bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aphasia: A societal and clinical appraisal of pragmatic and linguistic behaviours
Authors: Goldblum Glenn M.
Published: August 2019

Pragmatic abilities of eleven aphasics classified into fluent and nonfluent groups were examined, and compared with global ratings of communicative adequacy. Further, subjects' pragmatic performance was compared with performance on two standardised linguistic measures. All subjects demonstrated high levels of appropriate pragmatic behaviours and were apparently resourceful in using the context, frequently facilitated by use of compensatory communicative strategies. Similar and different pragmatic deficits were noted for both groups. Regardless of classification and linguistic severity, subjects were less impaired on pragmatic compared to standardised linguistic measures. Implications were highlighted, emphasising the importance of pragmatics relative to other aspects of language function.
A fluency-based programme with a clutterer: A case study
Authors: Cohn Benita , Girson Joan , Wahlhaus Margaret M.
Published: August 2019

A fluency-based programme developed for stutterers was used with a clutterer, and its effects were assessed. Pre-and post-intervention measures included dysfluencies, articulation errors, paralinguistic features, intelligibility, rate and attitude. Results indicated an overall improvement in most of the speech parameters, with particularly interesting changes in attitude. The implications of these results are discussed.
Die voorkomsfrekwensie van oor- en gehoorpatologie by kinders in die afgesonderde gemeenskap van Tshikunda - Malema
Authors: Meyer Santie , Van den Berg Carlin
Published: August 2019

Hierdie navorsing het ten doel die bepaling van die aard en voorkoms van oor-en gehoorpatalogie by 'n afgesonderde gemeenskap in Venda. Honderd drie-en-vyftig kinders is aan 'n siftingsprosedure wat uit 'n oor-, neus- en keelondersoek, impedans- en suiwertoonsiftoudiometrie bestaan, onderwerp. Uit die resultate  blyk dit dat 15,2% van die getoetste populasie oor- en gehoorprobleme het. Die patologie wissel van middeloorpatologie (13,4%) tot sensories-neurale patologie (1,8%). Dit wil dus voorkom asof die voorkoms  van oor- en gehoorprobleme onder hierdie bevolking relatief laag is. Dit bevestig vorige navorsing wat bevind dat die algemene gesondheid van hierdie bevolking goed is.
The problem of stuttering: Where are we in 1986?
Authors: Gregory Hugo H.
Published: August 2019

The paper revies the author's experience as a person with a stuttering problem, as a student and as a professional clinician, teacher, and researcher. An overview of the state of the art in 1986 is presented.
Kritiese beoordeling van evaluasietegnieke van toepassing op gesplete-lip-en-verhemelte-babas
Authors: Louw Brenda , Uys Isabel C.
Published: August 2019

Die verkryging van 'n klinies geldige en 'n voorskrywende profiel van 'n baba se kommunikasiefunksionering verg noukeurige seleksie van ondersoekmetodes en meetinstrumente wat aangewend word. Voorgestelde evaluasietegnieke wat van toepassing is op swart gesplete-lip-en-verhemelte-babas word teen die agtergrond van 'n kritiese oorsig van die evaluasieproses beoordeel in terme van navorsings- en kliniese toepassingswaarde. Vyf-en-twintig swart babas met gesplete verhemelte onder die ouderdom van twaalf maande het as proefpersone gedien. Riglyne vir toepassing van die voorgestelde evaluasiemodel deur middel van direkte dienslewering deur die spraakterapeut en deur middel van konsultasie-as-voorkoming in 'n multi-kulturele gemeenskap word verskaf.
An intonational analysis of deaf speech: A case study
Authors: Schneider Marguerite
Published: August 2019

The intonation of an English speaking congenitally deaf adult was analysed using the framework set out by Crystal (1969) for normal spoken English. The analysis revealed a deviant and efficient intonation system. The main features of this system included, firstly, an excessive use of tone units resulting in unintentionally emphatic sounding speech; secondly, inaccurate and inconsistent use of both the grammatical and accentual junctions of tonicity; and thirdly, a deficient tone system with additional abnormal use of the tones which formed the subject's tonal repertoire. This paper highlights the need for both phonetic and phonological analyses in order to obtain a true indication of a speaker's performance.
Gehoorsiftingresultate van 'n groep Kleurlingleerlinge
Authors: Meyer Santie , Hurter Marina , Van Rensburg Felicity
Published: August 2019

