bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Women of the Moon
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

Of the 1586 lunar craters that have been named to honor scientists and philosophers, only 28 honor a woman. This book recounts briefly the story of lunar nomenclature, delves into a few misunderstood questions about the Moon, and then looks at the lives of the few women that were honored. Who were these women? This book recounts their lives, struggles, and achievements. One way or another these were remarkable women: some got a Nobel Prize, others just funded scientific projects, and yet others were female astronauts. Most readers will only know a few of them if at all, but their exemplary lives are inspiring, and will inspire some women to follow in their footsteps and encourage some men to mend their ways. Along the way it also explains some of the science related to their work, so that the book is also an attempt to enhance the public appreciation of science through these individual stories. At a time when there is still a significant gender inequality, and a loss of faith in science, the stories of the women of the moon must be evoked.
Maria Mitchell (1818–1889)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

The main subject of this chapter is the life of Maria Mitchell, the first American woman to discover a comet, and the first director of the Vassar Observatory.
Amalie Emmy Noether (1882–1935)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the life of the mathematician Emmy Noether, her escape from her country due to the rise of Nazism, as well as her scientific contributions.
Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori (1896–1957)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with Gerty Cori and her husband, Carl, both biologists, and their work with the metabolism of glucose which made them winners of the Nobel Prize.
Laurel Blair Salton Clark (1961–2003)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes Laurel Clark, an American astronaut who died during the disintegration of the space shuttle Columbia when it entered the atmosphere.
Valentina Vladímirovna Nikolayeva Tereshkova (1937–)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the life of Valentina Tereshkova, and how she managed to become the first woman in history to go out into space.
Orbitofrontal cortex: anatomy and connections
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The anatomical connections of the orbitofrontal cortex are described. The orbitofrontal cortex receives from the end of every sensory hierarchy information about what taste, smell, touch, visual stimulus including objects and faces, and what auditory stimuli including vocalization, is present. There are major outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex to the cingulate cortex, striatum, inferior frontal gyrus, and indirectly including via the habenula to the dopamine and serotonin neurons in the brainstem.
‘Sweet and Hot’
Authors: Burrows George
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the earliest recordings of Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy that were made during the period 1929–1931. The chapter shows how Kirk inherited the Clouds of Joy from the Texan trumpeter Terrence ‘T.’ Holder and how he worked hard to develop the band to become a versatile and appealing ensemble that played music suited to the tastes of white audiences. When they came to record, however, the Clouds of Joy did not use much of the repertoire that they played for white social dancers in the Southwestern Territories but they offered hotter styled jazz that better fitted racist expectations of what a black band should sound like. Thus, the chapter argues that Kirk’s band effectively donned a stylistic mask of black-sounding jazz that was at odds with the dance-band character that can also be heard in their first records. Recording thereby engaged them in a musical form of masked performance that played with and on prevailing racist stereotypes of blackness and whiteness in jazz.
‘Walkin’ and Swingin’’
Authors: Burrows George
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the hot-swing numbers that the Clouds of Joy recorded in the period between March 1936 and July 1941. It shows that despite evident qualities of the hot-jazz styles of New York and Kansas City, the swing records of Kirk’s band display a comparatively restrained but elegant character. Unlike other black swing bands, the Clouds of Joy do not impress with rhythmic drive, unusual sonorities, or sheer volume. Their swing style is more subtle, unobtrusive, and refined. So, this chapter asks, how can we account for the distinctively restrained-but-elegant quality in the swing recordings of the Clouds of Joy? This central question is addressed with reference to social dancing, but it is as much about race as style: Kirk and his band continued to develop a black-jazz style that ensured their music appealed to Decca’s race-records market while also Signifyin(g) stereotypes of blackness associated with swing music in a subversive way.
‘Until the Real Thing Comes Along’
Authors: Burrows George
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the recordings of Kirk’s band from ‘Until the Real Thing Comes Along’, a ‘special’ ballad that Kirk convinced Decca to record in 1936, to the disbanding of the Clouds of Joy in 1949. It primarily addresses the band’s commercial successes with vocal records, which increasingly dominated their Decca releases after 1936. The chapter shows how the popular vocals speak (or sing) loudest of the position and actions of a black band operating within a racist music industry and society. By considering the sweet-styled vocals relative to the band’s rapidly diminishing hot jazz output, this chapter challenges the enduring critical notion that Kirk’s band sold out on black-jazz authenticity with their turn to popular vocal recordings. Instead, it suggests how they found new ways to Signify on their situation within the racist culture in which they operated.
The Indian Context
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

