bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fake news detection in Urdu language using machine learning
Authors: Farooq Muhammad Shoaib , Naseem Ansar , Rustam Furqan , Ashraf Imran
Published: May 2023

With the rise of social media, the dissemination of forged content and news has been on the rise. Consequently, fake news detection has emerged as an important research problem. Several approaches have been presented to discriminate fake news from real news, however, such approaches lack robustness for multi-domain datasets, especially within the context of Urdu news. In addition, some studies use machine-translated datasets using English to Urdu Google translator and manual verification is not carried out. This limits the wide use of such approaches for real-world applications. This study investigates these issues and proposes fake news classier for Urdu news. The dataset has been collected covering nine different domains and constitutes 4097 news. Experiments are performed using the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and a bag of words (BoW) with the combination of n-grams. The major contribution of this study is the use of feature stacking, where feature vectors of preprocessed text and verbs extracted from the preprocessed text are combined. Support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and ensemble models like random forest (RF) and extra tree (ET) were used for bagging while stacking was applied with ET and RF as base learners with logistic regression as the meta learner. To check the robustness of models, fivefold and independent set testing were employed. Experimental results indicate that stacking achieves 93.39%, 88.96%, 96.33%, 86.2%, and 93.17% scores for accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, MCC, ROC, and F1 score, respectively.
Recognition of human action for scene understanding using world cup optimization and transfer learning approach
Authors: Surendran Ranjini , J Anitha , Hemanth Jude D.
Published: May 2023

Understanding human activities is one of the vital steps in visual scene recognition. Human daily activities include diverse scenes with multiple objects having complex interrelationships with each other. Representation of human activities finds application in areas such as surveillance, health care systems, entertainment, automated patient monitoring systems, and so on. Our work focuses on classifying scenes into different classes of human activities like waving hands, gardening, walking, running, etc. The dataset classes were pre-processed using the fuzzy color stacking technique. We adopted the transfer learning concept of pretrained deep CNN models. Our proposed methodology employs pretrained AlexNet, SqueezeNet, ResNet, and DenseNet for feature extraction. The adaptive World Cup Optimization (WCO) algorithm is used halfway to select the superior dominant features. Then, these dominant features are classified by the fully connected classifier layer of DenseNet 201. Evaluation of the performance matrices showed an accuracy of 94.7% with DenseNet as the feature extractor and WCO for feature selection compared to other models. Also, our proposed methodology proved to be superior to its counterpart without feature selection. Thus, we could improve the quality of the classification model by providing double filtering using the WCO feature selection process.
Minimizing the variables of voiding spot assay for comparison between laboratories
Authors: Luo Chuang , Liu Juan , Yang Jiali , Xie Xiang , Yu Weiqun , Chen Huan
Published: May 2023

The voiding spot assay (VSA) is increasingly being adopted as a standard method for assessing mouse urinary function. However, VSA outcomes are highly sensitive to housing environment and procedural parameters. Many variables exist among laboratories, including analytical software, type of daily housing cage, transportation, and the time of the day. Some of these variables, such as the time of VSA and analytical software, have been shown to result in inconsistency and incomparability of data. In this study, we evaluated whether the results of VSA can be compared across laboratories by minimizing these variables. We found that analytical tools between Fiji and MATLAB are in good agreement in the quantification of VSA parameters, especially primary voiding spot (PVS) parameters. Unexpectedly, we found that mice housed in different daily home cages did not alter voiding patterns in a standard VSA cage. Nonetheless, we still recommend acclimation when performing VSA in unfamiliar cages. Notably, mice are highly sensitive to transportation and the time in the morning versus afternoon, which can induce significant changes in voiding patterns. Therefore, a standardized period among laboratories and allowing 2–3 days of rest for mice acclimation after transportation are necessary for VSA. Finally, we performed VSA using identical procedural parameters in two laboratories from two geographical locations to compare the results of VSA and concluded that it is possible to generate limited comparable VSA data, such as PVS volume.
traducción literaria como práctica pedagógica
Authors: Curell Clara
Published: May 2023

Después de unas breves reflexiones sobre la complejidad y las especificidades de la traducción literaria y de su didáctica, ofrecemos en este trabajo unas pautas metodológicas respaldadas por nuestra experiencia como docente universitaria y como traductora. Proponemos, así, una enseñanza eminentemente práctica, basada en textos auténticos y articulada en torno a unos planteamientos teóricos subyacentes, que integre los tres aspectos que constituyen una cabal formación filológico-traductora: la dimensión literario-cultural, la dimensión lingüística y la dimensión creativa. Nuestro planteamiento se estructura sobre las distintas fases del proceso traductor, haciendo especial hincapié en la adquisición de métodos de trabajo correctos desde la etapa de pretraducción, así como en la práctica colectiva, que consideramos un valioso instrumento de aprendizaje complementario del trabajo individual.
papel de las pandemias en la planificación urbana. El caso del cólera en Chile (1886-1888)
Authors: Mardones Gabriela
Published: May 2023

