bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are the Consumption Patterns of Sports Supplements Similar among Spanish Mountain Runners?
Authors: Jiménez-Alfageme Rubén , Rubio-Quintanilla Noelia , Romero-García David , Sanchez-Oliver Antonio Jesús , Sospedra Isabel , Martínez-Sanz José Miguel
Published: January 2023

Background: The use of sports supplements (SS) to improve sports performance is widespread in all types of athletes, however, the specific characteristics of mountain races may require the use of certain SS. Despite being a sport where the consumption of SS seems widespread, few studies have been conducted in this regard. The objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of SS consumption of mountain runners in relation to the degree of scientific evidence, sex, and level of competition. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and habitual use of SS of 357 federated mountain runners in Spain. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: From the total sample, 93.84% of the athletes stated that they consumed SS, with no differences observed based on the competitive level or in terms of sex; however, there were significant differences according to the competitive level in terms of the number of SS consumed, with consumption being greater at a higher competitive level (p = 0.009). The most consumed SS were sports bars (66.1%), sports drinks (60.5%), sports gels (52.9%), and caffeine (46.2%). Conclusions: The consumption of SS in mountain races is high, and the number of SS consumed is higher as the competition level increases. The four SS most consumed by the participants in this study were all included in category A in the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), this category is the one with the greatest scientific evidence.
D-Limonene Promotes Anti-Obesity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and High-Calorie Diet-Induced Obese Rats by Activating the AMPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liao Jin-Ting , Huang Yu-Wen , Hou Chih-Yao , Wang Jyh-Jye , Wu Chih-Chung , Hsieh Shu-Ling
Published: January 2023

D-limonene (LIM) is a common monoterpene compound, principally found in citrus essential oils. This study investigated the anti-obesity effect of LIM on the 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-calorie diet-induced obese rats and confirmed the optimally effective dose of LIM. The 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 0.05–0.4 mg/mL LIM for 10 days and oil red O and triglyceride (TG) content were used to determine the levels of lipid accumulation. The results showed that more than 0.05 mg/mL LIM inhibited lipid accumulation by reducing oil red O in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Masses of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL LIM also decreased the TG contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. On the other hand, Wistar rats were given high-calorie diets, combined with LLIM (154 mg/kg) and HLIM (1000 mg/kg) treatments, for 16 weeks. The result shows that LLIM and HLIM decreased body weight, total fat tissue weight, and serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLc) levels. HLIM reduced serum TG and increased serum lipase and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc) levels. Moreover, the anti-obesity metabolic pathway showed that LIM (>0.05 mg/mL) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and LIM (>154 mg/kg) in high-calorie diet-induced obese rats could activate the AMPK signaling pathway. The activated AMPK regulated the mRNA expression related to adipogenesis (PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4), lipogenesis (SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS), and lipolysis (ATGL, HSL) to inhibit obesity. This finding demonstrates that LIM has anti-obesity properties. Namely, it is seen that LIM acts by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-calorie diet-induced obese rats. In terms of dose–response, LIM (154 mg/kg) would be an optimal effective dose for anti-obesity induced by a high-calorie diet.
Sugar Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Davis Evan W. , McCann Susan E. , Joseph Janine M. , Yeary Karen H. K. , Fountzilas Christos , Moysich Kirsten B.
Published: January 2023

Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is a highly fatal malignancy with few modifiable risk and prognostic factors. This study investigates the association between cola, diet cola, and non-cola soft drink consumption and PanCa risk and mortality. A retrospective study was conducted using data from the Patient Epidemiology Data System (1982–1998) at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Buffalo, NY, USA), including 213 PanCa patients and 852 cancer-free controls. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, including a 46-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of cola, diet cola, and non-cola soft drink consumption and PanCa risk. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs of cola, diet cola, and non-cola soft drink consumption and PanCa mortality. Stratified analyses were conducted by sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. We observed significant 55% increased odds of PanCa among patients consuming ≥1 regular cola per day (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.01–2.39). We also observed non-significant 38% increased hazard of mortality among patients consuming ≥1 regular cola per day (HR: 1.38, 95% CI: 0.91–2.07). We conclude that regular cola consumption is a modifiable lifestyle that may be associated with PanCa risk and mortality following diagnosis.
New Insights into the Role of the Trypanosoma cruzi Aldo-Keto Reductase TcAKR
Authors: Díaz-Viraqué Florencia , Chiribao María Laura , Paes-Vieira Lisvane , Machado Matias R. , Faral-Tello Paula , Tomasina Ramiro , Trochine Andrea , Robello Carlos
Published: January 2023

