bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spidermite and Aphid Control in Chemical Trials on Strawberries, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V.
Published: March 2022

Parker’ strawberries were transplanted early Nov ‘85 into drip-irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 wk following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of 2 sub-beds (2 rows by 30 ft). Insecticides were applied on 5 and 19 Mar, 2, 16, and 30 Apr, 14 and 28 May. As foliage height and density increased, nozzles varied from 2-4/row and carrier was 100 gal/acre. Disc-type nozzles incorporated D-2 or D-3 orifice discs, #23 cores, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments except avermectin Bi included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Spidermite population evaluation was based on percentage of plants infested on the highest trifoliate on each plant for 5 plants/replicate every week (20/treatments/wk). Data were collected weekly from 11 Mar through 2 Jun. Aphid counts were collected at the same time as the spidermite data, but percentage of plants infested was based on the presence or absence of aphids on the oldest trifoliate. Again, 5 randomly selected plants were sampled/replicate every week, yield data were collected by weighing (in grams) and counting all berries from each replicate every week from 11 Mar through 2 Jun.
Snapbeans, European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Horizon snap beans were planted in 4-row plots 35 ft in length on 21 May. The center 2 rows of each plot were the treatment rows. Each plot was buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 psi on 11 Jul and 15 Jul. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with 3 drop nozzles per row. All plots were infested with approx. 1,666 one-day old European corn borer larvae/10 ft of row on 10 Jul. A 10 ft section from each plot was harvested on 18 Jul and yield was recorded. On the same date 150 bean pods from each plot were examined for European corn borer injury.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was established on a 6-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Sharpsburg in Washington County. Precount weevil populations were moderate and averaged 40-50 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatments were applied on 7 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. Four 180-degree sweeps/plot were made on 11, 14, and 19 May.
Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Corn, 1987
Authors: All J. N.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of lorn seedling damage by the lesser cornstalk borer. Corn was planted 10 Jul in an Appling coarse loamy sand (75% sand, 15% silt, 10% clay). The soil was pH 7.7, with 1.07% organic-matter content. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long and 30 inches wide, with 3-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row at planting time. The granules were lightly raked into the soil. On 20 and 30 Jul all plants in each plot were examined for damage, and selected plants were examined for the presence of lesser cornstalk borer larvae. On 5 Nov all plants in each plot were harvested for grain.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. S. , Vinis L. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

Test was conducted on a commercial field planted in 30 inch rows near Dawsonville in Montgomery County, Md. Corn was planted on 13 May. Second- and third-instar larvae infested 80% of the corn, which was in the midwhorl stage. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were broadcast on 27 Jun with a hand-held COa backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can on the same day. On 17 and 18 Jul, 20 corn stalks were selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot, cut open, and the number of borers or borer tunnels was recorded.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘Owari’ Satsuma in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a plot of ‘Owari’ Satsuma citrus trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Port Sulpher, La. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Pesticides were applied on 30 Sep, with a hand-held C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 0.51 per tree at 40 psi through a single spray nozzel containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Trees were sprayed until completely covered. Evaluations were made on 8 Oct and 9 Nov by randomly selecting leaves per tree as follows: 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stereomicroscope, and the number of mites recorded.
Oil Sprays for California Red Scale Control, 1986
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 11 single-tree replicates and 3 treatments was conducted in a field of mature lemon trees (ca. 40 yr old) at the University of California, Riverside. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) were evaluated in mid May by examining in each plot, 75 9-inch twigs (ca. 1 yr old). Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Plots were assigned to the 11 blocks on the basis of pretreatment CRS density so that within each block initial CRS density was similar among plots. Treatments then were assigned randomly within each block. The 3 treatments were applications of a new formulation and the old formulation of Chevron’s Volck Supreme oil at a concentration of 1.25%, as well as an untreated control. The major differences between the old and new formulations, respectively, are unsulfonated residue (UR rating): 94.3% vs. ≥ 99%; aromatic carbon: 3.9% vs. 0%; naphthenic carbon: 72.5% vs. 31.36%; paraffinic carbon: 23.5% vs. 68.64%; difference between 10% and 90% boiling points at 10 mm Hg: 122° vs 85°F. Applications were made with hand guns from ground level and from a tower at ca. 505 psi at ca. 18 gal/tree, which soaked the trees to the point of runoff. Measurements of the amount of spray in the tank after application of the two oils indicated that either the gallonage per tree or the initial concentration of the oil in the finished spray was 5% greater for the new formulation than for the old formulation. Posttreatment samples were taken in Nov 1986 and again in Jan 1987 by in situ examination of 75 9-inch twigs and 100 fruit in each plot. Twigs were scored as infested or not infested with live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or >10 live and/or dead CRS since fruit are downgraded in the packing house when infested with approximately 10 or more live or dead scale.
