfishes (planktivores) are strongly differentiated from extensively benthic-feeding species (omnivores and herbivores) by their jaw protrusion ability, upper jaw morphology and the functional integration of upper jaw protrusion with lower jaw abduction. Most aspects of cranial form and function that separate these two ecological groups have evolved in correlation with each other and the evolution of the functional morphology of feeding in damselfishes has involved repeated convergence in form, function and ecology.
FAIRness in scientific publishing
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: December 2016

Major changes are afoot in the world of academic publishing, exemplified by innovations in publishing platforms, new approaches to metrics, improvements in our approach to peer review, and a focus on developing and encouraging open access to scientific literature and data. The FAIR acronym recommends that authors and publishers should aim to make their output Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. In this opinion article, I explore the parallel view that we should take a collective stance on making the dissemination of scientific data fair in the conventional sense, by being mindful of equity and justice for patients, clinicians, academics, publishers, funders and academic institutions. The views I represent are founded on oral and written dialogue with clinicians, academics and the publishing industry. Further progress is needed to improve collaboration and dialogue between these groups, to reduce misinterpretation of metrics, to reduce inequity that arises as a consequence of geographic setting, to improve economic sustainability, and to broaden the spectrum, scope, and diversity of scientific publication.
Executive Force of the ECtHR Judgments in a Legal System of the Russian Federation (on the Basis of the Practice of the Constitutional Court)
Authors: Князев Сергей , Knyazyev Syergyey
Published: December 2016

The article deals with the complex of issues concerned with the acknowledgement of the executive force of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and ensuring their implementation in the Russian Federation. According to the author, the main difficulties of the implementation of the Convention´s provisions for Russia are not connected with the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms per se, but the interpretation of its norms in the judgments of the ECtHR. The author emphasized that the ECtHR usually avoids the direct conflicts with the Russian constitutional order in a process of decision-making and their execution does not cause any problems in a majority of cases. However, the active using of such tools as evolutive interpretation, European consensus, limits of national discretion, etc. by the ECtHR leads to the fact that its judgments are in contradiction with the Russian Constitution or legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Such ECtHR judgments are the subject matter of analysis of present article in a view of the assessing their executive force. On a basis of the systematic analysis of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the author comes to the conclusion about the necessity of surveying of all available to the Russian authorities’ funds to maintain a cohesive European (Convention) and national (constitutional) legal orders. Derogation from the legal obligation of the ECtHR judgments can be permissible in exceptional cases only and may be dictated only by the aims of protection of the state sovereignty and the supremacy of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Codification of Russian Legislation: Modernity and Development Prospects
Authors: Абрамова Александра , Abramova Aleksandra
Published: December 2016

The problems of codification of Russian legislation were analyzed in present article. Codification was seen as one of the most promising directions of improvement of national legislation and as the important task of its development and organizing. Special attention was paid to possible ways of increasing of the codification level of the Russian legislation, to possible ways of overcoming of the negative trends developed in this field in present time. The author stated that the solution to the problems of codification concerns issues of legal technique as well as substantive issues of law. The features of the codification of law in modern Federative Russia were considered. The author shares an opinion that the expanding of the practice of publication of the Legal Foundation is more appropriate. The Foundation as a distinctive form of codified act can effectively be used as the act which implementing the framework of legal regulation in joint competence of the Federation and constituent entity of the Federation, because of the its structure of internal organization of legal material. The author highlighted the increasing importance of the integrated (intersectoral) codification in a terms of prevailing trend of integration of legal regulation.
State: Truth and Myths
Authors: Пономарева Ирина , Ponomareva Irina
Published: December 2016

