bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood associations and urban decision making in Albuquerque
Authors: King Karen N.
Published: May 2004

Neighborhood associations have the potential to be important players in the urban decision‐making process. There are numerous examples of situations in which they have exercised their unique capabilities to influence decisions that have a direct impact on their members. But their role in the larger arena of the city they inhabit is less clear. This study explores the degree to which neighborhood associations, through their newsletters, acknowledge and support citywide goals. A content analysis of 173 newsletters from forty‐four neighborhood associations in Albuquerque, New Mexico, revealed that they do provide some support for several citywide goals but not for the majority of them.
Reflections on the governing board's role in the United Kingdom
Authors: Oster Sharon M.
Published: May 2004

The Governance of Public and Non‐Profit Organizations: What Do Boards Do? Chris Cornforth, ed. London: Routledge, 2003. 288 pp., $95.00 cloth.
Episcleral plaque brachytherapy for retinoblastoma
Authors: Merchant Thomas E. , Gould Ciara J. , Wilson Matthew W. , Hilton Nathan E. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Haik Barrett G.
Published: May 2004

Background

The purpose of this study was to report our experience using episcleral plaque brachytherapy (EPBRT) to treat retinoblastoma and to demonstrate its applicability in multimodality treatment.

Procedure

We treated 26 tumors in 25 eyes from a group of 21 children with unilateral (n = 4) or bilateral (n = 17) retinoblastoma. The group comprised 8 girls and 13 boys; the median age was 25 months (range: 2–64 months) at the time of EPBRT. Iodine‐125 (125I) was used for all applications. The median dose was 44 Gy (range: 35–47.6 Gy). EPBRT was administered primarily at the time of relapse after primary chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Results

For eyes treated with EPBRT, the eye preservation rate was 15/25 with a median follow‐up of 47 months (range: 2–198 months); the lesion control rate was 25/26 with a median follow‐up of 13 months (range: 1–140 months). The median time to additional whole‐eye treatment after EPBRT was 12 months (range: 2–105 months).

Conclusions

Similar to previously reported series, EPBRT shows a high rate of successful tumor control as a primary treatment for retinoblastoma, as well as a secondary therapy at the time of relapse. EPBRT also allows for a clinically significant delay in the time to additional measures for the affected eye. Therefore, EPBRT should be considered as a form of local ophthalmic therapy that avoids or delays the use of external‐beam radiotherapy, especially for patients primarily treated with chemotherapy who might require consolidation therapy.© 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenges to the measurement of health‐related quality of life in children receiving cancer therapy
Authors: Nathan Paul C. , Furlong William , Barr Ronald D.
Published: May 2004

Measures of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) assess those areas of a patient's functioning that are affected by their cancer and its therapy. Although HRQL measures are integrated frequently into studies of survivors of childhood cancer, their use in the assessment of children receiving therapy has been limited by several methodological challenges. These arise from issues specific to measuring HRQL in young children, who comprise a large proportion of the pediatric oncology population, and from issues associated with assessing HRQL during therapy, when the patient's health status is in constant flux. This study summarizes the commonly used HRQL measures, and examines factors that impact their broad application. These include the influence of developmental changes on the content and format of HRQL measures, the role of proxy assessors, the important characteristics of measurement tools used to assess patients receiving active therapy, and the issues related to the ideal timing of serial HRQL assessments in prospective trials. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tactile massage improves glycaemic control in women with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study
Authors: Andersson K , Wändell P , Törnkvist L
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate how tactile massage (TM), short term and over time, affects blood glucose, stress hormones and well‐being in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, at a primary health care centre in the South Western Health Care Region of Stockholm.

The study was carried out as a pilot. Women aged 35 years and older with type 2 diabetes were included in the study. Eleven participants completed the study and eight patients retained their diabetes treatment. The patients received tactile, whole‐body massage for 60 minutes once a week for 10 weeks. Before the massage treatments, one week after and 12 weeks after that, blood samples were taken, body measurements were made and questionnaires were completed (n=11).

The results for all patients (n=11) showed decreases in blood glucose in connection with the massage treatments (p<0.05). In addition, the results for these patients showed a significant reduction of B‐HbA1c from measurement before the massage treatments, mean 6.3, one week after finishing the massage treatments, mean 5.4 (p<0.01), and 12 weeks after the massage treatments, mean 5.4 (p<0.05). This was also found when the three patients who had their medication changed (because of the risk of hypoglycaemia) were excluded (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found regarding the hormones oxytocin, CRF )cortico‐releasing hormone) and ACTH (adenocorticotrophin hormone).