Gehoorsifting wat bestaan het uit suiwertoon- en immitansiesiftingsprosedures is uitgevoer op 201 Graad I-leerlinge in twee laerskole in die Kleurlingwoonbuurt, Eersterust. 15,7% van die ore wat getoets is, het nie voldoen aan die kriteria vir gehoor binne normale perke nie. Daar is gevind dat 2% sensories neurale gehoorverliese en 13,6% middeloortoestande vertoon. Die kinders uit die lae sosioekonomiese omgewing vertoon 'n geringe verhoogde voorkoms van middeloorprobleme volgens die immitansiesiftingstoetse. As gevolg van die stremmende effek van selfs 'n geringe of fluktuerende gehoorverlies op opvoedkundige vordering, word gereelde oudiologiese dienste vir die skole aanbeveel.
A comparative study inferential comprehension strategies between a language-learning disabled and non language-learning disabled child
Authors: Tombak Yael , Shapiro Glenda
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the inferential comprehension strategies used by a language-learning disabled and non-language-learning disabled subject, as well as to investigate their performance in areas related to inferential comprehension. For these purposes, tests were either constructed or modified in order to allow for qualitative analysis of the subjects' responses and the strategies used.The non-language-learning disabled subject was found to utilize efficient inferential strategies, suggestive of cognitive-linguistic integrity, whereas the language-learning disabled subject was found to use inefficient inferential strategies and to be deficient in several areas related to inferential comprehension. These findings are interpreted as being reflective of a breakdown in the interactional dynamics between cognition and language.
Ouditief waarneembare foute by verbale apraksie: Aanduidings van die aard van die afwyking
Authors: Van der Merwe A. , Uys I. C. , Loots J. M. , Grimbeek R. J.
Published: August 2019

Baie vrae bestaan nog oor die aard en oorsake van die simptome van verbale apraksie. Tydens 'n ondersoek na die invloed van kontekstuele faktore op die ouditief waarneembare foute by verbale apraksie (Van der Merwe, Uys, Loots en Grimbeek, 1987) is simptome wat aanduidings verskaf van die aard van die afwyking waargeneem. Hierdie simptome word verder geanaliseer in hierdie artikel. Die frekwensie en tipe foute by herhaalde produksie van onsineenhede wat sistematies gevarieer is in klankstruktuur en artikulasie-eienskappe is nagegaan by vier persone met verworwe verbale apraksie en een persoon met verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie. Daar is onder andere waargeneem dat suiwer verbale apraksie gekenmerk word deur distorsie van klanke wat soms soos vervangings klink, afbakening van lettergrepe en veranderinge in die struktuur van 'n eenheid met veral 'n neiging om dit te vereenvoudig na 'n KV-eenheid of duplisering daarvan. Daar is moontlik 'n onderliggende onvermoë om die kritiese ekwivalensiegrense en bewegings te handhaaf, klanke vinnig en onveranderlik vooruit te voer en om spraak vooruit te beplan.
Bonferroni's bound: A control of significance level errors in speech pathology and audiology research
Authors: Kass C. V. , Wahlhaus M. Marks
Published: August 2019

Many studies in behavioral sciences, such as speech pathology and audiology, involve statistical hypothesis testing. Repeated tests are made, for example, of judge reliability in assessing the disorder, or within subject variability, or between subject comparisons over several measures of the disorder or types of treatment. If the error rate of the statistical test is only controlled for each individual test, the overall error rate is magnified and the chance of reporting a significant result where none exists arises. This paper addresses this potential problem, by noting some common procedures that inherently guard against this pitfall, and suggesting a simple, albeit conservative, solution for other cases.
Videofluorografiese ondersoek van die slukproses by serebraal gestremde kinders
Authors: Le Roux Karin , Van der Merwe Anita , Louw Brenda
Published: August 2019

Die slukprobleme van serebraal gestremde kinders word klinies aan die hand van subjektiewe kriteria omskryf Weinig navorsing is nog uitgevoer om die aard van hierdie probleme objektief en wetenskaplik te beskryf. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die slukpatrone van twee ouderdomsgroepe serebraal gestremde kinders deur middel van videofluorografie te ondersoek. Tien serebraal gestremde kinders tussen die ouderdomme van vier en dertienjaar het as proefpersone gedien. Tydens die videofluorografiese evaluasie waar daar van die proefpersone vereis is om 'n vloeistof te sluk, is sekere aspekte van die oraal-voorbereidende, orale en faringale fases van die slukproses geëvalueer. Die resultate van die studie toon aan dat slukprobleme wel voorkom by serebraal gestremde kinders. Probleme kom hoofeaaklik voor tydens die oralefase en neem die vorm aan van byvoorbeeld onvoldoende tongpalatumkontak en swak beheer van die bolus. Die jonger groep kinders vertoon meer slukprobleme as die ouer groep. By die jonger groep speel die tipeserebrale gestremdheid skynbaar geen rol by die aard van die slukprobleme nie, terwyl daar by die ouer groep aanduidings is dat die tipe serebrale gestremdheid wel 'n rol speel. Die resultate van die studie toon aan dat videofluorografie effektief geimplimenteer kan word om slukprobleme by serebraal gestremdes wetenskaplik te evalueer.
A preliminary investigation of the pragmatic abilities of a group language disordered children
Authors: Rosen Lindy , Keen Rosemary
Published: August 2019

The communicative acts, conversational acts, and breakdown repair abilities of six language-disordered children with a syntactic age of ±3 years old as determined by the LARSP (Crystal, Fletcher, Garman: 1976) were investigated. Sampling of each subject involved two separate naturalistic interactions with a familiar adult and a language disordered peer. The data obtained from the transcriptions were analysed in terms of linguistic and nonlinguistic behaviours on the Communication Profile by Wollner and Geller (1982). Specific patterns of deficit and strengths were observed and these trends were related to recent literature in this area. The study emphasises that there is as much heterogeneity in the pragmatic skills as in the other communication skills of language disordered children, although this is due to some extent to the limitations of assessment in naturalistic settings. It also indicates individual areas of pragmatic deficit that require remediation.
'n Vergelyking van die invloed van sekere kontekstuele faktore op die simptome van persone met verworwe verbale apraksie en verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie
Authors: Van der Merwe A. , Grimbeek R. J.
Published: August 2019

