bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histone and DNA methylation defects at Hox genes in mice expressing a SET domain-truncated form of Mll
Authors: Terranova Rémi , Agherbi Hanane , Boned Annie , Meresse Stéphane , Djabali Malek
Published: April 2006

The
Mll
gene is a member of the mammalian trithorax group, involved with the antagonistic Polycomb group in epigenetic regulation of homeotic genes. MLL contains a highly conserved SET domain also found in various chromatin proteins. In this study, we report that mice in which this domain was deleted by homologous recombination in ES cells (ΔSET) exhibit skeletal defects and altered transcription of particular
Hox
genes during development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing analysis on developing embryo tissues demonstrate that this change in gene expression is associated with a dramatic reduction in histone H3 Lysine 4 monomethylation and DNA methylation defects at the same
Hox
loci. These results establish
in vivo
that the major function of
Mll
is to act at the chromatin level to sustain the expression of selected target
Hox
genes during embryonic development. These observations provide previously undescribed evidence for the
in vivo
relationship and SET domain dependence between histone methylation and DNA methylation on MLL target genes during embryonic development.
Activity-dependent release of precursor nerve growth factor, conversion to mature nerve growth factor, and its degradation by a protease cascade
Authors: Bruno Martin A. , Cuello A. Claudio
Published: April 2006

In this report, we provide direct demonstration that the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) is released in the extracellular space in an activity-dependent manner in its precursor form (proNGF) and that it is in this compartment that its maturation and degradation takes place because of the coordinated release and the action of proenzymes and enzyme regulators. This converting protease cascade and its endogenous regulators (including tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen, neuroserpin, precursor matrix metalloproteinase 9, and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1) are colocalized in neurons of the cerebral cortex and released upon neuronal stimulation. We also provide evidence that this mechanism operates in
in vivo
conditions, as the CNS application of inhibitors of converting and degrading enzymes lead to dramatic alterations in the tissue levels of either precursor NGF or mature NGF. Pathological alterations of this cascade in the CNS might cause or contribute to a lack of proper neuronal trophic support in conditions such as cerebral ischemia, seizure and Alzheimer’s disease or, conversely, to excessive local production of neurotrophins as reported in inflammatory arthritis pain.
Platelets secrete stromal cell–derived factor 1α and recruit bone marrow–derived progenitor cells to arterial thrombi in vivo
Authors: Massberg Steffen , Konrad Ildiko , Schürzinger Katrin , Lorenz Michael , Schneider Simon , Zohlnhoefer Dietlind , Hoppe Katharina , Schiemann Matthias , Kennerknecht Elisabeth , Sauer Susanne , Schulz Christian , Kerstan Sandra , Rudelius Martina , Seidl Stefan , Sorge Falko , Langer Harald , Peluso Mario , Goyal Pankaj , Vestweber Dietmar , Emambokus Nikla R. , Busch Dirk H. , Frampton Jon , Gawaz Meinrad
Published: April 2006

The accumulation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells is essential for remodeling and repair of injured blood vessel walls. Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells have been implicated in vascular repair and remodeling; however, the mechanisms underlying their recruitment to the site of injury remain elusive. Here, using real-time in vivo fluorescence microscopy, we show that platelets provide the critical signal that recruits CD34+ bone marrow cells and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin− bone marrow–derived progenitor cells to sites of vascular injury. Correspondingly, specific inhibition of platelet adhesion virtually abrogated the accumulation of both CD34+ and c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin− bone marrow–derived progenitor cells at sites of endothelial disruption. Binding of bone marrow cells to platelets involves both P-selectin and GPIIb integrin on platelets. Unexpectedly, we found that activated platelets secrete the chemokine SDF-1α, thereby supporting further primary adhesion and migration of progenitor cells. These findings establish the platelet as a major player in the initiation of vascular remodeling, a process of fundamental importance for vascular repair and pathological remodeling after vascular injury.
Construction and functional analysis of fatty acid desaturase gene disruptants in Candida albicans
Authors: Murayama Somay Yamagata , Negishi Yumiko , Umeyama Takashi , Kaneko Aki , Oura Takahiro , Niimi Masakazu , Ubukata Kimiko , Kajiwara Susumu
Published: April 2006

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linoleic acid (C18 : 2) and α-linolenic acid (C18 : 3), are major components of membranes. PUFAs are produced from monounsaturated fatty acids by several fatty acid desaturases (FADs) in many fungi, but Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and humans do not have these enzymes. Although the fungal pathogen Candida albicans produces C18 : 2 and C18 : 3, the enzymes that synthesize them have not yet been investigated. In this report, two ORFs, CaFAD2 and CaFAD3, were identified based on their homology to other yeast FADs, and CaFAD2 and CaFAD3 gene disruptants were constructed. Cafad2Δ and Cafad3Δ lost their ability to produce C18 : 2 and C18 : 3, respectively. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae cells expressing CaFad2p converted palmitoleic acid (C16 : 1) and C18 : 1 to hexadecadienoic acid (C16 : 2) and C18 : 2, respectively, and CaFad3p-expressing cells converted C18 : 2 to C18 : 3. These results strongly supported that CaFAD2 encodes the Δ12 FAD and that CaFAD3 encodes the ω3 FAD. However, phenotypic analysis demonstrated that the presence of these PUFAs did not affect the virulence to mice, or morphogenesis in the culture media used to induce morphological change of C. albicans.
Quality of life and masticatory function in denture wearers
Authors: KOSHINO H. , HIRAI T. , ISHIJIMA T. , TSUKAGOSHI H. , ISHIGAMI T. , TANAKA Y.
Published: April 2006