En la actualidad el mundo es afectado por la pandemia del virus COVID-19, que ha sido vista como un problema para la planificación de las ciudades. Al respecto, el analista de la intersección del diseño urbano y la salud pública, Michele Acuto (2020), señala que aún es temprano para aprender las lecciones de este nuevo virus, pero que las historias de las ciudades siempre han sido las de las enfermedades infecciosas. Es por esto que hoy resulta útil estudiar, con la suficiente distancia temporal, experiencias anteriores que pudieran ayudarnos a proyectarnos hacia el futuro con lecciones aprendidas y retos por lograr. El presente artículo es una reflexión en torno a la relación histórica entre la planificación urbana y las enfermedades, mediante el estudio del caso de Chile ante la primera pandemia de cólera ocurrida entre 1886 y 1888. Se plantea que el cólera transformó la manera de planificar la ciudad, lo que se vio reflejado en el surgimiento del “urbanismo higienista”.
Linear low density polyethylene film process capability analysis
Authors: Lescura Matheus Marcelino , Alves Julio Cesar , Sampaio Nilo Antonio de Souza
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to identify and present applications of the process capability indices in a process of a company in Vale do Paraíba. To reach this objective, applied research of exploratory and quantitative nature was carried out. After the adjustment, it was possible to observe the uniform distribution of data centered on the nominal value, without exceeding the lower and upper limits, which produced an adjusted process within specifications. As a contribution of this research, we point out the use of this statistical tool in problem solving and as a tool for decision making.
Factors Influencing the Accessibility of Anchor Borrower's Programme Fund among Rice Farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Abdu-Raheem K. A. , Adekunmi A. O. , Oluwatusin F. M.
Published: May 2023

The study examined the factors influencing the accessibility of the Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) Fund among Rice Farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Specifically, it describes the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, assesses the operation of ABP, and identifies some constraints encountered by the rice farmers in accessing the ABP fund. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation. In contrast, binary logistic regression was used to determine the socio-economic factors influencing the accessibility of ABP funds among rice farmers. The findings revealed that the mean age of the rice farmers was 43.4 years with male rice farmers (58.3%) forming the majority. About 60 per cent were married, with a mean household size of approximately five persons. The majority (88.3%) had formal education, and the mean year of farm experience was 17.5 years. Some of the operations of the ABP are the supply of inputs like seedlings as submitted by 81.7 per cent of the respondents and credit source from ABP by all (100%). The majority (74.2%) sold their products personally. The result of the binary logistic regression model shows that sex, marital status, household size, years of formal education, farming experience  membership of social organization and annual income had a positive and significant relationship with the accessibility of ABP funds. The primary constraints encountered by the rice farmers were poor access to credit, poor quality equipment, poor service and poor administration of the program. It was recommended that Government should provide incentive measures to the rice farmers that will reduce the effect of dwindling market prices of agricultural commodities, especially Rice.
Impact of Industrial Water Pollution on Human and Livestock Health in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Suresh R. , Kumar D. Suresh , Palanichamy N. Venkatesa , Duraisamy M. R. , Maheswari M.
Published: May 2023

Aim: To study the impact of Industrial Water Pollution on Human and Livestock health in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu.

Study Design: The Cost of illness method.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Sathyamangalam block of Erode district of Tamil Nadu from September 2020 to December 2022.

Methodology: The Cost of illness method was applied to study the impact of Industrial Water Pollution on human and Livestock health. For this purpose, 180 sample households from Sathyamangalam block of Erode have been selected due to the high intensity of industrial units and significant number of cases related to water pollution were reported frequently in this area. Both primary data and secondary data were collected for the current study.

Results and Conclusion: The industrial water pollution in Bhavani River basin of Tamil Nadu leads to decline in the health status of humans. The number of visits to doctors and expenditure on human health before and after pollution disclose substantial increases. The pollution causes sickness in livestock, decrease the reproductive capacity, milk productivity, loss in the quality of milk and finally lead to death of livestock in the study area. In order to overcome the seissues, it is suggested to develop alternative sources of water for drinking and other purposes .Hence, the study recommends strict regulation of industries to adopt pollution-mitigating technologies before discharging effluents into the river.
Application Methodology and Physiological Insights of Melatonin Hormone for Water Stress Alleviation in Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
Authors: Alagupalamuthirsolai M. , Suresh Renuka , Thankamani C. K. , Srinivasan V. , Sivaranjani R. , Krishnamurthy K. S. , Sarathambal C. , Gobu R. , Asangi Honnappa , Akshitha H. J. , Peeran Mohammad Faisal , Rajkumar Balaji
Published: May 2023