Gegewens oor die individuele simptome van persone met verworwe verbale apraksie en verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie is van teoretiese belang vir die studie van verbale apraksie. Deur die vergelyking van individuele simptome kan liggewerp word op simptoombeelde of tipes verbale apraksie en op die aard van die afwyking by verworwe verbale apraksie en verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie. In hierdie ondersoek wat deel uitmaak van die groter ondersoek waarin die effek van variasie in kontekstuele faktore op verbaal apraktiese spraak nagegaan word (Van der Merwe, Uys, Loots en Grimbeek, 1987; 1988; Van der Merwe, Uys, Loots, Grimbeek en Jansen, 1989) is die simptome van vier persone met verworwe verbale apraksie en een persoon met verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie onderling vergelyk. Die ouditief waarneembare foute en afwykings in stemaanvangstyd, vokaalduur en uitingduur van die proefpersone is vergelyk. Die resultate toon onder andere aan dat die frekwensie van voorkoms van sekere simptome aanleiding gee tot individuele simptoombeelde, maar dat al die proefpersone die hoë voorkoms van simptome wat aanduidend is van die aard van die afwyking gemeen het. Die proefpersoon met verbale ontwikkelingsapraksie het al die simptome gemeen met die groep, maar vertoon minder afwykings in temporale vloei en uitingduur en meer klankvervangings. Die teoretiese implikasies van die resultate word bespreek.
Die invloed van otitis media op die sentrale ouditiewe vermoëns van kinders met sensoriese integrasieprobleme
Authors: Olivier Lidia , Louw Brenda , Hugo René
Published: August 2019

Otitis media word in die resente literatuur in verband gebring met spraak- en taalprobleme, gedragsprobleme en leerprobleme. Beperkte navorsing is egter tot op hede uitgevoer om die invloed wat otitis media op die sentrale ouditiewe vermoens uitoefen, te bepaal. Die doel met hierdie studie is om te bepaal of otitis media wel 'n invloed op die sentrale ouditiewe vermoens van kinders met sensoriese integrasieprobleme uitoefen. Dertien persone wat gediagnoseer is as kinders met sensoriese integrasieprobleme, is as proefpersone geselekteer. Hulle is in twee groepe ingedeel, naamlik agt proefpersone met 'n geskiedenis van otitis media (Groep A) en vyf proefpersone sonder 'n geskiedenis van otitis media (Groep B). 'n Toetsbattery is saamgestel vir die evaluering van die sentrale ouditiewe vermoens en is op die proefpersone uitgevoer. In die geval van groep A was die resultate afwykend in elke subtoets in die sentrale toetsbattery wat op 'n moontlike breinstambetrokkendheid dui. Groep Β het normale resultate in bykans al die toetse verkry. Die resultate dui daar op dat ehroniese otitis media wel 'n invloed op die sentrale ouditiewe vermoëns van die proefpersone het en wel in terme van onvoldoende breinstamfunksionering. Implikasies vir navorsing en behandeling is bespreek.
Diagnostic reference data for the Monaural Brain-stem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER)
Authors: Govender Cyril D.
Published: August 2019

The objective of the investigation was to established diagnostic reference data for the normal BAER. BAERs were elicited from the target (R) ear using clicks presented at 70dBnHL. Relevant latency and amplitude data were obtained from 60 selected normal hearing Indian undergraduate females (N=30; X age = 20.33 years) students aged between 18 and 25 years (X age = 20.73 Years). Diagnostic reference data were established for the absolute latencies of peaks I to VI; relative latencies of peaks I-III; III-V and I-V; absolute amplitudes of peaks I and V and the relative amplitude ratio of peaks V:I. These results are discussed in terms of the literature and implications for clinical applications and further research.
Editorial
Authors: Louw Brenda
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
The Communicative Effectiveness Index: Its use with South African stroke patients
Authors: Penn Claire , Milner Kelly , Fridjhon Peter
Published: August 2019

The functional communication of a group of 28 South African stroke patients was examined using the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI). It was translated into Afrikaans, Sotho and Zulu and administered to the significant others of 22 aphasic patients with left hemisphere damage and 6 patients with right hemisphere damage. Results were related to the results of standardised language testing and to case history factors such as cultural factors and time since onset. The CETI was readministered in the case of eight of the aphasic subjects after a mean period of six months in order to assess its sensitivity to recovery. Results showed that the CETI seems applicable across different language groups, that it is sensitive to change across time as well as sensitive to the communication disorders resulting from both right and left hemisphere damage. Further it appears to correlate well with overall level of severity. It does not appear differentiate patients in terms of time since onset. Its potential use as a relatively culture free assessment tool in the South African context is discussed.
Oraties als barometer
Authors: Grüttemeier Ralf
Published: August 2019