This study is the first of its kind to show improved metabolic control (B‐HbA1c) in diabetic patients who have received TM. Although theories have been put forward, the mechanisms behind this change are unclear. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast fragmentation and slow protonation: a buffer‐dependent isotope effect in reactions of N‐methyl hydroxy(benzylthiamine) analyzed by the Keeffe–Jencks equations
Authors: Ikeda Glenn , Kluger Ronald
Published: May 2004

The fragmentation of 2‐(1‐hydroxybenzyl)thiamine in neutral solution (to cleave the pyrimidine and thiazolium) has been shown to compete very effectively with elimination of benzaldehyde to produce thiamine in neutral solution. The fragmentation is believed to involve protonation competing with C—N bond cleavage in the C2α conjugate base as a rate‐determining step. We report that proton removal from C2α of N1′‐methyl‐2‐(1‐hydroxybenzyl)thiamine (MHBnT) is rate‐limiting in low concentrations of pH 6 phosphate buffer: reprotonation competes with the subsequent fragmentation step (cleaving the pyrimidine–thiazolium bridge derived from thiamine) at higher buffer concentrations. Comparison of the observed rates of reaction of protio and C2α‐deutero MHBnT reveals a non‐linear variation of the kinetic isotope effect that fits precisely to a ratio derived from the Keeffe–Jencks rate law formulation for E1CB reactions. The fragmentation step is clearly distinct from the proton removal step and the isotope sensitivity is limited to the initial step. The variation of the isotope effect is a result of changes due to differing contributions from the hydroxide and buffer‐catalyzed reaction mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition‐state responses to amino acid perturbations in yeast pyruvate decarboxylase: a carbon kinetic isotope effect study
Authors: Chen Lan , Yuan Yang , Huskey W. Phillip
Published: May 2004

Carbon kinetic isotope effects (12C/13C at the carboxyl carbon of pyruvic acid) and their pH dependence were measured for the decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the substrateregulated yeast pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and several of its site‐specific variants. The active‐site variants studied were E477Q, D28A and E51D; the regulatory‐site variants, each with two amino acid substitutions, were C221A/C222A, C221E/C222A and C221D/C222A. The isotope effects for the regulatory‐site variants were not significantly different from the values for the wild‐type enzyme (1.0046 ± 0.0003 at pH 6.0, 25°C). For the active‐site variants, the isotope effects were 1.0018 ± 0.0009 (E477Q), 1.0398 ± 0.0021 (D28A) and 1.0143 ± 0.0011 (E51D) at pH 6.0 and 25°C. The results were interpreted in terms of shifts in the rate‐limiting steps and uniform binding changes in the free‐energy profiles for decarboxylation phase of the PDC reaction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous methanolysis of an α‐D‐N‐acetylneuraminyl pyridinium zwitterion: solvolysis occurs with no intramolecular participation of the anomeric carboxylate group
Authors: Knoll Tara L. , Bennet Andrew J.
Published: May 2004

The synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridinium α‐D‐N‐acetylneuraminoate (4), the subsequent rate constants for aqueous methanolysis and the associated reaction products are reported. When compared with the analogous 2‐deoxyglucopyranosyl 4′‐bromoisoquinolinium salt (11), the rate of solvolysis of 4 displays a reduced sensitivity towards the ionizing power of the solvent. Solvolysis product analysis showed that substitution occurs predominantly with inversion of configuration. Hence it can be concluded that the methanolysis reactions of 4 proceed via dissociative transition states with no intramolecular nucleophilic participation by the anomeric carboxylate group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereochemistry and secondary reactions in the irreversible inhibition of serine hydrolases by organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Kovach Ildiko M.
Published: May 2004

The stereoselectivity of phosphonylation of serine hydrolases by the ROR′P(O)X group of compounds is governed by the electronic properties of X, the size of RO groups, the active site milieu and the specific architecture of the active site of the serine hydrolase. For example, stereoselectivity in excess of 104 has been observed favoring the P(S) diastereomers of 2‐(3,3‐dimethylbutyl) methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) when phosphonylating acetylcholinesterases. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, this is attributable to specific binding of the pinacolyl group to Glu199, Trp84 and Phe331, which exert compression to effect F− departure in the pentacoordinate transient (transition state or intermediate) of soman‐inhibited cholinesterases. The pinacolyl group is not so well adapted at the acyl‐binding site in the P(R) diastereomers reducing the efficiency of F− expulsion. Serine hydrolase inactivation is often followed by secondary reactions. The electronic properties of ligands attached to P are decisive in whether CO or PO bond cleavage occurs in phosphonate diesters of serine hydrolases. Phenoxide ions leave readily with PO cleavage from cholinesterases and chymotrypsin, the reaction resembling deacylation in the reaction of substrates. The architecture and electrostatic character of the active site govern the fate of a covalently attached phosphonyl fragment. Strong negative electrostatic and hydrophobic forces in the cholinesterases preferentially promote CO bond cleavage with occasional methyl migration, whereas this route of dealkylation is nearly absent in phosphonate esters of serine proteases. Dealkylation in soman‐inhibited cholinesterases is 10 orders of magnitude faster than in appropriate model reactions and occurs 104 times faster in the P(S) than in the P(R) diastereomers. It is driven by enzyme‐facilitated methyl migration, occurring most likely concerted with CO bond cleavage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isergonic relationship in the acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of carboxylic esters with hydrogen‐bonding capability
Authors: Mata‐Segreda Julio F.
Published: May 2004