summary  Successful prosthodontic treatments for a patient with removable partial dentures including maxillofacial prostheses hopefully brings about psychological wellbeing as well as improved health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and the various aspects of denture function. At first, a questionnaire with a visual analog scale with 16 question items concerning denture and/or eating problems, the present state of health, psychological and physical wellbeing, life satisfaction, and QOL was developed. To discuss the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 48 outpatients who wore a denture were asked to fill it out. Next, to discuss the difference in QOL of the patient with various kinds of dentures and conditions, 103 outpatients were asked to complete the newly developed questionnaire. The questionnaire which contained four factor areas with eight questions for denture patients was developed by factor analysis with Varimax rotation. The reliability of the QOL scale was confirmed by reliability analysis (Cronbach's α=0·784). The QOL score of edentulous patients with a complete denture having some trouble chewing was significantly lower than that of other denture patients. It was suggested that the wearing of a denture significantly affected the QOL of elderly persons.
Can burning restrict eucalypt invasion on grassy balds?
Authors: FENSHAM R. J. , FAIRFAX R. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  Eucalyptus tereticornis seedlings occurring on the edges of grassy balds on the Bunya Mountains were burnt by four separate fires. From the results, a logistic model demonstrated that lignotuber size was positively related and fire temperature negatively related to survivorship. While mortality was high for young seedlings there was no mortality of 5‐year old survivors from these trials subject to repeat burning. The model predicted that burning every 2 years will not substantially limit seedling establishment. This prediction was strengthened by results verifying that management fires on the grassy balds are generally of low intensity. Fire intensity is weakly related to a Fire Danger Index, indicating that the timing of burning in relation to weather conditions will not substantially enhance opportunities for more intense fires. Thus, even with biennial burning under optimal conditions eucalypt forest will replace grassy balds where they adjoin. Regular burning by aborigines may have maintained grassy bald‐rainforest boundaries, but not boundaries with eucalypt forest. Seed dispersal and migration barriers may have limited the expansion of eucalypt forest. It is concluded that under current conditions the long‐term preservation of the grassy balds is only possible where they are entirely surrounded by rainforest and are regularly burnt.
The adenoma carcinoma sequence: an indoctrinated model for tumorigenesis, but is it always a clinical reality?
Authors: Smith D. , Ballal M. , Hodder R. , Selvachandran S. N. , Cade D.
Published: April 2006

Objective  Evidence exists to support alternative pathways to the adenoma carcinoma sequence. Some mutations in key onco‐suppressor genes relate to the anatomical site of the tumour. This link is typified by microsatellite instability and proximal neoplasia. However, rectal tumours are rarely considered separately. We hypothesized that tumour behaviour in the rectum may differ in terms of pathogenesis and malignant propensity. Therefore, we aimed to look for an association between the histopathological features of adenomas and their anatomical location as compared with the distribution of cancers.

Methods  A single centre prospective study was undertaken over a four‐year period. Patients referred to a colorectal assessment clinic with bowel symptoms underwent a minimum investigation of flexible sigmiodoscopy. Neoplastic lesions were either biopsied or removed after noting distance from the anal margin. Adenomas, differentiated by size, villous architecture and degree of dysplasia were compared to both early and advanced carcinomas.

Results  Of 4089 patients, polyps were identified in 8.0% and cancer in 4.2%. There was a clear difference between the distribution of cancer and adenomas > 1 cm, P < 0.001. All degrees of dysplasia in large adenomas were more prevalent in the sigmoid colon as compared to cancer, P < 0.001. Seventy‐five percent of high risk diminutive adenomas were rectal in origin.

Conclusion  Our data provides indirect evidence to support the concept that a significant proportion of rectal cancers may arise via an alternative pathway to the Vogelstein model. Polyp behaviour along with malignant propensity may actually be site dependent, with rectal polyps harbouring a more aggressive phenotype.
Perceived Causality as a Cue to Temporal Distance
Authors: Faro David , Leclerc France , Hastie Reid
Published: April 2006

The three experiments reported show that judgments of elapsed time between events depend on perceived causal relations between the events. Participants judged pairs of causally related events to occur closer together in time than pairs of causally unrelated events that were separated by the same actual time interval. The causality-time relationship was first demonstrated for time judgments about historical events. Causally related events were judged to be significantly closer together in time than causally unrelated events. In two subsequent experiments, perceived causality was manipulated by providing expert information and by asking the participants themselves to imagine causal relationships between the to-be-judged events. Again, substantial and reliable effects of perceived causality were obtained. Our results suggest that people use strength of perceived causality as a cue to infer temporal distance.
Rapid Resumption of Interrupted Visual Search
Authors: Lleras Alejandro , Rensink Ronald A. , Enns James T.
Published: April 2006