While Dutch literary studies are in a critical situation according to many, this is less often heard with regard to Dutch linguistics. Against this background, the article analyses recent inaugural lectures of Dutch literary scholars (from the Netherlands and from Germany) with regard to types of knowledge-production that can be taken from these lectures. It turns out that the accumulation of specific disciplinary knowledge does not seem to be the dominant programme of literary studies of modern Dutch literature in the Netherlands.
A case study of the large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in the eastern Asian sector during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Dong-He , Coster Anthea J. , Zhang Shun-Rong , Ma Guan-Yi , Hao Yong-Qiang , Xiao Zuo
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This study presents a comprehensive observation of the large-scale traveling
ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) in the eastern Asian sector during the 2015
St. Patrick's Day (17 March 2015) geomagnetic storm. For the first time, three
dense networks of GPS receivers in China and Japan are combined together to
obtain the two-dimensional (2-D) vertical total electron content (VTEC)
perturbation maps in a wider longitudinal range than previous studies in
this region. Results show that an LSTID spanning at least 60∘ in longitude
(80–140∘ E) occurs as a result of possible atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs)
propagating from high to lower latitudes at around 09:40–11:40 UT (universal time), and the
crest of this LSTID shows a tendency of dissipation starting from the eastern
side. The manifestation of the 2-D VTEC perturbation maps is in good
agreement with the recordings from two high-frequency Doppler sounders and the
iso-frequency lines from eight ionosondes. Then, the propagation parameters of
the LSTIDs are estimated by applying least-square fitting methods to the
distinct structures in the 2-D VTEC perturbation plots. In general, the
propagation parameters are observably longitudinally dependent. For example,
the propagation direction is almost due southward between 105 and 115∘ E, while it is slightly southwest and southeast in the western and eastern
sides of this region. This feature is probably related to the regional
geomagnetic declination. The mean values of the period, trough velocity
(Vt), crest velocity (Vc), and wavelength of the LSTIDs in the studied
longitudinal bands are 74.8±1.4 min, 578±16 m s−1,
617±23 m s−1, and 2691±80 km, respectively. Finally, using the
VTEC map data from the Madrigal database of the MIT Haystack Observatory,
the characteristics of the ionospheric disturbances over the European sector
(30–70∘ N, 10–20∘ E) are also
studied. The results are very different from those in the eastern Asian sector
in parameters like the occurrence time, oscillation period, and propagation
velocities.
Climate projections of a multivariate heat stress index: the role of downscaling and bias correction
Authors: Casanueva Ana , Kotlarski Sven , Herrera Sixto , Fischer Andreas M. , Kjellstrom Tord , Schwierz Cornelia
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Along with the higher demand for bias-corrected data for climate impact
studies, the number of available data sets has largely increased in
recent years. For instance, the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison
Project (ISIMIP) constitutes a framework for consistently projecting the
impacts of climate change across affected sectors and spatial scales. These
data are very attractive for any impact application since they offer
worldwide bias-corrected data based on global climate models (GCMs).
In a complementary way, the CORDEX initiative has incorporated experiments based on
regionally downscaled bias-corrected data by means of debiasing and quantile
mapping (QM) methods. In light of this situation, it is challenging to
distil the most accurate and useful information for climate services, but at
the same time it creates a perfect framework for intercomparison and
sensitivity analyses. In the present study, the trend-preserving ISIMIP method and empirical QM
are applied to climate model simulations that were carried out at different
spatial resolutions (CMIP5 GCM and EURO-CORDEX regional climate models
(RCMs), at approximately 150, 50 and 12 km horizontal resolution) in order to assess the role of downscaling and bias correction
in a multivariate framework. The analysis is carried out for the wet-bulb
globe temperature (WBGT), a heat stress index that is commonly used in the
context of working people and labour productivity. WBGT for shaded
conditions depends on air temperature and dew-point temperature, which in
this work are individually bias corrected prior to the index calculation.
Our results show that the added value of RCMs with respect to the driving
GCM is limited after bias correction. The two bias correction methods are
able to adjust the central part of the WBGT distribution, but some added
value of QM is found in WBGT percentiles and in the inter-variable
relationships. The evaluation in present climate of such multivariate
indices should be performed with caution since biases in the individual
variables might compensate, thus leading to better performance for the wrong
reason. Climate change projections of WBGT reveal a larger increase in
summer mean heat stress for the GCM than for the RCMs, related to the
well-known reduced summer warming of the EURO-CORDEX RCMs. These differences
are lowered after QM, since this bias correction method modifies the change
signals and brings the results for the GCM and RCMs closer to each other. We
also highlight the need for large ensembles of simulations to assess the
feasibility of the derived projections.
Re-examining Firm Size and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Visibility Approach
Authors: Karyawati P Golrida , Muliani Mira , Joshi Prem Lal
Published: August 2019