To explore the Indian context for the study of mobility, the changes in the Indian economy, especially with regard to workforce participation rates, industrial distribution of the workforce, and others, have been outlined in this chapter. The presence and persistence of caste and its impact on occupational attainment, and in turn social mobility, is discussed. This chapter looks in detail at the participation of women in employment in India given the significance of the impact of their participation on social mobility opportunities. Emphasis has been laid on the interaction between class, caste, gender and locality, and the possible repurcussions this has on mobility, providing a rich contextual backdrop to the book.
How Many Classes Are There?
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

To examine the elements of social mobility, especially the intergenerational change in social position, requires the establishment of an appropriate schema that captures social class position across generations. This chapter summarizes the major debates surrounding the definition of social class, with a specific focus on class in the Indian context. So far there is little consistent effort to map the possible classes in Indian society. This chapter discusses the conceptualisation of class and its operationalisation in terms of a class schema. The focus is on a possible ‘objective’ measure of class in the Indian context.
Introduction: Health Inequities in India—The Larger Dimensions
Authors: Prasad Purendra
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides a narrative that explains the politics of access (distribution, utilization, outcomes) as well as the context in which health inequalities are produced in India. While fields such as medical sociology, medical anthropology, health economics, community health, social medicine, epidemiology, and public health, among others, with their own theories, methods, and approaches are able to contribute distinctive dimensions, it becomes essential to engage across the boundaries in a collective manner to understand the complexity of health care that is increasingly shaped by the global market forces and ideologies. This volume thus opens up the possibility of constructing a new paradigm for understanding health sector as well as signalling a new field ‘health care studies’.
Medical–Industrial Complex
Authors: Baru Rama V.
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyses the role and social characteristics of market forces in the health service system in India. It argues that while there are studies that have individually focused on financing, provisioning, drugs and technology, there is a need to take a systemic view of it. It also examines the rise of corporate sector health care through the example of Apollo hospitals and illustrates the complex interaction between regional, national, and international capital and the support from the political class to facilitate the corporate sector in health care. The role of the diasporic networks and their access and influence on policymaking during the last three decades has been highlighted.
Social Roots of Medical Education
Authors: Madhiwalla Neha
Published: July 2019

Allopathy has become the dominant system of medicine in India today. Since mid-nineteenth century, allopathic medical education institutions have grown exponentially. However, its growth has been problematic. Further, the political influence of modern medicine practitioners has enabled them to gain monopolistic control of state health system, even though they remain marginal to the provision of primary care in the rural areas.
Caste, Class, and Gender on the Margins of the State
Authors: Biswal Madhumita
Published: July 2019

Dichotomous view of state and local communities remains a dominant theme in the theorization of state. State often gets depicted to be mainly working on the basis of a rational principle as opposed to the irrationalities of the local communities. This chapter makes an attempt to understand how such claims about state takes an actual course while making available some of the basic needs like health services. It argues that gender and class bias remain inherent at the very structuring level of the health programmes. Further, the bureaucratic hierarchy of the state and the hierarchies of the local communities seem to converge on many occasions.
Legitimizing Violence
Authors: Jena Asima
Published: July 2019

This chapter delineates violence from sexual axis by treating regulation of sexuality as a form of violence albeit its legitimacy. The governance of sexuality takes place through the production of discourse, which orders the subjective position and persuasive approach. In a Foucauldian sense, it conceives violence both at corporeal level as well as metaphoric level. It depicts how routine monitoring of the sexual activities of the Female Sex Workers (FSW) are met with resistance by them and reproduce social inequality, subjugation and stigma by unravelling the contradictory character of a community oriented Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) management programme which in-fact aimed to liberate FSWs from discrimination and inequality.
Electoral Competition and the Gorkhaland Movement
Authors: Lacina Bethany
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines movements for greater local autonomy in Darjeeling since India’s independence. Political leaders generally mobilize to demand autonomy during periods of heightened electoral competition. These movements tend to fade when electoral competition is low. When mass movements have won autonomous institutions for Darjeeling, movement leaders have used these institutions to repress local electoral competition. Without electoral pressure, incumbent leaders in Darjeeling are feckless in pressing autonomy demands. Both the national government in New Delhi and the West Bengal state government in Kolkata have encouraged the anti-democratic features of Darjeeling’s autonomous institutions as a means of maintaining stability. I make this case by showing the parallels in the careers of Deoprakash Rai, Subash Ghisingh, and Bimal Gurung. Each leader de-escalated demands for Darjeeling’s autonomy as his personal power consolidated.
The Promise of Class Analysis in Understanding Nepali National Identity in Darjeeling
Authors: Sarkar Swatahsiddha , Khawas Babika
Published: July 2019