Black pepper is highly sensitive to water deficit stress especially during summer, resulting in significant losses in yield; therefore, strategies aimed at enhancing water stress tolerance are essential. Melatonin improves stress tolerance in plants; however, its method of application and optimum concentration in black pepper under water deficit stress remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a two pot culture experiment during March and April, 2022 (var. Panniyur-1) to investigate the effects of foliar-sprayed and root-irrigated melatonin (50, 100 and 150 µM L-1) on the recovery per cent and physiological mechanism under water stress. The treatment details were, WW - Well-watered; WS - Water stressed; FM50 - Waterstress+50µM Melatonin (Foliar spray); FRM50 - Water stress + 50µM Melatonin (Foliar spray + Soil drenching @ 50ml/plant);  FM100 - Water stress + 100µM Melatonin (Foliar spray); FRM100 - Water stress + 100µM Melatonin (Foliar spray + Soil drenching @ 50ml/plant); FM150 - Water stress + 150µM Melatonin (Foliar spray); FRM150 - Water stress + 150µM Melatonin (Foliar spray + Soil drenching @ 50ml/plant). The melatonin-induced enhanced stress tolerance could be attributed to improved recovery %, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and ultimately significantly relieved the inhibitory effects of water stress on leaves. After rehydration, melatonin-treated plants recovered more quickly than untreated plants. In addition, melatonin counteracted the water stress induced accumulation in proline content. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that melatonin at 100 µM L-1 (Foliar spray and root irrigation) significantly alleviated the adverse effects of water deficit stress compared untreated plants. In addition, application of exogenous melatonin combined with root and foliar application is superior than foliar spraying alone.
Impact on Yield Attributes and Yields of Groundnut Varieties under Different Sowing Windows in Western Maharashtra, India
Authors: Yadavrao Wankhede Sachin , Bhambhar Kharbade Sattappa , Satish Misal Suraj , Dadaji Jadhav Jaywant , Shaikh Abdul Aziz , Atmaram Sthool Vijay
Published: May 2023

Present experiment was undertaken to study the “Impact of yield attributes and yields of groundnut varieties under different sowing windows in Western Maharashtra Plain Zone” at Department of Agricultural Meteorology Farm, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training (CAFT) in Agricultural Meteorology, College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra State (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design comprised of four varieties viz., V1: JL-501, V2: RHRG-6083 (Phule Unnati), V3: TAG-24 and V4: JL-776 (Phule Bharati) as main plot and four sowing windows viz., S1: 25rd MW (18th to 24th June), S2: 26th MW (25th June to 01st July), S­3: 27th MW (2nd to 8th July) and S4: 28th MW (09th to 15th July) as sub plot treatments. The number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1, 100 kernel weight (g), shelling (%) and yields as influenced by the different treatments were recorded at harvest. Yield contributing characters viz., number of pods-1 (45.25 and 43.29) and weight of pods-1 (12.99 and 13.82) were found significantly higher in variety JL-776 over RHRG-6083, JL-501 and TAG-24, whereas shelling percentage (75.12 and 76.60) were found significantly higher in variety TAG-24 followed by JL-501, JL-776 and RHRG-6083. Pod yield (26.59 and 28.14 q ha-1) and haulm yield (39.61 and 36.7 q ha-1) were significantly higher in JL-776 followed by RHRG-6083, JL-501 and TAG-24. Amongst all the groundnut varieties, JL-776 (Phule Bharati) is significantly superior under extended sowing windows followed by varieties RHRG-6083, TAG-24 and JL-501. Sowing during 26th MW was observed to be most suitable and optimum for groundnut considering the growth and yield attributes. This sowing window was at par with 27th MW sowing window.
Gender Comparison of some Apolipoprotein and Lipid Profiles in Apparently Healthy Adult Male and Female Subjects at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ezeugwunne Ifeoma Priscilla , Onyenekwe Charles Chinedum , Ahaneku Joseph Eberendu , Ahaneku Gladys I. , Obiekwe Sochima Johnmark , Ejiogu Ikedichukwu Chibueze , Oguaka Victor Nwabunwanne , Ike Ifeanyichukwu Samuel , Ibemere Obinna David , Ikem Maryrose Onyinyechukwu , Ezeugwunne Chinonye Goodness
Published: May 2023

Apolipoproteins are a group of proteins that are found on the surface of lipoprotein particles and are involved in lipid metabolism. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream, transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues, and reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. They are important biomarkers of lipid metabolism and are known to be associated with an increased risk of CVD. This study aims to assess the effect of gender on some of the apolipoproteins and lipid profiles studied at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi. A total of 51 adult female and 49 adult male subjects were randomly recruited at the Voluntary and counseling center NAUTH. The apolipoproteins such as Apo A-1, Apo A-2, Apo B, Apo C-2, Apo C-3, and Apo E, and the lipoproteins such as Total cholesterol (Chol), Low-Density Lipids (LDL), High-Density Lipids (HDL), and Triglycerides (TG) were analyzed using routine laboratory analyses. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, independent Students’-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare means. The Apo A-1, Apo A-2, Apo B, Chol, HDL, and TG levels were significantly elevated in the male subjects compared to the female subjects with p<0.05. Conclusively, the male subjects studied were more prone to cardiovascular conditions.
The Efficacy of AI-Assisted CADe Systems in Colorectal Polyps and Adenomas during Colonoscopies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nwosu Stella , Ehimwenma Norense , Oboli Victor N. , Arslan Faiza , Khan Khizar Scheeraz , Abung Akata , Latif Aqsa , Nwabueze Daniel , Okoye Chiugo , Thalla Anusha , Rahman Farzana , Devdat  , Erhiawarie Franca , Tiwari Sampada , Yousaf Salman
Published: May 2023