A modified visual search task demonstrates that humans are very good at resuming a search after it has been momentarily interrupted. This is shown by exceptionally rapid response time to a display that reappears after a brief interruption, even when an entirely different visual display is seen during the interruption and two different visual searches are performed simultaneously. This rapid resumption depends on the stability of the visual scene and is not due to display or response anticipations. These results are consistent with the existence of an iterative hypothesis-testing mechanism that compares information stored in short-term memory (the perceptual hypothesis) with information about the display (the sensory pattern). In this view, rapid resumption occurs because a hypothesis based on a previous glance of the scene can be tested very rapidly in a subsequent glance, given that the initial hypothesis-generation step has already been performed.
Taking on Board Liability-Focused Information
Authors: Kumashiro Madoka , Sedikides Constantine
Published: April 2006

Do close positive relationships function as a self-bolstering resource, armoring the self against potentially threatening information? After taking a difficult and important intellectual ability test, participants visualized a relationship that was close positive, close negative, or neutral (Experiment 1) or a relationship that was close positive, close negative, distant positive, or distant negative (Experiment 2). All participants received bogus unfavorable feedback about their performance and subsequently indicated their interest in obtaining further liability-focused information about the performance domain and the underlying intellectual ability. Participants who visualized close positive relationships expressed the highest interest in receiving such information, despite rating it as unpleasant. State self-esteem and mood did not account for this effect, although warm affect for the relational partner did. Close positive relationships function as a psychological resource that bolsters the self against feedback about a newly discovered liability to the point where receptivity to additional liability-relevant information actually increases.
MARTYRDOM: SELF‐DENIAL OR SELF‐EXALTATION? MOTIVES FOR SELF‐SACRIFICE FROM HOMER TO POLYCARP A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION1
Authors: SMITH J. WARREN
Published: April 2006

This article explores the theological understandings of martyrdom in the second century and how they might serve as a response to Nietzsche's critique that Christian martyrdom is not self‐abnegation but a self‐deluded assertion of the will to power. In reply to this objection, the article focuses on the early church's self‐conscious concern for the proper and improper forms of martyrdom as depicted in the Martyrdom of Polycarp. By contrasting the depiction of Polycarp's martyrdom “according to the gospel” with classical views of self‐sacrifice in Homer's Iliad and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, it will show how martyrdom, contra Nietzsche, can be an act of true self‐denial.
Partial Reconstitution of the CD4+-T-Cell Compartment in CD4 Gene Knockout Mice Restores Responses to Tuberculosis DNA Vaccines
Authors: D'Souza Sushila , Romano Marta , Korf Johanna , Wang Xiao-Ming , Adnet Pierre-Yves , Huygen Kris
Published: April 2006

Reactivation tuberculosis (TB) is a serious problem in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. The adaptive immune response mediated by CD4+and CD8+T cells is known to confer protection against TB. Hence, vaccines against TB are designed to activate these two components of the immune system. Anti-TB DNA vaccines encoding the immunodominant proteins Ag85A, Ag85B, and PstS-3 fromMycobacterium tuberculosisare ineffective in mice lacking CD4+T cells (CD4−/−mice). In this study, we demonstrate that reconstitution of the T-cell compartment in CD4−/−mice restores vaccine-specific antibody and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to these DNA vaccines. The magnitude of the immune responses correlated with the extent of reconstitution of the CD4+-T-cell compartment. Reconstituted mice vaccinated with DNA encoding PstS-3, known to encode a dominant Db-restricted CD8+-T-cell epitope, displayed CD8+-T-cell responses not observed in CD4−/−mice.M. tuberculosischallenge in reconstituted mice led to the extravasation of IFN-γ-producing CD4+and CD8+T cells into lungs, the primary site of bacterial replication. Importantly, a reconstitution of 12 to 15% of the CD4+-T-cell compartment resulted in Ag85B plasmid DNA-mediated protection against a challengeM. tuberculosisinfection. Our findings provide evidence that anti-TB DNA vaccines could be effective in immunodeficient individuals after CD4+-T-lymphocyte reconstitution, as may occur following antiretroviral therapy in HIV+patients.
Characterization of MspA, an Immunogenic Autotransporter Protein That Mediates Adhesion to Epithelial and Endothelial Cells in
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Turner D. P. J. , Marietou A. G. , Johnston L. , Ho K. K. L. , Rogers A. J. , Wooldridge K. G. , Ala'Aldeen D. A. A.
Published: April 2006