In a previous study on the firm size and corporate social responsibility (CSR) participation conducted by Golrida, et al (2017), different result is reported with Udayasankar’s hypothesis (2008) which states a U-shape relationship of firm size and CSR participation.  However, it is arqued that Udayasankar hyppothesis is better applicable in developed countries, while in developing countries an inverted - U shape relationship is found. But, Golrida et al (2017) can only prove the form of relationship using two perspectives stated by Udayasankar, which are operating scale and resourcess access.  The proxy of visibility could not capture the inverted U shape relationship due to measurement problem in the previous study. This study aims at re-examining the relationship between firm size and CSR participation from the visibility perpective by employing two proxies of visibility, which are analyst coverage and news coverage respectively.  Indonesian companies are chosen to capture the context of developing country. Content analysis is done in obtaining CSR data of 433 companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange on 2012, while the data of visibility proxies are  extracted from Thomson Reuters and selected news portal namely, Detik.com. The result of study shows that both visibility proxies, which are Analysts Coverage and Media Coverage form inverted U- shape relationship with CSR participation. The findings in this study contribute to the literature that, the form of firm size and CSR participation relationship in the context of developing countries is different than those in developed countries.
Efeitos do Método Pilates sobre o equilíbrio postural em crianças com atrasos motores
Authors: Farias Ariane Dias , Rodrigues Jaqueline Beck , Lara Simone , Graup Susane , Balk Rodrigo De Souza , Teixeira Lilian Pinto
Published: August 2019

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os efeitos do método Pilates (MP) sobre o equilíbrio postural (EP) em crianças com atrasos motores. Foram incluídas 17 crianças de 7 a 10 anos com dificuldades motoras, selecionadas através da bateria de testes do M-ABC. O EP foi avaliado pré e pós-intervenção com a Posturografia Dinâmica (Sistema EquiTest® - NeuroCom), através dos testes de organização sensorial (TOS), dividido em 06 condições (I à VI), que avaliam os sistemas somatossensorial, vestibular e visual. As crianças praticaram os exercícios do MP por 12 semanas. Houve melhora das condições V (p=0,01) e VI (p=0,02) dos TOS, bem como uma maior utilização do sistema vestibular (p=0,007) pós-intervenção. O MP apresentou contribuições importantes sobre o EP de crianças com atrasos motores.
INCREMENTOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA TOTAL DE CITRONELA POR ESTRESSE SEVERO NO SISTEMA RADICULAR
Authors: Daflon Taciana da Mata , Hüther Cristina Moll , Santos Caíssa Machado Perucci Pereira dos , Carvalho Luiza Ferreira de , Correa Nathan Pereira da Costa , Correia Daniela Marques , Pereira Carlos Rodrigues , Machado Thelma de Barros
Published: August 2019

Para se obter a melhor qualidade terapêutica e produtividade das plantasmedicinais, o manejo adequado da cultura é fundamental, pois diversosfatores podem interferir. Assim, analisou-se o crescimento das plantas decitronela submetidas a diferentes níveis de cortes na parte aérea e nas raízes.Cinco diferentes proporções de desbaste na raiz (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), após145 dias do plantio das mudas e 4 cortes na parte aérea (folhas): sem corte; umcorte aos 145 dias após o plantio (DAP), juntamente com o corte da raiz; um corteaos 228 DAP; e cortes aos 145 e 228 DAP (dois cortes). Foram realizadas quatrocoletas para dados de acúmulo de matéria seca e partição de fotoassimilados.O tratamento com 100% de corte na raiz, mas sem corte nas folhas, aumentouo acúmulo de massa seca em relação aos demais tratamentos, para o últimoperíodo de análise, demonstrando uma recuperação.
FORMIGAS EM AMBIENTES URBANOS DA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Roani Aline Holtermann , Rizzotto Angela Maria , Guarda Carin , Giovenardi Ricardo , Lutinski Junir Antônio
Published: August 2019

Formigas que ocorrem em áreas urbanas têm sido foco de estudos nosúltimos anos. Contudo, a mirmecofauna de muitas regiões ainda permanecedesconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a riqueza e a abundânciadas assembleias de formigas que ocorrem em ambientes urbanos da regiãonoroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram amostradas cinco cidades da região emdois tipos de ambiente: praças e terrenos baldios. Amostras foram obtidasentre os meses de fevereiro e maio de 2018, utilizando-se iscas de glicose esardinha e coleta manual. Foram amostradas 9.772 espécimes de formigas,registradas 468 ocorrências, identificadas 57 espécies, pertencentes a19 gêneros e cinco subfamílias. Os gêneros mais ricos foram Pheidole(S = 13), Linepithema (S = 7) e Camponotus (S = 6). Este trabalho contribuipara o conhecimento das assembleias de formigas em ambientes urbanos edos impactos que a antropização exerce sobre a biodiversidade.
Study on Teaching College English Writing Based on Lexical Chunks
Authors: Gao Linghui
Published: August 2019