Colorectal polyps and adenomas are a significant health concern that can lead to colorectal cancer. Detecting polyps and adenomas early is important to remove them in a timely manner, reducing the risk of cancer. Artificial intelligence (AI) could assist in identifying polyps and adenomas more efficiently. This study will investigate the potential benefits of AI technology in detecting colorectal adenomas, using AI-assisted colonoscopy diagnostic systems. The goal is to determine if there are differences in detection rates using AI compared to standard colonoscopy methods.  PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines were adhered to in this systematic review. Three databases were searched including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science through February 23, 2023. A combination of the following keywords was used: AI, Artificial, Intelligence, Colorectal, Polyp, Adenoma. The adenoma detection rate (ADR) and polyp detection rate (PDR) were additionally meta-analyzed for proportions, and reported as odds ratio (OR), applying 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 9 randomized clinical trials were included in this review, pooling in 6981 participants. The findings were presented systematically, based on the design, technology used, effects on ADR and PDR, and key conclusions. The meta-analytical findings were reported as follows. On applying a random-effects model, the odds ratio (OR) for ADR was 1.532 (95% CI=1.125-2.087), with significant detection favoring CADe systems (P=0.0068). Similarly, when assessing the chance of diagnosing colorectal polyps with CADe systems as an add-on compared to standard colonoscopy alone, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.893 (95% CI=1.687-2.125, P<0.0001). This systematic review found that real-time computer-aided detection during colonoscopy improved the detection of adenomas and polyps. The use of the system is feasible and safe, and future studies should focus on improving colonoscopy quality indicators including the most widely used– ADR. Larger randomized controlled studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this system on adenoma and serrated polyp detection and its effect on endoscopists with lower detection rates.
Synthesis of Novel 3-methyl-1-(5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine Derivatives and In-vitro Evaluation of their Antitumor and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Paveendra J. , Vagdevi H. M.
Published: May 2023

Benzoxazole is one of the biologically important heterocyclic compounds, which shows remarkable pharmacological activities. In this work, 3-methyl-1-(5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine derivatives have been synthesized by using mild protocol under solvent free condition. Structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed through IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectral methods. All the compounds were assessed for their antitumor and antibacterial activities. 6h has found remarkable activity on both antitumor and antibacterial studies and 6g and 6a exhibited promising antibacterial and antitumor activity. Simple work up technique, good yield and use of environmental-friendly reagents are of the reaching features of the present work.
Documentário, reportagem e alteridade: a questão ética na simbolização do Outro//Documentary, report and otherness: an ethical issue in the Other symbolization
Authors: Salvo Fernanda Ribeiro
Published: May 2023

Nesse artigo buscaremos tecer algumas aproximações entre o universo do documentário e aquele da reportagem. Não pretendemos igualar os dois gêneros, mas reivindicamos a não-polarização de alguns aspectos, sobretudo, no que diz respeito à questão ética que se impõem na inscrição da alteridade. Sabemos que tanto o documentário quanto a reportagem são espaços de simbolização do Outro e possuem legitimidade para apresentar os sujeitos, os povos, os espaços e diversas formas de alteridade, cumprindo uma função social. Refletir sobre o gesto ético esboçado pelas narrativas textuais e imagéticas nos parece tarefa fundamental, pois as representações do Outro entram nas disputas pelo sensível, confrontando e sendo confrontadas por heterogêneas forças e poderes advindos do mundo social. Em nosso percurso, discutiremos o modo como a particularidade ética do documentário está atrelada de modo essencial à escritura fílmica. No caso da reportagem, consideraremos como a narrativa em primeira pessoa e a reflexividade podem configurar-se como saída ética na construção da alteridade. Para melhor caracterizar tal perspectiva, comentamos brevemente o livro O nascimento de Joicy (2015), de Fabiana Moraes.

This paper seeks to mention some approaches between the universe of the documentary and that one of the documentary. We do not wish to equate the two genres, but claim the non-polarization of some aspects, especially with regard to the ethical question required on registration of otherness. We know that both the documentary as the story are the other symbolizing spaces and have legitimacy to introduce the subject, people, spaces and various forms of otherness, fulfilling a social function. We know that both the documentary as the report are the Other symbolizing spaces and have legitimacy to introduce the subjects, the people, the spaces and various forms of otherness, fulfilling a social function.

It seems to us fundamental task to reflect on the ethical gesture outlined by the textual and imagistic narratives, because the representations of the Other are in the disputes for the sensitive, confronting and being confronted by heterogeneous forces and powers from the social world. In our course, we will discuss how the ethical particularities of the documentary are tied essentially to the filmic document. In the case of the report we consider how the first-person narrative and the reflexivity can be configured as an ethical output in the construction of otherness. To better characterize such a perspective, we briefly comment on the book “The birth of Joicy” (2015), Sandesh by Fabiana Moraes.
editorial dez 2017
Authors: Revista de Comunicacao e Cultura Contemporanea
Published: May 2023

dez 2017
Factors Associated With Protection From SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection and Disease Among Vaccinated Health Care Workers in Israel
Authors: Gilboa Mayan , Gonen Tal , Barda Noam , Cohn Shelly , Indenbaum Victoria , Weiss-Ottolenghi Yael , Amit Sharon , Asraf Keren , Joseph Gili , Levin Tal , Kanaaneh Yara , Aydenzon Alex , Canetti Michal , Freedman Laurence , Zuckerman Neta , Mendelson Ella , Doolman Ram , Kreiss Yitshak , Regev-Yochay Gili , Lustig Yaniv
Published: May 2023

Importance

A correlation between antibody levels and risk of infection has been demonstrated for the wild-type, Alpha, and Delta SARS-COV-2 variants. High rates of breakthrough infections by the Omicron variant emphasized the need to investigate whether the humoral response elicited by mRNA vaccines is also associated with reduced risk of Omicron infection and disease.