The average value of the enthalpies of activation for the acid‐catalyzed hydrolyses of ethyl 2‐hydroxypropanoate and five acetate esters with hydrogen bonding capability is 57±7 kJ mol−1 (p = 0.05). This value is 11 kJ mol−1 lower than the mean observed for primary and secondary alkyl acetates and ethyl alkanoates, measured in water and in mixtures of water with organic solvent with high water content. The difference is attributed to tighter transition‐state complex hydration via hydrogen bonding, relative to reactant ester species. Enthalpy–entropy compensation with an isokinetic temperature of 346 K was found to be valid at p<0.05, a value typical for solvent‐mediated kinetic effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
meso‐Tetratolylporphyrins substituted by pyridinium groups: aggregation, photophysical properties and complexation with DNA
Authors: Procházková K. , Zelinger Z. , Lang K. , Kubát P.
Published: May 2004

The aggregation behavior, binding to DNA and photophysical properties of meso‐tetratolylporphyrins substituted with two (P2), three (P3) and four (P4) pyridinium groups were studied using UV–visible and transient spectroscopy, resonance light scattering, circular dichroism and time‐resolved luminescence of singlet oxygen. In aqueous solutions porphyrins P2–P4 were present as monomers and aggregates of H‐ and J‐type. The concentration ratio of monomer to aggregates was controlled by the number of cationic substituents, by ionic strength and by temperature. Porphyrin P4 was predominantly monomeric and was externally bound to calf thymus DNA with a binding constant of 1.2 × 106 M−1. Porphyrins P3 and P2 self‐assembled on the DNA backbone to form chiral assemblies not affecting the duplex melting point. The lifetimes of the triplet states of monomeric P3 and P4 increased after binding to DNA; however, this did not prevent the formation of singlet oxygen, 1O2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling Issues in Assessing Particle Degradation in Pneumatic Conveying Systems
Authors: Abou‐Chakra Hadi , Chapelle Pierre , Tüzün Ugur , Baxter John , Patel Mayur , Cross Mark , Bridle Ian , Bradley Michael S. A.
Published: May 2004

The evaluation or design of a granular material handling process requires reliable data if executive decisions are to be made. Material behavior in a given process is usually investigated by collecting and analyzing material samples from different locations within the system. However, sampling can be a significant source of errors, as a poor sampling method can lead to measurements not truly representative of the real process.
Visualizing complexes of phospholipids with Streptomyces phospholipase D by automated docking
Authors: Aikens Christopher L. , Laederach Alain , Reilly Peter J.
Published: May 2004

The automated docking program AutoDock was used to dock nine phosphatidic acids (PAs), six phosphatidylcholines, five phosphatidylethanolamines, four phosphatidylglycerols, one phosphatidylinositol and two phosphatidylserines, which have two identical saturated fatty acid residues with an even numbers of carbon atoms, onto the active site of Streptomyces sp. PMF phospholipase D (PLD). Two PAs with one double bond on the fatty acid chain linked to the C2 of the glycerol residue were also docked. In general, binding energies become progressively more negative as fatty acid residues become longer. When these residues are of sufficient length, one is coiled against a hydrophobic cliff in a well that also holds the glycerol and phosphate residues and the head group, while the other generally is bound by a hydrophobic surface outside the well. Phosphatidylcholines have the only head group that is firmly bound by the active site, giving a possible structural explanation for the low selectivity of Streptomyces PLD for other phospholipid substrates. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The new EU Clinical Trials Directive and Orphan Medicinal Products: current status and recommendations
Authors: Tambuyzer Erik , Mooney Paul , Incerti Carlo
Published: May 2004

The European Union (EU) ‘Clinical Trials’ directive will be implemented in all EU member states in May 2004 and will have a significant impact on clinical research in the EU. Its advent has caused a stir amongst commercial companies and academics alike and many even argue that it should not lead to excessive administration. Its implementation should therefore be carefully coordinated to avoid stifling valuable, potentially life‐saving research. It may particularly affect trials with orphan medicinal products, in rare genetic diseases or in oncology. These can be more difficult to manage due to complex or poorly understood disease pathology and the need to involve multiple trial sites with experts in different countries. This article illustrates the complexity of such trials, contains a brief analysis of the Directive, highlights the importance of a ‘flexible’ approach to trial design and conduct and includes a list of recommendations that could accompany the implementation of the Directive. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinematic modeling of mobile robots by transfer method of augmented generalized coordinates
Authors: Kim Wheekuk , Yi Byung‐Ju , Lim Dong Jin
Published: May 2004

