bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement of the mechanical properties in nitrile rubber by adding graphene oxide/silicon dioxide hybrid nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Zhao , He Xianru , Wang Xin , Rodrigues Alisson M. , Zhang Rui
Published: December 2017

Graphene oxide (GO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles have been hybridized for improving the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of nitrile rubber (NBR). SiO2 nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed on the surface and between layers of GO, and the new hybrid nanoparticles formed (GO/SiO2) had better thermal stability than GO. To evaluate the mechanical properties, GO/SiO2/NBR nanocomposites were prepared by solution blending and mechanical solution methods. It was observed that tensile strength increased in a larger grade in GO/SiO2/NBR nanocomposites than that in GO/NBR and SiO2/NBR nanocomposites, while the elongation at break only changes smoothly. Moreover, dynamics measurements also indicated that the elasticity increased after adding GO/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles in NBR. From morphology's analysis of GO/SiO2/NBR and GO/NBR nanocomposites, it is was conclude that the hybridization of the GO/SiO2 was the determining factor for the reinforcement of the mechanical properties and elasticity of the NBR. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46091.
Influence of chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes on their dispersibility in alkyl methacrylate polymer matrix
Authors: Faraguna Fabio , Vidović Elvira , Jukić Ante
Published: December 2017

Nanocomposites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐octadecyl methacrylate) (M/O) matrices and four different types of multiwall carbon nanotubes: pristine, oxidized (MWCNT–COOH), methyl ester (MWCNT–COOCH3), and dodecyl ester (MWCNT–COOC12H25) functionalized, were prepared in situ by radical (co)polymerization. The effectiveness of preparation of nanocomposites regarding dispersion and distribution of various MWCNT in polymer matrices was sized by Scanning electron microscopy. In case of PMMA matrix, the best dispersion and distribution were accomplished for MWCNT–COOCH3 due to their chemical resemblance with polymer matrix. After the introduction of 10 mol % of octadecyl methacrylate in polymer matrix a fairly good dispersion and distribution of MWCNT–COOCH3 were retained. The addition of 1 wt % of MWCNTs caused a significant reduction in the degree of polymerization of the PMMA matrix. But at the same time, the present MWCNTs increased storage modulus of PMMA nanocomposites except for dodecyl ester functionalized MWCNT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46113.
Surfactant‐Dependent Charge Transfer between Polyoxometalates and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Fluorescence Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Hong Liu , Nakashima Naotoshi , Li Yunxing , Jia Hongbing , Yang Cheng
Published: December 2017

Hybridizations of redox‐active polyoxometalates (POMs) with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been widely investigated for their diverse applications. For the purpose of constructing high‐quality electronic devices, controlling charge transfer within POM/SWNT hybrids is an inevitable issue. As determined by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, electron transfer between SWNTs and a common POM dopant, phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12), can be tuned simply by an alteration of nanotube surfactant type from anionic to nonionic. The mechanism is attributed to the influence of surfactant type on the stabilization of the electron donor–acceptor hybrid and effect of surfactant–nanotube interactions. These results will be important to control charge‐transport behavior in nanohybrids consisting of carbon nanotubes.
Combing Chromosomal DNA Mediated by the SMC Complex: Structure and Mechanisms
Authors: Kamada Katsuhiko , Barillà Daniela
Published: December 2017

Genome maintenance requires various nucleoid‐associated factors in prokaryotes. Among them, the SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) protein has been thought to play a static role in the organization and segregation of the chromosome during cell division. However, recent studies have shown that the bacterial SMC is required to align left and right arms of the emerging chromosome and that the protein dynamically travels from origin to Ter region. A rod form of the SMC complex mediates DNA bridging and has been recognized as a machinery responsible for DNA loop extrusion, like eukaryotic condensin or cohesin complexes, which act as chromosome organizers. Attention is now turning to how the prototype of the complex is loaded on the entry site and translocated on chromosomal DNA, explaining its overall conformational changes at atomic levels. Here, we review and highlight recent findings concerning the prokaryotic SMC complex and discuss possible mechanisms from the viewpoint of protein architecture.
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Kandler
Authors: Beck Erwin , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz
Published: December 2017

Im hohen Alter von fast 97 Jahren verstarb am 29. August 2017 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Kandler, emeritierter Ordinarius für Botanik der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München. Durch seinen Tod verlieren wir einen Wissenschaftler von hohem internationalem Ansehen, der Botanik und Mikrobiologie in Deutschland über vier Jahrzehnte geprägt hat.
Der Regenwurm: Bodenverbesserer und Ausbilder
Authors: Eitner Pascal
Published: December 2017