Objective

To investigate whether the high antibody levels in individuals who have received at least 3 doses of an mRNA vaccine are associated with reduced risk of Omicron infection and disease.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study used serial real time–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serological test data from January and May 2022 to assess the association of preinfection immunoglobin G (IgG) and neutralizing antibody titers with incidence of Omicron variant infection, incidence of symptomatic disease, and infectivity. Participants included health care workers who had received 3 or 4 doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data were analyzed from May to August 2022.

Exposures

Levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti–receptor binding domain IgG and neutralizing antibodies.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were incidence of Omicron infection, incidence of symptomatic disease, and infectivity. Outcomes were measured using SARS-COV-2 PCR and antigen testing and daily online surveys regarding symptomatic disease.

Results

This study included 3 cohorts for 3 different analyses: 2310 participants were included in the protection from infection analysis (4689 exposure events; median [IQR] age, 50 [40-60] years; 3590 [76.6%] among female health care workers), 667 participants (median [IQR] age, 46.28 (37.44,54.8); 516 [77.4%] female) in the symptomatic disease analysis, and 532 participants (median [IQR] age, 48 [39-56] years; 403 [75.8%] female) in the infectivity analysis. Lower odds of infection were observed for each 10-fold increase in preinfection IgG (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.90) and for each 2-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95). The odds of substantial symptomatic disease were reduced for each 10-fold increase in IgG levels (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.78) and for each 2-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies levels (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96). Infectivity, assessed by mean cycle threshold value, was not significantly decreased with increasing IgG or neutralizing antibodies titers.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of vaccinated health care workers, IgG and neutralizing antibody titer levels were associated with protection against infection with the Omicron variant and against symptomatic disease.
Urban wildflower meadow planting for biodiversity, climate and society: An evaluation at King's College, Cambridge
Authors: Marshall Cicely A. M. , Wilkinson Matthew T. , Hadfield Peter M. , Rogers Stephen M. , Shanklin Jonathan D. , Eversham Brian C. , Healey Roberta , Kranse Olaf P. , Preston Chris D. , Coghill Steven J. , McGonigle Karris L. , Moggridge Geoffrey D. , Pilbeam Peter G. , Marza Ana C. , Szigecsan Darinka , Mitchell Jill , Hicks Marcus A. , Wallis Sky M. , Xu Zhifan , Toccaceli Francesca , McLennan Calum M. , Eves‐van den Akker Sebastian
Published: May 2023

The biodiversity and climate crises are critical challenges of this century. Wildflower meadows in urban areas could provide important nature‐based solutions, addressing the biodiversity and climate crises jointly and benefitting society in the process. King's College Cambridge (England, UK) established a wildflower meadow over a portion of its iconic Back Lawn in 2019, replacing a fine lawn first laid in 1772.

We used biodiversity surveys, Wilcoxon signed rank and ANOVA models to compare species richness, abundance and composition of plants, spiders, bugs, bats and nematodes supported by the meadow, and remaining lawn, over 3 years. We estimated the climate change impact of meadow vs lawn from maintenance emissions, soil carbon sequestration and reflectance effect. We surveyed members of the university to quantify the societal benefits of, and attitudes towards, increased meadow planting on the collegiate university estate.

In spite of its small size (0.36 ha), the meadow supported approximately three times more plant species, three times more spider and bug species and individuals, and bats were recorded three times more often over the meadow than the remaining lawn. Terrestrial invertebrate biomass was 25 times higher in the meadow compared with the lawn. Fourteen species with conservation designations were recorded on the meadow (six for lawn), alongside meadow specialist species.

Reduced maintenance and fertilising associated with meadow reduced emissions by an estimated 1.36 Mg CO2‐e per hectare per year compared with lawn. Relative reflectance increased by 25%–34% for meadow relative to lawn. Soil carbon stocks did not differ between meadow and lawn.

Respondents thought meadows provided greater aesthetic, educational and mental wellbeing services than lawns. In open responses, lawns were associated with undesirable elitism and social exclusion (most colleges in Cambridge restrict lawn access to senior members of college), and respondents proved overwhelmingly in favour of meadow planting in place of lawn on the collegiate university estate.

