bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowing Emotions
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

Emotions are not merely physiological disturbances: they are experiences through which we apprehend truths about ourselves and the world. Emotions embody an understanding that is accessible to us only by means of affective experience. Only through emotions can we perceive meaning in life, and only by feeling emotions are we capable of recognizing the value or significance of anything whatsoever. Our affective responses and dispositions therefore play a critical role in our apprehension of meaningful truth—furthermore, their felt quality is intimately related to the awareness that they provide. Truthfulness is at issue in episodes of such emotions as anger, fear, and grief. Even apparently irrational emotions can show us what distinguishes emotion from other modes of cognitive activity: the turbulent feeling of being afraid is our way of recognizing a potential threat as such. What is disclosed to us when we experience fear can be either a misconstrual of something harmless as a danger or an axiologically salient fact about the world. Yet only a being able to perceive itself as threatened is susceptible to becoming afraid. So the later chapters of Knowing Emotions turn to the background conditions of affective experience: for instance, why it is only if we care about the life and well-being of a person that we are disposed to react with fear when that person is threatened? Our emotional dispositions of love, care, and concern serve as conditions of possibility for the discovery of significance or value, enabling us to perceive what is meaningful.
What the Empirical Evidence Suggests
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

Now that the study of emotions has emerged as a thriving field of interdisciplinary research, social psychology and neuroscience have been sources of evidence informing theoretical accounts. One issue is whether emotion and cognition are discrete and emotions thus noncognitive responses. Many philosophers have argued that emotions are independent of “higher” cognition, based upon some neuroscientific findings. Yet they have been too hasty in appropriating indefinite evidence to justify sweeping conclusions: a closer look shows that empirical research does not justify their views. Social psychology has done more to show how closely emotions are correlated with particular bodily states, and this evidence must be taken into account. The role of the living body in our affective experience must be acknowledged, since it is through our living, feeling bodies that we emotionally recognize significant aspects of situations. The embodied phenomenology of emotions is thus linked with the revelation of value or significance.
Emotions as Felt Recognitions
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

Through our emotions we discern what has meaning or significance for us, and our capacity for affective apprehension is embodied in specific ways. To become passionately agitated, in one way or another, is to have one’s attention drawn to something that is experienced as axiologically prominent, and to be moved to respond accordingly. Moreover, the phenomenal character of emotion is intimately linked with what it reveals: to be frightened is thus to have an experience in which an apparent danger is recognized in a compelling manner. Likewise, it is by way of the visceral feelings of being agitated by grief that we fully recognize the death of a loved one. A more dispassionate judgment about such existentially significant matters falls short of what is disclosed to us in experiences of emotional knowing. What is at issue in our affective experience is nothing less than our sense of reality.
Attunement and Perspectival Truth
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

Once we have rejected the notion of a subject-independent objectivity, we lack any basis for assuming that our emotional responses project value onto a neutral world. Love’s vision must give us unique, unequalled access to the sort of truth that it reveals. Each person’s emotional point of view, his or her attunement to the world, makes possible a distinct form of knowledge, revealing a particular truth. Our moods, temperaments, and idiosyncratic affective outlooks must fit into this book’s account of emotions as felt recognitions of significance. Each attunement involves selective attention and focus—not distortion. An observer who is not attuned in any way would not notice anything. Each person’s affective vantage point illustrates the perspectival character of existence. Because our affective outlook is a condition of apprehending axiological reality, becoming appreciative of another person’s attunement enables us to know other sides of the truth and other significant truths.
The True Vine
Authors: Doquang Mailan S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the messianic and Eucharistic aspects of monumental foliage, namely its function as a symbol of Christ as the true vine. It demonstrates that the botanical friezes articulating the borders of church portals not only thematically complemented (and at times amplified) central/figural scenes, but also functioned as signposts for the visual imagery inside buildings and the liturgy of the Mass. Thus, the chapter sheds new light on the dynamic interaction between sculpture, architecture, and the viewer, while also illuminating and complicating interconnections of edge and center, exterior and interior, and form and liturgy, links activated by the experiencing subject as he or she paused before portal imagery, crossed church thresholds, and circulated through interior spaces.
The Golden Vine
Authors: Doquang Mailan S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter posits a relationship between the foliate friezes that proliferated in French churches in the wake of the First Crusade and the golden vine of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. It argues that builders drew on textual descriptions of the Temple vine and on the golden vines inside the Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, a building conflated with the Temple, to forge and promote connections to the biblical model. Identifying foliate friezes as the golden vine not only provides a new perspective on a ubiquitous element in French church design, but it also brings to the fore meaningful points of contact between Western medieval, Byzantine, and Islamic art and architecture in an era of pilgrimage, crusading, and burgeoning global trade.
All That Jazz
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