Regenwurm und Mensch pflegen zwar keine emotionale Beziehung, trotzdem spielen die unscheinbaren Tiere eine bedeutende Rolle für die Fruchtbarkeit des Ackerbodens und bei der fachgerechten Entsorgung von Bioabfällen. In einigen Regionen der Welt erweitern sie den menschlichen Speiseplan und selbst in der universitären Ausbildung etablieren sie sich als Modellorganismus für die Nervenfunktion.
Climate Change and Mandatory Carbon Reporting: Impacts on Business Process and Performance
Authors: Tang Samuel , Demeritt David
Published: December 2017

As part of their annual directors' report, UK‐listed companies are now required to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions and account publicly for their contributions to climate change. This paper uses this mandatory carbon reporting to explore wider debates about corporate social responsibility and the purpose, practice, and impacts of such non‐financial reporting. Empirically, it combines documentary analysis of the carbon reporting practices of 176 large firms listed in the FTSE100 and/or subject to the UK government's adaptation reporting power with 60 interviews with stakeholders involved in carbon reporting. Firms disclose their emissions in response to financial incentives, social pressure and/or regulatory compulsion. In turn, rationales shape whether and how carbon reporting influences internal business processes and performance. The importance of reporting to the bottom line varies by sector depending on two variables – energy intensity and economic regulator status – yet there is limited evidence that carbon reporting is driving substantial reductions in emissions. Findings suggest reasons for caution about hopes for ‘nudging’ firms to improve their environmental performance and social responsibility through disclosure requirements.
Integrating diversity into therapy processes: The role of individual and cultural diversity competences in promoting equality of care
Authors: Moleiro Carla , Freire Jaclin , Pinto Nuno , Roberto Sandra
Published: December 2017

Background

One of the most significant challenges facing the provision of health care in present societies is the fact that the largest growing segment of the patient population is comprised of individual and culturally diverse people. However, the impact of this diversity on clinician–client interactions has only been examined recently. This study addresses the issues of culture and diversity in psychotherapy processes in Portugal.

Methods

The study used an analogue experimental design, in a qualitative analogue study. The sample included 31 psychotherapists of varied years of experience and theoretical training background. Cultural diversity competences were measured with a semi‐structured interview, through case conceptualisation and intervention planning by watching four minute video case vignettes with stigmatised group clients (varying on migration background, religion, race and sexual orientation), and all female college students presenting the same complaint. Two cases (of four) were presented to each psychotherapist (at random, controlling for presentation order). Interviews addressed case conceptualisation of each of the clients, as well as questions on how the participants typically integrated diversity in psychotherapy practice. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed incorporating features of thematic content analysis and Consensual Qualitative Research.

Findings

Results showed that awareness, knowledge and skills were identified mostly at a level of blindness (n = 519; 70.5%) and precompetence (n = 172; 23.5%), while only a few units of analysis were categorised as competent (n = 43; 6.0%).

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of individual and cultural diversity competence training for clinicians, particularly in Europe, given its current migratory context, and encourages the promotion of diversity‐sensitive approaches in mental health care.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Ag(111) in Alkaline Solution: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Kinetic Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Liu Shizhong , White Michael G. , Liu Ping
Published: December 2017

We reported a detailed mechanistic study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the model Ag(111) surface in alkaline solution by using density functional theory (DFT) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, in which multiple pathways involving either 2 e− or 4 e− mechanisms were included. The theoretical modelling presented is able to reproduce the experimentally measured polarization curves in both low and high potential regions. An electrochemical 4 e− network including both a chemisorbed water (*H2O)‐mediated 4 e− associative pathway and the conventional associative pathway was identified to dominate the ORR mechanism. On the basis of the mechanistic understanding derived from these calculations, the ways to promote the ORR on Ag(111) were provided, including facilitating *OH removal, **O2 reduction by *H2O, and suppressing **O2 desorption. Finally, the origin of the different ORR behaviors of Ag(111) and Pt(111) was also discussed in detail.
Hydrotalcites Promoted by NaAlO2 as Strongly Basic Catalysts with Record Activity in Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis
Authors: Ramesh Sreerangappa , Devred François , van den Biggelaar Ludivine , Debecker Damien P.
Published: December 2017

A new type of highly basic catalysts is obtained by promoting Mg–Al layered double hydroxides with sodium aluminate. The Mg–Al mixed oxides obtained by the calcination of pristine hydrotalcites are poorly active in the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DCM). Pure sodium aluminate on the other hand is highly active in this reaction, but it is also highly corrosive, making its handling problematic. Remarkably, promoting hydrotalcites with low amounts of sodium aluminate is sufficient to reach high yields. At 90 °C, with 3 wt % catalyst and with a DMC/glycerol ratio of 2:1, a glycerol conversion of 92 % was achieved after 30 min over the 10 wt % NaAlO2/hydrotalcite catalyst with almost 100 % selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. The texture and the crystallinity of the catalysts were strongly affected by the addition of NaAlO2. The high activity was clearly correlated with the boost in basicity brought about by sodium aluminate promotion. Whereas pristine hydrotalcites possess only weak basic sites, the basicity of the catalysts increased drastically upon promotion with NaAlO2, both in amount and strength. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy coupled with CO2 adsorption measurements revealed the presence of surface carbonates arising from strongly basic sites. Importantly, our study demonstrates that these basic catalysts are truly heterogeneous, stable, and reusable.
Solid Molecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs in a Polyamine Organic Framework for the Catalytic Metal‐free Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Authors: Willms Andrea , Schumacher Hannah , Tabassum Tarnuma , Qi Long , Scott Susannah L. , Hausoul Peter J. C. , Rose Marcus
Published: December 2017