The class question of Nepali identity in Darjeeling lacks adequate attention, except in the writings of historian Kumar Pradhan. Pradhan has emphasized class as the primary factor that reinforced national unity among the Indian Nepalis (i.e. ‘Gorkhas’) settled in Darjeeling. This chapter explores the interstices between class and culture in order to illustrate how community solidarity rather than class polarization galvanized the pan-ethnic Gorkhas of Darjeeling. The chapter draws on Marxian class analysis with a Weberian tint to conceptually situate the perennial problem of Gorkha identity. Putting Darjeeling, Pradhan’s work, and social theory into dialogue, the chapter shows how the identity question in Darjeeling calls for a new program of research. Situating Pradhan in his life and time, the chapter concludes by asking what lessons one can draw from his proposals in understanding related questions of nationalism, federalism, and pan-ethnic unity across the Indo-Nepal border in the twenty-first century.
Conclusion
Authors: Borker Hem
Published: July 2019

This chapter weaves together the insights from the earlier chapters and discusses the contribution of the work to anthropology of Islam education and gender.
Ceasefire as Conflict
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

This chapter gives voice to ordinary villagers’ experiences, views, and concerns vis-à-vis Naga insurgency, and particularly evaluates the post-ceasefire practices and patterns they speak about. While a ceasefire connotes the cessation of hostilities, political stasis, reconciliation, and peace talks, the author shows ethnographically how the Indo-Naga ceasefire instead manifested itself as a complex and contentious social reality that saw the continuation of conflict by other forms and means. What inflated, after the ceasefire, was an enormous struggle fought out between seven or eight Naga underground groups over historical legitimacy, ideological differences, leadership, and territorial and tribal domination within the broader Indo-Naga conflict. This chapter also probes the boundaries between state and national workers and illustrates the mutually beneficial, if illegal, relations that exist between them, which leads me, among others, to argue toward the critical importance of studying social networks as central to the functioning (and fragmentation) of the Naga Movement.
Seeing the State
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines how protracted political conflict shapes the ways ordinary Naga men and women ‘see’ the postcolonial state. For most Nagas, long decades of conflict were marked by a dual relation to the state. On the one hand, they experienced the coercive, repressive powers of the state, while, after the enactment of Nagaland in 1963, the state manifested itself as a source of largesse and livelihood, as part of a politically driven policy of ‘seduction’ to tie Nagas to existing state structures and the political status quo. These historical experiences muddled distinctions between the state as a benevolent provider and protector, and that of a dispenser of bodily violence and misery, between the state as a lucrative resource and reservoir of public resentment. The way Naga villagers engage and ‘see’ the state, I argue, is mediated by this historical ambiguity.
The State as a Resource
Authors: Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: July 2019

The politics of statehood and related demands pervade all nooks and corners of India. This chapter discusses the Frontier Nagaland statehood demand that has emerged within (or against?) the Naga Movement for Independence. Through a set of socio-historical and ethnographic explorations, the author shows how the demand for Frontier Nagaland, while tracing back to divergent colonial trajectories between ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ Nagaland, implies that the creation of Nagaland state produced new constellations of power, new fault-lines, and new axes of differentiation. Seeing the state first and foremost as a ‘resource’, six eastern Naga tribes today lament, what they experience as, the dominating and exploitative influences of western Naga tribes, whom they see as ‘advanced’ and accuse of preventing eastern Nagas from receiving their development dues.
Krishnamurti’s Dialogue as Being Open to the ‘Other’
Authors: Baniwal Vikas
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, an attempt has been made to reflect on some central questions of education, such as knowing, knowledge, knower, and the relationship between the educator and the educand. This attempt is rooted in the ideas of Jiddu Krishnamurti who not only lectured in many countries but also established schools to concretize his ideas and transformed the prevalent understanding of schooling. Thus, this attempt includes a discussion of some prominent ideas from the talks and lectures of Krishnamurti and a reflection on his idea of school as an institution and the process of schooling that can lead to a personal and social transformation. The chapter argues against any fixed ideas of schooling, teaching, and education in favour of a more relational and dialogical way of engagement between the educator and the educand. The importance and limits of methods, technic, and words in such a relational idea of education have also been reflected upon.
‘Right Relationship’ between Teachers and Students
Authors: Sonkar Madhulika
Published: July 2019

This chapter is an ethnographic examination of the teacher-student relationship at Rishi Valley School, Andhra Pradesh, India. Departing from Krishnamurti’s vision on right relationship, the study reconfigures the pertinent dimensions of freedom, authority and hierarchy (or the lack of these) between students and teachers in the school’s everyday life. Interspersed across multiple spaces, contexts and situations, the study weaves together diverse narratives of how teachers and students grapple with challenges in their approach to build ‘right relationship’. Methodologically located at the intersection of anthropology and educational practice, the attempt is to understand educational philosophy as an action, and not merely a concept.
Democracy as Rumour
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: July 2019