Chagas disease is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is distributed worldwide, affecting around 7 million people; there is no effective treatment, and it constitutes a leading cause of disability and premature death in the Americas. Only two drugs are currently approved for the treatment, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, and both have to be activated by reducing the nitro-group. The T. cruzi aldo-keto reductase (TcAKR) has been related to the metabolism of benznidazole. TcAKR has been extensively studied, being most efforts focused on characterizing its implication in trypanocidal drug metabolism; however, little is known regarding its biological role. Here, we found that TcAKR is confined, throughout the entire life cycle, into the parasite mitochondria providing new insights into its biological function. In particular, in epimastigotes, TcAKR is associated with the kinetoplast, which suggests additional roles of the protein. The upregulation of TcAKR, which does not affect TcOYE expression, was correlated with an increase in PGF2α, suggesting that this enzyme is related to PGF2α synthesis in T. cruzi. Structural analysis showed that TcAKR contains a catalytic tetrad conserved in the AKR superfamily. Finally, we found that TcAKR is also involved in Nfx metabolization.
Mathematical Modelling of the Spatial Distribution of a COVID-19 Outbreak with Vaccination Using Diffusion Equation
Authors: Kammegne Brice , Oshinubi Kayode , Babasola Oluwatosin , Peter Olumuyiwa James , Longe Olumide Babatope , Ogunrinde Roseline Bosede , Titiloye Emmanuel Olurotimi , Abah Roseline Toyin , Demongeot Jacques
Published: January 2023

The formulation of mathematical models using differential equations has become crucial in predicting the evolution of viral diseases in a population in order to take preventive and curative measures. In December 2019, a novel variety of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which causes a severe and potentially fatal respiratory syndrome. Since then, it has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has spread around the globe. A reaction–diffusion system is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of a phenomenon subjected to two processes: a reaction process, in which different substances are transformed, and a diffusion process, which causes their distribution in space. This article provides a mathematical study of the Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Recovered, and Vaccinated population model of the COVID-19 pandemic using the bias of reaction–diffusion equations. Both local and global asymptotic stability conditions for the equilibria were determined using a Lyapunov function, and the nature of the stability was determined using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Furthermore, we consider the conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the model solution and show the spatial distribution of the model compartments when the basic reproduction rate R0<1 and R0>1. Thereafter, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine the most sensitive parameters in the proposed model. We demonstrate the model’s effectiveness by performing numerical simulations and investigating the impact of vaccination, together with the significance of spatial distribution parameters in the spread of COVID-19. The findings indicate that reducing contact with an infected person and increasing the proportion of susceptible people who receive high-efficacy vaccination will lessen the burden of COVID-19 in the population. Therefore, we offer to the public health policymakers a better understanding of COVID-19 management.
Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021–2022
Authors: Mosaad Zienab , Elhusseiny Mohamed H. , Zanaty Ali , Fathy Mustafa M. , Hagag Naglaa M. , Mady Wesam H. , Said Dalia , Elsayed Moataz M. , Erfan Ahmed M. , Rabie Neveen , Samir Abdelhafez , Samy Mohamed , Arafa Abdel-Satar , Selim Abdullah , Abdelhakim Ali M. , Lindahl Johanna F. , Eid Samah , Lundkvist Åke , Shahein Momtaz A. , Naguib Mahmoud M.
Published: January 2023

Wild migratory birds have the capability to spread avian influenza virus (AIV) over long distances as well as transmit the virus to domestic birds. In this study, swab and tissue samples were obtained from 190 migratory birds during close surveillance in Egypt in response to the recent outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. The collected samples were tested for a variety of AIV subtypes (H5N1, H9N2, H5N8, and H6N2) as well as other pathogens such as NDV, IBV, ILT, IBDV, and WNV. Among all of the tested samples, the HPAI H5N1 virus was found in six samples; the other samples were found to be negative for all of the tested pathogens. The Egyptian HPAI H5N1 strains shared genetic traits with the HPAI H5N1 strains that are currently being reported in Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa in 2021–2022. Whole genome sequencing revealed markers associated with mammalian adaption and virulence traits among different gene segments, similar to those found in HPAI H5N1 strains detected in Europe and Africa. The detection of the HPAI H5N1 strain of clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds in Egypt underlines the risk of the introduction of this strain into the local poultry population. Hence, there is reason to be vigilant and continue epidemiological and molecular monitoring of the AIV in close proximity to the domestic–wild bird interface.
Evaluating the Skin Interactions and Permeation of Alginate/Fucoidan Hydrogels Per Se and Associated with Different Essential Oils
Authors: Barbosa Ana Isabel , Lima Sofia A. Costa , Yousef Ibraheem , Reis Salette
Published: January 2023