We report for the first time a metal‐free heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation using a semi‐solid frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). The catalyst consists of a solid polyamine organic framework and molecular tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) that form a semi‐immobilized FLP in situ in the catalytic hydrogenation of diethyl benzylidenemalonate. 11B NMR spectroscopy proves the successful hydrogen activation by the FLP. Furthermore, the B−N interactions between the polyamine and BCF are investigated by IR and solid state NMR spectroscopy. The FLP 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)/BCF, which combines the features of a FLP and a classical Lewis adduct, functions as molecular reference in both, catalysis and characterization. Furthermore, computational studies enable a better insight into the hydrogen activation through DABCO/BCF and polyamine/BCF.
Green Synthesis of a New Al‐MOF Based on the Aliphatic Linker Mesaconic Acid: Structure, Properties and In Situ Crystallisation Studies of Al‐MIL‐68‐Mes
Authors: Reinsch Helge , Homburg Thomas , Heidenreich Niclas , Fröhlich Dominik , Hennninger Stefan , Wark Michael , Stock Norbert
Published: December 2017

A new aluminium metal‐organic framework (MOF), based on the short aliphatic linker molecule mesaconic acid (H2Mes; methylfumaric acid) is reported. Al‐MIL‐68‐Mes with composition [Al(OH)(O2C‐C3H4‐CO2)]⋅n H2O is obtained after short reaction times of 45 minutes under mild, aqueous synthesis conditions (95 °C). It exhibits a kagome‐like framework structure with large hexagonal, and small trigonal channels (diameters of ≈6 and ≈2 Å, respectively) and a specific surface area of SBET ≈1040 m2 g−1 (VMIC=0.42 cm3 g−1). A sigmoidal vapour sorption isotherm for water, and uptakes of water and methanol above 30 wt. % were observed. Al‐MIL‐68‐Mes is stable against water ad‐/desorption and its thermal stability is 350 °C in air. The proton conductivity for the hydrated MOF showed values up to 1.1×10−5 S cm at 130 °C and 100 % relative humidity, which exceeds the values observed for the non‐hydrated compound by up to four orders of magnitude. Using synchrotron radiation the crystallisation of the MOF by in situ PXRD was also studied at temperatures from 80 to 100 °C. Kinetic evaluation revealed that the induction periods and crystallization times vary depending on the synthesis batch, but the rate limiting steps are consistently observed.
A Novel Reconfigurable Logic Unit Based on the DNA‐Templated Potassium‐Concentration‐Dependent Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Yang Chunrong , Zou Dan , Chen Jianchi , Zhang Linyan , Miao Jiarong , Huang Dan , Du Yuanyuan , Yang Shu , Yang Qianfan , Tang Yalin
Published: December 2017

Plenty of molecular circuits with specific functions have been developed; however, logic units with reconfigurability, which could simplify the circuits and speed up the information process, are rarely reported. In this work, we designed a novel reconfigurable logic unit based on a DNA‐templated, potassium‐concentration‐dependent, supramolecular assembly, which could respond to the input stimuli of H+ and K+. By inputting different concentrations of K+, the logic unit could implement three significant functions, including a half adder, a half subtractor, and a 2‐to‐4 decoder. Considering its reconfigurable ability and good performance, the novel prototypes developed here may serve as a promising proof of principle in molecular computers.
Interlocked Photo‐degradable Macrocycles Allow One‐Off Photo‐triggerable Gelation of Organo‐ and Hydrogelators
Authors: Tung Shun‐Te , Cheng Hung‐Te , Inthasot Alex , Hsueh Fang‐Che , Gu Ting‐Jia , Yan Pei‐Cong , Lai Chien‐Chen , Chiu Sheng‐Hsien
Published: December 2017

[2]Rotaxanes displaying one‐off photo‐triggerable gelation properties have been synthesized through the “clipping” of photo‐degradable macrocycles around the amide or urea functionalities of organo‐ and hydrogelators. Irradiation with UV‐light cleaved the photo‐labile macrocyclic components from the [2]rotaxanes, resulting in the free gelators being released into solution and, thereafter, forming gels. When the rate of gelation was sufficiently rapid, selective gelation of specific regions of the solution—and, indeed, photo‐patterning of the solution—was possible.
The extraction of nickel by emulsion liquid membranes using Cyanex 301 as extractant
Authors: Ma Hao , Kökkılıç Ozan , Marion Christopher M. , Multani Ravinder S. , Waters Kristian E.
Published: December 2017