The article is devoted to the investigation of the category of truth and the category of myth in the sciences of state. The phenomenon of the state was analyzed as a specific sphere of the science integration. Despite the considerable achievements of the modern juridical science, many questions on the real essence of state and the methods of its research sill do not hane any answers. Modern explanatory state-legal theory has essential faults. Dealing with these questions, the author proposes their solving in the context of the informational and systematic approach. The author paid a particular attention to the problems and prospects of integration of the latest philosophical, epistemological and methodological achievements in the sciences of state. The author appeals to some works by Plato, who studied the problems of truth and myths. Relevant fragments of the dialogues were found in “Theaetetus”, “Republic” and “Statesman”. The article deals with Plato’s (mathematical) version of state organization which looked forward to ideas of modern natural sciences. Etymology of the concepts “truth” and “myth” was analyzed in present article.
Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents
Authors: Хлестова Ирина , KHlyestova Irina
Published: December 2016

The article analyses of the Hague Convention on Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents of the 4 May 1971. Article 2 of the Hague Convention lays down the general rule: the applicable law is the internal law of the State where the accident occurred. At the same time the Hague Convention states a lot of exemptions from this general rule. In some cases it leads to the application of the law of the country of the vehicle’ registration involved in the accident. The Hague Convention determines the action sphere of the applicable law. The feature of the Hague Convention is that persons who suffered injury or damage has the right of direct action against insurer of the person liable. The problems of correlation of the provisions of the Hague convention and EC Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations of the 11 July 2007 were considered in the article.
Combating Legalization and Transferring of Bank Assets Abroad
Authors: Янчуркин Олег , Yanchurkin Oleg , Торбин Юрий , Torbin Yuriy , Маматов Валерий , Mamatov Valeriy
Published: December 2016

The article considers the issues of combating money laundering and illegal transferring of bank assets abroad, which are the most important in the period of full-scale economic crisis in Russia. The author analyzed the data of official statistics and identified the main criminal ways (schemes) of the bank assets transfer abroad and give them a lawful appearance to possession, use and disposal. There is the practice of investigation of criminal cases of this category in present article, as well as examples of permissible violations of the law. The author identified the most significant direction to effectively combating crimes of such kind, formulated the criteria of the activities of the bank activity aimed at the transfer of cash and other liquid assets of the bank abroad. The measures of improving of the existing legislation in the sphere to combat money laundering and illegal transferring of bank assets abroad were proposed by the author.
Anti-Corruption Mechanisms in the Implementation of the Personnel Policy of State Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government
Authors: Патова Елена , Patova Elena
Published: December 2016

The legislation in force imposes certain requirements for the organization of work of personnel services of state bodies and local self-government bodies on prevention of corruption and other offences, creating conditions that exclude the possibility of corrupt behaviour of state and municipal employees. Currently, the legal system of combating corruption is improving; new prohibitions and restrictions related to the passage of state and municipal services are introducing; the control over compliance with the legislation is enhancing; importance of the commissions on observance of requirements to staff behavior of state civil (municipal) staff and conflict of interests is improving. The anti-corruption issues are in the focus of law enforcement and regulatory authorities, the media and the public. However, existing measures are not enough. One of the reasons for the unsuccessful fight against corruption, according to the author, is a significant gap between the declared principles and real embodiment in practice. Continues the practice of appointing officers based on personal loyalty and loyalty to his superiors, violations of tender procedures, evaluation of activities of state and municipal employees does not depend on the level of their professional knowledge and competence, and the position of leadership, the presence of related and friendly relations. On the example of Komi Republic the article considers the issues of regulating the procedure of organization and conducting of a special psychophysiological researches with polygraph use, evaluated its role in reducing corruption in the system of state and municipal management.
Anti-Corruption Legal Mechanisms in Education Sector
Authors: Плюгина Инна , Plyugina Inna
Published: December 2016

The article analyses the specific anti-corruption legal mechanisms in education sector. The author has emphasized the problems of local regulation: the issues of prevention and overcoming of conflict of interests of teaching staff; problems of the commissions for the settlement of disputes between participants of educational relations; some of the problems of implementation of anti-corruption expertise of local acts. Special attention was paid to the rating system of evaluating of teachers, as well as applied indicators. The author has made the conclusion about the lack of effectiveness of internal controls, has highlighted the main legal mesures of corruption prevention for the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. As a result the most common organizational forms of interaction of bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation with organizations engaged in educational activities were identified by the author.
Regulatory Function of the Environmental Law: Realization Problems
Authors: Хлуденева Наталья , Khludeneva Natalya
Published: December 2016