Marine polysaccharides are recognized for their biological properties and their application in the drug delivery field, favoring hydrogel-forming capacities for cutaneous application towards several dermatological conditions. Essential oils have been widely used in skin, not only for their remarkable biological properties, but also for their capacity to enhance permeation through the skin layers and to confer a pleasant scent to the formulation. In this study, menthol, L-linalool, bergamot oil, and β-pinene were incorporated in alginate/fucoidan hydrogels to evaluate their skin permeation enhancement profile and assess their influence on the skin organization. The combinations of different essential oils with the marine-based fucoidan/alginate hydrogel matrix were characterized, resulting in formulations with pseudoplastic rheological properties favorable for a uniform application in the skin. The ex vivo Franz diffusion permeation assays revealed that calcein loaded in bergamot-alginate/fucoidan hydrogel permeated more than 15 mg out of the initial 75 mg than when in linalool-alginate/fucoidan, alginate/fucoidan or hydrogel without any incorporated oil. Skin calcein retention for menthol- and pinene-alginate/fucoidan hydrogels was 15% higher than in the other conditions. Infrared micro-spectroscopic analysis through synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy evidenced a symmetric shift in CH3 groups towards higher wavenumber, indicating lipids’ fluidization and less lateral packing, characterized by a band at 1468 cm−1, with the bergamot-alginate/fucoidan, which contributes to enhancing skin permeation. The study highlights the effect of the composition in the design of formulations for topical or transdermal delivery systems.
A Qualitative Systematic Literature Review of the Role of U.S. Pharmacists in Prescribing Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Authors: Cernasev Alina , Melton Tyler C. , Jasmin Hilary , Barenie Rachel E.
Published: January 2023

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective treatment to combat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) endemic, but the uptake of PrEP has been low in the United States (U.S.). While individuals may access PrEP via obtaining a prescription from their prescriber and having it dispensed by their pharmacist, less cumbersome access points may exist. This systematic literature review evaluates qualitative literature to explore the role of pharmacists, pharmacy services, and interprofessional collaborations for persons seeking PrEP in the United States. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Embase) were searched in February 2022 and yielded 3841 results. After excluding duplicates, two researchers reviewed 2461 studies. These results were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria and yielded 71 studies for full review. Out of these 71 studies, five studies met the pre-selected inclusion criteria. Of the five studies, four were qualitative studies, and one was a mixed-methods study. The studies examined different aspects of initiating PrEP and diverse outcomes, such as screening for PrEP, barriers to access PrEP, feasibility to access PrEP, accessibility via community pharmacy to PrEP, and interdisciplinary collaboration between members of the healthcare team to expand patient access to PrEP. A gap in the qualitative literature focusing on U.S. pharmacists’ roles in initiation and provision of PrEP for diverse populations may exist. While PrEP promotion and uptake are largely affected by convenience and accessibility, future interventions and strategies should include training pertaining to PrEP screening, stigma reduction, privacy considerations, and PrEP dispensing.
Coupled Strip-Array Waveguides for Integrated Mid-IR Gas Sensing
Authors: Thakkar Pooja , Fleury Clément , Stocker Gerald , Dubois Florian , Dao Thang Duy , Jannesari Reyhaneh , Saeidi Parviz , Pühringer Gerald , Ostermann Thomas , Grille Thomas , Jakoby Bernhard , Tortschanoff Andreas , Consani Cristina
Published: January 2023

Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) absorption spectroscopy is a widespread approach to gas sensing due to its selectivity and conceptual simplicity. One of the main challenges towards the development of fully integrated NDIR sensors is the design and fabrication of microstructures, typically waveguides, that can combine high sensitivity with the ease of integrability of other sensor elements (sources, filters, detectors). Here, we investigate theoretically and experimentally a class of coupled strip-array (CSA) waveguides realized on a SiO2/Si3N4 platform with mass semiconductor fabrication processes. We demonstrate that this class of waveguides shows comparable sensitivity for a wide range of presented geometries, making it a very promising platform for satisfying multiple sensor and fabrication requirements without loss of performance.
A Model for Changes in Germination Synchrony and Its Implements to Study Weed Population Dynamics: A Case Study of Brassicaceae
Authors: Maleki Keyvan , Maleki Kourosh , Soltani Elias , Oveisi Mostafa , Gonzalez-Andujar Jose L.
Published: January 2023

In every agricultural system, weed seeds can be found in every cubic centimeter of soil. Weed seeds, as a valuable trait underlying the fate of weed populations, exhibit differing levels of seed dormancy, ensuring their survival under uncertain conditions. Seed dormancy is considered as an innate mechanism that constrains germination under suitable conditions that would otherwise stimulate germination of nondormant seeds. This work provides new insight into changes in germination patterns along the dormant to nondormancy continuum in seeds with physiological dormancy. Notable findings are: (1) germination synchrony can act as a new parameter that quantitatively describes dormancy patterns and, subsequently, weed population dynamics, (2) germination synchrony is dynamic, suggesting that the more dormancy decreases, the more synchrony is obtainable, (3) after-ripening and stratification can function as a synchronizing agent that regulates germination behavior. Freshly harvested seeds of Brassica napus with type 3 of non-deep physiological dormancy showed the most synchronous germination, with a value of 3.14, while a lower level of germination asynchrony was found for newly harvested seeds of Sinapis arvensis with type 1 of non-deep physiological dormancy, with an asynchrony value of 2.25. After-ripening and stratification can act as a synchronizing factor through decreasing the asynchrony level and increasing synchrony. There is a firm relationship between seed dormancy cycling and germination synchrony patterns, ensuring their survival and reproductive strategies. By germinating in synchrony, which is accompanied by cycling mechanisms, weeds have more opportunities to persist. The synchrony model used in the present study predicts germination behavior and synchrony along the dormant to nondormancy continuum in weed seeds with physiological dormancy, suggesting a useful method for the quantification of germination strategies and weed population dynamics.
Modern Approaches for the Development of New Herbicides Based on Natural Compounds
Authors: Berestetskiy Alexander
Published: January 2023