The removal of nickel ions from waste streams discharged from mining and metal plating industries has become a popular research topic over the past few decades. In this work, the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique was used to remove nickel ions from synthetic aqueous solutions using bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 301) as the extractant. Sulphuric acid was selected as the internal stripping agent. Central composite design methodology was used to obtain the optimum conditions, with the factors selected in the design being extractant concentration, stripping agent concentration, NiSO4 solution pH, and NiSO4 solution/emulsion volume ratio. It was found that the extractant concentration, stripping agent concentration, and NiSO4 solution/emulsion volume ratio had a significant effect on nickel removal. Optimum operating conditions achieved a maximum nickel removal of more than 99 %. Validation tests confirmed the good agreement between the predicted and experimental data. The emulsion was successfully broken afterwards and the oil phase was re‐tested. The effects of kinetics, loading capacity, and pH variation tests between the emulsion phase and organic phase were investigated. Zeta potential measurements suggest a final pH of around 2.0 is desirable for the post‐reaction treatment of the emulsion droplets.
Kinetic analysis of cyclic carbonation of carbide slag during chemical reaction‐controlled stage under fluidization conditions
Authors: Sun Rongyue , Ye Jiangming , Chen Linghai , Zhang Siwen , Bi Xiaolong , Tan Xueying
Published: December 2017

Carbide slag, as a kind of typical industrial waste, was proposed as a CO2 sorbent in the calcium looping process. The CO2 capture performance of carbide slag was investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor (BFBR) under fluidization conditions. A surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model was employed to describe the carbonation kinetics of carbide slag during the chemical reaction‐controlled stage. The results show that the values of k, tcrcs, and Xu, which respectively denote the reaction rate constant, duration time, and final carbonation conversion in the chemical reaction‐controlled stage, decrease with the cycle number, due to the sintering of the sorbents. The microstructure of calcined carbide slag leads to higher CO2 diffusion resistance in carbide slag than that in limestone, causing lower k and longer tcrcs compared with limestone. The larger BET areas and pore areas of calcined carbide slag provide additional surface for the reaction of CaO and CO2. Therefore, the Xu values of carbide slag are higher than those of limestone after 5 cycles. Reaction conditions have a significant effect on the carbonation process of carbide slag. 850–900 °C is the optimum temperature range for the calcination of carbide slag. The gas‐solid transfer is strengthened at a higher fluidization number, enhancing the CO2 capture of carbide slag. The pores of the larger particles are more easily blocked due to the formation of CaCO3 layer, and the Xu of the carbide slag with a larger particle size is lower.
Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 12
Authors: Ohnuki Jun , Yodogawa Akira , Takano Mitsunori
Published: December 2017

ON THE COVER: The cover image, by Jun Ohnuki et al., is based on the Research Article Electrostatic balance between global repulsion and local attraction in reentrant polymerization of actin, DOI: 10.1002/cm.21391.

image
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of a Caspase‐3 Apoptosis Reporter
Authors: Buschhaus Johanna M. , Gibbons Anne E. , Luker Kathryn E. , Luker Gary D.
Published: December 2017

Caspase‐3 is a proteolytic enzyme that functions as a key effector in apoptotic cell death. Determining activity of caspase‐3 provides critical information about cancer cell viability and response to treatment. To measure apoptosis in intact cells and living mice, a fluorescence imaging reporter that detects caspase‐3 activity by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used. Changes in FRET by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) were measured. Unlike FRET measurements based on fluorescence intensity, lifetime measurements are independent of reporter concentration and scattering of light in tissue, making FLIM a robust method for imaging in 3D environments. Apoptosis of breast cancer cells in 2D culture, spheroids, and in vivo murine breast tumor xenografts in response to a variety of genetic and pharmacologic methods implicated in apoptosis of cancer cells was studied. This approach for quantifying apoptosis of cancer cells is based on caspase‐3 activity at single‐cell resolution using FLIM. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Development of Cancer
Authors: Cozzo Alyssa J. , Fuller Ashley M. , Makowski Liza
Published: December 2017

Solid tumor growth and metastasis require the interaction of tumor cells with the surrounding tissue, leading to a view of tumors as tissue‐level phenomena rather than exclusively cell‐intrinsic anomalies. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, many types of solid tumors grow in proximate or direct contact with adipocytes and adipose‐associated stromal and vascular components, such as fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells, stem and progenitor cells, endothelial cells, innate and adaptive immune cells, and extracellular signaling and matrix components. Excess adiposity in obesity both increases risk of cancer development and negatively influences prognosis in several cancer types, in part due to interaction with adipose tissue cell populations. Herein, we review the cellular and noncellular constituents of the adipose “organ,” and discuss the mechanisms by which these varied microenvironmental components contribute to tumor development, with special emphasis on obesity. Due to the prevalence of breast and prostate cancers in the United States, their close anatomical proximity to adipose tissue depots, and their complex epidemiologic associations with obesity, we particularly highlight research addressing the contribution of adipose tissue to the initiation and progression of these cancer types. Obesity dramatically modifies the adipose tissue microenvironment in numerous ways, including induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis, increased stem cell abundance, and expansion of proinflammatory immune cells. As many of these changes also resemble shifts observed within the tumor microenvironment, proximity to adipose tissue may present a hospitable environment to developing tumors, providing a critical link between adiposity and tumorigenesis. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:237‐282, 2018.
Short‐Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis
Authors: Sivaprakasam Sathish , Bhutia Yangzom D. , Yang Shengping , Ganapathy Vadivel
Published: December 2017