College English writing is one of the four basic skills in English learning, which can objectively reflect students’ language ability. Whereas, English writing is considered to be the most difficult part to improve. As we can see, in the essays of the Chinese college students, there often appears Chinglish, correct in grammar but unauthentic in expression. In order to better the situation, the author has introduced the new idea of lexical chunks into the teaching of college English writing. Under this guideline, students should firstly understand the lexical chunks theory, ranging from the definition to the various classifications of lexical chunks. Afterwards, students should learn to recognize and even learn some important chunks by heart. The third step should lie in their daily practice of consciously using chunks they learned in their writings, followed by the final step of appropriate usage of chunks unconsciously. Students are expected to improve their writing ability in the process of identifying and using lexical chunks.
Analysis of Algebra Content in Mathematics Books in the Third Grade to the Fifth Grade in Jordan in Light of the Standards of the American National Council of Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Abd-Alrohman Alqiam Hamzeh Ahmad
Published: August 2019

This study aimed at analyzing the content of algebra in mathematics books in the third grade to the fifth grade in Jordan in light of the standards of the National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM, 2000), In all aspects of the study for the academic year (2018/2019). The sample of the study included the axis of algebra in each book of this stage. To achieve this, the descriptive method was used through the method of content analysis. Lycartes averages.

The highest scores in the third, fourth and fifth grade textbooks were for the criterion of analysis of change in different environments (1.84), while the lowest level of understanding of relations, patterns and functions was (0.90) And the use of mathematical models between these two grades. In light of these results, the researcher recommends that the criteria for the content of algebra should be considered in the basic stage books in the third, fourth and fifth grades.
THE GENESIS OF THE PUBLIC LAW ENTITIES
Authors: Chochowski Krzysztof
Published: August 2019

Public law entities currently play an important role in the social and economic life of our country. The activity of local government, professional and business self-governments, as well as public law entities such as the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Bank Guarantee Fund, significantly contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in Poland. It is difficult to imagine effective state functioning without the existence of this category of legal entities. Being independent in their actions, they are at the same time a part of the state apparatus, whose activity is based on the systemic principle of decentral-ization and the participation of citizens in the exercise of public authority. It can be said that their existence and conditions of operation constitute a kind of litmus paper test of realizing the idea of a democratic legal state.
This article presents considerations regarding the genesis of public law entities. It presents the views of the legal doctrine concerning entities governed by public law, starting from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, through the 19th centuryand XX century, ending with the contemporary times.
DEMOCRACY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: Adagbabiri Moses M. , Okolie Ugo C.
Published: August 2019

As a theory that sets some basic principles according to which a good government, whatev-er its form, must be run, democracy offers a good prospect for achieving national develop-ment of especially heterogeneous societies. The common feature of democratic governance is its emphasis on improving the socio-economic welfare of the people and this is synony-mous with the idea of national development. All over the world, democracy is prioritized because it is assumed to have the magic wand to effectively deal with inter and intragroup conflicts arising from the democratic method. But the Nigerian experience with democracy is not very pleasant. While ethnoreligious violence is rife in the politics, the economy remains on its kneel with abject poverty as a recurring decimal among the people. The popular expectations, that democracy will resolve all these challenges have largely been unattained. Therefore, it is against this backdrop, that this study explored the effect of democracy on national development in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. A descriptive method was adopted and cross-sectional data were collected across the twenty-five Local Govern-ment Areas in Delta State with the aid of a structured questionnaire. Non- probabilistic sampling techniques comprising of purposeful and convenience techniques were used to elicit information via questionnaire from 400 respondents. Data were analyzed using Pear-son product-moment correlation and regression analysis. The result of the study revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between democracy and national development in Nigeria’s fourth republic. Thus, the study recommends among others that the political leaders should adhere to the basic tenets of democracy and constitutionalism to promote good governance and foster national development.
EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION
Authors: Samulska Katarzyna
Published: August 2019

This article covers the discussion of a new legal institution regarding European administra-tive cooperation introduced into the Code of Administrative Procedure. The scope, size and detail of the provisions governing transnational administrative cooperation were analyzed. The principles of European administrative cooperation and the scope of the title issues were discussed. Attention was paid to the ways of initiating this cooperation and form. Refer-ence has been made to the adopted solutions in the field of European administrative coop-eration for the regulation of the draft Model of the EU Administrative Procedure Code prepared by Research Network on EU Administrative Law. Conclusions regarding the nature and shape of the adopted solutions in the field of European administrative cooperation were drawn
THE PROCEDURE FOR FINANCING PROGRAMS
OF THE POLISH NATIONAL ACADEMIC EXCHANGE AGENCY
Authors: Dytko Jan
Published: August 2019

The National Academic Exchange Agency (NAWA) is a government agency whose subject matter is the implementation of tasks defined by the laws for the system of science and higher education. It has legal personality, and in international relations uses the name "Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange".
Programs for the implementation of NAWA tasks are set by its Director. Such programs may be participated by a natural person or legal entity, located in the broadly understood system of science and higher education. The principal right of these entities is applying for financing or co-financing the implementation of NAWA programs. The allocation of funds for the implementation of these programs takes place in an administrative procedure con-cluded with the decision of the Agency Director. This procedure is preceded by a competi-tion to select the best offer, which is subject to formal and substantive evaluation by inde-pendent experts of NAWA. For this purpose, a ranking list is established, and the entity located at the top of the ranking list becomes the winner and, at the same time, the benefi-ciary of financial resources.
The decision to grant or refuse to allocate funds for financing or co-financing the imple-mentation of NAWA programs is a subject to verification by the means of remediation or a court-administrative complaint. In the procedure for financing or co-financing programs implementing the NAWA tasks, the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure are not applied. This proceeding is therefore placed in the circle of specific – declassified administrative proceedings.
LAW ANALYSIS OF REAL ESTATE TAXATION PRINCIPLES OF RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE (CASE OF POLAND)
Authors: Szybowski Daniel , Wołowiec Tomasz
Published: August 2019