A novel putative autotransporter protein (NMB1998) was identified in the available genomic sequence of meningococcal strain MC58 (ET-5; ST-32). The
mspA
gene is absent from the genomic sequences of meningococcal strain Z2491 (ET-IV; ST-4) and the gonococcal strain FA1090. An orthologue is present in the meningococcal strain FAM18 (ET-37; ST-11), but the sequence contains a premature stop codon, suggesting that the protein may not be expressed in this strain. MspA is predicted to be a 157-kDa protein with low cysteine content, and it exhibits 36 and 33% identity to the meningococcal autotransporter proteins immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease and App, respectively. Search of the Pfam database predicts the presence of IgA1 protease and autotransporter β-barrel domains. MspA was cloned, and a recombinant protein of the expected size was expressed and after being affinity purified was used to raise rabbit polyclonal monospecific antiserum. Immunoblot studies showed that ca. 125- and 95-kDa fragments of MspA are secreted in meningococcal strain MC58, which are absent from the isogenic mutant. Secretion of MspA was shown to be modified in an AspA isogenic mutant. A strain survey showed that MspA is expressed by all ST-32 and ST-41/44 (lineage 3) strains, but none of the ST-8 (A4) strains examined. Sera from patients convalescing from meningococcal disease were shown to contain MspA-specific antibodies. In bactericidal assays, anti-MspA serum was shown to kill the homologous strain (MC58) and another ST-32 strain.
Escherichia coli
-expressing recombinant MspA was shown to adhere to both human bronchial epithelial cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Cleavage of the N-Linked Oligosaccharide from the Surfaces of
Chlamydia
Species Affects Infectivity in the Mouse Model of Lung Infection
Authors: Campbell Lee Ann , Lee Amy , Kuo Cho-chou
Published: April 2006

Previous studies determined that the
Chlamydia
glycan contains a high-mannose oligosaccharide, which is involved in attachment and infectivity of the organism, and that removal of the glycan decreases infectivity in vitro. The present study demonstrates that treatment of the organism with
N
-glycanase decreases or ablates infectivity in vivo.
A Collaborative Simulation Tool to Support the Learning of House Automation
Authors: Bravo Crescencio
Published: April 2006

The integration of collaborative technologies with simulation provides new opportunities to assist the learners in a more interactive, active, motivating, and productive way and at the same time facilitates confronting more complex problems. This integration has been put into practice in a collaborative environment for the teaching and learning of house automation. Teachers use this environment to configure collaborative learning activities based on problem solving. Then, students, working at the same time but from different locations, collaborate in building models as solutions to the problems and in evaluating the models through the use of simulation. This article describes this environment and its collaborative simulation tool, called COSTHA. It focuses on the object-oriented modeling of the domain, on the formalization of the problems to solve, on the features of COSTHA as a collaborative simulator, and on its architecture and implementation.
On the Quantum Cohomology of Some Fano Threefolds
Authors: Ancona Vincenzo , Maggesi Marco
Published: April 2006

Fano threefolds which are IP1-bundles on smooth projective surfaces have been classified by Szurek and Wiśniewski in [17]. The aim of the present paper is to describe the quantum cohomology ring in these explicit cases.
The classiﬁcation of ﬂag-transitive Steiner 3-designs
Authors: Huber Michael
Published: April 2006

We solve the long-standing open problem of classifying all 3-(v, k, 1) designs with a ﬂag-transitive group of automorphisms (cf. [11], p. 147, and [12], p. 273, but presumably dating back to 1965). Our result relies on the classification of the finite 2-transitive permutation groups.
Topological affine planes with affine connections
Authors: Gerlich Gerhard
Published: April 2006

We consider the question whether the system of lines of a two-dimensional topological plane can be described as the system of geodesics of a Riemannian metric or an affine connection. In [4] we have shown that non-classical compact projective planes do not admit Riemannian metrics. Here we use different methods that are suited to two-dimensional planes in general. We apply them to three families of topological affine planes with large collineation groups. It turns out that for the standard models of the skew-parabola planes and the planes over cartesian fields no affine connection, and hence no Riemannian metric exist. However, for the Moulton planes affine connections do exist and we determine all of them. Among them is at least one Riemannian connection. We also give an example where no Riemannian metric exists. Moreover, we derive a characterization of the classical affine plane in the case that ℝ2 acts by vector space translations as a subgroup of the collineation group.
The embedding of (0, 2)-geometries and semipartial geometries in AG(n, q)
Authors: Feyter Nikias De
Published: April 2006

A (0, α)-geometry, α ≥ 3, fully embedded in AG(n, q) is always a linear representation[2]. In [4] the (0, 2)-geometries fully embedded in AG(3, q) are classiﬁed up to linear representations. Here we extend this result to full embeddings in AG(n, q). As a corollary we classify the semipartial geometries with α > 1 fully embedded in AG(n, q), but not as a linear representation.
A maximum principle for parabolic equations on manifolds with cone singularities
Authors: Jeffres Thalia D.
Published: April 2006

On a complex surface with a cone singularity, solutions to parabolic equations may achieve non-smooth extrema. Using a barrier function allows application of the maximum principle, yielding the same estimates as in the smooth case.
Packing a planar convex body with three homothetical copies and inscribing relatively equilateral triangles
Authors: Lassak Marek
Published: April 2006