Weeds are a permanent component of anthropogenic ecosystems. They require strict control to avoid the accumulation of their long-lasting seeds in the soil. With high crop infestation, many elements of crop production technologies (fertilization, productive varieties, growth stimulators, etc.) turn out to be practically meaningless due to high yield losses. Intensive use of chemical herbicides (CHs) has led to undesirable consequences: contamination of soil and wastewater, accumulation of their residues in the crop, and the emergence of CH-resistant populations of weeds. In this regard, the development of environmentally friendly CHs with new mechanisms of action is relevant. The natural phytotoxins of plant or microbial origin may be explored directly in herbicidal formulations (biorational CHs) or indirectly as scaffolds for nature-derived CHs. This review considers (1) the main current trends in the development of CHs that may be important for the enhancement of biorational herbicides; (2) the advances in the development and practical application of natural compounds for weed control; (3) the use of phytotoxins as prototypes of synthetic herbicides. Some modern approaches, such as computational methods of virtual screening and design of herbicidal molecules, development of modern formulations, and determination of molecular targets, are stressed as crucial to make the exploration of natural compounds more effective.
Investigating the Origin and Evolution of Polyploid Trifolium medium L. Karyotype by Comparative Cytogenomic Methods
Authors: Lukjanová Eliška , Hanulíková Alžběta , Řepková Jana
Published: January 2023

Trifolium medium L. is a wild polyploid relative of the agriculturally important red clover that possesses traits promising for breeding purposes. To date, T. medium also remains the only clover species with which agriculturally important red clover has successfully been hybridized. Even though allopolyploid origin has previously been suggested, little has in fact been known about the T. medium karyotype and its origin. We researched T. medium and related karyotypes using comparative cytogenomic methods, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and RepeatExplorer cluster analysis. The results indicate an exceptional karyotype diversity regarding numbers and mutual positions of 5S and 26S rDNA loci and centromeric repeats in populations of T. medium ecotypes and varieties. The observed variability among T. medium ecotypes and varieties suggests current karyotype instability that can be attributed to ever-ongoing battle between satellite DNA together with genomic changes and rearrangements enhanced by post-hybridization events. Comparative cytogenomic analyses of a T. medium hexaploid variety and diploid relatives revealed stable karyotypes with a possible case of chromosomal rearrangement. Moreover, the results provided evidence of T. medium having autopolyploid origin.
Exogenous α-Tocopherol Regulates the Growth and Metabolism of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under Drought Stress
Authors: Akram Nudrat Aisha , Bashir Rohina , Ashraf Gulshan , Bashir Shehnaz , Ashraf Muhammad , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Bajguz Andrzej , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: January 2023

The present investigation was designed to improve drought stress tolerance in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) through the exogenous application of α-tocopherol (TOC). For exogenous application, two modes, i.e., foliar spray (FS) and pre-sowing seed treatment (PS), were used. Water deficiency treatment (50% field capacity (FC)) was applied on 32-day-old seedlings of two eggplant cultivars, i.e., Janak and Black Beauty. Five levels of TOC (0 mg/L, 50 mg/L PS, 100 mg/L PS, 50 mg/L FS, and 100 mg/L FS) were applied as PS and FS. Pre-sowing seed treatment was conducted before seed sowing, while FS treatment after 30 days of drought stress treatment. After 15 days of TOC as an FS application, it was observed that drought stress significantly reduced plant growth (5–15%) and chlorophyll contents (4–10%), while it increased proline (4–6%), glycine betaine (GB) (5–10%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (10.8%), hydrogen peroxide (15–16%), relative membrane permeability (RMP) (5–8%), and the activities of peroxidase (7–8%) and superoxide dismutase (12–15%) in both eggplant cultivars. The TOC application (FS and PS) exhibited a positive role in overcoming the adverse effect of water stress on eggplants. Plant growth increased (15–18%) as a result of the application of TOC, which could be linked with improved chlorophyll, ascorbic acid (AsA), GB, proline, total soluble proteins (TSP), and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. The reactive oxygen species H2O2 was also decreased by TOC application. Overall, TOC as a foliar spray was more effective in improving the accumulation of proline, GB, AsA, and activities of SOD and POD enzymes, while PS treatment was more effective in reducing RMP and improving the TSP of eggplant. Cv. Black Beauty was comparatively better in root dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, and MDA contents, while cv. Janak in RMP, AsA, TSP, and activity of the POD enzyme. It can be inferred that the application of TOC was useful in counteracting the harmful effects of drought stress on both cultivars of eggplants.
Hydropriming and Nutripriming of Bread Wheat Seeds Improved the Flour’s Nutritional Value of the First Unprimed Offspring
Authors: Baltazar Miguel , Oppolzer David , Carvalho Ana , Gouvinhas Irene , Ferreira Luis , Barros Ana , Lima-Brito José
Published: January 2023