In 1975, the Broadway musical Chicago brought together a host of memes and myths, the gleefully subversive character of American musical comedy, the reckless glamor of the big-city newspaper, the mad decade of the 1920s, the work of Bob Fosse and Gwen Verdon—two of the greatest talents in the musical’s history—and the Wild West gangsterville that was the city of Chicago itself. The tale of a young woman who murders her departing lover and then tricks the jury into letting her off, Chicago seemed too blunt and cynical at first. Everyone agreed it was show biz at its brilliant best, yet the public still preferred A Chorus Line, with its cast of innocents and sentimental feeling. Nevertheless, the 1996 Chicago revival is now the longest-running American musical in history, and the movie version won the Best Picture Oscar. As this text looks back at Chicago’s various moving parts, including the original 1926 play that started it all, a sexy silent film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, a talkie remake with Ginger Rogers, the musical itself, and at last the movie of the musical, we see how the American theatre serves as a kind of alternative news medium, a town crier warning the public about the racy, devious interior contradictions of American society.
The Era
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the 1920s as an era, specifically as the Prohibition era, and looks at how certain aspects of the decade famously came to define the character of the city of Chicago. After all, Chicago, literally the world’s capital of saloon culture, was where the battle of the wets and the drys was most conspicuously fought during the thirteen years till Repeal. Democracy trains people to choose their lives, for good or ill, and a sumptuary law virtually forces a free people to rebel. The 1920s was a rebellion decade generally. Moreover, there was jazz, the greatest portmanteau concept in the history of the American language. “Jazz” meant everything that was new, dangerous, delicious, and liberating. Jazz was the opposite of the ice-cream social and the sermon. Yes, it was music, but, even more, it appeared to be anything community leaders warned would bring down society.
The Play
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the life and career of Chicago’s playwright, Maurine Watkins. Against the backdrop of the era at the time of Chicago’s writing, her profile suggests a breakaway personality. She left her home and family to try for a writing career, competing with men as a reporter on a fast-and-furious big-city newspaper and generally going after what she wanted with a resolve unusual in those steeped in small-scale township values and a religious upbringing. Yet Watkins was not a flapper. In fact, her life completely upends the twenties stereotype of the insurgent maiden slicing away at received notions of womanhood. Watkins’ hair was bobbed and she had her own way of doing things, no matter what men told her. But she compacted with no new gods and made no rumpus in the temples. Here was a true individual: even her nonconformism was nonconformist.
The Invention of the Satiric Musical
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

This chapter recounts the history of the musical satire and how it has found its place in American theatre. It also considers how elements of this genre are to be found in the musical adaptation of Chicago. In doing so, the chapter shows that the English-speaking musical has been critical of the establishment and its protocols right from the start, not least in its protection of minorities. From its first century (starting roughly in the 1860s) songs from American musicals were the national melody and seemed perfectly innocuous at first glance. Yet, as the chapter shows, there was an underlying subversive character interwoven into the genre, and Watkins’ Chicago was no different.
The Musical
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyzes and discusses the performance of Chicago, which opened in 1975. Here were the key elements of Fosse’s art, the carnal act on one hand and, on the other, the indefinable American something that toys with our imaginations and infuriates the authorities. Sex and jazz worked as a set, like crime and show business in the early talkie. The chapter argues that in his faithful adaptation of Maurine Watkins’ play, Fosse brought out all the bawdy chaos that “Chicago” meant in American mythology. To close, the chapter discusses the reception of the musical as well as the inevitable changes in the cast after the first several hundred performances of Chicago’s initial run.
The Revival and the Third Movie
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the revival of Chicago as well as its movie adaptation. At the same time, the chapter refers to the infamous O. J. Simpson trial in describing Watkins’ own feeling that the press was shaping public reaction to murder trials to exculpate the guilty. Considering the show-biz aspect of the whole Simpson chronicle, the lesson everyone took from this case was that high-profit justice is show business by other means: the very message of Chicago. With the nation more or less transfixed by this staged miscarriage of due process, the musical’s lesson was at last learned. Finally, the chapter examines further themes and lessons from the film, as well as the national art of the musical as a whole.
Timbre and Instrumentation
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers some general approaches to the study of timbre and how they might be applied to rock; it also surveys the major rock instruments and the kinds of sounds they can produce. With regard to instrumentation—the choice of instruments and the ways that they are used—the focus is on how this relates to the structural aspects of rock discussed in other chapters. The chapter examines two guitar solos and discusses their contrasting approaches to the issue of melodic-harmonic coordination. With regard to drums, it considers their crucial role in conveying metrical structure and discusses four important rock drummers and their unique styles. Briefer discussions follow of the bass, piano, orchestral instruments, and sequencers; the final section explores the role of the production process in shaping the sound of a song.
Emotion and Tension
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