Let C be a convex body. By C-length of a segment we mean the ratio of the length of this segment to the half of the length of a longest parallel chord of C. We show that every planar convex body C permits an inscribed triangle whose sides are of equal C-length at least 3/2. Equivalently, C can be packed with three equal homothetical copies of ratio at least 3/7 which touch the boundary of C and touch pairwise themselves.
The ﬁniteness property and Łojasiewicz inequality for global semianalytic sets
Authors: Acquistapace F. , Broglia F. , Shiota M.
Published: April 2006

We prove the ﬁniteness property for the class of
global semianalytic sets: we get it as a consequence of a global weak
Łojasiewicz inequality for this class. This weaker result still implies the
usual Hörmander form. Some other consequences are deduced.
The Conflicting International Trade Law Governing Products of Biotechnology: The Case of Biofuels
Authors: Loppacher Laura J.
Published: April 2006

The regulation of the international movements of products created using modern biotechnology has become a very contentious issue. International law, including trade law, is struggling to accommodate these new and novel products with unknown risk factors. The World Trade Organization rules state that there must be acceptable evidence of risk if imports of a product are to be restricted. This is to ensure that safety regulations are not used as an illegitimate barrier to trade to provide protection to domestic producers. However, opponents of the existing WTO structure argue that it does not allow governments to respond adequately to potential but unknown risks and to consumer requests for protection. As a result, a new multilateral environmental agreement was negotiated, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (BSP), to govern trade in products of biotechnology. This Protocol is designed to protect biodiversity, human health and the environment. It allows countries to assume products of biotechnology present a risk to human health and the environment and to put restrictions in place on their production and trade. Opponents of the BSP approach argue that it allows countries to make decisions arbitrarily and not take modern science into account. It is unclear which set of regulations will be used to govern international trade in products of biotechnology. One industry that will be affected by this conflict in international law is the biofuel industry, which has significant potential to utilize biotechnology. The effects of using biotechnology in this developing industry are examined within the context of international trade law.
The German Way of Dealing with “The Tragedy of the Anticommons” – Purpose-Bound Protection for Product Patents on Genetic Information in Germany
Authors: Kunczik Niclas
Published: April 2006

The phenomenon of “the tragedy of the anticommons”

Making decisions in the European Union and transforming them into legal instruments can sometimes become a life-task. Although it took a whole decade to adopt the European Communities “Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions”, the political and legal dispute about ”patents on life” was not settled at all. Some member states – the Netherlands, supported by Italy and Norway – took this issue to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) seeking the annulment of the Directive. The Court dismissed this appeal in 2001. But the discussion about ”patents on life” did not end. Even though it has been a somehow accepted fact that patents on living materials including human DNA are being granted, an even more heated discussion is focusing on the scope of those gene-patents. The question is if it is acceptable to allow the classical scope protection for gene sequences, or if the patent protection should be limited to the specific use disclosed in the patent application (“purpose-bound protection”).
Did Lou inspire guilt, as well?
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

I discuss the late nineteenth century emergence of the expressions guilt and guilt feelings (to denote a complex emotion, and not the established idea of culpability), across several European language-cultures. I nominate a specific spot in time as having prompted one of the earliest appearances in print of the German expression Schuldgefühl and its associated complex reflexive sense (that others – one's community – may hold you culpable for some transgression or impropriety, but you yourself know that any manifested remorse conceals a deeper absence of remorse). This is the occasion on which Nietzsche returned to his friend Paul Rée from a mountain hike with the irresistibly captivating and unchaperoned Lou von Salomé (a “summit experience” precise details of which are unclear.) As Nietzsche well knew, Rée was equally smitten with the delightful Lou: and here Friedrich had taken flagrant advantage (of Rée, ill-fatedly absent from the mountain adventure). In response to Rée's censure, Nietzsche feels in himself a complex reaction: not of remorse, exactly, and not at all of repentance, but Schuldgefühl (feeling of guilt), a new formulation for a newly-identified (or newly-invented) condition. Thereafter I chart what seems to be the spread of the phrase and concept (denoting the emotion) in some representative English literature Victorian fiction, in Freud, Kafka, and current non-literary usage. A final point of orientation is Vronsky's (or is it Tolstoy's?) projection of guilt feelings, avant la lettre, in Anna Karenina.
Zeitgeschichtliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache [Contemporary-historical lexicon of present-day German]
Authors: Lehr Andrea
Published: April 2006

Zeitgeschichtliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache.

Hrsg. von Georg Stötzel und Thorsten Eitz unter Mitarbeit von Astrid Jährling-Marienfeld, Lea Plate u. a.

Hildesheim. Zürich. New York: Georg Olms Verlag 2002.