Laboratory Screening of Bacillus Thvb1Ngiensis Tenebmo Against Adult Pecan Weevils, 1985
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Snow J. Wendell
Published: March 2022

Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio (B.t.t.) was screened in the laboratory against the pecan weevil. Pecans and adult pecan weevils were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Georgia in late Aug. Pecans were dipped in a solution gpl062g8 of B.t.t. and allowed to air dry. Two pecans free of punctures and five adult pecan weevils (3 males and 2 females) were placed in each of 6, 1 pt paper cans. Paper cans were inspected periodically until all adult weevils had died. Then pecans were examined for puncture scars and immature pecan weevils. Survivorship data were analyzed using binomial tests for equal probabilities.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1986
Authors: Derouin K. , Grafius E. , Connington L. , Herrington D. , Hayden J. , Habbel P.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted at the MSU entomology research farm on 18 Jun. Plots were 3 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 20 ft long (18 inches between plants in row). Plots were separated by 10 ft at row ends; 8 ft between rows. Starter fertilizer was added at transplant; a Lorsban drench (3.3 oz/1000-ft row) was applied 20 Jun to control cabbage maggot. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Weekly treatments were applied from 14 Jul to 20 Aug. Treatments were applied with a tractor boom sprayer at 30 gpa, 40 psi, with 3 nozzles (1 directed at top of plant, 2 at sides) over each row. Insect counts were done weekly from 18 Jul to 28 Aug approximately 4 days after spraying. A prespray count was done 3 Jul. Four randomly chosen plants were sampled from the center row of each plot. Four cabbages per ploi were harvested on 30 Aug; each was weighed and rated for wrapper leaf and head damage. Analyses of variance were performed on weekly egg counts and larval counts, as well as seasonal totals of eggs and larvae. Harvest head weight and damage rating data were also analyzed. Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison analysis was performed on significantly different means.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Eggplant, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 15 ft rows on 22 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in one gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun; 3, 11, 19 and 25 Jul; 2 and 9 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 14, 20 and 24 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug from 5 plants.
Control of the Pepper Weevil on Pepper, Fall 1987
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 3 Sep on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inches high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 12 plants spaced 12 inches apart in a single row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 21, 28 Oct, 6, 13 and 25 Nov with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 pressured sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 90-110 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). Dipel 2 X was applied to all plots at 0.75 lb product/acre on 25 Sep, 2, 6, 9, 20, 23, 27 Oct, 5 and 10 Nov for control of armyworm larvae. Marketable fruit were harvested and abscised fruit were collected on 13 Nov and 2 Dec and were examined for internal pepper weevil feeding damage. All abscised fruit were damaged internally by the pepper weevil; thus, counts of abscised fruit were combined with counts of harvested, internally damaged fruit. The proportion of damaged fruit was calculated for each treatment and transformed arcsine of the square root prior to analysis; however, data are presented in the original scale.
Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1989
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch R. H.
Published: March 2022

The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, ME. The planting dates were 23 May for the foliar application experiment and 24 May for the systemic application experiment. The 3 m space between blocks and the 1.4 m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats on 27 Jun. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces ca. 75 g each were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Sidedress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10 (x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted, Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul and Aug was respectively 6.0, 7.7 and 11.5 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.5, 18.6 and 18.2°C.
Evaluation of Planting and Rescue Treatments for Bcw Control, 1988
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P.