Seed hydropriming or nutripriming has been used for wheat biofortification. Previously, the untreated S1 offspring of bread wheat S0 seeds hydro- and nutriprimed with FeSO4.7H2O and/or ZnSO4.7H2O showed improved yield relative to the offspring of untreated S0 seeds. We hypothesize that such improvement would have its origin in the higher quality of S1 seeds resulting from plants whose seeds were primed. In this work, we characterised biochemically the whole-wheat flour of unprimed S1 offspring whose S0 seeds were hydro- and nutriprimed with Fe and/or Zn and compared it to the offspring of untreated S0 seeds (control). We identified and quantified 16 free amino acids and five soluble sugars per offspring using high-performance liquid chromatography and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid and glutamine, proline, and glycine, presenting their highest contents in the offspring of seeds nutriprimed with 8 ppm Zn (0.351 mmol∙g−1), 8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn (0.199 mmol∙g−1), and (0.135 mmol∙g−1), respectively. The highest contents of glucose (1.91 mg∙g−1 sample), ash (24.90 g∙kg−1 dry matter, DM), and crude protein (209.70 g∙kg−1 DM) were presented by the offspring resulting from 4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn, 8 ppm Zn, and 8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn, respectively. The highest total starch content (630.10 g∙kg−1 DM) was detected in the offspring of seeds soaked in 8 ppm Fe. The nutritional value of the flour of the S1 offspring resulting from nutripriming was significantly higher than the control. Overall, the novelty of our research is that seed priming can improve the quality of the wheat grain and flour, at least till the first offspring, without the need to repeat the presowing treatment. Beyond the study of subsequent generations, the unravelling of transgenerational mechanisms underlying the biochemical improvement of the offspring is approached.
Taxon Cycles in Neotropical Mangroves
Authors: Rull Valentí
Published: January 2023

The concept of the taxon cycle involves successive range expansions and contractions over time, through which a species can indefinitely maintain its core distribution. Otherwise, it becomes extinct. Taxon cycles have been defined mostly for tropical island faunas; examples from continental areas are scarce, and similar case studies for plants remain unknown. Most taxon cycles have been identified on the basis of phylogeographic studies, and straightforward empirical evidence from fossils is lacking. Here, empirical fossil evidence is provided for the recurrent Eocene to the present expansion/contraction cycles in a mangrove taxon (Pelliciera) after a Neotropical-wide study of the available pollen records. This recurrent behavior is compatible with the concept of the taxon cycle from biogeographical, chronological and ecological perspectives. The biotic and abiotic drivers potentially involved in the initiation and maintenance of the Pelliciera expansion/contraction cycles are analyzed, and the ecological and evolutionary implications are discussed. Whether this could be a trend toward extinction is considered under the predictions of the taxon cycle theory. The recurrent expansion and contraction cycles identified for Pelliciera have strong potential for being the first empirically and unequivocally documented taxon cycles and likely the only taxon cycles documented to date for plants.
Floral Development of Rhamnaceae and Origin of Its Unique Floral Features
Authors: Basso-Alves João Paulo , Ribeiro Carimi Cortez , Teixeira Simone Pádua
Published: January 2023

Rhamnaceae flowers have a peculiar morphology, including keeled sepals, one stamen whorl closely related to the petals, and a broad perigynous hypanthium that supports a voluminous nectary. In the present investigation, we detailed the flower development of five Rhamnaceae species to understand the origin of such specific floral characteristics. Floral buds and flowers were processed for surface and histological analyses. The sepals emerge in sequential order and the other organs in simultaneous order. The development of the perigynous hypanthium renders the floral apex broad and concave. The sepals undergo abaxial thickening early on, forming a keel and strongly influencing the floral merosity. Petals and stamens appear close to each other on the same radius in a very short plastochron. The carpels unite soon after their emergence, forming a syncarpous ovary and free style branches. Differences in intercalary carpel growth promote the formation of inferior (Gouania virgata) and semi-inferior ovaries (Colubrina glandulosa, Hovenia dulcis, and Sarcomphalus joazeiro). Rhamnidium elaeocarpum does not undergo such growth, and the resulting ovary is superior. The keeled sepals promote the isolation of the petal–stamen pair inside the flower bud. The possibility of a common primordium that the originates petal and stamen is refuted. Comparisons with other Rosales families provide insights into the floral origin and diversification of Rhamnaceae.
Chemical Profile and Biological Effects of an Herbal Mixture for the Development of an Oil-in-Water Cream
Authors: Safta Diana Antonia , Ielciu Irina , Șuștic Raffaela , Hanganu Daniela , Niculae Mihaela , Cenariu Mihai , Pall Emoke , Moldovan Mirela Liliana , Achim Marcela , Bogdan Cătălina , Tomuță Ioan
Published: January 2023