This study demonstrates the substantial benefits of small urban meadows for local biodiversity, cultural ecosystem services and climate change mitigation, supplied at lower cost than maintaining conventional lawn.
OMERACT International Consensus for Ultrasound Definitions of Tenosynovitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Systematic Literature Review and Delphi Process
Authors: Collado Paz , Martire María Victoria , Lanni Stefano , De Lucia Orazio , Balint Peter , Guillaume‐Czitrom Severine , Hernandez‐Diaz Cristina , Sande Nina Krafft , Magni‐Manzoni Silvia , Malattia Clara , Rossi‐Semerano Linda , Roth Johannes , Ting Tracy , Vega‐Fernandez Patricia , Windschall Daniel , D'Agostino Maria Antonietta , Naredo Esperanza ,   for the OMERACT Ultrasound Group
Published: May 2023

Objective

Synovitis and tenosynovitis are present in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), both as joint pain and/or inflammation, making them difficult to detect on physical examination. Although ultrasonography (US) allows for discrimination of the 2 entities, only definitions and scoring of synovitis in children have been established. This study was undertaken to produce consensus‐based US definitions of tenosynovitis in JIA.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed. Selection criteria included studies focused on US definition and scoring systems for tenosynovitis in children, as well as US metric properties. Through a 2‐step Delphi process, a panel of international US experts developed definitions for tenosynovitis components (step 1) and validated them by testing their applicability on US images of tenosynovitis in several age groups (step 2). A 5‐point Likert scale was used to rate the level of agreement.

Results

A total of 14 studies were identified. Most used the US definitions developed for adults to define tenosynovitis in children. Construct validity was reported in 86% of articles using physical examination as a comparator. Few studies reported US reliability and responsiveness in JIA. In step 1, experts reached a strong group agreement (>86%) by applying adult definitions in children after one round. After 4 rounds of step 2, the final definitions were validated on all tendons and at all locations, except for biceps tenosynovitis in children <4 years old.

Conclusion

The study shows that the definition of tenosynovitis used in adults is applicable to children with minimal modifications agreed upon through a Delphi process. Further studies are required to confirm our results.
Dendrite Deformation in the Rejoined Platforms of Ni‐Based Single‐Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Huo Miao , Liu Lin , Yang Wenchao
Published: May 2023

Dendrite deformation often occurs during the preparation of single‐crystal superalloy blades by directional solidification and can cause solidification defects, such as low‐angle boundaries (LABs), slivers, and orientation deviations. Continuous dendritic deformation is uncommon and its mechanisms and influencing factors are poorly understood. However, this can lead to significant orientation deviation and performance degradation. Herein, a model with rejoined platforms is designed to study the dendrite growth and orientation evolution in a rejoined platform of Ni‐based single‐crystal superalloys. It is indicated in the results that, under certain conditions, the developed secondary dendrites deform continuously near the mold wall of the rejoined platforms and the resulting disorientation has a cumulative effect. Finally, LABs and dendritic fragments appear on the rejoined platforms. Thus, the integrity of the single crystal is destroyed. This can be the result of the local shrinkage stress on the long secondary dendrites within a sufficient growth space.
Positive and Negative Pressure Regimes in Anisotropically Strained V2O3 Films
Authors: Barazani Eti , Das Dip , Huang Chubin , Rakshit Abhishek , Saguy Cecile , Salev Pavel , del Valle Javier , Toroker Maytal Caspary , Schuller Ivan K. , Kalcheim Yoav
Published: May 2023

The metal‐insulator phase transitions in V2O3 are considered archetypal manifestations of Mott physics. Despite decades of research, the effects of doping, pressure, and anisotropic strains on the transitions are still debated. To understand how these parameters control the transitions, anisotropically strained pure V2O3 films are explored with nearly the same contraction along the c‐axis, but different degrees of ab‐plane expansion. With small ab‐plane expansion, the films behave similar to bulk V2O3 under hydrostatic pressure. However, with large ab‐plane expansion, the films are driven into the “negative pressure” regime, similar to that of Cr‐doped V2O3, exhibiting clear coexistence of paramagnetic insulator and paramagnetic metal phases between 180–500 K. This shows that c‐axis contraction alone, or an increase in c/a ratio is insufficient for inducing “negative pressure” effects. Actually, c‐axis contraction alone destabilizes the two insulating phases of V2O3, whereas a‐axis expansion tends to stabilize them. The effects of strain are modeled using density functional theory providing good agreement with experimental results. The findings show that chemical pressure alone cannot account for the phase diagram of (V1−xCrx)2O3. This work enables to manipulate a Mott transition above room temperature, thereby expanding the opportunities for applications of V2O3 in novel electronics.
In Situ Structure Refactoring of Bismuth Nanoflowers for Highly Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Yang Songyuan , Jiang Minghang , Zhang Wenjun , Hu Yi , Liang Junchuan , Wang Yaoda , Tie Zuoxiu , Jin Zhong
Published: May 2023