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are generated in colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Though diffusion in protonated form is a significant route, carrier‐mediated mechanisms constitute the major route for the entry of SCFA in their anionic form into colonic epithelium. Several transport systems operate in cellular uptake of SCFA. MCT1 (SLC16A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) are H+‐coupled and mediate electroneutral transport of SCFA (H+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). MCT1 is expressed both in the apical membrane and basolateral membrane of colonic epithelium whereas MCT4 specifically in the basolateral membrane. SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) are Na+‐coupled; SMCT1‐mediated transport is electrogenic (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 2:1) whereas SMCT2‐mediated transport is electroneutral (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). SMCT1 and SMCT2 are expressed exclusively in the apical membrane. An anion‐exchange mechanism also operates in the apical membrane in which SCFA entry in anionic form is coupled to bicarbonate efflux; the molecular identity of this exchanger however remains unknown. All these transporters are subject to regulation, notably by their substrates themselves; this process involves cell‐surface receptors with SCFA as signaling molecules. There are significant alterations in the expression of these transporters in ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. The tumor‐associated changes occur via transcriptional regulation by p53 and HIF1α and by promoter methylation. As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:299‐314, 2018.
Molecular Design of Efficient Organic D–A––A Dye Featuring Triphenylamine as Donor Fragment for Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ferdowsi Parnian , Saygili Yasemin , Zhang Weiwei , Edvinson Tomas , Kavan Ladislav , Mokhtari Javad , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: December 2017

A metal‐free organic sensitizer, suitable for the application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), has been designed, synthesized and characterized both experimentally and theoretically. The structure of the novel donor–acceptor–π‐bridge–acceptor (D–A–π–A) dye incorporates a triphenylamine (TPA) segment and 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐ylethynyl)benzoic acid (BTEBA). The triphenylamine unit is widely used as an electron donor for photosensitizers, owing to its nonplanar molecular configuration and excellent electron‐donating capability, whereas 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐ylethynyl)benzoic acid is used as an electron acceptor unit. The influences of I3−/I−, [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ (tmby=4,4′,6,6′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) as redox electrolytes on the DSSC device performance were also investigated. The maximal monochromatic incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) reached 81 % and the solar light to electrical energy conversion efficiency of devices with [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ reached 7.15 %. The devices with [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and I3−/I− electrolytes gave efficiencies of 5.22 % and 6.14 %, respectively. The lowest device performance with a [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+‐based electrolyte is attributed to increased charge recombination.
Avian embryonic coronary arterio‐venous patterning involves the contribution of different endothelial and endocardial cell populations
Authors: Palmquist‐Gomes Paul , Guadix Juan Antonio , Pérez‐Pomares José M.
Published: December 2017

Background: Coronary vasculature irrigates the myocardium and is crucial to late embryonic and adult heart function. Despite the developmental significance and clinical relevance of these blood vessels, the embryonic origin and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate coronary arterio‐venous patterning are not known in detail. In this study, we have used the avian embryo to dissect the ontogenetic origin and morphogenesis of coronary vasculature. Results: We show that sinus venosus endocardial sprouts and proepicardial angioblasts pioneer coronary vascular formation, invading the developing heart simultaneously. We also report that avian ventricular endocardium has the potential to contribute to coronary vessels, and describe the incorporation of cardiac distal outflow tract endothelial cells to the peritruncal endothelial plexus to participate in coronary vascular formation. Finally, our findings indicate that large sinus venosus‐independent sections of the forming coronary vasculature develop without connection to the systemic circulation and that coronary arterio‐venous shunts form a few hours before peritruncal arterial endothelium connects to the aortic root. Conclusions: Embryonic coronary vasculature is a developmental mosaic, formed by the integration of vascular cells from, at least, four different embryological origins, which assemble in a coordinated manner to complete coronary vascular development. Developmental Dynamics 247:686–698, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Solek Cynthia M. , Farooqi Nasr , Verly Myriam , Lim Tony K. , Ruthazer Edward S.
Published: December 2017