Das Zeitgeschichtliche Wörterbuch hat laut den Worten der Herausgeber „ausgewählte Vokabeln aus dem deutschen gesellschaftlich-politischen Sprachgebrauch seit 1945“ zum Gegenstand. Auf der Buchrückseite werden diese Vokabeln, da es den Herausgebern um Ausdrücke geht, mit denen über gesellschaftlich relevante Themen gestritten wird, die gleichzeitig aber auch selbst Gegenstand von Diskussionen und öffentlich geäußerter Sprachkritik sind, ebenso doppeldeutig wie treffend als Streitwörter bezeichnet. Zentrales Anliegen des vorliegenden Wörterbuches ist, diesen Streit um Worte, der zugleich ein Kampf um Interpretations- und Meinungsführerschaft und damit Motor für stetigen Sprachwandel ist, aufzuzeigen und auf diese Weise herauszustellen, welch große Bedeutung wir der Frage, wie über was geredet wird, bei der Ausgestaltung und Ausdeutung unser Lebenswirklichkeit beimessen.
Inwieweit erlaubt die Europäische Verfassungein europäisches Strafgesetz?
Authors: Walter Tonio
Published: April 2006

I. Einleitung

Das Nein der Franzosen und Niederländer zum Vertrag über eine Europäische Verfassung, im Folgenden: Europäische Verfassung, hat diesem Projekteinen Schlag versetzt, von dem noch nicht klar ist, ob er ein Segen waroder ein Fluch; ein Segen, weil er zwingt, die Verfassung noch einmal genauzu betrachten, und Nachbesserungen ermöglicht, oder ein Fluch, wenn erdie weitere Einigung Europas – als Staatenbund oder Bundesstaat – viele,vielleicht entscheidende Jahre verschleppt. Dieser Beitrag unterstellt dieerste Variante und will eine der genaueren Betrachtungen sein. Blicken wirzurück: Am 29. Oktober 2004 hatten sich die Staats- und Regierungschefsder Europäischen Union auf eine Europäische Verfassung geeinigt, die vonden Parlamenten der Mitgliedstaaten ratifiziert werden musste, teils mit,teils ohne Volksentscheid. Geschehen ist dies bereits in Deutschland, Griechenland,Italien, Lettland, Litauen, Malta, Österreich, in der Slowakei, in Slowenien, Spanien, Ungarn und auf Zypern, weitgehend in Belgien (es fehltnoch die Zustimmung des flämischen Regionalparlaments) und Luxemburg(es fehlt noch die zweite Lesung im Parlament), auch das Europäische Parlamenthat schon zugestimmt, und es blockieren diesen Prozess die Referendenin Frankreich vom 29. Mai und in den Niederlanden vom 1. Juni dieses Jahres (obschon einige Länder, etwa Lettland, die Verfassung durchaus erstnach diesen Referenden angenommen haben).
Practical Flow-Simulation Method for a Naturally Fractured Reservoir: A Field Study
Authors: Salem S. E. , Al-Deeb M. , Abdou M. , Linthorst S. , Bahar A. , Kelkar M.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents the methodology, implementation, and results of the dynamic modeling of a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir, which consists of a fracture swarm system and high matrix permeability. The focus of this paper is on the description of the dynamic single-media model that was used to history match the production. The challenges in properly quantifying the separate effects of matrix and fracture within the framework of a singlemedia model become the major objective of the study. A brief description of the static model (which consists of the development of matrix and fracture models, as well as the method to integrate them) is also presented.

Both matrix and fracture systems play an important role in the production mechanism of the reservoir. History matching for 20 years of production was done successfully in a single-media model through an iterative process between static and dynamic models to ensure the consistency between the two models. Different sets of relative permeability curves (for matrix and fracture systems) were generated to properly simulate the fluid movement in the reservoir.

The results indicate an excellent history match that is also followed by the success in the blind tests of newly drilled wells. Significant improvement was obtained compared to the previous model in simulating water production that comes from the aquifer to the wells through a complex fracture network. The results were achieved through various sensitivity analyses of fracture conductivity and by fine-tuning relative permeability curves that are based on the eight rock types defined for the reservoir.

In conclusion, the single-media model used in this study can successfully simulate the behavior of a naturally fractured reservoir. The model has shown that it can produce excellent results in a very practical way.

The methodology described in this paper is suitable for other naturally fractured reservoirs, especially in the Middle East area, where a significant difference between core-derived permeability and well-test-derived permeability exists.
Staatstypus und Verwandtschaftssystem
Authors: Von Werder Peter
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Das Problem der sogenannten klassifikatorischen Verwandtschaft ist, seitdem Lewis H. Morgan 1871 zum ersten Mal auf die vergleichsweise sehr umfänglichen Verwandtschaftssysteme der Naturvölker aufmerksam machte, immer wieder von den Ethnologen der Alten und der Neuen Welt angegangen worden. Vor allem durch die Forschungen von Rivers und Thurnwald und durch die Untersuchungen von Kroeber und Malinowski erwies sich die Beantwortung der Frage nach Entstehung, Bedeutung und Funktion des klassifikatorischen Systems als ungemein schwieriges Problem. Nicht nur eine Fülle von Sonderfragen tauchte infolge der scharfsinnigen Betrachtung einer grossen Anzahl von primitiven Verwandtschaftsordnungen seitens der zuständigen Fachkenner auf, sondern mehrfach wurde auch direkte Kritik an der von Morgan aufgewiesenen und dann besonders von Rivers weiter entwickelten Problemstellung über die Erscheinung des klassifikatorischen Systems überhaupt geübt.
Specimens of Folk-lore of the Gã-people on the Gold Coast
Authors: Fleischer C. , Wilkie M. B.
Published: April 2006