A kinematic modeling method, which is directly applicable to any type of planar mobile robots, is proposed in this work. Since holonomic constraints have the same differential form as nonholonomic constraints, the instantaneous motion of the mobile robot at current configuration can be modeled as that of a parallel manipulator. A pseudo joint model denoting the interface between the wheel and the ground (i.e., the position of base of the mobile robot) enables the derivation of this equivalent kinematic model. The instantaneous kinematic structures of four different wheels are modeled as multiple pseudo joints. Then, the transfer method of augmented generalized coordinates, which has been popularly employed in modeling of parallel manipulators, is applied to obtain the instantaneous kinematic models of mobile robots. The kinematic models of six different types of planar mobile robots are derived to show the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. Lastly, for the mobile robot equipped with four conventional wheels, an algorithm estimating a sensed forward solution for the given information of the rotational velocities of the four wheels is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trauma in antiquity: 4000 year old post‐traumatic reactions?
Authors: Ben–Ezra Menachem
Published: May 2004

‘The lamentation over the destruction of Ur’ and ‘The death of Urnamma’ are probably the earliest documented evidence of post‐traumatic reactions in recorded history. The author of this article suggests extending the time line for the known existence of post‐traumatic reactions back to 2000–2100 BC. The author would like to present a new perception relating to the existence of ancient knowledge regarding psychological trauma. This article is based on cuneiform tablets found in the ruins of the Sumerian city, Ur. The author found that reactions to traumatic events elicit post‐traumatic symptoms have not changed dramatically over the millennia. These data support the thesis that reaction to traumatic events leading to psychological trauma was a known concept in antiquity. Future implications to the study of traumatic reactions are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stressful training changes endogenous neurotransmitters in human plasma
Authors: Yamaguchi Keiji , Toda Kazuo , Hayashi Yoshihiko
Published: May 2004

Stress is defined as a state of disharmony or threatened homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was conducted to reveal the effect of intensive training as rangers of Japan Ground Self Defence Force (JGSDF), which would be a strong stressor, on the level of neurotransmitters related with endogenous control of pain. Subjects were seven uniformed members (aged 19–21 years old) who underwent ranger training in the 8th Division of the JGSDF. Before and after the 40 days hard training, the levels of serotonin, β‐endorphin and three fractions of catecholamine in plasma were routinely measured. The levels of serotonin, β‐endorphin, noradrenaline and dopamine were significantly increased after the ranger training. A close relationship between the changes in skin pain threshold previously reported and the present levels of serotonin, β‐endorphin, noradrenaline and dopamine was observed in four of the seven rangers. These findings suggest that the intensive training changes level of some endogenous transmitters which might be related with stress‐induced analgesia through descending control of pain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The level of burnout in a group of dental research assistants
Authors: Taşkaya‐Yılmaz Nergiz , Ceylan Gözlem , Güler Ahmet Umut , Ergūn Göknil , Çankaya Barış , Bek Yūksel
Published: May 2004

Working as doctor or dentist may entail higher levels of burnout than experienced by the general population. Maslach Burnout Inventory, evaluates emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment.

This article presents data conserning levels and sources of burnout in dental research assistants taking postgraduate education in two dental schools in Turkey. One, a new school and the other, an established school. In this study we aimed to investigate if there was an association between the level of burnout and sociodemographic factors and to measure the level of burnout in dental research assistants.

Seventy‐eight dental research assistants working in two different dental schools participated in the study. Sociodemographic data were obtained. Sociodemographic characteristics were not significantly different between the two dental schools.

In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the two schools in personal accomplishment, depersonalization and work related strain, but no significant difference in emotional exhaustion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of evolutionary learning community in evolutionary development: the unfolding of a line of inquiry
Authors: Laszlo Kathia Castro , Laszlo Alexander
Published: May 2004

This paper presents a retrospective synthesis and a prospective exploration of an intact line of inquiry that was inspired by the scholarly work of our mentor Bela H. Banathy. The inquiry centers on the creation of the conditions for the conscious evolution of humanity in partnership with earth. Initially, it focused on the notion of Evolutionary Learning Community (ELC) as the vehicle of choice for the creation of a ‘Design Culture’ that would promote learning, collaboration, innovation, and sustainability across different sectors of society. ELC serves to empower various forms of community to engage in self‐directed sustainable development. It does so by fostering attention to a systemic variety of dimensions that assure wholeness and interconnections at both individual and collective levels of development for present and future generations. Application of the ELC framework in diverse contexts—such as business corporations, non‐profit organizations, and civil society—naturally leads to consideration of the synergy and interrelations that arise in the evolutionary transformations that occur in different settings. Therefore, the inquiry has expanded to embrace issues of Evolutionary Development—that is, inquiry on ELC and other initiatives that support, facilitate, catalyze, and enhance self‐organization for the creation of global sustainable learning societies. This paper articulates the relation between learning and development from a systemic and evolutionary perspective. Conscious evolution is defined and explored in the context of the evolution of education, business, and society. The paper ends with a description of the implications of this line of inquiry for further research and action. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing within: Dr Bela H. Banathy's contributions to the self‐organization of public discourse
Authors: Walton Douglas C.
Published: May 2004