Converging lines of evidence from basic science and clinical studies suggest a relationship between maternal immune activation (MIA) and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. The mechanisms through which MIA increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders have become a subject of intensive research. This review aims to describe how dysregulation of microglial function and immune mechanisms may link MIA and neurodevelopmental pathologies. We also summarize the current evidence in animal models of MIA. Developmental Dynamics 247:588–619, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidant Activity, In Vitro Digestibility and Stability of Flaxseed Oil and Quercetin Co‐Loaded Submicron Emulsions
Authors: Huang Juan , Wang Qiang , Sun Rui , Li Tong , Xia Nan , Xia Qiang
Published: December 2017

Flaxseed oil and quercetin have received extensive attention in food industry. However, their poor solubility in water and stability are major limitations for their application in functional foods. In this work, we encapsulated flaxseed oil and quercetin into submicron emulsions by high pressure homogenization method to overcome their shortcomings in application. The loading of flaxseed oil in submicron emulsions was 10% and the solubility of quercetin in water is increased by at least 1300 folds. In vitro antioxidant study indicated that the addition of flaxseed oil could increase the antioxidant activity of quercetin. During in vitro digestion, the smaller the particle size of submicron emulsions, the faster the digestive rate of flaxseed oil and the higher the bio‐accessibility of quercetin. Furthermore, accelerated oxidation study revealed that quercetin could protect flaxseed oil effectively. Besides, metallic ions stability study illustrated that the influence of Na+ on the emulsion stability is smaller than that of Ca2+ and high Ca2+ concentration could lead to stratification of the submicron emulsions. The storage stability shows that the prepared submicron emulsions can be stored for 8 weeks at three different temperatures. Hence, submicron emulsion can be a promising vehicle for delivery of flaxseed oil and quercetin.

Practical Applications: Submicron emulsions can be used to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic nutrients. The combination of flaxseed oil and quercetin in submicron emulsions can compensate for their individual shortcomings in application and exert synergistic beneficial actions on human health. Furthermore, this technology is easy in operation and can be realized in industry. Flaxseed oil and quercetin co‐loaded submicron emulsions can be applied in milk and liquid beverages in food industry.

Submicron emulsions are fabricated to enhance the delivery of flaxseed oil and quercetin. The smaller the particle size of submicron emulsions, the faster the digestive rate of flaxseed oil and the higher the bio‐accessibility of quercetin. Quercetin can protect flaxseed oil against oxidation effectively. The antioxidant effect of quercetin is found to be better than commonly used antioxidants.
Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for analgesia in adult cancer patients with breakthrough pain: A randomized, double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Liu Q. , Gao L.‐L. , Dai Y.‐L. , Li Y.‐X. , Wang Y. , Bai C.‐F. , Mu G.‐X. , Chai X.‐M. , Han W.‐J. , Zhou L.‐J. , Zhang Y.‐J. , Tang L. , Liu J. , Yu J.‐Q.
Published: December 2017

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for the management of breakthrough cancer pain.

Methods/design

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial was undertaken in the Medical ward of Tumor Hospital of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. 240 cancer patients with breakthrough pain were recruited and randomly received a standard pain treatment (morphine sulphate immediate release) plus a pre‐prepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture, or the standard pain treatment plus oxygen. The primary endpoint measure was the numerical rating scale (NRS) score measured at baseline, 5 and 15 min after the beginning of treatment, and at 5 min post treatment.

Result

In all, analysis of pain score (NRS) at 5 min after the beginning of treatment shown a significant decrease in nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture treated patients with 2.8 ± 1.3 versus 5.5 ± 1.2 in controls (p < 0.01). At 15 min during the intervention, the mean pain score for nitrous oxide/oxygen was 2.0 ± 1.1 compared with 5.6 ± 1.3 for oxygen (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

This study shows that self‐administered nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was effective in reducing moderate to severe breakthrough pain among patients with cancer.

Significance

The management of breakthrough cancer pain is always a challenge due to its temporal characteristics of rapid onset, moderate to severe in intensity, short duration (median 30–60 min). Our study find that self‐administered nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was effective in reducing moderate to severe breakthrough cancer pain.
Near total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as a proxy for identifying ancient activities in urban contexts: The example of dark earth in Brussels, Belgium
Authors: Devos Yannick
Published: December 2017

Urban stratigraphy is characterized by complicated sequences resulting from many superimposed phases of human occupation and activity. Parts of these deposits are difficult to interpret solely based on field data. One typical example is “dark earth”: thick, dark‐colored, humic, homogeneous archaeological deposits covering large areas. The correct interpretation of dark earths requires a geoarchaeological approach that involves detailed micromorphological observations. The present article discusses the potential of applying near total and inorganic phosphorus analyses as a quick and relatively cheap method to obtain a preliminary characterization of such urban deposits. For the town of Brussels (Belgium), a large database of 12 types of well‐identified urban deposits was created. Despite a series of postdepositional processes that affected most of these urban deposits, significant differences in near total (Pnt), inorganic (Pi), organic (Po) phosphate levels, and/or Pnt/Pi, Pni/Po ratios were observed in most types of deposits, thus enabling the rapid characterization of dark earth deposits.
Cerebral sex dimorphism and sexual orientation
Authors: Manzouri Amirhossein , Savic Ivanka
Published: December 2017