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been considered a promising route toward carbon neutrality and renewable energy conversion. At present, most bismuth (Bi) based electrocatalysts are adopted to reduce CO2 to formate (HCOOH). However, the mechanism of different Bi nanostructures on the electrocatalytic performance requires more detailed exposition. Herein, a combined chemical replacement and electrochemical reduction process is reported to realize in situ morphology reconstruction from Bi@Bi2O3 nanodendrites (Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs) to Bi nanoflowers (Bi‐NFs). The Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs are proven to undergo a two‐step transformation process to form Bi‐NFs, aided by Bi2O2CO3 as the intermediate in KHCO3 solution. Extensive surface reconstruction of Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs renders the realization of tailored Bi‐NFs electrocatalyst that maximize the number of exposed active sites and active component (Bi0), which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of CO2 and accelerated electron transfer process. The as‐prepared Bi‐NFs exhibit a Faradaic efficiency (FEformate) of 92.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE and a high partial current density of 28.5 mA cm−2 at −1.05 V versus RHE for the electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH. Moreover, the reaction mechanism is comprehensively investigated by in situ Raman analysis, which confirms that *OCHO is a key intermediate for the formation of HCOOH.
Accelerated Li+ Desolvation for Diffusion Booster Enabling Low‐Temperature Sulfur Redox Kinetics via Electrocatalytic Carbon‐Grazfted‐CoP Porous Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Xiangyang , Zhang Yongzheng , Li Xiang , Guan Qinghua , Wang Jian , Zhuang Zechao , Zhuang Quan , Cheng Xiaomin , Liu Haitao , Zhang Jing , Shen Chunyin , Lin Hongzhen , Wang Yanli , Zhan Liang , Ling Licheng
Published: May 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are famous for their high energy density and low cost, but prevented by sluggish redox kinetics of sulfur species due to depressive Li ion diffusion kinetics, especially under low‐temperature environment. Herein, a combined strategy of electrocatalysis and pore sieving effect is put forward to dissociate the Li+ solvation structure to stimulate the free Li+ diffusion, further improving sulfur redox reaction kinetics. As a protocol, an electrocatalytic porous diffusion‐boosted nitrogen‐doped carbon‐grafted‐CoP nanosheet is designed via forming the NCoP active structure to release more free Li+ to react with sulfur species, as fully investigated by electrochemical tests, theoretical simulations and in situ/ex situ characterizations. As a result, the cells with diffusion booster achieve desirable lifespan of 800 cycles at 2 C and excellent rate capability (775 mAh g−1 at 3 C). Impressively, in a condition of high mass loading or low‐temperature environment, the cell with 5.7 mg cm−2 stabilizes an areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm−2 and the charming capacity of 647 mAh g−1 is obtained under 0 °C after 80 cycles, demonstrating a promising route of providing more free Li ions toward practical high‐energy Li–S batteries.
From Monomer Sequence to Charge Mobility in Semiconductor Polymers via Model Reduction
Authors: Prodhan Suryoday , Manurung Rex , Troisi Alessandro
Published: May 2023

A model reduction scheme for polymer semiconductors is presented that can be utilized to compute intra‐chain charge‐carrier mobility from the monomer sequence. The reduced model can be used in conjunction with any quantum dynamics approach, but it is explored here assuming that transport takes place through incoherent hopping events between states of different degrees of delocalization. The procedure is illustrated by considering 28 realistic polymers for which a quantitative correlation is established between charge localization characteristics and charge mobility. The data set helps in establishing plausible ranges for all the microscopic parameters of the model and it can therefore be used to determine the maximum plausible improvement in mobility. The reduced model is also used to provide some insight on the observation that the highest mobility polymers do not have very broad valence bands: there is indeed a range of the inter‐monomer coupling for which this parameter has little effect on the mobility.
Achieving Highly Proton‐Resistant Zn–Pb Anode through Low Hydrogen Affinity and Strong Bonding for Long‐Life Electrolytic Zn//MnO2Battery
Authors: Ruan Pengchao , Chen Xianhong , Qin Liping , Tang Yan , Lu Bingan , Zeng Zhiyuan , Liang Shuquan , Zhou Jiang
Published: May 2023

High‐energy electrolytic Zn//MnO2batteries show potential for grid‐scale energy storage, but the severe hydrogen evolution corrosion (HEC) caused by acidic electrolytes results in subdued durability. Here, an all‐around protection strategy is reported for achieving stable Zn metal anodes. First, a proton‐resistant Pb‐containing (Pb and Pb(OH)2) interface is constructed on a Zn anode (denoted as Zn@Pb), which in situ forms PbSO4during H2SO4corrosion and protects the Zn substrate from HEC. Second, to improve the plating/stripping reversibility of Zn@Pb, Pb(CH3COO)2an additive (denoted as Zn@Pb‐Ad) is introduced, which triggers PbSO4precipitation and releases trace Pb2+that can dynamically deposit a Pb layer on the Zn plating layer to suppress HEC. The superior HEC resistance stems from the low affinity of PbSO4and Pb for H+, as well as strong bonding between Pb–Zn or Pb–Pb, which increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential and the H+corrosion energy barrier. Consequently, the Zn@Pb‐Ad//MnO2battery runs stably for 630 and 795 h in 0.2 and 0.1 mH2SO4electrolytes, respectively, which are >40 times better than that of bare Zn. The as‐prepared A h‐level battery achieves a one‐month calendar life, opening the door to the next generation of high‐durable grid‐scale Zn batteries.
Nanoengineered Design of inside‐Heating Hot Nanoreactor Surrounded by Cool Environment for Selective Hydrogenations
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Ping , He Bowen , Yang Ren‐Peng , Zhang Yu‐Xiang , Li Wen‐Cui , Zhu Li‐Han , Wang Si‐Jia , Wang Dong‐Qi , Liu Xi , Chen Liwei , Wu Cheng‐Wei , Lu An‐Hui
Published: May 2023