Though the Gã are rich in folk-lore, proverbs, fables, and idiomatic sayings which refer to tribal customs, it is difficult to know just how many of these have been borrowed from the Twi—a good many, to judge by the extent to which Twi enters into their stories and songs. If a story has in it any sort of chant or ‘catch-phrase’, it is nearly always in Twi that that part is given, or Twi corrupted or mixed with Gã. Most of their tales are animal stories, and the Spider is always the clever and cunning villain of the piece, who gets caught in his own web, just as in the Brer Rabbit stories the fox gets caught in his own toils.
Baganda Land Tenure
Authors: Mair L. P.
Published: April 2006

Baganda land tenure has always differed in important respects from most of the systems found in East Africa. Elsewhere the whole system rests on the principle that all land is the property of some kindred group whose controlling authorities administer it on behalf of that group, their supreme duty being to preserve it for the use of its members. Where powerful political authorities exist they usually exercise rights of disposal and readjustment which may conflict with the powers claimed by kinship heads, but these powers have never died out altogether.
Die Ältesten Beziehungen Zwischen Asien und Afrika Nachgewiesen an den Haustieren
Authors: Hilzheimer Max
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Die Frage, ob die Kultur in Ägypten oder in Asien älter sei und welchen Weg die erste Verbindung zwischen beiden Kulturen genommen hat, ist fast so alt, wie die Beschäftigung mit den Kulturen dieser beiden Völker. Wenn hier von ‘Kultur’ die Rede ist, so ist an Ackerbaukultur zu denken d.h. an die Kultur mit Ackerbau, Viehzucht und Töpferei, jenen drei Elementen, welche noch heute die : Grundlage unserer Kultur bilden. Jene älteren Kulturen, welche als Paläolithikum und Mesolithikum bezeichnet werden, sollen in den folgenden Ausführungen ausser Acht gelassen werden. Von den obengenannten drei Elementen ist bisher vorwiegend oder fast allein das dritte, das der Töpferei, und daneben noch die übrigen Artefakte zur Beantwortung der genannten Frage herangezogen worden. Am wenigsten Beachtung ist den Haustieren hierbei geschenkt worden. Sie sollen nun der Gegenstand der folgenden Untersuchung sein. Wenn auch nicht behauptet werden kann, dass wir zur Zeit mit ihrer Hilfe die Frage restlos lösen können, so können wir doch durch sie vielleicht der Lösung näher geführt werden. Auf welche Weise das geschehen kann, und was uns die Haustierforschung lehrt, soil im Folgenden gezeigt werden.
Ancient and Modern Art in Benin City
Authors: Sydow Eckart Von
Published: April 2006

There are great and striking differences between the art products of Benin and those of the Yoruba towns through which one passes on the way across country to that city. Efforts to find woodcarvers or brass-founders at, for instance, Ibadan were in vain, in spite of the co-operation of the Resident, Mr. Ward-Price, to whom I am also indebted for general assistance on my journey. The native arts and crafts of Benin, in comparison with those of the Yoruba towns, are still in a highly nourishing condition; the wood-carvers in particular were fully occupied. Again and again I came across altars for ancestor worship, images, carved doors, &c., which have been made during the last few score years. They show a wealth of pagan artistic skill of a high order which is most impressive, especially in contrast with the stagnation at such places as Ibadan and Ife, and is even more astonishing, as Benin was overwhelmed by a catastrophe from which one might have expected that it would never recover. A British punitive expedition conquered the city and dethroned the king in 1897 and an extensive fire burnt down the whole place. At this time most of the Benin bronze work came to Europe. Of the older products only a few were left in their original home. Consequently the art of new Benin has been built up again on atabula rasa. But the work of these forty years is plentiful enough. One has the impression that Benin is determined to make good the colossal damage that was done to it.
La Politique Britannique en Nigéria
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: April 2006

Sous ce titre le numéro de notre revue, paru en octobre dernier, a publié une substantielle critique du livre que Miss Margery Perham a consacré à l'étude de l'administration indigène en Nigéria. Ce compte-rendu avait été rédigé par Lord Lugard, il revêt donc une importance capitale et presque historique. Le Fondateur de la Nigéria est amené à diverses reprises à exposer les raisons qui l'ont déterminé à prendre certaines mesures mentionnées dans le livre et à les justifier.
Über die Häuptlingswürde bei den Bapedi
Authors: Eiselen Werner
Published: April 2006

Die Stellung und die Machtbefugnisse eines Pedi-Häuptlings sind im wesentlichen die gleichen wie bei den anderen Süd-Bantu. Da hierüber verschiedene Autoren bereits ausführlich berichtet haben, so ist es nicht angebracht in diesem Aufsatz das schon Bekannte in allen Einzelheiten zu wiederholen. Ich begnüge mich deshalb damit, das den Bantustämmen in dieser Beziehung Gemeinsame ganz kurz darzustellen, um dann bisher wenig oder garnicht beachtete Seiten des Häuptlingstums genauer zu beschreiben.
Christian Literature in Africa
Authors: Chirgwin A. M.
Published: April 2006