The neurobiology of sexual orientation is frequently discussed in terms of cerebral sex dimorphism (defining both functional and structural sex differences). Yet, the information about possible cerebral differences between sex‐matched homo and heterosexual persons is limited, particularly among women. In this multimodal MRI study, we addressed these issues by investigating possible cerebral differences between homo and heterosexual persons, and by asking whether there is any sex difference in this aspect. Measurements of cortical thickness (Cth), subcortical volumes, and functional and structural resting‐state connections among 40 heterosexual males (HeM) and 40 heterosexual females (HeF) were compared with those of 30 homosexual males (HoM) and 30 homosexual females (HoF). Congruent with previous reports, sex differences were detected in heterosexual controls with regard to fractional anisotropy (FA), Cth, and several subcortical volumes. Homosexual groups did not display any sex differences in FA values. Furthermore, their functional connectivity was significantly less pronounced in the mesial prefrontal and precuneus regions. In these two particular regions, HoM also displayed thicker cerebral cortex than other groups, whereas HoF did not differ from HeF. In addition, in HoM the parietal Cth showed “sex‐reversed” values, not observed in HoF. Homosexual orientation seems associated with a less pronounced sexual differentiation of white matter tracts and a less pronounced functional connectivity of the self‐referential networks compared to heterosexual orientation. Analyses of Cth suggest that male and female homosexuality are not simple analogues of each other and that differences from heterosexual controls are more pronounced in HoM.
Medication use and kidney cancer survival: A population‐based study
Authors: Nayan Madhur , Juurlink David N. , Austin Peter C. , Macdonald Erin M. , Finelli Antonio , Kulkarni Girish S. , Hamilton Robert J. ,   Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network (CDSERN)
Published: December 2017

Several studies demonstrate that use of commonly prescribed medications is associated with improved survival in various malignancies. Methods of classifying medication use in many of these studies, however, do not account for intermittent or cumulative use. Moreover, there are limited data in kidney cancer. Therefore, we performed a population‐based cohort study utilizing healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada. We identified patients aged ≥65 with an incident diagnosis of kidney cancer between 1997 and 2013 and examined use of nine putative anti‐neoplastic medications using prescription claims. Cox proportional hazard models evaluated the association of medication exposure on cancer‐specific and overall survival. We conducted three separate analyses: the effect of cumulative duration of exposure to the study medications on outcomes, the effect of current exposure (in a binary nature) and the effect of exposure at diagnosis. During the 16‐year study period, we studied 9,124 patients. Increasing cumulative use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were associated with markedly improved cancer‐specific survival; increasing use of NSAIDs was associated with markedly improved overall survival. These results were generally discordant with analyses evaluating the effect of current use and exposure at diagnosis. In conclusion, pharmacoepidemiology studies may be sensitive to the method of analysis; cumulative use analyses may be the most robust as it accounts for intermittent use and supports a dose–outcome relationship. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether patients diagnosed with kidney cancer should be started on an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, NSAID or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to improve survival.
p53 and miR‐210 regulated NeuroD2, a neuronal basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor, is downregulated in glioblastoma patients and functions as a tumor suppressor under hypoxic microenvironment
Authors: Agrawal Rahul , Garg Ankita , Benny Malgulwar Prit , Sharma Vikas , Sarkar Chitra , Kulshreshtha Ritu
Published: December 2017

The factors involved in cell differentiation have recently garnered interest for their role in inhibition of pathogenesis in various tumors. However, their role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains poorly understood. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM data and found significant downregulation of neurogenic differentiation factor NeuroD2 in GBM patients. Low levels of NeuroD2 were found to be correlated with poor overall survival of GBM patients in TCGA dataset as well as in our cohort. Interestingly, NeuroD2 was shown to be transcriptionally induced by p53 and post‐transcriptionally targeted by hypoxia‐ inducible miRNA, miR‐210. NeuroD2 overexpression diminished GBM aggressiveness by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and promoting apoptosis under hypoxia. NeuroD2 overexpressing GBM cells failed to form three‐dimensional (3D)‐tumor spheroids and displayed reduced migration in a 3D gelatin matrix. NeuroD2 gene signature was enriched in pathways belonging to cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, TNF‐signaling, PI3K‐AKT signaling, focal adhesion and ECM–receptor interaction. Overall, our study identifies a novel role of NeuroD2 as a tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in GBM the levels of which are tightly regulated by p53 and miR‐210. Overexpressing NeuroD2 may potentially be a simple and efficient therapeutic strategy to inhibit the malignant phenotype of GBM cells.
Influence of Flushing Pressure before Irrigation on the Anti‐Clogging Performance of Labyrinth Channel Emitters
Authors: Yu Liming , Li Na , Yang Qiliang , Liu Xiaogang
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different pressures on the distribution of particle sizes of deposited sediments and discharged sands in the process of flushing, using cylindrical labyrinth channel emitters. Flushing was performed for 2 min before each irrigation under 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 MPa of pressure. The variation in flow discharge with irrigation times was measured after flushing, and a Malvern laser particle size analyser was employed to analyse the gradation of discharged sands. The results of this study suggested that irrigation time with normal outflow rate was remarkably extended and the anti‐clogging performance of emitters was obviously promoted by the increase in flushing pressures. Moreover, the emitters were sensitive to particles larger than 6.607 μm in diameter, which tended to be retained in the flow paths. In contrast, particles smaller than 6.607 μm in diameter flowed out of the labyrinth channel easily. Furthermore, the flushing pressure had a major impact on the larger particles of discharged sediments, whereas it had a minor effect on smaller particles. Increasing flushing pressures appropriately could effectively increase the passing rate of larger particles, thereby extending the lifespan of emitters. Therefore, it is advised to perform high‐pressure flushing for 2–3 min before each irrigation to prevent the clogging of emitters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscopic investigation of" topically applied nanoparticles for molecular imaging of fresh tissue surfaces
Authors: Kang Soyoung , Wang Yu “Winston” , Xu Xiaochun , Navarro Eric , Tichauer Kenneth M. , Liu Jonathan T. C.
Published: December 2017