Based on qualitative data from the coverage of the 2014 Indian elections by television channels and social media, this chapter demonstrates Schmittian politics by examining electoral–democratic rumours. It discusses how media circulated Hindutva as development to resemble rumourmongering, in that the sources of development remained unknown. The emerging interface among media, elections, and neoliberal economy in polities like India signifies what is proposed as ‘designer democracy’, of which rumour is a key component. The chapter discusses the effects of rumours and other factors that helped Hindutva win in 2014. The premise of rumour as a plebeian resistance, it is argued, is unsustainable. Contra established view, this chapter contends that rumour is also a weapon of the power elites and is deployed during elections. Dwelling on the vital issues of the truth and lie, the chapter concludes with observations on the place of rumour and media in democracies in general.
Unity in Diversity
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyses the manifestos of three political parties: AAP, BJP, and the Congress. Paying attention to their texts and visual symbolism, it argues that there were more similarities than differences among them. The discussion on similarity is organized under three headings: (a) Economy, Development, Religion; (b) Social Groups; and (c) International Relations and Security. The next section delineates minor differences unable to reflect dissensus, the core of the political for Rancière. It concludes with observations on the prevalent views that elections offer freedom of choice to show their limits, structural and theoretical. Following Rancière, it is argued that elections and their manifestos institute policies that inscribe the world differently as opposed to politics, which beckons to a possible different world.
Judicial Delays
Authors: Ranjan Sudhanshu
Published: July 2019

Judicial delays garrote justice. A civil case filed in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1833 is still hanging fire. India has the record of having witnessed a longest contested lawsuit according to the Guinness Book Of World Records. In Pune, on 28th April 1966, Balasaheb Patloji Thorat received a favourable judgment in a suit filed by his ancestor Maloji Thorat 761 years earlier in 1205 CE. Reasons behind the unconscionable delays have been discussed in detail. It is curable provided there is a will and honesty to do it.
Lawyer, Heal Thyself
Authors: Ranjan Sudhanshu
Published: July 2019

Lawyers must not be the call girls of money power. Lawyers, the officers of the court, instead of helping the court arrive at justice, derail justice at the instance of their clients. No wonder, they have been reviled from time immemorial for their unethical practices. Gandhiji learnt to regard law not as an intellectual legerdemain to make black appear white and white black, but as ‘codified ethics’. The profession of law became to him the means to enthrone justice, not to ‘entangle justice’ in the net of law.
Using community-based methods to create a geospatial asset map of physical activity spaces in Pasadena, TX
Authors: Stasi Selina , Spengler John Otto , Maddock Jay , Mckyer Lisako , Clark Heather
Published: July 2019

Sharing of physical activity spaces is supported by the American Heart Association and other leading public health authorities as one strategy to increase access to physical activity. The purpose of this study was to identify facilities within Pasadena, TX, that currently provide opportunities for active recreation, sport, and other forms of physical activity and analyze community access to these spaces from a geospatial perspective. Geospatial analysis was used to identify physical activity spaces and issues relevant to access. Using a community-based approach, the research team worked with partners to create a list of individuals responsible for each of the physical activity spaces. These “facility administrators” were contacted by email and then phone for a total of four attempts. Respondents were asked to complete an online shared use survey. An asset map was created from both local geospatial data (Pasadena, TX) and data from a facility access and shared use survey. Of the 39 facility administrators, 23 responded to the survey and consisted of the park director, school principals, lead pastors and clergy, and business owners. A total of 53 facilities were identified within the priority zip codes, including 30 parks, 25 schools, 9 faith-based organizations, and 4 others (a business, a nonprofit health care center, and two community-based organizations). Overall, there were 131 total amenities, and playgrounds, outdoor basketball courts, and ball fields were the most common types. Some facilities had multiple amenities at their location, including many of the parks and schools. Additionally, respondents noted other types of amenities where activity took place such as parking lots, grassy areas, classrooms, and other indoor areas. Many of the amenities, 102, were open to the general public and 28 were found to be in good condition. Findings suggest that there is inadequate access to physical activity spaces in this underserved community. There is a need for additional play spaces in Northern Pasadena and for future research bridging community health and geospatial mapping.
INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING VERSUS NONPEELING TO PREVENT EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Arias Luis , Padrón-Pérez Noel , Flores-Moreno Ignacio , Giralt Lena , Cobos Estefanía , Lorenzo Daniel , García-Bru Pere , Dias Bruno , Caminal Josep M.
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To determine whether internal limiting membrane peeling in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment prevents epiretinal membrane (ERM) development. Secondarily, we propose a classification system for postoperative ERMs.