Catalysts with designable intelligent nanostructure may potentially drive the changes in chemical reaction techniques. Herein, a multi‐function integrating nanocatalyst, Pt‐containing magnetic yolk‐shell carbonaceous structure, having catalysis function, microenvironment heating, thermal insulation, and elevated pressure into a whole is designed, which induces selective hydrogenation within heating‐constrained nanoreactors surrounded by ambient environment. As a demonstration, carbonyl of α, β‐unsaturated aldehydes/ketones are selectively hydrogenated to unsaturated alcohols with a >98% selectivity at a nearly complete conversion under mild conditions of 40 °C and 3 bar instead of harsh requirements of 120 °C and 30 bar. It is creatively demonstrated that the locally increased temperature and endogenous pressure (estimated as ≈120 °C, 9.7 bar) in the nano‐sized space greatly facilitate the reaction kinetics under an alternating magnetic field. The outward‐diffused products to the “cool environment” remain thermodynamically stable, avoiding the over‐hydrogenation that often occurs under constantly heated conditions of 120 °C. Regulation of the electronic state of Pt by sulfur doping of carbon allows selective chemical adsorption of the CO group and consequently leads to selective hydrogenation. It is expected that such a multi‐function integrated catalyst provides an ideal platform for precisely operating a variety of organic liquid‐phase transformations under mild reaction conditions.
Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube‐Based Energy Harvesting Technologies
Authors: Hu Xinghao , Bao Xianfu , Zhang Mengmeng , Fang Shaoli , Liu Kangyu , Wang Jian , Liu Runmin , Kim Shi Hyeong , Baughman Ray H. , Ding Jianning
Published: May 2023

There has been enormous interest in technologies that generate electricity from ambient energy such as solar, thermal, and mechanical energy, due to their potential for providing sustainable solutions to the energy crisis. One driving force behind the search for new energy‐harvesting technologies is the desire to power sensor networks and portable devices without batteries, such as self‐powered wearable electronics, human health monitoring systems, and implantable wireless sensors. Various energy harvesting technologies have been demonstrated in recent years. Among them, electrochemical, hydroelectric, triboelectric, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric nanogenerators have been extensively studied because of their special physical properties, ease of application, and sometimes high obtainable efficiency. Multifunctional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much interest in energy harvesting because of their exceptionally high gravimetric power outputs and recently obtained high energy conversion efficiencies. Further development of this field, however, still requires an in‐depth understanding of harvesting mechanisms and boosting of the electrical outputs for wider applications. Here, various CNT‐based energy harvesting technologies are comprehensively reviewed, focusing on working principles, typical examples, and future improvements. The last section discusses the existing challenges and future directions of CNT‐based energy harvesters.
Hydraulically Amplified Electrostatic Taxels (HAXELs) for Full Body Haptics
Authors: Leroy Edouard , Shea Herbert
Published: May 2023

The ability to mechanically stimulate touch receptors over the entire body is a key feature for fully immersive and highly realistic virtual reality experience. Haptic stickers, flexible arrays of HAXELs (hydraulically amplified TAXels), that enable cutaneous haptics over nearly all parts of the body, are reported. HAXELs are zipping electrostatic actuators that combine stretchable elastomers and high permittivity flexible films to generate both high strains and high forces, from DC to 200 Hz. A fabrication process that enables scaling HAXELs from 2 to 15 mm in diameter is presented, allowing to tailor the actuators to different body parts and to wearables such as wrist‐watches. The different sizes of HAXELs generate blocked forces from 100 to 800 mN, with DC displacements from 100 to 850 µm, well above sensation thresholds. Haptics tests of Haptic Stickers, 5 × 5 arrays of 10 mm diameter devices, on palms, back of the hand, neck, arm, and back of a dozen volunteers, are done with users reporting high pattern recognition success on many body locations. The Haptic Stickers uniquely offer a thin and lightweight form‐factor, which does not limit the freedom of motion of the user, compatible with untethered scenarios.
Capillary‐Assisted Self‐Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes for the Self‐Powered Photothermoelectric Detector
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Xie Zhemiao , Liu Jiayu Alexander , Lu Guanxuan , Zhou Rui , Yeow John T. W.
Published: May 2023

The development of mid‐infrared (MIR) detectors has become a hot research topic with significant progress in low‐dimensional materials and clean‐room fabrication strategies. Some of the applications of MIR detectors include industrial non‐destructive testing, wearable safety monitoring, and other Internet of Things. Photothermoelectric (PTE) mechanism, as a room‐temperature free‐bias conversion mode, is comprehensively developed in the MIR regimes in the last decade. Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their related materials are demonstrated as effective PTE conversion materials, the large‐area scalable detector fabrication based on the Si substrate is still underdeveloped, thus limiting further PTE device designs and industrial applications. Herein, the self‐assembly CNT‐based detectors driven by the capillary force are fabricated to achieve sensitive and rapid IR detection, and photoresponse measurements of PTE detectors are experimentally performed at room temperature and atmospheric conditions. This work reveals that the PTE mechanism can play a key role in the IR response, thereby broadening horizons about high‐performance IR detectors in industrial applications.