Published: March 2022

A plot was established in 1988 to evaluate the efficacy of labeled and experimental insecticides for control of BCW by planting and rescue treatments. The plot was established at OARDC, Wooster, OH, on a Wooster silt loam soil. All plots were conventionally tilled. Pioneer 3780 was planted 18 May in 30 inch row spacing in plots measuring 10 ft long by 2 rows wide. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications was used, barriered treatment areas measured 5 × 5 ft and infested with 10, 3rd instar BCW larvae after insecticide application on 18 May. Rescue treatments were infested 2 h prior to application with 10, 4th instar BCW larvae on 1 Jun. Planting time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an Allis Chalmers no-till planter banding granules ahead of the press wheel in a 7 inch band or in furrow. Spray treatments were applied at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 1.5 mph. Plots were evaluated 3, 5, and 8 Jun for damaged plants per barrier. Results are presented as total BCW damaged plants/barrier and data were subjected to analysis of variance with Least Significant Difference used to rank means.
Efficacy of Insecticides Appued to Banks Grass Mite on Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Comite, Capture 2 EC, and Cygon 400 were aerially applied 2 Sep to control Banks grass mite in dough-stage field corn. Treatments were applied in 2 replications to 120 by 1320 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Size of naturally occurring Banks grass mite colonies were rated on the under surface of each leaf beginning with the lowest live leaf through 3 leaves above the ear. Ratings were made with a 0-6 scale where 0 equaled no mites on the leaf, 1 equaled individual mites present, 2 equaled well formed colonies ... up to 6 where mite colonies were so large that the under side of the leaf was completely covered and the leaf had died due to mite feeding. Mites were evaluated on 4 plants about 250 ft from the front edge and in the center of each plot 1 d prior to application, 5 and 14 d post-application. Seven XLR plus alone, with Zolone or with the surfactant Surfel was applied 20 Sep in a second trial with a CO2 charged back pack sprayer at 30 psi in a total volume of 42 gal/acre to dough-stage field corn. Each treatment was applied to 10 by 24 ft plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Four plants in the center of each plot were artificially infested with Banks grass mite by tying 2 infested leaves to each plant seven and 3 d prior to application. Number of mites found on the right half of the ear leaf, second and fourth leaf below the ear were recorded 1 d prior to application and 3 d post-application. Percent control was determined for both trials using Henderson’s formula which takes into account changes in the treated plots compared to changes in the check plots.
Airblast/Dilute Evaluation of Acaricides, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of 'Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. and were 16-yr-old. Experimental sprays for the airblast treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 2 mph. Experimental sprays for handgun treatments were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 3.5 gallons of spray were applied/replicate tree (ca. 360 GPA). Spray dates were as follows: 15 Jul, 28 Jul, and 4 Aug. Refer to the tables for application dates of particular treatments. General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Guthion, Sevin, Asana), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of the materials on the mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious applies/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate) 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Evaluation of Bt-Pyrethroid Mixtures for Control Of Heliothis Spp., 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Efficacies of 4 treatment strategies involving an oil flowable formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis alone and in combination with Ammo were compared with efficacies of Karate and Ammo for control of Heliothis spp. larvae at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used with plots 8 rows × 75 ft long. All rows were sprayed with a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Enhancement adjuvant (50 ml/gal) and Bond® spreader/ sticker (5 ml/gal) were added to all spray mixes, except Karate and Karate + Ovasyn, prior to application. Treatments were applied 8 Jul, 15 Jul, 20 Jul, and 26 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yields were assessed from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Egg and larval densities and terminal damage were determined once within all plots prior to the first insecticide treatment. Measures of insect damage to fruit were made by examining 50 randomly selected 1/3-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls from each plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticide application. Bolls were counted on 2 randomly selected, 6.5 ft sections of row/plot on 8 Aug. Cotton yields were determined by hand harvesting 2 randomly selected, 13 ft sections of row/plot.