The main problem raised in this article concerns the issue of the real estate tax on the broadly understood railway infrastructure. Its complexity determines the necessity of defin-ing and describing individual elements constituting the basis for real estate tax. Railway infrastructure is exempt from taxation if it meets the following conditions: it is available to rail operators or it can be used to transport people, or it creates railway lines with a track gauge exceeding 1435 mm. The exemption provided by Article 7 paragraph 1 point 1 of the Act on Taxes and Local Fees can be applicable if the railway infrastructure meets at least one of the above conditions. This means that in an attempt to indicate whether a given facility benefits from the said exemption, it is first necessary to determine whether it is a railway infrastructure within the meaning of the railway transport regulations, and then to analyze the fulfillment of the above-mentioned conditions.
LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FINANCING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS INVESTMENTS BY PARABANKING FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN POLAND
Authors: Wołowiec Tomasz
Published: August 2019

The regulations on debt limits introduced in 2014 caused adapting by local government units two ways of proceeding. The first consists in "classic" adaptation to the provisions of the Public Finance Act, through the restructuring of budget expenditures and the devel-opment of a financial surplus, allowing for safe incurring of new obligations and possible servicing of "old" debt. The second way is what can be called the form of the "Creative accounting", involving the use of non-bank financial institutions (quasi-banks) or the use of financial operations other than bank loans and municipal bond issues. These are lease-back agreements, reverse sale of real estate, as well as unnamed agreements causing debt restructuring (e.g. subrogation, forfeiting or factoring), installment payments, as well as subsidies to the capital of municipal companies.
LIMITATIONS ON THE TRANSPARENCY OF LAW CREATION AND LAW EXERCISING IN THE DUCHY OF WARSAW
Authors: Mielnik Marcin
Published: August 2019

In this work, the study of the title issue will be continued and the focus will be on the boundaries of transparency of public action in the sphere of enacting and implementing the law. As a result of the actions taken, the author intends to find answers to questions relat-ed to the policy of informing citizens and possibilities of finding information on the func-tioning of the state. The research was carried out by conducting a source query and source analysis. The author in the main part of the work defined the bodies responsible for creat-ing the law. Then, he introduced individual governmental dailies, such as Dziennik Praw or daily newspapers issued in individual districts of the country (departments). The starting point was to discuss the policy of disseminating the content of the law also in the uncon-stitutional period before the first copies of the government press were issued. Next, the author discussed the results of research on specific issues such as the content of journals, with particular emphasis on the main topics, such as the justification for the implementation of the Napoleon Code and its analysis in terms of practicality. Finally, niche topics like hounds and tips are presented.
Antigone sous les soleils d’Afrique : trois exemples d’adaptation
Authors: Lacirignola Donato
Published: August 2019

L’article propose une analyse de la relation entre la tragédie grecque et la littérature africaine en se basant sur trois réécritures du mythe d’Antigone publiées au XXe siècle : The Island d’Athol Fugard, John Kani et Winston Ntshona, Noces posthumes de Santigone de Sylvain Bemba, Tegonni : An African Antigone de Femi Osofisan. Après une réflexion concernant la présence des classiques grecs en Afrique et une introduction au cadre théorique des classical reception studies et aux modèles interprétatifs élaborés par les spécialistes tels que Kevin Wetmore (Black Dionysus), Barbara Goff et Michael Simpson (Black Aegean), nous montrons comment les dramaturges africains refaçonnent la tragédie grecque en la dégageant du contexte occidental. Nous mettons donc en évidence la manière dont, d’un point de vue à la fois thématique et dramatique, les réécritures africaines d’Antigone s’appuient sur la figure de l’héroïne pour décrire la situation socio-politique et culturelle de leur référence. L’universalité du mythe d’Antigone est ainsi simultanément mise en cause et confirmée par le recours au métathéâtre, de sorte que la tragédie grecque se débarrasse du filtre eurocentrique.
La period room mise en scène
Authors: Marchand Marie-Eve
Published: August 2019

Grâce à l’étude de la pièce « Un salon français vers 1750–1760 » (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto), cet article analyse les enjeux méthodologiques et épistémologiques associés au processus de (re) construction, d’interprétation et de médiation des récits historiques au moyen de la period room. Il examine comment des effets de récit y prennent forme et quels sont les effets de l’environnement muséal pour la valeur de ces derniers en tant qu’outil de construction et de transmission de connaissances. Cette étude contribue à élucider l’ambiguïté de la relation entre histoire et fiction dans le contexte de la construction des savoirs et invite à reconnaître les possibilités heuristiques de leur rencontre afin d’envisager le rôle actuel que peut jouer la period room.
International Trade and Tax Evasion in Benin
Authors: Magbonde Gildas , Fahinde Charles , Abodohoui Alexis , Su Zhan
Published: August 2019