Following much other research on musical emotion, this chapter assumes a two-dimensional representation, with one dimension representing valence (positive/negative) and the other representing energy/activity. It is argued that the valence dimension in rock is conveyed primarily by the location of a song’s scale (relative to the tonic) on the “line of fifths”; this captures the well-known major/minor contrast but also allows finer distinctions. The energy dimension is conveyed by a variety of musical parameters including loudness, register, tempo, rhythmic density, and timbral brightness. The chapter also posits a third dimension, complexity, which is taken to be represented experientially by tension; increased tension is caused by unexpected events and by an increase in event density. It has been hypothesized that a moderate level of complexity is optimal for aesthetic enjoyment; this may in part account for the appeal of certain rhythmic patterns, a phenomenon known as “groove.”
Form
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

Most rock songs fall into one of three formal types: simple verse (with a short, repeating verse-refrain section), AABA (with a verse-refrain and a contrasting bridge), and verse-chorus (with an alternation between verse and chorus, usually with contrasting material after the second chorus). This chapter adopts this framework, though it also emphasizes the strong connections between AABA and verse-chorus forms. Since the 1960s, verse-chorus form has been predominant; together, a verse and chorus form a “verse-chorus unit,” or VCU. An issue of particular interest is the opposition between verses and choruses; the two section types turn out to have a number of distinctive, contrasting features. After surveying other section types, the chapter examines some songs with interesting and unusual formal structures.
Toward an Interdisciplinary Perspective on Language Movement and Change
Authors: Albaugh Ericka A. , de Luna Kathryn M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter begins the multidisciplinary conversation that will continue through the volume, beginning with the perspectives of political science and history on language movement and change. Political scientists view language alternatively through the lens of policy, as a variable affecting other outcomes, as a product of history and individual choice, or as a normative right. Historians view language as an entity and an identity, as well as a repertoire of speech and belonging. These varying but intersecting approaches demonstrate that adopting an interdisciplinary perspective forces scholars to hold multiple views at the same time: language as an object and a subject for research, speakers as victims and agents, and language as fixed and fragmented. The volume is organized around this latter tension. Common themes that run through the volume are the counting of data, the construction of boundaries, the pace of change, and the impact of power.
Vernacular Language and Political Imagination
Authors: Peterson Derek R.
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the political possibilities that arose from the rapid standardization and textualization of African languages in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Language standardization entailed distortion, compression, and integration as hitherto dynamic and changeable languages were shoehorned into premade templates. It was from this transformative work that new political constituencies came—quite suddenly—into view. African entrepreneurs made haste to hail their hitherto unbiddable compatriots, creating new modes of address that could speak to a collective whole. It was a vertiginous sense of possibility that animated creative people to engage new audiences, compose new genres, and cultivate new forms of authority. That was the place from which the vocations of both the moral reformer and the literary genius came.
How a Lingua Franca Spreads
Authors: Mc Laughlin Fiona
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers how Wolof, an Atlantic language spoken in Senegal, has become an important lingua franca, and how French has contributed to the ascent of Wolof. The nature of social relations between Africans and French in cities along the Atlantic coast in the 18th and 19th centuries were such that a prestigious urban way of speaking Wolof that made liberal use of French borrowings became the language of the city. As an index of urban belonging, opportunity, and modernity, Wolof was viewed as a useful language, a trend that has continued up to the present. Four case studies illustrate how the use of Wolof facilitates mobility for speakers of other languages in Senegal. By drawing a distinction between the formal and informal language sectors, this chapter offers a more realistic view of everyday language practices in Senegal, where Wolof is the dominant language.
The African Diaspora and Language
Authors: Warner-Lewis Maureen
Published: February 2018