The currently institutionalized forms of public discourse are based on assumptions and concepts that are becoming obsolete. Moreover, many theorists, such as Bela H. Banathy, assert that these aging societal structures are now being strained to breaking point by contemporary human civilization, which has become vastly more technologically, politically, and socially complex than these institutions can accommodate. If these assertions are taken as correct, a radical new form of public discourse is required that can transform the existing institutional structure. To that end, Banathy's work on evolutionary inquiry and the New Agoras for the twenty‐first century offers an essential foundation for a new means of organizing public discourse. This article explores how his achievements can contribute to a sweeping reformation of dialogue in the public sphere. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discourse ethics in the design of educational systems: considerations for design praxis
Authors: Jenlink Patrick M.
Published: May 2004

Discourse ethics, as related to design conversation, is a primary factor in the conceptions, decisions, and actions undertaken in the systems design processes. Considerations for what is ethical as well as who determines the system of ethics that guide the design of a human activity system are questions that must be addressed. In this paper, the author examines the importance of discourse ethics in the design of educational systems, situating ethicality within the conversational nature of social systems design. The author first discusses the ethical responsibility of educational systems design. Second, the author explores design conversation as an ethical human activity system. The author then examines discourse ethics and ethical discourse, concluding with an examination of design praxis as a stance taken by the user–designer who engages critically, reflectively, and intentionally in an inquiry that belongs intrinsically to a project of self‐understanding—realize the individual and social ‘self’ through authentic engagements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategic approach to a constructive proof of the existence of entropy solutions in the sense of Kruzhkov
Authors: Breuß M.
Published: May 2004

We apply the theory of the functional analysis of discretization algorithms in order to describe a new strategy for a constructive proof of the existence of entropy solutions for 1‐D scalar equations in the sense of Kruzhkov.
The development of new technologies for female sterilization: conclusions and recommendations for research
Authors: Wilson E.W.
Published: May 2004

The conclusions and recommendations for research made during the consultation on the development of new technologies for female sterilization are presented. The participants in the consultation agreed that there was no single new method of female sterilization ready for introduction into service programs, but that there were several approaches with the potential to improve existing methods, or to provide new methods for tubal occlusion. A number of areas for future research were recommended including: additional operational research on existing abdominal approaches to tubal occlusion; further research into the physiology and pharmacology of the Fallopian tube; chemical occlusion using a transcervical approach with balloon pumps; techniques for endometrial ablation as sterilization methods; transcervical Fallopian tube cannulation; the use of quinacrine and other chemicals, such as elemental iodine, as tubal sclerosants, provided that these substances meet modern toxicological requirements.
THE ‘UNCONSCIOUS’ AND CATHOLICISM IN FRANCE
Authors: HARRIS RUTH
Published: May 2004

In nineteenth-century France, science and religion have often been portrayed as irredeemably opposed to one another. This article seeks to revise this interpretation by showing how these apparently dissonant views intermingled in the study of hysteria. Through a survey of attitudes towards Catholicism and in their treatment of Catholic patients, the article shows how French psychiatrists and neurologists were deeply indebted to religious iconography and experience, despite their vehement anti-clericalism. Because of their hatred of the church, they focused on the treatment of female hysterics who manifested ‘religious’ symptoms – demonopathy, mystical states, and stigmata – in order to amass conclusive evidence of Catholic ‘superstition’. Their preoccupation with such patients meant, however, that they paradoxically re-embedded Catholicism into their scientific practice by incorporating religious motifs, bodily poses, and iconography into their diagnosis of hysteria. At the same time, their disdain for the Catholic religious imagination meant that they refused to explore the fantasies of their subjects. For physicians like Jean-Martin Charcot and the more subtle Pierre Janet – a contemporary and competitor of Sigmund Freud – fantasies of bodily suffering, unearthly physical perfection, and an array of Catholic maternal fantasies associated with images of Mary and Christ were all nothing more than delusions, not the stuff from which an appreciation or understanding of the ‘unconscious’ could emerge. The result was that French physicians offered no psychodynamic transformation or symbolic reinterpretation of their words or physical symptoms, a resistance that was one reason among many for their hostility to psychoanalysis.
Copper mine tailings disposal: consequences for the interstitial polychaete Saccocirrus sonomacus (Canalipalpata: Protodrilida)
Authors: Lee M.R. , Correa J.A.
Published: May 2004

The hypothesis investigated in this paper is that the interstitial polychaete Saccocirrus sonomacus is excluded from beaches impacted by tailing disposal as a result of the blocking of the interstitial space and not by a response to the toxicity of elevated copper concentrations. Field evidence suggested that abundances of S. sonomacus on beaches where they would be expected to occur under natural conditions are lower when a beach has received a significant amount of tailings. In choice experiments, S. sonomacus always preferred an open coarse sand matrix to one where the interstitial spaces had been blocked by fine sand (a tailings substitute). Using invitro bioassays, we found that the LC50 for S. sonomacus with copper was 44 μg Cu l−1, this being higher than the values of interstitial labile copper measured on the beaches investigated in this study. We therefore accept the hypothesis of a physically mediated exclusion rather than a toxically mediated one.
Effect of flooding on estuarine bivalve populations near the mouth of the Hopkins River, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Matthews T.G. , Constable A.J.
Published: May 2004