Previous studies have shown that functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) topically applied on fresh tissues are able to rapidly target cell‐surface protein biomarkers of cancer. Furthermore, studies have shown that a paired‐agent approach, in which an untargeted NP is co‐administered with a panel of targeted NPs, controls for the nonspecific behavior of the NPs, enabling quantitative imaging of biomarker expression. However, given the complexities in nonspecific accumulation, diffusion, and chemical binding of targeted NPs in tissues, studies are needed to better understand these processes at the microscopic scale. Here, fresh tissues were stained with a paired‐agent approach, frozen, and sectioned to image the depth‐dependent accumulation of targeted and untargeted NPs. The ratio of targeted‐to‐untargeted NP concentrations—a parameter used to distinguish between tumor and benign tissues—was found to diminish with increasing NP diffusion depths due to nonspecific accumulation and poor washout. It was then hypothesized and experimentally demonstrated that larger NPs would exhibit less diffusion below tissue surfaces, enabling higher targeted‐to‐untargeted NP ratios. In summary, these methods and investigations have enabled the design of NP agents with improved sensitivity and contrast for rapid molecular imaging of fresh tissues.
Aging of lymphoid organs: Can photobiomodulation reverse age‐associated thymic involution via stimulation of extrapineal melatonin synthesis and bone marrow stem cells?
Authors: Odinokov Denis , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: December 2017

Thymic atrophy and the subsequent reduction in T‐cell production are the most noticeable age‐related changes affecting lymphoid organs in the immune system. In fact, thymic involution has been described as “programmed aging.” New therapeutic approaches, such as photobiomodulation (PBM), may reduce or reverse these changes. PBM (also known as low‐level laser therapy) involves the delivery of non‐thermal levels of red or near‐infrared light that are absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores, in order to prevent tissue death and stimulate healing and regeneration. PBM may reverse or prevent thymic involution due to its ability to induce extrapineal melatonin biosynthesis via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or NF‐kB activation, or alternatively by stimulating bone marrow stem cells that can regenerate the thymus. This perspective puts forward a hypothesis that PBM can alter thymic involution, improve immune functioning in aged people and even extend lifespan.
Discovery of a novel six‐long non‐coding RNA signature predicting survival of colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Fan Qiaowei , Liu Bingrong
Published: December 2017

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. In the study, we aimed to identify key long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) significantly associated with prognosis of CRC and develop an expression‐based lncRNA signature to provide survival risk prediction for CRC patients. LncRNA expression profiles and clinical information of CRC patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Six hundred and eighteen differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified between CRC and normal tissues. After univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis for these differentially expressed lncRNAs and overall survival of CRC patients, six predictive lncRNAs (RP1‐170O19.17, RP11‐785D18.3, RP11‐798K3.2, XXbac‐B476C20.9, RP11‐481J13.1, and RP11‐167H9.4) were finally screened out to construct a six‐lncRNA signature, based on which patients in the training dataset were divided into the high‐risk and low‐risk group with significantly different overall survival. ROC curve analysis demonstrated competitive performance of the six‐lncRNA signature. The prognostic power of the six‐lncRNA signature was successfully validated in the testing and entire dataset. Multivariate Cox regression analysis and stratification analysis further suggested that the six‐lncRNA signature was independent of other conventional clinical variables for survival prediction in CRC patients. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the possible roles of these predictive lncRNAs in some cancer‐related biological processes and pathways. Our study demonstrated the promising potential of the novel six‐lncRNA signature as an independent biomarker for survival prediction of CRC patients.