The article defines the content of the regulatory function of environmental law, which manifests itself not only in its ability to capture the already achieved level of development of social relations in the environmental field, but also in the determination of this branch of law on the further development of ecological relations. According to the author, despite the presence in the arsenal of environmental law in Russia a progressive, meeting the requirements of international ecological standards of ways and means, relations in the sphere of environmental protection cannot be considered as efficient. A high conservation potential tool of modern environmental law often plays a secondary role in coordination of interests of participants of ecological relations, not allowing them to exercise due legal activity. The article analyzes some problems of realization of regulatory functions of environmental law in the context of key challenges of environmental law regulation.
Polyfunctionality of Justice: Reality or Legal Reality Interpretation?
Authors: Серков Петр , Syerkov Pyetr
Published: December 2016

In the article contains the analysis of such fundamental concepts as the judicial system and legal proceedings, which are the elements of justice as a whole. The article consists of three parts, which are containing the deductive analysis of the institutional structure of justice. In the first part of present article the interaction of the institutions of the judicial system and legal proceedings, the dynamics of institutional and functional changes, as well as evaluation of these changes were disclosed. Further the author examines every aspect of justice. Thus, in the second part of the paper the judiciary, as constitutional guarantees of fair justice, were studied. Also the judicial system and its components were analyzed by the author. The third part of the article focuses on the second element of justice — judicial proceedings. In this part of the work the author discloses the two components of judicial proceedings: judicial proceedings as a consequence of the conflict and judicial proceedings as a material expression of fairness in a particular conflict. The author defines the definition of the term "judicial proceedings" and provides its analysis from the different points of view, reveals the essence of the judicial proceedings. Also the fundamental functions and principles of justice were presented and examined in present article. In this part the author addresses the question of the relationship of the specialization of courts with the function of justice and of the relation of judicial proceedings and justice.
The effect of supportive-expressive therapy on hope and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)
Authors: abolghasemi abbas , Taherifard Mina , Farhang Sara , Kiamarsi Azar , Saharkhiz Arabani Arash
Published: December 2016

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of supportive-expressive therapy on the hope and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Subject or material and methods

This was an experimental study with pretest-posttest design together with a control group. In this regard, 32 patients from members of MS society of Tehran were selected as the sample by target sampling, and then they were placed into two groups of 16 people (experimental and control group) through random assignment. The supportive-expressive therapy was received by experimental group during twelve sessions in 75 minutes. The instruments used were Snyder et al.’s Hope Inventory and World Health Organization’s Quality of Life-Brief.

Results

The results showed that there was a significant difference between hope and quality of life in the experimental and control groups (p<0.01).

Discussion

Supportive-expressive therapy is effective in increasing hope and quality of life in patients with MS.

Conclusions

The results showed that supportive-expressive therapy, with its emphasis on providing support and helping patients face and deal with their disease-related stress, can help increases hope and quality of life in patients with MS.
Detoxification of high-dose zolpidem using phenobarbital and gabapentin: two case reports
Authors: Beyraghi Narges , Shamsi Alireza , Farrokhian Amir
Published: December 2016

Zolpidem is a hypnotic drug from imidazopyridine family that is chemically distinct from classic benzodiazepines (BDZ). Contrary to classic BDZ, zolpidem acts selectively on α 1 subunit-containing GABA-A benzodiazepine (BZ1) receptors. There are a considerable number of zolpidem dependence case reports in the recent psychiatric literature. Regarding the similarities of zolpidem and BDZ in pharmacodynamic and addictive characteristics, writers posits that recommended detoxification protocols for short half-life BDZ, may also be useful in high doses zolpidem withdrawal symptoms management. Safety and effectiveness of phenobarbital for inpatient BDZ detoxification has been established in previous researches and it may be useful for zolpidem detoxification.