Three individual hydroalcoholic extracts derived from Hamamelis virginiana leaves, Krameria lappacea root, Salix alba bark, and the resulting herbal mixture (HM) were assessed for the phytochemical profile as well as for antibacterial and cytotoxic potential. The chemical composition of the individual extracts and of their mixture was analyzed by chromatographical (LC-MS) and spectrophotometrical methods. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by using the agar-well diffusion and the broth microdilution assays, whereas the potential cytotoxicity was investigated on human keratinocyte cell line by MTT method and apoptosis test. The HM composition revealed important amounts of valuable polyphenolic compounds provided from the individual extracts, having synergistic biological effects. All tested extracts displayed in vitro antimicrobial properties, with a significantly higher efficacy noticed for the HM when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, none of the tested extracts was responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity against the human keratinocytes in the selected concentration range. Furthermore, the HM was included in an oil-in-water cream for the nonpharmacological treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, developed and optimized by using a QbD approach. A D-optimal experimental plan with four factors that varied on two levels was used to investigate the effect of the quantitative variation of the formulation factors (emulsifier, co-emulsifier, thickening agent, oily phase ratio) on the characteristics of the cream in terms of firmness, consistency, adhesiveness, stringiness, spreadability, and viscosity. Based on the experimental results, an optimal formulation containing 2.5% emulsifier and 20% oily phase was prepared and analyzed. The obtained results showed appropriate quality characteristics of this novel cream, which may be used in the future to manage the associated symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.
Functional Characterization of TkSRPP Promoter in Response to Hormones and Wounding Stress in Transgenic Tobacco
Authors: Dong Gaoquan , Fan Mengwei , Wang Hainan , Leng Yadong , Sun Junting , Huang Jun , Zhang Hao , Yan Jie
Published: January 2023

Taraxacum kok-saghyz is a model species for studying natural rubber biosynthesis because its root can produce high-quality rubber. Small rubber particle protein (SRPP), a stress-related gene to multiple stress responses, involves in natural rubber biosynthesis. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of the TkSRPP promoter, the full-length promoter PR0 (2188 bp) and its four deletion derivatives, PR1 (1592 bp), PR2 (1274 bp), PR3 (934 bp), and PR4 (450 bp), were fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transformed into tobacco. The GUS tissue staining showed that the five promoters distinctly regulated GUS expression utilizing transient transformation of tobacco. The GUS activity driven by a PR0 promoter was detected in transgenic tobacco leaves, stem and roots, suggesting that the TkSRPP promoter was not tissue-specific. Deletion analyses in transgenic tobacco have demonstrated that the PR3 from −934 bp to −450 bp core region responded strongly to the hormones, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA), and also to injury induction. The TkSRPP gene was highly expressed under hormones and wound-induced conditions. This study reveals the regulation pattern of the SRPP promoter, and provides valuable information for studying natural rubber biosynthesis under hormones and wounding stress.
Process Design for Value-Added Products in a Biorefinery Platform from Agro and Forest Industrial Byproducts
Authors: Clauser Nicolás M. , Felissia Fernando E. , Area María C. , Vallejos María E.
Published: January 2023

Agroforestry wastes are industrial byproducts available locally such as eucalyptus sawdust (EUC) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB). These byproducts can be used as lignocellulosic raw materials to produce high-value products. This study is a techno–economic analysis of four potential scenarios to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and levulinic acid (LA) from hemicellulosic sugars by a fermentative pathway in a biomass waste biorefinery. Mass and energy balances were developed, and technical and economic assessments were carried out to obtain gas, char, and tar from residual solids from autohydrolysis treatment. It was determined that microbial culture could be an attractive option for added-value product production. More than 1500 t/year of PHB and 2600 t/year of LA could be obtained by the proposed pathways. Microbial and enzymatic conversion of LA from sugars could significantly improve energy consumption on the conversion strategy. The products from solid residual valorization (char and tar) are the most important for economic performance. Finally, a variation in specific variables could mean substantial improvements in the final indicators of the processes, reaching a higher NPV than USD 17 million.
Three-Dimensional Study of Polymer Composite Destruction in the Early Stages
Authors: Levin Vadim , Petronyuk Yulia , Artyukov Igor , Bukreeva Inna , Malykhin Alexander , Longo Elena , D’Amico Lorenzo , Giannoukos Konstantinos , Tromba Giuliana
Published: January 2023