Nowhere in the Americas is any African language used for routine communicative purposes. But fossilized spoken texts, songs, and chants are still performed for rituals, largely but not exclusively of a religious nature. Such events exist in non-mainstream cultural spaces. However, African lexical items and phrases have been retained in the lingua francas of the Americas, languages which have themselves been shaped by the confluence of African, European, and Native American language speakers. Most of these languages are considered “creoles.” They contain not only lexical but also syntactic, phonological, semantic, and idiomatic residues of various West African and West Central African languages. In a reverse movement of language diffusion, English-lexified creole speakers have influenced the formation of Krio in Sierra Leone and its offshoot “pidgins.”
Metaphors to Live By in the Diaspora
Authors: Slenes Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Inspired by research in anthropology and cognitive science that places analogical thinking at the center of human culture and cognition, this chapter focuses on the metaphors by which western Central Africans, particularly speakers of Kikongo, understood—and withstood—the horrors of the Middle Passage and New World enslavement. Canoe metaphors figured prominently in West Central Africa. So too did tropes making ontological connections between things designated by phonetic (near-) homonyms. Both types of analogies helped people explain their lineage origins (locating them in past migrations under duress), find cures for social ills, seal marriages and other alliances, and open liminal paths from suffering to plenitude in this world and in the afterlife. Based primarily on the author’s research in dictionaries of African languages, particularly Kikongo, and on Central African cults of affliction-fruition in Brazil’s 19th-century Southeast, the essay argues that strong shipmate bonding during the Atlantic crossing embodied these homeland metaphors.
Where a Theory of Global Justice Begins
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

The cases of global injustice any of us has in mind when thinking about the requirements of justice condition our take on justice and responsibility. Chapter 1 provides two cases of injustice itself: garment worker labor rights struggles and the global food crisis. Throughout the book, the author refers back to specifics in these discussions. The empirical and conceptual complexity of these problems illustrates the kind of problem she thinks is most challenging for global justice and responsibility. She introduces other approaches to responsibility with which just responsibility has an affinity: Larry May’s shared moral responsibility, Hannah Arendt’s political and collective responsibility, and Iris Marion Young’s connected responsibility. A comprehensive discussion of how the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity takes responsibility for injustice illustrates the kinds of practices that are part of a political approach to taking responsibility for injustice itself.
Feminist Grounded Normative Theory and Methodology
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

In order to take on global injustice as a problem of injustice itself, a political theory of responsibility requires a methodology for guiding the taking of responsibility for injustice. Chapter 4 provides the feminist theoretical basis for the methodological approach of the book. A feminist grounded normative political theory uses a feminist critical methodology to identify differences in perspectives on injustice. These might reflect differences in how groups experience injustice. In feminist grounded political theory, we treat the space between differences as at once a space of inquiry and a site from which to gain critical purchase on previously normalized exploited power inequalities. The chapter illustrates the role of feminist social criticism in light of the limitations of injustice itself.
The Human Rights Approach to Political Responsibility
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

Drawing on the empirical insights from chapter 5, chapter 6 develops the human rights theory of responsibility and outlines its key features. Although the theory has general applicability across contexts of global injustice, the chapter uses the work of the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity (BCWS) to illustrate each of five key principles-in-practice: utilizing intersectional analysis, making cross-issue connections, building capacity for both self-advocacy and group advocacy, building community through connected activism, and learning and making an ongoing commitment to political responsibility. It lays out the landscape of human rights political theory of responsibility for global justice and the role of these five principles and just responsibility in human rights politics.
The Rights Kind of Politics
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

Just responsibility is a way of taking responsibility for all forms of global injustice (not just women’s human rights) and to all people, even those who consider themselves removed from the politics of global injustice (though they want to be engaged). Chapter 7 applies the theory to taking responsibility through the enactment of roles in the political economy—those of consumer, donor, worker, and activist—and beyond. It summarizes the view of political community, accountability, and leadership essential to transformative politics. Just responsibility is more than a normative theory of human rights principles. It is also a normative political theory of how to carry out those principles not only in the practices proscribed by our roles in the political economy, but also in imaginative practices that defy the boundaries of those roles in order to transform the political economy. Just responsibility is a human rights theory of global justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