Systemic Insecticide, At-Planting Control of Aphids on Winter Wheat, 1988
Authors: Pike K. S. , Allison D.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on soft white winter wheat grown on the Washington State Univ., Irr. Agric. Res. & Ext. Center, Roza Farm, Prosser, WA. The liquid systemic insecticides were applied by micro-tube injection, with the tube orifice mounted inside the drill openers of the planter. The granular Disyston was applied through the cone planter with the seed. Plots were 4 × 15 ft (4 rows on 12 inch row spacing), replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted 2 Sep (seeding rate: 45 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 19, 28, 39 and 47 DAT, based on aphids/tillers (20 tillers/plot sampled at random, field bagged, and subsequently transferred to a Berlese funnel to extract the aphids. Plots were harvested on 10-11 Aug using a Hege combine.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhopper on Raspberry, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. Each plot was rated for potato leafhopper damage on leaves. A toxicity index to assess damage was created on a scale of 0-3: 0 = no visible damage; 1 = 2% of leaves curled; 2 = 50%-75% of leaves curled; 3 = >75% of leaves curled. On 16 Jun, treatments were applied using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul treatments were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre traveling 3 mph. Treatments in parentheses were applied previously on 25 May.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 40 ft long on 17 Aug. Plants were spaced 24 inches apart in the row with 64 inches between rows. Each 1 row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug and 7, 14, 21, 28 Sep and 4 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf area eaten, head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and a moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Cabbage Aphid and Webworm Control, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Jersey’ cabbage was transplanted 5 Aug near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Trickle irrigation was used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/ acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 8, 14, 22, 30 Sep, 10 and 18 Oct. Insect counts or ratings were made 6 Oct, and quality ratings of heads which had formed and damage ratings of all plants were made 3 Nov.
Control of Spider Mites on Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Express’ cabbage was direct seeded into fine sandy loam soil located at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK on 29 Aug. Test plots consisted of one row, thinned to 12 inches between plants on 3 ft centers, each 20 ft long, using 3 replications. A single application of each insecticide was administered on 16 Oct using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 21.8 gal/acre. The boom was equipped with 2 nozzles to ensure effective spray coverage. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by sampling 5 one-inch discs from each plot for SM larvae and adults one d prior to treatment, as well as 7, 10, and 14 DAT.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Higgius R. A.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested whorl-stage field corn was treated 22 Jun. Nine insecticides and 1 untreated control were replicated 4 times. All plots consisted of contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a COs-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a broadcast boom. Nozzles were Delavan HC 12, 70 degree. Dry products were premeasured for treated area and were applied by hand with a funnel/bander system designed for this purpose. Stalks were split from 10 Jul 10 through 12 Jul. Twenty stalks/plot were split from ground level to the top of the plant. Shotholes/20 plants, tunnels/20 plants, larvae + pupae/20 plants, and percent of plants infested were recorded.
Control of Germinating Seed Pests on Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted on 23 Apr in Northumberland County, Va., to determine the effectiveness of several granular insecticides and a seed treatment against pests of germinating corn seeds. The recent cropping history for this field included field corn planted in 1988 and 1989 followed by a cover crop of crimson clover each yr. Soil type for this field is characterized as a Suffolk fine sandy loam. The experimental design involved a randomized complete block experiment with 4 replications. Each plot consisted of a single, 15- ft row in which furrows were hand dug to a uniform depth of approximately 1.5 inches. Seeds were spaced 6 inches apart within the furrows providing about 30 seeds per plot. Each block was separated from adjacent blocks by a distance of 6.3 ft. All granular insecticides were applied in-furrow using pint canning jars (Mason) with lids in which a single opening had been drilled. Lid openings were laboratory-calibrated to deliver accurately the labeled rate for each insecticide while walking at 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. For the treatments involving Agrox D-L Plus, the rates of 1- and 2-oz product/bushel of corn seed were used. In addition to recording whole-plot stand counts on 7 May, the roots and attached seed for each corn seedling, as well as seeds which had not germinated, were removed from the soil and inspected for evidence of feeding damage. Back transformed percentages are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1989
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 23 May in plots 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using two TX 6 nozzles/row. Damage, eggs, and live larvae were estimated by sampling 50 buds (squares) and 50 terminals in each replication on 31 Aug.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments for Aphid and Whitefly Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were evaluated for aphid and whitefly control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows × 50 ft and were arranged in randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Treatments were applied to the center four rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 5, TX-3 nozzles/row with outside nozzles on 6 and 13 inch drops. Initial application was made on 18 Jul, additional applications for three treatments were made on 24 Jul. Insects were counted on half of each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center two rows of each plot from 2 and 3 levels of the plant canopy; the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem ca. 1/3 of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom on the plant. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags where insects were counted by use of a binocular microscope.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control on Cotton in North Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 10 May in sandy loam soil at the North Mississippi Branch Experiment station, Holly Springs, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 22.8 and 23.9°C, respectively, soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (40 inch centers) with 4 rows planted between plots and were arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular materials were applied with a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes, liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as carrier for application of liquids. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 23 and 30 May, and 5, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed in the laboratory with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting by use of a binocular dissection microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 20 Jun totalled to 5.39 inches. The center 2 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested on 15 Oct.