The investigation of destruction processes in composite materials is a current problem for their structural application and the improvement of their functional properties. This work aimed to visualize structural changes induced in layered carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) with the help of synchrotron X-ray microtomography. This article presents the details of destructive processes in the early stages of the deformation of reinforced polymers under uniaxial stretching, investigated at the micro level. Individual structural elements of the composite–filaments, parallel fiber bundles, the nonuniformity of the polymer binder distribution, and continuity defects—were observed under an external load. We have considered the influence of the material architecture and technological defects on fracture evolution in cross-ply and quasi-isotropic fiber-reinforced plastics. The results indicate the sequence of irreversible structural changes before the destruction of the material.
Real-Time Identification and Positioning of Sewer Blockage Based on Liquid Level Analysis in Rural Area
Authors: Li Ning , Wang Xiaodong , Li Zhichao , Zhao Fangchao , Nair Abhilash , Zhang Junxiao , Liu Changqing
Published: January 2023

Sewer blockages delay sewage discharge or cause it to overflow, which pollutes the environment and is a public health hazard. This necessitates the quick and accurate identification and positioning of sewer blockages. Following a sewer blockage, the sewage is intercepted and the liquid level at the upstream and downstream of the blocking point changes. This study established a method for identifying sewer blockages by analyzing the range and rate of the liquid level change at the upstream and downstream of the blocking point. Through pilot-scale and full-scale experiments, this study summarized the threshold values of the liquid level change rate and the liquid level fluctuation range of the drainage pipeline in normal operation, as well as the threshold values of the liquid level change rate and the liquid level fluctuation range of the upstream and downstream of the sewer blocking point. Moreover, the sewer blockage identification matrix was completed. Sewer blockage in rural areas can be identified and positioned using mathematical tools such as the data-driven model. This research method allows for real-time monitoring and timely warning of the sewer status, thereby reducing the labor and material consumption and unnecessary earthwork excavation to ensure the stable operation of the drainage pipeline.
Prediction of the Residual Creep Life of SA335-P22 Steel Main Steam Pipelines
Authors: Wang Zhicheng , Ye Youjun , Dong Lingjian , Wang Bumei
Published: January 2023

In this study, the comprehensive properties of a P22 high-temperature steam pipeline with moderate spheroidization were evaluated after more than 11,700 h of operation through a series of physico-chemical properties testing, especially for a creep test. The remaining life of the P22 high-temperature steam pipeline was analyzed and predicted by the θ parameter method, to guide the normal operation of the P22 high-temperature steam pipeline.
Review on the Mechanism of CO2 Storage and Enhanced Gas Recovery in Carbonate Sour Gas Reservoir
Authors: Guo Xiao , Feng Jin , Wang Pengkun , Kong Bing , Wang Lan , Dong Xu , Guo Shanfeng
Published: January 2023

Carbonate gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin have many complex characteristics, such as wide distribution, strong heterogeneity, high temperature, high pressure, high H2S and CO2 content and an active edge or bottom water. In the late stage of exploitation of carbonate sour gas reservoirs, the underground depleted reservoirs can provide a broad and favorable space for CO2 storage. If CO2 is injected into the depleted carbonate sour reservoirs for storage, it will help to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, and the CO2 stored underground can perform as “cushion gas” to prevent the advance of edge or bottom water, to achieve the purpose of enhanced natural gas recovery. Injecting CO2 into low permeability reservoirs for oil displacement has become an important means to enhance oil recovery (EOR). However, the mechanism of EOR by injecting CO2 into carbonate sour gas reservoirs is not clear and the related fundamental research and field application technology are still in the exploration stage. This paper reviews the main scientific and technical perspectives in the process of injecting CO2 into carbonate sour gas reservoirs for storage and enhancing gas recovery.
Optimal Manufacturer Recycling Strategy under EPR Regulations
Authors: Cao Jian , Gong Xuan , Lu Jiawen , Bian Zhaolong
Published: January 2023

Under extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulations, trade-in programs allow manufacturers to play a vital role in recycling. Simultaneously, third-party recyclers (TPRs) can use their recycling network to compensate for manufacturers having only a single recycling channel, which increases the competition between them. To study whether companies should authorize TPRs, we constructed and analyzed a Stackelberg game model with trade-in programs under EPR regulations by focusing on three different closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) structures and differentiating consumer categories. The analytical results showed that when the government does not act as the decision maker, the optimal product selling price of the manufacturer does not change under each strategy. Otherwise, the manufacturer’s decision is affected by the cost structure and amount of subsidy, as well as funds determined by the government under the optimal environmental benefit. Furthermore, when the residual value coefficient of the used products is high, manufacturers authorize TPRs to recycle used products.
A Moving Window Double Locally Weighted Extreme Learning Machine on an Improved Sparrow Searching Algorithm and Its Case Study on a Hematite Grinding Process
Authors: Liu Huating , Dai Jiayang , Chen Xingyu
Published: January 2023

In this paper, a double locally weighted extreme learning machine model based on a moving window is developed to realize process modeling. To improve model performances, an improved sparrow-searching algorithm is proposed to optimize the parameters of the proposed model. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm are verified by data from a hematite grinding process. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the global search ability and convergence speed in the parameter optimization of the proposed model. The proposed model can correctly estimate the grinding particle size which is expected to be applied to other complex industries.
TLC–Densitometric Analysis of Selected 5-Nitroimidazoles
Authors: Pyka-Pająk Alina
Published: January 2023