Just responsibility is a transformative human rights politics for taking on the complexities, power inequalities, and social normalization of injustice itself. Just responsibility is a human rights theory of political responsibility in which we understand human rights as enjoyed and shared throughout political community (and human rights entitlements as a tool toward that end), political community as defined by its web of networks, not its boundaries, accountability as a political process of discernment, not a power relation, and leadership as a quality of political community, not of individuals within it. Found within and supported by the principles-in-practice of women’s human rights activists, this grounded normative theory of responsibility guides us in a human rights enhancing way to be accountable leaders in political transformation, taking responsibility for global injustice in a just way.
Measures and Estimates of Cancer Burden
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , Hashim Dana , Lagiou Pagona
Published: February 2018

This chapter addresses the various methods for measuring cancer burden and the complexities resulting from practical applications of these measurements. It also provides an overview of global cancer patterns and trends. Epidemiological observations indicate that cancer development and progression is due to an interaction of environmental exposures with genetic factors. This underscores the importance of using complementary epidemiological measurements to obtain a cohesive and comprehensive panorama of cancer burden. Manifold measurements that capture the number of deaths, incidence/mortality rates, and time trends with respect to variations between countries, regions, and risk factors must be considered. Efforts to quantify the impact of cancer are limited primarily by the fact that only a small proportion of the global population is covered by cancer registries. Collectively, neoplasms are the second largest cause of death worldwide and deaths from site-specific cancers ascended the causes of death list in both low- and high-income countries.
The Origins of Cancer
Authors: Ecsedy Jeffrey , Hunter David J.
Published: February 2018

In order to evaluate risk factors and preventive behaviors in cancer, one must consider the complex and interwoven mechanisms that lead to the development of cancer. By understanding such mechanisms, an epidemiologist should be able to integrate biological plausibility into his or her research. An understanding of cancer biology is desirable because the natural history of cancer should be accounted for in epidemiologic research and often dictates conceptual and statistical approaches in different situations—for example, in studying factors that initiate rather than promote carcinogenesis. Even a basic understanding of carcinogenic mechanisms is helpful in assessing the plausibility of epidemiologic associations. The intent of this chapter is to convey basic molecular and cellular concepts essential to understanding cancer biology; it is not intended to give a complete overview of cancer biology.
Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer
Authors: Haiman Christopher , Hunter David J.
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the genetic epidemiology of cancer: the identification and quantification of inherited genetic factors, and their potential interaction with the environment, in the etiology of cancer in human populations. It also describes the techniques used to identify genetic variants that contribute to cancer susceptibility. It describes the older research methods for identifying the chromosomal localization of high-risk predisposing genes, such as linkage analysis within pedigrees and allele-sharing methods, as it is important to understand the foundations of the field. It also reviews the epidemiologic study designs that can be helpful in identifying low-risk alleles in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, as well as gene–environment interactions. Finally, it describes some of the genotyping and sequencing platforms commonly employed for high-throughput genome analysis, and the concept of Mendelian randomization and how it may be useful in the study of biomarkers and environmental causes of cancer.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

The distinctive global incidence patterns and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) make this a unique malignancy that represents an epidemiologic challenge. NPC is rare throughout most of the world but relatively common in southern China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, North Africa, and the Middle East. This pattern is determined in part by the geographic and ethnic distribution of established risk factors for NPC, which include early/aberrant Epstein Barr virus infection, Chinese-style salted fish consumption, family history, certain human leukocyte antigen alleles, and tobacco smoking. Other possible NPC risk factors include certain dietary, occupational, and infectious exposures and genetic variants. Risk factors for NPC in low-incidence regions, where tumors are more often of squamous cell histology than in high-incidence regions, are poorly understood, as are etiologic interactions among genetic, environmental, and infectious risk factors for NPC.
Stomach Cancer
Authors: Ye Weimin , Nyrén Olof , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

The epidemiology of stomach cancer is characterized by its wide variation of incidence by geography and population. Despite a declining secular trend of incidence in most Western populations, it is still one of the most common cancers worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection is the strongest and most important risk factor known today. Although eradication of H. pylori might be an efficient primary prevention strategy, a deeper understanding of effect-modifying factors, including bacterial genetics, human genetics, and environmental risk factors, may enable us to focus even more precisely on the relevant high-risk groups. Dietary factors, particularly the low intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables and high intake of salt, are likely to be important. The roles of microbes other than H. pylori in the oral cavity and stomach have recently gained increasing attention. A subtype of stomach cancer, cardia cancer, appears to have a different epidemiology and risk factor profile.
Cervical Cancer
Authors: Sundström Karin , Dillner Joakim , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, with at least half a million women developing the disease each year. This chapter details the significance of infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) as the main risk factor, and summarizes current knowledge on additional risk factors of significance including tobacco use, oral contraceptives, parity, and other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. For other factors such as diet, BMI, and physical activity, impact on risk appears limited. The chapter outlines both the importance of cervical cytological screening in reducing the incidence of this cancer form and the latest prevention opportunities for the disease that have emerged since the realization of its infectious cause, namely, HPV vaccination and HPV-based screening. It also describes that access to these cervical cancer prevention strategies is as yet unequally distributed across the world, especially in those regions that may be in largest need.
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Webb Penelope M. , Jordan Susan J. , Hunter David J.
Published: February 2018