From August 1930 to August 1931 the writer was absent from England on a visit, in his capacity as one of its Secretaries, to the mission areas of the London Missionary Society in Africa and Madagascar. Some seven or eight months of that time were spent in Africa south of the equator, mainly in Bechuanaland, Southern Rhodesia, and Northern Rhodesia, that is to say, in the areas in which the Sechuana, Sindebele, and Chibemba languages are spoken. While the tour was primarily for the purpose of visiting the stations of the London Missionary Society, it afforded opportunities of seeing something of the work of six or seven other societies. This article does not pretend to do anything more than record a few hurried impressions made during a rapid tour upon a mind largely occupied with other matters.
A Tribal Market in the Spanish Zone of Morocco
Authors: Fogg Walter
Published: April 2006

As far as I am aware, no complete detailed study has been made before of any tribal market in North-West Africa (Barbary States), and certainly not of any in Morocco.

Ubach and Rackow give a few details of the organization and customs at such a market in Tódga (S.E. Morocco), and other workers such as Doutté, Michaux-Bellaire and Salmon, Montagne, Coon, and the anonymous contributors to the official French Government publication Villes et Tribus du Maroc give general descriptions and a few details. Further, Hanoteau and Letourneux, and Schurtz, make some generally applicable statements, while Westermarck gives accurate details of a considerable number of practices at, and beliefs concerning, different markets in different tribes of Morocco. But no previous worker has published a detailed study of any one market.
Some Notes on History and Geography Text-books used in Africa
Authors: Brackett D. G. , Wrong M.
Published: April 2006

This survey of text-books on history and geography, like those previously published on hygiene and agriculture and nature study text-books, has been prepared in accordance with the decision of the Executive Council of the Institute to compile lists of text-books in actual use in Africa in order to provide material which will be helpful in the preparation of new books and will also show what additional books are most needed. We had intended to confine ourselves to notes on history text-books only, but we found that the teaching of history and geography is so closely connected in most areas that unless both subjects were dealt with the survey would be of little value. The notes have been compiled from a variety of sources. Like previous surveys this is incomplete and we hope that its publication will elicit criticism, comment, and additional information. Our sources of information have been official publications, interviews with education officers and missionaries, and discussion by a group of officials and missionaries convened in London.
Zande Blood-Brotherhood
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

Blood-Brotherhood is a pact of alliance formed between two persons by a ritual act in which each swallows the blood of the other. The pact is one of mutual assistance and is backed by powerful sanctions. It may bind only the two participants to certain obligations, or it may also involve the social groups of which they are members. Alliances based on exchange of blood have been recorded from many parts of the world, especially from Africa where they are exceedingly common. In some tribes the participants drink one another's blood directly from incisions made on their bodies, while in other tribes the blood is swallowed on a piece of meat or ground-nut or coffee-berry. But though the actual method of consumption varies in different cultures the purpose of the rite is always the same, and there is often much similarity between the ways in which it is carried out. Blood-brotherhood is not only widespread throughout Africa but it is also a ceremony which a European may inquire into easily and may even take part in without involving himself in social difficulties. It is the more surprising therefore that descriptive records of the ceremony by which the pact is formed and of the obligations which it entails are so scanty.
The African Child in Proverb, Folklore, and Fact
Authors: Rattray R. S.
Published: April 2006

Sometimes I have an uneasy feeling after attending meetings or conferences connected with well-meaning, but not always wisely directed, efforts to better the lot of the African child. We good-intentioned folk would be well advised to find out something more about the system and ideas which African parents themselves practise or hold regarding this subject before we rush in to criticize, interfere with, or offer advice to those who in the long run are mainly responsible—namely, the childrens’ own parents. Too often, I fear, our attitude is to treat these parents as being themselves but poor, benighted, heathen children.
The Languages of Literature in Africa
Authors: Hussey E. R. J.
Published: April 2006

Articles have appeared from time to time in this journal on the use of vernaculars in African education. The policy of using the vernacular in schools is general in British dependencies, and is in conformity with Memoranda on the subject issued by the Colonial Office Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies. In non-British territories policy varies; in some the vernaculars are the medium of instruction, while in others the use of them in the schools i s discouraged or actually banned.
Urban Native Food in Johannesburg
Authors: Hellmann Ellen
Published: April 2006

There are two factors affecting the diet of urban Natives: on the one hand there is the expansive influence of assimilation to and adoption of European food habits, and on the other hand there is active a restrictive influence in the shape of poverty. The urban Native, through his close contact with European culture which residence in an urban environment inevitably entails, has been introduced to an extraordinarily wide range of new foodstuffs and new ways of preparing food. Consequently the range of his food desires has been much increased. But his desires are not allowed free play among this new and wide selection. The factor which narrows down his choice and curbs his desire is his poverty. The urban Native eats according to the capacity of his pocket and his food is usually the first item of expenditure which is marked out for especial economy.