In this study, we analyzed the drivers of tax evasion occurring through international trade between Benin and its major import partners, namely France - a Western country - and China, a non-Western country. To this end, we scrutinized the co-movement between tax rates and tax evasion, and investigated whether tax evasion in Benin is driven by misclassification behavior or not. Unobservable by nature, tax evasion was measured by missing imports. The results show a positive relationship between tax rates and missing imports expressed in value and in quantity on products from China. Concerning France, the relationship is positive in value but negative in quantity. These two effects combined together result in a weak tax evasion on products imported from France compared to those from China. There is evidence of misclassification only on products imported from France.
Accounting, Experiential Learning and Change
Authors: Chawla Akhila
Published: August 2019

This paper aims to report on how accounting practices are framed and implicated in experiential learning, adaptation and change processes at the micro level in one of the biggest publicly delivered social services program in India. The paper draws on Kolb (1984) and Lewin (1943) four stage experiential learning Model (ELM) to examine the role accounting plays in processes of learning, knowledge and adaptations. An attempt is made to theorise learning and adaptation that can be triggered and supported by accounting practices. Accounting processes gather meaning based on the manner in which they are enlisted in contextual and cultural environments. They are known to be not only be the change but also be the provider of the preconditions for change. In contrast to a negative enlistment of accounting in developing nations settings (Rahaman, Everett & Neu, 2007), this study argues that the accounting and accountability practices in MGNREGS create conditions for newer understandings, learning and change by providing information and concrete experiences around which communication, interactions and reflections take place and as a platform for testing, sense-making and knowledge assimilation in developing nation village settings. In effect, these accounting practices have the potential to positively shape not only organizational processes but the socio-economic life of the wider social at the micro level. Social services is an underexplored area in accounting literature and especially so in developing nation contexts. This paper introduces a social accounting perspective on learning and change at the micro citizen level in the field of social services. Also, it introduces the Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) and Kolb’s ELM as an alternative accounting framework, which has so far only been used for research in accounting education.
Management of Cooperatives Focusing on Asta-Ja and Globalization
Authors: Poudel Durga
Published: August 2019

Nepal has been experiencing increasing food deficits for the past three decades. Inadequate irrigation facilities, labor shortages, conversion of agricultural lands to other land uses, land degradation, poor agricultural marketing, lack of necessary infrastructures, and poor agricultural productivity are commonly cited constraints to increased agricultural outputs. Cooperatives are one of the three pillars for the economic development of Nepal (public, private, and cooperative). Currently, there are a total of 34,512 cooperatives (13,578 savings and credit, 4,371 multipurpose, 10,921 agriculture, 1,658 milk, 1,423 consumer, 193 fruits and vegetables, 108 tea, 155 coffee, 184 Jadibuti, 93 bee keeping, 143 communication, 128 health, 48 sugarcane, 45 Junar, and 999 other), with a total membership number of 6,305,581 in Nepal. Despite these initiatives, Nepal’s agriculture is experiencing a serious downward spiral. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately identify and implement a theoretically grounded agricultural development framework in order to reverse the downward spiral of agriculture, accelerate economic growth, and achieve fast-paced socio-economic transformation. In this regard, I suggest strengthening cooperatives at the grassroots level for agricultural production within the framework of Asta-Ja (referring to eight Nepali “Ja”- Jal, Jamin, Jungle, Jadibuti, Janashakti, Janawar, Jarajuri, and Jalabayu) and integrating them vertically with public and private businesses at the regional and national level. Agricultural programs and policies need to be formulated so that they would focus locally on Asta-Ja resources and globally on international trade and treaties, global demand and supply, global climate change, the emerging concept of the fourth wave of industrialization, and other pertinent issues within the global context.
Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat
Authors: Uehara Takuro , Cordier Mateo
Published: August 2019

A study by Barnes (2019) concluded that there exists an empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita. However, this result needs careful interpretation. The study adopted data that used the World Bank database to compute mismanaged plastic waste amounts. Because data to compute them were not available for all countries, missing data were estimated by relating them to economic classification (i.e., income level). In other words, the data used for the analysis by Barnes simply assumed—without scientific validation—that mismanaged plastic waste amounts are related to economic classification (i.e., income level).
Editorial. Design and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Skjerven Astrid
Published: August 2019

By raising the theme of  Design and Cultural Diversity in this special issue of FormAkademisk we hope to stimulate a broad cross disciplinary discussion on the interplay of cultures within the field of design and design education. The main dimensions of the topic might be summarized as:

- The dimensions and meanings of cultural diversity- Politics and power- Transmission and transition of cultures- Heritage and innovation- Indigenous and vernacular traditions versus fashion and euro-centered attitudes- Design and learning approaches

These matters are complex, deeply interwoven and interdependent. This series of articles discusses how design might support an innovative development that takes care of diverse traditions and attitudes, supports equality and peaceful co-existence.