Effect of Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) on Aphid Control Test-I, 1990
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Cotton was planted on 26 Apr with plots consisting of 6 rows (40 in) × 50 ft and foliar sprays were applied with a hi-clearance utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre total spray volume. Treatments were applied on 11 Jul and evaluations were made on 13 and 18 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation was less than 36 in. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 plant terminals from the center 2 rows of each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. One half inch of rainfall was recorded between 11 and 13 Jul, and 1.0 inch of rainfall was recorded between 13 and 18 Jul.
Soybean Looper and Velvetbean Caterpillar Control, 1990
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Moss Robert B.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-two insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers and velvetbean caterpillars in soybean. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 5 Sep in Test I and 7 Sep in Test II on 'Thomas' soybeans. The field was planted on 15 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds on 30 inch row spacings at the University of Georgia Southwest Branch Experiment Station at Plains, Ga. Individual plots were 5 rows × 20 ft long with 3-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. Each plot consisted of 3 treated rows with an untreated border row on each side. At each test site there were 16 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 7.5 ft boom at 45 psi that delivered 20.1 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, and 14 DAT, by taking a 3 row-feet ground cloth sample.
Aphid Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1990
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. D. , Lambert A.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco 'Var. McNair 944' was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., on 29 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (44 in apart) × 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were separated by single untreated border rows with the center 2 rows of each plot being sprayed. Blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alley on each end. Eight insecticide treatments were applied on 25 May and 1 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 19.8 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each row. Numbers of live aphids were recorded on the third and sixth plant of each plot prior to treatment and on 3 and 7 DAT. Aphid damage ratings were taken from all plants in each plot 10 d after the last application. Ratings included: 0 if no aphids were present on the upper four leaves; 1 if there were up to 50 aphids/plant; 2 if there were between 50-200 aphids/plant; and 3 if there were more than 200 aphids/plant. All plants in each plot were harvested during mid to late Jun.
Control of Orchid Weevils on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Bioassay tests were conducted on 28 Jun on dendrobium orchids growing in 1/2 inch crushed basalt rock. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates with 5 plants per replicate. Sprays were applied until runoff occurred using a compressed C02 sprayer with a 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. One day after treatment, 20 leaves/treatment, 5 leaves/rep, were excised and placed into a 12.0 × 10.5 cm unwaxed paper container. Twenty-five orchid weevils collected on bamboo orchids Arundina graminifolia Don was added to each container and covered with organdy. Mortality was assessed 1 and 2 DAT.
Scotch Pine, Evaluation of Selected Insecticides Against European Pine Sawfly, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine, 1-1.5 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate insecticides against European pine sawfly larvae. Larvae were 15-20 mm in length when treatments were applied. Trees selected had at least one active colony of sawfly larvae. Sprays were applied 29 May under sunny skies, 15°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. The treatment area received 0.2 cm rainfall during the test period. A KWH backpack mistblower, operating at half throttle on aperature setting #3 for 15 s, was used to deliver 300 ml of finished spray to each of the 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Sprays were directed toward a colony and surrounding foliage. Treatments were evaluated 3 DAT by counting the total number of live larvae per colony.
Control of Face Flies and Permethrin Resistant Horn Flies on Pastured Beef Cattle with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1990
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticide ear tags were efficacy tested against face and horn flies on beef cattle. All populations of horn flies were assayed for resistance to permethrin and diazinon prior to tag application and when possible after the tags were removed. These horn flies were compared to susceptible horn flies obtained from the USDA Livestock Laboratory, Kerrvilie, Tex. Tags were applied to 3 groups of cattle with differing insecticide treatment history. One group had been treated the previous year with diazinon ear tags (group A), another with pyrethroid or Maxcon tags (group B), and the third group with various nontag treatments (group C). Each adult animal in the respective herds received 1 tag/ear. After tagging, counts were made at weekly intervals on 10 randomly selected animals from each herd. Counts were made during the same time period (11:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M.). Horn flies were estimated on one side of each animal and face flies were counted on the head and face of these same animals. Fly populations of treated herds were compared to populations on untreated herds located no closer than 0.8 km. The effectiveness of treatments was determined by calculating the percent reduction of fly populations on treated to untreated herds.