Methods:

Retrospective, interventional, comparative case series. Consecutive eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 140) treated by a single surgeon. The presence of postoperative ERMs was assessed with swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Results:

An ERM was detected in 26 eyes (46.4%) in the nonpeeling group and in one eye (1.8%) in the internal limiting membrane peeling group (P ≤ 0.001). The median visual acuity significantly improved in both groups (P ≤ 0.001). Inner retinal dimples were observed in 41.1% of eyes in the internal limiting membrane peeling group versus 0% in the nonpeeling group (P ≤ 0.001), and they were not correlated with visual acuity (r = 0.011; P = 0.941). Based on swept-source optical coherence tomography findings, we identified three different types of ERMs: 7 (26.9%) were classified as Type 1, 12 (46.1%) as Type 2, and 7 (26.9%) as Type 3. Superficial retinal plexus deformations observed on optical coherence tomography angiography and en face images were detected in 100% of Type 3 ERMs, 41.6% of Type 2, and 0% of Type 1 (χ2 = 14.3; P = 0.001). Interestingly, all of the patients who presented these alterations also had metamorphopsia.

Conclusion:

Internal limiting membrane peeling in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment seems to prevent postoperative ERM development. Swept-source optical coherence tomography analysis is helpful to define and classify different types of ERMs and to establish the surgical indication for their removal.
Trends in Regionalization of Care and Mortality For Patients Treated With Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Waingankar Nikhil , Mallin Katherine , Egleston Brian L. , Winchester David P. , Uzzo Robert G. , Kutikov Alexander , Smaldone Marc C.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Regionalization to higher volume centers has been proposed as a mechanism to improve short-term outcomes following complex surgery.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess trends in regionalization and mortality for patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC).

Research Design:

An observational study of patients receiving RC in the United States from 2004 to 2013.

Subjects:

Data for patients receiving RC were extracted from the National Cancer Database.

Measures:

The primary exposure was hospital volume; low-volume hospitals (LVH) included those with <5 RC/year and high-volume hospitals (HVH) were those with ≥30 RC/year. Trends in the volume were assessed, as were 30- and 90-day mortality. Cochrane-Armitage tests were performed for volume, and propensity score-weighted proportional hazard regression was used to assess mortality.

Results:

A total of 47,028 RC were performed in 1162 hospitals from 2004 to 2013. The proportion of RC at LVH declined from 29% to 17% (P<0.01), whereas that of HVH increased from 16% to 33% (P<0.01). Unadjusted 30- (P=0.02) and 90-day (P<0.001) mortality decreased, and the absolute decrease was greatest at LVH (4.8% vs. 2.6%, P=0.03), whereas rates for HVH remained stable (1.9% vs. 1.4%, P=0.34). Following risk-adjustment, relative to treatment at HVH, treatment at LVH was associated with increased 30-day (hazard ratio: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.53–1.80) and 90-day mortality (hazard ratio: 1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.30–1.44).

Conclusions:

Regionalization of RC to HVH was observed from 2004 to 2013. Treatment at LVH was associated with 66% and 33% relative increases in hazard of death at 30 and 90 days, respectively. These findings support the selective referral of complex cases to higher volume centers.
Lactic Acidosis and the Role of Sodium Bicarbonate: A Narrative Opinion
Authors: Rudnick Mona R. , Blair Gregory J. , Kuschner Ware G. , Barr Juliana
Published: July 2019

Lactic acidosis occurs commonly and can be a marker of significant physiologic derangements. However what an elevated lactate level and acidemia connotes and what should be done about it is subject to inconsistent interpretations. This review examines the varied etiologies of lactic acidosis, the physiologic consequences, and the known effects of its treatment with sodium bicarbonate. Lactic acidosis is often assumed to be a marker of hypoperfusion, but it can also result from medications, organ dysfunction, and sepsis even in the absence of malperfusion. Acidemia causes deleterious effects in almost every organ system, but it can also have positive effects, increasing localized blood flow and oxygen delivery, as well as providing protection against hypoxic cellular injury. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct severe acidemia may be tempting to clinicians, but previous studies have failed to show improved patient outcomes following bicarbonate administration. Bicarbonate use is known to decrease vasomotor tone, decrease myocardial contractility, and induce intracellular acidosis. This suggests that mild to moderate acidemia does not require correction. Most recently, a randomized control trial found a survival benefit in a subgroup of critically ill patients with serum pH levels <7.2 with concomitant acute kidney injury. There is no known benefit of correcting serum pH levels ≥ 7.2, and sparse evidence supports bicarbonate use <7.2. If administered, bicarbonate is best given as a slow IV infusion in the setting of adequate ventilation and calcium replacement to mitigate its untoward effects.
Periodic Testing and Estimation of STD-HIV Association
Authors: Mâsse B.R. , Guibord P. , Boily M.-C. , Alary M.
Published: July 2019

Background

The validity of measures used in follow-up studies to estimate the magnitude of the HIV-STD association will be the focus of this paper. A recent simulation study by Boilyet al[1] based on a model of HIV and STD transmission showed that the relative risk (RR), estimated by the hazard rate ratio (HRR) obtained by the Cox model had poor validity, either in absence or in presence of a real association between HIV and STD. TheHRRtends to underestimate the true magnitude of a non-null association. These results were obtained from simulated follow-up studies where HIV was periodicaly tested every three months and every month for the STD.