Apart from oral contraceptive use and, possibly, breastfeeding, there are few readily modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer. There is little evidence for a role of diet while smoking appears to increase risk of mucinous ovarian tumors only. It is likely that obesity has a modest effect on risk, although this may be limited to the nonserous subtypes and/or women who do not use menopausal hormones, while the possible risk-reduction associated with use of aspirin has yet to be confirmed in prospective studies. It is unclear whether physical activity influences ovarian cancer risk. Together with the poor prognosis and the lack of procedures available for population-based routine screening, the lack of modifiable risk factors underscores the need for further research on preventable causes of ovarian cancer in addition to advances in treatment.
Testicular Cancer
Authors: Richiardi Lorenzo , Moirano Giovenale , Lagiou Pagona
Published: February 2018

Testicular cancer is highly curable and, though relatively rare, it is the most common cancer among young men. Incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing constantly around the world since the beginning of the twentieth century, but factors responsible for the rise in incidence remain enigmatic. Only few risk factors for testicular cancer are established, including age, ethnic group, cryptorchidism and hypospadias, contralateral testicular cancer, family history, and height. While analytic epidemiologic research has provided numerous etiologic clues, many of them remain tentative. Overwhelming evidence indicates the fundamental importance of environmental factors in the etiology of this enigmatic cancer. Prenatal exposures seem to be instrumental in shaping the risk of testicular cancer, but postnatal exposures acting in childhood, adolescence, and very early adulthood are also important. Testicular cancer has also a strong genetic component that is studied through international collaborations and genome-wide association studies.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Smedby Karin Ekström , Melbye Mads , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies originating from B- or T-lymphocytes and engaging lymphoid tissue. Clinically, NHL subtypes range from chronic indolent to aggressive life-threatening diseases. The incidence of NHL overall increased dramatically worldwide during the latter half of the twentieth century but has now leveled off in many countries. Although some etiologic factors have been identified, most newly diagnosed cases of NHL as well as the previous rise in incidence remain largely unexplained. Well-established risk factors include severe immune suppression following HIV/AIDS and organ transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, some infectious agents, and family history. More recently, lifestyle factors have also been linked with certain subtypes of NHL. Through the work of the international InterLymph consortium, several subtype-specific genetic susceptibility variants have also been revealed, promising to shed further light on mechanisms of lymphomagenesis.
Hopeful Beginnings, 1808–1823
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

During roughly the first two decades of the nineteenth century, destitute, uneducated Irish peasants arrived in the newly designated “city” of Boston. Native Bostonians were hesitant to accept them, but the city’s first Roman Catholic bishop, Frenchman John Cheverus, offered a warm welcome. The control of public education in Boston, as in Massachusetts, was completely in the hands of Protestants, who frequently warred among themselves over control of the schools but were united in their suspicion of Catholicism. The city’s publicly supported schools were much revered by the “native” population but offensive to Roman Catholic sensibilities because of their obvious Protestant flavor. Sincere efforts of the Catholic leadership to counteract this objectionable feature of life in Boston by opening their own schools saw only token success during this period, a lack of success that proved to be a dire forecast of the decades ahead.
Catholic Schools Triumphant? 1907–1944
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

In 1907, William Henry O’Connell, the Massachusetts-born son of Irish immigrants, was appointed bishop. He had huge churchly ambition and won designation as Cardinal Archbishop of Boston. However, his attempts to develop a complete parochial school system in the city met with limited success. This chapter explores the reasons for the discrepancy between O’Connell’s rhetoric and the reality. The major factors are the Irish community’s lack of a tradition of attending parochial schools, the small numbers of Catholics in Boston from ethnic groups that did support public schools, and the fact that most Boston Catholic parents and parish priests had always attended the public schools and emerged with their faith intact.
Public School/Catholic School: 1914–World War II
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