Evaluation of Ivermectin Against the Screwworm in Vitro, 1982
Authors: Ring Dennis R.
Published: March 2022

Research was conducted at the Screwworm Research Laboratory in Mission, Tex. and in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Screwworm eggs, neonates, and third instars were exposed to ivermectin (Merck MK- 933, 22, 23 dihydroavermectin B1) and coumaphos at rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ppm. Eggs were placed on black filter paper in petri dishes and each filter paper was treated with 0.05 ml of solution of one concentration, respectively. One hundred g of screwworm starting or finishing medium were placed in tin pie pans. Insecticides were added to pie pans from lowest to highest concentrations and thoroughly mixed with the medium to yield the final concentrations mentioned above. Eggs on untreated black filter paper and neonates <24 h old were placed in pie pans with starting medium while, third instars were placed in pie pans with finishing medium. Masking tape was placed around the top of pie pans to prevent larval escape. Petri dishes and pie pans were placed on trays in water in a heated vat (37°C) and scored for the number of eggs and larval eclosion at 24 h posttreatment and for living larvae at 24 and 48 h posttreatment. Water and acetone treated petri dishes and pie pans were used as controls. Data on larval eclosion were analyzed using probit analysis. Slopes obtained for insecticides were compared using t tests. Bionomial tests for equal proportions were performed on insecticide treatments versus controls and between controls.
Ovicidal and Sterilant Effects of Pyriproxyfen on Codling Moth and Oriental Fruit Moth, 1990
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T.
Published: March 2022

CM (1 to 4 dold, n = 400-1,236 per age) and OFM eggs (1 to 3 d-old, n = 318-963 per age) were exposed to pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, by immersion in aqueous solutions (3 replicates/dose). One-d-old CM eggs (n = 1,440) on nectarines were immersed in a 10 ppm aqueous solution of pyriproxyfen for 5 s. Eggs were incubated for 7-11 d to determine hatch. Two-d-old unsexed CM adults were topically exposed to pyriproxyfen in methanol solutions (3 replicates of 30 adults/dose). Either 15 CM females or males (1-2 d-pld) or 15 OFM females or males (1-d-old) were exposed to residues of 2,700 g (AI)/ha for 2 d and mated to an equal number of unexposed adults of the opposite sex (3 replicates per exposed sex of each species). Adult fecundity and egg viability were evaluated by placing treated adults in ovipositional cages made from cylindrical paper cartons (17 cm tall × 17 cm diam). Waxed paper sheets were used as an ovipositional surface. The waxed paper egg sheets were collected and replaced with new sheets every 2-5 d. Eggs were incubated at 26.8°C for at least 7 d, counted, and examined for hatch. Controls were handled in the same manner as test insects but never exposed to pyriproxyfen.
Lesser Peachtree Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a 0.7 acre block of 12-yr-old trees, which measured 11 ft in height and 13 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 'Sunhigh,' 3 'Loring') in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied to runoff on 5 and 25 Jun with a handgun attached to a Durand-Wayland 100 LTS sprayer operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 2 gal of spray (ca. 218 GPA) which was primarily directed at wounds on the trunk and branches. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Benlate, Captan, Parathion, Rovral, Sevin, and Topsin-M. Insecticides were evaluated by counting and removing pupal cases from the trunk and branches at a height of 1-6 ft on 1, 14, and 29 Aug; 17 Sep; 1 Oct. Counts on each date were summed to arrive at a season total for each tree. Pupal cases were removed from all trees on 19 Jul prior to taking counts.
Phosphine Fumigation of Inshell Almonds for Insect Control, 1989
Authors: Hartsell Preston L. , Tebbets Jane C. , Vail Patrick V.