Aims and Methods

This paper extends the above results by investigating the impact of using different periodic testing intervals on the validity ofHRRestimates. Issues regarding the definition of exposure to STDs in this context are explored. A stochastic model for the transmission of HIV and other STDs is used to simulate follow-up studies with different periodic testing intervals.HRRestimates obtained with the Cox model with a time-dependent STD exposure covariate are compared to the true magnitude of the HIV-STD association. In addition, real data are reanalysed using the STD exposure definition described in this paper. The data from Lagaet al[2] are used for this purpose.

Results

(1) Simulated data: independently of the magnitude of the true association, we observed a greater reduction of the bias when increasing the frequency of HIV testing than that of the STD testing. (2) Real data: The STD exposure definition can create substantial differences in the estimation of the HIV-STD association. Lagaet al[2] have found aHRRof 2.5 (1.1 - 6.4) for the association between HIV and genital ulcer disease compared to an estimate of 3.5 (1.5 - 8.3) with our improved definition of exposure.

Conclusions

Results on the simulated data have an important impact on the design of field studies. For instance when choosing between two designs; one where both HIV and STD are screened every 3 months versus one where HIV and STD are screened every 3 months and monthly, respectively. The latter design is more expensive and involves more complicated logistics. Furthermore, this increment in cost may not be justified considering the relatively small gain in terms of validity and variability.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: symptomatic and syndromic thresholds and diagnostic operationalization
Authors: Laporte Paola Paganella , Matijasevich Alicia , Munhoz Tiago N. , Santos Iná S. , Barros Aluísio J. D. , Pine Daniel Samuel , Rohde Luis Augusto , Leibenluft Ellen , Abrahão Salum Giovanni
Published: July 2019

Objective

The aim of this study is to identify the most appropriate threshold for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) diagnosis and the impact of potential changes in diagnostic rules on prevalence levels in the community.

Method

Trained psychologists evaluated 3,562 pre-adolescents/early adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort with the Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment (DAWBA). The clinical threshold was assessed in three stages: symptomatic, syndromic and clinical operationalization. The symptomatic threshold identified the response category in each DAWBA item which separates normative misbehavior from a clinical indicator. The syndromic threshold identified the number of irritable mood and outbursts needed to capture pre-adolescents/early adolescents with high symptom levels. Clinical operationalization compared the impact of AND/OR rules for combining irritable mood and outbursts on impairment and levels of psychopathology.

Results

At the symptomatic threshold, most irritable mood items were normative in their lowest response categories and clinically significant in their highest response categories. For outbursts some indicated a symptom even when present at only a mild level, while others did not indicate symptoms at any level. At the syndromic level, a combination of 2 out of 7 irritable mood and 3 out of 8 outburst indicators accurately captured a cluster of individuals with high level of symptoms. Analysis combining irritable mood and outbursts delineated non-overlapping aspects of DMDD, providing support for the OR rule in clinical operationalization. The best DMDD criteria resulted in a prevalence of 3%.

Conclusion

Results provide information for initiatives aiming to provide data-driven and clinically oriented operationalized criteria for DMDD.
The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance among Urinary Tract Isolates of Escherichia coli in the United States in 2017
Authors: Critchley Ian A , Cotroneo Nicole , Pucci Michael J , Mendes Rodrigo
Published: July 2019

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli have been historically managed with oral antibiotics including the cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The use of these agents is being compromised by the increase in extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms, mostly caused by the emergence and clonal expansion of E. coli multilocus sequence typing (ST) 131. In addition, ESBL isolates show co-resistance to many of oral agents. Management of UTIs caused by ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms is becoming increasingly challenging to treat outside of the hospital setting with clinicians having to resort to intravenous agents. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ESBL phenotypes and genotypes among UTI isolates of E. coli collected in the US during 2017 as well as the impact of co-resistance to oral agents such as the fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The national prevalence of ESBL phenotypes of E. coli was 15.7% and was geographically distributed across all nine Census regions. Levofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistance rates were ≥ 24% among all isolates and this co-resistance phenotype was considerably higher among isolates showing an ESBL phenotype (≥ 59.2%) and carrying blaCTX-M-15 (≥ 69.5%). The agents with the highest potency against UTI isolates of E. coli, including ESBL isolates showing cross-resistance across oral agents, were the intravenous carbapenems. The results of this study indicate that new oral options with the spectrum and potency similar to the intravenous carbapenems would address a significant unmet need for the treatment of UTIs in an era of emergence and clonal expansion of ESBL isolates resistant to several classes of antimicrobial agents, including oral options.
Independent transposon exaptation is a widespread mechanism of shadow enhancer evolution in the mammalian genome
Authors: Barth Nicolai K. H. , Li Lifei , Taher Leila
Published: July 2019