Metronidazole, ornidazole, tinidazole, and secnidazole are 5-nitroimidazoles. The purpose of this work was to propose a new economical TLC–densitometric method to evaluate the chemical stability of metronidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole under stress conditions. A forced degradation study was performed on silica gel and aqueous solutions at various pH values; the metronidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole solutions were prepared in saline and in hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The samples of the 5-nitroimidazoles were heated. TLC analyses were performed on silica gel 60F254 using chloroform–methanol (9:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. As the TLC–densitometric method can effectively separate the metronidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole from their degradation products which formed as a result of the stress studies, it is considered to can be a good alternative and important tool in the routine quality control and stability testing of metronidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The results indicate that the proposed TLC–densitometric method is cost-effective, rapid, specific, accurate, and precise; the TLC–densitometric method also realizes the criterion of the linearity. A major advantage of the proposed method is its low cost and ability to analyze the 5-nitroimidazole which was investigated and all its degradation products simultaneously.
The Evaluation of Non-Destructive Tests for the Strength and Physical Properties of Granite, Marble, and Sandstone: A Case Study from North Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Waqas , Ahmad Niaz , Janjuhah Hammad Tariq , Islam Ihtisham , Sajid Muhammad , Kontakiotis George
Published: January 2023

Nondestructive tests, commonly employed in rock mechanics, estimate mechanical parameters without affecting the rocks in situ properties. This study evaluates non-destructive tests (ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer) for forecasting the strength and physical properties of commonly used rocks. Weathering grades and moisture content are provided as variables that produce variances in both non-destructive tests. The coefficient of determination (R²) and subsequent empirical equations for the best-fit trend line are calculated using a simple regression method. The ultrasonic pulse velocity is found to be more efficient in estimating most of the physical properties (specific gravity, porosity, water absorption, and dry density) of granite, marble, and sandstone, with high correlation coefficients. Whereas the Schmidt hammer is found to be more reproducible in determining the strength (compressive and tensile) of granite, marble, and sandstone. The student’s t-test proved the sensitivity and correctness of the acquired equations from the suggested correlations, and agreement was established between measured and estimated plots of strength and physical properties. Although the student’s t-test confirms that the performance of all empirical models established in this study are significant, any non-destructive test with a low R² value should be used with caution when estimating the studied properties.
Climate Change, Fire and Human Activity Drive Vegetation Change during the Last Eight Millennia in the Xistral Mountains of NW Iberia
Authors: Mighall Tim M. , Martínez Cortizas Antonio , Silva-Sánchez Noemí , López-Costas Olalla , López-Merino Lourdes
Published: January 2023

An 8500-year record of high-resolution pollen, non-pollen palynomorph, microscopic charcoal and selected geochemical data (Ti, Zr and Pb) is presented from an ombrotrophic mire from the Xistral Mountains, Galicia, North-West Iberia. The results suggest that vegetation changes over the last eight millennia are primarily the result of human disturbance, fire and climate change. Climate and fire were the main factors influencing vegetation development during the early to mid-Holocene, including a short-lived decline in forest cover c. 8.2 cal. ka BP. Changes associated with the 4.2 and 2.8 cal. Ka BP events are less well defined. Human impact on vegetation became more pronounced by the late Holocene with major periods of forest disturbance from c. 3.1 cal. ka BP onwards: during the end of Metal Ages, Roman period and culminating in the permanent decline of deciduous forests in the post-Roman period, as agriculture and metallurgy intensified, leading to the creation of a cultural landscape. Climate change appears to become less influential as human activity dominates during the Late Holocene.
Disappointment with and Uncertainty about God Predict Heightened COVID-19 Anxiety among Persian Muslims
Authors: Saraei Mohammadamin , Johnson Kathryn A.
Published: January 2023

Religiosity is often associated with positive mental health outcomes. Religiosity may also mitigate COVID-19 concerns. In a sample of 553 Persian-speaking Muslims, we investigated the extent to which specific beliefs about God (Allah) were associated with four negative mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, stress, and COVID-19 anxiety. Consistent with the results of English-speaking samples, we found that religiosity, belief in God’s benevolence, psychological closeness to God, and positive attitudes toward God were negatively correlated with depression, stress, and anxiety yet uncorrelated with COVID-19 anxiety. Belief in God’s authoritarian attributes was positively correlated with depression, stress, and anxiety yet, again, uncorrelated with COVID-19 anxiety. In contrast, uncertainty about God’s attributes and negative attitudes toward God were positive predictors of COVID-19 anxiety, even after controlling for general religiosity, depression, stress, anxiety, and sex. We conclude that, whereas religiosity and belief in God had very little influence, uncertainty about and disappointment with God were likely associated with greater anxiety about COVID-19.