The densities of two common intertidal/shallow subtidal bivalves, Soletellina alba and Arthritica helmsi, were sampled in vegetated and unvegetated habitats of the Hopkins River estuary on three occasions during the autumn/winter 1995. Winter flooding coincided with mass mortalities of the infaunal bivalve S. alba, but not A. helmsi. Mortalities were apparent for individuals living deeper in the sediment (≈35 cm) in vegetated and unvegetated habitats, but small S. alba (<1 mm) were less susceptible to mortality than larger individuals (>1 mm). Mortalities were similar across different habitat types and sediment depths, and at multiple sites within close proximity to the estuary mouth.
Comparative study of metal handling strategies in bivalves Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas: a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Geffard A. , Jeantet A.Y. , Amiard J.C. , Pennec M. Le , Ballan-Dufrançais C. , Amiard-Triquet C.
Published: May 2004

The comparison of metal handling strategies in mussels Mytilus edulis and oysters Crassostrea gigas was based on the translocation of these bivalves from a relatively clean site (Bay of Bourgneuf, France) to the metal-rich Gironde estuary, France, whereas resident oysters from the Gironde estuary (feral mussels were absent from this site) were cross-translocated to the clean site for seven months (March to October 1997). Higher levels of metal concentrations (Ag, Cd, Cu, Zn) were observed in specimens from both species in the Gironde estuary. However, no cellular pathology was observed, even in translocated mussels which are not normally present in the studied zone of the Gironde estuary. These observations show that both species cope relatively well with the conditions prevailing in the metal-rich estuary, at least partly as a result of the insoluble storage of bioaccumulated metals in well-defined and localized bioaccumulation structures such as mineralized lysosomes in the kidney of mussels and the digestive gland of both species and granules concentrated in extracellular basal lamina. For both species, recruitment of spat was observed on artificial substrates immersed near the site of translocation in the Gironde estuary. The absence of adult mussels in the metal-rich Gironde estuary may be due to competition with oysters for free surfaces of settlement as well as predation by crabs.
Settlement of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas on shells of conspecific adults
Authors: Manríquez Patricio H. , Navarrete Sergio A. , Rosson Armando , Castilla Juan Carlos
Published: May 2004

Competent larvae of the commercially important marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae) ‘loco’, were collected in the field and exposed in the laboratory to adult conspecific shells with and without barnacle epibionts. Settlement and metamorphosis was induced by the presence of barnacles on shells of live or dead conspecifics, but not by C. concholepas shells without barnacles. Results from laboratory experiments agreed well with field surveys showing the presence of recruits on conspecific shells overgrown with barnacles in shallow subtidal habitats (∼3–30 m deep), suggesting the potential importance of barnacles in inducing settlement and metamorphosis of locos under natural conditions. Most loco recruits were found below the C. concholepas shell apex, feeding on barnacles, inhabiting crevices among them, and inside dead barnacles. The mean size of recruits on locos' shells increased over four months from the beginning of the settlement season and no individual larger than 1·5 cm was observed, suggesting that they abandon adult loco shells at this size, roughly 5–6 months after settlement.
Fish assemblages associated with coastal defence structures in south-western Italy (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Guidetti P.
Published: May 2004

Fish assemblages associated with wave exposed and sheltered sides of breakwaters, and with adjacent sandy habitats were studied in western Calabria (Mediterranean Sea, south-western Italy). Overall, 26 fish taxa were recorded (21 associated with exposed breakwater sides, 21 with sheltered sides, and four with sand). Fish assemblages significantly differed between breakwaters (both sides) and sand, and, to a lesser extent, between exposed and sheltered sides of breakwaters in terms of whole assemblage structure, densities of species, and juvenile stages.
Clinical benefit in Fabry patients given enzyme replacement therapy—A case series
Authors: Guffon N. , Fouilhoux A.
Published: May 2004

Summary: Fabry disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficient activity of α‐galactosidase A and subsequent pathological accumulation of glycosphingolipids throughout the body. Traditionally, Fabry disease was managed symptomatically, but the introduction of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) (agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme); agalsidase alfa (Replagal)) has transformed treatment of this disorder. Clinical studies of both compounds have demonstrated clearance of glycosphingolipds from key tissues. To explore whether substrate clearance translates into clinical benefit, a retrospective survey of 17 patients (mean age 34.7 years) treated with agalsidase beta (1 mg/kg every 2 weeks) was undertaken, using an eight‐item retrospective questionnaire developed specifically to assess the effect of ERT on the symptoms of Fabry disease. Pain severity, heat tolerance, physical activity, fatigue and psychological status were scored using a 10‐point visual analogue scale (e.g. for pain severity: 1 = none, 10 = strong). Answers to all other questions were quantitative. Changes in mean scores were 4.69 to 2.25 (p = 0.012) for pain severity; 4.38 to 2.21 (p = 0.019) for number of pain crises per month; 8.69 to 2.98 (p = 0.097) for duration of pain crises in hours; 2.76 to 5.76 (p = 0.002) for heat tolerance; 3.28 to 2.51 (p = 0.058) for bowel movements per day; 2.47 to 4.47 (p = 0.007) for frequency of physical activity; 5.53 to 3.71 (p = 0.046) for fatigue, and 5.82 to 8.12 (p = 0.005) for psychological status. All patients improved in at least one aspect, although the degree of improvement across patients and aspects varied widely; reasons for this remain unclear. Despite the inherent bias involved in retrospective questionnaires, we believe that the findings are encouraging. A prospective version of the questionnaire is currently under validation.
How reliable is the allopurinol load in detecting carriers for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency?
Authors: Grünewald S. , Fairbanks L. , Genet S. , Cranston T. , Hüsing J. , Leonard J. V. , Champion M. P.
Published: May 2004