Even though Cardinal O’Connell believed that Catholic schooling was the only adequate answer to the education of Catholic youth, he did not come close to fully implementing this conviction. Events in Boston largely took schooling out of O’Connell’s hands. By the 1910s, Irish Catholics had taken over the Boston public schools. Simultaneously, Irish politicians took over the city and a majority of Irish Catholics now controlled the Boston School Committee, appointing an Irish Catholic educator as the city’s school superintendent. By at least the 1920s, the public and parochial schools had taken giant steps toward one another in theory and practice under the leadership of the Catholics who presided over both systems. Though Cardinal O’Connell and his circle continued to preach the need for Catholic children to attend parochial schools, parents, most of whom had attended public schools themselves, knew that the public schools would not undermine their children’s faith.
A Minimal Libertarianism
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

In this book Franklin develops and defends a version of event-causal libertarianism about free will and moral responsibility. This view is a combination of libertarianism—the view that humans sometimes act freely and that those actions are the upshots of nondeterministic causal processes—and agency reductionism—the view that the causal role of agents in exercises of free will is exhausted by the causal role of mental states and events (e.g., desires and beliefs) involving the agents. Many philosophers contend that event-causal libertarians have no advantage over compatibilists when it comes to securing a distinctively valuable and robust kind of freedom and responsibility. But Franklin argues that this is mistaken. Assuming agency reductionism is true, event-causal libertarians need only adopt the most plausible compatibilist theory and add indeterminism at the proper juncture in the genesis of human action. The result is minimal event-causal libertarianism: a model of free will with the metaphysical simplicity of compatibilism and the intuitive power of libertarianism. And yet a worry remains. Toward the end of the book, Franklin reconsiders his assumption of agency reductionism, arguing that this picture faces a hitherto unsolved problem. This problem, however, has nothing to do with indeterminism or determinism, or even libertarianism or compatibilism, but with how to understand the nature of the self and its role in the genesis of action. If this problem proves unsolvable, then not only is event-causal libertarianism untenable, so also is event-causal compatibilism.
Introduction
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

This chapter lays out the book’s central question: Assuming agency reductionism—that is, the thesis that the causal role of the agent in all agential activities is reducible to the causal role of states and events involving the agent—is it possible to construct a defensible model of libertarianism? It is explained that most think the answer is negative and this is because they think libertarians must embrace some form of agent-causation in order to address the problems of luck and enhanced control. The thesis of the book is that these philosophers are mistaken: it is possible to construct a libertarian model of free will and moral responsibility within an agency reductionist framework that silences that central objections to libertarianism by simply taking the best compatibilist model of freedom and adding indeterminism in the right junctures of human agency. A brief summary of the chapters to follow is given.
Is Racial Equality Unconstitutional?
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

Discussions of race in American law and politics have been captured by the figure of the color-blind Constitution. Whether embraced as an ideal of constitutional equality or rejected for perpetuating historical injustice, advocates and critics alike view color-blindness as a refusal of racial consciousness rather than its mobilization. And yet, enacting a color-blind rule may be understood in itself to affect a heightened awareness of race. Accordingly, color-blind constitutionalism represents a particular form of racial consciousness rather than an alternative to it. Challenging familiar understandings of race, rights, and the US Constitution, this book explores how current equal protection law renders the pursuit of racial equality constitutionally suspect. Identifying hierarchy rather than equality as an enduring constitutional norm, Is Racial Equality Unconstitutional? reveals the historical reception of racial equality as a violation of white rights. Arguing against both conservative and liberal redemption narratives, within which racial equality is imagined as the perfection of American democracy, the book calls instead for a break from the constitutional order and refounding upon principles of racial democracy.
Constitutive Racism, Redemptive Constitutionalism
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

Equal protection law operates within a narrative structure of fall and redemption. Framed as a repudiation of race, color-blind constitutionalism appears to enact this redemption by aspiring to transcend racial consciousness. And yet prohibitions against racial classification in fact serve to heighten and preserve racial awareness, in direct contradiction of their stated goals and justification. This chapter examines the narrative structure and constraints of equal protection law, within which efforts to achieve racial equality appear as equivalent to state-sponsored racial segregation. Theorizing color-blindness as a kind of performative contradiction, it demonstrates the race-conscious logic of color-blind constitutionalism.
Profession
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