Many regulatory networks involve (possibly partially) redundantcis-regulatory elements. These elements are commonly referred to as shadow enhancers and have been assumed to mainly originate by sequence duplication. An alternative mechanism that has not been examined involves the independent exaptation of transposons. Here, we identified 2,117 and 2,787 pairs of shadow enhancers in the human and mouse genomes, respectively, and found that 34% and 18% of these pairs derive from transposons. Moreover, we show that virtually all the enhancer partners of these transposon-derived shadow enhancer pairs are independent exaptations from different transposon types and hypothesize that the increase in the expression and tissue-specificity of their targets as compared to those of non-shadow enhancers facilitates their fixation in the genome. Finally, we provide evidence that the regulatory redundancy observed in many mammalian regulatory networks is predominantly driven by convergent evolution, since shadow enhancers are hardly ever conserved across species.
The Evolutionary History of Common Genetic Variants Influencing Human Cortical Surface Area
Authors: Tilot Amanda K. , Khramtsova Ekaterina A. , Grasby Katrina , Jahanshad Neda , Painter Jodie , Colodro-Conde Lucía , Bralten Janita , Hibar Derrek P. , Lind Penelope A. , Liu Siyao , Brotman Sarah M. , Thompson Paul M. , Medland Sarah E. , Macciardi Fabio , Stranger Barbara E. , Davis Lea K. , Fisher Simon E. , Stein Jason L.
Published: July 2019

Structural brain changes along the lineage that led to modern Homo sapiens have contributed to our unique cognitive and social abilities. However, the evolutionarily relevant molecular variants impacting key aspects of neuroanatomy are largely unknown. Here, we integrate evolutionary annotations of the genome at diverse timescales with common variant associations from large-scale neuroimaging genetic screens in living humans, to reveal how selective pressures have shaped neocortical surface area. We show that variation within human gained enhancers active in the developing brain is associated with global surface area as well as that of specific regions. Moreover, we find evidence of recent polygenic selection over the past 2,000 years influencing surface area of multiple cortical regions, including those involved in spoken language and visual processing.
Decontamination of ambient RNA in single-cell RNA-seq with DecontX
Authors: Yang Shiyi , Corbett Sean E. , Koga Yusuke , Wang Zhe , Johnson W. Evan , Yajima Masanao , Campbell Joshua D.
Published: July 2019

Droplet-based microfluidic devices have become widely used to perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and discover novel cellular heterogeneity in complex biological systems. However, ambient RNA present in the cell suspension can be incorporated into these droplets and aberrantly counted along with a cell’s native mRNA. This results in cross-contamination of transcripts between different cell populations and can potentially decrease the precision of downstream analyses. We developed a novel hierarchical Bayesian method called DecontX to estimate and remove contamination in individual cells from scRNA-seq data. DecontX accurately predicted the proportion of contaminated counts in a mixture of mouse and human cells. Decontamination of PBMC datasets removed aberrant expression of cell type specific marker genes from other cell types and improved overall separation of cell clusters. In general, DecontX can be incorporated into scRNA-seq workflows to assess quality of dissociation protocols and improve downstream analyses.
Diatoms structure the plankton community based on selective segregation in the world’s ocean
Authors: Vincent Flora , Bowler Chris
Published: July 2019

Diatoms are a major component of phytoplankton, believed to be responsible for around 20% of the annual primary production on Earth. As abundant and ubiquitous organisms, they are known to establish biotic interactions with many other members of the plankton. Through analysis of co-occurrence networks derived from theTaraOceans expedition that take into account the importance of both biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the spatial distributions of species, we show that only 13% of diatom pairwise associations are driven by environmental conditions, whereas the vast majority are independent of abiotic factors. In contrast to most other plankton groups, at a global scale diatoms display a much higher proportion of negative correlations with other organisms, particularly towards potential predators and parasites, suggesting that their biogeography is constrained by top down pressure. Genus level analyses indicate that abundant diatoms are not necessarily the most connected, and that species-specific abundance distribution patterns lead to negative associations with other organisms. In order to move forward in the biological interpretation of co-occurrence networks, an open access extensive literature survey of diatom biotic interactions was compiled, of which 18.5% were recovered in the computed network. This result reveals the extent of what likely remains to be discovered in the field of planktonic biotic interactions, even for one of the best known organismal groups.