Summary: The allopurinol test aims to distinguish carriers and noncarriers for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. We have evaluated the reliability of the test in at‐risk females of known genotype. Results based on urine orotidine and/or orotic acid measurement were compared in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Retrospectively, we analysed the results of allopurinol tests in 42 women (22 confirmed heterozygotes and 20 noncarriers) from 23 pedigrees at risk of being carriers for OTC deficiency. Using a cut‐off of 2 standard deviations above the mean of controls, the highest sensitivity (91%) was given by orotidine alone or in combination with orotic acid, but specificity was only 70% and 65%, respectively. We conclude that the value of the allopurinol test for detecting OTC carriers in at‐risk females is limited. This needs to be recognized when counselling families. The test still has a role as a safe, quick, noninvasive screen of individuals at risk, but test results in possible carriers should be interpreted with caution. In the absence of other supportive evidence, confirmation by mutation analysis is required.
Pro‐oxidant and antioxidant factors in acute intermittent porphyria: Family studies
Authors: Rocchi E. , Ventura P. , Ronzoni A. , Rosa M. C. , Gozzi C. , Marri L. , Casalgrandi G. , Cappellini M. D.
Published: May 2004

Summary: Given the crucial role of iron and porphyrins in oxidative cellular damage in the chronic porphyrias, we undertook an extensive study in families with acute porphyrias to evaluate the possible role of similar oxidative damage in these diseases, whose natural history is often also complicated by neoplastic evolution. Four unrelated patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) were studied together with 37 members of four different families. Aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen were measured in urine, and porphyrins in urine, plasma and stools. The activity of the congenitally deficient enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, and the concentrations of plasma iron, transferrin, ferritin, and various antioxidants (ascorbic acid, retinol, tocopherol, α‐ and β‐carotene, by a personal HPLC method) and the urinary and plasma metabolites of nitrous oxide were also assayed. The results showed no relationship between the observed increase of porphyrin metabolites and the presence of markers of oxidative damage or the decrease of circulating antioxidants: however, when such a decrease was registered, it depended on spontaneous or iatrogenic iron accumulation. We conclude that family screening, recommended for the identification of AIP carriers, must also include evaluation of iron stores with a view to preventing the oxidative damage and in order to forestall the neoplastic evolution of the disease.
Mitochondrial respiratory chain disease presenting as progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood
Authors: Roeleveld‐Versteegh A. B. C. , Braun K. P. J. , Smeitink J. A. M. , Dorland L. , de Koning T. J.
Published: May 2004

Summary: We report two siblings with a mitochondrial respiratory chain defect who presented with progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood (Fazio‐Londe disease). Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this rare clinical entity.
Fatal presentation of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in a 62‐year‐old man and family studies
Authors: Rohininath T. , Costello D. J. , Lynch T. , Monavari A. , Tuchman M. , Treacy E. P.
Published: May 2004

Summary: Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) resulting from deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme OTC shows extensive phenotypic heterogeneity influenced by allelic heterogeneity and modifying environmental influences such as protein intake. We report the fatal late‐onset presentation of OTCD in a 62‐year‐old man with the V337L mutation, a previous presentation in his grandson and negative clinical and biochemical screening of the proband's three daughters.
A novel mutation in the GLUT2 gene in a patient with Fanconi‐Bickel syndrome detected by neonatal screening for galactosaemia
Authors: Peduto A. , Spada M. , Alluto A. , Dolcetta M. La , Ponzone A. , Santer R.
Published: May 2004

Summary: A patient affected by Fanconi‐Bickel syndrome detected by neonatal screening for galactosaemia is reported. Molecular studies of the GLUT2 gene led to the identification of a novel mutation of the glucose transporter protein.
Comparison of modeled versus measured MSA:nss SO4= ratios: A global analysis
Authors: Gondwe Mtinkheni , Krol Maarten , Klaassen Wim , Gieskes Winfried , de Baar Hein
Published: May 2004