The chapter explores how a profession is different from an occupation and how an area of human endeavor evolves from an occupation to a profession. More particularly, it asks why the effort to make management a profession was unsuccessful and how medicine and law made the successful transition from simple practices to complex professions. The professionalization of medicine and law is tracked in some detail, generating conclusions about how professional status is achieved. These include generally accepted body of knowledge; extended education; extended training; clear criteria for evaluation; clear criteria for certification; clear demarcation between those within the profession and those without; explicit commitment to the public interest; explicit commitment to a code of ethics; and a professional association with the power and authority to monitor the status of the profession and the conduct of its members. Leadership, it is noted, fails to meet every one of these criteria.
Professionalization
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

This final chapter reminds readers that the book is based on three fundamental assumptions. First, the leadership industry does not take sufficiently seriously its responsibility for teaching people how to lead. Second, the industry has the capital to prime the pedagogical pump—though not, self-evidently, so far, the political will. Third, experts and educators must themselves lead the charge for change. This is not just idle intellectual chatter, but a practical issue of the utmost consequence. For so long as professionalism is shunned, so long will leadership stay stuck—an occupation of dubious repute instead of a respected profession. The closing pages provide guidelines for transitioning leadership from where it is to where it should be. The whole, then, is not about greatness or exceptionalism or leaders who are legends. Rather it is about being up to the task—about teaching how to lead, learning how to lead, as ethically as effectively.
The Logic of Institutional Influence: Conceptual and Methodological Implications
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

This chapter further probes the finding that countries belonging to a larger number of highly structured (IGOs) face a significantly lower risk that an emerging low-level armed conflict on their territories will escalate to full-scale civil war. Various empirical approaches show that the finding is robust. For example, we establish that the finding holds when we account for (a) the determinants of memberships in highly structured IGOs (i.e. endogeneity concerns); (b) mediations and interventions; (c) natural resources; (d) government-rebel relative power; and (e) spatial, temporal, and transnational trends. Further, (f) we isolate highly structured IGOs’ use of costs and benefits as the key drivers of our finding, (g) establish that nonescalated conflicts end in settlements, as opposed to one side simply defeating the other militarily, and (h) use Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to demonstrate the added value of accounting for highly structured IGO memberships in analyses of conflict escalation patterns.
Marketcraft in Theory and Practice
Authors: Vogel Steven K.
Published: February 2018

This chapter advances three propositions. First, it specifies how the conventional framing and language of debates over market governance, such as the governments-versus-markets dichotomy, hamper public debate, policy prescription, and scholarly analysis, and offers suggestions for how to deploy more precise language, enhance conceptual clarity, and refine analysis. Second, it demonstrates how even the most sophisticated analysts of market institutions sometimes fail to appreciate the full ramifications of their own arguments. They fall into the same linguistic traps as their intellectual adversaries, for example, or they fail to capture the extent to which market behavior is learned, not natural, and market operations are constructed, not free. And third, the chapter concludes by demonstrating how conceptual misunderstandings can beget very real policy errors, and specifying policy lessons for both market liberals and progressives.
The Mechanisms of Nuclear Crisis Outcomes
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the effect of nuclear superiority on crisis outcomes in a series of short case studies of the most important nuclear crises of the nuclear era: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Sino-Soviet Border War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli Crisis, and the Kargil Crisis. The analysis provides strong support for the argument of the book. It illustrates the effect of the nuclear balance of power in specific cases and demonstrates that the causal mechanisms predicted by the theory are in fact in operation. In these cases, it is clear that leaders paid close attention to the nuclear balance of power, nuclear superior states were willing to run greater risks, and nuclear superior states were more likely to achieve their basic goals. Alternative explanations, such as those that maintain nuclear weapons are irrelevant, or that they do not matter above and beyond a secure, second-strike capability, do not find support.
Strategic Stability
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between nuclear superiority and strategic stability. Many nuclear deterrence theorists and policy advocates have argued for decades that nuclear superiority has a glaring downside: it increases the risk of nuclear war. This chapter analyzes this question in detail and finds that this conventional wisdom is incorrect. It argues that nuclear superiority likely contributes to greater levels of strategic stability. Moreover, it maintains that traditional arguments about strategic stability fail to differentiate between good instability, that which favors US interests, and bad instability, which works to the disadvantage of Washington and its allies. When this distinction is taken into account, we see that US superiority enhances positive instability and dampens negative instability. In short, strategic stability should be listed among the benefits, not the possible costs, of an American nuclear advantage.