Published: March 2022

Fumigations with phosphine (PH3) were conducted to determine minimum lethal exposure times and concentrations at various temperatures for control of NOW or IMM in inshell almonds. A dosage of 30 g/ 1000 ft3 PH3 gas generated from aluminum phosphide pellets was used on infested almonds at 10, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7 or 32.2°C. Insect eggs, 0-24 h old, or early pupae were placed in screened vials which were buried within the almond load (53% v/v) contained in a fumigation chamber. The exposure time, in days, required for complete kill at each temperature was determined in preliminary tests, after which the treatments were replicated three times. Control insects were set up in the same manner as those treated, but were not exposed to PH3. Following fumigation and 2 h aeration, the eggs or pupae were removed from the almond load and placed in a holding incubator at conditions of 27°C, 60% RH for 14-21 d to determine egg hatch or adult emergence.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Spring Planted Cabbage—Ii, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Mulkey B. , Talbot Tim
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was direct seeded in double rows into prepared seedbeds on 2 Apr at the Sweet Potato Research Station near Chase, La. The plots consisted of 3 seedbeds (6 rows) on 40-inch centers by 30-ft long, with only 2 seedbeds being treated. Treatments were arranged in a completely random design with 4 replicates. Test materials were applied using a hand-held boom with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 30 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/seedbed) at 48 psi. Applications were made on 11, 17, 24 May and on 1, 6 Jun. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 plants/plot on 14 and 21 May. Plots were harvested (15 heads/ plot) on 19 Jun to determine quality and damage ratings. Foliage injury was rated using a scale from 1-6 (1 = no apparent feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered to be marketable. Overhead irrigation was provided on an "as needed" basis to the test plots, but not within 72 h posttreatment.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 30 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 86.2 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 28 Jun; 2, 8, 11, 15, 18, and 22 Jul. At harvest maturity (24 Jul), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.
Foliar Sprays for Worm Control on Peppers, 1991
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Peppers were transplanted on 19 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft long row bordered on each side by bare ground. Peppers were transplanted with 12 inch between plants and 3 ft row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressedgas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water at 40 psi. Spray applications were made weekly beginning 23 Jul through 18 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of the numbers and weight of marketable fruit, numbers of fruit damaged by ECB, and total numbers of damaged fruit per 10 flagged plants per plot. Fruit was harvested on 20 Aug, 4, 11, 19 Sep, 4, and 23 Oct. Numbers of ECB stem holes were counted on the 10 flagged plants on 4 and 27 Sep.
Control of Insect Pests of Squash, Fall, 1991
Authors: Webb Susan E.
Published: March 2022

Squash was planted in hills 2.5 ft apart on raised beds on 4 Sep. Plots consisted of four 25-ft rows spaced 6 ft apart and separated by 15-ft alleys. All plots were treated weekly with chlorothalonil (Bravo) at a rate of 1.5 lb (AI)/acre beginning on 13 Sep. Four treatments and a check were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 2, and 9 Oct with a 12-ft, tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albux (brown) ceramic hollow cone nozzles 8 inches apart, delivering 145 gal/acre at 200 psi. On 14 Oct, five plants from the middle two rows in each plot were examined for whitefly adults, aphids, pickleworm and melonworm larvae, and pickleworm damage to fruit and blossoms. Two lower leaves were collected from each of three plants per plot for estimating numbers of immature whiteflies. Two leaf disks, 0.8 inches in diameter, from half of each leaf, were examined. The center rows in each plot were harvested on 14, 16, 22, and 24 Oct. After this date all fruit showed symptoms of viral infection.
Alfalfa Insect Control—2Nd Crop, 1990
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand located on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 25 × 40 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 6 Jul with a tractor-drawn 25-ft boom sprayer delivering 19 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied between 1100-1300 h; wind speed was <5 mph and temperature averaged 80°F
Efficacy of M-Pede and Dimethoate 4 EC Against Cotton Aphids, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 17 Apr with plots consisting of 4 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 15.2 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two X-12 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 93.7 Hters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 13 Jul and samples were taken 2 and 6 DAT (15 and 19 Jul). Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 2 plant horizons by sampling the plant terminal (all shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Ten samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were tunneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. Rainfall was recorded on 17 (2.21 cm), 18 (0.89 cm), and 19 Jul (0.94 cm).