Importance

Diatoms are key phytoplankton in the modern ocean involved in numerous biotic interactions, ranging from symbiosis to predation and viral infection, which have considerable effects on global biogeochemical cycles. However, despite recent large-scale studies of plankton, we are still lacking a comprehensive picture of the diversity of diatom biotic interactions in the marine microbial community. Through the ecological interpretation of both inferred microbial association networks and available knowledge on diatom interactions compiled in an open access database, we propose an eco-systems level understanding of diatom interactions in the ocean.
Assessing by modeling the consequences of increased recombination in genomic selection ofOryza sativaandBrassica rapa
Authors: Tourrette E. , Bernardo R. , Falque M. , Martin O.
Published: July 2019

Recombination generates genetic diversity but the number of crossovers per meiosis is limited in most species. Previous studies showed that increasing recombination can enhance response to selection. However, such studies did not assume a specific method of modifying recombination. Our objective was to test whether two methods used to increase recombination in plants could increase the genetic gain in a population undergoing genomic selection. The first method, inOryza sativa,used a mutant of anti-crossover genes to increase global recombination without affecting the recombination landscape. The second one uses the ploidy level of a cross betweenBrassica rapaandBrassica napusto increase the recombination particularly in pericentromeric regions. These recombination landscapes were used to model recombination while quantitative trait loci positions were based on the actual gene distribution. We simulated selection programs with initially a cross between two inbred lines, for two species. Increased recombination enhanced the response to selection. The amount of enhancement in the cumulative gain largely depended on the species and the number of quantitative trait loci (2, 10, 20, 50, 200 or 1000 per chromosome). Genetic gains were increased up to 30% after 20 generations. Furthermore, modifying the recombination landscape was the most effective: the gain was larger by 25% with the first method and 33% with the second one inB. rapa, and 15% compared to 11% inO. sativa. Thus, increased recombination enhances the genetic gain in genomic selection for long-term selection programs, with visible effects after four to five generations.
Diet diversification shapes broad-scale distribution patterns in European bats
Authors: Alberdi Antton , Razgour Orly , Aizpurua Ostaizka , Novella-Fernandez Roberto , Aihartza Joxerra , Budinski Ivana , Garin Inazio , Ibáñez Carlos , Izagirre Eñaut , Rebelo Hugo , Russo Danilo , Vlaschenko Anton , Zhelyazkova Violeta , Zrncic Vida , Gilbert M Thomas P
Published: July 2019

Large-scale species’ distributions have been traditionally attributed to physiological traits related to abiotic factors, while behavioural features linked to biotic interactions have received little attention. We tested the relationship between trophic and spatial niche breadths through combining species distribution modelling with dietary DNA metabarcoding of over 400 bats sampled across Europe belonging to seven species. Our results point to a causality cascade between hunting plasticity, trophic niche breadth and spatial niche breadth, and thus indicate that behavioral plasticity and dietary diversification can contribute to shaping broad-scale species distributions.
Computational Finite Element Method (FEM) forward modeling workflow for transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) current flow on MRI-derived head: Simpleware and COMSOL Multiphysics tutorial
Authors: Seibt Ole , Truong Dennis , Khadka Niranjan , Huang Yu , Bikson Marom
Published: July 2019

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) dose designs are often based on computational Finite Element Method (FEM) forward modeling studies. These FEM models educate researchers about the resulting current flow (intensity and pattern) and so the resulting neurophysiological and behavioral changes based on tDCS dose (mA), resistivity of head tissues (e.g. skin, skull, CSF, brain), and head anatomy. Moreover, model support optimization of montage to target specific brain regions. Computational models are thus an ancillary tool used to inform the design, set-up and programming of tDCS devices, and investigate the role of parameters such as electrode assembly, current directionality, and polarity of tDCS in optimizing therapeutic interventions. Computational FEM modeling pipeline of tDCS initiates with segmentation of an exemplary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a template head into multiple tissue compartments to develop a higher resolution (< 1 mm) MRI derived FEM model using Simpleware ScanIP. Next, electrode assembly (anode and cathode of variant dimension) is positioned over the brain target and meshed at different mesh densities. Finally, a volumetric mesh of the head with electrodes is imported in COMSOL and a quasistatic approximation (stead-state solution method) is implemented with boundary conditions such as inward normal current density (anode), ground (cathode), and electrically insulating remaining boundaries. A successfully solved FEM model is used to visualize the model prediction via different plots (streamlines, volume plot, arrow plot).