The MSA:nss SO4= ratio, which is a measure of the relative marine biogenic contribution to the total atmospheric sulphur burden, has long been measured in various parts of the globe. Transect studies and observations from a network of stations have provided some idea of the spatial and temporal behavior of the ratio in various regions, but gaps in knowledge still exist in other parts of the globe. Here we present results of a global 3‐D chemical transport modeling study which complement these measurements and provide a globe‐wide picture of the spatial variation and distribution of this ratio. Comparison of modeled versus measured data on the MSA:nss SO4= ratio resulting from all sulphur sources considered shows fair model performance (i.e., a general overestimation of 23%; degrees of freedom = 90) in all areas of the globe where actual measurements of the ratio have been made. On the other hand, the model‐observation comparisons for the MSA:nss SO4= ratio derived solely from the oceanic DMS source are not as satisfactory (an overall overestimation of a factor of 3; degrees of freedom = 50). The MSA:nss SO4= ratio that is derived from the oceanic DMS source alone provides information on the relative yields of MSA and SO4= from atmospheric DMS oxidation. Our model results are consistent with measurements, showing that the ratio is highest around the polar regions and lowest within the tropics. This spatial trend is attributed to the fact that MSA production occurs best under low temperatures (maximum ambient temperature of 27°C). Despite MSA being preferably produced under low temperatures, observations at high latitudes have consistently shown summer maxima and winter minima in the MSA:nss SO4= ratio. This has raised many questions on the robustness of the theory of the MSA production mechanism. Diminished marine biological activity and low seawater DMS conditions in winter have widely been cited as the cause of this observed trend. In this study, we further propose that since photochemical hydroxyl radical (OH) production during the dark winter months at polar latitudes is non‐existent, reduced wintertime oxidation of DMS by OH to form MSA results in summer maxima and winter minima in MSA concentrations at these latitudes. Temperature and marine biological activity are, therefore, not the only major determining factors for MSA production at high latitudes on a seasonal scale. Light conditions are also important. Throughout the year, the highest ratios occur in the Southern Hemisphere, where the atmospheric DMS burden is highest. This is in agreement with both short‐ and long‐term measurements in literature.
Crustal structure across the San Andreas Fault at the SAFOD site from potential field and geologic studies
Authors: McPhee Darcy K. , Jachens Robert C. , Wentworth Carl M.
Published: May 2004

We present newly compiled magnetic, gravity, and geologic datasets from the Parkfield region around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) pilot hole in order to help define the structure and geophysical setting of the San Andreas Fault (SAF). A 2‐D cross section of the SAF zone at SAFOD, based on new, tightly spaced magnetic and gravity observations and surface geology, shows that as drilling proceeds NE toward the SAF, it is likely that at least 2 fault bounded magnetic slivers, possibly consisting of magnetic granitic rock, serpentinite, or unusually magnetic sandstone, will be encountered. The upper 2 km of the model is constrained by an order of magnitude increase in magnetic susceptibility at 1400 m depth observed in pilot hole measurements. NE of the SAF, a flat lying, tabular body of serpentinite at 2 km depth separates two masses of Franciscan rock and truncates against the SAF.
Joint inversion of gravity and arrival time data from Parkfield: New constraints on structure and hypocenter locations near the SAFOD drill site
Authors: Roecker S. , Thurber C. , McPhee D.
Published: May 2004

Taking advantage of large datasets of both gravity and elastic wave arrival time observations available for the Parkfield, California region, we generated an image consistent with both types of data. Among a variety of strategies, the best result was obtained from a simultaneous inversion with a stability requirement that encouraged the perturbed model to remain close to a starting model consisting of a best fit to the arrival time data. The preferred model looks essentially the same as the best‐fit arrival time model in areas where ray coverage is dense, with differences being greatest at shallow depths and near the edges of the model where ray paths are few. Earthquake locations change by no more than about 100 m, the general effect being migration of the seismic zone to the northeast, closer to the surface trace of the San Andreas Fault.
GPS and seismological constraints on active tectonics and arc‐continent collision in Papua New Guinea: Implications for mechanics of microplate rotations in a plate boundary zone
Authors: Wallace Laura M. , Stevens Colleen , Silver Eli , McCaffrey Rob , Loratung Wesley , Hasiata Suvenia , Stanaway Richard , Curley Robert , Rosa Robert , Taugaloidi Jones
Published: May 2004

The island of New Guinea is located within the deforming zone between the Pacific and Australian plates that converge obliquely at ∼110 mm/yr. New Guinea has been fragmented into a complex array of microplates, some of which rotate rapidly about nearby vertical axes. We present velocities from a network of 38 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites spanning much of the nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The GPS‐derived velocities are used to explain the kinematics of major tectonic blocks in the region and the nature of strain accumulation on major faults in PNG. We simultaneously invert GPS velocities, earthquake slip vectors on faults, and transform orientations in the Woodlark Basin for the poles of rotation of the tectonic blocks and the degree of elastic strain accumulation on faults in the region. The data are best explained by six distinct tectonic blocks: the Australian, Pacific, South Bismarck, North Bismarck, and Woodlark plates and a previously unrecognized New Guinea Highlands Block. Significant portions of the Ramu‐Markham Fault appear to be locked, which has implications for seismic hazard determination in the Markham Valley region. We also propose that rapid clockwise rotation of the South Bismarck plate is controlled by edge forces initiated by the collision between the Finisterre arc and the New Guinea Highlands.